cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Retrieval of Ice Cloud Particle Shapes from POLDER Measurements

Shapes of ice crystals can significantly affect the radiative transfer in ice clouds. The angular distribution of the polarized reflectance over ice clouds strongly depends on ice crystal shapes. Although the angular-distribution features of the total or polarized reflectance over ice clouds imply a possibility of retrieving ice cloud particle shapes by use of remote sensing data, the accuracy of the retrieval must be evaluated. In this study, a technique that applies single ice crystal habit and multidirectional polarized radiance to retrieve ice cloud particle shapes is assessed. Our sensitivity studies show that the retrieved particle shapes from this algorithm can be considered good approximations to those in actual clouds in calculation of the phase matrix elements. However, this algorithm can only work well under the following conditions: (1) the retrievable must be overcast and thick ice cloud pixels, (2) the particles in the cloud must be randomly oriented, (3) the particle shapes and size distributions used in the lookup tables must be representative, and (4) the multi-angle polarized measurements must be accurate and sufficient to identify ice cloud pixels of randomly oriented particles. In practice, these conditions will exclude most of the measured cloud pixels. Additionally, because the polarized measurements are only sensitive to the upper cloud part not deeper than an optical thickness of 4, the retrieved particle shapes with the polarized radiance may only approximate those in the upper parts of the clouds. In other words, for thicker clouds with vertical inhomogeneity in particle shapes, these retrieved particle shapes cannot represent those of whole clouds. More robust algorithm is needed in accurate retrieval of ice cloud particle shapes.
Studies on the electron-transport system. 27. The respiratory activity of acetoneextracted beef-heart mitochondria: role of coenzyme Q and other lipids.

Abstract The effects of acetone extraction on the electron-transport activities of beef-heart mitochondria have been investigated. Two standard preparations have been developed. Preparation I, made by extraction with acetone containing 4% water is devoid of CoQ, and requires the specific addition of CoQ to restore succinate oxidation with various electron acceptors. The restored succinoxidase activity is completely sensitive to antimycin A and KCN. Preparation II, made by extraction with acetone containing 10% water under specified conditions, has lost not only its complement of CoQ but also three-quarters of its lipid complement, and the combined addition of coenzyme Q plus unidentified mitochondrial lipids is required for restoration of succinoxidase activity. The physical state of the lipid which is added is a crucial factor in its maximum effectiveness. Particles extracted with acetone lose the capacity to oxidize DPNH by cytochrome c or oxygen, and this deficiency may be a consequence of the inability of the preparation to catalyze the oxidation of DPNH by CoQ. Comparable results were also obtained with rat-liver and beef-liver mitochondria.
The entrepreneurial university: Demand and response

(1998). The entrepreneurial university: Demand and response. Tertiary Education and Management: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 5-16.
Enhanced NAD(P)H:quinone reductase activity prevents glutamate toxicity produced by oxidative stress.

: Glutamate toxicity in the N18-RE-105 neuronal cell line results from the inhibition of high-affinity cystine uptake, which leads to a depletion of glutathione and the accumulation of oxidants. Production of superoxides by one-electron oxidation/reduction of quinones is decreased by NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, an enzyme with DT-diaphorase activity. Using glutamate toxicity in N18-RE-105 cells as a model of neuronal oxidative stress, we report that the degree of glutamate toxicity observed is inversely proportional to quinone reductase activity. Induction of quinone reductase activity by treatment with t-butylhydroquinone reduced glutamate toxicity by up to 80%. In contrast, treatment with the quinone reductase inhibitor dicumarol potentiated the toxic effect of glutamate. Measurement of cellular glutathione indicates that increases in its levels are not responsible for the protective effect of t-butylhydroquinone treatment. Because many types of cell death may involve the formation of oxidants, induction of quinone reductase may be a new strategy to combat neurodegenerative disease.
Using leaf temperature to assess evapotranspiration and advection

Abstract Results of evapotranspiration research on the energy balance of corn and sorghum plants and their respective leaf and air temperatures are presented. The difference between crop canopy and air temperatures provides the gradient for the flow of sensible heat toward or away from a vegetal surface. Sensible heat flux toward the canopy is an important source of energy for evapotranspiration. The energy balance of corn (Zea mays L. cv. Prairie Valley) and of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. SG-40 GBR) was determined during the 1978 growing season. Actual evapotranspiration (ET, determined using weighing lysimeters), net radiation (Rn), and soil heat flux (S) were measured. Other data collected were soil water content (0), stomatal resistance (Rs), leaf-water potential (ψL), and leaf temperatures (TAandTL). Generally, ET of well-watered crops with full cover nearly equalled Rn. But on days when TA exceeded 33°C, sensible heat flux was toward the cooler canopy, resulting in ET greater than Rn. Ratios of ET/(Rn—S) were as great as 1.23 and 1.44 for corn and sorghum, respectively. When more than 35% of available soil moisture had been depleted, the leaves lost turgor, stomatal resistance increased, and leaf temperatures rose above air temperatures because of reduced transpiration rate. Leaf—air temperature difference appeared to be a useful indicator of plant stress.
Transient blindness after lumbar epidural steroid injection: a case report and literature review.

STUDY DESIGN: A case report of transient blindness after lumbar epidural steroids is presented. OBJECTIVE: To report the diagnosis and treatment of a case of blindness after administration of lumbar epidural steroids. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Nine previous cases of blindness after lumbar epidural injection for back pain were identified. Retinal hemorrhages were identified on ophthalmologic examination in all cases. METHODS: The 1-year follow up evaluation of a 39-year-old male who sustained transient blindness after administration of lumbar epidural steroids is reported. RESULTS: At 1 year, the patient had significant return of vision, but it did not improve back to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Transient blindness is a rare complication of lumbar epidural injection. The pathophysiology and prevention of this rare entity is reviewed.
The Effect of Obesity Surgery on Obesity Comorbidity

Obesity is epidemic in the modern world. It is becoming increasingly clear that obesity is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and renal disease, as well as a host of other comorbidities. There are at present no generally effective long-term medical therapies for obesity. Surgical therapy for morbid obesity is not only effective in producing long-term weight loss but is also effective in ameliorating or resolving several of the most significant complications of obesity, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, degenerative joint disease, venous stasis, pseudotumor cerebri, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, urinary incontinence, fertility problems, and others. The degree of benefit and the rates of morbidity and mortality of the various surgical procedures vary according to the procedure.
Increased serotonin 2C receptor mRNA editing: a possible risk factor for suicide

Suicide is a major public health problem with approximately 1 million victims each year worldwide. Up to 90% of adults who commit suicide have at least one psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression, bipolar disorder (BPD), schizophrenia (SZ), substance abuse or dependence. A question that has remained unanswered is whether the biological substrates of suicide are distinct from those of the psychiatric disorders in which it occurs. The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT 2C R) has been implicated in depression and suicide. We, therefore, compared the frequencies of its mRNA editing variants in postmortem prefrontal cortical specimens from subjects who committed suicide or who died from other causes. All suicides occurred in the context of either SZ or BPD. The non-suicide cases included subjects with either SZ or BPD as well as subjects with no psychiatric diagnosis. We identified 5-HT 2CR mRNA editing variations that were associated with suicide but not with the comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, and were not influenced by demographic characteristics (age and sex) and alcohol or drug use. These variations consisted of a significant increase in the pool of mRNA variants (ACD and ABCD) that encode one of the most prevalent and highly edited isoforms of 5-HT 2C R, that is, VSV (Val156-Ser158-Val160). Because the VSV isoform of 5-HT 2C R exhibits low functional activity, an increase in its expression frequency may significantly influence the serotonergic regulation of the brain. Thus, at least in patients with SZ or BPD, overexpression of the VSV isoform in the prefrontal cortex may represent an additional risk factor for suicidal behavior.
Noncanonical Short Hole Jets-in-Crossflow for Turbine Film Cooling

This paper presents a review of research done over the past several years at Purdue on non-canonical jets-in-crossflow. It is a retrospective and an integrative compilation of results previously reported as well as some new ones. The emphasis is on jets emanating from "short" holes, with length-diameter ratios of one or less. A canonical jet-incrossflow configuration is one in which a fully developed jet issues from a long pipe fed by a large plenum, into a semi-infinite cross flow. The configuration presented here is noncanonical in the sense that jet issues from a short hole and thus the flow is unable to "adjust" to the hole, unlike the case of a long hole in which fully developed pipe flow can be attained. This is motivated by gas turbine film cooling applications. Experimental results acquired with particle image velocimetry will primarily be presented, with some complementary information gained from RANS simulations of the flow. Many different aspects of the problem have been investigated, and in this paper the focus will be on structural features within the hole and in the developing jet and crossflow interaction. A significant result is that the in-hole vortical structures, depending on their sense of rotation, tend to augment or weaken the primary counter-rotating vortex pair. This impacts global features such as jet trajectory and spreading.
Why do we behave as we do

It is important for surgeons to have insight into themselves, their life stories, and the rationales they use to convince themselves that their actions are unselfish and well motivated. The battle between Philanthropia and Philotechnica was recognized by Hippocrates and is still a source of internal strife for many surgeons: the need to perform an operation that they are poorly equipped to do offset against the knowledge that it could be better done by someone else. In the treatment or referral for treatment of children with craniosynostosis and craniofacial syndromes, appropriate referrals are often not made or are made only after some problem has occurred as a result of surgical intervention. Several instances of children receiving extensive surgery for wrongly diagnosed craniosynostosis are explored. The thesis is that only by knowing our own internal motivations can we avoid falling into a posture that is good for our own egos and pocketbooks but bad for our patients.
A miniaturized cyclic PCR device - Modeling and experiments

Abstract With the aid of thermal and fluidic modeling using CFDRC ACE+™, we designed and fabricated the first miniaturized cyclic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device in low-temperature cofired ceramics. The device comprises of a serpentine channel with different cross-sectional areas in different reactor zones to provide adequate residence time for the melting, annealing, and extension reaction to take place. This is in contrary to the thermal cycling in the batch PCR system. With a flow rate of 15 μl/min, the designed time to complete 30 PCR cycles is less than 40 min, given the total volume of the device 19 μl, provided an internal pump may be implemented to reduce the dead volume. We have demonstrated DNA amplification in this device, using an external peristaltic pump, and the PCR product was used with a DNA bioelectronic sensor chip (Motorola e-Sensors™) for genotyping experiment.
Looking for great ideas: analyzing the innovation jam

We discuss the Innovation Jam that IBM carried out in 2006, with the objective of identifying innovative and promising "Big Ideas" through a moderated on-line discussion between IBM worldwide employees and external contributors. We describe the data available and investigate several analytical approaches to address the challenge of understanding "how innovation happens" and to facilitate the success of future Jams. We demonstrate the social network structure of data and its time dependence, and discuss the results of both supervised and unsupervised learning applied to this data.
The Impact of Hospital Information Technology Bundles on Performance: an Econometric Study

Increased emphasis on healthcare information technology (HIT) following the HITECH Act has raised questions about conditions under which technology investments can lead to improved hospital cost an...
The wealth effects of second-generation state takeover legislation

Abstract We examine the stock-price effects of all second-generation state takeover laws introduced from 1982 through 1987 for which we find press announcements. On average, the announcements are associated with a small but statistically significant decrease in the stock prices of firms incorporated in the state and of large firms headquartered in the state. The stock-price effects are concentrated in firms without preexisting firm-level takeover defenses. Firms with prior defenses have no significant stock-price reactions.
PAWLAK, MIROSLAW, EWA WANIEK–KILCZAK, & JAN MAJER (Eds.). Speaking and Instructed Foreign Language Acquisition. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, 2011. Pp. 311. $129.95, paper. ISBN 978–1–84769–411–9.

The article reviews the book "Speaking and Instructed Foreign Language Acquisition," edited by Miroslaw Pawlak, Ewa Waniek-Kilczak, and Jan Majer.
Performance and Carcass Quality of Broilers Grown on Raised Floorings and Litter

Abstract Four trials were conducted to compare performance of broilers grown on three types of raised floorings with broilers grown on conventional litter. One rice hull litter (Litter) floor and three raised floors were tested. The three raised floors were 1) black plastic-coated expanded metal, 2) white plastic flooring with rectangular openings (Wh-Lg), and 3) white plastic flooring with square openings. Stocking densities of 22.5 broilers/m2 were tested on the raised floors against 13.5 broilers/m2 on the litter floor in all four trials. Equivalent lower densities (13.5/m2) were compared across all floor types in Trial 4. Final (8 wk) weights were significantly heavier (P
Abnormal Neuritic Architecture Identified by Di-I in Pick's Disease

The fluorescent stain Di-I combined with confocal microscopy identified an abnormal neuritic pattern in the cortices of frontal and anterior temporal lobes in postmortem tissues from patients with Pick's disease (PD). Focal, dense neuritic aggregates 50 to 200 microns in diameter were scattered throughout all cortical layers. The three-dimensional analysis provided by confocal microscopy revealed the neuritic clusters to consist of enlarged, randomly arrayed, dystrophic neurites that were not associated with amyloid deposits, astrocytic processes or capillaries. In the intervening neuropil, there were fewer neurites compared to controls. The occipital cortex, which is unaffected in PD, showed a neuritic architecture comparable to normal controls as did affected brain tissues from patients with Alzheimer's disease or remote, ischemic infarction. This neuritic pattern is, thus far, unique to PD and may reflect the loss of specific subpopulations of cortical neurons and proliferation of neurites of the remaining neurons.
E. E. Cummings’ him and the European experimental theater

(1963). E. E. Cummings’ him and the European experimental theater. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 107-114.
Optimum Incomplete Multinormal Samples

Multivariate normal samples may contain both complete and incomplete data vectors. In this paper, expressions are developed showing the gain in precision which may be obtained by using the incomplete as well as the complete data when estimating parameters. The problem of designing data collection procedures to yield incomplete data so as to minimize the cost of collecting the data while achieving desired precision of estimates is discussed. A common special case of this problem is shown to have a simple solution.
Sequence variants in the PLEKHH2 region are associated with diabetic nephropathy in the GoKinD study population

Nephropathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes with a genetic component for disease development. Genetic analyses have implicated multiple chromosomal regions for disease susceptibility but no single locus can account for the majority of the genetic component. Here, we report a genetic analysis of the PLEKHH2 gene that was identified through a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genome-wide association study (GWAS) for association with the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) study population. We initially examined the GWAS results from a subset of the GoKinD singleton population based on the two most common HLA diplotypes consisting of 112 cases and 148 controls. We observed two-adjacent markers mapping to the PLEKHH2 locus, rs1368086 and rs725238, each associated at P < 0.001. Additional SNPs were selected for linkage disequilibrium mapping and transmission disequilibrium testing (TdT) in 246 case trio families. A single marker, rs11886047, located upstream of the PLEKHH2 promoter was associated with DN by TdT in the case trios (P = 0.0307), and there was a increase of heterozygous genotypes in cases, relative to controls, from the 601 case and 577 control GoKinD singleton case/control population (P = 0.00256). These findings suggest that PLEKHH2, which has mRNA and protein expression exclusively in the glomerulus, may be a genetic risk factor for susceptibility to DN in the GoKinD population.
A numerical investigation of sound generation in supersonic jet screech

Abstract : The noise of supersonic jet flows is due in part to the interaction between jet instability waves and the jet shock-cell structure. If no countermeasures are taken, the emitted shock-cell noise will re-excite certain instability wave modes at the nozzle lip and cause resonant feedback to occur. This feedback resonance, known as supersonic jet screech, causes the jet to flap violently at discrete frequencies and generate very strong, narrow banded tones. Jet screech has been shown to be a source of acoustic fatigue in the tail and nozzle structures of supersonic aircraft. It is important that methods for predicting the screech amplitude be developed. Screech sound generation is one such element. We isolate the interaction of an unsteady shear layer with a single oblique shock. To obtain an overall understanding of the phenomenon with fewest simplifications, we study this problem through the numerical solution of the Navier Stokes equations. We then consider idealizations which allow us to obtain a similar but wider range of results with specially linearized Euler equations. The findings of these r0sults motivate the use of geometric acoustics to describe the screech generation process. The Navier-Stokes and Euler simulations have revealed important details about the interaction process, how the acoustic field results, and why screech is so loud. The mechanism for sound production is found to be fundamentally different and more efficient when the instability waves are the large vortices typical of screech, than when they are small disturbances. Geometrical acoustics can be used to explain the leakage effect at high instability wave amplitude. We conclude that the mechanism for high amplitude screech generation is an unsteady modification to the velocity field by the instability waves that permits the incident shock to refract through the shear layer.
Thoracic outlet compression in athletes A Report of Four Cases

Four cases of thoracic outlet compression have been presented. The occurrence of this syndrome in athletes has not to our knowledge been previously reported. We do not feel eliminating athletic participation is a viable option for our patients. We have been satisfied with nonoperative treatment but would not hestitate offering surgery if indicated, since most authors have had good results in those who have failed conservative care. Thoracic outlet compression should be considered in all patients with upper extremity pain including athletes.
Statistical Patterns of Lipase Activities on the Release of Short‐Chain Fatty Acids in Cheddar Cheese Slurries

Twenty-five commercial food grade and analytical grade lipases were used to study the patterns of release of short-chain fatty acids (FFA) from milk fat in cheese slurries. Principal Component Analysis showed that there were four distinctive groups indicated by the FFA ratios and five groups indicated by the FFA concentrations. Average Linkage Cluster Analysis also showed similar results although the patterns of FFA released were a matter of distances defined statistically between groups of lipases. All the lipases tested had distinctive specificities in hydrolyzing short-chain FFA from milk fat, and their specificities on the FFA release were reflected on the groupings.
Labor Markets, Delinquency, and Social Control Theory: An Empirical Assessment of the Mediating Process

The emerging labor market stratification and crime perspective has drawn on dual labor market theory and social control theory to examine the influence of labor market stratification and resulting job characteristics on criminal behavior. With empirical studies finding consistent support for this relationship, it has been suggested that parents' work experience may also influence their children's law-violating behavior. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the current research examines whether parents' job characteristics, indicative of the primary- and secondary-sector labor market division, influence children's bonds to conformity and resulting levels of delinquency. The findings suggest that parents' job characteristics have significant effects on levels of parental supervision, children's feelings of attachment and efficacy, as well as educational aspirations and grade point averages, all of which directly or indirectly affect levels of delinquency
EC policymaking: The case of the “Television Without Frontiers” directive

On October 3, 1989, after a 3-year itinerary fraught with political hurdles, the Council of the European Communities adopted the “Television Without Frontiers” directive whose purpose was to harmonize national laws for transnational broadcasting. This paper reviews chronologically the policymaking process of the directive from the Green Paper to the incorporation of the directive into national legislation. The directive represents an illuminating case study in EC decisionmaking because it highlights how the cooperation procedure, a significant feature of the 1987 Single European Act, altered the relationships among EC institutions and how political compromise enabled the Member States to reconcile their differences and ultimately adopt the legislation.
Echocardiographically guided left atrial ablation: characterization of a new technique.

Background Several techniques for percutaneous catheter-based radiofrequency ablation of left atrial myocardium have been described. Each is potentially limited by anatomic inaccuracy, radiation requirement, cardiac/extracardiac collateral damage, proarrhythmia, lesion impermanence, or unclear procedural endpoint. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe a new technique that may address some of these limitations. Methods In 200 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), complete ablative encircling of right and left pulmonary venous vestibules was performed using radiofrequency energy applied via a standard ablation electrode. Lesions were guided by a collaborative nonfluoroscopic imaging strategy involving intra-left atrial echocardiography and CARTO. A discrete procedural endpoint was sought: complete electrical isolation of all myocardium subtended by the encircling lesions. Results After a procedure in which the total fluoroscopy time averaged 6 minutes, isolation was achieved on the left and right sides in 198 and 199 patients, respectively. In addition to the vestibule-encircling lesions, isolation required one or more additional focal lesions within the subtended myocardial territory in the majority of left vestibules and in a minority of right vestibules. Significant procedural morbidity was observed, including cerebroembolism resulting in death and mesenteric embolism resulting in hemicolectomy. Procedural success, defined at 2 years after the initial procedure and requiring no interim procedure, antiarrhythmic drug therapy, or apparent arrhythmia burden, was observed in a significantly greater proportion of patients with a paroxysmal (87%) than persistent AF (60%) syndrome. Only a small proportion of patients with recurrent AF had recurrence of conduction in previously isolated zones. Conclusion This technique may have advantages over those previously reported, including improved anatomic accuracy, improved lesion safety and efficacy, and diminished radiation exposure.
Plasmonic Energy Collection through Hot Carrier Extraction

Conversion of light into direct current is important for applications ranging from energy conversion to photodetection, yet often challenging over broad photon frequencies. Here we show a new architecture based on surface plasmon excitation within a metal–insulator–metal device that produces power based on spatial confinement of electron excitation through plasmon absorption. Plasmons excited in the upper metal are absorbed, creating a high concentration of hot electrons which can inject above or tunnel through the thin insulating barrier, producing current. The theoretical power conversion efficiency enhancement achieved can be almost 40 times larger than that of direct illumination while utilizing a broad spectrum of IR to visible wavelengths. Here we present both theoretical estimates of the power conversion efficiency and experimental device measurements, which show clear rectification and power conversion behavior.
Do race, neglect, and childhood poverty predict physical health in adulthood? A multilevel prospective analysis.

Childhood neglect and poverty often co-occur and both have been linked to poor physical health outcomes. In addition, Blacks have higher rates of childhood poverty and tend to have worse health than Whites. This paper examines the unique and interacting effects of childhood neglect, race, and family and neighborhood poverty on adult physical health outcomes. This prospective cohort design study uses a sample (N=675) of court-substantiated cases of childhood neglect and matched controls followed into adulthood (Mage=41). Health indicators (C-Reactive Protein [CRP], hypertension, and pulmonary functioning) were assessed through blood collection and measurements by a registered nurse. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear models to control for clustering of participants in childhood neighborhoods. Main effects showed that growing up Black predicted CRP and hypertension elevations, despite controlling for neglect and childhood family and neighborhood poverty and their interactions. Multivariate results showed that race and childhood adversities interacted to predict adult health outcomes. Childhood family poverty predicted increased risk for hypertension for Blacks, not Whites. In contrast, among Whites, childhood neglect predicted elevated CRP. Childhood neighborhood poverty interacted with childhood family poverty to predict pulmonary functioning in adulthood. Gender differences in health indicators were also observed. The effects of childhood neglect, childhood poverty, and growing up Black in the United States are manifest in physical health outcomes assessed 30 years later. Implications are discussed. Language: en
Thinking Problem: Rethinking Ethnographic Methods in Relation to a Study of Students' Cultural Models of Drinking

In reviewing my own approach to ethnographic methods following attendance at a National Science Foundation supported summer seminar on mixed qualitative-quantitative ethnographic survey methods taught by William Dressler and Kathryn Oths, I have begun to think that the use of the terms "qualitative" and "quantitative" distracts from rather than facilitates scholarly communication and would be better replaced by an emphasis on "interpretation" and "measurement."
Psychological aspects of forum leadership

by the jury and the audience. That meant keen alertness and straight thinking and speaking under that fire of questions. Most of the witnesses added individual touches to their testimony as well. Some attempted, and some successfully, to act a role—to portray the men whom they represented, as well as quote their ideas. And in these portrayals—good or bad—the audience was stirred to an alertness that made the ideas carry all the more weight and interest. Real humor, unrehearsed and growing out of the give and take of the examinations, was present. Altogether it was an audience and group of debaters that were quick to continue the discussion of the question when the trial was officially over. Some weeks later the first intercollegiate trial was held on the same question, students from Oberlin College upholding the government's case as Attorney General and as witnesses. The procedure was the same—the judge was furnished by Western Reserve, as were three witnesses and the attorney for the plaintiff. The other participants were from Oberlin. The only correspondence necessary was a listing of the witnesses to be called by each attorney, so that the two schools would not call students to the stand to represent the same authority. Again, there was the same enthusiastic response from the audience as in our previous trials. As a matter of fact, a circumstance occurred that was, to me at least, without precedent. One of the attorneys, in summation, was interrupted by spontaneous applause that forced the judge to threaten to "clear the court room 1" To those of you, then, who are seeking a method of discussion that will give both audiences and debaters full value for their time, we offer the Reserve Plan. Cleveland audiences, of widely divergent ages and backgrounds, say it is such a method.
Evaluation of the styrene/n-butyl methacrylate binary interaction energy density

Abstract The phase behavior of blends of S–nBMA copolymers with monodisperse PS homopolymers was studied at three temperatures: 120, 150 and 180 °C. Quantitative evaluation of the binary interaction energy density between styrene (S) and n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), BS/nBMA, was made at each temperature by analyzing the miscibility data using the copolymer/critical molecular weight method. The temperature dependence of BS/nBMA is interpreted by the Sanchez–Lacombe lattice fluid theory using a constant bare interaction energy Δ P S / nBMA ∗ . The BS/nBMA values determined in this study were much larger than those reported by others. Deuteration effects may be the reason for this difference.
Pupation requirement of the beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus: Sterols other than cholesterol

Abstract Aposymbiotic Xyleborus ferrugineus utilized cholesterol or lanosterol as a sole source of sterol for production of eggs and hatching of larvae, but failed to pupate during consecutive broods or generations in diets with such sources of sterol. The insects produced several broods or generations of progeny that pupated and formed normal adults when ergosterol or 7-dehydrocholesterol was the sole source of sterol. Lumisterol, or vitamin D 2 or D 3 , was antagonistic to progeny production or survival.
Long-term simultaneous localization and mapping with generic linear constraint node removal

This paper reports on the use of generic linear constraint (GLC) node removal as a method to control the computational complexity of long-term simultaneous localization and mapping. We experimentally demonstrate that GLC provides a principled and flexible tool enabling a wide variety of complexity management schemes. Specifically, we consider two main classes: batch multi-session node removal, in which nodes are removed in a batch operation between mapping sessions, and online node removal, in which nodes are removed as the robot operates. Results are shown for 34.9 h of real-world indoor-outdoor data covering 147.4 km collected over 27 mapping sessions spanning a period of 15 months.
Semi-analytical solution of 2-D elasticity problems by the strip distributed transfer function method

Abstract A new technique, called the strip distributed transfer function method, is developed for static and dynamic analysis of two-dimensional elastic bodies that are composed of multiple rectangular subregions. The method is capable of modeling elastic regions of complex geometry and arbitrary boundary conditions, delivers highly accurate semi-analytical solutions and saves tremendous computer storage. In the analysis, a complex elastic region is first divided into a number of subregions; each subregion is then divided into finite strips. Through introduction of strip distributed transfer functions, the response of every subregion is presented in a semi-exact and closed form; the whole region is systematically assembled from the subregions, leading to a dynamic equilibrium equation. Solution of the equilibrium equation yields the semi-exact displacements and stresses of the elastic body. The proposed method is illustrated on a square region and an L-shaped region, and compared with the finite element method.
Utility of Wang transbronchial needle biopsy in sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology, commonly seen in the western world. The incidence varies and may be as high as 40/100,000 of the population per year. The commonest mode of presentation is as hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy on a chest radiograph. Even though sarcoid is in general a benign disease and most patients will not progress to chronic lung disease, a tissue diagnosis is necessary for management as other differential diagnoses such as lymphoma, tuberculosis and other causes of interstitial lung disease need to be excluded. The usual method of a obtaining a tissue diagnosis is transbronchial forceps biopsy (TBBx), via a fibre-optic bronchoscope (FOB). The presence of non-caseating granuloma in the biopsy specimen is diagnostic of sarcoidosis if the tissue is stain and culture negative for tuberculosis and fungi. However TBBx carries significant complications — in particular there is a risk of pneumothorax (10–20 per cent) and significant and rarely life-threatening haemorrhage has been reported. Furthermore, a diagnosis of sarcoidosis is made by TBBx in only approximately 70 per cent of cases. Thus in about 30 per cent of cases a further procedure such as mediastinoscopy or open lung biopsy is required to obtain a tissue diagnosis. We report a patient with suspected sarcoidosis who had negative TBBx in whom the diagnosis was confirmed using a Wang transbronchial needle (MW-319, Mill Rose Lab., U.S.A.) to biopsy mediastinal lymph nodes via the FOB.
Boll weevil found in pre-columbian cotton from Mexico.

A well-preserved, teneral adult female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Bohemnan (broad sense), was discovered in fragments of a cultivated cotton boll found in Guila Nacquitz Cave, Level A, dated about A.D. 900, near Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico. This find antedates any previously known association of the boll weevil with cultivated cotton by about 900 years and negates the contention that this association began in the 18th century. The specimen is intermediate in form between Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman and the thurberia weevil, Anthonomus grandis thurberiae Pierce.
The role of dietary proteins among persons with diabetes.

Examining the role of dietary protein and establishing intake guidelines among individuals with diabetes is complex. The 2013 American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of care recommend an individualized approach to decision making with regard to protein intake and dietary macronutrient composition. Needs may vary based on cardiometabolic risk factors and renal function. Among individuals with impaired renal function, the ADA recommends reducing protein intake to 0.8–1.0 g/kg per day in earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to 0.8 g/kg per day in the later stages of CKD. Epidemiological studies suggest animal protein may increase risk of diabetes; however, few data are available to suggest how protein sources influence diabetes complications.
Tramadol post-marketing surveillance in health care professionals.

Abstract Tramadol has been marketed in the US since 1995. The US Food and Drug Administration agreed to release tramadol as a non-scheduled drug if proactive post-marketing surveillance studies would be conducted. This study was one of two phase IV protocols that were part of the overall surveillance program. It focused on impaired health professionals who are a high risk/high access population for drug abuse. All active participants in four state monitoring programs between November 1, 1995 and August 15, 1998 ( n =1601) were recruited for the study. With the exceptions of implementing a standardized intake interview and urine testing for tramadol metabolites, all states operated their programs in the usual fashion. The programs were alerted to persistent non-prescribed tramadol use so that appropriate interventions could be employed. Despite availability of tramadol and the conditions that might lead to its abuse, the incidence rate for tramadol use in the study population was only 69 per thousand persons per year and the incidence rate for tramadol abuse or dependence was 6.9 per thousand persons per year.
Signal integration and the signal-to-noise ratio in pulsed NMR relaxation measurements

Abstract The measurement of the nuclear magnetization for a sample whose NMR spectrum consists of a single line is commonly accomplished by integration over a portion of a free induction decay; the S N ratio of the resulting measurement is a function of the integration length. It is shown that for an exponential free induction decay with time constant T2 the S N ratio exhibits a broad maximum about an optimum integration length of 1.26 T2, and that filtering as it is normally done has little significance on the S N ratio.
3D Printing: An Industrial Revolution

3D printing is a technology that has been emerging since the 1980s; however, practical uses are bringing it to the forefront of manufacturing, art, medicine, and the domestic realm. With fast, customized, and inexpensive products, 3D printing is poised to bring about a sea change in contemporary culture.
A Direct Measure of Entrainment

A method is introduced for directly measuring convective entrainment and detrainment in a cloudresolving simulation. This technique is used to quantify the errors in the entrainment and detrainment estimates obtained using the standard bulk-plume method. The bulk-plume method diagnoses these rates from the convective flux of some conserved tracer, such as total water in nonprecipitating convection. By not accounting for the variability of this tracer in clouds and in the environment, it is argued that the bulk-plume equations systematically underestimate entrainment. Using tracers with different vertical profiles, it is also shown that the bulk-plume estimates are tracer dependent and, in some cases, unphysical. The new directmeasurement technique diagnoses entrainment and detrainment at the gridcell level without any recourse to conservedtracers.Usingthismethodinlarge-eddysimulationsofshallowanddeepconvection,itisfoundthat the bulk-plume method underestimates entrainment by roughly a factor of 2. The directly measured entrainment rates are then compared to cloud height and cloud buoyancy. Contrary to existing theories, fractional entrainment is not found to scale like the inverse of height, the cloud buoyancy, or the gradientof cloud buoyancy. On the other hand, fractional detrainment is found to scale linearly with cloud buoyancy. Finally, direct measurement is used to diagnose the spatial distribution of entrainment and detrainment during the evolution of an individual deep cumulonimbus.
The impact on rural New Mexico of a family medicine residency.

Purpose To determine the impact on rural New Mexico of the large, decentralized University of New Mexico (UNM) family medicine residency. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted of all 317 residency’s graduates from 1974 to 2004. Location of current practice was correlated with the residents’ gender, ethnicity, medical school of origin, and whether most training took place in the urban program or one of three rural programs. The residency’s impact on rural communities was assessed. Results There was no significant gender difference between graduates who went into urban or rural practice. Compared with nonminority graduates, a significantly greater percentage of ethnic minority graduates were in rural and urban New Mexico practices and fewer in out-of-state practices. A greater percentage of graduates who had been medical students in New Mexico practiced in both rural and urban New Mexico areas compared with graduates of out of state medical schools. Finally, a greater percentage of graduates from the three rural family medicine residencies remained in the state and practiced in rural areas compared with graduates from the urban program. The graduates’ contributions to the school of medicine and to rural New Mexico are described. Conclusions Graduates of UNM’s family medicine residency have contributed significantly to the state’s rural health workforce. Ethnic minority status, graduation from New Mexico’s medical school, and training in one of the three rurally based residencies favored in-state and rural retention, while gender had no significant effect. The rural orientation of the residencies offered rural communities economic benefits.
Chiral geometries of (2+1)-d AdS gravity

Abstract Pure gravity in ( 2 + 1 )-dimensions with negative cosmological constant is classically equivalent Chern–Simons gauge theory with gauge group SO ( 2 , 2 ) , which may be realized on chiral and anti-chiral gauge connections. This Letter looks at half-AdS geometries i.e. those with a trivial right-moving gauge connection while the left-moving connection is a standard (Banados–Teitelboim–Zanelli) BTZ connection. These are shown to be related by diffeomorphism to a BTZ geometry with different mass and angular momentum. Generically this is over-spinning, leading to a naked closed timelike curves. Other closely related solutions are also studied. These results suggest that the measure of the Chern–Simons path integral cannot factorize in a chiral way, if it is to represent a sum over physically sensible states.
Using SWPBS Expectations as a Screening Tool to Predict Behavioral Risk in Middle School

School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) focuses on promoting social competence through the establishment of behavior expectations that are explicitly taught and reinforced by all teachers acr...
Assessing the impacts of community-based health care policies and programs for older adults.

This article presents a framework for evaluating long-term care policies and programs to determine how well community-based programs benefit the older adult population. Equity, accessibility, quali...
Peritoneal macrophages induce RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) chemokine gene transcription in endometrial stromal cells.

Peritoneal fluid macrophages (PFM) are activated in women with endometriosis, in whom they are thought to mediate or exacerbate inflammation. The effect of PFM on endometrial stromal cells (ESC) was studied using a coculture model to evaluate the influence of IL-1β and other macrophage-derived cytokines on the transcriptional activation of the human RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) gene. Normal endometrial biopsies from four patients were used to prepare stromal cell cultures, and pelvic fluid was collected to isolate peritoneal macrophages. A full length (−940 bp) human RANTES promoter construct provided an indicator of transcriptional activation in luciferase reporter transfection assays. Without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cocultures with PFM had no effect on ESC RANTES gene expression. However, when PFM were treated with LPS within the coculture apparati, ESC RANTES promoter activity was increased more than 2-fold (P < 0.05). The addition of IL-1 receptor antagonist...
Electronic structure, porphyrin core distortion and fluxional behavior of bis-ligated low-spin iron(II) porphyrinates

Three axially bis-ligated Fe(II) porphyrinates, [PFeL2], have been investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy over the temperature range 4.2−230 K and in an applied field of 6 T. Relatively large differences in the quadrupole splitting ΔEQ were found among [TMPFe(2-MeImH)2] (1), [TMPFe(N-MeIm)2] (2), and [OEPFe(PMe3)2] (3) (1.61, 1.07, and 0.38 mm/s, respectively). Compound 3 exhibits significant line broadening above 150 K that indicates fluxional distortion and/or ligand rotation. Molecular orbital calculations in the local density approximation yield electric field gradients (efg) in good agreement with the measured quadrupole splittings, ΔEQ, and the measured sign of the efg. The observed differences in quadrupole splittings can be ascribed to distortions (ruffling) of the porphyrin core in 1 as compared to 2 and 3 and to the differences in covalent interactions of the axial nitrogen donors of 1 and 2 and phosphorous donors of 3. The observed temperature-dependent line broadening of 3 correlates with the ...