cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION OF FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK BY ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS CT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY-DETERMINED QUANTITATIVE PLAQUE COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES ENROLLED IN THE FACTOR-64 STUDY: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CALCIFIED CORONARY PLAQUE

Background: CT coronary artery calcium scores (CAC) are predictive of future major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). But it is proposed that non-calcified soft plaque may be more vulnerable, and actually increase risk. CT coronary angiography (CTCA), which requires contrast and higher doses of
Microgrid reliability analysis under distributed degradation of semiconductor power switch modules through a new stochastic hybrid system modeling

This paper presents a novel approach for reliability evaluation of an AC microgrid by integrating the power semiconductor switch degradation in the converters. DC/DC and DC/AC converters are extensively used in a microgrid as they integrate the renewable energy sources and battery storages with the system. Semiconductor switches utilized in these converters have a significant impact on the system level performance. These switches directly interface the distributed renewable energy generators within a microgrid system which are commonly designed with lower controllable margin due to ever increasing power and energy demand. Failure of semiconductor power switches is one of the most common faults in the microgrid which can lead to reduction of the microgrid's reliability. In this paper, to couple the semiconductor power switch degradation with the overall microgrid system reliability, System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) is evaluated under different combination of power converter semiconductor switch degradation. Stochastic Hybrid System (SHS) approach is utilized to model the microgrid to consider the uncertainties in renewable energy sources. The SHS model is then correlated with SAIDI. This fact supports to validate the dependency of microgrids reliability on component level performance.
Nutrition practices and knowledge among NCAA Division III football players

Participation in collegiate American football is physically demanding and may have long-term health implications, particularly in relation to cardiovascular and neurological health. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III (DIII) football players are a relatively unstudied population, particularly in terms of their dietary habits and knowledge. The aim of the present study was to descriptively evaluate the dietary intake of DIII football players including a subset of linemen and assess the nutritional knowledge and sources of information of these athletes. The study sample was 88 DIII football players including a subset of nine linemen. All participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire that included a quiz and questions about their main sources of nutrition information. Heights and body masses were also recorded. The linemen submitted written 3-day diet records for assessment of their dietary intake. Of the 88 participants, >50% reported consuming starches/grains, meat and dairy daily, but <50% reported consuming fruits and vegetables daily. Protein powders were the most commonly used supplements (33% reported daily use). Compared to dietary recommendations, linemen consumed high amounts of total fat, saturated fat, dietary cholesterol, sodium, and potassium, but were low in carbohydrates, fiber, and essential fats. The mean nutrition knowledge quiz score for the 88 participants was 55.2%. Those who had taken a nutrition or health course in college scored significantly higher on the quiz than those who had not. Participants reported relying primarily on coaches, websites, and athletic trainers (ATs) for nutritional guidance; ATs were the most trusted source. DIII football players had dietary habits that may both mitigate and increase their risk of chronic diseases. These athletes have room to improve their nutrition knowledge. Their reliance on athletic team staff for nutrition guidance highlights the importance of nutrition education for both athletes and staff and the potential role of a registered dietitian nutritionist.
Ensemble-based uncertainty quantification for coordination and control of thermostatically controlled loads

AbstractThis work investigates an uncertainty quantification (UQ) framework that analyses the uncertainty involved in modelling control systems to improve control strategy performance. The framework involves solving four problems: identifying uncertain parameters, propagating uncertainty to the quantity of interest, data assimilation and making decisions under quantified uncertainties. A specific group of UQ approaches, known as the ensemble-based methods, are adopted to solve these problems. This UQ framework is applied to coordinating a group of thermostatically controlled loads, which relies on simulating a second-order equivalent thermal parameter model with some uncertain parameters. How this uncertainty affects the prediction and the control of total power is examined. The study shows that uncertainty can be effectively reduced using the measurement of air temperatures. Also, the control objective is achieved fairly accurately with a quantification of the uncertainty.
On the impact end in longitudinal dynamic plastic wave propagation

Several different dynamic plastic constitutive models are considered, using longitudinal wave propagation in semi-infinite rods. Both stress impact and velocity impact are treated. The Laplace Transform is used, and near the impact and the solution is obtained in terms of familiar special functions. For the different constitutive models, the results in stress impact differ substantially from those for velocity impact.
I Thought You Said This Was Confidential?-Challenges to Protecting Privacy for Teens and Young Adults.

A 19-year-old woman on immunomodulatory therapy presents to her provider for a routine physical. She is diagnosed with chlamydia trachomatis during screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and returns to the clinic for directly observed treatment with azithromycin. She later calls the practice to express dismay that her parents questioned her about her sexual activity after they received an explanation of benefits for services rendered.
Visual Digest Networks

Attention, understanding and abstraction are three key elements in our visual communication that we have taken for granted. These interconnected elements constitute a Visual Digest Network. In this chapter, we investigate the conceptual design of Visual Digest Networks at three visual abstraction levels: gaze, object and word. The goal is to minimize the media footprint during visual communication while sustaining essential semantic communication. The Attentive Video Network is designed to detect the operator's gaze and adjust the video resolution at the sensor side across the network. Our results show significant improvements in network bandwidth utilization. The Object Video Network is designed for mobile video network applications, where faces and cars are detected. The multi-resolution profiles are configured for media according to the network footprint. The video is sent across the network with multiple resolutions and metadata; controlled by the bandwidth regulator. The results show that the video can be transmitted in the low-bandwidth conditions. Finally, the Image-Word Search Network is designed for face reconstruction across the network. In this study, we assume the hidden layer between the facial features and referral expressive words contain `control points' that can be articulated mathematically, visually and verbally. This experiment is a crude model of the semantic network. Nevertheless, we see the potential of the twoway mapping.
Brief Psychodynamic Therapy with Anxious Children

A great deal of the psychotherapy conducted with children is of relatively brief duration. Children are often available only for brief therapy because of limited financial resources, level of family motivation, or institutional mandate. As early as the 1970s, Parad (1970–1971) noticed the apparent contradiction between the brevity of much child therapy and the simultaneous emphasis on the study of long-term treatment approaches. Numerous studies conducted since then have strongly supported the notion that the modal number of treatment sessions is rather small across a range of treatment settings, diagnoses, age, presenting complaints, and whether the treatment was planned as time-limited or unlimited (Dulcan & Piercy, 1985; Garfield, 1978; Koss, 1979; Langsley, 1975; Phillips, 1985).
Is U.S. Insurance Regulation Unconstitutional

Insurance regulation is ostensibly the primary domain of the states. In practice, however, the most important and powerful entity in insurance regulation is not a state at all, but a non-profit corporation known as the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or NAIC. Much of the NAIC’s power lies in its production of various “handbooks” and “manuals” that have the force of law because they are incorporated by reference in state insurance codes. Under this statutory scheme, when the NAIC updates or changes its various manuals, handbooks, or accounting forms, it also changes state insurance regulation. Because the NAIC is a private entity, it produces these various materials that have the force of law without being bound by any safeguards that ordinarily accompany the production of regulation, whether at the state or federal level. Moreover, the NAIC uses its unique accreditation program to directly pressure state legislatures to delegate this authority to it. This Article argues that this scheme violates basic separation of powers and non-delegation principles embedded in every state Constitution. Under any reasonable version of these principles, the delegation of state regulatory authority to a private entity that directly pressures legislatures to make this delegation and whose actions are not reviewable through any formal judicial or administrative process is unconstitutional. Recognizing this conclusion has the potential to improve state insurance regulation by increasing the accountability of state regulators and the NAIC. But it also carries the risk of undermining state insurance regulation by frustrating efforts to promote uniform national standards. However, the Article suggests that state legislatures can enact reforms that simultaneously remedy the unconstitutional structure of state insurance regulation while preserving the many practical benefits that flow from delegating production of regulatory standards to a single, national entity like the NAIC. In particular, they can establish through an interstate compact an entity that is truly independent from state insurance regulators and that is empowered to review the NAIC’s production of regulatory materials that have the force of law.
Mineralization and antibacterial potential of bioactive cryogel scaffolds in vitro

Cryogels are unique tissue-engineered constructs possessing a macroporous, sponge-like, and mechanically durable structure. Chitosa`n-gelatin cryogels have previously been incorporated with hydroxy...
Efficacy of a 14-day course of amoxicillin for patients with erythema migrans.

Abstract Although a 14-day treatment course with amoxicillin is in wide clinical usage to treat early Lyme disease, only a few published studies exist to validate its efficacy and safety, with none in the United States. In this study, we reviewed the records of 24 prospectively followed adult patients with erythema migrans who were prescribed a 14-day course of amoxicillin, 500 mg 3 times daily. Treatment with amoxicillin was well tolerated and uniformly successful in resolving the erythema migrans skin lesion and in preventing the development of an objective neurologic, cardiac, or rheumatologic manifestation. Although the study was relatively small and only involved a single center, the findings provide additional evidence that a 14-day course of 500 mg amoxicillin given 3 times per day is highly effective therapy for patients with early Lyme disease.
Risk Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease with Nontraditional Risk Factors

A 46-year-old Asian American woman with no significant medical history presents to your clinic for the first time for a pre-employment physical examination.
As/ os secretárias/os de programas de pós- graduação stricto e sua relação com a internacionalização

This article discusses an aspect about the professional performance of the secretaries of the Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program in Education. What does a PPG Education Secretary do? What is their contribution to the production of knowledge in the area of ​​Education in Brazil? The secretaries often work in direct association with the coordination of the course, helping the management of the postgraduate courses, therefore, they increasingly need to be professionally qualified to meet the ever-increasing demands of Graduate Programs. The internationalization of PPGs is one of the most recent. In this context, the objective of this article is to analyze the importance of developing the skills of Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Program secretaries focused on internationalization, specifically the foreign language domain. In order to carry out the proposed analysis, we used the methodology of bibliographical and documentary research to analyze how internationalization is conceived by the Education Area Document in the known version of 2016 and in the future edition of 2018. At the end of this analysis we conclude that the Institutions where we work should turn their gaze into the secretariats, investing in training, to prepare those who are already part of their functional staff to serve foreign visitors, supplying what is necessary for the mastery of the foreign language.
Relationship Between Thermoelectric Properties and Morphology of Doped P3HT Thin Films for Potential Thermoelectric Applications

Polymeric conjugated materials are very promising for developing future soft material-based semiconductors, conductors, electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their inherent advantages such as flexibility, low-cost, ease of processability, and decreased harmful waste. Like their inorganic counterparts, the addition of certain dopants can significantly alter the electronic and optoelectronic properties of the host conjugated polymers or composites allowing modification for a variety of electronic/optoelectronic applications. One way to improve device performance is through the process of thermal annealing. Annealing allows for polymer matrices to self-assemble into a lower energy state which typically leads to increased crystallinity and higher charge mobility. In this work, we plan to evaluate the effects of annealing on doped P3HT films to understand its effects on optoelectronic and electronic properties focusing solely on crystallinity and charge carriers. Further understanding of the connection between annealing and doping in polymeric conjugated materials and thermoelectric properties will allow for an increase net output from multi-function materials and devices.
Memoirs and the Ars Moriendi.

The Ars Moriendi, from the Late Middle Ages, has been revitalized and adapted for the 21st century. This paper examines how the model has been utilized by contemporary authors and how current memoi...
Three Novel Alternative Splicing Mutations in BCR-ABL1 detected in CML Patients with Resistance to Kinase Inhibitors.

Abstract 1107 Poster Board I-129 The BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase is the target for kinase inhibitors in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Multiple types of mutations in the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain have been reported. We previously reported a common alternatively spliced BCR-ABL mRNA with a 35-nucleotide insertion (35INS) between ABL1 kinase domain exons 8 and 9 that is expressed at various levels in CML patients with resistance to kinase inhibitors. Here we report 3 novel alternative splicing mutants expressed as the dominant transcripts in patient with CML and resistance to kinase inhibitors. We initially screened for ABL1 kinase domain mutations in approximately 200 patients with resistance to more than one of the three kinase inhibitors (imatinib, nilotinib, or dasatinib). Screening was conducted by first amplifying the fusion BCR-ABL1 transcript, to ensure that normal ABL1 was not amplified, then sequencing the ABL1 kinase domain coding region. We discovered 3 not previously described splice mutants, present in one patient each. All 3 showed >90% mutant transcript. The first resulted from the insertion of 79 nucleotides into the ABL1 exon 8-9 junction. The inserted sequence in fact contained a sequence from regions of intron 8, located 120 bp apart: the 35-nucleotide sequence previously described, and an additional 44-nucleotide segment downstream from 35INS. The combined 79-nucleotide insertion splice mutant showed the same protein change as 35INS (p C475YfsX11). The second splice mutation comprised an 84-nucleotide sequence from intron 7 inserted into the ABL1 exon7-8 junction, also causing a frameshift and protein truncation (p A424EfsX18). The third splice derived from a 231–nucleotide sequence from intron 4 retained in the ABL1 exon 4-5 junction. This insertion added 40 intron-encoded amino acids after K274, leading to a frameshift and early termination of BCR-ABL1 in the p-loop (p E275LfsX41). Exposure to kinase inhibitors may lead to the expression of alternatively spliced mRNA that is significantly elongated but causes a truncated fusion BCR-ABL1 that confers resistance to kinase inhibitors. These findings, when combined with the data on 35INS, support the concept that loss of the C-terminus of BCR-ABL1 is associated with significant resistance to kinase inhibitors; this mechanism appears to be a major source of resistance to kinase inhibitors. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Fitness testing experiences in integrated physical education as reflected by adults with visual impairments

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of adults with visual impairments regarding fitness testing during their integrated physical education experiences. An interpretative pheno...
El Niño-Southern oscillation and under-5 diarrhea in Botswana.

Childhood diarrheal disease causes significant morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries, yet our ability to accurately predict diarrhea incidence remains limited. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been shown to affect diarrhea dynamics in South America and Asia. However, understanding of its effects in sub-Saharan Africa, where the burden of under-5 diarrhea is high, remains inadequate. Here we investigate the connections between ENSO, local environmental conditions, and childhood diarrheal disease in Chobe District, Botswana. Our results demonstrate that La Nina conditions are associated with cooler temperatures, increased rainfall, and higher flooding in the Chobe region during the rainy season. In turn, La Nina conditions lagged 0-5 months are associated with higher than average incidence of under-5 diarrhea in the early rainy season. These findings demonstrate the potential use of ENSO as a long-lead prediction tool for childhood diarrhea in southern Africa.
Workload Differentiates Breast Surgical Procedures: NSM Associated with Higher Workload Demand than SSM.

Breast surgery has evolved with more focus on improving cosmetic outcomes, which requires increased operative time and technical complexity. Implications of these technical advances in surgery for the surgeon are unclear, but they may increase intraoperative demands, both mentally and physically. We prospectively evaluated mental and physical demand across breast surgery procedures, and compared surgeon ergonomic risk between nipple-sparing (NSM) and skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) using subjective and objective measures. From May 2017 to July 2017, breast surgeons completed modified NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) workload surveys after cases. From January 2018 to July 2018, surgeons completed workload surveys and wore inertial measurement units to evaluate their postures during NSM and SSM cases. Mean angles of surgical postures, ergonomic risk, survey items, and patient factors were analyzed. Procedural duration was moderately related to surgeon frustration, mental and physical demand, and fatigue (p < 0.001). NSMs were rated 23% more physically demanding (M = 13.3, SD = 4.3) and demanded 28% more effort (M = 14.4, SD = 4.6) than SSMs (M = 10.8, SD = 4.7; M = 11.8, SD = 5.0). Incision type was a contributing factor in workload and procedural difficulty. Left arm mean angle was significantly greater for NSM (M = 30.1 degrees, SD = 6.6) than SSMs (M = 18.2 degrees, SD = 4.3). A higher musculoskeletal disorder risk score for the trunk was significantly associated with higher surgeon physical workload (p = 0.02). Nipple-sparing mastectomy required the highest surgeon-reported workload of all breast procedures, including physical demand and effort. Objective measures identified the surgeons’ left upper arm as being at the greatest risk for a work-related musculoskeletal disorder, specifically from performing NSMs.
DPV-assisted understanding of TiO2 photocatalytic decomposition of aspirin by identifying the role of produced reactive species

Abstract A TiO2/UV photocatalytic process generates various reactive species via different oxidation and reduction routes and thus the contribution of such reactive species to the decomposition of organic chemicals in water has been unclear. In this study, decomposition of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a probe was performed to find the specific role of charge carriers (ecb− and hvb+) and primary active species (such as O2−, OH, HO2, and H2O2). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was introduced as an in-situ fast electrochemical method to identify produced intermediates. The study revealed that hydroxyl radicals ( OH) produced by reduction of oxygen with ecb− and subsequent primary reactions (reduction pathway) play the major role in the photocatalytic decomposition of ASA, in comparison to direct oxidation of OH− or ASA by hvb+ (oxidation pathway). The in-situ DPV analysis probed that sequential OH addition to the ASA aromatic ring is the favorable oxidation mechanism.
Distal-Less Homeobox 5 Is a Therapeutic Target for Attenuating Hypertrophy and Apoptosis of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells

Chondrocyte hypertrophy is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA) pathology. In the present study, we elucidated the mechanism underlying the relationship between the hypertrophy/apoptotic phenotype and OA pathogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) via gene targeting of distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5). Our primary objectives were (1) to determine whether DLX5 is a predictive biomarker of cellular hypertrophy in human osteoarthritic tissues; (2) To determine whether modulating DLX5 activity can regulate cell hypertrophy in mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells from marrow and cartilage. Whole transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differences in the RNA expression profile between human-cartilage-derived mesenchymal progenitors (C-PCs) and bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitors (BM-MSCs). Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was used to compare molecular pathways known to regulate hypertrophic terminal cell differentiation. RT-qPCR was used to measure DLX5 and hypertrophy marker COL10 in healthy human chondrocytes and OA chondrocytes. DLX5 was knocked down or overexpressed in BM-MSCs and C-PCs and RT-qPCR were used to measure the expression of hypertrophy/terminal differentiation markers following DLX5 modulation. Apoptotic cell activity was characterized by immunostaining for cleaved caspase 3/7. We demonstrate that DLX5 and downstream hypertrophy markers were significantly upregulated in BM-MSCs, relative to C-PCs. DLX5 and COL10 were also significantly upregulated in cells from OA knee joint tissues, relative to normal non-arthritic joint tissues. Knocking down DLX5 in BM-MSCs inhibited cell hypertrophy and apoptotic activity without attenuating their chondrogenic potential. Overexpression of DLX5 in C-PCs stimulated hypertrophy markers and increased apoptotic cell activity. Modulating DLX5 activity regulates cell hypertrophy and apoptosis in BM-MSCs and C-PCs. These findings suggest that DLX5 is a biomarker of OA changes in human knee joint tissues and confirms the DLX5 mechanism contributes to hypertrophy and apoptosis in BM-MSCs.
Postoperative Quality of Life in the Elderly

Surgical problems in the face of age-related physiologic changes and comorbidity burden place elderly at high risk of morbidity, mortality, and functional decline after surgery. The fear of poor postoperative outcomes in elderly themselves, their families, and their physicians, often is merely because of age, and it precludes many patients in need of surgical interventions. The clear definition acceptable of postoperative outcomes measures is important in order to measure and improve them. This chapter will address the important concept of postoperative health-related quality of life in elderly. We will highlight the important tools to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) followed by emphasizing the importance of comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) preoperatively. The last section deals with the various steps to improve the quality of life perioperatively.
Does Long-Term Performance of Mergers Match Market Expectations? Evidence from the U.S. Banking Industry

There is a paradox in bank mergers. On average, bank mergers do not create value, yet they continue to occur. Using cross sectional analysis to examine 54 bank mergers announced between 1991 and 1995, I test several facets of focus and diversification. Upon announcement, the market rewards the mergers of partners that focus their geography and activities and earnings streams. Only one of these facets, focusing earnings streams, enhances long term performance. Two other circumstances improve long term performance: When a merger involves a relatively inefficient acquirer and when partners reduce bankruptcy costs.
Tree flows through hierarchical slits and orifices

Abstract This is a fundamental theoretical and numerical study of the evolution of tree-shaped flow on one side of the heat transfer surface of a ‘dendritic’ heat exchanger. The flow is shaped by step changes in the dimensions of the available openings. The architecture evolves toward providing easier access to the stream. Two extremes of this flow architecture are treated theoretically, orifices in parallel and equidistant partitions, and slender two-dimensional channels (slits) in sequential blocks of channels. The orifice and channel sizes change stepwise in the downstream direction. Theoretically, the recommended step down ratio for orifice diameters is 0.707, and for the slit size is 0.595. The theoretical step down ratio for the lengths of parallel channels is 0.648. Numerical simulations conducted in a wide parametric domain illustrate the evolution of the flow configuration toward greater access. Remarkable is that the numerical results for the step down ratio in slit sizes covers the very narrow range 0.72–0.75. This study contributes fundamentals that can serve as reliable reference in future designs of dendritic heat exchangers spearheaded by constructal theory.
Influenza virus replication in cardiomyocytes drives heart dysfunction and fibrosis

Cardiac dysfunction is a common extrapulmonary complication of severe influenza virus infection. Prevailing models propose that influenza-associated heart dysfunction is indirectly triggered by cytokine mediated cardiotoxicity downstream of the inflamed lung, rather than by direct infection of cardiac tissue. To test the etiology of cardiac dysfunction resulting from influenza virus infection, we generated a novel recombinant H1N1 influenza A virus that was attenuated in cardiomyocytes by incorporation of target sequences for miRNAs expressed specifically in that cell type (miR133b and miR206). Compared with control virus, mice infected with the miR-targeted virus had significantly reduced heart viral titers, confirming cardiac attenuation of viral replication. The miR-targeted virus, however, was fully replicative and inflammatory in lungs when compared to control virus, and induced similar systemic weight loss. The miR-targeted virus induced considerably lower levels of cardiac arrhythmia, fibrosis, and inflammation, compared with control virus, in mice lacking interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which serve as the only available model for severe influenza-associated cardiac pathology. We conclude that robust replication of virus in the heart is required for pathology even when lung inflammation is severe. Indeed, we show that human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are susceptible to influenza virus infection. This work establishes a fundamental new paradigm in which influenza virus damages the heart through direct infection of cardiomyocytes.
Variational Formulation of Problems of Elastic Stability. Topics in the Stability of Beams and Plates

Several authors studying the theory of boundary value problems describing deformation, buckling, and steady state vibration of elastic systems have developed a variational approach based on functional analytic arguments. See Aubin [1]. Generally a system of equations of the classical boundary value type is reduced to a variational, or to an energy formulation. This is not a new technique. A rigorous existence and uniqueness theory can be developed in a formulation that provides a direct link with the engineering theory of finite element analysis. See Aubin [1], or Ciarlet [2].
Chapter 6 Na-Proton Exchange in Dog Red Blood Cells

Publisher Summary Except for some rare breeds, dog red blood cells lack the nearly ubiquitous Na–K pump. Their cytoplasmic Na/K composition is close to that of plasma. The perturbations of volume in dog red blood cells are corrected by gain or loss of Na, the principal cellular cation. This chapter reviews recent work related to the triggering of the shrinkage-activated Na–proton exchanger in dog red blood cells. The chapter presents preliminary observations regarding the interactions of Li ions with the mechanism. The chloride requirement of the amiloride-sensitive pathway involves the activation or triggering of the mechanism rather than the transport function. Once activated and locked in place, the Na–proton exchanger loses its specific anion requirement. Thus, a distinction between regulatory and transport effects can be made by using the fixative approach offered by glutaraldehyde. Activation of the exchanger is manifest by an alkalinization of the medium as Na leaves the cells in exchange for protons. The chapter describes these proton fluxes. Lithium is regarded as being more like a proton than like Na. Raising the concentration of internal Li, in analogy with raising the concentration of internal protons, causes the mechanism to become more sensitive or responsive to volume, such that it becomes active even though the cells are not shrunken. Quantitative aspects of this and other models are under investigation.
Supporting Latino First Graders' Ten-Structured Thinking in Urban Classrooms.

Year-long classroom teaching experiments in two predominantly Latino low-socioeconomicstatus (SES) urban classrooms (one English-speaking and one Spanish-speaking) sought to support first graders' thinking of 2-digit quantities as tens and ones. A model of a developmental sequence of conceptual structures for 2-digit numbers (the UDSSI triad model) is presented to describe children's thinking. By the end of the year, most of the children could accurately add and subtract 2-digit numbers that require trading (regrouping) by using drawings or objects and gave answers by using tens and ones on various tasks. Their performance was substantially above that reported in other studies for U.S. first graders of higher SES and for older U.S. children. Their responses looked more like those of East Asian children than of U.S. children in other studies.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels involves multiple receptor subtypes in cortical neurons

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels was examined in isolated deep layer frontoparietal cortical neurons under conditions designed to isolate calcium-independent modulatory pathways. Trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (t-ACPD), a nonspecific mGluR agonist, produced rapid and reversible inhibition of Ca2+ channels. This effect was mimicked by agonists for group I and group II, but not group III, mGluRs. Effects of group I and II agonists often were observed in the same neurons, but separate subgroups of neurons were unresponsive to the group I agonist quisqualate or the group II agonist 2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl) glycine (DCG-IV). Inhibition by quisqualate and DCG-IV was nonocclusive in neurons responding to both agonists. These agonists thus appear to act on different mGluRs. The mGluR antagonist alpha-methyl-4-carboxylphenylglycine attenuated inhibition by t-ACPD, quisqualate, and DCG-IV. Inhibition by quisqualate and DCG-IV was voltage-dependent. Although the effects of both agonists were greatly reduced by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), inhibition by DCG-IV was more sensitive to NEM than inhibition by quisqualate. t-ACPD-induced inhibition was reduced by omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTx) and omega-agatoxin IVA (omega-AgTx) but was affected little by nifedipine. Inhibition by DCG-IV and quisqualate also was reduced by omega-CgTx. We conclude that multiple mGluR subtypes inhibit Ca2+ channels in cortical neurons and that N- and possibly P-type channels are inhibited. Modulation is via a rapid-onset, voltage-dependent mechanism that likely involves a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G-protein. Type I mGluRs may work via additional PTX-insensitive pathways.
Isodesmic enthalpies of hydrogenation of the lower alkenes

Abstract Isodesmic enthalpies of hydrogenation of the 29 monoalkenes containing fewer than 7 carbon atoms are nearly the same, regardless of branching. Isodesmic enthalpies of hydrogenation, in which the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon is retained, e. g., CH 2 CH 2 + 2CH 3 CH 3 → 2CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 are nearly the same for the 29 monoalkenes containing fewer than 7 carbon atoms, regardless of branching.
Correlation of spectroscopy and magnetization transfer imaging in the evaluation of demyelinating lesions and normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis

Magnetization transfer imaging (MT) and localized proton spectroscopy (1H-MRS) were utilized in the evaluation of lesions (high signal abnormalities on T2-weighted images) and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Eleven patients with a clinical diagnosis of MS were independently evaluated with both 1H-MRS and MT. The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of lesions was compared with the relative concentration of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and a composite peak at 2.1 to 2.6 ppm termed "marker peaks." The MTR of white matter lesions in the MS patients was markedly decreased (6-34%; normal approximately 42%), and correlated well with increase in the marker peaks region (0.94-3.89). There was no correlation between the relative concentration of NAA and MTR. Increased resonance peaks in the 2.1 to 2.6 ppm range and marked decreases in MTR may be a relatively specific indicators of demyelination.
The Negro in the American City: A Review

Abstract This paper presents a review and summary of recent research on the position of the Negro in the American city. It is emphasised that urban Negroes in the United States have a higher natural growth rate than Whites. In addition, Negroes in American cities are below White standards in their educational and socio-economic standards. Improvements are being made, but they are slow. One of the causes of this peculiar role of the urban Negro in the United States is his relatively recent rural-urban migration. Also responsible is a certain discriminatory behaviour of many Whites: Negroes are de facto confined to live in so-called “ghettos” or slums in the cores of cities; also the Negroes education and socio-economic integration often collides with the de facto “unequal opportunity” policy of many Whites.
Cosmic ray exposure history and compaction age of Boulder 1 from Station 2

Fossil track analyses of a ∼ 3 cm section of boulder fragment 72255, collected at the base of the South Massif, yield a surface exposure age for this boulder in its present location of ∼ 40 m.y. This age is in good agreement with the81Kr-Kr exposure age (Leichet al., 1975), suggesting that the boulder was either never exposed to cosmic radiation prior to its emplacement at the foot of the South Massif or that it was heavily shielded during any previous irradiation. High-voltage electron microscope observations reveal no evidence of solar flare irradiation prior to breccia compaction, indicating that the breccia components were never part of a pre-Serenitatis near-surface regolith. The fission track record of a whitlockite crystal from 72255 yields a fission track age of 3.96 −0.07 +0.04 g.y. Comparison with the40Ar-39 Ar age of 4.00±0.03 g.y. suggests that this age represents the compaction age of the parent boulder.
Change blindness, aging, and cognition

Change blindness (CB), the inability to detect changes in visual scenes, may increase with age and early Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test this hypothesis, participants were asked to localize changes in natural scenes. Dependent measures were response time (RT), hit rate, false positives (FP), and true sensitivity (d'). Increased age correlated with increased sensitivity and RT; AD predicted even slower RT. Accuracy and RT were negatively correlated. Differences in FP were nonsignificant. CB correlated with impaired attention, working memory, and executive function. Advanced age and AD were associated with increased CB, perhaps due to declining memory and attention. CB could affect real-world tasks, like automobile driving.
Use of liposomes, emulsions, or inclusion complexes may potentiate in-vivo effects of SnET2

The majority of second generation sensitizers being proposed as possible alternatives to hematoporphyrin derivative, in photodynamic therapy, are hydrophobic in nature. Consequently, specific carrier systems have to be developed for in vivo administration. As an attempt to understand the interactions of these delivery systems in vivo, plasma binding properties of the sensitizer SnET2 complexed with liposomes, emulsions or cyclodextrins have been studied. Additional studies have investigated the effect of the carrier system on the cytotoxicity of SnET2 on transplantable tumors. Preliminary data suggest that tumor response may be mediated by the choice of carrier system. Further studies appear to be necessary before the optimum thug/carrier system complex can be defined.
THE STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS Ni-Zr ALLOYS

Determination des structures des alliages Ni-Zr avec 55, 60, 65 et 70 at.% Zr et avec des additions mineures de Co et Fe en employant la technique de l'angle 2θ variable pour les rayons X et de la longueur d'onde variable pour les neutrons. Reevaluation des facteurs partiels de structure et transformations de Fourier
A geographic information system for addressing issues in the coastal zone

Abstract Throughout the decade of the 1980's, coastal resources of the United States will experience unprecedented pressure for development. The National Coastal Ecosystems Team (NCET) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been compiling existing information for coastal areas in the form of coastal characterizations and has recognized the need to implement a computerized delivery system for applying this information to coastal issues. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the evolution of NCET's geographic information system and its ability to address coastal development issues.
Oxygen Atom Transfer from μ-Oxo-bis[1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(trifluoromethyl)phthalocyaninato]diiron(III): Evidence for an FeIV=O Intermediate

The dimeric [(FPc)Fe]2({mu}-O) (1) (FPc is the dianion of 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(trifluoromethyl)phthalocyanine) has been shown to transfer its -oxo atom quantitatively to trimethylphosphine and triphenylphosphine. In the case of triphenylphosphine a base such as 1-methylimidazole (MeIm) or pyridine (py) is needed to induce the oxygen atom transfer. The reaction of 1 with MeIm at -40 C and below gives [(MeIm)(FPc)Fe]2({mu}-O) (4), which disproportionates to give (MeIm)2(FPc)Fe (5) and (FPc)Fe=O (6) at higher temperatures. The oxo atom of 6 has been shown to transfer to triphenylphosphine. Similarly, 6 is generated by the disproportionation of 1 with py. It has also been generated by the oxidation of 1 with t-butyl hydroperoxide. [(FPc)Fe]2({mu}-O) catalyzes the oxidation of hydrocarbons by iodosylbenzene. With stilbenes, styrenes, cyclohexenes and butenes as substrates, both epoxidations and alkyl C-H bond oxidations have been observed. The epoxidation of cis-stilbene leads to a mixture of cis- and trans-stilbene oxides, indicating that epoxidation of cis-stilbene, and possibly other olefins as well, proceeds through a non-concerted mechanism.
Features Automated assembly and fixture planning at Sandia National Laboratories

The Intelligent Systems and Robotics Center at Sandia National Laboratories supports several ongoing projects oriented towards enabling the creation of more automatic and effective robotic assembly systems, especially for small lot production. Two of these projects are Archimedes, which is an automatic assembly planning system, and HoldFast, which automatically designs optimal form‐closure fixtures. These technologies have application in many automated assembly contexts, whether robotic or not. Discusses the current state and applications of these two technologies. Both are based on use of a 3D CAD model, which currently must be converted to ACIS form for processing. Archimedes reasons about the liaisons between parts, then derives an assembly plan that is geometrically valid. This plan is improved by interaction with the user, who adds “constraints” to guide replanning. Facilities to define and search for a user’s “optimal” plan are under development. Given a workpiece shape, task constraints, and a description of a fixture kit, HoldFast finds the optimal fixture that can be made from the kit to hold the workpiece in form‐closure.
A Survey of North Carolina Safety‐Net Dental Clinics' Methods for Communicating with Patients of Limited English Proficiency (LEP)*

Objective: Dental providers are increasingly challenged in communicating with patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to examine methods of communicating with patients with LEP in North Carolina (NC) safety-net dental clinics as perceived by dental staff. Methods: An anonymous, 36-item, cross-sectional survey was distributed to representatives of 68 NC safety-net dental clinics. Question domains included: a) a perceived need for language services; b) methods of language services provided; c) perceptions of dental staff about dental care experiences for patients with LEP; and d) perceived legal and financial roles in providing language services. Results: Of the 68 clinics, 55 responded (81 percent). All clinics reported treating patients with LEP, and 93 percent of clinics reported a need for providing language services. Many clinics used multiple methods to provide language services. Some clinics reported differences in treatment recommendations (13 percent), treatment provided (19 percent), and visit length (61 percent) for patients with LEP. All responded that additional costs are incurred to treat patients with LEP, and only 69 percent of responding clinics recognized legal obligations of treating patients with LEP. Conclusions: There is a reported need for language services in NC safety-net dental clinics. These services often resulted in additional costs to the dental clinic. To maintain the quality of care and to comply with legal requirements related to dental patients with LEP, additional funding sources might be required to recruit multilingual staff, support language services in dental clinics, and provide language skills training for practicing dentists. Additionally, studies are suggested to measure the perception of the effectiveness of communication methods of patients with LEP.
The science and technology of microcalorimeter arrays

Abstract I will review the present status and future prospects for arrays of microcalorimeters used for high-resolution photon spectroscopy. The various applications impose different constraints on the array designs, but there are many common physics and engineering issues as well. I will present both the unique and the shared aspects of their design, fabrication, and operation. As we are well into the age of small microcalorimeter arrays, I will present the performance of a variety of functioning arrays. Arrays with more than 1000 pixels are under development; I will report on their progress and on the technical issues associated with arrays of this scale and larger.
Sustained‐release drug delivery system I: Coated ion‐exchange resin system for phenylpropanolamine and other drugs

Ion-exchange resin-drug complexes have been used to formulate sustained-release products of acidic and basic drugs. However, sustained release may be difficult to achieve due to many variables. A novel technique is reported that minimizes these variables by providing a polymeric film coating to the ion-exchange resin-drug complex particles, making drug release from these particles diffusion controlled. Direct application of an atomized polymer solution to the fluidized ion-exchange resin-drug complex particles was ineffective in controlling drug release since the coating came off in the dissolution medium due to swelling and fracturing of the particles. Pretreatment of the ion-exchange resin-drug complex particles with an agent such as polyethylene glycol was essential for the particles to retain their geometry and coating during dissolution. With divinylbenzenesulfonic acid resin complexed with phenylpropanolamine as a model, mixtures of ethylcellulose-coated and uncoated resin-drug complex particles were prepared. These mixtures gave varying drug release profiles that showed rank-order correlation with plasma concentration profiles obtained in bioavailability studies with suspension dosage forms.