cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do they matter? A meta-analytic investigation of individual characteristics and guilt judgments.

Many people believe the personal attributes of trial participants substantially impact the decisions of juries, and considerable research has examined the extent to which characteristics of jurors and defendants are associated with juror judgments of guilt. To assess this broad issue, we meta-analyzed empirical studies examining the relationship between 11 juror and defendant characteristics and individual-level judgments of guilt in criminal trial contexts. Three potential moderator variables were also investigated: participant type, outcome type, and case type. In total, 464 effects were obtained from 272 published and unpublished studies. The 11 focal characteristics yielded sample-weighted mean correlations ranging from zero to .22 in magnitude, with the strongest overall relationships emerging for defendant socioeconomic status (.11), defendant criminal record (.12), juror authoritarianism (.17), and juror trust in the legal system (.22). There was, however, substantial evidence of moderation for 10 of the 11 characteristics, suggesting their overall relationships vary according to one or more other variables. Moderator analyses revealed little support for participant type, some support for outcome type, and good support for case type with regard to their ability to explain variation in the observed effects. Overall, several juror and defendant characteristics were associated strongly enough with guilt judgments to warrant the attention of scholars and legal practitioners, and the results of this work add to our understanding of extralegal bias and juror decision making.
Images From the Development of a High-Power Microwave System

A recently developed self-contained compact single-shot high-power microwave (HPM) system was tested and characterized. The explosive-driven system utilizes a reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) as the HPM source. An open-shutter image acquired with a digital single-lens reflex camera during operation was used to show plasma development extending beyond the anode-cathode gap of the vircator. The plasma's self-emission is due to ionized material eroded and desorbed from both the cathode and the anode.
Invariant Half-Lines of Nonexpansive Piecewise-Linear Transformations

It is shown that if f is a nonexpansive piecewise-linear mapping of Rm into itself, there exists a unique half-line that f maps into itself and such that restriction of f thereto is a translation. One easy consequence of this result is that there exists a unique m-vector α such that for every m-vector x, the sequence fnx-nα remains bounded. In particular, fnx/n converges to the same limit α, for all x. Also, f has a fixed point if and only if α = 0. These results are applied to give alternative proofs of several known facts concerning the maximum expected n-period reward in a finite Markov decision process.
On the cohomology of pure mapping class groups as FI-modules

In this paper we apply the theory of finitely generated FI-modules developed by Church et al. to certain sequences of rational cohomology groups. An FI-module over \({\mathbb {Q}}\) is a functor from the category of finite sets and injections to the category of vector spaces over \({\mathbb {Q}}\). Our main examples are the cohomology of the moduli space of \(n\)-pointed curves, the cohomology of the pure mapping class group of surfaces and some manifolds of higher dimension, and the cohomology of classifying spaces of some diffeomorphism groups. We introduce the notion of FI\([G]\)-module and use it to strengthen and give new context to results on representation stability discussed by the author in a previous paper. Moreover, we prove that the Betti numbers of these spaces and groups are polynomial and find bounds on their degree. Finally, we obtain rational homological stability of certain wreath products.
Respiration and Acid-Base Physiology of the Spotted Gar, A Bimodal Breather: I. Normal Values, and the Response to Severe Hypoxia

In normally aerated water, at 20 °C, gar accounted for 42 % of their M O O2 from their lungs, while in hypoxic water ( P O O2 ≃ 12 torr) their entire M O O2 was from the lung, and O 2 was lost through the gills. CO 2 excretion in both normoxia and hypoxia was primarily via the gills. Lung ventilation increased 1150%, accompanied by an elevation of pulmonary perfusion from 5.9 to 12.1 ml.kg −1 .min −1 in hypoxia, which accounts for the enhanced pulmonary M O O2 . Cardiac output increased from 31 to 40.5 ml.kg −1 .min −1 and systemic perfusion was maintained in hypoxia. The difference in acid-base status between pre- and post-branchial blood ( P CO CO2 , pH and total CO 2 ), changed only slightly during hypoxia, but the oxygen difference reversed. Normal dorsal aortic (DA) P O O2 was 23.8 torr, ventral aortic (VA) 20.3; during aquatic hypoxia the mean values were 21.9 and 22.6, respectively. Blood pressure rose in both the VA and DA in hypoxia but the branchial vascular resistance did not change. The oxygen transfer factor did not change significantly between normoxia and hypoxia. Anatomical studies of the gill microvasculature revealed a reduced and channelized lamellar circulation. No respiratory shunt pathways were found around the lamellae. The physiological and anatomical data indicated that the gar did not change lamellar perfusion or use shunt pathways to avoid hypoxic O 2 loss.
Chapter 19 – A NEW FRONTIER FOR ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHETICS: APPLICATION OF DIELECTRIC ELASTOMER ACTUATORS TO BIONICS

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) whether used as artificial muscles or as replacements for traditional actuators show great potential for use in modern active orthotic and prosthetic therapeutic applications. Such actuators are roughly similar in function and biomechanics to natural muscle, including the ability to produce the high peak power density needed for muscle-like actuation that can simplifying biomimetic and bio-inspired design. Furthermore, DEAs are also capable of multidirectional actuation, enabling novel external and implantable designs not as suited to traditional actuation technology. Examples include artificial muscle-powered prosthetic arms, active ankle-foot orthoses, and ventricular assist devices. While challenges currently exist in using dielectric elastomerbased actuators for biomedical use, this technology shows great potential for the development of advanced orthoses and prostheses, leading to a substantial benefit for those with physical impairments and disabilities.
Vehicular Pollution Effects in Urban Development

Large quantities of air contaminants are emitted from motor vehicles. Air pollution problems resulting from motor vehicles are described and the factors which bring about the problems are discussed. Also discussed is the relationship of traffic to concentrations of pollutants in urban areas. There are opportunities for minimizing motor vehicle created air pollution and the exposure of the public to high concentrations of contaminants through highway design and urban planning.
Blaming the Victim: Perceptions about Incarcerated Sexual Assault Victim Culpability among a Sample of Jail Correctional Officers

AbstractResearch examining correctional officer perceptions about the sexual victimization of inmates is rare. This research offers a first glimpse of what personal, job-related, and attitudinal factors influence blaming incarcerated sexual assault victims among a sample of 376 jail correctional officers in one state. Surveys are utilized to elicit understanding about officer perceptions of incarcerated victims. Findings indicate that jail correctional officer blaming of incarcerated sexual assault victims is highly correlated with perceptions about rape myths and homosexuality. Specifically, officers who adhere to rape myths and disapprove of homosexuality are more likely to blame incarcerated victims of sexual assault. This study is a first to examine factors correlated with jail correctional officer blaming of incarcerated sexual assault victims. The results are useful in understanding the perspectives of jail correctional officers and experiences of victims incarcerated in jails. Implications for corr...
Parkin Protects Against Misfolded SOD1 Toxicity by Promoting Its Aggresome Formation and Autophagic Clearance

Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause autosomal dominant amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment. Despite ample evidence indicating involvement of mutation-induced SOD1 protein misfolding and aggregation in ALS pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms that control cellular management of misfolded, aggregation-prone SOD1 mutant proteins remain unclear. Here, we report that parkin, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which is linked to Parkinson's disease, is a novel regulator of cellular defense against toxicity induced by ALS-associated SOD1 mutant proteins. We find that parkin mediates K63-linked polyubiquitination of SOD1 mutants in cooperation with the UbcH13/Uev1a E2 enzyme and promotes degradation of these misfolded SOD1 proteins by the autophagy-lysosome system. In response to strong proteotoxic stress associated with proteasome impairment, parkin promotes sequestration of misfolded and aggregated SOD1 proteins to form perinuclear aggresomes, regulates positioning of lysosomes around misfolded SOD1 aggresomes, and facilitates aggresome clearance by autophagy. Our findings reveal parkin-mediated cytoprotective mechanisms against misfolded SOD1 toxicity and suggest that enhancing parkin-mediated cytoprotection may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treating ALS.
Flash-Heater Ethylation of Some Antiepileptic Drugs

We describe a modification of the MacGee method [ Anal. Chem. 42, 421 ( 1970)] for rapid determination of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin) in plasma by gas—liquid chromatography, in which an ethylating reagent is used instead of the more common methylating reagents. With this modification, several N -methylated antiepileptic drugs can be separated from their demethylated metabolites. Our results agree well with those of Butler and Waddell [ Neurology 8, 106 ( 1958)], who showed that in patients receiving the N -methylated compounds mephenytoin and mephobarbital, the N -demethylated products, 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin and phenobarbital are found in higher concentrations in plasma than are their respective parent drugs. The method is also useful for routine determinations of phenobarbital, primidone, and phenytoin in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, or saliva.
Supersonic Flows with Imbedded Separated Regions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents illustrative data pertaining to cavities with recompression against a solid boundary rather than bluntbase wakes, because the latter are adequately covered in the other reviews. The chapter deals with recompression-controlled cavities downstream of steps (and blunt bases) that have been most thoroughly investigated both theoretically and experimentally, and presents the semiempirical model of Chapman and Korst and confronts it with evidence. The more sophisticated numerical studies, which go beyond the assumptions of the Chapman–Korst model and illustrate its insufficiencies and limitations, have been reviewed. The chapter gives an account of experimental data for cavities in notches and outlines the features of the free-interaction model that isolates the dominant mechanism governing separation-controlled cavities. Illustrative data pertaining to upstream-facing steps, ramps, and shock-induced cavities have been presented and correlated in terms of similarity parameters derived from this model. Numerical solutions of the interaction-dominated boundary-layer problem starting with either the differential equation or a multimoment approximation to the equations have been described. These constitute the most complete and sophisticated treatment of flows with imbedded separate regions, and apply, in principle, to all types of cavities.
A case of radiation-induced localized exacerbation of hidradenitis suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition associated with a significant social and medical cost. Patients with HS may require emergency department care and inpatient care, and a study found that these patients have greater health care utilization compared with those with psoriasis.1 The prevalence of HS in the United States has been reported as low as 0.05%2 and as high as 4%.3 It most commonly occurs in women with an average age of onset of 23 years.4 Its destructive nature can be quite debilitating, and treatment is seldom curative. The typical lesions include recurrent, painful nodules and abscesses in intertriginous areas that may form sinus tracts.5 The most common locations for HS lesions in women are the inframammary region and the groin, whereas for men they are the buttocks and the perineal area.4 HS is graded on severity based on the Hurley stages I to III. Numerous options have been investigated for the treatment of HS; however, most are ineffective in achieving complete remission. Treatment options are often chosen based on disease severity and impact of the disease on quality of life. Current treatment options include oral zinc supplementation; laser hair removal; carbon dioxide (CO2) laser ablation; oral antibiotics such as clindamycin plus rifampicin, dapsone, and tetracyclines; and surgical unroofing and more extensive surgical excision. Biologics and immunosuppressants are considered for more recalctrant and symptomatic patients with stage III disease.4 Recent research has also found that CO2 laser therapy has comparable recurrence rates to those of wide excision.6 We report the case of a female patient who had a flare of HS over the entire radiation site after treatment for ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). Radiotherapy commonly causes acute skin toxicity, which may include erythema, edema, and desquamation7 but to date has not been linked to the development of HS. In the past, radiotherapy was actually used to treat early lesions of HS.4
A New Species of Guntheria (Acari: Trombiculidae) with Foliate Body Setae from Papua New Guinea Mammals

Guntheria squamosa is described as new from specimens taken from the Variable Spiny Rat, Rattus ruber , and the Black-tailed Marsupial Mouse, Antechinus melanurus , collected in Papua New Guinea.
Synthesis and Characterization of Brush-Shaped Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Polymers Based on Polyphosphazenes

A series of densely grafted star- and comb-shaped molecular brushes composed of polystyrene, poly(tert-butyl acrylate), and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using either cyclotriphosphazenes or polyphosphazenes as initiators. The initiators were prepared by the introduction of a free hydroxyl group into the side chains of a phosphazene cyclic trimer and polymer, followed by esterification with 2-bromopropionyl bromide. The grafting conditions were optimized for various monomers. The kinetics of the reaction were first-order with respect to the monomer concentration in both cyclotriphosphazene and polyphosphazene systems. The molecular weights of the resulting polymers were estimated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The side chains of the brush polymers were cleaved from the backbone and analyzed by GPC to confirm the synthesis of well-defined polymer brushes. Brushes based on poly(tert-butyl acrylate) were subjected to hydrolysis to yield nega...
Structural Damage Detection Method Based on Natural Frequency and Mode Shape

A traditional damage detection method based on changes of natural frequencies was modified and updated,and a new damage detection method based on natural frequencies and mode shapes was proposed.The result of numerical simulation shows that the precision of the traditional damage detection method based on changes of natural frequencies becomes poor while the damage extent of an element is getting higher,therefore a modification of iterative algorithm was suggested.For the situation that some natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of the damaged structure could be obtained,a new damage detection method using pseudo-inverse was presented.The results of the simulation show the high efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the pseudo-inverse method.
Research Propositions for Examining the Effects of Direct Consumer Premiums

This paper reviews the sales promotion literature on the attitudinal and behavioral effects of direct consumer premiums, and presents research propositions that deserve further attention. Previous research deals primarily with the behavioral effects of monetary promotions (e.g., price-off coupons) in promotion time periods. Nonmonetary promotions and the delayed effects of promotions on individuals' attitudes and behavior toward promoted products in postpromotion time periods have received almost no research attention, but have been the focus of much discussion and disagreement. Direct consumer premiums (also referred to as package-related, free-premiums) are a key element in the nonmonetary sales promotion mix of U.S. packaged goods manufacturers. Most promotion researchers agree that premiums can stimulate favorable effects in promotion time periods. However, there is disagreement as to how promotion time period gains influence postpromotion attitudes and behavior toward promoted products. Many researchers have proposed that premium promotions have unfavorable delayed effects which lead to decreased probabilities of product selection in postpromotion time periods. Other researchers have suggested that premium promotions have little, or no, long-term effects on attitudes and behavior in postpromotion time periods. Finally, some researchers have argued that premium promotions lead to increased probabilities of product selection in postpromotion time periods.
Atypical lipoma, a diagnostic dilemma

Although lipomas are one of the most common soft tissue tumors found in the body, atypical lipomas remain a puzzling diagnostic dilemma. Their differential diagnosis from malignant lesions is imperative, but more important is understanding the correct surgical treatment. A thorough review of the literature, the pathology of the entity, and several illustrative cases are presented.
Online speaker diarization using adapted i-vector transforms

Many speaker diarization systems operate in an off-line mode. Such systems typically find homogeneous segments and then cluster these segments according to speaker. Such algorithms, like bottom-up clustering, k-means or spectral clustering, generally require the registration of all segments before clustering can begin. However, for real-time applications such as with multi-person voice interactive systems, there is a need to perform online speaker assignment in a strict left-to-right fashion. In this paper we propose a novel Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) adapted transform within an i-vector speaker diarization framework, that operates in a strict left-to-right fashion. Previous work by the community has shown that the principal components of variation of fixed dimensional i-vectors learned across segments tend to indicate a strong basis by which to separate speakers. However, determining this basis can be problematic when there are few segments or when operating in an online manner. The proposed method blends the prior with the estimated subspace as more i-vectors are observed. Given oracle SAD segments, with adaptation we achieve 3.2% speaker diarization error for a strict left-to-right constraint on the LDC Callhome English Corpus compared to 4.8% without adaptation.
eFIP: A Tool for Mining Functional Impact of Phosphorylation from Literature

Technologies and experimental strategies have improved dramatically in the field of genomics and proteomics facilitating analysis of cellular and biochemical processes, as well as of proteins networks. Based on numerous such analyses, there has been a significant increase of publications in life sciences and biomedicine. In this respect, knowledge bases are struggling to cope with the literature volume and they may not be able to capture in detail certain aspects of proteins and genes. One important aspect of proteins is their phosphorylated states and their implication in protein function and protein interacting networks. For this reason, we developed eFIP, a web-based tool, which aids scientists to find quickly abstracts mentioning phosphorylation of a given protein (including site and kinase), coupled with mentions of interactions and functional aspects of the protein. eFIP combines information provided by applications such as eGRAB, RLIMS-P, eGIFT and AIIAGMT, to rank abstracts mentioning phosphorylation, and to display the results in a highlighted and tabular format for a quick inspection. In this chapter, we present a case study of results returned by eFIP for the protein BAD, which is a key regulator of apoptosis that is posttranslationally modified by phosphorylation.
Noncontact laser photothermal keratoplasty. I: Biophysical principles and laser beam delivery system.

BACKGROUND Thermal shrinkage of stromal collagen is known to produce changes in the corneal curvature. We designed a novel, noncontact laser beam delivery system to perform laser photothermal keratoplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS The instrument consisted of a pulsed holmium:YAG laser (2.10-micrometer wavelength, 250-microsecond pulse width, 5-hertz repetition rate) coupled via a monofilament fiber to a common slit-lamp microscope equipped with a polyprism, an adjustable mask, and a projection lens. The system projected an 8-spot annular pattern of infrared laser energy on the cornea to achieve a thermal profile within the stroma and to attain controlled, predictable collagen shrinkage. The system produced treatment patterns of 8 to 32 spots of 150 to 600 microns diameter in concentric rings, continuously adjustable between 3 and 7 mm. The versatility of the system in creating different treatment patterns was tested on thermal paper and human cadaver eyes. RESULTS A uniform beam profile and different treatment patterns for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were obtained. Myopic correction of 6.00 diopters was demonstrated on cadaver eyes. Corneal topography documented corneal flattening (> 6.00 D) with the following treatment parameters: each spot size on the cornea = 300 microns, radiant exposure of each spot = 18.0 J/cm2, number of pulses = 1, diameter of the treatment ring = 3 mm. CONCLUSIONS Noncontact slit-lamp microscope laser delivery system for laser photothermal keratoplasty provides flexible and precise selection of laser treatment parameters. It may improve the efficacy of the procedure.
The Molecular Topography of the Photochemical Membrane System in the Green Bacterium Chloroflexus

The photosynthetic apparatus of the green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus is located in two cytologically distinct components. This arrangement and the presence of two Bchl types, Bchl a and species dependent Bchl c, d or e is characteristic for all green bacteria (Chlorobiaceaece). In C. aurantiacus the photochemical reaction centers and a Bchl a containing light-harvesting complex with absorption maxima at 866 and 808 nm is located in the cytoplasmic membrane (CM). Characterization of isolated CM by light induced absorption spectroscopy, redox potentiometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy revealed that the reaction center of C. aurantiacus, possesses a Bchl a dimer as primary electron donor (absorbing at 865 nm with an Em,8.1 = +360 mV) and two menaquinone acceptor system (Em,8.1 of first menaquinone acceptor = −50 Em,8.1 mV). The major Bchl-type in C. aurantiacus, Bchl c, is located and organized in chlorosomes and functions solely as a light-harvesting pigment (Sprague et al., 1981). Besides the bulk of antenna Bchl c which absorbs in vivo at 740 nm, a small but distinct amount of Bchl a, absorbing at 790 nm (B790) has been observed in chlorosomes and, hence, appeared to be an element of the chlorosome structure. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements of intact Chloroflexus cells showed that this pigment component actively facilitated energy migration from chlorosomes to the CM. The results of this study were summarized in a model describing the transition dipole orientation of Bchl c and Bchl a (B790) in the chlorosomes and, additionally presented a pathway of energy transfer from the chlorosome pigment to the reaction center (Betti et al., 1982). Since an efficient energy transfer should require a specific functional connection, this B790 Bchl a may well be organized in, or be part of the chlorosome baseplate, providing the energetic linkage between the chlorosome and CM. The aim of our present work is to survey the topographical arrangement of chlorosome- and pigment-specific proteins in isolated chlorosomes and cytoplasmic membranes.
Intercalation of solid hydrogen into graphite under pressures

We present the Raman spectral evidence of pressure-induced intercalation of solid hydrogen into graphite to 60 GPa. The intercalation is evident by the emergence of two characteristic Raman bands of hydrogen (νo1 and νo2), which appear upon the solidification of hydrogen and disappear as all sp2-hybridized graphitic carbons convert to sp3-hybridized hexagonal diamond at 57 GPa. The νo1 and νo2 frequencies of intercalated hydrogen, 4250 and 4270 cm−1 at 10 GPa, are substantially higher than the νo of bulk hydrogen, 4228 cm−1 at the same pressure, indicating the presence of strong repulsive interactions between intercalated hydrogen molecules and graphite layers and, thereby, strong internal chemical pressures. Based on the spectral blue shift of intercalated hydrogen vibrons, we estimate the internal pressure to be ∼1 GPa at 10 GPa and ∼10 GPa at 50 GPa.
Anatomy and physiology of adipose tissue.

A fundamental knowledge of the microscopic and gross anatomy of adipose tissue is essential for the safe and effective performance of lipoplasty. The author presents information on adipose distribution and discusses recent studies on adipose cellularity. These studies should be helpful in determining how individual patients will respond to lipoplasty treatment.
Abstract 89: Validating The Identification Of Patients At High Risk For Readmission By Examining Hospitalization History

OBJECTIVES: To identify patients at high risk of readmission by validating a simple predictive tool based solely on hospitalization history. BACKGROUND: There is a federal mandate to reduce preventable readmissions. Predicting hospital readmission risk is of great interest to identify which patients would benefit most from transition interventions. Current models perform poorly. Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH) has implemented the Preventable Admissions Care Team (PACT), which has achieved significant results for patients not targeted by other transitional programs. PACT, a social worker-led transitional program, decreased 30-day readmission rate from 30% to 12%, ED visits by 63%, and achieved a 90% primary care show rate at 7-10-days post-discharge. Patients are identified for PACT solely by readmission history: one readmission in 30 days or 2 in 6 months, prior to the index hospitalization. Thus, our objective here was to determine the concordance of predictions based on hospitalization history with a more formal risk model based on factors that characterize patients through demographics and comorbidities. METHODS: Using logistic regression, we developed a risk prediction model for readmission within 30-days. The model, which used patient demographics and co-morbidities (alcohol abuse, AMI, afib, breast cancer, CKD, COPD, CVA, depression, hip fracture, or osteoporosis), was developed in a cohort of Medicare FFS beneficiaries with a high proportion of cardiovascular disease, hospitalized at MSH. The higher the risk score, the higher risk of readmission. Scores of 0-2 had a 7% risk of readmission; scores of 3 or 4 and above 5 had 30-day readmission rates of 19%, and 29%, respectively. We then applied this risk scoring model to patients enrolled in PACT to determine how many of them would have been identified as high risk for readmission based on the regression model. RESULTS: A total of 393 patients were enrolled in PACT in a year and completed a 5 week intervention. Eighty seven percent had 1 cardiac comorbid illness (76% CAD, 66% CHF, and 17% Afib). Readmission data was available through 2010 thus, the analysis was completed for 111 patients. Ninety-five percent of PACT enrollees had a risk score greater than 3: 19 patients (17.1%) had a risk score of 3-4, and 87 patients (78.4%) had a risk score of 5 or greater. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization history alone is a reasonable proxy to more formal multivariable regression models in predicting 30-day readmission risk. If substantiated through further study, this could have national implications for real time high risk patient identification for transitional services. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Substitution of Propargylic Carbonates

The palladium(0)-catalyzed, ligand-controlled, regioselective addition of diaryl acetonitrile pronucleophiles to propargylic carbonates is reported. Selective formation of either terminal 1,3-dienyl or propargylated products is proposed to arise from a change in reaction mechanism controlled by the denticity of the coordinating ligand.
The Match between Reinforcer Class and Response Class: Its Influence on Communication Intervention Strategies:

Reinforcement principles applied to language intervention have attended primarily to the “power” of the reinforcer selected rather than the match between the reinforcer and topography of the behavior being taught. Stokes and Baer (1977) emphasized the use of natural maintaining contingencies. This emphasis has resulted in a number of investigations that have attempted to discern the effect(s) that the functional relationship between stimulus and reinforcer might have upon the acquisition of language comprehension and production skills. This article reviews this literature, offers methodological considerations in the selection of reinforcer/response relations, and discusses the possible effect that such reinforcement strategies have on learning to comprehend language as well as learning to produce language to both request and provide information.
On consistent boundary closures for compact finite-difference WENO schemes

The accuracy of compact finite-difference schemes can be degraded by inconsistent domain or box boundary treatments. A consistent higher-order boundary closure is especially important for block-structured Cartesian AMR solvers, where the computational domain is generally decomposed into a large number of boxes containing a relatively small number of grid points. At each box boundary, a consistent higher-order boundary closure needs to be applied to avoid a reduction of the formal order-of-accuracy of the numerical scheme. This paper presents such a boundary closure for the fifth-order accurate compact finite-difference WENO scheme by Ghosh and Baeder [1]. The accuracy of the new boundary closure is validated by employing the method of manufactured solutions. A comparison of the new compact boundary closure with the original explicit boundary closure demonstrates the improved accuracy for the new compact boundary closure, while the behavior of the scheme across discontinuities appears unaffected. The linear stability analysis results indicate that a linearly stable compact WENO boundary closure is achieved.
Surgical Decision-Making, Technical Considerations, and Clinical Pearls in Therapeutic Inguinal Node Dissection for Penile Cancer

The presence and extent of regional lymph node (LN) metastases is the single-most-important prognostic factor in determining the long-term survival of patients with squamous penile cancer. The natural history of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis has shown that the disease tends to exhibit a prolonged locoregional phase before distant metastasis. This provides a window for potential cure with inguinal lymphadenectomy. However the selection of patients who will benefit from upfront lymphadenectomy versus those who would benefit from neoadjuvant therapy followed by consolidative surgery requires further clarification. Physical examination findings and more recently imaging play an important role in stratifying the prognosis for patients with clinically positive inguinal lymph nodes. Optimal preoperative preparation utilizing a multidisciplinary approach along with meticulous planning of surgical steps will assist in minimizing postoperative complications.
Factors and barriers associated with changes in physical activity after cancer diagnosis.

162Background: Cancer patients experience a variety of symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue) that can impact their ability to maintain physical activity (PA) levels. The objectives of this study were to examine factors associated with decreased levels of PA following cancer diagnosis and to identify barriers to PA. Methods: We recruited cancer patients from one urban academic medical center and 11 affiliated community hospitals to participate in a cross-sectional study. We conducted chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression models to examine patient demographics, clinical characteristics and self-reported barriers associated with decrease in PA levels since cancer diagnosis. Results: Among 662 participants, mean age (SD) was 59.9 (11.6) years. The majority were female (65%), White (81%), and overweight/obese (65%). Common cancer types were breast (32%), lung/thoracic (15%), and hematological (15%), 53% had non-metastatic disease, and 53% were > 12 months post-cancer diagnosis. The majority received c...
Learning from ecology: Financial reporting as a ‘commons’

Abstract This note explores how the financial reporting environment for listed companies is a common good put at risk by participants with incentives to extract benefits at the cost of the investing public. Disclosure of misleading financial information confers economic gain for a few but pollutes the environment and reduces its usefulness for all. After showing how a variant of the prisoner's dilemma may explain Enron-era scandals, the note discusses how U.S. government intervention was the only practical solution to repair damage to the financial reporting Commons. The implication of this note is that government involvement in financial reporting is here to stay.
Stirring Up the Biological Pump: Vertical Mixing and Carbon Export in the Southern Ocean

The biological carbon pump (BCP) transports organic carbon from the surface to the ocean's interior via sinking particles, vertically migrating organisms, and passive transport of organic matter by advection and diffusion. While many studies have quantified sinking particles, the magnitude of passive transport remains poorly constrained. In the Southern Ocean weak thermal stratification, strong vertical gradients in particulate organic matter, and weak vertical nitrate gradients suggest that passive transport from the euphotic zone may be particularly important. We compile data from seasonal time-series at a coastal site near Palmer Station, annual regional cruises in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), cruises throughout the broader Southern Ocean, and SOCCOM autonomous profiling floats to estimate spatial and temporal patterns in vertical gradients of nitrate, particulate nitrogen (PN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Under a steady-state approximation, the ratio of ∂PN/∂z to ∂NO3-/∂z suggests that passive transport of PN may be responsible for removing 46% (37%-58%) of the nitrate introduced into the surface ocean of the WAP (with DOM contributing an additional 3-6%) and for 23% (19%-28%) of the BCP in the broader Southern Ocean. A simple model parameterized with in situ nitrate, PN, and primary production data suggested that passive transport was responsible for 54% of the magnitude of the BCP in the WAP. Our results highlight the potential importance of passive transport (by advection and diffusion) of organic matter in the Southern Ocean, but should only be considered indicative of high passive transport (rather than conclusive evidence) due to our steady-state assumptions.
Overcoming challenges in school-wide survey administration.

School-based surveys provide a useful method for gathering data from youth. Existing literature offers many examples of data collection through school-based surveys, and a small subset of literature describes methodological approaches or general recommendations for health promotion professionals seeking to conduct school-based data collection. Much less is available on real-life logistical challenges (e.g., minimizing disruption in the school day) and corresponding solutions. In this article, we fill that literature gap by offering practical considerations for the administration of school-based surveys. The protocol and practical considerations outlined in the article are based on a survey conducted with 11,681 students from seven large, urban public high schools in the southeast United States. We outline our protocol for implementing a school-based survey that was conducted with all students school-wide, and we describe six types of key challenges faced in conducting the survey: consent procedures, scheduling, locating students within the schools, teacher failure to administer the survey, improper administration of the survey, and minimizing disruption. For each challenge, we offer our key lessons learned and associated recommendations for successfully implementing school-based surveys, and we provide relevant tools for practitioners planning to conduct their own surveys in schools.
Rolland Edward Pangborn, 1916-1981

(1981). Rolland Edward Pangborn, 1916-1981. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 26, No. 94, pp. 319-322.
JENA: The Scientific Zoological Collections at the Phyletisches Museum in Jena: Historical Development and Conservational Challenges

The zoological collections at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena have a complex history that dates back to the eighteenth century. Although material was gained in sum over long periods, storage capacities were always a limiting factor, material was often insufficiently documented, and some of it was lost or destroyed. Here, we report briefly on the history of the zoological collections and their importance and value in the light of the biodiversity crisis and legal impediments. Conservational problems include permanent curation, temperature and humidity fluctuations as well as pests and the use of poisons.
Justice and Political Duties

We expect governments and citizens to resolve environmental problems in a fair or just way. But what do we mean by justice? This chapter explores different concepts of justice, as well as the social contract theory of political obligation. It then examines the duties of government, citizens, and corporations with respect to the environment, introducing concepts such as environmental human rights, ecological citizenship, and corporate social responsibility.
The Value of the Vaginal Pack Test in Large Cystoceles

AbstractTo detect possible stress urinary incontinence associated with but masked by large cystoceles protruding through the vaginal orifice, a vaginal pack test was done in conjunction with video fluoro-urodynamic studies. Sixteen female patients with large cystoceles did not demonstrate stress urinary incontinence on clinical examination and were included in this study. Additionally, 10 healthy female volunteers underwent the same test to study the effect of a vaginal pack on urethral dynamics. The vaginal pack revealed the presence of stress urinary incontinence in 11 patients (69%): 3 (19%) with type II (vesicourethral hypermobility) and 8 (50%) with type III (internal sphincteric deficiency). After insertion of the vaginal pack, urodynamic studies showed that the closing proximal urethral pressure in patients with stress urinary incontinence was significantly lower than in continent patients (p <0.05). No significant change in urethral pressures was noted in volunteer subjects after vaginal pack inse...
We Built it and They Did Not Come: Using Governance Theory in the Fight for Food Justice in Low-Income Communities of Color

Food deserts and food insecurity have received considerable attention from various stakeholders, such as state and local governments, community organizations, and private sector institutions. These stakeholders have sought to overcome food insecurity by turning food deserts into oases by providing “access” to fresh, healthy food. However, many of their solutions—building supermarkets and sponsoring farmers markets—have missed the mark. Residents of food deserts did not flock to grocery stores to purchase fruits and vegetables. As a result, many stakeholders blame the residents of food deserts for their own predicament, lamenting, to paraphrase Field of Dreams, “we built it but they did not come.” We proffer an alternative to blaming the victims. We consider that the problem is not simply that they did not come. Perhaps “we” made incorrect assumptions about the barriers to accessing healthy food? Thus by neglecting the full extent of the problem, “we” failed to provide meaningful access. In this Essay, we argue that interventions failed because we used a top-down approach that implicitly and/or unwittingly embraced a myopic narrative of food access that centered around problems of proximity. We then introduce the use of “new governance” theory to contemplate what a more collaborative and inclusive framework would look like.
Time-Resolved Switching Studies in a-Si:H and Related Films

Switching in a-Si:H and a-Si:HN x layers is investigated by pulse current transient and Auger scanning microspectroscopy measurements. Switching in a-Si:H with Ag and Cr contacts exhibits 2 different regimes depending on the voltage pulse polarity. With a positive top Ag contact, switching occurs in nanoseconds after a certain latency time, which depends on voltage exponentially. For a negative Ag contact, there is no latency time provided the voltage exceeds a certain critical value. This might be related to interface effects on contact properties or field-assisted metal diffusion. Scanning Auger element micromaps reveal metallic filaments in the switched films. They contain both Ag and Cr throughout the film thickness. Two phases of the filament formation are suggested – a precursor phase and a post-switching phase characterized by local heating and atomic diffusion. Soft and hard switching are observed in a-Si:HN x films simultaneously and their rates depend strongly on the contact material and applied voltage. Soft switching might be related to the charge trapping in this wide bandgap material.
‘The Two Great Scarcities in the Libertarian Movement: Money and Talent’

Murray Rothbard, Hayek’s co-leader of the fourth-generation Austrian School of Economics, told the Centre for Libertarian Studies Board that ‘we are severely limited by the two great scarcities in the libertarian movement: money and talent.’ The Tobacco, Obesity and Fossil Fuel industries solved the money problem, but the talent problem remains. The ‘free’ market is promoted via neo-feudal patronage—the ‘spoils system.’ Hayek—who sought to recruit the ‘worst inferior mediocrities’—created a ‘free’ market Welfare State for his academically unqualified devotees: ‘That I cannot reach the public I am fully aware. I need these intermediaries.’ Hayek promoted what Kevin Phillips, the co-author of Richard Nixon’s 1968 ‘southern strategy,’ described as ‘mediacracy’—whereby the mass media have effective control over the voting public and thus political outcomes.
Impact of Airfield Pavement’s Operability on Its Anti-skid Properties

The article focuses on presenting the impact of the airfield pavements operability on the obtained values of the friction coefficient. The problem was captured in the context of the surface contamination’s increase during the half-year measurement period. In addition, a reduction of the pavement surface anti-skid parameters in the touchdown zone on the runway, in relation to its central part was presented.
THE STRUCTURE OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AT 2.8 Å RESOLUTION

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates about structure of lactate dehydrogenase at 2.8 A resolution. Lactate dehydrogenase is an NAD-dependent enzyme catalyzing interconversion of lactate and pyruvate within the glycolytic pathway. A complete sequence of lactate dehydrogenase has not yet been determined. The conformation of the lactate dehydrogenase subunit, viewed from the molecular center looking down c, is illustrated. The “essential thiol peptide” has been identified because residue 149 is the ligand for the B site of mercury substitution in the HgCl2 and MMN derivatives. The parts of the subunit that form boundaries may be noted although it is difficult to make a detailed analysis of contacts in the absence of a complete sequence. The elucidation of the structure of the enzyme–coenzyme complex and of the abortive ternary complex may throw light on the importance of a tetrameric molecule.
Positive Balance at the Meta-cognitive Level: Life Satisfaction

In this chapter, I offer a definition of positive mental health based on the concept of positive balance at the meta-cognitive level as follows: Individuals characterized as having positive mental health tend to experience a preponderance of positive evaluations about one’s life using certain standards of comparison (satisfaction with one’s life compared to one’s past life, the life of family members, etc.) relative to negative evaluations about one’s life using similar or other standards of comparison. I then discuss several programs of research supporting this definition of positive balance at the meta-cognitive level: multiple discrepancies theory, congruity life satisfaction, temporal life satisfaction, social comparison, frequency of positive affect, and homeostatically protected mood. I describe how domain satisfaction contributes to life satisfaction through an emergence process involving a bottom-up spillover process. Specifically, domain satisfaction at the cognitive level, mediated by a bottom-up process at the meta-cognitive level, result in life satisfaction; and conversely, domain dissatisfaction mediated by a bottom-up process result in life dissatisfaction.
Distillation of Best Practices from Refactoring FLASH for Exascale

FLASH is a multiphysics software package that was created in 1998 by combining three preexisting packages and has undergone three major revisions. Software design and engineering practices were integrated early in the development and maintenance processes of FLASH, and these processes have evolved strongly at each of the revisions. As high-performance computing enters the age of exascale, challenges along the orthogonal axes of node-level hardware and solver heterogeneity force developers of complex multiphysics software to consider a software architecture overhaul. Because of the nature and scope of necessary changes, an effort to refactor and grow the architecture of the FLASH code has been launched as a separate software project. For this project to succeed, its development team must evaluate, improve, and modernize software processes and policies to meet the unique challenges posed by the exascale era. We describe here our experiences, lessons we have learned, and the methods that we have developed as part of this ongoing project. Within the context of the challenges posed by exascale, we review the FLASH design approach as well as some of the main software engineering processes and tools that have been implemented or updated throughout the lifetime of FLASH. Modernization applied to these processes and tools is also detailed. Reviewing and reevaluating the FLASH experience of establishing and updating software design and engineering practices have been helpful in understanding the needs of the project as it transitions to exascale and in planning the transition. We find that our historical design methodology is still important and relevant. We also believe that using a mixture of plan-based and agile methods is still the best for our project and is in accord with the guidance found in the literature. We present a section on inferences and lessons learned related to software design and engineering practices.