cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA: New Immunomodulators

During the most recent decades, much knowledge has been gained concerning the immunologic and pathologic mechanisms of CTCL. The development of immunomodulators aimed at correcting aberrations in immunology and cellular growth and differentiation reflects this increased understanding. This review of the currently available immune-response modifying drugs shows that recombinant forms of natural cytokines and retinoids can be developed with tolerable toxicity profiles and substantial efficacy. Although milestone drugs such as bexarotene have been approved by the FDA- for treatment of CTCL, other agents such as IL-12 may also have a place in treatment of the disease. Even though unapproved, IFN-alpha may be the most active single immunomodulating agent against CTCL. It seems that further delineation of CTCL cytokine profile changes and immunologic aberrations are key in developing effective immunomodulators that are able to reverse these alterations.
Evaluation of the cerebral hemodynamic response to rhythmic handgrip

The response of the cerebral circulation to exercise has been studied with transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) because this modality provides continuous measurements of blood velocity and is well...
Neuropeptide Y (18-36) modulates chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion by blocking the nicotinic receptor ion channel

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a widely distributed peptide with varied activities including inhibition of [3H]NE secretion from chromaffin cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism through which NPY and NPY fragments inhibit nicotinic receptor induced influx of 22Na+ and 45Ca++ into bovine chromaffin cells. Fragments of NPY, including NPY13-36, NPY18-36 and NPY26-36, are more potent inhibitors of 45Ca++ and 22Na+ influx than NPY. High [K+]- and BAY K 8644-induced 45Ca++ influx and veratridine-induced 22Na+ influx are not inhibited by either NPY or NPY fragments. Thus, the site of NPY or NPY fragment action is not voltage-gated Ca++ or Na+ channels. A significant amount of acetylcholine-induced 45Ca++ influx still occurs in the presence of the voltage-gated Ca++ channel blockers: nifedipine (L-type), omega-conotoxin-GVIA (N-type) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (P-type). NPY18-36, in the presence of these channel blockers, inhibited the residual nicotinic receptor-induced Ca++ influx. The response to NPY 18-36 is not pertussis toxin sensitive. The rank orders of potency for inhibition of 45Ca++ and 22Na+ are the same: NPY18-36 > or = NPY26-36 > NPY13-36 > NPY13-36 > NPY > or = NPYfree acid. Moreover, the IC50 values for NPY18-36 inhibition of 45Ca++ influx and 22Na+ influx are similar, 0.9 x 10(-6) M and 2.03 x 10(-6) M, respectively. Regression analysis for inhibition of these two phenomena produced a correlation coefficient of .9697 (P < .0003).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Great myths of aging, by Joan Erber and Lenore Szuchman.

This could be called a “quick study” and “immersion” into the world of aging! The authors have done a five-part overview of dozens of myths that surround the aging process and experience. They succ...
The limits of deontology in dental ethics education

Most current dental ethics curricula use a deontological approach to biomedical and dental ethics that emphasizes adherence to duties and principles as properties that determine whether an act is ethical. But the actual ethical orientation of students is typically unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the ethical orientation of dental students in resolving clinical ethical dilemmas. First-year students from one school were invited to participate in an electronic survey that included eight vignettes featuring ethical conflicts common to the health care setting. The Multidimensional Ethics Scale was used to evaluate the students’ ethical judgments of these conflicts. Students rated each vignette along 13 ethically relevant items using a 7-point scale. Nine of the thirteen items were analyzed because they represent the dominant ethical theories, including deontology. One hundred sixteen dental students successfully completed the survey. Of the analyzed items, those associated with deontology had comparatively weak associations with whether students judged the action to be ethical and whether students judged themselves likely to perform the action. Whether an action was judged to be caring had the strongest association with whether the action was judged to be ethical and whether students judged themselves likely to perform the action. These results suggest that adherence to duties or principles has weaker association with students’ ethical judgments and behavior compared to caring, which was found to be more influential in their ethical judgments and behavior. Current dental school curricula with a primary focus on deontology may not adequately prepare students to maintain ethical attitudes and behavior in practice.
The Structure and Development of a New Aquatic Phycomycete

Among the aquatic Phycomycetes the genus Araiospora of the family Leptomitaceae was first established by Thaxter in 1896 upon the single species A. pulchra, The genus is readily dis? tinguished by the presence of two types of sporangia, one subcylindric with thin, smooth wall, the other obpyriform with thick, spinose wall, and by the formation within the oogonium of a periplasmic layer of hexagonal appearing cells surrounding the central oospore. To this newly erected genus Thaxter at the same time (1896) transferred Cornu's Rhipidium spinosum (1872) because of its spinose thick-walled " secondary" sporangia, calling this new combination A. spinosa. It remained for von Minden (1915, 1916), however, to add to our knowledge of this scantily described species, for from material collected and studied in Germany he described in detail the developmental stages not only of the spo? rangia but also of the sexual organs hitherto unknown. Since the two foregoing species were both characteristic of temperate regions, Linder's (1926) description of a new species from British Guiana is of interest, for it is the first instance in which a member of the genus Araiospora, or indeed a representative of the entire family, has ever been reported from the tropics. This species, A. coronata, is unique in that the 4 to 6 spines about the apical exit papilla of the " secondary " sporangia are 7.9 fx in length, whereas in A. spinosa the spines are more numerous and much longer (60-70/x). Although the sexual organs were not found in Lin? der's species, there was ample basis for his establishing it as new since in addition to the distinctive number and arrangement of the spines the sizes of the various organs differed from those of the already established species (see Table 1).
Multiscale Modeling of Irradiation Induced Hardening in a-Fe, Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni Systems

Structural materials in the new Generation IV reactors will operate in harsh radiation conditions coupled with high levels of hydrogen and helium production, thus experiencing severe degradation of mechanical properties. The development of structural materials for use in such a hostile environment is predicated on understanding the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for microstructural evolution along with corresponding dimensional instabilities and mechanical property changes. As the phenomena involved are very complex and span in several length scales, a multiscale approach is necessary in order to fully understand the degradation of materials in irradiated environments. The purpose of this work is to study the behavior of Fe systems (namely a-Fe, Fe-Cr and Fe-Ni) under irradiation using both Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Dislocation Dynamics (DD) simulations. Critical information is passed from the atomistic (MD) to the microscopic scale (DD) in order to study the degradation of the material under examination. In particular, information pertaining to the dislocation-defects (such as voids, helium bubbles and prismatic loops) interactions is obtained from MD simulations. Then this information is used by DD to simulate large systems with high dislocation and defect densities.
A Mixed Methods Approach To Investigating Cognitive Load And Cognitive Presence In An Online And Face-To-Face College Algebra Course

OF DISSERTATION A MIXED METHODS APPROACH TO INVESTIGATING COGNITIVE LOAD AND COGNITIVE PRESENCE IN AN ONLINE AND FACE-TO-FACE COLLEGE ALGEBRA COURSE Most research on Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller, 1988) has uncovered many instructional design considerations for learning complex tasks. Additionally, the Community of Inquiry (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000) framework describes many of the learning experiences in online education. A gap existed in the literature for investigating cognitive load over the duration of a college algebra course and for investigating the relationship between cognitive load and cognitive presence. This research study has addressed this gap by investigating cognitive load and cognitive presence in an online and face-to-face college algebra course. The results of this study revealed that face-to-face students earned statistically significant higher final course grades and homework grades than the online students. The face-to-face math course was slightly more efficient because it produced learners who exerted similar cognitive load as learners in the online course but the learners in the faceto-face earned higher performance score. Online discussion prompts that ask student to apply their solution or defend their solution engaged students in cognitive presence differently. When students were prompted to apply their solution to a real world scenario, most students reached resolution in their initial posts, but they were often not cognitively present in their followup posts. When students were prompted to provide a defense of their solution, most of the posts demonstrated cognitive presence, but not as many individual students reached resolution. Additionally, students progressed through the stages of cognitive presence when an instructor asked them a specific question about their math problem or real life scenario in a timely manner. When instructors post questions to their students that directly ask for an application of their hypothesis or an explanation how they arrived at their hypothesis, students can reach the highest stage of cognitive presence. When instructors post messages that reach the highest stage of cognitive presence, students do not post messages that reach the highest stage of cognitive presence. Lastly, this study did not find a strong linear relationship between cognitive presence and cognitive load.
Characteristics of Dwarf Rice Mutants 1282 and 1287

In order to provide a reference for comprehensively using the dwarf rice mutants 1282 and 1287,the biological characteristics and agronomic traits of 1282 and 1287 were observed during November 2011-April 2012 in Sanya,Hainan.The results showed that the plant heights of 1282 and 1287 are 40.39 cm and 37.58 cm respectively.And there are some representative biological characteristics and agronomic traits from 1282 and 1287,such as order growth,upright plants,dark green leaves,purple sheaths,ordinary panicle type,non-sheathed panicle,slender grain shape,light yellow glumes,purple glume tip,high effective panicles,small tension angle of floret,relatively higher seed setting rate and so on.In conclusion,the prospects of utilizing 1282 and 1287 are satisfactory from their characteristics.
How short can courses be in lower respiratory tract infections

Prospective clinical studies conducted over the last 10 years provide data on which to base decisions regarding the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), including the need for hospitalization, optimal timing of the switch from intravenous to oral antibiotic therapy and the discharge of patients. Validated treatment algorithms, such as the classification of community-acquired pneumonia, now enable decisions to be made on which patients with CAP require hospitalization, as well as identifying those who will benefit from early switch therapy. Generally, unstable CAP patients are suitable candidates for early switch therapy, which consists of rapid initiation of 1 - 2 days' intravenous therapy followed by 5 days' oral therapy, with early discharge from hospital after the receipt of one or two doses of oral antibiotic. Studies with intravenous cefuroxime and followed by oral cefuroxime axetil suggest this regimen is both effective and well tolerated as rapid switch therapy, and has the potential to reduce overall healthcare costs and improve patient satisfaction.
Combustion characteristics of primary reference fuel (PRF) droplets: Single stage high temperature combustion to multistage “Cool Flame” behavior

Abstract We report experiments and detailed numerical modeling of mixtures of primary reference fuel (PRF) droplets consisting of n -heptane and iso -octane with initial droplet diameters of 0.5 and 3.51 mm. The results show a quasi-steady, low temperature (or “Cool Flame” ( CF )) droplet burning mode that stems from a varying two-stage chemical kinetic behavior of the combustion chemistry. The simulations further illustrate, that the CF droplet burning mode in 1 atm air is dependent upon the iso -octane fraction and droplet size. CF droplet burning is predicted to be absent for large diameter droplets containing more than 50% (by volume) iso -octane (>PRF50), and for all droplet diameters that exhibit hot flame burning without radiative extinction. The model predictions are in agreement with new, large diameter PRF50 experiments reported here, as well as previous ground-based PRF50 sub-millimeter diameter experiments. The effects of PRF mixture fraction are further analyzed numerically. Additional simulations show that replacing small amounts of inert (nitrogen) with ozone can sufficiently modify the low temperature kinetic activity of PRF50 droplets to promote CF droplet burning, even for sub-millimeter droplet diameters (with no hot flame transition). The implications are that with proper experimental configurations, CF droplet burning might be studied in ground-based, sub-millimeter diameter, isolated droplet burning experiments.
Consensus-Based Distributed Estimation of Random Signals with Wireless Sensor Networks

We deal with distributed linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) estimation of a random signal vector based on observations collected across a wireless sensor network (WSN). We cast this decentralized estimation problem as the solution of multiple constrained convex optimization sub-problems. Using the method of multipliers in conjunction with a block coordinated descent approach we demonstrate how the resultant algorithm can be decomposed into a set of simpler tasks suitable for distributed implementation. Relative to existing alternatives, we establish that the novel decentralized algorithm guarantees convergence to the centralized LMMSE estimator for quite general (possibly nonlinear and/or non-Gaussian) data models. Through numerical experiments, we finally illustrate the convergence properties of the algorithm. ?Prepared through collaborative participation in the Communications and Networks Consortium sponsored by the U. S. Army Research Laboratory under the Collaborative Technology Alliance Program, Cooperative Agreement DAAD19-01-2-0011. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon.
Communication Channel Equalization-Pattern Recognition or Neural Networks?

The communication channel equalization is a difficult problem, especially when the channel is nonlinear and complex. Numerous algorithms are presented in the neural networks literature to solve this problem. In this paper, a comparison is made among the latest neural network techniques (Complex Minimal Resource Allocation Networks (CMRAN) [1]), a classical communication technique (Viterbi algorithm), and two pattern recognition techniques (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ)) to solve this problem. The simulation results show that Viterbi (MLSE decoding technique), and SVM methods outperform the CMRAN method.
The effect of characteristics of proteins fed during gestation and lactation on development of metabolic syndrome in dams and male offspring of Wistar rats.

Objective The objective of the study is to examine the role of characteristics of proteins in maternal and weaning diets on risk of metabolic syndrome in male offspring. Methods Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated to two groups (n = 12) and were fed the AIN-93G diets based on either intact protein-based diet (IPD) or mixed amino acid-based diet (AAD) from day 3 of gestation throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were weaned to either an IPD or AAD diet for 18 weeks. Results In dams, AAD group had lower body weight in post-partum period and higher pulse rate compared with IPD group. In pups born to AAD dams, birth weight and body weight were significantly lower, and systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were significantly higher compared with those born to IPD dams. Fat/weight ratio, insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were not influenced by either maternal or weaning diet. Conclusions These results indicate that the physico-chemical structure of proteins fed to dams is important in altering risk factors of metabolic syndrome in the offspring, while weaning diets do not seem to play a role. IPD had more favourable effect than AAD. These results may also indicate that dietary recommendations during development must be updated based on physiological properties of dietary proteins that are beyond their nutritional role.
Event-Triggered Model Predictive Control for Embedded Artificial Pancreas Systems

Objective: The development of artificial pancreas (AP) technology for deployment in low-energy, embedded devices is contingent upon selecting an efficient control algorithm for regulating glucose in people with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In this paper, we aim to lower the energy consumption of the AP by reducing controller updates, that is, the number of times the decision-making algorithm is invoked to compute an appropriate insulin dose. Methods: Physiological insights into glucose management are leveraged to design an event-triggered model predictive controller (MPC) that operates efficiently, without compromising patient safety. The proposed event-triggered MPC is deployed on a wearable platform. Its robustness to latent hypoglycemia, model mismatch, and meal misinformation is tested, with and without meal announcement, on the full version of the US-FDA accepted UVA/Padova metabolic simulator. Results: The event-based controller remains on for 18 h of 41 h in closed loop with unannounced meals, while maintaining glucose in 70–180 mg/dL for 25 h, compared to 27 h for a standard MPC controller. With meal announcement, the time in 70–180 mg/dL is almost identical, with the controller operating a mere 25.88% of the time in comparison with a standard MPC. Conclusion: A novel control architecture for AP systems enables safe glycemic regulation with reduced processor computations. Significance: Our proposed framework integrated seamlessly with a wide variety of popular MPC variants reported in AP research, customizes tradeoff between glycemic regulation and efficacy according to prior design specifications, and eliminates judicious prior selection of controller sampling times.
Peer-support intervention for postpartum depression: Participant satisfaction and program effectiveness

Abstract Objective: Postpartum mood disorders represent a serious problem affecting 10–20% of women and support groups offer a promising intervention modality. The current study examined participant satisfaction with and effectiveness of a peer-facilitated postpartum support group. Intervention: The program consists of a free, peer-support group, developed to increase social support and destigmatise postpartum mood symptoms. The weekly group is co-facilitated by former group attendees and maternal health professionals. Setting: The peer-support program is offered in an urban city in the southeastern United States. Design: To address study aims, a community-based participatory research approach was implemented. Participant satisfaction was assessed via mixed methods analyses. Differences in depression scores at follow-up between program attendees and a community sample were examined via weighted linear regression analysis following propensity score analysis. Finally, within-group change in depression scores for program attendees was examined using a repeated measures ANOVA. Participants: Intake program data were provided by the sponsoring organisation (n = 73) and follow-up data were collected via an online survey from program attendees (n = 45). A community sample was recruited to establish a comparison group (n = 152). Measurements and findings: Participant satisfaction was high with overwhelmingly positive perceptions of the program. Postparticipation depression scores were similar to those of the community sample at follow-up (p = .447). Among attendees, pre-post analyses revealed reductions in depression symptoms with significant interactions for time × complications (p ≤ .001) and time × delivery method (p ≤ .017). Key conclusions: Overall, findings indicate this peer-support program is not only acceptable to program attendees but also they provide a potential mechanism for improving mental health outcomes; however, further evaluation is needed. Findings also emphasise the importance of integrating evaluation procedures into community-based mental health programming to support effectiveness. Implications for practice: Peer-support groups are an acceptable form of intervention for women experiencing postpartum depression.
Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Nineteen Hypertensive Patients Treated with Clonidine for Eighteen Months: A Prospective Study

Echocardiography provides a relatively simple, non-invasive, reproducible means of assessing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Evidence has accumulated both from animal and clinical studies that LVH occurs quite early as a cardiac response to hypertension and indeed occurs at a greater frequency (40–50% of mild to moderate cases) than had been previously anticipated by electrocardiographic studies (2–5%) of similarly hypertensive patients. Recent studies also indicate that LVH can regress, with appropriate drug therapy, within a relatively short interval of time, but whether or not this is accompanied by reversal of vascular hypertrophy or by salubrious or adverse effects of ventricular function and coronary blood flow is not established. A variety of antihypertensive medications have been studied in an effort to reverse LVH. It appears that drugs which inhibit catecholamines, e.g., α2-agonists, converting enzyme inhibitors and s-blocking agents, are capable of reducing LVH at least in many patients. On the other hand, drugs which increase catecholamines, such as diuretics and direct vasodilators, appear to have no beneficial effect on LVH in spite of satisfactory reductions in blood pressure.
A Review of Environmental Measurements Taken during Ambient Noise Experiments

Several of the important papers on ambient noise that have been published over the past forty years or so are examined for the purpose of determining their value in the study of naturally generated noise. Some of those that report wind speed correlation with noise levels are reviewed. All differ in some aspect or other in both experimental configuration and processing. Following a method that was developed by Kerman (1984) the reported relative source level differences are plotted against friction velocity, thereby reducing some of the differences in anemometer measurement height and acoustic propagation conditions. This is done for a selection of different experiments that have reported in the literature. From this it is possible to see the inherent difficulty in using past experiments with sparse environmental support data.
The Role of the Chaplain as a Member of the Renal Dialysis Kidney Transplant Team

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of the hospital chaplain in the care of the renal dialysis and kidney transplant patient. The material for this paper is primarily drawn from my experience as a member of the renal dialysis team of the New England Deaconess Hospital. The discussion of the chaplain’s role will be illustrated by a case study involving three patients, their families, and the hospital staff.
Stochastic Differential Equations

This chapter discusses the system of stochastic differential equations and the initial condition. It presents the method used to prove the existence of a solution, which is called the method of successive approximations. The chapter presents the solution of a stochastic differential system as a Markov process. A continuous n-dimensional Markov process with transition probability function is called a diffusion process. The chapter presents the equations depending on a parameter. The Kolmogorov equation or the hackward parabolic equation is derived.
Calculation of Aberration Coefficients: A Matrix Method

We describe a matrix method to calculate the nonlinear terms in the refraction of a ray. An ex{tiAmple involving a single elliptical refracting surface is provided.
Constraint reasoning and Kernel clustering for pattern decomposition with scaling

Motivated by an important and challenging task encountered in material discovery, we consider the problem of finding K basis patterns of numbers that jointly compose N observed patterns while enforcing additional spatial and scaling constraints. We propose a Constraint Programming (CP) model which captures the exact problem structure yet fails to scale in the presence of noisy data about the patterns. We alleviate this issue by employing Machine Learning (ML) techniques, namely kernel methods and clustering, to decompose the problem into smaller ones based on a global data-driven view, and then stitch the partial solutions together using a global CP model. Combining the complementary strengths of CP and ML techniques yields a more accurate and scalable method than the few found in the literature for this complex problem.
Mitigation Assessment of the Energy Sector: An Overview

The energy sector is comprised of the major energy demand sectors (industry, residential and commercial, transport, and agriculture), and the energy supply sector, which consists of resource extraction, conversion, and delivery of energy products. GHG emissions occur at various points in the sector, from resource extraction to end use, and accordingly, options for mitigation exist at various points.
Estimating the Standard Deviation From the Range: a Replication of Analysis of Demographic Data Reported in Marriage & Family Review, 2016-2017

AbstractA major concern in the social sciences is lack of replication of previous studies. An important methodological concern in the social sciences is the ability to determine effect sizes in add...
Abstract P219: Site-1 Protease-Derived Soluble (Pro)Renin Receptor Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension via Activation of the Intrarenal RAS

Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) hypertensive rats exhibit increased expression of renal (pro)renin receptor (PRR) and aberrant activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with unclear func...
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: Developmental Coxa Vara

Coxa vara is not a disease; it is a descriptive term referring to the deformed position of the head and neck of the femur in relation to the long axis of the shaft. In a strict structural sense, coxa vara today refers to deformity of the proximal femur in which the head-neck axis on an anteroposterior radiograph forms an angle with the long axis of the femoral shaft which is 110° or less (Fig. 3.1). In a more dynamic and all-inclusive sense, coxa vara can be said to exist when any developing deformity of the proximal femur repositions the femoral head-neck relationship into a more varus conformation than previously existed and that is occurring in a relatively rapid and pathologic fashion not compatible with the normal developmental diminution of the head-neck-shaft angle. In the childhood years, the normal head-neck-shaft angle passes from a value as high as 145° to the normal adult range of 120–130°. When defined this way, the term coxa vara includes the broad range of developmental and acquired disorders that predispose to that shape of the proximal femur.
Hide and Seek: A Defense Against Off-sensing Attack in Cognitive Radio Networks

In a cognitive radio-based network (CRN), secondary users opportunistically access underutilized spectrum resources and stop utilizing these resources when licensed or primary users reappear. Recently, a new attack, off-sensing (OS), has shed light on a vulnerability in the FCC policy of CRN. OS-attack utilizes the off-sensing interval of a victim to perpetrate the attack and to manipulate the victim’s spectrum availability. However, prior work on OS-attack considers a deterministic approach that is unrealistic and is futile to fortify against conventional defense techniques. In this paper, we propose a new random approach, the random-OS attack, which adapts to realistic scenarios and is difficult to detect using conventional techniques. Then, we propose a novel safeguard approach based on the Markov decision process to defend the proposed attack, namely hide and seek. We also introduce an OS-attack detection strategy, which utilizes the sensing history to detect the presence of attackers without violating any policy or design constraints and without any networking overhead. Mathematical analysis and extensive simulation results exhibit the superior performance of our proposed works and advent a direction in designing safeguard strategies without amending the current FCC policies.
Recent progress in MoS 2 for solar energy conversion applications

In an era of graphene-based nanomaterials as the most widely studied two-dimensional (2D) materials for enhanced performance of devices and systems in solar energy conversion applications, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) stands out as a promising alternative 2D material with excellent properties. This review first examined various methods for MoS2 synthesis. It, then, summarized the unique structure and properties of MoS2 nanosheets. Finally, it presented the latest advances in the use of MoS2 nanosheets for important solar energy applications, including solar thermal water purification, photocatalytic process, and photoelectrocatalytic process.
Management in sport for development: examining the structure and processes of a sport diplomacy initiative

Sport continues to demonstrate an important role in bolstering the development of diplomatic, peace-building efforts through sport for development and peace (SDP) initiatives. Although many have claimed strong outcomes from their programs, these assessments rely on largely anecdotal evidence to support these claims. In particular, the literature has provided evidence of effectiveness for SDP programs, yet lacked the capacity to link specific active or passive program components to the outcomes and to frame those outcomes both theoretically and practically. Thus, the purpose of this study was to conduct a theoretically guided case study of an SDP program and its activities to help support the analysis of mechanisms and processes toward program effectiveness. Based upon this analysis, theoretical implications and suggestions for future research and practice are discussed.
Relic proto-stellar disks and the origin of luminous circumstellar interaction in core collapse supernovae

A small fraction of core collapse supernovae (SNe) show evidence that the outgoing blast wave has encountered a substantial mass ~ 1-10 M_sun of circumstellar matter (CSM) at radii ~100-1000 AU, much more than can nominally be explained by pre-explosion stellar winds. In extreme cases this interaction may power the most luminous, optically-energetic SNe yet discovered. Interpretations for the origin of the CSM have thus far centered on explosive eruptions from the star just ~ years to decades prior to the core collapse. Here we consider an alternative possibility that the inferred CSM is a relic disk left over from stellar birth. We investigate this hypothesis by calculating the evolution of proto-stellar disks around massive stars following their early embedded phase using a self-similar accretion model. We identify an initial gravitationally-unstable ("gravito-turbulent") phase, followed by a much longer period of irradiation-supported accretion during which less effective non-gravitational forms of angular momentum transport dominate. Although external influences, such as the presence of a wide binary companion, may preclude disk survival in many systems, we find that massive (~1-10 M_sun) disks can preferentially survive around the most massive stars. Reasons for this perhaps counterintuitive include (1) the shorter stellar lifetimes and (2) large photo-evaporation radii (~ 1000 AU) of very massive stars; (3) suppression of the magneto-rotational instability due to the shielding from external sources of ionization; and (4) relative invulnerability of massive disks to lower mass stellar collisions and luminous blue variable eruptions. Because very luminous SNe are rare, testing the relic disk model requires constraining the presence of long-lived disks around a small fraction of very massive stars.
Making sense of the elusive paradigm of entrepreneurship

The term “entrepreneurship” apparently means different things to different people including scholars and thought leaders. Because entrepreneurship is multifaceted, it is studied from many different perspectives, yet, that has fostered a multitude of definitions. Even the scholarly literature (where normally the deepest understanding would be found) is rife with disparities and even contradictions about what is and is not entrepreneurship. Some have suggested a narrower and more defined focus on entrepreneurship where only bona fide entrepreneurship research theories would explain entrepreneurial phenomena. We believe that constricting the field may the wrong approach. Our purpose then is to try and make sense of the disparate meanings and views of entrepreneurship prevalent in both the scholarly literature as well as among thought leaders in business and policy. We reconcile the seemingly chaotic and contradictory literature by proposing a coherent approach to structure the disparate ways that entrepreneurship is used and referred to in the scholarly literature. We examine three coherent strands of the entrepreneurship literature and identify an emerging eclectic view of entrepreneurship, which combines several of the views prevalent in the main approaches discussed.
Substitution between Immigrant and Native Farmworkers in the United States: Does Legal Status Matter?

The policy debate surrounding the employment of immigrant workers in U.S. agriculture centers around the extent to which immigrant farmworkers adversely affect the economic opportunities of native farmworkers. To help answer this question, we propose a three-layer nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) framework to investigate the substitutability among heterogeneous farmworker groups based on age, skill, and legal status utilizing National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) data from 1989 through 2012. We use farmwork experience and type of task performed as alternative proxies for skill to disentangle the substitution effect between U.S. citizens, authorized immigrants, and unauthorized immigrant farmworkers. Results show that substitutability between the three legal status groups is small; neither authorized nor unauthorized immigrant farmworkers have a significant impact on the employment of native farmworkers.
Non-Nutritive (Artificial) Sweetener Knowledge among University Students

This study determined non-nutritive sweetener (NNS; artificial sweetener) depth of knowledge among university health and science students. An online survey was delivered to 1248 science students and completed by 493 respondents (19.0 ± 2.2 years old), evaluating ability to provide an NNS description/definition, examples of NNS from memory, and evaluate NNS word familiarity with a click-drag-box to identify six NNS by chemical name (CN) and six NNS by trade name (TN), relative to six decoy NNS, six caloric sweeteners, and six food items (mean ± standard deviation). NNS definitions contained 1.1 ± 1.1 of four previously defined elements suggestive of knowledge depth, with highest scores among self-described non-NNS users and food ingredient label users. Knowledge depth was not correlated with gender, age, American College Test score, or history of weight loss attempts. Without prompting, respondents could name 0.9 ± 1.1 NNS from memory, with highest scores among self-described non-NNS users (1.4 ± 0.8) and food ingredient label users (1.4 ± 0.8). NNS example memory was not correlated with gender, age, ACT score, or history of weight loss attempts. With the click-drag-box exercise, NNS were correctly identified 4.9 ± 1.0 times by TN and significantly less by CN (3.9 ± 1.9 times). Decoy NNS were incorrectly identified as being a real NNS 4.7 ± 1.3 times, while caloric sweeteners and food items were incorrectly identified as NNS 1.7 ± 1.7 times and 1.0 ± 1.5 times, (TN and Decoy NNS > CN > caloric sweetener and food item). NNS knowledge among university students may be inadequate for understanding what NNS are, if they consume NNS, or whether NNS are important for dietary health.
Intersecting Roles of Authority and Marginalization: International Teaching Assistants and Research University Power Dynamics.

The higher education community often views international students through a homogenous lens. To challenge the cultural norms set by the dominant group, researchers need to explore how these norms affect international teaching assistants (ITAs). The following questions guided the current study: (a) How do ITAs construct intersecting identities of teacher and learner that reflect the presence of dominant cultural norms within a predominantly White institution? (b) What strategies do ITAs use to navigate cultural and linguistic power dynamics within a predominantly White institution as they seek to establish authority? We conducted a case study through an intersectionality framework. Findings revealed participants’ marginalization, authority, and strategies to overcome oppression. We offer recommendations about power dynamics that require increased institutional support.
Development of Sensing System for Indoor Navigation of Visually Impaired Person with Inertial and Geomagnetic information

Motivated by the need of the assistance of indoor guidance for the visually impaired persons (VIPs), a sensing system is developed to estimate indoor location with inertial and geomagnetic information. By analyzing the characters of human gait, a method to eliminate the accumulated drift is introduced. Sensor fusion algorithms are developed to correct the accumulated drift by introducing geomagnetic information. Magnetic tensor is introduced to extract the magnetic distortion, which is utilized by an improved subsequence Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) method for indoor localization. A prototype of the sensing system is developed to experimentally validate and demonstrate the design of the sensor fusion algorithms and indoor sensing system.
Fertile Soil for Organic Public Sociology: Community-Based Natural Resource Management

Where do public sociology and the study of natural resources meet? One promising intersection is at community-based natural resource management. At this juncture there are multiple opportunities for rural sociologists to embrace the tenets of public sociology, as espoused by Michael Burawoy. By working with an active, thick, and local ‘civil society’, rural sociologists have the opportunity to improve livelihoods as well as contribute to the sustainability of the natural resource base that so many depend upon. This article examines these possibilities by discussing three domains for rural sociologists to apply public sociology to community-based natural resource management: participation, empowerment, and knowledge coproduction. This article makes an explicit call for rural sociologists to ‘go public,’ and by doing so challenge the underlying structures of marginalization and inequity that have characterized public involvement in natural resource management through the contemporary era of resource management in the United States.
Learning CNF Blocking for Large-scale Author Name Disambiguation

Author name disambiguation (AND) algorithms identify a unique author entity record from all similar or same publication records in scholarly or similar databases. Typically, a clustering method is used that requires calculation of similarities between each possible record pair. However, the total number of pairs grows quadratically with the size of the author database making such clustering difficult for millions of records. One remedy is a blocking function that reduces the number of pairwise similarity calculations. Here, we introduce a new way of learning blocking schemes by using a conjunctive normal form (CNF) in contrast to the disjunctive normal form (DNF). We demonstrate on PubMed author records that CNF blocking reduces more pairs while preserving high pairs completeness compared to the previous methods that use a DNF and that the computation time is significantly reduced. In addition, we also show how to ensure that the method produces disjoint blocks so that much of the AND algorithm can be efficiently paralleled. Our CNF blocking method is tested on the entire PubMed database of 80 million author mentions and efficiently removes 82.17% of all author record pairs in 10 minutes.
Neural code subserving feed-forward inhibition in a collision detection circuit

Feed-forward inhibition shapes the activity of many neural circuits, although little is known about how (and even if) neurons mediating feed-forward inhibition encode detailed time-varying sensory information. Locusts possess an identified neuron preferentially responding to objects approaching on a collision course that plays a central role in the generation of visually-guided escape behavior. This neuron, called the Lobula Giant Movement Detector (LGMD), receives both feed-forward excitation and inhibition. While feed-forward excitation encodes a function of the angular speed of expansion during the simulated approach of an object, the information conveyed by feed-forward inhibition remains to be characterized. We identified presynaptic, inhibitory neurons to the LGMD using spike-triggered membrane potential averaging. Unexpectedly, these neurons had wide receptive fields and only a small population of them was needed to account for most of the information they conveyed to the LGMD. Together, the time-varying spike rate of these neurons accurately encoded the instantaneous angular size of an approaching object. Our results show that feed-forward inhibitory neurons convey detailed information about a stimulus parameter needed to generate escape behaviors, and thus likely play a critical role in their timing.
Afterword: Novel Knowledge, or Cleansing Dirty Data: Toward Open-Source Histories of the Novel

This afterword discusses the most important, most under-rewarded, and most unsexy aspect of data visualization: the production and use of reliable underlying data. Starting from the premise that visualizations are only as good as their underlying evidentiary base, Freidman addresses the contributions of digital projects that have laid the foundation for such practices, including massive multi-institution projects like Orlando, mid-sized projects like The Early Novels Database (END), and the author’s own small-scale project, Manuscript Fiction in the Age of Print (MFAP). Following this assessment, the author proposes a set of guidelines for best practices in creating new data so that amendable, transformable visualizations can be produced, built on collective knowledge.
Simple Techniques for Managing Complicated Fractures in Camelids and Small Ruminants

In general, long bone fractures of New World camelids, sheep, and goats have a favorable prognosis for healing. Secondary complications associated with fracture location and severity, although uncommon, may affect outcome. Methods of fixation vary, but both internal fixation and different forms of external fixation, usually in the form of casting and transcortical pinning, have been successful. Fracture type, location, economic impact, and aftercare often dictate methodology. Existence of an open fracture will affect prognosis negatively, but my impression is osteomyelitis and sequestration, leading to fixation failure, is uncommon. When cases of non- or delayed union are presented, failure of fracture ossification often relates to inadequate stability or infection. Cancellous bone grafts in conjunction with other methods of fixation and management of infection have resolved these complicated cases.
The Estate Tax Should Not Apply to Domestic Stock Owned by NRAs

Congress needs to reconsider whether Code section 2104(a) which subjects the ownership of domestic stock by nonresident aliens to estate tax merits retention. This analysis offers several reasons as to why policy makers should introduce legislation that either repeals this Code section or significantly narrows its application.
Behaviour of Surface Electric Field in DC Ship Spacers under Real Operation Conditions: Voltage Transients and Ripple, Temperature Gradient and Pollution

Designing and specifying dc spacers for ship application is not as straightforward and well assessed as for sinusoidal ac supply. In particular, the electric field behaviour in the presence of voltage transients, including energization and voltage polarity inversion, voltage harmonics, voltage ripple, temperature variation and surface contamination, have to be considered as unavoidable conditions in dynamic and innovative electrical assets as those figured out in electric ships. This paper presents a finite element analysis simulation of electric field on the surface of a spacer (stand-off insulator) in dynamic conditions, highlighting the differences between de and ac sinusoidal supply. It is shown that during voltage transients the field is permittivity-driven and then slowly transitions into conductivity-driven as expected in steady state dc. The dielectric properties and the temperature strongly influence the field transition. The potential impact of this dynamic behaviour on spacer design is discussed in the light of contributing to creepage and clearance specifications. The effect of voltage overshoots and ripple on dc spacer is investigated and the feasibility to extend the model to account for the effect of pollution is shown as well.