cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of document viewing patterns of Web search engine users

Web Mining is moving the World Wide Web toward a more useful environment in which users can quickly and easily find the information they need. Web Mining uses document content, hyperlink structure, and usage statistics to assist users in meeting their needed information. This book provides a record of current research and practical applications in Web searching. It includes techniques that will improve the utilization of the Web by the design of Web sites, as well as the design and application of search agents. This book presents research and related applications in a manner that encourages additional work toward improving the reduction of information overflow, which is so common today in Web search results.
Psychological risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease: Findings from the Heart and Soul Study

Psychological factors, such as depression and anxiety, are independently associated with an increased risk of both diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, but the reasons for these associations are unknown. We sought to determine whether psychological factors were associated with a greater prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease, and the extent to which such an association may be explained by socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and biological mediators. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1024 outpatients with stable coronary heart disease. Psychological factors, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, hostility, anger, and optimism-pessimism, were assessed using validated standardized questionnaires. The presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome was determined using the criteria outlined by the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Higher levels of depression, anger expression, hostility, and pessimism were significantly associated with increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. These associations were explained by differences in socioeconomic status and health behaviors. Additional adjustment for potential biological mediators had little impact. Further research is needed to determine whether addressing socioeconomic and behavioral factors in people with depression or high levels of anger or hostility could reduce the burden of the metabolic syndrome.
A review of cyanobacterial odorous and bioactive metabolites: Impacts and management alternatives in aquaculture

Increased demand has pushed extensive aquaculture towards intensively operated production systems, commonly resulting in eutrophic conditions and cyanobacterial blooms. This review summarizes those cyanobacterial secondary metabolites that can cause undesirable tastes and odors (odorous metabolites) or are biochemically active (bioactive metabolites) in marine and freshwater, extensive and intensive aquaculture systems. For the scope of this paper, biochemically active metabolites include (1) toxins that can cause mortality in aquaculture organisms or have the potential to harm consumers via accumulation in the product (hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, dermatoxins, and brine shrimp/molluskal toxins), (2) metabolites that may degrade the nutritional status of aquaculture species (inhibitors of proteases and grazer deterrents) or (3) metabolites that have the potential to negatively affect the general health of aquaculture species or aquaculture laborers (dermatoxins, irritant toxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins). Suggestions are made as to future management practices in intensive and extensive aquaculture and the potential exposure pathways to aquaculture species and human consumers are identified.
Molecular evolution and characterization of hepcidin gene products in vertebrates

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) include a diverse group of gene-encoded molecules that play a role in innate defense in many organisms. Evolutionary analyses of the AMP genes can be challenging because of gene duplication and diversification. Recently discovered, hepcidins are small, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that also function as hormonal regulators of iron homeostasis. In this paper we investigated the organization, expression and molecular evolution of hepcidin. From searches of the literature and public genomic databases we collected 68 different hepcidin gene products from 51 different species, all among the vertebrates. Although some species have multiple hepcidin homologues, we suggest that each contains only one copy that functions as an iron regulator. Despite the recent report of hepcidin sequences in the pigeon (Fu, Y.M., Li, S.P., Wu, Y.F., Chang, Y.Z., 2007. Identification and expression analysis of hepcidin-like cDNAs from pigeon (Columba livia). Mol. Cell. Biochem. 305, 191-197.), searches of the chicken genomic, EST, and HTGS databases did not reveal any evidence of the presence of this gene in birds. This, along with the absence of reported avian transferrin receptor 2 and hemojuvelin sequences, suggests that iron homeostasis in birds may be regulated by an alternative mechanism.
The effects of impurity trapping on irradiation-induced swelling and creep

Abstract A theory of the effects of point defect trapping on radiation-induced swelling and creep deformation rates is developed. Trapping increases point defect recombination and decreases the rates of deformation processes. For fixed trapping parameters, the reduction is largest for void nucleation, less for void growth and creep due to dislocation climb-glide, and least for creep due to dislocation climb. The effects of trapping at multiple traps and of spatial and temporal variation in trap concentrations are determined. Alternative pictures in terms of effective recombination and diffusion coefficients are derived. Previous derivations of these coefficients are incorrect. A rigorous explanation is given of the well-known numerical asymmetry in the effects of vacancy and interstitial trapping. Corrections which become necessary at solute concentrations above about 0.1% are described. Numerical results for a wide range of material and irradiation parameters are presented.
Low-Viscosity Base Fluid for Low-Toxicity Oil-Mud Systems

The use of a new low-toxicity oil for drilling-fluid systems is presented. The low-viscosity, low-aromatic oil has undergone extensive laboratory and toxicity testing with favorable results. In addition, a number of field tests have been conducted to evaluate the use of this oil in oil-based muds, water-based muds, and spotting fluids. These test were very successful and showed excellent performance of the oil for each application. Evidences of improved penetration rates (ROP's), reduced mud-treatment costs, and better borehole stability are all characteristic of this low-viscosity, low-aromatic oil in low-toxicity, oil-based mud systems.
Ectomycorrhizal community and extracellular enzyme activity following simulated atmospheric N deposition

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are abundant in temperate and boreal ecosystems and are understood to be an important means whereby plants can fulfill their nutrition requirements. The extent of the EM fungal involvement in accessing organic sources of N, however, remains unknown. Some EM fungi have been found to produce lignolytic and proteolytic enzymes which are necessary to depolymerize organic substrates, but this ability varies by species. Both EM fungal communities and the activities of lignolytic and proteolytic enzymes may be sensitive to changes in inorganic N availability such as through increased atmospheric deposition. Our objectives were to simulate an ecologically relevant increase in atmospheric N deposition in areas currently receiving very little exogenous N and examine changes in EM community composition, lignin degrading enzyme activity, and soil protein depolymerization. We found a distinct shift in the EM community composition following simulated atmospheric N deposition. Likewise, we found a significant decrease in the activity of lignin degrading enzymes, which could have important implications on ecosystem N and C cycling. Contrary to our hypotheses, proteolysis increased following N addition. The fact that lignolytic and proteolytic enzymes exhibit opposite responses is counterintuitive and suggests much is yet to be learned about how N addition affects global C storage by affecting the decomposition of organic matter. Our data suggest small increases in atmospheric N deposition could produce significant changes in communities of EM fungi and N and C cycles.
Online Dynamic Security Assessment of Microgrid Interconnections in Smart Distribution Systems

This paper studies the online dynamic security assessment (DSA) of future distribution systems in which multiple electrically coupled microgrids are operated as an interconnection. By leveraging the highly controllable power-electronics-based interfaces, we propose a novel interface control strategy for desirable load sharing among interconnected microgrids. Under such a control framework, theoretical results on system-wide stability criteria in the sense of Lyapunov are obtained. Potential application of these results for microgrid-based smart distribution system DSA is presented. Minimum information exchange is required among microgrid modules and the distribution system operator, which is a highly desirable feature in future distribution management systems. Numerical studies of a five-microgrid study system designed based on the IEEE 123-node test feeder show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and DSA framework.
Control architecture for a Doubly-fed Induction Machine propulsion drive

This paper presents a control architecture for a Doubly-Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) intended for propulsion applications. The DFIM is a mainstay for windmill and renewable energy applications. A unique controller is needed to fit the different demands of transportation applications, specifically where both AC and DC supply are available. This will enable increased range of operating speed with minimum power electronics on board. Compared to a wind turbine application, added challenges in a propulsion application are sudden load variations and the need for robust control during these variations. In this case, a shipboard application is examined.
Coverage of labor and management in the Willow Run Assembly Plant shutdown

This article is a content analysis of four newspapers' coverage of management and organized labor during a two-year period when General Motors was deliberating whether to shut down its Willow Run, Ypsilanti, Michigan, or its Arlington, Texas, assembly plant. Four aspects of the coverage were analyzed, based on the major issues raised in the limited previous research on organized labor and mass media. The analysis re vealed that across all four newspapers, GM's position was given more mention, was accorded preference in placement, and was more positively framed. These findings are discussed in the context of the current and historical roles and treatment of organized labor by the mass media.
Targeting androgen receptor in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.

Summary Endocrine therapies for breast cancer that target the estrogen receptor (ER) are ineffective in the 25%–30% of cases that are ER negative (ER–). Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in 60%–70% of breast tumors, independent of ER status. How androgens and AR regulate breast cancer growth remains largely unknown. We find that AR is enriched in ER– breast tumors that overexpress HER2. Through analysis of the AR cistrome and androgen-regulated gene expression in ER–/HER2+ breast cancers we find that AR mediates ligand-dependent activation of Wnt and HER2 signaling pathways through direct transcriptional induction of WNT7B and HER3. Specific targeting of AR, Wnt or HER2 signaling impairs androgen-stimulated tumor cell growth suggesting potential therapeutic approaches for ER–/HER2+ breast cancers.
Long-term photographic, current, and nephelometer observations of manganese nodule environments in the Pacific

Long-term measurements on and near the seafloor were made at five locations in the Pacific as part of the Manganese Nodule Project (MANOP). Bottom Ocean Monitor (BOM) tripods deployed at each site contained a time-lapse camera, nephelometer, and current meter. From nearly three years of photographs of the seafloor, there was no evidence that benthic organisms turned over, rotated, or moved nodules. There were indications, however, that benthic organims cleaned sediment from the tops of nodules and in some cases deposited sediment underneath nodules. Currents never exceeded the expected threshold for sediment resuspension of nodule movement. Particle concentrations in the water remained uniformly low throughout the deployments. Degredation of fecal pellets and organic matter proceeded more rapidly than expected. All changes of the seafloor morphology were attributable to the activity of organisms as opposed to currents. The occurrence in one photo sequence of dark, fluffy globs may be related to phytoplankton blooms in the region of equatorial upwelling.
The dependence of optimal fractionation schemes on the spatial dose distribution

We consider the fractionation problem in radiation therapy. Tumor sites in which the dose-limiting organ at risk (OAR) receives a substantially lower dose than the tumor, bear potential for hypofractionation even if the α/β-ratio of the tumor is larger than the α/β-ratio of the OAR. In this work, we analyze the interdependence of the optimal fractionation scheme and the spatial dose distribution in the OAR. In particular, we derive a criterion under which a hypofractionation regimen is indicated for both a parallel and a serial OAR. The approach is based on the concept of the biologically effective dose (BED). For a hypothetical homogeneously irradiated OAR, it has been shown that hypofractionation is suggested by the BED model if the α/β-ratio of the OAR is larger than α/β-ratio of the tumor times the sparing factor, i.e. the ratio of the dose received by the tumor and the OAR. In this work, we generalize this result to inhomogeneous dose distributions in the OAR. For a parallel OAR, we determine the optimal fractionation scheme by minimizing the integral BED in the OAR for a fixed BED in the tumor. For a serial structure, we minimize the maximum BED in the OAR. This leads to analytical expressions for an effective sparing factor for the OAR, which provides a criterion for hypofractionation. The implications of the model are discussed for lung tumor treatments. It is shown that the model supports hypofractionation for small tumors treated with rotation therapy, i.e. highly conformal techniques where a large volume of lung tissue is exposed to low but nonzero dose. For larger tumors, the model suggests hyperfractionation. We further discuss several non-intuitive interdependencies between optimal fractionation and the spatial dose distribution. For instance, lowering the dose in the lung via proton therapy does not necessarily provide a biological rationale for hypofractionation.
Chronologic history of occupational medicine.

AbstractObjectives:To provide a chronologic review of growing knowledge in occupational medicine relating work and work hazards to health, and to provide a perspective on the lessions learned from the frequent inattention or misrepresentation of hazards.Methods:Many books on the social and medical h
The two faces of health care for women.

Over the years health care for women in the developed world has shifted its attention and resources from maternal mortality and infectious diseases to the prevention and management of chronic disease. To this effect women can expect that they will live beyond their childbearing years and into old age. Specifically women in more-developed nations are living an average of 6-8 years longer than their male counterparts and have an average life expectancy at birth of about 80 years. Technologies such as cervical cytology mammography and bone densitometry are used to detect early-stage disease thus allowing early intervention. Chemotherapy has also gained much attention with regard to womens health. Despite such advances in screening and prevention women with low socioeconomic status still have poorer health outcomes. A study found that markers of morbidity are consistently less favorable among women with lower income and education. Low-income women and those from ethnic minorities are more likely to have low-birth-weight infants cervical cancer and HIV all of which are usually common in developing countries. In view of the fact that socioeconomic factors are strongly linked to mortality from the diseases for which screening is of benefit the developed world is challenged to proceed with advances in prevention of chronic disease while addressing the disparities within each population.
A comparison of the psychological effects of breast‐saving procedure with the modified radical mastectomy

Twenty women who underwent conservative surgical treatment of their breast cancer were compared with 20 women who underwent modified radical mastectomies on several indices of body image and psychological adjustment. The women were matched by pairs in terms of age and time postsurgery, and were group matched with respect to marital status. Women who underwent conservative surgical procedures showed significantly greater intactness of their external body boundaries, and significantly less change and weighted change in overall body satisfaction than women in the modified radical group. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to body anxiety, general psychological adjustment, or marital satisfaction. The results with respect to body boundary and body satisfaction were interpreted to be the result of the less intrusive surgical procedures used to treat the breast cancer. Since body anxiety did not appear to be affected differentially by the two procedures, it may be that women in both groups were highly concerned about their bodies as a result of having had cancer. It was suggested that there was no difference in the psychological adjustment of the two groups because the women in the modified radical group were representative of that population which adjusts well to surgery. Finally, it was concluded that marital satisfaction is stable regardless of the surgical procedure undergone to treat the breast cancer.
Vasomotor Reactions to Heat among Patients with Arterial Disease

Plethysmographic studies of the vasomotor reactions of the digits accompanying body heating were of value in the early detection of peripheral arterial disease. In normal individuals, labile vasomotor activity was shown by great changes in digital volume (a large pulse, alpha and beta waves). These changes were diminished or absent in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Renegotiating GM crop regulation. Targeted gene-modification technology raises new issues for the oversight of genetically modified crops.

Targeted genetic modification, which enables scientists to genetically engineer plants more efficiently and precisely, challenges current process-based regulatory frameworks for genetically modified crops.
Ultraviolet-visible spectrograph optics: ODIN project.

We describe one of the possible designs for the UV–visible spectrograph optics to be employed in the ODIN project. The spectrograph will be used in a future satellite mission for aeronomy observations and will image a column of atmosphere just above the Earth’s surface onto a two-dimensional CCD array with the spatial and spectral content aligned orthogonal to one another.
PETROLOGY OF NINE ORDINARY CHONDRITE FALLS FROM CHINA

Nine twentieth-century ordinary chondrite falls from China are described and classified. They include: Nantong (H6), Zaoyang (H5), Zhaodong (L4), Qidong (L-LL5), Raoyang (L6), Sheyang (L6), Guangnan (L6), Suizhou (L6) and Nan Yang Pao (L6). Kamacite in Qidong is rare and contains much more Co (15 mg/g) than is characteristic of L-group chondrites; Qidong may be a member of a chondrite group intermediate in its properties between L and LL. Zhaodong, Qidong, Raoyang, Sheyang and Suizhou have several olivine and/or low-Ca pyroxene grains with aberrant Fel(Fe + Mg) ratios; it is probable that these five chondrites are fragmental breccias. The lack of correlation between shock facies and occurrence of aberrant silicate grains suggests that breccia lithification caused only minimal shock effects in many meteorites. Alternatively, postshock annealing may have resulted in the recrystallization of shock-indicating phases, leading to assignment of a shock facies that is lower than that present immediately after the shock event.
The Role of Protestant Christianity in Young Adult Realistic Fiction

From a historical perspective, the United States has, from its inception, been a country where religion, politics, and literature were closely linked. Early publications were religious tracts and children learned to read using the Bible and other religious works. Religious influence into the culture and politics of the country has increased dramatically since the 1980s and the question arises as to whether this influence is being seen in young adult literature of the period. Therefore, a look at modern realistic fiction must begin by looking at the history of children's and young adult literature produced by mainstream publishers in the United States.
Expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in the bladder of patients with interstitial cystitis.

Abstract Objectives To study the presence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, and E-selectin, as well as the cytoskeletal components talin and vinculin that bind to cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) and controls. IC is a sterile, bladder disorder characterized by urinary frequency and pelvic floor pain. The pathologic bladder findings include defective urothelium, activated mast cells, and variable inflammation. Mast cells can induce the expression of CAMs necessary for initiation of inflammation. Methods Fresh frozen biopsies were analyzed immunocytochemically from 2 female normal bladders, 10 female IC bladders, 1 clear margin of transitional cell carcinoma of female bladder, 1 normal foreskin, 1 transitional cell carcinoma of foreskin, and 1 inflamed male finger. Results Of the 10 IC samples, 9 were positive for ICAM-1, 6 for P-selectin, 6 for vinculin, 5 for talin, and 4 for E-selectin, all exclusively perivascular. Both normal bladders were negative for ICAM-1 and P-selectin and faintly positive for E-selectin, and one was weakly positive for talin and vinculin; the normal foreskin was negative. The “control” samples from the transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and foreskin, as well as the inflamed finger skin, were positive only for ICAM-1. An increased number of activated mast cells associated with ICAM-1 was noted in IC. Conclusions These results showed that ICAM-1 is expressed in IC, with variable expression of the other markers studied, supporting the different degrees of bladder inflammation noted in patients with IC.
Creating the Corporate Soul: The Rise of Public Relations and Corporate Imagery in American Big Business

Over the course of the twentieth century the popular perception of America's giant corporations has undergone an astonishing change. Condemned as dangerous leviathans in the century's first decades, by 1945 major corporations had become respected, even revered, institutions. Roland Marchand's lavishly illustrated and carefully researched book tells how large companies such as AT&T and U.S. Steel created their own 'souls' in order to reassure consumers and politicians that bigness posed no threat to democracy or American values. Marchand traces this important transformation in the culture of capitalism by offering a series of case studies of such corporate giants as General Motors, General Electric, Metropolitan Life Insurance, and Du Pont Chemicals. Marchand examines the rhetorical and visual imagery developed by corporate leaders to win public approval and build their own internal corporate culture. In the 'golden era' of the 1920s, companies boasted of their business statesmanship, but in the Depression years many of them turned in desperation to forms of public relations that strongly defended the capitalist system. During World War II public relations gained new prominence within corporate management as major companies linked themselves with Main-Street, small-town America. By the war's end, the corporation's image as a 'good neighbor' had largely replaced that of the 'soulless giant'. American big business had succeeded in wrapping increasingly complex economic relationships in the comforting aura of familiarity. Marchand, author of the widely acclaimed Advertising the American Dream (1985), provides an elegant and convincing account of the origins and effects of the corporate imagery so ubiquitous in our world today.
Revisiting the roles of need and demand in ensuring program success.

(1999). Revisiting the Roles of Need and Demand in Ensuring Program Success. Hospital Topics: Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 8-12.
Progress on relationships between horizontal and vertical dust flux: Mathematical, empirical and risk-based perspectives

Aeolian processes driving sediment flux and corresponding erosion are inherently 3-dimensional, but are primarily studied either with respect to the horizontal flux component, or to a lesser extent the vertical component. Understanding the relationship between horizontal flux and the vertical component of sediment and dust is critical to predicting fundamental processes such as erosion, and to assessing human and environmental risks associated with contaminated sediment and dust. Multiple mathematical approaches to calculate vertical flux of dust exist but are limited in their ability to predict vertical flux across a wide variety of landscapes and soil conditions. To address these issues, here we explore the relationship between horizontal and vertical fluxes from three perspectives: mathematical, based on existing equations; empirical, based on existing and new data; and risk-based, based on translating the former two into a risk context. Mathematical derivations suggest, depending on the approach, the two components could either be a constant ratio or that the vertical flux could be more dependent on the shear stress and particle size than horizontal flux. Empirical data highlight a wide range of ratios, varying by more than two orders of magnitude, though the ratios can be relatively similar within a given site and set of conditions. Risk-based assessment indicates the vertical flux component is relatively important in dose calculations, and consequently further improvement in mathematical and empirical relationships is needed. Collectively, these three perspectives expand insights on horizontal and vertical sediment fluxes and could aide future risk assessment from dust contaminants.
Retinoid chemoprevention in patients at high risk for skin cancer.

Patients who develop large numbers of skin cancers suffer increased morbidity and mortality. A high skin cancer risk can result from inherited disorders such as xeroderma pigmentosum (abnormal repair of UV-induced DNA damage) or the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (tumor suppressor gene abnormality). The efficacy of systemic retinoid skin cancer chemoprevention was first demonstrated in these disorders. Since the mechanism of cancer prevention was not thought to involve correction of the underlying defect causing the disorder, individuals at high risk for new skin cancers from other causes may also benefit from this approach. With the success of organ transplantation, there is a growing population of transplant recipients living long, active lives who also have sustained chronic UV damage. This population is at high risk for developing aggressive squamous cell carcinomas. In this population, extensive skin involvement with human papilloma virus induced warts and actinic keratoses results in difficulty with diagnosis and monitoring for these dangerous malignancies. Patients who have received treatment with agents that cause DNA damage, such as X-radiation, may also have a high skin cancer risk. Retinoid chemoprevention may also be of benefit in the management of selected patients with these iatrogenic conditions. This evolving therapeutic role has heightened the need for the development of new retinoids, with more efficacy and less toxicity, for cancer chemoprevention.
Lack of an effect of melatonin treatment via silastic capsules on photic-induced gonadal growth and the photorefractory condition in white-throated sparrows.

Abstract The administration of melatonin via intraperitoneally placed Silastic capsules in white-throated sparrows failed to alter either photic-induced gonadal growth in females or the photorefractory condition in males. These results indicate that melatonin does not have a direct effect upon the avian photosexual response.
Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern during cardiopulmonary bypass

A gravida 3, para 2 woman underwent an emergency mitral valve replacement at 24 weeks' gestation. A sinusoidal fetal heart pattern was recorded throughout cardiopulmonary bypass. This pattern persisted despite a pump flow maintained at 31 ml/m 2 min and an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine to maintain the mean systemic arterial pressure at 50 mm Hg.
EFFECT OF ROOM SIZE, INITIAL APPROACH DISTANCE AND SEX ON PERSONAL SPACE

Summary.-The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of room size, sex of subject, sex of invader, and initial approach distance on personal space. 10 male and 10 female subjects were approached by a male or female invader from the front and side in one of the following conditions: (1) a 9-ft. distance in a large room, (2) a 3-ft. discance in a small room, and (3) a 3-ft. distance in the large room. The 3 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial analysis indicated that the initial approach discance, not room size, significantly affected petsonal space. It was hypothesized that initial approach distance affected sub jeas' feelings towards the invader and consequently affected personal space. There was also an effect of sex of invader. Personal space can be defined as that area surrounding an individual into which an intrusion by another individual leads to feelings of discomfort. A review of the literature indicates that, to date, the bulk of the research on personal space has concerned how the physical and personal factors of the invader and the subject affect the latter's needs of interpersonal space (Evans & Howard, 1973). A major limitation of most of the past research is the failure to determine whether personal space can be significantly affected by the physical dimensions of the area in which an intrusion'occurs. One possibility is a direct relationship between the size of the room and personal space. The individual situated in a small room might allow a greater intrusion of his space because he attributes the invasion to the dimensions of the room and not to any threat by the intruder. An individual situated in a large room, however, may resent having his space intruded upon when there is so much space in the room. A second possibility is that there is an inverse relationship between room size and personal space. Srokels, Rall, Pinner, and Schopler (1973) hypothesized that crowding stress resulted from physical limitations of space interacting with other social and personal factors. Thus, subjects who are already experiencing stress by being in a small room may attempt to guard against the added stress associated with the intrusion of their personal space. A third possibility is that room size does not affect personal space needs. Subjects may be attending to the characteristics of the invader to such a degree that they disregard the physical surroundings. Worchel and Teddlie (1976) varied interaction distance and density separately and found that room size by itself did not significantly effect spatial needs. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine whether the physical dimensions of the room affected a subject's personal space. Verbal measures of how close a male and a female subject allowed a male or a female invader to approach from the front and side were taken. The experiment was conducted either in a large or in a small room.
Student-led stress management program for first-year medical students.

Abstract Background: The medical education community has emphasized repeatedly the importance of teaching stress management and self-care skills to medical students. However, descriptions and evaluations of intervention programs are infrequent. This article describes a student-led stress management program for 1st-year medical students and summarizes program evaluation data from 1,111 participants. Description: The Stress Management Program is a voluntary activity that involves small groups of 1st-year medical students meeting with 2nd-year student coleaders. At the beginning of the fall semester, each group meets 1 hr per week for 7 consecutive weeks. Two psychologist faculty members serve as program coordinators. Evaluation: Mean annual participation rate for 1st-year students was 94% over 16 years. Program evaluation results are strongly positive. Conclusions: Based on longevity, participation, and student feedback, the program has been successful. Recommendations for creating and maintaining similar p...
Peroxisome proliferators compete and ameliorate Hcy-mediated endocardial endothelial cell activation

To determine whether homocysteine (Hcy)-mediated activation of endocardial endothelial (EE) cells is ameliorated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), we isolated EE cells from mous...
Bilinear paraproducts revisited

Boundedness properties for bilinear paraproducts on several function spaces are presented. The methods are based on the realization of paraproducts as bilinear Calderon-Zygmund operators and the molecular character-ization of function spaces. This provides a unified approach for the study of paraproducts, recovering some know results and establishing several new (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of fatty acid additives on the tribological performance of sunflower oil

Vegetable oils are potential substitutes for petroleum-based lubricants because they are environmentally friendly, renewable, less toxic and readily biodegradable. The addition of free fatty acids has been shown to increase the lubrication performance of vegetable oils at elevated temperatures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the length of the carbon chain in the fatty acid and its effectiveness as an additive for a range of elevated temperatures. Stearic, arachidic and behenic fatty acid additives were added to commercial sunflower oil. All fatty acid additives were shown to be effective in lowering the wear rate and coefficient of friction in ball-on-disc tribological tests. The overall carbon chain length was not observed to have a consistent influence on the effectiveness of the additive. All additives were less effective at temperatures above 100°C. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IKKα-mediated signaling circuitry regulates early B lymphopoiesis during hematopoiesis

Multiple transcription factors regulate B-cell commitment, which is coordinated with myeloid-erythroid lineage differentiation. NF-κB has long been speculated to regulate early B-cell development; however, this issue remains controversial. IκB kinase-α (IKKα) is required for splenic B-cell maturation but not for BM B-cell development. In the present study, we unexpectedly found defective BM B-cell development and increased myeloid-erythroid lineages in kinase-dead IKKα (KA/KA) knock-in mice. Markedly increased cytosolic p100, an NF-κB2–inhibitory form, and reduced nuclear NF-κB p65, RelB, p50, and p52, and IKKα were observed in KA/KA splenic and BM B cells. Several B- and myeloid-erythroid–cell regulators, including Pax5, were deregulated in KA/KA BM B cells. Using fetal liver and BM congenic transplantations and deleting IKKα from early hematopoietic cells in mice, this defect was identified as being B cell–intrinsic and an early event during hematopoiesis. Reintroducing IKKα, Pax5, or combined NF-κB molecules promoted B-cell development but repressed myeloid-erythroid cell differentiation in KA/KA BM B cells. The results of the present study demonstrate that IKKα regulates B-lineage commitment via combined canonical and noncanonical NF-κB transcriptional activities to target Pax5 expression during hematopoiesis.
Long-Term Survival and Reintervention After the Ross Procedure Across the Pediatric Age Spectrum.

Background There are limited data regarding long-term outcomes after the Ross procedure in children. We evaluated mortality and reintervention in a large pediatric cohort. Methods A retrospective analysis of all patients aged younger than 18 years who underwent the Ross procedure at our institution (1991 to 2013) was conducted. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportion hazard models were used to evaluate long-term outcomes and associated risk factors. Results Included were 240 consecutive patients undergoing a Ross/Ross-Konno procedure: 18% infants, 48% children, and 33% adolescents. Infants were more likely to have complex left heart disease ( p = 0.005). Overall survival to hospital discharge was 96%; infants had the highest mortality (18%). Long-term survival status was known for 99.6% (median follow-up, 10.7 years). Overall 15-year survival was 87% (lowest in infants, 72%; p = 0.003). Reintervention status was known in 87%. Overall 15-year freedom from any left ventricular outflow tract reintervention was 59%; 85% still had their autograft valve at the latest follow-up. Left ventricular outflow tract reintervention was uncommon in infants (n = 2). Overall 15-year freedom from right ventricular outflow tract reintervention was 53%, and was lower in infants (19%) than in children (51%) and adolescents (76%; p Conclusions Outcomes after the Ross procedure in children vary by age. Infants more commonly have complex left heart disease and experience higher mortality but have excellent long-term autograft durability. Children and adolescents have higher rates of left ventricular outflow tract reintervention, whereas infants are at highest risk of right ventricular outflow tract reintervention.
Assisted peptide folding by surface pattern recognition.

Natively disordered proteins belong to a unique class of biomolecules whose function is related to their flexibility and their ability to adopt desired conformations upon binding to substrates. In some cases these proteins can bind multiple partners, which can lead to distinct structures and promiscuity in functions. In other words, the capacity to recognize molecular patterns on the substrate is often essential for the folding and function of intrinsically disordered proteins. Biomolecular pattern recognition is extremely relevant both in vivo (e.g., for oligomerization, immune response, induced folding, substrate binding, and molecular switches) and in vitro (e.g., for biosensing, catalysis, chromatography, and implantation). Here, we use a minimalist computational model system to investigate how polar/nonpolar patterns on a surface can induce the folding of an otherwise unstructured peptide. We show that a model peptide that exists in the bulk as a molten globular state consisting of many interconverting structures can fold into either a helix-coil-helix or an extended helix structure in the presence of a complementary designed patterned surface at low hydrophobicity (3.7%) or a uniform surface at high hydrophobicity (50%). However, we find that a carefully chosen surface pattern can bind to and catalyze the folding of a natively unfolded protein much more readily or effectively than a surface with a noncomplementary or uniform distribution of hydrophobic residues.
Evidence for HCO3− conductance pathways in nutrient membrane of resting frog fundus

Abstract The effect on potential difference (PD) and resistance in Cl − media bathing the resting fundus of Rana pipiens was determined for nutrient HCO 3 − changes from 25 mM to several lower concentrations and back to 25 mM. The graph of |vbΔPD|vb versus log[HCO 3 − ] was linear for changes from 25 down to 3.1 mM and also back to 25 mM, but deviated considerably for changes to 1.6 mM. The fact that changes from higher to lower HCO 3 − gave a less rapid initial PD response than the reverse direction eliminated H + conductance pathways as being predominant. Experiments were done in which in the first part changes were made in the nutrient solution from 5% CO 2 and 25 mM HCO 3 − to 0.6% CO 2 and 3 mM HCO 3 − and in the second part, the same changes with the simultaneous change of secretory solution from 5% to 10% CO 2 . The magnitude of the PD decrease was greater by 4.0 mV in the second part. This result indicated that HCO 3 − rather than OH − conductance pathways predominated. On the secretory side, the change from 25 to 3.1 mM HCO 3 − gave a small but significant change in PD. The latter effect was too small to determine whether HCO 3 − pathways existed in the secretory membrane.
Strain-Specific Determinants of Beet Curly Top Geminivirus DNA Replication

Abstract The Logan and CFH strains of the geminivirus beet curly top virus (BCTV) possess cis- and trans-DNA replication factors which exhibit specificity and are not functionally interchangeable. We demonstrate that the cis -acting replication specificity element is entirely contained within a 82- to 97-bp fragment which includes most of the viral DNA origin of replication We also demonstrate that the strain specific trans-acting replication determinant is located within amino acid residues 3-89 of the BCTV C1 replication protein. Transient replication assays indicated that chimeric BCTV genomes containing reciprocally exchanged regions of the CFH and Logan genomes were replication competent when the cis- and trans -replication specificity elements were derived from the same strain. Two reciprocal chimeric viral genomes with heterologous cis- and trans -replication elements were incapable of self-replication, yet could trans -replicate one another in a coinoculation experiment. Only chimeric genomes possessing the Logan trans-replication element were capable of mobilizing and amplifying a transgenic Logan derived D1-DNA. D1-DNA mobilization and amplification occurred in transient replication assays even when the helper virus genome was incapable of self-replication, providing that the trans-replication element was derived from the Logan strain. These results genetically define specific regions of the BCTV C1 replication protein determining vital DNA replication origin recognition and provide clear evidence that strains of BCTV have evolved specific cis- and trans-replication factors which functionally define the Logan and CFH strains as distinct viral agents.
Mentorship: lessons I wish I learned the first time.

My challenge here is to convey the lessons I have learned in serving as a mentor to budding physicianscientists; yet, this is not as easy as it seems at first blush for at least two reasons. First, so many outstanding scientists, including Nobel laureates, have extolled the virtues of their own mentors who were central to their success. Thus, it feels pretentious to explain how to be a mentor, as if I have now reached some Olympian stature. Furthermore, I realize that those who might at first glance at this article have already thought about the topic throughout their career and acknowledged its importance. I certainly do not wish to provide obvious and unneeded advice.
A new cucurbitacin profile for Cucurbita andreana: a candidate for cucurbitacin tissue culture

In addition to previously reported cucurbitacins B,1, and D,2, cucurbitacin E,3, and I,4, aglycones and their glucosides 2-O-β-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin E,5, and 2-O-β-glucopyranosyl-cucurbitacin I,6, were isolated and identified as constituents ofCucurbita andreana on the basis of MS, FD-MS, 1 H NMR and13C NMR spectroscopy. Also, 2-O-β-glucopy-ranosyl-cucurbitacin B, 7, cucurbitacin B glucoside was isolated and identified.
Genetics, haloperidol-induced catalepsy and haloperidol-induced changes in acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition

The acoustic startle response (ASR), prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the ASR and the effects of haloperidol on the ASR and PPI were examined in C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) inbred mouse strains and their F1 and F2 progeny. The startle stimulus was a 60-ms, 110-dB, 10-kHz tone; the prepulse stimuli were 20-ms, white noise bursts at 56, 68 and 80 dB against a 50-dB background presented 100-ms before the startle pulse. The B6 strain showed modest PPI (25-40%); in contrast, the D2 strain showed on average no PPI and numerous individuals showed prepulse augmentation (PPA). The F2 progeny showed an intermediate PPI; however, the extreme values ranged from 200% PPA to essentially 100% PPI. Haloperidol in dose-dependent fashion, increased PPI in both the B6 and D2 strains; the threshold dose was in the range of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg. Raclopride (0.3 mg/kg), clozapine (2 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.4 mg/kg) also increased PPI in both strains. The effects of haloperidol (0.4 mg/kg) on PPI in 140 F2 progeny were examined. For all prepulse intensities, there were highly significant (r > 0.80) and negative correlations between baseline PPI and the haloperidol-induced change in PPI. Thus, those animals that showed the greatest PPA showed the greatest haloperidol-induced increase in PPI. There was, however, significant variance in the haloperidol response; plots of the regression residuals showed the most and least responsive animals differed by almost 100% in effect on PPI. The F2 progeny were subsequently phenotyped for haloperidol-induced catalepsy. There was no association between the variation in effects on catalepsy and PPI. However, it was observed that those individuals with the poorest baseline PPI were catalepsy non-responsive.
Visibility matters: increasing knowledge of women's contributions to ecology

Recent scholarship about women and science is a good source of material for addressing the under-representation of women in science. This review is the result of an interdisciplinary fusion of science and women's studies to critically assess teaching tools in undergraduate ecology education. We examine: (1) the representation of women and the coverage of social and cultural context in introductory ecology textbooks, and (2) student learning about women's contributions to ecology. Discipline demographics reveal that women are presented in textbooks less often than expected, and that explicit discussions of the social and cultural context of science are rare. When course content is enriched with material about women's contributions, student's awareness of women scientists improves. Such knowledge can play a critical role in proactively challenging students' perceptions of ecology and ecologists, creating a more positive classroom climate for all students, and introducing novel avenues of questioning and dis...
Abundance enhancements in cosmic rays produced by collisionless shocks

It is shown that shocks preferentially accelerate partially ionized heavy elements over protons. Within the framework of a previously published model of injection, the spectra of different ion species are calculated from thermal to ultrarelativistic energies. For typical astrophysical parameters, the predicted enhancement is in qualitative agreement with observations for a 10 to the 6th K preshock plasma; ions with Z greater than 10 are enhanced by about an order of magnitude or so. The continuing increase with energy of the heavy-element abundances into the air-shower regime is discussed.