cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of synchrotron x-ray lithography beamlines

X-ray lithography using a synchrotron light source has received considerable attention in recent years as a method for producing semiconductor device dimensions smaller than 0.35 microns. A number of synchrotrons or Electron Storage Rings (ESR) have been built around the world as possible light sources for lithographic applications. IBM has built its Advanced Lithography Facility (ALF) for the purpose of exploring synchrotron based X-ray lithography for device manufacturing. The ALF has the superconducting HELIOS compact storage ring, built by Oxford Instruments Ltd, at its center. The subject of the present paper is the design of the beamlines which connect this synchrotron light source to the Step- and- Repeat Aligner/exposure (SRA) tool where the device wafers are exposed to the synchrotron light.
Helium, neon, and argon composition of the solar wind as recorded in gold and other Genesis collector materials

Abstract We report compositions and fluxes of light noble gases in the solar wind (SW), extracted by stepped pyrolysis and amalgamation from gold collector materials carried on the Genesis Solar Wind Sample Return Mission. Results are compared with data from other laboratories on SW–He, Ne and Ar distributions implanted in Genesis aluminum, carbon, and silicon collectors and extracted by laser ablation. Corrections for mass-dependent losses (“backscatter”) of impinging SW ions due to scattering from the collector material are substantially larger for gold than for these lower atomic weight targets. We assess such losses by SRIM simulation calculations of SW backscatter from gold which are applied to the measurements to recover the composition of the incident SW. Averaged results of integrated stepped pyrolysis and single-step amalgamation measurements, with 1σ errors, are as follows: for SW–Ne and Ar isotope ratios (3He/4He was not measured), 20Ne/22Ne = 14.001 ± 0.042, 21Ne/22Ne = 0.03361 ± 0.00018, 36Ar/38Ar = 5.501 ± 0.014; for SW element ratios, 4He/20Ne = 641 ± 15, 20Ne/36Ar = 51.6 ± 0.5; and for SW fluxes in atoms cm−2 s−1 at the Genesis L1 station, 4He = 1.14 ± 0.04 × 107, 20Ne = 1.80 ± 0.06 × 104, 36Ar = 3.58 ± 0.11 × 102. Except for the 21Ne/22Ne and 20Ne/36Ar ratios, these values are in reasonable accord (within ∼1–3σ) with measurements on different collector materials reported by one or both of two other Genesis noble gas research groups. We further find, in three stepped pyrolysis experiments on gold foil, that He, Ne and Ar are released at increasing temperatures without elemental fractionation, in contrast to a pyrolytic extraction of a single non-gold collector (Al) where the release patterns point to mass-dependent thermal diffusion. The pyrolyzed gold foils exhibit enhancements, relative to sample totals, in 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios evolved at low temperatures. The absence of elemental fractionation in pyrolytic release from gold implies that these isotope ratio enhancements, involving much smaller mass differences, do not result from preferential diffusive release of the lighter Ne isotopes. This effect, not predicted by SRIM calculations, has also been observed in stepped acid-etch releases from a different Genesis collector material in another laboratory.
Sympathetic nervous system modulation of tumor metastases and host defense mechanisms.

The sympathetic nervous system can signal cells of the immune system through release of norepinephrine (NE), and may thus modulate several aspects of immune reactivity. We have examined the consequences of chemical denervation using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the response of BALB/c mice to tumor cell challenge. In this study, chemical axotomy prior to the intravenous (i.v.) injection of the alveolar carcinoma line 1 significantly increased the number of pulmonary metastases. In contrast, axotomy performed after i.v. injection of tumor cells had no effect on the number of lung metastases. Line 1 tumor cells have been reported to be susceptible to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells. To examine possible mechanisms through which prior axotomy leads to increased lung metastases, we tested the effects of axotomy on in vitro and in vivo NK cell activity. No differences in NK cell activity were found between 6-OHDA- and vehicle-treated mice. Line 1 tumor cell growth in vitro was unaffected by both 6-OHDA and NE, and the tumor cells do not express beta-adrenergic receptors. Priming mice with lethally irradiated line 1 cells significantly reduced the number of lung metastases following challenge with live tumor cells; axotomy did not alter this decrease in metastases associated with priming. In summary, chemical axotomy of mice prior to injection of alveolar carcinoma cells resulted in an increased number of pulmonary metastases that was not correlated with alterations in either NK cell cytotoxicity or the putative immunological consequences of in vivo priming.
Information seeking in social context: structural influences and receipt of information benefits

Research in the information processing, situated learning and social network traditions has consistently demonstrated the importance of social networks for acquiring information. However, we know little about how organizational relationships established by a relative position in a formal structure or social relationships established by interpersonal processes influence who is sought out for various kinds of information. Prior research suggests that people often receive some combination of five benefits when seeking information from other people: (1) solutions; (2) meta-knowledge (pointers to databases or people); (3) problem reformulation; (4) validation of plans or solutions; and (5) legitimation from contact with a respected person. This research builds on that work by assessing the influence of organizational and social structures (such as similarity of job function, hierarchy, task interdependence, physical proximity, influence, trust, friendship and gender) on receipt of these benefits from other people in a physically distributed organization. Task interdependence is the strongest and most consistent predictor of information seeking. However, social relations also affect the receipt of informational benefits, especially as they become more representational and affective. Implications are suggested for the study of social capital, computer-mediated communication and organizational learning.
Changing identities and international relations theory: A cautionary note

A contemporary theme in international relations holds that the loyalty of individuals toward states is in decline as individuals shift their identities toward supranational or subnational entities. Surprisingly there have been few attempts to track such shifts empirically. We use data from cross‐national public opinion surveys to examine whether loyalties have changed in recent decades. Our analysis suggests that loyalty to territorial states has remained relatively stable, with minor exceptions, for individuals from different geographic regions, socio‐economic backgrounds, and age cohorts.
Spectral sensitivity of the principal eyes of sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae), larvae

SUMMARY The principal eyes of sunburst diving beetle, Thermonectus marmoratus , larvae are among the most unusual eyes in the animal kingdom. They are composed of long tubes connecting bifocal lenses with two retinas: a distal retina situated a few hundred micrometers behind the lens, and a proximal retina that is situated directly beneath. A recent molecular study on first instar larvae suggests that the distal retina expresses a long-wavelength-sensitive opsin (TmLW), whereas the proximal retina predominantly expresses an ultraviolet-sensitive opsin (TmUV II). Using cloning and in situ hybridization we here confirm that this opsin distribution is, for the most part, maintained in third instar larvae (with the exception of the TmUV I that is weakly expressed only in proximal retinas of first instar larvae). We furthermore use intracellular electrophysiological recordings and neurobiotin injections to determine the spectral sensitivity of individual photoreceptor cells. We find that photoreceptors of the proximal retina have a sensitivity curve that peaks at 374–375 nm. The shape of the curve is consistent with the predicted absorbance of a single-opsin template. The spectral response of photoreceptors from the distal retina confirms their maximum sensitivity to green light with the dominant λ-peak between 520 and 540 nm, and the secondary β-peak between 340 and 360 nm. These physiological measurements support molecular predictions and represent important steps towards understanding the functional organization of the unusual stemmata of T. marmoratus larvae.
Polyoma virus recognizes specific sialyloligosaccharide receptors on host cells

Abstract Polyoma virus has been found to require specific cell surface sialyloligosaccharide receptors for infection of 3T6 cells. Treatment of 3T6 cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase to remove cell surface sialic acid prevents infection by polyoma virus. Susceptibility to infection can be fully restored by reaction of the cells with the β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase and CMP-NeuAc which forms the sequence NeuAcα2,3GalβI,3GaINAc common to oligosaccharides of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. In contrast, reaction of asialo cells with the β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferase to form the sequence NeuAcα2,6Ga1β1,4GIcNAc does not restore susceptibility to infection despite the fact that both sialyltransferases incorporate similar amounts of sialic acid. These observations in conjunction with previous results examining polyoma virus adsorbtion to erythrocytes suggest that the oligosaccharide sequence NeuAcα2,3Ga1β1,3GalNAc can serve as a specific cell surface receptor both for polyoma virus-mediated hemagglutination and for polyoma virus infection of host cells.
HD exchange and PLIMSTEX determine the affinities and order of binding of Ca2+ with troponin C.

Troponin C (TnC), present in all striated muscle, is the Ca2+-activated trigger that initiates myocyte contraction. The binding of Ca2+ to TnC initiates a cascade of conformational changes involving the constituent proteins of the thin filament. The functional properties of TnC and its ability to bind Ca2+ have significant regulatory influence on the contractile reaction of muscle. Changes in TnC may also correlate with cardiac and various other muscle-related diseases. We report here the implementation of the PLIMSTEX strategy (protein ligand interaction by mass spectrometry, titration, and H/D exchange) to elucidate the binding affinity of TnC with Ca2+ and, more importantly, to determine the order of Ca2+ binding of the four EF hands of the protein. The four equilibrium constants, K1 = (5 ± 5) × 107 M–1, K2 = (1.8 ± 0.8) × 107 M–1, K3 = (4.2 ± 0.9) × 106 M–1, and K4 = (1.6 ± 0.6) × 106 M–1, agree well with determinations by other methods and serve to increase our confidence in the PLIMSTEX approach. We...
Learning to Ignore Online Help Requests

Email discussion groups provide a useful way of organizing email communities with a common interest in a certain topic. Emails submitted to the discussion group are sent automatically to each individual member, thereby eliminating the need to send multiple emails. This method may present unexpected difficulties however, when it comes to cooperation between members. An experimental study shows that email requests for help sent through discussion groups received less responses than emails sent individually to members of a group. Furthermore, subscribers to large discussion groups responded less often to help requests, whether they were sent to the group as a whole or to individuals. These results are discussed in terms of the separate roles of social cues and experience on the diffusion of responsibility effect.
Design and Optimization of Nonvolatile Multibit 1T1R Resistive RAM

Memristor-based random access memory (RAM) is being explored as a potential replacement for flash memory to sustain the historic trends in the improvement of density, access time, and energy consumption of nonvolatile memory. In this paper, we present the detailed functionality of multibit one-transistor one-memristor (1T1R) cell-based memory arrays, and propose circuit-level performance and energy models for an individual memory cell and the memory array as a whole. We consider titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )and hafnium oxide (HfO x )based memristors, and for these technologies, there is a sub-10% difference between energy and performance computed using our models and HSPICE simulations. Using a performance-driven design approach, the energy-optimized TiO 2 -based resistive RAM (RRAM) array consumes the least write (4.06 pJ/b) and read energy (188 fJ/b) when storing 3 b/cell for 100-ns write and 1-ns read access times. Similarly, HfO x -based RRAM array consumes the least write (365 fJ/b) and read energy (173 fJ/b) when storing 3 b/cell for 1-ns write and 200-ns read access times. We also present a detailed analysis of the implications of process, voltage, and temperature variations on the performance and energy consumption of a multibit RRAM cell.
Single-scan energy-selective imaging on cone-beam CT: a preliminary study

On an onboard cone-beam CT (CBCT) system, the poly-energetic beam generated by current commercial x-ray tubes hardens as it penetrates the object. The beam-hardening effect results in CT image artifacts of up to 100 HU, especially around dense objects (e.g. bones). We propose to insert a half-blocked beam filter between x-ray source and object, such that any ray passing through the object is filtered once from one of the opposite directions in a single full scan. The conventional data processing of dual energy imaging is then applied to obtain material decomposition as well as CT images with no beam-hardening artifacts. In this preliminary study, we demonstrate the method feasibility using computer simulations. The beam filter thickness is optimized to balance the CT number accuracy and the noise level on the reconstructed images via both analytical calculation and measurement of image noise. A calibration phantom is designed to obtain the decomposition function for energy selective imaging by projection measurements without the knowledge of x-ray spectrum and detector response. Using the optimized beam blocker and the calibration phantom, we simulate the data acquisition using scan settings of a commercial CBCT system. Our proposed approach significantly suppresses beam-hardening artifacts and reduces the image error from 65 HU to 9 HU in the selected regions of interest on a head phantom. The method also successfully decomposes bone and soft tissue, with 95% accuracy.
ALCOHOL AVAILABILITY AND VIOLENT CRIME RATES: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the relationship between alcohol availability in urban areas (block groups) and arrest rates for violent crime. The research examines the influence alcohol outlet density (measured both as the density of package-only sources and of taverns) has on the level of robbery and assault. Previous research has found alcohol availability to be predictive of violence, but ecological studies have had methodological limitations, particularly the problem of spatial autocorrelation. We avoid this problem by utilizing the Maximum Likelihood Estimation technique. The results indicate, net of the effects of control variables and of the effects of spatial autocorrelation, that the density of package-only outlets significantly increases the rate of arrest for both crimes. However, the density of taverns has no such effect. A control/routine-activities interpretation of the findings is offered.
A Rhode Island Red Pullet with Two Oviducts

Abstract DOUBLING of structure is seldom observed in fowls beyond the embryonic stages. In the female embryo, the right ovary and oviduct begin to develop but they usually degenerate as development proceeds, so that at hatching time only rudiments remain. Nevertheless, several cases have been reported in which both a right and left ovary have been found in adult fowls. Brandt (1889) described a hen with a rudimentary right ovary. Gadow (1891) found a persistent right ovary in several orders of birds. Chappellier (1914) made similar observations, including a duck with both right and left ovaries and oviducts, which is said to have laid two eggs on the same day. Kirkpatrick and Card (1916) reported a White Wyandotte with two functional oviducts and ovaries. Kaupp (1922) photographed the gonads of a hen showing two functional ovaries and oviducts. Atwood and Snyder (1923) found a hen which laid eggs of two distinct . . .
Incidence of traumatic lumbar puncture.

Objective: To determine the incidence of traumatic lumbar puncture (LP). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at an urban, university tertiary care referral center with 50,000 annual emergency department (ED) visits. The study population included all patients who had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples sent to the laboratory between August 15, 2000, and August 14, 2001. The numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) recorded in the first and last CSF tubes, the location where the LP was performed, and the discharge summary and the discharge diagnoses from the particular visit were obtained. All patients with intracranial pathology and CSF obtained via neurosurgical procedure or fluoroscopic guidance were excluded from the study group. Given no clear definition of traumatic LP in the literature, the incidence of traumatic LP was calculated using a cutoff of greater than 400 RBCs (visual threshold for bloody fluid) and 1,000 RBCs (arbitrary threshold selected by other authors) in CSF tube 1. Proportions were compared using chi-square statistics. Results: Seven hundred eighty-six CSF samples were recorded over one year. Twenty-four samples were obtained from patients with intracranial pathology or were obtained via a neurosurgical procedure. Of the remaining 762 CSF samples in the study population, 119 (15.6%) were traumatic using a cutoff of 400 RBCs, and 80 (10.5%)were traumatic,using acutoffof1,000RBCsintube1. Five hundred three LPs were done in the ED and 259 were attributed to all other locations in the hospital. Using a cutoff of 400 RBCs, the incidence of traumatic LP in the ED was 13.3%, compared with 20% in the rest of the hospital (p , 0.025). Similarly, using a cutoff of 1,000 RBCs, the incidence of traumatic LP in the ED was 8.9%, compared with 13.5% in the rest of the hospital (p ¼ 0.1). The incidence of ‘‘champagne taps’’ (defined as zero RBCs in the first and last tubes) in the ED was 34.4%, compared with 24.3% in the rest of the hospital (p , 0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of traumatic lumbar puncture is approximately 15% using a cutoff of 400 RBCs and 10% using a cutoff of 1,000 RBCs. In this study, the rate of traumatic lumbar puncture was significantly less (with a cutoff of 400 RBCs) and the rate of champagne tap was significantly greater for LPs done in the ED compared with the rest of the hospital. Key words: lumbar puncture; subarachnoid hemorrhage; traumatic tap. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2003; 10:151‐154.
Critical Literacy in School-College Collaboration through Computer Networking: A Feminist Research Project

This project investigated the practice of critical literacy through asynchronous computer networking as students in a school-college collaboration examined assumptions relating to gender issues. The study aimed to understand how a discussion of gender issues through computer networking might affect the development of voice in the 6 college women who organized and participated in the discussion with students from an urban and a suburban high school. A secondary purpose was to understand the features of computer networking that facilitated the practice of critical literacy. The research methodology followed the paradigm of ethnography modified by the goals of feminist research. Findings revealed that the medium proved to be an apt environment for the practice of critical literacy as students named experiences relating to gender issues that touched their lives. Data also suggested that the medium served as an effective environment for the development of voice in the presence of conflict. Students felt free t...
A compact physical via blockage model

Via blockage due to signal interconnects and its impact on wirability of multi-billion-transistor chips are systematically analyzed. Via classifications are introduced. By taking advantage of a stochastic interconnect length distribution and a multi-level interconnect network architecture, a physical via blockage model exploiting channel availability is proposed. This model reveals that the most severe via blockage occurs on first metal level, wasting more than 10% and up to about 50% of wiring area. A new perspective on chip size limit imposed by via blockage is also provided by using the proposed model.
Parasternal Chest Wall Involvement in Hodgkin's Disease

Parasternal chest wall masses were present at the time of diagnosis in two patients with Hodgkin's disease. Four other cases are reviewed in which pectoral masses developed during the course of the disease. These masses were associated with radiographic evidence of disease in the anterior mediastinum. When the sternum is involved, it is probably a manifestation of local extension of disease from lymphatic tissue and should be treated with full doses of radiation therapy.
An 850 mW X-Band SiGe power amplifier

An 850 mW SiGe power amplifier operating at X-Band (8.5-10.5 GHz) frequencies with over 11 dB of gain and 18% PAE is presented. This SiGe PA was implemented in a commercially-available, third-generation 130 nm 200 GHz SiGe BiCMOS platform using a hybrid high-breakdown / high-speed cascode pair to enhance voltage swing.
Toward refactoring in a polyglot world: extending automated refactoring support across Java and XML

Many automated refactoring tools only work with one programming language. However, most complex programs rely on polyglot programming --- entailing the use of different programming languages, libraries and frameworks. While finding a general solution for extending refactoring across multiple languages is hard, it is simple and possible to support automated refactorings for some common cases that programmers already encounter in their programs today. Supporting those common cases is essential in encouraging programmers to make changes that would increase the understandability and maintainability of their programs.This paper is a step toward encouraging tool developers to think about supporting multi-language refactorings. We present our tool for supporting multi-language refactorings from studying the interactions between Java and XML configuration files. Our tool extends Rename Refactoring support across three different popular Java frameworks: Struts, Hibernate and Spring.
MicroRNAs: A new class of gene regulators

Elucidation of the molecular basis of disease depends upon continued progress in defining the mechanisms by which genomic information is encoded and expressed. Transcription factor-mediated regulation of mRNA is clearly a major source of regulatory control and has been well studied. The more recent discovery of small RNAs as key regulators of gene function has introduced a new level and mechanism of regulation. Mammalian genomes contain hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) that each can potentially downregulate many target genes. This suggests a new source for broad control over gene regulation and has inspired extensive interest in defining miRNAs and their functions. Here, the identification of miRNAs, their biogenesis, and some examples of miRNA effects on biology and disease are reviewed and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the possible role for miRNA in nervous system development, function, and disease.
Genetic differentiation among lake trout strains stocked into Lake Ontario

Abstract The lake trout Salvelinus namaycush is the focus of an international effort by fishery management agencies to restore this once-native species to Lake Ontario. Evaluation of reproductive success and comparisons among stocked lake trout strains require genetic markers. We used allozyme variation to make genetic comparisons among strains of lake trout stocked into Lake Ontario. Forty-two proteins presumed to be encoded by 102 loci were resolved electrophoretically; 18 loci were polymorphic. Among 16 samples from five principal origins (Finger Lakes, Great Lakes basin, northern New York–Adirondack, Manitoba, and mixed origins–Lake Ontario), the average observed heterozygosity was 0.029, and the proportion of polymorphic loci was 0.125. Significant differences occurred among the 16 samples at all 18 possible locus comparisons. The average Fst value was 0.14. Hierarchical analysis indicated that the variation among samples within an origin was greatest within the Great Lakes basin, which included the ...
Heterocyclic Peptide Backbone Modifications in an α-Helical Coiled Coil

In this paper, we present 1,2,3-triazole e2-amino acids incorporated as a dipeptide surrogate at three positions in the sequence of a known α-helical coiled coil. Biophysical characterization indicates that the modified peptides retain much of the helical structure of the parent sequence, and that the thermodynamic stability of the coiled coil depends on the position of the incorporation of the e-residue. Crystal structures obtained for each peptide give insight into the chemical behavior and conformational preferences of the non-natural amino acid and show that the triazole ring can participate in the backbone hydrogen bonding of the α-helix as well as template an interhelical crossing between chains in the bundle.
Scaling : a canonical design problem for networks

Motivated by decentralized-control and numerical-methods applications, we explore the scaling problem. That is, we consider the design of a diagonal matrix K so as to (i) place the eigenvalues of the product KG in the OLHP and (ii) optimize a scalar performance measure c(KG) of interest, for a square topology matrix G. We first illustrate our methodology for scaling design, which combines optimization machinery with graph-algebra notions, for a class of topology matrices and a specific performance measure. In particular, for symmetric positive definite topologies and for a dominant-eigenvalue-ratio performance measure, we find that the optimally-scaled system KG has a special structure: the right eigenvectors associated with the largest and smallest eigenvalues have corresponding entries of identical magnitude and hence differ only in sign pattern. Using this structure, we develop both explicit and algorithmic methods for computing the optimal scaling and cost. After illustrating our methodology with this...
Composite Fermions and Integer Partitions

We utilize the KOH theorem to prove the unimodality of integer partitions with at most a parts, all parts less than or equal to b, that are required to contain either repeated or consecutive parts. We connect this result to an open question in quantum physics relating the number of distinct total angular momentum multiplets of a system of N fermions, each with angular momentum ?, to those of a system in which each Fermion has angular momentum ?*=??N+1.
Structural Search and Optimization in Social Networks

The explosive growth in the variety and size of social networks has focused attention on searching these networks for useful structures. Like the Internet or the telephone network, the ability to efficiently search large social networks will play an important role in the extent of their use by individuals and organizations alike. However, unlike these domains, search on social networks is likely to involve measures that require a set of individuals to collectively satisfy some skill requirement or be tightly related to each other via some underlying social property of interest. The aim of this paper is to highlight---and demonstrate via specific examples---the need for algorithmic results for some fundamental set-based notions on which search in social networks is expected to be prevalent. To this end, we argue that the concepts of an influential set and a central set that highlight, respectively, the specific role and the specific location of a set are likely to be useful in practice. We formulate two specific search problems: the elite group problem (EGP) and the portal problem (PP), that represent these two concepts and provide a variety of algorithmic results. We first demonstrate the relevance of EGP and PP across a variety of social networks reported in the literature. For simple networks (e.g., structured trees and bipartite graphs, cycles, paths), we show that an optimal solution to both EGP and PP is easy to obtain. Next, we show that EGP is polynomially solvable on a general graph, whereas PP is strongly NP-hard. Motivated by practical considerations, we also discuss (i) a size-constrained variant of EGP together with its penalty-based relaxation and (ii) the solution of PP on balanced and full d-trees and general trees.
Finite-difference time-domain technique for antenna radiation

The finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) technique is used to predict the radiation pattern of antennas mounted on ground planes, either perfectly conducting or of composite material, and other complex structures. The results obtained using the FD-TD technique are compared with results using the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) and measurements. The normalized power pattern of a quarter-wavelength monopole on a square perfectly conducting ground plane is displayed. In addition, results obtained using a circular perfectly conducting ground plane are exhibited. The FD-TD method predicts extremely well, as does the GTD, the ring source contributions of the circular ground plane which reflect in higher intensity lobes near the axis of the system ( theta =0 and 180 degrees ) as compared to those of the straight-edge ground plane. >
Comparing the effectiveness of art therapy on depression and locus of control of male and female inmates

Ongoing studies have revealed the positive effects of art therapy with prison inmates. The most recent publication presented the effectiveness of art therapy with male and female prisoners [Author. (in press). The effects of art therapy on male and female inmates: Advancing the research base. The Arts in Psychotherapy]; specifically, the results demonstrated significant, positive change with both the male and female prison population in mood and locus of control. However, one interesting trend that seemed to emerge as the study progressed was an apparent difference in the effectiveness and response to the art therapy between the male and female inmate populations. Along with qualitative evaluation, additional statistical calculations were applied to determine if the numbers indicated any significant difference between the men and women in changes of depression and locus of control for those that received art therapy services. The results indicated a trend towards significance in a greater improvement in mood and internal locus of control in female inmates than the male inmates did. This article concludes with a brief discussion on possible reasons for these differences, and with a reevaluation of past theoretical concepts of the advantages of art therapy with prison inmates, contending that not all of these advantages apply to the female inmate population.
Electrical Properties of Oxide-Nitride-Oxide, Ono, Heterostructures Fabricated by Low Temperature Remote PECVD

Oxide-Nitride-Oxide, ONO, heterostructures, fabricated by low-temperature, 300°C, Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, have been used as gate dielectrics in metal insulator semiconductor devices. Analysis of C-V data for this devices indicates that higher levels of fixed charge are associated with the internal dielectric interfaces. A high-temperature, 900°C, Rapid Thermal Annealing, RTA, step has been inserted into the process sequence for fabricating ultra-thin, 4.7 nm SiO2 equivalent, device-quality ONO dielectric layers. The electrical properties of these ONO dielectrics, including the Si/SiO2 interfacial trap density, the flat band voltage, the charge to breakdown and the reliability under electron injection are comparable to those of high temperature, thermally-grown oxides.
Covalent attachment of the plant natural product naringenin to small glass and ceramic beads

Natural products have numerous medicinal applications and play important roles in the biology of the organisms that accumulate them. Few methods are currently available for identifying proteins that bind to small molecules, therefore the discovery of cellular targets for natural products with pharmacological activity continues to pose a significant challenge in drug validation. Similarly, the identification of enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis or modification of natural products remains a formidable bottleneck for metabolic engineering. Flavonoids are one large group of natural products with a diverse number of functions in plants and in human health. The coupling of flavonoids to small ceramic and glass beads provides a first step in the development of high-throughput, solid-support base approaches to screen complex libraries to identify proteins that bind natural products. The utilization of small glass and ceramic beads as solid supports for the coupling of small molecules was explored. Initial characterization of the beads indicated uniform and high capacity loading of amino groups. Once the beads were deemed adequate for the linking of small molecules by the coupling of NHS-fluorescein followed by microscopy, chemical hydrolysis and fluorometry, the flavonoid naringenin was modified with 1,4-dibromobutane, followed by the attachment of aminopropyltriethoxysilane. After NMR structural confirmation, the resulting 7-(4-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino)butoxy) naringenin was attached to the ceramic beads. Our results demonstrate that ceramic and glass beads provide convenient solid supports for the efficient and facile coupling of small molecules. We succeeded in generating naringenin-coupled ceramic and glass beads. We also developed a convenient series of steps that can be applied for the solid-support coupling of other related flavonoids. The availability of solid-support coupled naringenin opens up new opportunities for the identification of flavonoid-binding proteins.
Experimental Results on Mobility Improvement Effects of Adaptive Antenna Arrays Applied to Mobile Stations in SDMA System

Space division multiple access (SDMA) technology attained increasing interest due to its ability to increase system capacity, and thereby to improve frequency usage efficiency. Especially in the Time Division Duplex (TDD) system, the SDMA system is simple due to the reciprocity of TDD channel. However in a fast fading environment, performance of the downlink transmission degrades significantly, since the adaptive control can not track fast changing channels due to the time difference between receive and transmit time slot. iBurst is a TDD broad band wireless communication system, which uses SDMA technology with its 12-element antenna array on the base station side to increase frequency usage efficiency. In this paper, a 2- element Adaptive Antenna Array was introduced into an iBurst mobile station and the field experiments were carried out. The field experiment results show that the performance degradation in fast fading channels is recovered and the mobility is enhanced.
Effect of Listening to Music as a Function of Driving Complexity: A Simulator Study on the Differing Effects of Music on Different Driving Tasks

Research in regards to music’s effects on driving performance has been mixed. Previous research has found that music adds to mental workload. Other research has found that high mental workload is related to poorer driving performance in simulation. In this study, mental workload was manipulated by varying visual complexity and type of task (i.e., car-following or braking for unexpected obstacles). It was found that steering variance and delay in carfollowing response were reduced by music under low-workload conditions, while number of collisions with cars and number of lane excursions were increased under high-workload conditions. A practice effect was also found, with participants performing better when listening to music with more practice.
Hypoglycemic effects of taurine in the alloxan-treated rabbit, a model for type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes is the third leading cause of death in the US1. Prior to the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921, most diabetic mortality resulted from hyperglycemic ketoacidosis. Since that time, cardiovascular disease secondary to the diabetic state has become the leading cause of death in the diabetic population. While insulin replacement therapy appears sufficient to prevent severe hyperglycemic episodes, control is not sufficient to avert cardiovascular complications. Indeed, there is considerable evidence that insulin, itself, may play a deleterious role in the adverse cardiovascular sequelae associated with diabetes. Under normal conditions, the body releases only that amount of insulin required for control of blood glucose. In contrast, replacement therapy for the diabetic individual involves a bolus of insulin, resulting in early excessive levels followed by declining levels with time.
For Whom the Plowshares and Pruning Hooks Toil: A Tradition-Historical Reading of Joel 4.10

Despite the dense allusions in the book of Joel, the creative characteristics of Joel have not been clearly understood. In particular, the intertextual connection of the famous reversal of the phrase of Mic. 4.3bα/Isa. 2.4bα in Joel 4.10 have remained largely overlooked. This article draws an analogy with the modern, digital art form known as Photomosaic, arguing that recognizing smaller images within a larger whole is a helpful tool that augments tradition-historical readings. Such an approach enables us to gain a multi-dimensional appreciation of Joel 4.10 with its adjacent verses, on both macro and microscopic levels. This approach reveals that Joel as a Schriftprophet, like a Photomosaic artist, created his own big picture, the Day of Yhwh (an eschatological day of holy war against nations), out of the images of intertextually linked traditions. The traditions used as bits of images are the Holy War, the victory of Jehoshaphat in the valley, ancient defensive warfare, and agriculture in the Judean hil...
The Wichita State University Biological Field Station: Bringing Breadth to Research Along the Precipitation Gradient in Kansas

Biological field stations are expected to have an increasingly important role in ecological research because of mounting environmental concerns and the growing importance of ecological research networks. Kansas has several well-known field stations that occur along an east-west precipitation gradient, but these sites are primarily located in the northern half of the state. In this paper, we describe how the sites comprising the Wichita State University Biological Field Station represent important ecoregions in the southern portion of Kansas, which could be utilized to enhance research networks in the region. For each site, we describe the relevant historical and environmental characteristics and provide some examples of the long-term research projects that are currently underway.
The PROMIS satisfaction with social participation measures demonstrated responsiveness in diverse clinical populations

Abstract Objectives To conduct a longitudinal evaluation of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) social function measures (satisfaction with participation in social roles and satisfaction with participation in discretionary social activities) in English-speaking people with chronic health conditions. Study Design and Setting Adults receiving treatment for chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic back pain, or depression completed PROMIS computer-based measures of social health at two time points approximately 3 months apart and global ratings of change. Linear mixed effects models and standardized response means were estimated for the two social function measures. Results A total of 599 people participated: 79 with stable COPD, 46 COPD exacerbation, 60 with CHF, 196 with depression, and 218 with back pain. Four groups experienced improvement over time, one (COPD stable) changed very little. Those who reported better global ratings of change in overall health experienced larger changes in social function than those who reported the same or worse global health. Conclusion This study provided support for responsiveness to change for two PROMIS social function measures. These results provide further evidence of the PROMIS goal to enable comparable measurement of universally relevant symptoms and experiences that apply to people with a variety of diseases.
Design and Characterization of Novel Recombinant Listeriolysin O–Protamine Fusion Proteins for Enhanced Gene Delivery

To improve the efficiency of gene delivery for effective gene therapy, it is essential that the vector carries functional components that can promote overcoming barriers in various steps leading to the transport of DNA from extracellular to ultimately nuclear compartment. In this study, we designed genetically engineered fusion proteins as a platform to incorporate multiple functionalities in one chimeric protein. Prototypes of such a chimera tested here contain two domains: one that binds to DNA; the other that can facilitate endosomal escape of DNA. The fusion proteins are composed of listeriolysin O (LLO), the endosomolytic pore-forming protein from Listeria monocytogenes, and a 22 amino acid sequence of the DNA-condensing polypeptide protamine (PN), singly or as a pair: LLO-PN and LLO-PNPN. We demonstrate dramatic enhancement of the gene delivery efficiency of protamine-condensed DNA upon incorporation of a small amount of LLO-PN fusion protein and further improvement with LLO-PNPN in vitro using cult...
A New Species and Some Records of Tridenchthoniid Pseudoscorpions

During the past few years, the writer has received a number of collections of pseudoscorpions of the family Tridenchthoniidae (Dithidae). These collections serve as the basis for the present short report. The material examined belongs to and is deposited in four different institutions, as indicated by the following key: AMNH, American Museum of Natural History; CNHM, Chicago Natural History Museum; INHS, Illinois Natural History Survey; and USNM, United States National Museum.
Inner ear anomalies in congenital aural atresia.

Objectives:To define the prevalence of inner ear anomalies in aural atresia patients and to recognize patterns of developmental anomalies in aural atresia patients.Study Design:Retrospective review.Setting:Academic medical center.Intervention:Physical exam, audiometry, and temporal bone CT in select
The use of temperature sensitivity and selective cell culture systems for differentiation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in a clinical laboratory.

SummaryA simple technique for differentiation of herpes simplex virus type 1 from type 2, using growth variations in tissue culture and temperature sensitivity is described. All HSV-2 isolates were capable of producing distinct microplaques in chick embryo cells while the newly isolated HSV-1 strains failed to do so. Newly isolated HSV-1 strains showed similar or slightly lower titers in rabbit kidney when incubated at 35 or 40°. In contrast, the HSV-2 isolates generally showed distinctly lower titers or delayed CPE at 40°. Virus typings by selective growth in cell culture and temperature markers were confirmed by neutralization and/or immunofluorescence tests. Since both types of HSV can be isolated from any site of the body, the availability of a simple laboratory technique for distinguishing between the two provides physicians and diagnostic virology laboratories with a means for rapid and accurate diagnosis of herpetic infections.
Prediction of Water Adsorption in Copper-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks Using Force Fields Derived from Dispersion-Corrected DFT Calculations

We develop transferable force fields describing water adsorption in copper-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by combining dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations and classical atomistic simulations. The DFT-D2 approach was found to give reasonable agreement with high level quantum chemistry results for the interaction between water and CuBTC. A classical force field for water adsorption in CuBTC including Lennard-Jones (LJ), Coulombic interactions, and a water–copper distance-dependent correction term was then developed on the basis of 1200 DFT-D2 calculations that probed the full range of accessible volume in CuBTC via random sampling. Good agreement was obtained between adsorption isotherms predicted with our first-principles-derived force field and experiments. Other commonly used models such as simple combinations of LJ and Coulomb potentials cannot adequately describe the interaction between water and CuBTC due to the chemical bonding between water oxygen and copper atom...
Relaxation in Nanoscale Freestanding Gold Films Using MEMS

We present experimental results to describe the stress relaxation behavior of thin (125 nm) freestanding gold films at room temperature. The experiments were performed inside a field emission scanning microscope using a MEMS-based test bed which is only 3mm × 10mm in size. The effect of stress relaxation on the young’s modulus of gold thin films is observed. The thin film specimen used in the experiment is co-fabricated with the micromechanical loading device and hence eliminates problems of alignment and gripping. Freestanding thin films provide us with information about the mechanical behavior of thin films in the absence of substrate effects.© 2005 ASME
Bioequivalence of fixed-dose combination RIN®-150 to each reference drug in loose combination.

BACKGROUND RIN(®)-150 is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet containing rifampicin (RMP, 150 mg) and isoniazid (INH, 75 mg) developed for the treatment of tuberculosis. SETTING This study was conducted at a single center: the Pfizer Clinical Research Unit in Singapore. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate bioequivalence of each drug component between RIN-150 and individual products in a loose combination. DESIGN This was a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-way crossover study. Subjects received single doses of RIN-150 or two individual reference products under fasting conditions in a crossover fashion, with at least 7 days washout between doses. The primary measures for comparison were peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). RESULTS Of 28 subjects enrolled, 26 completed the study. The adjusted geometric mean ratios of Cmax and AUClast between the FDC and single-drug references and 90% confidence intervals were respectively 91.63% (90%CI 83.13-101.01) and 95.45% (90%CI 92.07-98.94) for RMP, and 107.58% (90%CI 96.07-120.47) and 103.45% (90%CI 99.33-107.75) for INH. Both formulations were generally well tolerated in this study. CONCLUSION The RIN-150 FDC tablet formulation is bioequivalent to the two single-drug references for RMP and INH at equivalent doses.
Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus infection of the femoral artery of newborn mice.

SummaryThe femoral arteries of newborn mice which were experimentally infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus were studied electron microscopically. Viral crystalline aggregates were observed within the cytoplasm of adventitial fibroblasts in 4 of 5 animals studied and within a macrophage of one animal. The nuclear chromatin of medial smooth muscle cells was frequently marginated, and margination or pyknosis of nuclear material was observed in fibroblasts of the tunica adventitia.Cytonecrosis typical of infection with picornavirus was observed in adventitial fibroblasts. The most prominent feature of this cytonecrosis was the abundance of membrane-vesicle complexes. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was occasionally dilated and fragmented. Mac-rophages were present in the adventitial and loose connective tissue surrounding the artery. There was an increase of collagen fibers around the internal elastic lamina, which may suggest an irritation or inflammation of the arterial wall. Such early inflammati...