cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of the 5HT1D agonists MK-462 and sumatriptan in plasma by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

The 5HT1D agonist sumatriptan is efficacious in the treatment of migraines. MK-462 is a drug of the same class which is under development in our laboratories. Bioanalytical methods of high efficiency, specificity and sensitivity were required to support the preclinical and clinical programs. These assays were based on HPLC with tandem MS-MS detection. MK-462 and sumatriptan were extracted using an automated solid-phase extraction technique on a C2 Varian Bond-Elut cartridge. The n-diethyl analogues of MK-462 and sumatriptan were used as internal standards. The analytes were chromatographed using reversed-phase (nitrile) columns coupled via a heated nebulizer interface to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. The chromatographic run times were less than 7 min. Both methods were precise, accurate and selective down to plasma concentrations of 0.5 ng/ml. The assay for MK-462 was adapted to separately monitor the unlabeled and 14C-labeled species of the drug following intravenous administration of radiolabeled material to man.
THEORY OF PHASE SEPARATION IN LIQUID METAL ALLOYS

The critical point for phase separation rin liquid alloys of nearly-free-electron metals is determined by two different methods. The first involves a variational approach in which the Helmholtz free energy of the alloy is expressed in terms of hard-sphere structure factors and entropy. The phase boundary is then found by a common tangent construction applied to the free energy isotherms. In the second approach, the long-wavelength concentration fluctuations are calculated within a meanfield approximation. The divergence of these fluctuations is then used as a criterion to determine the critical point. Both methods lead to critical points in satisfactory agreement with experiment in a number of binary alloys, and in addition suggest systematic rela- tions between the phase boundary and such parameters as effective ionic diameters, atomic volumes, and valency differences between the alloy constituents.
Theory of the Onset of Superflow

Spontaneous production of quantized vortices in He II by thermal fluctuations is considered. Implications of this theory for superflow in finite channels are discussed.
90 degree phase matched generation of 266 nm light in 90 percent deuterated KD * P

Experiments have been performed to determine the temperature necessary to achieve 90° phase matched generation of the fourth harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser in 90 percent deuterated KD*P. A phase matching temperature of 62°C was found.
Empirical models for predicting volumes of sediment deposited by debris flows and sediment-laden floods in the transverse ranges of southern California

Abstract Debris flows and sediment-laden floods in the Transverse Ranges of southern California pose severe hazards to nearby communities and infrastructure. Frequent wildfires denude hillslopes and increase the likelihood of these hazardous events. Debris-retention basins protect communities and infrastructure from the impacts of debris flows and sediment-laden floods and also provide critical data for volumes of sediment deposited at watershed outlets. In this study, we supplement existing data for the volumes of sediment deposited at watershed outlets with newly acquired data to develop new empirical models for predicting volumes of sediment produced by watersheds located in the Transverse Ranges of southern California. The sediment volume data represent a broad sample of conditions found in Ventura, Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties, California. The measured volumes of sediment, watershed morphology, distributions of burn severity within each watershed, the time since the most recent fire, triggering storm rainfall conditions, and engineering soil properties were analyzed using multiple linear regressions to develop two models. A “long-term model” was developed for predicting volumes of sediment deposited by both debris flows and floods at various times since the most recent fire from a database of volumes of sediment deposited by a combination of debris flows and sediment-laden floods with no time limit since the most recent fire (n = 344). A subset of this database was used to develop an “emergency assessment model” for predicting volumes of sediment deposited by debris flows within two years of a fire (n = 92). Prior to developing the models, 32 volumes of sediment, and related parameters for watershed morphology, burn severity and rainfall conditions were retained to independently validate the long-term model. Ten of these volumes of sediment were deposited by debris flows within two years of a fire and were used to validate the emergency assessment model. The models were validated by comparing predicted and measured volumes of sediment. These validations were also performed for previously developed models and identify that the models developed here best predict volumes of sediment for burned watersheds in comparison to previously developed models.
Activation of leopard frog (Rana pipiens) spleen lymphocytes by concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin.

Abstract Activation times for concanavalin A (Con A)- and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte mitogenesis in leopard frogs were determined by competitive inhibition analysis using α-methyl- d -mannopyranoside and N -acetyl- d -galactosamine. Con A activation required approximately 18–20 hr whereas PHA was required for at least the first 24 hr. Temporal events for mammalian lymphocytes are similar suggesting that activation parameters of lymphocyte biology have remained unchanged since the first vertebrate tetrapods evolved.
Herpes Simplex Virus Genital Infections: Current Concepts

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease that is frequently undiagnosed. Viral shedding occurs frequently and often without symptoms facilitating transmission to sex partners. Genital herpes may impact HIV transmission, and may be transmitted to neonates at the time of birth. Primary prevention of genital herpes is needed to lower the burden of disease.
Therapeutic benefits of enhancing permeability barrier for atopic eczema

The regulatory role of epidermal permeability barrier function in cutaneous inflammation has been well appreciated. While barrier disruption induces cutaneous inflammation, improvement of permeability barrier function alleviates inflammation. Studies have demonstrated that improvement of epidermal permeability barrier function not only prevents the development of atopic eczema, but also delays the relapse of these diseases. Moreover, enhancing the epidermal permeability barrier also alleviates atopic eczema. Furthermore, co-applications of barrier enhancing products with glucocorticoids can increase the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the adverse effects of glucocorticoids in the treatment of atopic eczema. Therefore, utilization of permeability barrier enhancing products alone or in combination with glucocorticoids could be a valuable approach in the treatment of atopic eczema. In this review, we discuss the benefits of improving the epidermal permeability barrier in the management of atopic eczema.
On solitary waves and nonlinear oscillations in a stratified fluid with surface tension

Abstract In this paper we consider steady permanent waves in a stratified fluid over a flat bottom in the presence of surface tension. Assume that the linearized equations governing the steady flow possess more than two positive eigenvalues, say k 2 1 , k 2 2 , k 2 3 , and k 1 > k 2 > k 3 > 0. The exact equations may be reduced to a partial differential equation subject to boundary conditions coupled with a system of nonlocal ordinary differential equations for an approximate solitary wave solution and nonlinear oscillations. It is shown that there exists a solution to the exact equations consisting of an approximate solitary wave solution plus an oscillatory part with a period near 2π/ k 1 , or near 2π/ k i , i = 2 or 3 if | k j − nk i | > 0 for any positive integer n and j = 1, 2, 3, j ≠ i , and the equilibrium state of the steady flow satisfies a certain restriction. The results can be extended to the case of n positive eigenvalues for n > 3 without any change.
Use of Bayesian Net Benefit Regression Model to Examine the Impact of Generic Drug Entry on the Cost Effectiveness of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Elderly Depressed Patients

Introduction: Since their invention in the late 1980s and early 1990s, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have become the primary form of pharmaceutical treatment for depression. As the patents of several top-selling SSRIs have expired or are soon to be expired, the SSRI market is expected to witness an increasing share of generic SSRIs. We explored the impact of generic drug entry on the cost effectiveness of SSRIs.
Dimethylsulfide (DMS) production from dimethylsulfoniopropionate by freshwater river sediments: phylogeny of Gram‐positive DMS‐producing isolates

Freshwater river sediments from both the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of South Carolina showed high rates of dimethylsulfide (DMS) production from added dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). These rates were considered to be high as they were ca. 1% of rates in salt marsh sediments. Most probable number enumeration of DMS producers in river water and sediments were also about 1% of those measured in estuarine water and salt marsh sediment. Tellurite and DMSP enrichments resulted in the isolation of tellurite-resistant Gram-positive nocardia-like DMS producers from freshwater, but not marine sediments. Gram-negative DMS producers, all capable of growth on DMSP, were isolated from both freshwater and salt marsh sediments. Sequencing the 16S rRNA genes of the most common freshwater isolates showed they were closely related to Rhodococcus equi and Rhodococcus rhodochrous, members of the family Nocardiaceae. This group, which made up 73% of the total number of freshwater sediment isolates, belonged to the phylogenetic class of high-GC, Gram-positive bacteria, a newly recognized group of DMS producers. The origin of DMSP-dependent DMS producers in a freshwater, nearly DMSP-free, environment is discussed.
Water molecules in the antibody-antigen interface of the structure of the Fab HyHEL-5-lysozyme complex at 1.7 A resolution: comparison with results from isothermal titration calorimetry.

The structure of the complex between hen egg-white lysozyme and the Fab HyHEL-5 at 2.7 A resolution has previously been reported [Cohen et al. (1996), Acta Cryst. D52, 315–326]. With the availability of recombinant Fab, the X-­ray structure of the complex has been re-evaluated at 1.7 A resolution. The refined structure has yielded a detailed picture of the Fab–lysozyme interface, showing the high complementarity of the protein surfaces as well as several water molecules within the interface that complete the good fit. The model of the full complex has improved significantly, yielding an Rwork of 19.5%. With this model, the structural results can be compared with the results of isothermal titration calorimetry. An attempt has been made to estimate the changes in bound waters that accompany complex formation and the difficulties inherent in using the crystal structures to provide the information necessary to make this calculation are discussed.
Roles of peritrophic membranes in protecting herbivorous insects from ingested plant allelochemicals.

Four mechanisms by which peritrophic membranes (PMs) potentially protect herbivorous insects from ingested allelochemicals are reviewed: adsorption, ultrafiltration, polyanion exclusion, and the capacity of PMs to act as antioxidants. Most of the research on the protective roles of PMs against ingested allelochemicals has focused on their impermeability to tannins. Adsorption of tannins by the PMs in grasshoppers may limit their permeability, but ultrafiltration of tannin complexes in the caeca is an alternative explanation. Polyanion exclusion does not explain the impermeability of caterpillar PMs to tannins (polyphenolate anions). Ultrafiltration remains the most likely mechanism by which tannins, and other tested allelochemicals, are retained in the endoperitrophic space. Although the pores in PMs are too large to impede the passage of most free allelochemicals, large allelochemical complexes are retained. Such complexes form in the gut fluid of caterpillars between tannic acid, proteins, lipids, and polyvalent metal cations, and also in the gut fluid of grasshoppers (Melanoplus sanguinipes) between some amphiphilic allelochemicals (digitoxin) and surfactant micelles. Further work is needed to examine the role of PMs as antioxidants in vivo, such as their potential to bind catalytically-active metal ions.
Evolving evidence implicates cytomegalovirus as a promoter of malignant glioma pathogenesis

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was first reported to be strongly associated with human malignant gliomas in 2002. HCMV is a herpesvirus that causes congenital brain infection and multi-organ disease in immumocompromised individuals. Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive adult brain tumors and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest grade glioma, is associated with a life expectancy of less than two years. HCMV gene products encode for multiple proteins that can promote the various signaling pathways critical to tumor growth, including those involved in mitogenesis, mutagenesis, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion and immuno-evasion. Several groups have now demonstrated that human malignant gliomas are universally infected with HCMV and express gene products that can promote key signaling pathways in glioma pathogenesis. In this review I discuss specific HCMV gene products that we and others have recently found to be expressed in GBM in vivo, including the HCMV IE1, US28, gB and IL-10 proteins. The roles these HCMV gene products play in dysregulating key pathways in glioma biology, including the PDGFR, AKT, STAT3, and monocyte/microglia function are discussed. Finally, I review emerging human clinical trials for GBM based on anti-HCMV strategies.
Wire transfer of charge packets using a CCD-BBD structure for charge-domain signal processing

A structure for the virtual transfer of charge packets across metal wires is described theoretically and is experimentally verified. The structure is a hybrid of charge-coupled device (CCD) and bucket-brigade device (BBD) elements and permits the topological crossing of charge-domain signals in low power signal processing circuits. A test vehicle consisting of 8-, 32-, and 96-stage delay lines of various geometries implemented in a double-poly, double-metal foundry process is used to characterize the wire-transfer operation. Transfer efficiency ranging between 0.998 and 0.999 is obtained for surface n-channel devices with clock cycle times in the range from 40 ns to 0.3 ms. Transfer efficiency as high as 0.9999 is obtained for buried n-channel devices. Good agreement is found between experiment and simulation. >
Identification of Novel Adhesins from Group B Streptococci by Use of Phage Display Reveals that C5a Peptidase Mediates Fibronectin Binding

Group B streptococci (GBS) are a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in newborns and infants. GBS initiate infection of the lung by colonizing mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract; adherence of the bacteria to host cells is presumed to be the initial step in and prerequisite for successful colonization (G. S. Tamura, J. M. Kuypers, S. Smith, H. Raff, and C. E. Rubens, Infect. Immun. 62:2450-2458, 1994). We have performed a genome-wide screen to identify novel genes of GBS that mediate adherence to fibronectin. A shotgun phage display library was constructed from chromosomal DNA of a serotype Ia GBS strain and affinity selected on immobilized fibronectin. DNA sequence analysis of different clones identified 19 genes with homology to known bacterial adhesin genes, virulence genes, genes involved in transport or metabolic processes, and genes with yet-unknown function. One of the isolated phagemid clones showed significant homology to the gene (scpB) for the GBS C5a peptidase, a surface-associated serine protease that specifically cleaves the complement component C5a, a chemotaxin for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In this work we have demonstrated that affinity-purified recombinant ScpB and a peptide ScpB fragment (ScpB-PDF), similar to the peptide identified in the phagemid, bound fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner. Adherence assays to fibronectin were performed, comparing an isogenic scpB mutant to the wild-type strain. Approximately 50% less binding was observed with the mutant than with the wild-type strain. The mutant phenotype could be fully restored by in trans complementation of the mutant with the cloned wild-type scpB gene, providing further evidence for the role of ScpB in fibronectin adherence. Our results suggest that C5a peptidase is a bifunctional protein, which enzymatically cleaves C5a and mediates adherence to fibronectin. Since binding of fibronectin has been implicated in attachment and invasion of eukaryotic cells by streptococci, our results may imply a second important role for this surface protein in the pathogenesis of GBS infections.
Switching activity calculation of VLSI adders

Using exact switching activity rates at all internal nodes when calculating energy of digital circuits is believed to result in improved accuracy over to the use of average switching activity.We compare the two approaches in the case of the Kogge-Stone adder implemented with Weinberger and Ling addition recurrences. The difference between the two is less than 4%.Further we examined the accuracy of the energy/delay estimation technique when using exact and average switching activities in 65nm, 45nm, 32nm and 22nm technology nodes. Even then the worse case error in estimating energy is under 15% at 22nm technology node for 64-bit Kogge-Stone adder. The error in delay estimation is less than 6% for all the nodes. Our finding is that using average switching activity does not yield large errors while simplifying the estimation process greatly.
Massive cardiomegaly in a neonate.

T his 83 pound infant was the product of an uneventful pregnancy and delivery. Apgar scores were 1 and 6. Physical examination revealed a cyanotic newborn with a heart rate of 120 per minute, respiratory rate of 50 per minute, and systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg in all extremities. There was a grade 2/6 pansystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border, a prominent mid-diastolic murmur, and a third heart sound. The liver was enlarged 3 cm below the right costal margin and was non-pulsatile. Umbilical arterial blood gases revealed : pH of 7.36; P02 55 mm Hg; Pco2 36 mm Hg. The electrocardiogram showed first degree heart block, right atrial enlargement, right axis deviation, and right bundle
Comparative Biomechanics of Thick Filaments and Thin Filaments with Functional Consequences for Muscle Contraction

The scaffold of striated muscle is predominantly comprised of myosin and actin polymers known as thick filaments and thin filaments, respectively. The roles these filaments play in muscle contraction are well known, but the extent to which variations in filament mechanical properties influence muscle function is not fully understood. Here we review information on the material properties of thick filaments, thin filaments, and their primary constituents; we also discuss ways in which mechanical properties of filaments impact muscle performance.
Pleural Effusion in Churg-Strauss Syndrome

A 33-year-old man with a two-year history of asthma and sinusitis presented with wheezing, pleuritis, bilateral pleural effusions, and patchy basilar infiltrates on chest roentgenogram. Laboratory studies revealed peripheral blood eosinophilia, and pulmonary function studies showed an obstructive pattern which was bronchodilator responsive. Thoracocentesis yielded an acidotic exudative effusion with low glucose, low C3, eosinophilia, and a markedly increased rheumatoid factor. Open lung biopsy revealed extensive eosinophilic interstitial pneumonitis with necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis. Although pleural effusions are present in 29 percent of Churg-Strauss patients, these effusions have not been well described. This report describes the pleural fluid findings in a case of Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Arzoxifene: a promising new selective estrogen receptor modulator for clinical chemoprevention of breast cancer.

Despite numerous major advances in the diagnostic, medical, and surgical management of breast cancer, the morbidity and mortality from this disease continue to be unacceptable. The need for a preventive approach to control breast cancer remains of paramount importance. Indeed, in the entire field of
Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Evolution of the Early Schubertellid Fusulinids

The types of the species belonging to the fusulinid genera Schubertella and Eoschubertella were examined from publications and type collections. Eoschubertella in general possesses all the features of Schubertella and therefore is a junior synonym of the latter. However, the concept of Eoschubertella best describes the genus Schubertina with its type species Schubertina curculi. Schubertina is closely related to the newly established genus Grovesella the concept of which is emended in this paper. Besides Schubertella, Schubertina, and Grovesella, the genera Mesoschubertella, Biwaella are reviewed and three new species, Grovesella nevadensis, Biwaella zhikalyaki, and Biwaella poletaevi, are described. The phylogenetic relationships of all Pennsylvanian—Cisuralian schubertellids are also proposed. Barrel-shaped Grovesella suggested being the very first schubertellid that appears sometimes in the middle—late Bashkirian time. In late Bashkirian it is then developed into ovoid to fusiform Schubertina. The latt...
Reliability and Validity of Preverbal Pain Assessment Tools

Pain assessments using three different observational pain assessment tools--the Post Operative Pain Score (POPS), the Nursing Assessment of Pain Intensity (NAPI), and the Pain Rating Scale (PRS)--were made on 98 preverbal children following surgery in an attempt to establish the reliability and validity of the three tools. Two observers (raters) scored pain intensity using each of the three instruments before and after administration of an analgesic. Interrater agreements were satisfactory on all three tools, with Interclass Correlations (ICC) ranging from .71 to .85. T tests supported the discriminant validity of all three tools at the p < .0001 level. The POPS and NAPI had internal consistency reliability alphas ranging from .79 to .88 for the POPS and .59 to .77 for the NAPI. Item analyses suggested specific revisions of the tools that might increase their reliability.
Photoplethysmograph fingernail sensors for measuring finger forces without haptic obstruction

A new type of touch sensor for detecting contact pressure at human fingertips is presented. This new sensor allows the fingers to directly contact the environment without obstructing the human's natural haptic senses. The finger touch force is detected by measuring changes in the coloration of the fingernail; hence the sensor is mounted on the fingernail rather than on the fingertip. Specifically, the fingernail is instrumented with miniature light emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors in order to measure changes in the reflection intensity when the fingertip is pressed against a surface. The changes in intensity are then used to determine changes in the blood volume under the fingernail, a technique termed "reflectance photoplethysmography". A hemodynamic model is used to investigate the dynamics of the blood volume at two locations under the fingernail. A miniaturized prototype nail sensor is designed, built, and tested. The theoretical analysis is verified through experiment and simulation.
Tourism cognitive distance: a set of research propositions.

Abstract A series of propositions relating to cognitive distance in the context of tourism is presented. The propositions are intended to frame the state of existing knowledge and to guide the development of future research. They are developed from inferences and transitions from work reported in other fields, as well as from exploratory findings reported in the literature of tourism. The two schools of thought about how cognitive distance distortions are caused suggest that distortion occurs while either encoding or decoding information. These two processing perspectives provide a framework for the discussion and development of the propositions.
On the memory sharing problem

This paper presents an alternative proof for the structure of the optimal policy for the memory sharing problem, where several types of users share a common finite memory (or any other finite resource) and a policy is needed to allocate this memory among different types of service request. It is known that the optimal policy when there are two or three user types is "simple". The proofs given here are also for the case of two or three user types, and they show that any nonsimple policy can be improved upon by adding and/or removing some points from its state space until it becomes simple. >
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex.

Likelihood methods began their evolution in the early 1920s with R A Fisher, and have developed into a rich framework for inferential statistics. This framework offers tools for the analysis of the differential geometry of the full likelihood function based on observed data. We examine likelihood functions derived fro mi nverse Gaussian (IG) probability density models of cortical ensemble responses of single units. Specifically, we investigate the problem of sound localization from the observation of an ensemble of neural responses recorded from the primary (AI) field of the auditory cortex. The problem is frame da sa probabilistic inverse problem with multiple sources of ambiguity. Observed and expected Fisher information are defined for the IG cortical ensemble likelihood functions. Receptive field functions of multiple acoustic parameters are constructed and linked to the IG density. The impact of estimating multiple acoustic parameters related to the direction of a sound is discussed, and the implications of eliminating nuisance parameters are considered. We examine the degree of acuity afforded by a small ensemble of cortical neurons for locating sounds in space, and show the predicted patterns of estimation errors, which tend to follow psychophysical performance.
On the Distributional Properties of Model Selection Criteria

Abstract It is commonly accepted that statistical modeling should follow the parsimony principle; namely, that simple models should be given priority whenever possible. But little quantitative knowledge is known concerning the amount of penalty (for complexity) regarded as allowable. We try to understand the parsimony principle in the context of model selection. In particular, the generalized final prediction error criterion is considered, and we argue that the penalty term should be chosen between 1.5 and 5 for most practical situations. Applying our results to the cross-validation criterion, we obtain insights into how the partition of data should be done. We also discuss the small sample performance of our methods.
Evidence that late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits is triggered by the generation of nitric oxide.

Abstract Recent studies in conscious pigs and rabbits have demonstrated that a series of brief coronary occlusions renders the heart relatively resistant to myocardial “stunning” 24 hours later (late preconditioning [PC] against stunning). The mechanism of this powerful cardioprotective response is unknown. The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the development of late PC against stunning is triggered by increased generation of NO during the first ischemic challenge. Conscious rabbits underwent a sequence of six 4-minute coronary occlusion/4-minute reperfusion cycles for 3 consecutive days (days 1, 2, and 3). On day 1, rabbits received either an intravenous infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine (L-NA, 13 mg/kg before the first occlusion) (group II, n=10) or vehicle (group I [control], n=10). In the control group, on day 1 systolic wall thickening (WTh) in the ischemic/reperfused region remained significantly depressed for 4 hours after the sixth reperfusion, indi...
Conservative Management of the Young Arthritic Knee: Latest Concepts and Methods

Osteoarthritis is becoming more commonplace in younger age groups. These patients are more demanding to treat since they want to continue an active life style but wish to obtain significant pain relief with higher levels of activity. This review article will cover the various medical treatments available before operative intervention with total knee replacement is offered to this patient population.
An Examination of Religious Priming and Intrinsic Religious Motivation in the Moral Hypocrisy Paradigm

Reliable individual differences have not yet been identified in moral hypocrisy. This research examined whether intrinsic religious motivation combined with an experimental religious priming manipulation would predict decreased moral hypocrisy. A sample of Christian college students (N =142) completed the Religious Orientation Scale—Revised, and the moral motivation paradigm, which tests whether participants will act in accordance with their moral beliefs at a cost to themselves. Half the participants received religious priming prior to the procedure. Intrinsic religiosity predicted decreased moral hypocrisy, but only when religiosity was primed. Findings support Allport’s view of intrinsic religiosity, but with an emphasis on cognitive processes in addition to motivational ones.
I Remember When You Taught Me That! Preschool Children's Memories of Realistic Learning Episodes

This study examined whether preschool children are able to identify the source of new knowledge that they acquired in a stimulating, interactive learning context. Sixty 4- to 5-year-old children participated in two staged learning events. Several days later, children were asked questions that assessed their knowledge of factual information presented during the events. Children indicated whether they knew the answer to each question and whether they remembered the moment they learned it (i.e. had an episodic memory of the learning event), and then recalled event details. A majority of preschoolers were able to accurately identify how they had learned at least some factual information, but this ability was not consistent across children and test items. Recall of event-specific details was positively correlated with correct answers to factual questions. The results indicate that when preschool children are asked to reflect on past learning experiences that occurred in complex and realistic contexts, their source monitoring abilities are evident but not yet fully developed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prime Implicate Tries

The prime implicate trie (pi -trie) of a logical formula is a tree whose branches are labeled with the prime implicates of the formula. The technology of reduced implicate tries is employed to analyze the structure of pi -tries. Appropriate lemmas and theorems are proved, and an algorithm that builds the pi -trie from a logical formula is developed. Preliminary experimental results are presented.
The natural history of intracranial venous angiomas

Cerebral venous angiomas are congenital anomalies of the intracranial venous drainage. Many believe that they are associated with a high risk of hemorrhage and neurological dysfunction, but newer neurodiagnostic imaging techniques are showing not only that they are more common than previously known but also that many have no associated symptoms. In this retrospective study, the natural history of venous angiomas was examined in 100 patients (48 males and 52 females) with radiographically identifiable lesions treated over a 14-year period. Information on the natural history of the lesion was obtained from clinical records and follow-up data. Imaging studies included angiography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Angioma locations were classified as frontal (42 cases), parietal (24 cases), occipital (4 cases), temporal (2 cases), basal or ventricular (11 cases), cerebellar (14 cases), or brain stem (3 cases); 47 lesions were on the left side. Headache as a presenting symptom was common (36 patients) and often led to other radiographic studies, but this appeared to be related to the vascular lesion in only four patients. Other possibly related complications were hemorrhage in one patient, seizures in five, and transient focal deficits in eight. Fifteen patients had no neurological signs or symptoms. The mean patient age at last contact was 45.3 years (range 3 to 94 years). All patients have been managed without surgery. It is concluded that significant complications secondary to venous angiomas are infrequent and that surgical resection of these lesions and of surrounding brain is rarely indicated.
An Unusual Case of Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman Disease Manifesting as an Epibulbar Mass.

Purpose: To report an unusual presentation of a 48-year-old man with a salmon-colored epibulbar mass, whose pathology was consistent with extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD). Method: We conducted a retrospective and interventional case report. Results: A 48-year-old white man presented with progressive left eye irritation, redness, and multiple large subcutaneous nodules on his arms and torso over the past year. He did not have any lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis, or fever. Visual acuity and intraocular pressures were normal in both eyes. He had mild vertical diplopia on downward gaze. Slit lamp examination revealed a non-tender salmon-colored epibulbar mass of 1.0 × 1.2 cm. Incisional biopsy was performed. Histopathologic evaluation revealed emperipolesis, with positive CD68, positive S100, and negative CD1a staining. These findings were consistent with extranodal RDD. At the 24-month follow-up, there were no signs of recurrence, and his diplopia resolved. Conclusions: This case of RDD is rare because of the concurrent epibulbar mass with subcutaneous nodules on the torso and arms. Extranodal RDD with epibulbar mass involvement tends to be unilateral, occurring mainly in males, and evenly among people of white and black race. An epibulbar mass of any color should raise concern for systemic lymphoma and RDD. The clinical course for extranodal RDD is typically benign. Excisional biopsy is often done for diagnosis and treatment. Recurrence of the unilateral epibulbar mass after biopsy is rare, but common with bilateral epibulbar masses.
Estrogen reduces myogenic tone through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism in rat cerebral arteries

Gender differences in the incidence of stroke and migraine appear to be related to circulating levels of estrogen; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Using resistance-sized ...
Establishment and Persistence of Yellow-Flowered Alfalfa No-Till Interseeded into Crested Wheatgrass Stands

Crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., A. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult., and related taxa] often exists in near monoculture stands in the northern Great Plains. Introducing locally adapted yellow-flowered alfalfa [Medicago sativa L. subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang.] would complement crested wheatgrass. Our objective was to evaluate effects of seeding date, clethodim {(E) -2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]propyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} sod suppression, and seeding rate on initial establishment and stand persistence of Falcata, a predominantly yellow-flowered alfalfa, no-till interseeded into crested wheatgrass. Research was initiated in August 2008 at Newcastle, WY; Hettinger, ND; Fruitdale, SD; and Buffalo, SD. Effects of treatment factors on plant frequency during initial establishment were influenced by site environments. Late summer and spring were suitable seeding dates. Clethodim sod suppression increased seedling frequency in most cases. Seedling frequency increased as seeding rate increased from 0.56 to 7.84 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha–¹. Specific seeding dates, clethodim sod suppression, and high seeding rates did not greatly improve initial establishment when site environments were poor. Residual effects of seeding date and sod suppression post establishment were not significant at most locations, but seeding rate effects were evident. Initial establishment and persistence of Falcata alfalfa was successful at Newcastle, indicating that interseeding in late summer or spring using low seeding rates (≤3.36 kg PLS ha–¹) without clethodim can be effective. Assessing grass canopy cover, soil texture, and management (e.g., haying) is necessary to determine the suitability of crested wheatgrass sites for interseeding.
Differentially private publication of data on wages and job mobility

Brazil, like many countries, is reluctant to publish business-level data, because of legitimate concerns about the estab- lishments' confidentiality. A trusted data curator can increase the utility of data, while managing the risk to establishments, either by releasing synthetic data, or by infusing noise into published statistics. This paper evaluates the application of a differentially private mechanism to publish statistics on wages and job mobility computed from Brazilian employer-employee matched data. The publication mechanism can result in both the publication of specific statistics as well as the generation of synthetic data. I find that the tradeoff between the privacy guaranteed to individuals in the data, and the accuracy of published statistics, is poten- tially much better that the worst-case theoretical accuracy guarantee. However, the synthetic data fare quite poorly in analyses that are outside the set of queries to which it was trained. Note that this article only explores and characterizes the feasibility of these publication strategies, and will not directly result in the publication of any data.
Imaging through an optical vortex

A bright coherent light source such as a laser can obscure an image. An optical vortex phase mask was used to create a coherence window, allowing us to eliminate the coherent glare and observe the image. Coherent noise reduction, coherent nulling for astronomical detection and sensor protection applications are possible.
Genetics in the Colonization of Natural Enemies for Biological Control

The colonization of natural enemies for biological control purposes has met with limited success in the past. The reasons for the disappointingly low ratio of number of species established to the number attempted are as yet obscure. Certain genetic factors may be important. The attributes thought to characterize the most successful natural enemies are compared with those characterizing successful colonizers. The 2 groups appear to be surprisingly alike in habits and traits. Several arguments are set forth to refute the idea commonly held that parasitoids are not potentially good colonizers. Studies concerning the relative “fitness” of interpopulation crosses within single species of insects are reviewed; the findings indicate that in many cases overall fitness is reduced below that of the original stock following the F1 generation. Possible reasons for this effect include the mixing of incompatible, coadapted genetic mechanisms. Several possibilities for future investigation are suggested that would increase our understanding of the importance of genetic factors in colonizing natural enemies, and perhaps lead to better colonizing procedures.
Recasting the Narrative of America: The Rewards and Challenges of Teaching American Indian History

With eleven federally recognized tribes, Wisconsin remains central to America's Indian past. The western center of the Great Lakes fur-trading empires, the nineteenth-century home to thousands of Algonquian, Siouan, and Iroquoian speakers, and the site of sev eral of the most intense political standoffs in the twentieth century, Wisconsin has always been and remains "Indian country."1 I knew such generalities upon appointment to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of History and American Indian Studies Program (aisp) in the fall of 1999. In fact, working in an environment seemingly so well situated for Indian history pow erfully attracted me to the position. I had no idea, however, how challenging enacting curricular initiatives amid such historical currents could be. For, while recent studies of American Indian history have forced reconsideration of innumerable aspects of the Amer ican experience, translating the achievements of such scholarly profusion into accessible lectures and navigable syllabi remains a constant struggle. Indian history appears increas ingly critical to nearly all epochs of the nation's past, while in the classroom reconciling commonplace assumptions about America with the traumatic histories of the continent's indigenous peoples can be an exceedingly turbulent endeavor. What follows are reflec tions based on my experience teaching the semester-long American Indian history survey course at Madison for the last seven years. My teaching has been uniquely rewarding, but it has sparked both challenges and concerns. First, as in any recently ascendant field of inquiry, scholarly insights and public con sciousness move at different speeds. What may seem to be the most important academic finding may not work so well in the classroom; given its historic marginalization, Indian history is particularly prone to such discrepancies. That American history was taught for so long without attention to the continent's original inhabitants and was written to cele brate certain chapters of the national story over others compounds this field's comparative disadvantages. The endless cacophony of simplistic media representations only deepens the challenge of engaging one of America's most complicated narratives. Such challenges are in many ways accentuated by several of Madison's general educa tion requirements, particularly an ethnic studies requirement that was introducted in the 1990s. Housed within an amalgam of ethnic studies program units, nearly all of Mad ison's aisp courses in 1999, including my American Indian history survey, fulfilled that
Reduced Sperm Motility in Plastic Containers

Semen analysis is a key element in the evaluation of the infertile couple. Because the type of container used for collection of the specimen may be important, we compared the effects of glass versus plastic containers on sperm motility. Ten semen specimens collected in clean glass jars were subdivided into four aliquots, two into glass containers and two into sterile plastic urine cups, and sperm motility was evaluated. During the first 60 minutes of observation, no significant differences in motility were noted between sperm held in glass and sperm held in plastic containers. After 60 minutes, however, sperm motility was significantly less in semen held in plastic containers. Plastic containers may adversely affect sperm motility; glass containers are therefore recommended for routine collection of samples for semen analysis. If plastic containers must be used, they should be evaluated thoroughly for their potential effects on semen quality.
Noise from a Supersonic Round Jet Discharging Into a Duct

In an effort to understand an 'unwanted noise' problem occasionally encountered in ground test facilities, the interaction of a jet flow with a duct is studied in a model scale experiment. While the interaction of subsonic jets was studied earlier, that of supersonic jets is considered in this paper. The effect of the presence of a cylindrical duct in the path of the jet is studied through sound pressure level spectral measurements as well as schlieren flow visualization. When the jet involves screech tones the placement of the duct is found to make only minor effects on the tones themselves as well as on the high frequency noise. However, there is increased energy at low frequencies. The increase in low frequency noise becomes clearer when screech is eliminated from the jet by two small tabs placed at the nozzle exit. It is shown that spectral peaks and increased sound pressure levels occur at frequencies corresponding to the axial acoustic resonance modes of the duct. These peaks persist into the supersonic regime, however, their amplitudes diminish relative to increasing spectral amplitudes at other frequencies with increasing jet Mach number. A wire-mesh screen attached to the end of the duct effectively suppresses such unwanted noise at subsonic as well as supersonic conditions.
Les réseaux européens MICHELANGELO et HTR-TN : des expériences de coopération internationale efficaces

Dans la situation difficile que traverse l'energie nucleaire en Europe, la preparation d'un renouveau par le developpement de technologies nucleaires innovantes ne peut se faire qu'au travers de larges partenariats internationaux. L'experience des reseaux europeens MICHELANGELO et HTR-TN montre comment de tels partenariats peuvent fonctionner de facon efficace. Le reseau MICHELANGELO a produit des propositions tres precises sur la strategie de R&D a mettre en place au niveau europeen pour soutenir des approches innovantes a vocation industrielle. Il a developpe un large consensus de la recherche et de l'industrie nucleaire europeennes autour de ces propositions. Le reseau HTR-TN met en oeuvre une telle strategie pour le developpement de la technologie des reacteurs a haute temperature et a deja produit des resultats tres utiles pour l'industrie.
Improvement and Application of Axial Swirl Burner in Supercritical Lignite 600 MW Unit

Based on the transformation to the swirling burner of lignite supercritical unit produced by Harbin Boiler Factory.Problems are resolved such as the boiler burner coking,reheater desuperheating water exceeding the standard during full load and other issues in start-up commissioning process.Reference is provided to the same type units in the installation and operation.
OUTPATIENT DIABETES MANAGEMENT OF MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES IN FOUR MISSISSIPPI FEE-FOR-SERVICE PRIMARY CARE CLINICS

BACKGROUND As part of a quality improvement initiative aimed at increasing physician compliance with standards of care for diabetes patients, diabetes practice patterns among Medicare beneficiaries in four primary care clinics were examined in Mississippi. METHODS Retrospective chart reviews of Medicare beneficiaries with a diagnosis of diabetes were conducted to examine physician compliance with recommended diabetes monitoring services. RESULTS Fifty-three percent of all beneficiaries did not have a recorded A1c test while 54 percent did not have a recorded foot exam. The percentage without foot exams decreased with quarterly visits. Seventy-two percent and 68 percent of patients had testing for lipids and proteinuria, respectively, although variability in types of testing performed was seen. Seventy-six percent of beneficiaries did not have a referral for a dilated eye exam. CONCLUSIONS The study has uncovered, within several primary care sites in Mississippi, variable documentation of compliance with many clinically relevant recommendations relating to the care of elderly patients with diabetes. These items can be targeted for improvement as part of a statewide quality improvement initiative for Medicare beneficiaries.