cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unc119 Regulates Myofibroblast Differentiation through the Activation of Fyn and the p38 MAPK Pathway

Unc119 is an adaptor protein that is involved in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. We have shown that Unc119 stimulates the induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and myofibroblast differentiation by TGF-beta in human lung fibroblasts. Unc119 increases the kinase activity of Fyn and associates with it in coprecipitation and colocalization studies. Phosphorylation and activation of Fyn in response to TGF-beta and platelet-derived growth factor is delayed in Unc119-deficient cells. This delay translates into suppressed cell proliferation. In Src family kinase-deficient (SYF) cells, Unc119 knockdown does not affect cell proliferation. The result suggests that Unc119 interacts with Fyn in the early stages of signal generation and its presence is essential for conducive signal transduction. Unc119 overexpression does not stimulate alpha-SMA in SYF cells and this defect is restored upon reconstitution with Fyn indicating that Unc119 stimulation of alpha-SMA requires at least Fyn. Unc119 overexpression stimulated p38, but not JNK, phosphorylation. Blocking p38 MAPK resulted in reduced alpha-SMA expression by Unc119 suggesting that the p38 pathway regulates Unc119-induced myofibroblast differentiation. Unc119 stimulates the production of TGF-beta and IL-6, known inducers of myofibroblast differentiation. Thus, Unc119 regulates receptor-mediated signal transduction and myofibroblast differentiation by activating Fyn and the p38 MAPK pathway. Using primary lung fibroblasts from patients with fibrotic lung diseases and control subjects, we show that the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin is highly correlated with that of Unc119. Taken together, our results suggest that Unc119 plays an important role in fibrotic processes through myofibroblast differentiation.
Turnover rate of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase as determined by use of cycloheximide.

Abstract Both rat liver cholesterol synthesis and the primary controlling enzyme in this synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) are known to exhibit a circadian rhythm of activity. Rats fed ad libitum and housed under normal conditions (i.e. lights on at 6 a.m. and off at 6 p.m.) showed a maximum activity of HMG-CoA reductase at midnight and a minimum activity at noon. Changing the lighting conditions such that there was still a 12-hour light-dark cycle per day affected the timing but not the amplitude of the rhythm. The maximum reductase activity always occurred 6 hours after the onset of the dark period. Cycloheximide (1.3 µg per g body weight) caused an exponential decay of liver microsomal HMG-CoA reductase activity for a 9-hour period following the injection. On a normal lighting schedule this decay rate was the same when measured from 9 a.m., 9 p.m., or 2 a.m. The half-life (t½) of the enzyme was calculated to be approximately 4.2 hours. The rate of decay of enzyme activity measured from 2 a.m. was the same for untreated control rats fed ad libitum and for rats treated with cycloheximide. Consequently, the circadian rhythm can be explained as due solely to changes in the rate of synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase.
A Preliminary Assessment of the Nimbus-7 CZCS Atmospheric Correction Algorithm in a Horizontally Inhomogeneous Atmosphere

In order to employ the Nimbus-7/CZCS to estimate the concentration of phytoplankton pigments in the oceans, it is necessary to remove the effects of the intervening atmosphere from the satellite imagery. The principal effect of the atmosphere is a loss in contrast caused by the addition of a substantial amount of radiance (path radiance) to that scattered out of the water. Although image enhancement techniques can be used to regain some of the contrast for pattern recognition purposes, the extraction of pigment concentrations requires that the radiance originating from beneath the sea surface be accurately extracted from the imagery (Gordon and Clark, 1980). A technique has been developed (Gordon, 1978) which shows considerable promise (Gordon et al, 1980) for removal of these atmospheric effects and is presently being implemented into the NASA processing system. The basic idea of this atmospheric correction algorithm is two-fold.
An Anarchist Defense of Democracy

The paper brings philosophical anarchism and democratic theory into conversation. I argue that there is a justifiable critical intuition behind philosophical anarchism: rule conflicts with the individual’s freedom to govern himself, and political rule is thereby morally suspect. However, contrary to philosophical anarchists, this intuition can be used to justify democracy as a legitimate form of government. Although political rule is morally suspect, social life inevitably and necessarily involves the rule of some people over others. Because there is no alternative to rule in some form, the best solution is to minimize rule to the greatest extent possible, which, I argue, democracy does. Democracy can thus be justified on anarchist grounds. I argue that in minimizing rule, democracy maximizes individual self-government, and political obligation stems from the equal realization of individual self-government in collective decision making.
Engineering process control of bioseparation processes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the engineering process control of bioseparations. Bioseparation is defined as process steps used to purify the products from bioreactors (such as fermentors): downstream processing steps which may include extraction, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography. It is suggested that these separation and purification steps comprise 40–80% of the total cost of a bioprocess. An example of the scale of the bioseparation portion of a processing sequence is the production of human insulin using fermentation and recombinant DNA technology. After the fermentor stage, this process requires cell harvesting and disruption, recovery and solubilization, enzymatic conversion, refolding, sulfitolysis, cleavage, purification, and crystallization. These steps involve the unit processes of centrifugation, reaction, adsorption, filtering, chromatography, and crystallization. Clearly, any steps to improve the efficiency of the process must address the downstream steps.
Relational Strengths in Interracial/Intercultural Marriage1: Insights from Four Korean–Caucasian Couples

AbstractBased on in-depth interviews with four Korean–Caucasian couples, this article explores the relational strengths and resilience of intercultural couples cultivated in the process of forming couple identity, communicating, and practicing marital mutuality. It then delineates some implications for pastoral theology and care emerging from the voices and narratives of the couples. The currently existing literature focuses predominantly on identifying differences, challenges, and struggles in interracial/intercultural marriage (e.g., psychological stressors, relational conflict, and complexities around childrearing). The literature tends to engender and reinforce the misconception that intercultural marriage is fragile or more dysfunctional than intraracial/intracultural marriage. By appropriating the intercultural approach (Lartey, 2003), this article acknowledges that every couple is in some respects: (a) like all other couples; (b) like some other couples; and (c) like no other couple. This article h...
Social Support and User Engagement in Online Health Communities

Online health communities (OHCs) have become a major source of social support for people with health problems. Members of OHCs interact online with those who face similar problems and are involved in different types of social supports, such as informational support, emotional support and companionship. Using a case study of an OHC among breast cancer survivors, we first use machine learning techniques to reveal the types of social support embedded in each post from an OHC. Then we generate each user’s contribution profile by aggregating the user’s involvement in various types of social support and reveal that users play different roles in the OHC. By comparing online activities for users with different roles and conducting survival analysis on users’ time span of online activities, we illustrate that users’ levels of engagement in an OHC are related to various types of social support in different ways.
Statistical modeling of storm level Kp occurrences: Solar cycle modulation

[1] We consider the nonstationary, statistical modeling of the occurrence in time of large Kp geomagnetic storms over the course of multiple solar cycles. Previous work showed that wait times between storms can be represented by an exponential density function, consistent with the realization of a Poisson process. Here we also assume a Poisson process, but to account for solar cycle modulation of storm likelihood, we assume an occurrence rate given by a parametric constant plus a simple sinusoidal function of time. Parameter estimation is accomplished using maximum likelihood, yielding good fits to the Kp data. We find that the relative phase between storms and sunspots depends on storm size. We quantify previous observations that small storms tend to occur during the declining phase of the solar cycle, while large storms tend to occur very close to solar maximum. We predict average wait time between storms and the storm occurrence rate up through the year 2018.
Regulation of Protochlorophyll(ide) Levels in Dark-Grown Non-Dividing Euglena 3. Proplastid Structure during Loss and Regeneration of Protochlorophyll(ide)

Observation des variations de structure des proplastes en relation avec les variations des taux cellulaires de la protochlorophylle phototransformable
Data Sets on International Migration

International migration figures prominently on the agenda of the United Nations. Solid migration data are crucial for supporting this global debate. This article describes the international migration data sets produced by the Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. The Population Division's Migration Section produces migrant stock estimates for the world's countries by sex and, more recently, by age. The Section also produces a database containing annual data on inflows, outflows, and net flows of international migrants by country of origin for major destination countries. The Section maintains the Global Migration Database, containing the world's most complete set of empirical statistics on the international migrant stock by country of birth, citizenship, sex, and age for more than 200 countries and territories for recent decades. The data and associated publications are available from the Migration Section's Web site at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Introductions and Committees

Preliminary pages including introductory comments, Program Committee listing and table of contents.
Africa: addressing growing threats to food security.

Africa remains the only region in the world where the number of hungry people will still be on the increase in 2020 and the number of malnourished children will have increased correspondingly. In this report I have acknowledged the general public policy trends across Africa in terms of macroeconomic policy reforms and political transitions. These welcome trends have to still produce stable nations and economies. Although economic development is the long-term solution to Africa’s challenge on hunger and poverty this will take time. And it follows therefore that African nations have to pursue policies and strategies that promote long-term growth while at the same time offering short-term safety nets for the poorest of the poor. The growth and development strategy will have at its core the need to increase significantly the levels of public-sector investment in agriculture and rural development and to give top priority to the commercialization of smallholder agriculture so as to increase productivity and competitiveness. But food security at the household level is ultimately a balance between availability and access and in this regard governments need complementary food security policies that increase the probability of food access by the vulnerable groups. (authors)
The Physical Geography of North America

Antony R. Orme, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. xv and 551 pp., maps, diags., photos., and index. $95.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-511107-9). Occasionally, a new book not only fills a gap in th...
Corneal Epithelium in Penetrating Keratoplasty

We studied corneal epithelium in 66 patients with bullous keratopathy treated with penetrating keratoplasty using McCarey-Kaufman stored donor corneas. Epithelium was evaluated at times of storage, surgery, and postoperative dressing changes. Epithelium was intact in 43 of the donor corneas at storage, and 23 had 5 to 100% (median, 50%) epithelium missing. At the end of the keratoplasty procedure, 16 grafts had epithelium intact, and 50 had 5 to 100% (median, 20%) epithelium missing. Postoperative epithelial healing time ranged from one to 12 days, with a median of two days. Postoperative healing was significantly prolonged when donor corneal epithelium was missing at keratoplasty. As the amount of epithelium intact at the end of surgery decreased, the number of days to heal postoperatively increased. We found that donor corneas could be stored as long as 79 hours, with 63 hours in McCarey-Kaufman medium, and still have epithelium intact at the end of the keratoplasty procedure.
Surface plasmons in layered structures and their role in superconductivity

Abstract The contribution of surface plasmons to electron-electron interaction is examined by calculating the effective Coulomb repulsion μ in the case of periodically spaced conducting planes separated by an insulator of dielectric constant ϵ i . Substantial reduction in μ is obtained when ϵ i 》 1 .
Maternal folate-related gene environment interactions and congenital heart defects.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether women with congenital heart defect (CHD)–affected pregnancies were more likely to have functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding enzymes in folate-dependent pathways.METHODS:A population-based case–control study of 572 women with CHD-affected pregn
Nonequilibrium Gross-Pitaevskii dynamics of boson lattice models

Motivated by recent experiments on trapped ultracold bosonic atoms in an optical lattice potential, we consider the nonequilibrium dynamic properties of such bosonic systems for a number of experimentally relevant situations. When the number of bosons per lattice site is large, there is a wide parameter regime where the effective boson interactions are strong, but the ground state remains a superfluid (and not a Mott insulator): we describe the conditions under which the dynamics in this regime can be described by a discrete Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We describe the evolution of the phase coherence after the system is initially prepared in a Mott insulating state, and then allowed to evolve after a sudden change in parameters places it in a regime with a superfluid ground state. We also consider initial conditions with a ``\ensuremath{\pi} phase'' imprint on a superfluid ground state (i.e., the initial phases of neighboring wells differ by \ensuremath{\pi}), and discuss the subsequent appearance of the density wave order and ``Schr\"odinger cat,'' i.e., macroscopic quantum interference, states.
Gut-specific transcriptional regulatory elements of the carboxypeptidase gene are conserved between black flies and Drosophila

Millions of people die every year in the tropical world from diseases transmitted by hematophagous insects. Failure of conventional containment measures emphasizes the need for additional approaches, such as transformation of vector insects with genes that restrict vectorial capacity. The availability of an efficient promoter to drive foreign genes in transgenic insects is a necessary tool to test the feasibility of such approach. Here we characterize the putative promoter region of a black fly midgut carboxypeptidase gene and show that these sequences correctly direct the expression of a beta-glucuronidase reporter in Drosophila melanogaster. By histochemical staining and mRNA analysis, we found that the gene is expressed strongly and gut-specifically in the transgenic Drosophila. This gut-specific black fly carboxypeptidase promoter provides a valuable tool for the study of disease vectors.
An Analysis of the Upwind Moment Scheme and Its Extension to Systems of Nonlinear Hyperbolic-Relaxation Equations

The goal of this research is developing a unified numerical method for simulating continuum and transitional flow. To achieve our ultimate goal, first, hyperbolic-relaxation equations are introduced, then a new discretization method is developed. The method is based on Huynh’s upwind moment scheme, with implicit treatment of the source term. Our previous linear method is generalized to 1-D nonlinear hyperbolic-relaxation equations. First, a Fourier analysis is conducted to uncover the accuracy and stability. Then, the Euler equations with heat transfer, which reduce to the isothermal Euler equations in the equilibrium limit, are adopted as a model equation for the numerical experiment. The analysis and numerical results show the superiority of the proposed method in both accuracy and efficiency over the semi-discrete, method-of-line approach.
Formation of fine particles in supercritical fluid micelle systems

Abstract Submicron (≈0.5 μm), spherical Al(OH)3 particles were produced by precipitation of aqueous Al(NO3)3 solutions present in the cores of reverse micelles suspended in a supercritical propane continuous phase, to which NH3 was introduced. Particle sizes were affected by the reactant concentration in the micelle cores. Potential advantages of using supercritical fluid reverse micelle systems for powder formation are noted.
SURFACE AREA AND ITS EFFECT ON EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF MONTMORILLONITE

The particle size and exchange capacity of several samples of montmorillonite were measured. It is shown that the particle size does influence the exchange capacity. Based on recent observations of thickness of particles, the surface area can be calculated more precisely; this in turn can be related to the exchange capacity. This relationship and that existing for kaolinite are compared. It is shown that the exchange capacity is directly related to the broken Si—O, Al—O, or Al—OH linkages.
High Lymphocyte Transformation with Non-haemolytic Streptococcal Product

A VARIETY of antigenic substances can induce generally low percentages of transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from specifically sensitive donors into large blast-like cells capable of division. Phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed extract, streptolysin S, staphylococcal filtrate and antilymphocyte serum are capable of inducing generally higher percentages of transformation in the lymphocytes of all normal subjects, apparently irrespective of previous sensitization (reviewed in ref. 1). Streptolysin S, a haemolytic streptococcal toxin, is of interest because it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever2 and lysosome-mediated tissue damage3. We report here the induction of a high percentage of transformation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro with a non-haemolytic streptococcal product.
Histamine‐immunoreactive neurons and their innervation of visual regions in the cortex, tectum, and thalamus in the primate Macaca mulatta

The histaminergic system is involved in the control of arousal in the brain and may impact significantly on visual processing. However, little is known about the histaminergic innervation of visual areas, or the histamine system in the primate brain, in general. We examined in Macaca mulatta the location of histamine-immunoreactive neurons and the innervation of important cortical and subcortical visual areas by histamine-immunoreactive axons. Brain sections were treated with an antibody to histamine and processed with standard immunohistological procedures. Histamine-immunoreactive neurons (20-45 microns in diameter) were localized bilaterally in the hypothalamus, particularly in ventral, lateral, posterior, and perimammillary hypothalamic areas. These hypothalamic cells appear to provide the sole neural source of histamine in the macaque brain. A plexus of varicose histamine-immunoreactive axons was present throughout the superior colliculus, the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the lateral posterior/pulvinar complex, and the visual cortex, including areas 17, 18, and the nearby extrastriate cortex. The axons nearly homogeneously innervated every region and layer in these structures, except for an increase in density in layer 1 of the visual cortex and in the superficial-most layers of the superior colliculus. Histaminergic axons broadly innervated every visual region examined. In comparison with the other aminergic and the cholinergic projection systems, which show considerable projection specificity, the histaminergic projection exhibited great homogeneity. The breadth of the distribution of histaminergic axons ensures that virtually all levels of visual processing in the primate can be influenced, either directly or indirectly, by the neuromodulatory effects of histamine.
1388 THE INFLUENCE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS (FFA) AND GLUCOSE INFUSION (GI) ON SERUM BILIRUBIN (BIL) AND BILIRUBIN BINDING TO ALBUMIN

This report describes the risk incidence of a large group (N= 1271) of jaundiced neonates to bil toxicity through measurement of serum albumin saturation by salicylate displacement (saturation index or SI) and the role of FFA and GI in this problem. RESULTS: 12 jaundiced neonates (bil=13.9 mg/dl) with high SI (7.8±0.6%), history of poor oral intake but no hemolytic disease nor drug exposure were treated with GI at a rate of lg/kg/h for 1-2 h. After GI, there was a significant (p 7%): 50% were fullterm, only 24% had hemolytic disease and none had exposure to drugs. GI was given to 82 of these infants (mean bil=14.7 mg/dl; mean SI=8.0%). After GI, there was a significant (p<0.01) fall in bil (Δ= -1.2 mg/dl) and SI (Δ= -3.7%) in 76/82 (93%) infants treated. No rebound to high SI occurred within 24 h after GI. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that by routine testing, a high percentage (12%) of infants with bil ≥ 10 mgs% are at or near risk to bilirubin toxicity as indicated by a SI ≥ 7%. These infants should be identified since treatment with GI is simple and highly effective in lowering both bil and SI probably through a mechanism of insulin release. The favorable response in most cases to GI indicates that serum FFA, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, play a major role clinically in bil binding to albumin.
Restoring the Pygmy Pine Forests of New Jersey's Pine Barrens

The Pinelands National Reserve and UNESCO Biosphere encompass a large portion of southern New Jersey's Pine Barrens. Within the core preservation zone of these Reserves lies the Warren Grove Weapons Range, a military installation where exercises during the past 50 years have devastated portions of the indigenous pygmy pine-oak forest. In 1987, restoration efforts were initiated to identify materials and techniques that promote a diverse and productive native plant community atop drastically disturbed portions of the range. We used trial plantings to examine fertilizer and sewage compost fertility amendments, the effect of different native plant mixtures (including the dwarfed race of pitch pine, Pinus rigida), the influence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius on the growth of pines and associated species, and mulch applications to conserve moisture and add organic matter. Following two growing seasons, test plantings exhibited 25% of the vegetation production found in the surrounding pine-oak community, 50% canopy closure, and levels of diversity comparable to the reference site. Maximum biomass and cover were achieved following the application of 16 Mg/ha compost and the establishment of pitch pine seedlings. Pitch pine was the dominant species in all plots where it was planted, with herbaceous species comprising the balance of the developing vegetation. Amendments of seeded grasses, P. tinctorius, and mulch influenced species composition but failed to enhance total plant production. We recommend restoring drastically disturbed sites in the pine plains with cultural input of compost to the spoils and planting of pitch pines and other woody species to accelerate the structural blending of reforested sites with the surrounding native vegetation.
The action of some agents active at autonomic ganglionic sites on the secretory response of the Heidenhain pouch to various stimuli.

Abstract In Heidenhain pouch dogs, with or without antra, the action of gastrin pentapeptide on acid secretion was augmented progressively by increasing doses of conventional ganglionic blocking agents. Gastrin pentapeptide did not stimulate pepsin secretion, but with pentolinium tartrate pepsin output was augmented. Two muscarinic ganglionic stimulants (AHR 602 and McNa 343) with gastrin pentapeptide or endogenously released gastrin greatly augmented acid and pepsin secretion. A nicotonic ganglionic stimulant (DMPP) did not demonstrate any of these effects. Neither ganglionic blockers nor stimulants of either type augmented histamine or metacholine stimulated gastric acid or pepsin secretion. Neither the blockers nor stimulants influenced gastric acid or pepsin when administered alone. It is concluded that gastrin and gastrin pentapeptide in some respects act to stimulate gastric secretion like muscarinic ganglionic stimulants and in this respect their action differs from that of histamine or cholinergic agents.
Cell shape regulation and cell cycle in embryonic lens cells.

EYE lens development in the chicken embryo begins with transformation of the ectoderm destined to become lens from a low cuboidal to a high columnar epithelium. Simultaneously the nuclei pass to the basal poles of the cells. This ‘palisading’1 gives the lens anlage a regular appearance, but individual cells may deviate considerably from the columnar shape, largely because of their replicative behaviour.
Emissions and distribution of methyl bromide in field beds applied at two rates and covered with two types of plastic mulches

A field experiment was conducted to compare two plastic mulches and two application rates on surface emissions and subsurface distribution of methyl bromide (MBr) in field beds in Florida. Within 30 minutes after injection of MBr to 30 cm depth, MBr had diffused upward to soil surface in all beds covered with polyethylene film (PE) or virtually impermeable film (VIF) and applied at a high rate (392 kg/ha) and a low rate (196 kg/ha). Due to the highly permeable nature of PE, within 30 minutes after injection, MBr volatilized from the bed surfaces of the two PE-covered beds into the atmosphere. The amount of volatilization was greater for the high rate-treatment bed. On the other hand, volatilization of MBr from the bed surfaces of the two VIF-covered beds were negligible. Volatilization losses occurred from the edges of all the beds covered with PE or VIF and were greater from the high rate-treatment beds. Initial vertical diffusion of MBr in the subsurface of the beds covered with PE or VIF was mainly upward, as large concentrations of MBr were detected from near bed surfaces to 20 cm depth in these beds 30 minutes after injection and little or no MBr was found at 40 cm depth. The two VIF-covered beds exhibited greater MBr concentrations and longer resident times in the root zone (0.5-40 cm depth) than corresponding PE-covered beds. Concentrations of MBr in the root zone of the high rate-treatment beds were 3.6-6.1 times larger than the low rate-treatment beds during the first days after application. In conclusion, VIF promoted retention of MBr in the root zone and, if volatilization loss from bed edges can be blocked, volatilization loss from VIF-covered beds should be negligible.
Fighting on the front lines: anti-Semitism at the University of California and efforts to combat it

Members of Muslim and pro-Palestinian student organizations and anti-Zionist faculty are the two main sources of anti-Jewish bigotry at the University of California (UC), and their behaviour has had two primary effects: the anti-Semitic language and imagery used by these individuals has caused significant harm to the reputation of Israel and its supporters, both on and off campus; and their behaviour has created a hostile and threatening environment for many Jewish students on UC campuses. Efforts to address the problem of anti-Semitism on UC campuses have generally targeted one of these two effects. These efforts have included: the reactive and proactive campaigns of pro-Israel student and faculty groups, as well as attempts to secure the protection of Jewish students from anti-Semitic harassment through legal means and by applying grassroots pressure on UC administrators. Although none of the efforts has led to a substantial reduction of anti-Semitism on UC campuses, a few of the approaches show some pr...
Hypoxia alters GABAA receptor function and subunit expression in NT2-N neurons

Abstract Hypoxia causes dysfunction of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, often resulting in encephalopathy, seizures or myoclonus. We evaluated the effects of hypoxia on GABA A receptor (GABA A R) function and expression in an in vitro model of neuronal hypoxia. NT2-N cells, derived from the human NT2 teratocarcinoma cell line, were exposed to ≤1% O 2 for 8 h and then used immediately for experiments or allowed to recover under normoxic conditions (95% air/5% CO 2 ) for 24, 48 or 96 h. Hypoxic treatment did not cause obvious morphological changes or cell death. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, the GABA current EC 50 was unchanged, however, maximal GABA-evoked currents changed in a biphasic manner. Maximal GABA currents were significantly increased immediately after hypoxia, but were significantly reduced after 48 h normoxic recovery, and then returned to baseline after 96 h recovery. Maximal potentiation of 10 μM GABA currents by diazepam was increased 48 h after hypoxia, but potentiation by zolpidem was decreased. Barbiturate enhancement and zinc inhibition of GABA currents were unchanged. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR showed decreased α1, α5, β2 and γ2 subunit mRNA after hypoxia. Hypoxic exposure altered GABA A R physiology and subunit mRNA expression, which may correlate with symptoms observed after hypoxia in vivo.
Who supports elderly African Americans in adhering to their healthcare regimen

Knowing who supports elderly African Americans in adhering to their healthcare regimen is vital information. This study found that the majority of elderly individuals discussed their chronic illnesses and problems related to managing their illnesses with family members rather than with formal providers. Additionally, family members were also significant in coordinating transportation; assisting with managing medications, diet, and exercise regimens; and monitoring symptoms of chronic illnesses. These findings provide direction on how to develop effective care plans and affect positive outcomes for elderly African American clients.
The absorptive activity of ameloblasts during the maturation of enamel

The activity of ameloblasts during the maturation of enamel was investigated by means of autoradiography. Young rats were given daily injections of radioactive sulfur. Injections were started when the rats were five days old and continued until some of the rats were 12 days old. Developing teeth were removed at different times and prepared for autoradiography. In every specimen that was examined, silver grains were found over enamel that was adjacent to tall, secretory ameloblasts. These cells have been identified as being engaged in matrix formation. At the end of matrix formation, the tall ameloblasts become structurally reorganized, and the reorganized cells now act on the enamel as it matures. Despite the fact that the animals receive daily injection of labeled sulfur, the silver grains over the maturing enamel decrease and silver grains are observed over the cytoplasm of the shortened ameloblasts. It is concluded therefore that one of the activities of the reorganized (transporting) ameloblasts is to remove sulfur or a sulfated compound from the enamel during its maturation.
Manipulability Analyses of the 3-DOF Parallel Machine Tool

A 3-DOF in-parallel machine tools based on a tripod mechanism is developed and studied, the kinematic is analytically performed, the workspace is derived, Analysis of the a number of conditions of the Jacobian matrix and manipulability is carried, The manipulability analytical of the parallel machine tool is investigated
On the number of Klein bottle types

Different geometric realizations of topological Klein bottles are discussed and analysed in terms of whether they can be smoothly transformed into one another and thus belong into the same regular homotopy class. Simple and distinct representatives for each of the four expected classes are introduced. In addition, novel and unusual geometries for Klein bottles are presented, some of them knotted, which may serve as proposals for large-scale sculptures.
Mixing of heterogeneities in the mantle: Effect of viscosity differences

The effect of viscosity variations associated with large scale chemical heterogeneities on mixing in the mantle is studied for a model two-dimensional problem. Low viscosity regions are rapidly deformed, develop long tendrils, and are entrained towards regions of surface divergence. Very viscous regions are only slowly stretched; thus, geochemical reservoirs can persist relatively undisturbed for long periods of time if they are >O(10–100) times more viscous than the surrounding mantle. High viscosity ratio blobs have a tendency to aggregate, leading to the formation of large scale heterogeneities from smaller ones.
Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic

An interesting oceanographic problem concerns the excess major plant nutrients (PO4, NO3, SiO3) occurring in offshore surface waters of the Antarctic1–3 and north-east Pacific subarctic Oceans4. In a previous study5, we presented indirect evidence suggesting that inadequate Fe input was responsible for this limitation of growth; recently we had the opportunity to seek direct evidence for this hypothesis in the north-east Pacific subarctic. We report here that the addition of nmol amounts of dissolved iron resulted in the nearly complete utilization of excess NO3, whereas in the controls—without added Fe—only 25% of the available NO3 was used. We also observed that the amounts of chlorophyll in the phytoplankton increased in proportion to the Fe added. We conclude that Fe deficiency is limiting phytoplankton growth in these major-nutrient-rich waters.
Murine T-helper cell immune response to recombinant vaccinia-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

The T-helper (Th) cell immune response following immunization of C3H (H-2k) mice with a recombinant vaccinia (VAC) virus (TC-5A) expressing the structural proteins (capsid, E1 and E2) of the attenuated vaccine strain (TC-83) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was compared with the immune response induced in mice after immunization with TC-83 virus. TC-5A virus elicited Th cells that strongly recognized both VAC and TC-83 viruses in in vitro lymphoblastogenesis tests. Th-cell activation was associated with elevated levels of interleukin-2. TC-5A virus induced long-term humoral immunity; VEE virus-binding and neutralizing antibodies were detected in mouse sera collected from mice 16 months after a single immunization.
Insemination of immature sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) eggs.

Abstract Sea urchin previtellogenic, vitellogenic, and meiotically dividing oocytes, and eggs having completed meiosis (pronuclear ova) were examined with light and electron microscopy at increasing periods after mixing with sperm. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated that spermatozoa were able to fuse with ova at all of the stages of development that were studied. Transformations of incorporated sperm nuclei into male pronuclei, i.e., disappearance of the sperm nuclear envelope, chromatin dispersion, and formation of a pronuclear envelope were only observed in inseminated pronuclear eggs. Sperm nuclei that enter meiotically dividing oocytes decondense to a limited extent but not to the same degree as observed in inseminated pronuclear ova. Cisternae do not become associated with the dispersed chromatin and a nuclear envelope is not formed in these specimens. Sperm nuclei incorporated into pre-and vitellogenic oocytes become surrounded by membranous elements of undetermined origin and do not undergo chromatin dispersion. These results suggest that factors or conditions required for development of male pronuclei are active (or appear) at progressive stages of nuclear maturation.
Hormone replacement therapy in the menopause: A pro opinion

The preponderance of data support the benefits of HRT in estrogen-deprived and menopausal women to reduce the risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease and to enhance quality of life and life expectancy. Controversies exist with regards to the risk-benefit ratio in women with a history of estrogen-dependent gynecologic tumors or breast cancer. Until these issues are resolved, physicians must carefully weigh, on an individual basis for each patient, the potential risks against the known benefits. Women should be counseled regarding the benefits of exercise, weight control, breast feeding, and cessation of cigarette smoking or excessive alcohol to reduce their risks of cancer, cardiac disease, and/or osteoporosis. HRT is not a panacea for an unhealthy lifestyle. When ERT is contraindicated, viable alternatives to retard bone loss and/or control vasomotor symptoms include calcium supplementation and progestin therapy. The role of tamoxifen as an alternative HRT in women at increased risk for breast cancer development is currently under investigation.
High-Performance Field-Effect Transistors Based on Polystyrene-b-Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Diblock Copolymers

Polystyrene-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PS-b-P3HT) block copolymers with fixed PS block length have been synthesized by combined atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and Grignard metathesis (GRIM) polymerization. The self-assembled structures of these diblock copolymer thin films based on PS-b-P3HT have been studied by TEM, SAED, GIXD, AFM, and additionally by first principles modeling and simulation. These block copolymers undergo microphase separation and form nanostructured spheres, lamellae, nanofibers, or nanoribbons in the films dictated by the molecular weight of the P3HT block. Within the diblock copolymer thin film, PS blocks segregate to form amorphous domains, and the covalently bonded conjugated P3HT blocks exist as highly ordered crystalline domains through intermolecular packing with their alkyl side chains aligned normal to the substrate while the thiophene rings align parallel to the substrate through π-π stacking. The conjugated PS-b-P3HT block copolymers exhibited significant improvements in organic field-effect transistor (OFET) performance and environmental stability as compared to P3HT homopolymers, with up to a factor of 2 increase in measured mobility (0.08 cm(2)/(V·s)) for the P4 (85 wt % P3HT). Overall, this work demonstrates that the high degree of molecular order induced by block copolymer phase separation can improve the transport properties and stability of conjugating polymers, which are critical for high-performance OFETs and other organic electronics.
Bat activity in relation to fire and fire surrogate treatments in southern pine stands

Abstract Forest managers often use thinning and prescribed burning to reduce the risk of wildfire and insect outbreaks. Because thinning and burning alter the structure of forest stands and may affect insect prey abundance, they may change the suitability of stands for bats. Our objective was to test the effects of thinning and burning on bat foraging and commuting activity in pine stands in the Clemson Experimental Forest in the Piedmont of South Carolina. We also tested whether vertical use of stands varied with treatment and whether activity of three common species varied among treatments. Twelve stands in the Clemson Experimental Forest dominated by loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (P. echinata) pine and at least 14 ha in size were selected and three replicates of four treatments were installed. The treatments were: (1) prescribed burning (Burn), (2) thinning to 18 m2/ha (Thin), (3) thinning to 18 m2/ha followed by prescribed burning (ThinB activity in the Burn and Thin&Burn stands was intermediate. Activity was also greater in treated stands than in the Control stands in 2002, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.08). In both years we recorded significantly more calls at 9 m than at 0.5 m above ground but the treatments did not affect vertical use of the stands. Activity of big brown bats and red bats was significantly higher in Thin stands than in Control or Burn stands, whereas activity of pipistrelles did not vary among treatments. Our results suggest that treatments that reduce clutter, particularly thinning, increase the suitability of pine stands for bats’ foraging and commuting activity in the Piedmont region. Thus, use of these practices may help to preserve the biodiversity of managed pine forests in the South.
Blood stream infection (BSI) and acute GVHD after hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) are associated

BSI and acute GVHD (aGVHD) are serious complications of HSCT. We hypothesized that the two events were not independent of one another. We studied (1) associations between BSI and aGVHD; (2) the impact of BSI and/or aGVHD on death within 100 days after HSCT, employing a retrospective cohort analysis. Risk factor analysis was performed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses. Of 211 subjects undergoing allogeneic HSCT from 1/00–12/05 (58% of whom underwent reduced intensity transplantation), 82 (39%) developed BSI. In 49 patients (23%), grades (gr) 2–4 aGVHD occurred. Early BSI was independently associated with an increased occurrence of subsequent aGVHD gr 2–4. Cytomegalovirus seropositivity was independently associated with decreased occurrence of aGVHD. Acute GVHD gr 2–4 independently predicted subsequent first BSI. Both BSI and aGVHD gr 2–4 were significant independent predictors of death within 100 days after HSCT. There is a strong, independent association between BSI and aGVHD. Potential explanations include the elaboration of cytokines during BSI favoring the development of aGVHD and/or the immunosuppressive treatment of aGVHD favoring the development of BSI. Future studies should be directed at mechanistic investigations of this association.
Meat By‐product Protein Composition and Functional Properties in Model Systems

Composition and functional properties of selected meat by-products were studied. Mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) and meat by-products (pork lung lobes, pork liver, beef lung lobes, beef spleen, beef heart) varied in their proximate composition, amount of the three major protein fractions [low ionic strength soluble (LIS), high ionic strength soluble (HIS), insoluble] and collagen content. Cooked batter model system reheat yield was positively correlated with the quantity of HIS proteins and the percentage myosin and actin in the HIS protein fraction. Stress and strain at failure of the cooked batters were inversely correlated to the amount of LIS proteins and positively correlated with the percentage of myosin and actin in the by-products.
ADULT ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF EXPOSURE

Claims have been made regarding the differing contributions of formal classroom versus naturalistic settings to second language acquisition (D'Anglejan 1978; Krashen 1976; Krashen and Seliger 1975; Sajavaara 1981). A study was designed to test such claims by investigating the production of English grammatical morphology by 18 adult native speakers of Spanish under three different conditions of exposure to English L2: (1) Instruction Only, (2) Naturalistic, and (3) Mixed (a combination of 1 and 2). Effects of the three conditions of second language exposure were revealed in the types of errors produced during individual conversations with a researcher: (1) All subjects made errors of morpheme oversuppliance in inappropriate contexts and morpheme omission in required contexts; however, the former were more prevalent among Instruction Only subjects, and the latter more common among Naturalistic subjects. These differences were statistically significant. (2) The Naturalistic group tended to omit plural -s endings on nouns which were premodified by quantifiers. This nonredundant marking of plurality, characteristic of many pidgin speakers, was significantly different from the nontarget plural productions of the other two groups. Despite these differences in production errors, statistically high correlations were found among the three groups of subjects with regard to rank order accuracy for grammatical morphology. Results of the study suggest that different conditions of exposure to English L2 do not significantly alter the accuracy order in which grammatical morphemes are produced. However, as reflected in production errors, different conditions appear to affect learners' hypotheses about the target morphology and their strategies for using it.
Feasibility test for real-time communication using wormhole routing

Real-time applications are becoming increasingly demanding in terms of the computational power and the I/O bandwidth required. Massively parallel computers using wormhole routing are the most promising architectures to deliver scalable computational power efficiently. It follows that real-time applications will want to take advantage of these architectures. However, before real-time applications can exploit massively parallel architectures, mechanisms need to be developed to ensure that critical hard-deadline messages meet their deadlines. An off-line feasibility test for real-time wormhole-routed messages is presented. The test will work for any static priority assignment scheme. The effectiveness of several proposed priority assignment methods is evaluated using random (uniform) traffic patterns. Simulations using a flit level simulator (FLS) are performed to validate the test. Simulations show that a high degree of schedulability can be achieved with a finite number of virtual channels, and that packetising long messages increases the overall schedulability of the network.