cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abrogation of killing and neoplastic transformation of C3H10T1/2 cells due to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.

The combined action of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and alpha-naphthoflavone (alpha NF) on the survival and neoplastic transformation of C3H10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts has been examined and correlated with DNA adduct formation and removal. When a 24 h DMBA treatment of asynchronously growing cells was followed for the next 24 h by a treatment with alpha NF + DMBA, both killing and transformation per viable cell were abrogated to a large extent. In some instances, transformation was completely abrogated--i.e. reduced to control frequencies--even at nontoxic concentrations of DMBA, indicating that changes in survival were not the reason for the reduction in transformation. Even at toxic concentrations of DMBA, post-treatment with alpha-NF + DMBA resulted in 10-fold reductions in transformation frequency. 3-Methylcholanthrene (3MC) also reversed DMBA cytotoxicity but with a dependence on 3MC concentration that was qualitatively different from that for alpha NF. The abrogation of cell killing occurred at lower molar ratios of alpha NF:DMBA than the abrogation of transformation; less than or equimolar concentrations resulted in maximal abrogation of killing, but about equal concentrations were required to abrogate transformation. Although the preceding findings suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in these endpoints, taken together they suggest that second treatments make apparent the repair of lesions due to a first treatment with DMBA alone. To test this hypothesis, the formation and removal of DMBA-DNA adducts were measured. Adducts were not removed when the second treatment was growth medium alone, but enhanced removal was observed when second treatments consisted of DMBA alone or DMBA plus one of several other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Relative to killing and neoplastic transformation, these results suggest DMBA induces a repair process that limits its own effectiveness--a process that can be sustained by other PAHs.
Spiritual wellness and depression.

With a growing appreciation for the holism of human functioning, interest in the spiritual dimension as it relates to depression has increased. In this article, I review medical wellness literature and counseling literature for insight into the nature of spirituality and propose 4 dimensions of spiritual wellness as a result of this review: a sense of meaning in life, a transcendent perspective, an intrinsic value system, and a sense of belonging to a spiritual community of shared values and support. These dimensions are examined as they relate to the clinical literature and empirical research on depression. Implications for research, counseling, and counselor education also are reviewed.
The Identification of Key Foods for Food Composition Research

Abstract The United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) was initiated to update existing component values and to add data on new foods and components to reflect today's marketplace and needs for data. The USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference contains data for about 6040 foods for over 100 compounds. To develop a full nutrient profile for each food costs approximately $12 000 (six analytical samples×$2000 per sample). To determine food sampling priorities, the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) has used the Key Foods approach to generate a list of 666 foods. This method utilizes existing nutrient profiles and nationally representative food consumption survey data collected by USDA in the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994–1996 (CSFII) and by The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). One premise of the project is that more samples will be collected and prepared for those foods which provide important amounts of nutrients of public health significance to the diet and not every sample will be analyzed for all the nutrients currently in NDL's nutrient databases. Even though the list of 666 Key Foods is much more manageable, procedures to set priorities for analysis are still needed. To accomplish this, two approaches were developed. One is based on a point system, and the other on nutrient consumption data. Based on an analysis of the two approaches, the nutrient consumption approach was chosen to be the primary method of selecting foods for analysis. This paper reports details of the two methods to modify the existing Key Foods list to determine new and specific priorities for NFNAP efforts. This program represents a comprehensive approach to collect baseline nationally representative data. Results will be used to update the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference and to establish future priorities for frequency of updates.
COMPUTER INTERACTION: EFFECT ON ATTITUDES AND PERFORMANCE IN OLDER ADULTS

This study assessed older adults' attitudes toward computer technology, tested the effect of computer interaction on attitudes toward computer technology, and compared older adults' performance (time and errors) and cautiousness on a cognitive task presented via computer versus paper‐and‐pencil formats. In an initial session, 60 older adults completed Wagman's (1983) Cybernetics Attitude Survey (CAS). Their CAS scores were compared with those of a young adult group. In a second session the 60 older adults were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: cognitive computer, cognitive paper‐and‐pencil, and fun computer. The CAS was administered again immediately following the treatment intervention. Statistical analyses indicated that older adults' pretreatment CAS attitude scores were not significantly different from the attitude scores of young adult undergraduates. The treatment intervention had no significant effect on the older adults' computer attitudes, which remained consistent with pretreatment l...
Thyroxine-induced haemolymph protein and ecdysteroid increases in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: Effect on larval growth and silk production

Abstract The effect of feeding mulberry leaves treated with thyroid powder on larval growth and cocoon formation was analysed following treatment of different larval instars. Larvae treated during the second instar only, showed maximal growth along with other enhanced cocoon characters. This suggests that thyroxine could be used effectively for commercial silkworm rearing by treatment at an early stage of silkworm development. The larval period was shortened by 30–40 h with increased cocoon and shell (silk) weight in all treated groups, reaching 150% in some cases with no loss in silk quality. An increase in haemolymph ecdysteroid level was observed during the fourth instar, suggesting that thyroxine in some way affects ecdysteroid metabolism. As compared to controls, where haemolymph ecdysteroid levels reached 1.4 ng/μl during the fourth instar, ecdysteroid levels showed an almost 2-fold increase during the fourth instar when animals were treated with thyroxine from the first through the fifth instar (2.3 ng/μl) or when treated in the fourth instar only (2.8 ng/μl), and a 3.5-fold increase (4.8 ng/μl) for treatment in the second instar only. A peak of haemolymph ecdysteroid was observed on day 10 of the fifth instar for all treated groups, but not until day 11 for the control group. Thyroxine treatment from the first through the fifth instar caused a 2-fold increase in haemolymph protein level during the first (15.07 μg/μl) and second (10.99 μg/μl) instars, as compared to controls (7.73 and 5.48 μg/μl, respectively). Thyroxine treatment of second or fourth instars alone resulted in a 2-fold increase in haemolymph protein levels to 12.83 and 13.49 μg/μl, respectively, during the fourth instar, when compared to that of the control group (6.20 μg/μl). This suggests that thyroxine, in addition to affecting ecdysteroid metabolism, also affects protein metabolism.
Explosive processes in nucleosynthesis

There are many explosive processes in nucleosynthesis: big bang nucleosynthesis, the rp-process, the γ-process, the ν-process, and the r-process. However, I will discuss just the rp-process and the r-process in detail, primarily because both seem to have been very active research areas of late, and because they have great potential for studies with radioactive nuclear beams. I will also discuss briefly the γ-process because of its inevitability in conjunction with the rp-process.
Osmotic potential of media affecting green plant percentage in wheat anther culture.

The percentage of green plants in anther culture is known to be controlled by the genetics of anther donor materials. The objective of this study was to determine whether components in the culture media also would have a significant influence on the percentage of green plants from wheat anther culture. Anthers of a spring wheat cultivar, “Pavon 76”, were cultured on potato 4 (P4) induction media with various modifications. Addition of 200 g/l ficoll to the liquid P4 medium significantly increased the percentage of green plants even though the final yield of green plants per 100 anthers was lower than the liquid medium. A higher concentration of maltose (135 g/l) produced significantly higher percentage of green plants than the medium containing 90 g/l maltose or sucrose. These results demonstrate culture medium effects on albinism, indicating that the percentage of green plants in wheat anther culture can be increased by optimizing medium osmotic potential.
Stimulation of Forel's field during stereotaxic operations in the human brain☆

Abstract 1. 1. Increase or depression of Parkinson tremor may appear on stimulation of the prerubral area; this may be due partly to stimulation of pallidofugal fibers and partly of cerebello-rubro-thalamo-pallidal and of corticofugal fibers that pass through, or synapse in, the field H. 2. 2. Close to the prerubral field there are, in the human brain, cell groups or fibers of the cranial part of the oculomotor nucleus innervating the internal rectus muscle. 3. 3. Various vegetative effects were observed on stimulation of the field H: changes of the pupil, of the vasomotor system, of the heart rate and EKG, and appearance of a galvanic skin reaction. Apparently, hypothalamofugal fibers are stimulated; the participation of indirect stimulation of the hypothalamus cannot be excluded. 4. 4. Cortical recruitment responses could also be elicited; they are apparently chiefly due to stimulation of reticulo-thalamic fibers. A surface positive deflection may precede in records from the frontal lobe and is explained by stimulation of cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers. 5. 5. This study shows the complexity of Forel's field H that contains various systems of different physiologic significance.
A crucial demonstration of strong collisional behavior of vibrational energy for gas-surface collisions

Abstract Application of the variable encounter method (VEM) has been made to the thermal cyclobutene decomposition system. Vibrational energy transfer in the cyclobutene-seasoned quartz surface system has been studied. The occurrence of strong collisions is demonstrated in crucial manner at temperatures below 400 K.
Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft.

Tendon–bone incorporation of a tendon graft within the bone tunnel is of priority concern when using for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Superior healing process and stronger healing strength can be achieved when periosteum is sutured on the tendon inserted into a bone tunnel. We applied this idea to ACL reconstruction for enhancing tendon graft–bone tunnel healing. This is a prospective clinical outcome study with this surgical technique at minimal 2 years follow-up. Periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft has been used in 68 patients. Data from 62 patients who had been followed up completely were analyzed. All patients suffered from a grade 3 or higher grade of Lachman and anterior drawer test with a positive pivot-shift test. Clinical assessments included the Lysholm knee scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 instrumented testing, thigh muscle assessment, and radiographic evaluation. The median Lysholm knee score was 59 (40–70) and 94 (60–100) points (P<0.01) before and after surgery. After reconstruction, 81% of patients were able to return to moderate or strenuous activity. Four (6%) patients were found to exhibit grade 2 or more ligament laxity. Complete range of motion could be achieved in 86% of patients. Three patients (5%) had positive pivot shift. Finally, 92% of patients were assessed as normal or nearly normal rating by IKDC guideline. Bone tunnels enlargement of more than 1 mm was identified in 5% of femoral tunnels and 6% of tibial tunnels. The study shows that a satisfactory result can be achieved with the periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft in ACL reconstruction. Periosteum can be easily harvested at the proximal tibia from a routine incision for hamstring tendon harvesting. Besides the potential for improving tendon–bone healing, enveloped periosteum may help to seal the intra-articular tunnel opening in the early postoperative period, and thus avoid synovial fluid reflux into the tunnel. Bone tunnel enlargement could be reduced.
A 65-nm Dual-Core Multithreaded Xeon® Processor With 16-MB L3 Cache

This paper describes a dual-core 64-b Xeon MP processor implemented in a 65-nm eight-metal process. The 435-mm2 die has 1.328-B transistors. Each core has two threads and a unified 1-MB L2 cache. The 16-MB shared, 16-way set-associative L3 cache implements both sleep and shut-off leakage reduction modes. Long channel transistors are used to reduce subthreshold leakage in cores and uncore (all portions of the die that are outside the cores) control logic. Multiple voltage and clock domains are employed to reduce power
IGF-1 Signaling Enhances Cell Survival in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts vs. Gingival Fibroblasts

The role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in the regulation of apoptosis has been suggested, yet their impact on specific cells such as periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) and gingival fibroblasts (GF) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the role of IGF-1 signaling in cell survival in PDLF compared with GF. In periodontal tissue sections, a significantly reduced apoptotic rate was first demonstrated in PDLF compared with GF. In vitro, IGF-1 substantially enhanced cell survival in PDLF compared with GF by the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic molecules and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic molecules. Furthermore, the differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) was observed in vitro, and its differential distribution was confirmed in vivo. Analysis of the present data suggests an enhanced cell survival in PDLF compared with GF by the up-regulation of IGF-1 signaling pathway.
Effects of dietary sucrose and environmental temperature on fatty acid synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract The proportion of dietary sucrose devoted to lipid synthesis in the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster increased when the concentration was raised from 9 mM to 145 mM. A high dietary sucrose concentration increased the microsomal 9-desaturase activity and altered the specificity for de novo fatty acid synthesis termination to shorter chain lengths (14 and 16-C). Both neutral and phospholipid fatty acid contents were modified by dietary sucrose. A low environmental temperature favored the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids but had little effect on the length of fatty acids formed by de novo synthesis. Dietary sucrose minimized the utilization of dietary long chain fatty acids for lipid synthesis and diminished dietary fatty acid effects on fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation.
Mixing of granular material in a drum mixer undergoing rotational and rocking motions I. Uniform particles

Abstract The effects of flow perturbations on the extent of mixing vs. time are examined in a cylindrical vessel partially filled with uniform-sized powder mixture. Mixtures produced by pure rotational motion are compared to those undergoing rotational motion supplemented by rocking. Characterization of the mixing experiments is conducted using solidification and image analysis methods, affording visual inspection of the internal mixing patterns and evaluation of the composition distributions. Pure rotational motion causes slow axial mixing. When rotational motion is supplemented by a rocking perturbation, mixing time is greatly accelerated.
First Report of the Root-Rot Pathogen,Armillaria nabsnona, from Hawaii

The genus Armillaria (2) and Armillaria mellea sensu lato (3) have been reported previously from Hawaii. However, Armillaria species in Hawaii have not been previously identified by DNA sequences, compatibility tests, or other methods that distinguish currently recognized taxa. In August 2005, Armillaria rhizomorphs and mycelial bark fans were collected from two locations on the island of Hawaii. Stands in which isolates were collected showed moderate to heavy tree mortality and mycelial bark fans. Pairing tests (4) to determine vegetative compatibility groups revealed three Armillaria genets (HI-1, HI-7, and HI-9). Rhizomorphs of genet HI-1 were collected from both dead and healthy mature trees of the native 'Ohia Lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) approximately 27 km west of Hilo, HI (approximately 19°40′49″N, 155°19′24″W, elevation 1,450 m). Rhizomorphs of HI-7 and HI-9 were collected, respectively, from dead/declining, mature, introduced Nepalese alder (Alnus nepalensis) and from an apparently healthy, m...
Survival of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro.

Summary1. A method is described for studying the survival of S. mansoni in vitro. 2. These parasites survived in serum for 14 to 18 days; in serum ultranltrate for 10 to 12 days. 3. In a chemically defined medium, the survival of the parasite did not exceed 18 hours. 4. Addition of an aqueous extract of beef muscle or of a purified fraction of protogen to the synthetic medium significantly increased the period of survival. 5. Under completely anaerobic conditions the schistosomes survived for 5 days.
Numerical modeling of scanning laser-induced melting, vaporization and resolidification in metals subjected to step heat flux input

We present a 1-D heat transfer, melting, vaporization and resolidification model describing the interaction of a scanning continuous-wave laser with a metal surface wherein the beam power is constant. A physical model based on the Stefan problem is developed with appropriate boundary conditions. The effects of processing parameters on process variables are investigated numerically by varying beam diameters, scan speeds and substrate temperatures for Nickel. Relations are derived for the times to initiate melting, to initiate vaporization, to reach maximum melting depth, for melting-resolidification, and for maximum melting and vaporization depths. Surface temperatures are compared with approximate closed form solutions.
A method for computation of perturbations

The perturbations of artificial satellite are derived here by a new method, somewhat similar to that of Poisson.
GIANT-a computer code for general interactive analysis of trajectories

Many model-driven diagnostic and correction procedures have been developed at SLAC for the on-line computer controlled operation of SPEAR, PEP, the LINAC, and the Electron Damping Ring. In order to facilitate future applications and enhancements, these procedures are being collected into a single program, GIANT. The program allows interactive diagnosis as well as performance optimization of any beam transport line or circular machine. The test systems for GIANT are those of the SLC project. The organization of this program and some of the recent applications of the procedures will be described in this paper.
939-80 Quantitative Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Estimation of Ischemic and Non-ischemic Myocardial Mass and its Relation to the Mass of Dysfunctional LV Myocardium During Coronary Occlusion

While measurement of non-perfused LV mass is possible in autopsied hearts with pre-injected radionuclide agents, in vivo measurement of the mass of ischemic (ISC) myocardial (M) regions has not been feasible. 2D echo with contrast depicts ISC regions but does not provide 3-dimensional mass of these regions. Advances in volume-rendered 3D echo (3DE) provide an opportunity to estimate not only global but also regional LV mass. 3DE's ability to measure LV mass has been validated. In this study, we evaluated the relation between ISC M mass and the mass of dysfunctional M using a newer ultrasound contrast agent FS069 (MBI) that provides prolonged contrast effect. In 7 dogs, 3DE was performed with computer-controlled sequential scanning, at baseline and following aortic root injection of FS069. Baseline and contrast data were acquired in the control state and following occlusion of the LAD, PDA and OM coronary artery branches (10 occlusions). From volume-rendered 3DE, we were able to extract ISC (contrast defects) and non-ISC regions and measure the myocardial volume of these regions without any geometric assumptions. Multiplication by M density yielded M mass of the ISC, non-ISC and whole M. From dynamic 3DE, we were also able to demarcate the region of dysfunctional M in all dimensions, and measure its mass. The extracted ISC territories when visualized in 3 dimensions from different orientations appeared as curved M walls of various shapes and sizes, depending on the amount of ischemic M. The location, size and geometry of the hypoperfused regions corresponded well with those of dyssynergic zones. The mass of non-perfused M in the 7 dogs was 13.9 ± 8 grams (range 3.6–26.3) representing 18 ± 9% of total LV mass. The mass of abnormally contracting M, calculated independently, was 12 ± 7.4 g (range 0–21), or 17 ± 10% of the whole LV. There was an excellent correlation between the ischemic mass (x) and dyssynergic mass (y), y = 0.114× + 0.85, r = 0.92 p l 0.001. Conclusion Using volume-rendered 3D Echo, the actual mass of ischemic and non-ischemic M regions and its relation to dysfunctional M can be defined and quantified. Such a quantitative 3DE approach may assist in the studies of ischemia, thrombolysis and reperfusion.
Anaesthetic Concentrations of Enflurane and Methoxyflurane in Rat Brain In-vivo and In-vitro

Abstract— We measured concentrations of enflurane and methoxyflurane in brains of anaesthetized rats and established conditions for reproducing these concentrations in brain tissue in-vitro. Despite a 12-fold difference in inspired potency, brain concentrations resulting in anaesthesia were similar for both compounds. However, substantially lower concentrations in the equilibrating gas were necessary to achieve similar tissue concentrations in-vitro, probably because anaesthetic-induced respiratory depression or changes in cardiac output causes incomplete equilibration in-vivo. These studies provide direct evidence that brain concentrations associated with anaesthesia are similar for anaesthetics with different inspired potencies. They also suggest that lower concentrations in the equilibrating gas should be used in-vitro to reproduce clinically relevant tissue concentrations that are necessary to cause anaesthesia in-vivo.
A Filter for Obtaining Light at Wavelength 560 mμ

A filter transmitting a narrow band of light at 560 mμ is of particular importance in the colorimetry of sugar solutions, in optical pyrometry, in abridged spectrophotometry, and in photometry. A new 4-component glass filter has been designed which isolates and transmits light at 560 mμ more effectively than previous filters. Two components of this filter are of Corning glass and two of Jena glass. The spectral transmissions of the filter and its components are illustrated. The spectral centroid of the light transmitted by the filter is at 560 mμ for both incandescent and daylight illuminants. Various other luminous characteristics of the filter are also defined and values given.
Mode Shape Variation for a Low-Mode Number Flexible Cylinder Subject to Vortex-Induced Vibrations

The excitation of two low-mode number, flexible cylinders in uniform-flow is investigated to determine effects of structural mode shape on vortex-induced vibrations. Experiments are performed in a re-circulating flow channel and in a small flow visualization tank using object tracking and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to measure the excitation of the cylinder, to estimate forces acting on the structure, and to observe the wake of the structure under the observed body motions. Previous research has focused on understanding the effect of in-line to cross-flow natural frequency ratio on the excitation of the structure in an attempt to model the excitation of multiple structural modes on long, flexible bodies. The current research investigates the impact of structural mode shape on this relationship by holding the in-line to cross-flow natural frequency constant and attempting to excite a specific structural mode shape. It is found that the combination of an odd mode shape excited in the cross-flow direction with an even mode shape in the in-line direction results in an incompatible synchronization condition, where the dominant forcing frequency in-line may experience a frequency equal to the cross-flow forcing frequency, a condition only observed in rigid cylinder experiments when the natural frequency ratio is less than one. This is consistent with the first mode being excited in both in-line and cross-flow directions, however this leads to an asymmetric wake. The wake is observed using DPIV on a rigid cylinder with forced motions equivalent to the flexible body. A case of mode switching is also observed where the even in-line mode exhibits an excitation at twice the cross-flow frequency; however the spatial mode shape in-line appears similar to the first structural mode shape. It is hypothesized that this situation is possible due to variation in the effective added mass along the length of the cylinder.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Molecular Determinants for Ligand Binding at Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C GPCRs: Experimental Affinity Results Analyzed by Molecular Modeling and Ligand Docking Studies

Ligands that activate the serotonin 5-HT2C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) may be therapeutic for psychoses, addiction, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Ligands that are antagonists at the closely related 5-HT2A GPCR also may treat neuropsychiatric disorders; in contrast, 5-HT2A activation may cause hallucinations. 5-HT2C-specific agonist drug design is challenging because 5-HT2 GPCRs share 80% transmembrane (TM) homology, same second messenger signaling, and no crystal structures are reported. To help delineate molecular determinants underlying differential binding and activation of 5-HT2 GPCRs, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C homology models were built from the β2-adrenergic GPCR crystal structure and equilibrated in a lipid phosphatidyl choline bilayer performing molecular dynamics simulations. Ligand docking studies at the 5-HT2 receptor models were conducted with the (2R, 4S)- and (2S, 4R)-enantiomers of the novel 5-HT2C agonist/5-HT2A/2B antagonist trans-4-phenyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-aminotetralin (PAT) and its 4'-chlorophenyl congners. Results indicate PAT-5-HT2 molecular interactions especially in TM domain V are important for the (2R, 4S) enantiomer, whereas, TM domain VI and VII interactions are more important for the (2S, 4R) enantiomer.
The recombinant HLA‐B*5518 allele supports the evidence of conserved haplotype association of rare alleles

Allelic polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex arises mostly from gene recombination. Intralocus gene recombination usually involves short fragments of DNA leading most commonly to single-nucleotide substitutions and rarely involves large fragments. Here, we report a new recombinant human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5518 allele that has arisen via recombination of a large fragment of DNA spanning more than 70 nucleotides. During routine HLA typing of potential volunteer donors for the National Marrow Donor Program((R)), a new HLA-B allele was identified in two donors from Guam. The allele, B*5518, appears to be a product of recombination between B*5502 and B*40. Exons 1, 3, and 4 of the new allele belong to B*5502, whereas part of exon 2 belongs to one of B*40 alleles. Introns 1 and 2 appear to belong to B*55, suggesting that the recombination event may have occurred within the homologous parts of exon 2.
M-HIFU inhibits tumor growth, suppresses STAT3 activity and enhances tumor specific immunity in a transplant tumor model of prostate cancer.

Objective In this study, we explored the use of mechanical high intensity focused ultrasound (M-HIFU) as a neo-adjuvant therapy prior to surgical resection of the primary tumor. We also investigated the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in M-HIFU elicited anti-tumor immune response using a transplant tumor model of prostate cancer.
Using a Competency-Based Approach to Patient Education: Achieving Congruence Among Learning, Teaching and Evaluation

Millions of Americans are living with, and managing, their chronic health problems. Patient education plays an essential role in promoting safe self-management practice. To ensure that patients attain the required abilities, patient education needs to be competency-based. When developing and applying a competency-based patient education lesson/program, each nurse must answer questions concerning essential competencies, optimal teaching methods, best method to evaluate patient achievement, and documentation of evidence. This article describes how the authors used these questions as a guide to achieve congruence among intended learning, instruction, and evaluation to design and implement a patient education program, Managing Heart Failure, at a local hospital.
The evolution of aircraft emissions in the stratosphere

Distributions of subsonic aircraft emissions are advected as an initial value problem in a 3D transport model to simulate the evolution of emissions in the stratosphere. The sensitivity of transport to season, analyzed tropopause height and aircraft emissions distribution is analyzed. The 1/e-folding lifetime of the emissions of the current fleet is found to be about 50 days, within the range of previous estimates. The lifetime is shorter in January than in July. Within a 90 day period, approximately 7% of emissions in July and 2% in January are lofted into the stratosphere. Pathways for the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of emissions are discussed.
Grade-Related Attitude Correlates of Instructor/Course Satisfaction among College Students

Recently Eison ( 1 ) proposed a bipolar Learning Orientation/Grade Orientation (LOGO) dimension that may influence students' evaluation of courses and instruction (p. 924). Meredith ( 4 ) found scant statistical support for the predicted inverse relationship between LO and GO marker items but reported significant relationships between two marker items and five ratings of instmctor/course impact. The present study assessed the relationship berween three grade-related attitudes and students' satisfaction with instructor and course experiences. At the end of the Fall semester 1981 three grade-related attitude items were included on a 41-item 5-point rating scale administered to 9400 students enrolled in 424 lecture courses at the University of Hawaii. Attitude items included Eison's grade-orientation (1, p. 921: "I think that grades provided me with a good goal toward which to work in this course"), Rotter's internal locus of control (2, p. 180; "There is a direct connection between how hard I studied and the grades I received in this course"), and Meredith's appropriate evaluation (3, p. 242; "Grading and evaluation of student performance has been consistent and fair"). Average r among these ratings was .43 ( f i 1000, p < .001). The findlngs suggest that concern for grades and grading procedures are important correlates of Instructor and course satisfaction. The magnitude and direction of the relationships partially support Eison's proposition that LOGO influences students' evaluation of courses and instruction. If a composite of grade-related attitudes is positively correlated with students' satisfaction ratings, then a composite of Eison's "learning oriented" attitudes should correlate inversely with GO and satisfaction items. This hypothesis remains to be demonstrated.
The vertical distribution of nitrate in open ocean surface water

Abstract Near-surface nitrate concentrations in and around warm core ring 82-B were measured using a chemiluminescent technique with a precision of ±2 nM. Concentrations close to the detection limit were encountered in the Sargasso Sea and surface concentrations were below the detection limit of colorimetric techniques (± 50 nM) at all stations. Nitrate concentrations generally increased exponentially with depth. The data are consistent with a concentration-dependent uptake by phytoplankton and a diffusional supply in a one-dimensional vertical model. The constants relating nitrate uptake to nitrate concentration were evaluated from the vertical nitrate distribution, and had time scales of 14 to 140 h. These time scales are appropriate for phytoplankton-mediated processes in the sea. The model demonstrates that phytoplankton uptake of nitrate exerts a control on both the vertical nitrate flux and gradient. Temporal changes in the nitrate content of the euphotic zone at ring center show at least 0.5 gC m−2 nitrate-based productivity in mid-June. Whether or not this change was the end of the spring bloom in the ring is uncertain, but the nitrate-based productivity is high and atypical of the parent Sargasso seawater.
Long-term results after surgery for chronic pancreatitis.

Aim. To determine the early and late morbidity and mortality after surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Methods. We determined long-term outcome and early and late morbidity and mortality, respectively, in 484 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for chronic pancreatitis from 1976 through 1997. Sixty-five percent of the patients had small duct disease (main pancreatic duct <7 mm), whereas 35% had large duct disease. Indications for operation were pain (95%), suspicion of malignancy (28%), and complications involving adjacent organs (35%). Pseudocysts were present in 27% of patients. Hospital morbidity (8 vs 23%, p=0.0002) and mortality (0 vs 1.9%, p=0.12) were less after drainage procedures (n=162) than after pancreatic resections (n=286). Among resectional procedures, total pancreatectomy had the highest 30-d operative mortality (5%) and morbidity rates (47%), followed by pancreatoduodenectomy (3 and 32%, respectively). The best results with pain relief occurred after proximal pancreatic resection (89% after mean follow-up of 6.5 yr). The number of patients able to function normally after surgical treatment increased from 39 to 79% (p<0.001). Long-term survival of our patients was lower than expected rates based on Minnesota life tables analysis (p<0.0001) especially in alcoholics. Patients undergoing a ductal drainage procedure had the longest survival, whereas those after total pancreatectomy had the shortest survival (p= 0.06). Pancreatic insufficiency, peptic ulcer, and/or anastomotic ulcers caused significant morbidity after total pancreatectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy. A small percentage (3%) developed pancreatic cancer. Conclusions. Operative treatment of chronic pancreatitis, when indicated, can be performed safely with good results in terms of pain relief and quality of life. Resectional procedures (especially total pancreatectomy) are associated with higher early and late morbidity, greater perioperative mortality, and lower survival rates compared with drainage procedures. Abstinence from alcohol is associated with longer survival rates, which, however, still remain lower than expected rates.
Serotonin, histamine, and the arthus phenomenon

Abstract Serotonin has been shown to be released during anaphylaxis in the rabbit. The possibility that this amine might be an etiological factor in the formation of the Arthus phenomenon was considered. Because the reaction develops readily in rabbits depleted of serotonin by reserpine, it appears doubtful that this amine is of importance in the production of the lesion.
Physical comorbidity of migraine and other headaches in US adolescents.

Objective To examine the pattern and extent to which other physical conditions are comorbid with migraine and other headaches in youth in a representative sample of the US population. Study design The National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement is a face-to-face survey of adolescents aged 13-18 years in the continental US. Sufficient information to assess the International Headache Society's criteria for migraine with and without aura over the past 12 months was available in the diagnostic module. A caretaker/parental self-administered report was used to assess a broad range of other physical conditions. The sample for these analyses was 6843 adolescents with systematic caretaker/parent reports. Results Adolescents with any headaches reported higher rates of other neurologic conditions, including epilepsy (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.04-3.94), persistent nightmares (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.34-3.87), and motion sickness (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.07-2.4), as well as abdominal complaints (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.59-3.51). Asthma (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.26-3.92) and seasonal allergies (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.12-2.48) were more common in adolescents with migraines than in adolescents with nonspecific headaches. Conclusion Adolescent migraine is associated with inflammatory conditions such as asthma and seasonal allergies, as well as with epilepsy, persistent nightmares, and motion sickness. Our findings suggest that comorbid medical conditions should be evaluated comprehensively in determining treatment options in youth with headache. Such comorbidity also could be an important source of the clinical and etiologic heterogeneity in migraine.
Evidence for involvement of tyrosine in estradiol binding by rat uterus estrogen receptor.

The possibility of tyrosine involvement in steroid binding by rat uterus estrogen receptor (rER) was investigated. Chemical modification of rER with reagents such as tetranitromethane (TNM) and N-acetylimidazole (NAcI) inhibited estradiol binding. Steroid binding was inhibited to a greater extent at pH 8 than at pH 6, indicating the participation of tyrosine (TNM has increasing affinity for cysteine over tyrosine at pH 6). Inhibition patterns remained similar for incubations at 0–4°C or 37°C. NAcI inhibited rER steroid binding at 37°C, but not at 0–4°C. Hydroxylamine incubated in the presence of rER and NAcI appeared to reverse this inhibition. Thus, these findings indicate that the phenyl ring and possibly the phenolic hydroxyl of tyrosine are involved in steroid binding of the receptor.
The Das-Moser commutator closure for filtering through a boundary is well-posed

When filtering through a wall with constant averaging radius, in addition to the subfilter scale stresses, a non-closed commutator term arises. We consider a proposal of Das and Moser to close the commutator error term by embedding it in an optimization problem. This report shows that this optimization-based closure, with a small modification, leads to a well-posed problem showing the existence of a minimizer. We also derive the associated first order optimality conditions.
Magnitude of daily energy deficit predicts frequency but not severity of menstrual disturbances associated with exercise and caloric restriction

We assessed the impact of energy deficiency on menstrual function using controlled feeding and supervised exercise over four menstrual cycles (1 baseline and 3 intervention cycles) in untrained, eu...
Life-history Characteristics of Anastatus Semiflavidus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an Egg Parasitoid of the Range Caterpillar, Hemileuca Oliviae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Over a Range of Temperatures

The effect of temperature on the fertility and longevity of Anastatus semiflavidus Gahan (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an egg parasitoid of the range caterpillar, Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell, was investigated. Age-specific fertility, mx , and survivorship, lx , were measured at six temperatures. The intrinsic rate of increase, rm , on a daily basis was 0.043, 0.079, 0.145, and 0.166 for 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively. Generation time, T , for each of these temperatures was 80.2, 57.2, 30.2, and 22.7 d; net reproductive rate, R , was 31.0, 90.1, 80.3, and 43.3, and the mean number of offspring produced was 50.1, 140.7, 125.5, and 67.6. The parasitoid showed no evidence of oviposition at 10 and 15°C. A honey supplement greatly enhanced offspring production. The possible effects of seasonal temperatures on the reproduction of the parasitoid and ability to control the range caterpillar are discussed.
Virus transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous subsurface porous media

A two-dimensional model for virus transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous subsurface porous media is presented. The model involves solution of the advection–dispersion equation, which additionally considers virus inactivation in the solution, as well as virus removal at the solid matrix surface due to attachment (deposition), release, and inactivation. Two surface inactivation models for the fate of attached inactive viruses and their subsequent role on virus attachment and release were considered. Geochemical heterogeneity, portrayed as patches of positively charged metal oxyhydroxide coatings on collector grain surfaces, and physical heterogeneity, portrayed as spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, were incorporated in the model. Both layered and randomly (log-normally) distributed physical and geochemical heterogeneities were considered. The upstream weighted multiple cell balance method was employed to numerically solve the governing equations of groundwater flow and virus transport. Model predictions show that the presence of subsurface layered geochemical and physical heterogeneity results in preferential flow paths and thus significantly affect virus mobility. Random distributions of physical and geochemical heterogeneity have also notable influence on the virus transport behavior. While the solution inactivation rate was found to significantly influence the virus transport behavior, surface inactivation under realistic field conditions has probably a negligible influence on the overall virus transport. It was further demonstrated that large virus release rates result in extended periods of virus breakthrough over significant distances downstream from the injection sites. This behavior suggests that simpler models that account for virus adsorption through a retardation factor may yield a
Legislating Change in Surgical Residency

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as the House of Representatives Bill HR 3590, was created to improve the quality of patient care and access to health care for American citizens. Provisions of this bill are likely to have both intended and unintended consequences on surgical education. The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which HR 3590 may affect the educational experience of surgical house officers at teaching hospitals.
On Hadamard differentiability of extended statistical functional

Abstract It has been shown ( Reeds, 1976 , Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University) that the remainder term of a form of the Taylor expansion, involving Hadamard derivative, of the statistical functional is asymptotically negligible. This result is extended to a more general form with respect to weighted empirical processes in order to establish some (uniform) linear functional approximations, which is usually needed for drawing statistical conclusions (in a large sample).
Micropolar in-Plane Shear and Rotation Moduli of Unidirectional Fiber Composites with Fiber–Matrix Interfacial Debonding:

The mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced composites are significantly affected by the bond between the fiber and the matrix. The objective of this research is to determine the micropolar in-plane shear and rotation moduli of unidirectional brittle matrix composites with fiber–matrix interfacial debonding. Traction and displacement continuity conditions are imposed along the boundary of adjacent representative elements. In addition to a shear test (i.e., symmetric shear loading) for classical in-plane shear modulus, a center rotation test of a nine-cell model is proposed to introduce the asymmetric shear loading and numerically determine the micropolar in-plane shear and rotation moduli by means of finite element analysis. A doubly symmetric fiber–matrix interfacial debonding is utilized in this study. For the shear test, the composites are modeled using a quarter cell whereas for the rotation test, a nine-cell model is proposed to simulate the nonsymmetric nature of micropolar theory. The cell bounda...
Consideraciones generales sobre las políticas públicas de regularización de asentamientos informales en América Latina

Este articulo propone algunas reflexiones criticas sobre la tradicion creciente de implementacion de politicas publicas de regularizacion de asentamientos informales en areas urbanas, con el objetivo de contribuir para que el proceso de crecimiento informal de las ciudades latinoamericanas sea enfrentado de manera mas adecuada. Despues de discutir las principales causas del fenomeno de desarrollo urbano informal y de destacar la necesidad de politicas preventivas de acceso formal al suelo y a la vivienda, el articulo propone una reflexion sobre la naturaleza de los programas de regularizacion de asentamientos consolidados, basadas sobretodo en las lecciones de la experiencia latinoamericana. Como conclusion, el articulo argumenta que es necesario repensar las politicas de legalizacion dominantes de asentamientos para promover, de manera integrada, seguridad de la tenencia e integracion socioespacial.
Recent Metal Pollution in Agassiz Ice Cap

Metal data for Pb, Zn, Al, Cd, and Tl show seasonal variations of high levels during the winter-early spring period and low levels during the summer-fall period. In terms of Pb magnitudes and seasonal variations, our data of the late 1980s and early 1990s (unleaded gasoline era) appear compatible with those of Murozumi et al. (Murozumi, M.; Chow, T. J.; Patterson, C. C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1969, 33, 1247-1294.) of the 1950s and 1965 (leaded gasoline era). This is probably due to the close proximity and similar elevation of the two areas (Agassiz Ice Cap, Canadian Arctic and Camp Century, northwest Greenland), which are likely subjected to the same polluted air masses. Despite the implementation of unleaded gasoline since the early 1970s, our data show that the Agassiz Ice Cap still received a significant amount of lead during the late 1980s and early 1990s; this is in contrast to Summit, Greenland, which saw a very drastic decrease of the element during similar periods. This is because of the different locations and altitudes, as well as different sources, mainly Eurasian for Agassiz versus mainly U.S. for Summit. Lead was determined by laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry via the direct injection of microliter sample sizes. Its fallout flux was estimated to be 1.2 ng cm -2 year -1 . The lead concentration in the surface snow appears to follow the order of Agassiz and northwest Greenland > central Greenland > Antarctica.
Little Players, Big Shows Format, Narration, and Style on Television's New Smaller Screens

This article highlights the role that aesthetics play in television's current convergence with mobile telephones and portable media players like the iPod. I contend that contemporary television style does not just constitute a response to the demands of technological convergence — it is rather an integral component of that which allows television to merge with new devices in the first place. When we engage with style as a precursor to these developments, important continuities emerge between the aesthetics of the small screen and those of the new smaller screens. These continuities underscore that convergence is at once a technical and aesthetic process that entails the hybridization of hardware and cultural forms.