cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A FRAMEWORK FOR SOLVING VLSI GRAPH LAYOUT PROBLEMS

This paper introduces a new divide-and-conquer framework for VLSI graph layout. Universally close upper and lower bounds are obtained for important cost functions such as layout area and propagation delay. The framework is also effectively used to design regular and configurable layouts, to assemble large networks of processor using restructurable chips, and to configure networks around faulty processors. It is also shown how good graph partitioning heuristics may be used to develop provably good layout strategy.
Sensitive micromechanical displacement detection by scattering evanescent optical waves

We describe a simple approach to detect small mechanical displacements by scattering evanescent optical waves confined around an optical waveguide. Our experimental setup consists of a microcantilever brought into the proximity of a tapered optical fiber. The scattering of evanescent waves and hence the optical transmission through the tapered fiber is strongly dependent on the separation between the fiber and the microcantilever, allowing for sensitive detection of the small oscillations of the microcantilever. Our approach does not require a coherent laser source, yet it provides a displacement sensitivity of ~260fmHz−1/2 at a small power level of 38μW. It is suitable for scanning probe microscopy and could eventually be adapted to nanomechanical resonators.
Loss of Expression of a Retrovirus-Transduced Gene in Human Keratinocytes

Retroviral-mediated transfer of new genetic information into keratinocytes is a key step in epidermal gene therapy. An obstacle to the use of retroviruses for gene therapy is that although high levels of expression of the transduced gene can be maintained in tissue culture, expression is often lost when the cells are transplanted to an animal host. To examine some of the factors involved in this instability of expression, we transduced keratinocytes with a retrovirus encoding the gene for human factor IX and monitored secretion of the transduced gene. We observed continued secretion of factor IX through five passages in culture. When, however, sheets of these cells were grafted to athymic mice, factor IX expression was reduced or lost within 6 wk. We show that the reduction of factor IX expression in grafted keratinocytes did not result from a loss of grafted cells, nor was there a block to systemic delivery of a secreted endogenous product.
Climate Change: Psychological Solutions and Strategies for Change

Abstract Climate change is typically viewed as an “environmental” problem rather than the psychological issue that it represents. Given that barriers to proenvironmental behavior are rooted in psychological processes, solution approaches to combating climate change must incorporate significant psychological adaptations. Reframing climate change as a public health problem, highlighting success stories and health benefits, focusing on the here and now, providing specific direction for behavior change, and acknowledging moral, ethical, religious, and altruistic imperatives are all important components of successfully addressing the wicked problem of climate change.
A DDDAMS-based planning and control framework for surveillance and crowd control via UAVs and UGVs

Abstract A dynamic data driven adaptive multi-scale simulation (DDDAMS) based planning and control framework is proposed for effective and efficient surveillance and crowd control via UAVs and UGVs. The framework is mainly composed of integrated planner, integrated controller, and decision module for DDDAMS. The integrated planner, which is designed in an agent-based simulation (ABS) environment, devises best control strategies for each function of (1) crowd detection (vision algorithm), (2) crowd tracking (filtering), and (3) UAV/UGV motion planning (graph search algorithm). The integrated controller then controls real UAVs/UGVs for surveillance tasks via (1) sensory data collection and processing, (2) control command generation based on strategies provided by the decision planner for crowd detection, tracking, and motion planning, and (3) control command transmission via radio to the real system. The decision module for DDDAMS enhances computational efficiency of the proposed framework via dynamic switching of fidelity of simulation and information gathering based on the proposed fidelity selection and assignment algorithms. In the experiment, the proposed framework (involving fast-running simulation as well as real-time simulation) is illustrated and demonstrated for a real system represented by hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation integrating real UAVs, simulated UGVs and crowd, and simulated environment (e.g. terrain). Finally, the preliminary results successfully demonstrate the benefit of the proposed dynamic fidelity switching concerning the crowd coverage percentage and computational resource usage (i.e. CPU usage) under cases with two different simulation fidelities.
Effects of Local Grain Orientation on Fatigue Crack Growth in Multicrystalline fcc Metallic Materials

The anomalous behavior of microstructurally short cracks that can control fatigue life at very high cycles can be attributed to the local conditions around these cracks, since the length scale involved requires the consideration of anisotropic material behavior and the effect of changes in grain orientation as the crack grows. The effect of local crystallography was studied in multicrystalline Compact-Tension (CT) specimens of pure nickel and a cast Ni-based superalloy. Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) was used to map the crystallography of the grains ahead of the notch. A standard fatigue crack growth test was then carried out to characterize the crack path in relation to the grain orientations. Two extreme cases were identified: at one end cracks grew with small deviations through all the grains ahead of it, whereas at the other end large deflections from a path perpendicular to the applied load were observed. Intergranular cracks were found to prefer high angle boundaries, whereas transgranular cracks had a tendency to nucleate and display stage I growth along slip traces of systems with high Schmid factors, as determined by the uniaxial conditions expected at the notch tips. In addition, crack path tortuosity was more pronounced in grains with loading axes close to . Finally, the influence of changes on slip geometry as cracks moved across grain boundaries is also discussed.
Die CO2‐Technologie: ein wichtiges Instrument für die Lösung von Umweltproblemen

Komprimiert zu einer Flussigkeit oder einem uberkritischen Fluid ist CO2 ein gutes Losungsmittel fur viele Stoffe. Oberhalb der kritischen Temperatur und des kritischen Drucks (Tc=31.1 °C, pc=73.8 bar, siehe das CO2-Phasendiagramm in Abbildung 1) hat CO2 die Viskositat eines Gases und die Dichte einer Flussigkeit. Dank der moderaten kritischen Bedingungen kann CO2 unter kommerziellen und sicherheitstechnischen Gesichtspunkten erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Geringe Anderungen von Temperatur und Druck verursachen drastische Anderungen seiner Dichte, Viskositat und dielektrischen Eigenschaften. Als Losungsmittel ist CO2 damit auf den jeweiligen Verwendungszweck gut abstimmbar und kann fur zahlreiche Anwendungen masgeschneidert eingesetzt werden. Seine einzigartigen Eigenschaften machen CO2 alles in allem zu einem Losungsmittel der Wahl fur das neue Jahrtausend. Wir wollen hier vor allem Nichtspezialisten einen allgemeinen Uberblick uber die derzeitigen Anwendungen von CO2 und den Stand der Technik auf diesem Gebiet geben.
Aerosol Absorption Measurement using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy: Sensitivity, Calibration, and Uncertainty Developments

Light absorption by aerosols is one of the most uncertain parameters associated with the direct and indirect aerosol effects on climate and is one of the most difficult quantities to measure. This article describes the development of a sensitive method of measuring aerosol absorption at 532 nm with excellent time response (detection limit: 0.08 Mm−1, 60 second average) using photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy. An accurate calibration method (accuracy of 1–2%) at atmospherically relevant absorption levels and independent validation of the photoacoustic technique is presented. An upper limit to the instrument precision for aerosol absorption measurement is ∼6% (2σ, 30 sec) while instrument accuracy is calculated to be ∼5%. A standard for aerosol absorption measurement techniques using well characterized absorbing aerosol is also proposed.
Breathing Life into a Public Woman:Victoria Woodhull's Defense of Woman's Suffrage

Relying on a rhetorical strategy known as the New Departure, Victoria Woodhull went before the House Judiciary Committee in 1871 to defend woman's suffrage. Although her address captured the respect of her contemporaries, Woodhull's contribution to the fight for woman's suffrage has yet to be recognized. As she displayed rhetorical competence in a once exclusively male rhetorical space, Woodhull embodied the subjectivity of a public woman for her immediate and extended audiences.
Spatial-spectral coherent holographic integrating processor (S2-CHIP): performance analysis and 1.0 GHz experimental demonstration

The design, performance analysis and experimental demonstration for an analog, broadband, high performance electro-optical signal processor are presented. The Spatial Spectral (S2) Coherent Holographic Integrating Processor, or S2-CHIP, has been developed recently as a broadband core-component for range and mid-to-high pulse repetition frequency radar-signal processing systems, as well as for lidar and radio astronomy applications. In a range radar system, if the transmit and receive RF waveforms are modulated onto a stable optical carrier, the S2 material will perform the analog correlation of the transmit and receive signals to yield the target’s range, and also coherent integrate multiple return results to increase the signal-to-noise-ratio and provide for target velocity determination. Preliminary experimental results are shown of S2-CHIP range processing using a 1.0 Gb/s data rate with 512-bit BPSK pulses. Good range resolution is observed for delays up to 1.0 microsecond. The ability of the processor’s to handle dynamic coding on the transmit RF waveforms is demonstrated.
Cytoplasmic actin and cochlear outer hair cell motility.

Isolated outer hair cells of the guinea pig lacking a cuticular plate and its associated infracuticular network retain the ability to shorten longitudinally and become thinner. Membrane ghosts lacking cytoplasm retain the cylindrical shape of the hair-cell, and although they do not shorten, they retain the ability to constrict and become thinner. These data suggest that cytoplasmic components are associated with outer hair-cell longitudinal shortening and that the lateral wall is responsible for maintaing cell shape and for constriction. Actin, a protein associated with the cytoskeleton and cell motility, is thought to be involved in outer hair-cell motility. To study its role, actin was localized in isolated outer hair cells by use of phalloidin labeled with fluorescein and antibodies against actin coupled to colloidal gold. In permeabilized guinea-pig hair cells stained with phalloidin, actin filaments are found along the lateral wall. In frozen-fixed hair cells actin filaments are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Electron-microscopic studies show that antibodies label actin throughout the outer hair-cell body. Thus cytoplasmic actin filaments may provide the structural basis for the contraction-like events.
Tool support for iterative software process modeling

To formalize a process, its important aspects must be extracted and described in a model. This model is often written in a formal language so that the process itself can be automated. Since models are often developed iteratively, this language should support this iterative development cycle. However, many existing languages do not. In this paper, we use an existing high-level process modeling language and present a tool that we have developed for supporting iterative development. We have used our tool to develop and refine a process model of distributed software development for NetBeans.
Clinical implications of existing research on divorce mediation

Abstract The empirical research on divorce mediation is reviewed with regard to three major issues: 1) the overall effectiveness of mediation, especially compared to the traditional use of lawyers; 2) the kinds of divorce conflicts in which mediation has been found most effective; and 3) mediator behaviors most often correlated with success. While tentative conclusions on these matters are possible, the clinical implications of the research are still limited. The strengths and weaknesses of the research are considered, and the need for good clinical case studies is pointed out.
Choroidal melanoma with massive extrascleral extension in a young black man.

Abstract: The reported incidence of choroidal melanoma is low among the general population and is especially low among blacks. Choroidal melanoma is seen most commonly in whites in the sixth to seventh decades. The tumor is complicated by orbital invasion in only a small percentage of cases. This report describes the case of a 38-year-old black man diagnosed with a choroidal melanoma of the right eye. The tumor exhibited extensive orbital invasion. Primary or metastatic disease elsewhere in the body was ruled out, and the patient underwent an eyelid-sparing orbital exenteration. Histopathologic examination of the orbital specimen confirmed the diagnosis of spindle cell–type choroidal melanoma. Orbital invasion by a primary choroidal melanoma in a black person under the age of 40 is highly unusual. To our knowledge, this represents the youngest reported case of choroidal melanoma with extrascleral extension in a black patient. Ophthalmologists should consider the possibility of this potentially deadly tumor, even in young, black patients.
Mixed nemaline-mitochondrial “myopathy”

A 4-year-old boy suffering from a nonprogressive muscular weakness had a muscle biopsy which ultrastructurally showed large aggregates of nemaline bodies and mitochondria in myofibers; occasional concentric lamellated bodies were present as well. The mitochondria were mostly at the periphery of collections of nemaline bodies, less commonly in their central portions. The light microscopic features differed from those of either nemaline or mitochondrial myopathy and were somewhat reminiscent of multicore disease. Evidence suggestive of possible neurogenic origin of both rods and mitochondria is reviewed.
HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION FOR EXTERNAL ICE-ON-TUBE TES SYSTEMS USING POROUS COPPER MESH TO INCREASE VOLUMETRIC ICE PRODUCTION

Substantial thermal performance improvement in ice-on-tube cold thermal energy storage systems (TES) is possible by making use of porous copper mesh as a Heat Conducting Enhancement Device (HCED). HCEDs are inexpensive heat transfer augmentation devices that can result in faster rate of ice growth and larger final steady state ice build volume by reducing the controlling thermal conduction resistance of the ice layer. This improves the competitiveness of external ice-on-tube systems as compared to other TES systems, such as dynamic ice harvesters and static internal melt systems. In this study the amount of ice growth enhancement is predicted theoretically, by performing simplified 1-D calculations, and is then validated in the laboratory through carefully controlled experiments. This study shows that ice volume increase between 50 and 90% is possible by using HCEDs of the type tested.
Selective Inhibition of IgE versus β2‐Microglobulin in Human U‐266 Myeloma Cell Line Treated with T‐Cell‐Derived Factors

Concanavalin-A-activated T cells and their crude supernatants were assayed for suppressive activity on an IgE-producing U-266 cell line. Detectable and comparable degrees of suppression were obtained with the co-culture and the supernatant protocols. Separation of the effector population into T4+ and T8+ subsets showed the most effective cells in the T8+ fraction. Control experiments demonstrated that the IgE down-regulation was selective, since parallel measurement of beta 2-microglobulin synthesis showed no effect of T cells or T-cell-derived supernatants. In addition, several human T-cell lymphoma-leukaemia virus I-transformed T-cell lines were explored for their capacity to produce factor(s) able to suppress IgE synthesis in the U-266 cell line, and four out of 25 cell lines could be shown to do this in a constitutive manner. Kinetic studies suggested that the inhibition occurred at a transcriptional level. The results indicate that the T-cell-myeloma system is an interesting model to define better the regulation of IgE in the human.
Repression of transcription by Rgt1 in the absence of glucose requires Std1 and Mth1.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose induces expression of the hexose transporter (HXT) genes by inhibiting the repressor function of the transcription factor Rgt1. We have previously shown that Rgt1 binds to the HXT gene promoters only in the absence of glucose. In the presence of glucose, Rgt1 becomes phosphorylated and is unable to bind to the HXT promoters and repress their transcription. We report that Rgt1 interacts with Std1 and Mth1 in a yeast two-hybrid assay and co-immunoprecipitates with both proteins in vivo only when glucose is absent. In addition, we demonstrate that repression of HXT gene expression by Rgt1 is abolished in the std1 mth1 double mutant. While Rgt1 is normally phosphorylated only in the presence of high concentrations of glucose, it is constitutively modified in the std1 mth1 double mutant. Based on these data, we conclude that, in the absence of glucose, Rgt1 associates with Std1 and Mth1 to repress HXT gene expression.
Advancements in understanding the aeromagnetic expressions of basin-margin faults—An example from San Luis Basin, Colorado

Advancements in aeromagnetic acquisition technology over the past few decades have led to greater resolution of shallow geologic sources with low magnetization, such as intrasedimentary faults and paleochannels. Detection and mapping of intrasedimentary faults in particular can be important for understanding the overall structural setting of an area, even if exploration targets are much deeper. Aeromagnetic methods are especially useful for mapping structures in mountain-piedmont areas at the margins of structural basins, where mineral exploration and seismic-hazard studies may be focused, and where logistical or data-quality issues encumber seismic methods. Understanding if the sources of aeromagnetic anomalies in this context originate from sedimentary units or bedrock is important for evaluating basin structure and/or depth to shallow exploration targets.
Influence of halogenated deoxyuridines on the radiation sensitivity of Escherichia coli.

Halogenierte Deoxyuridine IUDR, BUDR und FUDR wurden im Medium als bakterielle Sensibilisatoren fur Rontgenstrahlen untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass nur IUDR als Sensibilisator funktionieren kann, scheinbar sowohl durch die Bildung des langlebigen giftigen molekularen Jods als auch durch die Bildung des kurzlebigen giftigen Jod-Atoms.
Semantic and phonological influences on the processing of words and pseudohomophones.

In two experiments, we investigated the relationship between semantics and phonology in the lexical decision task. In the first experiment, lexical decisions to words with large semantic neighborhoods were faster than those to words with sparse semantic neighborhoods. Conversely, this effect of semantic neighborhood was reversed for pseudohomophones (e.g., nale). That is, pseudohomophones based on words with large semantic neighborhoods took longer to reject than did those based on words with sparse semantic neighborhoods. In the second experiment, we found the magnitude of the semantic neighborhood effect for words to be a function of nonword foil type. Taken together, these results indicate that semantic neighborhood size affects processing of both words and pseudohomophones, and that the effect of semantic neighborhood size for words is more pronounced when pseudohomophone foils are employed. These effects are discussed in terms of a model in which the orthographic, phonological, and semantic systems are fully interactive.
Liberalism, perfectionism and restraint

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Perfectionism Part I. The Rejection of the Bracketing Strategy: 2. The idea of restraint 3. Political liberalism and the bracketing strategy 4. Toleration, reasonable rejectability and restraint 5. Public justification and the transparency argument Part II. Autonomy and Perfectionism: 6. Personal autonomy and its value (I) 7. Personal autonomy and its value (II) 8. Three mistakes about autonomy 9. Applications Bibliography Index.
Depression of neuronal activity in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of the rat following microinjection of morphine in the amygdala or the periaqueductal gray

The effects of morphine administered intravenously and intracerebrally in the cortical amygdala and periaqueductal gray were examined on spontaneous neuronal activity in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus in both intact and castrated adult male rats. Spontaneous extracellular single unit activity in the ventromedial nucleus was significantly faster in chronically castrated (19-23 days) rats compared with intact control rats (6.0 +/- 1.1 and 2.5 +/- 0.3 spikes/s, respectively). Neurons in the ventromedial nucleus exhibited a significant attenuation of neuronal activity following the intravenous administration of morphine; the maximal per cent decrease (to 25% of the control unit activity) was the same in both castrated and intact rats, but cell firing in castrated rats was affected more at lower doses of morphine. When microinjected bilaterally in the cortical amygdala or periaqueductal gray (5 micrograms/site), morphine produced the same maximal depression of unit activity in the ventromedial nucleus as when administered intravenously. The time required to significantly attenuate unit activity in the ventromedial nucleus was the same (3 min) whether morphine was administered intravenously or bilaterally in the periaqueductal gray. When microinjected bilaterally in the cortical amygdala, the depressant effect of morphine on cell firing in the ventromedial nucleus was significant first at 10 min. These data correlate well with the time courses for depression of serum levels of luteinizing hormone produced by morphine microinjected in the same doses in the same extrahypothalamic sites in the rat. In view of the relatively high levels of specific opiate receptor binding in both the periaqueductal gray and amygdala, this report further supports a role for modulation by extrahypothalamic areas of opioid-induced changes in the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, perhaps via the ventromedial nucleus.
A Novel Lactococcal Vaccine Expressing a Peptide from the M2 Antigen of H5N2 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus Prolongs Survival of Vaccinated Chickens

A cost-effective and efficacious influenza vaccine for use in commercial poultry farms would help protect against avian influenza outbreaks. Current influenza vaccines for poultry are expensive and subtype specific, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop a universal avian influenza vaccine. We have constructed a live bacterial vaccine against avian influenza by expressing a conserved peptide from the ectodomain of M2 antigen (M2e) on the surface of Lactococcus lactis (LL). Chickens were vaccinated intranasally with the lactococcal vaccine (LL-M2e) or subcutaneously with keyhole-limpet-hemocyanin conjugated M2e (KLH-M2e). Vaccinated and nonvaccinated birds were challenged with high pathogenic avian influenza virus A subtype H5N2. Birds vaccinated with LL-M2e or KLH-M2e had median survival times of 5.5 and 6.0 days, respectively, which were significantly longer than non-vaccinated birds (3.5 days). Birds vaccinated subcutaneously with KLH-M2e had a lower mean viral burden than either of the other two groups. However, there was a significant correlation between the time of survival and M2e-specific serum IgG. The results of these trials show that birds in both vaccinated groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher median survival times than non-vaccinated birds and that this protection could be due to M2e-specific serum IgG.
The road less travelled: taming phosphatases

Abstract Phosphatases are Important in signal transduction, bacterial pathogenesis and several human diseases. So far, however, it Is their opposite numbers, the kinases, that have received more attention from chemists. Recent progress in Inhibitor development offers hope that new probes of cellular processes, and perhaps novel therapeutic agents, may soon become available.
Democracy and the Square: Recognizing the Democratic Value of the Recent Public Sphere Movements

The paper considers the democratic value of the recent public sphere movements—from Occupy Wall Street to Taksim Gezi Park, from Tahrir Square to Sofia. It argues that the mainstream models of democracy fail to grasp the significance of these movements and the emergent political forms within these movements due to their narrow account of politics and democracy. To fully grasp the democratic value of recent public sphere movements, we should approach them from an agonistic perspective. Once democratic politics is viewed from an agonistic perspective, it becomes possible to recognize that while expressing their critique of existing liberal democratic institutions, the recent public sphere movements contested the dominant understanding of democracy and staged an alternative vision of democracy, democratic culture, and new forms of citizenship. Essays Philos (2015)16:26-42 | DOI: 10.7710/1526-0569.1519 Published online: 27 January 2015. © Fuat Gursozlu 2015 Contact author: fgursozlu@loyola.edu
Femoral Nerve Blockade as a Preemptive Anesthetic in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study

BackgroundFemoral nerve blockade has been purported to be an effective regional anesthetic in patients undergoing various procedures to lower extremities.HypothesisFemoral nerve blockade will provide improved postoperative pain control over a local anesthetic in the knee joint alone in patients undergoing endoscopic patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Study DesignRandomized, controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.MethodsFifty-six adult patients undergoing an endoscopic patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under general anesthesia were prospectively randomized to receive either a bupivacaine femoral nerve blockade (block) or a saline placebo injection (control). Both groups received local bupivacaine injection and intravenous ketorolac at wound closure. Outcomes included postoperative pain measured on a validated visual analog scale at postoperative intervals for 72 hours, intraoperative and postoperative narcotic consumption, admission rates, hospital charges, pa...
Delay-Rate-Distortion Model for Real-Time Video Communication

With the increased use of smart phones and mobile tablets, video encoding and streaming over wireless networks become a big concern. Real-time video service requires low end-to-end delay, which mainly consists of video encoding delay, queuing delay, and transmission delay. Previous works either assume video encoding delay to be constant or infinite and neglect it from end-to-end delay. However, encoding time has an effective impact on encoding rate ( $R$ ) and distortion ( $D$ ). Hence, the optimal R-D performance based on the assumption of infinite encoding time is neither accurate nor realistic. To achieve the optimal end-to-end performance under low delay constraint, we extend the traditional R-D model to a novel delay-rate-distortion (d-R-D) model, which quantifies the relationship among source coding time, rate, and distortion for IPPPP coding mode in H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC). On the other hand, a delay insensitive video communication application can afford hierarchical bidirectional prediction mode that introduces extra encoding delay than IPPPP mode in H.264/AVC, as it achieves higher encoding efficiency when delay is not a top priority. However, coding efficiency does not always increase with delay, and delay is not unlimited as well. How to maximize coding efficiency in hierarchical B mode with limited encoding time constraint is not a well-addressed problem. With the proposed d-R-D model, we can mathematically formulate this problem and provide a practical solution for the first time.
Influence of hydrodynamic imposed shear stress on the activation of factor X in the presence of tissue factor-factor VIIa complex in a continuous flow reactor

The effect of shear stress on the ability of tissue factor-factor VIIa complex to activate factor X in a continuous flow reactor was studied. Tissue factor immobilized in a phospholipid bilayer on the inner surface of a capillary tube was exposed to a perfusate containing factors VIIa and X flowing at flow rates of 12.7, and 204 μl/min, corresponding to wall shear rates of 100, and 1760 sec-1. The maximum flux (moles formed per unit surface area per unit time) of factor Xa (activated form of factor X) produced at the wall decreased as the shear stress at the wall was increased from 1 to 3 dynes/cm2 (3-fold) at a constant shear rate of 100 sec-1. In contrast, at higher shear rate (1760 sec-1), increasing shear stress from 16 to 48 dynes/cm2 had no significant influence on factor Xa production. The decreased production of factor Xa at higher shear stress (low shear rate 100 sec-1) probably reflects the transport limitation of factor X to the wall. Apparently shear stress can directly influence the activation of factor X at low shear rates.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS. II

In continuation of previous work sensitization experiments have been made with various substances such as urushiol, benzyl chlorides, and acyl chlorides. In the case of a series of substituted benzenes (Cl, NO(2)) a connection between sensitizing capacity and lability of the Cl or NO(2) groups has been shown, indicating the formation of conjugated antigens in the animal. This led to the study of benzyl and acyl chlorides which, actually, were found to have sensitizing capacity. Most informative as to the relationship between reactions of the skin surface and anaphylaxis were experiments with acyl chlorides. Guinea pigs sensitized with p-chlorobenzoyl chloride showed, on the one hand, the usual surface lesions after application of the substance, and on the other typical anaphylactic shock following intravenous injection of a compound of p-chlorobenzoyl chloride and guinea pig serum; from which it may be inferred that the two types of allergic manifestation are closely related conditions.
Probing the structure of immobilized metal sites in porous organic hosts by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Template copolymerization methods have been used to make materials for a wide variety of applications where site-specific analyte binding is desired. The structure of the binding site is often crucial to the efficient function of the material. We have immobilized cobalt-containing template complexes in porous organic hosts, allowing the use of spectroscopy to conveniently probe the site structure. Reported herein are results from X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies for a series of monomers {[CoIII1(dmap)2][PF6] and [CoIII2(1-MeIm)][PF6], where 1 is the ligand bis[2-hydroxy-4-(4-vinylbenzylmethoxy)benzaldehyde]ethylenediimine and 2 is bis[2-hydroxy-4-(4-vinylbenzylmethoxy)benzyliminopropyl]methyl amine} and related copolymers. Copolymerization of the 6-coordinate complex [CoIII1(dmap)2][PF6] with an organic cross-linker forms immobilized 6-coordinate cobalt sites in P-1[CoIII(dmap)2]. Similar findings were obtained for the formation of immobilized cobalt sites in P-2[CoIII(1-M...
Natural neighbor interpolation based grid DEM construction using a GPU

With modern LiDAR technology the amount of topographic data, in the form of massive point clouds, has increased dramatically. One of the most fundamental GIS tasks is to construct a grid digital elevation model (DEM) from these 3D point clouds. In this paper we present a simple yet very fast algorithm for constructing a grid DEM from massive point clouds using natural neighbor interpolation (NNI). We use a graphics processing unit (GPU) to significantly speed up the computation. To handle the large data sets and to deal with graphics hardware limitations clever blocking schemes are used to partition the point cloud. For example, using standard desktop computers and graphics hardware, we construct a high-resolution grid with 150 million cells from two billion points in less than thirty-seven minutes. This is about one-tenth of the time required for the same computer to perform a standard linear interpolation, which produces a much less smooth surface.
Reflexivity in qualitative social research: bridging the gap between theory and practice with Alvin Gouldner’s reflexive sociology

Reflexivity has become a buzz-word in the social sciences. In this article I provide a critical discussion of the concept of reflexivity and its use in qualitative social research in educational contexts. I argue that one of the dilemmas of a lot of literature on reflexivity in the social sciences is the frequent absence of a discussion of how academics’ aspirations to be reflexive in their research can be made accountable in academic practice. Based on the work of Alvin Gouldner I point to a different way of framing reflexivity in educational qualitative research that bridges the gap between theorising and practising reflexivity in the university and raises important questions about the implications of reflexivity or, of its lack. I thereby draw on extensive research on academic work and identity which I carried out in the UK and Chile based on qualitative interviews with academics. To conclude with, I suggest that discussions upon how to practise one’s aspirations to be a reflexive academic should depart from a collective analysis of the current structures of marketisation in higher education and how they may constrain reflexive academic practice in the university.
Hormonal effects on sulfanilamide acetylation.

EVIDENCE is accumulating which indicates that hormones influence coenzyme A dependent reactions. Androgens and adrenocorticoids in some cases have been shown to affect the synthesis of citric acid in various organs under in vivo (2, 3) and in vitro (4, 5, 6) conditions. Fatty acid and acetoacetate synthesis from acetate appear to be under hormonal control (4, 7, 8). Hormonal effects on p-aminobenzoic acid acetylation (9) and choline acetylation (10, 11, 12, 13) have also been described. Little insight into the manner in which these effects are exerted has been obtained. This study was undertaken to explore the possibility that sulfanilamide acetylation could be a mirror reflecting hormonal influences on coenzyme A dependent reactions.
ON THE USE OF VERBAL PROTOCOLS IN CONJOINT ANALYSIS STUDIES

A recent study by Olshavsky and Acito helped gain insight into (a) the decision process used by respondents when asked to do a conjoint task, (b) the predictive validity of conjoint models compared to models derived from verbal protocols, and (c) the reasons for prediction errors. In this article, the author argues that the Olshavsky and Acito results do not lead one to believe that the compensatory conjoint models can be potentially more misleading than models that try to represent more accurately the underlying evaluation process with noncompensatory and compensatory rules. Hence, it does not seem necessary to try to identify noncompensatory rules in a conjoint study.
A life cycle framework for the investigation of environmentally benign nanoparticles and products

While significant advances in our understanding of the behavior of engineered nanoparticles in the environment continue, there remains a need to engage the nanoparticle research community directly in the development and evaluation of environmentally benign nanoparticles to ensure that nanomaterial-based industries emerge as tools for sustainability rather than environmental liabilities. Current research efforts aimed at understanding the environmental implications of nanotechnology emphasize existing groups of nanoparticles and products already in commercial distribution. While this is clearly necessary, this approach fails to identify and address the many tradeoffs associated with product performance and environmental quality. We believe this to be a critical gap in the ongoing exploration of nanostructured materials and their properties and applications. We posit that a number of issues are not being holistically addressed, including resource availability and allocation, manufacturing energy requirements and embodied energy, material efficiency, environmental properties of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, and waste generation. An interdisciplinary approach to research, based on the life cycle paradigm and devoted to the identification, investigation, synthesis, testing, and analysis of groups of new, more environmentally conscious nanoparticles is needed. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Philadelphia Census of Congregations and Their Involvement in Social Service Delivery

This census of congregational social services is the first attempt to identify all of the congregations in Philadelphia and their services. This article reports results from 1,376 of an estimated 2,095 congregations. It finds that 1,211 congregations (88 percent) have at least one social program. On average, each congregation provides 2.41 programs and serves 102 people per month. The primary beneficiaries are children (served by 49.2 percent of all programs). According to the census, 571 congregations (41.5 percent) collaborate with secular organizations, and 857 congregations (62.3 percent) are open to collaborating with government welfare programs. Conservatively, the financial replacement value of all congregational social services in Philadelphia is $246,901,440 annually.
Discrete Synapse Recurrent Neural Network with time-varying delays for nonlinear system modeling and its application on seismic signal classification

Discrete Synapse Recurrent Neural Network (DSRNN) using fully Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) structure and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm for its training is improved with time-varying delay in its recurrent connection. An additional shadowing network is employed and learned to choose appropriate time delays at the right time in order to increase the memory depth inside the recurrent connection efficiently. As a lumped nonlinear model in capturing temporal dynamics related between input and output sequences, DSRNN with time-varying delay is applied to a task of seismic signal classification to discriminate footsteps and vehicles from background which are recorded in the deserts of Joshua Tree, CA. Even though the smaller sized network was trained from a smaller set of training data due to slow convergence in training, the proposed classifier showed 0.6% false recognition rate for the recognition of human footsteps, 0.8% for vehicle, and 0.0% for background. The models were able to reject quadrupedal animal's footsteps (in this study a trained dog). The system rejected the dog's footsteps with 0.1% false recognition rate.
Self-consciousness and “conscientiousness” in development

AbstractSelf-consciousness is discussed here as a unique feature of our species. As a student of early childhood, my goal is to provide some developmental light on the origins and consequences of such feature that arguably shapes human experience. At the core of my argument, there is the idea that self-consciousness is inseparable from the human propensity to take an ethical stance toward others, but also toward the self in terms of reputation and the construction of a moral identity. I therefore consider the ontogenetic emergence of self-consciousness and its relation to the emergence of an ethical stance in children.
Risk for elevated blood lead levels in 3- and 4-year-old children.

Objective We conducted a study to evaluate the relation between environmental, demographic, and medical risk factors and late-onset childhood lead poisoning, defined as children who were poisoned at age 3 or older. Methods We performed a retrospective case–control study of 262 children whose test results showed non-elevated (<10 μg/dl) blood lead levels (BLLs) before age 2 but levels ≥10 μg/dl after age 3 and of 300 control children who had non-elevated BLL test results before age 2 and also after age 3. The target population was children receiving care at MetroHealth Medical Center in Cleveland, OH. We modeled the association between demographic and clinical risk factors and BLLs ≥10 μg/dl after age 3. Covariates considered were race, gender, body mass index, immunization status, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, red cell volume distribution width (RDW), red blood count, hemoglobin, baseline BLL result, and time between the baseline and second BLL test. Results Case children were more likely to be male (P < 0.0001), black (P = 0.0189) and to have a high RDW defined as ≥14.5 % (P = 0.0083). On the basis of the final model, children with BLLs 7–9 μg/dl before age 2 and again after a follow-up BLL test (<21 months) were more likely to become lead poisoned than were control children. The risk of black children developing lead poisoning increased over time, regardless of the child’s first BLL test result. Conclusions Although national recommendations are to test children’s blood lead levels at ages 1 and 2, children living in high-risk areas with such risk factors should have a blood lead test at these older ages.
“I Allow Myself to FEEL Now …”: Adolescent Girls' Negotiations of Embodied Knowing, the Female Body, and Literacy

This study sought to provide new insights to the following questions: When discussing their literacy practices, how do adolescent girls talk about their bodies? What is the role of the body in some young women’s literacy? What are the different forms that (dis)embodied learning can take, and what is its role in girls’ literacy education? These questions were developed out of an interest in shedding light upon how particular literacies foster agency,how schooland other institutional contexts can sometimes feel physically controlling, and how voice/silence are related to (dis)embodied knowledge. Grounded in the above questions, this article shares a cross-case analysis focused on issues of the body as they relate to case studies of three adolescent girls (ages 18–21) of diverse backgrounds. Informants participated in several interviews and the assembling of literacy artifacts, and the interviews were analyzed with the Listening Guide, a feminist, voice-centered, relational methodology. First, the work is situated theoretically by defining and exploring terms such as agency, embodied knowing, and voice/silence, and how they all relate to literacy, school, and learning. Second, the methodological framework used to collect and analyze data with the female informants is provided. Third, the cross-case analysis of case studies is provided, focusing on the three themes of agency, the physically controlling nature of schools/institutions, and the notion of silence or disembodied knowing when it comes to such issues as sexuality and social class. The three informants all engaged somewhat critically with their literacies, though not in a consistent fashion, exhibiting some dissonance or disembodied knowing in relation to their literacy practices. Even in the face of
An analysis of the normal acceleration sensitivity of contoured quartz resonators with simple rectangular supports

The normal acceleration sensitivity of contoured quartz resonators with the plate extending slightly beyond simple rectangular supports is analyzed. The biasing deformation fields are calculated by means of a novel variational approximation procedure that employs the variational principle with all natural conditions for anisotropic static flexure. The accompanying strains varying quadratically through the thickness are then determined recursively from the plate shearing stress resultants. The calculated biasing deformation fields are employed in an existing perturbation equation along with the equivalent trapped-energy mode shapes for the contoured resonator to calculate the normal acceleration sensitivities. Results are presented for a range of orientations and aspect ratios of the rectangular support configuration for both the AT and SC cuts. >
Rheology of concentrated solutions of hyperbranched polyesters

The solution rheology of different generations of hyperbranched polyesters in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent was examined in this study. The solutions exhibited Newtonian behavior over a wide range of polyester concentrations. Also, the relative viscosities of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers in ethylenediamine were compared with those of the hyperbranched polyesters in NMP. Both types of dendritic polymers have relative viscosities that are exponential functions of their molar fraction in solution. The slopes of these relative viscosity curves show a linear relationship with respect to the generation number. PAMAM dendrimers have the greater slopes for each generation, reflecting their relatively larger intrinsic viscosity values.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding LipL41, a surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species.

We report the cloning of the gene encoding a surface-exposed leptospiral lipoprotein, designated LipL41. In a previous study, a 41-kDa protein antigen was identified on the surface of Leptospira kirschneri (D. A. Haake, E. M. Walker, D. R. Blanco, C. A. Bolin, J. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett, Infect. Immun. 59:1131-1140, 1991). We obtained the N-terminal amino acid sequence of a staphylococcal V8 proteolytic-digest fragment in order to design an oligonucleotide probe.A Lambda ZAP II library containing EcoRI fragments of L. kirschneri DNA was screened, and a 2.3-kb DNA fragment which contained the entire structural lipL41 gene was identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of LipL41 would encode a 355-amino-acid polypeptide with a 19-amino-acid signal peptide, followed by an L-X-Y-C lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. A recombinant His6-LipL41 fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in order to generate specific rabbit antiserum. LipL41 is solubilized by Triton X-114 extraction of L. kirschneri; phase separation results in partitioning of LipL41 exclusively into the detergent phase. At least eight proteins, including LipL41 and the other major Triton X-114 detergent phase proteins, are intrinsically labeled during incubation of L. kirschneri in media containing [3H] palmitate. Processing of LipL41 is inhibited by globomycin, a selective inhibitor of lipoprotein signal peptidase. Triton X-100 extracts of L. kirschneri contain immunoprecipitable OmpL1 (porin), LipL41, and another lipoprotein, LipL36. However, in contrast to LipL36, only LipL41 and OmpL1 were exposed on the surface of intact organisms. Immunoblot analysis of a panel of Leptospira species reveals that LipL41 expression is highly conserved among leptospiral pathogens.