cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital Evolution in Law School Course Books: Trade-Offs, Opportunities, and Vigilance

As we all migrate to the digital world, imagine the future of the law school course book by reflecting on its history, purposes, and promulgation over the seven generations since C.C. Langdell initiated our current mode of legal education in 1870. Some see the future of digital course books as a radical shift, akin to the original revolution of Langdell’s Contracts casebook. Others dismiss it as a simple marketing maneuver, the way post-Langdell addition of notes, questions or problems might be regarded. This look back at casebook history suggests that digital course books are more likely to be something in between, an incremental but meaningful evolution. This essay, a chapter in a new book on the subject, engages with great innovations in law school course books over the past century-plus, highlighting historic contributions from the likes of Samuel Williston, Arthur Corbin, Lon Fuller, Grant Gilmore; and drawing on more recent contributions to Contracts from the likes of Allan Farnsworth, Charles Knapp, Karl Klare, Ian Macneil, Stewart Macaulay, Lenora Ledwon, Amy Kastely, Deborah Waire Post, Nancy Ota, Douglas Leslie, Robert Summers, Robert Hillman, and Randy Barnett; and on law books and legal education generally, from such figures as Paul Caron, Michael Kelly, Matthew Bodie, Bruce Kimball, Kellye Testy, Edward Rubin, and Steven Bradford. Section A's brief excursion through the evolution of the course book for Contracts is a sober reminder of the plodding pace of change in American legal education. It prepares readers to appreciate trade-offs, opportunities, and risks associated with migration from print to digital books. These are elaborated in three ensuing Sections, all animated by the historical perspective and illuminating trade-offs, opportunities, and risks, though each stressing a different one of those three implications of the migration from print to digital law books. Section B stresses trade-offs, especially concerning course books’ purposes and scope; Section C stresses opportunities the digital format offers, highlighting the appeal of digital methods to produce supplements, maintain a work’s currency, and facilitate skills training; and Section D discusses matters of presentation that creators of print and digital materials alike must address to promote usefulness – and calls for vigilance against associated risks. Section E synthesizes, concluding that digital course books are important and valuable, but not revolutionary.
Crossover between diagnostic and empirical categorizations of full and subthreshold PTSD

Abstract Background : Most of the work on understanding subthreshold PTSD has focused on inconsistencies in defining subthreshold PTSD and how those inconsistencies impact prevalence rates. The present study distinguishes between full and subthreshold PTSD using empirical categorization and assesses the circumstances under which empirical categorization is discordant with full and subthreshold PTSD diagnoses. Methods : Using data from the NIDA CTN Women and Trauma Study (N = 353), we use a modernized adaptation of the Jacobson and Truax (1991) framework, assessing whether patients were above or below an empirical threshold on latent PTSD severity scores estimated under categorical confirmatory factor analysis; the empirical categorizations were then crossed with the diagnoses to form four diagnostic by empirical categorization groupings. Results : Compared to a reference group (full PTSD diagnosis and empirical categorization), patients who had a full PTSD diagnosis but a subthreshold empirical categorization had lower symptom endorsement rates on 15 PTSD symptoms, were more likely to be married, ethnic minorities with fewer lifetime traumas. Conversely, patients with a subthreshold PTSD diagnosis and a full PTSD empirical grouping looked similar to “Full/Fulls”, only differing on avoidance symptoms. Limitations : Alternative definitions of subthreshold PTSD and coding of symptom endorsement may impact results. The use of DSM-IV symptoms (though reconciled against overlapping symptoms from DSM-5) is also a key limitation. Conclusions : Empirical categorization can be a useful supplement to diagnosis in distinguishing subthreshold PTSD from full PTSD, using a methodology that could provide a platform for melding dimensional and categorical nosology approaches in the DSM.
Freezing temperatures restrict woody plant recruitment and restoration efforts in abandoned montane pastures

Abstract Tropical montane forests are being lost at an alarming rate but harbor some of the globe’s most unique biodiversity. The Hawaiian archipelago is a prime example of the importance of high elevation forests to species conservation and persistence as they serve as the last refugia for Hawaiian birds. Yet these forests have been converted to invasive dominated pastures, and efforts to restore them have been met with limited success. Unsuccessful forest restoration may be due to freezing temperatures acting as a demographic bottleneck by killing seedlings recruiting into pastures. We determined freezing tolerances of eight common native woody plants at a high-elevation forest on Hawaiʻi Island and compared these freezing tolerances to two years of site-specific winter temperatures and 17 years of regional temperature records. Low temperature extremes were more severe and common in pastures than under nearby 30-year-old canopy trees. Freezing temperatures over two years were severe enough to damage leaf tissues of six of eight species tested. Those species that displayed the greatest freezing tolerance were also those found naturally recruiting into open pastures. Temperature trends over the past 17 years show monthly minimum temperatures are not increasing as predicted by climate change. Persistent severe freezing events may limit seedling recruitment in the pasture, slowing native woody plant expansion into these abandoned pastures. The species-level differences in freezing tolerance show that current management actions are using species that are at high risk to freezing damage outside of the forest canopy and that alternative species may warrant consideration.
The Moral Case for Adopting a U.S. Right to be Forgotten

This article challenges the notion that the right to be forgotten is in direct opposition to the American values of free expression and the public’s right to know by arguing that such a right has roots in American moral culture as well as jurisprudence in the right to rehabilitation, and ultimately, suggests adopting a form of the right to privacy in the U.S. Part I reviews the origins of the European right to be forgotten, focusing on the Google Spain decision and relevant articles of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Part II argues that the U.S. has long supported a rehabilitative notion of privacy, which provides sturdy ground on which the right to be forgotten could stand in the U.S. Part III addresses First Amendment criticisms of the right. Part IV assesses how the right to be forgotten might be operationalized in the U.S. This article concludes with a discussion of the moral benefits of a right to be forgotten, particularly in how a more forgiving society can in fact increase speech and democratic participation.
Bcl-3 suppresses Th9 differentiation by regulating glutamine utilization

Bcl-3 is an atypical member of the I{kappa}B protein family that plays important and diverse roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, including Th17-dependent autoimmunity models in mice. When naive mouse splenic CD4+ T cells were cultured under Th17 conditions in vitro, we unexpectedly found that the most highly differentially expressed gene between wild type and Bcl-3-deficient (KO) Th17 cells encoded the cytokine IL-9. We therefore investigated the role of Bcl-3 in Th9 cell differentiation. When naive CD4+ T cells were cultured under Th9-polarizing conditions in vitro, the extent of Th9 differentiation observed in wild type cells was increased in Bcl-3 KO cells and conversely was decreased in cells overexpressing Bcl-3. The suppressive effect of Bcl-3 on Th9 differentiation was cell-autonomous, and NF-{kappa}B inhibitors abolished increased Th9 differentiation in Bcl-3 KO cells. Consistent with this, in the Th9 transfer model of OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation, mice receiving Bcl-3 KO cells had greater immune cell infiltration in the lung than mice receiving wild type cells. Mechanistically, unsupervised transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in KO cells, including the glutamine transporter Slc1a5, which was downregulated. The functional significance of this was suggested by the ability of increasing concentrations of glutamine in the media to reduce the difference in Th9 differentiation between WT and KO cells. Our results suggest a novel role for Bcl-3 as a negative regulator of Th9 differentiation, in part by limiting glutamine accessibility through downregulation of Slc1a5.
Identification of cellular proteins associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA replication suggests novel cellular and viral interactions.

Abstract Upon entry of Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) into the host cell, the viral genome is transported to the nucleus where it serves as a template for transcription and genome replication. Production of new viral genomes is a coordinated effort between viral and cellular proteins. While the core replication proteins are encoded by the virus, additional cellular proteins support the process of genome synthesis. We used accelerated native isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (aniPOND) to study protein dynamics on nascent viral DNA during HCMV infection. Using this method, we identified specific viral and cellular proteins that are associated with nascent viral DNA. These included transcription factors, transcriptional regulators, DNA damage and repair factors, and chromatin remodeling complexes. The association of these identified proteins with viral DNA was confirmed by immunofluorescent imaging, chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses, and shRNA knockdown experiments. These data provide evidence for the requirement of cellular factors involved in HCMV replication.
The Ultimate Challenge: The 3x+1 Problem

The $3x 1$ problem, or Collatz problem, concerns the following seemingly innocent arithmetic procedure applied to integers: If an integer $x$ is odd then ""multiply by three and add one"", while if it is even then ""divide by two"". The $3x 1$ problem asks whether, starting from any positive integer, repeating this procedure over and over will eventually reach the number 1. Despite its simple appearance, this problem is unsolved. Generalizations of the problem are known to be undecidable, and the problem itself is believed to be extraordinarily difficult. This book reports on what is known on this problem. It consists of a collection of papers, which can be read independently of each other. The book begins with two introductory papers, one giving an overview and current status, and the second giving history and basic results on the problem. These are followed by three survey papers on the problem, relating it to number theory and dynamical systems, to Markov chains and ergodic theory, and to logic and the theory of computation. The next paper presents results on probabilistic models for behavior of the iteration. This is followed by a paper giving the latest computational results on the problem, which verify its truth for $x < 5.4 \cdot 10^{18}$. The book also reprints six early papers on the problem and related questions, by L. Collatz, J. H. Conway, H. S. M. Coxeter, C. J. Everett, and R. K. Guy, each with editorial commentary. The book concludes with an annotated bibliography of work on the problem up to the year 2000.
Joint Semantic Segmentation and 3D Reconstruction from Monocular Video

We present an approach for joint inference of 3D scene structure and semantic labeling for monocular video. Starting with monocular image stream, our framework produces a 3D volumetric semantic + occupancy map, which is much more useful than a series of 2D semantic label images or a sparse point cloud produced by traditional semantic segmentation and Structure from Motion(SfM) pipelines respectively. We derive a Conditional Random Field (CRF) model defined in the 3D space, that jointly infers the semantic category and occupancy for each voxel. Such a joint inference in the 3D CRF paves the way for more informed priors and constraints, which is otherwise not possible if solved separately in their traditional frameworks. We make use of class specific semantic cues that constrain the 3D structure in areas, where multiview constraints are weak. Our model comprises of higher order factors, which helps when the depth is unobservable.We also make use of class specific semantic cues to reduce either the degree of such higher order factors, or to approximately model them with unaries if possible. We demonstrate improved 3D structure and temporally consistent semantic segmentation for difficult, large scale, forward moving monocular image sequences.
USA: Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston

At the Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, both HDR and LDR are available. A dedicated brachytherapy suite with a CT scanner in the room is used for routine tandem-based brachyhterapy insertions. Patients with residual disease after external beam have a diagnostic MRI with the brachytherapy applicator in place to guide contouring.However, patients that have less than 4 cm of residual disease receive CT-based planning alone. In addition, a dedicated operating room with an MRI built into the suite is available for real-time image guidance for complex interstitial cases. A rigorous quality assurance and safety program exists to ensure effective brachytherapy treatment delivery for all patients.
Role of the Vacuole in Metal Ion Trapping as Studied by in Vivo 31P-NMR Spectroscopy

31P-NMR spectroscopy has been extensively used to study the energetic profiles in intact plant tissues (Roberts and Jardetzsky, 1981; Roberts, 1984; Loughman and Ratcliffe, 1984). These reports clearly demonstrate that this technique can be used to measure energy status, ATP/ADP ratio (Roberts et al., 1985), changes in intracellular pH (Roberts et al., 1981), effects of hypoxia (Roberts et al., 1984), phosphate movement (Rebeille et al., 1983), and aluminium ion toxicity (Pfeffer et al., 1986).
Interaction of alkyllithium compounds with base

Abstract Freezing point lowering measurements have been carried out upon cyclohexane solutions containing mixtures of ethyllithium and lithium ethoxide. The results demonstrate that lithium ethoxide forms complexes with ethyllithium. The data are explained in terms of an initial coordination of two molecules of lithium ethoxide at two coordination sites of the hexamer. Subsequent attachment of ethoxide is presumed to occur by formation of clusters of lithium ethoxide at each of the two sites of binding to hexamer. The infrared and proton NMR data are consistent with this model. The 7 Li nuclear resonance spectra of solutions containing both ethyllithium and lithium ethoxide exhibit only one absorption, which broadens and shifts to higher field with increasing ethoxide concentration. A rapid exchange of lithium nuclei between ethyllithium and lithium ethoxide is indicated. Interaction of lithium ethoxide with ethyllithium does not appear to promote dissociation of the hexamer. In this respect, it differs from amines and ethers.
Modeling and limitations of AlGaN/GaN HFETs

Field effect transistors based upon the AlGaN/GaN system often demonstrate current slump and premature saturation of the gain, accompanied by degradation of the RF output power and power-added efficiency. It is shown that source resistance modulation under high current injection conditions can produce premature saturation effects consistent with experimental data. Elimination of the effect will require design modifications that increase the threshold for space-charge effects to become significant.
Lower-dimensional antiferromagnetism in Rb 2 Ni Cl 4 · 2 H 2 O

The results of low-temperature studies of the magnetic characteristics of ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}$Ni${\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} 2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O, which is isomorphic to ${A}_{2}\mathrm{Mn}{X}_{4}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ ($A=\mathrm{Rb},\mathrm{Cs}$; $X=\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br}$), are reported. The studies generally indicate the presence of lower-dimensional antiferromagnetic exchange, with magnetic ordering occurring at ${T}_{N}=4.65$ K. Magnetic-susceptibility measurements from 1.5 to 30 K and heat-capacity data from 2 to 20 K have been analyzed using a model in which the compound is considered to consist of planes of interacting Heisenberg-like spin-1 linear chains. This model is shown to be consistent with the crystal structure in which hydrogen-bond pathways appear to be the major means of exchange between NiII ions. The important quantitative results are: the zero-field splitting is small, probably less than 0.5 K, the intrachain exchange is -2.32 K, and the interchain exchange is -0.82 K.
The Externally Supported Ross Operation: Early Outcomes and Intermediate Follow-Up

Background The externally supported Ross (supported Ross), consisting of a Dacron (DuPont, Wilmington, DE) graft to support the neoaortic root, has been used in adolescent and adult patients to prevent neoaortic dilatation. Outcomes after the supported Ross technique were compared with the Ross procedure using the standard aortic root replacement technique (standard Ross). Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 36 adolescent and young adult patients who underwent the Ross procedure between 1992 and 2013. The outcomes of supported Ross procedures in 26 patients were compared with the Ross procedure in 10 patients. End points included survival, neoaortic root dilatation, development of neoaortic regurgitation, and the need for reintervention. Results The median age at operation was 14 years (range, 11 to 31 years), and indications for the operation were mixed lesions (47%), followed by aortic regurgitation (42%) and stenosis (11%). There were no early deaths. The mean follow-up was 2.2 years (range, 1 to 11 years). At the 1-year ( p = 0.01) and 3-year ( p Conclusions At intermediate follow-up, patients who underwent the supported Ross technique were less likely to have neoaortic root dilatation compared with patients who underwent a standard Ross procedure. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term durability of this technique, particularly in regards to the development of significant aortic regurgitation, the rate of reintervention, and application to younger and smaller patients.
Evaluating hierarchical track fusion with information matrix filter

This paper examines track fusion performance under various degrees of non-deterministicity of the target dynamics, i.e., process noises. There are three approaches to state vector fusion: weighted covariance, information matrix and pseudo-measurement. This paper focuses on performance evaluation of the information matrix form of state vector fusion. Closed form analytical solution of steady state fused covariance for the hierarchical fusion architecture both with and without feedback have been derived. These results provide interesting insight into the mechanism of track fusion and greatly simplify the evaluation of fusion performance. In addition, availability of such a solution facilitates the trade-off studies for designing fusion systems under various operating conditions.
The 3'-terminal consensus sequence of rotavirus mRNA is the minimal promoter of negative-strand RNA synthesis.

Estes, and R. Ramig. J. Virol. 68:7030‐7039, 1994) to identify thecis-acting signals required for replication of a genome segment 9 template from the group A rotavirus strain OSU. The replicase phenotypes for a panel of templateswithinternaldeletionsor3*-terminaltruncationsindicatedthatnoessentialreplicationsignalswere present within the open reading frame and that key elements were present in the 5*and 3*noncoding regions. Chimeric constructs containing portions of viral sequence ligated to a nonviral backbone were generated to further map the regions required for in vitro replication of segment 9. The data from these constructs showed that the 3*-terminal seven nucleotides of the segment 9 mRNA provided the minimum requirement for replication (minimal promoter). Analysis of additional chimeric templates demonstrated that sequences capable of enhancing replication from the minimal promoter were located immediately upstream of the minimal promoter and at the extreme 5* terminus of the template. Mutational analysis of the minimal promoter revealed that the 3*-terminal -CC residues are required for efficient replication. Comparison of the replication levels for templates with guanosines and uridines at nucleotides 2 4t o 26 from the 3* terminus compared with levels for templates containing neither of these residues at these positions indicated that either or both residues must be present in this region for efficient replication in vitro.
Molecular weights and molecular dimensions of perfluoropolyether fluids

The weight-average molecular weights of a series of fractions from two structurally different types of perfluoropolyether fluids were determined by low-angle laser light scattering. The limiting viscosity numbers of both sets of fractions were measured in Freon TF® and related to molecular weights. By using established polymer solution theory, the coil dimensions of the molecules were calculated. Samples from both sets of fractions were subjected to analysis by gel permeation chromatography and the coil dimensions were derived by using the principle of universal calibration. Results from both methods agree well. Bulk viscosities and molecular weights were correlated.
Free trade areas, the limit of Rules of Origin, and optimal tariff reductions under international oligopoly: A welfare analysis

In this article we analyze the economic effects associated with preferential Rules of Origin (RoO) in a free trade area (FTA). By presenting a stylized three-country model of trade under oligopoly, we show that there exists a maximum limit of RoO below which forming an FTA is welfare-improving. In examining external tariff reductions under FTA, we take into account the constrained conditions that optimal tariffs set by member countries effectively induce the intrabloc exporters to comply with RoO. This approach rules out trade regime switches and helps identify the economic determinants of establishing an effective and welfare-improving FTA with RoO. We further examine whether an FTA with RoO increases total trade or whether the extra trade arises at the expense of nonmembers. Our simple model has implications for economic factors that foster or impede regional economic integration under imperfect completion.
Humanoid robot teleoperation for tasks with power tools

This paper presents the implementation of inverse kinematics to achieve teleoperation of a physical humanoid robot platform. The humanoid platform will be used to compete in the DARPA Robot Challenge, which requires autonomous execution of various search and rescue tasks, such as cutting through walls, which is a very practical application to robotics. Using a closed-form kinematic solution and a basic feedback controller, our objective of executing simple tasks is realized via teleoperation. Joint limits and singularities are accounted for using the different cases in the kinematic solution; and a decision method is implemented to determine how to position the end-effector when the goal is outside the feasible workspace.
Austin flint: On cardiac murmurs

Abstract Austin Flint first ausculted the murmur associated with his name in 1859. Suspecting it to be of mitral origin, he identified it as occurring in aortic insufficiency three years later. Recent echocardiographic study has indicated that this murmur is produced by an aortic insufficiency jet colliding with the anterior mitral valve leaflet. Flint was among the first to recognize the importance of normal cardiac and respiratory sounds. He advocated routine auscultation on all patients, and had great influence in popularizing auscultation in American medicine.
Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on cooling rates of unrestrained rats.

Summary A total of 170 adult rats were exposed to 1°C, 15°C, and 25°C environments following ip injections of 3 to 6 g per kg of DMSO in saline. Shaved subjects receiving 3 g per kg of DMSO in a 1°C environment cooled to a body temperature of 10°C within 239 min; subjects receiving 6 g per kg of DMSO cooled to 10°C in 175 min. Shaved saline controls required 412 min to reach the same temperatures. Unshaved rats in a 1°C environment which were treated with 6 g per kg of DMSO cooled to 10°C within 383 min. Unshaved saline controls failed to become hypothermic. Shaved subjects injected with 6 g per kg of DMSO in an environment of 15°C gave a mixed response, a few maintaining normothermia, some cooling a few degrees and then rewarming, and 50% cooling to environmental temperatures. All controls remained normothermic. At an environmental temperature of 25°C, DMSO-treated animals dropped 3.6°C and then rewarmed. Control subjects remained normothermic. Each DMSO-treated group, therefore, manifested a significant disturbance of temperature regulation.
The efficacy of bioresorbable fixation in the repair of mandibular fractures: an animal study.

Abstract Purpose: The efficacy of bioresorbable fixation has recently been described in the treatment of cranial vault deformities and in midfacial trauma. However, little to no data exist regarding its use in load-bearing areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the treatment of mandibular fractures by using a bioresorbable fixation system with a conventional titanium system in a canine model. Materials and Methods: Four adult beagles constituted the experimental group (A), and 2 beagles constituted the control group (B). Both groups underwent extraoral iatrogenic left mandibular angle osteotomies/fractures and open reduction and internal fixation by use of a bioresorbable fixation system (A) or a titanium fixation system (B). All operated animals were allowed to function immediately. Lateral skull radiographs were obtained preoperatively, immediately postoperatively after reduction, and at 3- and 6-month intervals. Preoperative and 6-month follow-up bite registrations were taken. At the 3-month interval, 1 animal from the experimental group was killed, and at 6 months the remaining animals were killed for morphologic, radiographic, and histologic analysis of the fractured interface and screw sites. Results: Morphologically, in the bioresorbable group, there was no clinical evidence of 1) intraoral/extraoral incisional dehiscence of wound infection; 2) deviation of the occlusion from maximum intercuspation; 3) intraoral/extraoral palpability of the device; 4) mobility of the fractured segments on manual manipulation; or 5) malunion as visualized at the time of sacrifice. All bioresorbable plates were clinically absent after 6 months and associated with adequate fixation and healing. Adequate restoration of function was achieved in both groups, with all of the animals showing weight gain. Radiographically, good alignment of the inferior border was seen, and histologically bony union was apparent in all specimens. Conclusions: This bioresorbable fixation system is effective in the treatment of mandibular angle fractures in a dog model, despite being placed in a load-bearing region. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
High efficiency cascaded quasi-z-source photovoltaic inverter module using eGaN FETs

This paper presents a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) module-integrated converter (MIC) based on cascaded quasi-Z-source inverters (qZSI). In this system, each qZSI module serves as a MIC and is connected to one PV panel. Due to the cascaded structure and qZSI topology, the proposed MIC features low voltage gain requirement, single-stage energy conversion, enhanced reliability and good output power quality. Furthermore, the enhancement mode Gallium-Nitride field effect transistors (eGaN FETs) are employed in the qZSI module for efficiency improvement at higher switching frequency. Detail design of the qZSI module is performed based on the derived ac equivalent model and power loss analytical model. As a result, the number of cascaded modules and the inverter switching frequency are optimized. The parameters of the quasi-Z-source network are designed. A 250W, 25–50V input qZSI module is built using the optimization procedure. A 98.06% peak efficiency of the power module is achieved at 45V and 140W input.
Pinocytotic vesicles in the endothelium of rapidly frozen rabbit lung.

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the size, number, and distribution of capillary endothelial vesicles in rabbit lungs fixed by either vascular perfusion (PF) or rapid freezing (RF). Two animals were prepared for each method and 40 micrographs were randomly selected from each animal. Vesicles were examined in the thick and thin sides of the endothelium and classed as lumenal, cytoplasmic, or ablumenal. Vesicles from PF lung were larger, had a greater numerical density (Nv) and occupied more cytoplasmic volume than in RF lungs on both the thick and thin sides. Vesicle size and cytoplasmic volume occupied by vesicles were greater on the thick side for both fixation methods. Nv between thick and thin sides of a fixation method were not significantly different. For vesicle distribution, we observed the following results. Ablumenal Nv was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from Lumenal Nv for a given side and fixation method. Ablumenal and lumenal vesicle density did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the corresponding sides for PF and RF lung. PF had more cytoplasmic vesicles than RF on both sides. The thick sides of both PF and RF had more cytoplasmic vesicles than the thin side. Our study shows that the size, numerical density, and distribution of vesicles is influenced by the method of fixation, and suggests that their role in transcapillary transport may need to be reassessed.
Simultaneous Correction of Scars and Tissue Deficiency With Composite Grafts in Secondary Cleft Lip Deformity

Purpose In secondary cleft lip deformities, repetitive surgeries lead to increased tension and deformities in the upper lip, ultimately resulting in new deformities such as wide scars and a tight lip. The simultaneous correction of a wide scar and tissue deficiency in the upper lip is paradoxical unless sufficient tissue is supplied to the scant upper lip. The authors describe a method to transfer composite tissue for the improvement of secondary cleft lip deformities and present an analysis of the outcomes. Materials and Methods Ninety-one patients with secondary cleft lip, a wide scar, and tight lip were enrolled. After complete excision of the scar, the defect was covered with a composite graft that included skin and subcutaneous fat. The results were rated by 2 investigators blinded to the image of the scar and the morphology of the upper lip. The skin color of the 25 grafts was analyzed using a narrowband spectrophotometer using the Commission International d'Eclairage L*a*b* color coordinates. Results All grafts survived without sequelae. The scores of the scar images and general morphology were 8.3/10 and 8.2/10, respectively. Spectrophotometric analysis displayed no differences between the composite tissues and normal upper lip skin in each color coordinate, indicating that the composite tissue had a good color match with a normal upper lip. Conclusions The use of a composite graft on the upper lip can be a reliable option to correct a wide hypertrophic scar and tight lip simultaneously, resulting in a satisfactory scar image and an improvement of upper lip morphology.
Spelling in Kindergarten: A Constructivist Analysis Comparing Spanish-Speaking and English-Speaking Children.

Abstract The purposes of this study were to find out (1) whether English-speaking American children construct the same developmental levels in spelling as the Spanish-speaking children studied by Ferreiro and Teberosky (1979/1982) and by Ferriero and Gomez Palacio (1982), and (2) whether English-speaking children, too, make their first letter-sound correspondences through syllables. One-hundred ninety-two kindergarten children were individually asked to write eight words such as “punishment,” “cement,” and “pop.” The developmental levels were found to be similar, but there were some differences between the English-speaking and Spanish-speaking children, especially with respect to the first phoneme-grapheme correspondences they made.
Understanding How Case Managers Use ‘Sabotage’ as a Frame for Clinically Difficult Situations

Case managers are among the direct service providers responsible for engaging people with severe mental illnesses. Understanding how they interpret and respond to clinically difficult situations can inform ways to intervene and reduce service disengagement. This qualitative study explored clinically difficult situations when case managers invoked the term “sabotage”. Interviews were conducted with 21 case managers and analyzed by co-coders focusing on how case managers used the term sabotage to describe service user behavior. Themes that emerged were attributing sabotage to; fear of success, fear of attaining what you desire, avoidance of responsibility and change, and a lack of structured support. Drawing on the concepts of clinical case management and mental health recovery, we consider implications for the training and supervision of case managers and how services are structured.
Indirect detection of wimps using cosmic-ray positrons and antiprotons: Current status and future prospects

I present the history, current status and future prospects of using cosmic-ray particles to indirectly search for the secondary products of WIMP Dark Matter annihilation.
Forced convection in banks of inclined cylinders at low Reynolds numbers

Abstract This study documents the pressure drop and heat transfer through bundles of parallel cylinders in a domain that has been overlooked, namely, low Reynolds numbers, arrays that are long in the direction of flow such that the flow is hydraulically and thermally fully developed, and cylinders inclined relative to the flow direction. The numerical results cover the range 1 ≤ Re D ≤ 30, 0.72 ≤ Pr ≤ 100, 0.6 ≤ φ ≤ 0.95 and 0° ≤ β ≤ 60°, where φ is the porosity of the bundle as a saturated porous medium, and β is the angle between the verified by means of experimental measurements of the pressure drop across a bundle with 115 cylinders in the flow direction, in the range 8 D φ ≤ 0.92 and 0° ≤ β ≤ 60°. The results show that significant errrors may occur if the available large-Re D information is extrapolated to the domain covered by this study.
Perceptual consequences of changes in epilaryngeal area and shape

The influence of epilaryngeal area on glottal flow and the acoustic signal has been described [Titze, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 2733–2749 (2008)], but it is not known how (or whether) changes in epilaryngeal area influence perceived voice quality. This study examined these relationships in a kinematic vocal tract model. Epilaryngeal constrictions and expansions were simulated at the levels of the aryepiglottic folds and the ventricular folds in the context of four glottal configurations representing normal vibration to severe vocal fold paralysis, for the three corner vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/. Minimum and maximum glottal flow, maximum flow declination rate, spectral slope, cepstral peak prominence, and the harmonics-to-noise ratio were measured, and listeners completed a perceptual sort-and-rate task for all samples. Epilaryngeal constriction and expansion caused salient differences in voice quality. The location of constriction was also perceivable. Vowels simulated with aryepiglottic constriction demonstrated lower maximum airflow and less noise than the other epilaryngeal shapes, and listeners consistently perceived them as distinct from other stimuli. Acoustic differences decreased with increasing severity of simulated paralysis. Results of epilaryngeal constriction and expansion were similar for /a/ and /i/, and produced slightly different patterns for /u/.
Unexpected aspartimude formation during coupling reactions using Asp(OAl) in solid-phase peptide synthesis

Succinimide ring closure is a well-documented side reaction in the synthesis of certain Asp-containing peptides. This side reaction is typically acid-or base-catalyzed, and its occurrence during coupling reactions has not been previously noted. This unforeseen manifestation of aspartimide formation was detected while exploring a new strategy for side-chain to side-chain lactam formation on a solid support to synthesizecyclo[D-Asp2, Dap5]dynorphin A-(1-11) amide. The availability of allyl protecting groups, which provide an additional level of orthogonality in solid-phase peptide synthesis, was very appealing for use in preparing this conformationally constrained analogue. We found that the allyl ester (OAl) was not sufficient protection from this side reaction in this susceptible D-Asp2-Gly3 sequence. Remarkably, the aspartimide formation appeared to occur during the coupling reaction in the absence of base if excess coupling reagent was present.
Thermal FEA for Alcator C-Mod Advanced Outer Divertor

An advanced outer divertor is being developed for Alcator C-Mod to study reactor fuel (tritium) retention and plasma wall material interaction physics at reactor temperatures with high power long-pulse discharges. The divertor will be operated at controlled temperature of 600 °C. To achieve this goal, the divertor will be structurally and electrically continuous along the toroidal direction, requiring it to expand radially as temperature increases. This paper describes the thermal finite element analysis (FEA) and results of the outer divertor. There are four aspects, with focus on the A-Frame assembly. First of all, a one twentieth module of the full divertor is composed of divertor tiles, tile mounting plate, heaters, divertor gusset, A-Frame support, spherical bearings, bracket, halo current shunt, vessel gusset, and so on. By adjusting the power of each of the seven toroidal divertor heaters, the tiles achieve a uniform temperature poloidally with toroidal temperature variation within allowables. The temperature of each component is evaluated, and results are used to support the design changes. Second, radiation simulation on multilayer radiation shields behind divertor plate is presented. Third, radiation simulation of the diverter heater itself is done to understand more details of heat transfer from the heater to the surrounding tiles and support plates. Finally, thermal analysis is completed with a model including a tile and its mounting plate, to predict the effect of plasma heat load on divertor tiles. All the thermal FEA was performed with COMSOL, a commercial FEA software.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates prostate-specific antigen secretion by LNCaP prostate cancer cells

Abstract The secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by prostate cancer provides an important tool in the diagnosis and management of this disorder. While androgens are required for PSA synthesis, the neuroendocrine regulation of PSA secretion is less understood. Human prostate is extensively innervated with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing neurons, while both normal and malignant prostate cells contain VIP receptors. Therefore, we investigated the effects of VIP on PSA secretion by LNCaP prostate cancer cells. We found that 1–4 VIP treatment produces 60–100% increases in PSA secretion by LNCaP cells. Increases in PSA secretion were seen with as little as 10 −10 M VIP with maximum effects at 10 −7 M. The predominant acute effect of VIP was to increase the secretion of stored PSA without increasing PSA mRNA. VIP's effect on PSA secretion involved the production of intracellular cAMP since all doses of VIP which increased secretion were associated with increased cyclic AMP and since dibutyryl-cyclic AMP treatment increased secretion similarly to VIP. These results suggest that VIP regulates PSA secretion by prostate cancer cells and also suggest a role for VIP to regulate PSA secretion by normal prostate epithelial cells.
A COMPARISON OF THE INTERNAL URBAN SPATIAL PATTERN OF UNIT AND BRANCH BANK OFFICES

(1973). A COMPARISON OF THE INTERNAL URBAN SPATIAL PATTERN OF UNIT AND BRANCH BANK OFFICES. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 353-356.
Chemical Sensing Attributes of CO 2 -Laser-Induced Long-Period Fiber Gratings

CO2-laser-induced long-period fiber gratings are fabricated and characterized for use as chemical sensors. The effects of changing the surrounding refractive index are characterized. End-of-fiber gratings are described, fabricated, and experimentally evaluated.
A physical system approach to recognition memory for spatially transformed faces

Abstract Recognition memory for familiar and unfamiliar spatial frequency filtered faces was examined using a combination of experiments and computer simulations based on the physical-systems approach to memory. The results of the experiments showed a significant interaction in recognition performance between the frequency characteristics of the learning and test pictures of the faces. In general, recognition transfer between normal and lowpass faces was good. Transfer between normal and high-pass faces was not as good but improved with the familiarity of the faces. Transfer between high-pass and low-pass faces was poor. A simple linear associative model of the experiment which used only basic visual information about the faces as input produced a pattern of results similar to those seen in the experiments. Memory enhancers aimed at improving the encoding and storage mechanisms of the model produced results similar to those seen when observers were familiar with the faces. These results are discussed in terms of the literature on recognition of faces which have been transformed in different ways and in terms of some psychological interpretations of codes and algorithms used in connectionist models.
Space-potential and density fluctuations in the ISX-B tokamak.

The fluctuating plasma potential and electron density has been measured in Ohmic and neutral-beam--heated tokamak discharges. Radial profiles are presented in the outer two-thirds of the plasma, and the E x B transport calculated. The transport is found to be an order of magnitude larger for beam driven plasmas. Measurements indicate the linearized Boltzman equation is satisfied in the interior, but not at the plasma edge.
CALCULUS REFORM: WHAT WAS HAPPENING BEFORE 1986?

ABSTRACT While many college mathematics teachers think that calculus reform began in 1986 with the Tulane Conference, experiments in the teaching of calculus were occurring over the preceding 30 years as well. Alternatives to presentations that primarily focus on lectures include discovery and group learning, self-paced classes, programmed materials, and use of the computer to supplement and enhance learning. These methods emphasize thinking; conceptual understanding; interpersonal communication; and active, collaborative, or mastery learning. Results are discussed from studied reported in the literature from 1958-1986, and the reference list contains over 50 citations.
Aldosterone upregulates purinergic responses in larval amphibian skin epithelium.

Bullfrog tadpoles respond to apical application of 100 µM amiloride, acetylcholine (ACh) or ATP with a sharp transient inward (apical to basolateral) cation current. In adult skin, amiloride blockable transepithelial Na+ transport is upregulated by the hormone aldosterone. Tadpoles were treated in vivo with aldosterone and changes in short circuit current (Isc) in response to apical application of ATP were determined. Bullfrog tadpoles were exposed to aldosterone (10–6 M) for periods ranging from 3 h to 60 h. Skins from 60-h aldosterone-treated animals showed a two- to three-fold increase in apical ATP-activated short circuit current when compared to animals treated with vehicle alone. Sodium replacement with a large, nonpermeable cation resulted in no measurable increase in Isc after exposure to ligand, consistent with ATP activation of an inward cation current and not chloride efflux. Activation/desensitization time courses and treatment with blockers revealed no measurable differences between aldosterone-treated and non-treated skins. Activation by amiloride and ACh gave essentially identical results. Studies with RT/PCR showed significant increases over controls of levels of mRNA associated with P2X channels. Given these data, our working hypothesis is that all three ligands activate the same process that exhibits both purinergic and cholinergic characteristics. These data are consistent with aldosterone upregulation of ATP gated channels expressed in the apical membrane of larval frog skin.
Invited tutorial: Phase Change Memory: Replacement or transformational

In this tutorial, a short account on the working principles of Phase Change Memory and its development will be introduced, followed by a comprehensive comparison with incumbent and other emerging memory technologies. Focus will be drawn to the technical requirements for the replacement of DRAM and NAND Flash with new memory technologies as these incumbent technologies are approaching their physical limits of conventional two-dimension scaling. Existing characteristics and the current state of the development of Phase Change Memory in the industry are examined to match the requirements of a replacement for DRAM and NAND Flash separately. The replacement scenario will be summarized with suggestions for further development. The transformational scenario begins with a study of the current landscape and future directions in enterprise computing and consumer electronics. We shall examine the opportunity of introducing a new memory system requiring holistic and collaborative efforts among the system and processor designers, as well as software engineers. Again, suggestions on further development directions for Phase Change Memory for the transformation scenario will be outlined.
‘To be happy’: Ritual, play, and leisure in the Bengali Dharmarāj pūjā

The study of the various relationships between religion, ritual, play, and leisure has been sporadic over the years; even though one theologian (Miller 1973: xxix) argued over two decades ago that play must be the root metaphor for the study of religion, j However, play as a theoretical concept in ritual studies has received far less attention than the general study of play within the disciplines of anthropology (see, for example, Gorfain 1986; Lancy 1980; Schwartzman 1976) and sociology (Buck 1978; Cohen 1985). Leisure has received even less academic attention than its marginalized ally play. In the domain of India studies, play and leisure are rarely mentioned as important components for understanding the dynamics of religion in everyday life (but see van der Veer 1992). Nevertheless, a fairly large body of interdisciplinary work exists for the study of religion and play, which should spur more attention in regional studies of local religion. ~ Focusing on this issue could enable us to acknowledge and further refine a problem that has vexed scholars ever since the publication of l~mile Durkheim's Les formes dldmentaires de la vie religieuse (1912)--namely, the sacred/profane dichotomy. Setting 'apart' the sacred as Durkheim, and William Robertson-Smith (1889) before him, taught us to do---has led to a general acceptance of dichotomous views concerning religion's relationship to other aspects of culture. 3 Although there has been some recent discussion among anthropologists (for example, Iteanu 1990) and historians of religions (Masuzawa 1993: 34-57) concerning the separation of sacred and profane for functional reasons, the idea still remains a basic categorical imperative and an implicit working model in the phenomenology of religion. Such a genealogy must be traced back to Rudolf Otto's (1982: 44) concept of the sacred as 'wholly other,' a sui generis category of emotion and feeling. Otto's notion is cited approvingly by other early