cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prior Surgical Score: An Analysis of the Prognostic Significance of an Initial Nondefinitive Surgical Intervention in Patients With Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of a Colorectal Origin Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND The prior surgical score estimates the extent of previous surgical intervention by quantitating surgical dissection within 9 abdominopelvic regions. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to analyze the prognostic significance of the prior surgical score in our cohort of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin. DESIGN This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database for all patients treated for peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin. SETTINGS The prospectively maintained surgical oncology tumor database was analyzed for the study period 1989-2014. PATIENTS A total of 407 patients diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin and treated with cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy were included in this analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prognostic significance and clinicopathologic factors associated with an initial nondefinitive surgical intervention in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin undergoing cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy was evaluated. RESULTS There were 210 men (51.6%) and 197 women (48.4%) in the study. Mean age at presentation was 53.7 years (range, 19.0-87.0 y). Data on prior surgical score for 69 patients were missing, leaving us with a study cohort of 338 patients. Grouped by prior surgical score, 46 (13.6%) had a prior surgical score of 0 versus 25 (7.4%), 122 (36.1%), and 145 (42.9%) who had a prior surgical score of 1, 2, or 3. Overall survival was 53.0%. Three- and 5-year survival rates were 75% and 75% for group prior surgical score 0 versus 26% and 13%, 39% and 37%, and 21% and 16% for group prior surgical scores 1, 2, and 3. Median survival time for the various prior surgical score groups were 180.0, 30.4, 30.5, and 21.3 months for prior surgical scores 0, 1, 2, and 3 (p = 0.000). A total of 87.2% of the prior surgical score 0 group had a completeness of cytoreduction score of 0/1 (no residual disease/tumor <0.25 cm) versus 68.0%, 68.1%, and 48.6% for prior surgical scores of 1, 2, or 3 (p = 0.000). Significant independent predictors of a shorter survival in multivariate analysis included a high cytoreduction score status (p < 0.000) and a high prior surgical score (p = 0.05). LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its retrospective, population-based design. CONCLUSIONS The extent of a previous nondefinitive surgical intervention contributes to the poor prognosis associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin. Independent predictors for an improved overall survival include completeness of cytoreduction and low prior surgical score. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A573.
Case 86: A Case of Acoustic Neuroma

The removal of a left-sided acoustic neuroma in a 30° head up, left tilt, semi-prone position has just been concluded. The operation has lasted 8 h. There was no bleeding seen during the closure of the dura. The patient is a 55-year-old lady (200 lbs, 5.4 inches, ASA 2). She has a 3-year history of opiate use for osteoarthritis of her knees. A total of 20 mg of morphine IV has been given and the last dose of 2 mg was 90 min ago. The patient has had a total of 400 microgram of fentanyl which was given on induction. The isoflurane was turned off 20 min before the end of the surgery. The patient is allowed to wake up and the nitrous oxide and the remifentanil drip 0.5 microgram/kg /min are turned off. Unfortunately, there is no spontaneous breathing, and the patient is unresponsive with pinpoint pupils. She is still in the operating room intubated with assisted ventilation. Adding to your concern is the fact that the patient’s blood pressure, over a 20 min period, is now trending upward to 190/120 mmHg from 140/80 mmHg.
Pandem-Sim: Development and Pilot Testing of a Live Simulation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks.

Pandem-Sim is a live, distance-learning simulation where 10th-12th grade students perform as epidemiologists to investigate infectious disease outbreaks. Prior to a mission, teachers review content and introduce students to the sim interfaces. During the mission students analyze data concerning demographics, symptoms and patient histories for a disease outbreak somewhere in the world. Student teams make initial diagnoses and order medical tests. If the tests do not confirm the diagnosis, the process is repeated. Following correct diagnosis, students identify the transmission method, prescribe treatments, recommend procedures to contain the outbreak, and issue a public health alert. During the 90 minute simula¬tion the Chief Epidemiologist (a STEM educator at Wheeling Jesuit University) asks students critical thinking questions. Pilot tests were conducted at four schools (78 students) with data analyzed from pre-post surveys, classroom observations, interviews with Chief Epidemiologists and teachers, and detailed logs of student work. The first pilot test revealed needed revisions of procedures and teacher preparation, which were made before subsequent testing. Differences in students’ pre and post surveys showed a small but statistically significant increase in content knowledge. Additionally, students reported that they enjoyed participating in the experience and it increased confidence in their abilities necessary to pursue a health-re¬lated career.
A Practical Approach to the use of Ustekinumab

This clinical review outlines a practical approach for the use of ustekinumab in psoriasis treatment. Ustekinumab is a human immunoglobulin G (IgG)1-kappa monoclonal antibody antagonist of the p40 ...
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Maternal Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Development: An Observational Cohort Study.

Background Women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are nearly twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) as those who are normotensive during pregnancy. However, the emergence of CVD risk factors after HDP is less well-understood. Objective To identify associations between HDP and maternal CVD risk factors and chart the trajectory of risk factor development after pregnancy. Design Observational cohort study. Setting United States. Participants 58 671 parous NHS II (Nurses' Health Study II) participants who did not have CVD or risk factors of interest at baseline. Measurements Women were followed for self-reported physician diagnosis of chronic hypertension and hypercholesterolemia and confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from their first birth through 2013; mean follow-up ranged from 25 to 32 years across these end points. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, with adjustment for prepregnancy confounders. Results Compared with women who were normotensive during pregnancy, those with gestational hypertension (2.9%) or preeclampsia (6.3%) in their first pregnancy had increased rates of chronic hypertension (HRs, 2.8 [95% CI, 2.6 to 3.0] and 2.2 [CI, 2.1 to 2.3], respectively), T2DM (HRs, 1.7 [CI, 1.4 to 1.9] and 1.8 [CI, 1.6 to 1.9], respectively), and hypercholesterolemia (HRs, 1.4 [CI, 1.3 to 1.5] and 1.3 [CI, 1.3 to 1.4], respectively). Although these women were more likely to develop CVD risk factors throughout follow-up, the relative risk for chronic hypertension was strongest within 5 years after their first birth. Recurrence of HDP further elevated risks for all end points. Limitation Participants self-reported HDP. Conclusion Women with HDP in their first pregnancy had increased rates of chronic hypertension, T2DM, and hypercholesterolemia that persisted for several decades. These women may benefit from lifestyle intervention and early screening to reduce lifetime risk for CVD. Primary funding source National Institutes of Health.
Fire Risk Estimation at Different Scales of Observations: An Overview of Satellite Based Methods

Since the mid-1980 s satellite remote sensing data have been used in forest fire monitoring for applications related to the diverse phases of fire management as, fire prevention, danger estimation, detection of active fires, estimation of fire effects (burned area mapping, fire severity estimation, smoke plumes, biomass losses, etc), post fire recovery, fire regime characterization, etc. Today satellite technologies can fruitfully support both research and operational activities for fire monitoring and management at different temporal and spatial scales and with cost effective tools. This paper provides a short overview of satellite remote sensing for forest fire danger estimation at different scale of observations.
Another Look at Cue Summation

nel communication has resulted in mixed and contradictory findings. Until 1964, there seemed to be general agreement that more information was acquired when a presentation was made through more than one channel than one channel alone. It was generally held that almost all studies showed a combination of channels to be more effective than one channel alone (io, p. 1,0o82; 14, Ch. 28). In a review of previous studies, Day and Beach (4) concluded
Internal validation of medicare claims data

The Medicare database is commonly used for epidemiology and health services research, but validation of its data by chart review or questionnaire may be difficult and expensive. Since hospital and physician bills are independent in Medicare, however, these two data sources can be used to supplement and corroborate each other. This "internal validation" is illustrated here for hip fracture and prostatectomy. Agreement of the hospital and physician data streams regarding site of hip fracture (neck vs other), treatment of hip fracture (internal fixation vs arthroplasty), and type of prostatectomy (transurethral resection of prostate, open, or radical) was excellent, with percentage of agreement generally between 89% and 99%, and kappa statistics typically between 0.74 and 0.95. When validation with outside data sources is not readily available, such internal validation of Medicare data may be valuable.
CHAPTER 8 – Vector Integration in Banach Spaces and Application to Stochastic Integration

This chapter discusses the theory of vector integration in Banach spaces and its application to stochastic integration. This theory reduces to integration with respect to vector measures with finite variation, which reduces to the Bochner integral with respect to a positive measure. The Bochner integral is based upon the classical integral of real-valued functions with respect to a positive measure. The Bochner integral is obtained by extending by continuity the integral of step functions. The topology defined by the seminorm is called “the topology of convergence in the mean.” The property that asserts the uniform σ-additivity and the uniform absolute continuity of the indefinite integrals of functions in a Cauchy sequence is analyzed in the chapter. Integrability with respect to a measure with finite variation reduces to Bochner integrability with respect to the variation measure. The Radon–Nikodym-type theorem for vector measures with finite variation is also presented in the chapter.
Changing Sex Roles Reflected in the Films of François Truffaut

Serious scholarship relating to the meaning and aim of human sexuality and the changing definitions of sex roles has sought to place the question in a broad historical context. Since Kate Millet’s evocative Sexual Politics a large number of studies have appeared dealing with the definition of femininity and masculinity at different periods in the history of western civilization and the relation of such definitions to the ethos of the epoch.1 Beyond Margaret Mead’s Sex and Temperament 2 anthropologists have also extended the inquiry horizontally to many cultures ranging from the very simple and traditional to the more complex and modern of western civilizations.
Formal theories of action

ABSTRACT We apply circumscription to formalizing reasoning about the effects of actions in the framework of situation calculus. An axiomatic description of causal connections between actions and changes allows us to solve the qualification problem and the frame problem using only simple forms of circumscription. The method is applied to the Hanks—McDermott shooting problem and to a blocks world in which blocks can be moved and painted.
The Development of Si and SiGe Technologies for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits

Historically, microwave technology was developed by military and space agencies from around the world to satisfy their unique radar, communication, and science applications. Throughout this development phase, the sole goal was to improve the performance of the microwave circuits and components comprising the systems. For example, power amplifiers with output powers of several watts over broad bandwidths, low noise amplifiers with noise figures as low as 3 dB at 94 GHz, stable oscillators with low noise characteristics and high output power, and electronically steerable antennas were required. In addition, the reliability of the systems had to be increased because of the high monetary and human cost if a failure occurred.
Pachysandra Species and Cultivar Susceptibility to the Boxwood Blight Pathogen, Calonectria pseudonaviculata

This research was conducted to answer grower questions regarding potential differences among Pachysandra species and cultivars in susceptibility to the boxwood blight pathogen, Calonectria pseudona...
Handheld OCT-A using spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry (Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCT-A) technologies have been primarily demonstrated on slit-lamp systems, which preclude imaging in infants, bedridden patients, or patients who are otherwise unable to be imaged upright. Current-generation OCT-A requires densely-sampled volumetric datasets for high vascular resolution imaging, but bulk motion artifacts, resulting from saccades or eye drifts, often distort anatomic features during long acquisitions. Here, we demonstrate handheld motion-artifact corrected OCT-A using spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry (SECTR). SECTR has advantageous over previously demonstrated handheld ophthalmic imagers by acquiring spatiotemporally co-registered, high-speed en face images of the retinal fundus using spectrally encoded reflectometry (SER) concurrently with OCT. The orthogonal priority acquisition axes of SER and OCT enables volumetric registration and motion-artifact compensation. We have incorporated several optomechanical improvements including novel snap-fit lens mounts for reduced size and weight and improved optical stability over our previous design. Additionally, we developed a method for reducing back reflections from a double-clad fiber by fusion-splicing a no-core fiber segment with a predefined geometry. Lastly, we demonstrate in vivo human OCT-A imaging of the optic nerve head and fovea. OCT and OCT-A images were motion-corrected using complementary motion information extracted from en face SER and cross-sectional OCT images. Here, OCT-A volumetric datasets were densely-sampled in small regions-of-interest within a large SER field-of-view to achieve high vascular resolution OCT-A while maintaining sufficient fiducials within SER images for motion registration. We believe our probe will enable point-of-care functional ophthalmic imaging.
RANGKAIAN BUFFER 2-ARAH SEBAGAI KONSEP DASAR PERANCANGAN SCORING BOARD UNTUK PERTANDINGAN OLAHRAGA

Gerbang logika merupakan komponen dasar dan komponen utama dari teknologi digital. Gerbang logika memiliki input dan output dengan karakteristik tertentu berdasarkan tabel kebenaran, dan didisain untuk membangun rangkaian logikakombinasional maupun logika sekuensial. Dengan prinsip logika biner, komponen ini berperan penting bagi perancangan komputer dan teknologi komunikasi digital. Konsep dasar gerbang logika adalah komunikasi searah, dari bagian input ke bagian output. Salah satu gerbang logika yang disainnya paling sederhana adalah BUFFER, yang memiliki sebuah input dan sebuah output, dan dapat digunakan untuk mensinkronisasikan sinyal-sinyal komunikasi pada rangkaian/peralatan digital. Penulisan ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan untuk merancang rangkaian logika yang dapat melakukan komunikasi dua arahdengan menggunakan gerbang logika BUFFER, yaitu rangkaian Scoring Board untuk pertandingan olahraga. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah analisa dan simulasi rangkaian menggunakan Electronics Workbench 5.12. Hasil penelitian diharapkan dapat menjadi konsep dasar bagi perancangan Scoring Board digital, dan bermanfaat bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berkelanjutan.
How will the cost of biosimilars affect patients’ willingness to receive them?

e18338Background: The cost of oncology care is increasing. The NIH projects that the oncology drug market will reach $111.9 billion by 2020. Studies show that oncology patients experience considera...
“Your Picture Looks the Same as My Picture”: An Examination of Passing in Transgender Communities

Transgender people remain one of the groups most susceptible to discrimination in the U.S. Previous studies have examined the discrimination and stress transgender people face, but few studies have examined trans identities using existing sociological theories of marginalized groups and identity formation. Using the theories of Dubois and Cooley, this study explores identity formation in conjunction with the phenomenon of passing among transgender people residing in Nebraska. Results suggest that while trans people do pass as a mechanism for subverting discrimination, there are other factors that influence an individual’s choice and strategy to pass or not. The current investigation lends a sociological perspective on the social aspect of gender presentation and gender visibility for trans individuals in a largely conservative Midwestern state.
Islamic Extremism and the Crystallization of Norms: AnAgent-Based Model of Prison Radicalization

Prisons in the United States are often considered incubators for the exchange of radical ideas. Global terrorism and the rise of homegrown Islamic radicalization has exacerbated these concerns and has been the subject of congressional hearings to prevent Qutbism from infiltrating the U.S. prison system. Qutbism, the foundation of radical Islamic extremism, espouses violence against non-Muslim communities, particularly the United States. One option that has been proposed to mitigate prison radicalization revolves around an effective housing strategy. Current discussions on this topic consider either integrating radical inmates with the regular population or keeping them separate in a segregated housing unit. To determine the efficacy of each housing strategy, we have constructed an agent-based model that uses norm crystallization to simulate prison radicalization. In the model, we vary the density of the inmate population, the mobility of radical inmates, and the initial population of radical inmates. With these three variables we compare baseline, integration and segregation models to determine the attractiveness of Qutbism among prison inmates, the number of converts for both radical Islam and some other form of extremism, and the time it takes to crystallize norms. The results provide valuable insights in determining an effective housing strategy. While the absence of Islamic radicals does not outright prevent prison radicalization, a housing strategy of segregation both reduce their influence over the inmate population and increases the time it takes to disseminate Qutbism. The implications of this research are important to understanding prison radicalization which has been neglected as a method of inquiry into terrorism studies. A greater emphasis has been placed on explanations of radicalization, and the detection of Islamic terrorists. However, the apprehension of radical Islamic terrorists within the United States places them near other criminal offenders. Determining the most effective housing strategy is important to mitigate the spread of Qutbism in U.S. prisons and reduce the potential risks to public safety.
Microsatellite instability and KRAS mutation in stage 4 CRC: Prevalence, geographic discrepancies and outcomes from the National Cancer Database.

e16052Background: To assess microsatellite instability (MSI) and KRAS mutation prevalence, discrepancies and their impact on outcome in AJCC stage IV colorectal adenocarcinoma (colorectal cancer; C...
Deep learning models for bridge deck evaluation using impact echo

Abstract Impact echo (IE) is a common nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method to detect subsurface defects in concrete bridge decks. The conventional approach for analyzing the IE data requires user expertise to define analysis parameters that could hinder broad field implementation. In this paper, the feasibility of using deep learning models (DLMs) for autonomous subsurface defect detection in bridge decks using IE has been investigated. A set of eight laboratory-made reinforced concrete bridge specimens with artificial defects were constructed at the Federal Highway Administration Advanced Sensing Technology NDE laboratory. A total number of 2016 of IE data was collected from these specimens. A one-dimensional (1D) convolutional neural network (CNN), and a 1D recurrent neural network using bidirectional long-short term memory units, were developed and applied on the IE data. In addition, two-dimensional (2D) world renowned CNNs were applied on the 2D representatives of the IE data, i.e., spectrograms. The proposed 1D CNN was the most accurate model achieving an overall accuracy of 0.88 by classifying 0.70 of the defects and 0.95 of the sound regions correctly. The proposed 1DCNN was superior to previous machine learning models that were previously used for IE classification. The results of this study showed the feasibility and the potentials of the DLMs for subsurface defect detection.
The evolution of a circumplanetary disc with a dead zone

We investigate whether the regular Galilean satellites could have formed in the dead zone of a circumplanetary disc. A dead zone is a region of weak turbulence in which the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is suppressed, potentially an ideal environment for satellite formation. With the grid-based hydrodynamic code, FARGO3D, we examine the evolution of a circumplanetary disc model with a dead zone. Material accumulates in the dead zone of the disc leading to a higher total mass and but a similar temperature profile compared to a fully turbulent disc model. The tidal torque increases the rate of mass transport through the dead zone leading to a steady state disc with a dead zone that does not undergo accretion outbursts. We explore a range of disc, dead zone and mass inflow parameters and find that the maximum mass of the disc is around 0.001 MJ . Since the total solid mass of such a disc is much lower, we find that there is not sufficient material in the disc for in situ formation of the Galilean satellites and that external supplement is required.
Jiri Tichy and his impact on the field of active noise control

Jiri Tichy was integrally involved in a number of cutting-edge research areas in acoustics, which gave him keen insights as to where meaningful contributions to the field of acoustics could be made. These insights and connections enabled him to successfully mentor numerous students in these areas by involving them in significant research and introducing them to key contacts. One such area was the field of active noise control, where he was both a mentor and friend to the author. Jiri became actively involved in active noise control in the 1980s, at the time when active control was reborn in the digital age and began to explode as a research area. During this time, the author had the privilege of working with Jiri in this field and being mentored by him. This paper will overview some of the research by the author that was either directly or indirectly influenced by Jiri in his role as both mentor and colleague. Two such research areas include the technique of passive real-time system identification, and the method of actively minimizing acoustic energy density as a means of achieving more global attenuation of the sound field.
Self-Propulsion of Boiling Droplets on Thin Heated Oil Films

We report on the self-propulsion of boiling droplets which, despite their contact with viscous, immiscible oil films, attain high velocities comparable to those of levitating Leidenfrost droplets. Experiments and model reveal that droplet propulsion originates from a coupling between seemingly disparate short and long timescale phenomena due to microsecond fluctuations induced by boiling events at the droplet-oil interface. This interplay of phenomena leads to continuous asymmetric vapor release and momentum transfer for high droplet velocities.
Neighborhood influences on early childhood behavioral problems: Child maltreatment as a mediator.

Abstract Background A sizable number of previous research investigated the influences of untreated behavior problems in children's early age, as well as how different environmental factors affect child behavior problems (King et al., 2004; Vaillancourt et al., 2013). However, few studies focused on the influences of different types of neighborhood factors on early childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms via adverse childhood experiences. Objective This study aims to capture the specific pathways from neighborhood structural factors and process factors to early childhood internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Participants and setting The restricted version of the Fragile Family Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) dataset at ages 3 and 5 were used, and 2722 children were included in the final model. Methods The Structural Equation Model was used to estimate the pathways from neighborhood structural and process factors to early childhood internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) symptoms. Neighborhood structural factors were measured at the census tract level. Neighborhood collective efficacy, child maltreatment experiences, and early childhood internalizing, and externalizing symptoms were reported by the focal child's mother. Results Neighborhood process factors and structural factors showed both direct and indirect effects on early childhood EXT and INT differently. Emotional assault and neglect worked as mediators in this relationship. Conclusions Findings emphasize the importance for researchers and practitioners to involve neighborhood context when assisting children with early childhood behavior problems. Implications for research and interventions are further discussed.
The Beginnings of Public Transportation in New York: Omnibuses and Street Railways

In 1825, virtually all of New York’s 160,000+ residents lived on lower Manhattan, beneath what is now Canal Street. The length and breadth of the city could be walked in under 30 minutes. The vast majority of the population traveled on foot, while some traveled on horseback. The rapid growth of the city over the rest of the century, however, would soon require some form of public transportation to allow people to live further away from their workplaces. In the early- to mid-1800s, if the city was to grow, it would have to grow northward, to the unpopulated portions of Manhattan, and eastward, to Brooklyn. The age of skyscrapers was in the future, so vertical growth was not a serious option.
Early recognition and treatment of non-traumatic shock in a community hospital.

Interventions: From January 1998 to May 2000, patients in shock received standard therapy (control group). During the month of June 2000, intensive education of all healthcare providers (pre-hospital personnel, nurses and physicians) took place. From July 2000 through June 2001, patients in shock (protocol group) were managed with a hospital-wide shock program. The program used a systems-based team approach that consisted of five components: staff education to enhance early recognition and treatment of shock; empowerment of non-physician providers to mobilize hospital resources; rapid use of protocol-directed therapy; early involvement of intensivists; and prompt transfer of patients to the ICU. Goal-directed treatment protocols were utilized based on the “VIPPS” approach to shock, including: early support of ventilation and oxygenation; rapid infusion of volume; pharmacologic therapy, such as antibiotics and vasopressors; and disease specific interventions.
Bidding Strategies in Single-unit Auctions

Economists have developed models of auctions to enhance our understanding of one of the most commonly observed exchange institutions. Auction models are used to examine the allocation of products from an auctioneer to a number of bidders. The optimal bidding strategies and efficiency of four different auction institutions (first-price sealed bid, second-price sealed bid, English, and Dutch) can be analysed. Keywords: auctions; bidding strategies; experimental economics
Tropical Pacific and Northern Hemisphere influences on the coherence of Pacific Decadal Oscillation reconstructions

Proxy-based reconstructions of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are essential for understanding pre-instrumental variability in this low-frequency oscillation. Multiple reconstructions of the PDO exist but demonstrate weak coherence prior to the 20th century. Analyses of atmospheric moisture and pressure patterns in teleconnected tree-ring sites used for the reconstructions indicate that terrestrial climate impact patterns associated with northern Pacific conditions have been spatially variable over the instrumental period. Tropical Pacific and Northern Hemisphere climate modes influence these surface patterns and are reflected in the PDO reconstructions. Divergence prior to the 20th century calibration period may be due to time-dependent nonlinearities in the PDO and changes in the influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation system over time.
The rise and decline of an educational technology: Television in American Samoa

In the mid-1960s what was then publicized as the world’s largest educational television broadcasting system began beaming core instruction into the public schools of American Samoa—about 300 classrooms in all. By 1980 television was playing only a minor, supplementary role in instruction, and many classroom receivers were unworkable. This article traces the rise and decline of television instruction in that South Seas island possession and looks at some lessons to be learned from the experience.
Characteristics of Secretion of Penicillinase, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Nuclease by Bacillus Species

The distribution of alkaline phosphatase and nuclease activity between cells and medium was examined in one strain of Bacillus licheniformis and four strains of B. subtilis. Over 95% of both activities was found in the medium of the B. licheniformis culture, but in the B. subtilis cultures the amount of enzyme activity found in the medium varied with the strain and the enzyme considered. B. licheniformis 749 and its penicillinase magnoconstitutive mutant 749/C were grown in continuous culture with phosphorous as the growth-limiting factor, and the kinetics of penicillinase formation and secretion were examined. Nutrient arrest halted secretion (usually after a lag of about 30 min) in both the inducible and constitutive strains. Chloramphenicol did not eliminate secretion, but under certain circumstances reduced its rate. In the inducible strain treated with a low level of inducer, the rate of secretion was more affected by the rate of synthesis than by the level of cell-bound enzyme. During induction, the onset of accretion of cell-bound penicillinase and secretion of the exoenzyme were nearly simultaneous. It seems unlikely that a long-lived, membrane- or cell-bound intermediate is mandatory in the secretion of the three enzymes by Bacillus species. In the case of penicillinase secretion, there are at least two different phases. When penicillinase synthesis is proceeding rapidly, the rate of secretion is five to six times greater at equivalent concentrations of membrane-bound penicillinase than it is when penicillinase synthesis is reduced. The data require that any membrane-bound intermediate in the formation of exoenzyme be much shorter-lived in cells with a high rate of synthesis than in cells with a low rate. Either there are two separate routes for the secretion of penicillinase or the characteristics of the process vary substantially between the early stages and the declining phase of induction.
Microwave bifurcation of a Josephson junction: Embedding-circuit requirements

A Josephson tunnel junction which is rf driven near a dynamical bifurcation point can amplify quantum signals. However, the bifurcation point will exist robustly only if the electrodynamic environment of the junction meets certain criteria. We develop a general formalism for dealing with the nonlinear dynamics of a Josephson junction embedded in an arbitrary microwave circuit. We find sufficient conditions for the existence of the bifurcation regime: (a) the embedding impedance of the junction needs to present a resonance at a particular frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{R}$, with the quality factor $Q$ of the resonance and the participation ratio $p$ of the junction satisfying $Qp⪢1$, and (b) the drive frequency should be low frequency detuned away from ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{R}$ by more than $\sqrt{3}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{R}∕(2Q)$.
2-D metalloporphyrin coordination network of cobalt-meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin

A new metalloporphyrin coordination framework [Co(H3TCPP)] (H6TCPP = meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) has been synthesized hydrothermally. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed it exhibits a 2-D layered coordination network structure. Hydrogen bonds are observed between carboxyl groups within the 2-D layer as well as from adjacent layers. The UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum indicates the presence of the expected B (410 nm) and Q (540 and 690 nm) absorption bands. The fluorescence spectrum shows four emission bands centered at 648 nm.
Teacher Education and Black Male Students in the United States

Teacher education programs in the United States (U.S.) struggle to prepare teachers to meet the complex needs of elementary and secondary students in public schools - especially those of color, those living in poverty, and those whose first language is not English. In this article, we argue for focused attention on preparing educators to teach African American male students as these students face particular institutional challenges in successfully navigating the U.S. public school system. Drawing from the significant body of research on teacher education and teacher learning for equity and social justice, four Black teacher educators discuss challenges they have faced in classes designed to prepare teachers to teach Black male students. Through an analysis of commonalities in their experiences, they propose means for teacher educators to foster greater understandings of the heterogeneity found among Black male students so that teachers can craft more responsive and responsible educational experiences for Black males.
In vivo leukocyte migration assay in rainbow trout with a flexible silicone coverslip.

Abstract An optically clear, non-toxic, flexible silicone elastomer film was found to be a suitable substitute for a glass coverslip in studying in vivo leukocyte migration in rainbow trout. The cell populations present at the dermal layer were examined following stimulation with Mycobacterium salmoniphilum . Macrophages were the predominant cell 48 h after stimulation.
Wage differentials and asymmetric mobility

Abstract We explore whether a priority given to a husband's career within a family could partly explain the gender wage gap. We show that restrictions preventing women from pursuing job opportunities, regardless of location, are likely to depress women's relative pay more than will restrictions requiring women to place a high value on non-pecuniary aspects of jobs. However, neither restriction is likely to have a large effect in the absence of interaction with investment in firm-specific human capital. The effects of such restrictions on wage differentials are likely to be large enough that empirical studies which do not examine wages, human capital investment and job search in a simultaneous equations framework could produce results which are seriously biased.
Echocardiographic Features of an Unruptured Aneurysm of the Right Sinus of Valsalva

A 2-cm aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva was documented in a patient with a prosthetic aortic valve. The M-mode findings differed from prior reports and mimicked those of aortic root dissection or a catheter placed in the right ventricular outflow tract Two-dimensional echocardiograms readily distinguished the aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva from the alternative possibilities.
Seasonal Occurrence and Impact of Natural Enemies of Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae in Iowa

The entomopathogenic fungus Zoophthora phytonomi (Arthur), (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), infected populations of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), larvae at four sites in central and south-central Iowa in 1990, 1991, and 1992. Six epizootics (>50% host infection) were observed during this 3-yr study; five were associated with above average rainfall. First occurrence of disease after 1 January 1991, occurred following the accumulation of 168–207 degree days above 9°C. From 30 March to 28 May (1991), rainfall averaged between 3.6–7.0 mm per day, promoting epizootics of disease that reduced total larval populations from 15–61% at four locations in Iowa. In 1992, enzootics <50% infection) of Z. phytonomi occurred during late May and early June on declining populations of H. postica larvae at three sites. An epizootic occurred in central Iowa despite below-average rainfall. Parasitization of H. postica larvae by Bathyplectes curculionis Thomson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and B. anurus Thomson ranged from 2.2 to 27.6% in 1991 and 1992. B. curculionis parasitization rates at two southern Iowa locations declined during epizootics of Z. phytonomi each year, suggesting a negative effect of Z. phytonomi on this larval parasitoid. B. anurus became the most abundant larval parasitoid at the two locations in southern Iowa after epizootics of Z. phytonomi.
Determinants of the patronage refund decision of Farm Credit System associations

Purpose – The authors aim to investigate what influences a Farm Credit System association to make a patronage refund payment. In particular, they seek to investigate what causes the regional heterogeneity in the patronage refund payment decision. It is unclear whether patronage refunds have been used more as a capital management tool or as a member recruitment and retention tool. This study aims to bring some clarity to this issue.Design/methodology/approach – The authors use an empirical logistic model to estimate the probability of a positive patronage refund payment by a Farm Credit System association, controlling for variables related to the associations' balance sheet as reported in the associations' quarterly call reports.Findings – The authors find there is evidence that Farm Credit Service associations use patronage refunds as a capital management tool, at least in part. However, they also find that there are still significant regional differences in the patronage refund payment decision even afte...
Emotional Availability During Mother–Child Interactions in Divorcing and Intact Married Families

Low-quality parent–child interactions have been associated with children's behavioral and emotional problems. Further, research has shown that divorce can be a stressful time for both parents and children, and might be linked with children's negative adjustment. The hypothesis of this study was that parent–child dyads will show lower quality interactions in divorcing versus intact families. Specifically, we posited lower mean scores on emotional availability (EA), which includes four caregiver qualities and two child qualities, during mother–child interactions in divorcing as compared with intact married families. Secondary data analysis was conducted on these two groups drawn from two separate samples. The samples were comparable in terms of maternal education and child age. Nonparametric tests revealed that these groups differed significantly on one dimension of EA—maternal sensitivity—with mother–child dyads from married families displaying a higher level of sensitivity than mother–child dyads from div...
IN VITRO STUDIES ON SAPONIN‐MINERAL COMPLEXATION

The possibility that certain saponins produce growth depression by complexing minerals was studied. Saponins tested included digitonin, ammoniated glycyrrhizin, quillaja saponin and saponin-containing extracts from alfalfa leaves and roots. Minerals studied were zinc, iron and magnesium. Alfalfa root saponins and ammoniated glycyrrhizin, but not digitonin, quillaja and alfalfa leaf saponins, complexed zinc and iron, but not magnesium. It is proposed that one mechanism of action whereby saponins suppress growth is by the formation of insoluble saponin-mineral complexes. Such complexes could reduce the availability of minerals necessary for growth.
Evidence for the low molecular weight nature of scrapie agent

THE nature of the aetiological agent of scrapie disease, a transmissible encephalopathy naturally affecting sheep and goats, remains a perplexing problem of fundamental biological importance. Recent studies on brain tissue from outbred Syrian hamsters infected with a strain originating from the Chandler strain of mouse-adapted scrapie have led to a report of a DNA component essential for scrapie infectivity as suggested by sensitivity to DNase1. The data presented here describe a purification procedure resulting in scrapie infectivity which migrates during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a defined area of infectivity in a region characteristic of low molecular weight nucleic acid. This electrophoretically migrating species of the scrapie agent retains the characteristic disease properties by intercerebral inoculation of crude hamster brain homogenates. Infectivity isolated from this region was resistant to treatment with a combination of SDS and proteinase K followed by ethanol precipitation. These data support the suggestion that the scrapie agent may be an infectious low molecular weight DNA.
Invariant line strain and needle-precipitate growth directions in Fe-Cu

Abstract A detailed theory of precipitate needle growth based on the invariant line hypothesis is presented for f.c.c. ⇌ b.c.c. alloy systems. The basic concept that coherent needle axes lie on cones of unextended lines is applied to semicoherent needles and it is shown that loss of coherency and growth is possible only for those needles lying at the intersection of a cone of unextended lines with a matrix slip plane. For these needles shear dislocation loops can relieve the coherency stresses. Owing to the different slip geometries, 〈561〉 needle directions clustered around 〈110〉 directions are predicted for b.c.c. Cr precipitate needles in an f.c.c. Cu matrix, and 〈557〉 and 〈656〉 directions clustered around 〈111〉 for the inverse case of f.c.c. Cu in b.c.c. Fe. Precise experimental measurements on both the alloy systems are in excellent agreement with the predictions. Differences observed in the incidence of 〈557〉 and 〈656〉 needles in Fe-Cu are related to the relative efficiency of the available matrix slip systems in providing transformation strain relief. It is concluded that the two factors that govern the precipitate crystallography are strain minimization and crystallographic strain relief.
A CSR-NL interface specification version 1.5

Spoken Language Systems will require integration of continuous speech recognition and natural language processing. This is a proposed specification for an interface between a continuous speech recognizer (CSR) and a natural language processor (NLP) to form a spoken language system. Both components are integrated with a stack controller and contribute to the search control. The specification also defines a "Top-N" mode in which a "first part" outputs a list of top N scored sentences for postprocessing by a "second part". An additional use for this specification might be NLP evaluation testing: a common simulated CSR could be interfaced to each site's NLP to provide identical testing environments.
Macroeconomic Impact of Establishing a Large-scale Fuel Ethanol Plant on the Canadian Economy

This paper analyzes the macroeconomic impact of establishing a large-scale fuel ethanol plant that uses com as its feedstock. An input-output model of the Canadian economy is used to estimate the macroeconomic impact. The agricultural output data required for the input-output analysis are generated using an econometric model. The macroeconomic impact of operating this plant is increases in industrial output of $328.6 million, in GDP at factor cost of $84.2 million and in employment of 1,390 jobs. Ce document a pour but d'analyser l'impact macro-economique de l'installation d'une grande usine productrice d'ethanol, utilisant le mai's comme matiere premiere. Un modele entrees-sorties de l'economie canadienne est employe afin d'estimer l'impact macro-economique. Les donnees de rendements agricole requises pour cette analyse sont generees a l'aide d'un modele econometrique. Les impacts macro-economique qui resulterent suite a l'operation de cette usine sont: un augmentation de $328.6 millions du rendement industriel, une augmentation de $84.2 millions du PIB au cout des facteurs, ainsi qu'un gain de 1,390 emplois.
The amino terminal sequences of bovine and human chromogranin A and secretory protein i are identical

The amino terminal sequences of bovine and human adrenal medullary chromogranin A have been determined. Their sequences are identical and also identical to the published sequence of secretory protein I from the parathyroid gland. This data indicates that the previously published sequence of chromogranin A is incorrect at residues 2 and 19. These data confirm earlier observations of a substantial similarity between secretory protein I and chromogranin A and, in fact, strongly suggest that they are identical.
Premixed flame effects on turbulence and pressure-related terms

Abstract Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were carried out for premixed, turbulent flames. Heat release effects are accounted for by inclusion of variable density. The simulated flames are thin in the sense that the reaction progress variable is bi-modal and consistent with BML theory. The DNS data were used for detailed study of flame effects on turbulence within the turbulent flame brush by examining the turbulent kinetic energy budget. The flame effects on turbulent kinetic energy were found to depend strongly on the heat release. Both mean and fluctuating pressure terms were found to be the main factors responsible for increases in turbulent kinetic energy. The main sinks for turbulence are dissipation and mean dilatation. Pressure diffusion was found to dominate the other turbulent kinetic energy diffusion terms. A model was developed for pressure dilatation that matches the DNS results very closely. The model indicates that pressure dilatation will remain an important source of turbulence even as heat release increases.
v 4 : A small, but sensitive observable for heavy ion collisions

Higher order Fourier coefficients of the azimuthally dependent single particle spectra resulting from noncentral heavy ion collisions are investigated. For intermediate to large transverse momenta, these anisotropies are expected to become as large as 5%, and should be clearly measurable. The physics content of these observables is discussed from two different extreme but complementary viewpoints, hydrodynamics and the geometric limit with extreme energy loss.