cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional conformal field theory for disordered systems at criticality

Abstract Using a Kac-Moody current algebra with U(1/1) × U(1/1) graded symmetry, we describe a class of (possibly disordered) critical points in two spatial dimensions. The critical points are labelled by the triplets (l, m, kj), where l is an odd integer, m is an integer, and kj is real. For most such critical points, we show that there are infinite hierarchies of relevant operators with negative scaling dimensions. To interpret this result, we show that the line of critical points (1, 1, kj > 0) is realized by a field theory of massless Dirac fermions in the presence of U(N) vector gauge-like static impurities. Along the disordered critical line (1, 1, kj > 0) we find an infinite hierarchy of relevant operators with negative scaling dimensions {δ q ∥q ϵ N } , which are related to the disorder average over the qth moment of the single-particle Green function. Those relevant operators can be induced by non-Gaussian moments of the probability distribution of a mass-like static disorder.
A HIPAA-Compliant Architecture for Securing Clinical Images

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, instituted April 2003) Security Standards mandate health institutions to protect health information against unauthorized use or disclosure. One approach to addressing this mandate is by utilizing user access control and generating audit trails of the various authorized as well as unauthorized user access of health data. Although most current clinical image systems [e.g., picture archiving and communication system (PACS)] have components that generate log files for application debugging purposes, there is a lack of methodology to obtain and synthesize the pertinent data from the large volumes of log data generated by these multiple components within a PACS. We have designed a HIPAA-compliant architecture specifically for tracking and auditing the image workflow of clinical imaging systems such as PACS. As an initial first step, we developed HIPAA-compliant auditing system (H-CAS) based on parts of this HIPAA-compliant architecture. H-CAS was implemented within a test-bed PACS simulator located in the Image Processing and Informatics lab at the University of Southern California. Evaluation scenarios were developed where different user types performed legal and illegal access of PACS image data within each of the different components in the PACS simulator. Results were based on whether the scenarios of unauthorized access were correctly identified and documented as well as on normal operational activity. Integration and implementation pitfalls were also noted and included.
Polyoxoalkoxy molybdenum and vanadium clusters

While the chemistry of polyoxoanions has been extensively studied, the related poly-oxoalkoxide clusters remain relatively unexplored. Recent investigations into the coordination chemistry of polyoxoanions with alkoxide ligands demonstrate the existence of a rich structural chemistry which is now emerging. The introduction of alkoxide ligands into polyoxoanion cores significantly expands the structural diversity of the cluster types and allows the isolation not only of fully-oxidized cores with all metal centers possessing d° electronic configurations but of fully-reduced and mixed valence systems.
A two-liquid phase distribution method for the separation of metallic elements.

The general principles of a liquid-liquid solvent extraction method for the separation of metallic elements are outlined.
Non Fermi Liquid Dynamics of the Two-Channel Kondo Lattice

Abstract The paramagnetic phase of the two-channel Kondo lattice model is examined with a quantum Monte Carlo simulation in the limit of infinite dimensions. We find non-Fermi-liquid behavior at low temperatures including a finite low-temperature single-particle scattering rate, no Fermi distribution discontinuity, and zero Drude weight. Both the optical and quasiparticle mass enhancement and scattering relaxation rate show consistent evidence of non-fermi-liquid behavior. However, the low-energy density of electronic states is finite.
Mitomycinoid Alkaloids: Mechanism of Action, Biosynthesis, Total Syntheses, and Synthetic Approaches

The mitomycins (Figure 1) are a unique family of natural products with a rich history. Hata and coworkers at Kwoya Hakko Kogyo Company in Japan first isolated mitomycins A and B from Streptomyces caespitosus found in soil samples in 1956.[1-3] Although the mitomycins were isolated by researchers at Kwoya Hakko Kogyo, the absolute structure of the mitomycins was determined by Webb and Coworkers at American Cyanamid Company.[4,5] X-ray crystal structures of the mitomycins by Tulinsky also proved critical in determination of the structures of the mitomycins.[6,7] Since that time a number of other members of this family of natural products have been isolated, including FR-900482 and FR-66979 from Streptomyces sandaensis in 1988 (Figure 1).[8, 9] Figure 1 Members of the mitomycin family of natural products. The biological activity attributed to this family of natural products is a manifestation of their ability to form both inter- and intra-strand DNA cross-links in the minor groove with a specificity favoring 5′-CG-3′ steps.[10,11] At the time of this discovery, no previous examples of natural products acting as DNA cross-linking agents were known. It was after this initial finding that several other natural products were found to also form cross-links with DNA.[12-14] Recent studies have shown that in addition to the formation of DNA cross-links, this family of compounds is also capable of forming cross-links with minor groove-binding nuclear proteins, such as high mobility group I/Y (HMG I/Y now named HMG A1) proteins.[15,16] Additionally, it was shown that monoalkylation and not cross-linking was the major adduct found when an FR-900482 derivative was incubated with nucleosomes. This result could suggest alternate modes of action of this family of natural products in the context of cellular chromatin.
Effect of changes in maternal age, parity, and birth weight distribution on primary cesarean delivery rates.

Objective. —To examine the effect of maternal age on cesarean delivery risk and to quantify the impact of demographic changes since 1970 on primary cesarean delivery rates. Design. —A cohort study. Setting. —Nonfederal short-stay hospitals in Washington State. Participants. —All women who delivered live singletons with linked birth certificate and hospital discharge data from 1987 through 1990. Main Outcome Measures. —Maternal age—, birth weight—, and parity-specific primary cesarean delivery rates, Mantel-Haenszel relative risk estimates for primary cesarean delivery by 5-year age category stratified by parity, and direct standardization of 1987 through 1990 primary cesarean rates to 1970 Washington State maternal age, birth weight, and parity distribution. Results. —Primary cesarean rates ranged from 3.2% for multiparous teenage women who delivered infants weighing 3500 g through 3999 g to 58.9% for primiparous women 40 years of age or older who delivered infants weighing 4000 g or more. After adjustment, the risk of cesarean delivery increased with each 5-year age increment among women 20 years of age or older. We estimated that if the maternal age, parity, and birth weight distribution from 1987 through 1990 were identical to what existed in 1970, Washington State's primary cesarean rate from 1987 through 1990 would have been 12.2%, compared with the observed rate of 14.8%. Conclusion. —The lower adjusted primary cesarean rate reflects the demographic changes in the childbearing population, which may be responsible for 18% of the 1987 through 1990 cesarean delivery rates. These findings suggest the importance of using maternal age—, birth weight—, and parity-specific primary cesarean delivery rates to compare populations and study temporal trends. ( JAMA . 1994;271:443-447)
Partial regularity of solutions of fully nonlinear, Uniformly elliptic equations

We prove that a viscosity solution of a uniformly elliptic, fully nonlinear equation is C2,α on the complement of a closed set of Hausdorff dimension at most ϵ less than the dimension. The equation is assumed to be C1, and the constant ϵ > 0 depends only on the dimension and the ellipticity constants. The argument combines the W2,ϵ estimates of Lin with a result of Savin on the C2,α regularity of viscosity solutions that are close to quadratic polynomials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mobilization, harvesting, and selection of peripheral blood stem cells in patients with autoimmune diseases undergoing non-myeloablative autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract We have analyzed peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization, harvesting and selection properties in 128 patients with severe autoimmune diseases undergoing non-myeloablative autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 43 - with multiple sclerosis (MS), 15 - with Crohn's disease (CD), 8 - with scleroderma (Scl), and 12 - with others). Female/male ratio and mean age (range) were 90/38 patients, and 34 (14 to 59) years old, respectively. Mobilization regimen included cyclophosphamide 2g/m2 and G-CSF 10 mcg/kg (except for SLE patients 5 mcg/kg). Forty one patients underwent stem cell collection using Baxter CS300, 78 patients - Spectra, and for 9 patients both apheresis machines were utilized. The mean number of aphereses was 1.8 (range 1–10). Patients with SLE required the largest number of apheresis sessions (mean 2.4), comparing to patients with CD (mean 1.9), Scl (mean 1.4), MS (mean 1.3). Five patients additionally required bone marrow harvest for collection of adequate numbers of stem cells. One patient failed to reach CD34+ cell number of 1.0x106/kg, therefore did not proceed to HSCT. The mean number of CD34+ cells in each apheresis unit was 6.07+−6.96x106/kg (the highest of 9.22+−8.52x106/kg in patients with MS, and the lowest of 3.93+−4.48x106/kg in patients with SLE). Ninety eight patients underwent stem cell selection with CEPRATE SC (N=18), Isolex 300iv1.12 (N=2) or Isolex 300iv2.5 (N=78) stem cell concentrator. The mean purity of selected products was 74.3% (the highest of 81.1% attained in patients with Scl); mean recovery of CD34+cells was 61.2%. T cell reduction by average of 3.7 logs was achieved. The mean number of infused CD34+ cells was 7.24+−5.5x106/kg. The highest mean number of CD34+ cells/kg were infused to patients with MS (9.04+−6.74x106/kg), the lowest - to patients with SLE (5.78+−4.13x106/kg). We found a moderate positive correlation between peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells/ul and PB WBC/ul (R=0.34, p 500) and platelet engraftment (platelet count>20K). There was no toxicity observed in our patient population during peri-mobilization period except for 1 patient with SLE who died of disseminated mucormycosis 1 week after stem cell collection. Mobilization and selection of PBSC are safe and efficient in patients with severe autoimmune diseases undergoing non-myeloablative autologous HSCT.
Performance modeling of virtualized custom logic computations

Virtualization of custom logic computations (i.e., by sharing a fixed function across distinct data streams), provides a means of reusing limited hardware resources. This is common practice in traditional processors where more than one user can share processor resources. In this paper, we virtualize a custom logic block using C-slow techniques to support fine-grain context-switching. We then develop and present an analytic model for several performance measures (throughput, latency, input queue occupancy) for both fine- and coarse-grained context switching. Next, we calibrate the analytic performance model with empirical measurements. We then validate the model via discrete-event simulation and use the model to predict the performance and develop optimal schedules for virtualized logic computations.
Concise total synthesis of (+/-)-pseudotabersonine via double ring-closing metathesis strategy.

A concise synthesis of (±)-pseudotabersonine from commercially available 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-indolecarboxaldehyde has been accomplished. This synthesis features the convergent assembly of a key in...
Neptunium Thiophosphate Chemistry: Intermediate Behavior between Uranium and Plutonium

Black crystals of Np(PS4), Np(P2S6)2, K11Np7(PS4)13, and Rb11Np7(PS4)13 have been synthesized by the reactions of Np, P2S5, and S at 1173 and 973 K; Np, K2S, P, and S at 773 K; and Np, Rb2S3, P, and S at 823 K, respectively. The structures of these compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Np(PS4) adopts a three-dimensional structure with Np atoms coordinated to eight S atoms from four bidentate PS4 3 ligands in a distorted square antiprismatic arrangement. Np(PS4) is isostructural to Ln(PS4) (Ln = LaNd, Sm, GdEr). The structure of Np(P2S6)2 is constructed from three interpenetrating diamondtype frameworks with Np atoms coordinated to eight S atoms from four bidentate P2S6 2 ligands in a distorted square antiprismatic geometry. The centrosymmetric P2S6 2 anion comprises two PS2 groups connected by two bridging S centers. Np(P2S6)2 is isostructural to U(P2S6)2. A11Np7(PS4)13 (A = K, Rb) adopts a threedimensional channel structure built from interlocking [Np7(PS4)13]11-screw helices with A cations residing in the channels. The structure of A11Np7(PS4)13 includes four crystallographically independent Np atoms. Three are connected to eight S atoms in bicapped trigonal prisms. The other Np atom is connected to nine S atoms in a tricapped trigonal prism. A11Np7(PS4)13more » is isostructural to A11U7(PS4)13. From NpS bond distances and charge-balance, we infer that Np is trivalent in Np(PS4) and tetravalent in Np(P2S6)2 and A11Np7(PS4)13.Np exhibits a behavior intermediate betweenUand Pu in its thiophosphate chemistry.« less
Coping with the consequences of ‘too many lawyers’: securing the place of international graduate law students

This article considers the role of international graduate law students as potentially contributing to the ‘solution’ of the economic challenges facing US law schools. It suggests that intense competition for international graduate students from law schools within and outside of the United States creates challenges for US schools interested in maintaining and developing their international student populations. Understanding what international students want will help schools succeed in this competition. Satisfying those desires may require schools to allow globalization to infiltrate their structures, activities and traditional approaches to educating lawyers.
Indirect monoalkylation of primary and secondary amines by reductive decyanation of α-aminonitriles with sodium cyanoborohydride-mercury bis(trifluoroacetate)

Abstract Secondary and tertiary amines are prepared from α-aminonitriles by selective reductive cleavage of the cyanide moiety. The α-aminonitriles in this case, function as “masked” imine or iminium ions and are “unmasked” by mercury (II) in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride to obtain the reduced product. Secondary amines may be prepared indirectly from primary amines in good yield without danger of over alkylation.
HOP: A New group finding algorithm for N body simulations

We describe a new method (HOP) for identifying groups of particles in N-body simulations. Having assigned to every particle an estimate of its local density, we associate each particle with the densest of the Nhop particles nearest to it. Repeating this process allows us to trace a path, within the particle set itself, from each particle in the direction of increasing density. The path ends when it reaches a particle that is its own densest neighbor; all particles reaching the same such particle are identified as a group. Combined with an adaptive smoothing kernel for finding the densities, this method is spatially adaptive, coordinate-free, and numerically straightforward. One can proceed to process the output by truncating groups at a particular density contour and combining groups that share a (possibly different) density contour. While the resulting algorithm has several user-chosen parameters, we show that the results are insensitive to most of these, the exception being the outer density cutoff of the groups.
An adaptive planning strategy for station parameter optimized radiation therapy (SPORT): Segmentally boosted VMAT.

Purpose: Conventional volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) discretizes the angular space into equally spaced control points during planning and then optimizes the apertures and weights of the control points. The aperture at an angle in between two control points is obtained through interpolation. This approach tacitly ignores the differential need for intensity modulation of different angles. As such, multiple arcs are often required, which may oversample some angle(s) and undersample others. The purpose of this work is to develop a segmentally boosted VMAT scheme to eliminate the need for multiple arcs in VMAT treatment with improved dose distribution and/or delivery efficiency. Methods: The essence of the new treatment scheme is how to identify the need of individual angles for intensity modulation and to provide the necessary beam intensity modulation for those beam angles that need it. We introduce a “demand metric” at each control point to decide which station or control points need intensity modulation. To boost the modulation at selected stations, additional segments are added in the vicinity of the selected stations. The added segments are then optimized together with the original set of station or control points as a whole. The authors apply the segmentally boosted planning technique to four previously treated clinical cases: two head and neck (HN) cases, one prostate case, and one liver case. The proposed planning technique is compared with conventional one-arc and two-arc VMAT. Results: The proposed segmentally boosted VMAT technique achieves better critical structure sparing than one-arc VMAT with similar or better target coverage in all four clinical cases. The segmentally boosted VMAT also outperforms two-arc VMAT for the two complicated HN cases, yet with ∼30% reduction in the machine monitor units (MUs) relative to two-arc VMAT, which leads to less leakage/scatter dose to the patient and can potentially translate into faster dose delivery. For the less challenging prostate and liver cases, similar critical structure sparing as the two-arc VMAT plans was obtained using the segmentally boosted VMAT. The benefit for the two simpler cases is the reduction of MUs and improvement of treatment delivery efficiency. Conclusions: Segmentally boosted VMAT achieves better dose conformality and/or reduced MUs through effective consideration of the need of individual beam angles for intensity modulation. Elimination of the need for multiple arcs in rotational arc therapy while improving the dose distribution should lead to improved workflow and treatment efficacy, thus may have significant implication to radiation oncology practice.
Sesterterpenoids and an alkaloid from a Thorectandra sp. as inhibitors of the phosphatase Cdc25B.

Abstract Bioassay-directed separation of an extract of a Thorectandra sp. sponge led to the isolation of three new sesterterpenoids, 16-oxoluffariellolide (1), 16-hydroxyluffariellolide (2) and (2E,6E,10E)-3-formyl-7,11-dimethyl-13-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)trideca-2,6,10-trienoic acid (3); two known sesterterpenoids, luffariellolide (4) and dehydroluffariellolide diacid (5); and one known alkaloid, fascaplysin (6). The structures of the new compounds 1–3 were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data interpretation. Compound 6 showed inhibitory activity in the Cdc25B assay, with an IC50 value of 1.0 μg/mL.
Strong multimode photonic microresonator and nanoparticle interactions

In this work, we have investigated strong multimode photonic microresonator and nanoparticle interactions by using an integrated micro disk resonator from through port of the laser coupling bus waveguide. In addition to the fundamental resonance mode, disk resonator has higher order resonance modes. The excited higher order mode has a node at the position where the electromagnetic energy of the fundamental mode is close to a maximum. Here we report that a self-referencing mechanism can be achieved by simultaneous excitation of both fundamental and 2nd order micro disk optical resonance modes. Additionally, we are able to measure the area around the maximum of the fundamental resonance mode and the node of the higher order mode, which have overlaps in the disk. We used on chip disk microresonator as the example, as a variety of types of optical microresonators have been investigated; we used nanoparticle to interact with the two optical resonance modes excited by the coupling bus waveguide, where the nanoparticle can be either dielectric materials or metallic materials. The strong photonic microresonator and nanoparticle interactions have variety of applications for optical switches, waveguides and detection. The self-referencing characteristics of the two optical resonance modes have potential to achieve photonic functions independent of external perturbation, such as temperature change.
Designing Games for Distributed Optimization

The central goal in multiagent systems is to design local control laws for the individual agents to ensure that the emergent global behavior is desirable with respect to a given system level objective. Ideally, a system designer seeks to satisfy this goal while conditioning each agent's control law on the least amount of information possible. This paper focuses on achieving this goal using the field of game theory. In particular, we derive a systematic methodology for designing local agent objective functions that guarantees (i) an equivalence between the resulting Nash equilibria and the optimizers of the system level objective and (ii) that the resulting game possesses an inherent structure that can be exploited in distributed learning, e.g., potential games. The control design can then be completed utilizing any distributed learning algorithm which guarantees convergence to a Nash equilibrium for the attained game structure. Furthermore, in many settings the resulting controllers will be inherently robust to a host of uncertainties including asynchronous clock rates, delays in information, and component failures.
Chaos driven by soft-hard mode coupling in thermal Yang-Mills theory

Abstract We argue on a basis of a simple few modes model of SU(2) Yang-Mills theory that the color off-diagonal coupling of the soft plasmon to hard thermal excitations of the gauge field drives the collective plasma oscillations into chaotic motion despite the presence of the plasmon mass.
The Properties of Poor Groups of Galaxies. III. The Galaxy Luminosity Function

The form of the galaxy luminosity function (GLF) in poor groups—regions of intermediate galaxy density that are common environments for galaxies—is not well understood. Multiobject spectroscopy and wide-field CCD imaging now allow us to measure the GLF of bound group members directly (i.e., without statistical background subtraction) and to compare the group GLF with the GLFs of the field and of rich clusters. We use R-band images in 1.5 × 1.5 degree2 mosaics to obtain photometry for galaxies in the fields of six nearby (2800 -19 + 5 log h) to giants (MR ≤ -19 + 5 log h) is significantly larger for the five groups with luminous X-ray halos than for the one marginally X-ray-detected group; (2) the composite GLF for the luminous X-ray groups is consistent in shape with two measures of the composite R-band GLF for rich clusters (Trentham; Driver et al.) and flatter at the faint end than another (α ≈ -1.5; Smith et al.); (3) the composite group GLF rises more steeply at the faint end than the R-band GLF of the Las Campanas Redshift Survey (LCRS; α = -0.7 from Lin et al.), a large volume survey dominated by galaxies in environments more rarefied than luminous X-ray groups; (4) the shape difference between the LCRS field and composite group GLFs results mostly from the population of non-emission line galaxies (EW [O II] < 5 A), whose dwarf-to-giant ratio is larger in the denser group environment than in the field (cf. Ferguson & Sandage; Bromley et al.); and (5) the non-emission line dwarfs are more concentrated about the group center than the non-emission line giants, except for the central, brightest (MR < M) group elliptical (BGG). This last result indicates that the dwarfs, giants, and BGGs occupy different orbits (i.e., have not mixed completely) and suggests that at least one of these populations formed at a different time. Our results show that the shape of the GLF varies with environment and that this variation is due primarily to an increase in the dwarf-to-giant ratio of quiescent galaxies in higher density regions, at least up to the densities characteristic of X-ray luminous poor groups. This behavior suggests that, in some environments, dwarfs are more biased than giants with respect to dark matter. This trend conflicts with the prediction of standard biased galaxy formation models.
A Highly Accurate Statistical Approach for the Prediction of Transmembrane β-Barrels

Transmembrane β-barrels (TMBB) belong to a special structural class of proteins predominately found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. TMBBs are surface-exposed proteins that perform a variety of functions ranging from iron acquisition to osmotic regulation. These properties suggest that TMBBs have great potential for use in vaccine or drug therapy development. Membrane proteins, such as TMBBs, are notoriously difficult to identify and characterize using traditional experimental approaches due to a variety of technical limitations. However, in silico prediction methods have been considered for handling the task of identifying the enigmatic sequences which fold into TMBBs. A prediction method based on the physicochemical properties of experimentally characterized TMBB structures was developed to predict TMBB-encoding genes from genomic databases. The algorithm's prediction efficiency was tested using a non-redundant set of sequences from proteins of known structure. The algorithm was based on the work of Wimley (2002), but was greatly improved because of its disappointingly high false-positive prediction rate and thusly renamed the Freeman-Wimley algorithm. The improved prediction algorithm developed in this study was shown to be more accurate than previously published prediction methods. Its accuracy is 99% when using the most efficient prediction criteria, i.e. the threshold where the most known TMBBs are correctly predicted and the most non-TMBBs are correctly excluded. The Freeman-Wimley algorithm was used to make predictions in 611 bacterial chromosomes, where an average of 3% of the genes in a given genome encoded TMBBs.
Virtually embedded boundary slopes

Abstract We show that for certain hyperbolic manifolds all boundary slopes are slopes of π 1 -injective immersed surfaces, covered by incompressible embeddings in some finite cover. The manifolds include hyperbolic punctured torus bundles and hyperbolic two-bridge knots.
Phenylpropanolamine: A Potentially Hazardous Drug

Three cases of toxic reactions following relatively small doses of phenylpropanolamine are presented. One patient had a hypertensive crisis and seizures; the others had intracerebral hemorrhages culminating in death. A discussion of the pharmacology of phenylpropanolamine and its previously documented side effects and drug interactions is included.
Perceiving Talking Faces

8. H.R. Markus and S. Kitayama, Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 98, 224-253 (1991); H.C Triandis, The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts, Psychological Review, 96, 506-520 (1989); R.A. Shweder and M.A. Sulli van, Cultural psychology: Who needs it? Annual Re view of Psychology, 44, 497-523 (1993). 9. CD. Ryff, Y.H. Lee, and K.C Na, Through the lens of culture: Psychological well-being at midlife, unpublished manuscript, University of Wis consin, Madison (1995). 10. R.M. Hauser, W.H. Sewell, J.A. Logan, T.S. Hauser, CD. Ryff, A. Caspi, and M.M. MacDonald, The Wisconsin Longitudinal Study: Adults as parents and children at age 50, ?ASSIST Quarterly, 16, 23 38 (1992); S.M. Heidrich and CD. Ryff, The role of social comparisons processes in the psychological adaptation of elderly adults, Journal of Gerontology, 48, P127-P136 (1993); Ryff and Essex, note 1; CD. Ryff and M.J. Essex, The interpretation of life expe rience and well-being: The sample case of reloca tion, Psychology and Aging, 7, 507-517 (1992); CD. Ryff, Y.H. Lee, M.J. Essex, and P.S. Schmutte, My children and me: Mid-life evaluations of grown children and of self, Psychology and Aging, 9, 195 205 (1994); S. Tweed and CD. Ryff, Adult children of alcoholics: Profiles of Wellness and distress, Jour nal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 133-141 (1991).
Mean-field theories, their weaknesses and strength

Within a historical context, an evaluation of mean-field theory is given in its application to fluids and fluid mixtures. The way mean-field equations such as the Van der Waals equation incorporate molecular attraction and repulsion implies neglect of fluctuations. This neglect of both local and long-range structure is an impediment to characterizing liquids and supercritical fluids. In particular, mean-field theory is unable to describe critical behavior properly. This was known around 1900, but has been fully corrected only recently. The simplicity of mean-field equations is also their strong point. By 1905, most complexities of binary fluid phase diagrams known from experiment had been derived from the Van der Waals equation. Efforts to improve this equation have led to pathology in the global phase diagram. Paradoxically, it appears that increased sophistication leads to undesirable features in the phase diagrams.
Generation of plasmaspheric undulations

[1] We have modeled the plasmaspheric plume region using the Comprehensive Ring Current model (CRCM) and the Dynamical Global Core Plasma model (DGCPM), for an event that exhibited substantial undulations or ripples as observed by the IMAGE EUV imager during 17 April 2002. We drove the simulated electric field using the Weimer cross polar cap potential. We specified the magnetic field to vary in response to solar wind conditions according to the T96 model. As a control, we performed a run with a fixed magnetic field and a run with a low ring current pressure. The results show that particle injections into the inner magnetosphere and ring current–ionosphere–plasmasphere interaction are an essential part of the undulation response. We also conclude that the undulations are stronger in the case of magnetic field variations because associated induction electric field causes more pronounced injections.
Optimal light trapping in ultra-thin photonic crystal crystalline silicon solar cells

Using thin films of crystalline silicon to make solar cells reduces the cost by reducing the amount of material needed and allowing poorer quality material with shorter carrier diffusion lengths to be used. However, the indirect band gap of silicon requires that a light trapping approach be used to maximize optical absorption. Here, a photonic crystal (PC) based approach is used to maximize solar light harvesting in a 400 nm-thick silicon layer by tuning the coupling strength of incident radiation to quasiguided modes over a broad spectral range. The structure consists of a double layer PC. We show an enhancement of maximum achievable photocurrent density from 7.1 mA/cm2 for an unstructured film to 21.8 mA/cm2 for a structured film for normal incidence. This photocurrent density value approaches the limit of 26.5 mA/cm2, obtained using the Yablonovitch light trapping limit for the same volume of active material.
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Simulation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media

The vast amount of methane deposits in permafrost and oceanic sediments has significant energy and environmental implications. There are increasing interests in the development of numerical simulation techniques to predict the reservoir responses due to natural gas recovery from methane hydrate dissociation. There has been extensive amount of work on modeling the chemo- thermo- hydro-responses associated with hydrate dissociation. The mechanical responses of hydrate bearing ground, however, have largely been overlooked and are just starting to receive more and more attention. From energy recovery perspective, a comprehensive model that includes the mechanical responses of hydrate disassociation is crucial for predicting the mechanical stability of gas hydrate reservoir and potential geohazards. This paper proposes a thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical model for simulating the dissociation of methane hydrate. The governing equations for the conservation of energy (thermal), mass (hydraulic) and momentum (mechanical) were derived from the local balance equations. The proposed governing equation system for methane hydrate as a four-phase four-component composite was simplified based on reasonable assumptions to facilitate numerical implementations. The dissociation reaction was considered using chemical kinetics. Auxiliary relationships such as the soil water characteristic curve, constitutive correlations, stress formulation based on the mixture theory were employed to mathematically close the formulation. The mathematical model was implemented using the finite element method. The simulation results were evaluated and compared with those obtained by conventional simulators based on thermo-hydro-chemical models. The mechanical module of this new model was applied to predict the geotechnical responses induced by gas recovery in a typical oceanic reservoir.
Trait-stratified genome-wide association study identifies novel and diverse genetic associations with serologic and cytokine phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous disorder, characterized by differences in autoantibody profile, serum cytokines, and clinical manifestations. SLE-associated autoantibodies and high serum interferon alpha (IFN-α) are important heritable phenotypes in SLE which are correlated with each other, and play a role in disease pathogenesis. These two heritable risk factors are shared between ancestral backgrounds. The aim of the study was to detect genetic factors associated with autoantibody profiles and serum IFN-α in SLE. We undertook a case-case genome-wide association study of SLE patients stratified by ancestry and extremes of phenotype in serology and serum IFN-α. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven loci were selected for follow-up in a large independent cohort of 538 SLE patients and 522 controls using a multi-step screening approach based on novel metrics and expert database review. The seven loci were: leucine-rich repeat containing 20 (LRRC20); protein phosphatase 1 H (PPM1H); lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1); ankyrin repeat and sterile alpha motif domain 1A (ANKS1A); protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type M (PTPRM); ephrin A5 (EFNA5); and V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 2 (VSIG2). SNPs in the LRRC20, PPM1H, LPAR1, ANKS1A, and VSIG2 loci each demonstrated strong association with a particular serologic profile (all odds ratios > 2.2 and P < 3.5 × 10-4). Each of these serologic profiles was associated with increased serum IFN-α. SNPs in both PTPRM and LRRC20 were associated with increased serum IFN-α independent of serologic profile (P = 2.2 × 10-6 and P = 2.6 × 10-3 respectively). None of the SNPs were strongly associated with SLE in case-control analysis, suggesting that the major impact of these variants will be upon subphenotypes in SLE. This study demonstrates the power of using serologic and cytokine subphenotypes to elucidate genetic factors involved in complex autoimmune disease. The distinct associations observed emphasize the heterogeneity of molecular pathogenesis in SLE, and the need for stratification by subphenotypes in genetic studies. We hypothesize that these genetic variants play a role in disease manifestations and severity in SLE.
Isomers and aza‐analogues of indoxyl containing nitrogen at a ring‐fusion position: Coupling reactions with electrophiles and attempted oxidations

Derivatives of four series of compounds derived from isomers of indoxyl with the nitrogen at the bridgehead and two further series of aza-analogues are prepared and their absorption properties studied.
Development and Utilization of Space Fission Power Systems

Space fission power systems could enable advanced civilian space missions. Terrestrially, thousands of fission systems have been operated since 1942. In addition, the US flew a space fission system in 1965, and the former Soviet Union flew 33 such systems prior to the end of the Cold War. Modern design and development practices, coupled with 65 years of experience with terrestrial reactors, could enable the affordable development of space fission power systems for near-term planetary surface applications.
Evidence for retrograde lithospheric subduction on Venus

Annular moats and outer rises around large Venus coronae such as Artemis, Latona, and Eithinoha are similar in arcuate planform and topography to the trenches and outer rises of terrestrial subduction zones. On Earth, trenches and outer rises are modeled as the flexural response of a thin elastic lithosphere to the bending moment of the subducted slab; this lithospheric flexure model also accounts for the trenches and outer rises outboard of the major coronae on Venus. Accordingly, it is proposed that retrograde lithospheric subduction may be occurring on the margins of the large Venus coronae while compensating back-arc extension is occurring in the expanding coronae interiors. Similar processes may be taking place at other deep arcuate trenches or chasmata on Venus such as those in the Dali-Diana chasmata area of eastern Aphrodite Terra.
Scalable adaptive mantle convection simulation on petascale supercomputers

Mantle convection is the principal control on the thermal and geological evolution of the Earth. Mantle convection modeling involves solution of the mass, momentum, and energy equations for a viscous, creeping, incompressible non-Newtonian fluid at high Rayleigh and Peclet numbers. Our goal is to conduct global mantle convection simulations that can resolve faulted plate boundaries, down to 1 km scales. However, uniform resolution at these scales would result in meshes with a trillion elements, which would elude even sustained petaflops supercomputers. Thus parallel adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening (AMR) is essential. We present RHEA, a new generation mantle convection code designed to scale to hundreds of thousands of cores. RHEA is built on ALPS, a parallel octree-based adaptive mesh finite element library that provides new distributed data structures and parallel algorithms for dynamic coarsening, refinement, rebalancing, and repartitioning of the mesh. ALPS currently supports low order continuous Lagrange elements, and arbitrary order discontinuous Galerkin spectral elements, on octree meshes. A forest-of-octrees implementation permits nearly arbitrary geometries to be accommodated. Using TACC's 579 teraflops Ranger supercomputer, we demonstrate excellent weak and strong scalability of parallel AMR on up to 62,464 cores for problems with up to 12.4 billion elements. With RHEA's adaptive capabilities, we have been able to reduce the number of elements by over three orders of magnitude, thus enabling us to simulate large-scale mantle convection with finest local resolution of 1.5 km.
ANALYZING THE REAL-TIME PROPERTIES OF A U.S. NAVY SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEM

The state of the art in verifying the real-time requirements of applications developed using general processing graph models relies on simulation or off-line scheduling. We extend the state of the art by presenting analytical methods that support the analysis of cyclic processing graphs executed with on-line schedulers. We show that it is possible to compute the latency inherent in a processing graph independent of the hardware hosting the application. We also show how to compute the real-time execution rate of each node in the graph. Using the execution rate of each node and the time it takes per execution on a given processor, the resulting CPU utilization can be computed, as shown here for the Directed Low Frequency Analysis and Recording (DIFAR) acoustic signal processing application from the Airborne Low Frequency Sonar (ALFS) system of the SH-60B LAMPS MK III anti-submarine helicopter.
Charge redistribution and polarization energy of organic molecular crystals

We present an approach to electronic polarization in molecular solids treated as a set of quantum systems interacting classically. Individual molecules are dealt with rigorously as quantum-mechanical systems subject to classical external fields created by all other molecules and, possibly, external sources. Self-consistent equations are derived for induced dipoles and for atomic charges whose redistribution in external fields is given explicitly by an atom-atom polarizability tensor. Electronic polarization is studied in two representative organic molecular crystals, anthracene and perylenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, and contrasted to previous results for systems of polarizable points. The stabilization energies of the neutral lattice, of isolated anions and cations, and of cation-anion pairs are found. Charge redistribution on ions is included. The dielectric tensors of crystals are successfully related to gas-phase properties and provide consistency checks on polarization energies. The procedure is generally applicable to organic crystals in the limit of no intermolecular overlap.
Cylindrical Heterogeneous Detonation Waves

Abstract Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.
Composable languages for bioinformatics: the NYoSh experiment

Language WorkBenches (LWBs) are software engineering tools that help domain experts develop solutions to various classes of problems. Some of these tools focus on non-technical users and provide languages to help organize knowledge while other workbenches provide means to create new programming languages. A key advantage of language workbenches is that they support the seamless composition of independently developed languages. This capability is useful when developing programs that can benefit from different levels of abstraction. We reasoned that language workbenches could be useful to develop bioinformatics software solutions. In order to evaluate the potential of language workbenches in bioinformatics, we tested a prominent workbench by developing an alternative to shell scripting. To illustrate what LWBs and Language Composition can bring to bioinformatics, we report on our design and development of NYoSh (Not Your ordinary Shell). NYoSh was implemented as a collection of languages that can be composed to write programs as expressive and concise as shell scripts. This manuscript offers a concrete illustration of the advantages and current minor drawbacks of using the MPS LWB. For instance, we found that we could implement an environment-aware editor for NYoSh that can assist the programmers when developing scripts for specific execution environments. This editor further provides semantic error detection and can be compiled interactively with an automatic build and deployment system. In contrast to shell scripts, NYoSh scripts can be written in a modern development environment, supporting context dependent intentions and can be extended seamlessly by end-users with new abstractions and language constructs. We further illustrate language extension and composition with LWBs by presenting a tight integration of NYoSh scripts with the GobyWeb system. The NYoSh Workbench prototype, which implements a fully featured integrated development environment for NYoSh is distributed at http://nyosh.campagnelab.org.
A study of success and failure in product innovation: The case of the U.S. electronics industry

This paper summarizes the first phase of the Stanford Innovation Project, a long-term study of U.S. industrial innovation. As part of this initial phase, begun in 1982, two surveys were conducted: 1) an open-ended survey of 158 new products in the electronics industry, followed by 2) a structured survey of 118 of the original products. Both surveys used a pairwise comparison methodology. Our research identified eight broad areas that appear to be important for new product success in a high-technology environment: 1) market knowledge gained through frequent and intense customer interaction, which leads to high benefit-to-cost products; 2) and 3) planning and coordination of the new product process, especially the RD 4) emphasis on marketing and sales; 5) management support for the product throughout the development and launch stages; 6) the contribution margin of the product; 7) early market entry; 8) proximity of the new product technologies and markets to the existing strengths of the developing unit. Based on these results, a preliminary model of the new product process is proposed in the concluding section. There is nothing more difficult to plan, more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to manage than the creation of a new system. Niccolo Machiavelli.
Optimal Design of Grid-Connected PEV Charging Systems With Integrated Distributed Resources

The penetration of plug-in electric vehicles and renewable distributed generation is expected to increase over the next few decades. Large scale unregulated deployment of either technology can have a detrimental impact on the electric grid. However, appropriate pairing of these technologies along with some storage could mitigate their individual negative impacts. This paper presents a framework and an optimization methodology for designing grid-connected systems that integrate plug-in electric vehicle chargers, distributed generation and storage. To demonstrate its usefulness, this methodology is applied to the design of optimal architectures for a residential charging case. It is shown that, given current costs, maximizing grid power usage minimizes system lifecycle cost. However, depending upon the location's solar irradiance patterns, architectures with solar photovoltaic generation can be more cost effective than architectures without. Additionally, Li-ion storage technology and micro wind turbines are not yet cost effective when compared to alternative solutions.