cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of the diffusion-limited injection in direct dual fuel stratification

Low-temperature combustion offers an attractive combination of high thermal efficiency and low NOx and soot formation at moderate engine load. However, the kinetically-controlled nature of low-temperature combustion yields little authority over the rate of heat release, resulting in a tradeoff between load, noise, and thermal efficiency. While several single-fuel strategies have achieved full-load operation through the use of equivalence ratio stratification, they uniformly require retarded combustion phasing to maintain reasonable noise levels, which comes at the expense of thermal efficiency and combustion stability. Previous work has shown that control over heat release can be greatly improved by combining reactivity stratification in the premixed charge with a diffusion-limited injection that occurs after low-temperature heat release, in a strategy called direct dual fuel stratification. While the previous work has shown how the heat release control offered by direct dual fuel stratification differs f...
Changing Images of American Military and Foreign Policy

This chapter examines the evolution of images of the United States’ military and foreign policy in the Soviet press during the Gorbachev period and attempts to identify sources of change. The study has been divided into four sections. The first section examines changing discourse. Content analysis has been used in order to explore chronological changes in the use of key evaluative terms traditionally used to describe the United States. The second section explores the evolution of disinformation campaigns designed to paint a negative image of the US in the Soviet Union and to discredit the US world-wide. The third section examines press coverage of US relations with the developing world and includes a comparative case study of press coverage of the US attack on Libya in 1986 and its invasion of Panama in late 1989. The final section looks at US relations with its allies, particularly those in Western Europe and Japan. Special attention is devoted to coverage of the Group of Seven’s annual meetings from 1986 to 1990.
High-Density Lipoprotein Biogenesis: Defining the Domains Involved in Human Apolipoprotein A-I Lipidation

The first step in removing cholesterol from a cell is the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1)-driven transfer of cholesterol to lipid-free or lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), which yields cholesterol-rich nascent high-density lipoprotein (nHDL) that then matures in plasma to spherical, cholesteryl ester-rich HDL. However, lipid-free apoA-I has a three-dimensional (3D) conformation that is significantly different from that of lipidated apoA-I on nHDL. By comparing the lipid-free apoA-I 3D conformation of apoA-I to that of 9-14 nm diameter nHDL, we formulated the hypothetical helical domain transitions that might drive particle formation. To test the hypothesis, ten apoA-I mutants were prepared that contained two strategically placed cysteines several of which could form intramolecular disulfide bonds and others that could not form these bonds. Mass spectrometry was used to identify amino acid sequence and intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Recombinant HDL (rHDL) formation was assessed with this group of apoA-I mutants. ABCA1-driven nHDL formation was measured in four mutants and wild-type apoA-I. The mutants contained cysteine substitutions in one of three regions: the N-terminus, amino acids 34 and 55 (E34C to S55C), central domain amino acids 104 and 162 (F104C to H162C), and the C-terminus, amino acids 200 and 233 (L200C to L233C). Mutants were studied in the locked form, with an intramolecular disulfide bond present, or unlocked form, with the cysteine thiol blocked by alkylation. Only small amounts of rHDL or nHDL were formed upon locking the central domain. We conclude that both the N- and C-terminal ends assist in the initial steps in lipid acquisition, but that opening of the central domain was essential for particle formation.
The isolation and characterization of systemic sclerosis vascular smooth muscle cells: enhanced proliferation and apoptosis resistance:

BackgroundVascular dysfunction is a major pathologic component of systemic sclerosis (SSc). The role of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) in the development of vascular dysfunction is still unkn...
Peripheral Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization and Collection Efficacy Is Not an Independent Prognostic Factor for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation.

Background: High dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell rescue has become one of the standard treatment options for many hematopoietic malignancies. Mobilization by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) with or without chemo priming and followed by peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection is the preferred method to obtain progenitor cells. Successful mobilization and collection of stem cells is dependent upon a number of clinical factors including previous chemotherapy history and disease stage. One question concerns whether efficacy of mobilization and collection, as measured by the number of days or number of collections to reach a defined CD34 cell target dose, is an independent prognostic factor for autologous stem cell transplantation outcome. Method: A total of 358 patients transplanted from January 2003 to December 2004 (201 males and 157 females, ages from 2.7 to 77.3 years old with median of 53 years of age) underwent autologous PBSC collection after mobilization with GCSF at 10 mcg/kg to 16mcg/kg with or without chemo priming. PBSC collections are typically initiated on day 5 post GCSF injection, or day 10 after chemo priming and GCSF injection without information about their absolute peripheral CD34 cell count. This retrospective study included patients with the following diagnoses: 45 (13%) acute Myelogenous leukemia (AML), 124 (35%) non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) 33 (9%) Hodgkin’s disease (HD), 123 (34%) multiple myeloma (MM), and 33 (9%) solid tumors. All patients underwent 4 hours of daily PBSC collection with an average processed volume of 12 to 15 liters at average flow rate of 40ml to 60ml/minute (by Cobe Spectra, Gambro BCT, Denver, CO) until a minimum CD34 count of 2×10 6 /kg of body weight with a target of CD34 cell count of 5×10 6 /kg is reached. The mean number of collections to reach this minimum CD34 cell dose was 2.7 (median 1, range 1 to 14). Collected cells were cryopreserved and stored at −140°C in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen freezer prior to their transplantation. Patients received a median CD34 cell dose of 6.4×10 6 /kg with range 2.0 to 67.6×10 6 /kg for their transplants. Correlations were performed between PBSC mobilization/collection efficacy and transplantation outcomes. Results: Both greater CD34 cell dose used in the transplant (r= −0.24, p 6 /kg (r=0.10, p=0.06) fostered quicker engraftment. Regardless, most patients engrafted within a reasonable time, with outliers not explained by cell dose or days to collect 2×10 6 CD34 cells. There was only one graft failure. CD34 cell dose and number of days PBSC collection to reach the minimum 2×10 6 /kg of CD34 cell dose did not independently affect the overall survival or disease-free-survival for this study population as a whole and per each diagnostic group. Patient age at transplantation did not confound the result.
Impact of premix antimicrobial preparation and time to administration in septic patients.

Objective Strategies that reduce the time to antimicrobial administration, such as the availability of premix antimicrobials (PMAs) in the emergency department (ED), may better align with the goals of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign and improve outcomes in septic patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of antimicrobial preparation on time to administration in septic patients located in the emergency department (ED). Methods This was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study and adult patients with a diagnosis of sepsis who received at least one initial intravenous (IV) antimicrobial in the ED were included. Time to complete an empiric antimicrobial therapy was defined as the time between prescriber order entry and the infusion initiation time of the final antimicrobial agent of a patient's antimicrobial regimen. Appropriate, empiric antimicrobial therapy was based on treatment recommendations by nationally accepted guidelines for the specific indication. Results The first antimicrobial was initiated earlier when available as a PMA preparation (median (IQR): premix 25 minutes (16.5-42.3) vs. non-premix 46 minutes (20-102), p=0.027). When comparing complete, empiric antimicrobial regimen administration, there was no difference in time to administration between regimens containing one or more non-premix antimicrobials and regimens containing all PMAs (median (IQR): premix 69 minutes (21-115) vs. non-premix 65 minutes (38.5-133.8); p=0.455). Conclusions PMA preparations significantly reduced time to administration of the first antimicrobial agent for septic patients treated in the ED, but time to administration of subsequent antimicrobials were not improved.
Improving Adherence to Long-term Opioid Therapy Guidelines to Reduce Opioid Misuse in Primary Care: A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Prescription opioid misuse is a national crisis. Few interventions have improved adherence to opioid-prescribing guidelines. Objective To determine whether a multicomponent intervention, Transforming Opioid Prescribing in Primary Care (TOPCARE;http://mytopcare.org/), improves guideline adherence while decreasing opioid misuse risk. Design, Setting, and Participants Cluster-randomized clinical trial among 53 primary care clinicians (PCCs) and their 985 patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain. The study was conducted from January 2014 to March 2016 in 4 safety-net primary care practices. Interventions Intervention PCCs received nurse care management, an electronic registry, 1-on-1 academic detailing, and electronic decision tools for safe opioid prescribing. Control PCCs received electronic decision tools only. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included documentation of guideline-concordant care (both a patient-PCC agreement in the electronic health record and at least 1 urine drug test [UDT]) over 12 months and 2 or more early opioid refills. Secondary outcomes included opioid dose reduction (ie, 10% decrease in morphine-equivalent daily dose [MEDD] at trial end) and opioid treatment discontinuation. Adjusted outcomes controlled for differing baseline patient characteristics: substance use diagnosis, mental health diagnoses, and language. Results Of the 985 participating patients, 519 were men, and 466 were women (mean [SD] patient age, 54.7 [11.5] years). Patients received a mean (SD) MEDD of 57.8 (78.5) mg. At 1 year, intervention patients were more likely than controls to receive guideline-concordant care (65.9% vs 37.8%; P P P P P Conclusions and Relevance A multicomponent intervention improved guideline-concordant care but did not decrease early opioid refills. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01909076
Neural correlate of auditory spatial attention allocation in the superior colliculus

This study is the physiological complement to previous behavioral work that demonstrated that rhesus monkeys are able to allocate attention about the surrounding space based on brief, broadband auditory cues. Single-unit recordings were taken from the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (iSC) while the subjects oriented to visual and auditory targets in the context of a cuing task with their heads unrestrained. The results show a correlation between behavioral manifestations of attention allocation, attention capture and inhibition of return, and modulation of target-evoked responses in single iSC neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY These results show for the first time a neural correlate of attention capture and inhibition of return in response to auditory stimuli in the superior colliculus of the head-unrestrained monkey.
Regiodivergent Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Diamination of Alkenyl Amides with Secondary Amines: Complementary Access to γ- or δ-Lactams

Alkenyl N-pivaloylhydroxamates undergo an Ir(III)-catalyzed diamination of the alkene with simple exogenous secondary amines under extraordinarily mild reaction conditions. The regioselectivity of the diamination is controlled by the solvent and the electronics of the cyclopentadienyl (Cpx) ligand on Ir. On the basis of a set of mechanistic experiments, we propose that the relative rates of Ir(V)-nitrenoid formation versus attack on the amido-Ir-coordinated alkene by the exogenous amine determine the outcome of the reaction.
Fabrication and analysis of metallic nanoslit structures: advancements in the nanomasking method

This work advances the fabrication capabilities of a two-step lithography technique known as nanomasking for patterning metallic nanoslit (nanogap) structures with sub-10-nm resolution, below the limit of the lithography tools used during the process. Control over structure and slit geometry is a key component of the reported method, exhibiting the control of lithographic methods while adding the potential for mass-production scale patterning speed during the secondary step of the process. The unique process allows for fabrication of interesting geometric combinations such as dual-width gratings that are otherwise difficult to create with the nanoscale resolution required for applications, such as nanoscale optics (plasmonics) and electronics. The method is advanced by introducing a bimetallic fabrication design concept and by demonstrating blanket nanomasking. Here, the need for the secondary lithography step is eliminated improving the mass-production capabilities of the technique. Analysis of the gap width and edge roughness is reported, with the average slit width measured at 7.4±2.2 nm. It was found that while no long-range correlation exists between the roughness of either gap edge, and there are ranges in the order of tens of nanometers over which the slit edge roughness is correlated or anticorrelated across the gap. This work helps quantify the nanomasking process, which aids in future fabrications and leads toward the development of more accurate computational models for the optical and electrical properties of fabricated devices.
Hydrodynamic Control of Wave Energy Devices [Bookshelf]

A control system can be optimized for various fundamentally distinct performance objectives, leading to various canonical design problems such as disturbance rejection and tracking. Most of these can be recast as design problems, where it is desired to make some aspect of the closed-loop system (such as the norm of an input/output channel or mean-square tracking error) as close to zero as possible. However, not all control design objectives fit neatly into this paradigm, and one of the notable exceptions is the problem of harvesting maximal energy from dynamic phenomena. For certain classes of problems (characterized by the passivity of the mapping u " v and the boundedness of the disturbance), such objectives can be shown to have a finite lower bound, resulting in a finite maximum available energy. This fact has been known to control and system theorists for decades and is of particular importance in robustness analysis. However, beyond the obvious connections to the classical concept of “impedance matching,” the idea that this objective is useful as the primary measure of a control system’s performance—a thing to be optimized in closed loop and balanced against other objectives—is a concept that has received considerably less attention. It may, therefore, be surprising to learn that this problem has a rich and decades-long history in the area of ocean wave energy conversion. This book begins with a brief but fascinating overview of this still-evolving history, from its early beginnings in Japan in the 1950s, through its surge of activity in Europe and America during the oil crisis of the 1970s, the rally of global industrial activity in the 1990s, and into the present. The text succeeds at illustrating these various aspects, while also giving the reader a strong appreciation for the history and evolution of the field. One is left with an accurate and compelling snapshot of where the research community is headed and an appreciation for the central role that control theory will play in its future. Although this is not the first text written on wave energy technology, it does focuses primarily on advanced control techniques.
Myocardial Revascularization: The Cleveland Clinic Experience

The introduction of extracorporeal circulation provided tremendous impetus to the surgery of congenital and acquired heart diseases. Operative correction of septal deffects and deformed heart valves has become routine and standardized in most major surgical centers. The number of surgeons, cardiologists, and clinical investigators who have made contributions in this area of cardiovascular surgery is now legion. Yet, at this writing, it seems paradoxic that more energy has been directed toward the treatment of congenital-cyanotic heart disease than toward the most devastating killer of mankind, coronary arterial disease! The same medical mind that would encourage aggressive surgical attacks upon infants with transposition of the great vessel or truncus arteriosus fails to see the potential for helping adults who face incapacity and death from ischemic heart disease.
History of Paleocurrent Investigations

In order to obtain a proper perspective and thus appreciate better what has been accomplished, the history of the subject is briefly reviewed.
6 – Structure–Function Studies of Peptide Hormones: An Overview

This chapter presents an overview of some of the considerations that go into the design of structure–function studies of peptide hormones. This approach can lead to a rational or semirational approach to ligand design and can provide insights into the physical–chemical and stereostructural properties that determine peptide hormone structure—biological relationships at a 3D structural level. Many peptide hormones of biological importance are relatively small with respect to biological proteins, and as a result the degree of conformational diversity possible for these hormones in various biological environments is far greater due to the lack of a well-defined tertiary structure. Peptide hormones are produced biosynthetically from larger precursor proteins, and when formed they may adopt numerous conformations at the physiological temperature. Hence, the determination of structural elements, conformations, and dynamic properties is of critical importance to biological activity. The specific functional groups in the primary sequence that are related to specific biological effects should be considered. The relationships between the conformational properties and dynamic behavior and the measured biological activity should be comprehended. Assays can provide a sensitive probe to the structural, conformational, and dynamic requirements for a biological activity for a peptide than many of the more sophisticated biophysical experiments such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
Mammography facilities serving vulnerable women have longer follow‐up times

Author(s): Karliner, Leah S; Kaplan, Celia; Livaudais-Toman, Jennifer; Kerlikowske, Karla | Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate mammography facilities' follow-up times, population vulnerability, system-based processes, and association with cancer stage at diagnosis.Data sourcesProspectively collected from San Francisco Mammography Registry (SFMR) 2005-2011, California Cancer Registry 2005-2012, SFMR facility survey 2012.Study designWe examined time to biopsy for 17n750 abnormal mammogram results (BI-RADS 4/5), categorizing eight facilities as short or long follow-up based on proportion of mammograms with biopsy at 30ndays. We examined facility population vulnerability (race/ethnicity, language, education), and system processes. Among women with a cancer diagnosis, we modeled odds of advanced-stage (≥IIb) cancer diagnosis by facility follow-up group.Data extraction methodsMerged SFMR, Cancer Registry and facility survey data.Principal findingsFacilities (Nn=n4) with short follow-up completed biopsies by 30ndays for 82% of mammograms compared with 62% for facilities with long follow-up (Nn=n4) (Pnln0.0001). All facilities serving high proportions of vulnerable women were long follow-up facilities. The long follow-up facilities had fewer radiologists, longer biopsy appointment wait times, and less communication directly with women. Having the index abnormal mammogram at a long follow-up facility was associated with higher adjusted odds of advanced-stage cancer (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.10-1.91).ConclusionsProviding mammography facilities serving vulnerable women with appropriate resources may decrease disparities in abnormal mammogram follow-up and cancer diagnosis stage.
A Meta-Analysis of Hypnotic Interventions for Depression Symptoms: High Hopes for Hypnosis?

This meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of hypnosis for treating the symptoms of depression. To be included in the meta-analysis, studies were required to use a between-subjects or mixed-model design in which a hypnotic intervention for depression was compared with a control condition in reducing depression symptoms. Of 197 records screened, 10 studies incorporating 13 trials of hypnosis met the inclusion criteria. The mean weighted effect size for 13 trials of hypnosis at the end of active treatment was 0.71 (p ≤ .001), indicating the average participant receiving hypnosis showed more improvement than about 76% of control participants. The mean weighted effect size for four trials of hypnosis at the longest follow-up was 0.52 (p ≤ .01), indicating the average participant treated with hypnosis showed more improvement than about 51% of control participants. These effect sizes are comparable to those associated with well-known psychological interventions for depression (e.g., Beck’s cognitive therap...
Spatial control of oxygen delivery to three‐dimensional cultures alters cancer cell growth and gene expression

Commonly used monolayer cancer cell cultures fail to provide a physiologically relevant environment in terms of oxygen delivery. Here, we describe a three-dimensional (3D) bioreactor system where cancer cells are grown in Matrigel in modified six-well plates. Oxygen is delivered to the cultures through a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane at the bottom of the wells, with microfabricated PDMS pillars to control oxygen delivery. The plates receive 3% oxygen from below and 0% oxygen at the top surface of the media, providing a gradient of 3-0% oxygen. We compared growth and transcriptional profiles for cancer cells grown in Matrigel in the bioreactor, 3D cultures grown in 21% oxygen, and cells grown in a standard hypoxia chamber at 3% oxygen. Additionally, we compared gene expression of conventional two-dimensional monolayer culture and 3D Matrigel culture in 21% oxygen. We conclude that controlled oxygen delivery may provide a more physiologically relevant 3D system.
Centering Children in Mathematics Education Classroom Research

Drawing on a 3-year interpretive study that followed a cohort of children from prekindergarten to Grade 1, this article presents results of a multiple case study, which demonstrated that although t...
Culture and Health Persuasion: Differences between Koreans and Americans

Four studies examined the perceived persuasiveness of pro-and anti-health messages among Koreans and Americans. Results indicated that the perceived effectiveness of messages in the two countries d...
Male breast cancer (MBC) in the VA population: A gender issue?

587 Background: The incidence of MBC continues to rise. Few studies have addressed the differences between MBC and female breast cancer (FBC). Treatment for MBC has ben extrapolated from FBC regime...
Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in early stage uterine serous carcinoma: A multi-institutional cohort.

6084Background: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy, accounting for 40% of all endometrial cancer deaths. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) has emerged ...
Cutibacterium acnes: a threat to shoulder surgery or an orthopedic red herring?

Cutibacterium acnes is a lipophilic, anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that mainly colonizes the pilosebaceous glands of human skin. It has been implicated as the leading cause of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) after shoulder arthroplasty. However, PJI caused by C acnes rarely manifests as overt clinical, laboratory, or imaging features. In fact, more than 40% of shoulders undergoing revision arthroplasty are likely to be culture positive. However, rates of infection following a positive culture can be as low as 5%. The purpose of this review was to put forth alternative explanations for this discordance between positive cultures and infection. We describe C acnes roles as a commensal, bystander, and/or contaminant organism; the role of cultures in diagnosis and other methods that may be more accurate; its existence in a shoulder microbiome; and the variable virulence of C acnes. C acnes is an important cause of shoulder PJI in some patients. However, there is a large body of literature that suggests other functions that need to be considered. Further research is needed to define the role of C acnes that is logically explained by all of the literature and not only some.
CORPORATE BONDS AND PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION

I examine the effect of product market competition on the yield spread of corporate bonds. I find that firms that face more competitive threats also face a higher cost of corporate bond debt. After controlling for common bond‐level, firm‐level, and macroeconomic variables, my results show that bondholders of firms that are subject to increased competition demand significantly higher credit spreads than holders of otherwise similar bonds. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced for firms that have assets that are difficult to redeploy. Overall, my findings provide evidence that competitive threats are being reflected in corporate debt prices.
Capturing Passenger Experience in a Ride-Sharing Autonomous Vehicle: The Role of Digital Assistants in User Interface Design

Autonomous ride-sharing services have the potential to disrupt future transportation ecosystems. It is critical to understand factors that influence user experience in autonomous vehicles (AVs) to design for widespread adoption. We conducted an on-road driving study in a mock AV to examine how the amount of information provided by an in-vehicle digital assistant, and the manner in which information is delivered, can impact one's overall AV experience. Passengers were divided into two cohorts, based on their assigned in-vehicle digital assistant (Lilly vs. Julie). Through a mixed-methods analysis, the data showed that quantity and quality of information presented via the digital assistant had a significant impact on one's confidence in an AV's driving capability and willingness to ride again. These findings highlight that although the two cohorts were identical with respect to the actual vehicle driven, differences in in-vehicle digital assistant design can alter passengers’ perceptions of their overall AV experience.
Palliative Care and Rapid Emergency Screening Tool and the Palliative Performance Scale to Predict Survival of Older Adults Admitted to the Hospital From the Emergency Department.

Background:The Palliative Care and Rapid Emergency Screening (P-CaRES) tool has been validated to identify patients in the emergency department (ED) with unmet palliative care needs, but no prognos...
The joint effects of macroeconomic uncertainty and cyclicality on management and analyst earnings forecasts

Abstract Prior literature examines the effects of both macroeconomic uncertainty and cyclicality (how strongly a firm's earnings is tied to macroeconomic conditions) on management and analyst earnings forecasts. However, these studies consider macroeconomic uncertainty and cyclicality independently and find conflicting results. This study argues that macroeconomic uncertainty and cyclicality are inextricably linked together, and should be studied jointly. Using a sample of earnings forecasts from 2001 to 2015, we find the following: (1) Kim, Pandit, and Wasley (2016)'s finding that heightened macroeconomic uncertainty decreases management's propensity to issue earnings forecasts is largely driven by firms with low cyclicality and (2) Hutton, Lee, and Shu (2012) 's finding that analysts issue more accurate forecasts than management for firms with high cyclicality only holds when macroeconomic uncertainty is high; increases in macroeconomic uncertainty lead to more accurate analyst forecasts relative to management forecasts only for firms with high cyclicality. These findings are useful to both researchers and investors interested in understanding how macroeconomic factors affect earnings forecasts.
Establishment and Maintenance of Gnotobiotic American Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana).

Gnotobiotic animals are a powerful tool for the study of controls on microbiome structure and function. Presented here is a protocol for the establishment and maintenance of gnotobiotic American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). This approach includes built-in sterility checks for ongoing quality control. Gnotobiotic insects are defined here as cockroaches that still contain their vertically transmitted endosymbiont (Blattabacterium) but lack other microbes that normally reside on their surface and in their digestive tract. For this protocol, egg cases (oothecae) are removed from a (nonsterile) stock colony and surface sterilized. Once collected and sterilized, the oothecae are incubated at 30 °C for approximately 4−6 weeks on brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar until they hatch or are removed due to contamination. Hatched nymphs are transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask containing a BHI floor, sterile water, and sterile rat food. To ensure that the nymphs are not housing microbes that are unable to grow on BHI in the given conditions, an additional quality control measure uses restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) to test for nonendosymbiotic microbes. Gnotobiotic nymphs generated using this approach can be inoculated with simple or complex microbial communities and used as a tool in gut microbiome studies.
Metachronous odontogenic keratocyst and non-ossifying fibroma of the mandible

Abstract Although non-ossifying fibromas (NOFs) occur relatively commonly in the metaphysis of long bones, NOFs in the jaw bones (mandible and maxilla) is quite rare. After conducting a thorough search of the literature, twenty-five total cases involving NOF in the jaw bones were found. The current report describes a case of NOF discovered in the left mandibular condyle of an 11-year-old-female with a previously treated odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) of the ipsilateral side of the mandible. The patient was treated with transcervical removal of the left condylar head lesion with extraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (EVRO) extracorporealization, plating and bone grafting. Microscopic examination of the specimen demonstrated a hypercellular mass composed of spindled cells arranged in a storiform pattern with scattered osteoclast-type giant cells. The dimensions of the gross specimen were 1.5 x 0.8 x 0.7-cm. This is the fifth case reported of condylar head NOF and the first reported case of metachronous OKC and NOF of the ipsilateral mandible. The purpose of this report is to present a unique case of NOF coincident with an ipsilateral OKC of the mandible and to review the radiographic and clinical features of the NOF in the jaws.
Trade policies have environmental implications

US–China trade relations have implications for global nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses, and increasing blue water demand. The case shows that trade policy analysis needs to integrate environmental considerations.
Carbon Nanotube Based Robust and Flexible Solid-State Supercapacitor

All solid-state flexible electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are crucial for providing energy options in a variety of applications, ranging from wearable electronics to bendable micro/nanotechnology. Here, we report on the development of robust EDLCs using aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) grown directly on thin metal foils embedded in a poly(vinyl alcohol)/phosphoric acid (PVA/H3PO4) polymer gel. The thin metal substrate holding the aligned MWCNT assembly provides mechanical robustness and the PVA/H3PO4 polymer gel, functioning both as the electrolyte as well as the separator, provides sufficient structural flexibility, without any loss of charge storage capacity under flexed conditions. The performance stability of these devices was verified by testing them under straight and bent formations. A high value of the areal specific capacitance (CSP) of ∼14.5 mF cm-2 with an energy density of ∼1 μW h cm-2 can be obtained in these devices. These values are significantly higher (in some cases, orders of magnitude) than several graphene as well as single-walled nanotube-based EDLC's utilizing similar electrolytes. We further show that these devices can withstand multiple (∼2500) mechanical bending cycles, without losing their energy storage capacities and are functional within the temperature range of 20 to 70 °C. Several strategies for enhancing the capacitive charge storage, such as physically stacking (in parallel) individual devices, or postproduction thermal annealing of electrodes, are also demonstrated. These findings demonstrated in this article provide tremendous impetus toward the realization of robust, stackable, and flexible all solid-state supercapacitors.
Cognitive Therapy of Depressed Suicidal Outpatients

We have been conducting a series of studies testing the efficacy of short-term structured psychotherapy for chronically or intermittently depressed suicidal outpatients. To date we have treated over 200 depressed patients with a new psycotherapeutic approach which we call cognitive therapy. This approach views depression as a disorder having emotional, motivational, behavioral, and cognitive components. We find that the cognitive component involves distorted thinking which is quite accessible to intervention with a variety of techniques which will be described below. We have found that the changes in the patient’s distorted cognitions have a profound effect on the emotional and behavioral components of the syndrome, resulting in significant and rapid improvement.
Child Witnesses and Procedural Fairness

Professor Gershman's Article notes that courts and Iawmakers have changed procedural and evidentiary rules to protect child witnesses in child sexual abuse cases. Gershman discusses how courts apply the changed rules with careful scrutiny in an effort to ensure that the interests of the child witness and the accused defendant are appropriately balanced.
Pituitary Function and Neoplasia

The cell types of the mature adenohypophysis are derived embryologically from somatic ectoderm associated with Rathke’ s pouch. Highly specific trophic factors determine a precise temporal and spatial development of cells expressing unique gene products. The six hormones of the anterior pituitary gland are expressed by at least five distinct hormone-producing cell populations, including corticotrophs (pro-opiomelanocortin, POMC), somatotrophs (growth hormone, GH), lactotrophs (prolactin, PRL), thyrotrophs (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), and gonadotrophs (follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) (Table 48-1). Each of these cells are identified by specific assays of polypeptide gene expression, including single-cell mRNA, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunocytochemical assays. The temporal ontogeny of these gene products is initially adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α-subunit. After the appearance of Pit-1, apou-domain transcription factor, mixed mammosomatroph products appear. Distinct GH- and PRL-expressing cells PRL-expressing cells follow and TSH, LH, and FSH are the final IPII types to mature at 12 weeks.
Cooperative distributed erasure code scheduling for smart grid communications

The performance of smart grid applications such as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and demand response management (DRM) can be improved by exploiting wireless communication technologies. The communication data loading and data losses in smart grid impact the system. In this work, we propose the routing protocol which adopts the cooperative transmission architecture in smart grid communications. Our proposed scheme enables the cooperative nodes to encode and forward the packets through the distributed packet-level erasure coding. The experimental results indicate that our proposed erasure code embedded routing protocol can obtain the better throughput than the conventional routing protocols.
The Gigabit per Second Isochronet Switch

This paper overviews the electronic and all-optical design and the gigabit per second electronic implementation of a switch based on the Isochronets highspeed network architecture. The absence of frame processing in the Isochronets architecture is core to the switch efficiency and multi-protocol support. The electronic design is low cost and uses simple off-the-shelf components, while the optical design can be realized with current optical devices. The switch interface is simple and provides novel services such as propagation of synchronization signals to upper protocol layers. The switch makes it possible the negotiation of Quality of Service (QoS) while promoting flexible resource sharing. The modular switch designs are scaleable in number of nodes and link speed. Using faster implementation technology, the electronic design can reach scores of gigabits per second, while the all-optical design can potentially operate at terabits per second.
Novel retrospective, respiratory-gating method enables 3D, high resolution, dynamic imaging of the upper airway during tidal breathing.

Purpose A retrospective, respiratory-gated technique for measuring dynamic changes in the upper airway over the respiratory cycle was developed, with the ultimate goal of constructing anatomically and functionally accurate upper airway models in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Methods Three-dimensional cine, retrospective respiratory-gated, gradient echo imaging was performed in six adolescents being evaluated for polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder with a high obstructive sleep apnea prevalence. A novel retrospective gating scheme, synchronized to flow from a nasal cannula, limited image acquisition to predefined physiological ranges. Images were evaluated with respect to contrast, airway signal leakage, and demonstration of dynamic airway area changes. Results Two patients were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea. Motion artifacts were absent in all image sets. Scan efficiency ranged from 48 to 88%. Soft tissue-to-airway contrast-to-noise ratio varied from 6.1 to 9.6. Airway signal leakage varied between 10 and 17% of soft tissue signal. Automated segmentation allowed calculation of airway area changes over the respiratory cycle. In one severe apnea patient, the technique allowed demonstration of asynchronous airway expansion and contraction above and below a severe constriction. Conclusions Retrospective, respiratory gated imaging of the upper airway has been demonstrated, utilizing a gating algorithm to ensure acquisition over specified ranges of respiratory rate and tidal volume. Magn Reson Med 70:1580–1590, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutagenicity testing of aqueous materials from alternate fuel production

In a multidisciplinary effort, the authors are attempting to establish a data base for toxicity evaluation of a variety of aqueous effluents and aqueous extracts from solid wastes from fossil fuels, synthetic fuels, and shale oil derived fuels. In genetic toxicology testing, short-term mutagenicity tests, including bacterial, fungal, insect, and mammalian cell systems, have been applied in a comparative sense to exemplary test materials. The Salmonella histidine reversion assay (Ames test) has been shown to be generally applicable, especially when utilized with chemically fractionated materials. Liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography are used to separate crude test materials into defined fractions for bioassay, paralleled by chemical analyses. The test materials have included various crude oils and product waters along with extracts from raw shale and processed shale. The mutagenic materials have been observed and quantitated. Extrapolations to specific compounds and to the overall biological hazard of the test materials are in progress. Comparative studies with samples from existing petroleum technologies and fossil fuel processes are being carried out.
Superthreshold behavior of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rats: Role of pulse repetition frequency and pulse duration

Ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage is a well-documented in vivo bioeffect in mice,1–12 rats,11–20 monkeys,21 rabbits,7,8 and pigs.7,8,22–25 Acoustic pressure lung hemorrhage thresholds have been estimated in mice,1,4–6,9,12 rats,11,12,14,17 rabbits, and pigs.23–25 From these threshold studies, the pressure thresholds appear to be the same for mice, rats, and rabbits; pressure thresholds do not appear different as a function of frequency or beam width for mice and rats; pressure thresholds have a significant pulse duration (PD) trend for rats; and virtually every pressure threshold (normalized to the mechanical index [MI]) is less than the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory limit (MI < 1.926). Also, at superthreshold exposure conditions (in situ [at the pleural surface] peak rarefactional pressure, pr(in situ), = 6.1 MPa), a 3 × 3 factorial design study (pulse repetition frequency [PRF]: 17, 170, and 1700 Hz; exposure duration [ED]: 5, 31.6, and 200 s) showed that the main effects of PRF and ED were not significant for lesion occurrence and sizes, whereas the interaction term (PRF × ED; total number of pulses) was highly significant.18 These findings do not suggest, however, that PRF and ED did not have an effect. Rather, if either PRF or ED is held relatively constant, or varied over only a narrow range, then the number of pulses will appear as an effect of the nonconstant variable. These findings are consistent with those1 that showed a slightly larger proportion of mice with lesions for 100-Hz PRF compared to 10-Hz PRF. In general, however, the effect of exposure timing quantities (PD, ED, and PRF) on the threshold for ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage and on the size of the lesions at superthreshold levels has been examined only to a limited extent. So far, only the interaction of PRF and ED has been examined. The interaction of PRF and PD has not been examined and thus is the purpose of this study for which the interaction term (PRF × PD) is the duty factor, the fractional amount of time the pulse is excited. Furthermore, this factorial PRF × PD study is an adjunct to the previously reported PD threshold study for which the PRF was held constant.17
The Top …is it There? A Survey of the CDF and D0 Experiments

This paper describes: (1) features that the top quark must have if it exists, and how those features are inferred from various experiments; (2) how top quarks may be produced; (3) what must be accomplished to directly establish that the top quark has been produced in an experiment. Relevant features of the CDF and D0 detectors are described, as are methods useful in a top-quark search for identifying and detecting various kinds of particles. The author reviews data found by both CDF and D0, and discusses differences between the detectors and the data found with each. 57 figures.
Frictional Properties of Molybdenum Disulphide Films containing Inorganic Sulphide Additives

SOLID lubricants are most useful as films which separate metal surfaces that slide against each other. To be effective, the films should be highly durable. Recently, we have observed that inorganic additives can greatly enhance the durability of such films.
The shape of a life and the value of loss and gain

We ordinarily think that, keeping all else equal, a life that improves is better than one that declines. However, it has proven challenging to account for such value judgments: some, such as Fred Feldman and Daniel Kahneman, have simply denied that these judgments are rational, while others, such as Douglas Portmore, Michael Slote, and David Velleman, have proposed justifications for the judgments that appear to be incomplete or otherwise problematic. This article identifies problems with existing accounts and suggests a novel alternative theory: what best accounts for our preference for an uphill over a downhill life (and many other episodes) is that losses of momentary value are themselves bad and gains in momentary value are themselves good.
Managing a cobalt stockpile

Abstract What follows is a suggested model for managing a national stockpile of cobalt. The stockpile is to be adjusted according to present needs, and cobalt can be sold from or bought for the stockpile. The model takes into consideration the current market price of cobalt, the projected price of cobalt in the near future, the expected need for cobalt in the upcoming year, the current stockpile level, and an evalution of the current political and economic situations that could possibly affect the price and availability of cobalt. The model considers several factors to be constant, such as the percentage of cobalt that is recycled annually, and the basic unit of cobalt that is bought or sold in any transaction. The model calculates reasonable buying and selling prices based on an evaluation of the current stockpile level as compared to need and market stability, and then determines if it is desirable to buy or sell cobalt. The model adjusts the stockpile level by buying or selling units of cobalt until a stable condition is reached with respect to need, market stability, and the current market price. The model assumes that cobalt is allocated to domestic consumers on a yearly basis. However, changes in the current market price or in the current market stability can be added within the yearly group of buy/sell transactions. After each transaction, the model presents an update of the stockpile level, current acceptable buying and selling prices, the amounts of cobalt bought or sold, and the current level of “comfort” (i.e. stockpile level as compared to need and market stability).
School Leaders as Political Strategists: William Boyd's Contributions to our Understanding of the Politics of Leadership

William Boyd's contributions to the education field's understanding of the political nature of school leadership are formidable. In this article, I describe the growth and development, over a roughly 30-year time span, of his key insight that successful school leaders should have the capabilities of a political strategist and that the actualization of this capacity is related to school leaders’ political and policy context. The perennial question of “who governs education” was central to Boyd's work and his various answers are important touchstones for today's educational leaders.