cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of cancer on sexual activity

Abstract Cancer of any type can affect sexual behavior through the physical and emotional impact of the disease itself and through the effects of chemotherapy or surgery. Major factors to be considered in assessing and treating these problems include the site and characteristics of the particular type of cancer, the patient's life stage and previous psychosocial functioning, and the prognosis. Malignancies of the genital organs may be particularly devastating.
Severe coagulation factor V deficiency associated with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 1q

5 Lay AJ, Zhong L, Rosen ED, Caste llino FJ. Mice with a severe deﬁ-ciency of Protein C display prothrombotic and proinﬂammatoryphenotypes and compromised maternal reproductive capabilities. JClin Invest 2005; 115: 1552–6.6 Belknap WM, Dietschy JM. Sterol synthesis and low density lipo-protein clearance in vivo in the pre gnant rat, placenta, and fetus.Sources for tissue cholesterol during fetal development. JClinInvest1988; 82: 2077–85.7 Tozawa R, Ishibashi S, Osuga J, Yagyu H, Oka T, Chen Z, Ohashi K,Perrey S, Shionoiri F, Yahagi N, Harada K, Gotoda T, Yazaki Y,Yamada N. Embryonic lethality and defective neural tube closure inmice lacking squalene synthase. JBiolChem1999; 274: 30843–8.8 Madsen EM, Lindegaard ML, And ersen CB, Damm P, Nielsen LB.Human placenta secretes apolipoprotein B-100-containing lipopro-teins. JBiolChem2004; 279: 55271–6.9 Yoshida S, Wada Y. Transfer of ma ternal cholesterol to embryo andfetus in pregnant mice. J Lipid Res 2005; 46: 2168–74.10 Woollett LA. Maternal cholesterol in fetal development: transport ofcholesterol from the maternal to the fetal circulation. Am J Clin Nutr2005; 82: 1155–61.
The tectonics of Venus

Solid Venus has several differences from solid Earth: a mild variation in topography, with marked departures of some kilometres confined to less than 10% of the surface; no interconnected system of ridges, such as would be associated with a spreading lithospheric boundary layer; a high correlation of gravity with topography; and a ratio of gravity to topography implying compensation depths in excess of 100 km for major features. This high admittance ratio implies a stiff upper mantle, as also indicated by the high depth-diameter ratio of craters. The details of Magellan radar imagery enable some inference of event sequences. The morphology generally indicates a more regional scale of change than on Earth. The principal chronometer is impact crater distribution. The number of impact craters identified is 914, which is equivalent to about 500 Ma's infall of bodies big enough to penetrate the atmosphere. But the number of craters per unit area has but slightly more variations from the mean than random and only a mild negative correlation with topographic elevation. Only one-third of the craters evidence tectonic or volcanic modification. Hence the rate of resurfacing over the last few 100 Ma must be quite slight compared to Earth's. The main debate is whether Venerean tectonic activity is in monotonic decline, or whether it is episodic on a 500 Ma time-scale. Evidencing some current tectonic and volcanic activity are a few limited regions of marked topographic and geoidal highs, exceeding 8 km and 80 m respectively, with steep slopes. Clearly, plate tectonics does not exist on Venus. The underlying cause of this different evolution appears to be the lack of water. This dryness makes the upper mantle stiff enough to regionalize the tectonics and inhibit recycling of crust. The lack of water also prevents erosion and thus the recycling of secondary differentiates. These deficiencies in recycling imply a strong net upward differentiation of heat sources and a thick crust, now allowed by new results on dry diabase rheology.
CREATING PROFITABLE LIVELIHOODS: MOBILITY AS A ‘PRACTICAL’ AND ‘STRATEGIC’ GENDER NEED IN PORTO NOVO, BENIN

This paper examines the importance of spatial mobility to the creation of profitable livelihood strategies for women in Porto Novo, Benin. Drawing on 522 surveys and 15 life-history interviews conducted with women who use a wide array of strategies, this paper demonstrates that under some circumstances mobility may be as important to increasing women's income-generating opportunities as access to capital. Moreover, I argue that focusing on women's access to spatial mobility will not only increase the profitability of their livelihood strategies, but may also create spaces in which issues of autonomy and independence can also be addressed. In so doing, this research contributes to work on gender and development by demonstrating the importance of considering the spatial aspects of social and economic processes.
A theoretical deficiency in accounting for bonds

Abstract Accounting for bonds payable issued at a premium or discount between interest payment dates poses some interesting theoretical problems. Nine Intermediate Accounting textbooks were examined, and only two were found to deal with the topic, neither at a theoretical level. When the theoretical value is calculated for a bond issued at a discount or premium between interest payment dates, the computed value includes the accrued interest. The usual approach is to record the collection of accrued interest separately from the bond proceeds. Unless the bond is recorded correctly the premium or discount does not amortize properly. This paper examines the recording of the accrued interest, and offers some suggestions for teaching this topic in courses beyond the introductory level.
An Engineering Approach to Kinetic Inhibitor Design Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

: This paper examines the use of molecular dynamics simulations to predict the performance of kinetic inhibitor structures by simulating adsorption on the sII {111} hydrate growth plane. Inhibitor performance was observed to correlate to subcooling and van der Waals forces for the sample group of kinetic inhibitors used in the molecular dynamics simulations.
Enzyme activity and bacteriophage infection. I. Breakdown of adenosinetriphosphate.

Experiments have been performed on the apyrase activity of E. coli , strain B. Although the dependence on pH and substrate is similar to that of rat tissue, the bacterial extracts are inhibited by Ca ++ and stimulated by Mg ++ . In bacterial extracts the rate of phosphate release decreases in the course of the reaction, possibly owing to product inhibition. With multiple bacteriophage infection, the apyrase activity of the intact cells increased several fold, and the activity of extracts increased about 30 per cent. It is suggested that the changes could be attributed to an increase in the amount of enzyme although other alternatives cannot be precluded at present.
Sinkhole distribution in a rapidly developing urban environment: Hillsborough County, Tampa Bay area, Florida

Sinkhole formation in Florida is a common event. The Florida karst plain is significantly altered by human development and sinkholes cause considerable property damage throughout much of the state. We present in this paper a morphometric analysis of karst depressions in the Tampa Bay area, and the relation with the known distribution of sinkholes. We selected the Tampa Bay area because it is particularly susceptible to the evolution of karst depressions in relation with development of the built-up environment. Karst depressions were mapped from the 1:24,000 USGS topographic maps and a morphometric analysis was performed by using parameters such as shape, circularity index, perimeter, area, length, width, and orientation. Maps showing the distribution of depression density, and the sectors with greatest areas of karst depression were produced using a GIS. These results were compared with data compiled from the database of sinkhole occurrences in Florida maintained by the Florida Geological Survey. Our analysis demonstrates that the distribution of new sinkhole occurrences differs from the distribution of existing sinkholes, indicating that there are processes acting today that are influencing karst landscape formation that are different from those acting in the past.
Urging the alcoholic client to quit smoking cigarettes

Abstract Cigarette smoking is highly correlated with alcohol abuse. Yet information regarding smoking cessation for alcoholics is largely absent. To begin addressing this gap, 311 alcohol treatment professionals staffing 23 inpatient facilities in Washington state reviewed a list of 8 different time points, including “never,” at which an alcohol-involved adult could be urged to quit smoking cigarettes. Respondents first selected those time points at which they favored and then those at which they personally encouraged smoking cessation. One year after the onset of sobriety emerged as the preferred time point. Responses were analyzed according to the treatment staff's self-reported alcohol and smoking status. Staff who described themselves as alcoholics and smokers were significantly less likely than nonalcoholic-nonsmokers to urge smoking cessation efforts.
Feminist Geopolitics: Unpacking (In)Security, Animating Social Change

This piece is the introduction to a special section on Feminist Geopolitics focusing specifically on securitisation. This introduction provides an overview of the field of feminist geopolitics and situates the contributions of the articles that follow. We argue that the contributions to the section push the field in two distinct ways. First, a number of the pieces draw important connections between geopolitical and geoeconomic processes. Second, the pieces continue to excavate the complex relationship between geopolitical processes and everyday life. Taken as a whole, this special section highlights the utility of feminist geopolitical approaches for gaining analytic clarity and thinking through and enacting positive social change.
Effects of unilateral olfactory deprivation in the developing opossum, Monodelphis domestica

Unilateral naris closure in young rodents leads to striking alterations in the development of the ipsilateral olfactory system. One of the most pronounced effects is a 25% reduction in the size of the experimental olfactory bulb, a change that stems in part from decreased cell survival. Since naris occlusion in rodents alters the system more during development than in adulthood, we investigated the consequences of olfactory deprivation in a species that is born in a very immature state, Monodelphis domestica. In this pouchless marsupial, offspring are born after a short 14-day gestation. In the present study, the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine was used to examine early postnatal neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb. Unlike rats and mice, neurogenesis of the main output neurons (the mitral cells) continues into postnatal life. Unilateral naris closure was begun on postnatal day 4 (P4) or P5 in Monodelphis and continued for 30 or 60 days. Laminar volume measurements revealed a significant reduction in the size of the experimental bulb following 60, but not 30, days of early olfactory deprivation. Mitral cell number estimates indicated a significant reduction after both 30 and 60 days of naris closure. The immaturity of Monodelphis offspring may render the population of mitral cells susceptible to the effects of olfactory deprivation. These findings suggest that afferent activity plays a role in the survival of all bulb neurons, irrespective of cell class. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 33: 429–438, 1997
Physiology of gibberellin-induced elongation of epicotyl explants from Vigna sinensis

The physiological characteristics of the response of excised cowpea (Vigna sinensis cv Blackeye pea No. 5) epicotyls to gibberellins (GAs) were studied. Epicotyl explants, retaining the petioles and a 2-cm portion of hypocotyl, were placed upright in small vials containing water. Plant growth substances were injected into the subapical tissues as ethanol solutions.
An Efficient Low Memory Implicit DG Algorithm for Time Dependent Problems

We present an efficient implicit time stepping method for Discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured meshes. The Local Discontinuous Galerkin method is used for the discretization of the viscous terms. For unstructured meshes, the Local Discontinuous Galerkin method is known to produce non-compact discretizations. In order to circumvent the difficulties accociated with this non-compactness, we represent the irregular matrices arising from the discretization algorithm as a product of matrices with a more structured pattern. Time integration is carried out using backward difference formulas. This leads to a non-linear system of equations to be solved at each timestep. In this paper, we study various iterative solvers for the linear systems of equations that arise in the Newton algorithm. We show that a two-level preconditioner with incomplete LU as a pre-smoother is highly efficient yet inexpensive to compute and to store. It performs particularly well for low Mach number flows, where it is more than a magnitude more efficient than pure two-level or ILU preconditioning. Our methods are demonstrated using three typical test problems with various parameters and timesteps.
Noise and its effects on photoreceptor temporal contrast sensitivity at low light levels

We studied photoreceptors in the locust (Schistocerca americanus) visual system to determine the extent to which quantal noise and intrinsic neural noise limit temporal sensitivity. Typical computational models of the temporal contrast sensitivity function are deterministic, reflect only filter characteristics, and lack explicit noise sources [J. Opt. Soc. Am.58, 1133 (1968);Vision Res.32, 1373 (1992)]. We report here that the temporal contrast sensitivity function, at low light levels, is not simply the reflection of a filter function. Our evidence suggests that, at low backgrounds, noise, in conjunction with temporal filtering, plays a role in shaping the temporal contrast sensitivity function. At a given low adaptation level, quantal noise limits sensitivity at low temporal frequencies, while intrinsic noise limits sensitivity at relatively higher temporal frequencies.
Cognitive Implications in Children's Spontaneous Role Play.

(1974). Cognitive implications in children's spontaneous role play. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 13, The Value of Play for Learning, pp. 273-278.
Intracisternal Administration of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Improves Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow and Cortical Perfusion After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice

Early brain injury (EBI) during the first 72 h after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important determinant of clinical outcome. A hallmark of EBI, global cerebral ischemia, occurs within seconds of SAH and is thought to be related to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). We tested the hypothesis that ICP elevation and cortical hypoperfusion are the result of physical blockade of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow pathways by cisternal microthrombi. In mice subjected to SAH, we measured cortical blood volume (CBV) using optical imaging, ICP using pressure transducers, and patency of CSF flow pathways using intracisternally injected tracer dye. We then assessed the effects of intracisternal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). ICP rose immediately after SAH and remained elevated for 24 h. This was accompanied by a decrease in CBV and impaired dye movement. Intracisternal administration of tPA immediately after SAH lowered ICP, increased CBV, and partially restored CSF flow at 24 h after SAH. Lowering ICP without tPA, by draining CSF, improved CBV at 1 h, but not 24 h after SAH. These findings suggest that blockade of CSF flow by microthrombi contributes to the early decline in cortical perfusion in an ICP-dependent and ICP-independent manner and that intracisternal tPA may reduce EBI and improve outcome after SAH.
Role of JNK activation in apoptosis: A double-edged sword

JNK is a key regulator of many cellular events, including programmed cell death (apoptosis). In the absence of NF-kB activation, prolonged JNK activation contributes to TNF-a induced apoptosis. JNK is also essential for UV induced apoptosis. However, recent studies reveal that JNK can suppress apoptosis in IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells via phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BAD. Thus, JNK has pro- or antiapoptotic functions, depending on cell type, nature of the death stimulus, duration of its activation and the activity of other signaling pathways.
Purification and Characterization of an α-Actinin-binding PDZ-LIM Protein That Is Up-regulated during Muscle Differentiation

α-Actinin is required for the organization and function of the contractile machinery of muscle. In order to understand more precisely the molecular mechanisms by which α-actinin might contribute to the formation and maintenance of the contractile apparatus within muscle cells, we performed a screen to identify novel α-actinin binding partners present in chicken smooth muscle cells. In this paper, we report the identification, purification, and characterization of a 36-kDa smooth muscle protein (p36) that interacts with α-actinin. Using a variety of in vitro binding assays, we demonstrate that the association between α-actinin and p36 is direct, specific, and saturable and exhibits a moderate affinity. Furthermore, native co-immunoprecipitation reveals that the two proteins are complexed in vivo. p36 is expressed in cardiac muscle and tissues enriched in smooth muscle. Interestingly, in skeletal muscle, a closely related protein of 40 kDa (p40) is detected. The expression of p36 and p40 is dramatically up-regulated during smooth and skeletal muscle differentiation, respectively, and p40 colocalizes with α-actinin at the Z-lines of differentiated myotubes. We have established the relationship between p36 and p40 by molecular cloning of cDNAs that encode both proteins and have determined that they are the products of a single gene. Both proteins display an identical N-terminal PDZ domain and an identical C-terminal LIM domain; an internal 63-amino acid sequence present in p36 is replaced by a unique 111-amino acid sequence in p40. Analysis of the sequences of p36 and p40 suggest that they are the avian forms of the actinin-associated LIM proteins (ALPs) recently described in rat (Xia, H., Winokur, S. T., Kuo, W.-L., Altherr, M. R., and Bredt, D. S. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 139, 507–515). The expression of the human ALP gene has been postulated to be affected by mutations that cause facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy; thus, the characterization of ALP function may ultimately provide insight into the mechanism of this disease.
Flux Motion through the Superconducting Surface Sheath

The response $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{b}$ of Pb-2% In alloy specimens in the superconducting surface-sheath state to a small ac field $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{h}$ with a triangular waveform has been studied. Features noted with this approach include a precursor, a plateau, and an exponential approach of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{b}$ to $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{h}$. These observations and others point to the necessity of a more complete model for flux passage through the sheath. An analytical expression, based on a model of creep of flux spots in the sheath, is found to give an excellent quantitative description for Pb-2% In alloy specimens. The activation energy for the process is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} \mathrm{eV}l{U}_{0}l{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2} \mathrm{eV}$ and the activation distance is greater than 10 \AA{}. This latter value is regarded as low but may result from geometrical effects within the sheath.
Nucleotide regulation of goblet cells in human airway epithelial explants: normal exocytosis in cystic fibrosis.

The regulation of mucin secretion by airway goblet cells is poorly understood and the receptor-based regulatory mechanisms have not been described in human airways. In the present study, we report that extracellular triphosphate nucleotides regulate the rate of granule release from goblet cells in both normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial explants. Explants isolated from nasal and tracheobronchial tissues were mounted in perfusion chambers and the secretory activity was assessed by videomicroscopic determination of degranulation in single goblet cells and by ELISA determination of mucins secreted into the mucosal perfusate. Baseline degranulation was measured at 0.05 degranulation events (DE)/min. In normal goblet cells, mucosal ATP (10−4 M, n = 17) induced a biphasic secretory response comprising 29.1 ± 4.9 DE during the first 5 min, with an initial rate of 118.2 ± 10.2 DE/min. Mucosal UTP (10−4 M, n = 9) induced a similar response to ATP (initial rate: 89.2 ± 23.9 DE/min, 17.9 ± 5.1 DE in 5...
Board level drop test modeling

Recently, drop test reliability has become a major concern for mobile electronic products. Especially, system-in-package (SIP) like stacked-die-package and package-on-package may lead to increased stress in solder joints during drop impacts due to their complicate structures. In this study, evaluations of test board material properties, damping parameters, the correlation of displacements and strains between model and drop test and also parameters of fail cyclic life prediction were performed with three point bend tests, acceleration sensors, strain gauges, a high speed camera, drop testers, dynamic finite element models.
Analysis of ascites from patients with ovarian carcinoma by cell flow cytometry

Cell flow cytometry offers the opportunity to analyze cytopathological samples with regards to DNA content and proliferative activity. To investigate whether this modality can quantitate certain aspects of ovarian carcinoma by analyzing ascites, 43 samples from patients with advanced papillary serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary were studied. In 28 samples (65%) ploidy and the percentage of cells in S phase (%S phase) could be analyzed. Fifteen samples could not be analyzed because of overlapping cell populations distorting distinct cell cycle phases. Of the 28 samples studied, 8 (29%) were diploid and 20 (71%) were aneuploid. The DNA in aneuploid samples ranged from 1.23 to 2.65. The %S phase for aneuploid was greater than that for diploid samples. Patients with diploid samples survived longer. Cytometric analysis of cells from ascites in 4 patients in whom disease progressed after they received chemotherapy showed that the percentage of cells in S phase increased. Cells from ascites established in vitro showed that ploidy and proliferative activity changed as cells were passed in culture. In conclusion, the analysis of ascites by cell flow cytometry may be a prognosticator in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. In addition, conclusions extrapolated from in vitro data to the in vivo situation should be done cautiously since late-passaged cells may not always be representative of the initial tumor sample.
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Archaea and Bacteria in Wind Cave, South Dakota

The diversity of bacteria and archaea was characterized from sediments collected from Wind Cave located in Wind Cave National Park in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Wind Cave is a limestone dissolution cave with strata that started forming over 300 million years ago, making it one of the oldest in the world. Previous work suggested that the cave was largely a detritus based system ultimately dependent upon allochthonous energy and carbon from photosynthesis of the overlying vegetation, and algae growing near lights along the tour routes. In this work, we used a molecular phylogenetic approach to characterize the microbial structure and infer a corresponding ecosystem function where appropriate. Four bacterial divisions and subdivisions were found in the culture collection, which represented 14 phylotypes, whereas 12 divisions and subdivisions were identified in the clonal analysis comprising 49 phylotypes. The predominant groups were the γ-Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Although a few of the clones r...
A SULFOXIDE-BASED RING ANNELATION APPROACH TO FUSED, MANY-MEMBERED RING N,S-HETEROCYCLES

An approach to many-membered ring N,S-heterocycles involving sulfoxide electrophilic sulfenylation (SES) followed by ring expansion of the derived sulfonium salt intermediate (in situ) is illustrated for 9- and 10-membered-ring compounds. Treatment of readily prepared sulfoxides 10a, 10b, 18a, 18b, 23a, and 23b with triflic anhydride (pyridine, CH2Cl2, 0 °C) provides heterocycles 13a (65%), 13b (60%), 19a (67%), 19b (67%), 24a (42%), and 24b (80%), respectively. Sulfoxides 5a and 5b, under several different conditions, give only the Pummerer dehydration products 6a and 6b, respectively. Diastereomeric sulfoxides 18a‘ and 18b‘, upon treatment with triflic anhydride, do not produce clean product mixtures or any of the desired heterocyclic products but, upon heating in toluene, are converted to the more stable isomers 18a and 18b, respectively. Conducting this isomerization in the presence of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole produces a disulfide indicative of the intermediacy of a sulfenic acid. However, the importan...
Will large weak interaction effects be observable at very high energies

Abstract We examine the possibility that some weak interaction cross section become larger at very high energies. Such effects could lead to observable weak interaction phenomena in very high energy pp and p p colliding beams. A part from direct production of W's and Z's, the possibility of observable weak effects requires the Higgs mass to be much larger than the mass of the vector bosons. However, for feasible experiments such effects are suppressed in many popular gauge theories, and we expect that observable weak cross sections will not get large at high energies. Theories with more than one Higgs boson may allow large observable effects.
Accuracy of lung imaging in metastases with implications for the role of thoracoscopy

Abstract Thoracoscopy for wedge resection of lung metastases is rapidly increasing in frequency. This technique precludes bimanual palpation of the lung to locate additional lesions not seen on the surface. Finger palpation is inadequate. Implications regarding the failure to identify all metastases and the negative impact on long-term survival led us to review retrospectively the correlation between pathologic findings and imaging reports. One hundred forty-four patients who had resection of lung metastases from colorectal cancer were studied. All had chest roentgenograms and 72 had computed tomographic scans as well. Chest roentgenogram and computed tomographic reports differed in the number of nodules reported in 17 of 72 patients (24%). In 3 of 17 patients chest roentgenogram showed more nodules than computed tomography. Chest roentgenogram differed from pathologic findings at surgery in 57 of 144 patients (39%). Twenty-six of 57 patients (46%) had more lesions than chest roentgenogram detected and 31 had fewer. Computed tomographic scans differed from pathologic findings in 30 of 72 patients (42%). If one or two lesions were imaged, 12 patients had fewer cancers (some lesions were benign) and 18 had more cancers than computed tomography reported; computed tomographic starts erred 28% of the time. The inability to adequately palpate the entire lung using the thoracoscope alone markedly impairs the surgeon's ability to know if a resection of all lesions has been done. The validity of using thoracoscopy resection in the management of metastatic disease is seriously questioned other than for diagnosis.
Calibration of a fixed-cell temperature-scanning calorimeter to measure precise solution heat capacities from 275 to 398 K at 0.35 MPa

Abstract A procedure was developed to calibrate the Calorimetry Sciences Corporation Models 5100 and 6100 Nano-DSCs to measure more precisely volumetric heat capacities of liquids and solutions. These calorimeters are small-volume, twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output instruments that can scan temperature upward or downward between 263 and 398 K at pressures up to 0.4 MPa. The calibration procedure leads to volumetric heat capacities that have a relative precision and accuracy of 3 × 10 −6 to 5 × 10 −5 for aqueous solutions at concentrations between ca. 0.001 and 1 mol kg −1 . The Nano-DSCs operate on the principle that the volumetric heat capacity of a solution or liquid is proportional to the difference between the calorimetric outputs for two separate experiments: one when both the cells contain a reference liquid (usually water), and one when the reference cell contains the reference liquid and the sample cell contains the solution or some other liquid of interest. The volumetric heat capacity of the reference liquid must be known precisely and accurately at the temperatures and pressures of the experiment. The calibration constant is determined from measurements on a second reference liquid whose volumetric heat capacity is also known precisely and accurately: 1-mol kg −1 NaCl(aq). Results of calibration and other experiments are used as examples to illustrate the advantages of the calibration procedure described in this paper.
Trinucleon properties from a complete solution of the Faddeev equations with the reid soft-core potential

Abstract The trinucleon bound-state energy E B , wave function, and charge from factor are calculated from a complete solution of the Faddeev equations with the full Reid soft-core potential (RSCP). We find E B = 6.9 MeV, P (S)=89.58%, P (S′) = 1.60%, P (D) = 8.77%, and P (P) = 0.05% in good agreement with the results of a previous calculation using only the 1 S 0 , 3 S 1  3 D 1 components of the RSCP. The calculated | F ch ( Q 2 )| of 3 He has a minimum at about Q 2 = 18 fm −2 .
Use of captive predators for testing secondary hazards of rodenticides1

The use of captive predators for testing potential secondary hazards of rodenticides is becoming an increasingly important research method. The usefulness of the test results depends on how realistically the test protocol corresponds to natural events and encompasses such factors as the selection of the predator species, sample sizes, methods of dosing the primary species, and the feeding regime of primary consumers to the predators. While such studies can provide excellent data, extreme care must be exercised in the extrapolation of such data to field situations. Some major shortcomings in such extrapolations are: (1) it is difficult under field conditions to know how much toxicant is actually consumed and the amount retained by the rodents; (2) it is even more difficult to determine the frequency and number of primary target animals consumed by predators over time. Test protocol development must of necessity be somewhat subjective, but a strong commitment should prevail to keep the methodology as realistic as possible.
Investigation of hole mobility in gate-all-around Si nanowire p-MOSFETs with high-к/metal-gate: Effects of hydrogen thermal annealing and nanowire shape

A detailed study of hole mobility is presented for gate-all-around Si nanowire p-MOSFETs with conformal high-к/MG and various high-temperature hydrogen annealing processes. Hole mobility enhancement relative to planar SOI devices and universal (100) is observed for 15 nm-diameter circular Si nanowires, due to an optimized anneal process which smoothes and reshapes the suspended nanowires. Increasing hole mobility is experimentally observed with decreasing nanowire width down to 12 nm. The measured inversion capacitance-voltage characteristics are in excellent agreement with quantum mechanical simulations. In addition, a method to extract areal inversion charge density in Si nanowires is introduced and its impact on the mobility of Si nanowires with various shapes is explored.
A Unified Treatment of The Thermal Donor Hierarchies in Silicon and Germanium

The hierarchies of thermal donor binding energies produced by annealing oxygen-containing silicon or germanium at ca. 450°C are explained by using a generalized perturbation model which involves a standard repulsion parameter for the interaction between agglomerating oxygen atoms and the shallow donor electrons. This model is capable of fitting the ground state ladders for both charge states of the thermal donors in both Si and Ge, since differences between the two ladders can–ee explained entirely by the change in the electron-effective-mass and dielectric constant of the host.
Fermentation of Ultrafiltered Skim Milk Retentates with Mesophilic Lactic Cheese Starters

Abstract Acid production and its relation to pH changes by commercial, direct-set frozen concentrated lactic starters in skim milk and 2:1 skim milk retentates were studied. Retentates resisted pH change below pH 5.2 despite the production of large amounts of lactic acid by starter bacteria. Control skim milk required 6h at 32°C to attain pH 4.6, but skim milk retentates incubated similarly could not be fermented to this pH even after 8.5h. Doubling the starter inoculum in the retentate led to pH 4.6 in 7.5h. Direct-set starter DS1, with more bacteria numbers than direct-set starter DS2, fermented skim milk and 2:1 skim milk retentate more rapidly.
Palaeoclimate: A glacial zephyr

The hydrology of the North American west looked very different at the Last Glacial Maximum to today. A model–data comparison suggests the observed precipitation patterns are best explained if the storm track was squeezed and steered by high-pressure systems.
Basilic vein transposition: what is the optimal technique?

Abstract Objectives To compare the outcome of the one-stage basilic vein transposition (BVT) fistula with a modified, two-stage technique. Design Retrospective case-controlled study, performed in an academic centre. Material A total of 173 candidates for BVT fistula (87 males, mean age 61 years). Methods In one-stage BVT, the basilic vein is mobilised through a single incision, placed inside an anterolateral arm tunnel and anastomosed with the brachial artery. In two-stage procedures, the fistula–arterial anastomosis is created first, followed by the second stage, after fistula maturation several weeks later, when the basilic vein is mobilised through two skip incisions, transected near the anastomosis, placed inside an anterolateral arm tunnel and reanastomosed. Morbidity and fistula maturation rate were the main outcome measures. Results In one-stage BVT ( n =76), the incidence of venous hypertension, wound haematomas and all complications (17%, 13% and 43%, respectively) was significantly higher than in two-stage procedures ( n =98) (4%, p =0.004, 3%, p =0.012 and 11%, p p p =0.49). Conclusions Our results indicate that the two-stage BVT fistula through two skip-arm incisions is superior to the established one-stage procedure in terms of less morbidity but at the cost of a second operation and longer time to access use. Further research comparing these two techniques is necessary. Until this issue is resolved, an individualised approach is suggested.
Projections from the subparaventricular zone define four channels of output from the circadian timing system.

The subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus (SPZ) is the main efferent target of neural projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and an important relay for the circadian timing system. Although the SPZ is fairly homogeneous cytoarchitecturally and neurochemically, it has been divided into distinct functional and connectional subdivisions. The dorsal subdivision of the SPZ (dSPZ) plays an important role in relaying signals from the SCN controlling body temperature rhythms, while the ventral subdivision (vSPZ) is critical for rhythms of sleep and locomotor activity (Lu et al. [2001] J Neurosci 21:4864–4874). On the other hand, the medial part of the SPZ receives input mainly from the dorsomedial SCN, whereas the lateral SPZ receives input from the ventrolateral SCN and the retinohypothalamic tract (Leak and Moore [2001] J Comp Neurol 433:312–334). We therefore investigated whether there are corresponding differences in efferent outputs from these four quadrants of the SPZ (dorsolateral, ventrolateral, dorsomedial, and ventromedial) by a combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing. We found that, while all four subdivisions of the SPZ share a similar backbone of major projection pathways to the septal region, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem, each segment of the SPZ has a specific set of targets where its projections dominate. Furthermore, we observed intra-SPZ projections of varying densities between the four subdivisions. Taken together, this pattern of organization suggests that the circadian timing system may have several parallel neural outflow pathways that provide a road map for understanding how they subserve different functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2714–2737, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ordered Histone Modifications Are Associated with Transcriptional Poising and Activation of the phaseolin Promoter

The phaseolin (phas) promoter drives copious production of transcripts encoding the protein phaseolin during seed embryogenesis but is silent in vegetative tissues, in which a nucleosome is positioned over its three-phased TATA boxes. Transition from the inactive state in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana leaves was accomplished by ectopic expression of the transcription factor Phaseolus vulgaris ABI3-like factor (ALF) and application of abscisic acid (ABA). Placement of hemagglutinin-tagged ALF expression under the control of an estradiol-inducible promoter permitted chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of chronological changes in histone modifications, notably increased acetylation of H3-K9 and H4-K12, as phas chromatin was remodeled (potentiated). A different array of changes, including acetylation of H3-K14 and methylation of H3-K4, was found to be associated with ABA-mediated activation. Thus, temporal separation of phas potentiation from activation revealed that histone H3 and H4 Lys residues are not globally hyperacetylated during phas expression. Whereas decreases in histone H3 and H4 levels were detected during ALF-mediated remodeling, slight increases occurred after ABA-mediated activation, suggesting the restoration of histone-phas interactions or the replacement of histones in the phas chromatin. The observed histone modifications provide insight into factors involved in the euchromatinization and activation of a plant gene and expand the evidence for histone code conservation among eukaryotes.
Relative frequency of heavy drinking and the risk of alcohol dependence

Data from a national representative sample of US adults were analyzed to determine the association between the relative frequency of heavy drinking (the proportion of drinking occasions on which 5 + drinks were consumed) and past-year alcohol dependence, adjusting for the influences of average ethanol intake and sododemographic factors. Fifty-seven percent of current drinkers reported never drinking 5 + drinks, and 21% drank 5 + drinks at least once but on less than 10% of all drinking occasions. Nine percent reported drinking 5 + drinks on at least half of all drinking occasions. Average daily intake was positively correlated with the relative frequency of heavy drinking, and both consumption measures were positively associated with the risk of alcohol dependence. Increases in either relative frequency of heavy drinking or average ethanol intake reduced, but did not eliminate, the effect of the other on the risk of dependence. The excess risk of dependence associated with frequent heavy drinking varied among population subgroups and was increased by age, education, and female gender.
Location-Aware Tools for Improving Public Transit Usability

Real-time arrival information can significantly enhance the usability of public transit systems. OneBusAway provides such information to more than 7,000 Seattle-area bus riders' mobile devices everyday.
There's a shortage of specialists: is anyone listening?

The author critiques the long-standing belief that there will be too many physicians, particularly specialists, a view put forth by the Bureau of Health Professions and the Council on Graduate Medical Education in the 1990s and held by many medical organizations, including the Association of American Medical Colleges. He cites his own research, which predicts, to the contrary, that the United States will experience progressively more severe shortages of specialists, and he quotes a wide variety of anecdotal evidence indicating that such shortages are beginning to appear already. He maintains that most previous workforce studies were handicapped by their use of micro-quantitative models. Instead, his research has been structured around four broad trends: economic expansion (which directly influences the demand for physicians), physician work-effort (which is declining), the provision of physicians' services by non-physician clinicians (which is increasing), and the growth of the U.S. population (which often has not been factored in adequately). It is the intertwining of these four major trends that reveals the impending shortages of physicians. He recommends that attention be directed to training more specialists, but cautions against a further dependence on international medical graduates to fill the gap. Instead, he calls upon academic medicine to expand the infrastructure for medical education. However, despite what he sees as a growing cacophony of voices expressing alarm about the developing shortages, he is concerned that academic medicine may not be listening.
The Impact of Career Workshops on Freshman College Students at-Risk for Dropout: An Action Research Study

College students on probation are generally considered at-risk for dropping out, as indicated by a wide range of literature. This article focuses on an action research study that explored the impac...
Sometimes the Result Is Not the Answer: The Truths and the Lies That Come From Using the Complementation Test

It is standard genetic practice to determine whether or not two independently obtained mutants define the same or different genes by performing the complementation test. While the complementation test is highly effective and accurate in most cases, there are a number of instances in which the complementation test provides misleading answers, either as a result of the failure of two mutations that are located in different genes to complement each other or by exhibiting complementation between two mutations that lie within the same gene. We are primarily concerned here with those cases in which two mutations lie in different genes, but nonetheless fail to complement each other. This phenomenon is often referred to as second-site noncomplementation (SSNC). The discovery of SSNC led to a large number of screens designed to search for genes that encode interacting proteins. However, screens for dominant enhancer mutations of semidominant alleles of a given gene have proved far more effective at identifying interacting genes whose products interact physically or functionally with the initial gene of interest than have SSNC-based screens.
X-ray diffraction and mechanical property studies of TiCx synthesized by shock-assisted reaction sintering

Abstract Elemental titanium and carbon (graphite) powder mixtures (∼65% dense) were shock-compressed to ∼88% density, using a single-tube cylindrical implosion system. X-ray diffraction line broadening analysis (based on the Williamson–Hall method) revealed microstrain in Ti particles in shock-densified Ti+C compacts as being of the order of ∼3×10 −3 , which corresponds to a dislocation density of the order of 10 11 cm −2 . The shocked Ti+0.95 graphite compacts were subsequently machined into triangular sections and reaction-sintered in an induction-heated hot press, under different reaction conditions, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the lattice constant of reaction-synthesized TiC x compound, yielding values in the range of 4.279 to 4.309 A and suggesting formation of a non-stoichiometric TiC 0.35–0.58 compound. The reaction-sintered TiC x compound had a microhardness as high as 1900 KHN, approaching that of commercial fully-dense TiC ceramics (2000 KHN).
Mass transfer effects on microbial uptake of naphthalene from complex NAPLs.

The bioavailability of naphthalene present as a component of a complex nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) comprised by nine aromatic compounds was investigated. Specifically, the effects of naphthalene mass transfer from the NAPL to the aqueous phase on rates of its microbial degradation were examined. The investigations were conducted using a pure culture, ATCC 17484, and a mixed culture of naphthalene-degrading bacteria, the former having been implicated previously in the direct uptake of sorbed naphthalene. The studies were conducted in mass-transfer-limited, segregated-phase reactors (SPRs) in which both the NAPL and aqueous phases were internally well-mixed. A 30-day active biodegradation period was preceded and followed by a 5-7-day period devoid of bioactivity, during which time the rates and extents of mass transfer of components from the NAPL to the aqueous phase were quantified. The NAPL-phase naphthalene mass depletion profiles during biodegradation were compared to those predicted by assuming maximum mass depletion under mass-transfer-limited conditions using both pre- and post-biodegradation dissolution rate and equilibrium parameters. The observed mass depletion rates were high during the initial stages of biodegradation but decreased significantly in later stages. Throughout biodegradation, even in the initial rapid stage, mass depletion rates never exceeded maximum predicted rates based on pre-biodegradation mass transfer parameters. Reduced depletion rates in the later stages appear to relate to mass transfer hindrance caused by formation of biofilms at the NAPL-water interface.
Peak alpha frequency: an electroencephalographic measure of cognitive preparedness.

Objective: Electroencephalographic (EEG) peak alpha frequency (PAF) (measured in Hz) has been correlated to cognitive performance between healthy and clinical individuals, and among healthy individuals. PAF also varies within individuals across developmental stages, among different cognitive tasks, and among physiological states induced by administration of various substances. The present study suggests that, among other things, PAF reflects a trait or state of cognitive preparedness. Methods: Experiment 1 involved 19-channel EEG recordings from 10 individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 12 healthy matched controls, before, during, and after tasks of visual and auditory attention. Experiment 2 involved EEG recordings from 19 healthy young adults before and after a working memory task (WAIS-R Digit Span), repeated on 2 different days to measure within-individual differences. Results: Experiment 1 showed significantly lower PAF in individuals with TBI, mostly during post-task rest. Experiment 2 showed PAF during pre-task baseline to be significantly correlated with Digit Span performance of the same day but not with Digit Span performance of another day. Moreover, PAF was significantly increased after Digit Span for those participants whose PAF was lower than the sample median before the task, but not for those who had it higher. Finally, both PAF and Digit Span performance were increased during the second day. Conclusions: PAF was shown to detect both trait and state differences in cognitive preparedness, as well as to be affected by cognitive tasks. Traits are better reflected during post-task rest, whereas states are better reflected during initial resting baseline recordings. q 2004 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.