cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IS COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY LOQUACITY? A REPLY TO POWERS, JORDAN, AND STREET

Powers, Jordan, and Street recently presented evidence suggesting that assessments of cognitive complexity obtained from a widely used procedure may be significantly influenced by general loquacity and verbal complexity. This report argues that Powers et al.'s results are an artifact of the procedures employed, and presents additional evidence bearing on the relationship between cognitive complexity and general verbal abilities. In one study, conceptually independent assessments of cognitive complexity, loquacity, and writing speed were obtained from a group of college students. Cognitive complexity was found generally unrelated to both writing speed and loquacity. In a second set of studies, independent assessments of interpersonal cognitive complexity and two indices of general verbal abilities were obtained from three diverse populations (college students, mothers of young children, and grade-school children). Only low and generally nonsignificant relationships were found between cognitive complexity scores and the measures of verbal facility. These results are discussed within the framework of a construct! vist theory of cognitive development.
Characterization of bullous pemphigoid antigen: A unique basement membrane protein of stratified squamous epithelia

Abstract Bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen is a normal basement membrane zone antigen of epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia. It is defined immunologically by antibodies in the sera of patients with the subepidermal blistering disease BP. In this study we sought to demonstrate that epidermal cells synthesize this antigen, to determine the immunological specificity of BP antibodies and to characterize this antigen. Cultured human epidermal cells (HEC) and a spontaneously transformed mouse epidermal cell line (Pam) both demonstrated BP antigen by indirect immunofluorescence. To characterize the antigen, these cells were radiolabeled with 35 S-methionine or 14 C-amino acids and extracts were immunoprecipitated using nine different BP sera. Immunoprecipitated proteins were identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and fluorography. All nine BP sera precipitated a protein with disulfide-linked chains of apparent molecular weight approximately 220 kd. Eight normal human sera and six pemphigus vulgaris sera, as well as antibodies directed against fibronectin and laminin, did not precipitate this protein. Furthermore, it was not precipitated by BP sera from radiolabeled extracts of fibroblasts. The protein was soluble in Tris-HCI buffered saline but was not secreted into the culture medium. These studies demonstrate that BP antigen is synthesized by epidermal cells in culture, different patients with BP have antibodies against the same protein, and BP antigen can be identified on SDS-PAGE as a high molecular weight protein consisting of disulfide-linked chains of approximate molecular weight 220 kd.
Amino acid synthesis by Pseudomonas melophthora, bacterial symbiote of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera)

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative laboratory analyses of free amino acids and amides in apple tissue, washed cells, and cell-free culture filtrate of the bacterium, Pseudomonas melophthora (Allen and Riker), an obligate extracellular symbiote of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), revealed that this micro-organism probably provided certain essential amino acids absent in apple tissue. Among the generally recognized ten ‘essential’ amino acids, those not detected or present in trace amounts were arginine and methionine in healthy apple tissue, tryptophan in washed cells of P. melophthora , and none in cell-free culture filtrate of this organism. Although there is no proof that apple tissue lacks amino acids essential for R. pomonella, P. melophthora would appear to provide such amino acids for the host. Proof of this hypothesis must await the development of a nutritionally defined diet for R. pomonella .
Sensory variety during nursing increases young rats’ acceptance of novel flavors after weaning.

Nursing infants are exposed to flavors from the maternal diet transmitted through milk, and exposure to particular flavors can influence acceptance of those flavors after weaning. This experiment investigated whether exposure to flavor variety during nursing (rather than a particular flavor per se) alters subsequent acceptance of novel flavors after weaning. Twelve dams with newborn litters were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In the Variety-nursing condition the dams’ chow was adulterated with a varied series of flavorants (basil, cinnamon, coriander, cumin, garlic, onion, oregano) throughout days 7–21 of the 22 day nursing period. For the Control-nursing condition the dams’ chow was unadulterated. In the later days of the nursing period dams were fed outside the home cage so that pups were not sampling the chows. Beginning at least 10 days after weaning, two juveniles (one male and one female) from each litter were tested with 4 days of 24 h/day ad libitum choice between familiar unflavored chow versus novel-flavored chows (flavors different from those used during the nursing phase). Although all juveniles typically preferred unflavored chow, acceptance of novel chows was significantly increased in the Variety-nursing condition. Variety-nursing juveniles consumed more of the novel chows in absolute amounts and in percentage of total daily intake than Control juveniles did. This extends prior work in rats and humans that exposure to flavor variety reduces subsequent neophobia by showing that such an effect can be produced via variety exposure during nursing.
VARIATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF ADRENALS AND THYROIDS PRODUCED BY THYROXINE AND HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES1

The present report concerns a study of the structural changes in the adrenals and thyroids of guinea pigs treated with thyroxine at ordinary and high environmental temperatures. This study grew out of an observation (1) that thyroxine was much more toxic (as judged by loss of weight and formation of gastric ulcers) for animals kept at 32°C. than at 20°C. It was suggested that this increased toxicity was the result of suprarenal exhaustion produced by the combination of high temperature and high humidity, and thyroxine treatment. Our present observations do not offer conclusive proof of the existence of adrenal exhaustion. The results are recorded, however, since they are so striking and have not been reported heretofore. The adrenals and thyroids were obtained from some of the ‘hot-room’ and ‘control-room’ guinea pigs whose care and treatment were described in the preceding report (1).
Introducing Social Emotional Learning to Music Education Professional Development

There are more knowledge bases, skills, and dispositions that teachers need to have than can be covered in undergraduate music teacher education. One knowledge base that music teachers could benefi...
Phosphaplatins, next generation platinum antitumor agents: A paradigm shift in designing and defining molecular targets

Abstract Platinum(II)- and platinum(IV)-pyrophosphato-complexes (phosphaplatins) show excellent antitumor properties against a variety of human ovarian cancers, including cisplatin- and carboplatin-sensitive and resistant human cancers. To identify the lead compound of this class of non-DNA binding antitumor agents, stereoisomers of cis- and trans -1,2-cyclohexane-diamine(pyrophosphato)platinum(II) and of cis- and trans -1,2-cyclohexane- trans -dihydroxo-diamine(pyrophosphato)platinum(IV) were synthesized, and their in vitro efficacies were evaluated in a variety of human ovarian cancer cells including cisplatin- and carboplatin-resistant cancer cells. Some of these compounds exhibited IC 50 values as low as 0.40 μM, the lowest ever observed for any platinum anticancer drugs under identical conditions. More importantly, these compounds are highly active against cisplatin- and carboplatin-sensitive and resistant cancers; examples of these cancer cells include cisplatin-sensitive A2780, acquired cisplatin- and carboplatin-resistant A2780/C30, and inherent cisplatin-resistant OVCAR-10 cells. In vivo efficacy determined by using human ovarian xenografts indeed confirmed that phosphaplatins are quite effective in treating ovarian cancers. The superiority of phosphaplatins was observed in increased life span and tumor regression. These non-DNA binding compounds exhibit cytotoxicity in ovarian cancers primarily through apoptosis via cell cycle arrest both at S and G2 phases largely in a dose independent manner. Platinum(II) compounds showed reduced protein binding compared to either cisplatin or carboplatin. Furthermore, protein binding by phosphaplatins was largely limited to extracellular and cytosolic compartments. In vivo experiments revealed that platinum accumulations in kidney of mice were significantly less compared to cisplatin. The maximum tolerated dose was found be >60 mg/kg via intravenous administration. Furthermore, rats treated with R , R -stereomer of the platinum(II) complex exhibited near normal white blood cell, platelet, and neutrophil counts indicating its non-toxic properties. Furthermore, the lead compound also stays in plasma for 24 h giving ample time to reach desired targets. Taken together, these data indicate that phosphaplatins have the potential to treat resistant ovarian cancers, both acquired and de novo, without exhibiting severe toxic effects.
Bifurcation Model for Characterization of Pulmonary Architecture

A flexible mathematical model of an asymmetric bronchial airway bifurcation is presented. The bifurcation structure is automatically determined after the user specifies geometric parameters: radius of parent airway, radii of daughter airways, radii of curvature of the daughter branch toroids, bifurcation angles, and radius of curvature of carina ridge. Detailed shape in the region where the three airways merge is defined by several explicit functions and can be changed with ease in accordance with observed lung structure. These functions take into account the blunt shape of the carina, the smooth transition from the outer transition zone to the inner one, and the shift in carinal ridge starting position as a function of bifurcation asymmetry. We validated the bifurcation model by comparing it to a computed tomography image of a rat lung cast. Three-dimensional representations of the bifurcation geometry can be viewed at http://mae.ucdavis.edu/wexler/lungs/bifurc.htm.
Isostructuralism among bridge-flipped' isomeric benzylideneanilines and phenylhydrazones.

`Bridge-flipped' isomers may be defined as pairs of molecules related by a reversal of a bridge of atoms connecting two major parts of the individual molecules. This kind of isomerism is commonly found among benzylideneanilines and phenylhydrazones. Isostructural pairs might be suitable for co-crystallization and are thus useful in the preparation of new solid materials. Although most of the examples of bridge-flipped isomeric benzylideneanilines and phenylhydrazones in the crystallographic literature are not isostructural, a small number of isostructural pairs have been reported by previous workers. This paper describes the molecular and crystal structures of four pairs of bridge-flipped isomers: two isostructural phenylhydrazones, (E)-2-bromobenzaldehyde 4-cyanophenylhydrazone (I) and (E)-4-cyanobenzaldehyde 2-bromophenylhydrazone (II); two pairs of isostructural benzylideneanilines, N-(2-trifluoromethylbenzylidene)-2-methylaniline (III) and N-(2-methylbenzylidene)-2-trifluoromethylaniline (IV), and N-(2-bromobenzylidene)-2-methylaniline (V) and N-(2-methylbenzylidene)-2-bromoaniline (VI); and a pair of benzylideneanilines with closely similar unit-cell dimensions but different packing arrangements, N-(4-methylbenzylidene)-4-cyanoaniline (VII) and N-(4-cyanobenzylidene)-4-methylaniline (VIII). The structure of (V) is disordered. The packing arrangement of (VIII) resembles that of the chloro-/methyl-substituted benzylideneanilines MBZCLA/MBZCLB [N-(4-methylbenzylidene)-4-chloroaniline and N-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-4-methylaniline]. Although intermolecular hydrogen bonding plays a part in the isostructuralism of the two phenylhydrazones, the other examples of isostructuralism occur in the absence of similar, relatively strong intermolecular interactions.
Electroejaculation of the great apes.

The scientific literature concerning electroejaculation of simian primates contains many reports of successful collection of seminal fluid through electrostimulation with penile and rectal electrodes. In none of these reports is there a sufficient discussion of the important electrical parameters involved, such as the amplitude and density of electric current and the impedance of the electrode/tissue interface. Without such information it is difficult, if not impossible, for investigators in other laboratories to duplicate the stimulation regimen successfully and without injury to the animal. This assumes even greater importance when such techniques are considered for application to human beings.
SAGD Gas Lift Completions and Optimization: A Field Case Study at Surmount

Gas lift completions for steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) (1) producers are unique. Conventional gas lift valves and mandrels with a packer completion cannot be used because of the extreme temperatures of the downhole environment. Most lift gas enters the production stream downhole through open-ended tubing or nozzles, which if not properly sized can result in operational issues such as fluid/gas slugging and pressure instabilities that negatively impact the overall lift efficiency. In 2006, ConocoPhillips conducted a study to design a gas lift system for the Surmont SAGD development that would allow better control of lift gas into the production string. In late 2007, the wells completed with gas lift were placed on production. This paper covers the data-collection effort and analysis completed to determine the efficiency of the two types of gas lift nozzles used in the completions, the methodology for optimization of SAGD gas-lift systems, and recommendations for future improvement.
CORRECTION FACTOR OF COME‐UP HEATING BASED ON CRITICAL POINT IN A CYLINDRICAL CAN OF HEAT CONDUCTION FOOD

A computerized procedure was developed for estimating the critical point correction factor, Cf, of come-up heating in thermal processes, which are applied to cylindrical cans of heat conductive foods. Sterilizing values at the thermal center of the can were used as a criterion for this estimation. Fifteen parameters are required to uniquely determine Cf values. These parameters include z value, thermophysical properties, and can dimensions, as well as operational conditions. Through a dimensional analysis, ten dimensionless parameters were selected to estimate Cf values. A fractional central composite experimental design was applied to evaluate statistically the influence of each parameter on Cf. Through this evaluation, several regression equations were developed for their practical uses. A series of heat conduction experiments were conducted by using several different sizes of cans filled with food simulant, 8% bentonite suspension. Fairly good agreement was found between predicted and observed correction factors.
Passages of politeness

Abstract This paper reexamines Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness and its application in subsequent studies and raises serious questions regarding its value for empirical studies. An alternative view of politeness is offered, and in light of this, a new approach to the analysis of Repair Work, placed within a more comprehensive framework of social interaction, is outlined.
Mapping the Aspartic Acid Binding Site of Escherichia coli Asparagine Synthetase B Using Substrate Analogs

Novel inhibitors of asparagine synthetase, that will lower circulating levels of blood asparagine, have considerable potential in developing new protocols for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic l...
Drug-induced relief of the tremor in monkeys with mesencephalic lesions.

MODEL syndromes of extrapyramidal dysfunction have been induced in monkeys by introduction of unilateral lesions into the ventromedial area of the brain stem1. In such cases the destruction of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra is associated with low concentrations of dopamine and serotonin in the corresponding basal ganglia1. The reduction of the biogenic amines in the striatum is concomitant with an impairment in the storage of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) and with a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase activity2–4. Thus the ventromedial tegmental lesion affects the storage and biosynthesis of dopamine and 5-HT in the ipsilateral striatum.
The Classical Equations of Motion of Point Particles. II

In Part I of this paper the problem of the relation of field theory and the theory of action at a distance was investigated for the neutral vector and scalar meson theories. The work is here extended to the charge-symmetrical meson theory. First the equations of motion of particles interacting through vector meson fields are found for half-retarded, half-advanced interaction, using the field-theoretical methods developed for retarded interaction; equations for both cases are given for particles interacting through scalar meson fields. These equations contain integrals over the past and entire motion in the retarded and symmetric case, respectively. These are inadmissible from the point of view of action at a distance, and new equations are postulated. Variational principles are developed for these equations, and energy-momentum tensors and charge-current vectors guaranteeing detailed conservation laws are defined. The application of the Wheeler-Feynman method to the equations of both theories is discussed. Conclusions analogous to those found in the neutral case are obtained.
The band spectra of crystals and complex gases

The luminescent spectra of the uranyl salt crystals first discussed from the modern standpoint by Ehrenfest presents some radiation characteristics of a remarkable nature. These crystals at liquid-air temperatures as discovered by J. Becquerel and Onnes in 1903 have a large number of narrow bands occurring at definite intervals across the invisible spectrum.
Injury to the Glenohumeral Capsule During Anterior Dislocation Results in Damage to the Anteroinferior Capsule

The glenohumeral joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint in the body with about 2% of the population dislocating their shoulders between the ages of 18 and 70 [1]. About 80% of these shoulder dislocations occur in the anterior direction, and they most commonly occur in the apprehension position, which is characterized by 60° of glenohumeral abduction and 60° of external rotation [2]. The most common pathology associated with dislocation is instability due to permanent deformation [3]. Current surgical repair techniques for shoulder dislocations are inadequate with about 25% of patients still experiencing pain and instability after surgery [4]. By assessing the strain distribution, it is possible to determine the stabilizing function of the various capsular regions. In addition, surgeons could benefit from knowing the location and extent of tissue damage when placating the capsule during repair procedures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the location and extent of injury to the anteroinferior capsule during anterior dislocation by quantifying the strain at dislocation and the non-recoverable strain following dislocation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Reminiscing my sixty year pursuit of the physics of the Sun and the Galaxy

Reminiscing begins with childhood and passes on to student days through graduate school and the first real contact with research. Then early academic positions and stumbling efforts to pursue my ideas. The first significant progress came as a research associate with Prof. W. M. Elsasser at the University of Utah, beginning with an introduction to magnetohydrodynamics and the generation of the geomagnetic field through induction in the liquid metal core of Earth. A move to the University of Chicago to work with Prof. J. A. Simpson, on the implications of cosmic ray variations and interplanetary magnetic fields, led to the theory of coronal expansion and the solar wind and then to exploring the dynamical effects of cosmic rays on the galactic magnetic field. Spontaneous current sheets and intrinsic rapid reconnection in interlaced magnetic field line topologies were the next big project, leading up to retirement. Finally, it is a pleasure to recall my many associates, whose fresh thinking helped stimulate the daily research activities.
Effects of Species-Specific Cues and the CS–US Interval on the Topography of the Sexually Conditioned Response

Abstract Given that the sexual behavior system is most relevant to the ultimate fitness of an organism, understanding determinants that govern the nature of sexually conditioned responses is imperative. In the present experiment, models that either contained or did not contain female species-specific head and neck cues served as CSs. The models were presented for either a 1-min or a 20-min CS–US interval using a delayed conditioning procedure. The US was always copulation with a female quail. Our results indicated that conditioned consummatory responses were acquired in the presence of species-specific female cues when the CS–US interval was short or during the first minute of the long CS–US interval. Thus, the presence of female cues may serve to predispose or prime male quail to learn to respond to cues that predict sexual opportunity. The findings are discussed in the context of constraints on sexual learning and the behavior systems approach.
Kinetics of Vapor-Phase Mercury Uptake by Virgin and Sulfur-Impregnated Activated Carbons.

The injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC) into combustion flue gas, with subsequent collection in a particulate control device, and granular activated carbon (GAC) fixed-bed adsorption offer new promise for achieving high-quality air emissions with respect to elemental mercury concentrations. One of the key parameters that governs the applicability of adsorption technology to flue gas cleanup is the rate of vapor-phase mercury removal, which was the main focus of this study. The kinetics of vapor-phase mercury uptake by a virgin bituminous coal-based activated carbon (BPL), a commercially available sulfur impregnated activated carbon (HGR), and a BPL carbon impregnated with sulfur at 600 oC (BPL-S) was evaluated as a function of temperature and elemental mercury concentration. For all three carbons, an increase in mercury concentration and a decrease in temperature resulted in an increased overall mercury uptake. The rate of mercury uptake by HGR carbon was slower at higher temperatures due to the change in sulfur structure, which induced a decreased number of terminal sulfur atoms available to react with mercury. For a given flue gas temperature, an increase in mercury concentration resulted in slower mercury uptake kinetics, which suggests that the rate of mercuric sulfide (HgS) diffusion into the sulfur mass is the rate-limiting step. The rate of mercury uptake by BPL-S carbon deteriorated with an increase in temperature, which indicates that the rate of HgS formation is the rate-limiting step in the overall mercury removal process. BPL-S carbon displayed faster uptake kinetics and higher total mercury uptake than HGR carbon, except for very high initial mercury concentrations (e.g., >1,000 mg/m3 ).
Bimodality and long-range order in ideal Bose systems

The cluster expansion for the classical and the quantum canonical partition function are related to the Bell polynomials. This observation is exploited in derivation of a set of recursion relations that render tractable numerical evaluation of quantities such as mean cluster size distributions and pressure isotherms. The exact volume dependences of properties of an ideal Bose gas are calculated under periodic boundary conditions. Numerical calculations with volume-independent cluster integrals show bimodal distributions in the mean cluster weight for two- and three-dimensional ideal Bose gases at sufficiently low temperature and high density. The variation of the size at which the liquid (condensate) peak appears indicates that the liquid clusters are macroscopic in macroscopic systems. The similarity between the Bose-Einstein condensation and the sol→gel transition in nonlinear chemically polymerizing systems is discussed. When the exact volume dependence of the cluster integrals is taken into account, the mean cluster weight distribution becomes “chair shaped” rather than bimodal and displays no diagonal long-range order in the canonical ensemble. The “Kac density” for an ideal Bose gas implies that in the canonical ensemble the Ursell function satisfies a cluster property in the limit in which the coordinates of the particles are widely separated.
Clostridium perfringens α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase blood group A2-degrading activity

Enzymic modification of type A(2) erythrocyte membranes with Clostridium perfringens alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase was investigated. An ELISA demonstrated hydrolysis of type A(2) epitopes under conditions of red-blood-cell collection and storage. The enzyme hydrolysed the terminal N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine from the blood type A(2) antigen, producing H antigen, blood group O, which is universally compatible in the ABO system. The enzyme was active in common red-cell preservative solutions at pH 6.4-7.0, at 4 degrees C, at ionic strengths found in stored red cell units and in the presence of type A plasma. These data imply that the C. perfringens alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase might be added directly to packed A(2) red-blood-cell units for enzymic conversion to blood type O. Further studies are warranted.
Eddy patterns from horizontal sound velocity variations in the main thermocline between Bermuda and the Bahamas

Abstract Sound speed measurements between Bermuda and the Bahama Banks at 800 m during summer 1966 and spring 1969 reveal spatial patterns with wavelength scales of 200 to 500 km. The patterns seem to be evidence for barotropic-baroclinic waves.
Training therapy of psychotherapists: professional socialization as interprofessional relations.

Summy.--One aspect of professional socialization unique to mental health workers is training therapy. It is shown empirically in one large city that only one (psychoanalysis) of the four primary mental health professions (also including psychiatry, clinical psychology, and psychiatric social work) usually provides this kind of socialization. This tendency can be interpreted as showing that the practice of psychanalysis is the core set of symbolic tasks in psychotherapy and any sharing of it has symbolic value for the other mental health professions. If this interpretation is correct, then one would expect to find in further research that professionals in the other three mental health professions, who have undergone training therapy from a psychoanalyst, would have higher status, more rapid job advancemenc, and be "core" leaders in their own professions. Therapy for the purpose of training mental health workers is one aspect of their professional socialization. Its importance dates back in the founding of these professions to the ideas of Sigmund Freud (1950, pp. 23, 55, 97; Rieff, 1968, p. 75). Its aim is that the student gain personal insight so as later to perform better the role of psychotherapist for his own patients. If training is provided by individuals in other professions, such therapy could be viewed as something other than professional socialization. On the other hand, to the extent that there is a formally or informally agreed upon division of labor among the professions as to which profession should provide training therapy for their new recruits, one can continue to consider training therapy as professional socialization. The view to be established here is that professional socialization and interprofessional relations must be considered at the same time. Psychiatrists who receive training therapy from psychoanalysts are a special case. Psychoanalysts are qualified psychiatrists who have received further education at psychoanalytic institutes; such instinites usually require the student to undergo a training analysis from a psychoanalyst as a requirement for certification. Hence, some psychiatrists who have received training therapy from a psychoanalyst may themselves be in the process of becoming psychoanalysts. On the other hand, because clinical psychologists and psychiatric social workers lack the medical degree, they could not become certified psychoanalysts even with a training analysis from a psychoanalyst. At most, they could, if they wished, call themselves "lay analysts."
Clinical validation of the watershed sign as a marker for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective To study the relationship between single-photon–emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain imaging and neuropsychiatric signs/symptoms in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), analyzed using a stereotactic surface projection (SSP) technique. Methods Thirty-seven SLE patients were referred for 99mTc–ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT brain imaging because of neuropsychiatric signs/symptoms. Nineteen normal controls were studied with the identical protocol. Reconstructed images were computed and Z scores were calculated using the SSP technique with the 2-sample t-tests comparing normal controls with SLE patients, and patients with mild cognitive dysfunction with those with severe cognitive dysfunction. The clinical characteristics of SLE patients were collected by retrospective chart review and categorized according to American College of Rheumatology case definitions for neuropsychiatric SLE. Cognitive dysfunction was rated by the treating physician on a scale of 0–3. Results Thirty of 37 SLE patients had abnormal SPECT results. SLE patients had reduced perfusion in the watershed areas of the frontal lobes bilaterally compared with controls. Additionally, SLE patients with severe cognitive dysfunction had more severe perfusion deficits than those with mild cognitive dysfunction. In some patients with severe cognitive dysfunction, the watershed areas had Z scores ≥4 SDs below controls. Conclusion A convenience sample of patients with SLE and neuropsychiatric signs/symptoms demonstrated reduced perfusion in the watershed areas of the frontal lobes on SPECT scanning analyzed by the SSP technique. The severity of findings correlated with severity of cognitive dysfunction. The area of the brain affected is one that is susceptible to ischemia.
Renal concentrating mechanism: Central core and vasa recta models☆

Abstract Mathematical models are essential in testing alternative hypotheses to explain the concentrating mechanism of the mammalian kidney. The basis features of a central core and two other vasa recta models, as well as efficient modeling techniques are described. It is shown that, by suitable choice of a few parameters, the two vasa recta models lead to the same osmolality and concentration ratios as the central core model.
A broadcast protocol with drivers' anonymity for vehicle-to-vehicle communication networks

In Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication networks, vehicles broadcast their safety-critical information to alert nearby vehicles of possible collisions. It is necessary to provide secure wireless communications for V2V safety applications to prevent unauthorised entities from tampering with the broadcast data. A Certificate Authority (CA) can provide trust and secure communications among drivers in V2V networks. However, the disclosure of drivers' unique public keys from their certificates will allow unauthorised entities to trace drivers' movements and locations they visit. Revealing such information without consent from drivers is a violation of their privacy. In this paper, we propose a broadcast protocol for V2V safety applications that provides anonymity for drivers. In our scheme, drivers frequently change their public keys using the digital signature algorithm. The CA is not required to authenticate the generated public keys. The recipients of a signed message can verify the correctness of the signature without identifying the signer.
A preliminary survey of lichen associated eukaryotes using pyrosequencing

Although various eukaryotic organisms, such as arthropods, endolichenic/lichenicolous fungi, and nematodes, have been isolated from lichens, the diversity and structure of eukaryotic communities associated with lichen thalli has not been well studied. In addressing this knowledge gap, we used bar-coded pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA genes to survey eukaryotes associated with thalli of three different lichen species. In addition to revealing an expected high abundance of lichen biont- related 18S genes, sequences recovered in our survey showed non-biont fungi from the Ascomycota also have a substantial presence in these thalli. Our samples additionally harboured fungi representing phyla (Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota) that have not been isolated previously from lichens; however, their very low abundance indicates an incidental presence. The recovery of Alveolata, Metazoa, and Rhizaria sequences, along with recent work revealing the considerable bacterial diversity in these same samples, suggests lichens function as minute ecosystems in addition to being symbiotic organisms.
Microstructural and morphological changes induced in glassy carbon electrodes by laser irradiation

Abstract Raman spectra, phenanthrenequinone adsorption, differential capacitance and scanning electron micrographs on fractured and polished glassy carbon (GC) surfaces were monitored before and after pulsed laser irradiation of varying power density. At power densities below 30 MW / cm 2 , the Raman spectra, Γ PQ , C dl o and SEM appearance of polished surfaces changed slightly with laser activation. However, the Raman spectra of fractured GC indicated increased disorder during laser irradiation. After vigorous laser treatment, the Raman spectrum became similar to that of the polished surface, but Γ and C dl o on the fractured surface did not change greatly at power densities below 30 MW / cm 2 . At higher power densities, both polished and fractured surfaces showed significantly higher Γ PQ and C dl o , and the SEMs showed evidence of local melting. After 70 MW / cm 2 laser treatment, the fractured and polished surfaces were quite similar. The results support a mechanism based on thermomechanical shock below about 30 MW / cm 2 and local melting above this threshold.
Timing Controversial Decisions

Suppose that members of a state court are prepared to announce a highly controversial ruling. The court might be prepared to rule that a state must allow same-sex marriage, that a state may not continue affirmative action programs, or that a popular environmental statute is unconstitutional. Suppose too that the opinion is complete and ready to be made public. Suppose finally that an election will be held in a short time, and that the court is aware that the ruling will have at least some degree of relevance to voters. In the most extreme cases, members of the court believe that the ruling will become a highly salient issue in the campaign and that many voters might be affected by the decision. Should the court refuse to issue the opinion until after the election? As far as I am aware, there is no serious scholarship on the question whether and when it is appropriate to wait to issue a controversial ruling until after an election. In this brief essay, I set out and evaluate an argument in favor of waiting. The central question is whether a court should not issue a controversial ruling under two conditions: (1) an election is about to occur; and (2) it is far from unreasonable to suppose that the decision will affect its outcome. Under those conditions, I shall suggest that there is a plausible argument that the court should wait before issuing the opinion. The ultimate conclusion cannot, however, be resolved in the abstract. As I will suggest, everything depends on whether voters will react rationally to the court’s decision, or whether the proximity of the decision to the vote, and its exploitation by political entrepreneurs, will distort voters’ judgments. There is also a question about judicial competence to assess the underlying empirical questions. If judges lack such competence, it might be best for them to ignore the possibility that their decisions might have electoral effects. My conclusion is that if courts are able to assess the underlying questions, and if the likelihood of distortion is high, there is a good argument that courts should wait before announcing their rulings, not least because little is likely to be lost by a delay.
Complex Formation between Bovine Serum Albumin and Strong Polyelectrolytes: Effect of Polymer Charge Density

Light scattering and pH titration were used to examine the binding of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), poly(acrylamidomethylpropyl sulfonate) (PAMPS), poly(methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PMAPTAC), and an AMPS−acrylamide random copolymer (PAMPS80AAm20). The critical protein charge required to induce protein−polyelectrolyte complexation, (Zpr)c, was found to vary linearly with the square root of the ionic strength (I1/2), i.e., with the Debye−Huckel parameter (κ), the proportionality constant being a function of polyelectrolyte chain parameters such as intrinsic stiffness and charge density. This linearity was remarkably continuous through Zpr = 0, with (Zpr)c occurring predominantly “on the wrong side” of the isoionic point; i.e., the onset of binding was typically observed when the global protein charge was of the same sign as the polyelectrolyte. Binding of BSA to the lower charge density polyanion (PAMPS80AAm20) unexpectedly occurred under...
Contemporary Conceptions of Environmental Risk: Implications for Resource Management and Policy

Recent theoretical development in environmental sociology has focused on the concept of “risk.” Macro- and middle-range theoretical conceptualizations relevant to understanding environmental risk and resource depletion have emerged from Europe and the United States. We review five theoretical approaches to the environment–society relationship and identify convergent characteristics relevant for resource management in the modern world. These characteristics suggest goals for resource management should include expanded discursive systems, a more informed public and building institutional trust.
Haskell-style overloading is NP-hard

Extensions of the ML type system, based on constrained type schemes, have been proposed for languages with overloading. Type inference in these systems requires solving the following satisfiability problem. Given a set of type assumptions C over finite types and a type basis A, is there is a substitution S that satisfies C in that A implies that CS is derivable? Under arbitrary overloading, the problem is undecidable. Haskell limits overloading to a form similar to that proposed by Kaes (1988) called parametric overloading. We formally characterize parametric overloading in terms of a regular tree language and prove that although decidable, satisfiability is NP-hard when overloading is parametric. >
Surrendering the Dream: Early Career Conflict and Faculty Dissatisfaction Thresholds

This study describes the nature and experience of professional conflict in relation to faculty satisfaction. Part of a longitudinal investigation of faculty identity development in education, this analysis concentrates on nine participants who spontaneously expressed disillusionment with their academic career and considered leaving higher education. Conflict narratives from multiple interviews are analyzed using the constant comparative method. Findings indicate that personal experiences of professional conflict correspond to an individual’s motivating force (source of meaningfulness) and disrupting force (interruption to meaningfulness), thus the disillusioning process evolves along a continuum of expectation and disposition, resulting in differential thresholds of faculty dissatisfaction. Furthermore, conflict is explored as a source of professional transformation and development of faculty identity.
Oral Diets and Nutrition Support for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: What is the Evidence?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which primarily includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis are not well understood at this time, but likely involve an interaction between genetic, gut microbial, immune, and environmental factors. Emerging epidemiologic studies have suggested a relationship between specific dietary nutrients as an environmental factor and IBD risk. Clinical trials have also shown oral diets to have variable efficacy in affecting clinical outcomes for IBD. This review discusses the key studies that evaluated the use of various oral diets as well as nutrition support in the management of IBD.
Bring-Your-Own-Device: Turning Cell Phones into Forces for Good

Over the last few years, classroom response systems (or “clickers”) have become increasingly common. Although most systems require students to use a standalone handheld device, bring-your-own-device (BYOD) systems allow students to use devices they already own (e.g., a cell phone, tablet or laptop) to submit responses via text message or through a Web browser. In this article, the author discusses the benefits and costs specific to using a bring-your-own-device system and compares these systems to traditional handheld clickers. She particularly focuses on the issues associated with allowing the use of cell phones and laptops in the classroom and offers some advice based on her own experience with a bring-your-own-device system.
In memoriam Dr Solbert Permutt, 1925–2012.

It is with great sadness that we report to readers of the European Respiratory Journal and members of the European Respiratory Society the passing of Dr Solbert Permutt (fig. 1), who died at the age of 87 years on May 23, 2012, after a protracted battle with oesophageal cancer. As many already appreciate, Sol was one of the giants of respiratory medicine and physiology, and his passing is an immense loss to our community. He was a remarkable individual with an unbounded level of enthusiasm, creativity and inspiration. Those who had the good fortune to know him had their lives influenced in many positive ways. Figure 1– Solbert Permutt, 1925–2012. Sol entered this world on March 6, 1925, in Birmingham, AL, 9 years after his mother had a tubal ligation. At the time, his mother confided that learning of this unwanted pregnancy seemed worse than finding out she had cancer; however, Sol soon became a treasured child, in no small part because of his clearly superior intelligence. In elementary and high school, he was a brilliant but undisciplined student, who cut school to spend time at the local library and earned some spending money by teaching calculus to undergraduates at the University of Alabama. In 1942, after the onset of World War II and a single year as a student at this university, Sol was drafted into the US Army. His high scores on a medical aptitude test caused him to be assigned to the army's medical school programme, where he completed one year of premed at the …
SCALE-DEPENDENT PATTERNS IN BODY SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF NEOTROPICAL MAMMALS

We report on the spatial scaling of body size distributions in the mammalian fauna of South America, exclusive of fully aquatic or volant species. Although the frequency distribution of body sizes for 720 species of South American mammals was qualitatively similar to that observed for 464 species of North American mammals, different patterns emerged at smaller spatial scales in these two regions. At smaller scales in North America, body size frequency distributions became progressively more uniform on a log axis, whereas they remained modal with decreasing spatial scale in neotropical rain forest, and the mode shifted to larger body sizes. This unexpected scaling relationship appears to reflect the addition of a substantial third habitat dimension: the rain forest canopy. When rain forest mammals were separated by foraging stratum (terrestrial, scansorial, and arboreal), distributions of body sizes within strata exhibited scaling relationships similar to those observed in temperate areas of North and South America. These results are consistent with earlier interpretations of body size scaling across large geographic or taxonomic ranges, but they emphasize the pivotal role that habitat structure and heterogeneity can play in the ecological and evolutionary development of faunas. Additionally, these results underscore the role of habitat complexity as a factor contributing to the latitudinal gradient in species richness.
Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography of the New World Flying Squirrels (Glaucomys): Implications for Pleistocene Biogeography

Cytochrome- b sequence data of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to infer evolutionary and biogeographic histories of the New World flying squirrels, Glaucomys sabrinus and G. volans . Two distinct mtDNA lineages were recovered within G. sabrinus: a western lineage consisting of populations from western California, Oregon, and Washington, and a much larger “eastern” lineage comprised of populations from the remainder of the species ' range (North Carolina, West Virginia, Michigan, Utah, Alaska, eastern Washington, British Columbia, and Alberta). In contrast, only one major mtDNA lineage was recovered within G. volans . Little sequence variation was observed among populations of G. volans (≤0.6%), but sequence variation within G. sabrinus was much higher (2.3% and 2.6% within the eastern and western clades, respectively, and 4.3–7.2% between the two clades). The level of sequence divergence observed between the eastern and western mtDNA clades of G. sabrinus (4.3–7.2%) was slightly greater than that observed between the two species, G. sabrinus and G. volans (4.0–6.1%), suggesting the possibility of an unrecognized species within G. sabrinus . Minimum levels of sequence divergence among the three mtDNA clades were nearly equal (ca. 4% in all pairwise comparisons), suggesting that Glaucomys underwent a relatively rapid diversification in the early-to-middle Pleistocene. The mtDNA discontinuity in the Pacific Northwest within G. sabrinus is congruent with similar disjunctions in a variety of vertebrate taxa, suggesting that an ancestral North American boreal ecosystem may have been divided into two distinct communities at this time.