cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
VOLUME HOLOGRAM REPRESENTATION OF SPACE-VARIANT SYSTEMS

Methods of characterizing linear space-variant systems by their responses to various sets of inputs are discussed. Recording these responses within a volume hologram results in a filter which is approximately equivalent, in an input-output sense, to the space-variant system. The approaches considered are (1) storing the transfer functions of the system for point sampling of the input plane on playback: (2) a piecewise isoplanatic approximation approach based on division of the input plane into isoplanatic regions, with storage of the transfer function for each isoplanatic patch; and (3) storage of the system's responses to elements of an orthonormal basis set. The potential advantages and limitations of each of these approaches, as well as experimental results, are discussed.
Instapals: Reducing ageism by facilitating intergenerational contact and providing aging education.

Utilizing the PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) model as a theoretical foundation, Instapals was a novel ageism reduction intervention with undergraduate students in a ...
Modeling of plasma combustion ignition on an electromagnetic wave driven metasurface

We present a multi-physics model of combustion ignition phenomena in an atmospheric pressure hydrogen-air mixture ignited by a microwave surface plasma discharge. The surface plasma is generated over a resonant metasurface structure that provides sufficient field intensification to break down and sustain a discharge. Specifically, a surface electromagnetic (EM) wave mode known as the Spoof Surface Plasmon Polariton (SSPP) is excited to yield a hybrid resonance that results from coupling of cavity and surface EM wave modes. Motivated by the need for a large, volumetric ignition kernel for applications in combustion ignition, we numerically demonstrate the volumetric surface plasma discharge enabled by the use of this particular EM wave mode in a high pressure operating regime. We discuss the transient evolution of a centimeter scale plasma kernel and subsequent ignition kernel formation. High density combustion enhancing radical species (O, H, OH) are produced throughout the bulk plasma, which leads to successful ignition. A parametric study shows that the large size of a plasma kernel is attributed to the shortening of ignition delay.
Mitochondrial-targeted methionine sulfoxide reductase overexpression increases the production of oxidative stress in mitochondria from skeletal muscle

Objective: Mitochondrial dysfunction comprises part of the etiology of myriad health issues, particularly those that occur with advancing age. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is a ubiquitous protein oxidation repair enzyme that specifically and catalytically reduces a specific epimer of oxidized methionine: methionine sulfoxide. In this study, we tested the ways in which mitochondrial bioenergetic functions are affected by increasing MsrA expression in different cellular compartments. Methods: In this study, we tested the function of isolated mitochondria, including free radical generation, ATP production, and respiration, from the skeletal muscle of two lines of transgenic mice with increased MsrA expression: mitochondria-targeted MsrA overexpression or cytosol-targeted MsrA overexpression. Results: Surprisingly, in the samples from mice with mitochondrial-targeted MsrA overexpression, we found dramatically increased free radical production though no specific defect in respiration, ATP production, or membrane potential. Among the electron transport chain complexes, we found the activity of complex I was specifically reduced in mitochondrial MsrA transgenic mice. In mice with cytosolic-targeted MsrA overexpression, we found no significant alteration made to any of these parameters of mitochondrial energetics. Conclusions: There is also a growing amount of evidence that MsrA is a functional requirement for sustaining optimal mitochondrial respiration and free radical generation. MsrA is also known to play a partial role in maintaining normal protein homeostasis by specifically repairing oxidized proteins. Our studies highlight a potential novel role for MsrA in regulating the activity of mitochondrial function through its interaction with the mitochondrial proteome. Keywords: Superoxide, oxidative stress, mitochondria, protein homeostasis, electron transport chain
Leveraging early markers of cystic fibrosis structural lung disease to improve outcomes.

Wijker and colleagues have demonstrated the link of inflammation and obstruction to eventual structural disease in CF. Now we may have another clinical endpoint by which we can judge the impact of early interventions.http://bit.ly/2v5A5Qw
Real-Time Model Predictive Powertrain Control for a Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

The continued development of connected and automated vehicle technologies presents the opportunity to utilize these technologies for vehicle energy management. Leveraging this connectivity among vehicles and infrastructure allows a powertrain controller to be predictive and forward-looking. This paper presents a real-time predictive powertrain control strategy for a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) in a connected vehicle environment. This work focuses on the optimal energy management of a multi-mode PHEV based on predicted future velocity, power demand, and road conditions. The powertrain control system in the vehicle utilizes vehicle connectivity to a cloud-based server in order to obtain future driving conditions. For predictive powertrain control, a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) is developed to make torque-split decisions within each operating mode of the vehicle. The torque-split among two electric machines and one combustion engine is determined such that fuel consumption is minimized while battery SOC and vehicle velocity targets are met. The controller has been extensively tested in simulation across multiple real-world driving cycles where energy savings in the range of 1 to 4% have been demonstrated. The developed controller has also been deployed and tested in real-time on a test vehicle equipped with a rapid prototyping embedded controller. Real-time in-vehicle testing confirmed the energy savings observed in simulation and demonstrated the ability of the developed controller to be effective in a real-time environment.
Injury and treatment patterns of ballistic pelvic fractures by anatomic location

Pelvic ballistic injuries threaten critical gastrointestinal, vascular, and urinary structures. We report the treatment patterns and injury profiles of ballistic pelvic fractures and the association between location of ballistic fractures of the pelvis and visceral injuries. A prospectively collected database at an academic level I trauma center was reviewed for clinical and radiographic data on patients who sustained one or more ballistic fractures of the pelvis. Main outcomes compared included: procedures with orthopedic surgery, emergent surgery, concomitant intrapelvic injuries, and mortality. Eighty-six patients were included. Eight patients (9.3%) underwent surgical debridement with orthopedic surgery, no ballistic pelvic fractures required surgical stabilization. The anatomical locations of ballistic pelvic fractures included: 10 (14.7%) anterior ring, 13 (19.1%) posterior ring, 27 (39.7%) anterior column, and 18 (20.9%) posterior column. There was a statistically significant association between anterior ring and rectal injury. The association between anterior ring injury and bladder injury approached significance. This case series included 86 patients with a ballistic fracture of the pelvis, none requiring pelvic ring surgical stabilization. The unpatterned behavior of these injuries demands a high suspicion for visceral injury, with special attention to the rectum and bladder in the setting of anterior ring involvement. IV.
Endotoxic Shock in the Bovine

Immunity directed against common gram-negative core antigens may provide the opportunity for host species to target the environmental contaminants and commensual bacteria, which under the appropriate conditions cause life-threatening gram-negative sepsis and/ or endotoxemia.
Systematic review of racial, socioeconomic, and insurance status disparities in the treatment of pediatric neurosurgical pathologies in the United States

Background Increasing light is being shed on how race, insurance, and socioeconomic status may be related to outcomes from disease in the United States. In order to better understand the impact of these healthcare disparities in the field of pediatric neurosurgery, we performed a systematic review of the current literature. Methods We conducted a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines and MeSH terms involving neurosurgical conditions and racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic status (SES) disparities. Three independent reviewers screened articles and analyzed texts selected for full analysis. Results Thirty-eight studies were included in the final analysis, of which all but two were retrospective database reviews. Thirty-four studies analyzed race, 22 analyzed insurance status, and 13 analyzed socioeconomic status/income. Overall, nonwhite patients, patients with public insurance, and patients from lower SES were shown to have reduced access to treatment and greater rates of adverse outcomes. Most notably, nonwhite patients were more likely to present at an older age with more severe disease, less likely to undergo surgery at a high-volume surgical center, and more likely to experience postoperative morbidity and mortality. Underinsured and publicly insured patients were more likely to experience delay in surgical referral, less likely to undergo surgical treatment, and more likely to experience inpatient mortality. Conclusion Healthcare disparities are present within multiple populations of patients receiving pediatric neurosurgical care. This review highlights the need for continued investigation into identifying and addressing healthcare disparities in pediatric neurosurgery patients.
The Genetic Control of Flowering and Growth in Sorghum

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the genetic control of flowering and growth in sorghum. Four gene loci that control time of floral initiation and duration of growth have been recognized in sorghum. The continuous variation in flowering results from allelic series at the four loci and because of complementary action among gene loci. The floral stimulus consists of auxin and gibberellin, and an interaction between the two hormones produces the stimulus that changes a vegetative bud into a fruiting bud. Auxin is produced largely during darkness and gibberellin during daylight. The chapter discusses the influence of photoperiod, temperature, and leaf area on flower. It also discusses the influence of maturity genotype on plant growth and adaptation and morphological effects of hybrid vigor in sorghum. It deals with the genetic control of hybrid vigor in sorghum. Sorghum genotypes are considered as experimental subjects, including the MILO maturity genotypes, maturity genotypes recessive at locus four for maturity, pairs of varieties that differ at one locus, temperate and tropical pairs of varieties, and height genotypes.
Effects of Curved Wavefronts on Conductor-Backed Reflection-Only Free-Space Material Characterization Techniques

A true plane wave is often not physically realizable in a laboratory environment. Therefore, wavefront curvature introduces a form of systematic error into Free-space material characterization methods. Free-space material characterization is important to the determination of the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of conductor-backed and in situ materials. This paper performs an error analysis of the impact on wavefront curvature on a Free-space method called the two-thickness method. This paper compares the extracted electric and magnetic permeability computed with a plane wave versus a line source for a low-loss dielectric and magnetic radar absorbing material. These steps are conducted for TE and TM plane waves and electric and magnetic line sources.
Boob Tube Time

The recent study on television viewing by hospitalized children observed a mean daily weekday duration of 3.9 hours.1 The authors compare this with a duration of 3.5 hours for nonhospitalized children. However, there are no factual data presented in their references justifying the 3.5 hour figure. A recent survey of all sixth and twelfth grade students in California showed a median daily duration of 2.0 hours.2 Similarly, the mean duration of daily television viewing obtained from a survey of more than 2,000 children of different ages was 2.2 hours.
Oscillating atmospheric neutrinos: ν μ μ ratio in surface neutrino telescopes

Surface neutrino telescopes have the capability of detecting neutrinos and muons of similar energy. In a ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ oscillation experiment one can therefore tag the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ progenitor of the neutrino by detecting the muon produced in the same decay. This eliminates the model dependence of the measurement inevitably associated with the calculation of the primary-cosmic-ray flux. We show that planned surface neutrino telescopes probe the parameter space $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} {\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$ and ${sin}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ using this technique.
The New ADA Backlash

Many believe the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) suffered from a significant backlash by courts, only corrected by the ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) in 2008. Following the ADAAA, it seemed likely the judicial backlash would continue in new ways. My analysis suggests that although the backlash has not happened as dramatically as some feared, there is reason to anticipate a new backlash against the ADA. The initial backlash to the ADA consisted of courts strictly interpreting the definition of disability so that very few cases made it past the threshold coverage question. This Article first seeks to determine whether courts are following Congress’s mandate in the ADAAA to broadly interpret the definition of disability, making it easier for an employee to get past the threshold question of whether the employee meets the statutory definition of disability. The answer to this first inquiry is “yes” — the courts are interpreting the definition of disability much more broadly, allowing many more plaintiffs to survive summary judgment on this issue. However, a new backlash may be coming, and it could take two forms. First, courts could broadly construe the “essential functions of the position,” giving great deference to what the employer designates as the essential functions and thereby excluding individuals with disabilities from protection. And second, courts could use the ambiguity of the word “reasonable,” to hold that many accommodations are not reasonable, thereby eliminating the available remedies for employees with disabilities. My analysis of court decisions on these issues since the passage of the ADAAA shows somewhat mixed results. The most interesting result is that there appears to be a real backlash against the ADA when the employee is requesting an accommodation related to the structural norms of the workplace — the hours, shift, schedule, attendance, and leave policies. Courts are quite reluctant to require employers to modify these structural norms of their workplaces. Based on this last conclusion, this paper explores why the structural norms of the workplace appear to be so immune to judicial scrutiny.
Climate Politics 2009: A Big Year for the Future

: The paper reviews sets of policy options available and currently being utilized for climate change mitigation. It outlines the state of play and challenges to climate policy agreements incumbent within the UN global climate change regime, before turning to a discussion of the changing dynamics in U.S. and North American climate change politics. It concludes with some observations and questions about ongoing climate politics, as human activity continues to alter the global climate and human political systems continue to demonstrate their incapacity to address the causes and consequences of climate change.
How Do US Gastroenterologists Use Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medications in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux and Chronic Constipation?

How Do US Gastroenterologists Use Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medications in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux and Chronic Constipation?
Multiple target tracking in world coordinate with single, minimally calibrated camera

Tracking multiple objects is important in many application domains. We propose a novel algorithm for multi-object tracking that is capable of working under very challenging conditions such as minimal hardware equipment, uncalibrated monocular camera, occlusions and severe background clutter. To address this problem we propose a new method that jointly estimates object tracks, estimates corresponding 2D/3D temporal trajectories in the camera reference system as well as estimates the model parameters (pose, focal length, etc) within a coherent probabilistic formulation. Since our goal is to estimate stable and robust tracks that can be univocally associated to the object IDs, we propose to include in our formulation an interaction (attraction and repulsion) model that is able to model multiple 2D/3D trajectories in space-time and handle situations where objects occlude each other. We use a MCMC particle filtering algorithm for parameter inference and propose a solution that enables accurate and efficient tracking and camera model estimation. Qualitative and quantitative experimental results obtained using our own dataset and the publicly available ETH dataset shows very promising tracking and camera estimation results.
High-Resolution Imaging of the SSCs in NGC 1569 and NGC 1705

We observed the local starburst galaxies, NGC 1569 and NGC 1705 with the HST/ACS High Resolution Channel in the U, V, and I filters. The superb resolution of the images (0.018 arcsec pix−1) shows, for the first time, the real morphology of the Super Star Clusters. We derive the structural parameters and total luminosity and recalculate, with the new parameters, the virial mass of the clusters.
Analysis of a 'switched' implementation of the adaptive stochastic filter

A representation of the stochastic filter in which the probabilities are used to select the output of a specific fixed filter at any instant of time is studied. Thus, instead of the output being represented by a convex sum of the outputs of fixed filter components, the output is represented by the output of a single filter. This single filter is selected in a probabilistic manner which can be viewed as an implementation using logical switches, and the probabilities of the associated switches determine which one is closed at any instant in time. The initial analysis of this filter representation is presented. It is shown that the switched implementation of the stochastic filter does closely match the average filter. Since the average filter is also represented by the convex sum implementation of the stochastic filter, it appears that the switched implementation has some advantages over the convex sum in that it does not perform multiplications for each output. However, there may be some disadvantages due to the need to make a probabilistic choice of fixed filter outputs. >
Longitudinal evaluation of patients with untreated prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas

A group of 43 patients with galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and radiographic evidence of pituitary adenomas were followed from 3 to 20 years. Initial polytomography and computerized tomographic (CT) scans revealed no evidence of extrasellar extension. Serum levels of prolactin (PRL) were measured at 6 month intervals, and visual fields were assessed annually. Polytomograms and CT scans were repeated every 9 to 36 months. During the period of follow-up, CT scans (but not polytomograms) indicated tumor enlargement in two patients, both of whom underwent selective transsphenoidal removal of the tumor. Polytomograms and CT scans did not show any change in the other 41 patients, and three of them have resumed normal menses, are no longer lactating, and have normal PRL levels. The initial results of this ongoing study indicate that most patients with small pituitary adenomas can be followed with annual CT scans with or without medical therapy, and that surgical treatment should be reserved for those patients with large tumors, those with visual-field loss, and those who show signs of enlargement of the tumor.
Laser Ablation in Atomic Spectroscopy

Laser ablation (LA) is a unique technique to transform a solid sample into vapor-phase constituents, which then can be chemically analyzed by atomic spectroscopy. Ablation brings many exciting capabilities to the field of chemical analysis, primarily because of the laser-beam properties. The ability to analyze directly any solid samplewithout sample preparation and minimal sample-quantity requirements are just some of the unique capabilities. This article discusses current issues related to using LA in atomic spectroscopy. A general introduction to LA sampling is presented along with a comparison with other solid sampling techniques. The critical issues for all analytical techniques are calibration, accuracy, and sensitivity. Techniques that have been demonstrated to address these analytical characteristics and define these parameters for LA are investigated in detail. Finally, many unique applications are described, ranging from dating geological materials to providing crime-scene evidence. Most of these applications could not be performed without the use of a laser beam. The inductively coupled plasma (ICP) will be emphasized in this article because it is currently the most prevalent excitation and ionization source for chemical analysis using LA.
Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and the Fund Crisis of 1952

The“Fund Crisis,” as Richard Nixon referred to it in the first volume of his memoirs, Six Crises, caused more tension in the long and often troubled political partnership between Dwight D. Eisenhow...
Comprehensive Care Plan Development Using Resident Assessment Instrument Framework: Past, Present, and Future Practices

Development of the comprehensive care plan (CCP) is a requirement for nursing homes participating in the federal Medicare and Medicaid programs, referred to as skilled nursing facilities. The plan must be developed within the context of the comprehensive interdisciplinary assessment framework—the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI). Consistent compliance with this requirement has been difficult to achieve. To improve the quality of CCP development within this framework, an increased understanding of complex factors contributing to inconsistent compliance is required. In this commentary, we examine the history of the comprehensive care plan; its development within the RAI framework; linkages between the RAI and registered nurse staffing; empirical evidence of the CCP’s efficacy; and the limitations of extant standards of practices in CCP development. Because of the registered nurse’s educational preparation, professional practice standards, and licensure obligations, the essential contributions of professional nurses in CCP development are emphasized. Recommendations for evidence-based micro and macro level practice changes with the potential to improve the quality of CCP development and regulatory compliance are presented. Suggestions for future research are given.
Brief motivational intervention to increase self-reported safety belt use among emergency department patients.

OBJECTIVES: Brief motivational interventions have shown promise in reducing harmful behaviors. The authors tested an intervention to increase safety belt use (SBU) among emergency department (ED) patients. METHODS: From February 2006 to May 2006, the authors conducted a randomized trial of adult ED patients at a teaching hospital in Boston. ED patients were systematically sampled for self-reported SBU. Those with SBU other than "always" were asked to participate. At baseline, participants answered a 9-item series of situational SBU questions, each scored on a 5-point Likert scale. SBU was defined as a continuous variable (9-item average) and as a dichotomous variable (response of "always" across all items). Participants were randomized to an intervention or a control group. The intervention group received a 5- to 7-minute intervention, adapted from classic motivational interviewing techniques, by a trained interventionist. Participants completed a 3-month follow-up phone survey to determine changes from baseline SBU. Continuous and dichotomous SBU were analyzed via analysis of covariance and chi-square testing. RESULTS: Of 432 eligible patients, 292 enrolled (mean age 35 years, standard deviation [SD] +/-11 years; 61% male). At baseline, the intervention and control groups had similar mean (+/-SD) SBU scores (2.8 [+/-1.1] vs. 2.6 [+/-1.1], p = 0.31) and SBU prevalence (each 0%). At 3 months, 81% completed follow-up. The intervention group had significantly greater improvement in mean (+/-SD) SBU scores than controls (0.76 [+/-0.91] vs. 0.34 [+/-0.88], p Language: en
Timing of reproductive behaviour in male musk turtles, Sternotherus odoratus: effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone

Abstract Although male turtles are usually regarded as having a post-nuptial pattern of gonadogenesis (i.e. gonadal growth dissociated from time of mating), they do mate both in the spring (when testes are regressed, plasma testosterone levels are low, epididymides are enlarged, and temperature and daylength increasing) and in the autumn (testes and epididymides are enlarged, plasma testosterone levels are elevated, and temperature and daylength are decreasing). Therefore different proximate cues may operate in mediating male reproductive behaviour at different times of year. When temperature, photoperiod and testosterone levels were altered in male Sternotherus odoratus during the year in both laboratory and semifield conditions, reproductive behaviour occurred more readily in autumn than in spring (the supposed major breeding period). Short daylength was the key environmental condition stimulating male sexual activity, while temperature changes ‘fine-tuned’ this behaviour. Testosterone was effective in stimulating male behaviour only under certain environmental conditions and males could become refractory to artificially elevated plasma testosterone levels.
Transformation behavior of nearly stoichiometric Ni-Mn alloys

The transformation behavior of Ni-Mn alloys in the vicinity of the stoichiometric composition has been studied using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and electrical resistivity measurements. The transformation behavior was found to be markedly different in Mn-rich alloys and Ni-rich alloys. In Mn-rich alloys a martensitic transformation between L20 (B2) and L10 structures takes place, which possesses many features common to alloys exhibiting a thermoelastic martensitic transformation. On the other hand, in Ni-rich alloys an order-disorder transformation between A2 and L10 structures occurs. The martensitic transformation features {111} transformation twins as the transformation substructure while the ordering reaction involves {101} order twins. In the Mn-rich alloys, the martensitic phase, if either slowly cooled or annealed at intermediate temperatures, becomes “tempered”, resulting in a noncrystallographic, essentially featureless microstructure apart from the presence of occasional {111} twins.
Extensive nonadditivity of privacy.

Quantum information theory establishes the ultimate limits on communication and cryptography in terms of channel capacities for various types of information. The private capacity is particularly important because it quantifies achievable rates of quantum key distribution. We study the power of quantum channels with limited private capacity, focusing on channels that dephase in random bases. These display extensive nonadditivity of private capacity: a channel with $2\mathrm{log}﻿d$ input qubits that has a private capacity less than 2, but when used together with a second channel with zero private capacity, the joint capacity jumps to $(1/2)\mathrm{log}﻿d$. In contrast to earlier work which found nonadditivity vanishing as a fraction of input size or conditional on unproven mathematical assumptions, this provides a natural setting manifesting nonadditivity of privacy of the strongest possible sort.
Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. III. Preparation and characterization of surfactant‐free nanoparticles

Polymeric nanoparticles containing the fungicides tebuconazole and chlorothalonil were prepared by a simple, surfactant-free method and found to have significantly smaller median particle diameters and more stable aqueous suspensions than their surfactant-stabilized counterparts. These more stable suspensions were delivered into southern yellow pine and birch wood with greater efficiency than the equivalent surfactant-stabilized nanoparticle suspensions. We found that the suspensions protected the treated wood against fungal attack by Gloeophyllum trabeum, a common brown rot wood decay fungus, and Trametes versicolor, a common white rot wood decay fungus, at low tebuconazole and chlorothalonil contents in the wood. Southern pine lost 5% or less of its mass after 55 days of exposure to G. trabeum when the tebuconazole or chlorothalonil content in the wood was only 0.4 kg/m3, while a tebuconazole or chlorothalonil content of 0.8 kg/m3 in birch wood was sufficient to bring its mass loss to less than 5% after 55 days of exposure to T. versicolor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 615–621, 2002
Testing and Locating Variance Changepoints with Application to Stock Prices

Abstract This article explores testing and locating multiple variance changepoints in a sequence of independent Gaussian random variables (assuming known and common mean). This type of problem is very common in applied economics and finance. A binary procedure combined with the Schwarz information criterion (SIC) is used to search all of the possible variance changepoints existing in the sequence. The simulated power of the proposed procedure is compared to that of the CUSUM procedure used by Inclan and Tiao to cope with variance changepoints. The SIC and unbiased SIC for this problem are derived. To obtain the percentage points of the SIC criterion, the asymptotic null distribution of a function of the SIC is obtained, and then the approximate percentage points of the SIC are tabulated. Finally, the results are applied to the weekly stock prices. The unknown but common mean case is also outlined at the end.
Beyond the algorithmization of the sciences

Algorithmic thinking is transforming both the descriptive sciences and the humanities, bringing them all closer to the mathematical core of computer science.
Lactic acidosis during closed-chest CPR in dogs

Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is intimately related to the time from cardiovascular collapse to the initiation of CPR, or downtime. Furthermore, the reperfusion technique that optimizes coronary and cerebral blood flow after cardiac arrest may also be dependent on downtime. Peak blood lactate levels have been shown to be unchanged throughout resuscitation and predictive of downtime in dogs subjected to cardiopulmonary arrest and open cardiac massage. The purpose of this study was to determine the course of arterial lactate levels in dogs subjected to a fibrillatory cardiopulmonary arrest and conventional closed-chest CPR (CCPR). Fourteen dogs were subjected to five minutes of cardiopulmonary arrest and 30 minutes of CCPR. Resuscitation was performed according to a standardized protocol. Arterial lactic acid samples were collected at timed intervals throughout the experiment. Mean arterial lactic acid levels increased significantly with each sampling interval during 30 minutes of CCPR (overall P
Relationship between Language Skills and Acquisition Rate of Sight Words among English Language Learners.

The current study examined the sight word acquisition rate (AR) of 43 second-grade students who were English language learners (ELL) from three diverse, urban schools. The AR was analyzed in relation to each student's oral proficiency in English, and examined whether or not children who are ELL but have a higher level of English proficiency would demonstrate larger ARs of English sight-words than children who demonstrate lower levels of English proficiency. The imagery level of the word did not effect the accuracy of reading it and a significant and moderate correlation (r = .63) was found between AR and language proficiency. A significant effect was found among three levels of English proficiency with children in the lowest level of proficiency demonstrating a significantly smaller mean AR than those in the highest and middle group. Potential implications for second-language reading instruction and future research are discussed.
Direct evidence for preformed ions of porphyrins in the solvent matrix for fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

The observation that protonated molecules are present in solvents utilized for fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric studies has been demonstrated using visible absorption spectrometry. Addition of porphyrins to thioglycerol, a solvent used for FAB analyses, results in partial protonation of the molecule. This reaction can be monitored by observing the shift in visible absorption maxima associated with the molecular transition from free base to protonated structure. A good correlation is observed between the degree of protonation indicated by the appropriate absorption bands and the abundance of the [M + H]+ ion in the FAB spectrum of the corresponding solution. Addition of certain non-polar porphyrin molecules to thioglycerol does not result in the protonation of the molecule in solution; in these cases, analyses of the corresponding solutions by FAB do not yield [M + H]+ ions. Subsequent addition of trifluoroacetic acid to the solvent has proved sufficient to protonate the analyte molecule, as indicated by the visible absorption spectrum; FAB analyses of these non-polar porphyins in acidified solvent result in the observation of [M + H]+ ions. These experiments demonstrate that analyses of these analyte molecules requires that they be present as ions in solution prior to analysis by FAB. This study provides experimental evidence for the presence of ions in solutions employed for FAB analysis, suggesting that these ions are essential for the generation of the protonated molecules observed during FAB mass spectrometric analyses.
Exploring measurement processes behind fringe visibility and its representation by correlation function

To accommodate light-detector interaction processes explicitly, the optical coherence should be represented by correlation of simultaneous dipolar stimulations of detecting molecules induced by superposed classical optical fields, rather than correlations between the optical fields themselves.
Morphology of intranuclear inclusions in liver cells infected with contagious canine hepatitis.

CASPERSSON (1) and Hyd6n (2) have reported tha t the intranuclear inclusions in skin epithelial cells, infected with oerruca oulgaris, were formed from desoxyribose nucleot ide-containing substances which at first appeared as aggregates around the nueleolus, resembling " the nucleolus-associated ehromatin", and gradually coalesced to form large structures. According to their interpretat ions, the virus acted as a parasite on the nuclear par t of the normal protein-forming apparatus of the host cell, in order to fulfill its own needs for reproduction. The mass, thereby produced, was assumed to be a virus mass. Ruba r th (3) studied the intranuelear inclusions, characteristic of contagious canine hepatit is (CCH), and viewed the inclusions as manifestation of the localization of the causative virus with little emphasis given to the nucleoli themselves. He noted irregularities in s tainabi l i ty of the inclusions. The hepati t is inclusions gave a positive reaction to thymonueleic acid by Feulgen technique. However, some of them were dist inct ly basophilie, whilst others more or less aeidophilic, indicating tha t the incl9sions contained both basoand oxyehromatin simultaneously, now the one, now the other showing a predominance in different cases. As a rule, the center of the inclusions was more or less markedly basophilic, whereas the periphery had a weaker aff ini ty for stain, regardless of whether it was
Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro. II. Morphological correlates and hormonal specificity.

In studies designed to elucidate morphogenetic mechanisms involved in the neurogenesis of sexual differentiation of the brain, estradiol or testosterone was added to organotypic cultures of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area. Both gonadal hormones selectively accelerated and enhanced neuritic proliferation in specific regions of the preoptic area and infundibular/premamillary levels. This regional localization suggests specific induction of neuritic branching perhaps only in those neurons shown by autoradiography to contain the steroid receptor. The significance of estradiol per se is emphasized by the reduction and retardation of neuritic outgrowth in those same regions following exposure to steroid-deficient medium or blockade of the nuclear receptor (CI-628) and by the failure of testosterone alone to induce a significant response. The importance of aromatization of androgen to estradiol is supported by the failure of non-aromatizable 5α-dihydrotestosterone to elicit an effect even in the presence of estradiol. This apparent hormonal specificity suggests that the neuritic response may be a component of sexual differentiation and that the trophic effects of estradiol may influence significantly the ontogeny of target neural circuits in the brain ofboth genders.
Hematologic and cytogenetic response to lenalidomide monotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia arising from JAK2V617F positive, del(5)(q13q33) myelodysplastic syndrome

Hematologic and cytogenetic response to lenalidomide monotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia arising from JAK2 V617F positive, del(5)(q13q33) myelodysplastic syndrome
Smooth Projective Nonlinear Noise Reduction

Many nonlinear or chaotic time series exhibit an innate broad spectrum, which makes noise reduction difficult. Locally projective noise reduction is one of the most effective tools. It is based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), and works for both map-like and continuously sampled time series. However, POD only looks at geometrical or topological properties of data and does not take into account the temporal characteristics of time series. Here we present a new smooth projective noise reduction method. It uses bundles of locally reconstructed trajectory strands and their smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) to identify smooth local subspaces. Restricting trajectories to these subspaces imposes temporal smoothness on the filtered time series. It is shown that SOD-based noise reduction significantly outperforms the POD-based method for continuously sampled noisy time series.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Estimating Escapement for a Low-Abundance Steelhead Population Using Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON)

Abstract Estimating the escapement of small populations of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (ocean-migrating rainbow trout) is challenging and requires innovative methods. Difficulties arise from rare and episodic occurrence of individuals, high turbidity levels during migration, and the need to minimize jeopardy to the fish, which have led to a lack of population estimates, especially in California. Here we show that dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) can be used to produce escapement estimates for a small steelhead population in Scott Creek, Santa Cruz County, California, with virtually no impact on the fish. The DIDSON uses sound to form near-video quality images and passively monitors fish without the need to handle them or constrict passage. We deployed a DIDSON and recorded steelhead passage over three spawning seasons (2008–2010). We used a decision support tool to analyze DIDSON images and compared the resulting estimates (153, 57, and 84) with raw weir counts (50, 23, and 40), mark–recaptu...
Political songwriters in post‐wall Germany

in the late 1960s and early 1970s, several German political songwriters, riding the wave of widespread student rebellion, became household names in political communes and communities far beyond German-speaking countries. While virtually all post-World War II German writers were critical of Germany—West German society in particular— and considered it their duty to verbalize their particular misgivings, most of them stayed out of actual politics. In contrast, most of the political Liedermacher1 of the late 1960s were part of (and in some cases had helped produce) the emerging New Left and, while increasingly critical of East Germany (GDR), especially its cultural policies, were generally supportive of real socialism. Hardly distinguishable from one another in their left-leaning politics, they could be individually identified only through their different means and styles of artistic expression. In a country where, perhaps more than in any other, music and literature have tended to cross-pollinate or to even be virtually inextricably intertwined, reliance on minimal forms of literary expression involving music, as is manifest in popular songs, has a long tradition. In this context, the German Liedermacher discussed here may have attempted, in the late 1960s, to give new credence to an old German axiom badly discredited earlier this century: "Wo man singt, da las dich ruhig nieder/Bose Menschen haben keine Lieder" (Where one sings, there you can settle without worries/Bad people have no songs). In writing their songs, these Liedermacher may thus have sought to play their part in assuring an uneasy world that there existed a new generation of Germans with very different philosophies and sets of values. Although their Lieder were very popular from the beginning, these songs are not considered Volkslieder ("folk songs"), as they are forms of literary expression of individual writers who often excel in other genres as well. Not that most Liedermacher would necessarily care to do so, but they could, for their raison d'etre, fall back on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe himself, who in 1830 had stated, in reference to the oeuvre of the French poete chanteur Pierre Jean de Beranger, that in such political songs the grand vox populi could be heard most clearly.2 While some may see the very existence of polit-bards with string instruments in our times as a living anachronism, others may want to take a different view: In a time of gigantic establishment-run multimedia hype and overkill, the single man or woman with a guitar conjures up, in the minds of the discontented, images of a modernday David-and-Goliath confrontation and may thus evoke, even if only on a subconscious level, sympathy for the causes taken up by these polit-bards.
The long‐term course of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix

The malignant potential of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the uterine cervix has been the subject of great controversy. Despite refinements and additions to knowledge in this area, few reports on the long-term course of the disease have appeared in the past decade. Recent developments in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques coupled with changes in the patient population with this disease have prompted renewed interest in conservative management. Results of long-term observation of a group of patients followed initially without ablative therapy are reported. The data indicate that CIS of the uterine cervix is not the inevitably progressive disease that it has been considered to be. Unequivocal invasive cancer develops in only a small percentage of cases and can be controlled, if not cured, by current therapeutic modalities. The intraepithelial lesion, however, tends to persist despite conization, and eventually requires ablative therapy in most cases. Conservative procedures should be regarded as temporizing, at least until their long-term benefits can be recorded.
Extreme Groups Designs and the Calculation of Statistical Power

Three different statistical procedures for identifying aptitude-treatment interactions (ATI's) are discussed with regard to statistical power. The three procedures are (1) treatment × blocks analysis of variance, (2) homogeneity of group regressions and (3) extreme groups analysis. The treatment × blocks analysis of variance offers the least power while the extreme groups analysis offers the greatest power. A general discussion of statistical power is presented along with a FORTRAN function for the calculation of power. A FORTRAN program is also provided for the calculation of extreme groups analyses. As a special feature, this program allows the researcher to determine what form of extreme groups analysis will provide maximum power.
Vernacular resistance to data collection and analysis: A political theory of obfuscation

Computer-enabled data collection, aggregation, and mining dramatically change the nature of contemporary surveillance. Refusal is not a practical option, as data collection is an inherent condition of many essential societal transactions. We present one vernacular response to this regime of everyday surveillance, a tactic we call obfuscation. With a variety of possible motivations, actors engage in obfuscation by producing misleading, false, or ambiguous data with the intention of confusing an adversary or simply adding to the time or cost of separating bad data from good. Our paper develops a political theory of obfuscation, linking contemporary and historical cases to develop a descriptive account of obfuscation that is able to capture key commonalities in systems from radar chaff to BitTorrent.
On interactions between dynamical systems

Abstract Given a known dynamical system S in interaction with an unknown system T, this paper describes a method whereby a dynamical description of T, together with the mode of interaction or coupling between S and T, can be inferred from the knowledge of S alone. Thus, the analysis to be presented forms part of the general theory of measurement or observation. Some applications of this analysis to biological problems are described, and some of its general theoretical applications are discussed.
Below background levels of blood lead impact cytokine levels in male and female mice

A number of studies have documented that Pb exerts immunotoxic effects on T lymphocytes. In studies designed to explore this general response over a broad dose range, female Swiss mice were administered six different diets containing Pb acetate 1 day after mating. During lactation, the mothers received the same feed given during pregnancy, and the same diets were administered to the offspring for 9 months after weaning. At the end of exposure, blood Pb level in the offspring was determined, and possible changes in two type 1 cytokines (IL-2, INF-gamma) and one type 2 cytokine (IL-4) in the serum were measured. At higher dietary Pb levels (40 and 400 ppm), a significant increase in IL-4 production was associated with a profound decrease in INF-gamma and IL-2 production. At the lowest Pb diet level (0.02 ppm), which resulted in a blood lead level of (0.8 microg/dL), which is below background (2-3 microg/dL) values in humans, increases in INF-gamma and IL-2 production along with a significant decrease in IL-4 production were observed. The findings provide evidence of a reversal of lead-induced cytokine skewing depending on the blood lead concentration. As blood lead concentration increases, there is a notable skewing toward Th2, while the pattern is reversed favoring Th1 development at lower blood lead values. The present findings are also notable since they indicate the potential for dietary Pb to have significant biological effects below normal background concentrations.