cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cannabinoid signaling promotes the reprogramming of Muller glia into proliferating progenitor cells

Abstract Endocannabinoids (eCB) are lipid-based neurotransmitters that are known to influence synaptic function in the visual system. eCBs are also known to suppress neuroinflammation in different pathological states. However, nothing is known about the roles of the eCB system during reprogramming of Muller glia (MG) into proliferating progenitor-like cells in the retina. Accordingly, we used the chick and mouse model to characterize expression patterns of eCB-related genes and applied pharmacological agents to examine how the eCB system impacts glial reactivity and the capacity of MG to become Muller glia-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). We probed single cell RNA-seq libraries to identify eCB-related genes and identify cells with dynamic patterns of expression in damaged retinas. MG and inner retinal neurons expressed the eCB receptor CNR1, as well as enzymes involved in eCB metabolism. In the chick, intraocular injections of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and Anandamide (AEA) potentiated the formation of MGPCs. Consistent with these findings, CNR1-agonists and MGLL-inhibitor promoted reprogramming, whereas CNR1-antagonist and inhibitors of eCB synthesis suppressed reprogramming. Surprisingly, retinal microglia were largely unaffected by increases or decreases in eCB signaling in both chick and mouse models. However, eCB-signaling suppressed the activation of NFkB-reporter in MG in damaged mouse retinas. We conclude that the eCB system in the retina influences the reactivity of MG and is important for regulating glial reactivity and the reprogramming of MG into proliferating MGPCs, but not for regulating the reactivity of immune cells in the retina. Main Points Muller glia express CNR1 receptor and endocannabinoid synthesis genes. Endocannabinoids after retinal damage promote the formation of Muller glia derived progenitor cells in chick. Endocannabinoids reduce NFkB activity in mouse Muller glia.
Examining the normative and persuasive effects of televised U.S. Senate debates

Televised political debates are largely studied at the presidential level, and there is a paucity of research on debate effects for nonpresidential campaigns. This study explored televised debate e...
ChipAdvisor: A Machine Learning Approach for Mapping Applications to Heterogeneous Systems

While hardware accelerators provide significant performance and energy improvements over general-purpose processors, their limited reusability incurs high design costs. It is thus impractical to have a unique accelerator for each application. Hence, it is critical to develop solutions that can leverage the accelerators available to the best of their capabilities for a wide range of applications. In this paper, we note the common computation, data access, and communication patterns of applications, and based on these patterns, we identify significant intrinsic properties across applications. We then correlate these properties with the unique microarchitectural properties of the compute platforms available and develop a framework, ChipAdvisor, to predict the platform that provides the best performance and energy efficiency for an application. We evaluate ChipAdvisor for applications from several domains, targeting CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs as example compute platforms. ChipAdvisor achieves an accuracy of up to 98% in predicting the best performing platform, and 94% in predicting the most energy-efficient one, compared to an oracle analysis, that is, one which always selects the best platform for all applications.
Influenza vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illnesses, United States 2019-2020.

Abstract Introduction Understanding patient factors associated with not being vaccinated is essential for successful implementation of influenza vaccination programs. Methods We enrolled adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness at 10 United States (US) hospitals during the 2019–2020 influenza season. We interviewed patients to collect data about influenza vaccination, sociodemographic characteristics, and vaccine perceptions. Results Among 679 participants, 264 (38.9%) reported not receiving influenza vaccination. Among those not vaccinated, 135 (51.1%) reported choosing not to receive a vaccine because of perceived ineffectiveness (36.7%) or risk (14.4%) of influenza vaccination. Sociodemographic factors associated with not being vaccinated included no medical insurance (aOR = 6.42; 95% CI: 2.52–16.38) and being non-White or Hispanic (aOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.02–2.32). Conclusions Optimizing uptake of influenza vaccination in the US may be improved by educational programs regarding vaccine safety and effectiveness and enhancing vaccine access, particularly among non-White and Hispanic Americans and those without medical insurance.
“Add up all my Black”: understanding race and genetic ancestry through critical interpersonal and family communication

Critical interpersonal and family communication (CIFC) contributes a context and lens for analyzing the intersections of race, communication, and genetic ancestry tests (GATs). This essay presents ...
Algorithmic Auditing and Social Justice: Lessons from the History of Audit Studies

“Algorithmic audits” have been embraced as tools to investigate the functioning and consequences of sociotechnical systems. Though the term is used somewhat loosely in the algorithmic context and encompasses a variety of methods, it maintains a close connection to audit studies in the social sciences—which have, for decades, used experimental methods to measure the prevalence of discrimination across domains like housing and employment. In the social sciences, audit studies originated in a strong tradition of social justice and participatory action, often involving collaboration between researchers and communities; but scholars have argued that, over time, social science audits have become somewhat distanced from these original goals and priorities. We draw from this history in order to highlight difficult tensions that have shaped the development of social science audits, and to assess their implications in the context of algorithmic auditing. In doing so, we put forth considerations to assist in the development of robust and engaged assessments of sociotechnical systems that draw from auditing’s roots in racial equity and social justice.
Coastal Zone Management and Excluded Federal Lands: The Viability of Continued Federalism in the Management of Federal Coastlands

Coastal states were designated as the key to exercise authority over and protect the resources of the coastal zones in the 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), which authorized Federal funding to support the states' management programs. The impacts of this Act and the implications of the exclusionary clause covering Federal lands are examined, and it is concluded that states have enough avenues for exercising control over the excluded lands to discount their protests and litigation. The coastal states must demonstrate that they are committed to national goals by cooperating in coastal zone management and exercising their authority responsibly for the concept of Federalism to work.
Overview of controls for chlorofluorocarbons

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various control options with several advantages and disadvantages for the major industries that use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. To implement the Montreal Protocol in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a national regulation to limit the production of these substances by the allocation of production quotas to the firms engaged in this activity. Two general approaches for achieving the protocol's required reductions of controlled substances are examined. One approach relies on market incentives to achieve low cost reductions in the use of CFCs and halons. The second general approach is to use the traditional engineering controls and product or chemical bans. EPA decided to implement the Montreal Protocol using a system of allocated quotas. Exports and imports of the restricted chemicals will be allowed consistent with restrictions contained in the Montreal Protocol. EPA is also considering the development of specific regulations limiting CFC and halon use for particular industries to supplement allocated quotas.
Metaphor and Mise en abyme in the Nouveau Roman

Few things have been taken for granted, in the last two decades, more readily than the link between structuralism and the nouveau roman. To a large extent, this could be explained by the simple fact that in its broad definitions and in the often confused or abusive interpretations of its claims, structuralism was long thought of as being closely tied to practically every kind of avant-garde activity. The 1960s and the 1970s were clearly periods of preoccupation with a radical reorientation of criticism and literary consciousness, reflecting the sensitivities and aspirations of the post-Proustian, post-Existentialist era. But even in its more specialized and thus more relevant versions, structuralism retains an unquestionable degree of attractiveness for students of literary culture, since it asserts itself basically as a "mode of analysis which originates in the methods of contemporary linguistics." In turn, the experimental practices involved in the quest of the nouveau roman, as seen by most of its exegetes, are concerned with the novel as process and with the dialectics of form and signification. Indeed, the assertion that its formalist quest is promoted through subversion of the mimetic/representational functions of the narrative is by now rather commonplace in critical literature dealing with the subject. Disintegration of plot and character, reflexivity, play of recurrences, aleatory associations and "bricolages," have all been indentified as strategies of more or less coordinated attempts of subversion. To what extent are the practices of the nouveau roman consistent with the notion of literature as system in which, as in the Saussurian conception of language, everything is held together—tout se tient—and constitutive parts of a whole are "meaningful" by the networks of their interrelations but never in isolation and certainly never by reference to an order, or reality, extraneous to the system? If the decisive criterion for the structuralist outlook is the direct link with linguistics, how can it be reconciled with the later phases of the nouveau roman in which its formalism betrays rather a desire to escape from Western logocentrism and its metaphysics?
A component-oriented substitution model

One of Software Engineering's main goals is to build complex applications in a simple way. For that, software components must be described by its functional and non-functional properties. Then, the problem is to know which component satisfies a specific need in a specific composition context, during software conception or maintenance. We state that this is a substitution problem in any of the two cases. From this statement, we propose a need-aware substitution model that takes into account functional and non-functional properties.
The structural basis for pyocin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharides.

Abstract Pyocin resistance in a strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been found to be associated with structural differences in the oligosaccharide moieties of the gonococcal outer membrane lipooligosaccharides (LOS). N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291 had been treated with several pyocins, usually lethal bacteriocins produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a series of surviving mutants were selected. The LOS of these pyocin-resistant mutants had altered electrophoretic mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (Dudas, K. C., and Apicella, M. A. (1988) Infect. Immun. 56, 499-504). Structural analyses of the oligosaccharide portions of the wild-type (1291 wt) and five pyocin-resistant strains (1291a-e) by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and methylation analysis revealed that four of the mutant strains make oligosaccharides that differ from the wild-type LOS by successive saccharide deletions (1291a,c-e) and, in the oligosaccharide of 1291b, by the addition of a terminal Gal to the 1291c structure. The composition, sequence, and linkages of the terminal tetrasaccharide of the wild-type LOS are the same as the lacto-N-neotetraose terminus of the human paragloboside (Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4Glc-ceramide), and both glycolipids bound the same monoclonal antibodies O6B4/3F11 that recognize this terminal epitope. None of the pyocin-resistant mutants bound this antibody. The 1291b LOS bound a monoclonal antibody that is specific for Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta 1----4Glc-ceramide (Pk glycosphingolipid) and shared a common composition, sequence, and linkages with this latter glycosphingolipid. Organisms that bound the anti-Pk monoclone occurred at the rate of approximately 1/750 among the wild-type parent strain. This structural information supports the conclusion that treatment with pyocin selects for mutants with truncated LOS structures and suggests that the oligosaccharides contained in the LOS of the wild-type strain and 1291b mimic those of human glycosphingolipids.
Throughput optimization for cognitive radio under random access ALOHA networks

The cognitive radios (CR) utilize the spectrum resource without interfering the primary users (PU). Spectrum sensing, by which CR users detects the radio environment, is a critical technique in cognitive radios. Various collaborative spectrum sensing schemes are proposed to either improve sensing sensitivity or to reduce the sensing duration. However, most of the previous studies have not investigated the impact of sensing on the network level. Therefore, in this paper we investigate network level performance under ALOHA protocol while using autonomous sensing scheme where independent transmissions of CR users are allowed. We show that the optimal system level access throughput can be achieved by solving an optimization problem in terms of parameters configured for spectrum sensing and we also give the range of optimized throughput and the bound of optimal parameter value.
Production and Characterization of a Polymer from Arthrobacter sp

An Arthrobacter sp. isolated from a glucose-sucrose agar plate was found to produce a neutral, extremely viscous, opalescent extracellular polymer. Growth, polymer production, and rheological properties and chemical composition of the isolated polymer were examined. The polymer was found to be substantially different from other arthrobacter polymers. Some unusual properties included irreversible loss of viscosity with high temperature and degradation of the polymer during fermentation and upon storage at 4 degrees C. Other characteristics included dependence on sucrose for polymer production, relative pH stability, increased viscosity with increased salt concentration, and pseudoplasticity. The polymer was found to be composed primarily (if not entirely) of d-fructose. The fructose content and other characteristics suggested that the polymer was a levan.
Appendix: A Brief Tutorial on Using PSPICE

This appendix contains sections titled: Creating the Spice or PSPICE Program Circuit Description Execution Statements Output Statements Examples The Subcircuit Model References
Plant viral intergenic DNA sequence repeats with transcription enhancing activity

The geminivirus and nanovirus families of DNA plant viruses have proved to be a fertile source of viral genomic sequences, clearly demonstrated by the large number of sequence entries within public DNA sequence databases. Due to considerable conservation in genome organization, these viruses contain easily identifiable intergenic regions that have been found to contain multiple DNA sequence elements important to viral replication and gene regulation. As a first step in a broad screen of geminivirus and nanovirus intergenic sequences for DNA segments important in controlling viral gene expression, we have 'mined' a large set of viral intergenic regions for transcriptional enhancers. Viral sequences that are found to act as enhancers of transcription in plants are likely to contribute to viral gene activity during infection. DNA sequences from the intergenic regions of 29 geminiviruses or nanoviruses were scanned for repeated sequence elements to be tested for transcription enhancing activity. 105 elements were identified and placed immediately upstream from a minimal plant-functional promoter fused to an intron-containing luciferase reporter gene. Transient luciferase activity was measured within Agrobacteria-infused Nicotiana tobacum leaf tissue. Of the 105 elements tested, 14 were found to reproducibly elevate reporter gene activity (>25% increase over that from the minimal promoter-reporter construct, p < 0.05), while 91 elements failed to increase luciferase activity. A previously described "conserved late element" (CLE) was identified within tested repeats from 5 different viral species was found to have intrinsic enhancer activity in the absence of viral gene products. The remaining 9 active elements have not been previously demonstrated to act as functional promoter components. Biological significance for the active DNA elements identified is supported by repeated isolation of a previously defined viral element (CLE), and the finding that two of three viral enhancer elements examined were markedly enriched within both geminivirus sequences and within Arabidopsis promoter regions. These data provide a useful starting point for virologists interested in undertaking more detailed analysis of geminiviral promoter function.
The Influence of Explicitly and Implicitly Measured Prejudice on Interpretations of and Reactions to Black Film

The present research focused on how explicitly and implicitly measured attitudes toward Blacks influenced interpretations of film and how film, in turn, influenced explicitly and implicitly measured attitudes toward Blacks. In Study 1, explicit and implicit attitudes toward Blacks were measured online, and participants later watched the film Remember the Titans and made judgments about the film. Explicitly measured attitudes influenced participants' global reactions to the film and interpretations of events within the film. In Study 2, participants completed explicit and implicit measures in the lab and, one week later, watched either the film Rosewood or a control film, made judgments about the film, and completed explicit and implicit measures for a second time. Implicitly measured attitudes influenced interpretation of some specific judgments about the film. Additionally, participants who viewed Rosewood showed less implicitly measured prejudice, more pro-Black attitudes, and less explicitly measured p...
Decoupled and Single Loop Methods for Reliability-Based Optimization and Robust Design

Several procedures have been developed in the literature for reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), including the Reliability Index Approach (RIA), the Performance Measure Approach (PMA), and more recent techniques wherein the reliability and optimization calculations are decoupled. This paper extends the decoupled approach to include standard deviations as design parameters and wherein simulation or other methods can replace the traditional first order analytical method for reliability assessment. The methods are extended to robust design and their applicability is investigated. The paper also investigates a single loop method and extends it for the robust design problem. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the various RBDO methods are compared.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Y-chromosome evolution: emerging insights into processes of Y-chromosome degeneration

The human Y chromosome is intriguing not only because it harbours the master-switch gene that determines gender but also because of its unusual evolutionary history. The Y chromosome evolved from an autosome, and its evolution has been characterized by massive gene decay. Recent whole-genome and transcriptome analyses of Y chromosomes in humans and other primates, in Drosophila species and in plants have shed light on the current gene content of the Y chromosome, its origins and its long-term fate. Furthermore, comparative analysis of young and old Y chromosomes has given further insights into the evolutionary and molecular forces triggering Y-chromosome degeneration and into the evolutionary destiny of the Y chromosome.
Growth Hormone Does Not Impair Carbohydrate Tolerance in Patients with Turner Syndrome † 471

Growth Hormone Does Not Impair Carbohydrate Tolerance in Patients with Turner Syndrome † 471
Newly recognized mandible of Ramapithecus.

A “new” mandible of Ramapithecus punjabicus from the Siwalik deposits of West Pakistan has been discovered in the fossil primate collections in the British Museum (Natural History). R. punjabicus is the earliest hominoid which can plausibly be considered a hominid, and is of late Miocene/early Pliocene age1,2. This find is important because it provides new information on the dental, mandibular and symphyseal morphology of this interesting Tertiary primate.
HPV-Related Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx: Utility of Microscopic Features in Predicting Patient Outcome

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an etiologic agent in a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). The aim of this study was to sub-classify SCC of the oropharynx based upon histologic features into nonkeratinizing (NK) SCC, keratinizing (K) SCC, and hybrid SCC, and determine the frequency of HPV and patient survival in each group. Patients with oropharyngeal SCC with a minimum of 2 years of clinical follow-up were identified from radiation oncology databases from 1997 to 2004. All patients received either up front surgery with postoperative radiation or definitive radiation based therapy. In situ hybridization (ISH) for high-risk HPV subtypes and immunohistochemistry for p16, a protein frequently up-regulated in HPV-associated carcinomas, were performed. Overall and disease-specific survival were assessed. Of 118 cases, 46.6% were NK SCC, 24.6% K SCC and 28.8% hybrid SCC. NK SCC occurred in slightly younger patients that were more often male. It more frequently presented with lymph node metastases and was surgically resected compared to K SCC. NK SCC was significantly more likely to be HPV and p16 positive than KSCC (P < 0.001) and to have better overall and disease-specific survival (P = 0.0002; P = 0.0142, respectively). Hybrid SCC was also more likely than K SCC to be HPV and p16 positive (P = 0.003; P = 0.002, respectively) and to have better overall survival (P = 0.0105). Sub-classification of oropharyngeal SCC by histologic type provides useful clinical information. NK SCC histology strongly predicts HPV-association and better patient survival compared to K SCC. Hybrid SCC appears to have an intermediate frequency of HPV-association and patient survival.
Spatial distribution of lepidocrocite in a soil hydrosequence

Three terrace soils comprising a hydrosequence were examined to determine how the spatial distribution of lepidocrocite was related to depth and duration of saturation. Vertical relief was 1.0 m with well drained, moderately well drained, and somewhat poorly drained pedons spaced ~60 m apart. All soils contained brittle, slowly-permeable subsoil horizons and were acidic with 90% of the time. Lepidocrocite occurred throughout this pedon but was most concentrated in fragipan horizons (86–135 cm) between the perched and regional zones of saturation. These horizons were saturated from 22 to 48% of the observation period. The results of this study suggest that lepidocrocite formation was favoured in horizons that were saturated for 5–50% of the time when soil temperatures exceeded 5°C.
Testing CP violation in ZZH interactions at the LHC

Abstract We study genuine CP-odd observables at the LHC to test the CP property of the ZZH interaction for a Higgs boson with mass below the threshold to a pair of gauge bosons via the process p p → Z H → l + l − b b ¯ . We illustrate the analysis by including a CP-odd ZZH coupling, and show how to extract the CP asymmetries in the signal events. After selective kinematical cuts to suppress the SM backgrounds plus an optimal log-likelihood analysis, we find that, with a CP violating coupling b ˜ ≃ 0.25 , a CP asymmetry may be established at a 3σ (5σ) level with an integrated luminosity of about 30 (50) fb−1 at the LHC.
Effect of ritonavir and atazanavir on human subcutaneous preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation.

Abstract Protease inhibitors (PIs) have been implicated in the development of HIV-associated lipodystrophy through a reduction in the differentiation of preadipocytes. While atazanavir (ATV) is associated with fewer clinical metabolic abnormalities in the short-term, the effects of long-term exposure are not known. ATV effects on preadipocyte replication or differentiation would indicate the potential for long-term problems. This study compared ritonavir (RTV) and ATV effects on preadipocyte replication and differentiation in human primary cultures. Preadipocytes from subcutaneous fat were studied in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of RTV and ATV for replication, differentiation, and adipokine secretion. The effects of the drugs on the expression of PPARγ and related genes during differentiation were also assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. RTV induced a significant inhibition of preadipocyte proliferation, differentiation and adiponectin secretion. ATV at concentrations within the range of therapeutic levels did not affect differentiation or adiponectin secretion, but did have inhibitory effects on preadipocyte proliferation. Inhibition of differentiation by PIs was associated with decreased expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and aP2 genes. In summary, although ATV at therapeutic levels has a smaller impact on adipogenesis, alterations in preadipocyte proliferation suggest the potential for adverse effects with long-term use.
Omissions and ambiguities in CCITT Recommendation Q.921

The data link layer protocol for the integrated services digital network (ISDN) user/network interface, known as link access protocol-D (LAPD), is a protocol that operates at layer 2 of the open systems interconnection (OSI) architecture. Its purpose is to safely convey information between layer 3 entities using the D-channel. The information types that LAPD is intended to transport include call control signaling, packet mode communications, and management information. Observations are made in this article about what are, in the authors' opinion, the most confusing points of CCITT Recommendation Q.921 with comments related to data link layer address field, broadcast connections, terminal endpoint identifier (TEI) management procedures, layer 2 frames exchange, and connection management entity response to MDL-error indication primitives. This article intends solely to clarify the recommendations so that their concepts and procedures become easier to understand and implement, which can lead to significant saving of time for those who must eventually use LAPD procedures or develop the software for handling them. >
Localization of virtual objects in the near visual field.

We examined errors in the localization of nearby virtual objects presented via see-through helmet-mounted displays as a function of viewing conditions and scene content in four experiments using a total of 38 participants. Monocular, biocular, and stereoscopic presentation of the virtual objects, accommodation (required focus), participants' age, and the position of physical surfaces were examined. Nearby physical surfaces were found to introduce localization errors that differ depending on the other experimental factors. These errors apparently arise from the occlusion of the physical background by the optically superimposed virtual objects, but they are modified by participants' accommodative competence and specific viewing conditions. The apparent physical size and transparency of the virtual objects and physical surfaces, respectively, are influenced by their relative position when superimposed. The design implications of the findings are discussed in a concluding section. Head-mounted displays of virtual objects are currently being evaluated as aids for mechanical assembly and equipment maintenance. Other applications include telesurgery, surgical planning, telerobotics, and visualization aids for robotic programming. Language: en
Growth of deformation bands into echelon and ladder geometries

[1] We investigate the growth of cataclastic deformation bands in porous sandstone into Riedel, ladder, and “radiator rock” arrays. New field observations and mechanical modeling of DB growth using the distortional strain energy density criterion demonstrate that the physical control of these geometries is a contractional (mode-II) stepover between two echelon bands. Propagation of bands under pre-peak conditions, before Coulomb frictional sliding (faulting) begins, is not impeded by the echelon stepover geometry (as it is for brittle fractures under peak stress); continued in-plane growth of echelon bands creates ladders from stepovers. Successive addition of stepovers/ladders along their shearing direction produces Riedel geometries, whereas addition normal to strike produces radiator rock (the damage zone) as a consequence of strain hardening of bands and linked stepovers. The new framework has implications for fluid flow in groundwater aquifers, hydrothermal and precious metals systems, and petroleum fields.
Comment on Chiles et al.

Research continues to increasingly demonstrate a medical cost offset whereby psychological interventions reduce medical care utilization and physical health care costs. Third-party payers in health care, however, remain skeptical that additional costs for psychological services will eventually result in overall cost savings for them. This commentary identifies some of the obstacles in the current health care system that prevent a medical cost offset from being realized and describes remedies to those obstacles.
Myeloid Hyperplasia Brought about in Mice by the Growth of Dibenzanthracene Tumors and its Relation to the Transplantability of the Tumors into Mice of Alien Strains

In 1936 Lewis and Lichtenstein found that the resistance of pure inbred mice of one strain to the transplantation of tumors induced by means of 1:2:5:6-dibenzanthracene in mice of another strain could be broken down by repeated inoculations with tumors from the alien strain mice. As a result of these investigations, tumors from strain A mice were grown in mice of the BA strain, tumors from strain BA mice in those of the C3H strain, and tumors from strain C3H in mice of the BA strain. A total of 101 tumors from one strain of mice were grown in repeatedly inoculated mice of another pure inbred strain, and five of these experimental tumors (PHS 20, C3H 11, BA 6, C3H 4 and C3H 25) were thereafter carried by serial passage through a number of generations in normal mice of more than one strain. Although 54 tumors developed in 19 of the 24 BA strain mice treated with tumors from A strain mice, and 32 tumors appeared in 13 of the 20 C3H mice treated with BA tumors, in some series of BA mice repeatedly grafted with tumors from mice of the C3H strain not a single tumor was produced. Out of a total of 44 BA mice grafted with tumors from the C3H strain, only 11 showed tumors, and the total number of tumors was only 16. Investigations were therefore undertaken to determine, if possible, the reason for this variance in results. Stained sections of the primary tumors (80 in number) failed to reveal any histologic features peculiar to the tumors that developed in treated mice of alien strains. On the other hand, observations made on the growth of the tumor and on the behavior of the host animals disclosed certain differences in biological characteristics of the tumors. The growth or non-growth of tumors in the different series of experimentation could not be attributed to the greater viability of some of the implants or to the so-called cycle of tumor activity, since every one of the implants of these tumors inoculated into normal mice of the same strain grew progressively, and every implant (except some of those of tumor C3H 11) inoculated into normal mice of a different strain grew to some extent and then regressed. The amount of growth was characteristic for the given tumor and graded from the small growth of some of the C3H strain tumors (Nos. 8, 12, 13, 14), through considerable growth of some of the A strain (PHS 9, 14 and 20) and BA strain (Nos. 1, 22, 30, 35 and 54), to culminate in the rapid growth of tumor C3H 11, which in a number of instances failed to regress.
William Faulkner: American Writer : A Biography

This profile of one of America's most fascinating and complex literary figures, assesses his impact on 20th century society and culture. The author examines the cultural forces which played upon him - his Southern heritage, his family, his marriage, his drinking, his relations with women - and the many self-perpetuating myths which surrounded him. The author has also written "Joseph Conrad: the Three Lives".
R-curve and subcritical crack growth behavior at elevated temperatures in coarse grain alumina

Abstract The effect of temperature and subcritical crack growth on the R-curve of a 99.5% purity coarse grained alumina was studied using chevron-notched, short-bar specimens. Constant loading rate tests were used to measure toughness as a function of crack length and static load tests were used to measure subcritical crack growth as a function of time. It was found that the intrinsic toughness decreased monotonically from 20 to 1200°C while the bridging contribution to the R-curve remained relatively constant over this temperature range. The constant load tests at 700, 1000 and 1200°C showed that substantial subcritical crack growth occurs under static loading. Using the subcritical crack growth parameters derived from these static load tests, the effect of loading rate on R-curve measurement was predicted and compared to experiment. The predicted decrease in the magnitude of the R-curve with a decrease in over five orders of magnitude in loading rate was relatively small compared to experimental scatter.
The pressure dependence of the rate constant of the reaction of OD radicals with CO

Abstract A kinetic study of the reaction OD + CO + M at 298 K, with M = He, N 2 , CF 4 or SF 6 in the pressure range 20–650 Torr is presented. OD radicals were generated by flash-photolysis of D 2 O in the vacuum UV, and monitored by time-resolved resonance absorption. The second-order rate constant was found to depend on the pressure and nature of M. A mechanism that is consistent with the pressure effect is discussed.
Force Titrations and Ionization State Sensitive Imaging of Functional Groups in Aqueous Solutions by Chemical Force Microscopy

Chemical force microscopy (CFM) was used to probe interactions between ionizable and neutral functional groups in aqueous solutions. Force microscope probe tips and sample substrates have been cova...
Channeling in Diamond-Type and Zinc-Blende Lattices: Comparative Effects in Channeling of Protons and Deuterons in Ge, GaAs, and Si

The energy losses of ions channeled through GaAs, Ge, and Si were compared. The average number of electrons per atom participating in the stopping of channeled particles is about the same for elemental Ge and partially ionic GaAs. The number of electrons per atom participating in the stopping of channeled hydrogen ions is less for Si than for Ge or GaAs. Axial and planar channeling are discussed. The energy losses of axial channeling appear to be characterized by the energy losses of the plane having the largest interplanar spacing in the axial intersection. A much larger fraction of the incident beam undergoes channeling when the beam is incident along an axial intersection than when the beam is along a plane of the intersection. Comparison of energy losses of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ shows that the mass dependencies of the minimum energy losses in channeling can be correlated simply with a velocity-dependent function. Velocity is, therefore, the important parameter in the slowing down of channeled ions within a given host lattice. The analyses of the data give evidence that an equation of the same form as the Bethe equation accounts for the minimum energy losses of channeled particles.
A Study of the Thermal Diffusion Equation with Boundary Conditions corresponding to Solidification or Melting of Materials Initially at the Fusion Temperature

Solutions are presented for determining the position of the solid-liquid interface and the temperature-time history of the surface of solidifying or melting materials initially at the fusion temperature. These solutions include treatment of the cylinder, the sphere and the semi-infinite solid. Solutions were obtained by analytical methods and by means of an electrical analogy to the thermal system. The application of the electrical analogy to the solution of problems in solidification is described.
In Search of New Ideas for Global Health

How can we capture transformative innovation in order to address problems in global health? Dr. Tadataka Yamada discusses a new initiative by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Multi-phase superlattices and phase transitions in graphite intercalation compounds with Rb, Cs, K, Li

Abstract Recent electron diffraction and real space imaging experiments for alkali metal donor compounds are discussed and are shown to yield strong evidence for the coexistence of multiple phases for the in-plane intercalate structure. Island formation indicates the presence of coexisting multiphases. X-ray fluorescence and dark-field imaging measurements using the scanning transmission electron microscope indicate that the dark islands have a higher alkali metal concentration than the lighter background and that the superlattice diffraction pattern is associated with the islands.
Structural polymorphism of bacterial adhesion pili

Bacterial adhesion pili are designed to bind specifically and maintain attachment of bacteria to target cells. Uropathogenic P-pili are sufficiently mechanically resilient to resist the cleansing action of urine flow that removes most other bacteria. P-pili are 68 A in diameter and approximately 1 micron long, and are composed of approximately 1,000 copies of the principal structural protein, PapA. They are attached to the outer membrane by a minor structural protein, PapH and are terminated by an approximately 20 A diameter fibrillus composed of PapK, PapE and PapF, which presents the host-binding adhesin PapG. The amino-acid sequences of PapA, PapE, and PapF are similar, with highly conserved C-termini being responsible for binding to PapD, the periplasmic chaperone. Our three-dimensional reconstruction indicates that pili are formed by the tight winding of a much thinner structure. A structural transition allows the pilus to unravel without depolymerizing, producing a thin, extended structure five times the length of the original pilus.
Sex ratios of progeny from mass spawnings of sex-reversed broodstock of Tilapia nilotica

Functionally sex-reversed males of Tilapia nilotica from Auburn University stock were produced by feeding an androgen-treated diet to an all-female progeny of a previously sex-reversed parent. These sex-reversed males were mass-spawned in concrete tanks with two groups of T. nilotica females. From three different spawning sequences, offspring were taken from each group and later sexed by gonadal examination. A total of 900 fry from each group were sexed. One group yielded 899 females and 1 male and the other yielded 852 females and 48 males. The two groups of female brooders had significantly different effects (P < 0.01) upon the sex ratios of their progeny. The group that produced the highest percentage of female offspring (99.9) contained only full and halfsibling female brooders to the sex-reversed male brooders, whereas the other group contained adult females that were randomly selected.
Minimizing Investment in Residual Growing Stock for an Uneven-aged Stand with a Target Basal Area Constraint—An Approach

The problem of minimizing the investment in after-cut residual growing stock for an uneven-aged stand subject to a target basal area is formulated and solved as a non-linear optimization model using the Lagrangian approach. The model leads to the determination of an optimally balanced diameter distribution for the residual growing stock and provides information about how sensitive capital investment is concerning changes in the basal area constraint. The procedure is flexible and allows for sensitivity analyses given changes in parameters.
Buprenorphine Pharmacokinetics: Relative Bioavailability of Sublingual Tablet and Liquid Formulations

Buprenorphine is an effective new treatment for opiate dependence. This study compared the bioavailability of buprenorphine from a tablet to that from a reference solution. Six men experienced with, but not dependent on, opiates (DSM-III-R) were each administered 7.7 mg of buprenorphine in liquid form and 8 mg in tablet form 1 week apart in a balanced crossover design. Plasma levels were measured by electron capture capillary gas chromatography (GC), and concentration-time curves were constructed. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by analysis of variance. The bioavailability from the tablet was approximately 50% that from the liquid and was not affected by saliva pH. Lower bioavailability from the tablet may be due to slow dissolution.
Risk‐taking behavior among native American adolescents in Minnesota public schools: Comparisons with black and white adolescents

Abstract Objectives. To examine rates of risk‐taking behavior among native American adolescents in comparison with blacks and whites, and then to compare our off‐reservation native American sample to available national statistics on reservation youth. Methods. A secondary data analysis of a Minnesota public school health survey. Contingency table analyses were performed on a 10% random sample of over 6000 young people focussing on three categories of behavioral risk: antisocial behavior, sexual behavior and substance use. Comparisons were then made to a national convenience sample from reservations and adjacent rural areas. Results. In general, native American adolescents have a significantly higher prevalence of risk behaviors across all indices of antisocial behavior and substance use relative to white and black peers. Native American females presented the most troubling picture. Comparisons to a national convenience sample from reservation lands indicated that native American adolescents in the sample ...
Halo formation and chaos in root-mean-square matched beams propagating through a periodic solenoidal focusing channel

The dynamics of continuous space-charge-dominated beams propagating through a periodic solenoidal focusing channel is studied using a test-particle model. It is shown that nonlinearities in the self-fields induce chaotic particle motion and beam halo formation for beams that are root-mean-square matched into the focusing channel but have nonuniform density profiles transverse to the direction of beam propagation. In particular, two parabolic density profiles are considered. For beams with hollow density profiles, it is found that excessive space charge at the edge of the beam induces two pairs of stable and unstable period-one orbits in the vicinity of the beam core envelope, and that the chaotic layer associated with the unstable period-one orbits allows particles to escape from the core to form a halo. On the other hand, for beams with hump density profiles (i.e., with high densities on the beam axis and low densities at the beam edge), it is found that excessive space charge on the beam axis induces an unstable fixed point on the axis and two stable period-one orbits off the axis inside the beam, and that the chaotic layer associated with the unstable fixed point is responsible for halo formation. In both cases, the halo ismore » found to be bounded by a Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser surface. The ratio of halo to beam core envelope is determined numerically. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
The primary process in the photolysis of trans- 1,2-C2H2Cl2

Abstract The primary process in the photolysis of trans-1,2-C2H2Cl2 has been investigated in the wavelength range 2000 to 2400 A as a function of initial trans pressure. The results indicate that the primary process in this region may be given by: The ratio of rate constants k2:k3:k4 is 8:3.8:1. Comparisons with previously reported data on the photolysis of the cis-isomer clearly establish that the products do not originate from an excited state common to both isomers. Differences in behaviour of the excited states of the cis- and trans-isomers are discussed.
Radical hydroformylation and hydrogenation of cyclopropenes with HCo(CO)4 and HMn(CO)5

Abstract The results of a study of the reactions of HCo(CO)4 and HMn(CO)5 with a variety of a substituted cyclopropenes are consistent with the formation of the intermediate caged radical pairs; recombination in the cage of the radical pair leads to hydroformylation, and cage escape leads to hydrogenation. Steric factors play an important role in determining rates as well as the stereochemistry of the products.
Bis chloroethyl nitrosourea, vincristine, dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide and chlorpromazine combination chemotherapy in disseminated malignant melanoma.

One hundred twenty-one patients with disseminated malignant melanoma were treated with BCNU, vincristine, DTIC, and chlorpromazine (BVD). A response rate of 22% was observed; 28% of the patients had stable disease and 50% had increasing disease. Similar response rates were obtained with both the high dose and low dose treatment schedules. Patients who exhibited some degree of improvement during their initial course of treatment had the highest overall response rate (72%) to BVD chemotherapy. The median survival from onset of therapy was six months for all patients and 18 months for patients who responded to chemotherapy. The median duration of response was 9.9 months. Thus, the addition of chlorpromazine to BVD chemotherapy did not increase tumor response, and the overall results obtained were comparable to DTIC alone. Patients were found to be lymphopenic prior to the onset of therapy. Their median absolute lymphocyte count was 1800/mm3. Those patients with absolute lymphocyte counts above the 2710/mm3 normal mean had significantly higher response rates (35% vs. 19%, P less than .05) and longer survivals (9.8 months vs. 4.3 months, P less than .05) than patients with lower initial lymphocyte levels. Pretreatment eosinophil and monocyte counts were not closely correlated with patient response or survival.
12.2: Developing a New High‐Definition Photoresist for CRTs

A new photoresist activator, 4,4′-diazidobiphenyl-2,2′-disodium disulfonate, was synthesized and mixed with polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP to produce a photoresist for CRT screens. This photoresist absorbs at 264 nm, compared to the currently used PVP/DAS 4,4′-diazidostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid sodium salt photoresist which absorbs at 335 nm. The lower UV absorbance should reduce the diffraction effects of the UV light passing through the mask and allow for finer resolution deposits
Murakami Haruki and the cultural materialism of multiple personality disorder

Abstract The execution of serial murderer Miyazaki Tsutomu in 2008 ended the local media obsession with Japan's most famous case of multiple personality disorder, but the riddle remains why fictional representations of MPD are so common in Japan, as well as the United States. Reviving the late Raymond Williams’ concept of ‘structure of feeling’ to explore MPD/DID's suggestive relationship with late-model capitalism, this essay analyzes the dissociative motifs in Murakami Haruki's The wind-up bird chronicle (Nejimaki-dori kuronikuru, 1992–1995) as emblematic of everyday life in contemporary Japan.