cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of tooth hypersensitivity and oral factors involved in its development

The various methods of measurement of dentinal hypersensitivity are based upon the types of stimuli used to elicit a pain response in teeth, which include thermal, tactile, evaporative, electrical and osmotic. Pulpal inflammation in its early stages reduce the threshold of pain response to these stimuli but electrical stimulation may make it possible to assess the possible contribution of such inflammation to sensitivity determinations. Although the magnitude of each stimulus is quantifiable, patient response is subjective, which necessarily makes measurements of dentinal sensitivity semisubjective. Various methods of testing dentinal sensitivity are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The teeth most suited for measurement in clinical studies are the canines and premolars. This is because approx. 80% of the sensitivity lesions are associated with these teeth, which have similar thicknesses of root dentine. Data from several studies involving the same subjects indicate that individual measurements readily return to baseline and that the commonly seen placebo effect is probably due to some as yet unidentified factor in desensitizing formulations. Possible roles of salivary and plaque environmental factors in the development of dentinal sensitivity are discussed, as well as methods for their measurement.
Fracture Toughness of Heat-Treated Superaustenitic Stainless Steels

Cast duplex and superaustenitic stainless steels are attractive alloys for applications that desire high strength and high corrosion resistance. Due to the large amounts of alloying additions present in these systems, a proper solution heat-treatment schedule is critical in ensuring that the alloys are able to meet the desired specifications. While studies to determine the phase transformation behavior of duplex and superaustenitic alloys have shown that the precipitation kinetics are comparatively slow when considering large amounts of precipitation, studies involving Charpy impact specimens have noted significant decreases in impact strength in materials improperly heat treated for times as short as 10 min, well before any significant amount of precipitation (<1 vol.%) has occurred. The goal of this study was to investigate a particular superaustenitic alloy, CN3MN, in an effort to determine the reason for this large drop in impact strength. Charpy impact specimens were tested from polycrystalline and single crystal samples in the solution heat-treated condition and after heat treatment at 872 °C for times ranging from 5 to 60 min to embrittle the material. Fracture surfaces were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger spectroscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The fracture surfaces showed ductile and brittle characteristics for the standard and improperly treated samples, respectively. Close observation using SEM reveals precipitation takes place initially on grain boundaries, which may account for the observed embrittling effect. While difficult to see at very short times, measurements of linear coverage of precipitation along grain boundaries of polished samples show a definite relationship between drop in fracture toughness and grain boundary precipitation. The results of the Charpy tests and SEM observations, along with chemical analysis studies of the grain boundaries using x-rays and auger electrons, will be presented.
Negative control at a distance mediates catabolite repression in yeast.

In prokaryotic organisms, the control of gene expression is mediated by regulatory proteins that activate or repress transcription1,2. However, the molecular mechanisms of positive and negative control are different. In terms of negative control, represser proteins bind to sites located within the promoter region and as a consequence sterically interfere with functional binding by RNA polymerase. Here, I examine the properties of a regulatory sequence that specifies catabolite (glucose) repression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Specifically, a DNA segment containing this regulatory site was fused upstream of the intact his3 promoter region and structural gene at several locations. Normally, his3 expression in these derivatives occurs at a basal level which can be induced by conditions of amino-acid starvation. However, in glucose medium, the catabolite regulatory sequence overrides the normal his3 promoter elements and reduces transcription both in normal and starvation conditions. The implication from these results is that in contrast to catabolite repression in Escherichia coli, which is mediated by catabolite-activating protein (CAP)3, catabolite repression in yeast occurs by a negative control mechanism involving a putative represser protein. The observation that this regulatory site exerts its repressing effects even when located upstream of an intact promoter region suggests that repression in yeast is not mediated by steric interference between regulatory proteins and the transcriptional apparatus.
The influence of social determinants on evidence-based behavioral interventions—considerations for implementation in community settings

Over the last decade, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions (DEBI) program funded several hundred community-based organizations (CBOs) and health departments in a wide-scale HIV prevention national diffusion effort. We interviewed six California agencies funded to implement one of three group-level DEBIs to identify facilitators and/or challenges to effective implementation. We identified several social and structural factors affecting community members' participation in DEBIs, including language issues, stigma associated with HIV and sexual orientation, homelessness, and incarceration. Age, class, and socioeconomic status also significantly influenced member participation and CBO implementation success. Although changing individual behaviors is the ultimate measure of behavioral intervention/DEBI success, attention must be given to the larger social and structural factors that significantly affect risk for HIV. In fact, the National HIV/AIDS Strategy recognizes these factors as major barriers to HIV prevention and has developed recommendations that address health disparities. We present short-term, intermediate, and long-term strategies addressing social determinants of health and offer suggestions for adapting DEBIs to meet the broader needs of persons prioritized for DEBIs.
Dispersal Routes and Habitat Utilization of Juvenile Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus thynnus, Tracked with Mini PSAT and Archival Tags

Between 2005 and 2009, we deployed 58 miniature pop-up satellite archival tags (PSAT) and 132 implanted archival tags on juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna (age 2–5) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Data returned from these efforts (n = 26 PSATs, 1 archival tag) revealed their dispersal routes, horizontal and vertical movements and habitat utilization. All of the tagged bluefin tuna remained in the northwest Atlantic for the duration observed, and in summer months exhibited core-use of coastal seas extending from Maryland to Cape Cod, MA, (USA) out to the shelf break. Their winter distributions were more spatially disaggregated, ranging south to the South Atlantic Bight, northern Bahamas and Gulf Stream. Vertical habitat patterns showed that juvenile bluefin tuna mainly occupied shallow depths (mean = 5–12 m, sd = 15–23.7 m) and relatively warm water masses in summer (mean = 17.9–20.9°C, sd = 4.2–2.6°C) and had deeper and more variable depth patterns in winter (mean = 41–58 m, sd = 48.9–62.2 m). Our tagging results reveal annual dispersal patterns, behavior and oceanographic associations of juvenile Atlantic bluefin tuna that were only surmised in earlier studies. Fishery independent profiling from electronic tagging also provide spatially and temporally explicit information for evaluating dispersals rates, population structure and fisheries catch patterns.
Genetic and environmental determinants of interferon-τ secretion by in vivo- and in vitro-derived bovine blastocysts

Abstract Several experiments were conducted to assess the effects of genotype and various culture media on interferon-τ secretion by in vitro-derived bovine blastocysts and to compare these values with interferon released by blastocysts flushed from superovulated cows. In experiment 1, oocytes were inseminated with semen from three different bulls. While paternal genotype had no effect on cleavage rate, the size or hatching ability of blastocysts, it was a significant determinant of the embryo’s ability to develop to the blastocyst stage and of subsequent interferon-τ secretion. In the second experiment, embryos were cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid containing either polyvinyl alcohol, bovine serum albumin or fetal bovine serum. While there was no effect of supplement on the percentage of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage, blastocysts which formed in medium with polyvinyl alcohol had significantly fewer cells, were older at blastocyst formation and produced significantly more interferon-τ. In the third experiment, embryos were cultured to the blastocyst stage in either TCM199 alone or in co-culture with buffalo rat liver, bovine oviductal or bovine uterine epithelial cells. Culture with oviductal or buffalo rat liver cells increased blastocyst cell number, although secretion of interferon-τ was not affected. In the final experiment, bovine blastocysts were flushed from superovulated cows on Day 7 following insemination. Overall, secretion of interferon-τ by in vivo-produced blastocysts did not differ from that of age-matched blastocysts produced in vitro.
Wood's anomaly effects on gratings of large amplitude

Abstract A recent paper by Garcia and Maradudin discusses Wood's anomaly effects on gratings of large amplitude when the polarization of the incident wave is opposite to that present in the usual Wood anomalies. They refer to two earlier, fundamental, papers on these effects, but they fail to recognize that a different type of anomaly is present when the polarization is opposite: as a result, many of their remarks are incorrect and misleading. This paper indicates the nature of those incorrect remarks, and clarifies the distinctions between the different (Bragg-angle) type of anomaly and the type based on leaky wave resonances.
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Xylose Fermentation by Pichia stipitis

Conclusions of previous investigations have led us to focus on Pichia stipitis as a yeast with high potential for producing ethanol from xylose-rich, wood-processing wastes. l SGiven 150 giL xylose in complex medium, strain Y-7124 functions optimally at 25-26°C and pH 4-7 to accumulate 56 giL ethanol with negligible xylitol by-production. In a past report, we cited the need for an optimal bioreactor system; toward this end, we put oxygen uptake, growth, and death kinetics into mathematical form.) The present report builds on our previous work as the pathways and stoichiometry of xylose metabolism are examined and models of xylose uptake and ethanol production are identified. Yeasts begin xylose metabolism with the sequence, xylose -+ xylitol-+ xylulose-+ xylulose 5-phosphate. In balanced form, this sequence is:
Prioritizing Quality Improvement in Vascular Surgery

Background: Despite growing interest in quality improvement, there remains uncertainty about which procedures offer the most room for improvement in vascular surgery. To inform ongoing quality improvement initiatives, this study assessed the relative contribution of different procedures to overall morbidity, mortality, and excess length of stay in vascular surgery. Study design: Using data from ACS-NSQIP, all patients undergoing a vascular surgery operation in 2005 and 2006 (N = 16 096) were identified. Patients were placed in 29 distinct procedure categories based on CPT codes. First, we examined the procedures according to their relative contribution to overall morbidity and mortality. Then the procedures were assessed according to their contribution to overall excess length of stay. Results: Four procedure types alone accounted for 72% of adverse events, 68% of excess hospital days, and 77% of the cases in the cohort. Lower extremity bypass graft accounted for the greatest share of adverse events (29%)...
Examples and classification of Riemannian submersions satisfying a basic equality

In an earlier article we obtain a sharp inequality for an arbitrary isometric immersion from a Riemannian manifold admitting a Riemannian submersion with totally geodesic fibres into a unit sphere. In this article we investigate the immersions which satisfy the equality case of the inequality. As a by-product, we discover a new characterisation of Cartan hypersurface in S 4 .
Osmium-labeled Polynucleotides: Reaction of Osmium Tetraoxide, with Poly-1,N6-Ethenoadenylic Acid

Osmium tetraoxide, in the presence of ligands such as pyridine and bipyridine, adds across the etheno bridge of 1N6-etheno-9-methyladenine and poly-1 N6-ethenoadenylic acid. The Os:P ratio in the labeled polynucleotide was 1 when bipyridine was used as the stabilizing ligands. A similar study with polycytidylic acid, which had been partially modified with chloroacetaldehyde so that some bases were converted to 3 N4-ethenocytosine, gave an Os:P ration of 1.3. Calf-thymus DNA, in which the adenine and cytosine bases were modified by chloroacetaldehyde, gave an Os:P ratio of 1 after 24 h. These results suggest that 3 N4-ethenocytosine will add two Os labels.
Mitochondrial evidence for the hybrid origin of the kipunji, Rungwecebus kipunji (Primates: Papionini).

Abstract Common baboons (Papio), gelada baboons (Theropithecus) and baboon–mangabeys (Lophocebus) are closely related African papionin monkeys. In 2005, the species Lophocebus kipunji was described from relict montane and submontane forests in Tanzania, based upon a single specimen and observations of living animals. Its initial assignment to Lophocebus was based on its overall morphology, but subsequent genetic studies suggesting that it was sister taxon to common baboons (Papio) led to its generic separation, as Rungwecebus. As a mangabey-like sister-taxon to Papio, Rungwecebus could be interpreted either as an arboreal derivative from a more terrestrial, baboon-like ancestor, or as a survivor of a mangabey-like common ancestor of the Lophocebus–Papio–Theropithecus clade. Here, we present a new, strongly-supported, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny that includes Papio baboons from populations geographically close to the kipunji. Rather than supporting sister-taxon status, the new phylogeny not only situates the kipunji’s mtDNA among Papio haplotypes, it clearly assigns it to a mitochondrial clade including geographically adjacent yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). This relationship suggests either that the kipunji is descended from a yellow baboon, and has converged on a mangabey-like morphology, or, much more likely, that it originated by hybridization between Papio cf. cynocephalus females and Lophocebus sp. males, about 0.65 Ma. We believe this to be the first case among mammals in which a natural occurrence of inter-generic hybridization can be shown to have resulted in a new, distinct, long-surviving taxon. More such cases can be anticipated as molecular evidence accumulates.
Myosin II isoform switching mediates invasiveness after TGF-β–induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition

Despite functional significance of nonmuscle myosin II in cell migration and invasion, its role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) or TGF-β signaling is unknown. Analysis of normal mammary gland expression revealed that myosin IIC is expressed in luminal cells, whereas myosin IIB expression is up-regulated in myoepithelial cells that have more mesenchymal characteristics. Furthermore, TGF-β induction of EMT in nontransformed murine mammary gland epithelial cells results in an isoform switch from myosin IIC to myosin IIB and increased phosphorylation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA on target sites known to regulate filament dynamics (S1916, S1943). These expression and phosphorylation changes are downstream of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-E1 (E1), an effector of TGF-β signaling. E1 knockdown drives cells into a migratory, invasive mesenchymal state and concomitantly up-regulates MHC IIB expression and MHC IIA phosphorylation. Abrogation of myosin IIB expression in the E1 knockdown cells has no effect on 2D migration but significantly reduced transmigration and macrophage-stimulated collagen invasion. These studies indicate that transition between myosin IIC/myosin IIB expression is a critical feature of EMT that contributes to increases in invasive behavior.
Designing integrated services digital networks

Abstract This paper describes the design of a packet switching digital network for communication of data, voice, video and text information.
Direct measurement of the radiative lifetime of the A2Σ+(υ′ = 0, K′ = 1, J′ = 32) state of OH and OD

Abstract The radiative lifetime of the A 2 Σ + (υ′ = 0, K ′ = 1, J ′ = 3/2) state of OH and OD has been directly measured by following the decay of fluorescence excited by light from a frequency doubled dye laser. Stern-Volmer extrapolation of the results to zero pressure gave τ(OH) = 788 ± 13 ns and τ(OD) = 754 ± 12 ns.
Virtual reality and disability: emergence and challenge

(2002). Virtual reality and disability: emergence and challenge. Disability and Rehabilitation: Vol. 24, No. 11-12, pp. 567-569.
New Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities for Crohn Disease

Magnetic resonance (MR) enterography has an increasing role in the evaluation of the small bowel in patients with Crohn disease. MR enterography is accurate for disease assessment and can influence the choice of therapy. Functional sequences may increase the role of MR enterography in Crohn disease. Techniques such as high-resolution MR enterography, diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, magnetization transfer, and MR motility imaging may allow better assessment of disease extent, activity, and severity. Quantitative analysis using these advanced techniques as well as the standard techniques may provide methods for evaluating and following the disease in the future.
Antibiotic Effects of C10–C12 Fatty Acid Esters on Pink Bollworm, Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm

The effects on growth and mortality of larvae of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella, Saunders), bollworm (Heliothis zea, Boddie) and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens, F.) of adding selected C10–C12 fatty acid methyl esters to a standard diet were determined. The antibiotic activity of straight chain saturated esters was compared to the activity of esters with an olefinic bond either at C-2 or terminally or with a terminal acetylenic or cyclopropyl group. The ester with the greatest activity was the naturally occurring compound methyl (Z,Z)-deca-2,8-diene-4,6-diynoate (matricaria ester) which was lethal to all pink bollworm larvae at 0.01% in the diet and lethal to all bollworm and tobacco budworm larvae at 0.05%.
Optimization of the Mars Ascent Vehicle for Human Space Exploration

This paper presents an analysis of the ascent stage to be used in future humanmissions toMars, commonly known as theMars Ascent Vehicle. The focus of the analysis is to minimize the initial mass, which must be delivered to lowEarth orbit to have a fully functioning Mars Ascent Vehicle. At the end of the surface mission, the Mars Ascent Vehicle takes the astronauts from the Martian surface to the orbiting Earth Return Vehicle. Systems analysis tools are used to help identify themost influential mass drivers. Themain focus of the analysis is on the optimization of the propulsion system, including the type of propellant, oxidizer-to-fuel ratio, type of feed system, nozzle area ratio, and initial thrust-to-weight ratio of the system. A full factorial analysis shows that oxygen/hydrogen, pump-fed engines with a two-stage cryocooler are the best option for a mission scenario for propellant brought from Earth. If in-situ resource utilization is used to produce the necessary propellant on the Martian surface, oxygen/methane pump-fed engines become the best option in terms of minimizing the initial mass in low Earth orbit.
The Human Endogenous Circadian System Causes Greatest Platelet Activation during the Biological Morning Independent of Behaviors

Background Platelets are involved in the thromboses that are central to myocardial infarctions and ischemic strokes. Such adverse cardiovascular events have day/night patterns with peaks in the morning (~9 AM), potentially related to endogenous circadian clock control of platelet activation. The objective was to test if the human endogenous circadian system influences (1) platelet function and (2) platelet response to standardized behavioral stressors. We also aimed to compare the magnitude of any effects on platelet function caused by the circadian system with that caused by varied standardized behavioral stressors, including mental arithmetic, passive postural tilt and mild cycling exercise. Methodology/principal findings We studied 12 healthy adults (6 female) who lived in individual laboratory suites in dim light for 240 h, with all behaviors scheduled on a 20-h recurring cycle to permit assessment of endogenous circadian function independent from environmental and behavioral effects including the sleep/wake cycle. Circadian phase was assessed from core body temperature. There were highly significant endogenous circadian rhythms in platelet surface activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa, GPIb and P-selectin (6-17% peak-trough amplitudes; p ≤ 0.01). These circadian peaks occurred at a circadian phase corresponding to 8-9 AM. Platelet count, ATP release, aggregability, and plasma epinephrine also had significant circadian rhythms but with later peaks (corresponding to 3-8 PM). The circadian effects on the platelet activation markers were always larger than that of any of the three behavioral stressors. Conclusions/significance These data demonstrate robust effects of the endogenous circadian system on platelet activation in humans--independent of the sleep/wake cycle, other behavioral influences and the environment. The 9 AM timing of the circadian peaks of the three platelet surface markers, including platelet surface activated GPIIb-IIIa, the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, suggests that endogenous circadian influences on platelet function could contribute to the morning peak in adverse cardiovascular events as seen in many epidemiological studies.
Reduction and Temporary Stabilization of Acetabular Fractures Using ASIF Mandibular Reduction Forceps: Technique and Results Using Plate Fixation in 25 Dogs

Objective— To report the results of acetabular fracture fixation in 25 dogs in which a specialized forceps (ASIF mandibular reduction forceps, Synthes USA, Paoli, PA) was used to obtain fracture reduction and stabilization. Study Design— A retrospective clinical study. Animal Population— Twenty-five client-owned dogs with traumatic acetabular fractures. Methods— The mandibular reduction forceps (MRF) use a screw on each side of the fracture to attach the clamp directly to the bone and permit direct manipulation of the fragments. Medical records from 25 dogs with acetabular fractures were reviewed to determine the effectiveness of this technique in obtaining, and then maintaining, fracture reduction while a plate was being applied. Results— Clinical results were considered successful in 24 of 25 dogs; the small size of 1 dog prevented application of the MRF. The final reduction and fixation of the fractures was evaluated as anatomic in 17 dogs, near-anatomic in 6 dogs, and nonanatomic in 1 dog. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Application of the MRF is an effective technique for aiding the reduction of acetabular fractures in dogs. It maintains reduction while simultaneously permitting unimpeded access to the dorsal acetabular rim, thus facilitating accurate contouring of a plate. Accurate reduction and rigid fixation of articular fractures is essential to prevent secondary osteoarthritis.
Tissue-specific DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the environmental carcinogen, 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole.

Covalent adduction of DNA by chemical agents is commonly thought to be an essential part of the initiation of chemical carcinogenesis. Until recently, assays of DNA damage by covalent binding of chemicals have been restricted mostly to substances that are available in radiolabeled form, which excludes many environmental compounds with carcinogenic potential. In this paper, the binding of non-radioactive 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a known environmental carcinogen, to DNA in female CD-1 mice after s.c. injection of 44 mumol/kg of the compound has been investigated using a 32P-postlabeling assay. DBC showed strong hepatic specificity with a mean total level of 107 adducts per 10(7) nucleotides at 24 h, while much lower levels of binding were seen in kidney, lung, spleen, skin and brain with 4.3, 2.1, 1.3, 0.4 and 0.04 adducts, respectively, per 10(7) nucleotides. Proportions of individual DBC adducts also varied considerably between tissues. The degree of hepatic preference displayed by DBC is not seen with other polycyclic aromatic carcinogens such as benzo[a]pyrene and 2-acetylaminofluorene. The DNA-binding data, together with other hepatotoxic effects of the compound, may be causally related to the known hepatocarcinogenicity of DBC.
Partition if You Must: Evidence for a No Extra Times Principle.

Plural phrases are open to many interpretations in English, where cumulative interpretations of noun and verb phrases are possible without any disambiguating morphology. A sentence like Every week, the high school kids went to the movies or the ballgame might involve quantifying over multiple occurrences of a single scenario, in which subsets of the kids do different things, or it might involve quantifying over distinct scenarios, in which all of the kids do one thing or all of them do the other. We pursue the No Extra Times principle that favors interpretations where a phrase is construed as describing a single event taking place during a given time period. In two written interpretation studies, we found that participants more often interpret indeterminate sentences with disjunctive predicates by partitioning the set of individuals rather than partitioning the predicate to denote distinct scenarios or times. We conclude by offering some speculations about why partitioning the eventuality denoted by the v...
Anomalous rheology in a nanostructured diblock copolymer/hydrocarbon system and its kinetic origin

Nanostructured squalane solutions (5–20 wt %) of a diblock copolymer, poly(styrene-b-hydrogenated isoprene), were prepared by a cosolvent-casting method. The as-cast solutions behaved as viscous liquids with terminal flow behavior at room temperature. Upon heating, the solutions gelled, and they did not return to their starting liquidlike state upon cooling. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed a random array of spherical micelles in the as-cast solutions, which were hypothesized to be in a nonequilibrium state. This abnormal solidification with increasing temperature was correlated with the formation of body-centered-cubic (BCC) structures. Isothermal SAXS and rheology measurements also indicated that the rate of formation of BCC structures in the as-cast solutions increased with temperature. A diffusion-controlled nucleation-and-growth mechanism was proposed for the ordering process in the as-cast polystyrene-b-hydrogenated polyisoprene/squalane solutions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1496–1505, 2004
The electrical potential profile of the isolated toad bladder.

The electrical potential profile of the isolated toad bladder was examined in the spontaneously active, chronically short-circuited, and intermittently short-circuited states by means of glass micropipettes. The position of the micropipette tip within the bladder was evaluated by measuring the D.C. resistance between the micropipette tip and the reference electrode on the serosal side of the bladder. In the spontaneously active state, with concentrations of sodium in the mucosal solution ranging from less than 1 to 114 meq per liter, the potential profile consisted in the majority of impalements of two steps, each positive to the mucosal solution. A minority of impalements showed more than two potential steps, each positive to the mucosal solution. In the short-circuited state, the interior of the bladder was found to be negative to the bathing solution by approximately 5 mv. The results are interpreted as showing a potential step at the two surfaces of the epithelial cell layer of the toad bladder. In the spontaneously active state the potential change at the mucosal boundary is of the wrong polarity to bring about net sodium entry; the small electrical driving force across the mucosal surface which is present in the short-circuited state may contribute to the net entry of sodium from mucosal solutions with low sodium concentration.
Unconventional Pilot Steam Drive, Tar V Sand, Long Beach Unit, Wilmington Field, CA

This paper reviews the design, implementation and history of the unconventional pilot steam drive (greater than 2,500 ft measured depth) that has been underway since December 24, 1980 in the Tar reservoir in the Long Beach Unit, Wilmington Field, Los Angeles County, California. This paper describes the project through November 30, 1983. The Tar V reservoir is a series of interbedded sands, siltstones and shales in the Middle Repetto formation of lower Pliocene age. The Tar V reservoir in the Long Beach Unit is approximately 200 acres in areal extent, has a vertical gross thickness of 185 ft and a maximum vertical net oil sand thickness of 90 ft comprised of 8 to 10 separate sand units. Oil in place is estimated at 27 MMbbl of stock tank oil. The study area is 9.2 acres in areal extent with an average net oil sand thickness of 81.7 ft. The pilot steam drive was originally installed as an isolated 5.6 acre inverted 5-spot pattern.
Lysogenization and superinfection immunity in Salmonella.

Abstract Immunity to superinfection is a consequence of lysogenization. An analysis of some of the events leading to lysogenization by phage P22 of Salmonella has led to the conclusion that following infection there is at first a decision by the cell phage complex not to lyse. After several generations of bacterial growth the phage may then be integrated. A particular mutant, v1, of phage P22 seems to be able to initiate the reactions leading to lysogeny but fails to be stably integrated. During the period following infection, it replicates in a way that is comparable neither to vegetative growth nor to growth of prophage. Two phages serologically related to P22 have been isolated from other lysogenic Salmonella. They differ from P22 by three loci of such properties that they can be called host range genes. One of these loci, which is linked to v1, controls the ability to confer superinfection immunity. The others control ability to grow on specified bacterial strains. When a phage does not confer to a bacterium immunity to superinfection by related phage, the same general events occur as those following infection of nonlysogenic recipients. The first step in this process seems to be comparable to UV induction of prophage development. Prophage-controlled immunity to superinfection is compared with the immunity to superinfection exhibited by cells immediately after infection. An hypothesis is presented on the nature of the control of these two kinds of immunity. Correlated with lysogenization by P22 and its relatives is the appearance of the somatic antigen 1 and an impairment of phage adsorption. In a general way there is a correlation in amount of antigen, degree of impairment of phage adsorption, and completeness of superinfection immunity.
A new tool to aid the urologist in the placement of stents for impacted ureteral stones or strictures: the glide catheter.

We describe a technique one can use when only a lubricious wire is able to pass an impacted stone that could otherwise not be passed, over which a new hydrophilic “Glide Catheter” is then passed beyond the stone. The lubricious wire can then be exchanged for a stiffer wire that will aid the retrograde passage of a ureteral catheter, stent, or other endourologic device in both a safe and effective manner.
First-principles study of stability of the bcc and ω phases of a low Al concentration Nb1-xAlx alloy.

The phase stability and site occupancy of bcc (body centered cubic) Nb5Al and slightly rearranged atomic structures have been examined by means of first-principles calculations. In order to use first-principles methods, a periodic cell is required and we used ordered Nb5Al compounds as a tractable example of a low Al concentration Nb1 − xAlx alloy (in this case, for about 17 at.% Al). The instability against an ω-structure atomic displacement was also studied, since this structure is detrimental to ductility. Mulliken population analysis was used to provide an understanding of the hybridization between the atoms and the electronic origin of the site occupancy and instability of the underlying bcc structures. By making calculations for several different configurations of the Nb–Al system we estimated the strengths of the Nb–Nb and Nb–Al bonds. It is shown that the stability of the underlying bcc phases is directly related to Nb–Nb and Nb–Al first-nearest-neighbor interactions. The first-principles calculations were extended to finite temperature by including various contributions to the free energy. In particular, the vibrational free energy was calculated within the quasiharmonic approximation, and it is shown that the contribution of the low energy modes to the lattice entropy helps to stabilize ordered bcc phases against ω-type phase transformations. Semi-quasi-random structures were employed to study the stability of the ordered and disordered bcc phases. Our study showed, in agreement with experiment, that the ω, ordered, and disordered phases can coexist in a nonequilibrium state at finite temperature.
Annual Cycle of Body Composition and Hibernation in Free-Living Arctic Ground Squirrels

We monitored a natural population of arctic ground squirrels ( Spermophilus parryii kennicottii ) on the North Slope of Alaska for seasonal changes in body mass and composition and dates of immergence into and emergence from hibernation. Yearlings and adult females were at the lowest body mass of their active season at emergence in spring. Their mean body mass did not increase for 1 month after emergence and peaked in July (adult females) and August (yearlings). Body mass of adult males was near the highest of the active season when they emerged from hibernation and decreased by 21% over the subsequent 10-day mating season. Juveniles gained body mass during their active season, except for significant losses associated with dispersal. During hibernation, females lost >30% of their body mass, but adult males emerged in spring without significant decreases in body mass, fat, or lean. Yearling and nonreproductive males were significantly lower in fat but not lean mass at emergence than immergence, and females were significantly lower in fat and lean mass. Arctic ground squirrels entered hibernation over a >1 -month interval beginning in early August; females entered before males, and adults of each sex immerged before juveniles. Reproductive males emerged before females, and fatter females emerged significantly earlier than leaner females. Vaginal estrus was maximal at 3 days post-emergence. Nonreproductive males emerged last from hibernation. Mean ± SE days in hibernation was 240.1 ± 12.1 for adult females (69% of the year), 235.8 ± 10.3 for juvenile females, 230.3 ± 4.2 for nonreproductive males, 220.3 ± 12.5 for adult males, and 214.7 ± 6.5 for juvenile males. Timing of immergence into and emergence from hibernation for arctic ground squirrels did not differ significantly from sciurid populations in temperate latitudes.
AN ATTEMPT TO OBTAIN REPLICATE LEARNING CURVES

Abstract : Investigators of split brain learning have reported that the two halves function in a nearly identical manner, giving excellent controlled replication of a learning problem. Such a situation furnishes an excellent opportunity for studying and learning curves and the parameters of learning curves to differentiate random error from a systematic discrepancy between learning data and learning theory. Experiments were carried out with cats trained in a tactile discrimination apparatus, sometimes being forced to use the left paw, and sometimes the right paw. Various tactile discriminations were required, one pedal being reinforced by food and the other sounded a buzzer. The data were analyzed in terms of parameters of a particular learning model and also in terms of the conventional measures of total trials, total correct responses and total errors to criterion. (Modified author abstract)
Developing Correctly Replicated Databases Using Formal Tools

Fault-tolerant distributed systems often contain complex error handling code. Such code is hard to test or model-check because there are often too many possible failure scenarios to consider. As we will demonstrate in this paper, formal methods have evolved to a state in which it is possible to generate this code along with correctness guarantees. This paper describes our experience with building highly-available databases using replication protocols that were generated with the help of correct-by-construction formal methods. The goal of our project is to obtain databases with unsurpassed reliability while providing good performance. We report on our experience using a total order broadcast protocol based on Paxos and specified using a new formal language called Event ML. We compile Event ML specifications into a form that can be formally verified while simultaneously obtaining code that can be executed. We have developed two replicated databases based on this code and show that they have performance that is competitive with popular databases in one of the two considered benchmarks.
Activation of human leukocyte elastase by human α 2 -macroglobulin

PROTEOLYSIS and its biological control in the pathogenesis of disease states involving inflammation and tissue injury have become areas of intensive study1,2. Because of their probable involvement in the pathogenesis of emphysema, the elastolytic enzymes derived from neutrophils have received particular attention3–6. Among the principal protease inhibitors in blood, α1 antitrypsin (α1-AT) serves as the main inhibitor controlling the activity of elastase and other serine proteinases, whereas α2-macroglobulin (α2-M) is believed to function primarily as a means of removing elastase and other proteinases from the circulatory system via the reticuloendothelial system7,8. During studies of the interaction of various inhibitors with elastase isolated from purulent sputum9, it was noted that the activity of this enzyme towards certain synthetic substrates was markedly enhanced in the presence of α2-M. We present here a study of this activation. It is possible that activation of elastase by α2-M may be of physiological significance, particularly under those conditions where a deficiency of antitrypsin is known to be a predisposing factor towards chronic obstructive pulmonary disease10.
Cultural Property and Culture Theory

Recent work in culture theory has mounted a decisive critique of the reifying tendencies that have been inherent in anthropologists' use of the culture concept. At the same time, cultural-property legislation has proliferated around the globe, leading, ironically, to a bureaucratic celebration of precisely those aspects of culture theory that many anthropologists now mistrust. This article reviews some of the reifying assumptions built in to the notion of cultural property, and examines two historical cases, one at the dawn of the nationalist era, the other at the end of the twentieth century.
Numerical methods for the reconstruction of fossil material in three dimensions

Distances measured between homologous reference points on fragmentary fossil material can be used to recover a three-dimensional framework by operations of standard matrix algebra. A procedure that combines both linear and non-linear algorithms is described and illustrated in a simple reconstruction of Waptia fieldensis. The approach attempts to provide a modelling process in which a palaeontologist can explore the geometrical consequences of fossil measurements through continuous interaction with programmed reconstructions.
Development of a Linked Simulation Network to Evaluate Intelligent Transportation System Vehicle to Vehicle Solutions

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Infrastructure to Vehicle (I2V) technologies promise significant advances in roadway safety, but the prolonged timeline for migration to these technologies suggest turbulent decades of driving safety research to come. To answer the ongoing question of how ITS based evolution of the driving environment will impact The Vehicle Fleet and the driving public, simulation based driver research will be necessary. Unfortunately, traditional single-seat simulators are not well suited to answer questions about networked ITS systems, which inherently involve multiple actors. Multiple seat driving simulators (MSDS), in which drivers interact in a single virtual environment, is argued to be the solution. Details of the ongoing development of the Real-time Multiple Seat Simulator (RMSS) at The University of Central Florida are presented, and implications of this and futures linked simulation installations discussed.
Neutron activation analysis of archaeological artefacts

The elemental compositions of archaeological artefacts, ancient and medieval coins, and metallic art objects have been determined by non-destructive neutron activation analysis. Examples are given of studies of prehistoric trade routes and cultural contacts based on the identification of the geologic origins of obsidian artefacts, of early economic systems based on the determination of debasement patterns in medieval Islamic and Western gold and silver coinage, the region of manufacture as well as authentication of ancient metallic art objects based on trace element analysis. Special procedures devised for performing these analyses are described.
Predictors and Impact of Thirty-Day Readmission on Patient Outcomes and Health Care Costs after Reduced-Toxicity Conditioning Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Thirty-day readmission (30-DR) has become an important quality-of-care measure. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) presents a medical setting with higher readmission rates. We analyzed factors affecting 30-DR and its impact on patient outcomes and on health care costs in 91 patients who underwent reduced-toxicity conditioning (RTC) allo-HCT with fludarabine and busulfan. The patient cohort was divided into 2: the readmission group (R-gp) or the no-readmission group (NR-gp). Overall, 38% (n = 35) required readmission with a median time to readmission of 14 days. In multivariate analysis, only documented infection during the index admission predicted 30-DR, P = .01. With a median follow-up of 18 months (range, 1 to 69) for surviving patients, the 2-year overall survival was 49% and 58% in the R-gp and NR-gp respectively, P = .48. The 1-year nonrelapse mortality in R-gp and NR-gp was 18% and 13% respectively, P = .43. The median post-transplantation hospital charges in the R-gp and NR-gp were $85,115 (range, $32,015 to $242,519) and $45,083 (range, $10,715 to $485,456), P = .0002. In conclusion, only documented infections during the index hospitalization influenced 30-DR after RTC allo-HCT. Although 30-DR did not adversely affect mortality or survival, it was associated with significantly increased 100-day post-transplantation hospital charges, thus supporting its role as a quality-of-care measure in allo-HCT patients.
Early abnormal development of calmodulin gene expression and calmodulin-resistant Ca2+-ATPase activity in avian dystrophic muscle.

Summary We have reported previously that the pectoralis muscle from three month-old dystrophic chickens with signs of myopathy exhibits increased calmodulin content, elevated calmodulin-specific mRNA ( Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137:507–512, 1986 ), and reduced sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase activity in response to calmodulin exposure in vitro (Clin. Res. 34 : 725A, 1986). To determine the early time sequence for development of these abnormalities, we have studied muscle from embryos and post-hatched chickens at various ages. Quantitated by dot blot analysis, there was an approximate two-fold increase in calmodulin-specific mRNA in dystrophic muscle as early as 13 days ex ovo which was maintained throughout development up to three months ex ovo . Similarly, Ca2+-ATPase activity measured in SR membranes from chickens as early as 13 days post-hatch was also found to be resistant to stimulation in vitro by exogenous calmodulin, whereas the enzyme from normal muscle was calmodulin-stimulable. These findings suggest that the genetic lesion expressed in the avian dystrophic animal model involves the loss of normal control of intracellular calcium metabolism early in the maturation of the affected musculature and prior to appearance of disease signs.
Optimization of Algorithmic Parameters using a Meta-Control Approach*

Optimization algorithms usually rely on the setting of parameters, such as barrier coefficients. We have developed a generic meta-control procedure to optimize the behavior of given iterative optimization algorithms. In this procedure, an optimal continuous control problem is defined to compute the parameters of an iterative algorithm as control variables to achieve a desired behavior of the algorithm (e.g., convergence time, memory resources, and quality of solution). The procedure is illustrated with an interior point algorithm to control barrier coefficients for constrained nonlinear optimization. Three numerical examples are included to demonstrate the enhanced performance of this method.
Accurate and simple density functional for the electronic exchange energy: Generalized gradient approximation

The electronic exchange energy as a functional of the density may be approximated as ${E}_{x}[n]={A}_{x}\ensuremath{\int}{d}^{3}r{n}^{\frac{4}{3}}F(s)$, where $s=\frac{|\ensuremath{\nabla}n|}{2{k}_{F}n}$, ${k}_{F}={(3{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}n)}^{\frac{1}{3}}$, and $F(s)={(1+1.296{s}^{2}+14{s}^{4}+0.2{s}^{6})}^{\frac{1}{15}}$. The basis for this approximation is the gradient expansion of the exchange hole, with real-space cutoffs chosen to guarantee that the hole is negative everywhere and represents a deficit of one electron. Unlike the previously publsihed version of it, this functional is simple enough to be applied routinely in self-consistent calculations for atoms, molecules, and solids. Calculated exchange energies for atoms fall within 1% of Hartree-Fock values. Significant improvements over other simple functionals are also found in the exchange contributions to the valence-shell removal energy of an atom and to the surface energy of jellium within the infinite barrier model.