cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When reproductive value exceeds economic value: an example from the Newfoundland cod fishery

The Northern Cod (Gadus morhua) fishery supported the removal of approximately 200 000 tonnes per year for centuries until collapse in the late 1980s and closure in 1992. Long recovery times, on the order of a decade or more, are now known to be regular concomitant of steep population declines in fish populations. We investigated reproductive value as an alternative to economic value in assessing fisheries sustainability. Our analysis showed that in cod, price-driven heavy fishing (i.e. fishing mortality positively related to body mass and its dollar value) dramatically impaired reproductive capacity by sacrificing future egg production of large fish. Management based upon current value (either in terms of biomass or equivalently dollar value) substantially underestimates the value of large individuals to the stock; this drove the Northern Cod stock towards collapse by failing to protect individuals with high future value. Our results provide a general explanation for the erosion, collapse and prolonged recovery of a long-lived species where reproductive value increases rapidly with increasing size. Failure to compute and communicate future value relative to current dollar value to resource harvesters leads to unrealistic perceptions of sustainable resource use.
On minimal lengths of expressions of Coxeter group elements as products of reflections

It is shown that the absolute length l'(w) of a Coxeter group element w (i.e. the minimal length of an expression of w as a product of reflections) is equal to the minimal number of simple reflections that must be deleted from a fixed reduced expression of w so that the resulting product is equal to e, the identity element. Also, l'(w) is the minimal length of a path in the (directed) Bruhat graph from the identity element e to w, and l'(w) is determined by the polynomial Rew of Kazhdan and Lusztig.
Public Choice Theory Dan Aplikasinya Dalam Sistem Legislasi Indonesia (Public Choice Theory and its Application in Indonesian Legislation System)

Indonesian Abstract: Artikel ini (yang dipresentasikan di Konferensi Negara Hukum 2012) memperkenalkan beberapa konsep dasar dari teori Publikc Choice, khususnya terkait Rasionalitas Aktor Politik, Paradoks Voting, dan Rent-Seeking-Grup Kepentingan.Artikel ini ditujukan untuk memberikan gambaran umum dari berbagai konsep di atas dengan penjelasan mengenai aplikasinya dalam konteks Indonesia, khususnya untuk memahami perilaku legislator dalam membuat keputusan politik, termasuk menerbitkan undang-undang dan regulasi baruEnglish Abstract: This paper (which were presented in the 2012 Indonesian National Legal Conference on Rule of Law) introduces some of the basic concepts of Public Choice Theory, particularly Rationality of Political Actors, Voting Paradox and Rent Seeking-Interest Group, to Indonesian readers. The paper is intended to provide a general overview of the above concepts with explanation of their application in Indonesian context, mainly in understanding legislative behavior in making political decisions, including passing new laws and regulations.
Reading a Relationship: Solo-Tutti Interaction and Dramatic Trajectory in Beethoven's Second Piano Concerto

The evolving relationship between the solo and the tutti over the course of Beethoven9s Piano Concerto No. 2 in B♭♭ major, op. 19, contributes to its individuality as a piece of music and provides clues for understanding its significance for Beethoven9s early career. A structural analysis of solo-tutti interaction reveals a double trajectory spanning the concerto, one leading from relative opposition between the protagonists to proximity or agreement, and the other from the leadership of the tutti to that of the soloist. The extant sources of the protracted genesis of the concerto provide evidence for how Beethoven may have contemplated alternative enactments of the solo-tutti relationship in the first movement and suggest reasons behind his decision to replace the early (if not in fact original) conclusion to the concerto, the Rondo in B♭♭ major WoO 6, with the definitive finale of op. 19. The essay concludes with some thoughts on the implications of the solo-tutti relationship in op. 19 for the ways that the young Beethoven positioned himself within Viennese society and its musical heritage.
A Novel Approach to the Characterization of Cumulative Exposure for the Study of Chronic Occupational Disease

Inappropriate parameterization of an exposure metric for the study of occupational and environmental hazards may lead to significant misclassification and biased results. A model for identification of an optimal expression for cumulative exposure that includes exponentiated terms for concentration and time was developed. When the values of the exponents are allowed to vary, an optimal expression for cumulative exposure may be identified. The approach has advantages for the study of chronic hazards, in that it is flexible, limits the number of assumptions, and incorporates many of the models generally suggested in the literature. In addition, the model results may be interpreted to suggest particular pathophysiologic mechanisms. The model was implemented with data from a previously studied cohort of underground coal miners, and the associations between the exposure metric and measures of obstructive lung disease were identified. The results demonstrated that the exposure metric can improve the association of dust exposure histories with various outcomes over the usual measure of cumulative exposure. However, in the particular data set used, the overall predictive power of alternative models was similar and the interpretability of the results was limited.
The ac-Stark effect in coherent pulse propagation for a two-level system☆

Abstract When the Maxwell-Bloch equations contain an ac-Stark term, these equations can be transformed by a very simple transformation to Maxwell-Bloch equations without the ac-Stark term. Thus, by using the method of Ablowitz, Kaup, and Newell, the ac-Stark effect in coherent pulse propagation can also be exactly solved.
Influence of dioxane on the anionic polymerization of styrene in benzene

Abstract : It has been known that small amounts of polar solvents, such as ethers have a marked effect on the rate of anionic polymerization in a basically nonpolar medium. The only detailed kinetic study on this type of system was carried out by Bywater and Worsfold using small amounts of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in benzene. In this study it was found necessary to postulate the successive formation of a mono-etherate and a di-etherate of polystyryllithium, both active in polymerization, as the THF concentration was increased up to about 0.1 molar in benzene. Dioxane is often used in similar polymerization systems, and since this ether has a low dielectric constant (2.2) and essentially zero dipole moment, it is of obvious interest to study etherate formation with it as additive in order to provide information on the factors which give rise to specific ether solvation in anionic systems. (Author)
Sound and heat revolutions in phononics

The phonon is the physical particle representing mechanical vibration and is responsible for the transmission of everyday sound and heat. Understanding and controlling the phononic properties of materials provides opportunities to thermally insulate buildings, reduce environmental noise, transform waste heat into electricity and develop earthquake protection. Here I review recent progress and the development of new ideas and devices that make use of phononic properties to control both sound and heat. Advances in sonic and thermal diodes, optomechanical crystals, acoustic and thermal cloaking, hypersonic phononic crystals, thermoelectrics, and thermocrystals herald the next technological revolution in phononics.
A Survey of Unidentified Egret Sources at TeV Energies

The Whipple Observatory 10m γ-ray telescope has been used to survey the error boxes of 24 EGRET unidentified sources in an attempt to find counterparts at energies of 350 GeV and above. In no case is a statistically significant signal found in the EGRET error box which implies that, at least for this sample, the γ-ray spectra of these sources steepen between 100 MeV and 350 GeV.
The Rak/Frk tyrosine kinase associates with and internalizes the epidermal growth factor receptor

Src is the founding member of a diverse family of intracellular tyrosine kinases, and Src has a key role in promoting cancer growth, in part, through its association with receptor tyrosine kinases. However, some Src-related proteins have widely divergent physiological roles, and these proteins include the Rak/Frk tyrosine kinase (Frk stands for Fyn-related kinase), which inhibits cancer cell growth and suppresses tumorigenesis. Rak/Frk phosphorylates and stabilizes the Pten tumor suppressor, protecting it from degradation, and Rak/Frk associates with the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor. However, the role of Rak/Frk in receptor-mediated signaling is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Rak/Frk associates with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), increasing in activity and EGFR binding after EGF stimulation, when it decreases the pool of EGFR present at the plasma membrane. EGFR-Rak binding is direct, requires the SH2 and SH3 domains of Rak/Frk for efficient complex formation and is not dependent on the Grb2 adaptor protein. EGFR mutations are associated with increased EGFR activity and tumorigenicity, and we found that Rak/Frk associates preferentially with an EGFR exon 19 mutant, EGFRΔ747-749/A750P, compared with wild-type EGFR. Furthermore, Rak/Frk inhibited mutant EGFR phosphorylation at an activating site and dramatically decreased the levels of EGFRΔ747-749/A750P from the plasma membrane. Taken together, the results suggest that Rak/Frk inhibits EGFR signaling in cancer cells and has elevated activity against EGFR exon 19 mutants.
Effect of Platoons on Permissive Left-Turn Capacity: Pilot Study

Existing models for estimating left turn capacity assume an average opposing flow rate throughout the cycle. While this assumption may be valid under random arrivals, it is evident that the presence of platoons results in different arrival patterns on the opposing approach during the green and red phases respectively. Pilot data collected at one intersection in the City of Chicago showed that the observed left‐turn capacity is inversely proportional to the platoon ratio and flow rate on the opposing approach. This indicates that progression for through traffic may have an adverse effect on the opposing left‐turns.
Transition rate for a process involving particles with high momentum in a plasma and infrared physics for a QED plasma.

We derive a formula for computing the transition rate for a process involving particles with momentum much higher than the temperature and chemical potentials in a plasma by using an effective field theory approach. We apply it to the collision of charged particles with hard momentum inside a QED plasma. The Debye screening effect and the damping of a charged particle moving in a QED plasma are studied. Using Bloch-Nordsieck resummation, the infrared divergences due to the absence of magnetic screening for the QED plasma are shown not to appear in physically measurable rates. The soft plasmon absorption and emission for charged particles are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Effects of immunomodulation with interferon-γ on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

The development of an inflammatory response after injury depends on the participation of a variety of cell populations and endogenous mediators. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a potent cellular immunomodulating cytokine that contributes to acute and chronic inflammation. In this study, the effects of immunomodulation on ischemia-reperfusion injury were examined using increasing doses of recombinant, rabbit-specific IFN-gamma in an in situ model of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Pretreatment with low dose IFN-gamma augmented injury as measured by histology, aminotransferase concentrations, and myeloperoxidase activity. By contrast, high dose IFN-gamma pretreatment, equivalent to IFN-gamma supplements used in clinical trials, resulted in a lack of neutrophil infiltration and minimal progression of late phase, neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury. These results suggest that immunomodulating mediators such as IFN-gamma may play a regulating role in the evolution of ischemia-reperfusion, contributing to the development and resolution of acute hepatic injury.
Partial Infraorbital Nerve Ligation as a Model of Trigeminal Nerve Injury in the Mouse: Behavioral, Neural, and Glial Reactions

Abstract Trigeminal nerve damage often leads to chronic pain syndromes including trigeminal neuralgia, a severely debilitating chronic orofacial pain syndrome. Options for treatment of neuropathic pain are limited in effectiveness and new approaches based on a better understanding of the underlying pathologies are required. Partial ligation has been shown to effectively mimic many of the qualities of human neuropathic pain syndromes. We have devised a mouse model of trigeminal neuralgia using a partial infraorbital nerve ligation (pIONL) that induces persistent pain behaviors and morphological changes in the brainstem. We found that the pIONL effectively induced mechanical allodynia lasting for more than 3 weeks. Cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine), activation of astrocytes and microglia in the ipsilateral caudal medulla, and persistent satellite cell reaction in the ipsilateral ganglion were observed. Neurochemical markers calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P were decreased in medullary dorsal horn ipsilateral to the injury side, whereas substance P receptor NK1 expression was increased after 8 days. Nerve injury marker ATF3 was markedly increased in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion neurons at 8 days after pIONL. The data indicate that partial trigeminal injury in mice produces many persistent anatomical changes in neuropathic pain, as well as mechanical allodynia. Perspective This study describes the development of a new mouse model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Our goal is to devise better treatments of trigeminal pain, and this will be facilitated by characterization of the underlying cellular and molecular neuropathological mechanisms in genetically designed mice.
Using Field Experiments to Test Equivalence between Auction Formats: Magic on the Internet

William Vickrey's predicted equivalences between first-price sealed-bid and Dutch auctions, and between second-price sealed-bid and English auctions, are tested using field experiments that auctioned off collectible trading cards over the Internet. The results indicate that the Dutch auction produces 30-percent higher revenues than the first-price auction format, a violation of the theoretical prediction and a reversal of previous laboratory results, and that the English and second-price formats produce roughly equivalent revenues.
Photorefractivity in Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Composites Containing Electron Donor and Acceptor Molecules

The first observation of photorefractivity in ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) is reported here. Dopant chromophores chosen to optimize production of mobile ions and careful control of the wavevector and light polarization are believed to play a decisive role in the observed behavior. The Figure is a schematic illustration of the experimental geometry used.
Hydroformylation of 1-hexene by soluble and zeolite-supported rhodium species

Abstract The hydroformylation of 1-hexene at 50 and 125°C and 300 psig CO:H 2 (1:1) using soluble and zeolite-supported rhodium species is reported. The presence of excess phosphine during homogeneous catalysis in shown to inhibit isomerization of 1-hexene and thus give high normal/branched aldehyde ratios for all levels of conversion. However, the absence of phosphine allows significant isomerization, causing the normal/branched ratio to vary with conversion. The activity of the immobilized catalysts is affected by the type and amount of phosphine. The homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts can be poisoned by mercaptans, provided an excess of phosphine is not present. The data from the immobilized catalysts suggest that claims of intrazeolitic hydroformylation with rhodium-containing faujasites must be taken with caution.
Transurethral resection of the prostate for chronic bacterial prostatitis

Forty-nine patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis causing symptoms and receiving routine accepted treatment for many months or years, without permanent relief, were treated by transurethral prostatic resection (TURP). The purpose of the surgery was to remove the gland down to the true capsule (radical TURP). The patients' own appraisal of the results, the absence of symptoms and of infection, indicate 67% had a good result when assessed 1 year following surgery; 21% were improved and 12% received no benefit. Transurethral resection is recommended in selected cases and when the surgeon is able to remove all of the glandular tissue without causing large perforations through the true capsule. Acceptable results have been achieved in two-thirds of cases. There was no mortality and insignificant morbidity. Patients experiencing no benefit and those who were only improved but not cured were either poorly selected or infected prostatic tissue was not removed.
Formal reporting of second-opinion CT interpretation: experience and reimbursement in the emergency department setting

The purpose of this study is to describe a system for formally reporting second-opinion interpretations of CT imaging exams accompanying patients transferred emergently to a tertiary care center. Second-opinion interpretations of cross-sectional imaging exams rendered in the emergency department setting over 6 months spanning 22 September 2009 to 22 March 2010 were reviewed and tallied by two radiologists and a research assistant, with a focus on professional fee reimbursement rates. A more in depth review was performed of those exams for which a clinical referral request form was available, detailing such information as the clinical history, content and source of available initial interpretation, and congruity of the initial interpretation with clinical data. Discrepancies between outside and second-opinion interpretations were also assessed. This quality assurance exercise was reviewed by our institutional review board, which waived formal informed consent. Formal second-opinion interpretation was rendered for 370 exams on 198 patients (mean age, 53.5 years; 45.1% female), received from 50 referring facilities. Head CT was the most common imaging exam referred for second opinion. Forty-one of 370 exams (11%) were submitted for self-pay, and 43 (12%) were written off as free care. The remaining 286 exams (77%) were submitted for reimbursement of the professional fee only. Ultimately, of the 286 exams submitted, 260 (91%) were reimbursed for professional fees, 199 (70%) on the initial submission. Of 29 health plans contracted with our facility, 22 ultimately approved all claims made. Three plans denied all claims submitted. The largest payer was Medicare, which reimbursed 88 of 90 submitted claims. Clinical intake forms were available for 184 exams on 107 patients (mean age, 52.7 years, 43.0% female). Trauma was the most common indication, or history, provided (55% of 184 exams, 40% of 107 patients). An outside report of some form was available for 112 of the 184 exams (61%), although only 18 were formal, signed radiology reports from the referring facility. Discrepancies between available outside reports and second-opinion interpretations were noted for 17 out of 112 exams. Need for reimaging was substantially curtailed, with only ten exams repeated within 24 h. A formal process for issuing second-opinion interpretations of cross-sectional exams performed at outside institutions is feasible in the emergency department setting. In the majority of cases, reimbursement for full professional fees can be obtained.
Synthesis and Properties of Organo-Cyanoborane Complexes of Pentaamminecobalt(III)

Abstract Organo-cyanoborane ligands of formula R-BH2[sbnd]C[dbnd]N (R is trimethylamine, pyridine, or triphenylphosphine) have been shown to displace the CF3SO3 anion from trifluoromethanesulfonatopentaamminecobalt(III) cations in acetone to yield the respective nitrile complexes. These new cyanoborane complexes have been characterized via elemental analysis and by IR, visible and NMR spectroscopy. The reactions of these complexes in aqueous base and attempts to aminate the cyanide group in liquid ammonia will be described. The synthesis of some analogous alkyl nitrile complexes is described as well as the kinetics of their hydration reactions in basic media.
Outcome Among Community Dwelling Older Adults with Schizophrenia: Results Using Five Conceptual Models

There have been few studies examining the outcome of schizophrenia in later life. Using five conceptual models, we test two hypotheses with respect to range of outcomes among older schizophrenia outpatients and how they compare to their age peers in the community. We operationalized five outcome measures from the following conceptual models: Remission, adapting criteria of Andreasen et al. (The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162:441-449, 2005); Recovery, adapting the criteria by Liberman et al. (International Review of Psychiatry, 14:256-272, 2002); Community Integration using the model of Wong and Solomon (Mental Health Services Research, 4:13-28, 2002); Subjective and Objective Successful Aging using the model of Rowe and Kahn (Science, 237:143-149, 1987). The schizophrenia (S) group consisted of 198 community-dwelling persons aged 55 and over who developed schizophrenia before age 45 and a community comparison (CC) group (N = 113). Remission and recovery criteria were met by 49 and 17% of the S group, respectively. There were significant differences between the S and CC groups in the distribution of community integration and successful aging scales: 41% of the CC group met at least 10 of 12 criteria versus 23% of the S group on the Community Integration Scale; 19% of the CC group met all six criteria vs. 2% of the S group on the Objective Successful Aging Scale; 27% of the CC group vs. 13% of the S group met all six criteria on the Subjective Successful Aging Scale. Correlations among the five outcome measures ranged from r = .19 to .48 (median value: r = .26 or 7% shared variance). There is wide variability in outcome in later life depending on which measure is used. Rather than one universal indicator, each measure offers a different perspective that can provide useful guidelines for researchers, clinicians, and policy makers.
From bench-to-bedside: Realizing on-chip electrophoretic immunoassays for protein biomarkers in serum using a standard 9V battery

We report a novel electrophoretic separation method that is realizable in a 1 mm single microfluidic channel, powered by a standard 9V battery and can be used to complete a migration shift immunoassay in less than 30s. In our assay sample is continuously injected electrophoretically into a polyacrylamide sieving matrix with analyte fronts monitored to detect differentially migrating species. By removing an injection channel this technique eliminates injection dispersion and shrinks the device footprint. Resulting in high efficiency separations in short microfluidic channels with a power consumption of just 2.7 μW.
Reduced airway function in early adulthood among subjects with wheezing disorder before two years of age

Aim To compare airway function in early adulthood in subjects with wheezing in infancy with age-matched controls and to analyze what accounts for a possible difference. Methods Asthma development has been prospectively studied in 101 children hospitalized due to wheezing before the age of two. The cohort was re-investigated at age 17–20 years and tested with spirometry and for bronchial hyper-responsiveness and allergic sensitization. An age-matched population (n = 294) was used for comparison. Results The cohort had a significantly lower FEV1/FVC ratio and MEF50, both pre- and post-bronchodilation, compared with the controls, P < 0.01. The reduction in airway function was most evident in current asthmatic female subjects, but a reduced pre-bronchodilation FEV1/FVC ratio was also seen in symptom-free cohort subjects, P = 0.03. In the multivariate analysis, female gender was the most prominent independent risk factor for reduced airway function in early adulthood, pre-bronchodilation OR 4.0 (1.4–11.3) and post-bronchodilation OR 8.8 (1.8–42.0). In addition, a history of early wheezing, that is, belonging to the cohort, was an independent risk factor for reduced airway function pre-bronchodilation, OR 3.3 (1.3–8.7). Furthermore, there was an association between current bronchial hyper-responsiveness and an increased risk of reduced airway function post-bronchodilation, OR 7.3 (2.0–26.6). Conclusion Reduced airway function in early adulthood was found in subjects with wheezing early in life, compared with age-matched controls. The reduction was most prominent in females with current asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:396–403. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Barriers to Cessation among Arab American Smokers of Cigarettes and Waterpipe

This cross-sectional study examined the differences in barriers to cessation and reasons for quitting smoking among dual smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco, exclusive cigarette smokers and exclusive waterpipe smokers. Participants were Arab American adults residing in Richmond, Virginia, who were recruited from Middle Eastern grocery stores, restaurants/lounges and faith and charity organizations. The study yielded several key findings: (1) Exclusive cigarette and waterpipe smokers had similar mean barriers to quitting and were more concerned about their health than dual smokers. (F(2, 150) = 5.594, p = 0.0045). This implies that barriers to smoking and health concerns could be a function of the individual who smokes rather than the modality of smoking itself. (2) Exclusive cigarette or waterpipe smokers and dual smokers may have different reasons for quitting, since they have different reasons for smoking. The proportion of smokers who endorsed smoking as a messy habit as the reason among exclusive cigarette smokers was 0.37, whereas the proportion among exclusive waterpipe smokers was 0.04 and among dual smokers 0.39. The difference in proportions is significant, χ2 (df = 2, N = 154) = 13.17, p = 0.0014. In summary, this study supports the need to further investigate dual cigarette and waterpipe smokers, as the study results indicate greater barriers to smoking cessation in this group. Recognition and understanding of these barriers among dual tobacco users would be important for any future tobacco intervention among waterpipe smokers.
5-HT1A sex based differences in Bmax, in vivo KD, and BPND in the nonhuman primate

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) dysfunction has been implicated in neuropsychiatric illnesses and may play a pivotal role in the differential prevalence of depression between the sexes. Previous PET studies have revealed sex-based differences in 5-HT1A binding potential (BPND). The binding potential is a function of the radioligand-receptor affinity (1/KDapp), and receptor density (Bmax). In this work, we use a multiple-injection (MI) PET protocol and the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, [18F]mefway, to compare sex-based differences of in vivo affinity, Bmax, and BPND in rhesus monkeys. Methods PET [18F]mefway studies were performed on 17 (6 m, 11f) rhesus monkeys using a 3-injection protocol that included partial saturation injections of mefway. Compartmental modeling was performed using a model to account for non-tracer doses of mefway for the estimation of KDapp and Bmax. BPND estimates were also acquired from the first injection (high specific activity [18F]mefway, 90-minute duration) for comparison using the cerebellum (CB) as a reference region. Regions of interest were selected in 5-HT1A binding regions of the hippocampus (Hp), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), amygdala (Am), and raphe nuclei (RN). Results Female subjects displayed significantly (*p Conclusion These results suggest that the higher BPND values found in females are the result of lower [18F]mefway KDapp. Although a more experimentally complex measurement, separate assay of KDapp and Bmax provides a more sensitive measure than BPND to identify the underlying differences between females and males in 5-HT1A function.
Use of heat-malleable thermoplastic splints in eyelid skin grafting.

Purpose: To report on the usage of a thermoplastic material in eyelid reconstruction. Methods: Retrospective single-surgeon case review. Results: Thirty-eight full-thickness skin grafts in 37 patients are reported. No major complications were encountered. All outcomes with the use of this technique yielded satisfactory results. Conclusions: The use of thermoplastic materials in eyelid reconstruction appears to achieve results equal to those seen with traditional materials. This technique in eyelid surgery may save operative time and be less expensive than traditional methods.
MAOA genotype, maltreatment, and aggressive behavior: the changing impact of genotype at varying levels of trauma

Background Childhood adversity has been shown to interact with monoamine oxidase-A ( MAOA ) genotype to confer risk for antisocial behavior. Studies examining this gene-by-environment (G×E) association, however, have produced mixed results. Methods Relevant research is reviewed, and results of a study with 114 children (73 maltreated and 41 control subjects) are presented. The maltreated children represent the extreme on a continuum of adversity and were assessed at a time of extreme stress—shortly after removal from their parents' care due to abuse. Measures of aggressive behavior were obtained using standard research instruments, and monoamine oxidase-A MAOA genotypes were obtained from saliva-derived DNA specimens. Population structure was controlled for using ancestral proportion scores computed on the basis of genotypes of ancestry informative markers. Results Many prior investigations appear to have had reduced power to detect the predicted G×E interaction because of low base rates of maltreatment and antisocial behavior in their samples and failure to use optimal procedures to control for population structure in ethnically diverse cohorts. In this investigation, a significant interaction was detected between exposure to moderate trauma and the "low-activity" MAOA genotype in conferring risk for aggression. Children with exposure to extreme levels of trauma, however, had high aggression scores regardless of genotype. Conclusions Our study suggests that problems in aggressive behavior in maltreated children are moderated by MAOA genotype, but only up to moderate levels of trauma exposure. Extreme levels of trauma appear to overshadow the effect of MAOA genotype, especially in children assessed at time of acute crisis.
Seabird associations in Pacific equatorial waters

Seabirds were counted along the same cruise tracks in the eastern tropical Pacific (10°oN-10°oS and 140°o-90°oW) each spring and autumn for 8 years, 1984–1991. During spring, three species groups were apparent among eight species seen in five or more years: (1) Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa and Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel Oceanodroma tethys, which feed on neuston by surface seizing; (2) Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis and White-winged Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera, which feed on neuston and micronekton by surface seizing; (3) Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma externa, Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus and Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata, which feed on micronekton driven to the surface by foraging tuna. During autumn, only one group was identified from the seven species seen in five or more years: Leach's Storm-petrel associated with either Wedge-rumped Storm-petrel or Juan Fernandez Petrel and/or White-winged Petrel. Annual variability in assemblage composition was more extreme in the autumn and thus was similar to variation in physical and biological factors linked to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle.
Stratifying the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Otolaryngology

Objective. The consequences of perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) are devastating; identifying patients at risk is an essential step in reducing morbidity and mortality. The utility of perioperative VTE risk assessment in otolaryngology is unknown. This study was designed to risk-stratify a diverse population of otolaryngology patients for VTE events.Study Design. Retrospective cohort study.Setting. Single-institution academic tertiary care medical center.Subjects and Methods. Adult patients presenting for otolaryngologic surgery requiring hospital admission from 2003 to 2010 who did not receive VTE chemoprophylaxis were included. The Caprini risk assessment was retrospectively scored via a validated method of electronic chart abstraction. Primary study variables were Caprini risk scores and the incidence of perioperative venous thromboembolic outcomes.Results. A total of 2016 patients were identified. The overall 30-day rate of VTE was 1.3%. The incidence of VTE in patients with a Caprini risk sc...
Consumer responsiveness to price differentials: A case for insurance industry deregulation

Abstract Proponents of deregulation have suggested that several industries should lose their antitrust exemptions and operate within a competitive atmosphere. An important assumption underlying deregulation arguments is that consumers will respond to price differentials in a manner that encourages price competition among supplier firms. This assumption is of special concern in the regulated fields of property and liability insurance. The intangibility of these products, the relatively long-term purchase commitments, and the intimate relationships between insurance and consumers' perceptions of risk raise substantial questions concerning individuals' reactions to price competition. In this study the amount of annual premium savings required to switch companies and the relationships between consumer characteristics and intended switching behavior were examined. The results suggest that a substantial segment of insurance buyers would change firms given modest price reductions. The size of this segment, along with the attitudinal and demographic characteristics of this group, indicates that price competition is a viable strategy in a deregulated insurance industry.
GDP beta S enhances the activation of phospholipase C caused by thrombin in human platelets: evidence for involvement of an inhibitory GTP-binding protein

Guanosine 5'-O-thiotriphosphate (GTP gamma S) and thrombin stimulate the activity of phospholipase C in platelets that have been permeabilized with saponin and whose inositol phospholipids have been prelabeled with [3H]inositol. Ca2+ has opposite effects on the formation of [3H]inositol phosphates induced by thrombin or GTP gamma S. While the action of GTP gamma S on the formation of [3H]inositol phosphates is inhibited by Ca2+, action of thrombin is stimulated by Ca2+. Guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S), which inhibits the function of GTP-binding proteins, also inhibits the effect of GTP gamma S on phospholipase C stimulation but, surprisingly, increases the effect of thrombin. Ca2+ increases the inhibitory effect of GDP beta S on GTP gamma S activation of phospholipase C, but Ca2+ further enhances the stimulatory effect of GDP beta S on the thrombin activation of phospholipase C. This indicates that two mechanisms are responsible for the activation of phospholipase C in platelets. A GTP-binding protein is responsible for regulation of phospholipase C induced by GTP gamma S, while the effect of thrombin on the stimulation of phospholipase C is independent of GTP-binding proteins. However, the effect of thrombin may be modulated by the action of an inhibitory GTP-binding protein.
Apoproteins of human serum high density lipoproteins. Isolation and characterization of the peptides of sephadex fraction V from normal subjects and patients with abetalipoproteinemia

Abstract 1. 1. Sephadex fraction V, obtained from human serum high density lipoprotein apoprotein (HDL apoprotein) of normal subjects and of patients with abetalipoproteinemia, was resolved by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange column chromatography into several fractions which were defined in terms of amino acid composition, NH2- and COOH-terminals, sialic acid content, immunologic and electrophoretic properties, and in vitro activation of purified lipoprotein lipase from rat adipose tissue. 2. 2. Fraction V of HDL apoprotein of both normal and abetalipoproteinemic subjects was found to contain polypeptides corresponding to apolipoproteins C-I, C-II, C-III-1, and C-III-2, which had been described previously in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). The content of apo C-III-1 in abetalipoproteinemia-HDL was very low, whereas the percentage, by weight, of apo C-I was about twice as high as that in the normal subjects studied. Furthermore, both normal and abetalipoproteinemia-HDL apoprotein contained a previously unreported peptide which had a molecular weight of about 7 000 and electrophoretic, chemical, and immunological properties distinct from those of the known C apolipoproteins. Of all of the peptides comprising fraction V, only apo C-II activated a purified preparation of rat adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. This was the case for both normal and abetalipoproteinemic subjects.
Human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A3 pharmacogenetics: Gene duplication and functional genomics

Background/Aims SULT1A3 catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines and structurally related drugs. Following completion of the Human Genome Project, it appeared that SULT1A3: might be duplicated. The purpose of this study was to verify and characterize this gene duplication. Methods PCR-based assays and FISH were used to verify that 2 SULT1A3 genes are present on chromosome 16. Reanalysis of previous gene resequencing data was performed to confirm the presence of SULT1A3: SNPs identified previously and also to identify novel polymorphisms. Functional genomic studies were performed on 3 novel cSNPS to determine levels of SULT1A3 activity enzyme activity, immunoreactive protein and substrate kinetics. RT-PCR was used to determine if both SULT1A3: copies are transcriptionally active. Results Two copies of SULT1A3: are present on chromosome 16. All previously reported SNPs were confirmed, and 11 novel SNPs were identified. Both genes can produce mRNA transcripts and functional genomic studies showed that 2 novel cSNPs resulted in decreased activity and levels of protein. Conclusions The duplication of SULT1A3: will have to be taken into account during future efforts to understand individual variation in SULT1A3 activity or properties. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P23–P23; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.090
Irradiation effects in UO2 and CeO2

Abstract Single crystal CeO2, as a surrogate material to UO2, was irradiated with 500 keV xenon ions at 800 °C while being observed using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Experimental results show the formation and growth of defect clusters including dislocation loops and cavities as a function of increasing atomic displacement dose. At high dose, the dislocation loop structure evolves into an extended dislocation line structure, which appears to remain stable to the high dose levels examined in this study. A high concentration of cavities was also present in the microstructure. Despite high atomic displacement doses, the specimen remained crystalline to a cumulated dose of 5 × 1015 ions/cm2, which is consistent with the known stability of the fluorite structure under high dose irradiation. Kinetic Monte Carlo calculations show that oxygen mobility is substantially higher in hypo-stoichiometric UO2/CeO2 than hyper-stoichiometric systems. This result is consistent with the ability of irradiation damage to recover even at intermediate irradiation temperatures.
Simulation of the Effect of Additives on Electrochemical Nucleation

Numerical simulations are used to explore the impact of additives on chronoamperometric behavior of the nucleation stage of electrodeposition processes as well as their impact on particle size distributions. Because the manner in which additives affect electrodeposition processes is complex, the numerical results depend on multiple parameters. An emphasis is placed on suppressors such as poly(ethylene glycol) used in Cu plating. The rate at which the suppressor adsorbs onto the freshly nucleated metallic particles is a key parameter in determining the time at which a current maximum is expected and the value of the peak current density. Suppressors hinder the growth of particles and potentially lessen the barrier to nucleation, resulting in a particle size distribution with more smaller particles in progressive nucleation.
Cluster/Surface Interactions and Cluster/Matrix Deposition

Abstract : This paper reports the most recent results from the cluster chemistry program at the Naval Research Laboratory, in which our efforts in the characterization of gas-phase cluster properties have been extended to studies of condensed-phase species. First, in an attempt to investigate the fundamental interactions between mass-selected cluster ions and surfaces, two tandem mass spectrometers were constructed or modified, and the results of the initial experiments will be discussed. The emphasis will be on illustrating the general utility of ion/surface collisions to study fragmentations, reactions, and deposition. Second, clusters were deposited into a matrix in order to perform spectroscopic analyses. The initial experiments have been directed at optimization of the techniques. Finally, recent measurement of the ionization potential of large carbon clusters will be reported. These results are especially significant because of the new developments in large-scale production, isolation, and characterization of these species.
Radio Point Sources and the Thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich Power Spectrum

Radio point sources are strongly correlated with clusters of galaxies, so a significant fraction of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect signal could be affected by point-source contamination. Based on empirical estimates of the radio galaxy population, it is shown that the rms temperature fluctuations of the thermal SZ effect could be underestimated by as much as 30% at an observing frequency of 30 GHz at l 1000. The effect is larger at higher multipoles. If the recent report of excess power at small angular scales is to be explained by the thermal SZ effect, then radio point sources at an observing frequency of 30 GHz must be a surprisingly weak contaminant of the SZ effect for low-mass clusters.
A hierarchical finite element approach for integrated thermal-structural analysis

A hierarchical finite element approach for thermal-structural analysis is presented. The approach employs a common nodal discritization and seeks improvements in the accuracy of the analyses by using hierarchical interpolation functions with nodeless variables. The effectiveness of the integrated approach is assessed for three applications with two-dimensional elements by comparison with conventional finite element thermal-structural solutions. Improvements in the accuracy of temperatures and thermal-stresses are demonstrated. The applications demonstrate the practical importance of having flexibility in refining each analysis independently while maintaining a common discretization, and show that the hierarchical approach offers potential for the development of a general method for integrated thermal-structural analysis.
B- and L-violating couplings in the minimal supersymmetric standard model.

Couplings that may appear in the superpotential of the supersymmetric extension of the standard model but which do not occur in the standard model itself are examined. Experimental constraints on these couplings are examined in the context of natural assumptions on their values. Additional discrete symmetries are considered in cases where the natural values exceed the experimental constraints.
Stock market reactions to customer service changes

Stock market reactions to a sample of customer service changes reported during 1981-91 were investigated. Customer service increases (decreases) were positively (negatively) valued. Stock market reactions varied depending on specific customer service actions and, therefore, on the four customer service objectives pursued.
Interleukin 2: prototype for a new generation of immunoactive pharmaceuticals.

Abstract Molecular biological techniques have revealed the interleukin-2 receptor to be a dimer composed of one α-subunit and one β-subunit which interact non-covalently in a cooperative manner. Site-directed mutagenesis, in conjunction with structural analysis, is beginning to clarify the relationship between structural components of the receptor and their function, and Thomas Ciardelli and Kendall Smith explain why this is bringing drug developers closer to the design of IL-2 agonists and antagonists .
THE CORRELATION OF INTERPHASE CHROMOSOME VOLUME WITH POLLEN ABORTION INDUCED BY CHRONIC GAMMA IRRADIATION

Abstract The effects of chronic gamma irradiation on pollen abortion were observed in Arabidopsis thaliana, Antirrhinum majus, Lycopersicum esculentum, Nigella damascena and Tradescantia paludosa , representing a wide range of radiosensitivity as predicted by their interphase chromosome volumes (ICV). Pollen abortion was increased most drastically in the period from the differentiation of pollen mother cells to the end of meiosis, termed the “pollen-sensitive period”. The regression of daily exposures producing 50 per cent pollen abortion against ICVs of shoot meristematic cells showed a distinct correlation between sensitivity and chromosome size when both values were plotted in logarithm scale, but the slope (−1·426) indicated that the relationship is not purely proportional but that cells with large chromosomes were more sensitive than had been expected from the − 1 slope, and those with small chromosomes more resistant than expected. The duration of the pollen-sensitive period was longer for plants with large nuclei than for plants with small nuclei, and when this was corrected and the total exposures accumulated within this period were plotted against ICVs, a clear regression curve with a slope of − 1·098 was obtained. This fitted slope is not significantly different from −1. A radiobiological constant for 50 per cent pollen abortion was developed from the regression equation based upon a slope of − 1. From this relationship certain radiobiological responses can be calculated (or predicted) for other species of higher plants (see also Summary).
Prediction of Falls in Older Adults With Cancer: A Preliminary Study

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent to which falls occur in older adult patients with cancer; to identify how falls relate to depression, age, functional status, and cognition; and to develop a model for predicting falls. DESIGN: Descriptive, prospective, quantitative. SETTING: Patients in the Senior Adult Oncology Program at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. SAMPLE: 165 patients aged 70 years or older with any diagnosis of cancer, treatment type, and stage. METHODS: Data were collected during a one-time interview using a comprehensive geriatric assessment consisting of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale, Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, and a fall assessment. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Falls, functional status, depression, cognition, age, and gender. FINDINGS: IADL scores were found to be a predictor of falls while controlling for age and ADL status. An IADL score of 22 predicts a 21% risk of a fall. Fall risk increases to 81% at an IADL score of 9. CONCLUSIONS: IADL score is a predictor of falls in this older adult population with cancer. ADL scores are not a predictor of falls when IADL is included in the model. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses must play a vital role in conducting fall screening and risk assessments for older adults with cancer. Language: en