cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Aspect and Elevation on Critical Zone Architecture in the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory: A Seismic Refraction Study

In the northern hemisphere within snow-dominated mountainous watersheds north-facing slopes are commonly more deeply weathered than south-facing slopes. This has been attributed to a more persistent snowpack on the north facing aspects. A persistent snowpack releases its water into the subsurface in a single large pulse, which propagates the water deeper into the subsurface than the series of small pulses characteristic of the intermittent snowpack on south-facing slopes. Johnston Draw is an east-draining catchment in the Reynolds Creek Critical Zone Observatory, Idaho that spans a 300 m elevation gradient. The north-facing slope hosts a persistent snowpack that increases in volume up drainage, while the south-facing slope has intermittent snowpack throughout the drainage. We hypothesize that the largest difference in weathering depth between the two aspects will occur where the difference in snow accumulation between the aspects is also greatest. To test this hypothesis, we conducted four seismic refraction tomography surveys within Johnston Draw from inlet to outlet and perpendicular to drainage direction. From these measurements, we calculate the weathering zone thickness from the P-wave velocity profiles. We conclude that the maximum difference in weathering between aspects occurs ¾ of the way up the drainage from the outlet, where the difference in snow accumulation is highest. Above and below this point, the subsurface is more equally weathered and the snow accumulations are more similar. We also observed that the thickness of the weathering zone increased with decreasing elevation and interpret this to be related to the observed increase soil moisture at lower elevations. Our observations support the hypothesis that deeper snow accumulation leads to deeper weathering when all other variables are held equal. One caveat is the possibility that the denser vegetation contributes to deeper weathering on north-facing slopes via soil retention or higher rates of biological weathering.
Spatial, Temporal, and Transit Access to Emergency Food Providers

This research brings together concerns of food environments, food insecurity, and food access to demonstrate four measures of access for an emergency food provider network. Based on the interacting...
Auditing Ethics: A Cost–Benefit Framework for Audit Studies:

The audit study design offers researchers a powerful tool to measure discrimination. Yet ethical concerns surround the use of this design. In this article, we introduce a cost–benefit framework tha...
A smart RTD temperature sensor with a prototype IEEE 1451.2 internet interface

A resistance temperature detector (RTD) with a digital, networked smart sensor signal conditioner was designed and tested. The data format and internal transducer electronic transducer data sheet (TEDS) is compatible with a revised (RS232) version of the IEEE 1451.2 smart sensor interface standard. A network capable application processor (NCAP) which interfaces directly to the Internet via Ethernet (without a PC) was demonstrated. Also a version with a PC (via RS232) was tested. A microprocessor with an internal 24-bit A/D and a ratio-metric circuit configuration allowed measurement and computational resolution to within 2 ppm. The overall data resolution was 0.001/spl deg/C. An advantage of the digital transfer of data is that resolution is not lost in the transfer process. Data can be viewed by any computer on the Internet through a standard browser either directly or through a service website which periodically polls the sensor and stores the data for later review.
Perioperative Management of a Patient With Glutaric Aciduria

Glutaric aciduria type-1 (GA-1) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to the deficiency of the enzyme, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. The enzymatic defect leads to secondary damage to the central nervous system due to the accumulation of glutaric acid. Due to the progressive neurologic effects with spasticity and orthopedic deformities, surgical and anesthetic cares are frequently required. We present a 13-year-old girl with glutaric acidemia type 1 who required anesthetic care for posterior spinal fusion. Previous reports of anesthetic care for these patients are reviewed, the end-organ involvement is discussed, and options for anesthetic care are presented. J Med Cases. 2015;6(6):257-263 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2096w
Prior knowledge and the creation of "virtual" examples for RBF networks

Considers the problem of how to incorporate prior knowledge in supervised learning techniques. The authors set the problem in the framework of regularization theory, and consider the case in which one knows that the approximated function has radial symmetry. The problem can be solved in two alternative ways: 1) use the invariance as a constraint in the regularization theory framework to derive a rotation invariant version of radial basis functions; 2) use the radial symmetry to create new, "virtual" examples from a given data set. The authors show that these two apparently different methods of learning from "hints" (Abu-Mostafa, 1993) lead to exactly the same analytical solution.
Improved Sampling for Biological Molecules Using Shadow Hybrid Monte Carlo

Shadow Hybrid Monte Carlo (SHMC) is a new method for sampling the phase space of large biological molecules. It improves sampling by allowing larger time steps and system sizes in the molecular dynamics (MD) step of Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC). This is achieved by sampling from high order approximations to the modified Hamiltonian, which is exactly integrated by a symplectic MD integrator. SHMC requires extra storage, modest computational overhead, and a reweighting step to obtain averages from the canonical ensemble. Numerical experiments are performed on biological molecules, ranging from a small peptide with 66 atoms to a large solvated protein with 14281 atoms. Experimentally, SHMC achieves an order magnitude speedup in sampling efficiency for medium sized proteins.
An assessment of the appropriateness of respiratory care delivered at a 450-bed acute care Veterans affairs hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory care is expensive and time-intensive, inappropriate care wastes resources, and failure to provide necessary and appropriate respiratory care may adversely affect patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriateness of basic respiratory care delivered at a 450-bed Veterans Affairs hospital during a 3-month interval. METHODS: We determined (1) the percentage of delivered respiratory care that was not indicated (based on standardized clinical practice guidelines), (2) the percentage of respiratory care that was indicated but not ordered (based on standardized clinical practice guidelines), and (3) the labor cost and potential savings of protocol-based respiratory care at our hospital. We selected 5 assessment days, occurring at 2-week intervals. All patients who received basic respiratory care underwent a complete respiratory care assessment, including medical records review, patient interview, physical assessment, and measurement of blood oxygen saturation (via pulse oximetry) and inspiratory capacity. Intensive care patients were excluded from the study. The assessment instrument provided a standardized format based on American Association for Respiratory Care clinical practice guidelines. RESULTS: We assessed 75 patients. A mean of 24.8% of the delivered respiratory therapies reviewed were not indicated. The percentages of ordered but not indicated therapies were: oxygen 17.7%; all categories of aerosolized medications (bronchodilators, mucolytics, anti-inflammatory agents) 32.4%; chest physiotherapy 37.5%; lung expansion therapy 7.7%. A mean of 11.8% of the patients assessed were not receiving respiratory care that was indicated. The percentages of indicated but not ordered therapies were: oxygen 5.3%; bronchodilator 5.3%; lung expansion therapy 36%. CONCLUSION: A mean of 24.8% of the basic respiratory care procedures delivered were not indicated and 11.8% of patients were not receiving care that was indicated. Inappropriate utilization of respiratory care services may increase costs and adversely affect morbidity, mortality, and duration of stay. We believe that implementation of respiratory care assessment protocols based on nationally accepted clinical practice guidelines can reduce unnecessary care, optimize care delivered, and may reduce costs and improve outcomes.
Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae other than type b: case report and review.

A 4-month-old female infant with meningitis caused by Haeinophilus influenzae type f had a hospital course complicated by sterile subclural effusions and persistent neurologic normalities. One year later she was normal in all respects. The infant9s mother had serum bactericidal antibodies to H. influenzae type b but not to type f. During recovery the patient had no bactericidal antibodies to type b, and the type f organism could not be maintained in her serum. Review of the literature identified 40 cases of meningitis reported as caused by H. influenzae other than type b. An evaluation of the ten cases described as due to encapsulated strains (a, e, and f) shows that the age distribution and clinical features are similar to those of meningitis caused by type b. Only five cases of meningitis caused by unencapsulated H. influenzae have been described. Four of the patients were older than the usual age range for type b meningitis and two had prior head trauma. A large clinical trial in Finland with a two-year observation period has denionstrated no untoward increase in non-b H. influenzae meningitis in recipients of a type b vaccine. Serious infections caused by other H. influenzae types will continue to occur sporadically and may increase in frequency when an effective vaccine against type b is widely used in infants.
The origins of computing and computer science at Purdue University

In 1947 Dr. Carl F. Kossack joined the mathematics department at Purdue University. He brought with him several research projects that required extensive computation. He had friends at IBM who offered to donate some IBM punch card equipment, and Kossack set up a statistical laboratory in one of the temporary buildings at Purdue. By 1952 the activities of the statistical laboratory had grown considerably, and a decision was made to install an IBM card-programmed calculator (CPC). The CPC was not a stored program computer, but it was a general-purpose programmed computer, and the laboratory needed someone skilled in the art of computing. Kossack was authorized to hire an assistant professor who would teach part-time in the mathematics department and also be in charge of the computational division of the statistical laboratory.
Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastric Cancer

Although histopathologists described the bacterium we now call Helicobacter pylori more than 100 years ago,1,2 recognition of its importance as a human pathogen dates back only to 1983, when Warren and Marshall reported their finding of “unidentified curved bacilli” in the stomachs of Australian patients with gastritis, peptic ulceration and gastric cancer.3,4 The role of the bacterium as a cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulceration has been documented.5,6 Its role as a human carcinogen has been considered controversial by some investigators. The weight of the epidemiologic evidence, however, led the International Agency for Research on Cancer to declare the infection with the bacterium as a human carcinogen.7
The two cultures of 'biopolitics'. Comment in response to Liesen and Walsh.

First of all, I would like to say that it is an honor to be invited to respond to Liesen and Walsh’s wonderfully incisive essay on the capture and reframing of the term biopolitics. Being among the initial generation of Ph.D. students at Northern Illinois University whose first field was affectionately christened biopolitics—a shorthand for the official field definition of politics and the life sciences—it was quite perturbing to discover there was another group of scholars using the term in a much different way. Moreover, as a member of the Executive Council for the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) since 2005, the encroachment of these scholars on my beloved term gave pause for consideration of just where our organization stood in the two decades that had passed since I first became introduced to this term. In this response, I first posit that the ‘‘scientific biopolitics’’ of APLS and the biopolitics of postmodernists reflect the ‘‘two culture’’ divide between science and literature noted by C. P. Snow in 1959, 1 albeit a divide that is intensified by two attributes of postmodernism: a studied lack of understanding of science evident in their critiques, and an apparent reliance on linguistic verbosity that obscures, rather than communicates, meaning. I next provide further support for arguments by Liesen and Walsh concerning the capture of the term biopolitics by considering trends in academic manuscript titles identified through Google Scholar; while at the same time, I provide evidence that while biopolitics has fallen out of use, evolutionary theory is becoming more relevant. I conclude by revisiting the two cultures recognized by Snow, characterizing the forces driving them and the need for the scientific culture to refocus and redouble its efforts.
Influenza vaccines in the setting of solid-organ transplantation: are they safe?

Purpose of review Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in immunocompromised patients, including solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Current guidelines call for influenza immunization of SOT recipients from 3 months posttransplant onward; the stated reason for delaying immunization in the early posttransplant period is an efficacy rather than a safety issue. Despite concerns about possible rejection raised in small case series and studies of alloimmune responses in immunized patients, virtually all larger clinical studies have shown no increased risk of rejection or allograft dysfunction after influenza vaccination. Recent findings Further evidence, mostly supporting the safety of influenza vaccine, has been published during the past 2 years. For example, one study using a large database of 51 730 adult Medicare primary renal transplant recipients showed that influenza vaccination was actually associated with a lower risk of graft loss and death. It appears that actual influenza infection itself, rather than the vaccine, carries a risk of allograft dysfunction. Summary At this time, influenza vaccine after SOT is considered clinically safe, and current evidence supports the guidelines’ recommendations to immunize. The issue of optimal timing for efficacy still remains to be resolved. In addition, educational tools for increasing the acceptance of influenza vaccine in healthcare workers and family members are described.
The effect of cold rolling and annealing on the serrated yielding phenomenon of AA5182 aluminum alloy

Abstract Industrially produced DC AA5182 was cold-rolled to different reductions, and then annealed at 589 K for 3 h. The annealed and the cold-rolled samples were further heat-treated at 455 K for 100 h. Serration behavior during each stage of the process was investigated. It was found that a decrease in the grain size of recrystallized material results in an increase in both Luders elongation and serration frequency or the number of serrations within a fixed strain range. For differently treated materials, serration behavior is different. In the completely recrystallized materials, serration intensity is initially low and increases in magnitude with increase in strain. The increase is fast at first, then the rate of increase decreases until the magnitude becomes a plateau. For cold-rolled and recovered materials, serration starts abruptly and is high in magnitude when it first appears. For highly cold-rolled materials this behavior is more obvious and the magnitude is almost a constant during the whole serration process for the 80 and 90% cold-rolled materials. Both the dislocation density and Mg concentration in solid solution have an effect on serrated yielding and a decrease of each or both results in a decrease of the intensity of serrated yielding. Negative strain rate sensitivity is manifested with an increase in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) when the strain rate decreases. The tensile elongation does not follow commonly accepted behavior and displays an increase when the serration intensity is most intense.
Behavior Factors of Rectifier-Driven D-C Motors

In the rapid development and application of rectifiers to drive d-c motors, certain factors which influence the behavior of the motor may require unaccustomed consideration. The pulsating nature of currents which may be encountered introduces departures from conventional treatment of (1) heating value of the current waves, (2) stresses upon the insulation and commutator resulting from high peaks of voltage involved, and (3) torque pulsations tending to produce vibration and noise. Analysis is made from experimental and theoretical approaches of possible ratios of the heating values to be expected with typical wave shapes applied to electronically driven motors. The ratio of effective to average values of current varies with the load on the machine and with the number of tubes used in the rectification process. It is shown that the problem is most acute in machines of small rating where mechanical inertia is low and where tube capacities would permit the use of but one or two tubes for economy of materials. This situation may require ``overmotoring'' an application in order to allow the required thermal capacity. Vibrations which will otherwise show up in undesirable effects on the driven machine, and noise, would also dictate the use of larger machines than necessary with conventional d-c practice. The conclusion is drawn that factors not at first apparent must be considered in the application of the rectifier drive, and that as many phases as practicable are desirable in the rectifier.
Peptide profiles of surface-labeled proteins shed or released by enzyme digestion from Staphylococcus aureus determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus were radio-labeled and subsequently characterized by autoradiography and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Approximately 25% of the surface-labeled proteins were shed from non-growing cells; the shed proteins contributed to the labeled-protein pool obtained by protease digestion of whole cells. The elution profiles of 125I-labeled peptides allowed direct comparisons of shed surface proteins (untreated or protease digested) with surface proteins cleaved from the cells by protease treatment.
Inhibition of NMDAR Reduces Bladder Hypertrophy and Improves Bladder Function in Cyclophosphamide Induced Cystitis

Purpose: We examined the role of NMDAR in the regulation of bladder hypertrophy and function in a rat model of cyclophosphamide induced cystitis.Materials and Methods: Cystitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg body weight). NMDAR phosphorylation (activity) and signal transduction pathways were examined by direct measurement and by specific inhibitors in vivo. Bladder hypertrophy was measured by bladder weight/body weight and type I collagen expression. Bladder function was examined by metabolic recording, conscious cystometry and detrusor muscle strip contractility in response to carbachol.Results: NMDAR activity measured by the phosphorylation level of the NMDAR1 (NR1) subunit was expressed in the spinal cord but not in the bladder at 48 hours of cystitis. NMDAR inhibition with dizocilpine (MK-801) reduced the cystitis induced increment of bladder weight and type I collagen up-regulation in the bladder. NMDAR regulated type I collagen up-regulation was mediated by t...
Object structure and action requirements: A compatibility model for functional recognition

For an intelligent entity to carry out tasks in the real world, perceived three-dimensional shapes are transformed into objects identified by their functional category which makes explicit the roles or uses of objects in actions. This study describes an approach to the recognition of functions that combines ideas about representations of shapes, concepts, and object categories, with goal requirements of actions. A particular conceptual model of the compatibility between objects and actions is introduced, the outline of the solution is given, and the experimental domain of hand actions and of objects useful in such actions is described; the solution is currently under implementation and computational verifications. the article is organized as follows: first, the computational definition of the problem of functional recognition and a comprehensive theoretical framework for it is given and, second, the relation between primary functions of hand-manipulable objects and auxillary functions is discussed and modeled in the framework of fuzzy sets and possibility theory.
Centaurea Species: the Forb That Won the West

Grasslands of the western United States and Canada are being converted to ecosystems that resem- ble "old fields," dominated in terms of percent cover or biomass by forb species. In particular, five species of the genus Centaurea (star thistle, diffuse, spotted, squarrose, and Russian knapweed) have invaded millions of hectares of western United States and Canadian grasslands. Centaurea species are fundamentally different from the preexisting dominant species and may exploit changes in resource availability to become estab- lished. We suspect that they then maintain dominance by preventing resources from returning to levels that favor the native species. Increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition, reduced fire frequency, and, possibly, di- rect and indirect fertilization resulting from cattle grazing appear to have reduced the historically strong ni- trogen limitation to which native species of western grasslands are adapted. We suggest that the success of Centaurea species in dominating grasslands is explained by their ability to compete successfully for the new limiting resource or resources. Our preliminary evidence suggests that phosphorus limitation or a colimita- tion of phosphorus and water best explains the current dominance patterns. Especies de Centaurea : la Hierba que Conquisto el Oeste Resumen: Los pastizales del oeste de Estados Unidos y Canada estan siendo convertidos en ecosistemas que asemejan "campos viejos", dominados por especies herbaceas en terminos porcentuales de cobertura o biom- asa. En particular, cinco especies del genero Centaurea (centaura estrella, difusa, manchada, escamosa y Rusa) han invadido millones de hectareas de pastizales del oeste de Estados Unidos y Canada. Las especies de Centaurea son fundamentalmente diferentes a las especies dominantes preexistentes y pueden explotar cam- bios en la disponibilidad de recursos para establecerse. Sospechamos que luego mantienen su dominancia previniendo que los recursos retornen a niveles en los que favorecen a especies nativas. El incremento en la deposicion de nitrogeno atmosferico, la reduccion en la frecuencia de fuego y, posiblemente, la fertilizacion directa e indirecta resultante de la actividad ganadera parecen haber reducido la limitacion historica de ni- trogeno a la que se adaptan las especies nativas de pastizales del oeste. Sugerimos que el exito de las especies de Centaurea dominantes en pastizales se explica por su habilidad de competir exitosamente por el(los) nuevo(s) recurso(s) limitante(s). Nuestra evidencia preliminar sugiere que la limitacion de fosforo o una colimitacion de fosforo y agua explican mejor los patrones de dominancia actual.
Protooncogene expression in normal and psoriatic skin

Abstract The expression of the c-myc, c-fos, c-jun, c-erbB, and c-Ha-ras protooncogenes was compared by Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from keratome biopsies of normal skin and psoriatic plaques. Isolation of intact RNA from frozen tissue required careful attention to technique during the early stages of extraction. Densitometric analysis revealed 1.5-to 2.5-fold elevations of c-myc transcript levels in lesional psoriatic relative to normal epidermis. Similar increases in cyclophilin and lipocortin II transcripts were also observed and may reflect characteristic differences in RNA preparations from normal and psoriatic epidermis. C-myc, c-jun, c-erbB, c-fos , and c-Ha-ras transcript levels were not significantly increased in lesional psoriatic epidermis when protooncogene mRNA levels were normalized to those of the cyclophilin or lipocortin genes. In contrast, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) transcripts were significantly increased (10- to 20-fold) with or without prior normalization. C-myc, c-fos, and c-jun transcripts were significantly induced over in vivo levels 2–4 h after organ culture of normal or psoriatic keratome biopsies, demonstrating that these genes can be highly expressed in the context of tissue injury. Our results suggest that overexpression of these protooncogenes per se is not central to the pathogenesis of psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia.
Feedback-regulated star formation in molecular clouds and galactic discs

We present a two-zone theory for feedback-regulated star formation in galactic discs, consistently connecting the galaxy-averaged star formation law with star formation proceeding in giant molecular clouds (GMCs). Our focus is on galaxies with gas surface density Sigma_g>~100 Msun pc^-2. In our theory, the galactic disc consists of Toomre-mass GMCs embedded in a volume-filling ISM. Radiation pressure on dust disperses GMCs and most supernovae explode in the volume-filling medium. A galaxy-averaged star formation law is derived by balancing the momentum input from supernova feedback with the gravitational weight of the disc gas. This star formation law is in good agreement with observations for a CO conversion factor depending continuously on Sigma_g. We argue that the galaxy-averaged star formation efficiency per free fall time, epsilon_ff^gal, is only a weak function of the efficiency with which GMCs convert their gas into stars. This is possible because the rate limiting step for star formation is the rate at which GMCs form: for large efficiency of star formation in GMCs, the Toomre Q parameter obtains a value slightly above unity so that the GMC formation rate is consistent with the galaxy-averaged star formation law. We contrast our results with other theories of turbulence-regulated star formation and discuss predictions of our model. Using a compilation of data from the literature, we show that the galaxy-averaged star formation efficiency per free fall time is non-universal and increases with increasing gas fraction, as predicted by our model. We also predict that the fraction of the disc gas mass in bound GMCs decreases for increasing values of the GMC star formation efficiency. This is qualitatively consistent with the smooth molecular gas distribution inferred in local ultra-luminous infrared galaxies and the small mass fraction in giant clumps in high-redshift galaxies.
A New Experimental Technique to Characterize the Fiber Crush and Fiber Shear Behavior of Composites at Quasi-Static and High Rates of Strain

A new experimental method is developed to determine the fiber crush strength (SFC) and fiber shear strength (SFS) of composite materials following a punch shear test methodology. The material parameters SFC and SFS are used to model the damage behavior of thick-section composites as described in the LS-Dyna material model MAT_COMPOSITE_DMG_MSC, aka MAT162. The quasi-static experimental methodology is further extended to investigate the rate effect on SFS using a Hopkinson bar direct impact punch shear test method.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Studies on poly(iminomethylenes)

A variety of simple alkyl and aryl isocyanides have been polymerized using 0.5% NiCl2 in ethanol as a catalyst. The resulting poly(iminomethylenes) have been characterized by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy and their polystyrene-equivalent molecular weights have been determined by gel permeation chromatography. Straight chain aliphatic isocyanides having from three to ten carbon atoms in the chain form readily solyble polymers having molecular weights (Mw) in the general range 10,000 to 30,000. Neopentyl isocyanide unlike tert-butyl isocyanide forms an insoluble polymer. A number of new soluble aryl isocyanide polymers have been obtained. However, aryl isocyanides having a single alkyl substituent (CH3, C2H5, CF3) in the ortho position give only insoluble polymers, whereas aryl isocyanides having alkyl substituents in both ortho positions (e.g., 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3NC and 2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2NC) fail to polymerize under these conditions. The highest molecular weight soluble aryl isocyanide homopolymer is obtained from 3-CH3OC6H4NC(Mw = 26,000). The trimethylsilyl substituted isocyanide (CH3)3SiCH2CH2NC has been obtained from LiCH2NC and (CH3)SiCH2Cl and gives a brown soluble homopolymer with a molecular weight (Mw) of 19,000.
Fluorescence depolarization of rabbit gamma globulin conjugates.

It is shown that the slopes of fluorescence depolarization curves obtained isothermally at varying viscosities are much smaller than the one which results from varying the temperature in a buffer. This result is attributed to the thermal activation of the rotational motion of the attached fluorophore. The relaxation time obtained at neutral pH corresponds to a relatively rigid molecule of 7 s γ-globulin in the sense that the molecule does not undergo appreciable deformation during a time of the order of the lifetime of the excited state (approximately 13 nsec).
One-pot synthesis of C-glycosylic compounds (C-glycosides) from d-glucal, p-tolylsulfenyl chloride and aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds in the presence of Lewis acids

In the presence of Zn(CN)(2), benzylated 2-thio-2-S-(p-tolyl)pyranosyl chlorides (2) generated in situ from tri-O-benzyl-D-glucal and p-TolSCl, smoothly react with thiophene, 2-methylthiophene, furan, 2-methylfuran, and N-methylpyrrole to give heteroaryl 2-thio-2-S-(p-tolyl)-C-beta-D-glucopyranosylic compounds (C-glycosides) in good yields. Upon treatment with SnCl(4), the reaction of chlorides 2 with thiophene or 1,4-dimethoxybenzene provides the corresponding benzylated C-beta-D-glucofuranosylic derivatives. Under the same conditions, the use of 2-methylthiophene, furan, 2-methylfuran, or N-methylpyrrole yields (2S,3R,4R,5S)-1,3,4-tribenzyloxy-6,6-diheteroaryl-5-(p-tolylthio)-2-hexanoles. Treatment of 2 and mesitylene with AgBF(4) yielded 1,6-anhydro-3,4-di-O-benzyl-2-thio-2-S-(p-tolyl)-beta-D-glucose.
A slow NMDA channel: in search of a role

Recombinant NMDA receptors comprising NR1/NR2D subunits have unique properties when compared with other subtypes. These include low channel conductance with a characteristic pattern of transition between subconductance states and reduced sensitivity to Mg2+ blockade. Native NMDA receptors matching the low conductance and Mg2+ sensitivity of NR1/NR2D recombinant channels have been found in a few neuronal populations, in particular in developing Purkinje neurons (Momiyama et al. 1996). Ultra-rapid agonist application by means of a piezoelectric translator to excised outside-out membrane patches allows concentration jumps in the milliseconds range similar to those occurring during vesicular synaptic release. The high affinity of glutamate for NR1/NR2D receptors produces an extremely slow channel deactivation in response to brief glutamate applications (Monyer et al. 1994). This property has now been identified for the first time by Misra et al. (this issue of The Journal of Physiology, Misra et al. 2000b) for native NMDA channels in mammalian neurons.
Active transport of potassium by mitochondria I. Exchange of K+ and H+

Abstract 1. 1. Conditions for controlled K+ depletion of rat-liver mitochondria are described. These depleted mitochondria will reaccumulate K+ when supplied with an energy source and external K+. 2. 2. Determination of mitochondrial water and K+ showed that K+ was transported against a concentration gradient. 3. 3. It was demonstrated that K+ uptake was accompanied by H+ efflux. There appeared to be a 1:1 exchange of K+ for H+. 4. 4. No evidence for K+-Na+ exchange was obtained. No inward shift of anions was necessary for K+ uptake. 5. 5. ATP and Mg2+, but not ATP alone, energised K+ transport. 6. 6. Glutamate together with Pi also energised K+ transport. Other substrates tested were not effective with Pi alone. In the presence of a system capable of supporting oxidative phosphorylation, all the substrates were effective.
Leveraging Expertise to Support Scientific Software Process Improvement Decisions

As the complexity of scientific software increases, scientists are often expected to be experts in their own domain as well as in the construction and maintenance of their software. To support this paradigm, numerous specialized approaches have emerged. Leveraging the underlying expertise and motivational factors that drive scientific software development practices, the authors are developing a hybrid scientific software process improvement framework (SciSPIF) to allow scientific software developers to "self-drive"' their SE process improvement activities according to their own goals. Here, the authors report on the strategy for designing and building SciSPIF and provide preliminary insights.
Urban containment strategies: A case-study appraisal of plans and policies in Japanese, British, and Canadian cities

Abstract This paper presents a comparative assessment of the nature and impact of urban containment policies in three countries, through examination of strategic plans for six case-study cities. Recent development patterns and current planning policies are mapped and assessed, and compared to a conceptual model of strategic options for urban containment. Emphasis is on rationales for containment, locational attributes of areas where development is encouraged or curtailed, the overall supply of developable land, and policies relating to development densities. The case studies demonstrate more stringent control on the location, timing, and density of development in Britain and Japan, with shorter time horizons and tighter development boundaries than in Canada. The Canadian cities, however, are moving towards higher densities, to enable transit-oriented development.
Neutralization–reionization of ions produced by electrospray

Abstract A tandem mass spectrometer is described for neutralization–reionization studies of ions produced by electrospray ionization. The instrument consists of a high current electrospray source, an electrodynamic ion funnel, and an octopole ion guide that transport the ions into the high vacuum region of the tandem mass spectrometer. The ions are accelerated to 8250 eV and submitted to collisional neutralization and reionization, followed by deceleration, separation by kinetic energy and/or mass, and detection. The performance of the ionizer and ion transfer elements is optimized as a function of background pressure and the applied rf and dc potentials. Examples are given for neutralization–reionization mass spectra of protonated adenine, heterocycles, and β-alanine- N -methyl amide.
Electrophoresis of chin gland extracts of Gopherus (tortoises)

Abstract 1. 1. The chin glands of Gopherus are active in males and females of all four species. The glands are best developed in male G. berlandieri and G. agassizi and weakly developed in all females. 2. 2. Secretions from females contain a cathodal migrating protein band not seen in males. G. polyphemus and G. flavomarginatus share a fast-moving protein fraction that is absent in the other two species. 3. 3. Males of G. berlandieri have two esterases, G. agassizi only one and G. flavomarginatus four. Esterase activity was not observed in G. polyphemus males or in females of any species. 4. 4. Chin gland secretions also contain phospholipids, triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol. 5. 5. These glands probably serve as olfactory and visual recognition cues during courtship and/or combat.
Coronary artery endothelial function after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

Background. The consequences of ischemia-reperfusion injury on myocytes has been studied intensely, and previous investigations of methods of myocardial protection during global and regional ischemia have focused on resultant alterations in myocardial function. However, the coronary artery endothelium is also vulnerable to damage, and only recently have investigators been able to assess coronary endothelial function. Methods. This review examines some aspects of coronary flow abnormalities that occur after ischemia and reperfusion. In addition, we summarize recent data that address the hypothesis that injury to the coronary artery endothelium may contribute to the pathophysiology of global (and regional) cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Results. It appears that ischemia and reperfusion selectively injure a component in the receptor/G-protein complex linking receptor-stimulus coupling to the activation of nitric oxide synthase. Further, oxygen radicals may contribute to this injury. Recent investigations demonstrate that oxygen radicals impair the receptor/G-protein complex specific to the nitric oxide signal transduction pathway rather than causing global receptor/G-protein dysfunction. Conclusions. The understanding of endothelial cell function and the elucidation of the nitric oxide pathway should further clarify our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial reperfusion injury and coronary vasospasm and contribute to the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
Noise stress and circadian arousal in self-paced computation

Previous work(Frankenhaeuser & Lundberg, 1977) has shown that unpaced mental arithmetic is performed at slower rates in noise, despite unchanged catecholamine indices of arousal; only male subjects were used, tested early in the day. Since the times of testing entail arousal effects that interact with noise stress, and the sex of subject further modifies these interactions, a new experiment was designed to include these variables. Men and women were tested on the Norinder mental arithmetic task, in quiet or in noise, either in the morning, when arousal was low, or during the early evening, when temperature curves indicate that arousal should be high. Analysis of the number of problems attempted shows a significant drop for men in noise in the morning, but an interaction due to reversal of the noise effect in the evening; there is no main effect of noise when women's scores are included. The results are compatible with interpretations combining motivation and cognition, and they demonstrate the importance of the experimental variables in explaining noise stress effects.
The separation and isolation of plasma membranes and mesosomal vesicles from Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract We have separated and Isolated the plasma membranes and mesosomal vesicles of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P. Cells were grown aerobically in Difco synthetic AOAC broth, washed and resuspended in hypertonic buffer (3.45 M NaC1) containing 0.02 M MgSO4. Cell wall was removed by treatment with lytic enzyme from S. aureus, strain LS. The protoplasts were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 1 hour, resuspended in hypotonic buffer containing 0.02 M MgSO4 and lysed. The resultant plasma membranes were washed and centrifuged on a 60tr>75Z sucrose density gradient at 55,000 × g for 15 hours. Gradient patterns showed two bands of membranes. Crude mesosomes were obtained from the 10,000 × g supernatant fractions by centrifugation at 100,000 × g for 2 hours. The reddish-brown gelatinous pellet, which consisted of mesosomal vesicles and a few ribosomes, was washed and centrifuged on a 60 to 85% sucrose density gradient at 100,000 × g for 15 hours. Gradient patterns produced two bands of mesosomal...
Asking what no one has asked before: using phrase similarities to generate synthetic web search queries

This paper introduces a method for automatically inferring meaningful, not-yet-submitted queries. The inferred queries fill some of the knowledge gaps between documents, on one hand, and known (i.e., already-submitted) queries, on the other hand. Thus, the inferred queries expand query logs and increase their coverage. New candidate queries are over-generated from known queries via phrase similarity data, then filtered against the set of known queries. The accuracy of the generated queries is computed using open-domain questions from standard question answering evaluation sets. Over the ranked lists of questions inferred for each of the evaluation questions, the precision reaches 0.9 at rank 50. The set of inferred queries is more than twice as large as the set of input queries.
Transverse Myelitis in Children: Long-Term Urological Outcomes

Purpose: Urological complications are well documented in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. We examined the long-term urological outcomes in a large population of children affected by transverse myelitis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical history, imaging studies and urodynamic findings in 22 children with transverse myelitis. Age at disease onset ranged from 3 months to 18 years (average 8.8 years).Results: At a mean followup of 7.1 years 19 patients (86%) had persistent bladder dysfunction and 17 (77%) had persistent bowel dysfunction. Initial evaluation at least 1 month after disease onset revealed detrusor overactivity in 59% of patients, detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in 41%, low compliance in 47% and detrusor leak point pressure greater than 40 cm water in 12%. Functional motor recovery and absence of lower extremity spasticity did not reflect normal urodynamic findings. Of the 19 patients with imaging available for review 5 (26%) had upper tract changes...
Cigarette Smoking and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the current state of knowledge of psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent cigarette smokers. Method: Medline assisted literature search was conducted and seminal articles were cross-referenced for comprehensiveness of the search. For each disorder, a synopsis of knowledge in adults is provided and compared with the knowledge in adolescents. Results: Psychiatric comorbidity is common in adolescent cigarette smokers, especially disruptive behavior disorders (such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), major depressive disorders, and drug and alcohol use disorders. Anxiety disorders are modestly associated with cigarette smoking. Both early onset ( Conclusions: There is increasing evidence for high rates of psychiatric comorbidity in adolescent cigarette smokers. Cigarette smoking in adolescence appears to be a strong marker of future psychopathology. Child and adolescent psychiatry treatment programs may be a good setting for prevention efforts and treatment, which should focus on both nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders.
Are Those Cookies for Me or My Baby? Understanding Detained and Incarcerated Teen Mothers and Their Children

This article describes the barriers to understanding and meeting the needs of detained and incarcerated teen mothers and their children and suggests strategies for overcoming these barriers. The barriers include impaired research access, insufficient programs and services, and improper conditions of confinement. The author presents a blueprint of girl-specific strategies for improving services, such as the administration of a needs-based intake screening and assessment. Exemplary programs from around the nation are cited and their methods described. The article provides a comprehensive plan for systemic change that can be effected by judges, lawyers, program administrators, and other juvenile justice professionals.
A new ursane triterpene from Monochaetum vulcanicum that inhibits DNA polymerase beta lyase.

Bioassay-directed fractionation of a butanone extract of Monochaetum vulcanicum resulted in the isolation of a new triterpene (1) and four known compounds, ursolic acid (2), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (3), 3-(p-coumaroyl)ursolic acid (4), and β-sitosteryl-β-d-galactoside (5). The structure of the new compound 1 was established as 3β-acetoxy-2α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic interpretation and chemical derivatization. Compounds 1−3 and 5 exhibited polymerase β lyase activity.
Reading royalty in Dumas’ Le Collier de la reine

Capitalizing on the historical trend of Realist novels, Alexandre Dumas pere published his Le Collier de la reine in 1849–1850. The novel dramatizes a factual case of fraud, forgery, and royal impersonation that shook the Ancien Regime in 1785. Dumas locates at the centre of his intrigue the figure of the queen (Marie-Antoinette), and shows how a series of public misinterpretations of the royal person actually contribute to the monarchy's downfall and the Revolution of 1789. I argue that Dumas uses the historical setting as a screen for his veiled comments on the contemporary political events of 1848–1850, a period fraught with yet another revolution, two failed regimes and the advent of Napoleon III's dictatorship (to which Dumas, like other republican authors of the time, was opposed). By casting his focus on the paradoxes of revelation and concealment around the person of the queen's impersonator in 1785, Dumas subtly and concurrently questions acts of cultural hierophany in the France of 1850, thereby...
Negative Refraction in Si-based 2-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Structures

Si-based 2-dimensional slab photonic crystal structures were designed and fabricated for operation in the near-infrared region. Negative refraction was experimentally observed in the integrated device structures including in- and out-coupling waveguides.
Erosionlike denture markings possibly related to hyperactivity of oral soft tissues

Five dentures with unique striations in the base, the teeth, or both were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Several case histories have been presented in which acrylic teeth, as well as acrylic and vulcanite denture bases, exhibit bizarre striations on surfaces in juxtaposition to the patients’ lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue. In view of the irregular pattern of the markings, the chemical inertness of plastic material, and the extremely fine substriations of the markings when these are examined under the scanning electron microscope, we suspect that hyperactivity of the adjacent oral soft tissue is a contributing cause of such markings. Possibly, they are also related to other erosionlike patterns on natural teeth.
Fate of the ‘Tail’ during the Larval Development of Raillietina cesticillus in the Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum

UNPARASITIZED confused flour beetles were fed cast proglottids of R. cesticillus, and were then maintained on whole wheat flour, without being re-infected.
Changes in Female Sexuality: A Study of Mother/Daughter Communication and Generational Differences

Questionnaires on various aspects of female sexuality (including sexual activity in high school and college, sexual attitudes and values, and communication between mothers and daughters on sexual subjects) were completed by 141 women who graduated from college in 1954 and had college-age daughters and by 184 women who were sophomores at Stanford University in 1977–78. The present article reports (1) similarities and differences in sexual behavior between college-age women of the early 1950s and late 1970s, (2) communication between mothers and daughters on the subject of sex, and (3) the effects of generational change in sexual behavior and attitudes on the overall mother-daughter relationship.