cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The TMS320C30 floating-point digital signal processor

The 320C30 is a fast processor with a large memory space and floating-point-arithmetic capabilities. The authors describe the 320C30 architecture in detail, discussing both the internal organization of the device and the external interfaces. They also explain the pipeline structure, addressing software-related issues and constructs, and examine the development tools and support. Finally, they present examples of applications. Some of the major features of the 320C30 are: a 60-ns cycle time that results in execution of over 16 million instructions per second (MIPS) and over 33 million floating-point operations per second (Mflops); 32-bit data buses and 24-bit address buses for a 16M-word overall memory space; dual-access, 4 K*32-bit on-chip ROM and 2 K*32-bit on-chip RAM; a 64*32-bit program cache; a 32-bit integer/40-bit floating-point multiplier and ALU; eight extended-precision registers, eight auxiliary registers, and 23 control and status registers; generally single-cycle instructions; integer, floating-point, and logical operation; two- and three-operand instructions; an on-chip DMA controller; and fabrication in 1- mu m CMOS technology and packaging in a 180-pin package. These facilitate FIR (finite impulse response) and IIR (infinite impulse response) filtering, telecommunications and speech applications, and graphics and image processing applications. >
Comparison of Two Winter Air Quality Episodes during the California Regional Particulate Air Quality Study

Abstract The duration, strength, spatial extent, and chemical makeup of particulate matter (PM) are compared for two winter air quality episodes captured during the California Regional Particulate Air Quality Study (CRPAQS). Each episode, from the beginning of the buildup through dissolution, lasted about 3 weeks. The first episode occurred from December 14, 1999, through January 1, 2000, with peak 24-hr average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concen trations reaching 129 μg/m3. The second episode occurred a year later, from December 18, 2000, through January 8, 2001, with peak 24-hr average PM2.5 concentrations reaching 179 μg/m3. Although similar in duration, each episode exhibited unique characteristics. One significant difference was the episode buildup rate; rapid in 1999, but slow and steady in 2000. The rapid buildup of the first episode resulted in more days with PM2.5 concentrations above the 24-hr federal standard, whereas the slow and steady increase of the second episode produced higher peaks....
Extent and location of DNA synthesis associated with a class of Rec-mediated recombinants of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract The extent and location of DNA synthesis associated with Rec recombination of a lambda phage mutant has been determined approximately for recombinants arising under conditions that restrict DNA duplication. The mutant bio1 contains a substitution in its DNA, and nearly all phage maturing under these conditions have undergone a recombination event within a short region in or near the inserted DNA. Density labeled phage bio1 were used to prepare a lysate under these conditions and the extent of new DNA synthesis was determined by analyzing the density of the progeny phage. On the average, about 6% of the phage chromosome was resynthesized in such a cross. DNA was extracted from bio1 phage crossed under similar conditions in the presence of 32PO4. The position of incorporated 32PO4 was determined by cleaving the DNA with EcoRI restriction endonuclease and resolving the resulting fragments by electrophoresis on agarose gels. The fragment found to have the most newly synthesized DNA and the highest average amount of synthesis per nucleotide contains the bio1 insertion near its left end and the “hot spot” for Rec-mediated recombination near its center. It appears that in these crosses recombination-associated DNA synthesis is localized about the region of the Rec-mediated recombination event.
A RGA study of the cross-contamination of dopant species and low level impurities and the use of the RGA as a process monitor in a Varian 180XP

Abstract Residual gas analysis (RGA) has been used to characterize the process of a Varian 180XP. The cross-contamination from dopant species has been investigated along with low level impurities from other sources, specifically resist, pump backstreaming, and implanter parts. This effect is clearly observed using RGA to measure total and partial pressures. This study concentrates on selected ranges of energy, dose, and beam current. The study also investigates the correlation of particle events in the implanter with a RGA and an in situ particle counter. A recommendation on the use of one or both tools as process monitors is made.
Role of image-guided patient repositioning and online planning in localized prostate cancer IMRT.

Abstract Purpose To determine the expected benefit of image-guided online replanning over image-guided repositioning of localized prostate cancer intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Materials and methods On 10 to 11 CT scans of each of 10 early-stage prostate cancer patients, the prostate, bladder and rectum are manually segmented. Using a 3-mm PTV margin expansion from the CTV, an IMRT plan is made on the first CT scan of each patient. Online repositioning is simulated by recalculating the IMRT plan from the initial CT scan on the subsequent CT scans of each patient. For online replanning, IMRT is replanned twice on all CT scans, using 0-mm and 3-mm margins. The doses from subsequent CT images of each patient are then deformed to the initial CT anatomy using a mesh-based thin-plate B-spline deformation method and are accumulated for DVH and isodose review. Results Paired t -tests show that online replanning with 3-mm margins significantly increases the prostate volume receiving the prescribed dose over replanning with 0-mm margins ( p -value 0.004); gives marginally better target coverage than repositioning with 3-mm margins( p -value 0.06–0.343), and reduces variations in target coverage over repositioning. Fractional volumes of rectum and bladder receiving 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95% (V75, V80, V85, V90, and V95) of the prescription dose are evaluated. V90 and V95 values for the rectum are 1.6% and 0.7 % for 3-mm margin replanning and 1% and 0.4 % for 0-mm margin replanning, with p -values of 0.010–0.011. No significant differences between repositioning and replanning with 3-mm margins are found for both the rectum and the bladder. Conclusions Image-guided replanning using 3-mm margins reduces target coverage variations, and maintains comparable rectum and bladder sparing to patient repositioning in localized prostate cancer IMRT. Marginal reductions in doses to rectum and bladder are possible when planning margins are eliminated in the online replanning scenario. However, further reduction in treatment planning margins is not recommended.
The effect of environmental dynamism on returns to inventory leanness

Abstract This paper adds to the empirical inventory management literature by examining the moderating effects of environmental dynamism on the relationship between inventory leanness and financial performance. While the financial implications of inventory management practices have been extensively studied in the literature, it is clear that lean inventory strategies may not have the same payoff for all firms in all industries. Grounded in inventory theory, this study explores how firm characteristics and environmental dynamism—measured in terms of innovative intensity, demand uncertainty and competitive intensity—moderate the inventory leanness–performance link. We use hierarchical linear modeling to analyze a data set of 5749 firm-year observations from 123 U.S. manufacturing industries. In line with the hypotheses set forth, the results indicate that innovative intensity in an industry increases the effect of inventory leanness on firm performance while competitive intensity has the opposite effect. The hypothesis with respect to the moderating role of demand uncertainty is not supported. Another interesting and important finding is that inventory leanness accounts for nearly one third of the variation in firm performance after controlling for firm size and growth, thus underlining the importance of efficient and effective inventory management for overall firm success.
Imaging of thermal and elastic surface properties by scanning electron acoustic microscopy

Scanning electron acoustic microscopy is a new technique for imaging the thermal and elastic properties of surfaces and detecting subsurface flaws. It can be carried out in a modified scanning electron microscope. The effects of electron beam energy and phase angle on scanning electron acoustic images of the thermal and elastic properties of surfaces were studied with an alumina fiber/aluminum matrix composite for fiber directions both transverse and coaxial to the surface. Images produced with 10- and 30-keV electrons at beam modulation frequencies of 80–1200 kHz appeared to be identical, with the exception of a lower signal-to-noise ratio for the lower electron energy. This observation suggests that the energy input from the beam can be considered to occur at the surface for electron energies below 30 keV and frequencies below 1200 kHz. Images recorded at 0° phase angle mapped regions of different thermal and elastic properties. Images recorded at 90° phase angle highlighted the boundaries between such regions. Scanning electron acoustic microscopy can image features of different thermal and elastic properties at greater depth than traditional imaging with backscattered electrons. The practical application of the technique to the study of surfaces is illustrated by the imaging of grain structure and subsurface particles for an extruder barrel.
RAMP: Research Accelerator for Multiple Processors

The RAMP project's goal is to enable the intensive, multidisciplinary innovation that the computing industry will need to tackle the problems of parallel processing. RAMP itself is an open-source, community-developed, FPGA-based emulator of parallel architectures. its design framework lets a large, collaborative community develop and contribute reusable, composable design modules. three complete designs - for transactional memory, distributed systems, and distributed-shared memory - demonstrate the platform's potential.
Initial postbuckling response of anisotropic laminated rectangular plates

It has been shown that anisotropic plates can have unstable postbuckling behavior resulting in potential imperfection sensitivity. The present paper quantifies the degree of instability for rectangular, simply supported asymmetrically laminated plates. The analysis is based on asymptotic Koiter-type expansion of postbuckling response. The degree of postbuckling instability is quantified in terms of the reduction in load carrying capacity in the immediate postbuckling range. For graphite-epoxy plates it is found that this measure of instability is very small unless the lamination asymmetry is very pronounced.
Performance of asynchronous multi-user MIMO OFDM systems

In this paper, the effect of transmitter diversity on asynchronous co-channel interference suppression and equalization is studied in multi-user multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In an asynchronous mode of data transmission, independent decoding without user cooperation is a more appropriate approach. Thus, various suboptimal transmitter diversity techniques such as space-time block coding and beamforming are employed, and their performances are evaluated. First, we develop space-time minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receivers for both space-time block coded OFDM and beamforming based MIMO OFDM. The average signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) resulting from MMSE combining indicates that the bit-error rate (BER) performance of space-time block coded (STBC) multi-user OFDM is highly dependent on the amount of timing offset. Overall, simulation results demonstrate that closed-loop MIMO systems need to be employed to obtain substantial diversity gains in asynchronous multi-user OFDM channels with random timing offset. Moreover, receiver diversity is an important factor to the performance of a large system.
Growth dynamics of InGaAs by MBE: process simulation and theoretical analysis

Abstract In the InGaAs materials system, the perfection is intrinsically controlled by the surface segregation of In due to its larger atomic size compared to Ga. In spite of several experimental investigations, there is a lack of a thorough understanding of the underlying surface dynamic processes and their interplay. In this work, a rate equation model is developed including several physically sound surface processes such as segregation from the crystalline layer to a surface riding In segregated layer and incorporation from the segregated In layer to crystalline layer. The rate of the processes are assumed Arrhenius-type with concentration-dependent activation energies. The simulated In incorporation coefficient versus substrate temperature is in excellent agreement with experimental data [1] for various As overpressure. For a constant As overpressure, In incorporation decreases with increasing temperature. For a constant temperature, In incorporation increases with increasing As overpressure. The In desorption versus time results from experiments and our simulation match very well. The desorption process has two components, one arising from the physisorbed layer of In and the other from the surface of the crystal. The activation energy for these processes for an isolated In adatom are 0.18 and 2.6 eV, respectively. These observations are explained based on the interplay of competing surface processes such as segregation and incorporation.
Change in Religious Beliefs, Parental Pressure, and Attitudes of College Students toward Higher Education as Related to Religious Fundamentalism:

Men (n = 55) and women (n = 99) college students (M age = 22.3 yr., SD = 6.1, range 18 to 58 years), from a moderate-sized midwestern university reported attitudes toward the goals and purposes of higher education, perceptions of parental pressure and support, and change in religious beliefs. The Religious Fundamentalist Scale, the Quest Scale, Faith-keeping, and Obedience to Parents Scales were also administered. Students classified as religious fundamentalists had more negative attitudes toward the goals and purposes of higher education goals and toward faculty. An interaction of Sex x Fundamentalist Classification indicated that nonfundamentalist college men reported greater change in their religious beliefs, relative to other groups. Perceptions of parental pressure or support were unrelated to scores on fundamentalism. The implications of students' religious backgrounds in relation to academic success were discussed.
Counting and accountability

1brings an important issue to greater attention and focus. Our organisation, Human Rights Watch, works to uphold the principle of government accountability, and an important part of this is to ensure that individuals—citizens and others within a state’s borders—are offi cially recognised and counted. The most widely adopted international human rights treaty in his tory, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, outlines governments’ obligations to pro vide birth registration. 2 Human Rights Watch’s documenta tion of govern ment denials of civil registra tion, especially concern ing refugees, migrants, and minor ity groups, 3,4
Stiffness Tuning with Bias Magnetic Fields in Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Ni-Mn-Ga

This article presents the dynamic characterization of mechanical stiffness changes under varied bias magnetic fields in single-crystal ferromagnetic shape memory Ni-Mn-Ga. The material is first converted to a single variant through the application and subsequent removal of a bias magnetic field. Mechanical base excitation is then used to measure the acceleration transmissibility across the sample, from where the resonance frequency is directly identified. The tests are repeated for various longitudinal and transverse bias magnetic fields ranging from 0 to 575 kA/m. A SDOF model for the Ni-Mn-Ga sample is used to calculate the mechanical stiffness and damping from the transmissibility measurements. An abrupt resonance frequency increase of 21% and a stiffness increase of 51% are obtained with increasing longitudinal fields. A gradual resonance frequency change of -35% and a stiffness change of -61% are obtained with increasing transverse fields. A constitutive model is implemented which describes the depen...
Lucien Chardon-de Rubempré: Champion du Monde en Titre(s)

(2001). Lucien Chardon-de Rubempre: Champion du Monde en Titre(s) Romance Quarterly: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 250-256.
Cyclic saturation behavior of tungsten monofilament-reinforced monocrystalline copper matrix composites

Studies on saturation behavior produced by cyclic deformation have been conducted on tungsten monofilament-reinforced monocrystalline copper composites. The effect of the fiber on strain localization has been investigated using interferometry. For a given applied strain amplitude, local strain and volume fraction of the persistent slip bands (PSBs) in the composite appeared no different from those observed in monolithic copper single crystals. However, the distribution of the PSBs was observed to be more uniform, and the total number of PSBs is substantially higher than that in monolithic crystals. The PSBs appeared mostly in the form of micro-PSBs or macro-PSBs with very limited width. Instead of expanding existing PSBs, new PSBs were more likely to nucleate at new locations during cyclic deformation. The volume fraction and width of the PSBs were observed to increase during saturation, which indicates that some of the PSBs become aged and new PSBs form in order to continue to carry the plastic strain. A rule of mixtures model was established to link the cyclic stress-strain response of the monocrystalline composites to the behavior of monolithic single crystals and fibers. The results calculated from the model show very good agreement with the experimental data.
Expression of multiple thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in rat femoral and vertebral bone and in bone marrow osteogenic cultures.

Thyroid hormones influence both bone formation and bone resorption. Clinical data and animal studies provide evidence of skeletal site heterogeneity (hip vs. spine) of bone responses to thyroid hormones. In vitro studies also demonstrate direct effects of thyroid hormones on cells of the osteoblast lineage. Transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone is mediated by ligand-dependent transcription factors called thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Two genes, c-ErbAalpha and c-ErbAbeta, generate at least four TR isoforms in the rat: TRalpha(1), c-erbAalpha(2), TRbeta(1), and TRbeta(2). Although functional TRs have been identified in cells of the osteoblast lineage, it is still not known if TR isoform expression in bone differs depending upon which skeletal site is examined. We have used ribonuclease protection assay and Northern blot analysis to simultaneously examine the expression of TR isoform mRNAs in adult rat femoral and vertebral bone. TRalpha(1), c-erbAalpha(2), and TRbeta(1) are expressed in both femur and vertebra whole bone. Bone marrow cells from both skeletal sites were also cultured under conditions whereby the osteoprogenitors differentiated into osteoblasts and formed a mineralized extracellular matrix. TRalpha(1), c-erbAalpha(2), and TRbeta(1) mRNAs are each expressed in both femoral and vertebral osteoblast cultures. The presence of TRalpha(1), c-erbAalpha(2), and beta(1) proteins was confirmed by Western analysis of nuclear protein extracts from femoral and vertebral cell cultures. These results indicate that the three predominant TR isoforms are highly expressed in bone and osteoblasts from femurs and vertebrae. Whether there are distinct mechanisms of thyroid hormone action mediated by TRalpha(1), c-erbAalpha(2), and TRbeta(1) at these separate skeletal sites remain to be shown.
Expression and Intracellular Localization of Protein Phosphatases 2A and 2B, Protein Kinase A, A-Kinase Anchoring Protein (AKAP79), and Binding of the Regulatory (RII) Subunit of Protein Kinase A to AKAP79 in Human Myometrium

Objective:To determine the expression and intracellular localization of protein phosphatases 2A (PP2A) and 2B (PP2B), protein kinase A (PKA), and A-kinaes anchoring protein (AKAP79), and expression of PKA (RII subunit) binding to AKAP79 in human postmenopausal and pregnant myometrium and to correlate their expressions to blood levels of estradiol, progesterone, and oxytocin.Methods:Myometrial samples were taken from postmenopausal hysterectomy specimens (group 1, n = 5), from pregnant nonlaboring women (group 2, n = 7) and pregnant laboring women (group 3, n = 5) at cesarean. Western immunoblotting, immunohistochemical, and RII overlay assays were performed. Blood samples were assayed for estradiol, progesterone, and oxytocin levels.Results:There were no significant differences in expression of PP2A, PKA, AKAP79, or PKA(RII) binding to AKAP79 between the three groups. Expression of PP2B was significantly greater in the nonlabor group (group 2) compared with groups 1 and 3. Protein phosphatase 2B, PKA, and...
A carbon isotope method to quantify groundwater discharge at the land‐sea interface

We present a new method to characterize and quantify groundwater discharge to estuaries and the coastal ocean. Using data from the Pages Creek estuary in the Cape Fear region of southeastern North Carolina, we show that the concentration and carbon isotopic composition (D 14 C and d 13 C values) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) can provide a tracer of a single, well-defined component of the surface water-groundwater system in coastal regions— the integrated freshwater discharge to an estuary from confined aquifers. Groundwater from the two shallowest confined aquifers in the Cape Fear region (the Castle Hayne and the Peedee) has DIC D 14 C values ranging from 2282‰ to 2829‰, significantly lower than the radiocarbon content of surficial (water table) groundwater, rivers and streams, and seawater in the area (D 14 C 52 38‰ to 197‰). DIC additions from salt marsh decomposition and DIC removal via photosynthesis and gas evasion can influence estuarine DIC concentrations and DIC d 13 C values. However, none of these processes results in strongly depleted DIC D 14 C values. Because artesian springs are the only significant low-D 14 C DIC input to the Pages Creek estuary, flood-ebb 14 C budgets provide a direct measure of the fraction of the total freshwater inputs to the Pages Creek estuary that is derived from artesian discharge. With this method, we have observed a striking range in the relative contribution of artesian flow to the Pages Creek estuary freshwater budget. During November 1999 and April 2001 (both periods of low precipitation in southeastern North Carolina), artesian groundwater discharge could account for essentially all of the Pages Creek freshwater inputs. In contrast, during July 2000 (a period of high precipitation in this region), artesian groundwater made a negligible contribution to the creek’s freshwater budget.
Nekton density patterns and hurricane recovery in submerged aquatic vegetation, and along non-vegetated natural and created edge habitats

We compared nekton habitat value of submerged aquatic vegetation, flooded non-vegetated natural and man-made edge habitats in mesohaline interior marsh areas in southwest Louisiana using a 1-m 2 throw trap and 3-mm bag seine. When present, SAV habitats supported close to 4 times greater densities and higher species richness of nekton as compared to either natural or man-made edge habitats, which supported similar densities to one another. Three species of concern (bayou killifish, diamond killifish, chain pipefish) were targeted in the analysis, and two of the three were collected almost entirely in SAV habitat. During the course of the study, Hurricanes Ike and Gustav passed directly over the study sites in September 2008. Subsequent analyses indicated significant reductions in resident nekton density 1-mo post hurricanes, and only limited recovery 13-mo post-hurricane. Possible alteration of environmental characteristics such as scouring of SAV habitat, deposition of sediment over SAV, edge erosion and marsh loss, and extended high salinities may explain these lasting impacts. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Basic Bayesian Blunder

Bayesian statistical inference appears to offer a way to solve the problems of inferring general statistical distributions in populations from observed distributions in samples. Early in the development of mathematical statistics this form of inference was referred to as “inverse” inference, in contrast with “direct” inference, the inference from knowledge of a distribution in a population to a distribution in a sample. It was felt that direct inference was reasonably well understood, and that inverse inference was a problem. This paper argues that Bayesian techniques are based on principles that actually conflict with direct inference. It is concluded that we should hold fast to direct inference based on our knowledge of frequencies or chances, and accept Bayesian procedures only when they can be put into the framework of direct inference.
Dynamic reconfiguration of an optical interconnect

The advent of optical technology that can feasibly support extremely high bandwidth chip-to-chip communication raises a host of architectural questions in the design of digital systems. Terabit per second (and higher) bandwidths have not previously been available at the chip level. In this paper we examine the use of this optical technology in the design of a network router, a system for which previous designs have been I/O-limited at the chip level. Specifically, we examine the benefits of bandwidth reconfigurability, a capability of the proposed switch fabric, and illustrate the performance impact associated with different reconfiguration rates.
Comparing Rates of a First Visit for Infertility Services by Parity Status

Is there a significant difference in the rates of a first visit for infertility services between nulliparous women and parous women? Applying statistical models common to fertility studies, this research uses discrete-time event history models to estimate the hazard of a first visit for infertility treatment across two groups of women based on their parity status. Parity status for this study is dichotomized into nulliparous women and parous women. Using retrospective data from the National Survey of Family Growth about the month and year of the first visit for infertility treatment as well as pregnancy histories from female respondents, results indicate that nulliparous women are 38% more likely to have a first visit for infertility compared to parous women. The higher rates of nulliparous women who seek infertility treatment compared to parous women are incongruent with self-reported fertility expectations among women to have at least two children. This study provides insight into why parity status influences the rates of seeking infertility assistance in spite of fertility expectations.
Thermochemistry of glass forming Y-substituted Sr-analogues of titanite (SrTiSiO5)

Strontium titanium silicates are possible oxide forms for immobilization of short lived fission products in radioactive waste. Through beta decay, strontium decays to yttrium, and then to zirconium. Therefore, not only the stability of Sr-loaded waste forms, but also that of a potential decay product series with charge-balance in a naturally occurring mineral or a ceramic is of fundamental importance. Strontium titanosilicate (SrTiSiO5) is the Sr-analogue of titanite (CaTiSiO5). To incorporate the reaction 3Sr2+ = 2Y3+ + vacancy in the titanite composition, Y-substituted Sr-analogues of titanite, (Sr1–xY2/3x)TiSiO5 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) were prepared by high temperature synthesis and were found to form glass upon cooling. The Y-end-member (Y2/3TiSiO5, x = 1) crystallized to a mixture of Y2TiSiO7, TiO2, and SiO2 upon quenching in air. The enthalpies of formation of Y-substituted Sr-titanite glasses were obtained from drop solution calorimetry in a molten lead borate (2PbO·B2O3) solvent at 702 °C. The enthalpies of formation from constituent oxides are exothermic but become less so with increasing Y content. The thermodynamic stability of the Y-substituted Sr-analogue of crystalline titanite may become marginal with increasing yttrium content.
Against Division: Consciousness, Information and the Visual Streams

Abstract: Milner and Goodale’s influential account of the primate cortical visualstreams involves a division of consciousness between them, for it is the ventral streamthathastheresponsibilityforvisualconsciousness.Hence,thedorsalvisualstreamisa‘zombie’ stream. In this article, I argue that certain information carried by the dorsalstreamlikelyplaysacentralroleintheegocentricspatialcontentofexperience,especiallythe experience of visual spatial constancy. Thus, the dorsal stream contributes to apervasivefeatureofconsciousness. 1. Introduction SincetheseminalworkofMishkinandUngerleider(1982),thestandardpictureoftheprimatevisualsystemidentifiestwoseparatevisualstreamsemanatingfromearlycorticalvisualareas:a dorsalstream thatextendsintotheparietallobeanda ventral streamthatextendsintothetemporallobe(seeFigure1).UngerleiderandMishkinfurtherarguedthatthedorsalstreamservesspatialvision(‘where’)whiletheventralstreamservesobjectvision(‘what’).Subsequently,MilnerandGoodale(1995)advancedaninfluentialreconceptual-izationofthefunctionofthestreams:thedorsalstreamisforthedirectcontrolofmotoraction;theventralstreamisforperceptionwhichinformscognition.Whilemuchfocushasbeendirectedattheirclaimsaboutaction,Ifocusontheirclaimsaboutconsciousness.
Anisotropy-based failure criterion for interphase systems

This paper presents a methodology for estimating the shear strength of interphase systems composed of granular materials and planar inclusions having various degrees of roughness. Existing empirical and semiempirical relationships between strength and surface roughness do not appear to be general and are unable to account for surface-particle interactions at the appropriate scales. The proposed method is based on the contact force anisotropy of those particles that touch the inclusion surface. It was developed using two-dimensional discrete element method simulations of interphase systems constructed within a direct interface shear test device. Particles consist of polydisperse and monodisperse spheres of constant median grain diameter. Surface roughness was varied by using profiles with regular and random asperities, and profiles of manufactured surfaces. Results indicate that the magnitude and direction of average contact total force at the interface controls strength. A bilinear relationship, independent of particle to surface friction coefficient, exists between the principal direction of contact total force anisotropy and strength. Results using the proposed criterion are in good agreement with laboratory results using spheres and subrounded sand.
Nonlinear dynamics in the oxidations of substituted thioureas I: The reaction of 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide with acidic iodate [1]

The substituted thiourea, 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, was oxidized by iodate in acidic medium. In high acid concentrations and in stoichiometric excess of iodate, the reaction displays an induction period followed by the formation of aqueous iodine. In stoichiometric excess of methylthiosemicarbazide and high acid concentration, the reaction shows a transient formation of aqueous iodine. The stoichiometry of the reaction is: 4IO + 3CH3NHC(S)NHNH2 + 3H2O 4I− + 3SO + 3CH3NHC(O)NHNH2 + 6H+ (A). Iodine formation is due to the Dushman reaction that produces iodine from iodide formed from the reduction of iodate: IO + 5I− + 6H+ 3I2(aq) + 3H2O (B). Transient iodine formation is due to the efficient acid catalysis of the Dushman reaction. The iodine produced in process B is consumed by the methylthiosemicarbazide substrate. The direct reaction of iodine and methylthiosemicarbazide was also studied. It has a stoichiometry of 4I2(aq) + CH3NHC(S)NHNH2 + 5H2O 8I− + SO + CH3NHC(O)NHNH2 + 10H+ (C). The reaction exhibits autoinhibition by iodide and acid. Inhibition by I− is due to the formation of the triiodide species, I, and inhibition by acid is due to the protonation of the sulfur center that deactivates it to further electrophilic attack. In excess iodate conditions, the stoichiometry of the reaction is 8IO + 5CH3NHC(S)NHNH2 + H2O 4I2 + 5SO + 5CH3NHC(O)NHNH2 + 2H+ (D) that is a linear combination of processes A and B. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 32: 193–203, 2000
AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR USER-ACQUAINTED DIAGNOSTIC SUPPORT SYSTEMS

This paper explores intelligent diagnostic support systems as debugging tools for end-users of computing. By analyzing error (fault) behavior of users and fault-diagnostic relationships of these errors, the authors identified patterns that could be exploited to provide electronic diagnostic assistance. This analysis showed that (a) error behavior differs considerably across end-users; and (b) individual end-users tend to make the same errors over time because they have difficulty identifying the causes of their errors. When viewed in light of the literatures on human-computer interface design and human error/diagnostic behavior, this analysis lead to some general conclusions about how diagnostic systems could be designed to provide better advice. Specifically, the empirical results suggest that diagnostic systems with firing rules based solely upon the aggregated behavior of all users will often provide individual users with poor advice. In contrast, diagnostic support systems could be improved by using user-specific data in the knowledge base. Such a deviation from conventional ideas about knowledge-base development seems consistent with other diagnostic situations, such as medical and machine diagnosis.
The Role of Transnational Companies in the Brazilian Defence Tripod

Within a short time span Brazil became one of the world's largest producers of defence hardware. In 1987, Brazil was the fifth largest exporter of arms worldwide and the second largest arms producer among the newly industrialised countries (NICs). This article argues that the roots of this rapid development of the Brazilian Defence Industry (BDI) lie in the vital role of multinational companies (MNCs) and in the harmonious tripod orchestrated by the Brazilian government. The State, through its interaction with the Brazilian private sector and with subsidiaries of MNCs, brought together the political support, a supply of funds, the manufacturing capability and technology that are vital in any attempt to establish an indigenous defence industry. Above all, the Brazilian government achieved the balanced coordination of these variables essential for maintaining the dynamics of the industry.
Thermal Nonlinearities in Contour Mode AlN Resonators

In this paper, we analyze the origin of elastic nonlinearities in aluminium nitride contour mode resonators (CMRs). Our study highlights that the nonlinear behavior is due to thermal effects when the resonators are electrically excited and the input is slowly (slow with respect to the device thermal time constant) swept through the excitation frequencies close to the main resonance. An analytical expression that relates the nonlinear behavior of the device to its geometry and material properties is derived. Amplitude-frequency (A-f) and third-order intermodulation (IMD3) measurements on 1-GHz AlN CMRs are employed to demonstrate the theoretical reasoning. The two experiments confirm the validity of the analytical derivation when the system is dominated by thermally induced nonlinearities. In the case of large frequency difference between the modulation frequencies, purely elastic nonlinearity can also be extracted from the IMD3 measurements.
Adin Ballou's Hopedale Community and the Theology of Antislavery

the overthrow of slavery. But if we consider antislavery as a religious movement-not simply a movement of religious origins-then we may understand the prominence which the movement itself accorded to leaders who contributed little to the eventual emancipation of the slaves by means of war and politics. To use a famous example, some sense may begin to be made of the career of Theodore Dwight Weld, a hero among his co-workers because he seemed to embody the evangelical spirit in antislavery. To Gilbert H. Barnes and Dwight L. Dumond in 1934 it seemed "incredible" that this "greatest figure in the movement" had been condemned to historical anonymity. Yet 1. An exception is David Brion Davis, who writes at the conclusion of an article on an earlier period of antislavery than I am going to discuss: "To the extent that slavery became a concrete symbol of sin, and support of the antislavery cause a sign of Christian virtue, participation in the reform became a supplement or even alternative to traditional religion. As a kind of surrogate religion, antislavery had long shown tendencies that were pietistic, millennial, and anti-institutional." See his "The Emergence of Immediatism in British and American Antislavery Thought," Mississippi Valley Historioal Beview, 49 (1962), 229. Another exception is John L. Thomas, who has studied the ways in which for reformers "antislavery was simply the core of a complex of general reform." See his "Antislavery and Utopia," The Antislavery Vanguard: New Essays on the Abolitionists, ed. Martin Duberman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965). p. 248.
BRG-1 Is Recruited to Estrogen-Responsive Promoters and Cooperates With Factors Involved in Histone Acetylation

Several factors that mediate activation by nuclear receptors also modify the chemical and structural composition of chromatin. Prominent in this diverse group is the steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) family, which interact with agonist-bound nuclear receptors, thereby coupling them to multifunctional transcriptional coregulators such as CREB-binding protein (CBP), p300, and PCAF, all of which have potent histone acetyltransferase activity. Additionally factors including the Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG-1) that are involved in the structural remodeling of chromatin also mediate hormone-dependent transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors. Here, we provide evidence that these two distinct mechanisms of coactivation may operate in a collaborative manner. We demonstrate that transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor (ER) requires functional BRG-1 and that the coactivation of estrogen signaling by either SRC-1 or CBP is BRG-1 dependent. We find that in response to estrogen, ER recruits BRG-1, thereby targeting BRG-1 to the promoters of estrogen-responsive genes in a manner that occurs simultaneous to histone acetylation. Finally, we demonstrate that BRG-1-mediated coactivation of ER signaling is regulated by the state of histone acetylation within a cell. Inhibition of histone deacetylation by trichostatin A dramatically increases BRG-1-mediated coactivation of ER signaling, and this increase is reversed by overexpression of histone deacetylase 1. These studies support a critical role for BRG-1 in ER action in which estrogen stimulates an ER‐BRG-1 association coupling BRG-1 to regions of chromatin at the sites of estrogen-responsive promoters and promotes the activity of other recruited factors that alter the acetylation state of chromatin.
Modeling Product Line Architectures through Change Sets and Relationships

The essence of any modeling approach for product line architectures lies in its ability to express variability. Existing approaches do so by explicitly specifying variation points inside the architectural specification of the entire product line, usually with optional and alternative elements of some form. This, however, leads to a sizable mismatch between conceptual variability (i.e., the features through which architects logically view and interpret differences in product architectures) and actual variability (i.e., the modeling constructs through which the logical differences must be expressed). We contribute a new product line architecture modeling approach that unites the two. Our approach uses change sets to group related architectural differences and relationships to govern which change set combinations are valid when composed into a particular product architecture. The result lifts modeling of variability out of modeling architectural structure, consolidates related variation points, and explicitly and separately manages their compatibilities.
Spirituality, Alcohol and Other Drug Problems

Summary A brief examination of the history, central figures, and literature of spirituality in addiction studies is followed by a review of central concepts and a look toward the future of spirituality research. Some current initiatives are also examined.
Determining the camera to robot-body transformation from planar mirror reflections

This paper presents a method for estimating the six-degrees-of-freedom transformation between a camera and the body of the robot on which it is rigidly attached. The robot maneuvers in front of a planar mirror, allowing the camera to observe fiducial features on the robot from several vantage points. Exploiting these measurements, we form a maximum-likelihood estimate of the camera-to-body transformation, without assuming prior knowledge of the robot motion or of the mirror configuration. Additionally, we estimate the mirror configuration with respect to the camera for each image. We validate the accuracy and correctness of our method with simulations and real-world experiments.
Maturation of carbonic anhydrase IV expression in rabbit kidney

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IV facilitates renal acidification by catalyzing the dehydration of luminal H2CO3. CA IV is expressed in proximal tubules, medullary collecting ducts, and A-intercalated cel...
From Territory to Territoriality - A Study on the Concept of Territory of Social Contract Theorists and Foucault

Territory is a geographical concept; however, it also contains political denotation. Territory is considered as an integral part of sovereignty: a sovereign state must possess a geographical area on which the sovereign establishes its authority and exercises its power. However, has this close relationship between territory and sovereignty been existing since the first day sovereignty became a topic for political theorists? When does the concept of territory become an integral part of sovereignty? The puzzle requires an answer that establishes a historical connection between territory and sovereignty. How it has evolved to be an essential institution in our understanding of sovereignty is the question this paper will answer.
Judicial Activism and the Persuasive Power of Governmental Institutions: An Experimental Design

This paper utilizes an experiment to test whether governmental institutions can generate public support and legitimacy for a policy change they undertake. I hypothesize that the Supreme Court can generate more support for a policy change than Congress, but judicial activism would undermine the Court’s persuasive power. The control group is asked whether they favor civilian trials or military commissions for trying terrorism suspects. Two treatment groups are exposed to a fictitious newspaper article saying either Congress or the Court had changed policy to allow civilian trials. A third treatment group is exposed to the same article about the Court with an added sentence criticizing the Court for engaging in judicial activism. The data indicate that the Court and Congress possess similar levels of persuasive power and that accusations of judicial activism actually enhance support for the policy change.
Functional synergism between IGF-IR tyrosine kinase and NPM-ALK oncogene identifies a novel role of IGF-IR in malignant lymphoma.

C89 Deregulated IGF-IR signaling induces significant pathogenetic effects in a variety of human epithelial carcinomas including those of the breast, prostate, ovary, and lung. Despite that it promotes the growth of stimulated hematopoietic cells; a specific role of IGF-IR in lymphoid malignancies has not been identified. The full-length anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor superfamily. In humans, physiologic expression of ALK is restricted to embryonic cells of neural origin. A subset of T-cell lymphoma, identified according to the WHO classification scheme as ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, harbors the t(2;5)(p23;q35), which involves ALK and NPM genes. This translocation generates the chimeric protein NPM-ALK that possesses constitutively active ALK. NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma is an aggressive type of malignant lymphoma with a tendency to affect children and young adults. Despite initial response to current therapeutic modalities, 30% - 40% of the patients relapse and some eventually succumb. In the present study, we explored a role of IGF-IR in NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma. Our results demonstrate that IGF-IR and its ligand IGF-I are widely expressed in NPM-ALK-expressing lymphoma cell lines and primary tumors. In addition, several of these cell lines release IGF-I in an autocrine fashion. We also identified novel functional collaborations between IGF-IR and NPM-ALK by which the 2 molecules reciprocally interact to maintain their phosphorylation status. In further support of the role of IGF-IR, IGF-I enhanced the viability of serum-deprived NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma cell lines and salvaged these cells from apoptotic death. Selective targeting of IGF-IR induced concentration- and time-dependent apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest, and decreased proliferation and colony formation of NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma cells. These effects were due to downregulation of pAKT, pSTAT3, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and upregulation of p21. The negative effects of IGF-IR blockade on NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma cells could also be attributed to the decrease or increase in the binding of the transcription modulators STAT3 or FKHR to DNA, respectively. Our results identify for the first time a novel and direct role of IGF-IR in any type of malignant lymphoma. In addition, these findings increase current knowledge of the biology of IGF-IR and NPM-ALK. Importantly, these findings carry significant therapeutic implications as they identify IGF-IR as a legitimate molecular target in NPM-ALK-expressing T-cell lymphoma, and probably in other types of malignant lymphoma in the future.
A Monté Carlo Simulation Study of Two Approaches for Aggregating Conjoint Data

The “simulation approach,” or fraction of first choice aggregation method, is widely used for aggregating conjoint data. The authors compare preference-share estimates generated by the simulation a...
Discrete frequency infrared imaging using quantum cascade lasers for biological tissue analysis

Infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging is an emerging modality for biological tissue analysis that has traditionally employed an interferometer for spectral discrimination. Recent technology developments have made discrete frequency sources, both lasers and filters, practical for imaging. The use of quantum cascade lasers in particular, presents new opportunities as well as challenges. Here we describe results from a novel point scanning confocal IR microscope and demonstrate the performance imaging several important spectral bands of lung tissue. Results show the possibility of discrete frequency (DF) absorbance measurements with RMS noise levels down to 0.34 mAU in 0.25 ms.
Monitoring the Activation of a Flexible Metal–Organic Framework Using Structurally Sensitive Spectroscopy Techniques

A flexible metal–organic framework (MOF) comprised of Co(II) ions and 4,4′-oxybis(benzoic acid) linkers undergoes notable structure rearrangements upon removal of the metal-coordinated water molecules through activation. Two complementary structurally sensitive methods, X-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopy, are used to build a composite picture of the MOF activation process by revealing both the substantial local structural changes about the Co sites and the more subtle rearrangements of the organic linkers that are not apparent through standard powder X-ray diffraction studies.