cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowing as an aim of education for young children

This essay sharpens and elaborates Spodek’s (1977) theme of knowing as an aim of education for young children. To make the meaning of the theme clearer, the writings of three scholars are reviewed: R.F. Dearden, Jean Piaget, and Harriet Johnson. Each scholar has been selected because he or she, either explicitly or implicitly, discusses the need for young children to generate and validate knowledge, as well as the fact that different forms of knowledge are generated and validated differently. By way of conclusion, some problems and implications arising from the discussion are identified and briefly considered.
How to Teach Organizational Behavior

This expository essay is designed to teach organizational behavior to the students of organizational leadership studies. Inspired by Ivancevich and Konopaske’s theoretical framework of organizational behavior, it explains decision making and use of power...
Full-field interferometric measurement of head-tape contact spacing

AbstractInterferometry is the preferred measurement method for the contact spacing of the head-tape interface, due to its ease of use and high accuracy. Full-field techniques provide spacing data at all points in the field of view as opposed to a single measurement point. Dynamic interferometric measurement necessitates the use of a strobed illumination source, and thus prohibits the alteration of the fringe field to resolve the ill-constrained nature of the analysis problem. In addition, the head-tape contact problem is further complicated by the low phase gradient in the region of head-tape contact, which is often large in comparison to the field of view.In this paper two algorithms are compared which do not require alteration of the fringe field and therefore can easily be applied to the dynamic head-tape interface. The first technique is a two-dimensional implementation of a biquadratic fit to the fringe extremes, while the second is a pseudo-spatial heterodyne technique using the two-dimensional Four...
Using aural (audible) information generated directly from conventional NDE technology signals to aid the inspector in defect detection and discrimination

During nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of a material, an NDE instrument typically is used to receive the inspection signals and display them for visual interpretation. Work has been underway to convert these signals to a range of aural (audible) signals with the intent to enhance the accuracy of evaluation through the use of two senses (ears and eyes) instead of one. This paper describes auralization of ultrasonic NDE testing signals to improve characterization and evaluation of materials.
Beyond Stimulus Cues and Reinforcement Signals: A New Approach to Animal Metacognition

Some metacognition paradigms for nonhuman animals encourage the alternative explanation that animals avoid difficult trials based only on reinforcement history and stimulus aversion. To explore this possibility, we placed humans and monkeys in successive uncertainty-monitoring tasks that were qualitatively different, eliminating many associative cues that might support transfer across tasks. In addition, task transfer occurred under conditions of deferred and rearranged feedback-both species completed blocks of trials followed by summary feedback. This ensured that animals received no trial-by-trial reinforcement. Despite distancing performance from associative cues, humans and monkeys still made adaptive uncertainty responses by declining the most difficult trials. These findings suggest that monkeys' uncertainty responses could represent a higher-level, decisional process of cognitive monitoring, though that process need not involve full self-awareness or consciousness. The dissociation of performance from reinforcement has theoretical implications concerning the status of reinforcement as the critical binding force in animal learning.
MULTIPLE VEHICLE ROUTING AND DISPATCHING TO AN EMERGENCY SCENE

A model of the distribution of arrival time at the scene of an emergency for the first of many vehicles is developed for the case in which travel times on the links of the network are normally distributed and the path travel times of different vehicles are correlated. The model suggests that the probability that the first vehicle arrives at the scene within a given time may be increased by reducing the path time correlations, even if doing so necessitates increasing the mean path travel time for some vehicles. The model with normally distributed travel times is compared with a more complex model that assumes Erlang distributed travel times and the results are shown to be in close agreement.
The North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program : foundations and design of a model for reaching older, minority, rural women

Breast cancer screening programs do not reach all women at the same rate. Screening mammography use varies according to sociodemographic characteristics; mammography utilization is highest among women in their fifties but then decreases with age. In North Carolina, breast cancer is a particular burden for Black and lower-income women. Black women are more likely to be diagnosed with late stage disease, and their rate of breast cancer mortality is higher than it is for White women even though the incidence in White women is greater. Older, Black, and low-income women are less likely to obtain screening by mammography and clinical breast examination. The Black-White gap is even more pronounced among rural women, in part because they are more likely to be poor. The North Carolina Breast Cancer Screening Program (NC-BCSP) was established to increase the rate of regular mammography screening by an absolute 20% in 3 years among older Black women ages 50 and older in five rural counties in the eastern part of the state. In this paper, we describe the genesis of this comprehensive community intervention model, highlighting the behavioral science constructs, health education principles, and theories of behavioral and organizational change that form its conceptual foundation. NC-BCSP's theoretical foundations include the social ecological perspective, the PRECEDE model of health promotion, the Health Belief Model of individual change, and the “stages of change” transtheoretical model. We also review the experiences and lessons learned from two previous outreach initiatives in North Carolina that provided valuable “lessons” in the development of the NC-BCSP intervention model. In the second half of the paper, we describe the actual NC-BCSP interventions, activities, and evaluation tools, citing specific examples of how the underlying theories are implemented. NC-BCSP's goal goes beyond individual behavior change to raise low mammography screening rates among Black women in rural North Carolina. Its ultimate objective is to create linkages across agencies, and between agencies and communities, that will endure after the research project ends.
The petrogenesis and trace-element geochemistry of intermediate lavas from humphreys peak, san francisco volcanic field, arizona

Abstract The San Francisco Mountain lavas exposed in the upper portion of the southeast slope of Humphreys Peak are composed of three petrographically distinct types: (1) a lower series of hornblende pyroxene andesites; (2) a group of hypersthene dacites; and (3) an upper series of olivine andesites. These rocks have been shown to be related by crystallization differentiation through comparison of groundmass and bulk rock-chemical data. The major and trace elements from rocks representative of the volcanic field form continuous trends, an indication of differentiation rather than separate and discrete magma sources. Xenoliths found in the volcanic field are composed of the proper major and trace element contents to allow their extraction from a primary melt to form residual melts of more silicic lavas. The alkali olivine basalts, probably formed by partial melting of the mantle at a depth of 35–60 km, may well have differentiated to the alkali-rich highalumina basalts at depths of 15–35 km (the lower crust of the Colorado Plateau) by removal of olivine and clinopyroxene. Some of both lava types erupted periodically onto the surface while others continued to differentiate. Removal of plagioclase, with more minor amounts of olivine and pyroxenes (of less mafic composition than those above), from the high-alumina basalts eventually may have resulted in magmas similar in composition to the intermediate and more silicic rocks. The intermediate and silicic magmas contain hornblende and probably formed between 5 and 8 km. This places a minimum depth of penetration by the normal faults, such as the Mesa Butte fault, along which many silicic centers are aligned, at a depth of 5—8 km. Because of the continuous linear trends of the chemical data and the repetition over the past 6 m.y. of most of the rock types, the mantle beneath this southwestern margin of the Colorado Plateau apparently has not changed significantly during the past 6 m.y., nor is it likely to be very heterogeneous.
Optical frequency counting from the UV to the near IR.

A method for measuring optical frequencies from the UV to the near IR relative to a microwave frequency standard is proposed. The concept is to measure the frequency difference of two known ratios (1/2 and 2/3) of an optical frequency f relative to the cesium clock. By employing optical parametric oscillators and wideband modulators to link the (1/2) f and (2/3) f frequencies, a precise and accurate optical frequency comb can be provided in the ~1–2 μm wavelength region. By using this comb, most optical frequencies from the UV to the near IR can be measured or synthesized. A configuration for measuring the frequency of the hydrogen 1S–2S transition is described.
C.R.A.C.K.: A progeny of eugenics and a forlorn representation for African Americans

African Americans have long endured Whites studying, manipulating, and controlling their population and sexuality. The eugenics movement is an example of this. Allied with the founders of Planned Parenthood, the eugenics movement began in the early 1900s with the goal of controlling the population of those deemed feebleminded, defective, and criminal through birth control and surgical procedures. The goal was “race betterment,” which included increasing the number of births of upper class Whites. This movement was followed by the Tuskegee experiment, which entailed studying African American men with syphilis. Now comes C.R.A.C.K. (Children Requiring a Caring Kommunity), which encourages birth control for poor minority individuals with drug addictions. The alleged goal of this program is to prevent the suffering of minority babies by preventing their births. The authors argue that C.R.A.C.K. is reminiscent of a eugenic philosophy that must be summarily rejected, and therefore propose alternatives to it.
Myoinositol uptake by four cultured mammalian cell lines.

Abstract The uptake of myo-[2- 3 H]inositol by mouse neuroblastoma, human Y79 retinoblastoma, human HL60, and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells occurs by a saturable, Na + -dependent and partially energy-dependent mechanism. Inositol uptake by all four cell lines occurred by both a high- and low-affinity system. The kinetic parameters for the high-affinity uptake systems were similar for all four cell lines. These data suggest that all four of these diverse cell lines have similar inositol transport systems and probably rely on extracellular inositol for anabolic processes.
Electrophoretic Identification of Fish Species Used in Surimi Products

Both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and urea gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to identify species-specific protein bands of raw and cooked fish and surimi samples from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) and red hake (Urophycis chuss). In raw samples, species-specific bands were found in the water extracts, while in cooked samples 1% SDS and 8M urea extracts were more effective for species identification in both fish and surimi.
Regeneration of bone marrow after tibial ablation in immunocompromised rats is age dependent

Injuries to the marrow cavity result in rapid endosteal bone formation followed by remodeling and regeneration of the marrow. It is not known whether this process is affected by age, although marrow quality is markedly different in young and old animals. To test if marrow regeneration differs with age, we used a bone marrow ablation model that has been used to examine calcification, osteointegration of metal implants, and remodeling of bone graft substitutes. Marrow was ablated in the left tibia of seven immunocompromised rats (rNu/rNu) per time point. At 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-surgery, treated and contralateral tibias were harvested and fixed in buffered formalin. Both tibias were scanned using microCT and trabecular and cortical BVF calculated. Mid-sagittal histological sections of the treated limbs were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and BV/TV calculated. MicroCT and histomorphometry showed the greatest increase in bone formation was in young animals and was seen on day 7. Remodeling also occurred at an earlier time point in young rats. Bone formation peaked on day 7 in adult rats, but remodeling was slower than in young rats. Aged animals showed a delay in bone formation. Moreover, aged rats produced less primary bone than younger animals and remodeling was initiated later. These results show that response to injury in immunocompromised rats is reduced in aging and restoration of normal tissue quality is age-dependent.
A communibiological examination of ethnocentrism and homophobia

This study examined relationships between ethnocentrism, homophobia, and human temperament, and the impact these variables have on human communication. The first phase of the study examined the relationship between homophobia and ethnocentrism, and indicated a substantial relationship. Previous research in psychobiology has noticed that many factors related to ethnocentrism are genetically based; therefore, the next phase of this study examined the relationship of both ethnocentrism and homophobia with Eysenck's temperamental framework (based on the super traits of extra‐version, neuroticism, and psychoticism). There were no significant relationships between individuals' temperament and their level of either ethnocentrism or homophobia. The essay concludes by examining some implications of the findings for the study of human communication.
Developing leadership for early childhood professionals through oral inquiry: strengthening equity through making particulars visible in dilemmas of practice

Developing leadership among early childhood professionals has become increasingly important as investing in children's early years has been championed as a public and private national and international priority. Two case studies present how oral inquiry and specifically, the Prospect Center's Descriptive Review of a Professional Dilemma of Practice, was used to support early childhood professionals to develop their leadership by strengthening the skills and dispositions they need to critically reflect upon, explore and negotiate the complex dilemmas they face in the context of their daily practice. Research on the use of inquiry to address uncertainty, the development of reflective practices, relational logics of effectiveness and social justice leadership inform discussion of the findings. Implications suggest the promise of using oral inquiry to support leadership development for early childhood professionals.
A NOTE ON THE TRAVEL SPEEDS DEBATE

This note challenges the use of census data for evaluating changes in commuting speeds, partly because these data require indirect distance measures, but primarily because they do not differentiate between non-stop trips and trip chains. The proportion of trip chains to total trips increased between 1983 and 1990 (Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey). Hence, results of declining speeds based on census data may be spurious. When trips are broken down by type using Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey data, speeds increased between 1983 and 1990 for all categories, in all but one of eight cases studied, by significant amounts.
Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy on the prevalence and area of periarticular tibial osteophytes in surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) occurs naturally in cynomolgus macaques. The purposes of the present study were to: 1) develop histological measurement schemes to measure the cross-sectional area of axial and abaxial osteophytes in the proximal tibia; 2) determine the effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on osteophyte prevalence and area; and 3) assess relationships between osteophyte size and risk factors of OA (age and body weight) and concurrent bone and cartilage lesions. Adult female cynomolgus macaques ( n = 180) were bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) and were treated for 3 years with ERT, soy phytoestrogens (SPE), or no hormones (OVX controls). At necropsy, the prevalence and cross-sectional area of periarticular tibial osteophytes were evaluated histologically. Treatment effects on osteophyte prevalence and area were evaluated using Chi-square analyses and Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively; other comparisons were evaluated using regression analyses. The prevalence of abaxial osteophytes in the medial tibial plateau was not significantly affected by treatment group; however, the prevalence of abaxial osteophytes in the lateral tibial plateau was significantly lower in ERT group than SPE group ( p abaxial osteophytes (sum of lateral and medial ) was significantly lower in ERT group compared to OVX and SPE groups. Neither the prevalence of axial osteophytes nor the sum of lateral and medial axial osteophytes was significantly affected by treatment in either tibial plateau. There were no significant treatment effects on axial or abaxial osteophyte cross-sectional area in either tibial plateau. There was a significant positive correlation between abaxial osteophyte area and SCB thickness in the medial tibial plateau ( p = 0.048); however, there were no significant correlations between abaxial osteophyte area ( medial or lateral ) and age or body weight. In this model of naturally occurring OA, long-term ERT does not consistently reduce the prevalence, and has no significant effects on cross-sectional area, of periarticular tibial osteophytes.
Endotoxin suppresses matrix protein-induced upregulation of PMN candicidal activity : an effect reversed by low-dose TNF-α

Abstract We investigated the relationship of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) candicidal activity, matrix proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine how LPS modulates the normal enhancing effect of matrix proteins on PMN candicidal activity. LPS reduced PMN candicidal activity when PMN were adhered in the presence of either fibronectin or laminin. In the presence of fibronectin or laminin, LPS reduced CD11b/CD18 expression (the fibronectin receptor) as assessed using sheep erythrocytes coated with C3bi. Experiments with 125 I-fibronectin and 125 I-RGDS (ArgGlyAspSer) demonstrated that LPS reduced both the binding of fibronectin and the bioavailability of the binding epitope on the PMN surface. Stimulating the PMN oxidative burst with PMA but not FMLP also reduced fibronectin and RGDS binding. Incubation of LPS-treated PMN with staurosporine blocked the decrease in fibronectin and RGDS binding. Exposure of PMN to LPS plus low-dose TNF-α restored both fibronectin and RGDS binding with a concomitant increase in CD11b/CD18 surface expression. Low-dose TNF-α restored PMN candicidal activity in the presence of LPS and was most effective if PMN were preadhered to fibronectin. These results demonstrate that: (1) matrix proteins enhance normal PMN candicidal activity, (2) LPS reduces PMN candicidal activity in the presence of matrix proteins, (3) stimulation of the PMN oxidative burst in particular via protein kinase c activation reduces the bioavailability of the fibronectin receptor, and (4) low-dose TNF-α may restore PMN candicidal activity in part by upregulating the surface receptor for fibronectin binding.
FARMERS' ATTITUDES TO RURAL ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE: RESULTS OF A SURVEY IN JEMALONG SHIRE, N.S.W.*

The Australian Government has provided adjustment assistance to the rural sector since 1970 under several schemes. The demand for assistance has been lower than expected, given the alleged size of the problem, particularly for the 'welfare' oriented provisions. The results of a survey of farmers' attitudes to the current Rural Adjustment Scheme are examined in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. Measures designed to ease financial difficulties or to facilitate on-farm adjustment were much preferred to those designed to assist farmers to leave agriculture. Considerable confusion about the scheme was evident and many farmers thought that information about the scheme was inadequate. Better extension and counselling is suggested to improve information flows to farmers. The formulation of a more structured set of eligibility criteria is also suggested to reduce the complexity and uncertainty which farmers face when they are considering lodging an application for assistance.
Autoimmune disease and the major histocompatibility complex: Therapeutic implications

A hereditary basis for the predisposition to several autoimmune diseases has long been suspected. A relationship between diseases and genes that encode various immune effector proteins is now recognized. Many of these genes are components of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Recent studies have provided insights into the mechanism by which MHC antigens can influence the tendency to the expression of autoimmune disease. These findings have also provided the rationale for designing specific immunotherapeutic interventions.
Temporal changes in distribution, prevalence and intensity of northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) parasitism in commercial caged laying hens, with a comprehensive economic analysis of parasite impact

Abstract Establishment and spread of Ornithonyssus sylviarum were documented through time on sentinel hens (50 per house of 28,000–30,000 hens) in the first egg production cycle of three large commercial flocks (12 houses) of white leghorn hens. Mites were controlled using acaricide, and the impacts of treatment on mite populations and economic performance were documented. Mite prevalence and intensity increased rapidly and in tandem for 4–8 weeks after infestation. Intensity declined due to immune system involvement, but prevalence remained high, and this would affect mite sampling plan use and development. Early treatment was more effective at controlling mites; 85% of light infestations were eliminated by a pesticide spray (Ravap), versus 24% of heavy infestations. Hens infested later developed lower peak mite intensities, and those mite populations declined more quickly than on hens infested earlier in life. Raw spatial association by distance indices (SADIE), incorporating both the intensity and distribution of mites within a house, were high from week-to-week within a hen house. Once adjusted spatially to reflect variable hen cohorts becoming infested asynchronously, this analysis showed the association index tended to rebound at intervals of 5–6 weeks after the hen immune system first suppressed them. Large, consistent mite differences in one flock (high vs. low infestation levels) showed the economic damage of mite parasitism (assessed by flock indexing) was very high in the initial stages of mite expansion. Unmitigated infestations overall reduced egg production (2.1–4.0%), individual egg weights (0.5–2.2%), and feed conversion efficiency (5.7%), causing a profit reduction of $0.07–0.10 per hen for a 10-week period. Asynchronous infestation patterns among pesticide-treated hens may have contributed to a lack of apparent flock-level economic effects later in the production cycle. Individual egg weights differed with mite loads periodically, but could be either higher or lower, depending on circumstances and interactions with hen weight. Individual hen weight gains were depressed by high/moderate mite loads, but the heavier hens in a flock harbored more mites. This led to compensatory weight gains after mites declined. Tradeoffs between resource allocation to body growth or production versus immune system function appeared to be operating during the early and most damaging mite infestation period, when high egg production was beginning and the hens were gaining weight. The results were related to other studies of mite impact on domestic hens and to wild bird–ectoparasite studies. Much of the mite economic damage probably is due to engaging and maintaining the immune response.
Interobserver variability in grading of brain arteriovenous malformations using the Spetzler-Martin system.

OBJECTIVE Despite its quantitative definitions, the Spetzler-Martin grading scale for brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is subject to interobserver variability, particularly when observers differ in their subspecialties. Interobserver variability between neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon grading was analyzed in a large AVM series to determine its extent, causes, and clinical implications. METHODS In a consecutive surgical series of 224 AVM patients, Spetzler-Martin grades were assigned independently by a neuroradiologist and a neurosurgeon. Interobserver agreement was measured with a Cohen kappa analysis and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Disagreement in grades occurred in 62 (27.7%) patients. By kappa analysis, agreement was highest for venous drainage pattern (kappa = 0.90), intermediate for eloquence (kappa = 0.71), and lowest for size (kappa = 0.67), with substantial agreement on overall grade (kappa = 0.61). By Wilcoxon signed-rank test, size scores and AVM grades were significantly different. Causes of interobserver variability in grading included diffuse nidus, differences in angiographic versus surgical borders, paradoxical venous drainage, and the ambiguity of eloquence. Interobserver variability affected outcome data but did not diminish the predictive value of the Spetzler-Martin scale. CONCLUSION The Spetzler-Martin grading system can be applied reliably to most AVMs with good agreement between observers, but some unusual AVMs expose the system's imprecision and subjectivity. Interobserver variability can affect reporting of results, surgical risk assessment, and patient selection. Undergrading may encourage borderline surgical candidates to choose surgery and obtain results below their expectations.
An improved procedure for the simultaneous purification in high yield of peroxisomes lysosomes and mitochondria from rat liver

Peroxisomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria have been purified from rat liver by sucrose density gradient centrifugation without prior treatment of the animals with Triton WR-1339 or other detergents which cause hyperlipidemia. A crude organelle fraction was first prepared by differential centrifugation of a rat liver homogenate, this fraction contained approximately 70% of the mitochondrial, 40% of the peroxisomal, and 30% of the lysosomal marker enzymes measured in the homogenate. The crude organelle fraction was applied to the top of a sucrose density gradient and centrifuged. A clear separation of the organelles was obtained only when dextran was present in the gradients. Success or failure of the method was found to depend on the particular preparation of dextran used in the gradients. A method for subfractionating dextran was developed which yields dextran fractions that make the separations completely reproducible. Starting with a crude organelle fraction derived from 12 g of liver, approximately 85% of the mitochondrial, 70% of the peroxisomal, and 50% of the lysosomal activities were obtained as pure fractions. The organelle separation takes less than five hours to complete, it represents a substantial improvement over previous methods.
Fundamental instability: Why telecom is becoming a cyclical and oligopolistic industry

Abstract This essay analyzes the long-term lessons of the recent upturn and downturn in the telecommunications industry. It concludes that volatility and cyclicality will be an inherent part of the telecom sector in the future. To deal with such instabilities, companies and investors seek consolidation and cooperation. Government, too, is likely to stress stability more than before. Hence, an oligopoly is likely to emerge as the equilibrium market structure, and with it some regulation.
Determination of vanillin and related flavor compounds in cocoa drink by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract A simple, rapid, and reliable capillary electrophoresis (CE) method using a photodiode array detector determined four flavor components (vanillin, ethylvanillin, 2-methoxyphenol, and 2-ethoxyphenol) in cocoa drink. Simple and rapid sample preparation required only dilution. Separation used 50 mM phosphate buffer and 2 mM cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTAH) at pH 10 with 10% acetonitrile. Sorbic acid was the internal standard (I.S.). Vanillin and related compounds were determined in 7 min, with the limits of detection at 1.6 μg/ml with S/N > 3 and a quantitation range of 5–500 μg/ml. Recoveries were investigated in cocoa drink samples with four flavor components. Mean recoveries were 96.3–103.8%. Using this method, the four flavor components were determined from cocoa drink, in which vanillin and ethylvanillin were originally contained as a flavoring and into which Bacillus firmus was added.
Short solution phase preparation of fused azepine-tetrazoles via a UDC (Ugi/de-Boc/cyclize) strategy

Abstract A novel application of the TMSN 3 modified Ugi 4-component reaction is disclosed for the solution phase synthesis of fused azepine-tetrazole libraries. The reaction of a N -Boc-α-amino aldehyde, secondary amine, methyl isocyanoacetate and trimethylsilylazide in methanol, followed by acid treatment, proton scavenging and reflux affords bicyclic azepine-tetrazoles. This efficient protocol, producing products with three diversity points, can be used to generate arrays of biologically relevant small molecules for general and targeted screening.
Electrodynamics of visible-light interactions with the vertebrate retinal rod.

We report the initial investigation of the electrodynamics of visible-light interaction with the outer segment of the vertebrate retinal rod based on detailed, first-principles computational electromagnetics modeling. The computational method employs a direct time integration of Maxwell’s equations in a two-dimensional space grid for both transverse-magnetic and transverse-electric vector-field modes. Detailed maps of the optical standing wave within the retinal rod are given for three illumination wavelengths: 714, 505, and 475 nm. The standing-wave data are Fourier analyzed to obtain spatial frequency spectra. Except for isolated peaks, the spatial frequency spectra are essentially independent of the illumination wavelength.
Occurrence of a Resting Stage in Cyclopoid and Harpacticoid Copepods in Nearshore Lake Michigan

Temporal and spatial differences in the abundance of dormant harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods in a nearshore area of southeastern Lake Michigan are described. Core samples were taken at three depths (11, 17, and 23 m) at monthly intervals from May to November 1976–79. All dormant harpacticoids were Canthocamptus robertcokeri or Canthocamptus staphylinoides, and all dormant cyclopoids were stage IV copepodids, likely Diacyclops thomasi. The percentage of Canthocamptus and copepodids IVfound in the resting state declined dramatically with increased sampling depth. Dormant Canthocamptus were most abundant in late summer/fall in each of the four sampling years. During this period, usually over 50% of all Canthocamptus were found in the dormant condition. Dormant cyclopoids were most abundant between June and September, but exact seasonal patterns varied from year to year. Factors initiating the dormant condition are not clear, but water temperatures and day length may be important environmental cues. Some of the spatial and year-to-year differences in the proportion of dormant individuals appeared related to variations in the amount of surface detritus. This is the first report of a resting stage in the life cycle of cyclopoids in the Great Lakes.
A Pseudomonas putida capable of stereoselective hydrolysis of nitriles

Pseudomonas putida NRRL-18668 contains a nitrile hydratase capable of stereoselective hydrolysis of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyronitrile at more than 90 % enantiomeric excess (ee) to the (S)-amide. This soil isolate was recovered from enrichments using (R,S)-2-methylglutaronitrile as the sole nitrogen source. Enzyme expression is constitutive and does not show a high level of catabolite repression. The organism is capable of growth on a wide variety of aliphatic mono- and dinitrile compounds. The hydrolysis activity on propionitrile is approximately 10.3 μmole h−1 mg wet cells−1. The enzyme in cell-free preparations is inhibited by a number of heavy metals, phenylhydrazine, and cyanide. Substrate specificity is broad with highest rates shown on C4 and C5 aliphatic mononitriles. The strain appears somewhat unusual in its dependence on cobalt supplementation for maximum enzyme activity and the ability to hydrolyze some aromatic nitriles. This strain is also capable of a two-step hydrolysis of 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionitrile and 2-(6-methoxy-2-napthyl)-propionitrile to the (S)-acids (ibuprofen and naproxen respectively) with stereoselectivity residing primarily in the aliphatic amidase. This appears to be the first description of a steroselective nitrile hydratase from a gram-negative organism.
Nonlocal Modeling and Swarm-Based Design of Heat Sinks

Cooling electronic chips to satisfy the ever-increasing heat transfer demands of the electronics industry is a perpetual challenge. One approach to addressing this is through improving the heat rejection ability of air-cooled heat sinks, and nonlocal thermal-fluid-solid modeling based on volume averaging theory (VAT) has allowed for significant strides in this effort. A number of optimization methods for heat sink designers who model heat sinks with VAT can be envisioned due to VAT's singular ability to rapidly provide solutions, when compared to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method appears to be an attractive multiparameter heat transfer device optimization tool; however, it has received very little attention in this field compared to its older population-based optimizer cousin, the genetic algorithm (GA). The PSO method is employed here to optimize smooth and scale-roughened straight-fin heat sinks modeled with VAT by minimizing heat sink thermal resistance for a specified pumping power. A new numerical design tool incorporates the PSO method with a VAT-based heat sink solver. Optimal designs are obtained with this new tool for both types of heat sinks, the performances of the heat sink types are compared, the performance of the PSO method is discussed with reference to the GA method, and it is observed that this new method yields optimal designs much quicker than traditional approaches. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the effectiveness of combining a VAT-based nonlocal thermal-fluid-solid model with population-based optimization methods, such as PSO, to design heat sinks for electronics cooling applications. The VAT-based nonlocal modeling method provides heat sink design capabilities, in terms of solution speed and model rigor, that existing modeling methods do not match. © 2014 by ASME.
A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between child sexual abuse and eating disorders.

Objective: This study had two goals. The first was to assess the magnitude and consistency of the relationship between child sexual abuse (CSA) and eating disorders (ED). The second was to examine methodological factors contributing to the heterogeneity of this relationship. Method: Meta-analysis was used to examine both questions. Fifty-three studies were included in the analysis. Results: A small, significant positive relationship between CSA and ED emerged. The relationship was marked by heterogeneity. Effect sizes were largest when CSA was the grouping variable, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) or the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) was used as the measure of eating disorders, and nonclinical groups were compared with clinical samples. Discussion: Models of CSA and ED need to more clearly specify what aspects of ED (e.g., body image or binge eating) are most influenced by which types of CSA. These specific relationships then need to be examined empirically. 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 136150, 2002; DOI 10.1002/ eat.10008
Language and its role in understanding intentional relations: Research tool or mechanism of development?

In our commentary we elaborate on Barresi & Moore's use of language as a tool. In particular, we highlight the importance of cognitive linguistic research with its emphasis on the relation between morpnosyntax and intentional schemes. We also speculate about how language itself might play a role in children's integration of first and third person knowledge.
Land-use-driven stream warming in southeastern Amazonia

Large-scale cattle and crop production are the primary drivers of deforestation in the Amazon today. Such land-use changes can degrade stream ecosystems by reducing connectivity, changing light and nutrient inputs, and altering the quantity and quality of streamwater. This study integrates field data from 12 catchments with satellite-derived information for the 176 000 km2 upper Xingu watershed (Mato Grosso, Brazil). We quantify recent land-use transitions and evaluate the influence of land management on streamwater temperature, an important determinant of habitat quality in small streams. By 2010, over 40 per cent of catchments outside protected areas were dominated (greater than 60% of area) by agriculture, with an estimated 10 000 impoundments in the upper Xingu. Streams in pasture and soya bean watersheds were significantly warmer than those in forested watersheds, with average daily maxima over 4°C higher in pasture and 3°C higher in soya bean. The upstream density of impoundments and riparian forest cover accounted for 43 per cent of the variation in temperature. Scaling up, our model suggests that management practices associated with recent agricultural expansion may have already increased headwater stream temperatures across the Xingu. Although increased temperatures could negatively impact stream biota, conserving or restoring riparian buffers could reduce predicted warming by as much as fivefold.
Performance evaluation of some MPI implementations on workstation clusters

Message Passing Interface (MPI) is an attempt to standardize the communication library for distributed-memory computing systems. Since the release of the recent MPI specification, several MPI implementations have been made publicly available. Different implementations employ different approaches, and thus, the performance of each implementation may vary. Since the performance of communication is extremely crucial to message-passing based applications, selecting an appropriate MPI implementation becomes critical. Our study is intended to provide a guideline on how to perform such a task on workstation clusters which are known to be an economical and effective platform in high performance computing. We investigate several MPI aspects including its functionalities and performance. Our results also point out the strength and weakness of each implementation on our experimental system. >
Experimental studies of evolution in guppies: a model for understanding the evolutionary consequences of predator removal in natural communities

Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in Trinidadian streams are found with a diversity of predators in the lower reaches of streams, but few predators in the headwaters. These differences have caused the adaptive evolution of guppy behaviour, morphology, male colouration and life history. Waterfalls often serve as barriers to the upstream distribution of predators and/or guppies. Such discontinuities make it possible to treat streams like giant test tubes by introducing guppies or predators to small segments of streams from which they were previously excluded. Such experiments enable us to document how fast evolution can occur and the fine spatial scales over which adaptation is possible. They also demonstrate that the role predators play in structuring this ecosystem resembles many others studied from a more purely ecological perspective; in these streams, as elsewhere, predators depress the numbers of individuals in prey species which in turn reduces the effects of the prey species on other trophic levels and hence the structure of the ecosystem. A focus on predators is important in conservation biology because predators are often the organisms that are most susceptible to local extinction. Their selective loss occurs because large predators have been deliberately exterminated and/or are more susceptible to environmental disturbances. Furthermore, we will argue that predator re-introductions might be destabilizing if, in the absence of predators, their prey have evolved in a fashion that makes them highly susceptible to predation, even after time intervals as short as 50-100 years. A better understanding of the evolutionary impacts of top predators will be critical goal for the policy and practice of large carnivore restoration in the future.
Computing irredundant irreducible decompositions of large scale monomial ideals

This paper outlines two methods of computing irredundant irreducible decompositions of large scale monomial ideals with tens of thousands of minimal generators. Accomplishing this task is infeasible in current available software given the algorithms they use. In contrast, an implementation was built using the methods in this paper. This implementation was able to compute large decompositions as well as other currently infeasible computations.
Performance simulation of a token ring: users' view

Most of performance studies for local area networks (LANs) have been based upon the average transmission time of a packet (or frame) as a performance criterion. Those models have been developed for the performance measure of the low-level physical and data link layers of LANs. They predict the relative efficiency of different network topologies, transmission media, and access protocols. However, they often fail to measure an end-user's message transmission time. A realistic performance measure for end-users should attempt to measure the average transmission time of the entire user message. The authors concentrate on the performance of a token ring LAN system for a users' view. A simulator has been developed to quantitatively measure the elapsed time of an end-user's message. Simulation results show that the performance of the network with the exhaustive service (ES) strategy is much better than that of the network which works with the non-exhaustive service (NES) strategy. Also, the measure based on user messages is compared with the conventional performance measure based on packets and shows differences in performance measurement. >
Adaptive Embedded Roadmaps For Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a new approach to wireless sensor network assisted navigation while avoiding moving dangers. Our approach relies on an embedded roadmap in the sensor network that always contains safe paths. The roadmap is adaptive, i.e., it adapts its topology to changing dangers. Mobile robots in the environment use the roadmap to reach their destinations. We evaluated the performance of embedded roadmap both in simulations using realistic conditions and with real hardware. Our results show that the proposed navigation algorithm is better suited for sensor networks than traditional navigation field based algorithms. Our observations suggest that there are two drawbacks of traditional navigation field based algorithms, (i) increased power consumption, (ii) message congestion that can prevent important danger avoidance messages to be received by the robots. In contrast, our approach significantly reduces the number of messages on the network (up to 160 times in some scenarios) while increasing the navigation performance.
Consumer Attitudes Toward RFID Tracking In The Retail Environment

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has great potential to lower costs and improve customer service in the retail environment. Anecdotal evidence indicates that consumers may resist the adoption of this technology due to its privacy implications. This study attempts to determine what variables influence consumers’ attitudes toward RFID tracking of their purchase behavior. Results indicate that retailers’ efforts should focus on reducing consumer fears about how RFID data might be used rather than on incentivizing participation in RFID programs.
Reduced-Complexity Soft MIMO Detection Based on Causal and Noncausal Decision Feedback

We present a reduced-complexity soft detection (RCSD) scheme geared to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with spatial domain multiplexing leading to layered space-time or space-frequency architecture. The proposed algorithm relies on a trellis representation of the MIMO signals and a subsequent formulation of constrained-depth maximum a posterior (MAP) detection in conjunction with soft decision feedback (SDF). Decision feedback is broken into causal and noncausal parts in an effort to maximize the observation window while maintaining a reasonable computational load. Two variations of RCSD are proposed to utilize the noncausal information in different ways. Analysis based on mean squared error (MSE) and log-likelihood ratio (LLR) associated with symbols in different stages of the trellis is done to develop insight into error propagation in the RCSD algorithm, as well as to compare the quality of the soft information obtained by the two RCSD variants. Error-rate simulations are conducted in the context of turbo-like iterative demapping and decoding (IDD). The resulting performance and required complexity are compared with those of maximum a posterior (MAP) detection, soft sphere detection (SD), as well as the Turbo-BLAST processing scheme. We observe favorable performance/complexity tradeoffs with the proposed soft detection scheme for a number of modulation/channel scenarios.
From scratch to system: a hands-on introductory embedded systems course

This paper describes a hands-on introductory embedded systems course, which continues from the first microprocessor course. Instead of using an off-the-shelf microcontroller development board, it shows how students can build one from scratch and add components when required for assignments or as the need arises. The course begins with wiring a microcontroller system from scratch, continues through interfacing to various sensors, and culminates in a final project. The course also focuses on embedded systems code layering concepts and enforces their usage. Lectures on practical analog interfacing circuits, such as op-amp circuitry, were presented. There were two written tests and seven hands-on laboratory assignments. The course reviews indicated students like this approach tremendously.
Quantum limits of nonlinear susceptibilities, and beyond

We study the limits of susceptibilities as measured with hyper Rayleigh scattering (HRS). We find that octupolar molecules also obey the quantum sum rules, as predicted by the theory. All conceivable molecular engineering approaches, designed to break these limits, are most likely futile because the sum rules take into account all interactions that can be written by a potential energy function. As such, any molecule or system whose Hamiltonian is given by electromagnetic interactions will be bounded by the theory. Since the sum rules can not be violated (because such a violation is equivalent to a violation of the Schrodinger equation) perhaps the only fruitful avenues to approach are to consider slightly resonantly enhanced susceptibilities or molecules that go beyond the dipole approximation.