cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perianal skin integrity and wound management

Abstract The management of patients with perianal skin loss and/or perianal wounds presents a challenging clinical situation. Although the goal is to maintain skin integrity in a patient undergoing a surgical procedure in the perianal area, the nature of the area—moist mucosa, bacteria from the stool as well as generalized moisture, and uneven skin and tissue planes—make care of the patient with perianal disease challenging. This article will present options to protect and heal the perianal skin from moisture or drainage and review principles of wound management related to wounds in the perianal area.
Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use prior to coronary artery bypass grafting.

Background:Selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitors(SSRIs)havebeenshowntoincreasebleedingrisks. This study examined the association of perioperative coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) bleeding risks and SSRI use prior to CABG. Hypothesis:SSRImaybeassociatedwithincreasedbleedingrisksafterCABGresultinginelevatedreoperation ratesdue to bleeding complications. Methods: Patients who underwent CABG between 1999 and 2003 (n = 4794) were identified in a tertiary medical center. SSRI use (n = 246) was determined using inpatient pharmacy records. Outcomes included primary end point of reoperation due to bleeding complications and other secondary measures. Multivariateregressionmodels were constructedto adjust for baselinedifferencesbetweenSSRI and control groups. Results: Reoperation due to bleeding complications among SSRI users was not significantly different (odds ratio[OR]: 1.14 (0.52–2.47);P = 0.75) compared to the controlgroup. Other secondaryoutcomes and 30-day mortality(2.0% in SSRI vs 2.1% in control group; P = 0.92) between the 2 groups were similar. However,the adjustedtotalvolume of postoperativered blood cell (RBC) unitstransfusedwas higher in the SSRI group. Conclusion: We conclude that there is no compelling evidence to limit the use of SSRIs among patients with coronary artery disease who undergo CABG given the current evidence. Further research may be needed on individualSSRI medications.
Combination of longitudinal and circumferential three-dimensional esophageal dose distribution predicts acute esophagitis in hypofractionated reirradiation of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated in stereotactic body frame.

Purpose: To evaluate dosimetric predictors of acute esophagitis (AE) and clinical outcome of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving reirradiation. Methods and Materials: Seventeen patients with NSCLC received reirradiation to the lung tumors/mediastinum, while immobilized in stereotactic body frame (SBF). CT simulation and hypofractionated three-dimensional radiotherapy were used. Two axial segments of esophagus contours merged together were defined as esophagus disc (ED). For each ED, the percentage (%) of the volume of esophageal circumference treated to % of prescribed dose (PD) was assessed. Number of EDs with 50% or any % of volume ( V ) of esophageal circumference receiving more than or equal to (≥) 50%, 80%, and 100% of PD (50% V ≥50% PD; 50% V ≥80% PD; any % V ≥100% PD) were calculated. These dosimetric variables and the length of the esophagus within the radiation therapy (RT) port were correlated with AE using exact Wilcoxon test. Results: A median RT dose was 32 Gy with a median fraction size of 4 Gy. Eleven of 13 patients presenting with pain and/or shortness of breath had complete or partial resolution of symptoms. Median survival time from the start of reirradiation in SBF until death was 5.5 months. AE was observed in 7 patients and resolved within 3 months of RT completion. No Grade 3 or higher events were noticed. The length of the esophagus within RT port did not predict for AE ( p = 0.71). However, an increased number of EDs predicted for AE for the following dosimetric variables: 50% V ≥50% PD ( p = 0.023), 50% V ≥80% PD ( p = 0.047), and any % V ≥100% PD ( p = 0.004). Patients with at least 2 EDs receiving ≥100% PD to any % V of circumference had AE compared to those with zero EDs. Conclusions: Reirradiation using hypofractionated three-dimensional radiotherapy and SBF immobilization is an effective strategy for palliation of symptoms in selected patients with recurrent NSCLC. The length of the esophagus in the RT field does not predict for AE. However, an increasing number of EDs displaying the combination of longitudinal and circumferential three-dimensional dose distribution along the esophagus is a valuable predictor for AE.
THE CENTRIFUGE METHOD FOR MEASURING NECTAR YIELD.

Relatively little is known of the influence of environmental factors on nectar yield in plants. The problem is of special importance in the case of the forage legumes, where seed set is closely dependent on bee pollination if other factors are not limiting. In at least red clover, satisfactory nectar production is one of the requisites for ensuring sufficient bee visits. Although the importance of such studies has been recognized, research along these lines has been limited by the lack of a suitable method for measuring nectar production. Such a method must combine rapidity with reasonable quantitative accuracy to permit critical study of these and related problems. The purpose of the present paper is to describe briefly a modified centrifuge technique which satisfies acceptably these criteria. The centrifuge method was first used by Gubin (3) and later by Ewert (2) and Stapel and G?tzache (5). None of these investigators critically evaluated the method, and few technical data, such as the centrifugal speed, radial distance, time of centrifuging, and completeness of recovery, are stated in these papers. A further study of the technique was therefore considered advisable. The method has also been simplified to permit direct volumetric determinations of yield, thereby eliminating the use of an analytical balance and considerably increasing the efficiency with which measurements can be made. All evaluations of the technique have been in terms of red clover but the method appears applicable to many other species.
Thermal analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuits (ICs)

In this paper, we examine the thermal issues in 3-D ICs by system-level modeling of power dissipation and analytical and numerical modeling of deviceand package-level heat removal. We find that for comparable system performance in 2-D and 3-D ICs, 20%-25% reduction in power dissipation can be achieved by 3-D integration due to lower capacitance associated with interconnects and clock networks. If the system performance in 3-D ICs is higher (compared to that of 2-D ICs), chip temperature could reach an unacceptable level. The chip temperature is generally limited by the heat removal capability of the packaging technology. To reduce the chip temperature in 3-D ICs for reliable operation of devices and interconnects, innovative package-level cooling technologies will be necessary. Thermal vias, Cu bonding layer for 3-D integration, etc. could also be beneficial for heat removal in 3-D ICs.
Spatially Distributed Sensible Heat Flux over a Semiarid Watershed. Part II: Use of a Variable Resistance Approach with Radiometric Surface Temperatures

Radiometric surface temperature images from aircraft observations over the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, a semiarid rangeland watershed, were used with ground-based meteorological data at a reference site for extrapolating estimates of surface sensible heat flux across the basin. Two approaches were used. One method assumed that the resistance to heat transport and other meteorological data at a reference site were constant over the watershed. This resulted in a simple scheme (constant resistance approach) for computing spatially distributed sensible heat flux since the variation in sensible heat flux was directly proportional to surface temperature differences from the reference site. The second approach (the variable resistance approach) used spatially distributed estimates of the surface roughness for momentum and heat, as well as air temperature and wind speed. The sensible heat flux values derived by both techniques were compared to measurements made at several other locations in the watershed for three different days. The environmental conditions for these days ranged from uniformly dry surface soil moisture to variably wet conditions caused by several high intensity and spatially variable rainfall events. Comparisons between these two schemes with observations indicated that the more detailed method of accounting for changes in surface roughness over the basin gave significantly better agreement than the simpler scheme. The average percentage of difference with measured values was 30% for the constant resistance approach compared to approximately 20% for the variable resistance method.
Treatment of infections in hospitalized patients with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid: A comparative study

Ninety patients at the Wilmington Medical Center were enrolled in a comparative study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid in the treatment of a variety of infections. Forty-seven women with obstetric or gynecologic infections were randomly assigned to receive ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid or cefoxitin. Forty-three patients with gram-negative septicemia or lower respiratory tract infection were given ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid or tobramycin plus piperacillin in a randomized fashion. Of the 47 women with obstetric or gynecologic infections, 23 were randomly assigned to receive ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid, and 24 were randomly assigned to receive cefoxitin. Several patients in each group had underlying diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Of the 27 pathogens isolated in the group receiving ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid, 26 (96 percent) were eradicated, including all three ticarcillin-resistant pathogens. In the cefoxitin-treated group, 31 of the 33 (94 percent) pathogens were eliminated, including all four ticarcillin-resistant organisms. Three reinfections or superinfections occurred, and cefoxitin therapy failed to eliminate an enterococcus isolate from the endometrium in one patient. The clinical response in both treatment groups was excellent. Either cure or clinical improvement was achieved for all 18 sites of infection in the ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid-treated group and for all 22 sites in the cefoxitin-treated group. There were no systemic drug reactions in either treatment group. In one patient in the cefoxitin-treated group, local phlebitis developed at the infusion site. This reaction responded to local therapy. There were no local reactions among the patients receiving ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid. Of the 43 patients with gram-negative septicemia or lower respiratory tract infection, 21 were randomly assigned to receive ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid and 22 were assigned to receive tobramycin plus piperacillin. Thirty-six patients had gram-negative sepsis, and seven patients had lower respiratory tract infection. Nine of the 36 patients suspected of having gram-negative sepsis were not evaluable because no pathogen was isolated prior to treatment. Twenty-two of the 27 patients treated for septicemia had good clinical and microbiologic responses. Three of the seven patients with pneumonia were not evaluable. Of the four evaluable patients, two had pneumococcus pneumonia; one was treated with tobramycin plus piperacillin and one with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid. In both instances, the clinical and bacteriologic responses were considered good.
On the Contribution of Subtidal Volume Fluxes to Algal Blooms in Long Island Estuaries

Abstract A bloom of a new picoplankter species Aureococcus anophagefferens occurred in several estuaries in the northeast coast of the U.S.A. in 1985. The phenomenon is believed to be the result of a complex chain of physical-chemical-biological factors. Based on 9 years (1980-88) of tidal data taken at three oceanic locations (Nantucket, Montauk, Atlantic City) and four impacted estuaries on Long Island (Peconic, Shinnecock, Moriches and Great South Bays) it was found that the variance of the sea level fluctuations at subtidal frequencies was much higher than that of the tidal frequencies and highly dependent upon the season. These subtidal variances reached an absolute minimum in the spring of 1985, corresponding to the lowest subtidal volume exchange between shelf waters and the estuaries. Subtidal flushing times were computed taking into account an estimated recirculation parameter. These times were at an absolute high in the spring of 1985; increases of 16, 24 and 12% were determined for Great South Bay, Moriches and Shinnecock respectively. Along with reduced freshwater inflows due to the existing drought, the increased flushing times may have supported a longer permanence of available inorganic nutrient compounds contributing to a favourable environment for the ecological dominance of Aureococcus . The low subtidal sea level fluctuations of 1985 are related to a minimum energy content of the regional wind stress, particularly the alongshore (East-West) component which is responsible for the Ekman pumping into and out of the estuaries.
Overview: Building open programmable multimedia networks

Recent advances in distributed systems and transportable software and increasing demand for better quality-of-service (QOS) control in multiservice networks are driving a re-examination of network software architectures. We established the COMET Group (Control Management and Telemedia) at Columbia University's Center for Telecommunications Research to provide a comprehensive understanding of network software architecture of the 1990s and beyond. In this paper, we present an overview of our activities, focusing on new research initiatives, international forum participation and on-going research projects. Collectively, these activities shape our vision of a new era driven by open programmable networking.
Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structuration and the Time-Geography of Becoming Places

Abstract This paper presents the theoretical foundation for a different type of place-centered or regional geography. The framework rests upon an integration of time-geography and the emerging theory of structuration. It also builds upon a conceptualization of place as a constantly becoming human product as well as a set of features visible upon the landscape. Place is seen as a process whereby the reproduction of social and cultural forms, the formation of biographies, and the transformation of nature ceaselessly become one another at the same time that time-space specific activities and power relations continuously become one another. It is further contended that the ways in which these phenomena are interwoven in the becoming of place or region are not subject to universal laws but vary with historical circumstances. Three empirical foci that suggest themselves from the framework are briefly discussed.
Compression of the prechiasmatic optic nerve produces a junctional scotoma

Abstract PURPOSE: To demonstrate the clinical-radiologic correlation between a junctional scotoma and a focal lesion compressing the prechiasmatic segment of the distal optic nerve. METHODS: Case report involving a man with a pituitary adenoma. Clinical correlation was determined by reviewing visual field evaluations and magnetic resonance images. RESULTS: The tumor compressed the prechiasmatic segment of the distal optic nerve but not the optic chiasm, producing a junctional scotoma documented by Goldmann and automated perimetry. The visual field defect resolved after neurosurgical decompression of the anterior visual pathway. CONCLUSIONS: A junctional scotoma can be caused by focal as well as large and diffuse lesions injuring the anterior visual pathway, specifically at the junction of the optic nerve and chiasm. This finding supports the existence of Wilbrand fibers.
Statistical methods for censored survival data.

Methods of statistical analysis of censored survival times are briefly reviewed and illustrated by application to clinical trials data. These include estimation of the survival curce, nonparametric...
An analytical electron microscopy study of paraequilibrium cementite precipitation in ultra-high-strength steel

To support quantitative design of ultra-high-strength (UHS) secondary-hardening steels, the precipitation of cementite prior to the precipitation of the M2C phase is investigated using a model alloy. The microstructure of cementite is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Consistent with earlier studies on tempering of Fe-C martensite, lattice imaging of cementite suggests microsyntactic intergrowth of M5C2 (Hagg carbide). The concentration of substitutional alloying elements in cementite are quantified by high-resolution analytical electron microscopy (AEM) using extraction replica specimens. Quantification of the substitutional elements in cementite confirms its paraequilibrium (PE) state with ferrite at the very early stage of tempering. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the thermodynamic driving force for nucleation of the primary-strengthening, coherent M2C carbide phase. The ferrite-cementite PE condition reduces the carbon concentration in the ferrite matrix with a significant reduction of M2C driving force. The kinetics of dissolution of PE cementite and its transition to other intermediate states will also influence the kinetics of secondary hardening behavior in UHS steels.
Spherical Bessel expansions of sine, cosine, and exponential integrals

Abstract The exponential integral occurs in many physical problems and is relatively cumbersome to evaluate for an intermediate range of its argument. It would be helpful to expand that integral as a quadratic series in spherical Bessel functions, but the mathematics literature contains no expansions of this type parallel to the well-known such expansion of the sine integral. The missing expansion, and an analogous expansion of cos2x, are presented and verified.
High Q SiC on silicon microresonators

We demonstrate a 20um radius suspended microring resonator with Q=19,000 fabricated on SiC-on-silicon substrates. We estimate the fundamental material losses to be less than 3.3 dB/cm indicating that quality factors greater than 105 are possible.
Infectious Diseases During the Civil War: The Triumph of the “Third Army”

The American Civil War represents a landmark in military and medical history as the last large-scale conflict fought without knowledge of the germ theory of disease. Unsound hygiene, dietary deficiencies, and battle wounds set the stage for epidemic infection, while inadequate information about disease causation greatly hampered disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Pneumonia, typhoid, diarrhea/dysentery, and malaria were the predominant illnesses. Altogether, two-thirds of the approximately 660,000 deaths of soldiers were caused by uncontrolled infectious diseases, and epidemics played a major role in halting several major campaigns. These delays, coming at a crucial point early in the war, prolonged the fighting by as much as 2 years.
Generalized Mayer-Vietoris sequences in algebraic K-theory

Abstract Long exact sequences of algebraic K -groups for certain kinds of multiple pullback rings are constructed, with special emphasis on Dedekind-like rings. In the case where excision holds they reduce to the usual Mayer-Vietoris sequences. These sequences are then used to obtain information about the K -groups of integral group rings of abelian groups of square-free order; about certain rings of integers in number fields; and about the coordinate ring of n lines in the plane.
Ionospheric Disturbances in the.F2 Region Associated with Severe Thunderstorms

Abstract Radio observations are reported at two locations during June 1969, one near Concordia, Kan., and the other near Oklahoma City. It is found that ionospheric waves are observed when thunderstorms with tops (radar height) greater than 40,000 ft are occurring within a radius of 200 km. The waves have periods in the range of 1 min to about 5 min and are detected as a Doppler shift in the ionospheric radio echoes. Spectrum analysis of the storms indicated that, in general, there are two peaks of infrasonic power which occur at periods of 3.6 and 4.5 min.
Monthly Representations of Mid-Tropospheric Carbon Dioxide from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on NASA's Earth Observing System Aqua spacecraft was launched in May of 2002 and acquires hyperspectral infrared spectra used to generate a wide range of atmospheric products including temperature, water vapor, and trace gas species including carbon dioxide. Here we present monthly representations of global concentrations of mid-tropospheric carbon dioxide produced from 8 years of data obtained by AIRS between the years of 2003 and 2010. We define them as "representations" rather than "climatologies" to reflect that the files are produced over a relatively short time period and represent summaries of the Level 3 data. Finally, they have not yet been independently validated. The representations have a horizontal resolution of 2.0 deg x 2.5 deg (Latitude x Longitude) and faithfully reproduce the original 8 years of monthly L3 CO2 concentrations with a standard deviation of 1.48 ppm and less than 2% outliers. The representations are intended for use in studies of the global general circulation of CO2 and identification of anomalies in CO2 typically associated with atmospheric transport. The seasonal variability and trend found in the AIRS CO2 data are discussed.
A technique for upper bounding the spectral norm with applications to learning

We present a general technique to upper bound the spectral norm of an arbitrary function. At the heart of our technique is a theorem which shows how to obtain an upper bound on the spectral norm of a decision tree given the spectral norms of the functions in the nodes of this tree. The theorem applies to trees whose nodes may compute any boolean functions. Applications are to the design of efficient learning algorithms and the construction of small depth threshold circuits (or neural nets). In particular, we present polynomial time algorithms for learning O(log n) clause DNF formulas and various classes of decision trees, all under the uniform distribution with membership queries.
Persistence and degradation of [14C]atrazine and [14C]deisopropylatrazine as affected by soil depth and moisture conditions

The fate of atrazine and one of its degradation products deisopropylatrazine has been investigated using radiotracers under laboratory conditions. The metabolic route and rate were investigated under saturated and unsaturated conditions, with samples of soil taken from four depths down to 120 cm. The major degradation products identified from [14C]atrazine and [14C]deisopro-pylatrazine treatments were deethylatrazine and didealkylatrazine, respectively. The detected minor degradation products were hydroxyatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine, and deisopropylhydroxyatra-zine. Under unsaturated conditions atrazine and deisopropylatrazine were least persistent in the top 30 cm, and their persistence increased with increase in depth. The half-life of atrazine under unsaturated conditions increased with depth and ranged from 41 to 231 d for the studied depths, whereas the half-life of deisopropylatrazine ranged from 32 to 173 d. Deisopropylatrazine was more susceptible to mineralization than atrazine, and the amount of mineralization decreased with increase in depth. Bound residues were formed to a greater extent in surface soils. Under saturated conditions at the 90- to 120-cm depth, the half-life of atrazine was 87 d. Deisopropylatrazine was less persistent in saturated soil than in unsaturated soil at the 90- to 120-cm depth, with a half-life of 58 and 173 d, respectively. The increased degradability of deisopropylatrazine as compared with atrazine and the decreased persistence of deisopropylatrazine under saturated soil conditions provides a logical explanation for its relatively low concentrations in ground water as compared with atrazine.
Dioscorone. Regioselective Oxxmercuration of 2-Azabicyclo[2. 2]oct-5-ene

Abstract Oxymercuration of 2-azabicylo[2.2.2]oct-5-ane 1 occurs regioselectively to give a50:50 mixture of 5-syn-and 5-anti-isoquinculidinols 2 which can be converted to dioscorone 5.
Root growth and distribution of two short-season rice genotypes.

Root growth dynamics of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout the growing season are poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted in 1987 to compare root growth and distribution of two rice genotypes at two Arkansas locations on soils with different physical and chemical properties. Two genotypes, ‘Bond’ and an experimental line (RU8701084), were grown on a Captina silt loam (Typic Fragiudults) at Fayetteville, AR, and on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) near Stuttgart, Ar. Plots contained minirhizotrons oriented at a 45° angle and extended 55 cm (Captina) and 40 cm (Crowley) vertical to the soil surface. Root measurements were taken several times during the season at specific growth stages. Plant height and tiller number were taken at 9 dates at Fayetteville up to physiological maturity. In general, root length (RL) and root length density (RLD) were greater on the Captina soil. Genotypes at both locations reached maximum root growth rates between active tillering and panicle initiation (PI) and maximum RL by early reproduction. Total RL were similar between genotypes on the Captina. However on the Crowley, the mean RL for Bond between the period of early booting and flood removal was an average of 54% greater than for RU8701084. During early reproductive growth at both locations RL plateaued, but then declined during the grain filling process. There was a trend for RU8701084 to contain a greater percentage of its total RL in the top 20 and 10 cm of soil on the Captina and Crowley, respectively, while Bond tended to be a deeper rooted genotype. Bond had a greater RLD at the 20–30 cm depth increment on the Crowley, which contributed to the greater RL. Less than 15% of the total RL of either genotype was measured below 30 cm on the Crowley. In contrast, nearly 25% of the total RL was found at the 30–40 cm depth increment on the Captina. Results showed that rice root growth varied between soils, that root distribution patterns differed between genotypes, and that patterns of root growth changed with changes in plant development.
Design study of an avionics navigation microcomputer

A microcomputer program to solve the complex task of airborne navigation was developed to demonstrate the practicality of replacing costly general-purpose digital computers with relatively inexpensive dedicated microcomputers on board naval aircraft. The microcomputer program showed that microcomputers have sufficient speed and accuracy to solve the navigation problem. In order to overcome the microcomputer's major deficiencies, speed and accuracy, special arithmetic subprograms based on table look-up were developed to trade inexpensive memory for more speed. An application of graph theory in the form of process graphs was made to facilitate the development and documentation of the navigation program.
Radiofrequency thermal ablation: A potential treatment for hydropic fetuses with a large chest mass

Abstract Background/Purpose: Physiological changes secondary to a rapidly enlarging fetal chest mass can lead to nonimmune hydrops, which is a predictor of impending fetal demise. Currently, open fetal surgery is offered for specific patients with hydrops before 32 weeks' gestation. The authors asked if a less-invasive technique, radiofrequency thermal ablation (RTA), could be applied safely to the destruction of fetal lung tissue. Methods: Time-dated pregnant ewes at 120 to 125 days' gestation (term, 140 to 145 days) underwent RTA through a hysterotomy (n = 3) or in a transuterine fashion under ultrasound guidance (n = 4). The probe is a 15-gauge needle with a maximal 2-cm deployment sphere at its tip. By varying the intensity and duration of treatment, the power settings were optimized to create a defined area of ablation with minimal surrounding tissue injury. Five of the 6 fetal lambs were killed acutely, and 1 was followed up for 1 week with frequent ultrasound examinations. Results: Gross examination of the animals killed acutely showed a consistent area of ablation using 10 watts of applied power for 3 minutes. Direct coagulation necrosis lesions ranged from 1 × 1 cm to 2 × 2 cm in size depending on the extent of the probe deployment. One animal was followed up for 1 week and showed no major adverse physiological effects. Conclusion: Radiofrequency thermal ablation can be performed safely in this fetal sheep model to create a controlled area of lung tissue ablation. J Pediatr Surg 35:386-389. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Peri‐operative cardiac morbidity in kidney transplant recipients: incidence and risk factors

Background: Renal transplant recipients are known to be at increased risk for developing cardiac disease. In both general and peripheral vascular surgery, pre-operative risk stratification (and intervention when indicated) has decreased the incidence of peri-operative cardiac complications. In this study, we set out to identify subsets of patients at high risk for peri-operative cardiac complications after a renal transplant. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 2694 adult renal transplants performed at the University of Minnesota between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1998, We determined the incidence of peri-operative (within 30 d post-transplant) cardiac complications, including myocardial infarction (MI). Risk factors for the development of these complications were determined by multivariate analysis. Results: We found 163 peri-operative cardiac complications, for an overall incidence of 6.1%, Specific cardiac complications included MI (n = 43, 1.6%), arrhythmia (n = 74, 2.7%), angina (n = 31, 1.2%), cardiac arrest (n = 13, 0.5%), and congestive heart failure (n = 2, 0.1%), By multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for any cardiac complication were age ≥ 50 yr (relative risk (RR) = 3.0, p = 0.0001) and pre-transplant cardiac disease (RR = 3.3, p = 0.0001). Not significant were diabetes mellitus (DM), cadaver donor source, pre-transplant dialysis, a history of smoking, and hypertension. Significant risk factors for peri-operative MI were age > 50 yr, pre-existing cardiac disease, and DM. Diabetic patients with pre-existing cardiac disease were at especially high risk for peri-operative cardiac events. Conclusions: Patients > 50 yr and those with pre-existing cardiac disease, especially if diabetic, are at significantly increased risk for developing peri-operative cardiac complications after a renal transplant. Such patients require aggressive pre-operative investigations, which may include coronary angiography, to decrease the risk of post-transplant complications.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE BY SUPERFUSED SLICES OF RAT BRAIN1

—A superfusion system has been used to examine the effects of choline and the utilization of [3H]choline during resting and potassium-stimulated release of ACh from rat cerebrum slices. The rate of ACh release from unstimulated tissue, 0·25 nmol/g per min, increased 8-fold when the concentration of KCl in the superfusing medium was increased from 5 to 50 mm. This rate was not maintained, however, but gradually declined to one-half the peak rate after approx. 30 min. After an initial washout period, choline was released at a rate of 2·5-5 nmol/g per min, which was equal to 1-2 × 10−6m in the superfusate. The addition of 1 × 10−5m-choline to the superfusing medium was required to maintain the stimulated ACh release at near peak rates for 90 min. When hemicholinium-3 was added to the 50 mm-KCl medium, the release of ACh reached a peak as usual but then declined to prestimulation rates. After introducing a pulse of radioactive choline in the superfusing medium, the specific radioactivity of choline and ACh in the superfusate was determined before and during stimulation with 50 mm-KCl. The specific radioactivity of released ACh was always greater than that of released choline; it decreased rapidly at the onset of stimulation, and then more gradually as stimulation proceeded. The specific radioactivity of ACh released in the initial minutes of stimulation was higher than that of ACh in the tissue before stimulation. In the last 10-20 min of stimulation the specific radioactivity of the released ACh was lower than that of the tissue ACh at the end of stimulation. The relative contributions of old and newly synthesized ACh to the releasable transmitter pool are discussed.
Insular-diencephalic connections in the Macaque.

Insular-diencephalic connections have been studied in five rhesus Macaques with both retrograde and anterograde degeneration techniques. Animals were prepared for study with bilateral symmetrical resections of temporal operculum or fronto-parietal operculum or both, with or without excision of underlying insular cortex. The resections were staged such that the older was suitable for evaluation of retrograde cell change and myelin tract degeneration (cresyl violet and Loyez stain) and the more recent for anterograde fiber degeneration (Nauta). From the cresyl violet-Loyez stained hemispheres evidence was obtained for sustaining fiber projections to the insula from n. ventralis caudalis parvocellularis. Nauta stains demonstrated projections from the insular cortex to n. ventralis caudalis, n. ventralis caudalis ventralis and n. ventralis caudalis parvocellularis. Connections were also demonstrated to n. centralis, n. parafascicularis, n. dorsalis oralis and the intralaminar nucleus. These connections closely resemble those of overlying fronto-parietal operculum and suggest that insular cortex is an extension of sensory-motor cortex as indicated by physiologic data. Projections from insula to the amygdala were also identified, indicating the association of insular cortex and the limbic system.
Negative Ions From Alkali Hydrides As A Source For H- Beams

The production of H(-) ions by heating LiH powder in a high-temperature crucible was investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is found that the efficiency of H(-) ion production by this method is high. However, the theory for the negative surface ionization indicates that such high efficiency is not possible at crucible temperatures of about 750 C. The need for a further study of LiH ionization is emphasized.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pharmacologic and Surgical Options

The last decade has seen many studies examining the prevalence and natural history of NAFLD in the United States and it is clear that this disease is likely to be an important cause of liver-related morbidity in the future. Several pharmacologic therapies have shown some promise; currently, vitamin E and insulin-sensitizing agents such as pioglitazone can be considered in appropriate cases. Conservative measures to promote weight loss still have a role to play, but the obesity epidemic in the Western World has reached such proportions that bariatric surgery is proving to be an attractive option for patients with a BMI greater than 35 to 40 kg/m2. Well-designed prospective studies are required to ensure that all of these therapies are safe and effective in the long term. Newer agents will likely be investigated as the pathogenesis of NAFLD and fibrosis progression in NASH are further elucidated.
ANNUAL SURVEY OF GEOPHYSICAL EDUCATION 1949–1950

A brief questionnaire was circulated to all those institutions of higher learning who had signified their interest in any form of geophysical education by their replies to the more elaborate enquiry sent to all institutions last year. The positive answers received are best shown by means of the following tabulations. Comparison with the results of the previous year’s survey indicates a steady growth in all phases of geophysical education but especially in the field of geophysical exploration.
Evidence for X-linkage of tibial length and body length

Sister-sister, brother-brother and sister-brother similarities in both tibial length and stature from one month through 10 years are in accord with the hypothesis of partial X-linkage, they reject the hypothesis of selective inactivation of an X chromosome, and they indicate that the complex that is body length is suited to simplistic analysis.
Detection of large fragments of the human milk mucin MUC-1 in feces of breast-fed infants

Evidence is growing that high-molecular-weight glycoproteins (mucins) of human milk bind to certain pathogenic microorganisms and thus could interfere with their colonization of the infant gut. This investigation sought to determine whether one of the two principal milk mucins, MUC-1 (also known as PAS-0 and episialin), persists into the feces. Fecal samples from seven breast-fed and seven formula-fed infants, aged from 20 days to 6 months, were analyzed. Glycoproteins in the specimens, solubilized with sodium dodecylsulfate, mercaptoethanol, and heat, were resolved by gel electrophoresis. The gels were blotted on nitrocellulose sheets that were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes in the tandem repeat region of MUC-1. Mucin fragments of approximately 200,000 MW were detected in specimens from three of the seven breast-fed subjects; only one of them showed evidence of the intact mucin. Four breast-fed and all seven formula-fed babies were negative for the mucin in their stools. While these results provide evidence of a variable degree of breakdown, we speculate that MUC-1 resists degradation in the gut and thus may help bind host-detrimental microorganisms and inhibit their colonizing and infecting actions.
Feminist Scholarship in Engineering Education: Challenges and Tensions

This article examines the current state of feminism in the emerging field of engineering education and identifies barriers, challenges, and tensions experienced by scholars and educators who have been involved with feminist engineering education initiatives. Using data from fifteen in-depth interviews, I identified seven categories of barriers, challenges, and tensions. The categories were: engineering knowledge, culture, and training; engineering education as an emerging research field; publishing; institutional constraints; productive, non-alienating critique and the feminist label; legitimacy and risk; and sustainability. The findings reveal similarities with other academic fields and provide support for prior findings on factors that inhibit the growth of feminism within a field. The article offers a base of knowledge for those interested in further developing feminist projects, those interested in the history of engineering education, and those interested in the history of feminism in academic fields.
Numerical Simulation of Gas and Particle Flow in a Rotating Fluidized Bed

Fluidized-bed reactors are widely used in chemical and biochemical processes, including polymerization (Kunii, D. G.; Levenspiel, O. Fluidization Engineering; Wiley: New York, 1969). To enhance the efficiency of the fluidized-bed reactors, more flexibility in controlling the residence time of particles of different sizes, particularly very fine particles, is needed. To achieve this goal, we studied gas and particle flow patterns in a vertical rotating fluidized bed (RFB). We limited our study to the quasi-three-dimensional simulation of an isothermal RFB with constant particle size and no chemical reaction to examine the predictability of a computational fluid dynamics approach to the analysis of RFB systems. We used 200-μm particles (with properties similar to polyethylene) as the particulate phase and air as the gas phase in our simulation. The instantaneous velocity, volume fraction, and pressure drop profiles for the gas and particulate phases were calculated. Simulation results showed that the parti...
Bayesian event classification for intrusion detection

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) attempt to identify attacks by comparing collected data to predefined signatures known to be malicious (misuse-based IDSs) or to a model of legal behavior (anomaly-based IDSs). Anomaly-based approaches have the advantage of being able to detect previously unknown attacks, but they suffer from the difficulty of building robust models of acceptable behavior, which may result in a large number of false alarms. Almost all current anomaly-based intrusion detection systems classify an input event as normal or anomalous by analyzing its features, utilizing a number of different models. A decision for an input event is made by aggregating the results of all employed models. We have identified two reasons for the large number of false alarms, caused by incorrect classification of events in current systems. One is the simplistic aggregation of model outputs in the decision phase. Often, only the sum of the model results is calculated and compared to a threshold. The other reason is the lack of integration of additional information into the decision process. This additional information can be related to the models, such as the confidence in a model's output, or can be extracted from external sources. To mitigate these shortcomings, we propose an event classification scheme that is based on Bayesian networks. Bayesian networks improve the aggregation of different model outputs and allow one to seamlessly incorporate additional information. Experimental results show that the accuracy of the event classification process is significantly improved using our proposed approach.
Automatic self-allocating threads (ASAT) on an SGI Challenge

Automatic self allocating threads (ASAT) is proposed as a way to balance the number of active threads across a shared-memory multiprocessing system. Our approach is significant in that it is designed for a system running multiple jobs, and it considers the load of all running jobs in its thread allocation. In addition, the overhead of ASAT is sufficiently small so that the run times of all jobs improve when it is in use. We consider the application of ASAT for improving the scheduling of threads on an SGI Challenge. We demonstrate how the number of threads of an ASAT job adjusts to the overall system load to maintain thread balance and improve system throughput.
Development of RFLP-based linkage maps in diploid and hexaploid oat ( Avena sp.)

The genus Avena is organized into 14 taxa, each representing a biological species (8 diploid, 5 tetraploid, and 1 hexaploid taxa) classified on the basis of chromosome number, genome, diaspore (unit of dispersal), flower morphology, and cross fertility (Ladizinsky 1989). Based on chromosome pairing and structure, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species were given the genomic designations A or C, AABB or AACC, and AACCDD, respectively (Rajhathy and Thomas 1974). The primary cultivated oat species are hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) A. sativa L. and A. byzantina C. Koch. Extensive cytological work has led to the development of karyotypes, as well as aneuploid stocks (Rajhathy and Thomas 1974; Hacker and Riley 1965; Morikawa 1985; Linares et al. 1992; Jellen et al. 1993a, b). However, identification of homoeologous groupings in hexaploid oat has been hindered by the lack of a complete aneuploid series, useful genetic markers, and easily identifiable chromosome morphology. The C-banding technique, and in certain cases the use of semi-automated digital image analysis/enhancement systems (Jellen et al. 1993a), has greatly facilitated the discrimination of individual chromosomes and/or genomes in diploid (Yen and Filion 1977; Fominayaetal. 1988a), tetraploid (Fominaya et al. 1988b) and hexaploid species (Linares et al. 1992; Jellen et al. 1993a). For instance, the C genome chromosomes are easily distinguished on the basis of their dark staining pattern from the A, B or D genome chromosomes (Fominaya et al. 1988; Jellen 1992).
General decentralized stabilization of large-scale linear continuous and discrete time-delay systems

We consider the general stabilization problem of linear time-invariant, large-scale multivariable decentralized systems with delays. We have established sufficient stabilization conditions for a general class of decentralized systems. Namely, in the continuous case the requirement is that the matrix measure of the closed-loop subsystem matrices can be made sufficiently negative by appropriate local feedback control, whereas in the discrete case the requirement is that the norm of the closed-loop subsystem matrices can be made arbitrarily small by feedback control.
An analog checker with dynamically adjustable error threshold for fully differential circuits

We present a novel analog checker that adjusts dynamically the error threshold to the magnitude of its input signals. We demonstrate that this property is crucial for accurate concurrent error detection in analog circuits. Dynamic error threshold adjustment is achieved by regulating the bias point of the output stage inverters of the checker, which provide a digital indication of potential errors in the circuit under test. We discuss the theoretical foundation and we present simulations that validate the underlying principle of the design. As compared to previous solutions, the proposed checker reduces the incurred overhead, while significantly enhancing the quality of concurrent error detection.
Beyond Coteaching: Power Dynamics, Cosmopolitanism and the Psychoanalytic Dimension

Dieser Artikel bezieht sich auf die Ergebnisse der "Coteaching"-Arrangements, die GALLO-FOX et al. (2006) und LEHNER (2006) realisiert haben. Durch kritische Auseinandersetzung und den Vorschlag einer neuartigen theoretischen Sicht auf die Analyse von "Coteaching"-Erfahrungen und "Kogenerativen Dialogen" lassen sich vorhandene Machtdynamiken unter den Forschungsteilnehmer(inne)n aufdecken und es wird erklarbar, wie diese Dynamiken auf eine Forschungsarbeit einwirken. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0604279
Comparing forest assessment based on computer visualization versus videography

This study examined the representational validity of computer-visualized forests by comparing them with field-recorded walkthrough videos (field videos) from a timber stand management perspective. Computer-visualized replicas of field conditions at selected locations in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L.) stands were generated using measured data. Human subjects examined either field videos or computer visualizations and assessed characteristics of five distinct stands which consist of three well managed spacing stands (1.5 m, 2.4 m, and 3.0 m) and two minimally managed stands (immature and mature stands). Subjects viewing computer visualizations tended to estimate lower stem density and higher mean diameter of the well managed stands. Assessed stand structure of the well managed stands through the field videos and computer visualizations were in relatively high level of agreement. In minimally managed stands, significant differences were not found in density assessments including mean spacing, stem density, and mean diameter; however, horizontal crown cover in the immature stand was estimated lower using computer visualizations. Field video and computer visualization groups perceived different stand structure in the mature stand in which hardwoods were present in the mid-canopy.
“From the Arab Spring to Athens, From Occupy Wall Street to Moscow”: Regional Accents and the Rhetorical Cartography of Power

This essay performs a rhetorical cartography of “regional accents” to draw a map of how they articulate regions into, and out of, maps of power. First, the essay isolates the accent of neoliberalism in the constitution of regions through the use of regional trade agreements. Second, the essay tracks a socialist accent for regional power in Samir Amin's call for the Global South to execute a political strategy of “delinking.” Third, the essay argues that the rhetorical movement between places in protest, expressed by the Arab Spring and the Occupy Movement, invents a horizontal regional accent. For places of protest, a horizontal regional accent invents and folds regions of protest into one another to fuel the production of new places of protest. As a political subjectivity, the protester emerges in the crease of a regional fold of protest places as these places make and unmake maps of power.