cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Primary Emotions

In this chapter I deliberately argue the case for primary emotions by reference to the emotion respect. We shall thus be considering the kind of problem that faces this attempt to see in certain emotions the essence of human, unlearned, motivational predispositions.
Dose-Dependent Effects of FKRP Gene-Replacement Therapy on Functional Rescue and Longevity in Dystrophic Mice.

Muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathies (MDDGs) resulting from fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene mutations are rare disorders that result in a wide spectrum of clinical severity based on the age of onset, the degree of myogenic atrophy, and/or neurologic involvement. There is no cure for any of the FKRP-related disorders, and few options are available for symptom management. Herein, we examine the longitudinal effects of a dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of FKRP gene-replacement therapy in a p.P448L (FKRPP448L) mouse model of MDDG. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 vector expressing human FKRP (AAV9-FKRP) was systemically administered to FKRPP448L mice at 5 weeks of age, when early onset of the disease is evidenced. A comprehensive analysis of protein and gene expression, histopathology, skeletal muscle function, and cardiorespiratory function was performed over short (9-week) and/or long-term (52-week) study periods. Additional studies assessed the impact of FKRP gene-replacement therapy on lifespan at an advanced stage of disease progression. Results indicate that treatment intervention can restore the biochemical defects in a dose-dependent manner, with potential for improvement in the trajectory of disease progression and extension of the expected lifespan. This study supports the initiation of early-stage clinical trials for FKRP-related disorders.
Review: titanium–titanium boride composites

Titanium in situ reinforced with titanium boride (TiBw) has garnered significant attention as one of the most promising titanium composites today. A significant number of processing approaches have been reported on the fabrication of these unique composites. This brief review provides an update on recent activities within the area focusing largely on research conducted over the past 5 years. Approaches discussed include bulk deformation processes such as rolling, 2D forging, equal channel angular pressing, (laser and non-laser-based) additive manufacturing, and new microstructural designs implemented for this composite system. Moreover, the potential of this composite as a biomaterial is also discussed.
Evaluation of a Male-Specific DNA Coliphage Persistence Within Eastern Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

Male-specific coliphages (MSCs) are currently used to assess the virologic quality of shellfish-growing waters and to assess the impact of sewage release or adverse weather events on bivalve shellfish. Since MSC can have either DNA or RNA genomes, and most research has been performed exclusively on RNA MSCs, persistence of M13, a DNA MSC, was evaluated for its persistence as a function of time and temperature within Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were individually exposed to seawater containing a total of 1010 to 1012 pfu of M13 for 24 h at 15 °C followed by maintenance in tanks with as many as 21 oysters in continuously UV-sterilized water for up to 6 weeks at either 7, 15, or 22 °C. Two trials for each temperature were performed combining three shucked oysters per time point which were assayed by tenfold serial dilution in triplicate. Initial contamination levels averaged 106.9 and ranged from 106.0 to 107.0 of M13. For oysters held for 3 weeks, log10 reductions were 1.7, 3.8, and 4.2 log10 at 7, 15, and 22 °C, respectively. Oysters held at 7 and 15 °C for 6 weeks showed average reductions of 3.6 and 5.1 log10, respectively, but still retained infectious M13. In total, this work shows that DNA MSC may decline within shellfish in a manner analogous to RNA MSCs.
Evaluating the predictive value of measures of susceptibility to tobacco and alternative tobacco products.

Abstract Background The “cigarette susceptibility index” has been adapted for other products, yet, the validity of these adapted measures–particularly among youth who have used other tobacco products–has not been evaluated. Methods We used prospective data from the Southern California Children's Health Study to evaluate the association of questionnaire measures assessing susceptibility to e-cigarette, cigarette, hookah and cigar/cigarillo/little cigar use at wave 1 (W1; 11th/12th grade) with subsequent initiation between W1 and W2 (16 months later, N = 1453). We additionally examined whether each effect estimate differed by use of other tobacco products at W1. Results Odds ratios, attributable risk%, and risk differences for product initiation among susceptible vs. non-susceptible youth were consistently higher among never users of any tobacco product than among youth with any tobacco use history. For example, susceptible (vs. non-susceptible) youth with no prior tobacco use had 3.64 times the odds of subsequent initiation of e-cigarettes (95%CI:2.61,5.09), while among users of another product, susceptible (vs. non-susceptible) youth had 1.95 times the odds of e-cigarette initiation (95%CI:0.98,3.89; p-interaction = 0.016). 60.4% of e-cigarette initiation among never users of any product could be attributed to susceptibility, compared to 19.8% among users of another product. The e-cigarette absolute risk difference between susceptible and non-susceptible youth was 21.9%(15.2,28.6) for never users, vs. 15.4%(0.2,30.7) for users of another product. Conclusion Tobacco product-specific susceptibility associations with initiation of use at W2 were markedly attenuated among prior users of other products, demonstrating reduced utility for these measures among subjects using other products.
Wearable Environmental Monitor To Quantify Personal Ambient Volatile Organic Compound Exposures.

Air pollution can cause acute and chronic health problems. It has many components, and one component of interest is volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While the outdoor environment may have regulat...
The influence of body dissatisfaction on cardiovascular and strength-based physical activity by gender: a self-determination theory approach.

AbstractPhysical activity—or lack thereof—is one behaviour that may help explain why individuals who are dissatisfied with their bodies experience poor health outcomes. Objective: The purpose of th...
Passive Space Radiometer Systems

The space sensor view of the earth provided users with an exact image on a grand scale and with the capability for routine observation of the earth on a global basis. Different space sensor systems have been designed for the earth observation from space. Radiometer has been the most useful sensor in space remote sensing applications. Space radiometers have certain sensor characteristics, such as high sensitivity, fast response, and low design complexity and cost. A radiometer measures the radiance of the electromagnetic radiation within a given spectral region. The simplest space radiometer system consists of a telescope, an optical interference filter, and detectors at focal plane locations. In a multispectral radiometer, each radiometer filter has its own detectors at the same focal plane or different focal planes by the use of a beamsplitter device. An alternative technique utilizes a single spectral radiometer and filters that are inserted sequentially into the sensor system. Several types of measurements of the earth-atmosphere system are important in the UV, visible, and near infrared (IR); these are radiance measurements, polarization measurements, and time-dependent or viewing, and solar angle measurements.
The charm of antimatter

The warp engines of the Star Trek universe may not be possible, but we are learning more about the particles that fuel them, writes Chanda Prescod-Weinstein
Do Prison Administrative and Survey Data Sources Tell the Same Story? A Multitrait, Multimethod Examination With Application to Gangs:

Measurement is critical to advancing theory and research in criminology. Yet, criminologists are often forced to rely on data sources that are not intended to be used for research or collected in c...
Abdication Through Enforcement

Presidential abdication in immigration law has long been synonymous with the perceived nonenforcement of certain provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act. President Obama’s never-implemented policy of deferred action, known as DAPA, serves as the prime example in the literature. But can the President abdicate the duty of faithful execution in immigration law by enforcing the law, i.e., by deporting deportable noncitizens? This Article argues “yes.” Every leading theory of the presidency recognizes the President’s role as supervisor of the bureaucracy, an idea crystallized by several scholars. When the President fails to establish meaningful enforcement priorities, essentially making every deportable noncitizen a priority, and resources for enforcement are insufficient to achieve full enforcement, the President de facto delegates that discretion to the rank and file without requisite constraints. In so doing, the President abdicates this supervisory role, producing abdication through enforcement
Examining the Expectations of Parents of Young Children with Disabilities from a “Care” Perspective

The terms parent-teacher relationship and partnership are used frequently throughout the literature in early childhood education and special education. Their prevalence may imply that we know more ...
A Robust and Practical Approach to Estimate the Number of Shorted Turns in PMSM With ITSC Faults

This article puts forward a novel method to estimate the fault severity index and consequently the number of shorted turns in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with interturn short circuit (ITSC) fault. In this method, the machine is excited with dc current at standstill conditions to obtain the winding resistance seen by the $d$ -axis of the machine. The estimated $d$ -axis resistance contains useful information pertaining to the fault severity index and is used to extract the fault severity index and the number of shorted turns in the faulty motor. The proposed method enables the estimation of fault severity index without complex machine modeling and extensive experiments with different machine prototypes, or finite-element analysis (FEA) models to analyze the relationship between the machine currents and short-circuit current. To enhance the accuracy of the estimation algorithm, this article addresses practical issues associated with inverter nonlinearity effects such as distortion voltage due to deadtime effects and voltage drops across the switching devices and proposes method to estimate the fault severity index that is immune to the aforementioned issues. Determining the fault index is critical in order to design appropriate mitigation techniques, as well as defining a safe operating area for the machine to avoid further damage to the winding. To verify the efficacy of this algorithm, experiments are conducted on a three-phase PMSM with artificial taps that imitate the behavior of ITSC fault, and the results which demonstrate the practicability of this algorithm are presented.
Proteases, protease inhibitors and radiation carcinogenesis.

PURPOSE The purpose of the studies described in this mini review article was to identify nontoxic compounds that could prevent or suppress the radiation induced malignant transformation of cells and be useful as human cancer preventive agents. CONCLUSIONS (1) Many different types of potential anticarcinogenic substances were evaluated initially for their abilities to prevent or suppress radiation induced malignant transformation in vitro, and certain anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors (APIs) were observed to be the most powerful anticarcinogenic agents at suppressing this surrogate endpoint biomarker of radiation carcinogenesis. (2) Within the category of APIs, those that inhibited the activity of chymotrypsin were effective at far lower molar concentrations than other APIs. The soybean-derived protease inhibitor known as the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) is a particularly powerful chymotrypsin inhibitor that is able to prevent radiation induced transformation in vitro (at concentrations down to nanomolar levels) as well as radiation induced carcinogenesis in vivo without toxicity. (3) There were many other unusual characteristics of APIs that led to the selection of one of these APIs, BBI, as the most appropriate compound for us to develop as a human cancer preventive agent. As one example, the APIs have an irreversible effect on carcinogenesis, while the effects are reversible for most anticarcinogenic agents when they are removed from carcinogenesis assay systems. (4) Numerous studies were performed in attempts to determine the potential mechanisms by which the APIs could prevent or suppress radiation induced carcinogenesis in in vitro and in vivo systems, and the results of these studies are described in this review article. The APIs and the proteases which interact with them appear to play important roles in radiation carcinogenesis. (5) Preparations for human trials using BBI began decades ago. The cost of preparing purified BBI was far too high to consider performing human trials with this agent, so BBI Concentrate (BBIC), a soybean extract enriched in BBI, was developed for the specific purpose of performing human trials with BBI. BBIC achieved Investigational New Drug (IND) Status with the Food and Drug Administration in April,1992, and human BBIC trials began at that time. (6) Several human trials were performed using BBIC and they indicated many potentially beneficial health effects produced by BBIC administration to people in various forms (e.g. tablets). 7) It is hypothesized that BBI takes the place of α-1-antichymotrypsin, an important regulatory compound in the human body, and helps to maintain homeostasis.
A Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Following Endoscopic Resection of a Frontal Sinus Osteoma

A 55-year-old woman presented with a 5–6 month history of focal right frontal pressure that was partially relieved with over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. She had mild issues with nasal congestion and obstruction; however, she denied discolored nasal discharge or significant problems with her sense of smell. She was evaluated for migraines by a neurologist who ordered an MRI, and this MRI revealed a right frontal sinus osseous lesion that was associated with post-obstructive secretions. She had been treated with antibiotics and steroids by her primary care doctor as well as two otolaryngologists. Each otolaryngologist recommended surgery, but recommended a rhinologist perform the procedure.
Spatially Adaptive Volume Tools in Bifrost

The level set method offers many advantages over e.g. meshes for modelling and visual effects, but a naive implementation is both computationally expensive and memory intensive. Narrow band level sets alleviate both issues but are still limited by the finest detail resolved due to uniform resolution along the surface. Voxel structures that are adaptive along the surface improve this [Frisken et al. 2000], but have not seen wide adoption. This is presumably due to difficulties matching the performance of optimized narrow band implementations like industry standard OpenVDB [Museth 2013]. We present the adaptive level set implementation in Bifrost which is competitive with OpenVDB in speed while offering lower memory usage thanks to spatial adaptivity. Our contributions include novel algorithms for adaptive sharpened B-spline interpolation of volumes in general, voxelizing meshes and points into adaptive level set volumes, and meshing adaptive level sets.
The impact of school’s security and restorative justice measures on school violence

Abstract Scholars have spent considerable time assessing the utility of school policies and practices designed to make schools safer, many focusing on exploring the relationship between security measures and school violence (Peguero et al., 2018). However, to date, there has been a lack of research examining the simultaneous effects of both school security mechanisms and school restorative justice measures on school violence. To help fill this gap in the literature, the current study examined the relationship between school security measures, restorative justice policies, and incidents of school violence using data from the 2018 School Survey on Crime and Safety. Findings indicated that security measures and school demographic characteristics had greater effects on school violence than did restorative justice measures; however, there were differences noted between models that examined violent incidents indicated by school personnel and violent incidents reported to police. In light of these findings, implications designed to curb school violence are discussed within.
Finding Pathways: Mixed-Method Research for Studying Causal Mechanisms

Social scientists have identified a need to move beyond the analysis of correlation among variables to the study of causal mechanisms that link them. Nicholas Weller and Jeb Barnes propose that a solution lies in 'pathway analysis', the use of case studies to explore the causal links between related variables. This book focuses on how the small-N component of multi-method research can meaningfully contribute and add value to the study of causal mechanisms. The authors present both an extended rationale for the unique role that case studies can play in causal mechanism research, and a detailed view of the types of knowledge that case studies should try to generate and how to leverage existing large-N data to guide the case selection process. The authors explain how to use their approach both to select cases and to provide context on previously studied cases.
Analysis of Reaching for Stationary and Moving Objects in the Human Infant

ABSTRACT The psychological literature emphasizes the roles of neural maturation, the actor-environment relationship, dynamics of the body, and learning of appropriate motor actions in determining the course of motor development. This chapter relates these factors to the model of Berthier (1996) and extends that model to the case of catching a moving object.
On the equation pvN 1 p + 1 N =1 , pseudoperfect numbers, and perfectly weighted graphs

We present all solutions to the equation Σ p|N 1/p + 1/N = 1 with at most eight primes, improve the bound on the nonsolvability of the Erdos-Moser equation Σ m-1 j=1 j n = m n , and discuss the computational search techniques used to generate examples of perfectly weighted graphs.
Lettrt To The Editor

We have carefully reviewed the informative letter from Dr. Garry concerning the measurement of vitamin A and a non-vitamin A component, phytofluene. As indicated by Dr. Garry, our average vitamin A levels agreed with those published by Kahan1 and by Hansen and Warwick.2 As noted by Garry et al.3 and by Thompson et al.,4 unless corrected for by chromatography or calculated formula, phytofluene in plasma variable affects the "total" levels read as vitamin A (the sum of vitamin A and the non-vitamin A, phytofluene).
Impacts of land use on stream bank erosion in the Northeast Missouri Claypan Region

Sediment and nutrients are arguably the most pervasive and costly form of water pollution in North America. There is a growing body of literature that suggests that as in-field conservation practices become more widespread, the main source of eroded materials in streams is shifting from upland sources to erosion of gullies and stream channels. This study investigated the influence of land use, stream order, and season of stream bank erosion in the Central Claypan Region of Northeast Missouri. The erosion pin method was used to measure erosion on 36 treatment reaches stratified across stream order and land use categories. The mean percent eroding bank length was 53%, the mean sediment horizontal retreat rate was 5.6 cm/year, and the mean mass loss rate was 135.6 kg/m/year. Erosion rates fell into the range of other pin erosion studies from the Midwest. Season interactions were statistically significant with much greater soil loss occurring during the winter months than during the other seasons. Neither the land use or stream order effects were significant. Watershed scale estimates show that approximately 182,000 Mg of sediment and 68 Mg of phosphorus per year were contributed to steams during this study period. However, the study years had much higher than normal rainfall and so should not be considered normal rates.
Multiresolutive adaptive PN acquisition scheme with a fuzzy logic estimator in non selective fast SNR variation environments

One of the most important problems to be solved in Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum systems is to achieve a robust acquisition of the pseudonoise sequence. In time-varying environments this fact becomes even more important because acquisition and tracking performance can heavily degrade communication reliability. In this work a new multiresolutive acquisition system with a fuzzy logic estimator is proposed. The fuzzy logic estimation improves the accuracy of the acquisition stage compared to the results for the stability controller, through the estimation of the probability of being acquired, and the signal to noise ratio in the channel.
B-meson decays and the Weinberg Higgs-boson model of CP violation.

We study the predictions of the Weinberg Higgs theory for decays of B mesons, normalizing to the strength of the interaction in kaon decays. The process b\ensuremath{\rightarrow}s+gluon is seen to have a lower bound on its branching ratio of about 1% to 15% depending on the masses of the Higgs bosons. This may be directly observable. Partial-rate asymmetries, indicative of CP violation, are large only in relatively rare modes and are no easier to detect than those of the Kobayushi-Maskawa model. However, the pattern of decays in the two models differs.
High Speed Magnetically Levitated and Propelled Mass Ground Transportation

Most of us who have come to the NATO Advanced Study Institute could come because reliable air flights were available, and because the fare was reasonable. Speed, reliability, capacity, and cost of modern transportation have all made it possible to have international Institutes such as this.
Frequency limits of MSSW in the film with two magnetic layers

The equations of the upper and the lower frequency limits of MSSW in a film with two magnetic layers have been given. The curves of limit varying with M/sub 01//M/sub 02/ and the transfer points have been shown. >
Iontophoresis for modulation of cardiac drug delivery in dogs.

Abstract Cardiac arrhythmias are a frequent cause of death and morbidity. Conventional antiarrhythmia therapy involving oral or intravenous medication is often ineffective and complicated by drug-associated side effects. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the advantages of cardiac drug-polymer implants for enhanced efficacy for cardiac arrhythmia therapy compared with conventional administration. However, these studies were based on systems that deliver drugs at a fixed release rate. Modulation of the drug delivery rate has the advantage of regulating the amount of the drug delivered depending upon the disease state of the patient. We hypothesized that iontophoresis could be used to modulate cardiac drug delivery. In this study, we report our investigations of a cardiac drug implant in dogs that is capable of iontophoretic modulation of the administration of the antiarrhythmic agent sotalol. We used a heterogeneous cation-exchange membrane (HCM) as an electrically sensitive and highly efficient rate-limiting barrier on the cardiac-contacting surface of the implant. Thus, electric current is passed only through the HCM and not the myocardium. The iontophoretic cardiac implant demonstrated in vitro drug release rates that were responsive to current modulation. In vivo results in dogs have confirmed that iontophoresis resulted in regional coronary enhancement of sotalol levels with current-responsive increases in drug concentrations. We also observed acute current-dependent changes in ventricular effective refractory periods reflecting sotalol-induced refractoriness due to regional drug administration. In 30-day dog experiments, iontophoretic cardiac implants demonstrated robust sustained function and reproducible modulation of drug delivery kinetics.
Dissecting the dynamics of dysregulation of cellular processes in mouse mammary gland tumor

Elucidating the sequence of molecular events underlying breast cancer formation is of enormous value for understanding this disease and for design of an effective treatment. Gene expression measurements have enabled the study of transcriptome-wide changes involved in tumorigenesis. This usually occurs through identification of differentially expressed genes or pathways. We propose a novel approach that is able to delineate new cancer-related cellular processes and the nature of their involvement in tumorigenesis. First, we define modules as densely interconnected and functionally enriched areas of a Protein Interaction Network. Second, 'differential expression' and 'differential co-expression' analyses are applied to the genes in these network modules, allowing for identification of processes that are up- or down-regulated, as well as processes disrupted (low co-expression) or invoked (high co-expression) in different tumor stages. Finally, we propose a strategy to identify regulatory miRNAs potentially responsible for the observed changes in module activities. We demonstrate the potential of this analysis on expression data from a mouse model of mammary gland tumor, monitored over three stages of tumorigenesis. Network modules enriched in adhesion and metabolic processes were found to be inactivated in tumor cells through the combination of dysregulation and down-regulation, whereas the activation of the integrin complex and immune system response modules is achieved through increased co-regulation and up-regulation. Additionally, we confirmed a known miRNA involved in mammary gland tumorigenesis, and present several new candidates for this function. Understanding complex diseases requires studying them by integrative approaches that combine data sources and different analysis methods. The integration of methods and data sources proposed here yields a sensitive tool, able to pinpoint new processes with a role in cancer, dissect modulation of their activity and detect the varying assignments of genes to functional modules over the course of a disease.
Paid Home Care in the 21st Century: Need and Demand

Diverging trends will affect the use of home-delivered, paid, disability-related services over the next 30 years. Age-adjusted rates of disability appear to be declining, but the sheer numbers of elders in future cohorts imply that use of all types of long-term support services (LTSS) will increase markedly. Trends in ability to pay, home ownership, and long-term care insurance coverage will combine with consumer preferences for care at home thereby shifting an increasing proportion of LTSS to home settings. Most important for home-delivered care is the unflagging commitment of spouses and other family members to provide informal support complementary to home-delivered, paid services, which continues despite demographic and labor market challenges. Working against these trends in resources for LTSS at home are the increasing cost of services and the reluctance of government to pay adequately for LTSS, whether for lower income elders or as universal coverage for needed supportive services at home.
Long-term follow-up of patients with clinically indeterminate suspicion of pancreatic cancer and normal EUS.

Abstract Background EUS often is performed because of a clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer when the results of other noninvasive diagnostic tests are indeterminate. The aim of this study was to determine the true negative predictive value of a normal EUS in a cohort of patients with an indeterminate suspicion of pancreatic cancer by obtaining long-term follow-up information. Methods Patients referred for EUS of the pancreas for the following indications were identified: elevated carbohydrate-associated antigen (CA 19-9) without other definitive evidence of pancreatic cancer, subtle abnormalities on CT of the pancreas, and unexplained abdominal pain and/or weight loss. Endoscopy procedure reports, as well as inpatient and outpatient records were obtained. In addition, referring physicians, as well as patients, were contacted to acquire adequate follow-up information. Results A total of 80 patients were included in the study. Follow-up of at least 6 months was obtained for 76 (95%) patients (mean follow-up 23.9 months). No patient with a normal EUS of the pancreas developed pancreatic cancer or required pancreatic surgery during the follow-up period. One patient in whom a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis was made by EUS subsequently was found to have pancreatic cancer at surgery. Conclusions A normal EUS of the pancreas in the setting of subtle radiologic findings, serologic abnormalities, and/or nonspecific symptoms definitively rules out the presence of pancreatic cancer.
Collagen, collagenase and collagenolytic activity in rat graafian follicles during follicular growth and ovulation

Abstract Follicles were dissected from the ovaries of immature rats at intervals after subcutaneous injection of 20 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. A surge of luteinizing hormone was observed at 54 and ovulation occured at 64–66 h. The follicular volume doubled between 36 and 48 h, then doubled again shortly before ovulation. The collagen content of the follicles increased 3-fold from 35 to 56 h, but decreased significantly (25%) from 61 to 66 h. Follicle homogenates, activated with trypsin or aminophenylmercuric acetate, digested Type I collagen at 28°C to produce products typical of a true collagenases. Collagenolytic activity assayed against endogenous collagen at 37°C did not change significantly between 38 and 66 h.
Improving the user experience of professional researchers: Applying a user-centered design framework in archival repositories

User-based evaluation of archives has evolved significantly over the past three decades. However, existing frameworks rely almost exclusively on surveys and questionnaires, which address users' self-reported perceptions of quality of user experience in the archives. In this paper we propose a user-centered design (UCD) framework for the systematic improvement of the in-person archival user experience for professional researchers that borrows from service design, user experience design and usability. Using existing archival literature on use and users as our point of departure, we will discuss building professional researcher personas, the application of usability performance metrics to encourage greater efficiency for infrastructural archival activities, and UCD tools for enabling professional researchers to take on active roles in the re/design process as experts of their experience.
The effect of long-range interactions on the secondary structure formation of proteins.

The influence of long-range residue interactions on defining secondary structure in a protein has long been discussed and is often cited as the current limitation to accurate secondary structure prediction. There are several experimental examples where a local sequence alone is not sufficient to determine its secondary structure, but a comprehensive survey on a large data set has not yet been done. Interestingly, some earlier studies denied the negative effect of long-range interactions on secondary structure prediction accuracy. Here, we have introduced the residue contact order (RCO), which directly indicates the separation of contacting residues in terms of the position in the sequence, and examined the relationship between the RCO and the prediction accuracy. A large data set of 2777 nonhomologous proteins was used in our analysis. Unlike previous studies, we do find that prediction accuracy drops as residues have contacts with more distant residues. Moreover, this negative correlation between the RCO and the prediction accuracy was found not only for β-strands, but also for α-helices. The prediction accuracy of β-strands is lower if residues have a high RCO or a low RCO, which corresponds to the situation that a β-sheet is formed by β-strands from different chains in a protein complex. The reason why the current study draws the opposite conclusion from the previous studies is examined. The implication for protein folding is also discussed.
An insect model for assessing arsenic toxicity: arsenic elevated glutathione content in the Musca domestica and Trichoplusia ni.

Throughout history, arsenic has acquired an unparalled reputation as a poison. Arsenic was used as a poison as early as 2000 B.C. The toxicity of arsenic (As) extends to mammals, fish, insects, plants and fungi. According to epidemiological evidence, inorganic arsenic compounds have been strongly suggested as human carcinogens. Human exposure to arsenic through various means is correlated with an increased incidence of skin, lung, and possibly liver cancers. Inorganic trivalent arsenic is systematically more poisonous than the pentavalent form and it is possible that pentavalent arsenic is reduced to the trivalent form before exerting any toxic effects. This study focuses on the potential to use two insect species, the housefly, Musca domestica and the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni, and a model for the study of arsenic toxicity. After 48 hours of exposure to Arsenic, a significant induction of Glutathione level and subsequent decrease in the level of GSSG in both species were observed. 21 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Evaluation of the serviceability and fracture hazard for a feeding pipeline with corrosion defects

We study the problem of corrosion-fatigue damage to the feeding pipelines of power-generating units of thermal power plants in the course of long-term operation. The diagrams proposed for the evaluation of the serviceability and fracture hazard of pipelines with defects are based on the concept of threshold and critical crack depths and the parameters of growth of corrosion-fatigue defects. The factor of possible presence of technogenic organic impurities in the heat carrier is also taken into account.
The Temperature of Reversing Layers of Stars

FOLLOWING the well-known treatment of the problem by Schwarzchild (1906), it has become conventional to estimate the temperature, T, of the outer atmosphere of a star as of the order T1/2¼, or about 0.85 T1, where T1 is the effective temperature of the surface (practically, the surface of the photosphere) as given by application of Stefan's law to the total energy radiation. This result presupposes that the stellar atmosphere can be treated as “grey”, that is, as having an absorption coefficient which is the same for all wave-lengths. Milne has published (Mon. Not. R.A.S., 82, 368, 1922) an approximate mathematical discussion which indicates that when the atmospheric absorption-coefficient varies with the wave-length, the value of T may fall as low as ½T1, or rise as high as T1. The equation upon which he bases his treatment postulates that the outflowing radiation may be taken as approximately black. For stellar reversing layers this assumption seems unjustified, in consideration of the sharply selective opacity indicated by the existence of Fraunhofer lines. The radiation is indeed deficient in the ivery wave-lengths in which the gas may be expected to absorb and radiate most strongly. That the general, as compared with the sharply selective, opacity of the upper reversing layer in the sun is negligible, is shown by the existence of the bright line flash spectrum.
Interfacial tension of polyethylene/polyethylene terephthalate with various compatibilizing agents

The effect of 12 different potential compatibilizing agents on the interfacial tension of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is described. A wide range of compatibilizing agents based upon ethylene and a second comonomer were devised and used. They were divided into three categories. The first category (I) includes block polymers. The second category (II) includes random copolymers. The third category (III) includes reactive copolymers that should form graft copolymers during mixing with PET. The addition of various potential compatibilizing agents to the PE/PET binary system results in lowered interfacial tension. The efficiency of the different compatibilizing agents in reducing the interfacial tension is discussed.
Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of ferulate esters

Four commercially available esterases were screened for their ability to esterify ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamate). Novozym® 435 was found to be the only one of those screened to convert ferulic acid to ethyl and octyl ferulate at 20 and 14% yields, respectively. The highest percentage conversion was obtained using a 1∶1 mole ratio of alcohol to ferulic acid in stirred batch reactions in anhydrous 2-methyl-2-propanol at 60°C using one equivalent (wt/wt based on ferulic acid) of Novozym 435. Increased water content and a higher alcohol/ethyl ferulate ratio had adverse effects on the lipase-catalyzed esterification. The Novozym 435 activity was tested in less polar solvents (anhydrous toluene and hexane) by monitoring the alcoholysis of ethyl ferulate with 1-octanol, which resulted in a 50% yield of octyl ferulate. The alcoholysis was improved to 83% by applying a 16 mm Hg vacuum for 5 min every 24 h to remove the ethanol co-product. The optimal alcoholysis parameters were applied to the alcoholysis of ethyl ferulate with monoolein and the transesterification with triolein. The transesterification of ethyl ferulate with triolein in anhydrous toluene produced a combined 44% yield of ferulyl monoolein and ferulyl diolein, a 20% greater yield than that obtained for alcoholysis using monoolein. The highest yield, 77%, of ferulyl monoolein and ferulyl diolein was achieved using a threefold excess of neat triolein. The lipase-catalyzed transesterification of ethyl ferulate with triolein appears to be a technically feasible route to ferulyl-substituted acylglycerols, which are potentially useful sunscreen ingredients.
Changes in Avoidance Response Time of Juvenile Chinook Salmon Exposed to Multiple Acute Handling Stresses

Abstract A simple behavioral test was devised to determine the effects of multiple acute stresses on the avoidance response time of fish. Groups of freshwater-adapted juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were exposed to a sudden overhead light and the time it took each fish to reach cover was noted. Tests were done on fish stressed one, two, or three times with 3 h between stresses, and on fish 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after each level of stress; unstressed fish served as controls. All unstressed fish reached cover within 15 s. Stressed fish took longer to reach cover (often several minutes), with the greatest delay in response occurring immediately after the stress. There was a gradual decrease in response time with recovery from the stresses. Exposure to two or three consecutive stresses increased the delay in response time over that offish exposed to a single stress, indicating that the effects of the stresses were cumulative.
LDV measurements in the endwall region of an annular turbine cascade through an aerodynamic window

Abstract : Laser-Doppler velocimetry measurements through a one millimeter hole in the casing of an annular turbine cascade were performed in the endwall region downstream of the blade row. Complementary three-hole pressure probe measurements were also taken downstream of the nozzle blades, as well as blade surface pressure measurements. The object of this study was to devise methods for the measurement close to an endwall and to overcome the problems associated with optical access window contamination. The eventual aim of the project was to perform laser anemometry measurements in the tip leakage region of an operating turbine of comparable size. Good comparisons with numerical predictions of the flowfield were also obtained.
Temperature-dependent reaction and atomic redistribution for Ti/GaAs(100) interfaces.

High-resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Ar-ion bombardment have been used to study temperature-dependent chemical reaction and species redistribution for Ti/GaAs(100). Our results show that Ti deposited at room temperature disrupts the GaAs substrate by reacting with As and releases Ga into the overlayer. As is found to accumulate near the buried interface in the form of a Ti-As compound. Ga is depleted from, but accumulates beyond, this reacted region. Sputter-depth profiles indicate that high-temperature annealing causes Ti diffusion into the GaAs substrate and enhanced reaction with As. Ga expulsion from the forming Ti-As compound becomes more severe when the amount of Ti-As increases. Heating promotes segregation of ejected Ga atoms to the vacuum surface, but has little influence on As segregation.
Evaluation of Self, Ideal Self, and Pornography in Relation to Handedness and Sex

Summary Each of 76 college students was administered a modified Osgood semantic differential on a 2 × 2 (Handedness by Sex) factorial design which measured three concepts, me, ideal self, and pornography to study the relationship between handedness and sex in relationship to self-perception. Left-handers rated themselves significantly less likeable, more sad, and farther from their ideal self than did right-handers. Left-handed males and females differed in their evaluation of potency and activity. Of the four combinations of handedness by sex, left-handed males rated themselves significantly closer to pornography than did any other combination, while left-handed females evaluated themselves as farther away. Observations that left-handers may be more aggressive or more strongly sex typed were substantiated, especially with males.
Probable identity of tissue specific historie with encephalitogenic protein

SOME years ago Tomasi and Kornguth isolated a basic protein from the brains of adult pigs1. Fluorescent immunohisto-chemical studies indicated that it was localized in the nuclei of neurones and spermatogonia and the suggestion was made that it was a tissue-specific histone2. The amino-acid composition of this brain protein is very similar to that of a basic encephalitogenic protein isolated from myelin of a variety of animal species3–12.
The Context and Impact of HIV and AIDS in Chiang Rai, Thailand: A Study of Youth and Young Adults

This study examines the geographic variation in the incidence of HIV/AIDS in Chiang Rai, one of the northern districts of Thailand with a very high rate of HIV infection and AIDS. A related goal of this study is to understand the socioeconomic impact of the disease. First, spatial analysis is used to estimate the effects of local determinants on the incidence of HIV and AIDS. Second, standardized questionnaire surveys of patients are conducted to understand the individual context of the disease. Finally, in-depth qualitative interviews are used to examine the socioeconomic impact of the disease at the individual level. Results show that localities with a relatively high percentage of households engaged as laborers, localities close to municipal areas, and those with a high concentration of commercial sex workers are significantly correlated with high incidence rates. Places close to municipal areas are typically more urbanized, with diverse income groups and businesses in their vicinity. These areas have ...
Local production of antigen-specific IgE in different anatomic subsites of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis patients

Objective: Local production of antigen-specific IgE in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is likely integral to the expression of allergy. This study examines if there are anatomic variations in...
Mechanisms regulating resistance to inhibitors of topoisomerase II.

Inhibitors of topoisomerase II are clinically effective in the management of hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The efficacy of anti-tumor drugs targeting topoisomerase II is often limited by resistance and studies with in vitro cell culture models have provided several insights on potential mechanisms. Multidrug-transporters that are involved in the efflux and consequently reduced cytotoxicity of diverse anti-tumor agents suggest that they play an important role in resistance to clinically active drugs. However in clinical trials, modulating the multidrug resistant phenotype with agents that inhibit the efflux pump has not had an impact. Since reduced drug accumulation per se is insufficient to explain tumor cell resistance to topoisomerase II inhibitors several studies have focused on characterizing mechanisms that impact on DNA damage mediated by drugs that target the enzyme. Mammalian topoisomerase IIα and topoisomerase IIβ isozymes exhibit similar catalytic, but different biologic, activities. Whereas topoisomerase IIα is associated with cell division, topoisomerase IIβ is involved in differentiation. In addition to site specific mutations that can affect drug induced topoisomerase II-mediated DNA damage, post-translation modification of topoisomerase II primarily by phosphorylation can potentially affect enzyme-mediated DNA damage and the downstream cytotoxic response of drugs targeting topoisomerase II. Signaling pathways that can affect phosphorylation and changes in intracellular calcium levels/calcium dependent signaling that can regulate site-specific phosphorylation of topoisomerase have an impact on downstream cytotoxic effects of topoisomerase II inhibitors. Overall, tumor cell resistance to inhibitors of topoisomerase II is a complex process that is orchestrated not only by cellular pharmacokinetics but more importantly by enzymatic alterations that govern the intrinsic drug sensitivity.
ERD simulation of composite materials using ITSPECT

ITSPECT is a custom software package developed exclusively for elastic recoil detection (ERD) spectrum analysis of both H and D for incident He with energy ranging from 0.25 MeV to 8.0 MeV. ITSPECT simulates a spectrum for a given experimental setup and a composition model defined by the sample under test. The user can input multiple heterogeneous layers of variable thickness. Each layer can consist of up to two compounds defined by their respective stopping power tables. Complex hydrogen concentration depth profiles can be defined for each layer. The simulator integrates the yield over the finite detector solid angle and simulates spectra for both transmission and glancing angle geometries using analytical cross sections and user defined stopping power tables.
“To Teach Them to See”: Teaching Christian Theology in Material Things

Teachers of theology or religious studies readily seek to open their students to the interpretation of theological texts. Do they share a similar readiness to open students to the interpretation of religious symbols and artifacts, the material cultures of religious faiths? Although theological studies have preferred the abstract concept over the material object, any proper understanding of religious faith must admit some form of direct encounter with the constellation of material symbols surrounding that faith. Teaching students to ''read'' the material symbols of faith does not do away with the need to help them read and interpret the written word, but supplements and deepens humane, scholarly reflection on religious faith. Helping students to see, to interpret what they see, and to re-view their understanding of the religious symbol or artifact amounts to teaching a visual theology; a helpful and necessary challenge for the teacher of theology or religious studies.