cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A continuum model of deformation, transport and irreversible changes in atomic structure in amorphous lithium–silicon electrodes

Abstract Recent experiments and atomic scale computations indicate that the standard continuum models of diffusion in stressed solids do not accurately describe transport, deformation and stress in Li–Si alloys. We suggest that this is because classical models do not account for the irreversible changes in atomic structure of Si that are known to occur during a charge–discharge cycle. A more general model of diffusion in an amorphous solid is described, which permits unoccupied Si lattice sites to be created or destroyed. This may occur as a thermally activated process; or as a result of irreversible plastic deformation under stress. The model predicts a range of phenomena observed in experiment that cannot be captured using classical models, including irreversible changes in volume resulting from a charge–discharge cycle, asymmetry between the tensile and compressive yield stress, and a slow evolution in mechanical and electrochemical response over many charge–discharge cycles.
Mutagenesis by transient misalignment.

Based upon a consideration of two mutational hot spots produced during DNA synthesis by a eukaryotic DNA repair polymerase, we suggested that certain base substitution errors result not from direct miscoding but from correct coding by a transiently misaligned template-primer (Kunkel, T. A., and Alexander, P. S. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 160-166). This model, which we called dislocation mutagenesis, has been directly tested. Introducing a single, phenotypically silent G—-A base change into the template switches the base substitution specificity at the immediately adjacent hot spot, a T residue, from T—-G transversions to T—-A transversions. The cumulative change in frequency, represented by the disappearance of the T—-G events and the appearance of the T—-A events, is greater than 300-fold. These data demonstrate that during DNA synthesis in vitro, a base at one position can code a mutation at another position. This mechanism can operate over greater distances to produce complex mutations as well. We present one example in which a 123-base deletion containing three base changes at one end of the deletion can be precisely explained by transient misalignment. It remains to be established whether mutagenesis by dislocation operates in vivo to produce biologically significant changes in genetic information.
Market value and patents: A Bayesian approach

Abstract This paper finds a large, positive and statistically significant effect op patent statistics on firm market values. Furthermore, these effects are robust to a variety of alternate specifications of our underlying model. We conclude that patent data provide economically meaningful information on the scope and relative effectiveness of a firm's R&D program.
The mid-domain effect applied to elevational gradients: species richness of small mammals in Costa Rica

Aim The objective of this study was to comprehensively document and examine the alpha and gamma patterns of species richness in non-volant, small mammals (rodents, shrews and mouse opossums) along a tropical elevational gradient. These data were used to determine the support for existing hypotheses of species richness encompassing mid-domain null models, as well as climatic, and community overlap hypotheses. Location Field studies were conducted along a Caribbean slope of the Rio Penas Blancas watershed in the north-eastern region of Costa Rica between 750 and 1850 m at 10 sampling sites. Methods Species richness and abundances of small mammals were surveyed for four seasons including three temporal replicates at each of five elevational sites: late wet season (2000), early wet season (2001), and dry season (2002), and one spatial replicate at five different sites within the same elevations during the late wet season (2001). Species richness at elevations below 700 m was compiled from specimen records from 23 US national and international collections. Predictions of a null model based solely on geometric constraints were examined using a Monte Carlo simulation program, Mid-Domain Null. Results In 16,900 trap nights, 1561 individuals from 16 species were captured. Both alpha and gamma species richness peaked at mid-elevation between 1000 and 1300 m, with richness declining both at higher and lower elevations. Most of the empirical curves of species richness occur within 95% prediction curves of the mid-domain model, although deviations from the null model exist. Regression of the empirical richness on the null model predictions explained nearly half of the variation observed (r2 = 0.45, P = 0.002). Main conclusions The geometric constraints of montane topography appear to influence the diversity pattern of small mammals, although climatic conditions including an intermediate rainfall and temperature regime, and distance from the persistent cloud cap also are correlated with the pattern of species richness. The predictions of productivity, and community overlap hypotheses are not supported with the empirical data.
Influence of Fatiguing Warm-Up Exercises on Speed of Movement and Reaction Latency

Abstract Related warm-up exercise of moderate intensity failed to improve arm speed in a large muscle criterion movement, while heavy but non-related warm-up exercise did improve the speed by 16 percent. Three groups, each consisting of 25 male college students, were measured under both test and control conditions. Neither of the warm-up exercises influenced reaction latency. The correlation between RT and MT scores was non-significant (r = .17). For the heavy exercise (stool-stepping), highly reliable individual differences were observed in stepping rate drop-off before fatigue (r = .93) and after 37 percent fatigue (r = .98), but the two types of drop-off scores were not significantly correlated (r = -.24). In the arm action warm-up exercise, the correlation between initial rate of movement and rate at 24 percent fatigue was non-significant (r = .08).
Patient and treatment factors associated with survival among adult glioblastoma patients: A USA population-based study from 2000–2010

In this study, we utilized the USA surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database to examine factors influencing survival of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. GBM is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and despite advances in treatment, prognosis remains poor. Using the SEER database, we defined a cohort of adult patients for the years 2000–2009 with confirmed GBM and minimum follow-up of 12 months. A total of 14,675 patients with GBM met the inclusion criteria. Demographic, clinical, and treatment variables were examined. Death was the primary outcome. Median survival time was 11 months. Patients had increasingly longer survival over the decade span. We found, on multivariate analysis, that significantly worse survival was associated with age >75 years, male sex, unmarried status, and non-Hispanic Caucasian race/ethnicity. Patients in the Northeast had a significantly lower risk of mortality. Patients with tumors that were non-lateralized and >3 cm fared worse. Patients who did not receive adjuvant radiation also had worse outcomes. Gross total resection imparted a survival advantage for patients compared to biopsy or partial resection. Thus, this report adds to the growing body of literature supporting the positive role of maximal resection on patient survival.
Evolutionary history of the marsupials and an analysis of osteological characters: Taxa and phylogeny of Metatheria

it is necessary to emphasize the distinction between definition and the evidence that the definition is met.…. Another way to put the matter is to say that categories are defined in phylogenetic terms but that taxa are defined by somatic relationships that result from phylogeny and are evidence that the categorical definition is met. Simpson (1961a, p. 69) That is the basis of the challangefor the incorrigible phylogenetic detective: most puzzle pieces gone and the ones that remain [are] lying their heads off (may be) about their original position in the phylogenetic tapestry. With handicaps of that sort the best we can hope to achieve is an hypothesis of relationships involving the fewest improbable assumptions about the missing parts of the puzzle . Archer (1984b, p. 760) The known groups of metatherians as I recognize them (and they most likely were not the only marsupial mammals) are classified at the beginning of the book in Chapter 2, and these taxa are diagnosed here. In the diagnoses I cite and discuss taxonomic properties, those well tested ones in which I have confidence, inasmuch as they are the derived features probably present in the last common ancestor of each group (see Rowe, 1987; Szalay et al., 1987). These are the hypothesized (and corroborated to varying degrees) apomorphies of the postulated ancestors in contrast to their respective antecedents. The scientific validity of groups so diagnosed is dependent on all the objective information against which such concepts can be tested.
Regional variations in Pn velocity and their effect on the location of epicenters

Evidence from recent earthquakes and explosions is presented showing substantial regional variations in the velocity of Pn in the United States. These variations have a significant effect on the location of epicenters by the least-squares method. A contour map of Pn velocity in the United States is included. A new method for computer location of epicenters is described, and is shown to decrease the error of location for events in the western United States by as much as an order of magnitude. (auth)
Palladium interstitial implant in combination with external beam radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the definitive treatment of a female urethral carcinoma

Primary urethral cancer is a rare diagnosis, especially in females. This report presents the utilization of a palladium interstitial implant and a review of the retrospective data published on the management of female urethral cancer. Excellent local control and survival has been obtained with the use of a palladium interstitial implant in combination with external beam radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy. This modality represents a novel and effective way to treat primary urethral cancer in females.
Diffusion‐controlled olivine corona textures in granitic rocks from Lofoten, Norway: calculation of Onsager diffusion coefficients, thermodynamic modelling and petrological implications

Reactions occurring during cooling of charnockitic intrusives on the Lofoten Islands produce characteristic diffusion-controlled textures around fayalite and Fe–Ti oxides. Thermobarometry indicates the corona textures formed at 780–840 °C and pressures of 4–10 kbar, whereas the magmatic assemblage of the charnockite (clinopyroxene–olivine–quartz) crystallized at about 850–870 °C and 4 kbar. The succession olivine|orthopyroxene+magnetite|orthopyroxene+garnet and olivine|orthopyroxene+magnetite|amphibole developed where olivine reacted with adjacent plagioclase or K-feldspar, but the modes and the thicknesses of the corona textures vary according to the feldspar type, indicating that the primary magmatic ternary feldspar was already exsolved into albitic plagioclase and alkali feldspar when the corona formation began. Simultaneously, in other parts of the rock, primary magmatic clinopyroxene reacted to amphibole and Fe–Ti oxides reacted to orthopyroxene+garnet coronas or to amphibole. Textures demonstrate significant Al diffusion in the rocks under granulite facies conditions and they suggest that no pervasive fluid influx occurred and that amphibole formation was dependant on a local source of H2O probably related to water-release during the last stages of magmatism. Calculation of the net reaction by accounting for all observed reactions at different sites in the rock indicates that the system can be regarded as balanced on a hand-specimen scale with respect to all elements except for Na and H2O. The larger variety of textures developed in rocks of granitic bulk composition provide more constraints than textures from gabbroic compositions, and permitted calculation of a set of relative diffusion coefficients which also reproduce textures in the gabbroic and anorthositic rocks from the Lofoten Islands. The following set of relative diffusion coefficients (Li/LFe) reproduces the observed textures in the Lofoten rocks: Si=0.82, Mg=0.59, Mn=0.05, Na=0.38, K=0.39, Al=0.05 and Ca=0.07.
A Single Transition State Serves Two Mechanisms: An ab Initio Classical Trajectory Study of the Electron Transfer and Substitution Mechanisms in Reactions of Ketyl Radical Anions with Alkyl Halides

Molecular dynamics has been used to investigate the reaction of a series of ketyl anion radicals and alkyl halides, CH2O•- + CH3X (X = F, Cl, Br) and NCCHO•- + CH3Cl. In addition to a floppy outer-sphere transition state which leads directly to ET products, there is a strongly bound transition state that yields both electron transfer (ET) and C-alkylated (SUB(C)) products. This common transition state has significant C-- C bonding and gives ET and SUB(C) products via a bifurcation on a single potential energy surface. Branching ratios have been estimated from ab initio classical trajectory calculations. The SUB(C) products are favored for transition states with short C--C bonds and ET for long C--C bonds. ET reactivity can be observed even at short distances of rC-C = ca. 2.4 A as in the transition state for the reaction NCCHO•- + CH3Cl. Therefore, the ET/SUB(C) reactivity is entangled over a significant range of the C--C distance. The mechanistic significance of the molecular dynamics study is discussed.
Magnetic phase transitions and bulk spin-valve effect tuned by in-plane field orientation in Ca3Ru2O7

We have performed systematic in-plane angle-dependent $c$-axis transverse magnetotransport measurements on the double-layered ruthenate Ca${}_{3}$Ru${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ throughout a broad field and temperature range. Our results reveal that the magnetic states unusually evolve with in-plane rotation of magnetic field. When magnetic field is applied along the $b$ axis, we probe crossover magnetic states in close proximity to phase boundaries of long-range ordered antiferromagnetic states. These crossover magnetic states are characterized by short-range antiferromagnetic order and switch to polarized paramagnetic states at critical angles as the in-plane field is rotated from the $b$ to the $a$ axis. Additionally, we observe bulk spin-valve behavior resulting from spin-flop transitions tuned by in-plane rotation of magnetic field. Our results highlight the complex nature of the spin-charge coupling in Ca${}_{3}$Ru${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ and posts a challenging question: why does the change of magnetic-field orientation result in magnetic phase transitions.
A Prospective Evaluation of Blood Culture Versus Standard Plate Techniques for Diagnosing Peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Peritonitis remains a major cause of morbidity in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Culture-negative episodes of peritonitis occur at rates of up to 20%, and in part may reflect inadequate culturing techniques of peritoneal effluent. Through a large, prospective study, the improved sensitivity of a blood culture system, when compared with a standard plate technique (P = 0.001), for the detection of bacterial growth in 67 episodes of CAPD peritonitis is demonstrated. Improved recognition of infections caused by gram-positive organisms, primarily Staphylococcus epidermidis, was especially significant using the blood culture system (P = 0.0001). Because of improved sensitivity and a decreased time to organism identification, particularly with infections caused by S epidermidis, the most common cause of bacterial peritonitis in CAPD patients, we suggest that a blood culture system be the standard means of culturing peritoneal fluid in CAPD patients with peritonitis. The lysis-centrifugation system of culturing peritoneal fluid is also discussed in comparison with the blood culture system.
Generalized Standby-Sparing techniques for energy-efficient fault tolerance in multiprocessor real-time systems

The Standby-Sparing (SS) technique has been previously explored to improve energy efficiency while providing fault tolerance in dual-processor real-time systems. In this paper, by considering both transient and permanent faults, we develop energy-efficient fault tolerance techniques for real-time systems deploying an arbitrary number of identical processors. First, we study the Paired-SS technique, where processors are organized as groups of two (i.e., pairs) and SS is applied within each pair of processors directly after partitioning tasks to the pairs. Then, we propose a Generalized-SS technique that partitions processors into two groups containing primary and secondary processors, respectively. The main and backup copies of tasks are executed on the primary and secondary processors under the partitioned-EDF and partitioned-EDL scheduling policies, respectively. The objective is to reduce the overlapped executions of the main and backup copies in order to improve energy savings. Our experimental evaluations show that, for a given system with fixed number of processors, typically there exists a configuration of primary and secondary processors under the Generalized-SS technique that can lead to better energy savings when compared to the Paired-SS technique.
Influence of urea on the electrophoretic properties of the proteins of microsomal membranes.

Abstract Proteins of the membranes portion of the endoplasmic reticulum may be solubilized and separated into 15 bands by disc electrophoresis. The separation depends on the presence of urea in the gel. With no urea present, fewer than 4 bands were observed. Bands which appeared homogeneous in the absence of urea dispersed when reelectrophoresed in its presence. After protein fractionation in the presence of urea, the separated proteins migrated with approximately the same mobility in the absence of urea.
VEGF expression and the effect of NSAIDs on ascites cell proliferation in the hen model of ovarian cancer

Objectives. We aimed to determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the proliferation of cells isolated from ascites in the hen model of ovarian cancer. Methods. Ovarian tumor and normal ovary were collected from hens and ascites cells were isolated from hens with ovarian cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to quantify mRNA expression. Immunohistochemical and/or Western blot analyses were used to localize protein expression in ovarian tumors, normal ovaries, and ascites cells. Cells were treated with a nonspecific, COX-1-specific, or COX-2-specific NSAID and proliferation was determined. Results. VEGF mRNA was increased in ascites cells and there was a trend for a correlation between VEGF mRNA in ascites cells and ascites volume. VEGF protein was localized to theca cells of normal ovaries, in glandular areas of tumors, and to the cytoplasm of ascites cells. Aspirin and a COX-1-specific inhibitor decreased the proliferation of ascites cells, whereas a COX-2-specific inhibitor did not. Conclusions. VEGF may play a role in ovarian cancer progression in the hen and the proliferation of ascites cells can be decreased by targeting the COX-1 but not COX-2 pathway.
Magnetic moment of the 12− isomer of 196Au

Abstract The magnetic hyperfine interaction of the 12− state of 196Au in Fe and Ni has been determined by low-temperature nuclear orientation. A value of μ(12−) = ±5.35±0.20 n.m., was derived by using the hyperfine fields of 197, 198Au( Fe ) and correcting for hyperfine anomalies.
Non-Fermi-liquid behavior in single-crystal CaRuO3: Comparison to ferromagnetic SrRuO3

Abstract We report calorimetric, magnetic and electric transport properties of single-crystal CaRuO3 and SrRuO3 as a function of temperature T and applied magnetic field B . We find that CaRuO3 is a non-Fermi-liquid metal near a magnetic instability, as characterized by the following properties: (1) the heat capacity C ( T , B ) ∼ − T log T is readily enhanced in low applied fields, and exhibits a Schottky peak at 2.3 K that exhibits field dependence when T is reduced; (2) the magnetic susceptibility diverges as T − γ at low temperatures with 1 / 2 γ 1 , depending on the applied field; and (3) the electrical resistivity exhibits a T 3 / 2 dependence over the range 1.7 T 24 K . No Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations are discerned at T = 0.65 K for applied fields up to 45 T. These properties, which sharply contrast those of the itinerant ferromagnet SrRuO3, indicate CaRuO3 is a rare example of a stoichiometric oxide compound that exhibits non-Fermi-liquid behavior near a quantum critical point.
Feedforward versus feedbackward: An ethological alternative to the law of effect

The view that learning is governed by positive and negative consequences has dominated theory and application throughout this century. In some systems stimulus-response connections are stamped in or stamped out by the consequences of action, in others, cognitive expectancies are formed by experience with past consequences. The evidence from early experiments with rats and pigeons and the feedback principles of early servomechanisms seemed to offer both hard evidence and a plausible model for the law of effect in either its behaviorist or its cognitive form.A large body of evidence demonstrates that the results of operant conditioning appear regardless of and often in spite of response-contingent consequences. Experiments designed to measure a residual effect of consequences exhibit an inevitable ex post facto error that vitiates all possible versions of this experimental design. Experiments designed to measure the effect of predictive contingency in Pavlovian conditioning exhibit a corresponding error. There appears to be a fundamental logical defect in all contingency models of the learning process.Meanwhile, modern developments in ethology and computer science provide a unified feedforward model of the learning of adaptive and maladaptive behavior under both laboratory and field conditions. Because the feedforward model is more parsimonious, it is also more compatible with Darwinian principles of biological economy. Research on teaching new and challenging tasks to freeliving, well-fed subjects such as children and cross-fostered chimpanzees illustrates the wide applicability and practical effectiveness of feedforward.
Evidence in support of nitric oxide (NO) involvement in the cyclic release of prolactin and LH surges

Studies were undertaken to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) is involved in induction of the prolactin surge on proestrus and in that induced by ovarian steroids in ovariectomized (ovx) rats, by using inhibitors of NO synthase, the enzyme that generates NO. Two week-ovariectomized rats were treated either with estradiol benzoate (EB, 30 micrograms/rat, s.c.) alone, or with EB and 2 days later with progesterone (P, 2 mg/rat, s.c.) to evoke a prolactin surge in the afternoon. Injections of the NO synthase inhibitor Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (40 mg/kg, s.c.) at 10.000, 12.00, and 14.00 h completely suppressed the steroid-induced prolactin surge in the afternoon. Similarly, another NO synthase inhibitor, Nw-nitro-L-arginine (100 mg/kg, s.c.), injected at 1000, 1200, and 1400 h on proestrus suppressed prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges, but failed to alter the daily increase of corticosterone. These studies confirm our earlier report and show that NO is involved in the complex processes that initiate the afternoon prolactin and LH surges of proestrus.
Unfitting shoes: footwear fashions and social mobility in colonial Peru

Feminine footwear fashions changed from the sixteenth through the eighteenth century in colonial Peru. Through a variety of textual and visual sources, this essay focuses on footwear fashions and the practices they demanded. It confronts the stereotypical and misogynist vision of colonial women expressed by poets, travelers and Spanish officials with the experiences (if not the voices) of colonial women that emerge from archival records. The study of footwear as a cultural artifact enables us to explore the trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific connections that directly or indirectly pushed women to move between worlds, cultural imaginaries and social expectations.
Effects of wind shear on the atmospheric convective boundary layer structure and evolution

The article reviews past accomplishments and recent advances in conceptual understanding, numerical simulation, and physical interpretation of the wind shear phenomena in the atmospheric convective boundary layer.
The winged-helix transcription factor HNF-3β is required for notochord development in the mouse embryo

HNF-3 beta, a transcription factor of the winged-helix family, is expressed in embryonic and adult endoderm and also in midline cells of the node, notochord, and floor plate in mouse embryos. To define the function of HNF-3 beta, a targeted mutation in the HNF-3 beta locus was generated by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Mice lacking HNF-3 beta die by embryonic day (E) 10-11. Mutant embryos examined from E6.5 to E9.5 do not form a distinct node and lack a notochord. In addition, mutant embryos show marked defects in the organization of somites and neural tube that may result from the absence of the notochord. The neural tube of mutant embryos exhibits overt anteroposterior polarity but lacks a floor plate and motor neurons. Endodermal cells are present but fail to form a gut tube in mutant embryos. These studies indicate that HNF-3 beta has an essential role in the development of axial mesoderm in mouse embryos.
Enhanced analysis of bacteria susceptibility in connected biofilms

A common method for visualizing bacterial biofilms is through confocal laser scanning microscopy images. Current software packages separate connected-biofilm bacteria from unconnected bacteria, such as planktonic or dispersed bacteria, but do not save both image sequences, making interpretation of the two bacterial populations difficult. Thus we report the development of an algorithm to save separate image sequences and enable qualitative and quantitative evaluation of each bacterial population. To improve bacterial viability assessment using a membrane integrity dye, a colocalization algorithm was also developed. This assigns colocalized pixels to the dead bacteria population, rather than to both the live and dead bacteria groups. Visually, this makes it clearer to distinguish a green live bacteria pixel from a yellow colocalized dead bacteria pixel. This algorithm also aids in the quantification of viability for connected-biofilm bacteria and unconnected bacteria to investigate susceptibility of each population to antimicrobials. The utility of these algorithms was demonstrated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms treated with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Results from this study indicate that quantification with colocalization adjustment can prevent underestimation of dead bacteria. These improvements in image processing will enable researchers to visually differentiate connected-biofilm and unconnected bacteria in a single image and to quantify these populations independently for viability without double counting the colocalized image pixels.
Analytical solution to the flame trajectory based on the analysis of “Scaling of buoyant turbulent jet diffusion flames” by N. Peters and J. Göttgens

Abstract Horizontal jet flames are formed in oil and gas well diverter fires, some accidental leak fires, and furnaces that utilize horizontal fuel injectors. In spite of these applications, only a few studies of flames in the horizontal configuration have been reported in the literature [1–3].
Inhibition of Beef Isolates of E. coli O157:H7 by Orange Oil at Various Temperatures

UNLABELLED Plant essential oils have previously been shown to exhibit antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms. In this study, cold pressed terpeneless Valencia orange oil (CPTVO) was examined at various temperatures (37, 10, and 4 °C) to determine its antimicrobial activity against 3 strains of E. coli O157:H7 recovered from beef products. A micro broth dilution method using 96 well microtiter plates was used with trypticase soy broth with 0.15% agar and 2,3,5 tetrazolium chloride as a growth indicator as the medium. Serial dilutions of CPTVO were made, resulting in final concentrations of oil ranging from 0.2% to 25% or 0.1% to 10%. Plates were incubated statically at 4, 10, or 37 °C, and sampled hourly. After 6 h at 37 °C, all strains were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 0.6%, with a mean of 0.4 ± 0.01%. At 10 °C, all strains were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 6.3%, with a mean of 1.1% ± 0.2%, after 6 h. At 4 °C, all strains were inhibited after 6 h at concentrations ranging from 2.3% to 4.6%, with a mean of 3.5% ± 2.1%. After 24 h at 4 °C the strains were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 0.7% to 1% with a mean of 0.8% ± 0.3%. The ranges appear to be the result of effects from the variable nature of a complex media and an antimicrobial that presents potential multiple mechanisms for inhibition. It appears CPTVO is a viable option to inhibit E. coli O157:H7 growth at refrigeration temperatures. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Beef products are often the source of foodborne illness from the organism E. coli O157:H7. Orange essential oils have been in the human diet for centuries, and the research reported here indicates that some of these oils may be used as surface applications during cold temperatures to inhibit the foodborne pathogen E. coli O157:H7.
Randomness meets feedback: stochastic implementation of logistic map dynamical system

Stochastic Computing (SC) is a digital computation approach that operates on random bit streams to perform complex tasks with much smaller hardware footprints compared to conventional approaches that employ binary radix. For stochastic logic to work, the input random bit streams have to be independent, which is a challenge when implementing systems with feedback: outputs that are generated based on input bit streams would be correlated to those streams and cannot be readily combined as inputs to stochastic logic for another iteration of the function. We propose re-randomization techniques for stochastic computing and use the Logistic Map x → r x(1−x) as a case study for dynamical systems in general. We show that complex behaviors such as period-doubling and chaos do indeed occur in digital logic with only a few gates operating on a few 0's and 1's. We employ a number of techniques such as random number generator sharing and using table-lookup pre-computations to significantly reduce the total energy of the computation. Compared to the conventional binary approach, we achieve between 8% and 25% energy consumption.
Preparation and kinetic studies of fumarase from peanuts.

Abstract Fumarase ( l -malate hydrolyase, E.C. 4.2.1.2) has been isolated from the acetone powder of peanut cotyledons from germinated seeds and has been partially purified through, ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. This fumarase has the same molecular size, as shown by molecular sieve chromatography and sedimentation analysis, as fumarase from pig heart. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by 1 m m p -chloromercuribenzoic acid, and the addition of dithiothreitol partially reversed this inhibition. The catalysis of the dehydration of l -malate by this enzyme has been studied over a range of substrate concentration between 0.3 and 10 m m , and the V m and K m were determined over a pH range of 6.5–8.6 in.5 m m phosphate buffer. The pH dependence of the K m and V m were very similar to fumarase from pig heart. The ionization constants of free enzyme were calculated to be 6.1 and 7.6, and of the enzyme-malate complex, 7.4 and 8.7.
Mössbauer effect study and magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic homologue of bromobis(diethyldithiocarbamato)iron(III)

Abstract Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility properties of a crystal modification of the title complex, denoted Fe(dtc)2Br, show that the iron atoms in this material become ferromagnetically ordered with Tc = 1.52 × 0.02 K. This result is consistent with a magnetic specific heat anomaly recently observed in similar material by Yoshikawa et al. Mossbauer effect hfs show that the lower Kramers doublet from the orbital singlet, spin quartet ground term is of composition |S = 3 2 , MS = ± 1 2 ).
Application of El Farol model for managing marine terminal gate congestion

Truck queuing at marine terminal gates has long been recognized as a source of emissions problem due to the large number of trucks idling. For this reason, there is a great deal of interest among the different stakeholders to lessen the severity of the problem. An approach being experimented by some terminals to reduce truck queuing at the terminal is to provide live views of their gates via webcams. An assumption made by the terminals in this method is that truck dispatchers and drivers will make rational decisions regarding their departure times such that there will be less fluctuations in truck arrivals at the terminal based on the live information. However, it is clear that if dispatchers send trucks to the terminal whenever the truck queues are short and not send trucks when the truck queues are long, it could lead to a perpetual whip lash effect. This study explores the predictive strategies that need to be made by the various dispatchers to achieve the desired effects (i.e. steady arrival of trucks and hence less queuing at the seaport terminal gates). This problem is studied with the use of an agent-based simulation model and the solution to the well known El Farol Bar problem. Results demonstrate that truck depots can manage (without any collaboration with one another) to minimize congestion at seaport terminal gates by using the provided real-time gate congestion information and some simple logics for estimating the expected truck wait time.
How Can Students Be Motivated: A Misplaced Question?

Great teachers understand the fundamental difference between motivation and inspiration: motivation is self-focused and inspiration is other focused. Exceptional teachers guide students to greatness by inspiring them to discover where their talents and passions intersect. For today's besieged classroom teacher, the desire to motivate students often springs from a place of self-concern: "I want to change your behavior with a reward or incentive so that, if you meet the targets or goals I set for you, this will help me meet my own needs and goals." Students are highly motivated to perform when they first come to school. The question is not "how can students be motivated?" but rather, "how can educators be deterred from diminishing—even destroying—student motivation and morale through their policies and practices?"
Principal component analysis of biological and physical variability in a Gulf Stream meander crest

In September and October 1988 a series of physical and biological observations were collected by the R. V. Endeavor and R. V. Cape Hatteras in a Gulf Stream meander crest. The hydrographic data, vertical chlorophyll a profiles derived from CTD/fluorescence profiles (calibrated with discrete pigment samples), and zooplankton biomass data (20–120m, estimated from chlorophyll a exhibited increased variability in the upper 120 m with a zero-crossing at 55m. The first mode of zooplankton biomass is near-surface intensified and decreases between 40 and 100 m. For each variable, the individual profiles are regressed onto the corresponding modes to generate a spatial/temporal series of the first two principal components. These series are analyzed in a local curvilinear coordinate system, defined by the apex of the meander crest on a daily basis. The spatial structures of the principal components for each of the physical variables in the curvilinear coordinate system are very similar. The temporal variability in this data set is overwhelmed by the spatial variability for all variables except zooplankton biomass, which exhibits a clear diurnal signal because of diel migration. For all the variables, cross-stream variability dominates, but there is some indication of along-stream variability, particularly in the Slope Water. The large-scale Gulf Stream front produces 50–80% of the total data variance in all variables, except the zooplankton. Mesoscale phenomena, including meander-induced vertical motion with associated detrainment/entrainment on the western and eastern flanks of the crest, and a warm-core ring stream interaction, account for 15–30% of the total data variance for all variables. Only 18% of the zooplankton variability is due the large-scale Gulf Stream front, while 50% of the variability can be attributed to a combination of mesoscale phenomena and diel migration. On the order of 10% of the variability in the data is due to submesoscale phenomena (L<20 km). The estimated variability associated with biological processes, other than diel migration, is 20%. The error for the terms in the variance decomposition is on the order of 5%.
Mechanisms of cytochrome P450 regulation by inflammatory mediators.

Abstract Hepatic levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes and their mRNAs are reduced in models of inflammation or infection. The contributions of transcriptional versus post-transcriptional mechanisms to this decline are poorly understood. The transcription of CYP2C11 is rapidly suppressed by administration of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) to rats, consistent with the finding that the CYP2C11 promoter contains a negative NF-κB response element that confers down-regulation of a linked reporter gene by cytokines. Nitric oxide has been proposed to be a mediator of inflammatory suppression of P450 expression, but reports from different laboratories have disagreed on this subject. Recently, we found that LPS suppresses the expression of CYP2B1 by both pre-translational and post-translational mechanisms in rat hepatocytes, the latter being NO-dependent and occurring only at high concentrations of LPS. Studies were conducted in control and NOS2-null mice to determine the contributions of these different mechanisms to CYP2B suppression in vivo.
Does paying child support reduce men's subsequent marriage and fertility?

Due to tradeoffs between mating and parental effort, men who pay child support to children from previous unions should be less likely to have subsequent children or to remarry than men who do not pay child support. I evaluate this prediction using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative sample of American households. As predicted, child support payment is associated with lower probability of subsequent birth. However, the prediction was not met for marriage: men who paid child support were more, rather than less, likely to remarry. One interpretation of this result is that child support payment is an honest signal of men's willingness to commit to parental investment: by continuing to pay child support, men signal to prospective mates that they are good investors. Child support may thus function to some extent as mating effort, by attracting subsequent long-term mates.
A 3D model of muscle reveals the causes of nonuniform strains in the biceps brachii

Biomechanical models generally assume that muscle fascicles shorten uniformly. However, dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) images of the biceps brachii have recently shown nonuniform shortening along some muscle fascicles during low-load elbow flexion (J. Appl. Physiol. 92 (2002) 2381). The purpose of this study was to uncover the features of the biceps brachii architecture and material properties that could lead to nonuniform shortening. We created a three-dimensional finite-element model of the biceps brachii and compared the tissue strains predicted by the model with experimentally measured tissue strains. The finite-element model predicted strains that were within one standard deviation of the experimentally measured strains. Analysis of the model revealed that the variation in fascicle lengths within the muscle and the curvature of the fascicles were the primary factors contributing to nonuniform strains. Continuum representations of muscle, combined with in vivo image data, are needed to deepen our understanding of how complex geometric arrangements of muscle fibers affect muscle contraction mechanics.
Fluorodicyclooctenerhodium(I), a versatile rhodium complex

Abstract [RhF(C 8 H 14 ) 2 ] n has been prepared and used in the synthesis of RhF(PPh 3 ) 3 and of other halo-, phosphine-, carbonyl- and/or dinitrogen-containing rhodium(I) complexes.
A divide-and-conquer algorithm for the eigendecomposition of symmetric block-diagonal plus semiseparable matrices

We present a fast and numerically stable algorithm for computing the eigendecomposition of a symmetric block diagonal plus semiseparable matrix. We report numerical experiments that indicate that our algorithm is significantly faster than the standard method which treats the given matrix as a general symmetric dense matrix.
Using the bond energy density to predict the reinforcing ability of a composite

A model is proposed to predict the ability of a filler to reinforce a polymer. The model combines the effects of filler particle size, filler surface chemistry and filler volume fraction into one parameter called the bond energy density. Bond energy density is defined as the total interfacial bond energy per unit volume of a polymer composite. Bond energy density is determined by Fowkes's equation. The critical bond energy density, which is equivalent to the bond energy density of the composite when its tensile strength equals that of its matrix, determines whether a filler will reinforce or weaken a polymer. To get a filler reinforcing effect, the bond energy density of the composite must be greater than its critical bond energy density.
Functional mutagenesis of AML1/RUNX1 and PEBP2 beta/CBF beta define distinct, non-overlapping sites for DNA recognition and heterodimerization by the Runt domain.

The Runt domain family of transcription factors play key roles in transcriptional regulation of definitive hematopoiesis and osteogenesis. This transcription factor family is characterized by a DNA-binding alpha-subunit harboring the Runt domain and a secondary subunit, beta, which binds to the Runt domain and enhances its interaction with DNA. Missense mutations in the Runt domain from either the blood or bone-related gene product are associated with the onset of acute human leukemia as well as a disease of skeletal patterning known as cleidocranial dysplasia. NMR "footprinting" analysis of Runt domain/beta/DNA ternary complexes in solution previously identified the likely residues that form the heterodimerization and DNA-binding surfaces of the Runt domain. Functional mutagenesis at 37 positions in the Runt domain or beta confirms the original identification of these interaction surfaces and reveals that the heterodimerization and DNA-binding surfaces of the Runt domain occur at distinct, non-overlapping sites within the domain. The analysis of an additional 21 disease-related missense mutations identified from patients with either blood or bone disease demonstrates that the primary defect in these patients is a failure in DNA-recognition by the Runt domain. The molecular basis for the DNA-binding defect is analyzed in the context of the three-dimensional structure of the Runt domain in binary and ternary protein/DNA complexes.
Intraosseous Blood Supply to the Distal Humerus

Purpose Nonunion of the distal humerus after fracture or osteotomy is uncommon but can present an important clinical problem. Vascular insufficiency of bone may be an important contributing factor. The purpose of this study was to describe the intraosseous vascular anatomy of the distal humerus. Methods Nine fresh-frozen upper extremity cadaver specimens were injected with India ink and Ward's blue latex solution. A modified Spalteholz technique was used to show the intraosseous vascular anatomy. Results The distal humeral diaphysis was supplied by a single nutrient artery. The lateral column was supplied predominately by posterior segmental vessels, whereas the medial column was supplied by anterior and posterior segmental vessels. The trochlea, olecranon fossa, and coronoid fossa were watershed areas. Conclusions Our study shows the intraosseous vascular anatomy of the distal humerus is relatively consistent. There also appears to be a consistent trochlear vessel medially and small anterior perforating vessels in the lateral column that have not previously been described.
Varieties as incipient species: Darwin's numerical analysis

Charles Darwin claimed but little aptitude for mathematics. In his autobiography he lamented: "I attempted mathematics, and even went during the summer of 1828 with a private tutor (a very dull man) to Barmouth, but I got on very slowly. The work was repugnant to me, chiefly from my not being able to see any meaning in the early steps of algebra."' Thus, although it seems highly unlikely that the name Darwin will ever be associated with the phrase "numerical analysis,"2 Darwin worked most diligently from the summer of 1857 through the spring of 1858 on a massive tabulation and mathematical analysis of botanical data which he viewed as "one of the most important arguments I have yet met with"3 in support of his conjecture that varieties were incipient species. The idea of using numerical data in botanical studies of relationships of genera, species, and varieties by no means originated with Darwin. In fact, many of his contemporaries made use of such data in testing ideas that were definitely similar to those he would later adopt. For example, Alphonse de Candolle in his GCographie biologique raisonne'e compiled extensive data that he utilized in drawing conclusions concerning, among other things, the geographically common species in various
Antigenic deletion and malignant enhancement induced in lymphoma cells by passage through X-irradiated hosts

WE report here a new system by which lymphoma cells are induced to delete strong, virus-associated membrane antigens and, as a result, considerably increase their capacity for transplantation and metastasis. This system of inducing antigenic changes in tumour cells is interesting because it involves X-irradiation of the hosts, which is used widely in the treatment of human cancer.
Water solubility, thermal characteristics and biodegradability of extruded starch acetate foams

Abstract Starch based foams have been studied as replacements for non-degradable expanded polystyrene (EPS) as loose-fill packaging material because of starch’s total degradation and low cost. However, starch’s hydrophilicity, poor mechanical properties and dimensional stability limited their applications. Acetylated starch with a high degree of substitution (DS) is an alternative. Starch acetates with DS 1.11, 1.68, and 2.23 were extruded with either water or ethanol as solvents. The effects of DS and type of solvent on the starch acetate foam’s water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), thermal behavior (glass transition temperature [Tg], melting temperature [Tm], and thermal decomposition temperature), and biodegradability were investigated. There was a significant interaction (P
Time, Teacher Comments, and Achievement in Urban High Schools.

Observations of time usage and teachers statements were made in 175 classrooms in twenty-six high schools in Chicago. The measures of time were combined into one variable that was then tested for its association to the achievement scores of the eleventh grade class. The correlation showed that schools with higher reading achievement had a lower amount of lost time. Regression models showed that better use of time and more use of positive comments were each associated with increases in achievement. The low use of reinforcing comments by teachers and the high proportions of student time lost through absences, interruptions, and noninvolvement were cited as areas that could be affected by school policies.