cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptotics of the discrete spectrum for a radial Schrödinger operator with nearly Coulomb potential

The radial Schrodinger equation with Coulomb potential perturbed on a compact set is considered. An asymptotic formula for the discrete spectrum is obtained. It follows from this formula that the quantum defect tends to a constant when the principal quantum number tends to infinity. An explicit expression of this constant through the perturbation is obtained.
Decreased ribosomal RNA content and in vitro RNA synthesis in purified bone marrow erythroblasts of patients with idiopathic ineffective erythropoiesis and DiGuglielmo disease.

Ribsomal RNA content and in vitro 3 H-uridine and 3 H-thymidine incorporation were examined in purified marrow erythroblasts of patients with idiopathic ineffective eryth- ropoiesis (HE) and DiGuglielmo disease (DD) and compared with cells from normal marrows. Whereas H-thymidine incorporation rates were normal in all patients, 3 H-uridine incorporation was 42%-75% of normal in cells from patients examined. Ribosomal RNA content was measured by spectrophotometric scanning of RNA electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels and corrections made for contamination of the erythroblast preparations with ribosome bearing reticulocytes. In cells from every patient examined RNA content was decreased to 60-76% of normal. Uridine incorporation and rRNA content of patients with β thalassemia minor and megaloblastic anemia were normal, suggesting that the defects observed in HE and DD were not due to ineffective erythropoiesis per se. Since erythroblast ribosomes may be rate limiting in protein synthesis, we postulate that even a minor decrease in ribosome content might engender the ubiquitous abnormalities reported in erythroid cells in both HE and DD.
Uncertainties in Building a Strategic Defense

Building a strategic defense against nuclear ballistic missiles involves complex and uncertain functional, spatial, and temporal relations. Such a defensive system would evolve and grow over decades. It is too complex, dynamic, and interactive to be fully understood initially by design, analysis, and experiments. Uncertainties exist in the formulation of requirements and in the research and design of a defense architecture that can be implemented incrementally and be fully tested to operate reliably. The analysis and measurement of system survivability, performance, and cost-effectiveness are critical to this process. Similar complexities exist for an adversary's system that would suppress or use countermeasures against a missile defense. Problems and opportunities posed by these relations are described, with emphasis on the unique characteristics and vulnerabilities of space-based systems.
Isolation and biochemical properties of four forms of glycosylated porcine prolactin

Abstract Four isoforms of glycosylated prolactin (G-pPRL) were isolated from porcine pituitary glands by affinity chromatography and concanavalin A-Sepharose, based upon differences in their affinity for the lectin. Structural analysis indicated differences in the carbohydrate units of the four G-pPRLs. N -glycanase treatment cleaved the oligosaccharide from the G-pPRLs, establishing N-linked glycosylation. The binding of G-pPRLs to receptors from lactating rabbit mammary glands was only 3–8% that of nonglycosylated pPRL (NG-pPRL). The immunological crossreactivity of the G-pPRLs varied from 36 to 65% that of NG-pPRL. When tested in the pigeon crop sac bioassay, G-pPRLs were only 11–40% as active as NG-pPRL. The metabolic clearance rate of one of the G-pPRLs was slower and another faster than that of NG-pPRL. We conclude that there are several forms of G-PRL of variable immuno- and bio-potencies in the porcine pituitary, and that the current radioimmunoassay for the hormone does not measure the actual bioactivity.
The assessment of Chroma sensitivity to porcelain pigments

Based on this data, the matching porcelain shade is determined with reference to tables provided with the instrument. The quantities of color modifier additions that might be necessary to more closely match the patient’s dentition are obtained by using tabulated data. This study compares the sensitivity of a clinical electronic colorimeter and a group of human observers to the colored pigments used in commercial dental porcelains. Fig. 1. Clinical calorimeter used in this study.
Resistivity, magnetoresistance, and hall effect studies in VOx(0.82 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.0)☆☆☆

Abstract Resistivity (ϱ), magnetoresistance ( Δϱ ϱ 0 ), and Hall coefficient (R) measurements were carried out on annealed, polycrystalline, single phase VOx(0.82 ⩽ x ⩽ 1.0) samples at T = 4.2, 77, 300°K. These samples did not undergo a semiconductor-metal transition; they had room temperature resistivities in the range 10−3 > ϱ > 10−4 Ω cm, small negative values of dϱ dT , small Hall coefficients R ∼ 5 × 10−4 cm3/C, and positive values of Δϱ ϱ 0 at 4.2°K. An overlapping band structure model is proposed to explain these and comparable observations in the literature.
Taking gender to market

Debating markets requires debating values. To answer questions of how free markets affect women, we must first ask about standards of measurement. We should also ask how we can have a “free” market when the participants can never be free from gender bias.
SOME GENERALIZATIONS OF THE TRAPPING PROBLEM

Abstract We consider two effects on kinetics that have not generally been taken into account in analyses of classical trapping models for the reactions A + T → T and A + T → 0: the effects due to correlations in the initial positions of the A's and those due to the state of mobility of each of the species. Our analysis is formulated in terms of three-dimensional Brownian motion. We give a heuristic treatment of the short-time regime based on statistical properties of the Wiener sausage. The effects of initially correlated positions are modelled in terms of a set of a multiplicity of A particles located at the origin.
E-Government as an Emergent Force of Change

This study explores the role of technology as an emergent change agent, represented by electronic or e-government implementation, in the Sabah public administration. Based on case study methodology, views from18 key stakeholders were gathered through in-depth interviewing. Findings indicate that the perception and interpretation of technology influences employees’ mental readiness to serve as change agents, affecting their action in facilitating change. Technological change has led to the constant modification of human action, organizational strategy, structure, and performance, all of which interact to shape the significance of e-government implementation. The study extends Fountain’s (2001) perspective of technology enactment and Orlikowski’s (1992) duality of technology. In the context of change, technology affects employees’ interpretation of its role, conceptualization of use, actual usage, and perception towards work and the organization. The paper offers a framework of e-government in emergent chan...
A Method for the Determination of Flame Temperature from Emission in the Ultraviolet OH Band

A new method for flame temperature measurement has been developed involving measurement of radiation, emitted by flames, in a narrow wavelength interval within the ultraviolet OH emission band. The mean value of flame emissivity within the wavelength interval is evaluated by measurement of mean flame transmission for a continuous spectrum source. The method requires that the wavelength interval studied be so narrow that the emission of the source used for transmission measurement and that of a blackbody at flame temperature both be approximately constant over the interval.The method has been tested on steady flames over temperature ranges from 2000°K to 3000°K and excellent agreement obtained with sodium line reversal measurements. Temperatures of pulsed flames have been determined from photographic traces obtained with a monochromator-photo-multiplier-oscilloscope-camera combination. Two high speed light choppers were used, one to interrupt the radiations entering the monochromator and the other to interrupt, at a different frequency, the radiations from a hydrogen discharge lamp transmitted by the flame to the monochromator. The time resolution was 0.10 millisecond and the accuracy in temperature measurement about 40°K in the range 2000°K to 3000°K. The method was calibrated by means of sodium line reversal although it is easily adaptable to absolute calibration.
Thick strings, the liquid crystal blue phase, and cosmological large-scale structure

A phenomenological model based on the liquid crystal blue phase is proposed as a model for a late-time cosmological phase transition. Topological defects, in particular thick strings and/or domain walls, are presented as seeds for structure formation. It is shown that the observed large-scale structure, including quasi-periodic wall structure, can be well fitted in the model without violating the microwave background isotropy bound or the limits from induced gravitational waves and the millisecond pulsar timing. Furthermore, such late-time transitions can produce objects such as quasars at high redshifts. The model appears to work with either cold or hot dark matter.
Diseases of the lips and oral cavity of domestic animals

Oral and lip lesions in domestic animals, as in man, may be due to a vast number of diseases. While some of these diseases are unique to each species, the majority of them are similar to human afflictions. These represent an untapped resource in comparative medicine, and research in this area can only benefit both man and the domestic animals he is dependent upon.
Composition of the first bulk melt sample from a volcanic region of Mars: Queen Alexandra Range 94201

Antarctic meteorite Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 94201 is a 12 g basaltic achondrite dominated by plagioclase (now maskelynite) and zoned low- and high-Ca pyroxene. Petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic analyses indicate that it is related to previously described basaltic and lherzolitic shergottites, which are a group of igneous meteorites that are believed to be from Mars. Unlike previous shergottites, however, QUE 94201 represents a bulk melt rather than a cumulate fraction, meaning it can be used to infer magmatic source regions and the compositions of other melts on Mars. This melt has much more Fe and P than basaltic melts produced on Earth and formed at a much lower oxygen fugacity. This has altered the crystallization sequence of the melt, removing olivine from the liquidus to produce a plagioclase and 2-pyroxene assemblage. If the high-phosphorus and low-oxygen fugacity conditions represented by QUE 94201 are common in magmatic regions of Mars, then olivine may be rare in martian basalts. No solar cosmic ray effects were seen in the concentrations of 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl with depth in the meteorite, implying at least 3 cm of ablation during entry to Earth. Significant excesses of neutron capture noble gas isotopes (80, 82Kr and 128, 131Xe) suggest that the QUE 94201 sample came from a depth >22 cm in a meteoroid of at least that radius. The meteorite also has very low 21Ne/22Ne, which would often be interpreted to mean little ablation (contradicting above evidence) but, in this case, appears to reflect a very low abundance of Mg (the principal target element for Ne) in the meteorite, consistent with our bulk chemical analyses. The meteorite has a terrestrial 36Cl age of 0.29 ± 0.05 Myr and a 10Be exposure age of 2.6 ± 0.5 Myr in a 4 geometry, implying an ejection age of 2.9 ± 0.5 Myr.
Deliberate identities: becoming local in America in a global age

As the world becomes increasingly interlinked through the processes of globalization, many have argued that geography as a basis for identity is losing its resonance. However, the potentially homogenizing effects of globalization and corporatization have, in turn, spawned a notable move in the opposite direction in the United States. James “Pete” Shortridge has referred to this move as neolocalism, the conscious attempt of individuals and groups to establish, rebuild, and cultivate local ties and identities. The word “local” has, as a result, taken on renewed vigor over the past two decades, as it is actively embraced as a counter to globalism. But what does it mean, and how is it used? Because it is consciously cultivated, this idea of identity becomes much more than a statement of “who I am”; it becomes a broader political, social, and economic undertaking. This paper examines a wide variety of manifestations of neolocal identity building such as microbreweries, local food movements, and the local livin...
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of triethoxysilane on germania: a model study for silane-glass adhesion

Abstract IET spectra are presented for the first time for inorganic monolayers adsorbed on artificial tunnel barriers. They are obtained from hydrolyzed triethoxysilane (TES) monolayers introduced onto ultra-thin sputtered germania films incorporated in Al/germania/TES/Pb tunnel junctions. The minimum thickness required for germania film continuity is determined to be ∼ 1.5nm using a reliable method which is described. Three techniques are then used to dope the germania surface with TES; these are by exposure to: (i) TES vapor under a dry nitrogen atmosphere, (ii) TES vapor under a water vapor/nitrogen atmosphere, and (iii) aqueous acidic hydrolyzed TES solution. Vibrational spectra obtained using (i) and (iii) are similar; in both cases strong Si H stretching and bending modes are present at approximately 2000–2200 cm −1 , and 900 cm −1 respectively. However, only very weak features due to residual CH species are present. These results confirm that the TES hydrolyses to a large degree and condenses on the germania surface. Spectra obtained using (ii) are similar to those obtained by the other two methods but also contain vibrational modes due to Si O Si stretching vibrations, which indicates that the TES not only hydrolyzes and condenses on the surface, but also polymerizes to form a hydrogenated polysiloxilane matrix. In contrast, spectra obtained for TES adsorbed on alumina using the same three techniques indicate that the TES neither hydrolyzes, condenses, nor polymerizes unless introduced from an aqueous acidic solution.
IL-10 Is Required for Optimal CD8 T Cell Memory following Listeria monocytogenes Infection

IL-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine that plays a central role in maintaining a balance between protective immunity against infection and limiting proinflammatory responses to self or cross-reactive Ags. We examined the full effects of IL-10 deficiency on the establishment and quality of T cell memory using murine listeriosis as a model system. IL-10(-/-) mice had reduced bacterial loads and a shorter duration of primary infection than did wild-type mice. However, the number of Ag-specific T cells in secondary lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs was diminished in IL-10(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice, at the peak of the effector response. Moreover, the frequency and protective capacity of memory T cells also were reduced in IL-10(-/-) mice when assessed up to 100 days postinfection. Remarkably, this effect was more pronounced for CD8 T cells than CD4 T cells. To address whether differences in the number of bacteria and duration of primary infection could explain these findings, both strains of mice were treated with ampicillin 24 hours after primary infection. Despite there being more comparable bacterial loads during primary infection, IL-10(-/-) mice still generated fewer memory CD8 T cells and were less protected against secondary infection than were wild-type mice. Finally, the adoptive transfer of purified CD8 T cells from previously infected wild-type mice into naive recipients conferred better protection than the transfer of CD8 T cells from immune IL-10(-/-) mice. Overall, these data show that IL-10 plays an unexpected role in promoting and/or sustaining CD8 T cell memory following Listeria monocytogenes infection.
Is spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia contraindicated for cesarean section

n a recent review article on spinal anesthesia for cesarean section (l), Kestin recommended the use I of subarachnoid anesthesia if epidural block was inadequate after the administration of the maximum allowable dose of local anesthetic (2). The use of spinal anesthesia in obstetrics has also been advocated for patients with potentially difficult airways, as this approach usually would obviate the need for general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation (3,4). From these statements, it might be construed that spinal anesthesia, rather than general anesthesia, would be safer under circumstances in which epidural block for cesarean section has failed in a patient with a potentially difficult airway. Two recent reports (2,5), and the following case report, suggest that subarachnoid anesthesia may be specifically contraindicated under these circumstances.
Empirical Studies for Evaluation and Investigation of a New Knowledge Representation Structure in Design Automation

The introduction of a new knowledge representation structure, the design exemplar, in design automation systems dictates the need for developing a set of evaluative and investigative measures. Current research trends have focused on offering implemented systems as validations of new structures or using algorithmic and runtime complexity measures as evaluations. A set of objective and quantitative measures are introduced for evaluating the design exemplar. Based upon these measures, a series of empirical studies are executed that preliminarily demonstrate the breadth and depth of the potential for using the design exemplar as a knowledge representation structure. These measures may also be used as the basis for conducting other studies to evaluate independently multiple representation structures in design automation.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Oxygen effects on methane production and oxidation in humid tropical forest soils

We investigated the effects of oxygen (O2) concentration on methane (CH4) production and oxidation in two humid tropical forests that differ in long-term, time-averaged soil O2 concentrations. We identified sources and sinks of CH4 through the analysis of soil gas concentrations, surface emissions, and carbon isotope measurements. Isotope mass balance models were used to calculate the fraction of CH4 oxidized in situ. Complementary laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of O2 concentration on gross and net rates of methanogenesis. Field and laboratory experiments indicated that high levels of CH4 production occurred in soils that contained between 9±1.1% and 19±0.2% O2. For example, we observed CH4 concentrations in excess of 3% in soils with 9±1.1% O2. CH4 emissions from the lower O2 sites were high (22–101 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1), and were equal in magnitude to CH4 emissions from natural wetlands. During peak periods of CH4 efflux, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions became enriched in 13C because of high methanogenic activity. Gross CH4 production was probably greater than flux measurements indicated, as isotope mass balance calculations suggested that 48–78% of the CH4 produced was oxidized prior to atmospheric egress. O2 availability influenced CH4 oxidation more strongly than methanogenesis. Gross CH4 production was relatively insensitive to O2 concentrations in laboratory experiments. In contrast, methanotrophic bacteria oxidized a greater fraction of total CH4 production with increasing O2 concentration, shifting the δ13C composition of CH4 to values that were more positive. Isotopic measurements suggested that CO2 was an important source of carbon for methanogenesis in humid forests. The δ13C value of methanogenesis was between −84‰ and −98‰, which is well within the range of CH4 produced from CO2 reduction, and considerably more depleted in 13C than CH4 formed from acetate.
Rebels with a cause: molecular features and physiological consequences of yeast prions

Prions are proteins that convert between structurally and functionally distinct states, at least one of which is self-perpetuating. The prion fold templates the conversion of native protein, altering its structure and function, and thus serves as a protein-based element of inheritance. Molecular chaperones ensure that these prion aggregates are divided and faithfully passed from mother cells to their daughters. Prions were originally identified as the cause of several rare neurodegenerative diseases in mammals, but the last decade has brought great progress in understanding their broad importance in biology and evolution. Most prion proteins regulate information flow in signaling networks, or otherwise affect gene expression. Consequently, switching into and out of prion states creates diverse new traits – heritable changes based on protein structure rather than nucleic acid. Despite intense study of the molecular mechanisms of this paradigm-shifting, epigenetic mode of inheritance, many key questions remain. Recent studies in yeast that support the view that prions are common, often beneficial elements of inheritance that link environmental stress to the appearance of new traits.
Throughput analysis of unscheduled multicast transmissions in WDM broadcast-and-select networks

In a WDM network, in order to receive a transmission on a wavelength nodes must tune their receiver to that wavelength. If each node has only a single receiver, a transmission on one wavelength may not be received by nodes that are tuned to receive a message on another wavelength. In the absence of a scheduling algorithm to coordinate the transmissions, multiple simultaneous transmissions to the same receiver are possible, resulting in a reduction in the system throughput. This problem is similar to that of scheduling traffic in an input queued switch, for which it was shown in Karol et al. (1987) that with unicast traffic, under uniform traffic conditions, the throughput of an N/spl times/N switch is limited to 58%. Here we consider a slotted system where the size of a slot is equal to the message size. We consider two transmission protocols. With the first protocol, which we call persistent, a message is repeatedly transmitted until it has been received by all of its intended recipients. The second protocol we consider introduces a random delay between retransmissions of a message.
Testimony Before Pennsylvania House of Representatives State Government Committee Re: Eminent Domain

This testimony was given to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives State Government Committee at a public hearing held to consider a proposed legislative response to the Supreme Court's decision in Kelo v. New London. The testimony suggests that legislators consider giving homes more protection than other types of property in the eminent domain context. It also suggests a number of steps the legislature could take to protect private property from eminent domain abuse while maintaining local governments' ability to use eminent domain to further legitimate public interests. Similar suggestions were made in a more academic context in my article "Home as a Legal Concept," also available on SSRN (http://ssrn.com/abstract=801245).
Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise

TIPTON, K. D., T. A. ELLIOTT, M. G. CREE, S. E. WOLF, A. P. SANFORD, and R. R. WOLFE. Ingestion of Casein and Whey Proteins Result in Muscle Anabolism after Resistance Exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 2073–2081, 2004. Purpose: Determination of the anabolic response to exercise and nutrition is important for individuals who may benefit from increased muscle mass. Intake of free amino acids after resistance exercise stimulates net muscle protein synthesis. The response of muscle protein balance to intact protein ingestion after exercise has not been studied. This study was designed to examine the acute response of muscle protein balance to ingestion of two different intact proteins after resistance exercise. Methods: Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Each group consumed one of three drinks: placebo (PL; N 7), 20 g of casein (CS; N 7), or whey proteins (WH; N 9). Volunteers consumed the drink 1 h after the conclusion of a leg extension exercise bout. Leucine and phenylalanine concentrations were measured in femoral arteriovenous samples to determine balance across the leg. Results: Arterial amino acid concentrations were elevated by protein ingestion, but the pattern of appearance was different for CS and WH. Net amino acid balance switched from negative to positive after ingestion of both proteins. Peak leucine net balance over time was greater for WH (347 50 nmol·min 1 ·100 mL 1 leg) than CS (133 45 nmol·min 1 ·100 mL 1 leg), but peak phenylalanine balance was similar for CS and WH. Ingestion of both CS and WH stimulated a significantly larger net phenylalanine uptake after resistance exercise, compared with the PL (PL 5 15 mg, CS 84 10 mg, WH 62 18 mg). Amino acid uptake relative to amount ingested was similar for both CS and WH (10–15%). Conclusions: Acute ingestion of both WH and CS after exercise resulted in similar increases in muscle protein net balance, resulting in net muscle protein synthesis despite different patterns of blood amino acid responses. Key Words: MUSCLE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, ARTERIOVENOUS BALANCE, NET MUSCLE PROTEIN BALANCE, MUSCLE BIOPSIES
Growth of aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes on bulk copper substrates by chemical vapor deposition

Successful growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays on copper substrate by thermal chemical vapor deposition is reported in this paper. The effects of Ti, Ni, and Ni–Cr intermediate layers have been studied to eliminate cracking of the copper surface during the synthesis of CNTs. It was found that these intermediate layers play a critical role in achieving vertical alignment of CNTs on copper substrates. The effects of other reaction parameters such as flow rate of ethylene, concentration of water vapor, and deposition temperature have also been studied. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the quality and nature of the CNT formed.
Site of uptake, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of ethofumesate in three turfgrass species

Abstract Site of uptake, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of ethofumesate were studied to determine the differential responses of annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and perennial ryegrass. Using barriers to isolate foliage or soil, the primary site of ethofumesate absorption was found to be the foliage. Symptoms resulting from foliar and over-the-top spray applications of ethofumesate to annual bluegrass included stunting of growth, epinasty, swelling of the crown, darker green color, and fusing of expanding leaf blades. Averaged over the course of the experiment, annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and perennial ryegrass absorbed 33, 11, and 13% of ethofumesate applied. No ethofumesate was detected distally from the treated leaf, but overall translocation of 14C 14 d after treatment (DAT) was 2.2, 5.8, and 2.2% of the absorbed 14C for annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and perennial ryegrass, respectively. Ethofumesate was rapidly metabolized in each species with half-lives ranging from ...
Spin Measurement in Top Quark Events at the LHC

Measurements of polarisation and spin correlations are presented in events with top quarks produced in pp collisions at the LHC. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of $$5 fb^{-1}$$ at $$\sqrt{s}$$ = 7 TeV and 20 $$fb^{-1}$$ at $$\sqrt{s}$$ = 8 TeV collected with the ATLAS and CMS detectors. The top quark polarization is measured in both single top quark production in the t-channel and $$t\bar{t}$$ pair-production, from the angular distributions of charged leptons in the rest frame of their parent top quark. The spin correlations are measured in $$t\bar{t}$$ events using various angular distributions of the decay products. The measurements are made using both template fitting methods and by unfolding the distributions to the parton-level, where differential measurements with respect to the invariant mass, rapidity, and transverse momentum of the $$t\bar{t}$$ system are also made. The spin correlation measurements are used to search for new physics in the form of a light top squark or an anomalous top quark chromo-magnetic dipole moment. All measurements are found to be in agreement with predictions of the standard model.
Partner Perspectives on Life with a Person with Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes affects all aspects of life for both the person with the disease and their loved ones. For partners, negotiating the caregiving role can be challenging. Objective : Partners of people with type 1 diabetes are positioned to provide crucial support for their significant other, but they may struggle with the caregiving role. The purpose of this study was to determine the challenges and needs of these partners. Research Design and Methods : In this qualitative study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 19 partners of people with type 1 diabetes. A semi-structured interview guide was used during the interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted using qualitative data management and analysis software. Results : The analysis of the interviews revealed that partners face numerous challenges in the caregiving of their partner. Partners reported struggling with: (1) emotional strain from fear and distress over diabetes symptoms and complications that results in caregiver burden; (2) determining how to avoid relationship conflict; and (3) knowing how to provide life sustaining care during diabetes medical emergencies. Conclusions : Partners of people with diabetes would benefit from diabetes education targeting emergency care and the psychosocial impacts of diabetes. This additional education could potentially ease the emotional strains of caregiving.
Temperature Regulation of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Populations in Imperial Valley Cotton

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) populations were sampled weekly in 14 cotton fields throughout the Imperial Valley in southern California during 1982 and 1983. Developmental thresholds were estimated to be 10.0°C (lower) and 32.2°C (upper) when linear regression was used to determine the least coefficient of variation of mean generation times calculated from a combination of possible thresholds. These compared favorably to thresholds derived from environmental chamber studies with a linear approximation technique. The mean generation times derived from the field studies ( n = 90) were 316.3 degree-days (°D) in 1982 and 316.0 °D in 1983. However, estimated heat-unit accumulations between observed peaks were much more variable. Valleywide summaries of the weekly samples showed that B. tabaci population grew exponentially during the cotton production season in both years.
Thickness Effect On The Crystallization Kinetics Of Electrolessly-Deposited Ni(P) Thin Films

In order to understand thickness and interfacial effects on the crystallization kinetics of amorphous solids, Ni(P) thin films electrolessly deposited on Cu seed layers were annealed at constant heating rates or at constant temperatures in a DSC to obtain activation energies andAvrami exponents. It was found that the activation energy of crystallization in Ni(P) changes asa function of sample thickness when the sample thickness is less than 1.0 μm. Furthermore, the Avrami exponent was found to change not only as a function of thickness but also as a function of annealing temperature.
The Cortés Codex of Vienna and Emperor Ferdinand I

The publication of a handsome facsimile edition of the Cortes Codex in the National Library at Vienna makes it peculiarly appropriate to raise again the long-disputed question why the volume was prepared and what the circumstances were that brought it to the Imperial Library at Vienna. The story of how the codex came to the attention of scholars is well known. In preparing his History of America, William Robertson hunted for Cortes' first letter in Spain without success. He then thought that since Charles V was in the Germanies when the letter arrived in Spain, it might have been forwarded to him and thereafter deposited in the Hapsburg Imperial Library in Vienna. Through the good offices of Sir Robert Murray, then British ambassador at the imperial court, permission was obtained from Empress Maria Theresa for a search not merely for the letter but also for any papers of interest for the History of America. The search did not bring to light the lost first letter but did uncover the Cortes Codex, and in it the letter of the city council of Veracruz written at the same time as Cortes' first letter. The codex contains also a copy of the fifth carta de relation of Cortes, unknown until then but now known to exist in other manuscript versions. Since Robertson's day, the Cortes Codex has been consulted continually. It has served as the basis for verifying the texts of those relaciones for which there are other copies, and is the sole source for the letter of the city council of Veracruz, which is usually published as the first carta de relation.
A Study of Substrate Materials for Use in Conjunction with Macro Fiber Composites

Prior work has shown that Macro Fiber Composites (MFCs) used in a unimorph configuration provide the largest actuation when bonded to a thin substrate with a high elastic modulus. However, when studying the load bearing capability of the unimorph, research has shown that the optimum solution is not as clear. A large deflection may not correlate with the largest deflection under loading. The work included in this paper studies the bending moment produced when a unimorph, consisting of an MFC bonded to a substrate, is actuated in a four point bend test. The goal of this research is to develop an optimal unimorph layup to provide large deflections and relatively high blocking force for active flight control on Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). Wind tunnel tests and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) results are presented and discussed.
Participation of the popliteal lymph node and spleen in the production of diphtheria antitoxin in the rabbit.

The objective of this study was the development of an experimental system for the elucidation of the mechanisms of antibody formation. It was first considered worthwhile to attempt to localize the antigen and possibly, therefore, the antibody-producing "mechanism" in as few organs as feasible. Under these conditions the possibilities for the study of antibody synthesis appeared great. Restriction of antigen to a few organs might limit antigenic stimulation of the host to these organs. Residual antigen and antibody might be expected to be present most regularly and in highest concentration in these organs where initial fixation of antigen occurred. Extirpation of one or more of the organs might then remove the antigenic stimulus or the actual "mechanism" involved in antibody synthesis. In addition to the attempt to localize the process of antibody formation, it was considered advantageous to employ the booster response to a second injection of diphtheria toxoid1 as a phenomenon which further increased the range of experimental possibilities. Since a great deal of evidence pointed
Potential for widespread electrification of personal vehicle travel in the United States

Large-scale adoption of electric vehicles will only occur if the needs of individual drivers are met. Here the authors present a model of the energy consumption of personal vehicles in the USA, allowing an evaluation of the adoption potential of electric vehicles.
Importance of ‘meeting of the minds’: patient-reported outcomes and MRI

Patient reported outcomes (PROs) are essential to the judicious care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatologists were pioneers in this field with the first papers using PROs published in the 1940s.1 Exploring the link between PROs, which are potentially subjective, and the more objective radiographic or MRI measures of structural damage and joint inflammation is important. The former describe the patient experience, which is after all the point of clinical medicine, while the latter provide information about the disease process itself, which can be influenced by clinicians using modern therapeutic approaches. The recent paper published by Baker et al 2 highlights a critical demonstration that inhibition of inflammation and progression of structural damage directly impacts reported pain of patients with RA and physical function, and positively influences their assessment of disease activity. This publication is one of several thought-provoking post hoc analyses performed within the MRI substudies of the Golimumab Before Employing Methotrexate as the First-Line Option in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis of Early Onset (GO-BEFORE) and Golimumab in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Methotrexate Therapy trials.3–6 The first meta-analyses to examine the link between physical function and radiographic damage were published in 2000 and 2003.7 ,8 These studies were performed in the prebiologic era, where even small cross-sectional cohort studies demonstrated an association between total radiographic damage and the health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI). A subsequent comprehensive literature review of publications between 1990 and 2008 (including some postbiologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) trials) eliminated cross-sectional studies9 and provided a synopsis of four key concepts regarding the relationship between structural damage and HAQ: (A) 9/19 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated a significant relationship between baseline radiographic damage and end of study HAQ, (B) 10/19 showed significant correlations cross-sectionally across the entire trial duration; …
Immigrants, Cultural Differences, and Trade Costs

We examine the effects of immigrants and cross-societal cultural differences on bilateral trade costs using two alternative measures of cultural differences (i.e. cultural distance and genetic distance). We find that bilateral trade costs generally increase with a rise in the cultural distance between trading partners but fall with a rise in the stock of immigrants. This implies that immigrants counter bilateral trade costs that are associated with greater cultural differences. Our observation is relevant from both migration and trade policy perspectives as it provides further evidence that immigrants serve as conduits for bridging cultural differences, facilitate international transactions, and enhance global economic integration.
Eco-design a key factor for micro and small enterprise development

The growing recognition of the importance of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) to economic development and social welfare in developing countries has led to the implementation of many projects and programmes aimed at assisting such enterprises in their daily operation and promoting their development. Many, if not most, of the interventions have been uni-directional, geared towards easing financial constraints by the promotion of credit and to upgrading technical skills through vocational schools. Until recently, little attention tended to be paid to product development and the environmental impact associated with MSEs production. More and more often, product development is being identified by different authors working with MSEs in various parts of the world as a key factor for their progress. The development of MSEs depends in great measure on the products they make. The greater competition in traditional markets is leading to a desperate need for product diversification. The introduction of eco-design has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of small enterprises and contribute to their development and sustainability. In the context of MSEs in developing countries, the concept of eco-design needs to incorporate the environmental, social and economic aspects of the design and production process. In these circumstances it can be defined as the process which creates product designs that are sustainable in terms of the environment and resource-use whilst considering the need for the product. It examines the intensity and optimisation of resource-use for product design, while involving local culture and tastes, and the overall production efficiency while simultaneously improving the product's quality to increase market opportunities. This paper analyses the way eco-design contributes to the development and economic and environmental sustainability of small enterprises and presents some products that were designed by Mexican artisans as a result of the eco-design training.
Recent developments in plant lighting

There is substantial interest among commercial growers and plant hobbyists, academics, and lighting manufacturers in the development of new lighting technologies and lighting applications. LEDs are of particular interest because of the ability to control the light spectrum to regulate crop growth characteristics as well as their increasing energy efficiency. This chapter briefly discusses recent developments in plant lighting including an international light symposium held in 2016, a new book on horticultural lighting, and the development of lighting standards for plant applications, which are especially needed for LEDs.
Is the development of policy in New Zealand based on Prevention First

The New Zealand Police, in response to the global financial crisis and escalating operating costs, implemented in 2008 the first of a number of change programs to increase its service delivery efficiency and effectiveness. The programs concentrated on reallocating resources from reactive service delivery to more proactive or preventative activities. By 2012, the change in emphasis enabled the police to reduce its organizational costs and achieve a number of government outcomes. It was hypothesized that owing to the success of the New Zealand Police, other New Zealand Government departments have adopted a preventative approach to reduce long-term social costs. By analyzing the strategic documents of three randomly selected, nonjustice sector government agencies, it was found that all three agencies had changed the focus of their service delivery to concentrate on specific prevention outputs with the intention of improving services and decreasing operating costs.
Bayesian fatigue damage and reliability analysis using Laplace approximation and inverse reliability method

This paper presents an efficient analytical Bayesian method for reliability and system response estimate and update. The method includes additional data such as measurements to reduce estimation uncertainties. Laplace approximation is proposed to evaluate Bayesian posterior distributions analytically. An efficient algorithm based on inverse first-order reliability method is developed to evaluate system responses given a reliability level. Since the proposed method involves no simulations such as Monte Carlo or Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, the overall computational efficiency improves significantly, particularly for problems with complicated performance functions. A numerical example and a practical fatigue crack propagation problem with experimental data are presented for methodology demonstration. The accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method is compared with simulation-based methods.
The response of strain and pendulum seismographs to surface waves

The theory of the response of strain and vectorial seismographs to surface waves is reviewed and extended. Preliminary observations are discussed.
Continuous gradient and discretized layered designs for control of stress wave scattering

Abstract The scattering of stress waves in graded media is discussed in this paper using a conversion of the heterogeneous wave equation to a potential form. In this form, the scattering and inverse scattering methods of mathematical physics can be used with proper enforcement of the boundary conditions on the mechanical quantities, i.e. displacements and tractions. Two approaches for design of non-reflective media are analyzed, one for all frequencies with infinite thickness, and one with finite thickness for a target frequency range. In the latter approach, the transformed potential is set to zero, and the wave speed can have almost any desired profile, from which the profile of impedance is derived. The dispersive behavior of the finite thickness design is studied. Finally, an example is discussed in which a continuous non-reflective profile is discretized to a piece-wise constant profile and the effect of such unavoidable practical constraints on the scattering of the designed layer is shown to be minimal.
Synthesis and characterization of RBI-1033, a potent inhibitor of prostate specific membrane antigen that activates RNase L

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 3952 Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II integral membrane protein. In healthy subjects, PSMA expression is highly expressed in the prostate and its expression is further upregulated in poorly differentiated and advanced prostate cancers. Furthermore, PSMA is also expressed on the tumor vascular endothelium of virtually all solid carcinomas and sarcomas, but not on normal vascular endothelium. Therefore, PSMA is a potentially useful target for diagnosis and therapy across a wide spectrum of solid tumors. RNase L is an interferon-regulated endoribonuclease that maps to the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele. RNase L functions in the interferon antiviral response by virtue of its ability to degrade single-stranded RNA, thus initiating a cellular stress response that leads to apoptosis. RNase L requires the activator molecule 5’-phosphorylated 2’,5’-linked oligoadenylate (2-5A). The purpose of this study was to design a new compound which can selectively activate RNase L in PSMA-expressing cells. We considered that it might be possible to target 2-5A to specific cells by linking it with a ligand for PSMA. Of the reported low molecular weight ligands for PSMA, ZJ24 appears to be the most readily modified. We modified ZJ24 with 2-5A through a 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-amidate linkage to generate RBI-1033. We measured the effect of RBI-1033 on folate hydrolase activity of PSMA. PSMA-positive membrane preparations were incubated with different concentrations of ZJ24, RBI-1033 and 2-5A with linker (RBI-1032) together with the substrate methotrexate diglutamate (MTXGlu2) for 1h. The amount of methotrexate and MTXGlu2 were then determined by HPLC. Remarkably, we found that compared to ZJ24 (IC50=53.9 nM), RBI-1033 was more than 10 times more potent (IC50=4.8 nM) as a folate hydrolase inhibitor, while the RBI-1032 alone showed an IC50 at 2 μM. Binding studies were performed by incubating membranes with different concentrations of the compounds in the presence of 12 nM of 3H-ZJ24 for 30 min. RBI-1033 inhibited the binding of 3H-ZJ24 to the cell membrane with an IC50 at 1.5 nM, compared to ZJ24 at 15.3 nM and RBI-1032 at 3.5 μM. Therefore, RBI-1033 had 10-times higher affinity for PSMA than ZJ24. In addition, RBI-1033 retained the ability to activate RNase L, albeit less efficiently than 2-5A. These exciting results showed that the new compound, RBI-1033 is more potent as a folate hydrolase inhibitor and has higher binding affinity to PSMA compared to the parent drug, ZJ24. Our studies may lead to superior and highly effective agents for imaging or therapy of cancer. Supported in part by NIH grants CA101069-02 and CA103943-01.
Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidative Decarboxylative (Hetero)Arylation of Unactivated C–H Bonds: Ni and Ag Synergy

Oxidative decarboxylative arylation reactions are potentially attractive routes to generate biaryl structures from simple and readily available precursors; yet, they are underutilized, because of limitations in the carboxylic acid scope. Here, we report a nickel catalyst system that enables the selective decarboxylative arylation of unactivated C–H bonds with a broad scope of (hetero)aromatic carboxylate coupling partners. Preliminary mechanistic insights suggest that the efficiency and selectivity of this protocol originate from cooperation between Ni and Ag.