cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of gene expression while taking into account RNA alternative splicing.

Abstract Gene expression has been widely used in functional genomics research; however, the gene expressions quantified with different methods have been frequently inconsistent, thus challenging the conclusions from such research. Here we have addressed this issue, while taking into account RNA alternative splicing. We found that when a gene was subjected to RNA alternative splicing, it was impossible or difficult to properly quantify the expression of a transcript of the gene or its overall expression using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Northern hybridization, microarray, or serial analysis of gene expression. Shot-gun RNA-seq was the most proper to quantify the expression of a transcript or a gene in such cases. Moreover, the expressions of individual transcripts quantified by shot-gun RNA-seq were highly reproducible (r = 0.90–0.98) between individuals. Therefore, shot-gun or full-length RNA-seq should be the method of choice to properly quantify the expression of a transcript or a gene.
Optimization of culture medium extends response time of embryogenic carrot cells but does not restore initial high response of young cultures

The greatest number of embryos was obtained using young carrot callus cultured on Gamborg's B-5 medium containing 1 g l-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 -10 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The largest increase in embryogenesis for old cultures also was obtained using Gamborg's B-5 medium supplemented with 1 g l-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 -10 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; however, no combination of factors for the older culture restored the initial vigorous morphogenetic response seen in young cultures.
Masculine Gender-Role Congruence among Sexual Minority Men

Sexual minority men’s sexual identity may be vulnerable to feelings of masculine gender-role incongruence within heteronormative dominant cultural contexts. This study explored associations between...
Quantum-cryptographic entangling probe

For a general entangling probe attacking the Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol in quantum key distribution, I calculate three classes of optimized unitary transformations, all yielding the same maximum information to the probe. The simplest one corresponds to a probe having a two-dimensional Hilbert space of states, and is uniquely determined by the error rate induced by the probe in the legitimate receiver. The second class corresponds to a probe having a four-dimensional Hilbert space of states, and is determined by the error rate and two continuous angle parameters which are mutually constrained by the error rate. The third class corresponds to a probe having a four-dimensional Hilbert space, and is determined by the error rate and two continuous angle parameters, one of which is constrained by the error rate. Furthermore, I show that the simplest quantum circuit representing the optimal entangling probe consists of a single controlled-NOT gate in which the control qubit consists of two polarization-basis states of the signal, the target qubit consists of two probe-basis states, and the initial state of the probe is set by the error rate. A method is determined for measuring the appropriate correlated state of the probe. Finally, a possible implementation of the entangling probe is described.
Collateral Values: The Natural Capital Created by Landscapes of War.

Warfare and related military activities have intensive, long-term, negative impacts on the environment. But sites of past human conflict also present potential opportunities for conservation and restoration. We provide an approach to valuing military landscapes based on the ecosystem services that they provide. These services are often underappreciated because the benefits gained from the functioning of the ecosystems are not the primary reason for the protection of the sites. We describe these services as collateral values, drawing on the military concept of collateral damages. In this book, we provide examples from across the globe, reflecting conflicts stretching over hundreds of years. Landscapes considered include military battlefields, demilitarized borderlands, and potential peace parks. Specific conflicts include the American Revolutionary and Civil Wars, the Great European Wars, and recent engagements in Cuba, Afghanistan, and the Korean Peninsula. Examples are set within the conceptual framework of warfare ecology with a focus on post-war activities. They address conservation issues including land preservation, protection of biodiversity and water resources, and sustainable tourism. Where possible and appropriate, lessons learned from historical landscape trajectories are discussed in the context of their potential application to the future management of ecosystems still engaged in conflict. We suggest that the increased recognition of the multiple values of these unique landscapes should lead to their increased protection and careful management to preserve and promote the diverse services that they provide.
Cycloplegic refractions in a cohort with ABCA4-related retinopathy.

To the Editor:ABCA4 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 4) encodes a protein localized to photoreceptor outer segment disk margins that transports vitamin A derivatives necessary for the vis...
Five thermal energy grand challenges for decarbonization

Roughly 90% of the world’s energy use today involves generation or manipulation of heat over a wide range of temperatures. Here, we note five key applications of research in thermal energy that could help make significant progress towards mitigating climate change at the necessary scale and urgency.
Tracking the tail

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have deeply changed the therapeutic landscape of advanced non-small cell lung cancer without actionable genomic alterations. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors have become standard front-line therapy, especially among patients with tumours expressing high levels of programmed death ligand-1; yet, many patients do not respond to therapy. This has led to the adoption of front-line combination therapies, administering programmed death-1 inhibitors concomitantly either with other checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy or both. Today's approved standard of care includes options with chemoimmunotherapy or dual checkpoint blockade, but each combination has only been compared to chemotherapy alone and no head-to-head trials exist. In cross-trial comparisons, combinations trials appear to show numerically superior responses to single-agent checkpoint inhibitors but the question is whether they ultimately offer a survival advantage. In this manuscript, we summarize and analyse all currently available front-line immune-checkpoint inhibitor trials in non-small cell lung cancer, whether as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, second immunotherapy agents or both. Should standards of care change given the current data? While we ponder this question, we illustrate current data and conclude that the answer lies in tracking the tail of the survival curves.
Impact of Nodule Density in Women With Sublobar Resection for Stage IA Adenocarcinoma.

Background This study sought to examine the impact of nodule density on recurrence and survival in female patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated by lobectomy or sublobar resection. Methods In this retrospective study of female patients who underwent surgical resection for pathologic stage IA adenocarcinoma, patients with preoperative imaging were included for analysis if the consolidation-to-tumor ratio was 0.5 (solid-predominant ground-glass opacity [GGO]) to 1.0 (solid). Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to estimate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Risk estimates were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results For all 357 patients sublobar resection demonstrated worse 5-year DFS compared with lobectomy (76.4% vs 67.9%, P = .05). Multivariable modeling showed worse DFS with sublobar resection (hazard ratio, 1.55; P = .06) and tumors ≥ 2 cm (hazard ratio, 2.32; P = .05). On radiologic evaluation the solid-predominant GGO group (n = 81) demonstrated a smaller solid component compared with the solid nodule group (n = 163; 1.49 cm vs. 1.84 cm, respectively; P Conclusions In this report of female patients with stage IA adenocarcinoma, sublobar resection was associated with worse DFS compared with lobectomy in whole-group analysis. However patients with solid-predominant GGOs demonstrated improved 5-year OS and DFS compared with patients with solid nodules with equivalent outcomes regardless of resection type.
Serializing accumulation: Resident Evil and the synchronization of Hollywood cinema and Japanese television:

How does the tendency toward series reboots, sequels, and remakes in contemporary Hollywood intersect with television’s capacity for serialization? How does the logic of promotion in transmedia ent...
How do team workloads and team staffing affect the audit? Archival evidence from U.S. audits

Abstract We use U.S. data from a global accounting firm to investigate how two key elements of audit teams –workloads and staffing continuity – affect the audit. We find that heavier team workloads are associated with lower audit quality, particularly when team members have lower performance ratings or have total workloads that exceed 60 h per week. In addition to finding evidence of employee burnout, we also document an incremental distraction effect. Specifically, we find that audit quality on the primary client suffers when team members spend more time during busy season on other concurrent clients. Regarding continuity, we find that greater year-over-year team staffing continuity is associated with improved audit quality, efficiency, and profitability. These effects are strongest when returning team members are highly rated or work in smaller audit offices. Finally, the effects of workload and continuity on audit quality at the team level are driven by audit seniors and audit staff, suggesting that offices should be particularly careful as they develop schedules for junior auditors. Overall, our study provides important new evidence about audit teams as called for by academics and regulators.
Spectroscopic characterization of neptunium(VI), plutonium(VI), americium(VI) and neptunium(V) encapsulated in uranyl nitrate hexahydrate.

The coordination of crystalline products resulting from the co-crystallization of Np(VI), Pu(VI), Am(VI), and Np(V) with uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UNH) has been revealed through solid-state spectroscopic characterization via diffuse reflectance UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Density functional and multireference wavefunction calculations were performed to analyze the An(VI/V)O2(NO3)2·2H2O electronic structures and to help assign the observed transitions in the absorption spectra. EXAFS show a similar coordination between the U(VI) in UNH and Np(VI) and Pu(VI); while Am resulted in a similar coordination to Am(III), as reduction of Am(VI) occurred prior to EXAFS data being obtained. The co-crystallization of the oxidized transuranic species—penta- and hexavalent—with UNH, represents a significant advance from not only a practical standpoint in providing an elegant solution for used nuclear fuel recycle, but also as an avenue to expand the fundamental understanding of the 5f electronic behavior in the solid-state.
Validity of the SF‐36 Five‐Item Mental Health Index for Major Depression in Functionally Impaired, Community‐Dwelling Elderly Patients

Objectives: To examine criterion and construct validity of the five-item Mental Health Index (MHI-5) of the 36-item Short Form health survey (SF-36) in relation to the presence of major depression in functionally impaired, community-dwelling elderly patients and of eight subsamples defined by cognitive functioning, levels of functional impairment, and proxy report versus self-report. Design: Cross-sectional observational. Setting: Nineteen counties in western New York, West Virginia, and Ohio. Participants: One thousand four hundred forty-four functionally impaired, community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older who participated in the Medicare Primary and Consumer-Directed Care Demonstration. Measurements: MHI-5, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Major Depressive Episode (MINI-MDE) module. Results: The MHI-5 demonstrated sufficient criterion validity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.837; sensitivity=78.7% and specificity=72.1% using a cutpoint of 59/60) with respect to the presence of depression for the entire sample. A significant correlation between MHI-5 scores and presence of major depression as identified using the MINI-MDE (Spearman correlation=−0.426, P<.001), a strong correlation between the MHI-5 and the SF-36 role emotional scale (Spearman correlation=0.522) and a weak correlation with the SF-36 physical functioning scale (Spearman correlation=0.133) provided evidence for construct validity. Additional evidence is provided by decline in mean MHI-5 score as level of formal education and number of close friends and relatives decreased. All eight subsamples demonstrated similar criterion and construct validity. A Cronbach alpha of 0.794 demonstrated internal consistency reliability. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for adequate criterion and construct validity of the MHI-5 in relation to the presence of major depression among functionally impaired, community-dwelling elderly Medicare patients.
Use of recombinant baculoviruses in synthesis of morphologically distinct viruslike particles of flock house virus, a nodavirus.

Abstract Flock house virus (FHV) is a small icosahedral insect virus of the family Nodaviridae. Its genome consists of two messenger-sense RNA molecules, both of which are encapsidated in the same particle. RNA1 (3.1 kb) encodes proteins required for viral RNA replication; RNA2 (1.4 kb) encodes protein alpha (43 kDa), the precursor of the coat protein. When Spodoptera frugiperda cells were infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing a cDNA copy of RNA2, coat protein alpha assembled into viruslike precursor particles (provirions) that matured normally by autocatalytic cleavage of protein alpha into polypeptide chains beta (38 kDa) and gamma (5 kDa). The particles were morphologically indistinguishable from authentic FHV and contained RNA derived from the coat protein message. These results showed that RNA1 was required neither for virion assembly nor for maturation of provirions. Expression of mutants in which Asn-363 at the beta-gamma cleavage site of protein alpha was replaced by either aspartate, threonine, or alanine resulted in assembly of particles that were cleavage defective. For two of the mutants, unusual structural features were observed after preparation for electron microscopy. Particles containing Asp at position 363 were labile and showed a strong tendency to break into half-shells. Particles in which Asn-363 was replaced by Ala displayed a distinct hole in an otherwise complete shell. The third mutant, containing Thr at position 363, was indistinguishable in morphology from authentic FHV.
Simultaneous Measurements of Vowels Produced by a Hearing-Impaired Speaker

Perceptual judgments, acoustic measurements and electromyographic (EMG) records were obtained for one deaf speaker producing the vowels [i, I, ae, a, u, u] in an [hVd] frame. Overall listener judgments were consistent with spectral measurements. In general, front vowels were perceived as more similar to targets than back vowels, and high vowels were perceived correctly more often than low vowels. Experienced and inexperienced listeners were found to differ significantly in their categorization of the point vowels [i, ae, a, and u] but not for [I and u] . The vowel space, as determined by the formant frequency measures, was reduced with respect to normal values particularly in the region appropriate to high back vowels. However, EMG records of genioglossus and orbicularis oris do not entirely account for the perceptual and acoustic data. In particular, genioglossus activity is relatively undifferentiated across all vowels when compared to data from normals. The results of this study generally support the wid...
Using targeted design interventions to encourage extra-role crowdsourcing behavior

Crowdsourcing has seen a substantial increase in interest from researchers and practitioners in recent years. Being a new form of work facilitated by information technology, the rise of crowdsourcing calls for the development of new theoretical insights. Our focus in this article is on extra-role behavior-employees' voluntary activities, which are not part of their prescribed duties. Specifically, we explored how user interface design can help increase extra-role behavior among crowdsourcing workers. In a randomized experiment, we examined the joint effects of the presentation of a performance display to crowdsourcing workers and the personal attributes of these workers on the workers' likelihood to engage in extra-role behavior. The experimental setting included an image analysis task performed on an environmental monitoring website. We compared workers' behavior across the different experimental conditions and found that the interaction between the presence of a performance display and the workers' personality trait of curiosity has a significant impact on the likelihood of engaging in extra-role behavior. In particular, the presence of a performance display was associated with increased likelihood of extra-role behavior among low-curiosity workers, and no change in extra-role behavior was observed among high-curiosity users. Implications for design are discussed.
The Seattle Longitudinal Studies of Adult Intelligence

the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), the first testing of which served as my doctoral dissertation at the Uni versity of Washington in 1956 and of which the sixth cycle is currently in progress. This work has been done within the framework of Thurstone's conceptualization of psychometric intelligence. Results of our previous efforts have been widely dissemi nated in the psychological and ger ontological literature, in a compre hensive report through Wave 4 of the study1 and in various analyses of the data from Waves 5 and 6.2-4 Here I provide a brief overview.
Lot Splitting in Unbalanced Production Systems

This research investigates the impact of lot splitting in unbalanced production systems, under a variety of experimental conditions. Scheduling policies specifically designed for use in the presence of a long-term bottleneck, a condition frequently encountered in practice, are developed and tested. Results indicate that when steps are taken at nonbottleneck work centers to capitalize on capacity imbalances through increasing the number of setups and, hence, the variety of products produced, shop effectiveness is improved. The results also indicate that scheduling policies that tend to increase the size of the average process batch retard the overlapping of operations, which is critical to the success of the lot-splitting methodology in reducing flow time. Finally, it is shown that increasing capacity at nonbottleneck work centers along with implementation of effectiveness-oriented scheduling polices leads to improved shop performance.
A feedback linearizing control for direct-drive robots with switched reluctance motors

We address the control design problem of trajectory tracking for multiple link direct-drive robots using switched reluctance motors (SRMs) as joint actuators. The nonlinear model is composed of both a mechanical and an electrical subsystem accounting for link dynamics and actuator dynamics, respectively. The control inputs for the robot are the voltages applied to the SRMs and the joint torques are the coupling between the two subsystems. We design a state feedback control algorithm which compensates for the nonlinearities and decouples the link motions. Simulations for a two link robot are reported which indicate the performance of our control algorithm when the payload mass is uncertain.
Sources, Uses, and Adequacy of Marketing Information for Commercial Midwestern Cash Grain Farmers

The objective of this research is to better understand the use of marketing information by cash grain farmers. In particular, factors which influence farmers' perceptions of the "adequacy" of their marketing information supply are examined. Statistical analyses of a random sample of Ohio cash grain farmers were employed in these evaluations. Radio broadcasts and general farm magazines were the two marketing information sources most frequently cited as useful. Highly formalized and marketing specific sources such as marketing consultants, commercial advisory newsletters and computerized information sources were cited relatively infrequently. Radio and television broadcasts were more frequently cited as the ‘most useful’ source of marketing information by older farmers and operators of small farms than by their counterparts. Marketing professionals were cited as ‘most useful’ more frequently by operators of larger farms and operators with at least some college education. A multivariate logit analysis was used to examine the joint effect of operator, farm and information source characteristics on information adequacy evaluations. The probability of an "adequate" evaluation was positively influenced by total farm information expenditure, the use of time-diversified marketing of grain from storage facilities, and the use of marketing consultants, brokers or commercial advisory newsletters as the primary source of marketing information.
THE ROLE OF CYTOKINES AS INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS IN OSTEOARTHRITIS : LESSONS FROM ANIMAL MODELS

Studies in animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) have been used extensively to gain insight into the pathogenesis of O A, but early studies largely ignored inflammation except as a secondary phenomenon. Synovitis has often been noted as a feature in experimental OA, and more recent work has established a central role for inflammatory cytokines as biochemical signals which stimulate chondrocytes to release cartilage-degrading proteinases. Thus, proteinase inhibitors, cytokine antagonists and receptor blocking antibodies, and growth/differentiation factors have been considered as potential therapeutic agents and targets for gene therapy. Although there is some disagreement, it is generally accepted that IL-1 is the pivotal cytokine at early and late stages, while TNF-α is involved primarily in the onset of arthritis. Other cytokines released during the inflammatory process in the OA joint may be regulatory (IL-6, IL-8) or inhibitory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ). Furthermore, studies in animal models have illu...
On the shape of the coexistence curve and of the critical isotherm in a density-density plane

Abstract The problem, recently posed by Widom and Khosla, of providing a general classification of pairs of densities in the planes of which the coexistence curves and critical isotherms are tangent and of degree (1 − α )/ β is solved in the framework of a general transformation theory in thermodynamics. As a general rule we find that a canonical pair of densities is obtained by taking both densities conjugate to field variables in the same canonical expression of the fundamental equation. Moreover, the predicted tangency of the coexistence curve and critical isotherm is shown to be a particular case of a general geometrical property of the field-density transformation.
Spectral pattern recognition: the methodology

Spectral pattern recognition (SPR) methods are among the most powerful tools currently available for noninvasively examining the spectroscopic and other chemical data for environmental monitoring. Using spectral data, these systems have found a variety of applications in chemometric systems such as gas chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, etc. An advantage of SPR approaches is that they made no a priori assumption regarding the structure of the spectra. However, a majority of these systems rely on human judgement for parameter selection and classification.
An Efficient Preparation of trans, trans-β-Ionylideneacetaldehyde

Abstract β-Ionylideneacetaldehyde (1) is an important intermediate in the synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids.1 For our program of synthesis of biologically active retinoids we needed an efficient synthesis of trans, trans-1, both in terms of stereochemical purity and overall yield. Although numerous methods have been devised for the synthesis of 1 1, none of these fit our criteria.
Is the Stay-Green Trait in Sorghum a Result of Transpiration Sensitivity to Either Soil Drying or Vapor Pressure Deficit?

persistence of green leaves during seed fill, referred to as a stay-green trait, has been investigated in sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) as an approach to increasing yields under water-limited conditions. An hypothesis to explain the observation of stay green in some sorghum genotypes and not in others is that the genotypes expressing the trait employ mechanisms to increase availability of soil water during seed fill. In this study, the expression of two mechanisms resulting in soil water conservation to allow greater water availability during seed fill was explored among 12 sorghum genotypes. o is an earlier decrease in transpiration with soil drying so that the rate of soil water loss is decreased earlier in the soil drying cycle. The second mechanism is a limitation on transpiration rate at high vapor pressure deficit (V pD) so that soil water is conserved on days when midday V pD is high. Field studies were undertaken to identify seven genotypes that consistently expressed the stay-green trait and five genotypes that did not exhibit this trait. The range of the threshold for the decrease in transpiration rate with soil drying was similar among the two sets of genotypes. Similarly, the expression of the limited transpiration rate under high V
Handheld Radar Simulator: The future of RF testing

Due to budgetary and economic constraints, the Department of Defense (DOD) has taken the “neck down” approach to all areas of military procurement. Commonality has been the buzzword across all services from major aircraft and weapon systems down to the Support Equipment (SE) used to maintain those systems. In the aircraft world, the Joint Service Electronic Combat System Test Set (JSECST) has proliferated across the world replacing many older systems. In the weapons world, the Common Munitions BIT Reprogramming Equipment (CMBRE) has performed a similar function. Despite all these efforts, one area that has not been addressed is the need for a common portable Radio Frequency (RF) tester that would eliminate many redundant systems out in the field. However, that was only the first part; there was also a need for the RF portable tester to be able to perform in high Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) environments, which was considered a significant technical challenge. The unit also had to be reprogrammable to provide “threat of the day” testing scenarios. The maintainer in the field has never before been required to perform this “threat of the day” type of testing. This paper offers insight into the challenges of successful Navy and Marine Corp RF testing of aircraft in the high EMI environment of an aircraft carrier. The Handheld Radar Simulator (HRS) addresses those needs. This paper discusses the management and technical challenges in developing a common test solution that HRS offers as a standardized RF portable tester. Although currently under development and subject to change, the design and concept of operations has already been firmly established. This papers intent is to enlighten the test community of this new and exciting program that will shape the future direction of RF testing for years to come.
Structural and functional conservation between the high-affinity K+ transporters of Saccharomyces uvarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, high-affinity K+ uptake is dependent upon a 180-kDa plasma membrane protein encoded by TRK1 (c-TRK1) [Gaber et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 (1988) 2848-2859)]. Although hybridization with a c-TRK1 probe revealed highly homologous sequences in the genomes of most Saccharomyces species, the TRK1 sequence in S. uvarum (u-TRK1) was detected only under low-stringency conditions. We cloned u-TRK1 and found it to confer high-affinity K+ uptake in S. cerevisiae. A comparison of the inferred amino acid sequences reveals 78% identity and 86% similarity between the two high-affinity transporters. The most highly conserved regions are the putative membrane-spanning domains (95% identical), suggesting that the structure of the transmembrane domains is important for high-affinity K+ transport.
Deep Brain Stimulation Research Protocols and Depressive Patients with Previous Suicidality: We Can't Afford to Lose Focus

Gilbert's article (2013) brings up several solid points in regard to the research protocols on the effect of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on treatment-resistant depression (TRD). His call to change...
Spectroscopic Observation of Ion-Induced Water Dimer Dissociation in the X-·(H2O)2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Clusters

We elucidate the interplay between the ion−water and water−water interactions in determining the structures of halide ion−water clusters using infrared spectroscopy, interpreted with ab initio theory. Vibrational predissociation spectra of the X-·(H2O)2·Arm (X = F, Cl, Br, I) clusters in the OH stretching region (2300−3800 cm-1) reveal a strongly halide-dependent pattern of bands. These spectra encode the incremental weakening of the interaction between the water molecules with the lighter halides, finally leading to their complete dissociation in the fluoride complex. A consequence of this is that the F-·(H2O)2 cluster is likely to be a floppy system with high amplitude zero point motion, in contrast to the pseudo-rigid behavior of the other halide hydrates.
Development of axion perturbations in an axion dominated universe

Abstract We carefully investigate the development of axion perturbations while they are outside the horizon. Both in the case of an inflationary universe and in the standard big bang cosmology the main contribution to axion energy density fluctuations at horizon crossing are those impressed on the axions by the geometry, i.e. by the original adiabatic variations in the radiation field. The other sources of fluctuations, Hawking radiation in an inflationary universe and large scale variations in the angle of Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking in the standard scenario, are subdominant effects. Our analysis is generic for all decoupled heavy neutral particles.
Comparative evaluation of MILP flowshop models

This paper investigates the performance of two families of mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) models for solving the regular permutation flowshop problem to minimize makespan. The three models of the Wagner family incorporate the assignment problem while the five members of the Manne family use pairs of dichotomous constraints, or their mathematical equivalents, to assign jobs to sequence positions. For both families, the problem size complexity and computational time required to optimally solve a common set of problems are investigated. In so doing, this paper extends the application of MILP approaches to larger problem sizes than those found in the existing literature. The Wagner models require more than twice the binary variables and more real variables than do the Manne models, while Manne models require more constraints for the same sized problems. All Wagner models require much less computational time than any of the Manne models for solving the common set of problems, and these differences increase dramatically with increasing number of jobs and machines. Wagner models can solve problems containing larger numbers of machines and jobs than the Manne models, and hence are preferable for finding optimal solutions to the permutation flowshop problem with makespan objective.
Reliability of Implant Surgical Guides Based on Soft-Tissue Models

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of implant surgical guides fabricated on diagnostic casts. Guides were fabricated with radiopaque rods representing implant positions. Cone beam computerized tomograms were taken with guides in place. Accuracy was evaluated using software to simulate implant placement. Twenty-two sites (47%) were considered accurate (13 of 24 maxillary and 9 of 23 mandibular sites). Soft-tissue models do not always provide sufficient accuracy for fabricating implant surgical guides.
Synthesis of modified nucleoside 3′,5′-bisphosphates and their incorporation into oligoribonucleotides with T4 RNA ligase

A simple procedure is described to prepare nucleoside 3'(2'),5'-bisphosphates from the corresponding nucleosides with the use of pyrophosphoryl chloride. This method is rapid, gives nearly quantitative yields and, most importantly, can be used for a variety of nucleosides with base and sugar modifications. Since 3',5'-bisphosphates are donors in the T4 RNA ligase reaction, a single residue can be enzymatically attached to the 3' end of oligoribonucleotides. By these procedures, five different ring-modified nucleosides and one sugar-modified nucleoside were incorporated onto the 3' end of (Ap)3C. In two cases, an additional step of synthesis with RNA ligase resulted in the modified nucleotide being located in an internal position in the oligonucleotide. Thus, a general method for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides containing modified nucleosides is outlined. Since many of the modified nucleosides are fluorescent, oligomers containing them should be useful in a variety of physical and biochemical studies.
Consultation research: Trends in doctoral dissertations 1978–1985☆

Abstract In order to determine the current state of doctoral research in the area of consultation, a review of the nature of consultation dissertation research was conducted for the period 1978 through 1985. Based on the review, this article (a) delineates the existence of historical trends in consultation dissertation research, (b) evaluates the current state of consultation dissertation research in terms of an input, process, and output paradigm and (c) suggests directions for future research at the doctoral level.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF CONFIGURATION AND LIGAND CONFORMATION IN PARAMAGNETIC OCTAHEDRAL COMPLEXES OF NICKEL(II) VIII. Tridentate Ligands Containing Oxygen Donors

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the nickel complexes of iminodiethanol (ide), 2,2′-ethylether diamine (eeda), diethylenetriamine (dien), dipicolinic acid (dpa), and cis, cis, 1,3,5, cyclohexanetriamine (tach) are reported. Spectra are also reported for the mixed 1:1:1 Ni(II) complexes of the above ligands and dpa and mixed complexes of Ni(dien)(tach) and Ni(eeda)(tach). Ni(dien)(H2O)3 2+ is found to exist in solution as a mixture of facial and meridonal forms with isomerization between the two forms being fast on the NMR time scale and with the facial isomer being ∼ 1.17 Kcal/mole more stable at 300°K. Ni(eeda)(H2O)3 2+ is found to exist primarily as facially coordinated species, the facial isomer being more stable by at least 0.25 Kcal/mole at 300°K. ΔH for the facial ⇄ meridional reaction is positive for Ni(eeda)2+ and almost zero for Ni(dien)2+. δ ⇄ Λ conversion is rapid for all cases of facial coordination and slow for all cases of meridional coordination. δ ⇄ Λ conversion of meridi...
Multiculturalism, and Ethnic Conflict: A Rent‐Seeking Perspective

Many societies must confront the possibility that greater ethnic diversity will result in more ethnic tensions. Most approaches to ethnic identification either ignore the role of the state or treat it as either a leader or a pawn of the ruling ethnic group(s). This paper employs a rent-seeking approach to ethnic conflict. It leads to several testable determinants of ethnic conflict, as well as recommendations for decreasing it. It also allows analysis of the relation between multicultural policies and such conflict. Copyright 2000 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
Coronary Arterial-Right Heart Fistulae Long-Term Observations in Seven Patients

Long-term follow-up is described of seven patients with fistulae between a coronary artery and the right atrium or right ventricle. Left-to-right shunt flow ranged from minimal to 2.2:1. Of six patients followed 3½ to 17 years (average 10) without operation, five demonstrated symptomatic, electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic stability. In the sixth patient, a second angiographic study, performed 15 years after the first one, showed the right coronary artery to be occluded proximal to its fistulous communication with the right ventricle, and a left-to-right shunt could no longer be detected. Four of the seven patients underwent operative closure of a fistulous opening into the right atrium, and all four have been restudied postoperatively. Right heart pressures and the degree of dilatation of the involved coronary artery were essentially unchanged following operation. One patient, who had a moderate-sized shunt preoperatively, noted alleviation of her fatigue and demonstrated electrocardiographic improvement. Analysis of flow dynamics did not suggest that the shunt predisposed to shear-induced intimal damage of the dilated feeding coronary artery, but did suggest such changes might occur in the narrow fistulous communication. We conclude that little anatomic and functional change occurs in patients with coronary artery fistulae and small-to-moderate shunts over rather prolonged medical follow-up periods, and that operative closure does not reduce the size of the dilated proximal coronary artery. Since it is unclear whether the abnormality predisposes to premature coronary atherosclerosis, a better understanding of the natural history of the disease is necessary before the precise role of operation in patients with small-to-moderate shunts can be defined.
Effect of Exercise Training on Red Blood Cell (RBC) Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Receptor Binding in Adolescent Males. † 399

Exercise training likely leads to tissue anabolism (e.g., muscle hypertrophy) by acting through the growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis, but the role of tissue IGF-I receptors in this process is not known. RBC IGF-I receptor binding (most likely reflecting erythroid precursors) has been characterized and is known to be affected by circulating IGF-I levels. Thus, we hypothesized that training would lead to alterations in IGF-I binding in RBCs. 38 adolescent males (16±0.7 y.o.) were randomized to a control(n=18) and endurance type training intervention lasting 5 weeks. RBC IGF-I binding was measured by standard techniques in which native 125I-IGF-I was displaced with unlabelled IGF-I. Iterative curve fitting algorithms were used to calculate the binding affinity constant (Kaff), number of binding sites (R), and nonspecific binding. Training led to (*p<0.05) increases in Kaff, KaffR (an index of overall binding capacity), and nonspecific (NS) binding. These results suggest a possible upregulation of IGF-I binding, and may be related to training induced changes in circulating and/or local IGF-I levels. The unexpected increase in nonspecific binding may reflect a role of RBC associated binding proteins, rather than changes in IGF-I receptors themselves. Figure
A genome-wide genetic screen for host factors required for hepatitis C virus propagation

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of end-stage liver disease and a leading indication for liver transplantation. Current therapy fails in many instances and is associated with significant side effects. HCV encodes only a few proteins and depends heavily on host factors for propagation. Each of these host dependencies is a potential therapeutic target. To find host factors required by HCV, we completed a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen using an infectious HCV cell culture system. We applied a two-part screening protocol to allow identification of host factors involved in the complete viral lifecycle. The candidate genes found included known or previously identified factors, and also implicate many additional host cell proteins in HCV infection. To create a more comprehensive view of HCV and host cell interactions, we performed a bioinformatic meta-analysis that integrates our data with those of previous functional and proteomic studies. The identification of host factors participating in the complete HCV lifecycle will both advance our understanding of HCV pathogenesis and illuminate therapeutic targets.
Mechanical Component Dimension Tolerance and Damping Effect on Controller

In HDDs, there are some notch filters which are used to compensate mechanical high frequency vibration from components. A range of error-rejection transfer function within the servo control loop is employed to depress such vibration. The advantage of such approach is to improve data rate performance. Two major factors associated with each frequency, that is, phase and gain. Due to many sub-components, such as HGA, carriage, pivot and VCM, etc, any condition change, such as dimension, young modulus, temperature, will change transfer function frequency and phase. In this paper, a specified error rejection gain induced failure drives are studied to analyze effect of mechanical component tolerance and damping effect on controller effectiveness.
Designing two-in-one antibodies

Evaluation of: Bostrom J, Shang-Fan Y, Kan D et al.: Variants of the antibody Herceptin that interact with HER2 and VEGF at the antigen binding site. Science 323, 1610-1614 (2009). The longstanding held notion that one antibody equals one antigen and, hence, one function has been challenged in recent years. Improved technology in antibody production, especially the accumulation of sequence data of immunoglobulin genes and the advent of PCR have made it possible to clone antibody gene repertoires. The current paper provides further challenge to the notion of one antibody = one antigen by developing 'two-in-one' antibodies with an antigen-binding site that binds two distinct proteins with high affinity. A therapeutic variant antibody of Herceptin (Genentech, CA, USA) was isolated that binds the human EGF receptor (HER)2 and also to VEGF. This development may represent a breakthrough discovery and may have significant implications in the therapy of malignant, infectious, allergic and autoimmune disorders.
Non-GABAA-mediated effects of lindane on neurite development and intracellular free calcium ion concentration in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

Changes in transmembrane Ca2+ fluxes and intracellular free Ca2+ ion concentrations ([Ca2+]in) regulate many aspects of neurite development in cultured neurons. Lindane has been shown to increase [Ca2+]in in several cell types. It was therefore hypothesized that lindane exposure would increase [Ca2+]in and thereby alter neurite development in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The study reported here showed that lindane (50–100 μM) increased [Ca2+]in during short-term exposure (up to 4 hr); in contrast, with long-term exposure (24–48 hr) lindane (1–50 μm) decreased [Ca2+]in significantly below control levels. Lindane decreased neurite initiation at high concentrations (25 μm or above). Lindane increased dendrite number at low concentrations (0.5–1 μM), but decreased dendrite number at high concentrations (50 μm or above). Lindane decreased axon and dendrite elongation and branching at 50 μm. Loading neurons with 1 μm 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), a calcium chelator that partially ‘clamps’ [Ca2+]in, eliminated the effects of 50 μm lindane on [Ca2+]in in short-term exposures. BAPTA did not significantly reverse the inhibition of neurite initiation or axonal elongation caused by 50 μm lindane. However, BAPTA partially reversed the inhibition of dendrite elongation and completely reversed the inhibition of axon and dendrite branching caused by 50 μm lindane. Therefore, some, but not all, of lindane's effects on neurite development may be due to changes in [Ca2+]in. Picrotoxin, a γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA)-associated chloride channel antagonist, had no effect on [Ca2+]in or any parameters of neurite growth, suggesting that the effects of lindane on neurite development and [Ca2+]in were not mediated through actions on GABAA-associated chloride channels.
A defence of constrained maximization

David Gauthier a soutenu que, contrairement a ce que nous dit la therie economique standard de la rationalite, il est parfois rationnel pour un agent de choisir des actions qui ne maximisent pas son utilite attendue. Certaines objections a l'argumentation de Gauthier sont devenues familieres et plusieurs commentateurs pensent qu'elles montrent de maniere concluante que la strategic de base de cette argumentation echoue. Dans cet article, je propose une reinterpretation de l'argument de Gauthier (ou d'un argument du genre de celui de Gauthier) fondee sur une strategie correcte et qui met en lumiere une erreur importante commise par les partisans de la theorie economique standard de la rationalite.
Mobile Tracking Imaging Radiometer

The Mobile Tracking Imaging Radiometer (MTIR) has been developed at White Sands Missile Range to support future tests of experimental laser systems. The MTIR features a high angular resolution Forward Looking Infrared imaging system (FLIR) capable of simultaneous operation at 3.7 - 5.5 and 8 - 12 micrometers. The FLIR, which is mounted behind a long focal-length tracking telescope, utilizes internal calibration sources as well as external targets to obtain,radiometric data. Radiometric calibration considerations are discussed and measurement results presented.
Craniofacial Adaptations to Tree-Gouging Among Marmosets

Many primates rely on exudates as dietary items, but comparatively few elicit exudates via tree-gouging. Marmosets are the only haplorhines to extensively utilize this behavior during feeding. Several studies have explored craniofacial adaptations to this behavior, but its morphological correlates are a matter of debate. Various studies suggest that gougers exhibit bite-force maximizing adaptations, load resistance adaptations, and/or jaw-gape maximizing characteristics. All of these seemingly incompatible biomechanical adaptations have previously been argued for marmosets. This study utilizes multivariate and univariate analyses to compare gouging and non-gouging callitrichids for 25 biomechanically relevant craniofacial variables to address this form-function debate. We show that marmosets differ from non-gouging callitrichids in few craniofacial characteristics. Specifically, three craniofacial features differentiate them from non-gougers: relatively longer basicrania, narrower palates, and shorter coronoid processes. We suggest that these characteristics are consistent with a mosaic model for gouging adaptations. In particular, we argue that: (a) shortening the coronoid processes facilitates relatively larger maximum jaw-gapes, (b) basicranial elongation facilitates the extended neck/head posture utilized by marmosets during gouging to maximize gapes, and (c) narrowing the palate serves to more effectively dissipate forces through the maxillary canines during substrate anchoring. Previous studies have documented some of these characters as typical of marmosets, but this combination has not been interpreted as core elements of the marmoset adaptive complex. Marmosets exhibit a unique anatomical repertoire that biomechanically adapts them to both increased jaw-gape and the force dissipation regime associated with tree-gouging. Comparisons among marmoset taxa may enlighten the evolutionary history of the features reported here.