cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying hypertext structures to software documentation

Abstract Software documentation represents a critical resource to the successful functioning of many enterprises. However, because it is static, documentation often fails to meet the needs of the many diverse users who are required to consult it on a regular basis in the course of their daily work. Software documentation is a rich resource that has not been fully exploited. Treatment of software documentation presents a number of interesting problems that require a blend of information retrieval and hypertext techniques for their successful solution. The evolving nature of a software project and the diverse demands on its documentation present an especially challenging environment. This is made even more challenging by the variety of information resources, ranging from formal specification languages to source code, that must be integrated into a coherent whole for the purpose of querying. In this paper we discuss work in progress at the University of Virginia. We consider the issues involved with automating the management of software documentation to better increase its utility. We describe a prototype system, SLEUTH, currently under investigation as a vehicle for software documentation management. The prototype maintains software documentation as a hypertext with typed links for the purpose of browsing by users with varying needs. These links are generated mechanically by the system and kept accurate under update. Appropriate authoring tools provide the system with the information it needs for this maintenance function. Ad hoc querying is provided over the documentation and hypertext documents are synthesized in response to these queries.
Introduction to the special issue: international perspectives on women's substance use.

“For what is done or learned by one class of women becomes, by virtue of their common womanhood, the property of all women.” —Elizabeth BlackwellSubstance misuse by and among women was once conside...
Children and youth in foster care: disentangling the relationship between problem behaviors and number of placements

Objective: The purpose of this research was to provide a prospective look at the relationship between change in placement and problem behaviors over a 12-month period among a cohort of foster children. Method: The sample contained 415 youth, and was part of a larger cohort of children who entered foster care in San Diego, California and remained in placement for at least 5 months. The Child Behavior Check List was used to assess behavior problems. Every change of placement during the first 18 months after entry into the foster care system was abstracted from case records. Results: The results suggest that volatile placement histories contribute negatively to both internalizing and externalizing behavior of foster children, and that children who experience numerous changes in placement may be at particularly high risk for these deleterious effects. Initial externalizing behaviors proved to be the strongest predictor of placement changes for the entire sample and for a sub-sample of those who initially evidenced problem behaviors on at least one broad-band CBCL scale. Our findings also suggest that children who initially score within normal ranges on the CBCL may be particularly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of placement breakdowns. Conclusions: On the basis of these findings we argue for an analytical approach that views behavior problems as both a cause and as a consequence of placement disruption. Children who do not evidence behavior problems may in fact constitute a neglected population that responds to multiple disruptions of their primary relationships with increasingly self-defeating behaviors. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Application of a Markov model to the measurement, simulation, and diagnosis of an iterative design process

This paper presents the use of a Markov-based model for analyzing iterative design processes. Techniques are developed for collecting process metadata and calibrating the model. An experiment is described that demonstrates the utility and accuracy of the model for simulating design processes and identifying design process bottlenecks.
Light Higgs Boson, Light Dark Matter and Gamma Rays

A light Higgs boson is preferred by MW and mt measurements. A complex scalar singlet addition to the Standard Model allows a better fit to these measurements through a new light singlet dominated state. It then predicts a light Dark Matter (DM) particle that can explain the signals of DM scattering from nuclei in the CoGeNT and DAMA/LIBRA experiments. Annihilations of this DM in the galactic halo, AA → b ¯¯ c,� + � − , lead to gamma rays that naturally improve a fit to the Fermi Large Area Telescope data in the central galactic regions. The associated light neutral Higgs boson may also be discovered at the Large Hadron Collider.
An improved synthesis of 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. II: From triaminoguanidine and 2,4-pentanedione

A new synthesis for the title compound that gives an 80% overall yield was developed. Treatment of triaminoguanidine monohydrochloride (1) with 2,4-pentanedione (2) gave 3,6-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (3) in 80–85% yield. Oxidation of 3 with nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide to 3,6-bis(3,5-dimethyylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4) followed by ammonolysis of 4 gave 3,6-diamino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (5) in guantitatively yields.
A new blocked IIR algorithm

A novel IIR algorithm based on a block implementation method is presented. This algorithm has two stages. First, a circular convolution is used to transform the input into intermediate results. Second, a correction circuit transforms the intermediate result into the correct output. Because the correction circuit uses part of the previous output to correct the current intermediate result, the approach is an overlap-save based algorithm. The multiplicative complexity of this algorithm is shown to be 2 log kn+2 log n+5 real multiplications per output point, for a block of size kn, where n is the order of the filter and k>or=2 is a constant. This is less than the counts for other known algorithms. Another advantage of this algorithm is that it can be easily implemented in an optimal manner in hardware. >
The older the better: are elderly study participants more non-representative? A cross-sectional analysis of clinical trial and observational study samples

Objective Study participants can differ from the target population they are taken to represent. We sought to investigate whether older age magnifies such differences, examining age-trends, among study participants, in self-rated level of activity compared to others of the same age. Design Cross-sectional examination of the relation of participant age to reported ‘relative activity’ (ie, compared to others of the same age), a bidirectionally correlated proxy for relative vitality, in exemplars of randomised and observational studies. Setting University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Participants 2404 adults aged 40–79 including employees of UCSD, and their partners (San Diego Population Study, observational study). 1016 adults (aged 20-85) not on lipid medications and without known heart disease, diabetes, cancer or HIV (UCSD Statin Study, randomised trial). Measurements Self-rated activity relative to others’ age, 5-point Likert Scale, was evaluated by age decade, and related via correlation and regression to a suite of health-relevant subjective and objective outcomes. Results Successively older participants reported successively greater activity relative to others of their age (greater departure from the norm for their age), p Conclusions Study participants may not be representative of the population they are intended to reflect. Our results suggest that departures from representativeness may be amplified with increasing age. Consequently, the older the age, the greater the disparity may be between what is recommended based on ‘evidence, ’ and what is best for the patient. Trial Registration UCSD Statin Study—Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT00330980 (http://ClinicalTrials.gov)
Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism versus Control

This paper examines the consociational approach to the study of deeply divided societies and notes its weaknesses. It argues that the absence of a well-developed alternative “control” approach to the explanation of stability in deeply divided societies has resulted in the empirical overextension of consociational models. Control models, focusing on how superordinate groups manipulate subordinate groups rather than on the emergence and functioning of elite cartels, need to be developed—not only for the study of stable, deeply divided societies in which consociational models are inappropriate, but also as a means of eliminating certain theoretical problems that have been raised as criticisms of consociationalism. The paper includes a critical review of the literature that is available to guide study of control in deeply divided societies, and concludes with recommendations for the shape of an analytical framework within systematic comparison.
Performance Analysis and Validation of a Stereo Vision System

This paper presents an in-depth performance analysis and validation of a correlation based stereo vision system being used as part of the ongoing 2003 Mars Exploration Rover flight mission. Our analysis includes the effects of correlation window size, pyramidal image down-sampling, vertical misalignment, focus, maximum disparity, stereo baseline, and range ripples. A key element of validation is to determine the stereo localization error both analytically and experimentally. We study both down-range and cross-range error and verify that while camera calibration inaccuracy contributes to both, stereo correlation error affects only the former. Error contributions of subpixel interpolation, vertical misalignment, and foreshortening on stereo correlation are examined carefully. A novel method using bricks with reflective metrology targets and a mast-mounted stereo camera system enabled experimental measurements of the stereo disparity error. The standard deviation of the down-range disparity error was measured at sigma=0.32 pixel for high-resolution 1024times768 camera images. The result is critical in evaluating accurate rover navigation and instrument placement within given error budgets
A concurrent flow model for extraction during transcapillary passage.

A model for capillary-tissue exchange in a uniformly perfused organ with uniform capillary transit times and no diffusional capillary interactions was designed to permit the exploration of the influences of various parameters on the interpretation of indicator-dilution curves obtained at the venous outflow following the simultaneous injection of tracers into the arterial inflow. These parameters include tissue geometric factors, longitudinal diffusion and volumes of distribution of tracers in blood and tissue, hematocrit, volumes of nonexchanging vessels and the sampling system, capillary permeability, P. capillary surface area, S, and flow of blood- or solute-containing fluid, Fs′. An assumption of instantaneous radial diffusion in the extravascular region is appropriate when intercapillary distances are small, as they are in the heart, or permeabilities are low, as they are for lipophobic solutes. Numerical solutions were obtained for dispersed input functions similar to normal intravascular dye-dilution curves. Axial extravascular diffusion showed a negligible influence at low permeabilities. The “instantaneous extraction” of a permeating solute can provide an estimate of PS/Fs′, the ratio of the capillary permeability–surface area product to the flow, when PS/Fs′ lies between approximately 0.05 and 3.0; the limits of the range depend on the extravascular volume of distribution and the influences of intravascular dispersion. The most accurate estimates were obtained when experiments were designed so that PS/Fs′ was between 0.2 and 1.0 or peak extractions were between 0.1 and 0.6.
Trabeculectomy function after cataract extraction.

Abstract Objective To examine the effect of cataract extraction (CE) after trabeculectomy on intraocular pressure (IOP) control. Design Retrospective noncomparative case series. Participants A total of 115 consecutive patients who underwent extracapsular CE (N = 58) or phacoemulsification (N = 57) with intraocular lens (IOL) placement after trabeculectomy were studied. Intervention Cataract extraction with IOL after trabeculectomy was performed. Main outcome measures Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were evaluated for association with loss of IOP control requiring additional medications, bleb needling, or further glaucoma surgery, using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox multivariate proportional hazards survival regression. Results After mean postoperative follow-up of 21.1 ± 14.3 months, additional glaucoma medication or needling of the filtering bleb to maintain IOP control was required in 35 eyes (30.4%) and was significantly associated with intraoperative iris manipulation and early postoperative peak IOP greater than 25 mmHg. Additional glaucoma surgery was eventually required in 11 eyes (9.6%) and was significantly associated with age of 50 years or younger, preoperative IOP greater than 10 mmHg, and early postoperative peak IOP greater than 25 mmHg. The cumulative proportion of patients who did not require reoperation for glaucoma was 93% and 90% at 1 and 2 years, respectively. The mean IOP at last visit had increased 1.6 mmHg above the pre-CE level and did not vary significantly after the first postoperative month. The median interval from CE to the addition of glaucoma medication or bleb needling was 1.6 months (within 3 months in 20 of 33 eyes) and that from nonsurgical intervention to further glaucoma surgery was 3.6 months (before the 7th postoperative month in 6 of 11 eyes). Of 19 eyes with hypotony (IOP ≤ 6 mmHg) before CE, 11 eyes remained hypotonous after CE despite an increase in the mean IOP from 4.6 to 7.5 mmHg. Conclusions When CE is performed after trabeculectomy, age of 50 years or younger, preoperative IOP greater than 10 mmHg, intraoperative iris manipulation, and early postoperative IOP greater than 25 mmHg are associated with worsened postoperative IOP control. Most bleb failures occur soon after CE. Resolution of pre-existing hypotony after CE is unpredictable.
Activation of pannexin 1 channels by ATP through P2Y receptors and by cytoplasmic calcium

The ability for long-range communication through intercellular calcium waves is inherent to cells of many tissues. A dual propagation mode for these waves includes passage of IP3 through gap junctions as well as an extracellular pathway involving ATP. The wave can be regenerative and include ATP-induced ATP release via an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that pannexin 1 channels can be activated by extracellular ATP acting through purinergic receptors of the P2Y group as well as by cytoplasmic calcium. Based on its properties, including ATP permeability, pannexin 1 may be involved in both initiation and propagation of calcium waves.
Assembly and Molecular Activities of the MutS Tetramer

Abstract Analytical equilibrium ultracentrifugation indicates that Escherichia coli MutS exists as an equilibrating mixture of dimers and tetramers. The association constant for the dimer-to-tetramer transition is 2.1 × 107 m –1, indicating that the protein would consist of both dimers and tetramers at physiological concentrations. The carboxyl terminus of MutS is required for tetramer assembly because a previously described 53-amino acid carboxyl-terminal truncation (MutS800) forms a limiting species of a dimer (Obmolova, G., Ban, C., Hsieh, P., and Yang, W. (2000) Nature 407, 703–710; Lamers, M. H., Perrakis, A., Enzlin, J. H., Winterwerp, H. H., de Wind, N., and Sixma, T. K. (2000) Nature 407, 711–717). MutS800 binds a 20-base pair heteroduplex an order of magnitude more weakly than full-length MutS, and at saturating protein concentrations, the heteroduplex-bound mass observed with MutS800 is only half that observed with the full length protein, indicating that the subunit copy number of heteroduplex-bound MutS is twice that of MutS800. Analytical equilibrium ultracentrifugation using a fluorescein-tagged 20-base pair heteroduplex demonstrated that native MutS forms a tetramer on this single site-sized heteroduplex DNA. Equilibrium fluorescence experiments indicated that dimer-to-tetramer assembly promotes mismatch binding by MutS and that the tetramer can bind only a single heteroduplex molecule, implying nonequivalence of the two dimers within the tetramer. Compared with native MutS, the ability of MutS800 to promote MutL-dependent activation of MutH is substantially reduced.
Dr. Seuss and Dr. Stinchcombe: A Reply to the Commentaries

Taken as a group, the three commentaries reveal many of the difficult challenges, as well as opportunities, that confront social scientists exploring issues of temporality. Although the three authors take quite different stances, each highlights important issues for further work sensitive to historical process. Here I begin with Amy Bridges's more critical commentary before turning to the responses of Jervis and Thelen.
Quality value relationships for imperfect weather forecasts in a prototype multistage decision-making model

Some theoretical results concerning the nature of the relationship between the scientific quality and economic value of imperfect weather forecasts are obtained. A prototype multistage decision-making model is considered, involving only two possible actions and two possible states of weather. This particular form of model is motivated by a real-world application known as the fruit-frost problem. For an infinite-horizon, discounted version of this model it is shown that economic value remains zero below a forecast quality threshold and then rises monotonically but nonlinearly above this threshold. In particular, the relative sensitivity of economic value to changes in the quality of forecasts increases as perfect information is approached. This curve is compared with quality/value relationships that have been obtained for other versions of the model; namely, a single-stage model and a multistage, finite-horizon model.
War-weariness and Cumulative Effects: Victors, Vanquished, and Subsequent Interstate Intervention

It is often assumed that policymakers and populations grow weary from war. The costs associated with the use of military force are thought to become readily apparent in the wake of devastating conflicts, and support for military forays is expected to erode as a result. Although the notion is compelling, to date, empirical studies of war-weariness have yielded mixed results. This article re-examines war-weariness theory. It focuses upon a recent, but largely neglected, refinement in the theory as well as insights gleaned from the foreign-policy learning literature. The theory is recast with emphasis placed on the collective weight of consecutive war wins and consecutive war losses. War-weariness is postulated to follow a series of war defeats. A series of victories is assumed to produce the opposite effect. Bolstered by past success, decisionmakers in states that have a run of war wins should use military force more frequently. To test the article's hypotheses, time series, cross-section negative binomial and OLS regressions of 66 states for the period 1946-96 are employed. Interstate military intervention is the type of force analyzed. Intervention initiations are found to not only increase as states win successive wars, they also increase as war losses mount. This U-shaped relationship holds for large-scale interventions as well. Although these results provide little empirical support for a cumulative approach to war-weariness, they do suggest that a state's war record affects decisions to intervene militarily. In the realm of low-scale military force, the weight of the past does affect policymakers and is important for understanding contemporary policy.
In Vitro Model of Colonization Resistance by the Enteric Microbiota: Effects of Antimicrobial Agents Used in Food-Producing Animals

A bioassay was developed to measure the minimum concentration of an antimicrobial drug that disrupts the colonization resistance mediated by model human intestinal microbiota against Salmonella invasion of Caco-2 intestinal cells. The bioassay was used to measure the minimum disruptive concentrations (MDCs) of drugs used in animal agriculture. The MDCs varied from 0.125 μg/ml for some broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs (e.g., streptomycin) to 16 μg/ml for drugs with limited spectra of antimicrobial activity (e.g., lincomycin). The acceptable daily intake (ADI) residue concentration calculated on the basis of the MDCs were higher for erythromycin, lincomycin, and tylosin than the ADI residue concentrations calculated on the basis of the MICs. The MDC-based ADI values for apramycin, bacitracin, neomycin, novobiocin, penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin were lower than the reported MIC-based ADI values. The effects of antimicrobial drugs at their MDCs on the bacterial composition of the microbiota were observed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA sequences amplified by PCR. Changes in the population composition of the model colonization resistance microbiota occurred simultaneously with reduced colonization resistance. The results of this study suggest that direct assessment of the effects of antimicrobial drugs on colonization resistance in an in vitro model can be useful in determining ADI values.
Weiterentwicklung des Spiralwindsichters (Wirbelsichters)

Aus dem bei der Badischen Anilin-& Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen, entwickelten Spiralwindsichter entstand durch die Einfuhrung rotierender Sichtraumwande, einer sich automatisch der Trenngrenze anpassenden Grobgutspulung und nach sorgfaltiger konstruktiver Durcharbeitung eine betriebsreife Maschine. Bei dieser Entwicklung wurden neue Erkenntnisse uber die Definition der Korngrose und das Ansatzverhalten von Feinstauben gewonnen. Die vermutliche Weiterentwicklung wird abschliesend skizziert.
Navigating the Road Between Uniformity and Progress: The Need for a Purposive Analysis of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

A ground swell of federal cases interpreting the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is producing some significant doctrinal changes in the United States' Hague Convention jurisprudence. Many of these cases involve a domestic violence victim who flees transnationally with her children to escape her abuser. The Convention was not drafted with this fact pattern in mind, and often works unjustly in these cases. In some recent decisions, courts have adopted novel legal interpretations in an effort to avoid applying the Convention to these abductors. The courts issuing these opinions walk a fine line between creating just solutions to difficult recurring fact patterns and undermining the uniformity that the Convention was supposed to foster. Two recent opinions by the Second Circuit suggest that courts are not always managing this tension between uniformity and progress in a way that strengthens the Convention. The article focuses on two recent cases before the Second Circuit and explains that although the Second Circuit reached the correct substantive outcome in both cases, the Second Circuit also made some critical mistakes of form in its analysis. In particular, in neither case did the Second Circuit acknowledge the weight of contrary authority, work within the existing doctrinal structure, or justify its departure with a purposive analysis. The Article proposes a particular framework of analysis for courts in order to provide greater legitimacy for novel results.
Environment: Marine Mammal Protection

This chapter provides introduction to approaches to marine mammal protection, a brief history of global whaling, current ethical issues surrounding whaling, and a primer on evaluating moral arguments.
Perspectives on Transdermal Electroporation

Transdermal drug delivery offers several advantages, including avoidance of erratic absorption, absence of gastric irritation, painlessness, noninvasiveness, as well as improvement in patient compliance. With this mode of drug administration, there is no pre-systemic metabolism and it is possible to increase drug bioavailability and half-life. However, only a few molecules can be delivered across the skin in therapeutic quantities. This is because of the hindrance provided by the stratum corneum. Several techniques have been developed and used over the last few decades for transdermal drug delivery enhancement. These include sonophoresis, iontophoresis, microneedles, and electroporation. Electroporation, which refers to the temporary perturbation of the skin following the application of high voltage electric pulses, has been used to increase transcutaneous flux values by several research groups. In this review, transdermal electroporation is discussed and the use of the technique for percutaneous transport of low and high molecular weight compounds described. This review also examines our current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of electroporation and safety concerns arising from the use of this transdermal drug delivery technique. Safety considerations are especially important because electroporation utilizes high voltage pulses which may have deleterious effects in some cases.
Prolactin stimulates sodium and chloride ion channels in A6 renal epithelial cells

Many hormonal pathways contribute to the regulation of renal epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function, a key process for maintaining blood volume and controlling blood pressure. In the present stu...
Sustainable Supply Chain Management and the End User: Understanding the Impact of Socially and Environmentally Responsible Firm Behaviors on Consumers' Brand Evaluations and Purchase Intentions

Past research considering environmentally and socially sustainable supply chain management practices has demonstrated that focusing solely on upstream activities of the supply chain is no longer sufficient, warranting considerations of consumer perceptions of firm behaviors within the supply chain. This article addresses this directly, offering empirical evidence indicating that sustainable supply chain management practices result in more favorable consumer brand evaluations and increased purchase intentions. This effect is operationalized through consumers' self-brand connections and cognitive dissonance such that sustainable supply chain management simultaneously increases connections between individuals and the brand but decreases the psychological discomfort associated with cognitive dissonance.
Asymmetric Electrode Configuration for Enhanced Membrane Capacitive Deionization

Long-term performance of capacitive deionization (CDI) and membrane-assisted capacitive deionization (MCDI) single cells equipped with the same pristine carbon xerogel (CX) electrodes configured as the anode and cathode was investigated. Unlike CDI, which was subject to performance degradation in a short period of time, MCDI showed performance preservation during the 50 h of operation due to its ability to mitigate charge leakage from parasitic electrochemical reactions that result in carbon oxidation. Differential capacitance measurements of the used CDI and MCDI electrodes revealed shifting of the potential of zero charge (EPZC) of the CDI anode from −0.1 to 0.4 V but only to 0.1 V for the MCDI anode. CDI and MCDI cells tested with electrodes having EPZCs at −0.1 and 0.5 V showed strongly contrasting results depending on the anode–cathode EPZC configuration. The MCDI cell configured with a 0.5 V EPZC cathode and −0.1 V EPZC anode displayed the best performance of all the tested cells, benefiting from in...
Collections of Prospaltella perniciosi Tower (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on San Jose Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Pheromone Traps

The aphelinid endoparasite Prospaltella perniciosi Tower was collected on sticky traps baited with synthetic pheromones and virgin females of the San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock). Right of overwintered parasites in central California correspond closely with spring flights of male scale and maturity of female scale. Subsequent flights of Prospaltella are not as closely synchronized with mature scale populations, and show a general decline through the remainder of each season. If the parasites are using the sex pheromones produced by mature female scales in host-finding behavior, this asynchrony of summer populations could help explain the decline of parasite populations.
Analysis of disinfection quality monitoring data of medical institutions in Maanshan city,2008-2012

Objective To monitor the disinfection effect of medical and health institutions at different levels in Maanshan city,identify the existing problems in disinfection,and provide a theoretical basis for disinfection management.Methods A total of 36 medical and health institutions were collected and surfaces,hands of medical works,sterile stuff,disinfectants in use,indoor air,special equipment,dialysis fluid were examined.Sampling and detection was carried out according to relative health standard of hospital disinfection and sterilization items.Results A total of 1001 samples were monitored and 893 were qualified,the average qualified rate was 89.21%.Qualified rate of disinfection for five consecutive years ranged from 74.19% to 97.60%,and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=95.76,P0.01).The qualified rate of indoor air,hands of medical workers,surfaces,specialist equipment,disinfectants in use,sterile stuff and dialysis fluid were 96.67%,87.30%,79.38%,71.79%,85.71%,99.26% and 93.18%.There was a significant difference on disinfection quality of medical and health institutions at different levels(χ2=21.04,P0.01),the qualified rate of city and county hospitals,factories hospitals,private hospitals and blood bank were 83.29%,95.06%,91.14%,82.14%.Conclusion Medical institutions disinfection quality in Maanshan city was better,but the disinfection effect of special equipment seemed to be worse.Disinfection management should be strengthened.
Understanding vocabulary use by Native American students and the relationship with special education

AbstractThe Pueblo People of the Southwest face numerous challenges with reference to language issues. A substantial number of Native American students are placed into special education possibly due to different linguistic abilities. The over-identification of Native American students for special education programs may be due to the lack of knowledge as a product of a limited research base on linguistic differences in the English spoken by Native populations. This study examined one aspect of language, oral vocabulary, spoken by Tewa Pueblo children. The goal of this study was to determine whether there were similar patterns in the use of oral language among the Tewa children. The methodology utilized was qualitative narrative analyses based upon interviews, transcriptions, observations, and field notes. The results revealed that all of the participants used a noticeable amount of non-specific vocabulary and required probing to produce specific vocabulary. The implications indicate the need for more resea...
Morphology, taxonomy, and classification of the order Eurypterida, Burmeister, 1843

Standards have been empirically developed to describe various morphological characters of eurypterids. The standards pertain to the following characters: 1) shape of the prosoma; 2) shape of the metastoma; 3) shape of the eyes; 4) position of the eyes; 5) types of prosomal appendages; 6) types of swimming leg paddles; 7) structure of the doublure; 8) differentiation of the opisthosoma; 9) structure of the genital appendages; 10) shape of the telson; and 11) types of ornamentation.For the first time, a uniform, standardized taxonomy is proposed for classification and identification of most genera. The taxonomy is based on the observation that most higher taxonomic levels for arthropods are based on the structure and arrangement of the appendages. Details of the taxonomy rely on the morphological standards proposed here.The order Eurypterida Burmeister, 1843, is here defined by the presence of only six pairs of prosomal appendages, the first pair being the chelicera, the next five pairs being the gnathobasic, uniramus legs. Suborders are characterized by the gross morphology of the chelicera. Superfamilies and families are characterized by the use of a single character complex, specifically the structure and arrangement of the second through sixth pairs of prosomal appendages. Genera are recognized by more specific standards.A new classification of the order Eurypterida is proposed. Three new superfamilies, Kokomopteroidea, Megalograptoidea, and Brachyopterelloidea, and five new families, Brachyopterellidae, Adelophthalmidae, Lanarkopteridae, Erieopteridae, and Hardieopteridae, are proposed.
Nerve and Free Gracilis Muscle Transfers for Thumb and Finger Extension Reconstruction in Long-standing Tetraplegia.

Purpose With spinal cord injuries, muscles below the level of the lesion remain innervated despite the absence of volitional control. This persistent innervation protects against denervation atrophy and may allow for nerve transfers to treat long-standing lesions within the spinal cord. We tested the hypothesis that in chronic spinal cord lesions, muscles remained viable for reinnervation. Methods To test this hypothesis, we operated on 7 patients with tetraplegia to reconstruct thumb and finger extension after a mean interval of 5 years since injury. During surgery, if electrical stimulation of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) produced muscle contraction, the nerve to the supinator (NS) was transferred to the PIN. If no contractions were demonstrated, the muscles of the extensor compartment of the forearm were replaced via a free gracilis transfer with innervation supplied by the NS. Results After an average of 26 months, M3 recovery of thumb and finger extension was observed in the 3 upper limbs from the 2 youngest patients who underwent a nerve transfer. None of the free gracilis-treated patients achieved scores above M2. Conclusions In our youngest patients aged 27 and 34 years, who were operated on 6 years after spinal cord injury, transfer of the NS to the PIN partially restored hand span. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic V.
Low-Grade Inflammation and Ambulatory Cortisol in Adolescents: Interaction Between Interviewer-Rated Versus Self-Rated Acute Stress and Chronic Stress.

Objective To determine whether the association between self-rated or interviewer-rated recent acute stress exposures and low-grade inflammation and daily cortisol production in adolescents is moderated by chronic stress ratings. Methods Acute and chronic stress exposures were assessed in 261 adolescents aged 13 to 16 years using a semistructured life stress interview. The negative impact of acute stressors was independently rated by both adolescents (self-rated) and interviewers (interviewer-rated). Markers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ra, C-reactive protein) were measured from peripheral blood samples obtained via antecubital venipuncture. Participants collected 4 saliva samples at home on each of 6 consecutive days for the analysis of diurnal salivary cortisol profiles. Results There were no main effects of acute stressors (self- and interviewer-rated) and chronic family or peer stress on adolescent inflammation markers and cortisol (p values > .10). However, the interaction between interviewer-rated acute stress and chronic family stress was significantly associated with adolescent inflammation markers (IL-6, IL-1ra). Specifically, as chronic family stress increased, the association between acute stressor impact (interviewer-rated) and inflammation markers became more positive (IL-6 (B = .054, SE = .023, p = .022); IL-1ra (B = .030, SE = .014, p = .034)). Interactions between self-rated acute stress and chronic family stress were not associated with any biological measures (p values > .10). Interactions between acute stressor impact (both self- and interviewer-rated) and chronic peer stress were also not significantly associated with any biological measures (p values > .05). Conclusions Among adolescents, interviewer-based ratings of acute stressor impact may allow for better prediction of health-relevant inflammation markers than adolescents' own ratings.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin; ACTH) is a 39-amino-acid peptide hormone produced by cells of the anterior pituitary gland and carried by the peripheral circulation to its effector organ, the adrenal cortex, where it stimulates the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids and, to a more modest extent, mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens. ACTH is secreted in response to corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. The actions of CRH on ACTH release are augmented by another hypothalamic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and are also modulated by several other stimulatory and inhibitory factors, including acetylcholine, catecholamines, and immune factors.
Enhanced interplanetary panspermia in the TRAPPIST-1 system

We present a simple model for estimating the probability of interplanetary panspermia in the recently discovered system of seven planets orbiting the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 and find that panspermia is potentially orders of magnitude more likely to occur in the TRAPPIST-1 system compared with the Earth-to-Mars case. As a consequence, we argue that the probability of abiogenesis is enhanced on the TRAPPIST-1 planets compared with the solar system. By adopting models from theoretical ecology, we show that the number of species transferred and the number of life-bearing planets are also likely to be higher because of the increased rates of immigration. We propose observational metrics for evaluating whether life was initiated by panspermia on multiple planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system. These results are also applicable to habitable exoplanets and exomoons in other planetary systems.
Translating expertise: The librarian’s role in translational research: by Marisa L. Conte, ed., Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, 280pp., $90.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1-4422-6267-6

The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) is funding provided from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science through the National Institutes of Health. Their mission is “Acc...
Democratising Beauty in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Art and the Politics of Public Life

Could the self-interested pursuit of beauty actually help to establish the moral and political norms that enable democratic society to flourish? In this book, Lucy Hartley identifies a new language for speaking about beauty, which begins to be articulated from the 1830s in a climate of political reform and becomes linked to emerging ideals of equality, liberty, and individuality. Examining British art and art writing by Charles Lock Eastlake, John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Edward Poynter, William Morris, and John Addington Symonds, Hartley traces a debate about what it means to be interested in beauty and whether this preoccupation is necessary to public political life. Drawing together political history, art history, and theories of society, and supplemented by numerous illustrations, Democratising Beauty in Nineteenth-Century Britain offers a fresh interdisciplinary understanding of the relation of art to its publics.
Activating mutations in quorum-sensing regulator Rgg2 and its conformational flexibility in the absence of an intermolecular disulfide bond.

Rap/Rgg/NprR/PlcR/PrgX (RRNPP) quorum-sensing systems use extracellular peptide pheromones that are detected by cytoplasmic receptors to regulate gene expression in firmicute bacteria. Rgg-type receptors are allosterically regulated through direct pheromone binding to control transcriptional activity; however, the receptor activation mechanism remains poorly understood. Previous work has identified a disulfide bond between Cys-45 residues within the homodimer interface of Rgg2 from Streptococcus dysgalactiae (Rgg2Sd). Here, we compared two Rgg2Sd(C45S) X-ray crystal structures with that of wild-type Rgg2Sd and found that in the absence of the intermolecular disulfide, the Rgg2Sd dimer interface is destabilized and Rgg2Sd can adopt multiple conformations. One conformation closely resembled the "disulfide-locked" Rgg2Sd secondary and tertiary structures, but another displayed more extensive rigid-body shifts as well as dramatic secondary structure changes. In parallel experiments, a genetic screen was used to identify mutations in rgg2 of Streptococcus pyogenes (rgg2Sp ) that conferred pheromone-independent transcriptional activation of an Rgg2-stimulated promoter. Eight mutations yielding constitutive Rgg2 activity, designated Rgg2Sp*, were identified, and five of them clustered in or near an Rgg2 region that underwent conformational changes in one of the Rgg2Sd(C45S) crystal structures. The Rgg2Sp* mutations increased Rgg2Sp sensitivity to pheromone and pheromone variants while displaying decreased sensitivity to the Rgg2 antagonist cyclosporine A. We propose that Rgg2Sp* mutations invoke shifts in free-energy bias to favor the active state of the protein. Finally, we present evidence for an electrostatic interaction between an N-terminal Asp of the pheromone and Arg-153 within the proposed pheromone-binding pocket of Rgg2Sp.
Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Role of Probiotics in Diarrheal Diseases: Host–Microbe Interactions

Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to hosts. Advances in our understanding of the gut microbiome have spurred the use of probiotics for the treatment of a wide variety of gastrointestinal pathological conditions. Of these conditions, probiotic treatment in diarrheal diseases has shown particular promise. Multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies over the past decade have shown probiotics to significantly attenuate the effects of both acute and chronic diarrheal phenotypes. Only recently, studies have begun to unravel the mechanisms by which probiotics increase electrolyte and nutrient absorption, decrease secretion and counteract diarrheal diseases associated with infection and inflammation. However, the lack of a detailed mechanistic understanding of their beneficial effects in gut limits the development of probiotics-based novel therapeutics. This review provides an overview of the evidence-based analysis of the effects of probiotics, including a detailed description of the knowledge of mechanisms by which probiotics show benefits in diarrheal diseases.
Admissible Spectral Extensions

An interesting problem in the study of autocorrelation functions and their associated power spectral densities is that of estimating the spectrum from a finite extent of its autocorrelation function. Known as the trigonometric moment problem in the discrete case, it has been the subject of extensive study for a long time [7–8, 14, 35–36]. In view of the considerable mathematical interest as well as the practical significance of the moment problem in interpolation theory, system identification, power gain approximation theory and rational approximation of nonrational systems, it is best to review this problem in some detail. Towards this, consider a discrete-time zero mean wide-sense stationary stochastic process x(nT) with autocorrelation function \( \{ {{r}_{k}}\} _{k}^{\infty } = - \infty \) as in (2.29). Its power spectral density function S(θ) is given by (2.34) and assume that the process has finite power and satisfies the causality criterion in (2.47). Thus $$ S(\theta ) = \sum\limits_{{k = - \infty }}^{\infty } {{{r}_{k}}{{e}^{{jk\theta }}}} $$ (3.1) $$ \frac{1}{{2\pi }}\int_{{ - \pi }}^{\pi } {S(\theta )d\theta = {{r}_{0}} < } \infty $$ (3.2) and $$ \frac{1}{{2\pi }}\int_{{ - \pi }}^{\pi } {ln S(\theta )\,d\theta \, > - } \,\infty . $$ (3.3) .
“It's not actually that horrible”: Exploring Adoption of Two-Factor Authentication at a University

Despite the additional protection it affords, two-factor authentication (2FA) adoption reportedly remains low. To better understand 2FA adoption and its barriers, we observed the deployment of a 2FA system at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). We explore user behaviors and opinions around adoption, surrounding a mandatory adoption deadline. Our results show that (a) 2FA adopters found it annoying, but fairly easy to use, and believed it made their accounts more secure; (b) experience with CMU Duo often led to positive perceptions, sometimes translating into 2FA adoption for other accounts; and, (c) the differences between users required to adopt 2FA and those who adopted voluntarily are smaller than expected. We also explore the relationship between different usage patterns and perceived usability, and identify user misconceptions, insecure practices, and design issues. We conclude with recommendations for large-scale 2FA deployments to maximize adoption, focusing on implementation design, use of adoption mandates, and strategic messaging.
Clinical and Epidemiologic Profiles for Identifying Norovirus in Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak Investigations

Background Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks in the United States. However, outbreaks attributed to norovirus often lack confirmation by diagnostic testing. Clinical and epidemiologic profiles, such as the Kaplan criteria (vomiting in >50% cases, mean incubation period of 24-48 hours, mean duration of illness for 12-60 hours, and negative bacterial stool culture), have been used to distinguish norovirus outbreaks from those caused by bacteria. Methods Kaplan criteria were evaluated among 10 023 outbreaks reported to the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS) during 2009-2012. An alternate profile for distinguishing norovirus outbreaks from outbreaks caused by nonviral etiologies was identified using classification and regression tree (CART) modeling. Performance of the Kaplan criteria and alternate profile were compared among laboratory-confirmed outbreaks. Results The Kaplan criteria were 63.9% sensitive and 100% specific in discriminating norovirus from nonviral outbreaks, but only 3.3% of norovirus and 1.2% of nonviral outbreaks reported all criteria. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics identified with CART modeling (ratio of proportion of cases with fever to the proportion of cases with vomiting <1, proportion of cases with bloody stool <0.1, proportion of cases with vomiting ≥0.26) were 85.7% sensitive and 92.4% specific for distinguishing norovirus from nonviral outbreaks and were applicable to more than 8 times as many outbreaks compared with the Kaplan criteria. Conclusions Compared with the Kaplan criteria, the CART-derived profile had higher sensitivity and broader application in reported AGE outbreaks. Thus, this alternate profile may provide a more useful tool for identifying norovirus during outbreak investigations.
Stimulus-coupled 3H-serotonin release from identified neurosecretory fibers in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus.

Abstract The stimulus-induced release of 3H-serotonin from pericardial nerve plexuses of the spiny lobster was studied in vitro . When incubated in radiolabeled tryptophan, these tissues synthesize and store considerable quantities of 3H-serotonin. 3H-serotonin is selectively released upon stimulation of the motor-ligamental nerve. The release is calcium-dependent and stimulus-coupled to a group of identified nerve processes exhibiting conduction velocities in the range of 0.8−1.0 m/sec. Stimulation of a single plexus at 30 Hz for 15 sec induces the release of 10 or more picomoles of 3H-serotonin, supporting the notion that serotonin serves a hormonal role in the Crustacea.