cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in targeted therapies and new promising targets in esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer, comprising squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Notably, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased at an alarming rate in the Western world. Unfortunately, the standard first-line chemo-radiotherapeutic approaches are toxic and of limited efficacy in the treatment of a significant number of cancer patients. The molecular analysis of cancer cells has uncovered key genetic and epigenetic alterations underlying the development and progression of tumors. These discoveries have paved the way for the emergence of targeted therapy approaches. This review will highlight recent progress in the development of targeted therapies in esophageal cancer. This will include a review of drugs targeting receptor tyrosine kinases and other kinases in esophageal cancer. Additional studies will be required to develop a rational integration of these targeted agents with respect to histologic types of esophageal cancer and the optimal selection of cancer patients who would most likely benefit from targeted therapy. Identification of AURKA and AXL as key molecular players in esophageal tumorigenesis and drug resistance strongly justifies the evaluation of the available drugs against these targets in clinical trials.
High resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra including long-range 13CH coupling constants for symmetrical meta-dihalobenzenes

Abstract Analysis of high resolution 13C NMR spectra for symmetrical meta-dihalobenzenes has provided all long-range 13CH coupling constant values and their relative signs in meta-dichloro-, meta-dibromo-, and meta-diiodobenzene. The substituent effects on the 13C chemical shifts in this series of compounds appear to be additive. The 13CH couplings are compared with coupling constant values in other compounds and are shown to be related to substituent electronegativity. In all cases, three-bond 13CH couplings are found to be larger in magnitude than the two-bond values.
Intrinsic hysteresis of type II/1 superconductors

Abstract We predict the existence of an intrinsic hysteresis at H c 1 for type II/1 superconductors, which is due to the mutual interaction between flux lines only.
Centromeres and telomeres.

Abstract Centromeres and telomeres are both composed of specific DNA sequences and unique chromosomal proteins. Isolation and characterization of some of these sequences and proteins has greatly increased our knowledge of centromere and telomere structure. This information is allowing us to determine how centromeres and telomeres perform their various roles in a cell
An Experimental Study of Relative Permeability of Porous Media Used in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

This study investigated gas and liquid relative permeability, one of the important two-phase transport properties of the porous media used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The experiment showed that the gas relative permeability obtained by the gravimetric analysis and neutron imaging agreed at low saturation levels, but differs at high saturation levels. The liquid relative permeability in the saturation level range of 0.3 to 0.8 was measured by neutron imaging. Because of dead air pockets in the porous materials and certain saturation levels are required to establish continuous flow of liquid water through gas diffusion media, liquid permeability at both high and low saturation levels could not be obtained. It was shown that the 3rd-order power correlation of gas permeability generally used in numerical simulation only fitted the porous media of A1 and A3 at low saturation levels.
Odontoid hypoplasia presenting as torticollis: a discussion of its significance1

Odontoid dysplasias are considered rare but are becoming increasingly recognized. Patients may have no symptoms, localized neck pain, or neurologic symptoms. Because patients with odontoid anomalies have the potential for craniovertebral instability, recognition of the entity is essential. A discussion of the axis, its development and anomalies follows.
Visualization of dynamic fluid simulations: waves, splashing, vorticity, boundaries, buoyancy

A software package is developed for the modelling and animation of viscous incompressible fluids. The full time‐dependent Navier‐Stokes equations are used to simulate 2D and 3D incompressible fluid phenomena which include shallow and deep fluid flow, transient dynamic flow, vorticity and splashing in simulated physical environments. The package also allows the inclusion of variously shaped and spaced static or moving obstacles that are fully submerged or penetrate the fluid surface. Stable numerical analysis techniques based on finite‐differences are used for the solution of the Navier‐Stokes equations. To model free‐surface fluids, a technique based on the Marker‐and‐Cell method is presented. Based on the fluid’s pressure and velocities obtained from the solution of the Navier‐Stokes equations this technique allows modelling of the fluid’s free surface either by solving a surface equation of by tracking the motion of marker particles. The latter technique is suitable for visualization of splashing and vorticity. Furthermore, an editing tool is developed for easy definition of a physical‐world which includes obstacles, boundaries and fluid properties such as viscosity, initial velocity and pressure. Using the editor, complex fluid simulations can be performed without prior knowledge of the underlying fluid dynamics equations. Finally, depending on the application fluid rendering techniques are developed using standard Silicon Graphics workstation hardware routines.
A numerical exploration of the role of void geometry on void collapse and hot spot formation in ductile materials

Abstract An Eulerian hydrocode was used to simulate the dynamic void collapse in OFHC copper, modeled with the Johnson–Cook (Johnson, G.R., Cook, W.H., 1985. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 21(1), 31) material model and the Cruneisen equation of state, to study hot spot formation and jetting. The computational techniques were first validated by a comparison to a series of two-dimensional experiments. The effect of the planar and axisymmetric geometries on the hot spot temperature and jet velocity in circular voids is explored. In addition, the effect of the apex angle in triangular voids on jetting and hot spot formation is studied. An effective apex angle for the highly nonspherical voids formed in closely packed circular particles is calculated.
Application of Rice's Exceedance Statistics to Atmospheric Turbulence

Discrepancies produced by the application of Rice's exceedance statistics to atmospheric turbulence are examined. First- and second-order densities from several data sources have been measured for this purpose. Particular care was paid to each selection of turbulence that provides stationary mean and variance over the entire segment. Results show that even for a stationary segment of turbulence, the process is still highly non-Gaussian, in spite of a Gaussian appearance for its first-order distribution. Data also indicate strongly non-Gaussian second-order distributions. It is therefore concluded that even stationary atmospheric turbulence with a normal first-order distribution cannot be considered a Gaussian process, and consequently the application of Rice's exceedance statistics should be approached with caution.
Anemia and Blood Transfusion in the Critically Ill Patient

SUMMARY Anemia is common in critically ill patients and results in a large number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Recent data from both the US and Europe confirm that transfusion practice has changed little over the last decade. Between 40 and 50% of all patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) receive at least one RBC unit and average close to 5 RBC units during their ICU admission. In these patients, extent of anemia is associated with poorer clinical outcomes, however RBC transfusion appears not to improve these outcomes.The anemia of critical illness is a distinct clinical entity characterized by a blunted erythropoietin (EPO) production and abnormalities in iron metabolism identical to what is commonly referred to as the anemia of chronic disease.There is little evidence that “routine” transfusion of stored allogeneic RBCs is beneficial to critically ill patients. It is clear that most critically ill patients can tolerate hemoglobin levels as low as 7 g/dL, and therefore a more conservative approach to RBC transfusion is warranted. Strategies to minimize blood loss and increase the production of RBCs are important in the management of all critically ill patients.
Bathymetric influences on tidal currents at the entrance to a highly stratified, shallow estuary

Abstract Bathymetric effects on tidal currents are investigated at Main Pass, which is the primary inlet of Mobile Bay, Alabama. A 12-h ship-mounted ADCP survey, which covered nearly one-half of the diurnal tide during flood conditions, included 24 repetitions. The resulting velocity data demonstrate significant tidal variability in the horizontal and vertical current structure between the ship channel and the shoals. The diurnal tidal flows, the dominant tidal forcing, are 72° (4.8 h) ahead of the water level throughout shallower areas of Main Pass, indicating near-standing wave conditions. Moving across the mouth, a phase lag (5.37° or 20 min) develops with the deep channel tidal currents lagging the shoal region. The vertical tidal structure is also modified across the mouth where near-bottom flows change their direction first in the ship channel, while near-surface flows change their direction first over the western shoal. This may be related to the seaward pressure gradient associated with the relatively large (~1715 m 3 /s) freshwater discharge or the discharge interaction with a nearby opening, Pass-aux-Herons. Current magnitudes over the shoals and in the ship channel vary by as much as 1 m/s. Flows at the east side of Main Pass, close to Mobile Point, behave oppositely to those in the rest of the transect during the survey. This inconsistent flow pattern is caused by an anticyclonic eddy that is triggered by flow separation at Mobile Point.
Childhood Adversities and First Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in a National Sample of US Adolescents

Context Although childhood adversities (CAs) are known to be highly co-occurring, most research examines their associations with psychiatric disorders one at a time. However, recent evidence from adult studies suggests that the associations of multiple CAs with psychiatric disorders are nonadditive, arguing for the importance of multivariate analysis of multiple CAs. To our knowledge, no attempt has been made to perform a similar kind of analysis among children or adolescents. Objective To examine the multivariate associations of 12 CAs with first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. Design A US national survey of adolescents (age range, 13-17 years) assessing DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance use disorders and CAs. The CAs include parental loss (death, divorce, and other separations), maltreatment (neglect and physical, sexual, and emotional abuse), and parental maladjustment (violence, criminality, substance abuse, and psychopathology), as well as economic adversity. Setting Dual-frame household-school samples. Participants In total, 6483 adolescent-parent pairs. Main Outcome Measures Lifetime DSM-IV disorders assessed using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results Overall, exposure to at least 1 CA was reported by 58.3% of adolescents, among whom 59.7% reported multiple CAs. The CAs reflecting maladaptive family functioning were more strongly associated than other CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders. The best-fitting model included terms for the type and number of CAs and distinguished between maladaptive family functioning and other CAs. The CAs predicted behavior disorders most strongly and fear disorders least strongly. The joint associations of multiple CAs were subadditive. The population-attributable risk proportions across DSM-IV disorder classes ranged from 15.7% for fear disorders to 40.7% for behavior disorders. The CAs were associated with 28.2% of all onsets of psychiatric disorders. Conclusions Childhood adversities are common, highly co-occurring, and strongly associated with the onset of psychiatric disorders among US adolescents. The subadditive multivariate associations of CAs with the onset of psychiatric disorders have implications for targeting interventions to reduce exposure to CAs and to mitigate the harmful effects of CAs to improve population mental health.
Synthesis of precursors for the dimeric 3-O-SO3Na Lewis X and Lewis A structures.

Abstract Stereoselective syntheses of 3-O-SO3Na-β-Gal-(1 → 4)-β-GlcNAc-(1 → 3)-β-Gal-(1 → 4)-GlcNAc-β-OBn (15) and 3-O-SO3Na-β-Gal-(1 → 3)-β-GlcNAc-(1 → 3)-β-Gal-(1 → 3)-β-GlcNAc-(1 → 3)-β-Gal-(1 → 4)-Glc-β-OBn (25) were accomplished through the use of two novel glycosyl donors, namely, ethyl O-(2,6- di -O- acetyl -3,4-O- isopropylidene-β- d -galactopyranosyl )-(1 → 4)-3-O- acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-l-thio -6-O- trimethylacetyl-β- d -glucopyranoside (8) and ethyl O-(2,6- di -O- acetyl -3,4-O- isopropylidene-β- d -galactopyranosyl )-(1 → 3)-4-O- acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-1-thio -6-O- trimethylacetyl-β- d -glucopyranoside (18).
Stratigraphic stand-off at the 49th parallel

The 49th Parallel divides the western Prairies between Canada and the United States, crossing the central part of the Williston basin and marking the International boundary that separates Saskatchewan from the States of Montana and North Dakota. Discoveries of oil in this area during the 1950s triggered widespread geological activity, and revealed significant differences of stratigraphical understanding on each side of the border. Problems seemed to arise from contrasts between ‘American' and ‘English' interpretations of stratigraphical method, particularly for the oil-producing zones of the Mississippian. This study analyzes the differing points of view, and presents historical reasons for them. Difficulties with stratigraphical method and nomenclature in the 1950s were quite real, becoming the subject in 1959 of a special AAPG-SEPM conference at Dallas. Had the delegates attending that meeting (including the present author) possessed a little more history, they would have known that an ‘American' or min...
Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Chinese revisited

Abstract This paper is a report of the preliminary results of an attempt to reconstruct Proto-Chinese based on linguistic data from modern Chinese dialects. Ever since Karlgren, Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise. Archives d'etudes orientales . (1915), studies in Chinese historical linguistics have been following the same approach: take one of the ancient rhyme tables as the starting point and give a phonetic representation to each of the sound categories in the table, drawing evidence from sources such as modern dialects, Sinoxenic pronunciations, etc. This approach has been sharply criticized by Norman, Chinese . (1988), who suggested an alternative approach: ignore the ancient rhyme dictionaries and rhyme tables and work backward from modern dialects on. This paper supports and argues for this position. Based on systematic cognate correspondence sets in 17 Chinese dialects collected from Hanyu Fangyan Zihui [A Collection of Chinese Characters with Dialectal Pronunciations] , a Proto-Chinese sound system is reconstructed with 29 onsets and 74 rhymes, which is simpler and more natural than the 37 onset and 139 rhyme system Karlgren reconstructed. Various rules of sound change are proposed to account for the modern dialectal reflexes of the proto-forms. Irregularities are discussed in light of recent theories of language change, in particular the theory of lexical diffusion. Based on the proposed rules of sound change, a family tree model is built to illustrate the subgrouping relationship among the dialects under investigation.
Thermal Policies and Active Workload Migration Within Data Centers

Energy consumption and energy prices are two critical concerns for data center operators. In 2005, servers alone accounted for 1.2% of energy consumption in the U.S. [1]. By 2012, the EPA predicts energy consumption in data centers will double from 2007 levels. Energy prices are also increasing. In 2006, they rose by 10% [1]. Energy prices are expected to rise even higher, due to regulatory and social concerns over green house gas emissions from energy production. In this work, we demonstrate how data center energy consumption can be reduced and thermal capacity improved by systematically considering the interactions between data center infrastructure elements (e.g., cooling and servers). Specifically, we quantify the benefits of the automated migration of workloads running in Virtual Machines (VMs). VMs are migrated from a set of servers located in an inefficient thermal zone to servers in a more efficient zone. Our experimental results show that our technique reduced data center energy usage by 30% and improved available thermal capacity by 22%.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Metallo-dielectric nanophotonic materials via direct laser writing and electroless metallization

Interest in three-dimensional (3D) metallo-dielectric photonic crystals (MDPCs) has grown considerably given their potential applications in optics and photonics. MDPCs can exhibit intriguing and potentially useful optical properties, including ultra-wide photonic bandgaps, engineered thermal emission, and negative refractive index. Yet experimental studies of such materials remain few because of the difficulties associated with fabricating 3D micron- and sub-micron-scale metallic structures. We report a route to MDPCs based on metallization of a 3D polymeric photonic crystal (PC) fabricated by multi-photon microfabrication (MPM). Polymeric PCs having face-centered tetragonal symmetry and micrometer-scale periodicity were created using a cross-linkable acrylate or epoxide pre-polymer. The resulting PCs were metallized by electroless deposition of silver or copper. Analysis of the metallized structures in cross-section by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows that silver deposited conformally onto the entire micro-porous lattice. The dielectric and metallized PCs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The polymer photonic crystals exhibit a stop band with strong reflectance near 4 to 6 microns, depending upon the lattice period. In contrast, FTIR spectra of the metallized PCs show widened stop bands of nearly 6 microns and greater and maximum reflectance exceeding 90%. The appreciable broadening of the stop band due to the presence of the deposited metal is a result consistent with previously reported theoretical and experimental data for all-metallic 3D PCs. Thus, the approach reported here appears suitable for fabricating 3D MDPCs of many symmetries and basis sets and provides a path for integrating such structures with other micron-scale optical elements.
Race in Early Tobacco Advertising The Case of American Tobacco Cards 1880-1911

This paper analyzes the inclusion/exclusion and portrayal of minorities (African and Native American) in one early form of tobacco advertising: American tobacco cards from 1880-1911. I test hypotheses related to: 1) attempts to hide the accomplishments/lifestyle of minorities; 2) the inclusion of minorities for exploitative purposes; 3) the role of competition on discrimination; and 4) the existence of progressive undercurrents in this form of advertising. My econometric analysis shows that American tobacco cards contributed via exclusion to the hidden from view treatment of minority lifestyles. The majority of minority inclusions was exploitative in nature promoting racial stereotyping and niche audience marketing, yet a limited progressive undercurrent of treatment, particularly for Native Americans, did emerge.JEL classification: B500, J150, N310
Reproductive Freedom and Violence against Women: Where Are the Intersections?

Violence against women--in the form of rape sexual abuse and battering--impairs womens ability to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases and thus constitutes a major obstacle to reproductive freedom. Mens superior strength and control over economic resources make acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention strategies based on encouraging women to insist on condom use unrealistic; moreover they may place some women at risk of further abuse. A growing number of studies suggest that childhood sexual abuse is associated with psychological issues in adulthood that increase vulnerability to drug addiction prostitution and other risk factors for AIDS. Other links between male violence and womens health include battering during pregnancy and female circumcision. Even the health care system has been implicated in practices that forcibly undermine womens self-determination e.g. forced sterilizations unnecessary cesarean sections and inhumane treatment of women who are deemed to be promiscuous. Health activists are urged to be more responsive to the needs of many women to make sexual and reproductive decisions that enable them to avoid domestic violence. For example Depo-Provera despite controversies over its safety may be an ideal choice for women whose partners object to contraception. Reproductive health care providers are further well placed to identify victims of child sexual abuse rape and battering and provide counseling. Finally womens health advocates and AIDS activists are urged to unite to demand the development of a safe effective female-controlled virucide that could give women protection against sexually transmitted diseases including AIDS.
Linguistic analyses of speech disorder in psychosis

Abstract Much theory and research has been devoted to characterizing speech disorders in psychotic individuals and to understanding the connections between language productions and underlying cognitive processes. Studies in the literature have used primarily traditional clinical assessments and experimental task methods to study speech phenomena in psychotic patients. More recently, however, the range of study methods has expanded to include models based on normal language use, borrowed from the field of psycholinguistics. This article reviews linguistic studies of the discourse of psychotic patients with a focus on understanding speech disorders in the context of schizophrenia and mania. The studies are grouped according to the method of analysis used, including frequency counts, type-token ratios, cloze analyses, contextual constraint, pause and hesitation patterns, and discourse level analyses. Methodological problems and theoretical issues are summarised, followed by a statement of current status. The use of multiple measures applied to whole discourse speech samples offers particular promise for clarifying diagnostic issues and testing hypotheses based on cognitive models.
Development and Applications of Double-difference Seismic Tomography

Double-difference (DD) tomography is a generalization of DD location; it simultaneously solves for the three-dimensional velocity structure and seismic event locations. DD tomography uses a combination of absolute and more accurate differential arrival times and hierarchically determines the velocity structure from larger scale to smaller scale. This method is able to produce more accurate event locations and velocity structure near the source region than standard tomography, which uses only absolute arrival times. We conduct a stability and uncertainty analysis of DD tomography based on a synthetic data set. Currently three versions of the DD tomography algorithms exist: tomoDD, tomoFDD and tomoADD. TomoDD assumes a flat earth model and uses a pseudo-bending ray-tracing algorithm to find rays between events and stations while tomoFDD uses a finite-difference travel-time algorithm and the curvature of the Earth is considered. Both codes are based on a regularly distributed inversion grid, with the former for a local scale and the latter for a regional scale. In contrast, tomoADD adapts the inversion mesh to match with the data distribution based on tetrahedral and Voronoi diagrams. We discuss examples of applying DD tomography to characterize fault zone structure, image high-resolution structure of subduction zones, and determine the velocity structure of volcanoes.
Canine slope and glenoid cavity morphology: relationships with dental wear.

E very mandibular movement is the result of the following physiologic factors: (1) action of the masticatory muscles, (2) nature of the internal components of the temporomandibular joint, (3) morphology of the dental occlusal surfaces, and (4) anatomy of the osseous articular pieces of the joints. During lateral movement, these factors act to produce a smooth displacement of the mandible. This physiologic concept is difficult to relate to clinical reality and permits different points of view regarding occlusal relationships in lateral movement. Griffin and Malor’ stated that the occlusal morphology of the working side teeth is fundamental for mandibular guidance, the canines assuming the greater part of this role. Gibbs and Lundeer? stated that the working side occlusal contacts guide the mandible at the end of the masticatory cycle. Lee3 noted that the influence of the canines palatal anatomy on the condylar pathway in lateral movement cannot be verified. Unlike the previous workers, Guichet4 observed during pantographic recordings that lateral guidance is essentially the result of many characteristics of the joints, including the morphology of osseous pieces. Mongini,5 in comparing pantographic recordings and joint tomography, showed that correspondence exists between condylar shape and the outline of the lateral movements. Finally, Ramfjord and Ash6 stated that correspondence exists between the medial slope of the glenoid cavity, the occlusal morphology, and the lateral movements. This literature review, indicates that no agreement exists about the relative value of the physiologic factors and that the two main factors are the working side occlusal morphology, especially the maxillary canine slope, and the articular morphology. Other studies considered another factor, the universal modifier of occlusal and articular morphology, dental attrition. Although Demirjian’ found no correlation between articular morphology and dental wear, some studies since 1970 report correlations. These later
Birefringence and fine structure of spindles in spermatocytes of Nephrotoma suturalis at metaphase of first meiotic division

Spermatocytes of Nephrotoma suturalis fixed at metaphase of the first meiotic division were observed with both the polarizing microscope and the electron microscope. The distribution of birefringence in fixed cells is similar to that in living cells: chromosomal fibers are detected as birefringent bands extending from kinetochores to poles, but retardation of fixed fibers is less than retardation of fibers in living cells. Thin sections show spindles to be composed of microtubules and granular matrix. Transverse sections of spindles show that kinetochore microtubules are more densely concentrated (i.e., more microtubules per unit area) than continuous microtubules. A comparison of the distribution of microtubules in transverse sections with the distribution of birefringence in the spindle suggests that microtubules are the basis for birefringence in fixed spindles at metaphase. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility that other factors may influence birefringence of the spindle in vivo .
On the periodicity of the graph of nonnegative matrices

Abstract We study nonnegative matrices A such that Γ ( A ) = Γ n ( A ). As a consequence we obtain Flor's characterization of nonnegative idempotent matrices and other well- known results.
Localization of tumor-associated glycoprotein DF3 in normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic lesions of the colon

BACKGROUND: The expression of DF3 was assessed by a monoclonal antibody in normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions in the large bowel. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry, expression was examined in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy and resection samples of 19 normal colonic mucosal specimens, 49 inflammatory lesions, 34 adenomas, and 38 primary colonic adenocarcinomas. In addition, Western blots of normal colonic mucosa and adenocarcinoma were examined. RESULTS: DF3 expression was detected in 84% of the adenocarcinomas with coarse membrane staining, intense positivity of luminal secretions, and focal cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic vacuole staining. Nine of 32 areas of transitional mucosa revealed reactivity along apical membranes in crypt cells. Five adenomas containing carcinoma revealed DF3 positivity in the malignant areas only, whereas the remaining 29 were negative. Staining was membrane, luminal, and intracytoplasmic. Two examples of active ulcerative colitis revealed focal reactivity along the apical membrane of crypt cells. No other areas of staining were noted, including 12 cases containing dysplasia. Four of 10 other inflammatory lesions also revealed similar membrane reactivity in crypt cells. Normal colonic mucosa was nonreactive. Examples of normal colonic mucosa were negative for DF3 by Western blot analysis, whereas two carcinoma samples that reacted immunohistochemically were positive. CONCLUSIONS: DF3 is not detectable in normal colonic tissues. It is expressed focally and predominantly along the apical membrane of crypt cells in some inflammatory lesions and in the transitional mucosa of primary adenocarcinomas. Most adenocarcinomas of the colon and adenomas with foci of invasive carcinoma demonstrate reactivity in the cytoplasm and luminal secretions.
Anomalous subdiffusion in heterogeneous lipid bilayers

Fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR) is commonly used to measure lipid and protein diffusion in cellular membranes. Typically, a model wherein diffusion is constant with time and the mean-squared displacement is directly proportional to time is used to analyze the results; however, in nonhomogeneous systems such as cellular membranes, anomalous subdiffusion may occur. In anomalous subdiffusion, the diffusion coefficient, D, decreases with time and thus the mean-squared displacement is proportional to some power of time less than 1. Although theory predicts that diffusion can be anomalous through protein interactions or obstruction, the complex composition of cellular membranes has made the actual origin and consequences of anomalous diffusion in phospholipid bilayers unclear. In this study, we use atomic force microscopy to detect and measure the amount of the solid phase in supported bilayers that contain coexisting fluid- and solid-phase lipids. Solid-phase domains in bilayers have been shown to a...
Numerical Analysis of the Cooling Effect of Blood Over Inflamed Atherosclerotic Plaque

Atherosclerotic plaques with high likelihood of rupture often show local temperature increase with respect to the surrounding arterial wall temperature. In this work, atherosclerotic plaque temperature was numerically determined during the different levels of blood flow reduction produced by the introduction of catheters at the vessel lumen. The temperature was calculated by solving the energy equation and the Navier-Stokes equations in 2D idealized arterial models. Arterial wall temperature depends on three basic factors: metabolic activity of the inflammatory cells embedded in the plaque, heat convection due to luminal blood flow, and heat conduction through the arterial wall and plaque. The calculations performed serve to simulate transient blood flow reduction produced by the presence of thermography catheters used to measure arterial wall temperature. The calculations estimate the spatial and temporal alterations in the cooling effect of blood flow and plaque temperature during the measurement process. The mathematical model developed provides a tool for analyzing the contribution of factors known to affect heat transfer at the plaque surface. Blood flow reduction leads to a nonuniform temperature increase ranging from 0.1 to 0.25 degrees Celsius in the plaque/lumen interface of the arterial geometries considered in this study. The temperature variation as well as the Nusselt number calculated along the plaque surface strongly depended on the arterial geometry and distribution of inflammatory cells. The calculations indicate that the minimum required time to obtain a steady temperature profile after arterial occlusion is 6 s. It was seen that in arteries with geometries involving bends, the temperature profiles appear asymmetrical and lean toward the downstream edge of the plaque.
Gender Perceptual Differences in Relation to Marital Problems

With the use of a nonrandom sample of 248, this study addresses two of the shortcomings in the research on primary areas of marital discord as well as providing an update on this research topic. The first addition to the literature presented in the article involves the inclusion of a sample of remarried respondents to provide a baseline for comparison regarding the magnitude of problem areas identified by divorced respondents. The second addition involves the inclusion of a series of marital inventory items designed to assess the way the respondent perceivcs a problem area and the way the respondent perceivcs hisher spouse's response to the same inventory item. The analysis indicates that the primary areas of marital discord revolve around communication issues. Also, the analysis indicates that females perceive more problems than males. Furthermore, females are more likely to perceive males as responsible for these problems. Males, on the other hand, are more likely to perceive the problems as being mutua...
SYNTHESES OF TRIRHENIUM ALKOXIDE CLUSTERS IN THE PRESENCE OF TRIMETHYLPHOSPHINE

Abstract The THF adduct of rhenium trichloride, Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl6(THF)3, reacts with trimethylphosphine and NaOPri to give the chloro-hydride Re3(μ-OPri)3Cl(H)(OPr)i)4(PMe3) and the dimer {Re3(μ-OPri)3Cl(OPri)4}2(μ-Cl)2 in moderate yields. On the basis of spectroscopic studies and an X-ray crystal structure, the hydride ligand in the chloro-hydride cluster is proposed to occupy a site trans to Cl and cis to PMe3. The hydride ligand is proposed to originate from isopropoxide β-hydrogen elimination. Ethylene and 2-butyne react with the phosphine-hydride cluster to yield ethyl and 2-butenyl clusters, respectively, and sodium isopropoxide reacts to give Re3(μ-OPri)3(H)(OPri)5(PMe)3). The latter compound is more conveniently prepared by reacting PMe3 with the homoleptic isopropoxide cluster Re3(μ-OPri)3(OPri)6. In contrast, the analogous reaction of PMe3 with the homoleptic neopentoxide cluster Re3(μ-OCH2But)3(OCH2But)6 gives a simple phosphine adduct, Re3(μ-OCH2But)3(OCH2But)6(PMe3). The reaction of Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl6(THF)3 with trimethylphosphine and sodium neopentoxide produces the reduced cluster Re3(μ-Cl)(μ-OCH2But)4(PMe)3)2 in low yield. There are 13 electrons available for Re-Re bonding in the reduced cluster but its structure is not significantly different from similar 12-electron clusters.
Rate dependence of the serrated flow in Ni-10Pd during high temperature instrumented microindentation

Instrumented indentation tests were conducted on a pure nickel and a Ni-10Pd solid solution at 450 °C with loading rates varying from 62.5 to 1000 mN/s. The load–depth curves from the pure nickel exhibited a smooth and continuous transition; while the load–depth curves from the Ni-10Pd were initially smooth and then became serrated after reaching a critical load. Increases in loading rates resulted in an earlier occurrence of the serrated flow with a higher load threshold. The mechanism responsible for the serration was delineated by accounting for the reconfiguration of dislocation substructures and the interactions between solutes and forest dislocations.
Quantification of tertiary structural conservation despite primary sequence drift in the globin fold

The globin family of protein structures was the first for which it was recognized that tertiary structure can be highly conserved even when primary sequences have diverged to a virtually undetectable level of similarity. This principle of structural inertia in molecular evolution is now evident for many other protein families. We have performed a systematic comparison of the sequences and structures of 6 representative hemoglobin subunits as diverse in origin as plants, clams, and humans. Our analysis is based on a 97-residue helical core in common to all 6 structures. Amino acid sequence identities range from 12.4% to 42.3% in pairwise comparisons, and, despite these variations, the maximal RMS deviation in alpha-carbon positions is 3.02 A. Overall, sequence similarity and structural deviation are significantly anticorrelated, with a correlation coefficient of -0.71, but for a set of structures having under 20% pairwise identity, this anticorrelation falls to -0.38, which emphasizes the weak connection between a specific sequence and the tertiary fold. There is substantial variability in structure outside the helical core, and functional characteristics of these globins also differ appreciably. Nevertheless, despite variations in detail that the sequence dissimilarities and functional differences imply, the core structures of these globins remain remarkably preserved.
Electromagnetic interactions of high-energy cosmic-ray muons

The production of knock-on electrons and electron pairs by cosmic-ray s has been measured from cloud-chamber photographs of soft showers produced in lead and iron plates. The cloud chamber was located in a mine at a depth of 2.74 × 104 g/cm2. Eighteen thousand muon traversals were recorded, about half in the lead plates and the remainder in the iron plates. The energies of the electrons that initiated the showers were obtained from experimental and theoretical shower curves. The observed number of events in 14 intervals of transferred energy, from 200 MeV to greater than 10 GeV, is compared with the theoretical predictions for knock-on electrons and direct pair production of electrons. In general, good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for the sum of the direct pair and knock-on results in both lead and iron. From 1–5 GeV transferred energy, a small excess of events is observed for both the lead and iron data. From the dependence of the theoretical cross sections upon Z and A, this excess number of events appears to be due to the knock-on process.
Some aspects of chaotic and stochastic dynamics for structural systems

In this paper, the bifurcation behaviour of an externally excited four-dimensional nonlinear system is examined. Throughout this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom shallow arch structure under either a periodic or a stochastic excitation will be considered. For the case when the excitation is periodic, the local and global behaviour is examined in the presence of principalsubharmonic resonance and1:2 internal resonance. The method of averaging is used to obtain the first order approximation of the response of the system under resonant conditions. A standard Melnikov type perturbation method is used to show analytically that the system may exhibit chaotic dynamics in the sense of Smale horseshoe for the 1:2 internal resonance case in the absence of dissipation. In the case of stochastic excitation, the stability of the stationary solution is examined by determining themaximal Lyapunov exponent andmoment Lyapunov exponent in terms of system parameters. An asymptotic method is used to obtain explicit expressions for various exponents in the presence of weak dissipation and noise intensity. These quantities provide almost-sure stability boundaries in parameter space. When the system parameters lie outside these boundaries, it is essential to understand the nonlinear behaviour. The method of stochastic averaging is applied to obtain a set of approximate Ito equations which are then examined to describe the local bifurcation behaviour.
Length of Experience and The Performance of Managers in the Establishment Phase of their Careers

The article presents information on a study which examined the effects of experience on the performance of managers in the early stages of their careers. Details are presented related to the measur...
N0/N1, PNL, or LNR? The effect of lymph node number on accurate survival prediction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Introduction We evaluated the prognostic accuracy of LN variables (N0/N1), numbers of positive lymph nodes (PLN), and lymph node ratio (LNR) in the context of the total number of examined lymph nodes (ELN).
A little information goes a long way: Expertise and identity theft

Abstract Experts have a way of seeing the world in ways that differ from novices. Research on offenders suggests that as they develop expertise in their chosen crimes they become better skilled at recognizing opportunities and evading detection. The bulk of research emphasizes the role of criminal experience on offenders' abilities to quickly assess situations and commit crimes at that moment but little has been done to examine how expertise influences crimes that cannot be committed on the spot. Our aim is to examine the importance of expertise on the commission of identity theft (a crime that requires time to commit). We highlight the roles of both legitimate and illegitimate experiences in developing skills to be successful. In addition, we show how expertise not only effects crimina\l event decisions but criminal involvement decisions (specifically persistence).
Faithless Sight: Haiti in the Kingdom of This World

This essays reads Alejo Carpentier’s novel The Kingdom of This World against his theorization of American modernity, the marvelous real, to argue that, although Carpentier can use Haiti to depict the marvelous-ness of the Americas through the spirituality of Haitians, he cannot see beyond Haiti’s dire post-revolutionary state. By the narrative’s end, Carpentier deliberately elides Haiti’s postcolonial present and the people whose spiritual sensibility enabled the revolution to better disclose the potential and exception of the Americas. In doing this, he undermines a key tenet in his theory of the present: the new artistic and intellectual tradition, distinct from the West, which the marvelous real is intended to exemplify. As a result, Carpentier returns to the conceptual bounds he sought to move beyond with the West remaining singular and worthy of replication.
Potential impacts of disinfection processes on elimination and deactivation of antibiotic resistance genes during water and wastewater treatment

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), in association with antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), have been identified as widespread contaminants of treated drinking waters and wastewaters. As a consequence, concerns have been raised that ARB or ARG transport between aquatic compartments may enhance the spread of antibiotic resistance amongst non-resistant bacterial communities by means of horizontal gene transfer processes. Most often, discussion of horizontal gene transfer focuses on the probable role of conjugative plasmid or transposon exchange, which requires live ARB donor cells. Conventional water and wastewater disinfection processes generally provide highly effective means for mitigating the transport of live ARB; thereby minimizing risks of conjugative gene transfer. However, even if ARB present in a treated water are fully inactivated during a disinfection process, the possibility remains that intact remnants of DNA contained within the resulting cell debris could still confer resistance genotypes to downstream bacterial populations by means of natural transformation and/or transduction, which do not require live donor cells. Thus, a systematic evaluation of the capability of common disinfection technologies to ensure the destruction of bacterial DNA, in addition to pathogen inactivation, seems warranted. With that objective in mind, this review seeks to provide a concise introduction to the significance of ARB and ARG occurrence in environmental systems, coupled with a review of the role that commonly used water and wastewater disinfection processes may play in minimizing ARG transport and dissemination.
Surface Transport in Continuum Mechanics

A moving surface is considered as a 3-dimensional submanifold in the 4-dimensional space-time setting. Elementary differential geometry is used to identify parameter-time and parameter independent normal-time derivatives, and their differences. A few elementary observations are made concerning surface transport theorems.
Form-making with special effect tools

Recent developments in digital design have brought new tectonic freedom into architecture. These innovative forms break away from the traditional or modernistic framework. In turn, they often relate to contemporary developments in other design disciplines, such as product design. Emerging tectonic trends, combined with research into new material and fabrication technologies, make it possible to purse imaginative designs that were not possible a decade ago. While digital tools allow for a broader architectural reading, resulting in innovative and unique designs and new expectations regarding space and form, these emerging designs often exist exclusively as visual propositions, deprived of a deeper structural, constructional, or functional logic.
Persistent Hyperactivity Following a Single Intracerebroventricular Dose of Ouabain

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of ouabain has been shown to alter motor activity in the rat. It has been purported that this may model the behavioral abnormalities of human manic-depressive (bipolar) illness. Since manic-depression is a recurrent condition, we elected to investigate the effects of the multiple administration of i.c.v. ouabain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to acclimate to the animal facility for 7-10 days after which time i.c.v. cannulae were placed. Animals received two i.c.v. injections of either ouabain (10[-3] M) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) 9 days apart, so that 6 rats received aCSF-aCSF, 6 received ouabain-aCSF, and 6 received ouabain-ouabain. Behavioral activity was evaluated in an open field (86 x 86 cm subdivided into sixteen 21.5 x 21.5-cm squares) for 20 min at baseline and immediately following each i.c.v. injection. After the last behavioral test, the animals were killed, and the brains were rapidly harvested and dissected over ice. Specific ouabain binding and sodium pump activity were determined. A single dose of ouabain produced a marked increase (297.0%, p = 0.002) in open field activity compared to both baseline behavior and to aCSF injected animals. The effects of ouabain appeared to last for 9 days. A second i.c.v. injection of either ouabain (136.5 +/- 60.4 SEM) or aCSF (108.0%, p < 0.01) had no effect on the activity level which was intermediate between the initial ouabain hyperactivity and the baseline level. Nine days after ouabain administration, hippocampal ouabain binding was increased relative to the control group (5477 +/- 485.7 vs. 3579 +/- 518.6, p < 0.05) and sodium pump activity was relatively lower (2293.8 +/- 265.5 vs. 3174.2 +/- 410.5, p < 0.05).