cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monotheism of Religions

The need to follow religions throughout history has been a source of human belief in the existence of a wise creator in the creation of the universe. If we consider the world to be the product of the creation of a wise Creator, we will consider the sending of the Messenger to be the result of His wisdom, and we will reasonably follow His messengers. Now the question is whether at present all the heavenly religions are divine and trusted with the details contained in their holy books, and human beings are free to choose one of them and they are free to choose each of them to be guided or not? The present article, in a descriptive and analytical way, while distinguishing between religions and denominations, proves the necessity of following religions and then categorizes religions throughout history and studies the three world religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam and compares their divine books. As a result of this research and according to the traditional and rational reasons, it has been proven that the pre-Islamic divine books (The Bible) have undergone changes and distortions, and unlike the Qur'an, which has been protected from distortions according to convincing evidences, they are not currently fully trusted. Also, since in the remaining text of these books there are signs of the appearance of the Last Prophet and the necessity of following him, and also according to other evidences, it was proved that the only divine available path is Islam, whose heavenly book is eternal and it is necessary for humankind to follow it.
Daily Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Alcohol Use in At-Risk College Students.

Background The college years present an opportunity to establish health behavior patterns that can track across adulthood. Health behaviors tend to cluster synergistically however, physical activity and alcohol have shown a positive association. Purpose This study applied a multi-method approach to estimate between- and within-person associations between daily physical activity, sedentary behavior and alcohol use among polysubstance-using college students. Methods Participants were screened for recent binge drinking and either tobacco or cannabis use. They wore an activPAL4 activity monitor and a Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitor continuously in the field for 11 days, and completed daily online questionnaires at the beginning of each day to report previous day physical activity, sedentary behavior, and alcohol consumption. Results Participants (N = 58, Mage = 20.5 years, 59% women, 69% White) reported meeting national aerobic physical activity guidelines (75%) and drinking 2-4 times in the past month (72%). On days when participants reported an hour more than usual of daily sedentary behavior, they reported drinking for less time than usual (γ = -.06). On days when participants took 1,000 more steps than usual, the longest episode of continuous transdermal alcohol detection was shorter (γ = -.03). Conclusions Daily physical activity and sedentary behavior were negatively associated with time-based measures of alcohol use with the lowest risk on days characterized by both activity and sedentary behavior. Intensive longitudinal monitoring of time-based processes can provide new insights into risk in multiple behavior change and should be prioritized for future work.
Parallelization of NAS Benchmarks for Shared Memory Multiprocessore

This paper presents our experiences of parallelizing the sequential implementation of NAS benchmarks using compiler directives on SGI Origin2000 distributed shared memory (DSM) system. Porting existing applications to new high performance parallel and distributed computing platforms is a challenging task. Ideally, a user develops a sequential version of the application, leaving the task of porting the code to parallelization tools and compilers. Due to the simplicity of programming shared-memory multiprocessors, compiler developers have provided various facilities to allow the users to exploit parallelism. Native compilers on SGI Origin2000 support multiprocessing directives to allow users to exploit loop-level parallelism in their programs. Additionally, supporting tools can accomplish this process automatically. We experimented with these compiler directives and supporting tools by parallelizing sequential implementation of NAS benchmarks. Results reported in this paper indicate that with minimal effort, the performance gain is comparable with the hand-parallelized, carefully optimized, message-passing implementations of the same benchmarks.
Toward a Conceptual Framework for ICT for Development: Lessons Learned from the Cube Framework Used in Latin America (English)

The ICT for development community has long searched for comprehensive and adequate conceptual frameworks. In 2003, the United Nations Regional Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC) proposed a three-dimensional conceptual framework that models the transition toward information societies as the interplay among technology, policy, and social change. It has its theoretical roots in Schumpeterian innovation theory. This so-called “cube framework” has been adopted on several occasions throughout the region at the local, national, and international levels. It has been employed in all stages of the policy cycle to identify areas and priorities for research and hands-on policy making (planning), to coordinate actors and stakeholders (execution), and to monitor progress toward information societies (evaluation). This article presents the framework and its particularities, reviews some of the diverse applications it has found during recent years, provides concrete suggestions on how it could be used in the future, and discusses its strengths and limitations. The cube is not a dynamic model that can make predictions, but it turns out to be useful as a conceptual framework; it can be used to structure the often-confused discussion about what is involved in the ongoing social transformation.
Estimation of formant parameters by sum-of-poles modeling

A method is proposed for estimation of speech formant parameters, based on a short-time (4-5 msec window) spectrum and its derivative with respect to location along the time axis. The vocal-tract impulse response is modeled as a sum of complex decaying exponentials, and the transfer function as a sum of pole terms, equivalent to a pole-zero model with zeros accounted for through freedom of the pole amplitudes. Formant frequencies are directly read out as zero-crossing locations of a spectral quotient function, and in some cases reasonable estimates of the formant bandwidths can also be obtained.
Evidence for partial melt at the core–mantle boundary north of Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves

Scattered waves that precede the seismic phase PKP (which traverses the Earth's core) have been used to identify and locate small-scale heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle1,2,3,4,5,6. A recent study has demonstrated that the global data set of these precursors is consistent with weak heterogeneity (about 1 per cent r.m.s. velocity variation) distributed throughout the mantle7. Here we show, however, that anomalously large PKP precursors from earthquakes in northern Tonga require much stronger heterogeneity (10–15 per cent r.m.s. velocity variation) in a layer about 60 km thick near the core–mantle boundary below Tonga. This region of the core–mantle boundary is also marked by low shear-wave velocities in the lower mantle8 and is near an area of very low compressional-wave velocity in the lowermost tens of kilometres of the mantle9, which has been interpreted as evidence for the presence of partial melt10. The strength of thescattering that we observe provides strong support for the presence of partial melt in this area, and also suggests that vigorous small-scale convection is taking place at the core–mantle boundary.
Adaptive multispectral illumination for retinal microsurgery

It has been shown that excessive white light exposure during retinal microsurgery can induce retinal damage. To address this problem, one can illuminate the retina with a device that alternates between white, and less damaging limited-spectrum light. The surgeon is then presented with a fully colored video by recoloring the limited-spectrum light frames, using information from the white-light frames. To obtain accurately colored images, while reducing phototoxicity, we have developed a novel algorithm that monitors the quality of the recolored images and determines when white light may be substituted by limited-spectrum light. We show qualitatively and quantitatively that our system can provide reliable images using a significantly smaller light dose as compared to other state-of-the-art coloring schemes.
Quantifying the impact of development on phenotypic variation and evolution.

A primary goal of evolutionary biology is to identify the factors that shape phenotypic evolution. According to the theory of natural selection, phenotypic evolution occurs through the differential survival and reproduction of individuals whose traits are selectively advantageous relative to other individuals in the population. This implies that evolution by natural selection is contingent upon the distribution and magnitude of phenotypic variation among individuals, which are in turn the products of developmental processes. Development therefore has the potential to affect the trajectory and rate of phenotypic evolution. Recent research in diverse systems (e.g., mammalian teeth, cichlid skulls, butterfly wings, and marsupial limbs) supports the hypothesis that development biases phenotypic variation and evolution, but suggests that these biases might be system-specific. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 643–653, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hausdorff Dimension of Symmetric Perfect Sets

We consider nowhere dense perfect subsets of [0, 1] that are symmetric but have no additional nice properties. We prove that if E = ∩En is a symmetric perfect set and the length of the basic intervals in En is denoted by ln then the Hausdorff dimension of E is $$s = \mathop {\lim inf}\limits_{n \to \infty } \{ s_n : 2^n l_n^{9_n } = 1\} = \mathop {\lim inf}\limits_{n \to \infty } \frac{{\log 2^n }}{{ - \log l_n }}$$ . The argument we use also shows that using natural covers of E; i.e., covers consisting of the 2n closed, equal length intervals of the nth stage, yield an estimate for the s-dimensional Hausdorff measure within a factor of four.
The state of evidence-based parenting interventions for parents who are substance-involved

Approximately 70 million children and adolescents live with at least one parent who abuses or is dependent on alcohol or an illicit substance. Given the negative parenting practices that substance-involved mothers and fathers tend to exhibit as well as the poor outcomes that their children, particularly their young children, experience, evidence-based parenting interventions are an important complement to substance abuse treatments. At this time, there are few studies that compare the efficacy of parenting interventions for these parents, however. Nonetheless, research has begun to examine skill-based and attachment-based parenting interventions for substance-involved families with young children. These parenting interventions should be considered within the context of the neurobiology of substance abuse, which emphasizes the role of dopamine in the reward systems that promote substance use. In the context of these neurobiological connections, parenting interventions that engender repeated intense emotional experiences may stimulate this same reward system and, therefore, may be more efficacious. Attachment-based interventions are particularly promising when such connections are considered. More attention needs to be paid to bringing impactful parenting interventions to substance-involved parents with young children.
Survival After Lung Retransplantation in the United States in the Current Era (2004 to 2013): Better or Worse?

Background To understand the current patient survival after lung retransplantation (LRTx) in the United States, which has historically been worse compared with primary lung transplantation (LPTx). Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry was retrospectively analyzed to determine survival after adult LRTx performed in 604 (2.48%) of 14,850 patients from 2004 to 2013. After exclusions, 582 LRTx and 13,673 LPTx recipients were selected for analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine the prognosticators of survival after LRTx. Survival after LRTx and LPTx were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results The median survival after LRTx was 2.6 years compared with 5.6 years after LPTx. One-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates were, respectively, 71.1%, 46.3%, and 34.5% for LRTx, and 84.3%, 66.5%, and 53.3% for LPTx ( p p = 0.008). Lower survival was associated with single-lung transplantations (RR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.06% to 2.07%; p = 0.021), transplantations done between 2009 and 2013 (RR 1.40; CI, 1.01% to 1.94%; p = 0.041), multiple (>1) retransplantations (RR 2.55; 95% CI, 1.14% to 5.72%; p = 0.023), and recipients requiring pre-transplantation ventilator support. The only significant donor variable for poor survival was death due to cerebrovascular accidents (RR 1.98; 95% CI, 1.23% to 3.18%; p = 0.004). Conclusions Patient survival after LRTx in the United States has improved compared with historical data but remains lower than LPTx. Careful recipient selection and preoperative optimization based on the factors identified in our study may help utilize resources better and improve survival after LRTx. Bilateral LRTx should be preferentially performed as much as possible. Poor candidates for LRTx include those requiring retransplantations more than once or within 1 year. Prospective multi-institutional studies are necessary to help better understand the actual role of these factors in LRTx.
Caribbean Circuits: New Directions in the Study of Caribbean Migration

Caribbean Circuits: New Directions in the Study of Caribbean Migration. Patricia R. Pessar. ed. New York- Center for Migration Studies, 1997. 231 pp.
Identifying Essential Topics in General and Special Education Introductory Assessment Textbooks

We reviewed the five top-selling introductory assessment textbooks in both general and special education to identify topics contained in textbooks and to determine the extent of agreement among authors regarding the essentialness of topics within and across discipline. Content analysis across the 10 assessment textbooks yielded 73 topics related to 13 categories: Decisions, Law, Technical Adequacy, Plan Assessment, Create Assessment, Score Assessment, Assessment Target, Assessment Type, Assessment Method, Interpret Assessment, Communicate Assessment Results, Assessment Population, and Computer-Assisted Assessment. Many of the topics identified were consistent with traditional assessment expectations of general and special education environments, while other, arguably important, topics were not identified as essential. The idea of core assessment topics for all teachers is introduced.
Sensitive characterization of microbial ubiquinones from biofilms by electrospray/mass spectrometry

Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray/tandem mass spectrometric analysis of the neutral lipid extract of microbial cells and biofilm communities, respiratory ubiquinone (UQ) (1-methyl-2-isoprenyl-3,4-dimethoxyparabenzoquinone) isoprenologues can be separated isocratically in minutes and assayed with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 9 p.p.b. (11.1 fmol UQ9 microL(-1)). This corresponds to about 1.29 x 10(7) cells of Pseudomonas putida. Highest sensitivity is achieved using flow-injection analysis with multiple reaction monitoring wherein ammoniated molecular ions of specific isoprenologues pass through quadrupole one, are collisionally dissociated in quadrupole two and identified from the product ion fragment at m/z 197.1 in quadrupole three. This assay has a repeatability of between 6% and 10% over three orders of magnitude (r2 = 0.996). Quinone profiling based on dominant isoprenologue patterns provides taxonomic insights. Detection of prominent UQ isoprenologues indicates presence of microeukaryotes and alpha Proteobacteria with UQ10, obligatory aerobic Gram-negative bacteria with UQ4-14, facultative Gram-negative (and some gamma Proteobacteria growing in microniches with oxygen or to a much lesser extent nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor with UQ8, and other gamma Proteobacteria with UQ9. High sensitivity is essential as the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) to UQ molar ratios are 130 or greater. Previous studies have established that recovery of sediment communities with high PLFA/UQ ratios corresponded to areas of aerobic metabolism, an important consideration in bioremediation or nuclide mobilization.
Factors associated with perceived uncertainty among parents of children with undiagnosed medical conditions

Uncertainty is a pervasive characteristic of illness. Yet little is known about the individual or situational factors that contribute to perceptions of uncertainty. The present study aims to examine the factors that contribute to perceived uncertainty among parents of a child with an undiagnosed condition. Two hundred sixty-six parents of a child, or children, affected by an undiagnosed medical condition for at least 2 years completed an electronically administered mixed-methods survey assessing theoretical predictors of perceived uncertainty. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to identify the relationship of key variables to perceived uncertainty. Parents' perceived control and optimism were negatively associated with uncertainty (B=-4.044, P≤0.001, B=-0.477, P≤0.05). Subjective disease severity was positively associated with perceived uncertainty (B=1.797, P≤0.05). Our findings suggest that parents who experience greater uncertainty feel less control over their child's medical condition, which may lead to less effective coping and poorer adaptation. Parents who are less optimistic or who perceive their child's disease as more severe may benefit most from interventions that target situations where parents perceive the least control, thereby enhancing coping and ultimately, adaptation.
Inheritance of isozyme and RFLP markers in Brassica campestris and comparison with B. oleracea

Using primarily cDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (RFLPs) previously located to Brassica oleracea (cabbage, 2n=18) chromosomes, we initiated a comparative RFLP map in an F2 population of B. campestris (turnip x mock pak-choi, 2n=20). As with B. oleracea, the genome of B. campestris showed extensive gene duplication, and the majority of detected duplicated loci were unlinked. Only 6 of the 49 identified loci were represented as a single copy, and 3 of these 6 were clustered on a single linkage group showing a distorted segregation ratio. Comparison with B. Oleracea indicates this synteny is conserved between species. Two other linkage groups also appeared syntenic between B. oleracea and B. campestris. One single copy locus appears to have changed synteny between B. oleracea and B. campestris. These observations suggest that B. oleracea and B. campestris share a common ancestor, but that chromosome repatterning has occurred during or after speciation. Within B. campestris, 5 loci appeared duplicated in one parent or the other, and 2 of these were linked. Differentiation through subspecies-specific duplication or deletion events is suggested as one mechansim for the evolution of numerous morphotypes within each of these species.
The fatigue of compassionate social workers: An introduction to the special issue on compassion fatigue.

The paper introduces the special issue by first discussing its purpose for the reader and the field of social work. Each article, in the order it appears, is discussed in terms of its contribution to the special issue and the field and linking conceptually each with others in the collection. These articles discuss the special challenges of social workers working with clients who live with the traumatic effects of disasters—both natural and human-caused or human-contributed, war combat, HIV/AIDS, and substance abuse. It is noted that far more research, education, and practice innovation should be devoted to compassion fatigue. The article ends with a final plea not only for such attention but also standards of self-care in addition to standards of professional practice.
Fatigue of kidney stones with heterogeneous microstructure subjected to shock-wave lithotripsy.

In this article a theoretical framework is developed for the mechanics of kidney stones with an isotropic, random microstructure—such as those comprised of cystine or struvite. The approach is based on a micromechanical description of kidney stones comprised of crystals in a binding matrix. Stress concentration functions are developed to determine load sharing of the particle phase and the binding matrix phase. Measurements have shown the inclusions to be considerably harder than the binder; consequently, loading of a stone leads to higher stresses in the inclusions than in the binder. As an illustration of the theory, the fatigue of kidney stones subject to shock-wave lithotripsy is considered. Stress concentration functions are used to construct fatigue-life estimates for each phase, as a function of the volume fraction and of the mechanical properties of the constituents, as well as the loading from SWL. The failure of the binding matrix, or of the particulate phase, is determined explicitly in a model for the accumulation of distributed damage. The theory can be used to assess the importance of microscale heterogeneity on the comminution of renal calculi, and to estimate the number of cycles to failure in terms of measurable material properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Rhetorical strategy in stadium development politics

Abstract In this article, I develop a framework to account for how groups craft arguments about the costs and benefits of professional sports facilities. My empirical approach centers on two stadium financing referenda in the Seattle area in the 1990s. I analyze 158 op-ed articles, buttressed by archival research and several stakeholder interviews, to examine expectations regarding the capacity and incentives of groups to either frame the issue to highlight different attributes or engage the opposition in dialogue by focusing on the same attributes. The analysis extends research on communication frames to consider how organizational resources and agenda access interact with environmental factors to shape rhetorical strategies. The final section of the article explores the implications of these findings for rhetorical strategy in urban development politics, more generally.
Gannet mortality incidents in 1972

Abstract Investigations of two incidents in 1972 on the east and west coasts of Britain involving the death of unusually large numbers of Gannets indicated that they were almost certainly unrelated. Concentrations of PCB were much higher in the livers of the birds from the west coast and may possibly have contributed to the death of some or all of them. One of these birds also contained an exceptionally high level of mercury in its liver.
Interaction between fast and slow inactivation in Skm1 sodium channels

Rat skeletal muscle (Skm1) sodium channel alpha and beta 1 subunits were coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, and resulting sodium currents were recorded from on-cell macropatches. First, the kinetics and steady-state probability of both fast and slow inactivation in Skm1 wild type (WT) sodium channels were characterized. Next, we confirmed that mutation of IFM to QQQ (IFM1303QQQ) in the DIII-IV 'inactivation loop' completely removed fast inactivation at all voltages. This mutation was then used to characterize Skm1 slow inactivation without the presence of fast inactivation. The major findings of this paper are as follows: 1) Even with complete removal of fast inactivation by the IFM1303QQQ mutation, slow inactivation remains intact. 2) In WT channels, approximately 20% of channels fail to slow-inactivate after fast-inactivating, even at very positive potentials. 3) Selective removal of fast inactivation by IFM1303QQQ allows slow inactivation to occur more quickly and completely than in WT. We conclude that fast inactivation reduces the probability of subsequent slow inactivation.
Evaluation of Insecticides To Reduce Maturation Feeding by Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Scotch Pine

Tomicus pinipcrda L., an economically important bark beetle in temperate regions of the Old World, was first discovered in the United States in July 1992. We evaluated effects of selected foliar insecticides on survival of beetles during maturation feeding in pine shoots. Beetles were caged on shoots of young Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L., before and after insecticide application in a Michigan plantation. We also determined number of shoots per tree infested by beetles after treatment with various foliar and ground-applied insecticides in a field study in Indiana. Shoot-feeding behavior and characteristics of shoots selected for maturation feeding were observed in both studies. Survival of beetles caged for up to 2 wk on trees treated with acephate, a mixture of acephate and bifenthrin, and imidacloprid was significantly lower than survival of beetles caged on untreated trees, regardless of whether beetles were caged before or after trees were sprayed. However, in the Indiana field study, numbers of shoots with tunnels were monitored at 4-wk intervals throughout the summer. Most of the products significantly reduced the number of tunneled shoots during any interval. Most maturation feeding tunnels were found in current-year shoots, 0.45-cm diameter, located in the upper and middle canopy levels.
Myofibrillar protein from different muscle fiber types : implications of biochemical and functional properties in meat processing

Texture, moisture retention, and tenderness of processed muscle foods are influenced by the functionality of myofibrillar protein. Recent studies have revealed large variations in processing quality between red and white muscle groups that can be attributed to differences in the functional properties of myofibrillar protein associated with the type of fiber. Myofibrillar proteins from fast- and slow-twitch fibers exhibit different biochemical and rheological characteristics and form gels with distinctly different viscoelastic properties and microstructures. The existence and wide distribution of the numerous myosin isoforms in different muscle and fiber types contribute to the various functional behaviors of myofibrillar protein. The different sensitivities of fast and slow myofibrillar proteins to pH, ionic environment, temperature, and other external factors have been well documented and illustrate the importance of adjusting meat processing conditions, according to fiber type profile to achieve maximum protein functionalities, and hence, uniform quality of the final muscle foods.
Continuous nowhere-differentiable functions—an application of contraction mappings

then f is also a continuous nowhere-differentiable function. (See [3, p. 115].) The above examples have concise definitions and establish the existence of continuous nowhere-differentiable functions. However, it is not easy to visualize or guess what their graphs look like, let alone to see intuitively why they work. Our continuous nowhere-differentiable function f: [0, 11 -] R is the uniform limit of a sequence of piecewise linear continuous functions fn: [0, 1] -+ R with steep slopes. In constructing the sequence (f,,>, we will be using a contraction mapping w from the family of all closed subsets of X = [0, 1] x [0, 1] into itself with respect to the Hausdorff metric induced by the Euclidean metric. (A contraction mapping on a metric space (Y, d) is a function g: Y -+ Y for which there is a positive constant k of sets converges to the graph of f in the Hausdorff metric. If A is the diagonal of slope 1 in the square X, then wn(A) is the graph of fn, and hence, a reader can obtain an intuitive idea of the graph of f. This idea first occurred to me when I attended Mr. Gary Church's master's thesis defense at San Jose State University at which he talked about attractors of contraction mappings (see [4]).
Dynamic edge and surface processes in terbium oxide

Abstract Dynamic events occuring near and on the surfaces of terbium oxide crystals have been characterized using high-resolution surface profile imaging and real-time videotape recording. Although the surface morphology of the native crystals emphasized {111} faces, greater atomic activity occurred on other faces during observation. The removal of a twin boundary and the accretion of small, chemically and physically differentiated regions into the larger bulk crystal were also observed.
A Repeated Measures Investigation of the Relation of the School Motivation Analysis Test to Academic Achievement

Standardized tests of social studies, science, mathematics and reading achievement, along with questionnaire measures of intelligence and motivation, were administered three times, at 6-mo. intervals, to 109 girls and 149 boys enrolled in a central Illinois junior high school. With sex, intelligence and motivation treated as independent variables, 40 repeated-measures analyses of variance were computed to determine if these factors were associated with differential rate of gain in any of the four achievement tests. Significant main effects for intelligence, motivation, and occasions were found in each analysis. In comparison, interaction terms, suggesting differential change in level of achievement, were sparse and highly specific. With one exception, it was concluded that little differential growth occurred in the sample over the 12-mo. period.
Calculations of harmonic oscillator brackets

Oscillator brackets are used in various aspects of nuclear structure and reaction calculations. The program calculates these very rapidly. The method is to use a closed form for an oscillator bracket as given by Baranger and Davies (1966), and then to calculate simultaneously a large number of brackets that have different sets of principal quantum numbers for a given set of angular-momentum quantum numbers. Restrictions come about only through the size of the core storage assigned by the DIMENSION statements. The storage presently assigned will meet the needs of most present-day nuclear physics calculations. The running time of the program ranges roughly from 600 to 1000 brackets per second of CP time on the CDC 6600 computer at the computer center of the University of Texas. (NL)
Input Turbulence Features at a Megawatt-Size Wind Turbine at Medicine Bow, Wyoming

In response to recent observations that wind turbulence has a strong effect on wind turbine fatigue life, measurements of turbulent wind velocity profiles have been made at the Medicine Bow, Wyoming, WTS-4 wind turbine site. These measurements were taken at seven levels spanning the WTS-4 rotor height on a single meteorological tower 1.75 rotor diameters upstream of the turbine. Concurrent measurements of rotor response were also made. Analysis of the winds at the Medicine Bow site reveals the influence of atmospheric and geographic conditions on what may at first glance appear to be a 'classic, simple, flat terrain' case. The turbulence data are then analyzed to (1) characterize the wind in terms of fixed-point, single-tower properties and (2) model the wind properties as they would be experienced by points on rotating turbine blades. The STRS-2 model, developed by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory, is used to convert single-tower wind characteristics into those that would be measured from an array of towers arranged in a crosswind line covering the rotor disk. A response function for the flatwise root bending moment of one of the WTS-4 turbine blades is computed using the turbine data and the STRS-2 data. The STRS-2 model provides amore » substantially improved correlation with wind turbine blade bending moment over other single-tower estimation methods. 14 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.« less
The Response in Response to Intervention: Evaluating the Utility of Assessing Maintenance of Intervention Effects.

Extensive evidence exists demonstrating the utility of Curriculum-Based Measurement in reading (R-CBM) for progress-monitoring purposes; however, most studies have evaluated R-CBM from a traditional psychometric perspective, which allows for variability in individual student's data that is not a function of increased skills (i.e., measurement error) to be ignored. Although measurement error can be ignored when the level of interest is at the group level, it is difficult to ignore at the individual-child level when evaluating intervention effectiveness. To account for measurement error, it is recommended that R-CBM data be collected twice weekly for 10 weeks before making decisions regarding intervention effectiveness. Waiting 10 weeks to learn that an intervention is ineffective is troublesome. The current study explores maintenance of intervention effects as a supplemental procedure to R-CBM progress-monitoring procedures. Data from 4 students suggest that maintenance data might be valuable in the early termination of ineffective interventions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 713–725, 2006.
Helicobacter Pylori Hydrogenase Accessory Protein HypA and Urease Accessory Protein UreG Compete with Each Other for UreE Recognition

Abstract Background The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori relies on nickel-containing urease and hydrogenase enzymes in order to colonize the host. Incorporation of Ni2+ into urease is essential for the function of the enzyme and requires the action of several accessory proteins, including the hydrogenase accessory proteins HypA and HypB and the urease accessory proteins UreE, UreF, UreG and UreH. Methods Optical biosensing methods (biolayer interferometry and plasmon surface resonance) were used to screen for interactions between HypA, HypB, UreE and UreG. Results Using both methods, affinity constants were found to be 5 nM and 13 nM for HypA–UreE and 8 μM and 14 μM for UreG-UreE. Neither Zn2+ nor Ni2+ had an effect on the kinetics or stability of the HypA–UreE complex. By contrast, addition of Zn2+, but not Ni2+, altered the kinetics and greatly increased the stability of the UreE–UreG complex, likely due in part to Zn2+-mediated oligomerization of UreE. Finally our results unambiguously show that HypA, UreE and UreG cannot form a heterotrimeric protein complex in vitro; instead, HypA and UreG compete with each other for UreE recognition. General significance Factors influencing the pathogen's nickel budget are important to understand pathogenesis and for future drug design.
Social cognition and evaluations of health care team communication effectiveness

The present study explored the relationship between individual differences in the content and structure of social‐cognitive systems and team member (1) assessments of team communication effectiveness and (2) satisfaction with the team. Participants were members of six hospice interdisciplinary teams. Greater emphasis on communication‐related descriptors in interpersonal construct systems was negatively associated with assessments of the team's decision‐making process and discussion of the task. Further, team members whose construct systems emphasized following conversational rules evaluated the team more negatively in the area of task discussion.
A specific knowledge culture: Cultural antecedents for knowledge sharing between project teams

Summary Companies focus on knowledge management initiatives to fully derive business value from their employees’ knowledge and foster organizational learning. Many companies organize their processes around projects; therefore, knowledge sharing between project teams becomes vital to organization-wide learning. The aim of this article is to investigate the cultural antecedents of knowledge sharing between project teams. In contrast to previous research that focused on cultural values for knowledge sharing between individuals, this study specifically examines new cultural elements that are important for knowledge sharing between project teams. The results of a quantitative survey indicate that time, structure, output orientation, and openness have positive effects on this specific knowledge process. These outcomes differ from existing studies that mostly focus on a general knowledge culture, leaving the potential for discovering differences for specific knowledge processes.
Quaternary landscape ecology: Relevant scales in space and time

Two primary goals of landscape ecologists are to (1) evaluate changes in ecological pattern and process on natural landscapes through time and (2) determine the ecological consequences of transforming natural land-scapes to cultural ones. Paleoecological techniques can be used to reconstruct past landscapes and their changes through time; use of paleoecological methods of investigation in combination with geomorphic and paleoethnobiological data, historical records, and shorter-term ecological data sets makes it possible to integrate long-term ecological pattern and process on a nested series of temporal and spatial scales. ‘Natural experiments’ of the past can be used to test alternative hypotheses about the relative influences of environmental change, biological interactions, and human activities in structuring biotic communities within landscape mosaics.
Reduced quality of bovine embryos cultured in media conditioned by exposure to an inflamed endometrium

Objective A suboptimal uterine environment contributes to the bovine repeat breeder syndrome. Subclinical endometritis is a component, so the mechanism by which inflammation affects embryo survival was investigated by assessing the effect of non-cellular products of an inflamed endometrium on embryo development to blastocyst. Design Endometrial fluid from a lactating dairy cow was collected by lavage using embryo culture medium. Aseptic inflammation was then induced by infusion of glycogen and lavage was repeated 6 h later. The recovered fluid was used to culture Day 5 in-vitro-derived embryos for 2 days. Embryo development and quality were compared for two treatment groups (culture media conditioned by inflamed or non-inflamed endometrium) and two controls (control or control + serum). Results Development to blastocyst was higher for conditioned media or media + serum (inflamed 42.2%; non-inflamed 49.3%; control + serum 50.9%; control 16.9%; P < 0.001). Blastocyst cell numbers were lower for the conditioned-inflamed group (inflamed, 83.1; non-inflamed, 99.8; control + serum, 100.6; control, 110.1; P < 0.001). Trophectoderm cell number, but not inner cell mass number, was reduced in the conditioned-inflamed group and the inner cell mass:trophectoderm ratio was increased (P < 0.001). Conclusion Altering the embryo culture environment with the products of endometrial inflammation had a subtle effect on embryo quality. An increased inner cell mass:trophoblast ratio is likely to negatively affect embryonic survival. Altered embryo quality is a mechanism for early embryonic failure in cows with subclinical endometritis. Culture of embryos with normal endometrial fluid may improve in vitro embryo production.
Interface composition control in InAs/GaSb superlattices

Abstract The GaSb/InAs materials system, with two species of both cations and anions, permits the construction of heterostructures with either InSb- or GaAs-like interfaces. As a result, this system provides an opportunity to explore the limits of interfacial control that can be achieved by vapor phase growth techniques. We have characterized a series of superlattices (SLs) prepared with both types of interfaces by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and photoconductivity. The large differences in bond lengths, electronic properties and vibrational properties of InSb and GaAs interfaces allow these techniques to be sensitive probes of interfacial structure. By carefully measuring and minimizing the group V cross-contamination in the SL layers, we are able to unambiguously demonstrate the growth of SLs with almost pure InSb-like or GaAs-like interfaces.
High Order Fast Sweeping Methods For Eikonal Equations

We construct high order fast sweeping numerical methods for computing viscosity solutions of static eikonal equations on rectangular grids which yield first-arrival traveltimes. These methods combine high order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) approximation to derivatives, monotone numerical Hamiltonians and Gauss Seidel iterations with alternating-direction sweepings. Based on well-developed first order sweeping methods, we design a novel approach to incorporate high order approximations to derivatives into numerical Hamiltonians such that the resulting numerical schemes are formally high order accurate and inherit the fast convergence from the alternating sweeping strategy. Extensive numerical examples verify efficiency, convergence and high order accuracy of the new methods.
Spectral light separator based on deep-subwavelength resonant apertures in a metallic film

We propose to funnel, select, and collect light spectrally by exploiting the unique properties of deep-subwavelength resonant apertures in a metallic film. In our approach, each aperture has an electromagnetic cross section that is much larger than its physical size while the frequency of the collected light is controlled by its height through the Fabry-Perot resonance mechanism. The electromagnetic crosstalk between apertures remains low despite physical separations in the deep-subwavelength range. The resulting device enables an extremely efficient, subwavelength way to decompose light into its spectral components without the loss of photons and spatial coregistration errors. As a specific example, we show a subwavelength-size structure with three deep-subwavelength slits in a metallic film designed to operate in the mid-wave infrared range between 3 and 5.5 μm.
Wide-angular aperture acousto-optic Bragg cell

We describe an acousto-optic interaction geometry in a uniaxial crystal which uses acoustic beam steering to couple incident and diffracted optical beams with parallel group velocities. The device uses tangential acoustic beam steering to provide large RF bandwidths at high efficiency. As with the acoustooptic tunable filter, the choice of parallel optic group velocities provides for a large input angular aperture, useful in multiplicative optical processing architectures. The parallel optical group velocities and beam steering geometry allow use of the Bragg cell with optical beams propagating in close proximity to the transducer, eliminating the dead time which is crucial in correlation cancelation feedback optical processors. The wide angular aperture allows this same interaction geometry to be used for high-efficiency wide- band acoustooptic modulators as well.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attitudes Of Nebraska Youth (ages 12-14) Toward Vegetables Using Focus Group Methods

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine attitudes of youth (ages 12-14) toward vegetables using focus group settings and to assess vegetable preferences and intake. Participants (n=57) were recruited through school, extension and summer youth programs after IRB approval. Seven focus groups were held; 3 urban and 4 rural. Participants were asked to describe vegetables and to discuss most and least favorite vegetables. At the end of discussion, participants rated 20 vegetables on a 5-point hedonic lickert scale (1=like a lot, 5=dislike a lot) and completed a vegetable intake form. Focus groups were taped for transcription and analysis with Aquad Qualitative Analysis Program. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Mean age of participants was 12.95 yrs., including 22 males and 35 females; 52% from rural communities and 43% from urban communities. Terms participants used to describe best-liked vegetables were sweet, good, fluffy, crunchy (raw), soft (cooked), juicy, buttery, yellow, salty, green and yummy. Terms used to describe least-liked vegetables were ugly, slimy, bland, gross, disgusting, green, no taste, blah, nasty, yucky, bitter, sour, soft, smelly, and mushy. Mean scores of vegetables most-liked were corn (1.23 ±0.53), lettuce (1.67 ± 0.99), carrots (1.68 ± 1.05), potatoes (1.71 ± 1.32) and cucumbers (2.40 ± 1.52). Mean scores of vegetables least-liked were asparagus (4.45 ± 1.08), spinach (4.10 ± 1.43), Brussels sprouts (4.05 ±1.37), squash (4. 01 ± 1.376) and beets (3.841 ± 1.627). Vegetables most often eaten (servings/yr) were potatoes (273.98 ± 247.95), corn (200.97 ± 258.20), lettuce (187.41 ± 190.77), carrots (162.82 ± 199.77), and tomatoes (131.94 ± 285.50). Vegetables least often eaten (servings/yr) were asparagus, Brussels sprouts (3.29 ± 11.23), squash (8.79 ± 48.78), spinach (8.77 ± 38.06), and radishes (13.96 ± 52.33). The more a vegetable was preferred, the greater the intake (r=0.85). Results indicate that terms for liked vegetables suggest preparation methods to increase vegetable intake whereas terms for least-liked vegetables imply methods to avoid in vegetable preparation for youth.
Opioid Therapies and Cytochrome P450 Interactions

Adverse drug reactions are common and associated with substantial economic and human costs. Particularly among older adult populations, preventable adverse drug reactions are often caused by drug-drug interactions. All analgesics have side effect profiles and many have known drug-drug interactions. Opioids are recognized as a necessary option for managing moderate-to-severe pain, yet many opioid side effects can be enhanced by metabolic interactions within the liver, involving other drugs, diseases, or genetics.
Underdiagnosis of urinary tract infection caused by Methylobacterium species with current standard processing of urine culture and its clinical implications.

Methylobacterium species are environmental opportunistic bacteria, and urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by these pathogens has not yet been documented. Four cases of UTI with Methylobacterium bacteraemia in immunocompetent female patients are reported. Their urine cultures, processed according to standard procedures (i.e. incubation at 35 °C in ambient air for 24 h before incubation at room temperature for a further 24 h), were either negative or positive for Escherichia coli. Specially designed experiments indicated that colonies of Methylobacterium species were visualized on blood agar only after incubation at 35 °C for at least 40 h, and growth was completely suppressed when concurrently incubated with much smaller inocula of E. coli. The isolates were variably susceptible to cephalosporins, but 100 % susceptible to aminoglycosides. This study suggests an underdiagnosis of UTI caused by Methylobacterium species when the standard procedure of processing urine cultures is used, and implies that administration of aminoglycosides is important when treatment of UTIs with cephalosporin fails.
POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY EMBOLISM.

Abstract The difficulties of recognizing the presence of postoperative pulmonary embolism are stressed. Special attention should be paid to transient clinical findings such as palpitation, irregular heart action, hemoptysis, cough, pain in the chest and hyperventilation. Abrupt rightward and anterior rotation of the P wave and of the terminal vector of the QRS are corroborative findings. Elevation of a leaf of the diaphragm, blunting of the costrophrenic sulcus and nonspecific pulmonary densities should be interpreted in the light of the clinical findings. When the clinical picture is dominated by the local effects of the embolus, diagnosis is usually obvious. Because fatal pulmonary embolism can occur without any recognizable warning, prophylactic anticoagulant therapy is indicated for all persons who have to be immobilized for three days or more and for all with postoperative thrombophlebitis.