cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of laryngeal motor neurons in the kitten

In a series of 12 newborn kittens, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to trace retrograde axoplasmic flow in the motor neurons to laryngeal muscles. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after injection of HRP into a specific laryngeal muscle, and the brain stems were stained for peroxidase. This clear-cut colorimetric method permitted the localization of the motor neurons in two nuclei of the ipsilateral brain stem. These are the nucleus ambiguus and the retrofacial nucleus. The primary source of laryngeal motor supply is the nucleus ambiguus. All the laryngeal muscles were represented here in two divisions. Adductor neurons were located in the dorsal division and were more loosely arranged in the lateral reticular formation. The abductor neurons of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle formed the compact ventral division of the nucleus ambiguus and were fewer in number than adductor neurons by a factor of four to one. Since the expiratory and inspiratory centers are also located dorsally and ventrally in the brain stem reticular formation, the motor cells of the nucleus ambiguus are conveniently arranged to receive their afferent input. This arrangement is probably the result of phylogenetic development of abductor laryngeal function and pulmonary function in lower forms. A second source of laryngeal innervation is the retrofacial nucleus. This small nucleus is situated rostral to the nucleus ambiguus and is made up of small and medium-sized neurons of at least two types. Only the cricothyroid (CT) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles were shown to have significant innervation from this nucleus. The CT neurons were located peripherally while the PCA cells occupied the central portion of the nucleus. The functional significance of this nucleus is unknown, but it is suggested that it may have something to do with the various types of muscle units that have been demonstrated physiologically in the CT and PCA muscles.
Rapid Development and Flexible Deployment of Adaptive Wireless Sensor Network Applications

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are difficult to program and usually run statically-installed software limiting its flexibility. To address this, we developed Agilla, a new middleware that increases network flexibility while simplifying application development. An Agilla network is deployed with no pre-installed application. Instead, users inject mobile agents that spread across nodes performing application-specific tasks. Each agent is autonomous, allowing multiple applications to share a network. Programming is simplified by allowing programmers to create agents using a high-level language. Linda-like tuple spaces are used for inter-agent communication and context discovery. This preserves each agent's autonomy while providing a rich infrastructure for building complex applications, and marks the first time mobile agents and tuple spaces are used in a unified framework for WSNs. Our efforts resulted in an implementation for MICA2 motes and the development of several applications. The implementation consumes a mere 41.6KB of code and 3.59KB of data memory. An agent can migrate 5 hops in less than 1.1 seconds with 92% reliability. In this paper, we present Agilla and provide a detailed evaluation of its implementation, an empirical study of its overhead, and a case study demonstrating its use
Gravitation and Magnetic Charge

Based on the static spherically symmetric solutions of the generalized theory of gravitation it is found that electric and magnetic charges are two fundamental constants of integration and that the corresponding electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields are regular everywhere only if the magnetic charge $\mathfrak{g}\ensuremath{\ne}0(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{18}e)$. The magnetic charge $\mathfrak{g}$ assumes an infinite spectrum of values and is an invertible function of mass. For magnetic charge $\mathfrak{g}=0$, the solutions reduce to the Nordstr\"om solution of general relativity in the limit of large $r$. The theory leads to elementary particles of finite self-energy [$\ensuremath{\Delta}(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}E)=m{c}^{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{{(2{\mathfrak{g}}_{0})}^{2}}{{l}_{0}}$] and binding energy. The structure of an elementary particle which is due to the existence of finite $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\mathfrak{g}$ consists of a magnetically neutral core of matter containing a distribution of magnetic charge density in stratified layers of sharply decreasing magnitude and alternating signs so that magnetic monopoles associated with a long-range field do not exist. As a consequence of the general covariance of the theory the surfaces of zero magnetic charge density in the particle core have an indeterminacy. These facts lead to a mass spectrum for elementary particles. In addition to charged electric and magnetic currents, the theory yields an electrically neutral current and the corresponding fields. The neutral current and the corresponding neutral field are the classical counterparts of the vacuum polarization in quantum electrodynamics. For every positive-energy solution there exists also a negative-energy solution with the corresponding electric charge. For $\mathfrak{g}=0$, the volume integral of the neutral current density diverges. The asymmetry of Maxwell's equations with regard to the absence of a magnetic current can be understood because the neutral and charged magnetic currents and the neutral part of the electric current are localized in the core of the elementary particle. Furthermore, the theory yields two lengths of the dimensions of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}25}$ and ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ cm which could serve to differentiate between leptonic and hadronic processes. The presence of negative-energy solutions along with positive-energy solutions points to a large-scale symmetry with respect to a distribution of matter and antimatter in the universe.
Mapping Mental Function to Brain Structure: How Can Cognitive Neuroimaging Succeed?

The goal of cognitive neuroscience is to identify the mapping between brain function and mental processing. In this article, I examine the strategies that have been used to identify such mappings and argue that they may be fundamentally unable to identify selective structure–function mappings. To understand the functional anatomy of mental processes, it will be necessary for researchers to move from the brain-mapping strategies that the field has employed toward a search for selective associations. This will require a greater focus on the structure of cognitive processes, which can be achieved through the development of formal ontologies that describe the structure of mental processes. In this article, I outline the Cognitive Atlas Project, which is developing such ontologies, and show how this knowledge could be used in conjunction with data-mining approaches to more directly relate mental processes and brain function.
An analysis of forest land use, forest land cover, and change at policy-relevant scales

Quantifying the amount of forest and change in the amount of forest are key to ensure that appropriate management practices and policies are in place to maintain the array of ecosystem services provided by forests. There are a range of analytical techniques and data available to estimate these forest parameters, however, not all ‘forest’ is the same and various components of change have been presented. Forest as defined by use and forest as defined by cover are different, although it is common for scientists and policy makers to infer one from the other. We compare and contrast estimates of forest land cover, forest land use, extent and change at policy-relevant scales in the southeastern US. We found that estimates of forest land use extent and forest land cover extent were not significantly correlated. Estimates of net change based on forest land cover and forest land use were only moderately correlated and net change estimates were independent of gross forest cover loss estimates.
Biological Processes in the Epidemiology of Heartwater

Heartwater, a rickettsial disease of ruminants, caused by Cowdria ruminantium, is transmitted by various tick species of the genus Amblyomma. It occurs through most of sub-Saharan Africa, where it is of considerable economic importance, and has spread to a number of islands in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and the Caribbean and now poses a threat to the American mainland.
Complications of Pediatric Elbow Fractures

Fractures about the elbow in children are common and varied. Both diagnosis and treatment can be challenging, and optimal treatment protocols continue to evolve with new research data. This article reviews common complications related to pediatric elbow fractures and presents recent literature to help guide treatment.
Nurses' impact on quality of care: lessons from RN4CAST

Introduction: The RN4CAST - study (acronym for Nurse Forecasting in Europe) was launched in 2009 and ended in 2011 under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme. The aim of the RN4CAST-study was to study how features of work environments and qualifications of the nurse workforce impact nurse retention, burnout among nurses and patient outcomes. Methods: The study was conducted in twelve European countries and was conducting a cross-sectional survey in 500 hospitals in which more than 33,000 nurses and more than 11,000 patients were involved. These data were linked to patient outcome data from administrative databases. Results: The study showed that patient outcomes such as patient mortality and patient satisfaction is highly related to nurse staffing characteristics such as patient-to-nurse ratios, nurse qualification and nursing work environment. Also nurse outcomes such as burnout, intention-to-leave, job satisfaction are related to staffing adequacy and nursing work environment. Discussion and conclusion: The RN4CAST study generated a large evidence base of nurse workforce issues across European health systems which is quite unique in terms of the number and qualification of nursing staff, the quality of working environments, burnout rates, job satisfaction rates, intention-to-leave rates that can be used for policy making.
What Is an Emotion? Answers from a Wild Garden of Knowledge

As the concluding section of this book, this chapter examines the Chinese folk theories of emotion. It defines the Chinese terms of emotion, spells out the epistemology that undergirds these terms, and draws out their implications for emotion theory. It concludes with the speculation that the Chinese theories of emotion focus on the upstream, whereas the Western theories of discrete emotions, downstream of the river called emotions.
Impact of the Number of Treatment Courses on the Clinical Response of Patients Who Receive High-Dose Bolus Interleukin-2

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of treatment with successive courses of high-dose bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2) on the incidence of clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 350 patients with either metastatic melanoma or renal cell cancer who were treated with high-dose bolus IL-2 in the Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, between September 1985 and November 1996 was analyzed, with a median potential follow-up of 7.1 years. All patients were treated with 720,000 IU/kg of IL-2 administered by a 15-minute intravenous infusion every 8 hours for up to 5 days, as clinically tolerated per cycle. Patients were retreated according to clinical response and tolerance to the IL-2 therapy. RESULTS: Of the 149 patients with melanoma, 10 achieved complete responses (CRs) and 13 partial responses (PRs), for an overall response rate of 15.4%. Of the 201 patients with renal cell cancer, 18 achieved CRs and 20 PRs, for an overall respon...
The Effect of Contracting Out Low Performing Schools on Student Performance

Proponents of charter schools and portfolio management models argue that contracting out entire schools to management organizations can improve student performance and decrease costs by giving schools autonomy in exchange for accountability. Little evidence exists, however, on whether contracting is an effective policy in education. In New Orleans, most of the public schools have been contracted out to nonprofit management organizations over the past ten years (referred to as district to charter or D2C). Several of those contracts have been terminated and schools are then contracted out to new management organizations (charter to charter or C2C). This study uses difference-in-differences to analyze the effect that D2Cs and C2Cs have on students. The results indicate that student test scores increase by the second year after both D2Cs and C2Cs. The scores increase even sooner, after only one year for C2Cs. However, if failing schools are closed instead of being contracted out, students do not experience any change in test scores.
Deciphering the Fall and Rise in the Net Capital Share: Accumulation or Scarcity?

In the postwar era, developed economies have experienced two substantial trends in the net capital share of aggregate income: a rise during the last several decades, which is well known, and a fall of comparable magnitude that continued until the 1970s, which is less well known. Overall, the net capital share has increased since 1948, but once disaggregated this increase turns out to come entirely from the housing sector: the contribution to net capital income from all other sectors has been zero or slightly negative, as the fall and rise have offset each other. Several influential accounts of the recent rise emphasize the role of increased capital accumulation, but this view is at odds with theory and evidence: it requires empirically improbable elasticities of substitution, and it presumes a correlation between the capital-income ratio and capital share that is not visible in the data. A more limited narrative that stresses scarcity and the increased cost of housing better fits the data. These results are clarified using a new, multisector model of factor shares.
Effect of Sugars on Erythrocytes Preserved at 0° to −3°.∗

SummarySucrose and lactose exert a preserving effect upon erythrocytes when stored at 0°C to −3°C. Sixty-four transfusions of blood thus stored for periods of time up to 47 days have shown good survival of the transfused cells. In the experiments in vivo the concentration of sugars varied from 3 to 5%. The experimental conditions were not always necessarily optimal for red cell preservation, and therefore the limits of storage are not maximal and will most likely be extended in future work. No attempt has been made to study the mechanism of action of the sugars on the preservation of red cells.
The Isomeric Composition of D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose(3-keto-D-glucose) in Aqueous Solution1

Abstract 1,2:5,6-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-ribo-hexofuranos-3-ulose (2) prepared by the phase transfer catalyst promoted ruthenium tetraoxide oxidation of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose (1), was partially hydrolyzed to give 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-ribo-hexos-3-ulose (3). The title compound (4) was prepared by further acid hydrolysis of 3 or directly from 2. The anomeric region of the 1H NMR spectrum of freshly prepared 4 showed the presence of at least ten isomeric forms with three forms predominating: α-D-ribo-hexofuranos-3-ulose (4a, 44%), β-D-ribo-hexopyranos-3-ulose (4b, 22%) and β-D-ribo-hexopyranos-3-ulose hydrate (4c, 12%). 1H NMR examination of D2O solutions of 4 over time showed that the C-2 protons of the various isomeric forms were being exchanged with deuterium.
Ring Current Decay

The terrestrial ring current decays dominantly by charge exchange but Coulomb collisions and wave-particle interactions are also important processes in the overall decay and produce interesting thermal plasma effects. Charge exchange results in energetic neutral atom precipitation over a broad region; Coulomb collisions and wave-particle interactions result in more localized heating of the thermal plasma. All of these processes depend heavily on the composition and energy characteristics of the ring current which has long-term (solar cycle and seasonal) and short-term (geomagnetic storm and substorm) variations. AMPTE/CCE has revolutionized our understanding of ring current composition and energy characteristics and, along with DE-1 and ISEE-1, has contributed new observational information on ring current decay. This review will present recent observational and theoretical results pertaining to ring current decay and the flow of this energy into the thermal populations of the plasmasphere, ionosphere, and neutral atmosphere.
A Look Back at Machinima’s Potential

The author examines the quintessence of machinima, suggesting that the main difference between machinima and any other CGI technique lies in the playable real-time image that informs it. The implication is that machinima’s artistic, cultural, and even commercial future is rooted in this specific flexibility of the image as it opens up a new opportunity for the development of a procedural media format in visual culture and in the history of the moving image. However, the author warns that machinima might actually lose the unique chance it inherited from the underlying video game technologies to become a new media platform if creators disregard its peculiar, intrinsic computer-driven nature.
THE PROBLEMS OF ROENTGENOLOGIC CATEGORY DIAGNOSIS OF MEDIASTINAL TUMORS

This paper analysed the clinical data of 62 cases with primary media-stinal tumor , pointed out the fact that preoperative roentgenologic accurate categery diagnostic rate was low, discussed several problems about increasing the accurate category diagnostic rate, suggested a simple differential criterion between teratoma and thymoma, and introduced several cases of rare mediatstinal tumors such as squamous cell epi thelioma of mediastinum.
Tumor-selective effect mediated by hTERT promoter on cancer cells

OBJECTIVE: To clone the promoter of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and investigate its selective effect in cancer cells. METHODS:The core sequence of hTERT promoter (TP258) was synthesized and subcloned into T-vector to construct the pUCmT-TP258. After sequencing, TP258 fragment was released from pUCmT-TP258 by Sal Ⅰ+BamH Ⅰ digestion and inserted into pGL3-Basic/Xho Ⅰ+Bgl Ⅱ, and then generated the plasmid pGL3-TP258. The vectors of pGL3-Basic,pGL3-control,pGL3-TP258 were transferred into CaCo-2,RCC,MFC-7 cancer cells,and MRC-5,UFC,BJ normal cells. The activity of TP258 was caculated by the detection of relative luciferase activity. RESULTS:The activities of the hTERT promoter TP258 were higher in the RCC,CaCo-2,MCF-7 cancer cells (32.40±15.32,37.70±6.38, 12.80±7.28, respectively), but the activities of TP258 were lower in UFC, MRC-5,BJ cells (0.40±0.14,0.26±0.13,0.38±0.05, respectively). There was a significant difference between the two groups, P=0.003 5. CONCLUSIONS:The activity of the hTERT promoter is higher in cancer cells than that in normal cells,demonstrating its tumor specificity. TP258 may mediate the anti-tumor gene expressed in cancer cells and achieve the target gene therapy of cancer.
Background of the new definitions for pediatric multiple sclerosis

The characteristics of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS), especially with the onset below ten years of age, are different from those of adult-onset MS. Polysymptomatic and encephalopathic features are frequently observed in pediatric MS. The MRI findings in a half of pediatric MS do not fulfill the McDonald criteria. There are different opinions on the prognosis of pediatric MS. Pediatric patients with the biphasic inflammatory demyelination and the good prognosis has been reported, which was previously classified in MS. For the purpose of distinguishing transient demyelinating syndromes from the lifelong disease, the new definitions for pediatric MS and related disorders were proposed. The surveillance of pediatric MS using the new definitions has been started in Japan.
Cost considerations of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Automatic blood pressure monitoring has proved valuable in testing new antihypertensive drugs, providing greater precision at less cost. Results obtained by this method are better correlated with target-organ damage (e.g. left ventricular hypertrophy) than conventional office blood pressure measurements. A number of clinical conditions are better evaluated with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring than with conventional measurements, e.g. office (white coat) hypertension, episodic hypertension and intermittent hypertensive symptoms. An economic model suggests that appropriately constrained ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can be highly cost-effective in patients who are initially diagnosed as mildly hypertensive on the basis of repeated casual blood pressure measurements. Normative data are needed for populations by age, race, gender, body habitus and conditions such as pregnancy.
Investigating correlates of health related quality of life in a low-income sample of patients with diabetes.

Objective: We sought to describe and find correlates of health-related quality of life among under-served low-income patients in North Carolina with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A telephone survey of 310 patients recording quality of life, patient satisfaction, self-reported health, and patient complaints was conducted as part of a diabetes care improvement project. Demographic and clinical records were available for 249 of these patients: 69% were female, 45% were minority, and 84% had type 2 diabetes. Ages ranged from 18 to 88 years with a mean of 56. Quality of life indices consisted of SF-36 physical functioning, mental health and diabetes-39 sub-scores. Results: Comparison to SF-36 norms showed the sample had lower sub-scores than expected. The multivariate analysis suggested that being within an acceptable metabolic control predicted better quality of life physically, mentally, and sexually. Strong associations were detected between most sub-scores and complaints involving legs and feet, self-rated vision, and hassles in self-management. Conclusions: The consistent associations between the sub-scores and complaints, symptoms, and hassles underscore the strong relationship quality of life may share with the severity of diabetes complications as well as with psychosocial factors. Significantly lower quality of life in this sample highlights the need to improve the care of minority low-income diabetes patients.
Charge Transport and Photogeneration in Organic Semiconductors: Photorefractives and Beyond

Over the last decade, the science and technology of organic semiconductors has seen tremendous progress. The electrical and optical properties displayed by state-of-the-art organic semiconductors are remarkable in their tolerance to disorder, their ability to display high charge carrier mobility values and bipolar transport, and in that they can be engineered to display optical activity in the spectral range from the visible to the near-infrared. This new breed of organic materials is forcing us to reevaluate preconceived notions on how to optimize charge transport and photogeneration in disordered organic semiconductors. Lessons learned in the development of these remarkable organic semiconductors have rapidly spread across organic optoelectronic device platforms, from organic photovoltaics to organic field-effect transistors to organic light emitting diodes and to organic photodetectors, and thus are expected to provide further inspiration to continue advancing the science and technology of organic photorefractives. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of current understanding of charge transport and photogeneration in organic semiconductors, going from crystalline to amorphous solids as well as to provide a brief overview of novel organic photoconductors that may offer significant opportunities to advance the science and technology of organic optoelectronic devices in general and of organic photorefractives in particular.
Measuring physicians' trust: A scoping review with implications for public policy.

Increasingly, physicians are expected to work in productive, trusting relationships with other health system stakeholders to improve patient and system outcomes. A better understanding of physicians' trust is greatly needed. This study assesses the state of the literature on physicians' trust in patients, other health care providers, institutions, and data systems or technology, and identifies key themes, dimensions of trust considered, quantitative measures used, and opportunities for further development via a scoping review. Peer-reviewed, English-language research articles were identified for inclusion in this study based on systematic searches of the Ovid/Medline, Pubmed, Proquest, Scopus, Elsevier, and Web of Science databases. Search terms included "trust" along with "physician," "doctor," "primary care provider," "family practitioner," "family practice," "generalist," "general practitioner," "general practice," "internist," "internal medicine," or "health professional," and plausible variants. Among the relevant articles identified (n = 446), the vast majority focused on patient trust in physicians (81.2%). Among articles examining physicians' trust, rigorous investigations of trust are rare, narrowly focused, and imprecise in their discussion of trust. Robust investigations of the effects of trust or distrust-as opposed to trust's determinants-and studies using validated quantitative trust measures are particularly rare. Studies typically measured trust using the language of confidence, effective communication, or cooperation, rarely or never capturing other important dimensions of trust, such as fidelity, the trustee's reputation, social capital, vulnerability, and acceptance. Research employing new, validated measures of physicians' trust, especially trust in institutions, may be highly informative to health system leaders and policymakers seeking to hone and enhance tools for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the health care system.
Interaction of laminar airflow with viscoelastic airway mucus

Basic wave interaction mechanism between the laminar airflow and viscoelastic layer in a rigid tube is investigated numerically. The purpose is to explore the effect of mucus viscoelasticity on the stability of the coupled airflow-mucus system in pulmonary airways under clinical conditions where the serous layer is absent. The results indicate that the onset flow speed, for the initiation of unstable surface waves, is very sensitive to mucus viscosity and it may be as high as 35 times the elastic case for a very viscous mucus with the same elasticity. While the onset speed and wavelength increases, wave speed decreases with increasing mucus viscosity, reducing from about 40% of the flow speed for elastic mucus to less than 1% for a very viscous mucus. Also, a case study for a patient with chronic bronchitis shows that large amplitude waves may form on the mucus surface during forced expiration.
Cyclic-nucleotide-gated cation current and Ca2+-activated Cl current elicited by odorant in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons.

Olfactory transduction in vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) involves primarily a cAMP-signaling cascade that leads to the opening of cyclic-nucleotide–gated (CNG), nonselective cation channels. The consequent Ca2+ influx triggers adaptation but also signal amplification, the latter by opening a Ca2+-activated Cl channel (ANO2) to elicit, unusually, an inward Cl current. Hence the olfactory response has inward CNG and Cl components that are in rapid succession and not easily separable. We report here success in quantitatively separating these two currents with respect to amplitude and time course over a broad range of odorant strengths. Importantly, we found that the Cl current is the predominant component throughout the olfactory dose–response relation, down to the threshold of signaling to the brain. This observation is very surprising given a recent report by others that the olfactory-signal amplification effected by the Ca2+-activated Cl current does not influence the behavioral olfactory threshold in mice.
Higher order perturbation theory - An example for discussion

Higher order perturbation theory is developed in the form of a Taylor series expansion to third order to calculate the thermal utilization of a nonuniform cell. The development takes advantage of the self-adjoint property of the diffusion operator to provide a simple development of this illustration of generalized perturbation theory employing scalar perturbation parameters. The results show how a designer might employ a second-order theory to quantify proposed design improvements, together with the limitations of second- and third-order theory. The chosen example has an exact optimization solution and thus provides a clear understanding of the role of perturbation theory at its various orders. Convergence and the computational advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
Fuel pyrolysis in a microflow tube reactor–Measurement and modeling uncertainties of ethane, n-butane, and n-dodecane pyrolysis

Abstract A scaled down flow reactor consisting of 4 mm ID quartz tubing and rapid mixing of fuel with a preheated thermal carrier bath was developed to investigate the pyrolysis of both gaseous and pre-vaporized liquid fuels. Starting from a small mixing volume (less than 0.2 cm 3 ), the temperature of the hot section (37 cm long) was controlled within ± 5 K. All species concentrations were measured at the exit plane of the reactor using a GC system while residence time variations were explored by varying the bulk flow velocity. For the atmospheric pressure cases reported here, the temperature and flow residence times explored were in the kinetically controlled regime and ranged from 1000 to 1100 K and 10–90 ms, respectively. The thermal pyrolysis of fuels investigated included ethane, n-butane, and n-dodecane, all diluted in a nitrogen carrier bath of 98% or higher (to minimize temperature departure from the target value). Because the ratio of the mixing volume compared to the kinetically controlled reactor volume is about 2.5%, the associated finite mixing time is shown to have a negligible effect on the temporal evolution of key C 0 –C 4 species. As a consequence, no species profiles shifting (zero-time shifting) was required in comparisons with model predictions. Experimental and modeling uncertainty analysis are presented to determine whether the experimental data can be used in future efforts aimed at minimization of chemical kinetic model parameter uncertainties.
An Active Learning Approach to Audio-to-Score Alignment Using Dynamic Time Warping

We propose an integrated system using active learning for audio-to-score alignment. Audio-to-score alignment is a fundamental task in music information retrieval. Although various machine learning techniques have been applied to this task, it is not the case for active learning. To show how beneficial active learning is in audio-to-score alignment, we demonstrate a system that integrates it with dynamic time warping, a commonly used algorithm for time series alignment. We propose a simple parametric model for selecting queries—a crucial step in active learning. We evaluate the system using synthesized audio as well as real performances. The alignment accuracy is improved with a range from 20% to 50% using only less than 10% query instances, a promising result that hopefully can inspire the creation of a collaborative framework between human and machine for audio-to-score alignment in the future.
Comparison of fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: Two-year experience.

BackgroundFingolimod (FTY) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are multiple sclerosis (MS) oral therapies that became available in 2010 and 2013, respectively.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to c...
Beliefs about Physical Activity among Children Who Are Visually Impaired and Their Parents.

This survey of 25 visually impaired children aged 10-12 and their parents investigated the value the parents placed on their children's physical activity and the barriers to physical activity that the children faced. The results revealed that as vision loss increased, parents' expectations for their children's ability to be physically active decreased, as did the children's views that physical activity is important or useful.
Normal Values Tables

There is a long history and a significant corpus of published literature on normal values for nerve conduction studies in adults. The earliest attempts to codify normal values for nerve conduction studies in the pediatric population date to the 1960s. Since then, a number of other studies have been published. This chapter provides normal values for sensory and motor nerve conduction studies in children that will be a valuable reference for practicing neurophysiologists and neurologists
A New Procedure for State Court Personal Jurisdiction

This article explores a simple but fundamental reform of the rules governing the state court personal jurisdiction: Congress could grant federal district courts the full judicial power authorized by the Constitution coupled with discretion to dismiss, transfer or remand cases when it appears that some other forum is clearly more adequate for resolving the controversy. If implemented, this reform could improve the fairness and efficiency of civil justice in the United States.
Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology of Peripheral Nerve

The peripheral nervous system is composed of a number of neuronal cell populations along with their axonal processes and supportive tissues. The different populations of neurons are anatomically and functionally distinct and mediate the various motor, sensory, and autonomic functions of the peripheral nerves. Cell bodies or perikarya of these neurons lie in the anterior horn of the spinal cord or in the sensory or autonomic ganglia outside the cord and extend axons that travel through the peripheral nerves to motor or sensory terminals. In the peripheral nerves the axons are ensheathed by Schwann cells or myelin and supported by endoneurial connective tissue. The various elements of the peripheral nervous system differ in their structure, composition, and metabolism and in their sustibility to diverse pathological processes. An understanding of the structure and function of these elements is essential for understanding the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of diseases that affect the peripheral nerves.
High Dose Ketoconazole for the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma: 16 Cases and Review of the Literature

AbstractWe treated 16 patients who had hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer with 400mg. ketoconazole orally every 8 hours. None of the patients had an objective response, although 6 (37.5 per cent) had stable disease (2 of whom had a subjective decrease in bone pain). The median duration of stable disease was 6.8 months (range 2 to 12 months) and side effects were seen in 14 patients. Nausea, vomiting or anorexia was noted in 10 patients, rash and pruritus in 2, transient abnormal liver function tests in 1 and transient pulmonary infiltrates in 1.Nine prior studies investigating the use of ketoconazole in hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer were reviewed. Only 1 complete response was reported. A partial response was noted in 14 per cent of the patients. Most of the patients had stable or progressive disease.High dose ketoconazole as a single agent appears to have limited use in patients who have failed prior systemic therapy.
Introduction: Learning from the Past, Present and Future

The event summarized in this volume was one of four official side events that occurred in conjunction with the second phase of the World Summit on the Information Society. Both events were held in Tunisia, near the Mediterranean coast of Tunis, during mid-November 2005. “Past, Present and Future of Research in the Information Society” (PPF) took place over the three days (13–15 November) preceding the main Summit (16–18 November). The chapters in this volume are abbreviated versions of the sessions at the PPF conference. Each author was asked to provide an extended abstract of their presentation and the lead author of each chapter edited these together.1
Library Boot Camp: Scalable Basic Training for New Library Users

Abstract After offering a traditional library orientation with a tour and presentation in our hands-on classroom for several years, the University of Chicago Library found its orientation programming at a crossroad. Limited staff made the sessions difficult to schedule, librarian enthusiasm waned, and attendance was dropping. Rather than trying to adjust our script, the Library opted for a complete redesign of the program, creating Library Boot Camp. Inspired by speed-dating, Library Boot Camp offers a 60-minute introduction to key library services. On entering Boot Camp, students are grouped and rotate to five different training stations hosted by the library staff, where they learn about everything from course reserves to tech support services. Students who complete all stations are rewarded with a Library mug. The response to Library Boot Camp has been overwhelmingly positive from both students and staff, and attendance is growing. The program has transformed how the Library approaches orientation. Its flexible format allows a fixed number of staff to accommodate a large number of students, while still remaining fun and engaging. Boot Camp leaders only need to learn a short script, reducing stress for staff who are not normally engaged (or comfortable) with instruction, resulting in increased participation and easier scheduling. Assessment of the program has also provided insight on students' information overload during orientation week, leading to changes in our information literacy programs for undergraduate and graduate students. Library Boot Camp is easy to implement and can be a model for other librarians searching for a flexible and scalable way to provide an introduction to the library and its resources.
Video Analytics in Smart Transportation for the AIC’18 Challenge

With the fast advancements of AICity and omnipresent street cameras, smart transportation can benefit greatly from actionable insights derived from video analytics. We participate the NVIDIA AICity Challenge 2018 in all three tracks of challenges. In Track 1 challenge, we demonstrate automatic traffic flow analysis using the detection and tracking of vehicles with robust speed estimation. In Track 2 challenge, we develop a reliable anomaly detection pipeline that can recognize abnormal incidences including stalled vehicles and crashes with precise locations and time segments. In Track 3 challenge, we present an early result of vehicle re-identification using deep triplet-loss features that matches vehicles across 4 cameras in 15+ hours of videos. All developed methods are evaluated and compared against 30 contesting methods from 70 registered teams on the real-world challenge videos.
Biophysical analysis of fluid shear stress induced cellular deformation in a microfluidic device

Even though the majority of breast cancers respond well to primary therapy, a large percentage of patients relapse with metastatic disease, for which there is no treatment. In metastasis, a tumor sheds a small number of cancerous cells, termed circulating tumor cells (CTCs), into the local vasculature, from where they spread throughout the body to form new tumors. As CTCs move through the circulatory system, they experience physiological forces not present in the initial tumor environment, namely, fluid shear stress (FSS). Evidence suggests that CTCs respond to FSS by adopting a more aggressive phenotype; however, to date single-cell morphological changes have not been quantified to support this observation. Furthermore, the methodology of previous studies involves inducing FSS by flowing cells through the tubing, which lacks a precise and tunable control of FSS. Here, a microfluidic approach is used for isolating and characterizing the biophysical response of single breast cancer cells to conditions experienced in the circulatory system during metastasis. To evaluate the single-cell response of multiple breast cancer types, two model circulating tumor cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, were challenged with FSS at precise magnitudes and durations. As expected, both MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells exhibited greater deformability due to increasing duration and magnitudes of FSS. However, wide variations in single-cell responses were observed. MCF7 cells were found to rapidly deform but reach a threshold value after 5 min of FSS, while MDA-MB-231 cells were observed to deform at a slower rate but with a larger threshold of deformation. This behavioral diversity suggests the presence of distinct cell subpopulations with different phenotypes.
A new approach to automated CBMN scoring following high doses

In recent years we have automated the CBMN assay using microvolumes of blood, processed in multiwell plates. We have seen that at doses above 6 Gy the detected yield of micronuclei actually declines with dose, likely because of mitotic delay, preventing cells from forming micronuclei and also, when using one color imaging, resulting in many false binucleated cells, consisting of two randomly-adjacent nuclei. By using the inverse mitotic index (the ratio of mononuclear to binuclear cells) to adjust the micronucleus yield we were able to obtain a monotonic increasing dose response curve at doses of up to at least 10 Gy from the same samples which generated dose-response curve with a peak near 6 Gy, when scored using the traditional micronucleus yield.
Male Abortion Beneficiaries: Exploring the Long-Term Educational and Economic Associations of Abortion Among Men Who Report Teen Pregnancy.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to determine if men who report avoiding adolescent fatherhood through a partner's use of abortion have different socioeconomic outcomes than men who report a live birth during adolescence. Methods We analyzed a subsample of men who reported a pregnancy before the age of 20 years that ended in either a live birth (n = 460) or abortion (n = 137) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used propensity score and exact matching of baseline characteristics from Wave I of the study completed in 1994 to compare college completion and income reported in Wave IV of the study completed between 2007 and 2008. Results Among men who reported a live birth, 5.8% reported graduating from college, and 32.4% had any post–high school education compared with 22.1%, and 58.5% of men who reported a pregnancy ended in abortion. In the multivariable matching analysis, men whose adolescent pregnancies ended in abortion had an increased probability of graduating from college (average treatment effect = 8.6; p p Conclusion Women's use of abortion services were associated with educational benefits for men who report teen pregnancies.
A Novel Model of Pancreatic Cancer Dormancy Reveals Mechanistic Insights and a Dormancy Gene Signature with Human Relevance

Latent recurrences following curative-intent pancreatic cancer surgery is a major clinical problem thought to be due to the reactivation of dormant tumor cells that disseminate before the primary tumor has been removed. How dormancy is established and ultimately reversed to drive recurrence is poorly understood. Here we introduce a novel model of pancreatic cancer dormancy that mimics early and latent survival outcomes of resected patients. Using single-cell transcriptomics we compared primary, dormant, and reactivated tumor cells and found the primary and reactivated tumor cell transcriptomes clustered together with and away from the dormant tumor cells. Using a chromatin accessibility assay we found dormancy exhibits large scale changes in chromatin remodeling. Dormant tumor cells express cancer stem cell markers that are lost upon reactivation and are chemotherapy resistant. We identified a dormancy gene signature and investigated this in patients undergoing surgery for localized PC by isolating cells from the primary tumor and liver disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) for single-cell transcriptomics. We found the signature correlated with DTCs indicating that these cells are dormant at the time of surgery. The signature also identified CCL5 as a novel dormancy marker in PC. Mechanisms of PC dormancy include upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Dec2 which drives quiescence, monoallelic suppression of the mutant KRAS allele by DNA methylation, and immunoregulation. We conclude that PC dormancy is a highly plastic and heterogeneous cellular state governed by tumor cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
Cutaneous pigmentary changes related to anticancer therapy in African Americans.

12074Background: Pigmentary disorders are known to disproportionately affect individuals with darker skin, including African Americans (AAs)— a historically underrepresented population in oncology ...
Co(cyclam) Complexes of Triarylamine-acetylide: Structural and Spectroscopic Properties and DFT Analysis

Reported herein are the syntheses of mono- and bis-C2TPA (HC2TPA = 4-ethynyl-N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline) complexes of CoIII(cyclam) (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) complexes, and ...
Fulminant Giant Cell Myocarditis Is Associated With Poor Outcomes

Background Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rare autoimmune disorder that typically manifests with signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, or heart block. Diagnosis requires myocardial tissue to detect inflammatory infiltrates, with multinucleated giant cells and prominent myocyte necrosis. With immunosuppressive therapy, transplant-free 5-year survival rates range from approximately 40% to 60% across studies. However, the majority of published literature involves the entire spectrum of GCM, with minimal data on patients who present in cardiogenic shock. We hypothesized that patients who were critically-ill at presentation (fulminant myocarditis) would have a high likelihood of requiring advanced cardiac therapies, such as left ventricular assist device or heart transplantation (OHT). We report the demographics and outcomes of patients at a single-center who presented in fulminant giant cell myocarditis. Methods A natural language search for “giant cell myocarditis” was used to identify patients with a pathological diagnosis of GCM at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 1990 and 2020. Chart review of the results identified 7 patients who experienced cardiogenic shock during the index admission. Demographics, admission characteristics, and outcomes were analyzed. Results Major findings are shown in Figure 1. The median age at presentation was 53 years, with two of the seven patients having a history of left ventricular dysfunction. In all 7 patients, symptom-onset was within 30 days of presentation. The majority of patients experienced either ventricular arrhythmias or heart block. Hemodynamic assessment was consistent with cardiogenic shock, with elevated filling pressures and a median Fick cardiac index of 1.60 L/min/m2. All patients required support with at least one vasoactive agent. Five patients required an intra-aortic balloon pump, with two requiring escalation to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Another patient required ECMO as the initial form of mechanical circulatory support. 30-day survival was 42.9%. Of the seven patients, three received steroids while another received a combination of steroids, thymoglobulin, and cyclosporine. The remaining three patients did not receive immunosuppressive therapy. Both the patients who survived for at least 1 year required OHT. Conclusions These findings suggest that GCM resulting in cardiogenic shock is rapidly progressive and highly lethal. Early mechanical circulatory support and urgent evaluation for advanced cardiac therapies may help improve outcomes. Large-scale studies are warranted to better understand this disease process.