cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hugo Wolf and his Mörike Songs

List of illustrations Preface 1. 'Gottlicher Morike!': an introduction to Eduard Morike and Hugo Wolf 2. Peregrina revisited: songs of love and madness 3. Agnes's songs: the fictional misfortunes and musical fortunes of a nineteenth-century madwoman 4. Sung desire: from Biedermeier Erotica to fin-de-siecle lied 5. Doubters and believers: case-studies in the geistliche Lieder Notes Select bibliography Index.
Lovastatin Alters Biliary Lipid Composition and Dissolves Gallstones: A Long-Term Study in Prairie Dogs

Lovastatin, an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, is widely used to treat hypercholesterolemia. We investigated the long-term effects of lovastatin alone and in combination with ursodeoxycholic acid on biliary lipid composition and gallstone dissolution. Forty-two prairie dogs were fed 1.2% cholesterol diet for 5 weeks, and cholecystectomy was performed on 6 animals to confirm gallstones. The remaining animals were maintained on a 0.4% cholesterol diet and were randomized to receive placebo, lovastatin (3.3 mg/g diet), ursodeoxycholic acid (10 mg/g), or combination of both drugs. After 10 weeks, animals underwent cholecystectomy. Dissolution response to therapy was determined, and serum and biliary lipids were measured. All treatment groups had significant reductions in serum cholesterol. Lovastatin treatment reduced both hepatic and gallbladder bile cholesterol, altered bile acid composition, and induced a 79% total response compared to placebo. Although ursodeoxycholic treatment induced a 44% response, long-term combination treatment elevated both gallbladder bile cholesterol and calcium and failed to produce an augmented response. These data suggest that lovastatin therapy alone may promote gallstone dissolution in humans.
Electronic Circuits: Analysis, Simulation, and Design

1. Modeling and Signal Processing Principles. 2. Operational Amplifier Circuits. 3. Semiconductors, pn Junctions, and Diode Circuits. 4. Bipolar Transistors. 5. Field-Effect Transistors. 6. Bias Circuits. 7. Transistor Amplifiers. 8. Frequency Response. 9. Feedback Circuits Amplifiers. 10. Power Circuits and Systems. 11. Analog Integrated Circuits. 12. Filters. 13. Digital Logic Circuits. 14. Digital Memory, Interfacing, and Timing Principles. Appendix A Spice Analysis. Appendix B Two-Port Network Networks. Appendix C SPICE Parameters for Bipolar Transistors.
Positioning I/S to achieve world-class quality performance

The information services (I/S) organization must consider its internal user base with the same customer satisfaction focus as the company regards its outside customers. Key operating principles for achieving this goal are discussed. >
International Law, International Relations Theory, and Preemptive War: The Vitality of Soverign Equality Today

Although sovereign equality - the norm that all sovereign states are entitled to the same bundle of rights on the international plane - has long been a central norm of international law, its retention in the realm of preemptive war is fairly to be questioned when one sovereign state possesses overwhelming military power. In this Article, Professor Lee examines the historical and normative foundations of sovereign equality, finds them wanting under the condition of a militarily supreme republican state, but defends the norm on the pragmatic ground of what is best for the supreme state to defend itself against covert, non-state actors with potential access to weapons of mass destruction. Sovereign equality is very useful because the domestic institutions in a democratic state constrain effective monitoring and response to this category of threat. Treating other states, from which the supreme state might obtain intelligence or cooperation (by coercion if necessary) in combating the principal threat axis, as equals, is an efficacious substitute for the failure of domestic institutions to contain the covert, non-state threat.
Gyrator-Based Synthesis of Active On-Chip Inductances

A detailed analysis of a gyrator-based inductance using operational transconductance amplifiers is presented. The advantages of such integrated inductances over passive spirals include higher quality factors and the ability to tune inductance values. Design equations are derived using a practical high-frequency model of each transconductor, and operating constraints are provided to mitigate the effects of parasitics and to ensure optimal performance and stability.
Development and evaluation of a multi-wavelength multi-channel time resolved optical instrument for NIR/MRI mammography co-registration

We have developed a multi-channel/multi-wavelength photon counting instrument to perform near infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy and tomography simultaneously with a magnetic resonance scanner. The instrument has been tested with phantoms mimicking relevant breast configurations. Accuracy limits of absolute and relative optical properties determination are analyzed. Then, clinical in-vivo preliminary results are presented.
Synaptic function modulated by changes in the ratio of synaptotagmin I and IV.

Communication within the nervous system is mediated by Ca2+-triggered fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that synaptotagmin I may function as a Ca2+ sensor in neuronal exocytosis because it can bind Ca2+ and penetrate into lipid bilayers1,2,3,4. Chronic depolarization or seizure activity results in the upregulation of a distinct and unusual isoform of the synaptotagmin family, synaptotagmin IV (ref. 5). We have identified a Drosophila homologue of synaptotagmin IV that is enriched on synaptic vesicles and contains an evolutionarily conserved substitution of aspartate to serine that abolishes its ability to bind membranes in response to Ca2+ influx. Synaptotagmin IV forms hetero-oligomers with synaptotagmin I, resulting in synaptotagmin clusters that cannot effectively penetrate lipid bilayers and are less efficient at coupling Ca2+ to secretion in vivo : upregulation of synaptotagmin IV, but not synaptotagmin I, decreases evoked neurotransmission. These findings indicate that modulating theexpression of synaptotagmins with different Ca2+-binding affinities can lead to heteromultimers that can regulate the efficiency of excitation–secretion coupling in vivo and represent a new molecular mechanism for synaptic plasticity.
Phase/RMS maximum power point tracking for inductive energy harvesting system

This paper proposes a new control algorithm to tune the input current of the AC-DC converter in an inductive energy harvester, in order to achieve maximum power transfer to a load. The conventional phase regulating method normally achieves maximum power transfer by using the input voltage as the reference. However, in a harvester the internal inductance makes measurement of input voltage inaccessible. Since the inductance is unknown, the reference of the input current is generated by a specialized phase tracking perturb and observe method to maximize the net energy output of the harvester device.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON O-QUINONE DEPURINATING N7-GUANINE ADDUCTS

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants which may cause cancer and require metabolic activation to exert their carcinogenic effects. One pathway of activation involves the dihydrodiol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of non-K region trans-dihydrodiols to yield catechols, which autoxidize to form reactive o-quinones. As a step toward identifying the spectrum of PAH o-quinone−DNA adducts that may form in biological systems, depurinating PAH o-quinone−guanine adducts were synthesized. Naphthalene-1,2-dione, phenanthrene-1,2-dione, and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione were reacted with 5 equiv of 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) under acidic conditions (1:1 acetic acid/water). The products were purified by reversed-phase HPLC, characterized by a combination of UV spectroscopy, electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry, and high-field proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and identified as 7-(naphthalene-1,2-dion-4-yl)guanine (MH+, m/z 308), 7-(phenanthrene-1,2-dion-4-yl)guanine ...
Secretory granules of the duodenal enterochromaffin cells of the cat

Abstract The secretory granules of duodenal enterochromaffin cells (EC) of the cat were studied at high magnifications (up to x186,000). It was then demonstrated that many of these polymorphous granules were connected by bridges of osmiophilic material. These systems of granules were membrane bound, suggesting a tubular storage system for the secretory products. In numerous granules, spherical subunits (20 to 50 nm in diameter) of high electron density were also present.
The thermal decomposition of dimethylsulfoxide and diethylsulfide adducts of rhodium(II) acetate

Abstract The thermal decomposition reactions of Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 · 2S(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 and Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 · 2DMSO have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic reflectance spectroscopy. The intermediates, including a new type of adduct, and the products have been isolated and characterized. The decomposition sequence was found to be: Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 ·2L( s ) → Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 ·L( s ) + L( g ) → Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 ( s ) + L( g ) → 2Rh°( s ) + 2CO( g ) + 3HOOCCH 3 ( g ). The spectral, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of the intermediate adducts, Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 · S(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 and Rh 2 (OOCCH 3 ) 4 · DMSO, have been investigated.
Power management strategies for hybrid electric trucks in smart-grids

Smart grid emerging technologies include plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to assist the grid in peak hours and be used as storage devices. However, as the size of the vehicle increases, they may impose heavy loads on the grid during charging hours. To reduce the effect of heavy loads on the grid, accurate planning for vehicle charging, stationary charge sharing, and the usage of onboard generators may be considered. This paper introduces a power management strategy for the use of renewable energy in hybrid electric trucks and smart grids.
Presencias y ausencias en la representación del espacio familiar: La gran familia franquista frente a la Familia democrática

Aunque separadas por algo mas de tres decadas, La gran familia (1962), dirigida por Fernando Palacios, y Familia (1996), del director Fernando Leon de Aranoa, estan unidas por un tema comun: la familia urbana espanola, cada una de ellas adaptada a su respectiva epoca. Si bien el antagonismo es evidente, lo cierto es que ambas obras presentan la importancia del entorno familiar: la primera como medio para presentar un modelo de familia moderno y afin al Regimen franquista, y la segunda como refugio ante una sociedad cada vez mas centrada en el individuo. Como si del anverso y el reverso de una misma moneda se tratase, el dialogo entre ambos largometrajes es claro, siendo la obra de Palacios un importante referente en el imaginario colectivo de todos aquellos directores que, transcurrido el tiempo, decidieron presentar la institucion familiar como un espacio opresivo. No obstante, aunque Leon de Aranoa ciertamente muestra un amplio repertorio de situaciones que dificultan la estabilidad del grupo, tambien l...
Computational Study of the Abrupt-Wing-Stall Characteristics of F/A-18E and F-16C

Steady-state computational-fluid-dynamic (CFD) simulations are used to gain an understanding of the physics behind the abrupt-wing-stall (AWS) phenomenon and to arrive at static figures of merit (FOMs). Navier‐Stokes solutions are obtained using the NASA Langley Research Center developed TetrUSS simulation suite, which is based on tetrahedral, unstructured grids. The physics of the AWS phenomenon is understood by comparing CFD simulation results on two aircraft; a preproduction F/A-18E configuration, which exhibits AWS phenomenon under certain geometric and flow conditions, and an F-16C aircraft configuration that does not. The computational results are used to understand the possible causes of AWS by comparing the detailed flowfields between the two configurations under a variety of flow conditions. Based on this approach, a number of static figures of merit are developed to predict AWS. The potential FOMs include the break in the lift and wing-root bending moment vs angle of attack α and the rate of change of sectional lift with respect to α .A companion paper describes a similar study for the AV-8B Harrier and F/A-18C.
A new view of insect–crustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics

Abstract The enormous diversity of Arthropoda has complicated attempts by systematists to deduce the history of this group in terms of phylogenetic relationships and phenotypic change. Traditional hypotheses regarding the relationships of the major arthropod groups (Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Hexapoda) focus on suites of morphological characters, whereas phylogenomics relies on large amounts of molecular sequence data to infer evolutionary relationships. The present discussion is based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that provide large numbers of short molecular sequences and so provide an abundant source of sequence data for phylogenetic inference. This study presents well-supported phylogenies of diverse arthropod and metazoan outgroup taxa obtained from publicly-available databases. An in-house bioinformatics pipeline has been used to compile and align conserved orthologs from each taxon for maximum likelihood inferences. This approach resolves many currently accepted hypotheses regarding internal relationships between the major groups of Arthropoda, including monophyletic Hexapoda, Tetraconata (Crustacea + Hexapoda), Myriapoda, and Chelicerata sensu lato (Pycnogonida + Euchelicerata). “Crustacea” is a paraphyletic group with some taxa more closely related to the monophyletic Hexapoda. These results support studies that have utilized more restricted EST data for phylogenetic inference, yet they differ in important regards from recently published phylogenies employing nuclear protein-coding sequences. The present results do not, however, depart from other phylogenies that resolve Branchiopoda as the crustacean sister group of Hexapoda. Like other molecular phylogenies, EST-derived phylogenies alone are unable to resolve morphological convergences or evolved reversals and thus omit what may be crucial events in the history of life. For example, molecular data are unable to resolve whether a Hexapod–Branchiopod sister relationship infers a branchiopod-like ancestry of the Hexapoda, or whether this assemblage originates from a malacostracan-like ancestor, with the morphologically simpler Branchiopoda being highly derived. Whereas this study supports many internal arthropod relationships obtained by other sources of molecular data, other approaches are required to resolve such evolutionary scenarios. The approach presented here turns out to be essential: integrating results of molecular phylogenetics and neural cladistics to infer that Branchiopoda evolved simplification from a more elaborate ancestor. Whereas the phenomenon of evolved simplification may be widespread, it is largely invisible to molecular techniques unless these are performed in conjunction with morphology-based strategies.
Delivery of rape‐related services in cmhss: An initial study

A questionnaire designed to assess how rape-related services are delivered was mailed to directors of 34 federally funded comprehensive Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) in Missouri and Illinois. Responses were received from 18 CMHCs. Results indicated that rape-related services were offered by approximately three-quarters of the respondents, who reported delivering primarily clinical services.
Design for safety: A cognitive engineering approach to the control and management of nuclear power plants

Abstract This paper presents an analytical approach to design for safety that is based on 30 years of experience in the field of Human-centered design. This field is often qualified as governing safety–critical systems where risk management is a crucial issue. We need to better understand what the main facets of safety are that should be taken into account during the design and development processes. There are many factors that contribute to design for safety. We propose some of these factors and an articulation of them from requirement gathering and synthesis to formative evaluations to summative evaluations. Among these factors, we analyze complexity, flexibility, stability, redundancy, support, training, experience and testing. However, we cannot design a safe and reliable product in one shot; design is incremental. A product and its various uses become progressively mature. When we deal with new products, issues come from the fact that practice features emerge from the use of the product and are difficult, even impossible, to predict ahead of time. The automation within is an important portion of this maturity, and must be understood well. This is why design for safety is not possible without anticipatory simulations and a period of tests in the real world, such as operational testing in nuclear power plants. In addition, designing for safety is not finished when the product is delivered; experience feedback, or human-in-the-loop simulation (HITLS) is an important part of the overall global design process. The AUTOS pyramid approach can assist in simplifying the understanding, and improving the design of a complex system by describing and relating Artifacts, Users, Tasks, Organizations, and Situations.
Strengthening Steel Structures and Bridges with High-Modulus Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Resin Selection and Scaled Monopole Behavior

Cost-effective solutions for the rehabilitation and strengthening of steel structures, including bridges and monopole towers, are greatly needed. Rehabilitation is often required because of cross-section losses occurring as a result of corrosion; strengthening may also be required because of changes in the use of a structure. Current techniques for strengthening steel structures have several drawbacks, including their fatigue performance and the need for ongoing maintenance owing to continued corrosion attack. The current research program makes use of a high-modulus carbon fiber for the strengthening of steel structures. This program, currently in progress, includes phases for the resin and adhesive selection for wet layup of carbon fiber sheets and bonding of precured laminate plates. Test results of the first scaled monopole tower showed a 25% increase in stiffness in the elastic range compared with the same monopole before strengthening.
Effect of naltrexone on food intake, hunger, and satiety in obese men

Increasing doses of naltrexone (25 to 200 mg) given over 4 consecutive days reduced intake of laboratory luncheon meals by 30% in 17 obese men. Meal size remained suppressed in the laboratory during the week following naltrexone administration. Water intake in the laboratory and body weight were not affected. Rates of ingestion and subjective ratings suggested that naltrexone reduced appetite rather than promoted early satiation. Nausea and other side effects occurred on 1 or 2 days during the naltrexone week in seven subjects whose food intake was reduced. Food intake was also reduced in seven of the remaining 10 subjects who reported no adverse reactions. These results suggest that a conditioned taste aversion or a conditioned anorexia may have developed in some subjects.
Universal characteristics of chemical synthesis and property optimization

A common goal in chemistry is to optimize a synthesis yield or the properties of a synthesis product by searching over a suitable set of variables (e.g., reagents, solvents, reaction temperature, etc.). Synthesis and property optimizations are regularly performed, yet simple reasoning implies that meeting these goals should be exceedingly difficult due to the large numbers of possible variable combinations that may be tested. This paper resolves this conundrum by showing that the explanation lies in the inherent attractive topology of the fitness landscape specifying the synthesis yield or property value as a function of the variables. Under simple physical assumptions, the landscape is shown to contain no suboptimal local extrema that could act as traps on the way to the optimal outcome. The literature contains broad evidence supporting this “OptiChem” theory. OptiChem theory implies that increasing the number of variables employed should result in more efficient and effective optimization, contrary to intuition.
Biological control of Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on avocado: III. Evaluating the efficacy of varying release rates and release frequency of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Abstract Three different release rates and timings of the phytoseiid Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) were evaluated for Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker, and Abbatiello control on avocado trees in a commercial orchard in southern California, USA. Densities of natural enemies and O. perseae were monitored on trees for 34 weeks that were treated with either one, two, or three releases of 500, 1000, or 2000 N. californicus, or two applications of 5% narrow range (NR) 415 petroleum oil. Predator releases were made when 50% (release one), 75% (release two), or 95% (release three) of sampled leaves were infested with one or more motile O. perseae. Densities of O. perseae on trees treated with N. californicus or petroleum oil were compared to control trees that received no treatments for O. perseae suppression. Release of a minimum of 2000 N. californicus per tree was necessary to significantly reduce O. perseae densities in comparison to control trees. Releasing 1000 N. californicus twice or 2000 N. califor...
Modeling the dynamic fracture of polymer blends processed under shear

Using computational models, we examine how shearing a binary polymer melt affects the dynamic fracture mechanics of the final solid material. The phase separation of the immiscible blend under an imposed shear is simulated through the Cahn-Hilliard method, where an advection term is added to introduce the flow field. Using this model, we simulate the structural evolution of the blend and obtain the late-stage morphology of the sheared mixture. As expected, the domains are elongated in the direction of the imposed shear. We couple these morphological results with micromechanical studies. The dynamic Lattice spring model (LSM) is utilized to simulate crack propagation through the solid blend structure. The dynamic LSM consists of a network of springs that connect regularly spaced mass points; the behavior of these points is dictated by Newtonian dynamics. The model allows us to simulate crack propagation through these heterogeneous structures and determine the strength, toughness, fracture toughness, and critical J integral of the material. Consequently, we can correlate the relative orientation of the interfacial regions to the overall mechanical behavior of the system. We also contrast these results with findings from simulations on the unsheared samples and thereby probe the effect of processing on the performance of polymer blends.
Using Pre-engineering Curricula in High School Science and Mathematics: A Follow-up Study

More engineers are needed in today's workforce but the number of students pursuing careers in engineering is not increasing. The Pre-Engineering Instructional and Outreach Program, established to inform students, teachers, parents, and school counselors about careers in engineering, provides teachers with pre-engineering curriculum to increase students' interest in engineering by emphasizing connections between science and mathematics and real-world engineering. A follow-up study of high school science and mathematics teachers who attended the program in 2003 was conducted. Teachers' attitudes to and knowledge about engineering careers, concerns about implementing the curricula and preparedness to teach were examined across two academic years. Significant increases were found in students' attitudes to and knowledge about engineering careers during the school year after teachers attended the program. The attitudes to and knowledge about engineering careers for students taught by some of the teachers during the second year were significantly higher than for students taught by colleagues who didn't attend the program.
The Efficacy of the Web ABC Program on Improving Coping, Self-Competence, and Quality of Life in Chinese American Adolescents

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of the healthy lifestyle promotion program on psychosocial well-being among Chinese American adolescents. Methods. A randomized control study design was used. Adolescents in this study received 8 weekly online lessons and completed questionnaires regarding their self-competence, coping strategies, and quality of life at baseline and 2 months, 6 months, and 8 months after the baseline assessment. The primary caregiver completed questionnaires regarding parents’ demographic information at baseline. Findings. A total of 54 adolescents participated in the study (27 in the intervention and 27 in the control group). Results indicate that in contrast to the control group, adolescents in the intervention group increased their use of active coping strategies (P = .0001) while decreasing the use of avoidance coping strategies (P = .002), and increased their levels of competence in school (P = .009). Physical appearance (P = .001), conduct (P = .001), and...
Modulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression in explant-cultured guinea pig cardiac neurons

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) expression was quantified in explant-cultured guinea pig cardiac ganglia neurons. In explant culture, both the percentage of PACAP-immunoreactive neurons and pro-PACAP transcript levels increased significantly. Treatment with neurturin or glial-derived neurotrophic factor significantly suppressed the percentage of PACAP-IR neurons, but not pro-PACAP transcript levels.
A Comparative Study of Alternative Indicators of Budgetary Slack

The objective of this study was to empirically test Wolf's [1971] proposed objective indicator against a subjective indicator of budgetary slack. This was accomplished by correlating two indicators of budgetary slack with each other and with each of the slack contributing factors identified in the literature. A moderately positive relationship was found to exist between the subjective and objective indicators of budgetary slack. A strong relationship between the linkage of the budgetary system to the system of rewards and the two indicators of budget slack was indicated. Budget pressure revealed a moderately positive relationship with budgetary slack. The test for the relationship for budgetary participation and the firm's economic environment with the indicators of budgetary slack produced mixed results. The correlation coefficient for the degree of decentralization was weak but positive with the objective indicator and slightly negative with the subjective indicator of slack. Since budget slack is a commonly observed phenomenon in business organizations, it is important to discover practical ways to obtain an indication of the creation of slack in an organization. Such monitoring of slack would lead to better utilization of company resources and the achievement of operational efficiency. The use of an objective indicator holds promise for internal monitoring of slack by companies because an in‐house questionnaire may not be dependable. In spite of its limitations, this study takes an important first step in this development.
Correlates of Reported Drug Abuse Problems among College Undergraduates

Among 619 students enrolled in freshmen level psychology classes at Southwest Texas State University 13.5 per cent of the males and 4.2 per cent of the females reported that they perceived themselves to have drug abuse problems. Male drug abuse problems were significantly related to perceived maternal emotional problems, parental rejection and angry parents, conflicts with parents, reported physical abuse by a parent, suicidal thoughts, delinquency and feelings of being bored, unappreciated, unrecognized, dependent, unstable and dissatisfied. Female drug abuse problems were significantly related to perceived parental emotional problems, maternal drinking problems, parental depression, parental anger and parental rejection, poor relationship with father, reported physical abuse by a parent, conflicts with and between parents, unhappy childhood, delinquency and feelings of being shaky, bored, unrecognized, troubled, unstable, dissatisfied and unhealthy.
UV resonance Raman excitation profiles of l-cystine

The UV Raman excitation profiles of l-cystine have been measured between 220 and 514.5 nm. No enhancement is observed from the lowest energy electronic transition (λmax = 245 nm). The excitation profiles for the SS, CS and CO stretching vibrations are each satisfactorily modeled by standard Albrecht A-term pre-resonance expressions which indicate that the Raman intensities derive from a state(s) at ca 170 nm which is probably σ σ* in character. Selective enhancement of disulfide stretching vibrations in proteins will require excitation in the vacuum UV spectral region.
Expected value analysis: Experimental considerations and convergence properties

In a companion paper, we developed a method, EVA (expected value analysis), to analyze the effect of the uncertainty of parameters in multiparameter systems described by ordinary differential equations. In this paper, we first interpret the output mean of EVA from an experimental point of view. Secondly, we discuss the convergence properties of EVA. The only approximation is the truncation of higher order correlation effects. A quantitative analysis of the approximations is presented, justifying the methodology.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS IN INFANCY

Although pulmonary involvement in disseminated CMV infection is known, CMV is not a generally recognized cause of interstitial pneumonitis in the absence of infection in other organ systems. Of 16 infants presenting with interstitial pneumonitis during the first 6 months of life, 7 were found to have CMV infection. Other viruses identified were influenza in 2, adenovirus type 5 in one, and parainfluenza type 1 in one, the latter concurrently with CMV infection. None of 5 healthy children with onset of interstitial pneumonitis at 6-42 months of age had CMV infection although influenza was isolated from 2 and adenovirus type 2 from a third child. CMV infection was documented by complement fixing and IgM fluorescent antibodies in all 7 infants, by virus isolation from urine in one, and by the presence of typical CMV-inclusion-bearing cells in lung tissue from the 3 who had biopsy. Lung tissue showed extensive hypertrophy and hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes and mild to severe chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates and interstitial fibrosis. Total serum IgM levels were elevated in 6 infants. The exact time of CMV infection in these 7 infants could not be documented, but was presumed to be after birth, since all were normal through the first weeks of life. Clinical recovery was complete within 6 months in 5 of the 6 followed that long. We conclude that CMV is a major cause of interstitial pneumonitis in young infants.
Treatment of gallstones by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been used since 1985 in a variety of countries for the treatment of gallstones in selected patients (1–14). Clinical use has been routine in western Europe for a decade (15). The limited experience in the United States has been investigational, through tests of the Medstone STS lithotripter (Medstone International, Aliso Viejo, CA) (2, 10, 11), EDAP LT01 lithotripter (EDAP Technomed, Boston, MA) (5), and Dornier lithotripter (Dornier Medical Systems, Munich, Germany) (6). ESWL of cholesterol gallstones with adjuvant bile acid dissolution therapy accelerates stone disappearance; ESWL shatters the stone into small fragments that can be dissolved more quickly. Analysis of stone fragments in the feces of patients who underwent ESWL showed that 3-mm fragments can pass into the intestine without causing symptoms (16). In September, 2000 the Food and Drug Administration approved, subject to a postapproval study, the first lithotripter for gallstone application in the United States, the Medstone STS. Treatment, which comprises lithotripsy treatments of up to 2000 24-kV shocks and administration of ursodiol, is indicated in symptomatic adult patients for whom surgical removal of the gallbladder is medically contraindicated and in symptomatic high-risk patients who have actively refused surgery. Patients must have functioning gallbladders and solitary, radiolucent, noncalcified stones from 4 to 20 mm in maximum diameter. Ursodiol is a naturally occurring bile acid that dissolves gallstones of cholesterol origin. Lithotripters vary with respect to shock wave generation, focusing, and targeting. The Medstone STS, which has been commercially available for the treatment of kidney stones in the United States since 1988, generates a spark-gap shock wave in a water column. The shock wave pulse travels with little attenuation through the water column and soft tissues of the body. When it hits the anterior surface of the gallstone throughout the posterior surface, the changes in acoustic impedance lead to the liberation of compressive and tensile forces, resulting in fragmentation of the stone. Other devices use this electrohydraulic approach or piezoelectric crystals or electromagnetic membranes to generate the shock waves. The multicenter, prospective, postapproval randomized trial of the Medstone STS lithotripter in gallstone therapy is directed toward confirmation of efficacy and collection of additional data supporting safety in routine clinical practice. The selected patients will be treated in the prone position, using i.v. propofol analgesia, and on an outpatient basis. Efficacy of ESWL will be defined as the percentage of patients with stone-free gallbladders according to abdominal ultrasound after 3, 6, and 12 months. Findings will be compared with the results of ursodiol monotherapy.
Microleakage of a new restorative material.

This paper reports the findings of a study to evaluate the marginal adaptation of Addent by comparing it with other restorative materials in current use.
Conditional inference following group sequential testing

The work of Fisher (1959) and Buehler (1959) discuss the importance of conditioning on recognizable subsets of the sample space. The stopping time yields an easily identifiable partition of the sample space when considering group sequential testing. We first present confidence intervals that are correct when conditioning on the subset of data for which a trial stopped at a particular analysis. These intervals have very desirable properties for observations that are highly unusual (given any value of the mean). In addition, they provide insight into how information about the mean is distributed between the two sufficient statistics. We then use conditional coverage probabilities to compare the sample mean, stagewise, and repeated confidence intervals. We find that none of these intervals outperforms the others when conditioning on stopping time, and no interval is a uniformly acceptable performer.
Adjuvant systemic therapy of stage I and II breast cancer.

PPROXIMATELY 90% of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer will have disease that is localized to the breast and fossa axillaris. Due to the success of early detection and screening programs, roughly one half or 70,000 of these women will have node-negative disease.’ Although adjuvant systemic therapy has resulted in a significant increase in disease-free and overall survival, there are many women with presumably favorable prognoses whose breast cancer recurs. Likewise, there are many women who are cured by local therapy alone. Available prognostic criteria, including the presence or absence of hormone receptors, nodal involvement, and histologic features, are imprecise indicators of risk recurrence. Therefore, many women receive adjuvant systemic therapy that, in fact, may not help them either because they am aheady cured or because their disease will eventually recur despite systemic therapy. Until recently, it has not been possible to identify specific subsets of patients who are at definite risk for recurrence. Exciting advances both in the selection and treatment of patients with early-stage breast cancer are being made as critical research questions are delineated and examined in prospective randomized trials. The purpose of this article is to review the current status of adjuvant systemic therapy of breast cancer, to examine new prognostic markers that will aid in the identification of patients at risk for recurrence, and to discuss some as yet unanswered questions pertinent to early-stage adjuvant therapy and the ongoing research designed to answer these questions.
A Multiple-Layer Self-Organizing Wireless Network

A self-organizing wireless network has to deal with reliability and congestion problems when the network size increases. In order to alleviate such problems, we designed and analyzed protocols and algorithms for a reliable and efficient multiple-layer self-organizing wireless network architecture. Each layer uses a high-power root node to supervise the self-organizing functions, to capture and maintain the physical topology, and to serve as the root of the hierarchical routing topology of the layer. We consider the problem of adding a new root with its own rooted spanning tree to the network. Based on minimum-depth and minimum-load metrics, we present efficient algorithms that achieve optimum selection of root(s). We then exploit layer scheduling algorithms that adapt to network load fluctuations in order to optimize the performance. For optimality we consider a load balancing objective and a minimum delay objective respectively. The former attempts to optimize the overall network performance while the latter strives to optimize the per-message performance. Four algorithms are presented and simulations were used to evaluate and compare their performance. We show that the presented algorithms have superior performance in terms of data throughput and/or message delay, compared to a heuristic approach that does not account for network load fluctuations.
Compatibility of DAMA dark matter detection with other searches

We present two examples of velocity distributions for light dark matter particles that reconcile the annual modulation signal observed by DAMA with all other negative results from dark matter searches. They are: (1) a conventional Maxwellian distribution for particle masses around 5 to 9 GeV; (2) a dark matter stream coming from the general direction of galactic rotation (not the Sagittarius stream). Our idea is based on attributing the DAMA signal to scattering off Na, instead of I, and can be tested in the immediate future by detectors using light nuclei, such as CDMS-II (using Si) and CRESST-II (using O)
Roles of thermal and radical quenching in emissions of wall‐stabilized hydrogen flames

A numerical study of the combustion of H{sub 2}/air mixtures impinging on surfaces has been performed, using detailed chemistry and multicomponent transport, in order to elucidate the roles of surface thermal and chemical quenching in pollutant emissions. For extinguishable fuel/air mixtures, the thermal coupling with the surface has been found to be strong, and surface thermal quenching reduces NO{sub x} emissions. However, nonextinguishable mixtures are practically unaffected by changes in surface temperature, except for an increase in NO{sub 2} at low surface temperatures. It is shown that radical wall quenching can affect emissions for all flames, with H being the most important one primarily for NO{sub 2} near the surface, due to the reaction NO{sub 2} + H {leftrightarrow} NO + OH. A new method to elucidate the dominant paths for NO formation is also presented.
Optimization of an Asymmetric Two-Bar Truss Against Instability∗

ABSTRACT This note considers a two-bar truss with bars whose lengths are not necessarily equal. A vertical load is applied at the internal joint. At the critical load, one (or both) of the bars buckles or the truss exhibits snap-through instability. For given.total volume of the truss, the areas of the bars that maximize the critical load are determined.
Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic

Abstract A paleoecological analysis of the fossil record before and after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicates that the widespread extinctions and biological stresses around the boundary are best explained in terms of a sudden, significant, but short temperature rise. L. Alvarez and co-authors, having found an enrichment in iridium at the same boundary, postulated that it was associated with the impact of an extraterrestrial body. If this body struck the ocean, the water injected into the atmosphere may have led to a transient increase in the global surface temperature. This temperature pulse may have been primarily responsible for the effects observed in the biosphere. The pattern of extinction of higher plant species suggests that splash down occurred in the northern Pacific-Bering Sea area.
Naloxone-induced modulation of feline aggression elicited from midbrain periaqueductal gray

In the present study, peripheral administration of naloxone hydrochloride (IP) was employed to identify the role of endogenous opioid peptides in the regulation of two forms of aggressive behavior in the cat--affective defense and quiet biting attack behavior. These forms of aggressive behavior were elicited by electrical stimulation of dorsal and ventral aspects of the midbrain periaqueductal gray, respectively, utilizing monopolar electrodes. Following the establishment of stable baseline thresholds for affective defense and quiet biting attack behavior, naloxone (0.5, 1.0, 4.0 and 7.0 mg/kg) and saline (vehicle control) were administered peripherally (IP). The response thresholds were tested 5-30, 30-60, 60-90, 180-210 and 1440-1470 min following naloxone administration. These results indicated that a dose level of 7.0 mg/kg of naloxone had a profound facilitatory effect on affective defense behavior. Response threshold values returned to prenaloxone baseline levels at 1440-1470 min postinjection. Administration of lower doses of naloxone (1.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) also resulted in a significant facilitation of this response but of shorter durations. Neither the lowest dose of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) nor saline (vehicle control) were effective in modifying the threshold for affective defense behavior. In contrast, when tested for its effects upon quiet biting attack, the maximum dose utilized in this study (7.0 mg/kg) tended to suppress this response although the overall effect was not significant. The selective dose-dependent facilitatory effects of naloxone upon affective defense behavior in the cat suggests that the opioid peptide system plays a significant (inhibitory) role in the regulation of this response.
A secure address resolution protocol

We propose an architecture for securely resolving IP addresses into hardware addresses over an Ethernet. The proposed architecture consists of a secure server connected to the Ethernet and two protocols: an invite-accept protocol and a request-reply protocol. Each computer connected to the Ethernet can use the invite-accept protocol to periodically record its IP address and its hardware address in the database of the secure server. Each computer can later use the request-reply protocol, to obtain the hardware address of any other computer connected to the Ethernet from the database of the secure server. These two protocols are designed to overcome the actions of any adversary that can lose sent messages, arbitrarily modify the fields of sent messages, and replay old messages.
Visual security protocol modeling

This paper argues that the existing model-driven architecture paradigm does not adequately cover the visual modeling of security protocols: sequences of interactions between principals. A security protocol modeling formalism should be not only well-defined but also support event-based, compositional, comprehensive, laconic, lucid, sound, and complete modeling. Candidate visual approaches from both the OMG's MDA and other more well-defined formalisms fail to satisfy one or more of these criteria. By means of two example security protocol models, we present the GSPML visual formalism as a solution.
Mentoring fathers of children newly diagnosed with T1DM.

Purpose To pilot test a social support intervention for fathers of children Design and methods The pilot study was part of a larger randomized, controlled clinical trial. Father participants (28 fathers of children newly diagnosed) were recruited from two pediatric diabetes centers. For 12 months fathers (n = 19) and their spouses in the experimental arm received social support (home visits and phone calls). Control group fathers (n = 9) and their spouses received the phone number of an experienced parent (but not formally educated to provide social support) to call as needed. Results Fathers in the intervention group had significantly greater confidence but scored higher on worry at 12 months than control group fathers. Fathers in the two groups did not differ significantly in disease-related concerns or perceived disease impact on the family, nor did they differ significantly in perceived amount and helpfulness of their daily management. However, mothers overall perceived fathers as contributing more care and help than fathers perceived themselves (p > .10). Fathers in the experimental arm identified parent mentors as individuals they would seek advice regarding day-to-day management and community agencies. Over this 4.5 year study, 6 of 28 father participants and two of the three father mentors dropped out. Clinical implications Nurses caring for families with young children newly diagnosed with T1DM should consider fathers social support needs and encourage their participation in day-to-day management.
Cure me even if it kills me: preferences for invasive cancer treatment.

Purpose. When making medical decisions, people often care not only about what happens but also about whether the outcome was a result of actions voluntarily taken or a result of inaction. This stud...
Congenital renal vascular malformations in childhood. Association with hypertension and detection by angiography.

Two cases of congenital renal vascular malformation (cirsoid aneurysms) are reported. Both were associated with hypertension, and were detected by angiography. In one child, additional congenital intrarenal artery aneurysms were present. He became normotensive after heminephrectomy of the involved kidney.
Associative symmetry: IV. Classical conditioning in humans

Two experiments were performed in which a subthreshold tone was paired with a light that followed. It was found that the subsequent presentation of the light alone was occasioned by the experience of a very low tone. We concluded that the light gained the capacity to generate a phenomenal tone by virtue of backward associations formed during training.