cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-terminal charge tunneling: Disentangling Majorana zero modes from partially separated Andreev bound states in semiconductor-superconductor heterostructures

We show that a pair of overlapping Majorana bound states (MBSs) forming a partially separated Andreev bound state (ps-ABS) represents a generic low-energy feature in spin-orbit-coupled semiconductor-superconductor (SM-SC) hybrid nanowire in the presence of a Zeeman field. The ps-ABS interpolates continuously between the ``garden variety'' ABS, which consists of two MBSs sitting on top of each other, and the topologically protected Majorana zero modes (MZMs), which are separated by a distance given by the length of the wire. The really problematic ps-ABSs consist of component MBSs separated by a distance of the order of the characteristic Majorana decay length $\ensuremath{\xi}$, and have nearly zero energy in a significant range of control parameters, such as the Zeeman field and chemical potential, within the topologically trivial phase. Despite being topologically trivial, such ps-ABSs can generate signatures identical to MZMs in local charge tunneling experiments. In particular, the height of the zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) generated by ps-ABSs has the quantized value $2{e}^{2}/h$, and it can remain unchanged in an extended range of experimental parameters, such as Zeeman field and the tunnel barrier height. We illustrate the formation of such low-energy robust ps-ABSs in two experimentally relevant situations: a hybrid SM-SC system consisting of a proximitized nanowire coupled to a quantum dot and the SM-SC system in the presence of a spatially varying inhomogeneous potential. We then show that, unlike local measurements, a two-terminal experiment involving charge tunneling at both ends of the wire is capable of distinguishing between the generic ps-ABSs and the non-Abelian MZMs. While the MZMs localized at the opposite ends of the wire generate correlated differential conduction spectra, including correlations in energy splittings and critical Zeeman fields associated with the emergence of the ZBCPs, such correlations are absent if the ZBCPs are due to ps-ABSs emerging in the topologically trivial phase. Measuring such correlations is the clearest and most straightforward test of topological MZMs in SM-SC heterostructures that can be done in a currently accessible experimental setup.
Making Enzyme Kinetics Dynamic via Simulation Software

An interactive classroom demonstration that enhances students’ knowledge of steady-state and Michaelis–Menten enzyme kinetics is described. The instructor uses a free version of professional-quality KinTek Explorer simulation software and student input to construct dynamic versions of three static hallmark images commonly used to introduce enzyme kinetic concepts. The software, with its ability to change experimental conditions and immediately observe the effects on the kinetics of a system, allows students to be more aware of the experimental conditions that must exist for the assumptions of steady-state and Michaelis–Menten kinetics to be valid. Students report an increased understanding of the interplay between hallmark concentration versus time and rate versus concentration images. After the demonstration, students are prepared for data generation and analysis in a lab experiment focused on the steady-state. Additionally, they can begin independent simulation exercises using the software and are ready...
The Roles of Convection Parameterization in the Formation of Double ITCZ Syndrome in the NCAR CESM: I. Atmospheric Processes

Several improvements are implemented in the Zhang-McFarlane (ZM) convection scheme to investigate the roles of convection parameterization in the formation of double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) bias in the NCAR CESM1.2.1. It is shown that the prominent double ITCZ biases of precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and wind stress in the standard CESM1.2.1 are largely eliminated in all seasons with the use of these improvements in convection scheme. This study for the first time demonstrates that the modifications of convection scheme can eliminate the double ITCZ biases in all seasons, including boreal winter and spring. Further analysis shows that the elimination of the double ITCZ bias is achieved not by improving other possible contributors, such as stratus cloud bias off the west coast of South America and cloud/radiation biases over the Southern Ocean, but by modifying the convection scheme itself. This study demonstrates that convection scheme is the primary contributor to the double ITCZ bias in the CESM1.2.1, and provides a possible solution to the long-standing double ITCZ problem. The atmospheric model simulations forced by observed SST show that the original ZM convection scheme tends to produce double ITCZ bias in high SST scenario, while the modified convection scheme does not. The impact of changes in each core component of convection scheme on the double ITCZ bias in atmospheric model is identified and further investigated.
Integrating site-specific dispersion modeling into life cycle assessment, with a focus on inhalation risks in chemical production.

ABSTRACTIt has become increasingly important for environmental managers to evaluate the human health (HH) impact of chemicals in their supply chain. Current life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are limited because they often only address the HH impact at large geographical scales. This paper aims to develop a method that derives a regionalized life cycle inventory data set and site-specific air dispersion modeling to evaluate the HH impact of chemicals along the life cycle phases at finer geographical scales to improve decision-making, with focus on inhalation pathway. More specifically, cancer risk and noncancer hazard index (HI) are quantified at the county level to identify high-risk regions and at the census tract level to reveal the geographical pattern of health impacts. The results showed that along the cradle-to-gate life cycle stages of a widely used chemical, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), the accumulative inhalation risk was 3 orders of magnitude below the U.S. Environmental Protection A...
The Use of Designedly Incomplete Utterance in TV Talk Shows

Media discourse has been attracting numerous conversation analysts’ attention within the past one or two decades (e.g., Clayman & Heritage, 2002; Hutchby, 2006). TV talk shows, as a “semi-institutional” context which contains coexisting features of both daily conversation and institutional language (Ilie, 2001), has particularly aroused many scholars’ interest. In talk shows, hosts exploit various interactional practices to elicit their guests’ responses. This paper uses a conversation analytic framework to examine one specific interviewer practice—the designedly incomplete utterance (DIU) (Koshik, 2002)—in the context of TV talk shows. Three uses of DIUs by talk show hosts are identified: (1) to facilitate a (more extended) response (2) to initiate collaborative turn completion, and (3) to avoid repeating questions that have already been asked in prior turns.
Freestanding Ion Gels for Flexible, Printed, Multifunctional Microsupercapacitors

Freestanding ion gels (FIGs) provide unique opportunities for scalable, low-cost fabrication of flexible microsupercapacitors (MSCs). While conventional MSCs employ a distinct electrolyte and substrate, FIGs perform both functions, offering new possibilities for device integration and multifunctionality while maintaining high performance. Here, a capillarity-driven printing method is demonstrated to manufacture high-precision graphene electrodes on FIGs for MSCs. This method achieves excellent self-alignment and resolution (width: 50 μm, interdigitated electrode footprint: <1 mm2) and 100% fabrication yield (48/48 devices) and is readily generalized to alternative electrode materials including multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The devices demonstrate good performance, including high specific capacitance (graphene: 0.600 mF cm–2; MWCNT: 6.64 mF cm–2) and excellent stability against bending, folding, and electrical cycling. Moreover, this strategy offers unique opportunities for device design and integ...
Survey: Characterization and Mitigation of Spatial/Spectral Interferers and Transceiver Nonlinearities for 5G MIMO Systems

With an incredible increase in the number of wireless devices and an ever-growing demand for high data rates, 5G needs to provide a solution to satisfy the demand for the next decade. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are seen as one of the primary solutions—allowing for spatial multiplexing and the use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies, which can provide much larger bandwidths and, thus, data rates. MIMO is very closely related to phased arrays, which have been used for radar for the past few decades and requires many antennas and transceivers—on the order of hundreds or thousands for massive MIMO. To make such systems affordable, low-cost, low-power, and low-complexity is required—inherently compromising other system characteristics, such as linearity. The main focus of this paper will be in summarizing the challenges, recent advances, and potential future breakthroughs concerning MIMO/digital array sensitivity to interferers and nonlinear distortion. Specifically, this paper gives an overview of MIMO/digital array architectures and different techniques currently researched for the characterization and mitigation of spatial and spectral interferers and nonlinearities, which can be used to extend the effective dynamic range of low-cost MIMO/digital array systems.
Comparison of Octahedral and Spherical Nanoparticles for Plasmonics

Monocrystalline metallic nanoparticles are preferable for plasmonic applications, but grow only in polyhedral shapes, which deviate from the predominantly employed spherical shape. Through numerical simulations we have investigated possibilities for using octahedral instead of spherical Au nanoparticles in plasmonics. Our results show that the dimers of octahedral Au nanoparticles can provide higher field enhancement compared to spherical nanoparticles and that placing the octahedrons close to a metal plate can also have certain advantages compared to spheres.
Desenvolvendo uma tipologia de documentos relacionados aos direitos humanos

What makes a record a "human rights record"? What types of records fall under this umbrella term? How and why might we develop a typology of such records? What is at stake””ethically, theoretically, and practically””in the ways in which and the reasons why we define and classify records as such? This article seeks to answer these questions by delineating a typology of human rights records. First, this article will provide a literature review exploring the history of conceptions of human rights records in archival studies, as well as the ongoing discussion in information studies more broadly about the politics of the organization of information. Next, this paper will outline the chosen methodology of conceptual analysis and describe the ways such methodology will be employed to de/construct the term “human rights record.” This paper will then provide a typology of human rights records, positing that such records can be examined according to five interlocking vectors: who created them, why, and when, where they are currently stewarded, and how they are being put to use. This paper will then analyze two keys examples of human rights records using the proposed typology. Finally, this paper will conclude by examining the ethical, political, and professional implications of the proposed typology and suggest ways in which this rubric can be used in the future.
Cost and Schedule Performance Analysis of Transportation Public–Private Partnership Projects

AbstractA public–private partnership (PPP) is a contractual agreement between public-sector and private-sector partners allowing more private-sector participation than is traditional. The literatur...
Plug-and-Play Methods for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Using Denoisers for Image Recovery

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that provides excellent soft-tissue contrast without the use of ionizing radiation. Compared to other clinical imaging modalities (e.g., computed tomography or ultrasound), however, the data acquisition process for MRI is inherently slow, which motivates undersampling; thus, there is a need for accurate, efficient reconstruction methods from undersampled data sets. In this article, we describe the use of plug-and-play (PnP) algorithms for MRI image recovery. We first describe the linearly approximated inverse problem encountered in MRI. Then, we review several PnP methods for which the unifying commonality is to iteratively call a denoising subroutine as one step of a larger optimization-inspired algorithm. Next, we describe how the result of the PnP method can be interpreted as a solution to an equilibrium equation, allowing convergence analysis from this perspective. Finally, we present illustrative examples of PnP methods applied to MRI image recovery.
Algorithmized but not Atomized? How Digital Platforms Engender New Forms of Worker Solidarity in Jakarta

Jakarta's roads are green, filled as they are with the fluorescent green jackets, bright green logos and fluttering green banners of basecamps created by the city's digitized, 'online' motorbike-taxi drivers (ojol). These spaces function as waiting posts, regulatory institutions, information networks and spaces of solidarity for the ojol working for mobility-app companies, Grab and GoJek. Their existence though, presents a puzzle. In the world of on-demand matching, literature either predicts an isolated, atomized, disempowered digital worker or expects workers to have only temporary, online, ephemeral networks of mutual aid. Yet, Jakarta's ojol then introduce us to a new form of labor action that relies on an interface of the physical world and digital realm, complete with permanent shelters, quirky names, emblems, social media accounts and even their own emergency response service. This paper explores the contours of these labor formations and asks why digital workers in Jakarta are able to create collective structures of solidarity, even as app-mediated work may force them towards an individualized labor regime? I argue that these digital labor collectives are not accidental but a product of interactions between histories of social organization structures in Jakarta and affordances created by technological-mediation. Through participant observation and semi-structured interviews I excavate the bi-directional conversation between globalizing digital platforms and social norms, civic culture and labor market conditions in Jakarta which has allowed for particular forms of digital worker resistances to emerge. I recover power for the digital worker, who provides us with a path to resisting algorithmization of work while still participating in it through agentic labor actions rooted in shared identities, enabled by technological fluency and borne out of a desire for community.
Measuring social work students reflective learning through role-play and writing

Reflective learning encourages critical thinking, self-awareness, and self-regulation. Role-play and writing exercises benefit reflective learning. Both approaches enhance student learning and supp...
Naïve domestic Bos taurus calves recognize the scent of a canine predator

Wild ungulates can recognize certain predators without previous experience, but this innate ability may be relaxed under domestication. Using naive dairy calves, Bos taurus, we examined the effects of exposure to a predator odour (coyote, Canis latrans, urine) and two control odours (deer urine and water) on (1) latency to approach a milk food reward, (2) exploration, vigilance and locomotor play, (3) magnitude of the startle response to a sudden noise delivered upon arrival at the feeder and (4) heart rate during feeding in 10 min trials on three consecutive days. In response to predator odour, calves delayed feeding and tended to explore more and play less in the first 30 s of the trial compared to calves exposed to control odours. The duration spent feeding and standing with the head raised (i.e. vigilant) did not differ among treatments. On the first day, calves exposed to predator odour startled more to a sudden noise than control animals. Mean heart rate during feeding decreased across days in the control treatments, but not in the predator treatment, suggesting a sustained response to the predator odour. We conclude that naive domestic calves retain the ability to distinguish between predator and nonpredator odour.
An Optical Limiter using a Strongly Correlated Material

Photorefractive optical properties of a strongly-correlated material, 1T-TaS 2 allows many nonlinear nanophotonic devices. Here, we present optical limiters using 1T-TaS 2 .
Families and Individuals in Medical Decision Making

This volume poses fundamental challenges to the Western bioethical decision-making framework. It can be viewed as a sally in the culture wars. Authors in the volume argue, inter alia, that the fundamental ethical unit to which questions and decisions in medicine ought to be directed is the family, not the atomic individual. This is a message requiring our attention, because it highlights a truth about the beliefs of many people—even those, like me, who ultimately still side in favor of individualism—that the family is a—or the—fundamental unit of concern.
The impact of the interstate on violent crime in three southern states: do drugs play a role?

The study of place in relation to crime has its roots in the ecological works of Parks, Burgess, Shaw, McKay, and the Chicago School. Within this ecological framework the relationship between locat...
Profitability of Preconditioning

The objectives of this study were to assess the profitability of preconditioning calves in a commercial beef cow setting, and to determine factors associated with profit from preconditioning. The herd owner identified an overarching goal within the project: to supply a higher quality calf to the feedlot and capture the increased value of that calf to improve profitability. Results indicated that preconditioning was profitable for this example herd, with an average return to labor and management of $80.70 per calf per year for preconditioning. Returns ranged from $26.04 to $116.48 per calf per year, and profitability improved as the manager's experience with managing the preconditioning component of the operation increased. The preconditioning enterprise was profitable in each of the 11 years of the study. Factors related to profit from preconditioning included average daily gain, days-on-feed, cost of gain, and feed cost of gain. Health concerns in this example were minimal; morbidity was 0.09% (1 of 1,103) and mortality was 0.27% (3 of 1,103). Overall, returns to preconditioning were primarily due to added weight sold (63% of return to preconditioning) with the preconditioning health sales price advantage adding the remaining 37%.
Quantitative analysis of γ-glutamylisoleucine, γ-glutamylthreonine, and γ-glutamylvaline in HeLa cells using UHPLC-MS/MS

γ-Glutamylpeptides have been identified as potential biomarkers for a number of diseases including cancer, diabetes, and liver disease. In this study, we developed and validated a novel quantitative analytical strategy for measuring γ-glutamylisoleucine, γ-glutamylthreonine, and γ-glutamylvaline, all of which have been previously reported as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer in HeLa cells using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A BEH C18 column was used as the stationary phase. Mobile phase A was 99:1 water:formic acid and mobile phase B was acetonitrile. Chemical isotope labeling using benzoyl chloride was used as the internal standardization strategy. Sample preparation consisted of the addition of water to a frozen cell pellet, sonication, derivatization, centrifugation, and subsequent addition of an internal standard solution. The method was validated for selectivity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and stability. The determined concentrations of γ-glutamylisoleucine, γ-glutamylthreonine, and γ-glutamylvaline in HeLa cells were 1.92 ± 0.06, 10.8 ± 0.4, and 1.96 ± 0.04 pmol/mg protein, respectively. In addition, the qualitative analysis of these analytes in human serum was achieved using a modified sample preparation strategy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of benzoyl chloride for chemical isotope labeling for metabolite quantitation in cells.
Assessing Clustering Methods to Establish Reliability and Consensus in Card Sorting Tasks

Human factors researchers often collect qualitative data that involve statements about a system or tool. Establishing consistent patterns in such data is important for making conclusions about the data. When a theoretically motivated coding scheme has not been established, one might use card sorting techniques to have independent raters generate a similarity space in order to create a bottom-up taxonomy. In this paper, we will explore how clustering and scaling techniques can be used to derive a common taxonomy from multiple car sorting results and judge how consistent the groupings are. We examine this process on two datasets, one with the qualitative data from an interview study with physicians and another with the data regarding a website design for usability purposes. Results showed that the different clustering methods had very similar high-level results, and these had high within-group similarity across groups, suggesting inter-rater reliability. Finally, we will discuss the benefits of different algorithms for clustering and scaling and propose measures to assess strong consensus and inter-group sorting reliability.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Beyond “Getting to Yes” in Conflict Resolution

A challenge for dealing with controversies as intractable as the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is how to measure the influence intangible factors have on the conflict, which may even have more influence over the outcome than the tangible factors. Because the importance of such factors changes from one problem to another, and because intangible factors do not have known measurement scales, what is needed are relative scales, which in turn yield relative priorities, developed for each problem within the context of its own diversity of factors, and their influences on the actors involved and the concessions that they exchange.
Interpreting Figurative Meaning

Interpreting Figurative Meaning critically evaluates the recent empirical work from psycholinguistics and neuroscience examining the successes and difficulties associated with interpreting figurative language. There is now a huge, often contradictory literature on how people understand figures of speech. Gibbs and Colston argue that there may not be a single theory or model that adequately explains both the processes and products of figurative meaning experience. Experimental research may ultimately be unable to simply adjudicate between current models in psychology, linguistics and philosophy of how figurative meaning is interpreted. Alternatively, the authors advance a broad theoretical framework, motivated by ideas from 'dynamical systems theory', that describes the multiple, interacting influences which shape people's experiences of figurative meaning in discourse. This book details past research and theory, offers a critical assessment of this work and sets the stage for a new vision of figurative experience in human life.
Accelerating Feature Based Registration Using the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma

We introduce an efficient search strategy to substantially accelerate feature based registration. Previous feature based registration algorithms often use truncated search strategies in order to achieve small computation times. Our new accelerated search strategy is based on the realization that the search for corresponding features can be dramatically accelerated by utilizing Johnson-Lindenstrauss dimension reduction. Order of magnitude calculations for the search strategy we propose here indicate that the algorithm proposed is more than a million times faster than previously utilized naive search strategies, and this advantage in speed is directly translated into an advantage in accuracy as the fast speed enables more comparisons to be made in the same amount of time. We describe the accelerated scheme together with a full complexity analysis. The registration algorithm was applied to large transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of neural ultrastructure. Our experiments demonstrate that our algorithm enables alignment of TEM images with increased accuracy and efficiency compared to previous algorithms.
SOME HARMONIC N-SLIT MAPPINGS

The class SH consists of univalent, harmonic, and sense-preserving functions f in the unit disk, ∆, such that f = h+g where h(z) = z+ ∑∞ 2 akz k, g(z) = ∑∞ 1 bkz k. S H will denote the subclass with b1 = 0. We present a collection of n-slit mappings (n ≥ 2) and prove that the 2-slit mappings are in SH while for n ≥ 3 the mappings are in S H . Finally we show that these mappings establish the sharpness of a previous theorem by Clunie and SheilSmall while disproving a conjecture about the inner mapping radius.
Turns in peptides and proteins.

Publisher Summary Turns are a fundamental class of polypeptide structure and are defined as sites where the peptide chain reverses its overall direction. In the past 20 years, the peptide field has witnessed major development, stimulated by the discovery of a host of bioactive peptides. Turn structures have been proposed and implicated in the bioactivity of several of these naturally occurring peptides. In addition, many structural details of turns have been derived from conformational studies of model peptides. During this same period, more than 100 complete protein structures have been elucidated in single-crystal X-ray studies. These examples document the rich diversity of structural patterns in the chain folds of native proteins. Turns are intrinsically polar structures with backbone groups that pack together closely and side chains that project outward. Such an array of atoms may constitute a site for molecular recognition, and indeed, the literature abounds with suggestions that turns serve as loci for receptor binding, antibody recognition, and post-translational modification. In peptides, turns are the conformations of choice for simultaneously optimizing both backbone–chain compactness (intramolecular nonbonded contacts) and side-chain clustering (to facilitate intermolecular recognition). Presence of turns in bioactive conformations may in fact also reflect the lack of alternative conformational possibilities. The aim of this chapter is to examine structural and functional roles of turns in peptides and proteins.
Correct two-phase and one-phase deadlock detection algorithms for distributed systems

The authors propose a correction to the two-phase deadlock detection algorithm, which has been shown to be incorrect. They prove the correctness of the modified algorithm using a stable property detection technique that observes the system at an absolute time instant. They then use the notion of consistent cuts and vector time to give a simple one-phase deadlock detection algorithm. >
Differential effects of interferon-γ on metabolism of lipoprotein immune complexes mediated by specific human macrophage Fcγ receptors

The objectives were to determine whether there are differences in the mechanisms of lipoprotein metabo- lism associated with different Fc g Rs and how metabolism associated with Fc g Rs compares to that mediated by scaven- ger receptors (SRA). To analyze lipoprotein metabolism in a receptor-specific manner, bispecific antibodies were used to target low density lipoproteins (LDL) labeled with 125 I or ( 3 H)cholesterol linoleate to Fc g RI or Fc g RIIA in human macrophages. Interferon- g (IFN- g ), which stimulates ex- pression of Fc g RI while inhibiting expression of SRA, was used to help delineate differences in metabolism between each receptor. For each receptor, the total amount of lipo- protein degradation paralleled changes in receptor expres- sion induced by IFN- g . In particular, while SRA-mediated degradation typically exceeded degradation mediated by Fc g RI, in IFN- g -treated cells degradation associated with Fc g RI and SRA was similar. Assay of ( 3 H)cholesterol linoleate-labeled lipoproteins indicated that total uptake and hydrolysis of ( 3 H)cholesterol linoleate was similar for each class of receptor, and inhibited by IFN- g . For Fc g RI versus Fc g RIIA, in the presence or absence of IFN- g , the ( 3 H)cho- lesterol derived from Fc g RIIA-mediated uptake was prefer- entially targeted for re-esterification to ( 3 H)cholesterol ole- ate, in comparison to that resulting from hydrolysis of ( 3 H)cholesterol linoleate incorporated by selective uptake. For SRA, the formation of ( 3 H)cholesterol oleate, which was substantial in control cells, was significantly inhibited in the presence of IFN- g . We conclude that there may be differences in cholesterol trafficking with respect to lipo- protein immune complex metabolism mediated by differ- ent classes of Fc g Rs. —Morganelli, P. M., S. M. Kennedy, and T. I. Mitchell. Differential effects of interferon- g on metabolism of lipoprotein immune complexes mediated by specific human macrophage Fc g receptors. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 405-415.
From “Shared Responsibility” to a Migration Agreement? The Limits for Cooperation in the Mexico‐United States Case (2000–2008)1

Why were the Mexican and United States governments unable to establish formal cooperation for the management of migration flows even after agreeing on the need for a “shared responsibility” approach and establishing an agenda for negotiations on a bilateral agreement in the spring of 2001? Conventional wisdom is that the terrorist attacks of September 11th were the main reason for the shift from a bilateral to a unilateral approach to the management of US-Mexico migration flows. Although this event changed the US government’s foreign policy priorities, in order to understand the reasons why the proposal for a migration agreement failed, it is necessary to look beyond the security context that permeated the US agenda after September 11th and analyse the underlying structural, domestic and ideological factors that influenced the governments’ positions during and after the negotiations. By examining the context of power asymmetry in the US-Mexico relationship, the domestic politics that surround the issue and public perceptions of immigration in the United States, this paper identifies the challenges implied in efforts to expand bilateral cooperation over migration issues in the NAFTA framework. The fact that both countries’ migration policies are mostly pursued unilaterally despite the acceptance of a “shared responsibility” raises key questions regarding the limits of regional integration and bilateral or multilateral cooperation for the management of migration.
Low-temperature properties of layered Heisenberg ferromagnets.

Spin-wave theory is used to study the effects of interlayer coupling on the properties of layered Heisenberg ferromagnets with S=1/2. The asymptotic expressions of magnetization and specific heat with temperature and interlayer coupling strength (${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$) are given in two low-temperature regimes distinguished by a characteristic temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{0}$=2${\mathit{J}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$/${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$. It is shown that the interlayer coupling, though very small, is essential if long-range order at nonzero temperature is to exist.
Lead isotopic heterogeneities within alkali feldspars: Implications for the determination of initial lead isotopic compositions

Abstract The mobility of uranium during metamorphism and alteration places constraints on the use of lead isotopic compositions as petrogenetic tracers in older rocks. The problem of uranium mobility may be partially circumvented by analysis of alkali feldspar which, because of its low U:Pb ratio, should have a lead isotopic composition similar to the initial lead isotopic composition of the rock. Previous leaching and volatilization experiments, however, have demonstrated that alkali feldspars contain radio-genic lead which can be removed preferentially to nonradiogenic lead. This paper reports on the results of progressive acid leaching of a single alkali feldspar phenocryst and on albitic perthites separated from the phenocryst. This experiment suggests that a number of distinct lead isotopic reservoirs are present within the alkali feldspar, including a nonradiogenic reservoir approximating the initial lead isotopic composition of the system, a radiogenic reservoir corresponding to albitic exsolution lamellae within the alkali feldspar, loosely bound labile lead presumably associated with uranium and thorium occupying fractures, and finally a radiogenic component corresponding to unidentified uranium-thorium rich phases. The commonly observed decrease in radiogenicity with progressive leaching of alkali feldspars is interpreted to be largely the result of preferential leaching of the albitic perthites relative to the host alkali feldspar containing the nonradiogenic reservoir. The results of this experiment confirm that initial lead isotopic compositions may be estimated from alkali feldspars through severe acid leaching; however, this experiment also illustrates the complexity of the lead isotopic systematics of alkali feldspars. The determination of the initial lead isotopic composition of an alkali feldspar requires experimental procedures which recognize and compensate for the presence of multiple lead reservoirs within typical alkali feldspars.
Parental Perceptions of the Development and Treatment of Children's and Adolescents' Emotional/Behavioral Problems.

ABSTRACT Parents read one of eight vignettes counterbalanced for gender (boy or girl), age (6-year old or 15-year old), and type of clinical problem (internalizing or externalizing). After reading the vignette, parents rated their perceptions of responsibility for the child's problems and the acceptability of different treatments. Results showed that mothers, fathers, and teachers were seen as more responsible for younger rather than older children's problems, whereas older children were seen as more responsible than younger children for their own problems. Teachers were seen as more responsible for children's internalizing problems and children were seen as more responsible for their own externalizing problems. This pattern of results was similar for mothers and fathers who were participants. Greater behavioral contingencies were perceived to be more acceptable for younger children and children with externalizing problems. Individual therapy, family therapy, and medication were perceived as more acceptab...
Accentuating the positive??: An analysis of teacher verbalizations with young children

One of the primary influences on the quality of child care classrooms is teacher behavior, and a critical component of teacher behavior is verbal communication. This study examined the quality of teacher verbalizations with young children in preschool classrooms. Nineteen of the teachers were enrolled in community college courses in early childhood education and child development between pre- and posttesting and fifteen were not. Results indicated that although there was significant improvement on a measure of global classroom quality for those teachers involved in college coursework, teacher verbalizations did not become more appropriate. These findings are discussed in light of current teacher education programs and policy issues.
Dielectric constant, molar volume, and phase diagram of saturated liquid 3 He- 4 He mixtures

The dielectric constant of seven 3 He- 4 He mixtures has been measured in the saturated liquid phase at temperatures between 0.55 and 1.86 K. The Clausius-Mosotti function (ɛ−1)/(ɛ+2) is found to be nearly linear in concentration, especially at low temperatures. A method is described for determining the concentration from a measured dielectric constant. Measurements in the two-phase region are used to calculate the phase-separation curve. Molar volumes are calculated using polarizabilities consistent with those reported by Kerr and Sherman for the pure components.
Effects of speaking rate on tongue position and velocity of movement in vowel production.

This study used glossometry to examine the position of the tongue and the velocity of its movements in vowels spoken normally and at a self‐selected fast rate. The subject in experiment 1 showed lingual undershoot for stressed vowels in ‘‘a bib again’’ and ‘‘a bob again.’’ The tongue was lower for /i/ and higher for /a/ at the fast rate than at the normal rate. The stressed vowels exerted an effect on unstressed vowels: The tongue was lower in the schwas that preceded and followed /a/ than /i/. Only one of the three subjects in experiment 2 showed no lingual undershoot for fast‐rate /i/. The tongue was higher at the fast rate than at the normal rate in the schwas flanking /i/ so that the displacement was less at the fast rate than at the normal rate. Another talker increased the peak velocity of tongue movements at the fast rate and showed no undershoot for /a/. Multiple regression analyses showed that the timing of movements for successive phonetic segments accounted well undershoot in only one of the three subjects. The results suggest that in order to model the effects of speaking rate on the tongue movements used in forming stressed vowels, it will be necessary to take into account: (1) how much vowels are shortened at a fast rate; (2) how much the peak velocity of tongue movements is increased, if at all; and (3) the position of the tongue before and after the stressed vowels. All three factors are likely to be influenced by how clearly the talker wishes to speak.
Biological mechanisms underlying structural changes induced by colorectal field carcinogenesis measured with low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy.

We previously reported the utility of Low-Coherence Enhanced Backscattering (LEBS) Spectroscopy in detecting optical changes in uninvolved rectal mucosa, changes that are indicative of the presence of advanced colorectal adenomas elsewhere in the colon (field carcinogenesis). We hypothesized that the alterations in optical signatures are due to structural changes in colonocytes. To elucidate those colonocyte changes, we used LEBS and an early time point in an animal model of colorectal field carcinogenesis – rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). Changes in LEBS markers in intact mucosa from AOM-treated rats could be at least partially attributed to changes in colonocytes. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the colonocyte abnormalities in premalignant colon, we took a candidate approach. We compared expression profiles of genes implicated directly or indirectly in cytoskeletal dysregulation in colorectal tissues from saline-treated versus AOM-treated rats. Our data suggest that a number of genes known to affect colon tumorigenesis are up-regulated in colonocytes, and genes previously reported to be tumor suppressors in metastatic cancer are down-regulated in colonocytes, despite the colonocytes being histologically normal. To further understand the role of the cytoskeleton in generating changes in optical markers of cells, we used pharmacological disruption (using colchicine) of the cytoskeleton. We found that differences in optical markers (between AOM- and control-treated rats) were negated by the disruption, suggesting cytoskeletal involvement in the optical changes. These studies provide significant insights into the micro-architectural alterations in early colon carcinogenesis, and may enable optimization of both bio-photonic and molecular risk stratification techniques to personalize colorectal cancer screening.
Catalysis of the oxidation of steroid and stilbene estrogens to estrogen quinone metabolites by the β-naphthoflavone-inducible cytochrome P450 IA family

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) or catecholestrogens are metabolized by microsomal enzymes to quinones, DES Q or catecholestrogen quinones, respectively, which have been shown to bind covalently to DNA and to undergo redox cycling. The isoforms of cytochrome P450 catalyzing this oxidation of estrogens to genotoxic intermediates were not known and have been identified in this study by (a) using microsomes of rats treated with various inducers of cytochrome P450; (b) using purified cytochrome P450 isoforms; and (c) examining the peroxide cofactor concentrations necessary for this oxidation by microsomes or pure isoenzymes. The highest rate of oxidation of DES to DES Q was obtained using beta-naphthoflavone-induced microsomes (14.0 nmol DES Q/mg protein/min) or cytochrome P450 IA1 (6.4 pmol DES Q/min/pmol P450). Isosafrole-induced microsomes or cytochrome P450 IA2 oxidized DES to quinone at one-third or one-fifth of that rate, respectively. Low or negligible rates of oxidation were measured when oxidations were catalyzed by microsomal rat liver enzymes induced by phenobarbital, ethanol, or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile or by pure cytochromes P450 IIB1, IIB4, IIC3, IIC6, IIE1, IIE2, IIG1, or IIIA6. Cytochrome P450 IA1 also catalyzed the oxidation of 2- or 4-hydroxyestradiol to their corresponding quinones. The beta-naphthoflavone-induced microsomes and cytochrome P450 IA1 had the highest "affinity" for cumene hydroperoxide cofactor (Km = 77 microM). Cofactor concentrations above 250 microM resulted in decreased rates of oxidation. The other cytochrome P450 isoforms required much higher cofactor concentrations and were not inactivated at high cofactor concentrations. The data demonstrate that beta-naphthoflavone-inducible cytochrome P450 IA family enzymes catalyze most efficiently the oxidation of estrogenic hydroquinones to corresponding quinones. This oxidation may represent a detoxification pathway to keep organic hydroperoxides at minimal concentrations. The resulting quinone metabolites may be detoxified by other pathways. However, in cells with decreased detoxifying enzyme activities, quinones metabolites may accumulate and initiate carcinogenesis or cell death by covalent arylation of DNA or proteins.
Satellite Ic: a possible link between the satellite DNAs of D. virilis and D. melanogaster

Abstract In this study, we isolated and characterized a previously undetected cryptic satellite DNA comprising 0.1% of the total nuclear genome of D. virilis. This satellite is hidden from detection in neutral CsCl by satellite I and is therefore designated cryptic satellite I or Ic. Sequence analysis reveals that Ic is the repeating heptanucleotide [poly d(AATATAG): d(CTATATT)]. It is more closely related to the three simple sequence satellite DNAs of D. melanogaster, a distantly related species, than it is to any of the major D. virilis satellite DNA sequences. Ic may therefore be a link between the simple sequence satellites of D. virilis and D. melanogaster. As an extension of this theory, we have constructed a "family tree" linking the satellites of D. virilis and D. melanogaster by a series of "simple" operations. Only one intermediate required by this evolutionary scheme has not yet been identified.
SU‐GG‐J‐106: Prostate and Pelvic Lymph Node PTV Margins for Treatment of Pelvic IMRT Followed by Proton Prostate Boost

Purpose: To evaluate the PTV margins for both prostate and pelvic nodes for patients treated with initial Pelvic‐IMRT and prostate proton boost. Method and Materials: Total 15 prostate patients were treated with IMRT and proton therapy with rectal balloons. CBCT and 2D x‐ray were used for pre‐treatment alignments for IMRT and protontreatment, respectively. Shifts and rotations from bone‐matching, seed‐matching and seed‐bone differences were obtained from CBCT with translation only, translation and rotation. Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment 2D x‐ray images were analyzed for residual setup errors and intra‐fraction organ motion. Translation‐only Pelvic‐LN PTV margins were calculated from bone‐seed shift differences. Translation‐only prostate margins were calculated from x‐ray data. Similarly, PTV margins for bone‐matching were also obtained. Bone to skin‐mark rotations and prostate to bone rotations were also presented and evaluated for margin impact. Results: PTV Margin was calculated using 2.5*Σ&+0.7*σ. For seed‐matching, prostate margins are 1.5, 3.5, 2.7 mm for LR, SI, AP, respectively; Similarly, the margins are 2.3, 7.1, 7.0 mm for pelvic‐LN. For bone‐matching, prostate margins are 2.7, 7.8, 7.5 mm for LR, SI, AP, respectively; The margins are 0.7, 1.5, 1.3 mm for pelvic‐LN. For skin‐mark setup, prostate margins are 7.6, 13.5, 11.5 mm and pelvic LN margins are 8.3, 12.7, 12.5 mm. The bone to skin‐mark rotations are 1.3±1.4, −0.5±1.1, −0.2±0.7 mm for LR, SI, AP axes, respectively. The seeds to skin‐mark rotations are −0.2±3.4, −0.8±3.1, 0.2±1.5 mm for LR, SI, AP axes, respectively. Conclusion: Prostate and pelvic LN PTV margins were both obtained from translation only setup using 2D and 3D x‐ray imaging data. Seed‐matching reduced prostate margins, which may reduce dose to bladder and rectum compared to bone‐matching. However, pelvic‐LN margins increased because of the inter‐fraction prostate motion relative to pelvic bones. Rotations of bone and prostate will increase both prostate and pelvic‐LN margins.
Transsynaptic Signaling by Activity-Dependent Cleavage of Neuroligin-1

Adhesive contact between pre- and postsynaptic neurons initiates synapse formation during brain development and provides a natural means of transsynaptic signaling. Numerous adhesion molecules and their role during synapse development have been described in detail. However, once established, the mechanisms of adhesive disassembly and its function in regulating synaptic transmission have been unclear. Here, we report that synaptic activity induces acute proteolytic cleavage of neuroligin-1 (NLG1), a postsynaptic adhesion molecule at glutamatergic synapses. NLG1 cleavage is triggered by NMDA receptor activation, requires Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and is mediated by proteolytic activity of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9). Cleavage of NLG1 occurs at single activated spines, is regulated by neural activity in vivo, and causes rapid destabilization of its presynaptic partner neurexin-1β (NRX1β). In turn, NLG1 cleavage depresses synaptic transmission by abruptly reducing presynaptic release probability. Thus, local proteolytic control of synaptic adhesion tunes synaptic transmission during brain development and plasticity.
Calculation of standard transformed formation properties of biochemical reactants and standard apparent reduction potentials of half reactions.

Abstract The standard Gibbs energies of formation and standard enthalpies of formation of species involved in biochemical reactions are used to calculate standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation and standard transformed enthalpies of formation of 62 biochemical reactants (sums of species) at 298.15 K, pH 7, and ionic strengths of 0, 0.10, and 0.25 M. It has been possible to put the oxidized and reduced forms of some reactants in this table because their standard apparent reduction potentials are known at pH 7. This paper emphasizes redox reactions. Two applications have been made of these 62 new values of standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation at pH 7: (1) They have been used to calculate standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation of 16 more biochemical reactants from measurements of apparent equilibrium constants of redox reactions.(2) They have been used to calculate standard apparent reduction potentials at pH 7 for half reactions involving reactants discussed in this article and the previous one. This table of standard apparent reduction potentials can be extended considerably from known apparent equilibrium constants for enzyme-catalyzed redox reactions. This brings the total number of reactants for which the standard transformed Gibbs energy of formation at 298K, pH 7, and ionic strengths of 0, 0.10, and 0.25 M have been calculated to 142.