cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic reactions of n-Alkanes on β-W2C and WC: The effect of surface oxygen on reaction pathways

Tungsten carbide powders with WC and β-W2C structures catalyze alkane hydrogenolysis reactions. Alkanes adsorb on fresh carbide surfaces strongly, leading to rapid deactivation by carbon fragments and to high selectivity to hydrogenolysis products. n-Hexane isomerization or dehydrocyclization products were not observed on fresh carbides. Chemisorbed oxygen lowers the binding energy of adsorbed intermediates and decreases both hydrogenolysis and deactivation rates. Oxygen-exposed carbides catalyze n-hexane and n-heptane isomerization with high selectivity (74–99%). Isomerization involves methyl-shift pathways that require alkene intermediates. These results and the well-known acid properties of WOx, surface species suggest that oxygen-exposed tungsten carbides catalyze bifunctional (dehydrogenation/carbenium-ion) alkane isomerization pathways.
PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION AND PARTHENOGENESIS

Using phenotypic selection models directly coupled to the polygenic system, we examine the validity of the common assertion that obligate parthenogenesis is an evolutionary dead end. As is true for bisexual organisms, an equilibrium level of genetic variance is attained under obligate parthenogenesis when the input via mutation is balanced by the output via selection. We show that for most parthenogens this equilibrium will be reached within a few hundred generations. When the ability of ameiotic parthenogens to utilize the dominance and epistatic components of genetic variance and possible elevated mutation rates and reduced levels of environmental sensitivity in parthenogens are accounted for, it becomes clear that the rate of phenotypic evolution of well-established parthenogens may often approach or even exceed that under obligate bisexuality. We also examine the consequences of periodic sex. By exploiting hidden genetic variance released by sex, cyclical parthenogenesis periodically allows much highe...
Some Electrical and Optical Properties of Synthetic Single Crystals of Zinc Sulfide

The fundamental optical absorption edge and the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of synthetic single crystals of hexagonal zinc sulfide have been measured, as well as the photoconductivity near the absorption edge. The fundamental absorption coefficient is 1 ${\mathrm{mm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at a photon energy of (3.58\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02) ev and increases exponentially by a factor of ten every 0.07 ev up to ${10}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{mm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The logarithm of the electric resistivity varies linearly as a function of the inverse absolute temperature with a slope of (3.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1) ev/2k. A peak in the spectral variation of photoconductivity has been observed at the optical absorption edge.
Ocular Manifestations of Crystal Methamphetamine Use

Numerous medical sequelae associated with illicit drug use have been reported. Nevertheless, there has been scarce documentation of the effects of these drugs on the eyes. Drug-induced ocular symptoms include decreased visual acuity, disturbances in perception, and even flashbacks. Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive drug whose abuse has spread worldwide during the past two decades. METH abuse is associated with many adverse psychiatric and medical consequences including strokes and psychosis. METH-induced ophthalmic complications are rarely discussed but include retinal vasculitis, episcleritis, panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, scleritis, retinopathy, corneal ulceration, and transient visual losses. Because the drug has shown a marked increase in the prevalence of its use amongst pregnant women, there has also been an increase of drug-induced complications in fetuses and newborn babies. These complications need to be further detailed and studied. Herein, the authors report on the ocular complications associated with METH abuse. They also discuss some potential mechanisms for the toxic effects of the drug on that system.
The impact of child maltreatment on expressive syntax at 60 months

Although child maltreatment has often been described as leading to language deficits, the few well-controlled investigations of language acquisition in maltreated children have focused on language content rather than form, or have used qualitative rather than quantitative measures. This study examines syntactic complexity in 19 maltreated and 14 nonmaltreated preschool-aged children. Mother‐child dyads participated in play sessions that were transcribed and scored for the presence of morphosyntactic forms in child speech and for specific sentence constructions in maternal speech. Findings indicated that child maltreatment was associated with language delay in both vocabulary and production of syntactic structures. There were also qualitative differences in characteristics of maternal utterances between maltreating and comparison groups. Because maltreatment initially occurred before age 2, this study highlights the long-lasting negative influence of maltreatment on language development and also provides the first demonstration of child language delays and differences in maternal speech within a single maltreatment sample.
Software-defined energy communication networks: From substation automation to future smart grids

Energy communication networks (ECNs) play an integral role in electrical substations. Substations host many Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) that monitor the state of the electricity infrastructure. This critical data is packaged and transmitted between multiple IEDs for proper system monitoring and control. The modern network that interconnects IEDs, while a significant improvement over the historic serial interconnection, has many challenges which have yet to be addressed - ranging from setup complexity to security policies. In this paper we propose that software-defined networking can alleviate many of today's problems and create a network which can evolve with changing technologies and needs. We demonstrate an auto-configuring substation network which eliminates many substation network management issues. Our prototype is built using a Ryu-based, software-defined network controller and tested with actual IEDs used in substations. We also discuss how our software-defined energy communication network (SDECN) architecture not only solves problems of today, but enables substation networks to easily evolve with the rapid evolution of the smart grid.
The Label Mental Retardation Involves More Than an IQ Score: A Commentary on Kanaya and Ceci (2007)

—Labeling a child as mentally retarded (MR) has been shown to be a complex process. A particular score on an IQ test is a necessary but not sufficient criterion. The Flynn effect, as described by Kanaya and Ceci (2007), does affect the labeling process. Other considerations in this process include the metrics of IQ tests and the child’s sex, race, socioeconomic status, and geographic residence. The usefulness of IQ test scores continues to be debated by scholars and practitioners, yet current practice regularly utilizes the tests as well as other factors in MR labeling.
Visualizing the Evolution of Horned Lizards Using 3D Morphing Techniques

Introduction Reconstructing the evolutionary history of diverse species is a basic goal of systematic biology and is essential to comparative biology. Phylogenies representing this history are constructed from the analyses of molecular or morphological data and used as tools for understanding the evolution of complex traits. Objectives of this research are to create visualization tools that dynamically reconstruct horn morphology in three-dimensions (3D) for horned lizards and show how changes occur along a phylogeny via metamorphosis (morphing). These objectives will be met by incorporating results from phylogenetic analyses with ancestral trait reconstructions applied to 3-D images generated from a highresolution x-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner. Ancestral reconstruction algorithms are incorporated with nonlinear morphing to accommodate different rates of change along and between lineages. The application of 3-D morphing to systematics and ancestral reconstruction is a novel approach in visualization methods and opens a new realm of collaborative learning and discovery. We believe these tools will provide a greater understanding of how complex traits have evolved by allowing scientists to peer into the past, to see what ancestral states look like, and to visualize changes through time.
EFFECT OF 5-FLUORO-2'-DEOXYURIDINE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF VACCINIA VIRUS.

Abstract The effect of FUDR on vaccinia virus replication in HeLa cells was investigated. The incorporation of deoxyuridine-H3 into viral DNA, as determined by autoradiography, was completely blocked by 10−6M FUDR. This concentration of the analog prevented production of infectious virus above levels present in the cultures after washing at the end of the viral adsorption period. The production of vaccinial HA was also inhibited. However, 20–70% of the inhibited cells produced NP and LS antigen detectable by the fluorescent antibody technique. These findings were in accord with the results of previous experiments using p-fluorophenylalanine which had suggested that viral antigen can be synthesized in the absence of synthesis of viral DNA. The proportion of cells that synthesized antigen was progressively reduced by increasing the concentration of FUDR or increasing the duration of pretreatment of cultures with the analog. The inhibition of synthesis of infectious virus and of viral antigen was not prevented by uridine added with the FUDR but was reversed by thymidylic acid added at the time of infection to cultures that had been pretreated for as long as 12 hours with FUDR. When FUDR was added to cultures at the time of infection and thymidylic acid was added 12 hours later, the proportion of cells that synthesized viral antigen was essentially the same as in cultures not treated with FUDR; however, the yield of infectious virus in the former cultures was only 15% of that from cultures not treated with the analog.
Chironomid grazing on benthic microalgae in a Louisiana salt marsh

Field experiments were conducted to examine spatial and temporal variation in chironomid (predominantlyTanypus clavatus) abundance, and their trophic relationship with benthic microalgae. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of chironomid gut pigments indicated that diatoms comprised the bulk of the microalgae ingested by chironomids.14C-feeding studies were used to obtain quantitative estimates of chironomid, copepod, ostracod, and nematode grazing on benthic microalgae. Daily consumption of standing microalgal biomass by chironomids ranged from 0.12% (January) to 125% (May), but was highly variable. There were no significant diel, temporal (over the scale of months), or spatial patterns in individual chironomid grazing rates. There was significant temporal variation in the proportion of microalgal biomass consumed by the total meiofaunal assemblage, and highest grazing impacts occurred in May, coincident with high abundances of chironomids, harpacticoid copepods, and ostracods. The grazing impact of chironomids was comparable to or greater than that of other known grazers of microalgae (copepods, ostracods). Functional-response experiments performed in the laboratory revealed that chironomid ingestion rates increased with increasing food availability over short (1 to 2 h) time scales. Field data did not indicate a functional response to food availability over longer (mo) time scales, possibly because of other environmental incluences. Gut residence time (determined using fluorescently labeled beads) changed with variable feeding rates, which were in turn a function of variable food availability. Chironomid larvae have the ability to consume significant fraction of the microphytobenthos in absolute terms, and relative to other meiofauna, indicating that they are an important component of the salt marsh food web.
Measurement error in regression analysis

Consider the linear regression model Y = Xθ+ e where Y denotes a vector of n observations on the dependent variable, X is a known matrix, θ is a vector of parameters to be estimated and e is a random vector of uncorrelated errors. If X'X is nearly singular, that is if the smallest characteristic root of X'X s small then a small perurbation in the elements of X, such as due to measurement errors, induces considerable variation in the least squares estimate of θ. In this paper we examine for the asymptotic case when n is large the effect of perturbation with regard to the bias and mean squared error of the estimate.
Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia

Osteopenia is a term to define bone density that is not normal but also not as low as osteoporosis. By definition from the World Health Organization osteopenia is defined by bone densitometry as a T score −1 to −2.5. There are many causes for osteopenia including calcium and vitamin D deficiency and inactivity. Genetics plays an important role in a person’s bone mineral density and often Caucasian women with a thin body habitus who are premenopausal are found to have osteopenia. Correction of calcium and vitamin D deficiency and walking 3 to 5 miles a week can often improve bone density in the hip and spine. There are a variety of pharmaceutical agents that have been recommended for the treatment of osteopenia and osteoporosis including hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulator therapy, anti-resorptive therapy. In addition patients with osteoporosis who have failed anti-resorptive therapy can have a significant improvement in their bone density with anabolic therapy.
Examining the effects of stressors on organizational citizenship behaviors among private correctional staff: a preliminary study

Much of the research on correctional officers over the past two decades has focused on job stress, job satisfaction, the job environment and how demographic variables such as gender, race, health and family conflict have influenced stress and job satisfaction. Little attention, however, has been placed on organizational citizenship and its relationship to correctional staff. Using survey data from a private correctional facility in the Midwest, this article examined how the stressors of role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and perceived dangerousness of the job affected organizational citizenship behaviors. In multivariate analysis, role ambiguity was found to have a significant negative effect on organizational citizenship behaviors, and perceived dangerous of the job had a significant positive effect.
Dual-Frequency-Selective Surfaces for Near-Infrared Bandpass Filters

A bandpass filter resonating at ∼1.4 μm and based on a dual-frequency-selective surface design is fabricated and characterized on a silicon substrate. The filter consists of square apertures arranged in a square lattice and separated by magnesium-fluoride dielectric layers. Simulations indicate minimal change in spectral reflectance versus overlay misalignment. The measured reflectance shows almost zero minima and a sharp roll-off. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 95–98, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20387
First-principles study of void induced stresses at a diamond (100) grain boundary

Density functional theory was used to evaluate the impact of small voids on grain boundary densification in polycrystalline diamond films. The results provide atomic scale insight into tensile stress evolution during polycrystalline film growth, where prior modeling has been largely based on continuum descriptions. Diamond is an ideal material for these studies because the atomic mobility is extremely low and thus a variety of other mechanisms that influence stress evolution can be safely ignored. For the boundary configurations that were investigated, the results indicate that significantly more densification occurs when missing atoms at grain boundaries are clustered together to form nanovoids. Increased densification also occurs with a configuration where missing atoms are in close proximity, but not directly adjacent to each other. Calculations with hydrogen trapped in the nanovoids indicate that repulsive forces can induce compressive stresses instead.
A NONSTATIONARY TIME SERIES MODEL AND ITS FITTING BY A RECURSIVE FILTER

Abstract. The use of the state space representation for the analysis of nonstationary time series is proposed. For the fitting of the models, the use of a modified AIC based on the likelihood of the innovation process is proposed. A square root filter/smoother algorithm for the evaluation of the likelihood and state estimation is discussed.
Crystal structure of the ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) catalytic domain.

ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) is an RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) of the IRK (insulin receptor kinase) superfamily, which share an YXXXYY autophosphorylation motif within their A-loops (activation loops). A common activation and regulatory mechanism is believed to exist for members of this superfamily typified by IRK and IGF1RK (insulin-like growth factor receptor kinase-1). Chromosomal translocations involving ALK were first identified in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, a subtype of non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma, where aberrant fusion of the ALK kinase domain with the NPM (nucleophosmin) dimerization domain results in autophosphosphorylation and ligand-independent activation. Activating mutations within the full-length ALK kinase domain, most commonly R1275Q and F1174L, which play a major role in neuroblastoma, were recently identified. To provide a structural framework for understanding these mutations and to guide structure-assisted drug discovery efforts, the X-ray crystal structure of the unphosphorylated ALK catalytic domain was determined in the apo, ADP- and staurosporine-bound forms. The structures reveal a partially inactive protein kinase conformation distinct from, and lacking, many of the negative regulatory features observed in inactive IGF1RK/IRK structures in their unphosphorylated forms. The A-loop adopts an inhibitory pose where a short proximal A-loop helix (αAL) packs against the αC helix and a novel N-terminal β-turn motif, whereas the distal portion obstructs part of the predicted peptide-binding region. The structure helps explain the reported unique peptide substrate specificity and the importance of phosphorylation of the first A-loop Tyr1278 for kinase activity and NPM–ALK transforming potential. A single amino acid difference in the ALK substrate peptide binding P−1 site (where the P-site is the phosphoacceptor site) was identified that, in conjunction with A-loop sequence variation including the RAS (Arg-Ala-Ser)-motif, rationalizes the difference in the A-loop tyrosine autophosphorylation preference between ALK and IGF1RK/IRK. Enzymatic analysis of recombinant R1275Q and F1174L ALK mutant catalytic domains confirms the enhanced activity and transforming potential of these mutants. The transforming ability of the full-length ALK mutants in soft agar colony growth assays corroborates these findings. The availability of a three-dimensional structure for ALK will facilitate future structure–function and rational drug design efforts targeting this receptor tyrosine kinase.
Simulation Of RAM-Based Asynchronous Sequential Circuits

We have developed a computer simulator for the asynchronous sequential circuits (ASCs) constructed by using the random access memories (RAMs). This is a generic simulator with respect to the manufacturing technology of the RAM because all the time delays are variables and can be changed by the user. In addition, there is no restriction on the RAM size. The simulated RAM can be programmed and then the simulator simulates the ASC with its direct feedback connections. The durations of the transition states are generated in a random fashion. The user can change the input state interactively from the keyboard and the output state of the ASC is continuously displayed on the monitor screen.
Acute termination of human atrial fibrillation by identification and catheter ablation of localized rotors and sources: first multicenter experience of focal impulse and rotor modulation (FIRM) ablation.

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) currently relies on eliminating triggers, and no reliable method exists to map the arrhythmia itself to identify ablation targets. The aim of this multicenter study was to define the use of Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation (FIRM) for identifying ablation targets. METHODS We prospectively enrolled the first (n=14, 11 males) consecutive patients undergoing FIRM guided ablation for persistent (n=11) and paroxysmal AF at 5 centers. A 64 pole basket catheter was used for panoramic right and left atrial mapping during AF. AF electrograms were analyzed using a novel system to identify sustained rotors (spiral waves), or focal beats (centrifugal activation to surrounding atrium). Ablation was performed first at identified sources. The primary endpoints were acute AF termination or organization (>10 % cycle length prolongation). Conventional ablation was performed only after FIRM guided ablation.
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II.

Objective: To review empirical findings on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Method: Selected summaries of the literature over the past decade are presented. Results: Research on ODD and CD during the past decade has addressed the complexity involved in identifying the primary risk factors and developmental pathways to disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). In some domains, research is entering an entirely new phase because of the availability of new technologies. In others, larger data sets and more complicated methodological and statistical techniques are testing increasingly complex models.Yet questions remain regarding the most useful subtyping systems, the identification of the most significant risk factors, and the relationships between risk factors from multiple domains. Conclusions: Convincing evidence of causal linkages remains elusive. Research has questioned the notion that CD is intractable, especially when multiple domains of risk and impairment are the targets of intervention. It is apparent that there is not one single causative factor; thus it is not likely that one single modality will suffice to treat CD. Future steps will involve the restructuring of diagnostic criteria to capture adequate subtypes and indicators, clarification of the neurological underpinnings of the disorder, and refinement in the models available to explain the varied pathways to DBD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2002, 41(11):1275‐1293. Key Words: oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, risk factors, treatment.
A structural equation model analysis of perceived control and psychological distress on worry among African American and European American young adults

Perceived control has been identified as an important factor in the development and maintenance of mood disorders, and worry has been shown to have a unique relationship with psychological distress associated with mood disorders. The relationships between these variables have received little attention in the literature, and even less in terms of the role racial status may serve. The current study investigated the structural relationship between psychological distress and perceived control in predicting self-reported worry as well as potential differences in paths to worry in African American and European American young adults using a structural equation model. One hundred twenty-one European American and 100 African American undergraduate students completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ), and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Results suggest that psychological distress and perceived control predict worry in both the African American and European American samples, however there were significant differences in terms of which construct contributed most. For African Americans, psychological distress contributed significantly more to worry than perceived control, whereas low perceived control contributed more to worry for European Americans. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Parameter Identification of Diffusion Equation

The paper deal with the identification problem of the parameter of diffusion equation based on output measurment of distributed signals in the finite number of spatial points. The state of the diffusion equation is approximated by the distrbuted signais via the the spline approximation. The system governed by the diffusion eqution is trasformed to lumped parameter system and the parameter of the diffusion equation is identificated by the following least-squares algorithm.
Sulfide production in anaerobic microcosms

The source of free sulfide in tidal flat sediments and the mechanisms leading to its generation were investigated by growing mixed cultures of anaerobic sediment bacteria in media containing organic material extracted from sediments and benthic algae. Sulfide production was observed in all cultures; stoichiometric considerations indicated sulfate reduction was the most important mechanism. Sulfide production rates were directly dependent on the transient concentrations of both sulfate and soluble organic carbon in the media. The tidal flat deposits of estuaries are areas of extreme complexity and activity (Bass Becking and Wood 1955; Wood 1965). They serve as both sources and sinks for a large variety of compounds and materials, produced by processes equally many and varied, and are in a continual state of exchange with the surrounding water and air. Estuaries, and tidal flats in particular, have been significantly affected by land filling, diking, dredging, and other forms of pollution. It is imperative that the ecology of these regions be understood so that rational decisions can be made regarding their use and management. A model of the tidal flat system is shown in Fig. 1, at a level of resolution chosen to illustrate those components and processes relevant to this study; omission of many obvious factors does not imply they are unimportant in the ecology of tidal flat areas. A mathematical model of free sulfide release from a benthic system has been developed (Bella et al. 1972). It assumes a source of free sulfide within the anaerobic zone of the sediment and describes its diffusion and oxidation within the aerobic zone. The magnitude and rate of replenishment of this assumed source of free sulfide and its relationship to conditions within the deposit is important to an understanding of the phenomenon of sulfide release and of the tidal flat system. Berner (1972) has also stressed the need for an understanding of
Examining deep litter as environmental enrichment for a family group of Wolf's guenons, Cercopithecus wolfi.

Manipulable substrates promote species-typical behavior and decrease abnormal behavior in a variety of primate species. However, the effects of providing litter to arboreal primates are not as well studied, and there is little information specifically concerning enrichment for guenons. To inform the captive management of an under-studied species, we evaluated deep litter substrate as environmental enrichment for a family group of Wolf's guenons, Cercopithecus wolfi. We expected it to promote species-typical behavior and to act as an intervention by reducing aggressive behaviors targeted toward a juvenile group member by his parents. We compared the guenons' behavior during baseline periods in which normal husbandry routines were followed to periods when the entire floor of their enclosure was covered with 30 cm of straw or wood wool. We then evaluated the group's preference between litters by comparing their relative use. The guenons spent more time feeding and were more active during both litter conditions, but relative to their respective baselines, they spent more time examining straw and less time examining wood wool. Straw, but not wood wool, promoted some affiliative behavior as well as greater tolerance of the juvenile's social proximity to others. However, the addition of deep litter did not ameliorate patterns of agonistic behavior among our subjects. Our results suggest that straw conferred greater behavioral benefits than wood wool as a deep litter substrate for this guenon group and may constitute a form of environmental enrichment for this species.
Compact binaries with code compression in a software dynamic translator

Embedded software is becoming more flexible and adaptable, which presents new challenges for management of highly constrained system resources. Software dynamic translation (SDT) has been used to enable software malleability at the instruction level for dynamic code optimizers, security checkers, and binary translators. This paper studies the feasibility of using SDT to manage program code storage in embedded systems. We explore to what extent code compression can be incorporated in a software infrastructure to reduce program storage requirements, while minimally impacting run-time performance and memory resources. We describe two approaches for code compression, called full and partial image compression, and evaluate their compression ratios and performance in a software dynamic translation system. We demonstrate that code decompression is indeed feasible in a SDT.
A technique to combine the geometrical theory of diffraction and the moment method

For many years, The Geometrical Theory of Difraction (GTD) has been applied to antenna and scattering problems for which the structure is large in terms of wavelength. GTD solutions have mainly been concerned with pattern computations with little information concerning antenna impedance and/or aperture distributions. This is especially true for wire-type antennas. On the other hand, The Method of Moment (MM) has been applied to such problems for which the structure is small in terms of wavelength. This paper presents a technique which can be used to combine these two solutions such that a whole host of new problems can be handled.
High-throughput neuro-imaging informatics.

This paper describes neuroinformatics technologies at 1 mm anatomical scale based on high throughput 3D functional and structural imaging technologies of the human brain. The core is an abstract pipeline for converting functional and structural imagery into their high dimensional neuroinformatic representations index containing O(E3-E4) discriminating dimensions. The pipeline is based on advanced image analysis coupled to digital knowledge representations in the form of dense atlases of the human brain at gross anatomical scale. We demonstrate the integration of these high-dimensional representations with machine learning methods, which have become the mainstay of other fields of science including genomics as well as social networks. Such high throughput facilities have the potential to alter the way medical images are stored and utilized in radiological workflows. The neuroinformatics pipeline is used to examine cross-sectional and personalized analyses of neuropsychiatric illnesses in clinical applications as well as longitudinal studies. We demonstrate the use of high throughput machine learning methods for supporting (i) cross-sectional image analysis to evaluate the health status of individual subjects with respect to the population data, (ii) integration of image and non-image information for diagnosis and prognosis.
Regulation of p53 Target Gene Expression by Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4

Histone Arg methylation has been correlated with transcriptional activation of p53 target genes. However, whether this modification is reversed to repress the expression of p53 target genes is unclear. Here, we report that peptidylarginine deiminase 4, a histone citrullination enzyme, is involved in the repression of p53 target genes. Inhibition or depletion of PAD4 elevated the expression of a subset of p53 target genes, including p21/CIP1/WAF1, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, the induction of p21, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis by PAD4 depletion is p53 dependent. Protein-protein interaction studies showed an interaction between p53 and PAD4. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that PAD4 is recruited to the p21 promoter in a p53-dependent manner. RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activities and the association of PAD4 are dynamically regulated at the p21 promoter during UV irradiation. Paused RNA Pol II and high levels of PAD4 were detected before UV treatment. At early time points after UV treatment, an increase of histone Arg methylation and a decrease of citrullination were correlated with a transient activation of p21. At later times after UV irradiation, a loss of RNA Pol II and an increase of PAD4 were detected at the p21 promoter. The dynamics of RNA Pol II activities after UV treatment were further corroborated by permanganate footprinting. Together, these results suggest a role of PAD4 in the regulation of p53 target gene expression.
A CASE STUDY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS

: A general model of the policy implementation process is utilized to facilitate a discussion of the way Section 208 of PL 92-500 is being carried out on an areawide basis. A study of four “208 areas” in the “New York-Philadelphia corridor” highlights the operation of several variables used in the model. The varying political and socioeconomic conditions in geographic areas which have similar water quality problems are leading to the evolution of vastly different implementing structures, or institutional arrangements. The analysis suggests that these differences may have important implications for the success of the program in each of these areas. A major underlying theme is that such problems are characteristic of the 208 process nationwide and reflect general difficulties associated with managing water quality in a federal system.
Advancing Critical Reading through Historical Fiction and Biography.

(1985). Advancing Critical Reading through Historical Fiction and Biography. The Social Studies: Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 165-169.
Doubly labeled water measurement of human energy expenditure during exercise at high altitude

Estimates of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) by the doubly labeled water (DLW, 2H(2)18O) and intake balance (I-B) methods were compared in six male soldiers studied over 6 days that included 5 days of strenuous winter exercise at 2,500- to 3,100-m elevation. Use of body energy stores [-9.54 +/- 1.54 (SD) MJ/day or -2,280 +/- 368 kcal/day] was estimated from changes in body weight, body density (hydrodensitometry), and total body water (H(2)18O dilution). The subjects wore computerized activity monitors and kept daily records of ration consumption (9.87 +/- 3.60 MJ/day or 2,359 +/- 860 kcal/day). Accuracy of individual DLW and I-B TDEE values was estimated from the correlations of TDEE with fat-free mass (FFM) or total weight (body wt + load). The DLW and I-B estimates of TDEE differed by -12.0 to 15.2% but provided comparable estimates of group mean TDEE (DLW = 19.07 +/- 2.37 MJ/day or 4,558 +/- 566 kcal/day; I-B = 19.41 +/- 3.72 MJ/day or 4,639 +/- 889 kcal/day; P > 0.05). The DLW TDEE was correlated with both FFM (r2 = 0.89, P < 0.01, power = 0.95) and total weight (r2 = 0.95, P < 0.01, power = 0.99), whereas I-B TDEE was correlated only with total weight (r2 = 0.75, P < 0.03, power = 0.81). Under adverse field conditions the DLW method provided individual TDEE estimates that were probably more accurate than those provided by the I-B method.
An Overview of the 2015 State of the States.

In February 2015 a large group of scholars, researchers, and practitioners interested in P-20 finance issues gathered in St. Louis, Missouri for the National Education Finance Academy’s annual conference to discuss, among multiple topics, the state of P-20 finance in all 50 states. There were 35 states represented in the roundtable session and representatives of 30 of those states submitted their manuscripts to the Journal of Education Finance for publication. This is the third year that JEF has published the State of the States manuscripts as a service to those interested in trends around P-20 finance and the 28 states represents the highest number of states included in the report to date. However, it is the intention to have all 50 states represented by 2016 and individuals interested in representing currently unrepresented states should contact Drs. Weiler and Hartman. Presenters at the 2015 National Education Finance Academy’s State of the States Roundtable session were directed to address the following topics:
The Need for Real Performance Management in Brazil

The implementation of performance management in Brazil has faced several challenges. Brazilian bureaucracy is yet far from the requirements advocated by the performance management doctrine, which calls for more focus on results and increased managerial authority, as previously implemented in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The current system has a low focus on results and low managerial authority caused by administrative restrictions over human resources. Recently, initiatives at the state and local levels have attempted to address this issue. This article analyzes the outcome of such attempts, and gives a final recommendation on how the country should implement changes towards real performance management.
Observation of Raman Ramsey Fringes using Delayed Optical Pulses in Atomic vapor Medium

We report observation of high contrast Raman Ramsey fringes in atomic vapor medium using time delayed optical pulse pairs.
Adductor Magnus Tenotomy for Adduction and Internal Rotation Deformity of the Hip in Cerebral Palsy

We performed muscle release operation included lengthening of the medial hamstrings, the psoas and gracilis for correction of adduction and internal rotation deformity of the hip in cerebral palsy. However, we did not achieve good correction in many cases using this procedure. This was probably due to hypertonicity of the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus' causing residual deformity. We therefore added ten otomy of this portion for cases with residual deformity and by doing this the deformity improved.We concluded that the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus was one of the causes of adduction and internal rotation deformity of the hip in cerebral palsy and the tenotomy of this portion was indispensable to gain adequate correction.
Diagnostic Delay and Antibiotic Overuse in Acute Pulmonary Blastomycosis

The diagnosis of blastomycosis is often delayed. We identified 28 cases of pulmonary blastomycosis in a retrospective chart review. Most patients received multiple antibiotic courses before being diagnosed, and the sputum KOH smear was rarely used. Diagnostic delay can be decreased with higher suspicion for pulmonary blastomycosis and early use of the sputum KOH smear.
Analysis of poor sight of students and pupils in primary and middle schools in Huangpu District of Guangzhou from 2008 to 2013

Objective To investigate the incidence of poor sight of students and pupils in primary and middle schoolstudents in Huangpu District of Guangzhou City. Methods By random sampling,the sight of 53 957 students was examinedand analyzed in the 7 primary and middle schools in Huangpu District of Guangzhou City from 2008 to 2013. Results Theresults showed the sight of 37 442 students and pupils was poor with the detection rate of 69.39% being 54.71%,80.67% and87.95% for pupils junior school and high school students showing significant difference(P0.05).With the increase of the yearand grade, the detection rate of poor sight was increased significantly(P0.05).The poor sight rates were 64.78% and 74.37%for boys and girls,(P0.05). In each of the years or grades, the poor vision detection rate of the girls was higher than the boys.The proportion of light and moderate poor sight rate of pupils and students was 49.75%. Conclusion The incidence of poorsight of pupils and students in primary and middle schools in Huangpu District is high and comprehensive measures should betaken to prevent myopia and to improve eyesight of the pupils and students.
A Review of Corel’s ChemLab CD-ROM

Chemistry laboratory simulators have not been worth consideration until the CD-ROM came along with its wonderful capacities. Corel, [1] a well-known name in software has realized this. Their new ChemLab CD-ROM has excited some interest among chemistry teachers. This review examines the contents of this CD-ROM, rates the effectiveness of its “experiments,” and suggests who might profit from the use of such a simulator for the traditional chemistry laboratory.
Etiological characteristics of enteroviruses in influenza-like infectious disease in Shanghai

Objective:To analyze the Etiological characteristics of enteroviruses in influenza-like illness(ILI) in Shanghai,2008.Methods: 567 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from ILI patients.Enteric virus strains isolated from general cell culture methods.We typed the enteroviruses by using partial sequencing of enterovirus Vp1.Blast searching was done on the Genbank database and the sequences were compared with all available enterovirus sequence data.Results: Thirty-nine of 567 samples were isolated from original clinical materials,enteric agents were detected in 6.88% of the cases in whole year.Twenty-eight of 133 samples,enteric agents were detected in 21.05% of the cases collected during April to July.Five different enterovirus serotypes were represented,Coxsackievirus B3(29/39),Coxsackievirus A4(5/39),Coxsackievirus A10(3/39),Coxsackievirus A5(1/39),Coxsackievirus A6(1/39).According to identified sequence data,these nucleotide sequences had shown 94.0% homology to Beijing strain,Fuyang strain,Guangdong strain,Guangzhou strain and Japan strain which deposited on the Genbank database.Conclusion: This study showed that enteroviruses were the common of respiratory infectious diseases in Shanghai,2008,and Coxsackievirus B3 stains were main pathogens.There also existed a few other enteric viral serotypes.Therefore,it is necessary that developing molecular typing method apply to monitor the enterovirus in respiratory infectious disease.It will play a positive role in disease prevention and clinic diagnosis.
Response to Letter to the Editor on "Does Vidarabine Mediate Cardioprotection via Inhibition of AC5?".

We appreciate the letter by Seifert ([Seifert, 2016][1]) regarding our recent article in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ([Bravo et al., 2016][2]) but do not agree with its content and, moreover, believe that the arguments raised, although partially valid, actually miss the
Design for Economic Empowerment: Student engagement and learning across cultures and disciplines

In pursuit of an approach to education on issues of global development that simultaneously enhances in-country innovation capacities in the developing world and educates US students about global development toward socially just ends, we collaborated with colleagues in Nicaragua to stimulate employment through new product innovation as facilitated by education. Our interdisciplinary group of faculty from four institutions – two in the United States and two in Nicaragua – conducted a two-week short course in innovation and product development in Nicaragua, with five students from each institution. Non-hierarchical, interdisciplinary, intercultural teams utilized active learning techniques and interaction with community members to learn and apply the product innovation process. We conducted formative and summative classroom assessment during the two-week course and a follow-up open-ended survey a year later directed toward eliciting the meaning of the learning experience for students. Thematic analysis revealed Nicaraguan students’ self-ratings of learning were highest for teamwork and understanding and applying the innovation process, followed closely by cross-cultural communication, while students from the United States rated their learning highest in the area of language, followed by cross-cultural communication, teamwork, and working across disciplines. Student responses illustrate these themes as well as other aspects of students’ learning experiences; overall student’s self-evaluation was quite positive, despite many obstacles inherent in the experience. Drawing on student reflections, we conclude that the collaborative education model was successful, though certainly not without flaws. In this context, we make recommendations for improving learning experiences and working toward more socially just practices for education and development.
Executive Order 13707: Using Behavioral Science Insights to Better Serve the American People

Executive Order – Using Behavioral Science Insights to Better Serve the American People A growing body of evidence demonstrates that behavioral science insights – research findings from fields such as behavioral economics and psychology about how people make decisions and act on them – can be used to design government policies to better serve the American people. Where Federal policies have been designed to reflect behavioral science insights, they have substantially improved outcomes for the individuals, families, communities, and businesses those policies serve. For example, automatic enrollment and automatic escalation in retirement savings plans have made it easier to save for the future, and have helped Americans accumulate billions of dollars in additional retirement savings. Similarly, streamlining the application process for Federal financial aid has made college more financially accessible for millions of students. To more fully realize the benefits of behavioral insights and deliver better results at a lower cost for the American people, the Federal Government should design its policies and programs to reflect our best understanding of how people engage with, participate in, use, and respond to those policies and programs. By improving the effectiveness and efficiency of Government, behavioral science insights can support a range of national priorities, including helping workers to find better jobs; enabling Americans to lead longer, healthier lives; improving access to educational opportunities and support for success in school; and accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy. NOW, THEREFORE, by the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, I hereby direct the following: Section 1. Behavioral Science Insights Policy Directive. (a) Executive departments and agencies (agencies) are encouraged to: (i) identify policies, programs, and operations where applying behavioral science insights may yield substantial improvements in public welfare, program outcomes, and program cost effectiveness; (ii) develop strategies for applying behavioral science insights to programs and, where possible, rigorously test and evaluate the impact of these insights; (iii) recruit behavioral science experts to join the Federal Government as necessary to achieve the goals of this directive; and (iv) strengthen agency relationships with the research community to better use empirical findings from the behavioral sciences.