cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of Tumor-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Multiple Myeloma Using Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Tumor-Derived Heat Shock Protein gp96.

To develop more effective immunotherapy strategies for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), it is important to identify novel tumor antigens. Heat shock protein gp96, a highly conserved glycoprotein, is a chaperon molecule that carries intracellularly processed peptides from proteins synthesized by the cells, including those of tumor-specific or -associated proteins. Recent studies in solid tumors have shown that tumor-derived gp96 is immunogenic and potent at stimulating the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this study, we examined whether myeloma-derived gp96 can be used as potent myeloma antigen. To generate myeloma-specific CTLs, immature dendritic cells (DCs), obtained from cultures of blood monocytes from HLA-A2 + healthy individuals or patients, were pulsed with gp96 protein purified from the myeloma cell line U266 (A2 + ), and induced maturation using the cytokine cocktail. Autologous T cells were then stimulated every two weeks with these DCs, and cytotoxicity was examined against gp96-pusled DCs, myeloma cell lines, and primary myeloma cells isolated from patients. After several cycles of in vitro stimulation, specific CTL lines were obtained, which consisted of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. These CTLs demonstrated not only specific cytotoxicity against gp96-pusled DCs and the cell line U266, but also significantly killed A2 + primary myeloma cells. No killing was observed against A2 + normal lymphocytes including B cells or A2 − myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells from patients. Using the cold target inhibition assay, we showed that the same CTLs mediated the killing of both gp96-pulsed DCs and myeloma tumor cells. The cytotoxicity was MHC class I- and, to a lesser extent, class II-restricted, indicating that the gp96 contained both class I- and II-restricted tumor-derived peptides and that myeloma cells naturally present these peptides in the context of their surface MHC molecules. Upon antigen stimulation, these CTLs secreted predominantly interferon-g, detected by the ELISPOT assay and intracellular staining, indicating that they belong to the type-1 T-cell subsets. Furthermore, the CTLs lysed the target cells mainly through the perforin-mediated pathway because Concanamycin A but not Brefeldin-A, the selective inhibitors for perforin- or Fas-, respectively, mediated pathways, abrogated the cytolytic activity of the cells. These results therefore show that myeloma-derived gp96-specific CTLs are able to lyse myeloma tumor cells including primary myeloma plasma cells from patients and, thus, provide a rationale for gp96-based immunotherapy in MM.
Internet Argument Corpus 2.0: An SQL schema for Dialogic Social Media and the Corpora to go with it.

Large scale corpora have benefited many areas of research in natural language processing, but until recently, resources for dialogue have lagged behind. Now, with the emergence of large scale social media websites incorporating a threaded dialogue structure, content feedback, and self-annotation (such as stance labeling), there are valuable new corpora available to researchers. In previous work, we released the INTERNET ARGUMENT CORPUS, one of the first larger scale resources available for opinion sharing dialogue. We now release the INTERNET ARGUMENT CORPUS 2.0 (IAC 2.0) in the hope that others will find it as useful as we have. The IAC 2.0 provides more data than IAC 1.0 and organizes it using an extensible, repurposable SQL schema. The database structure in conjunction with the associated code facilitates querying from and combining multiple dialogically structured data sources. The IAC 2.0 schema provides support for forum posts, quotations, markup (bold, italic, etc), and various annotations, including Stanford CoreNLP annotations. We demonstrate the generalizablity of the schema by providing code to import the ConVote corpus.
Noteworthy Literature Published in 2016 for Cardiac Surgery.

Cardiac surgical care of patients continued to evolve rapidly in 2016. In this article, 3 topics of considerable change are discussed based on recent publications. The first topic reviews the poten...
Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation

This study of the intimate engagement of Martin Luther (and his followers) with the printing and publication of books as tools for disseminating reformed religious ideas, Bible translation, and ins...
Impact of Counseling on Small Business Performance

This paper assesses the effect of the Small Business Institute's counseling program at the University of Lowell on small business performance as perceived by client firms located in New England. In analyzing data gathered from a population of 52 firms, the authors initially classify recommendations made by counseling teams for the purpose of improving business operations. The impact of the suggestions is examined primarily by considering various dimensions of their implementation. After weighing results of an evaluation of the counseling service as discerned by the client firms, the authors summarize their findings and draw conclusions.
Does Non-Moral Ignorance Exculpate? Situational Awareness and Attributions of Blame and Forgiveness

In this paper, we set out to test empirically an idea that many philosophers find intuitive, namely that non-moral ignorance can exculpate. Many philosophers find it intuitive that moral agents are responsible only if they know the particular facts surrounding their action (or inaction). Our results show that whether moral agents are aware of the facts surrounding their (in)action does have an effect on people’s attributions of blame, regardless of the consequences or side effects of the agent’s actions. In general, it was more likely that a situationally aware agent will be blamed for failing to perform the obligatory action than a situationally unaware agent. We also tested attributions of forgiveness in addition to attributions of blame. In general, it was less likely that a situationally aware agent will be forgiven for failing to perform the obligatory action than a situationally unaware agent. When the agent is situationally unaware, it is more likely that the agent will be forgiven than blamed. We argue that these results provide some empirical support for the hypothesis that there is something intuitive about the idea that non-moral ignorance can exculpate.
Emergency Presentation of Heart Disease

Pediatric patients with congenital and acquired heart disease may present to the emergency department (ED) with acute life-threatening decompensation. These children often present with high acuity and in shock, with cyanosis, or with respiratory distress. In this chapter we review common ED presentations of pediatric heart disease and their chronology, pathophysiology, management strategies, and common diagnostic clues/pitfalls that clinicians may face when treating these complex patients.
Formation and Function of a Collegiate Athletics Sustainability Committee

Institutions of higher learning may be considered dual-identity organizations because of the perceived distinctiveness between universities’ academic and athletic missions. One way in which these barriers can be weakened is through cross-sector social partnerships (CSSP), a form of collaborative engagement aimed at achieving a common societal goal. In this study, we examine the formation of a university-directed CSSP focused on enhancing environmentally sustainable initiatives within the athletic department. Interviews with 11 members of a so-called Green Team illustrate the processes of boundary spanning and boundary blurring. As demonstrated in the article, boundary spanning occurred under the leadership of a “champion” who assembled a team of stakeholders to assist with the major renovation of a pro-environmental football stadium. Though the sustainability committee has a common goal, not all experiences of Green Team members have been the same. In light of these differences, we identify key barriers and prescribe solutions that can lead to the realization of a new organizational form.
Influences of continuous sitting and psychosocial stress on low back kinematics, kinetics, discomfort, and localized muscle fatigue during unsupported sitting activities

Continuous seated postures may increase the risk of adverse health outcomes such as low-back pain, and this risk may be influenced by several modifying factors. In the present study, we aimed to qu...
The New York Telephone Company Case: A Case Study of Wages in a Regulated Industry

This chapter presents how utility commissions can examine the issue of whether public utilities' labor costs are just and reasonable. A fundamental issue that state public utility commissions must resolve is what levels of labor and nonlabor costs should be considered, when a regulated utility files a rate increase request, as just and reasonable. In judging the just and reasonable nature of labor costs, one would want to evaluate not only the level of wage rates, but also the levels of employment, fringe benefits, and hiring, training, and other turnover costs. In addition, it may be argued that if the utility's employees are unionized, the costs borne by consumers of service disruptions caused by strikes should be included. The chapter focuses only on the level of the utility's wage scales. Only the minimum wage scales needed to attract a given quality and number of employees should be considered by a utility commission to be just and reasonable.
Palliative Care and Hospice in Patients with Advanced Cardiovascular Disease

Advanced cardiovascular disease is common and frequently carries a high symptom burden. With its focus on symptom control, advance care planning, and family support, palliative care augments traditional approaches to the care of patients who are dying and their families. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death; however, hospice services remain relatively underused among this patient population. Difficulties with prognostication in cardiovascular disease have contributed to this, along with cultural and practice differences between cardiology and hospice and palliative care. Improving end-of-life care for patients with cardiovascular disease will require a proactive and collaborative approach between practitioners of both specialties.
Enzymatically degradable star polypeptides with tunable UCST transitions in solution and within layer-by-layer films

We report enzymatically degradable, star polypeptides with uniquely sharp and reversible upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous solutions. UCST transitions of star-poly(L-ornithine-co-L-citrulline) were tunable via degree of uredio modification and/or length of polypeptide arms. Moreover, star polypeptides were assembled into layer-by-layer films with tannic acid and resulting films displayed robust and tunable UCST-triggered swelling transitions.
The EDP Data

Chapters 1 and 2 provided the background for the analyses in this book. Chapter 4 provides our first analysis of the effects that accelerators have on the year-over-year growth of earned revenues, employees, and investment in a large sample of impact-oriented ventures. In between, this chapter describes the venture-level data, which were collected through an initiative called the Entrepreneurship Database Program (EDP) at Emory University. Working with scores of impact-oriented accelerators around the world, the EDP collects consistent data from thousands of entrepreneurs who apply to partner programs. Because these programs are impact oriented, virtually all of the applying ventures aspire to achieve specific social or environmental objectives. Beginning a year after each application window closes, the EDP collects annual follow-up information from program participants and from entrepreneurs whose ventures were rejected. This allows us to see how variables describing the commercial performance of participants and rejected ventures change during the post-application year. In the end, the EDP sample describes 5614 early-stage ventures. A total of 890 of these ventures were selected to participate in the program to which they applied.
Plasmodium PK9 Inhibitors Promote Growth of Liver-Stage Parasites.

Summary There is a scarcity of pharmacological tools to interrogate protein kinase function in Plasmodium parasites, the causative agent of malaria. Among Plasmodium's protein kinases, those characterized as atypical represent attractive drug targets as they lack sequence similarity to human proteins. Here, we describe takinib as a small molecule to bind the atypical P. falciparum protein kinase 9 (PfPK9). PfPK9 phosphorylates the Plasmodium E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme PfUBC13, which mediates K63-linkage-specific polyubiquitination. Takinib is a potent human TAK1 inhibitor, thus we developed the Plasmodium-selective takinib analog HS220. We demonstrate that takinib and HS220 decrease K63-linked ubiquitination in P. falciparum, suggesting PfPK9 inhibition in cells. Takinib and HS220 induce a unique phenotype where parasite size in hepatocytes increases, yet high compound concentrations decrease the number of parasites. Our studies highlight the role of PK9 in regulating parasite development and the potential of targeting Plasmodium kinases for malaria control.
A Teacher’s Guide to Using a Multiple Schedule of Reinforcement in Educational Settings:

Classroom teachers are responsible for providing high-quality instruction to multiple students simultaneously. When students engage in problem behaviors, instructional quality and instructional tim...
Japanese International Medical Graduates and the United States clinical training experience: Challenges abroad and methods to overcome them.

Introduction Due to the large language and cultural distances between Japan and the US compared to many countries, Japanese International Medical Graduates (IMGs) may have a different US training experience, including more stress, than many IMGs. We examined the US clinical training experience for Japanese IMGs, including the challenges encountered, how those challenges are overcome, and the benefits of US training. Methods We performed individual semistructured interviews with 35 purposively sampled Japanese IMGs who had completed US clinical training. Exploratory thematic analysis was conducted using iterative data collection and constant comparison. Results All participants reported high personal growth and that US clinical training was worth the sacrifices. Commonly fatigue was lower than during Japanese residency. Participants explained medical practice and local culture associated challenges that aligned with literature on US graduates and other IMGs. By contrast, nearly all participants reported that English communication was very challenging, and described specific language related struggles and methods to help overcome them. Communication struggles were contextualized within an American training culture that values verbal assertiveness. Self-esteem varied among participants and, for some participants, improved with confidence in communication. Several participants reported depression and other mental illness. The training environment varied among residency programs. Conclusions Japanese IMGs who completed US training report that it was worth it, but describe significant language and culture related struggles and effects on mental health. Further research should address which Japanese IMGs are most likely to struggle, how this will transpire, and how to optimize the US clinical training experience.
Modeling upstream socioeconomic inequities and syndemic conditions among mothers over time.

OBJECTIVES Mothers in lower social locations are particularly vulnerable to the syndemic conditions of substance abuse, violence, and HIV/AIDS (SAVA), yet few studies have examined the impact of upstream socioeconomic inequities as salient determinants of syndemic conditions in their lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) receipt, TANF sanctions, and economic hardship (EH) on SAVA syndemic conditions that included indicators of substance use, HIV risk-taking behaviors, and intimate partner violence among mothers over time. METHODS Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 4,898), we investigated the longitudinal measurement invariance of a proposed measure of syndemic conditions among mothers over five waves and performed path analysis to investigate the relationships between TANF use, TANF sanctions, and EH with syndemic conditions. RESULTS Analyses revealed the presence of SAVA syndemic conditions and EH predicted increased SAVA in subsequent waves. Relationships between reported race of the mother and the sanctioning of TANF benefits and increased SAVA were also noted. CONCLUSIONS This study has implications regarding race, welfare policy and sanctioning practices, and the socioeconomic determinants of health that drive syndemic conditions among mothers in the United States.
A Systematic Review of Factors Impacting Suicide Risk Among Rural Adults in the United States.

PURPOSE Suicide rates continue to be significantly higher in rural compared to urban communities in the United States, with the suicide rate disparity continuing to grow since 1999. This systematic review synthesizes rural-specific factors related to increased suicide risk. METHODS OVID Medline, EMBASE, OVID PsycINFO, Web of Science, SocINDEX, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched for articles published after 2003 investigating rural adult suicide in the United States. Selection criteria were: (1) study participants > 18 years old; (2) included rural participants or communities; (3) included suicidal self-directed violence outcomes; (4) within the United States; (5) published after 2003; (6) presented peer-reviewed original data; (7) identified rural-specific risk or protective factors for suicide or barriers to treatment. FINDINGS Of the 1,058 records screened, 34 studies were included. The strength of evidence was relatively stronger for individual level factors including lethal means, alcohol and substance use. CONCLUSIONS Access to firearms is strongly related to elevated rural US suicide rates, with substance use, economic stress, and behavioral health care utilization as additional individual level factors that may contribute to the disparity. At the community level, economic distress and access to care were commonly identified factors. Future research should better quantify how risk factors contribute to rural suicide and examine interdependence across social-ecological levels. Suicide prevention efforts for the rural United States must address access to lethal means, in particular the use of firearms, and navigate limited access to quality behavioral health care.
Understanding the Roles of the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface for Enabling Stable Li∥Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Batteries.

Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is a promising high-capacity cathode material. In this work, we use spatially resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy combined with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to examine the structural transformation of SPAN and the critical role of a robust cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) on the electrode. LiSx species forms during the cycling of SPAN. However, in carbonate-based electrolytes and ether-based electrolytes with LiNO3 additives, these species are well protected by the CEI and do not dissolve into the electrolytes. In contrast, in an ether-based electrolyte without the LiNO3 additive, LiSx species dissolve into the electrolyte, resulting in the shuttle effect and capacity loss. Examination of the Li anode by XRF and SEM reveals dense spherical Li morphology in ether-based electrolytes, but sulfur is present in the absence of the LiNO3 additive. In contrast, porous dendritic Li is found in the carbonate electrolyte. These analyses established that an ether-based electrolyte with LiNO3 is a superior choice that enables stable cycling of both electrodes. Based on these insights, we successfully demonstrate the stable cycling of high areal loading SPAN cathode (>6.5 mA h cm-2) with lean electrolyte amounts, showing promising Li∥SPAN cell performance under practical conditions.
Single-stage resection with intraoperative filter placement for right renal carcinoma with vena cava extension

Abstract A unique feature of renal cell carcinoma is the extension of tumor into the inferior vena cava (IVC). We present the case of a 67-year-old man with a right renal mass, renal vein and IVC tumor thrombus, and acute occlusion of the common iliac veins. He underwent right radical nephrectomy, caval thrombectomy, bilateral iliofemoral vein thrombectomies, and intraoperative placement of an infrahepatic IVC filter. Intraoperative IVC filter placement should be considered a viable option for patients undergoing radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy for tumor invasion into the IVC with known lower extremity thrombosis.
The Posture of Predominantly Negro College and University Health and Physical Education Faculties

(1969). The Posture of Predominantly Negro College and University Health and Physical Education Faculties. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 83-86.
Nanoscale characterization and mitigation of defects in nitride semiconductors

Epitaxially grown Group III-nitride semiconductor materials are typically characterized by high concentrations of point and extended defects. Scanning probe techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM), conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM), scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPM), and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) to characterise the structural and electronic properties of AlGaN/GAN heterostructure field-effect transistor and n-GaN Schotty diodes.
1/f Performance Limits of Scanning Tunneling Microscopes

The feedback loop of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) maintains a constant current throughout the circuit and utilizes a piezoelectric crystal to control the tip‐sample separation distance. The piezoelectric crystal is a source of quantum 1/f noise which can reduce detection limits. Both the fluctuations in the tunneling current and the spatial fluctuations of the piezoelectric crystal result in deviations in tip‐sample separation distance. Here, for the first time, using the quantum 1/f theory, the fluctuations in the tip‐sample separation distance due to the fluctuating relaxation rate, τ, of the piezoelectric crystal are calculated.
WET DISTILLERS GRAINS PLUS SOLUBLES DO NOT INCREASE LIVER‐LIKE OFF‐FLAVORS IN COOKED BEEF FROM YEARLING STEERS*

One hundred eighty crossbred steers were organized in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement to test the incidence of liver-like off-flavors in cattle finished on wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). Cattle were finished with either 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50% WDGS. Cattle finished with WDGS had heavier carcass weights (except for 50%) and a higher United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) yield grade (P < 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). USDA Choice steaks, when compared to Select, had significantly higher trained sensory muscle fiber tenderness scores (5.90 versus 5.39; P < 0.001), less detectable connective tissue (5.01 versus 4.51; P < 0.001), higher juiciness scores (5.24 versus 4.87; P < 0.001) and more intense off-flavor ratings (5.51 versus 5.80; P = 0.002). USDA Choice steaks had a higher percentage of panelists denoted liver-like (P = 0.03) and metallic off-flavors (P < 0.001). Treatment did not significantly influence off-flavor intensity. The frequency of liver-like notes occurred in a quartic fashion; frequencies of liver-like off-flavor were always numerically lower in meat from distillers grain-fed cattle than control cattle. Results from this study indicate that WDGS can be used to finish cattle without causing detrimental effects on the sensory profile. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Results from this research suggest it is possible to include up to 50% wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) in the diet of yearling steers with minimal effects on carcass characteristics. Generally, cattle finished on WDGS had higher U.S. Department of Agriculture yield grades and heavier carcass weights. Additionally, there were minimal effects on sensory traits (notably the incidence of liver-like off-flavor) when the meat was aged for 7 days. Therefore, WDGS can be used to finish cattle without causing detrimental effects on carcass or sensory attributes.
Intracellular recording from spinal cord motoneurons in the chronic cat

Abstract This report describes chronic intracellular techniques for identifying spinal cord motoneurons and recording from them for prolonged periods of time. The preparation is the intact, unanesthetized, undrugged, normally respiring cat. Comparisons are made between data obtained in the chronic state with that reported in the “acute” preparation, and standards are suggested for intracellular recording in the chronic preparation. Various traditionally used tests of neuronal functioning are outlined in the context of determining basic electrophysiological properties of motoneurons as a function of state-dependent influences.
Epistemic Consequentialism: Robert Stalnaker

After reviewing the general ideas of the consequentialist framework, I take a critical look at two of the epistemic consequentialist projects that Philip Percival considers in his paper: the first assumes that there is a notion of acceptance that contrasts with belief and that can be evaluated by its expected epistemic utility. The second uses epistemic utility to evaluate beliefs and partial beliefs themselves, as well as actions, such as gathering information in the course of an inquiry. I express scepticism about the notion of acceptance required for the first project, and argue that the second kind of project can be fruitful only with a richer notion of epistemic utility than has yet been developed.
SOLUTION OF EIGENPROBLEMS FOR DAMPED STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BY THE LANCZOS ALGORITHM

Abstract A variant of the Lanczos algorithm is deduced to solve the eigenproblem arising in the analysis of viscously damped structural systems. Re-orthogonalization schemes are employed to restore the required orthogonality between the Lanczos vectors. A projection of the original eigen-problem onto the Krylov subspace spanned by the Lanczos vectors gives a standard tri-diagonal eigenproblem, of which the solutions are the Ritz approximations to the eigenpairs sought. An advantage of the algorithm is the fact that the Lanczos vectors are all real, even though the final solution is complex. A number of problems are solved by the algorithm and the results are very good.
Postoperative erosions of the Mersilene® suburethral sling mesh for antiincontinence surgery

The objective of the study was to describe the presentation of vaginal mesh erosions following Mersilene® suburethral slings for urinary incontinence. We performed a retrospective review of all Mersilene® suburethral slings placed at a tertiary referral center from 1996 to 2007. A total of 772 women underwent placement of a Mersilene® suburethral sling. We identified 62 women that underwent surgical revision due to mesh erosion for an overall erosion rate of 8%. The most common presenting symptom was vaginal discharge reported in 37% of women. Other symptoms included vaginal bleeding in 31%, pain or dyspareunia in 13%, and voiding dysfunction in 21% of women. Seven women were found to have the mesh in the bladder on cystoscopy. Cellulitis complicated 8.3% of erosions. Patients with erosions of Mersilene® mesh slings commonly complain of vaginal bleeding and discharge and may present up to 20 years after the surgery.
Residues of toxaphene decrease in estuarine fish after removal of contaminated sediments

To determine if toxaphene residues in edible fish tissue decreased after removal of contaminated sediments from an estuarine site in 1999, 51 composite samples representing six finfish species were collected in 2001 and analyzed using gas chromatography with electron capture and negative ion mass spectrometric detection. The grand mean total toxaphene residue concentration on a wet weight basis (ΣTOXwet) was 1,400 ± 3,500 ng g−1 (range: < 18 to 18,000 ng g−1) and was positively correlated with extractable lipid. On a lipid basis, the mean ΣTOXlip was 26 ± 33 μg g1, which decreased with increasing distance from the study site. Although benthically-oriented species, such as spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), exhibited higher mean ΣTOXwet than those of higher trophic level fish, mean ΣTOXlip were not significantly different among species. The grand mean ΣTOX for 2001 was 3.8 (wet) and 2.6 (lipid) times less than corresponding preremedial action (1997) concentrations, suggesting that bioavailable toxaphene residues in this system have been reduced. Forage species, such as croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), mullet, and spot, preferentially accumulate toxaphene residues in this system and may serve as vectors of organochlorine contaminants in the estuarine and coastal ocean food web.
Benomyl: A broad spectrum fungicide for use in plant cell and protoplast culture.

The systemic fungicide methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl), is a broad spectrum fungicide. Benomyl at concentrations up to 50 mg/l does not inhibit the growth of suspension cultures ofNicotiana tabacum, Datura innoxia, Daucus carota, Glycine canescens, andSolanum tuberosum nor growth ofN. tabacum orN. plumbaginifolia protoplasts if benomyl is dissolved by autoclaving or boiling. Addition of benomyl dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide results in a visible toxicity. Benomyl, at 6.25–50 mg/l preventsPenicillium spp. growth in both protoplast and cell cultures and can be used to remove fungal contaminates after one to three transfers without visibly retarding plant cell growth. Due to the broad spectrum of fungicidal activity, and nontoxicity at high concentrations when dissolved by boiling or autoclaving, benomyl can be used effectively to control or prevent fungal contamination in plant cell and protoplast cultures.
Habit modification through threatened loss of money.

Abstract S peculative attention has often been drawn to chronic nail-biting and there are abundant hypotheses concerning the etiology and maintenance of the habit. For example, Menninger (1935) considered it to be an equivalent for masturbation whereas Rosow (1954) has suggested that the behavior may be regarded as attenuated suicide. Studies of systematic treatment of nail-biting, however, are relatively rare. Two exceptions include the use of negative practice reported by Smith (1957) and the application of aversion by means of a pocket-portable shocking device (Bucher, 1968). Many young adults define severe nail-biting as a significant problem for them in terms of both physical discomfort and as a socially offensive trait. Nail-biting also serves as a useful response paradigm in behavior therapy studies because it us reliably observed and measured.
Impact of the FDA warning of potential ceftriaxone and calcium interactions on drug use policy in clinical practice.

Objective In September 2007, the FDA issued an alert recommending that ceftriaxone and calcium-containing solutions should not be administered to any patient within 48 h of each other. Due to the widespread use of ceftriaxone, significant concern was expressed by the greater healthcare community about the warning, which the FDA eventually retracted in April of 2009. We sought to quantify the impact of the warning on healthcare institutions. Setting A survey was administered to the membership of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists to quantify perceived changes in ceftriaxone use among healthcare institutions across the United States. Method A survey of Infectious Diseases experts was conducted. Participants were queried for hospital policies/drug use statistics during two times: immediately after the FDA warning and approximately 13 months post warning (preceding the FDA retraction). Main Outcome Measure Related changes in formulary, drug-use policy, and the number of employee hours that were devoted to addressing the FDA warning were assessed. Results Ninety-four surveys representing 94 hospital systems were included in the analysis. Approximately half (n = 49, 52%) of respondent institutions enacted at least one drug-use policy change based on the warning; one institution removed ceftriaxone from a clinical protocol. Institutions’ final interpretations of the warning differed slightly from initial understanding of the warning, and there was an overall minor decrease in the perceived use of ceftriaxone. The majority of those surveyed (n = 70, 74%) estimated that their respective institutions devoted between 1 and 49 employee hours to address the warning. Conclusion Hospitals with ID pharmacists had minimal changes to ceftriaxone use after the 2007 FDA warning. Specialized pharmacists may be uniquely situated to help hospitals interpret global recommendations locally.
Technology and Community: Historical Complexities*

As a comment on speculations that new electronic technologies will revolutionize community, this article points to three lessons drawn from historical studies on earlier technologies such as the telephone : (1) Effects are modest; (2) effects differ from one specific technology to another; and (3) the effects of any one technology can be contradictory
Solution of population balance equation with pure aggregation in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow

This paper presents our preliminary effort in predicting particle size distributions in particulate processes in turbulent flow systems. The focus has been on processes of pure aggregation, occurring in a turbulent environment. A remarkably simple strategy has been used to solve the population balance equation (PBE) for spatially dependent pure aggregation with insignificant diffusive transport of particles in turbulent flow systems. The method makes use of the solution of a batch PBE through a mathematical transformation linking time to spatial variables. Furthermore, we investigate the self-similar solution of batch aggregation to show scaling behavior of particle size distributions in such flow systems using spatially dependent average particle sizes. Average particle sizes across the pipe cross section have been computed using both averaged frequencies as well as spatially varying frequencies. Comparison of the two solutions shows significant differences between them, establishing the sheer inappropriateness of the use of average aggregation frequencies in the prediction of absolute particle size distribution as done in the past.
Generalized Rank Estimates For An Autoregressive Time Series: A U-Statistic Approach

A class of weighted rank-based estimates for estimating the parameter vector of an autoregressive time series is considered. This class of estimates is similar to, and contains, the class proposed by Terpstra et al. [54]. Asymptotic linearity properties are derived for the so called GR-estimates. Based on these properties, the GR-estimates are shown to be asymptotically normal at rate n 1/2. The theory of U-statistics along with a characterization of weak dependence that is inherent in stationary AR(p) models are the primary tools used to obtain the results. The so called pair-wise slopes estimator, which is a special case of this class of estimates, is discussed in an AR(1) context.
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL GLYCOALKALOIDS IN POTATO TUBERS USING A MODIFIED TITRATION METHOD

A new method for determining total glycoalkaloid content of potatoes (TGA) was developed by extensively modifying the comprehensive titration procedure of Fitzpatrick and Osman (1). This modified titration method eliminates the need to hydrolyze the glycoalkaloids and to purify the resulting aglycones by partitioning them into an organic solvent such as benzene or methylene chloride. Instead the glycoalkaloids are precipitated using ammonium hydroxide with the precipitate being dissolved in a tetrahydrofuran-water-acetonitrile (50:30:20) mixture. An aliquot is evaporated and quantitated using the nonaqueous titration procedure developed by Fitzpatrick and Osman (1). A comparison between this modified method and a high-performance liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was made using three commercial potato varieties and five experimental selections. Results from the two methods compared favorably.
Critical appraisals of approaches for predictive designs in anticancer drugs.

The present review provides a critical appraisal of the most important areas in cancer drug research and, ultimately, in clinical oncology and therapy, with emphasis on the elucidation of possible predictive designs for the development of new anticancer drugs. These assessments encompass the well-established anticancer drugs and congeners which have been employed over the years in clinical therapy, and the more recent exploratory agents still requiring further rigorous scrutiny in the clinical environment. These areas mainly include the bioreversible redox carriers, the boron neutron capture compounds, some new mitosis-interactive agents, cell cycle modifiers, biological-response modifiers, oncogene inhibitors, drug-antibody conjugates, cancer cell suppression and destruction agents, antiangiogenesis and antimetastasis agents, apoptosis-promoting agents, and gene therapy and vaccines.
Effect of Teacher Involvement and Teacher Self-Efficacy on Ratings of Consultant Effectiveness and Intervention Acceptability

From a pool of 102 elementary school teachers, 30 teachers scoring highest on a measure of personal teaching efficacy and 30 teachers scoring lowest on personal teaching efficacy were randomly assigned to view one of two videotapes of consultation. The two videotapes were identical, with the exception of the teacher's involvement in making decisions at each of three decision points in consultation: identifying the problem, selecting an assessment procedure, and selecting an intervention plan. After viewing the tape, teachers rated the consultant's effectiveness and the intervention's acceptability. Teachers with high personal teaching efficacy rated the consultant as more effective and the intervention as more acceptable. No main effect for level of involvement or hypothesized interaction effect was found. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Contamination of silicon during ion-implantation and annealing

Low temperature (<10 K) internal friction measurements have revealed a contamination of silicon during annealing under all but the most careful conditions. A similar contamination occurs during ion-implantation. Boron was suspected as a likely contaminant, but can be clearly ruled out by combining low-temperature internal friction measurements and secondary ion mass spectroscopy.
Guided-wave ultrasonics for NDE of aging aircraft components

Bond inspection is one of the most critical NDE tasks addressing the aging aircraft problem. This paper is aimed at reviewing and furthering the use of ultrasonic guided waves for the inspection of bonded components, particularly lap joints between thin plates such as those found in aircraft skins. The transfer matrix theory of wave propagation in multilayered components is used to predict the sensitivity of the wave dispersion behavior to the bond state. The experimental study includes the use of non-contact air-coupled transducers to excite and detect guided waves in a pitch-catch arrangement. It is shown that by monitoring the ultrasound amplitude leaking through the bondline it is possible to detect disbonds as well as low-strength bonds. A photoelastic study confirms this result. It is reaffirmed that those modes with predominant shear-type deformations at the bondline are the most sensitive to the bond state.
Computational Study of Unsteady Viscous Flow in Flexible Vessels

In this paper, we investigate unsteady behavior of flexible vessels carrying a blood flow. Membrane model with constant tension for the vessel walls and incompressible newtonian fluid approximation for blood is adopted. Developed computational model is applied to simulate the coupled fluid-wall behavior in 2D collapsible channels and 3D collapsible tubes.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Heat transfer from a cylindrical probe immersed in a bubble column

Abstract An experimental facility is designed and operated for investigating the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of bubble columns in two-phase (gas—liquid) systems operating in the semi-batch and continuous modes. The results are presented for the air—water system as a function of system and operating parameters. In particular, the average and local air hold-up and heat transfer coefficient between an electrically heated cylindrical probe and air—water dispersion are reported. These results are compared with the available correlations and models. Heat transfer rate and the local temperature of a probe element is measured as a function of time and these are interpreted to shed light on the mechanism of heat transfer between an immersed surface and a two-phase dispersion in the bubbling and churn-turbulent flow regimes.
A Proof of the Stability of the Spectral Difference Method for All Orders of Accuracy

While second order methods for computational simulations of fluid flow provide the basis of widely used commercial software, there is a need for higher order methods for more accurate simulations of turbulent and vortex dominated flows. The discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is the subject of much current research toward this goal. The spectral difference (SD) method has recently emerged as a promising alternative which can reduce the computational costs of higher order simulations. There remains some questions, however, about the stability of the SD method. This paper presents a proof that for the case of one dimensional linear advection the SD method is stable for all orders of accuracy in a norm of Sobolev type, provided that the interior fluxes collocation points are placed at the zeros of the corresponding Legendre polynomial.
Aquatic soluble unreactive phosphorus: HPLC studies on concentrated water samples

Soluble unreactive phosphorus (SUP) in concentrated forest stream (Walker Branch, Tenn.) and lake water (Crystal Lake, Ill.) samples was analyzed with an anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system containing a phosphorus-specific detector. The detector, which utilized the ascorbic acid-molybdate reaction, consisted of a flow-injection system, a post-column reactor, and a u.v.-vis detector. Before HPLC analysis, samples were concentrated and molecular size fractionated with a series of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. The SUP composition was found to be a function of season in both Crystal Lake and Walker Branch, as well as a function of stream length for Walker Branch. Seasonal and spatial SUP variations could be explained using contemporary knowledge of nutrient cycling in streams and lakes. A signal, seen in many of the HPLC traces and which eluted with the solvent front, was characterized but not fully identified using several extraction and degradation methods, as a function of sample concentration.
On the current-voltage characteristics of epitaxial Schottky barrier diodes

Abstract The J-V characteristics of epitaxial Schottky barrier diodes are analyzed. Based on the assumption of negligible recombination in the epitaxial layer, formal solution from which the J-V characteristics can be calculated is derived. The solution is valid for all injection levels and reduces to the form I = Is[exp (q(V−IR)/kT) − 1], where R is the series resistance of the epitaxial layer, under C12 C12V low-injection conditions. The analysis is justified by very close correspondence with exact numerical calculations using the Finite Element Device Analysis Program (FIELDAY) in which thermionic emission boundary conditions are implemented for both electrons and holes. It is shown that for low barrier Schottky diodes the minority carrier injection is negligible and the expression I = Is[exp (q(V−IR)/kT) − 1] describes the I-V characteristics over large bias range. For high barrier C12 C12 V Schottky diodes the exact solution must be used as minority carriers are injected and the series resistance is decreased due to conductivity modulation effect.
Variations in the Flow Field of a Pulse Detonation Engine for Different Operating Conditions

Pulse Detonation Engine (PDE) is considered to be the propulsion system of future air and space vehicles because of its low cost, light weight, and high performance. Hybrid PDE is a relatively new concept where a turbine is integrated with a PDE. This hybrid system is expected to operate under fuel-rich conditions during take-off (stoichiometric), and fuel-lean (φ = 0.44) conditions during cruise. Hence, the objective of the present study is to simulate the external flow field of a stand alone PDE system and study its variation during the above mentioned operating conditions. In order to study Hybrid PDE systems, the underlying concept of the working of a stand alone PDE, namely, detonation, has to be simulated first. For this purpose, the one-dimensional reactive Euler equations are solved. Since a propagating detonation wave is the result of chemical reactions in a very small region, flow adaptive grids are used for the one dimensional detonation simulations. The global chemical mechanisms employed predicted all the detonation quantities for both stoichiometric and lean mixture of hydrogen-air with the least error. The results from the global chemical mechanism for both mixtures are used in the two-dimensional PDE simulations. Analyses of the axial pressure and temperature distribution in the external flow field show the nature of the blowdown process and its variation for different operating conditions. Flow exergy analysis shows that there is 25% loss in available work when a turbine is placed at one tube length away from the exit of the PDE. One of the important outcomes of this study is the information that can guide in the placement of the turbine downstream of the PDE to achieve lower blowdown time.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Thiol Regulation of Protein, Growth Hormone, and Prolactin Release from Isolated Adenohypophysial Secretory Granules

We describe a preparation of isolated, anterior pituitary secretory granules suitable for in vitro study of GH and PRL release. Hormone release, monitored by immunoassay or protein measurement, was dependent on time, pH and temperature. Release was higher at alkaline pH and the calculated activation energies of 10.1 and 16.1 Kcal/mol were consistent with physiological energy requirements. Glutathione (GSH) and other thiols, but not nonthiol reducing compounds, stimulated hormone release, whereas disulfides inhibited. The high potency of GSH (50% protein release at 0.94 mM) suggested that it might be physiologically relevant for GH and PRL release. Associated with major release caused by 5 mM GSH (85 ± 5% of the total protein; n = 10) was nearly complete disruption of granule structure as visualized by electron microscopy. Granules treated with thiols displayed an increased number of hormonal antigenic sites, since immunoassays of GH and PRL revealed more than 100% of the hormone measured without thiols. E...
The White Man's Burden: Ersatz Customary Law and Internal Pacification in South Africa

In accounting for the recent popularity of ‘indigenous law’ studies in South Africa, this paper traces out the connections between establishment anthropology, the legal basis of the South African state and the application of native law. It details the structure, philosophical origins and scholarly justification for its practice and argues that in the exercise of Apartheid ‘customary law’ can best be seen as an instrument in the practice of what Giddens terms ‘internal pacification’.