cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health-related risk behaviors and relevant factors among high school students in Shijingshan District of Beijing

Objective To investigate current status and dynamic characteristics of health-related risk behaviors among high school students,in order to provide scientific evidence for health and education authorities in formulating policies,plans and measures to prevent their risk behaviors from worsening.Methods Totally,(1?231) students from three junior high schools and three senior high schools in Shijingshan District were investigated with questionnaire.Data were analyzed to compare difference in their risk behaviors by gender and grades using chi-square test.Results Unhealthy behaviors mainly included insufficient intake of fruit,dairy and soy bean products,inadequate physical exercises,particular preference for certain food,specially in girl students.On the other hand,boy students were much more likely being involved in activities like smoking,drinking,gambling and indulging in computer games and the Internet than their girl counterparts.About 22 percent of students experienced unhappy mood due to pressure from their study,a considerable proportion of whom usually felt loneliness,sadness and despair,or had suicidal tendency,even left their homes and committed to suicide.Some students even used drugs.More than 30 percent of high school students were inclined to falling in love and 5.2 percent had sexual experience.Conclusion Risk behaviors were prevalent among teenagers and diverse reasons have caused deterioration of their health,particularly in high school students,which should call for more attention from the society.
Depression, somatic symptoms, and perceived neighborhood environments among US-born and non-US-born free clinic patients.

Objectives The study's purpose was to examine the impact of somatic symptoms and perceived neighborhood environment on depression using a comparison among US-born and non-US-born free clinic patients. Methods US-born English speakers (n = 99), non-US-born English speakers (n = 89), and non-US-born Spanish speakers (n = 158) 18 years old or older (N = 346) were surveyed at a free clinic that provides primary care to people without health insurance. Depression, somatic symptoms, and perceived neighborhood environment were measured using standardized instruments. Results US-born English speakers reported higher levels of depression and a greater number of somatic symptoms than non-US-born Spanish speakers and non-US-born English speakers. Non-US born English speakers reported lower levels of depression and fewer somatic symptoms than Spanish speakers. Somatic symptoms and perceived neighborhood satisfaction were related to depression. Conclusions Developing mental health services for patients in a free clinic setting is needed; however, because of limited financial and human resources, providing mental health services in a free clinic setting often is difficult. Community-based health promotion programs as supplements to efforts within clinical settings would be valuable in improving the mental health of free clinic patients. Future studies should implement collaborative pilot programs and evaluate health outcomes.
Cycles for Asymptotic Solutions and the Weyl Group

In this paper cycles for asymptotic solutions are described. Cycles are enumerated by elements of the symmetric group. Leading asymptotic and leading coefficient are calculated. The value of a certain multiple integral over special cycles is calculated with the help of Opdam’s result.
PARBOR: An Efficient System-Level Technique to Detect Data-Dependent Failures in DRAM

System-level detection and mitigation of DRAM failures offer a variety of system enhancements, such as better reliability, scalability, energy, and performance. Unfortunately, system-level detection is challenging for DRAM failures that depend on the data content of neighboring cells (data-dependent failures). DRAM vendors internally scramble/remap the system-level address space. Therefore, testing data-dependent failures using neighboring system-level addresses does not actually test the cells that are physically adjacent. In this work, we argue that one promising way to uncover data-dependent failures in the system is to determine the location of physically neighboring cells in the system address space. Unfortunately, if done naively, such a test takes 49 days to detect neighboring addresses even in a single memory row, making it infeasible in real systems. We develop PARBOR, an efficient system-level technique that determines the locations of the physically neighboring DRAM cells in the system address space and uses this information to detect data-dependent failures. To our knowledge, this is the first work that solves the challenge of detecting data-dependent failures in DRAM in the presence of DRAM-internal scrambling of system-level addresses. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of PARBOR using 144 real DRAM chips from three major vendors. Our experimental evaluation shows that PARBOR 1) detects neighboring cell locations with only 66-90 tests, a 745,654X reduction compared to the naive test, and 2) uncovers 21.9% more failures compared to a random-pattern test that is unaware of the neighbor cell locations. We introduce a new mechanism that utilizes PARBOR to reduce refresh rate based on the data content of memory locations, thereby improving system performance and efficiency. We hope that our fast and efficient system-level detection technique enables other new ideas and mechanisms that improve the reliability, performance, and energy efficiency of DRAM-based memory systems.
Religious rhetoric meets the target audience: Narrowcasting faith in presidential elections

ABSTRACTResearch documents politicians’ use of religious rhetoric and its effects on the public, but little work has investigated the considerations influencing the decision to use religious rhetoric in the first place. We theorize that politicians’ use of religious rhetoric is determined by four considerations: the alignment between the speaker’s and audience’s religiosity, the acceptability of the speaker’s denomination to the audience, the speaker’s religious history, and the speaker’s party. Using the 2012 presidential election as a test case, we pair county-level religion data with a content analysis of 264 stump speeches to examine how the religious aspects of candidate rhetoric changed depending on the religious contours of a community. The evidence provides insight into how and why candidates “narrowcast” faith.
Cervical disc replacement surgery: biomechanical properties, postoperative motion, and postoperative activity levels

Purpose of review Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) is an evolving technique used in the treatment of cervical disc disease. To remain up to date on studies regarding its efficacy, we sought to answer three questions: What do biomechanical studies demonstrate in regard to the kinematics of CDA? How does CDA affect cervical motion? What are the postoperative activity levels of patients after cervical disc arthroplasty?
Utility of Higher Harmonics in Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Electrostatic Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry.

Mass resolution (M/ΔM fwhm) is observed to linearly increase with harmonic order in a Fourier transform electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT) mass spectrometer. This behavior was predicted by Grosshans and Marshall for frequency-multiple detection in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer only for situations when the prominent mechanism for signal decay is ion ejection from the trap. As the analyzer pressure in our ELIT chamber is relatively high, such that collisional scattering and collision-induced dissociation are expected to underlie much of the ion loss, we sought to explore the relationship between harmonic order and mass resolution. Mass resolutions of 36 900 (fundamental), 75 850 (2nd harmonic), and 108 200 (3rd harmonic) were obtained for GdO+ (avg. m/z 173.919) with a transient length of 300 ms. To demonstrate that the mass resolution was truly increasing with harmonic order, the unresolved isotopes at the fundamental distribution of cytochrome c+8 (m/z ∼ 1549) were nearly...
A Prodomain Fragment from the Proteolytic Activation of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Remains Associated with the Mature Growth Factor and Keeps It Soluble

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, plays diverse roles in mammalian development. It is synthesized as a large, inactive precursor protein containing a prodomain, pro-GDF11, and exists as a homodimer. Activation requires two proteolytic processing steps that release the prodomains and transform latent pro-GDF11 into active mature GDF11. In studying proteolytic activation in vitro, we discovered that a 6-kDa prodomain peptide containing residues 60–114, PDP60–114, remained associated with the mature growth factor. Whereas the full-length prodomain of GDF11 is a functional antagonist, PDP60–114 had no impact on activity. The specific activity of the GDF11/PDP60–114 complex (EC50 = 1 nM) in a SMAD2/3 reporter assay was identical to that of mature GDF11 alone. PDP60–114 improved the solubility of mature GDF11 at neutral pH. As the growth factor normally aggregates/precipitates at neutral pH, PDP60–114 can be used as a solubility-enhancing form...
Evolutionary Adaptations of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to Nitrogen Fertilization and Crop Rotation History Affect Morphology and Nutrient-Use Efficiency

Palmer amaranth control has become a major challenge for multiple cropping systems across the southeastern and midwestern United States. Despite extensive research on herbicide-resistance evolution, little research has been done exploring how Palmer amaranth might also be evolving other adaptive traits in response to different selection forces present in agricultural fields and the enrichment of soils with nutrients such as nitrogen. The objective of the present study was to determine whether Palmer amaranth populations have evolved different morphology and growth patterns in response to glyphosate use and fertilization history. Ten Palmer amaranth populations, including glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) populations, were collected from different cropping systems with histories of high and low nitrogen fertilization in the states of Florida and Georgia. All populations were grown in pots filled with soil fertilized with either 0 or 40 kgNha-1, and their response to nitrogen was compared for morphological, growth, and nutrient-use traits. Populations differed in how they modified their morphology and growth in response to N, with major differences in traits such as foliar area, branch production, leaf shape, and canopy architecture. Populations with high nitrogen-fertilization histories had higher (>43%) nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) than populations with low nitrogen-fertilization histories. Similarly, GR populations have evolved higher NUE (>47%) and changed canopy architecture more than GS populations in response to nitrogen fertilization. The results of the present study highlight the importance of paying more attention to adaptations to cultural practices that might increase weediness and how genetic changes in traits involved in morphology and metabolism might favor compensatory mechanisms increasing the fitness of the population carrying herbicide-resistant traits.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA.
Direct reimbursement. The future for organized dentistry.

ABSTRACT Background Direct reimbursement, or DR, has been a popular topic in organized dentistry for much of the last decade, and the concept is beginning to be more widely known. This article explores the underpinnings of and future for DR. Types of Literature Reviewed This article is based on an online review of the dental, medical and business literature. Results The author explores the advantages of DR for patients, employers and dentists. He also presents purported disadvantages of DR, and refutes them. Organized dentistry's marketing efforts and the importance of third-party administrators also are examined. Practice Implications During the next several years, DR has the potential to become the vehicle of choice for financing much of the dental care provided in the United States. Dentists need to become more aware of what DR is and what it can offer the public. They then will be better able to promote DR, which is a significantly better payment system for dental care than any other available today.
Evaluation of Head Start Curricula for Standards-Based Writing Instruction.

Writing is a core school readiness skill, yet preschools typically provide children with limited writing opportunities. To consider how curricular materials guide writing instruction, the five most common Head Start curricula were systematically examined in accordance with the Head Start Early Learning Outcomes Framework. Curricula were coded considering the writing objectives they targeted, the teaching strategies proposed to promote early writing, the information provided on how to individualize instruction, and the tools provided to assess children’s development in this area. Analyses indicated that although all curricula included objectives and guidance for writing these programs varied in their focus on orthography, mechanics, and composing. The primary focus was on materials, and guidance for supporting writing typically lacked sufficient specificity to implement the guidance in ways that promote children’s writing development. Across curricula, there was scant information on how to differentiate writing instruction. The curricula themselves provided little in terms of assessment; two curricula did include a supplementary assessment program. Recommendations for enhanced supports for Head Start teachers are provided.
The Use of Electronic Materials in Computer Memories

In this chapter we will discuss materials as used in memory applications. Many different technological candidates have been proposed for this application, and for each technological candidate there are classes of materials that could be used. The properties of materials utilized include magnetic, ferroelectric, semiconducting, superconducting, optical and structural. In fact, the possibilities are too numerous to cover here and it seems more appropriate to discuss the prime candidates in order to develop an understanding of the way in which materials are used for this application, the characteristics that are the most important, and what needs to be done to make further progress. It is appropriate to begin the discussion by considering the function that memory provides in a typical computing system.
Impact of Isolyte Versus 0.9% Saline on Postoperative Event of Acute Kidney Injury Assayed by Urinary [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

Objective Administration of excess chloride in 0.9% normal saline (NS) decreases renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate, thereby increasing the risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, the effect of NS versus Isolyte use during cardiac surgery on urinary levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] and postoperative risk of AKI were examined. Design Prospective, randomized, and single-blinded trial. Setting Single university medical center. Participants Thirty patients over 18 years without chronic renal insufficiency or recent AKI undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Interventions Subjects were randomized to receive either NS or Isolyte during the intraoperative period. Measurements and Main Results The primary outcome was the change in urinary levels of [TIMP2] × [IGFBP7] from before surgery to 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included serum creatinine pre- and postoperatively at 24 and 48 hours, serum chloride pre- and postoperatively at 24 and 48 hours, need for dialysis prior to discharge, and arterial pH measured 24 hours postoperatively. Sixteen patients received NS and 14 patients received Isolyte. Three patients developed AKI within the first 3 postoperative days, all in the NS group. The authors found increases in [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] in both groups. However, the difference in this increase between study arms was not significant (p = 0.92; -0.097 to 0.107). Conclusion The authors observed no change in urinary [TIMP-] × [IGFBP7] levels in patients receiving NS versus Isolyte during cardiac surgery. Future larger studies in patients at higher risk for AKI are recommended to evaluate the impact of high- versus lower-chloride solutions on the risk of postoperative AKI after cardiac surgery.
A Modern Conundrum for the Pediatrician: The Safety of Breast Milk and the Cannabis-Using Mother.

* Abbreviation: THC — : Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol For the first time in history, a majority of US citizens (61% in 2018) support full legalization of all cannabis-containing products.1 This support has increased despite accumulating scientific evidence that cannabinoids may have long-term detrimental physical, psychological, and developmental effects beyond their potential medicinal benefits. These negative effects are particularly concerning among those individuals who were exposed prenatally and those adolescents who report early onset of use and heavy regular use, when critical brain systems are undergoing active growth, development, and maturation. Despite this cautionary evidence, cannabis is now the most commonly reported recreational drug used by pregnant and lactating women. Up to 36% of women report having used marijuana at some point in their pregnancy, and 18% report having used it while breastfeeding.2 These high rates of reported use raise important issues for those medical providers who provide care to infants and children or who may be asked by parents about the safety of marijuana use during lactation. Until now, the scientific evidence that would be used to help a provider make an informed decision has been essentially nonexistent. Thus, the study … Address correspondence to Sheryl A. Ryan, MD, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Health Children’s Hospital, 12 Briarcrest Square, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail: sryan4{at}pennstatehealth.psu.edu
Analysis and Comparison of Tissue-Marking Dye Detection via Light Microscopy, Telemicroscopy, and Virtual Microscopy

Objectives To examine the fidelity of ink color identification using light microscopy (LM), telemicroscopy (TM), and virtual microscopy (VM). Methods Twenty H&E-stained frozen section slides, prepared after tissue inking with five stain combinations, were assessed by three pathologists using LM, TM, and VM. TM was performed using Mikroscan D2 slide scanner/LiveQ software with various objectives. VM was performed using Mikroscan D2 scanner/Qumulus software, specimens digitized at20×. Results Sensitivity/specificity by LM was 100%/100% for all colors. TM showed high overall specificity but poor sensitivity, particularly red (54%). VM showed high specificity for all colors except black (69%) and, consequently, poor sensitivity for all colors except black (96%). Conclusions TMD identification via telepathology showed loss of sensitivity/specificity vs LM and highlighted the need for caution when interpreting TMDs with digital technologies and the need for validation protocols.
Utilization of prescription drug monitoring programs for prescribing and dispensing decisions: Results from a multi-site qualitative study.

Abstract Background Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) track the dispensing of prescription-controlled substances with the goal of mitigating misuse and diversion. Authorized users query the PDMP for controlled substance prescription histories at the point of care. Despite widespread implementation of PDMPs, there is much not known about how PDMPs influence prescribing and dispensing decisions. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate how primary care providers (PCPs) and pharmacists utilize PDMPs when making prescribing and dispensing decisions. Methods Data from in-depth, qualitative interviews with PCPs (n = 48) and community pharmacists (n = 60) across four states— Arkansas, Idaho, Kentucky, and Washington were analyzed for themes around PDMP use. Results Both PCPs and pharmacists reported that PDMPs are key tools for aiding prescribing and dispensing decisions. PCPs reported variable use of PDMPs with most querying the PDMP when there are “red flags” and fewer reporting having clinic policies that direct PDMP use. Primary care providers in Kentucky reported more consistent and routine use of the PDMP as a result of a state law that mandates query prior to the initial prescribing of Schedule II controlled substances. Community pharmacists practicing in chain pharmacies reported formal policies requiring PDMP query prior to dispensing opioids, while utilization of PDMPs by pharmacists practicing in independently-owned pharmacies was more variable. Pharmacists and PCPs reported barriers to PDMP use, such as having to “log in on a separate machine” and perceived that PDMP utility could be improved by integrating it within pharmacy dispensing systems and electronic health records. Conclusions Pharmacists and PCPs reported the importance of PDMP information to aid their prescribing and dispensing decisions. Efforts to enhance state PDMP programs should consider processes that seamlessly integrate all available controlled substance prescription history for a given patient at the point of care so that PDMP utility for prescribing and dispensing decisions is maximized.
Abstract 627: Novel Nanoparticles Berberine Chloride Oral Delivery Approaches Targeting PCSK9

Introduction: PCSK9 has been demonstrated to negatively influence the availability of LDL receptors (LDLR) thus predisposing to hypercholesterolemia. The plant alkaloid Berberine has been reported ...
The natural history of renal cell carcinoma with isolated lymph node metastases following surgical resection from 2006 to 2013.

Abstract Introduction Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with isolated lymph node (LN) involvement (pN1 M0 RCC) is a rare clinical entity associated with a poor prognosis. Prior studies comprised cohorts treated predominantly prior to the introduction of targeted systemic therapy. We therefore examined the natural history of pN1M0 RCC following surgical resection in a contemporary cohort, and evaluated clinicopathologic features associated with survival. Patients and methods We identified patients aged 18 to 89 years who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy with LN dissection for pN1 M0 RCC from 2006 to 2013 in the National Cancer Database. The associations of clinicopathologic features with overall survival (OS) were evaluated using Cox regression models, and a simplified risk score was developed. Results A total of 2,679 patients were found to have pN1 M0 RCC after nephrectomy. Median follow-up was 19.2 (interquartile range 8.2, 39.8) months, during which time 1,782 patients died. One-, 5-, and 8-year OS rates were 68%, 28%, and 19%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, older age (HR 1.50; P 3 vs. 1), and nonclear cell histologic subtype (HR 1.32; P 9, respectively. Conclusions In this large, contemporary cohort, pN1 M0 RCC was associated with a poor prognosis, with 5-year survival less than 30%. A simplified risk score was developed to facilitate postoperative risk-stratification and selection of patients for consideration of adjuvant therapy and clinical trial enrollment.
Microtubules Regulate Localization and Availability of Insulin Granules in Pancreatic Beta Cells.

Abstract Two key prerequisites for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β cells are the proximity of insulin granules to the plasma membrane and their anchoring or docking to the plasma membrane (PM). Although recent evidence has indicated that both of these factors are altered in the context of diabetes, it is unclear what regulates localization of insulin granules and their interactions with the PM within single cells. Here, we demonstrate that microtubule (MT)-motor-mediated transport dynamics have a critical role in regulating both factors. Super-resolution imaging shows that whereas the MT cytoskeleton resembles a random meshwork in the cells’ interior, MTs near the cell surface are preferentially aligned with the PM. Computational modeling suggests two consequences of this alignment. First, this structured MT network preferentially withdraws granules from the PM. Second, the binding and transport of insulin granules by MT motors prevents their stable anchoring to the PM. These findings suggest the MT cytoskeleton may negatively regulate GSIS by both limiting the amount of insulin proximal to the PM and preventing or breaking interactions between the PM and the remaining nearby insulin granules. These results predict that altering MT network structure in β cells can be used to tune GSIS. Thus, our study points to the potential of an alternative therapeutic strategy for diabetes by targeting specific MT regulators.
JGRASP: an integrated development environment with visualizations for teaching java in CS1, CS2, and beyond

jGRASP is an integrated development environment, created specifically to provide automatic generation of visualizations for improving the comprehensibility of the software. These visualizations, which are particularly well suited for CS1 and CS2 students learning Java, include Control Structure Diagrams, UML Class Diagrams, and new dynamic Object Views. The object workbench and integrated debugger facilitate a unique way for students to view objects created by their programs. The workshop will include tutorials and example programs to demonstrate how instructors can improve the learning and programming experience of their students with jGRASP. Instructors are encouraged to bring programs from their own courses to experiment with the visualizations during the workshop. jGRASP is freely available at www.jgrasp.org. The jGRASP software and workshop materials will be provided.
Neuro R2 score: Predicting high-risk neurologic readmissions within 30 days

Objective To evaluate clinical and demographic factors of patients with neurologic disorders to determine which patient characteristics are significant for predicting 30-day hospital readmissions to develop a readmission risk predictor specific to patients with neurologic disorders. Methods We performed a retrospective single-center chart review for all patients admitted to the Department of Neurology or neurologic intensive care unit from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017. Clinical and demographic factors were analyzed to determine the association with readmission. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed and validated to develop a simple tool (Neuro R2 score) for predicting patients with neurologic disorders at high risk for hospital readmission. Results After removal of planned readmissions and patients who died in the hospital, the records of 4,876 patients with 314 (6.4%) readmission events were analyzed. The strongest predictors for readmission were Charlson disease count (odds ratio [OR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.35, p = 0.005), urgent or emergent admission (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.04–2.17, p = 0.031), discharge to rehabilitation (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.16–2.35, p = 0.005), cancer (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.15–2.50, p = 0.007), brain tumor (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.08–3.09, p Conclusions The Neuro R2 score was developed to predict readmission risk, specifically in patients with neurologic disorders. Future research could include further validation of this readmission risk tool and strategies to reduce readmission in patients with the highest risk.
My Pocket Tai Chi: Improve Focus, Reduce Stress, Find Balance

My Pocket Tai Chi: Improve Focus, Reduce Stress, Find Balance is a delightfully bound adaption of a 2002 book by Ellae Elinwood, The Everything Tai Chi and QiGong Book. Tai Chi is a centuries old i...
Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Calcium Disorders

In this review we revisit normal calcium physiology and define hypo- and hypercalcemia in children. We also provide a physiology-based approach for diagnosis of pediatric calcium disorders with treatment recommendations. Our understanding of genetics and the intricacies of human physiology continues to improve as does our ability to identify causative mutations and uncover the mechanisms underlying disorders of calcium. Calcium homeostasis remains integral to many processes throughout the body and is maintained by a complex interplay of the gut, bone, and kidney. Discovery of the calcium sensing receptor and its control of parathyroid hormone secretion has further enriched our understanding, and recent studies have further elucidated regulation of renal calcium handling. Hyper- and hypocalcemia remain physiologically important electrolyte derangement with short- and long-term sequela for children. Correct diagnosis of the underlying etiology of these disorders remains central to proper treatment. Newer drugs have enhanced our ability to treat these disorders, most specifically hypercalcemia.
Cooperation between the alveolar epithelium and lung-resident basophils shapes alveolar macrophages.

A preprint by Gschwend et al. describes the intercellular crosstalk between alveolar type 2 epithelial cells and basophils via GM-CSF that directs the development and maintenance of alveolar macrophages.
Making Detention Reform Work for Girls: A Guide to Juvenile Detention Reform

Throughout the nation, court-involved girls frequently pose minimal risk to public safety but suffer with significant social service needs. Data on detention utilization show that girls are being disproportionately detained for misdemeanors, status offenses and technical violations of probation and parole. In short, many girls enter detention for the wrong reasons and many remain in detention for extended periods harmful to them and contrary to best practice.This practice guide responds to a call from both mature and new sites from within the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) network, which continue to find that effectively serving and supervising girls is among the most difficult issues in detention reform. The practice guide stresses that efforts to safely reduce the inappropriate detention of low-risk girls must be rooted in JDAI's core strategies, but with an added intentional focus on applying those core strategies to girls' unique needs and circumstances. Thus, the Practice Guide updates the 2005 Pathways report Detention Reform and Girls: Challenges and Solutions and then details steps jurisdictions can take to pinpoint policies or practices that may result in girls' inappropriate or unnecessary detention. It then profiles an array of promising and proven strategies drawn from experience and literature that jurisdictions can use to improve the detention process and reduce the use of detention for girls.
Effects of Late-Afternoon Methylphenidate Administration on Behavior and Sleep in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective This study evaluated the effects on behavior and sleep of methylphenidate (MPH) administered at 4 PM to children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methodology Twelve children admitted to a child psychiatric inpatient service with ADHD participated in a double-blind, crossover study in which they received a 4 PM dose of either 15 mg of MPH, 10 mg of MPH, or a placebo in random order for 12 consecutive days. Ratings of behavior, including ADHD symptoms, pertaining to the period from dose administration until sleep onset, were supplied nightly by hospital staff. Sleep latency and sleep adequacy were also assessed for each night. Results MPH resulted in markedly improved behavioral control compared with placebo; there was no difference between 15-mg and 10-mg MPH doses. MPH did not alter sleep latencies observed with the placebo. Children were more often rated as less tired on awakening after nights that they received 10 mg of MPH compared with 15 mg of MPH and the placebo. Weight loss was apparent among 83% of the patients, but dinner intake did not vary with third-dose condition. Conclusions Morning and noon administration of stimulants to children with ADHD is a near-universal practice, but many clinicians avoid a third, late-afternoon administration for fear of inducing insomnia. This study's findings show that children with ADHD derive substantial symptom reduction from MPH administered in late afternoon, with no untoward effects on sleep. Therefore, three-times-a-day dosing should be considered for those children exhibiting ADHD symptoms in the evening. Adverse effects on sleep latency were not apparent in the sample overall. Nonetheless, monitoring for possible aggravation of sleep problems and weight loss remains sound treatment practice.
Acute Oral Leucine Administration Stimulates Protein Synthesis during Chronic Sepsis through Enhanced Association of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4G with Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E in Rats

Sepsis induces the loss of muscle proteins by impairing skeletal muscle protein synthesis through an inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation initiation. Amino acids and Leu (Leu) in particular stimulate mRNA translation initiation. The experiments were designed to test the effects of Leu on potential signal transduction pathways that may be important in accelerating mRNA translation initiation in skeletal muscle of rats with chronic (5-6 d) septic intra-abdominal abscess. Gastrocnemius from male Sprague Dawley rats gavaged with Leu or water were sampled 5-6 d following development of an intra-abdominal sterile or septic abscess. Gavage with Leu stimulated protein synthesis and enhanced the assembly of the active eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4G-eIF4E complex. Increased assembly of the active eIF4G-eIF4E complex was associated with a robust rise in phosphorylation of eIF4G(Ser(1108)) and a decreased assembly of inactive eIF4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1)-eIF4E complex in both sterile inflammatory and septic rats. The reduced assembly of 4E-BP1-eIF4E complex was associated with an increase in phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 in the gamma-form following Leu gavage. Phosphorylation of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase on Thr(389) was also increased following Leu gavage, as well as the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin on Ser(2448) or Ser(2481). In contrast, phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB) on Thr(308) or Ser(473) was not augmented following Leu gavage in septic rats. We conclude that Leu stimulates a PKB-independent signal pathway elevating the eIF4G-eIF4E complex assembly through increased phosphorylation of eIF4G and decreased association of 4E-BP1 with eIF4E in skeletal muscle during sepsis.
Developmental Differences in Praxis in Learning-Disabled and Normal Children and Adults

Gestures made on tasks in response to verbal command or to imitation and on tasks involving axial and distal movements were compared for groups of learning-disabled and normal children and adults. The 15 learning-disabled children and 15 adults scored lower than the 15 normal children and 15 adults on all tasks. All groups scored higher on imitation than on verbal command and scored similarly on the axial and distal tasks. The findings from this study suggest that it would be worthwhile to test the hypothesis that dyspraxic behaviors may persist into adulthood.
Use of computerized ICU documentation to capture ICU core measures.

Background Intensive care unit (ICU) core measures that target the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in ventilated ICU patients are underway across the United States. Implementation often requires additional personnel to educate providers and collect the data. We hypothesized that use of our current computerized ICU flowsheet could provide timely, accurate data on ICU core measures without additional personnel dedicated to data capture. Methods In a 10-bed, closed surgical ICU with existing protocols for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, stress ulcer bleeding prophylaxis (SUP), ventilator weaning parameters, and glucose control, we created a reporting tool that would document daily weaning parameters, head of bed (HOB) at 30°, glucose levels, DVT prophylaxis, and SUP. Our glucose protocol targeted am to 11:59 pm were available to the rounding team at 7 am . We examined compliance at the start and after education of medical staff (March/April for HOB up, DVT, and SUP; May/June for glucose control). Results During 2005, compliance with all protocols improved. Percent compliance for DVT prophylaxis, SUP, and HOB up rose from as low as 32% at the start of the documentation process to consistently higher than the target level of 95%. Compliance for glucose control increased after intensive education of nursing and physicians with the mean glucose falling from 144 to 122 mg/dL. There was increased nursing workload for checking glucose levels in which the mean number of glucose checks rose from a low of 1.5 per patient to as high as 8.2 per patient per day. CRBSI and VAP rates did not decrease during this period compared with the prior year. Length of stay and mortality were unchanged. Conclusions Reporting of ICU core measures to treating staff can be done accurately and promptly with a computerized system. Education was effective in improving compliance levels. No additional personnel were required to create reports, capture data, or improve compliance after initial development and testing. Although compliance with core measures met target levels at the end of the year, we did not observe improved outcomes in terms of CRBSI, VAP, mortality, or length of stay.
Linking cilia to Wnts

Inversin is a component of a poorly understood cilia-based mechanism responsible for specifying the left-right axis during development and for maintaining normal kidney architecture throughout life. A new study now suggests that inversin might act as a flow-regulated molecular switch between canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying cilia-based signaling processes.
Nanoheteroepitaxy: Nanofabrication route to improved epitaxial growth

Nanoheteroepitaxy is a fundamentally new epitaxial approach that utilizes three-dimensional stress relief mechanisms available to nanoscale heterostructures to eliminate defects provided the island diameter is below a critical value 2lc. Analysis shows that 2lc∼(15–30)× the critical thickness hc. In the case of GaAs on Si (∼4% misfit), 2lc∼40 nm. In material systems such as GaN on Si (∼20% misfit), where the misfit is much larger and interfacial defects are unavoidable, the nanoheteroepitaxial structure is shown to reduce the formation and propagation of threading defects. Nanostructured substrate parameters that impact growth are discussed and interferometric lithography is introduced as a method for fabrication of large-area substrates for nanoheteroepitaxy. Si nanoisland diameters as small as 20 nm are demonstrated. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy data of GaN grown on Si (via organometallic vapor phase epitaxy) shows reduced threading defects in nanostructured samples compared to growth o...
Glycine Induced Hyperammonemia After Bladder Rupture During Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumor

Glycine is widely used as an irrigation fluid for transurethral procedures and rarely causes glycine toxicity. We report a case of profound hyperammonemia occurring from complications of a transurethral resection of a bladder tumor in a female. To our knowledge, no previously published report documents such a high serum ammonia level. A 76-year-old female with a past medical history included hypertension and hyperlipidemia underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT). During her operative procedure the patient was found to have an invasive bladder tumor, which was resected using a resectoscope. During the procedure she received 24 liters of 1.5% glycine irrigation fluid. After the procedure the patient was found to have a distended lower abdomen. A retrograde cystogram confirmed that a rupture of the bladder occurred with extravasation of large amounts of fluid, thought to be glycine irrigation fluid. While in the recovery room the intubated patient was following simple commands. Her initial post-operative serum sodium level was 120 mmol / L. The patient was treated with normal saline continuous bladder saline irrigation and CT guided percutaneous drainage of the fluid collection. Twenty hours after the procedure the patient had an episode of tonic-clonic muscular activity. She was treated successfully with phenytoin and midazolam. The sodium decreased to a low of 109 mmol / L and the ammonia level peaked at 1,592 ? mol / L. The patient underwent hemodialysis on post-operative day one. Three days after the procedure the patient was extubated and at her baseline mental status. Her ammonia levels returned to normal by day two. She was discharged from the hospital without neurological sequelae. Severe hyperammonemia is possible after massive pelvic and intraperitoneal glycine absorption. Such toxicity is survivable and can be associated with altered mental status and seizures. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1054w
Qur'anic school sermons as a site for sacred and second language socialisation

Abstract Research on Islamic education in Africa has focused on the core curriculum of elementary Qur'anic school – that is, the memorisation, recitation, reading, and writing of the Qur'an without explanation of the literal meaning of the sacred text. Taking a language socialisation perspective, I examine the Qur'anic school sermon as practiced by Fulbe in northern Cameroon. I situate the practice by providing an overview of the Qur'anic school tradition in this community and of the sociolinguistic context in which Fulbe children are being schooled. I then present discourse analysis of a sermon, showing how the activity provides children with instruction in proper Muslim conduct and feeling, as well as Qur'anic Arabic text that is glossed in Fulfulde and connected to their daily lives. I conclude by discussing Qur'anic school sermons as routine activities in which children learn to engage with the Qur'an and other Arabic texts as language that they can comprehend and use in ways that are socially and cul...
Unraveling the Mystery of Double Flowers

Two recent papers in Cell have shown that a regulatory loop involving the WUSCHEL, AGAMOUS, and LEAFY genes controls the switch from continuous meristem growth to flower development in Arabidopsis.
False discoveries and models for gene discovery

In the search for genes underlying complex traits, there is a tendency to impose increasingly stringent criteria to avoid false discoveries. These stringent criteria make it hard to find true effects, and we argue that it might be better to optimize our procedures for eliminating and controlling false discoveries. Focusing on achieving an acceptable ratio of true- and false-positives, we show that false discoveries could be eliminated much more efficiently using a stepwise approach. To avoid a relatively high false discovery rate, corrections for 'multiple testing' might also be needed in candidate gene studies. If the appropriate methods are used, detecting the proportion of true effects appears to be a more important determinant of the genotyping burden than the desired false discovery rate. This raises the question of whether current models for gene discovery are shaped excessively by a fear of false discoveries.
Neonatal 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) exposure alters neuronal protein kinase A activity, serotonin and dopamine content, and [35S]GTPγS binding in adult rats

Recreational use of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has dramatically increased among juveniles and young adults of child-bearing age, and the potential for fetal exposure has increased. For this reason, it is surprising that comparatively few studies have assessed the long-term impact of early MDMA exposure on serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter systems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether repeated exposure to MDMA during the preweanling period would cause long-term changes in 5-HT and DA functioning. Rats were treated with saline or 20 mg/kg MDMA (two injections per day) from postnatal day (PD) 11–20. At PD 90, rats were killed, and their dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus were removed. 5-HT and DA content, as well as their metabolites, were measured using HPLC. In addition, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) activity and agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was assayed using tissue homogenates from each brain region. Results indicated that early MDMA exposure caused a decrease in PKA activity and 5-HT content in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus while increasing the efficacy of 5-HT1A receptors as measured by agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding. Additionally, DA content was reduced in the dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that early MDMA exposure has long-term effects on the 5-HT and DA neurotransmitter systems that may be mediated, at least partially, by changes in 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity.
Establishment of lying out: an example for blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra )*

Abstract Establishment of “lying out” was charted for an Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) observed from birth until 8 days of age in 327 ha of fenced rangeland in the State of Texas, U.S.A. Within minutes of birth, periods of rest alone began alternating with periods of activity. Initially, the mother separated from the fawn rather than the reverse. As the fawn's locomotor abilities improved during the hours following birth, the mother continued to enforce the periodic character of contact possibilities. However, comparison supports the general conclusion that the principal responsibility for the lying-out pattern rests with the fawn. Conflicting inclinations to remain bedded after lying at the end of an activity bout, or to rise and nurse when the mother was still standing close by, or to follow as she left, contributed to the neonate's pattern of multiple bouts separated by short spans of lying down during activity periods. Although the fawn showed indications during two of its activity periods on the day of birth, its typical separate-search-bed sequence was not reliably established until 4 days of age (possibly a consequence of weak condition). Lying-out periods quickly moved toward 4 h in length. Morning disturbance when the fawn was 3 days old imposed transition to a 6 h average. This schedule was maintained during the remainder of the study with activity periods at dawn, midday, dusk and — to judge from observations over shorter distances elsewher — soon after midnight. Nursing time averaged 2 min per activity period, three quarters of that usually took place during the first bout of activity. Play (the other major activity) did not appear until the fawn was nearly 2 days old. Throughout the fawn's first week, the mother acted to minimize contact of her fawn with conspecifics, leading it away whenever it rose while other blackbuck were near. Distances traveled from day to day increased, but the fawn continued to localize in the same 10.6 ha of open grassland. Of 23 bedding sites checked, 18 were grassy and two of these grassy sites were used twice. Despite slow motor development for the observed Texas fawn, its example fits well with information on other fawns.
Reply to: “Comment on: ‘Chiral anomalies and rooted staggered fermions’ [Phys. Lett. B 649 (2007) 230]” [Phys. Lett. B 649 (2007) 235]

I respond to the Bernard et al. comment on my Letter “Chiral anomalies and rooted staggered fermions”.
Novel semi-random and alternating copolymer hybrid solar cells utilizing CdSe multipods as versatile acceptors

Hybrid solar cells with tert-butylthiol exchanged CdSe multipod acceptors and novel semi-random P3HTT-DPP and alternating PCDTBT copolymer donors were studied, giving high performance devices with power conversion efficiencies >3%.