cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Anti-Network: Global Private Law, Legal Knowledge, and the Legitimacy of the State

In this article, I build upon research in one arena of global private law, the production of legal documentation for the global swap markets, to challenge the way both the utopic and the dystopic accounts describe private law beyond the State. I argue that these accounts stand on a set of anthropological assumptions or claims assertions about what this private law actually is, from insiders' point of view, about how it is interpreted and experienced in the real world - which for the most part go unexamined, untheorized, and undefended empirically. This matters because they also turn out to be, at the very least, seriously incomplete. In particular, I want to complicate three views of the source of private law legitimacy that figure prominently in both defenses and critiques of private law: the view that law is an artifact of state power, the view that law enshrines a set of norms, and the view that law is a coherent system of one kind or another. In contrast, I will suggest that if one approaches these debates from the standpoint of the deceptively naive question, 'what is collateral, really, in the derivatives markets?', one begins to grasp a view of law as something very different from a body of norms. Global private law is also, I want to suggest, a routinized but highly compartmentalized knowledge practices. I will shorthand this description of global private law as the Anti-Network in order to contrast it to celebrations of global private law as a kind of networked knowledge, and an artifact of global social networks of various kinds. From this perspective, debates about the threat of global private law to the legitimacy of the nation state need to be redirected to contend with a more accurate picture of global private law. If one understands private law beyond the State as a set of institutions, actors, doctrines, ideas, material documents of knowledge practices, one begins to see remarkable similarities between the technical workings of global private law and the nature of state work. The threat, if any, of global private law inheres therefore in the way it replicates and hence supercedes the state in practical, mundane, routine ways.
An Obituary for the Federal Arbitration Act: An Older Cousin to Modern Civil Procedure

This article attempts to fill two salient gaps in prior scholarship. First, it has been observed that the relationship between civil procedure and alternative dispute resolution has not received substantial attention, and the two fields have remained segregated in legal academia. This article, through its examination of the interrelated development of our modern arbitration laws and civil procedure, is an attempt to help merge the study of these two fields. Second, there has been criticism that the study of civil procedure often gives insufficient attention to history, and that the study of historical foundations of procedure should be the starting point for understanding modern procedure. This article examines the historical development of our modern arbitration laws and their overlooked relationship to other important developments in civil procedure, and this study can help inform our current understanding of these procedural developments and inform future debate about reforms.
Epigenetics: A new methyl mark on messengers.

The presence of an N1 methyl group on adenine bases in DNA and RNA was thought to be a form of damage. Results now show that it also occurs at specific sites in messenger RNAs, where it affects protein expression. See Article p.441 The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA has been subject to intensive examination since it was recognized to be widespread throughout the transcriptome. In a new study by Chuan He and colleagues, the significance of a different messenger RNA modification, N1-methyladenosine (m1A), is probed on the transcriptome-wide level. Although the modification is dynamic, they find it accumulates in structured regions surrounding both canonical and alternative translation initiation sites, and its presence correlates with higher protein expression.
The Cracking and Decohesion of Thin Brittle Films

Film cracking and decohesion are two typical failure modes observed in thin coatings. In this investigation, failures were initiated in brittle Cr films deposited on both ductile and brittle substrates to study these phenomena. Fracture mechanics models were proposed to interpret the experimental observations. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment has been demonstrated.
Structural resemblance of cytochrome P-450 isolated from Pseudomonas putida and from rabbit liver microsomes.

Abstract The cytochrome P-450 of Pseudomonas putida (P-450 cam ) and that of phenobarbital-induced liver microsomes (P-450 LM ) differ markedly in substrate specificity, solubility, and the requirement of the former for an iron-sulfur protein and the latter for a phospholipid for hydroxylation activity. Despite these differences, highly purified P-450 cam and P-450 LM show immunological cross reaction by competitive binding and inhibition of catalytic activity and are of similar subunit molecular weight and amino acid composition. Upon treatment with cyanogen bromide they yield small heme-containing peptides of highly similar amino acid composition.
Using Relative Performance Information in Complex Tasks

Companies commonly use income as the basis for short-term incentives designed to motivate performance. Managing income is a complex task, particularly in multi-period settings. Strategy development is necessary to maximize income in a complex task, and requires trade-offs between current and future periods. In addition, Relative Performance Information (RPI) is often provided, or available as feedback, to motivate performance. While firms have the option of taking the additional step and contracting on RPI, many do not. We separately investigate how providing RPI and contracting on RPI affect strategy development in a multi-period experimental setting where income is the basis for short-term incentives. The results show that only providing RPI reduces strategy development and performance. However, contracting on RPI mitigates these effects. Our results suggest a potential cost to this ‘middle ground’ between eliminating RPI and contracting on RPI. We conclude that employers incenting their managers to maximize income in a multi-period setting should avoid the dissemination of RPI as ex post information only.
Radiocarbon in Terrestrial Systems

This chapter focuses on how radiocarbon (14C) is used both as a tracer of source pools and for determining age on multiple time scales, providing a powerful approach for understanding the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. A range of applications is introduced, from estimating the lifespan of whole organisms to using the age of respired carbon (C) to partition sources of respired CO2. This chapter also provides examples that apply models introduced in Chapter 3 to the soil organic C pool. Lastly, this chapter introduces several new 14C approaches including low-level labeling to understand C cycling processes occurring on shorter time scales from minutes to months.
Preterm Infant Attendance at Health Supervision Visits.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the adherence of premature infants with the American Academy of Pediatrics health supervision visit schedule, factors affecting adherence, and the association of adherence with preventive care. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of all infants ≤35 weeks’ gestation, born 2005 to 2009, receiving care at a 30-site primary care network for at least 24 months (n = 1854). Adherence was defined as having a health supervision visit within each expected time period during the first 18 months of life. Logistic regression identified sociodemographic and medical factors associated with nonadherence and risk-adjusted association between nonadherence and outcomes. RESULTS: Only 43% received all expected health supervision visits. Those with Medicaid insurance (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.60), a visit without insurance (AOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32–0.67), chronic illness (AOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.51–0.97), and black race (AOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.50–0.98) were less adherent, whereas provider continuity of care (AOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.92–4.37) and lower birth weight (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02–2.73) increased adherence. Infants CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than half of premature infants were fully adherent with the preventive health schedule with associated gaps in health monitoring and immunization delays. These data suggest the importance of health supervision visits and the need to explore scheduling facilitators for those at risk for nonadherence.
Microwaves generated by a laser induced, pulsed, picosecond, E-M source (LIPPES)

Two configurations of photoconductive source/antenna activated by short duration laser pulses are described. The nonlinear characteristics of the radiated fields as well as the dielectric nature of the individual elements suggest that a non-interactive 3-D array can be constructed with the designs described.
Commentary on the decision of the American Board of Medical Genetics and Genomics to create a 24-month specialty of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics.

Commentary on the decision of the American Board of Medical Genetics and Genomics to create a 24-month specialty of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics
Pathology of Syringomyelia Due to Chiari Malformations

Since the early nineteenth century, some authors have used the term syringomyelia to describe any tubular cavity within the spinal cord. More recently, classification systems have evolved to describe syringomyelia subtypes as well as distinguish other entities such as hydromyelia, syringobulbia, and myelomalacia. Our current understanding of the etiology of syringomyelia, although more advanced, is still incomplete. Syringomyelia occurs in many different clinical settings with variable clinical symptomatology and different cavitary patterns. Anatomic and pathologic criteria are helpful in establishing basic classification of syringes as well as ­understanding syringomyelia in the setting of Chiari malformation. The pathophysiological hypotheses for syringomyelia are numerous, controversial, and variable according to the proximate cause. The gross pathology and histology are similar irrespective of cause, and competing theories continue to evolve on the pathogenesis of syrinx formation.
DeltaSherlock: Identifying changes in the cloud

To track security and compliance requirements and perform problem diagnosis, administrators of cloud computing systems need to monitor significant system changes occurring on the set of cloud instances under their supervision. Considering the large number of instances (virtual machines, containers) possibly operating under multiple configurations, this is a difficult-to-track process. Standard solutions to this problem rely on manually-created rules to identify changes. These techniques suffer from a limited scope, rely on domain expertise, and are time-consuming and error-prone. Recently, more streamlined approaches that automatically determine the type of individual system changes have been proposed, but these techniques assume that system states right before and after each individual change can be captured, a rather difficult requirement to enforce in real world usage. This paper proposes DeltaSherlock, a practical system change discovery framework that can capture system states on-demand and detect multiple system changes between them. We evaluate DeltaSherlock over 25,000 system changes caused by software installations collected from virtual machines (VMs) deployed over a commercial cloud. DeltaSherlock can accurately identify multiple software installations with 96.8% accuracy when supplied with a non-overlapping record of system changes and with 77.8% accuracy when supplied with random irregular observations possibly containing overlapping or incomplete changes.
On a bivariate copula with both upper and lower full-range tail dependence

Abstract Copula functions can be useful in accounting for various dependence patterns appearing in joint tails of data. We propose a new two-parameter bivariate copula family that possesses the following features. First, both upper and lower tails are able to explain full-range tail dependence. That is, the dependence in each tail can range among quadrant tail independence, intermediate tail dependence, and usual tail dependence. Second, it can capture upper and lower tail dependence patterns that are either the same or different. We first prove the full-range tail dependence property, and then we obtain the corresponding extreme value copula. There are two applications based on the proposed copula. The first one is modeling pairwise dependence between financial markets. The second one is modeling dynamic tail dependence patterns that appear in upper and lower tails of a loss-and-expense data.
Fruit pomace as a source of alternative fibers and cellulose nanofiber as reinforcement agent to create molded pulp packaging boards

Abstract Fruit pomace (FP) as a source of fiber partially replaced recycled newspaper (NP) to create molded pulp boards (FPBs). Blueberry (BP), cranberry (CP), and apple pomace (AP) with different fiber compositions and morphologies were studied for their compatibility with NP. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was used to improve adhesion between FP and NP. FP/NP ratio and CNF concentration were optimized via central composite design to create FPBs with lower water absorption, and similar flexural strength and strain to 100% newspaper board (NPB). Lignocellulosic composition and fiber morphology of FP affected its compatibility with NP. Incorporating CNF reduced water absorption and increased flexural strength and strain of FPBs, but the amount of required CNF varied among the types of pomace. This study demonstrated that FP can partially substitute NP to create FPBs with better or similar properties to 100% NPB.
Reviving Humanity: Grasping Within and Beyond Our Reach

There are numerous assumptions embedded in the notion of being ‘hard to reach’. Typically, it’s a phrase used about students. Thus, it carries with it the implication that there is someone in a position other than that of student who is located somewhere central and who is ‘reaching out’ to the student or students. In this opinion piece, we push back on this “ single story ” (Adichie, 2009) of what is typically meant by ‘hard to reach’. Specifically, we want to argue for reaching across, rather than out; for the reachers to be students as well as staff; and for the context in which the reaching happens to be understood as more open and fluid, a space across which students and staff reach again and again rather than a point or place out from which staff reach towards students in a single direction. We argue for grasping—understanding, taking ahold of—what those within the spaces created by student-staff partnerships offer and receive from one another as perpetually negotiated, re-given and re-taken repeatedly, each time with different understanding, but always with the intent of holding.
Regularity estimates for BMO-weak solutions of quasilinear elliptic equations with inhomogeneous boundary conditions

This paper studies regularity estimates in Lebesgue spaces for gradients of weak solutions of a class of general quasilinear equations of p-Laplacian type in bounded domains with inhomogeneous conormal boundary conditions. In the considered class of equations the leading terms are vector-valued functions that are measurable in the x-variable and that depend in a nonlinear way on the solution and on its gradient. This class of equations consists of the well-known class of degenerate p-Laplace equations for $$p >1$$ . Under some sufficient conditions, we establish local interior, local boundary, and global $$W^{1,q}$$ -regularity estimates for weak solutions with $$q>p$$ , assuming that the weak solutions are in the John–Nirenberg BMO space. The paper therefore improves available results because it removes the boundedness or continuity assumptions on solutions. Our results also unify and cover known results for equations in which the principals are only allowed to depend on x-variable and gradient of solution variable. More than that, this paper gives a method to treat non-homogeneous boundary value problems directly without using any form of translations that is sometimes complicated due to the nonlinearities.
Ratio estimators based on a ranked set sample in a finite population setting

Abstract This paper considers the ratio estimator in a finite population setting in a ranked set sampling (RSS) design, where the sample is constructed either with or without replacement policies. It is shown that the proposed ratio estimator is slightly biased, but the amount of bias is smaller than the amount of bias of a simple random sample (SRS) ratio estimator. For the proposed ratio estimator, the paper provides explicit expressions for its mean square error and precision relative to the other competing estimators. It is shown that the new estimator has a substantial amount of improvement in efficiency with respect to SRS estimator. The proposed estimator is applied to two different finite population settings to estimate population mean.
Peripheral Distribution of Thrombus Does Not Affect Outcomes After Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy

Background Thrombus located distal to the main or primary pulmonary arteries has been previously viewed as a relative contraindication to surgical pulmonary embolectomy. We compared outcomes for surgical pulmonary embolectomy for submassive and massive pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with central vs peripheral thrombus burden. Methods All consecutive patients (2011 to 2016) undergoing surgical pulmonary embolectomy at a single center were retrospectively reviewed. Computed tomography angiography of each patient was used to define central PE as any thrombus originating within the lateral pericardial borders (main or right/left pulmonary arteries). Peripheral PE was defined as thrombus exclusively beyond the lateral pericardial borders, involving the lobar pulmonary arteries or distal. The primary outcome was in-hospital and 90-day survival. Results We identified 70 patients: 52 (74%) with central PE and 18 (26%) with peripheral PE. Preoperative vital signs and right ventricular dysfunction were similar between the two groups. Compared with the central PE cohort, operative time was significantly longer in the peripheral PE group (191 vs 210 minutes, p Conclusions This single-center experience demonstrates excellent overall outcomes for surgical pulmonary embolectomy, with resolution of right ventricular dysfunction and comparable morbidity and mortality for central and peripheral PE. In an experienced center and when physiologically warranted, surgical pulmonary embolectomy for peripheral distribution of thrombus is technically feasible and effective.
Arbitrary vertical low-loss waveguides in deposited oxide of optical interposers for low-loss 3D photonic packaging

We first demonstrate a low-loss flexible 3D waveguide on deposited oxide cladding for 3D photonic packaging using ultrafast laser inscription. Waveguide propagation loss, excess bending loss and coupling loss to SiN waveguide were characterized.
Visual System: Pulvinar-Extrastriate Cortex

Until a few decades ago, it was commonly believed that there is one primary projection from each peripheral receptor system to the cortex. Cortex which was not accounted for by these sensory areas, and which was not identifiable as motor cortex, was defined as association cortex. This view of cortical organization was agreeable for a number of reasons. It accounted for the minimal effects on sensory function of removing various portions of association cortex, it was consistent with the Empiricists’ notions of how percepts are achieved by combination of elements of experience, and it fit equally well with the Behaviorists’ insistence that learning consists of associations between stimuli and responses.
Elastoplastic behavior of two-dimensional solids with mixed-mode cracks

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the mechanical behavior of a two-dimensional elastoplastic solid with rectilinear cracks. The effect of plastic deformation on the stress distribution around cracks can be included using the plastic strip model originally proposed by Dugdale for a crack under mode I loading (remote tension in the direction normal to a crack). It should be noted that mathematically equivalent formulations arise when the crack is modeled by continuously distributed dislocations or when the strength limit for quasi-brittle material with a crack is used. The chapter develops a procedure that would take into account contribution of the plastic zones into the effective mechanical response of two-dimensional solids with cracks. The analysis suggests that the contribution of plastic zones into additional strain is insignificant at low magnitudes of load and crack densities, getting more pronounced as these quantities increase.
The Possible Effect of a Very Old Archean Nucleus on Mesozoic Rifting of Gondwana

This abstract proposes that a continental nucleus of ~3,000-Ma age (named “Ur;” Rogers 1993) in the eastern part of Gondwana was partly responsible for the long period of extension that preceded rifting to form the Indian Ocean.
Educational Measurement: Overview

Four major functions of educational measurement are identified and briefly described. These are: (1) making decisions about students, (2) monitoring educational achievement, (3) educational accountability, and (4) formative assessment. An overview of measurement theory and practice is also provided. Validity of uses and interpretations of test results is highlighted as the key technical consideration in the evaluation of the uses of educational measures. Topics or reliability, generalizability, and item response theory are briefly described as well as attention is given to the critical role that technology plays in testing and is illustrated by a discussion of computer-based testing.
Group Treatment of Fecal Incontinence: A Description of an Interdisciplinary Intervention.

Introduction Approximately 5% of children in the United States have chronic fecal incontinence. Unfortunately, standard medical management of fecal incontinence fails in 20% to 60% of cases. A combined medical-behavioral model is often recommended in these cases. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for fecal incontinence in school-aged children, and to present a description of changes in treatment adherence rates that affect clinical effectiveness. Method Poop group employed a developmentally appropriate model of care in which caregivers and children participated in separate but simultaneously held therapy groups. This interdisciplinary 6-week protocol is designed to increase appropriate stooling, decrease soiling events, and increase medication adherence pre- to post-treatment. Group sessions focus on the GI system, medication, toilet sitting posture, hydration, fiber, and behavior contracts. In addition, participant families consult with an Advanced Nurse Practitioner privately at each session discussing symptoms and making medication modifications as needed. Results Nineteen families completed the 6-week protocol. Appropriate stool frequency was improved (P ≤ 0.01), and soiling was reduced (P ≤ 0.00). Medication adherence was also improved (P ≤ 0.04). Treatment results were maintained at 1-month follow-up. Discussion A developmentally targeted intervention and interdisciplinary focus of treatment likely account for treatment successes. Conclusion Poop group may be an effective interdisciplinary treatment option for families of children who fail traditional outpatient treatment.
Evaluation of antibodies for western blot analysis of frataxin protein isoforms

Abstract Frataxin is the protein that is down-regulated in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by an intronic GAA repeat expansion in intron-1 of the FXN gene. The GAA repeats result in epigenetic silencing of the FXN gene and reduced expression of the cytosolic full-length frataxin (1−210) protein. Full length frataxin translocates to the mitochondria, leading to formation of mature frataxin (81–210) formed by cleavage of the mitochondrial targeting sequence at K-80 of the full-length protein. There are currently no approved treatments for FRDA, although experimental approaches involving up-regulation or replacement of mature frataxin protein through numerous approaches are being tested. Many of the pre-clinical studies of these experimental approaches are conducted in mouse and monkey models as well as in human cell lines. Consequently, well-validated antibodies are required for use in western blot analysis to determine whether levels of various forms of frataxin have been increased. Here we examined the specificity of five commercially available anti-frataxin antibodies and determined whether they detect mature frataxin in mouse heart tissue. Four protein standards of monkey, human, and mouse frataxin as well as mouse heart tissue were examined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in combination with western blot analysis. One antibody failed to detect any of the frataxin standards or endogenous frataxin in mouse heart tissue. Three of the antibodies detected a protein in mouse heart tissue that ran slightly faster on PAGE (at 23.4 kDa) to that predicted for full-length frataxin (23.9 kDa). One antibody detected all four frataxin standards as well as endogenous mouse mature frataxin in mouse tissue. Significantly, this antibody, which will be useful for monitoring mature frataxin levels in monkey, human, and mouse tissues, did not detect a protein in mouse heart tissue at 23.4 kDa. Therefore, antibodies detecting the immunoreactive protein at 23.4 kDa could be misleading when testing for the up-regulation of frataxin in animal models.
New scaling relations to compute atom-in-material polarizabilities and dispersion coefficients: part 2. Linear-scaling computational algorithms and parallelization

We present two algorithms to compute system-specific polarizabilities and dispersion coefficients such that required memory and computational time scale linearly with increasing number of atoms in the unit cell for large systems. The first algorithm computes the atom-in-material (AIM) static polarizability tensors, force-field polarizabilities, and C6, C8, C9, C10 dispersion coefficients using the MCLF method. The second algorithm computes the AIM polarizability tensors and C6 coefficients using the TS-SCS method. Linear-scaling computational cost is achieved using a dipole interaction cutoff length function combined with iterative methods that avoid large dense matrix multiplies and large matrix inversions. For MCLF, Richardson extrapolation of the screening increments is used. For TS-SCS, a failproof conjugate residual (FCR) algorithm is introduced that solves any linear equation system having Hermitian coefficients matrix. These algorithms have mathematically provable stable convergence that resists round-off errors. We parallelized these methods to provide rapid computation on multi-core computers. Excellent parallelization efficiencies were obtained, and adding parallel processors does not significantly increase memory requirements. This enables system-specific polarizabilities and dispersion coefficients to be readily computed for materials containing millions of atoms in the unit cell. The largest example studied herein is an ice crystal containing >2 million atoms in the unit cell. For this material, the FCR algorithm solved a linear equation system containing >6 million rows, 7.57 billion interacting atom pairs, 45.4 billion stored non-negligible matrix components used in each large matrix-vector multiplication, and ∼19 million unknowns per frequency point (>300 million total unknowns).
A Cultural Perspective and Global Education

A cultural perspective on global education asks: how are the development of global awareness and competence relevant to the demands of society? Why should global education be a goal worth pursuing? The answer to this question is twofold. In many ways, education was always meant to be cosmopolitan, to empower students to understand and improve the world. But the velocity of change taking place around us, and the urgency to address the shared challenges we face as a planet, requires us to pursue with greater intentionality and effectiveness an education that is truly global.
Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Scuba Diving.

Background Decompression illness often presents with a wide variety of vague neurologic symptoms. Animal models have suggested that intracranial hemorrhages may result from nitrogen bubble ischemic insults. However, there is a paucity of cases and no known case reported to date of non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage after rapid ascension from diving. Case Description A 60-year-old man presented with headache, nausea, emesis, and confusion 2 days after ascending rapidly from scuba diving. Given the severity and his symptoms unremitting despite oxygen at home, a computed tomography scan of the head was obtained revealing a prepontine and right sylvian fissure subarachnoid hemorrhage with ventriculomegaly. No underlying vascular abnormality was discovered. The patient was discharged from the hospital posthemorrhage day 7, neurologically intact. Conclusions In patients presenting with persistent headache, nausea, emesis and/or other neurologic symptoms after diving, health care providers should consider intracranial hemorrhage in their work up.
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy

When a patient is expected to require long - term mechanical ventilation, a tracheostomy has been shown to improve outcomes. A tracheostomy can be performed in the OR as an open procedure, or at the bedside of the intensive care unit using a percutaneous technique under direct visualization with the aid of a bronchoscope. The present chapter describes the steps for a percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy.
Biology's brave new world

The first season of the Netflix series Biohackers, consisting of six episodes released on the streaming platform on 20 August, tells a fictional tale centered around the sociotechnological movement known as do-it-yourself (DIY) biology, in which amateurs, professionals, anarchists, and civic-minded citizens push the boundaries of mainstream biology. The show serves as a pedagogical vehicle to raise many timely and interesting ethical, legal, and social concerns.
Music as Natural Magic

This chapter focuses on music. Its exemplary modernist is Arnold Schoenberg, whose musical purism is contrasted especially with the eclecticism of Igor Stravinsky. This contrast presents Schoenberg as being aligned with Karl Kraus’s concept of purity in language, which offers a way to link Schoenberg’s way of understanding and composing music to painters and writers in the previous chapters. Schoenberg is aligned with Beckett and Kafka, with Kandinsky and Egon Schiele. In his eclecticism (which can also be understood as Romantic subjectivity) Stravinsky is aligned with Joyce and Picasso.
Modeling of Antiferromagnetic Dynamics: A Brief Review

This article briefly summarizes the basic principles of several theoretical models that are currently available for the description of antiferromagnetic dynamical response to external forces. The preference is given to simplified phenomenological treatments rather than the rigorous derivation of formalisms. In particular, the origin of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic correlations between localized spin moments is examined qualitatively for the simplest models as an introduction to the more sophisticated treatments. An emphasis is placed on elucidating the physical principles underlying the different mechanisms for electrical manipulation of the antiferromagnetic vector. More specifically, the current-induced torques via the spin transfer and the spinorbital interaction are described in a phenomenological manner. In addition, two prospective mechanisms for currentless generation of the desired spin torque are considered as promising alternatives. Following the overall focus, some of the intricate details are not addressed as they are outside the scope of this article.
Faculty Perceptions and Usage of OER at Oregon Community Colleges

Open Educational Resources (OER) are vital in transforming the student learning experience, whether it is through a social justice lens that seeks to remedy inequities by reducing student cost burd...
Organizational science and cybersecurity: abundant opportunities for research at the interface.

Cybersecurity is an ever-present problem for organizations, but organizational science has barely begun to enter the arena of cybersecurity research. As a result, the “human factor” in cybersecurity research is much less studied than its technological counterpart. The current manuscript serves as an introduction and invitation to cybersecurity research by organizational scientists. We define cybersecurity, provide definitions of key cybersecurity constructs relevant to employee behavior, illuminate the unique opportunities available to organizational scientists in the cybersecurity arena (e.g., publication venues that reach new audiences, novel sources of external funding), and provide overall conceptual frameworks of the antecedents of employees’ cybersecurity behavior. In so doing, we emphasize both end-users of cybersecurity in organizations and employees focused specifically on cybersecurity work. We provide an expansive agenda for future organizational science research on cybersecurity—and we describe the benefits such research can provide not only to cybersecurity but also to basic research in organizational science itself. We end by providing a list of potential objections to the proposed research along with our responses to these objections. It is our hope that the current manuscript will catalyze research at the interface of organizational science and cybersecurity.
Characterization and Mitigation of Model Bias in Parametric Mapping of Dopamine Response to Behavioral Challenge

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWCompartmental modeling of 11C-raclopride (RAC) is commonly used to measure dopamine response to intra-scan behavioral tasks. Bias in estimates of binding potential (BPND) and its dynamic changes ({Delta}BPND) can arise when the selected compartmental model deviates from the underlying biology. In this work, we characterize the bias associated with assuming a single target compartment and propose a model for reducing this bias by selectively discounting the contribution of the initial uptake period. Methods69 healthy young adult participants were scanned using RAC PET/MR while simultaneously performing a rewarded behavioral task. BPND and {Delta}BPND were estimated using an extension of the Multilinear Reference Tissue Model (MRTM2) with the task challenge encoded as a Heaviside step function. Bias was estimated using simulations designed to match the acquired data and was reduced by introducing a new model (DE-MRTM2) that reduces the biasing influence of the initial uptake period in the modeled estimation of BPND for both simulations and participant data. ResultsBias in {Delta}BPND was observed to vary both spatially with BPND and with the assumed value of k4. At the most likely value of k4 (0.13 min-1), the average bias and the maximum voxel bias magnitude in the nucleus accumbens were estimated to be 1.2% and 3.9% respectively. Simulations estimated that debiasing the contribution of the first 27 minutes of acquired data reduced average bias and maximum voxel bias in the nucleus accumbens {Delta}BPND to -0.3% and 2.4% respectively. In the acquired participant data, DE-MRTM2 produced modest changes in the experimental estimates of striatal {Delta}BPND, while extrastriatal bias patterns were greatly reduced. DE-MRTM2 also considerably reduced the dependence of {Delta}BPND upon the first-pass selection of k2. ConclusionSelectively discounting the contribution of the initial uptake period can help mitigate BPND- and k4-dependent bias in single compartment models of {Delta}BPND, while also reducing the dependence of {Delta}BPND on the first-pass estimation of k2.
Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the incidences of vaccine-preventable diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in the eastern of China.

In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries have implemented mitigating non-pharmaceutical interventions. We investigated the impact of these interventions and c...
Surface Area and Volume

We consider now the problem of how to find the volume (area when n = 2) of an n-surface in ℝ n +1. As with the length of plane curves, this is done in two steps. First we define the volume of a parametrized n-surface and then we define the volume of an n-surface in terms of local parametrizations.
Intermodal Perception, Development of

Intermodal perception is the perception of unitary objects and events through spatially and temporally coordinated stimulation from multiple sense modalities. Research suggests that the senses are united in early infancy, fostering the rapid development of intermodal perception. Keywords: intersensory; multimodal; amodal; perceptual development; infant development
Essay Review of ‘Supreme Court Practice’, R. Stern, E. Gressman & S. Shapiro

This essay review discusses the 1986 edition of the renowned reference work on Supreme Court practice and procedure. It particularly focuses on certiorari jurisdiction, with a detailed illustrative discussion of the treatment of the petitions for cert in the cases of Shapiro v. Drug Enforcement Administration and United States Dept. of Justice v. Provenzano.
Matrix Multiplication, Trilinear Decompositions, APA Algorithms, and Summation

Matrix multiplication (hereafter we use the acronym MM) is among the most fundamental operations of modern computations. The efficiency of its performance depends on various factors, in particular vectorization, data movement and arithmetic complexity of the computations, but here we focus just on the study of the arithmetic cost and the impact of this study on other areas of modern computing. In the early 1970s it was expected that the straightforward cubic time algorithm for MM will soon be accelerated to enable MM in nearly quadratic arithmetic time, with some far fetched implications. While pursuing this goal the mainstream research had its focus on the decrease of the classical exponent 3 of the complexity of MM towards its lower bound 2, disregarding the growth of the input size required to support this decrease. Eventually, surprising combinations of novel ideas and sophisticated techniques enabled the decrease of the exponent to its benchmark value of about 2.38, but the supporting MM algorithms improved the straightforward one only for the inputs of immense sizes. Meanwhile, the communication complexity, rather than the arithmetic complexity, has become the bottleneck of computations in linear algebra. This development may seem to undermine the value of the past and future research aimed at the decrease of the arithmetic cost of MM, but we feel that the study should be reassessed rather than closed and forgotten. We review the old and new work in this area in the present day context, recall some major techniques introduced in the study of MM, discuss their impact on the modern theory and practice of computations for MM and beyond MM, and link one of these techniques to some simple algorithms for inner product and summation.
What Drives Market Return Predictability

Market return predictability may be driven by time varying discount rates or changing beliefs of cash flow. We use analyst earnings forecast to separate cash flow and discount rate components of returns and distinguish the source of return predictability by a set of predictive variables commonly used in the literature. The overall evidence is consistent with the idea that the predictive variables capture time varying discount rates. Some variables also predict cash flow component of returns, implying that these predictive variables may capture investors' biases in projecting aggregate future cash flows.
Continuous-State POMDPs with Hybrid Dynamics

Continuous-state POMDPs provide a natural representation for a variety of tasks, including many in robotics. However, existing continuous-state POMDP approaches are limited by their reliance on a single linear model to represent the world dynamics. We introduce a new switching-state (hybrid) dynamics model that can represent multi-modal state-dependent dynamics. We present a new point-based POMDP planning algorithm for solving continuous-state POMDPs using this dynamics model. We also provide a constrained optimization approach for approximating the value function as a mixture of a bounded number of Gaussians. We present results on a set of example problems and demonstrate that when different degrees of state accuracy are needed to accomplish a task, our hybrid continuous-state approach outperforms a standard discrete state technique.
Trust Law as Fiduciary Governance Plus Asset Partitioning

The theme of this essay, a commentary on two papers forthcoming in the same volume on “The Worlds of the Trust,” is that trust law is not a species of property law or contract law, but rather is a species of organizational law. Organizational law supplies a set of contractarian rules, some of a fiduciary character, that provide for the governance of the organization. These are the rules that provide for the powers and duties of the managers and the rights of the beneficial owners. Organizational law also supplies a set of proprietary rules that provide for asset partitioning. These are the rules that provide for the separation of the property of the organization from the property of the organization’s managers, beneficial owners, and other insiders. Classifying trust law as organizational law removes the tension between the contractarian governance and the proprietary asset partitioning features of trust law.
Short-term exercise enhances insulin-stimulated GLUT-4 translocation and glucose transport in adipose cells

This investigation examined the effects of short-term exercise training on insulin-stimulated GLUT-4 glucose transporter translocation and glucose transport activity in rat adipose cells. Male Wist...
Medial preoptic area interactions with dopamine neural systems in the control of the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior in rats

The medial preoptic area (MPOA) and dopamine (DA) neural systems interact to regulate maternal behavior in rats. Two DA systems are involved: the mesolimbic DA system and the incerto-hypothalamic DA system. The hormonally primed MPOA regulates the appetitive aspects of maternal behavior by activating mesolimbic DA input to the shell region of the nucleus accumbens (NAs). DA action on MPOA via the incerto-hypothalamic system may interact with steroid and peptide hormone effects so that MPOA output to the mesolimbic DA system is facilitated. Neural oxytocin facilitates the onset of maternal behavior by actions at critical nodes in this circuitry. DA-D1 receptor agonist action on either the MPOA or NAs can substitute for the effects of estradiol in stimulating the onset of maternal behavior, suggesting an overlap in underlying cellular mechanisms between estradiol and DA. Maternal memory involves the neural plasticity effects of mesolimbic DA activity. Finally, early life stressors may affect the development of MPOA-DA interactions and maternal behavior.
The role of interventional radiology in the management of intra- and extra-peritoneal leakage in patients who have undergone continent urinary diversion.

Purpose To assess how radiologic intervention altered the hospital course of patients undergoing continent urinary diversion.
Planetary science: Spin control for asteroids

Random collisions between asteroids would seem to cause their spin axes to be tilted in all directions. Surprisingly, the gentle recoil force of thermal re-radiation may bring their spin axes into alignment.
Nonlinear Behavior of Space Shuttle Superlightweight Tank Under End-of-Flight Loads

Results of elastic, linear-bifurcation buckling and nonlinear analyses of the new Space Shuttle superlightweight external liquid-oxygen tank are presented for an important end-of-e ight loading condition. These results illustrate an important type of response mode for thin-walled shells subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loads that may be encountered in the design of other liquid-fuel launch vehicles. Linear-bifurcation buckling analyses are presented that predict several nearly equal eigenvalues that correspond to local buckling modes in the aft dome of the liquid-oxygen tank. In contrast, the nonlinear response phenomenon is shown to consist of a shortwavelength bending deformation in the aft elliptical dome of the liquid-oxygen tank that grows in amplitude in a stable manner with increasing load. Imperfection sensitivity analyses are presented that show that the presence of several nearly equal eigenvalues does not lead to a premature general instability mode for the aft dome. For the linear-bifurcation and nonlinear analyses, the results show that accurate predictions of the response of the shell generally require a large-scale, high-e delity, e nite element model, and that a design based on a linear-bifurcation buckling analysis and a buckling-load knockdown factor is overly conservative. Results are also presented that showthatthesuperlightweightliquid-oxygentankcansupportloadsin excessofapproximately1.9 timesthevalues of the operational loads considered.
Wireless brain-machine interface using EEG and EOG: brain wave classification and robot control

A brain-machine interface (BMI) links a user's brain activity directly to an external device. It enables a person to control devices using only thought. Hence, it has gained significant interest in the design of assistive devices and systems for people with disabilities. In addition, BMI has also been proposed to replace humans with robots in the performance of dangerous tasks like explosives handling/diffusing, hazardous materials handling, fire fighting etc. There are mainly two types of BMI based on the measurement method of brain activity; invasive and non-invasive. Invasive BMI can provide pristine signals but it is expensive and surgery may lead to undesirable side effects. Recent advances in non-invasive BMI have opened the possibility of generating robust control signals from noisy brain activity signals like EEG and EOG. A practical implementation of a non-invasive BMI such as robot control requires: acquisition of brain signals with a robust wearable unit, noise filtering and signal processing, identification and extraction of relevant brain wave features and finally, an algorithm to determine control signals based on the wave features. In this work, we developed a wireless brain-machine interface with a small platform and established a BMI that can be used to control the movement of a robot by using the extracted features of the EEG and EOG signals. The system records and classifies EEG as alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves. The classified brain waves are then used to define the level of attention. The acceleration and deceleration or stopping of the robot is controlled based on the attention level of the wearer. In addition, the left and right movements of eye ball control the direction of the robot.