cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in wall tension and shear stress modulate tyrosine kinase signaling and wall remodeling in experimental vein grafts

Abstract Purpose: Hemodynamic alterations have been implicated as major stimuli for the development of intimal hyperplasia in vein grafts that are implanted in the arterial circulation. Tyrosine kinase is known to mediate cell signaling. However, its role with in vivo mechanotransduction is not yet well defined. We used a novel bioprosthetic collagen tube to provide an external support to vein grafts and examined the subsequent changes in hemodynamics, tyrosine kinase signaling, wall remodeling, and vasomotor function. Methods: Carotid interposition bypass grafting was performed with the reversed jugular vein in New Zealand white rabbits. In the experimental group (n = 15), after the completion of the proximal anastomosis, the vein was passed through a 4-mm collagen tube and the distal anastomosis was performed. The tube support was fashioned to completely cover the vein grafts. The control animals (n = 14) had no tube support. After surgery, the blood pressure and flow rate were measured and the wall tension and shear stress were calculated in the vein grafts on day 3 or day 28 (n = 5 per group). Tyrosine phosphorylation was assessed with the Western blot test in vein grafts at day 3 (n = 4 per group). The intimal and medial dimensions of the vein grafts were assessed with videomorphometry on day 28 (n = 5 per group). The cumulative dose response curves of the vein grafts to contractile and relaxant agonists were determined in isometric tension studies on day 28 (n = 5 per group). Results: The use of tube support reduced wall tension 1.7-fold ( P P P m m vs 84 ± 5 m m, respectively; P m m vs 79 ± 4 m m, respectively; P Conclusion: These results show that reduced wall tension and increased shear stress with an external tube support can effectively modulate the signaling, functional, and hyperplastic responses in vein grafts. We conclude that this simple strategy deserves further study and clinical consideration. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:334-44.)
Secondary flow in a Hele-Shaw cell

We examine the flow in a horizontal Hele-Shaw cell in which the undisturbed unidirectional flow at infinity is required to stream around a vertical cylinder spanning the gap between the two (horizontal) plates of the cell. A combination of matched asymptotic expansions and numerical methods is employed to elucidate the structure of the boundary layer near the surface of the cylinder. The two length scales of the problem are the gap, h, and the length of the body, l; it is assumed that h/l<<1. The characteristic Reynolds number based on l is O(1). The length scales associated with the boundary layer and the classical Hele-Shaw flow pattern are O(h) and O(l), respectively.It is found that the boundary layer contains streamwise vorticity. This vorticity is generated at the three no-slip surfaces (the two plates and the cylinder wall) as a result of the cross-flow induced by the streamwise acceleration/deceleration of the flow around the curved cylinder. The strength of the secondary flow, hence the associated streamwise vorticity, is proportional to changes in body curvature. The validity of the classical Hele-Shaw flow is examined systematically, and higher-order corrections are worked out. This results in a displacement thickness that is roughly 30% of the gap. In other words, the lowest-order correction to the classical Hele-Shaw flow may be obtained by requiring the outer flow (on the scale O(l)) to satisfy the no-penetration boundary condition on a displaced cylinder surface. The boundary layer contains ‘corner’ vortices at the intersections of the horizontal plates and the vertical cylinder surface.
How to approach genome wars in sepsis

Sepsis continues to pose a clear challenge as one of the most difficult and costly problems to treat and prevent. Sepsis is caused by systemic or localized infections that damage the integrity of microcirculation in multiple organs. The challenge of sepsis and its long-term sequelae was addressed by the National Institutes of Health National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Division of Blood Diseases and Resources. Defining sepsis as severe endothelial dysfunction syndrome that causes multiorgan failure in response to intravascular or extravascular microbial agents, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute panel proposed the concept of genome wars as a platform for new diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approaches to sepsis.
Organizational competence for harnessing IT: A case study

In spite of decades of discussion and research into the benefits of the use of IT in the organization, it has been difficult to prove a positive gain. Literature on IT management has reported more cases of failed implementations than of success. We believed that developing organizational competencies both helped in harnessing IT and also in gaining competitive advantage. Conceptual schema for developing this was based on the theory of strategic competence, which formed the basis of our work. We undertook a case study to prove this. Findings suggested that three broad categories of competence were necessary for harnessing IT. A number of facilitating competencies were also found and are presented.
Preventing Pandemics via International Development: A Systems Approach

Tiffany Bogich and colleagues find that breakdown or absence of public health infrastructure is most often the driver in pandemic outbreaks, whose prevention requires mainstream development funding rather than emergency funding.
The Relationship Between Alcohol Price and Brand Choice Among Underage Drinkers: Are the Most Popular Alcoholic Brands Consumed by Youth the Cheapest?

We examined the influence of price on alcohol brand choice among underage youth. Using a national sample of 1,032 youth, ages 13-20, recruited from a national Internet panel in 2011-2012, we compared differences in mean prices between popular and unpopular brands, examined the association of price and brand popularity using logistic regression, and rank ordered the average price of top brands. Lower brand-specific prices were significantly associated with higher levels of past 30-day consumption prevalence. However, youth did not preferentially consume the cheapest brands. These findings indicate that youth have preferences for certain brands, even if those brands cost more than competing brands. Our study highlights the need for research on the impact of brand-specific alcohol marketing on underage drinking.
The impact of multiple antennas in physical layer encryption key establishment

While secret encryption keys are commonly-used for securing wireless transmissions, establishment of such keys has traditionally been accomplished using computational techniques at the higher layers of the wireless communication protocol stack. However, the multipath electromagnetic propagation typical of many environments can also be an excellent source of random variables useful for encryption key generation. Furthermore, antennas play an important role in how the transmitter and receiver excite or sense the channel and therefore become a critical component in the performance of techniques that exploit the multipath channel for key establishment. This paper focuses on how using multiple antennas can dramatically improve the performance of such key establishment methods.
An Empirical Analysis of Where Firms Choose to Emit and Corresponding Firm Performance

This paper explores the firm-level, state and federal characteristics that explain pollution emissions during 1988-1996. Differences in pollution approach between different types of firms and the states in which they operate provide an unique research setting to investigate how firms respond to differing levels of state environmental regulation, what effect a change in regime at the federal level has on firm pollution control, how firms with favorable environmental reputations compare to firms with unfavorable environmental reputations and what firm characteristics are related to environmental performance. The results indicate that government regulation influences where firms choose to emit. The results further indicate the firms that emit more of their emissions in pro-industry states have organizational slack available to meet the increase in federal environmental regulations. Moreover, firms with favorable environmental reputations did not reduce emissions significantly more than firms with unfavorable environmental reputations.
The Pharisees in Recent Catholic Writing

The negative image of the Pharisees in the Christian tradition since the time of the Gospels is stark, to say the least. Ninety percent of the references to them in elementary Catholic textbooks and seventy-eight percent in secondary Catholic school texts are negative. Because this image is historically unwarranted and because the Pharisees are the forefathers of present-day rabbinic Judaism, correcting that distorted image both in Christian scholarship and popular education is essential to further Jewish-Christian dialogue. With Vatican II there was “turning around” in the official Catholic Church on the image of the Pharisees, and since that time numerous official Catholic documents have called for a balancing of the distorted image of the Pharisees. Some Catholic scholars, mostly in the United States, and to some extent in Germany, have begun that scholarly and popular education process. John Pawlikowski, Eugene Fisher, Clemens Thoma, and Franz Mussner stand out in this work. But much remains to be done to bring that new scholarship into the classroom, books, and liturgy.
Molecular orbital theory of the hydrogen bond: Part XXXI. Water with the purine bases adenine and guanine

Abstract Ab initio SCF and SCF-CI calculations with the STO-3G basis set have been performed to investigate the structures and energies of adenine—water and guanine—water complexes, and the intermolecular surfaces in the molecular plane of these bases. Three distinguishable dimers have been found on the adenine—water surface. The most stable is dimer M ″ in which the water molecule assumes a bridging position between N 7 and the amino NH which is s- trans to N 1 C 6 . The dimer stabilization energy is -11.8 kcal mol −1 . Next in stability is dimer L , in which N 9 H is the proton donor to water, with the water hydrogens cis to N 3 with respect to the intermolecular NO line. This dimer is 0.3 kcal mol −1 less stable than dimer M ″. The least stable dimer is the wobble dimer ( I1 ″ J ) in the N 1 and amino NH′ region of the surface. The cyclic form of this dimer, with a stabilization energy of -9.3 kcal mol −1 , is slightly preferred over the open form. The guanine—water surface is quite distinct from the adenine—water surface. Of the four guanine—water dimers, the most stable is an amide wobble dimer ( A ″ E ) in the N 1 H and O 6 region, with a stabilization energy of -10.7 kcal mol −1 . Dimer L , which is only slightly less stable at -10.6 kcal mol −1 , has guanine as the proton donor to water with a linear N 9  H⋯O hydrogen bond. Another wobble dimer ( I ″ J ) with a stabilization energy of -10.0 kcal mol −1 , is found in the amino NH′ and N 3 region of the surface. The least stable dimer B , in which the water molecule is a double proton donor to guanine at O 6 and at N 7 , has a stabilization energy of -6.8 kcal mol −1 . No stable dimer was found with the amino NH s- cis to N 1 C 2 as the proton donor. Significant structural and energetic changes may occur in particular adenine—water and guanine—water dimers upon excitation of these purine bases to each of the first three n → π* states. The changes which occur depend on the nature of the n → π* excitation, and the hydrogen bonding scheme in the dimer. However, all adenine—water and guanine—water dimers remain bound in the excited n → π* states.
MODELING EXERCISE EFFECTS IN TYPE I DIABETIC PATIENTS

Abstract A model for glucose metabolism during exercise is developed for use in an automated insulin delivery device. Key changes that occur in the body during exercise are an increase and redistribution of blood flow, increased glucose uptake, and increased glucose production by the liver. A model of glucose and insulin metabolism for exercise intensity ≤ 60% VO 2 max and duration ≤ 90 minutes has been constructed. The model-generated glucose profiles are consistent with physiological behavior over this time period based on comparisons with literature data.
Analysis on Mechanism of Drilling Induced Outburst and Prevention Measures

In order to analyze the coal and gas outburst mechanism occurred from the gas drainage borehole drilling and the gas outburst prevention borehole drilling processing at the working face in the underground mine,the outburst processing occurred from the borehole drilling was analyzed.From the strength and hardness of the coal and rock in the working face,the three zone distribution law of the working face,the stress and strain full process conditions of the seam,the ground stress released the borehole,the plasticity zone radius of the coal and rock around the borehole,rheology mechanism of the coal and rock and others,a theoretical analysis was conducted on the outburst.The study results and the engineering practices showed that the boreholes in the coal mining face could effectively drain the seam gas in the coal mining face,reduce the seam gas pressure,enhance the length of the pressure releasing zone in the coal mining face,enhance the thickness of the outburst prevention curtain in the coal mining face and have the outburst prevention effect.But the intensive boreholes drilled in the coal mining face would destroy the previous structure of the coal and rock,reduce the previous hardness and strength of the coal and rock and reduce the strength of the outburst prevention curtain in the coal mining face.Meanwhile the disturbances occurred during the borehole drilling process could increase the danger of the outburst and thus the borehole drilling in the coal mining face would have double roles of the outburst prevention and the outburst induced.
The Influence of Intracellular Location on Function of Ras Proteins

Publisher Summary There are two ways that Ras proteins might come to be at multiple locations within a cell. Knowledge of the vehicles, regulation of departure, and speed of Ras movement are the key to understanding signaling in this scenario. Multiple studies give glimpses of both scenarios, and show that experimental manipulation of the location of introduced Ras proteins is a tactic that can alter Ras signaling. The major shift in our understanding that has come from the study of these trafficking events is that Ras proteins are not docile travelers; in response to mitogens, they can actively signal from both cell surface and internal membrane. The challenge ahead is to find ways to apply these driving lessons to endogenous Ras proteins and learn if this helps steer Ras away from oncogenic destinations. The experiments that begin to answer these questions are described in this chapter.
Desigualdade racial no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, 1990-2010

Este ensaio compara indicadores estatisticos da desigualdade racial entre negros e brancos no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos entre 1990 e 2010. Esses indicadores incluem diferencas raciais de fertilidade, expectativa de vida, mortalidade infantil, distribuicao regional, matricula e desempenho educacional, distribuicao da forca de trabalho, renda e pobreza. De1994 a2010, os brasileiros elegeram governos comprometidos com a reducao dos altos niveis de desigualdade regional e de classe. Os programas adotados por estes governos reduziram a pobreza e a desigualdade e permitiram a cerca de 30 milhoes de brasileiros entrar na classe media. O artigo conclui que as politicas destinadas a combater a desigualdade de classe contribuiram tambem para reduzir a desigualdade racial. Na maioria dos indicadores, o Brasil fez mais progressos na reducao das disparidades raciais, durante esses 20 anos, do que fez os Estados Unidos. Em 2010, os Estados Unidos ainda era o pais mais igualitario racialmente, em termos estatisticos; mas as experiencias do Brasil com a democracia social e as acoes afirmativas baseadas em raca e classe social estao a produzir resultados que merecem uma atencao especial por parte dos cidadaos e legisladores interessados em reduzir as desigualdades de classe e raca nos Estados Unidos.
Twenty-Five Years Past Vogt: Assessing the Changing Information Needs of American Travellers

Travel behaviour has changed considerably over the past 25 years as the internet, social media and mobile systems have become integrated into our everyday lives. In particular, the nature and extent of information search is one of the most important aspects of travel behaviour effected by these advancements. This study assesses the impacts of these technologies on travellers’ information needs by comparing the results of studies by Vogt and her colleagues conducted before the advent of the internet and a comparable study conducted recently. The results of this study indicate that functional information is still most important, but the importance of all other information needs (i.e., hedonic, innovation, experiential, and sign) increased significantly as compared to the pre-internet era. Functional information was found to be more important before the trip than during the trip. Innovation and hedonic information were more important during the trip compared to before the trip. In the sign information construct, “social” stands out as being important compared to advisory or symbolic. The theoretic and practical implications are discussed as this study demonstrates the ways travellers search for and use information continues to evolve as the internet becomes more fully integrated into our daily lives.
Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an iatrogenic movement disorder most commonly observed in patients with psychotic disorders who are treated with dopamine blocking antipsychotic medications. Treatment options are limited, and recommendations for treatment are based on a relative scarcity of evidence.Areas covered: After briefly highlighting current mechanistic theories of TD, this review will discuss the evidence for a number of medications of several different classes that have been studied for the treatment of TD since the 1970s with an emphasis on placebo controlled trials when possible. We used a Pubmed search of primary studies, reviews, and metaanalyses on the topic of TD treatment in order to cover this topic.Expert opinion: Treatment of TD is difficult given limited data and incomplete understanding of the mechanism. Treatment of TD must be evaluated on an individual basis with careful weight given to severity of symptoms. We suggest the use of atypical versus conventional antipsyc...
Salvage penile prosthetic surgery utilizing temporary malleable implants

The inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) is an effective erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment modality when oral and injectable therapies fail to achieve satisfactory results. Unfortunately, infection of the prosthetic remains a dreaded complication occurring in a small fraction of patients despite advances in device design and surgical techniques. With a prosthetic infection or erosion, classic management has included removal of all hardware with thorough irrigation of the infected spaces. To prevent corporal fibrosis and scarring that can make a subsequent implant challenging, an immediate salvage procedure with a three-piece prosthesis has been advocated when possible. However, there has been recent interest in using malleable devices during salvage procedures to serve as a temporary implant and further improve outcomes. Based on a literature review of immediate salvage procedures for infected penile prostheses, management with typical Mulcahy washout and IPP reimplant may be quite successful in appropriately selected patients. Based on one case series and a second multicenter trial of malleable salvage procedures, utilizing a malleable as a temporary implant is similarly, if not more, successful at eradicating prosthetic infection. The malleable implant not only serves as a temporary space-filling corporal implant to prevent fibrosis, but may also prove an adequate destination therapy for some given the lower than expected rate of delayed conversion to inflatable prosthesis. Future studies are needed to better characterize the role of malleable devices for penile prosthetic salvage and query patient satisfaction with the malleable device and repeated surgeries.
Price and Quality Change in U.S. Broadband Service Markets

Official government price indexes show both residential and business wired internet access prices essentially flat or increasing in the United States since 2007. Prices for wireless telecommunications services have been falling, at a consistent rate of about 2 to 4 percent per year over this period, and mobile broadband data prices appear to have been falling at rates a full order of magnitude greater. In contrast to the official government price statistics, direct measures of changes in wired broadband service quality over time have shown small but distinctly positive rates of quality improvement in the U.S. in recent years. This paper analyzes empirical data on price and quality for broadband service in US urban areas, and uses this analysis to provide a coherent explanation for the apparent contradiction between the official government price indexes and direct measures of quality improvement in U.S. broadband service available in the academic literature.A hedonic price index estimated using measured characteristics of U.S. broadband service plans gathered from randomly sampled providers within randomly sampled U.S. urban census tracts shows a quality-adjusted price decline of approximately 3 to 4 percent over the January through November 2014 period. If a “pseudo” matched model price index is constructed utilizing only the subset of providers and states offering the exact same service plan characteristics in both January and November of 2014 (utilizing only about 10% of the data in the full sample), we would instead observe a price increase for broadband service in U.S. urban areas of approximately 1.1 percent. This increase in my “pseudo matched model” price index lies at the midpoint between the reported 1.8 percent increase registered in the official U.S. urban consumer price index for “internet services and electronic information,” and the .5 percent increase registered in the official U.S. producer price index for “internet access services,” measured over the same time period.The analysis suggests that the official government price indexes are most likely produced using conventional “matched model” index methods that systematically omit declines in quality-adjusted price resulting from broadband service providers offering improved service quality (faster upload and download speeds, higher data caps) at the same price points associated with previous, lower quality service plans, and further, that introduction of quality improvements at existing price points appears to be the dominant mode for competition among U.S. broadband service providers. Use of matched model price index methods would appear to create a selection bias, screening out most of the effects of competition among service providers, and producing a distinct upward bias in measurements of broadband service price changes. Hedonic methodologies should clearly be preferred in constructing accurate measures of quality-adjusted price for broadband service.
Cultural implications of filial obligation and the Asian Indian American family caregiver

Family caregivers in young adulthood from different racial/ethnic groups represent an understudied population. Of this group, Asian Indians are a diverse and fast-growing immigrant population in the US and present unique challenges for health care providers. To illustrate factors influencing a young family caregiver from an under-represented racial/ethnic population, we report on the case of a 33 year-old American from an Asian Indian background who was a caregiver for his father with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH). With this case report, we illustrate that medical providers should attend to cultural norms of the family system, including family communication patterns, filial obligation, and decision-making.
Introduction to entry inhibitors in the management of HIV infection

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved the survival of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, HAART is complicated by the continuing emergence of drug-resistant strains of HIV and toxicities associated with the antiretroviral agents [1, 2]. Furthermore, since the combination HAART regimens are incapable of eradicating HIV infection, lifelong therapy is required to avoid disease progression [3, 4]. Together, these factors necessitate the continual development of new antiretroviral agents that can be utilized against resistant viruses or that in combination with other agents can provide superior viral suppression with less toxicity.
The origins of bone marrow as the seedbed of our blood: from antiquity to the time of Osler

(2011). The Origins of Bone Marrow as the Seedbed of Our Blood: From Antiquity to the Time of Osler. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 115-118.
Endothelial injury, vasoconstriction, and its prevention

The endothelial cell is an important determinant of vascular tone, and performs this function by the elaboration of several factors that modulate the contractile state of the vascular smooth muscle cell. In response to physical and molecular factors in the vasculature, the endothelial cell maintains basal vascular tone by the elaboration of prostacyclin, endothelium-derived relaxing factor, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, all of which reduce vascular smooth muscle tone. With progressive dysfunction of or injury to the endothelium, however, vascular smooth muscle tone increases in response to reduced production or availability of these endothelium-derived vasorelaxants and increased production of the vasoconstrictor substances, endothelin and endothelium-derived constricting factor(s). Common determinants of endothelial dysfunction that contribute substantially to the progress of vascular diseases include hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, tobacco use, and diabetes mellitus. Current approaches to the reversal or attenuation of the progression of vascular diseases in which the endothelium plays an important role focus on pharmacotherapeutic methods by which to restore normal endothelial function.
Advances in Threshold Decoding

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the recent advances in threshold decoding. In a linear code, whether of the block type or of the convolutional type, the redundant bits in the encoded set are each formed as a modulo-2 summation of selected information bits. Threshold decoding is a simple solution to the decoding problem based on a special subset of parity checks. Threshold decoding has two common forms: (1) majority decoding and (2) a posteriori probability (APP) decoding. The importance of APP decoding is that it permits use of the statistical information regarding the received bits available at the receiver in contrast with purely algebraic decoding techniques. In many systems such as those signaling over the Gaussian white noise channel, this results in an unacceptable degradation of performance. It seems highly significant that most of the new codes found for implementation by threshold decoders have their origins in number theory rather than in algebra. Further use of number theory in this way promises to provide additional classes of codes suitable for threshold decoding.
Electronic Cigarette Harm and Benefit Perceptions and Use Among Youth.

Introduction The purpose of this study is to examine adolescent perceptions of harms and benefits associated with electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and their associations with use. Methods Data from the 2016 Florida Youth Tobacco Survey were analyzed in 2017. Participants who were in high school aged 14–17 years were included (n=22,884). Logistic regression analyses were used to compare e-cigarette use groups on perceived harms and benefits of e-cigarettes. Results Less than one half of the sample reported that e-cigarettes are harmful to their health and less than two thirds reported that individuals can get addicted to e-cigarettes. Compared with committed never users, susceptible never users and all e-cigarette use groups were less likely to report that e-cigarettes were harmful to their health, people can get addicted to e-cigarettes, and that smoke from others’ e-cigarettes were harmful. Furthermore, susceptible never users and all use groups were more likely to report that it would be easy to quit using e-cigarettes than committed never users. Susceptible never users and all use groups were also more likely to perceive benefits of e-cigarette use including having more friends, looking cool or fitting in, feeling more comfortable in social situations, and stress relief compared with committed never users. Conclusions Youth who are susceptible to use, currently use, or have used e-cigarettes are less likely to report harms and more likely to perceive benefits associated with e-cigarette use compared with committed never users. Addressing harm and benefit perceptions may be important for interventions designed to reduce e-cigarette use among adolescents.
A Flash Flood Categorization System Using Scene-Text Recognition

Detecting flash floods in real-time and taking rapid actions are of utmost importance to save human lives, loss of infrastructures, and personal properties in a smart city. In this paper, we develop a low-cost low-power cyber-physical System prototype using a Raspberry Pi camera to detect the rising water level. We deployed the system in the real word and collected data in different environmental conditions (early morning in the presence of fog, sunny afternoon, late afternoon with sunsetting). We employ image processing and text recognition techniques to detect the rising water level and articulate several challenges in deploying such a system in the real environment. We envision this prototype design will pave the way for mass deployment of the flash flood detection system with minimal human intervention.
Phonetic recalibration of visual and auditory speech by visual sentences

Phonetic recalibration is a form of perceptual learning in which experience with an ambiguous speech segment accompanied by disambiguating context biases subsequent perception of that segment. For example, presenting an auditory "f" final word (i.e., “Witlof”; Dutch for “Chicory”) with the final fricative replaced with a sound between /s/ and /f/ results in participants subsequently categorizing more items from a /f/-/s/ continuum as /f/ (Norris, McQueen, Cutler 2003). A similar effect is found for ambiguous visual speech that is accompanied by clear auditory speech (Baart & Vroomen 2010), and for ambiguous auditory speech that is accompanied by clear visual speech (e.g., Vroomen & Baart, 2009). It is unknown whether visual speech alone can recalibrate visual speech segments or whether recalibration in one modality can be transferred to another modality (but see, Dias & Rosenblum 2016). In Experiment 1 of this study we found that sentence context disambiguated a silent visual ambiguous /s/f/ fricative and resulted in visual recalibration. Experiment 2 used these same silent sentences but measured recalibration on an auditory continuum. Preliminary results suggest that recalibration effects can be transferred across modalities in this way. These experiments have implications for theories of amodal perceptual learning. Phonetic recalibration is a form of perceptual learning in which experience with an ambiguous speech segment accompanied by disambiguating context biases subsequent perception of that segment. For example, presenting an auditory "f" final word (i.e., “Witlof”; Dutch for “Chicory”) with the final fricative replaced with a sound between /s/ and /f/ results in participants subsequently categorizing more items from a /f/-/s/ continuum as /f/ (Norris, McQueen, Cutler 2003). A similar effect is found for ambiguous visual speech that is accompanied by clear auditory speech (Baart & Vroomen 2010), and for ambiguous auditory speech that is accompanied by clear visual speech (e.g., Vroomen & Baart, 2009). It is unknown whether visual speech alone can recalibrate visual speech segments or whether recalibration in one modality can be transferred to another modality (but see, Dias & Rosenblum 2016). In Experiment 1 of this study we found that sentence context disambiguated a silent visual ambiguous /s/f/ fricative and...
Commentary and Reflection Related to the Perspectives of Nurses Toward Telehealth Efficacy and Quality of Health Care.

Telehealth nursing enabling communication with chronic disease patients has shown to improve medical outcomes for patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (C...
Can Type 2 Diabetes Sufferers Actually Estimate Serum Glucose Level From Interstitial Fluid Glucose Level: A Diabetes Patient's Experience.

Introduction:The general assumption is that blood glucose (BG) and interstitial fluid glucose (IntFG) are practically the same. We aimed to determine whether the typical patient with type 2 diabete...
Determining and Sharing the Public Value of FCS Telling the Story

Those of us working with publically funded family and consumer sciences (FCS) programs have a dream that we are valued, our work is sustainable, we make a difference in people's lives, and we are recognized for the public value we provide. However, current political forces make this dream a challenge. This article describes a much-needed public value movement for FCS and how to determine and share our public value.
Polarimetric SAR Image Terrain Classification

In practical applications of automated terrain classification from high-resolution polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery, different terrain types may inherently contain a high level of internal variability, as when a broadly defined class (e.g., “trees”) contains elements arising from multiple subclasses (pine, oak, and willow). In addition, real-world factors such as the time of year of a collection, the moisture content of the scene, the imaging geometry, and the radar system parameters can all increase the variability observed within each class. Such variability challenges the ability of classifiers to maintain a high level of sensitivity in recognizing diverse elements that are within-class, without sacrificing their selectivity in rejecting out-of-class elements. In an effort to gauge the degree to which classifiers respond robustly in the presence of intraclass variability and generalize to untrained scenes and conditions, we compare the performance of a suite of classifiers across six broad terrain categories from a large set of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image sets. The main contributions of this article are as follows: 1) an analysis of the robustness of a variety of current state-of-the art classification algorithms to intraclass variability found in PolSAR image sets, and 2) the associated PolSAR image and feature data that Sandia is releasing to the research community with this publication. The analysis of the classification algorithms we provide will serve as a benchmark of performance for the future PolSAR terrain classification algorithm research and development enabled by the image sets and data provided. By sharing our analysis and high-resolution fully polarimetric Sandia data with the research community, we enable others to develop and assess a new generation of robust terrain classification algorithms for PolSAR.
Cost Utility of Breast Tissue Expansion using Carbon Dioxide versus Saline: An Analysis of Infection Risk.

Background The AeroForm System, a needle-free, patient-controlled carbon dioxide-filled tissue expander, represents a novel option for tissue expansion in 2-stage breast reconstruction. This technology has previously been found to decrease time to expansion, health-care utilization, and infection rates. The purpose of this study was to determine the economic impact of the reduced infection rate observed with the AeroForm tissue expander as compared with saline tissue expansion. Methods A decision model incorporating costs, quality-adjusted life years, and clinical outcomes of infection was designed to evaluate the cost-efficacy of AeroForm tissue expanders versus conventional saline expanders. All statistical calculations were performed in the R statistical computing environment. Results Pooled infection rates from the published literature following saline and AeroForm tissue expander placement were 5.83% and 2.62%, respectively. Cost-utility analysis resulted in a baseline expected savings of $253.29 and an expected gain of 0.00122 quality-adjusted life years with AeroForm tissue expanders. One-way sensitivity analysis revealed that AeroForm tissue expanders were dominant when the surgical site infection rate was greater than 4.56% with traditional saline expanders. Conclusions Clinical benefits of an innovation are no longer sufficient to justify its acquisition costs. Novel technologies must also demonstrate favorable economic outcomes. This cost-utility analysis demonstrates that the use of AeroForm expanders is likely a cost-saving technology for 2-stage breast reconstruction.
Is marijuana use associated with decreased use of prescription opioids? Toxicological findings from two US national samples of drivers.

State governments in the United States are increasingly viewing marijuana legalization as a policy option for controlling the opioid epidemic under the premise that marijuana is a less harmful substitute for opioids. The purpose of this study is to assess whether marijuana use is associated with decreased odds of prescription opioid use. A cross-sectional study design was applied to toxicological testing data from two national samples of drivers: 1) the 2011–2016 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and 2) the 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers (NRS). Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated from multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of marijuana use with prescription opioid use and alcohol use. Among the 47,602 drivers from the FARS, 15.7% tested positive for marijuana and 6.9% positive for prescription opioids. Compared with drivers testing negative for marijuana, those testing positive for marijuana were 28% more likely to test positive for prescription opioids (adjusted OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.15–1.42). Among the 7881 drivers from the NRS, 7.9% tested positive for marijuana and 4.5% positive for prescription opioids. Relative to drivers testing negative for marijuana, those testing positive for marijuana were twice as likely to test positive for prescription opioids (adjusted OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.29–3.20). In both study samples, marijuana use was associated with significantly increased odds of alcohol positivity. Drivers who test positive for marijuana are significantly more likely to test positive for prescription opioids. Longitudinal studies with rigorous designs and toxicological testing data are needed to further address the substitution hypothesis between marijuana and prescription opioids.
Physician and nurse practitioner roles in emergency, trauma, critical, and intensive care.

Abstract Background The delivery of emergency, trauma, critical, and intensive care services requires coordination among all members of the care team. Perceived teamwork and role clarity may vary among physicians (MDs) and nurse practitioners (NPs). Purpose To examine differences in perceived roles and responsibilities of NPs and MDs practicing in emergency, trauma, critical, and intensive care. Methods Secondary Analysis of the National Survey of Emergency, Intensive, and Critical Care Nurse Practitioners and Physicians, a cross-sectional national survey of clinicians. Mail survey of randomly selected stratified cross-sectional samples of MDs and NPs drawn from national lists of clinicians in eligible specialties working in emergency, trauma, intensive, and critical care units in the United States. 814 clinicians (351 NPs and 463 MDs) were recruited from national by postal mail survey. Our initial sample included n = 2,063 clinicians, n = 1,031 NPs and n = 1,032 MDs in eligible specialties. Of these, 63.5% of NPs and 70.1% of MDs completed and returned the survey excluding those who were ineligible due to lack of current practice in a relevant specialty. Findings NPs in ICU/CCU are more likely to be female and report working fewer hours than do MDs and provide direct care to more patients. 55% of NPs and 82% of MDs agree that their individual role in their unit is clear (p Discussion At the time of this survey, and majority of NPs and MDs working in emergency, critical and intensive care did not agree that their teams were prepared for a crisis or disaster. Leaders of health organizations should encourage teamwork and professional role clarity to assist units to perform effectively in emergency and disaster preparedness.
POLICE INTEGRITY IN THE COURTROOM WHEN TESTIFYING

The integrity of police when testifying in the courtroom is critical for the trust, confidence, and reputation of both the police force and the criminal justice system. Despite this, however, perjury is a major problem affecting the criminal justice system as can be evident from its high preference across jurisdictions in the entire nation. In addition, it is a real concern to the ability of the criminal justice system to deliver justice to all in the society. However, perjury is a complex problem to deal with due to the ethical nature of different influencers. The influencers range from strict requirements on the rights of defendants for the police to comply with to the inherent demand on officers to ensure successful convictions and implied support by court officials, prosecution, and police departments within the criminal justice system. Accordingly, the collaboration of the different stakeholders in this problem of justice remains a promising solution.
Petrologic imaging of the architecture of magma reservoirs feeding caldera-forming eruptions

Abstract Caldera footprints and erupted magma volumes provide a unique constraint on vertical dimensions of upper crustal magma reservoirs that feed explosive silicic eruptions. Here we define a Vertical Separation (VS) ratio in which we compare the geometric vertical extent with the range of depths indicated petrologically by melt inclusion water and CO2 saturation pressures for fifteen caldera-forming eruptions spanning ∼100 km3 to ∼103 km3 in volume. We supplement melt inclusion saturation pressures with rhyolite-MELTS barometry and plagioclase-melt hygrometry to generate a petrologic image of magma reservoir architecture. We find that pre-eruptive upper crustal magma reservoirs range from contiguous bodies (where petrologic and geometric estimates match closely) to vertically dispersed structures. Vertically dispersed pre-eruptive reservoirs are more common among intermediate-volume eruptions than among the smallest and largest caldera-forming eruptions. We infer that the architecture of magma reservoirs tracks the thermomechanical evolution of large volcanic systems.
Automatic exposure selection and fusion for high-dynamic-range photography via smartphones

High-dynamic-range (HDR) photography involves fusing a bracket of images taken at different exposure settings in order to compensate for the low dynamic range of digital cameras such as the ones used in smartphones. In this paper, a method for automatically selecting the exposure settings of such images is introduced based on the camera characteristic function. In addition, a new fusion method is introduced based on an optimization formulation and weighted averaging. Both of these methods are implemented on a smartphone platform as an HDR app to demonstrate the practicality of the introduced methods. Comparison results with several existing methods are presented indicating the effectiveness as well as the computational efficiency of the introduced solution.
Seed- and Soil-Dependent Differences in Murine Breast Tumor Microenvironments Dictate Anti-PD-L1 IgG Delivery and Therapeutic Efficacy

We sought to determine if Stephen Paget’s “seed and soil” hypothesis of organ-preference patterns of cancer metastasis can explain the development of heterogeneity in a tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as immunotherapeutic delivery and efficacy. We established single-cell-derived clones (clones 1 and 16) from parental 4T1 murine breast cancer cells to create orthotopic primary and liver metastasis models to deconvolute polyclonal complexity cancer cells and the difference in TME-derived heterogeneities. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with anti-PD-L1 IgG or a control antibody, and immunofluorescent imaging and quantification were then performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy on tumor growth, the delivery of therapy to tumors, the development of blood vessels, the expression of PD-L1, the accumulation of immune cells, and the amount of coagulation inside tumors. The quantification showed an inverse correlation between the amount of delivered therapy and therapeutic efficacy in parental-cell-derived tumors. In contrast, tumors originating from clone 16 cells accumulated a significantly greater amount of therapy and responded better than clone-1-derived tumors. This difference was greater when tumors grew in the liver than the primary site. A similar trend was found in PD-L1 expression and immune cell accumulation. However, the change in the number of blood vessels was not significant. In addition, the amount of coagulation was more abundant in clone-1-derived tumors when compared to others. Thus, our findings reconfirmed the seed- and soil-dependent differences in PD-L1 expression, therapeutic delivery, immune cell accumulation, and tumor coagulation, which can constitute a heterogeneous delivery and response of immunotherapy in polyclonal tumors growing in different organs.
Editorial Commentary: Long Head Biceps Tendon Autograft Is an Ideal and Cost-effective Graft Choice in Superior Capsular Reconstruction of the Glenohumeral Joint

Abstract Recent literature supports the concept of superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) in patients with irreparable massive rotator cuff tears. Tensor fascia lata autograft and dermal allograft have been used with reported improvement of clinical outcomes. Long head biceps (LHB) tendon autograft has been proposed as an alternative autograft source for SCR. The advantage of LHB autograft is its anatomic proximity, robust graft strength, and cost-effectiveness. The biomechanical data, as well as short-term clinical outcomes, support the use of LHB autograft for SCR.