cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appropriateness of ambulance transportation to a suburban pediatric emergency department.

Objective. To assess the appropriateness of ambulance use in patients presenting to a pediatric emergency department (ED), with regard to both medical necessity and insurance status. Methods. The authors conducted a one-year retrospective chart analysis of all patients (age range 2 weeks to 19 years) who were transported via ambulance in 1994 to a suburban children's hospital ED. ED records of all patients who arrived by ambulance were abstracted for demographic data, type of insurance, chief complaint, medical interventions, discharge diagnosis, and disposition. Ambulance transportation was deemed unnecessary unless the medical record revealed any of the following criteria: 1) requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 2) respiratory distress, 3) altered mental status or seizure, 4) immobilization, 5) inability to walk, 6) admission to intensive care, 7) ambulance recommended by medical personnel, 8) motor vehicle collision, or 9) parents not on scene. Results. 43% of the ambulance patients were insured by...
Utility of blood cultures in postoperative pediatric intensive care unit patients.

Objective:To determine the frequency of positive blood cultures in patients with fevers in the initial 48-hour postoperative period.Study Design:All patients who had blood cultures drawn during the initial 48 hours postoperatively while in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at the University o
A General Connectionist Model of Attitude Structure and Change : The ACS (Attitudes as Constraint Satisfaction) Model

A localist, parallel constraint satisfaction, artificial neural network model is presented that accounts for a broad collection of attitude and attitude-change phenomena. The network represents the attitude object and cognitions and beliefs related to the attitude, as well as how to integrate a persuasive message into this network. Short-term effects are modeled by activation patterns due to parallel constraint satisfaction processes, and long-term effects are modeled by weight changes due to the settling patterns of activation. Phenomena modeled include thought-induced attitude polarization, elaboration and attitude strength, motivated reasoning and social influence, an integrated view of heuristic versus systematic persuasion, and implicit versus explicit attitude change. Results of the simulations are consistent with empirical results. The same set of simple mechanisms is used to model all the phenomena, which allows the model to offer a parsimonious theoretical account of how structure can impact attitude change. This model is compared with previous computational approaches to attitudes, and implications for attitude research are discussed.
Hybrid blackboard model for feature interactions in process planning

Abstract This paper describes a hybrid blackboard model designed for process planning of prismatic parts on CNC machine tools in a batch manufacturing environment. This hybrid blackboard model uses mixed-type reasoning to handle feature interactions by combining the forward chaining for feature sequencing and the backward chaining for the construction of a process plan. In such a hybrid model, the human problem-solving strategies are decoupled from the tools for analysis and sorting algorithms. The central algorithm has four steps: (1) define the important information for features and feature-related concerns; (2) prioritize the given feature according to the given constraints and sorting guideline; (3) sequence the features; and (4) attach the needed operations to the features in machine/process/feature/set-up/tool/time/cost format.
The relationship between rates of marital and illegitimate fertility: U.S., 1969

In this paper the authors have used nonrecursive regression analysis to examine the positive zero-order correlation between race specific illegitimate and marital fertility rates of American women aged 20-29 and 30-44. They derived a set of county level areal characteristics believed to influence childbearing of both married and unmarried women from 4 theories of fertility. The theories were: 1) the "innovation" hypothesis which emphasizes the diffusion of new methods of birth control 2) the normative hypothesis which correlates illegitimacy and fertility rates with community norms 3) the deviant subculture hypothesis which asserts that persons judged by outside observers to be deviant are often not violating the social norms of their subculture and 4) the alternative role hypothesis which stresses the provision of other than childbearing roles for women. The independent variables isolated by the authors were population density migration stable marriage Southern region low education program enrollment physician density labor force participation and school enrollment. To isolate variables that have similar influences on both marital and illegitimate fertility was the purpose of the study. Unlike the single cause explanation for the positive relationship of marital and illegitimacy rate trends advanced by earlier researchers the authors have found that in cross-sectional analyses the positive correlation is due to multiple variables that have similar effects on both fertility rates.
Emergency food systems: Food access outside the commodity chain

Food systems analysis has developed over the last 15 years to analyze the social, economic, and environmental relations along the food commodity chain: from the land tenure relations and knowledge politics that inscribe traditions of planting to the locations of quality and quantity purchase and consumption. Important advances have been made to shorten the physical and psychological distance between “field and plate” through shortened “food miles” traveled and popular participation in “civic agriculture.” The approach of food systems analysis, and perhaps even more particularly local food systems analysis, can and should help to place more theoretical and practical emphasis on class relations in the food system—what I call the “emergency food system”. While excellent case studies exist that link community food security and emergency food projects, e.g., “building bridges” through CSAs that cooperate with food pantries and soup kitchens, the growing field of “local food systems” may benefit by systematically reviewing such relationships and expanding them to institutionalized purveyors of emergency food support such as WIC and food stamp offices, schools’ subsidized meal programs, and municipal and county level food assistance programs. The recent study, “Improving Food Security for New Jersey Families: Identifying Food Source, Need, and Tools for Connecting” has a scope that includes: (a) a GIS-based Gap Analysis of the emergency food services in the State; (b) an analysis of food providers’ programs, needs, and possibilities for regional cooperation.
Cellular pattern of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and type I IGF receptor gene expression in early organogenesis: comparison with IGF-II gene expression.

To investigate the potential role(s) of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in embryogenesis, we have used in situ hybridization histochemistry to localize mRNAs for IGF-I, IGF-II, and the type I IGF receptor during an early period in rat embryonic development (embryonic days 14 and 15). IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs were found in distinctly different patterns of cellular distribution. IGF-I mRNA was particularly abundant in undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue in the vicinity of sprouting nerves and spinal ganglia, and in circumscribed regions of the developing face that corresponded to the target zones of the trigeminal nerve. IGF-I mRNA was also found in aggregations of mesenchyme surrounding, but not in developing muscle and cartilage. IGF-I mRNA was selectively concentrated in areas of active tissue remodeling, such as the cardiac outflow tract, and was undetectable in liver, pituitary, and nervous system at this early stage of organogenesis. IGF-II mRNA was abundant in developing muscle, cartilage, and v...
Structural requirements for the biological activity of enterostatin

A series of enterostatin analogues were tested to investigate the minimal structure required for activity to suppress the intake of high-fat (HF) diets. The dose-response curve to intracerebroventricular (ICV) enterostatin was U-shaped (maximal inhibition at 1 nmol). Removal or modification of the N-terminal valine from enterostatin (Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg) abolished activity, as did C-terminal amidation. The tripeptide (Pro-Asp-Pro) and the cyclo-diketopiperazine cyclo-Asp-Pro retained activity whereas the linear Asp-Pro dipeptide was inactive. In rats adapted to a three-choice macronutrient diet, cyclo-Asp-Pro specifically inhibited fat intake and had near maximal inhibition (50%) at the 0.03 nmol dose. The enterostatin inhibitory effect on fat intake may reside in the cyclo-diketopiperazine molecule, cyclo-Asp-Pro.
Linear system-size scaling methods for electronic-structure calculations.

We describe a method for performing electronic-structure calculations of the total energy and interatomic forces which scales linearly with system size. An energy functional is introduced which possesses a global minimum for which (1) electronic wave functions are orthonormal and (2) the correct electronic ground-state energy is obtained. Linear scaling is then obtained by introducing a spatially truncated Wannier-like representation for the electronic states. The effects of this representation are studied in detail. Molecular-dynamics simulations using an orthogonal tight-binding basis and ab initio local-orbital density-functional methods are presented. We study both Car-Parrinello and conjugate-gradient molecular-dynamics schemes and discuss practical methods for dynamical simulation. A detailed connection between our method and the density matrix approach of Daw [Phys. Rev. B 47, 10 895 (1993)] and Li, Nunes, and Vanderbilt, [Phys. Rev. B 47, 10 891 (1993)] is also provided.
Redistribution of Activated Caspase-3 to the Nucleus during Butyric Acid-Induced Apoptosis

The colonic epithelial cells near the top of the crypt and in the lumen have been shown to undergo apoptosis. Since butyric acid is the major short-chain fatty acid produced by fermentation of dietary fiber in the large bowel, it has been proposed that it could act as an important regulator of apoptosis in colorectal cancer. Here we report that in cells treated with butyric acid, the cleavage of DNA-PKcs was paralleled or preceded by the induction of activation of caspase-3, and these events were inhibited by Bcl-2 overexpression. We also demonstrated the redistribution of activated caspase-3 to the nuclear compartment where it locally cleaves DNA-PKcs and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and cleaved fragments were released in the cytosolic compartment. The observed activation of caspase-3 and nuclear cleavage of its substrates and their subsequent release into the cytosol were inhibited by a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, the tetrapeptide DEVD-CHO. These findings suggest that relocalization of activated caspase-3 to the nucleus may constitute an important apoptotic signal during butyric acid-induction of apoptosis human colorectal cancer cells.
A high-stability air temperature control system

Abstract A multiloop control system has been implemented in a relatively large recirculating air chamber that maintains one-sigma air temperature stability of 3 mK at the outer loop control point. The control system is a modification to a chamber that formerly held air temperature stability of approximately 0.1°C. A continuously running refrigeration system removes the nominal heat load from the air through a cross-flow heat exchanger. The control system maintains temperature stability in the chamber by modulating the power input to a coil heater. Four thermistors in DC bridges are used to generate the feedback signals.
Library Assignments: Challenges that Students Face and How to Help

any undergraduate college stu dents perennially dread library or research assignments, re garding them as either unrequited drudgery or a source of unrewarding anx iety. I would like to discuss the challenges that students face when grappling with a research assignment, provide examples of situation and design problems, and offer some solutions. Using the library productively and re searching efficiently are less intuitive and more complicated tasks than they might appear. Effective library assignments are difficult to create, and most students (indeed, most researchers) are dedicated to the Principle of Least Effort, also called the Principle of Information-Pro cessing Parsimony, documented by Thomas Mann (1993, 91):
Optical oxygen sensor based on RUDPP fluorescence quenching

An optical oxygen sensor system based on the process of fluorescence quenching is reported. The device detects the fluorescence quenching of a ruthenium complex [Ru(dip- phen)3(ClO)4] also known as RUDPP by sensing minute variations of a fluorescent membrane emission intensity. A dual channel design consisting of a reference branch and a sensing branch is used. Both branches include modulated light from a bright blue LED acting as the excitation source coupled through an enclosed channel to a photo-diode. The sensing branch has the RUDPP fluorescence quenching membrane sandwiched between the blue LED and the photo-diode, while the reference branch is void of such membrane. To avoid membrane saturation in the sensing branch, the excitation source is modulated with a 350 Hz square wave. The output signals of the two channels are amplified separately and subtracted from each other using a difference amplifier. Adjusting the difference amplifier output to zero effectively ensures excitation source interference cancellation. The photodiode in the sensing branch detects the intensity variations as a function of fluorescent quenching by oxygen. It was possible to isolate the fluorescent signal completely, based solely on electronic components, without the use of optical filters. The output signal from the difference amplifier is further amplified (with an adjustable gain for calibration) and displayed. Sensor performance was tested and it exhibited both excellent sensitivity and response time, compared to the recent oxygen sensors reported by others. A decrease of less than 4 percent oxygen concentration was readily detectable. We conclude that this design establishes the feasibility of developing an optical oxygen sensor, relying solely on optoelectronic components for detection.
Estimating biomass of submersed vegetation using a simple rake sampling technique

We evaluated the use of a simple rake sampling technique for predicting the biomass of submersed aquatic vegetation. Vegetation sampled from impounded areas of the Mississippi River using a rake sampling technique, was compared with vegetation harvested from 0.33-m2 quadrats. The resulting data were used to model the relationship between rake indices and vegetation biomass (total and for individual species). We constructed linear regression models using log-transformed biomass data for sites sampled in 1999 and 2000. Data collected in 2001 were used to validate the resulting models. The coefficient of determination (R2) for predicting total biomass was 0.82 and ranged from 0.59 (Potamogeton pectinatus) to 0.89 (Ceratophyllum demersum) for individual species. Application of the model to estimate total submersed aquatic vegetation is illustrated using data collected independent of this study. The accuracy and precision of the models tested indicate that the rake method data may be used to predict total vegetation biomass and biomass of selected species; however, the method should be tested in other regions, in other plant communities, and on other species.
Evaluation of current tobacco curriculum at 12 US medical schools.

Background. Training medical students in tobacco prevention and treatment skills is critical if we are to have competent physicians prepared to address the grave levels of morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use. Tobacco Prevention and Cessation Education at US Medical Schools (PACE), a National Cancer Institute funded project, was launched to assess and improve curriculum content and teaching at 12 US medical schools. Methods. The 2003 survey was completed by faculty and administrators. The survey was divided into four main sections: tobacco content and skills, curricular evaluation, faculty perceptions of barriers and promoters, and educational vision. Results. Thirty-six percent of all medical school courses had some tobacco-related content. Five schools provided a total of between 4 and 8 hours of teaching, 5 schools provided 10-13 hours, and 2 schools provided 17 and 18 hours of teaching. Of the12 schools, 8 had fewer hours devoted to tobacco teaching in the clerkships than during the 1st...
Characterization of photodamage in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

We report a mechanistic analysis of photodamage in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Photodamage to the myelin sheath in spinal tissues is induced by using the point scan mode and is featured by myelin splitting and shockwaves with broadband emission. Our measurement of photodamage rate versus the excitation power reveals that both linear and nonlinear mechanisms are involved. Moreover, we show that vibrational absorption induced by coherent Raman processes significantly contributes to the nonlinear damage at high peak powers. For CARS imaging of cultured cells, the photodamage is characterized by plasma membrane blebbing and is dominated by a second order mechanism. Our study suggests that for dense samples such as the myelin sheath, CARS imaging induced photodamage can be minimized by using laser beams with relatively long near IR wavelengths and a repetition rate of a few MHz. For less dense samples such as cultured cells, laser pulses of higher repetition rates are preferred.
The Synovial Sarcoma-Associated SYT-SSX2 Oncogene Antagonizes the Polycomb Complex Protein Bmi1

This study demonstrates deregulation of polycomb activity by the synovial sarcoma-associated SYT-SSX2 oncogene, also known as SS18-SSX2. Synovial sarcoma is a soft tissue cancer associated with a recurrent t(X:18) translocation event that generates one of two fusion proteins, SYT-SSX1 or SYT-SSX2. The role of the translocation products in this disease is poorly understood. We present evidence that the SYT-SSX2 fusion protein interacts with the polycomb repressive complex and modulates its gene silencing activity. SYT-SSX2 causes destabilization of the polycomb subunit Bmi1, resulting in impairment of polycomb-associated histone H2A ubiquitination and reactivation of polycomb target genes. Silencing by polycomb complexes plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes. In recent years, numerous reports have implicated gain of polycomb silencing function in several cancers. This study provides evidence that, in the appropriate context, expression of the SYT-SSX2 oncogene leads to loss of polycomb function. It challenges the notion that cancer is solely associated with an increase in polycomb function and suggests that any imbalance in polycomb activity could drive the cell toward oncogenesis. These findings provide a mechanism by which the SYT-SSX2 chimera may contribute to synovial sarcoma pathogenesis.
Comparison of the Thermal Expansion Behavior of Several Intermetallic Silicide Alloys Between 293 and 1523 K

Thermal expansion measurements were conducted on hot-pressed CrSi2, TiSi2, WSi2 and a two-phase Cr-Mo-Si intermetallic alloy between 303 and 1523 K during three heat-cool cycles. The corrected thermal expansion, (ΔL/L 0)thermal, varied with the absolute temperature, T, as $$\left( {\Delta L/L_{0} } \right)_{\text{thermal}} = \, A\left( {T - 293} \right)^{3} + \, B\left( {T - 293} \right)^{2} + \, C\left( {T - 293} \right) \, + D$$ where, A, B, C, and D are regression constants. Excellent reproducibility was observed for most of the materials after the first heat-up cycle. In some cases, the data from first heat-up cycle deviated from those determined in the subsequent cycles. This deviation was attributed to the presence of residual stresses developed during processing, which are relieved after the first heat-up cycle.
PPAR Agonists: Blood Pressure and Edema

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Side effects of drug treatment include both fluid retention and a lowering of blood pressure. Data from animal and human studies suggest that these effects arise, at least in part, from drug-induced changes in the kidney. In order to capitalize on the positive aspect (lowering of blood pressure) and exclude the negative one (fluid retention), it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of action underlying each of the effects. When interpreted with known physiological principles, current hypotheses regarding potential mechanisms produce enigmas that are difficult to resolve. This paper is a summary of the current understanding of PPAR agonist effects on both blood pressure and fluid retention from a renal perspective and concludes with the newest studies that suggest alternative pathways within the kidney that could contribute to the observed drug-induced effects.
Dynamic Stress Analysis and Correlated With Test for an Automotive Driveline

This paper documents the result of dynamic stress analysis correlated with bending test for an automotive rear-wheel-drive driveline system. Good correlation is achieved. The procedure developed in this paper consists of three steps. Step 1 is to generate Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models of the components and subsystems, and analyze the system’s natural frequencies, mode shapes and driving point frequency response functions using Nastran software. Step 2 is to develop the propshaft model that includes manufacturing variation and simulated dynamic balancing. Step 3 is to run the dynamic stress analysis in ADAMS software. The objective of developing the analytical procedure of driveline dynamic system is to reduce the number of tests required under driveline design stage. This project also serves as a case study to graduate students in predicting dynamic stress of a real industrial part.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Organizational Staffing and Work Adjustment

This article presents a review of the book “Organizational Staffing and Work Adjustment,” by Aharon Tziner.
FINITE SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION-FREE TEST STATISTICS FOR NESTED STRUCTURAL MODELS*

Asymptotically distribution free (ADF) type test statistics play an important role in covariance structure analysis with nonnormal data. However, empirical studies have indicated that ADF-type test statistics rejected the correct models too frequently at all but very large sample sizes. This phenomenon may similarly occur for tests involving nested models. Several statistics related to ADF-type nested tests are given. The new test statistics have the same asymptotic properties as the original ADF-type test statistics. When used to evaluate model restrictions with small sample sizes, our statistics are more conservative in rejecting correct models. Numerical comparison of critical values are given for selected sample sizes and model parameter differences.
Modeling of X-ray fabrication of macromechanical structures

This paper evaluates the application of Lithographie, Galvanoformung, Abformung (LIGA) as a technique for fabricating millimeter to centimeter-scale mechanical components. The main focus of the work is an investigation of modeling approaches to estimate dimensional accuracy of complex profile features. Numerical models for X-ray exposure and an empirical model for polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) development are presented. Optical coordinate measurements are performed on two case studies associated with fabricating a planetary gear assembly: (1) a spider frame and (2) involute gear tooth profiles.
Grief as a Family Affair: Property Rights, Grief Rights, and the Exclusion of Close Friends as Survivors

A recent Omega article by Sklar and Hartley established that although the close friends of one who dies—survivor-friends—grieve and mourn much as do family members, they tend to be excluded from le...
Association between increased behavioral persistence and stereotypy in the pet dog

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether dogs that exhibit stereotypy also show higher behavioral persistence in an extinction-learning task. Thirteen pet dogs with stereotypy and 13 breed-matched control dogs were assessed on a resistance to extinction test. Each dog was trained for 40 trials using a food reinforcer to nose-touch the experimenter's hand on a continuous reinforcement schedule. After acquisition, the dogs entered an extinction phase, during which food was no longer delivered. The numbers of nose-touches as well as inter-response times during this phase were recorded. A linear regression found that stereotypy status ( t = −2.46, P = .027) and breed type ( t = 2.44, P = .023) were significant predictors of the number of responses in extinction. Dogs with stereotypy responded more in extinction than control dogs. The mean number of responses was 13.4 (SD = 14.7) in the control group and 26.0 (SD = 15.3) in the stereotypy group. These results suggest a link between previous laboratory and zoo animal findings on the neurophysiology of stereotypy and the pet dog population. They also have implications for the use of extinction procedures to reduce stereotypic behaviors in pet dogs, as these dogs show enhanced resistance to extinction.
Cumulative Time Statistics of Surface-Point Rainfall Rates

Statistics on rainfall rates near and above the earth's surface are needed in order to estimate the percentage of time of absorption, or scattering of radio waves that affect radio system design and electrospace management. The most useful averaging time for computing such rates is on the order of 1 min or less. This paper extrapolates excessive short-duration precipitation data to provide such statistics from data routinely reported by the National Weather Service. For the 8766 h in an average year, and for a median or random location in any part of the world, the model described here estimates the fraction of time during which t -minute average rainfall rates exceed any given value.
Linking Northeast Pacific recruitment synchrony to environmental variability

We investigated the hypothesis that synchronous recruitment is due to a shared susceptibility to environmental processes using stock–recruitment residuals for 52 marine fish stocks within three Northeast Pacific large marine ecosystems: the Eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, Gulf of Alaska, and California Current. There was moderate coherence in exceptionally strong and weak year-classes and correlations across stocks. Based on evidence of synchrony from these analyses, we used Bayesian hierarchical models to relate recruitment to environmental covariates for groups of stocks that may be similarly influenced by environmental processes based on their life histories. There were consistent relationships among stocks to the covariates, especially within the Gulf of Alaska and California Current. The best Gulf of Alaska model included Northeast Pacific sea surface height as a predictor of recruitment, and was particularly strong for stocks dependent on cross-shelf transport during the larval phase for recruitment. In the California Current the best-fit model included San Francisco coastal sea level height as a predictor, with higher recruitment for many stocks corresponding to anomalously high sea level the year before spawning and low sea level the year of spawning. The best Eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands model included several environmental variables as covariates and there was some consistent response across stocks to these variables. Future research may be able to utilize these across-stock environmental influences, in conjunction with an understanding of ecological processes important across early life history stages, to improve identification of environmental drivers of recruitment.
Nonlinear model for Dynamic Synapse Neural Network

This paper presents a simplified nonlinear model for Dynamic Synapse Neural Network (DSNN) which is based on nonlinear dynamics of neurons in the hippocampus, using a recurrent neural network. The proposed model will be utilized in place of DSNN for various applications which require simpler implementation and faster training, maintaining the same performance as a nonlinear system model, classifier, or pattern recognizer. This model was tested in two different structure and training methods, by learning the input-output relationship of a few DSNNs with sets of experimentally-determined coefficients. The results showed that this model can capture DSNN's complicated nonlinear dynamics in a temporal domain with less computational cost and faster training.
R. M. Kleinpell's Zones And Stages: An Oppelian Biostratigraphic Solution To A Challenge In The Search For Petroleum In California

Robert M. Kleinpell (1905-1986) brought new concepts into oil exploration in California in the late 1920s that enhanced oil recovery. He used basic biostratigraphic principles developed by Albert Oppel (1831-1865) in a study of the ammonite-bearing Jurassic successions in Europe to solve a challenge that faced California's petroleum industry in the 1920s. That challenge was how to recognize a specific stratigraphic position in a sequence of unseen and seemingly unfossiliferous, homogenous California Tertiary strata being perforated by oil-well drilling equipment and how to identify oil-bearing strata from well to well. Kleinpell's insightful use of relevant biostratigraphic principles led to recovery of many millions of barrels of petroleum from California's Tertiary stratigraphic succession. Despite considerable economic success, rarely have geologists outside California's petroleum industry recognized the significance of Kleinpell's economically rewarding application of scientific principle. Furthermore...
The effects of desiccation on seeds of Acer saccharinum and Aesculus pavia : recalcitrance in temperate tree seeds

This study was undertaken to determine how the results from lipid, moisture, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses conducted on silver maple (Aceraceae: Acer saccharinum L.) and red buckeye (Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus pavia L.) compared with those obtained from previous studies on white and water oaks (Fagaceae: Quercus alba and Q. nigra), and the tropical zone species American muskwood (Meliaceae: Guarea guidonia) and carapa (Meliaceae: Carapa guianensis). Seeds were air-dried at room temperature for 9–11 days. At intervals, germination was tested, moisture determined, and lipids extracted. It was found that, like the other recalcitrant seeds, (1) viability was greatly reduced or lost after 11 days of drying, (2) percentage changes in individual fatty acids were not related to seed viability, and (3) results from the differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed a strong relationship between enthalpy/onset data from the embryo and cotyledon tissues and loss of viability. Also, silver maple seeds experienced a 50% reduction in viability by day 5 of drying and retained an axis moisture content over 25% throughout the experiment. However, unlike the other recalcitrant seeds surveyed, both silver maple and red buckeye had a significant reduction in the total amount (mg/g) of cotyledon lipids as the experiment progressed. However, no decrease in the unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio was found, so we conclude that in these species lipid peroxidation is not a marker of declining seed viability. Also, red buckeye seeds did not lose 50% viability until after day 8 of the experiment, and axis moisture content fell well below 20% as the seeds dried.
Education zeal, state control and citizenship in South Korea

South Korea experienced a rapid educational development after 1948 driven in large part by a broad-based public demand for education, often referred to as ‘education fever’ (kyoyuky l). The drive for education resulted in South Korea becoming one of the world's most literate societies and was a major contributor to its transformation from an impoverished to a prosperous, highly industrialized nation. South Korea's ‘education fever’ also played a key role in the development of a democratic society based on active citizen involvement in public affairs. The high rates of literacy brought about by this drive for education, the establishment of a universal and uniform school system, and the intensity of the educational experience all contributed to a common sense of community. This educational transformation took place under a series of authoritarian governments that made use of the school system to promote a sense of loyalty and legitimacy to the state while promoting liberal democratic values linked with the...
Augmented tango shoes: interactive footware

The Augmented Tango Shoes were developed in 2006 as part of ITP's NIME class at NYU. These shoes allow the dancer real-time control over music, and are inspired by Argentine Tango dance and the musical genre ElectroTango.Traditionally, dancers follow music, not vice versa. At a Tango dance, there could be over fifty different songs played in one night, and the maximum connection between the dancers and the music happens when the dancers know specific songs well. The footwork and patterns developed for Tango can be intricate and dynamic, so why not use these gestures to "play" music?The shoes are outfitted with three kinds of sensors that communicate gestural information via Bluetooth to a Max/MSP patch. The dancer can trigger over one hundred pre-composed samples and loops, and control parameters of filters, reverb units, delays, etc.The sounds you will hear include violin, guitar, piano, sound effects, drum loops, and processed versions of the above. The musical results range from abstract, electronic soundscapes familiar to computer musicians, to sustained wails from a bandoneon that will resonate any Argentine Taguera/o's heart.
The allocation of political monies: Economic interest groups

We have constructed two models of how economic interest groups allocate their campaign monies between candidates for the same legislative house. The models make contrasting assumptions regarding an interest group's strategy for affecting policy outcomes. One model assumes contributions are given to affect election probabilities while the other assumes that contributions are exchanged for political favors. The validity of these assumptions can best be examined by testing the predictions of the two models.
Valgus stability of the elbow

The valgus stabilizers of the elbow have been identified anatomically, but their relative importance has not been quantified. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute changes of the torque-displacement curve to valgus stress following (a) section of the posterior portion of the medial collateral ligament; (b) excision of the radial head; (c) prosthetic replacement of the radial head; and (d) excision of the anterior portion of the medical collateral ligament. Thirty cadaver specimens underwent load-displacement testing in three positions: 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees of flexion. The anterior portion of the medial collateral ligament was the primary stabilizer of the elbow to valgus stress. The relative contribution of the posterior ligament was minimal. After excision of the radial head alone, the slope of the load-displacement curve decreased an average of 30%. Silicone rubber radial head replacement did not significantly improve the stability to valgus stress after radial head excision.
Coherent inelastic electron scattering in LEED studies of As (0001)

Abstract The diffraction of low-energy electrons scattered inelastically from the As (0001) surface has been characterized. One prominent feature equivalent to loss followed by diffraction was observed photographically in the LEED display. The inverse process, diffraction plus loss, was present in energy distributions of LEED beams as measured with a high-angular resolution, variable position mini-analyzer and supported with spot photometry. The results indicate an inherent difficulty in obtaining LEED intensity data for As (0001) at Ep > 150 eV. In a further test of factors affecting LEED intensities, limitations to time-reversal invariance have also been observed and correlated with inelastic effects.
Medical devices and biomaterials for the developing world: Technical solutions and policy recommendations

This paper is part of a larger work in which we discuss the role of medical technology in developing settings with a focus on West Africa and Latin America. We aim to identify the major factors limiting the effectiveness of medical technology in developing settings and to propose the clinical application of biomaterials as one way that the local resources of these settings can be harnessed to reverse this negative trend. After a discussion of the health and agricultural sectors in two nations (Ghana and Nicaragua), we propose that these nations have access to the resources required to support a sustainable biomaterials industry. We also propose the use of a universal metric, or Medical Technology Score (MTS), that evaluates the technical competence of health facilities and systems in the context of a baseline international standard. Pending the completion of ongoing tests of biocompatibility with various human tissues, corn-and soy-derived materials have potential as a new form of “technology” in the clinical setting. Several non-scientific factors must also be considered, such as relevant infrastructure and the connection between agricultural output and production of such materials.
DYNAMICAL CONCURRENT SCHEDULES

Previous work on the matching law has predominantly focused on the molar effects of the contingency by examining only one reinforcer ratio for extended periods. Responses are distributed as a function of reinforcer ratios under these static conditions. But the outcome under a dynamic condition in which reinforcer ratios change continuously has not been determined. The present study implemented concurrent variable-interval schedules that changed continuously across a fixed 5-min trial. The schedules were reciprocally interlocked. The variable interval for one key changed continuously from a variable-interval 15-s to a variable-interval 480-s, while the schedule for the other key changed from a variable-interval 480-s to a variable-interval 15-s. This dynamical concurrent schedule shifted behavior in the direction of matching response ratios to reinforcer ratios. Sensitivities derived from the generalized matching law were approximately 0.62, the mean absolute bias was approximately 0.11, and r2s were approximately 0.86. It was concluded that choice behavior can come to adapt to reinforcer ratios that change continuously over a relatively short time and that this change does not require extensive experience with a fixed reinforcer ratio. The results were seen as supportive of the view that all behavior constitutes choice.
An 18-year-old man with peculiar QRS complexes.

s d a e b t t l f An 18-year-old male is seen in the emergency department fter awakening with palpitations and chest pressure. He has ad episodes of supraventricular tachycardia in the past, and he as learned to terminate these with a Valsalva maneuver. This ime, however, his attempts to end the palpitations have been nsuccessful. The patient has no history of syncope. At resent, he takes the anti-arrhythmic drug sotalol (80 mg BID), nd he also uses albuterol for asthma. An ECG was obtained mmediately (Figure 1). What is the rhythm, and how would ou proceed?
Evaluation of ocular changes secondary to blowout fractures

There has been extensive debate over the standard of care of orbital fractures. Entrapment, diplopia, and hypoglobus, with or without enophthalmos, are the most common clinical indications for surgical intervention. Evaluation of these injuries is often limited in the early postinjury period because of edema. In assessing the severity of the injury, the clinician often uses parameters such as changes in visual acuity, patient-reported diplopia, gross changes in globe position, and an evaluation of the extraocular muscles. Many of these parameters are only grossly assessed and therefore are not specifically documented and tracked. The decision to proceed with surgical intervention may be based only on these gross clinical findings. The purpose of this article is to present a reliable and repeatable method for evaluating the degree of diplopia and the globe position of the orbital trauma patient by describing the use of the double Maddox rod test (Wilson Ophthalmic, Mustang, OK) and Hertel exophthalmometer (Wilson Ophthalmic). These methods can provide sequential documentation of the progression of the injury and help better define the need for surgical intervention and to follow the postoperative course.
The in vitro incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and of 32P into phospholipids and rna in the aorta of rhesus monkeys during early atherogenesis

Abstract We measured the in vitro incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine into the DNA of segments of abdominal aorta from Rhesus monkeys fed atherogenic diets containing either peanut oil or corn oil for 15, 30 and 60 days. In all groups the serum cholesterol was significantly elevated but no differences in the aortic DNA specific activities could be detected. The incorporation of 32 P into phospholipids and RNA was measured in the abdominal, distal and proximal thoracic segments of aorta from monkeys fed atherogenic diets for 30 days. In all 3 aortic segments there was a similar pattern of incorporation of 32 P into the different classes of phospholipids. Maximal specific activities were found in the phosphatidyl inositol fraction. Apart from a decreased incorporation of 32 P into the phosphatidyl choline and RNA of the distal thoracic aorta of peanut oil fed animals, no consistent differences could be observed in the phospholipids and RNA specific activities from the aortic segments of the control animals and of the animals fed the atherogenic diets. The phospholipid and RNA specific activities of the abdominal aortas in all groups were significantly lower than those of the distal and proximal thoracic segments.
Analysis of genetic variation in Theiler's virus during persistent infection in the mouse central nervous system

Abstract The genetic changes occurring in the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) during persistent infection in the mouse central nervous system (CNS) were studied. RNase T1-oligonucleotide fingerprinting of the RNAS of 28 BeAn viruses isolated at various times postinfection (p.i.) demonstrated that mutation occurred throughout the infection. Although plaque-purified BeAn virus was used to inoculate mice intracerebrally, genetically different viruses were recovered from the CNS. One to three oligonucleotide changes were found up to Day 152 p.i., but all three viruses isolated at Day 180 had four to nine oligonucleotide changes. No pattern of oligonucleotide changes occurring in different virus isolates was found, yet three viruses isolated from different animals at Day 180 had the same four new oligonucleotides. Overall, the number of oligonucleotide changes represented a 0.1 to 1.2% change in the virus genome. In addition, the analytical two-dimensional gel technique of P. Z. O'Farrell, H. M. Goodman, and P. H. O'Farrell ( Cell 12 , 1133–1142, 1977) suggested that mutation occurred in all virus isolates. In nine isolates, one to three proteins were found to have charge changes, and in general, as many nonstructural proteins had charge changes as structural proteins. P20, a nonstructural protein probably equivalent to the protease described for encephalomyocarditis virus, was found to have shifted cathodally in six different viruses. Several virus isolates had doublet patterns, suggesting the possibility that within the CNS, sub-populations existed which had proteins of slightly different charge or that virus-specified proteins had been modified after translation. Finally, antigenic variation of neutralizing site(s) on BeAn virus isolates as a way for virus to evade immune surveillance and thereby maintain the persistent state was studied. The ability of mouse serum to neutralize persisting virus isolates was not significantly different from the ability to neutralize the infecting virus. Therefore, antigenic variation does not appear to be a factor in TMEV persistence.
Toward a semiconductor-based terahertz nonlinear medium

The recent growth of interest in the terahertz (THz) region of the spectrum has spurred the development of new THz elements in analogy to elements used in optical and microwave systems. Nonlinear as well as linear elements are needed. In this study we explore theoretically the use of valence-subband nonparabolicity in strained p-type quantum wells (QWs) for third-harmonic generation. All fields—the fundamental as well as the harmonic—are polarized in the quantum-well plane, thus facilitating integration with lateral high-frequency electronic devices as well as for coupling to free-space fields. For strained InAs quantum wells, we find that the corresponding value of χ(3) can be as large as ∼10−12(m/V)2. The predicted values of χ(3), though not extremely large, are nevertheless in the range of those associated with intersubband transitions in the mid-infrared region of the spectrum.
Growth response of thyroidectomized rats to high levels of iodide.

Large amounts of iodide (1 to 5 mg.) were injected into groups of young male rats in which growth had ceased following thyroidectomy. An immediate resumption of growth occurred in all animals and was more vigorous in those receiving the highest levels. The pituitaries of the thyroidectomized rats injected with iodide were distinguishable from untreated thyroidectomized controls by the presence of a few more acidophils and by improvement in those basophils which are considered to be gonadotrophs. There was evidence of improvement in the morphology and function of the Leydig cells of the testes. The atrophic adrenals on the other hand, showed no evidence of repair. The metabolic rates, measured just before autopsy, of all thyroidectomized rats that received iodide were not significantly different from those of untreated thyroidectomized controls. The sensitive chromatographic procedure described in the preceding communication (1) was applied to plasma, plasma digests, and liver digests of both iodide-treate...
The Influence of Client Importance on Juror Evaluations of Auditor Liability

This study examines whether client importance affects jurors' evaluations of auditors. Specifically, we examine whether client importance is significantly related to juror evaluations of responsibility and blame as well as auditor liability and damage awards. The results indicate that when an auditor is involved in litigation associated with an audit client that is financially more important to the auditor, participants evaluated the auditor as less objective, more blameworthy, and more deserving of punishment. Client importance is also found to significantly affect jurors' liability assessments. Further analysis indicates the effects of client importance on liability assessments can be attributed to independence perceptions. Despite these differences, results indicate only a marginally significant influence of client importance on punitive damage awards and no influence on compensatory damage awards.