cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irradiated Ergosterol as an Antirachitic for Chicks

Abstract A most interesting discovery was made by American and English investigatotrs, 1,2, 3, that some foodstuffs could be endowed with anti-rachitic properties by irradiation with ultra violet rays. The mother substance of the antirachitic material was first thought to be cholesterol, but it was later determined that cholesterol when highly purified lost the property of becoming antirachitic on irradiation. The absorption spectrum of the chemically purified chlosterol it was noted, was unlike that of the original unpurified product. Further research work showed that the substance really responsible for the antirachitic properties of the original material was a sterol, known as ergosterol. Ergosterol was first isolated from ergot, hence its name. It is also found in yeast, mushrooms and in certain vegetable oils. Greenbaum4 states that yeast fat contains as much as 40 per cent of ergosterol. Only about 15 gms. of ergosterol are obtained from 10 kgs. of yeast, . . .
Correlation between 31P NMR data and structural parameters on Ag(PPh3)3X series. Crystal and molecular structure of tris(triphenylphosphine)silver(I)tetrafluoroborate and tris(triphenylphosphine)silver(I)iodide

Abstract The series Ag(PPh3)3X, X=BF4, NO3, Cl and I, has been studied with 31P NMR spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structures for X = BF4 and I have been determined by X-ray diffraction. There are two independent molecules of the iodo com- plex in the asymmetric unit. Average values of both AgP bond distances and PAgP bond angles correlate with the 1J(107Ag–31P) data. Three phosphorus atoms and one atom of the anion bind to the metal in a distorted tetrahedral arrangement which is modified by the coordination ability of the anion so that the system can be described as going from a tetrahedral to a trigonal geometry at the metal. A measure of the basicity of PPh3 is given by comparing the coupling constant values in the p-tolyl- phosphine equivalent series of complexes Ag(p- tolyl)3X. Selected structural data are: Ag—P bond distances = 2.577(3), 2.506(3) and 2.543(3) A, AgF = 2.82(1) A for the tetrafluoroborate complex whereas AgP bond lengths are 2.607(4), 2.572(4) and 2.585(4) A in one molecule and 2.582- (4), 2.613(3) and 2.616(3) )A in the other one, the AgI bond distances are 2.855(1) and 2.864(1) ) A respectively. The bond angles around the metal are PAgP = 114.9(1)°, 119.3(1)° and 119.0(1)° for the tetrafluoroborate complex and 113.0(1)°, 113.2- (1)° and 113.2(1)° in the first molecule and 113.2- (1)°, 114.1(1)° and 110.8(1)° in the second one for the iodo complex respectively. By comparison with Cu analog complexes, out series shows larger average PMP bond angles, but unlike those complexes the metal-anion direction does not show threefold symmetry.
Two classes of inhibitors of peptidyl transferase activity in eukaryotes

THE 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes (Fig. 1) form a group of fungal toxins with a tricyclic trichothecene ring system. (For review, see ref. 1). They have been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in a variety of eukaryotic systems2 and in particular they block peptidyl transferase activity as determined by the puromycin-fragment reaction3. More recent studies have shown however, that the trichothecenes have differential effects on protein synthesis in whole cells4. One subgroup containing verrucarin A and T-2 toxin inhibited initiation (I-type), and the other subgroup inhibited elongation/termination (E-type); trichodermin was in the latter group. Here I show that these two classes can also be distinguished in cell-free systems and suggest analogies with the mode of action of the lincosaminide and macrolide inhibitors of protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
SOME ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ANTICIPATING TECHNICAL ADVANCE

Summary Using a simple model of a long run profit maximizing firm, we investigated the consequences of foreseeing future technical advance upon the adoption of new technology, scrapping of old, and for price and output of the firm's product. To simplify the analysis and highlight the conclusions, we assumed all technologies embodied in equipment and all equipment infinitely durable. It was shown that the often-used formulas for the unit cost of using capital over a finite (rkj/(l — aT)) or infinite (rkj) life are appropriate only if the equipment does not become outmoded during its economic life and if there are no demand shifts in that time interval. Otherwise, the current cost of using capital (ex ante) must reflect future lesser or greater earning power of that capital due to outmodedness or demand shifts. Anticipation of technical advance tends to delay scrapping of old equipment and retard installation of new, with current output smaller and price higher than if technology is stagnant. Selection among currently competing technologies is also affected by the course future technical advance is expected to follow. The economic lifetime of capital equipment is independent of the elasticity of demand for the firm's output. On the other hand anticipation of demand expansion tends to partially or wholly offset the effect of anticipating future technical advance, while expected demand decline tends to reinforce it. Uncertainty about when improved technology will appear tends to retard adoption of current best practice technology, to retard scrapping of outmoded technology, restrict output and elevate price, in comparison with pptimal policy when the time of availability is believed known. The optimal policy is unaffected when it is the magnitude of the improvement rather than its timing which is unknown.
Soil surveys: A window to the subsurface

Soils and underlying parent materials form a continuous system we must understand and manage in total. Numerous concerns (e.g., water quality, on-site waste disposal, landfill placement, and nutrient or pesticide movement) require an integrated knowledge and understanding of soil, the soil-to-substratum transition, and the deeper substratum. Soil C-horizons can exceed the thickness of the overlying A and B-horizons and contain unique morphological properties. The subsolum including C-horizons receives less descriptive emphasis than upper soil horizons. Soil scientists map and classify soils mainly on A and B-horizon properties. Soil forming and hydrologic processes that impart morphological features, however, extend considerably below these horizons. Precise adherence to Soil Taxonomy places an arbitrary constraint on field observations at 2 m. Soil scientists routinely observe C and R horizons and deeper underlying substrata in gravel pits, road cuts, barrow pits, foundation excavations, and drill cores, but provide less documentation than for upper horizons. Parent material and stratigraphy need more consideration in soil map unit design and delineation. Field observations by soil scientists below 2 m are crucial for understanding the subsolum (i.e., the morphology of, and relationships of solum to substratum). Soil surveys can convey concise and more descriptive soil-to-substrata information with little added effort or resources. Soil surveys can accomplish this end by use of block diagrams, parent material maps, and geomorphic maps that include both pedostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic detail. Soil surveys must develop soil and map unit descriptions linked to measured sections and named stratigraphic units, and describe and analyze soils and parent materials to greater depths (N2 m). We use case examples to demonstrate these concepts. Soil-to-substrata documentation and presentation conveys crucial information to soil survey users. Soil-to-substrata relationships identified and recorded during a soil survey create a knowledge window to the subsurface. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Efforts to improve instruction in state teachers colleges

1. Do you think it advisable to undertake the problem of improving the quality of college instruction ? Why? 2. Are you making any efforts to improve the quality of instruction in your college? 3. Please describe the means and methods you are making use of in order to make this improvement. Kindly go into as much detail as possible. 4. How long since an aggressive plan for improving college instruction has been instituted in your college ? 5. What worth-while results do you feel have been accomplished as a result of these efforts to improve the quality of instruction? 6. Please evaluate the effectiveness of the means and methods which have been used in your school to bring about the improvement of instruction. 7. Please list difficulties which you have encountered in this work and suggest how these difficulties may be avoided. 8. Kindly make other suggestions as to how improvement in college instruction may be secured best. Accompanying each questionnaire was a letter explaining the purpose of the study. Replies have been received from more than eighty schools, but a few were so meager in their answers that they were not suitable for use in the study. On the other hand, a number of the presidents supplemented their
Simple technique for calibrating imaging geometries

We have developed a new, simple technique for accurate determination of the imaging geometry for calibration of projection imaging systems. Images of a phantom containing lead beads were obtained after it was placed at arbitrary, unknown locations which were near the isocenter of a radiation therapy simulator. The location of the lead beads were identified in the images. A computer model of the phantom was generated and positioned at an arbitrary location. Projection images of the model were generated and compared with the actual image locations. A modified projection-Procrustes algorithm was then used to translate and rotate the phantom model until it aligned optimally with the set of lines connecting the focal spot with the corresponding image points. The rotation matrix and translation vector relating the multiple projection geometries were then determined using a Procrustes algorithm and the calculated positions of the phantom for each projection. For a wide range of starting points, the technique converged to 3D locations with an approximate precision of 0.1 cm in position and approximately 0.2 degrees in orientation. The calculated angles and distances agreed with the readouts on the imaging systems to within approximately 0.25 degrees.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A10 dopamine neurons: role of autoreceptors in determining firing rate and sensitivity to dopamine agonists.

The present experiments investigated the relationship between the spontaneous basal firing rate of A10 dopamine (DA) neurons and their sensitivity to the rate-suppressant effects of intravenously administered apomorphine (APO) and d-amphetamine (AMP) as well as microiontophoretically ejected DA. The results indicated highly significant inverse relationships between basal neuronal activity and sensitivity to DA and DA agonists, i.e. the faster the spontaneous rate of an A10 DA neuron, the less sensitive that cell was to agonist-induced suppression. This relationship was not found for the rate suppressant effects of iontophoretic gamma-aminobutyric acid. There were no significant differences between the effects of iontophoretic DA on pre-glutamate and glutamate-driven activity of the same A10 DA neurons indicating that faster firing rates, per se, did not determine the sensitivity of these cells to DA agonists. Rather, these results suggest that both spontaneous activity and sensitivity to DA agonists may be determined by the density (or sensitivity) of DA autoreceptors on A10 DA neurons. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that antidromically identified mesocortical DA neurons, which were significantly less responsive to DA, APO and AMP exhibited significantly faster firing rates than other A10 DA neurons. Thus, this subpopulation of A10 DA neurons is primarily made up of cells with low autoreceptor density (or sensitivity).
Clinical Use of Bone Turnover Markers to Monitor Pharmacologic Fracture Prevention Therapy

Monitoring of drug therapies to prevent fractures is controversial. Measurement of bone turnover markers has the potential to identify those with a suboptimal response to fracture prevention medication within a few months of its commencement. However, given the imprecision of currently commercially available assays of bone turnover markers, many individual persons who are “suboptimal medication responders” are likely to be misclassified as “adequate responders” or vice versa, depending on the cut point chosen to define suboptimal and adequate response. Before bone turnover markers can be recommended for routine use in clinical practice to monitor fracture prevention therapies, three advances are needed: 1) bone marker assays with better precision; 2) research establishing optimal cut points of bone marker levels to distinguish “suboptimal responders” from “adequate responders”; and 3) research establishing the incremental fracture reduction benefit from clinical interventions for “suboptimal responders” identified from bone marker measurements.
Surface Shading in the Cuberille Environment

Computed tomography and the cuberiile model?an effort to better serve the medical profession and its patients.
Circuits and Signals of the Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (SALT)

The existence of a specialized set of skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT) was proposed several years ago as a means of accounting for (a) epidermotropism of certain malignant lymphocytes, (b) immunocompetent cells within skin, and (c) expression of histocompatibility antigens on cutaneous cells derived from hematopoietic precursors. The proposal was supported by observations of (a) in vivo and in vitro antigen-presenting potential of epidermal Langerhans cells, (b) discovery of novel bone marrow-derived cells within epidermis, and (c) epidermotropism as a physiologic property of some nonmalignant T lymphocytes. Langerhans cells stand alone among epidermal cells in their capacity to process and present antigens of the intraepidermal compartment in highly immunogenic fashion. However, not all antigens within epidermis lead to hypersensitivity: antigens introduced into Langerhans cell-deficient skin are perceived as tolerogens, and the cellular source of the tolerogenic signal may be Thy-1-positive epidermal cells. An extracutaneous pathway for presentation of epidermally-administered antigen has been described, and is independent of Langerhans cells, genetically determined, and dominant in the face of epidermally derived tolerogenic signals. Only systemic unresponsiveness can mitigate the cutaneous sensitivity produced by the second pathway. Thus, both intra- and extracutaneous forces contribute to the induction and regulation of cutaneous immunity, forces that are integrated via SALT to achieve optimal cutaneous immune protection against pathogens and neoplasms.
The power of riboswitches.

A mystery surrounding the way bacteria manage their vitamins piqued our interest in the fall of 2000. Together with growing evidence in support of a tantalizing theory about the earliest life on earth and our own efforts to build switches from biological molecules, the bacterial conundrum set our laboratory group at Yale University in search of an answer. What we found was a far bigger revelation than we were expecting: it was a new form of cellular self-control based on one of the oldest types of molecule around—ribonucleic acid, or RNA. Long viewed as mostly a lowly messenger, RNA could have considerable authority, as it turned out, and sophisticated mechanisms for asserting it. Although the workings of this newfound class of RNA molecules that we dubbed riboswitches are still being characterized, it is already clear that they may also provide novel ways of fighting human diseases. Many pathogenic bacteria rely on riboswitches to control aspects of their own fundamental metabolism, for instance. That this ancient form of self-regulation persists in modern organisms attests to its importance. Bacterial cells are astonishingly adaptive and self-reliant chemical factories dedicated to making one final product: endless copies of themselves. But only strains that have been able to maintain this hurried chain of descent in the face of cutthroat competition for resources in changing environments have survived this long.
ANSWER: autonomous wireless sensor network

The main contribution of this work is to propose a new concept: the AutoNomouS Wireless sEnsor netwoRk (ANSWER) whose mission is to provide in-situ users with secure information that enhances their context awareness. ANSWER finds immediate applications to both overt and covert operations ranging from tactical battlefield surveillance to crisis management and homeland security. ANSWER is capable of performing sophisticated analyses for detecting trends and identifying unexpected, coherent, and emergent behavior.
Sonication-assisted synthesis of polyelectrolyte-coated curcumin nanoparticles.

A new method of nanoparticle formulation for poorly water-soluble materials was demonstrated for curcumin. The drug was dissolved in organic solvent that is miscible with water (ethanol), and drug nucleation was initiated by gradual worsening of the solution by the addition of an aqueous polyelectrolyte assisted by ultrasonication. Curcumin crystals of 60−100 nm size were obtained depending on the component concentrations, sonication power, and initial solvent. Layer-by-layer shell assembly with biocompatible polyelectrolytes was used to provide a particle coating with a high surface potential and the stabilization of drug nanocolloids. Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer encapsulation allowed sustained drug release from nanoparticles over the range of 10−20 h.
The Economic Logic of U.S. Science

Examining university science as an economic enterprise, Stephan explores what it costs, who pays for it, and who benefits.
Tandem Propeller in Review

The tandem propeller system (TPS) for submersible propulsion and control was conceived by the author in 1961. This paper traces its theoretical and experimental development through the most recent tests conducted at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory. Although the initial configuration was for high-speed nuclear submarines, the emphasis in recent years has been for application to the slower, more maneuverable deep-submergence vehicles. Both configurations are discussed in detail in this paper.
Cholesky Decompositions and Estimation of A Covariance Matrix: Orthogonality of Variance-Correlation Parameters

SUMMARY Chen & Dunson (2003) have proposed a modified Cholesky decomposition of the form E = DLL'D for a covariance matrix where D is a diagonal matrix with entries proportional to the square roots of the diagonal entries of E and L is a unit lower-triangular matrix solely determining its correlation matrix. This total separation of variance and correlation is definitely a major advantage over the more traditional modified Cholesky decomposition of the form LD2L' (Pourahmadi, 1999). We show that, though the variance and correlation parameters of the former decomposition are separate, they are not asymptotically orthogonal and that the estimation of the new parameters could be more demanding computationally. We also provide statistical interpretation for the entries of L and D as certain moving average parameters and innovation variances and indicate how the existing likelihood procedures can be employed to estimate the new parameters.
Heats of Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds

Abstract The heats of reduction of a series of compounds having C=C, C=O and C=S bonds have been calculated at the G2 theoretical level. The energy changes are related to the electronegativity, charge and π-donor ability of the substituents, and to the properties of the double bonds. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Anatomical and growth effects of ethephon on hyacinths and Narcissus during greenhouse forcing

Abstract ‘Blue Blazer’ hyacinths and ‘Jack Snipe’ Narcissus were sprayed to run-off with 2000 mg l −1 ethephon when average leaf length was 10 cm. Ethephon reduced the length of the flower scape of ‘Blue Blazer’ by 20% at “bud” stage of development, and by 28% at full flower. No effect on date of flowering was observed. The floral scape length reduction of ‘Jack Snipe’ was 27% at the “goose-neck” stage and 25% at full flower. Anatomical and stereological examinations revealed significant cellular and structural differences between treated and untreated plants of both species. The cell sizes of the treated plants were smaller and the intercellular space sizes were decreased. Endodermal cell separation was reduced and pith deterioration was delayed. There was a 20–30% increase in the number of cells in the treated plants; a phenomenon not usually associated with ethephon. Thus, while ethephon normally promotes senescence, in these studies, it enhanced cell division.
The demand for medical education: an augmented human capital approach

Abstract The demand for education is often viewed as a pure human capital good and hence treated like an investment. Medical education, like other types of education, should also have some consumption value. However, because of the high pecuniary returns to medical education, this particular type of schooling is often viewed by the public purely as an investment. An alternative (consumption) view focuses on medicine as a vocation in which a certain percentage of the population will answer the calling to practice medicine, possibly deciding to practice independent of income considerations. The current paper examines the investment and consumption features of the demand for medical education, using medical application data over the 1948 to 1994 time period. A variant of a pure human capital (investment) model, and a model augmented by consumption and demographic variables, are set forth and examined using medical education data. We find that, when predicting demand into the 1990's, a basic, static human capital model best forecasts applicant activity. [JEL I11]
Three-dimensional model on thermal response of skin subject to laser heating.

A three-dimensional (3D) multilayer model based on the skin physical structure is developed to investigate the transient thermal response of human skin subject to laser heating. The temperature distribution of the skin is modeled by the bioheat transfer equation, and the influence of laser heating is expressed as a source term where the strength of the source is a product of a Gaussian shaped incident irradiance, an exponentially shaped axial attenuation, and a time function. The water evaporation and diffusion is included in the model by adding two terms regarding the heat loss due to the evaporation and diffusion, where the rate of water evaporation is determined based on the theory of laminar boundary layer. Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) in laser therapy is studied, as well as its effect on the skin thermal response. The time-dependent equation is discretized using the finite difference method with the Crank–Nicholson scheme and the stability of the numerical method is analyzed. The large sparse linear s...
Solid-solution strengthening: Substitution of V in Ni3Al and structural stability of Ni3(Al,V).

Several questions relating to solid-solution strengthening in Ni/sub 3/Al: substitution of V and its effect on the stability of the L1/sub 2/ structure of Ni/sub 3/Al: are addressed using an all-electron total-energy local-density approach. By comparing the total energies of two (L1/sub 2/-like and D0/sub 22/-like) different structures of Ni/sub 3/(Al/sub 0.5/,V/sub 0.5/), greater stability of the L1/sub 2/ structure for ternary additions of V compared with the D0/sub 22/-like structure is found (i.e., for V substitution on Al rather than Ni sites).
Quantum Energy for Space [Point of View]

Clean renewable energy passes continuously as sunlight through near Earth space and is lost to us forever. This energy is lost at a rate a million times the total rate of energy use on Earth. Our point of view is that accessing and effectively using this otherwise lost energy is a demanding, but currently achievable, engineering task. This may seem counterintuitive since the relevant physical processess have their origin in nanometer dimension atomic states while the applications occur on a multimegameter scale. This opportunity however occurs because: 1) stimulated emission enables population of the required superposition states of lowest order Gaussian modes of the optical field by large numbers of quanta of the optical field; and 2) the vacuum of space enables propagation of these superposition states over the multimegameter distances of interest with minimal disruption of the original superposition states.
Applications of closed-form wiring escape formulae to a high performance printed wiring board

Closed-form formulae are derived for wiring escape from an area array to the standard horizontal ground rules of the package level under consideration. The required layer counts for successful escape based on two strategies are given in this paper. The effects of lines per channel, extra channels at the edges of an area array, different via technologies, and signal pin depopulation are considered in the derivations. The resulting closed-form formulae are also used to a high performance printed wiring board for the estimation of the layers needed. The estimation of the layer count from our formulae agrees with the one achieved empirically in the actual design.
Binding of epidermal growth factor to its receptor is affected by membrane phospholipid environment

Cells of epithelial origin generally require ethanolamine to grow in culture; when these cells are grown without ethanolamine, the phosphatidylethanolamine content of their membrane phospholipid becomes 1/2 to 1/3 of the normal amount, and growth stops. We have hypothesized that growth ceases because the phospholipid environment becomes unsuitable for membrane-associated function. Using ethanolamine-requiring rat mammary cells, we have investigated the possible effect of phosphatidylethanolamine deficiency on the binding characteristics of epidermal growth factor. Apparent dissociation constant for the high-affinity sites in cells having normal membrane phospholipid was 1.7 X 10(-10) M, whereas that of phosphatidylethanolamine-deficient cells was 2.7 X 10(-10) M: the difference was small, but significant. Pretreatment with phorbol ester caused the loss of high-affinity sites in cells having normal membrane, whereas binding characteristics of epidermal growth factor became refractory to the pretreatment in phosphatidylethanolamine-deficient cells. In addition, the rate of internalization of bound epidermal growth factor in phosphatidylethanolamine-deficient cells was about 1/4 of normal cells. Further, whether cells had normal or phosphatidylethanolamine-deficient membranes seemed to affect the phosphorylation patterns of membrane proteins in response to epidermal growth factor or phorbol ester. These results suggest that membrane phospholipid environment affects the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Can Immunity to Tetanus be Produced by the Oral Route

Conclusions1. Cultures of 16 stools from stock guinea pigs showed no tetanus bacilli. 2. Guinea pigs fed with tetanus bacilli do not develop an active immunity to tetanus. 3. Guinea pigs fed with tetanus toxin are as susceptible to tetanus as normal animals.
Using spectroelectrochemistry to probe the light absorbing properties of polymetallic complexes containing the tridentate bridging ligand 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine

Abstract The electronic structure of a series of tpp bridged ruthenium and osmium bimetallic complexes has been investigated using spectroelectrochemistry (tpp=2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine). These chromophores are of interest since they are stereochemically defined polymetallic systems that have reasonably long-lived MLCT excited states at room temperature. The electrochemistry of these complexes displays metal based oxidations and ligand based reductions. The electronic spectroscopy is typically characterized by ligand based π → π * and n→ π * transitions in the ultraviolet and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions in the visible originating from each metal and terminating on each acceptor ligand. In polymetallic systems with multiple metal centers and a wide variety of ligands, this gives rise to very complicated spectroscopy. Upon oxidation or reduction, electronic transitions involving the orbitals in the redox process are changed. This change in the electronic spectroscopy is used to aid in both electronic absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical assignments of these polymetallic complexes. With the aid of spectroelectrochemistry of this series of complexes, the nature of many of the electronic transitions of these chromophores has been elucidated. Characteristic spectroscopic changes associated with oxidation of the (tpy)M II ( μ -tpp) (M=Ru or Os and tpy=2,2′,6′,2″-terpyridine) chromophore have been observed which lead to the unambiguous assignment of the metal involved in the redox process in unsymmetrical bimetallic systems.
Coarsening of a two-dimensional foam on a dome

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, USA(Dated: July 26, 2012)In this paper we report on bubble growth rates and on the statistics of bubble topology for thecoarsening of a dry foam contained in the narrow gap between two hemispheres. By contrast withcoarsening in at space, where six-sided bubbles neither grow nor shrink, we observe that six-sidedbubbles grow with time at a rate that depends on their size. This result agrees with the modi cationto von Neumann’s law predicted by J. E. Avron and D. Levine. For bubbles with a di erent numberof sides, except possibly seven, there is too much noise in the growth rate data to demonstratea di erence with coarsening in at space. In terms of the statistics of bubble topology, we ndfewer 3, 4, and 5 sided bubbles, and more 6 and greater sided bubbles, in comparison with thestationary distribution for coarsening in at space. We also nd good general agreement with theAboav-Weaire law for the average number of sides of the neighbors of an n-sided bubble.
Preferences for single sourcing and supplier selection criteria

Abstract Many firms today are developing collaborative relationships with their suppliers, with some firms even single sourcing products from suppliers. As these long-term relationships develop, criteria used to select suppliers may be subject to change. This study examines the supplier selection criteria of purchasing managers who have a preference for single sourcing and those who have a preference for multiple sourcing. The purpose of this study is to determine if there are substantial differences in supplier selection criteria between purchasing managers having dissimilar preferences for product sourcing decisions. By identifying supplier selection criteria that are different for purchasing managers with disparate preferences, companies can segment their markets in terms of these buying preferences. Differences are found between the two on the importance of price, reliability of the product, technical support available, and total cost of the product in supplier selection.
Lymphocyte recognition of H-2 antigen in liposomes

Liposomes containing purified H-2Kk will specifically stimulate generation of a secondary allogeneic cytolytic T lymphocyte response. Effective recognition was found to depend on the structure of the liposomes. Including detergent-insoluble plasma membrane matrix during formation resulted in liposomes having two- to fourfold more activity than those prepared using just lipid and H-2.
Bioenergetics in two pulmonate snails, Helisoma and Physa.

Abstract Energy budgets constructed for the pulmonate snails, Physa gyrina and Helisoma trivolvis, indicate: 1. 1. Assimilation efficiency in wild type Physa (88·9 per cent) and Helisoma (73·2 per cent) are exceptionally high when compared to reported values for invertebrates while assimilation efficiency in an albino strain of Helisoma, although above average for most invertebrates, is comparatively low (59·8 per cent). 2. 2. With a single exception, there are no relationships between weight or weight gain and food (energy) ingested, wastes (energy) egested, assimilation efficiency or energy devoted to reproduction. 3. 3. Daily food energy ingested by wild P. gyrina (27·5 cal/day) and H. trivolvis (27·6 cal/day) are similar and significantly higher than daily food energy ingested by albino H. trivolvis (15·9 cal/day). 4. 4. Albino H. trivolvis devoted more energy to egg production (2·1 cal/day) than did the wild variety (1·1 cal/day). 5. 5. Secondary productivity of both varieties of H. trivolvis were exceptionally high (17·8 and 32·6 per cent).
Theories of A1Truism and Behavior Modification Campaigns

Adam Smith wrote that it was self-interest, not benevolence, that caused the butcher, baker, and brewer to supply our dinner, yet we regularly observe examples of altruistic behavior within the mar...
High Resolution, High Collection Efficiency in Numerical Aperture Increasing Lens Microscopy of Individual Quantum Dots

We demonstrate the application of a subsurface solid immersion technique to the photoluminescence spectroscopy of individual quantum dots. Contrasted with the conventional solid immersion microscopy, we used a numerical aperture increasing lens and moved the interface between the sample and the solid immersion lens away from the focal plane, thus diminished the influence of interface artifacts on the images obtained in a two-dimensional scan. Meanwhile, our technique has achieved a high spatial resolution of λ∕3 that is capable of resolving the spectroscopic features of single QDs. We also demonstrate that the collection efficiency of our system is six times better than that of a conventional confocal microscope with a high NA objective.
Recurrent head-and-neck chemodectomas: a comparison of surgical and radiotherapeutic results.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the outcome of salvage radiotherapy (RT) and surgery for recurrent head-and-neck chemodectomas. Methods and Materials: We retrospectively studied 70 patients with benign chemodectomas of the head and neck treated with surgery at the Cleveland Clinic between July 1969 and August 1999; 29 of these patients were diagnosed with recurrent tumors. Salvage RT was used in 12 patients (gamma knife radiosurgery for 7, conventional external beam RT for 4, and intensity-modulated RT for 1 patient). The median follow-up was 55 months for the entire group of 70 patients. Results: The median time to recurrence was 36 months. Of the recurrences, 16 were glomus jugulare, 7 were carotid body tumors, 5 were glomus tympanicum, and 1 was thyroid paraganglioma. RT was used in 12 patients (9 patients with glomus jugulare, 2 with glomus tympanicum, and 1 with thyroid paraganglioma). Surgery was performed in 17 patients (7 patients with glomus jugulare, 7 with carotid body, and 3 with glomus tympanicum). For patients with glomus jugulare and glomus tympanicum tumors, the 5-year freedom from disease progression was 100% for patients treated with RT vs. 62% for those treated with surgery ( p = 0.0124). Seven patients with carotid body tumors and 1 patient with thyroid paraganglioma were treated successfully with surgery and RT, respectively. No significant side effects were associated with RT; however, postoperative complications occurred in 8 of the 17 surgery patients (new cranial nerve palsies, meningitis, infection, and cerebrospinal fluid leak). Conclusion: Salvage RT appears superior to surgery and should be considered the treatment of choice for patients with recurrent glomus jugulare and glomus tympanicum tumors. For recurrent carotid body tumors, surgery produced excellent local control, most likely because of the easier resectability in this location.
Complexity and robustness

Highly optimized tolerance (HOT) was recently introduced as a conceptual framework to study fundamental aspects of complexity. HOT is motivated primarily by systems from biology and engineering and emphasizes, (i) highly structured, nongeneric, self-dissimilar internal configurations, and (ii) robust yet fragile external behavior. HOT claims these are the most important features of complexity and not accidents of evolution or artifices of engineering design but are inevitably intertwined and mutually reinforcing. In the spirit of this collection, our paper contrasts HOT with alternative perspectives on complexity, drawing on real-world examples and also model systems, particularly those from self-organized criticality.
Boundary layer flows under solitary wave

Abstract Liu (2006) derived analytical solutions for turbulent boundary layer flows under transient long waves. His analytical solutions were obtained with the assumption that the nonlinear inertia force was negligible in the momentum equations. Using Liu's general solutions, we examine the turbulent boundary layer flow characteristics under a solitary wave. It is found that while the horizontal component of the fluid particle velocity outside the boundary layer always moves in the same direction of wave propagation, the fluid particle velocity near the bottom inside the boundary layer reverses the direction as the wave decelerates. Consequently, the bottom stress also changes the sign during the deceleration phase.
Ultrasonic attenuation in parallel-nylon-wire cancellous-bone-mimicking phantoms.

Attenuation coefficients between 1.5 and 3.5MHz were measured on four parallel-nylon-wire arrays (simulating cancellous bone) with four different wire diameters (150, 200, 250, and 300μm). Interwire spacing was 800μm for all four parallel-nylon-wire arrays. The measured frequency dependencies of attenuation were consistent with theoretical predications based on Faran’s theory, which considers the component of attenuation due to scattering of longitudinal waves.
The Nonrational Domain and the Limits of Economic Analysis

The purpose of this chapter is not to downgrade nor to extol the virtue of economic analysis, but rather to reflect on its limitations. In these times, given much professional talk of the expanding domain of economic science and an inclination on the part of some economists to claim that economic analysis has no boundaries, my purpose may seem unusual.1 My concern is not that we economists have said nothing, but that we have lost sight of the limitations of our methods and, thereby, the limited applicability of the conclusions that have been drawn. More specifically, in much modern discussion, economists seem to have made an unrecognized intellectual leap from assuming that the individual has a rational capacity to assuming that all individual behavior has a rational foundation and is therefore subject to logical discourse.
Informal assessment for program planning and evaluation in special education

Assessment for instructional planning and assessment for the evaluation of pupil progress are both central to the concept of an individualized educational program. For both of these assessment processes, teachers may use either formal or informal procedures. This article describes the advantages and disadvantages of informal approaches. The informal assessments reviewed are not “informal,”; i.e., spontaneous, unsystematic, casual or haphazard. Rather, they are carefully planned, systematically administered and precisely interpreted teacher‐made tests designed to obtain specific information useful in decision‐making. Although a bias in favor of informal procedures is clearly evident in the article, there is no attempt to suggest that they are a panacea. The article concludes with a discussion of the limitations of informal assessments and the cautions which must be exercised in their use.
Computer-Aided Power Requirements

The power requirement of machinery is a necessary consideration for the sizing and selection of machine elements in the design process. The decision process of designing gears, belt drives, clutches, brakes, and bearings are designed and sized based on the power requirement of the application. I have written a software program that calculates the power requirements for three different design applications. This software program simplifies and streamlines the design and selection process by allowing the student to calculate the horsepower and torque requirement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Claw allometry in green crabs, Carcinus maenas : heterochely, handedness, and sex

Claw loss and reversal of handedness during regeneration are common phenomena in heterochelous decapod crustaceans, which typically have one large ‘crusher’ claw on the right side and a smaller ‘cutter’ claw on the left. Little is known about the relative importance of claw growth vs. body growth during claw regeneration. Here the relationship between claw size and body size of green crabs, Carcinus maenas, was examined to test for differences in claw allometry as a function of handedness and sex, as there are differences in how males and females use their claws. A total of 730 crabs (range = 15.7–83.6 mm CW) were collected from Maine to New Jersey, USA from May to October 1997, 2000, and 2004–2005. Claw growth, particularly crushers, was accelerated in left-handed crabs and in males compared to right-handed crabs and females respectively. These differing growth strategies highlight the role of sexual dimorphism in claw usage and the importance of achieving heterochely after claw injury. These results imply that handedness should be an important factor to consider in future studies of crab morphology, behavior, and morphometrics.
Lightning vulnerability of fiber-optic cables

One reason to use optical fibers to transmit data is for isolation from unintended electrical energy. Using fiber optics in an application where the fiber cable/system penetrates the aperture of a grounded enclosure serves two purposes: first, it allows for control signals to be transmitted where they are required, and second, the insulating properties of the fiber system help to electrically isolate the fiber terminations on the inside of the grounded enclosure. A fundamental question is whether fiber optic cables can allow electrical energy to pass through a grounded enclosure, with a lightning strike representing an extreme but very important case. A DC test bed capable of producing voltages up to 200 kV was used to characterize electrical properties of a variety of fiber optic cable samples. Leakage current in the samples were measured with a micro-Ammeter. In addition to the leakage current measurements, samples were also tested to DC voltage breakdown. After the fiber optic cables samples were tested with DC methods, they were tested under representative lightning conditions at the Sandia Lightning Simulator (SLS). Simulated lightning currents of 30 kA and 200 kA were selected for this test series. This paper documents measurement methods and test results for DC high voltage and simulated lightning tests performed at the Sandia Lightning Simulator on fiber optic cables. The tests performed at the SLS evaluated whether electrical energy can be conducted inside or along the surface of a fiber optic cable into a grounded enclosure under representative lightning conditions.
Return to Athletic Activity After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee

Background: Fresh-stored osteochondral allografts have been used successfully to resurface large chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee. However, there are limited data available for the return to athletic activity.Purpose: To review the rate of return to athletic activity after osteochondral allograft transplantation in the knee and to identify any potential risk factors for not returning to sport.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: Forty-three athletes were treated with fresh-stored osteochondral allograft transplantation for symptomatic large chondral or osteochondral defects of the knee from 2000 to 2010. The average age of the athletes (30 men, 13 women) was 32.9 years (range, 18-49 years). Patients were prospectively evaluated by International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), activities of daily living scale of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Marx Activity Rating Scale, and Cincinnati Sports Activity Scale scores. A multivariable regression a...
Tuberous sclerosis and cardiac rhabdomyoma

We conclude that echocardiographically detected cardiac rhabdomyomata are common in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex, and are more prevalent and prominent in the younger patient. Tumors regress in size or number, or both, in most patients aged < 4 years, and less so in older patients. Cardiac rhabdomyomata are associated with a higher incidence of preexcitation and may increase the risk for arrhythmia.
LIPID‐MACROMOLECULE INTERACTION AS INDICATED BY LIPID EXTRACTABILITY DURING TWIN‐SCREW EXTRUSION OF CORN MEAL

. Moisture content (20–30%), temperature (100–200 C), screw speed (100–300 RPM), and degree of lipid unsaturation affected lipid-macromolecule interaction during twin-screw extrusion of corn meal. Interactions of indigenous corn meal lipids and added oils with the endosperm carbohydrates and proteins were evaluated by the availability of lipid to hexane extraction. A decrease of 61.1–88.5% lipid availability occurred at different moisture levels as a result of extrusion. The added oils apparently were more likely to bind to macromolecules during extrusion. The magnitude of this decrease was affected mostly by moisture content, degree of lipid unsaturation, and moisture content-barrel temperature interaction. Maximum loss of lipid availability was observed when extrusion was carried out under low moisture, high temperature conditions, while the minimum was observed under high moisture, high temperature conditions. The more unsaturated lipid was less available for hexane extraction of corn meal during extrusion.
The effect of aggregation on prediction and estimation in the autoregressive model

Suppose we have a time series that follows a p - th order autoregressive system and we aggregate it over m periods to obtain the non-overlapping aggregate sequence. First we ask what structure the aggregate sequence follows. Theorem 1 of Section 2 shows that the aggregate sequence follows an autoregressive system with a moving-average residual. In Section 3 we use the results of Theorem 1 to obtain the mean square errors of 4 predictors of the aggregate variable. They are (1) the optimal linear predictor using the disaggregate observations, (2) the optimal linear predictor using the aggregate observations, (3) the predictor obtained by the least squares regression on the p past aggregate variables, and (4) the predictor obtained by ignoring the residual part of the aggregate structure. Theorem 2 of Section 3 shows that the ratio of the mean square errors of any pair of the four predictors approaches 1 as m goes to infinity for a fixed p. The numerical evaluation of the mean square errors for the cases p = 1 and 2 show that the aggregate predictors, especially the optimal one, perform very well in comparison to the optimal disaggregate predictor. However, Section 4 shows that the estimates of the original parameters obtained from the aggregate data could be considerably inferior to those obtained from the disaggregate data.