cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of vitamin D dose on bone mineral density.

Dear Editor, Grimnes et al. [1] report no difference in BMD effect between two doses of vitamin D (6,500 and 800 IU/day). This is a technically accurate description of their findings, but it calls for substantial interpretation. First, vitamin D acts as a nutrient. It can be expected to produce detectable effects only in individuals in whom vitamin D nutrient status limits some physiological measure (e.g., BMD). Unlike bone-active drugs, such as the bisphosphonates or teriparatide, for which virtually all members of a sample could be expected to respond [2], there is no reason to believe that all members of this cohort would have been vitamin D deficient. Confirming the fact that basal vitamin D status makes a difference, Grimnes et al. note that the response in those individuals with serum 25(OH)D levels below the mean was substantially greater than in those with values above the mean. This is exactly as would be expected. Further, their conclusion that the two doses were roughly equivalent is also strongly dependent upon the starting vitamin D status. It is important to note that baseline 25 (OH)D averaged 71 nmol/L, a value well above the lower end of the adequate range promulgated by the Institute of Medicine [3], and close to the level needed to ensure absence of histological osteomalacia [4] and optimal calcium absorption [5]. Response to vitamin D, as with most nutrients, is sigmoid in character (Fig. 1). As vitamin D status approaches the upper plateau of the response curve, no further effect can be elicited by any additional amount of vitamin D. That is apparently where this particular cohort was located, and the fact that they responded at all is an indication that some of them would have had a bone status that was, in fact, limited by vitamin D availability. However, had mean basal status been, say, 50 nmol/L lower, not only would the response have been quantitatively greater, but there may well have been an appreciable difference between the effects of the two doses. It cannot be stressed too strongly that nutrients are not drugs and cannot be evaluated as if they were. Accordingly results of a randomized controlled trial may not mean what they seem to mean if prior attention is not paid to the nutritional status of the individuals enrolled. What may be worth noting, in addition, is the fact that additional vitamin D did produce a detectable improvement in bone status, despite the fact that vitamin D status was in the range currently judged adequate by the IOM. The Endocrine Society Guideline [6] provides perhaps a better basis for predicting response.
Conformational properties of membrane-bound fumarate reductase of Escherichia coli

Abstract Anaerobically grown cells of Escherichia coli harboring the plasmid pFRD63 overproduce fumarate reductase, a membrane-bound complex localized in the inner membrane of the cell, where this enzyme represents at least 90% of the total membrane proteins ( B. D. Lemire, J. J. Robinson, and J. H. Weiner (1982) J. Bacteriol. 152, 1126–1131 ). Preparations of inner membrane fractions suspended in 40% sucrose are optically clear, allowing optical spectroscopic measurements. Circular dichroism spectra showed that between pH 6 and 11 the secondary structure of the enzyme is at least 55% in α helix and that above pH 11 the structure abruptly changes to a β-like conformation. The same phenomenon is observed in samples solubilized in the nonionic detergent C 12 E 9 . Absorption spectra of the enzyme either membrane bound or solubilized in detergents or exposed to alkaline pH showed that the accessibility of the active site to solvent components is modulated by the interaction of the protein with the membrane. Solubilization of the membrane-bound enzyme with 1% Triton X-100 or C 12 E 9 produced a decrease in ellipticity and in enzymatic activity.
Early bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical courses of young infants with cystic fibrosis identified by neonatal screening.

To understand better the events associated with the initiation of lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF), we prospectively performed a longitudinal study examining the early bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical courses of 42 children with CF diagnosed after identification by neonatal screening. Serial evaluations included history and physical examination, chest radiographs, throat cultures for bacteria, and determinations of serum immunoglobulin levels and circulating immune complexes. At a mean follow-up age of 27 months, 19% of the children had serial throat cultures positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; the first positive culture was found at a mean age of 21 months. In three infants the initial P. aeruginosa isolates were mucoid. As determined by typing with a DNA probe, serial P. aeruginosa isolates from each patient were identical over time but were genetically distinct from isolates recovered from other patients. Of 11 infants with P. aeruginosa , nine (82%) had previous isolates of Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus influenzae ; all had received prior antibiotic therapy. In comparison with other infants with CF, children with P. aeruginosa grown on serial throat cultures more frequently had daily cough ( p p p S. aureus and H. influenzae remain the isolates most frequently recovered from infants with CF; (2) initial recovery of P. aeruginosa by throat culture is often preceded by the onset of chronic respiratory signs; (3) elevations of circulating immune complexes can occur early, often after the initial recovery of P. aeruginosa ; and (4) early P. aeruginosa isolates are genetically distinct, demonstrating the lack of cross-colonization in this newborn population.
From Amnesia to Dementia: ERP Studies of Memory and Language:

Cognitive event-related potential (ERP) studies of memory and language impairments in amnesia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are reviewed. Well-circumscribed lesions of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) or diencephalon causing an amnestic syndrome, an inability to encode and retrieve episodic memories beyond the brief duration of working memory, appear to produce altered plasticity of the late positive P600 component, but usually spare P300 and N400 components. The neuropathology of AD affects MTL and extends to neocortical association areas, causing deficits of episodic and semantic memory. In AD dementia, the P300, N400, and P600 all commonly show abnormalities. ERP studies of individuals with mild cognitive impairment may reveal neurophysiological changes prior to the emergence of clinical deficits, which could advance the early detection and diagnosis of AD.
Reliability and validity of the asthma quality of life questionnaire—marks in a sample of adult asthmatic patients in the United States

Abstract To render quality-of-life scores on an instrument acceptable for cross-national comparison, the instrument's reliability and validity must be established in all countries in question. The Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire—Marks (AQLQ-M) was developed in Australia, where it was shown to have good reliability and validity. However, no attempt had been made to determine the psychometric properties of the AQLQ-M and its domains (ie, Breathlessness, Mood, Social, and Concerns) in the United States. The objectives of the present study were to administer the AQLQ-M to a sample of adult asthmatic patients in the United States (N = 106) and assess (1) the acceptability of the AQLQ-M to respondents, (2) the internal consistency of the AQLQ-M and its domains, and (3) the construct validity of the AQLQ-M and its domains. Results indicated that respondents did not have difficulty answering the questions in the AQLQ-M. The Cronbach coefficient α value for the AQLQ-M was 0.94. The Cronbach coefficient α value for individual domains ranged from 0.84 to 0.91, providing evidence of good internal consistency reliability for the AQLQ-M and its domains. Pearson product-moment correlations between the domain scores ranged from 0.62 to 0.88, indicating that the domains were related but separate aspects of asthma-specific quality of life, as measured by the AQLQ-M. Spearman rank-order correlations of the AQLQ-M score and domain scores with an indicator of disease severity—number of different prescription medications taken for asthma in the preceding 3 months—were positive and significant. This indicated that subjects taking a greater number of prescription asthma medications had higher AQLQ-M and domain scores, or a greater negative impact of asthma on quality of life, a result consistent with previous findings and one that provides some evidence of convergent validity. Our findings support the use of the AQLQ-M as a decision-making tool in the United States and in cross-national comparisons between the United States and Australia.
Smoking and Pneumococcal Infection

Smoking kills. Tobacco use was responsible for approximately one fifth of all deaths in the United States in 1990, with deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, cancer (especially of the lung), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among those attributable in part to smoking.1 In this issue of the Journal, Nuorti and colleagues2 present convincing evidence that adds invasive pneumococcal disease to the grim list of diseases associated with smoking. Invasive pneumococcal disease is defined as pneumococcal bacteremia, meningitis, or infection at other normally sterile sites. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, accounting for approximately 500,000 hospitalizations and . . .
Microprocessor power delivery challenges in the Nano-Era

A robust power grid is pivotal in meeting performance targets and guaranteeing reliable operation of high-performance microprocessors. Higher device densities and faster switching frequencies cause large switching currents through flow through the power and ground networks which degrade performance and reliability. Excessive resulting voltage drops in the power grid reduce switching speeds and decrease noise margins of the circuits and inject noise which may lead to functional failures. Further, high average current densities lead to undesirable wearing out of metal wires due to electro-migration. Achieving and maintaining excellent voltage regulation at the consumption points notwithstanding the wide fluctuations in the power demands across the chip is definitely the key to avoiding an unruly power grid. During this tutorial, I plan on talking about not only the fundamentals of on-die power delivery but also discusses chief challenges involved in designing a robust and reliable power grid including verification against design targets using in-house/vendor tools in the nano-era.
Religious values and social limits to development

Abstract The reassessment of the experience of development calls for a reevaluation of the relationship between development and religion. While the traditional view which concentrated on the entrepreneur has continued importance, changes in the context of development require new thought on the subject. A view which sees religion as a major factor in the moral base of the society and consequently as a social limit on development is likely to provide a more fruitful view of how religion and development intertwine. It suggests that there are four areas of mutual influence: on the character development of actors in development efforts; as a resistant force to the dominant definitions of development; as a positive impulse toward a well-founded definition and process of development; and finally as an institutional transnational actor in matters of development. The papers in this volume deal with many facets of these questions, as noted in the present paper.
SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF FABRIC COMFORT BY SENSORY HAND

Current economic pressure and high energy cost brought about consumer demands for functional qualities from textile products they purchase. Fabrics are styled in a wide range of tactile and physical properties to meet consumer wants. This study investigated subjective and objective assessment of comfort properties of blouse fabrics which represent various fibre content and fabric structure. Subjective ratings showed that blend and natural fibres were preferred to man-made for all comfort attributes except smoothness and woven was chosen over knit for smoothness, thickness, and openness. Spearman correlation between subjective rating and objective measurements showed good association for warmth and absorbency but the dearth of relationship for openness, smoothness, and thickness. This may indicate the panel's acceptance of both polar opposites of those hand attributes for blouse fabrics. Multiple regression analyses showed that five subjective attributes entered contributed 47.9% to overall comfort variability, whereas five objective properties chosen explained 53.2% of overall comfort ratings.
Reynolds number scaling in a non-equilibrium turbulent boundary layer with mild adverse pressure gradient

High resolution laser Doppler anemometer measurements were acquired in a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer over a four degree ramp at three momentum thickness Reynolds numbers: 3300, 14,100 and 20,600. The goal was to examine an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer far from separation in order to develop turbulent stress scalings to collapse the adverse pressure gradient and flat plate stress profiles over a range of Reynolds numbers. The flow develops as a flat plate boundary layer before being subjected to a varying pressure gradient along the length of a four degree straight ramp. Mean velocity measurements show a log law region for all velocity profiles. The stresses however are perturbed by the pressure gradient with the streamwise normal stress developing an extended outer layer plateau and the wall-normal stress displaying a growing outer layer peak. Scaling parameters are proposed to collapse the inner and outer layer regions of the normal stresses for both the adverse pressure gradient and flat plate profiles over the range of Reynolds numbers examined.
Awareness Techniques: A Model for Personal Growth

The following article is not part of this issue on “Sexism in Counseling.” It was to have appeared in the February 1975 issue of Counseling and Values on “New Frontiers in the Helping Relationship,” but due to space limitations we were unable to present it then.
Mothers' representations of their infants and parenting behavior : Associations with personal and social-contextual variables in a high-risk sample

Associations between mothers' psychological distress, experiences of verbal and violent relational conflict, representations of the relationships with their infants, and parenting behavior were examined in 100 African American mothers of 17- to 20-month-old infants. Maternal representations of infants were assessed via the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI; Zeanah, Benoit, Hirshberg, & Barton, 1986). Results showed that mothers who experienced more conflict with their own mothers had increased odds of having disengaged representations of the relationship with their infants. Mothers who experienced more conflict with their infants' fathers had increased odds of having distorted views of their infants. Mothers who reported more hostile psychological symptomalogy had greater odds of not having a balanced representation of their infants (distorted or disengaged). Additionally, mothers with disengaged representations were less sensitive, more passive, and used less encouragement and guidance with their children. Maternal hostility and conflict were directly related to parenting and were not mediated by representations. Results show that representations and parenting behavior are linked and multiply determined.
A raytracing model for wireless propagation in tunnels with varying cross section

Mandated by the 2006 United States Miner Act, reliable two-way communications in mines has drawn the interest of network engineers in recent years. Critical to the design of these systems is an accurate channel propagation model. Given the elementary geometry seen in most tunnels, models that approximate them as a rectangular waveguide have been developed. These models are extremely accurate in vehicular tunnels because - since the tunnel is typically cast from concrete - the cross section is uniform throughout and the surface roughness is negligible. Mines, however, do not conform to these two conditions. In this paper, we extend the waveguide model to tunnels with varying cross section and measurable surface roughness. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through in-house field measurements collected in a vehicular tunnel and in a coal mine. We show that while the original model performs well in the former, it falters in the latter. The extended model, however, predicts reliably in the mine as well.
Improving the performance of the GOES solar x-ray imager with a back-illuminated x-ray sensitive CCD

NOAA has commissioned a solar x-ray imager to be built for use on the GOES spacecraft. The mission of the SXI is to provide soft x-ray imagery of the Sun. The current instrument design employs a microchannel plate detector stack to convert the incident x-rays to an electrically detectable signal. In this paper, we discuss the SXI performance improvements possible by replacing the detector with a back-illuminated, x-ray sensitive CCD fabricated using technology developed at MIT/LL. In addition to a description of the x-ray sensitive CCD, we discuss possible improvements in data quality, reduction in instrument mass and power requirements, and simplified instrument handling.
Elementary interaction of a domain wall with an individual dislocation in magnetic garnet films

Abstract Using a pulsed-field gradient technique for bubble propagation, the elementary interaction of a 180° domain wall with an edge dislocation is investigated. It lies parallel to the magnetization direction in an EuGa : YIG film LPE-grown on a GGG substrate. The angular dependence shows two peaks. The maximum force (per line length) is about 0.62 dyn/cm.
Limitations in tracking systems

In this paper, we obtain information theoretical conditions for tracking in linear time-invariant control systems. We consider the particular case where the closed loop contains a channel in the feedback loop. The mutual information rate between the feedback signal and the reference input signal is used to quantify information about the reference signal that is available for feedback. This mutual information rate must be maximized in order to improve the tracking performance. The mutual information is shown to be upper bounded by a quantity that depends on the unstable eigenvalues of the plant and on the channel capacity. If the channel capacity reaches a lower limit, the feedback signal becomes completely uncorrelated with the reference signal, rendering feedback useless. We also find a lower bound on the expected squared tracking error in terms of the entropy of a random reference signal. We show a misleading case where the mutual information rate does not predict the expected effect of nonminimum phase zeros. However, mutual information rate helps generalize the concept that there is a tradeoff when tracking and disturbance rejection are simultaneous goals, and a constraint communication channel is present in the feedback loop. Examples and simulations are provided to demonstrate some of the results.
Future of monoclonal antibodies in solid organ transplantation.

The ultimate objective of immunosuppressive therapy is to block transplant recipient reactivity to allograft incompatibilities while sparing other responses. Increased clarification of rejection mechanisms has made possible the precise suppression of specific elements of the immune response using murine anti-human monoclonal antibodies. In addition, recombinant DNA technology has made available novel agents including “humanized,” bispecific, or toxin-conjugated molecules, which avoid some of the limitations of murine reagents. Using such agents, donor-specific tolerance has been induced in experimental models after a limited course of therapy directed against selected effector cell surface-associated molecules such as CD4, CD25, and CD54. It remains to be determined how such observations can be successfully transferred to the human situation. It seems likely, however, that as new molecular agents are developed, increasingly effective suppression of specific cellular targets will become an essential element of clinical protocols. Such agents may provide long-term immunosuppression with limited periods of immunosuppressive agent administration.
Compression strength reductions in composite laminates due to multiple-layer waviness

Abstract The effects of multiple-layer regions of waviness on static compression strength were investigated. A single-step fabrication method was developed for fabricating multiple-nested wavy 0 ° layers into otherwise wave-free thermoset crossply laminates. Laminates were fabricated with varying percentages of 0 ° layers containing layer waviness, but all with a constant layer wave severity. Testing was performed to determine the effects of multiple-layer wave regions on compression strength. When no greater than 33% of the 0 ° layers contained waviness, the percentage reduction in compression strength was approximately equal to the percentage of wavy 0 ° layers. However, a constant strength reduction of approximately 35% was observed when more than 33% of the 0 ° layers contained waviness. These results suggest that under limited conditions, compression strength reductions due to layer waviness may be estimated by the percentage of 0 ° layers containing layer waviness.
Treatment of a Mandibular Molar with Perforating Internal Resorption

A case is presented in which a previous partial root canal treatmenton a mandibular molar developed internal resorption of the distal canal. The case was followed at the University of Oklahoma student clinic and endodontic treatment completed in the mesial canals, with calcium hydroxide placed in the distal canal for 10 months due to a pre-existing perforating defect of the root surface. Endodontics was then completed. A 17-month follow-up film showed osseous repair apically and also adjacent to the distal root surface where a slight overextension of filling material was evident.
Concentrating a potential and its scattering transform for a discrete version of the Schro¨dinger and Zakharov-Shabat operators

Abstract We consider appropriate discrete versions of the Schrodinger and Zakharov-Shabat operators, and show by means of carefully chosen examples that - contrary to the linear situation - it is possible to simultaneously concentrate a potential and its scattering transform. In the linearized version of this problem this is precluded by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
Homology of form in plant and animal Golgi apparatus

In both negatively stained and sectioned preparations, Golgi apparatus of mouse spleen, liver and kidney consist of dictyosomes having cisternae with tubular peripheries. The extent of the tubular portion varies among tissues and among cisternae of a given dictyosome. Animal dictyosomes closely resemble those from plants in both form and sedimentation characteristics. In these respects, plant and animal Golgi apparatus are homologous structures.
The Current and Future Sales Impact of a Retail Frequency Reward Program

Abstract This research presents an empirical study of the impact of a retail frequency reward program on store sales. We examine both the “points pressure,” or short-term impact, and the “rewarded behavior,” or long-term impact. The points-pressure impact is due to forward-looking customers increasing their purchase levels in order to earn the reward. The rewarded-behavior impact is evidenced as purchases above baseline levels after an individual has received a reward and could result from either behavioral learning reinforcement or positive affect resulting from the reward. We investigate a turkey reward program that awarded free turkeys to shoppers who accumulated the required sales levels during an 8-week period. We find both a points-pressure and rewarded-behavior impact. These effects are statistically significant and managerially relevant in that the program is apparently profitable. The points-pressure impact is especially strong among customers who do not place value on frequent shopper programs that in general deliver immediate price discounts. The key implications are that frequency reward programs of the form, “buy x, then receive xx” can be profitable, are segmentation strategies, and can complement a store's overall frequent shopper program.
CO‐ AND COUNTERCURRENT MULTISTAGE AQUEOUS AND AQUEOUS ETHANOL EXTRACTION OF TEXTURED VEGETABLE PROTEIN FLOURS: PRODUCT YIELDS AND PROCESS DATA

Co- and countercurrent multistage water and ethanol: water extraction of textured vegetable flours (soy and glandless cottonseed) have produced extracted TVPs with protein contents of 79–81% (moisture free basis). Extracted soy TVP samples are characterized by carbohydrate contents (NFE) of 14–15% and less than 3% ash. The extracted cottonseed flour TVP assayed around 7% ash and 8% NFE, Such results are achieved by both co-current and countercurrent extractions at 65°C with a ratio of extraction medium to original TVP of 6 to 1. Both a dram-press and a centrifugal approach were used to separate liquid extract from solids between extraction stages. The drain-press technique tends to favor higher protein content due to possible loss of insoluble carbohydrates and fiber to the extract. TVP solids losses to the extract ranged from essentially 30% for the cottonseed TVP to around 40% for the soy TVP. A countercurrent extraction is favored because a more concentrated extract is available for the recovery of solids. Dried extracted solids range from 21–36% protein, 9–13% ash and 57–69% NFE.
Geometric methods in nonlinear analysis of data from brain imaging

The aims of this series of papers are: (a) to formulate a geometric framework for non-linear analysis of global features of massive data sets; and (b) to quantify non-linear dependencies among (possibly) uncorrelated parameters that describe the data. In this paper, we consider an application of the methods to extract and characterize nonlinearities in the functional magnetic resonance imaging data and EEG of human brain (fMRI). A more general treatment of this theory applies to a wider variety of massive data sets; however, the usual technicalities for computation and accurate interpretation of abstract concepts remain a challenge for each individual area of application.
Giant nonfamilial left atrial myxoma presenting with eye embolism and nonvalvular Streptococcus sanguinis endocarditis.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4][![Graphic][5] ][5][![Graphic][6] ][6] A 64-year-old man developed a 3-month history of recurrent fatigue, fevers, and leukocytosis after teeth cleaning. A year earlier, he had experienced sudden vision loss in the left
Meniscus tear patterns in relation to skeletal immaturity: children versus adolescents.

Background:Meniscus tear patterns in the pediatric population have not been well described.Purpose:To delineate the pattern of meniscus tears and the likelihood of repair at the time of surgery in both children and adolescents.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A retrospective review was performed on all patients between the ages of 10 and 19 years who underwent arthroscopic surgery for a meniscus injury at a single institution. Patients with open growth plates were classified as children, while those with closed growth plates were classified as adolescents. Demographic data were documented, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), mechanism of injury, and time from injury to surgery. Operative reports and intraoperative photographs were used to assess the tear pattern (type, location, zone) as well as all concomitant procedures and injuries. Tears were classified as discoid, vertical, bucket-handle, radial, oblique, horizontal, fray, root detachment, or complex.Results:Of ...
Controlling error propagation for the recursive least-squares prediction filter

ABSTRACT The nonlinear nature of the family of fast RLSL algorithms has hindered the study of the numerical properties from a general framework. As more and more applications for these types of fast filters have beenrealized, the numeric properties have become an essential part of algorithm and hardware development. Most work in the past has been algorithm specific, drawing from a stochastic or a numerical analysis viewpoint. We discuss the numeric behavior of errors propagating between successive filter stages in timeand discuss satisfactory conditions which guarantee a stable solution. 1 INTRODUCTION Much effort has been devoted to the question of stability that has hindered the widespread popularityof fast recursive least squares adaptive filtering algorithms [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Reports of arithmetic errorsgrowing without bound causing filter divergence has led to much attention regarding the usefulness ofsuch algorithms. Hindering any stability analysis is the nonlinear structure that is characteristic of theprediction update recursions for these least squares algorithms. Although it is common for the prediction
Allometric scaling in the coronary arterial system.

Biological variables such as basal metabolic rate scale with body mass through a power law relationship. The coronary arterial system also exhibits power law relations between morphological parameters such as total distal arterial length and lumen volume. The current study validated this power law and extended the relations to include the regional myocardial mass. The coronary arteries of 10 swine hearts were casted with a radio-opaque polymer solution and were imaged with cone-beam computed tomography. The CT images were analyzed by segmenting the vessels and myocardium. The vessels were tracked in 3D and the branch diameter, length, and lumen volume were computed. Regional myocardial mass were then computed for each branch. The perfusion beds of the three main coronary arterial trees were also colored differently to validate the measured mass and CT computed mass. The power laws for the morphological characteristics were then analyzed and the exponents were found to be 3/4 for the length–mass and length–volume relationships, and 1.0 for the volume–mass relationship. The CT computed myocardial mass (MCT) and the actual measured mass (MA) were related by MCT = 1.002 MA + 2.033 g. The relationship of the morphological parameters of the coronary arterial tree can potentially be used for quantification of diffuse coronary artery disease and anatomic area at risk.
Purification of oestradiol receptors by affinity chromatography.

The adequacy of techniques for purifying oestradiol-binding protein by affinity chromatography has now been established. The eluted protein has been identified as the 4.5S oestradiol receptor on the basis of its heat stability, gel filtration, sedimentation constant and isoelectric focusing.
Intracranial pressure is still number 1 despite BEST:TRIP study.

s not question contrary, the d group were acranial hyperference was in e ICP-directed xamination in tensity and the eatment in the for patients in est value from roach for TBI P monitoring analysis of the reatment. this scans, longer We congratulate Chesnut et al. on their work, which great commitment and perseverance in conducting under very difficult circumstances (3). However, we authors overinterpret their results by not adequately several variables that are important in the manage traumatic brain injury (TBI). Misinterpretation of health care workers and/or policymakers could lead clusions about our current treatment practice in seve role of intracranial pressure (ICP)–directed treatmen Central to their approach is that Chesnut et al whether the guidelines-based protocol . . . significa the outcome” of severe TBI. The authors state that ICP-directed treatment arm were treated according lines for the management of severe traumatic brain details of this protocol are outlined in the supplement ment that the authors “strongly suggest using thes whenever available and/or possible.” However, excep ence to ICPmonitoring, neither the results in the actua additional data given in the supplement prove or eve nificant guideline adherence. Key components of the ommendations are, in addition to ICPmonitoring, th arterial hypotension and severe hyperventilation, ea support,maintenance of cerebral perfusionpressure of steroids. The authors do not provide data on any for ICP monitor insertion, CPP, and hyperventilatio cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), they report a high patients with low CPP values; 86% of patients experi at some point, and the mean duration of low CPP wa which is rather high. Because CPP is tightly linked to (CPP MAP ICP), this suggests that arterial hy have been present in some of these patients. Severe h to CO2 values below 30 mm Hg was used in up to 16 The high use of barbiturates in the ICP treatment g concern because this is potentially associated with ar sion. Advanced TBI centers in North America and Eu avoid the use of barbiturates and also avoid severe hy No data are given on seizure activity, hemodynamic any laboratory values.Nutritional support seems to have b
Bronchoscopic Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection

the cause of these infections. Sepsis caused by any of these agents remains a major cause of death, and it appears that most lethal sepsis origi
Pearl and Ronda: Revaluing Mothers' Literate Lives to Imagine New Relationships Between Homes and Elementary Schools

Stories about Pearl Bright and Ronda Thompson (pseudonyms), two mothers whose literacy lives offered possibilities for new relationships with their children's elementary school, are recounted in this article. Negative personal schooling histories and lack of academic successes kept Pearl from trusting the educational system and motivated Ronda to make every effort to be intimately engaged in parent involvement opportunities. Both women voiced and acted out a sense of inadequacy in the school context that they didn't demonstrate in other aspects of their families' lives. However, Pearl was an avid reader, writer, poet, and naturalist. Ronda was a constant reader and writer who regularly shared advanced knowledge about gourmet cooking and the food industry with her family. When these women's funds of knowledge and uses of family literacy were validated in the academic and social culture of the school, shifts occurred in the tenor of their home–school relationships.
ALK+ Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma With Bladder Involvement Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin: A Case Report and Literature Review

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare malignant tumor normally originating in lymph nodes, though it can occur in extranodal sites. We report a 59-year-old man with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive ALCL involving the bladder diagnosed post-mortem who presented with fever of unknown origin. This is the seventh reported case of ALCL presenting as a bladder neoplasm. The patient presented to his primary care physician with a several day history of fever. An eventual computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed widespread adenopathy in the pelvis and retroperitoneum. After a negative infectious investigation, the patient underwent exploratory laparotomy with excisional biopsy of periaortic lymph nodes. Pathology revealed reactive lymphocytes. Bone marrow biopsy also was negative for malignancy. The patient's fevers persisted, and he later exhibited dysuria and hematuria with evidence of bilateral hydronephrosis. Cystoscopy revealed an erythematous, diffusely friable bladder mucosa with inaccessible ureteral orifices, and biopsies were taken. The patient continued to deteriorate clinically because of associated macrophage activation syndrome, a close variant of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and expired the following day. Autopsy was declined. Post-mortem pathology reports from cystoscopy revealed ALK+ ALCL of the bladder.
Agent-based computer vision in a dynamic, real-time environment

Abstract For computer vision systems to operate in many real-world environments, processing must occur in real-time under dynamic conditions. An agent-based methodology offers an approach to increase flexibility and scalability to accommodate the demands of a real-time, dynamic environment. This paper presents an agent-based architecture that uses a utility optimization technique to guarantee that important vision tasks are fulfilled even under resource constraints. To ensure that the processing of vision tasks is both reliable and flexible, multiple behaviors are utilized to accomplish the vision application's requirements. A vision behavior consists of a grouping of vision algorithms and a set of service levels associated with these algorithms. Utility functions are adopted to evaluate the performance of all possible behaviors that can address the requirements of a vision application within resource constraints. The maximum overall utility corresponds to the optimal behavior. Two example systems using this model are presented to show the applicability of the architecture. Experimental results show that this agent-based architecture outperforms traditional non-agent-based approaches.
Superheating of coated clusters.

We show by simulation that coated clusters can be superheated above their internal pressure-corrected thermodynamic melting points. The work involves molecular-dynamics simulations of Lennard-Jones systems with coatings of differing strength of interaction. Reference is made to full thermodynamic analyses of the one- and two-component phase diagrams. Two mechanisms, depending upon coating thickness, are identified for this enhanced stability.
Two leaky-late HSV-1 promoters differ significantly in structural architecture.

Abstract The HSV-1 VP5 and VP16 transcripts are expressed with leaky-late (γ1) kinetics and reach maximal levels after viral DNA replication. While the minimal VP5 promoter includes only an Sp1 site at −48, a TATA box at −30, and an initiator (Inr) element at the cap site, here we show that elements upstream of −48 can functionally compensate for the mutational loss of the critical Sp1 site at −48. To determine whether this is a general feature of leaky-late promoters, we have carried out a detailed analysis of the VP16 promoter in the context of the viral genome at the gC locus. Sequence analysis suggests a great deal of similarity between the two. Despite this, however, mutational analysis revealed that the 5′ boundary of the VP16 promoter extends to ca. −90. This region includes an Sp1 binding site at −46, CAAT box homology at −77, and “E box” (CACGTG) at −85. Mutational and deletional analyses demonstrate that the proximal Sp1 site plays little or no role in promoter strength; despite this it can be shown to bind Sp1 protein using DNA mobility shift assays. Like the VP5 promoter, the VP16 promoter also requires an initiator element at the cap site. The VP16 Inr element differs in sequence from that of the VP5 promoter, and its deletion or mutation has a significantly smaller effect on promoter strength. The difference between these two Inr elements was confirmed by our finding that the VP16 initiator element binds to the 65-kDa YY1 transcription factor, and the VP5 Inr element competes poorly for the binding between the VP16 element and infected cell proteins in comparative bandshift assays. While the VP16 Inr sequence is identical to that of several murine TATA-less promoters, the VP16 Inr requires a TATA box for measurable activity.
Technology transfer and the process of technological innovation: new concepts, new models1

Many so-called ‘technology transfer’ programs are based on the belief that the process is essentially one of communication rather than of innovation. As such, the designers and managers of such programs concern themselves with questions of how to transfer technology after it is already developed, rather than how to develop or adapt technology so that it is transferable. The net result, we believe, has been a very poor showing and a very low level of effectiveness. To design a successful transfer program one must develop a view of the flow of technology in an integrated innovation process, and this paper concludes with the presentation of a highly significant flow model in which the critical aspect is constant assessment of the non-technological factors during the entire course of the innovation cycle–including those related to marketing, regulations, capital and human resources.
Collaborating with the Community: Lessons from a Rural School District.

This article, based on case study research, highlights how a rural school district in the midwestern United States collaborated with local community organizations to meet the needs of English language learners after the district and community experienced rapid ethnic diversification. In particular, the district EL coordinator spearheaded the formation of a diversity committee composed of civic leaders and the heads of social service agencies; the diversity committee developed and supported collaborative projects aimed at meeting the social, academic, and health-related needs of immigrant youth and their families in a rural community with limited social service resources, and educating community residents about their new immigrant neighbors in order to relieve racial tensions and more easily integrate immigrant youth into the community. The article concludes with recommendations for how schools can maximize outcomes for English language learners through community collaboration.
A simple comparison of interfacial electron-transfer rates for surface-attached and bulk solution-dissolved redox moieties

A relationship is developed that facilitates a comparison between the standard electron-transfer rate constant (k0) of a redox couple covalently attached (as a constituent of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)) to an electrode and the k0 of a similar redox couple dissolved in an electrolyte solution in contact with a similar (but not electroactive) electrode/SAM assembly. Such comparisons performed for ferrocene and ruthenium redox couples demonstrate that the (normalized) rate of electron-transfer (and, also, the electronic coupling) for a solution-dissolved couple through an alkanethiol SAM/aqueous electrolyte solution interface is, within one order of magnitude, equal to that for a covalently attached redox species. A related comparison involving the Marcus theory limiting rate constants for solution-dissolved couples and the Arrhenius preexponential factors for attached couples supplies additional evidence for this surprising result.
Vitamin A and Lung Cancer

In a dozen case-control and cohort studies, high Intake of fruits and vegetables containing carotenoids has been associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer. In contrast, little relation has been found between intake of preformed vitamin A and this disease. Although initial studies suggested that persons with lower levels of serum retinol have higher future rates of lung cancer, this idea was not confirmed in subsequent investigations. Prediagnostic levels of β-carotene in blood, however, have been inversely related with risk of lung cancer. Available data thus strongly support the hypothesis that dietary carotenoids reduce the risk of lung cancer, but the data are also compatible with the possibility that some other factor in these foods is responsible for the lower risk. Even if ultimately shown to be causal, the relation between diet and lung cancer is modest compared with the deleterious effect of cigarette smoking.
Modeling of deformed segmented mirrors in grazing incidence telescopes

This work shows an approach for modeling “as-fabricated” and “as-mounted” segmented mirrors in grazing incidence telescopes. The model is used to balance the impact of fabrication/mount deformations with segment alignment in the final telescope.
“Compu-Void II”: the computerized voiding diary

Objective: We have previously described an electronic voiding diary, “Compu-Void” (Copyright, 1990) developed to automate recording of bladder symptoms (Rabinet al., 1993). Our objectives in this, the second phase of this study, were to examine a group of subject and control patients' preference and compliance with regard to the “Compu-Void” (CV) compared to the standard written voiding diary (WD), to compare the two methods with respect to the amount and type of information obtained and to determine whether or not the order of use of each recording method influenced results in the subject group.Methods: Thirty-six women between the ages of 20 and 84 with bladder symptomatology were compared to a group of 36 age-matched women.Results: In 100% of subjects and 95% of control patients, CV entries exceeded the number made with the WD in voiding events and in subjects, in incontinent episodes recorded (p<0.0005 andp<0.005, respectively). Over 98% of subjects and over 80% of control patients preferred CV over the WD (p<0.0005). The order of use of each recording method in subjects made no significant difference with regard to the volume of information obtained (p<0.407), number of urinary leakage events recorded (p<0.494), and fluid intake patterns (p<0.410). Patient impressions of, and compliance with each method were not affected by order of use.
Diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of contrast echocardiography on evaluation of cardiac function in technically very difficult patients in the intensive care unit

Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function can be quite difficult in the intensive care unit and may require transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). We therefore compared harmonic imaging alone or in combination with contrast to TEE in 32 consecutive patients in the intensive care units who were considered technically very difficult (≥50% of the 16 segments not visualized from any view). Excellent or adequate endocardial visualization was achieved in 13% of segments with fundamental imaging, 34% with harmonic imaging, and 87% with contrast (p <0.0001); the latter success rate was similar to TEE (87% vs 90%; p = NS). When TEE was used as the standard, agreement in exact interpretation of wall motion increased from 48% for fundamental imaging to 58% with harmonic imaging, and reached 70% with contrast (p <0.0001). Contrast had the best sensitivity (89%) for detecting wall motion abnormalities. Estimation of ejection fraction was possible in 31% with fundamental imaging, 50% with harmonic imaging, and in 97% with contrast. Ejection fraction quantitated by contrast enhancement correlated best with TEE (r = 0.91). Cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that contrast echo was cost-effective compared with TEE in determining regional and global ventricular function, with a cost saving of 3% and 17%, respectively. Thus, contrast echocardiography provides an accurate, safe, and cost-effective alternative to TEE for evaluating ventricular function in technically very difficult studies.
The interaction of titanium-carbon cluster fragments

Covariance and correlation coefficient mapping techniques are utilized to investigate the formation mechanism of titanium carbon clusters in a laser vaporization source, and also to elucidate the details of fragmentation of these clusters under excitation with an intense femtosecond laser pulse (∼1015 W/cm2 at 120 fs). This study, and a previous investigation of the Coulomb explosion of ammonia clusters, demonstrates the potential which covariance mapping has in discerning the details of cluster formation and fragmentation processes. Particular attention is paid to the titanium metallocarbohedrene (Met-Car), Ti8C12.