cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Air-Core Permanent-Magnet-Based Energy Harvest in Free-Rotating Devices

This paper details the analysis and design of an air-core permanent-magnet-based energy-harvest system for use within an in-pipe mobile water-quality sensor. The sensor is a free-moving/free-rotating device of which the energy-harvest system occupies an appreciable volume. Therefore, the electrical and mechanical dynamics of the device are strongly coupled, which poses a modeling challenge. To address this challenge, a rigorous electrical/mechanical model is established to determine expected energy harvest, given the geometric/material parameters and electrical/mechanical inputs. The model was utilized within a single-objective optimization—maximizing energy harvested from impacts—to design a prototype, which was constructed and used for model validation. Subsequently, multiobjective optimizations were performed to establish the tradeoff between energy harvest versus device volume and impact-based versus rolling-based energy-harvest efficacy.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increases the proportion of circulating dendritic cells after autologous but not after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

AbstractBackground aims. Granulocyte–macrophage (GM) colony-stimulating factor (CSF) has been used as an adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy. We tested the hypothesis that GM-CSF (Leukine®; sargramostim) improves immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) based on our prior in vitro work that demonstrated the pro-inflammatory effects of GM-CSF on dendritic cells (DC). Methods. GM-CSF was administered to donors, along with standard granulocyte (G) CSF, during stem cell mobilization, and to recipients from the day prior to transplant until engraftment. Eighteen patients consented to the GM-CSF+ protocol and were compared with 17 matched controls undergoing HSCT during the same time period (GM-CSF−). Results. Numbers of white blood cells (WBC) and CD34+ stem cells in the graft were comparable to controls. Surprisingly, contrary to our hypothesis, the allogeneic donor graft had significantly decreased numbers of CD3+ T cells and their subsets (CD4+, CD4+ CD45RA+, CD4+ CD45RO+, CD8...
The point correlation dimension of R-R intervals predicts sudden cardiac death among high-risk patients

An algorithm for the correlation dimension, the PD2, accurately tracks dimension in nonstationary data. Low-dimensional PD2s predict ventricular fibrillation (VF) in experimental myocardial infarction in animals. The authors now demonstrate in 61 electrocardiographic recordings from ambulatory high-risk cardiac patients that low-dimensional chaos in the heartbeat intervals, as represented by a reduction in PD2 below 1.2 dimensions, precedes lethal VF by a mean of 12 hours. This PD2-reduction occurs only in those high-risk patients who actually experience PD2-reduction had a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (83%) in predicting VF among the high-risk patients. In contrast, the standard deviations of the same heartbeat intervals provided no such discrimination. In symptomatic extremely-high-risk patients, each having a history of syncope and episodic ventricular tachycardia, but who did not experience VF that day, PD2s >
Travelers' Diarrhea: Microbiologic Bases for Prevention and Treatment

The microbiology of travelers' diarrhea has become reasonably well defined, although new bacterial agents are probably yet to be described. The most common etiologic agent, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), has been studied extensively and, because of the importance of this etiology, strategies for prevention and treatment of ETEC diarrhea with antimicrobial agents have been devised. The prevention of travelers' diarrhea by immunization will, to a large extent, depend on the development of vaccines against ETEC. Because the etiologic agents that cause travelers' diarrhea are the same ones (with the exception of rotavirus) that cause acute diarrhea in small children living in the developing world that tourists visit, any advances in prevention and treatment of diarrhea in travelers will be directly applicable to the worldwide problem of diarrhea in children, which is far more important on a global scale.
Design process model in the Yorktown silicon compiler

The automatic synthesis of an IBM 801 processing unit using the Yorktown Silicon Compiler is presented. The underlying design process model is explained showing the intermediate design stages, while emphasizing high-level issues. First, the principles of operations are translated manually into a high-level behavioral description. The system is decomposed by the designer into concurrent modules (in the 801, four pipeline stages). Structural synthesis automatically generates a circuit structure for each pipeline stage, including the control and the data path. The combinational logic is optimized globally during logic synthesis producing a multi-level implementation. The resulting size (in number of transistors) and the performance of the processor (estimated cycle time and cycles per instruction) are compared to a manual RT-level design.
Plasma Levels of Soluble Tie2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Distinguish Critical Limb Ischemia From Intermittent Claudication in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease

Objectives Our purpose was to determine whether factors that regulate angiogenesis are altered in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and whether these factors are associated with the severity of PAD. Background Alterations in angiogenic growth factors occur in cardiovascular disease (CVD), but whether these factors are altered in PAD or correlate with disease severity is unknown. Methods Plasma was collected from patients with PAD (n = 46) and healthy control subjects (n = 23). Peripheral arterial disease patients included those with intermittent claudication (IC) (n = 23) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) (n = 23). Plasma angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), soluble Tie2 (sTie2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1), and placenta growth factor (PlGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. In vitro, endothelial cells (ECs) were treated with recombinant VEGF to investigate effects on sTie2 production. Results Plasma concentrations of sTie2 (p Conclusions Levels of VEGF and sTie2 are significantly increased in CLI, and sTie2 production is induced by VEGF. These proteins may provide novel biomarkers for CLI, and sTie2 may be both a marker and a cause of CLI.
A PSYCHOMETRIC COMPARISON OF TWO ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT SCALES

This study evaluated the equivalence of two alternative organizational commitment measures found in the social sciences literature, particularly in business disciplines. The results indicate that the 1974 organizational commitment measure developed by Porter, Steers, Mowday, and Boulian demonstrates better internal and external consistency than the 1984 four-item Hunt, Chonko, and Wilcox scale. Both measures were given to a group of 207 professional auditors employed at all levels in the hierarchy of a large public accounting firm. The auditors averaged 27 yr. of age, with 4.4 yr. of public accounting experience. 61.7% were men, 56.8% were married, and 50.2% had been professionally certified. The factor analysis indicates that the Hunt measure represents one of the three defined aspects of the Porter measure of organizational commitment, an individual's desire to maintain membership in the organization. Based on the results, researchers should be aware that the two scales measure somewhat different constr...
Speaking and Self-Order: A Critique of Orthodox L2 Research

While the recent explosion of work on L2 discourse has provided researchers with a mass of data on the development of communicative abilities, we find that most of this work is predicated on a single (perhaps even curious) assumption: that all discourse, of which L2 discourse is taken as a subcategory, is intended by its speakers to be informative to some interlocutor (i.e., transmits a message via an acoustic or graphic conduit) and that the production of discourse entails the formulation of strategies on the part of speakers in order to maximize this transmission of data. That discourse is not communicative (i.e., sending and receiving information) by nature has, in fact, been long known, but overlooked, especially in L2 research. Malinowski pointed out as early as 1935 that:Language is an activity the function of which is not an expression of thought or communication of ideas … the neglect of the obvious has often been fatal to the development of scientific thought. The false conception of language as a means of transferring ideas from the head of the speaker to that of the listener has, in my opinion, largely vitiated the philological approach to language (Malinowski, 1935, 9).
LPS inhibits endothelin-1-mediated eNOS translocation to the cell membrane in sinusoidal endothelial cells.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to develop a model for studying endothelin-1-mediated eNOS regulation in cultured sinusoidal endothelial cells and determine the effect of endothelin-1 and endotoxin (LPS) on eNOS localization.Methods: Changes in caveolin-1, calmodulin, and eNOS expression were determined by western blot and densitometric analysis. Endothelin receptor expression and localization and the intracellular localization of eNOS and caveolin-1 were assessed by confocal microscopy.Results: Sinusoidal endothelial cells expressed caveolin-1 and calmodulin, and expression was altered in cultured and passaged cells. eNOS expression decreased significantly in 24-h cultured cells, with expression dropping below the level of detection in passaged cells. Both endothelin A and endothelin B receptors were expressed on the cell surface after 24 h in culture. In 24-h cultured cells, caveolin-1 was localized in the perinuclear region and cell membrane, while eNOS was predominantly localized in the p...
Micropumps based on alternating high-gradient magnetic fields

A magnetic particle pumping scheme based on high-gradient magnetic fields is proposed, and its operation principle is demonstrated. The pumping action is generated by sequentially displacing the magnetic field distribution and its dragging force on the magnetic particles immersed in a solution. No mechanical moving parts are needed, and thus, the proposed system can provide a fast, reliable, and inexpensive way for on-chip biomedical testing and analysis application. In this paper, the analysis, design, and experimental results are described.
Electron-Transfer and Proton-Transfer Equilibria in Systems Involving Different Ion-Pairs

Electron-transfer equilibria between radical-anions, say A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$ and A$\_{2}^{\overline{.}}$, and their parent compounds A$\_{1}$ and A$\_{2}$, may involve several distinct ionic species. Therefore, one should differentiate between equilibria such as A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$ + A$\_{2}\rightleftharpoons $A$\_{1}$ + A$\_{2}^{\overline{.}}$ $(K\_{-})$, (A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$,Met$^{+}$)$\_{\text{tight}}$ + A$\_{2}\rightleftharpoons $ A$\_{1}$ + (A$\_{2}{}\_{}^{\overline{.}}$,Met$^{+}$)$\_{\text{tight}}$ $(K\_{\text{tight}}$), (A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{loose}}$ + A$\_{2}\rightleftharpoons $A$\_{1}$+ (A$\_{2}^{\overline{.}}$,Met$^{+})\_{\text{loose}}$ ($K\_{\text{loose}})$, etc. Symbols such as (A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{tight}}$ or (A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{loose}}$ denote distinct types of ion-pairs-tight and loose, respectively. In a given solvent there are relations between $K\_{-},K\_{\text{tight}},K\_{\text{loose}}$, etc., e.g. $K\_{\text{tight}}K\_{\text{loose}}=K\_{1}/K\_{2}$ where $K\_{1}$ and $K\_{2}$ are the equilibrium constants of the transformation of tight into loose pairs, i.e., (A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{tight}}\rightleftharpoons $ (A$\_{1}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{loose}}\ (K\_{1})$ (A$\_{2}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{tight}}\rightleftharpoons $ (A$\_{2}^{\overline{.}}$, Met$^{+})\_{\text{loose}}$ $(K\_{2})$ We show that $K\_{-},K\_{\text{tight}}\ \text{and}\ K\_{\text{loose}}$ are independent of solvent, although $K\_{1},K\_{2}$ or the dissociation constants of ion-pairs are profoundly affected by its nature. In a solvent where two or more kinds of ionic species coexist, the experimentally determined 'equilibrium constant', $K\_{\text{ap}}$, is a complex function of 'true' equilibrium constants, e.g. if tight and loose pairs coexist, $K\_{\text{ap}}$ is given by $K\_{\text{ap}}=[\text{A}\_{1}]\{[(\text{A}\_{2}^{\overline{.}},\text{Met}^{+})\_{\text{tight}}]+[(\text{A}\_{2}^{\overline{.}},\text{Met}^{+})\_{\text{loose}}]\}/[\text{A}\_{2}]\{[(\text{A}\_{1}^{\overline{.}},\text{Met}^{+})\_{\text{tight}}]\}+[(\text{A}\_{1}^{\overline{.}},\text{Met}^{+})\_{\text{loose}}]\}$ and $K\_{\text{ap}}=K\_{\text{tight}}(1+K\_{2})/(1+K\_{1})=K\_{\text{loose}}(1+K\_{2}^{-1})/(1+K\_{1}^{-1})$. Hence, determination of $K\_{\text{ap}}$ leads to values of $K\_{1}$ and $K\_{2}$ provided $K\_{\text{tight}}$ and $K\_{\text{loose}}$ are determined by studies of the electron-transfer equilibria in solvents where only the tight or only the loose pairs are present. The validity of this method has been tested. The experimental and mathematical techniques developed in the course of these studies are directly applicable to studies of proton-transfer equilibria, e.g. A$\_{1}$H + A$\_{2}^{-}$, Met$^{+}\rightleftharpoons $ A$\_{1}^{-}$, Met$^{+}$ + A$_{2}$H.
Elevated CO2, drought and soil nitrogen effects on wheat grain quality

Summary • The likely consequences of future high levels of atmospheric CO 2 concentration on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grain nutritional and baking quality were determined. • Two free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE; 550 mmol mol - 1 ) experiments were conducted at ample (Wet) and limiting (Dry) levels of irrigation, and a further two experiments at ample (High-N) and limiting (Low-N) nitrogen concentrations. Harvested grain samples were subjected to a battery of nutritional and bread-making quality tests. • The Dry treatment improved grain quality slightly (protein +2%; bread loaf volume +3%). By contrast, Low-N decreased quality drastically (protein - 36%; loaf volume - 26%). At ample water and N, FACE decreased quality slightly (protein - 5%; loaf volume - 2%) in the irrigation experiments and there was no change in the nitrogen experiments. At Low-N, FACE tended to make the deleterious effects of Low-N worse (protein - 33% and - 39%, at ambient CO 2 and FACE, respectively; loaf volume - 22% and - 29% at ambient CO 2 and FACE, respectively). • The data suggest that future elevated CO 2 concentrations will exacerbate the deleterious effects of low soil nitrogen on grain quality, but with ample nitrogen fertilizer, the effects will be minor.
Spot-the-Word: A Measure for Estimating Premorbid Intellectual Functioning

The present study investigates the validity of a recently developed measure for estimating premorbid cognitive abilities. The Spot-the-Word Test involves presenting participants with pairs of items comprised of one word and one nonword, and requiring the subject to identify the word. Participants were 61 community-residing healthy older adults ranging in age from 60 to 91 years. Results indicated that education had a small but significant effect on Spot-the-Word performance. However, gender and age did not. Significant correlations were observed between Spot-the-Word scores and scores on other measures used to estimate premorbid abilities, suggesting adequate convergent validity. Furthermore, small and nonsignificant correlations were observed between Spot-the-Word scores and sensitive neuropsychological variables suggesting adequate discriminant validity. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
Structural and spectroscopic studies of a rare non-oxido V( v ) complex crystallized from aqueous solution

A non-oxido V(v) complex with glutaroimide-dioxime (H3L), a ligand for recovering uranium from seawater, was synthesized from aqueous solution as Na[V(L)2]·2H2O, and the structure determined by X-ray diffraction. It is the first non-oxido V(v) complex that has been directly synthesized in and crystallized from aqueous solution. The distorted octahedral structure contains two fully deprotonated ligands (L3-) coordinating to V5+, each in a tridentate mode via the imide N (RV-N = 1.96 A) and oxime O atoms (RV-O = 1.87-1.90 A). Using 17O-labelled vanadate as the starting material, concurrent 17O/51V/1H/13C NMR, in conjunction with ESI-MS, unprecedentedly demonstrated the stepwise displacement of the oxido V 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 O bonds by glutaroimide-dioxime and verified the existence of the "bare" V5+/glutaroimide-dioxime complex, [V(L)2]-, in aqueous solution. In addition, the crystal structure of an intermediate 1 : 1 V(v)/glutaroimide-dioxime complex, [VO2(HL)]-, in which the oxido bonds of vanadate are only partially displaced, corroborates the observations by NMR and ESI-MS. Results from this work provide important insights into the strong sorption of vanadium on poly(amidoxime) sorbents in the recovery of uranium from seawater. Also, because vanadium plays important roles in biological systems, the syntheses of the oxido and non-oxido V5+ complexes and the unprecedented demonstration of the displacement of the oxido VO bonds help with the on-going efforts to develop new vanadium compounds that could be of importance in biological applications.
C0 and C1 N-terminal Ig domains of myosin binding protein C exert different effects on thin filament activation

Mutations in genes encoding myosin, the molecular motor that powers cardiac muscle contraction, and its accessory protein, cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C), are the two most common causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Recent studies established that the N-terminal domains (NTDs) of cMyBP-C (e.g., C0, C1, M, and C2) can bind to and activate or inhibit the thin filament (TF). However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which NTDs modulate interaction of myosin with the TF remains unknown and the contribution of each individual NTD to TF activation/inhibition is unclear. Here we used an integrated structure-function approach using cryoelectron microscopy, biochemical kinetics, and force measurements to reveal how the first two Ig-like domains of cMyPB-C (C0 and C1) interact with the TF. Results demonstrate that despite being structural homologs, C0 and C1 exhibit different patterns of binding on the surface of F-actin. Importantly, C1 but not C0 binds in a position to activate the TF by shifting tropomyosin (Tm) to the "open" structural state. We further show that C1 directly interacts with Tm and traps Tm in the open position on the surface of F-actin. Both C0 and C1 compete with myosin subfragment 1 for binding to F-actin and effectively inhibit actomyosin interactions when present at high ratios of NTDs to F-actin. Finally, we show that in contracting sarcomeres, the activating effect of C1 is apparent only once low levels of Ca(2+) have been achieved. We suggest that Ca(2+) modulates the interaction of cMyBP-C with the TF in the sarcomere.
Correlation between longitudinal bone growth, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I in prepubertal dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between longitudinal bone growth and concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in serum from prepubertal dogs. Animals-6 male 14-week-old German Shepherd Dogs. PROCEDURE Blood was obtained every 30 minutes for 14 consecutive days. Concentrations of GH and IGF-I in serum were determined, using a canine-specific radioimmunoassay and conventional radioimmunoassay after acid-ethanol extraction, respectively. Simultaneous biplanar radiography was performed daily to measure bone growth. Spectral analysis was used to estimate specific features of GH secretion during an extended period. Multiple linear regression with different lag times between independent and dependent variables was used to determine the strongest predictors of bone growth. RESULTS The power spectra of GH concentrations in serum had a primary peak at a frequency of 0.02 cycles/h or a periodicity of 50 h/cycle. A significant determinant of longitudinal bone growth was a lag time of 1 day in concentration of GH in serum. The relationship between IGF-I concentration in serum and bone growth was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The primary frequency of GH secretion is outside the time frame of a single day and the concentration of GH in serum is a primary determinant of bone growth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A better understanding of the components of bone growth provide discernment to improved diagnosis and treatment of abnormal bone growth.
The Study of Modified Layers in SiCOH Dielectrics using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry

The current challenge in designing new low-k dielectrics is realizing sufficient mechanical and chemical stability such that the material can be integrated into current damascene schemes. The material of interest in this study is a nonporous SiCOH composite (carbon-doped silicon oxide, also known as organosilicate glass “OSG”) for use as an intermetal dielectric (IMD). During integration of this IMD, processing steps such as etch, resist strip and chemicalmechanical polishing for planarization may chemically alter the outer layer of the dielectric. Here, spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to characterize the modified layer of SiCOH films after exposure to different resist strip plasmas. The data are analyzed based on a 2-layer model, consisting of a carbon-deficient layer on the surface of the low-k SiCOH dielectric. This model is supported by XPS and FTIR data. The effects of two types of plasma etch chemistry on the formation of this modified layer were studied, and differences between the two chemistries were found. The 2-layer model accurately describes the modifications produced by the oxidizing plasma, but its description of the modified layer formed by the plasma involving nitrogen is not complete. A 3-layer model with an additional nitrogen-doped layer is suggested.
Type Transformations

Current work on data structure encapsulation and abstraction focuses attention on individual structures and permits separate local optimizations, of these structures. We extend this work by developing the beginnings of an algebra for aggregating individual data types into larger more coordinated structures which can be more effectively optimized. The present work can well be viewed as the data equivalent of cross-procedural optimization. We believe aggregations of pure abstract types are both common and essential in practical programs and that techniques for building and manipulating them must be developed before abstract specification and program transformation can become a practical programming paradigm.
Preservation of hatchery waste by lactic acid fermentation. 2. Large-scale fermentation and feeding trial to evaluate feeding value

Two waste streams from a Leghorn hatchery were preserved and recycled by fermentation with a by-product carbohydrate and extrusion processing into new feed ingredients that were evaluated with broiler chickens. Cockerel chicks (CC) and a 60:40 ratio of CC:shell waste (CC:SW) were fermented in 189-L barrels for 21 d following grinding, then mixing with a liquid culture (0.2%) and carbohydrate source at 15 and 16.66%, respectively. At 2 wk, pH was 4.44 and 5.09 for the CC and CC:SW products compared with higher values of 6.54 and 6.98 for the raw ingredients at the onset. Negligible hydrogen sulfide and no ammonia gas were recorded during the fermentation period. At 21 d, the fermented CC and CC:SW were extruded, dried, and ground to meals containing CP and TMEn levels of 47.4%, 3,187 kcal/kg, and 33.1%, 2,696 kcal/kg, respectively. Broiler chickens were fed a control diet and the CC (5 and 10%) and CC:SW (2.5 and 5%) ingredient diets with corn and soybean meal for 6 wk to evaluate feeding value and carcass yield. Body weight, gain and feed conversion at 42 d for birds fed diets supplemented with CC or CC:SW at all levels were comparable to those of the control. Diets supplemented with hatchery by-product had no negative effect on carcass measurements except ready to cook carcass and wing yield, which were significantly greater for the 10% CC:SW birds than for the control. These data indicate that nutrient dense hatchery by-products can be preserved with fermentation up to 21 d and support broiler live performance and carcass yield as dietary ingredients equal to or better than a corn-soybean meal control.
Abstract 2644: In vivo and in vitro stem cell models suggest a role for LGR5 in regulating intestinal epithelial lineage specification.

The stem cell marker Leucine Rich Repeat Containing G-protein Coupled Receptor 5 (LGR5) is frequently upregulated in human colon cancer. Numerous observations implicate LGR5 in stem cell maintenance during intestinal development, tissue homeostasis and cancer, however the precise role of LGR5 in these processes is still unclear. To explore the role of LGR5, we generated mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in which one or both alleles of Lgr5 were deleted and replaced with either β-galactosidase or green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter genes, or the human LGR5 gene. These cell lines were used in three complimentary systems to differentiate and/or isolate cell lineages. The first system was an in vivo model in which subcutaneous xenografts of murine ESCs grew and formed tumors (teratomas) containing cellular structures from all three germ cell layers. Immunostaining showed that a subset of E-cadherin-positive epithelial cells also expressed Lgr5 reporter genes. Teratomas derived from Lgr5 null ESCs showed an increase in E-cadherin-positive epithelial structures, and gene expression profiling of Lgr5 null teratomas showed an upregulation of epithelial genes including Cdh1, Epcam, Cldn7, Krt5, and Krt14 compared with control teratomas. In contrast, ESCs constitutively overexpressing a secreted form of LGR5 ectodomain formed teratomas with fewer epithelial structures and reduced expression of epithelial genes compared to control teratomas. The second system used in vitro differentiation of ESCs towards an intestinal epithelial lineage, followed by 3D culturing, to derive intestinal organoids. Lgr5+/+ (WT), Lgr5lacZ/+ (Het), or Lgr5lacZ/gfp (Null) ESCs are being examined for their ability to adopt an intestinal fate and form organoids in vitro. A third system used ex vivo culture of murine intestinal crypts isolated from humanized LGR5 heterozygous mice to form intestinal organoids. In summary, the morphological and gene expression changes observed in teratomas implicate a role of LGR5 in regulating epithelial tissue homeostasis. The ability to grow and manipulate organoid cultures ex vivo/in vitro will allow us to use various soluble reagents and detailed microscopy to further assess the role of the Lgr5 pathway in intestinal cell lineage specification as well as tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Courtney M. Williams, Jessica L. Harper, Hui Huang, Pat Boland, Qing Zhang, George D. Yancopoulos, Zhe Li, O. Gavin Thurston. In vivo and in vitro stem cell models suggest a role for LGR5 in regulating intestinal epithelial lineage specification. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2644. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2644
A High-Speed Searching Method for Power Flow Transferring Paths in Large Power Grid

It is significant for the real-time recognition of weak vulnerable spots in power grid and the prevention of trip outs due to cascading failures in large power grid to implement on-line searching of power flow transferring paths in large power grid. A ripple diffusing mechanism based fast searching method for power flow transferring paths is proposed. In the proposed method, firstly, the power network is pre-processed into such a network, in which the additional cost is taken as the edge weight; secondly, according to the principle of optimality that the ripple outwards diffuses from the center of the source with constant speed and first arrives at the point with the shortest distance to the center of the source, the top K shortest path set that is greatly impacted by power flow transferring is searched by simulating the process of ripple diffusing. Simulation results of IEEE-118 bus system and IEEE-300 bus system show that the searching results by the proposed method is accurate and the computing time is obviously shorter than by traditional algorithm, and the bigger the value of K the more efficient the proposed algorithm is. Using the proposed searching method, multi power flow transferring areas in complex large power grid can be fast scanned, thus the real-time monitoring of power flow transferring condition in large power grid can be implemented.
Air Gap Flashover Characteristics and Selection of Gap Distances for ±800 kV UHVDC Transmission Project

In this paper the 50% switching impulse and lightning impulse flashover voltage of air gap tests were carried out on the real size simulation tower of ±800 kV UHVDC transmission line.Based on the calculation and analysis results of the test data,the minimum air gap distances were suggested for ±800kV transmission towers.Then the 50% switching impulse flashover voltage tests were also carried out on the typical air gaps of ±800 kV UHV converter station,the minimum air gap distances of ±800 kV converter station were also suggested.
Conservative care of nonspecific low back pain.

SUMMARY Treatment of nonspecific low back pain is a compromise of repair versus function. Many modalities are available and should be judged by the criteria that have been discussed. One treatment program has been detailed. It is not proposed as the ultimate approach, but only as an example of a program with these two criteria in mind. It is hoped that this will stimulate interest n re-evaluation of all modalities and their application to nonspecific low back pain.
Categories of object concepts across languages and brains: the relevance of nominal classification systems to cognitive neuroscience

ABSTRACTResearch on how categories of object concepts are implemented in the human brain has focused primarily on the sorts of semantic structures that are found in English and a few other European languages. This paper provides a broader typological perspective by considering the multifarious categories of object concepts that are encoded by languages with nominal classification systems. In these languages, speakers must explicitly categorize objects at both basic and superordinate levels – indicating, for instance, that a particular entity is not just a pencil but an elongated thing. The following semantic parameters of nominal classification systems are discussed: animacy and related properties, shape and related properties, size, constitution, and interaction/function. For each parameter, cross-linguistically frequent and infrequent semantic distinctions are surveyed first, and then their relevance to cognitive neuroscience is considered. These analyses strongly suggest that the neural underpinnings o...
Abstract 5081: hnRNP A18: an emerging novel target for cancer therapy

Heterogenous ribonucleoprotein A18 (hnRNP A18) increases de novo protein translation during cellular stress. Although hnRNP A18 has recently been associated with several cancers, the exact role of it during the multifactorial process of cancer growth and progression is still unknown. Accordingly, we examined the dependability of various malignant cancer cell lines on hnRNP A18. Down-regulation of hnRNP A18 impaired the proliferative, invasive and migratory properties of melanoma and triple negative breast cancer cell lines in vitro, while overexpression of hnRNP 18 caused an increase in invasiveness. Consistent with these observations, we detected remarkable reduction of tumor growth in two mouse xenograft models, melanoma and breast cancer. Moreover, down-regulation of hnRNP A18 increased the sensitivity of melanoma cells and breast cancer cells to paclitaxel and 5-fluoro uracil, respectively. In conclusion, hnRNP A18 plays a key role in tumor growth and progression. It may serve as a novel target for the treatment of cancer. Citation Format: Palak R. Parekh, Elizabeth Chang, Qingyuan Yang, France Carrier. hnRNP A18: an emerging novel target for cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5081.
On Risk Estimation versus Risk Stratification in Early Prostate Cancer

In a Perspective article, Sigrid Carlsson and Michael Kattan discuss Gnanapragasam and colleagues' accompanying research study on refining risk stratification in early prostate cancer.
Actively heated high-resolution fiber-optic-distributed temperature sensing to quantify streambed flow dynamics in zones of strong groundwater upwelling

Zones of strong groundwater upwelling to streams enhance thermal stability and moderate thermal extremes, which is particularly important to aquatic ecosystems in a warming climate. Passive thermal tracer methods used to quantify vertical upwelling rates rely on downward conduction of surface temperature signals. However, moderate to high groundwater flux rates (>−1.5 m d−1) restrict downward propagation of diurnal temperature signals, and therefore the applicability of several passive thermal methods. Active streambed heating from within high-resolution fiber-optic temperature sensors (A-HRTS) has the potential to define multidimensional fluid-flux patterns below the extinction depth of surface thermal signals, allowing better quantification and separation of local and regional groundwater discharge. To demonstrate this concept, nine A-HRTS were emplaced vertically into the streambed in a grid with ∼0.40 m lateral spacing at a stream with strong upward vertical flux in Mashpee, Massachusetts, USA. Long-term (8–9 h) heating events were performed to confirm the dominance of vertical flow to the 0.6 m depth, well below the extinction of ambient diurnal signals. To quantify vertical flux, short-term heating events (28 min) were performed at each A-HRTS, and heat-pulse decay over vertical profiles was numerically modeled in radial two dimension (2-D) using SUTRA. Modeled flux values are similar to those obtained with seepage meters, Darcy methods, and analytical modeling of shallow diurnal signals. We also observed repeatable differential heating patterns along the length of vertically oriented sensors that may indicate sediment layering and hyporheic exchange superimposed on regional groundwater discharge.
Treatment Considerations for Depression Research in Older Married Couples: A Dyadic Case Study

Objective Critical gaps remain in understanding optimal approaches to intervening with older couples. The focus of this report is to describe the pros and cons of incorporating spousal dyads into depression-prevention research. Methods In an intervention development study, the authors administered problem-solving therapy (PST) dyadically to participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and their caregivers. Dyads worked with the same interventionist in the same therapy session. The dyadic PST (highlighted in a case example of a husband with MCI and his wife/support person) and the potential feasibility of the program are described. Results The authors found that the wife of the individual with MCI could be trained as a PST coach to help her husband learn and use problem-solving skills. A decrease in depressive symptom severity was observed for the individual with MCI, which was sustained over 12 months of follow-up. Neither the husband nor wife experienced an incident episode of major depression over the course of the study. Conclusion Dyadic interventions need to be further developed in geriatric psychiatry; proven methods such as PST can be modified to include patients' support persons. Recommendations are offered for developing randomized controlled trials that aim to recruit dyads and prevent depression in at-risk older married couples.
Factors Linked with Coparenting Support and Conflict After Divorce

ABSTRACTWe examined the relationship between personal and interpersonal indicators of postdivorce adjustment and dimensions of coparenting (support, overt conflict, covert conflict) using data from 176 recently divorced mothers. Mothers’ satisfaction with the divorce decree, perceptions of fathers as important for child development, and being satisfied with fathers’ parenting were associated with more supportive coparenting. Mothers’ satisfaction with the divorce decree and fathers’ parenting were associated with less overt conflict. Factors differed for mothers’ reports of their own and their former spouses’ use of covert conflict behaviors, with these factors linked to satisfaction with the divorce decree and perceived stress, respectively.
Linear Combinations of Multiple Outcome Measures to Improve the Power of Efficacy Analysis ---Application to Clinical Trials on Early Stage Alzheimer Disease.

ABSTRACTModern clinical trials on Alzheimer's disease (AD) focus on the early symptomatic stage or even the preclinical stage. Subtle disease progression at the early stages, however, poses a major challenge in designing such clinical trials. We propose a multivariate mixed model on repeated measures to model the disease progression over time on multiple efficacy outcomes, and derive the optimum weights to combine multiple outcome measures by minimizing the sample sizes to adequately power the clinical trials. A cross-validation simulation study is conducted to assess the accuracy for the estimated weights as well as the improvement in reducing the sample sizes for such trials. The proposed methodology is applied to the multiple cognitive tests from the ongoing observational study of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) to power future clinical trials in the DIAN with a cognitive endpoint. Our results show that the optimum weights to combine multiple outcome measures can be accurately estimat...
Understanding shame and guilt.

People can experience intense dysphoria when they fail to meet standards important to them, or important to others of consequence. Whether it is moral, competence, or conventional in nature, failure to meet important standards can lead to the emotional experiences of shame or guilt. Academic psychology tends to portray guilt as a constructive dysphoria associated with self-forgiveness, self-improvement, and making amends, whereas shame is portrayed as a debilitating self-castigation associated with avoidance of failure and its consequences. Recent theory and research, however, has bolstered a consistent, if iconoclastic, criticism that shame and guilt are not polar opposite forms of dysphoria that move people in opposite directions. Instead, guilt and shame may be better thought of close, sibling emotions that differ by degree. Even more importantly, recent theory and research suggests that guilt and shame’s links to self-forgiveness are best understood when analysts specify the exact nature of one’s emotional experience (e.g., feelings of inferiority, rejection, self-reproach) as well as whether one’s failing is more or less likely to be improved with effort.
Accuracy directly controlled fast direct solutions of general H 2 -matrices and its application to electrically large electromagnetic analysis

The dense matrix resulting from an integral equation (IE) based solution of Maxwell's equations can be compactly represented by an H2-matrix. Given a general H2-matrix, prevailing fast direct solutions involve approximations whose accuracy can only be indirectly controlled. In this work, we propose new accuracy-controlled direct solution algorithms, including both factorization and inversion, for solving general H2-matrices. Different from existing direct solutions, where the cluster bases are kept unchanged in the solution procedure thus lacking an explicit accuracy control, the proposed new algorithms update the cluster bases and their rank level by level based on prescribed accuracy, without increasing computational complexity. Zeros are also introduced level by level such that the size of the matrix blocks computed at each tree level is small, being the rank at that level. The proposed new direct solution has been applied to solve electrically large volume IEs. A complexity of O(NlogN) in factorization and inversion time, and a complexity of O(N) in storage and solution time are both theoretically proven and numerically demonstrated. Rapid direct solutions of millions of unknowns can be obtained on a single CPU core with directly controlled accuracy.
Shared spectrum metrology: Measuring the impacts of adjacent-band LTE waveforms on GPS receivers

Outline • Overview of testing methodology • Key aspects of the test methodology • Test setup • Data parsing and analysis • Sample Results
Cocaine and HIV‐1 Tat disrupt cholesterol homeostasis in astrocytes: Implications for HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders in cocaine user patients

Cholesterol synthesis and clearance by astrocytes are tightly regulated to maintain constant levels within the brain. In this context, liver X receptors (LXRs) are the master regulators of cholesterol homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing levels of cholesterol in astrocytes trigger LXR activation leading to the transcription of target genes involved in cholesterol trafficking and efflux, including apolipoprotein E, cytochrome P450 enzymes, sterol regulatory binding protein, and several ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins. The disturbance of LXR signaling in the brain can lead to significant dysfunctions in cholesterol homeostasis, and disruptions in this pathway have been implicated in numerous neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. HIV infection of the CNS in combination with cocaine use is associated with astrocyte and neuronal energy deficit and damage. We propose that dysregulation in CNS cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and in cocaine-mediated neurocognitive impairments. We hypothesize that exposure of astrocytes to cocaine and the HIV protein Tat will disrupt LXR signaling. Alterations in these pathways will in turn, affect cholesterol bioavailability for neurons. Our data show that exposure of astrocytes to cocaine and HIV-Tat significantly decreases LXRβ levels, downstream signaling and bioavailability of cholesterol. Taken together, these data uncover novel alterations in a bioenergetic pathway in astrocytes exposed to cocaine and the HIV protein Tat. Results from these studies point to a new pathway in the CNS that may contribute to HAND in HIV+ cocaine user individuals.
A protocol for single-cell transcriptomics from cryopreserved renal tissue and urine for the Accelerating Medicine Partnership (AMP) RA/SLE network

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE There is a critical need to define the cells that mediate tissue damage in lupus nephritis. Here we aimed to establish a protocol to preserve lupus nephritis kidney biopsies and urine cell samples obtained at multiple clinical sites for subsequent isolation and transcriptomic analysis of single cells. METHODS Fresh and cryopreserved kidney tissue from tumor nephrectomies and lupus nephritis kidney biopsies were disaggregated by enzymatic digestion. Cell yields and cell composition were assessed by flow cytometry. Transcriptomes of leukocytes and epithelial cells were evaluated by low-input and single cell RNA-seq. RESULTS Cryopreserved kidney tissue from tumor nephrectomies and lupus nephritis biopsies can be thawed and dissociated to yield intact, viable leukocytes and epithelial cells. Cryopreservation of intact kidney tissue provides higher epithelial cell yields compared to cryopreservation of single cell suspensions from dissociated kidneys. Cell yields and flow cytometric cell phenotypes are comparable between cryopreserved kidney samples and paired kidney samples shipped overnight on wet ice. High-quality single cell and low-input transcriptomic data were generated from leukocytes from both cryopreserved lupus nephritis kidney biopsies and urine, as well as from a subset of kidney epithelial cells. CONCLUSION The AMP RA/SLE cryopreserved tissue analysis pipeline provides a method for centralized processing of lupus nephritis kidney biopsies and urine samples to generate robust transcriptomic analyses in multi-center studies.
Myopic Accommodative Esotropia

Accommodative esotropia is a well known entity where the patient becomes esotropic while accommodating and needs the hypermetropic glasses to remain phoric. Conventions state that these patients wo...
Efficacy of Wolfin to Repel Black-Tailed Deer

Deer and elk provide many desirable recreational opportunities but also can cause severe conflicts with humans. Excluding them from agricultural resources orfrom roadways is desirable, butfencing is expensive. A chemical barrier would offer a feasible alternative to reduce damage caused by deer. A series of three tests was conducted to assess whether black-taileddeer avoidedareas treated with Wolfin, a synthetic predator odor. Wolfin failed to repel deer during any of these trials. We conclude that Wolfin, as applied within this study, is unlikely to reduce problems roused by free-ranging deer. West. J Appl. For. 16(4):182-186.
Engaging the audience: developing presentation skills in science students.

This article describes a graduate class in presentation skills (“PClass”) as a model for how a class with similar objectives, expectations and culture might be mounted for undergraduates. The required class is given for students in neuroscience and physiology programs at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; I describe the class in the years I led it, from 2003–2012. The class structure centered on peer rehearsal, critiquing of PowerPoint, and chalk talks by the students; video-recording of student talks for later review by the student with the instructor; and presentation of polished talks in a formal setting. A different faculty visitor to the class each week gave the students a variety of perspectives. The students also gained insight into their own evolving skills by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of seminars given by visitors to the campus. A unique feature of the class was collaboration with a professional actor from the University’s Department of Dramatic Arts, who helped the students develop techniques for keeping the attention of an audience, for speaking with confidence, and for controlling nervousness. The undergraduate campus would be expected to lend itself to this sort of interdisciplinary faculty cooperation. In addition, students worked on becoming adept at designing and presenting posters, introducing speakers graciously and taking charge of the speaker’s question session, and speaking to a lay audience.