cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design concept and modeling of a new Positron Identification by Coincident Annihilation Photons (PICAP) system

Abstract The Positron Identification by Coincident Annihilation Photons (PICAP) system is a new design concept to measure moderate energy (∼few MeV) positrons and negatrons in space. Positron measurements in this energy range would open a window on cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy, Solar modulation of cosmic rays (particularly charge-sign effects) and Solar energetic particles. Electrons of both charge signs are first identified by the conventional d E /d x versus residual energy technique. Coincident 511 keV annihilation photons are used to identify stopping positrons. This technique is far simpler than magnet spectrometers, which require elaborate tracking systems and associated electronics. We present a baseline design and Monte-Carlo modeling results using EGS4. We estimate the baseline instrument would mass ∼4 kg and use ∼3 W of power making such an instrument highly attractive for resource-constrained space missions.
A Novel Shuttle Protein Binds to RNA Helicase A and Activates the Retroviral Constitutive Transport Element

The constitutive transport element (CTE) of type D retroviruses mediates the nuclear export of unspliced viral transcripts. We previously showed that RNA helicase A functionally interacts with CTE and contains a bidirectional nuclear transport domain at the carboxyl terminus. Here we report the identification of a novel human protein, helicase A-binding protein 95 (HAP95), which specifically binds to the carboxyl terminus of RNA helicase A. HAP95 is partially homologous to AKAP95, a member of the A kinase-anchoring protein family, but lacks the protein kinase A binding domain characteristic of this family. HAP95 is a nuclear protein at steady state but shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of HAP95 significantly increases CTE-dependent gene expression but has no effect on general gene expression or that mediated by the Rev/Rev response element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Early VEGFR2 activation in response to flow is VEGF-dependent and mediated by MMP activity

Although several potential mechanosensors/mechanotransducers have been proposed, the precise mechanisms by which ECs sense and respond to mechanical forces and translate them into biochemical signals remains unclear. Here, we report that two major ligand-dependent tyrosine autophosphorylation sites of VEGFR2, Y1175 and Y1214, are rapidly activated by shear stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Neutralizing antibody against VEGFR2 not only abrogates flow-induced phosphorylation of these tyrosine residues, but also has a marked inhibitory effect on downstream eNOS activation. In situ proximity ligation assay revealed that VEGF and VEGFR2 are closely associated in HCAECs, and more importantly, this association is increased with flow. Finally, we show that flow-induced VEGFR2 activation is attenuated in the presence of the broad spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, GM6001. Taken together, our results suggest that a ligand-dependent mechanism involving the activity of MMPs plays a key role in the early, shear stress-induced activation of VEGFR2.
Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds

I. INTRODUCTIONTwenty-five years is roughly the time that has elapsed since the exchange between H. L. A. Hart and Lon Fuller and the subsequent revival in this country of the natural law/positivism debate. During this time, a curious thing has happened to legal positivism. What began as a conceptual theory about the distinction between law and morality has now been turned, at least by some, into a moral theory. According to this theory, the reason we must see law and morality as separate is not (at least not entirely) because of the logic of our language, but because of the practical implications of holding one or the other of the two traditional views in this area. The natural law theorist, it is said, can connect law and morality only at the cost of investing official directives with undeserved moral authority, thus encouraging obedience where there should be none. The natural law position should therefore be rejected – and the positivist's accepted – on moral grounds.
The effects of zoledronic acid in the bone and vasculature support of hematopoietic stem cell niches

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are maintained in a tightly regulated bone microenvironment constituted by a rich milieu of cells. Bone cells such as osteoblasts are associated with niche maintenance as regulators of the endosteal microenvironment. Bone remodeling also plays a role in HSC mobilization although it is poorly defined. The effects of zoledronic acid (ZA), a potent bisphosphonate that inhibits bone resorption, were investigated on bone marrow cell populations focusing on HSCs, and the endosteal and vascular niches in bone. ZA treatment significantly increased bone volume and HSCs in both young and adult mice (4 week and 4 month old, respectively). ZA increased vessel numbers with no overall change in vascular volume in bones of young and had no effect on vasculature in adult mice. Since both young and adult mice had increased HSCs and bone mass with differing vasculature responses, this suggests that ZA indirectly supports HSCs via the osteoblastic niche and not the vascular niche. Additionally, gene expression in Lin- cells demonstrated increased expression of self-renewal-related genes Bmi1 and Ink4a suggesting a role of ZA in the modulation of cell commitment and differentiation toward a long-term self-renewing cell. Genes that support the osteoblastic niche, BMP2 and BMP6 were also augmented in ZA treated mice. In conclusion, ZA-induced HSC expansion occurs independent of the vascular niche via indirect modulation of the osteoblastic niche.
Analysis of off-grid hybrid wind turbine/solar PV water pumping systems

Abstract While many remote water pumping systems exist (e.g. mechanical windmills, solar photovoltaic, wind-electric, diesel powered), few combine both the wind and solar energy resources to possibly improve the reliability and the performance of the system. In this paper, off-grid wind turbine (WT) and solar photovoltaic (PV) array water pumping systems were analyzed individually and combined as a hybrid system. The objectives were to determine: (1) advantages or disadvantages of using a hybrid system over using a WT or a solar PV array alone; (2) if the WT or solar PV array interfered with the output of the other; and (3) which hybrid system was the most efficient for the location. The WT used in the analysis was rated at 900 W alternating current (AC). There were three different solar PV arrays analyzed, and they were rated at 320, 480, and 640 W direct current (DC). A rectifier converted the 3-phase variable voltage AC output from the WT to DC before combining it with the solar PV array DC output. The combined renewable energies powered a single helical pump. The independent variable used in the hybrid WT/PV array analysis was in units of W/m 2 . The peak pump efficiency of the hybrid systems at Bushland, TX occurred for the 900 W WT combined with the 640 W PV array. The peak pump efficiencies at a 75 m pumping depth of the hybrid systems were: 47% (WT/320 W PV array), 51% (WT/480 W PV array), and 55% (WT/640 W PV array). Interference occurred between the WT and the different PV arrays (likely due to voltage mismatch between WT and PV array), but the least interference occurred for the WT/320 W PV array. This hybrid system pumped 28% more water during the greatest water demand month than the WT and PV systems would have pumped individually. An additional controller with a buck/boost converter is discussed at end of paper for improvement of the hybrid WT/PV array water pumping system.
Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction

The validity of the rules given in previous papers for the solution of problems in quantum electrodynamics is established. Starting with Fermi's formulation of the field as a set of harmonic oscillators, the effect of the oscillators is integrated out in the Lagrangian form of quantum mechanics. There results an expression for the effect of all virtual photons valid to all orders in e2/hc. It is shown that evaluation of this expression as a power series in e2/hc gives just the terms expected by the aforementioned rules. In addition, a relation is established between the amplitude for a given process in an arbitrary unquantized potential and in a quantum electrodynamical field. This relation permits a simple general statement of the laws of quantum electrodynamics. A description, in Lagrangian quantum-mechanical form, of particles satisfying the Klein-Gordon equation is given in an Appendix. It involves the use of an extra parameter analogous to proper time to describe the trajectory of the particle in four dimensions. A second Appendix discusses, in the special case of photons, the problem of finding what real processes are implied by the formula for virtual processes. Problems of the divergences of electrodynamics are not discussed.
Igbo political systems

In spite of the increased and sophisticated scholarly output on the Igbo, there is still a tendency to depict precolonial Igbo political systems in general and therefore overly simplified and misleading terms. This paper is an attempt to reconfigure the depiction of those systems. As with previous works that have carefully studied precolonial Igbo, it emphasizes the diversity and complexity of Igbo political systems—and argues that because of their underlying republicanism, those systems are best labelled as “acephalous.” The paper identifies three types of acephalous systems: (a) those based on segmentary lineages, (b) those based on age-grades, and (c) those in which political authority was exercised by associations. It is argued that Igbo systems were sufficiently diverse to provide examples of all these variants of acephalous systems. The reconfiguration here is innovative in several respects. For example, the Onitsha and Oguta monarchical systems are identified as “segmentary monarchies” that fall into the category of segmentary lineages. No doubt, the Onitsha and Oguta monarchies exhibited some of the basic features of a centralized political system: there was, in each case, an easily identifiable head of the political system, some concentration and institutionalization of authority, and there were specialized roles in the exercise of political power. It is, however, clear enough that each monarch was only one of several complimentary, if not competing, sources of power. Above all, as with other variants of the segmentary lineages, lineage or kinship principles constituted a key feature in the recruitment of political participants in Onitsha and Oguta. This and other categorizations may be provocative—but they seem more intelligible, certainly going by the local studies.
Psychosocial predictors of healthful dietary behavior in adolescents.

Abstract Objective To identify predictors of healthful dietary practices in adolescents using the Theory of Planned Behavior and determine how gender and ethnicity influence the relationship among the theoretical constructs. Design Initial and 1-month follow-up questionnaires, designed to measure the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and select demographic items, were administered to the participants in the spring of 1997 to gather data for this descriptive research. Settings/Participants A sample of 780 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 years, was recruited from randomly selected science classes at 4 public high schools in San Bernardino, California. Seven hundred and fifty participants (96%) completed the initial questionnaire and 672 (86%) completed the follow-up questionnaire. Analysis A 5-step hierarchical multiple regression procedure, general linear model analysis, and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results Intention to eat a healthful diet was a predictor of healthful dietary behavior. Intention was influenced most by attitude and then by perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. Those with positive attitudes toward healthful eating believed that they would like the taste of healthful foods, feel good about themselves, tolerate giving up foods that they like to eat, and lose weight or maintain a healthful weight. Mother, siblings, and friends were identified as important predictors of subjective norm. Knowledge about how to eat a healthful diet, availability of healthful foods, motivation, and access to enough money were salient facilitating factors related to perceived behavioral control. Interesting contrasts among gender and ethnic groups also were noted. Conclusions and Implications The findings indicate that multiple attitudinal, normative, and control factors influence healthful dietary behavior in adolescents. The synergistic use of these factors in the development and implementation of nutrition education interventions may assist in the promotion of healthful eating among teens from culturally diverse communities.
Land use legacies and the future of southern Appalachia

ABSTRACT Southern Appalachian forests have apparently recovered from extractive land use practices during the 19th and 20th centuries, yet the legacy of this use endures in terrestrial and aquatic systems of the region. The focus on shallow time or the telling of stories about the past circumscribes the ability to anticipate the most likely outcomes of the trajectory of change forecast for the Southeast as the “Old South” continues its transformation into the “New South.” We review land use research of the Coweeta Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project that addresses the nature and extent of past and present human land use, how land use has affected the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic communities, and the forces guiding the anticipated trajectory of change. Unlike development in the western or northeastern regions of the United States, the southeastern region has few practical, political, or geographical boundaries to the urban sprawl that is now developing.
Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis by monocytes in health and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract Immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by cultured mononuclear leukocytes from healthy subjects was stimulated with pokeweed mitogen and measured by immunofluorescence after 14 days in culture. Optimal Ig synthesis was recorded at 1 × 10 6 lymphocytes/ml. At 3 × 10 6 lymphocytes/ml, Ig synthesis was much lower; an inverse relationship was observed between Ig synthesis and monocyte percentages among these cultured cells ( P 6 lymphocytes/ml, more active Ig synthesis was restored by removing cells that adhere to foreign surfaces or ingest iron particles or by damaging monocytes by preincubation with carrageenan. Spontaneous Ig synthesis by cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was elevated. With this disease, a regulatory influence by monocytes could not be demonstrated.
Ultrasonic characterization of follicular waves in mares without maintaining identity of individual follicles

Summary A mathematical method was developed for characterizing follicular waves in early pregnant mares. For validation, the results were compared to those derived by a method using day-to-day identification of individual follicles (identity method); the same data set was used for both methods. The following steps were used for each mare: 1) depicting individual diameter profiles over Days 0 to 40 for the 3 largest follicles per ovary without regard to day-to-day follicle identity; 2) separating the follicles into large (>20 to >26 mm) and small categories; 3) using the large category to profile the diameters of individual follicles; and 4) using the small category to detect significant waves of follicular activity on the basis of Tukey's multiple-range test. The identity method detected wave emergence at 15 to 16 mm using the retrospectively identified dominant follicle. The mathematical method detected emergence of waves at a mean diameter of 9.5 ± 0.5 mm, 2 days earlier than did the identity method. Allowing for the 2 days earlier detection, the 2 methods led to similar conclusions on the characteristics of follicular waves. The mathematical method has the following apparent advantages: 1) data can be collected more quickly and with less skill than for the identify method; 2) bias due to inspecting data of the previous days, as required in the identity method, can be eliminated; and 3) days of emergence of a follicular wave can be identified earlier and with greater objectivity. The first step of the procedure (profiling the diameters of the 3 largest follicles perovary) should be useful to practitioners and others engaged in clinical research who need a simple method of characterizing follicular waves.
Enzymatic removal of a cephalosporin methyl ester blocking group

Abstract Over 7000 microorganisms were screened to find an enzyme source for the hydrolysis of a C 4 methyl ester blocking group on 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA). Only one culture, Streptomyces capillispira Mertz and Higgens nov. sp., produced an enzyme that catalysed the reaction. Enzyme synthesis in a defined mineral salts medium was repressed by NH 3 and amino acids. Under optimum fermentation conditions, the maximum rate of substrate hydrolysis was 6 × 10 −10 mol min −1 mg −1 cell. The enzyme was recovered from the mycelia and partially purified by gel filtration. Kinetic studies by pH-stat titration indicated that the pH optimum was 7.5–8.5, the temperature optimum was 25–30°C, and the substrate K m value was 2.3 mg ml −1 . The reaction products, 7-ADCA and methanol, were weak competitive inhibitors of the enzyme with K 1 values of 6.63 and 0.188 mg ml −1 , respectively. The enzyme also hydrolysed cefaclor and cephalexin methyl esters but did not hydrolyse cephalosporin ethyl esters. With further improvements in enzyme yields and stability, enzymatic deblocking of cephalosporins could provide an alternative to chemical deblocking processes.
Molecular margin analysis predicts local recurrence after sublobar resection of lung cancer

Sublobar resection for early-stage lung cancer has been used for patients who are not candidates for lobar resection. However, sublobar resection is associated with high local recurrence rates in the context of tumor-free parenchymal margins. The mechanism underlying this high recurrence rate is not well understood. We hypothesized that this elevated risk of local recurrence is due to undetected tumor cells present at parenchymal margins thought to be negative by conventional light microscopy. Thirteen of 44 patients who underwent sublobar resection for lung cancer were found to have a k-ras mutation at codon 12.1. A novel fluorescence-based assay for detection of rare copies of mutant DNA in a background of wild-type DNA, fluorescent gap ligase chain reaction, was used to quantitate the mutant/wild-type DNA in a range of 1 to 1/10,000 in histologically normal margins from these resections. Nine of 13 patients had at least one margin with the number of mutant cells over or equal to a threshold of 1/5,000, and of these, 6/9 (67%) recurred locally. None of the remaining 4 patients without mutant DNA in any surgical margin had evidence of recurrence. The higher rate of local recurrence associated with sublobar resection of lung cancer is likely due to the occult presence of tumor cells at resection margins. These occult tumor cells can be quantitated using a novel fluorescence-based assay and define a group of patients at high risk for local recurrence who are candidates for adjuvant therapy or more extensive resection. This methodology may be adaptable to a real-time format for intraoperative use.
Quantum-statistical mechanics of extended objects. I. Kinks in the one-dimensional sine-Gordon system

Making use of thermal-Green's-function technique, we study the quantum-statistical mechanics of a sine-Gordon system in 1 + 1 dimensions. In the weak-coupling limit, the temperature dependences of the soliton energy, ${E}_{s}$, the soliton inertial mass, and the soliton density are determined. At high temperatures ($Tgm$, where $m$ is the mass of the fundamental field), ${E}_{s}$ decreases monotonically as the temperature increases, and ${E}_{s}$ jumps to zero around $T={T}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ ($\ensuremath{\equiv}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{{E}_{s}}^{0}$), where ${{E}_{s}}^{0}$ is the soliton energy at $T=0$ K. The soliton density agrees with the classical statistical-mechanics results for ${T}_{\mathrm{cr}}gT\ensuremath{\gg}m$, if ${E}_{s}$ in the classical theory is replaced by the temperature-dependent one of the present theory.
Enhancement of the piezoelectrically stiffened ultrasonic velocity by electron trapping in CdS

Abstract It is shown that the ultrasonic velocity in semiconducting CdS, in the presence of an applied electric drift field, can exceed the piezoelectrically stiffened value for the insultating material, if the electron-trapping relaxation time is nonzero.
Writing in Engineering Courses

By incorporating writing in engineering courses, we can move toward several important educational goals. Writing allows students to develop and use critical thinking skills. It enhances active learning and addresses the needs of students with different learning styles. It is a uniquely powerful tool for assessing student understanding. Writing becomes particularly useful in engineering education when demonstrated as a process. Similarities between the writing and design processes can be used to highlight the fact that there is often no single “correct” solution in either and that feedback and revision are often crucial to both. Finally, the status of our profession is enhanced when engineering graduates can communicate effectively. This paper provides specific examples of how we have employed writing in our courses over the last three years and how it has served to enhance outcomes in these courses.
Evaluating the imprecision of static analysis

This work discusses two non-traditional approaches for evaluating the imprecision of static analysis. The approaches are based on proofs of feasibility or infeasibility that are constructed manually by the experimenters. We also describe our initial experience with these techniques.
EBP50 Promotes Focal Adhesion Turnover and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration

The Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin-Binding Phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) is a PDZ-containing scaffolding protein that regulates a variety of physiological functions. In the vasculature, EBP50 promotes neointima formation following arterial injury. In this study the role of EBP50 on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration was characterized. The spreading and motility of primary VSMC isolated from EBP50 knockout (KO) mice were significantly reduced compared to wild type (WT) cells. EBP50-null VSMC had fewer and larger focal adhesions than wild type cells. Assembly and disassembly of focal adhesion - assessed by live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence imaging - in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) were significantly reduced in KO cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that EBP50 interacts with EGF receptor via the PDZ2 domain and with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) via the C-terminal ERM domain. EBP50 promoted the formation of a complex containing both EGF receptor and FAK. Phosphorylation of Tyr-925 of FAK in response to EGF was significantly reduced in KO cell compared to WT cells. The residence time of FAK in focal adhesions - determined by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching - was increased in WT cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that EBP50, by scaffolding EGF receptor and FAK, facilitates activation of FAK, focal adhesion turnover, and migration of VSMC.
Quantitative Determination of the Catalytic Activity of Bulk Metal Oxides for Formic Acid Oxidation

Abstract The dissociative chemisorption of formic acid, HCOOH, to surface formate species, HCOO-M, on metal oxide catalysts was examined. The chemisorption studies reveal an average of ∼5–6 μmol/m 2 of active surface sites for many of the metal oxide catalysts. From TPD experiments, the decomposition temperatures of the surface formate ( T p ) were found to vary from 88 to 313°C. The turnover frequency (TOF) values for formic acid oxidation were found to vary over 11 orders of magnitude (10 −3 –10 8 s −1 ) at 250°C. No correlations were found between (i) H 2 -TPR onset temperatures and the enthalpies of formation of bulk metal oxides (−Δ H f ), (ii) TOFs and H 2 -TPR onset temperatures, or (iii) TOFs and the isotopic dioxygen exchange rates with the metal oxide lattice oxygen. Weak inverse correlations were found for both TOFs and catalytic activities versus −Δ H f . A strong inverse relationship was found between the TOFs and the surface formate decomposition temperatures, supporting the assertion that the rate-determining step during formic acid oxidation is the decomposition of the surface formate intermediate.
Speech-language pathologist job satisfaction in school versus medical settings.

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine if job satisfaction differs between speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in school settings and SLPs working in medical settings. Method The J...
First Order Decay of the Solvated Electrons in 1-Alkanols at 25°C

Specific rates, in units of 104 s-1, for the pseudo-first order reactions of the solvated electron with its solvents for C1 to C10 1-alkanols measured by pulse radiolysis at 25°C are given in parentheses after the names of 1-alkanols: methanol and ethanol (10), 1-propanol (6), 1-butanol to 1-octanol (5), 1-nonanol (6), and 1-decanol (? 16). These specific rates are discussed in terms of the viscosities of the solvents, radii and masses of the solvated electrons and energies of activation of the reactions.
Reaction intermediates on Fe/TiO2 during CO/H2 reaction

The nature of the surface species present on 10% FeTiO2 in the low-temperature reduced state (558 K) has been studied after short times of reaction in 10% COH2 at 558 K and 1 atm. After various reaction times the surface has been titrated by H2, O2, or D2. The results show that the surface during reaction is covered with about 46 μmol/g of CH and large quantities of surface carbidic carbon. The intermediate for the reaction of 10% C2H4H2 appears to be only CH.
Casimir-Polder separation theorem for second-order Coulomb energies

Abstract The second-order spectral sums over two-electron Coulomb matrix elements which arise in connectin with long-range intermolecular potentials, related exchange perturbation theories, and perturbative treatments of correlation energies are separated in the form of Casimir-Polder integrals over appropriate response functions. The latter are obtained from the solution of first-order perturbation equations which describe the interactions of the separate systems with an electromagnetic plane wave, employing variational and related computational techniques.
Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Major Metabolites on Phytohemeagglutinin-Stimulated Lymphoblastogenesis of Bovine Lymphocytes

Effects of aflatoxin B1 and three of its metabolites on cellular immune response were assessed with an assay based on inhibition of tritiated thymidine uptake by phytohemeagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes. In this in vitro system aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin Q1 were strongly inhibitory (more than 50% inhibition) at concentrations of 10 mu/ml, whereas aflatoxicol and aflatoxin B2 alpha exhibited little inhibition at 10 micrograms/ml and only 45 to 50% inhibition at 25 micrograms/ml. Contrasts with single degrees of freedom and orthogonal polynomial analysis revealed that the pair of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin Q1 differed linearly and quadratically from the pair of aflatoxin B2 alpha and aflatoxicol, but within each pair there were no differences. Limited data with aflatoxin M1 revealed that it was slightly more active than aflatoxicol in the assay, but minimal replication prevented rigorous statistical testing. It may be theorized that the moderate to strong inhibition of blastogenesis by aflatoxin B1 and its metabolites could inhibit T lymphocyte functions, such as killer, helper, effector, or other immune processes, and thus compromise the immunological surveillance mechanism.
The Third International Conference on Osteopontin and Related Proteins, San Antonio, Texas, May 10–12, 2002

Approximately 100 researchers met for two and one-half days in May 2002 at the Menger Hotel in San Antonio, Texas to share results and insights concerning the role of osteopontin (OPN) and related proteins in mammalian systems physiology. One of the insights to emerge was the apparent relatedness of OPN and several other proteins that do not have obvious amino acid sequence homology. These other proteins include dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), dental matrix protein 1(DMP1) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). Evidence was presented by W. Butler (U Texas, Houston) that DSPP is a large (!190 kDa protein) that is post-translationally cleaved to yield two proteins abundant in dentin, DPP and DSP [1]; DSPP may be the derivative of a gene fusion between tandemly duplicated genes. M. MacDougall reviewed evidence that mutations in DSPP are associated with the pathogenesis of two dentin diseases [2]. DMP1 was reported by A. George (U Illinois, Chicago) to possess the necessary requisites for an epitaxial nucleator of mineralization in both teeth and bone. In support of this, expression of DMP1 in odontoblasts coincides with the mineralization of the dentin matrix. J. Gluhak-Heinrich (U Texas, San Antonio) reported that DMP1 mRNA levels were increased in vivo in osteocytes in response to mechanical loading, suggesting a role for DMP1 in mediating mechanical responses in osteocytes.
Cholinesterase reactivators tested as antidotes for use on poisoned honey bees.

Three insecticides applied to the thorax of Apis mellifera L. in 2 μliters acetone had 24-hr LD50 values as follows: carbaryl 0.1–0.2; parathion 0.08–0.16; and monocrotophos 0.025–0.05. Treated bees showed no reduction in mortality when atropine sulfate with or without salts of JV-methyl pyridinium-2-aldoxime was fed, applied topically, or injected. Salts tested included iodide, chloride, and methanesulfonate. The halidcs were more toxic to bees.
Another look at long-run purchasing power parity using Sims tests for unit roots

This paper tests for long-run PPP using two types of unit root tests, standard Dickey-Fuller (DF) or Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests and Bayesian Sims tests. A problem with DF and ADF tests has been the low power of the tests; that is, such tests have difficulty in rejecting the random-walk hypothesis for real exchange rates. Sims tests, in contrast, do not give undue weight to the unit root. Instead Sims tests use a Bayesian posterior odds ratio which spreads the probability uniformly on the [0,1] interval. Monthly data for several industrialized and less-developed countries are used. Results indicate that real exchange rates do not appear to follow a random walk. While short-run deviations from PPP do occur, they fade in the long run.
CLASSROOMS VS. PRISON CELLS: FUNDING POLICIES FOR EDUCATION AND CORRECTIONS

ABSTRACT One of the most important correlates explaining youth and adult crime is the educational attainment of offenders. Research has established a relationship between lack of school attachment, dropout and delinquency; and special educational interventions have helped reduce delinquent behavior. This paper examines the roles of education and corrections in crime reduction and examines data on government spending for education and corrections. The huge increase in dollars going to prisons seemingly at the expense of reduced educational funding raises serious questions about our long-term policy for crime reduction.
Goal Attainment of Psychiatric Clients after Group Experience to Learn Social Independence Skills

(1981). Goal Attainment of Psychiatric Clients after Group Experience to Learn Social Independence Skills. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 3, No. 1-2, pp. 159-183.
‘Safety Valve’ Effect of Excess Dietary Amino-acids and Protein on Food Intake in Hyperphagic Rats

IMBALANCES in amino-acids and excessively high-protein content of the diet (66 per cent or more) depress food intake and retard growth in rats. It has been suggested that resulting metabolic disturbances affected the mechanism of regulation of food intake. The fact that in some instances administration of insulin counteracts the growth-retarding effect of leucine excess was taken as supporting this view1. Going one step further, it has been suggested that blood amino-acid patterns played a crucial part in the mechanism of satiety and the regulation of food intake2,3. The experiments presented here were designed to show whether excess or imbalanced amino-acid and protein intake do, in fact, act on the mechanism regulating food intake or whether they limit food intake by acting through other structures. Inasmuch as it has been shown that the ventromedial hypothalamic area regulates food intake, that is, adjusts food intake to energy output4, apparently by inhibiting constantly activated lateral ‘feeding centres’5 and exercising some measure of control over gastric contractions6, the animals used were ten female albino rats (Charles River strain) the ‘satiety’ centres of which had been destroyed by electrocoagulation of the ventromedial area.
Measurement of the zero crossing in a Feshbach resonance of fermionic 6Li

We measure a zero crossing in the scattering length of a mixture of the two lowest hyperfine states of ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}.$ To locate the zero crossing, we monitor the decrease in temperature and atom number arising from evaporation in a ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ laser trap as a function of magnetic field B. The temperature decrease and atom loss are minimized for $B=52.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\mathrm{mT},$ consistent with no evaporation. We also present preliminary calculations using potentials that have been constrained by the measured zero crossing and locate a broad Feshbach resonance at $\ensuremath{\approx}86\mathrm{mT},$ in agreement with previous theoretical predictions. In addition, our theoretical model predicts a second and much narrower Feshbach resonance near 55 mT.
Retained Drug-eluting Stents and Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Case Report:

Corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. The off-label use of steroid-eluting stents has increasingly gained popularity in functional endoscopic sinus surgery for decreasing postoperative inflammation and synechiae formation. However, there is a paucity of data outlining the safety profile of this device despite its widespread use. This study was designed to report a newly described complication of retained drug-eluting stents from endoscopic sinus surgery for refractory rhinosinusitis. This report highlights a potential risk of the drug-eluting stent in the treatment of recalcitrant rhinosinusitis and the need for further clinical investigations whenever a novel medical device becomes available on the market.
A primal hybrid finite element method for quasilinear second order elliptic problems

The Robin problem for a nonlinear, second-order, elliptic equation is approximated by a primal hybrid method. Optimal order error estimates are established in various norms, with minimal regularity requirements in almost all cases.
Autoantibodies to the insulin receptor as a cause of autoimmune hypoglycemia in systemic lupus erythematosus

A 52-year-old black woman presented with clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and severe fasting hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia was secondary to autoantibodies to the insulin receptor that were detected in the patient's serum. There were no anti-insulin antibodies, and other causes of hypoglycemia were excluded. Treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids resulted in restoration of euglycemia associated with resolution of circulating anti-receptor antibodies and parallel improvement in clinical and laboratory features of SLE. This case is compared with other cases of autoimmune hypoglycemia due to anti-receptor antibodies.
“Molded” porous polymer monoliths: A novel format for capillary gas chromatography stationary phases

Highly permeable monolithic columns have been prepared directly within capillaries of various internal diameters by the in situ polymerization of high purity divinylbenzene, characterized, and used as novel stationary phases for gas-solid chromatography. The chromatographic properties of these columns are demonstrated by the efficient separation of mixtures of volatile organic compounds as well as their aqueous solutions.
Why are some neurons replaced in adult brain

I will review recent observations on the production and replacement of neurons in the adult avian brain. I will highlight the fact that the new neurons are temporary, that they replace older ones that have died, and that the spontaneous replacement of neurons calls for a new theory of long-term
Sampling techniques influence understory plant trajectories after restoration: An example from ponderosa pine restoration

Although there is no one correct technique for sampling vegetation, the sampling design chosen may greatly influence the conclusions researchers can draw from restoration treatments. Considerations when designing vegetation sampling protocol include determining what sampling attributes to measure, the size and shape of the sampling plot, the number of replicates and their location within the study area, and the frequency of sampling. We installed 20 point-intercept transects (50-m long), 8 belt transects (10 � 50 m), 10 adapted Daubenmire transects (four 0.5 � 2-m plots), and 4 modified-Whittaker plots (20 � 50 m with smaller nested plots) in treatment and control units to measure understory herbaceous response in a forest restoration experiment that tested different treatments. Pointintercept transects on average recorded at least twice as much plant cover as did adapted Daubenmire transects and modified-Whittaker plots taken at the same location for all control and treatment units. Point-intercept transects and adapted Daubenmire plots on average captured fewer rare and exotic species in the control and treatment units in comparison with the belt transects and modified-Whittaker plots. Modified-Whittaker plots captured the highest species richness in all units. Early successional understory response to restoration treatments was likely masked by the response of the herbaceous community to yearly climatic variation (dry vs. wet years). Species richness and abundance were higher in wet years than dry years for all control and treatment units. Our results illustrate that sampling techniques can greatly influence perceptions of understory plant trajectories and therefore the interpretation of whether restoration goals have been achieved. In addition, our results suggest that restoration monitoring needs to be conducted for a sufficient length of time so that restoration treatment responses can be detected.
Set-membership approach to experiment planning for parameter identification in static regression models

This paper describes an approach to optimal experiment planning based on the assumption that the set of feasible models (defined by a priori assumptions and measurements that have already been taken) is a general set in a function space. In particular, this set does not have to be limited to conventional, linear-in-parameter models. The experiment planning procedure selects the observation locations sequentially so that at each step a conventional, linear in unknown parameters estimating model provides an optimal approximation to the set of feasible models.
Induced-drag characteristics of crescent-moon-shaped wings

Results are presented of a theoretical study conducted to analyze the potential drag reduction characteristics of wings with highly tapered aft-swept tips at subsonic speeds. These planar wings, also named crescent- moon-shaped wings or wings with curved planform, can produce induced drag less than the minimal value ob- tained with the classical unswept elliptical wing for a constant lift and wing span. The induced-drag reduction is the result of the nonplanar wing and wake shape at the angle of attack. For an example wing of aspect ratio 7, the crescent-moon shape provides a reduction in cruise induced drag of 8.0% as compared to an unswept elliptical wing. equal to but not less than the minimum value obtained for the classical straight wing with elliptical loading distribution can be achieved with planar curved planforms. In order to obtain the mimimum value of induced drag for the wing with backward sweep, it may be required to introduce a substantial amount of washout, while for the wing with for- ward sweep, it may be necessary to incorporate washin. The twist requirement has a severe disadvantage, however, because now the minimum induced drag is obtained only at the angle of attack for which the wing twist distribution is optimized. At off-design conditions, drag penalties are in- curred and the induced drag produced by the twisted swept wing will be higher than for the untwisted unswept elliptical wing for a constant lift coefficient. This paper will demonstrate that an untwisted planar crescent-moon wing can be more efficient than an unswept elliptical wing. A computa- tion method that correctly accounts for the influence of the trailing wake must be applied in order to obtain this somewhat unexpected result. Zimmer3'4 demonstrated that crescent-moon planform shapes can significantly reduce the level of induced drag pro- duced by a wing. The results are obtained with a vortex- lattice method that models the lifting surface by its mean camber line and takes into account the nonlinear effect of the trailing vortex sheet. Consequently, the influence of air- foil thickness is assumed to be negligible and the leading- edge suction force is modeled mathematically. Zimmer's work resulted in the Dornier New Technology Wing (Dornier Do-228), which represents a practical (and somewhat com- promised) application of the crescent-moon planform shape. In this study, a nonlinear surface panel method is applied to study the drag characteristics of a crescent-moon-shaped lifting surface of aspect ratio 7. Consequently, no approxima- tions are required to calculate the induced-drag force. Analysis Method
Dynamics of biochemical and biophysical reactions: insight from computer simulations.

1. Introduction 5632. Obtaining rate constants from molecular-dynamics simulations 5642.1 General relationships between quantum electronic structures and reaction rates 5642.2 The transition-state theory (TST) 5692.3 The transmission coefficient 5723. Simulating biological electron-transfer reactions 5753.1 Semi-classical surface-hopping and the Marcus equation 5753.2 Treating quantum mechanical nuclear tunneling by the dispersed-polaron/spin-boson method 5803.3 Density-matrix treatments 5833.4 Charge separation in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers 5844. Light-induced photoisomerizations in rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin 5965. Energetics and dynamics of enzyme reactions 6145.1 The empirical-valence-bond treatment and free-energy perturbation methods 6145.2 Activation energies are decreased in enzymes relative to solution, often by electrostatic effects that stabilize the transition state 6205.3 Entropic effects in enzyme catalysis 6275.4 What is meant by dynamical contributions to catalysis? 6345.5 Transmission coefficients are similar for corresponding reactions in enzymes and water 6365.6 Non-equilibrium solvation effects contribute to catalysis mainly through Δg[Dagger], not the transmission coefficient 6415.7 Vibrationally assisted nuclear tunneling in enzyme catalysis 6485.8 Diffusive processes in enzyme reactions and transmembrane channels 6516. Concluding remarks 6587. Acknowledgements 6588. References 658Obtaining a detailed understanding of the dynamics of a biochemical reaction is a formidable challenge. Indeed, it might appear at first sight that reactions in proteins are too complex to analyze microscopically. At room temperature, even a relatively small protein can have as many as 1034 accessible conformational states (Dill, 1985). In many cases, however, we have detailed structural information about the active site of an enzyme, whereas such information is missing for corresponding chemical systems in solution. The atomic coordinates of the chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin, for example, are known to a resolution of 1–2 A. In addition, experimental studies of biological processes such as photoisomerization and electron transfer have provided a wealth of detailed information that eventually may make some of these processes classical problems in chemical physics as well as biology.
Characterization of gastrin amidation in the rat and porcine antrum: comparison with the pituitary.

Summary The formation of biologically active gastrin from glycine-extended processing intermediates occurs via the action of a peptide ~-amidating enzyme. The observation that gastrin exists primarily as unamidated precursors in the pituitary but as amidated gastrin in the antrum prompted these studies to examine whether the amidating enzymes in the two organs were different in their characteristics. Furthermore, the amidating enzyme in the stomach has not previously been characterized in extensive detail. Amidating activity was quantified by measuring the conversion of Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-Gly (glycine-extended hexagastrin) to Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH 2 (amidated hexagastrin) by radioimmunoassay. activity of the antral enzyme in both the rat and hog had a similar apparent molecular weight (45,000-60,000), cofactor requirements (copper, ascorbic acid, and catalase), pH optima (5.5-8,5), and K m (12 #M) as the pituitary enzyme. These data suggest that antral and pituitary peptide ct-amidating enzymes are the same enzyme, thus it is unlikely that differences in amidating enzymes can account for the observed differences in the tissue specific processing of gastrin.
Determination of parallel software organizations for performance-constrained and connectivity-constrained distributed systems

The process connectivity constraints and the resulting impact on the computation structure are considered. Within these constraints, an approach is presented for restructuring a set of subtasks with precedence constraints and stochastic properties into alternative parallel structures that can be scheduled in parallel distributed systems. A queuing model is used to evaluate the module response time and its resource cost. This model takes into consideration both the communication and the synchronization delays. Finally, an algorithm for determining feasible schedules (that meet designer performance constraints) in order of minimum resource cost is developed. >
The impact of unidentified location effects on dispersion-effects identification from unreplicated factorial designs

There have been several publications on identifying dispersion effects from an unreplicated fractional or full factorial experiment. Some of these methods implicitly assume that unknown location effects are first identified correctly from the data. In practice, however, an empirical location-effects identification procedure may leave some small to moderate location effects undetected. It is shown in this study that such unidentified location effects can cumulatively impair subsequent dispersione effects identification. Numerical evidence based on a welding experiment and results from a simulation study are provided. A mathematical explanation of the impact of unidentified location effects on dispersion-effects identification is given. The dispersion-effects identification methods initially proposed for unreplicated data can be naturally extended to replicated experiments with the impact of unidentified location effects eliminated. A fluorescent-lamp experiment is analyzed to illustrate these methods.