cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SOLID CIRCULATION IN CYCLONIC FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTORS

ABSTRACT The effect of bottom and tangential (swirling) gas flow on the solid recirculation rate was studied in a 4” circulating fluidized bed. A complex recirculation pattern was observed for tangential velocities in excess of 75 m/s and was accompanied by a significant reduction in the entrainment rate. The entrainment results were correlated both empirically and using a simple mechanistic model. The high slip velocities predicted by the model justify the large combustion efficiency observed in these combustors.
Jerome Bruner at the Helm: Charting a New Course in Cultural Psychology Through Narrative

Widely recognized for his distinguished scholarly contributions in cultural psychology throughout a career spanning more than a half-century, Jerome “Jerry” Bruner has profoundly influenced generations of scholars though his pioneering research on perception and cognitive processes. Although perhaps less widely known for another set of skills—as a sailor, Bruner remains at the proverbial helm as he charts a new course in his current position as Research Professor of Psychology and Senior Research Fellow in Law at New York University. Having authored several best-selling books throughout his extensive publishing career, Bruner continues to examine the importance of storytelling as a process of construction in education and the law in his most recent works. His conceptualization of self-narrative as the construction of a longitudinal version of self through storytelling can be aptly applied to contemporary issues in educational policy. In this chapter, the authors discuss the influence of self-narrative as defined by Bruner in their own research, specifically to better understand the use of storytelling by practitioners to construct their own identities as participants in teacher evaluation systems. The authors’ use of narrative as a framework for understanding how teachers use storytelling in context exemplifies Bruner’s profound influence on emergent pragmatic issues of policy to practice. As a visionary in the academy, Bruner’s own story can serve as a guide in uncharted waters for the next generation of researchers and scholars.
Antiemetics for acute gastroenteritis-related vomiting in children and adolescents.

Ondansetron (Zofran) given orally can reduce rates of vomiting, improve short-term tolerance of oral fluids, and reduce short-term rates of hospital admission and the need for intravenous hydration. Metoclopramide (Reglan) and ondansetron can reduce episodes of vomiting when given intravenously. Dimenhydrinate suppositories given rectally can reduce the time to cessation of vomiting but not overall rates of hospital admission.
Soil Formation and Nutrient Cycling

Soil is the foundation of terrestrial life – a complex ecosystem that supports plant growth and a living filter that binds and removes contaminants. Soil is also a fragile natural resource, and its mismanagement leads to lost productivity and a degraded environment. Soils play a critical role in a range of ecosystem services. These services include production of raw materials such as food and fiber, supporting natural processes including nutrient cycling, cultural services, and regulating services including waste treatment and air and water regulation (Costanza et al. 1997). Each of these can be related directly or indirectly to soil. A soils’ ability to hold and store water, to transform wastes and nutrients, to store carbon (soil is the third largest carbon sink, behind oceanic reserves and fossil fuels), and to support plant growth are clear services attributed to soils (Clothier et al. 1997; Costanza et al. 1997; Doran 2002; Robinson et al. 2013). There have been recent efforts to quantify the value of soils in relation to these services. One study attributed 17 % of the gross national product of New Zealand directly to soil resources (Kirkham and Clothier 2007). The value of macropores; the larger void spaces in soils that allow for movement of water and diffusion of gas to and from the atmosphere into the soil, in soils and the services associated with those pores was valued at $304 billion annually (Clothier et al. 2008). Soil valuation has not progressed to the point where the value of a particular soil can be quantified. While tools like life cycle assessment have enabled a fuller understanding of the environmental ramifications of different systems, no comparable tools have been developed for soils and their associated services. Despite the growing recognition of the importance and value of soils for supporting ecosystem services, there are very few to no incentives in the US that encourage soil preservation and improvement. Currently the best tool available in the US for quantifying the value of soils is the USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) that pays farmers to leave sensitive soils fallow in order to preserve and protect them. The program currently includes 140,000 km2 with annual payments of $1.8 billion (Robinson et al. 2013). This is equivalent to a payment of $241,000 to develop 15 cm of topsoil at a soil formation rate of 0.008 cm year (Brown et al. 2014).
Characterization and study of supersonic pure and mixed noble gas jets as a target for a sub-PS laser

A gas jet containing a mixture of monomers and clusters was characterized and studied as an x-ray radiation source produced by a TW-class laser pulse. Gas jet parameters such as average density and cluster size were measured at the UNR Radiation Physics Laboratory using both optical interferometry and Rayleigh scattering techniques, respectively. Several noble gases were used in the gas jet: Ar, Kr, and Xe. Additionally, mixtures of two or three of those gases were also tested. By changing the gas jet backing pressure as well as the gas delay time between jet initiation and laser interaction with the jet, both the density and cluster size of the gas jets can be varied. Having control over the composition, density, and cluster size of the gas jets is important when considering them as targets for intense laser pulses. Our gas jets were irradiated with the 1057 nm short pulse (350 fs) UNR Leopard laser with an intensity of 1019 W/cm2 in the focus spot. Time resolved diagnostics included filtered Si-diode detectors (1.4–9 keV), filtered absolutely calibrated PCDs (>2.4 keV), and Faraday cups. An x-ray spectrometer and two three-channel x-ray pinhole cameras provided time integrated diagnostics on the gas jet plasma. Anisotropy of x-ray radiation with respect to laser beam polarization was observed in all spectral regions. The coefficient of conversion of laser energy into x-rays was measured with a maximum of 10−3. Most importantly, the mixtures of two or three gases each produced higher x-ray yields than the pure gases. Non-LTE modelling and a molecular dynamics (MD) code have been employed to determine plasma and cluster parameters. Electron temperatures and densities of the laser plasma of the mixed gases were higher than the pure gases.
Synthesis of N-Alkenyl 2-Pyridonyl Ethers via a Au(I)-Catalyzed Rearrangement of 2-Propargyloxypyridines.

N-Alkyl 2-pyridones and other enolizable heterocycles are important synthetic constructs, due to their prevalence in natural products and pharmaceutical targets and their capacity to serve as models for a number of biological and chemical processes. The disclosed Au(I)-catalyzed reaction utilizes 2-propargyloxypyridines to access N-alkylated 2-pyridone products derived from both 5-exo and 6-endo addition of the nitrogen to the pendent alkyne. Experimental and computational studies suggest that the desired 5-exo N-alkenyl 2-pyridonyl ethers are formed reversibly in the transformation. After extensive optimization, biaryl Au(I) catalyst 21 was found to overcome the inherent preference for the 6-endo pathway and provide the highest combination of 5-exo selectivity and yield. Herein, we report the application of this new Au(I)-catalyzed C–N bond formation to the preparation of a variety of N-alkenyl 2-pyridonyl ether analogues, which have the potential to serve as an entry point for the synthesis of complex N...
Complete Genome Sequence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Strain IDH781

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genomic sequence and methylome of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strain IDH781. This rough strain is used extensively as a model organism to characterize localized aggressive periodontitis pathogenesis, the basic biology and oral cavity colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans, and its interactions with other members of the oral microbiome.
The Phoenix Rises: Tokyo’s Origins as a Global City:

Tokyo’s dizzyingly disarrayed built environment almost defies rendering an interpretation of the city’s symbolism. To do so, this article puts forth a geography of power approach that imposes order on the urban grid for analyzing Tokyo, both as a symbolic space and as a terrain of struggle. The global ascendance of Tokyo was made possible by the state’s developmental economic projects materialized in massive infrastructure and architecture built during two critical conjunctures, when the fate of the city could have turned out differently. Pinpointing critical conjunctures takes seriously historical contingency in writing the histories of particular urban spaces. The article documents inter-scalar political forces fostering developmental urbanization in Japan. Developmental urbanization grew out of geo-politics and the quelling of social turmoil in the aftermath of the Second World War and in the context of increasing globalization during the 1970s–80s. The post-imperial reclamation of Japan’s place in the...
A theoretical understanding of the literature on student voice in the science classroom

AbstractBackground: Incorporating student voice into the science classroom has the potential to positively impact science teaching and learning. However, students are rarely consulted on school and classroom matters. This literature review examines the effects of including student voice in the science classroom.Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to explore the research on student voice in the science classroom. This review includes research from a variety of science education sources and was gathered and analyzed using a systematic literature review process.Design and methods: I examined articles from a variety of educational journals. I used three key terms as my primary search terms: student voice, student perceptions, and student perspectives. The primary search terms were used in conjunction with qualifiers that included science education, science curriculum, student emergent curriculum, student centered curriculum, and science. In order to be included in the literature review, article...
Order and Disorder in High χ/Low N, Broad Dispersity ABA Triblock Polymers

Using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we document the composition-dependent morphologies of 39 new poly(lactide-block-1,4-butadiene-block-lactide) (LBL) block polymers, comprising a broad dispersity B segment (Mn = 4.5–17.7 kg/mol; Đ = Mw/Mn = 1.72–1.88) and narrow dispersity L end blocks (Mn = 0.6–15.3 kg/mol; Đ = 1.10–1.21) with volume fractions 0.26 ≤ fB ≤ 0.95. A subset of these samples undergo melt self-assembly into cylindrical, lamellar, and apparently bicontinuous morphologies. By assessing the states of order and disorder in these triblock polymer melts using temperature-dependent SAXS, we find that broad B segment dispersity increases the minimum segregation strength χN ≳ 27 required for LBL triblock self-assembly relative to the self-consistent mean-field theory prediction χN ≥ 17.9 for narrow dispersity analogues. While B segment dispersity has previously been shown to thermodynamically stabilize the self-assembled morphologies o...
Increasing Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Gas Chromatography - Electroantennography Using a Deans Switch Effluent Chopper.

Gas-chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) is a technique used in the identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as pheromones and plant host odors, which are physiologically relevant to insects. Although pheromones often elicit large EAD responses, other behaviorally relevant odors may elicit responses that are difficult to discern from noise. Lock-in amplification has long been used to reduce noise in a wide range of applications. Its utility when incorporated with GC-EAD was demonstrated previosuly by chopping (or pulsing) effluent-laden air that flowed over an insect antenna. This method had the disadvantage that it stimulated noise-inducing mechanoreceptors and, in some cases, disturbed the electrochemical interfaces in a preparation, limiting its performance. Here, the chopping function necessary for lock-in amplification was implemented directly on the GC effluent using a simple Deans switch. The technique was applied to excised antennae from female Heliothis virescens responding to phenethyl alcohol, a common VOC emitted by plants. Phenethyl alcohol was always visible and quantifiable on the flame ionization detector (FID) chromatogram, allowing the timing and amount of stimulus delivered to the antennal preparation to be measured. In our new chopper EAG configuration, the antennal preparation was shielded from air currents in the room, further reducing noise. A dose-response model in combination with a Markov-chain monte-carlo (MCMC) method for Bayesian inference was used to estimate and compare performance in terms of error rates involved in the detection of insect responses to GC peaks visible on an FID detector. Our experiments showed that the predicted single-trial phenethyl alcohol detection limit on female H. virescens antennae (at a 5.0% expected error rate) was 140,330 pg using traditional EAG recording methods, compared to 2.6–6.3 pg (5th to the 95th percentile) using Deans switch-enabled lock-in amplification, corresponding to a 10.4–12.7 dB increase in signal-to-noise ratio.
Non-threatening Muslim Men: Stigma Management and Religious Observance in America

In Western contexts, the social identities of Muslim men pose a persistent predicament. Yet few studies have conceptualized the ways in which these identities are negotiated in encounters with non-Muslim publics. In this study, I examine how Muslim men experience, interpret, and cope with anti-Islamic attitudes by analyzing in-depth interviews with twenty-six young observant Muslims living in the midwestern United States. I find that participants use a combination of embodied, relational, situational, and gender-signifying strategies to manage interactions with non-Muslim audiences. Using a dramaturgical framework, I conceptualize these strategies as allaying embodiment, venial accommodation, and claiming normality, and distinguish each in terms of individual adherence and collaborative appeals to prevailing gender norms in American culture. This conciliatory course of action suggests that Muslims’ experiences of stigma are contoured by (a) an awareness of and ability to confront deviant gender displays, and (b) the physical, relational, discursive, and situational intrusions of these displays—the vicinity of stigma. The implications of this research for how stigmatized groups confront and reconcile in-group/out-group gender expectations are also discussed.
Xylella fastidiosa, a new plant pathogen that threatens global farming: Ecology, molecular biology, search for remedies.

Recently, the emergence of an important alien plant pathogen in Europe was evident when the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS), a previously unknown disease causing rapid scorching and death of the trees, invested with particular virulence a substantial portion of the vast olive wood of Southern Italy (Salento, part of the Apulia region). Early evidence indicated a connection between the OQDS and the gram-negative bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. This bacterium can target several important crops, so that researchers from all over the world have investigated its association with host plants and vectors, the molecular biology of the infection mechanism, and the molecular reaction of the infected plants. Potentially resistant or tolerant cultivars and molecular targets which might be useful to control the infection have been identified. In vitro tests of compounds active against Xylella have also been performed. In this contribution, the literature and the available data will be reviewed to provide an up-to-date picture of the currently available knowledge on the role of Xylella in OQDS, and in diseases of other plants, with focus on the emerging threats to European farming.
Abstract 20090: Transcatheter Patent Foramen Ovale Closure to Reduce Headache Burden in Patients with Migraine Headaches

Background: Patients (pts) that suffer from migraine headache (MH) often are moderate-severely disabled and have failed multiple therapies. In addition, a coexistent patent foramen ovale (PFO) is common and many pts have suffered a paradoxical cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). We retrospectively reviewed our experience regarding PFO closure for these pts to assess the affect on headache burden. Methods: Data for pts with MH that underwent PFO closure between January 2003 and January 2010 were reviewed. Inclusion required MH diagnosed by a neurologist, a 3-month headache burden by MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) of Grade II to IV (mild-severe disability), a reported history of a least 3 failed MH treatments, and a right to left shunting PFO. The cohort was divided into three groups. The first group (MH-CVA) included pts with MH and a CVA, the second group (MH-TIA) included pts with MH and a TIA, and the third group (MH-alone) included pts with only MH. Procedures for PFO closure were performed using standard technique. All records were reviewed for procedural outcome, late adverse events, and headache burden. Results: Our cohort included 84 pts with 28 MH-CVA, 30 MH-TIA, and 26 MH-alone. Median age was 34yrs (range: 17→47) and the mean balloon stop-flow diameter was 9±3mm (range: 5–18). Mean procedure and fluoroscopy times were 42±12min and 8±5min, respectively. There were no procedure-related adverse events. Overall, 6/84 pts (7.1%) had a residual leak at the 6 month follow-up with 3 pts returning for successful second occluder device placement. With an overall median follow-up of 32 months (range 5–76) there have been 5 pts with a non-focal event and 2 pts with atrial arrhythmia. Overall the mean MIDAS grade decreased significantly from 27.5±7.7 at baseline versus 2.7±3.4 at latest follow up, (p Conclusions: These data indicate that device PFO closure is safe and effective in treating MH pts with a significant decrease in headache burden. This therapy should be considered an alternate when pharmacologic therapies have failed.
Beginning genetics with methanogens.

There have been two meetings*, convened during the past year, specifically to determine how microbial genetics could be productively applied to obligately anaerobic microorganisms and to methanogenic species in particular. One of us (JNR) attended both of these meetings. The following account of the status of current knowledge of the molecular biology of methanogens and suggestions for genetic approaches to be used in their study are, in part, derived from the very open and constructive discussions held at these two meetings.
Company Stock and Retirement Plan Diversification

This paper explores the risks and benefits of holding company stock in emp loyer-sponsored defined contribution (DC) retirement plans. We address three questions: (1) What is the role and function of company stock in such plans? (2) Who might be affected by enhanced portfolio diversification in such plans? and (3) What mechanisms exist, or might be developed, to enhance portfolio diversification if more diversification were deemed useful? Firms offer company stock within DC plans in an effort to enhance economic performance, though evidence is mixed on productivity gains from stock ownership. We demonstrate that concentrated stock positions arise most often in larger firms’ DC plans where sponsors direct employer contributions and restrict diversification. Stock concentration also arises because participants systematically underestimate the risk of employer stock and over-rely on its past performance in making investment decisions. In a retirement system with concentrated stock positions, there will always be some participants who forfeit DC plan savings to firm bankruptcy. Encouraging plan diversification mitigates this risk, but it could also induce some companies to redirect plan contributions to other forms of stock compensation or to replace stock contributions with cash compensation. We conclude by describing policy tools that might be used to encourage diversification and discuss conditions for their effective implementation.
Computer Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation

The recent development of models of atrial cellular dynamics and of realistic atrial anatomic structures has enabled modeling and computer simulation to become important investigative tools in the analysis of atrial arrhythmias. The cell model includes membrane potential, transmembrane ionic currents and ion concentrations. The tissue model describes the overall geometric structure of the tissue as well as how cells are interconnected. For these studies, the mechanical properties of the heart are decoupled and only the electrical properties are considered. The most important use of computer simulation is in enabling “clean” experiments, in which exactly one parameter of interest is varied. This may be difficult or impossible to do in tissue experiments. Modeling provides other advantages when used to complement traditional experiments and clinical work. Computer simulations can guide experiments by providing hypotheses to test in vivo that have been verified already in silico. In addition, simulations can be used to investigate and to explain experimental and clinical observations. This continual feedback between simulation and experiment can reduce time and money spent on animal experiments and can generate valuable information about human arrhythmias while avoiding issues of patient safety.
Worksite stress management with high-risk maintenance workers: A controlled study.

This study evaluated effects of a worksite stress management/health promotion program with primarily minority blue-collar employees showing a number of high-risk health behaviors. In a biopsychosocial approach, participants were assessed with a standardized health risk appraisal that included physical and behavioral variables, plus measures of self-control, health attitudes/satisfaction, and other factors. A controlled group design was employed with pretreatment, treatment, posttreatment, and three-month follow-up. Participants were randomly assigned to a wait-listed control group (n = 26) and a health promotion intervention group (n = 24). The latter received a multimodal intervention including stress management training, educational workshops and counseling, and a self-directed behavior change program. Following posttreatment assessment, the control subjects were given treatment and their data were then added to that of the initial treatment group to comprise a total group of “treatment finishers” (n = 33). The results revealed a number of significant differences between the two groups at posttreatment and/or for the treatment finishers across time (pretreatment vs. posttreatment and/or follow-up), including certain of the physical and behavioral measures, self-efficacy, and some health attitudes, but no effects for job-related measures, such as absenteeism and job satisfaction.
FACT complex gene duplicates exhibit redundant and non-redundant functions in C. elegans.

Abstract FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) is a histone chaperone complex important in genomic processes including transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. FACT is composed of two proteins, SSRP1 and SPT16, which are highly conserved across eukaryotes. While the mechanisms for FACT in nucleosome reorganization and its relationship to DNA processes is well established, how these roles impact coordination in multicellular animal development are less well understood. Here we characterize the genes encoding FACT complex proteins in the nematode C. elegans . We show that whereas C. elegans includes one SPT16 gene ( spt-16 ), two genes ( hmg-3 and hmg-4 ) encode SSRP1 proteins. Depletion of FACT complex genes interferes with embryonic cell division and cell cycle timing generally, with anterior pharynx development especially sensitive to these defects. hmg-3 and hmg-4 exhibit redundancy for these maternally-provided embryonic functions, but are each uniquely required zygotically for normal germline development. This work provides a framework to study FACT gene function in developmental processes, and identifies that distinct functional requirements for gene duplicates can be manifest within a single tissue.
The Impact of Smartphone Use on the Psychosocial Wellness of College Students

Researchers suggest that excessive smartphone use is correlated with negative psychosocial effects, particularly among younger adults—causing feelings of isolation, depression/anxiety, and restlessness. This pilot study on psychosocial wellness, of 22 college students—measured the impact of smartphone use on emotion/mood, dependency, addiction, purpose of life, social communications, and self-consciousness. For our data analysis, we measured frequency with conversion percentages (of 35 questions) using a seven-point Likert-scale of strongly disagree- to-strongly agree, while averaging the scores of each question group pertaining to each hypothesis. While only 22% agreed they were addicted to smartphone use, 68% reported constantly checking their smartphone, with 57% agreeing that they were smartphone dependent. The majority agreed that smartphone use increased anxiety, stress, and feelings of impatience, if their phone was not with them. While the majority agreed that the smartphone is their primary means of communication, 90% agreed that nothing is more fun than using their smartphone.
The linear No-Threshold (LNT) dose response model: A comprehensive assessment of its historical and scientific foundations

The linear no-threshold (LNT) single-hit (SH) dose response model for cancer risk assessment is comprehensively assessed with respect to its historical foundations. This paper also examines how mistakes, ideological biases, and scientific misconduct by key scientists affected the acceptance, validity, and applications of the LNT model for cancer risk assessment. In addition, the analysis demonstrates that the LNT single-hit model was inappropriately adopted for governmental risk assessment, regulatory policy, practices, and for risk communication.
Adult Living Donor Versus Deceased Donor Liver Transplant (LDLT Versus DDLT) at a Single Center: Time to Change Our Paradigm for Liver Transplant.

Objective:The aim of this study was to compare outcomes between living donor liver transplant (LDLT) and deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) at a single center to demonstrate the advantages of LDLT and provide justification for the increased utilization and application of this procedure.Summary o
Catching a complex for optimal signaling

Agonistic antibodies are powerful tools to dimerize receptors in the absence of ligand binding, but high-fidelity receptor activation requires that these antibodies accurately recapitulate the native dimeric state. Spangler et al. employ a clever approach to select for antibodies that bind a specific IL-4Rα/γc heterodimeric complex in its native signaling conformation, leading to a monovalent "stapler," a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) that binds at the dimerization interface. This powerful approach can be further exploited for a variety of homo- or heterodimeric receptors to achieve signaling, especially in the absence of endogenous ligand.
Norwich terriers possess a greater vertebral heart scale than the canine reference value

Previous studies have demonstrated evidence that normal reference ranges for radiographic vertebral heart scale values can vary among dog breeds. The purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to determine whether the normal vertebral heart scale values published by Buchanan and Bucheler for lateral radiographs are applicable to the Norwich terrier. Secondary objectives were to determine if clinical signs of respiratory disease, age, sex, weight, body condition score, recumbency, or thoracic depth-to-width ratio had any influence on vertebral heart scale measurements in this breed. The electronic medical record systems of two universities were reviewed and Norwich terriers were included in the study if they had orthogonal thoracic radiographs performed and no historical or radiographic evidence of cardiopulmonary disease. A vertebral heart scale was calculated for each patient. Sixty-one client-owned, Norwich terrier dogs with no clinical signs of cardiovascular disease were evaluated. The vertebral heart scale for Norwich terriers without evidence of cardiac disease (10.6 ± 0.6) was found to be significantly greater than the canine reference value of 9.7 ± 0.5 initially established by Buchanan and Bucheler. No significant correlation was found between clinical signs of respiratory disease, sex, age, thoracic depth-to-width ratio or lateral recumbency, and vertebral heart scale. Norwich terriers with a body condition score ≥6 had a significantly higher vertebral heart scale than those with a body condition score ≤5. Breed-specific ranges and body condition scores need to be considered when interpreting vertebral heart scale values for Norwich terriers.
Long-lasting strong electrostatic attraction and adhesion forces of dust particles on photovoltaic modules

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) energy-yield loss due to solar module soiling has become increasingly important as solar module deployment is now at the hundreds of gigawatts scale and continues to grow rapidly. The electrostatic attraction and adhesion force (Fes) of dust particles by the high voltages from solar panels have been reported to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude stronger than the van der Waals and water capillary forces, which has been corroborated by observing the increase in system voltage-induced soiling rate by setting up an outdoor test. Here, we report another characteristic of Fes on soiling—long-lasting or slow decay after turning off the high voltage applied to solar panels. The Fes decay time varies across a wide time range of 1 to 10 h, depending on two factors: 1) whether the cell, the particle, or both were charged with high voltage before the voltages were turned off; and 2) how the cell was connected to the ground after the voltage was turned off—either connected through the power-supply electronics, directly connected to the ground, or electrically floated. The Fes decay is understood in terms of 1) net electrical charge dissipations in both particle and cell, 2) thermal disordering of dipole polarization in the module glass dielectrics, and 3) charge redistribution by the electrostatic interaction of particle and module glass. This long-lasting Fes for hours can affect the solar panel soiling after sunset, and it can have an even greater effect when combined with water condensation at night.
Working Memory Capacity and ADHD Symptoms in Boys: Examining the Heterogeneity of Working Memory Functioning Using Latent Profile Analysis.

Recent studies demonstrate that working memory (WM) is integral to etiological models of ADHD; however, significant questions persist regarding the relation between WM performance across tasks with varying cognitive demands and ADHD symptoms. The current study incorporates an individual differences approach to WM heterogeneity (i.e., latent profile analysis) to (a) identify differential profiles of WM across the phonological and visuospatial WM subsystems; and (b) characterize differences in symptom presentation among WM profiles. Parent and teacher ratings of child behavior, obtained for boys with (n=51) and without (n=38) a diagnosis of ADHD, were compared across latent classes of visuospatial and phonological WM performance. Latent profile analysis identified three classes of WM functioning: Low WM, Moderate WM, and High WM. Membership in the Low and Moderate WM classes was associated with greater levels of parent- and teacher-rated inattentive and hyperactive symptoms. While 84% of the ADHD group were assigned to the Low and Moderate WM classes, more than a quarter of children without ADHD exhibited Moderate WM limitations. Collectively, these findings extend prior work suggesting that there is substantial heterogeneity in WM functioning in children with and without ADHD and that these differences contribute to the expression of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity.
High-yield growth kinetics and spatial mapping of single-walled carbon nanotube forests at wafer scale

Abstract Emerging commercial applications of vertically aligned, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) “forests” require synthesis that minimizes nanotube diameter while maximizing number density across substrate areas exceeding centimeter scale. To address this need, we synthesized SWCNT forests on full silicon wafers with notable reproducibility and uniformity, and co-optimized growth for small diameters and high densities across large areas to access new territory in this 3D parameter space. We mapped the spatial uniformity of key structural features using Raman microscopy, synchrotron X-ray scattering, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Low C2H2 flux over sub-nm Fe/Mo catalysts produced small-diameter SWCNTs (2.1 nm) at high number densities (2.26 × 1012 cm−2) on wafers up to 6 in. Although removing Mo resulted in larger SWCNT diameters and lower densities (
Modulation of the PI3K/mTOR pathways

Abstract Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has been associated with tumor progression and treatment resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the tumor microenvironment, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling confers a survival advantage by contributing to cellular growth, proliferation, and metabolism. Agents that target nodes within this pathway have demonstrated both tumor suppressive and anti-metastatic potential. Novel inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are currently being investigated in HNSCC clinical trials, with the goal of optimizing anticancer treatment and bypassing radio-resistance. Here, we review the role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in HNSCC with a focus on published preclinical and clinical investigations using PI3K pathway inhibitors. We also discuss approaches to elucidate the effect of radiation therapy on HNSCC models with distinct mutational profiles.
Chapter 32 – Antimicobacterial Drugs

Mycobacterium is aerobic bacteria of the genus of Actinobacteria, a group that includes the causative agents of tuberculosis and leprosy. Tuberculosis is an ancient disease of mankind caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leprosy, also known as Hansen disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Antimycobacterials are used in the treatment of diseases caused by members of the Mycobacterium genus, including tuberculosis and leprosy, which have affected humans since antiquity. There are first-line antituberculosis drugs—isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and rifampicin—which form the core of initial treatment regimen. Rifapentine and rifabutin may be used as a substitute for rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculosis caused by organisms that are presumed to be susceptible to this agent. Second-line drugs include ethionamide, cycloserine, ρ-aminosalicylic acid, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, amikacin/kanamycin, capreomycin, and streptomycin. Modern antileprosy therapy typically consists of combinations of dapsone and rifampin with or without clofazimine. None of antimycobacterial drugs is included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s.
G2A Communication Channel Modeling and Characterization Using Confocal Prolates

Characterization of radio environment is an important field of research that helps to analyze the limiting features of the propagation environment and leads to develop a realistic channel model. This paper proposes an appropriate multipath channel model for various ground-to-air (G2A) communication scenarios. An intensive review of the existing literature on A2G/G2A channel models is presented along with a critical analysis with appropriate comments wherever needed. It is observed that most of the research literature supposedly model G2A channels interchangeably in the same manner as that of land mobile communication links. G2A communications systems are generally equipped with directional antennas for dedicated coverage to flying aircrafts that benefits in increasing range and signal strength while restraining interfering signals coming through scattering objects around ground station (G). This research analyzes G2A multipath channel and thus proposes a geometrically-based physical G2A multipath channel model. The proposed channel model clearly justifies the existence of multipath environment in G2A communication due to the existence of aircrafts in the vicinity of the intended aircraft. This model is based on a three-dimensional confocal prolate spheroids and uses the principle of single-bounce multipath geometry. Moreover, the model gives an insight to analyze multipath multiuser G2A communication in wide-beam and narrow-beam communication link scenarios. This model is equally applicable to the networks of passenger aircrafts, flocks of jet fighters and mesh of UAV drones. This model can be used to analyze the performance of high data-rate communication links with high mobile speeds over sparsely distributed multipath channels.
Portraits of Black girls: reflections on schooling and leadership of a Black woman principal in an age of adultism

This study explores Black girls’ perceptions of school and the leadership of a Black woman principal. Portraiture as the methodology was used to understand the nuances of education by interviewing ...
A Self-Protected 800V JFET with 6kV HBM robustness in 0.25 um BCD

A novel device architecture is introduced that enables 6kV HBM self-protection in 800V JFET transistors. The proposed solution is realized without any additional processing or masking steps. The physics behind this ESD protection scheme is explained. A side-by-side comparison is done to compare the ESD performance between the new device and the conventional one based on Silicon measurement results.
The Potential of SWOT River Discharge Estimates to Constrain Hydrological Processes Globally in Ungaged Basins

Remote sensing of hydrology provides the key to one of the longest-standing problems in hydrology: ungaged basins. The global network of river discharge measurements available publicly accurately captures overall streamflow into global ocean, but coverage for smaller tributaries upstream, is vanishingly small. The forthcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will vastly expand measurements of global rivers. However, converting the SWOT measurements of height, width and slope into river discharge is non-trivial. SWOT discharge algorithms will provide discharge for all SWOT-observed rivers, but at lower accuracy than what is possible at a gage. In this paper, we answer the question of where and how SWOT discharge will be valuable. We show that median river discharge accuracy will be on the order of 50%, in terms of normalized root mean squared error (nRMSE), whereas unbiased nRMSE will be on the order of 10-20%. We discuss how SWOT discharge will contribute to global hydrologic science in the coming decade.
Retrieving Freeze/Thaw Surface State from CYGNSS Measurements

Freeze/Thaw (F/T) surface state retrieval is important to further understand hydrological patterns and climate change. This paper investigates the use of Earth-reflected Global Positioning System (GPS) L-band signals as collected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA’s CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission for F/T surface state retrieval over a target area in South America, covering the Andes Mountains and the Argentinian Pampas. In the study, CYGNSS’s responsiveness to changes in surface permittivity is leveraged to detect transitions of F/T surface state, at an improved spatio-temporal sampling as compared to traditional Remote Sensing missions. A Seasonal-Threshold Algorithm (STA) is developed and validated using surface temperature data as provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) ERA5-Land numerical reanalysis model. Then, the monthly evolution of CYGNSS-derived F/T surface state maps is evaluated and an inter-comparison with the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) F/T data product is performed.
Neural Circuits: From Structure to Function and Back

The new field of connectomics aims to obtain fine-grained anatomical connectivity data for vertebrate brains. A recent study highlights the types of experiments that will be necessary in order to draw conclusions about function from anatomical connectivity.
Executive Control vs. Bureaucratic Insulation: Evidence from Federal Contracting

I exploit a 2007 scandal concerning the General Services Administration (GSA) to examine whether executives can alter the bureaucratic allocation of government expenditures for electoral purposes. The GSA contracts with private vendors to provide supplies to, and acquire and maintain buildings for, other agencies. Shortly after Republican electoral losses in 2006, a White House Deputy gave a presentation to GSA political appointees identifying potentially vulnerable congressional districts. I find that vendors in mentioned Republican districts experienced unusually high contract expenditures from the GSA's Public Buildings Service following the presentation relative to unmentioned districts. This discrepancy diminished following media coverage of the scandal. I find no effect of either the presentation or media coverage on contracts signed by the agency's Federal Supply Service. Differences between the two branches suggest the extent to which the nature of an agency's tasks and constraints on its discretion can mitigate executive efforts to politicize.
On Emerging Coherence

Large populations of similar oscillators can spontaneously get into step with each other, once their coupling exceeds a critical threshold. In his Perspective, Winfree discusses examples of such "emerging coherence," from rhythmic clapping and circadian clocks to oscillating reactions in nanodroplets suspended in oil. He highlights a recent study of emerging coherence in an electrochemical system that achieved sufficient accuracy to test the prevailing theory.
Quantified Differential Temporal Dynamic Logic for Verifying Properties of Distributed Hybrid Systems

We combine quantified differential dynamic logic (Qd \(\mathcal{L}\)) for reasoning about the possible behavior of distributed hybrid systems with temporal logic for reasoning about the temporal behavior during their operation. Our logic supports verification of temporal and non-temporal properties of distributed hybrid systems and provides a uniform treatment of discrete transitions, continuous evolution, and dynamic dimensionality-changes. For our combined logic, we generalize the semantics of dynamic modalities to refer to hybrid traces instead of final states. Further, we prove that this gives a conservative extension of Qd \(\mathcal{L}\) for distributed hybrid systems. On this basis, we provide a modular verification calculus that reduces correctness of temporal behavior of distributed hybrid systems to non-temporal reasoning, and prove that we obtain a complete axiomatization relative to the non-temporal base logic Qd \(\mathcal{L}\). Using this calculus, we analyze temporal safety properties in a distributed air traffic control system where aircraft can appear dynamically.
The problem of docking with a passive orbiting object which possesses angular momentum

The problem of docking with a passive orbiting object which is either spinning or tumbling has recently developed interest for several reasons. Retrieval and repair of spent satellites will be technically feasible and economically desirable with the advent of the space shuttle system. Manned space stations will be circling the globe within a few years; thus, indicating that elimination of at least part of the space debris may be imperative to insure safety from collisions. Many of the discarded items are spinning and have a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Furthermore, if a collision or other mishap should occur, a manned vehicle may become uncontrolled and enter a tumbling mode of attitude motion. In order to rescue the crew or repair the spacecraft, this tumbling must be controlled and eliminated. Many studies have been carried out to formulate rescue schemes and requirements, develop uncooperative rendezvous techniques, and investigate satellite manipulation via remote operators. However, several specific problems related to docking with objects possessing angular momentum have not previously been considered and require new technology for solution. Techniques for retrieving uncooperative spinning objects are presented. A conceptual spacecraft for remotely despinning and retrieving debris of moderate size is discussed in depth. In addition, the more complex problems of detumbling a large vehicle are described. Specific aspects of rescue from such a vehicle are presented, although a general solution has not yet been formulated. The major objective is to identify the particularly important problems of docking with a spinning or tumbling object and present the current status of some promising solutions.
On the Effective use of Lunar Ranging for the Determination of the Earth’s Orientation

Lunar ranging data have been routinely available since September of 1970, but many problems of a varying nature have delayed the establishment of a world-wide lunar ranging network. As a result, we must reexamine the role which this program can play in the determination of the Earth’s rotation and polar motion. Although there are many technical difficulties now inhibiting the widespread use of this technique there seems little doubt but that we can overcome these problems and achieve routine, accurate orientation determinations. The more difficult questions concern how an Earth rotation campaign should now be configured to use the equipment and resources in the best way.
Thoughts in space: the impact of environmental surround on cognitive processing

The embodied cognition perspective has provided a formalization of the idea that the motor state is a characteristic of being that permeates all of human processing. We review this perspective and experimental evidence supporting its claim. It is further considered that the motor behaving human moves within various spaces, each affording different actions. To this end, it is proposed that the environmental surround is a critical variable in the embodied cognition perspective. Thoughts, inasmuch as they may be grounded in simulation of motor-behavioural responses, require time but also space. We suggest that these time-space considerations occur within a proposed concept of the potentiated state.