cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic characterization of cooking-induced changes in crambe seed prepared for expelling

Abstract Expellers offer a viable means for extracting oil from crambe seed ( Crambe abyssinica ) and other niche oilseeds. Oilseeds are often cooked before expelling; however, little is known about the effects of cooking on the seed. Crambe seed (9% moisture) was cooked at exactly 80–112 °C for 5–20 min, using a bench-scale steam cooker developed for this purpose. Seed myrosinase activity decreased to below detection under the more intense conditions. Soluble protein content and light absorbance (280 and 420 nm) of aqueous seed extracts decreased with increased cooking time and temperature, in accordance with a first-order kinetic model. The D 0 and z -values for absorbance at 280 nm were 12.7 min and 36.6 °C, respectively. Measurement of absorbance at 280 nm is a simple, rapid analytical method that may be useful to tune the cooking conditions for improved expeller performance.
Noble gases, bulk chemistry, and petrography of olivine-rich achondrites Eagles Nest and Lewis Cliff 88763: Comparison to brachinites

— Eagles Nest and Lewis Cliff (LEW) 88763 are olivine-rich achondrites that have been suggested to be related to Brachina and ALH 84025. Both are ultramafic, although LEW 88763 has ∼10% plagioclase, which Eagles Nest lacks. Olivine in Eagles Nest (Fo68) is virtually identical in composition to that in Brachina (Fo68–70), and that in LEW 88763 is only slightly different (Fo63–64). The meteorites' cosmic-ray exposure ages differ from each other and from Brachina and ALH 84025. Like Brachina, Eagles Nest has a substantial amount of radiogenic 129Xe and an apparent K-Ar age of <4.5 Ga. Lewis Cliff 88763, on the other hand, has no detectable radiogenic 129Xe, an apparent K-Ar age of ∼4.5 Ga, and a substantial amount of trapped Xe. The chemical composition of LEW 88763 is within a factor of two of chondritic for virtually every element analyzed, including siderophiles, which suggests that it was melted (or at least heated and recrystallized) in a closed system. Analyses of the chemical composition of Eagles Nest are hampered by extensive terrestrial weathering; but it appears to be broadly chondritic also, although it, like Brachina, is depleted in siderophiles. Our data suggest that Eagles Nest is genetically related to Brachina but that LEW 88763 is not, which is a conclusion that is consistent with the O isotopic data of Clayton and Mayeda (1996).
Perceived Racial Discrimination as an Independent Predictor of Sleep Disturbance and Daytime Fatigue

Perceived discrimination is a potential cause of racial and ethnic disparities in health. Disturbed sleep may serve as a mechanism linking perceived racism with health consequences. This study investigates data from 7,148 adults from Michigan and Wisconsin who participated in the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses explored associations between perceived racial discrimination and self-reported sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue. Sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue were reported in 19% and 21% of the sample, respectively. Black/African American respondents (21%) report perceiving worse experiences, compared to people of other races, when seeking health care at higher rates than non-Hispanic White respondents (3%). Results from logistic regression models show that perceived racial discrimination is associated with increased risks of sleep disturbance (odds ratio [OR] = 2.62, p < .0001) and daytime fatigue (OR = 2.07, p < .0001). After adjustment fo...
The Edmondson Egg Ratio Method: An Elegant Approach to Obtaining Birth and Death Rates for Field Populations

Every important process in population ecology ultimately influences either fecundity or survival, so reliable methods for estimating birth and death rates in the field are key to understanding what features of the environment regulate population dynamics. In 1960 W. T. Edmondson, after visiting the Istituto Italiano de Idrobiologia in Pallanza while on sabbatical leave from the University of Washington, published a remarkably simple method for estimating zooplankton instantaneous birth rate, b, based on females’ mean clutch size and egg development time as a function of temperature (Edmondson 1960). He further pointed out that, taken together with population instantaneous rate of change, r, calculated from the population sizes on consecutive dates, instantaneous death rate could be calculated as d = r − b.
Human Kidney Disease-causing INF2 Mutations Perturb Rho/Dia Signaling in the Glomerulus.

Mutations in Inverted Formin 2 (INF2), a diaphanous formin family protein that regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics, cause focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease (CMT) in humans. In addition to directly remodeling actin filaments in vitro, we have shown that INF2 regulates intracellular actin dynamics and actin dependent cellular behavior by opposing Rhoa/Dia signaling. As a step towards a better understanding of the human kidney disease, we wanted to explore the relevance of these findings to the in vivo situation. We used dose dependent knockdown of INF2 to first define an in vivo model and establish an overt glomerular phenotype in zebrafish. This simple assay was validated by rescue with wild type INF2 confirming the specificity of the findings. The edema, podocyte dysfunction, and an altered glomerular filtration barrier observed in the zebrafish pronephros correlate with mistrafficking of glomerular slit diaphragm proteins, defective slit-diaphragm signaling, and disinhibited diaphanous formin (mDia) activity. In contrast to wild-type human INF2, INF2 mutants associated with kidney disease fail to rescue the zINF2 morphant phenotype. Of particular interest, this INF2 knockdown phenotype is also rescued by loss of either RhoA or Dia2. This simple assay allows the demonstration that INF2 functions, at least in part, to modulate Dia-mediated Rho signaling, and that disease causing mutations specifically impair this regulatory function. These data support a model in which disease-associated diaphanous inhibitory domain (DID) mutants in INF2 interfere with its binding to and inhibition of Dia, leading to uncontrolled Rho/Dia signaling and perturbed actin dynamics. Methods to fine tune Rho signaling in the glomerulus may lead to new approaches to therapy in humans.
Superfluorescent Single Mode Nd:Fiber Source at 1060 nm

Miniature broadband optical sources are desirable in fiber optic gyroscopes to reduce nonreciprocal phase error due to polarization cross-coupling, as well as coherent backscattering noise and the optical Kerr effectl The commonly used sources at present are superluminescent laser diodes (SLD). However, these sources generally fail to satisfy the wavelength stability requirement, as their emission wavelength is very sensitive to temperature and optical feedback. In addition, they incur high coupling loss into single-mode fiber, yielding typically a few hundreds of μW of usable power.
Characterization of Planar Semipolar Gallium Nitride Films on Spinel Substrates

Specular, planar semipolar gallium nitride films were grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Planar films of (1013) and (1122) GaN have been grown on (1010) m-plane sapphire. The in-plane epitaxial relationship for (1013) GaN was [3032]GaN ∥[1210]sapphire and [1210]GaN ∥[0001]sapphire. The in-plane epitaxial relationship for (1122) GaN was [1121]GaN ∥[0001]sapphire and [1100]GaN ∥[1210]sapphire. The (1013) films were determined to have N-face sense polarity and a threading dislocation density of 9×108 cm-2. The (1122) films have Ga-face sense polarity and have a threading dislocation density of 2×1010 cm-2. The basal plane stacking fault density was 2 ×105 cm-1 for both orientations. The RMS roughness of the films was under 10 nm for a 5 ×5 µm2 area.
Intravenous 2-deoxy-D-glucose injection rapidly elevates levels of the phosphorylated forms of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellularly regulated kinases 1/2) in rat hypothalamic parvicellular paraventricular neurons.

CRH neurons within the medial parvicellular part of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVHmp) can respond to afferent inputs encoding stress-related information by initiating peptide synthesis (signaling cascades, transcription, and translation) and/or peptide release. However, understanding these cellular events is hampered by three outstanding issues: 1) neural inputs that activate CRH neurons remain incompletely identified; 2) the identity and temporal dynamics of signaling pathways within CRH neurons are poorly understood; and 3) the precise coupling of the first two issues has not been established. Here, we report that the phosphorylated forms of p44/p42 MAPKs (pERK1/2) are rapidly detected in PVHmp cells after iv infusion of the antimetabolite, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG). Combined immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed that pERK1/2 immunoreactivity is detectable 10 min after 2-DG infusion not only within most PVHmp neurons containing CRH mRNA (78.6% of mean total CRH cells count...
Spectra of new hadrons

The cavity approximation to the bag model is used to calculate the masses of the new hadrons in models which explain the $\ensuremath{\psi}$ resonances in terms of new quark flavors. The charmed-quark scheme and Harari's six-quark scheme are considered in detail. Difficulties associated with gluon interactions and with the interpretation of the ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are also discussed.
MIGDAL'S AND KHOKHLOV'S CALCULATIONS OF THE NUCLEAR PHOTOEFFECT

We compare Migdal's calculation of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}2}=\ensuremath{\int}\ensuremath{\sigma}{W}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{dW}$ with experimental data on the nuclear photoeffect. The experimental data for seven nuclei from Al to U agree with the equation ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}2}=3.5{A}^{\frac{5}{3}}$ \ensuremath{\mu}b/Mev; while Migdal's calculation gives an equation of this form, but with a smaller coefficient. We show that Migdal's calculation gives a mean energy ${(\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{-}2}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ in essential agreement with Jensen's two-fluid model calculation of the resonance energy. We then compare Khokhlov's and Levinger's calculations of the bremsstrahlung-weighted cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}$ for a finite square well with each other, and with experimental data, and find agreement with the equation ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}=0.30{A}^{\frac{4}{3}}$ mb. In the appendix we give a very simple calculation of the polarizability $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ of the deuteron, with the result $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.64\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}39}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$.
On homomorphisms from the Hamming cube to Z

WriteF for the set of homomorphisms from {0, 1} d toZ which send0 to 0 (think of members ofF as labellings of {0, 1} d in which adjacent strings get labels differing by exactly 1), andF 1 for those which take on exactlyi values. We give asymptotic formulae for |F| and |F|.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy presenting as a nonhemorrhagic, infiltrating mass.

We present a case of biopsy-proven cerebral amyloid angiopathy mimicking a unilateral, nonhemorrhagic, infiltrating, intra-axial mass on MRI. The patient was treated with steroids, with clinical improvement and significant resolution of the MRI abnormalities.
Multiple left-sided colon ulcers due to typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever may be associated with ulceration of the intestinal tract in the terminal ileum, cecum, and ascending colon. The distribution of ulcers parallels the anatomical location of intestinal Peyer's patches which undergo hyperplasia and ulcerate as part of the typhoid syndrome. The endoscopic demonstration of left-sided colon lesions due to typhoid fever is uncommon. We report the endoscopic appearance of multiple distal colon ulcers in association with typhoid fever.
Fighting infections with vitamin D.

Sunlight can treat tuberculosis, a phenomenon observed more than a century ago. The mechanism now becomes more clear, and it involves induction of a microbe-fighting peptide by vitamin D.
Effect of lime additions to acid strip-mine spoil on survival, growth and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) of several woody legume and actinomycete-nodulated species

An acid mine spoil in Southern Indiana was amended with lime (CaCO3) (0.0, 12.5, 25 and 39t/ha) and planted withElaegnus umbellata Thunb.,Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.,Robinia pseudoacacia L.,Robinia fertilis Ashe, ‘Arnot’,Myrica pensylvania Lois,Caragana arborescens L. andShepherdia argentea Nutt. Survival and soil data were collected periodically and plants were harvested 15 months after planting. Nodule and top dry weights were determined and acetylene reduction assays performed on the nodules. Addition of lime caused significant increases in pH, and 39 t/ha of lime were required to maintain a pH above 5.5. Survival of plant material was greatest at the highest lime addition, although response of individual species varied.Elaeagnus umbellata, R. pseudoacacia, R. fertilis ‘Arnot’, andA. glutinosa appeared more tolerant of the harsh conditions. OnlyC. arborescens showed a linear increase in top dry weight due to lime addition.Alnus glutinosa andS. argentea achieved statistically the same growth regardless of pH, andR. fertilis ‘Arnot’ andE. umbellata did not increase in top dry weight above an addition of 25 t/ha.Robinia pseudoacacia achieved maximum top dry weight at 25 t/ha, whereasM. pensylvanica growth declined with increasing pH. Nodule dry weights increased with increasing pH; however,S. argentea showed greater nodule dry weights at lower lime levels. Acetylene reduction rates increased with lime addition.Elaegnus umbellata did not respond above 25 t/ha lime, whereasA. glutinosa did not show an increase until this point.
Activation in unipolar cardiac electrograms: a frequency analysis

Several detectors of local activations in unipolar cardiac electrograms are discussed. The detectors are based on the frequency content of the waveforms. For this study, myocardial regions with no local electrical activity were created with cryoablation in canine ventricles, so that the characteristics of electrograms reflecting local activation could be compared with those with only distant electrical activity. For each electrogram, representations, of the original signal were created using the output of bandpass filters; for each representation, the value of the maximum amplitude was taken as a measurement of the frequency content of the electrogram in that frequency band. The content of each frequency band and the first derivative of the signal were tested as discriminators between local and distant electrical activity. Combinations of frequency bands were also tested using a logistic regression technique. It was found that a detector based on multivariate analysis of different frequency components of a signal may be more effective than single-band filtering in discriminating between local and distant electrical activity in the heart, especially when those components have very different magnitudes. >
The Cambridge Platonists of Old England and the Cambridge Platonists of New England

In 1875 the distinguished Unitarian minister and local historian Henry Wilder Foote preached a eulogy for his late colleague, the Reverend James Walker, philosopher and former president of Harvard University. It was an appropriate occasion to characterize the achievement of the antebellum generation of Harvard Unitarian leaders that Walker represented. “They were much more than mere denominationalists or founders of a sect,” Foote declared. “The whole tone of their teaching was profoundly positive in its moral and religious quality. Trained at our American Cambridge, they were really the legitimate heirs of that noble group of men nurtured at the Cambridge of England–the Latitude Men, as they were called–who blended culture and piety and rational thought in their teaching.” Building upon Foote's perceptive characterization, this article will explore the significance of the seventeenth-century Cambridge Platonists for the Harvard Unitarians of the mid-nineteenth century. In so doing it may illuminate other forms of New England religious thought that also drew upon Platonic or Neoplatonic sources, including Edwardseanism, Hopkinsianism, and the progressive orthodoxy of Horace Bushnell. In particular, I hope to shed light on the relationship between Unitarianism and Transcendentalism.
Management of a parameter sweep for scientific applications on cluster environments

The GEOsciences Network (GEON, ) is a large-scale collaborative cyberinfrastructure project involving information technology and geoscience researchers from multiple institutions. The GEON infrastructure provides portal, middleware, and data resources to facilitate scientific discovery for domain scientists using applications, tools, and services. It consists of both a service-oriented Web-Grid framework and application toolkits, using the Web service and portlet programming model to represent applications. Based on those grid environments, we have developed the SYNSEIS (SYNthetic SEISmogram) tool within the GEON infrastructure to support personalized experiments in seismology. In this paper, we present an overview of SYNSEIS from a user point of view, and demonstrate how one can use a simple management scheme to perform a parameter sweep and distribute the work in computational resources, using a scientific application that was not specifically designed to perform parameter sweeps. The performance advantages to be gained by using this scheme with scientific codes for dealing with a large number of jobs on computational grids are very substantial. In particular, we identify the earthquake simulations in the SYNSEIS tool as an example application that can benefit from running jobs on computational resources and subsequently promote the sharing of computational resources among partner sites involved in the GEON project. Finally, we also discuss the parallel scaling behavior of our primary earthquake simulation application. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new proof of the independence ratio of triangle-free cubic graphs

Abstract Staton proved that every triangle-free graph on n vertices with maximum degree 3 has an independent set of size at least 5 n /14. A simpler proof was found by Jones. We give a yet simpler proof, and use it to design a linear-time algorithm to find such an independent set.
The next 15 years : Taking plant-made vaccines beyond proof of concept

Significant potential advantages are associated with the production of vaccines in transgenic plants; however, no commercial product has emerged. An analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for plant-made vaccine technology is provided. The use of this technology for human vaccines will require significant investment and developmental efforts that cannot be supported entirely by the academic sector and is not currently supported financially by industry. A focus on downstream aspects to define potential products, conduct of additional basic clinical testing, and the incorporation of multidisciplinary strategic planning would accelerate the potential for commercialization in this field. Estimates of production cost per dose and volume of production are highly variable for a model vaccine produced in transgenic tomato, and can be influenced by the optimization of many factors. Commercialization of plant-made vaccine technology is likely to be led by the agricultural biotechnology sector rather than the pharmaceutical sector due to the disruptive nature of the technology and the complex intellectual property landscape. The next major milestones will be conduct of a phase II human clinical trial and demonstration of protection in humans. The achievement of these milestones would be accelerated by further basic investigation into mucosal immunity, the codevelopment of oral adjuvants, and the integration of quality control standards and good manufacturing practices for the production of preclinical and clinical batch materials.
Life Span and Livability of Crossbred Dairy Cattle

Abstract Records of lifetime reproductive performance on a population of over 1,000 cows were provided by a cooperating Florida institutional dairy herd for the years 1939–64. All animals had freshened one or more times. About 85% were straightbred Jerseys (registered or grade) or Holsteins, 7% Jersey-Holstein crosses, and 8% Jersey-Guernsey crosses of various order. Registered Jerseys were not used for cross-breeding; tests of heterosis involved only the grade Jerseys and Holsteins and their crosses. About 88% of all cows were culled for reasons suggesting an innate weakness in livability, but no evidence of heterosis was detected. Average age at first calving of all cows was 28.8 months; productive life span, 42.4 months; total life span, 71.2 months; parturitions, 3.5. Jerseys differed significantly from Holsteins for these traits by +1.9, +9.9, and +10.7 months, and +0.7 parturitions, respectively. Jersey-Holstein crosses performed at levels suggesting lack of heterosis. Performance of Jersey-Guernsey crosses was consistently poorer than that of Jerseys, Holsteins, or their crosses. Other findings included: Abortion rates of crossbreds and straightbreds were 5.3 and 3.5%, respectively, differing at P
A hybrid approach to mining frequent sequential patterns

The mining of frequent sequential patterns has been a hot and well studied area---under the broad umbrella of research known as KDD (Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining)---for well over a decade. Yet researchers are still uncovering interesting problems, new algorithms, and ways to improve upon existing methods. In this paper, we marry state-of-the-art frequent sequential pattern mining algorithms (e.g., SPAM, FOF, PrefixSpan), data structures (e.g., aggregate tree, bitmap), and other tried-and-true methods for candidate generation (e.g., apriori), in an attempt to derive a new algorithm with the best qualities of the aforementioned algorithms. In this paper, we disseminate the new algorithm created, lessons learned, and future work to be done.
NEW MULTEDENTATE LIGANDS XII: Chelating Tendencies of N,N′-Ethylenediaminediacetic-N,N′-Diacethydroxamic Acid

Abstract Quantitative equilibrium studies of a new multidentate ligand, N,N′-ethylenediaminediacetic-N,N′-diacethydroxamic acid (EDTA-DX, H4L) are described. Its acid-base and metal-ligand reaction stoichiometries have been determined and the corresponding proton and metal ion association constants have been calculated from potentiometric data. Stabilities of normal chelates MLn-4, and their protonation constants are reported for Mg(II),Co(n), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Fe(III), and an additional dissociation constant is determined for the iron chelate FeL-. The probable chelate structures in solution have been deduced by analysis of infrared and proton magnetic resonance spectra in D2O solution, and of electronic spectra in aqueous solution.
Combining expert opinions.

Readers of the article “A new way to ask the experts: Rating radioactive waste risks” by Richard A. Kerr (News & Comment, [8 Nov., p. 913][1]) may be left with the impression that the elicitation and mathematical combination of expert opinion is a technique invented by earth scientists. In fact, this method has been in use for several decades. Notable applications of the formal elicitation of probabilities from experts in the 1970s include the Rasmussen report on nuclear reactor safety ([1][2]), the National Academy of Sciences study of the depletion of stratospheric ozone ([2][3]), and the National Defense University study of global warming ([3][4]). Furthermore, there is a substantial body of social science literature on the elicitation and combination of expert judgment. Two conclusions can be drawn from experience and psychological research on elicitation of probability judgments: (i) if done properly and with care, it can be a valuable tool for quantifying uncertainty, and (ii) the apparent simplicity of the technique hides methodological pitfalls that can lead to misleading results. Alternative question-framing and response modes are just two examples of the types of methodological choices that can influence the elicited probabilities. Just as in earth sciences or biomedical research, appropriate background and training are necessary for researchers who conduct expert judgment studies. 1. 1.[↵][5] 1. R. J. Rasmussen 2. et al. , Reactor Safety Study: An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants [NUREG-75/014 (WASH-1400), Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, 1975]. 2. 2.[↵][6] U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Environmental Impact of Stratospheric Flight: Biological and Climate Effects of Aircraft Emissions in the Stratosphere (National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1975). 3. 3.[↵][7] Climate Change to the Year 2000 (National Defense University, Washington, DC, 1978). [1]: /lookup/volpage/275/913 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text" [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3. in text"
Impaired glycemia and Alzheimer’s Disease

We appreciate the interest in our recent manuscript. We are in agreement with Dr. Umegaki that the relationship between insulin resistance, cognitive decline, and AD pathology is interesting in light of recent studies, and that further research is needed to clarify the mechanistic relationship between insulin resistance and cognitive decline. As Dr. Umegaki mentioned, differences in methodologies are important to consider when comparing studies directly. For instance, although both Matsuzaki et. al [1] (Hisayama Study) and Thambisetty et. al. [2] (Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging) performed oral glucose tolerance testing and examined individuals with no cognitive impairment, the subjects in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging were substantially older at autopsy (average 88.3 years) compared to those in the Hisayama Study (average 79.5 years). This could affect the degree of neuropathology. Thambisetty et al. also used Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) to analyze neuropathology during life and the average age at the time of PiB scanning was 79.2 years. However, there is no corresponding measure of PiB retention in Matsuzaki et. al. for comparison. Another aspect to consider is that the average time of follow-up was nearly twice as long in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging compared to the Hisayama Study. Unlike these studies, our analysis of data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study [3] examined individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment and only examined CSF measures of AD pathology, rather than autopsy data or PiB imaging, making between-studies comparisons a bit more complicated. The question of a dose-response relationship between insulin resistance and neuropathology in a particular insulin level range is very interesting to consider, but caution also must be used when comparing various studies head to head based on insulin levels, as again methodologies differ from study to study. Results may vary depending on the manufacturer from whom the kit was obtained, or even from laboratory to laboratory.[4] For instance, the ADNI study used a multiplex immunoassay panel, while both the Hisayama Study and the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging used radioimmunoassays to assess plasma insulin. In addition to being performed at different sites in these three studies, the multiplex and radioimmunoassays used likely differ in their dynamic range for detecting insulin concentrations. Thus, within-study comparisons, or at least comparisons of studies using the same immunoassay type and manufacturer, are best. Nonetheless, we agree that our findings were in accordance with those of Umegaki and coworkers[5] that additional mechanisms underlying the relationship between insulin resistance and cognitive impairment, including but not restricted to dyslipidemia, deserve further research.
Inflammatory Cytokines as a Third Signal for T Cell Activation

CD8 T cells require a third signal, along with Ag and costimulation, to make a productive response and avoid death and/or tolerance induction. Recent studies indicate that IL-12 and Type I IFN (IFNα/β) are the major sources of signal 3 in a variety of responses, and that the two cytokines stimulate a common regulatory program involving altered expression of about 350 genes. Signal 3-driven chromatin remodeling is likely to play a major role in this regulation. Although less well studied, there is emerging evidence that CD4 T cells may also require a ‘third signal’ for a productive response and that IL-1 can provide this signal. Signal 3 cytokines can replace adjuvants in supporting in vivo T cell responses to peptide and protein antigens, and a better understanding of their activities and mechanisms should contribute to more rational design of vaccines.
Effective fault detection and isolation using bond graph-based domain decomposition

The problem of fault detection and isolation in complex plants can be effectively addressed by a hierarchical strategy involving successive narrowing of the search space of potential faults. A bond graph network is one means of achieving a hierarchical strategy based on the physical domains present in the plant. First, the multivariate statistical method of principal component analysis is used to reduce the data dimension. Second, a discrete wavelet transform is applied to abstract the dynamics at different scales. Thirdly, the Mahalanobis distance is applied to calculate the confidence level. Following a conclusion of the existence of a fault, isolation is achieved by comparing the time scale at which the violation occurred to the time scale associated with a physical domain. In the final step, a Bayesian network is employed to describe the conditional dependence between faulty domains and fault signatures. Two examples are presented to demonstrate these concepts.
Insulin action on the liver in vivo

Insulin has a potent inhibitory effect on hepatic glucose production by direct action at hepatic receptors. The hormone also inhibits glucose production by suppressing both lipolysis in the fat cell and secretion of glucagon by the α-cell. Neural sensing of insulin levels appears to participate in control of hepatic glucose production in rodents, but a role for brain insulin sensing has not been documented in dogs or humans. The primary effect of insulin on the liver is its direct action.
Learning sensor models for autonomous information fusion on a humanoid robot

Mobile robots equipped with multiple sensors are increasingly being used in specific real-world applications [1], [2], [3], [4], primarily because of the ready availability of high-fidelity sensors [5], [6]. A robot equipped with multiple sensors, however, obtains information about different regions of the scene, in different formats and with varying levels of uncertainty. One open challenge to the widespread deployment of robots is the ability to fully utilize the information obtained from each sensor in order to operate robustly in dynamic environments. This paper presents a probabilistic approach for autonomous multisensor information fusion on a humanoid robot. The robot exploits the known structure of the environment to autonomously model the expected performance of the individual information processing schemes. The learned models are used to effectively merge the available information. As a result, the robot is able to localize mobile obstacles in its environment. The algorithm is fully implemented and tested on a physical robot platform.
Procedure for Expediting Determinations of Antibiotic Susceptibility of Gram-Negative, Urinary Tract Pathogens

Standardized direct disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing on monomicrobial urine specimens is compared with the Food and Drug Administration method. The direct procedure yields acceptable data and may conserve 24 h in reporting results.
Correlated MIMO Rayleigh fading systems with transmit channel state information

We analyze the capacity of correlated multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels when channel state information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and the receiver. We show that the achievable rate by using simple beamforming can approach this capacity when the MIMO channels are highly correlated. To simplify the coding/decoding and power adaption, we apply truncated channel inversion (TCI) in MIMO correlated channels and evaluate the achievable rates. The results show that in highly correlated MIMO fading channels, beamforming combined with TCI can get close to capacity. This provides a simplified near optimum coding, as beamforming with TCI requires only one code designed for the AWGN channel and one coder/decoder pair.
Believe Me, I Have No Idea What I’m Talking About: The Effects of Source Certainty on Consumer Involvement and Persuasion

This research explores the effect of source certainty—that is, the level of certainty expressed by a message source—on persuasion. The authors propose an incongruity hypothesis, suggesting that source certainty effects depend on perceived source expertise. In three experiments, consumers receive persuasive messages from sources of varying expertise and certainty. Across studies, low expertise sources violate expectancies, stimulate involvement, and promote persuasion when they express certainty, whereas high expertise sources violate expectancies, stimulate involvement, and promote persuasion when they express uncertainty. Thus, nonexpert (expert) sources can gain interest and influence by expressing certainty (uncertainty).
Novel Lead Telluride Based Thermoelectric Materials

PbTe-PbS materials are promising for thermoelectric power generation applications. For the composition of (Pb0.95Sn0.05Te)0.92(PbS)0.08 nanostructuring from nucleation and growth and spinodal decomposition has been reported along with thermal conductivity of approximately 1.1 W/m·K at 650 K [1]. Based on temperature-dependent measurements of electrical conductivity, thermopower, and thermal conductivity, the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, are ~1.5 at 650 K for cast ingots. To develop larger quantities of material for device fabrication, advancement in the synthesis, processing and production of (Pb0.95Sn0.05Te)0.92(PbS)0.08 is necessary. Powder processing of samples is a well-known technique for increasing sample strength, and uniformity. In this presentation, we show sample fabrication and processing details of pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) processed (Pb0.95Sn0.05Te)0.92(PbS)0.08 materials and their thermoelectric properties along with the latest advancements in the preparation of these materials.
Automated Tool Handling for the Trauma Pod Surgical Robot

In order to enable robotic surgery without human assistance, a means must be developed to change tools. As part of the larger Trauma Pod Project, we developed the Tool Rack Subsystem - an automated tool rack capable of holding, accepting, and dispensing up to 14 tools for the da Vinci surgical robot. Borrowing some techniques from industrial automation, we developed a robust system capable of presenting any stored tool in 700ms or less. Tools are positively retained in a sterilizable carousel in a compliant manner designed to accomodate misalignment during tool exchange. RFID equipment is integrated into the system and the tools so that tools can be inventoried and presented by function or serial number instead of rack position. The resulting device has completed testing and integration into the Trauma Pod system and met all its design requirements.
Relative Potency for Altered Humoral Immunity Induced by Polybrominated and Polychlorinated Dioxins/Furans in Female B6C3F1/N Mice

The use of brominated flame retardants and incineration of bromine-containing materials has lead to an increase in polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in the environment. Measurable amounts of PBDD/Fs have been detected in soil, seafood, and human breast milk and serum. Studies indicate that the relative potencies of some PBDD/Fs based on enzyme induction are equivalent to those of some polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. To assess the humoral immunity relative potencies of PBDD/Fs and compare them to their chlorinated analogs, female B6C3F1/N mice received a single oral exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBDF), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentabromodibenzofuran (1PeBDF), 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (1PeCDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentabromodibenzofuran (4PeBDF), 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (4PeCDF), 2,3-dibromo-7,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (DBDCDD), or 2,3,7-tribromodibenzo-p-dioxin (TriBDD). Inhibition of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody forming cell response was measured 4 days following immunization with sheep red blood cells. The data were fit to a Hill model to estimate the ED50 for inhibition. Expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme (XME) and thyroxine transport protein (Ttr) genes in liver was measured by PCR to assess aryl hydrocarbon-mediated responses. TCDD, TBDF, TCDF, 1PeBDF, 4PeBDF, 4PeCDF, and DBDCDD suppressed the IgM antibody response and Ttr gene expression, and upregulated phase I XME genes. 1PeCDF suppressed the IgM antibody response but only upregulated phase I XME genes; TriBDD had no effect on antibody response. The rank order of potency (ED50) for these chemicals was TCDD>TBDF>4PeBDF>TCDF/4PeCDF/1PeBDF>1PeCDF. Whereas TCDD was the most potent compound tested, the brominated analogs were more potent than their chlorinated analogs, suggesting that these compounds should be considered in toxic equivalency factor evaluation and risk assessment.
Rapid Subfunctionalization Accompanied by Prolonged and Substantial Neofunctionalization in Duplicate Gene Evolution

Gene duplication is the primary source of new genes. Duplicate genes that are stably preserved in genomes usually have divergent functions. The general rules governing the functional divergence, however, are not well understood and are controversial. The neofunctionalization (NF) hypothesis asserts that after duplication one daughter gene retains the ancestral function while the other acquires new functions. In contrast, the subfunctionalization (SF) hypothesis argues that duplicate genes experience degenerate mutations that reduce their joint levels and patterns of activity to that of the single ancestral gene. We here show that neither NF nor SF alone adequately explains the genome-wide patterns of yeast protein interaction and human gene expression for duplicate genes. Instead, our analysis reveals rapid SF, accompanied by prolonged and substantial NF in a large proportion of duplicate genes, suggesting a new model termed subneofunctionalization (SNF). Our results demonstrate that enormous numbers of new functions have originated via gene duplication.
Something the Lord Made

When Alfred Blalock (1899-1965), the pioneer Hopkins surgical professor, saw the pulmonary artery suturing technique that his laboratory technician, Vivien Thomas (1910-1985), had just performed in a dog, his level of astonishment was so high that he expressed, "Vivien, this looks like Something the Lord Made." In all his years of practice, Dr. Blalock had never seen anything like it before. The level of perfection was so superior to other works that it could not be considered to be of human descent. The surgical technician far exceeded anyone else in the surgical department. In due time, he taught surgical residents and faculty the exquisite details of the laborious vascular suturing techniques. Thomas and Blalock learned to respect and appreciate each other's work. Thomas, the advanced student, and Blalock, the noted teacher, learned to understand one another and recognize their unique abilities. With the support and theoretical advice of his mentor, Thomas proceeded in the old Hunterian Laboratory to solve the problem of the Blue Baby heart disease, also known as Tetralogy of Fallot. The fruits of Thomas's work were put to a test on November 29, 1944, when surgeon-in-chief Blalock took baby Eileen to room 706 to perform the first pulmonary artery to subclavian artery shunt in humans. The results were especially good, and baby Eileen recovered satisfactorily. It was obvious that history had been made, and Thomas and Blalock were the creators, the heroes of this extraordinary feat. They had participated together in Something the Lord Made.
A Three‐Minute Synthesis and Purification of Ibuprofen: Pushing the Limits of Continuous‐Flow Processing

In a total residence time of three minutes, ibuprofen was assembled from its elementary building blocks with an average yield of above 90 % for each step. A scale-up of this five-stage process (3 bond-forming steps, one work-up, and one in-line liquid–liquid separation) provided ibuprofen at a rate of 8.09 g h−1 (equivalent to 70.8 kg y−1) using a system with an overall footprint of half the size of a standard laboratory fume hood. Aside from the high throughput, several other aspects of this synthesis expand the capabilities of continuous-flow processing, including a Friedel–Crafts acylation run under neat conditions and promoted by AlCl3, an exothermic in-line quench of high concentrations of precipitation-prone AlCl3, liquid–liquid separations run at or above 200 psi to provide solvent-free product, and the use of highly aggressive oxidants, such as iodine monochloride. The use of simple, inexpensive, and readily available reagents thus affords a practical synthesis of this important generic pharmaceutical.
Blue-box approach to power electronics and machines educational laboratories

Our approach to laboratory education in power electronics and electric machines is presented. The approach centers upon "blue-box" laboratory components, that aid the student in rapid experiment assembly without disguising important aspects of the hardware. Several example experiments are presented. Schematics and construction techniques for the hardware are publicly available.
Adaptive polarization direction finding method

A two-plane direction finding processing method that eliminates the polarization-induced AOA (angle of arrival) errors that limit the accuracy of fixed polarization direction finding arrays is described. Two polarization problems plaguing these arrays are discussed, followed by a method to measure the polarization of the incident signal. Methods to increase AOA accuracy based on the measured incident polarization are then examined. >
Real Estate Investments: The Case for Asia

This article makes a case for private equity investing in Asian real estate - India and China. In so doing, it focuses on the drivers of commercial real estate demand as well as the risks associated with such investments.
Unexpected Linkage Between Unstirred Layers, Exclusion Zones, and Water

We make the case that the unstirred layers of classical physiology arise from the influence of surfaces on the structure, and therefore the properties, of contiguous water. Traditionally, unstirred layers have been thought to arise merely out of stagnant volumes adjacent to membranes and other surfaces. These volumes would have to extend tens to hundreds of micrometers in order to account for the observed effects. On the other hand, charged and hydrophilic surfaces have been shown to impact water out to surprising distances, on the order of hundreds of micrometers. We present evidence that it is this water-structuring effect that is responsible for the unstirred layer.
Information, Motivation, and Behavioral Skills of High-Risk Young Adults to Use the HIV Self-Test

HIV self tests (HIVST) have the potential to increase testing among young adults. However, little is known about high-risk young adults' perception of the HIVST as a risk reduction tool and how they would use the HIVST in their everyday lives. Our study sought to examine these factors. Twenty-one ethnically diverse participants (ages 18-24) used the HIVST at our study site, completed surveys, and underwent an in-depth interview. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey responses, and interview data were coded using constructs from the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Information deficits included: how to use the HIVST and the "window period" for sero-conversion. Motivations supporting HIVST use included: not needing to visit the clinic, fast results, easy access, and use in non-monogamous relationships. Behavioral skills discussed included: coping with a positive test, handling partner violence after a positive test, and accessing HIV services. These findings can inform the use of the HIVST for improving HIV testing rates and reducing HIV risk behavior.
Reduction of dopamine D2/D3 receptors in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease

394 Objectives: Reduced dopamine D2/D3 receptors has been reported in postmortem Alzheimer9s disease (AD). Using 18F-fallypride (18F-FAL), our goals are: 1.Evaluate 18F-FAL binding in transgenic (Tg) mouse models of AD that develop β-amyloid(Aβ) plaques (Tg2576), or both Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (3xTg, triple-transgenic); 2.Compare 18F-FAL at different ages of Tg mice; and 3.Evaluate effect of the anti-amyloidogenic compound curcumin (CUR) on 18F-FAL. These findings will support the use of 18F-FAL in evaluating loss and recovery of D2/D3 receptors in Tg AD models. Methods: 18F-FAL was prepared as described in earlier studies. Sagittal brain sections (10 µm) were obtained from Tg2576 (15 mo), 3xTg (1, 2, 15 and 18 mo old) models and wild-type (WT) mice of comparable age and treated with ∼1.5 µCi/cc of 18F-FAL. Sections were incubated for 60 min at 37oC, then washed (2×2 min cold buffer,water), air dried and exposed to phosphor screens. Nonspecific binding was measured with 10µM haloperidol. Sections were incubated with 18F-FAL at 37oC for 1, 2 and 4 hr in presence and absence of 6 µM CUR. Binding of 18F-FAL were determined by autroradiograms and analyzed by OptiQuant Image Analysis Software. Adjacent sections were immunostained with an anti-Aβ antibody and thioflavin to confirm Aβ plaques. Results: Old Tg mice brains (15m, 18m) displayed a significant decrease in 18F-FAL binding. Ratios of striatum (str) to cerebellum (cb) in the 15m 3xTg model showed 81.8% loss of 18F-FAL binding compared to the 18m WT. The 18m 3xTg and Tg2576 showed 89.7% and 90.9% loss, respectively. The presence of Aβ plaques in these sections (hippocampus, cortex) was confirmed with immunostaining and thioflavin fluorescence. In the younger Tg models (1m, 2m) loss in binding was ∼15-20%. CUR caused an increase in 18F-FAL binding. After 1h exposure to CUR, Tg2576 str/cb = 13.4 (no CUR) and str/cb = 21.4 (with CUR). Effect of CUR at 2 and 4h was small due to a loss in the integrity of the brain sections. Thus, 1h CUR treatment recovered ∼10-15% of 18F-FAL binding in the 15m Tg2576 when compared to WT mice. Conclusions: These data suggest loss of 18F-FAL binding to dopamine receptors in Tg mouse models of AD. Anti-amyloidogenic compounds such as CUR, which reduce Aβ plaque load, may help in the recovery of receptor function.
What Is Permissible So That This People May Survive? Joseph the Administrator

AARON WILDAVSKY Editor's Note: The John Gaus Award was established in 1985 with a bequest from the estate ofJohn Gaus. The Gaus Award is presented each year to honor the recipient's lifetime of exemplary scholarship in the joint tradition of political science and public administration and, more generally, to recognize achievement and encourage scholarship in fublic administration. Aaron Wildavsky received the Iohn Gaus Award at the 85th APSA Annual Meeting. The Gaus honoree is invited each year to deliver the John Gaus Lecture at the Annual Meeting. Reproduced in this issue of PS is Aaron Wildavsky's 1989 Gaus Lecture.