cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CELL DIVISION IN BULBOCHAETE. I. DIVISIONS UTILIZING THE WALL RING1

SUMMARY Cell division in Bulbochaete closely resembles that of Oedogonium, particularly in the involvement of a ring in cell elongation, the structure of the spindle, the existence of complex kinetochores, and the method of cross-wall formation using a phycoplast. Some minor differences between the 2 genera are found. In contrast to Oedogonium, the filaments of Bulbochaete are branched. The site and direction of branching are initially determined by a subtle change in the morphology of the wall, which invariably (if the cell divides) leads to the asymmetrc division that forms a hair cell (these events will be described separately). The position of the wall ring is always precisely determined as in Oedogonium, by the position of a very characteristic weakening in the wall; once a hair cell has been formed, this weakening is located underneath the hair, and all subsequent division and elongation in the cell subtending the hair will necessarily be in the direction of that hair (ie, thereby forming and increasing the length of a branch).
The aqueous geochemistry of the rare-earth elements: Critical stability constants for complexes with simple car☐ylic acids at 25°C and 1 bar and their application to nuclear waste management

Abstract The mobility of the rare-earth elements (REE) is relevant to nuclear waste management in that REE are produced during radioactive decay in high-level waste and they are good chemical analogues for some of the trivalent actinides (e.g., Am3+ and Cm3+). Car☐ylic acids are present naturally in many geologic fluids and also have been disposed of along with radionuclides; such complexing agents may increase the mobility of the REE (actinides) and need to be considered in geochemical models of the transport of these metals into the far-field environment. In this study, available stability constants for the formation of REE complexes with the organic ligands acetate, adipate, benzoate, citrate, ETDA, formate, fumarate, glutarate, glycolate, α-hydroxyisobutyrate, isobutyrate, lactate, maleate, malonate, α-mercaptoacetate, oxalate, m-phthalate, o-phthalate, propionate, salicylate and succinate have been critically evaluated. Those stability constants considered most reliable were, where necessary, corrected to 25°C using published enthalpy data and, where possible, corrected to infinite dilution using a model based on the Pitzer equations. These data provide the basis for future geochemical modelling of the behavior of the REE in nuclear waste disposal sites. Some simple geochemical calculations presented in this paper suggest that monodentate ligands such as acetate are unlikely to contribute significantly to REE (actinide) mobility in most nuclear waste disposal environments. However, ligands capable of chelating in a multi-dentate manner, e.g., oxalate, malonate, succinate, EDTA, etc., may increase the mobility of trivalent lanthanides and actinides significantly, even though their concentrations are lower than monodentate ligands in most natural environments. However, the effectiveness of any of these organic ligands depends on the concentrations of competing ions, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, etc., being low relative to the total ligand concentration.
Reinventing Engineering Statics to Address the Conceptual Difficulties of Students

The goal of Statics instruction should be its application to gaining insight into, and to designing, engineering systems. The typical textbook experience, relying strongly on mathematical manipulations, is not adequate to preparing students to model mechanical systems. Experienced users of mechanics rely on an intuitive, even visceral, sense for the forces which are present in mechanical systems, and how they combine to maintain the system in equilibrium (or produce its motion). With the observation that students do not readily perceive forces between inanimate objects, we have reorganized Statics instruction to focus initially on situations in which they can experience forces directly: forces exerted by hand or that are evident from motion or deformation. Within this overall philosophy, we developed learning modules that address discrete concepts with which students traditionally have difficulty. Learning modules include simple objects to manipulate, PowerPoint presentations, and multiple-choice questions relevant to the concepts that the modules convey. In this paper we identify a series of important concepts in Statics, and we offer several excerpts from new or improved Learning Modules, focusing on how the Learning Module seeks to address students’ conceptual difficulties.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
583 NENATAL DIACNOSTIC RELATED GROUPS (DRC) PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM FOR TERTIARY NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE CENTERS

This study assessed the impact of the Federal Neonatal Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) payment system on the Neonatal Intensive Care Program of the State of Florida. Hospital charges of $118 million, representing 8500 neonates, from the State's ten regionalized neonatal intensive care centers born in fiscal years 1980-1984 were analyzed. When analyzed, Federal DRGs were not predictive of hospital charges (R2 = 0.15). We developed a stepwise regression model to evaluate the relative impact of neonatal variables such as lived/died, birth weight, sex, race, ventilation, surgery, in-born or transported on hospital fiscal charges; a threefold increase in R2 was achieved (0.55). Our analysis indicated four basic differences from the Federal DRGs: 1) respiratory distress syndrome is not justified in Federal DRC 386 associated with extreme prematurity ( ≤ 1000 grams); 2) Federal DRG 387, 1001-2500 grams, should be divided into two separate DRGs by birth weight groupings of 1001-1500 and 1501-2500 grams; 3) ventilation and major surgery were the primary factors associated with “major problem” Federal DRGs 387 and 389; 4) our population mas characterized by a longer geometric mean length of stay for each Federal DRG; this may be explained by the fact that our data came from tertiary regionalized neonatal intensive care centers, while the Federal DRGs were developed from community based hospitals. Our proposed neonatal intensive care prospective payment system requires knowledge of only mortality status, birth weight, ventilation, and major surgery, while the Federal DRG system requires utilization of over 500 neonatal diagnoses.
Abstract B96: Trends in colorectal cancer screening with home-based fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in adults aged 50–64 years, 2000–2008

Introduction: Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in asymptomatic average risk populations reduces CRC incidence and mortality. Annual home-based fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) has been recommended as a CRC screening modality in average-risk adults aged 50 and older. National surveys have reported declines in FOBT screening rates in the last decade, but it is unknown whether these declines have extended across all socioeconomic status (SES) and racial/ethnic groups, and the changes relative to endoscopic screening have not been evaluated. Methods: Data on respondents aged 50–64 years were from the Cancer Control Module administered to sampled adults National Health Interview Surveys in 2000, 2005, and 2008. Weighted analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to study trends in the use of home FOBT testing in the past year and endoscopic test in the past 10 years. Results: Overall, the prevalence of home FOBT in the past year declined 5.9% points (95% CI: 4.5%, 7.3%) between 2000 and 2008. SES differences in trends were observed wherein significant declines were restricted to higher-SES groups (those with private and military insurance, those with a usual source of care, those with a high school degree or higher, those classified as not poor, those born in the US), whereas lower-SES (uninsured and the publicly-insured, those without a usual source of care, those with less than a high school education, the poor and the near poor, and immigrants to the US) did not experience significant changes in FOBT prevalence during this time period. FOBT rates in Hispanics did not change significantly during this time, whereas non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks experienced significant declines. Coincident with declines in FOBT prevalence during this time, endoscopic screening prevalence increased consistently in higher-SES groups. Fewer lower-SES groups experienced increases in endoscopic screening prevalence, with most increases being of a lower magnitude than in the higher-SES subgroups. Conclusions: Socially and economically disadvantaged groups experienced little or no change in FOBT rates from 2000 to 2008. There has been a significant shift from FOBT to endoscopic screening in higher-SES and a few lower-SES groups, but the extent of this shift in lower-SES groups appeared to be smaller than in higher-SES groups. Programs promoting annual screening with high-sensitivity guaiac-based or immunochemical FOBT represent an appropriate and low cost alternative to colonosopy screening, provided that these programs consider patient- and physician attitudes, knowledge and preferences, and systems-issues related to referral, adherence, test quality assurance, and adequate follow-up of positive test results. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B96.
The use of unorthodox therapies and marginal practitioners

This study examines the extent of utilization of unorthodox therapies and marginal practitioners among patients with one broad category of chronic disease, rheumatic disorders. Almost all respondents (94%) had tried some unorthodox remedy or practitioner, and several had used 13 different unorthodox remedies or practitioners. There was no relationship between age, sex, race, geographic location and magnitude of usage of treatments. There was no statistically significant relationship between education and income and amount of usage, although there was some variation by income group in which unorthodox remedies were employed. Thus, this study provides evidence that some elements of folk medicine practice continue to exist among most segments of the American population and this issue deserves further research. An important role for medical sociologists is to examine disease and disease treatment from the perspectives of the lay culture, as well as that of the medical community.
The future of subspecialty training in pediatrics.

The conference entitled "The Future of Subspecialty Training in Pediatrics" was the second annual conference on issues in pediatric education held under the auspices of the Children's Health Center of St Joseph's Hospital, Phoenix. The conference was conducted from Oct 9 through 11, 1987, in Scottsdale, Ariz, and was cosponsored by the Flinn Foundation, Phoenix; Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio; and Mead Johnson & Co, Evansville, Ind. The following were the main speakers: William Cleveland, MD, professor and chairman, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami School of Medicine; Vincent Fulginiti, MD, Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson, and Editor,American Journal of Diseases of Children; Birt Harvey, MD, Chairman, District 9, Executive Board, American Academy of Pediatrics, Palo Alto, Calif; and Thomas K. Oliver, Jr, MD, Senior Vice President, American Board of Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, NC. Participants included pediatric department chairmen and fellowship program directors
Discrimination learning differences and similarities as a function of brain index

Abstract Seven tree shrews ( Tupaia glis ), 10 squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciurea ), and 12 college students ( Homo sapiens ) were tested on a series of extradimensional shifts involving the position and brightness dimensions. While the number of errors each species made per problem differed and conformed to an index of central nervous system development, there were no consistent differences between species in terms of the percentage of total errors per problem. The results were interpreted as indicating the lack of functional differences between those species tested.
Human thiopurine S‐methyltransferase (TPMT) pharmacogenetics: Variant allozyme aggresome formation

Background/Aims TPMT*3A, the most common TPMT variant allozyme in Caucasians, has 2 alterations in amino acid sequence, resulting in striking decreases in TPMT protein levels as a result of rapid degradation. “Protein quality control” involves a dynamic balance among protein folding, degradation and aggregation with aggresome formation. We set out to test the hypothesis that, the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132, TPMT*3A can form aggresomes in cultured cells. Methods/Results TPMT*3A was highly ubiquinated and associated with hsp90 after transient expression in COS-1 cells. In the presence of MG132, aggresomes formed in cells transfected with TPMT*3A, and ubiquinated TPMT*3A redistributed from the cytosol into the pellet - compatible with aggresome formation. The aggresomes contained vimentin, dynein, γ-tubulin, ubiquitin, hsp70, hsp90 and the deacetylating enzyme HDAC6 that co-localized with TPMT*3A. Aggresome formation could be blocked by the microtubule destabilizing agent, vinblastine. Treatment with the HDAC inhibitor scriptaid inhibited aggresome formation and resulted in TPMT*3A microaggregate formation. Conclusions These results suggest that aggresome formation is one mechanism by which nonsynonymous cSNPs can alter function for proteins of pharmacogenetic importance such as TPMT. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P95–P95; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.257
Coordination Strategies for Production and Marketing in a Functionally Decentralized Firm

Abstract This paper analyzes a single period mathematical model which allows marketing to choose prices and promotion strategies and allows production to choose production levels in an autonomous manner. The type and manner of information which must be known in order to find the joint optimum is presented, and an analysis of the effects of using incomplete information on the overall solution is given. An iterative scheme whereby production and marketing discover the correct information is presented.
Anomalous subarctic influence in the southern California Current during 2002

[1] A highly anomalous water mass of apparent subarctic origin, characterized by negative temperature and salinity anomalies, high concentrations of dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients, and unusually high chlorophyll fluorescence, was observed off southern California during summer 2002. This water mass was confined spatially to a narrow ribbon in the upper pycnocline: at a density of σt = 25.0 kg m−3 and ∼150–350 km offshore, within and seaward of the main California Current core. These observations are very similar to those made off the Oregon and Vancouver Island coasts at about the same time, implying a displacement of subarctic waters more than 1200 km equatorward within the California Current. The maintenance of strong water property anomalies over this distance demonstrates the efficacy of the California Current as a conduit of water masses and plankton. The magnitude of the anomalies observed in July 2002 suggest the occurrence of the largest subarctic intrusion into the California Current System in the 50+ year historical record and may reflect low-frequency climate variability.
Prediction of aggregation prone regions of therapeutic proteins.

Therapeutic proteins such as antibodies are playing an increasingly prominent role in the treatment of numerous diseases including cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. However, these proteins tend to degrade due to aggregation during manufacture and storage. Aggregation decreases protein activity and raises concerns about an immunological response. We have recently developed a method based on full antibody atomistic simulations to predict antibody aggregation prone regions [Proc. Natl. Acac. Sci. 2009, 106, 11937]. This method is based on “spatial-aggregation-propensity (SAP)”, a measure of the dynamic exposure of hydrophobic patches. In the present paper, we expand on this method to analyze the aggregation prone regions over a wide parameter range. We also explore the effect of different hydrophilic mutations on these predicted aggregation prone regions to engineer antibodies with enhanced stability. The mutation to lysine is more effective than serine but less effective than glutamic acid in enhancing antib...
Comparative amino acid sequence analysis of the outer capsid protein VP4 from four lapine rotavirus strains reveals identity with genotype P[14] human rotaviruses

The genes encoding the outer capsid VP4 proteins of four lapine rotavirus strains, three isolated in the US (ALA, C-11 and BAP-2) and one isolated in Japan (R-2) were sequenced, and the predicted amino acid (aa) sequence was compared to all known rotavirus genotypes. A high degree of aa identity (96.8–98.9%) was found among the American lapine strains, while the Japanese rotavirus strain R-2 shared less aa identity (89.5–90.0%) with the American strains. The four lapine rotaviruses shared the closest aa identity (90.6–94.9%) with the P[14] genotype, consisting of viruses isolated from humans in Italy, Finland and Thailand. These results indicate that the VP4 protein of the four lapine strains are genotype P14, and that among lapine strains there are possibly two subtypes, one represented by the American lapine strains and the other by the Japanese R-2 strain.
First observation of bound–continuum transitions in the laser‐induced A 1Σ+u–X 1Σ+g fluorescence of Na2

We report an interesting spectrum of Na2 excited by a Kr+ (5682 A) laser which shows a long series of R–P doublets in the region 5600–8000 A and a continuum with three very broad maxima beyond 8000 A. Our spectral analysis reveals that the laser populates the v′=34, J′=50 level in the A1Σ+u state from where Na2 molecules fluoresce not only to the bound vibrational levels of the entire ground state potential well (3≤v″≤56) but also to the continuum levels above the well. We have made an independent theoretical quantitative prediction of the continuous emission and the agreement between experiment and theory is found to be excellent. Almost the entire (99.6%) ground state RKR potential is constructed using the bound state experimental data which leads to a more accurate value of the dissociation energy (D″e=6024±6 cm−1). The feasibility of a continuously tunable near infrared Na2 laser based upon this radiative dissociation process is discussed. Finally, we present a comprehensive bibliography for the Na2 m...
The thermal decomposition of some rhodium(II) carboxylate complexes

Abstract Rhodium(II) propionate, benzoate, trichloroacetate and trifluoroacetate have been prepared and studied by several thermoanalytical techniques. The thermal decomposition products of the propionate and benzoate complexes were determined using thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry. Properties of the trifluoracetate complex were studied by mass spectrometry and magnetic measurements. Several adducts of the complexes were prepared.
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on infant reactivity and regulation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the role of prenatal cocaine exposure and associated risk factors on infant reactivity and regulation at 7 months of infant age. Participants consisted of 167 mother–infant dyads participating in an ongoing longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine exposure, who completed the arm restraint procedure at the 7-month assessment (87 cocaine exposed, 80 non-cocaine exposed). We hypothesized that cocaine exposed infants would display higher arousal or reactivity and lower regulation during a procedure designed to arouse anger/frustration. Results indicated that cocaine exposed infants were more reactive to increases in the level of stress from trial 1 to trial 2 but exhibited no change in the number of regulatory strategies as stress increased, unlike the control group infants. Infant birth weight moderated the association between cocaine exposure and infant regulation. Among cocaine exposed infants, those with lower birth weight displayed higher reactivity compared to those with higher birth weight. Contrary to expectations, there were no indirect effects between cocaine exposure and infant reactivity/regulation via environmental risk, parenting, or birth weight. Results are supportive of a teratological model of prenatal cocaine exposure for infant reactivity/regulation in infancy.
Coping with Victimization by Technological Disaster

Technological catastrophes, defined as mishaps involving breakdown in human-made systems, appear to differ in the nature of threats that they pose. Coping with chronic stress associated with these events was examined by considering response to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Using the Ways of Coping Inventory (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980), use of emotional regulation, problem-oriented coping, and the assumption of responsibility or blame for problems associated with living near the damaged plant were considered. Patterns of response at TMI were compared to those of a control group, consisting of people living near an undamaged nuclear plant more than 100 miles from TMI. Stress was assessed by making simultaneous measurements of symptom reporting, task performance, and urinary catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). Findings suggested that both emotionally-focused coping and self-blame were associated with less stress than were problem-focused coping and denial. Further, emotional regulation and assumption of responsibility for encountered difficulty were related to one another and to perceived control as well. This suggested that a control-oriented coping style, in which the perception of control is actively created or maintained, can be effective in reducing distress associated with technological catastrophes.
Technical efficiency within hospitals: do profit incentives matter?

(1989). Technical efficiency within hospitals: do profit incentives matter? Applied Economics: Vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 1217-1233.
Non-linear vibrations of a beam on a viscoelastic foundation

Abstract In this paper, the equation of motion for transverse vibrations of a slender beam on a continuous viscoelastic foundation is derived and analyzed. The study includes the non-linear parameters which arise when one considers the non-linearities inherent in the expression for the curvature of the beam, the system's external couplings, and the effect of change in longitudinal position of the beam elements on the bending moment caused by the lateral inertia forces of the system.
Quality factors for phase-aberration correction in medical ultrasound

Spatial inhomogeneities in the acoustic velocity of tissues degrade the contrast and resolution of diagnostic ultrasonic images. A system which iteratively adjusts the phases of signals transmitted and received from individual elements in a phased array scanner in order to restore image quality when imaging through inhomogeneous layers is described. The adjustments are selected to maximize a quality factor in an operator-selectable region-of-interest. The use of several quality factors in improving image quality, including the average local and the peak echo magnitude of diffuse and point-like targets and integral powers of these magnitudes were investigated. Theory and experimental results related to these investigations is presented.
Polymeric nanovehicles for anticancer drugs with triggering release mechanisms

To maximize the efficacy of anticancer drugs and minimize untoward side effects such as nonspecific toxicity and the development of multi-drug resistance, nano-sized drug delivery systems have been revolutionized by introducing triggering mechanisms for drug release. This will increase the feasibility of obtaining local high-dose therapy in cancerous tissues and at intracellular compartments. Such technology requires highly sophisticated strategies and systems which perform the desired chemical/physical functions depending on the triggering signals. This review introduces and summarizes several design principles using representative examples such as nanosystems responsive to acidic pH (i.e., tumor extracellular pH and endosomal pH), hyperthermic conditions, ultrasound, and specific enzymes.
New short-wavelength laser emissions from partially deuterated methanol isotopes

The partially deuterated isotopes of methanol, CH2DOH and CHD2OH, have been reinvestigated as sources of far-infrared (FIR) laser emissions using an optically pumped molecular laser (OPML) system recently designed for wavelengths below 150 μm. With this system, 10 new FIR laser emissions from these isotopes ranging from 32.8 to 174.6 μm have been discovered. This includes the shortest known OPML emission from CHD2OH, at 32.8 μm. These lines are reported with their operating pressure, polarizations relative to the CO2 pump laser and wavelengths, measured to ±0.5 μm. In addition, polarizations for three previously observed FIR laser lines from CHD2OH were measured for the first time.
Organizational features of a young child's behaviors

Abstract The study was designed to investigate the nature of response-class phenomena and the possibility of indirect contingency control. A single subject was employed. Prior to the start of the study, the experimenter established the process of maintaining stimulus constancy during a preexperimental phase. Subsequent to the first baseline phase, a factor analysis was done to define the response class and the behavior categories constituting the class. Manipulating a single adult consequence to a response-class category over subsequent baseline and manipulation phases revealed frequency changes in all behavior categories in the response class. The data gave support to indirect behavior control. Search for possible explanations of frequency changes showed that the direction of the frequency changes were predictable from the results of the factor analysis.
Microbial degradation of profluralin

Abstract A selective culture technique combined with autoradiography was used to isolate microorganisms which could degrade profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine]. Of seven isolates obtained from a Cecil loamy sand, the three most active in degrading the herbicide were tentatively identified as Arthrobacter simplex, Cellulomonas ftavigenum and Microbacterium flavum. Degradation of profluralin was determined in pure and mixed culture in the dark and subsequently measured by TLC and scintillation methodology. M. ftavum produced three products which were identified as: 2-amino-α,α,α-trifluoro-6-nitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine; N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine; and 2-amino-α,α,α-trifluoro-6-nitro-p-toluidine. The major product detected with all three organisms was 2-amino-α,α,α-trinuoro-6-nitro-p-toluidine. No degradation was detected in the absence of exogenous C and N.; co-metabolic processes appeared to be involved.
Age dependent changes in phospholipids and galactolipids in primary bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Abstract Primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris show concomitant changes in phospholipid, galactolipid, chlorophyll and fresh weight during leaf development from 3 to 32 days after planting. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol show only small changes on a mole per cent lipid phosphate basis during leaf development. The chloroplast lipids, phosphatidyl glycerol, monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) all show marked increases and decreases which are coincident with chloroplast development. The decline in the leaf content of chloroplast polar lipids and chlorophyll become evident upon reaching maximal leaf size. The molar ratio of galactolipids (MGDG/DGDG), reaches a maximum value of 2.3 in expanding leaves, but steadily declines during senescence to a minimum value of 1.5 at abscission. The declining ratio is caused by a preferential loss of MGDG in the senescing leaves.
Incidence and pathophysiology of hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia occurs for various reasons in patients with malignant diseases. Most of these patients show a relative increase in bone resorption over bone formation. Increased renal tubular calcium reabsorption is also important for maintaining hypercalcemia in the majority of patients. Calcium absorption from the gut is usually decreased. In a few patients, fixed impairment of glomerular filtration contributes to hypercalcemia. Because the pathophysiology of hypercalcemia is heterogeneous, it may be considered as three separate syndromes: the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy caused by systemic mediators; the hypercalcemia associated with localized osteolytic disease; and the hypercalcemia associated with myeloma and related hematologic malignancies. Increased bone resorption is a key feature in each of these syndromes. In malignant disease, bone resorption is enhanced because osteoclast activity is increased by the production of humoral mediators. These mediators are often produced by the tumor cells but are also produced by normal host cells that have been activated by the presence of the tumor. Some of these mediators of hypercalcemia are systemic factors, but some act only locally. They include parathyroid hormone-related protein, transforming growth factor alpha, lymphotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 alpha and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
Removal of a 3′ non-coding sequence is an initial step in degradation of groα mRNA and is regulated by interleukin-1

I have previously shown that IL-1 regulates the stability of gro alpha mRNA in fibroblasts and that decay is associated with appearance of a smaller species of gro RNA that lacks poly(A). In this study, the relationship between the two species of gro RNA, which migrate at 1.3 and 0.9 kilobases, was characterized. Following withdrawal of IL-1 or addition of IL-1 receptor antagonist, 1.3 kilobase gro alpha mRNA was rapidly degraded and this was associated with increased expression of the 0.9 kilobase RNA. This increase occurred in the presence of actinomycin D, indicating that the 0.9 kilobase gro RNA was a product of a pre-existing transcript. In cells treated with 1 pg/ml IL-1, both species were induced but the 0.9 kilobase RNA appeared later, consistent with a precursor-product relationship. In cells treated with higher doses of IL-1, the 0.9 kilobase RNA was not expressed. Using an RNAase protection assay, the 0.9 kilobase poly(A)-minus gro RNA was found to be derived from gro alpha mRNA by removal of a 130-nucleotide sequence from the 3' non-coding region. This is one of few examples of formation of an mRNA decay intermediate in vivo; it indicates that degradation of the body of gro alpha mRNA is initiated by site-specific nuclease attack. Characterization of the mechanism of gro alpha mRNA degradation is a first step towards identification of the ribonuclease that controls gro alpha mRNA stability.
Revolutionary as a career

Abstract Historians usually saw bureaucratization of the revolutionary party as beginning only upon its accession to power, disregarding the importance to revolutionary politics of material incentives and control over funding. Yet the case of the Bolshevik party demonstrates that bureaucratization began long before the Bolshevik victory, and that material resources were essential for maintaining discipline and increasing the party size. Indeed, a revolutionary became a “professional” who often received a competitive salary. It was for this reason that the Bolsheviks paid such attention to obtaining money.
A Ranking of the Top U.S. Economics Departments by Research Productivity of Graduates

Using published research articles as a measure of output, the author ranks graduate schools' success in preparing economists.
A longitudinal study of the establishment and proliferation of Enterococcus on a dairy farm

Abstract Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic cocci. They are found in many environments (including milk and dairy products, vegetables, plants, cereals, and meats). Enterococci are considered commensal organisms, but can also be opportunistic pathogens associated with morbidity and mortality of humans and animals. A longitudinal study of antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus to ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline was conducted on an academic teaching farm. Environmental samples were collected by drag swabs at select locations prior to and after the introduction of livestock. All samples were initially processed and screened with specialized media, and then replica plated on tryptic soy agar containing a predetermined amount of antibiotic. There was some variation in the quantity of bacterial and antibiotic-resistant colonies; however, resistance to tetracycline was extremely high. The increases of too numerous to count populations were not time-dependent and appeared consistently a...
A Sensor Optimization Program

The objective of the program described here is to arrive at the optimum characteristics for an agile step-stare IR sensor with a given performance. The resulting optimized design depends upon technology projections, cost models, and fundamental formulas relating the various sensor cnrocterastics to the sensor performance. Since the projections, models and formulas are approximate the resulting sensor design is also approximate. In addition to establishing approximate point designs and technology requirements, the purpose of this program is also to provide an objective basis for comparing competing concepts and assessing- the payoffs associated with various technology development programs.
The use of short downloadable lectures to supplement didactic lectures

Abstract Pharmacy school faculty who teach in the pharmacotherapeutics courses have a lot of information to present in a small amount of time, making it difficult to incorporate active learning strategies in the classroom. We evaluated student-reported use and students' impressions of listening to a downloadable audio file to introduce specific topics in a therapeutics course before coming to class. Using inexpensive equipment and shareware recording software, faculty members were able to prepare a short introductory lecture that could be downloaded as an MP3 file. Of the 420 students offered the audio lecture, 178 (42%) reported downloading and listening to the MP3 file before class. Students who listened to the audio lecture were more likely to report feeling more prepared for class. In addition, students reported that they would rather listen to a short audio presentation before class instead of reading material in the textbook. Our results are limited because of the low response rate and subjective quality of the data collected. However, downloadable lectures represent a new method for presenting information to students while potentially allowing more time in the classroom spent on active and cased-based learning. More studies are needed to assess the impact of downloadable lectures on performance and grades.
Surgical excision of the attached posterior hyaloid.

• When vitrectomy is performed in eyes without posterior vitreous detachment, complete removal of the posterior hyaloid may be important to relieve existing vitreoretinal traction or to remove a surface for subsequent cellular proliferation. We used two alternative techniques of detaching the posterior hyaloid in an unselected consecutive series of ten patients; we used either a tapered extrusion needle or a microvitreoretinal blade to initiate separation of the posterior hyaloid at the optic disc margin. After surgical peeling of the posterior hyaloid from the retina, complete removal of the posterior vitreous and surgical relief of posterior vitreoretinal traction were facilitated.
Peer Coaching and Pre-Service Teachers: Examining an Underutilised Concept.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of peer coaching on the classroom practices of pre-service teachers. Four teacher interns learned peer coaching functions and techniques before participating in coaching cycles with their peers. Pairs of participants reciprocally observed classes, collected data, and held conferences. Multiple forms of data were collected and analyses reveal that training was adequate. Findings show that peer coaching altered current teaching practices, but a trend of making suggestions for improvement without affirming strengths was also evident. Recommendations for integrating peer coaching in the pre-service curriculum are provided.
Efficacy of the internal mammary artery in combined aortic valve replacement-coronary artery bypass grafting.

Abstract Background . While internal mammary artery (IMA) use predicts improved survival after coronary bypass grafting (CABG), it remains unknown whether patients undergoing concomitant aortic valve replacement (AVR) realize a similar benefit. Methods . All patients at a single teaching institution, undergoing combined AVR-CABG, which included a graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from 1984 to 1994 (n = 227) were examined retrospectively. Results . Patients receiving an IMA graft (yesIMA, n=135) and patients receiving only saphenous vein grafts (nonIMA, n=92) were not different in their presenting symptoms, or in their incidence of preoperative risk factors. The patients with IMA were more likely to be male, have a later year of operation, be younger, and have a greater body surface. Morbidity was not different between groups. IMA use did not affect 30-day mortality. Long-term actuarial survival was greater in the group with IMA (63% ± 7% vs 42% ± 6% at 5 years, p Conclusions . Within the limits of a retrospective analysis, patients in a modern era of cardiac operation, who undergo combined AVR-CABG, do not suffer increased morbidity from IMA use, and may realize a survival benefit from use of the IMA as a conduit for bypass of the LAD coronary artery.
An Analytical Technique for the Reliability Modeling of Generation Systems including Energy Limited Units

This paper presents a method for the calculation of Frequency and Duration (F&D) indices for electric power generating systems with energy limited units. Several types of energy limited units are discussed. For an energy limited unit, a critical load level at which this unit is put into operation is found by "peak-shaving" method and then the cumulative probability and frequency are computed by conditional convolution. The method is illustrated by numerical examples.
Dissipative effects in the worldline approach to black hole dynamics

We derive a long wavelength effective point-particle description of four-dimensional Schwarzschild black holes. In this effective theory, absorptive effects are incorporated by introducing degrees of freedom localized on the worldline that mimic the interaction between the horizon and bulk fields. The correlation functions of composite operators in this worldline theory can be obtained by standard matching calculations. For example, we obtain the low frequency two-point function of multipole worldline operators by relating them to the long wavelength graviton black hole absorptive cross section. The effective theory is then used to predict the leading effects of absorption in several astrophysically motivated examples, including the dynamics of nonrelativistic black hole binary inspirals and the motion of a small black hole in an arbitrary background geometry. Our results can be written compactly in terms of absorption cross sections, and can be easily applied to the dissipative dynamics of any compact object, e.g. neutron stars. The relation of our methodology to that developed in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence is discussed.
The importance of computer architecture in microprocessor thermal design

The microarchitecture has a unique role to play in maintaining continued performance growth, since it combines runtime knowledge of program behaviour with the ability to modify the hardware's behavior-both of which can be tracked and controlled at multiple granularities in space and time. A clear phase behavior in the SPECcpu2000 program mesa, as well as substantial temperature variation across different architectural units is shown. A dynamic compact model can be constructed using only information available in pre-RTL planning stages, namely architecture parameters, floorplan, and geometric and material properties of candidate packages. Thermal-RC pairs are constructed to represent heat flow in both the lateral and vertical directions. Power dissipation in each architecture unit is represented as a current source in the RC circuit and can be modeled using any architectural modeling tool, e.g. IBM's Power Timer. This model has been validated against Micred test chip to within 7% for both steady state and transient behavior and is boundary- and initial-condition independent (BICI). One example of "temperature-aware" architecture is dynamic thermal management (DTM) in conjunction with reducing packaging cost.
Greensand Fecal Pellets from New Jersey

ABSTRACT Samples from eight outcrops along strike of the Cretaceous-age Marshalltown Formation show considerable variation in the proportions of different types of greensand pellet. The large, dark, very smooth ovoid pellets are invertebrate feces or pseudofeces, consisting of quartz grains and silt enswathed in apatite. Botryoidal glauconite pellets are formed by the agglomeration of smaller fecal pellets, or by expansion of single, originally ovoid pellets. Accordion-shaped glauconite pellets form by uniaxial expansion of feces with the constituent clay flakes in an original transverse preferred orientation. The breakup of accordion grains, promoted by the growth of interstitial minerals along the folia, produces micaceous glauconite grains. Pale-green grains are incompletely glauconitized f cal pellets. Very few glauconite pellets from this formation are recognizable as internal molds of foraminiferids. There is no evidence that quartz alters to glauconite, but it is possible that glauconitization-expansion may split quartz grains. There is evidence that glauconitization is syndepositional.
Moving on and moving back: Rethinking inequality and migration in the Latin American City

This paper focuses on the similarities and differences between contemporary urban organisation and that of the 1960s in Guatemala City and other Latin American cities, mainly using data taken from a re-study of low-income neighbourhoods in Guatemala City. It looks at the impact of sharper patterns of residential segregation, changes in migration patterns, rising levels of crime and violence, and the increase in the relationships of the urban poor with external actors, such as governments and NGOs. Severe inequality persists, but is mediated by an improvement in living standards, by the range of consumer goods accessible to the poor, and by community- and family-based adaptation.
Detecting hydroclimatic change using spatio-temporal analysis of time series in Colorado River Basin

summary It is generally accepted that the seasonal cycle of precipitation and temperature in cordillera of the western US exhibits a north–south pattern for annual, interannual and decadal time scales related to largescale climate patterns. In this paper we explore these relationships, with special attention to the role of local and regional physiographic, hydrogeologic and anthropogenic conditions on low-frequency climate and terrestrial response modes. The goal is to try to understand the spatio-temporal structure in historical precipitation, temperature and streamflow records (P–T–Q) in terms of climate, physiography, hydrogeology, and human impacts. Spatial coherence in time series is examined by classification of factor loadings from principal component analysis. Classification pattern of P–T–Q stations indicate that local physiography, the hydrogeology, and anthropogenic factors transform atmospheric forcing and terrestrial response into unique clusters. To study the temporal structure, dominant low-frequency oscillatory modes are identified for a region from historical P–T–Q records using singular spectrum analysis. Noise-free time trajectories are reconstructed from the extracted low-frequency modes (seasonal–decadal) for each contributing watershed area corresponding to streamflow observation stations, and the phase–plane plots are obtained. Together, the spatial classification and phase plane provides a means of detecting how large-scale hydroclimatic patterns relate to major landforms and anthropogenic impacts across the CRB. The main result of this paper is that resolving the relative impact of basin-wide patterns of climate, physiography and anthropogenic factors (irrigation, dams, etc.) on runoff response can be a useful tool for detection and attribution for each source of variability.
Variation of Stresses Ahead of The Internal Cracks in ReNI5 Powders During Hydrogen Charging and Discharging Cycles

In this study, the evolution of the stress-states ahead of the penny shaped internal cracks in both spherical and disk shaped ReNi{sub 5} particles where Re denotes the rare earths La, Ce, and Misch-metals during hydrogen charging and discharging cycles were investigated using coupled diffusion/deformation FEM analyses. The results indicate that large tensile stresses, on the order of 20--30% of the modulus of elasticity, develop in the particles. The disk shaped particles, in addition to having faster charging/discharging cycles, may offer better resistance to fracture than the spherical particles.
Evaluation of the covertness of time-hopping impulse radio using a multi-radiometer detection

Covert operation is an important requirement for military communications systems. Impulse radio is a promising ultra-wideband technique for tactical military communications. Using a simple, sub-optimal radiometer detection system, impulse radio has been shown previously to exhibit low probability of detection (LPD) compared to alternative systems. In this paper we quantitatively evaluate the covertness of impulse radio using a more complex radiometer detection scheme ideally suited for detection of time-hopping impulse radio signals. The more complex detection system that we consider utilizes multiple, wideband radiometers with outputs that are ORed and compared to a threshold. This "multi-radiometer" detection system is used to quantify covertness for single and multiple user configurations. We also evaluate covertness for cases where the detector incorporates varying amounts of prior knowledge about the impulse radio signals. The "average covertness" of impulse radio for a specified number of users is determined and then compared to DS-CDMA schemes with equivalent number of users.
Theoretical Value Belief, Cognitive Ability, and Personality as Predictors of Student Performance in Object-Oriented Programming Environments

The research described in this article reports the results of a study designed to evaluate the relationship among object-oriented (OO) computer programming task performance and a student's (1) theoretical value belief, (2) cognitive ability, and (3) personality. The results of this study do not support the assertion that cognitive ability is a main determinant of performance. Rather, the findings suggest that characteristics of an individual nature have more effect on a student's performance. This supports our belief advanced herein that theoretical value belief and personality are significant predictors of computer programming performance in OO environments. From the findings of this study, we assert that academicians who must teach OO computer programming consider these factors when developing course materials or student assistance programs.