cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Reasoning Contributed to Mathematics and Logic

In this article, we present some results of our research focusing on the use of our newest automated reasoning program OTTER to prove theorems from Robbins algebra, equivalential calculus, implicational calculus, combinatory logic, and finite semigroups. Included among the results are answers to open questions and new shorter and less complex proofs to known theorems. To obtain these results, we relied upon our usual paradigm, which heavily emphasizes the role of demodulation, subsumption, set of support, weighting, paramodulation, hyperresolution, and UR-resolution. Our position is that all of these components are essential, even though we can shed little light on the relative importance of each, the coupling of the various components, and the metarules for making the most effective choices. Indeed, without these components, a program will too often offer inadequate control over the redundancy and irrelevancy of deduced information. We include experimental evidence to support our position, examples producing success when the paradigm is employed, and examples producing failure when it is not. In addition to providing evidence that automated reasoning has made contributions to both mathematics and logic, the theorems we discuss also serve nicely as challenge problems for testing the merits of a new idea or a new program and provide interesting examples for comparing different paradigms.
Bioprinting of Bone

Abstract Bone is a vital tissue of the body and a key component of the musculoskeletal system, which routinely overcomes insult and degeneration through its highly regenerative capabilities. However, in certain circumstances bone fails to properly heal and treatment is required. The current standard of care therapies have significant shortcomings. Advances in bioprinting and tissue engineering hold much promise for improving both the quality and efficiency of bone reconstructive therapies. Bioprinting, technically, does not yet occur because custom resorbable scaffolds are not currently constructed with growth factors or autologous cells; however, recent research has been rapidly expanding the 3D printing techniques as well as 3D printable materials with properties finely tuned to reconstruct patient-specific defects. This research seems to be leading toward a future of resorbable scaffolds that incorporate appropriate growth factors and osteoprogenitor cells. Time will reveal whether these therapies will become widely available and standard-of-care.
Faculty leadership and instructional technologies: Who decides?

Discussion of leadership functions and practices in the realm of instructional technology in community colleges cannot be limited to the administrative side. Faculty members and faculties as collective bodies have influenced or attempted to influence the use of instructional technology and can claim professionally to have the right to participate heavily in decision making.
Helicopter Trim Analysis by Shooting and Finite Element Methods with Optimally Damped Newton Iterations

Helicopter trim settings of periodic initial state and control inputs are investigated for convergence of Newton iteration in computing the settings sequentially and in parallel. The trim analysis uses a shooting method and a weak version of two temporal finite element methods with displacement formulation and with mixed formulation of displacements and momenta. These three methods broadly represent two main approaches of trim analysis: adaptation of initial-value and finite element boundary-value codes to periodic boundary conditions, particularly for unstable and marginally stable systems. In each method, both the sequential and in-parallel schemes are used, and the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are solved by damped Newton iteration with an optimally selected damping parameter. The impact of damped Newton iteration, including earlier-observed divergence problems in trim analysis, is demonstrated by the maximum condition number of the Jacobian matrices of the iterative scheme and by virtual elimination of divergence. The advantages of the in-parallel scheme over the conventional sequential scheme are also demonstrated.
Direct NMR Detection of the Binding of Functional Ligands to the Human Sweet Receptor, a Heterodimeric Family 3 GPCR

We present a robust method for monitoring the binding of ligands to the heterodimeric (T1R2+T1R3) human sweet receptor (a family 3 GPCR receptor). The approach utilizes saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy with receptor proteins expressed on the surface of human epithelial kidney cells. The preparation investigated by NMR can contain either live cells or membranes isolated from these cells containing the receptor. We have used this approach to confirm the noncompetitive binding of alitame and cyclamate to the receptor and to determine that greatly reduced receptor binding affinity compared to wild-type brazzein explains the lack of sweetness of brazzein mutant A16C17. This approach opens new avenues for research on the mechanism of action of the sweet receptor and for the design of new noncalorigenic sweeteners.
On an approximation to the limiting Stokes wave in deep water

Abstract A simple but highly accurate approximation to the form and speed of a limiting Stokes wave in deep water was recently given by Rainey and Longuet-Higgins [R.C.T. Rainey, M.S. Longuet-Higgins, A close one-term approximation to the highest Stokes wave on deep water, Ocean Eng. 33 (2006) 2012–2024]. An expression for the corresponding velocity field in the interior of the fluid was also suggested. Here this expression is examined numerically and it is shown that there is no singularity in the interior, but that there is a very weak singularity at the wave crest. The nature of the singularity is exhibited by use of a property of Stokes’s 120° corner-flow, namely that q 2 / gr is everywhere equal to 1, where q is the particle speed, g denotes gravity, and r is the radial distance from the wave crest.
Feasibility of Brain Tumor Delineation using Immunolabeled Gold Nanorods

The enhanced scattering of gold nanorods in the near-infrared regime provides excellent contrast for imaging within biological tissues. This study demonstrates the capability of anti-EGFR nanorods to distinguish xenograft glioblastomas from healthy murine brain tissue.
Mothering a child with hidden impairments

When a mother has a child with a chronic impairment, the occupational demands of mothering extend to address the specialized needs of that child. This research explores how the type of hidden impairment in a child influences family routines and occupations. This qualitative study consisted of interviews with 22 mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a behavioral disorder, and 22 mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, a physical disorder. Open-ended questions were used to explore family demands, resources, time use, routines, concerns, and support. The transcripts of these interviews were analyzed in terms of consistency with existing literature on parenting the child with hidden disability, and for emergent themes. In this analysis the experiences of mothers of children with cystic fibrosis were consistent with research findings on other chronic conditions, with these mothers reporting that family provides them with extensive physical and emotional support. Although mothers of children with cystic fibrosis reported a persistent emotional sorrow, they felt they were able to "normalize" their daily routines. In contrast, mothers of children with ADHD reported little family support, high perception of child-related demands, and less confidence in their success in mothering these children. In describing their daily routines, these mothers often stated that there was no such thing as a "normal" day. They felt constantly "on alert" and did not feel that they had "normal" routines. Based on this study, mothers of children with ADHD felt distress because their child did not easily conform to social standards, and were likely to express exhaustion in their role as "mother." The pattern of responses offered by these participants differs significantly from that of the participants whose children have cystic fibrosis, and from the usual pattern of coping with chronic childhood disability documented in the literature.
Prediction of temperature distribution along a thin heated wire of finite length

Abstract An exact elliptic-integral solution is given for the temperature distribution of a thin, heated wire between two supports. The solution includes the variation of thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, convective coefficient, and emissivity of the wire with temperature. The complete fourth-order (and higher) temperature effects of thermal radiation can be included in the general solution. The hot-wire-anemometer case is evaluated numerically and is successfully compared with measured wire-temperature distributions. The exact theoretical temperature distribution is also compared with a first-order hyperbolic solution.
Implementing the optimal provision of ecosystem services

Many ecosystem services are public goods whose provision depends on the spatial pattern of land use. The pattern of land use is often determined by the decisions of multiple private landowners. Increasing the provision of ecosystem services, though beneficial for society as a whole, may be costly to private landowners. A regulator interested in providing incentives to landowners for increased provision of ecosystem services often lacks complete information on landowners’ costs. The combination of spatially dependent benefits and asymmetric cost information means that the optimal provision of ecosystem services cannot be achieved using standard regulatory or payment for ecosystem services approaches. Here we show that an auction that sets payments between landowners and the regulator for the increased value of ecosystem services with conservation provides incentives for landowners to truthfully reveal cost information, and allows the regulator to implement the optimal provision of ecosystem services, even in the case with spatially dependent benefits and asymmetric information.
The Alchemy of Statistics, or Creating Data Where No Data Exist

Book reviewed in this article: Gary King, On A Solution to the Ecological Problem: Reconstructing Individual Behavior from Aggregate Data
Answer to February 2011 Photo Quiz

Answer: Helicobacter fennelliae. Curvilinear rod-like organisms resembling Helicobacter species were isolated from a leg biopsy sample and placed on brucella blood agar incubated in an H2-enriched environment (obtained by using two Campy gas generators for one anaerobic jar). The organisms failed to
Contemporary Assessment of Hepatic Fibrosis

Newer noninvasive tests have begun to replace liver biopsy for staging purposes. The clinician must evaluate these tools and apply them to individual patients. None of these modalities give the exact same staging of fibrosis as a liver biopsy, but they are excellent tools for risk stratification. Still, it should be recognized that there are disease-specific issues with different utilizations and cutoffs for different clinical diseases. This article provides a framework for incorporating the use of serum biomarkers and elastography-based approaches to stage fibrosis into clinical practice. This review also covers recent developments in this rapidly advancing area.
Statistical Measures for the Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Mammographic Masses

Abstract We propose statistical measures for finding masses in mammograms. The measures are based on fitting broken line regressions to local intensity plots of the images. The method is illustrated on a small database of mammograms that have been read by a radiologist and confirmed by operative data. This work illustrates some of the statistical challenges in working with large diagnostic images
Dissipation and transformation of 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate in soil–water systems

Abstract In the environment, estrogen conjugates can be precursors to the endocrine-disrupting free estrogens, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1). Compared to other estrogen conjugates, 17β-estradiol-17-sulfate (E2-17S) is detected at relatively high concentrations and frequencies in animal manure and surface runoff from fields receiving manure. To elucidate the lifecycle of manure-borne estrogens and their conjugates in the environment, the fate of radiolabelled E2-17S in agricultural soils was investigated using laboratory batch studies with soils of different organic carbon (OC) content (1.29% for topsoil versus 0.26% for subsoil). E2-17S was found relatively persistent in the aqueous phase throughout the duration of the 14 d experiment. The aqueous E2-17S persisted longer in the subsoil (half-lives ( DT 50 ) = 64–173 h) than the topsoil ( DT 50 = 4.9–26 h), and the aqueous persistence of E2-17S depended on its initial concentration. The major transformation pathway was hydroxylation, yielding mono- and di-hydroxy-E2-17S (OH-E2-17S and diOH-E2-17S). Free estrogens, E2 and E1, were only observed in the sorbed phase of the soil at low concentrations (∼1% of applied dose), which demonstrated that deconjugation and subsequent oxidation had occurred. Although deconjugation was not a major pathway, E2-17S could be a precursor of free estrogens in the environment.
The role of the CcpA transcriptional regulator in carbon metabolism in Bacillus subtilis

The CcpA protein has been identified as a key regulator of carbon metabolism in Bacillus subtilis. CcpA is a DNA binding protein in the LacI/GalR transcriptional repressor family, and genes which respond to CcpA contain icommon cis-acting target sequences (Ccp boxes). A number of pathways involved in carbon source utilization are repressed by CcpA, while at least one gene which is involved in excretion of excess carbon is activated by CcpA. Genes repressed by CcpA generally contain Ccp boxes within or downstream of the promoter, while ackA, which is activated by CcpA, contains Ccp boxes upstream of the promoter. It therefore appears that CcpA acts globally to direct carbon flow in B. subtilis.
An Essay for Educators: Epistemological Realism Really is Common Sense

“What is truth?” Pontius Pilot asked Jesus of Nazareth. For many educators today this question seems quaintly passe. Rejection of “truth” goes hand-in-hand with the rejection of epistemological realism. Educational thought over the last decade has instead been dominated by empiricist, anti-realist, instrumentalist epistemologies of two types: first by psychological constructivism and later by social constructivism. Social constructivism subsequently has been pressed to its logical conclusion in the form of relativistic multiculturalism. Proponents of both psychological constructivism and social constructivism value knowledge for its utility and eschew as irrelevant speculation any notion that knowledge is actually about reality. The arguments are largely grounded in the discourse of science and science education where science is “western” science; neither universal nor about what is really real. The authors defended the notion of science as universal in a previous article. The present purpose is to offer a commonsense argument in defense of critical realism as an epistemology and the epistemically distinguished position of science (rather than privileged) within a framework of epistemological pluralism. The paper begins with a brief cultural survey of events during the thirty-year period from 1960–1990 that brought many educators to break with epistemological realism and concludes with comments on the pedagogical importance of realism. Understanding the cultural milieu of the past forty years is critical to understanding why traditional philosophical attacks on social constructivist ideas have proved impotent defenders of scientific realism.
Intelligence Scores of Gifted Students on the WISC-R.

In order to examine the hypothesis that children identified as "gifted" may have different patterns of scores on the WISC-R than children not identified as "gifted", the present study examined the ...
CASE ANALYSIS 5

What is the problem at the Zatega Division of Matheson Foods? The attention of the managers involved is focused upon the large number of overflow warehouses, the dispute over the use of available plant storage space, and the relatively high levels of both raw materials and finished product inventory levels. Of these concerns, the question of inventory levels appears to be of least concern to the participants, since we are given a number of rationalisations for this “problem”, (expanding markets, preparation of new plant, problems of raw materials quality control). As a consequence of their (conflicting) concerns over these matters, the managers also face the problem of a high level of tension and interpersonal conflict.
Polymicrobial gram-negative bacteremia associated with saline solution flush used with a needleless intravenous system

Abstract Background: During a 2-week period, seven cases of nosocomial polymicrobial gram-negative rod bacteremia occurred on a 39-bed medical and cardiac step-down unit. Combinations of Enterobacter cloacae (seven isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (five isolates), and Citrobacter freundii (two isolates) were isolated from blood cultures. Methods: Concurrent and retrospective chart reviews were used to look for further cases and common exposures. Epidemiologic methods were used to refine determination of common exposure. Restriction enzyme DNA analysis was performed on the isolates. Results: Concurrent and retrospective chart reviews revealed four additional possible cases during the same period. All case patients were exposed, through peripheral saline solution locks or central venous catheters, to saline solution "flush" from a central 0.9% saline solution bag and a needleless dispensing pin. Epidemiologic methods implicated probable extrinsic contamination of a single bag and pin used during a 24- 48-hour period (Fisher's Exact Test, p Conclusions: The introduction of needleless intravascular systems has been embraced for employee protection. Our report is the first to raise the question of patient safety with such systems. This outbreak highlights the inherent risks in rapid introduction of new technologies and points out the delicate balance among patient health, employee safety, and cost containment.
SOME SIGN PATTERNS THAT ALLOW A REAL INVERSE PAIR B AND B-1

Abstract A sign pattern matrix is a matrix whose entries are from the set {+, −, 0}. For a real matrix B , by sgn B we mean the sign pattern matrix in which each positive (negative, zero) entry is replaced by + (−, 0). If A is an n -by- n sign pattern matrix, then the sign pattern class of A is defined by Q ( A ) = { B ∈ M n ( R )|sgn B = A }. Our purpose here is to investigate patterns that allow some B and B −1 to be in Q ( A ). To this end, we establish global necessary conditions, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for certain classes of patterns, and we provide several construction algorithms to obtain classes of patterns that have the inverse pair property.
The Size and Scattering Coefficient of Urban Aerosol Particles at Washington, DC as a Function of Relative Humidity

Abstract The relative humidity dependence of the size and scattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosol particles was measured at Washington, DC during the period 26–31 July 1979. Particle growth curves (i.e., curves of the ratio r/r0, of particle radius to particle dry radius, versus relative humidity) were calculated using measured values of the particle composition parameter B ≡ ν¯ϕϵMwρ0/ρwMs, where ρ0 is the density of the particle in dry state, ρw and Mw the density and molecular weight of water, ϵ the mass fraction of soluble material in the particle. Ms the molecular weight of the soluble material, ν¯ the mean number of moles of ions per mole of solute, and ϕ¯ the mean value of the practical osmotic coefficient. To determine B, a mobility analyzer was used to transmit dry particles of nearly uniform size to a thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber where the supersaturation (Sc,) necessary to activate the particles was measured. Then, a relationship between Sc, r0 and B was employed to determine...
1—THE MECHANICS OF THE BENDING OF NON-WOVEN FABRICS PART I: SPUNBONDED FABRIC (CEREX)

A study is reported of a set of spunbonded non-woven fabrics (Cerex), made from continuous nylon fibres held together by uniformly dispersed junction bonds, for their bending responses in connexion with their fibre arrangement. The experimental study coupled with analytical modelling based on the observed morphology and involving the use of a self-consistent model developed for heterogeneous continua helped to clarify the mechanisms governing the bending stiffness of the fabrics. These self-bonded non-woven fabrics, requiring fibre segments to be strained in tension and compression when the fabric is bent, have quasi-continuum properties and hence possess relatively high bending stiffness. This demonstrates that relative fibre motion is essential to impart flexibility to a fabric.
Shifting Lands: Exploring Kansas Farmer Decision-Making in an Era of Climate Change and Biofuels Production

While farming has been the subject of frequent critical analysis with respect to its environmental impacts, including its greenhouse gas emissions, there has been relatively little consideration of the potentially positive role of agriculture in responding to a future greatly influenced by climate change. One possible realm for agriculture to contribute successfully to this future is through biofuels cultivation. This paper uses the state of Kansas as an example to examine factors that are influencing farmer decision-making during a time of heightened debates about climate and energy. Drawing on interviews with key informants and Kansas farmers, we apply and refine a conceptual model for understanding farmer decisions. We find that farmers have largely positive perceptions of the natural environment. Climate change, especially, is not a salient concern at this time. Factors that appear most likely to influence farmer decisions to adopt a new practice include the relative advantage of that practice and the ability to learn about and discuss it through existing social networks. Successful policy incentives must provide farmers with a continued sense of both independence and contribution to greater societal good.
Comparison of the effects of prazosin versus propranolol on plasma lipoprotein lipids in patients receiving hemodialysis

A prospective, crossover study was used to evaluate the effects of prazosin and propranolol on lipid metabolism in 10 hypertensive patients receiving long-term hemodialysis therapy. Adequate blood pressure control was achieved with either agent (mean predialysis blood pressure was 144/77 mm Hg). Total triglyceride levels increased by 27 +/- 4 percent during propranolol therapy but decreased during prazosin therapy by 8 +/- 2 percent (p less than 0.05). These changes were accounted for by a 21 +/- 1.5 percent increase in very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride during propranolol therapy and a 6 +/- 2 percent decrease in very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride during prazosin therapy (p less than 0.05). Although no change in total cholesterol occurred with either agent, a significant decrease (19 +/- 1 percent, p less than 0.01) in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol occurred with propranolol therapy and an increase of 16 +/- 4 percent occurred during treatment with prazosin (not significant). The high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol levels decreased by 22 +/- 4 percent after treatment with propranolol and increased by 4 percent after prazosin therapy. Propranolol reduced high-density lipoprotein3 cholesterol levels by 18 +/- 2 percent, whereas prazosin increased these values by 19 +/- 2 percent (p less than 0.01). These changes were associated with a reduction in tissue lipoprotein lipase activity after propranolol therapy (2.4 +/- 0.3 percent) and an increase after prazosin therapy (2.5 +/- 1 percent, p less than 0.05). These data suggest that treatment with propranolol may be associated with unfavorable changes in the lipid profile that are not observed after treatment with prazosin.
Identification of target transcripts regulated by small RNA RyhB homologs in Salmonella: RyhB-2 regulates motility phenotype

Salmonella encodes numerous small RNAs that play important roles in the cellular regulatory network. Recently we have shown that two RyhB homologs of Salmonella Typhimurium, RyhB-1 and RyhB-2, have distinct sets of overlapping targets. In this study, we used microarrays for comprehensive identification of the target genes regulated by these sRNAs. Microarray analysis was conducted with cDNAs generated from total RNAs of three mutants (ΔryhB-1, ΔryhB-2, and ΔryhB-1ΔryhB-2) and wild type S. Typhimurium strain. Candidate targets were first identified by selecting genes with increased transcript signals in a double deletion strain as compared to the wild type. Then those candidates were clustered into the following 4 groups according to the patterns of increased transcript signals as compared to the wild type: (1) greater with both single deletions, (2) reduced or unchanged with both single deletions, and (3) greater only with either the ryhB-1 or (4) ryhB-2 deletion. We found that the transcripts of the three genes (flgJ, cheY, and fliF), involved in motility and chemotaxis, are down-regulated only by RyhB-2. Motility assay confirmed that the ryhB-2 deletion increased motility, which was then reduced back to wild type level by overexpression of ryhB-2 gene. Collectively, our results suggest the regulatory roles of RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 in Salmonella on multiple cellular pathways, including motility, at a post-transcriptional level.
Modeling cage-to-cage dynamics of adsorbates at arbitrary loadings with dynamically corrected transition-state theory

Transition state theory (TST) formalisms have allowed researchers to extend the time and length scales accessible to the modeling of diffusion in microporous materials. In a previous paper (Tunca, C.; Ford, D. M. J. Chem.Phys. 1999, 111, 2751), we used multidimensional TST to obtain the escape rate of adsorbate molecules from an a cage in zeolite ZK4 as a function of loading. A physically reasonable approximation was applied to make the TST partition functions tractable, and they were evaluated with a nested Widom insertion scheme. However, that study was limited to the case of empty neighboring cages and nondynamically corrected rate constants. This paper extends the work in several ways. First, we consider the effects of adsorbate occupancy in the neighboring cages. Our results show that the TST escape rates increase with loading in the original cage but show nonmonotonic behavior with respect to loading in the destination cage. Furthermore, we employ an expanded ensemble method (EEM) to obtain the partition functions, thus avoiding the limitations associated with the Widom insertions used previously. Even at high cage loadings, the results have small statistical errors due to the use of the EEM. Finally, we calculate and present dynamical corrections to the rate constants. The dynamical corrections are rather modest in magnitude for this model system, typically representing changes of about 10% relative to the TST values.
A Social History of Wet Nursing in America: From Breast to Bottle

A Social History of Wet Nursing in the United States: From Breast to Bottle examines the intersection of medical science, social theory and cultural practices as they shaped relations among wet nurses, physicians and families from the colonial period through the twentieth century. It explores how Americans used wet nursing to solve infant feeding problems, shows why wet nursing became controversial as motherhood slowly became medicalised, and elaborates how the development of scientific infant feeding eliminated wet nursing by the beginning of the twentieth century. Janet Golden's study contributes to our understanding of the cultural authority of medical science, the role of physicians in shaping child rearing practices, the social construction of motherhood, and the profound dilemmas of class and culture that played out in the private space of the nursery.
Oblique subduction of a Newtonian fluid slab

A Newtonian fluid model is proposed to describe the oblique subduction of a planar 2-D slab. The slab is assumed to subduct in response to the ridge push force exerted along the trench, the slab pull force at the downdip of the slab, the gravitational body force within the slab, and the frictional resistance force at the upper surface of the slab. Because the slab motion along strike is being resisted by the frictional resistance at the interplate coupling area while the slab motion along the trench normal is being maintained by the gravitational pulling, the slab turns gradually toward the trench normal direction as it subducts. This model offers an alternative explanation for “earthquake slip partitioning,” the observation that the earthquake slip vectors deflect away from the relative plate motion direction toward the trench normal direction along most of the oblique subduction zones worldwide. Numerical models suggest that slip partitioning caused by slab deformation could be as much as 30% at 100 km downdip of the slab. The slab viscosity, the plate coupling width, the interplate resistance coefficient, the slab pull force, and the gravitational body force are all important in determining the geometry of the slab subduction.
Population growth and the birth squeeze

Abstract Birth squeezes result from an imbalance in the number of males and females in the childbearing ages, and can have a significant impact on the level and distribution of births. To measure the effects of a birth squeeze, the observed male and female age-specific birth rates were distinguished from the underlying fertility magnitudes, which reflect the mutual propensity of males and females of specified ages to have a child. The fertility magnitudes, readily expressible in terms of the birth rates, are nonetheless independent of the age-sex composition of the population, while the birth rates are affected by compositional changes. The two-sex Total Fertility Rate, TFR2, the average of the male and female TFRs, is advanced as a summary measure of fertility independent of the birth squeeze, and a simple index, U, is defined to measure the severity of the squeeze. Analyses involving stable population models, alternative population projections, and the birth squeezes found in contemporary populations documented the importance of the birth squeeze for studies of fertility. In particular, the size of the distortions introduced by the birth squeeze was seen as related to the level of fertility itself. In high-fertility populations, the birth squeeze depresses observed female age-specific birth rates, and thus conventional measures can significantly underestimate the fertility reduction needed to end population growth.
Identification of a Variable Region at the Carboxy Terminus of SV40 Large T-Antigen

The entire early regions of three human isolates of simian virus 40 (SV40), as well as two laboratory strains recovered from monkeys, were sequenced. The early coding region of each isolate contains a number of nucleotide differences when compared to the reference strain SV40-776. These differences result in some changes in the predicted amino acid sequence of the unique region of small t-antigen and in the carboxy (C) terminus of large T-antigen. The amino acid sequence of the remainder of large T-antigen was absolutely conserved among all isolates. Thus, SV40 large T-antigen contains a variable domain at the C-terminal end of the molecule.
The interaction of long-chain acyl CoA with membranes

Published data regarding the interaction of long-chain acyl CoA derivatives with the protein and phospholipid constituents of biological membranes is reviewed and discussed in relationship to the premise that such interactions may lead to membrane damage during pathological situations. The topics considered include: the detergent properties of long-chain CoA, the interaction with membrane-associated enzymes, biological membranes, or model membrane systems, and the binding to a soluble protein that may facilitate intracellular transport. The effects of long-chain acyl CoA on heart mitochondria and the relevance of such studies to myocardial ischemia also is emphasized.
Pulmonary Endothelial Cell Pathobiology: Implications for Acute Lung Injury

Pulmonary endothelial cells form a continuous monolayer on the luminal surface of the lung vasculature. Until the mid-1970s, the pulmonary endothelium was felt to provide little more than a passive surface for the exchange of gases, water, macromolecules, and some cell traffic. Recent evidence indicates that the pulmonary endothelium is a metabolically active surface, which provides a regulatory interface for the continual processing of blood-borne vasoactive molecules, plays an active role in hemostasis and immunologic and inflammatory events, regulates vascular tone, and interacts with inflammatory cells and neighboring vascular cell types. These metabolic properties are both constitutive and capable of being induced in response to stimuli or injury. Virtually any agent that causes pulmonary endothelial cell injury will lead to impairments in the functional metabolic properties of these cells, resulting in alterations in hemodynamics, hemofluidity, permeability, gas exchange, and intercellular signaling. The net result in the lung is often the clinical picture of acute lung injury with respiratory distress, refractory hypoxemia, diffuse alveolar infiltrates, and respiratory failure.
Urban-regional dualism in India: an exploration of developmental indicators across urban size classes

Concerns over India's dualistic patterns of urban-regional development and the complex issues surrounding them have been of concern for decades, and attracted much research interest, especially in the wake of the New Economic Policy of the 1990s. The current research, based on 13 selected states of India, explores the association of a number of developmental indicators with urbanization across three disaggregated size groups. Principal component analysis was used to extract four components followed by a cluster analysis to view the states' commonalities and differences. The findings are indicative of the perpetuation of past patterns as well as signs of a reconfiguration in the urban regional landscape of India, but must await further research.
The Effectiveness of Educational Programs to Improve Recognition and Reporting of Elder Abuse and Neglect: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Health professionals often lack adequate protocols or knowledge to detect, manage, and prevent elder maltreatment. This systematic review describes and evaluates existing literature on the effectiveness of educational interventions to improve health professionals' recognition and reporting of elder abuse and neglect. Fourteen articles described 22 programs ranging from brief didactics to experiential learning and targeted a variety of health and social service audiences. Most evaluations were limited to satisfaction measures. These programs may result in increased awareness, collaboration, and improved case finding. However, using the published literature to guide new program planning is constrained by lack of details and limited evaluations.
David Edwards, Padraig Lenihan and Clodagh Tait (eds), Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland

(2008). David Edwards, Padraig Lenihan and Clodagh Tait (eds), Age of Atrocity: Violence and Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland. Reformation: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 237-242.
PREDmafa: a system for prediction of peptide binding to several MHC class I molecules in cynomolgus macaques

PREDmafa is a computational system for prediction of peptide binding to three transcriptionally abundant major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles of Mauritian cynomolgus macaque, an important animal model for the study of human disease. The prediction system utilizes quantitative matrices, which were validated using experimentally determined binders and supported by in vivo studies. We developed 8-mer and 9-mer prediction matrices for Mafa-A1*063:02, 9-mer, 10-mer, and 11-mer prediction matrices for Mafa-B*011:01, and a 9-mer prediction matrix for Mafa-B*075:01. To our knowledge, PREDmafa is the first online computational system for predicting peptides that bind Mafa molecules. It is available at http://cvc.dfci.harvard.edu/mafa/.
A Mean Value Theorem

Several theorems go by this name. The present note adds to the assortment an unusual variant (Theorem 1), which involves the shape of the underlying region in an interesting way. We work in Euclidean spaces, although Lemma 2 and the second inequality of Lemma 3 carry over to general Riemannian manifolds. V and I I denote gradient and norm with respect to the standard inner product , and d stands for boundary. All our functions are real-valued. A gradient curve of a function f is an integral curve of Vf.
Minimization of OH absorption and scattering losses in zirconium fluoride glasses

The most important criterion in maximizing the IR transparency of fluoride glasses for low-loss optical fiber applications is the elimination of the anionic impurities, mainly OH, which enter the glass during the batching and melting processes.1 By analogy with the OH absorption coefficient in silica glass fiber, it was estimated that 1-ppm OH would give rise to a 5000-dB/km loss at 2.9μm in fluoride glass fibers. In addition, particle inclusions, phase separation, and submicron inhomogeneities or crystallization, which result in high scattering losses, must be totally suppressed. Previously the minimum OH absorption loss reported for a fluoride glass fiber was ~1000 dB/km at 2.9 μm2, and the lowest scattering loss contribution for a fluoride glass rod was estimated to be 65 dB/km at 0.633 μm2 In this paper, substantially lower losses have been achieved using reactive atmosphere processing to remove OH and proper melting, refining, and quenching conditions to eliminate scattering imperfections.
The use of a telephone-based communication tool by low-income substance abusers.

The use of technology to access health information and support services has drastically proliferated. While many Americans have access to the Internet, several marginalized groups remain excluded f...
Calculated tissue current-to-dose conversion factors for nucleons below 400 MeV

Abstract To assist in the evaluation of the hazard associated with exposure to high-energy neutrons or protons, a series of Monte Carlo computer programs were used to calculate the energy deposition that results from high-energy incident nucleons as a function of depth in a slab of tissue. The programs included nonelastic and elastic interactions, as well as evaporation processes and nuclear recoils. A 30 cm thick infinite slab of tissue was treated and cases of normal and isotropic incidence of 400-, 300-, 200-, 100- and 60-MeV protons and neutrons were computed. From these data current-to-dose conversion factors were extracted for the average-whole-body, the 5 cm depth, the surface and the maximum doses. A set of quality factors (QF's) was adopted for transforming rad dose to rem dose, but detailed energy-deposition data are also presented so that any preferred set of QF's can be used to obtain estimates of the rem dose.
E-013 Effect of Procedural Time Required to Achieve Recanalisation with Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischaemic Stroke on Outcome: The Golden Hour of Stroke Intervention

Introduction Outcome studies in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) have focused on time from symptom onset to treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether time to achieve vessel recanalisation from groin puncture affects outcomes. Methods We studied all AIS cases that underwent intra-arterial therapy between May 2008 and October 2012 at a high volume centre. Candidacy for thrombectomy is determined by CT perfusion imaging, irrespective of time of onset. Patients were then dichotomised into two groups; “Early Recan” assigned in which recanalisation was achieved in sixty minutes or under from groin puncture and “Delayed Recan” in which procedures extended beyond sixty minutes. Time to recanalise was also studied as a continuous variable. Results 180 patients (51.7% female, mean age 66.1 ± 15.1 years) were identified. Among the “Early Recan” patients, recanalisation was achieved in 41.4 ± 13.6 minutes as opposed to 101.5 ± 32.4 minutes in the “Delayed Recan” patients. Patients in the “Early Recan” group were twice as likely to achieve a TICI 3 (47% vs 24.6%; p=0.002) and a TICI of 2B or 3 (89.4% vs 72.8%; p=0.009). The intraprocedural complication rate was higher among the “Delayed Recan” patients (11.4%) compared to the “Early Recan” patients (3%; p=0.05). The likelihood of achieving a good outcome (mRS 0 - 2) was higher in the “Early Recan” group (54%) compared to the “Late Recan” group (29.8%; p=0.002). On logistic regression analysis, time to recanalise from groin puncture was found to significantly impact mRS at ninety days in addition to age, baseline NIHSS, achieving revascularisation, and postprocedure haemorrhage. Conclusion Our findings suggest that extending mechanical thrombectomy procedure times beyond sixty minutes increases complications and postprocedure haemorrhage rates while worsening outcomes. These findings can serve as a timeframe of when it is prudent to abort a failed thrombectomy case. Disclosures A. Spiotta: None. J. Vargas: None. R. Turner: None. I. Chaudry: None. H. Battenhouse: None. A. Turk: None.
Estimating the Labor Market Signaling Value of the GED

This paper tests the labor market signaling hypothesis for the General Educational Development (GED) equivalency credential. Using a unique data set containing GED test scores and Social Security Administration (SSA) earnings data, we exploit variation in GED status generated by differential state GED passing standards to identify the signaling value of the GED, net of human capital effects. Our results indicate that the GED signal increases the earnings of young white dropouts by 10 to 19 percent. We find no statistically significant effects for minority dropouts.
On the problem of predicting the activity of oxide and carbonate catalysts in some reactions of petrochemical synthesis

The problem of predicting the activity of oxide and carbonate catalysts for some reactions of petrochemical synthesis (vapor phase conversion of carboxylic acids, catalytic oxidation of asphaltic tar to bitumen) according to the established dependence of thermal stability variations of intermediates on the formation enthalpy of metal oxides or standard ele.trode potentials is discussed.
Trait anxiety reductions in a substance abuse population trained in stress management

Investigated a 2-week (eight-session) stress management training program into an ongoing psychotherapy group for 11 hospitalized polydrug-abusing patients. These patients were compared to a control group of 14 similar patients on the same ward, who were participating in different psychotherapy groups. Results indicated that the stress management treatment group produced significant decreases in trait anxiety on the STAI (p less than .005) and TMAS (p less than .01). The control group's reduction was not significant, and the difference between the two groups was significant (p less than .05). Subjective reports suggested that treatment Ss used the stress management techniques to overcome insomnia associated with withdrawal, to manage anger, and to reduce situational anxiety.
A Proportional Chamber Front End Amplifier and Pulse Shaping Ciecuit

A proportional chamber amplifier/discriminator package has been designed to perform well under conditions of high instantaneous data rate and low duty cycle. The electronics system described is one which maximizes the detector area within the confines of a magnetic spectrometer (LASS) at the same time increasing the reliability of the system by removing all electronics from the chambers to a position of easy access. Stability of the system is enhanced by having the electronics properly cooled, preventing large temperature variations from affecting electronic thresholds and delays. We have reduced crosstalk and RF pickup problems by using shielded coaxial cables to transport the signal from the chamber to the amplifier. (auth)
Mass balance on green liquor pre-pulping extraction of northeast mixed hardwood.

Abstract A forest biorefinery configuration employing a hemicellulose pre-pulping extraction is being investigated that will retain pulp yields, reduce the organic and inorganic load for liquor recovery, and create a hemicellulose feed stream for the generation of biofuels and biomaterials. Current efforts are focused on developing extract production and conditioning processes that will result in fermentable sugars suitable for conversion to fuel alcohols or organic acid chemical products. As efforts move the process closer to commercial demonstration, it is apparent that a high level of confidence is needed in the analysis of the partitioning of fresh wood into its extracted wood and liquid extract fractions. Of particular interest is the partitioning of the carbohydrates, as these constitute the feedstock for bioconversion to fuels and chemicals. The extraction method employed utilizes green liquor derived from the kraft pulping process for pretreatment of the woodchips. To enable analysis, green liquor extraction was followed by 4% sulfuric acid hydrolysis to complete hydrolysis of the oligomers that were still present. High performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC-PAD) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were used to analyze the carbohydrates in northern hardwood and its extract fractions. The Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column did not separate mannose, xylose, and galactose, but the area of the collective peak corresponds well to the sum of these components as measured by HPAEC. In addition to sugars, standard methods were employed for quantification of the individual components (e.g., lignin, ash, nitrogen, carbon, extractives, uronic and acetic acid). The analytical mass balance closure was 102.2% and 103.6% for raw wood, 99.3% and 102.3% for extracted wood, and 94.7% and 95.6% for hemicellulose extract from the HPAEC and HPLC, respectively. The extraction mass balance was 96.9% and 98.2% for HPAEC and HPLC, respectively. The data generated by this analysis are important to further design work in commercializing the pulp and biorefinery processes.
The influence of the ionized medium on synchrotron emission in interstellar space.

The effect of the ionized gas on synchrotron emission in the interstellar medium is investigated. A detailed calculation of the synchrotron emissivity of cosmic electrons, assumed to have an isotropic pitch-angle distribution in a uniform magnetic field, is made as a function of frequency and observation angle with respect to the field. The results are presented both as a local emissivity and as an intensity, the latter obtained by neglecting free-free absorption in the interstellar medium and by assuming that the emissivity is constant along the line of sight. The comparison of these results with previous studies on the nature of the low-frequency turnover of the galactic nonthermal radio background reveals that, except if the component perpendicular to the line of sight of the interstellar magnetic field is small (less than 1 microgauss), or if the cosmic-ray electron spectrum is cut off at energies below a few hundred MeV, the suppression of synchrotron emission by the ambient electrons has in general a lesser effect than free-free absorption by these electrons, and that in some cases this suppression effect is almost entirely negligible.