cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How do infants and adults process communicative events in real time

Abstract Speech allows humans to communicate and to navigate the social world. By 12 months, infants recognize that speech elicits appropriate responses from others. However, it is unclear how infants process dynamic communicative scenes and how their processing abilities compare with those of adults. Do infants, like adults, process communicative events while the event is occurring or only after being presented with the outcome? We examined 12-month-olds’ and adults’ eye movements as they watched a Communicator grasp one (target) of two objects. During the test event, the Communicator could no longer reach the objects, so she spoke or coughed to a Listener, who selected either object. Infants’ and adults’ patterns of looking to the actors and objects revealed that both groups immediately evaluated the Communicator’s speech, but not her cough, as communicative and recognized that the Listener should select the target object only when the Communicator spoke. Furthermore, infants and adults shifted their attention between the actors and the objects in very similar ways. This suggests that 12-month-olds can quickly process communicative events as they occur with adult-like accuracy. However, differences in looking reveal that 12-month-olds process slower than adults. This early developing processing ability may allow infants to learn language and acquire knowledge from communicative interactions.
Principles of Imaging Using Arrays

Since diffraction-limited imaging with a single aperture yields angular resolution ~ λ/D, the attainment of high angular resolution with single apertures requires the construction of correspondingly large monolithic apertures, the whole surface of which must be figured to much less than a wavelength. At the longer wavelengths, it is impossible to build a sufficiently large single aperture: for example, at λ21 cm, arcsecond resolution requires an aperture of diameter ~ 50 km. At the shorter wavelengths, the atmosphere imposes a natural limit in resolution of about one arcsecond. However, another route is possible: that of using synthetic apertures to image the sky. The problem of figuring synthetic apertures is considerably simpler, and can be implemented in a computer. Synthetic apertures are now in use in many fields, e.g. radio-interferometry, radar imaging, magnetic resonance imaging. Radio-interferometric techniques developed in radio-astronomy over the past forty years are now being applied to optical and IR astronomical imaging by a number of groups.
Imaging as Means to Study Cerebrovascular Pathophysiology

The regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by local and peripheral mechanisms has fascinated generations of physiologists and neuroscientists. It is clear that many neurological diseases are due to altered vascular function. We will emphasize how different imaging modalities have contributed to the understanding of cerebrovascular pathophysiology. Briefly, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to visualize regions of increased brain activity (functional magnetic resonance imaging and autoregulation studies), to measure CBF (magnetic resonance angiography) or to unveil and localize regions of blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption (contrast MRI; measurements of endothelial tight junction integrity in normal or diseased brain). Positron-emission tomography scans can exploit brain-directed glucose transport to determine brain metabolism and to identify regions of abnormal uptake (hypo- or hypermetabolism seen in epilepsy or neoplasms). We will use the example of cerebral small vessel disease to illustrate how reduced CBF and increased BBB permeability can substantially damage brain cells to the point of causing dementia.
Teachers’ Ratings of Effective Principal Leadership: A Comparison of Magnet and Nonmagnet Elementary Schools:

This study explores teachers’ ratings of principal leadership in magnet and nonmagnet elementary schools. The article provides potential explanations for nonmagnet teachers’ ratings of their princi...
Activity of Aromathecins against African Trypanosomes

African sleeping sickness is responsible for thousands of deaths annually, and new therapeutics are needed. This study evaluated aromathecins, experimental inhibitors of mammalian topoisomerase IB, against Trypanosoma brucei African trypanosomes. The compounds had selectively toxic antiparasitic potency, in situ poisoning activity against the phylogenetically unique topoisomerase in these parasites, and a representative compound intercalated into DNA with micromolar affinity. DNA intercalation and topoisomerase poisoning may contribute to the antitrypanosomal activity of aromathecins.
A semi-empirical multi-degree of freedom body force propeller model

Abstract Efficient and accurate modelling of a self-propelled vessel in a large amplitude seaway with CFD-based numerical methods is a challenging task and is prohibitively expensive for most designers and engineers. Viscous CFD methods can accurately model viscous effects, but the small numerical time step required to analyze the rotating propeller leads to a large computational cost. A method for efficiently and accurately modelling the six degree of freedom force on the propeller is required to feasibly model a self propelled vessel maneuvering in a high amplitude seaway. This paper outlines the framework for developing an unsteady body force propeller model for unsteady conditions. The purpose of this study is to train a semi-empirical algorithm to accurately prescribe the unsteady body force to model the propeller. The MOERI Container ship propeller is analyzed with RANS CFD. Open water data is compared to the RANS CFD results of a steady Moving Reference Frame approach. Unsteady surge and propeller revolution rate are applied to a transient rotating mesh model in open water and behind condition. The predictions of the algorithm match well with the CFD results.
5G Network Performance Analysis and Verification Based on Ubiquitous Electricity Internet of Things

At present, governments of all countries are stepping up the construction of “energy + Internet”. Besides, the report of the 19th CPC National Congress and the “13th Five-Year Plan” both set expectations and requirements for the development of a clean, efficient and intelligent power grid. The 5G, as a new generation of mobile communication technology after 2020, is the development direction of future wireless technologies. This article conducts 5G network performance analysis and test network verification. Helping 5G + network slicing technology enable grid control and acquisition services and provide support for emerging grid services. Lay a solid foundation for the next evolution of enhanced power 5G technology equipment.
Approximation Algorithms for Time-Window TSP and Prize Collecting TSP Problems.

We give new approximation algorithms for robot routing problems that are variants of the classical traveling salesperson problem (TSP). We are to find a path for a robot, moving at speed at most s, to visit a set \(V=\{v_1,\dots ,v_n\}\) of sites, each having an associated time window of availability, \([{r_i},{d_i}]\), between a release time \(r_i\) and a deadline \(d_i\). In the time-window prize collecting problem (TWPC), the objective is to maximize the number of sites visited within their time windows. In the time-window TSP problem (TWTSP), the objective is to minimize the length of a path that visits all of the sites V within their respective time windows, if it is possible to do so within the speed bound s. For sites on a line, we give approximation algorithms for TWPC and TWTSP that produce paths that visit sites \(v_i\) at times within the relaxed time windows \([{r_{i}}-{\varepsilon }L_{i},d_{i}+{\varepsilon }L_{i}]\), for fixed \({\varepsilon } > 0\), where \(L_{i}= d_{i}-{r_{i}}\); the running time is \({O((n{L_{max}})}^{O(\frac{\text {log }{L_{max}}}{\text {log}(1+\varepsilon )})})\), where \({L_{max}}={\text {max}_{i}}\,L_{i}\). For TWPC, the computed path visits at least \(k^{*}\) (the cardinality of an optimal solution to TWPC) sites; for TWTSP, the computed path is of length at most \(\lambda ^{*}\) (the length of an optimal TWTSP solution). For general instances of sites in a metric space, we give approximation algorithms that apply to instances with certain special structure of the time windows (that they are “dyadic” or that they are “elementary”), giving paths whose lengths are within a bounded factor of the optimal length, \({\lambda ^{*}}{(s)}\), for the given speed s, while relaxing the speed to be a factor greater than s; for arbitrary time windows, we give an \(O(\text {log}\, n)\)-approximation for TWTSP, assuming unbounded speed \((s = \infty )\).
"You took an Oath!": Engaging Medical Students About the Importance of Oaths and Codes Through Film and Television.

In this paper, we will consider the role of oaths and codes of ethics in undergraduate medical education. Studies of ethics syllabi suggest that ethics educators typically use well-known bioethics texts such as Beauchamp and Childress (Principles of biomedical ethics, 8th ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2019). Yet, many issues that medical students will face (as students and as physicians) are addressed by codes of ethics and oaths. We will first provide a historical survey of oaths and codes and then address how these sources of ethical guidance can be effectively used in ethics education of medical students. Oaths and codes can be engagingly taught using a range of techniques including visual narrative. Excerpts from television and film can be used to highlight challenging ethical dilemmas in a variety of settings, taking the learning from the theoretical to the more applied while offering context.
Cannabidiol and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Interactions: A Case of Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis

Cannabidiol (CBD) and other marijuana derivatives are being more widely used in the medical community by people in an attempt to alleviate a variety of symptoms. While these products have shown promise in their analgesic properties, little is known about the potential pharmacological interactions of these and other drugs. We present a case of a 57-year-old Caucasian woman who presented with altered mental status, ataxia, left-sided numbness, and slurred speech. An extensive workup was completed and found to be largely unremarkable, though a thorough history revealed that her symptoms were likely caused by concurrent use of CBD and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) resulting in drug-induced aseptic meningitis. The benign nature of CBD makes it a promising avenue for pain relief. Physicians and patients should be informed about the potential drug-drug interactions of CBD and other medications. J Neurol Res. 2020;10(4):132-135 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr598
Adjuvant radiation therapy alone is associated with improved overall survival compared to hormonal therapy alone in older women with estrogen receptor positive early stage breast cancer

BACKGROUND Breast conserving surgery (BCS) and adjuvant hormonal therapy (HT) without radiation therapy (RT) is an acceptable approach for older women with early stage, estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Toxicity and compliance remain issues with HT. Adjuvant RT alone may have better compliance, but its efficacy in the absence of HT is unclear. We aim to assess patterns of adjuvant therapy and survival outcomes among older women with early stage, ER positive (ER+) breast cancer. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was used to identify 130,194 women age ≥65 years with invasive ER+, node negative breast cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2015. All patients underwent BCS. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to examine overall survival (OS). The association between adjuvant therapy and OS was assessed in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Unadjusted 5/10-year OS rates were 90.0%/64.3% for HT and RT, 84.2%/54.9% for RT alone, 78.7%/44.5% for HT alone, and 71.6%/38.0% for no treatment; p<0.001 for all. Compared to HT alone, the 10-year multivariable hazard ratio (HR) for death for RT alone was 0.86 (95% CI 0.82-0.91). In propensity-matched patients who received RT alone or HT alone (n=21,326), RT alone had significantly better survival at 5 (HRadj : 0.84) and 10 (HRadj : 0.87) years. CONCLUSIONS Older women with early stage ER+ breast cancer who undergo BCS and receive both HT and RT have the best survival, while RT as single-modality therapy had higher rates of OS at 5 and 10 years compared to HT alone.
EXTENDED GAUGE MODELS AND e−e−→W−W− AT THE NLC

We briefly discuss two possible manifestations of the lepton number violating reaction which probes the masses and mixings of heavy Majorana neutrinos, at the Next Linear Collider(NLC). Cross sections for this process are shown to be potentially quite large at center of mass energies of order 1–1.5 TeV.
A note on a class of generalized neo-Hookean models for isotropic incompressible hyperelastic materials

Abstract In a recent paper in this journal by Anssari-Benam and Bucchi (2021), the authors have proposed a new two-parameter constitutive model for isotropic incompressible hyperelastic generalized neo-Hookean materials. The model reflects the limiting chain extensibility characteristic of non-Gaussian molecular models for rubber. A major contribution of Anssari-Benam and Bucchi (2021) is in showing that the model proposed there is superior to the well-known two-parameter Gent model when fitting with a large variety of experimental data for rubber for the homogeneous deformations of uniaxial, equi-biaxial and pure shear. Moreover, for all of these deformations, a fitting with data is achieved with a single set of values for the parameters with a narrow range of variation. In the present note, we establish a simple direct relation between the new model and the classical Gent model. The large body of research results on the mechanical behavior of rubber-like materials based on the latter model are thus readily applicable to the new model. Some other directions for widening the applicability of the new model are also suggested.
Cities of workers, children or seniors? Stylized facts and possible implications for growth in a global sample of cities

Abstract A large literature documents how cities vary in their skill structure and how this has implications for their economic growth. By contrast, how cities vary in their age structure and the potential implications of this for their economic growth has been a hitherto largely neglected research area. Using novel data from a variety of historical and contemporary sources, we first show that there is marked variation in the age structure of the world's largest cities, both across cities and over time. We then study how age structure affects economic growth for a global cross-section of mega-cities and find that mega-cities with higher dependency ratios - i.e. with more children and/or seniors per working-age adult - grow slower. Overall, and despite the many data and econometric challenges posed by this type of analysis, we advocate for more research on the subject given its importance.
Attack Context Embedded Data Driven Trust Diagnostics in Smart Metering Infrastructure

Spurious power consumption data reported from compromised meters controlled by organized adversaries in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) may have drastic consequences on a smart grid’s operations. While existing research on data falsification in smart grids mostly defends against isolated electricity theft, we introduce a taxonomy of various data falsification attack types, when smart meters are compromised by organized or strategic rivals. To counter these attacks, we first propose a coarse-grained and a fine-grained anomaly-based security event detection technique that uses indicators such as deviation and directional change in the time series of the proposed anomaly detection metrics to indicate: (i) occurrence, (ii) type of attack, and (iii) attack strategy used, collectively known asattack context. Leveraging the attack context information, we propose three attack response metrics to the inferred attack context: (a) an unbiased mean indicating a robust location parameter; (b) a median absolute deviation indicating a robust scale parameter; and (c) an attack probability time ratio metric indicating the active time horizon of attacks. Subsequently, we propose a trust scoring model based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, that embeds the appropriate unbiased mean, the median absolute deviation, and the attack probability ratio metric at runtime to produce trust scores for each smart meter. These trust scores help classify compromised smart meters from the non-compromised ones. The embedding of the attack context, into the trust scoring model, facilitates accurate and rapid classification of compromised meters, even under large fractions of compromised meters, generalize across various attack strategies and margins of false data. Using real datasets collected from two different AMIs, experimental results show that our proposed framework has a high true positive detection rate, while the average false alarm and missed detection rates are much lesser than 10% for most attack combinations for two different real AMI micro-grid datasets. Finally, we also establish fundamental theoretical limits of the proposed method, which will help assess the applicability of our method to other domains.
Spatio-temporal parse network-based trajectory modeling on the dynamics of criminal justice system

We extend the existing group-based trajectory modeling by proposing the network-based trajectory modeling based on judicious design and analysis of a spatio-temporal parse network (STPN) as a repre...
Thermoelastic Response of Crystalline Organic Semiconductors Measured with Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

As organic semiconductors find increasing use as materials in flexible electronics, there is a critical need for understanding the mechanical response of the individual solids. Due to the dependence of elasticity on intermolecular forces, low-frequency vibrational spectroscopy is a promising method for characterizing such phenomena in a contactless manner. In this study, this methodology is developed and described, and subsequently applied to two prototypical organic semiconducting crystals.
Activity-based, bioorthogonal imaging of phospholipase D reveals spatiotemporal dynamics of GPCR-Gq signaling.

Summary Canonically, G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is transient and confined to the plasma membrane (PM). Deviating from this paradigm, the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR1) stimulates sustained Gs signaling at endosomes. In addition to Gs, PTHR1 activates Gq signaling; yet, in contrast to the PTHR1-Gs pathway, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the Gq branch of PTHR1 signaling and its relationship to Gs signaling remain largely ill defined. Recognizing that a downstream consequence of Gq signaling is the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes, we leverage activity-based, bioorthogonal imaging tools for PLD signaling to visualize and quantify the Gq branch of PTHR1 signaling. We establish that PTHR1-Gq signaling is short lived, exclusively at the PM, and antagonized by PTHR1 endocytosis. Our data support a model wherein Gq and Gs compete for ligand-bound receptors at the PM and more broadly highlight the utility of bioorthogonal tools for imaging PLDs as probes to visualize GPCR-Gq signaling.
On using DFT to construct an IR spectrum database for PFAS molecules

PFAS molecules are chain-linked carbon/fluorine atoms, widely distributed in the environment, and dangerously toxic biologically. Here is constructed, using density functional theory (DFT), a prototype database of IR spectra for detection of PFAS molecules. Extraction of spectrum features for target molecules from measured spectra can be achieved by comparison to template spectra within a spectrum database, which are sufficient approximations of target spectra. The concept of extracting spectral features is distinct from that of inverting reflectance or transmission spectra for determination of dielectric response functions. This study continues presentation of the concept of using DFT to calculate template spectra for practical detection of target substances, by comparison with spectra within databases. Specifically, the focus here is upon PFAS molecules, which include toxic and carcinogenic environmental contaminants, and whose detection based on IR spectroscopy is thus of great importance.
Color Atlas and Manual of Microscopy for Criminalists, Chemists, and Conservators

The Color Atlas and Manual of Microscopy for Criminalists, Chemists, and Conservators offers more than 400 color photomicrographs of the most commonly encountered materials for specimen comparison and rapid identification of organic and inorganic fibers and particles. In a single source, this book presents a range of simple methods to help readers quickly characterize and identify a broad range of materials. Covering substances such as hair and fibers, minerals and soils, paints, drugs, and dust, the book presents the basic principles of microscopy and directions for sample preparation and examination.
Oriented growth and transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards a Schwann cell fate on micropatterned substrates.

While Schwann cells (SCs) have a significant role in peripheral nerve regeneration, their use in treatments has been limited because of lack of a readily available source. To address this issue, this study focused on the effect of guidance cues by employing micropatterned polymeric films to influence the alignment, morphology and transdifferentiation of bone marrow-derived rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards a Schwann cell-like fate. Two different types of polymers, biocompatible polystyrene (PS) and biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were used to fabricate patterned films. Percentages of transdifferentiated MSCs (tMSCs) immunolabeled with SC markers (α-S100β and α-p75(NTR)) were found to be similar on patterned versus smooth PS and PLA substrates. However, patterning had a significant effect on the alignment and elongation of the tMSCs. More than 80% of the tMSCs were oriented in the direction of microgrooves (0°-20°), while cells on the smooth substrates were randomly oriented. The aspect ratio [AR, ratio of length (in direction of microgrooves) and breadth (in direction perpendicular to microgrooves)] of the tMSCs on patterned substrates had a value of approximately five, as compared to cells on smooth substrates where the AR was one. Understanding responses to these cues in vitro helps us in understanding the behavior and interaction of the cells with the 3D environment of the scaffolds, facilitating the application of these concepts to designing effective nerve guidance conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Recommunalizing Drug Offenders: The "Drug Peace" Agenda.

ABSTRACT This paper examines the manner in which substance using shelter tenants inhabiting an urban, single room occupancy (SRO) neighborhood engaged in the process of recommunatization. A significant number of tenants were ex-offenders. In the context of an ethnographic study, eight developmental stages of recommunalization are identified and described. Recommunalization in the SRO is then linked to several of Arnold Trebach's (1987) proposals for solving the war on drugs. The attending policy implications the recommunalization model-understood as a drug peace agenda-offered both decarcerated and chemically dependent residents as well as society at large are also provisionally discussed.
Cardiac Laceration and Pericardial Tamponade Due to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Myocardial Infarction

Complications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), such as rib fractures and pneumothorax, are not uncommon. The authors report the case of a 69-year-old woman who underwent surgery for a perforated duodenal ulcer. Eighteen hours postoperatively she sustained a cardiac arrest; vigorous resuscitation efforts, using advanced cardiac life-support procedures, failed. At autopsy, she had 350 mL of fresh blood in her pericardial sac, which had caused cardiac tamponade. Three ribs were fractured at the left sternal border. Directly underneath the fractured ribs were a 0.4-cm laceration of the pericardium and an accompanying 0.7-cm laceration of the left ventricle. There was an acute thrombus in the left anterior descending artery. Microscopic examination of the heart showed acute infarction of the left ventricle in the vicinity of the laceration. This case demonstrates that vigorous CPR performed on an acutely infarcted heart can result in lethal cardiac laceration and tamponade.
A structured graphical tool for analyzing boundary scan violations

The boundary scan test methodology is becoming an increasingly important approach for testing chips, modules and boards. Commercial boundary scan verification tools are now available which provide a system of checks not only for IEEE 1149.1 but other methodologies such as IBM Boundary Scan. A key factor in the effectiveness of boundary scan verification systems is found in the accuracy and flexibility of companion analysis tools used to correlate the violated boundary scan rule with the subject logic structure causing the violation. This paper presents the design and deployment of a graphical system for pinpointing sources of boundary scan rules violations. The paper begins with a cursory review of boundary scan methodologies including IEEE 1149.1 and IBM Boundary Scan. This is followed by a brief presentation of the boundary scan verification process used in IBM's TestBench tool. The body of the paper is focused on boundary scan verification rules and the associated message analysis. The paper concludes with future plans under consideration to improve both the reach and usability of graphical message analysis for boundary scan verification.
Rigid-rod Benzobisazole Polymers Containing Benzothiazole Pendent Groups:

Novel polybenzobisazoles containing benzothiazole pendent groups were prepared by the reaction of 2-benzothiazole or 2,5-dibenzothiazole terephthalic acids with the appropriate aminomercapto, aminohydroxy or tetraamino -nonomers in poly phosphoric acid at elevated temperatures. The polymerizations were carried out at concentrations (10-18%) which would promote anisotropic reaction mixtures. Intrinsic viscosities in the range of 4-19 dl/g were measured in methanesulfonic acid at 30°C. Thermogravimetric-mass spectral analysis in vacuo showed that the pendent benzothia zole group was the initial product of thermal degradation, maximizing at 590°C. Anisotropic polymerization mixtures could be wet-spun into fibres with modulus values between 25-30 Msi and tenacity values up to 350 Ksi.
Involvement of an Ets Transcription Factor in Muscle Specific Expression of Rat Cardiac α-Myosin Heavy Chain Gene

Involvement of an Ets Transcription Factor in Muscle Specific Expression of Rat Cardiac α-Myosin Heavy Chain Gene
Classes of distinguishable 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments

Abstract The protein subunits from the 10 nm diameter filaments from chicken neurons and smooth muscle cells have similar mobilities on detergent-polyacrylamide gels but they are distinguished by their tryptic and chymotryptic peptide maps.
Simplified in vitro synthesis of mutated RNA molecules. An oligonucleotide promoter determines the initiation site of T7RNA polymerase on ss M13 phage DNA.

Abstract We describe a simplified method for the in vitro synthesis of mutated RNA molecules. The method makes use of an oligodeoxyribonucleotide (T 7 -oligo) which contains the T 7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. In combination with a second oligonucleotide, a series of transcripts initiating and terminating at any chosen position on a cloned ss DNA (e.g. M 13 phage DNA) can be generated. The phage DNA represents the non-coding DNA strand for the desired transcript; the T 7 -oligo determines the transcription start site, whereas the second oligonucleotide permits the choice of the transcription termination site. The synthesis of the required template DNA is achieved by hybridizing the two oligonucleotides to the phage DNA and subsequently synthesizing the coding DNA strand by a fill-in reaction with Klenow enzyme. The reaction product is used directly as a template for T 7 RNA polymerase; cloning of mutants is not required.
Single Trace and Multitrace Deformations of Supersymmetric QCD

In this report we briefly discuss phenomenologically-viable metastable dynamical supersymmetry breaking in supersymmetric QCD. The construction relies on the work of Intriligator, Seiberg and Shih, complemented with single trace and multitrace deformations. This is a summary of work done in collaboration with R. Essig, K. Sinha, G. Torroba and M.J. Strassler [R. Essig, J. F. Fortin, K. Sinha, G. Torroba and M. J. Strassler, arXiv:0812.3213 [hep-th] ].
Prevention of fungal sepsis in patients with prolonged neutropenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous miconazole

Patients treated with cytotoxic therapy expected to produce neutropenia lasting two or more weeks were randomly assigned in a double-blind study to receive intravenous miconazole or placebo concomitant with empiric antibiotics to test whether miconazole can prevent fungal sepsis. The study drug was initiated at the time of first fever along with antibiotics and was continued until neutropenia resolved, fungal sepsis occurred, or persistent or recurrent unexplained fever after six or more days prompted substitution of the study drug by amphotericin B. Two hundred eight treatment courses in 180 patients were evaluated. Fungal sepsis occurred in only one patient receiving miconazole compared with eight patients receiving placebo (p = 0.03). Fatal fungal sepsis occurred in four patients receiving placebo and in none of the patients receiving miconazole (p = 0.08). There was no evidence for the development of resistance to polyenes or imidazoles in fungal isolates recovered from patients in this randomized trial or an increase in Aspergillus infections in patients who received miconazole in this randomized trial or in 121 subsequently treated patients who received unblinded use of miconazole. Thus, intravenous miconazole was more effective than placebo in preventing fungal sepsis in patients with chemotherapy-induced prolonged neutropenia.
Organisms, Machines, and Thunderstorms: A History of Self-Organization, Part Two. Complexity, Emergence, and Stable Attractors

Part Two of this essay focuses on what might be called the third and most recent chapter in the history of self-organization , in which the term has been claimed to denote a paradigm shift or revolution in scientific thinking about complex systems. The developments responsible for this claim began in the late 1960s and came directly out of the physical sciences. They rapidly attracted wide interest and led to yet another redrawing of the boundaries between organisms, machines, and naturally occurring physical systems (such as thunderstorms). In this version of self-organization, organisms are once again set apart from machines precisely because the latter depend on an outside designer, but——in contrast to Kant9s ontology——they are now assimilated to patterns in the inorganic world on the grounds that they, too, like many biological phenomena, arise spontaneously.
Licorice and enzymes other than 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: An evolutionary perspective

Abstract Licorice has long been known to promote the healing of ulcers. In the 1950s, studies with licorice-derived compounds revealed that the anti-ulcer effects of licorice are due to inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and Δ13-prostaglandin reductase. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase converts prostaglandins E2 and F2α to 15-ketoprostaglandins, which are inactive. Δ13-Prostaglandin reductase metabolizes the inactive Δ13-prostaglandin to 13,14-dihydro,15-ketoprostaglandin, which is further metabolized and excreted in urine. Thus, licorice-derived compounds have the effect of raising the local concentration of prostaglandins that promote mucous secretion and cell proliferation in the stomach, leading to healing of ulcers. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which also is inhibited by licorice-derived compounds, shares a common ancestor with 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Both enzymes are homologous to Streptomyces hydrogenans 3α,20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which also is inhibited by licorice, Thus, licorice inhibits enzymes that diverged at least 2 billion years ago from a common ancestor. Other oxidoreductases in bacteria, plants, and animals that are inhibited by licorice-derived compounds are likely to be discovered in the future.
Transesophageal Echo Probe Compression of an Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is frequently used in the operating room to assess surgical repairs in children with congenital heart disease. Complications from the procedure are unusual, but the potential for TEE probe compression of normal and abnormal posterior vascular structures has been recognized. We report a case of TEE probe compression of an aberrant right subclavian artery in a patient under-going repair of an atrioventricular septal defect.
Effects of ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.

Summary We have obtained a cacodylate-dependent system in which ATP at physiological concentrations (10 −4 M) dissociates and inactivates rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) at 25° C. We have shown that this inactivation and dissociation of GPD is blocked by physiological concentrations of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). These same effects have also been noted for the human erythrocyte GPD. ATP and 2,3-DPG may therefore be of importance in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, particularly in the red blood cell where high concentrations of ATP and 2,3-DPG are found.
The science goals of the Constellation-X Mission

The Constellation-X mission will address the questions: "What happens to matter close to a black hole?" and "What is Dark Energy?" These questions are central to the NASA Beyond Einstein Program, where Constellation-X plays a central role. The mission will address these questions by using high throughput X-ray spectroscopy to observe the effects of strong gravity close to the event horizon of black holes, and to observe the formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies in order to precisely determine Cosmological parameters. To achieve these primary science goals requires a factor of 25-100 increase in sensitivity for high resolution spectroscopy. The mission will also perform routine high- resolution X-ray spectroscopy of faint and extended X-ray source populations. This will provide diagnostic information such as density, elemental abundances, velocity, and ionization state for a wide range of astrophysical problems. This has enormous potential for the discovery of new unexpected phenomena. The Constellation-X mission is a high priority in the National Academy of Sciences McKee-Taylor Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey of new Astrophysics Facilities for the first decade of the 21st century.
Generalization from School to Home with Autistic Children

This investigation assessed the generalization of verbal behavior from school to home with three autistic boys. The study attempted to expand upon previous research by Handleman (1979) by analyzing the effects of single versus multiple trainers on generalization. By the use of a multiple-baseline design counterbalanced for treatment condition, the three youngsters were taught responses to common questions in two school settings and were probed to determine transfer of learning to their homes. All three children demonstrated greater generalization when they received training at varied locations as opposed to instruction in a single setting. Results of the study suggest that manipulating the school environment to more closely simulate home conditions may facilitate transfer of treatment gains to the natural setting.
Salivary gland enlargement and functional changes during feeding of pancreatin to rats. (Possible relation to functional changes in cystic fibrosis).

Salivary Gland Enlargement and Functional Changes During Feeding of Pancreatin to Rats: (Possible Relation to Functional Changes in Cystic Fibrosis)
Single-layer CVD-grown graphene decorated with metal nanoparticles as a promising biosensing platform

A new approach to the development of a single-layer graphene sensor decorated with metal nanoparticles is presented. Chemical vapor deposition is used to grow single layer graphene on copper. Decoration of the single-layer graphene is achieved by electroless deposition of Au nanoparticles using the copper substrate as a source of electrons. Transfer of the decorated single-layer graphene on glassy carbon electrodes offers a sensitive platform for biosensor development. As a proof of concept, 10 units of glucose oxidase were deposited on the surface in a Nafion matrix to stabilize the enzyme as well as to prevent interference from ascorbic acid and uric acid. Amperometric linear response calibration in the μmoll(-1) is obtained. The presented methodology enables highly sensitive platforms for biosensor development, providing a scalable roll-to-roll production with a much more reproducible scheme when compared to the graphene biosensors reported previously based on drop-cast of multi-layer graphene suspensions.
[3H]MK-801 binding sites in neonate rat brain

Abstract [ 3 H]MK-801 binding sites are present in neonate rat brain as early as 3 days after birth. Immature hippocampus and cortex contain approximately one sixth the concentration of binding sites of the adult, while brainstem concentration is twice as high as that of adult. [ 3 H]MK-801 binding is stimulated by glutamate and glycine and blocked by phencyclidine and Mg 2+ both in 7-day-old neonate and adult, indicating that as early as 7 days postnatally, the N-methyl- d -asparatate-type glutamate receptor and MK-801 binding site are functionally coupled.
The Future Is Interdisciplinary

The future of theatre history is interdisciplinary. The inevitable question is, of course, What does one mean by interdisciplinary? There is indeed a whole field of interdisciplinary, or integrative, studies, with its own academic departments, conferences and journals. (Which in turn raises the troublesome question, Is interdisciplinarity still interdisciplinary, or is it now a discipline? But I won't go there—yet.) The common view is that interdisciplinarity employs more than one discipline to address a complex problem. Interdisciplinary studies tend to privilege unity, convergence, synthesis, complex questions, and broad issues.
Attachment and child care: Relationships with mother and caregiver

Abstract Two studies examined the influences of concordant and nonconcordant attachment relationships to mothers and to child care caregivers on children's behavior in child care. In both studies, attachment security with the caregiver was assessed within child care, using the Waters and Deane Q-sort for attachment security. In the first study, 40 infants were seen in the Strange Situation at 12 months and observed in child care when they averaged 21.5 months. In the second study, 60 infants were observed in child care when they averaged 18.5 months; maternal attachment security was assessed, using the Q-sort, during child care arrivals and departures. In both studies, the child's level of competence in play with the adult caregiver and engagement with peers was a function of attachment security with both mother and caregiver.
The ADHD and Sleep Conundrum: A Review

The relationship between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sleep is a complex one that poses many challenges in clinical practice. Recent studies have helped to elucidate the nature of the brain mechanisms and neuromodulator systems underlying the theoretical associations among sleepiness, arousal, and attention. Studies of sleep disturbances in children with academic and behavioral problems have also underscored the role that primary sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome play in the clinical presentation of symptoms of inattention and behavioral dysregulation. In addition, new methodologies used in examining sleep and sleep patterns in children diagnosed with ADHD have shed further light on the prevalence, type, risk factors for, and impact of sleep disturbances in these children. The following discussion of the multilevel relationships among sleep quality and quantity, neurobehavioral functioning, and the clinical syndrome of ADHD expands on previous reviews of the literature and synthesizes what is currently known about the interaction of sleep and attention/arousal in children to propose possible underlying mechanisms, integrate more recent findings, and highlight important areas for future study. In addition, guidelines are provided for a clinical approach to evaluation and management of children with ADHD and sleep problems.
A note on poset geometries

This note describes how varying the geometric representation of a poset can be applied to “poset balancing.” It is shown that the ${1 / 3}$, ${2 / 3}$ balancing property holds for a certain class of posets whose number of relations is sufficiently small, in a certain sense.
Release of Plasmid DNA from Intravascular Stents Coated with Ultrathin Multilayered Polyelectrolyte Films

Materials that permit control over the release of DNA from the surfaces of topologically complex implantable devices, such as intravascular stents, could contribute to the development of new approaches to the localized delivery of DNA. We report the fabrication of ultrathin, multilayered polyelectrolyte films that permit both the immobilization and controlled release of plasmid DNA from the surfaces of stainless steel intravascular stents. Our approach makes use of an aqueous-based, layer-by-layer method for the assembly of nanostructured thin films consisting of alternating layers of plasmid DNA and a hydrolytically degradable polyamine. Characterization of coated stents using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that stents were coated uniformly with an ultrathin film ca. 120 nm thick that adhered conformally to the surfaces of stent struts. These ultrathin films did not crack, peel, or delaminate substantially from the surface after exposure to a range of mechanical challenges representative...
Identifying work organization targets for a work-related musculoskeletal symptom prevention program.

While research linking work organization factors to work-related musculoskeletal disorders has been increasing, there is still a need to delineate specific dimensions to be targeted by intervention programs. The present cross-sectional investigation identified work organization risk factors for low back (LB) and upper extremity (UE) symptoms and determined the magnitudes of such associations. Questionnaires containing items on ergonomic, individual psychosocial, and occupational psychosocial factors were administered to a sample of workers (n = 248 U.S. Marines) in previously identified high-risk job categories for musculoskeletal disorders. Study participants were categorized into groups of either having LB symptoms only, UE symptoms only, concurrent LB and UE symptoms, or being asymptomatic on the basis of self-report. Additionally, measures of pain intensity, physical function, and mental health were obtained. Linear regression analyses adjusting for demographics, ergonomic factors, and individual psychosocial factors indicated that decision authority and experienced responsibility for work were significant correlates for pain intensity during the week. Logistic regression analyses indicated that ergonomic stressors were a risk factor for all symptomatic groups (OR = 1.02 per point increase; 95% CI: 1.0–1.1). Time pressure (OR = 1.2 per point increase; 95% CI: 1.0–1.4) was also a significant risk factor for all symptomatic groups, while cognitive processing placed workers at higher risks for concurrent LB and UE symptoms (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0–1.4). Interpersonal demands placed individuals at a lower risk for LB symptoms (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.5–1.0). Findings highlight the importance of intervention approaches that address time pressure, cognitive processing factors, and interpersonal demands at work. In light of past biobehavioral studies, these results also suggest that job redesign and interventions that address a worker's workstyle when faced with increased work demands may help reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal symptoms and/or their intensity.
Duplicate VegfA genes and orthologues of the KDR receptor tyrosine kinase family mediate vascular development in the zebrafish.

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and the type III receptor tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) are both required for the differentiation of endothelial cells (vasculogenesis) and for the sprouting of new capillaries (angiogenesis). We have isolated a duplicated zebrafish VegfA locus, termed VegfAb, and a duplicate RTK locus with homology to KDR/FLK1 (named Kdrb). Morpholino-disrupted VegfAb embryos develop a normal circulatory system until approximately 2 to 3 days after fertilization (dpf), when defects in angiogenesis permit blood to extravasate into many tissues. Unlike the VegfAa121 and VegfAa165 isoforms, the VegfAb isoforms VegfAb171 and VegfAb210 are not normally secreted when expressed in mammalian tissue culture cells. The Kdrb locus encodes a 1361–amino acid transmembrane receptor with strong homology to mammalian KDR. Combined knockdown of both RTKs leads to defects in vascular development, suggesting that they cooperate in mediating the vascular effects of VegfA in zebrafish development. Both VegfAa and VegfAb can individually bind and promote phosphorylation of both Flk1 (Kdra) and Kdrb proteins in vitro. Taken together, our data support a model in the zebrafish, in which duplicated VegfA and multiple type III RTKs mediate vascular development.
Effect of Solvent Size on Solvent Self-Diffusion in Polymer−Solvent Systems

The free-volume theory for solvent self-diffusion coefficients in polymer−solvent systems is modified to include a more general analysis of the effects of solvent size. The predictions of the theory are compared with self-diffusion data for a diverse set of solvents and four polymers, polystyrene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(p-methylstyrene). The new prediction of size effects is based on the consideration of the asymmetry of solvent molecules.
Body image in Hansen's disease patients.

Abstract In a group of 26 hospitalized male Hansen's disease patients, Barrier, Penetration, and Anatomy scores were obtained as projective indicators of body image, using the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. As predicted, patients did not differ from healthy controls. The body image measures were not related to length of hospitalization nor to observable disfigurement. The hypothesis was strengthened that concepts about the body are not directly associated with physical disability.
Impact of Coaching on Malingered Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms on the M-FAST and the TSI

ABSTRACT Of the existing posttraumatic stress disorder dissimulation studies, relatively few have employed a coaching challenge using the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test and/or Trauma Symptom Inventory. The current investigation employed a coaching procedure that included both symptom specific information and strategies for avoiding detection on psychological validity scales. Participants were 68 undergraduate psychology students from a major mid-Atlantic university. Participants in the control groups were instructed to answer all interview and self-report items honestly. Those who were instructed to malinger were provided with a scenario in which they were to feign psychological trauma symptoms in order to secure financial gain through civil litigation. Unlike previous research, those who were provided with symptoms and/or symptoms and strategies were found to be no more successful at malingering PTSD than were those who were not provided with this information. While only two-thirds of the si...