cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Centralized finite control set model predictive control for multiple distributed generator small-scale microgrids

This paper proposes a control and power sharing strategy for small-scale microgrids in both grid-connected and islanded modes based on the centralized Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC). In grid-connected mode, the controller is capable of managing the output power of each Distributed Generator (DG) and enables flexible power regulation between the microgrid and the utility grid. In islanded mode, the controller regulates the microgrid voltage and frequency, and provides a precise power sharing scheme among DGs. In addition, the power sharing can be adjusted flexibly by changing the sharing ratio. The proposed control also enables plug-and-play operation. Moreover, a smooth transition between the two modes of operation is achieved without any disturbance in the system. Case studies are carried out to verify the proposed control strategy with the PSCAD/EMTDA software package.
The Connection between Drama, Language, and Cognition in Preschool Dual Language Learners (DLLs)

This study examined the connection between drama, language, and cognition in 61 preschool Latino children. Parents and teachers completed surveys and observations of children’s behaviors. Results showed that parent home language and literacy practices and beliefs about drama integration were related to children’s cognition. Recommendations for practice are presented.
Optimal Design of Gas-Expanded Liquid Ethylene Oxide Production with Zero Carbon Dioxide Byproduct

The concept of ethylene epoxidation over methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) catalyst could save the world from global warming since the epoxidation reaction never produces carbon dioxide as byproduct. Unlike the conventional gas epoxidation reaction with oxygen, this reaction takes place in the (ethylene) gas-expanded liquid solvent phase (methanol) while the reaction oxidant is hydrogen peroxide. The reaction takes place at temperatures and pressures close to the ethylene critical point (Pc = 50.42 bar; Tc = 48.56 °F) (Gas Encyclopedia by Air Liquide, https://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/ethylene). In this paper, an optimized design and operation for MTO based ethylene oxide (EO) production processes has been developed, which has less manufacturing costs compared with the one from the current literature ( Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 18−29). The developed EO system could produce 200,000 tons of ethylene oxide per year at a purity of 99.9%. It has two reactors for ethylene epoxidation and hydrogen peroxide decomp...
Live Demonstration: Portable Bowel Sound Idenfication System

This live demonstration showcases a portable bowel sound identification system. The system consists of a charge amplifier interfaced with a piezoelectric sensor. An identification unit, consisting of peak and trough detectors, differentiators, integrators and comparators, combine to positively identify bowel sounds. The system has an 85% identification rate, uses 53 μW of power, and is implemented in a 0.96 mm2 area. The designed system is suitable for integration with other sensing systems.
X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis of impact damage morphology in composite sandwich structures due to cold temperature arctic condition

In this study, X-ray micro-computed tomography is employed to characterize the impact damage mechanisms in foam core sandwiched composites, paying particular attention to the influence of extreme l...
Web-based education in the 21st century: a transnational perspective

As with any emerging educational endeavor, the quality of instruction and content varies widely, as do the goals and motivations of the students. In this chapter, we look at the Web-based distance education strategy for academia from a transnational perspective. The key philosophies and principal characteristics of a transnational organization are discussed, and their lessons for Web-based education are extracted for a transnational model for Web-based education. The parallels between industry and academia are drawn with respect to virtual organizations. The implementation strategies of transnational firms provide some valuable lessons for academia involved with Web-based education, as they strive to achieve higher degrees of coordination with low control dispersed throughout the organization. The five dimensions of a transnational strategy taxonomy are applied to transnational Web-based distance education initiatives. Finally, we take a closer look at some predictions for teaching and learning using Web-based education in higher education as extrapolations of current trends. However, we know that we will also be surprised by new developments, just as the growth of the Internet surprised us all. Commencement ceremonies are the starting point to lifetime learning in the digital/knowledge economy.
Letting Innocence Suffer: The Need for Defense Access to the Law Enforcement DNA Database

Law enforcement has gradually amassed a sizable DNA database that holds considerable promise for solving cold cases and identifying suspects. The Supreme Court has blessed this effort, allowing investigators to include profiles of arrestees as well as convicted persons in the database. At present, though, law enforcement has a near monopoly on use of the DNA database, leaving defendants at the whim of the law enforcement officials who control access to this tool. Legal scholars have alternatively praised and decried the database, but none has examined its prospects for proving defendants’ innocence post-conviction. This Article fills that void by identifying a limited due process right to defense-initiated DNA database searches. The Article argues that the database is a powerful truth-promoting tool that should be available to law enforcement and defendants alike. Because legislators have failed to promote the search for actual offenders through statutory rights of access, this Article presents the constitutional authority for defense-initiated searches to vindicate the rights of innocent defendants.
Spatial characteristics of bicycle–motor vehicle crashes in Christchurch, New Zealand: A case-control approach

This paper aims to examine the risk of bicycle-motor vehicle crashes occurring on a network-wide level in Christchurch, New Zealand, based on the spatial characteristics present in the road environment. To achieve this, logistic regression was undertaken with a binary dependent variable (crash/non-crash) using a case-control strategy, with case sites being locations of reported crashes, while control sites were sampled from the road network in proportion to where people cycle. Due to the uncertainty of cycling flows in Christchurch, four logistic regression models were undertaken based on different route selection preferences. The results identified that the odds of a crash increased across all four models due to the presence of driveways or intersections, identifying that these characteristics are associated with an increase in crash risk. All of the models identified that the risk of a crash decreases with the presence of on-road cycle lanes, while crash risk due to the presence of specific planning zones or road classification varied across all of the models.
Positive mental health and mental health stigma: A qualitative study assessing student attitudes

Abstract Background: Mental health problems and mental health stigma are critical public health issues. With less than one third of individuals with mental health problems receiving treating, studies are needed to examine perceived stigma and help-seeking for mental health problems. Aims: The present study investigated positive mental health and mental health stigma among college students. Methods: Structured interviews were conducted with 23 students to examine study aims. Results: Several main themes emerged from the interviews including staying mentally healthy, awareness/education, compassion/understanding, and benefits and barriers to mental health treatment. Students perceived stigma as a barrier to mental health treatment. Students felt increasing education and awareness, linking students to resources, and being compassionate and understanding to those experiencing mental health problems were important to reduce stigma-related attitudes. Conclusions: Mental health professionals may use study findings to enhance awareness of mental health among college students and increase rates of those seeking-treatment by incorporating main themes into prevention and intervention programs.
The role of admixed graphene oxide in a cement hydration system

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO), which has been sucessfully used in cement composites as an admixture, can improve their mechanical and durability properties. This study examined and elucidated the effect of GO on the hydration products of a cement system in detail. The hydration precursors, morphology, composition, and chemical bonds of cement pastes were studied by SEM/BSE, XRD, LA-ICP-MS, and 29Si/27Al MAS-NMR, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the 28-day compressive strength of cement pastes (w/c = 0.35) was increased by 29% when admixing 0.02 wt% GO. There existed chemical reactions between the admixed GO and the cement hydration products. The improved strength actually was not only attributed to the improved hydration degree of cement, but also the newly found tobermorite-like hydrates and jennite-like hydrates due to the Ca ions consumption by the negatively charged GO. The polymerization of hydration products was also improved due to the addition of GO.
Can the right to internal movement, residence, and employment ground a right to immigrate?

This article challenges Kieran Oberman’s derivation of a right to immigrate from the right to internal movement, residence, and employment. His argument depends on a cantilever strategy, which find...
Cognitive Learning: How to Become William Shakespeare

Writing is a fundamental task in our daily life. Existing writing improvement tools mostly focus on low-level grammar error correction, rather than enhancing users' writing styles at the cognitive level. In this work, we present a computational approach that allows learners to have fast but effective learning experience with the help of automatic style transfer, visual stylometry analytics, machine teaching and practice. Our system provides a perfect fusion of vividly visualized style features and principles along with informative examples, which together can shape and drive personalized cognitive learning experience. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our system in a scenario of learning from William Shakespeare.
The impact of exchange rate movements on mergers and acquisitions FDI

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of exchange rate movements on return outcomes associated with mergers and acquisitions FDI. We examine this relationship for cross-border mergers and acquisitions undertaken in 2001-2010 by 591 U.S. firms using both real and nominal bilateral exchange rates. The analysis of abnormal returns reveals no consistent relationship between the real exchange rate movements and bidder returns. However, we do find a statistically significant positive impact of exchange rate volatility on bidder returns. In addition, we find support for a significant relationship between bidder’s overseas experience with bidder returns and deal size with bidder returns.
A Persistent Problem: Managing Pointers in NVM

Byte-addressable non-volatile memory (NVM) placed alongside DRAM promises a fundamental shift in software abstractions, yet many approaches to using NVM promise merely incremental improvement by relying on old interfaces and archaic abstractions. We assert that redesigning the core programming model presented by the operating system is vital to best exploiting this technology. We are developing Twizzler, an OS that presents an effective programming model for NVM sufficient to construct persistent data structures that can be easily and globally shared without serialization costs. We consider and evolve a key-value store that runs on Twizzler, and demonstrate how our programming model improves programmability with early experiments indicating performance need not be lost and may be improved.
Kink instabilities in relativistic jets can drive quasi-periodic radiation signatures

Relativistic jets are highly collimated plasma outflows emerging from accreting black holes. They are launched with a significant amount of magnetic energy, which can be dissipated to accelerate nonthermal particles and give rise to electromagnetic radiation at larger scales. Kink instabilities can be an efficient mechanism to trigger dissipation of jet magnetic energy. While previous works have studied the conditions required for the growth of kink instabilities in relativistic jets, the radiation signatures of these instabilities have not been investigated in detail. In this paper, we aim to self-consistently study radiation and polarization signatures from kink instabilities in relativistic jets. We combine large-scale relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations with polarized radiation transfer of a magnetized jet, which emerges from the central engine and propagates through the surrounding medium. We observe that a localized region at the central spine of the jet exhibits the strongest kink instabilities, which we identify as the jet emission region. Very interestingly, we find quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) signatures in the light curve from the emission region. Additionally, the polarization degree appears to be anti-correlated to flares in the light curves. Our analyses show that these QPO signatures are intrinsically driven by kink instabilities, where the period of the QPOs is associated to the kink growth time scale. The latter corresponds to weeks to months QPOs in blazars. The polarization signatures offer unique diagnostics for QPOs driven by kink instabilities.
Effect of Temperature on the Survival and Developmental Rate of Immature Ooencyrtus mirus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) is an invasive pest of cole crops in the southwestern United States. To find potential biocontrol agents of B. hilaris, three egg parasitoids were imported from Pakistan, including Ooencyrtus mirus, a recently described uniparental species. We investigated the effect of temperature on survival and developmental rate in O. mirus from egg to adult. At 14 and 16°C, no adults emerged unless the immatures were transferred later to a warmer temperature. At constant 18°C, a low percentage emerged, but again more emerged if the immatures were transferred to a warmer temperature. Survival ranged from 80 to 96% at 20-37°C and did not differ significantly among these temperatures. No adults emerged at 38°C. Regardless of the amount of time the parasitized eggs were held at 14 and 16°C, the developmental times after returning the eggs to 26°C were similar, suggesting a quiescence process rather than simply slow development. At higher temperatures, the developmental rate increased linearly from 18 to 36°C and then declined at 37°C. The Wang model provided the best fit of the data and estimated a lower developmental threshold at 13.0°C, an optimal temperature at 35.6°C, and an upper developmental threshold of 38.3°C. The thermal constant for total immature development is 168.4 degree-days. The results show 36°C to be the best temperature for rearing O. mirus, and that O. mirus-parasitized eggs can be stored at 14°C for months without losing viability. These are crucial data to consider when mass rearing this biological control agent.
Development and validation of the Computer Science Attitudes Scale for middle school students (MG-CS attitudes)

Abstract Primary and secondary students’ exposure to computer science-related activities in school has been steadily increasing, heightening the need for valid measures regarding impact of these activities on students. This study reports on the development and validation process of an instrument to measure students’ affective state as it relates to computer science in an academic setting. The self-report instrument, Computer Science Attitudes Scale for middle school students (MG-CS Attitudes), was developed based upon expectancy-value theory, which assumes two attitudinal constructs: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. A set of ten initial items was administered to 663 middle-grade students from sixth to eighth grade (11–13 years of age). A combination of classical test theory and item response theory approaches were used to evaluate and validate the instrument using well-established construct validity frameworks to guide the process, leading to nine final items. The multi-stage validation process has resulted in a robust, well-functioning instrument, which can be used by researchers and evaluators to study CS-related educational interventions.
Minimum 7-Year Outcomes of Dual Mobility Acetabular Cups in Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients

Modular dual mobility cups have been developed to potentially address postoperative hip instability, which can occur in nearly 20% of all revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. By having a prosthetic construct that contains two points of articulation between the femoral head and liner and between the liner and shell, joint stability can be increased. The purpose of this study was to report on dual mobility cup survivorships, patient satisfaction outcomes, complications, and radiographic outcomes at a minimum 7-year follow-up. A high-volume academic surgeon performed a total of 143 consecutive dual mobility primary THAs on patients who had a minimum follow-up of 7 years (range, 7–8.5 years). The study cohort consisted of 77 females (54%) and 66 males (46%) who had a mean age of 65 years (range, 34–90 years). Aseptic, septic, and all-cause survivorship was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Harris Hip Scores (HHS), postoperative complications, and radiographs were also assessed. No cup failures were observed. Overall, septic survivorship was 99.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98–1.0) and all-cause survivorship was 98.6% (95% CI: 0.97–1.0). Two patients (1.4%) required revision surgery unrelated to the use of a modular dual mobility cup. Of these, one patient experienced femoral stem loosening and the other developed a periprosthetic infection that was treated with a two-stage revision. The mean total HHS was above 95 points at the most recent follow-up. Three patients (2.3%) experienced medical complications, including two deep vein thromboses and one for nonfatal pulmonary embolism. Radiographic evidence revealed incomplete seating of the metallic liner in one patient. Dual mobility cups were developed in an attempt to decrease the rate of instability following THA. The results from this study indicate that excellent clinical and patient-reported outcomes can be achieved at 7-year follow-up in patients who undergo THA with a dual mobility cup. Therefore, dual mobility cups appear to be an appropriate treatment option for primary THA.
A Methodology for Reusable Physical Design

Traditional physical design flows force users to intermix distinct information relating to logical design, physical design, technology, and tool concerns during chip implementation, leading to high design effort, costs, and time-to-market. We introduce Hammer, a physical design generator which remedies these problems via separation of concerns. Through its modular software architecture, Hammer is able to separate tool and technology concerns, while Hammer's data format separates logical and physical design concerns, enabling physical design information to be generated in sync with changes to the logical design. We evaluate Hammer's flexibility and effective software architecture by demonstrating wide-ranging reductions in time, cost, and design effort in various physical design tasks through multiple tapeouts using multiple technologies (ranging from 45nm to 16nm), tools, and design architectures.
Corrosion resistance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel in chloride−thiosulfate environment

Abstract In this paper, synergistic effects of chloride (Cl–) and thiosulfate (S2O32–) on corrosion resistance of additively manufactured (AM) and wrought 316L stainless steel (SS) were investigated in ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solution in the absence and presence of different concentrations of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3). General corrosion induced by Cl– accelerated with the increase of S2O32– concentration for both of the samples. However, pitting resistance of AM 316L SS was found to be at least 4- to 6-fold higher than that of the wrought sample depending on S2O32– concentration. The AM sample demonstrated significantly improved metastable pitting resistance in the presence of S2O32– into Cl– solution. In addition, the passive film of AM 316L SS offered higher charge transfer resistance and film resistance confirming its better stability and barrier characteristics in Cl––S2O32– environment. The superior corrosion resistance of AM 316 L SS compared to wrought sample was attributed to refined microstructure, absence of MnS micro-inclusions, and lack of Cr depleted regions.
Protest policing and the reality of freedom: Evidence from Hong Kong, Portland, and Santiago in 2019 and 2020

Protests erupted in many nations around the world in 2019 and 2020, some peaceful and some violent. The police response to these protests varied widely, from calm and restrained in some places to v...
U.S. Eviction Filing Patterns in 2020

The coronavirus pandemic precipitated an economic crisis disproportionately affecting renter households. Attempting to prevent a surge in evictions, policy makers at the federal, state, and local l...
Conserved allosteric ensembles in disordered proteins using TROSY/anti-TROSY R2-filtered spectroscopy.

Abstract Defining the role of intrinsic disorder in proteins in the myriad of biological processes with which it is involved represents a significant goal in modern biophysics. Toward this end, NMR is uniquely suited for molecular studies of dynamic and disordered regions, but studying these regions in concert with their more structured domains and binding partners presents spectroscopic challenges. Here, we investigate the interactions between the structured and disordered regions of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR). To do this, we developed an NMR strategy that relies on a novel relaxation filter for the simultaneous study of structured and unstructured regions. Using this approach, we conducted a comparative analysis of three translational isoforms of GR containing a folded DNA-binding domain (DBD) and two disordered regions that flank the DBD, one of which varies in size in the different isoforms. Notably, we were able to assign resonances that had previously been inaccessible because of the spectral complexity of the translational isoforms, which in turn allowed us to 1) identify a region of the structured DBD that undergoes significant changes in the local chemical environment in the presence of the disordered region and 2) determine differences in the conformational ensembles of the disordered regions of the translational isoforms. Furthermore, an ensemble-based thermodynamic analysis of the isoforms reveals conserved patterns of stability within the N-terminal domain of GR that persist despite low sequence conservation. These studies provide an avenue for further investigations of the mechanistic underpinnings of the functional relevance of the translational isoforms of GR while also providing a general NMR strategy for studying systems containing both structured and disordered regions.
Tuning superconductivity in Ge:Ga using Ga + implantation energy

High-fluence gallium $({\mathrm{Ga}}^{+})$ implantation at medium energies is proven to be an effective tool in forming superconducting (SC) thin films in germanium (Ge). By changing the post-implantation annealing conditions nanocrystalline to single-crystalline Ge matrices have been produced. Irrespective of crystallinity, such processes have mostly led to supersaturated Ge:Ga films where superconductivity is controlled by the extent of coherent coupling between Ga precipitates. Here we use ${\mathrm{Ga}}^{+}$ implantation energy as a means to tailor the spatial distribution and the coupling energy of the Ga precipitates. By systematic structural and magneto-transport studies, we unravel the complex connection between the internal structure of Ge:Ga films and their global SC parameters. At the shallowest implantation depth, we observe the strongest coupling leading to a robust superconductivity that sustains parallel magnetic fields as high as 9.95 T, above the conventional Pauli paramagnetic limit and consistent with a quasi-2D geometry. Further measurements at mK temperatures revealed an anomalous upturn in perpendicular critical field ${\mathrm{B}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ vs temperature whose curvature and thus origin may be tuned between weakly coupled SC arrays and vortex glass states with quenched disorder. This warrants future investigations into Ge:Ga films for applications where tunable disorder is favorable, including test-beds for quantum phase transitions and superinductors in quantum circuits.
A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Pooled Oligonucleotide Design

The goal of oligonucleotide (oligo) design is to select oligos that optimize a set of design criteria. Oligo design problems are combinatorial in nature and require computationally intensive models to evaluate design criteria. Even relatively small problems can be intractable for brute-force approaches that test every possible combination of oligos, so heuristic approaches must be used to find near-optimal solutions. We present a general reinforcement learning framework, called OligoRL, to solve oligo design problems with complex constraints. OligoRL allows "black-box" design criteria and can be adapted to solve many oligo design problems. We highlight the flexibility of OligoRL by building tools to solve three distinct design problems: 1.) finding pools of random DNA barcodes that lack restriction enzyme recognition sequences (CutFreeRL); 2.) compressing large, non-degenerate oligo pools into smaller degenerate ones (OligoCompressor); and 3.) finding Not-So-Random hexamer primer pools that avoid rRNA and other unwanted transcripts during RNA-seq library preparation (NSR-RL). OligoRL demonstrates how reinforcement learning offers a general solution for complex oligo design problems. OligoRL and its associated software tools are available as a Julia package at http://jensenlab.net/tools.
Droplet evaporation on soft solid substrates.

Droplet evaporation on soft solid substrates is relevant to applications such as fabrication of microlenses and controlled particle deposition. Here, we develop a lubrication-theory-based model to advance fundamental understanding of the important limiting case of a planar droplet evaporating on a linear viscoelastic solid. A set of partial differential equations describing the time evolution of the liquid–air and liquid–solid interfaces is derived and solved with a finite-difference method. A disjoining-pressure/precursor-film approach is used to describe contact-line motion, and the one sided model is used to describe solvent evaporation. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of solid properties (thickness, viscosity, shear modulus, wettability) and evaporation rate on droplet dynamics. Our results indicate that softer substrates speed up droplet evaporation due to prolonged pinning of the contact line. Results from our model are able to qualitatively reproduce some key trends observed in experiments. Due to its systematic formulation, our model can readily be extended to more complex situations of interest such as evaporation of particle-laden droplets on soft solid substrates.
A value orientation approach to assess and compare climate change risk perception among trout anglers in Georgia, USA

Abstract Trout in Georgia could experience early impacts from climate change as the streams in the region are located at the southernmost edge of their North American home range. This study surveyed trout anglers in Georgia to understand how anglers perceive the potential impact of climate change on trout, and whether and how their perception and response to declines in trout populations vary among anglers of different value orientations. A multivariate cluster analysis based on anglers' beliefs about protection and use of nature and sport fish yielded four segments, and anglers showed a notable variation in risk perception, as well as behavioral intention to reduce fishing trips to their preferred sites. The “Protectionists”, followed by “Pluralists”, were relatively more aware of risk and likely to reduce trips to affected fishing sites. The “Distanced” were neither strong believers nor deniers, whereas the “Dominionistic” were the least concerned about climate risk and least likely to change their recreation pursuits with forecast declines in trout populations. Results imply that trout anglers are more concerned about the possible impact of climate change in the future than now. In addition, the differences in social and cultural values may serve as barriers among certain angler groups in perceiving the risk of climate change and adapting to changing resources. Management implications – Trout anglers in Georgia are concerned about the impact of climate change but the level of concern and stated responses to hypothetical changes in trout populations vary across value orientation segments. – While the anglers are relatively insensitive to small declines in trout populations, sharp reductions due to climate change could mean a drop in visitation rates, resulting in reduced statewide sales of trout stamps, and a shift in type and location of recreation pursuits. – Agencies may see benefit in climate change education programs to remove social and cultural barriers associated with perception of climate change impact on sport fishing.
Medulloblastoma in Mice Lacking p53 and PARP: All Roads Lead To Gli

Medulloblastomas, embryonal neoplasms arising in the cerebellum, are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. They are composed of primitive cells with the potential to differentiate along neuronal and glial lines. Similar lesions, known as primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), arise outside the posterior fossa, albeit rarely. Several molecular pathways important in cerebellar development have been implicated in medulloblastoma pathogenesis (reviewed in 1-3 ). A better understanding of the cells and signaling events involved in medulloblastoma tumorigenesis will be critical to the development of targeted therapies for these aggressive neoplasms, as evidenced by the inhibition of medulloblastoma growth by drugs blocking Hedgehog pathway activity. 4 In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Tong and colleagues 5 describe a new medulloblastoma model in which tumors arise from the cerebellar external granule cell layer (EGL) of mice lacking p53 and PARP. The up-regulation of the Hedgehog pathway effector Gli in all of their tumors suggests a more general role for Hedgehog signaling than was previously appreciated. In medulloblastomas, some cellular pathways may be more equal than others.
Mapping the Gnutella Network: Macroscopic Properties of Large-Scale Peer-to-Peer Systems

Despite recent excitement generated by the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm and the surprisingly rapid deployment of some P2P applications, there are few quantitative evaluations of P2P systems behavior. The open architecture, achieved scale, and self-organizing structure of the Gnutella network make it an interesting P2P architecture to study. Like most other P2P applications, Gnutella builds, at the application level, a virtual network with its own routing mechanisms. The topology of this overlay network and the routing mechanisms used have a significant influence on application properties such as performance, reliability, and scalability. We describe techniques to discover and analyze the Gnutella's overlay network topology and evaluate generated network traffic. Our major findings are: (1) although Gnutella is not a pure power-law network, its current configuration has the benefits and drawbacks of a power-law structure, (2) we estimate the aggregated volume of generated traffic, and (3) the Gnutella virtual network topology does not match well the underlying Internet topology, hence leading to ineffective use of the physical networking infrastructure. We believe that our findings as well as our measurement and analysis techniques have broad applicability to P2P systems and provide useful insights into P2P system design tradeoffs.
Effect of Silicotungstate on Reduced Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide Oxidation in Submitochondrial Particles

Abstract 1. Silicotungstate inhibits DPNH oxidase, succinoxidase, and 32Pi-ATP exchange activity at relatively low concentrations (150 µg per mg of protein). The inhibition is reversed by bovine serum albumin. 2. When the concentrations of silicotungstate are increased (0.3 to 1.4 mg per mg of protein), DPNH oxidase activity appears which is insensitive to rotenone. Addition of serum albumin restores rotenone sensitivity. 3. Silicotungstate was shown to interact directly with DPNH dehydrogenase. The higher levels of silicotungstate convert both the particulate and soluble DPNH dehydrogenase but not succinate dehydrogenase into an oxidase enzyme.
Energy-efficient distributed computing solutions for Internet of Things with ZigBee devices

In recent years, we are witnessing a trend with increasing number of networked and computing-capable devices being integrated into everyday environment. This trend is expected to continue. With computing devices available as logic structures, they might use each other's processing capabilities to achieve a given goal. In this paper, we propose an architecture to process tasks using distributed structure of Internet of Things devices. We also include ZigBee devices that are not connected to the Internet, but participate with the processing swarm using local network. This significantly extends the flexibility and potential of the IoT structure, while being still not a well-researched area. Unlike many high-level realizations for IoT processing, we present a realization operating on the communications, computing and near protocol level that achieves energy consumption efficiency. Our work is suitable to be the base for higher-level realizations, especially for systems with devices operating on battery power. At the same time, the architecture presented in this paper uses minimal centralization, moving maximum responsibilities to regular devices. The proposed realizations are described using linear programming models and their high efficiency is evaluated.
HIERARCHICAL DATA FUSION WITH PHOTOGRAMMETRIC APPLICATIONS

When two datasets are fused using least-squares adjustment, usually all the results will be affected by some change, even the reference data that are meant to provide information of such high quality that they should remain stable. In order to avoid this effect, the sequential adjustment is to be replaced by a strictly hierarchical method in which the esti-mation procedure is designed to reproduce everything that belongs to a “higher category” and to perform an adjustment in the least-squares sense for everything else. After presenting such a suboptimal estimator, but with the “reproducing property,” this technique is applied to the integration of photogrammetric networks of substantially different scales.
Kraichnan's eddy-viscosity model: further extensions and generalizations

Abstract We consider further extensions and generalizations of Kraichnan's eddy-viscosity model (KEVM). The connections between KEVM and Heisenberg's and Von Karman's inertial-transfer models are explored. Effects of compressibility and intermittency are investigated.
Micromachined ultrasonic transducers for air-coupled nondestructive evaluation

Conventional methods of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) use liquids to couple sound waves into the test samples. This either requires immersion of the parts to be examined or the use of complex and bulky water squirting systems that must be scanned over the structure. Air-coupled ultrasonic systems eliminate these requirements if the losses at air-solid interfaces are tolerable. Micromachined capacitive ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) have been shown to have more than 100 dB dynamic range when used in the bistatic transmission mode. In this paper, we present results of a pitch-catch transmission system using cMUTs that achieves a 103 dB dynamic range. Each transducer consists of 10,000 silicon nitride membranes of 100 micrometers diameter connected in parallel. This geometry result in transducers with a resonant frequency around 2.3 MHz. These transducers can be used in transmission experiments at normal incident to the sample or to excite and detect guided waves in aluminum and composite plates. In this paper we present ultrasonic defect detection results from both through transmission and guided Lamb wave experiments in aluminum and composite plates, such as those used in aircraft.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with increased neuritic plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body variant

Objective: To determine the relationship between apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype and neuropathologic lesions in Alzheimer9s disease (AD) and Lewy body variant (LBV). Design: Retrospective genetic-neuropathologic study of AD and LBV cases. The main neuropathologic outcome measures were modeled as a function of apoE genotype, neuropathologic diagnosis, and gender. Age at death and duration of symptom effects were controlled for by ANCOVA. Patients: One hundred twenty-seven cases with neuropathologically diagnosed AD (n = 84) or LBV (n = 43). Main outcome measures: Quantitative scores of neuritic plaques (NPs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) severity, and CAA prevalence were averaged across four brain regions: midfrontal, inferior parietal, superior temporal, and hippocampal. Results: The apoE epsilon 4 allele was associated with increased NPs within both AD and LBV. The epsilon 4 allele was associated with an increased frequency of CAA in the AD and LBV groups combined and in LBV alone. While CAA severity and NFTs were increased in the epsilon 4/4 homozygous cases when AD and LBV were combined, there were no significant effects within AD or LBV alone. Conclusions: The apoE epsilon 4 allele is strongly associated with increased NPs, but not neocortical NFTs, in both AD and LBV. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 190-196
Phosphorescence and triplet-triplet absorption spectra of anthracene-d10 in polymethylmethacrylate under high pressures

Abstract The phosphorescence, 3 L a - 3 K a absorption, and 3 L a - 3 C a absorption spectra of anthracene- d 10 in polymethylmethacrylate have been observed at pressures as great as 25 kbar at room temperature. These results with earlier measurements of the pressure dependence of the 1 L a absorption spectrum confirm that the 1 L a and 3 K a states cross in energy between 19 and 28 kbar.
Properties of phosphorylated NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase fromEscherichia coli

The NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) fromEscherichia coli strain D5H3G7, an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of α-ketoglutarate andl-glutamate, has been shown to be phosphorylated in vitro in an ATP-dependent enzymatic reaction. The phosphorylated protein is extremely acid labile and is unstable at high pH. Treatment of GDH with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEP), a histidine-modifying reagent, blocked the incorporation of32P from [γ-32P]ATP. GDH catalytic activity was also inhibited by DEP treatment. Hydroxylamine, a reagent hydrolyzing phosphoramidates, catalyzed the removal of phosphate from phosphorylated GDH, suggesting that GDH may be phosphorylated at a histidine residue(s). A total enzymatic hydrolysis of phosphorylated GDH, which was electroeluted from a native polyacrylamide gel, was analyzed by a Dowex 1-8X anion exchange chromatography. The presence of32P-labeled 3-phosphohistidine, characterized and identified from this hydrolysate, demonstrates that a histidine residue(s) is the site of phosphorylation.
2-Etroxy-5,6-dihydro-1,3-oxazines from triethyl azomethinetricarboxylate

Abstract Inverse demand Diels-Alder reactions of triethyl azomethinetricarboxylate with electron-rich olefins lead to 2-ethoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,3-oxazines using the CNCO moiety as the diene only.
1.6.2 Generic Approach for Systems Design Optimization in MBSE1

The complexity of contemporary systems causes Systems Engineers great pains during early architectural design phases. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) proposes methodologies to deal with complexity and streamline design processes, but the penetration of the new approach is slow. This paper proposes a generic SysML based methodology for improving the Architectural Design phase of Systems and mitigate the barriers for MBSE adoption. The proposed methodology suggests an alternative way to formalize requirements, define design alternatives, automate design space exploration and examine optimization results in the original modeling format. A representative example is provided. A glossary is included at the end of the paper.
Primate mammary gland insulin-like growth factor system: cellular localization and regulation by sex steroids.

Abstract Background Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays a critical role in estrogen-induced uterine proliferation, but it is unclear whether this estromedin function occurs in other estrogen-sensitive tissues such as the mammary gland. To elucidate this possibility, we investigated the cellular localization and hormonal regulation of mRNAs for IGF1 and 2, their cognate receptors (IGF1R, IGF2R), and IGF binding proteins 2-5 (BPs 2-5) in the rhesus monkey mammary gland. Methods Ovariectomized monkeys were treated with placebo, estradiol (E2), and E2 plus progesterone (E2/P4) for 3 days, after which mammary tissue was harvested for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses. Results IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA levels were significantly increased and BP2 mRNA decreased by E2 and by E2/P4 treatment. IGF1R mRNA was increased by combined E2/P treatment but not by E2 alone. BP5 mRNA was decreased by E2/P4. No differences in IGF2R, BP3, and BP4 mRNA levels were detected in any treatment group. Mammary IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA levels were both positively correlated with local epithelial proliferation, assessed by immunodetection of the proliferation-specific antigen, Ki67. IGF1 and IGF1R expression were negatively correlated with local programmed cell death, as assessed by the in situ TUNEL method. In contrast, BP2 expression was negatively correlated with epithelial proliferation and positively correlated with programmed cell death. IGF2R, BP3, BP4, and BP5 levels were not significantly correlated with either proliferation or death. Conclusions Thus, E2-induced proliferation is associated with upregulation of both IGF1 and IGF2 expression and downregulation of BP2 expression. These data suggest that the local mammary IGF system is involved in sex steroid-induced mammary epithelial cell hyperplasia.
The role in cancer therapy of inhibiting recovery from PLD induced by radiation or bleomycin

Abstract Effects on survival of allowing and inhibiting potentially lethal damage recovery (PLDR) after X ray or bleomycin (bleo) exposure, especially at clinically applicable doses, were examined in plateau phase Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Dose modifying factors (DMFs) between immediately explanted cells and those trypsinized 24 hours after various doses of X rays were 2.51 t 0.12 (mean ± 2 S.E.) at 70% surviving fraction (SF), 2.03 ± 0.085 at 40% and 1.71-1.79 at lower SF levels. Thus, at doses used clinically (1 – 4 Gy), the DMF by PLDR was more than 2.0, suggesting its importance in radiotherapy of cancers. Feeder layers were found to increase the SF, especially for replating immediately after bleo exposure. Among the inhibitors tested, 3′-deoxyguanosine at 3.7 mM and caffeine at 10.3 mM inhibited x and bleo PLDR (DMF of 1.0–1.2) when trypsinized 24 hours after treatment. However, interestingly, 3 aminobenzamide, a specific inhibitor of poly (ADP) ribose synthesis, even at 14.7 or 29.4 mM, was not as effective in suppressing both x and bleo PLDR, suggesting the role of repair processes independent of poly (ADP) ribose levels in PLDR in plateau phase cultures. Possibilities of clinical application of PLDR inhibitors as radio- and chemosensitizers are discussed.
Ratings of perceived exertion and energy expenditure during light to moderate activity.

The object of this investigation was to establish a group-normalized perceptual response, using the Borg 15-category rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scales that is consistent with the Surgeon General's recommendations for physical activity intensity. This normalized response is defined as a range of RPEs corresponding to a target physiological outcome during exercise common to a specified group of individuals. 24 college-age students (12 men; 12 women) underwent a progressive exercise test administered on a semi-recumbent leg cycle machine to estimate VO 2 peak and 12 6-min. exercise trials on a combined arm and leg exercise machine. Three trials were conducted per day, and at least 24 hr. separated testing sessions. RPEs between 7 and 10 were consistently estimated during trials categorized as light to moderately intense (35 to 53% VO 2 peak). These exercise intensities resulted in an energy expenditure of between 5.38 (SD=1.37) to 7.56 (SD=0.60) and 3.58 (SD=0.58) to 5.30 (SD=0.97) kcal.min. - 1 for these men and women, respectively. RPEs corresponding to 7: extremely light to 10: very light or light are sufficient in healthy young college students to achieve the target activity with respect to exercise intensity. Therefore, this group-normalized perceptual response, i.e., RPE=7 to 10, may he expressed as a prescriptive reference enabling college-age individuals to produce an exercise intensity designed to promote health and studied longitudinally to assess the effects long term.
Radiant emission from baffled conical cavities

An analysis is made to determine how the radiant energy streaming from an isothermal-wall conical cavity is affected by a baffle that partially obstructs the cavity opening. Consideration is given both to baffles that are maintained at the same temperature as the cavity wall (emitting baffles) and to baffles that are cooled to a temperature well below that of the wall (non-emitting baffles). The cone-apex angle and the emissivity of the cavity wall are varied parametrically. The results are obtained by employing a newly devised Monte Carlo method, the application of which is described in detail. The presentation of results is made in terms of the apparent emissivity, which is the ratio of the radiant energy actually streaming from the cavity to the radiant energy emitted by a black surface whose size is the same as the baffle aperture. It is found that the apparent emissivity increases as more and more of the cavity opening is blocked by the baffle. The increases of apparent emissivity are greater when the baffle is emitting than when the baffle is non-emitting.
RNA-DNA covalent complexes in HeLa cells

Abstract A [5-3H]uridine-labeled ribonuclease-resistant RNA-DNA complex was isolated from pulse-labeled HeLa cells. Analysis in Cs2SO4 density gradients showed that radioactive label in both the native and the denatured complexes banded at buoyant densities typical of DNA. The complexes consisted of short ribonuclease H sensitive ribonucleopolymer chains covalently attached to much longer strands of newly synthesized DNA. The hybrid was hydrogen bonded to the template DNA. The rate of synthesis of the complex in synchronized cultures temporally paralleled the rate of DNA synthesis in cells traversing S phase. Cells arrested in G-2, 24 h after X-irradiation with 1000 rads, synthesized the complex at only 1 6 th of the rate found in unirradiated cells. With cells in G-1 and early S phase 1000 rads depressed synthesis of the complex by 36%. A role for the complex in the initiation of DNA synthesis in animal cells is suggested.