cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROPAGULE DISPERSAL DISTANCE AND THE SIZE AND SPACING OF MARINE RESERVES

This study compiled available information on the dispersal distance of the propagules of benthic marine organisms and used this information in the development of criteria for the design of marine reserves. Many benthic marine organisms release propagules that spend time in the water column before settlement. During this period, ocean currents transport or disperse the propagules. When considering the size of a marine reserve and the spacing between reserves, one must consider the distance which propagules disperse. We could find estimates of dispersal distance for 32 taxa; for 25 of these, we were also able to find data on the time the propagules spent dispersing. Dispersal distance ranged from meters to thousands of kilometers, and time in the plankton ranged from minutes to months. A significant positive correlation was found between the log-transformed duration in the plankton and the log-transformed dispersal distance ( r 5 0.7776, r 2 5 0.60, df 5 1, 25, P 5 0.000); the more time propagules spend in the water column the further they tend to be dispersed. The frequency distribution of the log-transformed dispersal distance is bimodal (kurtosis 52 1.29, t 52 4.062, P , 0.001) with a gap between 1 and 20 km. Propagules that dispersed ,1 km spent less time in the plankton (,100 h), or if they remained in the plankton for a longer period, they tended to remain in the waters near the bottom. Propagules that dispersed .20 km spent more than 300 h in the plankton. The bimodal nature of the distribution suggests that evolutionary constraints may reduce the likelihood of evolving mid-range dispersal strategies (i.e., dispersal between 1 and 20 km) resulting in two evolutionarily stable dispersal strategies: dispersal , 1k m or.;20 km. We suggest that reserves be designed large enough to contain the short-distance dispersing propagules and be spaced far enough apart that long-distance dispersing propagules released from one reserve can settle in adjacent reserves. A reserve 4-6 km in diameter should be large enough to contain the larvae of short-distance dispersers, and reserves spaced 10- 20 km apart should be close enough to capture propagules released from adjacent reserves.
Comparative studies of recycling isoelectric focusing and continuous flow electrophoresis: separation of proteins with minor charge differences.

Continous flow zone electrophoresis (CFE) and recycling isoelectric focusing (RIEF) are two of the alternative formats for fluid phase preparative isolation of biological products in liquid separation media. The McDonnell Douglas CFE system has been used for both ground-based and microgravity separations. The ground-based McDonnell Douglas CFE and RIEF were compared for the ability to reslove mixtures of proteins with known charge differences. Mixtures of (1) cytochrome c, myoglobin, and ovalbumin or (2) beta-lactoglobulin and ovalbumin were used to evaluate the resolving capabilities of CFE and RIEF. Following separation, fractions were analyzed by determining absorbance at 280 nm and by analytical isoelectric focusing (IEF) using Coomassie Brilliant Blue or silver staining to detect focused proteins. Both CFE and RIEF apparently separated the components of both mixtures into individual peaks, separated by fractions which contained little or no detectable protein. Coomassie-stained analytical IEF gels supported this finding. However, when separated proteins were analyzed by silver staining of the analytical gels, the separation of ovalbumin from beta-lactoglobulin by CFE was not complete. Ovalbumin was free ofbeta-lactoglobulin but beta-lactoglobulin was contaminated by trace amounts of ovalbumin. RIEF clearly separated each protein with no detectable contamination. These data demonstrate the superiority of RIEF over CFE for resolution of protein mixtures having only minor charge differences. RIEF may be more efficient due to the documented electrodissociation of noncovalent protein:protein complexes which occurs during RIEF separations.
Predictors of influenza vaccine acceptance among healthy adults.

Abstract Background. Previous studies investigating predictors of influenza vaccine acceptance have focused on high-risk patients or health care workers. Few studies have examined flu shot acceptance among healthy adults in workplace settings, even though influenza vaccine is recommended for this group as well. Methods. Two studies investigated predictors of flu vaccine acceptance in workplace samples of healthy adults. In the first study, 79 university employees were interviewed, while in the second, 435 corporate employees completed a questionnaire. Results. In the first study, flu shot acceptance was predicted by perceived effectiveness of the vaccine ( r = 0.36), perceived likelihood of vaccine side effects ( r = −0.32), and having received the shot in the previous year ( r = 0.25). In the second study, flu shot acceptance was again predicted by perceived effectiveness ( r = 0.49), likelihood of side effects ( r = −0.31), and previous flu shot ( r = 0.66) and was also related to older age ( r = 0.10) and to predicted percentage of co-workers who also received the shot ( r = 0.24). Conclusions. The current studies indicate that predictors of vaccine acceptance among healthy adults are similar to those identified in studies of high-risk patient populations and health care workers.
Conformal time-domain particle-in-cell simulation of vacuum electronic devices with accurate surface loss

We present two algorithmic improvements to enhance accuracy for large-signal simulations of vacuum electronic amplifiers using the GPU-accelerated, 3D time-domain particle-in-cell code `Neptune'. A new conformal (cut-cell) geometry model with a new algorithm for Ohmic surface loss accurately predicts the dispersive and dissipative electromagnetic properties of complex metal device structures.
Zur herstellung von Perfluoralkylisocyanaten und 1,1-Dihydroperfluoralkylisocyanaten

Die aus der Patentliteratur bekannte Darstellung dieser Isocyanate wurde an Hand der Beispiele C3F7NCO, C3F7CH2NCO, C7F15NCO und C7F15CH2NCO bearbeitet. Die Umsetzung der Perfluorcarbonsaurechloride zu den Saureaziden konnte dabei durch Verwendung wasriger Natriumazidlosung verbessert werden. 1,1-Dihydroperfluoralkylamine liesen sich durch Reduktion der Nitrile mit Lithiumalanat in Ausbeuten von 75 bis 85% gewinnen. Die Umsetzung dieser Amine lies sich durch Salzphosgenierung in Tetramethylensulfon wesentlich verbessern.
Light-Directed Electrical Stimulation of Neurons Cultured on Silicon Wafers

Dissociated neurons cultured in vitro can serve as a model system for studying the dynamics of neural networks. Such studies depend on techniques for stimulating patterns of neural activity. We show a technique for extracellular stimulation of dissociated neurons cultured on silicon wafers. When the silicon surface is reverse biased, electrical current can be generated near any neuron by pulsing a laser. Complex spatiotemporal stimulation patterns can be produced by directing a single beam with an acousto-optic deflector. The technique can generate a stimulating current at any location in the culture. This contrasts with multielectrode arrays (MEAs), which can stimulate only at fixed electrode locations. To characterize reliability and spatial selectivity of stimulation, we used intracellular (patch-clamp) recordings to monitor the effect of targeted laser pulses on cultured hippocampal neurons. Action potentials could be stimulated with submillisecond precision and 100-micron spatial resolution at rates exceeding 100 Hz. Optimal control parameters for stimulation are discussed.
Local dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide) in solution. 2. Vector autocorrelation functions and motional anisotropy

The anisotropy of the local dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide) in toluene solution has been characterized using molecular dynamics simulations and NMR coupled spin relaxation experiments. Ratios of second rank correlation times calculated from the trajectories, such as that between correlation times describing the reorientation of vectors parallel (τz) and perpendicular (τ⊥) to the local chain axis, reproduce all trends seen in values obtained from NMR coupled spin relaxation experiments. The magnitude of the anisotropy is larger than that observed for PEO in aqueous solution but smaller than that of polyethylene in biphenyl solution. Correlation function shapes are markedly nonexponential, in contrast to those seen for recent simulations of polyisoprene in solution but similar to those seen for n-C44H90 melts. Comparison of correlation functions calculated from regions of the trajectory near and between conformational transitions indicates that transitions have a role in producing larger anisotropies and m...
Exchange-Rate Policies in Central Europe and Monetary Union

This paper examines the relationship between exchange-rate and monetary policies in transition economies (TEs) bent on entering the European Union (EU) and eventually acceding to the EUs monetary union. After detailing the present exchange-rate systems and monetary regimes in the central European TEs, currently practiced targets of monetary policy are reviewed and some proposed policy changes in response to the requirements of monetary union are discussed. Thereafter the question whether the candidates are likely to have to resort to a final currency devaluation no more than two years prior to acceding to monetary union is examined. This is followed, by way of conclusion, with some further suggestions for desirable adjustments in short-and long-term monetary policy.
Measuring what we value: quantifying the impact of the physician extender in surgical care.

h T d a 8 a s a e a t c t n t e t q v T t r v c a t The utility of integrating physician extenders into the medical team has been a topic of debate for several decades. It is a debate that has taken place in numerous countries and across a wide variety of medical specialties. Although the private sectors of medicine have a fairly substantial history of implementing the role of physician extenders, academic centers have not generally followed with the same frequency until recently.1 However, in light of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME’s) 2003 mandate to cap resident work hours, the stakes for academic institutions to strive for the highest possible efficiency of resource (ie, provider) management has never been higher. Resident work-hour restrictions have forced academic centers to find ways to compensate for the decreased workforce.2 Nowhere is this issue more glaring than in surgical specialties. Surgical specialties are somewhat unique within the inpatient medical setting because when the attending physician (surgeon) is at his/her most productive state (operating), he/she is unlikely to be available to spend large amounts of time with, or promptly evaluate, hospitalized patients in times of acute need. This gap in availability has traditionally been filled by residents. However, as residents have become less and less available, the drive for institutions to remedy this issue with physician extenders is rapidly increasing, and has already somewhat altered the face of the inpatient medical team.3 It is now considered commonplace in our practices to use the physician extender for all phases of surgical care. Like any other change in surgery, whether it is a novel operation or pathway of care, the value of new practices should be studied. Therefore, the impact of adding physician extenders to the medical team
Fossil Storks (Ciconiidae) from the Late Eocene and Early Miocene of Egypt

Miller, E.R., Tab Rasmussen, D. & Simons, E.L. 1997. Fossil Storks (Ciconiidae) from the Late Eocene and Early Miocene of Egypt. Ostrich 68 (1): 23–26. Two fossil stork tibiotarsii from Egypt, one a late Eocene ciconiid from the Fayum Province, and the other a lower Miocene specimen of Leptoptilos sp. from Wadi Moghara, are described and discussed. The late Eocene ciconiid specimen marks the first appearance of a stork in the African fossil record and may also represent the earliest fossil stork known anywhere. The lower Miocene specimen of Leptoptilos is one of the earliest records of a modern-type stork in Africa, and the first occurrence of a modern stork in North Africa. The addition of these two specimens, together with other ciconiid material from younger Miocene sites in Tunisia, gives North Africa the most complete record of fossil storks. The presence of these specimens in North Africa is consistent with paleoenvironmental reconstructions of northern Egypt during the Eocene to Miocene as an area ...
Ethnography in a Time of Blurred Genres

Drawing from Francine Prose's Reading Like a Writer (2006), this article offers suggestions for reading ethnographies in a new way: with an eye toward learning how they were written and what literary feats they accomplished. In a time of blurred genres, the line between fiction and nonfiction has become increasingly indistinct and it is no longer so clear where ethnography is to be positioned. It is therefore important to reassess the possibilities and limits of ethnography as a literary genre if we are to understand the idiosyncrasies of its “art.”
Neonatal estrogen exposure results in biphasic age-dependent effects on the skeletal development of male mice.

Peak bone mass, one of the most important predictors for fracture risk later in life, is attained during puberty and adolescence and influenced by neonatal and pubertal sex-specific gonadal hormones and GH-IGF-I secretion patterns. This study examined the effects of brief neonatal estrogen (NE) exposure on growth and skeletal development in C57BL/6J mice. A single injection of 100-μg estradiol or vehicle was administered on the first day of life. Growth parameters were monitored and skeletal phenotyping performed at 16 weeks in female mice and at 4 and 16 weeks in male mice. NE exposure negatively impacted adult femoral length in both sexes, but adult body weight, areal bone density, and bone strength in female mice were unaffected. In contrast, somatic growth was attenuated in estrogen-exposed male mice throughout the study period. At the prepubertal time point, the estrogen-exposed males exhibited higher bone mineral density, cortical volume, and cortical thickness compared with controls. However, by th...
Is It Safe to Perform Aggressive Rehabilitation After Distal Biceps Tendon Repair Using the Modified 2-Incision Approach? A Biomechanical Study

BackgroundDespite improved methods of fixation, there is still a delay in early active motion after distal biceps repair.HypothesisDistal biceps repairs using the modified 2-incision technique can be treated with early motion, and there is no difference in the cyclic performance of Ethibond and Fiberwire when used for the repair.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsNine matched pairs of cadaveric elbows had release of the distal biceps followed by repair with either No. 5 Ethibond or Fiberwire through a bone tunnel. The repairs were cyclically loaded for 3000 cycles (1000 cycles from 10-50 N, 1000 cycles from 10-75 N, 1000 cycles from 10-100 N) followed by single-load displacement to failure in surviving specimens.ResultsThere was no difference in the displacement or stiffness between surviving repairs at any point measured. Ethibond repairs survived significantly more cycles than did Fiberwire repairs, particularly at higher loads.ConclusionDistal biceps repair using the 2-incision technique wi...
Adolescent Resilience: Promotive Factors That Inform Prevention

Resilience theory provides a framework for studying and understanding how some youths overcome risk exposure and guides the development of interventions for prevention using a strengths-based approach. In this article, we describe basic concepts of the theory, such as promotive factors, and distinguish assets and resources that help youths overcome the negative effects of risk exposure. We also present three models of resilience theory—compensatory, protective, and challenge—and review empirical research on three promotive factors—ethnic identity, social support, and prosocial involvement—that include individual, family, and community levels of analysis and have modifiable qualities for informing interventions. Finally, we present examples of how research findings from the three promotive factors can be translated into interventions to enhance youth development.
Multimodal feature analysis for quantitative performance evaluation of endotracheal intubation (ETI)

Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a crucial medical procedure performed on critically ill patients. It involves insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea i.e. the windpipe connecting the larynx and the lungs. Often, this procedure is performed by the paramedics (aka providers) under challenging prehospital settings e.g. roadside, ambulances or helicopters. Successful intubations could be lifesaving, whereas, failed intubation could potentially be fatal. Under prehospital environments, ETI success rates among the paramedics are surprisingly low and this necessitates better training and performance evaluation of ETI skills. Currently, few objective metrics exist to quantify the differences in ETI techniques between providers. In this pilot study, we develop a quantitative framework for discriminating the kinematic characteristics of providers with different experience levels. The system utilizes statistical analysis on spatio-temporal multimodal features extracted from optical motion capture, accelerometers and electromyography (EMG) sensors. Our experiments involved three individuals performing intubations on a dummy, each with different levels of training. Quantitative performance analysis on multimodal features revealed distinctive differences among different skill levels. In future work, the feedback from these analysis could potentially be harnessed for enhanced ETI training.
Teaching complexity theory through student construction of a course wiki: The self-organization of a scale-free network

Complex systems are fascinating because emergent phenomena are often unpredictable and appear to arise ex nihilo. The other side of this fascination, however, is a certain difficulty in comprehending complex systems, particularly for students. To help students more fully understand emergence and self-organization, a course on complexity theory was designed to not only be about these two concepts, but itself embody them. The principal design tool was a course wiki. Here, we quantitatively demonstrate that this course wiki self-organized into a scale-free network. This is particularly notable given the small size of the network. We conclude by noting a few qualitative examples of emergence, as well as offering recommendations for the future use of wikis in teaching complexity theory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 16: 41–48, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circular Polarization of Vacuum Ultraviolet Light by Piezobirefringence

An instrument has been constructed that can produce any degree of elliptical polarization from linear to circular in the vacuum uv range 1050 A to 1450 A using a piezobirefringent retarder of LiF. The apparatus is conveniently described by the Mueller matrices. One of the piezobirefringence constants, P(11) - P(12), ranged from 4.0-10.0 x 10(-13) cm(2)/dyn for various samples of LiF, and the index of refraction at 1216 A was 1.79 +/- 0.14.
Nuclear magnetic resonance structure elucidation of peptide b2 ions.

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is powerful for chemical identification but it is still insufficient for explicit ion structure determination. A strategy is introduced to elucidate MS fragment ion structures using NMR spectroscopy for the first time. In our experiments, precursor ions are dissociated at atmospheric pressure and the resulting fragment ions are identified by mass spectrometry but collected outside the mass spectrometer, making the subsequent NMR measurements possible. This new strategy has been applied to determine the chemical structure of the characteristic b2 fragment ion, a subject of longstanding debate in MS-based proteomics.
Energy-based scatter correction and energy dependent image reconstruction for PET scanners

In this paper we propose a comprehensive energy based scatter correction approach for PET. The detailed energy information that comes with the list-mode data, as well as the marked difference between the energy spectra of unscattered and scattered photons are used for the estimation of the scattered events distributions and inside the reconstruction algorithm to individualize the correction terms for each coincidence by taking into account the probability of each event to be a true, a scattered (or a random) given its position and energy information. The central piece of our approach is the two-dimensional detector energy response model represented as a linear combination of four components, each one representing a particular state a PET event can be found in: both photons unscattered, the second scattered while the first not, first photon scattered while the second not, and both photons scattered. For a set of events collected in the vicinity of a given line of response, the coefficient of each component is determined by applying a statistical estimator. As a result we obtain the number of scattered events that are in the given set. The model gives us also the variation of scatter fraction with the photon pair energies for that particular position in the data space.
“AN INFERNAL FIRE IN MY VEINS”: GENTLEMANLY DRINKING IN THE TENANT OF WILDFELL HALL

Drinking was a serious preoccupation for mid-century English Victorians, and Anne Bronte's The Tenant ofWildfell Hall is a novel sodden with drink. This startlingly explicit novel is a troubled and troubling anatomy of upper-crust drunkenness, obsessed with issues of control and productivity, of appetites and class, as they play out across the body of its prime sot, the wealthy playboy Arthur Huntingdon. In telling her drinking tale, Bronte is doing more than simply crafting a prurient morality story, meant to scare drinkers straight. Arthur's fall into the bottle is emblematic of the increasingly untenable role of the landed gentleman in Victorian culture, and the dire consequences of his appetites suggest the possibility of a radical social revisioning across that gentleman's prone, overstuffed body. Tenant has generated a fair amount of critical attention in recent years, but most of the interest surrounding the novel has focused not on Arthur but on his long-suffering wife, Helen Huntingdon. The tale of a woman who frees herself from the constraints of a bad marriage and an abusive husband to find freedom and true love has instead been justly celebrated for its proto-feminist sensibilities: Helen Huntingdon's famous locking of her bedroom door
A New Antigenic Determinant on HBsAg

. A new antigenic specificity for HBsAg is described, and its usefulness as an epidemiological marker is discussed. This specificity, l, was found in specimens from all geographic areas studied (United States, Latin America, South Africa, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea). In these areas, l was strongly associated with HBsAg/ay; y-positive, l-negative samples were observed only among specimens from United States volunteer blood donors. This determinant allowed a distinction of HBsAg/ad classes. Thus, the l determinant was detected in 51.4% of HBsAg/adw4, 44.1% of HBsAg/adw(non-w4), and 50% of HBsAg/adr. The association of l and other HBsAg determinants with HBeAg or anti-HBe was also investigated. HBeAg was found to be associated with the presence of the l determinant and with the r determinant. Anti-HBe was associated with the presence of the d and w determinants and with the absence of the l specificity.
Conventionalism and Realism-Imitating Counterfactuals

Historically, opponents of realism have managed to slip under a key objection that realists raise against them. The opponents say that some element of the world is constructed by our cognitive practices; realists retort that the element would have existed, unaltered, had our practices differed; the opponents sometimes agree, contending that we construct in just such a way as to render the counterfactual true. The contemporary installment of this debate starts with conventionalism about modality, which holds that the borders of the world's kinds and the careers of individuals in those kinds obtain only relative to our conventions of individuation . Realists charge that the kinds and careers in nature would still have obtained, had our conventions been different, but conventionalists claim to be able to agree. This paper argues that the claim is false, and that conventionalism contradicts itself.
Processing methods for signal suppression of FTMS data.

Background: Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry coupled with Liquid Chromatography(LC-FTMS) has been widely used in proteomics. Past investigation has revealed that there exists an intensity dependent random suppression in peptide elution profiles in LC-FTMS data. The suppression is homogenous for the same peptide but non-homogenous for different peptides. The correction of suppressed profiles and an estimation on the range of suppression are necessary for accurate and reliable quantification using FTMS data. Results: A software package, Gcorr, is presented. The software corrects peptide profiles that satisfy correction conditions, and it can predict fold change null distributions at different intensity levels. Subsequently, the significance P-values of measured fold changes can be estimated based on the predicted null distributions. We have used an 1:1 LC-FTMS label-free dataset pair collected based on the same sample to verify that our predicted null distributions conforms to that of the observed null distribution. Conclusions: This software is able to provide suppression correction for peptide profiles, suppression distribution analysis and peptide differential expression analysis in terms of its fold change significance. The software is freely available at http://compgenomics.utsa.edu/Suppression_Study.html.
Response of three annual weeds to corn population density and nitrogen fertilization timing

Abstract The limited understanding of soil nitrogen (N) effects on crop yield loss to weeds prevents the refinement of integrated weed management to consider soil fertility. A 3-yr field experiment compared ammonium nitrate applications before corn emergence (PRE N) or in late June (POST N) on the growth of giant foxtail, velvetleaf, common waterhemp, and grain corn. The N responses were studied in corn population densities of 5.4 and 7.9 plants m−2 to understand how crop density might influence N effects on yield loss. In late June of each year, leaf areas were 25% (corn), 64% (velvetleaf), and 41% (giant foxtail) lower with POST N than with PRE N. Common waterhemp leaf area in late June was unaffected by N timing. Corn population density did not affect weed shoot dry weights evaluated in late June. Corn and velvetleaf heights in late July were up to 19 and 48% lower, respectively, with POST N compared with PRE N. Common waterhemp and giant foxtail heights in late July were unaffected by N timing. Corn y...
Childhood Poverty and Young Adults’ Allostatic Load The Mediating Role of Childhood Cumulative Risk Exposure

Childhood poverty is linked to a host of physical and psychological disorders during childhood and later in life. In the study reported here, we showed that the proportion of childhood spent in poverty from birth to age 9 was linked to elevated allostatic load, a marker of chronic physiological stress, in 17-year-olds. Furthermore, this prospective longitudinal relationship was mediated by cumulative risk exposure at age 13. The greater the duration of early life spent in poverty, the greater the exposure to cumulative risk. This, in turn, leads to elevated allostatic load. Multiple psychological, biological, and neurological pathways likely account for the social patterning of psychological and physical disease.
Democratic dilemmas: union democracy and union renewal

This article examines the academic debate over union democracy and compares it with recent research on union renewal in the United States. The juxtaposition reveals that revitalization in US unions...
Globalization and Politics

This chapter reviews the issues at stake in current public and scholarly debates over the impact of changes in the international economy on domestic politics and society. Over the past two decades, there have been dramatic increases in the flow of portfolio capital, foreign direct investment, and foreign exchange trading across borders at the same time as barriers to trade in goods and services have come down. These changes raise many new questions about the effects of trade and capital mobility on the autonomy of nation-states and the relative power in society of various groups. The first signs of realignments within and between political parties of both the left and the right over issues of national independence and trade openness suggest a rich new terrain for political inquiry.
Multi-priority video partitioning for CDMA based communication systems

Third generation wireless systems based on wide band code division multiple access (W-CDMA) are expected to support variable data rates for multimedia services by employing orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes. Dual priority video transmission scheme using discrete cosine transform (DCT) was proposed by Gharavi and Alamouti (October, 1999). In this paper, we propose a multi-priority video partitioning scheme to enhance the multimedia capabilities of CDMA based systems using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The multiple video streams generated by the wavelet transform are transmitted over the wireless channel. The performance of the proposed video partitioning scheme is evaluated and compared with the performance of the DCT based partitioning scheme [Hamid Ghavari and Siavash M. Alamouti, October 1999].
Control of vertebrate intraflagellar transport by the planar cell polarity effector Fuz

Cilia play key roles in development and homeostasis, and defects in cilia structure or function lead to an array of human diseases. Ciliogenesis is accomplished by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, a set of proteins governing bidirectional transport of cargoes within ciliary axonemes. In this paper, we present a novel platform for in vivo analysis of vertebrate IFT dynamics. Using this platform, we show that the planar cell polarity (PCP) effector Fuz was required for normal IFT dynamics in vertebrate cilia, the first evidence directly linking PCP to the core machinery of ciliogenesis. Further, we show that Fuz played a specific role in trafficking of retrograde, but not anterograde, IFT proteins. These data place Fuz in the small group of known IFT effectors outside the core machinery and, additionally, identify Fuz as a novel cytoplasmic effector that differentiates between the retrograde and anterograde IFT complexes.
Intelligent Emergency Department: Validation of Sociometers to Study Workload

Sociometers are wearable sensors that continuously measure body movements, interactions, and speech. The purpose of this study is to test sociometers in a smart environment in a live clinical setting, to assess their reliability in capturing and quantifying data. The long-term goal of this work is to create an intelligent emergency department that captures real-time human interactions using sociometers to sense current system dynamics, predict future state, and continuously learn to enable the highest levels of emergency care delivery. Ten actors wore the devices during five simulated scenarios in the emergency care wards at a large non-profit medical institution. For each scenario, actors recited prewritten or structured dialogue while independent variables, e.g., distance, angle, obstructions, speech behavior, were independently controlled. Data streams from the sociometers were compared to gold standard video and audio data captured by two ward and hallway cameras. Sociometers distinguished body movement differences in mean angular velocity between individuals sitting, standing, walking intermittently, and walking continuously. Face-to-face (F2F) interactions were not detected when individuals were offset by 30°, 60°, and 180° angles. Under ideal F2F conditions, interactions were detected 50 % of the time (4/8 actor pairs). Proximity between individuals was detected for 13/15 actor pairs. Devices underestimated the mean duration of speech by 30---44 s, but were effective at distinguishing the dominant speaker. The results inform engineers to refine sociometers and provide health system researchers a tool for quantifying the dynamics and behaviors in complex and unpredictable healthcare environments such as emergency care.
Sustainability, natural capital, engineering, and geology: a case study of Coles County, IL, USA

If sustainable development planning for Coles County, IL, USA, had been done in 1830, planners would not have been able to predict changing technology allowing more efficient use of existing natural capital. Planning for sustainability should include the geology, current and historic uses of natural capital, and consideration of changing population and technology. Coles County has glacial and alluvial deposits underlain by bedrock of the Illinois Basin. Discussion with local experts and inspection of current and historic records determined the current and historic use of natural capital of Coles County. Land initially attracted humans to water and fertile soil supporting plants and animals. Fertile soil and water continue to support agricultural activity today. The two largest communities rely on surface water for water supply. Sand, gravel, and limestone are quarried. Coal has been mined in the past. Petroleum drilling is on the third pass as technology and demand have changed. Technologic changes have allowed the county to develop new and more efficient ways of using natural capital leading to continued use of resources in the county.
Si/SiGe heterointerfaces in one-, two-, and three-dimensional nanostructures: Their impact on SiGe light emission

Fast optical interconnects together with an associated light emitter that are both compatible with conventional Si-based complementary metal-oxide- semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit technology is an unavoidable requirement for the next-generation microprocessors and computers. Self-assembled Si/Si1-xGex nanostructures, which can emit light at wavelengths within the important optical communication wavelength range of 1.3 – 1.55 μm, are already compatible with standard CMOS practices. However, the expected long carrier radiative lifetimes observed to date in Si and Si/Si1-xGex nanostructures have prevented the attainment of efficient light-emitting devices including the desired lasers. Thus, the engineering of Si/Si1-xGex heterostructures having a controlled composition and sharp interfaces is crucial for producing the requisite fast and efficient photoluminescence (PL) at energies in the range 0.8-0.9 eV. In this paper we assess how the nature of the interfaces between SiGe nanostructures and Si in heterostructures strongly affects carrier mobility and recombination for physical confinement in three dimensions (corresponding to the case of quantum dots), two dimensions (corresponding to quantum wires), and one dimension (corresponding to quantum wells). The interface sharpness is influenced by many factors such as growth conditions, strain, and thermal processing, which in practice can make it difficult to attain the ideal structures required. This is certainly the case for nanostructure confinement in one dimension. However, we demonstrate that axial Si/Ge nanowire (NW) heterojunctions (HJs) with a Si/Ge NW diameter in the range 50 – 120 nm produce a clear PL signal associated with band-to-band electron-hole recombination at the NW HJ that is attributed to a specific interfacial SiGe alloy composition. For three-dimensional confinement, the experiments outlined here show that two quite different Si1-xGex nanostructures incorporated into a Si0.6Ge0.4 wavy superlattice structure display PL of high intensity while exhibiting a characteristic decay time that is up to 1000 times shorter than that found in conventional Si/SiGe nanostructures. The non-exponential PL decay found experimentally in Si/SiGe nanostructures can be interpreted as resulting from variations in the separation distance between electrons and holes at the Si/SiGe heterointerface. The results demonstrate that a sharp Si/SiGe heterointerface acts to reduce the carrier radiative recombination lifetime and increase the PL quantum
Stability of 4 He superlattices on graphite

Using the variational method proposed by Lowy and Woo, we calculate the ground-state energies of the $\frac{1}{3}$- and \textonequarter{}-coverage superlattices of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ physisorbed on graphite. The properly symmetrized single-particle factors in the trial wave function are constructed from expansions in an orthogonal basis set whose elements are the eigenfunctions of a Hamiltonian with a laterally averaged substrate potential. Calculation of the energy of the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ monolayer in the liquid phase is performed in a manner consistent with the superlattice calculation. The $\frac{1}{3}$-coverage coverage superlattice is found to be stable, while the \textonequarter{}-coverage monolayer chooses to remain in the liquid phase.
Perfect Internal Control of FinancialSystem to Avoid Financial Risks

Justifies the necessity to reinforce the internal control of financial system,describes the elementary functions and structural elements of internal control of commercial banks,and elaborates the principles and key points to be abserved for internal control.
Epidemiological analysis and prediction of Syphilis in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2004-2009

Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics and development trend of epidemic of Syphilis in Inner Mongolia and provide basis for making control measures.Methods Based on the "China information system for disease control and prevention",the date of prevalence of Syphilis were statistically analyzed.Results In Inner Mongolia,the report showed that the incidence of Syphilis was risen from 2.7/100 000 in 2004 to 18.4/100 000 in 2009, nearly 7 times of 2004;The reported cases of Syphilis showed a rising trend from 2004 to 2009.All cities,the incidence of Syphilis showed an apparent increase.Most of the cases were engaged in housekeeping,unemployed members and farmers.Conclusion In Inner Mongolia,the infection of Syphilis is increasing rapidly in recent years,there is an upward trend of the Syphilis incidence in the future.The health sector should increase efforts to control.
Pseudo-Linear Approximations for ARX Ciphers: With Application to Threefish.

The operations addition modulo 2 and exclusive-or have recently been combined to obtain an efficient mechanism for nonlinearity in block cipher design. In this paper, we show that ciphers using this approach may be approximated by pseudo-linear expressions relating groups of contiguous bits of the round key, round input, and round output. The bias of an approximation can be large enough for known plaintext attacks. We demonstrate an application of this concept to a reduced-round version of the Threefish block cipher, a component of the Skein entry in the secure hash function competition.
Pleural space disease in pediatric patients: a retrospective analysis.

Pleural space disease, pleural effusions, and parapneumonic empyema present a therapeutic dilemma regarding the most appropriate medical and surgical management (i.e., performing a thoracentesis on admission versus delayed, placing a pigtail catheter versus a regular chest tube, and performing early versus late thoracoscopy). Other questions remain about early surgical intervention to decrease morbidity, shorten hospital stay, and produce cost-effective results. To define a clinical approach for a prospective study, the charts of all patients who were discharged with ICD-9 codes 511.8, 511.9, and 510.9, between June 5, 1991, and May 7, 1995, were reviewed. Thirty-one patients were identified. A database was developed and the results were analyzed. This paper presents a clinical pathway suggested by this retrospective study with cost analysis.
Phase-field models for simulating physical vapor deposition and grain evolution of isotropic single-phase polycrystalline thin films

Abstract Two models are presented based on the phase-field methodology to simulate thin film growth during physical vapor deposition (PVD), including subsurface microstructure evolution, for isotropic single-phase polycrystalline materials. The first model couples previous phase-field modeling efforts on ballistic deposition of single-phase materials and grain orientation evolution in polycrystalline materials in a sequential simulation algorithm. The second model incorporates both PVD and grain evolution dynamics into a single free energy functional for use in a phase-field model. To illustrate the capability of the proposed models in capturing combined thin film growth and subsurface grain evolution, PVD simulations of a generic single-phase polycrystalline metal are performed on substrates with different grain sizes. In both models, when the initial substrate grain sizes are smaller than the expected surface features, the thin film grains coarsen via grain boundary (GB) migration until the GBs become aligned with the valleys between the columnar surface features. Thus, each columnar feature is associated with a distinct subsurface grain, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. Differences between the models arise when initial substrate grain sizes are larger than the surface columnar features. For example, when using the single free energy functional approach, grains contain noticeable internal low-angle variations, which are not captured using the coupled model.
Formation of Second-Generation Nanoclusters on Metal Nanoparticles Driven by Reactant Gases

Heterogeneous catalysis occurs at the interface between a solid catalyst and the reactants. The structure of metal catalyst nanoparticles at the metal–gas interface is a key factor that determines catalytic selectivity and activity. Here we report that second-generation nanoclusters are formed on the initial catalyst nanoparticles as a result of interaction with the reactant molecules when the nanoparticles are in a gas phase at Torr pressure or higher. The formation of the second-generation nanoclusters is manifested by a decrease of the average coordination number of the metal atoms and a shift of their core level energies in the presence of gases. The formation of second-generation nanoclusters increases the number of undercoordinated sites, which are the most active for catalysis in many cases.
The Hydrogen Atom

The wave function of the electron in a hydrogen atom, which is a solution of the Schrodinger equation, is of the general form,
Using quality improvement methods to increase use of pain prevention strategies for childhood vaccination.

Using quality improvement methods to increase use of pain prevention strategies for childhood vaccination
Progress in Brewing Science and Beer Production

The brewing of beer is an ancient biotechnology, the unit processes of which have not changed in hundreds of years. Equally, scientific study within the brewing industry not only has ensured that modern beer making is highly controlled, leading to highly consistent, high-quality, healthful beverages, but also has informed many other fermentation-based industries.
Leveraging symmetry to predict self-assembly of multiple polymers

Abstract Protein self-assembly is fundamental to biological function and disease. Experimentally, the atomic-level structure is difficult to obtain and the assembly mechanism is poorly understood. The large number of possible states accessible to such systems limits computational prediction. Here, I introduce a new computational approach that enforces conformational symmetry, whereby all chains in the system adopt the same conformation. Using this approach on a 2D lattice, a designed multi-chain conformation is found more than four orders of magnitude faster than existing approaches. Furthermore, the free energy landscape can be efficiently computed, showing potential for enabling atomistic prediction of protein self-assembly.
Clinical Relevance and Predictive Value of Damage Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Kidney Injury

Nephrotoxin exposure accounts for up to one-fourth of acute kidney injury episodes in hospitalized patients, and the associated consequences are as severe as acute kidney injury due to other etiologies. As the use of nephrotoxic agents represents one of the few modifiable risk factors for acute kidney injury, clinicians must be able to identify patients at high risk for drug-induced kidney injury rapidly. Recently, significant advancements have been made in the field of biomarker utilization for the prediction and detection of acute kidney injury. Such biomarkers may have a role both for detection of drug-induced kidney disease and implementation of preventative and therapeutic strategies designed to mitigate injury. In this article, basic principles of renal biomarker use in practice are summarized, and the existing evidence for six markers specifically used to detect drug-induced kidney injury are outlined, including liver-type fatty acid binding protein, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 times insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 ([TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7]), kidney injury molecule-1 and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. The results of the literature search for these six kidney damage biomarkers identified 29 unique articles with none detected for liver-type fatty acid binding protein and [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7]. For three biomarkers, kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, the majority of the studies suggest utility in clinical practice. While many questions need to be answered to clearly articulate the use of biomarkers to predict drug-induced kidney disease, current data are promising.
Athletics: A kinetic analysis of discus‐throwing techniques

The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the relationships between official distance and selected ground reaction measures during discus throwing; and (2) the relationships between selected ground reactions and selected lower extremity joint kinetics. Three high-speed video cameras and three force plates were used to collect three-dimensional videographic and force plate data in this study. An inverse dynamic model was used to determine the lower extremity kinetics. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine relationships of the selected kinematic and kinetic measures with the official distance. Official distance was significantly correlated with ground reaction forces on the left foot during the first single-support phase, on the right foot during the second single-support phase and delivery phase, and on the left foot during the delivery phase. Also, the right-hip extension and internal rotation moments and left-knee extension moment during the delivery phase were significantly correlated with official distance. These results suggest that discus throwers should drive vigorously forward during the first single-support phase and increase the landing impact force on the right foot after flight. Also they should increase forward and rightward ground reaction force on the right foot and backward and vertical force on the left foot by powerful right-hip extension and internal rotation and left-knee extension during the delivery phase. These results provide critical information regarding the training of discus-throwing techniques, and the direction of future biomechanical studies on this event.