cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Whole World on Fire

My remarks are divided into my personal and my sociological reflections on Whole World on Fire (Eden, 2004). As an aging baby boomer – to use that awful cliche – it is hard to read Whole World on Fire without at the same time thinking about my childhood experiences growing up ‘under the shadow of the mushroom cloud’. I was too young to understand McCarthyism, but my memories of the atom bomb zeitgeist are very vivid. Until I was 12 years old, we lived in Burbank, California, home at that time to Lockheed Aircraft and, as I was often told, ground zero. I remember how Mrs Dodge, my fourth grade teacher, would be teaching us carrying or borrowing, when she would suddenly shout ‘Drop!’, and we would scramble under our seats, covering our eyes to protect us against the blinding flash of light. Later I learned that these drills prepared us for a sudden attack, when we would have less than 5 minutes. I remember my next-door neighbor, Marsha, taking me and another friend into the bomb shelter, which was a dirt trench, about 8 feet high, that her father had dug under the house. I can still remember being so scared during the Cuban Missile Crisis that I went to bed in my tennis shoes, just in case I would have to make a run for the neighbor’s shelter in the middle of the night. My mother reassured me we were in no danger, so I was shocked to find her formerly empty pantry stocked with canned goods. After we moved to a nearby suburb, I remember how impressed my friends and I were when the neighbor who owned the biggest lot built a house, a pool, and a bomb shelter. Of course, these are the memories of a child, but they do reflect the views of adults that a nuclear attack was very likely, that most people would perish, and that we should do everything we could to be among the small number of people who would survive. Years passed and some time, maybe in the 1970s and 80s, we laughed at the bomb shelters that would do no good, since we had stopped believing in a survivable nuclear war. If you were lucky enough to be born in Montana, the fallout would kill you and ultimately the world would be covered by a black dust cloud, and we would go the way of the dinosaurs. No one in their right mind – not even Ronald Reagan – believed in a survivable nuclear war. Or so I thought before reading Whole World on Fire. At one level, Whole World on Fire tells the story of how organizational processes led nuclear scientists to drastically underestimate the damage of
Effect of 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on 2-acetylaminofluorene n- and ring-hydroxylation by rat and hamster liver microsomes

Abstract The N - and ring-hydroxylation of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) are studied with microsomal fractions of livers from both control and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-pretreated rats and hamsters. The profiles of hydroxylations are similar in the presence of either low (2.3 μM) or high (100 μM) substrate concentrations. Pretreatment of rats gives a severalfold increase both in N - and ring-hydroxylation, whereas m hamsters, such a pretreatment induces a specific and large increase in N - hydroxylation only.
A computer application to education of communication majors: an interdisciplinary program

Most universities have both computer centers and campus radio stations. This article explains the general educational features of using a computer program to generate the daily station log. This program greatly increases the quality and efficiency of the radio station operation, while providing a broader education for those students in Communication who are required to update the data file from computer teminals.
Characteristics of tertiary butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide conditioned cells withdrawn from peroxide stress

This laboratory has recently reported the preparation of immortal lens epithelial cell lines conditioned to survive in concentrations of peroxide sufficient to cause cataract with in vitro lens culture conditions. The cell conditioning process takes many months during which time the peroxide concentration is gradually increased. It was found that while the acquired resistance to H2O2 was permanent, if tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBOOH) was used the resistance was lost within 6-8 weeks of the withdrawal of the peroxide. We now report that resistance is lost within a few days but can be regained within 48 hr. Furthermore, cells resistant to H2O2 while vulnerable to TBOOH could also be rapidly conditioned to tolerate TBOOH in a manner similar to the reconditioning of cells that had lost their TBOOH resistance. The results suggest that a history of exposure to certain oxidative stresses produces a change in cell biology which allows the cell to rapidly respond to the same or other stresses and survive.
Effects of Overprocessing on the Nutritional Quality of Peanut Meal

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of overprocessing by autoclaving on the in vivo protein quality and in vitro protein solubility in 0.2% KOH of solvent-extracted peanut meal containing 48% protein. The peanut meal was autoclaved at 120 C and 105 kPa for 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 90 min. In vivo protein quality of the autoclaved peanut meal was evaluated in chicks fed corn-peanut meal diets (22.5% protein) from 8 to 22 d of age and in adult cecectomized roosters using a precision-fed amino acid digestibility assay. Chick performance was significantly decreased when peanut meal had been autoclaved (P < 0.05) 60 min or more in one experiment and by 40 min or more in the other experiment. True digestibility of amino acids in peanut meal also decreased as autoclaving time increased. The effect of autoclaving was greatest for lysine, wherein digestibility was 87, 72, 68, and 57% for peanut meal autoclaved for 0, 30, 60, or 90 min, respectively. Protein solubility of peanut meal in 0.2% KOH decreased from 78 to 56% as autoclaving time increased from 0 to 90 min. Protein solubility values of 70% or lower were indicative of decreased in vivo peanut meal quality. The results of this study indicated that overprocessing by autoclaving reduces the protein quality of peanut meal and that protein solubility in KOH is a useful in vitro index of overprocessing.
Symbiotic complexity: discovery of a fifth symbiont in the attine ant-microbe symbiosis.

The fungus-growing ant–microbe mutualism is a classic example of organismal complexity generated through symbiotic association. The ants have an ancient obligate mutualism with fungi they cultivate for food. The success of the mutualism is threatened by specialized fungal parasites (Escovopsis) that consume the cultivated fungus. To defend their nutrient-rich garden against infection, the ants have a second mutualism with bacteria (Pseudonocardia), which produce antibiotics that inhibit the garden parasite Escovopsis. Here we reveal the presence of a fourth microbial symbiont associated with fungus-growing ants: black yeasts (Ascomycota; Phialophora). We show that black yeasts are commonly associated with fungus-growing ants, occurring throughout their geographical distribution. Black yeasts grow on the ants' cuticle, specifically localized to where the mutualistic bacteria are cultured. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal that the black yeasts form a derived monophyletic lineage associated with the phylogenetic diversity of fungus growers. The prevalence, distribution, localization and monophyly indicate that the black yeast is a fifth symbiont within the attine ant–microbe association, further exemplifying the complexity of symbiotic associations.
Ion-surface scattering in the time-dependent mean-field approximation

Abstract The exchange of electrons between a jellium surface and an energetic ion is illustrated via time-dependent mean-field theory. We use a one-dimensional Gaussian model potential to simulate the ion's effect upon the surface in this initial study. The results of our numerical simulation show the effects of energy resonances, finite and velocity-dependent resonance widths, and charge transfer from the jellium to the reflected ion. The self-consistent reaction of the surface and bulk electrons to the ion scattering is easily seen in time-dependent density profiles.
Measured variation of the electronic transition moment of the Vegard-Kaplan bands in N2

We have measured the relative intensities of several Vegard-Kaplan bands of N2 as emitted from a discharge through very pure N2. From our measured values we deduce the dependence of the electronic transition moment upon vibrational states of the upper and lower levels of the transition. In calculating this, we use the r-centroid method of analysis and take into account computed Franck-Condon factors.
Estrogen: Effects on the cardiovascular tree

My objective is to review the current literature with respect to basic science aspects concerning the effects of both endogenous and exogenous sex steroids on the vascular system. For simplification in this complex, burgeoning field, generalizations are made and mechanisms are highlighted. Major landmark studies in the English language over the past 25 years are reviewed. Cardiovascular, endocrinologic, and gynecologic references are targeted. Investigations by leading authorities are emphasized with an intent to bridge clinical significance with in vitro studies, in vivo data (both animal and human), and current epidemiologic information. Study results indicate that atherosclerotic lesions can stabilize, and occlusion can regress. The combined effects of estrogen in preventing atherosclerosis and maintaining arterial tone and integrity indicate that the circulatory system is a major target for estrogen action. A number of direct and indirect effects of estrogen have been shown to be beneficial.
Transcriptome-wide identification and stress properties of the 14-3-3 gene family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

14-3-3s are a class of conserved proteins in eukaryotes involved in almost all cellular processes. Published studies have shown that this family plays a role in response to stress conditions. In this study, comparative genomics identified thirty-one 14-3-3 cDNAs encoding 25 unique proteins with transcripts that were sufficiently divergent in the coding regions to define different 14-3-3 members. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the cotton 14-3-3 family was similar to the family in the plant model species Arabidopsis and rice. The multiple copies of 14-3-3 genes in cotton are suggested to be the result of a recent duplication event after the divergence of cotton from its progenitor species. 14-3-3s are differentially expressed in a range of cotton organs as well as under different environmental conditions. Salinity and drought stress significantly induced the altered expression of 14-3-3 genes, suggesting that 14-3-3s play a role in cotton response to environmental abiotic stress. The 14-3-3 gene CGF14-4 was more sensitive to both drought and salinity stress with a 10.2-fold change under 1% of PEG treatment, while other 14-3-3s responded only to either drought or salinity stress. These results implied that specific isoforms of 14-3-3s play different regulatory roles in stress response besides their role in development. 14-3-3s were more sensitive to abiotic stress in roots than in leaves, suggesting that the root is more sensitive to stress treatment than leaves. The differential expression pattern of 14-3-3s also suggests the occurrence of functional divergence among specific isoforms.
Seed and microsite limitations mediate stochastic recruitment in a low-diversity prairie restoration

Recruitment of species into plant communities requires the arrival of viable propagules to coincide with the availability of suitable microsites for establishment. Accordingly, the rarity of recruitment events due to seed and/or microsite limitations may constrain the establishment, diversity, and spatial distribution of species in plant communities, thus potentially mediating stochastic recruitment—herein described as probabilistic and unpredictable patterns of species establishment over space that can emerge in the absence or in spite of environmental heterogeneity. To examine this premise, we applied a gradient of propagule pressure, using 37 native forb species, to plots subjected to disturbances of varying intensity in a low-diversity grassland restoration in Eastern Kansas, USA. We monitored establishment for three years, assessing the effects of propagule pressure and disturbance on sown species stem density, richness, composition, and community dissimilarity. Seed limitation was the primary constraint on species richness in this grassland, but both propagule pressure and disturbance had positive, interactive effects on stem density. Increased propagule pressure enhanced recruitment and reduced community dissimilarity among disturbance treatment replicates, thus tempering stochastic recruitment. High propagule pressure led to compositional divergence among disturbance treatments, indicative of deterministic species sorting. These results suggest that seed limitation and stochastic recruitment have important implications for beta diversity and spatial structuring of plant community species compositions, acting to (1) generate and maintain beta diversity by producing stochastic spatial variation in species composition among environmentally similar localities; while concurrently (2) limiting beta diversity by constraining the expression of niche-based species sorting in response to environmental heterogeneity.
Aging is associated with a numerical and functional decline in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whereas myeloid dendritic cells are relatively unaltered in human peripheral blood.

Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen-presenting cells that initiate and regulate T-cell responses. In this study, the numbers and functional cytokine secretions of plasmacytoid and myeloid DC (pDC and mDC, respectively) in peripheral blood from young and elderly subjects were compared. Overall, pDC numbers in peripheral blood were lower in healthy elderly compared with healthy young subjects ( p = 0.016). In response to influenza virus stimulation, isolated pDC from healthy elderly subjects secreted less interferon (IFN)–α compared with those from healthy young subjects. The decline in IFN-α secretion was associated with a reduced proportion of pDC that expressed Toll-like receptor–7 or Toll-like receptor-9. In contrast, there was little difference in the numbers and cytokine secretion function between healthy young and healthy elderly subjects ( p = 0.82). However, in peripheral blood from frail elderly subjects, the numbers of mDC were severely depleted as compared with either healthy young or elderly subjects ( p = 0.014 and 0.007, respectively). Thus, aging was associated with the numerical and functional decline in pDC, but not mDC, in healthy young versus elderly subject group comparisons, while declining health in the elderly can profoundly impact mDC negatively. Because of the importance of pDC for antiviral responses, the age-related changes in pDC likely contribute to the impaired immune response to viral infections in elderly persons, especially when combined with the mDC dysfunction occurring in those with compromised health.
Strict liability and negligence rules when the product is information

Abstract If the product is information, a strict liability rule is never efficient while a negligence rule sometimes is; nevertheless, in some cases society is better off with a strict liability rule. First best actions can only be determined given the set of feasible judicial/regulatory institutions.
Host cell proteins in biologics development: Identification, quantitation and risk assessment

Host cell proteins (HCPs) are those produced or encoded by the organisms and unrelated to the intended recombinant product. Some are necessary for growth, survival, and normal cellular processing whereas others may be non-essential, simply carried along as baggage. Like the recombinant product, HCPs may also be modified by the host with a number of post-translational modifications. Regardless of the utility, or lack thereof, HCPs are undesirable in the final drug substance. Though commonly present in small quantities (parts per million expressed as nanograms per milligrams of the intended recombinant protein) much effort and cost is expended by industry to remove them. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is of relevance in regards to the biology, the impact of genomics and proteomics on HCP evaluation, the regulatory expectations, analytical approaches, and various methodologies to remove HCPs with bioprocessing. Historical data, bioinformatics approaches and industrial case study examples are provided. Finally, a proposal for a risk assessment tool is provided which brings these facets together and proposes a means for manufacturers to classify and organize a control strategy leading to meaningful product specifications.
INCREASED EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 MEDIATES OIL FLY ASH-INDUCED LUNG INJURY

We have previously shown that in vitro exposure to the combustion-derived ambient air pollutant residual oil fly ash (ROFA) induces the expression of prostaglandin H synthase 2 (COX2) in human airway epithelial cells. To determine the role of prostaglandins and COX2 expression in ROFA-induced lung injury in vivo, we have examined the effect of intratracheal ROFA instillation on COX2 expression, prostaglandin synthesis, and indices of pulmonary injury and inflammation in adult Sprague Dawley rats. ROFA treatment induced a marked increase in the level of prostagladin E2 (PGE 2) recovered in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), which was effectively decreased by pretreating the animals with the specific COX2 inhibitor NS398. Immunohistochemical analyses of rat airways showed concomitant expression of COX2 in the proximal airway epithelium of rats treated with ROFA. Increases in BALF protein, but not interleukin 6 (IL-6) increases or ROFA-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) influx into the airway,...
DSM-5 Changes: Understanding the Social Challenges in Children with ASD

This article describes the changes made to the DSM-5 criteria, with specific attention to the social communication and social interaction challenges described for individuals with autism spectrum d...
Integral sliding-mode control of a magnetically suspended balance beam: analysis, simulation, and experiment

This paper presents a sliding-mode controller with integral compensation for a magnetic suspension balance beam system. The control scheme comprises an integral controller which is designed for achieving zero steady-state error under step disturbances, and a sliding-mode controller which is designed for enhancing robustness under plant uncertainties. A procedure is developed for determining the coefficients of the switching plane such that the overall closed-loop system has stable eigenvalues. A proper continuous design signal is introduced to overcome the chattering problem. The performance of the balance beam control system is illustrated by simulation and experimental results showing that the proposed integral sliding-mode controller method is effective under external step disturbances and input channel parameter variations.
Dialect Differences and Social Stratification in a North Indian Village

Dialect Differences and Social Stratification in a North Indian Village 1 JOHN J. GUMPERZ University of California, Berkeley I T IS generally recognized that dialect differences exist in every large speech community. When these differences are minor and do not appreciably affect mutual intelligibility, they are disregarded for most purposes of linguistic description. Areas in which there are no significant linguistic barriers are thus ordinarily said to contain speakers of a single language or dialect. However, detailed studies by dialectologists of the distribution of minor speech variants have shown that these are .not idiosyncratic, as had been assumed by some, but are patterned and socially determined. Leonard Bloomfield postulates a direct relationship between linguistic diversity and the amount of verbal interaction among individual members of a community.2 The model he provides is quite similar to the sociogram of the modern social psychologist. He states: The most important differences of speech within a community are due to differences in the density of communication .... Imagine a huge chart with a dot for every speaker in the community and imagine that every time any speaker uttered a sentence, an arrow were drawn into the chart pointing from his dot to the dot representing each one of his hearers. At the end of a given period of time, say 70 years, that chart would show us the density of communication in the community .... We believe that the differences in communication are not only personal and individual but that the community is di­ vided into various systems of subgroups, such that the persons within a subgroup speak much more to each other than to persons outside their subgroup .... Subgroups are separated by lines of weakness in this net of oral communication. These lines are local, due to mere geographical distribution and non-local or as we say social. If this model is valid, then investigations into the relations of speech dif­ ferences to other types of social interaction should be of great interest to stu­ dents of social structure. Work in this field, however, is still in its beginnings. 3 The first systematic attempts to formulate relationships along the above lines were made by McDavid (1946, 1948, 1951). His data were drawn from the field records of the Linguistic Atlas of the United States, a geographical survey aimed primarily at collecting data for historical studies, but which used a sample drawn from the upper, middle, and lower strata of American society. The distribution of the dialect differences discovered was found to be deter­ mined by social as well as geographical factors. McDavid suggests that these social speech styles reflect what he calls social tensions such as those existing between Negroes and whites, Catholics and non-Catholics, and others in northern industrial communities. The field methods and sampling of the Ling­ uistic Atlas have recently been severly criticized on grounds of reliability and
Trading Effort for Freedom: Workday Credits in the Stalinist Camp System

In this paper, we focus on the economics of forced labour during Stalinism. We show that, despite the regime's ability to apply massive coercion, the camp system administrators used various incentives to raise labour productivity. The particular incentive system examined in this paper is the so-called workday credit system. Workday credits provided for a reduction in sentences for plan fulfilment and overfulfilment to motivate prisoners. An analysis of the economic implications of this instrument enables us to gain insights into the economic goals the camp system administrators pursued. We demonstrate that profitability (or loss-minimisation) was a major concern for the administrators of the Stalinist prison camp system, although the strategies on how to achieve it changed over time.
Multiplexed microsatellite recovery using massively parallel sequencing.

Conservation and management of natural populations requires accurate and inexpensive genotyping methods. Traditional microsatellite, or simple sequence repeat (SSR), marker analysis remains a popular genotyping method because of the comparatively low cost of marker development, ease of analysis and high power of genotype discrimination. With the availability of massively parallel sequencing (MPS), it is now possible to sequence microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries in multiplex pools. To test this approach, we prepared seven microsatellite-enriched, barcoded genomic libraries from diverse taxa (two conifer trees, five birds) and sequenced these on one lane of the Illumina Genome Analyzer using paired-end 80-bp reads. In this experiment, we screened 6.1 million sequences and identified 356 958 unique microreads that contained di- or trinucleotide microsatellites. Examination of four species shows that our conversion rate from raw sequences to polymorphic markers compares favourably to Sanger- and 454-based methods. The advantage of multiplexed MPS is that the staggering capacity of modern microread sequencing is spread across many libraries; this reduces sample preparation and sequencing costs to less than $400 (USD) per species. This price is sufficiently low that microsatellite libraries could be prepared and sequenced for all 1373 organisms listed as ‘threatened’ and ‘endangered’ in the United States for under $0.5 M (USD).
Minimal and Contributing Sequence Determinants of the Cis-Acting Locus of Transfer (Clt) of Streptomycete Plasmid pIJ101 Occur Within an Intrinsically Curved Plasmid Region

Efficient interbacterial transfer of streptomycete plasmid pIJ101 requires the pIJ101 tra gene, as well as a cis-acting plasmid function known as clt. Here we show that the minimal pIJ101 clt locus consists of a sequence no greater than 54 bp in size that includes essential inverted-repeat and direct-repeat sequences and is located in close proximity to the 3′ end of the korB regulatory gene. Evidence that sequences extending beyond the minimal locus and into the korB open reading frame influence clt transfer function and demonstration that clt-korB sequences are intrinsically curved raise the possibility that higher-order structuring of DNA and protein within this plasmid region may be an inherent feature of efficient pIJ101 transfer.
Role of HtrA in Growth and Competence of Streptococcus mutans UA159

We report here that HtrA plays a role in controlling growth and competence development for genetic transformation in Streptococcus mutans. Disruption of the gene for HtrA resulted in slow growth at 37°C, reduced thermal tolerance at 42°C, and altered sucrose-dependent biofilm formation on polystyrene surfaces. The htrA mutant also displayed a significantly reduced ability to undergo genetic transformation. A direct association between HtrA and genetic competence was demonstrated by the increased expression of the htrA gene upon exposure to competence-stimulating peptide. The induction of htrA gradually reached a maximum at around 20 min, suggesting that HtrA may be involved in a late competence response. Complementation of the htrA mutation in a single copy on the chromosome of the mutant could rescue the defective growth phenotypes but not transformability, apparently because a second gene, spo0J, immediately downstream of htrA, also affects transformation. The htrA and spo0J genes were shown to be both individually transcribed and cotranscribed and probably have a functional connection in competence development. HtrA regulation appears to be finely tuned in S. mutans, since strains containing multiple copies of htrA exhibited abnormal growth phenotypes. Collectively, the results reveal HtrA to be an integral component of the regulatory network connecting cellular growth, stress tolerance, biofilm formation, and competence development and reveal a novel role for the spo0J gene in genetic transformation.
Conformational Transition Pathway of Polymerase β/DNA upon Binding Correct Incoming Substrate

The closing conformational transition of wild-type polymerase β bound to DNA template/primer before the chemical step (nucleotidyl transfer reaction) is simulated using the stochastic difference equation (in length version, “SDEL”) algorithm that approximates long-time dynamics. The order of the events and the intermediate states during polβ's closing pathway are identified and compared to a separate study of polβ using transition path sampling (TPS) (Radhakrishnan, R.; Schlick, T. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 5970−5975). Results highlight the cooperative and subtle conformational changes in the polβ active site upon binding the correct substrate that may help explain DNA replication and repair fidelity. These changes involve key residues that differentiate the open from the closed conformation (Asp192, Arg258, Phe272), as well as residues contacting the DNA template/primer strand near the active site (Tyr271, Arg283, Thr292, Tyr296) and residues contacting the β and γ phosphates of the incoming ...
World-stabilized annotations and virtual scene navigation for remote collaboration

We present a system that supports an augmented shared visual space for live mobile remote collaboration on physical tasks. The remote user can explore the scene independently of the local user's current camera position and can communicate via spatial annotations that are immediately visible to the local user in augmented reality. Our system operates on off-the-shelf hardware and uses real-time visual tracking and modeling, thus not requiring any preparation or instrumentation of the environment. It creates a synergy between video conferencing and remote scene exploration under a unique coherent interface. To evaluate the collaboration with our system, we conducted an extensive outdoor user study with 60 participants comparing our system with two baseline interfaces. Our results indicate an overwhelming user preference (80%) for our system, a high level of usability, as well as performance benefits compared with one of the two baselines.
Aggressive prenatal care results in successful fetal outcomes in CF women

Abstract Background The impact of pre-pregnancy pulmonary and nutritional status in pregnancy outcomes of women with cystic fibrosis (CF) is not clearly defined. Methods A chart review of CF women who attended the University of Washington Medical Center (UWMC), Seattle WA. from January 1989 until May 2004. Results There were 43 pregnancies resulting in 36 live births among 25 of 189 CF women. In the subset of CF women receiving their obstetric care at the UWMC whose FEV 1 was 1 (2.9 kg±0.4 (range 2.2–3.3 kg) versus 3.4±0.8 kg (range 2.5–5.1 kg)) p =0.05 although the gestational ages were the same (37±2 weeks (range 33–39 weeks) versus to 38±2 weeks (range 35–40 weeks) p =0.17). Infant weight and gestational age of women whose initial BMI was 2 was no different from women with a normal initial BMI (3.0±0.4 kg, range 2.2–3.4 kg versus 3.3±0.8 kg, range 2.6–5.1 kg p =0.29, and 37.7±2.4 weeks, range 33–39 weeks versus 37.2±2.1 weeks, range 34–40 weeks). Conclusions CF women with severe pulmonary impairment tend to have lower weight babies but it remains difficult to determine prospectively which CF women will tolerate pregnancy well. Aggressive antepartum management is recommended for all CF women.
Eyewitness Identifications and Police Practices: A Virginia Case Study

Over three decades of social science research has powerfully shown that lineup procedures really matter and that eyewitness errors predictable result from substandard lineups. Yet traditionally, many police departments had no written policies at all on conducting photo arrays or lineups. In response, more police departments, prosecutors, state courts and legislatures have acted to improve identification procedures. Although much has changed in the past decade, less is known about how many police departments have not yet adopted best practices. This Essay reports the results of a 2013 survey conducted of lineup procedures in Virginia, where a new state model policy was adopted in 2011 in response to a series of DNA exonerations caused by eyewitness misidentifications, as well as concern with the slow pace of adoption of best practices. Of the 201 law enforcement agencies that responded, 144 supplied eyewitness identification policies. Troubling findings included that in total, only 29% required blind lineup procedures and only 40% made blind lineup procedures available even as an option. Only 6% adopted the revised model policy. The results suggest that institutional inertia, and not policy choices, explain the slow pace of adoption of best practices. As a result, dissemination of best practices by state policymakers may not be enough, and stronger regulatory measures may be required to safeguard the accuracy of criminal investigations.
The Ecological Impacts of Large-Scale Agrofuel Monoculture Production Systems in the Americas.

This article examines the expansion of agrofuels in the Americas and the ecological impacts associated with the technologies used in the production of large-scale monocultures of corn and soybeans. In addition to deforestation and displacement of lands devoted to food crops due to expansion of agrofuels, the massive use of transgenic crops and agrochemical inputs, mainly fertilizers and herbicides used in the production of agrofuels, pose grave environmental problems.
Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change

The 20th anniversary issue of Global Environmental Change provides an important opportunity to address the core questions involved in addressing ‘‘global environmental’’ problems—especially those related to climate change. Climate change is a global collective-action problem since all of us face the likelihood of extremely adverse outcomes that could be reduced if many participants take expensive actions. Conventional collective-action theory predicts that these problems will not be solved unless an external authority determines appropriate actions to be taken, monitors behavior, and imposes sanctions. Debating about global efforts to solve climate-change problems, however, has yet not led to an effective global treaty. Fortunately, many activities can be undertaken by multiple units at diverse scales that cumulatively make a difference. I argue that instead of focusing only on global efforts (which are indeed a necessary part of the long-term solution), it is better to encourage polycentric efforts to reduce the risks associated with the emission of greenhouse gases. Polycentric approaches facilitate achieving benefits at multiple scales as well as experimentation and learning from experience with diverse policies.
Nursing for 48 Hours from Birth Supports Porcine Uterine Gland Development and Endometrial Cell Compartment-Specific Gene Expression

ABSTRACT The first 2 wk of neonatal life constitute a critical period for estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1)-dependent uterine adenogenesis in the pig. A relaxin receptor (RXFP1)-mediated, lactocrine-driven mechanism was proposed to explain how nursing could regulate endometrial ESR1 and related gene expression events associated with adenogenesis in the porcine neonate during this period. To determine effects of nursing on endometrial morphogenesis and cell compartment-specific gene expression, gilts (n = 6–8/group) were assigned at birth to be either 1) nursed ad libitum for 48 h, 2) gavage fed milk replacer for 48 h, 3) nursed ad libitum to Postnatal Day (PND) 14, or 4) gavage fed milk replacer for 48 h followed by ad libitum nursing to PND 14. Uteri were collected on PND 2 or PND 14. Endometrial histoarchitecture and both ESR1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indexes (LIs) were evaluated. Laser microdissection was used to capture epithelium and stroma to evaluate treatment effects on ...
Eighty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians

The session "Disharmony in the Juste Milieu: Labor in the July Mon archy" examined aspects of working-class history in the first half of the nineteenth century. Charles Crouch assessed the growing distance between the petit bourgeoisie and the working class in "The Politics of Economic Transformation: Small-Scale Employers, Their Employees and the Demise of Sociability." In addition to structural transformations of the economy, Crouch argued that an increase in popular violence that included calls for a redistribution of wealth alienated the lower middle class from its allies among laboring men. The Revolution of 1848 completed the breach and thus frustrated a common politics. Judith DeGroat's paper, "Gender in the Archives: An Assessment of the Sources for a History of Women's Work in July Monarchy Paris," called for a more complex view of female labor in this period. Focusing on the manufacturing trades, DeGroat asserted that archival sources challenge the contemporary perception of female labor as solely needlework and offer a means to assess women's view of their labor beyond that provided by the printed works of socialist feminists. In "A Repertoire of Contention: Paris' Place de Gr?ve, 1830-1846," Casey Hari son explored the collective action of migrant masons. Drawing on Charles Tilly's formulation, Harison suggested that police and the people devel oped a repertoire of contention?recognized by both groups?that ac counts for the revolutionary activity in nineteenth-century Paris.
Concentrations of trace elements in blood and skin of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris).

Kelly, C.A., Law, R.J., Emerson, H.S., 2000. Methods of analysing hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine samples. Sci. Ser. Aquat. Environ. Prot.: Analyt. Meth. Cefas Lowestoft 12, 18. Law, R.J. (compiler), 2008. Environmental monitoring conducted in Lyme Bay following the grounding of MSC Napoli in January 2007, with an assessment of impact. Cefas Sci Ser. Aquat. Environ. Monit. Rep., Cefas Lowestoft 61, 36. Law, R.J., Kelly, C., 2004. The impact of the ‘‘Sea Empress” oil spill. Aquat. Living Res. 17, 389–394. Law, R.J., Kelly, C.A., Nicholson, M.D., 2000. The QUASIMEME laboratory performance study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): assessment for the period 1996–1999. J. Environ. Monit. 2, 517–523. Law, R.J., Kelly, C., Baker, K., Jones, J., McIntosh, A.D., Moffat, C.F., 2002. Toxic equivalency factors for PAH and their applicability in shellfish pollution monitoring studies. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 383–388. Walmsley, S.A., Pawson, M.G., 2007. The coastal fisheries of England and Wales. Part V: a review of their status 2005–06. Sci. Ser. Tech. Rep., Cefas Lowestoft 140, 83.
Application of catastrophe theory to corneal swelling

Stromal swelling in human, cat, and rabbit cornea is biphasic, interpretable as an elementary cusp catastrophe proposed by Thom, with t * ═ log t and Q * ═ log Q (stromal charge Q , time t ) as control parameters, and H 0.5 (hydration H ) as the state variable. A thermodynamic potential with two attractor regions, each with a local minimum, governs corneal stromal swelling. Transitions follow a ‘saturation convention’ whereby the second minimum is preferred upon availability. Corneal swelling is an example of a space-equivalent unfolding, where the transition plane moves in time. It is proposed that the transition plane coincides with the uncoupling of interfibrillary linkages or ‘springs’ in the corneal stroma, and is associated with a critical hydration of ca . 10 kg H 2 O per kilogram dry mass, and stromal charge ca . 1 x 10 -7 mol electrons.
Automatic selection of fixture points for frictionless assemblies

During the assembly of a product, it is vital that the partially completed assembly be stable. If the assembly is unstable, then it must be fixtured to stabilize it before retrieving the next part or subassembly This paper presents a stability test and a new approach to automatically generating the positions of a small set of fixture elements (fixels) that will stabilize an assembly. The stability test and the fixel positioning approach consider both the translational and rotational degrees of freedom of each part. Since all the relevant mechanical constraints are linear functions of the contact force magnitudes and the components of the velocities of the parts, linear programming techniques can be used with great efficiency. >
Electron resonance measurements on radicals in gamma‐irradiated polydimethyl itaconate

The electron resonance spectra of free radicals trapped in gamma-irradiated polydimethyl itaconate are described. If the recent suggestions that only certain configurations of polymer radicals may be possible are taken into account, these spectra can be interpreted as arising from trapped propagating radicals.
Integration's challenges and opportunities in the Wealthy West

ABSTRACTA demographic transition to greater ethno-racial diversity, the product in part of large-scale immigration over decades, will create challenges and opportunities for Western societies in coming decades. In this paper, based on our study of the USA and four Western European countries, we sift evidence from the first decade of the twenty-first century to look for clues about the possible consequences of the transition for the integration of the second generation, specifically, the children of low-status immigrants. We find unmet challenges when it comes to educational attainment and early labour-market position. That is, although on average the second generation advances beyond its parents, in each society it lags well behind its agemates from the native majority. Yet we also find, using data from the USA, that segments of the second generation are experiencing social mobility into the upper tiers of the occupational hierarchy and socially integrating with members of the majority group, arguably exp...
Effect of oral diethylstilbestrol on plasma progesterone.

6 regularly ovulating women volunteered to receive oral diethylstilb estrol under conditions simulating the occurrence of unprotected coitus at midcycle. They each received 25 mg of the drug for 5 days beginning on the day of basal body temperature rise. Levels of plasma progesterone were lower in the cycle in which treatment was received when compared to control cycles in the same women. The comparisons were significant at the p less than .01 p less than .01 and p less than .05 levels for Days 3-4 5-6 and 7-8 post-LH peak respectively.
Federal Judicial Retirement Systems

The retirement systems for federal judges in the United States are remarkably more detailed and varied than is commonly appreciated, even among lawyers and among U.S. judges themselves. When appointed to the U.S. judiciary, most federal judges are only dimly aware (if at all) of the retirement system that they will have at the end of their judicial careers. The purpose of this article is to explain the details of the various federal judicial retirement systems, both to inform sitting federal judges and to provide information to those who aspire to federal judicial appointment. In addition, the public at large may be interested to learn the extent to which the U.S. government provides for the retirement of this category of public servants.Part II of this article describes the federal judiciary, and the various categories of judges who serve in the federal judicial system. Part III describes the various retirement systems that apply to federal judges in the various categories. Part IV contains concluding remarks.
Sequence Covering Arrays and Linear Extensions

Covering subsequences by sets of permutations arises in numerous applications. Given a set of permutations that cover a specific set of subsequences, it is of interest not just to know how few permutations can be used, but also to find a set of size equal to or close to the minimum. These permutation construction problems have proved to be computationally challenging; few explicit constructions have been found for small sets of permutations of intermediate length, mostly arising from greedy algorithms. A different strategy is developed here. Starting with a set that covers the specific subsequences required, we determine local changes that can be made in the permutations without losing the required coverage. By selecting these local changes (using linear extensions) so as to make one or more permutations less ‘important’ for coverage, the method attempts to make a permutation redundant so that it can be removed and the set size reduced. A post-optimization method to do this is developed, and preliminary results on sequence covering arrays show that it is surprisingly effective.
Studying uniform and variable rate center pivot irrigation strategies with the aid of site-specific water production functions

Novel site-specific water production functions (WPFs) were developed and tested.New zoning procedures for variable rate irrigation were established.The k-NN WPF accurately predicted cotton yield under supplemental irrigation.Sector zoning was predicted to enhance cotton yield under supplemental irrigation. Irrigation management has evolved into a top priority issue since available fresh water resources are limited. Water production functions (WPFs), mathematical relationships between applied water and crop yield, are useful tools for irrigation management and economic analysis of yield reduction due to deficit irrigation. This study aimed at (i) designing and evaluating site-specific WPFs (using k nearest neighbors (k-NN), multiple linear regression, and neural networks), (ii) simulating yield maps for uniform, sector control VRI, and zone control VRI center pivot systems using the site-specific WPFs, (iii) using the best WPF to investigate different cotton irrigation and zoning strategies using integer linear programming, and (iv) comparing soil-based and WPF-based zones for sector control VRI systems. A two-year cotton irrigation experiment (2013-2014) was implemented to study irrigation-cotton lint yield relationship across different soil types. The site-specific k-NN WPFs showed the highest performance with root mean square error equal to 0.131Mgha-1 and 0.194Mgha-1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The result indicated that variable rate irrigation with limited sector control capability could enhance cotton lint yield under supplemental irrigation when field-level spatial soil heterogeneity is significant. The temporal changes in climate and rainfall patterns, however, had a great impact on cotton response to irrigation in west Tennessee, a moderately humid region with short season environment. We believe site-specific WPFs are useful empirical tools for on-farm irrigation research.
Aeromonas and serratia. Comparative study of extracellular deoxyribonuclease production and other biochemical characteristics.

The biochemical characteristics of 10 strains of Aeromonas isolated from clinical material are compared with those of numerous clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens . The role of the extracellular deoxyribonuclease test in distinguishing Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter liquefaciens is questioned. In addition, the antibiograms of Aeromonas and Serratia are presented as a possible aid in characterization. The value of cytochrome oxidase and ornithine decarboxylase tests in the differentiation of Aeromonas and Serratia is discussed
Physical Characteristics of Pectoralis superficialis from Brine-Chilled Broiler Carcasses

Abstract Broiler carcasses were chilled in either 5% sodium chloride ice slush for 4, 8, 12, or 16 hr, or water-ice slush for 16 hr. The pectoralis superficialis muscle from the chilled carcasses was analyzed for tenderness, water holding capacity, moisture content, chloride concentration, and length of sarcomeres. The data indicated that 4 hr brine-ice slush chilling significantly increased tissue chloride concentration, water holding capacity (percent water in cooked sample and percent expressible juice), and tenderness over the respective values obtained from 16 hr water-ice slush chilled carcasses. Tenderness values and chloride concentration appeared to maximize at the longer brine chilling times. Sarcomere length of the 16 hr brine-chilled samples was shorter than that observed for water-chilled samples. Brine chilling did not affect water uptake or percent moisture of raw meat.