cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic insights into family group co-occurrence in Cryptocercus punctulatus, a sub-social woodroach from the southern Appalachian Mountains

The wood-feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) is an important member of the dead wood (saproxylic) community in montane forests of the southeastern United States. However, its population biology remains poorly understood. Here, aspects of family group co-occurrence were characterized to provide basic information that can be extended by studies on the evolution and maintenance of sub-sociality. Broad sampling across the species' range was coupled with molecular data (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences). The primary questions were: (1) what proportion of rotting logs contain two or more different mtDNA haplotypes and how often can this be attributed to multiple families inhabiting the same log, (2) are multi-family logs spatially clustered, and (3) what levels of genetic differentiation among haplotypes exist within a log, and how genetically similar are matrilines of co-occurring family groups? Multi-family logs were identified on the premise that three different mtDNA haplotypes, or two different haplotypes among adult females, is inconsistent with a single family group founded by one male-female pair. Results showed that of the 88 rotting logs from which multiple adult C. punctulatus were sampled, 41 logs (47%) contained two or more mtDNA haplotypes, and at least 19 of these logs (22% overall) were inferred to be inhabited by multiple families. There was no strong evidence for spatial clustering of the latter class of logs. The frequency distribution of nucleotide differences between co-occurring haplotypes was strongly right-skewed, such that most haplotypes were only one or two mutations apart, but more substantial divergences (up to 18 mutations, or 1.6% uncorrected sequence divergence) do occasionally occur within logs. This work represents the first explicit investigation of family group co-occurrence in C. punctulatus, providing a valuable baseline for follow-up studies.
Hallmarks of T-cell Exit from Quiescence.

The appropriate activation of the adaptive immune system relies upon the reprogramming of naive T cells into specialized effector T cells that can combat pathogens and tumors. Naive T cells are actively maintained in a state of hyporesponsiveness termed quiescence, which is characterized by small cell size, low proliferative rate, and low basal metabolism. Engagement of antigen and costimulatory receptors drives T cells to exit quiescence to promote subsequent clonal expansion and functional differentiation. The exit from quiescence, which precedes activation-induced proliferation, is associated with extensive remodeling of cellular morphology and metabolism. Here, we define and discuss the implications of the six key features of the exit of naive T cells from quiescence: (i) cell-cycle entry, (ii) cell growth, (iii) autocrine or paracrine interleukin-2 signaling, (iv) anabolic metabolism, (v) nutrient uptake, and (vi) remodeling of mitochondrial function. Ultimately, understanding how naive T cells meet each of these requirements for quiescence exit will allow for the tuning of T-cell responses to treat infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 502-8. ©2018 AACR.
Gender and Religion

Despite the burgeoning of gender and religion studies over the last few decades, very few works address questions of sound and hearing. Yet acoustic and auditory practices and perceptions can be closely linked to patterns of gender differentiation. Drawing on recent research in sound studies, with a focus on voice and vocalization, the article discusses what challenges and enhancements a sonically aware approach might afford.
Hemopexin: Iron Recycling

There is a significant amount of methemoglobin circulating in human plasma at all times. In this compound, the iron in the iron-porphyrin complex is in the trivalent state and does not participate in oxygen exchange. The prosthetic group is called ferriprotoporphyrin IX. The free base is called hematin, and the chloride salt hemin (see Volume 2, p. 469). Some use the expressions ferriheme for ferriprotoporphyrin IX and ferrihemoglobin to signify methemoglobin.
An Analysis of U.S. and World Oil Production Patterns Using Hubbert-Style Curves

A quantitative analytical method, using a spreadsheet, has been developed that allows the determination of values of the three parameters that characterize the Hubbert-style Gaussian error curve that best fits the conventional oil production data both for the U.S. and the world. The three parameters are the total area under the Gaussian, which represents the estimated ultimate (oil) recovery (EUR), the date of the maximum of the curve, and the half-width of the curve. The “best fit” is determined by adjusting the values of the three parameters to minimize the root mean square deviation (RMSD) between the data and the Gaussian. The sensitivity of the fit to changes in values of the parameters is indicated by an exploration of the rate at which the RMSD increases as values of the three parameters are varied from the values that give the best fit. The results of the analysis are as follows: (1) the size of the U.S. EUR of oil is suggested to be 0.222 × 1012 barrels (0.222 trillion bbl) of which approximately three-fourths appears to have been produced through 1995; (2) if the world EUR is 2.0 × 1012 bbl (2.0 trillion bbl), a little less than half of this oil has been produced through 1995, and the maximum of world oil production is indicated to be in 2004; (3) each increase of one billion barrels in the size of the world EUR beyond the value of 2.0 × 1012 bbl can be expected to result in a delay of approximately 5.5 days in the date of maximum production; (4) alternate production scenarios are presented for world EURs of 3.0 and 4.0 × 1012 bbl.
The babyblas - an extended project for introducing undergraduates to the concepts of high performance and parallel scientific computing

This paper describes a extended semester long project for introducing advanced Computational Science undergraduates to the principles of high performance computing (HPC) and parallel scientific computing. In the project students build their own miniature version of the Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS). The project is broken into several components, each with its own set of deliverables, that methodically cause students to confront many of the concepts related to high performance and parallel computing. Herein we describe the project components and describe the results of using this project with upper division CS students.
Investigation of Surface States and Device Surface Charging in Nitride Materials Using Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE STATES AND DEVICE SURFACE CHARGING IN NITRIDE MATERIALS USING SCANNING KELVIN PROBE MICROSCOPY By Mohammed Shahriar Sabuktagin A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Major Director: Dr. Hadis Morkoc Professor, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering In this work Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy (SKPM) was used to characterize surface states and device surface charging in nitride materials. Samples grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) and Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) typically show a high surface band bending of about 1 eV. In an n-type sample with 3×10 cm carrier concentration, 1 eV upward band bending corresponds to 1.7×10 cm trapped charge density in the surface states. Under continuous ultraviolet (UV) illumination up to 0.6 eV surface photo voltage effect could be observed in some samples, which further indicates that surface band bending is very likely larger than 0.6 eV, i.e. close to 1 eV. Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) xi xii damage was observed to increase surface band bending by about 0.4 eV where as surface treatments in organic solvents and inorganic acids did not affect surface band bending significantly. These results indicate presence of high density of surface states in devices fabricated in nitride materials. Surface potential measurements immediately after turning off a reverse bias to the Schottky contact of a GaN Schottky diode as well as an AlGaN/GaN Hetero-junction Field Effect Transistor (HFET) show an increase of band bending near the Schottky contact edge. For an applied reverse bias of 4 V, about 0.5 eV increase of band bending was observed. This increase of band bending was caused by tunneling of electrons from the Schottky contact and their subsequent capture by surface states near the contact edge. In case of the HFET, the increase of band bending for a bias that caused no current flow through the device was similar to a bias that did. This showed that hot electron injection from the channel did not play a significant role in increasing surface band bending. The accumulated charge near the gate edge of a HFET can deplete the channel, which would cause the drain current to decrease. The total times of accumulation and dissipation of excess surface charge near the gate edge of the HFET were comparable to the time scales of drain current transients of current collapse and recovery. From this observation we attributed current collapse phenomena to charge accumulation near the edge of the reverse biased gate contact of a HFET. CHAPTER
What Happens When?: Interpreting Schedule of Activity Tables in Clinical Trial Documents

Clinical trial protocols are complex documents that must be translated manually for trial execution and management. We have developed a system to automatically transform a schedule of activity (SOA) table from a PDF document into a machine interpretable form. Our system combines semantic, structural, and NLP approaches with a "human in the loop" for verification to determine which cells contain activity or temporal information, and then to understand details of what these cells represent. Using a training and test set of 20 protocols, we assess the accuracy of identifying specific types of SOA elements. This work is the first stage of a larger effort to use artificial intelligence techniques to extract procedural logic in clinical trial documents and to create a knowledge base of protocols for insights and comparison across studies.
Improving Emergency Department Care for Pediatric Victims of Sexual Abuse

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Evidence-based medical care of sexual abuse victims who present to the pediatric emergency department (PED) is necessary to facilitate forensic evidence collection and prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Adherence to testing and treatment guidelines remains low in PEDs, despite recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We aimed to increase the proportion of patient encounters at a PED for reported sexual abuse that receive algorithm-adherent care from 57% to 90% within 12 months. METHODS: Our team of PED and child abuse pediatricians outlined our theory for improvement, and multiple plan-do-study-act cycles were conducted to test interventions that were aimed at key drivers. Interventions included the construction of a best practice algorithm derived from published guidelines, targeted clinician education, and integration of an electronic order set. Our primary outcome was the proportion of patient encounters in which care adhered to algorithm recommendations. Data were abstracted from the records of all patient encounters evaluated in the PED for reported sexual abuse. RESULTS: We analyzed 657 visits between July 2015 and January 2018. The proportion of patient encounters with algorithm-adherent care improved from 57% to 87% during the study period. This improvement has been sustained for 13 months. Failure to test for hepatitis and syphilis constituted the majority of nonadherent care. CONCLUSIONS: Using improvement methodology, we successfully increased algorithm-adherent evaluation and management of patients presenting for sexual abuse. Targeted education and an electronic order set were associated with improved adherence to a novel care algorithm.
Abstract 1559: Reduced Adipose Tissue Inflammation Represents an Intermediate Cardiometabolic Phenotype in Obesity

Obesity is associated with a low-grade state of chronic inflammation that may be causally related to cardiometabolic disease. We hypothesized that obese individuals with reduced inflammatory burden may have more favorable metabolic and vascular profiles. Using immunohistochemistry targeted to adipose tissue macrophages (ATM), we dichotomously categorized obese individuals as having inflamed fat (n=62, BMI 44±9 kg/m 2 ) or quiescent fat (n=27, BMI 45±8) based on the presence(+) or absence(−) of ATM crown-like structures (CLS) in abdominal subcutaneous fat, as a hallmark of chronic tissue inflammation. Age and BMI were similar between the two groups (p=NS). We compared their metabolic, vascular, and adipose phenotype to lean controls (n=6; BMI=23±1 kg/m 2 ). Inflamed CLS+ obese subjects exhibited higher plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, hs-CRP, SBP, and lower HDL-chol and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared to the lean group (p
Perinatal Pyogenic Liver Abscess: A Rare Entity and First Reported Case of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Introduction Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is a rare clinical entity, occurring in ∼2.3 per 100,000 patients. Perinatal PLA syndromes are exceedingly rare with just seven previously described cases in the literature and no prior Klebsiella-associated reports. Case A 29-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman at 11 weeks gestation reporting fever, body aches, and headache. Search for an infectious source identified a 4-cm liver abscess. Percutaneous drainage confirmed Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. The patient was treated with antibiotics until imaging verified complete resolution of the abscess. Conclusion PLA is an uncommon etiology of sepsis in pregnancy. A thorough workup until a source was identified resulted in accurate diagnosis. This allowed for directed therapy and prompt recovery, undoubtedly contributing to favorable pregnancy outcomes in this first report of Klebsiella-associated perinatal PLA.
Ideal p–n Diodes from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Use in Solar Cells: Beating the Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency

Though many technologies exist for improving solar cell efficiencies, there remains an unexplored fundamental parameter, the diode ideality factor (n), that we can exploit. The Shockley–Queisser li...
Observing post-release mortality for dusky sharks, Carcharhinus obscurus, captured in the U.S. pelagic longline fishery

Abstract The latest stock assessment for the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, in the western North Atlantic Ocean indicates the population is overfished and experiencing overfishing. As part of a rebuilding plan, the commercial and recreational retention of dusky sharks has been prohibited since 2000. Despite this prohibition, dusky sharks are bycatch in multiple fisheries, including the pelagic longline fishery; however, post-release mortality (PRM) rates have not been empirically determined for this gear. Herein we estimated PRM of dusky sharks captured by the US pelagic longline fleet in the western North Atlantic Ocean utilizing pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags. One hundred and twenty three dusky sharks were captured on commercial pelagic longline gear and time on the hook, based on hook timer data, ranged from 0.8 to 8.1 h (4.3 ± 0.28 h). No at-vessel mortality (AVM) was observed for any dusky sharks in this study. Prior to release, 50 PSAT LIFE tags (Lotek Inc.) were attached to dusky sharks (females n = 12, 209 ± 8 cm FL; males n = 4, 198 ± 7 cm FL; unknown sex n = 34, 214 ± 7 cm FL) to assess PRM rates in the pelagic longline fishery during a 30 day attachment period. Forty-three of the 50 deployed tags reported data with deployment times ranging from 1 to 28 days (11.2 ± 9.8 days). Four dusky sharks were in poor condition at release and two individuals suffered PRM, which occurred within two hours after release. Total mortality rate (AVM + PRM) in the current study was 5.1%, far below estimates reported for bottom longline gear (˜97%), and reinforces the notion that PRM should be evaluated by species, season, and gear type.
A dual‐center evaluation of platelet culture vials to detect the presence of microorganisms in platelets

Background Microorganism contamination of platelets results in a high risk of transfusion-related sepsis. Here, the ability of culture vials (BD BACTEC Platelet Aerobic/F and Platelet Anaerobic/F vials, Becton, Dickinson and Company) to detect microorganisms in leukoreduced apheresis platelets (LRAPs) and leukoreduced whole blood platelet concentrates (LRWBPCs) was assessed. Methods LRAPs or LRWBPCs were inoculated into Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials and placed in a blood culturing system (BD BACTEC FX System, Becton, Dickinson and Company) for growth/monitoring over 7 days to detect preexisting contamination during false-positive testing. Subsequently, platelets were seeded with microorganisms at approximately 10 CFU/mL or approximately 1 CFU/mL to simulate contamination. Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials were inoculated with platelets (sets of 12). Microorganism growth was detected in the BACTEC FX instrument over 7 days. Overall, 2925 vials were tested. Results Of the 1905 vials included in the microorganism detection phase, 63 (3.3%) Aerobic/F and 16 (0.8%) Anaerobic/F vials were both BACTEC FX and subculture negative. From the remaining 1827 vials, two (0.1%) Anaerobic/F vials were false positive; no false positives were observed in Aerobic/F vials, and no false negatives occurred in either vial type. Of the remaining 1825 vials (99.9%), 955 Aerobic/F and 870 Anaerobic/F vials were true positives. The mean-time-to-detection range was 8.5 to 77 hours. All true-positive Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials showed 100% agreement with subculture for positive identification of seeded microorganisms. Conclusion Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials facilitate contamination detection in LRAPs and LRWBPCs down to approximately 1 CFU/mL. These results support the use of Aerobic/F and Anaerobic/F vials for quality control testing of platelets before transfusion.
Introduction and Analytical Framework

This chapter explains the general scope of the book and briefly explains Iran’s confrontations with the West involving its oil nationalization in the early 1950s and its nuclear program in recent years. In both circumstances, Iran was put under economic sanctions and threat of military attacks while it was pursuing its national interests. The chapter then describes theories of imperialism and center—periphery relations as analytical framework to explain Iran’s predicament versus great powers in each historical epoch.
Robotic Assay for Drought (RoAD): An Automated Phenotyping System for Brassinosteroid and Drought Response

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant steroid hormones involved in regulating growth, development, and stress responses. Many components of the BR pathway have previously been identified and characterized. However, BR phenotyping experiments are typically performed on petri plates and/or in a low-throughput manner. Additionally, the BR pathway has extensive crosstalk with drought responses, but drought experiments are time-consuming and difficult to control. Thus, we developed Robotic Assay for Drought (RoAD) to perform BR and drought response experiments in soil-grown Arabidopsis plants. RoAD is equipped with a bench scale, a precisely controlled watering system, an RGB camera, and a laser profilometer. It performs daily weighing, watering, and imaging tasks and is capable of administering BR response assays by watering plants with Propiconazole (PCZ), a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. We developed image processing algorithms for both plant segmentation and phenotypic trait extraction in order to accurately measure traits in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) spaces including plant surface area, leaf length, and leaf width. We then applied machine learning algorithms that utilized the extracted phenotypic parameters to identify image-derived traits that can distinguish control, drought, and PCZ-treated plants. We carried out PCZ and drought experiments on a set of BR mutants and Arabidopsis accessions with altered BR responses. Finally, we extended the RoAD assays to perform BR response assays using PCZ in Zea mays (maize) plants. This study establishes an automated and non-invasive robotic imaging system as a tool to accurately measure morphological and growth-related traits of Arabidopsis and maize plants, providing insights into the BR-mediated control of plant growth and stress responses.
A suite of mathematical solutions to describe ternary complex formation and their application to targeted protein degradation by heterobifunctional ligands

Small molecule–induced targeted protein degradation by heterobifunctional ligands or molecular glues represents a new modality in drug development, allowing development of therapeutic agents for targets previously considered undruggable. Successful target engagement requires the formation of a ternary complex (TC) when the ligand brings its target protein in contact with an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Unlike traditional drugs, where target engagement can be described by a simple bimolecular equilibrium equation, similar mathematical tools are currently not available to describe TC formation in a universal manner. This current limitation substantially increases the challenges of developing drugs with targeted protein degradation mechanism. In this article, I provide a full, exact, and universal mathematical description of the TC system at equilibrium for the first time. I have also constructed a comprehensive suite of mathematical tools for quantitative measurement of target engagement and equilibrium constants from experimental data. Mechanistic explanations are provided for many common challenges associated with developing this type of therapeutic agent. Insights from these analyses provide testable hypotheses and grant direction to drug development efforts in this promising area. The mathematical and analytical tools described in this article may also have broader applications in other areas of biology and chemistry in which ternary complexes are observed.
#Gramming Gender: The Cognizance of Equality on Instagram Accounts of Prominent NCAA Athletic Departments:

Under the federally mandated Title IX, NCAA athletic departments are directed to offer balanced promotional and informational coverage between men’s and women’s sports. This study examines how gend...
Autism Characteristics and Self-Reported Health in Older Adulthood.

Objectives The present research used a continuous measurement approach to extend evidence that autism is associated with significant struggles in physical health as well as mental health and psychological well-being. Method The relationship of autism characteristics to physical health and psychological well-being was examined in 294 individuals (M age = 70.51, SD age = 8.17, age range = 53 - 96). The sample is 57.4% female (n = 166) and primarily White (n = 270, 96.8%). The majority of the participants did not identify as having an autism diagnosis (n = 284, 96.6%). Participants completed the Autism Quotient Scale (AQ, Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) alongside self-report measures of physical health, mental health, and psychological well-being. Results Autism characteristics correlated strongly with challenges in social engagement due to poor health (r = .46), depression (r = .39) and anxiety (r = .47), limitations due to poor mental health (r =.41), satisfaction with life (r = -.47), and psychological well-being (r = -.62). Discussion These findings help shed light on the challenges experienced by individuals aging with elevated autism characteristics. The limitations of this study and prior work on this topic help identify important avenues for future research in this area.
De-Masking deafness: Unlearning and Reteaching Disability During a Pandemic

In academic writing about disability, the impetus is typically used to subvert society's ableist structures and challenge misconceptions and misunderstanding around disability. However, due to the world-wide spread of COVID-19 and the restrictions put in place to reduce the virus's impact, such as asking people to wear masks in public places and the closing of universities and moving to entirely online learning, the author, who is deaf, found herself vulnerable and confronting a lack of access due to these measures. This reflexive paper will investigate how the pandemic and its effects forced the author to reconsider her ownership of her deafness. It will add to a growing body of autoethnographic disability research by contributing another facet to understandings around disability and self as they are actualized in the midst of the pandemic.
Hierarchy and Reliability of the Preschool Language Scales–Fifth Edition: Mokken Scale Analysis

Purpose This study examined the psychometric properties of the Preschool Language Scales–Fifth Edition (PLS-5 English) among preschool children from low–socioeconomic status (SES) families. Method ...
Stereotactic laser interstitial thermal therapy corpus callosotomy for the treatment of pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE Corpus callosotomy is a safe and effective procedure for reducing the frequency of drop attacks. MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) offers a minimally invasive alternative to conventional open craniotomy for callosotomy. We hypothesized that MRgLITT callosotomy could be safely performed in pediatric patients with similar seizure control. METHODS We present an institutional case series of 11 procedures in 10 patients for the treatment of drop attacks in drug-refractory primary generalized epilepsy. MRgLITT was used for complete callosotomy, anterior two-thirds, posterior, or ablation of residual callosal fibers following prior callosotomy (open or MRgLITT). We retrospectively reviewed clinical course, operative details, radiographic imaging, clinical outcomes, and complications. RESULTS Operative time ranged from 4-8 hours, and median hospitalization was 2 days. No complications were encountered. Among the 7 patients with at least 3 months of follow-up, 71% experienced freedom from drop attacks at longest follow-up and 57% of cases showed improvement in their other seizure semiologies as well (Engel Class II: 28%, Class III: 28%, Class IV: 43%). SIGNIFICANCE MR-guided LITT callosotomy is safe and effective modality in the management of pediatric patients with medically intractable epilepsy characterized by drop attacks. While this is among the largest pediatric series to date, further studies are required to delineate its safety and efficacy among such patients.
ECLAC, transnational corporations and the quest for a Latin American development strategy

paper analyses the role assigned to foreign direct investment and transnational corporations in the ECLAC development project, examining the history of the institution and its most representative publications. With impressive continuity in its vision and policy recommendations, ECLAC has recognized the need for foreign investment as an aid for Latin American development, but has been cautious about its consequences. ECLAC has continually called for close scrutiny and regulation of the activities of transnational corporations. The main idea underlying these recommendations is that Latin American-owned industries have to be the guiding forces of economic development. In addition, ECLAC has consistently stressed the benefits of Latin American integration in helping expand Latin American industries, foster autochthonous research and development and provide Latin American governments with information and bargaining power vis-a-vis transnational corporations.
RESOURCE CURSE, POLITICAL ENTRY, AND DEADWEIGHT COSTS

A simple model of political entry in a two-sector economy is developed to analyze the effects of natural resource wealth on economic policy, political development, and civil insurrection. The model emphasizes the role of political entry and deadweight costs of taxation on the joint determination of these economic and political outcomes. Contrary to popular belief, my model shows that natural resource abundance is an economic blessing even in a rent-seeking society, although resource dependence can be negatively associated with economic performance. In a contested political market, dictators care about popular support and hence resource wealth can help reduce the deadweight cost of taxation (and hence the cost of public good provision). On the other hand, natural resource wealth can be a political curse, because it encourages political entry and hence it induces incumbent dictators to run more repressive regimes. With constant returns counterinsurgent technology, however, the equilibrium number of insurgents is independent of the size of resource wealth. The onset of civil war, therefore, depends on the counterinsurgent technology and whether the costs of entry deterrence are affected by resource wealth. This helps clarify the two seemingly contradictory hypotheses that “resource wealth enhances regime durability” and “resource wealth fuels conflict.”
LIQUID TO BABY FOOD FADING IN THE TREATMENT OF FOOD REFUSAL

In the current investigation, we identified two young children who consistently consumed liquids, but not baby food, after treatment with positive reinforcement for mouth clean (an indirect measure of swallowing) and physical guidance with re-presentation of food. We examined the effects of an 11-step stimulus fading procedure that involved gradually altering the concentration of liquid by adding baby food to the liquid. High levels of mouth clean were maintained in both children throughout fading, and increased mouth clean during probes of 100% baby food was obtained after conducting all 11 fading steps with one child and 6 of 11 fading steps with the second child. Negative vocalizations decreased during probes of 100% baby food after conducting the remaining fading steps with the second child. Gram intake of 100% baby food increased with both children after we completed all fading steps. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On The Differences Between Spoken and Written Language

Drawing on research studies in (socio)linguistics, discourse analysis, and literacy, this paper provides a synthesis of findings about lexical and syntactico-semantic differences between spokken an...
The processing and comprehension of wh-questions among second language speakers of German

Using the self-paced reading paradigm, the present study examines whether highly proficient second language (L2) speakers of German (English first language) use case-marking information during the on-line comprehension of unambiguous wh-extractions, even when task demands do not draw explicit attention to this morphosyntactic feature in German. Results support previous findings, in that both the native and the L2 German speakers exhibited an immediate subject preference in the matrix clause, suggesting they were sensitive to case-marking information. However, only among the native speakers did this subject preference carry over to reading times in the complement clause. The results from the present study are discussed in light of current debates regarding the ability of L2 speakers to attain nativelike processing strategies in their L2.
Nature of Unsaponifiable Lipids of a Mycoplasma Strain Grown with Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate as a Substitute for Sterol

Mycoplasma sp., strain J, which is unable to convert mevalonic acid to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) will grow with IPP as a substitute for sterol. 14 C-labeled IPP is incorporated into its unsaponifiable lipid. This unsaponifiable lipid was separated into three 14 C-labeled fractions, all of which possess spectral and chromatographic characteristics of polyterpenes.
The 4th concept detector

The 4th concept detector consists of four detector subsystems, a small-pixel vertex detector, a high-resolution TPC, a new multiple-readout fiber calorimeter and a new dual-solenoid iron-free muon system. We discuss the design of a comprehensive facility that measures and identifies all partons of the standard model, including hadronic W → jj and Z → jj decays, with high precision and high efficiency. We emphasis here the calorimeter and muon systems.
Global health impact of soil-transmitted nematodes.

Infection with soil-transmitted nematodes (STNs) including Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus) remain among the most common diseases of humans affecting up to one-fourth of the world’s population. At least part of the explanation for this is the strong association with rural poverty. With new quantitative methods to assess impact of chronic diseases of low to moderate morbidity there is renewed appreciation of the impact of STN infection on global health. STN infections may account for up to 12% of total disease burden among children in resource-poor countries. WHO recently estimated that STN infections and schistosomiasis account for up to 40% of the total disease burden in tropical countries excluding malaria. This impact on health has led to novel strategies to reduce the cumulative health effect of STN infections in the world’s most vulnerable populations. (excerpt)
Identifying the Minimal Enzymes Required for Anhydrotetracycline Biosynthesis

The cyclohexenone ring A of tetracyclines exhibits unique structural features not observed among other aromatic polyketides. These substitutions include the C2 primary amide, C4 dimethylamine, and the C12a tertiary alcohol. Here we report the identification and reconstitution of the minimum set of enzymes required for the biosynthesis of anhydrotetracycline (ATC, 5), the first intermediate in the tetracycline biosynthetic pathway that contains the fully functionalized ring A. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we confirmed OxyL, OxyQ, and OxyT to be the only enzymes required to convert 6-methylpretetramid 1 into 5. OxyL is a NADPH-dependent dioxygenase that introduces two oxygen atoms into 1 to yield the unstable intermediate 4-keto-ATC 2. The aminotransferase OxyQ catalyzes the reductive amination of C4-keto of 2, yielding 4-amino-ATC 3. Furthermore, the N,N-dimethyltransferase OxyT catalyzes the formation of 5 from 3 in a (S)-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent manner. Finally, a “no...
Effect of nutrients on the variation of individual generation times.

Abstract Individual generation times were scored for 790 cells ( Euglena gracilis , strain Z) grown on a salt medium, and for 548 cells grown on a complex organic medium. The two frequency distributions showed that variation of individual generation times is reduced in the complex medium.
Comparing the hydrology journals

How do the various water resources journals stack up? This question is frequently asked at scientific meetings, within promotion and tenure committees, and around graduate student lunch counters. Several years ago G. Dagan (Eos, June 20,1989) published a very useful report of findings by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), which publishes annual reviews of scientometric indices. I read his report just after receiving my Ph.D., and the numbers greatly influenced my choice of where to publish my dissertation. For those graduate students and water resources professionals who may benefit from the latest figures, I report my compilation of the 1995 impact factors from ISI.
A Review of “Venture Smith and the Business of Slavery and Freedom”

The Narrative of the Life of Venture Smith, published in 1798, is one of the first of the genre of what came to be known as slave narratives in the United States. Broteer Furror, the son of a king,...
Microscale, filtration-type binding assay for studying myosin-erythrocyte protein 4.1 interactions

Abstract In vitro binding of skeletal muscle myosin and the erythrocyte cytoskeleton linker protein, band 4.1, was evaluated in a novel small-volume, filtration-based binding assay. The assay equipment consisted of a plastic grid containing several buffer-filled wells into which were placed small nylon screens. Myosin was covalently tethered to an agarose (Sepharose) support and aliquots of this resin were pipetted onto the surface of the submerged nylon screen. Following addition of radiolabeled protein 4.1, and an appropriate incubation period, the myosin-Sepharose beads and bound protein 4.1 were separated by wicking the buffer from beneath the nylon screen with a piece of filter paper. Nylon screens, with adherent resin beads, and the filter paper wicks were then counted to give the amounts of bound and free protein 4.1, respectively. This system proved to be a rapid, simple, and quantitative method for evaluating the behavior of myosin binding protein under conditions in which free myosin would be prone to assemble into filaments. Moreover, since the assay separates bound and free components within a few seconds, it is well suited for the analysis of low-affinity interactions.
Some physical organic chemistry of aging processes

Work at Stanford Research Institute on the deterioration of polymers is based on the assumption that aging in the light is the most serious problem and that it has at least three components that must be separated if we are to understand the overall process. We have started by measuring the production of free radicals on the polymer when pairs of t-butoxy radicals are generated from thermal decomposition of di-t-butylperoxy oxalate (DBPO) in bulk atactic polypropylene at temperatures approximating service conditions, 35–50°C. Our preliminary experiments have brought out experimental difficulties and have raised more theoretical questions than they have answered. Nevertheless, they show that the efficiency of production of polymer radicals is low and sensitive to the mobilities of the polymer chains. They also suggest that two kinetically different oxidation processes, with different dependencies on rates of initiation and with different susceptibilities to inhibitors, are proceeding simultaneously. The implications of these findings for results of some previous work and for design of improved accelerated tests is considered.
A generalized framework for mining spatio-temporal patterns in scientific data

In this paper, we present a general framework to discover spatial associations and spatio-temporal episodes for scientific datasets. In contrast to previous work in this area, features are modeled as geometric objects rather than points. We define multiple distance metrics that take into account objects' extent and thus are more robust in capturing the influence of an object on other objects in spatial neighborhood. We have developed algorithms to discover four different types of spatial object interaction (association) patterns. We also extend our approach to accommodate temporal information and propose a simple algorithm to derive spatio-temporal episodes. We show that such episodes can be used to reason about critical events. We evaluate our framework on real datasets to demonstrate its efficacy. The datasets originate from two different areas: Computational Molecular Dynamics and Computational Fluid Flow. We present results highlighting the importance of the identified patterns and episodes by using knowledge from the underlying domains. We also show that the proposed algorithms scale linearly with respect to the dataset size.
Wave-current interaction in the bottom boundary layer during storm and non-storm conditions: observations and model predictions

Bottom boundary layer measurements of current velocity profiles and bed response under combined wave and current conditions were obtained at a water depth of 145 m on the shelf off central California during December 1988. High quality logarithmic current profiles, excellent time-series bottom photographs, and a large variation in the relative strengths of the wave-induced oscillatory currents and the quasi-steady low frequency currents provided a dataset that is ideal for examining the effects of wave-current interaction near a rough boundary. During one period of 3 days that included a brief storm event, the wave-induced bottom currents (Ub1/10) ranged from 2.3 to 22 cm s−1 and the steady currents (Ur) ranged from 1.8 to 28.1 cm s−1 at 0.18 m above the bottom; the ratio Ub/U18 varied from below 0.2 to more than 7. Velocity profiles were highly logarithmic (R2 > 0.95) 60% of the time and 27 profiles collected at 2-h intervals had R2 ⪖ 0.994 which allowed reliable estimates of the current shear velocity (U*c) and roughness length (zoc). Mean U*c values had magnitudes of 0.3–2.4 cm s−1 and zoc, which ranged from 0.04 to 3.5 cm, was strongly correlated to the Ub/U18 ratio. Drag coefficients (CD= τc/ρU1002) ranged from about 2.5 × 10−3−12 × 10−3 in direct response to the wave-current variation; the use of a constant CD of3 × 10−3 for steady flow over a rough bed would have underpredicted the shear stress by up to four times during the storm event. The large zoc and U*c values cannot be explained by changes in the carefully-observed, small (<1cm) physical bed roughness elements that covered the mud-rich study site. A side-scan sonar site survey also eliminated the possibility of flow disturbance by larger upstream topography. The observations clearly demonstrate the importance of wave-current interaction near a rough boundary. Comparison of the observations with results of the combined flow models of Grant and Madsen and Glenn show the models provide good predictions of U*c and zoc when the waves are characterized by either H1/3 or H1/10.
A Device for the Measurement of Pedicle Screw Moments by Means of Internal Strain Gauges

Pedicle screws are commonly used in spinal reconstruction, and failure of pedicle screws due to bending is a significant clinical problem. To measure the moments typically placed on pedicle screws in situ we instrumented 7 mm Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) pedicle screws with internally mounted strain gauges. The screws were designed to measure flexion-extension moments at a single cross-section as dictated by strain gauge placement. It is possible to measure moments of up to 12 Nm at any location along the length of the screw by constructing transducers with varying strain gauge placements. These transducers are capable of measuring moments at points located within the vertebra including the pedicle, which is where failure usually occurs clinically. Transducer output was both linear and reproducible. These transducers are being used to investigate the load transfer characteristics between the pedicle screw and the vertebra. This technique could be applied to investigations of load sharing in reconstruction plates, lag-screws, and cross-locked intramedullary nails.
Religious Belief and the Learning of Paired Associates

(1969). Religious Belief and the Learning of Paired Associates. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 275-279.
Social Transformation and Its Human Costs in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest

Change is inevitable, but some changes and transformations are more dramatic and fraught with suffering than others. Resilience theory suggests the concept of a "rigidity trap" as an explanation for these differences. In rigidity traps, a high degree of connectivity and the suppression of innovation prolong an increasingly rigid state, with the result that the eventual transformation is harsh. Three archaeological cases from the U.S. Southwest (Mimbres, Mesa Verde, and Hohokam) and new methods for assessing transformations and rigidity are used to evaluate this concept. They reveal the expected association between the severity of transfor- mation and degree of rigidity, suggesting that a rigidity trap contributed to the Hohokam decline, which included significant human suffering. Possible causes of rigidity, with implications for today's world, are explored. (Keywords: U.S. Southwest, archaeology, social transformation, resilience theory, ecological theory)
Power line vicinity monitoring via multiple displacement current measurement

Developing sensing technologies to measure and characterize local Electromagnetic field (EM) signatures around overhead line conductors has become an appealing solution to successfully implement a low-cost, distributed and massively deployed power line sensor network (PLSN) for power grid monitoring. Such sensing technologies potentially assess the local healthiness of power lines and to predict incipient faults of lines, such as proximity of tree limbs, or violation of conductor-to-ground clearance. This kind of information is normally not available to conventional fault detection devices. This paper proposes a novel Multiple-Displacement-Current-Sensor (mDCS) to capture the spatial mapping of the electric field (E-field) distribution around overhead line conductors. In stead of considering total induced equivalent electric charge, the distribution of the electric charge density induced on the mDCS surface is analyzed. A DQ-axis decomposition technique is applied to separate the capacitive coupling effects to the mDCS from adjacent conductors in different directions. The decomposed DQ-axis components have potential to enable independent measurement of conductor-to-ground clearance and overhead conductor voltage. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed idea.
Isovector correction to the Kerman, McManus, and Thaler formalism

In the derivation of the scaled, first order optical potential of Kerman, McManus, and Thaler it is assumed that all target nucleons have identical isospin character. This makes possible the scaling by $\frac{(A\ensuremath{-}1)}{A}$ that is characteristic of the Kerman-McManus-Thaler formalism. In applications, the difference between the interactions of the projectile with target neutrons and protons is imposed upon the scaled optical potential. The nuclear scattering amplitude calculated in this way differs from the correct first order result which can be obtained by recognizing the isospin difference at the onset of the derivation. A new expression for the Kerman-McManus-Thaler optical potential is obtained. The result is the usual isospin weighted sum of the projectile-proton and projectile-neutron interactions, plus a correction to the scaled first order optical potential which is proportional to the square of the projectile-nucleon isovector interaction. Numerical estimates of the volumes and root mean square radii of this isovector correction are given for proton and pion projectiles. Relative to the usual first order term, the volume integral of this correction is found to be negligible in most cases, except for (3,3) resonant energy pion-nucleus scattering where it can contribute several percent.
Using Prior Knowledge, Scaffolding, and Modeling to Drive Home Lessons in Economics: Three Examples from Across the Curriculum

Students often become frustrated with learning economics not because the economics is too hard, but because they try to grasp the economic device, model, or tool being used at the same time they try to understand the economic theory the device is designed to illuminate. As a result, the tool that should aid economic understanding frequently backfires. This paper links three pertinent concepts from the education literature – prior knowledge, scaffolding, and modelling – to teaching economics. After explaining each concept, we supply three strategies designed to leverage each concept for maximum impact. Our examples come from across the curriculum: intermediate macroeconomics, principles of microeconomics and econometrics. We hope that readers will use our ideas and consider further ways of leveraging each concept.
Useful dynamic regimes emerge in recurrent networks.

The internal dynamics of recurrent cortical circuits is crucial to brain function. We now learn that simply increasing the strengths of recurrent connections shifts neural dynamics to a potentially powerful computational regime.