cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mass spectra of some chlorinated aromatic pesticidal compounds

Mass spectral studies of some chlorinated aromatic pesticidal compounds are reported. The compounds studied include substituted diphenyl derivatives of methane, ethene and methanol. The diphenylmethanes are characterized by a relatively intense peak at m/e 165. Comparison of their low voltage spectra with 9-dichloromethylfluorene indicates that this ion has a fluorenyl ion structure. The structure of the base peak (m/e 246) of the diphenylethenes was investigated by comparing competitive metastable transitions with 9-dichloromethylenefluorene and utilizing defocusing metastables. Additional studies of model compounds suggest that the m/e 246 ion is very complex and is probably comprised of a number of structures. The mass spectra of the diphenylmethanols are significantly different from the other two groups. The hydroxyl group markedly affects the fragmentation process for these compounds; the characteristic peak is presumably the chlorobenzoyl ion and is probably precursor for other fragment ions. Mass spectral correlations of pesticidal compounds of similar structure are needed to obtain enough background to facilitate interpretation of the mass spectra of their metabolites. Furthermore, such studies make feasible the identification of characteristic product ions formed by rearrangement processes during ionization of organic molecules in the gas phase. This information can be a nucleus for correlating the other significant mass spectral data of an unknown compound. Intensive studies of carbamates,1 organophosphorus2 and bridged polycyclic chlorinated pesticidal3 compounds were invaluable in identifying metabolites of the aforementioned pesticides.4,5,6 The compounds in this Work are chlorinated aromatic pesticidal compounds which consist of a diphenylemthane, a diphenylethylene, or a diphenylmethanol structure. The compounds p,ṕ-DDE were briefly discussed by Jorg, Houriet and Spiteller.7 The compounds examined are listed in Table 1. Treatment of data. The mass spectra of the pesticides are presented as bar graphs in Figs 1 to 12 It a metastable peak is observed, the metastable transition is indicated by m* on the figures and also by (m*) when confirmed or identified using the defocusing technique.8 Since the relative abundances of the metastable peaks for these compounds are very small (<0.1%) on special effort was made to establish their presence unless they wre pertinent.
GTP Binding Proteins are Involved in Receptor Mediated SP-A Transport in Rat Type II Pneumocytes 151

Background: We have identified a 55 kDa membrane protein of rat type II pneumocytes that is involved in SP-A mediated surfactant uptake and recycling.
The Role of Neuromodulation in Patients with Neurogenic Overactive Bladder

To review the treatment options for patients with neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB), specifically the use of sacral neuromodulation (SNM). A search was performed on the available literature on SNM and lower urinary tract dysfunction. Based on published studies available and also on personal experience, the treatment options for neurogenic OAB are reviewed, and specifically, the role for SNM in these patients is discussed. SNM is FDA-approved for patients with urge incontinence, urgency/frequency, and non-obstructive urinary retention. It involves stimulation of the third sacral nerve with an electrode implanted in the sacral foramen and connected to a pulse generator. The procedure is minimally invasive and is effective in about 70 % of patients who have a permanent system. The original trials leading to the approval of SNM excluded patients with neurogenic disease, as it was felt that intact spinal pathways were necessary for neuromodulation to occur. However, similar success rates have been observed in patients with neurogenic OAB. Special considerations for SNM use in patients with neurogenic OAB include recognizing that it is incompatible for patients who will need MRI’s due to their progressive neurologic disease. Many treatment options are available for patients with neurogenic OAB. First-line approaches remain conservative with lifestyle changes and anticholinergic medications. SNM has been used successfully in this patient population with good results, though larger randomized trials are lacking.
Potato composition: II. Tissue selection and its effects on total sugar, total reducing sugar, glucose, fructose and sucrose contents

Total sugar, reducing sugar, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were determined in three parts (bud-end, stem-end, and core) of tubers of White Rose, Red La Soda, Kennebec, Russet Burbank, Norchip and Lenape. Tubers were sampled at harvest, after storage for 2 and 4 mo at 7 C, and after reconditioning for 3 wk at 20 C after each storage period. The quantity of different sugar fractions varied with cultivar and changed with storage treatments. Only sucrose was uniformly distributed among the different parts of the tuber. Except for fructose and sucrose the relationships among different parts of the tuber for distribution of all other sugar fractions varied significantly with cultivar, and these relationships among parts were not significantly changed by temperature, or duration of storage.
Realization of nth-order matrices with two-tree port structures

Abstract A solution is presented to the problem of synthesis of transformless n-port resistive networks from terminal conductance matrices which are realizable with specified two-tree port structures. A formulation is established which enables the problem to be reduced to the well-known synthesis of resistive networks with a linear port structure. In the formulation, conductance values of (n+1) resistors which are connected to a particular node in the most general (n+2)-node network are regarded as parameters. The bounds within which these conductance values must lie are established. Once a suitable set of the (n+1) conductances is found within these bounds, realization of the entire network follows immediately. A class of terminal conductance matrices is also considered which is realizable with a special version of the general procedure. This version has one important feature of providing two distinct “minimal” realizations amongst infinitely many continuously equivalent realizations.
Effect of garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on mitochondrial function and integrity in isolated mouse liver mitochondria

Abstract The objectives of this work were to evaluate the direct effects of diallysulfide (DAS) and diallyldisulfide (DADS), two major organosulfur compounds of garlic oil, on mitochondrial function and integrity, by using isolated mouse liver mitochondria in a cell-free system. DADS produced concentration-dependent mitochondrial swelling over the range 125–1000 μM, while DAS was ineffective. Swelling experiments performed with de-energized or energized mitochondria showed similar maximal swelling amplitudes. Cyclosporin A (1 μM), or ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA, 1 mM) were ineffective in inhibiting DADS-induced mitochondrial swelling. DADS produced a minor (12%) decrease in mitochondrial membrane protein thiols, but did not induce clustering of mitochondrial membrane proteins. Incubation of mitochondria with DADS (but not DAS) produced an increase in the oxidation rate of 2′,7′ dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), together with depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased lipid peroxidation. DADS (but not DAS) produced a concentration-dependent dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, but did not induce cytochrome c release. DADS-dependent effects, including mitochondrial swelling, DCFH-DA oxidation, lipid peroxidation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, were inhibited by antioxidants and iron chelators. These results suggest that DADS causes direct impairment of mitochondrial function as the result of oxidation of the membrane lipid phase initiated by the GSH- and iron-dependent generation of oxidants.
The Chitranjan Ranawat award: is neutral mechanical alignment normal for all patients?: the concept of constitutional varus

Background Most knee surgeons have believed during TKA neutral mechanical alignment should be restored. A number of patients may exist, however, for whom neutral mechanical alignment is abnormal. Patients with so-called “constitutional varus” knees have had varus alignment since they reached skeletal maturity. Restoring neutral alignment in these cases may in fact be abnormal and undesirable and would likely require some degree of medial soft tissue release to achieve neutral alignment.
Formally verified mathematics

With the help of computational proof assistants, formal verification could become the new standard for rigor in mathematics.
New polyol route to keggin ion-pillared layered double hydroxides

Abstract A new route to polyoxometalate pillared layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of the type [Mg 1− x 2+ Al x 3+ (OH) 2 ][POM n − ] x/n' where POM n− is the Keggin ion H 2 W 12 O 40 6− , is reported based on the atopotactic reactions of the corresponding LDH carbonate with glycerol or triethyleneglycol at 120–130°C and subsequent ion-exchange reaction of the polyol-solvated LDH intermediates with the pillaring Keggin anion. This new synthesis strategy offers important advantages over all previously reported synthesis methods, as it allows the direct conversion of readily obtainable LDH carbonates to POM-pillared derivatives. Equally important, the surface areas for the products obtained via the polyol route (∼160 m 2 /g) are appreciably larger than the value (83 m 2 /g) obtained for the same LDH intercalate prepared by ion exchange of an LDH hydroxide intermediate ( i.e. ,synthetic meixnerite) with H 2 W 12 O 40 6− . These differences in surface areas underscore the importance of synthetic methodology in mediating the micropore accessibility of pillared LDH derivatives. The acid-base functionality of the LDH-Keggin ion intercalates were examined using 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBOH) as a reactive probe. The LDH-H 2 W 12 O 40 6− intercalate obtained from the triethylenegly-colate intermediate exhibited high reactivity for the base-catalyzed disproportionation of MBOH, whereas the products derived from the LDH glycolate and hydroxide were relatively inactive. These differences in reactivity towards an organic substrate also emphasize the importance of synthesis methodology in regulating access in pillared LDH intercalates.
Structure and Energetics of Alamethicin Oligomers

We have investigated the structure and energetics of alamethicin oligomers in cylindrical pores using molecular dynamics simulations with a modified version of implicit membrane model 1 (IMM1-pore). We have added a new energy term to IMM1-pore to include the free energy cost of hydrophobic area exposure. With this new energy function, we have studied monomer to nonamer in cylindrical pores with radii ranging from 5 to 12 A. Stable, low energy pores are obtained for the right combination of radius and oligomeric number. The smaller oligomers (trimer to tetramer) formed closed pores for pore radius 6 A while the larger oligomers formed open pores at their optimal pore size. The octamer in a pore of radius 11 A gives the lowest effective energy per monomer. The tilt angles of the helices in the pore are 10-25° with respect to the membrane normal. The kink produced by Pro14 makes the pore funnel-like. Voltage seems to have little effect on the structure and stability of the pore.
Origin of the pyramidal tract determined with horseradish peroxidase

Abstract The origin of the axons contained in the pyramidal tract (PT) of the cat was established using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). A complete section was made through a PT at the level of the medulla oblongata and HRP was applied to the sectioned axons. Cat brains were cut in frontal and sagittal planes and HRP-labeled cells were plotted in outlines of the brain sections. The entire cortical region containing PT cells was divided into 8 subregions and the percent of PT cells was determined in each. Surface cortex, subregions 1, 3 and 8, contained only 30–40% of PT cells; the majority resided in deep sulcal cortex, in subregions 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Subregion 1 (containing 6–12% of PT cells) extends rostral to the cruciate sulcus; subregion 3 (15–22%) extends from the cruciate sulcus caudally to the ansate sulcus; subregion 8 (7–8%) covers cortex laterally adjacent to subregion 3. The hidden banks of the cruciate sulcus contained the greatest concentration of PT cells, 28–34% in the dorsal bank (subregion 5) and 15–20% in the ventral bank (subregion 4). The coronal sulcus contained only 2–5% of PT cells in its dorsal bank (subregion 6) and 1–4% in its ventral bank (subregion 7). The presylvian sulcus contained 8–12% of all PT cells in its lateral bank (subregion 2). This new cortical area is not yet considered part of ‘PT cortex’. Quantitative limitations of this study are discussed.
National Trends in Adolescent Bariatric Surgical Procedures and Implications for Surgical Centers of Excellence

Background Bariatric surgery is indicated for severely obese adolescents who have failed nonsurgical treatment. Our objective was to examine national trends in the use of bariatric operations among adolescents. Study Design The Kids' Inpatient Database was used to identify bariatric surgery patients in the pediatric population (age younger than 18 years) for 1997, 2000, and 2003. Patients were identified by procedure codes for bariatric operations with confirmatory diagnosis codes for obesity. Nationally representative estimates of trends in bariatric procedures, patient characteristics, hospital characteristics, and in-hospital complication rates were calculated. We augmented our analysis with the 2003 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, to ascertain hospitals' overall bariatric surgical volume (adolescents and adults). Results From 1997 to 2003, the estimated number of adolescent bariatric procedures performed nationally increased 5-fold from 51 to 282 (p 200 bariatric procedures for patients of any age), 39% of adolescent bariatric procedures were performed at lower-volume centers. Patients were predominantly Caucasian (68%) and female (72%), with a mean age of 16 years (minimum age 12 years). In-hospital complications occurred in 6% of patients. There were no in-hospital deaths. Conclusions Our findings indicate a recent, rapid increase in the frequency of adolescent bariatric procedures. Most hospitals that performed bariatric procedures on adolescents had limited experience with adolescent bariatric patients, although many of these hospitals appear to have been experienced adult centers with high overall bariatric volume (adolescents and adults). Future research must better clarify the institutional qualifications considered mandatory for treatment of eligible adolescents.
Information Fusion Methods For Coupled Eddy-Current Sensors

Though imaging techniques have been applied routinely for visual, x-ray, and ultrasound inspections, they are new to eddy-current testing. Over the past few years, such techniques have been developed and applied to eddy-current data to demonstrate their value for defect detection and system analysis. In eddy-current testing, changes are sensed in the impedance of a coil excited by an alternating current to detect surface defects in metal. In eddy-current imaging, a complex impedance is measured at each pixel and used to construct an image pair. Eddy-current measurements can also be made using multiple coils; this paper discusses complex impedance image pairs formed using coupled coils that provide information from the surface covered by the two coils. A phasor plot, which is a scatter diagram of the complex impedance image pair, is an effective tool for presenting, explaining, and analyzing the information. In these plots a defect and the background noise often map to different loci, and thus have distinct signatures. The phasor plot can be used to find an appropriate combination of the image pair to improve defect detection. This paper discusses the presentation and fusion of the two images for enhanced defect detection. Images are shown together with their phasor plots to demonstrate the effects of rotational transformations and different signal combinations. The described methods are generic and can also be applied to image pairs created by different modality imaging systems; this is demonstrated with a combined eddy-current and ultrasound pair of images.
Influenza virus- and cytokine-immunoreactive cells in the murine olfactory and central autonomic nervous systems before and after illness onset

Influenza virus invades the olfactory bulb (OB) and enhances cytokine mRNAs therein at the time of illness onset. Here we show that viral antigen immunoreactivity co-localized with glial markers in the OB but could not be detected in other brain areas. Interleukin 1β- and tumor necrosis factor α-immunoreactivity co-localized with neuronal markers in olfactory and central autonomic systems, and the number of cytokine-immunoreactive neurons increased at the time of illness onset [15 h post-inoculation (PI)] but not before (10 h PI). These results suggest that the OB virus influences the brain cytokines and therefore the onset of illness.
OrganicPad: a tablet PC based chemistry tool

This paper describes a software tool that provides a natural user interface through the use of a Tablet PC to provide interactivity between an instructor and her students in an organic chemistry course. The teacher and all students are equipped with wireless internet access and either a Tablet PC or a WACOM [3] slate device. Our software tool, called OrganicPad, enables an instructor to engage their students in the classroom by sending them problems to solve. Students then develop answers to those problems. The tool may provide students tips and hints to help them arrive at an answer. All communication is through the web, using the HTTP communication protocol. At any time, the instructor can automatically evaluate student submissions and can quickly understand where students are having difficulty. Furthermore, the instructor can hide the identities of the students and anonymously use the submissions pedagogically. Finally, the instructor can develop tutorial exercises that students can work on outside of class. We present how we have used OrganicPad and our plans to extend its functionality in the future.
Suppose James Brown read Fanon: the Black Arts Movement, cultural nationalism and the failure of popular musical praxis

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the articulation of politics and sound became explicitly marked during the civil rights transition to embryonic types of racial nationalism, black power and the novel forms of ‘citizenship’ implied therein. Music mediated and registered these critical shifts in political outlook, structural change and black collectivity. Yet, despite the power of black soundings to communicate or gesture toward a particular political sensibility, black popular music in particular remained elusive to those political workers most invested in identifying the articulations of popular sound aesthetics and the masses. Popular music, and soul culture more generally, frustrated nationalist efforts at enlisting the black masses, a failure that paradoxically reflected black nationalism’s inability to appeal to and enlist the political potential of the mass black public that it so valorised. %This article explores the political-aesthetic interface particularly as it played out in the relationship between cultural nationalism and black popular music. This relationship offers a powerful index of the correspondence and dissonance between the political intentions of nationalist political workers and the political desires of the urban masses. It is argued that both the formal attempts at producing revolutionary cultural products and the broader influence and reception that black nationalist politics had within the field of black popular culture were in significant ways less communicative of collective political will and desire than emergent popular musical formations.
On a Class of Stochastic Integral Equations of Mixed Type

In this paper, the concept of a random contractor is used to investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions of stochastic integral equations of mixed type in the general form of x(t; ω) = h(t; ω) + ∫t0q(t, s, x(s; ω); ω) ds + ∫∞0 r(t, s, x(s; ω); ω) ds, t ⩾ 0, where ( ( Ω , %plane1D;49C; , P ) ) is a complete probability space. Both of the integrals are assumed to be Bochner integrals.
UTILIZING RELATIONSHIP MATRICES TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE DIVERSITY OF HOUSEHOLD ARRANGEMENTS AMONG ROMANTIC COUPLES: A CROSS-COUNTRY EXAMPLE

Changes in families over the past thirty years have created methodological challenges for research on family variation. Some argue that standard survey methods used for collecting data on families have been outpaced by the transformation of families and hence estimates of family variation are maccurate and opportunities for cross-country comparisons of family variation are hampered. This situation is rectifiable through greater use of relationship matrices. This underused data collection method can precisely portray family variation and facilitate cross-country comparisons. To illustrate the method’s usefulness for family research, relationship matrices data on young persons from Australia and the United States are exploited to: depict individuals’ living arrangements; identify patterns in partnering and childbearing; describe demographic diversity across types of couples; and compare family variation across countries.
Nondestructive evaluation using a reduced order computational methodology

This paper uses eddy current based techniques and reduced order modeling to explore the feasibility of detecting a subsurface damage in structures such as air foils and pipelines. To identify the geometry of a damage, an optimization algorithm is employed which requires solving the forward problem numerous times. To implement these methods in a practical setting, the forward algorithm must be solved with extremely fast and accurate solution methods. Therefore, our computational methods are based on the reduced order Karhunen-Loeve or Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) techniques. For proof-of-concept, we implement the methodology on a 2-D problem and find the methods to be efficient and robust even with data containing 10 Furthermore, the methods are fast; our findings suggest we can reduce the computational time on average by a factor of 3000.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: Trends, Uncertainties, and Methodological Improvements

The transportation sector accounted for almost 28% of total U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2004, according to Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2004, published in 2006 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Over the period 1990 to 2004, GHG emissions from the transportation sector increased at the fastest rate of any end-use economic sector in the United States and accounted for the largest absolute increase of any of these sectors. The largest sources of U.S. transportation GHG emissions continued to be lightduty vehicles, heavy-duty trucks, and aircraft. While these three modes demonstrated increases in travel activity from 1990 to 2004, their GHG growth rates differed considerably: GHGs from heavy-duty trucks increased by 62%, light-duty vehicles by 23%, and commercial aircraft by only about 10%. This paper (a) analyzes factors affecting transportation GHG emissions in the United States, including the output from specific modes and travel purposes; (b) exami...
A TRANSLATOR OF SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN FROM SAM TO JAVA

A software architecture design has many benefits including aiding comprehension, supporting early analysis, and providing guidance for subsequent development activities. An additional major benefit is if a partial prototype implementation can be automatically generated from a given software architecture design. However, in the past decade less progress was made on automatically realizing software architecture designs. In this paper, we present a translator for automatically generating an implementation from a software architectural description. The implementation not only captures the functionality of the given architecture description, but also contains additional monitoring code for ensuring desirable behavior properties through runtime verification. Our method takes a software description written in SAM, a software architecture model integrating dual formal methods Petri nets and temporal logic, and generates ArchJava/Java/AspectJ code. More specifically, the structure of a SAM architecture description produces ArchJava code, the behavior models of components/connectors represented in Petri nets lead to plain Java code, and the property specifications defined in temporal logic generate AspectJ code; the above code segments are then integrated into Java code. An experimental result is provided.
Presence of vessels in wood of Sarcandra (Chloranthaceae); comments on vessel origins in angiosperms

Sarcandra is the only genus of Chloranthaceae hitherto thought to be vesselless. Study of liquid-preserved material of S. glabra revealed that in root secondary xylem some tracheary elements are wider in diameter and have markedly scalariform end walls combined with circular pits on lateral walls. Examination of these wider tracheary elements with scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated various degrees of pit membrane absence in the end walls. Commonly a few threadlike fibrils traverse the pits (perforations); these as well as intact nature of pit membranes in pits at ends of some perforation plates are evidence that lack of pit membranes does not result from damage during processing. Some perforations lack any remnants of pit membranes. Although perforation plates and therefore vessels are present in Sarcandra roots, no perforations were observed in tracheary elements of stems or lignotubers. Further, stem tracheids do not have the prominently scalariform end walls that the vessel elements in roots do. Presence of vessels in Sarcandra removes at least one (probably several) hypothetical events of vessel origin that must be postulated to account for known patterns of vessel distribution in angiosperms, assuming that they are primitively vesselless. Seven (perhaps fewer) vessel origin events in angiosperms could account for these patterns; two of those events (Nelumbo and monocotyledons) are different from the others in nature. Widely accepted data on trends of vessel specialization in woody dicotyledons yield an unappreciated implication: vessel specialization has happened in a highly polyphyletic manner in dicotyledons, and therefore multiple vessel origins represent a logical extension backward in time. If a group of vesselless dictyoledons ancestral to other angiosperms existed, they can be hypothesized to have had a relatively homogeneous floral plan now that Sarcandra-like plants no longer need be imagined within that group. Sarcandra and other Chloranthaceae show that the borderline between vessel absence and presence is less sharp than generally appreciated.
Dopamine enhances excitatory amino acid-gated conductances in cultured retinal horizontal cells

In the teleost retina, cone horizontal cells receive extensive innervation from dopaminergic interplexiform cells1, and possess dopamine receptors whose activation stimulates adenylate cyclase2,3. Exogenously applied dopamine modifies several aspects of horizontal cell activity in the intact retina, including the responsiveness of these neurons to light4–6 and the strength of electrical coupling between them7–9. We have used whole-cell voltage clamp methods to examine whether dopamine can alter the light-responsiveness of horizontal cells by changing their sensitivity to the neurotransmitter released by the photoreceptors. We report that dopamine and cyclic AMP, although having little direct effect on resting membrane conductance, greatly enhance ionic conductances gated by kainate, an agonist of the transmitter released by the photoreceptors, and by L-glutamate, the agent proposed to be the photoreceptor transmitter10–14. Our results provide the first direct evidence for dopaminergic regulation of excitatory amino-acid neurotransmission in the vertebrate nervous system and suggest a possible mechanism to explain the reduction in the responsiveness of horizontal cells observed when retinas are treated with dopamine.
Enzymatic synthesis of fatty alcohols in Brassica oleracea

Abstract Acetone powder extracts prepared from young broccoli (Brassica oleracea) leaves catalyzed palmitaldehyde reduction to the corresponding alcohol with TPNH as the preferred reducing agent. The aldehyde reductase was purified 13-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The pH optimum was about 5.6 and apparent Km was 5 × 10−5 m and 7 × 10−5 m with respect to TPNH and palmitaldehyde, respectively. The enzyme was severely inhibited by iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide, N-ethyl maleimide and parachloromercuric benzoate, suggesting the presence of SH groups essential for activity. Another protein fraction obtained from the same acetone powder extract by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration showed palmityl and stearyl-CoA reductase activity which required DPNH, and the product of this reaction was the corresponding aldehyde. It is, therefore, concluded that acyl-CoA reductase converts fatty-CoA into aldehyde which in turn is reduced by aldehyde reductase to the alcohol in B. oleracea.
Growing firms in declining fields: Unanticipated impacts of oil development

In a study of off‐shore oil development in the Santa Barbara Channel, we found that many local oil‐related firms adapted to declines in the oil industry by diversifying into other realms, thus forestalling their expected demise. We provide case instances of how such adaptation occurs. Firms’ success at self‐transformation alters the type of environmental impacts caused by the oil industry's coming to the region. This mitigates the boom‐bust cycle often associated with extractive industries but sets in motion other long‐term consequences. Environmental assessments of industrial projects are incomplete unless they consider how firms, once in place, themselves evolve.
Designing interventions in psychosocial research

There is little guidance in the literature on how to design cost-effective interventions for preventing or treating psychosocial health care problems. Four sources of information are described for developing interventions that are based on a strong theoretical and empirical foundation: (1) an explicit theory for intervention, (2) supporting descriptive data, (3) an evaluation of possible intervention strategies that are consistent with the theory and the supporting data, and (4) focus groups to examine the feasibility and external validity of the intervention before formal testing.
Sorption from solution by active magnesium oxide.

1. 1. The sorption of iodine, cetyl alcohol, Orange OT and naphthacene by highly porous active lightburned magnesium oxide has been studied in various solutions, and compared with the surface area determined with iodine vapor and nitrogen. In no case was the surface indicated by the sorption from solution more than a small fraction of that measured with nitrogen and iodine vapor. 2. 2. Cetyl alcohol gives quite different results with the same specimen of magnesium oxide using different solvents, and with the lower alcohols it may show no apparent sorption or may even show negative sorption. 3. 3. Use of sorption from solution for measurements of the area of highly porous materials involves arbitrary assumptions and can lead to highly erroneous results.
Incipient Plasticity and Shear Band Formation in Bulk Metallic Glass Studied Using Indentation

This study focuses on investigating certain aspects of deformation in bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) based on nanoindentaion and microindentation studies. Using a Berkovich indenter in nanoindentation, the incipient plasticity or early stages of deformation have been studied for a typical BMG, Vitreloy 1. From a critical analysis of the load-displacement curves, the initial displacement burst, often associated with the initiation of shear bands, was found to occur at a value close to the theoretical shear stress of the material. The deformation behavior below these indents, including the formation of shear bands, has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The evidence suggests structural changes associated with possible expansion of free volume within the shear bands, especially in the case of deformation under higher loads. Furthermore, while the possibility of nanocrystallization within the shear bands cannot be ruled out, the experimental results do not conclusively indicate the occurrence of such a phenomenon.
Conflict, Complexity, and Change: A Meta-Framework for Addressing Protracted, Intractable Conflicts—III

Conflicts that endure despite repeated good faith attempts to resolve them are considered intractable. Such conflicts can exist at the family, organizational, community, and international levels and present conflict resolution practitioners with extraordinarily difficult challenges. Over time, they can become highly complex, mercurial, and malignant, and render standard methods of conflict resolution such as negotiation and mediation less effective. This article is the 3rd in a 3-part series presenting a meta-framework for addressing protracted, intractable conflicts. It offers a new approach to conflict analysis and intervention that is responsive to the complex dynamics and long-term natures of these problems. A set of guidelines for intervention is outlined and applied to a contemporary case for illustration.
Zuotin, a ribosome-associated DnaJ molecular chaperone.

Correct folding of newly synthesized polypeptides is thought to be facilitated by Hsp70 molecular chaperones in conjunction with DnaJ cohort proteins. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SSB proteins are ribosome-associated Hsp70s which interact with the newly synthesized nascent polypeptide chain. Here we report that the phenotypes of an S.cerevisiae strain lacking the DnaJ-related protein Zuotin (Zuo1) are very similar to those of a strain lacking Ssb, including sensitivities to low temperatures, certain protein synthesis inhibitors and high osmolarity. Zuo1, which has been shown previously to be a nucleic acid-binding protein, is also a ribosome-associated protein localized predominantly in the cytosol. Analysis of zuo1 deletion and truncation mutants revealed a positive correlation between the ribosome association of Zuo1 and its ability to bind RNA. We propose that Zuo1 binds to ribosomes, in part, by interaction with ribosomal RNA and that Zuo1 functions with Ssb as a chaperone on the ribosome.
The in vivo cleavage of carotenoids into retinoids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

A variety of carotenoids have been incorporated in vivo into a carotenoid mutant of the unicellular alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The mutant can synthes ize retinal from exogenous carotenoids. In this way the first step in biosynthesis of retinoids, namely how /? carotene is converted into retinal, has been studied. Since retinal forms with opsin the photoreceptor for phototaxis in Chlamydomonas, the action-spectral peaks of the phototaxis restored by carotenoid incorp oration were used to predict the products formed by the enzyme that cleaves these carotenoids. The data suggest that the physiologically relevant cleavage of /i-carotene into retinal is central rather than excentric. When apocarotenoids are substrates, the enzyme tar gets the double bond located a constant distance away from the carbonyl group on the acyclic end and, consequently, retinal is not produced. Interestingly, dehydro-analogues containing a triple bond are preferentially cleaved and oxidized at the triple bond relative to the corresponding analogue with only
Monitoring School Consultation Intervention Outcomes for Data-Based Decision Making: An Application of the Goal Attainment Scaling Method

School counselors increasingly are being asked to develop and implement data-based interventions for academic and social/emotional problems. The purpose of this article is to provide a demonstration of goal attainment scaling (GAS) as an intervention outcome assessment tool for school counselor’s work with students. The strengths and limitations of the GAS method are described and an application is provided on the use of the method with school counseling consultation cases. We conclude that GAS is a useful tool for school counselors to evaluate individual or group intervention outcomes.
First demonstration of on-chip wavelength multicasting

We demonstrate for the first time wavelength multicasting performed in a silicon photonic chip. We investigate multicast number selectivity at 40-Gb/s data rates and evaluate each configuration using BER measurements, establishing immense prospect for scalability.
Vertical Product Differentiation When Quality is Scarce: The Case of n > 2 Firms

This paper describes a model of vertical product differentiation in which more than two firms compete in quality and price. Quality is of fixed supply, so firms participate in an auction to attain it. Firms then simultaneously choose prices. The paper determines equilibrium bids in the quality auction and the Bertrand equilibrium prices. In equilibrium one firm attains all the units of quality, but pays a price such that it, like the minimum-quality firms, earns zero profits. Aggregate welfare is computed, and is shown to decrease as competition increases.
Effect of Oral Dosing of Lactobacillus Strains on Gut Colonization and Liver Biotin in Broiler Chicks

Abstract Strains of host specific (KTM, 74/1, and 59) and nonhost specific (40) lactobacilli were orally dosed to day-old broiler chicks. Dose levels consisted of: 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 log10 cfu/day for 21 days. Each treatment and control group (placebo, no culture) contained three replications of 6 chicks in Experiment 1 (strains 40 and KTM) and 7 chicks in Experiment 2 (strains 74/1 and 59). Dosing of 7.0 log10 cfu and above tended to depress chick growth. Fecal shedding of lactobacilli were the same (8.8 log10 cfu) for all dose levels on Day 5 but decreased on Day 14 for strains KTM and 40. For strains 74/1 and 59 at all dose levels, the fecal shedding of lactobacilli was 9.9 log10 cfu for Day 5 and 8.5 log10 cfu for Day 14. Microbiology was performed on contents of the crop and ileum and on the tissue macerates from the crop, ileum, and ceca from chicks killed on Days 7 and 21 of the experiments. Chicks dosed with strains 59 and KTM had lower numbers of coliforms in cecal macerates than the control and chicks dosed with strains 40 and 74/1. No significant differences were observed in lactobacilli found in contents and tissues between 5.0 and 9.0 log10 cfu for all lactobacilli strains dosed. There was a trend for the liver biotin to be higher in chicks dosed with 7.0 log10 cfu than chicks dosed with 5.0 or 9.0 log10 cfu or no culture, but the difference was not significant (P>.05).
Unfamiliar orthographic information and second language word learning: A novel lexicon study:

Recent research indicates that knowledge of words’ spellings can influence knowledge of the phonological forms of second language (L2) words when the first and second languages use the same orthographic symbols. It is yet unknown whether learners can make similar use of unfamiliar orthographic symbols. In this study we investigate whether native English speakers use orthographic tone marks to help them associate lexical tone with new L2 words? Native English speakers with no knowledge of Mandarin were assigned to ‘Tone Marks’ or ‘No Tone Marks’ word learning groups. During a word learning phase, they learned to associate Mandarin nonwords varying in lexical tone with orthographic forms (written in pinyin with/without tone marks) and pictured ‘meanings’. In Experiment 1, participants were asked whether a picture associated with, for example, tone 1 matched an auditory form containing tone 2. Tone Marks participants outperformed No Tone Marks participants, suggesting that the availability of unfamiliar orth...
Differential expression of the pro-natriuretic peptide convertases corin and furin in experimental heart failure and atrial fibrosis

In heart failure (HF), the cardiac hormone natriuretic peptides (NPs) atrial (ANP), B-type (BNP), and C-type (CNP) play a key role to protect cardiac remodeling. The proprotein convertases corin and furin process their respective pro-NPs into active NPs. Here we define in a canine model of HF furin and corin gene and protein expression in normal and failing left atrium (LA) or ventricle (LV) testing the hypothesis that the NP proproteins convertases production is altered in experimental HF. Experimental canine HF was produced by rapid right ventricular pacing for 10 days. NPs, furin, and corin mRNA expression were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein concentration or expression was determined by immunostaining, radioimmunoassay, or Western blot. Furin and corin proteins were present in normal canine LA and LV myocardium and vasculature and in smooth muscle cells. In normal canines, expression of NPs was dominant in the atrium compared with the ventricle. In experimental early stage HF characterized with marked atrial fibrosis, ANP, BNP, and CNP mRNA, and protein concentrations were higher in HF LA but not HF LV compared with normals. In LA, corin mRNA and protein expressions in HF were lower, whereas furin mRNA and protein expressions were higher than normals. NPs and furin expressions were augmented in the atrium in experimental early stage HF and, conversely, corin mRNA and protein expressions were decreased with atrial remodeling. Selective changes of these NP convertases may have significance in the regulation of pro-NP processing and atrial remodeling in early stage HF.
Radar observations of apollo

Radar observations of the asteroid Apollo, at 3.5 cm wavelength, indicate a radius of 600 m and a rotation period of 3.0 hr. The data are consistent with a rough surface of either hard ice or of regolith softened rock.
Preventing Violence and Trauma in the Next Generation

Research in recent times has clearly demonstrated that violence is predictable and preventable; however, the primary prevention of abusive and violent behavior will not occur without personal, interpersonal, and social change. This article reviews the empirical research supporting hypotheses for primary prevention of many risks associated with children becoming abusive.
A Heart-Mind-Opportunity Nexus: Distinguishing Social Entrepreneurship for Entrepreneurs

The author presents suggestions for the development of social entrepreneurship theories while commenting on the article "Venturing for Others With Heart and Head: How Compassion Encourages Social Entrepreneurship," by T. Miller, M. Grimes, J. McMullen, and T. Vogus, published in the same issue of the journal. Topics include the motivations of entrepreneurship and potential challenges in using emotions as research variables.
Child Advocacy Centers: Providing Support to Primary Care Providers

Child abuse affects the lives of many American children. Child abuse is nothing new; it has existed since the beginning of time. Child abuse is a complex problem with no easy solution. Child advocacy centers (CACs) have developed because of an increased awareness of the problem of child abuse within our society and the recognition of a true need to better respond to the problem. CACs provide communities with a multidisciplinary approach to investigate, manage, treat, and prosecute cases of child abuse. CACs can be an invaluable resource to primary care providers, including pediatric nurse practitioners; services provided and ways to access services will be discussed.
Adaptive strategies of Yersinia pestis to persist during inter-epizootic and epizootic periods

Plague is a flea-borne zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis. It has caused three historical pandemics, including the Black Death which killed nearly a third of Europe's population in the 14th century. In modern times, plague epizootics can extirpate entire susceptible wildlife populations and then disappear for long time periods. Understanding how Y. pestis is maintained during inter-epizootic periods and the factors responsible for transitioning to epizootics is important for preventing and controlling pathogen transmission and ultimately reducing the burden of human disease. In this review, we focus primarily on plague in North American foci and discuss the potential adaptive strategies Y. pestis might employ to ensure not only its survival during inter-epizootic periods but also the rapid epizootic spread and invasion of new territories that are so characteristic of plague and have resulted in major pandemics and establishment of plague foci throughout much of the world.
Three New Species of Leptogium in Wisconsin

Abstract: Three species of Leptogium are reported as new to Wisconsin: L. byssinum, L. dactylinum and L. rivulare. The first and third species are extremely rare and were only found in one locality each.
A Framework for Studying Organizational Innovation in Research Libraries

The objective of this paper is two-fold: to propose a theoretical framework and model for studying organizational innovation in research libraries and to set forth propositions that can provide directions for future empirical studies of innovation in research libraries. Research libraries can be considered members of a class of organizations referred to here as institutional nonprofits. As such, these organizations inherit many of the innovative properties that are associated with the broader sector of service organizations. However, institutional nonprofits have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other service organizations such as government agencies and for-profit service firms. In this paper, institutional theory is used to explain the forces that are acting on the research library. Research from organizational learning, structural contingency theory, and typologies of service organizations are used to establish a more encompassing innovation framework. Based on the literature review, the theoretical framework, and empirical studies, this paper presents a process model and propositions that characterize how the research library might innovate. These propositions can be tested in empirical studies to develop a fuller understanding of innovation in research libraries.
Frequency dependent effects of chronic cyclic loading on the lumbar spine in-vivo

The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of cyclic mechanical loading at different frequencies on the intervertebral disc and vertebral endplates. Static, 0.5 Hz or 5 Hz loading at 5 × BW was applied to the rabbit lumbar spine in vivo 2 hours/day, 5 days/week for up to 30 weeks. Following the loading period, MRI, μCT and histology analyses were performed. Results indicate an increase in subchondral bone density in cyclically loaded animals which was loading rate-dependent. There was also a decrease in trans-endplate diffusion at the loaded levels in animals exposed to high frequency loading. The trend of increased bone density at the loaded level was not seen in statically loaded animals. The extent of disc degeneration was also dependent on the frequency of loading, with decreases in disc height, fibrosis and matrix disorganization occurring at high frequency and static loading. The differences observed between loading frequencies may be related to the rate dependant, viscoelastic mechanical properties of the intervertebral disc.