cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poly[di­ammonium [di­aqua­(μ7-benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa­carboxyl­ato)tetra­oxido­diuranium(VI)]]

Uranyl-carboxyl­ate hybrid materials dominate the catalog of uranyl compounds owing in part to the affinity between COO− functional groups and UO22+. Polycarboxyl­ate organic ligands may present a degree of steric hindrance and could thus influence the resulting uranyl topology. Single crystals of the title compound, {(NH4)2[(UO2)2(C12O12)(H2O)2]}n, were synthesized hydro­thermally as a result of reacting uranyl nitrate with benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa­carb­oxy­lic acid (mellitic acid). The structure is comprised of a single unique monomeric uranyl cation adopting a penta­gonal bipyramidal geometry. The uranyl coordination sphere is composed of four O atoms originating from one half of a fully deprotonated mellitic acid ligand and a single water mol­ecule. The observed axial U—O bonds display an average distance of 1.765 (8) A, whereas equatorial O atoms are found at an average distance of 2.40 (5) A. All uranium–oxygen bond lengths are in good agreement with literature values. Furthermore, the coordin­ation between the uranyl penta­gonal bipyramids and the mellitic acid anion constructs a three-dimensional anionic framework which is charge-balanced with ammonium cations. Additional stabilization of the structure is provided by O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding inter­actions between the components.
Selection of logging-based TOC calculation methods for shale reservoirs: A case study of the Jiaoshiba shale gas field in the Sichuan Basin

Various methods are available for calculating the TOC of shale reservoirs with logging data, and each method has its unique applicability and accuracy. So it is especially important to establish a regional experimental calculation model based on a thorough analysis of their applicability. With the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Fm-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Fm shale reservoirs as an example, TOC calculation models were built by use of the improved ΔlgR, bulk density, natural gamma spectroscopy, multi-fitting and volume model methods respectively, considering the previous research results and the geologic features of the area. These models were compared based on the core data. Finally, the bulk density method was selected as the regional experimental calculation model. Field practices demonstrated that the improved ΔlgR and natural gamma spectroscopy methods are poor in accuracy; although the multi-fitting method and bulk density method have relatively high accuracy, the bulk density method is simpler and wider in application. For further verifying its applicability, the bulk density method was applied to calculate the TOC of shale reservoirs in several key wells in the Jiaoshiba shale gas field, Sichuan Basin, and the calculation accuracy was clarified with the measured data of core samples, showing that the coincidence rate of logging-based TOC calculation is up to 90.5%–91.0%.
Does internal water influence electron tunneling in proteins? Example of cytochrome c oxidase

In a recent study, the internal electron transfer in bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was examined using the tunneling currents method at the extended Huckel level of electronic structure. No internal water was present in the published structure of the enzyme, and none was taken into account in the calculations. Through computer simulation, we recently found an intriguing water hydrogen bond network in the vicinity of CcO catalytic site and in the region of electron tunneling. In this work, we reexamine the problem, with the focus on the possibility of the influence of water on electron transfer process. The calculations are carried out with the tunneling currents method implemented using more accurate ZINDO/S quantum chemical model. Results for the electron transfer from heme a to heme a3, a key step in the function of the enzyme, are presented. With molecular dynamics simulations, we identify configurations in which the water molecules interfere with the tunneling pathway. The tunneling matrix element is evaluated by the flux theorem of the tunneling currents method, and is found to be 0.34 cm−1 in the “dry” system and 1.38 cm−1 in the “wet” system. The analysis of the tunneling flux indicates that the impact of water is localized on Phe377 and spread to the methyl group and to His376, both on the heme a3 side of the ET pathway. The increase of the tunneling coupling by a factor of 4 in this case demonstrates that internal water in proteins can influence ET rate in proteins by as much as an order of magnitude. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Leukemia inhibitory factor mediates the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis response to inflammation.

The pleiotropic cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is expressed in murine hypothalamus and pituitary and increases POMC gene transcription and ACTH secretion in vitro and in vivo. As hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activation during inflammation is an important protective mechanism, we determined whether LIF stimulates the HPA inflammatory stress response. Two experimental models were employed: sc injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and im administration of turpentine. Hypothalamic LIF gene expression was increased up to 5 days after CFA, and up to 24 h after turpentine. LIF induction was concordant with elevated plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels and pituitary POMC messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Pituitary levels of LIF-inducible signaling inhibitor (SOCS 3) mRNA were stimulated 3-fold after CFA and turpentine treatment. In contrast, in LIF knockout mice (LIFKO) pituitary POMC mRNA levels and plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to both inflammatory challenges were mark...
Displacement vector and energy of a screw dislocation in a Lennard-Jones amorphous solid

Abstract We show that screw dislocations can be stabilized in a Lennard-Jones amorphous solid. Both the energy and the Eshel by twist are in accord with continuum theory. As in a crystal there is a threshold of the initial displacement vector above which a jump in the final displacement (Burgers) vector is observed. However, unlike a crystal, the motion of a screw dislocation or shear displacement exceeding approximately 0.8 of an atom diameter results in changes in density of the material.
Warm-season turfgrass response to fertilizer rates and sources

The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of natural organic and inorganic fertilizers on various warm-season turfgrass species and to determine if lower rates of natural organic products would provide adequate turfgrass response. Studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in two locations in Florida on St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt. Kuntze) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) cultivars. Each fertilizer product was applied at a low and a high rate throughout the growing season at rates consistent with current University of Florida recommendations for best turfgrass performance and response. In general, highest visual ratings for quality, color, and density were obtained with the higher rate of nitrogen (N), regardless of source, although the low rate of the 27N-1.3P-3.3K fertilizer produced ratings equal to the higher (N) rates from other sources in St. Augustinegrass. Trends were similar for spectral reflectance values, in that best results generally occurred in response to higher N rate, with the exception of the 27N-1.3P-3.3K fertilizer at the lower rate. From the results of this research, it appears that the higher N rate produces better turfgrass responses, regardless of fertilizer source.
Unprotected intercourse among women wanting to avoid pregnancy: attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs.

Abstract Objective To better understand the behaviors associated with unintended pregnancy, including the frequency and reasons why women engage in unprotected intercourse (UI), to help guide efforts to prevent unintended pregnancy. Methods We surveyed 1,392 women with no history of abortion in 13 family planning clinics across the United States regarding the frequency with which they engaged in UI, the reasons for engaging in UI, attitudes toward UI, and their knowledge about the risks of conception. Results Nearly half (46%) of respondents engaged in UI within the past 3 months, mostly owing to barriers accessing birth control (49%), not planning to have sex (45%), and the belief that they could not get pregnant (42%). The most prevalent attitudes about UI were that it “feels better” (42%) or “more natural” (41%). Factors associated with an increased odds of having engaged in UI, included holding the views that UI is okay at certain times, feels better, and is more natural, underestimating the risk of conception from 1 year of UI, experiencing difficulty getting birth control prescriptions, having less than a college education, being ages 20 to 24, and being African American/Black. Conclusion Compared with our research on abortion clients, family planning clients report high, yet somewhat lower, rates of UI, similar reasons for having UI, and misconceptions about the risk of conception from repeated acts of UI. Long-acting, reversible contraception may offer some of the benefits of UI in terms of spontaneity and pleasure, while reducing women’s pregnancy risk.
Automatically identifying changes that impact code-to-design traceability during evolution

An approach is presented that automatically determines if a given source code change impacts the design (i.e., UML class diagram) of the system. This allows code-to-design traceability to be consistently maintained as the source code evolves. The approach uses lightweight analysis and syntactic differencing of the source code changes to determine if the change alters the class diagram in the context of abstract design. The intent is to support both the simultaneous updating of design documents with code changes and bringing old design documents up to date with current code given the change history. An efficient tool was developed to support the approach and is applied to an open source system. The results are evaluated and compared against manual inspection by human experts. The tool performs better than (error prone) manual inspection. The developed approach and tool were used to empirically investigate and understand how changes to source code (i.e., commits) break code-to-design traceability during evolution and the benefits from such understanding. Commits are categorized as design impact or no impact. The commits of four open source projects over 3-year time durations are extracted and analyzed. The results of the study show that most of the code changes do not impact the design and these commits have a smaller number of changed files and changed less lines compared to commits with design impact. The results also show that most bug fixes do not impact design.
Residues of DDT and its analogues in midwestern mint hay and oil.

Commercial fields of peppermint and spearmint were sprayed with DDT. DDT residues of 4.21 ppm in hay and 1.54 ppm in oil were found in spearmint sprayed at 1 pound per acre 24 days prior to cutting. On peppermint, 1 pound per acre 34 days prior to cutting resulted in DDT residues of 0.95 ppm in hay and 4.86 ppm in oil. To obtain data to evaluate proposed tolerance levels, exaggerated spraying conditions were employed. These included increasing dosage to 2 pounds per acre and/or an application very close to cutting. These conditions resulted in higher residues in hay and oil. However, no correlation between DDT residues in hay and oil could be found. A rapid method of determining DDT in mint oil is described.
The Basic Science of the Patella: Structure, Composition, and Function

The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. The patellofemoral joint provides an integral articulating component of the extensor mechanism of the knee joint. A detailed description of patella anatomy, embryology and development, neurovascular anatomy, biomechanical function, and imaging modalities is provided in this article. Common patellar pathologies such as patellar instability, trochlear dysplasia, patella alta and baja, and patellofemoral joint arthritis as well as patellofemoral arthroplasty as a treatment option are also discussed. An understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the patella is a necessary prerequisite for understanding the pathogenesis of disorders involving the knee.
Modeling and analysis of three phase induction motor with broken rotor bar

Owing to their extensive use and waste presence in different procedures and processes, induction machines are rightly called as the work horses of the industry. Adequate and timely maintenance, fault finding and repair of these machines is a mandatory requirement for efficient working. In literature, extensive work has been presented exploring induction machine faults their symptoms and remedies. Broken rotor bar is one of the highly investigated. Due to the complexity involved in observing this fault, indirect methods to detect its presence are employed. Simulation is a modern tool to analyze machines under different operating conditions. However, in case of a faulty machine, model becomes different as compares to the normal mode. In this paper a three phase induction machine model is presented having broken rotor bars. Moreover, comparative analysis is performed between faulty and healthy case. An easy to comprehend model of an induction motor in abc frame is described to understand the parametric change of a faulty model of an induction motor. The implementation of both healthy and faulty model is done using Matlab/Simulink software. First, the healthy motor is simulated and then the results of faulty motor are compared with the healthy motor to understand the change in response of faulty and healthy motor. Consideration is on broken rotor bar fault but other faults like bearing fault, phase imbalance and mechanical faults can also occur because of broken rotor bar. As the motor is the backbone of the process of an industry a short time shut down of a plant is avoided, the method proposed can be helpful in understanding the current and frequency response of an induction motor which can be use to avoid breakdown maintenance.
Grandparents and Grand Books

Social, political, and technological changes in the United States during the twentieth century have greatly increased the number of living grandparents potentially available to young children (Clingempeel et al., 1992). In 2000, one-third of American parents were baby boomers (Longeno & Earle, 1996). By 2030, this cohort of potential grandparents will be 66–84 years old and comprise 20% of the total population (Simon-Rusinowitz & Kroch, 1996). After nearly a half century of research findings on grandparenting, a clear justification for sharing books about grandparents with young children rests in the notion that there is currently no singular, unequivocal description of the grandparent role. This article discusses the need to talk to children about grandparents and their roles and the importance of sharing resources such as stories and other literature-based activities that help to demonstrate the variety of ways people can carry out grandparenting roles and behaviors. Seventeen books are reviewed and recommended.
New Generation Of 1:1 Optical Projection Mask Aligners

The increased density of today's VLSI circuits requires a tighter control at all semi-conductor processing parameters. Included is the need for improved lithography. This paper describes a new 1:1 projection mask aligner that uses ring-field reflective optics. Described are the improvements made in the optical design and fabrication, temperature control, vibration and alignment systems all of which are required to achieve a 2-micrometer production performance. The results of the improvements are presented in terms of lithography on resist-coated silicon wafers.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Future of Peer Review: Four Possible Options to Nothingness

Peer review faces its biggest challenge over the next few years. This is saying a lot for an activity that has been excoriated as sexist, racist, biased, incompetent, and an accomplice before the fact in theft and skullduggery. We are at a crossroads. We must act, and act now. All that stands in our way to step forward and make the change necessary to save some form of the academic in academic works is our willingness to face the issue with resolve and the rectitude to create a new, better model. We have made all the arguments against change, and, protected in the past by economic barriers that no longer exist, we were certain that even if the arguments failed, the excessive cost to publish and distribute would prevent “less than acceptable” research from reaching the masses. Lacking the cost to publish that existed 20 years ago and facing zero-cost global distribution systems, we must now either create a responsible, guided path for academic publishing, or we will see the landscape change without us. We must act now.
Hypotheses for ongoing evolution of muscles of the upper extremity

There are organs and muscles in the human body that may be considered rudimentary in that they have insignificant or undetermined function. Several such muscles are found in the upper extremity. In this review, four muscles that appear to be undergoing evolutionary changes are discussed: flexor digitorum superficialis to the fifth finger, anconeus, palmaris longus, and anconeus epitrochlearis. The present study synthesizes, advances and extends previously described work about these muscles and extends the hypotheses and concludes that: (a) the flexor digitorum superficialis to the fifth finger is currently under adaptive evolution, (b) the anconeus has currently stabilized its evolution and is serving as a transient stability augmenter during a short portion of the human lifespan, and (c) the entire distal upper extremity is currently in the process of undergoing evolutionary change. Understanding of these muscles and their evolutionary context is important for understanding of impact on function, dysfunction, treatment and future research.
Abstract 4527: The HER3-EREG axis and its role in colorectal cancer aggression

Yearly, 50,000 Americans die of colorectal cancer metastases to liver and lung. EGFR-targeted agents improve survival in a subset of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) cases, and overexpression of the HER-family ligands amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG) correlates with EGFR-targeted agent susceptibility. Here we present evidence of association between EREG overexpression and disease aggression by showing that knockdown of EREG or HER3 impede anchorage independent growth in the HCT 116 CRC cell line. We also find that a HER3-EREG axis gene signature groups mCRC tumors into prognostically distinct groups. Snap-frozen CRC hepatic metastases (65) with patient matched normal liver, as well as 71 primary CRC tumors with patient matched normal colonic mucosa were analyzed via qRT-PCR for receptors (HER1-4) and ligands (AREG, and EREG). Among the mCRC cases HER2, HER3, AREG, and EREG were expressed at higher levels than unmatched normal mucosa (p 50 um diameter) of 170 for HER3, and 285 for EREG as compared to 530 for the empty vector (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4527. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4527
Growing prevalence of Providencia stuartii associated with the increased usage of colistin at a tertiary health care center.

Summary From 2005 to 2009, at Detroit Medical Center, the prevalence of Providencia stuartii increased from 0.52 to 0.91/1000 patient-days ( p p P. stuartii was associated with an increased use of colistin ( p P. stuartii along with other Proteeae, since these organisms are intrinsically resistant to colistin and tigecycline.
The synthesis and properties of the chemically oxidized perovskite, La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.9)

Abstract The series of La 1− x Sr x CoO 3− δ (0.5≤ x ≤0.9) perovskites have been prepared using the Pechini gel technique. The products were chemically oxidized by stirring in a sodium hypobromite solution. The samples have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, iodometric titration, Co K edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, temperature-dependent SQUID magnetic susceptibility, and temperature-dependent electrical resistivity. The Sr-rich samples ( x >0.7) have the brownmillerite-type structure prior to oxidation and the cubic perovskite structure after treatment with sodium hypobromite. Iodometric titration shows as much as a ∼14% increase in Co(IV) concentration in the Sr-rich samples after chemical oxidation. The Co K edge spectra show that there is very little change in the formal cobalt valence with increasing Sr content. The effective magnetic moments of the oxidized compounds level off with increasing Sr concentration. All of the chemically oxidized samples exhibit small-bandgap semiconducting behavior. The data lead to the postulation of an equilibrium between Co(IV) and O − in the series.
Analysis of Break Impact Load on Composite Insulators Used as Tension String

An analysis process for break impact loadings to tower, conductors and unfaulted insulators is proposed when one of the composite multi- insulators tension string comes to rupture. A finite element method is used to simulate the break impact process in order to consider the whole structural model of transmission lines and geometric nonlinearity. And a two-step calculation process, form-finding analysis and break impact analysis, is performed. The calculation results are verified by testing data. And an impact influence coefficient is defined to characterize the influence of maximum impact loading to tower, unfaulted insulators, conductors and fittings. A typical example with the structure of three-composite-insulators string and two/three suspension points is presented. The impact loading characteristics are obtained with different fracture locations. The obtained results are beneficial to design composite multi-insulators tension string structure.
Physical and chemical properties of purified tau factor and the role of tau in microtubule assembly.

This paper describes the physical and chemical properties of purified tau, a protein which is associated with brain microtubules and which induces assembly of microtubules from tubulin. Purified tau is composed of four polypeptides which migrate at positions equivalent to molecular weights between 55,000 and 62,000 during electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. These polypeptides are shown to be closely related by peptide mapping and by amnio acid analysis. A comparison by various techniques of the high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins with the tau polypeptides indicates no apparent relationship. Tau is found by analytical ultracentrifugation and by sedimentation equilibrium to have a sedimentation coefficient of 2.6 S and a native molecular weight of 57,000. Tau, therefore, must be highly asymmetric (an axial ratio of 20:1 using a prolate ellipsoid model), and yet possess little α-helical structure as indicated by circular dichroism. Isoelectric focusing shows tau to be a neutral or slightly basic protein. Tau is also seen to be phosphorylated by a protein kinase which copurifies with microtubules. In the assembly process, tau apparently regulates the formation of longitudinal oligomers from tubulin dimers, and hence promotes ring formation under depolymerizing conditions and microtubule formation under polymerizing conditions. The known asymmetry of the tau molecule suggests that tau induces assembly by binding to several tubulin molecules per tau molecule, thereby effectively increasing the local concentration of tubulin and inducing the formation of longitudinal filaments. The role of tau is discussed in light of reports of polymerization induced by particular non-physiological conditions and by various polycations. The formation of normal microtubules over a wide range of tubulin and tau concentrations under mild buffer conditions suggests that tau and tubulin define a complete in vitro assembly system under conditions which approach physiological.
Deuteron as a toroidal Skyrmion.

The minimal-energy baryon-number-two solution of the Skyrme model is a static soliton which is approximately toroidal in shape. The symmetries of this solution imply that the ground state and the first excited state of this soliton have the quantum numbers of the deuteron d and its unbound isovector $^{1}\mathrm{S}_{0}$ state. These identifications are tested by calculating the static electromagnetic properties of the deuteron and the transition moment for photodisintegration of the deuteron via the excitation, \ensuremath{\gamma}d${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{1}$${S}_{0}$. The results are consistent with the interpretation of the deuteron as a quantum state of a toroidal Skyrmion.
Evaluating the efficacy of a group of nontraditional plasticizers on the glass transition temperature of ethyl cellulose polymer.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of a homologous series of esters of dicarboxylic acid on ethyl cellulose polymer in terms of their glass transition temperatures (Tg). Methods: Ethyl cellulose polymer was plasticized with succinates (C-2), glutarates (C-5), adipates (C-6), pimelates (C-7), suberates (C-8), and sebacates (C-10) at different concentration levels. The film formation and physical state of plasticizers within the polymer were investigated and incompatibility of plasticizers was determined by nonhomogeneous system. Results: A decrease in Tg of the plasticized polymer was used as an indicator of plasticizing efficiency. Experimental Tg values were correlated with the theoretical ones predicted by Gordon–Taylor equation. Most of the experimental Tg values did not fit with the predicted ones. For all plasticizers (except succinates) the measured Tg was lower than calculated indicating negative deviation from the ideal behavior. Anti-plasticization was obtained wit...
Challenges in achieving transparency, simplicity and administering of the United States tax code

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the issues of simplicity, transparency, equity and effectively administering the United States tax code.Design/methodology/approach – Based upon a literature study and discussions with leading tax professionals.Findings – Tax systems that are difficult to comply with and administer may lack transparency. A nontransparent tax system could be difficult to administer because tax administrators may have difficulty consistently applying the law to taxpayers in similar situations. In this sense, transparency is closely linked to the simplicity and effectively administering the United States tax system.Originality/ value – Provides for a non‐technical read for managers who seek a high level overview of the subject and are non‐tax professionals.
Potential of NMR Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Nonconventional Oils

NMR spectroscopy was applied for the characterization of two biomass based pyrolysis oil samples. The samples were extracted in various solvents and the extracts were investigated by both 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent evaluation of the integrated analytical data revealed chemical information regarding semiquantitative estimation of various functional groups. This information could not have been obtained readily from the individual spectroscopic techniques. Semiquantitative estimation of the various functional groups allowed a comparison of the extraction efficiency of these groups in various solvents. The method is based on the premise that although the number of individual molecular species in pyrolysis oil liquid is large, most of these species are composed of a limited number of functional groups. The methodology provided information on the concentration of chemical functionalities that are potentially useful for synthetic modifications and may help to guide the use of pyrolysis oil as a chemical feedstock. The approach described is expected to be generally applicable to complex mixture of hydrocarbon oils such as bio-oils, oil sands bitumen, and coal pyrolysis oils.
Dynamic scheduling of flexible job shop based on genetic algorithm

Using genetic algorithm to resolve dynamic production scheduling problem of flexible job shop is presented. A math model and objective function for dynamic scheduling of flexible job shop is set up by analysis problem of flexible job shop scheduling and restrictive condition is research. A genetic operator that can meet the need of production scheduling of flexible job shop is designed based on working procedure coding. Coding, crossover, mutation, fitness calculation, controls parameter selection and stop condition is studied. Based on those simulation is carry out and the result of it show correctness and validity of arithmetic.
Volatile oils from foliage of coast redwood and big tree

Abstract The steam volatile oil from macerated foliage of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and big tree or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) have been examined by gas chromatography. Most major and many minor components of each of the oils have been isolated and identified by i.r. spectroscopy. A few components have been tentatively identified by retention times only.
GABA receptor binding in rat striatum: Localization and effects of denervation

Abstract Intrastriatal injection of 2 μg of kainic acid, a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate, causes degeneration of GABAergic neurons intrinsic to the striatum while sparing axons of extrinsic neurons terminating in or passing through the region. From 2 to 15 days after striatal lesion with kainate, the sodium-independent binding of [3H]-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to striatal membranes is increased 200% above that of control. Differences in the amount of endogenous GABA contaminating the membrane preparations do not account for the increased receptor binding. Scatchard analysis reveals an increased affinity of the GABA receptor in the kainate-lesioned striatum with no change in the number of binding sites. The subcellular distribution of the receptor as well as the sensitivity of the receptor to several agonists and antagonists is unchanged by the kainate lesion. Ablation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway by nigral injection of 8 μg of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces by 22% the specific binding of [3H]GABA in the ipsilateral striatum and attenuates by 33% the increase in GABA receptor binding produced by the striatal kainate lesion. These studies demonstrate that: (1) the sodium-independent binding sites for GABA in striatum are localized on axons of extrinsic neurons, and (2) the affinity of these receptors for GABA increases in response to GABAergic denervation.
Plotting aids for multivariate calibration and chemostatistics

Abstract Spiegelman, C.H., 1992. Plotting aids for multivariate calibration and chemostatistics. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 15: 29–38. There are few published procedures for plotting multivariate calibration data. In this paper I give some new plotting techniques that have been useful in my research and consulting. There are plots for detecting matrix effects, and other violations of Beer's law, plots for checking the selectivity of channels and frequencies, and plots that help diagnose the importance of frequencies within a peak.
A Wireless Implantable Passive Microdosimeter for Radiation Oncology

Wireless measurement of ionizing radiation in close proximity or/and within an irradiated solid tumor is extremely valuable for dose verification and quality control in radiation oncology. For such applications, it is preferable to manufacture such sensors using passive components since high levels of ionizing radiation can damage active electronics. In addition, passive implementation can reduce the cost associated with fabrication and assembly. This paper reports on the development of an implantable micro- machined passive LC transponder for in situ radiation measurement. Dose measurement is performed by monitoring the resonance frequency change associated with the decay of surface change of an electret upon exposure to radiation. This is achieved through a micromachned capacitor with a movable plate that is partially filled with a Teflon electret and connected in parallel with an inductor, thus forming a passive LC tank circuit. For an implantable prototype encapsulated in a glass capsule (2.5 mm in diameter, 2.8 cm in length), test results show that a dose of 30 Gy (from a Co60 source) can produce 1.46 MHz frequency shift resulting in a sensitivity of 49 kHz/Gy.
Heat transfer enhancement in dense suspensions of agitated solids. Part II: Experiments in the exchange limit

We test the theory of Part I in the exchange limit by vibrating acrylic and aluminum spheres in a box consisting of two flat, vertical isothermal walls, two bumpy, horizontal, insulated walls, and two flat vertical insulated surfaces. The steady heat flux through the thermally-guarded hot wall is recorded at different temperatures of the opposite wall cooled by thermoelectric modules, and enhancements of suspension conductivity are calculated using a lumped-parameter model of the box. To compare results and theory, we also predict vertical profiles of agitation and solid volume fraction in the box using granular dynamics.
Diffusive deposition of particles in a short channel

Abstract The diffusive deposition of particles in the entrance region of a channel is studied with an integral method. The results are presented in a figure for various Schmidt numbers. For flow at low Schmidt numbers (Sc 100) 't approaches that of a parabolic velocity profile.
Social Competence in Persons with Prader‐Willi, Williams and Down's Syndromes

Background This study explores everyday social competence in the lives of persons with three genetic intellectual disability syndromes. Methods Using parent reports on the Social and Activity Competence domains of Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), socially competent behaviours were examined in 58 persons with Williams syndrome, 54 persons with Prader-Willi syndrome, and 65 persons with Down's syndrome. Results The Down's syndrome group showed the highest overall social competence scores, while individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome fared worst in terms of their behaviour with others. The Williams syndrome group scored lowest in terms of skill with jobs and chores, and the Down's syndrome group showed the least skill in non-sport activities. Regarding specific activities, musical activities were popular in both Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome, but more participants with Williams syndrome played musical instruments. Compared with the other groups, individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome were five to 25 times more likely to play with jigsaw puzzles, and those with Williams syndrome were least likely to engage in any visual–spatial leisure activities. Age was found to be a positive correlate of social competence for the Williams and Down's syndrome groups, but not for the Prader-Willi group. Conclusions Implications are discussed for interventions and for future behavioural phenotype work.
Relationships of Soluble Carbohydrates and Freeze Tolerance in Saltgrass

Information is lacking regarding the changes of endogenous soluble carbohydrates of saltgrass [Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene] during cold acclimation. The objective of this study was to quantify soluble carbohydrates and their relationships to freezing tolerance in six saltgrass accessions (A65, A29, C66, 32, 55, and 48). The study was performed at monthly intervals under natural acclimation in two consecutive winter seasons (October 1999-April 2000 and October 2000-April 2001) at Fort Collins, CO. Concurrent with LT 50 (subfreezing temperature resulting in 50% mortality) assessment, soluble carbohydrates, including sucrose, fructose, glucose, raffinose, and stachyose were measured by gas chromatography (GC). Results indicated significant differences among accessions and sampling dates in LT 50 and carbohydrate content. Sucrose was the predominant sugar, but did not show a clear seasonal trend and had no correlation with freezing tolerance. Fructose, glucose, raffinose, and stachyose exhibited clear seasonal changes, reaching highest concentrations during midwinter. In December of both seasons, higher concentration of fructose and glucose were observed in 48 and 55 as compared with other accessions. Accession A29 had the highest concentration of raffinose in December and January in both seasons. A29 also had the highest stachyose content in midwinter of 1999-2000. Higher fructose, glucose, or raffinose concentrations were frequently observed in accessions of 48, 55, and A29, which coincided with their lower LT 50 as compared with the other accessions. In contrast, C66 had the lowest sugar concentrations, which related to its sensitivity to low temperatures. These results indicate that fructose, glucose, raffinose, and stachyose may play important roles in saltgrass freezing tolerance.
Populations of Bollworms, Tobacco Budworms, Tarnished Plant Bugs, and Other Cotton Pests in Four Varieties of Upland Cotton

Differences in populations of tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in 4 varieties of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsulum L., were not significant in a small-plot field test made at Stoneville, Mississippi, in 1969. The population of tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), was larger on the most hirsute variety, ‘Stoneville 213’ than on the most glarous variety, ‘Deltapine 16,’ and the difference was reflected in a significantly smaller yield of seed cotton by the hirsute variety compared with the near-glabrous variety. The averages of the total insect populations for the season were about equal in the 4 varieties.
What to do with “Surprise” N2?: Intraoperative Management of Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

There is debate about how patients should be managed when malignant involvement of mediastinal lymph nodes is encountered at the time of lung resection. A comprehensive review of the literature demonstrates that differences in which outcomes are reported and how extensively patients were staged preoperatively explain much of the conflicting data. Certain negative and positive prognostic factors can be defined, but in general the outcomes justify proceeding with resection unless it is clear that disease will be left behind. Reasonable arguments can be made that the approach should include a mediastinal lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy.
Activation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in cultured fetal diencephalic neurons by differentiating agents

The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 microM) or forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (F/I; 10/500 microM) on TRH gene expression in cultured fetal diencephalic cells. BrdU as well as drugs such as F/I that raise intracellular cAMP levels had been previously termed differentiating agents because they cause morphological and functional differentiation of IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells. We postulated that neurons of fetal diencephalons may remain relatively undifferentiated in vitro and that this might be the reason for low or undetectable TRH production. We hypothesized that treatment with differentiating agents might increase neuropeptide expression. Both BrdU and F/I dramatically (P < 0.01) raised intracellular TRH and pro-TRH messenger RNA concentrations in cultured diencephalic neurons. Although a short BrdU exposure during the first 4 days of culture was sufficient to irreversibly change TRH neurons and to cause maintenance of high TRH levels a...
Impacts of Exemplification and Efficacy as Characteristics of an Online Weight-Loss Message on Selective Exposure and Subsequent Weight-Loss Behavior

The greatest obstacle for health campaigns is most likely a lack of adequate exposure (Hornik, 2002), as public health messages compete with a flood of alternative messages. In light of America’s obesity epidemic, the present work examines message characteristics that may foster exposure to recommendations on healthful weight management. Drawing on social cognitive theory and exemplification theory, the present three-session 2×2 experiment examined impacts of efficacy and exemplification, as characteristics of an online weight-loss message, on selective exposure and change in recommended behavior. Exposure depended on both characteristics, as the exemplar, high-efficacy version resulted in longest and the base-rate, high-efficacy version in shortest exposure, while both low-efficacy versions fell in between. Change in recommended behavior was positive and significantly higher in exemplar message groups than for base-rate version groups, where the change was negative.
Objectives of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction

The objectives of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction are to restore coronary artery patency, salvage myocardium, reduce infarct size, and facilitate coronary artery repair. Urokinase and streptokinase are the two most frequently used thrombolytic agents. Both dissolve thrombi by converting circulating plasminogen, an inert precursor, into plasmin. One possible advantage of urokinase and streptokinase over new clot-specific agents is that the former have systemic fibrinolytic effects. This reduces blood viscosity and prevents other thrombi from forming. Angiography is the most objective technique for assessing reestablished arterial patency, but being invasive, it present disadvantages. Noninvasive criteria for coronary reperfusion include lowering of elevated ST-segments, shifting creatine kinase isoenzyme MB curves, and the appearance of reperfusion arrhythmias. Techniques for assessing myocardial salvage include thallium uptake, assessment of wall motion and myocardial thickening, ejection fraction, and positron emission tomography to assess infarct size. The role and appropriate timing of coronary artery repair after thrombolytic therapy are being studied.
MEASUREMENT OF FLOW ABILITY OF BUTTER BY CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY

Capillary rheometry was used to study and compare the rheological behavior of butters made from supercritically fractionated high melting triglyceride (HMT) and anhydrous milk fat (AMF) at different temperatures. Application of shear rates in the range of 17.37 to 346.93 s -1 showed a strong dependency of flow behavior on the capillary diameter, indicating slippage at the walls. Shear rates were corrected for wall-slippage using capillaries with different diameters but the same length, and for non-Newtonian behavior using the Rabinowitsch procedure. Shear stresses were corrected for entrance effect using capillaries of the same diameter but different lengths. Power law consistency indices (K), determined from log-log plots of corrected shear stresses versus shear rates, were found to have a negative correlation with temperature. Higher K values were observed for HMT butter depicting its more solid-like behavior due to greater concentration of high melting triglycerides. A slight increase in the K values was observed on storage probably due to rearrangement offat crystals and formation of secondary bonds between them. Flow indices were found to be relatively insensitive to both time and temperature of storage. From the flow curves (apparent viscosity versus shear rates), master curves were generated using the time-temperature superposition principle.
Bimodal Polymer Mushrooms: Compressive Forces and Specificity toward Receptor Surfaces

End-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (or PEG) polymer chains are used to extend the in vivo circulation time of targeted liposomes and nanoparticles; however, the most efficacious structure for also imparting high target specificity remains unknown. Using the surface force apparatus, we have measured the specific and nonspecific forces between bimodal mixtures of grafted polymer mushrooms and model receptor surfaces. Specifically, supported lipid membranes anchoring 2000 or 5000 Da PEG with a controlled fraction of PEG(2000) bearing biotin ligands were compressed against opposing streptavidin surfaces. The presence of the longer 5000 Da chain increased the steric repulsion of the bimodal mushroom layer and thus decreased the net adhesive force when shorter chains were ligated. However, the 5000 Da chain did not detectably alter the distance where ligand-receptor binding occurs and adhesion begins. This latter result is in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on summing the repulsive steric and attractive bridging forces. Further, all ligated structures adhered to receptors under both static and dynamic fluid flow conditions. The dynamic movement of the flexible PEG tethers permitted ligand-receptor bonds to form far beyond the equilibrium edge of the bimodal mushroom layer. This work demonstrates that liposome targeting should be enhanced by grafting ligands to liposomes with a tether that has a contour length longer than the equilibrium height of the bimodal mushroom layer.
Central tolerance regions and reference regions for multivariate normal populations

Reference intervals and regions are widely used to identify the measurement range expected from a reference population. Such regions capture the central part of the population, and have potential applications in the field of laboratory medicine. Furthermore, the uncertainty in an estimated reference region can be assessed using a central tolerance region, namely, a region that will contain the population reference region, with a specified confidence level. The construction of a central tolerance region is investigated in this article for a multivariate normal population, and also for a multivariate normal linear regression model. A theoretical framework is developed that will facilitate the numerical computation of the tolerance factor. The performance of a prediction region is also evaluated, in terms of capturing the central part of the population, and the prediction region is found to be unsatisfactory. Some examples from laboratory medicine are used to illustrate the results.
Radial-Transverse (SV-SH) Coordinates for 9-C 3-D Seismic Reflection Data Analysis

Summary Nine-component 3-D seismic reflection data are acquired using orthogonal shear-wave sources and orthogonal horizontal geophone components. Shear-wave sources are usually oriented inline and crossline to the receiver lines, as are the horizontal geophones. These coordinates are referred to as the field coordinates. Field coordinates implicitly mix SH, SV, and P-waves. Shear-wave data processing and interpretation is simplified if the prestack data are azimuthally rotated to a radial-transverse coordinate system. The radial component contains predominantly SV and P-wave modes, while the transverse data are predominantly SH. The SH data are simplified in that SH waves convert only to SH upon reflection and transmission (in a flat layered earth), unlike SV propagation which is coupled with P. There are distinct differences between SV and SH waves in terms of of the surface waves generated (Rayleigh versus Love). SH systems exhibit SH head waves, while SV systems have P head waves followed by P-SV-P head waves, etc., having very different slopes and intercepts than do those for SH. Normal moveout and amplitude-versus-offset are different for SH and SV waves, and the SV data contain P-waves and converted waves. Field coordinates mix all of these components together in variable proportions, confusing attempts at processing and interpretation.