cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PRETREATMENT UNDER VARIOUS CATIONIC CONDITIONS ON ACETYLCHOLINE CONTENT AND CHOLINE TRANSPORT IN RAT WHOLE BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMES

The effects of different ionic environments were measured on the concentration of acetyl-choline (ACh) from synaptosomes and their effect on subsequent high affinity choline (Ch) transport and ACh synthesis after resuspension of the synaptosomes in the normal Krebs medium. KCl (40 mM) was used to induce ACh release and reduce synaptosomal ACh content. The effects of Na+ omission, Ca2+ omission, and high Mg2+ on spontaneous (KC1: 4.75 mM) and potassium induced (KC1: 40 mM) ACh release and other cholinergic parameters are presented. The high affinity transport of Ch was more highly correlated with the reciprocal of the ACh level (r= 0.934, P= 9.7 × 10-4) than with the ACh release rate during preincubation (r= 0.792, P= 3.4 × 10-2). The results are consistent with the view that the consequences of the various ionic conditions on Ch transport and ACh synthesis are dependent on their effects on intrasynaptosomal ACh levels and only secondarily on synaptosomal ACh release.
Deriving Lifetime Maps of Coherent Structures in the Turbulent Boundary Layer

The lifetimes of coherent structures are derived from data correlated over a three-sensor array sampling streamwise sidewall pressure at high Reynolds number (>10 8 ). The data were acquired at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds aboard a Tupolev Tu-144. The lifetimes are computed from a variant of the correlation length termed the lifelength. Characteristic lifelengths are estimated by fitting a Gaussian distribution to the sensors' cross spectra and are shown to compare favorably with Efimtsov's prediction of correlation space scales. Lifelength distributions are computed in the time/frequency domain using an interval correlation technique on the continuous wavelet transform of the original time data. The median values of the lifelength distributions are found to be very close to the frequency-averaged result. The interval correlation technique is shown to allow the retrieval and inspection of the original time data of each event in the lifelength distributions, thus providing a means to locate and study the nature of the coherent structure in the turbulent boundary layer. The lifelength data are converted to lifetimes using the convection velocity. The lifetime of events in the time/frequency domain are displayed in lifetime maps. The primary purpose of the paper is to validate these new analysis techniques so that they can be used with confidence to further characterize the behavior of coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer.
Isolation of Legume Glycosyltransferases and Active Site Mapping of the Phaseolus lunatus Zeatin O-glucosyltransferase ZOG1

O-Glycosides of the cytokinin zeatin are found in many plant tissues. They provide protection against degradative enzymes and may serve as cytokinin reserves. Two zeatin glycosyltransferase (GT) genes, an O-glucosyltransferase (ZOG1) from Phaseolus lunatus and an O-xylosyltransferase (ZOX1) from P. vulgaris, were previously isolated. Five novel bean and soybean GT genes with high sequence identity to ZOG1 were isolated, sequenced, and expressed, along with two such genes from rice and one from tomato. None of the recombinant proteins showed GT activity with zeatin. By comparing the ZOG1 sequence to the 3D model of Medicago truncatula UGT71G1, four regions possibly important to zeatin binding were identified, and mutation studies identified one amino acid within each region (R59, D87, L127, and F149) whose mutation strongly impaired enzyme activity. The new bean and soybean GTs differ from ZOG1 in one (PlGT2 and GmGT2) to three (GmGT1) of these residues. Mutation of one such GT (PlGT2) to render it identical to ZOG1 at the four implicated residues conferred low enzyme activity, providing further support for the importance of these amino acids in recognizing zeatin as substrate.
An experimental technique for determining biaxial fatigue lifetimes in biomedical elastomers

A novel test apparatus was developed to determine fatigue lifetimes of elastomeric materials. Thin elastomeric sheets (membranes) are biaxially fatigued while contained within a temperature controlled liquid environment. Membranes are displaced in a smooth sinusoidal motion by pumping the surrounding fluid through the equipment's inner cells. An electrical signal (AC) passes through the membrane during fatigue and is used to monitor changes in the elastomer's physical characteristics. In addition, the test cell is designed to allow optical observation of the membrane throughout the fatiguing process. Thus the design results in a test rig apparatus that permits failure determination by both material property changes and obvious fracture. Cyclic fatigue frequencies range from 0.2 to 1.2 Hz.
Synthesis of (2 R ,4 R )- and (2 S ,4 S )-4-hydroxypipecolic acid derivatives and (2 S ,4 S )-(−)-SS20846A

Syntheses of protected derivatives of both enantiomers of trans-4-hydroxypipecolic acid (2) and the natural product (−)-SS20846A (3) were accomplished from vinylglycinols. Key transformations involved construction of the piperidine ring via ring-closing metathesis (Grubbs’ catalyst) and installation of the 4-hydroxy substituent by Prevost reaction. X-Ray diffraction analyses conclusively established the regio- and stereochemistry of key intermediates.
TU-A-301-01: Microcalcifications Visibility in Cone Beam Breast CT with Various Flat Panel Detectors

Purpose: To investigate the visibility of microcalcifications (MCs) in cone beam breast CT using various flat panel detectors. Methods: We investigated the visibility of MCs in cone beam CT(CBCT) breast imaging using various flat panel detectors, including PaxScan 4030CB (aSi/CsI) by Varian MedicalSystems, FPD14 (aSi/aSe) by Anrad, C4742 (CCD/GdO2S:Tb) and C7921 (CMOS/CsI) detectors by Hamamatsu. A paraffin cylinder with a diameter of 135 mm and a thickness of 40 mm was used to simulate a 100% adipose breast. Calcium carbonate grains, from 125 – 140 μm to 224 – 250 μm in various size groups, were used to simulate the MCs. Groups of 25 same size MCs were arranged into 5 × 5 clusters. Each cluster was embedded at the center of a 15 mm diameter cylindrical paraffin phantom, which as inserted into a hole at the center of the breast phantom. The breast phantom with the simulated MCs was scanned on a bench top CBCTsystem at various exposure levels for each detector. The reconstructed images were reviewed by 6 readers independently. The MCvisibility was quantified as the fraction of visible MCs and averaged over all readers for analysis. The visibility was plotted as a function of the estimated dose level and image signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for various scans and detectors. The relative detector DQEs were compared among the four detectors. Results: It was found the relationship between the visibility and size can be fitted with a Boltzmann function for all the detectors. The Varian detector has the best MCvisibility among all the detectors at the same dose level. Conclusions: The visibility of MCs increased with the isocenter dose and image SNR for all detectors.Detector with better DQE could achieve the same MCvisibility with lower radiation dose. This work was supported in part by grants CA104759, CA13852 and CA1245 85 from NIH‐NCI, a grant EB00117 from NIH‐NIBIB, and a subcontract from NIST‐ATP.
Influence of Multiple Matings on Fecundity and Longevity of Female Cabbage Looper Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Comparisons of numbers of eggs laid and longevity of singly and multiply mated females of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), revealed a positive relationship between the number of spermatophores received by a female and her oviposition rate in eggs laid per day and her fecundity. Comparisons of numbers of eggs laid and longevity of females either once-mated to virgin males or once-mated to previously mated males revealed no relationship between male mating history and female oviposition rate, female lifetime fecundity, or female longevity, indicating that multiple mating by males does not result in a decline in the quality of their contributions to females during mating. The possible benefits derived by females from multiple mating are discussed.
Couples Living With Cardiovascular Disease: Effects on the Marital Relationship

The stress of living with cardiac disease can affect a couple's marriage, transforming its character. This article examines the psychosocial impact of cardiovascular disease, delineating the ways in which the illness experience changes the marital relationship. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 23 spouses of patients (mean age 56) diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Two overarching dimensions emerged, depicting positive and negative effects on the marriage. Ongoing care for cardiac patients should include a focus on spousal caregivers, supporting both members of the couple as they jointly face challenges engendered by the illness.
Evidence for conformational flexibility in the Tat-TAR recognition motif of cyclin T1.

Cyclin T1 (CycT1) is a cellular transcription elongation factor that also participates in Tat-mediated activation of several lentiviral promoters. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CycT1 is required for Tat to bind tightly to TAR and interacts in the ternary complex via its Tat–TAR recognition motif (TRM). In the related bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), Tat recognizes its cognate TAR element with high affinity and specificity in the absence of CycT1. At both promoters, CycT1 recruits the Cdk9 kinase, which phosphorylates RNA polymerase II to generate processive transcription complexes. To examine the physical properties of CycT1, we purified a functional domain corresponding to residues 1–272 and found that it possesses a stably folded core, as judged by partial proteolysis and circular dichroism experiments. Interestingly, the C-terminal 20 residues corresponding to the TRM appear conformationally flexible or disordered. The TRM of the bovine CycT1 (bCycT1) is similarly sensitive to proteolysis yet differs in sequence from the human protein. In particular, bCycT1 lacks a cysteine at residue 261 known to be critical for HIV but not BIV ternary complex formation, and mutagenesis data are consistent with a proposed role for this cysteine in metal binding. The apparent flexibility of the TRM suggests that conformational rearrangements may accompany formation of CycT1–Tat–TAR ternary complexes and may contribute to different TAR recognition strategies in different lentiviruses.
Participation in Community Walking Following Stroke: The Influence of Self-Perceived Environmental Barriers

Background Community walking is limited among survivors of stroke; however, the contributing factors are not clearly understood. Objective This study examined the association of features in the environment with frequency of community walking following stroke. Design An observational study design was used, with frequency of community walking data collected prospectively. Method Thirty survivors of stroke (mean age=67 years; mean months since stroke=40), and 30 older adults without stroke (mean age=68 years) participated. Frequency of community walking (number of trips, walking-related activities [WRA], and the ratio of WRA to trips) and satisfaction were measured using self-report. The Environmental Analysis of Mobility Questionnaire (EAMQ) was used to determine frequency of encounter with versus avoidance of environmental features during community walking. Negative binomial and linear regression models were used to analyze the association of environmental features with measures of community walking. Results Survivors of stroke reported reduced community walking and fewer encounters with and greater avoidance of features within 8 dimensions of the environment compared with a control group of adults without stroke. Following stroke, avoidance of features in some environmental dimensions was associated with frequency of community walking as measured by number of trips, number of WRA, and the ratio of WRA to trips. Environmental features explained little of the variability in community walking. Limitations Limitations included a small sample size and limited diversity among participants. This study examined only physical features in the environment and did not include other environmental factors, such as social support, which may influence participation. Conclusions Avoidance of features within some, but not all, environmental dimensions was associated with self-reported frequency of community walking following stroke, suggesting that some environmental features may limit community walking more than others.
Tobacco retail outlet advertising practices and proximity to schools, parks and public housing affect Synar underage sales violations in Washington, DC

Objective To examine the cross-sectional association between illicit sales of tobacco to minors, Washington DC tobacco outlet advertising practices, retail store type, the demographic make-up of the area surrounding each outlet, and the proximity of each outlet to high schools, recreational parks and public housing. Participants Seven hundred and fifty tobacco outlets in the DC area, n=347 of which were randomly selected for inspection by the Synar Inspection Program in 2009–2010. Main outcome measures The presence of tobacco advertisements on the interior and exterior of each outlet, and illicit tobacco sales to Synar Inspection Program youth volunteers. Results The presence of tobacco advertisements on the exterior of gas stations was much greater than on other retail store types (OR=6.68; 95% CI 4.05 to 11.01), as was the absence of any advertisements at bars or restaurants that sold tobacco (OR=0.33; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.52). Exterior tobacco advertisements were also more likely in predominantly African–American areas of the city (OR=3.11; 95% CI 2.28 to 4.25), and particularly likely on storefronts located closer to parks (OR=1.87; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.28). Illicit sales to minors were more common at gas stations (OR=3.01; 95% CI 1.5 to 6.3), outlets that displayed exterior tobacco advertisements closer to parks (OR=3.36; 95% CI 1.38 to 8.21), and outlets located closer to high schools in majority African– American block groups (OR=1.29; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.58). Conclusions Findings demonstrate that while illicit tobacco sales to minors are occurring at acceptably low rates by Synar standards, illicit sales vary considerably by retail store type, advertising approach and proximity to high schools, parks and African–American residential areas. Future work may help inform regulatory efforts to reduce youth access at the neighbourhood, city, state and national levels.
The Process of Competitive Discussion

Every active scientific discipline has arrived at its own peculiar definition of acceptable problems and acceptable ways of attacking them through a social process of mutual consent.
Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Traditional partner referral for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is ineffective at assuring that partners are treated. Alternative methods are needed. We sought to determine whether patient-delivered partner treatment (PDPT) is better than 2 different methods of partner referral in providing antibiotic treatment to sex partners of men with urethritis and in reducing recurrence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. METHODS Men who received a diagnosis of urethritis at a public STD clinic in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the period of December 2001 through March 2004 were randomly assigned according to the month of treatment for either standard partner referral (PR), booklet-enhanced partner referral (BEPR), or PDPT. At baseline and after 1 month, men were asked to provide information about each partner and were tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. RESULTS Most enrolled index men (n = 977) were > 24 years of age (51.6%) and African American (95%) and had > or = 2 partners (68.3%). They reported information on 1991 partners, and 78.8% were reinterviewed 4-8 weeks later. Men in the PDPT arm were more likely than men in the BEPR and PR arms to report having seen their partners, having talked to their partners about the infection, having given the intervention to their partners, and having been told by their partners that the antibiotic treatment had been taken (55.8%, 45.6%, and 35.0%, respectively; P < .001). Of men who were reinterviewed, 37.5% agreed to follow-up testing for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis infection. Those tested were similar to those not tested with regard to the study variables measured. Among those tested, men in the PDPT and BEPR arms were less likely than those in the PR arm to test positive for C. trachomatis and/or N. gonorrhoeae (23.0%, 14.3%, and 42.7%, respectively; P < .001). CONCLUSION Among heterosexual men with urethritis, PDPT was better than standard partner referral for treatment of partners and prevention of recurrence of C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae infection.
Microglial Response to Brain Injury: A Brief Synopsis

In addition to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, microglia represent the third major population of glial cells within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are distributed ubiquitously throughout the brain and spinal cord, and one of their main functions is to monitor and sustain neuronal health. Microglial cells are quite sensitive to even minor disturbances in CNS homeostasis, and they become readily activated during most neuropathologic conditions, including peripheral nerve injury, trauma and stroke, inflammatory disease, and neurotoxicant-induced neuronal injury. During activation, microglia display conspicuous functional plasticity, which involves changes in cell morphology, cell number, cell surface receptor expression, and production of growth factors and cytokines. The many changes occurring in activated cells reflect the altered functional states of microglia that are induced by signals arising from injured neurons. Thus, neuronal-microglial signaling plays a fundamental role in understanding how the CNS responds to injury. Reactive microgliosis should be viewed as a cellular effort to initiate ameliorative and reparative measures in the injured brain.
Voices that may not otherwise be heard: a qualitative exploration into the perspectives of primary care patients living with chronic pain

BACKGROUND Although psychometrically sound pain assessment tools are available, there is a paucity of research that comprehensively defines chronic pain from the perspective of patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of a combination of qualitative methods (Photovoice, one-on-one interviews, and focus groups) in examining the daily experiences of primary care patients living with chronic pain. METHODS A sample of English-speaking primary care patients aged 30 years or older, who had been prescribed an opioid for long-term, noncancer pain management, participated in the study. Each patient took photographs that best reflected both his/her experiences with chronic pain and what he/she would like his/her life to be without chronic pain. RESULTS Patients submitted an average of 20.2±3.1 photographs (range =8-27 photographs). Analysis of one-on-one interviews illuminated five dominant themes: daily need for multiple medications, including opioids; difficulties climbing a flight of stairs; struggling to get out of bed in the morning; extreme challenges with participating in day-to-day life activities; and experiencing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness on a regular basis. Seven themes emerged from the focus groups: undesired effects/burdens of medications, loss of/striving for independence, effect on social interactions/relationships, pain effect on activities of daily living, constant search for convenience/a better situation, interactions with physicians, and frustration/depression with pain. CONCLUSION The qualitative methods employed in this study provide deep insight into perceptions and experiences of patients living with chronic pain that is vital for informing future clinical interventions.
Fluid flow and the Heart Mountain fault: a stable isotopic, fluid inclusion, and geochronologic study

Numerous studies have proposed that movement along the 3400-km 2 low-angle (<38) Heart Mountain detachment fault of north-western Wyoming and south-western Montana was facilitated by the presence of lubricating fluids. A recent stable isotope study suggested that the fluids along the Heart Mountain fault originated from large hydrothermal systems associated with Eocene intrusive centers. Herein, we present results from a combined stable isotope, fluid inclusion, and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology study of the relationship between shallow crustal fluids from Eocene intrusive centers in the New World Mining district and fluids associated with the Heart Mountain fault. Our results suggest that: (i) Eocene intrusive bodies within the New World Mining District focused hydrothermal fluids along specific units and structures from the ore deposit centers along the Heart Mountain fault detachment surface; (ii) hydrothermal waters were focused along the Heart Mountain fault from the breakaway region near Silvergate, Montana toward Heart Mountain in Cody, Wyoming; and (iii) hydrothermal activity along the Heart Mountain fault occurred at the same time as emplacement of the Eocene intrusives, between 50.1 and 48.1 Ma. These data, taken together, suggest that the hydrothermal activity generated by intrusion of Eocene rhyodacites and dacites provided the source of fluids found along the Heart Mountain fault plane.
What Causes Civil Wars? Integrating Quantitative Research Findings

Over the past decade, dozens of quantitative studies on civil war onset have been published. This study compiles the results of 46 quantitative studies, and finds that of more than 200 hundred independent variables, there is some degree of consensus on the effects of fewer than 30 and a high degree of consensus on no more than seven. Furthermore, many puzzles and contradictions in the existing research literature have barely been examined. The review concludes that while there is embryonic consensus on the effects of a small set of variables, there is not yet a widely accepted theory that explains these effects. Since neither qualitative nor quantitative analysis of civil wars has solved these puzzles, future studies of civil war onset should theorize the expected interactions between all variables of interest, collect data on variables with poor proxies, take grievances more seriously in theory and measurement, make use of the enormous quantity of historical scholarship on civil wars, and extend the concept of “multiple paths to war” to intrastate war.
NVisionIP: netflow visualizations of system state for security situational awareness

The number of attacks against large computer systems is currently growing at a rapid pace. Despite the best efforts of security analysts, large organizations are having trouble keeping on top of the current state of their networks. In this paper, we describe a tool called NVisionIP that is designed to increase the security analyst's situational awareness. As humans are inherently visual beings, NVisionIP uses a graphical representation of a class-B network to allow analysts to quickly visualize the current state of their network. We present an overview of NVisionIP along with a discussion of various types of security-related scenarios that it can be used to detect.
Abstract LB-157: A murine model of Fanconi anemia-associated head and neck cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Fanconi anemia (FA) predisposes patients to aggressive head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinomas (HNSCCs) early in life. These tumors are particularly difficult to treat because of the underlying hypersensitivity of all somatic cells from these patients to cross-linking agents. An in vivo model is thus badly needed to delineate the unique molecular mechanisms involved in tumor formation and to identify opportunities to exploit this mechanism therapeutically. Although mice with inactivating mutations of FA genes have been developed, these mice do not spontaneously develop HNSCCs. Therefore, we sought to develop our own model by treating wild-type (WT) and Fancc-deficient (FA-C) mice with the carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide for 45 weeks. Although tumor incidence, histological type and grade, and anatomical location were similar in WT and FA-C mice, cells isolated from FA-C tumors displayed higher levels of endogenous chromosomal instability compared to cells from WT tumors. None of the mice developed metastases, most likely because they required early euthanasia as tumor formation inhibited the ability to eat and drink. To compare the metastatic potential of WT and FA-C HNSCC cells, we subcutaneously injected these cells lines into the flanks of immunocompetent (C57Bl/6J) and immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Interestingly, tumors only formed in NOD/SCID mice indicating immune-mediated suppression of tumor growth in the immunocompetent mice. In NOD/SCID mice, 4 out of 6 WT and 3 out of 4 FA-C cell lines induced tumor formation. However, all of the tumor-forming FA-C lines produced aggressive tumors that penetrated into the retro-peritoneal space and/or produced hind-leg paralysis, while only 1 out of 4 WT lines invaded to this extent (a phenomenon that occurred in fewer than 25% of mice injected with this line). In addition, we found that tumor forming ability of FA-C HNSCC cell lines did not require loss of Fancc because FA-C lines transduced with wild-type Fancc remained fully tumorigenic in vivo. In conclusion, we have developed a model of FA related HNSCCs utilizing FA and WT cell lines. The model permits the outgrowth of tumors that are histologically, genomically, and biologically similar to corresponding tumors in humans. Currently we are utilizing this model to test the efficacy of small molecules in inhibiting FA tumor progression and are testing the role of the tumor microenvironment and the immune system in modulating the development of FA-related HNSCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-157.
An accurate grid local truncation error for device simulation

One of the most important factors in achieving an accurate and efficient device simulation today is a good grid. However, an effective grid error indicator for the device simulation has been lacking; thus, it is very difficult to know how accurate the simulation results are. Previous papers have suggested that the local truncation error (LTE) is not a good indicator for grid discretization error. In this paper we show that the dominant factor in the LTE derivation has been ignored. With the correct formulation it is shown that LTE is a major source of the solution error. Since LTE is easy to calculate, our methodology provides up to orders of magnitudes savings in CPU time compared to other algorithms. This adaptive regridding on LTE provides overall simulation speedups of 10X for medium-sized examples. With little overhead, the LTE is extended to be an effective error indicator for device terminal characteristics, such as drive current and threshold voltage, which can only be obtained previously with large effort.
The History of Hominin Occupation of Central Asia in Review

The timing of hominin dispersals during the early Pleistocene, specifically into East Asia, is well established. The pattern of migration across inner Asia and the subsequent duration/intensity of hominin colonization of these areas, however, are still poorly resolved. The large territory of Central Asia defines a clear path within Eurasia through which hominin dispersals farther east may have occurred. The purpose of the present study is to examine the degree to which an autochthonous evolutionary trajectory is supported in Central Asia and how the potential connections between this and neighboring regions may be characterized during the Pleistocene. Archaeological and human paleontological evidence from the region is reviewed and compared to that from the Near East, the Altai, and China. This review informs a more detailed analysis of the Central Asian Middle Paleolithic record. Prevailing theoretical models suggest that Central Asia was inhabited by Neandertals migrating from the west to seek refuge from expanding modern human populations during the Middle Paleolithic. Morphological analyses of the newly discovered Obi-Rakhmat hominin and a re-evaluation of the Teshik-Tash child, both from sites in Uzbekistan, provide a test of this model. Results indicate that evidence of the morphological pattern that typically describes European Neandertals is equivocal in Central Asia. Although both Obi-Rakhmat and Teshik-Tash express some Neandertal features, their morphologies also suggest some admixture with local populations and/or those migrating into Central Asia from the North and East.
Backstepping Boundary ControlA Tutorial

After briefly overviewing the application problems that call for boundary control method and the existing techniques for control of PDEs, the paper introduces the key concepts for spatially continuous backstepping control design for PDE systems. After that, a general procedure for parabolic PDEs of a "spatially causal" class is presented, followed by a discussion of the main design equations for gain computations. For PDE systems with boundary sensors a backstepping observer design is introduced. The paper concludes with the application of the backstepping method to the Schrodinger equation and first-order hyperbolic PDEs (the transport equation and its derivatives).
CHEMICAL CHARACTER AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF THE POTASSIUM ION.

1. It is shown that the NH4 ion acts in cases of antagonism on the egg of Fundulus more like the K ion than the Na ion; this corresponds to the fact that in its general chemical behavior the NH4 ion resembles the K ion more closely than the Na ion. 2. It is shown that the tolerance of sea urchin eggs towards the Li ion can be increased 500 per cent or more if at the same time a certain amount of Na ion is replaced by K, Rb, or Cs ions. Since in the periodic table Na occupies a position between K and Li it is inferred that the Li and K ions deviate in their physiological action in the opposite direction from the Na ion. 3. These data indicate that the behavior of the K ion in antagonistic salt action (which forms the basis of the physiologically balanced action of ions) is due to its purely chemical character, i.e. its position in the periodic table or rather to its atomic number, and not to those explosions in its nucleus which give rise to a trace of radioactivity.
Transport properties for turbulent dispersion from wall sources

The dispersion of a passive contaminant by turbulence is not only intrinsically interesting, but also is fundamental to practical heat- and mass-transfer problems. The mechanism of turbulent dispersion from the wall and effects of the molecular Prandtl number are examined. Transport properties for scalar dispersion from an instantaneous line source at the wall of a parallel-plate channel in which fully developed turbulent flow occurs, as well as from a continuous line source, are studied. Numerical experiments using a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the flow, combined with Lagrangian scalar tracking (LST) of trajectories of thermal markers in the flow field, are conducted. The method is applied for a wide range of molecular Prandtl (Pr) or Schmidt (Sc) number fluids (0.1⩽Pr⩽50,000, which corresponds to liquid metals, gases, refrigerants, lubricants and electrochemical fluids). Results from the DNS/LST method are compared with experimental data, which are available for low Pr or Sc fluids. The turbulent diffusivity and turbulent Prandtl number for the plume that results from a line source are calculated, and an appropriate scaling is proposed. Finally, a model is developed for the prediction of the mean temperature or mean concentration profile as a function of Pr or Sc.
Assessing respiratory distress when the patient cannot report dyspnea.

Ensuring patient comfort begins with a comprehensive assessment for symptom distress. The dying patient poses unique challenges for assessment because of the high prevalence of declining and impaired cognition that typifies this population. The focus of this paper is on the practical clinical question: How can we recognize respiratory distress when the patient cannot provide a report about dyspnea ?
EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED BURNS AND BISON (BOS BISON) GRAZING ON BREEDING BIRD ABUNDANCES IN TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

Abstract Grassland birds have declined more than any other avian assemblage in North America, with nearly every species showing negative population trends. In the Flint Hills of Kansas, the largest remnant of the tallgrass prairie biome, annual spring burning of rangeland has recently replaced burning every 2–3 years. I examined effects of different burning and bison (Bos bison) grazing regimes on June abundances of seven bird species using a 23-year data set from the Konza Prairie Biological Station. Fire significantly affected the abundances of six of the seven species. Effects varied among species but, notably, four grass-dependent species—Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Henslow’s Sparrow (A. henslowii), Dickcissel (Spiza americana), and Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna)— and the shrub-dependent Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii)—were least abundant or absent at sites in the breeding season immediately following burning. Upland Sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) were most abundant at sites in t...
Catastrophic Adverse Events During Cardiac Catheterization in Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension May Not Be So Rare.

Despite application of multiple novel options for treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) over the past 20 years, it remains a serious life-threatening condition [(1)][1]. Cardiac catheterization plays a key role for diagnostic precision and is considered the standard of care before
Chapter 7: Interviewing Witnesses

This chapter in The Handbook of Human Rights Investigation covers the procedures that should be used in interviewing victims of and witnesses to serious violations of human rights violations.
Acute Pancreatitis in a Patient With Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Normal Lipase Levels

The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis requires clinical, biochemical, and occasionally imaging information. Biochemical criteria include serum lipase levels, which are considered both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis often have abdominal pain that may be related to the ongoing metabolic derangement or to precipitating intra-abdominal pathology. The pain severity in diabetic ketoacidosis helps determine whether abdominal disease should be further investigated. We present a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis and acute pancreatitis who had no significant elevation of amylase and lipase. The patient had abdominal pain that persisted despite ongoing treatment with intravenous insulin for ketoacidosis. The pain was initially located in the epigastrium and then migrated to the right lower quadrant. An abdominal computed tomography scan was obtained to exclude acute appendicitis, and this study revealed peripancreatic fluid consistent with acute pan...
A Well-Conditioned Hierarchical Basis for Triangular H(curl)-Conforming Elements

We construct a well-conditioned hierarchical basis for triangular H(curl)conforming elements with selected orthogonality. The basis functions are grouped into edge and interior functions, and the later is further grouped into normal and bubble functions. In our construction, the trace of the edge shape functions are orthonormal on the associated edge. The interior normal functions, which are perpendicular to an edge, and the bubble functions are both orthonormal among themselves over the reference element. The construction is made possible with classic orthogonal polynomials, viz., Legendre and Jacobi polynomials. For both the mass matrix and the quasi-stiffness matrix, better conditioning of the new basis is shown by a comparison with the basis previously proposed by Ainsworth and Coyle [Comput. Methods. Appl. Mech. Engrg., 190 (2001), 6709-6733]. AMS subject classifications: 65N30, 65F35, 65F15
Interpretation of gravity and magnetic data and development of two-dimensional cross-sectional models for the Border Ranges fault system, south-central Alaska

Extensive Quaternary glacial cover and a lack of dense geophysical data within the Cook Inlet basin (CIB) of south-central Alaska make locating and determining the geometry of the Border Ranges fault system (BRFS), a major feature of the Alaska-Aleutian forearc region, difficult. We use recently collected gravity data, available aeromagnetic data, and other geophysical information as constraints to develop plausible two-dimensional cross-section models that better image the BRFS and related geologic structures of the CIB. Our integrated models show a thick sequence of late Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and the Peninsular terrane basement (6–20 km depth) overlying a serpentinized body at a depth of 16–34 km. The late Mesozoic rocks and serpentinite are interpreted as possible sources of the south Alaska magnetic high over the CIB. The eastern boundaries of the CIB are characterized by gravity and magnetic highs of the emplaced Border Range ultramafic and mafic assemblages (BRUMA). Formation of the BRUMA may be related to the serpentinized rocks that composed a Jurassic oceanic arc. Our models constrain the BRFS as a structural boundary between the overthrusted BRUMA and the Chugach terrane to the east. The BRFS dips 50°–70° toward the west-northwest and extends to at least 15 km. The BRFS may penetrate steeply or shallowly to a form a decollement at greater depths. A model that includes underplated sediments at the base of the accretionary complex (12–40 km) is consistent with the observed gravity low over the Chugach Mountains (Chugach terrane). The underplating may be associated with the subducting and shortening of the Yakutat microplate in south-central Alaska.
NIF ignition diagnostics

The National Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a 1.8 MJ, 192 beam laser designed to produce the conditions of temperature and density in compressed deuterium-tritium ice which theory predicted would produce thermonuclear ignition. All of the exquisite technical requirements of the laser and the targets have been met. A comprehensive set of diagnostics has been installed with major contributions from the eight Laboratories and Universities and four countries.
The synthesis of taurine from sulfate. 3. Further evidence for the enzymatic pathway in chick liver.

SummaryThe purpose of this research was to determine the enzymatic pathway for the synthesis of taurine from inorganic sulfate in chick liver. The enzymatically active proteins were obtained in the supernatant fraction from an ammonium sulfate precipitate (0.7 saturation) of chick liver homogenate using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-ion exchange chromatography. Experiments designed to ascertain the acceptor of the sulfate from 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) indicated that serine had the highest activity. Further, pyridoxal phosphate-dependent serine dehy-drase activity was required in the reaction utilizing serine to form taurine. The formation of taurine was preceded by the intermediate being converted to enzyme-bound cysteic acid. Inhibition studies indicated that PAPS-transferase, serine dehydrase, cysteic acid decarboxylase activities were required for this reaction, as well as a sulfhydryl requirement.
Water Quality in Selected Small Drinking Water Systems of Missouri Rural Communities

Small drinking water treatment systems (serving <10,000 population) in rural communities frequently encounter multiple challenges in water quality and federal regulatory compliance, especially the disinfection byproduct (DBP) regulations, due to source water variations, limited resources, and aging infrastructures. Unlike most studies on the DBP control using synthetic water in laboratory settings, this research aimed to identify the major water quality issues confronting small systems in the state of Missouri (MO), the United States of America (USA). Three small systems were selected based on source water and geographic locations. Water samples were collected quarterly from each major treatment process during the period of May 2012 to March 2013 and analyzed to identify the treatment effectiveness and potential water quality issues in each small system. Results of water quality characterization showed that the major water quality issue in the selected small systems was the low efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal, especially the DOC species that are considered as the DBP precursors. Most collected water samples had a higher trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant limit (MCL) (80 μg/L). Based on the analysis of the treatment efficiency in each system, several strategies for water quality improvement were recommended, and a few of which have been implemented in the small systems, leading to improved drinking water quality and compliance with the USEPA DBP regulations. This study would provide a valuable aid to small system operators and local water authority in context of water quality improvement and the regulatory compliance.
Analysis and application of reinforcement technology of deep excavation and slope under bad geological conditions

Based on the slope reinforcement theory and experiences,the reinforcement scheme of a slope that is close to a road and an old building with eight-floor in the silt soil with deep fourteen-meters is designed. By means of stability calculation and analysis of the slope,the smallest security coefficients in the reinforced slope are analyzed. During the excavation of the reinforced slope based on this design,the displacements of the slope and the settlements of surrounding buildings are in the scope of security and requirement,and the successful construction of basement structures are guaranteed. The technology provided in this paper serves as a useful reference to the similar engineering.
Body Hair Transplant by Follicular Unit Extraction: My Experience With 122 Patients

Background Body hair shafts from the beard, trunk, and extremities can be used to treat baldness when patients have inadequate amounts of scalp donor hair, but reports in the literature concerning use of body hair to treat baldness are confined to case reports. Objectives This study aimed to assess the outcome of body hair transplanted to bald areas of the scalp in selected patients. Methods From 2005 through 2011, 122 patients preselected for adequate body hair had donor hair transplanted from the beard, trunk, and the extremities to the scalp by follicular unit extraction (FUE) by the author at a single center. All patients were emailed surveys to assess surgical outcomes and overall satisfaction. Results Seventy-nine patients (64.8%) responded with a mean time of 2.9 years between date of last surgery and time of survey. Patients were generally very satisfied with results of their procedure, giving mean scores of at least a 7.8 on a Likert-like scale of 0 to 10 for their healing status, hair growth in recipient areas, and overall satisfaction with their surgeries. These scores were comparable to mean scores provided by patients whose transplants included scalp donor sources. Conclusions FUE using body hair can be an effective hair transplantation method for a select patient population of hirsute individuals who suffer from severe baldness or have inadequate scalp donor reserve. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Focal adhesion kinase signaling is decreased in polyamine-depleted IEC-6 cells

Polyamines are essential to the migration of epithelial cells in the intestinal mucosa. Cells depleted of polyamines do not attach as rapidly to the extracellular matrix and do not form the actin stress fibers essential for migration. Because both attachment and stress fiber formation depend on integrin signaling and the formation of focal adhesions, we examined these and related processes in polyamine-depleted IEC-6 cells. There was general decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and, specifically, decreased phosphorylation of Tyr-925, the paxillin binding site. In control cells, FAK phosphorylation was rapid after attachment to the extracellular matrix, while attached cells depleted of polyamines had significantly delayed phosphorylation. FAK activity was also significantly inhibited in polyamine-depleted cells as was the phosphorylation of paxillin. Polyamine-depleted cells failed to spread normally after attachment, and immunocytochemistry showed little colocalization of FAK and actin compared with controls. Focal adhesion complex formation was greatly reduced in the absence of polyamines. These data suggest that defective integrin signaling may, at least in part, account for the decreased rates of attachment, actin stress fiber formation, spreading, and migration observed in polyamine-depleted cells.
Desmin Filaments and Desmin-Related Myopathy

Desmin is the major intermediate filament protein in muscle tissue. In skeletal and cardiac muscle, desmin filaments distribute in the intermyofibrillar space to link adjacent myofibrils to each other at the z disc level, to the sarcolemma via costameres and sarcoglycan-dystroglycan complexes, and insert into to the nuclear envelope. The desmin filament network contributes to the positioning organelles such as mitochondria. In cardiac muscle, desmin is enriched in the intercalated disk by association with desmosomes. Hence, desmin plays an important role in the structural integrity and mechanical tension transmission across the myocyte and perhaps in the communication between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. Germ-line ablation of the desmin gene (DES) in mice does not affect muscle formation in embryos but causes postnatal cardiac and skeletal myopathies that deteriorate with age. A large number of mutations in DES or its partner proteins (e.g., CRYAB) cause desmin-related myopathy (DRM), a heterogeneous group of muscle disease featured by the presence of DES-positive aberrant protein aggregates in myocytes. Both disruption of the DES filament network as result of the mutation and gained toxicity of the mutant proteins may contribute to DRM pathogenesis but the precise pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Studies on DRM patients and DRM cell and animal models have also provided new insight into protein quality control in muscle tissue. Chemical chaperones, priming the proteasome, and enhancing autophagy have been shown to delay the progression of experimental DRM.