cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Capsid Antigens Derived from Viruses of Human and Swine Origin Are Equally Efficient for Detecting Anti-HEV by Enzyme Immunoassay

The recombinant truncated ORF2 (capsid) antigen derived from the Meng strain of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) differs from that of the Sar-55 strain of human HEV by approximately 5% at the amino acid level. Serial serum samples from two chimpanzees and six rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with HEV were tested with one enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on the Sar-55 antigen and with a second EIA based on the Meng antigen. We obtained 98% agreement (kappa = 0.952) by direct comparison. The virtually identical results obtained with these antigens in detecting seroconversion following infection with HEV suggests that they were reacting with antibodies that detect the same or very similar epitopes of HEV. We then tested human and swine serum samples for anti-HEV in EIAs that utilized one or the other of the two ORF2 antigens and showed that these results were also virtually identical. The specimens tested included swine sera from the United States, Canada, China, Korea, and Thailand and sera from veterinarians, U.S. and non-U.S. volunteer blood donors, and U.S. and non-U.S. animal handlers. We tested 792 swine sera and obtained 93% agreement (kappa = 0.839). We similarly tested 882 human sera and obtained 99% agreement (kappa = 0.938). Moreover, we found virtually no difference in the levels of prevalence of anti-HEV as measured by the two tests, again suggesting that the antigens derived from human and swine HEV contain the same immunodominant epitopes.
Equality, opportunity, ambiguity

I distinguish four different interpretations of ‘equality of opportunity.’ We get four interpretations because a neglected ambiguity in ‘opportunity’ intersects a well-known ambiguity in ‘equality.’ The neglected ambiguity holds between substantive and non-substantive conceptions of ‘opportunity’ and the well-known ambiguity holds between comparative and non-comparative conceptions of ‘equality.’ Among other things, distinguishing these four interpretations reveals how misleading ‘equal opportunity for advantage’ formulations of luck egalitarianism can be. These formulations are misleading in so far as they obscure the difference between two separate claims about which inequalities are consistent with true equality. Luck egalitarianism claims that inequalities that have been chosen in some suitable sense are consistent with true equality, while the traditional ideal of equality of opportunity only claims that inevitable inequalities that have been determined through fair competitions are consistent with t...
Chronic pulmonary and disseminated paracoccidioidomycosis in mice: quantitation of progression and chronicity

An animal model of chronic paracoccidioidomycosis was established in male adult BALB/cByJIMR mice by intranasal instillation of different doses of yeast form Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The inoculum was standardized in terms of virulence, age of the culture, percentage of multicellular fungal units containing 1–3 cells, and viability. Progression and chronicity of the infection was measured by quantitative counts of colony forming units (CFU) of P. brasiliensis from infected lungs, spleens, and livers in a newly developed culture medium. The body weight of the mice and the organ weights were also used to monitor the disease process.Infection with several challenge sizes progressed in the lungs until a maximum of 107–108 CFU per lung was reached; in general, the higher the inoculum, the sooner this maximum was reached. In mice infected with 2·5 × 106 CFU the maximum was reached at 8 weeks, whereas in mice infected with 3 × 104 CFU the maximum was reached 14 weeks after infection. Dissemination of the di...
Mitochondrial Insult and Revenge in Tumorigenesis

Mitochondrial Insult and Revenge in Tumorigenesis Early detection and monitoring of aggressive diseases are major challenges in cancer research and require development of signature biomarkers. It is now well accepted that the superior intellect of a cancer cell is governed not only by the nuclear genome alterations but also mitochondrial genetic changes as envisioned long ago by Otto Warburg. Fortunately, in this century, Warburg has been revisited and regarded as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Following these footprints, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations (mutation and copy number) are emerging as a novel and attractive tool for biomarker development along with nuclear DNA markers.
Four peptide hormones decrease the number of human breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Background A family of six hormones, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, C-natriuretic peptide, long-acting natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, and kaliuretic peptide's main known biologic properties are sodium and water excreting and blood pressure lowering. Methods and materials These six hormones, each at their 1-µm concentrations, were evaluated for their ability to decrease the number and/or proliferation of breast adenocarcinoma cells in culture for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Results Within 24 h, vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide, kaliuretic peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP, a cell-permeable analogue of their intracellular mediator cyclic GMP (each at 1 µm), decreased the number of breast adenocarcinoma cells 60%, 31%, 27%, 40%, and 31%, respectively. There was no proliferation in the 3 days following this decrease in breast adenocarcinoma cell number. These same hormones decreased DNA synthesis 69% to 85% (P < 0·001). Brain natriuretic peptide and CNP did not decrease the number of breast adenocarcinoma cells or inhibit their DNA synthesis. Vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide, kaliuretic peptide and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP (each at 1 µM) decreased the number of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle by 62%, 33%, 50%, and 39%, respectively (all P < 0·05). Natriuretic peptide receptors-A and -C were present in the breast adenocarcinoma cells. Conclusions Four peptide hormones significantly decrease the number of human breast adenocarcinoma cells within 24 h and inhibit the proliferation of these cells for at least 96 h. Their mechanism of doing so involves inhibition of DNA synthesis and a decrease in cells in the S phase of the cell cycle mediated in part by cyclic GMP.
Epithelial Immunization Induces Polyfunctional CD8+ T Cells and Optimal Mousepox Protection

We assessed several routes of immunization with vaccinia virus (VACV) in protecting mice against ectromelia virus (ECTV). By a wide margin, skin scarification provided the greatest protection. Humoral immunity and resident-memory T cells notwithstanding, several approaches revealed that circulating, memory CD8+ T cells primed via scarification were functionally superior and conferred enhanced virus control. Immunization via the epithelial route warrants further investigation, as it may also provide enhanced defense against other infectious agents.
Conceptualizing urban vulnerability to global climate and environmental change

Research on urban vulnerability has grown considerably in the last several years but is still largely limited and characterized by constraints based on interdisciplinary differences in definition and scope. This review explores how urban vulnerability has been framed in recent climate change and risk research and examines the contributions and limitations each of these approaches can make to research and policy. The existence of different lineages of research on urban vulnerability offers opportunities for understanding the nature and the linkages between the key dimensions and determinants involved, and hope for a synthesis and convergence, yet some daunting challenges persist. There are discrepancies in the focus, definition of key terms, methods and policy implications of each of the knowledge areas. Research on urban vulnerability is faced with a tension between the need to represent differences within and across urban areas given by the context specific nature of the dimensions and factors involved, and the desire to identify determinants and attributes of adaptive capacity and resilience across urban areas. A set of concepts and tools that cut across knowledge areas is needed to improve the understanding of how urban vulnerability is characterized and determined by issues such as thresholds, tipping points, second and third order impacts, and responses.
Enhancement of locking range through reactive loading on the feedback path

Coupled oscillator systems require oscillators with properties that heretofore have not been addressed in oscillator design. Specifically, one needs to achieve wide locking bandwidth - the counterpart to low Q if the oscillator is based on a resonant circuit. This letter introduces an approach to design of wide locking bandwidth by dealing with oscillator design in a feedback format. The specific realization reported here employs a MMIC amplifier with transmission line feedback external to the MMIC. Reactive loads that are weakly coupled to the transmission line allow one to achieve wide locking bandwidth. Results for an implementation at K/sub /spl alpha// band are provided.
Predominant right ventricular dysfunction after right ventricular destruction in the dog

Abstract Right and left ventricular function was assessed by observing the response to rapid blood volume expansion before and after extensive cauterization of the right ventricle in open chest dogs. In the control period, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure surpassed right ventricular end-diastolic pressure by an average of 11.5 mm Hg after volume expansion whereas, after destruction of the right ventricle, pressure in this chamber surpassed pressure in the left ventricle by an average of 4 mm Hg. In contrast, after left ventricular damage, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure averaged 25 mm Hg more than right ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Despite extensive damage to the right ventricular free wall, the right ventricle continued to generate a near normal pressure and aortic flow could be increased above control levels by volume expansion. We conclude that, in contrast to previous evidence, damage to the right ventricle produces a syndrome of predominant right ventricular dysfunction. However, cauterization of the entire free wall of the right ventricle does not reproduce the more profound right ventricular dysfunction noted in infarction of the right ventricle in man.
The intentions of teams: team structure, endodeixis, and exodeixis

Teams arise in a number of important multiagent appli- cations. Several theories of intentions for teams have been proposed. By and large, these theories tend to model team intentions exclu- sively on the basis of mental concepts, and fail to acknowledge the internal structure of teams. We present a formal theory of intentions for teams that consid- ers the structure of teams explicitly. In this context, we distinguish between exodeictic and endodeictic intentions, which are conceptu- alized as pointing outward or inward from a team. These concepts are formalized in a framework that models the structure of teams in terms of their members' commitments and coordination require- ments. In this way, our approach combines mental and social con- cepts in a principled manner. We describe some postulates concern- ing intentions and structure, and give technical results establishing or falsifying these postulates with different definitions.
No sex-specific difference in disease trajectory in multiple sclerosis patients before and after age 50

Background: The disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS) is influenced by many factors, including age, sex, and sex hormones. Little is known about sex-specific changes in disease course around age 50, which may represent a key biological transition period for reproductive aging. Methods: Male and female subjects with no prior chemotherapy exposure were selected from a prospective MS cohort to form groups representing the years before (38–46 years, N=351) and after (54–62 years, N=200)age 50. Primary analysis assessed for interaction between effects of sex and age on clinical (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS; relapse rate) and radiologic (T2 lesion volume, T2LV; brain parenchymal fraction, BPF) outcomes. Secondarily, we explored patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Results: As expected, there were age- and sex- related changes with male and older cohorts showing worse disease severity (EDSS), brain atrophy (BPF), and more progressive course. There was no interaction between age and sex on cross-sectional adjusted clinical (EDSS, relapse rate) or radiologic (BPF, T2LV) measures, or on 2-year trajectories of decline. There was a significant interaction between age and sex for a physical functioning PRO (SF-36): the older female cohort reported lower physical functioning than men (p=0.002). There were no differences in depression (Center for Epidemiological Study – Depression, CES-D) or fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MFIS) scores.
Exposure and Response Prevention for the Treatment of Late-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in an 82-Year-Old Man

This case study demonstrates an effective course of exposure/response prevention (EX/RP) in an 82-year-old man with late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with no apparent neurobiological changes. The results indicated significant reductions in time spent on rituals, anxiety associated with obsessions, and depression. Treatment gains were maintained and continued to progress through appropriate aftercare. In this case, a graduate student therapist learned and applied EX/RP after engaging in a training process. Results highlight the importance of life stressors in the development of OCD and that EX/RP can be applied to older adults with certain modifications. The results are promising for the implementation of EX/RP in older adults with OCD; however, future randomized controlled trials are needed.
Considerations in Male Aging Face Consultation: Psychologic Aspects

Historically, the male cosmetic surgery patient has been viewed as being highly psychopathologic. Recent studies have refuted this longheld belief. However, when conducting a male aging face consultation, it is important for cosmetic surgeons to perform a focused psychiatric assessment to screen for mentally-ill patients, who may not be good surgical candidates. Included in the spectrum of psychiatric diseases that should be recognized is body dysmorphic disorder, an illness characterized by distortions in body perception, which has a higher prevalence in the cosmetic surgery population. By taking a focused psychiatric history, the cosmetic surgeon can identify patients who have untreated psychiatric pathology and are not psychologically appropriate for surgery. These patients would instead benefit from consultation with a mental health professional.
Estimation of software defects fix effort using neural networks

Software defects fix effort is an important software development process metric that plays a critical role in software quality assurance. People usually like to apply parametric effort estimation techniques using historical lines of code and function points data to estimate effort of defects fixes. However, these techniques are neither efficient nor effective for a new different kind of project's fixing defects when code will be written within the context of a different project or organization. In this paper, we present a solution for estimating software defect fix effort using self-organizing neural networks.
Analysis of Optimal File Migration Policies in Distributed Computer Systems

File migration shows promise as a means of improving data processing performance in distributed systems, but practical application of this idea will require development of effective policies that will allow a system to fully realize the potentials of file migration. Deriving of optimal policies, while computationally complex, nevertheless, is essential to provide insights about how effective migration policies for large systems should be structured. In this paper, analytic properties and performance of optimal file migration policies are investigated based on a Markov decision process model of file migration policies. Optimal migration policies are compared with optimal static policies and the sufficient conditions under which file migration provides absolute improvement or no advantage over static policies are presented. Numerical experiments and simulations were performed to analyze the impact of model assumptions and system parameters on the cost improvement generated by file migration. It is shown that optimal file migration is able to generate substantial cost improvement under certain conditions and that it is robust both with respect to the initial file allocation at an initial system design/reorganization point and to impreciseness of system environments. This analysis should provide system designers and administrators guidance toward achieving effective file migration control.
Juvenile Mandibular Chronic Osteomyelitis: Role of Surgical Debridement and Antibiotics

Purpose To document outcomes of management of juvenile mandibular chronic osteomyelitis (JMCO) using a standardized treatment protocol including open biopsy, decortication, microbial culture, and long-term antibiotic therapy. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective case study of pediatric patients with JMCO treated at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children from 1996 through 2014. Inclusion criteria included age younger than 18 years, diagnosis of JMCO, management by the protocol, adequate clinical and radiographic data in the record, and follow-up of at least 1 year after initial treatment. Inpatient and outpatient records were reviewed for demographics, clinical and radiographic findings, and histologic and laboratory evaluations. The predictor variable was the standardized treatment protocol and the primary outcome variables were disease status at end of treatment and complications of treatment. Results Twenty patients (mean age at onset, 10.7 yr; range, 3 to 14 yr) were treated, 12 (11 girls) of whom met the inclusion criteria. Management of all patients consisted of biopsy (extraoral when feasible, n = 9; intraoral, n = 3), decortication, cultures, and long-term antibiotic therapy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were administered only as needed for pain control. There was complete resolution of osteomyelitis with no recurrence in 7 of 12 patients (mean follow-up, 4.3 yr; range, 1 to 11 yr). Five patients had partial responses, with decreased frequency and severity of disease recurrence. These were well controlled with short courses of antibiotics (4 to 12 weeks) with NSAIDs only as needed for pain control (mean follow-up, 1.4 yr; range, 1 to 3 yr). There were no major complications related to antibiotic therapy. Minor complications included rash (n = 2), nausea and vomiting (n = 1), and vaginal candidiasis (n = 1). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that 58.3% of patients were cured and had no recurrent symptoms (mean follow-up, 4.3 yr). The remaining patients continue on intermittent treatment with antibiotics for recurrent episodes of swelling and pain. Favorable responses to antibiotic therapy support the hypothesis that JMCO is an infectious disease and that negative cultures might represent a failure of standard culture techniques to isolate the responsible organisms.
Australian Relevance of Community-based Social Skills and Work Readiness Training for Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury

Social skill deficits following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are prevalent. However, the development and provision of pro-active treatments for these deficits during rehabilitation have not kept pace with the need. Previous research described the development and presented encouraging data for community-based intensive social skills and work readiness training programs for adults with a brain injury. Brain injury residuals present similar social and vocational challenges to professionals worldwide. As such, this paper proposes these rehabilitation services may be replicated across cultures. To facilitate crosscultural replication, a training framework is shared. Australian rehabilitation counsellors may use this framework to replicate these services and contribute to the community reintegration of adults with brain injury.
Raw material for a situational test of honesty.

The recent studies of Goldstein and Wright ( 1966) and Goldstein and Easterly ( 1967) exemplify a family of human discrimination learning procedures in which there are several types of trial, some permitting only a guess but others susceptible to total mastery. Assorted comments from Ss and students over several years have indicated that many people act on the assumption that total mastery of all trials ought to be possible. The likelihood of such an assumption may be heightened when the procedure is described as a test, because ordinary tests do make it possible for an informed S to achieve complete success. Moreover, other human discrimination learning tasks can be mastered completely (e.g., Goldstein & Weber, 1965) and may increase misconceptions about insoluble trials when present in the same context. As a result, the insoluble nature of certain trials at times amounts to highly privileged information in the psychologist's possession. This privileged information can perhaps provide the basis for future tests of honesty. We must distinguish A, the person administering discrimination learning tasks, from E, the person ultimately in charge. It is assumed that E sends A to test S, a simple matter because the tasks involved make only clerical demands upon A. But E neglects to inform A that some trials allow S nothing better than a guess. The consequence is that those trials test the honesty of A and S while other trials test the ability of S. It is hoped that someone wiU see fit to develop a situational test of honesty out of the raw material here described. The author has other leads to pursue and lacks the time to do this one justice. The main problem ahead is that of designing a situation that favors the manifest emergence of otherwise hidden dishonesty in A and/or S. Particularly promising is the possibility of collusion between A and S when both have something to gain, when A feels personal loyalty to S and wants him to look good, or when either A or S is E's confederate. The apparatus of the three cited studies is not recommended for present purposes. Instead, one should use a stack of cards that clearly yields no record of S's performance other than the written record provided by A.
Force analysis of joint bolt holes in solid rocket motor skirt subjected to bending load

Starting from classical plane bending theory for slender beams,the formula for total tensile force on tension side of SRM case subjected to bending load was derived.Based on it,single point force analysis method was obtained according to the test data of only one bolted connection and distortion hamonization relationship of all bolted points of flanged connection system.This method can be applied to the calculation of single joint force in the given bending conditions.The validity of the result was proved indirectly by the calculating example.
Making Sure There is 'Value-Added': Use E-Discovery Referees that Know the Technology and the Law

The importance of discovery referees such as special masters is increasing with the quantity of electronic data at issue in many cases. A discovery referee is a neutral person appointed by a court, arbitrator, other decision-making body, or the parties themselves, to make factual determinations in complicated cases. In e-discovery disputes, for example, discovery referees are increasingly being appointed and tasked with reviewing technical compliance with discovery requests, routing out attempts to avoid compliance, opining on intentional or reckless spoliation of evidence, and determining whether discovery orders are being followed. If done right, discovery referees can be a boon to the court and litigants - the right discovery referee saves the parties' time, saves the parties' money, and, perhaps most importantly, makes the correct technological and legal decisions necessary for resolution of the underlying dispute.
Clinical use of 10% soybean oil emulsion

The pharmaceutical and therapeutic aspects of the use of 10% soybean oil emulsion in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are reviewed. The composition of the commercial preparation (intralipid), comparison with cottonseed oil emulsion, advantages and disadvantages of use, metabolism, toxicity, therapeutic monitoring, clinical uses, and evaluative studies are discussed. Soybean oil emulsion is a useful source of calories and essential fatty acids in TPN. The product is more expensive than other solutions used in TPN. Woybean oil emulsion should be considered for use in small hospitals and in home therapy because of the advantage of peripheral administration.
High-fidelity, high-performance full-wave computational algorithms for intra-system EMI analysis of IC and electronics

The objective of this work is to investigate high-resolution, high-performance full-wave field solvers towards scalable electromagnetic simulations of product-level ICs and electronics. The emphasis is put on advancing parallel algorithms that are provably scalable, facilitating a design-through-analysis paradigm, and enabling concurrent multi-scale modeling and computation. The capability and benefits of the algorithms are validated and illustrated through complex 3D IC and electronics applications.
A Recursive Switched-Capacitor House-of-Cards Power Amplifier

A fully integrated CMOS power amplifier (PA) that efficiently generates high-voltage RF waveforms directly from a 4.8-V supply using only low-voltage thin-oxide transistors is introduced. High-voltage operation is achieved via implicit ~100% efficient dc–dc conversion enabled by stacking and flying individual class-D PA cells in a House-of-Cards (HoC) topology. By dynamically reconfiguring digitally controlled HoC slices to support different voltage conversion ratios and capacitively coupling their outputs, a Doherty-like high-efficiency backoff profile is achieved without using any magnetic impedance inverter. A test chip, implemented in 65-nm low-power CMOS, operates directly from 4.8 V using only 1.2-V transistors, and attains above 40% battery-to-RF efficiency at both 23-dBm peak power and at 6-dB backoff at 720 MHz. When applying a 10-MHz 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signal, the PA achieves an error vector magnitude of 3.6%-rms without using any predistortion techniques with an average output power and power-added efficiency of 15.7 dBm and 26.5%.
High-Cost Dual Eligibles’ Service Use Demonstrates The Need For Supportive And Palliative Models Of Care

Health care spending is generally highest among people who need both complex medical care and long-term services and supports, such as adults dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid. Understandin...
Objective assessment of the contribution of dental esthetics and facial attractiveness in men via eye tracking

Introduction Recently, greater emphasis has been placed on smile esthetics in dentistry. Eye tracking has been used to objectively evaluate attention to the dentition (mouth) in female models with different levels of dental esthetics quantified by the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). This has not been accomplished in men. Our objective was to determine the visual attention to the mouth in men with different levels of dental esthetics (IOTN levels) and background facial attractiveness, for both male and female raters, using eye tracking. Methods Facial images of men rated as unattractive, average, and attractive were digitally manipulated and paired with validated oral images, IOTN levels 1 (no treatment need), 7 (borderline treatment need), and 10 (definite treatment need). Sixty-four raters meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the data analysis. Each rater was calibrated in the eye tracker and randomly viewed the composite images for 3 seconds, twice for reliability. Results Reliability was good or excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.6-0.9). Significant interactions were observed with factorial repeated-measures analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer method for density and duration of fixations in the interactions of model facial attractiveness by area of the face (P Conclusions Visual attention to the mouth was the greatest in men of average facial attractiveness, irrespective of dental esthetics. In borderline dental esthetics (IOTN 7), the eye and mouth were statistically indistinguishable, but in the most unesthetic dental attractiveness level (IOTN 10), the mouth exceeded the eye. The most unesthetic malocclusion significantly attracted visual attention in men. Male and female raters showed differences in their visual attention to male faces. Laypersons gave significant visual attention to poor dental esthetics in men, irrespective of background attractiveness; this was counter to what was seen in women.
Influence of Privacy Priming and Security Framing on Android App Selection

Many users unknowingly grant mobile applications (apps) permission to access their personal information (Felt et al., 2012). This access is in part a result of the large number of permissions apps request and users’ difficulty in understanding the nature of these potentially harmful requests (Kelley et al., 2011; Liccardi et al., 2014). Laboratory studies have suggested that different approaches can be taken to curtail the likelihood of mobile users installing malicious apps.A large body of work investigating mobile app security agrees that it is indeed possible to get users to make safer and more knowledgeable decisions during the app selection process. Gates, Chen, Li, and Proctor (2014), for example, found that users made less risky decisions when they were presented with a summary risk or safety ranking that conveys the overall risk of an app. Most recently, the effects of priming manipulations have indicated that introducing an intervention before the app selection process begins may be just as effec...
Quantitative Assessment of Femoral Head Perfusion Following Arthroscopic Femoral Osteochondroplasty: A Cadaveric Study.

BACKGROUND Disruption of the arterial supply to the femoral head, and subsequent development of femoral head osteonecrosis, is of serious concern with intracapsular hip procedures. However, the effect of arthroscopic femoral osteochondroplasty on femoral head perfusion is unknown. We aimed to quantify the effects of both standard and posterosuperior extension of arthroscopic femoral osteochondroplasty on femoral head vascularity. We hypothesized that extension of the superior resection zone posteriorly would negatively affect femoral head perfusion. METHODS In 12 cadaveric pelvic specimens, we cannulated the medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA). One hip per pelvis was randomly selected to be in 1 of 2 experimental groups based on the superior extent of the osteochondroplasty: standard resection (resection anterior to the 12 o'clock [0° of 360°] position) or extended resection (resection extended posterior to the 12 o'clock position). Computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained prior to and following arthroscopic resection to delineate the resection margins. Gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was quantified in the femoral head by volumetric analysis using custom software. A polyurethane compound was injected and gross dissection of the vasculature was performed. RESULTS Extension of the osteochondroplasty posteriorly (the extended-resection group), to a mean of 41.3° (range, 34° to 47°) posterior to the 12 o'clock position, decreased femoral head perfusion by a mean of 28% (range, 18% to 38%). The standard-resection group demonstrated a mean decrease in femoral head perfusion of 7% (range, 4% to 11%). Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation (correlation coefficient, -0.877; p < 0.001; R = 0.747). For every 1° that the superior resection margin extended posteriorly, a corresponding 0.88% decrease in femoral head perfusion was found. CONCLUSIONS Femoral head perfusion is almost fully maintained with arthroscopic osteochondroplasty when the superior resection margin is anterior to the 12 o'clock position. Perfusion is also well maintained if the superior resection margin is extended no more than 10° posterior to 12 o'clock. Further posterior extension correlated with greater decreases in femoral head perfusion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our study provides previously unreported quantitative MRI data on femoral head perfusion following arthroscopic femoral osteochondroplasty for the treatment of cam-type femoroacetabular impingement.
TahcoRoll: An Efficient Approach for Signature Profiling in Genomic Data through Variable-Length k-mers

K-mer profiling has been one of the trending approaches to analyze read data generated by high-throughput sequencing technologies. The tasks of k-mer profiling include, but are not limited to, counting the frequencies and determining the occurrences of short sequences in a dataset. The notion of k-mer has been extensively used to build de Bruijn graphs in genome or transcriptome assembly, which requires examining all possible k-mers presented in the dataset. Recently, an alternative way of profiling has been proposed, which constructs a set of representative k-mers as genomic markers and profiles their occurrences in the sequencing data. This technique has been applied in both transcript quantification through RNA-Seq and taxonomic classification of metagenomic reads. Most of these applications use a set of fixed-size k-mers since the majority of existing k-mer counters are inadequate to process genomic sequences with variable-length k-mers. However, choosing the appropriate k is challenging, as it varies for different applications. As a pioneer work to profile a set of variable-length k-mers, we propose TahcoRoll in order to enhance the Aho-Corasick algorithm. More specifically, we use one bit to represent each nucleotide, and integrate the rolling hash technique to construct an efficient in-memory data structure for this task. Using both synthetic and real datasets, results show that TahcoRoll outperforms existing approaches in either or both time and memory efficiency without using any disk space. In addition, compared to the most efficient state-of-the-art k-mer counters, such as KMC and MSBWT, TahcoRoll is the only approach that can process long read data from both PacBio and Oxford Nanopore on a commodity desktop computer. The source code of TahcoRoll is implemented in C++14, and available at https://github.com/chelseaju/TahcoRoll.git.
The cell surface of the mammalian embryo during early development

In experiments wherein he rearranged the blastomeres of cleavage-stage mouse embryos, Tarkowski (1) made the very simple yet profound observation that those blastomeres residing within the embryo tend to become inner cell mass (ICM) while those on the outside of the embryo tend to become trophectoderm (Fig. 1). He concluded that individual blastomeres possessed the ability to become either ICM or trophectoderm, based on relative cell position within the embryo, at least up to the 8-cell stage. Subsequent experiments have shown that this ability is not lost until the morula stage, when the embryo consists of 16–32 closely apposed cells (2). These observations have led to the ‘inside/outside’ hypothesis, which states that the relative position of a cell within the morula determines the subsequent developmental fate of that cell (1–3). If this is so, how is such positional information translated into the appropriate genetic activity which will lead to the differentiation of the cell to ICM or trophectoderm? In addition, how is this developmental restriction related to the formation of the blastocyst (i.e., cavitation)?
EXERCISE IS GOOD FOR THE HEART BUT NOT FOR THE INFLAMED PERICARDIUM

Exercise restriction is considered an important non-pharmacologic treatment in cases of pericarditis. However, this is largely based off of expert consensus with limited evidence. A 47 year old female athlete with a history of idiopathic pericarditis presents with pleuritic chest pain, EKG with
Topiramate induced lithium toxicity

We are reporting and documenting a suspected case of Lithium toxicity following administration of Topiramate This report discussed our experience with a year old patient who has been inpatient for the past one year and diagnosed with Schizoaffective Disorder Bipolar Type for the past years according to the criteria of DSM He manifested symptoms of Lithium toxicity following administration of Topiramate He was also diagnosed with compulsive urge of drinking fluids for the past five years and a compulsive urge of food intake for the past months He rapidly gained pounds within a period of months We have been managing his water intake by daily weight monitoring and water restriction Excessive compulsive eating behavior and weight gain management was attempted by the Topiramate The patient was already being treated with Lithium Carbonate for mania labile mood and aggressive behavior for the past one year Comprehensive metabolic panel Lithium levels thyroid panel HbAIC and Complete Blood chemistry were within normal reference ranges before initiating treatment with Topiramate The patient developed symptoms of lithium toxicity on the fourth day of the treatment He appeared delirious confused disoriented with time place and person He had slurring of speech bilateral coarse tremors in his hands shallow and rapid breathing He complained of nausea vomiting and an inability to eat We transferred the patient to local ER and ordered stat CMP and Lithium levels At the ER the patient was diagnosed and treated for renal insufficiency due to Lithium toxicity It also demonstrates the toxic interaction of medications with narrow therapeutic index such as Lithium Informed consent was obtained from patient and guardian
Engaging with the past: how #BlackLivesMatter points us to our predecessors and calls us to hope

This paper focuses on the contributions of Chris Lebron's book The Making of Black Lives Matter: The History of an Idea. Specifically, I examine his discussion of James Baldwin, Martin Luther King,...
Anesthesia for Liver Transplantation

Liver transplantation is amongst the most challenging surgeries for the anesthesiologist to manage. Due to advances in medical, surgical and perioperative management, 1-year survival following transplant is greater than 90%. At 5 years, more than 75% of liver transplant recipients survive, making it one of the most successful organ transplant procedures. The majority of the body’s organ systems are affected by end-stage liver disease (ESLD), mandating an in-depth knowledge of cerebral, cardiac, pulmonary and renal physiology when caring for these patients. Additionally, transplant surgery is associated with significant coagulopathy and blood loss that requires familiarity with blood product resuscitation. This chapter describes the surgical approach to liver transplant and examines the effects of ESLD by organ system. Extensive considerations are reviewed in this chapter including preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and the author’s preferred technique to provide a stepwise approach for liver transplantation. Table 72.1 provides a summary of anesthesia considerations in patients undergoing Liver Transplantation. Table 72.1 Summary of anesthesia considerations in patients undergoing liver transplantation Plan/preparation/adverse events Reasoning/management Preoperative evaluation (see Table 72.2) Room-air ABG, contrast-enhanced TTE, CXR, PFTs, CT chest ECG, TTE, ± noninvasive stress testing CBC, PT, PTT, INR, fibrinogen, d-dimer Serum BUN, serum Cr, BMP Position Supine Access ≥1 14- or 16-gauge IV—Rapid fluid and blood product administration Arterial line—Anticipation of hemodynamic instability, frequent blood sampling, vasoactive drug administration Central venous catheter—CVP and PAP transduction, rapid fluid and blood product administration, vasoactive drug administration GETA IV induction Even if metabolism and/or excretion are hepatic, duration of action determined by redistribution RSI Increased risk for regurgitation and aspiration Maintenance Isoflurane or sevoflurane preferred given no significant decrease in hepatic blood flow or O2 delivery Procedural adverse events Aspiration RSI as above Coagulopathy Transfuse blood products to approximate goals of INR 20, and fibrinogen > 100 and clinical coagulation status Hemorrhage Transfuse pRBCs to goal of hematocrit > 25 Rapid infuser should be available Hypotension Relative hypovolemia during dissection phase, euvolemia after; titrate vasopressors to effect Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest Apply defibrillation pads before induction; send ABGs q20–30 min during anhepatic phase; administer Ca2+, dextrose, and insulin as indicated Postreperfusion syndrome Titrate inotropes and vasopressors to effect Postoperative and post-discharge considerations Extubation May consider if hemodynamically stable and no significant transfusion requirements
The Renal Dopaminergic System, Hypertension, and Salt Sensitivity

The kidney is the primary organ responsible for the long-term control of blood pressure by regulating sodium and chloride transport. Various renal autocrine/paracrine and endocrine mechanisms have evolved to increase or decrease sodium reabsorption in different segments of the nephron (1,2).
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Primary tumors of the lung and heart are very rare in children as compared to metastatic disease which, although uncommon, is still seen more often. Thus, three entities are discussed here, pleuropulmonary blastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and histiocytoid cardiomyopathy, in each of which there has been recent progress in understanding their molecular pathogenesis. Discussion will also focus on the pathologic and molecular features of cardiac fibroma and NUT midline carcinoma.
The sex parameter in estimation of total blood volume for pediatric erythrocytapheresis.

Background and objectives Estimation of the total blood volume (TBV) is fundamental to the control of automated red cell exchange (RCE). Error in the TBV estimate can produce outcomes that deviate from the prescribed targets, and may endanger the patient. Both the Spectra Optia and the COBE Spectra use the Nadler formulae to estimate TBV. There is a potential for large overestimates of TBV when the Nadler formula for males is applied to prepubertal boys. Materials and methods This study uses our large clinical experience with RCE to examine procedure outcomes when RCE in prepubertal boys is programed with the female parameter instead of male. We determined the differences between programmed and measured values for three outcomes: (a) Programmed End Hematocrit - Post spun HCT by Hemata Stat II, (b) Programmed End Hematocrit - Post CBC HCT, and (c) Predicted Post Hgb S+C - Measured Post Hgb S+C. We defined the experimental group as Male-Female, where the biological sex was male but programmed sex was female, and two control groups where programmed and biological sex were the same. Results Small but statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the mean programmed-to-observed deviations of these outcome measures in all but two group and subgroup comparisons; however, the absolute magnitudes of the observed differences were not clinically significant. The suggested weight cutoff to begin programming males as male is 35 kg. Conclusion The study provides experiential validation that performing RCE in prepubertal boys using the female parameter is safe.
Soft Tissue and Bone

Preoperative diagnosis of soft tissue and bone tumors using needle biopsy techniques, namely fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB), has gained wider acceptance in recent years. This is achieved in concert with the maturation of various image-guided needle biopsy techniques, development of molecular genetic diagnostics, and expansion of immunohistochemical biomarkers. FNA, however, as a first-line approach to evaluate soft tissue and bone tumors, remains one of the most challenging and controversial areas in cytopathology. Compared with the CNB, FNA is more suitable for smaller lesions, recurrent and/or metastatic tumors, and lesions with a broad differential diagnosis including carcinomas and lymphomas. Enhanced by rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE), and immediate tissue triage for flow cytometry and/or cytogenetic/molecular studies, FNA offers a valuable and fast diagnostic modality for lesions suspicious for high grade malignancy. This chapter focuses on the practical approaches to this extremely diverse set of benign and malignant neoplasms, emphasizing on pattern recognition, effective triage of biopsy material, and judicious use of ancillary studies. General discussion of the clinical and cytomorphologic features of each entity is beyond the scope of this diagnostic approach–orientated chapter, and the readers are directed to other relevant excellent textbooks.
Retinal vessel diameter changes after 6 months of treatment in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial

Background/Aims Prior studies support an association between increased retinal venule diameter and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that retinal venule diameters decrease in association with long-term therapy for high ICP in subjects with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Methods This is a retrospective analysis of multicentre randomised controlled trial data. Standardised procedures were used to measure area of optic nerve head elevation (ONHA) and diameters of 4 arterioles and 4 venules 2.7 mm from the optic disc centre on fundus photos collected at baseline and after 6 months of randomised treatment with placebo+diet or acetazolamide+diet in subjects participating in the IIH Treatment Trial (IIHTT) (n=115). Change in arteriole (Da) and venule (Dv) diameters from baseline to 6 months was studied as a function of IIH, haemodynamic and demographic variables. Results Dv decreased following 6 months of therapy (8.1 µm, 5.9%, p Conclusions Retinal venule diameter decreased, and arteriole diameter did not change in association with treatment for elevated ICP with a weight loss intervention and placebo or acetazolamide in IIHTT participants. Further study is needed to determine how retinal vessel measurements can be combined with other clinical observations to inform disease management.
Effect of eating and gastrointestinal hormones on human colonic myoelectrical and motor activity

Abstract Colonic motility was measured in normal human subjects after either a 350-calorie or a 1000-calorie meal and during the continuous infusion of gastrin I, octapeptide of cholecystokinin, or the 10% pure whole molecule of cholecystokinin. A bipolar clip electrode was used to record myoelectrical activity, and a perfused catheter was used to record intraluminal pressure. The percentage of total recording time during which slow wave activity was present and the slow wave frequency were not altered by either the meal or the gastrointestinal hormones. A 1000-calorie meal significantly increased spike and motor activity, but a 350-calorie meal minimally stimulated colonic motility. Serum gastrin increased during the 1000-calorie meal, but the time course of the maximum gastrin increase did not correspond to the peak colonic motility response. Spike and motor activity were significantly increased by gastrin I infused at a rate that maintained serum gastrin at levels present after a meal. Colonic motility was increased after the infusion of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, but not after infusion of the 10% pure whole molecule of cholecystokinin. These studies suggest: (1) eating increases colonic motility with a greater effect occurring after the higher calorie meal; (2) gastrin I or the octapeptide of cholecystokinin can increase colonic motility at lower infusion rates than are necessary to produce their primary physiological effects; and (3) gastrointestinal hormones may mediate, in part, the response seen after eating, but may not be the sole factors.