cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cognitive taxonomy of medical errors

Objective. Propose a cognitive taxonomy of medical errors at the level of individuals and their interactions with technology. Design. Use cognitive theories of human error and human action to develop the theoretical foundations of the taxonomy, develop the structure of the taxonomy, populate the taxonomy with examples of medical error cases, identify cognitive mechanisms for each category of medical error under the taxonomy, and apply the taxonomy to practical problems.Measurements. Four criteria were used to evaluate the cognitive taxonomy. The taxonomy should be able (1) to categorize major types of errors at the individual level along cognitive dimensions, (2) to associate each type of error with a specific underlying cognitive mechanism, (3) to describe how and explain why a specific error occurs, and (4) to generate intervention strategies for each type of error.Results. The proposed cognitive taxonomy largely satisfies the four criteria at a theoretical and conceptual level. Conclusion. Theoretically, the proposed cognitive taxonomy provides a method to systematically categorize medical errors at the individual level along cognitive dimensions, leads to a better understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms of medical errors, and provides a framework that can guide future studies on medical errors. Practically, it provides guidelines for the development of cognitive interventions to decrease medical errors and foundation for the development of medical error reporting system that not only categorizes errors but also identifies problems and helps to generate solutions. To validate this model empirically, we will next be performing systematic experimental studies.
Chemical looping beyond combustion: production of synthesis gas via chemical looping partial oxidation of methane

The recent surge in natural gas reserves has revived interest in the development of novel processes to convert natural gas into valuable chemical feedstocks. In the present work, we are applying “chemical looping”, a technology that has found much attention as a clean combustion technology, towards selective partial oxidation of methane to produce synthesis gas (CLPOM). By tailoring the composition of NixFe1−x–CeO2 oxygen carriers and carefully controlling the supply of oxygen, i.e., the extent of the carrier reduction and oxidation in redox cycles, the reactivity and selectivity of these carriers for partial oxidation was optimized. Addition of a small amount of Ni to iron oxides allowed the combination of the high reactivity of Ni for methane activation with the good syngas selectivity of iron oxides. An optimized carrier with the composition of Ni0.12Fe0.88–CeO2 demonstrated excellent stability in multi-cycle CLPOM operation and high syngas yields with a H2:CO ratio of ∼2 and minimal carbon formation. Finally, a simplified fixed-bed reactor model was used to assess the thermal aspects of operating the process in a periodically operated fixed-bed reactor. We found that the process is highly sensitive to the degree of carrier utilization, but that maximum temperatures can be easily controlled in CLPOM via control of the active metal content and oxygen utilization in the carriers. Overall, chemical looping partial oxidation of methane emerges as an attractive alternative to conventional catalytic partial oxidation, enabling the use of low-cost transition metal oxides and air as oxidant, and resulting in inherently safe reactor operation by avoiding mixed methane/air streams.
Disorders of Sexual Development

Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) are a group of disorders in which there is discordance between anatomic or hormonal sex and sex chromosome complement. These disorders present with ambiguity in the newborn period and require prompt evaluation to determine the underlying cause for treatment and appropriate sex assignment of the infant. Neonatologists should confer with a multidisciplinary team for the diagnostic evaluation and management of patients with DSDs. This article provides a review of normal sexual development, algorithms used for evaluating infants with ambiguous genitalia, and conditions that can present with ambiguous genitalia in the newborn period.
Effects of Video-Game Ownership on Young Boys’ Academic and Behavioral Functioning A Randomized, Controlled Study

Young boys who did not own video games were promised a video-game system and child-appropriate games in exchange for participating in an "ongoing study of child development." After baseline assessment of boys' academic achievement and parent- and teacher-reported behavior, boys were randomly assigned to receive the video-game system immediately or to receive the video-game system after follow-up assessment, 4 months later. Boys who received the system immediately spent more time playing video games and less time engaged in after-school academic activities than comparison children. Boys who received the system immediately also had lower reading and writing scores and greater teacher-reported academic problems at follow-up than comparison children. Amount of video-game play mediated the relationship between video-game ownership and academic outcomes. Results provide experimental evidence that video games may displace after-school activities that have educational value and may interfere with the development of reading and writing skills in some children.
Religiosity and Self-Esteem among Older Adults

The relationship between religiosity and self-esteem in later life was examined in this study. Previous research in this area provides conflicting findings. Some studies indicate that greater religious involvement tends to bolster feelings of self-worth, whereas others suggest that more religious involvement is associated with less positive self-evaluations. A new perspective is tested in the present study which predicts that there may be a nonlinear U-shaped relationship between these measures. More specifically, it is proposed that self-esteem is highest among elderly people with the greatest, as well as the least, amount of religious commitment and lowest among older adults with only modest levels of religiosity. The data tend to largely support this new view. However, feelings of self-worth tend to be lowest for those with very little religious commitment rather than those with moderate levels of religious involvement.
DataMine : application programming interface and query language for database mining

The main objective of the DataMine is to provide application development interface to develop knowledge discovery applications on the top of large databases. Current database systems have been designed mainly to support business applications. The success of SQL capitalized on a small number of primitives which are sufficient to support a vast majority of applications today. Unfortunately this is not enough to capture the emerging family of new applications dealing with the so called rule and knowledge discovery. The goal of the DataMine and our work is to make the next step in the development of DBMS and provide much needed support for the rule discovery applications.
Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: a Cytopathologist’s Perspective

This review explores the role of the cytopathology laboratory in the detection and presumptive identification of microorganisms. Sample procurement by exfoliation, abrasion, and aspiration techniques, as well as a variety of cytopreparatory and staining methods, is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the utility of fine-needle aspiration as a rapid, safe, and cost-effective diagnositic procedure. The role of rapid interpretation and specimen triage is also discussed. Cytomorphologic features and staining characteristics are presented for a spectrum of microorganisms potentially encountered in the cytopathology laboratory. Pitfalls in diagnosis and the usefulness of special stains and ancillary techniques are also evaluated. The importance of communication, collaboration, and clinical correlation is stressed.
Effects of 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides on proliferation and differentiation of human pluripotent progenitors in liquid culture and their effects on mitochondrial DNA synthesis.

29,39-Dideoxynucleosides (ddNs) including 39-azido-39-deoxythymidine (AZT), 39-fluoro-39-deoxythymidine (FLT), 39-amino-39-deoxythymidine (AMT), 29,39-dideoxycytidine (ddC), and 29,39-didehydro-39-deoxythymidine (D4T) were tested for their effects on proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent progenitor cells (CD34+) purified from human bone marrow cells grown in liquid cultures. These highly purified progenitor cells undergo extensive proliferation during 14 days, with a marked differentiation during the last 7 days. These differentiated cells exhibit normal morphological features in response to specific hematopoietic growth factors of both erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage lineages, as demonstrated by flow cytometry cell phenotyping. The potencies of these ddNs in inhibiting proliferation of granulocyte-macrophage lineage cells were in the order FLT > AMT = ddC > AZT >> D4T, and the potencies in inhibiting proliferation of erythroid lineage cultures were in the order FLT > AMT > AZT > ddC >> D4T. The toxic effects of ddNs assessed in these liquid cultures were in agreement with data obtained by using semisolid cultures, demonstrating the consistency of these two in vitro hematopoietic systems toward ddN toxicity. ddC was toxic to CD34+ progenitor cells and/or cells in the early stages of differentiation, whereas the inhibitory effect of AZT on the erythroid lineage was predominantly observed on a more mature population of erythroid progenitors during the differentiation process. Slot blot analysis of granulocyte-macrophage cultures demonstrated that exposure to ddC and FLT was associated with a decrease in total mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, suggesting that these two ddNs inhibit mtDNA synthesis. In contrast, no difference in the ratio of nuclear DNA to mtDNA was observed in cells exposed to toxic concentrations of AZT and AMT is not associated with an inhibition of mtDNA synthesis. This human pluripotent progenitor liquid culture system should permit detailed investigations of the cellular and molecular events involved in ddN-induced hematological toxicity.
From Policy to Prisoners to People: A “Soft Mixed Methods” Approach to Studying Transgender Prisoners:

This article describes the official protocol and unexpected contingencies that motored data collection for a large scale study of transgender inmates in California prisons for men. The focus is on gender and sexuality as methodological confounds that, surprisingly and productively, ultimately served to shed insight into basic sociological questions as well address the policy questions that originally motivated the research. Drawing on serendipitously collected ethnographic data from a plethora of exchanges with experts, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) officials, researchers, and transgender inmates, this article reveals the categorization commitments and processes that permeate the lives of “the girls among men” in prisons for men. In light of these findings, the author argues for the value of adopting what she calls a “soft mixed methods” approach when doing non-ethnographic work designed to inform policy. To do so stimulates sociological imagination and ultimately provides...
Use of mixed-function oxygenases to monitor contaminant exposure in wildlife

This overview examines the utility of mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) enzymes as a bio-effects monitor for wildlife (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) in view of their widespread use as indicators of contaminant exposure in aquatic invertebrates and fish. Phylogenetic trends in MFO activity, toxicological implications of induction and the relationship between contaminant exposure and MFO activity are discussed. Field studies using avian embryos and hatchlings suggest that MFO induction has utility for documenting contaminant exposure; however, findings in adult birds and mammals are equivocal. Age, sex and season are sources of variation that require consideration when undertaking field trials. Further understanding of MFO inducibility among species and application of recently developed analytical techniques including quantification of specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes are warranted.
Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 activity corrects dietary fat-induced hyperglycemia in obese BL/6J mice

Elevated hepatic fatty acid elongase-5 (Elovl5) activity lowers blood glucose in fasted chow-fed C57BL/6J mice. As high-fat diets induce hyperglycemia and suppress hepatic Elovl5 activity, we tested the hypothesis that elevated hepatic Elovl5 expression attenuates hyperglycemia in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Increasing hepatic Elovl5 activity by a recombinant adenoviral approach restored blood glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, and glucose tolerance to normal values in obese mice. Elevated Elovl5 activity increased hepatic content of Elovl5 products (20:3,n-6, 22:4,n-6) and suppressed levels of enzymes (Pck1, G6Pc) and transcription factors (FoxO1 and PGC1α, but not CRTC2) involved in gluconeogenesis. Effects of Elovl5 on FoxO1 nuclear abundance correlated with increased phosphorylation of FoxO1, Akt, and the catalytic unit of PP2A, as well as a decline in cellular abundance of TRB3. Such changes are mechanistically linked to the regulation of FoxO1 nuclear abundance and gluconeogenesis. These results show that Elovl5 activity impacts the hepatic abundance and phosphorylation status of multiple proteins involved in gluconeogenesis. Our findings establish a link between fatty acid elongation and hepatic glucose metabolism and suggest a role for regulators of Elovl5 activity in the treatment of diet-induced hyperglycemia.
Linear manifold clustering in high dimensional spaces by stochastic search

Classical clustering algorithms are based on the concept that a cluster center is a single point. Clusters which are not compact around a single point are not candidates for classical clustering approaches. In this paper we present a new clustering paradigm in which the cluster center is a linear manifold. Clusters are groups of points compact around a linear manifold. A linear manifold of dimension 0 is a point. So clustering around a center point is a special case of linear manifold clustering. Linear manifold clustering (LMCLUS) identifies subsets of the data which are embedded in arbitrary oriented lower dimensional linear manifolds. Minimal subsets of points are repeatedly sampled to construct trial linear manifolds of various dimensions. Histograms of the distances of the points to each trial manifold are computed. The sampling corresponding to the histogram having the best separation between a mode near zero and the rest is selected and the data points are partitioned on the basis of the best separation. The repeated sampling then continues recursively on each block of the partitioned data. A broad evaluation of some 100 experiments over real and synthetic data sets demonstrates the general superiority of this algorithm over any of the competing algorithms in terms of accuracy and computation time. Its expected computational time is linearly proportional to the data set dimension and data set size. Its accuracy ranges from near 0.90 to 0.99 depending on the experiment and is generally much higher than the accuracy of the competing clustering algorithms.
Computational Study of the Effect of Slot Orientation on Synthetic Jet-Based Separation Control

A computational study is conducted to explore the effect of synthetic jet orientation on boundary layer separation control. A six-to-one aspect-ratio rectangular slot is chosen in the current study and streamwise and spanwise orientations of this slot are analyzed. In the first part of this study, the interaction of the jet with an attached laminar boundary layer for both slot configurations is examined. The dominant feature in the streamwise oriented slot is a pair of strong counter-rotating streamwise vortices and these are missing in the spanwise oriented slot configuration. These streamwise vortices undergo stretching and tilting to form a series of hairpin vortex structures and analysis shows that "sweeping" motions associated with these vortices bring high momentum fluid into the boundary layer. A variety of flow statistics are computed and these indicate that despite the smaller overall blockage represented by the streamwise oriented slot, it is more effective in increasing the momentum of the boun...
House Officer Management of the Febrile Child A Survey

Questionnaires were used to survey 95 pediatric house officers in order to determine their reasons and methods for treating fever, as well as their knowledge of fever physiology. The reasons given for treating fever were to make the child comfortable (99%), to prevent seizures (63%), and to satisfy parents (44%). The average temperature at which antipyretic medication was started was 38.6 ± 0.3 C. Alternating doses of aspirin and acetaminophen were used by 53 per cent, and sponging was recommended by 76 per cent of the residents. The average tem perature at which sponging was started was 39.5 ± 0.6 C. The percentage of house officers who use sponging and/or alternating doses of antipyretics differed greatly from hospital to hospital.Sixty-one per cent of the residents felt that fever is a defense mechanism which does not require treatment. Despite this belief, the majority of these residents use vigorous means to lower fever in children.
Exogenous oxidants initiate hydrolysis of endothelial cell inositol phospholipids.

Oxidants released from inflammatory cells contribute to the pathogenesis of acute inflammatory edema in many models. Chemically produced oxidants can reversibly alter the barrier properties of cultured endothelial and epithelial monolayers. This report examines the effects of nonlytic doses of H2O2 on endothelial cell lipids. H2O2 oxidized omega-6 fatty acids in the endothelial cells and initiated hydrolysis of endothelial cell phospholipids. When endothelial cells were exposed to peroxidized linoleic acid, it caused lysis of the cells at doses 1,000-fold lower than effective doses of H2O2. The phospholipid hydrolysis was directed primarily at the inositol phospholipids and consisted of both A and C type phospholipase activity. The phospholipase A hydrolysis resulted in increases in endothelial cell free fatty acids and lysophosphatidylinositol. The phospholipase C hydrolysis resulted in increases in diglycerides, phosphatidic acid, and inositol polyphosphate levels. The phospholipase C hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol is known to activate protein kinase C in most cells. Stimulation of protein kinase C with phorbol- 12,13-dibutyrate increased albumin flux across endothelial monolayers and altered endothelial cell shape, similar to effects of oxidants. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that oxidant-initiated hydrolysis of endothelial cell inositol phospholipids contributes to oxidant-mediated reversible changes in endothelial monolayer barrier function.
BERGMANN SIZE CLINES: A SIMPLE EXPLANATION FOR THEIR OCCURRENCE IN ECTOTHERMS

In general ectothermic organisms grow larger at both lower temperatures and higher latitudes. Adult size in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans reared at 10?C was approximately 33% greater than worms grown at 25?C. Nematode egg size and fish red blood cell size showed similar size increases at lower temperatures. These results indicate that body size differences in many ectotherms may simply be a consequence of developmental processes that cause cells to grow larger at lower temperatures. This would provide a general explanation for the increased size of ectotherms at lower temperatures independent of species-specific ecology.
Interferon inducing transformed cell surface glycoproteins: purification by Ia antigen affinity chromatography.

AbstractIa antigens were previously shown to be B-cell receptors for transformed cell surface glycoproteins (TCSG). Ia antigen recognition of TCSG subsequently initiated interferon production. These findings have been exploited to highly purify TCSG from mouse L (H-2k) cells in one step by Ik antigen Sepharose affinity chromatography. These results point to the highly specific recognition of TCSG by Ia antigens and the B-cells on which they reside. The implications and applications of these Studies are discussed.
Hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy in the setting of tuberous sclerosis

Hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy is a rare disorder marked by an accumulation of protein material in the cytoplasm of astrocytic cells, mostly in the cortex. The finding has been described in Aicardi syndrome (agenesis of the corpus callosum, chorioretinal lacunae and infantile spasms) as well as in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy and in association with focal cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria and nodular heterotopia. This report describes the first case of this entity described in a patient with tuberous sclerosis. The patient was a 3-year-old boy who presented at age 2months with medically intractable seizures. Has mother has a tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC 2) gene abnormality and a diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. On imaging, he was noted to have multiple lesions in the left parietal and temporal lobes consistent with focal cortical dysplasia and a subependymal nodule. He additionally had two hypopigmented lesions on the skin. He underwent resection of the left parietal lobe 32months after seizure onset. Histopathologic examination showed eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions within astrocytes in the cortex and superficial white matter focally accompanied by a disordered cortical architecture with dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells, consistent with focal cortical dysplasia classified as type IIb according to International League Against Epilepsy classification criteria (ILAE type IIb). At the time of most recent follow-up, 93months postoperatively, he is still experiencing seizures with overall worthwhile improvement while on seizure medication.
Application of Ultrasonic Technique in Internal Jugular Vein Puncture Tube

Objective:To observe the application of ultrasonic technique in internal jugular vein puncture tube. Method:75 cases of ASAⅠ-Ⅱ patient were selected randomly and divided into three groups(25 cases a group):conventional group(group I), group of B-ultrasound localization(groupⅡ), group of B-ultrasound guidance(group Ⅲ). The time of puncture in the two groups, one-time successful puncture rates, puncture times and the complication rates were observed. Result:One-time successful puncture rates in group Ⅲ was 92.0%, and the rates in group Ⅱ was 84.0%. The rates in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than 60.0% in convention group. And the time of puncture in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly less than group I. The comparison result had statistical significance(P0.05). The complication rates in group Ⅲ were 8.0% and 16.0% in group Ⅱ which were significantly less than 44.0% in group I. The comparison result had statistical significance(P0.05). Conclusion:The ultrasonic technique in internal jugular vein puncture tube is a highly-effective and safe technique to greatly improve the success rate of puncture, shorten the puncture time and reduce the complications which is worthy for extending in clinic.
LABORATORY STUDY ON INTERFACIAL RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY OF POLYMER/SURFACTANT DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM

By means of deep-channel viscous traction interfacial viscometer and improved measuring method, the surface viscosity of polymer/surfactant dual system and the interfacial viscosity between polymer/surfactant and simulation oil have been measured. Results show that the rheological property of surface layer of polymer/surfactant fluids system is quite different from that of interfacial layer between polymer/surfactant and simulation oil. The new parameter, dimensionless interfacial viscosity proposed in this paper, can describe the interfacial rheological property better, because it is free from the influence of bulk viscosity. Polymer concentration influences interfacial rheological property remarkably, while polymer concentration located in the two sides of its critical associating concentration, the tendencies of dimensionless surface viscosity and dimensionless interfacial viscosity with surfactant concentration are inconsistent.
Lymphokine abnormalities in aplastic anemia: implications for the mechanism of action of antithymocyte globulin

Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) provides effective therapy for many patients with aplastic anemia, and its mechanism of action has been presumed to be secondary to lymphocytotoxicity. However, our studies of lymphocyte function in aplastic anemia show marked abnormalities of lymphokine production, which ATG may modulate. In 12 of 17 patients with aplastic anemia, interleukin 2 (IL2) production was markedly elevated in vitro (P less than .01 by paired statistical analysis). Expression of the IL2 receptor, or Tac antigen, on peripheral lymphocytes assessed by flow microfluorometry was also increased above the normal range in 11 of 15 cases. Studies of ATG suggested that it might act to stimulate lymphocyte function. In vitro, ATG is a mitogen, as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine into blood mononuclear cells; the response of cells to ATG from patients with aplastic anemia was exaggerated in comparison with normals. Cell proliferation was accompanied by production of IL2 to levels that were, in some cases, similar to those obtained with lectin stimulation. Finally, supernatants from lymphocytes cultured in the presence of ATG were able to replace adherent cells in providing growth factors for the support of nonadherent cells in methylcellulose hematopoietic colony assays. These results provide a mechanism for an "immunostimulatory" action of ATG in effecting hematopoietic response in some patients with aplastic anemia.
White Matter Integrity Reductions in Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED), as described in DSM-5, is the categorical expression of pathological impulsive aggression. Previous work has identified neurobiological correlates of the disorder in patterns of frontal-limbic brain activity and dysregulation of serotonergic neurotransmission. Given the importance of short- and-long range white matter connections of the brain in social and emotional behavior, studies of white matter connectivity in impulsive aggression are warranted. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in the related conditions of antisocial and borderline personality disorder have produced preliminary evidence of disturbed white matter connectivity in these disorders, but to date there have been no DTI studies in IED. A total of 132 male and female adults between the ages of 18 and 55 years underwent Turboprop-DTI on a 3-Tesla MRI scanner. Of these, 42 subjects had IED, 40 were normal controls, and 50 were clinical psychiatric controls with psychiatric disorders without IED. All subjects were free of alcohol, psychotropic medications, or drugs of abuse. The diffusion tensor was calculated in each voxel and maps of fractional anisotropy (FA) were generated. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to compare FA along the white matter skeleton among the three subject groups. IED was associated with lower FA in two clusters located in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) when compared with the psychiatric and healthy controls. Impulsive aggression and borderline personality disorder, but not psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder, was associated with lower FA in the two clusters within the SLF. In conclusion, IED was associated with lower white matter integrity in long-range connections between the frontal and temporoparietal regions.
Effect of an endoscopic quality improvement program on adenoma detection rates: A multicenter cluster-randomized controlled trial in a clinical practice setting (EQUIP-3)

Background Colonoscopy is protective against colorectal cancer, but its quality and protective benefits can vary. Adenoma detection rate (ADR) is associated with quality and the degree of protection against colorectal cancer and death. In a previous, single academic center, randomized, controlled trial, we demonstrated that an endoscopic quality improvement program increased ADR (EQUIP-1) and that those increases were durable (EQUIP-2). We hypothesized that EQUIP training would increase ADR in a multicenter clinical practice setting. Methods Nine large clinical practice sites were recruited. After a baseline period (phase I), 5 sites were randomized to receive supplemental in-person EQUIP training with active feedback. After follow-up (phase II), the changes in ADRs at these sites were compared with the changes at 4 control sites that did not receive training or feedback until after study completion. Results Twenty-two thousand three hundred sixteen colonoscopies were included. There was a statistically significant increase in ADR at the training sites (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; P = .004) with a raw ADR of 31% in phase I and 42% in phase II after the intervention. However, raw ADRs also increased at the control sites (from 36% to 39%). As a result, there was limited evidence of a training effect (OR, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84-1.25; P = .78). Conclusions ADRs increased at the sites participating in the endoscopic quality improvement program. However it is not clear to what extent the training program is responsible for the changes, because raw ADRs also increased at the control sites but to a lesser extent. (Clinical Trials Registration number: NCT02325635.)
DEFINITION OF THE GENERALIZED RIEMANN INTEGRAL

The first objective in Chapter 1 is to make plain what change is being made in the Riemann definition and to indicate why it should be beneficial. Then the definition of the generalized Riemann integral is formulated. It is given first for bounded intervals of real numbers and then, in the same language, for unbounded intervals. On the basis of these formulations the fundamental theorem of calculus linking integrals and derivatives is given an appealing form. Multiple integrals are defined, and again it is possible to use the same language as that first adopted for integration on a bounded real interval. A more detailed description of the contents of Chapter 1 follows. Section 1.1 begins by recalling the definition of the Riemann integral. Then it turns to the familiar problem of the approximation of the area of the region under a function graph and notes how the approximation could be done more effectively. That discussion leads to the crucial notion of a gauge . Several examples are worked out in detail to provide insight into the effective use of gauges. The section closes with the statement of a fact about gauges which is indispensable to the satisfactory use of gauges. Section 1.2 opens with the context in which the definition will be placed. Then some notation for Riemann sums is introduced. At that point the formal definition of the generalized Riemann integral on a bounded interval of real numbers is brought in.
Biomechanics as a window into the neural control of movement

Biomechanics and motor control are discussed as parts of a more general science, physics of living systems. Major problems of biomechanics deal with exact definition of variables and their experimental measurement. In motor control, major problems are associated with formulating currently unknown laws of nature specific for movements by biological objects. Mechanics-based hypotheses in motor control, such as those originating from notions of a generalized motor program and internal models, are non-physical. The famous problem of motor redundancy is wrongly formulated; it has to be replaced by the principle of abundance, which does not pose computational problems for the central nervous system. Biomechanical methods play a central role in motor control studies. This is illustrated with studies with the reconstruction of hypothetical control variables and those exploring motor synergies within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. Biomechanics and motor control have to merge into physics of living systems, and the earlier this process starts the better. Language: en
Support and conflict in relationships and psychological health in adolescents and young adults with cancer.

Perceived support and conflict between adolescents and young adults with cancer and their primary caregivers, other family, close friends, and medical staff were examined in relation to adolescents...
Abstract IA10: The interferon receptor pathway's role in response and resistance to PD-1 blockade

As adaptive PD-L1 expression on cancer cells is induced by interferon gamma, if a cancer had genetic alterations that lead to inability to signal from the interferon gamma receptor then this cancer would not be protecting itself from immune attack by reactively expressing PD-L1. In this scenario, it would be useless to block PD-1:PD-L1 interactions with a therapeutic antibody and it would be a genetic mechanisms of primary resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy. We identified genetic mutations in the Janus kinases (JAK) 1 and 2 controlling signaling downstream of the interferon receptor that prevent PD-L1 upregulation on melanoma cells upon interferon exposure, which are associated with primary resistance to PD-1 blockade in patients. Whole exome sequencing of metastatic melanoma biopsies from 23 patients treated with pembrolizumab revealed a JAK1 missense mutation with chromosomal amplification in the tumour with the highest mutational load in a non-responding patient. In a second cohort of 16 patients with mismatch repair deficient colon cancer treated with PD-1 blockade, a homozygous JAK1 loss-of-function mutation was similarly found in the tumour of a patient without an objective response to PD-1 blockade. Similar alterations could explain the cases of relapse after a long period of response to PD-1 blockade therapy, termed acquired resistance. Out of the patients with metastatic melanoma who respond to pembrolizumab, approximately 75% have responses lasting years. However, delayed tumor reappearance and progression while on continuous therapy has been noted in 25% of patients. Until now, the mechanisms of immune escape in this setting were unknown. Comparing biopsies of melanoma before starting on anti-PD-1 therapy with the tumors that relapsed months to years later, we again found new JAK1/2 loss of function mutations. Among four pairs of biopsies, two had JAK1 or JAK2 new loss of function mutations with loss of heterozygosity, and the third case had a truncating mutation in the antigen presentation gene beta-2 microglobulin (B2M). JAK1 and JAK2 truncating mutations resulted in a lack of response to interferon gamma, including insensitivity to its anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. The B2M truncating mutation led to loss of surface expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. In conclusion, analysis of patient-derived biopsies is providing information about the cellular and molecular events required for response or resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy, highlighting the critical role of intact signaling through the interferon gamma receptor. Citation Format: Antoni Ribas. The interferon receptor pathway9s role in response and resistance to PD-1 blockade. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2016 Oct 20-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2017;5(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA10.
Friend turned foe: E-cadherin perversely protects micrometastases.

We thank Drs. Lin and Chuu for their recent insightful Commentary in TAU , on our paper in Hepatology concerning the role of E-cadherin in the survival and chemoresistance of prostate cancer metastases (1). We would like to take this opportunity to amplify or explain some of the findings as they discussed.
How Do VCs Foster Startup Innovation? VC Global Strategy and the Startup's Regulatory Uncertainty

In contrast to the U.S., the innovative outcomes of international startups do not always benefit from venture capital (VC) investments. Solving this puzzle requires first understanding how VC firms...
Social Structuration Online: Entropy and Social Systems

One of the most important goals of the present volume is to define and relate group structuration to other online organizational and interactional phenomena. Although structuration is a high-level concept that may hold different meanings for different people, within this research, the concept is quite simple and clear. In brief, structuration is equated with the concept of “signal” in information systems, as defined by Shannon and Weaver (1948). Structuration is meaningful order, so by Shannon’s logic, structure is the opposite of entropy. Since structure is measured using entropy, we may say that structure increases as the observed value of entropy decreases. Conceptually, this means that structure is captured in the negative by observing the degree to which the system is not random (noisy or disordered).
Marketing Online Degrees to Adult Learners: Staff, Resources, and Key Strategies

Marketing your e-learning program is a key component of its success. Although integrated marketing at most higher education institutions has become a strategic function, with staffing and resources generally housed in a centralized university marketing office, e-learning units may have different needs. In this chapter the authors discuss what you need to know and do to build a successful marketing team, how to collaborate with a centralized marketing unit, and how best to develop and assess successful marketing strategies. Practical strategies and examples are also offered for current marketing trends, defining your audience, and assessing the success of your marketing implementation. Lastly, the authors provide some concrete suggestions for creating marketing success with your e-learning unit.
Acute Kynurenine Challenge Disrupts Sleep-Wake Architecture and Impairs Contextual Memory in Adult Rats.

Study objectives Tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway may represent a key molecular link between sleep loss and cognitive dysfunction. Modest increases in the kynurenine pathway metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), which acts as an antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, result in cognitive impairments. As glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmissions are critically involved in modulation of sleep, our current experiments tested the hypothesis that elevated KYNA adversely impacts sleep quality. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were treated with vehicle (saline) and kynurenine (25, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg), the direct bioprecursor of KYNA, intraperitoneally at zeitgeber time (ZT) 0 to rapidly increase brain KYNA. Levels of KYNA in the brainstem, cortex, and hippocampus were determined at ZT 0, ZT 2, and ZT 4, respectively. Analyses of vigilance state-related parameters categorized as wake, rapid eye movement (REM), and non-REM (NREM) as well as spectra power analysis during NREM and REM were assessed during the light phase. Separate animals were tested in the passive avoidance paradigm, testing contextual memory. Results When KYNA levels were elevated in the brain, total REM duration was reduced and total wake duration was increased. REM and wake architecture, assessed as number of vigilance state bouts and average duration of each bout, and theta power during REM were significantly impacted. Kynurenine challenge impaired performance in the hippocampal-dependent contextual memory task. Conclusions Our results introduce kynurenine pathway metabolism and formation of KYNA as a novel molecular target contributing to sleep disruptions and cognitive impairments.
Surgical Management of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis: A Case Report in Kidney Transplant Patient.

Introduction. Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a clinical syndrome of progressive fibrotic change in response to prolonged, repetitive, and typically severe insult to the peritoneal mesothelium, often occurring in the setting of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Clear guidelines for successful management remain elusive. We describe the successful surgical management of EPS in a 28-year-old male s/p deceased donor kidney transplant for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This patient received PD for 7 years but changed to hemodialysis (HD) in the year of transplant due to consistent signs and symptoms of underdialysis. EPS was visualized at the time of transplant. Despite successful renal transplantation, EPS progressed to cause small bowel obstruction (SBO) requiring PEG-J placement for enteral nutrition and gastric decompression. The patient subsequently developed a chronic gastrocutaneous fistula necessitating chronic TPN and multiple admissions for pain crises and bowel obstruction. He was elected to undergo surgical intervention due to deteriorating quality of life and failure to thrive. Surgical management included an exploratory laparotomy with extensive lysis of adhesions (LOA), repair of gastrocutaneous fistula, and end ileostomy with Hartmann’s pouch. Postoperative imaging confirmed resolution of the SBO, and the patient was transitioned to NGT feeds and eventually only PO intake. He is continuing with PO nutrition, gaining weight, and free from dialysis. Conclusion. Surgical intervention with LOA and release of small intestine can be successful for definitive management of EPS in the proper setting. In cases such as this, where management with enteral nutrition fails secondary to ongoing obstructive episodes, surgical intervention can be pursued in the interest of preserving quality of life.
Iron nanoparticles with tunable tetragonal structure and magnetic properties

Body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe is known as a typical soft magnetic material with high-saturation magnetization $({M}_{s})$ and low magnetocrystalline anisotropy. However, first-principles calculations demonstrate that body-centered tetragonal (bct) Fe has higher magnetocrystalline anisotropy than bcc Fe and comparable ${M}_{s}$. In this work, bct Fe nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully fabricated by a gas-phase condensation method for the first time. The bct Fe phase is confirmed by the x-ray diffraction pattern and diffraction images of transmission electron microscopy. An increased magnetocrystalline anisotropy of bct Fe, $(2.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.67)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{5}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{[}(21.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.3)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{atom}]$, is observed, which is around seven times higher than that of bcc Fe $4.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{4}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(3.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}/\mathrm{atom})$. The bct Fe NPs sample has coercivity of $3.22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{5}$ A/m at 5 K and $1.04\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{5}$ A/m at 300 K, which are much higher than that of bcc Fe NPs. In addition, the saturation magnetization at 5 K is estimated to be $(1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{6}$ A/m $(2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{atom})$, comparable to that of bcc Fe $1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{6}$ A/m $(2.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{atom})$.
SIMULATION OF SULFUR-IODINE THERMOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PLANT COUPLED TO HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT SOURCE

The sulfur-iodine (SI) cycle is one of the leading candidates in thermochemical processes for hydrogen production. In this paper a simplified model for the SI cycle is developed with chemical kinetics models of the three main SI reactions: the Bunsen reaction, sulfuric acid decomposition, and hydriodic acid decomposition. Each reaction was modeled with a single control volume reaction chamber. The simplified model uses basic heat and mass balance for each of the main three reactions. For sulfuric acid decomposition and hydriodic acid decomposition, reaction heat, latent heat, and sensible heat were considered. Since the Bunsen reaction is exothermic and its overall energy contribution is small, its heat energy is neglected. However, the input and output streams from the Bunsen reaction are accounted for in balancing the total stream mass flow rates from the SI cycle. The heat transfer between the reactor coolant (in this case helium) and the chemical reaction chamber was modeled with transient energy balance equations. The steady-state and transient behavior of the coupled system is studied with the model, and the results of the study are presented. It was determined from the study that the hydriodic acid decomposition step is the rate-limiting step of the entire SI cycle.
Glutamate Receptors in Retina

Retinal glutamate pharmacophysiology provides several lessons on the links between synaptic receptor patterns and functional diversity in central nervous system. One is that metabotropic glutamate receptors by themselves can produce an excitatory synapse, playing more than a modulatory role and responding rapidly. A second lesson is that at a single synapse, where several postsynaptic cells read the same transmitter release, each type of postsynaptic neuron has a unique form of glutamate receptor. This key feature allows the decomposition of information along labeled lines, thereby complementing the anatomical circuits that define the information pathways such as ON–OFF, direction of movement, and color. Another lesson is that glutamate receptors can bypass the normal pattern of synaptic transmission, circumventing voltage-gated calcium channels; instead, calcium-permeable glutamate receptors may directly stimulate vesicle fusion. Finally, glutamate transporters are also current generators, serving to produce subtle but effective inhibition by gating a chloride channel.
Theories of plant location

This chapter elaborates theories of plant locations from the perspective of economists, geographers, engineers, and politicians. Economists have pointed out the elements involved in locating a plant, but not their “ideal relations with one another.” No attempt has been made by economists to break industry into related segments that will respond to certain attractive forces in their location pattern. The empirical studies that have been made are retrospective and attempt to explain past action; they are not predictive in any sense, nor are the relations between factors involved in location satisfactorily explained. Hence, economic theory that relates to plant locations exists only in the broadest sense. Its value lies in indicating the factors usually involved in plant location, not in determining where plants will be located. Engineers have attempted to locate industry on a strict cost basis. They seek the point of location where all the factors of production and distribution, taken together, arrive at an overall minimum cost. Political theorists usually accept the third version of theory, “a plausible explanation of phenomena.” Such explanations are generally dependent upon value judgments that explain the location of industry or the desirability of locating industry in a particular site.
Socio-Economic Development, Economic Fluctuations, and Age-Specific Suicide: A Cross-National Test of the Durkheim, Henry and Short, and Ginsberg Theories

ABSTRACTThis study draws on the theories of Durkheim, Henry and Short, and Ginsberg to assess the impact of short-term and long-term socio-economic change on suicide rates of different categories o...