cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revue des études sur le traitement endovasculaire des lésions occlusives de l’artère fémorale superficielle : plaidoyer pour un groupe contrôle de patients traités médicalement

Introduction La prevalence de l’arteriopathie obliterante peripherique approche les 20% au niveau de l’artere femorale superficielle pour les patients de plus de 60 ans. La maladie arterielle peripherique symptomatique (claudication intermittente) est presente chez 3 a 7% des patients de plus de 60 ans. L’attrait pour les techniques mini-invasives, comme l’angioplastie transluminale (ATL) percutanee chez ce nombre important de patients a conduit a de nombreuses etudes portant sur de nouveaux systemes d’ATL ± stent. La but de cette etude etait de determiner si ces etudes devraient inclure des patients controles recevant un traitement medical optimal, dont l’exercice supervise. Methodes et resultats De 2007 a 2008, 12 etudes actives portaient sur l’ATL + stent dont 9 etudes randomisees et 6 etudes utilisant l’ATL dans le groupe controle. Aucune etude n’incluait de groupe de patients traites medicalement. Une recherche faite sur PubMed sur la periode 1990-2008, retrouvait six publications (cinq etudes randomisees) comparant l’ATL ± stent a un groupe de patients claudicants traites medicalement. Aucun des groupes de patients traites medicalement ne voyait son IPS augmenter significativement, alors que les patients traites en endovasculaire voyaient leur IPS augmenter precocement, avec des resultats variables a 1 ou 2 ans. Cependant, a 6 mois, le perimetre de marche maximal etait significativement augmente chez les patients faisant de l’exercice et persistait plus longtemps que dans le groupe traite en endovasculaire dans 4 des 5 etudes a 1 et 2 ans. Conclusion A 1 an, le traitement endovasculaire etait superieur sur le plan fonctionnel au traitement medical dans seulement une des 5 etudes randomisees portant sur des patients claudicants. Dans les 4 autres etudes, le traitement medical conduisait a un plus grand perimetre de marche maximal a 1 voire 2 ans. Les etudes actuelles manquent d’un groupe controle de patients recevant un traitement medical optimal. Les futures etudes portant sur l’ATL + stent devraient inclure un groupe controle de patients traites medicalement dans le cadre d’un programme d’exercice supervise. Le critere de jugement principal devrait etre le perimetre de marche maximal afin de juger sur le plan fonctionnel le benefice surajoute de tout nouveau systeme.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nonfluorescent Poly(p-aryleneethynylene)s by Alkyne Metathesis

Alkyne metathesis of mixtures of 2,5-didodecyl-1,4-dipropynylbenzene and {1,3-bis[2‘,5‘-didodecyl-4‘-propynyl(phenylethynyl)]-2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene}cyclopentadienylcobalt in the presence of Mo(CO)6 and 4-trifluoromethylphenol at 150 °C furnishes a series of organometallic PPE copolymers in which CpCo-ligated (cyclobutadienylene)ethynylene units are interspersed into the phenyleneethynylene chains. The copolymers were investigated by UV−vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Both techniques showed a dramatic influence of the presence of even small amounts of organometallic modules on the photophysical properties of the polymers.
System identification of Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons

The lack of a deeper understanding of how olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) encode odors has hindered the progress in understanding the olfactory signal processing in higher brain centers. Here we employ methods of system identification to investigate the encoding of time-varying odor stimuli and their representation for further processing in the spike domain by Drosophila OSNs. In order to apply system identification techniques, we built a novel low-turbulence odor delivery system that allowed us to deliver airborne stimuli in a precise and reproducible fashion. The system provides a 1% tolerance in stimulus reproducibility and an exact control of odor concentration and concentration gradient on a millisecond time scale. Using this novel setup, we recorded and analyzed the in-vivo response of OSNs to a wide range of time-varying odor waveforms. We report for the first time that across trials the response of OR59b OSNs is very precise and reproducible. Further, we empirically show that the response of an OSN depends not only on the concentration, but also on the rate of change of the odor concentration. Moreover, we demonstrate that a two-dimensional (2D) Encoding Manifold in a concentration-concentration gradient space provides a quantitative description of the neuron's response. We then use the white noise system identification methodology to construct one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Linear-Nonlinear-Poisson (LNP) cascade models of the sensory neuron for a fixed mean odor concentration and fixed contrast. We show that in terms of predicting the intensity rate of the spike train, the 2D LNP model performs on par with the 1D LNP model, with a root mean-square error (RMSE) increase of about 5 to 10%. Surprisingly, we find that for a fixed contrast of the white noise odor waveforms, the nonlinear block of each of the two models changes with the mean input concentration. The shape of the nonlinearities of both the 1D and the 2D LNP model appears to be, for a fixed mean of the odor waveform, independent of the stimulus contrast. This suggests that white noise system identification of Or59b OSNs only depends on the first moment of the odor concentration. Finally, by comparing the 2D Encoding Manifold and the 2D LNP model, we demonstrate that the OSN identification results depend on the particular type of the employed test odor waveforms. This suggests an adaptive neural encoding model for Or59b OSNs that changes its nonlinearity in response to the odor concentration waveforms.
Calcium binding protein and regulation of calcium transport

Calcium absorption in the mammal results from two types of movements: The segmenting and peristaltic contractions of the small intestine which move calcium along the intestinal tract, and transmural movement which carries calcium across the intestinal epithelium. Regulation of calcium absorption could, therefore, involve alterations in intestinal contractions or events that affect transmural movement. In what follows we shall first describe studies that deal with the effect of intestinal movement on calcium absorption. We then deal with regulation of transmural movement, emphasizing the feedback regulation of calcium itself.
Neue Wege zur Darstellung von verzweigten Organopolysilanen

Bei der Muller-Rochow-Synthese fallt als Nebenprodukt eine hochsiedende Destillatsfraktion an, die hauptsachlich aus Methylchlordisilanen besteht. Diese Disilane werden in die entsprechenden Methoxyderivate uberfuhrt und katalytisch zu harzahnlichen Methylmethoxypolysilanen, Methylmethoxyphenylpolysilanen und Methylphenylpolysilanen dismutiert. New Approaches to the Synthesis of Branched Organopolysilanes The Muller-Rochow-Synthesis provides a high boiling fraction consisting of mixed methylchlorodisilanes. These are converted to the corresponding methylmethoxydisilanes which are dismutated to resin-like me-thylrnethoxypolysilanes, methylmethoxyphenylpolysilanes and methylphenylpolysilanes.
Abnormalities of liver regeneration: a review.

Structural and functional changes during liver regeneration have been studied extensively in experimental animals following partial hepatectomy or hepatic injury induced by noxious substances. These o
The Microwave Spectrum of Cyclopentadienyl Niobium Tetracarbonyl

Abstract Rotational transitions for the symmetric-top transition metal complex C 5 H 5 Nb(CO) 4 were measured using a Flygare–Balle-type pulsed-beam microwave spectrometer. The spectrum indicates that in the gas phase, this complex is a prolate symmetric top with B = C =558.842(4) MHz. Transitions were measured in the range 4–12 GHz. The observed splittings due to 93 Nb quadrupole coupling were smaller than expected, with eqQ ( 93 Nb)=−1.8(6) MHz. The value D J =0.04(2) kHz. No evidence for fluxional behavior was observed. The A rotational constant, calculated from the X-ray data, is A =670(30) MHz and calculated B and C constants are in agreement with the present microwave values. This appears to be the first measurement of a microwave spectrum and gas-phase quadrupole coupling for a 93 Nb organometallic complex.
Viability of the Cells of Rous Chicken Sarcoma Desiccate

ConclusionIn 2 desiccated preparations of Rous chicken sarcoma viable cells were not demonstrable by the tissue culture method. By the method of supravital staining with neutral red the reaction of the desiccate was unlike that given by the living sarcoma cells.This work was begun in the Department of Pathology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, and I am indebted to Professor Leo Loeb for the privilege of publishing those results along with the ones obtained here.
Unusual space-group pseudosymmetry in crystals of human phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase.

Phosphopantothenoylcysteine (PPC) decarboxylase is an essential enzyme in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A and catalyzes the decarboxylation of PPC to phosphopantetheine. Human PPC decarboxylase has been expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. The Laue class of the diffraction data appears to be {bar 3}m, suggesting space group R32 with two monomers per asymmetric unit. However, the crystals belong to the space group R3 and the asymmetric unit contains four monomers. The structure has been solved using molecular replacement and refined to a current R factor of 29%. The crystal packing can be considered as two interlaced lattices, each consistent with space group R32 and with the corresponding twofold axes parallel to each other but separated along the threefold axis. Thus, the true space group is R3 with four monomers per asymmetric unit.
Economic and environmental impacts of grafted naranjilla

Naranjilla (Solanum Quitoense) is a perennial fruit shrub with promising economic potential. Unfortunately, infections of fusarium (fusarium oxysporum) have shortened its productive life in many locations. A grafted cultivar, INIAP Quitoense, has been developed to offer resistance to some soil-borne diseases. This paper uses a farm-level optimization model to evaluate naranjilla planting patterns for a representative farmer. The model is implemented using farm survey data and field trial data from Ecuador. Results suggest that when grafted naranjilla is available, farmers are likely to reduce the quantity of chemicals used and area planted to naranjilla. The expected economic gain associated with using grafted naranjilla is 40% to 60%, depending on the availability of off-farm labor and other factors. The economic and environmental implications of the introduction of grafted naranjilla are likely to be positive, but they will vary based on regional characteristics and the variety of naranjilla previously ...
A New Method to Reduce Cure-Induced Stresses in Thermoset Polymer Composites, Part I: Test Method

The inhomogeneous structure of polymeric composites causes internal stresses to develop due to matrix volume changes during processing. The volume changes occur during cure and during cooldown after the cure is completed. Most of the previous studies on residual stresses concentrated on stress development during cooldown. In this study, a new test method was used to monitor fiber stresses that develop during cure in single fiber model composites. The method was used to study the effect of changing the cure cycle on curing induced fiber stresses. It was seen that changing the cure cycle changes the resulting stress significantly. Also, it was shown that the cure-induced stresses and their contribution to final residual stresses vary for different resins. A cure cycle with almost zero cure-induced stresses is demonstrated. The new cycle was found to satisfy the cure requirements such as glass transition temperature and cure cycle duration.
Study on expressway meta-synthesis management decision support system

With the development of expressway, expressway management departments have acquired remarkable achievement in transportation informatization, constructed a series of application system in every field. Aimed to the existence of the common problems in meta-synthesis and decision support function, and according to the characteristic of expressway management and the latest theoretical achievement of decision support system, this paper puts forward a design thinking for introducing meta-synthesis decision support system to expressway management, and construct the overall framework of the expressway meta-synthesis decision support system. The functional requirements and structure of the system are studied in this paper.
Infection of Ixodes scapularis ticks with Rickettsia monacensis expressing green fluorescent protein: A model system

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are ubiquitous hosts of rickettsiae (Rickettsiaceae: Rickettsia), obligate intracellular bacteria that occur as a continuum from nonpathogenic arthropod endosymbionts to virulent pathogens of both arthropod vectors and vertebrates. Visualization of rickettsiae in hosts has traditionally been limited to techniques utilizing fixed tissues. We report epifluorescence microscopy observations of unfixed tick tissues infected with a spotted fever group endosymbiont, Rickettsia monacensis, transformed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fluorescent rickettsiae were readily visualized in tick tissues. In adult female, but not male, Ixodes scapularis infected by capillary feeding, R. monacensis disseminated from the gut and infected the salivary glands that are crucial to the role of ticks as vectors. The rickettsiae infected the respiratory tracheal system, a potential dissemination pathway and possible infection reservoir during tick molting. R. monacensis disseminated from the gut of capillary fed I. scapularis nymphs and was transstadially transmitted to adults. Larvae, infected by immersion, transstadially transmitted the rickettsiae to nymphs. Infected female I. scapularis did not transovarially transmit R. monacensis to progeny and the rickettsiae were not horizontally transmitted to a rabbit or hamsters. Survival of infected nymphal and adult I. scapularis did not differ from that of uninfected control ticks. R. monacensis did not disseminate from the gut of capillary fed adult female Amblyomma americanum (L.), or adult Dermacentor variabilis (Say) ticks of either sex. Infection of I. scapularis with R. monacensis expressing GFP provides a model system allowing visualization and study of live rickettsiae in unfixed tissues of an arthropod host.
New noninvasive imaging technologies in coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease affects a large population. Recent emphasis on primary and secondary prevention has made an impact on the detection of atherosclerosis, yet the incidence of acute coronary syndromes continues to increase. This has steered the cardiology community toward improving and developing new imaging techniques that are capable of detecting disease at a very early preclinical state. Coronary CT angiography is capable of characterizing plaques and detecting eccentric lesions that would not appear on stress testing or cardiac catheterization. Cardiac MRI provides high-resolution imaging of plaques in addition to tissue characterization without the ionizing radiation associated with other imaging techniques. Positron emission tomography is a rapidly growing imaging tool that detects inflammation associated with coronary atherosclerosis. In the near future, these new noninvasive modalities will play an intricate part in primary prevention and in diagnosis and treatment follow-up.
Prevailing wage laws and black employment in the construction industry

As a by-product of analysis of state-level prevailing wage laws applying to public construction projects, a strongly inverse correlation was found between black employment and strength of prevailing wage law. Although black construction employment is generally below what it averages in other sectors, it is closer to parity in states where there is no prevailing wage law, and progressively less so in groups of states that have progressively stronger laws.
Tissue formation and vascularization in anatomically shaped human joint condyle ectopically in vivo.

Scale-up of bioengineered grafts toward clinical applications is a challenge in regenerative medicine. Here, we report tissue formation and vascularization of anatomically shaped human tibial condy...
Activation of gene expression by adenovirus and herpesvirus regulatory genes acting in trans and by a cis-acting adenovirus enhancer element

Abstract A plasmid containing the adenovirus E2 gene, a gene normally requiring E1A-mediated induction during viral infection is expressed very poorly upon transfection into mouse L cells. If the same plasmid is transfected into 293 cells, which constitutively express the adenovirus E1A gene, or into L cells together with a plasmid containing the E1A gene, the E2 gene is expressed at higher levels. Cotransfection of the E2 plasmid with a plasmid containing the pseudorabies virus (a herpesvirus) immediate early gene results in an even higher increase in the level of E2 expression. In addition, efficient E2 expression in the absence of trans induction was obtained by inserting E1A upstream promoter sequences at the 5′ or 3′ end of the E2 gene, indicating that these E1A sequences possess enhancer properties. Thus the efficient expression of the E2 gene can be obtained either by a structural change in the gene itself or by a trans-acting induction.
Assessing New England's waterborne energy imports (1995–2004)

Abstract This paper tests four hypotheses relating to the waterborne commerce of New England's imported energy, by port of entry, from 1995 through 2004. It concludes that the region's ports engaged in this fossil fuel traffic are part of a hierarchical system of large, medium, and small ports; that such energy flows have increased over the study period; that localized demand for energy is the principal component leading to growth; and that regional inter-port competition was not stable.
A device for synchronizing biomechanical data with cine film.

Abstract Biomechanists are faced with two problems in synchronizing continuous physiological data to discrete, frame-based kinematic data from films. First, the accuracy of most synchronization techniques is good only to one frame and hence depends on framing rate. Second, even if perfectly correlated at the beginning of a ‘take’, the film and physiological data may become progressively desynchronized as the ‘take’ proceeds. A system is described, which provides synchronization between cine film and continuous physiological data with an accuracy of ± 0.2 ms, independent of framing rate and the duration of the film ‘take’. Shutter pulses from the camera were output to a computer recording system where they were recorded and counted, and to a digital device which counted the pulses and illuminated the count on the bank of LEDs which was filmed with the subject. Synchronization was performed by using the rising edge of the shutter pulse and by comparing the frame number imprinted on the film to the frame number recorded by the computer system. In addition to providing highly accurate synchronization over long film ‘takes’, this system provides several other advantages. First, having frame numbers imprinted both on the film and computer record greatly facilitates analysis. Second, the LEDs were designed to show the ‘take number’ while the camera is coming up to speed, thereby avoiding the use of cue cards which may disturb the animal. Finally, use of this device results in considerable savings in film.
Harmonic Frequencies and Potential Energy Distributions of Partially Deuterated Methyl Cyanide

Abstract Although the vibrational spectra and force constants of CH3CN and CD3CN have been thoroughly studied, partially deuterated methyl cyanide has received much less attention. The infrared spectrum of CD2HCN has only recently been reported1 and that of CH2DCN has not yet appeared. Normal coordinate analysis for neither partially deuterated species has appeared. We report here harmonic frequencies and potential energy distributions for both partially deuterated methyl cyanide species, CH2DCN and CD2HCN, based on force fields and structural parameters from CH3CN and CD3CN. The calculated frequencies for CD2HCN are compared with the observed infrared frequencies. The vibrational interaction of the relatively high CN stretching frequency and the CD stretching frequencies is also discussed.
Assessment of biomass burning emissions and their impacts on urban and regional PM2.5: a Georgia case study.

Biomass burning is a major and growing contributor to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Such impacts (especially individual impacts from each burning source) are quantified using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model, a chemical transport model (CTM). Given the sensitivity of CTM results to uncertain emission inputs, simulations were conducted using three biomass burning inventories. Shortcomings in the burning emissions were also evaluated by comparing simulations with observations and results from a receptor model. Model performance improved significantly with the updated emissions and speciation profiles based on recent measurements for biomass burning: mean fractional bias is reduced from 22% to 4% for elemental carbon and from 18% to 12% for organic matter; mean fractional error is reduced from 59% to 50% for elemental carbon and from 55% to 49% for organic matter. Quantified impacts of biomass burning on PM2.5 during January, March, May, and July 2...
The Eurozone Crisis: Muddling through on the Way to a More Perfect Euro Union?

Taking a historical perspective of economic changes, this paper argues that muddling through crises-induced reforms characterizes well the evolutionary process of forming currency unions. The economic distortions facing the euro include structural challenges in the labor and product markets, and financial distortions. While both structural and financial distortions are costly and prevalent, they differ in fundamental ways. Financial distortions are moving at the speed of the Internet, and their welfare costs are determined more by the access to credit lines and leverage, than by the GDP of each country. In contrast, the structural distortions are moving at a slow pace relative to the financial distortions, and their effects are determined by inter-generational dynamics. These considerations suggest that the priority should be given to dealing with the financial distortions. A more perfect Eurozone is not assured without successfully muddling through painful periodic crises.
Electrophysiologic assessment of acute polyradiculoneuropathy in dogs: comparison with Guillain-Barré syndrome in people.

Electrophysiologic investigations of motor and sensory nerve as well as ventral nerve root function were performed on 12 dogs with suspected acute canine polyradiculoneuropathy (ACP) at different stages and with different severity of disease. The most reliable electrophysiologic indicators of ACP were electromyographic changes (occurring in 100% of affected dogs), significantly decreased compound muscle action potential amplitudes (in 75, 90, and 100% of affected dogs at all sites along the sciatic/tibial, radial, and ulnar nerves, respectively), increased minimum F-wave latencies (67%), increased F ratios (92%), and decreased F-wave amplitudes (67%). These findings suggest that ACP represents a peripheral motor axonopathy, with demyelination and axonal involvement also occurring in ventral nerve roots. Evidence of peripheral demyelination was present in some dogs although it was overshadowed by the prominent axonopathy. ACP more closely resembles the acute axonal or intermediate forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in people.
Cancer screening behaviors among Latina women: the role of the Latino male.

The purpose of this article is to determine, through a community-based breast and cervical cancer intervention program, the impact Latino males may have on Latinas and their cancer screening behaviors. This report includes data collected from 163 Latino males recruited throughout rural Arkansas and four New York City boroughs for the Esperanza y Vida program, designed to evaluate cancer screening outcomes among Latinas and address their health care needs and cancer control challenges. Basic demographics and identical pre- and post-program knowledge surveys were collected and analyzed using SPSS 15.0 and SAS 9.2. Results from this study suggest Latino men have little knowledge about breast or cervical cancer screening and are unfamiliar with their partners’ screening histories. Male participants were also less likely to complete program assessment forms (pre, post, demographic questionnaires) and more likely to commit response errors (i.e. multiple answers, illegible responses). These findings suggest that including males in education programs for Latinas may be a crucial component in decreasing cancers among this segment of the population. The further development of programs such as Esperanza y Vida, that empowers Latino males, will be important in reducing the unequal burden of breast and cervical cancers for Latinas. It is important to continue including Latino men in these types of studies because the impact of their role on Latina’s health remains understudied, unknown, and misunderstood.
Compliance behaviour in patients undergoing haemodialysis: A review of the literature

This review paper describes end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a common treatment for it—haemodialysis. Haemodialysis requires patients to commit considerable time to their treatment, to comply with strict dietary and fluid restrictions, and to take medication on a regular basis. Noncompliance among dialysis patients is a major problem, even though it has been shown to be inversely related to survival. Rates of noncompliance depend upon how it is defined. Most research has evaluated the relationship between sociodemographic variables and noncompliance. Some of these findings are fairly robust, for example younger dialysis patients are typically less compliant than older patients. Although it is interesting to know what these factors are, the value of these finding is somewhat limited because sociodemographic variables are typically not amenable to planned interventions. Some researchers have suggested that it may be more helpful to investigate attitudes and beliefs of patients that are associated with non...
Ab initio tight-binding LMTO method for nonequilibrium electron transport in nanosystems

We present an ab initio method for calculation of the electronic structure and electronic transport of nanoscale systems coupled to electrodes with applied voltage bias. The method is based on the local density approximation of density functional theory and implemented in the framework of the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital approach in its atomic sphere approximation. A fully atomistic description of the electrodes and the nanosystem is used, and the self-consistent charge and electrostatic potential for the system under applied bias is calculated using the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach. General expressions for the lesser Green's function and transmission coefficient obtained within NEGF theory are rewritten using auxiliary Green's functions that are defined by the inverse of the short-ranged structural constants. This reformulation of the theory with auxiliary Green's functions allows the use of very effective and well-developed tight-binding techniques. The method is applied to three systems: a single benzene di-thiol molecule coupled to (111) gold electrodes, a single gold atom coupled to (100) gold electrodes, and a single platinum atom coupled to (100) platinum electrodes.
Peptide tic-tac-toe: Heterotrimeric coiled-coil specificity from steric matching of multiple hydrophobic side chains

Specific coiled-coil heterotrimers result from steric matching of hydrophobic core side chains. A 2:1 heterotrimer is formed by peptides containing alanine or cyclohexylalanine, respectively, at a central core residue. Detailed thermodynamic analysis reveals that the designed complex is considerably more stable than the corresponding alanine homotrimer (ΔTm = 25 °C, ΔΔGunf = 4.5 kcal/mol), while control complexes with naphthylalanine or cyclopropylalanine peptides are much less stable. However, the cyclohexylalanine homotrimer is of comparable stability to the 2:1 complex, prompting an investigation of multiply substituted peptides. A specific 1:1:1 heterotrimer is formed from three independent peptide strands, each bearing one large (cyclohexylalanine) and two small (alanine) side chains at the same three core positions but in different order. The combined impact of three substitutions improves specificity to the point where each pure peptide and all pairwise equimolar mixtures form significantly less st...
Behavioral, anatomical, and physiological aspects of recovery of motor function following stroke

Restoration of motor function is relatively common in humans and non-human primates. Studies of the behavioral aspects of recovery indicate that responses re-emerge in a fixed sequence that resembles initial acquisition. The extent to which this occurs depends on factors unique to the subject. Research suggests that the traditional view of a hierarchically organized brain is inaccurate. Instead, the brain is comprised of parallel circuits which may be disinhibited and/or recruited when damage occurs. In some cases, damage leads to reorganization of cerebral cortical maps. Available data point to the utility of interventions to promote recovery. Research suggests that recovery from other forms of impairment (e.g., non-vascular lesions or impairment in language) involves similar processes.
Ultrasonic nebulization of liquid samples for analytical inductively coupled plasma-atomic spectroscopy: an update

Abstract An improved, continuous-flow ultrasonic nebulizer equipped with a desolvation system for generating dehydrated aerosol particles prior to their injection into analytical inductively coupled plasmas is described. Results of a critical evaluation of the performance of the nebulizer-desolvation system are also presented. Compared to the commonly used pneumatic nebulizers studied in this work, the ultrasonic version described in this paper provided superior powers of detection, ranging from factors of 5–50, and yielded comparable to superior short and long term reproducibility for dilute acid and high salt content solutions. Clean out times for the ultrasonic nebulizer were marginally longer, by 15–20 s, than those observed for pneumatic nebulizers. “Memory effects” and “desolvation interferences” were generally reducible to negligible proportions through the application of various expediencies discussed in this paper. When substantial changes in concomitant concentrations caused measurable interelement effects, the magnitude of these effects tended to be slightly higher for the ultrasonic system. However, when the samples destined for ultrasonic nebulization were diluted by factors of ~ 10, which corresponds approximately to the superiority of the nebulization efficiency of the ultrasonic nebulizer, the magnitudes of the interelement effects were comparable.
1604 THE HORMONAL BASIS OF IDIOPATHIC HYPERCALCIURIA (IH)

We examined 6 children with IH and their families to determine the etiology of IH. Family members were divided into 2 categories: Group 1 consisted of the 6 index cases, 5 parents with calculi and 3 siblings with unexplained hematuria; Group 2 included the remaining 15 family members without calculi or hematuria. Mean age and fasting urinary Ca (UCa mg/dL GF) were the same in Groups 1 and 2, but Group 1 had a greater calciuric response to oral Ca, higher serum Ca (mg/dL) and fasting calcitriol (pg/ml), and lower fasting parathyroid activity (cAMP: nmol/dL GF). Urinary Na, Mg, and P, serum P and calcidiol, and the renal phosphate threshold were similar in both groups and did not correlate with UCa. Conclusions: IH may arise from a primary disorder of Vitamin D metabolism leading to increased calcitriol synthesis and intestinal Ca absorption. The data do not support a renal phosphate leak or high Na intake as the cause of IH.
Effects of frictional losses and pulsatile flow on the collapse of stenotic arteries

High-grade stenosis can produce conditions in which the artery may collapse. A one-dimensional numerical model of a compliant stenosis was developed from the collapsible tube theory of Shapiro. The model extends an earlier model by including the effects of frictional losses and unsteadiness. The model was used to investigate the relative importance of several physical parameters present in the in vivo environment. The results indicated that collapse can occur within the stenosis. Frictional loss was influential in reducing the magnitude of collapse. Large separation losses could prevent collapse outright even with low downstream resistances. However, the degree of stenosis was still the primary parameter governing the onset of collapse. Pulsatile solutions demonstrated conditions that produce cyclic collapse within the stenosis. This study predicts certain physiologic conditions in which collapse of arteries may occur for high-grade stenoses.
Surface chelation of 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol at polycrystalline iridium electrodes

Abstract The surface coordination and reversible redox chemistry of 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol (DHT) have been studied at smooth polycrystalline iridium electrodes in 1 M H 2 SO 4 in order to examine the aromatic-Ir interaction in comparison to that for Pt and Au. Experiments were based upon thin-layer electrochemistry. The three main findings of this investigation are: (i) The maximum obtainable coverage of DHT at Ir is 0.40(3) nmol cm −2 , a value considerably lower than that obtained [0.55(4) nmol cm −2 ] at Pt and Au electrode surfaces, (ii) As on Pt and Au, the diphenolic moiety remains intact when DHT is chemisorbed on Ir. (iii) In contrast to results for Pt and Au, DHT bound to Ir exhibited no reversible quinone/diphenol reactivity. These findings have been used to suggest that on Ir, DHT is chemisorbed as a bidentate surface ligand in which surface coordination is through the sulfur and aromatic moieties. This surface chelation of Ir-bound DHT occurs evidently because Ir has stronger affinity towards the organic moiety in DHT than Pt and Au. That is, the aromatic-Pt interaction is sufficiently strong to enforce surface chelation of DHT on a loosely packed layer, but not strong enough to block formation of S-η 1 DHT. In comparison, the strength of the aromatic-Ir interaction is of such magnitude that formation of a fully vertical DHT layer is actually inhibited.
Selective-set-invalidation (SSI) for soft-error-resilient cache architecture

This paper proposes a novel cache-memory design for soft-error silence, and verifies the design through a simulation that uses realistic system and software model. The SSI design is a combination of an n-bit error detector and a fast circuit that allows real-time-forced invalidation of corrupted data sets. The current design supports the write through caching policy and will be extended for the write back policy. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed design approach, mixed-mode simulations are conducted that insert soft-errors(bit-flips) into the cache-memory model. The simulation commences while running different class of programs (ALU-intensive and branch-intensive programs) designed to stress several key functions of the target system. System-level failure modes triggered by the soft errors are observed and all inserted errors are recovered by SSI scheme. The performance and layout-area overheads are also quantified. The worst-case performance/time overhead of the SSI scheme is approximately 9% while the lay-out-area overhead is less than 0.5%
Firearm Deaths by Law Enforcement

The use of deadly force during law enforcement is a matter that compels public scrutiny. There were 42 gunshot deaths caused by police over a 4-year period in New York City. The decedents' average age was 31 years and ranged from 17 to 64 years. There were 41 males and one female; and 26 Black, nine Hispanic, and seven White decedents. Ethanol and/or drugs of abuse were detected in 78% (31/40) of the decedents. The vast majority of shootings occurred with the police responding to a crime and 90% of the decedents were armed (26 handguns, six knives, one axe, one metal pipe, and one toy gun). Vehicles were used as weapons in two incidents. A total of 177 bullets struck the 42 decedents. Fourteen decedents sustained single gunshot wounds (GSWs), and the remainder had multiple GSWs ranging from 2 to 21. In the majority of the cases in this study, the number of GSWs of the body was three or fewer. Thirteen decedents had at least one GSW of the back or buttocks, accounting for 25 of the total 177 wounds, and four of the 13 had GSWs of only the back. With the exception of the upper extremities, GSWs of all locations were more likely to penetrate than perforate. Although these deaths may be high profile, the certification is typically straightforward and the cause (i.e., GSW) and manner of death (homicide) are readily apparent. Although police shootings in which the decedent was unarmed and/or sustained numerous GSWs are widely reported by the lay press, these types of shootings were not typical in our study.
A probable conifer with podocarpacean affinities from the Triassic of Antarctica

Abstract Notophytum krauselii gen. et sp. nov. occurs in silicified peat of early Middle Triassic age from the Fremouw Peak site in Antarctica. The taxon is based on anatomically preserved stems and roots that range from several millimeters to more than 20 centimeters in diameter. Secondary xylem shows conspicuous growth rings. Pitting on the radial walls of the tracheids has both abietinean and araucarian characters. Rays are low and uniseriate. One to four large, simple or slightly bordered pits are present in the cross fields. Axial parenchyma may be present in the secondary phloem of the stems and secretory cells and canals occur in the cortex of young stems. A bijugate arrangement of the leaves occurs in some specimens. Leaf traces arise singly from an axial sympodium and divide at higher levels in the cortex. The presence of numerous closely spaced branches suggests that branching was profuse. Comparisons are made with living and fossil representatives of the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Pteridospermophyta and Coniferophyta. Similarities with fossil and extant members of the Podocarpaceae are underscored.
Slavery and the Genesis of American Race Prejudice

Over a century ago, Tocqueville named slavery as the source of the American prejudice against the Negro. Contrary to the situation in antiquity, he remarked: “Among the moderns the abstract and transient fact of slavery is fatally united with the physical and permanent fact of color.” Furthermore, he wrote, though “slavery recedes” in some portions of the United States, “the prejudice to which it has given birth is immovable”. More modern observers of the American past have also stressed this causal connection between the institution of slavery and the color prejudice of Americans. Moreover, it is patent to anyone conversant with the nature of American slavery, particularly as it functioned in the nineteenth century, that the impress of bondage upon the character and future of the Negro in the United States has been both deep and enduring.
Analysis of an undocumented Latina immigrant

This article presents a detailed description of clinical work with an undocumented Latina immigrant living in New York City and a Caucasian-American female analyst. The article focuses on the patient's experience of being an immigrant as that of being second class or lesser than, and how themes of acceptance and rejection by her father and alcoholism in her mother intensified the patient's insecurities around her immigrant status. Issues of social class, gender roles and sibling relationships are also highlighted, both in general and as they played out in the relationship with the analyst.
How bullet trajectory affects outcomes of civilian gunshot injury to the spine

We analysed retrospectively the effect of missile trajectory on outcomes from civilian gunshot injury to the spine (GSIS) between 1994 and 2008. Most of the 98 patients were male (88.8%). A minority (8%) of patients had multiple column injuries and a bone or bullet fragment in the spinal canal (14%). Neurologic injury was seen in 33%; and external bracing was applied to 30% of patients. The odds of bracing among patients with multiple levels of damage were 3.4 times than for patients with a single vertebral level of damage. The odds of paralysis among black patients were 6.33 times the odds among non-black patients. The odds of paralysis among patients with a fragment in the spinal canal were 12.99 times those without. We conclude that the supero-inferior trajectory affects the number of vertebral levels involved and consequently the need for bracing. The lateral trajectory affects neurological outcomes.
Defect Structures and Planar Faults in Plasma Spray Deposited MoSi2

Plasma-sprayed microstructures of MoSi2 have been studied by electron microscopy. The as-deposited microstructures are metastable and inhomogenous. Two new dissociations of [001] and 1/2 % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaio % dacaaIZaGabGymayaaraGaaiyxaaaa!3A04! $[33\bar 1]$ dislocations have been observed for the first time. The 1/2 % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaio % dacaaIZaGabGymayaaraGaaiyxaaaa!3A04! $[33\bar 1]$ is dissociated on the % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaig % daceaIXaGbaebacaaIWaGaaiykaaaa!3998! $(1\bar 10)$ plane bounding a superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF). The reaction is given as: 1/2 % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaio % dacaaIZaGabGymayaaraGaaiyxaaaa!3A04! $[33\bar 1]$ = 1/4 % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaio % dacaaIZaGabGymayaaraGaaiyxaaaa!3A04! $[33\bar 1]$ + SISF + % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaai4waiaaio % dacaaIZaGabGymayaaraGaaiyxaaaa!3A04! $[33\bar 1]$ . The [001] is also dissociated on % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaiikaiaaig % daceaIXaGbaebacaaIWaGaaiykaaaa!3998! $(1\bar 10)$ plane into two symmetrical components, with the reaction being given as [001] = 1/2[001] + 1/2[001].
A Comparison Of The Effects Of Anoxemia And Carbon‐Dioxide Saturation On Costal And Abdominal Breathing

The effects of lowered alveolar oxygen and of increased alveolar carbon dioxide on costal and abdominal breathing were recorded with six encircling bands. Lowered alveolar oxygen most commonly increased the circumference of the chest and abdomen at the end of expiration and decreased the intra-thoracic pressure. This expansion of the chest and abdomen was tentatively attributed to an increased tension of the diaphragm and of the inspiratory muscles of the chest. Sometimes anoxemia increased the expiratory circumference of the abdomen and decreased that of the chest. This differential effect was tentatively attributed to a greater development of tension in the diaphragm which, through the lungs, exerted an inward traction on the chest. During recovery from anoxemia costal respiratory movements were inhibited more than abdominal respiratory movements. The upper costal segments were inhibited more than the lower costal segments. Upper costal apnea and abdominal hyperpnea were not uncommon. In one experiment upper costal apnea was accompanied by abdominal hyperpnea greater than the hyperpnea of the immediately preceding anoxemia. As abdominal respiratory movements diminished during recovery the costal movements increased. This unusual co-ordination (?) of costal and abdominal breathing led to a smooth return to normal ventilation. The effects of carbon dioxide differed importantly from those of anoxemia. In most experiments there was a decrease in circumference of the chest and abdomen at the end of expiration and a corresponding rise in the intra-thoracic pressures. It was tentatively suggested that carbon dioxide decreases the tonus of the inspiratory muscles by inhibiting prevailing reflexes which tend to increase lung volume, and that anoxemia increases the tonus of the inspiratory muscles by augmenting these same prevailing reflexes.
The effects of kidney structure and the annual cycle on water requirements in golden-mantled ground squirrels and chipmunks

Abstract 1. 1. Minimum water requirements of non-torpid golden-mantled ground squirrels ( Spermophilus lateralis ) and chipmunks ( Tamias and Eutamias ) change throughout the annual cycle from a high in the reproductive season to a low in the hibernating season. 2. 2. Maximal osmotic concentrations of the urine are moderate (2000–3000 mOsm), varying directly with relative medullary thickness of the kidney. 3. 3. Water balance cannot be maintained on NaCl drinking solutions above 300 mM. 4. 4. Relative medullary thickness varies with body mass, not only in the species examined here, but also in mammals studied previously. 5. 5. In Eutamias RMT varies with the dryness of the habitat.
Optimizing pulse-pileup detection for soft-x-ray spectroscopy

Abstract The problem of optimizing detection of the pileup of randomly occuring exponential tail pulses in white noise is considered. An attempt is made to reduce the process to an algorithm that could practically be performed in real time. Quantitative estimates are made for the performance of such an “optimum” detector. The relation to a more general pattern recognition problem is mentioned.
Cosmic radiation and cancer mortality.

Es wird versucht, die Krebssterblichkeit in verschiedenen Orten und Landern mit der dort vorhandenen Intensitat der kosmischen Strahlen in Verbindung zu bringen. Gewisse klinische Faktoren beeinflussen allem Anschein nach die offensichtliche Abhangigkeit der Krebssterblichkeit von der geographischen Breite und damit von der Starke der kosmischen Strahlen. Im Hinblick auf neuere experimentelle Ergebnisse (Erzeugung von kosmischen Strahlenschauern unter Blei und Krebserkrankungen) wird auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Krebssterblichkeit und «percent urbanity» hingewiesen. Die Haufigkeit bestimmter Krebsarten ist indessen, das mus betont werden, von der geographischen Breite vollkommen unabhangig. Bei der Auswertung des angefuhrten Materials ist einige Vorsicht notwendig; definitive Schlusfolgerungen sind noch nicht moglich. Es werden Vorschlage zum Ausbau dieser Forschungen gemacht.