cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytological and Ultrastructural Aspects of Amphibian Melanophore Control

The cytology of amphibian melanophores has been extensively studied in relation to physiological color changes. Since previous authors such as Hewer [4] and Lerner and Takahashi [6] have reviewed much of this work, the present authors will not attempt such a review. The view is widely held that in the adult melanophore, movements of melanin granules (melanosomes) occur in a cell of relatively fixed outline in response to hormones. However, shape changes definitely occur in the responses of cultured embryonic melanophores to hormones. This has been shown with phase microscopy in the case of melanophores of Xenopus laevis by Kulemann [5] and for several species of Ambystoma by Novales and Novales [12]and Zimmerman and Dalton [20].Furthermore, isolated cultured melanophores respond with shape changes, but melanophores in cellular membranes respond only with melanin movements, according to Kulemann [5]. The details of cultured melanophore responses have been described and illustrated in the above papers as well as by Novales [9, 11]. Hanging drop cultures of Ambystoma salamander embryonic tissue were prepared in Niu-Twitty solution and incubated at 18 degrees centigrade. After the appearance of melanophores in the outgrowth zone, the cover slip bearing the culture was mounted on a perfusion chamber. The responses of the melanophores to perfused hormones were then recorded photographically at 25 degrees centigrade.
Revisiting Rademacher's Formula for the Partition Function p(n

We provide a new proof of Rademacher's celebrated exact formula for the partition function. Along the way we present a simple treatment of an integral which is ubiquitous in the theory of nonanalytic automorphic forms.
Distinguishing Causal and Normative Questions in Empirical Studies of Judging

In this essay, I raise a meta-theoretical question concerning the relation between two distinct categories of projects that we might be tempted to lump together under the rubric of empirical study of judicial performance. One kind of empirical project aims broadly at developing a social-scientific theory of judging, or identifying the “causes” of legal decisions. Another kind of project aims at identifying quantitative criteria providing an objective basis for evaluating the quality of judicial performance. I attempt to explain the distinction between these two kinds of projects and consider whether the very possibility of success in the former undermines the point of the latter. Would a theory that could predict how any given judge would likely decide any given kind of case obviate the usefulness of general criteria for measuring judicial quality? I argue that the answer is no, because the two projects address fundamentally different questions. This essay was written for the Workshop on Evaluating Judges, Judging, and Judicial Institutions at Duke Law School.
Investigation of 93Mo levels via the 94Mo(τ, α)93Mo reaction

Abstract Levels in 93 Mo were investigated via the 94 Mo(τ, α,) 93 Mo reaction with a 16 MeV 3 He beam. Angular distributions for ten states in 93 Mo were measured. DWBA analysis was performed to determine the angular momentum transfers involved. Tentative spin and parity assignments were made and are compared with the results of previous experimental studies found in the literature. Three new levels E x = 3.27 ± 0.03 MeV, l = 4; E x = 3.42 ± 0.03 MeV, l = 2; and E x = 3.58 ± 0.03 MeV, l = 4 were identified.
The low-energy M1 γ-strength from radiative proton capture experiment

The multipolarity of the low-energy (< 3 MeV) γ−strength function has been experimentally studied with the 55 Mn(p,2γ) 56 Fe reaction at 1.65 MeV proton beam energy. The spectrum of two-step γ−cascades populating the ground state of 56 Fe has been measured and compared with calculations assuming that E1 or M1 multipolarities dominate in the low-energy region. It was found that experimental data points are reproduced only if the assumption on dominance of the M1 multipolarity is used.
MR imaging of the Achilles tendon: overlap of findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.

Objective: To differentiate MR imaging characteristics of symptomatic as compared with asymptomatic Achilles tendons.
The ontogeny of Pan troglodytes craniofacial architectural relationships and implications for early hominids

Developmental constraints characterize functional growth boundaries of the mammalian face. Enlow and colleagues identified boundary conditions and planes of the midface in humans and other mammal species that are defined on the basis of important growth sites and the developmental disposition of neural and pharyngeal matrices. With few exceptions a conservative mammalian architecture is said to be achieved by the adult stage. Three aspects of this architecture are investigated here for a cross-sectional ontogenetic series of Pan troglodytes crania: (1) a line passing from the maxillary tuberosity through the junction of middle and anterior cranial fossae is perpendicular to the neutral horizontal axis of the orbit (PM-NHA angle), (2) an average 45° angle, whose origin is the external auditory meatus, separates the maxillary tuberosity from the midpoint of the orbital opening (meatus angle) and (3) the base of the brain, maxillary tuberosity and prosthion are on or close to the same plane (anterior maxillary hypoplasia). This investigation considers to what extent samples of chimpanzees and early hominids reflect Enlow's characterization of mammalian craniofacial architecture. Evidence derived from the chimpanzee sample bears out the perpendicularity of the PM-HNA angle and a near 45° meatus angle (though slightly higher overall), but does not conform to the absence of marked anterior maxillary hypoplasia seen in other mammals. Pan is instead characterized by considerable ontogenetic variation (noted by Enlow amongst anthropoids) influenced to some extent by sex. Preliminary early hominid data on the meatus angle indicates that Australopithecus specimens are similar to the widespread and probably primitive condition, while Paranthropus and early Homo specimens portray an uncharacteristic mammalian architectural relationship.
Properties of impurity-bearing ferrihydrite I. Effects of Al content and precipitation rate on the structure of 2-line ferrihydrite

The association of Al with ferrihydrite (Fh) may have a considerable effect on the composition, structure, and surface properties of Fh nanoparticles, and thus impact its reactivity and interaction with pollutant species. Aluminous Fh is abundant in natural environments, but the mode of association of Al with this nanomineral is not yet fully understood. Al{sup 3+} speciation may vary from true chemical substitution for Fe{sup 3+}, to adsorption or surface precipitation, and/or to formation of a mixture of two (or more) individual nanoscale phases. The conditions of formation (i.e. slow vs. rapid precipitation) may also affect the nature of Fh nanoparticles in terms of their crystallinity, phase purity, and Al speciation. In this study we used a variety of laboratory (TEM, NMR, ICP-AES) and synchrotron-based techniques (X-ray total scattering and PDF analysis, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, Al K-edge XANES spectroscopy) to characterize two synthetic Al-bearing Fh series formed at different precipitation rates in the presence of 5-40 mol% Al. We find that Al is dominantly octahedrally coordinated in the synthetic Fh samples and that up to 20-30 mol% Al substitutes for Fe in the Fh structure, regardless of the synthesis method we used. Formation of separate aluminous phases (e.g., gibbsite)more » was most significant at Al concentrations above 30 mol% Al in slowly precipitated samples. However, small amounts (<6% of total Al) of Al-hydroxide phases were also detected by NMR spectroscopy in samples with lower Al content (as low as 15 mol% Al), particularly in the Fh series that was precipitated slowly. Furthermore, it appears that the amount of Al incorporated in Fh is not affected by the synthesis methods we used and is more likely controlled by the accumulated strain caused by Al substitution in the Fh lattice. Given the prevalence of naturally occurring aluminous ferrihydrite, assumptions about ferrihydrite reactivity in natural environments should consider the impact of Al substitution on reduction potential, Fe bioavailability, as well as sorption reactions.« less
Energy harvesting from small unmmaned air vehicles

Small, unmanned air vehicles (UAV) are used for reconnaissance by the military. Many of these are all electric with batteries as the primary source of energy. This talk explores the idea of extending the battery life (or flight time) of an electric radio controlled plane by using several harvesting concepts combined into one aircraft. Piezoceramic based harvesting using fiber based piezoceramic composites are in integrated into the wings. A cantilever type actuator is integrated into the fuselage and solar panels are integrated into the upper surfaces. Experimental flight information combined with theoretical analysis concerning the optimal integration of material will be presented.
Numerical Experiments Showing the Response of Parameterized Convection to Large-Scale Forcing

Serie d'experiences avec un modele numerique 2D de mesoechelle, qui emploie la parametrisation de cumulus, de Frank-Cohen. Les differents types de forcage de grande echelle sont tenus constants. Examen de la reponse de l'atmosphere du modele. Un equilibre dynamique entre la convection et le forcage donne est obtenu dans plusieurs simulations sur 24 h, ou la convection oscille autour d'un etat moyen. Examen des differents processus physiques qui composent ce forcage dans le modele. Le fait d'evacuer le refroidissement adiabatique mais d'ajouter l'effet de convergence d'humidite du a la 2 CIT, provoque une diminution notable de la precipitation. Par contre, ajouter seulement le refroidissement adiabatique, sans la convergence, provoque la meme precipitation totale en 24 h que si on ajoutait seulement la convergence. En outre, on examine l'influence du refroidissement radiatif et des ondes d'Est d'echelle synoptique. Il est note qu'avec differents types de forcage, les profils de t et de rapport de melange de vapeur d'eau presentent des traits communs
Creating New Brand Names: Effects of Relevance, Connotation, and Pronunciation

ABSTRACT Field research and a laboratory study were conducted to empirically examine the effects of brand relevance, connotation, and pronunciation on consumers9 preferences for new brand names. The context theory of memory retrieval and the simplicity principle provided the foundation for our research hypotheses. In both cases, study results supported the main effects of relevance, connotation, and pronunciation of brand names on consumers9 brand preference. In addition, results showed that the contribution of connotation will be attenuated if the brand name is difficult to pronounce.
Simulation and visualization of topological defects in nematic liquid crystals

We present a method of visualizing topological defects arising in numerical simulations of liquid crystals. The method is based on scientific visualization techniques developed to visualize second-rank tensor fields, yielding information not only on the local structure of the field but also on the continuity of these structures. We show how these techniques can be used to first locate topological defects in fluid simulations of nematic liquid crystals where the locations are not known a priori and then study the properties of these defects including the core structure. We apply these techniques to simulation data obtained by previous authors who studied a rapid quench and subsequent equilibration of a Gay-Berne nematic. The quench produces a large number of disclination loops which we locate and track with the visualization methods. We show that the cores of the disclination lines have a biaxial region and the loops themselves are of a hybrid wedge-twist variety.
Sensitization and habituation of the plantar cushion reflex in cats.

Summary The plantar cushion reflex in cats was examined as a model system in a mammal for the study of the effects of repeated stimulation on neural transmission. Effects of various frequencies and intensities of stimulation were similar to those seen in other reflex systems. For instance, for a fixed number of stimuli, habituation of the plantar cushion reflex was more marked at 10 Hz than at 2.0 Hz, and with 1.0 × threshold stimulation than with 5.0 × threshold stimulation. Sensitization occurred at intermediate intensities and frequencies of stimulation. Dorsal root potentials were studied; changes in dorsal root potentials during iterated stimulation did not correlate with the changes in the plantar cushion reflex. These changes in the plantar cushion reflex were also unrelated to variations in afferent transmission peripheral to the spinal cord. Sensitization and habituation in the plantar cushion reflex occurred during iterated stimulation, were produced centrally, and were unrelated to mechanisms of presynaptic inhibition.
Ph.D. programs in policy sciences: Who, when, where, what, and why?

Policy sciences is compared to other new disciplines. Its independent methodological base, research structure, and education objectives are discussed with respect to multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and disciplinary stages of development. The interrelationship of teaching and research and of application and theory as well as the continual development required from a changing domain of application suggest that policy sciences will always be a new developing, interdisciplinary field. Such features present policy sciences with both the key to its potential long-term viability and the major impediments to its introduction into the university system. The present desirability of a few highly experimental doctorate programs, with the highest level faculty, students, and financial support, is considered. Exploratory and operational research modes are described with respect to type of project, individual goals and attitudes, and organizational requirements. The suitability of formal education and exploratory research to the university and of research in the operational mode to research institutes suggests an informally structured para-academic entity which spans the university boundary. Organizational, financial, and education strategies are discussed. Suggestions for implementing the personal and organizational renewal required of an incompletely defined and continuously changing field are offered.
A diagnostic algorithm for urachal anomalies

Abstract Objective Urachal anomalies are rare. Variable presentations can be a diagnostic challenge. We combine our series with a review of literature to delineate the most common presentations, highest yield diagnostic studies and a diagnostic algorithm. Methods We reviewed records of 22 boys and 15 girls with the diagnosis of a urachal anomaly from 2000 through 2005. This revealed 19 cysts, seven patent urachuses, five sinuses, four patients with unspecified “urachal anomalies,” and two patients with no urachal anomaly by surgical exploration. Ultrasound was the most common diagnostic study, followed by computed tomography (CT), voiding cystourethrogram and sinogram. Thirty-five of 37 patients underwent surgery. Results Clinical presentation included periumbilical leakage in 54%, pain in 30%, periumbilical mass in 22% and irritative voiding symptoms in 14%. In many patients diagnosis was made on clinical examination alone. When an ultrasound was used it was diagnostic for 82% of cysts, 100% of sinuses and 100% of patent urachuses. A voiding cystourethrogram was diagnostic for 100% of patent urachuses, but less successful in the other anomalies. CT scans correctly diagnosed 71% of cysts. Overall complication rate was 9%, all wound infections. Conclusion Reviewing the results of this and four other large series showed that the most common anomaly is the urachal cyst followed by urachal sinus and patent urachus. Periumbilical drainage is the most common presentation. Physical exam alone can be diagnostic. When this is not possible ultrasound is our recommended initial study, followed by a CT scan if unsuccessful.
Masquerade Detection in Network Environments

As reliance on Internet connected systems expands, the threat of damage from malicious actors, especially undetected actors, rises. Masquerade attacks, where one individual or system poses as another, are among the most harmful and difficul to detect types of intrusion. Previous efforts to detect masquerade attacks have focused on host-based approaches, including command line, system call, and GUI interaction profiling but when host data is not accessible or legal/ethical restrictions apply, these methods are infeasible. In this work, we present an approach to masquerade detection using only basic network statistics. We use server log analysis to tag network events with the associated user and build user network profiles By utilizing only anonymized summary data, we limit the privacy impact of masquerade detection while avoiding the data accessibility issues associated with host-based approaches. We compile 90 days of NetFlow data from over 50 users and show the user profile are unique, and likely useful for detecting masqueraders. Finally, we apply Support Vector Machine (SVM) classificatio to demonstrate feasibility of masquerade detection using network data.
Mutants ofPhycomyces with enhanced tropisms

Abstract Seven mutants ofPhycomyces which exhibit phototropism at high intensity of blue light (10 W/m2) where the wild-type strain is unresponsive have been isolated. These mutants have the same absolute threshold for phototropism as wild type (10−9 W/m2). In comparison to wild type in the region just above this threshold, the mutants respond more strongly to light than to gravity, as determined by photogeotropic equilibrium experiments. The kinetics of phototropism, avoidance, and geotropism are also enhanced in the mutants. Therefore these mutants are designated phenotypically by the term “hypertropic.” The phenotype of these mutants is in many ways opposite to that of the so-called “stiff” mutants, which have slow tropisms. The rapid bending rates of the hypertropic mutants may be associated in part with the smaller diameter of their sporangiophores, but not according to a simple proportional relationship between phototropic bending rate and inverse diameter that applies for wild type and the hypergeotropic mutant C5. For photophorogenesis, which is mediated by the mycelium, one hypertropic mutant studied responds similarly to wild type. The pleiotropic character of these mutants suggests that they are affected near the output of the common sensory transduction pathway for these responses.
Relativistic-configuration-interaction calculations of K α satellite properties for aluminum plasmas created by intense proton beams

Configuration-interaction calculations with Breit-Pauli relativistic corrections have been carried out for aluminum ions for the purpose of studying K\ensuremath{\alpha} satellite spectra obtained during intense proton-beam--plasma interaction experiments. We present results for calculated wavelengths, oscillator strengths, and fluorescence yields of K\ensuremath{\alpha} satellites for Al i--Al xi . Detailed calculations have been performed both for transitions involving levels of ground-state configurations and for transitions involving levels of low-lying excited configurations with M-shell spectator electrons. Calculated wavelengths for the K\ensuremath{\alpha} transitions are compared with a spectrum obtained during a Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II proton-beam experiment [Lasers Part. Beams 8, 555 (1990)] at Sandia National Laboratories. Our calculations show that the K\ensuremath{\alpha} satellite lines of aluminum ions can be classified into two distinct groups: one involving transitions of type 1${\mathit{s}}^{1}$2${\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{r}}$2${\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{q}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{r}}$2${\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{q}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, the other 1${\mathit{s}}^{1}$2${\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{r}}$2${\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{q}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$3l\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1${\mathit{s}}^{2}$2${\mathit{s}}^{\mathit{r}}$2${\mathit{p}}^{\mathit{q}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$3l. The former consists of the resonance K\ensuremath{\alpha} transitions, which gives the characteristic satellite-line position of an ion, while the latter overlaps with the resonance K\ensuremath{\alpha} lines of the next-higher ionization stage. We find that both correlation effects and relativistic corrections significantly impact the calculated K\ensuremath{\alpha} transition energies.
Electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation studies of Cu(II) cation locations and adsorbate interactions in ionexchanged Cu-MCM-22 zeolite

Abstract MCM-22 is a medium-pore high-silica-containing zeolite. Its unique structure contains two noninterconnected channel systems with potential for transition metal-based heterogeneous catalysis. Paramagnetic Cu(II) cation is ionexchanged into MCM-22 to act as a probe for electron spin resonance and electron spin echo modulation spectroscopic methods to verify the location of the ion-exchangeable sites. The electron spin resonance spectra of dehydrated Cu-MCM-22 are strikingly well-resolved and exhibit features related to both 63 Cu and 65 Cu nuclei. Interactions with water, ammonia, methanol, pyridine, benzene, cyclohexylamine and triethylamine adsorbed on Cu-MCM-22 are studied. Three types of ion-exchangeable extra framework site are identified.
Mutation in G6PD gene leads to loss of cellular control of protein glutathionylation: mechanism and implication.

More than 400 million people are susceptible to oxidative stress due to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Protein glutathionylation is believed to be responsible for loss of protein function and/or cellular signaling during oxidative stress. To elucidate the implications of G6PD deficiency specifically in cellular control of protein glutathionylation, we used hydroxyethyldisulfide (HEDS), an oxidant which undergoes disulfide exchange with existing thiols. G6PD deficient (E89) cells treated with HEDS showed a significant increase in protein glutathionylation compared to wild-type (K1) cells. In order to determine whether increase in global protein glutathionylation by HEDS leads to loss of function of an important protein, we compared the effect of HEDS on global protein glutathionylation with that of Ku protein function, a multifunctional DNA repair protein, using a novel ELISA. E89 cells treated with HEDS showed a significant loss of Ku protein binding to DNA. Cellular protein thiol and GSH, whose disulfide is involved in protein glutathionylation, were decreased by HEDS in E89 cells with no significant effect in K1 cells. E89 cells showed lower detoxification of HEDS, that is, conversion of disulfide HEDS to free sulfhydryl mercaptoethanol (ME), compared to K1 cells. K1 cells maintained their NADH level in the presence of HEDS but that of E89 cells decreased by tenfold following a similar exposure. NADPH, a cofactor required to maintain reduced form of the thiols, was decreased more in E89 than K1 cells. The specific role of G6PD in the control of such global protein glutathionylation and Ku function was further demonstrated by reintroducing the G6PD gene into E89 (A1 A) cells, which showed a normal phenotype.
Programmable phase grating and beam steerer by operating a LCTV

ABSTRACT This paper presents experimental results of driving a liquid crystal television (LCTV) as a programmable phasegrating. Operation of the phase grating as a beam steerer is also discussed.Keywords: liquid crystal television (LCTV), phase mode, grating, beam steering. 1. INTRODUCTION Phase gratings have been used as array generators in many applications including imaging, coherent communications, and optical ti'4 A programmable phase grating provides flexibility in carrying out the abovetasks. Recent research has shown that LCTVs can be operated in phase mode5'6. Since the pixels of a LCTV can be driven individually in continuous phase or multilevel phase mode, it is possible to drive a LCTV as a programmable phasegrating. This paper reports experimental results of driving a LCTV as a progranunable phase grating and shows that if the phase grating is driven in a continuous phase mode it can be operated as a beam steerer. Section 2 presents a mathematical description of the diffraction pattern obtained when a LCTV is driven as a phase grating and shows that itcan be operated as a beam steerer. Section 3 presents the measured phase retardation property of the LCTV first and thenshows the experimental results of driving it as a phase grating and a beam steerer. Conclusions are discussed in section 4.
Cross-reactive antibody in immunity to colisepticemia in calves.

Abstract Cattle were immunized with a uridine diphosphate galactose epimerase deficient mutant of Escherichia coli to prepare antiserum cross-reactive with different serotypes of E. coli. Hypogammaglobulinemic calves were given bovine anti-J5 serum before oral challange with virulent E. coli derived from a septicemic calf. Passively immunized calves had delayed and decreased bacteremia compared with calves given saline before challenge. Calves given antiserum also lived longer than control calves. A second experiment using ampicillin and antibody to treat colisepticemia also showed increased survival in antiserum-treated calves. Decreased bacteremia was probably not due to the killing of the challenge strain by antibody and complement, as the strain was serum-resistant. However, anti-J5 serum did increase phagocytosis of the challenge strain of E. coli (JL9) by bovine neutrophils. Thus, partial protection by antiserum was probably due to increased clearance of bacteria as well as neutralization of endotoxin.
Meshfree modeling and analysis of physical fields in heterogeneous media

Continuous and discrete variations in material properties lead to substantial difficulties for most mesh-based methods for modeling and analysis of physical fields. The meshfree method described in this paper relies on distance fields to boundaries and to material features in order to represent variations of material properties as well as to satisfy prescribed boundary conditions. The method is theoretically complete in the sense that all distributions of physical properties and all physical fields are represented by generalized Taylor series expansions in terms of powers of distance fields. We explain how such Taylor series can be used to construct solution structures – spaces of functions satisfying the prescribed boundary conditions exactly and containing the necessary degrees of freedom to satisfy additional constraints. Fully implemented numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The 1908 Tunguska cosmic body (TCB) explosion: Role of hydrogen thermonuclear explosion in support of cometary hypothesis

If the 1908 Tunguska cosmic body (TCB) explosion involved a comet, compressional heating of the comet was expected to create hydrogen and deuterium plasma. The velocity distribution of protons and deuterons in this plasma is not expected to be the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. It is shown that the use of a generalized momentum distribution leads to substantial increases of deuteron fusion rates and that a thermonuclear explosion may compete with a thermo-chemical explosion. Therefore, it may be possible that a thermo-chemical explosion induced a hydrogen thermonuclear explosion and both the thermo-chemical and thermonuclear explosions occurred in the 1908 Tunguska event. Experimental tests of this hypothesis are proposed.
The argumentative turn revisited: public policy as communicative practice

The original Argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning (Fischer & Forester, 1993) was an important book for planning thought, bringing together readable articles on discourse and argument ...
Mass and metabolism of a mussel bed.

A mussel bed dominated by Mytilus edulis contained large concentrations of living consumer biomass, with over 14 kg dry weight/m2 distributed among eleven species. An additional 14.4 kg dry weight/m2 was present as empty shell fragments that contributed to community structure. Field measurements of community respiration for this dense animal system showed a roughly hyperbolic response to increasing current speed. In still water, oxygen uptake was 0.2g O2/m2/hr while in currents over 0.1 m/sec it quickly rose to about 2.7 g O2/m2/hr.
The Role of Collagen Structure in Mitogen Stimulation of ERK, Cyclin D1 Expression, and G1-S Progression in Rat Hepatocytes

Adhesion to type 1 collagen can elicit different cellular responses dependent upon whether the collagen is in a fibrillar form (gel) or monomeric form (film). Hepatocytes adherent to collagen film spread extensively, express cyclin D1, and increase DNA synthesis in response to epidermal growth factor, whereas hepatocytes adherent to collagen gel have increased differentiated function, but lower DNA synthesis. The signaling mechanisms by which different forms of type I collagen modulate cell cycle progression are unknown. When ERK MAP kinase activation was analyzed in hepatocytes attached to collagen film, two peaks of ERK activity were demonstrated. Only the second peak, which correlated with an increase of cyclin D1, was required for G1-S progression. Notably, this second peak of ERK activity was absent in cells adherent to collagen gel, but not required in the presence of exogenous cyclin D1. Expression of activated mutants of the Ras/Raf/MEK signaling pathway in cells adherent to collagen gel restored ERK phosphorylation and DNA synthesis, but differentially affected cell shape. Although Ras, Raf, and MEK all increased expression of cyclin D1 on collagen film, only Ras and Raf significantly up-regulated cyclin D1 levels on collagen gel. These results demonstrate that adhesion to polymerized collagen induces growth arrest by inhibiting the Ras/ERK-signaling pathway to cyclin D1 required in late G1.
Comparing the means of two independent groups

Recently, CRESSIE and WHITFORD (1986) showed that Welch's test of H0 :μ1 = μ2 can be biased, under nonnormality, where μ1 and μ2 are the means of two independent treatment groups. They suggested, therefore, that a two-sample analog of Johnson's test be used instead. One goal in this paper is to examine the extent to which a two-sample analog of Johnson's test improves upon Welch's technique in terms of Type I errors and power when sample sizes are small or moderately large. Several alternative procedures are also considered including an additional modification of Johnson's procedure, a procedure suggested by DUNNETT (1982) that uses Tiku's modified maximum likelihood estimate with 10% trimming, two versions of Efron's bootstrap, and a test recently proposed by WILCOX (1989). The paper also describes situations where Welch's procedure is not robust in terms of Type I errors. This is important because based on results currently available, Welch's procedure is thought to be nonrobust in terms of power, but robust in terms of Type I errors.
Expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes

Objectives: Our purpose was to (1) evaluate expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes between 20 and Study Design: The study included only singleton pregnancies prospectively managed between 20 and n = 511) were divided into private ( n = 194) and staff ( n = 317) categories, but all were managed identically. Results: Approximately 50% of patients were delivered within 48 hours. Infection is more likely with preterm premature rupture of membranes before 28 weeks' gestation ( p = 0.001), as is fetal death associated with infection ( p Conclusion: Over 47.8% of the patients continued their pregnancy beyond 48 hours, and in 12.9% of cases expectant management of preterm premature rupture of membranes prolonged the pregnancy by ≥ 7 days. The maternal infection rate is greater before 28 weeks' gestation and is associated with higher fetal-neonatal mortality. Status has little impact on outcome. Expectant management is not detrimental to quality of survival. Survival probability increases at a more rapid rate with preterm premature rupture of membranes after 22 weeks of gestation.
Extensive, strategic assessment of southeast Alaska's vegetative resources

Abstract Effective natural resources management requires knowledge of the character of resources and of interactions between resource components. Estimates of forest and other vegetation resources are presented to provide managers with information about the character of the resource. Slightly less than half (48%) of southeast Alaska has some type of forest land cover, about 29% has nonforest vegetation, and the remaining 33% is barren or water. Most forest land (85%) and nonforest vegetation (77%) is managed by the U.S. Forest Service, Alaska Region (Region 10), Tongass National Forest. Estimates of change (excluding timber harvest) are presented for the forest component of the resource base. In general, forest growth exceeds mortality by a ratio of roughly 3 to 2. With the framework of the Alaska vegetation classification system (AVCS) as a basis, vegetation types were described and species richness and diversity values among the modified AVCS types were estimated. The highest species richness of vascular plants in closed forest occurs in the western hemlock-Alaska cedar type, the lowest in the Sitka spruce type. In the open forest category, the highest species richness is in the mixed conifer type and the lowest is again in the Sitka spruce type.
Views of Western Whitewater Floaters Toward Possible Safety Measures

For a risk recreation activity like whitewater boating, a manager's goal of providing for the health and safety of the visitor may conflict with the goal of providing the opportunity for a satisfying recreation experience. As whitewater river managers face the problem of safety and risks, they should consider what users think about safety programs. The views of whitewater boaters toward (1) first aid equipment requirements, (2) signs warning of hazards, (3) aggressive enforcement of the rules, and (4) patrols to assist and regulate users were determined on 13 river segments in the western United States. A test was made of the relation between views toward safety measures and the level of risk and thrills sought by floaters. Conclusions of the study are: (1) river floaters' views toward possible management safety measures are not related to the amount of risk they desire; and (2) floaters, in general, prefer some safety measures to others. If safety measures mean that managers will be more visible on the river, floaters tend to dislike them. Therefore, a manager's approach to safety management should parallel the approach to recreation management in general, and regulation of use should be the minimum necessary to achieve safety objectives.
Characterization of Fine Pitch CSP Solder Joints Under Board-Level Free Fall Drop (BFFD)

This paper presented a board-level free fall drop (BFFD) to simulate product free fall drop (PFFD). In BFFD, the board structure is very close to the actual cellular phone boards with similar size. The board edges were reinforced by metal frame and screws similar to the cellular phone housing. The drop test was performed to characterize the solder joints of 0.4mm pitch chip scale package (CSP) packages. To charaterize the stress level, the acceleration was measured and the free drop test was performed for more than 140 boards with different CSP structures. The plastic strain of solder joints in different location was calculated using finite element analysis (FEA). It was found that the strain level is both location and component dependent. This strain level will determine the probability of drop test failure in terms of number of drops to failure. The impact of component type, body size and component location was investigated by both experimentally and FEA. Through drop test, the number of drop before failure (MDBF) were recorded and compared across various CSPs. Failure analysis was also performed to confirm the failure modes.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Stimulate Autogenous Skeletal Repair via Paracrine Hedgehog Signaling with Calvarial Osteoblasts

Human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs) have the proven capacity to ossify skeletal defects. The mechanisms whereby hASCs stimulate bone repair are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the potential for hASCs to stimulate autogenous repair of a mouse calvarial defect. Immunofluoresence, osteogenic stains, and surface electron microscopy were used to demonstrate osteogenic differentiation of hASCs. hASCs were engrafted into 4 mm calvarial defects in athymic mice using an osteoconductive scaffold. Analysis included microcomputed tomography, histology, in situ hybridization, and quantitative real-time–polymerase chain reaction. Next, the in vitro interaction between hASCs and mouse calvarial osteoblasts (mOBs) was assessed by the conditioned medium and coculture assays. The medium was supplemented with Hedgehog signaling modifiers, including recombinant N-terminal Sonic hedgehog, smoothened agonist, and cyclopamine. Finally, cyclopamine was delivered in vivo to hASC-engrafted defects. Signifi...
Conotrachelus bicoriae Controlled by Application of Insecticides to Soil

The destructiveness of the nut curculio, Conotrachelus hicoriae (Schoof), has been noted for many years (Osburn et al. 1963), but some of its damage has been attributed to the hickory shuckworm, Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch). Although this curculio attacks several varieties of pecan, it seems to prefer the ‘Stuart’ variety and can be especially destructive in years of light crops.
High-throughput, detailed, cell-specific neuroanatomy of dendritic spines using microinjection and confocal microscopy

Morphological features such as size, shape and density of dendritic spines have been shown to reflect important synaptic functional attributes and potential for plasticity. Here we describe in detail a protocol for obtaining detailed morphometric analysis of spines using microinjection of fluorescent dyes, high-resolution confocal microscopy, deconvolution and image analysis with NeuronStudio. Recent technical advancements include better preservation of tissue, resulting in prolonged ability to microinject, and algorithmic improvements that compensate for the residual z-smear inherent in all optical imaging. Confocal imaging parameters were probed systematically to identify both optimal resolution and the highest efficiency. When combined, our methods yield size and density measurements comparable to serial section transmission electron microscopy in a fraction of the time. An experiment containing three experimental groups with eight subjects each can take as little as 1 month if optimized for speed, or approximately 4-5 months if the highest resolution and morphometric detail is sought.
Dynamic stability of an axially loaded beam on an elastic foundation with damping

Abstract The subject of this research is the dynamic stability of a simply supported beam which is subjected to a periodic axial load and supported laterally by an elastic foundation with damping. The Winkler, Hetenyi and Pasternak foundation models are modified to include the viscous damping of the supporting medium. Stability studies are performed for the 1 2 subharmonic response by determining the conditions on the dynamic load which produce a periodic solution to the resulting differential equation of motion. Approximations to the critical dynamic loads and the regions of instability are employed to discuss the boundedness of the lateral displacements of the beam. Viscous damping is emphasized in the studies, which illustrate the effect of the foundation properties on the stability behavior. The results indicate that an increase in the foundation stiffness or damping increases the critical dynamic load and shifts the region of instability to a higher applied frequency. The mode of vibration associated with the smallest critical dynamic load is shown to vary with both the foundation stiffness and the flexural rigidity. A comparison of the Winkler model results with those obtained from the Pasternak or Hetenyi models shows that the inclusion of the foundation's shear or flexural stiffness properties increases the effect of damping.
Content-based image retrieval using multiresolution histogram representation

We present two new approaches based on color histogram indexing for content-based retrieval of image databases. Since the high computational complexity has been one of the main barriers towards the use of similarity measures such as histogram intersection in large databases, we propose a hierarchical indexing scheme where computationally efficient features are used to subset the image before more sophisticated techniques are applied for precise retrieval. The use of histograms at different color resolutions as filtering and matching features in a hierarchical scheme is studied. In the second approach, a multiresolution representation of the histogram using the indices and signs of its largest wavelet coefficients is examined. Excellent results have been observed using the latter method.
Chemical basis of pupal cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix).

Larvae of the mothUtetheisa ornatrix are shown to cannibalize eggs in the laboratory. They proved most cannibalistic if they were systemically deficient in pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), the defensive agent that protectsUtetheisa at all stages of development against predation, and whichUtetheisa acquire as larvae from their food plant. In exercising cannibalistic choice,Utetheisa larvae feed preferentially on eggs that are PA-Iaden rather than PA-free. Egg cannibalism can therefore provideUtetheisa with a supplemental means of PA procurement. Moreover, presence of PA in the egg, while providing the egg with defense against predation, can increase its vulnerability to cannibalism. Although evidence is presented thatUtetheisa larvae cannibalize eggs in nature, it is argued that such feeding may occur only opportunistically in the wild, rather than as a matter of course.
An Ultra-Compact Circulator Using Two-Dimensional Magneto-Optical Photonic Crystals

One of the most fundamental challenges to the creation of on-chip, large-scale integrated optics has been to provide signal isolation and to suppress parasitic reflections between devices. In this context, there is a very strong interest in the miniaturization of non-reciprocal optical devices and their on-chip integration1). Due to the weakness of magneto-optical effects, conventional devices require a long propagation distance and occupy a large footprint. Thus, it should be very fruitful to explore the enhancement of magnetooptical effects in photonic crystals2), for the purpose of creating ultra-compact devices with enhanced functionalities. From a fundamental point of view, the key feature of non-reciprocal photonic crystals is the violation of time-reversal symmetry and reciprocity. As a result, the band structures3) and the transport properties of photons exhibit characteristics that are completely different from conventional reciprocal systems. Formulating the basic theoretical framework, and developing the mathematical techniques and simulation algorithms for such systems, are therefore of fundamental importance in order to understand this new class of photonic crystal structures. In this paper we review some of our recent works on both the analytic theory, and detailed numerical design of an ultra-compact optical isolator using cavities in two-dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystals4),5). Such a component is important for on-chip optical isolation. Using this example, we also seek to highlight some of the general aspects of modal properties in magneto-optical photonic crystal systems.
Molluscum contagiosum in a pediatric American Indian population: incidence and risk factors.

Background: Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) causes an innocuous yet persistent skin infection in immunocompetent individuals and is spread by contact with lesions. Studies point to atopic dermatitis (AD) as a risk factor for MCV infection; however, there are no longitudinal studies that have evaluated this hypothesis. Methods: Outpatient visit data from fiscal years 2001–2009 for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children were examined to describe the incidence of molluscum contagiosum (MC). We conducted a case-control study of patients ,5 years old at an Indian Health Service (IHS) clinic to evaluate dermatological risk factors for infection. Results: The incidence rate for MC in children ,5 years old was highest in the West and East regions. MC cases were more likely to have a prior or co-occurring diagnosis of eczema, eczema or dermatitis, impetigo, and scabies (p,0.05) compared to controls; 51.4% of MC cases had a prior or co-occurring diagnosis of eczema or dermatitis. Conclusions: The present study is the first demonstration of an association between AD and MC using a case-control study design. It is unknown if the concurrent high incidence of eczema and MC is related, and this association deserves further investigation.
The Political Socialization of Ghetto Children: Efficacy and Cynicism.

M [ost American children acquire early in life the belief that individual political action can influence governmental decision making. They demonstrate positive and supportive feelings toward the government and political leaders, develop a sense of efficacy as early as the third grade, believe it is important to vote, and are not as politically cynical as adults.' Easton and Hess have described the child's political socialization as follows:
NEW MEASURES OF PRICES AND PRODUCTIVITY FOR TRADABLE AND NONTRADABLE GOODS

Empirical work on the division of real output and prices into tradable and nontradable components has not kept pace with theoretical developments. The conventional proxies of prices and productivity by tradable and nontradable sector are examined and found deficient in several important respects. It is demonstrated that an approach that relies on the long–standing data on gross domestic product by industry of origin can overcome some of these deficiencies. These data are used to construct new annual measures of prices and productivity for tradable and nontradable output for 12 industrial countries over the period 1950–73. While far from precise, the new measures are consistent with the following criteria for distinguishing between tradables and nontradables: the degree of foreign trade participation should be higher for tradables than for nontradables; the degree of international commodity arbitrage, as measured by cross-country correlations of price changes, should be higher for tradables than nontradables; and tradables should be closer substitutes than nontradables for traded goods from other countries (imports). Despite the considerable conceptual advantages of the new measures of prices and productivity over the conventional proxies, correlation analysis indicates that the new and old measures usually move together rather closely in our 12 subject countries. The correlations are higher across the alternative relative productivity measures than for the alternative relative price measures.