cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compartmental modeling of high purity air separation columns

High purity distillation columns are critical unit operations in cryogenic air separation plants. The development of nonlinear control technology is motivated by the need to frequently change production rates in response to time varying utility costs. Detailed column models based on stage-by-stage balance equations are too complex to be incorporated directly into optimization-based strategies such as nonlinear model predictive control. In this paper, we develop reduced order dynamic models for the upper column of a cryogenic air separation plant by applying time scale arguments to a detailed stage-by-stage model that includes mass and energy balances and accounts for non-ideal vapor–liquid equilibrium. The column is divided into compartments according to the locations of liquid distributors and feed and withdrawal streams. The differential equations describing each compartment are placed in singularly perturbed form through the application of a physically based coordinate transformation. Application of singular perturbation theory yields a differential–algebraic equation model with significantly fewer differential variables than the original stage-by-stage model. A rigorous column simulator constructed using Aspen Dynamics (Aspen Technology) is used to access the tradeoff between reduced order model complexity and accuracy as the number of compartments is varied. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
China after the Sixteenth Party Congress: Prospects and Challenges

Generational succession in leadership is always an important event because the differences in formative experiences of a new generation can result in radically different policies and views of the world. The recent leadership transition in China thus deserves scholarly attention. In the aftermath of the Sixteenth Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, this edited volume aims to examine the “prospects and challenges” for China’s new leaders in the areas of elite politics, political reform, democratization, the economy, the military, Sino-U.S. relations, and cross-Strait interactions. This introductory chapter summarizes the key arguments of this collection of articles.
Survey of elephant damage to baobabs in Tanzania's Lake Manyara National Park

Summary This 1981 survey assesses elephant-induced bark damage and mortality in the population of baobab trees at Lake Manyara National Park. Comparisons are made with a similar survey conducted there in 1969. The age structure of the baobab population is estimated and linear and exponential survivorship curves are calculated. Damage and mortality increased over the 11 year interval but the basic form of the population age structure remained unchanged. Damage was found to increase while mortality decreased with tree size. Both damage and mortality are lower in the southern part of the park where the trees are less accessible to elephants. The recorded mortality was higher than expected values taken from the calculated survivorship curves but lower than mortalities in other parks where baobabs and elephants have been found together at high densities.
Digital Technologies for Dental Implant Treatment Planning and Guided Surgery

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons now have extraordinary imaging, software planning, and guide fabrication technologies at their disposal to aid in their case selection, clinical decision making, and surgical procedures for dental implant placement. Cone beam CT has opened a new era of office-based diagnostic capability and responsibility. Improved clinical experiences and evidence-based superior outcomes can be provided with confidence to patients when CT-guided dental implant surgery is used.
Quantity is Nothing without Quality: Automated QA/QC for Streaming Environmental Sensor Data

Sensor networks are revolutionizing environmental monitoring by producing massive quantities of data that are being made publically available in near real time. These data streams pose a challenge for ecologists because traditional approaches to quality assurance and quality control are no longer practical when confronted with the size of these data sets and the demands of real-time processing. Automated methods for rapidly identifying and (ideally) correcting problematic data are essential. However, advances in sensor hardware have outpaced those in software, creating a need for tools to implement automated quality assurance and quality control procedures, produce graphical and statistical summaries for review, and track the provenance of the data. Use of automated tools would enhance data integrity and reliability and would reduce delays in releasing data products. Development of community-wide standards for quality assurance and quality control would instill confidence in sensor data and would improve interoperability across environmental sensor networks.
Oxyanion-Mediated Inhibition of Serine Proteases †, |

Novel aryl derivatives of benzamidine were synthesized and tested for their inhibitory potency against bovine trypsin, rat skin tryptase, human recombinant granzyme A, human thrombin, and human plasma kallikrein. All compounds show competitive inhibition against these proteases with Ki values in the micromolar range. X-ray structures were determined to 1.8 A resolution for trypsin complexed with two of the para-substituted benzamidine derivatives, 1-(4-amidinophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (ACPU) and 1-(4-amidinophenyl)-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)urea (APPU). Although the inhibitors do not engage in direct and specific interactions outside the S1 pocket, they do form intimate indirect contacts with the active site of trypsin. The inhibitors are linked to the enzyme by a sulfate ion that forms an intricate network of three-centered hydrogen bonds. Comparison of these structures with other serine protease structures with noncovalently bound oxyanions reveals a pair of highly conserved oxyanion-binding sites in the active site. The positions of noncovalently bound oxyanions, such as the oxygen atoms of sulfate, are distinct from the positions of covalent oxyanions of tetrahedral intermediates. Noncovalent oxyanion positions are outside the "oxyanion hole." Kinetics data suggest that protonation stabilizes the ternary inhibitor/oxyanion/protease complex. In sum, both cations and anions can mediate Ki. Cation mediation of potency of competitive inhibitors of serine proteases was previously reported by Stroud and co-workers (Katz, B. A., Clark, J. M., Finer-Moore, J. S., Jenkins, T. E., Johnson, C. R., Ross, M. J., Luong, C., Moore, W. R., and Stroud, R. M. (1998) Nature 391, 608-612).
Sigmoidoscopy Screening: Understanding the Trade-off Between Detection of Advanced Neoplasia and Diagnostic Efficiency

colonoscopy vs biennial fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) (10) to compare the three sets of criteria for colonoscopy referral. The criteria sets were compared in asymptomatic persons aged 50–69 years who were either randomly assigned to the colonoscopy arm of the trial or who were randomly assigned to and eligible for the FIT arm but requested a screening colonoscopy instead. The end points for comparison were 1) detection rate for any advanced neoplasia; 2) test characteristics for APN; and 3) number needed to screen to detect one person with APN. All estimates were based on simulation of sigmoidoscopy from colonoscopic findings. Two definitions of distal were considered—one with and one without the descending colon. Test characteristics were measured in age- and sex-specific subgroups. Distal findings were explored as predictors of APN (9). Colonoscopy referral would have occurred for 6.2% of the study population using the UK criteria, 12.0% using the SCORE criteria, and 17.9% using the NORCCAP criteria. NORCCAP criteria were most sensitive for APN whereas UK criteria were most specific and efficient. Colonoscopy detected any advanced neoplasia in 520 of 5059 (10.3%) individuals, whereas detection with the three sets of criteria ranged from 6.3% for the UK criteria to 7.0% for NORCCAP, which is 61% to 68% of all advanced neoplasia. Colonoscopy identified APN in 255 (5.0%) persons. Sensitivity of the referral criteria for APN ranged from 22% for the UK criteria to 37% for NORCCAP. Among persons referred, the number needed to screen with colonoscopy to detect one person with APN was six for the U.K. criteria, eight for SCORE, and 10 for NORCCAP. Including the descending colon with the distal colon improved APN sensitivity by absolute amounts of 2% to 4% overall, by 5% to 8% for men aged 50–59 years, and by 8% to 9% for women aged 60–69 years. A large (≥10 mm) distal adenoma was the strongest independent predictor of APN.
Isolation, Purification, and the Amino Acid Sequence of a Secretory Trypsin Inhibitor from the Chicken Pancreas

A trypsin inhibitor is secreted in the pancreatic juice of the chick. Extracts from tissue have an inhibitor that corresponds to the secreted inhibitor on the basis of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The secretory inhibitor was purified by anion- and cation-exchange chromatography and by preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified inhibitor has 69 amino acids and is highly homologous with the secretory inhibitor from the turkey pancreas.
Teaching evolutionary biology: Pressures, stress, and coping

Understanding what teachers need to be more comfortable and confident in their profession is crucial to the future of effective teachers and scientific literacy in public schools. This study focuses on the experiences of Arizona biology teachers in teaching evolution, using a clinical model of stress to identify sources of pressure, the resulting stresses, and coping strategies they employ to alleviate these stresses. We conducted focus groups, one-on-one interviews, and written surveys with 15 biology teachers from the Phoenix area. On the basis of their responses, teachers were clustered into three categories: “Conflicted,” who struggle with their own beliefs and the possible impact of their teaching, “Selective,” who carefully avoid difficult topics and situations, and “Scientists,” who see no place for controversial social issues in their science classroom. Teachers from each group felt that they could be more effective in teaching evolution if they possessed the most up-to-date information about evolution and genomics, a safe space in which to reflect on the possible social and personal implications with their peers, and access to richer lesson plans for teaching evolution that include not only science but personal stories regarding how the lessons arose, and what problems and opportunities they created. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 791–809, 2004
Email my heart: remediation and romantic break-ups

For the past year, I have been collecting people's stories about how they break-up using new social technologies - text-messaging, instant messaging, Facebook, email, voicemail, and so on. These are narratives about how changes in media create new possibilities for disconnecting with others. In telling these stories, people are also being explicit about their media ideologies surrounding what constitutes proper and improper use of new technologies. They are also imagining anew how different and newly introduced media interact with each other, that is, they are re-evaluating remediation. This article addresses the role media ideologies play in contemporary remediation.
Pressures: impact on health of adolescents.

Adolescents experience a variety of daily pressures from various facets in their social environment. Their ability to deal with these pressures and the resulting stress depends on individual coping mechanisms. Stress that is induced by pressures can manifest itself as participation in risk-taking behaviors and development of poor self-concept, leading to an overall poor self-assessment of health and somatic complaints. Recent data evaluating the impact of stress on adolescents have focused on the influence of the adolescent9s social environment, specifically peer and family relationships. Metzler et al studied risky sexual behavior in a group of adolescents as a consequence of associations with peers engaging in risk-taking behaviors.
Three-terminal breakdown effects in power MESFETs

Characterization data, theoretical developments, and the design and reliability impact of three-terminal breakdown is reported. Surface states are shown empirically to play a significant role in breakdown voltage mechanisms. It is illustrated that charge trapping phenomena can dominate the temperature coefficient of the breakdown voltage making analogies to diode characteristics invalid.
Rhinovirus inhibition by 3-substituted triazinoindoles.

SummarySix compounds in a series of 3-substituted triazinoindoles were tested for inhibitory activity against a large number of rhinovirus strains. All of the compounds produced some inhibition of rhinovirus growth as measured by the suppression of viral CPE in WI-38 cell culture tubes. Two of the compounds, 2,2-dimethyl-3-[(5-methyl-5H-as-triazino [5,6-b | indole-3-yl)amino]-1-propanol (SK&F 28938) and 2-methyl-4-| (5-methyl-5 H-as-triazino [5,6-b] indole-3-yl)amino|-2-butanol (SK&F 30097), with paired methyl groups in the side chains were the most active. In gradient plate plaque reduction experiments using HeLa cells, SK&F 30097 had a minimum inhibitory capacity for rhino-viruses ranging from 21 to 32 μM (6–9 μg/ml). HeLa cell morphology was not altered by SK&F 30097 at a concentration of 350 μM (100 μg/ml). The mechanism of the antiviral action of the 3-substituted triazinoindoles is currently unknown.
Mulched maple and oak leaves associated with a reduction in common dandelion populations in established Kentucky bluegrass.

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. turf, mowing, Acer, Taraxacum officinale, organic weed control, ecology SUMMARY. Previous research has shown that maple (Acer spp.) leaf litter resulted in fewer common dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) when mulched into established turfgrass. However, the leaves used in that research may have contained herbicide residues and were separated by genus, not species. Our research compared the effects of pesticide-free mulched maple and oak (Quercus spp.) leaves on dandelion populations in an established kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) stand maintained as a residential lawn on sandy loam soil. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effectiveness of maple or oak leaf mulches as an organic common dandelion control method and to identify which maple species and rates (particle size and rate per unit area) provided the most effective control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with treatments arranged as a 5 · 2 · 2 + 1 factorial, with tree leaf species, leaf particle size, leaf application rate, and control as main factors. Leaf species were red maple (Acer rubrum), silver maple (A. saccharinum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), high sugar content sugar maple, and red oak (Quercus rubra). Particle sizes were coarse (0.4–1.0 inch 2 ) and fine (£0.2 inch 2 ), and application rates were low (0.5 kgm –2 ) and high (1.5 kgm –2 ). Mulch applications were made in Fall 2003 and 2004 and data were collected beginning in Spring 2004 on kentucky bluegrass spring green-up, and common dandelion plant counts. The high application rate, regardless of tree genus or species, resulted in the highest green-up ratings. Common dandelion plant counts after one (2003) and two (2003 and 2004) mulch applications at the high rate showed that up to 80% and 53% reduction was achieved, respectively. Results indicate that mulching leaves regardless of genus (oak or maple) or maple species into established turfgrass as a leaf litter disposal method will increase spring green-up and contribute to a reduction in common dandelion population.
The Decapod Crustacean Circulatory System: A Case That Is neither Open nor Closed

Historically, the decapod crustacean circulatory system has been classed as open. However, recent work on the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, suggests the circulatory system may be more complex than previously described. Corrosion casting techniques were refined and used to map the circulatory system of a variety of crab species (order: Decapoda; family: Cancridae) to determine if the complexity observed in the blue crab was present in other species. Seven arteries arose from the single chambered heart. The anterior aorta, the paired anterolateral arteries, and the paired hepatic arteries exited from the anterior aspect of the heart. The small-diameter posterior aorta exited posteriorly from the heart. Exiting from the ventral surface of the heart, the sternal artery branched to supply the legs and mouthparts of the crab. These arteries were more complex than previously described, with arterioles perfusing all areas of the body. The arterioles split into fine capillary-like vessels. Most of these capillaries were blind ending. However, in several areas (antennal gland, supraesophageal ganglion) complete capillary beds were present. After passing through the capillary-like vessels, blood drained into a series of sinuses. However, rather than being arbitrary spaces as previously described, scanning electron micrographs showed the sinuses to be distinct units. Most of the sinuses formed a series of flattened membrane-bound lacunae. This complexity may qualify the decapod crustacean circulatory system as one that is "partially closed" rather than open.
Measuring self-efficacy to use vaginal microbicides: the Microbicide Use Self-Efficacy instrument.

Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Microbicide Use Self-Efficacy (MUSE) instrument and to examine correlates of self-efficacy to use vaginal microbicides among a sample of racially and ethnically diverse women living in the north-eastern United States. Methods: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic methods were used to explore and determine the dimensionality and psychometric properties of the MUSE instrument. Construct validity was assessed by examining the relationships of the MUSE instrument to key sexual behaviour, partner communication, relationship and psychosocial variables. Results: Two dimensions of self-efficacy to use microbicides were psychometrically validated and identified as 'Adherence and Access' and 'Situational Challenges.' The two four-item subscales measuring Adherence and Access and Situational Challenges had reliability coefficients of 0.78 and 0.85, respectively. Correlates of the two measures were tested at a Bonferroni-adjusted a level of P=0.001, and 19 of 43 variables analysed were found to significantly relate to Adherence and Access, whereas 16 of 43 variables were significantly related to Situational Challenges. Of the 35 significant relationships, 32 were in the domains of partner communication, partner relationships, and behavioural and psychosocial variables. Conclusions: The MUSE instrument demonstrated strong internal validity, reliability and initial construct validity. The MUSE instrument can be a useful tool in capturing the multidimensional nature of self-efficacy to use microbicides among diverse populations of women. Additional keywords: HIV prevention, instrument development, STI prevention, women.
Measuring the Performance of Two Stationary Interrogation Systems for Detecting Downstream and Upstream Movement of PIT-Tagged Salmonids

We tested the performance of two stationary interrogation systems designed for detecting the movement of fish with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. These systems allowed us to determine the direction of fish movement with high detection efficiency and high precision in a dynamic stream environment. We describe an indirect method for deriving an estimate for detection efficiency and the associated variance that does not rely on a known number of fish passing the system. By using six antennas arranged in a longitudinal series of three arrays, we attained detection efficiencies for downstream- and upstream-moving fish exceeding 96% during high-flow periods and approached 100% during low-flow periods for the two interrogation systems we tested. Because these systems did not rely on structural components, such as bridges or culverts, they were readily adaptable to remote, natural stream sites. Because of built-in redundancy, these systems were able to perform even with a loss of one or more antennas owing to dislodgement or electrical failure. However, the reduction in redundancy resulted in decreased efficiency and precision and the potential loss of ability to determine the direction of fish movement. What we learned about these systems should be applicable to a wide variety of other antenna configurations and to other types of PIT tags and transceivers.
A Pfannenstiel Single-site Nephrectomy and Nephroureterectomy: A Practical Application of Laparoendoscopic Single-site Surgery

Objectives To present the initial clinical experience with laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) radical nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy performed completely through a Pfannenstiel incision. Methods Two patients underwent a single-site nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy for the diagnosis of an enhancing renal parenchymal mass and a renal pelvic mass, respectively. In both cases, a 7.5-cm Pfannenstiel incision was made and GelPort was inserted. Trocars were placed through the access port, and nephrectomy was performed using standard and bariatric length laparoscopic instruments. Distal ureter was resected through the Pfannenstiel incision for nephroureterectomy. No additional ports were used as both procedures were completed via the Pfannenstiel approach. Results The procedures were completed in 187 and 409 minutes, respectively, without complication. Blood loss was estimated at 50 and 200 mL, respectively. Postoperatively, the patients required minimal analgesia. Patients were discharged on postoperative days 2 and 4, respectively. Conclusions LESS nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy using only a Pfannenstiel incision are technically feasible and reproducible in human beings if performed by surgeons with standard laparoscopic skills. Using standard and bariatric length laparoscopic instruments, the procedures were performed without complication, with minimal blood loss and minimal variance from standard laparoscopic techniques. We anticipate that this approach can be incorporated by the urologist adept at laparoscopic surgery and provides a practical application of LESS surgery for extirpative procedures.
Blinding terminology used in reports of randomized controlled trials involving dogs and cats.

Objective—To review blinding terminology used in published reports of veterinary clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and to determine how practicing veterinarians interpret blinding terminology. Design—Retrospective literature review and prospective veterinarian survey. Sample—195 parallel-group clinical RCTs published from June 2004 to June 2010 in 11 peer-reviewed journals; 21 practicing veterinarians at a university-based small animal teaching hospital. Procedures—Journals were hand searched to identify eligible reports. Details concerning trial methodology were recorded. Veterinarians provided information regarding position, experience, and personal interpretation of blinding terminology via an anonymous questionnaire. Results—Blinding was reported or inferred in 131 reports of RCTs, yet complete descriptions of who was blinded were present in only 42 (32.1%) reports. Studies for which blinding was reported with the terms single or double blinded were less likely to contain clear descriptions...
From intracellular signaling to population oscillations: bridging size- and time-scales in collective behavior

Collective behavior in cellular populations is coordinated by biochemical signaling networks within individual cells. Connecting the dynamics of these intracellular networks to the population phenomena they control poses a considerable challenge because of network complexity and our limited knowledge of kinetic parameters. However, from physical systems, we know that behavioral changes in the individual constituents of a collectively behaving system occur in a limited number of well-defined classes, and these can be described using simple models. Here, we apply such an approach to the emergence of collective oscillations in cellular populations of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Through direct tests of our model with quantitative in vivo measurements of single-cell and population signaling dynamics, we show how a simple model can effectively describe a complex molecular signaling network at multiple size and temporal scales. The model predicts novel noise-driven single-cell and population-level signaling phenomena that we then experimentally observe. Our results suggest that like physical systems, collective behavior in biology may be universal and described using simple mathematical models.
Gabor-type matrices and discrete huge Gabor transforms

A Gabor family is obtained from a Gabor atom (or Gabor window, or basic building block) by time-frequency shifts along some discrete TF-lattice. Such a family is usually not orthogonal. Therefore the determination of appropriate coefficients in order to obtain a series representation of a given signal in terms of this family has been considered a computational intensive task for a long time. We introduce a class of matrices, called Gabor-type matrices and show that the product of two Gabor-type matrices is again a Gabor-type matrix of the same type. The key point for applications is based on the observation that the multiplication of Gabor-type matrices can be replaced by some special "multiplication" of associated small block matrices. We propose an efficient algorithm, which we call the block-multiplication, and which makes explicit use of the sparsity of those Gabor-type matrices. As an interesting consequence, we show that Gabor operators corresponding to Gabor triples (g/sub k/,a,b) commute for arbitrary signals g/sub k/ (k=1,2) provided that ab divides the signal length.
The pinewood nematode: regulation and mitigation.

▪ Abstract In North America, the native pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, kills exotic pines. When inadvertently introduced to Japan and other Asian countries, PWN became a destructive pest of pines. The PWN has been intercepted in pine shipments from North America to Europe, where there is concern that it may also kill pines and other conifers. To protect their forests from the PWN and other pests, the European Union and other countries now regulate the import of all coniferous chips, sawn wood, and logs. Several species of Bursaphelenchus have a phoretic relationship with Monochamus spp., which carry them to recently felled logs and dead or dying conifers, particularly pines. As a result, species of Monochamus, Bursaphelenchus, or both may be found in chips, unseasoned lumber, and logs. During the past decade, procedures to disinfest transported unprocessed wood have been investigated. These mitigation measures include prevention, host selection, and treatment by fumigation, irradiati...
Production of Antigen-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles and Uptake by Dendritic Cells

Particle-based cancer vaccines prepared from biodegradable polymers are a potentially attractive way of delivering antigen alone, or in combination with adjuvant molecules, to dendritic cells (DC). Non-viral modes of vaccination must ensure the activation of cellular immune responses in addition to humoral responses if an effective antitumor immune response is to be initiated. Here we describe in detail a method for manufacturing poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles loaded with purified protein/antigen. We also describe a method for generating bone marrow-derived DC in vitro. These DC can be subsequently used to measure the adjuvant properties of the particle formulations.
A type-based prototype compiler for telescoping languages

Scientists want to encode their applications in domain languages with high-level operators that reflect the way they conceptualize computations in their domains. Telescoping languages calls for automatically generating optimizing compilers for these languages by pre-compiling the underlying libraries that define them to generate multiple variants optimized for use in different possible contexts, including different argument types. The resulting compiler replaces calls to the high-level constructs with calls to the optimized variants. This approach aims to automatically derive high-performance executables from programs written in high-level domain-specific languages. TeleGen is a prototype telescoping-languages compiler that performs type-based specializations. For the purposes of this dissertation, types include any set of variable properties such as intrinsic type, size and array sparsity pattern. Type inference and specialization are cornerstones of the telescoping-languages strategy. Because optimization of library routines must occur before their full calling contexts are available, type inference gives critical information needed to determine which specialized variants to generate as well as how to best optimize each variant to achieve the highest performance. To build the prototype compiler, we developed a precise type-inference algorithm that infers all legal type tuples, or type configurations, for the program variables, including routine arguments, for all legal calling contexts. We use the type information inferred by our algorithm to drive specialization and optimization. We demonstrate the practical value of our type-inference algorithm and the type-based specialization strategy in TeleGen.
Understanding Tables in Context Using Standard NLP Toolkits

Tabular information in text documents contains a wealth of information, and so tables are a natural candidate for information extraction. There are many cues buried in both a table and its surrounding text that allow us to understand the meaning of the data in a table. We study how natural-language tools, such as part-of-speech tagging, dependency paths, and named-entity recognition, can be used to improve the quality of relation extraction from tables. In three domains we show that (1) a model that performs joint probabilistic inference across tabular and natural language features achieves an F1 score that is twice as high as either a puretable or pure-text system, and (2) using only shallower features or non-joint inference results in lower quality.
IN THE THEATRE OF CONSCIOUSNESS Global Workspace Theory, A Rigorous Scientific Theory of Consciousness.

Can we make progress exploring consciousness? Or is it forever beyond human reach? In science we never know the ultimate outcome of the journey. We can only take whatever steps our current knowledge affords. This paper explores today's evidence from the viewpoint of Global Workspace (GW) theory. 1 First, we ask what kind of evidence has the most direct bearing on the question. The answer given here is 'contrastive analysis' — a set of paired comparisons between similar conscious and unconscious processes. This body of evidence is already quite large, and constrains any possible theory (Baars, 1983; 1988; 1997). Because it involves both conscious and unconscious events, it deals directly with our own subjective experience, as anyone can tell by trying the demonstrations in this article. One dramatic contrast is between the vast number of unconscious neural processes happen- ing in any given moment, compared to the very narrow bottleneck of conscious capacity. The narrow limits of consciousness have a compensating advantage: consciousness seems to act as a gateway, creating access to essentially any part of the nervous system. Even single neurons can be controlled by way of conscious feedback. Conscious experience creates access to the mental lexicon, to autobiographical memory, and to voluntary control over automatic action routines. Daniel C. Dennett has suggested that consciousness may itself be viewed as that to which 'we' have access. (Dennett, 1978) All these facts may be summed up by saying that consciousness creates global access.
Observations on a Newborn Litter of Citellus undulatus

In 1953 Mayer published a paper (Jour. Mamm., 34: 334–345) with considerable information concerning the arctic ground squirrel, Citellus parryi barrowensis . In one section of his article (p. 342) he stated “The only known litter born in captivity was one composed of two females and four males born at Point Barrow, in June, 1950.” Recently, while preparing a manuscript concerning the physiology of the arctic ground squirrel, there was cause to review many of the field notes and data collected at the U.S. Navy's Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow during its early years. In our records there were data referring to a litter which was born in mid-June, 1950. It is my opinion that this is the …
Auditory Brainstem Response Latency in Noise as a Marker of Cochlear Synaptopathy.

Evidence from animal and human studies suggests that moderate acoustic exposure, causing only transient threshold elevation, can nonetheless cause “hidden hearing loss” that interferes with coding of suprathreshold sound. Such noise exposure destroys synaptic connections between cochlear hair cells and auditory nerve fibers; however, there is no clinical test of this synaptopathy in humans. In animals, synaptopathy reduces the amplitude of auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave-I. Unfortunately, ABR wave-I is difficult to measure in humans, limiting its clinical use. Here, using analogous measurements in humans and mice, we show that the effect of masking noise on the latency of the more robust ABR wave-V mirrors changes in ABR wave-I amplitude. Furthermore, in our human cohort, the effect of noise on wave-V latency predicts perceptual temporal sensitivity. Our results suggest that measures of the effects of noise on ABR wave-V latency can be used to diagnose cochlear synaptopathy in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although there are suspicions that cochlear synaptopathy affects humans with normal hearing thresholds, no one has yet reported a clinical measure that is a reliable marker of such loss. By combining human and animal data, we demonstrate that the latency of auditory brainstem response wave-V in noise reflects auditory nerve loss. This is the first study of human listeners with normal hearing thresholds that links individual differences observed in behavior and auditory brainstem response timing to cochlear synaptopathy. These results can guide development of a clinical test to reveal this previously unknown form of noise-induced hearing loss in humans.
Influence of Adjuvants and Spray Timing of Movento on Aphid Contamination and Crop Injury in Baby Spinach

Abstract Movento (spirotetramat), a new tetramic acid derivative insecticide, has shown to provide excellent activity against sucking insects through acropetal and basipetal systemic activity follo...
Catecholamine-Sensitive Lipolysis in the Rat: Different Loci for Effect of Age on the Lipolytic Cascade in Epididymal vs Perirenal Fat Cells

The biochemical locus of the decrease of lipolytic responsiveness to catecholamines in the aging rat has not heretofore been completely identified. Although increased sensitivity to the inhibitory action of adenosine is the likely explanation for the decrease during maturation, the nature of the age effect during senescence has been unclear. In order to determine whether the proximal or distal portion of the lipolytic pathway is involved, we have studied the lipolytic effect of the distally acting cyclic AMP analogue, 8-(4-chlorophenylthioadenosine)3'5'-monophosphate (cyclic) (Cl-cAMP) on rat fat cells from both the epididymal and perirenal fat pads of mature (6 mo) and senescent (24 mo) Fischer 344 rats. Using an adenosine (N6-1-2-phenylisopropyl-adenosine; PIA) regulated system, the lipolytic response to epinephrine (glycerol release) was measured simultaneously with that to Cl-cAMP. The effects of age on lipolysis are greatly influenced by the anatomic site of origin of the fat cells. The epididymal cells of the old rats showed no decreased responsiveness to either epinephrine or Cl-cAMP. However, the perirenal cells of the old rats showed a grossly impaired maximal response to both epinephrine (60% decrease relative to young; p < .005) and Cl-cAMP (42% and 58% decrease in 2 sets of experiments; p < .05 and .04, respectively). Although decreased lipolytic response to epinephrine in epididymal cells was not seen in these studies, this has been clearly shown in earlier work, suggesting that diminished response to epinephrine is demonstrable only when the system is not already maximally inhibited by PIA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Self-compassion and emotional invalidation mediate the effects of parental indifference on psychopathology

This study investigated whether self-compassion and emotional invalidation (perceiving others as indifferent to one's emotions) may explain the relationship of childhood exposure to adverse parenting and adult psychopathology in psychiatric outpatients (N=326). Path analysis was used to investigate associations between exposure to adverse parenting (abuse and indifference), self-compassion, emotional invalidation, and mental health when controlling for gender and age. Self-compassion was strongly inversely associated with emotional invalidation, suggesting that a schema that others will be unsympathetic or indifferent toward one's emotions may affect self-compassion and vice versa. Both self-compassion and emotional invalidation mediated the relationship between parental indifference and mental health outcomes. These preliminary findings suggest the potential utility of self-compassion and emotional schemas as transdiagnostic treatment targets.
Goethe’s Political Thinking and Egmont

(1967). Goethe’s Political Thinking and Egmont. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 96-107.
Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Artery Angioplasty and Stenting

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for celiac and superior mesenteric artery angioplasty and stending procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
Full-field ultrasonic inspection for a composite sandwich plate skin-core debonding detection using laser-based ultrasonics

In this paper, a full-field ultrasonic guided wave method is proposed to inspect a composite sandwich specimen made for an aircraft engine nacelle. The back skin/core interface of the specimen is built with two fabricated disbond defects (diameters of 12.7 mm and 25.4 mm) by removing areas of the adhesive used to bond the back skin to the core. A laser ultrasonic interrogation system (LUIS) incorporated with a disbond detection algorithm is developed. The system consists of a 1-kHz laser ultrasonic scanning system and a single fixed ultrasonic sensor to interrogate ultrasonic guided waves in the sandwich specimen. The interest area of 400 mm × 400 mm is scanned at a 0.5 mm scan interval. The corresponding full-field ultrasonic data is obtained and generated in the three-dimensional (3-D) space-time domain. Then, the 3-D full-field ultrasonic data is Fourier transformed and the ultrasonic frequency spectra are analyzed to determine the dominant frequency that is sensitive to the disbond defects. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) is implemented as a single-frequency bandpass filter to filter the full-field ultrasonic data in the 3-D space-time domain at the selected dominant frequency. The LUIS has shown the ability to detect the disbond with diameters of 11 mm and 23 mm which match to the pre-determined disbond sizes well. For future research, a robust signal processing algorithm and a model-based matched filter will be investigated to make the detection process autonomous and improve detectability
Emerging concepts in alcoholic hepatitis

Severe alcoholic hepatitis is implicated as a costly, worldwide public health issue with high morbidity and mortality. The one-month survival for severe alcoholic hepatitis is low with mortality rates high as 30%-50%. Abstinence from alcohol is the recommended first-line treatment. Although corticosteroids remain as the current evidence based option for selected patients with discriminant function > 32, improvement of short-term survival rate may be the only benefit. Identification of individuals with risk factors for the development of severe alcoholic hepatitis may provide insight to the diverse clinical spectrum and prognosis of the disease. The understanding of the complex pathophysiologic processes of alcoholic hepatitis is the key to elucidating new therapeutic treatments. Newer research describes the use of gut microbiota modification, immune modulation, stimulation of liver regeneration, caspase inhibitors, farnesoid X receptors, and the extracorporeal liver assist device to aid in hepatocellular recovery. Liver transplantation can be considered as the last medical option for patients failing conventional medical interventions. Although the preliminary data is promising in patients with low risk of recividism, controversy remains due to organ scarcity. This review article comprehensively summarizes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and prognostic indicators of severe alcoholic hepatitis with a focus on the current and emerging therapeutics.
The Crystal Oscillator [A Circuit for All Seasons]

Most electronic systems rely on a precise reference frequency or time base for their operation. Examples include wireless and wireline communication transceivers, computing devices, instrumentation, and the electronic watch. The crystal oscillator has served this purpose for nearly a century. In this article, we study the design principles of this circuit.
Protein Sequence Analysis by Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry

Protein sequence analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (Hunt et al 1981) involves digestion of the sample by site specific reagents such as cyanogen bromide or proteolytic enzymes, partial fractionation of the resulting mixture of oligopeptides by microbore, reverse-phase, high-performance, liquid chromatography (HPLC) and direct analysis of peptides in each HPLC fraction by particle-bombardment, collision activated dissociation (Hunt et al 1986) or laser photodissociation (Hunt et al 1987), mass spectrometry on a multianalyzer instrument. Here we describe results obtained by laser photodissociation on a newly developed tandem quadrupole Fourier transform mass spectrometer (TQ-FTMS) (Hunt et al 1987). This instrument is shown schematically in Fig. 1A and consists of a standard ion source, two sets of quadrupole rods, an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell housed within a 7 Tesla superconducting magnet, and an argon fluoride excimer laser for photodissociation of trapped ions.
Oakland on Quality Management

(2005). Oakland on Quality Management. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 61-62.
Abstract P343: Sex Differences in Cardiovascular/Cerebrovascular Mortality Risk Associated With Chronic Insomnia

Introduction: It remains unknown whether individuals with chronic insomnia are at increased risk of mortality, particularly cardiovascular or cerebrovascular (CVD/CBV) mortality. Given the higher prevalence of insomnia in women than in men, it is unknown whether its prognosis in terms of mortality is also different across sexes. Hypothesis: The risk of CVD/CBV mortality associated with chronic insomnia is significantly higher than in non-complaining individuals and this risk is modified by sex. Methods: We addressed this question in the Penn State Adult Cohort, a random, general population sample of 1,741 men and women (48.7 ± 13.5 years) who were studied in the sleep laboratory and followed-up for their cause of death up to 15 years. Sleep difficulty was assessed based on three levels of severity: chronic insomnia (i.e., a complaint of chronic sleep difficulties lasting at least 1 year), poor sleep (i.e., moderate-to-severe sleep difficulties at any given time) and none (i.e., absence of either of the two categories). Cox regression models controlled for potential confounders, including age, race, body mass index, years of education, smoking, sleep disordered breathing, alcohol use, mental health problems, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke and other physical health problems. Results: Poor sleep and chronic insomnia were significantly more prevalent in females (26.7% and 10.7%, respectively) than males (17.6% and 4.1%, respectively). A significant interaction (p = 0.04) showed that the risk of CVD/CBV mortality associated with chronic insomnia was modified by male sex, while poor sleep was not significantly associated with increased risk of CVD/CBV mortality in either males or females. Chronic insomnia was associated with a 2.9-fold (95%CI=1.53-5.61) increased risk of CVD/CBV mortality in males even after adjusting for all confounders, while this risk was not significantly elevated in females (HR=1.13, 95%CI=0.56-2.31). Conclusions: Chronic insomnia is associated with increased risk of CVD/CBV mortality in males, while it has a better prognosis in females despite its higher prevalence. These data suggest potential sex-related vulnerabilities in the underlying mechanisms linking chronic insomnia with CVD/CBV morbidity and mortality.
Post-capitalist Development in Latin America’s Left Turn: Beyond Peronism and the Magical State

The persistence of struggles by popular sectors in the context of the pink tide has generated ongoing debates about how to interpret the region’s left turn. For some, these movements are understood...
E18. Finite Sets of Infinite Fun: Three Classic Problems

Did you enjoyed the Olympiad Problem 19.4? Then brace yourself for much more fun! While all explorations in different ways are dear to my heart, this small collection may provide the greatest enjoyment of all. Some of these problems have been solved, others are still await- ing their conqueror, but all of them satisfy the definition of “classic” problems of mathematics.
New Advances in Force-Coupling Method: From Micro to Macro

The force-coupling method (FCM) provides an efficient tool for computing particle motion and the flow in the surrounding fluid both in confined microflow systems and in larger scale suspensions. Here we present results for the interaction of individual particles in a shear flow showing that FCM captures reliably the changes in lift and drag forces. We note too the extension from spherical to non-spherical particles and comment on the use of FCM to analyze flow systems, bridging the gap between simulation data and macroscopic descriptions of dispersed two-phase flows.
“Map Your Hazards!”: Assessing Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Through an Active Learning-Based Educational Module

One of the society’s grand challenges is reducing the risk of natural hazard events. To address this concern, we developed the “Map Your Hazards! – Assessing Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk” module (Brand et al., Map your Hazards. [online] Map your Hazards!. https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/map_hazards/index.html. Accessed 27 June 2018, 2014), which provides students with an interactive mechanism to engage in place-based exploration of natural hazards, social vulnerability, risk, and the factors that shape community perception of natural hazards and risk. Students identify and apply credible geologic and social science datasets to identify hazards and social vulnerabilities within their region; collect and evaluate survey data on the knowledge, risk perception, and preparedness within their social networks; and make recommendations based on their findings to potential stakeholders for development of prepared and resilient communities. The interdisciplinary nature of the module allows students to improve their geoscientific thinking skills while fostering systems thinking about the interconnection of hazards, social vulnerability, and risk. The course is designed to be adaptable to any location and can be taught from 100 to 300 levels in Geoscience, Environmental Science, and Social Science courses.