cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palladium-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Wagner−Meerwein Shift: Control of Absolute Stereochemistry in the C−C Bond Migration Event

Inducing absolute stereochemistry in Wagner−Meerwein shifts was examined in a ring expansion protocol. Initiated by generation of a π-allylpalladium intermediate by hydropalladation of allenes, the ring expansion of allenylcyclobutanol substrates proceeded with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The results demonstrate that, during the C−C bond migration process, our chiral catalysts can control the stereochemistry of both the π-allylpalladium intermediate and the corresponding migration bond. Moreover, the stereochemical outcome of the reaction can be rationalized very well with the working model of the chiral catalyst. The method provides an efficient way to synthesize highly substituted cyclopentanones with an α-chiral O-tertiary center which has various synthetic applications.
An outbreak of thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) with high mortality in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

An outbreak of goiter with high morbidity and mortality in a flock of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in California is described. Forty-five out of 400 adult birds exhibited signs of illness, weight loss, and enlargement in the crop area; 15 of the 45 birds died over a 2-3-month period. Diet consisted of a commercial mixture with the addition of broccoli, whole oats, and carrots, but no minerals or supplements. Six budgerigars were subjected to necropsy; all 6 birds had severely enlarged thyroid glands. Thyroid follicular hyperplasia was histologically observed in all birds examined, while granulomatous thyroiditis and microfollicular adenoma were observed in 2 birds, respectively. Virological, bacteriological, parasitological, and heavy metal analyses were negative or within normal limits. The total iodine in the thyroid glands of affected birds was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Following iodine supplementation and removal of broccoli from the diet, the owner reported weight gain and a reduced death rate among clinically affected birds; no additional birds became sick. The presence of broccoli with its iodine-binding ability and the complete lack of added minerals in the diet of these animals were thought to be the predisposing factors for the outbreak in the present study. Outbreaks of goiter accompanied by high mortality are rare in any species and, to the best of the authors' knowledge, have not been described previously in any avian species. Recognition of this condition may help improve medical, welfare, and trade standards concerning this species.
Angiography and treatment of a pial occipital malformation supplied by a posterior temporo-occipital branch of the anterior choroidal artery

The anterior choroidal artery rarely supplies the posterior temporal and occipital lobes. We describe such an anatomical variation association with an arteriovenous malformation of the occipital lobe.
A Portable Computer System for Field Data Analysis

To answer the need for analysis of the data acquired by the new generation of portable instrumentation, we have developed a portable computer system. This system combines a powerful central processor with a printer, digital tape deck, bubble memory, and a battery pack in a compact package weighing less than 11 lb.
Design of robust nonsquare constrained model‐predictive control

A model-predictive control (MPC) design methodology for processes with more manipulated inputs than outputs is developed. Essential features of the proposed approach are the following: the on-line optimization minimizes an objective function based on the l2 norm; an end-condition equation is utilized; model uncertainty is considered as upper and lower bounds on the pulse-response-model coefficients; hard constraints on the input and move-size variables and soft constraints on the output variables are posed. A major difference between square and nonsquare MPC is that in the former the end-condition can be used directly, while in the latter a nonlinear programming problem needs to be solved during the design phase to select values for the input move suppression coefficients. This technique is illustrated through a number of simulations and application to a real industrial process.
The synthesis and ultraviolet spectra of some N-aryl-2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-4H-1,4-oxazine derivatives†

Two new derivatives of the 1,4-oxazine ring system (3a and 3b) derived from p-aminobenz-amides have been synthesized. The uv absorption spectra of sixteen representative 1,4-oxazines all show two high intensity bands (ϵ ∼ 105) between 220-400 ran. The positions and intensities of the absorption maxima have been correlated with the steric and electronic effects of the oxazine ring substituents.
Investigation of Aconite alkaloids

The composition of the alkaloids in plants of the genus Aconitum —A. kirinense,A. altaicum, A. coreanum, andA. nemorosum — has been studied. Four new alkaloids of composition C26H41O8N·HNO3, C35H41O10N·HBr, C20H25O3N, and C23H29O6N have been isolated.
Adsorptive desulfurization of jet and diesel fuels using Ag/TiOx–Al2O3 and Ag/TiOx–SiO2 adsorbents

Abstract The objective of this work is to examine the performance of Ag/TiO x –Al 2 O 3 and Ag/TiO x –SiO 2 for adsorptive desulfurization of JP5, JP8, Off-Road Diesel (ORD), and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) at ambient conditions. These adsorbents were observed to be effective for desulfurizing liquid hydrocarbon feeds that ranged from 7.5 to 1172 ppmw S and comprised of diverse sulfur compositions. In fixed bed continuous adsorption tests, 4 wt.%Ag/TiO x –Al 2 O 3 demonstrated saturation capacities of 10.11, 6.11, and 7.4 mg S/g adsorbent for JP5 (1172 ppmw S), JP8 (630 ppmw S), and ORD (452 ppmw S), respectively. In equilibrium saturation experiments, the adsorbent was able to desulfurize ULSD down to less than 75 ppbw S and this was achievable even when the initial concentration of non-sulfur aromatics was greater than 25,000 times higher. Dispersing TiO x onto high surface area alumina and silica substrates increased the sulfur adsorption capacities of both. This enhancement in adsorption capacity increased still further with silver addition. Higher Ag loading (up to ∼12 wt.%Ag) on TiO x –Al 2 O 3 proved beneficial to sulfur adsorption capacity when compared to TiO 2 (up to ∼4 wt.%Ag), indicating that the mixed oxide supports were able to host more active silver oxides. The adsorption selectivity toward different sulfur compounds present in the fuels varied during the fixed bed adsorption tests. The adsorbent had the greatest affinity for BT’s and the least for TMBT’s and DMDBT’s (the selectivity order from the strongest to weakest adsorption was: BT > MBT > DMBT > DBT ≈ MDBT > TMBT ≈ DMDBT). Ag/TiO x –Al 2 O 3 was thermally regenerable in air for multiple cycles at temperatures ranging from 110 to 450 °C. The effects of titanium loading, silver loading, and titanium precursor on sulfur adsorption capacity are also presented.
The Integrative Listening Model: An Approach to Teaching and Learning Listening

Effective listening is fundamental to learning, yet it is seldom taught in a systematic, comprehensive way. The Integrative Listening Model provides a unique and practical framework to address this teaching/learning process. It stresses contextual and personal filters, as well as self assessment and goal-setting, to promote ongoing listening development.
Statistics of classical blackbody radiation with ground state

A classical model of blackbody radiation is investigated in which the field is produced by ${N}_{T}$ incoherent thermal sources and ${N}_{0}$ incoherent sources of a ground state with Lorentz-invariant spectral energy density proportional to the frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. Bundles of $2\mathfrak{N}$ nearly monochromatic, nearly parallel cavity modes are considered, and general formulas for all moments of the energy density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{b}$ and the energy ${H}_{b}$ in a bundle are derived by the use of the central limit theorem. It is found that the energy $H$ of one cavity mode is a fluctuating quantity because of interference of the field contributions from different sources. This causes an energy distribution $W(H)={〈H〉}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{H}{〈H〉})$ which is formally different from the canonical energy distribution. The moments $〈{H}^{q}〉$ obtained from $W(H)$ agree with those obtained by quantum statistics for $q=1$ and $q=2$, but disagree for $qg2$; the higher moments are also inconsistent with some general relations of the canonical ensemble theory. Suggestions are made for achieving full equivalence between the classical model and quantized blackbody radiation.
Treatise on Diatoms

In R. E. Norris9s review of The Diatoms of the United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii, volume 1, by Ruth Patrick and Charles; W. Reimer [153, 1369 (16 Sept. 1966)], the Introduction, which was signed only by Patrick, was erroneously attributed to Patrick and Reimer.
Principles of the use of glucocorticosteroids in the growing child.

: The use of glucocorticosteroids in children presents special problems because of the suppressive effects on growth and on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This review summarizes the pathphysiology of glucocorticoid action and outlines suggested guidelines tor monitoring children treated with these drugs. There is no “magic formula” for corticosteroid use in children, except to say that it is safest to use the smallest possible dose for the shortest period of time. Growth and hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal suppression may be minimized by giving alternate-day or single morning doses and avoiding long-acting preparations. Therapy during puberty and infancy has the greatest chance to produce permanent loss of ultimate height. Growth should be documented by accurate measurement, plotting the data on growth charts. During therapy and while the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis remains suppressed, written emergency instructions for glucocorticoid therapy should be provided to patients, and they should wear identification indicating that they are taking these agents. Above all. therapy must be individualized.
Use of Change Coordination in an Information-Rich Design Environment

The growing complexity of VLSI designs has led to a partitioning of design responsibilities among different engineers, with the result that engineers work in parallel on different aspects of the design. With this division of responsibilities comes the need for automatic means of coordinating changes made by different engineers, and automatic means of administrating design policies laid down by management. In this paper we show how an information-rich design environment, incorporating (1) detailed knowledge of the design, (2) explicit representation of management's policies, and (3) special software units called change coordinators, can be used to automate the functions of change coordination and policy administration.
Cdc42 Inhibits ERK-Mediated Collagenase-1 (MMP-1) Expression in Collagen-Activated Human Keratinocytes

Following injury, keratinocytes switch gene expression programs from the one that promotes differentiation to the one that supports migration. A common feature of human wounds and ulcerations of any form is the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1; collagenase-1) by leading-edge basal keratinocytes migrating across the dermal or provisional matrix. Induction of MMP-1 occurs by signaling from the α 2 β 1 integrin in contact with dermal fibrillar type I collagen, and the activity of MMP-1 is required for human keratinocytes to migrate on collagen. Thus, MMP-1 serves a critical role in the repair of damaged human skin. Here, we evaluated the mechanisms controlling MMP-1 expression in primary human keratinocytes from neonatal foreskin and adult female skin. Our results demonstrate that shortly following contact with type I collagen extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were markedly activated, whereas c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation remained at basal levels. ERK inhibition markedly blocked collagen-stimulated MMP-1 expression in keratinocytes. In contrast, inhibiting p38 or JNK pathways had no effect on MMP-1 production. Moreover, investigating the role of Rho GTPases revealed that Cdc42 attenuates MMP-1 expression by suppressing ERK activity. Thus, our data indicate that injured keratinocytes induce MMP-1 expression through ERK activation, and this process is negatively regulated by Cdc42 activity.
CB8-01: Prevalence of Elevated Blood Pressure and BMI in U.S. Children and Adolescents

Background/Aims To ascertain the prevalence and joint prevalence of elevated BMI and elevated BP in children and adolescents receiving clinical care, using electronic medical record (EMR) data.
Inhibition of lipolysis may contribute to the acute regulation of plasma FFA and glucose by FGF21 in ob / ob mice

FGF21 is a unique member of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and a novel hormone that regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. The beneficial effects of FGF21 reported thus far have mostly been from chronic treatments. In order to better understand the mechanism for FGF21 action, we evaluated the acute effects of FGF21 in vivo and in vitro. Here we report that a single injection of FGF21 acutely reduced plasma free fatty acid levels similar to its acute effects on plasma glucose in ob/ob mice. In vitro, FGF21 inhibited lipolysis in adipocytes during a short treatment and reduced total lipase activity. These results demonstrate the potential importance of adipocyte lipolysis to the observed acute improvements in plasma parameters.
Fungicide management strategies for control of strawberry fruit rot diseases in Louisiana and Mississippi

Sixteen fungicide treatments were evaluated for control of strawberry fruit diseases in five fungicide studies conducted at Hammond, LA and Poplarville, MS during the 2002, 2003 and 2005 fruiting seasons. The most frequent fruit rots at harvest were anthracnose fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, stem-end rot caused by Gnomonia comari, and Botrytis fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. Fungicides from seven groups were shown to be effective for control of strawberry fruit rot diseases in these trials, and the commercial combination fungicides were often the most effective. In at least two trials when compared to the untreated control, total fruit rot was less on berries from the pyraclostrobin+boscalid, cyprodinil+fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, fenhexamid+captan, and captan treatments; anthracnose fruit rot was less on berries from the cyprodinil+fludioxonil and azoxystrobin treatments; and stem-end rot was less on berries from the cyprodinil+fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin+boscalid, captan, azoxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin treatments. While low in all trials, a significant reduction in Botrytis fruit rot incidence occurred in four trials. Berries from the cyprodinil+fludioxonil, fenhexamid, fenhexamid+captan, pyraclostrobin+boscalid, captan, pyrimethanil, and azoxystrobin treatments had the lowest incidence of Botrytis fruit rot. Efficacious fungicides from various FRAC groups will provide strawberry growers with more options for controlling diseases while managing fungicide resistance.
A rehabilitation of effective protection

This note argues that the declining interest in the theory of effective protection is not justified, shows how the existence of intermediate goods affects the basic economics of tariffs, gives a simple proof of the symmetry of export subsidies and import duties with intermediate goods, and then applies the theory to analyze a potential route to free trade that could have minimal objections from special interests.
Therapeutic aspects of prostaglandins in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.

Studies of antisecretory compounds such as the H2-receptor antagonists have altered therapy and enhanced the understanding of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). While it is agreed that the dictum “no acid, no ulcer” is valid, acid hypersecretion does not appear to be the major determinant in a significant number of ulcer patients. More careful consideration of mucosal integrity in the pathogenesis of PUD is therefore necessary. A small but significant number of patients (5–15%) do not heal, despite the use of effective antiulcer drugs. Moreover, the posthealing recurrence rate may reach 75% after treatment is discontinued, and nearly one third of cigarette-smoking patients on maintenance therapy may suffer recurrences. Prostaglandins (PGs) are particularly important as potent antisecretory and effective antiulcer agents. In addition, recognition of their cytoprotective effects has stimulated research into the understanding and importance of mucosal protection and mucosal defense mechanisms. Animal studies show that PGs at nonantisecretory dosages prevent the development of gastric ulcers caused by virtually any insult. In humans, PGs prevent the mucosal damage caused by aspirin and ethanol. In some studies, the maintenance of normal mucosal integrity has been linked to normal mucosal production of PGs. Therefore, it is possible that exogenous PGs may be effective in patients whose ulcers do not heal with conventional therapy. They may reduce the recurrence of ulcers, particularly in those patients whose defect in mucosal integrity appars to be the major problem. Furthermore, in those patients subjected to the toxic effects of alcohol ingestion, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antineoplastic drugs, and stress, exogenous PGs may prevent mucosal lesions. As such, PGs could be the ideal antiulcer drug.
Some effects of flavonoids on lymphocyte proliferative responses.

AbstractA number of representative flavonoids reversibly inhibit human lymphocyte proliferative responses in a concentration-dependent manner. The flavonoids quercetin and tangeretin are most effective when added during the early phase of exposure of lymphocytes to the mitogenic stimuli but become progressively less effective when added after increasing lengths of time following stimulation, suggesting an early flavonoid-sensitive step(s) in cell activation. In the proliferative response to phytomitogens, they do not act by inhibiting the early increase in calcium influx. They do not augment cellular cyclic-AMP concentration in basal or phytomitogen-stimulated lymphocytes nor reduce its increment in the presence of inhibitors of phosphodiesterase. At concentrations inhibitory to the proliferative response, quercetin (but not tangeretin) inhibits the calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (C kinase). Certain flavonoids powerfully inhibit the uptake of thymidine into phytomitogen-stimulate...
Shear Strain of Mineral Crystals Calculated Using Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) Techniques

The post-yield properties of bone mainly provide the estimation of its toughness and are directly related to the composition and structure of the tissue at basic building unit. Combining the recently developed synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques with a novel progressive loading scheme [1], a recent study has evinced that the internal strain of mineral and collagen phases in bone varies significantly before and after yielding of the tissue [2]. The minerals as well as collagen fibrils in bone have random and preferred orientation distribution according to the location within a body. Such orientation distribution will have significant influence on the deformation mechanisms of bone. This study hence aims to develop a methodology to determine local strain tensors in the mineral phase aligned in different orientations. To do so, the deformation of different lattice planes within individual mineral crystals is taken in account using the full WAXS spectrum.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Regulates Persistent ERK Oscillations in Premalignant but Not Malignant JB6 Cells

The regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) oscillations in the context of wound healing and carcinogenesis have been investigated in premalignant and malignant JB6 mouse epidermal cells stimulated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In premalignant JB6 cells, bFGF stimulation (1) increases cellular phospho-ERK and phospho-c-Jun levels, (2) increases serum-dependent cell proliferation, (3) induces an apparent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and (4) induces the persistent nuclear–cytosolic oscillation of an ERK1–green fluorescent protein (ERK1–GFP) chimera. In contrast, TPA induces persistent activation of ERK in the absence of oscillations and does not induce efficient migration. Treatment of malignant or transformed JB6 cells with bFGF is associated with a transient nuclear translocation of ERK1–GFP but not oscillations or efficient cell migration. Our data suggest that bFGF regulates ERK oscillations in premalignant but not malignant JB6 cells.
First-principles calculation of the Ni-Cr phase diagram

Abstract The temperature-composition phase diagram of the Ni-Cr system was calculated using a first-principles approach based on a statistical-mechanical approximation for the configurational entropy and a tigh-binding method for electronic structure calculations. A self-consistent tight-binding Hamiltonian with only d-electrons was implemented by imposing a condition of zero charge transfer. Hamiltonian parameters were taken from the results of first-principles band-structure calculations. The effects of self-consistent d-electron numbers for pure Ni and Cr on the phase diagram and thermochemical properties were also investigated.
The Free Energy Reaction Path Theory of Reliable Protein Folding

A growing number of experiments and simulations detect long-lived metastable and intermediate states in proteins, which suggests that protein folding does not always occur on funneled energy landscapes. We introduce a theoretical framework to understand folding in the presence of metastable and intermediate states by considering the statistics of protein conformational dynamics on rugged energy landscapes. Our analysis reveals that, even for the most frustrated proteins, reliable folding can occur on rugged energy landscapes and is sensitive to the rate that external parameters are adjusted to induce folding. When folding is reliable, there is always a well-defined reaction path leading to the native state.We test the predictions of our statistical analysis using simulations of a model protein. In the accompanying figure we plot the probability P to inhabit the native state after inducing folding by reducing the temperature at rate r. Reliable folding only occurs below a limiting rate that is correctly predicted by theory (red line).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Threaded Components Under Axial Harmonic Vibration, Part 2: Kinematic Analysis

A kinematic analysis is presented for the twisting of threaded components loaded by gravity and subjected to axial harmonic vibration. It is shown that the complex motions of twisting due to the interaction of the applied vibration and the resulting unsteady friction can be broken down and described as a sequence of simple motion forms. The analysis provides significant insight into the mechanisms of twisting both with and against load experimentally explored in Part 1 of this paper. Several solutions which are representative of the observed phenomena are developed and simulation results are presented.
Flavin-containing monooxygenase: a major detoxifying enzyme for the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in guinea pig tissues.

Abstract Evidence based on optimal pH, thermal stability, and enzyme inhibition data suggests that the NADPH-dependent microsomal N -oxidation of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine is carried out largely by flavin-containing monooxygenase in guinea pig liver, lung, and kidney. In contrast, the hepatic microsomal conversion of senecionine to the pyrrole metabolite (±)-6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP) is catalyzed largely by cytochrome P450. However, the rate of senecionine N -oxide formation (detoxication) far exceeded the rate of DHP formation (activation) in guinea pig liver microsomes over a range of pHs (pH 6.8 to 9.8). In guinea pig lung and kidney microsomes, N -oxide was the major metabolite formed from senecionine with little or no production of DHP. The high rate of detoxication coupled with the low level of activation of senecionine in liver, lung, and kidney may help explain the apparent resistance of the guinea pig to intoxication by senecionine and other pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Detection of teratogens in the Drosophila embryonic cell culture test: assay of 100 chemicals.

An in vitro assay of teratogenesis has been developed that utilizes Drosophila embryonic cell cultures. The endpoint selected in assessing the teratogenic potential of any substance involves detection of interference with normal muscle and/or neuron differentiation. In the validation phase of this project, 100 chemicals were tested. With drugs for which extensive reliable mammalian data are available, the results in the Drosophila assay equate rather favorably with those observed in animals and humans (i.e., a low percentage of false positives and false negatives has been obtained). In an effort to determine if strain differences exist and also to establish that the system shows a dose response, cultures from three wild-type Drosophila strains (Canton S, Canton S109, and Oregon R) were tested. Dose-response differences were observed when diethylstilbestrol, diphenylhydantoin, imipramine, testosterone, and tolbutamide were added to the cultures. These results suggest that the Drosophila assay, with further testing and refinements, might be capable of identifying agents of high teratogenic potential by their effect on neurons and muscle differentiation. Furthermore, sensitive strains might be used to study mechanisms of abnormal development and gene involvement in teratogenic resistance.
Information excess in medicine : overview, relevance to dermatology, and strategies for coping

† Background.— The amount of biomedical information contained in scientific journals has grown to the point that complete coverage of this material is impossible. The number of articles and journals being published has been growing at an exponential rate since 1750. Thirty-four thousand references from 4000 journals are added each month to the National Library of Medicine MEDLINE database from among the more than 100 000 scientific journals now published. This increase in scientific literature reflects not greater productivity but simply a larger number of scientists at work. Most articles written are eventually published in the medical literature, but a large number of scientific articles are of less than optimal quality, and most scientific articles that are published are never cited. Articles of higher quality and usefulness cluster in a few journals that enjoy great use in medical libraries and high scores on bibliometric scores such as the Science Citation Index . Observations.— To assess the reading habits of dermatologic trainees and evaluate how they cope with this information excess, a survey was distributed to 36 residents in three training programs. The average number of medical journal reading hours per month was 17; the number of hours devoted to reading issues of the Archives of Dermatology , the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology , and the Journal of Investigative Dermatology were 3.2, 5.0, and 1.4, respectively; and the average resident read seven peerreviewed journals, two to four dermatologic tabloids, and four peer-reviewed medical journals. Conclusions.— Critically and consistently reading a limited number of high-quality peer-reviewed journals as well as taking advantage of information available through computer networks and bibliographic and full-text databases is the best approach to coping with the volume of medical literature. Translating this information into a change in attitude and modification of physician behavior is best accomplished when local role models incorporate new ideas into their practice and teaching. Modifications that would, in fact, bring about truly useful changes, such as decreasing the number of new publications, melding journals already present into smaller numbers of publications rather than instituting new journals, altering the "publish-or-perish" rules, and writing more comprehensive articles rather than multiple small contributions, all await fundamental alterations in longaccepted policies in medicine. ( Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:1249-1256)
Torque-velocity relationships of the knee extensor and flexor muscles in individuals sustaining injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament

Muscle deficits in 58 patients with chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency were evaluated after completion of a 6 month rehabilitation program. Quadriceps and hamstring torques were measured on a modified Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Twenty- nine of our patients were tested just prior to undergoing ACL reconstruction, and patients who were continuing to tolerate their conditions served as controls.For the surgical group, significant quadriceps deficits (P < 0.01) were found for all speeds and at both the 30 and 60° positions. The nonsurgical group had sig nificant deficits at the 30° position at 180°/sec, and at 60° for the 0°/sec and 30°/sec. However, in comparing the two groups no significant differences were noted.Regarding hamstring deficits in the surgical group, significant deficits were seen only at 30° of flexion at 180°/sec. The nonsurgical group had similar deficits.Of interest was the observation that the ham string:quadriceps (H:Q) ratio was found to be both speed-position ...
Characterization and Regulation of Insulin Receptors in Rat Brain

An in vitro receptor binding assay, using filtration to separate bound from free [125I]insulin, was developed and used to characterize insulin receptors on membranes isolated from specific areas of rat brain. The kinetic and equilibrium binding properties of central receptors were similar to those of hepatic receptors. The binding profiles in all tissues were complex and were consistent with binding in multiple steps or to multiple sites. Similar binding properties were found among receptors in olfactory tubercle/bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. High affinity [125I]insulin binding sites (KD = 3-11 nM) were distributed evenly between membranes isolated from P1 and P2 fractions of these brain areas, with the exception of the olfactory tubercle in which binding to P2 membranes was four-fold greater (Bmax = 150 fmol/mg protein). One difference between insulin receptors in brain and peripheral target tissues, however, was observed. Following exposure to 0.17 microM insulin for 3 h at 37 degrees C, the number of specific [125I]insulin binding sites on adipocytes decreased by 40%, while the number of binding sites on minces of cerebral cortex/olfactory tubercle remained constant. The results suggest that although the binding characteristics of central and peripheral insulin receptors are similar, these receptors do not appear to be regulated in the same manner.
Enzymatic transfer of mannose from guanosine diphosphate mannose to dolichol phosphate in yeast (Hansenula holstii). A possible step in mannan synthesis.

Abstract A particulate enzyme fraction isolated from yeast (Hansenula holstii) catalyzes the transfer of mannose from GDPmannose to endogenous lipid acceptors. Kinetic studies are presented which suggest that one of the mannolipids is a precursor to cell wall mannan. The solubility and chromatographic properties, the stability to mild alkali, and the release of mannose by mild acid hydrolysis are characteristic of polyisoprenyl phosphoryl mannose. Addition of dolichol phosphate to the enzyme system stimulates the synthesis of a mannolipid with properties similar to that synthesized from endogenous lipid. That the exogenous dolichol phosphate was acting as a mannosyl acceptor was demonstrated by showing that dolichol [32P]phosphate was converted to dolichol [32P]phosphate mannose.
Submillimeter Astronomy and Mauna Kea - An Overview

Astronomy in the submillimeter region of the electromagnetic spectrum, covering wavelengths between 1 mm and 0.1 mm, is now just past its 30th anniversary. During this period there has been enormous progress in technology for detecting and analyzing signals. This has led to discovery of astronomical sources not even considered when observations in this wavelength range began. A critical aspect of progress has been the increase in the capability of telescopes. Submillimeter astronomers have changed from "borrowing" optical telescopes to having dedicated telescopes with far greater sensitivity (single antennas) and angular resolution (interferometers). In this paper we review the development of submillimeter telescopes, noting the special role played by instruments located on Mauna Kea.
Review essay: Yugoslav politics

(1987). Review essay: Yugoslav politics. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 209-211.
High Resolution Utraviolet to Visible Image Conversion Using Self-Assembled CdSe/ZnCdMgSe Quantum Dots Photoluminescence

High resolution UV-to-visible image conversion using photoluminescence emitted by quantum dots is presented. The resolution limitations are discussed and a high resolution optical system for the UV-to-visible image conversion is proposed.
Generation of supported metal clusters of controlled size

Abstract A versatile source capable of generating extremely small metal clusters and depositing these clusters on clean substrates is described. The metal clusters are grown as aerosol particles of controlled size entrained in an inert gas flow. Model cluster-support combinations have been synthesized by expansion of the aerosol through an orifice into a vacuum, separation of the clusters from metal atoms in the flow, and impingment of the clusters on to clean substrates. Silver clusters containing approximately 50 atoms ( d ≈ 10 A) have been grown and deposited on amorphous carbon films. The size distribution and the structure of these supported clusters have been studied by TEM. All TEM measurements were made after the samples were exposed to air. Even at low coverages and room temperature, cluster aggregates were observed on the carbon films. Aggregate particles smaller than approximately 40 A in diameter exhibited lattice images characteristic of bulk silver. Aggregate particles larger than approximately 40 A in diameter exhibited lattice images characteristic of Ag 2 O.
The postnatal ontogeny of substance P-immunoreactive fibers in the sympathetic preganglionic nuclei of the rat

Abstract The ontogeny of substance P (SP)-containing fibers and puncta is described in laminae VII and X of the rat thoracolumbar spinal cord from the day of birth until postnatal day (P) 60. As SP fibers and puncta innervate and demarcate the distribution of preganglionic sympathetic nuclei, strong temporal and weak rostrocaudal ontogenetic gradients exist. Additionally, a heterogeneous segmental SP ontogenetic pattern is observed in sympathetic nuclei. On the day of birth, SP fibers are present in an unorganized fashion in sympathetic nuclei with the exception of the nucleus intercalatus which is clearly outlined. From P0 to P4 SP fibers and puncta are established along a ‘ladder-like’ pattern and from P6 to P15 SP fibers and puncta steadily accumulate in sympathetic nuclei at all spinal levels. By P15 the nuclei intermediolateralis, pars principalis and funicularis, and the nucleus intercalatus are clearly outlined by SP immunoreactivity while the central autonomic region (lamina X) contains heterogeneous bands of SP immunoreactivity. From P20 to P30, SP fibers and puncta accumulate in each autonomic nucleus and longitudinal SP connections form between each adjacent nucleus intermediolateralis pars principalis. Along the spinal midline the nucleus intercalatus pars paraependymalis and the dorsal commissural nucleus emerge from the central autonomic region as separate SP-innervated nuclei. On P40 a period of reorganization takes place so that SP fibers within sympathetic nuclei become more diffuse and the nucleus intercalatus becomes more complex in appearance. The adult SP pattern is formed by P60 when the dorsal commissural nucleus dense core becomes the last autonomic region to be SP innervated. In addition, a transient population of immunohistochemically demonstrable cervical-thoracic laminae VII and X SP cell bodies are observed from P2 to P15.
Social Interactions of the Przewalski Horse (Equus przewalskii Poliakov, 1881) Herd at the Munich Zoo

Abstract Data were collected on 972 aggressions and 233 acts of mutual grooming in a herd of 9 Przewalski horses in the Hellabrunn Tierpark in Munich, West Germany. The herd was composed of 1 adult stallion, 5 adult mares and 3 foals. A distinct linear dominance hierarchy was present in the herd, with the stallion being the top-ranking animal. Age was significantly correlated with rank. Almost 40% of all aggressions consisted of herding actions by the stallion. Threats to bite (20% of all aggressions) and threats to kick (11.4%) were next in frequency of occurrence. Most mutual grooms (71%) involved grooming the front part of the body. Although mutual grooming may be used to appease higher-ranked animals, most grooming bouts were between related horses. Foals initiate 47.6% of all allogrooming. Mutual grooming may reduce weaning conflict between a mare and her foal or may result in female coalitions that defend against predators or aggression by the herd stallion.
Solar energy breeders

Abstract An energy breeder can be defined as a device which creates capacity to generate useful energy without consuming energy stocks. Any solar conversion device (SCD) that delivers in its life-time more energy than needed to maintain and rebuild itself is a solar energy breeder, since some of the surplus energy can be used to build more such SCDs. A breeding SCD must necessarily produce energy of sufficiently high intrinsic quality (e.g. electricity) or high temperature to provide energy at the various temperatures needed for its fabrication and maintenance. Thus, the amount of energy produced by an SCD breeder at various temperatures must be examined, in addition to the simple energy quantity produced over a solar collector lifetime. Capacity breeding rates are calculated for both SCDs producing electricity intrinsically (e.g. photovoltaics) and for SCDs producing both electricity and a significant amount of thermal energy (e.g. total solar energy systems).
Application of the singularity-subtraction technique to isotropic scattering in a planar layer

Abstract A numerical procedure for solving a singular Fredholm integral equation, which describes radiative transfer in an absorbing and isotropically scattering layer exposed to collimated radiation, is studied. The integral equation is solved by subtracting out the singularity and then approximating the integral term by a Gaussian quadrature. Bidirectional and hemispherical properties are found from the source function. Any arbitrary directional distribution of incident radiation can be handled by superimposing the collimated radiation case. In particular, the case of isotropic incident radiation is presented. The method gives accurate results, even for the extreme conditions of large optical thickness and large angle of incidence.
Alcoholic Hepatitis and HCV Interactions in the Modulation of Liver Disease

Most HCV-infected patients regularly consume alcohol. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection together are the most common causes of liver disease worldwide. Although both factors independently cause liver disease, they synergistically promote rapid liver disease progression with devastating outcomes for patients. This review focuses on the prevalence, clinical characteristics and molecular pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection associated with alcohol abuse. Recent findings have centred on the synergistic effect of alcohol and HCV on viral replication, hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, alcohol-induced 'leaky gut', miR-122 and immune dysregulation. Clinical and basic research findings presented here summarize key scientific findings with the aim of highlighting potential areas for new therapies and identifying ways of optimizing current treatments for alcoholics with HCV infection.
Terminal care in cystic fibrosis: hospital versus home?

To the Editor. As a member of a pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) care team, I was struck by the contrast between my experience of the end-of-life care of those with CF and that of Robinson et al.1 Whereas all but 1 of their child and adult patients died in hospital, in the last 10 years only 43.8% (9/21) of our patients (ages 5–21 years) have died there. In Cape Town, death has tended to occur in hospital for those living far from our center where home-based care is more difficult to administer ( N = 2), those with rapid deterioration ( N = 6), and where care in hospital has been chosen (sometimes not in so many words) by the child/young person and family ( N = 1). The small number choosing in-hospital care may result from differing parental or staff attitudes …
Interdisciplinary Seminars in Ethics and Law

the law and theology faculties at Southern Methodist University in which problems of professional education and responsibility were discussed. Out of these conversations came a recommendation that a seminar on ethical problems of interest to both lawyers and ministers be established under the joint sponsorship of the two faculties. Charles Calvin (then professor of law, and now also dean of the Law School) and I were requested to formulate and initiate such a seminar. We did so, and the seminar is now in its fourth consecutive year of operation at Southern Methodist University. This year the law faculty of the University of Texas has initiated a somewhat similar seminar on an experimental basis, and invited the two theological seminaries in Austin (the seat of the University) to participate. I was asked to serve as visiting professor at the School of Law to direct this seminar, which I am in the process of doing this semester. Associated with me in the active leadership thereof are professors Leon Lebowitz of the School of Law, George Heyer of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, and John Turnbull of the Episcopal Seminary of the Southwest.
DETERMINATION OF ALBENDAZOLE, FENBENDAZOLE, AND THEIR METABOLITES IN MOUSE PLASMA BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY USING FLUORESCENCE AND ULTRAVIOLET DETECTION

A rapid and reliable high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of albendazole (ABZ), albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO), albendazole sulfone (ABZSO2); fenbendazole (FBZ), fenbendazole sulfoxide (FBZSO), and fenbendazole sulfone (FBZSO2) in mouse plasma. The mouse plasma was made alkaline with potassium carbonate and extracted with ethylacetate. The extracts were evaporated, reconstituted in mobile phase, and analyzed by HPLC. The chromatography was carried out on a reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-methanol-buffer as the mobile phase. The fenbendazole and its metabolites were detected by using UV detector set at the wavelength of 290 nm. The albendazole and its metabolites were detected by a fluorescence detector with excitation and emission wavelengths of 290 and 330 nm, respectively. The average recoveries of ABZ, ABZSO, and ABZSO2 from fortified control plasma samples were 95, 82, and 92%, respectively. Similarly, the average recoveri...
Preschool Children's Social Cognition and Cultural Cognition. A Cognitive Developmental Interpretation of Race Dissonance Findings

Summary Symbolic interactionist notions and Piagetian theorizing form the basis for exploring social cognitive abilities as significant influences on black children's cultural cognition. One-hundred thirty black preschool children were administered a set of measures including the California Preschool Social Competency Scale, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, a Racial Attitude/Preference measure, a Racial Awareness measure, and two measures of Decentering ability. The sample was near equally divided by gender; the majority of children (80%) were of middle-income families. The measure of racial attitudes and preferences, as expected, was not related to social cognitive abilities. However, social cognitive abilities did predict race awareness. Results indicated that young preoperational period children obtain cultural stereotypes from social learning experiences, although the more subtle cultural differentiation, integration, and categorization are more directly predicted by cognitive prerequisites.
Curvature dependency of surface tension in multicomponent systems

The effect of curvature on the surface tension of droplets and bubbles in both single and multicomponent systems is modeled using the basic equations from classical thermodynamics. The three expressions used in our work are the Gibbs adsorption equation for multicomponent systems, the relation between the surface tension at the surface of tension and the distance parameter δ, and the Macleod–Sugden equation for surface tension and its extension to multicomponent systems. The Peng–Robinson equation of state is used to describe the bulk phases. We also assume that the surface tension expression remains valid in terms of the properties of the bulk phases for both flat and curved interfaces. For a flat surface we have developed a rigorous thermodynamics approach for the calculation of the Tolman distance parameter. For curved surfaces, the results from our model reveal a decrease in surface tension with curvature in bubbles and a nonmonotonic behavior in droplets for single-component systems. Our predictions are in good agreement with the literature results when the interface is described using the framework of the density functional theory by three different groups. For multicomponent systems, the results show that the surface tension in a bubble, although monotonic with curvature, can increase or decrease in a large bubble depending on the temperature and composition of the mixture. In a droplet, the surface tension can have a nonmonotonic behavior similar to that of single-component systems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Oscillating Infinitesimal Prismatic Dislocation Loops in Thin Films

The steady-state elastic responses of infinite isotropic solids and thin films to the oscillating infinitesimal prismatic dislocation loops are investigated. The film can be free standing, in smooth contact with or perfectly bonded to a rigid substrate. The solutions are expressed in terms of Helmholtz potentials with unknown coefficients, which will be determined by solving a set of simultaneous liner algebraic equations. The simultaneous algebraic equations are constructed by using the boundary conditions on the plane containing the dislocation loop and on the surfaces of the film. The method can be easily extended to multilayered solids.
Retraining of functional gait through the reduction of upper extremity weight-bearing in chronic cerebellar ataxia

Patients with chronic ataxia resulting from traumatic central nervous system (CNS) damage frequently attain a gait pattern dependent upon upper extremity weight-bearing (UEWB). Traditional attempts to train these patients may perpetuate UEWB dependency, by not allowing optimal facilitation of balance and associated movement control required for independent ambulation. In the present study an ambulation retraining approach designed to facilitate coordination and balance while minimizing UEWB was used. This approach can allow the patient to train outside of the clinic; only about 5% of the actual therapy hours involved a therapist.
A Career Advancement Program for Women Administrators

Although it is too early to evaluate progress toward the distal goal of the CLD Program, this local program has been successful in meeting the four proximal goals (open access, career and leadership enhancement activities, career counseling, and fiscal training). Thus, it has been demonstrated that a variety of local resources can be utilized to address career needs that were not being met by national programs.