cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined toxicity of free chlorine, chloramine and temperature to stage I larvae of the American lobster Homarus americanus

Abstract The differential effects of free chlorine and chloramine on stage I larvae of the American lobster Homarus americanus have been investigated in continuous flow bioassay units. Applied chloramine was more toxic than corresponding concentrations of applied free chlorine to lobster larvae with estimated lc 50 values at 25° of 16.30 mg/l applied free chlorine and 2.02 mg/l applied chloramine. The synergistic effect of temperature on the toxicity of both free chlorine and chloramine has also been demonstrated. Exposure to applied free chlorine at 20° resulted in no significant mortality of test organisms, whereas exposure at 30° resulted in an estimated lc 50 value of 2.50 mg/l. Applied chloramine was considerably more toxic with an estimated lc 50 value at 20° of 4.08 mg/l and at 30° of 0.56 mg/l. The action of each toxicant appeared to be an alteration of standard metabolic activity as revealed by changes in respiration rates during and after exposure to applied free chlorine and chloramine. Initial respiratory stress was detected during exposure to 0.05 mg/l applied chloramine and 5.00 mg/l applied free chlorine. Reductions in respiration rates 48 h after exposure were observed with exposure to all concentrations tested, similar results being obtained following exposure to 0.05 mg/l applied chloramine and 0.10 mg/l applied free chlorine. These results are indicative of the need for information in addition to that obtained in standard bioassays for an adequate assessment of chlorine toxicity. The apparent chlorine demand of the seawater used in this study was determined after removal of particulate and dissolved organics and ammonia. Approximately 18% of the applied level of free chlorine and chloramine was recovered as residuals, measured by amperometric titration; however, no reason for this low recovery has been determined. Until it has been established that undetected chlorine and chloramine in seawater do not result in the production of toxic compounds, both applied and residual levels should be reported in toxicity studies.
Phosphoinositide-mediated gating of inwardly rectifying K + channels

Phosphoinositides, such as phosphatidylinositol-bisphosphate (PIP(2)), control the activity of many ion channels in yet undefined ways. Inwardly, rectifying potassium (Kir) channels were the first shown to be dependent on direct interactions with phosphoinositides. Alterations in channel-PIP(2) interactions affect Kir single-channel gating behavior. Aberrations in channel-PIP(2) interactions can lead to human disease. As the activity of all Kir channels depends on their interactions with phosphoinositides, future research will aim to understand the molecular events that occur from phosphoinositide binding to channel gating. The determination of atomic resolution structures for several mammalian and bacterial Kir channels provides great promise towards this goal. We have mapped onto the three-dimensional channel structure the position of basic residues identified through mutagenesis studies that contribute to the sensitivity of a Kir channel to PIP(2). The localization of these putative PIP(2)-interacting residues relative to the channel's permeation pathway has given rise to a testable model, which could account for channel activation by PIP(2).
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Intraoperative Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Background Shortened courses of radiation therapy have been shown to be similarly effective to whole-breast external-beam radiation therapy (WB-EBRT) in terms of local control. We sought to analyze, from a societal perspective, the cost-effectiveness of two radiation strategies for early-stage invasive breast cancer: single-dose intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) and the standard 6-week course of WB-EBRT.
Sensitivity of ring growth and carbon allocation to climatic variation vary within ponderosa pine trees.

Most dendrochronological studies focus on cores sampled from standard positions (main stem, breast height), yet vertical gradients in hydraulic constraints and priorities for carbon allocation may contribute to different growth sensitivities with position. Using cores taken from five positions (coarse roots, breast height, base of live crown, mid-crown branch and treetop), we investigated how radial growth sensitivity to climate over the period of 1895–2008 varies by position within 36 large ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) in northern Arizona. The climate parameters investigated were Palmer Drought Severity Index, water year and monsoon precipitation, maximum annual temperature, minimum annual temperature and average annual temperature. For each study tree, we generated Pearson correlation coefficients between ring width indices from each position and six climate parameters. We also investigated whether the number of missing rings differed among positions and bole heights. We found that tree density did not significantly influence climatic sensitivity to any of the climate parameters investigated at any of the sample positions. Results from three types of analyses suggest that climatic sensitivity of tree growth varied with position height: (i) correlations of radial growth and climate variables consistently increased with height; (ii) model strength based on Akaike’s information criterion increased with height, where treetop growth consistently had the highest sensitivity and coarse roots the lowest sensitivity to each climatic parameter; and (iii) the correlation between bole ring width indices decreased with distance between positions. We speculate that increased sensitivity to climate at higher positions is related to hydraulic limitation because higher positions experience greater xylem tensions due to gravitational effects that render these positions more sensitive to climatic stresses. The low sensitivity of root growth to all climatic variables measured suggests that tree carbon allocation to coarse roots is independent of annual climate variability. The greater number of missing rings in branches highlights the fact that canopy development is a low priority for carbon allocation during poor growing conditions.
Spatially Dominated Nonverbal Communication of Children: A Methodological Study

random from same-sex, sameage, triads engaged in free play. Scale reliabilities were marginal to excellent. Contrary to prediction, girls maintained greater disrance than did boys. Inrer-scale correlations were suggestive of other sex differences and provided validation of the general procedures. Regression analyses for each sex indicated that distance behavior was significantly related to a composite of the other communicational behaviors assessed.
Spatial Interactions with Real and Gap-induced Illusory Lines in Vernier Acuity

Vernier acuity for illusory line targets induced by gaps in a horizontal grating was measured in the presence of real and illusory flanks. In a 500 msec presentation forced choice task, observers judged the position of a comparison illusory line positioned 3 min arc below the target. The results show that illusory lines are capable of interacting with real lines in spatial localization. Thus, they provide psychophysical evidence for a common localization mechanism that supports real and illusory contour definitions. The results further show a sensitivity of the visual system to the contrast polarity of real lines. This sensitivity was absent for illusory lines. The present findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to physiological findings, and in terms of their potential to constrain computational models that account for illusory contour brightness.
Pólya-like urns and the Ewens' sampling formula

A Markov process of partitions of the natural numbers is constructed by defining a Polya-like urn model. The marginal distributions of this process are the Ewens' sampling distributions of population genetics.
Behavior and mental health problems in children with epilepsy and low IQ

The purpose of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to describe the particular types of behavioral problems, self-concept, and symptoms of depression experienced by children with both low IQ and epilepsy. Three groups of children (83 males, 81 females; mean age 11 years 10 months, SD 1 year 10 months; age range 9 to 14 years) with epilepsy were compared: (Group 1) Low IQ ( 100), n=58, 34 males, 24 females. The Child Behavior Checklist, Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory were used to measure behavior, self-concept, and depression respectively. Results indicated that children in the Low IQ group had the most behavioral and mental health problems. Additionally, there were IQ group-by-sex interactions, with females in the Low IQ group being at the highest risk for poor self-concept. Findings suggest that children with both epilepsy and low IQ should be carefully assessed for mental health problems in the clinical setting.
Note: On Sloane's generalization of non-squashing stacks of boxes

Recently, Sloane and Sellers solved a certain box stacking problem related to non-squashing partitions. These are defined as partitions n=p"1+p"2+...+p"k with 1=
Insulin and the Blood-Brain Barrier

Although several possible mechanisms exist by which the pancreatic hormone, insulin, could enter the brain from the blood, most evidence suggests that the majority of it enters primarily by a receptor-mediated transport process. Many factors influence the rate of entry, including fasting and refeeding and several pathological conditions. Within the brain insulin acts on specific receptors to influence a number of behaviors, and especially caloric homeostasis and cognition.
Problems of Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia

Is regional cooperation feasible within Southeast Asia? The idea continues to have vitality, although most of the attempts to make use of the concept in this area have so far met with little apparent success. The Colombo Plan, SEATO, and the Bandung Conference are reminders only of the most prominent efforts to apply "regionalism" to the area. As early as 1947, the Burmese nationalist, Aung San, urged greater cooperation among Southeast Asian states, but his ideas had no lasting effect. And despite the many more formal proposals made since 1947, the area continues to be Balkanized. Yet today regional proposals seem to be proliferating and, for this reason, it is important that the obstacles to regional cooperation in Southeast Asia should be well understood. In 1961, the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) was established, and the Malaysia plan, incorporating Malaya, Singapore, and the British Borneo territories, was put into effect in September 1963. In addition, and largely as a result of problems connected with the Malaysia proposals, "Maphilindo" was formed during June and July 1963. This is a loose consultative grouping of Malaya, the Philippines, and Indonesia. On a wider scale, there have been some proposals to organize an Asian Common Market; and the United Nations, through its Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), seems to be urging certain forms of regional economic cooperation in Southeast Asia. 1
Theoretical Study of the Straight-Chain C4H7 Radical Isomers and Their Dissociation and Isomerization Transition States

We use the G3//B3LYP method to calculate structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and energies at selected local minima and saddle points on the C4H7 potential energy surface. These include the straight-chain C4H7 radical isomers (of which there are twelve conformers of five structural isomers: 1-buten-1-yl, 2-buten-2-yl, 1-buten-2-yl, 1-methylallyl, and 3-buten-1-yl), sets of dissociation products, and dissociation, isomerization, and conformational transition states. Analogy with smaller hydrocarbon systems reveals why, for some reaction channels, more than one transition state may be accessed from the conformers of a structural isomer en route to the corresponding products. We compare results of the G3 and G3//B3LYP methods for selected C4H7 species.
EFFECT OF BASE SEQUENCE ON THE ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION PRODUCTS OF DOUBLE‐STRANDED POLYNUCLEOTIDES CONTAINING BROMOURACIL AND ADENINE

—The effects of ultraviolet irradiation of double-stranded synthetic polynucleotides containing BrU and A have been investigated. Homopolymer pairs and alternating copolymers composed of either ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleotides were prepared and were irradiated with either 313 nm or ˜ 285 nm light. Strand separation and a modest amount of strand breakage followed irradiation of the homopolymer pairs. Changes in the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the polymers during irradiation reflected the sum of hyperchromic increases caused by progressive strand separation and loss of absorbance caused by photoproduct formation. Extensive debromination occurred. An RNase digest of irradiated poly(rA)–poly14C(rBrU), analysed by column chromatography, showed components similar to those found previously upon irradiation of single-stranded poly(rBrU). Little photoproduct was released by RNase digestion as mononucleotides. The major photoproduct was in the dinucleotide fraction, and may be 5,5′-diuracil. Base sequence had a profound effect on the sensitivity of the polynucleotides. Irradiation of alternating copolymers with doses of light comparable to those that produced major photochemical changes in the homopolymer pairs brought about little if any change in the copolymers of alternating base sequence.
Counseling Made Transparent: Pedagogy for a Counseling Theories Course.

The authors describe an innovative practice in classroom pedagogy for teaching counseling theories. In an attempt to make the counseling process “transparent” for students, instructors demonstrated clinical thinking using monologue and dialogue during role plays conducted in class. Support for this approach is offered, and feedback from students in the course is presented.
Low Grade (greenschist Facies) Metamorphism in Southern Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard

The pre-Carboniferous miogeosynclinal sedimentary and volcanic sequences of south-central Prins Karls Forland belong to a suite of rocks known as the Forland Complex. During early Palaeozoic diastrophism the Complex of Prins Karls Forland experienced predeformational, low grade metamorphism. A knowledge of the stratigraphy and structure of the region, together with an analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages and reactions enable the conditions of metamorphism to be determined within certain limits. It is found that temperatures during metamorphism were between 400°C and 500°C, and pressures were about 6 kb. These conditions provide an estimate of palaeogeothermal gradient, consistent with observed mineralogies, of 18 to 21°C.km?1. In addition, compositional variations within mineral phases are found to be largely dependent upon bulk-rock chemistry, and are of limited use in determining grade changes.
Tangential discontinuities and the optical analogy for stationary fields IV. High speed fluid sheets

Abstract It was shown in the previous paper that a sufficiently strong pressure maximum applied to an equilibrium flux surface, by the fields on either side of the surface, produces a gap in the flux surface. The fields on either side make contact through the gap to produce a surface of tangential discontinuity (current sheet). It is shown in the present paper that there is a high speed sheet of fluid and field sliding over the surface of discontinuity when the applied pressure moves slowly across the flux surface. Conditions in the active X-ray corona of the sun suggest that such sheets are generally present, with velocities of the order of 102 km/sec, but with thicknesses too small to be observed. More substantial high speed sheets of fluid may occur in solar flares.
Atlas-Based probabilistic fibroglandular tissue segmentation in breast MRI

In this paper we propose an atlas-aided probabilistic model-based segmentation method for estimating the fibroglandular tissue in breast MRI, where a novel fibroglandular tissue atlas is learned to aid the segmentation. The atlas represents a pixel-wise likelihood of being fibroglandular tissue in the breast, which is derived by combining deformable image warping, using aligned breast contour points as landmarks, with a kernel density estimation technique. A mixture multivariate model is learned to characterize the breast tissue using MR image features, and the segmentation is subsequently based on examining the posterior probability where the learned atlas is incorporated as the prior probability. In our experiments, the algorithm-generated segmentation results of 10 cases are compared to the manual segmentations, verified by an experienced breast imaging radiologist, to assess the accuracy of the algorithm, where the Dice's Similarity Coefficient (DSC) shows a 0.85 agreement. The proposed automated segmentation method could be used to estimate the volumetric amount of fibroglandular tissue in the breast for breast cancer risk estimation.
Stability of amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunctions

Silicon heterojunction solar cells have demonstrated high efficiencies through excellent surface passivation. However, the use of amorphous silicon (a-Si) in the structure raises the question of long term stability as a-Si solar cells suffer degradation due to the Staebler-Wronski effect. The stability of a-Si in terms of its ability to passivate silicon wafers is evaluated by measuring the minority carrier lifetime and it is found to be unstable over time. The instability is most evident in thin, ∼ 10 nm, intrinsic a-Si only layers where lifetime falls from over 1ms immediately after annealing, to 300 μs one month later. The change in lifetime occurs even in the dark at room temperature with the largest fall in the first few days after deposition. The lifetime can be recovered close to its initial level by annealing the sample in air, indicating that the lifetime change is not due to a simple oxidation of the outer layer of a-Si. However, device measurements where an intrinsic/doped a-Si structure is used for the emitter and contact show no change in open circuit voltage or fill factor after one year. The changes in the passivation during processing has important implications for the sequence of device fabrication, the use of lifetime testing as a diagnostic tool and the passivation of all back contact devices.
An Isotype-specific Activator of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II Genes That Is Independent of Class II Transactivator

Patients with one type of major histocompatibility complex class II combined immunodeficiency have mutations in a gene termed class II transactivator (CIITA), which coordinately controls the transcription of the three major human class II genes, HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP. However, the experimentally derived B-lymphoblastoid cell line, clone 13, expresses high levels of HLADQ in the absence of HLA-DR and HLA-DP, despite its mapping by complementation analysis to this group. It was possible that one of the clone 13 CIITA alleles bore a mutation that allowed HLA-DQ, but not HLA-DR or -DP transcription. Alternatively, another factor, distinct from CIITA, might control HLA-DQ expression. We report here that ectopic expression of CIITA cDNAs derived by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from clone 13 do not restore expression of HLA-DQ in another CIITA-deficient cell line, RJ2.2.5. In addition, no CIITA protein is detectable in clone 13 nuclear extracts. In contrast, somatic cell fusion between clone 13 and RJ2.2.5 restored expression of the HLA-DQ haplotype encoded by the RJ2.2.5 DQB gene. Taken together, these data demonstrate the existence of an HLA-DQ isotype-specific trans-acting factor, which functions independently of CIITA.
T Cells Are Not Required for Pathogenesis in the Syrian Hamster Model of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Andes virus (ANDV) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). In hamsters, ANDV causes a respiratory distress syndrome closely resembling human HPS. The mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with HPS is poorly understood; however, T cell immunopathology has been implicated on the basis of circumstantial and corollary evidence. Here, we show that following ANDV challenge, hamster T cell activation corresponds with the onset of disease. However, treatment with cyclophosphamide or specific T cell depletion does not impact the course of disease or alter the number of surviving animals, despite significant reductions in T cell number. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that T cells are not required for hantavirus pathogenesis in the hamster model of human HPS. Depletion of T cells from Syrian hamsters did not significantly influence early events in disease progression. Moreover, these data argue for a mechanism of hantavirus-induced vascular permeability that does not involve T cell immunopathology.
Does radial use as a second arterial conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting improve long-term outcomes in diabetics? §,§§

Objectives: The evidence supporting the survival benefit of multiple arterial grafts in the general coronary bypass surgery (CABG) population is compelling. Alternatively, results of studies comparing 2 versus 1 internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts in diabetics have reported conflicting survival data. The use of radial versus ITA as the second arterial conduit has not been studied.Methods:We obtained complete death follow-up in 1516 consecutive diabetic [64 10 years (mean SD). Insulin/no insulin: There were 540 (36%)/976 (64%)] primary isolated CABG patients all with 1 ITA grafts. The series included 626 ITA/radial (41%) and 890 ITA/vein (59%) patients. Using separate radial-use propensity models, we matched one-to-one 475 (76%) ITA/radial to 475 (53%) unique ITA/vein patients; each including 166 insulin and 309 no insulin patients. Results: Unadjusted survival was markedly better for (1) ITA/radial (94.3%, 86.7% and 70.4% at 1, 5 and 10 years, respectively) versus ITA/vein (91.8%, 74.5% and 53.8%; p < 0.0001) and (2) for no insulin (94.2%, 82.8% and 65.5%) versus insulin (90.4%, 73.1% and 49.2%; p < 0.0001). In matched patients, 11-year Kaplan—Meier analysis showed essentially identical ITA/radial and ITA/vein survival for all diabetics combined (p = 0.53; log rank) and for the no insulin (p = 0.76) cohort. Lastly, a trend for better ITA/radial survival in insulin dependent diabetics after the second postoperative year did not reach significance (p = 0.13). Conclusions:Using radial as a second arterial conduit as opposed to vein grafting did not confer a survival benefit in diabetics. This unexpected result is perhaps related to relatively diminished radial graft patency and/or the augmented radial vasoreactivity characteristic of diabetics. These findings indicate that the radial survival advantage demonstrated in the general CABG population lies primarily in non-diabetics in whom this advantage may be underestimated. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Influence of Sunscreening Agents on Color Stability of Tablets Coated with Certified Dyes I: FD&C Red no. 3

The influence of a protective coating of certain sunscreening agents upon the photostability of FD&C Red No. 3 used to color coat tablets was studied. The sunscreening agents used were glyceryl p-aminobenzoate, 2-ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate, benzocaine, m-homomenthyl salicylate, n-octyl salicylate, and amyl salicylate. Alcohol film-, modified sugar-, and film-coating methods were developed and used to apply the sunscreening agents. Tablet samples were exposed to intensified artificial light of a measured intensity. At certain intervals, the change in reflectance of the surface of the colored tablets was measured using a reflectance instrument. Visual observations were also made. Kinetic studies were performed, and approximate shelflives of the various colored tablets were calculated using the Kubelka-Munk equation. The greatest protection against fading was observed with 2-ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate as the protective agent.
Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications IV. Visceral afferent contributions to the pathobiology of visceral pain.

Functional bowel and other visceral disorders exhibit multiple characteristics that suggest the presence of visceral hyperalgesia. The discomfort, pain, and altered sensations (e.g., to intraluminal contents) that define the hyperalgesia typically arise in the absence of tissue insult or inflammation. Visceral hyperalgesia thus differs from somatic hyperalgesia, which is commonly associated with tissue injury and inflammation. Hyperalgesia could develop and be maintained by either peripheral or central mechanisms; the altered sensations associated with functional visceral disorders are contributed to by both peripheral and central mechanisms. The relative contributions of peripheral and central mechanisms are not well understood, and the focus in this Themes article is on potential peripheral contributions: sensitization of visceral receptors, nerve injury, and ion channels.
Orbital Floor Fracture with Atypical Extraocular Muscle Entrapment Pattern and Intraoperative Asystole in an Adult.

Extraocular muscle entrapment in a nondisplaced orbital fracture, although a well-known entity in pediatric trauma, is atypical in adults. It can present with a triad of bradycardia, nausea, and in rare cases, syncope, and result in severe fibrosis of damaged and incarcerated muscle. We present a case of muscle entrapment in a partially nondisplaced two-wall orbital fracture with accompanying preoperative bradycardia and intraoperative asystole in an adult
Effect of Tillage and Crop Residues Management on Lentil ( Lens culinaris L.) Yield, some Yield Components and Weed Density in Rainfed Areas of Turkey

To study various forms of tillage and residue management, and the timing of such operations for lentil ( Lens culinaris , L ) agriculture after wheat ( Triticum turgidum sp. durum ) harvest in rainfed areas of South-East Anatolia Region of Turkey, ten different treatments were evaluated for three years from 2002 to 2005. According to statically analysis results of data obtained from experiment, the effect of treatments on weed density was significant. Secondary tillage after rainfall reduced both grassy and broadleaf weed density. The residue burning didn't significantly reduce weed density. Late plantings gave significantly higher lentil seed yield than early plantings. The T9 treatment which was residue chopping + summer chisel + cultivator after rainfall + late planting gave the highest grain yield and net benefit. The other treatments were dominated due to less net benefit and higher costs that vary. Therefore, they were considered as uneconomical treatments.
A Systematic Review of Adherence to Oral Antineoplastic Therapies

Background. Oral antineoplastic therapies not only improve survival but also reduce the burden of care for patients. Yet patients and clinicians face new challenges in managing adherencetotheseoraltherapies.Weconductedasystematic literature review to assess rates and correlates of adherence to oral antineoplastic therapies and interventions aimed at improving adherence. Methods. Following Preferred Reporting Items for SystematicReviewsandMeta-Analysesguidelines,weconducteda
Excessive Dollar Borrowing in Emerging Markets: Balance Sheet Effects and Macroeconomic Externalities

Emerging market economies that borrow in foreign currency are prone to severe financial crises that involve financial amplification, i.e. a feedback loop of depreciating exchange rates, deteriorating balance sheets and declining aggregate demand. This is the first paper to show that such financial amplification effects create an externality that induces individual borrowers to undervalue the social risks of dollar debt and take on too much of it. Specifically, atomistic rational agents take the extent of exchange rate depreciations during crises as given. They realize that foreign currency debt entails large repayments and cut-backs in spending in crisis states, but they do not internalize that the resulting reduction in aggregate demand leads to further depreciations in the exchange rate. These depreciations in turn deteriorate balance sheets and tighten borrowing constraints across the economy, hurting other borrowers. We discuss the merits of various policy measures to correct this distortion and conclude that a reserve requirement on foreign currency debt is the most desirable.
Control of the morphology of precipitated calcium carbonate

The control of morphology of precipitated calcium carbonate in the carbonation precess of lime in an aqueous solution or in a suspension is described. Effects of concentration of dissolved calcium hydroxide in solution and additives such as saccharose and glutamic acid monosodium salt on the crystallization of amorphous calcium carbonate are examined and conditions for synthesis of such crystals, platy basic calcium carbonate, spherical vaterite, cubic or spindle-like calcite and calcium carbonate hexahydrate are discussed.
STABILIZATION OF A COMBUSTION PROCESS NEAR LEAN BLOW OFF (LBO) BY AN ELECTRIC DISCHARGE

Electrical discharges for the stabilization of lean, propane-air, premixed combustion have been investigated experimentally on a laboratory burner. Low power arcs significantly lowered the lean limits of flammability but were accompanied by unacceptable electrode consumption. High frequency spark discharges caused similar enhancement of combustion at lean blow off without significant corrosion of the electrodes and with an order of magnitude less electrical input requirements. The plasma does, however, generate its own NOx. On the other hand, leaner combustion partially offsets the spark NOx during the time that flame augmentation is needed. In addition the HF spark can be easily and quickly switched on and off making suitable to prevent loss of flame even under extreme lean blow off conditions.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Aircraft High-Lift Components with Vehicle Sketch Pad

Vehicle Sketch Pad (OpenVSP) is a parametric geometry modeler that has been used extensively for conceptual design studies of aircraft, including studies using higher-order analysis. OpenVSP can model flap and slat surfaces using simple shearing of the airfoil coordinates, which is an appropriate level of complexity for lower-order aerodynamic analysis methods. For three-dimensional analysis, however, there is not a built-in method for defining the high-lift components in OpenVSP in a realistic manner, or for controlling their complex motions in a parametric manner that is intuitive to the designer. This paper seeks instead to utilize OpenVSP's existing capabilities, and establish a set of best practices for modeling high-lift components at a level of complexity suitable for higher-order analysis methods. Techniques are described for modeling the flap and slat components as separate three-dimensional surfaces, and for controlling their motion using simple parameters defined in the local hinge-axis frame of reference. To demonstrate the methodology, an OpenVSP model for the Energy-Efficient Transport (EET) AR12 wind-tunnel model has been created, taking advantage of OpenVSP's Advanced Parameter Linking capability to translate the motions of the high-lift components from the hinge-axis coordinate system to a set of transformations in OpenVSP's frame of reference.
Chromatographic analysis and sulfhydryl sensitivity of antileptospira agglutinins in rabbit and human sera.

SummaryChromatography on DEAE cellulose and susceptibility to inactivation by 2-mercaptoethanol indicate that the major portion of the agglutinins in patients”sera for 7 types of leptospirae are 19S macroglobulins even at 4 to 8 weeks following the onset of symptoms. A distinctly greater proportion of the agglutinins for L. sejroe was found in the 7S fraction of patients”sera. The agglutinins produced in rabbits following the injection of L. pomona and L. sejroe were initially almost entirely in the 19S fraction of serum but appeared also in the 7S fraction as time progressed. L. sejroe showed a greater tendency to elicit the production of 7S agglutinins in the rabbit than did L. pomona.
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Target Inhibitors for the Spontaneous Self-Heating of Coal

ABSTRACTSelf-oxidation of coal can result in spontaneous combustion events at any time during mining, transporting, or processing causing environmental, economical, and safety concerns. Spontaneous coal combustion is a naturally occurring phenomenon that often causes damage to industrial and commercial facilities and freight, reduces the caloric value of coal, releases noxious gases and particulate matter, and increases pollution. As heat accumulates through self-oxidation, the internal temperature of the coal continues to rise over time and if left unaltered will lead to spontaneous coal fires. In this study, we investigated thermogravimetric properties of target compounds for the inhibition of the spontaneous self-heating of coal. Coal was treated with inorganic phosphate and sulfonate salts combined with anionic and non-ionic surfactant blends. Each ingredient was applied to the surface individually and systematically varied to reach a cost-effective and efficient formulation. Thermal and microscopic a...
Research of Characteristics and Limits of Low Frequency Noise to High Voltage Power Facilities

Through the noise test of high voltage power facilities,the noise level and frequency spectrum characteristics of the substation equipment and high voltage transmission line were obtained and analyzed.The human feeling to the noise of the typical transmission facilities was tested and investigated by using the methods of semantic segmentation,ranking and scoring.The low frequency noise limit of the high voltage transmission facilities was put forward.This work provides a basis for determination of the low-frequency noise limit in environmental protection standard.
Closing the loop between motion planning and task execution using real-time GPU-based planners

Many task execution techniques tend to repeatedly invoke motion planning algorithms in order to perform complex tasks. In order to accelerate the perform of such methods, we present a real-time global motion planner that utilizes the computational capabilities of current many-core GPUs (graphics processing units). Our approach is based on randomized sample-based planners and we describe highly parallel algorithms to generate samples, perform collision queries, nearest-neighbor computations, local planning and graph search to compute collision-free paths for rigid robots. Our approach can efficiently solve the single-query and multiquery versions of the planning problem and can obtain one to two orders of speedup over prior CPU-based global planning algorithms. The resulting GPU-based planning algorithm can also be used for real-time feedback for task execution in challenging scenarios.
Disentangling associated genomes.

Abstract The recovery and assembly of genome sequences from samples containing communities of organisms pose several challenges. Because it is rarely possible to disassociate the resident organisms prior to sequencing, a major obstacle is the assignment of sequences to a single genome that can be fully assembled. This chapter delineates many of the decisions, methodologies, and approaches that can lead to the generation of complete or nearly complete microbial genome sequences from heterogeneous samples—that is, the procedures that allow us to turn metagenomes into genomes.
Athletic Training Program Commitment: Four-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Behavioral Outcomes.

Context: Changes in commitment and the predictors of commitment to an athletic training program (ATP) across the academic 4-year program is important for facilitating students' continued success in...
Factivity and Complement‐Types

In this paper I argue that the presuppositions associated with factive predicates are triggered not by the predicates themselves, but by their complement clauses. Evidence is brought to bear from different clause types in English, some of which, such as some gerunds and nominalizations, cause the presuppositions to disappear in certain uses of the implicit conditional, or simple subjunctive, construction. I survey the attempt to analyze these facts by assuming that factive predicates trigger presuppositions, that their complement clauses do, and that both do, and find that the thesis that solely the complement clauses are responsible for the presuppositions achieves the maximum explanatory power. This hypothesis has further implications for the nature of presuppositions in general
Cell Motility: III The Basal Apparatus

As Fawcett (1961) has pointed out, the body at the base of the flagellum or cilium has been given many different names, not all of which are strictly homologous to the more general term centriole,* as shown later. Certain ones, like blepharoplast, apply to other types of bodies associated with this apparatus in one or more particular taxa of organisms, and still others, such as kinetosome, which are synonymous with centriole in some groups—in this case euciliates—have other uses elsewhere. Here this organelle is referred to as the centriole, while the term basal apparatus is employed to denote it plus any other structure that may be associated with it at the proximal end of the flagellum.
Living Hell: The Dark Side of the Civil War Michael C. C. Adams. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.

Living Hell: The Dark Side of the Civil War Michael C. C. Adams. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.The Civil War was the greatest convulsion in American history. Long acknowledged to be the bloodiest war in American history, recent research has plausibly argued that it was even more destructive of life than we had thought, with the estimate of casualties moving from 620,000 to around 750,000. In the late nineteenth century, after a decent interval of years had passed from Appomattox and the most intense passions of the Reconstruction period, there was a concerted effort to bind up the wounds of the conflict and re-imagine it as a heroic "war between brothers." A crucial landmark in this work of historical transformation was the publication of the magisterial four volume Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (1887-1888). This bulky compendium of articles by former officers and commanders from both sides translated the war into a conventional contest of arms and men, dramatic and stirring, but shorn of the messy passions and politics that had animated the conflict. An era ensued of ritually staged battlefield reunions, where increasingly aged veterans in blue and grey embraced each other, visibly embodying a restored union. The nation was on its way to a twentieth-century world of Civil War chess sets and Kentucky colonels hawking fried chicken. A desire to suppress the nastiness of the Civil War was natural enough and probably necessary in the Gilded Age; a century and a half distant, more is required of historians.In recent years, increased attention has been paid to unearthing the traumatic effects of such a massive bloodletting on the Americans who experienced it and felt its consequences for decades. Exemplifying this trend is Drew Gilpin Faust's This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (2008). Michael C. C. Adams's Living Hell is a worthy contribution to this growing literature. Adams is the author of several books exploring the intersection of war and culture. An early work on the Civil War, Our Masters the Rebels: A Speculation on Union Military Failure in the East, 1861-1865 (1978), investigated the moral ascendency achieved by Robert E. Lee over the Federal Army of the Potomac. In The Best War Ever: America and World War II (1993), Adams did for the Second World War something analogous to what he attempts in his new book; he launched a thoroughgoing critique of the popular belief that World War Two was a "good war. …
Understanding Minerals and Crystals by Bruce Cairncross and Terence McCarthy. Struik Nature (Penguin Random House, South Aftica); www.randomstruik.co.za. 312 pages; 2015; R290 (softbound).

Understanding Minerals and Crystals is an interesting book that is pointed clearly toward education of the layman, beginning student, or amateur mineral collector. It presents a good view of the sc...
Open Power Quality: An open source framework for power quality collection, analysis, visualization, and privacy

As power grids transition from a centralized distribution model to a distributed model, maintaining grid stability requires real-time power quality (PQ) monitoring and visualization. As part of the Open Power Quality (OPQ) project, we designed and deployed a set of open source power quality monitors and an open source cloud-based aggregation and visualization system built with the utility customer in mind. Our aim is to leverage a flexible privacy model combined with inexpensive and easy to use PQ meters in order to deploy a high density power quality monitoring network across the Hawaiian islands. In this paper we describe OPHub, a privacy focused open source PQ visualization along with results of a small scale deployment of our prototype PQ meter across the island of Oahu. Our results demonstrate that OPQ can provide useful power quality data at an order of magnitude less cost than prior approaches.
Programmatic Approach to Management of Tetralogy of Fallot With Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries: A 15-Year Experience With 458 Patients.

Background—Tetralogy of Fallot with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries is a complex and heterogeneous condition. Our institutional approach to this lesion emphasizes early complete repair wit...
Draft Genome Sequence of Tannerella forsythia Clinical Isolate 9610

ABSTRACT We present here the draft genome sequence of Tannerella forsythia 9610, a clinical isolate obtained from a periodontitis patient. The genome is composed of 79 scaffolds with 82 contigs, for a length of 3,201,941 bp and a G+C of 47.3%.
Performance evaluation of copper and graphene nanoribbons in 2-D NoC structures

In this paper, performance models of different network-on-chip (NoC) topologies are developed by a) incorporating physical models of the interconnect structures, and b) specifying the microarchitecture of cores and on-chip routers at 15 nm technology node for a clock frequency of 4 GHz. By incorporating device and interconnect models, we implement a cross-layer design and optimization of the performance of NoC architectures. The performance modeling is carried out for mesh, torus, and flattened butterfly (FBFLY) NoC topologies by focusing on global copper (Cu/low-к) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) as the interconnect infrastructure for inter-core communication. The findings show that mesh NoCs incorporated with Cu/low-к or GNRs have the same latency metrics, while for torus and FBFLY NoCs, the high latency of GNR interconnects is prohibitive. Mesh, torus, and FBFLY topologies with GNRs as inter-core interconnects result in lower interconnect energy dissipation compared to Cu/low-к interconnects. The worst-case delay for mesh NoCs is equally governed by the on-chip router delay and inter-core interconnects delay but for torus and FBFLY NoCs, delay form inter-core interconnects particularly limits their performance. Therefore, ignoring the interconnect latency in this analysis overestimates the NoC performance significantly. We also determine the optimal network size up to which networks on-chip (NoCs) with GNR interconnects give lower energy-delay product (EDP) when compared against Cu/low-к interconnects. The results obtained in this paper are representative of on-die router implementations at 15 nm technology node, which can be used to predict the realistic performance of various NoC topologies.
Talking Terrorism: Can We Ethically Communicate The Threat

The way in which the U.S. government communicates threats to the public has been profoundly impacted by the events on and after 9/11. Writers, scholars, and public intellectuals have noted the use of certain terminology by government officials and politicians has contributed to a polarizing debate on the mere existence and severity of threats to the public. Terms not inherent to the English language such as jihad, jihadist, Islamic, Islamist, and al-Qaeda have taken on new definitions and applications in a language and culture to which they are not native. Does this new paradigm shift in communication and vocabulary help promote an accurate depiction of threats to U.S. soil? Or perhaps reinforce negative stereo types that can lead to discrimination that disparately impacts Arabs, Muslims, and South Asian communities in both policy and practice? Clearly defining the actors and methods that pose a potential threat to domestic security is essential to the execution of a targeted and precise law enforcement or intelligence operations. The body of publicly available information of domestic threats posed by violent Islamist extremist groups and actors can be daunting even to most senior analyst or intelligence professional. ii Ambiguity in the scale and intention of these foreign persons, groups, and movements only further complicates already dense topics. It is preciously this lack of clarity where the communication of the true threat can be lost. There are layers of legal and ethical safe guards in place in the intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination process. But what safe guards are in place to examine how we talk about terrorism? Or do we even need such safe guards? The post 9/11 era has introduced an entirely new vocabulary to both the Intelligence Community and American public, but neither has substantial historical context or record of usage. Social scientists and communication experts both agree that lexicon and usage in the context of terrorism can encourage certain interpretations and discourage others. Words and phrases lead to associations and implications that may or may not be factually accurate. This thesis will analyze the ethical implications of using, defining, and applying this new paradigm of language specifically within the intelligence and national security frame works. Can the U.S. Intelligence Community accurately and effectively communicate the modern day threats of terrorism without marginalizing ethnic and religious groups? The obligation of accurately framing and describing threats to the public is a vital component of the ethical obligation of government officials to maintain public trust and safety. The way in which the Intelligence Community communicates the threats must be as evolving and dynamic as the threats we face. Words matter.
Phosphorylation on the early earth

Abstract Phosphorus is an element critical to the formation of several biomolecules, including nucleic acids, the energy transfer molecule ATP, and phospholipids. It hence lies at the heart of several biomolecular functions. However, the formation of these key biomolecules is hindered by the geochemical properties of phosphorus, including its low solubility and poor reactivity. Here we review the approaches that have been taken to overcome some of these difficulties, and place them in the context of the geochemistry of the early earth. We find many experiments rely on phosphate minerals unlikely present on the Hadean earth, or employ conditions that depend on unusual geochemical environments. We propose the most likely routes to forming organophosphate molecules in the context of a plausible prebiotic geochemistry may rely instead on ephemeral phosphate minerals, or redox reactions of phosphorus to form the necessary soluble and reactive phosphorus reagents.