cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishment of Native Semidesert Grasses into Existing Stands of Eragrostis lehmanniana in Southeastern Arizona

The semidesert grassland in southern Arizona has changed from a native grassland to a scattered Prosopis juliflora var. velutina (mesquite) woodland with an understory of African Eragrostis lehmanniana (Lehmann lovegrass) on many sites. To determine native grass restoration potential, seven species were direct seeded into E. lehmanniana stands that were left alive, burned, sprayed with an herbicide and then either left standing, or mowed. Initial native grass establishment was limited in the live standing treatment but was successful for all other treatments when either June or August sowing was followed by consistent summer precipitation and soil water availability. Four species, Bothriochloa barbinodis (cane beardgrass), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Digitaria californica (Arizona cottontop), and Leptochloa dubia (green spangletop) initially established most successfully, while only Muhlenbergia porteri (bush muhly) had consistently limited or no establishment. E. lehmanniana establishment from the seed bank was increased by canopy removal associated with burning. Densities of native grasses one year after successful initial establishment were much lower than that of E. lehmanniana. A possible revegetation strategy would be to spray emergent E. lehmanniana seedlings and surviving plants with an herbicide during the summer rainy season after spring burning. Native grasses could then be established by sowing in early August of that year or June and August of subsequent years until consistent precipitation produces a native grass stand.
Precentral cortical zones related to flexion and extension in two hindlimb movements in the monkey.

Abstract Single units were recorded in the leg region of precentral cortex in two alert rhesus monkeys while each performed two separate leg movements, a pedaling movement involving both legs and an ankle flexion-extension movement by the leg contralateral to the cortex studied. Most units could be classed as +F or +E for each movement, depending on whether they were activated during the flexion (+F) or extension (+E) phase of movement. The electrode penetrations were spaced 1 mm apart in a grid pattern (30–40 tracks/monkey). When the locations of +F or +E units for each movement were plotted on the grid of penetrations, they appeared to be organized into large homogeneous zones of either +F or +E cells with surprisingly little overlap between zones. The zones for the two different movements were similar but not identical. Consistency from one movement to the other improved if the pattern of EMG activity during the two movements was taken into account. These data suggest that relatively complex muscle synergies may be represented in the precentral cortex.
The “Psychological Reality” of American‐English Kinship Terms: An Information‐Processing Approach1

This research applies the information-processing theory of human thinking to an analysis of the psychological reality of American-English kinship terms. A general model in terms of cognitive structure and process is presented, its theoretical development closely tied to experimental testing. Two tasks involving the manipulation of terms of reference were administered to a sample chosen on the basis of subcultural affiliation; from the resulting data inferences are drawn about how kinship terms are structured in memory. Finally a classification of cognitive structure is presented and compared to the componential model of the componential analyst.
Exclusionary Epideictic: NOVA's Narrative Excommunication of Fleischmann and Pons

The documentary program "Confusion in a Jar," shown on the PBS series NOVA, is analyzed in terms of rhetorical theory. The program is characterized as an instance of the genre of epideictic rhetoric. However, unlike most studies of epideictic that emphasize the way the genre builds communion, in this case the negative side of epideictic as the rhetoric of exclusion or excommunication is investigated, especially its rhetorical function of closing off discussion. The program is shown to follow six episodes of an excommunication narrative modeled on the narrative structure of the New Testament Gospels.
Role of Interferons in the Thearpy of Melanoma

A range of potent immunoregulatory molecules termed cytokines has become available for the therapy of human melanoma. Among the cytokines, the interferons (IFN) have been examined in great depth for the therapy of melanoma. IFN are able to modulate host effector cell function, including the tumor cytolytic function of lymphocytes and monocytes. IFN also have the capacity to regulate the distribution of circulating immunoregulatory (T) lymphocytes and the expression of tumor cell surface antigens, as well as class I and II products of the major histocompatibility locus. These activities of the IFN have led to their early application for treatment of human melanoma. The empirical evidence that IFN alpha exerts clinically significant anti-tumor effects against melanoma is reviewed, and evolving status of adjuvant trials of IFN alpha and gamma is noted. New indirect host-mediated anti-tumor activities that may potentially be manifest by IFN have yet to be fully harnessed. The opportunity to obtain meaningful anti-tumor activity in advanced disease or adjuvant settings, at dose ranges below those which are toxic (conventional maximal tolerable), are at hand. The U.S. cooperative groups [Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB), and South West Oncology Group (SWOG)] are studying IFN gamma in pursuit of this goal in advanced and adjuvant settings for melanoma and other tumors. The determination of the clinical role of IFN as biologic response modifiers demands equal commitment to the clinical assessment of immunobiologic mechanisms and anti-tumor effects. The immunologic assessment of IFN and a number of other cytokines cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2) may be the most appropriate and is a major focus of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute. Regional delivery of least toxic approach, given their half-life. Regional therapy by the intralesional route has yielded enhanced activity for a range of biologics, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Intralymphatic therapy with methanol extraction residue of BCG (MER-BCG) has been tested, and trials are now in progress with IL-2 to assess the optimal dosage by this route. It is likely that the optimal role of IFN and other cytokines will be found in combination with one another, and with different biologic modalities such as monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, to allow expansion and heightened activity of the desired effector cell populations in the host. Enhanced host toxicities, as well as anti-tumor effects, may require that special attention be devoted to optimal sequence of administration to enhance the therapeutic index.
Do locally defined feature discontinuities capture attention

Results from previous visual search studies have suggested that abrupt onsets produce involuntary shifts of attention (i.e., attentional capture), but discontinuities in simple features such as color and brightness do not (Jonides & Yantis, 1988). In the present study we tested whether feature discontinuities (i.e., “singletons”) can produce attentional capture in a visual search task if defined “locally” or over a small spatial range. On each trial, a variable number of letters appeared, one of which differed from the others in color or intensity. The location of this singleton was uncorrelated with target location. Local discontinuities were created by embedding the letters in a dot texture. In Experiment 1, display size effects for singleton targets were not reduced with the addition of a background dot texture. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2, regardless of variations in texture density. Experiment 3 confirmed that when targets are defined by a color or intensity singleton, they are detected preattentively, and that increasing texture density yields faster detection. We conclude that the spatial range over which feature discontinuities are defined may influence the guidance of spatial attention, but it has no influence on their ability to capture attention.
Behavioral and physiological effects of monocular deprivation: a comparison of rearing with diffusion and occlusion.

Abstract To compare the effects of monocular deprivation produced by occlusion and diffusion, 9 cats were reared in the dark from birth to 4 weeks of age, when they were brought out for periods of exposure with one eye covered. For 3 cats, the left eye was covered with a white diffuser while the right eye received 8 h of normal patterned exposure (MD/D-8). For 2 cats, the left eye was covered with a black occluder while the right eye was exposed for 8 h (MD/O-8), and for 4 cats, the right eye was covered with a black occluder while the left eye was exposed for 1 h (MD/O-1). Monocular exposure continued until the cats were 3 months old, when they began receiving binocular exposure. For all cats, the visual field of the exposed eye was normal. For the MD/D cats, the field of the pattern-deprived eye was restricted to the monocular crescent, and resembled the fields of monocularly lid-sultured cats. in contrast, for the MD/O cats, the field of the pattern-deprived eye was much larger, extending nearly to the midline. Thus, monocular diffusion produced more restricted visual fields than did monocular occlusion. Preliminary physiological data from the MD/D-8 and MD/O-8 cats showed that more cortical cells responded to stimulation of the pattern-deprived eye in the MD/O-8 cats than in the MD/D-8 cats. Taken together with our earlier results on cats reared with unequal patterned input to the two eyes, these results further suggest that there is a temporal-to-nasal gradient in sensitivity to the effects of an imbalance in stimulation to the two eyes.
Control of ColE1 plasmid replication: Binding of RNA I to RNA II and inhibition of primer formation

Formation of the primer for ColE1 DNA replication from the primary transcript, RNA II, is regulated by an antisense transcript, RNA I. Exposure of elongating RNA II 100-360 nucleotides long to RNA I inhibits subsequent primer formation. However, primer forms normally for transcripts longer than 360 nucleotides. Therefore, the rate of binding of RNA I to RNA II is crucial to regulation. The binding rate varies among RNA II transcripts of different lengths. Transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides are bound faster than shorter ones. The Rom protein enhances binding of RNA I to these longer transcripts, whereas it suppresses binding to some shorter ones. The insensitivity to RNA I of transcripts longer than 360 nucleotides is not due to the absence of RNA I binding but to this binding having no effect on primer formation.
Hoarding of animals: an under-recognized public health problem in a difficult-to-study population.

Objective The objective of this study was to better characterize the problem of hoarding, or pathological collecting, of animals. Methods The author summarized data from a convenience sample of 54 case reports from 10 animal control agencies and humane societies across the country. Results The majority (76%) of hoarders were female, and 46% were 60 years of age or older. About half of the hoarders lived in single-person households. The animals most frequently involved were cats, dogs, farm animals, and birds. The median number of animals per case was 39, but there were four cases of more than 100 animals in a household. In 80% of cases animals were reportedly found dead or in poor condition. Prevalence estimates extrapolated from these data range from 700 to 2000 U.S. cases annually. Conclusions Public health authorities should recognize that animal hoarding may be a sentinel for mental health problems or dementia, which merit serious assessment and prompt intervention. Improved cooperation between humane societies and public health authorities could facilitate the resolution of animal hoarding cases.
Integrated neuroscience program: an alternative approach to teaching neurosciences to chiropractic students.

Purpose Most chiropractic colleges do not offer independent neuroscience courses because of an already crowded curriculum. The Palmer College of Chiropractic Florida has developed and implemented an integrated neuroscience program that incorporates neurosciences into different courses. The goals of the program have been to bring neurosciences to students, excite students about the interrelationship of neuroscience and chiropractic, improve students' understanding of neuroscience, and help the students understand the mechanisms underpinning the chiropractic practice. This study provides a descriptive analysis on how the integrated neuroscience program is taught via students' attitudes toward neuroscience and the comparison of students' perceptions of neuroscience content knowledge at different points in the program. Methods A questionnaire consisting of 58 questions regarding the neuroscience courses was conducted among 339 students. The questionnaire was developed by faculty members who were involved in teaching neuroscience and administered in the classroom by faculty members who were not involved in the study. Results Student perceptions of their neuroscience knowledge, self-confidence, learning strategies, and knowledge application increased considerably through the quarters, especially among the 2nd-year students. Conclusions The integrated neuroscience program achieved several of its goals, including an increase in students' confidence, positive attitude, ability to learn, and perception of neuroscience content knowledge. The authors believe that such gains can expand student ability to interpret clinical cases and inspire students to become excited about chiropractic research. The survey provides valuable information for teaching faculty to make the course content more relevant to chiropractic students.
Closing the Assessment Loop

The idea for this article originated in what sounded like a simple request from Change editor, Peg Miller. She asked for some examples of the ways in which the results of student learning outcomes ...
Path-sensitive value-flow analysis

When analyzing programs for value recomputation, one faces the problem of naming the value that flows between equivalent computations with different lexical names. This paper presents a data-flow analysis framework that overcomes this problem by synthesizing a name space tailored for tracing the values whose flow is of interest to a given data-flow problem. Furthermore, to exploit recomputation of a value with multiple, synonymous names, path-sensitive value numbering on the synthetic name space is developed. Optimizations that rely on value flow to detect redundant computations, such as partial redundancy elimination and constant propagation, become more powerful when phrased in our framework.The framework is built on a new program representation called Value Name Graph (VNG) which gains its power from integrating three orthogonal techniques: symbolic back-substitution, value numbering, and data-flow analysis. Our experiments with the implementation show that analysis on the VNG is practical in both time and space.
A Mössbauer study of pseudotachylytes: redox conditions during seismogenic faulting

The redox conditions during frictional melting provide information on the physical and chemical conditions during seismic slip in the crust. Here we examine frictional melts from five localities by analyzing host rocks and corresponding pseudotachylytes using Mossbauer spectroscopy. The faults examined are located at South Mountain, Arizona; Fort Foster, Maine (two localities); Long Ridge fault, North Carolina; and the Homestake shear zone, Colorado. The main iron-bearing phases in the pseudotachylytes are phyllosilicates (biotite, muscovite and clays) and iron oxides (magnetite and hematite) and minor pyrite. The ferrous/ferric ratios of the phyllosilicates in the host rocks are the same as those in the pseudotachylytes, except for the hematite-bearing pseudotachylyte from the Long Ridge fault, which is more oxidized. The magnetites in the host rocks and the corresponding pseudotachylytes have different ferric and ferrous iron distributions, which is attributed to different cation chemistry, rather than redox conditions. With the exception of the South Mountain locality, the ferric/ferrous ratios of the micas are interpreted to record the primary redox state of the pseudotachylyte melt as the calculated oxygen fugacities are consistent with magnetite and hematite equilibria. Pyrite-bearing pseudotachylytes plot ~0–1 log10 units above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer. Magnetite-bearing pseudotachylytes plot ~2–4 log10 units above the FMQ buffer, and hematite-bearing pseudotachylytes plot 3.5 log10 units above the hematite-magnetite (HM) buffer. Hematite-bearing pseudotachylytes, together with previous oxygen isotope data, are inferred to represent melting in the presence of externally derived pressurized water. Other localities are inferred to represent melting under rock-buffered, closed system, conditions. If the localities studied are representative of seismogenic faulting, the calculated oxygen fugacities indicate that, in the system C–O–H–S, H2O and CO2 should be the dominant fluid species. This is the first detailed study of the redox state of pseudotachylytes.
Paxβ: a novel family of lophotrochozoan Pax genes

Paxbeta is a novel gene family restricted to the bilaterian superphylum Lophotrochozoa. The Paxbeta paired domain is highly diverged from other bilaterian Pax genes, and we were unable to identify an unambiguous sister-group by phylogenetic sequence analysis. However, conservation of a paired domain intron suggests that the Paxbeta genes arose by duplication and divergence from an ancestral Pax2/5/8 gene. We have identified Paxbeta genes in annelids, molluscs, a nemertean, a brachiopod, and a flatworm, indicating that the founding gene duplication occurred before the separation of those taxa and therefore early in the lophotrochozoan radiation. The leech Helobdella has two genes in this family, Hau-Paxbeta1 and -Paxbeta2, which are expressed during embryonic development. Hau-Paxbeta1 is present in the zygote as a localized maternal transcript, and both show dynamic patterns of apparently zygotic expression during later stages. These later expression patterns differ significantly, but both genes are expressed broadly in the mesoderm and also in the central nervous system during organogenesis.
Photosynthetic properties of the extreme thermophile Synechococcus lividus—I. Effect of temperature on fluorescence and enhancement of CO2 assimilation

Abstract 1. 1.|The effect of temperature on CO 2 assimilation and on fluorescence emission at 55–73°C, was investigated to determine thermostability of energy transfer from phycocyanin to chlorophyll in the extreme thermophile Synechococcus lividus (culture OH-68-s, clone H-Xf). 2. 2.|Slopes of the curves of CO 2 assimilation with increasing 620 or 690 nm light intensities decline at higher incubation temperatures (70–73°C) but the decline with 620 nm light was greater. The depressed light-dependent slopes and a non-linear rise in CO 2 assimilation with 620 nm light imply a degree of thermolability in energy transfer from phycocyanin to chlorophyll. 3. 3.|Phycocyanin fluorescence and phycocyanin-excited chlorophyll fluorescence increased equally with increasing incubation temperatures up to 73°C, indicating that energy flow from phycocyanin to short wave (686 nm) fluorescent chlorophyll of photosystem 2 is not greatly disrupted. 4. 4.|Enchancement expressed as E 1 was maximal at 55°C, indicating that electon flow from photosystem 2 was limiting at this suboptimal growth temperature. Enhancement expressed as E 2 was maximal at 73°C, indicating that oxidation of the electron transport chain by photosystem 1 was limiting. Analysis of the enhancement data imply that spillover from photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 could occur at 55°C and that either energy flow from phycocyanin to photosystem 1 chlorophyll or photoreaction 1 directly was impaired at 73°C.
Ethnic differences in parental beliefs of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and treatment

Objective: A survey study was conducted to explore ethnic differences in parental beliefs about the causes and treatments of ADHD and whether these beliefs predicted treatment preference. Method: Ethnically diverse parents of 5- to 12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 58) and without ADHD (n = 61) completed a questionnaire developed by the authors that asked them to rate statements about biological and psychological causes of ADHD and their beliefs about medication and behavioral treatment. Results: There were no significant ethnic differences in how parents viewed causes of ADHD. Beliefs about behavioral treatment revealed significant group differences, as ethnic minority (e.g., African American, Latino) parents rated behavioral treatments more positively than did Caucasian parents. Beliefs about biological causes predicted medication treatment and combined treatment use. Conclusion: Dissemination of information regarding evidence-based treatments should be given special attention as it may influence pare...
A complex biological database querying method

Many biological information systems rely on relational database management systems (RDBMS) to manage high-throughput biological data. While keeping these data well archived, organized, and integrated in a common repository is still a challenging task, performing complex queries, i.e., explorative and abstract ad hoc user questions in biology, is an even formidable task often substituted by writing complicated software programs. In this work, we propose a "complex query modeling" method to address the challenge of complex querying in biological domains. Query modeling consists of four distinct but interdependent phases of activities: representation of high-level problems, transformation of problems into connected query interfaces, designing database query structures, and translating query plans into high-performing SQL statements. At each stage, we use different notations and query modeling practices. Using gene indexing project as a case study, we show that query modeling enables prototypical development of high-quality SQL solutions to an inherently abstract and vague user query question, which requires GeneChip designers to sift through millions of database records, process data in dozens of steps, and make myriads of intermediate decisions. We believe our "complex query modeling" method is applicable to other bioinformatics domains with needs for complex database queries.
Radiologic assessment of retropharyngeal node involvement in oropharyngeal carcinomas stratified by HPV status

Radiation of retropharyngeal nodes (RPN) results in increased toxicities. This study assessed characteristics associated with RPN involvement in 165 oropharynx cancer patients. Factors associated with involvement were stage N2c-3 disease and stage N2b disease with either advanced T-stage, ⩾3 involved cervical LN, and ⩾1 involved contralateral LN, or lateral/posterior subsites.
Much more than power: the pedagogy of promiscuous black feminism

This paper explores promiscuous black feminism by juxtaposing black feminism, Foucualt’s poststructuralism, and my grandmother. The tensions created by these juxtapositions illuminate the ways black feminism and poststructuralism are resources and challenges to each other, and how both offer understandings of the relations at play that shape identities and lives. Making use of these theories and lessons from my grandmother, I explore the necessity and dangers of experience in theorizing power and vulnerability in theorizing experience. Focusing on experiences and feminist lessons from my grandmother, I propose that much more than power is at play.
Do Orders Limiting Aggressive Treatment Impact Care for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objectives Little is known about whether advance directives impact inpatient care for a condition with clear treatment guidelines. The goal of this research was to determine the association between limitation of aggressive treatment (LAT) orders and guideline adherence for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Design Secondary examination of data from the national Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP) baseline data. We used seemingly unrelated regression to correct for potential selection bias between patients with and without LAT orders and to determine whether such orders predict guideline adherence for several treatments related to acute myocardial infarction. Setting The setting included 4111 short-term non-federal acute care hospitals in the United States. Participants Participants were 147,475 AMI cases with complete data abstracted from inpatient hospital charts, representing most fee-for-service Medicare patients who were hospitalized with AMI between February 1994 and July 1995. Measurements Adherence to guidelines for treating acute myocardial infarction, including aspirin, Beta blockers, and reperfusion via thrombolytics or PTCA. Results Patients with LAT orders are less likely to receive care in accordance with guidelines when controlling for other factors that may explain a lower likelihood of guideline adherence. After adjustment for selection effects, we found a lower predicted probability that patients received more invasive treatments. Conclusion Patients with LAT orders appear to receive care that is less aggressive and less congruent with acute myocardial infarction care guidelines compared with patients without such orders. Quality improvement measures will need to take this difference into account and ensure that physicians are not penalized for complying with patient care preferences.
Enzymatic-potentiometric determination of oxalic acid

Abstract A method utilizing oxalate decarboxylase and potentiometry is described for the determination of oxalic acid. The oxalic acid was enzymatically decomposed to form formic acid and carbon dioxide. The released CO 2 was measured potentiometrically using a CO 2 electrode. A nernstian relationship between the voltage output of the CO 2 sensor and the concentration of oxalic acid, in the physiological range, 0.3–1.0 mg per 100 cm 3 , has been observed.
Robust congestion pricing under boundedly rational user equilibrium

Abstract This paper investigates congestion pricing strategies in static networks with boundedly rational route choice behavior. Under such behavior, users do not necessarily choose a shortest or cheapest route when doing so does not reduce their travel times by a significant amount. A general path-based definition and a more restrictive link-based representation of boundedly rational user equilibrium (BRUE) are presented. The set of BRUE flow distributions is generally non-convex and non-empty. The problems of finding best- and worst-case BRUE flow distributions are formulated and solved as mathematical programs with complementarity constraints. Because alternative tolled BRUE flow distributions exist, our congestion pricing models seek a toll vector or pattern that minimizes the system travel time of the worst-case tolled BRUE flow distribution. As formulated, the models are generalized semi-infinite min–max problems and we propose a heuristic algorithm based on penalization and a cutting-plane scheme to solve them. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate key concepts and results.
Placental P-glycoprotein deficiency enhances susceptibility to chemically induced birth defects in mice

A subpopulation of the CF-1 mouse strain contains a spontaneous mutation in the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) mdr1a gene, which leads to a lack of mdr1a expression in the placenta as well as brain and intestine. Individual CF-1 mice can be identified according to their Pgp status by a restriction fragment length polymorphism. Male and female mice selected on the basis of Pgp genotype were mated and the pregnant dams exposed during gestation to the known Pgp substrate, L-652,280, the 8,9 Z photoisomer of the naturally occurring avermectin Bla, which is known to produce cleft palate in mice. Fetal examination demonstrated that within individual litters, fetuses deficient in Pgp (-/-) were 100% susceptible to cleft palate, whereas their +/- heterozygote littermates were less sensitive. The homozygous +/+ fetuses with abundant Pgp were totally insensitive at the doses tested. The degree of chemical exposure of fetuses within each litter was inversely related to expression of placental Pgp, which was determined by the fetal genotype. These results demonstrate the importance of placental Pgp in protecting the fetus from potential teratogens and suggest that Pgp inhibitors should be carefully evaluated for their potential to increase susceptibility to chemical-induced teratogenesis.
72.2: Phosphorescent OLEDs: Enabling Solid State Lighting with Lower Temperature and Longer Lifetime

We present a pair of 15 cm × 15 cm all-phosphorescent OLED light panels with high efficacy and extended operational lifetime. Panel 1 operates at 1,000 cd/m2 with power efficacy = 62 lm/W. At a higher luminance of 3,000 cd/m2, power efficacy = 49 lm/W, CRI = 82, CCT = 2,950 K and CIE 1931 (x, y) = (0.446, 0.417). Similar high efficacy performance is recorded for Panel 2, which has lifetime to LT70 ∼ 4,000 hrs at 3,000 cd/m2. Excellent lifetime is enabled by a new light blue phosphorescent materials system and by the use of efficient phosphorescent emitters that ensure very low panel temperature without any additional thermal management.
The identification of resources and constraints influencing plan design in consultation

Abstract The present study investigated the effects of consultant verbalizations on consultee verbalizations reflecting consultee resources that might be used in plan implementation and constraints potentially limiting the nature of plans implemented in consultation. Interviews of 50 consultants trained in behavioral consultation and participating in a field experience with public school teachers were analyzed. Plan-tactic-elicitors verbalized by consultants were shown to have a positive effect on the incidence of resources as opposed to responses not reflecting resources or constraints. Other types of consultant elicitors all had a negative impact on resource incidence when compared to the incidence of other types of consultee responses.
Energy and yield distributions of calcium atoms and clusters undergoing 4 keV Ar+-ion bombardment

Abstract To date, studies on neutral clusters ejected from metal surfaces under ion bombardment have been reported for metals having only a limited range of dimer dissociation energies (1.6–2 eV). The fact that calcium has a dimer dissociation energy of only 0.14 eV makes it an attractive candidate for expanding our understanding of the role dissociation energy plays in cluster formation. In this paper we report the first observations of bare-metal calcium clusters up to the pentamer, as well as a study of the energy and yield distributions for the atom and clusters up to the trimer. We report a measured total sputter yield of one calcium atom per normally incident 4 keV Ar + ion. Results for the energy distributions concur with previous findings, whereas yield distribution results exhibit remarkably different behavior than expected. The slope of the power law fit to the relative sputter yield distribution (−15) is much steeper than expected, and the relative sputter yield for the calcium dimer (0.01) is nearly as high as for other metals studied, despite its relatively low dissociation energy. It is suggested that this high dimer yield can be attributed to a significant fraction of the sputtered dimers being in bound, excited states. The data also suggest that the dimer population controls the formation of larger clusters.
Two zeolite-type frameworks in one metal-organic framework with Zn24 @Zn104 cube-in-sodalite architecture.

Two in one: A metal-organic framework obtained from three different inorganic building blocks (tetrameric Zn(4) O, trimeric Zn(3) OH, and monomeric Zn) posseses a nested cage-in-cage and framework-in-framework architecture. 24 Zn(4) O tetramers and eight Zn monomers form a sodalite cage into which a cubic cage made from eight Zn(3) (OH) trimers is nestled. Eight monomeric Zn(2+) centers interconnect these two cages.
Source complexity of small earthquakes near Matsushiro, Japan

Abstract Broad-band seismograms from a suite of small, strike-slip earthquakes which occurred in the Matsushiro region of Honshu, Japan, during the period August 1971–September 1974 and recorded on Carnegie seismograph MAT, are used to study source properties for events ranging in size from 10 11 –10 15 Nm. In an earlier study, Dysart et al. modelled frequency spectra of these events with a single Brune pulse, and made estimates of moment, corner frequency, and stress drop. They employed cepstral filtering to suppress the effects of structure and to increase the stability of parameter estimates. The same 32 waveforms considered here display a notable variation in complexity which cannot be explained by size, local structure, or stopping phases. In order to understand better the time history of the complex events within the suite, the SH waveforms were divided into successive time segments and the same modelling procedure was applied to the segments as was applied to the initial SH arrivals. Cepstral filtering was particularly helpful in reducing the interference effects of the S coda. The results indicate that corner frequency changes little from subevent to subevent. This suggests that small earthquakes proceed by incremental slippage on the same fault in a sequence of partial stress releases.
Effect of radial stress relaxation on fibre stress in filament winding of thick composites

Abstract During filament winding of thick cylinders, fibre wrinkling often occurs which severely decreases compressive strength. To eliminate fibre wrinkling, appropriate processing conditions must be found. Fibre migration and stress relaxation due to resin flow are generally considered the most important factors affecting fibre buckling. Therefore, the effect of stress relaxation on fibre wrinkling during the filament winding process was investigated. To study the stress development during filament winding of thick cylinders, experiments were carried out using graphite/epoxy prepreg tows as well as dry graphite fibre. Cylinders of approximately 12 mm thickness were hoop wound on a 50.8 mm diameter aluminium mandrel. Winding tensions ranged from 13 to 34 N and winding speed was constant. A foil-type pressure sensor was applied on the mandrel to monitor the interface pressure throughout winding and storage of the cylinder. Significant stress relaxation was found to occur during winding with prepreg tow. Mandrel pressure increased over the winding of the first eight layers or so. However, between the winding of one layer and the next, mandrel pressure dropped quickly. Also, it began to decrease after reaching a maximum value. A stress relaxation analysis was carried out to determine the stress in the cylinders during winding. Several parameters were not known a priori and had to be inferred from the data. Stress distributions following winding were calculated for each case. The radial stress in prepreg wound cylinders was found to relax nearly to zero in the inner part of the tubes. Compressive circumferential stresses occurred throughout each of the cylinders. However, they reached greater magnitudes in the dry wound cylinders due to very low radial moduli. No fibre wrinkling was evident in any of the wound cylinders.
Gas Turbine Power Plant Possibilities With a Nuclear Heat Source: Closed and Open Cycles

With the capability of burning a variety of fossil fuels, giving high thermal efficiency, and operating with low emissions, the gas turbine is becoming a major prime-mover for a wide spectrum of applications. Almost three decades ago two experimental projects were undertaken in which gas turbines were actually operated with heat from nuclear reactors. In retrospect, these systems were ahead of their time in terms of technology readiness, and prospects of the practical coupling of a gas turbine with a nuclear heat source towards the realization of a high efficiency, pollutant free, dry-cooled power plant has remained a long-term goal, which has been periodically studied in the last twenty years. Technology advancements in both high temperature gas-cooled reactors, and gas turbines now make the concept of a nuclear gas turbine plant realizable. Two possible plant concepts are highlighted in this paper, (1) a direct cycle system involving the integration of a closed-cycle helium gas turbine with a modular high temperature gas cooled reactor (MHTGR), and (2) the utilization of a conventional and proven combined cycle gas turbine, again with the MHTGR, but now involving the use of secondary (helium) and tertiary (air) loops. The open cycle system is more equipment intensive and places demanding requirements on the very high temperature heat exchangers, but has the merit of being able to utilize a conventional combined cycle turbo-generator set. In this paper both power plant concepts are put into perspective in terms of categorizing the most suitable applications, highlighting their major features and characteristics, and identifying the technology requirements.The author would like to dedicate this paper to the late Professor Karl Bammert who actively supported deployment of the closed-cycle gas turbine for several decades with a variety of heat sources including fossil, solar, and nuclear systems.Copyright © 1990 by ASME
Parameter estimation for optimal disassembly planning

Due to the rapid increase of technological waste in recent years, it has become necessary to find ways of handling the waste in an economically sound and environmentally benign manner. In order to do so, many groups are attempting to disassemble obsolete products in order to reuse or recycle the various components and/or materials such products are comprised. To ease in the disassembly procedure of these products, this paper describes an expert system, consisting of a disassembly Petri network (DPN) and a hybrid Bayesian network (HBN), for optimal disassembly planning. The DPN, the HBN, the interaction between the DPN and the HBN, and the use of inference with the HBN are briefly discussed. Specifically, the paper focuses on ascertaining the parameters of the nodes in the HBN with the use of data collected during the disassembly process and a method for the structure learning of nodes which influence the logistic nodes in the HBN.
Rheological and Hydraulic Properties of Drilling, Completion, and Stimulation Fluids in Straight and Coiled Tubings

The rheological properties and friction pressure losses of several fluids that are most commonly used as well drilling, completion, and stimulation fluids have been investigated experimentally. These fluids include polymeric fluids – Xanthan gum, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA), guar gum, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), bentonite drilling mud, oil-based drilling mud, and guar-based fracturing slurries. Rheological measurements using a Bohlin CS 50 rheometer and a model 35 Fann viscometer showed that these fluids exhibit shear thinning and thermal thinning behavior except the bentonite drilling mud whose viscosity increased as the temperature was raised. Flow experiments using a full-scale coiled tubing test facility showed that the friction pressure loss in coiled tubing is significantly higher than in straight tubing. Since the polymeric fluids displayed drag reducing property, their drag reduction behavior in straight and coiled tubings was analyzed and compared. It was found that the drag reduction (DR) in coiled tubing is much lower than that in straight tubing. Plots of drag reduction vs. generalized Reynolds number indicate that the drag reduction in coiled tubing was not affected by polymer concentration as much as in straight tubing. The onsets of turbulence and drag reduction in coiled tubing were significantly delayed as compared with straight tubing. The effect of solids content on the friction pressure losses in coiled tubing is also briefly discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Money, Housework, Sex, and Conflict: Same-Sex Couples in Civil Unions, Those Not in Civil Unions, and Heterosexual Married Siblings

In this study we examined the division of finances, the division of household tasks, relationship maintenance behaviors, sexual activity, monogamy, and conflict among same-sex couples who had had civil unions in Vermont, same-sex couples who had not had civil unions recruited from their friendship circles, and married heterosexual couples recruited from among their siblings. Married heterosexuals had a more traditional, gendered division of finances, household tasks, and relationship maintenance behaviors, even though the heterosexuals were all siblings or in-laws of lesbians or gay men. Sexual orientation was a stronger predictor of the division of household tasks than was income difference within couples. Lesbians reported less frequent sexual activity than married heterosexual women, and gay men were less monogamous than married heterosexual men. Gay men in civil unions differed on a few variables from gay men not in civil unions, but there were no differences among lesbians.
Diagnosis of oleander poisoning in livestock

Since mid- 1989, 37 cases of oleander poisoning in livestock have been diagnosed at the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System. The most frequent source for oleander exposure was plant clippings. Sudden death was the most common presenting complaint. Other signs reported included diarrhea, pulmonary edema, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, colic, and lethargy. In the past, a presumptive diagnosis of oleander poisoning could be based only on matching clinical signs with evidence of consumption of oleander. A new 2 dimensional Thin-layer chromatography analysis of ingesta for oleandrin and an awareness of lesions in heart muscle have greatly improved the ability to diagnose oleander toxicosis.
More on Mollusks: Trans-Holocene Shellfish Exploitation on the California Coast

ABSTRACT Comparing allometrically estimated biomass of shellfish versus vertebrates exploited throughout the Holocene reveals that many coastal Californians relied heavily on readily accessible invertebrates for dietary protein. During the Paleocoastal occupation of the coast, shellfish represented as much as 92% of consumed dietary flesh. Data show that this dependence lessened over time, coinciding with an overall reduction in total quantity of consumed animal flesh. The causes of this change are unclear, but it appears to have begun after 9000 BP and involved a gradual increase in the use of vertebrates for the remainder of the Holocene. Considering the preponderance of shellfish in the diet, the increased use of vertebrates would have done little to compensate for the decline in shellfish biomass, especially considering the growth of coastal populations. To sustain themselves, coastal Californians appear to have increased intake of plant resources.
Intercalibration of FTIR and SIMS for hydrogen measurements in glasses and nominally anhydrous minerals

We present new Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and ion microprobe/secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of 1 H in 61 natural and experimental geological samples. These samples include 8 basaltic glasses (0.17 to 7.65 wt% H 2 O), 11 rhyolitic glasses (0.143 to 6.20 wt% H 2 O), 17 olivines (~0 to 910 wt. ppm H 2 O), 9 orthopyroxenes (~0 to 263 wt. ppm H 2 O), 8 clinopyroxenes (~0 to 490 wt. ppm H 2 O), and 8 garnets (~0 to 189 wt. ppm H 2 O). By careful attention to vacuum quality, the use a Cs + primary beam, and a resin-free mounting technique, we routinely achieve hydrogen backgrounds equivalent to less than 5 ppm by weight H 2 O in olivine. Compared to previous efforts, the new calibration extends to a wider range of H 2 O contents for the minerals and is more reliable owing to a larger number of standards and to characterization of anisotropic minerals by polarized FTIR on oriented crystals. When observed, discrepancies between FTIR and SIMS measurements are attributable to inclusions of hydrous minerals or fluid inclusions in the crystals. Inclusions more commonly interfere with FTIR analyses than with SIMS, owing to the much larger volume sampled by the former. Plots of H 2 O determined by FTIR vs. ( 1 H/ 30 Si) × (SiO 2 ), determined by SIMS and electron microprobe (EMP) yield linear arrays and for each phase appear to be insensitive to bulk composition. For example, basalt and rhyolite calibration slopes cannot be distinguished. On the other hand, calibration slopes of different phases vary by up to a factor of 4. This reflects either phase-specific behavior of 1 H/ 30 Si secondary ion ratios excited by Cs + ion beams or discrepancies between phase-specific FTIR absorption coefficient schemes.
VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCE AND REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT

Enforcement strategies that encourage “voluntary compliance” can improve regulatory efficiency by reducing unnecessary enforcement and compliance costs associated with legal confrontation between firms and agencies. This article analyzes the enforcement dilemma that causes confrontation and describes a “Tit for Tat” strategy capable of increasing socially beneficial cooperation. The strategy requires agencies to be reasonable toward cooperative firms, vengeful toward cheaters, unrelenting in pursuit of chronic evaders, but conciliatory toward repentant firms. Reforms in this neglected and poorly understood part of the regulatory process could yield considerable social benefits.
Comovements Between Diffusion Processes: Characterization, Estimation, and Testing

The aim of this paper is to characterize and analyze long-run comovements among diffusion processes. Broadly speaking, if X = ( X 1 ,, X 2 ,;t ≥ 0) is a nonergodic diffusion in R 2 , but there exists a linear combination, say, γ′ X , that is instead ergodic in R, then we say there exists a linear stochastic comovement between the components of X . Linear diffusions exhibiting stochastic comovements admit an error correction representation. Estimation of γ and hypothesis testing, under different sampling schemes, are considered.
The Azospirillum brasilense Che1 Chemotaxis Pathway Controls Swimming Velocity, Which Affects Transient Cell-to-Cell Clumping

The Che1 chemotaxis-like pathway of Azospirillum brasilense contributes to chemotaxis and aerotaxis, and it has also been found to contribute to regulating changes in cell surface adhesive properties that affect the propensity of cells to clump and to flocculate. The exact contribution of Che1 to the control of chemotaxis and flocculation in A. brasilense remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Che1 affects reversible cell-to-cell clumping, a cellular behavior in which motile cells transiently interact by adhering to one another at their nonflagellated poles before swimming apart. Clumping precedes and is required for flocculation, and both processes appear to be independently regulated. The phenotypes of a ΔaerC receptor mutant and of mutant strains lacking cheA1, cheY1, cheB1, or cheR1 (alone or in combination) or with che1 deleted show that Che1 directly mediates changes in the flagellar swimming velocity and that this behavior directly modulates the transient nature of clumping. Our results also suggest that an additional receptor(s) and signaling pathway(s) are implicated in mediating other Che1-independent changes in clumping identified in the present study. Transient clumping precedes the transition to stable clump formation, which involves the production of specific extracellular polysaccharides (EPS); however, production of these clumping-specific EPS is not directly controlled by Che1 activity. Che1-dependent clumping may antagonize motility and prevent chemotaxis, thereby maintaining cells in a metabolically favorable niche.