cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Multiple Cleaning and Disinfection Interventions on Infectious Diseases in Children: A Group Randomized Trial in China.

Abstract Objective To assess the effectiveness of multiple cleaning and disinfection interventions in the homes and kindergartens, in reducing gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses of children. Methods From October 2010 to September 2011, we performed a prospective, controlled study in China. 408 children under 5 years old were recruited and group randomized into intervention and control groups. Families and kindergartens in the intervention group were provided with antibacterial products for hand hygiene and surface cleaning or disinfection for one year. Each child's illness symptoms and sick leave were recorded every day. Results A total of 393 children completed the study, with similar baseline demographics in each of the 2 groups. Except for abdominal pain, the odds of symptoms (fever, cough and expectoration, runny nose and nasal congestion, diarrhea), illness (acute respiratory illness and gastrointestinal illness), and sick leave per person each month were significantly reduced by interventions. The rates of fever, diarrhea, acute respiratory illness, gastrointestinal illness and sick leave per person per year were significantly decreased as well. Conclusion Not only the acute respiratory and gastrointestinal illness but the sick leave rate in children were significantly reduced by multiple interventions.
Food Selection of a Tropical Mammalian Folivore in Relation to Leaf-Nutrient Content

Kerodon rupestris , a folivorous rodent endemic to the Caatinga of Brazil, exhibits complex modifications of diet in response to changes in the absolute abundance of 10 food species when their relative abundances remain equal. We evaluated the correlation between a suite of 12 nutrients (energy, ash, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) and the consumption of leaves from 10 different plant species. Regardless of the taxonomic composition of the diet, the proportional representation of all nutrients but sodium was constant during phases of low and high abundance of foods. The uptake of sodium increased by a factor of 2.84, even though total consumption increased only by a factor of 2.04. From multiple stepwise-regression analysis, we suggest that nitrogen, calcium, and potassium contributed significantly to food selection. Carbon and sodium also were correlated with consumption, but excluded from the multiple-regression results because of their intercorrelation with other nutrients. The median-log Levene's test was significant, indicating differences in the relative variation in uptake of the 12 nutrients. At high abundance of resources, sodium exhibited the most consistent daily uptake of all the nutrients, suggesting that it may constrain the maximization of other essential dietary elements. Sodium may play a role in the water balance of this arid-land rodent.
Effect of Aspect Ratio on Inertial Migration of Neutrally Buoyant Spheres in a Rectangular Channel

A suspension of particles in a fluid under motion in a channel is a class of flows in which the particle-particle, particle-wall and particle-fluid interactions are important. In this study, inertial migration of spherical particles is studied for three-dimensional rectangular channels with different aspect ratios for the channel cross-section using the lattice Boltzmann method. The particles are neutrally buoyant in nature, and the Reynolds
Responses of Striped Earwigs Following Applications of Heptachlor and Mirex, and Predator-Prey Relationships Between Imported Fire Ants and Striped Earwigs

Field populations of striped earwigs Labidura riparia (Pallas) in Baton Rouge are resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and are not killed by these chemicals at rates recommended for control of imported fire ants, Solenapsis saevissima richteri Forel. Striped earwig populations developed to a significant higher level in suburban yards treated with 10% granular heptachlor than in untreated yards. Heptachlor-treated field plots covering 2800 square feet developed higher populations of striped earwigs than did either mirex-treated (0.025% bait) or untreated field plots of equal size. Heptachlor-treated field plots situated 100 or more feet from suburban yards had significantly fewer earwigs than did heptachlor-treated suburban yards. Imported lire ants and thief ants, S. molesta (Say), were the only predators observed feeding on eggs of the striped earwig when eggs were exposed overnight in 0.5-dr vials situated in untreated field plots. Within heptachlor-treated field plots where fire ant populations were reduced to a minimum, cannibalism by 5th and 6th instar and adult earwigs on eggs of their own species was frequently observed.
Robotic abdominoperineal resection

In comparison to laparoscopic, robotic surgery for rectal cancer has not been studied as extensively, though multiple small studies have shown safety and feasibility. Robotic surgery addresses laparoscopic limitations by providing high-resolution magnified 3-dimensional imaging, articulating instruments that mimic the movement of a hand with 7 degrees of motion, superior ergonomics, and the ability to retract and control the camera without an assistant. Some robotic studies have shown lower rates of conversion, issues with sexual function, and positive circumferential resection margins. This article reviews the technical aspects of robotic abdominal perineal resection.
The psychosocial effects of the Li-Fraumeni Education and Early Detection (LEAD) program on individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome

The psychosocial effects of the Li-Fraumeni Education and Early Detection (LEAD) program on individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Cinderella: Turning Shabby X.509 Certificates into Elegant Anonymous Credentials with the Magic of Verifiable Computation

Despite advances in security engineering, authentication in applications such as email and the Web still primarily relies on the X.509 public key infrastructure introduced in 1988. This PKI has many issues but is nearly impossible to replace. Leveraging recent progress in verifiable computation, we propose a novel use of existing X.509 certificates and infrastructure. Instead of receiving and validating chains of certificates, our applications receive and verify proofs of their knowledge, their validity, and their compliance with application policies. This yields smaller messages (by omitting certificates), stronger privacy (by hiding certificate contents), and stronger integrity (by embedding additional checks, e.g. for revocation). X.509 certificate validation is famously complex and error-prone, as it involves parsing ASN.1 data structures and interpreting them against diverse application policies. To manage this diversity, we propose a new format for writing application policies by composing X.509 templates, and we provide a template compiler that generates C code for validating certificates within a given policy. We then use the Geppetto cryptographic compiler to produce a zero-knowledge verifiable computation scheme for that policy. To optimize the resulting scheme, we develop new C libraries for RSA-PKCS#1 signatures and ASN.1 parsing, carefully tailored for cryptographic verifiability. We evaluate our approach by providing two real-world applications of verifiable computation: a drop-in replacement for certificates within TLS, and access control for the Helios voting protocol. For TLS, we support fine-grained validation policies, with revocation checking and selective disclosure of certificate contents, effectively turning X.509 certificates into anonymous credentials. For Helios, we obtain additional privacy and verifiability guarantees for voters equipped with X.509 certificates, such as those readily available from some national ID cards.
Literacy in Adult Life: Community, Further Education and Work

In the past it was assumed that people learned to read and write at school and that was the end of the matter. The belief was that school-based literacy skills would enable people to move on to and participate in further education and the workplace. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, researchers (for example, Barton, Hamilton & Ivanic 2000, Barton & Ivanic 1991, Baynham 1995, Clark and Ivanic 1997, Hamilton, Barton & Ivanic 1994, Heath 1983) began to turn their focus to the social purposes and practices of literacy in contexts beyond the school, including tertiary education contexts, home contexts, community contexts and work contexts. These socially oriented researchers began to investigate ‘the different literacies associated with different domains of life’ (Barton et al. 2000: 11) and this led to an interest in how adults managed in different contexts with varying levels of literacy skills and how these could be measured (for example, Black 1989, Wickert 1989).
Observations and Assessment of Fly Ashes from High-Sulfur Bituminous Coals and Blends of High-Sulfur Bituminous and Subbituminous Coals: Environmental Processes Recorded at the Macro- and Nanometer Scale

Fly ash was investigated with a variety of chemical, mineralogical, petrographic, and microbeam techniques from three coal-fired units at two Kentucky power plants. Two units burn high-sulfur Illinois Basin high volatile bituminous (hvb) coal, and the third unit burns a ∼70:30 blend of high-sulfur Illinois Basin hvb coal and low-sulfur, relatively high-CaO Powder River Basin subbituminous coal. With high-S, high-Fe coals in all of the blends, spinel (magnetite) is an important constituent in the fly ashes. Overall, the fly ashes are dominated by glass. Portlandite was noted in the high-Ca-coal-derived ash. Concentrations of Ba and Sr are highest in the latter fly ash, a function of the Powder River Basin coal source for a portion of the blend. Rare earth elements do not have a high concentration in any of the fly ashes and do not show any significant partitioning between the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or baghouse rows in the individual generating units. In contrast to previously studied fly ashes fr...
Depressive Symptoms, Acute Alcohol Intoxication, and Risk Rationale Effects on Men’s Condom Use Resistance

This study examined the role of depressive symptoms, acute intoxication, and risk rationale in men’s use of condom use resistance (CUR) tactics in an experimental study. Participants included 313 heterosexual male, nonproblem drinkers, ages 21 to 30. Participants were randomized to one of four beverage conditions: no alcohol, placebo, low (.04%) alcohol dose, or high (.08%) alcohol dose. They read an eroticized scenario depicting a consensual sexual encounter with a female partner who requested a condom to prevent either pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (risk rationale) and then indicated their intentions to use 10 different CUR tactics. Hypotheses related to the pharmacological, dosage, and expectancy effects of alcohol were tested in a generalized linear model. In intoxicated (.04% and .08%) men who were given a pregnancy risk rationale, depressive symptoms were associated with stronger intentions to use CUR tactics than in sober (control and placebo) men. Men who received a high alco...
Silicon Microphotonic Waveguides for Biological Sensing

The advantages of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide platform are examined for evanescent field (EF) based biological sensing. It is suggested that the high index contrast (HIC) inherent to SOI waveguides allows sensors fabricated in this material to demonstrate improved sensitivity over that of all other common planar waveguide platforms for the probing of thin biological layers.
Critical Behavior of Mean-Field XY and Related Models

We discuss spin models on complete graphs in the mean-field (infinite-vertex) limit, especially the classical XY model, the Toy model of the Higgs sector, and related generalizations. We present a number of results coming from the theory of large deviations and Stein’s method, in particular, Cramer and Sanov-type results, limit theorems with rates of convergence, and phase transition behavior for these models.
Abstract 3138: The Effect of Interactions among Variants of CD36 on Hypertensive Heart Disease Phenotypes

Alterations in myocardial metabolism are implicated in mediating hypertensive heart disease (HHD). We hypothesize that variants in CD36 modulate HHD phenotypes both individually and collectively via interactions among CD36 variants and with those in other metabolic regulatory genes. Cardiovascular (CV) phenotypes were characterized by echocardiography and carotid artery ultrasonography. The association between race-specific CD36 tagSNPs (r 2 >0.8) and HHD traits were tested in Caucasian (C, n=608) and African-American (AA, n=228) adults. Association between dependent variables and individual SNPs were tested by regression analysis adjusting for known confounding covariates. Tests for interaction were carried out by first examining within-gene cis -interactions by regression against haplotypes in CD36, followed by exploratory analysis of cross-gene interactions between CD36 and PPARα, PPARγ, and PGC1α using Bayesian network (BNT) analyses. A total of 14 and 52 CD36 SNPs in C and AA, respectively, were evaluated. In C, no significant main effects for individual CD36 SNPs were detected while 3 CD36 haplotypes were associated with LV diastolic function, LV mass, and LV ejection fraction suggesting a role for interaction of cis -acting elements. In AA, 15 individual SNPs and 17 CD36 haplotypes were associated with HHD-related traits. Exploratory BNT analyses including significant haplotypes from the 4 genes identified meaningful gene-gene interactions in both races, highlighting the complex nature of interactions among CD36 and metabolic regulatory genes in the etiology that deserves further investigation.
Central control of postural orientation in flatfish. I. Postural change dependence on central neural changes.

1. Flatfish metamorphose from a larval form that swims upright like a standard fish to an adult that lies on one side, with both eyes on the upper side, having rotated posture 90° relative to gravity and the former normal posture. Adult Citharichthys stigmaeus and Hypsopsetta guttulata were used in behavioural and physiological experiments to determine whether the postural change is a peripheral or central phenomenon. 2. Cleared and sectioned specimens verify that the otolith organs, unlike the eyes, do not rotate within the skull, and so do not maintain the normal vertebrate orientation with respect to gravity. 3. Ocular compensation to lateral tilt shows that tactile cues, vision, and the semicircular canals are inadequate to produce tilt responses, but elimination of otolith function abolishes tilt responses. The major postural role of the otolith organs is not lost. 4. Selective removal of otoliths demonstrates that the flatfish utriculus has only a minor role in tilt responses, and that the sacculus-lagena is required, unlike the situation in other vertebrates. The details of the ocular compensation responses are similar to those of standard fishes. Each sacculus lies at an angle of up to 45° when in the normal position, but unilateral loss does not change the phase of the response curve, indicating that the null response is set for a non-zero value of gravitational shear, unlike the null at zero shear to the utriculus in other vertebrates. 5. Hysteresis effects suggest a differential sensitivity between tilts near the normal and the upside-down null positions. The narrowness of the effect argues against mechanical restrictions. Possibly the vertical utriculus is useful only near the normal, as an accessory organ, like the vertical lagena in other vertebrates. 6. Neural units recorded from both eighth nerve and medulla show the expected activity properties of regular and irregular rate, tonic and phasic responses to tilt, directional dependence and ‘multi-valuedness’, as in other vertebrates. No novel response types are found, nor any distinctive ‘into-level‘ types described for some vertebrates. Vibration sensitivity is associated with irregular rate, and exclusively vibration-sensitive units are apparent only in the utriculus. The shift in functional relations of the otolith organs relative to gravity is not apparently compensated for by any major change in peripheral afferent gravistatic unit properties. 7. An increasing distinction between the null at normal and the null upside-down shown by limited data on ocular compensation in three year-classes of flatfish. A central change in vestibular function is suggested that might be dependent on experience, as is gradual compensation to a vestibular lesion. 8. Since peripheral changes are not responsible for the postural change, alternative central mechanisms are proposed, including central weighting of input, recognition of a complex input pattern, and plasticity of connexions, all of which have received some supporting evidence from these results.
Optical properties of ultrathin plasmonic TiN films

Epitaxial, ultrathin (<10 nm) plasmonic TiN films are characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry and Hall measurements. Thin films with thicknesses down to 2 nm remain highly metallic with a carrier concentration on the order of 1022 cm−3.
Surviving Your 1L Year (Again): A Primer for First-Year Legal-Writing Adjuncts

Legal writing is the hardest and most important legal art and skill to master. First-year legal writing is the toughest and most critical law-school course to teach or take. And first-year legal-writing students are the roughest and most rewarding crowd in law school. Especially for adjunct professors. To rephrase the old saying, those who teach can’t do, and those who teach teachers can’t teach. Nonetheless, this article — from someone who violates his own recommendations too often — is designed to teach teachers: prospective, new, and experienced first-year legal-writing adjuncts. From the Journal editors: "New York State Supreme Court Justice, Professor of Law, and prolific scholar Judge Gerald Lebovits provides his advice, insight, and observations based on years of classroom experience to anyone contemplating a position as an Adjunct Professor of Legal Research and Writing. It is sure to become the definitive work on the subject."
Apoptosis and Necroptosis as Host Defense Strategies to Prevent Viral Infection

Antiviral transcriptional responses and regulated cell death are crucial components of the host response to virus infection. However, in contrast to the signaling pathways that promote antiviral transcription, those that initiate cell death following virus infection are less understood. Several recent studies have identified pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the mammalian innate immune system that activate cell death pathways. These same receptors also have established roles in the induction of antiviral gene expression. In this review we discuss the mechanisms by which PRRs can serve dual roles as initiators of inflammatory gene expression and as inducers of apoptosis and necroptosis following virus infection.
Social Knowledge and Supervenience Revisited

Bird’s (Philos Perspect 24:23–56, 2010; in: Lackey (ed) Essays in Collective Epistemology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014) account of social knowledge (SK) denies that scientific social knowledge supervenes solely on the mental states of individuals. Lackey (Philos Issues 24:282–298, 2014) objects that SK cannot accommodate (1) a knowledge-action principle and (2) the role of group defeaters. I argue that Lackey’s knowledge-action principle is ambiguous. On one disambiguation, it is false; on the other, it is true but poses no threat to SK. Regarding group defeaters, I argue that there are at least two options available to the defender of SK, both taken from literature on individual defeaters and applied to group defeaters. Finally, I argue that Lackey’s description of the case of Dr. N.—as a case in which the scientific community does not know but is merely in a position to know—is mistaken. It assumes that Dr. N.’s publication is not scientific knowledge. An analogy to the individual case shows that it is plausible that the scientific community is not merely in a position to know, although its members are. This leaves intact a conception of social knowledge on which it does not supervene on the mental states of individuals.
Bacteriochlorophyll-to-Carotenoid Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Centers

X-ray diffraction methods have provided the detailed structures of the reaction centers from two carotenoid-containing purple photosynthetic bacterial species, Rhodopseudomonas viridis [1] and Rhodobacter sphaeroides wild type strain 2.4.1 [2]. The coordinates of these structures indicate that the reaction center-bound carotenoid is located in the M subunit, close (∼4A) to the accessory bacteriochlorophyll monomer on the M subunit side and ∼10.5A edge-to-edge distance from the primary donor. These structures suggest an involvement of the M-side monomelic bacteriochlorophyll in triplet-triplet energy transfer, but there has been no direct experimental verification of this hypothesis.
High-Throughput Screening Identifies 1,4,5-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazole Analogs as Potent and Specific Antagonists of Pregnane X Receptor

Abstract Human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of phase I and phase II drug-metabolism enzymes, as well as that of drug transporters. hPXR is a “xenobiotics sensor” and can be activated by structurally diverse compounds. The activation of hPXR by its agonists increases the clearance of xenobiotics by increasing the expression of drug-metabolism enzymes and drug transporters, possibly leading to drug toxicity, drug resistance, and other adverse drug reactions. Therefore, hPXR antagonists might attenuate agonist-mediated activation of hPXR and reduce the risk of adverse drug reactions. Several hPXR antagonists have been reported, but none of them is specific for hPXR. In this study, we present the first large-scale, unbiased, cell-based high-throughput screen to identify specific hPXR antagonists. Among the 132,975 compounds screened, we identified the 1,4,5-substituted 1,2,3-triazole analogs as potent and specific hPXR antagonists by sequentially performing pr...
The Physiology of Fishes

(1995). The Physiology of Fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 124, No. 1, pp. 147-150.
Toward Competitive Employment for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: What Progress Have We Made and Where Do We Need to Go:

Progress toward competitive integrated employment (CIE) for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) over the last 40 years has been mixed. Despite evidence showing that supported employment interventions can enable adults with IDD to effectively get and keep jobs, national rates of integrated employment remain below a third of the working-age population. Progress is being made to improve these outcomes. Pathways have been identified that lead to CIE through supported employment, customized employment, internship experiences, and postsecondary education. The recent passage of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) has created fresh momentum and increased the onus on interagency collaboration. This article examines what is known about promoting CIE through these pathways and highlights recommendations for future research and policy change. Recommendations for the future provide direction toward positive change for CIE into the 21st century.
A customer-to-carrier interface for trouble administration

This paper describes a customer-to-carrier trouble administration service based on the Network Management Forum (NMF) service management concept. Implementing a trouble administration gateway for direct on-line submission and interaction of trouble tickets is being realized through a standard interface known in industry as “Electronic Bonding”. This interface supports connectivity between an ISO/ITU-T Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) manager and multiple agents. A Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) project, described herein, enables a customer, acting in a manager role, to track trouble reports across public carrier networks.
A Classification of Molluscan Hemocytes Based on Functional Evidences

Molluscan hemocytes serve a variety of functions. It is known that these cells are involved in wound repair (Pauley and Sparks, 1965; des Voignes and Sparks, 1968; Pauley and Heaton, 1969; Ruddell, 1971b), shell repair (Wagge, 1951, 1955), nutrient digestion and transport (Yonge, 1923, 1926; Takatsuki, 1934a; Yonge and Nicholas, 1940; Zacks and Welsh, 1953; Wagge, 1955; Zacks, 1955; Owen, 1966; Purchon, 1968; Cheng and Cali, 1974; Cheng and Rudo, 1976; Cheng, 1977), excretion (Durham, 1892; Canegallo, 1924; Orton, 1923), and internal defense, i.e., cellular immunity (Stauber, 1950, 1961; Tripp, 1958a; b, 1960; Feng, 1959, 1965; and critical reviews by Cheng, 1967; Cheng and Rifkin, 1970; Cheng, 1979).
Chapter 3.1.3 Brain region-specific and temporally restricted gene knockout using the Cre recombinase system

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the brain region-specific and temporally restricted gene knockout using the Cre recombinase system. The Cre or loxP-based conditional knockout is both brain region-specific and temporally restricted, and its value in studying the molecular and neural mechanisms of learning and memory have clearly been demonstrated. However, this system is not suitable for studying all stages of memory formation such as memory consolidation, transfer and retrievals. Therefore, it is desirable to further improve the region-specific knockout system by incorporating inducible features. For example, the recently reported ecdysone-inducible gene expression system can be used to regulate the expression of Cre recombinase. This inducible system is based on the ability of insect hormone 20-OH ecdysone to activate gene expression via activation of the modified ecdysone fusion receptor. Such inducible and region-specific knockout system further enhances the power of genetic approaches for dissecting brain function and behaviors.
Chromosome Alterations in Oncogenesis

Recently there has been increased interest in the study of chromosomal alterations in neoplastic cells. Such investigations have already begun to contribute significantly to our understanding of fundamental tumor biology, particularly with respect to the role of specific genes in carcinogenesis. This brief review will focus on this aspect of tumor cytogenetics, and particularly our own recent studies, but some generalizations will be offered first to help provide an appropriate perspective.
Academic pipeline for scientists with disabilities

The business model for organizational diversity states that “diverse” organizations have a competitive advantage over non-“diverse organizations. These advantages arise from increased creativity,1 problem solving,2,3 decision making,4 and overall quality of results,5 among other observed outcomes. Within academia, increasing diversity benefits performance and persistence of students by reducing the deleterious effects of solo status (being the only representative of a social group)/tokenism (member of a minority social group in a given organization) and stereotype threat.
Abstract IA06: Molecular basis of T cell exhaustion: Insights for immunotherapy

T cell exhaustion is common during chronic infections, cancer and prevents optimal immunity. Exhausted CD8 T cells (TEX) are defined by the loss of ability to perform effector functions efficiently, low proliferative capacity, and poor survival following antigen stimulation. In addition, it has become clear that TEX co-express multiple inhibitory receptors that negatively regulate their function. Indeed, receptors such as PD-1 have become major targets of clinical immunotherapies in cancer and infectious disease aimed at re-invigorating TEX. Our work has recently defined transcriptional networks of T cell exhaustion and has focused on the role of key transcription factors, including T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) in controlling the sustainability and terminal differentiation of TEX populations. We have found a key role for T-bet in sustaining a progenitor pool of TEX during chronic infection, while the related transcription factor Eomes governs terminal differentiation. One key observation from these studies is that a key surrogate of reinvigoration of TEX responses is a population of EomesHi PD-1Hi TEX. The use of this subset of CD8 T cells as a biomarker is explored. Moreover, our recent work has investigated the question of durability of response to PD-1 pathway blockade. These studies have lead to the discovery that the epigenetic landscape of TEX is highly distinct from effector or memory CD8 T cells defining TEX as a unique and distinct lineage of cells. Moreover, we have now defined the epigenetic and transcriptional network changes that occur in TEX upon PD-1 blockade and the effects of these changes on long-term durability of TEX reinvigoration. Ultimately, a more precise molecular understanding of T cell exhaustion should lead to novel and more robust clinical interventions to reverse exhaustion in settings of persisting infections and cancer. Citation Format: E. John Wherry. Molecular basis of T cell exhaustion: Insights for immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA06.
Abstract 226: Predicting Major Adverse Cardiac Events Using HEART Score in the Elderly

Background: The HEART score was developed to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) within 6 weeks in patients evaluated for chest pain. In the established score, age is scored as <45 years ol...
Validation of the Normalized Laryngeal Constriction Ratio in Normal and Disordered Swallowing.

Purpose The timing of laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC) is important for airway protection during swallowing. However, it is unknown whether the extent of LVC contributes to airway protection. The goal of this study is to validate the extent of LVC via a measure called laryngeal constriction ratio (LCR). Methods A retrospective analysis of videofluoroscopic swallows was conducted on 38 stroke participants and 40 healthy controls. The LCR was calculated by deriving a size-normalized area of airspace from a 1) maximum closed laryngeal vestibule and a 2) maximum open laryngeal airspace (at rest). Airway invasion severity was derived via the Penetration-Aspiration Scale score. Results Six hundred forty-nine videofluoroscopic swallows were analyzed. A mixed model analysis revealed a statistically significant mean difference between the normalized laryngeal constriction ratios of healthy individuals (mean (m) = 0.003) versus older dysphagic patients (m = .026) (P = 0.001), quantifying less closure in older patients with dysphagia. Additionally, swallows with airway compromise had a statistically worse LCR when compared to swallows without airway compromise (P = 0.001). Conclusion The normalized LCR might be a valid fluoroscopic surrogate measure for LVC and, furthermore, airway compromise during swallowing. By investigating spatial measurements in the laryngeal vestibule during safe and unsafe swallows, the LCR provides a direction for further research to allow for critical examination of the physiology relating to closure degree in order to precisely detect and treat abnormalities during swallowing. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:E190-E198, 2020.
Review of Oksana Maksymchuk and Max Rosochinsky, editors. Words for War: New Poems from Ukraine.

Book review of Oksana Maksymchuk and Max Rosochinsky, editors. Words for War: New Poems from Ukraine. Introduction by Ilya Kaminsky, afterword by Polina Barskova, Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University / Borderlines Foundation for Academic Studies / Academic Studies Press, 2017. Ukrainian Studies, edited by Vitaly Chernetsky. xxvi, 246 pp. Illustrations. Glossary. Geographical Locations and Places of Significance. Notes to Poems. Index. $37.00, cloth.
Research priorities in prediction of response in early breast cancer.

Abstract With increasingly effective treatments, breast cancer outcomes have markedly improved, so goals of research in the modern era must be to tailor treatment to risk and response – we must escalate therapy in those who need better, more effective drugs, but we must also de-escalate therapy in those who are overtreated by current approaches. Research priorities in the upcoming years will be to better identify tumor biologic features conferring a high sensitivity to drugs, thereby allowing more tailored and less aggressive regimens, as well as tumor features conferring resistance to drugs, which can be then be omitted. The neoadjuvant approach to therapy, which has become the standard for HER2-positive and triple negative breast cancer, has already given us response-tailored therapy through the advent of residual disease strategies; we will need to learn to leverage this approach even more to further tailor treatment and maximize clinical benefit.
Spontaneous septostomy in a monochorionic-diamniotic twin gestation

Monochorionic twin gestations are associated with a greater incidence of neonatal morbidity and mortality when compared with their dichorionic counterparts. In turn, monochorionic-monoamniotic (MCMA) gestations carry greater risks compared with monochorionic-diamniotic (MCDA) gestations. While the true incidence of spontaneous septostomy of the dividing membranes (SSDM) in MCDA twins is unknown, SSDM has been demonstrated to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, due to functional transition from a MCDA gestation to a MCMA gestation. We report a case of SSDM in a mid-trimester MCDA gestation, review the literature, and describe how to identify and manage this complication.
Contrastive Distillation on Intermediate Representations for Language Model Compression

Existing language model compression methods mostly use a simple L2 loss to distill knowledge in the intermediate representations of a large BERT model to a smaller one. Although widely used, this objective by design assumes that all the dimensions of hidden representations are independent, failing to capture important structural knowledge in the intermediate layers of the teacher network. To achieve better distillation efficacy, we propose Contrastive Distillation on Intermediate Representations (CoDIR), a principled knowledge distillation framework where the student is trained to distill knowledge through intermediate layers of the teacher via a contrastive objective. By learning to distinguish positive sample from a large set of negative samples, CoDIR facilitates the student's exploitation of rich information in teacher's hidden layers. CoDIR can be readily applied to compress large-scale language models in both pre-training and finetuning stages, and achieves superb performance on the GLUE benchmark, outperforming state-of-the-art compression methods.
Pedestrian Density Based Path Recognition and Risk Prediction for Autonomous Vehicles

Human drivers continually use social information to inform their decision making. We believe that incorporating this information into autonomous vehicle decision making would improve performance and importantly safety. This paper investigates how information in the form of pedestrian density can be used to identify the path being travelled and predict the number of pedestrians that the vehicle will encounter along that path in the future. We present experiments which use camera data captured while driving to evaluate our methods for path recognition and pedestrian density prediction. Our results show that we can identify the vehicle’s path using only pedestrian density at 92.4% accuracy and we can predict the number of pedestrians the vehicle will encounter with an accuracy of 70.45%. These results demonstrate that pedestrian density can serve as a source of information both perhaps to augment localization and for path risk prediction.
Benefits and Risks: A Systematic Review of Information and Communication Technology Use by Autistic People

Background: Communication via the internet is a regular feature of everyday interactions for most people, including autistic people. Researchers have investigated how autistic people use informatio...
An Integrative Review of Curricular Considerations for Preparing Student Pharmacists to Prescribe Hormonal Contraception.

Starting in 2014, the pharmacist's role in the United States (US) has expanded to include prescribing hormonal contraception (HC), and is currently addressed with policy in 14 states and Washington D.C.. Training and education requirements for this expanded scope of practice vary between states and are changing rapidly. The objective of this review is to examine how student pharmacists are taught to provide contraceptive care, specifically for prescribing ongoing HC and emergency contraception, and to identify potential gaps in current US pharmacy curricula. Despite steady adoption into community pharmacy practice, currently there is sparse literature assessing educational methods used to teach contraceptive care. This review offers recommendations to promote consistent and comprehensive student pharmacist education in providing contraceptive care across institutions, regardless of state policy status.
Communicating to Engage: An Improvisational Theater-Based Communication Training Designed to Support Community-Academic Partnership Development.

Problem The potential for community-engaged research to address health inequity requires deliberate effort to create trusting and equitable community-academic partnerships. A lack of evidence-based opportunities for cultivating such partnerships remains a barrier. Approach In 2017 and 2018, the authors designed, facilitated, and evaluated a mixed stakeholder training, Communicating to Engage, at 2 urban academic medical centers involved in the All of Us research program, Boston Medical Center and Mass General Brigham. The goal was to bring together researchers and community members to develop communication skills through improvisational theater-based co-learning. The curriculum was inspired by several evidence-based learning frameworks including community-based participatory research principles and improvisational theater techniques. A self-administered survey completed before and after the training session measured participants' communication skills using the Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale (SPCCS) and comfort with specific communication styles as outlined in the program's training objectives. Paired t tests were used to measure changes in scaled responses among combined participants and separately among self-identified community members and researchers. Outcomes Sixty-nine total participants across 6 workshops completed training evaluations. Overall, pre-post survey analysis demonstrated significant mean score improvement for both the SPCCS and comfort with specific communication styles. In stratified analysis, both community members (n = 26) and researchers (n = 38) reported significant improvement in scores related to comfort with specific communication styles. Only researchers, but not community members, had significant improvement in SPCCS scores. Next steps The Communicating to Engage program brought community and researcher stakeholders together and demonstrated improvement in self-perceived communication styles, yet researcher participants benefited more than community participants. Future innovation is necessary to further target community stakeholder communication training needs. Mixed stakeholder improvisational theater-based learning provides deliberate opportunities to build new community-academic partnerships that may enhance health equity initiatives.
Humanizing science education, wellness and a more just world

This manuscript urges us, individually and as a collective, to revive the soul of science education, making it a transformative, empowering, socially just and humanizing experience for Black and Brown children, especially those living in economically disadvantaged circumstances. A humanizing science education values and respects students, facilitates meaningful and relevant science learning for their pursuit of personal wellness, and assists them in addressing systemic injustices faced within their lifeworlds.
Epithelial Cell Volume Regulation

The cell membranes of almost all cells exhibit a sufficiently large water permeability that cell volume is determined by the content of osmotically active solutes as well as by the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. The swelling pressure created by intracellular macromolecules is constantly opposed by pumps which extrude ions. A constant cell volume is maintained both by adjustment of ion transport rates and by rapid changes of the membrane leaks. Variations in the rates of ion transport and leak constitute the primary homeostatic mechanisms available to all cells for housekeeping purposes. In addition to the ability to maintain a constant cell volume in the absence of any disturbances in the rate of solute entry or exit, most cells have some capability to counteract volume perturbations by volume regulatory processes. The tendency of osmotically swollen cells to shrink towards control volume by loss of solute and concomitant cell water is denoted regulatory volume decrease (RVD).
The diminished role of the vertebrate atrium in ventricular filling (879.7)

Background: We previously have shown widespread occurrence of biphasic ventricular filling in several clades of fishes, which challenges the long-held tenet that atrial contraction is the sole dete...
Application of Fuzzy Clustering Analysis in Classification of Soil in Qinghai and Heilongjiang of China

Soil classification systems organize soil variability into useful groupings that can be identified by field investigation and documented in soil survey, and form the basis for the exchange and extension of soil science research and soil resources management. Fuzzy clustering analysis may be used whenever a composite classification of soil incorporates multiple parameters. In this paper, seventy-seven topsoil samples were collected from Qinghai and Heilongjiang of China, and the element contents of topsoil were detected by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. In fuzzy clustering analysis, all data were standardized, and then a fuzzy similarity matrix was established and the fuzzy relation was stabilized. The results showed that topsoil samples of Qinghai and Heilongjiang were completely grouped into two clusters according to their districts, when given a suitable threshold λ= 0.7580. This work supplied the quantification classification method of alpine soil (Qinghai) and unsaturation siallitic soil (Heilongjiang).
NR4A2 Expression Patterns in Mouse Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Arthritis is a group of over 100 musculoskeletal disorders affecting approximately 50 million adults in the US. In an effort to develop new drugs to treat arthritis, we are exploring the function of the orphan nuclear receptor 4A2 (NR4A2), a transcription factor over-expressed in inflamed joints. The transcriptional targets of NR4A2 include angiogenesis factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). NR4A2 appears to have a deleterious effect in synoviocytes by promoting tissue degradation, while in chondrocytes it seems to have a protective function. Previous work on human synoviocytes has shown NR4A2 to rise early in response to inflammation, leading us to hypothesize that NR4A2 may be a preliminary mediator of arthritis. To test this hypothesis in vivo , we studied NR4A2 expression patterns in two mouse models of RA: Antigen Induced Arthritis (AIA) and Serum Transfer Arthritis (STA). Tissue sections were obtained from healthy and arthritic mice at early, mid, and late time-points following induction. Joint cross-sections were examined via immunohistochemical staining, and NR4A2 positive cells were quantified in synovial and cartilage tissues. In the AIA model, NR4A2 protein levels peaked in synovium at day 10 of disease (mid stage, 50% positive) and declined later in disease. In cartilage, protein levels reached a maximum at day 8 (early stage, 70%) and subsequently declined as well. In contrast, NR4A2 was not expressed in the STA model, despite apparent joint degradation. NR4A2 has been shown to be expressed in STA arthritis by other researchers, so it is unknown why STA samples did not show NR4A2 expression in our experiment.
Effects of disorder on the ν = 1 quantum Hall state

A disorder-averaged Hartree-Fock treatment is used to compute the density of single particle states for quantum Hall systems at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.$ It is found that transport and spin polarization experiments can be simultaneously explained by a model of mostly short-range effective disorder. The slope of the transport gap (due to quasiparticles) in parallel field emerges as a result of the interplay between disorder-induced broadening and exchange, and has implications for skyrmion localization.
Immunoreactive levels of myosin light-chain kinase in normal and virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts.

Abstract Calmodulin, a calcium-modulated effector protein, is an important mediator of the intracellular actions of calcium through its interaction with calmodulin-binding proteins. We report here that the immunoreactive levels of a calmodulin-binding protein, myosin light-chain kinase, are decreased in transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts.
A process-output classification for customer participation in services

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a classification for customer participation (CP) in services. Furthermore, it develops research propositions examining the moderating role of the proposed classification on the link between the magnitude of CP and service outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Building on the process-output framework, the paper explores the contingent nature of the effect of CP magnitude on service outcomes (satisfaction and efficiency). Findings – The research propositions suggest that specific output enhances the positive effect of CP magnitude on satisfaction but also intensifies the negative effect of CP magnitude on efficiency; conversely, generic output diminishes the positive effect of CP magnitude on satisfaction but mitigates the negative effect of CP magnitude on efficiency. The effect of CP magnitude on satisfaction is stronger for a structured participation process than for an unstructured process; while the negative effect of CP magnitude on efficiency is str...
A designed repeat protein as an affinity capture reagent.

Repeat proteins are an attractive target for protein engineering and design. We have focused our attention on the design and engineering of one particular class: tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) proteins. In previous work, we have shown that the structure and stability of TPR proteins can be manipulated in a rational fashion [Cortajarena (2011) Prot. Sci. 20 , 1042–1047; Main (2003) Structure 11 , 497–508]. Building on those studies, we have designed and characterized a number of different peptide-binding TPR modules and we have also assembled these modules into supramolecular arrays [Cortajarena (2009) ACS Chem. Biol. 5 , 545—552; Cortajarena (2008) ACS Chem. Biol. 3 , 161—166; Jackrel (2009) Prot. Sci. 18 , 762—774; Kajander (2007) Acta Crystallogr. D Biol. Crystallogr. 63 , 800—811]. Here we focus on the development of one such TPR–peptide interaction for a practical application, affinity purification. We illustrate the general utility of our designed protein interaction. Furthermore, this example highlights how basic research on protein–peptide interactions can lead to the development of novel reagents with important practical applications.