cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Loss and Calibration of the Hydra Probe Soil Water Sensor

Widespread interest in soil water content (θ, m3 m−3) information for both management and research has led to the development of a variety of soil water content sensors. In most cases, critical issues related to sensor calibration and accuracy have received little independent study. We investigated the performance of the Hydra Probe soil water sensor with the following objectives: (i) quantify the inter-sensor variability, (ii) evaluate the applicability of data from two commonly used calibration methods, and (iii) develop and test two multi-soil calibration equations, one general, “default” calibration equation and a second calibration that incorporates the effects of soil properties. The largest deviation in the real component of the relative dielectric permittivity \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\left({\epsilon}_{r}^{{^\prime}}\right)\) \end{document} determined with the Hydra Probe using 30 sensors in ethanol corresponded to a water content deviation of about 0.012 m3m−3, indicating that a single calibration could be generally applied. In layered (wet and dry) media, er′ determined with the Hydra Probe was different from that in uniform media with the same water content. In uniform media, θ was a linear function of √er′. We used this functional relationship to describe individual soil calibrations and the multi-soil calibrations. Individual soil calibrations varied independently of clay content but were correlated with dielectric loss. When applied to the 19-soil test data set, the general calibration outperformed manufacturer-supplied calibrations. The average θ difference, evaluated between \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{{^\prime}}\ =\ 4\) \end{document} and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{{^\prime}}\ =\ 36\) \end{document}, was 0.019 m3m−3 for the general equation and 0.013 m3m−3 for the loss-corrected equation.
Experimental Evidence for the Two-Dimensional Quantum Wigner Crystal

I review recently reported observations of an electric field threshold conduction and of the related ac voltage ("broadband noise") generation in low-disorder two-dimensional electron systems in extreme magnetic quantum limit. These phenomena are interpreted as direct evidence for formation of a pinned quantum Wigner crystal. Wigner crystal melting phase diagram as a function of filling factor ν was determined from the disappearance of the threshold behavior at higher temperatures. The solid phase was found to be reentrant in that it is observed to be interrupted by the ν = 1/5 fractional quantum Hall state.
A six-year retrospective study of Molloplast-B-lined dentures. Part I: Patient response

Abstract A 6-year retrospective investigation elicited patient response to wearing Molloplast-B-lined dentures with the following results: 1. For nearly all the patients wearing a Molloplast-B-lined denture, their ability to wear it comfortably outweighs its disadvantages. 2. Nearly all the patients (95.4%) would elect to have a new soft-lined denture should their present one need replacement. 3. Nearly all the patients (93%) thought that their soft-lined dentures were more comfortable than their previous conventional acrylic resin ones. 4. Molloplast-B-lined dentures offered comfort to a significant number of patients in this study who had had a history of chronic discomfort with the wearing of conventional acrylic resin dentures. 5. The presence of a retracted tongue habit is likely to decrease the patient's satisfaction with the dentures.
Candida glabrata complicating in vitro pregnancy: successful management of subsequent pregnancy.

Objective To report the occurrence of Candida glabrata chorioamnionitis complicating an in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy. Design Case report. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) A 30-year-old woman, primagravida, with an IVF dichorionic-diamniotic pregnancy who presented at 15 weeks with vaginal bleeding. Intervention(s) Before embryo transfer in next IVF cycle, vaginal culture from the patient revealed colonization with C. glabrata, which was treated with boric acid. Main Outcome Measure(s) Subsequent pregnancy after eradication of fungal organisms. Result(s) The patient's first pregnancy was treated with indomethacin and broad-spectrum antibiotics, but her membranes ruptured, and she delivered both twins at 16 weeks; the autopsy and pathology reports were consistent with C. glabrata chorioamnionitis. After boric acid treatment eradicated the organisms, two embryos were transferred in subsequent IVF treatment; the second pregnancy was uncomplicated, with dichorionic-diamniotic twins, delivered by cesarean section at 38 weeks. Conclusion(s) Eradication of vaginal colonization with C. glabrata may prevent infection of the next IVF pregnancy.
Dipole-dipole coupling in the N2 overlayer on Ni(110)

Abstract We have studied the infrared spectrum of an isotopically mixed 15 N 2 / 14 N 2 overlayer on Ni(110) as a function of percent 14 N 2 at a constant overall N 2 coverage. The results reveal that a large dipole coupling shift is almost completely cancelled by a large chemical shift of opposite sign resulting in a net small frequency shift with coverage in the isotopically pure overlayer. The spectra are also characterized by strong intensity borrowing from the low frequencv band to the high frequency band and by a strong dependence of linewidth on fraction of 14 N 2 .
Pathways to Critical Consciousness: A First-Year Teacher’s Engagement With Issues of Race and Equity

In this article, the author considers the ways in which a White first-year teacher performs critical racial consciousness in the context of her urban fifth-grade classroom. The process of critical ...
Isoacids and urea as a protein supplement for lactating cows fed corn silage.

Abstract We studied effects of isoacids (isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate) on milk production when com silage was the sole roughage for 98 lactating cows in four trials. In the first trial isoacids plus phenylacetate (100 g) were fed with urea (300 g) to 24 lactating cows in a randomized block design with a soy protein control, urea control, and urea plus isoacids and phenylacetate treatment. Concentrate was not fed. Soy protein was most effective in maintaining milk production, persistency of lactation, and body weight. Isoacids improved milk production, persistency of lactation, and body weight over the urea alone. In the second trial, corn silage and corn grain were fed to 28 lactating cows in a randomized block design with a positive control (soybean meal), a negative control (no nitrogen supplementation), urea, or urea plus isoacids. Concentrate was fed according to milk production (1 to 2.5 kg). Isoacids improved persistency of lactation over the urea control. For the third trial, 18 lactating cows were in a crossover design with a urea control treatment, and urea plus two mixtures of isoacids. Isoacid mixture 1 contained, on a molar basis, 28, 24, 24, and 24% isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate, and n-valerate, respectively. The corresponding percents for mixture 2 were 36, 17, 17, and 30%. The addition of isoacids to urea improved persistency of lactation and milk production and decreased urea nitrogen in plasma and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen. In the fourth trial, 28 lactating cows were paired in a 90-day continous feeding trial. Concentrate was fed according to milk production. Cows were fed a urea control treatment and urea-isoacid mixture 1. Isoacids improved persistency of lactation.
Reply to ‘Comment on “On the stability of a bicycle on rollers”’

This communication is a Reply to a Comment on our article ‘On the stability of a bicycle on rollers’.
Negative dysphotopsia: The enigmatic penumbra

Purpose To determine the cause of negative dysphotopsia and the location, appearance, and relative intensity of such images in pseudophakic eyes. Setting Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Reporting available data addressing a specific clinical question. Methods Negative dysphotopsia was simulated using the Zemax optical design program. The nominal values for the pseudophakic eye model were as follows: IOL power, 20.0 diopters (D); corneal power, 43.5 D; Q value, −0.26; axial IOL depth behind pupil, 0.5 mm; external anterior chamber depth (corneal vertex to iris plane), 4.0 mm; optic diameter, 6.0 mm; pupil diameter, 2.5 mm. Results From the first ray-tracing simulation, analysis of the image for the nominal parameters showed 2 annuli (ring-shaped) shadows. The inner annulus shadow was located from a retinal visual field angle of 86.0 to 100.0 degrees (width 14.0 degrees), and the outer annular shadow was located from 105.9 to 123.3 degrees (width 17.4 degrees). Superimposing the inner annulus on the human visual field showed that the shadow would be apparent only temporally, where it is within the limits of the visual field and functional retina. The patient would perceive this as a temporal dark crescent-shaped partial shadow (penumbra). Conclusions Primary optical factors required for negative dysphotopsia are a small pupil, a distance behind the pupil of 0.06 mm or more and 1.23 mm or less for acrylic, a sharp-edged design, and functional nasal retina that extends anterior to the shadow. Secondary factors include a high index of refraction optic material, angle α, and the nasal location of the pupil relative to the eye’s optical axis. Financial Disclosure Drs. Zhao and Reisin are employees of and Dr. Holladay is a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Layilin, A Novel Talin-binding Transmembrane Protein Homologous with C-type Lectins, is Localized in Membrane Ruffles

Changes in cell morphology and motility are mediated by the actin cytoskeleton. Recent advances in our understanding of the regulators of microfilament structure and dynamics have shed light on how these changes are controlled, and efforts continue to define all the structural and signaling components involved in these processes. The actin cytoskeleton-associated protein talin binds to integrins, vinculin, and actin. We report a new binding partner for talin that we have named layilin, which contains homology with C-type lectins, is present in numerous cell lines and tissue extracts, and is expressed on the cell surface. Layilin colocalizes with talin in membrane ruffles, and is recruited to membrane ruffles in cells induced to migrate in in vitro wounding experiments and in peripheral ruffles in spreading cells. A ten–amino acid motif in the layilin cytoplasmic domain is sufficient for talin binding. We have identified a short region within talin's amino-terminal 435 amino acids capable of binding to layilin in vitro. This region overlaps a binding site for focal adhesion kinase.
Reputation Repair at the Expense of Providing Instructing and Adjusting Information Following Crises

Quantitative content analysis of 51 articles published in crisis communication literature in public relations indicates both a prevalent focus on image restoration or reputation management in the crisis responses analyzed in more than 18 years of research and a relative neglect of instructing and adjusting information in subsequent recommendations. This research makes insightful crisis response recommendations regarding consideration of organizational type involved in a crisis (government, corporation, or individual) and targeting active publics when selecting crisis responses.
Remarks on the test of significance for the method of paired comparisons.

A three-component model for comparative judgment which allows for individual differences in preference is proposed. An implication of the model is that errors in the observed proportions due to sampling individuals in paired comparisons experiments are correlated. By neglecting this correlation, Mosteller's test for the method of paired comparisons tends to accept falsely the goodness of fit of the Case V solution. It is shown that bounds may be set for the correlation effect which make a valid test possible in some cases and provide useful standard errors for the estimated affective values.
Induction of the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by vitamin E and other antioxidants in combination with low levels of vitamin D3: possible relationship to NF-κB

Induction of the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by vitamin E and other antioxidants in combination with low levels of vitamin D 3 : possible relationship to NF-κB
Differential conditioning can reverse the fear-reducing effects of phenobarbital

Rats were trained in a conditioned emotional response (CER) task in which barpressing for saccharine solution was suppressed during a tone conditioned stimulus which sometimes signalled imminent electric shock. Phenobarbital 80 mg/kg was administered before sessions 2, 4, 6, etc., and isotonic saline before alternate sessions. To establish a discriminated CER, tone was paired with shock only during drug sessions in Group 1, and only during no drug sessions in Group 2. This differential conditioning procedure made suppression of bar pressing conditional on the presence of phenobarbital in Group 1, and on its absence in Group 2. The results suggest that discriminated responding controlled by drug stimuli could either augment or reduce the fear-reducing effects of phenobarbital.
The antiaggressive effects of lithium in man.

Since Cade's original suggestions concerning the value of lithium in controlling patients' “ungovernable tempers”, considerable evidence has accumulated to support this view. The present report reviews this evidence and offers an illustrative case.
Adsorption and Desorption Kinetics and Equilibrium of Calcium Lignosulfonate on Dolomite Porous Media

Calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) adsorption and desorption on a porous dolomite rock have been studied. Kinetic results showed that both adsorption and desorption are time-dependent processes, not inst...
The electrochemical oxidation of hydroxylamine at platinum and gold electrodes in dimethylsulfoxide

Summary The electrochemistry of hydroxylamine has been studied at gold and platinum electrodes in dimethylsulfoxide containing 0.20 F LiClO 4 using chronopotentiometry, controlled-potential coulometry, cyclic voltammetry and gas chromatography. The electroactive species is NH 2 OH which is oxidized irreversibly by a diffusion-controlled two-electron process. The major products are H 2 O, H + and N 2 O. Mechanisms consistent with the results are proposed; the rate-controlling step is a one-electron process which follows a pre-chemical reaction of a hydroxide ion with NH 2 OH.
Quantitative aspects of follicular development in the untreated and PMS-treated cyclic hamster.

Hamsters injected at 0900 on day 1 of the cycle (metestrus) with either 0, 5 or 15 IU pregnant mare's serum (PMS) were killed at 1500 of days 1 to 4 of the cycle and the ovaries prepared for light microscopy and for a quantitative evaluation of follicular development. In the untreated cyclic hamster, the maximal number of preantral follicles with eight or more layers of granulosa cells occurred between the afternoon of day 4 (proestrus) and day 1, coinciding with the highest blood levels of FSH and LH. It is concluded that the elevated preovulatory levels of gonadotropins not only induce the ovulation of the mature antral follicles but at the same time recruit the next set of follicles for development during the new cycle. By the afternoon of day 1, treatment with either 5 or 15 IU PMS recruited more follicles into large preantral and incipient antral stages than in the untreated hamsters. However, by day 2 the pattern of follicular distribution was similar between the 5 IU PMS and untreated group whereas considerably more antral follicles had differentiated in the animals given 15 IU PMS. The ability of 15 IU PMS to elicit superovulation therefore depends on the levels being initially high enough to mature more follicles at critical stages of their development; the prolonged biological half life of PMS then sustains these follicles throughout the cycle.
Comparison of conventional and organic beef production systems I. feedlot performance and production costs

Abstract Animal performance in organic and conventional beef production systems was evaluated using preconditioned crossbred steers from conventional (C, n =24) and low-input (O, n =30) farming systems that were randomly divided into two groups and assigned to either organic (o) or conventional (c) feedlot systems. C calves were vaccinated, implanted and creep fed with a commercial feed that included lasalocid, while O calves were only vaccinated preweaning. Postweaning treatment c included vaccination, deworming, implants, ionophore and conventional corn and soybeans. Postweaning treatment o included vaccination and organic corn and soybeans. All steers received organic grass-clover hay during the finishing period. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily and animals weighed monthly. To analyze the production system from birth to slaughter, the model included fixed treatment effect and age at the beginning of the feedlot phase (AGE) was fitted as a covariate. Cc steers had higher ( P P P P P P >0.05) DMI, more rapid ( P P P P >0.05) for Cc and Oc steers and lower ( P P >0.05). Using total cost of gain for conventionally finished steers as the basis for comparison, it cost 39% more ( P
Left Ventricular Size and Function and Heart Size in the Year Following Myocardial Infarction

Interrelationships among left ventricular (LV) size, LV function, and heart size were investigated in 49 patients studied 2-12 months after myocardial infarction. LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) and ejection fraction (EF) were determined by biplane ventriculography. Heart size was estimated from chest films by the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) and cardiac volume (CV) methods. Ventricular function (i.e., EF) was related to chamber size (i.e., EDV), but the correlation coefficient was not high ( r = 0.74); thus, chamber size was not an accurate predictor of EF. Because of the close linear relation that exists between LV end-systolic volume and EDV ( r = 0.98), a hyperbola describes the relation between EF and EDV. In general, EF was depressed ( 2 , was 2 ), and was 150 ml/m 2 . Thus relatively small chamber size ( 2 ) was associated with a wide range in ventricular function, while large chamber size was associated with severe dysfunction (EF 0.50 or CV > 540 ml/m 2 ) was not found consistently until EDV exceeded 150 ml/m 2 . Hence normal heart size was often associated with moderate EF depression (0.49-0.30), while cardiomegaly was often associated with severe dysfunction. Clinical heart failure (CHF) was usually accompanied by EF 2 . Primarily because of this variation in chamber size, both normal heart size and cardiomegaly were at times associated with CHF. The poor correlations of EF with CTR ( r = –0.43) and CV ( r = –0.52) preclude use of the heart size indices as accurate predictors of LV function. When the data were analyzed according to the presence or absence of cardiomegaly, the following generalizations could be made regardless of the heart size method used. Cardiomegaly was a reasonable indicator of postinfarction LV function, being associated with depressed function and often with CHF. However normal heart size was associated with either normal LV function, or commonly, with depressed function, often not clinically apparent.
Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide may be a product of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78)

Cholesterol side-chain cleavage is sensitive to antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis, suggesting that a labile protein may play a regulatory role in this process. We have previously characterized such a factor--steroidogenesis activator polypeptide (SAP). Given the low molecular weight of SAP (Mr 3215), a SAP precursor has been sought. Using immunoblotting techniques with two polyclonal antisera directed against portions of the SAP sequence, a single protein of apparent Mr 82,000 (p82) can be detected in rat adrenocortical tissue. Our data suggest that adrenal p82 is most likely the widely-distributed minor heat shock protein, glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The two proteins share biochemical attributes, including pI (5.2) and ATP affinity, and the reported amino acid sequences for SAP and for the carboxyl-terminal end of GRP78 are nearly identical. We propose that SAP is cleaved from GRP78--or a cognate protein--and that this proteolysis is regulated in a manner characteristic of steroidogenic tissues.
Designing to win in sub-90nm mask production

An informal survey conducted with key customers by Photronics indicates that the time gap between technology nodes has accelerated in recent years. Previously the cycle was three years. However, between 130nm and 90nm there was less than a 2 year gap, and between 90nm and 65nm a 1.5 year gap exists. As a result, the technical challenges have increased substantially. In addition, mask costs are rising exponentially due to high capital equipment cost, a shrinking customer base, long write times and increased applications of 193nm EAPSM or AAPSM. Collaboration among EDA companies, mask houses and wafer manufacturers is now more important than ever. This paper will explore avenues for reducing mask costs, mainly in the areas of: write-time reduction through design for manufacturing (DFM), and yield improvement through specification relaxation. Our study conducted through layout vertex modeling suggests that a simple design shape such as a square versus a circle or an angled structure helps reduce shot count and write time. Shot count reduction through mask layout optimization, and advancement in new generation E-beam writers can reduce write time up to 65%. An advanced laser writer can produce those less critical E-beam layers in less than half the time of an e-beam writer. Additionally, the emerging imprint lithography brings new life and new challenges to the photomask industry with applications in many fields outside of the semiconductor industry. As immersion lithography is introduced for 45nm device production, polarization and MEEF effects due to the mask will become severe. Larger magnification not only provides benefits on CD control and MEEF, but also extends the life time of current 90nm/65nm tool sets where 45nm mask sets can be produced at a lower cost.
The "Rubber-Mask" Technique I. Pattern Measurement and Analysis

Template matching is a fundamental technique of pattern recognition. Although this technique is very general, its applicability has been limited because of the difficulty often encountered when fitting templates to natural data. Natural patterns are often distorted, misshapen, stretched in size, fuzzy, rotated, translated, observed at an unusual perspective, etc. Flexible templates (rubber masks) have been devised which, when fitted to natural data, can be used for measurement, data reduction, data smoothing, and classification of highly irregular waveforms and image shapes. These problems had been largely unsolved by existing template matching methods.
A Wireless Sensor Network Approach to Signalized Left Turn Assist at Intersections

This paper presents one possible approach to Signalized Left Turn Assist at intersections. A sensing platform is designed to detect the presence of cars by measuring the deflection of the magnetic field when driving by. This platform is tested experimentally under different conditions. A threshold detection algorithm is designed to determine whether a car is passing in front of the sensor. The algorithm is first run off-board using a set of previously collected magnetometer measurements, before being implemented and run on-board the platform. We show how this detection algorithm performs better as the sensor is placed close to the traffic flow and we discuss how such sensors can be networked together to form a smart intersection.
The effect of the order of nonlinear dispersive equation on the compact and noncompact solutions

The effect of the order of nonlinear dispersive partial differential equation on the compact and noncompact solutions is studied in this paper. Two variants of the KdV equation of odd orders are examined. Our analysis reveals that the physical nature of these nonlinear KdV-type of equations are different. Two distinct sets of general formulas for each type of variants are performed to present a fairly complete understanding of the compact and noncompact structures.
Cholera toxin stimulates secretion of saturated phosphatidylcholine and increases cellular cyclic AMP in isolated rat alveolar type II cells.

We compared the time course of saturated phosphatidylcholine secretion and cellular cyclic AMP concentrations in isolated rat alveolar type II cells following stimulation by cholera toxin, terbutaline, and 12–0-tetradecanoyl- 13 -phorbol acetate. Secretion of saturated phosphatidylcholine was stimulated by cholera toxin at concentrations from 1.2 × 10−11 M to 5.0 × 10−7 M. In time course experiments there was no significant stimulation with cholera toxin before 1 hr; all subsequent points between 90 and 180 min were significantly different from controls. Secretion stimulated by 10 μ terbutaline was similar in magnitude to stimulation by 1.2 × 10−9 M cholera toxin; stimulation following either of these agonists was higher than control secretion and lower than secretion stimulated by 10 nM 12–0-tetradecanoyl-l 13-phorbol acetate. Terbutaline caused an early rise in cellular cyclic AMP that peaked within 5 min and then returned to basal level by 60 min. In contrast, cholera toxin did not increase cellular cA...
Determinants of persistence in innovation: evidence from the case study of the ‘Eye Microsurgery’ Complex

This study aims at determining the major factors supporting innovative persistence based on an in-depth analysis of the internal organizational processes of the state-owned medical institution, ‘Eye Microsurgery’ Complex in Moscow. I propose a systemic approach to the study of innovation activities, which incorporates aspects of evolutionary economics, institutional analysis and dynamic capabilities theory. The study explicitly incorporates the changing external environment as a factor shaping innovation dynamics. The findings suggest that at the earliest stage of the firm's development, the interaction between the nature of the technology and the nature of the demand, the presence of prolific innovators and a certain organizational structure that supports learning, effective knowledge production and accumulation are determinant of persistence in innovation. In later periods, the availability of resources (material, financial, specialized human capital), external collaborations, specific production techni...
Estimating break-down pressure of upper marine sediments using soil boring data

Abstract This paper illustrates how soil boring data is used to determine the formation break-down pressure for the Green Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico. Example soil boring data is integrated with deeper well log data to accurately estimate overburden stress. Values for the horizontal to vertical effective stress ratios are confirmed by measuring the actual in situ formation break-down pressure while collecting the soil samples. This study shows that upper marine clays for the Green Canyon Area example have horizontal to vertical effective stress ratios of about 1.0 rather than the extrapolated value of 0.33 often used for sands. The current objective of soil-boring geotechnical studies is to aid in the design of platform foundations. This study recommends that oil-boring geotechnical studies be extended to include obtaining data for designing shallow-gas well control systems.
Analysis of JDAM tests at China Lake

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper examines telemetry signal levels of the Joint Direct Air Munition (JDAM) tests at China Lake NAWC. Significant received signal level variations were observed as the munition approached impact. This paper presents and examines two simple multipath models to explain the received signal variations. The first model assumes a flat Earth and a single specular multipath reflection. The second model uses the actual contour of the Earth and considers a number of specular multipath reflections. The first model (which assumes the single multipath reflection) more accurately reproduces the variations in the received signal level than the second.
Nontraded Goods and Real Exchange Rates in a Multi-Good Ricardian Model

The two-country Ricardian trade model with discrete goods and uniform transport costs for tradable goods is applied to the decomposition of the real exchange rate into traded and nontraded components. The real exchange rate is driven almost entirely by changes in the productivity differentials in nontraded goods and also explains the Balassa–Samuelson effect of a lower cost of living in poor countries, but extraordinary transport costs for some nontraded goods are necessary to easily explain the Balassa–Samuelson effect.
Packing of the transmembrane helices of Na,K-ATPase: direct contact between beta-subunit and H8 segment of alpha-subunit revealed by oxidative cross-linking.

Spatial relationships among the transmembrane (TM) segments of R- and ‚-subunits of the Na,K-ATPase molecule have been investigated using oxidative induction of disulfide bonds. The catalytic R-subunit contains 10 TM R-helices (H1-H10) with 9 Cys residues located within or close to the membrane moiety. There is one Cys residue in the single TM segment of ‚-subunit (H‚). Previously, the cross- linking products containing the ‚-subunit and two fragments of R-subunit (the N-terminal containing H1-H2 helices and the C-terminal containing H7-H10 helices) have been identified in experiments with membrane-bound or detergent-solubilized preparations of the membrane moiety of trypsin-digested Na,K-ATPase (Sarvazyan, N. A., Modyanov, N. N., and Askari, A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26528- 26532 and Sarvazyan, N. A., Ivanov, A., Modyanov, N. N., and Askari, A. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 7855-7858). Here, we have shown that Cu 2+ -phenanthroline treatment of digitonin-solubilized preparation provides the most efficient formation of intersubunit cross-linked product that is predominantly a dimer of ‚-subunit and a 22-kDa C-terminal R-fragment containing H7-H10 helices. This cross-linked product was isolated and subjected to CNBr cleavage. The resulting fragments were electrophoretically separated and sequenced. A 17-kDa peptide composed of Ile853-Met942 R-fragment and Ala5-Met56 ‚-fragment was identified as a product of intersubunit disulfide cross-link between Cys44 of H‚ and either Cys911 or Cys930, located in H8. This provides the first direct experimental evidence of the juxtaposition of H ‚ and H8 within the Na,K-ATPase molecule. The second detected cross-linked product was composed of R-fragments Lys947-Met963 and Tyr974-Tyr1016 linked by induced disulfide bridge between Cys964 (H9) and Cys983 (H10). The spatial proximity of these Cys residues defines the mutual orientation of H9 and H10 helices of R-subunit.
Effects of ‘can’ filter on EMI performance of switching power supplies

In this paper, common issues associated with incorporation of an inline filter cable, also know as ‘can’ filter are investigated. In the analysis presented, it is shown that impedance interactions resulting from the integration can significantly affect the overall performance of the power supply often resulting in non-compliance to regulatory emissions requirements for the supply.
Two-Step LM Unit Root Tests with Trend-Breaks

In this paper, we consider and examine the performance of two-step LM unit root tests with trend-breaks. In the first step, we jointly test for the existence and location of breaks using a maximum F-test. In the second step, we utilize the identified breaks and test for a unit root. A transformation procedure is adopted so that the tests with trend-breaks are invariant to nuisance parameters. We show that the two-step LM unit root tests have better properties of size and power than endogenous break unit root tests. In addition, the two-step test can be conveniently applied to allow for multiple breaks.
Photon-Photon Correlations from Single Atoms

Two-photon correlation functions are calculated for simple single atom “down converters” in various configurations.
Understanding Energy Practices: A Case for Qualitative Research

ABSTRACTWhile researching the adoption of residential solar electric technology through a comparative two-state case study, participating solar electric technology adopters indicated some ways that policy—namely, the structure of incentives provided via their state’s renewable portfolio standard (RPS), local rebate program incentives, and the requirements for eligibility to receive economic incentives—influenced their energy behaviors both prior to and after installing solar electricity at home. Arguably, insight into the nuances of their energy practices emerged as a function of research design involving a qualitative interview process that allowed for unstudied and unpredicted responses during the interview process. This note makes a case for using qualitative research methods to understand energy behaviors as a method for exploring energy practices, consistent with an emergent emphasis on practice theory in studies of natural resource consumption.
Phosphonium-Functionalized Polyethylene: A New Class of Base-Stable Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes

A tetrakis(dialkylamino)phosphonium cation was evaluated as a functional group for alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEMs). The base stability of [P(N(Me)Cy)4]+ was directly compared to that of [BnNMe3]+ in 1 M NaOD/CD3OD. The high base stability of [P(N(Me)Cy)4]+ relative to [BnNMe3]+ inspired the preparation of AAEM materials composed of phosphonium units attached to polyethylene. The AAEMs (hydroxide conductivity of 22 ± 1 mS cm–1 at 22 °C) were prepared using ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and their stabilities were evaluated in 15 M KOH at 22 °C and in 1 M KOH at 80 °C.
Is there information leakage prior to share repurchase announcements? Evidence from daily options trading

This study is the first examination of daily stock options trading prior to corporate share repurchase announcements. Using a sample of over 2,000 share repurchase announcements in the United States during the 1996–2012 period, I find that the average volatility spreads become abnormally high immediately prior to repurchase announcements. Furthermore, the pre-announcement abnormal volatility spreads are positively associated with the repurchase announcement return. The results are robust to different regression specifications and randomization tests. Taken together, my findings suggest that some options market participants are informed about the upcoming repurchase announcements, facilitated by information leakage.
New clustering method of mixed-attribute data

A new Global k-Prototype(GKP) algorithm is proposed for clustering mixed numeric and categorical data.First,the algorithm randomly selects a sufficiently large number of initial prototypes to account for the global distribution of the data sets.Then,it progressively eliminates the redundant prototypes using an iterative optimization process with an elimination criterion function.Systematic experiments were carried out with data from widely used datasets in this area.Experimental results and comparative evaluation show the high performance and consistency of the proposed algorithm.Compared with other well-known mixed data clustering algorithms,the proposed algorithm significantly improves the clustering accuracy.
Optimization of process in extracting crude polysaccharide assisted by microwave from the seed and peels dregs of hippophae

The best extracting process of crude polysaccharide assisted by microwave from the seed and peels dregs of hippophae Seabuckthorn was studied.The factors and levels impacting the extraction of crude polysaccharide assisted by microwave were determined by the single factor experiments,and the best extraction technology of crude polysaccharide was obtained by using the orthogonal test as followed: microwave power was 600W,microwave time was 5min each time,microwave times was twice,extracting temperature was 80℃,extracting time was 3h,solid-to-liquid ratio was 1 ∶10,under these conditions,the highest crude polysaccharide yield was 1.892%.
A Comparison of the Morphological Features of Cancer Arising in the Transition Zone and in the Peripheral Zone of the Prostate

AbstractTo determine the characteristics of transition zone and peripheral zone prostate cancer, we examined a series of 42 stage A and 54 stage B radical prostatectomy specimens with particular attention to the number of separate foci of cancer, zone of origin, volume and grade of each focus, and presence of severe intraductal dysplasia (high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia), extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion associated with cancer in each zone. We found that there were fundamental differences between transition zone and peripheral zone cancers, and that the features that characterize these tumors were apparent in stages A and B disease.Although the total tumor burden was similar in stages A (3.98cc) and B (4.56cc) disease, stage A cancer tended to be multifocal (3.1 tumors per prostate) and more diffuse. While 81% of stage A prostate specimens contained a tumor of transition zone origin and 93% had cancer of peripheral zone origin, transurethral resection of the prostate sam...
Low-molecular-weight heparin for initial treatment of venous thromboembolism

LMWH is safer and more effective than unfractionated heparin for initial treatment of venous thromboembolism.
4-Methyl­cyclo­hexyl p-toluene­sulfonate

The title compound, C14H20O3S, demonstrates a trans conformation. The cyclo­hexyl ring in the structure exhibits a flattening, with average C—C—C angles of 111.2° and average C—C—C—C torsion angles of 55.6°. No significant inter­molecular inter­actions are noted in the solid state.
National Forest Litigation in the US Courts of Appeals

To begin to learn more about how the legal system affects management activities on the national forests, we examined all published US courts of appeals cases decided from 1970 through 2001 in which the Forest Service was the defendant in a lawsuit challenging forest management. Our results demonstrate that, even though the Forest Service wins most courts of appeals cases, judicial review of national forest management is intensifying. Environmental interests were involved in most cases, and the National Environmental Policy Act was the basis for most litigation, although National Forest Management Act and Endangered Species Act cases are increasing. The cases were concentrated in the Ninth Circuit (the West) -the only circuit where the Forest Service lost more than half its cases.
Improving Data Transfer Throughput with Direct Search Optimization

Improving data transfer throughput over high-speed long-distance networks has become increasingly difficult. Numerous factors such as nondeterministic congestion, dynamics of the transfer protocol, and multiuser and multitask source and destination endpoints, as well as interactions among these factors, contribute to this difficulty. A promising approach to improving throughput consists in using parallel streams at the application layer. We formulate and solve the problem of choosing the number of such streams from a mathematical optimization perspective. We propose the use of direct search methods, a class of easy-to-implement and light-weight mathematical optimization algorithms, to improve the performance of data transfers by dynamically adapting the number of parallel streams in a manner that does not require domain expertise, instrumentation, analytical models, or historic data. We apply our method to transfers performed with the GridFTP protocol, and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm when used within Globus, a state-of-the-art data transfer tool, on productionWAN links and servers. We show that when compared to user default settings our direct search methods can achieve up to 10x performance improvement under certain conditions. We also show that our method can overcome performance degradation due to external compute and network load on source end points, a common scenario at high performance computing facilities.
Three-dimensional model to capture the fate and transport of combined sewer overflow discharges: A case study in the Chicago Area Waterway System

We used a numerical model to analyze the impact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in the hydrodynamics and water quality of the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS). We coupled the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) with the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) to perform three-dimensional simulations of the hydrodynamics and water quality in CAWS. The analysis was performed for two different storms: (i) May 6, 2009 representing a 6-hour duration 4-month return period, and (ii) September 12, 2008 representing a 48-hour duration 100-year return period. Results from the simulations show distinct differences between the two storms. During the May 2009 storm there was only one major CSO pumping event with negligible impact on the water quality of CAWS. During the September 2008 storm there were several CSOs that impacted the hydrodynamics and water quality of CAWS. In particular, CSOs during the September 2008 event induced a reversal flow in CAWS, with a plume of constituents that traveled in the opposite direction as water does under normal conditions. However, the simulation results show that CSOs events in CAWS take place during periods of high rainfall, thus the discharge of CSOs is significantly diluted along the CAWS. As a result, the concentrations of organic matter and inorganic nutrients observed at the downstream boundary in CAWS were significantly lower than those recorded at the CSOs outfalls and are within the limits established in the regulation for regular effluents. These results suggest that even during storms events with significant CSOs into the CAWS there is a significant dilution that reduce the impact in the water quality at the system boundaries.
Oxygen Requirements at High Altitudes

Theoretic equations are developed to determine what concentrations of oxygen must be breathed at any altitude to maintain the "oxygen equivalent" of air a t given altitudes—i.e., the same alveolar oxygen pressure. The partial pressures of water vapor and carbon dioxide are taken into account, as well as the variation of the pressure of carbon dioxide with the alveolar oxygen pressure. Six curves are given on a chart showing the oxygen concentrations required a t any altitude to maintain the oxygen equivalent of air a t sea level and a t altitudes of 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, and 25,000 ft. Altitudes of 33,800, 40,000, and 46,000 ft. with pure oxygen are equivalent to air at sea level, 10,000 and 20,000 ft., respectively. I t is shown tha t these equivalents are nearly independent of the assumptions as to the state of physiologic adaptation and should be applicable to all individuals.
Legacy effects of developmental stages determine the functional role of predators

Predators are instrumental in structuring natural communities and ecosystem processes. The strong effects of predators are often attributed to their high trophic position in the food web. However, most predators have to grow and move up the food chain before reaching their final trophic position, and during this developmental process their traits, interactions and abundances change. Here, we show that this process of 'moving up' the food chain during development strongly determines the ecological role of a predator. By experimentally manipulating the succession of developmental stages of a predatory salamander in a seasonal aquatic ecosystem, we found that the effects of this apex predator on the ecosystem typically declined with age and size. Furthermore, younger, smaller predator stages had long-lasting effects on community structure and ecosystem function that determined the effects of subsequent older, larger stages. Consequently, the legacy effects of early stages largely shaped the impact of the predator on the ecosystem, which could not simply be inferred from its final trophic position. Our results highlight that accounting for all life stages when managing natural populations is crucial to preserve the functioning of natural ecosystems, especially given that early life stages of species are often particularly vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbances.
Clinical Reasoning: A 74-year-old woman with bilateral foot pain and a palmar rash.

A 74-year-old woman with a history of asthma, Crohn disease, and osteoporosis presented with acute onset, constant sharp pain in the dorsal and plantar aspects of her bilateral feet. She endorsed associated paresthesias, but denied weakness. Several weeks after the onset of the pain, she developed pruritic palmar erythema. She denied dry eyes, dry mouth, or having had a rash like this before, but did endorse scaling on her hands following her biannual injection of denosumab for osteoporosis. The authors thank Kristin Leiferman, MD, of the immunodermatology laboratory at the University of Utah.
Branch Banking and Its Bearing Upon Agricultural Credit

Wars, panics and depressions, whatever else their contribution, have played a r61le of no small importance in shaping the destiny of banking institutions. From the birth of the Bank of England during the continental campaigns of William of Orange to the genesis of the Federal Reserve System in the panic of 1907, almost every major political or economic upheaval has resulted in a recasting of the shape or a redirecting of the growth of banking institutions in affected countries. Likewise there are but few major changes in banking institutions or structure which cannot be traced more or less directly to major disturbances falling in one or more of the three categories listed above. The present depression, insofar as the United States is concerned at least, promises to provide no exception to the generalization above. Banking throughout the country has proven extremely sensitive to the general prostration of economic life, and the extremely acute situation which developed in February and March of last year served to crystallize opinion at least to the point where there was more or less general agreement that something should be done. One of the most consistently discussed of possible changes has been the liberalization of restrictions on the establishment or acquisition of branches by banks. It should be noted at the outset, however, that even the more sanguine proponents of branch banking must concede that it is a development which is capable of generating a powerful resistance. From a legislative standpoint, there is little doubt but that the granting of branch privileges to banks contravenes a principle which has been well entrenched for many decades. Moreover it is a principle that is well recognized. Much of the debate upon the Glass banking bill3 in the "lame duck" session of the 72nd Congress centered around the branch banking features and, even behind the verbose and seemingly irresponsible obstruction so apparent at the time, there was undoubtedly a strong reflection of the traditional dislike for any visible centralization or integration of control of the banking system. There has been some difference of opinion as