cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics. II. The extended thermodynamic system

The algebraic theory of thermodynamics developed in a previous paper is extended to include the algebraic structure that arises from the introduction of a physical body into the theory. The extension is based on very general definitions of both the thermodynamic states of a body and subsystems of that body. The algebraic analysis, which includes bodies in nonuniform states, shows that the set of all thermodynamic states of a body has the same algebraic structure as the set of thermodynamic states and that composite systems are induced by the algebraic structure of thermodynamic states. The analysis also justifies a variational treatment of thermodynamic bodies in uniform as well as nonuniform states. The variational calculation includes all conventional methods of calculation as special cases and helps to illuminate the origin and interpretation of the electrochemical potential.
The Role of Physical Educators in Helping Classroom Teachers to Promote Physical Activity

Elementary classroom teachers are an increasingly important constituency in school-based physical activity promotion. This article situates the need for classroom teacher physical-activity promotion at the intersection of what we know about teacher actions, what informs those actions, and what recent research has uncovered. Recommendations are provided for ways in which physical education teacher educators and inservice physical education teachers can help classroom teachers to promote physical activity among their students.
Territoriality and the Governance of Cyberspace

The issue of how to regulate transactions in cyberspace is central to the future of international electronic commerce. This paper is based on four assumptions: (1) the Internet and e-commerce cannot exist apart from the social order; (2) attempts to regulate and tax activities on the Internet through existing territorial jurisdiction will be problematic; (3) cyberspace and e-commerce are inherently international, thus any successful governance regime will involve significant and substantial international cooperation; and (4) effective governance of cyberspace will require public-private sector cooperation, i.e., hybrid or integrative schemes combining self-regulation with government oversight and enforcement capabilities. The paper discusses the first three of these assumptions, then explores taxation in more detail as a case study that typifies the issues raised by e-commerce in a global context. Next, I develop a framework for understanding the governance of cyberspace as an evolving process involving growing formalization and an increase in the number of actors involved over time. The paper concludes with a discussion of several issues that require further research.
Active optics and coronagraphy with the Hubble Space Telescope

ABSTRACT In the field of planet and proto-planetary disk detection, achieving high angular resolution and high dynamicrange is a necessity. Ground images are blurred by atmospheric turbulence and therefore adaptive optics is neces-.sary to achieve sub-arcsecond images. Coronography coupled with adaptive optics on ground-based telescopes is away to get both good spatial resolution and high dynamic range. However because of the atmospheric turbulence,ground based systems are still not capable of detecting planets. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), due to itslocation above the atmosphere, would be capable if the mirrors were perfect. However, because of the residualfigure errors on the primary and on the secondary, HST has a scattered light level that prevents it from detectingextra-solar planets.Our simulations show that by using an active mirror (400-1000 actuators) in the optical path of HST withadaptive optics, we can correct the mirror errors and decrease the scattering level by a factor 102 (from iO to10_6 fainter than the star). Furthermore, by controlling the spatial frequencies of the active mirror with a darkhole algorithm we can decrease the scattering level in image zones where planet detection is likely. Using thistechnique, we have succeeded in decreasing the scattering level to 3 x 10_8 of the star intensity within 1 arcsec
Alternative Splicing of sur2 Exon 17 Regulates Nucleotide Sensitivity of the ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel

Abstract ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are implicated in a diverse array of physiological functions. Previous work has shown that alternative usage of exons 14, 39, and 40 of the muscle-specific KATP channel regulatory subunit, sur2, occurs in tissue-specific patterns. Here, we show that exon 17 of the first nucleotide binding fold of sur2 is also alternatively spliced. RNase protection demonstrates that SUR2(Δ17) predominates in skeletal muscle and gut and is also expressed in bladder, fat, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction digest analysis of sur2 cDNA demonstrate the existence of at least five sur2 splice variants as follows: SUR2(39), SUR2(40), SUR2(Δ17/39), SUR2(Δ17/40), and SUR2(Δ14/39). Electrophysiological recordings of excised, inside-out patches from COS cells cotransfected with Kir6.2 and the sur2 variants demonstrated that exon 17 splicing alters KATP sensitivity to ATP block by 2-fold from ≈40 to ≈90 μm for exon 17 and Δ17, respectively. Single channel kinetic analysis of SUR2(39) and SUR2(Δ17/39) demonstrated that both exhibited characteristic KATP kinetics but that SUR2(Δ17/39) exhibited longer mean burst durations and shorter mean interburst dwell times. In sum, alternative splicing of sur2 enhances the observed diversity of KATP and may contribute to tissue-specific modulation of ATP sensitivity.
Characterization of Mucoprotein in Bovine Skeletal Muscle

SUMMARY Mucoprotein was isolated from bovine skeletal muscle by extraction with CaCl2, and characterized. The results indicate that chondroitin sulfate is the sole mucopolysaccharide present in bovine skeletal muscle. It is linked to a protein that contains the same carbohydrate prosthetic grouping, regardless of method of isolation. This carbohydrate portion contains glucuronic acid, glucosamine, and galactose. It appears that virtually all of the mucopolysaccharide is protein bound. The mucoprotein is acted upon by hyaluronidase, papain, and lysozyme. The complex was non-heat-coagulable, a property typical of glycoproteins. A commercial preparation of chondroitin sulfate from bovine tracheal cartilage was also studied. It was found to contain a mucoprotein complex which was similar to that isolated from bovine skeletal muscle.
A feather-sexed strain of laying hens was more responsive to dietary supplements of choline and methionine than a vent-sexed strain.

A response surface design was used to study Cho and Met interactions with corn and soybean diets, using two strains of hens. The strains were a feather-sexed line (FS strain), and a vent-sexed line (SS strain). The diets contained 3% meat and bone meal and, on chemical analysis, 15.1% crude protein, .29% Met, .225% Cys, and 1,041 ppm of Cho. Nine diets were fed from 20 to 68 wk of age, using added Met levels ranging from 0 to 500 ppm and added Cho levels ranging from 0 to 1,500 ppm, to fix the design points. The FS strain consumed significantly more feed per day (117 versus 108 g) than the SS strain, but there were no significant differences for the 24 to 68 wk period in egg production, egg weight, or feed per dozen eggs. Three and five combinations of Met and Cho were significant in improving egg production (P less than .05) out of the eight combinations for the SS and FS strains, respectively. The best egg production for the FS strain for the period 24 to 68 wk was observed at 250 ppm Met and 1,500 ppm Cho, or 427 ppm Met and 220 ppm added Cho. The SS strain showed no significant (P greater than .05) dietary responses in egg production between 250 ppm Met and no Cho, or 427 ppm Met and either 220 or 1,280 ppm Cho. The SS strain showed no significant (P greater than .05) dietary response in egg weight to either Cho or Met.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Temperature Dependence of the HO2 + ClO Reaction. 1. Reaction Kinetics by Pulsed Photolysis-Ultraviolet Absorption and ab Initio Studies of the Potential Surface

The kinetics of the HO_2 + ClO reaction was studied using the flash photolysis/ultraviolet absorption technique over the temperature range 203−364 K and pressure range 50−700 Torr of N_2. In contrast to previous work, the temperature dependence displayed linear Arrhenius behavior over the entire temperature range with the rate constant being described by the expression k(T) = 2.84 × 10^(-12) exp{(312 ± 60)/T} cm^3 molecule^(-1) s^(-1). Ab initio calculations of intermediates and transition states have been carried out on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces. These calculations show that the reaction proceeds mainly through the ClO−HO_2 complex on the triplet surface; however, collisionally stabilized HOOOCl formed on the singlet surface will possess an appreciable lifetime due to large barriers toward decomposition to HCl and HOCl. Termolecular rate calculations using ab initio parameters lead to a strong collision rate constant of ∼5 × 10^(-32) cm^6 molecule^(-2) s^(-1) for HOOOCl formation. This intermediate may be important under both laboratory and atmospheric conditions.
Seed Gossypol Variation within Gossypium barbadense L. Cotton

Gossypol, a triterpenoid aldehyde found in all species of the genus Gossypium, possesses insecticidal, antimicrobial, antifertility, and antitumor properties. Gossypol content in cotton seed varies among cultivated species and among cultivars within species. This investigation was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Research Center in San Angelo, TX, in 1993 to determine the regional and geographic variability for seed gossypol content and isomer form in G. barbadense L. A set of 57 accessions (collected during 50 yr from 21 countries) representing five regions, and 26 cultivars were analyzed. Species' variation for gossypol and isomer content exceeded previous reports. Total gossypol content in seed ranged from 3.0 to 34.0 g kg -1 kernel weight. The more biologically active negative isomer ranged from 249 to 689 g kg -1 total seed gossypol. Cotton accessions collected west of the Andes mountains in South America displayed the greatest variation in seed gossypol and gossypol isomer contents. Accessions from Central America and Argentina displayed the least variation. Subsets of accessions, possessing unique levels of seed gossypol or gossypol isomer, were identified within regional groups or cultivars. A low (r = 0.02) phenotypic correlation between gossypol content and isomer ratio suggested that simultaneous selection for the two traits is feasible.
Audio channel Dynamic Spectrum Access

A prototype Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) system is implemented, for ease of implementation, using the audio spectrum. In this setup, laptop PCs behave as two software defined radios (SDR), one a primary user (PU) and the other a secondary user (SU). The radios communicate digital information over the air, using the audio capabilities of standard soundcards. The PU, which is emulating the licensed user of an audio channel centered at 4 kHz, communicates using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated data in periodic bursts. A cognitive radio (CR) based SU wishes to opportunistically occupy the PU channel during the inter-burst times, i.e. during the temporal ‘spectrum holes,’ while not interfering with the PU traffic. The PU link is implemented in MATLAB, while the SU is defined in GNU Radio with a separate Python control module defining its algorithm for spectrum sensing and hopping. The implementation of both communication links is described, as well as the initial performance evaluation of the preliminary system in terms of bit error rate performance of the PU with and without the presence of an active SU. The measured BER achieved for the best of the PU bursts with DSA was on the order of a few percent, just slightly higher than without DSA.
Not all planar digraphs have small cycle separators

Kao recently proved that all general directed graphs have directed cycle separators of any size. In contrast, Miller proved that planar undirected graphs with n vertices and maximum face size d have O(dn)-size undirected cycle separators. Therefore it is important to investigate whether a planar directed graph has a small-size directed cycle separator. This paper shows that certain important classes of planar directed graphs have no sublinear-size directed cycle separators.
Improved solar wavelengths between 7780 and 7925 Å

By utilizing the known rotational constants for the 7820 and 7883 A CO2 bands, we are able to derive substantially improved wavelengths for solar lines in the 7780–7925 A region.
Photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction studies of MBE-grown compressively strained InGaAs and InGaAlAs quantum wells for 1.55 μm laser diode applications

Abstract Compressively strained InGaAs and InGaAlAs multiple quantum wells were grown on InP by molecular beam epitaxy and their material qualities were investigated by double-crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXRD) and photoluminescence (PL). From the satellite peaks in a DCXRD scan, precise layer structures were determined. By comparing PL spectra of strained quantum wells having different well thicknesses, 75 A thick quantum wells were found to be more suitable for laser diode applications than thinner wells. To achieve the required lasing wavelength of 1.55 μm with 75 A wide strained quantum wells, quaternary InGaAlAs quantum wells were studied. It was also found that quaternary InGaAlAs strained quantum wells are less prone to strain relation than ternary InGaAs.
Modeling transmembrane helical oligomers

Abstract Recently, methods for the analysis and design of water-soluble, oligomeric bundles of α helices, including coiled coils, have reached a high level of sophistication. These same methods may now be applied to transmembrane helical bundles. Studies of the transmembrane domains of glycophorin, phospholamban, and the M 2 protein from influenza A virus exemplify this general approach.
A technique for observing extended DNA in negatively stained specimens: observation of bacteriophage T7 capsid-DNA complexes.

To observe extended DNA in specimens negatively stained with uranyl acetate, cytochrome c has been bound to the DNA and the resulting complex has been negatively stained. DNA strands are revealed by an accumulation of negative stain around the DNA-bound cytochrome c . The DNA—cytochrome c complex is sometimes observed as an electron-transparent thread, usually 4.0 to 6.5 nm in diameter, within the negative stain. The length per nucleotide of duplex DNA from bacteriophage πX174 is 0.29 nm. The above technique has been used to observe complexes of bacteriophage T7 DNA with T7 capsids produced by (a) osmotic shock of bacteriophage T7 and (b) reaction of bacteriophage T7 with glutaraldehyde. Some of the latter DNA—capsid complexes had DNA partially ejected, and a core within the capsid was sometimes visible.
Rapidly prototyping implementation infrastructure of domain specific languages: a semantics-based approach

Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) are high level languages designed for solving problems in a particular domain, and have been suggested as means for developing reliable software systems. However, designing of a domain specific language is a difficult task. The design of a domain specific language will evolve as it is used more and more and experienced is gained by its designers. Being able to rapidly develop the implementation infrastructure (interpreter, compiler, debugger, profiler, etc.) of a domain specific language is thus of utmost importance so that as the language evolves, the implementation infrastructure can keep pace. In this paper we present a framework for automatically generating interpreters, compilers, debuggers, and profilers from semantic specification of a domain specific language. We illustrate our approach via the SCR language, a language used by the US defense department for developing control systems.
pH and Magnesium Alter 45Calcium Binding to Platelets at Sites Other than Glycoproteins I or IIb/IIIa

AbstractCalcium is a cofactor of human platelet aggregation. Moreover a direct correlation between the ability of platelets to bind this divalent cation and to aggregate has been demonstrated. Since magnesium can substitute for calcium in supporting aggregation, especially in the presence of low calcium concentrations, and platelet aggregation is inhibited at low pH, the present study was designed to examine the effects of magnesium and low pH on 45calcium binding to human platelets, and to determine whether such effects might be associated with calcium binding to glycoproteins I (GPI) or IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), the putative fibrinogen receptor. 45Calcium binding to aspirin-treated platelets that had been depleted of surface-associated calcium by brief exposure to EDTA was evaluated. Magnesium (5-10 mM) or a change in hydrogen ion concentration to decrease the pH from 7.5 to 6.0 was found to inhibit the binding of 45calcium to platelets from healthy donors by 34 ± 6 and 32 ± 8% (mean ± SD, n = 13), respect...
Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites

Since the Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JARE) of the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) in Tokyo began finding abundant meteorites in 1969, they have established a highly impressive record of developing the science of meteoritics in Japan on a broad international scale. As a part of this effort they have held annual symposia in Tokyo, involving mainly Japanese scientists, some already well established in other areas, and an impressive array of younger ones. Some scientists from the United States and other countries also attend. The seventh symposium was held on February 19 and 20, 1982, at the NIPR.
A case study in resort climatology of Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Tourists often use weather data as a factor for determining vacation timing and location. Accuracy and perceptions of weather information may impact these decisions. This study: (a) examines air temperature and dew points from seven exclusive resorts in the Phoenix metropolitan area and compares them with official National Weather Service data for the same period, and (b) utilizes a comfort model called OUTCOMES-OUTdoor COMfort Expert System-in a seasonal appraisal of two resorts, one mesic and one xeric, compared with the urban Sky Harbor International Airport first-order weather station site in the central urban area of Phoenix, Arizona, USA (lat. 33.43 degrees N; long. 112.02 degrees W; elevation at 335 m). Temperature and humidity recording devices were placed within or immediately adjacent to common-use areas of the resorts, the prime recreational sites used by guests on most resort properties. Recorded data were compared with that of the official weather information from the airport station, a station most accessible to potential tourists through media and Web sites, to assess predicted weather for vacation planning. For the most part, Sky Harbor's recorded air temperatures and often dew points were higher than those recorded at the resorts. We extrapolate our findings to a year-round estimate of human outdoor comfort for weather-station sites typical of resort landscapes and the Sky Harbor location using the OUTCOMES model to refine ideas on timing of comfortable conditions at resorts on a diurnal and seasonal basis.
Potential Ozone Column Increase Resulting from Subsonic and Supersonic Aircraft NOX Emissions

A two-dimensional time-dependent photochemical model developed to describe the meridional distribution of the important trace species in the stratosphere and troposphere continuously throughout the year has been used to estimate the effect on ozone of NOX emissions; supplied by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), from a combined fleet of supersonic and subsonic aircraft projected to be operational in 1990. The net effect of this combined fleet is to increase the atmospheric ozone level slightly (maximum local column change <1.5%) for the given chemical system. High-altitude injections of NOX result in a decrease in the ozone column above approximately 15-16 km, as predicted in numerous previous studies. However, this reduction is smaller than the increase in the ozone column resulting from the production of ozone through the methane-smog chemical cycle resulting from the large amount of NOX deposited at lower altitudes (L 13 km). Relative latitudinal and seasonal variations of the ozone change are large, being greatest in the fall and least in the late spring and summer seasons. Since the changes in the ozone column are sensitive to the methane-smog reaction system, more information regarding the rates at which these reactions proceed is needed to affirm the present initial estimates.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 228

Abstract The experimental data for nuclei in the mass chain A = 228 have been examined, and the results summarized. Where possible, the results are presented in pictorial form. The text contains tables of adopted levels and properties, tables of radiations, comments which point out deficiencies or inconsistencies in the data, and a reference list. For those cases where only tentative or partial decay schemes are given, the reader is encouraged to contact the compiler for more specific detail. Structure information is relatively sparse except for the 228Th nucleus. Except where noted, Q—values have been adopted from 74WaBG. Data for the decay of the ground states of the A = 232 isotopes have been taken from 70Sc37 since there has been little modification except for the half—life of 232Pu (see 73Ja06) and alpha decay of 232U (see 71So15 and 72Go33). Data on the alpha decay of A = 228 nuclei have been taken from the compilation for A = 224 (this issue) by Y. A. Ellis. In the drawings, transition intensities per 100 decays of the parent are given. The compilation has been prepared by computer from data sets entered by the compilers into the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF). Corrections or additions to the content of this compilation should be addressed to the compiler for inclusion in the ENSDF.
A multivariate parameter analysis of copper pillars eases the design of denser interconnects

Electronic packaging increasingly aims at copper pillars as an interconnect concept, because of their benefits for fine pitches, high aspect ratios, high electromigration stability and excellent thermal conductivity. The thermal expansion and high stiffness of the pillars remains a design challenge when building-up more copper volume close to the silicon die. Specific pillar geometries and structured underfills have been suggested but included only few parameter variations. To gain profound insight into the thermo-mechanical aspects of copper pillars we present a parametric finite element approach and an according multivariate analysis of the design space. We chose a 3D slice model to represent a copper pillar matrix and varied height, width and thickness at a constant pitch to consider different aspect ratios and cross sections, and vary the material's CTE and Young's modulus. The general assumption of aiming higher columns without underfill as the most compliant design when controlling for BEoL layer thickness must be rejected. If exploiting the multivariate design space wholly, processing steps may be eliminated, such as structuring an underfill layer. Tailoring the CTE may be used to lower the stress level for a desired aspect ratio, and the ratio of Cu volume to total pillar layer volume should be considered. To accommodate the display of multivariate stress results we propose an appropriate small multiple visualization.
The history and psychodynamics of southern womanhood

(1974). The history and psychodynamics of southern womanhood. Women's Studies: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 9-24.
An Emerging Theory of Enterprise Transformations

This article contributes a set of actions a leader can take to implement a transformation and a framework (i.e., model of variables and research questions) for understanding and conducting further research on enterprise transformations. The leadership actions and research framework are built from reviewing the literature on enterprise transformations and lessons learned from a detailed case study. The research framework identifies the importance of focusing on aligning the enterprise transformation approach with the transformation need and internal context. Specific questions are offered for further research. Organizational leaders can use this article to understand the issues they need to focus on when leading an enterprise transformation. Researchers can use this article to identify potential research paths on enterprise transformations.
Technique for revision of continent ileostomy

A technique is described for revising an incompetent nipple valve of a continent ileostomy. The procedure involves preserving the incompetent valve and using it as a collar around the base of the new valve to improve function.
Complications of Equine Wound Management and Dermatologic Surgery

Complications of wounds and cosmetic surgery can be accurately managed with a combination of timely surgical and medical intervention to ensure the best possible outcome. The lack of soft tissue protection and a large quantity of susceptible synovial, tendon, ligament, and neurovascular structures make early and meticulous evaluation of limb wounds critical. Skin grafting is usually used following a period of open wound management and after healthy granulation tissue formation. Penetrating wounds of the abdomen or thorax have a guarded prognosis resulting from the ensuing potential for infection and pneumothorax. Gunshot wounds limited to the skeletal muscles have a good prognosis, whereas injuries that involve vital organs decreased survivability.
Framework for analyzing health care models serving adults with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities.

Abstract A conceptual framework was presented for describing, comparing, and analyzing the structure of health care models serving adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities (MR/DD). This framework, which was drawn from Donabedian's (1980) work on the components of quality of health care—structure, process, and outcome—provides a basis for comparing health service models according to three key domains: measures of access, comprehensiveness, and cost. We used this framework to describe three existing programs that use different models to serve this population.
Interactive competition models and isocline shape

Abstract Interactive competition models explicitly consider the interaction between competitor population levels and the levels of their resources. By assuming that the time scale of the resource dynamics is much shorter than that of the competitor dynamics, it is possible to investigate the shape of competitor isoclines. Two models are considered, representing opposite extremes of a continuum. The additive resource model is based upon the assumption that the competitive community is regulated by the availability of a single factor, but that this factor can be obtained from a variety of resources. At the other extreme, the multiplicative resource model assumes that regulation is mediated via a number of factors, each factor being available from only one resource. Analysis of the additive model shows that if type-3 (sigmoid) functional responses determine the competitor-resource interactions and the resource levels are generally held below the point of infection of the responses, then concave competitor isoclines are to be expected. In particular, if resource levels are kept sufficiently low by the competitors, so that self- regulation can be ignored, then a consequence of the isocline curvature is that species poor communities will generally maintain a higher “biomass” than comparable species rich communities. This has relevance to the phenomenon of excess density compensation. Biomass per se can over estimate the effect of larger species in this comparison. Ideally species numbers should be weighted by the inverse of their carrying capacities, but it is suggested that w 2 3 is a suitable conversion factor, where w is the individual weight of a species. Increasing the number of resource dimensions acts to decrease the likelihood of concave isoclines, so that the possibility of the simultaneous regulation of competitive communities by more than one resource dimension must be borne in mind in any analysis of community structure.
The effect of treatment of intercurrent somatic disease on psychogenic disorders

1. One hundred and twenty-six cases of psychogenic mental disorder were studied with special reference to the effects of treatment of intercurrent somatic disease. 2. Twenty patients were sufficiently improved to be paroled; 14 of these remained at home after two and one-half years. 3. In five patients there was a definite relationship between the correction of the physical illness and the mental improvement. In eight this was questionable, while in 14 there was no apparent relationship. 4. Some possible explanations for the beneficial results are discussed and the importance is emphasized of removing physical as well as mental irritations as soon as possible after admission.
On the evolution of language: A unified view

Abstract Language can be operationally defined as a communications system that permits the exchange of new, unanticipated information. Different forms of language appear to have been present in earlier stages of hominid evolution. Human language is unique, at the present time, since it makes use of ‘encoded’ speech to achieve a rapid transfer of information. The supralaryngeal vocal tract of modern Homo sapiens is a useful factor in this encoding process which also involves special neural mechanisms. Other factors like cognitive ability and ‘automatization’ are also necessary for language. Those factors are, however, important for many aspects of human and non-human behavior besides language. The evolution of language appears to have been a gradual process that first led to systems that relied on mixed gestural and vocal communication. Some hominids appear to have retained this system until comparatively recent times. Other hominids appear to have placed a greater reliance on vocal communication. Reconstructions of fossil supralaryngeal vocal tracts show that some forms, Australopithecines and ‘classic’ Neanderthal, lacked the supralaryngeal vocal tract that is necessary for the production of fully encoded human speech. Other fossil forms, Steinheim and Es-Skhūl V, had functionally modern vocal tracts. Others, like Broken Hill, represent intermediate forms. The evolution of human language can be viewed as a three stage process that involved (a) increased reliance on vocal communication in activities like hunting, (b) the enhancement of the vocal repertoire with the evolution of the human supralaryngeal vocal tract which produces acoustic signals that are both more distinct and more resistant to articulatory errors, and (c) the evolution of neural mechanisms that made use of the preadapted properties of the supralaryngeal vocal tract for rapid encoded speech communication.
Multiple Passes of Friction Stir Processing for the Creation of Superplastic 7075 Aluminum

Abstract A staggered pass sample of friction stir processed (FSP) 7075 aluminum was created to make samples with one through four passes of FSP under identical conditions. The tensile testing temperatures ranged from 673 to 763 K with initial strain rates ranging from 1 × 10−3 to 1 × 10−1 s−1. Materials processed by single as well as multiple passes exhibited superplasticity across various testing temperatures and strain rates while the as received materials exhibited elongations below 200%. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of four consecutive FSP passes in creating large areas of superplastic material. However, the largest elongations were observed for the single pass material.
Performance evaluation of single-section and three-section PMD compensators using extended Monte Carlo methods

We evaluate the performance of single-section and three-section PMD compensators. Three-section compensators offer less than twice the advantage of single-section compensators (in dB) due to higher-order PMD correlations.
Apolipoprotein Measurements: Is More Widespread Use Clinically Indicated?

Apolipoprotein (apo) B may be a more sensitive measure of atherogenicity than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a better index for assessing cardiovascular risk. The refined risk assessment provided by apo B may be important in patients at high cardiometabolic risk such as those with diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome, as these conditions are often associated with normal LDL-C values but increased numbers of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (indicating increased levels of apo B). Although apo B is not currently a treatment target in the United States cholesterol-lowering guidelines, a consensus conference endorsed by the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology recently recommended that apo B be added as a therapeutic target in patients at high cardiometabolic risk and in patients with clinical cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Suggested target goals are < 90 for high risk and < 80 mg/dL for highest risk patients. Current clinical data indicate that intensive statin therapy can lower apo B to meet this aggressive goal. While the proatherogenic/antiatherogenic ratio of apo B/apo A-I is a better risk discriminator than the single proatherogenic measurement (apo B), clinical trial data are lacking regarding the impact of increasing apo A-I and high-density lipoprotein on outcomes.
Evolving robot morphology and control

Most robotic approaches beging with a fixed robot hardware design and then experiment with control structures. We take a different approach that considers both the robot hardware and the control structure as variables in the evolution process. This paper reports the results of experiments which explore the placement of sensors and effectors around the perimeter of a simulated agent's body, and the neural network (NNet) that controls them.
Normalizing the crossover effect: enhancement of cognitive attentional processing in schizophrenia

Thirty male schizophrenic subjects and 20 male control subjects were administered both the classic Rodnick and Shakow reaction time (RT) procedure and a modified experimental procedure using a balanced design in an attempt to enhance cognitive attentional processing and inhibit the crossover effect in schizophrenic patients. The experimental procedure increased the number of predictable trials, provided more information about the task and presented the regular trials in a simple ascending order. Analysis of the RT data showed the typical early schizophrenic crossover and late normal crossover on the standard task, while schizophrenic patients in the experimental condition showed a new finding of statistically significant normalization of the early crossover effect. The results support Shakow's theory of attentional set deficit in schizophrenia and in conjunction with previous findings suggest that separate neuropsychological mechanisms of cognitive preparatory attention and a more automatic form of vigilance attention may, respectively, underlie the regular and irregular procedures of the traditional RT task.
Women of ‘Ill Repute’: Ethics and Urdu literature in colonial India

The courtesan, the embodiment of both threat and allure, was a central figure in the moral discourses of the Muslim ‘respectable’ classes of colonial North India. Since women are seen as the bearers of culture, tradition, the honour of the family, community, and nation, control over women's sexuality becomes a central feature in the process of forming identity and community. As a public woman, the courtesan became the target of severe moral regulation from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. The way in which the courtesan was invoked within aesthetic, ethical, and legal domains shifted over time, and by the third decade of the twentieth century, there appeared a new way of speaking and writing about the ‘fallen woman’ within the Urdu public sphere. A social critique emerged which heralded the prostitute-courtesan as an ethical figure struggling against an unjust social order. Since the courtesan symbolized both elite Mughal court culture as well as its decay, she was a convenient foil for some nationalists to challenge the dominant idioms of nationalist and communitarian politics. Moreover, certain late medieval and early modern Indo-Persian ethical concepts were redeployed by twentieth century writers for ‘progressive’ ends. This illustrated a turn to progressive cultural politics that was simultaneously anti-colonial and anti-communitarian, while maintaining a critical posture towards the dominant idioms of Indian nationalism.
Regulation of Immune Responses by NF-κB/Rel Transcription Factors

Within peripheral lymphoid organs, complex interactions occur between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells during an immune response to antigen. Although there is considerable recognition of the fact that activation of innate immune signaling pathways is necessary for productive adaptive immune
Intralesional steroid for orbital manifestations of Rosai-Dorfman disease

This work was kindly funded by the Frost TFC Charitable Trust and the Royal College of Ophthalmologists Fellowship.
CONSERVATION OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AMONG HISTIDINE-CONTAINING PHOSPHOTRANSFER (HPT) DOMAINS AS REVEALED BY THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF YPD1

Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SLN1-YPD1-SSK1 phosphorelay system controls a downstream mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in response to hyperosmotic stress. YPD1 functions as a phospho-histidine protein intermediate which is required for phosphoryl group transfer from the sensor kinase SLN1 to the response regulator SSK1. In addition, YPD1 mediates phosphoryl transfer from SLN1 to SKN7, the only other response regulator protein in yeast which plays a role in response to oxidative stress and cell wall biosynthesis. The X-ray structure of YPD1 was solved at a resolution of 2.7 A by conventional multiple isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering. The tertiary structure of YPD1 consists of six α-helices and a short 310-helix. A four-helix bundle comprises the central core of the molecule and contains the histidine residue that is phosphorylated. Structure-based comparisons of YPD1 to other proteins having a similar function, such as the Escherichia coli ArcB histidine-containing phosphotransfer (HPt) domain and the P1 domain of the CheA kinase, revealed that the helical bundle and several structural features around the active-site histidine residue are conserved between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic kingdoms. Despite limited amino acid sequence homology among HPt domains, our analysis of YPD1 as a prototypical family member, indicates that these phosphotransfer domains are likely to share a similar fold and common features with regard to response regulator binding and mechanism for histidine-aspartate phosphoryl transfer.
Models for intermediate time dynamics with two-time boundary conditions

Abstract The consequences of conditioning a stochastic process at two times are examined, in particular with regard to the behavior at intermediate times. These results clarify discussions on the relation between the thermodynamic and cosmological arrows of time.
Multifunctional Silica Optics

Abstract : The sol-gel chemical processing method of producing fully dense silica optics provides an intermediate product termed Type VI silica ideally suited for use in engineering multifunctional silica optics. This paper reviews the sol-gel process, the Type V dense gel-silica produced by this process and the Type VI ultraporous gel-silica intermediate product. Included is a comparison of two different porous ultrastructures with 1.2 run and 8.0 nm average pore radii. Two uses of the porous gel-silica components as multifunctional optics are described. The first is for use in transpiration cooled windows in highspeed rocket guidance systems. Flow rates of He and N2 through the 1.2 rim and 8. 0 run ultrastructures are as high as 0. 9 m/min at 0. 75 MPa. High temperature UV transmission in contact with an impinging oxy-acetylene flame is demonstrated. Use of Type VI gel-silica as a host matrix for fast radiation-hard scintillating detectors is also reviewed.
A new approach to all pairs shortest paths in planar graphs

An algorithm is presented for generating a succinct encoding of all pairs shortest path information in a directed planar graph G with real-valued edge costs but no negative cycles. The algorithm runs in O(pn) time, where n is the number of vertices in G, and p is the minimum cardinality of a subset of the faces that cover all vertices, taken over all planar embeddings of G. Linear-time algorithms are presented for various subproblems including that of finding an appropriate embedding of G and a corresponding face-on-vertex covering of cardinality O(p), and of generating all pairs shortest path information in a directed outerplanar graph.
Comment on d'Emden. Do the new threshold levels for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus correctly identify women at risk? Diabetes Care 2014;37:e30.

In this issue, d’Emden (1) challenges the plasma glucose level diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) recommended by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) (2). In particular, it is asserted that the rate of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) children (birth weight >90th percentile) in the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study cohort (3) is lower when the 1-h and/or 2-h threshold as a single value is equal to or greater than a threshold value than is the case when the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) threshold is met or exceeded; in this case, the odds ratio (OR) of 1.75 is not met or exceeded. It is claimed that …
Cation binding at the node of Ranvier: II. Redistribution of binding sites during electrical stimulation.

Abstract The nodal and paranodal areas of mature myelinated axons are known to bind cations. To examine whether the cation binding substance may play a role in saltatory conduction, a combined electrophysiological and histochemical study was undertaken. The sciatic nerve of anesthetized or unanesthetized adult C57Bl mice was exposed and not stimulated (control) or stimulated with constant square-wave pulses at one of the following rates: 10/sec, 30/sec, 100/sec or 500/sec. Phosphate-buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde was either dropped onto the nerve during stimulation until cessation of the compound action potential or the nerve was fixed after discontinuing stimulation. The nerve was excised and processed for the histochemical reaction of copper sulfate/potassium ferrocyanide (which forms an electron dense precipitate at areas of cation binding), dehydrated and infiltrated with SpurrR epoxy resin. Individual nerve fibers were microdissected and counts made of the numbers of paranodal and nodal areas exhibiting the reaction product. The percentage of nodes stained, with respect to the total numbers of nodes and paranodes stained, was calculated. There was no significant difference in percent of nodes stained between the simultaneously fixed, non-stimulated, anesthetized (43.1%), the non-stimulated unanesthetized (45.3%), the animals stimulated at 10/sec (45.9%) and the animals stimulated at 30/sec (50.2%) and 100/sec (46.0%), and fixed post-stimulation. However, all values at the higher frequencies and fixed during stimulation were significantly different both from the control and from each other (30/sec-59.3%; 100/sec-70.5%; and 500/sec-76.4%). The location of cation binding appears to change in response to electrical stimulation and correlates with the increased frequency of the inward movement of sodium ions.
Linear and branched fluoroazo‐benzene chromophores with increased compatibility in semifluorinated polymers

A family of fluorinated azobenzene-based push-pull chromophores with one, two, and three trifluorovinyl ether (TFV) groups in linear and branched architecture was synthesized and utilized as active materials in the low optical loss electro-optic (EO) composites. The fluorinated azobenzene chromophores exhibited increased solubility (30–50 wt %) in semifluorinated polymer host, such as perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) aromatic ether resin after crosslinking, compared with the commercially available nonfluorinated azobenzene chromophore Disperse Red 1 (1–2 wt %). The impact of this approach on the optical properties on the polymer blends is assessed through optical propagation loss measurements and EO characterization. The resulting fluorinated EO composites showed excellent optical clarity, low birefringence, and low optical loss less than 0.5 dB/cm, while giving EO coefficients of about 3–7 pm/V at 1550 nm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3166–3177, 2007
Schumpeterian Evolutionary Dynamics and the Collapse of Soviet-Bloc Socialism

The problem of the collapse of socialism within the former Soviet bloc is examined from the perspective of a Schumpeterian view of technological change and discontinuous evolutionary dynamics. The Schumpeterian mechanism of ‘creative destruction’ was frustrated in the traditional socialist system with revolutionary technological changes tending not to be adopted. In largely capitalist economies Schumpeter saw these as being adopted in clusters at critical points in long waves, but planned socialism substantially reduces such cycles for output, if not quite as much for investment. The crisis of Soviet-style socialism came with the attempt to leap to the higher ‘technique cluster’ of information technologies and broke down in the effort to do so as political changes reflected conflict between the production requirements of that technology with the central control of the planned socialist system.
A note on the thermodynamics and kinetics of open and steady state systems

Some conclusions of irreversible thermodynamics are summarized. It is shown that θ, the rate of irreversible entropy production, is not minimized in the steady state. It is also postulated that multiple steady states are possible in nonlinear kinetic systems, giving rise to situations of possible biological interest. The necessity of examining particular kinetic models is mentioned.
Osteoporosis: Primary prevention and intervention strategies for women at risk

The growth and development of the skeleton begins in early fetal life and continues for nearly two decades in a series of well-defined events. Minerals--particularly calcium but also carbonate, magnesium, sodium, and fluoride--play vital structural and metabolic roles in bone growth and development. However, bone formation also is encouraged by hormones, such as estrogen, and by weight-bearing activity. Living bone is never metabolically at rest; its matrix and mineral stores are being remodeled constantly along the lines of mechanical stress.