cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of void collapse in shocked energetic materials: physics of void–void interactions

This work presents the response of a porous energetic material subjected to severe transient loading conditions. The porosities, represented by voids, entirely change the response of an otherwise homogeneous material. The variations in terms of energy distribution and maximum temperature reached in the material in the presence of heterogeneities (voids) but in the absence of chemical reactions are studied. This study also accounts for void–void interactions to enhance the understanding of the localization of energy in the material. It is observed that relative position of voids can have important consequence on energy distribution as well as rise in temperature of the energetic material. The relative position of voids further influences the interaction of secondary shock waves generated during the collapse of one void with the downstream voids. This interaction can either enhance or diminish the strength of the shock depending on the location of downstream voids. This work also reveals that the findings from mutual void–void interactions can be used to study systems with multiple voids. This is shown by analyzing systems with 10–25 % void volume fraction. The effect of void–void interactions are connected to the overall response of a chemically inert porous material to imposed transient loads.
A co-clinical platform to accelerate cancer treatment optimization

Sophistication in DNA and RNA sequencing technology is unraveling the tremendous genetic and molecular complexity of human cancer. However, the rate at which this knowledge is being translated into patient care is too slow. To this end, we have designed and implemented a new translational platform, ‘The Co-Clinical Trial Project', where data obtained in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of human cancer treated with protocols identical to those of ongoing clinical trials or with therapies already established in patients serve to rapidly: (i) stratify patients in terms of response and resistance on the basis of genetic and molecular criteria; (ii) identify mechanisms responsible for tumor resistance; and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of drug combinations to overcome such resistance based on mechanistic understanding.
Methotrexate Accumulation and Folate Depletion in Cells as a Possible Mechanism of Chronic Toxicity to the Drug

Methotrexate has been associated with chronic toxicities such as cirrhosis and neurological impairments ranging from mild learning disorders to a fatal leucoencephalopathy. The mechanism(s) for this toxicity is not completely understood. Certain tissues can convert methotrexate to polyglutamates. This results in a more persistent intracellular form of the drug. In this study the intracellular levels of folate and methotrexate were measured in the erythrocytes and liver of patients treated chronically with methotrexate. These tissues showed an accumulation of methotrexate as polyglutamates and a concomitant loss of folate. Folate concentrations were below normal in nine of 12 red cell and three of five liver samples. It is proposed that persistent methotrexate concentrations and/or the associated folate deficiency may be related to the toxicity of methotrexate, especially in time of cellular stress.
High pressure - high temperature syntheses. I. The preparation of mercury metaborate, Hg4O(BO2)6

Abstract Mercury metaborate has been synthesized in a tetrahedral anvil press at pressures of 24 to 40 kilobars and temperatures from 700 to 940°C. The new metaborate, isostructural with zinc metaborate, has a cubic lattice with a = 7.56±0.02 A. The tetrahedral coordination around boron in this compound is established by the infrared absorption spectrum. The borate decomposes in a stream of H2 at 360°C and both αB2O3 and βB2O3 are formed during the decomposition. Hg4O(BO2)6 is more stable than mercuric oxide and decomposes at 565°C under vacuum.
The Meaning of Means: The Means Don't Justify the Ends.

This research examines assumptions underlying the employment of group means in communication research. The vector of outcomes of a group mean typically represents outcomes of different individuals rather than different outcomes of an individual. When the vector represents different individuals' outcomes, the sample mean can violate criteria of unbiasedness, consistency, and sufficiency. This research explores whether different individuals' outcomes should be treated as equivalent to different outcomes of individuals. Data analysis reveals that the necessary assumptions for sample means to well-represent differing individuals' outcomes are often violated in that consistency, sufficiency, and unbiasedness of the sample statistic are not maintained. Therefore, a sample mean cannot be assumed to be a “good” statistic when the response vector represents different individuals' outcomes versus different outcomes of an individual. The implications for communication research are noted. It is recommended that indiv...
Orbital-charge-self-consistent calculation of electron states in tetragonal nickel phosphide

Abstract The electronic structure of tetragonal nickel phosphide is calculated by a first-principles orthogonalized linear combination of atomic orbitals method which is extended to included an orbital-charge-self-consistent procedure. The calculated density of states is in good agreement with XPS measurement. The Fermi level is located at the steep edge of the Ni d-band which is mainly derived from Ni atoms with two P atoms as nearest neighbors. A charge transfer of 0.46 electron to each P atom is obtained.
Hostility in mandated students: Exploratory analysis and implications for treatment

College students mandated to receive an intervention following an alcohol-related campus violation are a high-risk group of students experiencing the negative effects of alcohol. Understanding the psychological properties associated with mandated students' alcohol use may provide useful clinical information. Hostility is a trait that has shown association with heavy drinking in adults but has gone unstudied in mandated students. We examined the relationship between hostility and a variety of drinking-related variables in mandated students (N = 466). Results indicated that individuals reporting higher levels of hostility reported riskier drinking and alcohol-related problems, yet exhibited ambivalence regarding their alcohol use. Findings are discussed in the context of treating mandated students exhibiting high hostility and risky drinking, a particularly challenging population.
DUBA-UBR5 axis: other than transactivation

The genomic and transcriptomic analysis has led to the identification of transcriptional networks that affect the differentiation of Th17 cells, while the protein-protein networks and the posttranslational modifications that control the development of Th17 cells have not been established yet. A recent publication by Rutz et al. in Nature describes a novel deubiquitylating enzyme DUBA as a negative regulator for IL-17 by regulating stability of RORγt, the master transcription factor that induces Th17 cells.
Ship is a positive regulator of nitric oxide production

Abstract Studies to date with the hemopoietic-specific inositol 5-phosphatase, SHIP, have established that it is a negative regulator of hemopoietic cell proliferation, survival, and end cell activation. It appears to carry out this inhibitory function, at least in part, by hydrolysing the PI-3 kinase-generated second messenger, PI-3,4,5-P 3 , to PI-3,4-P 2 . However, recent studies in our laboratory with SHIP +/+ and −/− macrophages have established a hitherto unexpected role for SHIP as a positive regulator of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Both resident and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages as well as retrovirally-immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophage cell lines (J2M) from SHIP −/− mice are impaired in their induction of the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) in response to LPS/IFN-γ co-stimulation, and produce 5 to 10-fold less NO than wild-type cells. Furthermore, upon LPS stimulation alone, wild-type J2M macrophages induce significantly more iNOS mRNA and protein and 5 to 10-fold more NO than SHIP −/− J2M cells. Consistent with these results, we found that the luciferase activity of a wild type iNOS promoter/luciferase construct in SHIP+/+ J2M cells, following 18 h with LPS, was substantially higher than that in SHIP−/− cells. We are currently testing various mutant iNOS promoter/luciferase constructs to hone in on the transcription factors that are regulated by SHIP and these results will be presented.
Corrosion fatigue effects on life estimation of deteriorated bridges under vehicle impacts

Abstract Corrosion fatigue is more detrimental that of either one acting separately. The safety and reliability are greatly endangered by the combined effects from environmental corrosions and vehicle-induced fatigue damages, which could possibly lead to a catastrophic failure. In this paper, the corrosion fatigue effects on life estimation of deteriorated bridges subjected to dynamic vehicle loads are evaluated based on a reliability-based approach. Both the road surface deterioration and the structural member corrosion are considered in the vehicle-bridge dynamic system for stress range estimations. Varied material corrosion rates, vehicle types, vehicle speeds, and time-varied road surface conditions are considered. At the end of each stress block, the fatigue life is estimated by evaluating the cumulative probability of failure. The effects of the corrosion induced area loss and moment of inertia reduction are limited and are much less than the random effects from road surface condition. Corrosion induced fatigue strength reduction have a large effect on fatigue life. More than 60% reduction of fatigue life is predicted for different corrosion levels. The fatigue strength reduction is found more sensitive for the fatigue life estimation. With the refined vehicle-bridge dynamic analysis model and a refined material corrosion model, it is possible to assess the time-variant damages from random vehicle loads, environmental corrosion and their combined effects.
Malpractice issues in radiology. Possessing ordinary knowledge.

An injured 4-year-old girl was referred by her family physician for a radiologic examination of her left elbow. The radiologist interpreted the radiographs (Fig. 1A) as disclosing a hairline fracture of the olecranon process without any other abnormality. The patient’s elbow was immobilized and she seemingly recovered. Thereafter the patient intermittently complained of pain in the left elbow and limitation of movement, but no additional radiographs were obtained. Three years later, a physician ordered radiographs of both elbows that disclosed a chronic dislocation of the left radial head (Figs. 1 B and 1 C). Corrective surgery was performed.
The cooling of a gas by radiation

We consider a gas composed of atoms having two electronic states. Transitions between these two states can take place by collisions, and by emission or absorption of radiation. When the radiative transition probabilities are small compared with those due to collisions, a `temperature' may be defined for the translational motion. We formulate the general problem for the case where the total concentration of the gas depends on the space coordinates in a given way, and the possibility of the `imprisonment' of the radiation emitted is taken into account. In this case the problem leads to a pair of coupled integro-differential equations, from which the `temperature' and the concentration of atoms in the excited state are obtained as functions of space and time. Neglecting the imprisonment of the resonance radiation and the spatial variation of the temperature, we have made calculations for the case when the energy difference between the two states is of the order kT, for a number of values of the ratio between radiative and collisional transition probabilities. The results are applied to the problem of the cooling of the atmospheric gas at high altitudes (100 km) at night, as a result of the magnetic dipole transitions between the components of the 3P state of the oxygen atom.
A New Fluid Film Bearing Test Rig for Oil and Water Bearings

Ever-increasing demands on the turbomachinery industry result in faster, lighter machines with higher rotational speeds and power densities. Modern, well-established thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) analyses predict static and dynamic bearing characteristics in the presence of a turbulent lubricant and reduced lubricant flows. Proper design of tilting-pad journal bearings (TPJB) is required for successful operation of rotating machinery. Bearing static effects include pad temperature, bearing pressure profile, and static operating position. Bearing dynamic effects include stiffness, damping, and added mass coefficients. The current body of experimental data does not include the entire range of speed and load for which TEHD analyses are thought to be valid or where industrial machines operate. Experimental data for both oil-lubricated and water-lubricated bearings is desired. Oil lubricated bearings are used in high-speed turbomachinery. Water bearing data are of interest for applications that use the process fluid as the bearing lubricant. This paper describes a new Fluid Film Bearing Test Rig (FFBTR) which is being designed to experimentally verify the TEHD analyses, both in the laminar and in the turbulent regime, and support industrial needs. Static bearing characteristics will be measured with temperature probes, pressure probes, and displacement measurements. The dynamic bearing coefficients will be identified by rotor perturbation with active magnetic bearing force actuators. The rotational speed range of the FFBTR will be 9000–22000 rpm. The test bearing size is 127 mm, giving a range of surface speeds of 60–146 m/s. The range of bearing length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios that can be tested will be 0.5–0.75. Separate lubrication systems for water-lubricated and oil-lubricated bearings will be provided. Two magnetic bearings will be used as non-contact force actuators for rotorbearing system perturbation. The designed capacity for the magnetic force actuators is 13 kN/exciter, for a total static plus dynamic load of 26 kN that can be applied to the test bearing. The actuators are designed to apply forces to the test rotor at non-synchronous frequencies up to 560 Hz. Bearing static characteristics will be measured. Static measurements will include lubricant pressure profile, lubricant and pad temperatures, and static eccentricity. During dynamic testing, test shaft and bearing tilting pad motion will be measured. Dynamic bearing stiffness, damping, and added mass coefficients will be identified from force and displacement measurements. The frequency dependence in tilting-pad journal bearing coefficients will be investigated. The combination of static and dynamic measurements will be used to validate the TEHD analyses and provide design information to industry.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
High temperature sorption of carbon dioxide on perovskite-type metal oxides

Abstract Understanding chemical sorption of carbon dioxide on perovskite-type oxides is important to applications of these metal oxides as sorbents, membranes and catalysts in several separation and reaction processes. The present study reports on equilibrium and kinetic data for chemical sorption of carbon dioxide on Sr 0.5 Ca 0.5 Co 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 3 . At temperatures below 750 °C the sorption process can be described by the classical theory for chemical sorption by means of the gas–solid reaction. The equilibrium carbon dioxide sorption capacity is independent but the sorption kinetic rate is a strong function of temperature and carbon dioxide pressure. Above 750 °C, the equilibrium carbon dioxide sorption capacity decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing carbon dioxide pressure. It is suggested that at the high temperatures the reaction products include solid solution of SrCO 3 /SrO and CaCO 3 /CaO, respectively. The equilibrium carbon dioxide sorption capacity depends on the conversion of the carbonate to the corresponding metal oxide determined by temperature and carbon dioxide partial pressure.
Analytical solution of the ''known-heat-load'' space radiator problem.

Analytical solution for determining inlet and outlet temperature for space radiator with heat rejection rate for steady state conditions and zero irradiation environment
High‐dose thiotepa and etoposide in children with poor‐prognosis brain tumors

BACKGROUND Outcome data were analyzed for 27 patients who were affected with recurrent or newly diagnosed high-risk brain tumors and who underwent high-dose chemotherapy with triethylenethiophosphoramide (thiotepa) and etoposide in addition to autologous stem cell transplantation between May 1992 and September 2002. METHODS Fifteen males and 12 females (median age, 11 years) were included in the study. Twelve patients had newly diagnosed high-risk brain tumors, and 15 patients had recurrent brain tumors. The conditioning regimen consisted of thiotepa 900 mg/m2 and etoposide 1500 mg/m2 over 3 days starting on Day −5. Stem cell rescue was performed using bone marrow (BM) in 8 patients, peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) in 18 patients, and BM and PBSCs in 1 patient. RESULTS For the BM group, neutrophil (PMN) engraftment was achieved on Day +14 (median value), whereas platelet (PLT) engraftment was achieved on Day +68 (median value). One patient did not achieve PLT engraftment. For the PBSC group, the PMN engraftment was achieved on Day +10.0 (median value), and the PLT engraftment was achieved on Day +15.5 (median value). Transplantation-related toxicity (evaluated using the Bearman score) included Grade 2–3 mucositis in 16 patients, Grade 1 kidney toxicity in 6 patients, Grade 1 liver toxicity in 6 patients, and Grade 2 liver toxicity in 1 patient. Transplantation-related mortality was observed in 1 patient (3.6%), who died of Candida pneumonia. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 44.6%, and the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 31%. There was a statistically significant difference in OS and EFS rates for patients who underwent ASCT and achieved complete remission compared with patients who had measurable disease. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that high-dose chemotherapy followed by ASCT may be beneficial for patients who achieve complete remission before ASCT, whereas for other patients, new strategies are required. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
The role of colony morphology and substratum inclination in the success of Millepora alcicornis on shallow coral reefs

Millepora species are conspicuous members of shallow coral reefs where they occupy a variety of substrata and produce morphologically complex skeletons. This study focuses on the roles of growth on vertical and horizontal surfaces and the production of encrusting bases and branches (a “sheet-tree” morphology) for the success of the Millepora alcicornis on coral reefs. The effects of inclination were investigated by comparing the size and growth rates of M. alcicornis on vertical and horizontal surfaces at 3–5 m depth, in St. John, US Virgin Islands. The consequences of morphological complexity were investigated by comparing polyp density, chlorophyll content and biomass between encrusting bases and branches; the role of branches in asexual reproduction was also quantified. Colonies on vertical surfaces had larger encrusting bases, longer perimeters and lower densities of branches compared to those on horizontal surfaces. Growth rates also varied significantly between surfaces, largely because colonies on horizontal surfaces shrank in area while those on vertical surfaces increased in area, albeit slowly. Branches were not specialized in comparison to encrusting bases in terms of the density of dactylozooids and gastrozooids, chlorophyll content and biomass, but they were effective asexual propagules. During one storm, 79% of the branches were removed from colonies of M. alcicornis, and 4% attached to the substratum to produce new colonies at a density of ≈0.5 colonies.m-2. Anecdotal observations suggest that such storms rarely damaged encrusting bases on vertical surfaces, but often destroyed those on horizontal surfaces. Thus, the encrusting bases on vertical surfaces are likely to be large because of greater age rather than faster growth, while those on horizontal surfaces are likely to be small because they are relatively young and short lived. These findings suggest that the success of M. alcicornis is a result, in part, of the beneficial consequences of their “sheet-tree” morphology, that supports: (a) slow growth and resistance to wave damage of encrusting bases on vertical surfaces, and (b) the use of branches as asexual propagules.
Comparison of soil properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming systems

This paper summarizes data from previous and current studies on two adjacent farms, one organically managed and the other conventionally managed, in the Palouse region of eastern Washington. The 320-hectare organic farm has been managed without the use of commercial fertilizers and only limited use of pesticides since the farm was first plowed in 1909. The 525-hectare conventional farm, first cultivated in 1908, began receiving recommended rates of commercial fertilizers and pesticides in 1948 and the early 1950's, respectively. The organically-farmed Naff silt loam soil had significantly higher organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen, extractable potassium, water content, pH, polysaccharide content, enzyme levels, and microbial biomass than did the conventionally-farmed Naff soil. Also, the organically-farmed soil had significantly lower modulus of rupture, more granular structure, less hard and more friable consistence, and 16 centimeters more topsoil. This topsail difference between farms was attributed to significantly greater erosion on the conventionally-farmed soil between 1948 and 1985. The difference in erosion rates between farms was most probably due to their different crop rotation systems; Le., only the organic farm included a green manure crop in its rotation, and it had different tillage practices. These studies indicate that, in the long-term, the organic farming system was more effective than the conventional farming system in maintaining the tilth and productivity of the Naff soil and in reducing its loss to erosion.
Science Signaling Podcast: 17 June 2014

This Podcast features an interview with Yong Ho Bae and Richard Assoian, authors of a Research Article that appears in the 17 June 2014 issue of Science Signaling , about how cells respond to the stiffness of the extracellular matrix. The stiffness of the substrate that supports a cell can determine whether the cell proliferates or becomes quiescent. Extracellular matrix stiffness naturally varies between tissues, but stiffens in areas of damage or fibrosis. Bae et al . found that fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells responded to stiff substrates by stiffening their actin cytoskeletons and increasing their proliferation. The authors identified a signaling pathway that converts information about substrate stiffness into a cell proliferation trigger.
Neutron diffraction studies of human tooth enamel

Abstract In what is thought to be the first application of the technique in the hard tissue field, neutron diffraction study of human tooth enamel has reconfirmed that the inorganic portion is basically an hydroxyapatite-like material. However, compared to hydroxyapatite, the tooth enamel shows (i) an apparent 20 per cent or greater deficiency of hydroxyl hydrogen, with probable substitution of other ions on or near the hexad axis, and (ii) an overall excess of hydrogen. Amorphous calcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate, adsorbed water and structural hydrogen in unusual locations are shown not to be present in major degree, though the possible existence of minor components of OCP (~2 wt%) and hydrogen involved with PO4 groups (e.g. 1 wt%) are not ruled out. It is therefore left to a combination of residual protein content and entrapped free water to account for the substantial quantity of hydrogen present external to the hydroxyapatite component. The particular usefulness of neutron diffraction and scattering techniques for study of the amount, location, and, possibly, binding of the hydrogen present, whether or not structurally incorporated, is pointed out.
Discussion of “Transverse distribution of suspended sediment below river confluences”

Coldwell's paper is of considerable interest to the sediment engineer, and his statement that “heterogeneous currents … could determine the location of intake structures for water supply, navigation, irrigation, or other projects which depend to some extent oh turbidity of water” is undoubtedly true. The restricted mixing of clear and silty water below the confluence of a clear stream and a muddy stream, which he observed, has often been noted in the past, but this characteristic usually disappears, rapidly as the flow progresses downstream, especially in the case of turbulent streams. The tables presented clearly demonstrate that, at Tulsa, the suspended sediment concentration is greater in general at the right bank sampling point than at the left. Coldwell states that this shows “that the Cimarron River has a tendency to retain its identity with reference to suspended sediment concentration even after flowing through 18 miles of channel below its confluence with the Arkansas River.” Coldwell has presented no evidence that this transverse concentration gradient is not due to other causes. He has given no Indication of the velocity or depth variations at the sampling points; neither has he given any indication of the size distribution or other physical characteristics of the suspended sediment.
Effect of irradiation of the primer DNA on the incorporation of precursors.

SummaryThe rate of enzymatic incorporation of 3H-labelled thymidine into primer DNA was studied after the DNA had been irradiated with doses up to 360 000 roentgens of gamma-rays. Non-irradiated DNA-synthesizing enzyme obtained from regenerating rat-liver was used together with DNA prepared by the method of Kay, Simmons and Dounce (1952) in the incubation system described by Bollum (1959). An initial increase followed by a decrease was noted in one sample of DNA, whereas a second less-highly-polymerized sample showed only a decrease in the rate of incorporation. Isolated calf-thymus nuclei showed no changes in the rate of incorporation of 3H-labelled thymidine or cytidylic acid after irradiation with very high doses of gamma-rays. The results of these in vitro studies do not provide support for the concept that damage to DNA preventing replication is a factor in the decrease in DNA-synthesis noted in irradiated cells.
Postsynaptic muscarinic M1 receptors activate prefrontal cortical EEG of C57BL/6J mouse.

Recent pharmacological studies exploring the functional roles of muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mAChR) subtypes in prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6J (B6) mouse have provided evidence for a presynapti...
The timing and duration of development tax rate increases

Abstract The effects of permanent, temporary, anticipated, and unanticipated changes in a development tax are considered in a model of land development. The effect of uncertainty over the timing of the changes is also considered. Expectations regarding a future tax rate increase are shown to affect the direction of a change in the path of land development in a given time period, while the duration of a rate increase affects the magnitude of the change. Uncertainty regarding the timing of an increase in the development tax rate increases the magnitude of a change in the path of land development.
Mosaicism in Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis

Context: Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis is an X-linked dominant condition caused by mutations in the WTX gene, resulting in linear striations in long bones in combination with cranial sclerosis. This condition is usually lethal in males. Objective/Patient: Our aim was to determine the underlying genetic cause in a 37-yr-old male with this condition. Design: DNA sequencing of peripheral blood and hair was performed to identify mutations in WTX. Quantitative PCR was performed to determine gene copy number variation. Results: DNA sequenced from peripheral blood revealed the presence of two alleles at the 1108th position of the WTX gene. Subsequent DNA sequencing of hair follicles and quantitative PCR confirmed the presence of mosaicism. Conclusion: A novel mutation (c.1108G>T) found in our patient results in a truncated protein (E370X). Our patient represents the first confirmed case of mosaicism in osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis.
Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the outcomes and costs of two eyecare adherence interventions in diabetes patients.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of vision impairment among adults in the USA. While it is suggested that diabetics receive annual dilated fundus examinations (DFE), many patients do not adhere to these recommendations. This paper investigates the outcomes and costs of an educational and telephone intervention on DFE follow-up adherence in patients with diabetes. In a prospective trial, 356 diabetic patients due for a DFE at an urban eye clinic were randomly assigned to usual care (UC; reference case), mailed intervention (MI), or telephone intervention (TI). UC patients (n = 119) received a standard form letter. MI patients (n = 117) received a personalized letter encouraging scheduling of an eye examination with an educational brochure about diabetic eye disease. TI patients (n = 120) received personal calls (up to three attempts) to schedule a follow-up with standard form letter. The primary outcome was obtaining a DFE within 90 days of suggested return. Costs (US$ 2013) included time costs for staff, phone charges, supplies, and postage. Since TI involved greater cost components compared to MI, univariate sensitivity analysis examined the impact of reducing phone costs. Patients were mostly female (66 %) and African American (70 %) with a mean age of 61 years. TI patients were more likely to schedule DFE [65 vs. 42 %; relative risk (RR) 1.54; CI 1.20–1.96; P < 0.001] versus UC patients. Obtaining a DFE within 90 days of suggested return was also significantly higher among TI patients compared to UC patients (51 vs. 36 %, RR 1.41; CI 1.05–1.89; P = 0.024). MI patients were slightly less likely to schedule DFE versus UC patients (38 vs. 42 %, RR 0.90; CI 0.66–1.22; P = NSS) and obtain a DFE (32 vs. 36 %; RR 0.90; CI 0.63–1.28; P = NSS). The total cost of TI was US$798.28 or US$6.65/patient and the cost/follow-up DFE was US$26.05. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the cost/follow-up can be greatly reduced but remains greater compared to UC (US$2.76 if US$0.25/call, US$11.13 if $1/call; US$22.29 if US$2/call). Personal phone assistance in scheduling DFE follow-up is more effective but also more costly. Follow-up research has been initiated to determine whether automated phone reminders can achieve similar effectiveness at a lower cost.
COMPARISON OF A MEMBRANE FILTRATION PROCEDURE AND A MPN PROCEDURE FOR ENUMERATING SALMONELLA IN WHOLE CARCASS RINSE SAMPLES

A membrane filtration method using hydrophobic grid membrane filters was developed to enumerate salmonellae in postchill chicken carcass rinse samples. The entire sample volume (100 ml) was filtered utilizing a 0.1% peptone/1% Tween 80 rinse solution which was digested prior to filtration with 2% trypsin. Samonella colonies were countable on XLD agar supplemented with 20 ppm novobiocin and 1% sodium pyruvate after 24 to 30 h of incubation. The filtration method was compared to a modified 3-tube MPN procedure (utilizing volumes of 30 ml, 3 ml, 0.3 ml, and 0.03 ml) for recovery of thermally stressed salmonellae that had been inoculated into carcass rinse fluid. Presumptive Salmonella levels were obtained in 30 h by membrane filtration method and in 72 h using the MPN procedure. Membrane filtration did not allow for complete recovery of the inoculated, thermally-stressed Salmonella. The MPN method recovered significantly higher levels of the inoculated organism, however, levels recovered using this procedure were extremely varied from sample to sample.
The Meromictic Great Salt Lake

The Great Salt Lake is an extreme case of ectogenic meromixis caused by diking. The formation and maintenance of the meromixis is largely due to a continuing supply of heavy brines from the North Basin to the monimolimnion of the South Basin. The meromictic stability of the South Basin is estimated to be 5700 g-cm/cm2; the average entrainment rate is estimated at 4.62 × 10−8m/sec, for a mean depth of 6.5 meters. The average entrainment rate appears to confirm Blanton's estimate.
Figure and ground in space and time: 2. Frequency, velocity, and perceptual organization.

The figure – ground organization of an ambiguous bipartite pattern in which the two regions of the pattern contained sine-wave gratings which differed in spatial frequency was examined for two pairs of spatial frequencies: 1 and 4 cycles deg−1, and 1 and 8 cycles deg−1. The region of higher spatial frequency underwent contrast reversal at one of four rates: 0, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 Hz. The region of lower spatial frequency was equated with either the temporal frequency or the velocity of the grating of higher spatial frequency in three sets of conditions: one stationary condition, three in which temporal frequency was equated, and three in which velocity was equated. For the 1 and 4 cycles deg−1 pair, the region of lower spatial frequency tended to be seen as the background a higher percentage of the time. There were significant linear trends for the appearance as background of the region of lower spatial frequency with respect to the magnitude of the velocity difference between the two regions of the pattern....
The eagle and the harp: the enterprising Byrne Brothers of County Monaghan

Minnesota-based Christopher Byrne, a soldier in the Civil War, discovered an article in a New York newspaper reporting on a concert given in Ireland by his long-lost brother, the last of the great Irish harpers. The article compares the lives of Irish soldiers in the American Civil War with changes occurring in Irish popular culture in Ireland. It addresses the fact that Irish musicians who once were supported by aristocratic patrons were turning increasingly to the concert hall, where they performed for wider audiences, even as their siblings were seeking avenues for success in the USA and utilising post-war benefits to good effect.
Psychological approaches to understanding and treating arthritis pain

Arthritis pain has traditionally been evaluated from a biomedical perspective, but there is increasing evidence that psychological factors have an important role in patients' adjustment to arthritis pain. The evolution of pain theories has led to the development of models, such as the cognitive-behavioral model, which recognize the potential involvement of psychological factors in pain. Emotional, cognitive, behavioral and social context variables are useful in understanding pain in patients with arthritis, and have led to the development of psychological approaches for treating arthritis pain. These include pain coping skills training, interventions that include patients' partners, and emotional disclosure strategies.
Comparison of outcomes after single or DOUBLE-CUFF artificial urinary sphincter insertion.

Abstract Objectives To assess the effectiveness and complications associated with single and double-cuff artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation for postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. Methods A retrospective study of 56 men with postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence who underwent either single (28 patients) or double (28 patients) cuff AUS placement was performed. Patients in each cohort were matched on the basis of preoperative pad use, risk factors for complications, and age. Patient selection was blinded relative to outcome. Continence, quality of life, and complications were assessed using the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ-7), postoperative pad use, and chart review. Results The mean age was 67 years for each group. Daily pad use decreased from 7.7 to 1.1 in patients treated with a single-cuff AUS and from 7.8 to 0.7 in patients with a double-cuff AUS ( P = 0.25). Complete continence (0 pads daily) was reported in 3 (11%) of 28 men with single-cuff and 12 (43%) of 28 men with double-cuff sphincters ( P = 0.008). The IIQ-7 scores improved from 14.8 to 3.1 after single-cuff placement and from 16.3 to 2.5 after double-cuff placement ( P = 0.03). With an average follow-up of 41.3 and 21.2 months for the single and double-cuff cohorts, respectively, five complications were reported in the single-cuff recipients and four in the double-cuff patients. Conclusions A significantly greater rate of complete continence and improvement in the IIQ-7 were seen in men with double-cuff AUS compared with single-cuff devices. Additional study is needed to confirm the relative advantages of double-cuff insertion.
A transpacific hydrographic section along latitude 24°N: the distribution of properties in the subtropical gyre

Abstract An intensively sampled transpacific hydrographic section along 24°N was completed in the spring of 1985. The data are described here in terms of the spatial distribution of properties, the distribution along isopycnal surfaces, and, where possible, the relationship of these distributions to the large-scale circulation of the Pacific Ocean. Near-surface waters of subtropical origin display a salinity maximum in mid-ocean, with lower salinity to the west due to greater rainfall and lower salinity in the east due to advection of water from the north. In the next layers down, containing waters of subpolar origin, the low salinity and high dissolved oxygen concentrations of those waters are most pronounced in the eastern ocean where the subpolar water is swept clockwise into the subtropical gyre. Differences between patterns of dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity indicate that both horizontal advection and upwelling contribute to observed distributions near the eastern boundary and that the two tracers contain independent information. In the upper kilometer, the eastern Pacific is richer in tracer signals and has steeper property gradients than the west. The deep Pacific has long been recognized to be the most uniform of the oceans. Although property gradients are small, they are significant, and it is found that on all isopycnal surfaces below the upper kilometer salinity increases and dissolved oxygen concentration decreases towards the east on basin-wide scales. These zonal gradients are weakest in the abyss, where there is a substantial net input of southern water, and strongest at mid-depth. Vertical diffusion is the likely cause of the uniformity in this pattern over so much of the deep North Pacific, with oxygen consumption in waters of greater age in the east also being a plausible contributor. With a highly sampled data set such as the 24°N transpacific section it is appropriate to ask how many stations are required to define property distributions and to estimate large-scale circulation and transport. Estimation of geostrophic transport requires high spatial resolution to detect flow near sloping topography at all depths. A 50% decimation of the 24°N station pattern yields a severe degradation in the estimation of transport.
MoonProt: a database for proteins that are known to moonlight

Moonlighting proteins comprise a class of multifunctional proteins in which a single polypeptide chain performs multiple biochemical functions that are not due to gene fusions, multiple RNA splice variants or pleiotropic effects. The known moonlighting proteins perform a variety of diverse functions in many different cell types and species, and information about their structures and functions is scattered in many publications. We have constructed the manually curated, searchable, internet-based MoonProt Database (http://www.moonlightingproteins.org) with information about the over 200 proteins that have been experimentally verified to be moonlighting proteins. The availability of this organized information provides a more complete picture of what is currently known about moonlighting proteins. The database will also aid researchers in other fields, including determining the functions of genes identified in genome sequencing projects, interpreting data from proteomics projects and annotating protein sequence and structural databases. In addition, information about the structures and functions of moonlighting proteins can be helpful in understanding how novel protein functional sites evolved on an ancient protein scaffold, which can also help in the design of proteins with novel functions.
Bathymetric zonation and paleoecological significance of microborings in Puerto Rican shelf and slope sediments

Sediments collected from 63 sites on the Puerto Rican shelf and slope at depths ranging from intertidal to 530 m were analyzed for associated microborings. Scanning electron microscope examination of three dimensional plastic casts of microboring networks form the primary basis for this study. In all, 27 microboring forms are distinguished on the basis of size and shape of boring casts, mode of branching, overall boring pattern and associated accessory structures. Although most of the microborings exhibit wide bathymetric ranges, many of the forms tend to occur more abundantly within restricted depth zones, suggesting a three-fold subdivision. The upper photic zone assemblage (intertidal to 20 m) is characterized by the endolithic blue-green algae Hyella gigas, Hyella caespitosa, Hyella tenuoir, Hormathonema sp., and an unidentified endolith likely of algal origin (form D). The lower photic zone assemblage (20 m - 85 m) is characterized by the green algae Ostreobium quekettii and Codiolum polyrhizum , the Conchocelis -stage of an endolithic red alga, and a problematic algal form (A). The aphotic zone is characterized by the absence of algal borings and the presence of fungal form Il and a tubular form of uncertain affinity. Microborings in the upper photic zone are typically oriented perpendicular to substrate surfaces; those of the lower photic and aphotic zones parallel substrate surfaces and penetrate only slightly into substrate interiors. Microborings as trace fossils appear to have high paleoecologic potential inasmuch as they are believed to be biologically specific and often are morphologically distinctive. Microborings have been reported in sediments ranging in age form Cambrian to Holocene with many ancient endoliths resembling extant forms. Differences in direction of penetration between photic and aphotic endolithic organisms may be sufficient criteria for differentiating paleophotic zones in ancient carbonate sequences. A Pleistocene example is presented from the Fort Thompson Formation of south Florida which indicates that impregnation techniques utilized in endolithic analysis of modern sediments may find application in studies of ancient microboring assemblages.
A novel high-Q resonator using high contrast subwavelength grating

We present a novel high-Q resonator using high contrast subwavelength grating. The simulated Q-factor of the resonator can be as high as ~500,000. A Q-factor of 14,000 is experimentally measured in fabricated devices.
Robotic camera control for remote exploration

A video stream from a single camera is often the foundation for situational awareness in teleoperation activities. Poor camera placement, narrow field-of-view and other camera properties can significantly impair the operator's perceptual link to the environment, inviting cognitive mistakes and general disorientation. This paper provides a brief overview of viewpoint control research for 3D virtual environments (VE) to motivate a user study that evaluates the effectiveness of viewpoint controls on a simulated robotic vehicle. Findings suggest that providing a camera that is controlled independently from the orientation of the vehicle may facilitate wayfinding tasks. Moreover, there is evidence to support the use of separate cameras and interfaces for different navigational subtasks.
Interactions of GSK-3β With Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Modulators During Preconditioning: Age-Associated Differences

Anesthetic preconditioning (APC) and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) are lost with normal aging. Here, we investigated age-related difference between phosphoglycogen synthase kinase-3beta (pGSK-3β) and pGSK-3β with modulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, including adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), cyclophilin-D, or voltagedependent anion channel. APC or IPC significantly increased pGSK-3β in the young groups in both the cytosol and the mitochondria and also significantly increased pGSK-3β in co-immunoprecipitates with ANT. Importantly, the level of cyclophilin-D in co-immunoprecipitates with ANT was significantly decreased in the young APC and IPC groups, but not in old rats. We also found that APC or IPC significantly prolonged mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening time in the young cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress, but not in the elderly. Attenuation of APC or IPC protection in the aging heart is associated with failure to reduce ANT–cyclophilin-D interactions and to decreased pGSK-3β responsiveness of ANT, critical modulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
Remote Monitoring of Dynamic Construction Processes Using Automated Equipment Tracking

Construction resource planning and control is traditionally done using static data and information available from similar projects. However, the uniqueness of and uncertainties involved in each construction project may require that field data from equipment is dynamically collected, analyzed, and integrated into the decisionmaking process in order to achieve the best possible operational plan. The collected data can be used to predict the performance of a construction system based on the latest status of the project, as well as to monitor if all pieces of equipment are operating according to the plan and if any corrective action is needed. This paper presents the results of a remote tracking technique developed to capture field data from construction equipment in real time for short term monitoring and control of construction operations. The developed technique uses a .NET environment thus providing a convenient means for data collection, sorting, filtering, and interpretation. The collected data is time-stamped and thus, can be used to create a real time 3D animation stream of the ongoing operation. This facilitates the communication of project details and can be ultimately used as a verification and validation tool for the underlying simulation model.
A reliable and secure connection migration mechanism for mobile agents

Connection migration in mobile systems is to support continuous and transparent communication operations between mobile agents. We present a reliable connection migration mechanism that provides exactly-once delivery for all transmitted data during agent migration. It integrates with an agent-based access control mechanism that controls the access to network ports. To avoid frequent agent authentication and permission checking due to agent migration, a secret session key is associated with each connection. We present the design and implementation of the mechanism, named NapletSocket in Naplet mobile agent system. It is a pure middleware implementation, requiring no modification of Java virtual machines. Evaluation results show that the NapletSocket system incurs a moderate overhead in connection setup, mainly due to security checking. Once a secure connection is established, only a marginal cost is needed to pay for reliable communication during agent migration.