cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Psychosocial Treatment in Prolonging Cancer Survival May Be Mediated by Neuroimmune Pathways

Research has provided growing evidence of links between the social environment and cancer progression. Indeed, social support in the form of marriage, frequent daily contact with others, and the presence of a confidant may all have protective value against cancer progression. Furthermore, retrospective data suggest that major stressful life events are more prevalent in patients with relapse or malignancy, and thus may contribute to cancer morbidity. Initial studies of the effects of psychosocial intervention with cancer patients have provided some promising results. In three randomized prospective trials, protective effects of psychosocial interventions on cancer progression have been confirmed, while one matching and one randomized study showed no survival effect after psychosocial treatment. Though more research is clearly needed in this area, this body of evidence suggests that psychosocial factors have potentially powerful modulating effects on the course of disease. Here we review evidence of one possible mechanism whereby psychosocial factors may influence disease-resistance capabilities: the neuroimmune connection. Suppressive effects of stress on immune function are well documented, and these effects have been shown to be modulated by social support. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that supportive social relationships may buffer the effects of cancer-related stress on immunity, and thereby facilitate the recovery of immune mechanisms that may be important for cancer resistance. Data addressing this hypothesis are reviewed.
Metal extraction by silyl-substituted diphosphonic acids. II. Effect of alkylene bridge length on aggregation and metal ion extraction behavior

In an ongoing effort to determine the relationship between structure and function in diphosphonic acids, the aggregation and solvent extraction chemistry of four novel silicon-substituted diphosphonic acids, P,P′-di[3-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyl] propylene- (H2DTMSP[PrDP]), butylene- (H2DTMSP[BuDP]), pentylene- (H2DTMSP[PDP]), and hexylene diphosphonic acid (H2DTMSP[HDP]), were investigated. Vapor pressure osmometry indicates that H2DTMSP[PrDP] and H2DTMSP[PDP] are dimeric in toluene at 25°C, while H2DTMSP[BuDP] and H2DTMSP[HDP] are primarily trimeric and hexameric, respectively. The solvent extraction of selected alkaline earth cations (Ca, Sr, and Ba) and representative tri-, tetra-, and hexavalent actinides [Am(III), Th(IV), and U(VI)], from nitric acid solutions into o-xylene solutions of the ligands has been studied and compared to results reported previously for some analogous di(2-ethylhexyl)-substituted diphosphonic acids. Differences observed in the magnitude of distribution ratios, based on the nu...
Environmental disinfection to control equine infectious diseases

Cleaning and disinfection are essential to the environmental control of infectious diseases of all animals. By understanding the types of pathogens, environment, and disinfection process, success can be attained in effectively stopping disease outbreaks.
Peroneus Longus Tendon Tears: Acute and Chronic

Tear of the peroneus longus tendon can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Fourteen cases of clinically proven tears are reported. Patients ranged in age from 31 to 63 years. There were 10 men and four women. The onset of symptoms was acute in eight cases. Chronic onset with slowly increasing pain occurred in six cases. Despite acute onset of symptoms, only one patient was diagnosed within 2 weeks of his injury. The others had symptom duration ranging from 7 to 48 months. Twelve tears were located distally as the tendon turned into the cuboid groove. As os peroneum visible on x-ray was present in six cases, absent in seven cases, and cartilaginous in one case. The os peroneum was involved in the tear in three cases. Excision of part or all of the os peroneum was performed in four cases with a bridging tendon graft required in one case. A plantaris tendon graft was required in one case in which an os peroneum was absent. Patients with acute onset of symptoms tended to fare better than those with chronic onset of symptoms, regardless of the length of time from onset to time of surgery. Associated pathology in the peroneus brevis tendon was common, occurring in nine cases. These patients seemed to have a better surgical outcome than those with only a tear of the peroneus longus tendon. Associated findings affected diagnosis by masking symptoms but did not alter the outcome of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The emotional impact of treating child abuse.

The author agrees with the need for pastoral intervention in child abuse and neglect, but warns that pastors need to be prepared to handle the intense emotional effects that result. The emotional impact of treating child abuse and neglect is examined under the rubric “countertransference.” Three sources of countertransference are outlined: identification with the child, identification with the parent, and encountering resistance. Finally, ways to cope with countertransference engendered by treating child abuse and neglect are explored. The need for quality supervision is especially stressed.
Host specificity of Cotesia yakutatensis (Hym.: Braconidae) on Lepidoptera in peppermint and alfalfa.

Seven species of Lepidoptera, common to alfalfa and peppermint in western Oregon, were tested as potential hosts forCotesia yakutatensis (Ashmead). Laboratory and field studies demonstrated that onlyAutographa californica (Speyer) andTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) were suitable. Percent parasitism, duration of oviposition, and number of parasitoids per host were highest whenC. yakutatensis was associated withA. californica.
Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy

Using microarray-based profiling of isogenic prostate cancer xenograft models, we found that a modest increase in androgen receptor mRNA was the only change consistently associated with the development of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. This increase in androgen receptor mRNA and protein was both necessary and sufficient to convert prostate cancer growth from a hormone-sensitive to a hormone-refractory stage, and was dependent on a functional ligand-binding domain. Androgen receptor antagonists showed agonistic activity in cells with increased androgen receptor levels; this antagonist-agonist conversion was associated with alterations in the recruitment of coactivators and corepressors to the promoters of androgen receptor target genes. Increased levels of androgen receptor confer resistance to antiandrogens by amplifying signal output from low levels of residual ligand, and by altering the normal response to antagonists. These findings provide insight toward the design of new antiandrogens.
Impaired reactivity of burn patient lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin in autologous serum: failure to improve responsiveness by washing in vitro.

Twenty-one peripheral blood lymphocyte samples from 17 burned patients with injuries of varying severity were examined for reactivity to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin in pooled and autologous serum, and compared to samples from simultaneously tested normal controls. The burn lymphocytes were less reactive than controls (P < 0.05) in either serum, but were most hyporesponsive in autologous serum. The presence of immunosuppressive activity in burn serum did not correlate with the degree of cellular hyporesponsiveness to PHA. The reactivity could not be improved by washing the cells prior to stimulation. These results indicate that the impaired responsiveness of lymphocytes from burn patients to PHA is not due to loose association of a circulating immunosuppressor with the cell membrane and may, instead, be due in part to the emergence of a suppressor T-cell population.
General nature of soluble and particulate organics in sewage and secondary effluent

Abstract The size distribution of collective organic parameters was analyzed for sewage and secondary effluent. One soluble and three particulate fractions were physically separated from each system by settlement and high speed centrifugation. In character, particulate solids were highly organic and soluble solids largely inorganic in both systems. COD/TOC ratios and carbon oxidation numbers showed that organic carbon in sewage was in a low state of oxidation, while that in effluent was in a relatively high state of oxidation. In both systems the oxidation state of carbon in soluble organics was distinctive from that in the particulate organics. Activated sludge treatment resulted in reduction of organic parameters in the order of COD> TOC> volatile solids. Treatment was considerably more efficient in reducing the concentration of particulate organics than in reducing the concentration of soluble organics.
Interferon beta-1a-induced morphea.

Interferon beta-1a (IFN-β1a) is a cytokine therapy used in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The most common adverse injection site reactions include local erythema, pain, and induration.1 Other less frequently encountered reactions include vascular thrombosis, ulceration, panniculitis, and lipoatrophy.1 More recently, IFN-β rarely has been noted to be associated with sclerosing skin disorders including limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis; however, the development of morphea has not been reported.2 Here we describe a patient with multiple sclerosis who had woody induration clinically and histologically consistent with morphea at the sites of subcutaneous IFN-β1a injections.
Cytoskeletal Fluidization and Resolidification are Required for Reorientation of Endothelial Cells

Vascular endothelial cells are subjected to routine mechanical stretch. In response, cellular microstructures rearrange locally as the cell body realigns globally [1–5]. These responses, which underlie the vital functions of the endothelium, are often explained in terms of upstream mechanosensing and downstream cell signaling [2–5].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effects of composition and domain arrangement of biopolymer components of soil organic matter on the bioavailability of phenanthrene.

Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) is an important factor affecting their fate in the environment. Molecular-level HOC-soil organic matter (SOM) interactions and associated impacts on its bioavailability were investigated in this study. Our results showed that, phenanthrene (PHE) was mainly sequestrated in aromatic domains of lignin, as indicated by liquid-state 1H−13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) NMR along with solid-state 13C NMR data and information on surface domain distribution of this biopolymer as shown by its X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic data. Here, surface domain distribution was defined as the relative abundance of sorption domains at the surfaces versus that in the bulky biopolymer particles and their spatial positions. Wax had much higher sorption for PHE than cellulose, but no striking difference in degradability of wax- and cellulose-sorbed PHE was observed, which can be ascribed to much more hydrophobic surface of wax relative to that of cellulos...
D-Cycloserine and Early Ethanol Exposure in Developing Rats

Pregnant rats were exposed to one of the following treatments: 20% aqueous sucrose (w/v; Control), 20% aqueous sucrose with 20 mg D-cycloser-ine (DCS), 20% aqueous sucrose with 5% ethanol (ETH), or 20% aqueous sucrose with both 20 mg DCS and 5% ethanol (DCS + ETH). Treatments were delivered in 20 ml of drinking water provided daily, as pilot work had determined that this was the average daily water consumption for female rats. Treatments began on Day 10 or 11 of pregnancy and terminated on postnatal Day 10. As juveniles, offspring were tested for activity in an open field and motor coordination using a rotating rod. Ethanol and DCS+ Ethanol groups were the most active groups in the open field, and DCS and DCS+ Ethanol groups had fewer falls than the Control and Ethanol groups on the rod test. Results suggest that DCS might provide protection from ethanol's adverse effects on some developmental behaviors.
Abstract LB-215: Concomitant targeting of tumor cells and induction of T cell response synergizes to effectively inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer.

Introduction: Trastuzumab is an iconic example of rationally designed targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers; however, trastuzumab resistance is a imposing clinical challenge that calls for novel approaches to better benefit patients. The purpose of this study was to find alternative combinatorial targeted therapies to overcome trastuzumab resistance. Methods: We used two distinct PTEN-loss mediated trastuzumab resistant mammary tumor mouse models. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and Akt inhibitor triciribine (TCN) were applied alone or in combination with 7.16.4 antibody, the mouse equivalent of the trastuzumab, for the treatment of tumor-bearing mice. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, in vivo cytotoxicity assay and quantitative real time PCR were employed to dissect the in vivo effects of the treatments and molecular changes. Results: Concomitant targeting of tumor cells with Akt inhibitor TCN plus trastuzumab, and activation of T cells with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in the tumor microenvironment results in a synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth and overcomes trastuzumab resistance in both mammary tumor mouse models. In vivo combinatorial treatment with the 7.16.4 HER2/Neu antibody and TCN effectively inhibited tumor growth in both models via inhibiting PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling accompanied by increased T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. We demonstrated that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were essential to the optimal antitumor effect of the combination treatment in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Importantly, the antitumor activities of HER2/Neu antibody and TCN combination treatment were further improved when we blocked co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) to enhance the T cell response. Conclusion: Our data indicate that multi-targeted combinatorial therapies targeting tumor cells and concomitantly enhancing T-cell response in the tumor microenvironment cooperated to exert maximal therapeutic activity. We propose that concomitant targeting tumor cells and tumor microenvironment is a promising clinical strategy for treating trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers and other advanced malignancies. Citation Format: Qingfei Wang, Shau-Hsuan Li, Hai Wang, Yi Xiao, Ozgur Sahin, Samuel W. Brady, Ping Li, Elizabeth M. Jaffee, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Dihua Yu. Concomitant targeting of tumor cells and induction of T cell response synergizes to effectively inhibit trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-215. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-215
Conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, structural parameters, ab initio calculations, and vibrational assignment of cyclopropanecarboxaldehyde

The asymmetric torsional potential function, conformational energy difference, vibrational frequencies, and structural parameters of Cyclopropane-carboxaldehyde have been obtained from ab initio calculations at the 3–21G and/or 6-31G* baiss set levels. These results have allowed for a reinterpretation or clarification of some of the corresponding results obtained from experiment. The conformations that have the oxygen atom oriented cis and trans to the three-membered ring are observed and calculated to be the most stable and high energy forms in the gaseous phase, respectively. From the ab initio calculations using the 6–31 G* basis set, the energy difference between the two conformers is 114 cm−1. For the liquid, the trans conformer is more stable and is the only rotamer present in the annealed solid. Based on a combination of results obtained from ab initio calculations, microwave spectroscopy, and the electron diffraction technique,r o structural parameters have been obtained for both conformations.
SoyProLow: A protein database enriched in low abundant soybean proteins.

UNLABELLED Soybeans are an important legume crop that contain 2 major storage proteins, β-conglycinin and glycinin, which account about 70- 80% of total seed proteins. These abundant proteins hinder the isolation and characterization of several low abundant proteins in soybean seeds. Several protein extraction methodologies were developed in our laboratory to decrease these abundant storage proteins in seed extracts and to also decrease the amount of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), which is normally very abundant in leaf extracts. One of the extraction methodologies used 40% isopropanol and was more effective in depleting soybean storage proteins and enhancing low abundant seed proteins than similar methods using 10-80% isopropanol. Extractions performed with 40% isopropanol decreased the amount of storage proteins and revealed 107 low abundant proteins when using the combined approaches of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). The separation of proteins was achieved by iso-electric focusing (IEF) and 2D-PAGE. The proteins were analyzed with MS techniques to provide amino acid sequence. The proteins were identified by comparing their amino acid sequences with those in different databases including NCBI-non redundant, UniprotKB and MSDB databases. In this investigation, previously published results on low abundant soybean seed proteins were used to create an online database (SoyProLow) to provide a data repository that can be used as a reference to identify and characterize low abundance proteins. This database is freely accessible to individuals using similar techniques and can be for the subsequent genetic manipulation to produce value added soybean traits. An intuitive user interface based on dynamic HTML enables users to browse the network and the profiles of the low abundant proteins. AVAILABILITY http://bioinformatics.towson.edu/Soybean_low_abundance_proteins_2D_Gel_DB/Gel1.aspx.
Multivariate drought index: An information theory based approach for integrated drought assessment

Summary Most of the existing drought indices are based on a single variable (e.g. precipitation) or a combination of two variables (e.g., precipitation and streamflow). This may not be sufficient for reliable quantification of the existing drought condition. It is possible that a region might be experiencing only a single type of drought at times, but multiple drought types affecting a region is quite common too. To have a comprehensive representation, it is better to consider all the variables that lead to different physical forms of drought, such as meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts. Therefore, we propose to develop a multivariate drought index (MDI) that will utilize information from hydroclimatic variables, including precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration and soil moisture as indicator variables, thus accounting for all the physical forms of drought. The entropy theory was utilized to develop this proposed index, that led to the smallest set of features maximally preserving the information of the input data set. MDI was then compared with the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) for all climate regions within Texas for the time period 1950–2012, with particular attention to the two major drought occurrences in Texas, viz. the droughts which occurred in 1950–1957, and 2010–2011. The proposed MDI was found to represent drought conditions well, due to its multivariate, multi scalar, and nonlinear properties. To help the user choose the right time scale for further analysis, entropy maps of MDI at different time scales were used as a guideline. The MDI time scale that has the highest entropy value may be chosen, since a higher entropy indicates a higher information content.
Void Fraction Distributions in a Kettle Reboiler

Abstract The void fraction and pressure distribution in shell-side boiling have been experimentally investigated. These data were collected from a horizontal tube bundle test section capable of modeling a kettle reboiler and a submerged evaporator. Kettle reboiler void fraction and pressure distributions were investigated for heat fluxes of 10, 30, 50, and 70 kW/m 2 . Void fractions in the kettle reboiler tend to increase rapidly with vertical position low in the tube bundle but may decrease somewhat in the upper regions. Relatively large vapor concentrations in the bundle's central regions were due to the strong recirculation of vapor from the upper portions of the bundles that reentered near the center, in addition to vertical vapor acceleration at the bundle exit. Horizontal void concentrations were found to be fairly uniform. Local pressure drops generally agreed with the flow patterns found by visual analysis.
The biosynthesis of phytoene and other carotenes by enzymes of isolated higher plant plastids

Abstract A soluble rat liver enzyme system was utilized to synthesize C 14 -labeled terpenol pyrophosphates from radioactive mevalonic acid. After heat inactivation of the animal enzymes the components of the incubation mixture served as substrate for the biosynthesis of phytoene by carrot or tomato plastids during an incubation of 16–18 hr. Incorporation of C 14 into phytoene was proved through chromatography on alumina, catalytic hydrogenation and chromatography of the lycopersane on alumina, and gas chromatography followed by counting of trapped eluates for radioactivity. Experiments are reported which are consistent with the presumption that a C 20 terpenol pyrophosphate (presumably geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate) served as the substrate for the synthesis of phytoene. Evidence is also presented that either TPN or DPN, and not the reduced nucleotides, served as the cofactor for this reaction in plastids and in more purified enzyme systems. The incorporation of C 14 of terpenol pyrophosphates into carotenes other than phytoene was also achieved with tomato plastids. Proof for the incorporation of C 14 into these compounds was obtained in the same way as for phytoene, except in the case of β-carotene and lycopene. These compounds were crystallized to constant specific radioactivity.
2046 Results of long term follow-up of mitral regurgitation following aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis by cardiac MRI

Methods Cardiac MRI (CMR) was performed on 10 patients with severe but compensated AS 3 ± 2 days prior and 10 ± 3 months post AVR and at up to 3 ± 1 years after the AVR. Semi-quantitative quantification of the grade of MR was determined. Pre and post AVR, mitral valve geometry, LV geometry, mass/volume index and function were measured and compared. >2+ AR and or structural mitral pathology were excluded.
Epithelial influences on membrane bone formation in the maxilla of the embryonic chick.

In light of previous evidence that epithelial influences are required for membrane bone formation in certain instances (mandible, Tyler and Hall, '77 a,b; cranium, Benoit and Schowing, '70), the possibility that maxillary epithelium influences membrane bone formation within the maxillary mesenchyme was investigated. Intact maxillary processes, and enzymatically separated epithelial and mesenchymal components of the maxilla were obtained from embryonic chicks of three to five days of incubation (Hamburger and Hamilton ['51] stages (HH) 18-25) were grown individually as grafts on the chorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos. The histodifferentiation of grafted intact maxillary processes was similar to that in vivo. The histodifferentiation of grafted maxillary mesenchyme depended upon the embryonic age at which the mesenchyme was isolated from its epithelium. In grafts of maxillary mesenchyme isolated from its epithelium at HH 22 or earlier stages, cartilage differentiated, but membrane bone did not form. In grafts of maxillary mesenchyme isolated from its epithelium at HH 23 or later stages, membrane bone formed in addition to cartilage. The results indicate that maxillary mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium through HH 22 in order for membrane bone to form within the mesenchyme. Cartilage formation within the mesenchyme does not require epithelial influences during the embryonic period tested (HH 18-25). Maxillary epithelium isolated from its mesenchyme and grown as a graft became underlaid by host fibroblasts and achieved a limited degree of differentiation; the epithelium did not induce ectopic membrane bone formation within the host tissue, indicating that the presence of maxillary epithelium is not a sufficient condition for promoting membrane bone formation in normally non-osteogenic tissue.
Cre recombinase-regulated Endothelin1 transgenic mouse lines: Novel tools for analysis of embryonic and adult disorders

Endothelin-1 (EDN1) influences both craniofacial and cardiovascular development and a number of adult physiological conditions by binding to one or both of the known endothelin receptors, thus initiating multiple signaling cascades. Animal models containing both conventional and conditional loss of the Edn1 gene have been used to dissect EDN1 function in both embryos and adults. However, while transgenic Edn1 over-expression or targeted genomic insertion of Edn1 has been performed to understand how elevated levels of Edn1 result in or exacerbate disease states, an animal model in which Edn1 over-expression can be achieved in a spatiotemporal-specific manner has not been reported. Here we describe the creation of Edn1 conditional over-expression transgenic mouse lines in which the chicken β-actin promoter and an Edn1 cDNA are separated by a strong stop sequence flanked by loxP sites. In the presence of Cre, the stop cassette is removed, leading to Edn1 expression. Using the Wnt1-Cre strain, in which Cre expression is targeted to the Wnt1-expressing domain of the central nervous system (CNS) from which neural crest cells (NCCs) arise, we show that stable chicken β-actin-Edn1 (CBA-Edn1) transgenic lines with varying EDN1 protein levels develop defects in NCC-derived tissues of the face, though the severity differs between lines. We also show that Edn1 expression can be achieved in other embryonic tissues utilizing other Cre strains, with this expression also resulting in developmental defects. CBA-Edn1 transgenic mice will be useful in investigating diverse aspects of EDN1-mediated-development and disease, including understanding how NCCs achieve and maintain a positional and functional identity and how aberrant EDN1 levels can lead to multiple physiological changes and diseases.
The relationship of the metabolic regulation of serine to phospholipid and one-carbon metabolism☆

Abstract 1. 1. Rapid control of the rate of serine biosynthesis is exerted by serine itself, although the feedback site differs in bacteria and higher forms. 2. 2. Longer-term adjustments of serine synthetic rates are complex. A portion of the control is apparently related to complex lipid synthesis in some unknown manner, whereas much of the regulation appears to be determined by a servo-type relationship between serine synthetic rates and folate coenzymes metabolism.
Modeling the apparent and intrinsic viscoelastic relaxation of hydrating cement paste

Abstract Finite element procedures combined with microstructure development modeling are integrated to quantitatively predict the viscoelastic/viscoplastic relaxation of cement paste due to intrinsic calcium silicate hydrate viscoelasticity and microstructure evolution associated with the hydration process. The combined models are implemented in a computational routine to predict time-dependent stress and strain fields in cement paste. The model simulations suggest that inherent viscoelastic deformation caused by calcium silicate hydrate is not necessarily the primary mechanism leading to the overall early-age viscoelastic/viscoplastic behavior of cement paste. The effect of time-dependent dissolution of cement grains occurring during the hydration process is substantial and should be considered as a significant mechanism for the apparent viscoelasticity/viscoplasticity of cement paste.
Animated engineering tutors: Middle school students' preferences and rationales on multiple dimensions

The goal of the study was to explore middle school students' preferences for an animated engineering tutor, and investigate their rationales for their choices. 77 middle school students participated in the study, and provided their preferences and rationales on various dimensions of an animated engineering tutor such as gender, age, personality, and clothing. Results showed that for teaching engineering in a computer-based instructional module, students preferred an animated engineering tutor that was similar to their age, matching their own gender, with a fun personality, and that speaks slowly.
Plasma-assisted etching

The mechanistic and parametric complexity of a plasma etching environment often causes confusion and delays in the development of a suitable plasma etching process. This paper is an attempt to alleviate this problem by discussing some of the important physical and chemical phenomena and, where possible, relating these phenomena to apparatus selection and operation.
Magnetic recording channel model with intertrack interference

The authors propose a multichannel model for saturation recording which includes interference from adjacent tracks. In saturation recording, the signal is recorded as a series of flux reversals on the medium. Each track is a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signal, where the pulse shape is the system response to a flux reversal. The old information (OI) in each guard band is also modeled as a single PAM signal. The side reading properties of the head are modeled using the reciprocity integral to compute flux transition response. Using a result of D.A. Lindholm (1977) to represent the field of an inductive head, the authors compute specific channel models for various values of misregistration. They determine the pulse shape as a function of the head-to-track registration for each adjacent track and OI track. >
MEPROBAMATE, ETHANOL OR MEPROBAMATE-ETHANOL COMBINATIONS ON PERFORMANCE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS UNDER DELAYED AUDIOFEEDBACK (DAF).

(1964). Meprobamate, Ethanol or Meprobamate-Ethanol Combinations on Performance of Human Subjects Under Delayed Audiofeedback (DAF) The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 431-436.
Recent preclinical evidence advancing cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes brain degeneration, primarily depleting cholinergic cells, and leading to cognitive and learning dysfunction. Logically, to augment the cholinergic cell loss, a viable treatment for AD has been via drugs boosting brain acetylcholine production. However, this is not a curative measure. To this end, nerve growth factor (NGF) has been examined as a possible preventative treatment against cholinergic neuronal death while enhancing memory capabilities; however, NGF brain bioavailability is challenging as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier. Investigations into stem cell- and gene-based therapy have been explored in order to enhance NGF potency in the brain. Along this line of research, a genetically modified cell line, called HB1.F3 transfected with the cholinergic acetyltransferase or HB1.F3.ChAT cells, has shown safety and efficacy profiles in AD models. This stem cell transplant therapy for AD is an extension of the neural stem cells' use in other neurological treatments, such as Parkinson's disease and stroke, and recently extended to cancer. The HB1 parent cell and its associated cell lines have been used as a vehicle to deliver genes of interest in various neurological models, and are highly effective as they can differentiate into neurons and glial cells. A focus of this mini-review is the recent demonstration that the transplantation of HB1.F3.ChAT cells in an AD animal model increases cognitive function coinciding with upregulation of acetylcholine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, there is a large dispersion throughout the brain of the transplanted stem cells which is important to repair the widespread cholinergic cell loss in AD. Some translational caveats that need to be satisfied prior to initiating clinical trials of HB1.F3.ChAT cells in AD include regulating the host immune response and the possible tumorigenesis arising from the transplantation of this genetically modified cell line. Further studies are warranted to test the safety and effectiveness of these cells in AD transgenic animal models. This review highlights the recent progress of stem cell therapy in AD, not only emphasizing the significant basic science strides made in this field, but also providing caution on remaining translational issues necessary to advance this novel treatment to the clinic.
Oncologic, Endocrine and Metabolic: Diabetic complications: progress in the development of treatments

In spite of treatment advances, the long-term complications of diabetes, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy remain major causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Prospective clinical studies with intensive-insulin therapy have correlated the development of diabetic complications to hyperglycaemia, and compelling evidence from animal studies has implicated the diabetes-induced increased flux of glucose through the sorbitol pathway as the metabolic link between hyperglycaemia and the development of complications. An expanded understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie diabetic neuropathy has supported the use of electrophysiological measurements as a reliable means of quantitating the progression of diabetic neuropathy and has also redefined realistic treatment goals for diabetic complications as the arrest or attenuation of the disease process rather than a reversal. Recent clinical studies with intensive insulin therapy and aldose reductase inhibitors clearly support these...
Effect of Long Term Vitamin D Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Latino and African-American Subjects with Pre-Diabetes and Hypovitaminosis D

Background Low vitamin D levels are associated with minority subjects, the metabolic syndrome and inflammation. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on markers of inflammation has not been well studied.
Status of Nutrition Education in Ohio Elementary Schools

Abstract Many foods and nutrition programs have been developed for elementary schools but have had minimal impact on children's eating behaviors. We assessed the status of nutrition education in Ohio elementary schools during the 1992–93 school year to identify intervention targets and potentially effective strategies for increasing the effectiveness of school-based foods and nutrition programs. A questionnaire was developed and mailed to a 1.6% sample of Ohio elementary school teachers, and a 53% response rate was obtained. Most respondents believed that elementary schools should provide children with foods and nutrition instruction but two-thirds taught this subject during only one-quarter of the school year, providing a total of up to 15 hours of classroom instruction. Previous teaching in nutrition emerged as an important factor in the decision to teach foods and nutrition. Although they are willing to collaborate with school foodservice personnel, teachers have no clear conviction regarding the responsibility of a specific group of people for providing leadership in this field. If school–based foods and nutrition programs are to be strengthened, the activities of teachers and school foodservice personnel will need to be coordinated.
Progesterone regulation of the progesterone receptor in rat gonadotropes.

For rat pituitary cells, progesterone receptor (PR) protein localizes to gonadotropes and PR messenger RNA is induced by E2 and rapidly but transiently down-regulated by progesterone. Here we quantitatively establish the down-regulatory effect of progesterone on PR protein and evaluate possible mechanisms. Nuclear PR-immunoreactivity (PR-IR) in gonadotropes, identified by dual immunofluorescence, was analyzed by quantitative confocal microscopy. Pituitary cells from female rats were cultured ± 0.2 nm E2 for 3 days. We confirmed the E2 requirement for PR induction in gonadotropes and determined that the increase in PR-IR required about 24 h. After removal of E2, PR-IR decreases were not found until 24–36 h. Addition of progesterone (40 nm) to E2-treated cells led to a dramatic loss in PR-IR by 9 h (26% of control); by 24 h, PR-IR was barely detectable. Reappearance of nuclear PR-IR required progesterone removal (8-fold increase by 12 h after progesterone removal) and protein synthesis (cycloheximide inhibi...
Perceptual interference supports a non-modular account of face processing

The perception of faces and of nonface objects share common early visual processing stages. Some argue, however, that the brain eventually processes faces separately from other objects, within a domain-specific module dedicated to face perception. This apparent specialization for faces could, alternatively, result from people's expertise with this category of stimuli. Here we used behavioral and electrophysiological measures of interference to address the functional independence of face and object processing. If the expert processing of faces and cars depend on common mechanisms related to holistic perception (obligatory processing of all parts), then for human subjects who are presumed to be face experts, car perception should interfere with concurrent face perception. Furthermore, such interference should increase with greater expertise in car identification, and indeed this is what we found. Event-related potentials (ERPs) suggest that this interference arose from perceptual processes contributing to the holistic processing of both objects of expertise and faces.
Effects of gamma radiation on aqueous polymer solutions-A comparative study

Abstract The effects of 60Co γ radiation on aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl pyr-rolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene oxide), and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide were investigated. Concentrations below and above the critical concentration for macrogel formation were studied at radiation doses below and above the dose for incipient gelation. The changes in viscosity of solutions were followed to characterize the effect of radiation below the critical concentration. It was observed that, at a given fraction of the respective critical concentrations, the polymers behaved similarly upon irradiation despite differences in atomic composition and molecular architecture. The dependence of reduced viscosity on absorbed dose showed three distinct regions which were associated with intramolecular cross-linking and chain scission (decrease in viscosity), intermolecular cross-linking (increase in viscosity), and intramolecular cross-linking via ring formation (a second decrease in viscosity). The postgelat...
Positron imaging in ischemic stroke disease

Positron emission tomography (PET) is well suited to the study of ischemic stroke disease. It has the potential to help elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms, differentiate viable from nonviable tissue, and provide a more rational basis for developing specific therapies for ischemic lesions. The different tracer strategies that may be applied to the study of ischemic disease, however, all have relative limitations, which may be related to the physical or biological determinants of the tracer distributions, to the tracer half-lives, or to the methods required for quantitation of the data. Determination of blood flow and oxygen metabolism are useful for characterizing stroke lesions, but other parameters, such as the oxygen extraction fraction, blood volume, and glucose metabolism, can provide important interpretative information. Correlation of the physiological PET data with the clinical presentation and course is a primary requisite for the development of the full potential of PET.
Structure and dynamics of protein waters revealed by radiolysis and mass spectrometry.

Water is critical for the structure, stability, and functions of macromolecules. Diffraction and NMR studies have revealed structure and dynamics of bound waters at atomic resolution. However, localizing the sites and measuring the dynamics of bound waters, particularly on timescales relevant to catalysis and macromolecular assembly, is quite challenging. Here we demonstrate two techniques: first, temperature-dependent radiolytic hydroxyl radical labeling with a mass spectrometry (MS)-based readout to identify sites of bulk and bound water interactions with surface and internal residue side chains, and second, H218O radiolytic exchange coupled MS to measure the millisecond dynamics of bound water interactions with various internal residue side chains. Through an application of the methods to cytochrome c and ubiquitin, we identify sites of water binding and measure the millisecond dynamics of bound waters in protein crevices. As these MS-based techniques are very sensitive and not protein size limited, they promise to provide unique insights into protein–water interactions and water dynamics for both small and large proteins and their complexes.
On the decay of 131Ce

Abstract The nucleide 131Ce was produced by (4He, 3n) and (3He, 2n) reactions on barium enriched in 130Ba. A 10 min activity in chemically separated cerium was identified as 131Ce by timed separations of its 131La and 131Ba descendants. The 10 min 131Ce was found to decay principally by electron capture, with 11% decaying by β+ emission. The K/β+ ratio was shown to be ≈ 7, a value that is about an order of magnitude too high for the decay energy involved. This anomaly is unexplained. The energies and intensities of eight γ-rays were measured. A 5 min isomer of 131Ce was also found, but its decay mode could not be established unambiguously. Some new information on the γ-rays of 59 min 131La is also presented.
Pesticide hydroxyl radical rate constants: Measurements and estimates of their importance in aquatic environments

Pesticide degradation by hydroxyl radicals produced in natural water is often cited as an important dissipation mechanism, yet its significance is rarely assessed with other dissipation processes occurring simultaneously in the aquatic environment. The computer model Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS) is useful for this purpose because it incorporates other dissipation processes and allows the assessment of their dynamics under different environmental conditions. Rate constants of reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals were measured for the herbicides sulfometuron, bensulfuron methyl, chlorsulfuron, triclopyr, dicamba, molinate, thiobencarb, 2,4-D, mecoprop, and oxadiazon, for the insecticides chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, and for the fungicide chlorothalonil by competition kinetic methods and were used as the input value for second-order rate oxidation rate constant (KOX) in EXAMS. Hydroxyl radical degradation was estimated to be most significant in shallow water, where sunlight is less attenuated; however, in relatively clear water, it still could contribute to degradation at greater depths for compounds slowly degraded by other mechanisms. For carbaryl at shallow depths, degradation by hydroxyl radicals was predicted to contribute to less than 1% of the degradation profile at pH 8 to as much as 15% of the profile at pH 6. As unique degradation products may be generated by indirect photolysis mechanisms, it should be possible to use EXAMS to estimate when such products may occur for a particular chemical and environmental situation.
Exit‐Voice Dynamics in Collective Action: An Analysis of Emigration and Protest in the East German Revolution1

What triggers protest in a highly repressive regime? Do opportunities to exit an unfavorable regime through flight spur collective action aimed to reform or replace it? Drawing on Hirschman’s microeconomic theory of exit and voice as responses to organizational decline, this article offers a sociological theory of exit‐voice dynamics that considers the implications of social embeddedness for collective action. A unique data set on migration and protest in the East German revolution of 1989–90 is used to analyze county‐level variations in exit and voice alongside indicators of political loyalty, social movement organization, and social and economic conditions. The analysis finds strong support for the reformulated exit‐voice model and its prediction of an inverted‐ \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra}...
Synthesis, Characterisation, and Preliminary In Vitro Studies of Vanadium(IV) Complexes with a Schiff Base and Thiosemicarbazones as Mixed Ligands

[VO(Sal-L-tryp)(H2O)] 1 (where sal-L-tryp = N-salicylidene-L-tryptophanate) was used as a precursor to produce the novel complexes, [VO(Sal-L-tryp)(MeATSC)].1.5C2H5OH 2 (where MeATSC = 9-Anthraldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone), [VO(Sal-L-tryp)(N-Ethhymethohcarbthio)].H2O 3 (where N-Ethhymethohcarbthio = (E)-N-ethyl-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide), and [VO(Sal-L-tryp)(acetylethTSC)].C2H5OH 4 (where acetylethTSC = (E)-N-ethyl-2-(1-(thiazol-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide), by reaction with the respective thiosemicarbazone. The chemical and structural properties of these ligands and complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, ESI MS, FT-IR, UV-visible, ESR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. DMSO and DMSO-d6 solutions of compounds 1-4 were oxidised in air to produce vanadium(V) species which were verified by ESI MS and 51V NMR spectroscopy. Anti-cancer properties of compounds 2-4 were examined with three colon cancer cell lines, HTC-116, Caco-2, and HT-29, and also with non-cancerous colonic myofibroblasts, CCD18-Co. Compounds 2-3 exhibited less inhibitory effects in the CCD-18Co cells, indicating a possible cytotoxic selectivity towards colon cancer cells. In general, those compounds which exhibited anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells, but did not affect non-cancerous cells, may have a potential in chemotherapy.
Fluorescence Quenching Kinetics of Anthracene and Naphthalene Covalently Bound to the Terminus of Poly(methacrylic Acid)

Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) end-tagged with anthracene, bromoanthracene, and naphthalene fluorescence probes have been prepared by anionic polymerization methods, and the fluorescence quenching by a simple monovalent ion (Tl+) has been studied at pH 11 as a function of ionic strength. Under equivalent conditions the efficiency of fluorescence quenching has been found to be approximately an order of magnitude lower than for an anthracene probe located in the center of the PMA chain (Clements, J. H.; Webber S. E. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 2513). This is believed to reflect the relatively low density of condensed ions near the chain ends. The steady-state fluorescence quenching data has been analyzed using several models (Stern−Volmer, hindered access, a modification of a model proposed by Morishima et al. (Morishima, Y.; Ohgi, H.; Kamachi, M. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 4293)). The latter model suggests a preferential binding of the Tl+ ion in the vicinity of the hydrophobic probe. The relation of the fitti...
Postmodern Critique of Systems Theory in Social Work with the Aged and Their Families

Abstract Postmodern shifts in thinking about families, aging, and intervention have dramatically challenged the fundamental paradigms of family systems or functionalist theory and the nature of intervention (Hartman, 1995). This article uses postmodern theory to critique the general systems approach to practice. It explores alternative views and recommends that social workers reconsider their intervention models.
Re-reading Robert Lado, 1957, Linguistics across Cultures. Applied linguistics for language teachers

This feature provides a critical reappraisal of a well-known book that was published some time ago in order to assess how far it is still relevant to current thinking.