cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cases Relating to Chapter 4 – Proof via Evidence

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to proof via evidence. These cases include the case of Maddox versus Montgomery, Brown versus State, and State versus Jordan. In the first case, Jimmy Maddox was convicted of rape in a Georgia state court and sentenced to life imprisonment. In the second case, Jeron Brown, appeals from his convictions of burglary in the second degree, theft, two counts of receiving stolen property, and criminal mischief. In this appeal, Brown alleges that the Superior Court erred by: first, denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained during a search incident to his arrest because the police did not have probable cause to arrest him; second, denying his request for a mistrial after the State disclosed potentially exculpatory evidence during the trial; and third, failing to provide, sua sponte, a missing evidence jury instruction because a witness was unavailable to testify at trial. In the third case Neil L. Jordan (“the appellant”), appeals his conviction by the Seneca County Municipal Court, finding him guilty of three counts of vehicular manslaughter.
Defaults and normality in causal structures

A serious defect with the Halpern-Pearl (HP) definition of causality is repaired by combining a theory of causality with a theory of defaults. In addition, it is shown that (despite a claim to the contrary) a cause according to the HP condition need not be a single conjunct. A definition of causality motivated by Wright's NESS test is shown to always hold for a single conjunct. Moreover, conditions that hold for all the examples considered by HP are given that guarantee that causality according to (this version) of the NESS test is equivalent to the HP definition.
Computing Tensor Eigenvalues via Homotopy Methods

We introduce the concept of mode-$k$ generalized eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a tensor and prove some properties of such eigenpairs. In particular, we derive an upper bound for the number of equivalence classes of generalized tensor eigenpairs using mixed volume. Based on this bound and the structures of tensor eigenvalue problems, we propose two homotopy continuation type algorithms to solve tensor eigenproblems. With proper implementation, these methods can find all equivalence classes of isolated generalized eigenpairs and some generalized eigenpairs contained in the positive dimensional components (if there are any). We also introduce an algorithm that combines a heuristic approach and a Newton homotopy method to extract real generalized eigenpairs from the found complex generalized eigenpairs. A MATLAB software package, TenEig, has been developed to implement these methods. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of TenEig for computing complex or real genera...
Selected Measures of the Economic Values of Increased Fruit and Vegetable Production and Consumption in the Upper Midwest

This research considers the potential statewide and regional economic values that might accumulateto farmers and regional economies if there was an increase in the production of 28 types of fresh fruits and vegetables for local consumption. The states studied were Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.Two separate analyses were conducted. The first provides state-only estimates where the economic values are compiled considering each state's farmers and each state's consumption as a distinct and closed study area. The second analysis evaluates individual counties within the six-state region considering both their capacity and potential to produce fresh fruits or vegetables to serve medium to large metropolitan regional markets with populations in excess of 250,000 persons. This second analysis is indifferent to state boundaries.Both research scenarios also presuppose that 50 percent of the local fruit and vegetable productionwill be marketed via producer-owned fruit and vegetable stores. The economic values of those activities also are partially estimated.
Patient acceptance of oral contraceptives I. The American Indian

Abstract Oral contraceptives were employed among 459 American Indian women for a total of 2,828 cycles. Medication was dispensed in cycle packages consisting of 28 pills, 21 Enovid tablets followed by 7 placebos, repeated at 28 day intervals. During the initial 20 months, 269 women remained active in spite of frequent hardships endured in traveling to clinic. No inhibition of lactation was noted. Weight gain and nausea during the course of Enovid administration were minimal. Oral contraceptives were considered a satisfactory method of family planning for this indigent and deprived group of American citizens.
Spectral noise-shaping in integrate-and-fire neural networks

A theory of coordinated neuronal firing events is proposed that allows the low-noise transmission of analog signals through a network of coupled neurons. The inherent quantization noise of a group of neurons can be shaped in the frequency domain in such a way as to provide a high signal-to-noise ratio over some specified signal bandwidth. This shaping is accomplished by using neural interconnections that resemble lateral inhibition.
Small sample properties of bayesian estimators of labor income processes

There exists an extensive literature estimating idiosyncratic labor income processes. While a wide variety of models are estimated, GMM estimators are almost always used. We examine the validity of using likelihood based estimation in this context by comparing the small sample properties of a Bayesian estimator to those of GMM. Our baseline studies estimators of a commonly used simple earnings process. We extend our analysis to more complex environments, allowing for real world phenomena such as time varying and heterogeneous parameters, missing data, unbalanced panels, and non-normal errors. The Bayesian estimators are demonstrated to have favorable bias and efficiency properties.
The Labor Market for New Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics Ph.D.s

We describe the characteristics and labor market experiences of new agricultural and natural resource economics Ph.D.s. Women earned roughly 27% of the Ph.D.s earned during 1996–97 and 2001–02; 36% of the Ph.D.s awarded were earned by U.S. citizens. About half of the employed graduates found jobs in academe, with the remainder divided roughly equally among government, international or research organizations, business, industry, and consulting. The median salary of new Ph.D.s holding full-time jobs in the United States was $62,500 in 2002, up from $47,500 five years earlier.
Medially Based Meshing with Finite Element Analysis of Prostate Deformation

The finite element method (FEM) is well suited for use in the non-rigid registration of magnetic resonance spectroscopy images (MRSI) with intraoperative ultrasound images of the prostate because FEM provides a principled method for modeling the physical deformation caused when the MRSI intra-rectal imaging probe compresses the prostate. However, FEM requires significant labor and computational time to construct a finite element model and solve the resulting large system of equations. In particular, any finite element based registration method must address the questions of how to generate a mesh from an image and how to solve the system of finite element equations efficiently. This paper focuses on how m-rep image segmentations can be used to generate high quality multi-scale hexahedral meshes for use with FEM. Results from the application of this method to the registration of CT images of a prostate phantom with implanted brachytherapy seeds are presented.
Learning to Network

Principles of rational decision making are important in the behavioral sciences such as economics (especially microeconomics) and psychology (especially cognitive psychology). The principles use subjective probabilities because these probabilities are accessible. This paper explains how the requirement of accessibility regulates probability laws and decision principles. It proposes relativizing probabilities to ways of grasping propositions (in addition to relativizing them to times and agents). The relativization promotes psychological realism. Pronouns, demonstratives, proper names, and other expressions refer directly without the intermediary of a concept. Hence two sentences may express the same proposition although an ideal agent who understands both sentences is unaware of their synonymy. An ideal agent may thus assign two probabilities to a proposition. Relativization to ways of grasping propositions resolves the inconsistency. It generalizes the usual version of the probability laws and yields it as a special case. Relativizing probabilities to ways of grasping propositions makes a decision’s rationality relative to the way the agent frames the decision. Most framing effects arise from logical mistakes and misunderstanding propositions. However, because of multiple ways of grasping the same proposition, they may also arise from lack of empirical information. Then they influence the rationality of decisions made by cognitively ideal agents. Acknowledging this influence revolutionizes normative decision theory.
Multiple infections among newborns resulting from colonization with Staphylococcus aureus 502A.

Staphylococcus aureus 502A was used to colonize newborns in the nursery of a hospital experiencing staphylococcal cross-infection problems. Within 1 to 4 days after implantation, 34% of 50 infants developed pustules. The daily transfer through broth of cultures used to implant infants resulted in population changes which revealed the instability and heterogeneity of the original 502A culture. Although the lack of concordance between colony morphology, phage type, and serotype prevented precise grouping of the strains isolated, there was little doubt that strains from implantation sites and lesions on infants came from the original inocula. The higher incidence of lesions observed in these procedures could possibly be attributed to the increase in numbers of mutants occuring during transfers through broth of cultures used for colonizing infants, coupled with the implanting of heavy concentractions of cells.
Longest Increasing Subsequences of Random Colored Permutations

We compute the limit distribution for the (centered and scaled) length of the longest increasing subsequence of random colored permutations. The limit distribution function is a power of that for usual random permutations computed recently by Baik, Deift, and Johansson (math.CO/9810105). In the two–colored case our method provides a different proof of a similar result by Tracy and Widom about the longest increasing subsequences of signed permutations (math.CO/9811154). Our main idea is to reduce the 'colored' problem to the case of usual random permutations using certain combinatorial results and elementary probabilistic arguments.
Using Bayesian networks to identify the causal effect of speeding in individual vehicle/pedestrian collisions

Estimating individual probabilities of causation generally requires prior knowledge of causal mechanisms. For traffic accidents such knowledge is often available and supports the discipline of accident reconstruction. In this paper structural knowledge is combined with Bayesian network methods to calculate the probability of necessity due to speeding for each of a set of vehicle/pedestrian collisions. Gibbs sampling is used to carry out the computations.
Appraisal Quality and Residential Mortgage Default: Evidence from Alaska

We empirically examine the effect of appraisal quality on subsequent mortgage loan performance using data from the high volatility housing market of Alaska in the 1980s. We develop measures of appraisal quality by computing the residual between a hedonic estimate of house value using available information from other appraisals compared to actual ex ante appraised value. We then estimate proportional hazard models of mortgage default and find that several measures of appraisal quality, particularly appraised value in excess of hedonic estimates, are significantly related to default risk. Using valuations subsequent to loan default, we are also able to evaluate how well house price indices perform in terms of estimating current loan-to-value and offer some additional evidence on the controversy over the role of net equity versus trigger events as determinants of mortgage default. We also show that defaults are related to ex ante measures of housing market conditions, with additional implications for underwriting policies and the current industry trend away from traditional appraisal and toward automated valuation.
New Product Technology, Accumulation, and Growth

This paper asks whether new technological capacity for producing and exporting additional products provides incentives for greater capital accumulation, without being fully reflected in a higher rate of total factor productivity (TFP) growth. Using a highly disaggregated data set of each country's trade flows into the United States, the author constructs a direct and independent measure of technological improvements for each country over time based on the number of new product varieties exported to the United States. The author shows, in a panel data setting, that acquiring the technological capacity for producing new products stimulates more rapid capital accumulation in developing countries, even after holding fixed the rate of TFP growth. His findings provide evidence against the alternative view that technological improvements are essentially unimportant: a view based on the findings of Young (1995) and others that instances of spectacular economic growth have been associated with unspectacular rates of TFP growth. The author provides a model to show how an expansion in the technological capacity for producing additional products can lead to more rapid factor accumulation, without necessarily improving measured TFP. His findings suggest that while rapid accumulation of physical and human capital may have characterized the East Asian growth experience, these gains were stimulated by stellar improvements in technological capacity.
Short-run Birth and Death of U.S. Manufacturing Firms: 2000 - 2005

Attracting manufacturing investment remains a viable regional development policy. Previous research in the location literature has informed policymakers which factors are most important for attracting new firm investment. Far less is known about the dynamics of firm death and the possible interaction with firm birth. A conceptual model of county-level investment in the U.S. manufacturing sector is developed from location theory and subsequent literature. Specifically, we test the relative importance of location factors influencing firm investment, and if these factors influence firm birth and death differently. Local factors include labor quality, availability, and cost, market conditions, agglomeration due to localization and urbanization economies, infrastructure, and fiscal policy. This study covers the time period 2000 to 2004 for U.S. counties in the lower 48 states. Firm data are from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Dynamic Firm Data Series, which links establishments across space and time. Regional adjustment models are used to show how ceteris paribus changes in location factors affect the birth and death rates in a county.
Exploring intra‐industry competitive heterogeneity: The identification of latent competitive groups

Purpose – The paper aims to examine the nature of competition within an industry by proposing and examining three separate sources of competitive heterogeneity: the strategies that industry members use, the performance that they obtain, and how effectively the strategies are utilized to obtain such performance results.Design/methodology/approach – To do so, a restricted latent structure finite mixture model is devised that can quantify the contribution of these three potential sources of heterogeneity in the formulation of latent competitive groups within an industry. The paper illustrate this modeling framework with respect to COMPUSTAT strategy and performance data collected for public banks in the USA.Findings – The paper shows how traditional conceptualizations via strategic or performance groups are inadequate to fully represent intra‐industry heterogeneity.Originality/value – This research paper proposes a new class of restricted finite mixture‐based models, which fit a variety of alternative forms/...
Global comparisons of medians and other quantiles in a one-way design when there are tied values

ABSTRACTFor J ⩾ 2 independent groups, the article deals with testing the global hypothesis that all J groups have a common population median or identical quantiles, with an emphasis on the quartiles. Classic rank-based methods are sometimes suggested for comparing medians, but it is well known that under general conditions they do not adequately address this goal. Extant methods based on the usual sample median are unsatisfactory when there are tied values except for the special case J = 2. A variation of the percentile bootstrap used in conjunction with the Harrell–Davis quantile estimator performs well in simulations. The method is illustrated with data from the Well Elderly 2 study.
An Evaluation of The Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship's Effect on PhD Production at Non-UNCF Institutions

Abstract The Mellon Mays Undergraduate Fellowship Program (MMUF) encourages underrepresented minority (URM) students to pursue PhD study with an eye toward entering academia. Fellows have completed PhDs at high rates relative to other students, but they are selected for their interest and potential. In this paper we use restricted access data from the Mellon Foundation and the National Science Foundation's Survey of Earned Doctorates to investigate the effect of the MMUF on PhD completions by URM students who graduate from participating institutions. We find no evidence that participation in the program causes a statistically significant increase in the numbers of PhDs completed by URM students, and increases greater than about one PhD per institution per cohort lie outside a 95% confidence interval of our estimates. This suggests that at least some of the PhDs completed by participants would have occurred without the program.
Promoting innovation in developing countries: a conceptual framework

The author provides a conceptual framework for approaching the promotion of technological innovation and its diffusion in developing countries. Innovation climates in developing countries are, by nature, problematic, characterized by poor business and governance conditions, low educational levels, and mediocre infrastructure. This raises particular challenges for the promotion of innovation. The latter should be understood as the diffusion of technologies-and related practices-which are new to a given context (not in absolute terms). What matters first is to provide the necessary package of support-technical, financial, commercial, legal, and so on-with flexible, autonomous agencies adapting their support and operations to the different types of concerned enterprises. Facilitating and responding to the emergence of grass-root needs at the local level is also essential. Support to entrepreneurs and local communities should be primarily provided in matching grant forms to facilitate the mobilization of local resources and ownership. It is of primary importance to pay the greatest attention to country specificities, not only in terms of development level, size, and specialization, but also in terms of administrative and cultural traditions. At the global level, major issues need also to be considered and dealt with by appropriate incentives and regulations: the role of foreign direct investment in developing countries' technological development, conditions of technologies' patenting and licensing, the North-South research asymmetry, and brain drain trends.
Spurious magnetism in high-TC superconductor

One challenge in condensed-matter physics is to unravel the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity in copper oxides with a high critical temperature (Tc). Kang et al.1 claim to have revealed a quantum phase transition from the superconducting to an antiferromagnetic state in the electron-doped material Nd2−xCexCuO4 (NCCO) based on the observation of magnetic-field-induced neutron-scattering intensity at (1/2,1/2,0), (1/2,0,0) and related reflections. Here we argue that the observed magnetic intensity is due to a secondary phase of (Nd,Ce)2O3. We therefore contend that the effect is spurious and not intrinsic to superconducting NCCO.
Automated galaxy classification in large sky surveys

Current efforts to perform automatic galaxy classification using artificial neural network image classifiers are reviewed. For both digitized photographic Schmidt plate data and newly obtained WEPC2 images from the Hubble space telescope, a variety of 2D photometric parameter spaces produce a segregation of galaxy Hubble types. Through the use of hidden node layers, a neural network is capable of mapping complicated, highly nonlinear data spaces. This powerful technique is used to map multivariate photometric parameter spaces to the revised Hubble system of galaxy classification. A promising new approach using neural network analysis of Fourier image models is discussed in the context of morphological bar detection.
5. Laser Produced Plasmas

Publisher Summary The chapter provides information on laser-produced plasmas, and presents a review on laser plasma ultraviolet (XUV) sources, and their characteristics and heir applications. Laser plasmas are pulsed, usually produced by the output of lasers having duration of several nanoseconds or less. They are point sources, having spatial extents of usually less than a millimeter, that are precisely located in a vacuum chamber, allowing easy access and precision alignment to optical instrumentation. Like discharge devices, their spectrum is rich in line emission, which can be easily varied by manipulation of the laser plasma irradiation conditions. Recent advances in several aspects of laser technology will provide new capabilities to laser-plasma-based XUV spectroscopy. Up to the present time applications of laser plasma XUV have been extremely useful, providing combinations of brightness, emission duration, and source size not easily attained by other sources. One of the most successful techniques is resonant laser driven ionization (RLDI). This technique and the use of dual laser plasmas have allowed high-resolution measurements of photoionization cross sections, giant resonances, and detailed analysis of sub-shell absorption spectra. Laser plasma sources are also used as transition calibration and transfer sources for such applications as detector calibration, and the characterization of XUV optical elements.
How politics and institutions affect pension reform in three post-communist countries

During reform's three phases - commitment-building, coalition-building, and implementation - there are tradeoffs among inclusiveness (of process), radicalism (of reform), and participation in, and compliance with, the new system. Including more, and more various, veto and proposal actors early in the deliberative process may increase buy-in and compliance when pension reform is implemented, but at the expense of faster and greater change. Orenstein examines the political and institutional processes that produced fundamental pension reform in three postcommunist countries: Hungary, Kazakhstan, and Poland. He tests various hypotheses about the relationship between deliberative process and outcomes through detailed case studies of pension reform. The outcomes of reform were similar: Each country implemented a mandatory funded pension system as part of reform, but the extent and configuration of changes differed greatly. Countries with more veto actors - social and institutional actors with an effective veto over reform - engaged in less radical reform, as theory predicted. Poland and Hungary generated less radical change than Kazakhstan, partly because they have more representative political systems, to which more associations, interest groups, and proposal actors have access. Proposal actors shape the reform agenda and influence the positions of key veto actors. Pension reform takes longer in countries with more veto and proposal actors, such as Poland and Hungary. Legacies of policy, the development of civil society, and international organizations also profoundly affect the shape and progress of reform. Orenstein sees pension reform as happening in three phases: Commitment-building, coalition-building, and implementation. He presents hypotheses about tradeoffs among inclusiveness (of process), radicalism (of reform), and participation in, and compliance with, the new system. One hypothesis: Including more, and more various, veto and proposal actors early in the deliberative process increases buy-in and compliance when reform is implemented, but at the expense of faster and greater change. Early challenges in implementation in all three countries, but especially in Kazakhstan, suggest the importance of improving buy-in through inclusive deliberative processes, where possible. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the political economy of pension reform. This study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project The Political Economy of Pension Reform (RPO 682-17).
Chandra Detection of Highest Redshift (z ~ 6) Quasars in X-Rays

We report on Chandra observations of the three quasars SDSSp J083643+005453, SDSSp J103027+052455, and SDSSp J130608+035626 at redshifts 5.82, 6.28, and 5.99, respectively. All three sources are clearly detected in the X-ray band, up to rest-frame energies of ~55 keV. These observations demonstrate the unprecedented sensitivity of Chandra to detect faint sources in relatively short exposure times (5.7-8.2 ks). The broadband X-ray properties of these highest redshift quasars do not appear to be any different from their lower redshift cousins, implying little or no evolution for these few sources out to z ~ 6, at redshifts where the optical space density is falling. Spectra of the sources could not be determined with only a few counts detected. Observations with XMM-Newton will be able to constrain the spectral shapes, if they are simple. Determination of complex spectra in a reasonable amount of time, however, will have to await the next generation of X-ray missions.
Dynamics of Free Group Automorphisms

We present a coarse convexity result for the dynamics of free group automorphisms: Given an automorphism o of a finitely generated free group F, we show that for all x ∈ F and 0 ≤ i ≤ N, the length of o i (x) is bounded above by a constant multiple of the sum of the lengths of x and o N (x), with the constant depending only on o.
Numerical Methods for Computing Casimir Interactions

We review several different approaches for computing Casimir forces and related fluctuation-induced interactions between bodies of arbitrary shapes and materials. The relationships between this problem and well known computational techniques from classical electromagnetism are emphasized. We also review the basic principles of standard computational methods, categorizing them according to three criteria—choice of problem, basis, and solution technique—that can be used to classify proposals for the Casimir problem as well. In this way, mature classical methods can be exploited to model Casimir physics, with a few important modifications.
Effect of Excluded Volume and Anisotropy on Granular Statistics: “Fermi Statistics” and Condensation

We explore the consequences of the excluded volume interaction of hard spheres at high densities and present a theory for excited granular materials. We first demonstrate that, in the presence of gravity, the granular density crosses over from Boltzmann to Fermi statistics, when temperature is decreased in the weak excitation limit. Comparisons of numerical simulations with our predictions concerning the scaling behavior of temperature with agitation frequency, gravity and particle-diameter show satisfying agreement. Next, within the framework of the Enskog theory of hard spheres, we interpret this crossover as a “condensation” of hard spheres from the dilute gas-state to a high density solid-like state. In the high density, low temperature limit Enskog theory fails because it predicts densities larger than the closed packed density below a certain temperature. We show how to extend the range of applicability of the Enskog theory to arbitrarily low temperatures by constructing a physical solution: all particles that are situated in regions with densities larger than a certain maximum density are assumed to be “condensed”.
Dark matter searches: looking for the cake or its frosting?: (Detectability of a subdominant component of the CDM)

The dark matter candidates we are searching for, e.g. neutralinos, may be one of many components of the cold dark matter (CDM). We point out here that very subdominant components, constituting even 1% of the CDM for indirect detection and much less for direct detection, remain observable in current and future searches. So, if a CDM signal is confirmed in CDM search experiments (except for a signal from annihilations in the dark halo), we will need to find out the halo fraction accounted for by the CDM component we detected.
Locally Balanced Incremental Hierarchical Discriminant Regression

Incremental hierarchical discriminant regression faces several challenging issues: (a) a large input space with a small output space and (b) nonstationary statistics of data sequences. In the first case (a), there maybe few distinct labels in the output space while the input data distribute in a high dimensional space. In the second case (b), a tree has to be grown when only a limited data sequence has been observed. In this paper, we present the Locally Balanced Incremental Hierarchical Discriminant Regression (LBIHDR) algorithm. A novel node self-organization and spawning strategy is proposed to generate a more discriminant subspace by forming multiple clusters for one class. The algorithm was successfully applied to different kinds of data set.
A Denial of Service attack against fair computations using Bitcoin deposits

We present a Denial of Service attack against recent 'fair' Bitcoin protocols.The attack results in a net loss for some or all of the honest parties involved.The attack violates the security guarantees those protocols claimed to provide. Bitcoin supports complex transactions where the recipient of a transaction can be programmatically determined. Using these transactions, multi-party computation protocols that aim to ensure fairness among participants have been designed. We present a Denial of Service attack against these protocols that results in a net loss for some or all of the honest parties involved, violating those fairness goals.
Fluorinated porphyrinoids as efficient platforms for new photonic materials, sensors, and therapeutics

Porphyrinoids are robust heterocyclic dyes studied extensively for their applications in medicine and as photonic materials because of their tunable photophysical properties, diverse means of modifying the periphery, and the ability to chelate most transition metals. Commercial applications include their use as phthalocyanine dyes in optical discs, porphyrins in photodynamic therapy, and as oxygen sensors. Most applications of these dyes require exocyclic moieties to improve solubility, target diseases, modulate photophysical properties, or direct the self-organization into architectures with desired photonic properties. The synthesis of the porphyrinoid depends on the desired application, but the de novo synthesis often involves several steps, is time consuming, and results in low isolated yields. Thus, the application of core porphyrinoid platforms that can be rapidly and efficiently modified to evaluate new molecular architectures allows researchers to focus on the design concepts rather than the synthesis methods, and opens porphyrinoid chemistry to a broader scientific community. We have focused on several widely available, commercially viable porphyrinoids as platforms: meso-perfluorophenylporphyrin, perfluorophthalocyanine, and meso-perfluorophenylcorrole. The perfluorophenylporphyrin is readily converted to the chlorin, bacteriochlorin, and isobacteriochlorin. Derivatives of all six of these core platforms can be efficiently and controllably made via mild nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions using primary S, N, and O nucleophiles bearing a wide variety of functional groups. The remaining fluoro groups enhance the photo and oxidative stability of the dyes and can serve as spectroscopic signatures to characterize the compounds or in imaging applications using (19)F NMR. This review provides an overview of the chemistry of fluorinated porphyrinoids that are being used as a platform to create libraries of photo-active compounds for applications in medicine and materials.
Biomedical informatics and security informatics research in digital library

The Internet is changing the way we live and do business. It offers a tremendous opportunity for libraries, governments, and businesses to better deliver its contents and services and interact with its many constituents. After ten years of active research, there appears to be a need towards advancing the science of “informatics” in digital library, especially in several non-traditional but critical application areas. In this paper, we introduce two promising informatics research areas for digital library researchers, namely, Biomedical Informatics and Security Informatics. We discuss some common research elements between these two areas and present several case studies that aim to highlight the relevance and importance of such research in digital library.
Design and Synthesis of the Beryllium‐Free Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Material Ba3(ZnB5O10)PO4

Access to the elusive deep-ultraviolet by direct second harmonic generation (SHG) enabled by a new beryllium-free zincoborate-phosphate crystal is reported. Ba3(ZnB5O10)PO4, exhibits large SHG responses at 1064 and 532 nm and a short 180 nm absorption edge. Centimeter-size crystals are grown, and quantum mechanical calculations demonstrate the key role played by ZnO4 tetrahedra in the enhanced optical responses.
Two decades of reform : the changing organization dynamics of Chinese industrial firms

Since the early 1980s, China has begun gradually integrating with the global system. In doing so the country has moved toward its own unique brand of market socialism, which recognizes private ownership, and is adopting market institutions and pursuing industrial change within the framework of an urban economic environment. The process of transition has now permeated every corner of Chinese life and no organization has been left untouched. Yet industrial organization in China-especially in the state sector-has been slow to shed many of the distinctive structural characteristics of the old line Maoist era state enterprises. The main prong of the industrial strategy in support of urban change is ownership reform that transforms state-owned enterprises into corporate entities with majority state ownership or places them wholly in private hands, in the process also bolstering the incentives for and the dynamism of the private sector. While the central government spearheads the ownership reform initiative, in the majority of cases the actual implementation is in the hands of municipal, county, and prefectural governments that must coordinate their efforts with other factors influencing urban changes. This paper situates industrial change in China within the context of urban development and examines the interplay of broad reform strategy with local implementation, and its actual practice by the reformed firms.
Placental hormones and the control of fetal growth

Linear growth in the postnatal period is controlled by the production, secretion, and action of pituitary growth hormone and IGF-1. IGF-I and IGF-II production and signaling are also essential for fetal growth and neural development. But the control of IGF production in the fetus is largely independent of GH. Among the factors that control fetal IGF production, the availability and utilization of nutrients is most important. Since fetal nutrient supply ultimately derives from maternal nutrient stores, we can understand fetal growth only through analysis of the factors that control maternal nutrient utilization and transport to the fetus. I will argue that hormones produced by the placenta, including placental lactogen, placental growth hormone, and sex steroids regulate the intake, absorption, utilization and transfer of maternal nutrients to the fetus and modulate fetal and neonatal insulin production. Dysregulation of placental hormone production may be associated with fetal growth retardation or fetal overgrowth and may predispose in later life to glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes.
Dual regulation by microRNA-200b-3p and microRNA-200b-5p in the inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in triple-negative breast cancer

// Lyndsay V. Rhodes 4, * , Elizabeth C. Martin 1, * , H. Chris Segar 1 , David F. B. Miller 3 , Aaron Buechlein 5 , Douglas B. Rusch 5 , Kenneth P. Nephew 3 , Matthew E. Burow 1, 2 , Bridgette M. Collins-Burow 1 1 Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA 2 Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA 3 Medical Sciences and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA 5 Indiana University Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Bloomington, IN, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Bridgette M. Collins-Burow, e-mail: bcollin1@tulane.edu Keywords: triple negative breast cancer, RHOGDI, miRNA biogenesis, star strand, isomiRs Received: November 20, 2014 Accepted: January 23, 2015 Published: March 21, 2015 ABSTRACT Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) involves loss of an epithelial phenotype and activation of a mesenchymal one. Enhanced expression of genes associated with a mesenchymal transition includes ZEB1/2, TWIST, and FOXC1. miRNAs are known regulators of gene expression and altered miRNA expression is known to enhance EMT in breast cancer. Here we demonstrate that the tumor suppressive miRNA family, miR-200, is not expressed in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and that miR-200b-3p over-expression represses EMT, which is evident through decreased migration and increased CDH1 expression. Despite the loss of migratory capacity following re-expression of miR-200b-3p, no subsequent loss of the conventional miR-200 family targets and EMT markers ZEB1/2 was observed. Next generation RNA-sequencing analysis showed that enhanced expression of pri-miR-200b lead to ectopic expression of both miR-200b-3p and miR-200b-5p with multiple isomiRs expressed for each of these miRNAs. Furthermore, miR-200b-5p was expressed in the receptor positive, epithelial breast cancer cell lines but not in the TNBC (mesenchymal) cell lines. In addition, a compensatory mechanism for miR-200b-3p/200b-5p targeting, where both miRNAs target the RHOGDI pathway leading to non-canonical repression of EMT, was demonstrated. Collectively, these data are the first to demonstrate dual targeting by miR-200b-3p and miR-200b-5p and a previously undescribed role for microRNA processing and strand expression in EMT and TNBC, the most aggressive breast cancer subtype.
On graded $K$-theory, elliptic operators and the functional calculus

Let $A$ be a graded $C^{\ast}$-algebra. We characterize Kasparov's $K$-theory group $\hat{K}_{0}(A)$ in terms of graded $\ast$-homomorphisms by proving a general converse to the functional calculus theorem for self-adjoint regular operators on graded Hilbert modules. An application to the index theory of elliptic differential operators on smooth closed manifolds and asymptotic morphisms is discussed.
Riemannian submersions from compact four manifolds

We show that under certain conditions, a nontrivial Riemannian submersion from positively curved four manifolds does not exist. This gives a partial answer to a conjecture due to Fred Wilhelm. We also prove a rigidity theorem for Riemannian submersions with totally geodesic fibers from compact four-dimensional Einstein manifolds.
Direct Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Direct maximum likelihood (ML) is used to estimate models with missing data. Direct ML has theoretical advantages, and is unbiased and efficient when data are missing at random. The EM algorithm is one widely-used method for obtaining ML parameter estimates with missing data. Keywords: direct maximum likelihood; full information maximum likelihood; EM algorithm; missing data; missing at random; estimation
Putting Auction Theory to Work

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to modern auction theory and its important new applications. It is written by a leading economic theorist whose suggestions guided the creation of the new spectrum auction designs. Aimed at graduate students and professionals in economics, the book gives the most up-to-date treatments of both traditional theories of 'optimal auctions' and newer theories of multi-unit auctions and package auctions, and shows by example how these theories are used. The analysis explores the limitations of prominent older designs, such as the Vickrey auction design, and evaluates the practical responses to those limitations. It explores the tension between the traditional theory of auctions with a fixed set of bidders, in which the seller seeks to squeeze as much revenue as possible from the fixed set, and the theory of auctions with endogenous entry, in which bidder profits must be respected to encourage participation.
Recent vertical crustal movements from precise leveling data in southwestern montana, western Yellowstone National Park and the Snake River Plain

Abstract Repeated levelings in southwestern Montana, the western portion of Yellowstone National Park and the Snake River Plain provide information on the pattern of relative vertical crustal movement throughout this region. Except for the coseismic deformation associated with the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake, the most outstanding and best-defined feature of the data is contemporary doming at a rate of 3–5 mm/yr, involving approximately 8000 km 2 including the epicentral area and after-shock zone of the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake. Based on observations over different time intervals, doming appears to have continued throughout the time the movements were monitored, beginning at least 25 years prior to the 1959 earthquake and continuing for at least 1 year after the earthquake. The character of the coseismic deformation associated with the 1959 earthquake and the high regional elevation are consistent with the observed doming. It is suggested that doming preceded the earthquake for a considerable time (on the order of hundreds to thousands of years, perhaps longer), giving rise to tensional stresses in the upper crust. When these stresses exceeded some critical value, faulting and collapse in response to gravity occurred, resulting in the 1959 earthquake. The voluminous Tertiary and younger volcanics in the vicinity of the doming region suggest that magma intrusion into the crust is the most likely cause of the observed uplift. The proximity of the doming region to the thermally active Yellowstone area supports this suggestion. Secondary features of the data include: 1. (1) A spatial correlation between tilting and historic seismic activity. 2. (2) Uplift within the Norris—Mammoth corridor in Yellowstone National Park relative to nearby bench marks to the north and south. 3. (3) Regional subsidence of the eastern Snake River Plain relative to points north and west of this physiographic province, including subsidence of the Pleistocene Island Park caldera floor relative to its rim fractures. 4. (4) Rapid tilting in the vicinity of 4.1. (a) the Continental fault east of Butte, 4.2. (b) the intersection of the Gardiner, Mammoth and Reese faults just .north of Yellowstone National Park, and 4.3. (c) the Madison Range fault in eastern Idaho.
Chemoselective deprotection of triethylsilyl ethers.

An efficient and selective method was developed for the deprotection of triethylsilyl (TES) ethers using formic acid in methanol (5–10%) or in methylene chloride 2–5%) with excellent yields. TES ethers are selectively deprotected to the corresponding alcohols in high yields using formic acid in methanol under mild reaction conditions. Other hydroxyl protecting groups like t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) remain unaffected.
Propagation velocities of chemical reaction fronts advected by Poiseuille flow

Poiseuille flow between parallel plates advects chemical reaction fronts, distorting them and altering their propagation velocities. Analytical solutions of the cubic reaction-diffusion-advection equation resolve the chemical concentration for narrow gaps, wide gaps, and small-amplitude flow. Numerical solutions supply a general description for fluid flow in the direction of propagation of the chemical reaction front, and for flow in the opposite direction. Empirical relations for the velocity agree with numerical solutions to within a few percent, and agree exactly with the analytical limits. Applications to nonlinear fingering are discussed.
Modeling galaxy - mass correlations in dissipationless simulations

We use high-resolution, dissipationless simulations of the concordance flat ?CDM model to make predictions for the galaxy-mass correlations and compare them with the recent Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) weak-lensing measurements of Sheldon et al. The simulations resolve both isolated galaxy-sized host halos and satellite halos (subhalos) within them. We use a simple scheme based on matching the circular velocity function of halos to the galaxy luminosity function and on using the observed density-color correlation of the SDSS galaxies to assign luminosities and colors to the halos. This allows us to closely match the selection criteria used to define observational samples. The simulations reproduce the observed galaxy-mass correlation function and the observed dependence of its shape and amplitude on luminosity and color, if a reasonable amount of scatter between galaxy luminosity and circular velocity is assumed. We find that the luminosity dependence of the correlation function is primarily determined by the changing relative contribution of central and satellite galaxies at different luminosities. The color dependence of the galaxy-mass correlations reflects the difference in the typical environments of blue and red galaxies. We compare the cross-biases, bx ? b/r, measured in simulations and observations and find a good agreement at all probed scales. We show that the galaxy-mass correlation coefficient r is close to unity on scales greater than ~1 h-1 Mpc. This indicates that the cross-bias measured in weak-lensing observations should measure the actual bias b of galaxy clustering on these scales. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the aperture mass-to-light ratio is independent of galaxy color in the range of luminosities probed by observational samples. The aperture mass scales approximately linearly with luminosity at Lr > 1010 h-2 L?, while at lower luminosities the scaling is shallower: M?? L. We show that most of the luminous galaxies (Mr < -21) are near the centers of their halos and that their galaxy-mass correlation function at r 100 h-1 kpc can therefore be interpreted as the average dark matter density profile of these galaxies. Finally, we find that for galaxies in a given narrow luminosity range, there is a broad and possibly non-Gaussian distribution of halo virial masses. Therefore, the average relation between mass and luminosity derived from the weak-lensing analyses should be interpreted with caution.
Ethical Obligations to Psychopaths are Not Dependent on Development or Abuse

In “What We Owe the Psychopath: A Neuroethical Analysis,” Grant Gillett and Jiaochen Huang (2013) argue for a new ethical paradigm to address moral obligations to psychopaths. Focusing on the statu...