cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Adenoma Size in Distal Colon on Risk for Advanced Adenoma of the Proximal Colon

Adenomas of the rectosigmoid colon are considered markers of risk for advanced adenomas of the proximal colon. However, studies report a wide variation in risk. This study was designed to determine the risk for advanced adenomas in the proximal colon in patients from a large, homogeneous population with an advanced or nonadvanced adenoma of the distal colon. We designed a prospective study of 7157 patients who were evaluated for neoplasia by flexible sigmoidoscopy and, when adenomas were found, by colonoscopy. Adenomas were considered advanced if they were ≥10 mm in size or had villous or dysplastic features. Ninety-seven patients had an advanced adenoma of the distal colon (Group A) and were compared with 183 patients who had a nonadvanced adenoma (Group B). Seven patients (7.2%) in Group A had an advanced adenoma of the proximal colon, compared with four patients (2.2%) in Group B (P 5 mm (Group C) were compared to patients with adenomas ≤5 mm (Group D), the prevalence of advanced adenomas of the proximal colon remained at 7% (10/143) for Group C but fell to 0.73% (1/137) for Group D (P = 0.011, relative risk = 9.6). By expanding the criteria for risk from adenomas of the distal colon to include all adenomas >5 mm, the relative risk for advanced adenoma of the proximal colon was increased threefold.
Intervention Analysis with Applications to Economic and Environmental Problems

Abstract This article discusses the effect of interventions on a given response variable in the presence of dependent noise structure. Difference equation models are employed to represent the possible dynamic characteristics of both the interventions and the noise. Some properties of the maximum likelihood estimators of parameters measuring level changes are discussed. Two applications, one dealing with the photochemical smog data in Los Angeles and the other with changes in the consumer price index, are presented.
Engineering disease and pest resistance in plants

Improvements in transformation techniques and the isolation of many genes whose transcripts or protein products either have antimicrobial or insecticidal activity or are involved in the synthesis of products with such activities have provided valuable tools for engineering resistance in plants. Future exploitation of this technology should provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional disease and pest control measures.
ADCP Water Velocity Measurements in a Hydropower Tailwater Impoundment: A Case Study

An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ACDP) was used to characterize water velocities and flow patterns in a hydropower tailwater impoundment in western Nebraska. The impoundment, a 100 hectare L-shaped lake formed by a diversion dam located 3000 meters downstream of the hydropower dam, regulates flow into a supply canal. A trout fishery in the tailwater lake has recently experienced stresses, likely caused by some combination of low dissolved oxygen and/or toxicity (e.g., from ammonia or hydrogen sulfide). In addition, macrophytes attached to the lake bed in shallow areas may be exacerbating the stresses by restricting water flow and causing “stagnant” areas. Finally the mode of operation of the hydropower facility may contribute to the fishery stress by discharging low-DO water in the evening when macrophyte respiration is further reducing DO. The hydropower facility operation regime, in conjunction with fairly constant outflows through the supply canal, causes the water level in the tailwater lake to fluctuate more than one meter per day, resulting in complex flows within the lake. To help characterize water quality dynamics (e.g., dissolved oxygen, toxic constituents) in the tailwater lake, and to support physical and computer models of the lake, water velocities were measured throughout the tailwater lake using an ADCP. The ADCP was mounted on the bow of an outboard boat. Transects were made with the boat at numerous locations on the lake. Transects were made during both filling and draining cycles and were designed to capture the effects of the hydropower operation, the lake bathymetry, and the macrophytes on flow patterns. Measured velocities ranged from greater than 4 m/sec to less than 0.05 m/sec. Overall, the ADCP worked well for collecting the water velocity data needed for this study. Difficulties identified with the use of the ADCP in this study include loss of velocity and bottom-tracking data in areas with dense macrophytes, poor ADCP performance on transects that had drastically varying depths, and difficulty in collecting near-shore velocity data. The physical and computer models make use of the ADCP data to characterize circulation patterns in the lake and to predict concentrations of dissolved oxygen (and other constituents) under various remedial and operational scenarios for the lake.
The globalization of poverty according to Malthus

Malthus began publishing in economics two centuries ago. His thoughts on income distribution and poverty are profound. Recently, more original findings on these issues have appeared, but can be viewed as rediscovering Malthus. His thought remains germane to the present debate on poverty and his foresight deserves respect.
Expression of an ABA-responsive osmotin-like gene during the induction of freezing tolerance in Solanum commersonii.

We have isolated a cDNA (pA13) of an ABA-responsive gene from suspension cultures of Solanum commersonii. The deduced amino acid sequence of pA13 cDNA revealed 89 and 91% identity with tobacco osmotin and tomato NP24 protein, respectively. The accumulation of the transcript corresponding to pA13 cDNA was regulated by ABA, cold temperature, and low water potential treatments. Cold-induced accumulation of the pA13 transcript was partially suppressed by fluridone, an ABA synthesis inhibitor, and the suppression was restored by exogenous ABA application. The transcript corresponding to pA13 also accumulated in an organ-specific manner in response to ABA or cold treatment.
A woman on the toilet

She was taken to hospital and had an emergency computed tomograph scan of the head. This showed a 6·5 4·0 cm hyperdense calcified mass involving both frontal areas, suggestive of a meningioma. There was also obliteration of the suprasellar cistern, possibly representing herniation. In addition, imprinted on the patient’s buttocks were two concentric erythematous indurated rings (figure). She was started on high-dose intravenous dexamethasone and within 24 h the slurring of her speech improved. 4 days later she had a resection of the meningioma. Postoperatively, she did well. The steroid dose was tapered over 10 days. The distal weakness in her left lower leg resolved. Her toenails were trimmed in the hospital, and since then she has been meticulous in her hygienic care.
Photoaffinity labeling of the adenosine transport system in adipocyte plasma membranes.

Abstract A membrane component involved in the transport of adenosine in adipocytes has been identified utilizing the techniques of photoaffinity labeling with the adenosine derivative, 8-azidoadenosine. In the absence of light, adenosine and 8-azidoadenosine exhibited similar transport characteristics. In addition, adenosine was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of 8-azidoadenosine uptake, and the photoprobe, a competitive inhibitor of adenosine uptake. Analysis of the nucleotide metabolites indicated that the photoprobe was metabolized in a similar fashion to that observed for adenosine. Several nucleoside transport inhibitors were also equally effective in inhibiting the uptake of both nucleosides. These results suggest that 8-azidoadenosine is transported by the same membrane system as adenosine. Photolysis of 8-azido[2- 3 H]adenosine in the presence of adipocytes resulted in the covalent incorporation of the photoprobe into the plasma membrane fraction. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that essentially all of the radioactivity was incorporated into a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 56,000. This labeling was inhibited by greater than 90% when the photolysis was carried out in the presence of excess adenosine or the transport inhibitors, persantin or theophylline. Fractionation of the labeled plasma membranes by dialysis against water (pH 9.5) indicated that approximately 75% of the radioactivity was associated with a glycoprotein which resisted solubilization by this procedure. These results suggest that the major labeled species is a 56,000 M r intrinsic membrane glycoprotein which may function as a component of a transmembrane assembly involved in the transport of adenosine.
Ferroelectric optical image comparator using PLZT thin films

A PLZT thin film device has been constructed in which the photoinduced current represents the dot product between a stored image and an image projected onto its surface. One-dimensional autocorrelations have been performed by measuring this current while displacing the projected image. This device has the potential to perform as a high-resolution, high-speed optical comparator.
Do short-term changes in white matter structure indicate learning-induced myelin plasticity?

Learning and memory formation are largely thought to result from structural and molecular plasticity in neurons. However, white matter, which is composed of bundles of axons, all major types of glia, and blood vessels, is rarely thought to play a principal role in learning processes. Depending on
Assessment and Treatment of Depressed Older Adults in Primary Care

The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss both assessment and psychotherapeutic techniques that can be applied in primary-care medicine for older adults seeking mental health services in these settings. Assessment techniques that are amenable to primary-care settings include the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Revised; the Geriatric Depression Scale-15; two and nine-symptom Patient Health Questionnaire; the General Health Questionnaire; the Beck Depression Inventory-ll; and the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care. Psychotherapeutic interventions that have been created and/or modified for primary-care settings are Problem solving therapy (PST-PC) and interpersonal therapy (IPT-PQ. These detection tools and treatments are discussed in the context of primary-care medicine.
A free-hand surface tracking and motion compensation microsurgical tool system based on common-path optical coherence tomography distance sensor

We have developed and tested a compact free-hand microsurgical tool-concept based on CP-OCT distance-sensor and 1-D actuation, which is capable of tracking the surface of surgical target tissue and compensating tool-tissue relative-motion with micrometer resolution.
Politics, Policy, and the Motivations for Advocacy in Nonprofit Reproductive Health and Family Planning Providers:

Despite the important symbolic and substantive benefits of political activity by nonprofit organizations recent evidence suggests that a relatively limited number of charities actively advocate. The existing literature on nonprofit advocacy adequately explains why so few charities are actively political; however it fails to illuminate the reasons why some individual charities choose to advocate despite documented constraints. This article offers an alternative to existing explanations for nonprofit advocacy that focuses on the causes for and the constraints on this behavior. It suggests that nonprofit organizations are more likely to be politically active when public policies restrict their ability to deliver core services and when the probability of success is highest because of the presence of political allies. Analyses of advocacy behavior in more than 450 501(c)(3) organizations suggest that these factors persist as motivators of political activity even after controlling for the dominant constraints suggested in the literature. (authors)
pet 18: A chromosomal gene required for cell growth and for the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA and the killer plasmid of yeast

Mutations in the pet18 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (formerly denoted pets) confer three phenotypes on mutant strains: (i) inability to respire (petite), (ii) inability to maintain the double-stranded RNA killer plasmid (sensitive), and (iii) temperature sensitivity for growth. We find that pet18 mutants lack mitochondrial DNA. However, despite their inability to maintain the killer RNA plasmid and mitochondrial DNA, pet18 mutants still can carry the other yeast plasmids, [URE3--1], [PSI], and 2-micron DNA. The temperature sensitivity of the pet18 mutants is not expressed as a selective defect in total DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis.
Comparison of solvents and methods of extracting methylbenzimidazol-2-yicarbamate (MBC) from tobacco†

The bioautographic method of Homans and Fuchs for detecting MBC on thin layer plates, was tested quantitatively. The sum of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the zones of inhibition of Penicillium expansum, and the square root of the mass of an equal area of paper, were directly proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of MBC. Methanol and ethanol extracted significantly more MBC from tobacco tissue than acetone and chloroform. Soxhlet extraction was more effective than cold (22 °C) treatment, but the latter, in which 100 mg aliquots of dried tissue were used, was the least variable, very much quicker and could be used to detect the fungicide in small amounts of individual plant tissues.
Comparison of calculated and measured response functions for germanium detectors

This report compares calculated and measured germanium spectra for /sup 65/Zn, /sup 137/Cs, and /sup 113/Sn sources and uranium and plutonium spherical shells. Agreement over the full energy range of the spectra is good; deviations are explained.
For Better and Worse: Social Influences on Coronary Heart Disease Risk

From the neighborhoods we live in to those we marry, other people are a part of our everyday lives. Mounting evidence suggests that these social factors constitute risk and resilience influences for coronary heart disease (CHD). The current aim is to summarize the literature into four representative categories relating to CHD risk: social environments, social roles, social resources, and close relationships. The argument is made that these factors moderate and mediate stress and associated physiological responses constituting a psychosomatic pathway to disease.
Isotropic three-dimensional super-resolution imaging with a self-bending point spread function

Airy beams maintain their intensity profiles over a large propagation distance without substantial diffraction and exhibit lateral bending during propagation1-5. This unique property has been exploited for micromanipulation of particles6, generation of plasma channels7 and guidance of plasmonic waves8, but has not been explored for high-resolution optical microscopy. Here, we introduce a self-bending point spread function (SB-PSF) based on Airy beams for three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution fluorescence imaging. We designed a side-lobe-free SB-PSF and implemented a two-channel detection scheme to enable unambiguous 3D localization of fluorescent molecules. The lack of diffraction and the propagation-dependent lateral bending make the SB-PSF well suited for precise 3D localization of molecules over a large imaging depth. Using this method, we obtained super-resolution imaging with isotropic 3D localization precision of 10-15 nm over a 3 μm imaging depth from ∼2000 photons per localization.
The zebrafish embryo as a dynamic model of anoxia tolerance

Developing organisms depend upon a delicate balance in the supply and demand of energy to adapt to variable oxygen availability, although the essential mechanisms determining such adaptation remain elusive. In this study, we examine reversible anoxic arrest and dynamic bioenergetic transitions during zebrafish development. Our data reveal that the duration of anoxic viability corresponds to the developmental stage and anaerobic metabolic rate. Diverse chemical inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation induce a similar arrest in normoxic embryos, suggesting a pathway responsive to perturbations in aerobic energy production rather than molecular oxygen. Consistent with this concept, arrest is accompanied by rapid activation of the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, demonstrating a potential link between the sensing of energy status and adaptation to oxygen availability. These observations permit mechanistic insight into energy homeostasis during development that now enable genetic and small molecule screens in this vertebrate model of anoxia tolerance.
Line-reversal-symmetry breaking and interference effects between resonances on a dalitz plot

Abstract General implications of duality for 2 → 3 particle reactions are discussed. It is shown explicitly that dual five-point amplitudes predict asymptotic violation of the usual equality of differential cross-sections for quasi-two-body processes related by line-reversal. For example, an exchange degenerate model predicts lim s→∞ σ(π + p → K + Σ + ) σ( K − p →π − Σ + ) =1 but lim s→∞ σ(π + p → K + Y ∗+ σ( K − p →π − Y ∗+ ) ≠1 . This effect arises from interference between competing two-body channels in the final state.
Frequency scaling of power reclamation networks in outphasing PA architectures

Outphasing power amplifiers (PAs) with power reclamation networks are an attractive solution for maintaining a constant PA load during outphasing while minimizing energy lost. Power reclamation networks have only been demonstrated at frequencies below 2 GHz. In this work, we examine power reclamation networks for outphasing PA topologies and investigate how their efficiency scales with frequency. Our results show that at mm-wave frequencies, power reclamation network efficiency is dominated by the current in the resonant portion of the rectifier and that this loss can increase disproportionately with frequency, thus placing a key limitation on the efficiency of power reclamation networks at mm-wave frequencies.
Maximizing Staff Resources in Meeting the Needs of Job Seekers in One‐Stop Centers

The evolution of one-stop centers is examined in terms of the limitations of existing services and the one-stop response. Levels of support are discussed in relation to the needs of job seekers and options for matching needs with staff support (self-help, brief staff-assisted, and individual case-managed services) are reviewed. This article proposes 2 models for maximizing staff resources in one-stop centers. The first model deals with determining the support necessary for job seekers to make effective use of information and assessment resources. The second model deals with specific service delivery sequences for self-help, brief staff-assisted, and individual case-managed services.
Assessment of the Performance of Microbumped Cutting Tool in Machining of AISI 1045 Steel

This paper investigates the performance of microbump textured cutting tool in dry orthogonal machining of mild steel (AISI 1045 steel) using AdvantEdge finite element simulation. Microbumps are designed on the rake face of cemented carbide (WC/Co) cutting inserts. The purpose is to examine the effect of microbump textured tools on machining performance and to compare it with non-textured regular cutting tools. Specifically, the following microbump parameters are examined: microbump width, microbump height, and edge distance (the distance from cutting edge to the first microbump). Their effects are assessed in terms of the main force, thrust force, and chip-tool contact length. It is found that microbump textured cutting tools generate lower cutting force and thrust force and consequently lower the energy consumption for machining. The micobump width, microbump height, and edge distance all have influence on cutting force in their own ways.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Comparison of forward and, bidirectional pumping at 805 and 819 nm in erbium-doped silica fiber amplifiers

Using an accurate and comprehensive computer model, 805-810 and 819-825 nm band pumping of erbium-doped aluminosilicate fiber amplifiers is compared. A comparison is made for both forward and bidirectional pumping over a wide range of pump powers. It is shown that 805-810 nm pumping is more efficient if bidirectional pumping is used, while 819-825 nm pumping is more efficient if only forward pumping is carried out. >
Optimal conduit choice in the absence of single-segment great saphenous vein for below-knee popliteal bypass

Background Single-segment great saphenous vein (SSGSV) remains the conduit of choice for femoral to below-knee popliteal (F–BK) surgical revascularization. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal conduit in patients with inadequate SSGSV. Methods This was a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained vascular registry. Patients underwent F–BK bypass with alternative vein (AV; arm vein, spliced GSV, or composite vein) or prosthetic conduit (PC). Results From January 1995 to June 2010, 83 patients had unusable SSGSV for F–BK popliteal reconstruction. Thirty-three patients had an AV conduit and 50 had PC. The AV group was a lower median age than the PC group (69 vs 75 years). The two groups were otherwise similar in comorbid conditions of diabetes mellitus (57.6% vs 58.0%; P > .99), smoking (15.2% vs 32.0%; P = .12), and hemodialysis (3% vs 12%; P = .23). The groups were similar in baseline characteristics such as limb salvage as indication (93.9% vs 86.0%; P = .31), mean runoff score (5.2 vs 4.6; P = .39), and prior ipsilateral bypass attempts (18.2% vs 18.0%; P > .99). The AV and PC groups were also similar in 30-day mortality (6.1% vs 4.0%; P > .99) and wound infection rates (6.1% vs 6.0%; P > .99). PC patients were more likely to be discharged on Coumadin (Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) than AV patients (62.0% vs 27.3%; P = .002). Seventeen of the 50 PC patients (34%) had a distal anastomotic vein cuff. A log-rank test comparison of 5-year outcomes for the AV and PC groups found no significant difference in primary patency (55.3% ± 9.9% vs 51.9% ± 10.8%; P = .82), assisted primary patency (68.8% ± 9.6% vs 54.0% ± 11.0%; P = .45), secondary patency (68.4% ± 9.6% vs 63.7% ± 10.4% for PC; P = .82), or limb salvage rates (96.2% ± 3.8% vs 81.1% ± 8.1%; P = .19). Multivariable analysis demonstrated no association between conduit type and loss of patency or limb. The factors most predictive of primary patency loss were limb salvage as the indication for surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 4.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-10.9; P = .003) and current hemodialysis (HR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.08-11.4; P = .037). The most predictive factor of limb loss was current hemodialysis (HR, 7.02; 95% CI, 1.13-43.4; P = .036). Conclusions For patients with inadequate SSGSV, PCs, with varying degrees of medical and surgical adjuncts, appear comparable to AV sources in graft patency for below-knee popliteal bypass targets. This observation is tempered by the small cohort sample size of this single-institutional analysis. Critical limb ischemia as the operative indication and current hemodialysis predict impaired patency, and hemodialysis is associated with limb loss.
Friction of aromatic thiol monolayers on silver: SFA and AFM studies of adhesive and non-adhesive contacts

The boundary friction of aromatic thiol (thiophenol, p-phenylthiophenol, and p-terphenylthiol) and octadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers on template-stripped silver was measured under adhesive and non-adhesive conditions with the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). In non-adhesive contacts, the friction force increased linearly with load. Friction coefficients obtained with the two techniques were in good agreement and decreased with increasing packing density of the aromatic monolayers, but did not reach the low value obtained for octadecanethiol. The sublinear increase in friction force vs. load in adhesive contacts was evaluated as critical shear stresses based on nominal contact areas directly measured with the SFA and calculated using the Thin-Coating Contact Mechanics model for the AFM. The same trend was found in the shear stresses as in the friction coefficients.
Using Action Research in Middle Level Teacher Education to Evaluate and Deepen Reflective Practice.

Abstract The study examined the role of action research in promoting critical reflective thinking among twenty preservice teachers engaged in a year-long middle level program. Data from collaborative discussions, final written documents, presentations, and follow-up surveys revealed that conducting action research (a) engaged them in inquiry into their own practice, (b) was a means to reflect upon and determine ways to change their teaching practices, and (c) promoted critical reflection in a collaborative learning environment. Results underscore the importance of preservice teachers critically reflecting to gain insights into teaching and student learning as they are engaged in action research.
"Ion surfing" with radiofrequency carpets

Abstract The transport of low-energy ions by inhomogeneous alternating electric fields combined with static electric fields is an important and established technique in applied and fundamental research. Radiofrequency (RF) multipole ion guides can focus and transport ions along a linear path while RF funnels, carpets, or walls provide ion guiding along surfaces. A novel surface transport technique – ion surfing – is proposed which relies on a traveling potential wave combined with a static repelling RF field. The results of numerical simulations are presented and the observed features of ion surfing are discussed. In addition, possible applications to thermalized (gas-stopped) fast ion beams are presented.
Germ cell degeneration in normal and microwave-irradiated rats: potential sperm production rates at different developmental steps in spermatogenesis.

Germ cell degeneration in 14 normal and 14 microwave-irradiated, adult (400-500 gm), Sprague-Dawley rats was compared by evaluating potential sperm production rates at different developmental steps in spermatogenesis. Following 9 days of irradiation at 1.3 GHz (6 hours/day at 6.3 mW/gm using 1-mu sec pulsewidth at 600 pulses/second) or sham treatment, rats were killed at 6.5, 13.0, 26.0, or 52.0 days following treatment. Testes were perfused with 2% glutaraldehyde, embedded in Epon, and sectioned at 0.5 micron for morphometric analyses. Plasma LH and FSH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay from blood collected on the day of death. Considering nuclear size, percentage of nuclei in the parenchyma, and life span of different cells, potential daily sperm production was determined for type B spermatogonia, preleptotene or pachytene primary spermatocytes, or spermatids with round nuclei. No differences (P greater than .05) in parameters tested were found among time periods following irradiation. With the possible exception of sperm production per testis (P less than .05) based on pachytene spermatocytes, microwave irradiation had no effect on the parameters evaluated. No degeneration was detected in spermatogenesis when potential sperm production rates were determined either from type B spermatogonia to spermatids or from type B spermatogonia to a posttesticular approximation of sperm production rate. Thus, it appears that regulation of sperm production rates must take place during spermatogonial mitoses, since once the number of type B spermatogonia is determined, there is essentially no subsequent alteration in sperm production potential in normal or irradiated adult rats.
High‐frequency alternating‐crossed‐field gel electrophoresis with neutral or slightly charged interpenetrating networks to improve DNA separation

Toward improving DNA separations, this work reports the effects of high-frequency square-wave AC fields superimposed perpendicular to the direct current (DC) separation field on DNA migration in both polyacrylamide-based interpenetrating networks (IPNs) and in agarose networks. Compared to standard polyacrylamide gels, IPNs allow the separation of larger DNA (9000 bp vs. 5000 bp at 5 V/cm). In novel polyacrylamide-based IPNs, an alternating current (AC) field of 5 Hz increased the maximum DNA size separable. This effect was extended to larger DNA sizes with increasing electric-field strength up to and apparently beyond the power supply-limited maximum electric-field strength of 48 V/cm. The orthogonal AC field also increased mobility. These two results combine to yield a reduction in separation time of up to a factor of 20 in novel polyacrylamide-based IPNs. When negatively charged acrylic-acid groups were incorporated into the IPNs, the use of the AC field changed the DNA-network interaction, which altered the size dependence of DNA mobility. In agarose gels, an AC field of 50 Hz increased the size range separable; however, there was no increase in DNA mobility. There was no change in size dependence of mobility in an AC field when the number of charged groups in the agarose network was increased. Based on results in the literature, possible mechanisms were examined for the effects of the AC field on DNA separation.
Nonlinear and Chaotic Vibration-Based Damage Detection

The dynamics of an aeroelastic system composed of a panel forced by unsteady buffeting aerodynamic loads is investigated numerically. The focus is on detecting parametric changes in the system. The upstream end point of the panel is considered supported by a spring of variable stiffness. Changes of in the stiffness of the spring are detected by exploring the chaotic dynamics of the panel.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Antifreeze glycoprotein levels in Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhabiting different thermal environments and the effect of warm acclimation.

Abstract A quantification method was developed to determine the concentrations of the major antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) isoforms in the blood of Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Serum samples were precipitated with 2.5% TCA and the supernatant containing AFGPs were chromatographed on an HPLC size exclusion column and the concentrations of the major AFGP size classes were determined from the areas of the corresponding peaks in the elution profile. Eight species of Antarctic notothenioid fishes were examined and their blood AFGP concentrations varied from 5 to 35 mg/mL. All of these fishes synthesized both the large and small AFGPs, but maintained higher levels of small AFGPs than the large ones in their blood. The species inhabiting more severe water environments (lower temperature and presence of ice) had higher serum AFGP levels than those in milder environments. The cryopelagic Pagothenia borchgrevinki decreased their blood AFGP concentrations in response to warm acclimation, but to a much lower extent in comparison to the antifreeze-bearing fishes in the Northern Hemisphere. After being warm acclimated at + 4 °C for 16 weeks, the serum concentrations of the small and large AFGPs were decreased by about 60% and 20%, respectively.
Inhalation injury in the burn patient

Patients who survive to hospital admission after bums with inhalation injury face a difficult and potentially prolonged course of treatment in the burn center. Continuing survival and especially functional outcome hinges on the patient's receiving comprehensive, well-coordinated care from an interdisciplinary team of skilled health care providers. The best care plan combines close monitoring of vital organ/tissue perfusion indicators, aggressive management of pulmonary compromise, and scrupulous attention to all details of nursing care. Many patients suffer complications from their injuries or treatment, and not all survive. Those who do may face prolonged and painful therapies on the way to recovery. The expert nurse managing and caring for this unfortunate population faces tremendous clinical challenges but also has the opportunity and satisfaction of helping each patient achieve the best possible outcome.
An examination of orienting task relationships in a proactive interference paradigm

Three experiments investigating release from proactive interference were conducted, in which orienting tasks were employed to bias encoding. Following earlier experiments by Bird (1976, 1977), it was expected that release would be observed when tasks were changed after several trials, but only to the extent that the tasks required different processing. Two obviously related nonsemantic tasks were compared in Experiment 1, and no release was obtained. Experiment 2 was a comparison of part-of-speech classification, considered by some to be a nonsemantic task, and of judgments of word pleasantness. The release obtained was sufficiently low to suggest that part-of-speech decisions involve substantial semantic processing. Finally, Experiment 3 employed four tasks, in order to address various questions about task relationships raised in the earlier experiments. Based on the levels of release observed across experiments and the finding that some tasks led to less proactive interference than others, a tentative categorization of tasks was proposed.
Microscale Demonstration of the Paramagnetism of Liquid Oxygen with a Neodymium Magnet.

When a neodymium magnet is brought near a suspended small glass tube (2.5 mL) containing 2 mmol (64 mg) liquid oxygen, the tube is attracted to the magnet demonstrating oxygen's paramagnetism. Larger quantities of liquid oxygen can be produced in a similar fashion using a food storage bag filled with oxygen in place of a 60 mL syringe used to condense 2 mmol oxygen. On the larger scale, the blue color of liquid oxygen is readily observable by students.
A splinting method for replantation of teeth in a noncontiguous arch

Abstract A splinting technique is described which allows maximum stabilization and accurate repositioning of replanted teeth in a noncontiguous arch.
Mutation of the Gene for IsK Associated With Both Jervell and Lange-Nielsen and Romano-Ward Forms of Long-QT Syndrome

Background—Long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of ventricular repolarization characterized by a prolonged QT interval, syncope, seizures, and sudden death. Recently, three forms of LQTS have been...
Comparison of four models for the compressibility of breads and plastic foams

The sigmoid compressive stress-strain relationship of lye bread, pumpernickel bread and two polyurethane foams (0-75% deformation) were fitted by four empirical models having three or four parameters. No unique model was inherently superior for goodness of fit or for strain definition, that is whether it was presented as an engineering or Hencky's strain. Two models, however, one with three and the other with four parameters, were easier to interpret in terms of stress-strain relationship shape characteristics and are recommended.
Characterization of strong fiber Bragg gratings using an applied thermal chirp and iterative algorithm

Coupling coefficients of various grating types and strengths are calculated from measurements of the complex reflectivity using an applied thermal chirp and optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). The complex reflectivity is then utilized by a layer peeling algorithm to determine the coupling coefficient of the thermally chirped grating. A guess of the temperature profile enables the coupling coefficient of the unchirped grating to be estimated. An iterative algorithm is then used to converge on the exact coupling coefficient, employing an error minimization method applied to the reflectivity spectra. This technique removes the need for a reference grating while preserving the spatial resolution obtained with the initial OFDR measurement. Successful reconstruction of gratings with integrated |κ|L∼9.0 are demonstrated with a spatial resolution of less than 100 μm.
Polyvinyl Siloxane Molds for Nondestructive Surface Feature Metrology of Failed Joint Prostheses

A nondestructive polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impression protocol was developed for studying the surface features on joint prostheses with modular junctions after they have been removed from patients. Analysis of the failed joint prostheses reveals that modular junctions consisting of bore-cone tapers can be the site of in vivo fretting and crevice corrosion. While cone taper surfaces are readily analyzed by non-contact profilometric techniques, bore taper surfaces are inaccessible for direct observation. An indirect repeatable method to analyze these inaccessible surfaces was developed, incorporating a commonly used dental impression polymer to achieve a high-detail negative of the bore taper suitable for profilometric measurements. Compared to the actual bore surface, light-viscosity PVS adequately replicated surface features for statistically similar measurements of metrological mean roughness parameters (Sa, Sq), peak-to-valley height parameters (Sz), shape parameters (Ssk, Sku), and spatial parameters (Sm). Surface features as fine as 2.6 μm in size were reproduced, indicating that this technique is applicable to failure analysis studies involving abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and corrosion pits. This indirect and nondestructive method of surface damage analysis can be broadly applied in many industries requiring analysis of inaccessible surfaces, such as machined bores, inner surfaces of pipes, and large parts incompatible with laboratory metrology equipment.
Development of a Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatographic/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic technique for the study of woody peats

Abstract Modifications of a pyrolysis gas chromatographic-Fourier transform infrared (Py-GC-FTIR) spectroscopic technique were developed to study the processes of degradation and humification of woody peats. Tropical, woody peats in various stages of decay were fractionated by size and analyzed by Py-GC-FTIR spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py-GC-MS) in order to monitor the most abundant compounds in peat throughout the complete humification process. Monitoring these components enables one to examine the variation in chemical composition of peat both between samples with increasing core depth and within samples across different size fractions. The technique gives good reproducibility in separating over 200 compounds in 20 min. Various experimental aspects of the pyrolysis technique are presented to familiarize the reader with the operation of the system.
Local transformation strain measurements in precipitated NiTi single crystals

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of composition on the local transformation strain in NiTi single crystals. Using in situ digital image correlation to obtain full-field strain measurements, we revealed that increasing Ni concentration and precipitate volume fraction results in smaller local transformation strains. Comparison of the local strain measurements to theoretical calculations indicated that detwinning strains are limited in Ni-rich compositions. It was also found that the Ni-rich compositions displayed a more homogeneous transformation.
SECONDARY EMISSION YIELD BY EXTREME RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES.

Abstract Results on the energy dependence of secondary emission from Al and Au are given for electrons and positrons in the energy range 1.5 to 18 GeV. The role of available field-forming distance as analyzed by Aggson is briefly discussed.
“I Didn't Expect to Find Any Fences Around Here”: Cultural Ambiguity and Containment in Shane

The opening shot looks down into the valley. We see snow-capped mountains in the distance and verdant fields before us. A horse and rider come into the scene from off camera, moving into the valley. We see first the horse as it rides away, bringing into view the rider whom we see only from the back. The shot then changes as the credits are imposed on a wide view of the valley stretched before us, with all the glory of the Grand Tetons gracing the screen. We are drawn to the mountains in the back, behind the listing for costumer and cinematographer. We then notice a small figure, dwarfed by the natural world surrounding him, riding his horse across midscreen, an antlike presence engulfed by nature. The opening of Shane (1953) evokes the natural man that is one of the key features of the epic western. In this case, it is done quickly, almost preemptively, to embed the film in the genre. It may be the quintessential naturalist opening, or it may be an unsubtle evocation of the imagery. Whichever, it succeeds in getting us to accept this as a conventional western very quickly, a necessary act because it will turn unconventional almost immediately. The third shot is of the settler household of Joe Starrett, a log cabin in the valley with the mountains again in the background, and a pond in the foreground in which a large stag is wading. We are brought into a close-up of Joey Starrett, a young boy with his gun stalking the stag. He is clumsy. He rustles branches and bumps into rocks. The stag turns to the sound, notices the boy, and returns to drinking as if nothing is out of place. A distant rider is visible, framed in the stag’s antlers. The rider approaches quietly, but the stag is alerted to his presence, stops drinking, stares, and then bolts. As Shane rides into the foreground, we notice his buckskin shirt and pants; he is clad in nature, enveloping him more deeply in the vision of the natural man evoked in the credits. Yet, if Shane is one with nature—clad in it, surrounded by it, almost indistinguishable from it—why does the stag run? Is there something unnatural about Shane? This is only the first of a number of unconventional elements in Shane, and it forces us to reexamine the film. Embedded more deeply in the conventions of the genre than the 1950s films of John Ford or Anthony Mann and released a year after High Noon (1952), George Stevens’s Shane has a simplicity and comprehensibility that belies its more subtle treatment of sociocultural issues. Shane has often been seen as a traditional western celebrating an American cultural consensus, and is generally ignored in studies of Cold War films or
SU-E-T-582: Assessment of Improved Critical Structure Sparing Using Biologically- Based Optimization for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy of Head and Neck Cancer.

Purpose: To investigate the critical structure sparing achievable by biological optimization for modulated volumetric arc (VMAT) of head and neck (H&N) cancer.Methods: Ten H&N VMAT patients who were originally planned and treated with simultaneous integrated boost technique using dose‐volume based optimization, were selected. For each patient, a new VMAT plan was generated using the generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD)‐based biological optimization available in Pinnacle3 Smart Arc. While the objectives for targets were defined in terms of minimum and maximum EUDs with ‘a’ values of ‐15 and +15, the critical structure objectives were defined in terms of maximum EUDs with ‘a’ values of‘1’, ‘5’ and ‘10’. Both dose‐volume and gEUD‐based VMAT plans used 6MV, 280 degree dual arcs. The prescription doses for all cases were 70Gy to PTV1, 60Gy to PTV2 and 54Gy to PTV3 delivered in 33 fractions. The critical structures included cord, parotids, brainstem, and esophagus. The critical structure sparing in physical and biological plans were assessed using dose‐ volume indices, including D2, D50, and Dmean, and MUs and treatment delivery times. Results: PTV coverage obtained by both dose‐volume and biological‐based optimization were generally very similar, although the target conformality was slightly better for dose‐volume based VMAT plans. The gEUD‐based plans produced superior critical structure sparing, yielding up to 55% reduction in cord D2, 35% reduction in parotids Dmean and 14% reduction in brainstem D2 as compared to dose‐volume based plans. On average, MUs for gEUD‐based plans increased by 12.1%, 18.8% and 21.3% for 'a' values of‘1’, ‘5’ and ‘10’ respectively compared to dose‐volume based VMAT plans with no change in delivery times. Conclusions: This study showed that the biology‐based optimization has ability to generate H&N VMAT plans with significantly improved critical structure sparing with generally similar target(s) coverage as compared to the dose‐volume based physical optimization.
The effect of tension level and contingent reinforcement on fear reduction

The degree of tension experienced by the subject and the availability of an eating response were examined for their effects on desensitization of tarantula fear as measured by (a) changes in the subject's approach behavior toward the tarantula after treatment, (b) changes in the subject's approach behavior toward the tarantula during treatment, and (c) changes in the subject's reported fear of tarantulas after treatment. All 64 female subjects significantly reduced their tarantula fears on all measures consequent to treatment. Groups experiencing minimum tension showed markedly greater approach behavior after treatment. Groups provided with an eating response showed greater approach behavior only under conditions of maximum tension. Interpretation of the data favors an extinction paradigm as the most parsimonious explantion for the effectiveness of desensitization types of therapy.
Fickle factor foils fat fate

Factors that determine whether precursor cells will differentiate into adipocytes remain poorly understood. A systematic evaluation of gene expression in cells with a continuum of differentiation potentials has confirmed the importance of certain pathways and has identified a novel regulator of brown adipogenesis.
Inhibition of catalytic oxidation of carbon/carbon composites by phosphorus

Abstract The inhibition effectiveness of thermally deposited phosphorus (P) compounds on the carbon oxidation catalyzed by potassium or calcium acetate has been investigated. The P deposit was formed by impregnating carbon/carbon composite samples with methanol solution of methyl-phosphoric acid or phosphorus oxychloride and heating at ca. 600 °C. An amorphous layer formed by a relatively large amount of P deposit functioned as a barrier for the access of the catalyst to the carbon surface even though it had almost no barrier effect for O 2 access. The catalytic effect of calcium was almost completely suppressed by such deposit, but the effect of potassium was only partially suppressed due to the superior wetting ability and mobility of potassium species. Small amounts of P deposit showed similar inhibition effects on non-catalyzed oxidation, while their effects on catalytic oxidation were not as good. Characterization of P-deposited carbon samples by XPS, XRD, SEM and TPD, as well as ab initio MO calculations, suggested that the inhibition effect mainly resulted from the formation of oxygen-containing P groups which may include metaphosphates, C–O–PO 3 groups and C–PO 3 groups. Those groups are suggested to act as a physical barrier against carbon/catalyst interfacial contact as well as to block the active carbon sites. The presence of bridge oxygen bonded to a carbon site and a P group appears to be a critical factor for maintaining the inhibition effect. Indeed, the loss of such oxygen or connecting bond seems to result in loss of inhibition.
IL-27 Inhibits OSM-mediated TNF-α and iNOS Gene Expression in Microglia

Elevated levels of Oncostatin M (OSM), an interleukin-6 family cytokine, have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), and glioblastoma (GBM); however, its effects within the CNS are not well understood. OSM regulates gene expression primarily by activating the JAK/STAT, NF-kappaB, and/or MAPK pathways, in a cell-type specific manner. In our studies, OSM induces the production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) from microglia in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. This expression also partially requires the intermediate production of TNF-alpha and subsequent NF-kappaB activation via TNF-R1. We also demonstrate that OSM-induced TNF-alpha production from microglia is neurotoxic. The IL-12 family member, IL-27, suppresses OSM-mediated TNF-alpha and iNOS expression at the transcriptional level by inhibiting activation of the NF-kappaB pathway, and rescues the neurotoxicity induced by OSM-stimulated microglia. These studies are the first to demonstrate the proinflammatory effects of OSM in microglia, and also identify IL-27 as a novel inhibitor of inflammatory processes in these cells.