cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Underpinnings of Workload in Unmanned Vehicle Systems

This paper identifies and characterizes factors that contribute to operator workload in unmanned vehicle systems. Our objective is to provide a basis for developing models of workload for use in design and operation of complex human–machine systems. In 1986, Hart developed a foundational conceptual model of workload, which formed the basis for arguably the most widely used workload measurement technique—the NASA Task Load Index. Since that time, however, there have been many advances in models and factor identification as well as workload control measures. Additionally, there is a need to further inventory and describe factors that contribute to human workload in light of technological advances, including automation and autonomy. Thus, we propose a conceptual framework for the workload construct and present a taxonomy of factors that can contribute to operator workload. These factors, referred to as workload drivers, are associated with a variety of system elements including the environment, task, equipment, and operator. In addition, we discuss how workload moderators, such as automation and interface design, can be manipulated in order to influence operator workload. We contend that workload drivers, workload moderators, and the interactions among drivers and moderators all need to be accounted for when building complex human–machine systems.
Brazilian Adolescents’ Just World Beliefs and Its Relationships with School Fairness, Student Conduct, and Legal Authorities

Prior research has demonstrated that adolescence is a sensitive period to develop their belief in a just world (BJW), both general and personal. Research has found significant relationships between BJW, perceptions of school fairness, student conduct, and perceptions of legal authorities. However, no research has combined these constructs in one model to get a broader picture of how adolescents construct their worldview of fairness and how this influences their compliance with authorities. This study analyzed 475 Brazilian adolescents across three schools. A partially mediated and a mediated model were tested to determine if students’ BJW relate directly or indirectly to student conduct and perceptions of legal authorities through school fairness. The partially mediated model best fit the data. Personal BJW predicted students’ perceptions of the school fairness, which predicted student conduct. General BJW and school fairness predicted adolescents’ perceptions of legal authorities. Perceptions of school fairness are influenced by Personal BJW and are predictive of students’ conduct and opinions of legal authorities. By analyzing multiple constructs simultaneously, this study provides a picture of how these overlapping conceptualizations of justice interact. Students who do not believe their school is fair are less likely to respect and abide by the rules and are more likely to also expect unfair treatment from law enforcement and judicial officials. This study points to the importance of students’ perceptions of justice at school and highlights the far-reaching implications of students who do not perceive or expect justice in their lives.
Threats and Supports to Female Students’ Math Beliefs and Achievement

This study examines how student perceptions of teacher practices contribute to female high school students' math beliefs and achievement. Guided by the expectancy-value framework, we hypothesized that students' motivation beliefs and achievement outcomes in mathematics are fostered by teachers' emphasis on the relevance of mathematics and constrained by gender-based differential treatment. To examine these questions, structural equation modeling was applied to a longitudinal panel of 518 female students from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study. While controlling for prior achievement and race, gendered differential treatment was negatively associated with math beliefs and achievement, whereas relevant math instruction was positively associated with these outcomes. These findings suggest inroads that may foster positive math motivational beliefs and achievement among young women.
Deterministic Analysis of Observations

A usual modeling problem is given by the case that there are some relevant observations which may be obtained by measurements, and we would like to have a relatively simple mathematical function that provides a model for the observations. The purpose of finding such a function is to obtain a qualitative and quantitative understanding of observations, which is helpful for reacting to the observations in an appropriate way. The process of developing a mathematical model involves several basic steps. The first step is to present the problem as simple as possible, for example by transformations of data. The second step is to use modeling concepts to derive various reasonable models. The third step is to evaluate the models obtained in order to identify the optimal model. A model that is developed on the basis of observations represents the same information as given by the observations. However, a model should also provide an additional benefit. Thus, the fourth step is to demonstrate the advantage of the model development by deriving valuable conclusions that are not directly given by the observations.
Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Incorporating nontraditional risk factors may improve the performance of traditional multivariable risk assessment for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Objective To systematically review evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force on the benefits and harms of 3 nontraditional risk factors in cardiovascular risk assessment: the ankle-brachial index (ABI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) score. Data Sources MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies published through May 22, 2017. Surveillance continued through February 7, 2018. Study Selection Studies of asymptomatic adults with no known cardiovascular disease. Data Extraction and Synthesis Independent critical appraisal and data abstraction by 2 reviewers. Main Outcomes and Measures Cardiovascular events, mortality, risk assessment performance measures (calibration, discrimination, or risk reclassification), and serious adverse events. Results Forty-three studies (N = 267 244) were included. No adequately powered trials have evaluated the clinical effect of risk assessment with nontraditional risk factors on patient health outcomes. The addition of the ABI (10 studies), hsCRP level (25 studies), or CAC score (19 studies) can improve both discrimination and reclassification; the magnitude and consistency of improvement varies by nontraditional risk factor. For the ABI, improvements in performance were the greatest for women, in whom traditional risk assessment has poor discrimination (C statistic change of 0.112 and net reclassification index [NRI] of 0.096). Results were inconsistent for hsCRP level, with the largest analysis (n = 166 596) showing a minimal effect on risk prediction (C statistic change of 0.0039, NRI of 0.0152). The largest improvements in discrimination (C statistic change ranging from 0.018 to 0.144) and reclassification (NRI ranging from 0.084 to 0.35) were seen for CAC score, although CAC score may inappropriately reclassify individuals not having cardiovascular events into higher-risk categories, as determined by negative nonevent NRI. Evidence for the harms of nontraditional risk factor assessment was limited to computed tomography imaging for CAC scoring (8 studies) and showed that radiation exposure is low but may result in additional testing. Conclusions and Relevance There are insufficient adequately powered clinical trials evaluating the incremental effect of the ABI, hsCRP level, or CAC score in risk assessment and initiation of preventive therapy. Furthermore, the clinical meaning of improvements in measures of calibration, discrimination, and reclassification risk prediction studies is uncertain.
PW 1352 Self-harm behaviors and mental health among children and youth exposed to violence in early life. Findings from the violence against children surveys (VACS)

This study focuses on establishing the relationship between exposure to physical, sexual and emotional violence in childhood and mental health and suicidal outcomes in young adulthood. Using data from the Malawi and Nigeria Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS), which are nationally representative surveys of youth ages 13–24, we examine the association between exposure to physical, sexual, and emotional violence and witnessing violence before age 18, and self-harm, suicidal attempts, suicidal ideation and mental distress at ages 18–24. We hypothesize that individuals with exposure to childhood violence are more likely to experience all forms of suicidal and mental health outcomes. Analyses will further examine certain demographic characteristics influence the relationship between childhood violence exposure and suicide and mental health outcomes. For these analyses, multivariable regression methods will assess whether marital status and closeness with one or both parents modify the relationship between childhood violence exposure and mental health and suicide in young adulthood. These results have the potential to inform policy and programmatic strategies to promote health and well-being among children and youth.
Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility

Testosterone has a variety of functions and is commonly used in older men to treat symptoms of hypogonadism, such as decreased libido, decreased mood and erectile dysfunction. Despite its positive effects on sexual function, it has a negative effect on fertility. Exogenous testosterone therapy can negatively affect the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis and inhibit the production of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. The purpose of this review is to discuss the contraceptive properties of testosterone therapy and to discuss strategies to increase testosterone in men with the desire to preserve fertility.
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Associated with Lenalidomide Use for Multiple Myeloma in an Immunocompetent Patient.

Purpose. The aim of this report is to present a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in an immunocompetent patient using lenalidomide. Methods. Case report with fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography imaging. Results. A 55-year-old male with history of multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide presented with blurriness and floaters in his right eye and was found to have vitreous biopsy-confirmed CMV retinitis. The patient was treated with pars plana vitrectomy, oral valganciclovir, and intravitreal foscarnet. More than one year later, the patient was doing well with visual acuity of 20/25 and no recurrence of retinitis. Conclusion. This represents the second report of CMV retinitis associated with lenalidomide therapy. It suggests that even immunocompetent patients can be affected by CMV retinitis in the context of lenalidomide treatment. It is critical that patients being treated with lenalidomide receive prompt evaluation if they develop ophthalmic symptoms.
Energies of Adsorbed Catalytic Intermediates on Transition Metal Surfaces: Calorimetric Measurements and Benchmarks for Theory

ConspectusBetter catalysts and electrocatalysts are essential for the production and use of clean fuels with less pollution and improved energy efficiency, for making chemicals with less energy and environmental impact, for pollution abatement, and for many other future technologies needed to achieve environmentally friendlier energy supply and chemicals industry. Crucial for rational design of better catalyst and electrocatalyst materials is knowledge of the energies of elementary chemical reactions on late transition metal surfaces. This knowledge would also aid in designing more efficient and stable photocatalysts and batteries for harvesting and storing solar energy. These are all crucial for sustainable living with high quality. Herein, I review measurements of surface reaction energies involving many of the most common adsorbates formed as intermediates on late transition metal surfaces in catalytic and electrocatalytic reactions of interest for energy and environmental technologies. I focus on calo...
Local convergence theorems of Newton's method for nonlinear equations using outer or generalized inverses

We provide local convergence theorems for Newton's method in Banach space using outer or generalized inverses. In contrast to earlier results we use hypotheses on the second instead of the first Frechet-derivative. This way our convergence balls differ from earlier ones. In fact we show that with a simple numerical example that our convergence ball contains earlier ones. This way we have a wider choice of initial guesses than before. Our results can be used to solve undetermined systems, nonlinear least squares problems and ill-posed nonlinear operator equations.
Panel Methods for Multiple-Rotor Aerodynamics

Two methods will be discussed for predicting the three dimensional unsteady aerodynamic loads which are exerted on blade assemblies in relative rotation. The earlier of the two is a full surface, time marching panel scheme based on Morino’s formulation. It has been implemented only for low speed (incompressible) flow. The second scheme uses an iterative coupling of the rotor velocity fields, decomposed into harmonics. Each field harmonic is computed using linearized compressible aerodynamic thepry. Both schemes are capable of handling axial or weakly nonaxial flow configurations, with either rigid or flexible blades. The principle applications are to the prediction of performance and aeroelastic response characteristics of counter-rotating systems.
Long-term functional outcome after intervention for pediatric intracranial arteriovenous malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Intervention (surgery, embolization, and radiosurgery) is critical in maximizing outcomes of pediatric arteriovenous malformations (pAVMs). Although short-term functional outcomes following intervention have been stablished to be favorable, long-term outcomes have yet to be thoroughly consolidated. Searches of 7 electronic databases from inception to April 2019 were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened against pre-specified criteria. Favorable functional were modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores ranging from 0 to 2, and the incidences were extracted and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis of proportions. Fourteen pertinent studies were identified describing outcomes of 699 pAVM patients, with median 75 % presenting with hemorrhage. Surgery, embolization and radiosurgery use were reported by 12 (86 %), 14 (100 %) and 10 (71 %) studies respectively. By median study follow-up time of 4.1 years, a favorable functional outcome was estimated to occur in 87 % (95 % CI, 82-91 %) of subjects respectively. Hemorrhagic versus non-hemorrhagic presentations did not statistically differ in incidence of this long-term outcome, 78 % (95 % CI, 67-87 %) and 91 % (95 % CI, 80-98 %) respectively. This study demonstrates that favorable long-term functional outlook of pAVM subjects after intervention can persist for many years after initial intervention. The certainty of achieving this outcome is moderate, irrespective of hemorrhagic presentation or intervention modality. Long-term functional deficit risk should not be the sole factor in deciding if intervention should be pursued.
Growth in the High-Risk Newborn Infant Post-Discharge: Results from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nutrition Follow-up Clinic

Growth and nutrition in preterm infants have long-term implications for neurodevelopmental and cardiometabolic outcomes. Many infants are discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with growth restriction, but often without a specialized team to monitor postdischarge growth. At our institution, we addressed our ongoing concerns for the health and growth of these infants post-discharge by creating a Nutrition NICU Graduate Clinic. This clinic serves infants discharged from our NICU who were born with very low birth weight, had difficulty growing or feeding while inpatient, had a gastrostomy tube placed during hospitalization, or were deemed high risk for other reasons by our neonatal team, with the first clinic visit within 5 weeks of discharge. Data from our first 227 patients at time of discharge, first clinic visit, and any available second clinic visits are described. Anthropometrics show a high rate of extrauterine growth restriction at time of discharge with continued growth restriction at follow-up. Feeding regimens prescribed at discharge and variations from the prescribed regimen at time of follow-up are described. At time of first clinic visit, most patients (92.2%) required a medical or dietary intervention by our team. Our findings illustrate the need for early and specialized nutrition follow-up in this patient population to improve growth trajectory post-discharge.
A Comparative Investigation of Student Learning through PechaKucha Presentations in Online Higher Education

The purpose of this study was to determine if using student recorded PechaKucha™ 20 × 20 presentations as an assignment in an online classroom yielded equivalent student learning compared to a similar written assignment. Twenty-one (15 women and 6 men) online graduate students participated in a mixed-method study using online surveys with a quasi-experimental design. While it was determined that student learning was similar regardless of assignment type (t(20) = 1.481, p = .154), the study revealed benefits of using recorded PechaKucha presentations, including increased content engagement and increased student enjoyment.
Temperature-responsive supramolecular hydrogels

Hydrogels comprise a class of soft materials which are extremely useful in a number of contexts, for example as matrix-mimetic biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine and drug delivery. One particular subclass of hydrogels consists of materials prepared through non-covalent physical crosslinking afforded by supramolecular recognition motifs. The dynamic, reversible, and equilibrium-governed features of these molecular-scale motifs often transcend length-scales to endow the resulting hydrogels with these same properties on the bulk scale. In efforts to engineer hydrogels of all types with more precise or application-specific uses, inclusion of stimuli-responsive sol–gel transformations has been broadly explored. In the context of biomedical uses, temperature is an interesting stimulus which has been the focus of numerous hydrogel designs, supramolecular or otherwise. Most supramolecular motifs are inherently temperature-sensitive, with elevated temperatures commonly disfavoring motif formation and/or accelerating its dissociation. In addition, supramolecular motifs have also been incorporated for physical crosslinking in conjunction with polymeric or macromeric building blocks which themselves exhibit temperature-responsive changes to their properties. Through molecular-scale engineering of supramolecular recognition, and selection of a particular motif or polymeric/macromeric backbone, it is thus possible to devise a number of supramolecular hydrogel materials to empower a variety of future biomedical applications.
The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Association Between Diabetes Education and Support and Self-Care Management:

Diabetes self-management education and support enhance self-efficacy and promote self-management behaviors essential for diabetes management. We investigated the mediating effect of self-efficacy o...
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Blast Wave Transmission From the External Ear to a Spiral Cochlea.

Blast-induced injuries affect the health of veterans, in which the auditory system is often damaged, and blast-induced auditory damage to the cochlea is difficult to quantify. A recent study modeled blast overpressure (BOP) transmission throughout the ear utilizing a straight, two-chambered cochlea, but the spiral cochlea's response to blast exposure has yet to be investigated. In this study, we utilized a human ear finite element (FE) model with a spiraled, two-chambered cochlea to simulate the response of the anatomical structural cochlea to BOP exposure. The FE model included an ear canal, middle ear, and two and half turns of two-chambered cochlea and simulated a BOP from the ear canal entrance to the spiral cochlea in a transient analysis utilizing fluid-structure interfaces. The model's middle ear was validated with experimental pressure measurements from the outer and middle ear of human temporal bones. The results showed high stapes footplate (SFP) displacements up to 28.5 μm resulting in high intracochlear pressures and basilar membrane (BM) displacements up to 43.2 μm from a BOP input of 30.7 kPa. The cochlea's spiral shape caused asymmetric pressure distributions as high as 4 kPa across the cochlea's width and higher BM transverse motion than that observed in a similar straight cochlea model. The developed spiral cochlea model provides an advancement from the straight cochlea model to increase the understanding of cochlear mechanics during blast and progresses toward a model able to predict potential hearing loss after blast.
Systematic shifts in the variation among host individuals must be considered in climate-disease theory

To make more informed predictions of host-pathogen interactions under climate change, studies have incorporated the thermal performance of host, vector, and pathogen traits into disease models. However, this body of work has ignored the fact that disease spread and long-term patterns of host population dynamics are largely determined by the variation in susceptibility among individuals in the host population. Furthermore, and especially for ectothermic host species, variation in susceptibility is likely to be plastic, influenced by variables such as environmental temperature. Quantifying the relationship between temperature and among-host trait variation will therefore be critical for predicting how climate change and disease will interact to influence host-pathogen population dynamics. Here, we demonstrate how short-term effects of temperature on the variation of host susceptibility drive epidemic characteristics, fluctuations in host population sizes, and probabilities of host extinction. We use this quantitative analysis as a basic framework to suggest that more research is needed in disease ecology to understand the mechanisms that shape trait variation, not just trait averages.
Comprehensive Preoperative Management of Patients with Pressure Ulcer

When a pressure ulcer is diagnosed as stage IV or III and there is an indication for surgery in clinical practice, the ulcer(s) should be given an opportunity to respond to local wound treatment. The average time is 4 weeks before a surgical decision for closure, providing that all other requirements for wound healing are met. Initially, the clinical appearance of the ulcer should be evaluated and then a plan set for local wound care to prepare the wound for surgical closure. Clinically, the wound should be as clean as possible before surgical closure, with a low level of bacterial colonization (less than 105) and no necrotic tissue, sign of infection, or purulent discharge present at the time of surgery.
For the Love of the Land: Generational Land Transfer and the Future of Family Forests in Western Washington State, USA

There is increasing concern that a major factor influencing the loss of forestland in Washington State is the lack of successful generational transfer of forest land. The scenario is similar to that experienced by family-owned agricultural farms. Generational transference of family-farm property has been a topic of study in the social sciences for many years, and it is upon this theoretical framework that the discussion of forestland transfer is based. This paper reports research conducted in two counties in western Washington State, USA. There are nine counties along Interstate Highway 5 corridor with private forests that are experiencing major development pressures. Two counties that represent extreme stages of development were selected for intensive study. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted as a part of this study, the potential causes of unsuccessful generational transfer were found to be closely linked to development pressure with the following components: regulatory uncertainty, financial instability, and urban influences. These three elements tended to overlap, and perceptions were embedded within a strong value orientation and sense of place. Value orientations and attachments to place might not always require a linkage to occupations and livelihoods alone. They might also be allied with experiences and the symbolic meanings of a place that facilitate a shared value. Whether these experiences arrive through the growth of the family forest as an occupation or through place attachments nurtured within a family over time, the obstacles to the successful generational transfer of family forests must be considered.
A Review of “Who Owns Knowledge? Knowledge and the Law”

The somewhat provocative title of this book alludes to the tension between the commoditization of knowledge and knowledge serving the public good, or private versus public good. The focus is on the...
An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy: Pure Land Buddhism

Key terms and teachings Buddhaksetra: Sanskrit term for “Buddha Land” or “Buddha Field.” In Mahayana Buddhism it refers to a “place” where a Buddha exercises power. Buddhanusmrti: Sanskrit term for “recollection of the Buddha,” “meditating on the Buddha,” or “staying mindful of the Buddha.” It is an important element of meditative practices in many forms of Mahayana Buddhism. Dharmakaya: Sanskrit term for the “Truth Body” of the Buddha. It is one of the three bodies of the Buddha and refers to his abiding presence in the form of his teachings and as the source of all reality. Nirmanakaya: Sanskrit term for the “Emanation Body” or physical body of the Buddha. In Mahayana Buddhism it refers to the Buddha's ability to be physically present to teach the Dhamma to beings in samsara . Sambhogakaya: Sanskrit term for the “Enjoyment Body” of the Buddha. It refers to the subtle body by which the Buddha is present to Bodhisattvas and other beings. Sukhavati: Sanskrit term for “Land of Happiness,” or “Land of Bliss.” It is the Pure Land of Amitabha or Amida Buddha located in the west. Trikaya: Sanskrit term for the Mahayana teaching on the “three bodies” of the Buddha. Vimalakirti Sutra: An important and influential Mahayana Sutra named after its main character, the layman Vimalakirti. Its primary subject is the method and means to the perfection of insight.
Hand Preferences for a Haptic Task in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

We tested the hand preferences of 20 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) for a haptic task requiring individuals to search for grapes in an opaque bucket filled with water. We compared these data to the hand preferences displayed by the same chimpanzees during reaching and bimanual feeding tasks. The chimpanzees displayed no significant hand preference for the reaching or bimanual feeding tasks, but exhibited a right-hand preference while performing the haptic task. In contrast, New and Old World monkeys display left-hand preferences for similar tasks. We discuss the relevance of these findings for the evolution of handedness in primates.
Equal and Inalienable: Natural Human Rights and the ICCPR

This paper first seeks to establish a scientific basis for the finding of natural human rights and how rights relate to morals, law, and culture. Next, the paper focuses on the derogation mechanism of article 4 of the ICCPR, compares derogable rights and non-derogable rights, and investigates the assumptions of derogation. Lastly, the paper finds an over-inclusive nature of the ICCPR, which results in the artificial imposition of extra-natural rights, leading to low levels of any compliance. Thus a lack of compliance to the ICCPR in whole violates the actual natural human rights which are enumerated. It suggests that an international human rights regime which is restricted to demonstrable natural human rights, without derogation, and including more forceful enforcement mechanisms would be a more effective tool of promoting human rights throughout the world.
Effect of aging on the secondary esophageal peristalsis: presbyesophagus revisited

In this study we determined the effect of aging on the capability of the human esophagus to generate secondary peristalsis. We studied nine healthy young (35 +/- 2 yr, 25-45 yr) and nine healthy el...
Composed inclusions of A3 and A4 subfactors

Abstract In this article, we classify all standard invariants that can arise from a composed inclusion of an A 3 with an A 4 subfactor. More precisely, if N ⊂ P is an A 3 subfactor and P ⊂ M is an A 4 subfactor, then only four standard invariants can arise from the composed inclusion N ⊂ M . We answer a question posed by Bisch and Haagerup in 1994. The techniques of this paper also show that there are exactly four standard invariants for the composed inclusion of two A 4 subfactors.
Dynamic consequences of optical spin–orbit interaction

Scientists theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that the transformation of spin into orbital momentum can lead to a fundamentally new type of force acting transversally to the direction of propagation.
A study of radiated electromagnetic susceptibility test requirements and procedures

An investigation of test requirements described in several standards on radiated electromagnetic susceptibility (RES) was performed. Electric field strength variations were measured in two semianechoic chambers for several positions of the transmit antenna. A study was performed to determine the proper frequency step size for RES testing. A small receiving circuit was placed in the center of several metal structures typical of a personal computer. The frequency of an incident signal was varied and the receiving circuit's response was observed. The circuit's response was also measured when the positions of the structures were varied. >
Determination of converter control algorithms for stable brushless doubly-fed drives using Floquet and Lyapunov techniques

A method of analyzing the stability of brushless doubly fed machines (BDFM) in the synchronous mode of operation is presented. Unlike the stability analysis of conventional induction and synchronous machines for which the linearized state equations are time-invariant, the linearized state equations of the BDFM are time-varying and, consequently, their eigenvalue analysis cannot be performed directly. Since the system matrix of the linearized equations is a periodic function of time, the generalized theory of Floquet can be applied to transform the time-varying system of equations into an equivalent set of equations with a constant system matrix. Eigenvalue analysis can then be employed to analyze the stability characteristics of given equilibrium points. Investigation into the stability of a proof-of-concept BDFM in the synchronous mode of operation using the transformed linearized model shows good correlation between theoretical and experimental results. The possibility of designing a BDFM drive with inherent open-loop stability over the entire speed range is demonstrated. >
Street Codes in High School: School as an Educational Deterrent:

Elsewhere we have documented how conflict between adolescents in the streets shapes conflict in the schools. Here we consider the impact of street codes on the culture and environment of the schools themselves, and the effect of this culture and on the students' commitment and determination to participate in their own education. We present the high school experiences of first-generation immigrants and African American students, distinguishing between belief in education and commitment to school. In an environment characterized by ineffective control and nonengaging classes, often students are not socialized around academic values and goals. Students need to develop strategies to remain committed to education while surviving day to day in an unsafe, academically limited school environment. These processes are sometimes seen as minority “resistance” to educational norms. Instead, our data suggest that the nature of the schools in which minority students find themselves has a greater influence on sustaining or dissuading students' commitment to education than do their immigration status or cultural backgrounds.
Elevation of internal 6-methyladenine mRNA methyltransferase activity after cellular transformation

A comparison of internal 6-methyladenine mRNA methyltransferase activity in a variety of cell types demonstrated an 8-15-fold increase as a result of cellular transformation. Utilizing adenovirus transformed rat embryo cells, it was found that the increase in methyltransferase activity was concomitant with or occurred rapidly after transformation. An 8-fold increase in activity was observed in the cells isolated from the transformed foci and remained elevated through subsequent passages. The relationship between methyltransferase activity and tumor formation was also investigated. High level expression of the avian ski oncogene in mouse L cells causes a reversion of the transformed phenotype to a non-transformed state, and resulted in a 47% reduction in the specific activity of the methyltransferase as compared with mock transfected cells.
Parakeratotic Corneocytes Play a Unique Role in Human Skin Wound Healing

Upon revisiting of our large library of archived human skin wound specimens, we observed that stratum lucidum interfollicular parakeratotic corneocytes appear to take an active role in epidermal wound healing by expanding, migrating and bifurcating to interact directly with and secure the wound scab in place. Our observations are based on the morphologic analysis of 240 acute, normal, full-thickness, incisional, 1-to 21-day human upper arm and lower leg skin wounds obtained from 30 healthy volunteers, average age 64±8 years (mean±SD). Wound tissue was either ½ Karnovsky's-fixed, PolyBed®-embedded and Richardson's-stained or Carnoy-fixed, paraffin-embedded and hematoxylin and eosin-stained. All wounds were obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the University of Washington Human Subjects Institutional Review Board.
Mechanism for nearly ohmic behavior in annealed Au/n-GaAs Schottky diodes

The mechanism of the ohmic behavior commonly observed after annealing Au/n-GaAs 110-oriented Schottky diodes was investigated using electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) measurements, secondary electron imaging (SEI), and SEM and TEM observations. The results showed that the ohmic behavior of annealed Schottky diodes originates from a shunt current pathway at the diode periphery. The SEI, EBIC, and electrical measurements indicated that the ohmic leakage current is due to the surface recombinations at the exposed surface of GaAs between elongated Au crystallites.
The influence of titanium surface treatments on the wear of medical grade polyethylene.

Abstract Abnormally high wear rates of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene have been associated with sliding against freshly polished titanium. The wear rate can be brought to the level associated with stainless steel and cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy on polyethylene by the growth of a passive film on titanium. This can be accomplished either in air at elevated temperatures or in oxidizing aqueous solutions.
The Size Distribution of Income in an Income Tax Revenue Forecasting Model

This paper presents a personal income tax revenue forecasting model which incorporates a functional specification of the entire size distribution of income estimated using aggregate data. The model is shown to yield substantially more accetrate forecasts for Minnesota than other revenue forecasting models which do not incorpocate a functional specification of the income distribution. Although the choice of arevenue forecasting model is somewhat subjective, our results indicate that the general approach of modeling the entire income distribution by a functional form is highly desirable in terms of forecast accuracy.
British Statistics and Statisticians Today

(1930). British Statistics and Statisticians Today. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 25, No. 170, pp. 186-190.
Technical and management notes: Allowed degrees and type of intellectual freedom in research and development

A limited inquiry into the nature and degree of intellectual freedom allowed to scientists and engineers in U. S. industry has been accomplished. The several laboratories considered were selected solely on the basis of their generally accepted reputations and include only, but certainly not all, laboratories that are supposed to be outstanding. Because it was a practical impossibility to assess the relative freedom of the individual as seen by the scientist or engineer himself within the time available for this study, the investigation was addressed to an examination of management policies or the situation as authoritative and knowledgeable managers believed it to be.
X-Ray Diffraction Line Broadening: Modeling and Applications to High-Tc Superconductors

A method to analyze powder-diffraction line broadening is proposed and applied to some novel high-Tc superconductors. Assuming that both size-broadened and strain-broadened profiles of the pure-specimen profile are described with a Voigt function, it is shown that the analysis of Fourier coefficients leads to the Warren-Averbach method of separation of size and strain contributions. The analysis of size coefficients shows that the "hook" effect occurs when the Cauchy content of the size-broadened profile is underestimated. The ratio of volume-weighted and surface-weighted domain sizes can change from ~1.31 for the minimum allowed Cauchy content to 2 when the size-broadened profile is given solely by a Cauchy function. If the distortion co-efficient is approximated by a harmonic term, mean-square strains decrease linearly with the increase of the averaging distance. The local strain is finite only in the case of pure-Gauss strain broadening because strains are then independent of averaging distance. Errors of root-mean-square strains as well as domain sizes were evaluated. The method was applied to two cubic structures with average volume-weighted domain sizes up to 3600 A, as well as to tetragonal and orthorhombic (La-Sr)2CuO4, which exhibit weak line broadenings and highly overlapping reflections. Comparison with the integral-breadth methods is given. Reliability of the method is discussed in the case of a cluster of the overlapping peaks. The analysis of La2CuO4 and La1.85M0.15CuO4(M = Ca, Ba, Sr) high-Tc superconductors showed that microstrains and incoherently diffracting domain sizes are highly anisotropic. In the superconductors, stacking-fault probability increases with increasing Tc; microstrain decreases. In La2CuO4, different broadening of (h00) and (0k0) reflections is not caused by stacking faults; it might arise from lower crystallographic symmetiy. The analysis of Bi-Cu-O superconductors showed much higher strains in the [001] direction than in the basal a-b plane. This may be caused by stacking disorder along the c-axis, because of the two-dimensional weakly bonded BiO double layers. Results for the specimen containing two related high-Tc phases indicate a possible mechanism for the phase transformation by the growth of faulted regions of the major phase.
Purification scheme for cytochrome P-450 of blue crab callinectes sapidus rathbun

Abstract Cytochrome P -450 from the hepatopancreas of male blue crab, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, was partially purified using n -octylamine Sepharose 4B and hydroxylapatite chromatography methods. Pure P -450 is needed for amino acid analysis, reconstitution, and immunological studies. The initial step in purifying blue crab P -450 was to develop a stabilization buffer (0.1 M potassium phosphate, pH 7.3, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, and 20% glycerol including 1% USA. 5 μM trypsin inhibitor, 0.1 mM barbital, and 0.1 mM phenobarbital) to prevent or minimize proteolytic conversion to P -420. The CO-difference spectrum has a maximum at 450 nm, and an absolute oxidized spectrum maximum at 418 nm, characteristic of hemoproteins. The highest specific content obtained was 1.8 nmol/mg. Its SDS-acrylamide electrophoresis pattern had one faint band with an estimated molecular weight of 50 000. Type 2 substrate binding to microsomes had apparent dissociation constants (A' app ) of 6–10 mM (aniline), and 0.3 mM and 29 × 10 −4 mM ( n -octylamine). Their A min were 403 and 410 nm. and their A max were 430 and 428–430 nm, respectively, The P -450 eluted from the affinity column using Triton N101 (a nonionic detergent had values of 0.9 and 0.4 mM for aniline and n -octylamine, respectively. The type 1 ligand SKF-525A had a value of 1.4 × 10 1 mM with A min 416 and A max 375 nm for microsomes. The binding of these ligands convert crab P -450 to P -420, More work is needed 10 determine if the n -octylamine binding data indicate two P -450 isoenzymes. If cytochrome P -450 of crabs is inducible the discussed purification scheme wouid be useful in elucidating the role played by cytochrome P -450 in mediating zenobiotic-induced biological effects.
Dynamics of HIV neutralization by a microbicide formulation layer: biophysical fundamentals and transport theory.

Topical microbicides are an emerging HIV/AIDS prevention modality. Microbicide biofunctionality requires creation of a chemical-physical barrier against HIV transmission. Barrier effectiveness derives from properties of the active compound and its delivery system, but little is known about how these properties translate into microbicide functionality. We developed a mathematical model simulating biologically relevant transport and HIV-neutralization processes occurring when semen-borne virus interacts with a microbicide delivery vehicle coating epithelium. The model enables analysis of how vehicle-related variables, and anti-HIV compound characteristics, affect microbicide performance. Results suggest HIV neutralization is achievable with postcoital coating thicknesses ∼100 μm. Increased microbicide concentration and potency hasten viral neutralization and diminish penetration of infectious virus through the coating layer. Durable vehicle structures that restrict viral diffusion could provide significant protection. Our findings demonstrate the need to pair potent active ingredients with well-engineered formulation vehicles, and highlight the importance of the dosage form in microbicide effectiveness. Microbicide formulations can function not only as drug delivery vehicles, but also as physical barriers to viral penetration. Total viral neutralization with 100-μm-thin coating layers supports future microbicide use against HIV transmission. This model can be used as a tool to analyze diverse factors that govern microbicide functionality.
ROBUSTNESS AND SIGNAL RECOVERY IN A SYNCHRONIZED CHAOTIC SYSTEM

Recent papers have demonstrated that synchronization in the Lorenz system is highly robust to additive perturbation of the drive signal. This property has led to a concept known as chaotic signal masking and recovery. This paper presents experiments and an approximate analytical model that quantify and explain the observed robustness of synchronization in the Lorenz system. In particular, we explain why speech and other narrowband perturbations can be recovered faithfully, even though the synchronization error is comparable in power to the message itself.
Oxide effects on photoemission from high current GaAs photocathodes

Abstract During 4 years of on line operation of the SLAC polarized electron gun (PEGGY) and polarized LEED (PLEED) system, we have observed and characterized the failure modes of the GaAs (100) photocathodes (PC's) used in these systems. Several modes are observed. Gradual decreases in electron polarization and intensity are attributed to the physisorption of CO 2 on the PC's during running at LN 2 temperatures. Such PC's can be rejuvenated by warming to 90 K, i.e. above the CO 2 desorption temperature. These PC's recover 90% of their original intensity. A second well-characterized failure mode results from overheating the PC during in situ heat cleaning prior to activation. In this mode, As is preferentially evaporated from the GaAs, leaving a Ga 2 O 3 layer on the surface. This effect has been studied by AES sputter profiling which indicates that the substantial thickness of the oxide layer blocks photoemission. These PC's may only be recovered by chemically removing the oxide layer. A third mode which is not as well characterized appears for thin Ga oxide layers. Properties of these PC's include reduced emission and the presence of a cutoff bias level. Such PC's are also not recoverable in situ .
BASIS: A New Backscattering Spectrometer at the SNS

A new spectrometer named BASIS has recently entered the general user program at the Spallation Neutron Source. BASIS is an acronym for Backscattering Silicon Spectrometer. While there are several operational reactor-based spectrometers that utilize backscattering reflection from silicon single crystals, such as IN10 and IN16 [1] at the ILL, France; HFBS [2] at the NCNR, USA; and SPHERES [3] at the FRM-II, JCNS, Germany, BASIS is the first silicon backscattering spectrometer built on a spallation neutron source. Conceptually, it is similar to previously built time-of-flight backscattering spectrometers that utilize reflections from pyrolytic graphite or mica, such as IRIS [4] and OSIRIS [5] at the ISIS, UK; LAM-80 [6] at the KENS, Japan; or MARS [7] at the SINQ, Switzerland.
Metal contact induced crystallization in films of amorphous silicon and germanium

Abstract The crystallization and compound formation temperature of vacuum deposited amorphous Si (and Ge) while in contact with various crystalline metals as a thin film sandwich are investigated by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The results show that in simple eutectic systems the Si crystallizes at 0.72 (and Ge at approximately 0.65) of the eutectic temperature expressed in degrees Kelvin. Compounds are formed generally by the more rapid diffusion of Si into the metal.
Coaxial Cavities for Separated Orbit Cyclotrons

Coaxial cavities are recommended over TM cavities for use in separated-orbit cyclotrons (SOC's) under 100 MeV primarily because they are smaller and construction tolerances are less stringent. At some energy above 50 MeV, however, the TM cavity1 becomes more efficient. Particles can gain energy in a coaxial cavity with arbitrary spacing between gap centers; however, maximum energy gain occurs for a spacing of 0.5s?. In a multi-particle SOC a spacing can be selected to provide acceleration of several different particles. It becomes impractical to define modes in a coaxial cavity relative to the beam motion since the primary TEM mode is defined relative to the direction of wave propagation in the transmission line. Thus TE modes in this paper are likewise defined. The TE modes in a coaxial cavity produce an accelerating voltage which varies with machine radius. Three coaxial cavities have been constructed at ORNL. RF measurements on a 1/4-scale model of a 50-MeV cavity and on the SOCE model have been completed. The 50-MeV prototype cavity is now ready for testing.