cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of Random Forest with population‐based outlier analyses provides insight on the genomic basis and evolution of run timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Anadromous Chinook salmon populations vary in the period of river entry at the initiation of adult freshwater migration, facilitating optimal arrival at natal spawning. Run timing is a polygenic trait that shows evidence of rapid parallel evolution in some lineages, signifying a key role for this phenotype in the ecological divergence between populations. Studying the genetic basis of local adaptation in quantitative traits is often impractical in wild populations. Therefore, we used a novel approach, Random Forest, to detect markers linked to run timing across 14 populations from contrasting environments in the Columbia River and Puget Sound, USA. The approach permits detection of loci of small effect on the phenotype. Divergence between populations at these loci was then examined using both principle component analysis and FST outlier analyses, to determine whether shared genetic changes resulted in similar phenotypes across different lineages. Sequencing of 9107 RAD markers in 414 individuals identified 33 predictor loci explaining 79.2% of trait variance. Discriminant analysis of principal components of the predictors revealed both shared and unique evolutionary pathways in the trait across different lineages, characterized by minor allele frequency changes. However, genome mapping of predictor loci also identified positional overlap with two genomic outlier regions, consistent with selection on loci of large effect. Therefore, the results suggest selective sweeps on few loci and minor changes in loci that were detected by this study. Use of a polygenic framework has provided initial insight into how divergence in a trait has occurred in the wild.
Variation of the chemical reactivity of Thermus thermophilus HB8 ribosomal proteins as a function of pH

Ribosomes occupy a central position in cellular metabolism, converting stored genetic information into active cellular machinery. Ribosomal proteins modulate both the intrinsic function of the ribosome and its interaction with other cellular complexes, such as chaperonins or the signal recognition particle. Chemical modification of proteins combined with mass spectrometric detection of the extent and position of covalent modifications is a rapid, sensitive method for the study of protein structure and flexibility. By altering the pH of the solution, we have induced non-denaturing changes in the structure of bacterial ribosomal proteins and detected these conformational changes by covalent labeling. Changes in ribosomal protein modification across a pH range from 6.6 to 8.3 are unique to each protein, and correlate with their structural environment in the ribosome. Lysine residues whose extent of modification increases as a function of increasing pH are on the surface of proteins, but in close proximity either to glutamate and aspartate residues, or to rRNA backbone phosphates. Increasing pH disrupts tertiary and quaternary interactions mediated by hydrogen bonding or ionic interactions, and regions of protein structure whose conformations are sensitive to these changes are of potential importance in modulating the flexibility of the ribosome or its interaction with other cellular complexes.
Evaluation of myocardial ischemia and viability by noninvasive cardiac imaging

Noninvasive cardiac imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathy, as well as in the decision making for therapeutic interventions. Proper assessment of the degree of myocardial ischemia and viability is essential to aid in therapies that may improve patient outcomes. In addition, a wealth of evidence exists on the prognostic value of the information obtained from noninvasive imaging. One must utilize an imaging study or studies in an organized fashion, incorporating the latest scientific evidence, guidelines and appropriateness criteria. This review summarizes the advantages, disadvantages and relevant literature on various imaging modalities currently available for the evaluation of myocardial ischemia and viability.
Approaching freedom: The manumission of slaves in Suriname, 1760–1828

(1989). Approaching freedom: The manumission of slaves in Suriname, 1760–1828. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 10, Perspectives on Manumission, pp. 40-63.
NoSQ: Store-Load Communication without a Store Queue

This paper presents NoSQ (short for no store queue), a microarchitecture that performs store-load communication without a store queue and without executing stores in the out-of-order engine. NoSQ implements store-load communication using speculative memory bypassing (SMB), the dynamic short-circuiting of DEF-store-load-USE chains to DEF-USE chains. Whereas previous proposals used SMB as an opportunistic complement to conventional store queue-based forwarding, NoSQ uses SMB as a store queue replacement. NoSQ relies on two supporting mechanisms. The first is an advanced store-load bypassing predictor that for a given dynamic load can predict whether that load will bypass and the identity of the communicating store. The second is an efficient verification mechanism for both bypassed and non-bpyassed loads using in-order load re-execution with an SMB-aware store vulnerability window (SVW) filter. The primary benefit of NoSQ is a simple, fast datapath that does not contain store-load forwarding hardware; all loads get their values either from the data cache or from the register file. Experiments show that this simpler design - despite being more speculative - slightly outperforms a conventional store-queue based design on most benchmarks (by 2% on average)
High levels of nitrifying bacteria in intermittently aerated reactors treating high ammonia wastewater

Changes in the fractions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in two laboratory-scale reactors were investigated using 16S rRNA probe hybridizations. The reactors were operated in intermittent aeration mode and different aeration cycles to treat anaerobically digested swine wastewater with ammonia concentrations up to 175 mg NH3-N/L. High ammonia removals (>98.8%) were achieved even with increased nitrogen loads and lower aeration: non-aeration time ratios of 1 h:3 h. Nitrosomonas/Nitrosococcus mobilis were the dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the reactors. Nitrospira-like organisms were the dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria during most of the investigation, but were occasionally outcompeted by Nitrobacter. High levels of nitrifiers were measured in the biomass of both reactors, and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacterial levels adjusted to changing aeration: non-aeration time ratios. Theoretical ammonia-oxidizer fractions, determined by a mathematical model, were comparable to the measured values, although the measured biomass fractions were different at each stage while the theoretical values remained approximately constant. Stable ammonia removals and no nitrite accumulation were observed even when rRNA levels of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers reached a minimum of 7.2% and 8.6% of total rRNA, respectively. Stable nitrogen removal performance at an aeration: non-aeration ratio of 1 h:3 h suggests the possibility of significant savings in operational costs.
Intelligent distributed control of power plants

An Intelligent Distributed Controls Research Laboratory (IDCRL) was developed for the NSF Combined Research and Curriculum Development project, power plant intelligent distributed control. New graduate courses on: (1) power plant dynamics and control; and (2) power plant intelligent distributed control were developed. The capstone power plant intelligent distributed control course covered advanced subjects and laboratory experiments developed in the research portion of the project including: (1) extensions to achieve real-time performance of large scale power plant simulations using Unix network programming; (2) distributed implementation of advanced controller programming in an architecture of workstations and microprocessor-based controllers; and (3) intelligent controls using fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms. Along with the curriculum development update, a summary of significant research activities is presented in order to provide a complete overview of the results of the projects.
Understanding Decision-Support Effectiveness: A Computer Simulation Approach

The interplay between decision-making and decision-support tools has proven puzzling for many years. One of the most popular decision-support tools, what-if analysis, is no exception. Decades of empirical studies have found positive, negative, and null effects. In this paper, we contrast the marginal-analysis decision-making strategy enabled by what-if with the anchoring and adjustment decision-making strategies prevalent among unaided decision makers. By using an aggregate production planning decision task, we develop a Monte Carlo simulation to model 1000 independent what-if decision-making episodes across a myriad of conditions. Results mirror and explain seemingly contradictory findings across multiple prior experiments. Thus, this paper formalizes a simulation approach that expands the scope of previous findings regarding unaided versus what-if analysis aided decision making and suggests that relative performance is quite sensitive to task conditions. In this light, then, performance effect differences in past research are to be expected. While our analysis involves a single task context, the larger and more important point is that, even within a single task context, performance differences between unaided and aided decision making are emergent.
Hot Corrosion Mechanism of Composite Alumina/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Coating in Molten Sulfate–Vanadate Salt

In order to improve the hot corrosion resistance of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), an Al2O3 overlay has been deposited on the surface of YSZ by electron-beam physical vapor deposition. Hot corrosion tests have been performed on the YSZ coatings with and without an Al2O3 overlay in the molten salt mixture (Na2SO4+0–15 wt% V2O5) at 950°C. The presence of V2O5 in the molten salt exacerbates degradation of both the monolithic YSZ coating and the composite YSZ/Al2O3 system. The formation of a low-melting Na2O–V2O5–Al2O3 liquid phase is responsible for degradation of the Al2O3 overlay. The Al2O3 overlay acts as a barrier against the infiltration of the molten salt into the YSZ coating during exposure to the molten salt mixture with <5 wt% vanadate.
Candidate Strategies to Prime Issues and Image

A burgeoning literature shows that campaigns exert substantial influence on voters by priming selected policy issues. We extend this research by offering a framework that (1) incorporates a model of campaign image priming and (2) describes the political conditions that shape campaign priming strategies. We test our framework in the context of Richard Nixon's 1972 presidential campaign. Using internal campaign memoranda, Nixon's private public opinion polls, and a comprehensive content analysis of Nixon's public statements, we find that Nixon engaged in both issue and image priming. Specifically, White House polling reports of strong public support for particular domestic policy positions prompted Nixon subsequently to prime those issues and positions. Moreover, poll reports of negative evaluations of his personality traits led Nixon to emphasize foreign policy issues so as to convey an impression of his competence and strength. We conclude that candidates tailor issue and image priming strategies to the p...
Capacity and coding for memories with real-time noisy defect information at both sides

The paper investigates the problem of information storage in defective media where a real-time noisy information about the defects is available at both the encoder and the decoder. The problem is modeled as communication over a finite state channel in the case where noisy state information is available at both sides. It is shown that this problem can be transformed into Shannon's problem of a channel with side information (1958). An optimal coding strategy is described and the capacity is derived. In general the capacity is given in terms of strategies, and it is further shown that in some cases of interest the capacity can be described without employing Shannon strategies. >
Comparison of corticotropin-releasing factor and acetylcholine on catecholamine secretion in dogs

To test whether corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a secretagogue for adrenal secretion of catecholamines, a preparation was developed that permits measurement of adrenal venous output in response to in vivo arterial injection into the dog adrenal gland. Dogs were prepared with catheters in the lumboadrenal vein for monitoring adrenal blood flow and secretion rate of epinephrine and norepinephrine and in the lumboadrenal and inferior phrenic arteries for adrenal injection. Under pentobarbital anesthesia 48 h after surgery, dogs received a series of intra-adrenal injections that included acetylcholine (0.2-200 nmol), CRF (2.0-20.0 nmol), and diluent. There was a log dose-response relationship before epinephrine secretion and norepinephrine secretion to acetylcholine. Adrenal injection of CRF stimulated epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion at the highest dose tested (20 nmol). The response observed was equivalent to the response to 0.2 nmol acetylcholine. A similar dose of CRF given systemically produced hypotension without stimulating catecholamine responses. Adrenal catecholamine responses to acetylcholine were not augmented by addition of CRF. These findings show that arterial injection of CRF into the intact dog adrenal stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. However, the low potency of CRF relative to that of acetylcholine, the lack of a synergistic effect of CRF on catecholamine responses to acetylcholine, and the high dose of CRF required to achieve a response suggest that CRF does not function in the adrenal medulla as a physiologically important secretagogue for catecholamines.
Pump and Stress Induced Dual Polarization Wavelength Shifts in a Single Frequency 2.1 µm Ho, Tm:YAG Microchip Laser

We have observed dual polarization modes and resultant "false" heterodyne detection (mode-beating) signals using a diode-pumped, "single frequency" 2.1 μm Ho,Tm:YAG microchip laser.
Induction of mucosal immunity by intranasal application of a streptococcal surface protein antigen with the cholera toxin B subunit.

The level and distribution of isotype-specific antibodies in various secretions and of antibody-secreting cells in corresponding lymphoid organs and tissues were compared in mice immunized with Streptococcus mutans surface protein antigen I/II (AgI/II) conjugated to the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), given intranasally (i.n.) or intragastrically (i.g.), with or without free cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. Immunization i.n. induced stronger initial antibody responses to AgI/II in both serum and saliva than immunization i.g., but salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA)-specific antibody responses to immunization about 3 months later were not increased relative to total salivary IgA concentrations. Specific antibodies induced by i.n. immunization were as widely distributed in serum, saliva, tracheal wash, gut wash, and vaginal wash as those induced by i.g. immunization. Likewise, specific antibody-secreting cells were generated in the spleen, salivary glands, intestinal lamina propria, and mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes by either route of immunization. The strongest salivary IgA antibody response was induced by AgI/II-CTB conjugate given i.n., but the addition of CT did not further enhance it. However, free CTB could effectively replace CT as an adjuvant in i.n. immunization with unconjugated AgI/II. Booster i.n. immunization with AgI/II plus either free CT or CTB induced stronger recall serum antibody responses than conjugated AgI/II-CTB with or without CT as an adjuvant. Therefore, i.n. immunization with a protein antigen and free or coupled CTB is an effective means of generating IgA antibody responses expressed at several mucosal sites where protective immunity may be beneficial.
Hyperspectral Imaging for Burn Depth Assessment in an Animal Model.

Early excision and skin grafting of full-thickness (FT) and deep-dermal (DD) burns have been shown to be therapeutically and financially advantageous, with shorter healing time, fewer infections, better functional and aesthetic results, and reduced hospital stay.1–6 DD burns are best managed by excision and skin grafting,7–11 but early differentiation of superficial-dermal versus DD burns presents a diagnostic challenge. Differentiation between superficial burns that spontaneously heal and those that require excision is still inconsistent, with only 50–75% accuracy in early clinical assessments.4,12–16 Current standard of care involves waiting for clinical signs of diminished sensation, leathery feel, and pale color as the telltale signs of burn depth progression, indicating necessity of excision. Clinical overestimation of burn depth results in unnecessary surgery, whereas underestimation results in delayed surgery and prolonged hospital stays. As such, early and reliable differentiation between superficial-dermal and DD burns at early time points remains a top priority in burn research.4,7,8,12–19 Various modalities to distinguish burn depth at early time points have been investigated including thermography,20,21 ultrasonography,22 nuclear magnetic resonance,23 laser Doppler,12–15,18,19,24–28 and confocal microscopy,29 among others.4,8 Histology remains the gold standard; however, because of potential sampling error, processing delays, and its inherent invasiveness, it has little application in clinical practice. A promising parameter for burn depth assessment has been its correlation with skin perfusion. Superficial burn injury causes an inflammatory response and increased perfusion to the burn site.30 Deeper burns destroy more of the dermal microvasculature, and thus, the postinjury perfusion increase is not as robust or is instead, decreased.31,32 Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and laser Doppler imaging (LDI) are two experimental techniques that rely on this principle. Some promising reports regarding burn depth estimation are available using NIR spectroscopy,31–33 and LDI has shown great promise in studies.13–15,19,24–28 In our laboratory, we have studied hyperspectral imaging (HSI) as an alternative method of noninvasive diagnosis of tissue perfusion34,35 OxyVu2 (HyperMed, Greenwich, Conn.) is an FDA-approved, commercially available imager in the visible spectrum HSI (vsHSI), which utilizes wide-field diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. vsHSI has been used by our group to quantify postradiation dermal perfusion changes in an animal model34,35 and is currently being used to predict healing potential of diabetic foot ulcers.36 In this report, we characterize the dermal perfusion and oxygenation profiles of 3 burn depths during the first 3 days post injury: intermediate-dermal (ID), DD, and FT injuries. Second, we assess whether vsHSI could differentiate the burn depth groups based on any of the parameters it quantified: oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb), total hemoglobin (tHb), or oxygen saturation (StO2).
Enhancing Rural Manufacturers Competitiveness Through Design Automation For New Product Development

The competitiveness of third world manufacturing has placed pressure on U.S. manufacturers to create new products to survive. Computer aided solid modeling and rapid prototyping technologies accelerate new product development, but rural manufacturers are often left behind. This paper describes a cooperative venture between a state university and a federal agency to improve the new product development process of selected rural manufacturers by introducing them to leading-edge design automation technologies. Use of these tools allows better cross-functional communication among top management, marketing, designers, engineers, and manufacturing as they proceed through the new product creation process. Participating companies produced new product options, enhanced employment, and increased revenues.
3-Omega Method for Thin Films with the Non-Fourier Boundary Condition

The effect of non-Fourier boundary condition on the 3-omega method for measuring the thermal conductivity of microscale thin films using the hyperbolic heat conduction equation and the Fourier equation is examined. Non-Fourier boundary condition with the Fourier equation leads to 80% error in the temperature oscillations and increases the error to 85% in the case of non-Fourier boundary condition with the hyperbolic heat conduction equation. The solution of the non-Fourier boundary condition with the hyperbolic heat conduction equation gives the most accurate thermal conductivity expression. The analysis also provides a method for determining the relaxation time of thin films.
The Variable Rocker-Arm Mechanism

We present an investigation of a novel variable valve-lift mechanism known as the Variable Rocker-Arm mechanism (VR-Arm, for short). This mechanism has simple construction, low friction due to rolling contact, and provides continuously variable lift. Dynamic analysis of the mechanism using ADAMS shows that frictional losses at the intake camshaft are of the order of 1 Newton-meter for a four-cylinder engine.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Correlation of alkylamine nucleophilicities with their basicities

Abstract The relationship of the nucleophilicity of alkylamines to their basicity is explored with emphasis on steric hindrance to solvation. The equation n = 1.43(−Σ σ ∗ + δE s ) + 6.35, where n is the Swain-Scott nucleophilic value, σ ∗ is the Taft polarity value, and δE s is the Taft steric value, correlates the nucleophilic constants of 17 common alkylamines and ammonia over two powers of 10 with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The equation n − 1.42 δE s = 0.44(p K a + S ) + 0.17, where S is the solvation constant, correlates the nucleophilicities of these amines and ammonia with their p K a values over 3 powers of 10 with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Excessive steric hindrance and nearby functional groups cause deviations from these equations.
Increased aspartate carbamyltransferase activity in compensatory renal growth.

Unilateral nephrectomy leads to the compensatory growth of the remaining kidney and to enhanced activity of biochemical parameters associated with cellular growth. Within hours there is increased uptake of radiolabeled nucleotides and synthesis of RNA and protein with stimulation of DNA synthesis occurring somewhat later (1—7). Induction of certain enzymes involved in DNA synthesis is maximal in 24—48 hr (8). This is a report of renal aspartate carbamyltransferase (ACTase) in the uninephrectomized rat (9). ACTase (EC2.1.3.2) catalyzes the first step unique to pyrimidine biosynthesis, the carbamylation of aspartate by carbamyl phosphate (10). The product, carbamyl aspartate, is a precursor of orotic acid; therefore, of the pyrimidines and ultimately of RNA and DNA. In bacteria the control of ACTase by nucleotides is a classical example of biochemical feedback (11). ACTase is particularly active in plant and animal tissues which are either growing rapidly or undergoing constant renewal, e.g., apical meriste...
Collective effects in physisorbed molecular hydrogen on Ni / Au ( 111 )

We report a system in which the rotational, vibrational, electronic, and structural properties of condensed molecular ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ can be measured with subnanometer precision using scanning tunneling microscopy. ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ physisorbs around $\mathrm{Ni}$ nanoparticles on $\mathrm{Au}(111)$ and displays many nonclassical characteristics, including unique disappearance upon heating that is due to changes in the time-averaged phonon ground state population. This collective phenomenon also gives rise to the appearance of submolecular features and constructive overlap at points where neighboring ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ensembles meet. A model based on the spatial distribution of collective excitations is proposed to explain these properties.
Study on Optimization Analysis of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle System

Integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC) power technology is an advanced dynamic system in which integrates the coal gasification technology and the combined cycle power technology.The paper establishes optimization objective function by using the net efficiency of IGCC system.And optimal theory model of IGCC system is established by researching on mass and energy balance of gasification island system,gas turbine island system and conventional island system.And last,the IGCC system optimization method is proposed.
Strategy and Key Work for Schistosomiasis Control during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” in Hubei

In this paper the basic situation of schistosomiasis control during the twelfth five-year were discribed. Based on the statistical data and investigation report the prevention and control measures in next stage were put forward through the analysis of direction and key work for Schistosomiasis control in hubei
Relative Contributions of Agricultural Drift, Para-Occupational, and Residential Use Exposure Pathways to House Dust Pesticide Concentrations: Meta-Regression of Published Data

Background:Increased pesticide concentrations in house dust in agricultural areas have been attributed to several exposure pathways, including agricultural drift, para-occupational, and residential...
Degenerate band edge electron beam oscillators: Low starting current

We demonstrate a new scheme for microwave vacuum electron-beam-based oscillators based on an electron beam interacting with four degenerate electromagnetic modes in a slow wave structure (SWS), a condition we call super synchronous operation. The four mode super synchronous regime is obtained by the degenerate band edge (DBE) condition in the dispersion diagram of a cold periodic SWS. This regime features a substantially lower starting-oscillation beam current, by orders of magnitude, compared to conventional backward wave oscillators.
Outcomes in patients with over 1-year follow-up after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM)

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a promising therapy in the treatment of achalasia. The study was designed to report outcomes, including quality of life, in patients with at least 1-year follow-up. Patients from an institutional review board-approved protocol underwent POEM and were followed prospectively. Health-related quality of life was measured preoperatively and 1 year post-operatively using Short Form-36 Health Survey version 2 (SF-36v2). Comparisons were made with patients from a prospective database who underwent laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) over the same period. Paired t tests were used to analyze all normally distributed data, while Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyze SF-36 data, as it does not follow a normal distribution. We analyzed 41 consecutive POEM patients with at least 1-year follow-up. Significant improvements in quality of life between baseline and 1 year were found in role limitations due to physical health (81.8 ± 25.8 vs. 65.9 ± 31.6, p = 0.01) and social functioning (83 ± 19.1 vs. 64.6 ± 31.3, p = 0.01). When compared to 24 patients who underwent LHM, there was no difference in average Eckardt scores (0.9 ± 1.6 vs. 1.0 ± 1.3, p > 0.05) or incidence of PPI use (43.5 vs. 47.5 %, p = 0.71). However, when looking at just type III patients, POEM patients had a higher remission rate (100 vs. 62.5 %) and significantly lower post-operative Eckardt scores at 1 year (1.1 vs. 3.1, p < 0.05). The average myotomy length of type III achalasia patients undergoing POEM was 18.6 cm (±6.9) compared to 10.3 cm (±1.0) in LHM patients (p < 0.01), which may have contributed to this difference. POEM provides a significant quality of life benefit at 1 year while having similar relief of dysphagia and post-operative PPI use compared to LHM. Type III achalasia patients may have better outcomes with POEM compared to LHM.
Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy in Pediatric Patients: A Case Series of a Clinically Heterogeneous Disease

Left ventricular noncompaction is a rare form of cardiomyopathy, which results from multiple trabeculations in the left ventricular myocardium. The clinical presentation is highly variable, and spectrum includes asymptomatic patients diagnosed during family screening on one end to patients with depressed systolic function, heart failure, thromboembolic complications, and cardiac arrhythmias on the other (Kim et al in J Am Coll Cardiol 53: 2009, 2009). Further, the progression of the condition is highly variable. Hence, these patients require close follow-up, and management for each patient needs to be individualized and periodically reevaluated. Here, we present a series of five cases that have been followed in our practice and present our experience. A literature review of this rare form of congenital cardiomyopathy is also presented.
Automatic detection of periods of slow wave sleep based on intracranial depth electrode recordings.

Abstract Background An automated process for sleep staging based on intracranial EEG data alone is needed to facilitate research into the neural processes occurring during slow wave sleep (SWS). Current manual methods for sleep scoring require a full polysomnography (PSG) set-up, including electrooculography (EOG), electromyography (EMG), and scalp electroencephalography (EEG). This set-up can be technically difficult to place in the presence of intracranial EEG electrodes. There is thus a need for a method for sleep staging based on intracranial recordings alone. New method Here we show a reliable automated method for the detection of periods of SWS solely based on intracranial EEG recordings. The method utilizes the ratio of spectral power in delta, theta, and spindle frequencies relative to alpha and beta frequencies to classify 30-s segments as SWS or not. Results We evaluated this new method by comparing its performance against visually scored patients (n = 9), in which we also recorded EOG and EMG simultaneously. Our method had a mean positive predictive value of 64% across all nights. Also, an ROC analysis of the performance of our algorithm compared to manually labeled nights revealed a mean average area under the curve of 0.91 across all nights. Comparison with existing method Our method had an average kappa score of 0.72 when compared to visual sleep scoring by an independent blinded sleep scorer. Conclusion This shows that this simple method is capable of differentiating between SWS and non-SWS epochs reliably based solely on intracranial EEG recordings.
Two-photon interference with frequency-bin entangled photons

We present a novel approach to demonstrate coherence between different bins of a frequency-bin entangled photon-pair. The observed interference patterns provide a simple way to verify frequency-bin entanglement using slow single-photon detectors.
3D Co-Culture with Vascular Cells Supports Long-Term Hepatocyte Phenotype and Function In Vitro

Progress in liver tissue engineering depends on the ability to reliably culture hepatocytes in vitro. In this study, we designed an environment that can help support liver-specific functions of primary hepatocytes for long enough periods of time to use them in therapeutic devices and in vitro modeling. This was accomplished by encapsulating hepatocytes with endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes in a cell-adhesive and enzymatically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffold. We used these hydrogels to investigate the long-term effects of 3D co-culture of hepatocytes with non-parenchymal ECs and pericytes in the context of vascular networks. We found that 3D co-culture of hepatocytes with tubule-forming ECs and pericytes leads to the development of robust microvascular tubules with close approximation to hepatocytes, similar to structures found in vivo. Furthermore, hepatocytes help support vasculogenesis and long-term tubule stability. We show that 3D co-culture of hepatocytes with cells in these networks enhances and retains hepatocyte function and phenotype. Hepatocytes in our constructs were able to synthesize 6.3 ± 1.1 pg albumin/hepatocyte/day at day 7 and increased over 3-fold to 22.6 ± 1.5 pg albumin/hepatocyte/day by day 28. Other essential liver functions, like urea secretion and cytochrome P450 activity, were also retained in our constructs for at least 4 weeks. Finally, we found that some of the hepatocytes in these organoids expressed the proliferation marker, Ki-67. These results are promising for the development of new liver disease treatments, organ engineering, and drug-testing models. Hepatocytes are the parenchymal cells of the liver, and they are responsible for performing many essential liver functions. When they are isolated from the body and cultured without the correct biochemical cues, they tend to lose their liver-specific functions and dedifferentiate into fibroblast-like cells. Advancement in tissue engineering liver disease therapies and in vitro drug-testing models depends on the development of hepatocyte culture methods that can maintain hepatocyte phenotype and function. Here, we tailored a polymeric hydrogel in which we can 3D co-culture hepatocytes with stabilizing non-parenchymal cells and achieve organ-level albumin synthesis as well maintenance of urea secretion and cytochrome P450 enzymatic activity for at least a month.
Quantifying prostate cancer morphology in 3D using light sheet microscopy and persistent homology (Conference Presentation)

Prostate cancer comprises the second most common cancer in men. One of the most powerful and established prognostic indicators of adenocarcinoma of the prostate is the Gleason score, a subjective assessment of the pattern of tumor growth and extent of glandular differentiation in H&E stained histology slides. Despite being the most dominant prostate grading method in use, the Gleason score suffers from high variability between grading pathologists, and due to its 2D nature, fails to effectively capture potentially prognostic information contained in 3D glandular growth patterns. We have previously demonstrated that persistent homology, a subset of topological data analysis (TDA), is effective in generating a quantitative morphological descriptor capable of differentiating Gleason grade in 2D. By capturing glands as loops in 2D, and voids in 3D, persistent homology lends itself naturally to the assessment of 3D glandular growth patterns while maintaining a correspondence to their 2D analogue. Dual-view inverted selective plane illumination microscopy (diSPIM) with a fluorescent H&E analogue was leveraged for volumetric imaging of optically-cleared prostate biopsies. The two orthogonal views of the diSPIM system yielded isotropic resolution in all dimensions, facilitating reconstruction of tissue histology in 3D for quantitative morphological assessment by persistent homology. The use of a nuclei specific hematoxylin analog (DRAQ5), in addition to the isotropic resolution of the system, enabled accurate 3D nuclei segmentation, thereby facilitating application of persistent homology to the corresponding nuclei 3D point clouds. Through TDA a quantitative, reproducible descriptor for 3D prostate cancer morphology will be demonstrated.
Imaging platforms for registering and analyzing the skin microrelief structure

Skin imaging is a powerful, noninvasive method used with potential to aid in the computer-assisted diagnosis of numerous dermatological diseases and assess overall skin health. By tracking the evolution of various skin features, we can monitor skin health. One interesting feature is known as the “microrelief,” which are the fine micrometer scale furrows and ridges that appear like irregular geometric patterns on the skin surface. However, it is difficult to accurately observe the microrelief structure and its evolution over time due to the micrometer dimensions of the microrelief and the 3D non-rigid nature of the body. Registration and matching of the same skin region are further complicated by noisy and distorted optical images. We have designed a high resolution, handheld optical system to image the skin microrelief. The device has potential to be used in clinical settings since it is small and lightweight. With proper experimental design, we are able to acquire repeatable images of a selected skin patch to monitor over time. Additionally, we have developed methods for registration of skin patches and analyzing skin feature stability. Using real and synthetic skin images, we demonstrate that we can accurately and robustly register large area skin images and identify skin pattern correspondences. Essentially, through repeatable, high resolution imaging, we can monitor the microrelief structure in select individuals over a period of 1-2 years. This has interesting applications because we can use the microreliefs for health monitoring and as a map for the body since we notice that these features are stable over time in healthy individuals.
CD19-targeted immunotherapies for treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ubiquitous expression of CD19 on B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma identified it as a potential target for immune-based therapies.Areas covered: This article reviews the current literature on anti-CD19 therapies currently in clinical trials including monoclonal antibodies (mAb), antibody targeted cytotoxic drug conjugates (ADC), bispecific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells.Expert opinion: Naked anti-CD19 mAbs have shown little clinical benefit in B cell lymphomas. Despite unusual toxicity profiles with many anti-CD19 ADCs slowing development, durable remissions in a substantial minority of patients with refractory aggressive lymphomas should encourage continued efforts in this area. Blinatumomab, an anti-CD19 bispecific T cell engager, has shown impressive responses in relapse/refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but is plagued by neurotoxicity issues and the need for continuous infusion. CD19 targeting CAR-T cell therapies are the most promising...
A Large-Scale Sampling Study of the Central Limit Effect

For each of the values N = 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, ten thousand samples of N observations were drawn from a long-tailed, roughly L-shaped population and their standardized means were calculated. Both frequency and cumulative frequency ..
Part II: From the Saar to the Moselle—From Spicheren to Mars-la-Tour

Part II covers the march from the Saar River, around to the south of Metz, and up to the battlefield at Vionville. Grumbling and fear in the ranks increase as the men drag themselves over primitive roads and paths. Some throw away their cartridges to lighten the load; the captain threatens to tie them to trees. They scrounge for food from the hoarding and hostile peasants, who pollute the wells with dung and hide their stores of food. Ruckert billets with a peasant who tries to kill him with an axe. Rumors of both great victories and terrible defeats sweep through the lines of exhausted men. As a major battle wages a few miles to the northwest, they cross the Moselle River south of Metz and head up the hill through the woods. In the darkness they encounter their first dead soldiers. The battle is over when they reach the plateau.
Invited Review: Dairy extension programs in the southern region: Finding novel ways to meet the needs of our producers

ABSTRACT The dairy industry in the Southeast continues to change, resulting in fewer, but larger, more intensely managed herds. Today most producers employ consultants in different areas such as reproduction, herd health, business, facilities design, and crop production to help management and improve productivity and profitability. Also, agribusinesses that serve the dairy industry provide technical support to large producers as they compete with other companies to maintain or gain market share. Most universities have undergone budget cuts necessitating changes in how dairy extension programs within each state are operated. Today most university dairy extension specialists have split appointments with research or teaching responsibilities or both, which limits their time for traditional farm visits or county meetings. Specialists must continually work to identify county agent, producer, and allied industry needs that are not being met and develop relevant programs and resources. Although traditional activities such as conferences, field days, and youth activities are still viable in many areas, specialists must continue to look for new ways to communicate information to producers who are becoming more technologically savvy. In addition to publishing information in newsletters, popular press publications are constantly looking for timely information. The use of blogs and up-to-date websites to provide information has increased, but these must be easy to access and use so producers are comfortable using them. Decision tools for evaluating different technologies, management practices, and so on are needed as producers work to maintain profitability during periods of low milk prices. Basic training materials and videos for producers to train new or existing employees are a viable tool. Although not a part of most traditional dairy extension programs, it is essential to collaborate with industry and dairy organizations to provide basic information for consumers who have questions about milk production. These activities should be coordinated among the various universities to take advantage of specialist expertise and avoid duplication of effort. As the industry continues to change, dairy extension programing must evolve to meet the needs within the industry as well as those of the consumer.
Learning About Forest Futures Under Climate Change Through Transdisciplinary Collaboration Across Traditional and Western Knowledge Systems

We provide an overview of a transdisciplinary project about sustainable forest management under climate change. Our project is a partnership with members of the Menominee Nation, a Tribal Nation located in northern Wisconsin, United States. We use immersive virtual experiences, translated from ecosystem model outcomes, to elicit human values about future forest conditions under alternative scenarios. Our project combines expertise across the sciences and humanities as well as across cultures and knowledge systems. Our management structure, governance, and leadership behaviors have both fostered and constrained our work and must be continuously responsive to changing group dynamics. Our project presents opportunities for substantial contributions to society, including insights and knowledge about complementary ways of knowing, skills training, and professional development, and opportunities for reflexive learning about effective transdisciplinary, translational, and transformative scientific processes.
A Preliminary Analysis of Relationships Between a 1RM Hexagonal Bar Load and Peak Power with the Tactical Task of a Body Drag

A critical job task for law enforcement officers that should be influenced by strength is the body drag. This study analyzed relationships between absolute and relative strength measured by a one-repetition maximum hexagonal bar deadlift (1RM HBD), with body drags completed with 74.84 kg and 90.72 kg dummies. Twenty recreationally-trained individuals completed the 1RM HBD in one session, with peak power measured via a linear position transducer. Over two subsequent sessions, participants dragged the 74.84 kg and 90.72 kg dummies with two techniques. The first technique followed Californian standards, where participants wrapped their arms around the dummy and lifted it to standing before timing commenced. In the adapted technique, timing included the initial manipulation of the dummy. Participants dragged the dummy as quickly as possible over a 9.75 m distance. Partial correlations and linear regression (controlling for sex; p < 0.05) analyzed relationships between the HBD and body drags. The standard 74.84 kg body drag correlated with every HBD variable (r = -0.477 to -0.666), and was predicted by the absolute 1RM HBD (r2 = 0.467). The adapted 74.84 kg drag correlated with all HBD variables (r = -0.535 to - 0.754), and was predicted by peak power and the 1RM HBD (r2 = 0.758). Both 90.72 kg drags correlated with absolute and relative 1RM HBD (r = -0.517 to -0.670). Strength related to all body drags; peak power may be more important for drags with lighter loads. Strength training should be a focus in law enforcement to enhance drag performance.
Tracking US Social Change Over a Half-Century: The General Social Survey at Fifty

In the five decades since its inception in 1971, the General Social Survey (GSS) project has prospectively recorded the current characteristics, backgrounds, behaviors, and attitudes of representat...
The Economics and Politics of European Integration

The Economics and Politics of European Integration offers a comprehensive history of European integration, from the conceptualization of a United States of Europe, to the present day. The special role of the United States in this process of integration, and the expansion and evolution of the European Union, is critically analyzed. The book also thoroughly discusses the current view of the EU and the complex crises emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic. While the book focuses primarily on Europe, the role of other countries is also examined. The rise of hostile enemies from Turkey, Russia, the US and China is explored, and the history and outcome of Brexit also receives unique focus. Maps are used throughout to clearly depict the enlargement process. This illuminating text will be valuable reading for students and researchers across international economics, economic history, political economy and European studies.
Biomaterials and 3D Bioprinting Strategies to Model Glioblastoma and the Blood–Brain Barrier

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and lethal adult primary central nervous system cancer. An immunosuppresive and highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment, restricted delivery of chemotherapy or immunotherapy through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), together with the brain's unique biochemical and anatomical features result in its universal recurrence and poor prognosis. As conventional models fail to predict therapeutic efficacy in GBM, in vitro 3D models of GBM and BBB leveraging patient- or healthy-individual-derived cells and biomaterials through 3D bioprinting technologies potentially mimic essential physiological and pathological features of GBM and BBB. 3D-bioprinted constructs enable investigation of cellular and cell-extracellular matrix interactions in a species-matched, high-throughput, and reproducible manner, serving as screening or drug delivery platforms. Here, an overview of current 3D-bioprinted GBM and BBB models is provided, elaborating on the microenvironmental compositions of GBM and BBB, relevant biomaterials to mimic the native tissues, and bioprinting strategies to implement the model fabrication. Collectively, 3D-bioprinted GBM and BBB models are promising systems and biomimetic alternatives to traditional models for more reliable mechanistic studies and preclinical drug screenings that may eventually accelerate the drug development process for GBM.