cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An examination of a Web-based Advanced Encryption Standard system

The Rijndael algorithm (Smart, N., 2003) forms the basis of the Advanced Encryption Standard which is used in many applications. The understanding of how this algorithm works, along with a basic implementation of it, is essential to the research and development of more advanced forms of cryptography which will become commonplace over the next several years. It is the goal to understand how this algorithm has come into usage today in many applications and why it has gained the popularity that it has for being a secure algorithm. Furthermore, a discussion of how this algorithm may be implemented in a straight-forward fashion is provided. The conclusion of this study shows that the algorithm can be efficiently implemented within a Java applet for demonstration purposes along with forming the basis of an advanced Cryptology lab
Adolescents' exposure to community and school violence: Prevalence and behavioral correlates

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to study adolescents' perceptions of violence in their communities and schools and examine the relationship between these reports and their emotional and behavioral functioning, controlling for the effects of family violence and other sociodemographic variables. Methods: Respondents included 935 urban and suburban high school students who completed the Youth Self-Report (YSR) as well as measures assessing their perceptions of community, school, and family violence. Results: This sample of high school students was exposed to high levels of violence in their communities and schools. Over 45% of the students reported witnessing severe forms of violence such as a shooting or stabbing in their communities or schools during the year prior to the study. Hierarchic regression analyses revealed that for males, exposure to community and school violence was a significant predictor of aggressive acting-out behaviors, even when controlling for the effects of family violence and other sociodemographic variables. For girls, only exposure to school violence was a significant predictor of aggression. The results for internalizing scores (depression, withdrawal) were less impressive, particularly for males. Conclusions: The high levels of violence exposure of adolescents in their communities and schools and the associated increase in behavior problems suggest the need for developing school and community intervention programs to treat violence and its impact.
On the existence of root-initial-accenting suffixes: an elicitation study of Japanese (-zu)*

Most known cases of affix controlled accentuation patterns involve local accent assignment: prefixes assign root-initial accents whereas suffixes assign root-final accents. In this article we document the nonlocal accen tuation behavior of [-zu], a recently emerged suffix in Japanese which an elicitation study reveals to be productively root-initial-accenting. We present a phonological analysis of the [-zu] data, showing that standard theories of morpheme realization predict the existence of such a suffix. The existence of [-zu] therefore fills what would otherwise be an undesirable typological gap.
Effect of soil properties on copper release in soil solutions at low moisture content.

Copper partitioning at moisture content of 1.2-fold the field moisture capacity (corresponding to a soil water potential of 7.84 J/kg; pF = 1.9) was studied in 11 soils with pH 3.4 to 6.8 and an organic matter content of 4.1 to 233 g C/kg. Soil solutions were separated with the centrifuge method and analyzed to determine pH, Cu 2+ activity, dissolved organic carbon, and Cu, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations. Soil organic matter content, total Cu content, and soil pH were the main variables explaining variation in Cu activity in soil solutions. Based on total Cu, soil organic matter content, and soil solution pH, the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) VI assemblage model provided estimates of Cu 2+ activity, {Cu 2+ }, with a root mean square error of the predicted pCu (i.e., -log{Cu 2+ }) of 0.77.
Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction Rather than Automaticity Determines the Ventricular Rate During Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter

AV Nodal Conduction During Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter. Introduction: Recent clinical studies have advanced the hypothesis that the atrioventricular (AV) node does not conduct cardiac impulses, but functions as a pacemaker whose discharge rate and rhythm are modulated electrotonically by atrial impulses. Major support for the hypothesis comes from the observation that the short ventricular cycles during atrial fibrillation can be totally eliminated by ventricular pacing at relatively long ventricular cycle lengths. Methods and Results: The hypothesis was tested in ten anesthetized open chest mongrel dogs with sustained atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (AF). Large differences (> 120 msec) between the ventricular pacing cycle length that achieved > 95% ventricular capture and the shortest spontaneous RR cycle during AF were considered to be consistent with the modulated AV nodal pacemaker hypothesis, while values ≤ 120 msec were not. The results showed that the ventricular pacing cycle length capturing > 95% of ventricular complexes during AF depended on the spontaneous ventricular rate during AF. Short spontaneous RR cycles during AF required short ventricular pacing cycle lengths to achieve > 95% capture, and the difference between the ventricular pacing cycle length and the shortest spontaneous RR cycle length was narrow, i.e., ≤ 120 msec. Slower ventricular rates could be captured at longer ventricular pacing cycle lengths, and the difference between the ventricular pacing cycle length capturing > 95% of the ventricular complexes and the shortest spontaneous RR interval during AF was large, i.e., > 120 msec. A continuum existed, and values ≤ 120 msec could be transformed to values > 120 msec by increasing vagal intensity to slow the ventricular response. We also found in five dogs that we could not achieve overdrive suppression of automaticity of the putative AV nodal pacemaker focus by ventricular pacing at various cycle lengths and durations during atrial fibrillation. Conclusion: In conclusion, data from this study fail to support the modulated AV nodal pacemaker hypothesis and are more consistent with conventional concepts of AV nodal conduction.
Cellular inflammatory responces in human allergic skin reactions

Abstract To define better the role of inflammation in the response to pollen antigens, we have used our skin chamber model to study inflammatory cells recovered from the sites of ongoing allergic reactions. In 15 atopic subjects, paired skin blister sites were simultaneously challenged with ragweed- or grass-pollen antigen or buffer for 5 hours. There were 10 times as many cells recovered at antigen (20.7 × 10 5 ) than at buffer (20 × 10 5 ) sites, p 97% of the cells recovered were neutrophils. The number of cells recovered at the antigen sites correlated with the total amount of histamine released (r = 0.57; p N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, or leukotrine B 4 , but there was a significantly decreased response to platelet-activating factor when the cells recovered from antigen sites were compared to autologous blood neutrophils. We conclude that during ongoing allergic cutaneous reactions (1) that we can recover a significantly greater number of neutrophils at antigen than at buffer sites, (2) that these cells are capable of chemotaxis and phagocytosis, (3) that these neutrophils appear morphologically different from neutrophils in the peripheral blood, and (4) that the number of neutrophils recovered correlates with the intensity of the ongoing mast cell response as assessed by mediator release.
Hegel as a Social Scientist

The purposes of this essay are (1) to identify Hegel's role in the propagation of certain philosophic principles essential to the development of an interpretive social science, (2) to demonstrate in what ways Hegel himself can be understood as an early sociologist, and (3) to indicate those aspects of Hegel's thought that might be of greatest use to contemporary philosophers of social and political inquiry. The first part of the exposition relies on the Preface to The Phenomenology of Mind in order to outline Hegel's epistemological and methodological recommendations. The second part demonstrates the practical meaning of these recommendations by looking at the analysis of ancient Greece found in the Philosophy of History . It is concluded that this analysis is indeed a social scientific analysis and, moreover, is suggestive of subsequent work by such interpretivists as Weber, Schutz, and G. H. Mead.
Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Assisted Thermal Sensor

A nano thermal sensor was made by depositing carbon nanotubes from a medium containing a) methylene chloride b)sodium dodecyl sulfate and c) Baytron-P (polymer) assisted sodium dodecyl sulfate. The nano thermal sensors showed d.c. electrical resistance as independent of temperature when the sensors were made by procedures (a) or (b). The electrical resistivity in both the situations has been independent of temperature. When the nanosensor is made with carbon nanotubes by assisted method (c), the d.c. electrical resistance decreased with temperature. The negative temperature coefficient (TCR) is manifested in the semiconducting property of the active material. The sensor behavior is reproducible and varies linearly with temperature. The nanosensor made by non assisted carbon nanotube showed zero TCR. This is probably the first instance of assisted thermal sensor made with single walled carbon nanotubes.
THE ARIZONA ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY: ITS FIRST SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS

We trace the history of AAHS using Society records and anecdotal information. We describe highlights of the Society's programs, field trips, and research activities, with emphasis on the last 25 years, and we propose reasons for the organization's recent successful expansion.
Psychosocial Issues and Medical Illness

Alan, a 40-year-old business executive, collapses at his desk: a severe heart attack. Six months later, including two weeks in intensive care and three weeks in the hospital, he is frightened about his health and worries if he will ever be able to return to the pressures of his job, a job that defined his life.
The Latina penalty: Juvenile correctional attitudes toward the Latina juvenile offender

ABSTRACTThis study investigates perceptions of Latina juvenile offenders among juvenile probation officers, judges, psychologists, and other juvenile correctional decision makers. Using in-depth interviews with 62 juvenile justice professionals, this article examines how gender and culture are constructed and how such constructions can lead correctional decision makers to stereotypical and oftentimes punitive recommendations and responses. Overall, the article finds that (a) the majority of professionals felt that Latina offenders engaged more often in sexual promiscuity, gang membership, and violence in comparison to their non-Latina counterparts; (b) the majority of professionals felt frustration or antipathy toward working with Latina offenders; and (c) few interviewees could articulate an understanding of what gender-specific or culturally specific programming might entail for Latina girls, nor could they identify such options in their districts. We conclude with recommendations for improving juvenile...
Theoretical and Behavioral Mediators of a Weight Loss Intervention for Men

Men are currently underrepresented in weight loss trials despite similar obesity rates, which limit our understanding about the most effective elements of treatment for men. The purpose of this study was to test the theoretical (autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and self-regulation) and behavioral (calorie intake, physical activity, self-weighing) mediators of a men-only, Internet-delivered weight loss intervention focused on innovative and tailored treatment elements specifically for men. Data comes from a 6-month randomized trial (N = 107) testing the intervention compared to a waitlist control group. Changes in the theoretical mediators between baseline and 3 months were tested as mediators of the intervention effect on weight change at 6 months in both single and multiple mediator models. Changes in behaviors between baseline and 6 months were tested in the same manner. The intervention produced greater weight losses compared to the control group (−5.57 kg ± 6.6 vs. −0.65 kg ± 3.3, p < 0.001) and significant changes (p’s < 0.05) in most of the theoretical and behavior mediators. In multiple mediator models, changes in diet-related autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulation all significantly mediated the relationship between the intervention and weight loss. The intervention effect was also mediated by changes in dietary intake and self-weighing frequency. By testing the theoretical mediators of this intervention in a multiple mediator context, this study contributes to current knowledge related to the development of weight loss interventions for men and suggests that interventions should target diet-focused constructs.
Does it Help to 'Own Your Emotions'? Reactions to Expressions of Self- versus Other-Attributed Positive and Negative Emotions

A staple of piece of advice proffered by conflict consultants and practitioners is to "own one's emotions"; that is, to use I messages rather than You messages to express negative emotions. This investigation tested the notion that people react more positively when speakers "own" their emotions. In Study 1, hypothetical self-attributed (I) emotion messages to express emotions about respondents' behavior were compared to other-attributed (You) messages, with an I-You message added in Study 2. In both studies, we assessed the effect of both positive and negative emotion statements on perceived politeness, effectiveness, and emotional reactions, and perceived threat in Study 2. We found no differences in reactions to the message forms for negative emotions, but both studies provided evidence for differences in respondents' reaction for positive emotional expressions. These results suggest a self-serving bias; recipients do not distinguish between ways of phrasing negative emotions expressed to them, but apparently appreciate being given credit for speakers' positive emotions.
Distributed Asynchronous Optimization of Convolutional Neural Networks

Recently, deep Convolutional Neural Networks have been shown to outperform Deep Neural Networks for acoustic modelling, producing state-of-the-art accuracy in speech recognition tasks. Convolutional models provide increased model robustness through the usage of pooling invariance and weight sharing across spectrum and time. However, training convolutional models is a very computationally expensive optimization procedure, especially when combined with large training corpora. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for scalable training of deep Convolutional Neural Networks across multiple GPUs. Our distributed asynchronous stochastic gradient descent algorithm incorporates sparse gradients, momentum and gradient decay to accelerate the training of these networks. Our approach is stable, neither requiring warm-starting or excessively large minibatches. Our proposed approach enables convolutional models to be efficiently trained across multiple GPUs, enabling a model to be scaled asynchronously across 5 GPU workers with 68% efficiency. Index Terms: deep neural network, distributed optimization
Molecular changes in the esophageal epithelium after a subchronic exposure to cigarette smoke in the presence of bile-acid reflux.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux of bile acids plays an important role in the development of Barrett’s esophagus (BE)–associated esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Cigarette smoke has been demonstrated to exacerbate the effects of reflux and thus the initial stages of EAC carcinogenesis. To date, no in vivo studies have been conducted to look at the concomitant effects of cigarette smoke and bile acids on EAC incidence.Methods: In this pilot study, rats that underwent esophagoduodenal anastomosis (EDA) surgery to induce reflux were exposed to whole-body cigarette smoke 3 weeks after surgery. Smoke exposure (135 mg/m3/day) was done for 4 h/day for 5 consecutive days and animals were euthanized after a 48-h recovery period.Results: Exposure to EDA-smoke accelerated the development of BE when compared to EDA-air. The presence of reflux caused a significant 3.5-fold increase in nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) staining (1.47 ± 0.6; p = 0.01). Animals with both reflux and smoking had the highest (10-fo...
Abstract 109: A Multidisciplinary Checklist for Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Objectives: To determine the effect of a comprehensive checklist on readmission rate and providers adherence to 2013 AHA/ACC guidelines in the management of heart failure (HF) at Buffalo General Medical Center (BGMC). Background: HF is among the most common admitting diagnoses at BGMC. From prior studies, HF readmission can be prevented substantially by effective education, discharge instructions and appropriate medications. Intervention and Methods: A multidisciplinary checklist was developed as a tool to guide house staff physicians in the care of patients with acute decompensated HF. It includes optimal pharmacological therapy as recommended by guidelines, relevant HF education and counseling by dedicated nurse practitioner, nutrition consultation, physical therapy evaluation and treatment and scheduled out-patient follow up. The laminated checklist cards and brief presentation of current HF guideline were provided to house staff physicians on teaching cardiology service weekly from April to June 2015. The control group was randomly selected from the patients who were admitted with acute decompensated HF prior to intervention period. Results: Thirty-day readmission decreased from 47% (16 of 34) to 24% (8 of 34) following the implementation (adjusted OR = 0.32 95% CI = 0.11-0.97). A higher percentage of patients were discharged on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers or had documentation of a reason for not prescribing the medication in the checklist group compared with the control group (31 of 34 vs 21 of 34, P<0.05). Similarly, a higher percentage of patients were discharged on β-blockers or had documentation of a reason for not prescribing the medication in the checklist group compared with the control group (34 of 34 vs 32 of 34, P 0.15). Conclusion: Our initiative, which consists of HF checklist use and reminders, was associated with decreased thirty-day readmission rate and increased providers adherence to current HF guidelines.
Education: The Retooling Challenge

Children are born learning and press for chances to push abilities as long as they feel safe and have a hope of succeeding at the demands of the day. It is the whole child that comes to school and whose needs, desires and aptitudes, varied and exciting, need to be honored. Children crave attention, affection, safety, growth, companionship, knowledge, success. They thrive in social situations where they feel honored and sense they belong. They are energized with stimulation and the opportunity to press forward at the developmental tasks that call, individually, to them for completion. Curriculum that springs from this natural essence of children is motivating and supports academic gains. When the needs of the child are part of the focus, the youngster cares about learning and the self and excels at personal potentials. When it is the whole child who is nurtured, seen for strengths and gifts, it is exhilarating, challenging, potentiating and the child yearns, strives and presses with energy and hope.
Analysis of Quantitative Testing for Anti-HBs in 572 Children Cases

Objective:To learn the relationship between HBsAb level and range of the ages of children(1-6).Methods:Venous blood samples of 572 children were taken and made quantitative testing for anti-HBs level by means of IFMA.Microsoft SAS was used to statist the results.Results:The positive rate of HBsAb and the HBsAb level decreased with ages increase(P0.01).Conclusion:Immunologic effects of Hepatitis B vaccine were decreased with the expansion of time span. After receiving of Hepatitis B vaccine,it is advisable to examine the result of the vaccination so that the boost vaccine can be taken on time.
Monitoring analysis on measles IgG antibody level of healthy population in 8 counties of Dali Bai Autonomous prefecture in 2012

Objective To learn about the measles IgG antibody level in the healthy people of Dali Bai autonomous prefecture,so as to provide the scientific basis for formulating strategy to eliminate measles. Methods Using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA) to test measles IgG antibodies in 3 066 peripheral blood specimens which came from 1 years old,1 ~ years old,3 ~ years old,5 ~ years old,7 ~ years old,11 ~ years old,15 ~ years old,and ≥ 20 years old of total 8 groups. Results The datum was analyzed by chi-square test according to gender,age,county( city),and presence of inoculation history group. There was no statistical significant difference in gender( P = 0. 148). There were statistical significant differences( P 0. 05) in age,county( city),presence of inoculation history groups. Conclusions It is the key to eliminate the measles that we should grasp the crowd level of immunity,further improve the inoculation rate of measles vaccine and strengthen the monitoring of senior age group.
Multivariable predictors of substantial blood loss in children undergoing craniosynostosis repair: implications for risk stratification.

SummaryBackground Operative treatment of craniosynostosis is associated with substantial blood loss, often requiring transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and coagulation products. Aims The aim of this prospective study was to analyze thromboelastographic (TEG) parameters and platelet fibrinogen product to determine predictors of substantial blood loss, and the need for PRBC transfusion and coagulation products. Methods With IRB approval, we enrolled 120 children undergoing craniosynostosis repair with a standardized anesthetic, fluid management, and TEG measurements at predefined times. Outcomes of interest were intraoperative blood loss, and need for PRBC transfusion and coagulation products. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine independent predictors of substantial blood loss and need for coagulation products. Results One hundred and eighteen children were included in the analysis. Forty-four required PRBC transfusion (median 26 ml·kg−1; IQR: 22–42) with median blood loss of 56 ml·kg−1 (IQR: 43–83). Factors associated with the PRBC transfusion included type of surgery, duration of surgery, and three TEG parameters, α-angle, MA, and K-time (all P 2.1 min. The best prognostic combination included at least two of these four predictors (sensitivity 89%, specificity 90%). Multivariable regression identified MA as the only independent predictor of coagulation product administration (P < 0.001) and ROC analysis identified MA <46 mm as the optimal cut-off (sensitivity 86%, specificity 94%). Conclusions Risk for substantial intraoperative blood loss can be assessed using TEG parameters and platelet fibrinogen product, whereas the need for coagulation products is strongly related to low MA. Patients susceptible to substantial blood loss can be risk stratified based on their TEG/platelet fibrinogen product profile.
Starting your Research Career after a PhD

What happens after your PhD? This talk will be about my personal (evolving) take on how to start an academic career after a PhD. The PhD process is an intense apprenticeship experience that lasts 6 or more years. The advisor guides you through the process, teaches you how to research, write papers, and give talks. But the next stage is equally exciting and unnerving: starting your own research agenda, forming a research group, getting grants and funding, and teaching. I will discuss some aspects that (I think) are important for a robust start to your research career, including serendipity, grabbing opportunities, and just keeping your head down and believing in good work. I will use some examples from the research in my lab to discuss what worked and what did not work.
Chapter 20 - Functional dystonia

Although currently lacking a sensitive and specific electrophysiologic battery test, functional (psychogenic) dystonia can sometimes be diagnosed with clinically definite certainty using available criteria. Certain regional phenotypes have been recognized as distinctive, such as unilateral lip and jaw deviation, laterocollis with ipsilateral shoulder elevation and contralateral shoulder depression, fixed wrist and finger flexion with relative sparing of the thumb and index fingers, and fixed foot plantar flexion and inversion. The pathophysiologic abnormalities in functional dystonia overlap substantially with those of organic dystonia, with similar impairments in cortical and spinal inhibition and somatosensory processing, but with emerging data suggesting abnormalities in regional blood flow and activation patterns on positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Management of functional dystonia begins with compassionate and assertive debriefing of the diagnosis to ensure full acceptance by the patient, a critical step in enhancing the likelihood of success with physical rehabilitation, and psychodynamic or cognitive therapy. Physical therapy, with or without cognitive behavioral therapy, appears to be of benefit but has not yet been examined in a controlled fashion. While the prognosis remains grim for a substantial majority of patients, partly stemming from restricted mobility, delayed diagnosis, and inappropriate pharmacotherapy, early recognition and initiation of therapy stand to minimize iatrogenic harm and unnecessary laboratory investigations, and potentially reduce the long-term neurologic disability.
When do climate change, sustainability, and economic development considerations overlap in cities?

ABSTRACTOverlaps between economic development, sustainability and climate change objectives have both political and practical implications for the development of policies addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, little empirical research has systematically investigated factors underlying these overlaps. Here, survey responses from 287 cities in the US are used to explore associations between the presence of such overlaps and these cities’ policy actions and contextual conditions. Patterns in the presence of these overlaps are described, which help shed light on the political economy underlying policymakers’ considerations about overlapping climate change mitigation and adaptation considerations with economic development or sustainability. Policymakers’ considerations about the possible political co-benefits and political trade-offs of these objective overlaps will play a critical role in shaping interconnected policy responses to complex challenges like climate change in the years ahead.
Integrating comprehensive adolescent preventive services into routine medicine care. Rationale and approaches

Changes in the leading causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality have been well documented in the scientific and consumer literature. Evidence suggests that significant sources of contemporary health problems are related to personal behavior and, therefore, are potentially preventable. It also seems that consistent health promotion messages from schools, parents, the community, and health professionals may be effective in reducing health risk behavior. Spurred on by the costs, both economic and personal, incurred from treating causes of morbidity and mortality a wide coalition of health providers, federal agencies, organized medicine groups, and purchasers of health care have promoted a shift in medical care toward prevention. The purpose of this article is to review the rationale for clinical preventive services for adolescents as a strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality and then to describe a strategy for integrating these services into routine medical care.
The Luria Battery of Tests: Techniques and Philosophy

Neuropsychology in the USSR is one of the branches of psychology which has for a long time attracted the attention and curiosity of Western psychologists. To a large degree it is due to the stature of A. R. Luria, who has been an acknowledged leader in this area of research in the USSR for several decades. The trend-setting institutions for neuropsychologic research in the USSR are A. R. Luria’s laboratories at the Department of Psychology, Moscow State University, and the Burdenko Institute of Neurosurgery, Moscow.
Oxidative stress in neurobiology: An important role for iron

The brain has regions with a high iron content, and selective increases in iron occur in several neurological diseases. Low levels of intrinsic antioxidants and high levels of oxidisable substrate (polyunsaturated fatty acids) make the brain a vulnerable target for oxidative stress leading to molecular damage.
Gorged with Proof

This essay examines the narrated recollections of the spy in Gerard Manley Hopkins’s unfinished poem “A soliloquy of one of the spies left in the wilderness” (1863). Particular attention is paid to the spy’s account of the Israelites’ wilderness wanderings and slavery in Egypt in order to examine Hopkins’s depiction of a will in rebellion against God. After considering the poem’s relationship to Hopkins’s undergraduate years in light of his imminent conversion to Catholicism, the essay investigates the ways in which the soliloquy’s confused chronologies and emendations call attention to the spy’s spiritual disorders. By reading the spy’s internal disorder as a corollary to the social disintegration in Eden that Hopkins identified in Adam and Eve’s rebellion, the essay argues that the soliloquy attributes the speaker’s inner disorientation to his rebellious will set against God. Although the soliloquy appropriates descriptions of the lush Canaanite landscape to describe Egyptian slavery as comfortable, even luxurious, the vestiges of violence repeatedly interrupt the soliloquy’s relentless insistence on Egypt’s “pleasance.” As the soliloquy’s rhetorical maneuvers repeatedly fail to justify the spy’s rebellion, Hopkins explores and displays the impact of spiritual rebellion on the human psyche.
El Inca Garcilaso y el calentamiento global: claves para una lectura contemporánea de los Comentarios reales

I propose a reading of the Royal Commentaries (1609 and 1617) in contemporary code, that is, finding in the work meanings pertinent to social and historical problems of the beginnings of the 21st century. In contrast to the traditional readings of the Inca Garcilaso, based on philological and historicist criteria, I offer an interpretation towards the future of the Inca, that is, according to his validity to understand and contribute to the solution of current crises such as global warming and neocolonialism.
Impact of intramural and extramural vascular invasion on stage II-III colon cancer outcomes.

Background and Objectives: Vascular invasion, in particular extramural venous invasion (EMVI), is a pathologic characteristic that has been extensively studied in rectal cancer but rarely in colon cancer. This study aims to evaluate its prognostic role in stage II-III colon cancer.
Flexible Biosensors for the Impedimetric Detection of Protein Targets Using Silk-Conductive Polymer Biocomposites.

To expand the applications of flexible biosensors in point-of-care healthcare applications beyond monitoring of biophysical parameters, it is important to devise strategies for the detection of var...
Heads or Tails?: A Modest Proposal for Deciding Close Elections

Elections are fundamentally imperfect. For instance, machines break down and lines are long. A few elections are incredibly close, with only a few tenths of a percentage point or a couple of votes separating the candidates. A very small number of elections end in a dead-even draw. When this happens the winner is often decided by a game of chance -- a hand of poker, the drawing of lots, or the flip of a coin. In this brief, lighthearted Essay, the author develops the argument that because elections are fundamentally imperfect it makes sense to use a coin flip to decide the winners of close elections; that perhaps instead of relying on a curious alchemy of recounts and litigation to resolve close elections, we should rely on a different kind of alchemy -- the alchemy of the United States Mint.
How Large is the Border Effect between the United States and China

This study examines the border effect on price variation between the United States and China. A unique data set consisting of exchange rate, four different annual consumer price index series, and geographical position data was obtained for 14 metropolitan areas in the United States and 31 regions in China over the period 2004–2015. Three different regression models were employed to examine the border effect between the United States and China, which was shown to be statistically significant by all three. The distance needed to level the cross-border price dispersion was also estimated and revealed a substantial border effect. Further, to exclude the effect of the nominal exchange rate on cross-border price variation, the border effect was tested using the relative–relative price, but a large border effect remained. Finally, China's reform of its exchange rate regime in 2005, its entrance into the World Trade Organization in 2001, and both it and the United States' direct and indirect government interventions during the 2008 financial crisis proved to be possible influences on the border effect between the two countries during the sample period.
Toward Weaving a “Common Faith” in the Age of Climate Change:

Purpose:First, the article offers a critical examination of the Deweyan conception of “common faith” in the context of climate change. Second, the article explores the conceptual linkages among the...
A moderate physiological dose of benzyl butyl phthalate exacerbates the high fat diet-induced diabesity in male mice.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) used in plastic manufacturing processes may be contributing to the current increase in metabolic disorders. Here, we determined that benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), a common EDC and food packaging plasticizer, mixed into chow diet (CD) and high fat diets (HFD) at varying concentrations (4 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day, 169 μg/kg bw/day, 3 mg/kg bw/day, 50 mg/kg bw/day) produced a number of detrimental and sex-specific metabolic effects in C57BL/6 male and female mice after 16 weeks. Male mice exposed to moderate (3 mg/kg bw/day) concentrations of BBP in an HFD were especially affected, with significant increases in body weight due to significant increases in weight of liver and adipose tissue. Other doses did not show any significant changes when compared to only CD or HFD alone. HFD in the presence of 3 mg/kg bw/day BBP showed significant increases in fasting blood glucose, glucose intolerance, and insulin intolerance when compared to HFD alone. Furthermore, this group significantly alters transcriptional regulators involved in hepatic lipid synthesis and its downstream pathway. Interestingly, most of the BBP doses had no phenotypic effect when mixed with CD and compared to CD alone. The female mice did not show a similar response as the male population even though they consumed a similar amount of food. Overall, these data establish a dose which can be used for a BBP-induced metabolic research model and suggest that a moderate dosage level of EDC exposure can contribute to widely ranging metabolic effects.
The Factors Leading to the Electoral Success, Consolidation and Decline of the Moldovan Communists' Party During the Transition Period

The paper provides an explanation for the emergence, consolidation and decline of the Moldovan Communists’ Party. Drawing on the literature on successor parties and examining the Moldovan case, the author identifies the main factors that influenced the success of the Moldovan successor party. After tracing the adaptation strategy of the Moldovan successor party, he finds confirming evidence for five of the factors already mentioned in the theoretical literature on successor parties: the economic situation, the weakness of the opponents, the electoral laws, the fragmentation of the political spectrum and the legacy of the old regime. However, the author identified seven additional explanatory factors at work in the Moldovan case: the foreign support for certain political parties, separatism, the appeal to the ethnic minorities, the alliance-building capacity, the reliance on the Soviet notion of the Moldovan identity, the state-building process and the control over a significant portion of the media. It is due to these seven additional factors that the successor party in Moldova managed to consolidate and expand its constituency. Its decline is best explained by the authoritarian style of its leader and his unwillingness to step down. This paper aims at expanding the universe of cases on which the previous theories were constructed.
Modeling of active shimming of metallic needles for interventional MRI.

Purpose Artifacts caused by large magnetic susceptibility differences between metallic needles and tissue are a persistent problem in many interventional MRI applications. The signal void caused by the needle can hide procedure targets and prevent accurate image-based monitoring. In this paper, a solution to this problem is presented in the form of an active shim insert inspired from degaussing coils used in naval vessels, that is designed to correct the field disturbance (ΔB0 ) caused by the needle. Methods The ΔB0 induced by a 10 gauge hollow single-beveled titanium needle at 3T is modeled in different orientations. A set of 63 orthogonal coil pairs with unique tip paths are evaluated for shimming performance, and an optimal coil pair is chosen. Shimming performance and current demands are evaluated over a range of needle orientations. Results Robust correction of the titanium needle induced ΔB0 is predicted using a flat no-loop coil combined with an orthogonal 1½ turn loop coil angled at the bevel angle for most orientations, with currents well below 1 amp per coil. Reductions in ΔB0 standard deviations with shimming ranged from ~49% to ~10% depending on needle orientation, with performance worsening as the needle is aligned more along B0 . Conclusion Simulations predict that it is possible to minimize metallic probe induced ΔB0 and signal losses using externally supplied direct current shim coil inserts in arbitrary orientations for potential benefits in many interventional MRI applications.
A critical analysis of electrospray techniques for the determination of accelerated rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions in droplets

Electrospray and Electrosonic Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESSI-MS) have been widely used to report evidence that many chemical reactions in micro- and nano-droplets are dramatically accelerated by factors of ∼102 to 106 relative to macroscale bulk solutions. Despite electrospray's relative simplicity to both generate and detect reaction products in charged droplets using mass spectrometry, substantial complexity exists in how the electrospray process itself impacts the interpretation of the mechanism of these observed accelerated rates. ESI and ESSI are both coupled multi-phase processes, in which analytes in small charged droplets are transferred and detected as gas-phase ions with a mass spectrometer. As such, quantitative examination is needed to evaluate the impact of multiple experimental factors on the magnitude and mechanisms of reaction acceleration. These include: (1) evaporative concentration of reactants as a function of droplet size and initial concentration, (2) competition from gas-phase chemistry and reactions on experimental surfaces, (3) differences in ionization efficiency and ion transmission and (4) droplet charge. We examine (1-4) using numerical models, new ESI/ESSI-MS experimental data, and prior literature to assess the limitations of these approaches and the experimental best practices required to robustly interpret acceleration factors in micro- and nano-droplets produced by ESI and ESSI.
Someone like you: false consensus in perceptions of Democrats and Republicans

In this paper, I demonstrate false consensus in Americans' perceptions of ordinary party members: the more a person agrees with a statement, the more they believe that in-party members would also a...
A Growth Measuring Approach for Maize Based on Computer Vision

Growth measuring for plant is an important work both in agriculture and botany. Computer vision provides a convenient non-contact way for measurements in many fields. In this paper, a growth measuring approach for maize based on computer vision is presented. Firstly, a computer vision system for maize in field consisting of binocular camera on a path beam is constructed, and doubles of maize images are captured. Under the definition of average growth velocity of maize, we measure the growth of given maize plant by image processing and relevant calculations. Part of experimental results are given and discussed. Results and analysis show that the presented method is practicable for maize growth measuring in assigned time period. Finally, some limitations are pointed and more future works are addressed in computer vision-based measurement for plants.
The use of fuzzy rules in classification of normal human brain tissues

Automatic classification and tissue labeling of 2D magnetic resonance images of the human brain may involve a preliminary clustering stage. Segmenting large multidimensional data sets like those from magnetic resonance images is very time consuming. Better performance at the clustering stage as achieved if partial classification of the image can be done before applying clustering. We show the use of fuzzy rules to do this partial classification to be very effective. Fuzzy rules can preclassify a major portion of the image giving a clustering algorithm a lesser number of pixels to operate upon. Furthermore, as the preclassification stage is itself fuzzy, it can be directly used to initialize a fuzzy clustering algorithm, giving it a much needed headstart. We present an approach to using fuzzy rules to preclassify magnetic resonance images of the normal human brain. Good segmentation of normal brain into tissues of interest is obtained much faster than with clustering alone.
Numerical analysis of staircasing effects on cutoff frequencies for FDTD modeling of circular waveguides

The authors develop a method for modeling circular waveguides to minimize the effects of staircasing on the mode cutoff frequencies. A simple method for modeling circular cylinders is developed by examining the feed current for several radiating circular waveguide problems and by analyzing the numerical staircasing effects on the mode cutoff frequencies. The modeling method obtained is simple with no computational overhead. >
Property Law and American Empire

Current scholarship by legal commentators and political scientists recognizes that the weapons of American empire have involved non-militaristic activities as much as militaristic ones. Such non-militaristic activities include the hegemonic influence of trade agreements, the imposition of legal and procedural norms, and the dissemination of ideological and cultural predispositions through corporations and diverse medias. In this paper, we examine an under-explored area on the “soft” belly of the American leviathan, focusing specifically on how property and intellectual property law have operated on physical and ideological frontiers to comprehend, participate in, and legitimate the expansion of American empire. We offer new accounts of two historical instances of empire-building: the acquisition and seizure of property from Native Americans in the early- and mid-19th century, and the expropriation of intellectual property rights to plant genetic resources from indigenous communities in the global South in the late 20th century. These two stories, taken together, offer unique insights into both the process and the substance of law’s operation on the frontier of empire. They illuminate how the authority of law has fused with private power and legal legitimacy to enable the nation to expand swiftly, energetically, and powerfully. These insights, in turn, lead toward the more general conclusion that the rhetoric of property has functioned to subjugate peoples and places, cultures and natures, to an imperial regime.
Using environmental tracers and numerical simulation to investigate regional hydrothermal basins—Norris Geyser Basin area, Yellowstone National Park, USA

[1] Heat and fluid flow fields are simulated for several conceptual permeability fields and compared to processes inferred from environmental tracers in springs around Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. Large hydrothermal basins require specific permeability distributions in the upper crust. High permeability connections must exist between the land surface and high-temperature environments at depths of up to 5 km. The highest modeled temperatures are produced with a vertical conduit permeability of 10−15m2. Permeability at depths of 3–5 km must be within one order of magnitude of the near-surface permeability and must be ≥10−16m2. Environmental tracers from springs are used to develop a plausible numerical model of the local to regional groundwater flow field for the Norris Geyser Basin area. The model simulations provide insight into the dynamics of heat and fluid flow in a large regional hydrothermal system.
Switched linear system identification based on bounded-switching clustering

This paper aims at identifying switched linear systems, which are described by noisy input/output data. This problem is originally non-convex and ill-posed. The proposed approach utilizes bounded-switching clustering method to convert the problem into a binary integer optimization and least square. This method optimally divides a time series into several clusters whose parameters are piecewise constant in time. Optimal number and order of linear sub-systems as well as the number of switches are selected using Akaike Information Criterion. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated through simulations. Parameters and structures of switched systems are found accurately in the presence of noise.
"ngunechen", el concepto de dios mapuche

This article anaiyzes the Mapuche concept of Ngunechen, the creator and sustainer of the world by his/her own will and protector of the Mapuche family. I trace the evolution of the concept of Ngunechen from the 16th century and look at it's relationship with other spiritual beigns with which it has often been confused such as Ngen, Ngunenchen, Ngenechen, Ngenemapun, Elchen, Elmapun, Wenupulluam, Pulluam, Tren-Tren, Kai-kai, Wekufu, Mapurey, Genche and the Christian God. I draw on both ethnohistorical and anthropological data and propose three different ways to trace the origin and development of tihs concept each of which point to different aspects of this deity. 1) The hypothesis of the existence of an initial creator God that becomes less important as ancestral spirits prevail but that reappeas during the cosmic catastrophe brought on by the Spanish conquest, 2) Ngunechen as originating from the process of generalization of nature spirits, ancestral spirits and regional deities, 3) Ngunechen as taking the attributes of omnipotence and omniscience from the Christian God.
Enzymatic Formation of Dihydrosphingosine 1-Phosphate

Abstract A partially purified enzyme from rat liver catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate-dependent phosphorylation of C18-dihydrosphingosine to yield C18-dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate. C18-Dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate, which has been postulated as an intermediate in the metabolism of C18-dihydrosphingosine to palmitaldehyde and ethanolamine phosphate, was isolated in a high state of purity and characterized by a combination of chemical, enzymatic, and chromatographic techniques.