cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral carcinoma in situ with extensive dendritic melanocytic colonization

A 49-year-old, well nourished, well developed, African-American man presented by referral to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon's office for the evaluation and management of a 2 × 2-cm deeply pigmented lesion with an erythematous border located in his left soft palatal mucosa. The lesion was superficial but contained a small area of central ulceration. Review of his past medial history was significant for peripheral vascular disease and diabetes. Review of his social history revealed a 30-packs/year history of smoking and daily consumption of alcoholic beverages. An incisional biopsy showed carcinoma in situ with extensive dendritic melanocytic colonization. The dysplastic changes also focally involved salivary gland ductal epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-HMB45 and anti-S-100 protein antibodies clearly delineated the dendritic melanocytes and melanocytic processes. Staining with broad spectrum cytokeratin was strong and diffuse. An outside expert was consulted and agreed with our interpretation. The lesion was excised with clear margins and the resection specimen showed findings identical to the biopsy. Melanocytic colonization is a well recognized occurrence in various primary and metastatic tumors including oral and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, but the incidence remains low and the significance of such finding remains to be determined. Various theories have been proposed to explain the proliferation and colonization of melanocytes, including the liberation of cytokines, growth factors, or other unknown factors by cancer cells. It has been suggested also that in ulcerated lesions, the presence of the melanocytes may represent cells that migrated into the existing lesion. In this case report, we review the literature and theories of etiology. The keratinocyte-melanocyte relationship is also investigated in this interesting entity.
Responses of Bald Eagles to Human Activity During the Summer in Interior Alaska

Along narrow rivers, spatial restriction of human use based on wildlife responses can effectively eliminate the entire river corridor from human use. Therefore, if river use by both wildlife and humans is a goal, an alternative management strategy is necessary. We measured flush response rate and flush distance of breeding and nonbreeding Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) to recreational boating along the Gulkana River in interior Alaska from 1989 to 1992. Eagle responses to our nonmotorized boat were governed by the context within which human-eagle encounters occurred. Flush response rate of nonbreeding eagles decreased as perch height and its distance from the river's edge increased, increased as the season progressed and as eagle group size increased, was lower for juveniles (20%) than other age classes (49-65%), and varied with the existing level of human activity in a geographic location (P < 0.01 for all parameters). Flush distance of nonbreeding eagles increased as the distance a disturbance was first visible to a perched eagle increased, as perch height and its distance from the river's edge increased, and as the season progressed. In contrast to flush response, flush distance was strongly associated with age and was greatest for adults, least for juveniles, and intermediate for subadults. Breeding adults were much less likely to flush than nonbreeding adults, and flushed at lesser distances. We recommended that along narrow wilderness rivers, the impacts of human activity on Bald Eagle populations be regulated with temporal, rather than spatial, restrictions.
REDOX STATE OF IRON IN THE OFFSHORE WATERS OF PERU

The total concentration and redox state of iron were examined along a transect across the continental shelf off the Peruvian coast during. January 1984. Total and dissolved iron (0.4~pm filter) were measured by the Co-APDC coprecipitation method. Fe(II) was measured by a preconcentration step with S-hydroxyquinoline bonded to silica as the stationary phase, followed by elution and the ferrozine method. Up to 40 nmol kg-l of Fe(II) was detected in the bottom water at 5-10 km offshore and decreased markedly upward in the water column and with distance offshore. A good correlation between the distribution of Fe(II) and nitrite in the bottom water indicated a common source from the shelf sediments. Elevated Fe(II) concentrations near the sea surface and a diel change were probably due to photochemical reactions involving iron. Total iron levels were >300-500 nmol kg-’ in the surface and the bottom water at 5-6 km offshore. About 80-90% of the iron was in the particulate form, indicating a substantial input of iron from continental dust and from the sediments on the shelf. The total iron level decreased considerably within 35 km of the coastline and the iron seemed to be trapped on the shelf. Iron is found in natural waters in both Fe(II) and Fe(III) oxidation states. The distribution of these two forms of iron is governed by several factors, including redox potential, pH, and the presence of organic material. From thermodynamic considerations, the concentration of reduced forms of iron in oxic natural waters will be much lower than that of the oxidized forms of iron due to the rapid oxidation of Fe(II) by Oz. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that nonequilibrium processes may enable Fe(II) species to persist at appreciable concentrations in natural waters even in the presence of oxygen. McMahon (1969) suggested that annual and diurnal variations of acid-soluble ferrous iron in lake water were a result of photochemical reactions or of metabolic activity of microorganisms. Recently, the photochemistry of iron in natural waters has been emphasized by several studies as reviewed by Zafiriou ( 1983). Miles and Brezonik (198 1) showed that the oxygen consumption in humic-colored freshwaters involved a photochemical ferrous-ferric catalytic cycle. Waite and Morel (1984)
Inserting turbo code technology into the DVB satellite broadcasting system

This paper illustrates the potential benefits of inserting turbo code technology into emerging communication satellite systems. This paper considers the application of turbo codes to the digital video broadcasting (DVB) standard, which is based on the concatenation of a Reed-Solomon code and a convolutional code. We show that by simply replacing the convolutional code with a turbo code, a 1 dB improvement in coding gain can be achieved in an AWGN channel. This benefit is obtained with no loss in code rate and only a moderate increase in decoder complexity. Furthermore, since Reed-Solomon coding is used to correct burst errors at the output of the turbo decoder, the problematic "bit error rate floor" experienced by unprotected turbo codes is practically eliminated. We then discuss methods for extending the improvement to 2 dB by using larger frame sizes and more efficient Reed-Solomon codes. We conclude with a survey of other methods that can be used to achieve further performance improvements.
Structure functions of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer over the ocean

Structure functions of turbulent velocity fluctuations up to fourth order have been measured at several heights in the atmospheric boundary layer over the open ocean, and the results are compared with theoretical predictions for separations in the inertial subrange. The behaviour of second- and third-order quantities shows substantial agreement with the predictions of Kolmogorov's original theory over a wide range of separations, but the results of a recent modification of the theory, attempting to account for intermittency in the local dissipation rate, are also consistent with the data over somewhat shorter separation intervals. The behaviour of the measured fourth-order structure function disagrees with that predicted from Kolmogorov's original work, but good agreement is found with the results of the modified theory.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ISOFLURANE OR FENTANYL-NITROUS OXIDE ANAESTHESIA ON PROPRANOLOL DISPOSITION IN DOGS

The disposition of propranolol was studied, using dual-route administration, in two groups of six dogs. Each dog was studied on three consecutive days: day 1 awake, day 2 during anaesthesia, and day 3, 24 h after anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was with isoflurane 2.0 MAC (in oxygen) in one group and with a fentanyl—nitrous oxide—atracurium regimen in the other group. In the group receiving fentanyl, anaesthesia caused a significant decrease (63%) in intrinsic clearance from the day 1 value (P
Hybrid real-coded mutation for genetic algorithms applied to graph layouts

In this paper we introduce an application of real-coded genetic algorithms to the problem of consistent graph layout and exploring the role of mutation for this particular problem. We introduce several forms of mutation, some of which being specific to this problem, and show that the choice of this operator can have a great impact on the performance of the algorithm.
Information theory of wireless networks

An information theory of wireless networks is one of the grand challenges of the field. But 30 years of sustained effort in network information theory has produced exact capacity results only for the simplest of networks. We present two recent approaches to approximate the capacity of general networks in regimes which are meaningful in the wireless context. The first approach focuses on the interference-limited regime where the background noise is small compared to the received signals. The noisy wireless network is approximated by a natural deterministic one for which the capacity can be determined exactly with a max-flow min-cut interpretation. Moreover, the capacity-achieving scheme on this deterministic network translates naturally to a scheme which is near-optimal for the original noisy network. The second approaches focuses on the large-network regime and develops scaling laws on how the information theory capacity scales with the number of nodes. We will show how such scaling laws can be used to categorize networks into bandwidth-limited and power limited regimes, in analogy with those of point-to-point links.
Radical grafting on lignin. Part I. Radiation‐induced grafting of styrene onto hydrochloric acid lignin

By irradiation with gamma rays styrene was grafted onto hydrochloric acid lignin. When the graft polymers were subjected to nitrobenzene oxidation, the vanillin yields indicated two kinds of reaction occurring in the grafting. Polystyrene branches were separated from the graft polymers, and their Mn were determined osmometrically. At grafting ratios of up to 100 the vanillin yields diminished proportionately with increasing grafting, and the Mn of the branches, 5000, was unchanged. At grafting ratios of more than 100 the vanillin yields were constant, independent of the ratios, but the Mn values of the branches increased with grafting. Paper chromatography of the aromatic acids obtained by oxidation of methylated lignin and the graft polymer indicated that isohemipic and metahemipic acids were more abundant in the acid fraction of the graft polymer than in the lignin itself. A qualitative mass analysis of the gaseous products evolving from the irradiated lignin showed the presence of hydrogen molecules only. Gamma-ray radiation brought about no change in the yields of vanillin. It was therefore concluded that radiation grafting on lignin at grafting ratios of less than 100 proceeded through the addition of the styrene polymer radicals to the aromatic nuclei of the lignin and that then branches propagated from the aliphatic part of the lignin, where CH bond scission had been caused by the irradiation. The grafting sites of lignin would be C-5 and C-6 of the guaiacyl nucleus and, probably the β and γ carbon atoms of the aliphatic side chain of the lignin.
Voronoi diagram and medial axis algorithm for planar domains with curved boundaries — II: Detailed algorithm description

Abstract Details of algorithms to construct the Voronoi diagrams and medial axes of planars domain bounded by free-form (polynomial or rational) curve segments are presented, based on theoretical foundations given in the first installment Ramamurthy and Farouki, J. Comput. Appl. Math. (1999) 102 119–141 of this two-part paper. In particular, we focus on key topological and computational issues that arise in these constructions. The topological issues include: (i) the data structures needed to represent various geometrical entities — bisectors, Voronoi regions, etc., and (ii) the Boolean operations (i.e., union, intersection, and difference) on planar sets required by the algorithm. Specifically, representations for the Voronoi polygons of boundary segments, and for individual Voronoi diagram or medial axis edges, are proposed. Since these edges may be segments of (a) nonrational algebraic curves (curve/curve bisectors); (b) rational curves (point/curve bisectors); or (c) straight lines (point/point bisectors), data structures tailored to each of these geometrical entities are introduced. The computational issues addressed include the curve intersection algorithms required in the Boolean operations, and iterative schemes used to precisely locate bifurcation or “n-prong” points (n ⩾ 3) of the Voronoi diagram and medial axis. A selection of computed Voronoi diagram and medial axis examples is included to illustrate the capabilities of the algorithm.
A DELLAcate balance: the role of gibberellin in plant morphogenesis

The importance of gibberellin (GA) in vegetative and reproductive development has been known for some time. Recent studies have uncovered new roles of GA in leaf differentiation, photomorphogenesis and pollen-tube growth. Significant contributions to our understanding of GA-regulated morphogenesis include the identification of upstream regulators of GA biosynthesis, the elucidation of the function of GA signaling components, and the isolation of downstream targets. In addition, the mechanisms of interactions between GA and other hormone pathways are beginning to be revealed at the molecular level.
Aging in the Czech Republic

The goal was to provide an overview of main issues relevant to aging in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic is a former Eastern Bloc nation of about 10.5 million. Older adults are overrepresented relative to those under age 15. Life expectancy currently hovers around 78 years (75 for men/81 for women), a number slightly higher than most of Eastern Europe but lower than most of Western Europe. Cardiovascular diseases account for about 50% of all mortality, which is one of the highest rates in Europe and therefore of particular concern. Lifestyle habits, especially high alcohol consumption, a high rate of smokers, and high-fat diet relative to most other European countries and the United States, combined with relatively low expenditures for health promotion, appear important in the context of high cardiovascular mortality. Long-term care is funded mostly by state and local governments. The country has tried to address issues associated with insufficient capacity and low quality in long-term care, a particularly prominent problem in the Czech Republic compared with other European countries. The recently established International Clinical Research Center brings new possibilities for collaborative research in the Czech Republic, including research specific to aging. Improving long-term care and establishing methodologically sound longitudinal data sets are among the most pressing issues, although sustaining the pension system strained by increasing life expectancy, low retirement age, and extensive government-sponsored benefits has also recently emerged as a critical issue.
Magnetic Inelastic Dark Matter

Iodine is distinguished from other elements used in dark matter direct detection experiments both by its large mass as well as its large magnetic moment. Inelastic dark matter utilizes the large mass of iodine to allay tensions between the dark matter (DAMA) annual modulation signature and the null results from other experiments. We explore models of inelastic dark matter that also take advantage of the second distinct property of iodine, namely, its large magnetic moment. In such models the couplings are augmented by magnetic, rather than merely electric, interactions. These models provide simple examples where the DAMA signal is compatible with all existing limits. We consider dipole moments for the WIMP, through conventional magnetism as well as dark magnetism, including both magnetic-magnetic and magnetic-electric scattering. We find XENON100 and Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers (CRESST) should generically see a signal although suppressed compared with electric inelastic dark matter models, while Korea Invisible Mass Search (KIMS) should see a modulated signal comparable to or larger than that of DAMA. In a large portion of parameter space, deexcitation occurs promptly, producing a $\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$ photon inside large xenon experiments alongside the nuclear recoil. This effect could be searched for, but if not properly considered may cause nuclear recoil events to fail standard cuts.
Adaptive search window size algorithm for fast motion estimation in H.264/AVC standard

H.264/AVC is a new recommendation for moving picture coding, in which a lot of new techniques are used for improving encoding efficiency and reducing the bit-rate. However, it involves an exhaustive motion search across multiple block sizes and multiple reference frames leading to a linear increase in processing time. Although, the encoding quality is improved, the complexity of the encoder and computational cost are increased at the same time. We reduce the computational cost by reducing the search space without significant loss in quality. Results show that there is at least 90% reduction in computation with a maximum loss of 1.4dB.
Facilitatory Interactions between Flashed Lines

The detectability of pairs of flashed lines was investigated as a joint function of their separation in both space and time. In contrast to previous studies of contrast interactions as a function of either spatial or temporal separation alone, the predominant interaction is not lateral inhibition, but a delayed facilitation. A quantitative model based on probability summation between lateral-inhibitory detectors does not appear able to account for these results. Two related explanations are suggested: either a motion detection system or the nonlinear ‘transient’ subsystem is being tapped.
A Portable, Pressure Driven, Room Temperature Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage System for Point of Care Molecular Diagnostics

Many new and exciting portable HIV viral load testing technologies are emerging for use in global medicine. While the potential to provide fast, isothermal, and quantitative molecular diagnostic information to clinicians in the field will soon be a reality, many of these technologies lack a robust front end for sample clean up and nucleic acid preparation. Such a technology would enable many different downstream molecular assays. Here, we present a portable system for centrifuge-free room temperature nucleic acid extraction from small volumes of whole blood (70 µL), using only thermally stable reagents compatible with storage and transport in low resource settings. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of simulated samples demonstrate a lower limit of detection of 1000 copies/ml, with the ability to detect differences in viral load across four orders of magnitude. The system can also be used to store extracted RNA on detachable cartridges for up to one week at ambient temperature, and can be operated using only hand generated air pressure.
Role of Rectosigmoidectomy and Stripping of Pelvic Peritoneum in Outcomes of Patients with Advanced Ovarian Cancer

Background The peritoneum of the cul-de-sac is frequently affected in advanced ovarian cancer patients. Stripping of the pelvic peritoneum (SoP) combined with rectosigmoidectomy (RS) in patients with confluent tumor are safe techniques that can eradicate macroscopic disease. We evaluated the therapeutic value of this maximal surgical effort in advanced ovarian cancer. Study design Data from all consecutive patients with stages IIIC and IV epithelial ovarian cancer, primarily operated on from 1994 through 1998, were collected and analyzed using the chi-square test, Cox regression analysis, and Kaplan-Meier curves including log-rank test. Results Two hundred forty-four eligible patients were identified; 209 patients had tumor involving the peritoneum of the cul-de-sac. For this subgroup, those who were managed with stripping of the peritoneum (SoP, n=77) or rectosigmoidectomy (RS, N=57) had improved 5-year overall survivals relative to those who were not (n=75). (SoP=37% versus RS=39% versus neither=6%; p Conclusions Surgical resection of cul-de-sac disease by SoP and RS is associated with improved survival in ovarian cancer patients. Tumor resection with en bloc RS may be preferable to allowing microscopic or infiltrative residual tumor.
Dia–Log(os): The Genesis of Communicological Virtues in the Phenomenology of Life, with the Reference to the Advaita Vedānta of Ādi Śaṅkara

A problem of successful communication of philosophical knowledge is especially present for the ontologies whose insight into the real has grounding in first person experience. I will show how this problem is solved in the Phenomenology of Life of Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, by comparing the central principle of her philosophy, sentience, with the sat of Śaṅkara’s Vedanta. The communicological properties of the Phenomenology of Life have to be understood within the framework of human science and not the positivistic studies of communication. The discource of the Phenomenology of Life implies not only consumption of ideas, but a visceral repositioning of direct intuition of the reader towards the Logos of Life, the ever-present Other in Tymieniecka’s interrogation. Thus, a spectrum of communicological virtues in the Phenomenology of Life can be outlined, beginning from a participatory quality, to the anchoring of interrogation in the embodied sentience, to following the living logos with its novum-s and emergencies, and to the dynamic unification. The traditional forms of communication, such as Hindi satsang or Islamic sohbet, help us to understand that realization of the full potential of the Phenomenology of Life depends also on the cultivation of particular virtues in the readers, e.g. receptivity, sincerity and willingness to reorient their awareness from static ontological schemata of the natural attitude towards a gestalt of the living, evolving logos.
Men on the hunt: Ecofeminist insights into masculinity

This paper examines the various expressions of masculinity found in the deer hunting subculture by seeking insight from the feminist discourse on ecofeminism. In its broadest formulation, ecofemini...
The Effect of Bottle Laws on Income: New Empirical Results

Eleven US states have "bottle laws," deposit-refund programs that combine a consumption tax with a recycling rebate. When states set the bottle deposit low enough it becomes a tax on high wage earners, for whom the opportunity cost of their time prevents them from returning containers for their deposit. However, this bottle deposit will still be high enough that harvesting recyclables provides employment for low wage earners. Using individual data on observed cash recycling behavior, this paper shows that an unintended consequence of bottle laws is that they have the potential to increase the incomes of very low wage workers.
Providing Coaching and Cotinine Results to Preteens to Reduce Their Secondhand Smoke Exposure: A Randomized Trial

Background: Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) poses health risks to children living with smokers. Most interventions to protect children from SHSe have coached adult smokers. This trial determined whether coaching and cotinine feedback provided to preteens can reduce their SHSe. Methods: Two hundred one predominantly low-income families with a resident smoker and a child aged 8 to 13 years who was exposed to two or more cigarettes per day or had a urine cotinine concentration � 2.0 ng/mL were randomized to control or SHSe reduction coaching groups. During eight in-home sessions over 5 months, coaches presented to the child graphic charts of cotinine assay results as performance feedback and provided differential praise and incentives for cotinine reductions. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the differential change in SHSe over time by group. Results: For the baseline to posttest period, the coaching group had a greater decrease in both urine cotinine concentration ( P 5 .039) and reported child SHSe in the number of cigarettes exposed per day (child report, P 5 .003; parent report, P 5 .078). For posttest to month 12 follow-up, no group or group by time differences were obtained, and both groups returned toward baseline. Conclusions: Coaching preteens can reduce their SHSe, although reductions may not be sustained without ongoing counseling, feedback, and incentives. Unlike interventions that coach adults to reduce child SHSe, programs that increase child avoidance of SHSe have the potential to reduce SHSe in all settings in which the child is exposed, without requiring a change in adult smoking behavior.
Social skills and the stability of social relationships between individuals with intellectual disabilities and other community members

Stability of social relationships may be an important indicator of lifestyle quality. Fifteen individuals with intellectual disabilities participated in an analysis of the relationship between their social skills (as measured via the Scales of Independent Behavior and the Assessment of Social Competence) and the stability of the social relationships they experienced with other community members, who were neither paid staff nor family members, across the course of 94 consecutive weeks. A participant's social skills did a moderately good job of predicting the average social stability achieved by all of his or her social network members, but a poorer job of predicting the average social stability achieved by the participant's three most stable social network members. The findings suggest that the stability of a participant's most stable social network members is based not on the participant's social skills, but rather on other factors.
Chinese and American Individuals’ Mate Selection Criteria Updates, Modifications, and Extensions

In this study, we compared Chinese and American never-married heterosexual adults’ minimum mate selection criteria (N = 1,260) and write-in responses on additional criteria important in mate selection (N = 756). Participants’ mean age was 25.55 years (SD = 4.44), and data were collected in 2013. Having analyzed quantitative and qualitative data both separately and corroboratively, we discuss Chinese and American individuals’ cultural emphases and unique expressions regarding the relative prioritization of mate selection criteria and additional mate selection criteria typically not included in mate selection studies. We also compare our findings with the results of previous mate selection studies, highlighting possible developments in Chinese and American individuals’ mate selection criteria, and suggest potential modifications and extensions of existing survey items to more comprehensively capture individuals’ mate selection criteria, particularly in different cultural contexts.
Thermodynamic stability of the 5' dangling-ended DNA hairpins formed from sequences 5'-(XY)2GGATAC(T)4GTATCC-3', where X, Y = A, T, G, C.

Expressions for the partition function Q(T) of DNA hairpins are presented. Calculations of Q(T), in conjunction with our previously reported numerically exact algorithm [T. M. Paner, M. Amaratunga, M. J. Doktycz, and A. S. Benight (1990) Biopolymers, 29, 1715–1734], yield a numerical method to evaluate the temperature dependence of the transition enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of a DNA hairpin directly from its optical melting curve. No prior assumptions that the short hairpins melt in a two-state manner are required. This method is then applied in a systematic manner to investigate the stability of the six base-pair duplex stem 5′-GGATAC-3′ having four-base dangling single-strand ends with the sequences (XY)2, where X, Y = A, T, G, C, on the 5′ end and a T4 loop on the 3′ end. Results show that all dangling ends of the sample set stabilize the hairpin against melting. Increases in transition temperatures as great as 4.0°C above the blunt-ended control hairpin were observed. The hierarchy of the hairpin transition temperatures is dictated by the identity of the first base of the dangling end adjoining the duplex in the order: purine > T > C. Calculated melting curves of every hairpin were fit to experimental curves by adjustment of a single parameter in the numerically exact theoretical algorithm. Exact fits were obtained in all cases. Experimental melting curves were also calculated assuming a two-state melting process. Equally accurate fits of all dangling-ended hairpin melting curves were obtained with the two-state model calculation. This was not the case for the melting curve of the blunt-ended hairpin, indicating the presence of a four-base dangling-end drives hairpin melting to a two-state process. Q(T) was calculated as a function of temperature for each hairpin using the theoretical parameters that provided calculated curves in exact agreement with the experimentally obtained optical melting curves. From Q(T), the temperature dependence of the transition enthply ΔH, enytropy ΔS, and free energy ΔG were calculated for every hairpin providing a quantitative assessment of the effects of dangling ends on hairpin thermodynamics. Comparisons of our results are made with those of the Breslauer group [M. Senior, R. A. Jones, and K. J. Breslauer (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3879–3885] on the T25′ dangling-ended d (GC)3 duplexes. To estimate the average contribution to stability of each single-stand nearest neighbor stack to the duplex stem, the relative values ΔΔH and ΔΔS of the transition enthalpy and entropy for each dangling-ended hairpin compared to the blunt-ended control hairpin were cast in a system of 16 equation in the 16 unkowns, The nonsingular system of equations was solved for the unknowns by matrix diagonalization, which yielded the relative average contribution of each of the 16 possible nearest neighbor dinucleotide 5′3′ stacks in single strand DNA to the stability of a 5′-GGATAC-3′ duplex stem.
Generalizations of Oja's Learning Rule to Non-Symmetric Matrices

New learning rules for computing eigenspaces and eigenvectors for symmetric and nonsymmetric matrices are proposed. By applying Liapunov stability theory, these systems are shown to be globally convergent. Properties of limiting solutions of the systems and weighted versions are also examined. The proposed systems may be viewed as generalizations of Oja's and Xu's principal subspace learning rules. Numerical examples showing the convergence behavior are also presented.
Policing Native Americans Off The Rez

In many U.S. cities, particularly those in the western United States among the homeless and downtrodden are a sizable number of Native Americans. The more visible can be found sitting on park benches, hanging out on "Skid row," drinking alcohol from paper bags, sprawled out on sidewalks sleeping, or hidden in doorways at night (e.g. Kuttner and Lorincz, 1970). They have typically made their way to an urban location from the reservation and are finding it difficult to go back or do not want to return. Alternatively, these individuals may have lost their marginal jobs and are now caught in a downward economic spiral.Unfortunately, little scholarly research has been conducted on the relationship between Native Americans and municipal police in border towns or metropolitan areas with moderate to large populations of indigenous peoples. In this chapter I attempt to redress this shortcoming by outlining the problem, reviewing the research, and presenting some potential areas for future investigation. Although in some parts of the United States, native reservations abut municipalities (including big city jurisdictions) (Fogelson, 1977) and natives are just as likely to have contact with park or housing police, the focus of this chapter is on municipal policing in large urban centers. Understandably, policing Native Americans may be more of a problem for small town police forces (e.g., Galliher, Donovan, and Adams, 1975; Royster and Fausett, 1988), the focus of the chapter is on the big city environments.
Conidial production, persistence and pathogenicity of hydromulch formulations of Metarhizium brunneum F52 microsclerotia under forest conditions

Abstract Microsclerotia granules of Metarhizium brunneum Petch strain F52 (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) in a hydromulch formulation (water, wheat straw, and tackifier) were sprayed onto bark or wood samples, which were subsequently exposed on tree trunks for 4–30 d, during two spray trials in 2013 and six spray trials in 2014. Microsclerotial granules in this formulation continued to produce many infective conidia over a 30 d period in a forest. Greater conidial production was associated with periods of increased temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. When F52-hydromulch-treated samples, in the 2014 spray trials, were evaluated against adult Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in 2 d-quarantine bioassays, insect mortality varied greatly for males (14–92%) and females (56–100%). Highest conidial densities (5.5 × 106 conidia/cm2) were reached after 20–30 d in the field and at these densities, female beetle median survival times ranged from 15.5 to 21.5 d. Males died significantly slower in all spray trials. The continued increase in conidial production by microsclerotia in hydromulch over time suggests that reapplication of a potential product in the field might only need to occur after 6 weeks.
Laboratory Tests of Longshore Transport

Tests were made in CERC's Shore Processes Test Basin witlt wayes approaching the toe of a test beach at a 30-degree angle Beach material was quartz sand with median diameter of 0 22 millimeter which, in most tests, was molded to a 1 on 10 slope before starting a test Long crested waves generated in a constant depth of 2 33 feet traveled over the beach, shoaled and were refracted before breaking near the shoreline The breaking action caused the sand to be transported along the shore in the direction of the longshore component of the wave energy flux Transport rates of 2 to 170 cubic yards per day were measured, with the lower rate within the range of laboratory rates reported by Savage^and the higher rate comparable to field rates reported by Watts^for South Lake Worth Inlet, Florida Analysis includes correlation of the measured rates to the longshore wave energy flux, and in some tests, to the longshore current Transport rates, defined by visual fit curve of the data, are about 3 times the rates indicated by the CERC TR-4 design curve for a longshore energy range of 0 016 to 0 760 millions of foot pounds per foot of shore per day.
Using genetic algorithms to estimate confidence intervals for missing spatial data

Gas turbine blades, which come in many shapes and sizes, must meet strict engineering specifications. The current manual blade measurement system is slow and labor intensive. As part of the development of an optical measurement system, an approach for characterizing missing data was required. A novel technique for conditional spatial simulation using genetic algorithms (GAs) was developed. The problem is encoded using the "random key genetic algorithm" (RKGA) approach. The RKGA allows the use of a sampling distribution for missing measurements that can accommodate values uncharacteristic of the area surrounding the missing data, while still allowing realizations of the missing data with reasonable directional semivariance characteristics to be developed. A unique optimization approach was used, consisting of a crossover-only GA, followed by a hill-climbing phase. Each phase addresses different parts of the problem (the low and high special frequencies, respectively). This spatial simulation technique can be used to characterize regions of missing data in regularly sampled measurements. The proposed technique is much faster than simulated annealing, the current state of the art in spatial simulation. An application of this technique to determining confidence intervals for missing data in optical measurements of gas turbines is described
Winter Caching Ecology of Deciduous Woodland Birds and Adaptations for Protection of Stored Food

Etude quantitative de la selection des sites de cache de nourriture pour Sitta carolinensis, Parus bicolor, P.atricapillus et P. carolinensis stockant des graines de tournesol au cours des hivers 1983-1988 dans 4 regions boisees de l'Ohio et de l'Arkansas.Le choix du site se fait apparemment selon des criteres de protection contre le vol
Hydrocarbons of the Cuticle and Hemolymph of the Adult Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Changes in hemolymph and extractable surface hydrocarbons of adult honey bees were studied. Hydrocarbon concentrations of adult workers varied with age, increasing until 12–18 d, then decreasing. Changes in surface hydrocarbons were caused by variations in some normal long-chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkadienes, and, in hemolymph hydrocarbons, by changes in alkenes and alkadienes. Alkenes and alkadienes from hemolymph were identical to those in surface extracts; this identity suggests transport from the site of synthesis to sites of use, including the epidermis. Surface hydrocarbons were unaffected and hemolymph hydrocarbons only slightly affected by changing dietary pollen. A dietary change from sucrose and pollen to pollen or to sucrose, significantly affected surface and hemolymph hydrocarbons. Surface hydrocarbons of newly emerged drones, queens, and workers, and hemolymph hydrocarbons of newly emerged drones and workers were similar. Surface and hemolymph hydrocarbons of newly emerged workers and drones contained branched hydrocarbons consisting of monomethyl- and dimethyl-substituted alkane series.
How Tethers Control the Chemo- and Regioselectivities of Intramolecular Cycloadditions between Aryl-1-aza-2-azoniaallenes and Alkenes

Cationic 1-aza-2-azoniaallenes react intermolecularly with terminal alkenes to give 1,5-substituted (3 + 2)-cycloadducts, but intramolecular reactions lead to either 1,5- or 1,4-substituted (3 + 2)-cycloadducts or (4 + 2)-cycloadducts, depending on the tether length. DFT calculations and distortion/interaction analyses show that the (CH2)3 tether prevents the reacting partners from aligning efficiently to give 1,5-substituted (3 + 2)-cycloadducts, and the 1,4-regioselectivity dominates. With the (CH2)2 tether, the (3 + 2) cycloaddition is disfavored due to the forming four-membered ring in the transition state, and the (4 + 2) cycloaddition prevails.
TEMPORAL USE OF AN OREGON ESTUARY BY HATCHERY AND WILD JUVENILE SALMON

Abstract Temporal use of Yaquina Bay, Oregon, (July 1977-December 1978) by accelerated-growth (age-0) hatchery coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and wild salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) juveniles was determined by periodic sampling of nearshore and channel sites in the estuary. “Residency half-life” ranged from two to nine days for different release groups of hatchery coho juveniles, and was longer for fish released earlier in the year (June) than for groups released later (September-October). Wild populations of chum (O. keta) and coho were present at the sample sites for 2–3 mo (March-June), and wild chinook (O. tshawytscha) were present during 9 mo (January, April-November). Lack of overlap in peak abundances of wild chum (early April), coho (mid May), and chinook (mid July-early August), suggests interspecific temporal partitioning. Releasing age-0 hatchery coho after peak abundances of wild chinook should be considered as a means of decreasing overlap in temporal use of the estuary.
Cyclic Creep Behavior and Internal Stress

ABSTRACT The role of internal stress in cyclic creep acceleration is critically examined by strain relaxation experiments and numerical calculations. It is shown that the internal stress is the driving force for cyclic creep acceleration and that the internal stress model used in the calculation can predict the cyclic creep behavior of aluminum under various stress conditions.
Measuring Quality of Life in Pediatric Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion Using the SF-36v2.

Summary Objectives Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM) consists of intermittent adduction of the vocal folds during inspiration, resulting in stridor and worsened by anxiety and stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of PVFM on quality of life in our pediatric patient population. Study Design This is a prospective, descriptive survey study. Methods Thirty-nine consecutive patients (ages 12–17 years) presenting with a PVFM diagnosis for respiratory retraining sessions with speech-language pathology were recruited. Patients completed a brief demographic questionnaire and the Short Form 36, version 2, a validated tool for measuring health-related quality of life. Results There were 31 (79%) girls and 8 (21%) boys with a mean age of 15.5 years. Subjects reported regular participation in competitive extracurricular activities, including track or cross country (30.8%), swimming (17.9%), and cheerleading or dancing (15.4%). Of the patients in the study, 46.2% were straight-A students. On the SF-36 (population averages normalized to a score of 50), the general health of patients with PVFM was better than that of the general population (53.27); however, their physical health limited their role activities more severely (42.82). In addition, a greater proportion of the group with PVFM was at risk for first-stage depression screening when compared with the general population (28% versus 18%). Conclusions We demonstrate a measurable detrimental impact of PVFM on health-related quality of life. This is consistent with previously published literature showing a preponderance of females with PVFM, most of whom are high achievers academically and athletically.
Drop attacks: A clinical manifestation of LGI1 encephalitis.

We describe a clinical manifestation of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated-1 (LGI1) encephalitis. The patient was a 90-year-old woman, independent at baseline, with a medical history of hypertension. Two months prior to admission, she had an unwitnessed fall and was found after an unknown period of unconsciousness. She was taken to an outside hospital where rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase >16,000, reference 24–170 U/L) was documented. During that admission, she had a witnessed generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Prolonged EEG video monitoring captured multiple episodes of right leg jerking without a change in her consciousness or an abnormal EEG correlate. Interictal EEG findings were unremarkable. A metabolic panel showed mild hyponatremia (133; reference 137–145 mmol/L). MRI of the brain was unremarkable. CSF analysis was normal (leukocytes 3/mm3, protein 45 mg/dL, and glucose 80 mg/dL). She was discharged home on levetiracetam (1,500 mg daily) and did not have any further documented convulsions, but reported hypersomnolence.
Alcohol Use as a Comorbidity and Precipitant of Primary Headache: Review and Meta-analysis

In contrast to well-established relationships between headache and affective disorders, the role of alcohol use in primary headache disorders is less clear. This paper provides a narrative overview of research on alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in primary headache and presents a meta-analysis of the role of alcohol as a trigger (precipitant) of headache. The majority of studies on AUDs in headache have failed to find evidence that migraine or tension-type headache (TTH) is associated with increased risk for AUDs or problematic alcohol use. The meta-analysis indicated that 22% (95% CI: 17–29%) of individuals with primary headache endorsed alcohol as a trigger. No differences were found between individuals with migraine (with or without aura) or TTH. Odds of endorsing red wine as a trigger were over 3 times greater than odds of endorsing beer. An absence of increased risk for AUDs among those with primary headache may be attributable to alcohol’s role in precipitating headache attacks for some susceptible individuals. Roughly one fifth of headache sufferers believe alcohol precipitates at least some of their attacks. Considerable study heterogeneity limits fine-grained comparisons across studies and suggests needs for more standardized methods for studying alcohol-headache relationships and rigorous experimental designs.
Decentralized Theological Education in Europe

Decentralized Theological Education in Europe” describes tangible steps taken by missionaries to train and mentor “indigenous leaders who train and mentor others” through the Decentralized Theologi...
Coherent instability in wall-bounded shear

The mechanism underlying the coherent hairpin process in wall-bounded shear flows is studied. An algorithm for the identification and analysis of flow structures based on morphological operations is presented. The method distils the topology of the flow field into a discrete data set and enables the time-resolved sampling of coherent flow processes across multiple scales. Application to direct simulation data of transitional and turbulent boundary layers at moderate Reynolds number sheds light on the flow physics of the hairpin process. The analysis links the hairpin to an exponential instability which is amplified in the flow distorted by a negative perturbation in the streamwise velocity component. Linear analyses substantiate the connection to an inviscid instability mechanism of varicose type. The formation of packets of hairpins is related to a self-similar process which originates from a single patch of low-speed fluid and describes a recurrence of the dynamics that leads to the formation of an individual hairpin. Analysis of the evolution of several thousand turbulent hairpins provides a statistical characterization of the principal dynamics and yields a time-resolved average of the hairpin process. Comparisons with the transitional hairpin show qualitatively consistent trends and thus support earlier hypotheses of their equivalence. In terms of the causality of events, the results suggest that the hairpin is a manifestation of the varicose instability and as such is a consequence rather than a cause of the primary perturbations of the flow.
The association of sleep duration and quality with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Women's Health Initiative

Abstract Background/Objective Many studies have shown a U-shaped association of sleep duration with mortality; however, this association is difficult to interpret owing to possible reverse causation, residual confounding, and measurement issues. We used data from the Women's Health Initiative to examine the associations of sleep duration, insomnia, and use of sleep aids with death from cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, “other” causes, and all causes combined. Methods Cox proportional hazards models were used in the analysis of baseline data and in time-dependent analyses of repeated measures to estimate associations of sleep-related factors with mortality. Among 158,203 women with information regarding sleep, 30,400 total deaths, 8857 CVD deaths, 9284 cancer deaths, and 11,928 other deaths were ascertained over a median of 17.8 years. Results In both baseline and time-dependent analyses, both short (≤5 h) and long sleep (≥9 h) durations were associated with increased risk of total, CVD, and “other” deaths, but not with cancer deaths. Insomnia showed no association with mortality, whereas use of sleep medications was associated with an increased mortality risk. Conclusions While our findings showed a small but robust association of sleep duration with mortality in postmenopausal women, studies including objective measurements of sleep quality and efficiency are needed to clarify these associations.