cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of turbulence from time-lapse imagery

Atmospheric turbulence parameters are estimated for an imaging path based on time-lapse imaging results. Atmospheric turbulence causes frame-to-frame shifts of the entire image as well as parts of the image. The statistics of these shifts encode information about the turbulence strength (as characterized by Cn2, the refractive index structure function constant) along the optical path. The shift variance observed is simply proportional to the variance of the tilt of the optical field averaged over the area being tracked and averaged over the camera aperture. By presuming this turbulence follows the Kolmogorov spectrum, weighting functions, which relate the turbulence strength along the path to the shifts measured, are derived. These weighting functions peak at the camera and fall to zero at the object. The larger the area observed, the more quickly the weighting function decays. One parameter we would like to estimate is r0 (the Fried parameter or atmospheric coherence diameter.) The weighting functions derived for pixel sized or larger parts of the image all fall faster than the weighting function appropriate for estimating the spherical wave r0. If we were to presume that Cn2 is constant along the path, then an estimate for r0 could be obtained for each area tracked, but since the weighting function for r0 differs substantially from that for every realizable tracked area, it can be expected that this approach would yield a poor estimate. Instead, the weighting functions for a number of different patch sizes can be combined through the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse to create a weighting function that yields the least-squares optimal linear combination of measurements for the estimation of r0. This approach is carried out for one example and is shown to give noisy results. A modified version of this approach that creates larger patches by averaging several smaller patches together solves this noise issue. This approach can also work to estimate other atmospheric parameters.
Still a lily-white field of women: The state of workforce diversity in public relations practice and research

Abstract The state of women’s research in public relations is strong. However, different women’s stories—as well as men’s stories who are not part of the standard White, heterosexual, American experience—are severely underrepresented in public relations practice and research. This review of research from the past 11 years shows that the practice has significant room to grow in terms of welcoming and providing a successful, equitable workplace environment to practitioners from marginalized groups. Specifically, research about the experiences of women of color, LGBT practitioners, practitioners with disabilities, practitioners aged 55 and older, and international practitioners are imperative to understand why public relations continues to be a “lily-white” field of women. To this point, research needs to seriously engage in intersectional research that links diverse practitioners’ experiences with negative outcomes (e.g., salary gaps, relegation to technical positions, etc.) and positive effects (e.g., role modeling, entrepreneurship, etc.) for the field and individual practitioners alike. Directions for future research and practical application include examining eurocentrism and systemic racism in the academic and professional fields, overcoming issues of conducting quantitative research as well as issues of valuing qualitative research, linking diversity initiatives to core public relations concerns like crises and corporate social responsibility, exploring other fields’ responses to diversity issues, and obtaining external audits by advocacy groups.
Giving adherence intervention programs their due.

Four decades of medication adherence research has yielded little translatable knowledge, and is beginning to look like nothing but a mirage on the healthcare landscape. In fact, if the need to boos...
Optimal Costal Cartilage Graft Selection According to Cartilage Shape: Anatomical Considerations for Rhinoplasty.

Costal cartilage grafting is a commonly used reconstruction procedure, particularly in rhinoplasty. Although costal cartilage is broadly used in reconstructive surgery, there are differing opinions regarding which costal cartilage levels provide the most ideal grafts. Grafts are typically designed to match the shape of the recipient site. The shapes of costal cartilage grafts have been described as “boat-shaped,” “C-shaped,” “canoe-shaped,” “U-shaped,” “crescent-shaped,” “L-shaped,” “semilunar,” “straight,” and “Y-shaped.” The shapes of costal cartilages are thought to lend themselves to the shapes of certain grafts; however, there has been little study of the shapes of costal cartilages, and most reports have been anecdotal. Therefore, this study is aimed to detail the average shapes of the most commonly grafted cartilages (i.e., the fifth to seventh cartilages). A total of 96 cadaveric costal cartilages were analyzed through geometric morphometric analysis. The fifth costal cartilage was determined to have the straightest shape and would therefore be particularly suitable for nasal dorsum onlay grafting. The lateral portions of the sixth and, particularly, the seventh costal cartilages have the most acute curvature. Therefore, they would lend themselves to the construction of an en bloc “L”-shaped or hockey stick-shaped nasal dorsum-columellar strut graft.
Wave energetics of the southern hemisphere of Mars

Abstract An assessment of the energetics of transient waves in the southern hemisphere of Mars is presented using the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) dataset (v1.0) and the eddy kinetic energy equation. The dataset is divided into four representative periods covering the summer and winter solstices, a late fall period, and an early spring period for three Mars years. Spring eddies are the most intense, with eddies during the fall being less intense due to a marginally more stable mean-temperature profile and reduced recirculation of ageostrophic geopotential fluxes compared to the spring. Eddy kinetic energy during winter is reduced in intensity as a result of the winter solstitial pause in wave activity, and eddy kinetic energy during the summer is limited. Baroclinic energy conversion acts as a source in fall and spring but disappears during the winter as a result of a stabilized vertical temperature profile. Barotropic energy conversion acts as both a source and a sink of eddy kinetic energy, being most positive during the solstitial pause. Eddies take a northwest to southeast track across the southern highlands in the fall but have a more zonal track in the spring due to stronger eddy kinetic energy advection. Wave energetics is less intense in the southern compared to the northern hemisphere as a result of a shallower baroclinically unstable vertical profile.
Assessing long-term neuroinflammatory responses to encephalopathy using MRI approaches in a rat endotoxemia model

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) induces neuroinflammation, which is associated with cognitive impairment (CI). CI is also correlated with aging. We used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), perfusion MRI, and MR spectroscopy to assess long-term alterations in BBB permeability, microvascularity, and metabolism, respectively, in a rat lipopolysaccharide-induced SAE model. Free radical-targeted molecular MRI was used to detect brain radical levels at 24 h and 1 week post-LPS injection. CE-MRI showed increased Gd-DTPA uptake in LPS rat brains at 24 h in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and perirhinal cortex regions. Increased MRI signal intensities were observed in LPS rat brains in cerebral cortex, perirhinal cortex, and hippocampus regions 1 week post-LPS. Long-term BBB dysfunction was detected in the cerebral cortex at 6 weeks post-LPS. Increased relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in cortex and thalamus regions at 24 h, decreased cortical and hippocampal rCBF at 6 weeks, decreased cortical rCBF at 3 and 12 weeks, and increased thalamus rCBF at 6 weeks post-LPS, were detected. MRS indicated that LPS-exposed rat brains had decreased: NAA/Cho metabolite ratios at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks; Cr/Cho at 1, 3, and 12 weeks; and Myo-Ins/Cho at 1, 3, and 6 weeks post-LPS. Free radical imaging detected increased radical levels in LPS rat brains at 24 h and 1 week post-LPS. LPS-exposed rats were compared to saline-treated controls. We clearly demonstrated BBB dysfunction, impaired vascularity, and decreased brain metabolites, as measures of long-term neuroinflammatory indicators, as well as increased free radicals in a LPS-induced rat SAE model.
Optical and thermal filtering nanoporous materials for sub-ambient radiative cooling

Emitting heat to Space is a passive, dry, and solid-state cooling approach with potential applications in thermal management of buildings, solar cells, and vehicles. Emitting in the 8–13 μm atmospheric window while preventing heat from reaching the cold emitter is important to the performance. Here, we investigate the design of infrared-transparent thermally-insulating materials for radiative cooling at deep sub-ambient temperatures. Unlike surface-based designs that rely on selective emission, selective radiative heat transfer with Space is achieved via selective transmission through an insulating cover. We model the radiative and thermal transport characteristics of several nanoporous materials that are transparent in the 8–13 μm range. We also study the effects of physical morphology and material composition on the scattering and absorption properties of the insulating cover, and its radiative cooling performance. By tailoring the nanostructure and material composition, one can define regions for short-wavelength scattering and long-wavelength absorption, and in turn, block solar and atmospheric heat. The combination of low thermal conductivity and selectively high transparency in the atmospheric window enable high-performance radiative cooling down to 35 K below ambient temperature.
From Energy Audits to Monitoring Megawatt Loads: A Flexible and Deployable Power Metering System

The U.S. Federal Government and commercial partners have identified a critical gap in today's measurement technology—the ability to accurately, inexpensively, and wirelessly submeter building electricity usage at the circuit-level. Such metering technology would enable building owners, operators, and occupants to characterize and curtail electricity use in buildings—a major cost and source of carbon emissions today. Existing circuit-level metering systems are too costly to deploy, due to difficult installation or cumbersome calibration processes, too inaccurate, due to an inability to faithfully calculate power from synchronized current and voltage channels, or too unreliable, due to a strong dependence on a frequently lossy wireless channel. We propose Triumvi, a standalone, self-powered, non-contact, true-power metering system to help make circuit-level metering affordable, accurate, and reliable—in short, usable. In a splitcore current transformer form factor, Triumvi harvests energy to power itself, monitors current and voltage, calculates power, encrypts data, and wirelessly transmits the results. Our prototype can sustain a sample rate of nearly 0.5 Hz when the load draws at least 360 W and exhibits an average error of 4.3% over a load power draw range of 150-600 W. Triumvi also supports rapid installation, incremental upgrades, metering three phase and high current loads, charge sharing between between meters, and current waveform analysis, creating a highly flexible metering system capable of energy audits, industrial equipment monitoring, and many applications in-between.
Retention of cross-coupled illusion training to allow for a shorter radius space centrifuge

During space exploration missions, prolonged exposure to microgravity causes physiological deconditioning in astronauts. Artificial gravity (AG) through centrifugation has the potential be a comprehensive countermeasure to this deconditioning. However, a fast spinning environment causes the Coriolis cross-coupled (CC) illusion when head tilts are made, which is disorienting and leads to motion sickness. To reduce the spin rate, a much larger centrifuge is required to produce a desired gravitational level. Previous research has shown humans can be adapted to the CC illusion, such that higher spin rates become tolerable with training. However, it remains unclear if this adaptation can be retained for an extended period of time (e.g., If the training occurs pre-flight, how much is retained by the time astronauts are centrifuged in transit?). In the current study, we investigated CC illusion training retention by retesting subjects after 30 days since the conclusion of their original 10-day training. We compared the level of adaptation (i.e., the spin rate at which the CC illusion was just barely sub-threshold) in three days of retention tests to their level at the end of the original 10-day training and to the first three days of original training in a control group (never experienced any prior training). Preliminary results suggest that a substantial portion of the original adaptation was retained, even after this extended layoff. The CC illusion threshold was lower in some subjects after 30 days off compared to that individual's threshold at the end of the 10-day training period; however, it was typically higher than pretraining thresholds, suggesting some level of retention. Furthermore, across three consecutive days of retraining, some subjects tended to increase their CC illusion threshold much more quickly than during the first three days of the original training. This retained training may make AG a more feasible countermeasure for spaceflight-induced physiological deconditioning, enhancing human space exploration capabilities.
Promoter accessibility within the environment of the Mhc is affected in class Ii-deficient combined immunodeficiency

Abstract Class II-deficient combined immunodeficiency (CID) is a hereditary disease resulting in abrogation of transcription of the class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex, due to a defect in a trans-acting regulatory factor. Cell lines from certain CID patients lack factor binding at multiple sites in class II promoters in vivo. A mutation in one of the promoter binding proteins could explain this 'bare' phenotype only if these factors bind cooperatively or in a temporal hierarchy. Alternatively, the mutation could affect the configuration of the promoter within the MHC locus. Here, we provide evidence that the factor(s) defective in class II-deficient CID controls the accessibility of class II promoters within the environment of the MHC. The in vivo occupancy of wild type and mutated class II promoter constructs was examined in stable transfectants of normal and CID-derived cell lines. The CID promoter phenotype could not be reproduced in a normal cell line by eliminating binding at any one promoter element, suggesting that these factors bind independently, both spatially and temporally. In contrast, promoter occupancy was partially restored in two CID lines at a randomly integrated wild type promoter, implying that the promoter is inaccessible to factors in its native environment, but accessible when moved to another location in the genome.
Vorticity in Three-Dimensionally Random Porous Media

The flow gradient tensor controls the rate of dissipation of concentration fluctuations due to local dispersion, and therefore determines the rate of dilution of solute in a spatially random flow field. Off-diagonal terms of the flow gradient tensor quantify the rotational characteristics of the flow. A leading order description of the vorticity \((\omega = (\omega _1 ,\omega _2 ,\omega _3 ))\), of flow in a three-dimensionally random spatially correlated hydraulic conductivity field \((K({\text{x}}))\) is made by relating the vorticity spectrum to the spectrum of ln \(K({\text{x}})\). Distinct components of the vorticity are found to be linearly uncorrelated \((\overline {\omega _i \omega _j } = 0,i \ne j)\). The characteristic vorticity component in the bulk flow direction is zero \((\sigma _{\omega _1 } = 0)\), and the characteristic vorticity in the transverse directions \((\sigma _{\omega _2 } ,\sigma _{\omega _3 } )\) are inversely proportional to the hydraulic conductivity microscales in the other transverse direction, as exhibited in a numerical calculation of the vorticity.
THE ESTUARY AS A SEDIMENT TRAP: ALTERNATE APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING ITS FILTERING EFFICIENCY

Abstract: The trapping efficiency of estuaries for particulate matter is reviewed using box models, evaluation of historical changes in bathymetry, geochronologic data, and the capacity-inflow ratio. Most of the open water estuaries of the world are more or less efficient sediment “filters”. Those which are not have evolved to estuarine deltaic environments. For estuarine systems that we have evaluated, it appears that biologically mediated sedimentation processes have the capability to overwhelm all others in the deposition of fine sediments. For example, the major filter-feeding species in Delaware Bay are capable of depositing 200 times the annual fluvial input of suspended sediment.
Aldose Reductase Inhibition Prevents Development of Posterior Capsular Opacification in an In Vivo Model of Cataract Surgery.

Purpose Cataract surgery is a procedure by which the lens fiber cell mass is removed from its capsular bag and replaced with a synthetic intraocular lens. Postoperatively, remnant lens epithelial cells can undergo an aberrant wound healing response characterized by an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Aldose reductase (AR) inhibition has been shown to decrease EMT markers in cell culture models. In this study, we aim to demonstrate that AR inhibition can attenuate induction of EMT markers in an in vivo model of cataract surgery. Methods A modified extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE) was performed on C57BL/6 wildtype, AR overexpression (AR-Tg), and AR knockout mice. Immunofluorescent staining for the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), epithelial marker E-cadherin, and lens fiber cell markers αA-crystallin and Aquaporin 0 was used to characterize postoperative PCO. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to quantify postoperative changes in α-SMA, vimentin, fibronectin, and E-cadherin. In a separate experiment, the AR inhibitor Sorbinil was applied postoperatively and qRT-PCR was used to assess changes in EMT markers. Results Genetic AR knockout reduced ECLE-induced upregulation of α-SMA and downregulation of E-cadherin. These immunofluorescent changes were mirrored quantitatively in changes in mRNA levels. Similarly, Sorbinil blocked characteristic postoperative EMT changes in AR-Tg mice. Interestingly, genetic AR knockout did not prevent postoperative induction of the lens fiber cell markers αA-crystallin and Aquaporin 0. Conclusions AR inhibition prevents the postoperative changes in EMT markers characteristic of PCO yet preserves the postoperative induction of lens fiber cell markers.
Atrio-oesophageal fistula after the cryomaze procedure

We report a case of an atrio-oesophageal fistula after biatrial cryomaze ablation for atrial fibrillation, a complication that has not yet been described in the literature for the cryomaze method. Our report also serves as a reminder of this rare but lethal complication- that it can occur after any method of ablation for atrial fibrillation and a high index of suspicion for its diagnosis must be maintained to allow for early surgical treatment which offers the best chance of survival.
Using Allele-specific PCR for detecting multiple amino acid substitutions associated with SDHI resistance in Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria late blight in pistachio.

Alternaria late blight caused by Alternaria alternata is a major disease affecting pistachios grown in California and to some degree those grown in Arizona. Alternaria alternata is prone to quick fungicide resistance selection when single-mode of action fungicides are used. For the specific detection of five possible amino acid alterations associated with Alternaria alternata resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors used in California and Arizona pistachio orchards, we have designed five primer sets to be used as an allele-specific PCR assay (AS-PCR). Within a couple of hours from DNA extraction, the new specific-primers amplify the different PCR product sizes, according to the chosen target, allowing their differentiation on gel agarose. In our study, the AS-PCR assay consistently detected the mutations H277L and H277R at the AaSdhB gene, the mutations H134R and S135R at the AaSdhC gene, and the mutation D123E at the AaSdhD gene from A. alternata isolates collected from pistachio orchards in California and Arizona. Significance and impact of the study This study provides a rapid and cost-effective way to identify five different genotypes associated with Alternaria alternata resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors fungicides, used to control Alternaria late blight in pistachio. With the allele-specific method developed here, users will be able to identify genotypes with nucleotide substitutions which lead to a reduced sensitivity or resistance selection using a one-step PCR assay, without the use of restriction enzymes which elevates the reaction costs and the chance for errors. In addition, this study formally includes the identification and sequence accession for SdhB-H277L and SdhC-S135R amino acid substitution in A. alternata sampled from California and Arizona pistachio orchards.
Field Weakening Methods for Axially Displaceable Brushless DC Machines

Brushless DC (BLDC) machines are known to have a high torque/power density but it is still a challenge to design a BLDC with a wide extended speed range while keeping its torque/power density high. A mechanical field weakening method, in which the active axial length of a BLDC machine is reduced on run by axially displacing its rotor with respect to its stator, was proposed to achieve a wider extended speed range with a limited DC-link voltage. However, its effectiveness and optimal application are not considered in detail. The aim of this study is to analyze the extended speed range of an axially displaceable rotor brushless DC (ADR-BLDC) machine. First of all, factors that limit the speed range of an ADR-BLDC machine are discussed. Afterwards, rotational speed limits of the analyzed ADR-BLDC machine are compared for different field weakening approaches. Based on these results a combined field weakening approach that combines both the electrical and mechanical field weakening methods is proposed.
Adversarial uncertainty quantification in physics-informed neural networks

Abstract We present a deep learning framework for quantifying and propagating uncertainty in systems governed by non-linear differential equations using physics-informed neural networks. Specifically, we employ latent variable models to construct probabilistic representations for the system states, and put forth an adversarial inference procedure for training them on data, while constraining their predictions to satisfy given physical laws expressed by partial differential equations. Such physics-informed constraints provide a regularization mechanism for effectively training deep generative models as surrogates of physical systems in which the cost of data acquisition is high, and training data-sets are typically small. This provides a flexible framework for characterizing uncertainty in the outputs of physical systems due to randomness in their inputs or noise in their observations that entirely bypasses the need for repeatedly sampling expensive experiments or numerical simulators. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through a series of examples involving uncertainty propagation in non-linear conservation laws, and the discovery of constitutive laws for flow through porous media directly from noisy data.
A BAF’ling Approach to Curing HIV

Latency is the primary barrier to the development of a long-sought cure for HIV-1. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Marian et al., (2018) describe the development of novel compounds targeting the BAF chromatin remodeling complex to reverse HIV latency, with the potential to provide a functional cure.
St. Louis encephalitis virus temperature-sensitive mutants. I. Induction, isolation and preliminary characterization.

Nine temperature-sensitive(ts) mutants of St. Louis encephalitis virus were isolated after “forced mutagenesis” with 5-fluorouracil or 5-azacytidine. Thets mutants could be grouped on the basis of RNA sythesis at 40° C, the nonpermissive temperature and complementation analysis. Four complementation groups were identified. Members of two of the groups were negative for RNA synthesis at 40° C while the remainder were positive.
Clinical severity measures and quality of life burden in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: comparison of generic and dermatology‐specific instruments

BACKGROUND Given the severe symptom burden and chronic nature of mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS), effective assessment of quality of life (QoL) is essential to guiding patient-centred care in this population. In this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of QoL in early- and advanced-stage MF/SS and to assess the correlation of traditional measures of clinical severity with QoL measures. METHODS Between July 2017 and April 2019, outpatients at an academic medical centre with either MF/SS (n = 115) or general dermatology concerns (n = 115) completed generic and dermatology-specific QoL instruments [Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3), RAND 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Skindex-29, visual analogue scale for itch (VAS itch) and 5-D pruritus scale]. The mean scores of MF/SS patients were compared to that of controls using multivariable regression models adjusted for demographics and medical comorbidities. Cluster analysis of the QoL instruments and clinical severity measures (e.g. stage and body-surface-area involvement) was performed. RESULTS Patients with MF/SS scored significantly worse than controls on all QoL instruments used, with advanced-stage (IIB-IVB) disease having the worst QoL impairment. Early-stage (IA-IIA) and advanced-stage MF/SS patients had significantly reduced overall health status (HUI3; P < 0.05), with largest decrements in social functioning and usual role functioning due to physical and emotional health (SF-36; all P < 0.05). MF/SS had significantly worse skin-specific impairment than controls, with advanced-stage disease reporting the most severe skin-specific burden (Skindex-29, P < 0.05). Clinical severity measures had a weak correlation with generic (|rs | = 0.02-0.27) and moderate correlation with dermatology-specific instruments (|rs | = 0.41-0.53). CONCLUSIONS MF/SS have a significant impact on multiple domains of patients' QoL, including social, emotional and physical functioning. Current clinical measures do not adequately address QoL outcomes, underscoring the need for integrating formal disease-specific QoL assessment into the routine evaluation of MF/SS patients.
A Socialist Defector: From Harvard to Karl-Marx-Allee: Victor Grossman, (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2019, 352 pp., $23.00)

Victor Grossman, born Stephen Wechsler in 1928 in New York City, has written his second book about his defection to East Germany in 1952. The first, Crossing the River, described his escape from th...
Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy

Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is an early life muscular dystrophy characterised by early contractures, progressive muscular weakness and cardiac involvement. The transmission is usually X-linked but autosomal forms occur. The condition results from abnormalities of three groups of proteins together referred to as protein envelopathies. Therapy revolves around management of cardiac issues and maintenance of mobility and strategies for contractures.
A new technique for reducing test section noise in supersonic wind tunnels

A new technique is presented for obtaining a low-noise test environment in a high-speed wind tunnel. This technique utilizes the fact that the primary noise source for high supersonic/hypersonic wind tunnels is radiated noise from the turbulent, tunnel-wall boundary layer. Because of the high directionality of sound in supersonic flows this test section noise originates far upstream on the walls of the nozzle at the 'acoustic origin'. It is shown that tailoring the nozzle contour to reduce the acoustic origin Mach number significantly reduces the noise level in the upstream half of the nozzle test rhombus. Experimental noise measurements are presented from a conventional, Mach 5 nozzle and are compared with measurements from a rapid-expansion, Mach 5 nozzle.
Resilient Flight Control: An Architecture for Human Supervision of Automation

We address the problem of flight control in the presence of actuator anomalies. A supervisory control architecture that includes the actions of both a human pilot and an autopilot is proposed to ensure resilient tracking performance in the presence of anomalies. The pilot is tasked with supervisory, higher level decision-making tasks, such as anomaly detection, estimation, and command regulation. The autopilot is assigned a lower level task of accurate command following based on an adaptive control design. The main innovations in the proposed architecture are the use of human pilot in utilizing the concepts of capacity for maneuver (CfM) and graceful command degradation (GCD), both of which originate in cognitive sciences and a judicious combination of the pilot inputs and the autopilot control action. Together, they provide guidelines for a system to be resilient, which corresponds to the system’s readiness to respond to unforeseen events. The supervisory control architecture is shown to be capable of achieving maximum CfM while allowing minimal GCD, as well as satisfactory command following postanomaly, resulting in resilient flight capabilities. The proposed controller is analyzed in a simulation study of a nonlinear F-16 aircraft model under actuator anomalies. It is shown through numerical studies that under suitable inputs from the pilot, the overall controller is able to deliver resilient flight.
The role of Toll-like receptor signal in inflammatory response in neonatal sepsis

Objective To investigate the role of signal transduction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in inflammatory response of neonatal sepsis.Methods Twenty children with neonatal sepsis and 16 health neonates were studied.Real-time PCR were used to evaluate the levels of TLR1 ～ TLR10,myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2),myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88),interleukin (IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α) were measured by ELISA.Results (1) Compared with control group,the mRNA levels of TLR2,TLR4 in neonatal sepsis group were up-regulated significantly (TLR2:55.16±12.78 vs 9.53 ± 3.73,P ＜ 0.01 ;TLR4:125.22 ±30.64 vs 23.17 ± 5.78,P ＜0.01),the differences were not significant as to other TLRs.(2) Transcription levels of MD-2 and MyD88 were significantly up-regulated in neonatal sepsis group (MD-2:376.83 ± 62.16 vs 12.92 ± 2.54,P ＜ 0.01 ; MyD88:11.97 ±2.48 vs 2.77 ±0.59,P ＜0.01).(3) Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8,TNF-α) in neonatal sepsis group were higher than those of control group [PCR:(IL-1β:21.72 ± 5.56 vs 5.69 ± 1.26,P ＜0.01 ;IL-6:71.39 ± 18.34 vs 9.65 ±2.13,P ＜0.01 ;IL-8:29.39 ±6.72 vs 8.72 ± 1.95,P＜0.01;TNF-α:65.42 ± 16.95 vs 12.33 ±3.45,P ＜0.01).ELISA:(IL-1β:2 977.36 ±653.97 vs 480.52 ± 120.36,P ＜ 0.01 ; IL-6:3 143.82 ± 775.08 vs 393.78 ± 96.55,P ＜ 0.01 ; IL-8:2 510.78 ± 686.77 vs 276.91 ±72.46,P ＜0.01 ;TNF-α:3 582.24 ± 876.13 vs 1 233.68 ± 289.39,P ＜ 0.01)].Conclusion Abnormal activation of TLRs and higher expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in neonatal sepsis,suggesting that aberrant activation of TLRs may be one of the initiating factors of immune aberrance in neonatal sepsis. Key words: Toll-like receptors; Proinflammatory cytokine; Sepsis; Infant, newborn
Application of Fault Containment Principles to EMC

A hardware fault in aerospace is an undesired response to a designed engineering function in hardware. Therefore, in aerospace systems fault management is of prime importance. An important aspect of hardware faults is fault propagation. Fault propagation (also known as failure propagation) is a condition where a fault will not only produce an undesired hardware response, at its location of origin, but the fault will also propagate to other interfaced hardware and cause additional faults, or failures. Fault containment is necessary to avoid fault propagation. A fault containment region is an electronic or electromechanical region within a given hardware assembly where a fault in that region will not physically propagate to other regions of the assembly, and beyond. Rather, the fault will cause a functional failure of the hardware, where the fault occurred, without causing any additional propagated failures. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a desired state in aerospace hardware. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in aerospace hardware is a fault condition of EMC. Like other faults EMI can also propagate to other aerospace hardware unless it occurs inside an EMI containment region. The paper addresses the concepts of fault containment region and introduces the concept of EMI containment region with examples of both.
Beamspace processing of Compressively Sampled Signals Received via a Uniform Linear Array

This paper has applications in communication systems where there is a need for transmitting compressively sampled signals. Uniform linear antenna arrays are often used to receive such signals in an environment prone to multipath and terrain scattered interference. This paper introduces an approach to enable beamspace processing of arrays when receiving compressively sampled signals. The focus is on estimating the direction of arrival and recovering the received compressive signals then decompressing them. Fourier and Wavelet based beamspace processing is employed.
Associations of Snoring and Asthma Morbidity in the School Inner-City Asthma Study.

Background Inner-city children are disproportionately affected by asthma and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). However, little is known about the association of SDB symptoms with asthma morbidity in this vulnerable population. Objective Assess the relationship between snoring frequency and asthma morbidity. Methods This study was part of the School Inner-City Asthma Study, a longitudinal prospective cohort study of children with persistent asthma who attended schools in the Northeast United States from 2008 to 2013. Participants had baseline assessments of asthma symptoms, snoring, and allergy status. Caregivers completed quarterly surveys for 12 months on symptoms of asthma, snoring, and health care outcomes. Snoring frequency (non-, rare-, sometimes-, habitual-snoring) and its relationship with asthma symptoms and asthma morbidity were assessed by mixed-effects models. Results There were 1186 observations from 339 subjects. Mean age was 7.9 years; roughly half were male, and most were of minority race. Half were overweight or obese, and 65.5% had atopy. At initial snoring assessment, 24.8% reported habitual snoring, but report of snoring frequency varied over the study period. Multivariate analyses revealed increased odds of maximum asthma symptom days for habitual snoring compared with nonsnoring (1.58; 95% CI, 1.19-2.10; P Conclusions Snoring is common among inner-city school-age children with asthma, and habitual snoring is associated with increased asthma symptom burden and health care utilization.
CP-724714, a novel erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for cancer therapy

4637 The erbB2 (neu/HER2) proto-oncogene is over-expressed in various tumor types such as carcinomas of breast, ovary, and stomach. Herceptin, an erbB2 targeted humanized monoclonal antibody produces an increase in survival for patients with breast cancers that overexpress erbB2, and has been approved by the FDA for that indication. CP-724,714 was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of the erbB2 RTK (IC50 3.8 ng/ml). CP-724714 inhibits erbB2 receptor autophosphorylation in NIH 3T3 cells expressing a chimeric receptor consisting of the EGFR extracellular domain and the erbB2 intracellular domain (IC50 15 ng/ml) and in vitro growth of SKBr3 cells (IC50 25 ng/ml). It inhibits erbB2 autophosphorylation in vivo (ED50 ∼ 19 mg/kg, EC50 ∼ 980 ng/ml), after PO administration to athymic mice bearing FRE erbB2 tumors (Fisher rat embryonic fibroblasts transformed by activated erbB2). Oral administration (QD or BID) of CP-724714 inhibits the growth of FRE erbB2 tumors and human tumor xenografts in athymic female mice. The combination of CP-724,714 and Herceptin provided better anti-tumor efficacy than treatment by either agent alone in the BT-474 human breast carcinoma model. CP-724714 is an orally bio-available, well-tolerated compound that has progressed into clinical development.
Low-Frequency AC Transmission Topology and Reliability Analysis

Low-Frequency AC (LFAC) transmission topology is a contemporary technology for offshore wind power transmission along with High Voltage AC (HVAC) and Voltage Source Converter High Voltage DC (VSC-HVDC) transmission topology. It has gained paramount importance in the literature as an alternative to the existing conventional HVAC and VSC-HVDC transmission solutions for integrating offshore wind farms. Hence, efficient design and reliability of offshore wind power transmission topologies are essential requirements for the smooth operation of the transmission grid. In this paper, the LFAC transmission topology and its reliability performance are presented. The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) has been used to analyze and determine the reliability of the LFAC transmission topologies.
"O rosto" de Valter Hugo Mãe

Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar o conceito de experiencia presente no conto “O rosto”, de Valter Hugo Mae, inserido no livro Contos de caes e maus lob os (2017). Num primeiro momento, sera abordada a questao formal de duas formas breves de representacao – o conto e o poema-errância – mediados pela nocao de experiencia apresentada por Flannery O´Connor, Charles E. May e Paul Gilbert. Num segundo momento, sera analisado “O rosto” considerando a ideia filosofica de experiencia, interligando silencio e natureza. Neste percurso, o conto de Valter Hugo Mae sera posicionado numa equacao tripartida fundamentada na experiencia, no silencio e na natureza, a qual privilegia o afeto primordial mais profundo, revelando-se atraves da viagem que permite olhares outros.
Low bone mass resulting from impaired estrogen signaling in bone increases severity of load-induced osteoarthritis in female mice

Abstract Objective Reduced subchondral bone mass and increased remodeling are associated with early stage OA. However, the direct effect of low subchondral bone mass on the risk and severity of OA development is unclear. We sought to determine the role of low bone mass resulting from a bone-specific loss of estrogen signaling in load-induced OA development using female osteoblast-specific estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (pOC-ERαKO) mice. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by cyclic mechanical loading applied to the left tibia of 26-week-old female pOC-ERαKO and littermate control mice at peak loads of 6.5N, 7N, or 9N for 2 weeks. Cartilage damage and thickness, osteophyte development, and joint capsule fibrosis were assessed from histological sections. Subchondral bone morphology was analyzed by microCT. The correlation between OA severity and intrinsic bone parameters was determined. Results The loss of ERα in bone resulted in an osteopenic subchondral bone phenotype, but did not directly affect cartilage health. Following two weeks of cyclic tibial loading to induce OA pathology, pOC-ERαKO mice developed more severe cartilage damage, larger osteophytes, and greater joint capsule fibrosis compared to littermate controls. Intrinsic bone parameters negatively correlated with measures of OA severity in loaded limbs. Conclusions Subchondral bone osteopenia resulting from bone-specific loss of estrogen signaling was associated with increased severity of load-induced OA pathology, suggesting that reduced subchondral bone mass directly exacerbates load-induced OA development. Bone-specific changes associated with estrogen loss may contribute to the increased incidence of OA in post-menopausal women.
Hybridization disrupts growth-defense strategies and reveals trade-offs masked in unadmixed populations of a perennial plant

Organisms are constantly challenged by pathogens and pests which can drive the evolution of growth-defense strategies. Plant stomata are essential for gas-exchange during photosynthesis and conceptually lie at the intersection of the physiological demands of growth and exposure to foliar fungal. Generations of natural selection for locally adapted growth-defense strategies can eliminate variation between traits, potentially masking trade-offs and selection conflicts that may have existed in the past. Hybrid populations offer a unique opportunity to reset the clock on selection and to study potentially maladaptive trait variation before selection removes it. We study the interactions of growth, stomatal, ecopysiological, and disease resistance traits in Poplars after infection by the leaf rust Melampsora medusae. Phenotypes were measured in a common garden and genotyped at 227K SNPs. We isolate the effects of hybridization on trait variance, discover correlations between stomatal, ecophysiology and disease resistance, examine trade-offs and selection conflicts, and explore the evolution of growth-defense strategies potentially mediated by selection for stomatal traits on the upper leaf surface. These results suggest an important role for stomata in determining growth-defense strategies in organisms susceptible to foliar pathogens, and reinforces the contribution of hybridization studies towards our understanding of trait evolution.
Synthesis of Coastal Ecosystem Science Studies on Sensitivity and Spatial Resolution for Geo-Cape

Summary of Activity Variability in atmospheric aerosols and trace gasses is one of the largest sources of uncertainty for satellite ocean color retrievals, especially in coastal waters that are close to heavily polluted areas . We performed preliminary estimates of the error in remotely-sensed ocean color caused by uncertainties and approximate knowledge of the amount of NO 2 in the satellite's field of view. New measurements and regional air-quality model simulations were used to determine spatial and temporal variability in NO 2 and other trace gases at urban sites close to coastal regions. Results were assessed in terms of the proposed GEOCAPE OC sensor characteristics and recommendations were made to meet OC retrieval requirements. Atmospheric Correction for Oceans - Applications to GEO-CAPE  Impacts & recommendations for GEO-CAPE -If uncorrected, atmospheric variability will lead to a false estimate of time-dependent coastal ocean processes. -The resulting error in Rrs and nLw is spectrally dependant (with maximum at 400-450 nm), so it does not cancel out when using band-ratios for retrievals of ocean biogeochemical variables. - Based on these preliminary results, a spectral resolution of 0.8 nm (spectral sampling of 0.4 nm) would be required, at least in the 400-450 nm spectral range, for accurate atmospheric NO2 correction of coastal ocean color measurements from GEO-CAPE. - Additional work, using measurements of atmospheric variability over estuarine and coastal waters and a vector RT code, will provide improved estimates that will be used to assess results in terms of the GEO-CAPE mission objectives and measurement and instrument requirements
Partial characterization of a binding site for von Willebrand factor on glycocalicin

The binding of von Willebrand factor (vWF) to platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib (GpIb) facilitates platelet adhesion to vascular subendothelium. In this study, we provide evidence that the vWF binding site is on glycocalicin (GC), a proteolytic fragment of GpIb, and we examine the role of the carbohydrate portion of GC on that binding. The binding to platelets of 6D1, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope on GpIb and blocks ristocetin-induced vWF binding to platelets, was inhibited by purified GC. In addition, purified GC inhibited ristocetin-dependent binding of 125I-labeled vWF to platelets. Since GC contains 60% carbohydrate by weight, we assessed the role of carbohydrate sequences on its interaction with antibody 6D1 and vWF. Based on the known sequence of the major oligosaccharide chain of GC--N-acetyl neuraminic acid, galactose, N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine--we treated GC sequentially with neuraminidase, beta-galactosidase, and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Removal of sialic acid and galactose residues did not affect GC binding. Removal of N-acetyl glucosamine residues did not affect GC binding to 6D1 but did decrease the ability of GC to inhibit vWF binding to platelets, increasing the concentration needed to inhibit binding by 50% (IC50) 40-fold. This suggests that a portion of the oligosaccharide chains on GC contributes to the vWF binding activity of this molecule.
Hematologic problems in urology: Basic mechanisms and clinical approach

Abstract Basic clotting mechanisms are reviewed. The clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis are discussed, and an approach is suggested to those problems encountered by the urologist.
The Extent of the Munitions Problem

High performance devices and parts are made by the use of free ultra-precision cutting, grinding and abrasives (lapping and polishing) technologies and by suitable machining processes. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is an ultra-precision polishing procedure that occurs at the end of the machining process. In order to design an efficient machining process, it is necessary to understand the processes that precede it. The production of single crystal silicon is described. Individual wafers are produced by slicing the silicon ingot and the advantages of multi-wire sawing are considered. In addition, newer slicing technology, such as wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is discussed. Following slicing, beveling is carried out which is chamfering of the wafer periphery in order to avoid chipping. The next stage in the process is lapping, which is an abrasive machining process used to obtain materials with high dimensional accuracy and excellent surface finish. The lapping mechanism, types of lapping, abrasives used in lapping and lapping equipment are discussed and experimental results from studies on the lapping of silicon wafers presented. Etching, ultra-precision polishing/CMP and wet cleaning of silicon wafers are then discussed. Finally, the techniques for screening defects on the wafer are considered.