cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional Implications of miRNAs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) by miRNA-mRNA Expression Profiling.

Abstract 1634 Poster Board I-660 Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by base- pairing with the target mRNAs and inducing degradation or protein translation inhibition. MiRNAs expression is de-regulated in AML, but the corresponding functional miRNA-controlled pathways remain unknown. The availability of data from gene and miRNA expression profiling may allow generation of functional links from the whole transcriptome and miRNome that are involved in myeloid leukemogenesis. Therefore, here we proposed to attain distinct miRNA-associated gene expression signatures by correlating miRNA expression levels detected by miRNA microarrays with mRNA expression levels assessed by Affymetrix microarrays from newly diagnosed AML patients. Methods miRNA and mRNA gene expression levels were assessed by Affymetrix HGU133 microchip and OSUCCC miRNA microchip version 3, respectively, in diagnostic samples from 48 newly diagnosed AML patients. Patient characteristics include; median age 59 years (range 24-81) with cytogenetically normal (n=32), core binding factor (n=3), t11q23 (n=8), t(15;17) (n=4) and del9q (n=1). The miRNA/mRNA correlations were performed using quantitative trait analysis (Spearman correlation test) within the BRB tools. We derived gene expression signatures associated with the following miRNAs; miR-10a,-10b,-155,-181,-191,-23a,-26a,-126,-17,-20,-25,-145,-146,-21,-29a,-29b,-196,-15a and -16-1, which we found to be deregulated in AML (Garzon et al, Blood 2008). To asses functional characteristics, we determined which biologic terms included in the Gene Ontology (GO) project were enriched in the distinct miRNA-associated signatures, at a level of significance of P Results In table 1, we report the numbers of probes that correlate positively and negatively with the selected miRNAs at the p-value Conclusions Our results indicate that by correlating data from two different platforms that allow assessment of genome-wide gene and microRNA expression profiles, putative functional miRNA-mRNA interactions were identified in AML samples. These interactions appear to take place within pathways controlling hematopoiesis, innate immunity, apoptosis and chromatin remodeling. By integrating the transcriptome and miRNome in AML cells is possible to derive previously unidentified functional subset of AML that can be treated with specific targeted therapeutic approaches. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Remembering folly: comedy hypnosis and the management of the uncanny

ABSTRACTDrawing from the art of stage hypnotism, in this article, I contend that there are certain aesthetic practices in which the uncanniness of the content of performance can run counter to the humorous intent of the activity. Comic hypnotism is an artistic performance that flirts with the uncanny but runs the risk of being overwhelmed by it. I argue here that comedy hypnosis must do something more than succumb to uncanniness. Looking at the work of Guy Michaels I consider the work of a performer who emphasizes the comedic over the degrading, and harnesses positive experiences of sociality and laughing with others over negative experiences of exploitation and laughing at others. This article considers ways in which a successful performer navigates the razor's edge between being comical and being creepy.
How have state policies to expand dependent coverage affected the Affordable Care Act on healthcare-related outcomes?

Background: In the United States, prior to the implementation of the Affordable Care Act Dependent Coverage Expansion (ACA-DCE) in September 2010, many states had made similar expansion of coverage to young adults, although with varying requirements based on age limits, marital status, student status and other factors.Objective: To examine if healthcare-related changes among young adults after the ACA-DCE differed by the states’ prior reform status.Methods: Young adults aged 19-34 were identified from the 2004-2013 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a national household interview survey in the U.S. Quasi-experiment design and difference-in-differences analyses were conducted to examining the changes in insurance coverage, annual care utilization, and medical expenditures and self-reported after the implementation of the ACA-DEC among adults aged 19-25 years, using those aged 26-34 as controls; the analyses were stratified by states’ prior expansion status.Results: While insurance coverage increased nationwide among 19-25-year-olds after the implementation of the ACA-DCE, its spillover effects on dental insurance and prescription insurance and its effects on healthcare spending and overall health status were only seen for those residing in states that expanded dependent coverage prior to the ACA.Conclusions: State policies may have facilitated the effects from the ACA-DCE on healthcare delivery among young adults. Future studies evaluating effects of the ACA should consider state variations when possible, even for the provisions that apply to all states uniformly.Key words: Affordable Care Act, young adults, care utilization, medical expenditures, spillover effect.
The history of a myth : Pacariqtambo and the origin of the Inkas

Acknowledgments 1. The Mythic Dimensions of Inka History 2. The Pacariqtambo Origin Myth in the Spanish Chronicles 3. The Role of the Urban and Provincial Elite in Historicizing Inka Mythohistory 4. Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Dimensions for a Local Interpretation of the Inka Origin Myth 5. The Rituals and Ritual History of Divine Births and Boundaries 6. Conclusions Appendix: The Callapina Document Notes Bibliography Index
Warring from the virtual to the real: Assessing the public’s threshold for war over cyber security:

Accusations of Russian hacking in the 2016 US presidential election has raised the salience of cyber security among the American public. However, there are still a number of unanswered questions about the circumstances under which particular policy responses are warranted in response to a cyber-attack and the public’s attitudes about the conditions that justify this range of responses. This research investigates the attributes of a cyber-attack that affect public support for retaliation. It finds that cyber-attacks that produce American casualties dramatically increase support for retaliatory airstrikes compared to attacks with economic consequences. Assessments of attribution that have bipartisan support increase support to a lesser extent but for a broader range of retaliatory measures. The findings have important implications for ongoing debates about cyber security policy.
Approaches to designing micro‐solenoidal RF probes for 14 T MRI studies of millimeter‐range sized objects

Full-wave electromagnetic simulations have been employed to analyze the design approaches that allow for solving the problems preventing inductive performance of micro-solenoidal RF probes and formation of strong and homogeneous magnetic fields inside probes at the studies of millimeter-range sized objects in 14 T MRI scanners. In particular, the effects of non-uniform coil wrapping on field homogeneity inside extended coils and of partitioning the coils by dielectric separators on coil self-resonances have been investigated. The possibility to utilize tunable C-C matching circuits with the coils and to mitigate the effects of sample insertion on the probe resonance frequency has been demonstrated. Challenges of coil fabrication have been also addressed.
Vision-Based dual feedback control of deposition height for laser consolidation

Laser consolidation is an effective way for aircraft part manufacturing and repair. The traditional open-loop laser process relies heavily on an operator’s expertise in order to establish a production process. This paper presents a closed-loop control method based on dual vision feedback of deposition height. A side CCD camera is installed to detect both the substrate height in front of the meltpool and the clad height behind the meltpool in real-time. The former is fed positively (feed forward) while the latter is fed negatively (feedback) into the process controller. Based on the dual height feedback, the laser scan velocity is adjusted in real time to keep the clad height within the desired range. In this paper, a dual thresholding algorithm is proposed to determine the direction of scan velocity within one acquired meltpool image. The experiments show that the closed-loop controller can automatically compensate for the influences of process disturbances. When process parameters drift out of process window, the dual feedback controller demonstrates the ability to compensate for these changes effectively.Laser consolidation is an effective way for aircraft part manufacturing and repair. The traditional open-loop laser process relies heavily on an operator’s expertise in order to establish a production process. This paper presents a closed-loop control method based on dual vision feedback of deposition height. A side CCD camera is installed to detect both the substrate height in front of the meltpool and the clad height behind the meltpool in real-time. The former is fed positively (feed forward) while the latter is fed negatively (feedback) into the process controller. Based on the dual height feedback, the laser scan velocity is adjusted in real time to keep the clad height within the desired range. In this paper, a dual thresholding algorithm is proposed to determine the direction of scan velocity within one acquired meltpool image. The experiments show that the closed-loop controller can automatically compensate for the influences of process disturbances. When process parameters drift out of process wi...
Financial management conservatism under constraints: tax and expenditure limits and local deficit financing during the Great Recession

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the relationship between tax and expenditure limits (TELs) and local government deficit financing decisions following the recent recession. Cities under the resource constraints are hypothesised to practise conservatism in financial management decisions and thus less likely to deficit finance during difficult times. Using data from 2005 to 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports of the 50 largest US cities, this paper finds that cities subject to a binding TEL are more likely to control expenditure growth from pre-crisis years to years following the recession; these cities are also less likely to increase deficit financing following the recession, as indicated by a relative increase in their net assets. Although continuous deficit erodes fiscal sustainability and is an undesirable management practice, deficit financing during recessions may be needed for smoothing expenditure and sustaining service provision. The management conservatism associated with the fiscal rules ...
Geospatial Visualizations for the Study of Boccaccio

This essay considers the use of mapping and mapping technologies for the benefit of those who study the work and life of Giovanni Boccaccio.
Differential Equations & Proofs

Furthering the remarkable shift in perspective toward a more thorough investigation of the wonders of the continuous dynamics of cyber-physical systems, this chapter advances logical induction techniques for differential equations from differential invariant terms to differential invariant formulas. Its net effect will be that not just the real value of a term can be proved to be invariant during a differential equation but also the truth-value of a formula. Differential invariants can prove that, e.g., the sign of a term never changes even if its value changes. Continuing the axiomatization of the differential equation aspects of differential dynamic logic, this chapter exploits a differential equation twist of Gerhard Gentzen’s cut principle to obtain differential cuts that prove and then subsequently use properties of differential equations. The chapter will also advance the intuitions behind the continuous operational effects involved in CPS.
Validation of a matrix reasoning task for mobile devices

Many cognitive tasks have been adapted for tablet-based testing, but tests to assess nonverbal reasoning ability, as measured by matrix-type problems that are suited to repeated testing, have yet to be adapted for and validated on mobile platforms. Drawing on previous research, we developed the University of California Matrix Reasoning Task (UCMRT)—a short, user-friendly measure of abstract problem solving with three alternate forms that works on tablets and other mobile devices and that is targeted at a high-ability population frequently used in the literature (i.e., college students). To test the psychometric properties of UCMRT, a large sample of healthy young adults completed parallel forms of the test, and a subsample also completed Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices and a math test; furthermore, we collected college records of academic ability and achievement. These data show that UCMRT is reliable and has adequate convergent and external validity. UCMRT is self-administrable, freely available for researchers, facilitates repeated testing of fluid intelligence, and resolves numerous limitations of existing matrix tests.
Thank You to JMPT Peer Reviewers for 2011

Abstract This article recognizes editorial board members and peer reviewers who completed manuscript reviews for the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics in 2011.
Sex comparisons of the bilateral deficit in proximal and distal upper body limb muscles.

Abstract Bilateral deficit (BLD) describes a phenomenon that the force produced during maximal simultaneous bilateral contraction is lower than the sum of those produced unilaterally. The aim of this study was to examine the potential sex-related differences in BLD in upper body proximal and distal limb muscles. Ten men and eight women performed single-joint maximal contractions with their elbow flexors and index finger abductors at separate laboratory visits, during which the maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVICs) were performed unilaterally and bilaterally with a randomized order in the designated muscle group. Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were recorded from the prime movers of the designated muscle groups (biceps brachii and first dorsal interosseous) during the maximal contractions. Both men and women demonstrated BLD in their elbow flexors (deficit: men = −11.0 ± 6.3%; women = −10.2 ± 5.0%). Accompanied by this force deficit was the reduced EMG amplitude from the dominant biceps brachii (collapsed across sex: p = 0.045). For the index finger abductors, only men (deficit = −13.7 ± 6.1%), but not women showed BLD. Our results suggested that the BLD in the proximal muscle group is likely induced by the decreased maximal muscle activity from the dominant prime mover. The absence of BLD in women’s index finger muscle is largely due to the inter-subject variability possibly related to the sex hormone flux and unique levels of interhemispheric inhibition.
A comparison of segmented abdominopelvic fluid volumes with conventional CT signs of abdominal compartment syndrome in a trauma population

To compare the utility of abdominopelvic fluid volume measurements with established computed tomography signs for refractory post-traumatic abdominal compartment syndrome. This retrospective observational cohort study included 64 consecutive adult trauma patients with preoperative CT and diagnosis of refractory abdominal compartment syndrome requiring decompressive laparotomy at a level I trauma referral center between 2004 and 2014. We hypothesized that abdominal fluid volume measurements would be more predictive of the need for early laparotomy than previously described conventional CT signs of refractory ACS. Abdominopelvic fluid volumes were determined quantitatively using semi-automated segmentation software. The following conventional imaging parameters were recorded: abdominal anteroposterior:transverse ratio (round belly sign); infrahepatic vena cava diameter; distal abdominal aortic diameter; largest single small bowel wall diameter; hydronephrosis, inguinal herniation; and mesenteric and body wall edema. For outcome analysis, patients were stratified into two groups: those who underwent early (< 24 h) and late (≥ 24 h) decompressive laparotomy following CT. Correlation analysis, comparison of means, and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Abdominal fluid volumes (p = 0.001) and anteroposterior:transverse ratio (p = 0.009) were increased and inferior vena cava diameter (p = 0.009) was decreased in the early decompressive laparotomy group. Multivariate analysis including conventional CT variables, fluid volumes, and laboratory values revealed abdominal fluid volumes (p = 0.012; Δ in log odds of 1.002/mL) as the only independent predictor of early decompressive laparotomy. Segmented abdominopelvic free fluid volumes had greater predictive utility for decision to perform early decompressive laparotomy than previously described ACS-related CT signs in trauma patients who developed refractory abdominal compartment syndrome.
Delayed presentation of preterm Hirschsprung's disease

Abstract Hirschsprung's disease (HD) in a very low birth weight, preterm infant is a rare occurrence. We present a case of a baby born at 29 weeks gestation, who after stooling normally for several weeks, developed a large bowel obstruction on day of life (DOL) 34. The patient underwent surgical resection of an abnormal span of sigmoid colon and creation of a colostomy. The patient did well post-operatively, had early ostomy function on post operative day (POD) 2, and was discharged home. He returned for a laparoscopic-assisted completion proctectomy and Soave endorectal pull-through. He was discharged home on POD4. He continues to do well.
Shape anisotropy effects on spin-torque oscillators

Spin-torque oscillators are promising candidates for hard disk drive read head sensors, neuromorphic computing, and telecommunications due to their frequency tunability by a direct current or a magnetic field. A narrow linewidth and a large quality factor are of great importance for these applications. Previous studies have indicated that the spin-torque oscillation linewidth depends on the temperature, current, and in-plane field angle. Here, we have investigated the spin-torque oscillations in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) and demonstrated the impact of the MTJ shape anisotropy on the threshold current. Our experimental results suggest that due to different threshold currents, the linewidth is different in the MTJs with different shape anisotropy, which might be significant for device optimization.
Injured adult neurons regress to an embryonic transcriptional growth state.

Grafts of spinal-cord-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) enable the robust regeneration of corticospinal axons and restore forelimb function after spinal cord injury1; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this regeneration are unknown. Here we perform translational profiling specifically of corticospinal tract (CST) motor neurons in mice, to identify their ‘regenerative transcriptome’ after spinal cord injury and NPC grafting. Notably, both injury alone and injury combined with NPC grafts elicit virtually identical early transcriptomic responses in host CST neurons. However, in mice with injury alone this regenerative transcriptome is downregulated after two weeks, whereas in NPC-grafted mice this transcriptome is sustained. The regenerative transcriptome represents a reversion to an embryonic transcriptional state of the CST neuron. The huntingtin gene (Htt) is a central hub in the regeneration transcriptome; deletion of Htt significantly attenuates regeneration, which shows that Htt has a key role in neural plasticity after injury. In mouse models of central nervous system injury, Htt is shown to be a key component of the regulatory program associated with reversion of the neuronal transcriptome to a less-mature state.
Abstract B128: The impact of race/ethnicity and insurance status on age-related differences in breast cancer survival

Background: A wealth of published data exists on factors that impact breast cancer survival, including race/ethnicity, health insurance, and other sociodemographic factors; however, there is limited research on whether associations differ by age at diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to assess risk of dying from breast cancer in older (≥ 60 years) versus younger women ( Citation Format: Yazmin San Miguel, Scarlett L Gomez, James D Murphy, Richard B Schwab, Corinne McDaniels-Davidson, Alison J Canchola, Alfredo A Molinolo, Jesse N Nodora, Maria E Martinez. The impact of race/ethnicity and insurance status on age-related differences in breast cancer survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B128.
Primer on Biomarker Discovery in Cardio-Oncology: Application of Omics Technologies.

Remarkable progress in cancer treatments has resulted in improved long-term survival. However, cardiovascular complications related to these therapies may result in treatment interruptions and worse oncologic and cardiovascular outcomes. Early diagnosis and management of cancer therapy
Simple experimental setup for double-pulse and two-dimensional terahertz spectroscopy

In the growing field of high-field terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, many ultrafast research labs are equipped to perform single-pulse (one-dimensional) THz measurements. We describe a simple and versatile method to modify one-dimensional THz experimental setups to generate two variably delayed THz pulses. This method optimizes the use of pump power to create two high-field THz pulses. Adding only a beam splitter and delay stage, research groups can access the wealth of information only available through two-dimensional (2D) measurements. We also provide useful guidance to those new to some challenges of 2D THz spectroscopy.
Cognitively normal APOE ε4 carriers have specific elevation of CSF SNAP-25.

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and neurogranin (Ng) are recently described biomarkers for pre- and postsynaptic integrity known to be elevated in symptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD). Their relationship with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 carrier status, the major genetic risk factor for AD, remains unclear. In this study, CSF SNAP-25 and Ng were compared in cognitively normal APOE e4 carriers and noncarriers (n = 274, mean age 65 ± 9.0 years, 39% APOE e4 carriers, 58% female). CSF SNAP-25, not CSF Ng, was specifically elevated in APOE e4 carriers versus noncarriers (5.95 ± 1.72 pg/mL, 4.44 ± 1.40 pg/mL, p
The Changing Exasperations of Higher Education

Since its inception, the widely held notions of the purpose of higher education has been to reflect students’ intentions and expectations. Students’ motivations for participating in higher education, however, are also definitely shaped by the system of higher education and the surrounding societal contexts throughout history. In this chapter, I discuss the different forces that historians have identified as inspiring to students to engage higher education, focusing on a few specific time periods to emphasize contrasting trends. As these changing student attitudes have greatly impacted campus climate and higher education as a whole, it becomes obvious many institutions are in contention with themselves—attempting to but never fully extricating themselves from their roots in preserving social stratification.
Do the benefits of new technology outweigh the costs

Over the past decade, coronary stenting has been shown to reduce the rates of angiographic and clinical restenosis compared with conventional balloon angioplasty; however, the use of bare-metal stents remains limited by a high incidence of restenosis, leading to frequent repeat revascularization procedures and substantial economic burden. Antiproliferative drug-eluting stents have recently demonstrated dramatic reductions in in-stent restenosis compared with conventional bare-metal stenting; however, the high cost of drug-eluting stents has raised important questions about the clinical and economic benefits of this ‘disruptive technology’.
From the Treatise on Money to The General Theory: John Maynard Keynes's Departure from the Doctrine of Forced Saving

I examine John Maynard Keynes’ struggle with the doctrine of the classical forced saving during the period 1924-1936 from when he worked on A Treatise on Money to the completion of his General Theory. The forced saving notion has been developed as a key mechanism of how monetary expansion results in wealth redistribution and change in production in the classical school. I primarily focus on the role of discussion and criticism in the development of Keynes’ thought. I investigate what led John Maynard Keynes to completely abolish ideas related to forced saving and place his emphasis on effective demand in the General Theory and its process. I provide evidence suggesting that the development of the General Theory is closely linked with the abolition of the forced saving doctrine and argue that such notion is internally inconsistent with Fundamental Equations and subsequent theory of effective demand in the explanation of the problem of unemployment. JEL Classification: B22, B31
Deep learning based real-time detection of Northern Corn Leaf Blight crop disease using YoloV4

Prior work leveraging neural networks in agriculture have been proposed and achieved significant results in autonomous classification of diseases in plants. One notable complication for classification using neural networks, however, is inability to acknowledge classes the model was not trained to identify. With the recent advancements in computer vision, we develop a convolutional neural network for the specific intent of detection of Northern Corn Leaf Blight via segmentation – resulting in a network which is resistant to diseases the model is not capable of classifying, and thus also reducing occurrences of Type I and Type II error. The model is trained on a publicly available dataset of maize images with Northern Corn Leaf Blight and annotations documenting precise locations of the disease in each image. We report the mean average precision (mAP) of the developed model and its effectiveness in real time detection with its latency and computational overhead. The impact of this research is a reliable means of identifying specific diseases in plants, reducing misclassification due to inability to classify, and facilitating the development of products that incorporate microcontrollers while demonstrating their ability to be used in real time disease detection.
Altered Right Ventricular Filling at Four-dimensional Flow MRI in Young Adults Born Prematurely.

Adults who were born prematurely had a decreased right ventricular E/A kinetic energy ratio, suggesting altered diastolic filling relative to adults who were born at full term.
A Fork in the Road: Reclaiming a Conversation on Sustainability for Science Teacher Education in the Anthropocene

Sustainability education projects and curricula often reflect instrumental ideologies of conservation and preservation. This chapter will highlight efforts to realize the transformative potential of sustainability education across three different science teacher preparation projects: the Systems Academy for Young Scientists for middle school teachers and their students, a secondary science teacher preparation course organized around tenets of ecojustice philosophy and pedagogies of citizen science and sustainability, and a professional development experience for K-12 teachers grounded in notions of community sustainability. We use ecojustice philosophy to analyze the meaning of educating for sustainability across these diverse contexts. In each case we describe the sustainability discourse at the heart of the project, discuss the challenges, tensions and paradoxes of teaching towards sustainability and describe promising pedagogical practices that have emerged through our work. In this chapter we aim to move forward a conversation about education for sustainability in the Anthropocene.
Emergence through conflict: the multi-disciplinary design system (mdds)

This dissertation proposes a framework and a group of systematic methodologies to construct a computational Multi-Disciplinary Design System (MDDS) that can support the design of complex systems within a variety of domains. The way in which the resulting design system is constructed, and the capabilities it brings to bare, are totally different from the methods used in traditional sequential design. The MDDS embraces diverse areas of research that include design science, systems theory, artificial intelligence, design synthesis and generative algorithms, mathematical modeling and disciplinary analyses, optimization theory, data management and model integration, and experimental design among many others. There are five phases to generate the MDDS. These phases involve decomposition, formulation, modeling, integration, and exploration. These phases are not carried out in a sequential manner, but rather in a continuous move back and forth between the different phases. The process of building the MDDS begins with a top-down decomposition of a design concept. The design, seen as an object, is decomposed into its components and aspects, while the design, seen as a process, is decomposed into developmental levels and design activities. Then based on the process decomposition, the architecture of the MDDS is formulated into hierarchical levels each of which comprises a group of design cycles that include design modules at different degrees of abstraction. Based on the design object decomposition, the design activities which include synthesis, analysis, evaluation and optimization are modeled within the design modules. Subsequently through a bottom-up approach, the design modules are integrated into a data flow network. This network forms MDDS as an integrated system that acts as a holistic structured functional unit that explores the design space in search of satisfactory solutions. The MDDS emergent properties are not detectable through the properties and behaviors of its parts, and can only be enucleated through a holistic approach. The MDDS is an adaptable system that is continuously dependent on, and responsive to, the uncertainties of the design process. The evolving MDDS is thus characterized a multi-level, multi-module, multi-variable and multi-resolution system. Although the MDDS framework is intended to be domain-independent, several MDDS prototypes were developed within this dissertation to generate exploratory building designs. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Explaining subsumption in description logics

This paper explores the explanation of subsumption reasoning in Description Logics that are implemented using normalization methods, focusing on the perspective of knowledge engineers. The notion of explanation is specified using a proof-theoretic framework for presenting the inferences supported in these systems. The problem of overly long explanations is addressed by decomposing them into smaller, independent steps, using the notions of "atomic description" and "atomic justification". Implementation aspects are explored by considering the design space and some desiderata for explanation modules. This approach has been implemented for the CLASSIC knowledge representation system.
Creating a Writing Sample

Most law students have never prepared a writing sample for a prospective employer. While all 1Ls will have something that they can use as a writing sample, most students will have several basic questions about editing, organizing and presenting their work in a way that places their application in the strongest light. In the following materials, I have tried to anticipate and answer these questions. My hope is that students who follow these simple instructions will improve their chances of obtaining legal employment.
A new class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Aliphatic sulfonamides, as CH3SO2NH2, are very weak inhibitors of the carbonic anhydrases (KI congruent to 10(-4) M) and are extremely weak acids (Ka congruent to 10(-10.5) M). We now find CF3SO2NH2 a very potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase II (KI = 2 x 10(-9) M) and a much stronger acid (Ka = 10(-5.8) M). It freely dissolves in water, a 2% solution yielding pH 3.7, the strongest known sulfonamide acid. CHCl3/aqueous partition with this solution is very low, 0.006. The plot of CH3SO2NH2 and eight hydrophilic halo-alkyl congeners gives a linear relation over 5 orders of magnitude, pKI increasing as pKa declines. Transcorneal permeability of CF3SO2NH2 in rabbits is very high; from one drop on the cornea it rapidly gains access to the ciliary process, where it fully inhibits carbonic anhydrase and gives the maximum pressure drop (for any drug) of 6 mm Hg at 30-60 min. Action is short due to rapid disappearance of free drug from the eye at the rate of aqueous humor flow. Analyses are made of binding of CF3SO2NH2 to carbonic anhydrase and melanin in ciliary process. CF3SO2NH2 is not attacked by glutathione, is 75% bound to plasma protein, and is not taken into the renal secretory system. Excretion rate follows from glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Intravenous injection thus leads to prolonged plasma levels (half-life, 24 h), a general diffusion into tissues and alkalinization of the urine, as with "classic" inhibitors. Drug is bound to carbonic anhydrase in red cells and decays with half-life of 4 days. The rapid and effective binding to carbonic anhydrase of this small hydrophilic molecule shows that complex lipophilic structures are not necessary for powerful inhibition of the enzyme. It does not appear essential for a sulfonamide to occupy a "hydrophobic pocket" in the active site cavity to react effectively at the zinc center.
Kinetic and equilibrium properties of hemoglobin Kansas.

Abstract The reactions of hemoglobin Kansas (102 β Asn → Thr) have been examined by kinetic and equilibrium methods. The behavior of the T state toward oxygen, derived from oxygen binding and oxygen pulse experiments, appears similar to that of hemoglobin A. The behavior of the R tetramer is difficult to separate from that of the dimer (the dissociation constant, K4,2, for oxyhemoglobin Kansas is about 70 µm as against 1.5 µm for hemoglobin A), but correlation of kinetic and equilibrium data suggests that the R tetramer of hemoglobin Kansas has a lower affinity for oxygen than that of hemoglobin A. Carbon monoxide binding is slower than for hemoglobin A, chiefly because of a lower rate of binding by the β chains. Comparisons between carbon monoxide binding and release of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, and reaction with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate suggest that a conformation change (T → R transition) occurs on ligand binding as with hemoglobin A. Detailed examination of the dissociation reactions from the liganded dimers of oxygen and of carbon monoxide shows abnormally rapid dissociation from the β chain. The hemoglobin-haptoglobin reaction shows that deoxyhemoglobin Kansas is too slightly dissociated to give a measurable reaction. This result is consistent with an abnormally low ligand affinity of the R form. It is suggested that the differences between hemoglobin Kansas and hemoglobin A are due, at least in part, to differences between the R forms, and that an R → T transition occurs normally in hemoglobin Kansas. The allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate lowers the affinity of hemoglobin Kansas for oxygen, but the effect is much smaller than for hemoglobin A when measured at high concentrations of hemoglobin. The data are most consistent with the assumption that the binding constant for 2,3-diphosphoglycerate at the primary site on tetrameric, liganded hemoglobin Kansas is only slightly lower than that for the unliganded form.
Correlation effects in sequential energy branching: an exactly solvable model of Fano statistics.

Correlation effects in the fluctuation of the number of particles in the process of energy branching by sequential impact ionizations are studied using an exactly soluble model of random parking on a line. The Fano factor F calculated in an uncorrelated final-state “shot-glass” model does not give an accurate answer even with the exact gap-distribution statistics. Allowing for the nearest-neighbor correlation effects gives a correction to F that brings F very close to its exact value. We discuss the implications of our results for energy resolution of semiconductor gamma detectors, where the value of F is of the essence. We argue that F is controlled by correlations in the cascade energy branching process and hence the widely used final-state model estimates are not reliable—especially in the practically relevant cases when the energy branching is terminated by competition between impact ionization and phonon emission.
Identification of Seventeen New Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Derived CD8+ T Cell Epitopes Restricted by the High Frequency Molecule, Mamu-A*02, and Potential Escape from CTL Recognition

MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling HIV and SIV replication. In SIV-infected Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), comprehensive CD8+ T cell epitope identification has only been undertaken for two alleles, Mamu-A*01 and Mamu-B*17. As a result, these two molecules account for virtually all known MHC class I-restricted SIV-derived CD8+ T cell epitopes. SIV pathogenesis research and vaccine testing have intensified the demand for epitopes restricted by additional MHC class I alleles due to the shortage of Mamu-A*01+ animals. Mamu-A*02 is a high frequency allele present in over 20% of macaques. In this study, we characterized the peptide binding of Mamu-A*02 using a panel of single amino acid substitution analogues and a library of 497 unrelated peptides. Of 230 SIVmac239 peptides that fit the Mamu-A*02 peptide-binding motif, 75 peptides bound Mamu-A*02 with IC50 values of < or = 500 nM. We assessed the antigenicity of these 75 peptides using an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay with freshly isolated PBMC from eight Mamu-A*02+ SIV-infected macaques and identified 17 new epitopes for Mamu-A*02. The synthesis of five Mamu-A*02 tetramers demonstrated the discrepancy between tetramer binding and IFN-gamma secretion by SIV-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic SIV infection. Bulk sequencing determined that 2 of the 17 epitopes accumulated amino acid replacements in SIV-infected macaques by the chronic phase of infection, suggestive of CD8+ T cell escape in vivo. This work enhances the use of the SIV-infected macaque model for HIV and increases our understanding of the breadth of CD8+ T cell responses in SIV infection.
Verbal literacy in the design process: Enthusiasm and reservation

This paper inquires into the role of verbal literacy in design processes and the teaching of design. During the Renaissance, Alberti identified literacy as the point of distinction separating an architect from a builder or crafts person. From the Renaissance through the nineteenth century, the idea of the architect as a liberally educated professional prevailed until Modernism in the twentieth century developed as an avant-garde movement, consciously seeking to negate the past. Experimental methods of teaching at the Bauhaus school in Germany emphasized visual thinking and encouraged disdain for traditional academic practices and values. Instructors from the Bauhaus eventually brought these ideas to the United States where they became firmly rooted during the post-World War II era. Gradually from the 1950s onward, Bauhaus methods were in turn perceived as stagnant, precipitating a search for new theories. Heuristic methodologies became a popular focus in the effort to re-establish design as a rigorous academic discipline. Around the same time or shortly afterward, an interest developed in the relevance of phenomenology to design, along with associated hermeneutic approaches. Heuristic and hermeneutic methods depend on verbal literacy, a shared requirement that should unite rather than divide them, but whether the two processes are complementary or opposed is far from clear. Critics of heuristic strategy disparage its techniques as reductive problem-solving, whereas hermeneutics is impugned for being arcane and cultish. Proponents of both sides can be found on most faculties of architecture, but may not be willing to speak to one another. The arguments of this paper rely on analysis to bring criticism into the open rather than assert a conclusion. My intention is to establish a common ground for discussion based on a better understanding of how design pedagogy relates to verbal literacy.
Wavelength selection of cellular patterns

Solidification dirigee de succinonitrite −0,15% en poids d'acetone. Analyse de la structure interfaciale par transformation de Fourier, en fonction du temps. Le premier pic forme en regime lineaire s'amplifie lentement par rapport a ceux formes en regime non lineaire. En regime non lineaire, on observe une serie de longueurs d'onde qui conduisent finalement a un seul pic lorsque le systeme atteint le regime stationnaire
Parameterization of Lakes and Wetlands for Energy and Water Balance Studies in the Great Lakes Region

Abstract Lakes and wetlands are prevalent around the Great Lakes and play an important role in the regional water and energy cycle. However, simulating their impacts on regional-scale hydrology is still a major challenge and not widely attempted. In the present study, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is applied and evaluated with a physically based lake and wetland algorithm, which can simulate the effect of lakes and wetlands on the grid cell energy and water balance. The VIC model was calibrated at 10 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauging stations against daily streamflow records for the period of 1985–95, and successfully evaluated for the period of 1996–2005. Single-grid sensitivity experiments showed that runoff, baseflow, and inundation area were sensitive to the lake model parameters. Simulations were also conducted to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of inundation area for the period of 1985–2005. Results indicated that water and energy fluxes were substantially af...
When professional obligations collide: context matters.

In “Addressing Dual Agency: Getting Specific About the Expectations of Professionalism,” Tilburt (2014) highlights how the ABIM Physician Charter may fail to guide physicians to arrive at informed ...
The effect of series elasticity on actuator power and work output: Implications for robotic and prosthetic joint design

Abstract Evidence from biomechanics research suggests that tendon series elasticity allows muscle to act in an optimal range of its force–length and force–velocity curves to achieve work and power amplification. In this investigation we put forth a simple model to quantify the capacity of series elasticity to increase work and power output from an actuator. We show that an appropriate spring constant increases the energy that an actuator can deliver to a mass by a factor of 4. The series elasticity changes the actuator operating point along its force–velocity curve and therefore affects the actuator work output over a fixed stroke length. In addition, the model predicts that a series spring can store energy and deliver peak powers greater than the power limit of the source by a factor of 1.4. Preliminary experiments are performed to test model predictions. We find qualitative agreement between the model and experimental data, highlighting the importance of series elasticity for actuator work and power amplification across a fixed stroke length. We present several non-dimensional relations that can aid designers in the fabrication of robotic and prosthetic limbs optimized for work and power delivery.
Fault-Current Measuring Device

IN electric power system operation numerous problems are encountered in analyzing the results of short circuits and in the physical location of the trouble. Some devices now available for analyzing short circuits in a-c circuits are the oscillograph, the annunciator ammeter, and a magnetic link device requiring rectifiers. The oscillograph is the most accurate device but is expensive. The annunciator ammeter provides a limited amount of data; however, it offers a high electric burden to the circuit and does not have closely graduated steps of reading.
Tunnel FETs with tunneling normal to the gate

Summary form only given. In this talk, I will review some of the recent development of tunnel field effect transistors (TFETs) at Notre Dame [1-8]. Tunnel FETs are promising replacements of Si-MOSFETs beyond 2020 due to their promise to achieve Ion/Ioff > 103 with Ion > 100 uA/um at low supply voltages (up to 0.5 V). To date we have demonstrated Ion/Ioff ~ 106, Ion ~ 180 uA/um, separately, based on III-V heterostructures. Challenges ahead include electrostatic control, defect-assisted tunneling and interface state density and parasitics. More recently, we have started to investigate 2D crystal based TFETs for their promises to realize ultrascaled electronic switches.
Uphill transport driven by hydrolysis of a complex partitioned into a liquid membrane: application to the preconcentration of arsenic

Abstract AsI3 is demonstrated to partition from a 9 M HC1, 0.10 M KI, 0.10 H ascorbic acid solution into kerosene and dodecane membranes which do not contain complexing agents. Subsequent hydrolysis at the membrane receiver interface causes a transport of As against its concentration gradient. A 60 minute experiment with a 4 mL receiver solution and a 200 mL sample permits the preconcentration of As by a factor of 16 ± 0.5. The interferences of aluminum and phosphate on the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro-metric determination of As are eliminated. This transport mechanism, which has not been previously reported, may allow the range of species which can be preconcentrated by transport across supported liquid membranes to be significantly extended.
Parenting behaviors associated with the maintenance of preschoolers' interests : A prospective longitudinal study

This study examined whether specific parental beliefs and behaviors were related to the maintenance of preschoolers' early interests in conceptual domains. Assessments of home environments and interest support between ages 4 and 5 years were used to predict different types of child interest profiles over an ensuing 24-month period. Subtle differences in home environments and parental attitudes were noticeable at interest inception between a subgroup of children who sustained long-term individual interests and a subgroup that did not. In particular, parents of children with long-term individual interests tended to place a heavier emphasis on academic stimulation, the role of curiosity in learning, and provided more interest-related materials in the home than parents of children with shorter-term interests. Implications for ontogenetic models of interest development are discussed.
Electron trapping in amorphous silicon: A quantum molecular dynamics study

Quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations provide the real-time dynamics of electrons and ions through numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrodinger and Newton equations, respectively. Using the QMD approach we have investigated the localization behavior of an excess electron in amorphous silicon at finite temperatures. For time scales on the order of a few picoseconds, we find the excess electron is localized inside a void of radius {approximately}3 {Angstrom} at finite temperatures. 12 refs.