cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymer Microfluidic Valves, Membranes and Coatings

We present work in two areas of practical importance in polymer-based microfluidic systems — normally closed valves and reduction of swelling in organic solvents. A normally closed valve was designed, fabricated and characterized. The valve consists of three laminated layers (two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-molded layers and a microscope cover glass). A flexible membrane (diaphragm) creates a tight seal against a channel/dam structure. If sufficient driving pressure is present in the fluid channel, the membrane diaphragm is pushed upward allowing flow. The pressures required to open a variety of valves designs were measured. The hold off pressure of the valve can be controlled by adjusting the pressure that is applied externally to the top of diaphragm. No leaking in the off state was observed. Another issue in polymer microfluidic systems is polymer swelling in organic solvents. To make the inner walls of the devices hydrophilic and resistant to organic solvents, a flow through process is used to create a thin silicate barrier layer. The swelling of a square pattern in toluene was tested for different number of coatings. The coating decreased the swelling by a factor of 2.
Radical Perineal Prostatectomy for Palpable, Clinically Localized, Non-Obstructive Cancer: Experience at the Johns Hopkins Hospital 1909–1963

Of 447 patients who underwent radical perineal prostatectomy and were examined during the 54 years of study only those with a 1 to 2 cm. nodule within an otherwise clinically normal prostate have, on the average, done well. When the current staging segregation has been used, these cases were labeled B1 or occasionally B1n, and were nearly always grade 1 or 2, although 77 per cent were diffuse microscopically within the gland. No patient with a grade 3 cancer has lived 15 years free of disease. Biopsy is mandatory for diagnosis and for eliminating grade 3 cancer. The immunochemical determination of prostatic acid phosphatase in the bone marrow, not used in these reported cases, may prove to be the most sensitive test for otherwise unrecognized osseous metastases. So far no non-invasive test is infallible in detecting micrometastases in lymph nodes but these are rare when the tumor is a 1 to 2 cm. nodule. In such cases the operation, so far, provides a 15-year survivorship better than that of any other modality.
The impact of satellite sensor viewing geometry on time-series analysis of volcanic emissions

Abstract Time-series analysis techniques are being increasingly used to process satellite observations of volcanic gas emissions and heat flux, with the aim of identifying cyclic behaviour that could inform hazard assessment or elucidate volcanic processes. However, it can be difficult to distinguish cyclic variations due to geophysical processes from those that are artefacts of the observation technique. Here, we conduct a comprehensive investigation into the origin of cyclicity in volcanic observations by analysing daily, global satellite measurements of volcanic SO2 loading by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and thermal infrared anomalies detected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We use a fast Fourier Transform (FFT) multi-taper method (MTM) to analyse multiple phases of activity at 32 target volcanoes, utilising measurements obtained from three NASA satellite instruments (Aura – OMI, Aqua – MODIS and Terra – MODIS), and identify a common cycle (period of ~ 2.3 days), which is not considered to be of volcanic origin. Based on the presence of this cycle in multiple satellite datasets, we attribute it to variations in viewing angle during the 16-day orbit repeat cycle of sun-synchronous satellites maintained in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). A 5-point averaging correction procedure is tested on satellite observations from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, and is found to reduce the impact of higher frequency cycles and reveal the presence of longer-period geophysical signals. In addition to the identification of a signal common to different measurement techniques, an underlying cyclical pattern was found in the OMI SO2 observations (periods of ~ 7.9 and 3.2 days) generated by the OMI Row Anomaly (ORA). We conclude that identification of the presence and magnitude of non-geophysical cyclic behaviour, which can suppress natural cycles in time-series data, and implementation of appropriate corrections, is crucial for accurate interpretation of satellite observations. The use of data averaging to suppress non-geophysical cycles imposes limits on the length of natural cycles that can be confidently identified in moderate resolution satellite observations from polar-orbiting spacecraft.
Offers of Appointments with Nurse Practitioners if a Requested Physician is Unavailable

Background and purpose Access to primary care remains a problem for a substantial portion of the U.S. population, and is predicted to worsen due to an aging population and the increasing burden of chronic diseases. Better integration of nurse practitioners (NPs) into the primary care workforce is a possible solution. We examine offers of appointments with NPs if a requested primary care physician is unavailable. Methods Data are from a 2013 audit (simulated patient) study requesting appointment information from a national random sample of primary care physicians. Outcome variables include appointment offers, wait-to-appointment times, and appointment offers with alternate providers, including NPs. Conclusions Of 922 calls to primary care physicians serving the general adult population, 378 (41%) offered appointments with the requested physician. Alternate providers were offered by 63 (7%), including nine offers with NPs (<1%). Mean wait-to-appointment for NPs (3.6 days) was statistically significantly shorter (p-values < .01) than for requested physicians (22.5 days) or non-NP alternate providers (23.9 days). Implications for practice NPs are an important part of the primary care workforce, and new patients seeking primary care physicians may substantially reduce their wait times if an NP is offered.
Predicting single-molecule conductance through machine learning

We present a robust machine learning model that is trained on the experimentally determined electrical conductance values of approximately 120 single-molecule junctions used in scanning tunnelling microscope molecular break junction (STM-MBJ) experiments. Quantum mechanical, chemical, and topological descriptors are used to correlate each molecular structure with a conductance value, and the resulting machine-learning model can predict the corresponding value of conductance with correlation coefficients of r2=0.95 for the training set and r2=0.78 for a blind testing set. While neglecting entirely the effects of the metal contacts, this work demonstrates that single molecule conductance can be qualitatively correlated with a number of molecular descriptors through a suitably trained machine learning model. The dominant features in the machine learning model include those based on the electronic wavefunction, the geometry/topology of the molecule as well as the surface chemistry of the molecule. This model ...
Cotton Fiber Biotechnology : Potential Controls and Transgenic Improvement of Elongation and Cell Wall Thickening

Cotton is grown on five continents as an economically important crop. Its long, fine, seed fibers are one of the most highly used natural fibers, providing a high-quality spinnable fiber to the textile industry. The cotton fiber undergoes a complex, staged developmental program, resulting in a single cell that is 1.8–5 cm long with a thick wall composed of about 95 % cellulose. Biotechnological improvements have either directly or indirectly enhanced the fiber properties that are important for spinning, including length, bundle strength, and maturity. These experiments have generally targeted carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall structure, and hormone signaling. In this chapter, we present a brief review of cotton fiber development with a focus on processes affecting elongation and cell wall thickening. We discuss rigorous criteria for evaluating studies on transgenic cotton fiber and mention the challenges of performing such research in the public sector. We highlight selected genetic engineering experiments that have resulted in improved cotton fiber quality and discuss future prospects for use of biotechnology to improve cotton fiber and its competitiveness with synthetic fibers.
DATA PREFETCHING IN SHARED MEMORY MULTIPROCESSORS.

The trace driven simulation of 16 numerical subroutines is used to compare instruction lookahead and data prefetching with private caches in shared memory multiprocessors with hundreds or thousands of processors and memory modules interconnected with a pipelined network. These multiprocessors are characterized by long memory access delays that create a memory access bottleneck. Using the multiprocessor cache model for comparison, data prefetching is found to be more effective than caches in addressing the memory access bottleneck. 5 refs., 6 figs.
The influence of an aqueous-butanol plating bath on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited nickel coatings

The effects of higher concentrations (5 and 10%) of an organic modifier, butanol, added to an aqueous electroplating solution for nickel deposition have been studied. Nickel coatings were deposited on steel substrates from a modified all-sulfate bath with 5 and 10% additions of butanol under acidic conditions, while a modified pulse potential was applied. X-ray diffraction of the resulting nickel coatings showed a preferred (220) orientation for the crystal structure. The coatings were nanocrystalline with particle sizes between 16 and 35 nm as calculated from Williamson–Hall analysis. No cracking of the films was observed in the scanning electron microscopy images, even as the percentage of butanol increased, as typically is observed in other aqueous-organic baths. Corrosion resistance of the nickel coatings in a 3.5% sodium chloride solution was best for coatings deposited from plating solutions containing 5 and 10% butanol. E corr was shifted from −0.405 V for the nickel coating from the additive-free bath to −0.234 V for the nickel coating from the 5% butanol solution. EIS results indicated a twofold improvement in charge transfer resistance for nickel coatings deposited when butanol was used in the plating bath. The advantages of using higher percentages of organic modifiers like butanol to enable the use of non-electroactive particles for production of composite coatings are discussed.
Carboxyhemoglobin level of 6% produced by carbon monoxide exposure increased ventricular arrhythmias during exercise in coronary artery disease

Source Citation Sheps DS, Herbst MC, Hinderliter AL, et al. Production of arrhythmias by elevated carboxyhemoglobin in patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:343-51.
SISTEM INFORMASI REKAM MEDIS PADA “CARDIAC CENTRE HERMAN TONI” DI KARAWANG DENGAN MODEL WATER FALL

A hospital or clinic health is one organization that provides service examination for a sick man.Medical rollin is note or histori about disease history ever suffered in by patients who shall contain data about the date of the examination, physician who, silvana diagnose, and medicine were given.Along with the progress of the times and public knowledge about health services especially the need for information, to achieve a service good health, a hospital or clinic must be supported by the system qualified capable of regulating and manage data for source of information.A hospital or clinic requires existency of a system precise information and reliable. The existing system is still done conventionally or paper, still use media from data management patients medic, rollin payment transaction until making reports, needed at a particular period allowing unfolding process occurring at the time of registration, errors in lacking akuratnya report made and delay in search of the data needed.Design program is the best solution to resolve questions that were on this clinic. With the design information systems rollin expected to ease medical officer in performing its duties with more effective and efficient compared with previous system for increasing productivity health services work in achieving excellence.
Internet-enabled house pipe temperature monitoring system

In this paper, we will discuss how we built, programmed and designed a system to monitor the temperature of a person's home to make sure that if the temperature of the house falls below a threshold, a notification will be sent to a smart phone, tablet or PC to warn the person of the situation. An additional notification will be sent to let the person know that the house is back above the threshold if it had fallen below it.
Abstract 16040: Cardiac Arrest in Sports versus Sedentary Settings in Young Patients

Introduction: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the young athlete is a devastating condition and drives current strategies for screening and prevention in this age group. A community-wide comparison o...
The aging population and mature entrepreneurs: Market trends and implications for entrepreneurship

This article discusses the statistics and trends surrounding the rapidly aging U.S. population. Older workers will make up an increasing portion of the workforce and these individuals represent an important growing demographic target market. While much has been written about the aging population and the potential for entrepreneurs to target this growing market, little research has been conducted on older entrepreneurs. They are a unique group and this article provides empirical results and discussion about the differences and importance of older entrepreneurs to the economy and as contributors to American society. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Easy Hi-C: A simple efficient protocol for 3D genome mapping in small cell populations

Despite the growing interest in studying the mammalian genome organization, it is still challenging to map the DNA contacts genome-wide. Here we present easy Hi-C (eHi-C), a highly efficient method for unbiased mapping of 3D genome architecture. The eHi-C protocol only involves a series of enzymatic reactions and maximizes the recovery of DNA products from proximity ligation. We show that eHi-C can be performed with 0.1 million cells and yields high quality libraries comparable to Hi-C.
Chapter 18 Demographic variables and income inequality

Publisher Summary This chapter explores a variety of areas in which demographic variables may play an important role in the distribution of income, introduces a host of demographic issues relating to marriage, fertility, and household living arrangements—using the household as the unit of analysis. The chapter focuses on the large literature that analyzes the effects on the distribution of income among married couples of marital sorting and the joint labor supply behavior of husbands and wives, changing population composition because of differential fertility, migration, and mortality by income classes, and analyzes the effects of differential fertility across income classes on the distribution of income. Changes in fertility, mortality, migration, marriage, household composition, and age structure will plausibly have a variety of effects on income inequality. A change in the age structure of the population, for example, will in general change the measure of income inequality in the population, even if there is no change within each age group in mean income or age-specific income inequality. The chapter demonstrates that it is possible in many cases to derive instructive analytics about these compositional effects.
Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the most common as well as the most important diseases of man. There has been a huge increase in the incidence of these diseases, largely the result of the fact that the span of life has been increased by public health measures. Many more people than ever before live long enough to develop arteriosclerosis and hypertension and the heart disease which so frequently follows. This situation in a way provides a new problem because these diseases tend to be chronic to a large extent. The patients undergo a long period of partial or complete disability, requiring a great deal of medical and nursing skill and attention. Because of its chronic character and high incidence, medical care is often placed largely in the hands of the nurse with less than average supervision by the physician. Thus the role of the nurse and her understanding of the treatment of this illness—the biggest and broadest problem in medicine today—has become more important than ever.
Development of a Novel Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Production System Using Human Bocavirus 1 Helper Genes.

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), an autonomous parvovirus, is a helper virus supporting replication of wild-type adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2). In this study, we compared the helper functions from HBoV1 with those from adenovirus (Ad) for the production of recombinant AAV (rAAV) vector in HEK293 cells. We demonstrated that triple plasmids transfection of (1) a cloned HBoV1 helper minigenome (pBocaHelper) that expresses HBoV1 genes NP1, NS2, and BocaSR, (2) pAAV transfer plasmid, and (3) pAAVRepCap supports rAAV production in HEK293 cells. Despite a production yield of 1–2 log lower than that using pAdHelper (expressing Ad genes E2A, E4, and VA), rAAV vector produced using pBocaHelper transduced cells as efficiently as that produced using pAdHelper. The low vector production is largely due to the inefficient expression of the AAV Rep52 and capsid proteins, as well as reduced rAAV genome replication. When the AAV capsid proteins and Rep52 were ectopically expressed under strong promoters, the enhanced protein expression significantly improved the rAAV production using pBocaHelper, approaching a level of 50%–70% of that produced using pAdHelper. Through further dissection of the helper functions from pAdHelper in a five-plasmid transfection system, we found that the addition of the Ad E2A gene to the above HBoV1 helper system significantly increased rAAV DNA replication, which increased the rAAV vector production to a level of 3–7 times higher than that using pAdHelper. We finally combined HBoV1 NP1 and NS2 genes with Ad helper genes to create a novel dual helper plasmid (pABHelper) for rAAV vector production in the conventional three-plasmid transfection system. The pABHelper facilitated rAAV production at a yield ∼2 times higher than that using the pAdHelper.
Sex Differences in Mortality and Morbidity of Infants Born at Less than 30 Weeks’ Gestation

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether changes in mortality and morbidities have benefited male more than female infants. METHODS: Infants of gestational ages 22 to 29 weeks born between January 2006 and December 2016 at a Vermont Oxford Network center in the United States were studied. We examined mortality and morbidity rate differences and 95% confidence intervals by sex and birth year. We tested temporal differences in mortality and morbidity rates between boys and girls by means of a likelihood ratio test (LRT) on nested binomial regression models with log links. RESULTS: A total of 205 750 infants were studied; 97 048 (47.2%) infants were girls. The rate for mortality and chronic lung disease decreased over time faster for boys than for girls (LRT P P = .006 for lung disease). Restricting to centers that remained throughout the entire study period did not change all the above but additionally revealed a significant year-sex interaction for respiratory distress syndrome, with a faster decline among boys (LRT P = .04). Morbidities, including patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, early-onset sepsis, late-onset sepsis, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, severe retinopathy of prematurity, and pneumothorax, revealed a constant rate difference between boys and girls over time. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with girls, male infants born at
Parallels Between Low-Risk Prostate Cancer and Thyroid Cancer: A Review.

Importance Across many countries, a rapid escalation of the incidence of thyroid cancer has been observed, a surge that nonetheless underestimates the true extent of the disease. Most thyroid cancers now diagnosed comprise small, low-risk cancers that are incidentally found and are unlikely to cause harm. In many ways, prostate cancer similarly harbors a well-behaved subclinical reservoir, a long natural history, and superlative outcomes that have made active surveillance the de facto guideline recommendation for low-risk disease. This review highlights the parallels and differences between prostate cancer and thyroid cancer regarding screening, diagnosis, risk stratification, and considerations for active surveillance. Observations Prostate cancer and thyroid cancer have undergone recalibrated, de-escalatory shifts to counter changing epidemiologic landscapes. The US Preventive Services Task Force has issued cautionary recommendations on screening via prostate-specific antigen testing or neck ultrasonography, while the thresholds to performing biopsy have increased. Comparable changes to cancer terminology and staging have also helped alleviate patient anxiety and minimize pressure for overtreatment. Long-term, randomized prospective clinical trials for prostate cancer have established active surveillance as a first-line treatment approach for properly stratified low-risk patients, while observational trials for thyroid cancer have also made strides in defining risk and eligibility for surgery. Caveats requiring deeper investigation include aggressive disease in older patients, underestimation of the extent of the disease, and patient-physician bias in shared decision making. For prostate cancer, survival may not improve and function will likely worsen after intervention; for thyroid cancer, patients are younger, surgery is safer, and the bar for surveillance will likely be higher. Conclusions and Relevance Despite similarities in biological indolence between low-risk prostate and thyroid malignant neoplasms, key distinctions in life expectancy and treatment sequelae may ultimately confer somewhat disparate management paradigms for the 2 diseases. Nevertheless, the experience forged by prostate cancer trials serves as a model for thyroid cancer management, potentially reshaping the perception of active surveillance into a credible, valuable treatment modality.
Exploring Gender Differences in Sexual and Reproductive Health Literacy Among Young People From Refugee Backgrounds

AbstractYoung refugees often have limited access to sexual health information and resources in their places of resettlement. However, there is currently little research examining differences in sex...
Sample Size Consideration for Equivalent Test of Tier-1 Quality Attributes for Analytical Biosimilarity Assessment

FDA recommends a stepwise approach for obtaining the totality-of-the-evidence for assessing biosimilarity between a proposed biosimilar product and its corresponding reference biologic product being considered (US Food and Drug Administration.: Guidance for industry: scientific considerations in demonstrating biosimilarity to a reference product. US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 2015 [6]). The stepwise approach starts with analytical studies for assessing similarity in critical quality attributes (CQAs), which are relevant to clinical outcomes. For critical quality attributes that are most relevant to clinical outcomes (Tier 1 CQAs), FDA requires equivalence testing to be performed for similarity assessment, based on an equivalence acceptance criteria. In practice, the number of Tier 1 CQAs might be greater than one, and should be no more than four. The number of biosimilar lots is often recommended to be no less than 10, and the ratio between the reference product sample size and biosimilar product sample size is recommended within the range from \( 2/3 \) to \( 3/2 \) (US Food and Drug Administration.: Guidance for industry: Statistical Approaches to Evaluate Analytical Similarity. US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, 2017 [7]). Accordingly, we derive the formulas for the power calculation for the sample size for analytical similarity assessment based on the equivalence testing currently used in analytical biosimilar assessment (Tsong et al. J Biopharm Stat 27:197–205, (2017)[10]).
Emergency Medical Training for the Commercial Fishing Industry: An Expanded Role for Wilderness Medicine.

This article describes the conception, implementation, and evaluation of a wilderness medicine–based first aid class for the commercial fishing industry. Commercial fishing is a dangerous occupation in the United States. Currently, commercial fishermen often only have access to basic first aid classes. Because of its focus on austere environments, hazardous conditions, and distance from definitive medical care—hallmarks of commercial fisheries—wilderness medicine offers a more appropriate approach to decreasing morbidity and mortality in the industry. A 2-d, 16-h pilot wilderness medicine course for commercial fishermen, Fishermen First Aid and Safety Training (FFAST), conducted for Dungeness crab fishermen, was effective and well received, based on pre- and postcourse knowledge, skill, and attitude surveys. FFAST has been approved by the Coast Guard and is being made more widely available to commercial fishermen in the Pacific Northwest. The FFAST program offers an example of how wilderness medicine can improve safety and emergency medical response for a wide variety of austere environments not traditionally linked to the backcountry.
Measuring Social Cohesion and Social Capital within the Context of Community Food Security: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This study uses a community food security (CFS) framework to understand how social capital and social cohesion may address food security. We assessed the presence of these constructs using a confir...
“You Gotta Do It Right the First Time: OT’s Role in Middle School to College Transitions for Youth in an Underserved Community

Date Presented 04/05/19 This study describes the occupational ideation of urban youth in a middle school college-going program. Findings indicate that students retained program learning and described both idealistic goals and the difficulty of achieving them. Categories of occupations discussed include instrumental activities of daily living, rest and sleep, education, and employment interests or pursuits. In this context, OTs can serve as consultants or program managers to promote occupational justice. Primary Author and Speaker: Sheryl Ryan
Severe hyperammonemia from intense skeletal muscle activity: A rare case report and literature review.

Rationale Adult hyperammonemia is most often the result of hepatic dysfunction. Hyperammonemia in the setting of normal hepatic function is a much less common phenomenon and has usually been associated with medications and certain disease states. Here, we present an unusual case of severe hyperammonemia caused physiologically by intense muscle activity in a patient lacking any evidence of liver disease. Patient concerns A 36-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department for a suicide attempt after being found covered in Lysol and Clorox germicidal bleach. She was noted to be in a state of violent psychosis with extreme agitation and had to be sedated and intubated for airway protection. Diagnosis and interventions Initial labs revealed hyperammonemia, lactic acidosis, and anion gap metabolic acidosis. Aminotransferases, bilirubin, and creatine kinase (CK) were normal. Renal function, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio were also unremarkable and remained so at 24 hours. Ethyl alcohol, acetaminophen, salicylate, and valproic acid were all undetectable in blood. She received 2 doses of lactulose overnight, with a subsequent bowel movement. Next day, her mentation, serum ammonia level, and lactic acid level were back to normal, and she was extubated. Aminotransferases and CK levels were elevated but improved with supportive care. A detailed history and relevant biochemical investigations were unremarkable for any other etiology of hyperammonemia including the common inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). The combination of clinical findings of extreme skeletal muscle activity along with hyperammonemia and lactic acidosis, and subsequently rhabdomyolysis in the setting of unremarkable history and otherwise normal hepatic function strongly suggest the myokinetic origin of hyperammonemia in the patient. Outcome The patient recovered well with supportive care and was discharged on day 5. Lessons This unique case illustrates the important role of skeletal muscle in the human metabolism of ammonia. In our discussion, we also elucidate the underlying pathophysiology, with the objective of improving clinician understanding of various differential diagnoses.
Prospective evaluation of contrast-enhanced MRI in the depiction of peritoneal spread in primary or recurrent ovarian cancer.

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of MRI in the staging of intra-abdominal tumor seeding of ovarian carcinoma. Fifty-seven patients with suspected primary or recurrent ovarian carcinoma were included in this study. All patients received laparotomy within 8 weeks after MRI. The MRI protocol included fat-saturated T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) sequences pre- and post i.v. application of gadopentetate dimeglumine. The criteria for tumor manifestation was contrast enhancement of intra-abdominal soft tissue lesions or peritoneum. The image review was performed by a blinded radiologist, a specialist in gynecological and abdominal MR imaging. Results were compared with findings during laparotomy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated for single intra-abdominal locations and for groups of locations defined according to surgical strategies for intra-abdominal cytoreduction. Laparotomy and histopathology confirmed 251 abdominal tumor locations. Sensitivity was high in lower pelvis locations (73-83%) except for ureter or bladder infiltration (40%). Bowel or mesentery locations displayed sensitivity values from 73 to 77%. Sensitivity was very low for pelvic lymph nodes (28%), greater omentum (38%), and lesser sac (43%). Magnetic resonance imaging based on contrast-enhanced fat-saturated T1 SE sequences improves planning of cytoreduction preceding chemotherapy in advanced primary or relapsed ovarian carcinoma.
Decolonizing German Studies While Dissecting Race in the American Classroom

In this chapter, I will offer examples from my course Germany and the Black Diaspora to explain how I have used the format of a first-year seminar as a site of decolonization where I can recover marginalized narratives, decenter whiteness, and offer students multiple perspectives on Germany and on Black cultures. In my first-year seminar, students learn that a lot of common-sense ideas held about Black people (held both by themselves and the authors of the texts) are not objective truths, but subjective impressions. By reading texts by white German, Black German, African American, and African authors, I encourage them not only to challenge cross-racial understandings, but also to consider questions of intersectionality.
Implementation of a spinal anesthesia and sedation protocol that reliably prolongs infant spinal anesthesia: Case series of 102 infants who received spinal anesthesia for urologic surgery.

BACKGROUND The use of spinal anesthesia in infants is seeing resurgence as an alternative to general anesthesia. AIMS Our primary aims are to describe our institution's experience introducing a spinal anesthesia and sedation protocol for infants undergoing urologic surgery, to describe methods of improving prolonged anesthesia, and to describe the failure rate of spinal anesthesia in these patients. Sedation was provided for some infants with intranasal dexmedetomidine ± fentanyl. METHODS This is a retrospective case series examining infants aged 1-<14 months who received spinal anesthesia for circumcision, orchiopexy, orchiectomy, hypospadias repair, or epispadias repair. The electronic medical record was reviewed and compared with unmatched historical controls who received general anesthesia. RESULTS A total of 230 patients underwent a urologic procedure; 102 patients received spinal anesthesia and 128 received general anesthesia. Length of surgical time with spinal anesthesia ranged from 4 to 189 minutes. The hospital length of stay was shorter in the spinal anesthesia group (median [IQR] of 5.3 hours [4.3, 7.2]) compared to the general anesthesia group (17.1 hours [15.6, 17.5]).The median bupivacaine dose was 0.75 mg/kg [0.67, 0.85]. There was one case in which cerebral spinal fluid was unable to be obtained, and one case that required conversion to general anesthesia after surgery had started. There were no cases of apnea, bleeding, infection, or neurologic compromise. CONCLUSIONS We describe the successful implementation of an infant spinal anesthesia and sedation protocol and a technique that uniquely provides prolonged surgical anesthesia with a low failure rate. We also report shorter anesthesia time, surgical time, and recovery room length of stay in patients who received spinal anesthesia compared to general anesthesia.
Network State- and Task-Dependent Reorganization of Dendritic Activity in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells

Small-diameter dendrites are the primary sites of synaptic input integration and plasticity in hippocampal principal cells. Recent work has begun to characterize the dynamics of these compartments in vivo, but the extent to which dendrites are modulated by network states, behavior, and learning remains enigmatic. Here we monitored somatic and basal dendritic activity in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells (CA1 PCs) using longitudinal, multi-plane two-photon calcium imaging coupled with simultaneous local field potential recordings. We found that immobility was associated with a transient increase in dendritic activity, particularly during awake sharp-wave ripple (SWR) events. During exploration of a novel context, dendritic activity during somatic SWR recruitment predicted the stability of dendritic activity patterns. Distinct soma-dendrite dynamics arose also during spatially-guided reward learning. Together, these results indicate that network state- and task-dependent reorganization of CA1 PCs' dendritic activity support navigation- and learning-related hippocampal computations.
Property's Relations: Tracing Anthropology in Property Theory

Recent debates in property theory revolve around two opposing views of property: the idea that property is made up of relations between people with respect to things, and the notion that it is an exclusive relationship between a person and a thing. This article traces the intellectual history of the role of anthropology in each of these theories, from the influence of anthropology on legal realist notions of property as social relations to the ways in which property scholars in the law and economics tradition have drawn on anthropology to build accounts of property as human nature. These traditions have generally understood the value of anthropology for property theory as offering a privileged view into universal social functions or human nature. The article builds on this history to argue that anthropology can and should continue to productively shape theories of property, but via a more nuanced understanding of the discipline’s objects and methods. It is anthropology’s focus on relations as its primary object of study which is so productive for property theory, as it opens up the central nexus which both dominant traditions in property scholarship aim to theorize.
S Corporations as Shareholders, LLC Members, and Partners

This two-part article focuses on numerous transactional scenarios involving S corporations that have sole or partial ownership interests in other entities, including C corporations, qualified S corporation subsidiaries, single- and multiple-member limited liability companiess and partnerships. Part 1 outlines the fundamentals of how subchapter S operates and examines the tax treatment of transactions through which the S corporation comes into existence, other entities become affiliated with the S corporation group, and cash or other property is transferred from an affiliate to the S corporation or to another affiliate. Part 2 examines the tax consequences of transactions in which a complete or partial interest in an affiliate is sold or otherwise disposed of by the S corporation, including through a taxable stock or assets acquisition, a tax-free reorganization under section 368 or a tax-free corporate separation under section 355.
Using extended MHD to explore lasers as a trigger for x-pinches

X-pinches have been shown to be a source of extremely intense x-ray emissions useful for diagnosing plasma dynamics and imaging biological objects. The most striking feature of an x-pinch is the hotspot, the point source from where all the x rays come from. Unfortunately, the exact timing and location of the hotspot are still unpredictable. Since an x-pinch hotspot forms from instabilities (like an m = 0 mode), we will computationally explore whether we can use a high-power laser to control the timing and location of these instabilities. Our goal is to reduce the temporal and spatial jitter associated with the x-ray burst. Using an extended MHD (XMHD) code, we explore the non-relativistic instability generation using a current profile of a 250 kA linear transformer driver system and laser characteristics of SLAC's Matter in Extreme Conditions laboratory. Our results include both laser-penetration results using a boundary-defined electromagnetic (EM) wave and instability results from a power-deposition method.
Canid Modification of Human Remains: Implications for Time-Since-Death Estimations

Time-since-death estimations are usually based on physical decomposition of the corpse, insect succession, and contextual associations. The rates of change and succession are based on decomposition studies, most of which control access of scavengers to the corpse; however, many naturally exposed corpses are subject to scavenger modification. These modifications change the rate of decomposition, the pattern of insect succession, and the context of associations, thus altering estimations of time since death. A controlled feeding study with captive wolves and road-killed deer is pertinent to understanding canid scavenging and how scavenging may alter postmortem changes. During feeding, the wolves commonly dismember and devour the deer in a predictable sequence. Although there are some variations in the usual sequence, the carcass is always moved, and skeletal elements are separated, diminished in size and scattered. Scavenging must, therefore, be considered in estimating time since death.
Discovery and Characterization of a Water-Soluble Prodrug of a Dual Inhibitor of Bacterial DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV

Benzimidazole 1 is the lead compound resulting from an antibacterial program targeting dual inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. With the goal of improving key drug-like properties, namely, the solubility and the formulability of 1, an effort to identify prodrugs was undertaken. This has led to the discovery of a phosphate ester prodrug 2. This prodrug is rapidly cleaved to the parent drug molecule upon both oral and intravenous administration. The prodrug achieved equivalent exposure of 1 compared to dosing the parent in multiple species. The prodrug 2 has improved aqueous solubility, simplifying both intravenous and oral formulation.
Important Roles of Small Telescopes in Space

Small telescopes play a large role in astronomy today. Whether in space or on Earth, they still produce outstanding results.
Modelling Experimentation and Simulation of a Brake Apply System

This study presents the development and validation of an analytic dynamic model of the brake apply system of a vehicle. The brake apply system model includes the brake pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder and proportioner valves; the interactions with the wheel brake system, the front and rear brakes are included by modelling the compliance of the caliper and the drum brakes. Laboratory experiments are performed on a bench setup of the base brake system and the experimental data are compared with the theoretical predictions. The model is formulated such that the inputs are the pedal force applied by the driver, the vacuum supplied by the engine and the physical parameters of the brake components. The simulation predicts apply and vacuum chamber pressures; the output force, and input and output travels of the vacuum booster. Furthermore, front and rear hydraulic line pressures, prop ortioner piston travel and proportioner valve hysteresis are also predicted.
Thermoplasts and Thermosets

Thermoplasts and thermosets form the two largest plastics subgroups (see also Chapter 33). They have so much in common with respect to their use, and also, partially, with respect to processing, that they can be considered together. However, thermoplasts and thermosets differ with regard to the processing of their wastes. For example, edge flash and flow ribs of thermoplasts can be reprocessed, but this cannot be done with thermosets.
Serine- and threonine-rich domain regulates internalization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Upon agonist exposure, most membrane receptors internalize into the cell as part of an adaptation process. Receptor domains that mediate internalization have been defined for several receptor classes, e.g. growth factor and transport receptors, but not yet for any of the numerous members of the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), having seven putative transmembrane helices. With the use of deletion mutations, we previously showed that a small region in the middle of the third intracellular loop (i3) appears to be required for the agonist-induced internalization of the Hm1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor (Lameh, J., Philip, M., Sharma, Y. K., Moro, O., Ramachandran, J., and Sadee, W. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13406-13412). Using point mutations, we now demonstrate that domain 286-292 (ESLTSSE) is required, with TSS playing a crucial role. Although the i3 loops of GPCRs share minimal overall sequence identity, even among closely related subtypes, small domains containing multiple S/T residues are also present in several other GPCRs, e.g. peptide, catechol, and all the muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes. S/T-->A mutations in analogous i3 domains also prevented receptor internalization in the case of Hm3 and attenuated internalization of Hm2. We propose that an S/T-rich domain in the i3 loop, possibly via phosphorylation reactions, regulates one pathway of GPCR internalization.
Different Roads to the Rule of Law: Their Importance for Law Reform in Taiwan

Talk of law reform is in the air throughout East Asia. Whether in Beijing or Tokyo or here, law reform is spoken of in terms of strengthening the Rule of Law. But what is the Rule of Law? Different legal systems have different roads to reach the Rule of Law. These different roads are noticeable mainly in the different emphases different systems place on two critical elements in the realization of the Rule of Law State, namely rules and the machinery for implementing the rules, i.e., courts and administrative agencies. The Rule of Law makes demands on both the legal rules themselves and on the institutions charged with implementing the law. Fulfillment of the Rule of Law requires both rules and institutions. But among those countries that have the Rule of Law, there are noticeable differences in how their rules and institutions contribute to fulfilling the Rule of Law. While there is considerable knowledge in Taiwan about western models of the Rule of Law, Taiwanese scholars who look abroad to consider the Rule of Law, should be aware of differences in how the Rule of Law is implemented among the countries they consider as models. The road to the Rule of Law is unique for each state. Thus, after exploring the experiences of the German, American and Japanese systems, Professor Maxeiner points out how infirmities in the Rule of Law necessarily cause you to have to choose among roads to the Rule of Law and to suggest how these choices may affect law reform. He would like to stress that these differences among legal methods demonstrate that there is no one right road to implement the Rule of Law. Taiwanese reformers should not seek for a preferred foreign choice, but to develop their own solution that works best for Taiwan.
Tuning of resonance-spacing in a traveling-wave resonator device

In this work a traveling-wave resonator device is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in silicon-on-insulator platform in which the spacing between its adjacent resonance modes can be tuned. This is achieved through the tuning of mutual coupling of two strongly coupled resonators. By incorporating metallic microheaters, tuning of the resonance-spacing in a range of 20% of the free-spectral-range (0.4nm) is experimentally demonstrated with 27mW power dissipation in the microheater. To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of the tuning of resonance-spacing in an integrated traveling-wave-resonator. It is also numerically shown that these modes exhibit high field-enhancements which makes this device extremely useful for nonlinear optics and sensing applications.
All linear unitary irreducible representations of De Sitter supersymmetry with positive energy

Abstract All linear unitary irreducible representations of the graded Lie algebra osp (4.1) with positive energy are calculated by acting with the odd elements on a vacuum state. With the exception of the Dirac supermultiplet, the result corresponds to the representations of Poincare supersymmetry.
Acute and chronic peripheral nerve stimulation: Surgical preparation and electrode design

An electrode for peripheral nerve stimulation and surgical procedures for implantation are described. Results indicating its effectiveness are provided with discussion of durability and applicability.
Negotiating Adaptation: Perceptions of Culture and Communication Among Cultural Sojourners

This study examines how cultural sojourners who have adapted to their host culture and then returned to their original culture describe their adaptive communication. These descriptions were collected using an open-ended survey method which was designed to reveal communication experiences in 3 adaptive areas, (a) deculturation, (b) reentry, and (c) psychological adjustment. Results reveal that this group of cultural sojourners did not experience significant deculturation upon reentry into their home culture, but instead had very strong views about the integration of “extracultural” knowledge into overall cultural values regarding their communication.
Unraveling the Effects of Size, Composition, and Substrate on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Frequencies of Gold and Silver Nanocubes: A Systematic Single-Particle Approach

Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), resulting from the interaction of light with metal nanoparticles, are powerful tools for biological sensors, surface-enhanced spectroscopies, and optical devices. LSPR frequencies are strongly dependent on a nanoparticle’s structure, composition, and local dielectric environment. However, these relationships are prohibitively difficult or impossible to probe from bulk solutions due to the heterogeneity of chemically synthesized products. In this study, systematic single-particle structure−property measurements, coupled with a statistical analysis and FDTD calculations, are performed on silver and gold nanocubes. The dependencies of LSPR frequencies on nanocube size, composition, and substrate dielectric constant are determined. The results obtained represent the most quantitative measurements and analysis to date, yielding predictive rules and fundamental insights into the interactions between nanoparticles and substrates.