cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of chemical sensing and electrowetting actuation on chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CνMOS) transistors

Abstract An integration of chemical sensors and electrowetting actuators based on the chemoreceptive neuron MOS (CνMOS) transistors has brought forth a novel system-on-chip approach to the microfluidic system. The extended floating-gate structure of the CνMOS transistors enables monolithic sensing and actuating schemes. The sensors with generic chemical receptive areas have been characterized with various fluids, and have demonstrated a high sensitivity from the current differentiation and a large dynamic range from threshold-voltage shifts in sensing polar and electrolytic liquids. The actuators have illustrated valve functions based on contact-angle modification by nonvolatile charge injection into the channel wall. Electrochemical models for sensing and actuation have been established, respectively. A transparent polymer microfluidic layer is adapted to provide physical and electrical isolation for sample fluid delivery and to offer convenient observation. The preliminary experimental results have verified the designs and operations of these devices and shown the potential in developing the dual-function devices with low power consumption and full compatibility with the conventional CMOS technology.
MAKING SENSE OF THE COMPETITIVENESS DEBATE

The debate over national competitiveness is marked by some basic misperceptions. With few exceptions, those who use the term have a crude, essentially mercantilist view of world trade, in which competition among nations is just like competition between corporations. Not only do the authors and readers of reports on national competitiveness usually not understand comparative advantage, they are unaware of the most basic adding-up constraints. Economists, however, find it hard to believe that seemingly well-informed people can really be this naive, and assume that there must be more sophisticated ideas lying behind what they say. The rationales offered by economists, in turn, offer false comfort to the would-be sophisticates who like the term "competitiveness"; they believe that they have transcended conventional economic theory, when the fact is that they have failed to comprehend it. In short, the actual level of discussion is lower than any of the participants imagines. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Dispersion and Salt Water Intrusiona

The writer reviews some of the best known features of mechanical dispersion and the influence of molecular diffusion on breakthrough curves obtained for saturated and nonsaturated samples of porous medium. Miscible flow is also considered as flow of a non-homogeneous fluid in a porous medium. Special concepts of head, as introduced by Lusczynski, are reviewed and modified in order to facilitate the determination of the velocity field in the zone of dispersion. The method described is applicable in principle to the migration of water in building materials exposed to sea water.
The influence of maternal early to mid-gestation nutrient restriction on long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in fetal sheep.

The early to mid-gestational period (days 28–78) in sheep is the period of most rapid placental development. Maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) in this phase has negative consequences on fetal growth and development, predisposing the fetus to disease in adult life. The influence of MNR on fetal tissue fatty acids has not been reported. Ewes were fed to 50% (MNR) or 100% (control fed) of total digestible nutrients from days 28 to 78 of gestation. At 78 days, fetuses were sacrificed and the fatty acids in fetal liver, lung and muscle as well as maternal and fetal plasma were analyzed. Most fatty acids were not influenced by MNR. The n-3 long chain PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) concentration (μg/mg) was low and more than doubled in the MNR sheep. Similarly, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3, DPA) increased by 60, 19, and 38% in liver, lung, and muscle, respectively. Neither docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) nor any of n-6 PUFA changed. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; ARA) increased in MNR maternal plasma as a percent of total fatty acids only, while in MNR fetal plasma only EPA increased. These results provide the first indication that MNR in early to mid-gestation influences the profiles of LCPUFA in fetal tissues, and suggest that metabolic processes involving LCPUFA should be considered in evaluations of the impact of maternal nutriture on perinatal health.
Dynamic modeling of piezoelectric injector-enabled rate shaping

Piezoelectric fuel injectors provide a means to lower emissions, noise and fuel consumption in advanced IC engines by enabling complex injection rate profiles - referred to a “rate shaping”. However, consideration of the flow rate non-linearity, piezostack hysteresis, and hydro-mechanical dynamics is required to achieve precise control of rate shaping. The goal of the effort described here is to develop, and experimentally validate a model of a piezoelectric fuel injector during rate-shaping operating conditions.
Stereoscopic 3D displays and human performance: A comprehensive review

Abstract To answer the question: “what is 3D good for?” we reviewed the body of literature concerning the performance implications of stereoscopic 3D (S3D) displays versus non-stereo (2D or monoscopic) displays. We summarized results of over 160 publications describing over 180 experiments spanning 51 years of research in various fields including human factors psychology/engineering, human–computer interaction, vision science, visualization, and medicine. Publications were included if they described at least one task with a performance-based experimental evaluation of an S3D display versus a non-stereo display under comparable viewing conditions. We classified each study according to the experimental task(s) of primary interest: (a) judgments of positions and/or distances; (b) finding, identifying, or classifying objects; (c) spatial manipulations of real or virtual objects; (d) navigation; (e) spatial understanding, memory, or recall and (f) learning, training, or planning. We found that S3D display viewing improved performance over traditional non-stereo (2D) displays in 60% of the reported experiments. In 15% of the experiments, S3D either showed a marginal benefit or the results were mixed or unclear. In 25% of experiments, S3D displays offered no benefit over non-stereo 2D viewing (and in some rare cases, harmed performance). From this review, stereoscopic 3D displays were found to be most useful for tasks involving the manipulation of objects and for finding/identifying/classifying objects or imagery. We examine instances where S3D did not support superior task performance. We discuss the implications of our findings with regard to various fields of research concerning stereoscopic displays within the context of the investigated tasks.
Electro-Mechanical Design For Precision Pointing And Tracking Systems

The electro-mechanical design for precision pointing and tracking systems is a major task in the electro-optical system development process. Design tradeoffs must be optimized in selecting the electro-mechanical components and in designing the structure to achieve adequate system level performance. Key design issues and their interaction with the precision control systems are presented.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer to dendritic cells or epidermal cells augments their antigen-presenting function including induction of anti-tumor immunity.

Dendritic antigen-presenting cells derived from epidermis (Langerhans cells), bone marrow, and peripheral blood can present a wide variety of antigens, including tumor-associated antigens, for various immune responses. The development and function of dendritic cells is dependent upon a number of cytokines including granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. For example, Langerhans cells can present tumor-associated antigens for the induction of substantial in vivo anti-tumor immunity but only after activation in vitro by granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. Thus, we reasoned that insertion of a cDNA for granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor into dendritic antigen-presenting cells may allow for autocrine stimulation and increased antigen-presenting capability. To test this possibility, we utilized an adenovirus vector to insert a cDNA for murine granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor into the dendritic cell lines XS52–4D and XS106 (derived from neonatal mouse epidermis), bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and epidermal cells that contain Langerhans cells. Infection of each of these cell types resulted in release of abundant quantities of granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. XS52–4D and XS106 cells infected with adenovirus granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor exhibited prolonged dendrites and greater expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and CD86 compared with cells infected with a null vector. Granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor cDNA-containing XS cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and epidermal cells had more potent alloantigen presenting capability than cells infected with a null vector. Most importantly, granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor gene-transferred epidermal cells were able to present tumor-associated antigens for in vivo anti-tumor immunity against challenge with the S1509a spindle-cell tumor whereas null vector-infected cells were unable to prime for immunity. These results suggest that introduction of a cDNA for granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor into dendritic cells may be an effective means to augment their antigen-presenting capability and that granulocyte–macrophage-colony-stimulating factor gene-transfer- red epidermal cells may be useful in tumor vaccination strategies.
Effects of Serotonin Precursors and Melatonin on Serum Prolactin Release in Rats

A single intravenous injection of tryptophane, 5-hydroxytryptophane, serotonin or melatonin was given to rats on the morning of proestrus and to hypophysectomized, pituitarygrafted female rats. The 5-hydroxytryptophane increased serum prolactin about 9 fold by 30 min after injection and about 6 fold by 1 hr after injection as compared to control values; it also doubled serum prolactin values in hypophysectomized rats with an anterior pituitary graft. Tryptophane approximately doubled serum prolactin over control values by 30 min and 2 hr after injection, but these differences were not significant statistically. Serotonin itself did not significantly alter serum prolactin levels, but melatonin significantly increased serum prolactin over control levels by 1 and 2 hr after injection. These results suggest that brain serotonin, its precursors and melatonin may have a role in stimulating prolactin release, and thereby serve to counter the inhibitory effects of hypothalamic catecholamines on prolactin release....
Contemporary Management of Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

Background This article reviews the current literature and recommendations pertaining to the management of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Organization of Feature-, Time-, and Location-Based Mental Models

This study considers how mental models are encoded into memory by viewing visual displays like maps. A mental model is an internal representation of a situation that links objects or concepts to other objects or concepts. Previous studies indicated location-based mental models are encoded when a series of propositional statements such as the object is in the location are read from a text. Evidence that locations were being used as the basic container for an organization of mental models is provided by a significant fan effect. A fan effect shows an increase in reaction time with the number of models considered when making a decision. Features, times, and locations were considered as possible containers in the mental models. Subjects created location-based mental models, but also encoded feature-based mental models. A reverse fan effect for time, found for a map animation, suggested the order of the presentation of maps could greatly affect the structure of learned information.
Wireless interconnects for clock distribution

A wireless interconnect system for clock distribution which transmits and receives microwave signals across a chip using integrated antennas, receivers, and transmitters is presented. All of the com-ponents of the system are demonstrated at 15 GHz in a 0.18-m CMOS technology. Wireless interconnection is achieved over a distance of 5.6 mm.
Quantification of electroantennogram responses of the primary rhinaria ofAcyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) to C4-C8 primary alcohols and aldehydes

Electroantennograms (EAGs) of the distal and proximal primary rhinaria (DPR and PPR, respectively) were recorded from excised antennae of alate virginoparous pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Primary unsaturated alcohols and aldehydes with varying carbon length (C4–C8) were used as volatile stimuli. EAGs were recorded for a series of source concentrations from the DPR and PPR separately through the use of sectional electroantennography. A logistic equation was fitted to the source concentration-response data. Differences in relative EAG response of the DPR and PPR to the alcohols and aldehydes were analyzed by deriving five parameters from this logistic equation. These parameters relate to particular characteristics of sigmoid curves: the saturation (maximum) EAG response (R s ), the concentration for which the relative EAG response is ½R s (CR50), the stimulus response range (SR 0.9), the threshold concentration (CR1), and the EAG response area (A R ). Of these parameters, the EAG response area showed the largest separation between EAG responses of the DPR and PPR to the two homologous groups and between compounds with varying carbon chain lengths. The DPR was significantly more responsive to alcohols than to aldehydes, while the reverse was true for the PPR, indicating a basic difference between the two primary rhinaria. The highest overall responses were elicited by 1-hexanol, hexanal, and heptanal.
Diagnosis of hiatus hernia by computed tomography.

Hiatus hernia and phrenic ampulla are serendipitous CT findings. They may be seen with or without oral contrast and should not be mistaken for abnormal masses in the oncologic patient. When oral contrast is used, esophageal reflux may be demonstrated and may be the cause of epigastric or substernal pain. Knowledge of the esophagogastric anatomy is essential in making the proper diagnosis. 13-mm collimator. Scans were obtained at 2 cm or less through the lower chest and abdomen following ingestion of 300 ml of a 5% Gastrografin (E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.) solution 30 min prior to the study and another 200 ml 5 min before scanning. This solution was given to the patient in the upright position and all scanning was performed with the patient supine. Thus, the recently ingested contrast gravitated to the dependent gastric fundus. Hiatus hernia alone was present in 6 patients, associated reflux was noted in 4, phrenic ampulla was demonstrated in 1, reflux alone was evident in 1, and one elderly patient exhibited a hiatus hernia with associated esophageal tertiary contractions and presbyesophagus. In the evaluation of patients with intra-abdominal disease, the demonstration of hiatus hernia is usually a serendipitous finding. Recognition of this entity is important, especially in oncologic practice, for it must not be mistaken for a soft-tissue tumor or adenopathy. Furthermore, awareness of the presence of a hiatus hernia would be important should the patient have or later develop epigastric symptoms, or those of esophageal reflux. This communication describes the anatomy at the distal esophageal level; the CT appearance of hiatus hernia, phrenic ampulla, and esophageal reflux; and confirmation of the CT findings by barium swallow. CT FINDINGS
The lived spiritual experiences of patients transitioning through major outpatient surgery.

Abstract Dramatic changes in outpatient surgery have occurred in recent years, but the basic care needs of surgical patients remain constant. Most outpatients face the same spiritual and coping issues that inpatients do, but outpatient surgery requires that patients cope with the surgery at an accelerated pace. This phenomenological study describes the meanings of the lived spiritual experiences of patients transitioning through major outpatient surgery. Analysis of interviews with participants resulted in four distinct themes: a point in time, holy other, vulnerability in the OR, and appraisals of uncertainty. Ways that health care providers can provide holistic case include developing an understanding of the patient’s overall experience, understanding the patient’s goals, and supporting the patient’s own coping mechanisms and resources. Additional research should be conducted to explore interventions related to patients’ spiritual well-being in outpatient settings.
Impact of transvenous ventricular pacing leads on tricuspid regurgitation in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients

Introduction Transvenous ventricular pacing leads across the tricuspid valve may cause or exacerbate tricuspid regurgitation (TR). The literature in adults is inconclusive and no studies have investigated the association between pacing leads and TR in children or congenital heart disease patients.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOSTRUM III. INTRANUCLEAR BODIES IN RENAL DISEASE OF CALVES

Renal lesions chiefly the result of obstructive processes were associated with intranuclear bodies in the epithelium of straight and convoluted tubules. In one animal these bodies were found in large numbers in otherwise still normal organs. The affected animals had been fed cow serum in place of colostrum.
Metronidazole Susceptibility in Clostridium difficile Isolates Recovered from Cases of C. difficile -associated Disease Treatment Failures and Successes

Abstract Despite high clinical efficacy, a small number of patients with Clostridium difficile -associated disease (CDAD) do not respond to treatment with metronidazole. We looked for evidence of metronidazole resistance in human C. difficile isolates from 632 patients with CDAD treated with metronidazole, 14(2%) of whom failed treatment. C. difficile isolates were available from 10 of the metronidazole-failure cases and were matched with isolates from 20 contemporary control CDAD patients who responded to treatment with metronidazole. The mean (±SD) MIC of metronidazole-failure-associated C. difficile isolates was similar to the mean (±SD) MIC of isolates from metronidazole-success cases (E-test; 0.23±0.21 vs 0.29±0.19μg/mL, P =0.4). Restriction endonuclease analysis typing revealed that no particular C. difficile strain was associated with metronidazole treatment failure. Clinical CDAD treatment failures with metronidazole could not be attributed to decreased susceptibility of the causative C. difficle isolate to metronidazole.
Changes in spleen histology in response to antigenic stimulation in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentine

Proliferative and migratory changes of lymphoid cells in the spleen were observed in turtles stimulated with KLH and maintained at 30 degrees C. Small foci of pyroninophilic lymphoblasts were first seen in the white pulp at about day 5. Progressive enlargement of these centers continued and peaked by days 8-12. By days 15-20 the white pulp returned to a normal (unimmunized) state, while the number of pyroninophilic cells, primarily plasma cells, increased markedly in the red pulp. At days 22-25, the number of plasma cells returned to normal levels and the spleen appeared normal for the remainder of the 60 day observation period. These events suggest that at 30 degrees C, the turtle is capable of a strong and prompt proliferative response in the white pulp sheaths, followed by migration and differentiation of lymphoblasts into plasma cells, in the red pulp. Observations of pyroninophilic cells in sinuses, venules and veins of the spleen and a concomitant depletion of cells in red pulp, further suggest a migration from the spleen to other sites. Following a second antigenic challenge, at day 60, no significant histological changes were observed at 30 degrees C. Nor were any changes observed following primary or secondary antigenic challenge, in animals maintained at 10 degrees C. These findings are discussed with regard to immunological memory and low temperature immunosuppression in ectothermic vertebrates.
LOEX and Library Instruction.

The “Conference on Library Orientation” that eventually became the LOEX Conference began over 25 years ago in 1971. The following article looks at the history of library instruction as influenced by and illustrated by those conferences and recaps some of the major themes illustrated by articles in the conference proceedings over the LOEX Conference’s first 25 years.
In vitro dermal and epidermal cellular response to titanium alloy implants fabricated with electron beam melting.

Abstract Transdermal osseointegrated prostheses (TOPs) are emerging as an alternative to socket prostheses. Electron beam melting (EBM) is a promising additive manufacturing technology for manufacture of custom, freeform titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) implants. Skin ongrowth for infection resistance and mechanical stability are critically important to the success of TOP, which can be influenced by material composition and surface characteristics. We assessed viability and proliferation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) on several Ti6Al4V surfaces: solid polished commercial, solid polished EBM, solid unpolished EBM and porous unpolished EBM. Cell proliferation was evaluated at days 2 and 7 using alamarBlue ® and cell viability was analyzed with a fluorescence-based live–dead assay after 1 week. NHDF and NHEK were viable and proliferated on all Ti6Al4V surfaces. NHDF proliferation was highest on commercial and EBM polished surfaces. NHEK was highest on commercial polished surfaces. All EBM Ti6Al4V discs exhibited an acceptable biocompatibility profile compared to solid Ti6Al4V discs from a commercial source for dermal and epidermal cells. EBM may be considered as an option for fabrication of custom transdermal implants.
Integrating the sustainable energy portfolio: a bioenergy perspective

Recent reports present strategies for sustainable energy development that often pit one technology against another. The debate is especially contentious for bioenergy, where some studies argue that...
Investigation of distribution and excretion of C14 tagged triethylene thiophosphoramide following injection by various routes

Abstract The hematologic depressant action of alkylating agents has been a limiting factor in their usefulness as anti-cancer drugs. Clinically it appears that injection of drug into tumor sites is associated with greater hematopoietic tolerance than is intravenous administration. Due to patient variability this study was planned so that C 14 labelled N, N′, N″ triethylene thiophosphoramide would be injected first by the intravenous route and at a later date by the intratumor route in the same patient, in a series of eleven advanced cancer cases. Serial blood and urine samples were collected for comparative study of blood levels and urinary excretion rate. It was observed that higher radioactive blood levels were obtained earlier when satisfactory intravenous injection was achieved than when local injection was given. This probably accounts for the more severe hematologic effect encountered following the former route. More prolonged elevation of serum radioactivity followed local injection suggesting slower delivery of compound. In general, 25 per cent of the first 24 hr C 14 excretion was achieved in 3 hr and 50 per cent in 6 hr following injection. Gas-flow scanning of electrophoretic patterns on blood serum revealed all of the isotope to be associated with the protein fractions. Loose chemical association or adsorption phenomena was assumed.
A measurement feedback system (MFS) is necessary to improve mental health outcomes.

This article takes the position that mental health (MH) services for youths are unlikely to improve without a system of measurement that is administered frequently, is concurrent with treatment, and provides feedback. The system, which I characterize as a measurement feedback system (MFS), should include clinical processes (mediators), contexts (moderators), outcomes, and feedback to clinicians and supervisors. In spite of the routine call to collect and use outcome data in realworld treatment, progress has been painstakingly slow. 1Y3 For example, Garland and colleagues 4 found that even when outcome assessments were required, more than 90% of the clinicians surveyed used their own judgment and paid little heed to the data. A more recent national survey of MH service organizations serving children and families indicated that almost 75% reported collecting some standardized outcome data. 5 However, just collecting data on an annual basis will not result in improvement. MEASUREMENT IS NOT ENOUGH Feedback from clients and families naturally occurs in treatment, but it is highly filtered, biased, and subject to distortions caused by the use of cognitive heuristics and schemas. 6 This informal and flawed feedback needs to be supplemented by an MFS that uses valid, reliable, and standardized measures. This system is central to quality improvement, professional development, as well as enhancing accountability. Feedback has been successfully applied outside MH for several decades. 7,8 However the application of a fully implemented MFS is in its infancy in MH. An MFS has been shown to improve outcomes in adult MH, especially for those clients who were either not
Space Charge Effects in High Current Linear Accelerator Transport Systems

The transverse and longitudinal effect in short high current RF buckets of cylindrical geometry and uniform charge distribution are considered in free space. Two cases are examined (a) The beam is radially constructed (magnetically) and (b) The beam is free both radially and longitudinally. Transverse expansion of a beam in space with a non-symmetrical conducting boundary is presented.
Supporting Listening Comprehension and Vocabulary Acquisition in French with Multimedia Annotations

English-speaking college students enrolled in a French course listened to a 2-minute, 20-second historical account in French presented by a computer program. The participants were randomly assigned to one of four listening treatments: the listening text (a) with no annotations available, (b) with only written annotations available, (c) with only pictorial annotations available, and (d) with both written and pictorial annotations available. The students remembered word translations and recalled the passage better when they had selected both written and pictorial annotations while listening rather than one of these types or no annotations. In addition, effect sizes were much larger for pictorial annotations than for written annotations, especially for delayed tests. The results were consistent with Mayer's (1997, 2001) Generative Theory of Multimedia Learning and extend this theory to listening comprehension.
Reproductive outcomes in subsequent pregnancies after a pregnancy complicated by open maternal-fetal surgery (1996-2007).

Objective The reproductive and gynecologic outcomes for women after the pregnancy complicated by open maternal-fetal surgery (OMFS) were evaluated. Study Design The retrospective review identified 93 women with OMFS from a single institution (1996–2007). Consent and questionnaires were sent to women. Institutional review board approval was obtained from the Committee for Protection of Human Subjects. Results The total return rate was 57.3%. Total pregnancies reported were 47, with 36 delivering after 20 weeks' gestation. The uterine dehiscence and rupture rates were 14% and 14%, respectively. Fetal anomalies occurred in 4 subsequent pregnancies. Normal conception occurred in 98% of subsequent pregnancies. Gynecologic issues were reported by 8 women, with infertility, abdominal pain, and ovarian and uterine factors. Conclusion The reproductive outcomes of uterine dehiscence (14%) and rupture (14%) in a subsequent pregnancy continue to be a major counseling issue for OMFS. Fertility and gynecologic factors do not appear to be increased for women undergoing OMFS.
Collateral effects of mand training for children with autism

Abstract Proponents of the verbal behavior approach to instruction for individuals with autism have identified mand training as a starting point for early intervention. Mand training is a process whereby the learner is taught to request highly preferred items under conditions when those items are most valuable. A hypothesized benefit of this approach is that mand training has a collateral effect on nontargeted behavior, though empirical support for this hypothesis is currently tenuous. The present investigation examined the collateral effects of vocal mand training compared to vocal request training for 3 previously nonvocal children with autism. Levels of orienting toward a speaker, compliance with instruction, and overall problem behavior were measured across experimental conditions and analyzed using an alternating treatment design. Results indicate that problem behavior for all participants occurred at lower levels during mand training than request training and that the level of nontargeted social behavior (i.e., orienting and compliance) was higher during mand training for 2 participants and was similar across both conditions for the final participant. The results support the hypothesis that mand training can have a collateral impact on nontargeted behavior, though explicit instruction of social behaviors may also need to be embedded within mand training procedures.
Incorporating Ensemble Covariance in the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation Variational Minimization: A Mathematical Framework

Gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI), a three-dimensional variational data assimilation method (3DVAR) has been widely used in operations and research in numerical weather prediction. The operational GSI uses a static background error covariance, which does not reflect the flow-dependent error statistics. Incorporating ensemble covariance in GSI provides a natural way to estimate the background error covariance in a flowdependent manner. Different from other 3DVAR-based hybrid data assimilation systems that are preconditioned on the square root of the background error covariance, commonly used GSI minimization is preconditioned upon the full background error covariance matrix. A mathematical derivation is therefore provided to demonstrate how to incorporate the flow-dependent ensemble covariance in the GSI variational minimization.
A double isotope dilution method for using stable selenium isotopes in metabolic tracer studies: analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

Enriched stable isotopes of selenium are used for a double isotope dilution method employing rapid sample digestion, chelation and measurement by com bined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A known quantity of an en riched selenium isotope is added as an internal standard, and samples are rapidly digested with HNO3, H3PO4and H2O2. Undigested lipids are extracted with chloroform, and any selenate is reduced to selenite with HC1. The selenite reacts with 4-nitro-o-phen- ylenediamine (NPD) to form 5-nitropiazselenol (Se-NPD), which is then extracted into chloroform for subsequent GC/MS analysis. By monitoring the ion peaks in the Se- NPD+ parent ion cluster, and by using isotope ratio measurements, it is possible in principle to use any two of the stable selenium isotopes as tracer and internal standard. The method described herein utilizes 76Seas the tracer and 82Seas the internal standard, compared to ^Se naturally present in the sample. Selenium recoveries from the digestion- chelation steps were verified by using animal tissues endogenously radiolabeled with 75Se.The method is precise, accurate, rapid and extremely specific, and should lend itself well to determining selenium in biological materials, and to following stable se lenium isotopes as tracers in metabolic studies. J. Nutr. 113: 786-792, 1983.
N-Acylethanolamines as Novel Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 Substrates

N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) are members of the fatty acid amide family. The NAEs have been proposed to serve as metabolic precursors to N-acylglycines (NAGs). The sequential oxidation of the NAEs by an alcohol dehydrogenase and an aldehyde dehydrogenase would yield the N-acylglycinals and/or the NAGs. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) is one enzyme that might catalyze this reaction. To define a potential role for ADH3 in NAE catabolism, we synthesized a set of NAEs and evaluated these as ADH3 substrates. NAEs were oxidized by ADH3, yielding the N-acylglycinals as the product. The (V/K)app values for the NAEs included here were low relative to cinnamyl alcohol. Our data show that the NAEs can serve as alcohol dehydrogenase substrates.
Rehabilitation for Hip Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy continues to be a more accepted treatment option for individuals with nonarthritic hip pain. Current postoperative rehabilitation protocols are determined by basic science and clinical experience. The primary injury of interest is acetabular labral tears. Associated diagnoses include femoroacetabular impingement, capsular laxity, and focal chondral lesions. The population of patients undergoing arthroscopy of the hip is relatively active, resulting in specific challenges during rehabilitation. The goals of postoperative rehabilitation are restoring range of motion, strength, endurance, and functional capacity while avoiding clinical complications. In addition to surgically addressing labral tears, osteoplasty, tissue release, capsular modification, and microfracture procedures may also be performed. Specific rehabilitation concerns exist for each procedure. Functional progression should be determined by the appropriate progression through each successive phase of rehabilitation. Although rare, clinical complications may be encountered during the rehabilitation process. Complications include tendinitis, range of motion difficulties, and prolonged complaints of paresthesia. As the practice of hip arthroscopy evolves, postoperative rehabilitation protocols must adapt to reflect changes in clinical experience and the available evidence.
SIMULATION OF EXPERIMENTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL STABILITY CRITERIA FOR THE “UCKRON-I” TEST PROBLEM

Abstract Simulated recycle reactor results were approximated for a limited range using a bicubic function. Partial derivatives of the reaction rate with respect to conversion and temperature and the ordinary derivative with temperature were calculated by differentiating the cubic function. Derived stability criteria for a tubular reactor performance were tested using the simulated results and good agreement was found. Some actual experimental data published earlier were also checked with this evaluation method and found to match the calculated results.
On the Statistical Representation of Targets for Detection Studies

Statistical distribution functions were determined ined for the radar cross section for flying aircraft. Most distributions could be adequately represented by one or another member of the family of chi-square functions. The degree of freedom parameter varied widely.
Expression of human muscarinic cholinergic receptors in tobacco

We expressed human m1, m2 and chimeric muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MAChR) in tobacco plants and in cultured BY2 tobacco cells using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The membranes of most transgenic plants and calli bound muscarinic ligands with appropriate affinities, kinetics and pharmacologic specificity, as determined by direct and competitive binding measurements using the muscarinic ligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB). Membranes of untransformed plants and calli or those transformed with vector alone did not bind [3H]QNB. Preliminary experiments did not suggest regulation of endogenous plant G protein signalling pathways by the recombinant receptors. Membranes from one callus clone expressed m1 MAChR at the level of 2.0–2.5 pmol [3H]QNB bound per mg membrane protein, more than the number of m1 MAChR in mammalian brain and comparable to that expressed in Sf9 insect cells using baculovirus vectors. This work demonstrates high level expression of active G protein-coupled receptors in plants, such that signaling might be genetically reconstituted by co-expression of appropriate G proteins and effectors.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Recognizing the Importance of Place in Primary Care Research and Practice

In the mid-1800s, London was undergoing rapid urbanization and sanitation was poor. An outbreak of cholera in the Soho district of London in 1854 killed 127 residents over 3 days and caused the exodus of nearly three quarters of the population. Eight days after the initial case, the death rate in Soho had risen to twice that of the rest of London. Anesthesiologist John Snow created maps of these cholera deaths—now well known to students and practitioners of public health—and stopped the epidemic by removing the handle on the Broad Street pump. 1 What was once thought to be an airborne disease was now confirmed to be one transmitted through consumption of contaminated water. Snow’s discovery prompted a renewed effort to improve sanitation and the sewage infrastructure of the rapidly expanding city and cemented the role that healthy habitats play in the wellness of a population.
Design issues and insights for low-voltage high-density SOI DRAM

A physics-based study of floating-body effects on the operation of SOI DRAM is described. The study, which is based on device and circuit simulations using a physical SOI MOSFET model calibrated to an actual partially-depleted (PD) SOI DRAM technology, addresses the performance of the peripheral circuitry, e.g., the sense amplifier, as well as the dynamic retention of the data storage cell. Design insight for low-voltage high-density SOI DRAM is attained. Double cell design is shown to yield a dynamic retention time long enough for gigabit memories, and crude body-source ties for nMOS, with pMOS bodies floating, are shown to effectively suppress instabilities in the sense amplifier.
Genre of Music and Lyrical Content: Expectation Effects

This study was designed to examine whether people's expectations differ regarding how music lyrics affect individual behavior as a function of music genre. Because legislative attention and media publicity have been biased against certain types of popular music (i.e., heavy metal and rap), the authors expected that those genres of music would be viewed more negatively than other genres of popular music, for which there has been little or no negative publicity (i.e., pop and country). Participants (N = 160 college students) rated their perceptions of how the lyrical content of a song would affect listeners' behavior. The authors presented prosocial or antisocial lyrical passages to students (N = 160) under the guise of four musical genres (heavy metal, rap, pop, and country). Participants rated the potential impact of the lyrics on listeners' behavior. Findings indicated that lyrics labeled as heavy metal or rap were perceived as less likely to inspire prosocial behavior but not more likely to inspire antisocial behavior than the same lyrics labeled as country or pop.
Concerns about contraceptive side effects among young Latinas: a focus-group approach

To identify perceptions and attitudes about contraceptive side effects in young, low-income Latina adolescents through focus-group conversations. We conducted seven focus-group discussions with Latino females in an outpatient clinic and community setting. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze data. Participants were recruited from the outpatient gynecology clinic at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and from the Easter Seals Day Care Center. Women were recruited if they were Latino and between the ages of 18 and 26 years (N = 40). Participants cited both perceptions of side effects as well as personal experience with side effects as reasons for not using or discontinuing the use of contraception. Women also demonstrated incorrect knowledge about contraception, and tended to value anecdotal information over information from health professionals. These factors led to reliance on less-effective methods of contraception, placing participants at risk for unintended pregnancy. Concern about side effects, fear of health consequences and misinformation were identified as barriers to effective contraceptive use in young, low-income Latinas. Providers caring for this population should address potential concerns about side effects of contraception as well as assess patients' understanding in light of cultural and language barriers.
Utility-function-driven energy-efficient cooling in data centers

The sharp rise in energy usage in data centers, fueled by increased IT workload and high server density, and coupled with a concomitant increase in the cost and volatility of the energy supply, have triggered urgent calls to improve data center energy efficiency. In response, researchers have developed energy-aware IT systems that slow or shut down servers without sacrificing performance objectives. Several authors have shown that utility functions are a natural and advantageous framework for self-management of servers to joint power and performance objectives. We demonstrate that utility functions are a similarly powerful framework for flexibly managing entire data centers to joint power and temperature objectives. After showing how utility functions can capture a wide range of objectives and tradeoffs that an operator might wish to specify, we illustrate the resulting range in behavior and energy savings using experimental results from a real data center that is cooled by two computer room air-conditioning (CRAC) units equipped with variable-speed fan drives.
Intimate Partner Violence and the Role of Masculinity in Male Same-Sex Relationships:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) in heterosexual couples has been heavily researched for decades, but researchers have only recently begun to examine the correlates of violent behavior in same-sex relationships. Masculinity and male-role socialization have long been recognized as related to many forms of violent behavior, but masculine behavior in gay men and its role in IPV have not been similarly studied. In a community sample of 117 ethnically diverse, primarily college educated gay and bisexual men, it was found that men who had perpetrated physical or sexual violence in their same-sex relationships reported higher levels of masculine behaviors than men who had not used violence. A high correlation between perpetrating acts of IPV and being the victim of such acts was also found. Greater conformity to traditional masculine norms, specifically, aggressiveness and suppression of emotional vulnerability, was a significant predictor of perpetrator physical violence over and above being the recipient of phy...
Short-term Water Potential Fluctuations and Eggs of the Red-eared Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)

We exposed eggs of the red-eared slider turtle ( Trachemys scripta elegans) to short duration (i.e., 48 hours) changes in water potential at two embryonic ages (20 and 40 days). Survivorship to hatching did not differ by substrate water potential or among treatments. Net change in egg mass, a measure of net water exchange between the egg and substrate, was affected by treatments. However, treatments had no effect on hatchling mass, carcass mass, yolk mass, or incubation period. Eggs and embryos are able to exploit beneficial short-term increases in water potential and withstand adverse ones.
SpanDex: secure password tracking for android

This paper presents SpanDex, a set of extensions to Android's Dalvik virtual machine that ensures apps do not leak users' passwords. The primary technical challenge addressed by SpanDex is precise, sound, and efficient handling of implicit information flows (e.g., information transferred by a program's control flow). SpanDex handles implicit flows by borrowing techniques from symbolic execution to precisely quantify the amount of information a process' control flow reveals about a secret. To apply these techniques at runtime without sacrificing performance, SpanDex runs untrusted code in a data-flow sensitive sandbox, which limits the mix of operations that an app can perform on sensitive data. Experiments with a SpanDex prototype using 50 popular Android apps and an analysis of a large list of leaked passwords predicts that for 90% of users, an attacker would need over 80 login attempts to guess their password. Today the same attacker would need only one attempt for all users.
Radiation Sensitivity Change of Hemopoietic Cells Induced by Hydroxyurea

Abstract Hemopoietic tissues of mice contain cells capable of proliferation and differentiation to form endogenous spleen colonies (Endo-CFU-S) in irradiated animals. Hydroxyurea (HU) given before irradiation of C57BL mice for endogenous CFU assay increased the number of surviving CFU-S twofold. Either HU or HSATT given after the initial stimulus abolished this rise. In vivo and in vitro 'suicide' assays of spleen cells indicated that cells were stimulated by the HU or the initial stimulus to enter into DNA synthesis shortly after stimulation. The resting CFU cell population appeared to be positioned close to DNA-S phase and responded to the stimulus by entry into S phase. Whole body irradiation at intervals after HU revealed a changing radiation sensitivity of the endogenous CFU-S consistent with drug-induced progression with decreased radiation sensitivity of the S phase cohort of cells.
Hydrology of Water Quality Dilution Requirements

A comparison is presented between six commonly used methods of evaluating uncontrolled low flows for the determination of dilution requirements for water quality control. These algorithms are studied in detail, illustrated by examples, and comments are made regarding the inherent weaknesses of each.
Criminal Interrogation and Confessions

Chapter 17 discusses all of the legal issues related to interrogation and confession law, including Miranda, the meaning of custody, the use of threats and/or promises, the use of deception, and confession voluntariness. The chapter contains updated legal references including 2011 court decisions.
Relationships of some mannikins and waxbills in the estrildidae

There is disagreement as to the number of genera comprising the mannikins (Lonchurinae). Some authors recognize two to five of the following genera:Lonchura, Euodice, Padda, Spermestes andOdontospiza. Other authors have merged the last four taxa into the enlarged genusLonchura. We bring together data from downy plumes (neossoptiles), nestling palate markings, begging vocalizations, agonistic behaviour, courtship postures and starch gel electrophoresis of allozymes to solve these taxonomic problems. PAUP analysis of the combined data set indicates thatSpermestes andOdontospiza belong to a monophyletic clade separate fromEuodice, Padda andLonchura. We propose mergingOdontospiza withSpermestes, which suggests an African radiation of the group, and placing the generaPadda andEuodice in withLonchura, which represents a mostly Australasian radiation. The genusAmadina has been treated by some as a mannikin (Lonchurinae) and by others as a waxbill (Estrildinae). Our data indicate thatAmadina should be assigned to the estrildines rather than the lonchurines.Amadina's relatively large, mannikin-like conical bill is a result of convergence, probably reflecting selection pressure on bill shape associated with diet specializations.