cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals how the aryl hydrocarbon receptor shapes cellular differentiation potency in the mouse colon.

Despite recent progress recognizing the importance of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-dependent signaling in suppressing colon tumorigenesis, its role in regulating colonic crypt homeostasis remains unclear. To assess the effects of Ahr on intestinal epithelial cell heterogeneity and functional phenotypes, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics and advanced analytical strategies to generate a high-quality atlas for colonic intestinal crypts from wild-type and intestinal-specific Ahr knockout mice. Here we observed the promotive effects of Ahr deletion on FOXM1 regulated genes in crypt-associated canonical epithelial cell types and subtypes of goblet cells and deep crypt secretory cells. We also show that intestinal Ahr deletion elevated single-cell entropy (a measure of differentiation potency or cell stemness) and RNA velocity length (a measure of the rate of cell differentiation) in noncycling and cycling Lgr5+ stem cells. In general, intercellular signaling crosstalk via soluble and membrane-bound factors was perturbed in Ahr null colonocytes. Taken together, our single-cell RNA sequencing analyses provide new evidence of the molecular function of Ahr in modulating putative stem cell driver genes, cell potency lineage decisions and cell-cell communication in vivo.
Mixed-Initiative Systems for Collaborative Problem Solving

Mixed-initiative systems are a popular approach to building intelligent systems that can collaborate naturally and effectively with people. But true collaborative behavior requires an agent to possess a number of capabilities, including reasoning, communication, planning, execution, and learning. We describe an integrated approach to the design and implementation of a collaborative problem-solving assistant based on a formal theory of joint activity and a declarative representation of tasks. This approach builds on prior work by us and by others on mixed-initiative dialogue and planning systems.
A Feature Based Navigation System for an Autonomous Underwater Robot

We present a system for autonomous underwater navigation as implemented on a Nekton Ranger autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV. This is one of the first implementations of a practical application for simultaneous localization and mapping on an AUV. Besides being an application of real-time SLAM, the implemtation demonstrates a novel data fusion solution where data from 7 sources are fused at different time scales in 5 separate estimators. By modularizing the data fusion problem in this way each estimator can be tuned separately to provide output useful to the end goal of localizing the AUV, on an a priori map. The Ranger AUV is equipped with a BlueView blazed array sonar which is used to detect features in the underwater environment. Underwater testing results are presented. The features in these tests are deployed radar reflectors.
Identification and Characterization of Modification Enzymes by Biochemical Analysis of the Proteome

Abstract The use of proteomic libraries designed to express the complete set of proteins from an organism has resulted in the identification of many RNA modification enzymes whose function was previously unknown. Here we describe a generalized procedure for the biochemical analysis of a yeast proteomic library for identification of nucleic acid–modifying enzymes, by use of the yeast MORF (Moveable Open Reading Frame) library (Gelperin et al., 2005) as the source of protein activity, and the known yeast tRNA methyltransferase Trm4 as a test case. The procedures outlined in this chapter can be applied to any proteomic expression library from any organism, many of which will become increasingly available as the number of sequenced genomes increases and as genomic cloning techniques improve.
Apparent Turnover of Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Mitochondrial Phospholipids in the Tissues of the Rat

Abstract The apparent turnovers of mitochondrial DNA and of the phospholipids, cardiolipin, lecithin, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, have been determined simultaneously in the mitochondria of rat liver, kidney, brain, and heart. The turnover rate of mitochondrial DNA in liver was similar to previously reported turnover rates of other mitochondrial components. Mitochondrial DNA has a half-life of 6.7 days in heart, 9.4 days in liver, 10.4 days in kidney, and about 31 days in brain. The turnover of mitochondrial phospholipids is complex: in the liver and kidney their turnover rates are similar to that of the mitochondrial DNA. In the other organs studied slower and nonexponential turnover rates were found. There was no apparent turnover of nuclear DNA in liver, kidney, or brain during the experiment. A relatively rapid rate of turnover with a half-life of about 30 days was found for heart nuclear DNA.
REF Select: expert system software for selecting restriction endonucleases for restriction endonuclease fingerprinting.

REF Select, expert system software, has been developed to assist in the selection of optimal restriction endonucleases for restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF), a method for rapid and sens...
A selection model for motion processing in area MT of primates

A computational model for motion processing in area MT is presented that is based on the observed response properties of cortical neurons and is consistent with the visual perception of partially occluded and transparent moving stimuli. In contrast to models of motion processing that assume spatial continuity and fail to compute the correct velocity for these visual stimuli, our model produces a distributed segmentation of the image into disjoint patches that represent distinct objects moving with common velocities. A key element in the model is the selection of regions of the visual field where the velocity estimates are most reliable. The processing units in the motion model that perform the selection have nonclassical receptive fields similar to those observed in area MT (Allman et al., 1985). The psychophysical responses of the model to coherently moving random dots and transparent plaid gratings are similar to those observed in primates.
Effects of Lead on the Lipid Compusition of Micrococcus luteus Cells

Micrococcus luteus cells cultivated in medium containing lead salts exhibited a sequence of changes in the quantity of total cellular lipids with essentially no changes from normal cellular yields. The lipid composition of cells cultivated one to four times was moderately decreased (phase I) whereas that of cells cultivated five to six times was reduced by as much as 50% (phase II). Cells cultivated more than six times in lead-containing media had progressively greater quantities of lipid (phase III) approaching that found in control cells. These cells with reestablished lipid contents showed no further effects from more prolonged exposure to lead salts. Chromatographic studies of total lipids of cells of each lipid phase revealed relatively complete lipid compositions. These results indicated that lead is apparently affecting a common biochemical parameter in the biosynthesis of lipids of lipid phase II cells. Changes in the relative quantities of individual components were observed in both the nonpolar and polar lipids in each lipid phase. The most notable changes were the decrease in aliphatic hydrocarbons with concomitant increases in the diglycerides and components identified as a complex family of ketones. Microscopy examinations of control and lead-treated cells revealed electron dense inclusion bodies in membrane fragments in only lead-treated cells.
On certain uniformity properties of curves over function fields

A uniform version of the Shafarevich Conjecture for function fields (Theorem of Parshin–Arakelov) is proved, together with a uniform version of the geometric Mordell conjecture (Theorem of Manin). Such results are generalized to base varieties of arbitrary dimension (i.e. function fields of arbitrary transcendence degree).
Interpersonal Dynamics in Business Disciplines: Formulating a Hierarchy of Relational Motives

This article analyzes the topic of relational motives within the business disciplines and represents one attempt in responding to criticisms of a lacking framework capable of providing wider and more coherent understandings of relational typologies. By means of a review of the management and leadership literature and using a utility-by-motives clustering, six relational motives are identified and ordered hierarchically using a paired comparison methodology. The value of this approach for scholars and practitioners is explored and specific areas of further research are suggested.
Reframing Theories for Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Families

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss what conceptual perspectives and theoretical frameworks explain and predict family phenomena among ethnic minority families. Three major discussions provide the basis to our examination: (1) restructuring assumptions and values to reflect ethnic reality; (2) creating new ways of thinking about ethnic minority families to enhance culturally relevant conceptual frameworks on the family; and (3) reframing existing theoretical perspectives and ideologies to explain and predict family phenomena among these families. Central to each of these discussions is the importance of cultural distinctiveness as it relates to the family.
Personal values and sexual decision-making among virginal and sexually experienced urban adolescent girls

Abstract Purpose: To guide the development of an intervention to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in urban, adolescent girls, we investigated such girls' reasons for deciding to have or not to have sexual intercourse. Methods: Consecutive girls ≥14 years of age attending an urban adolescent clinic were invited to complete an anonymous survey about sexual decision-making. In this pilot study, girls were asked: (a) whether they agreed with a statement that they had or had not had sexual intercourse "because of my values and beliefs"; and (b) to select from a list one or more specific reasons why they had or had not had intercourse. The girls were categorized by self-report as either "virgins," "currently inactive" (no intercourse in the preceding 3 months), or "currently active" (had intercourse during the preceding 3 months). Results: Usable surveys were obtained from 197 adolescents whose age (18.2 ± 2.6 years) and race (69% black) were comparable to those of clinic attendees in general. Forty girls (20%; age 16.1 ± 2.1 years) were virgins, 25 girls (13%; age 17.8 ± 2.3 years) were inactive, and 132 girls (67%; age 18.9 ± 2.5 years) were currently active. "Values and beliefs" were cited as the reason for decisions about sexual behavior by 53% of the virgins, but only by 24% of the sexually inactive and 24% of the sexually active girls ( p = .002). Virgins were more likely than inactive girls to cite three specific reasons for not having sex: "not the right thing for me now" (82% vs. 50%, p = .007), "waiting until I am older" (69% vs. 8%, p = .001), and "waiting until I am married" (67% vs. 38%, p = .02). The reason "against my religious beliefs" was cited by 23% of virgins and 13% of inactive girls ( p = not significant). Personal values were implicit in the two specific reasons for having sex that active girls chose most frequently, namely, "I like/love the person" (86%) and "I like having sex" (37%), although only 24% of these girls had explicitly cited "values and beliefs" as their reason for having sex. Conclusions: Our data indicate that urban girls, both those who have had sexual intercourse and those who have not, view their sexual behavior as being based on personal (although infrequently religious) values. Many of the virginal urban, adolescent girls we surveyed hold abstinence as a personal value. The sexually active adolescents perceive the decision to have sexual intercourse as being based affirmatively on their personal values rather than on the chance occurrence of opportunities to have intercourse. These data may be useful in the development of new strategies for reducing urban adolescent girls' risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases.
Fraction 1 Protein and the Origin of Polyploid Wheats

The nature of the interspecific hybridizations giving rise to the polyploid wheats has been determined from an analysis of the polypeptide compositions of fraction 1 proteins isolated from diploid,...
On the physical interpretation of the impact damage model in TDDB of low-k dielectrics

In one of the new “root-E” models for TDDB, there is a second term in the exponent representing the probability that there is enough energy to create damage that contributes to breakdown failure. This provides an exponential “1/E” character to the extrapolation to use conditions that predicts lifetimes many orders of magnitude longer than the simple root-E extrapolation. It also predicts a threshold voltage for damage independent of the applied field. It is argued here that the requirement for damage may not be the energy, but the momentum transfer to cause physical damage. The consequences are discussed.
Reviewer's Reply

Problems in Publishing Current Information: In his rebuttal, Professor Flores stresses the difficulty of publishing an up-to-date book. However, in his 1972 review (IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, December 1972) of Katzan's book, Flores complained "My curiosity about the 3330 disk system was not satisfied." Katzan had allocated about 5 pages of his 1971 book to a discussion of the IBM 3330 system, including the "rotational position sensing" and "multiple requesting" features. Professor Flores now explains to us that his own book, published two years later, cannot be expected to cover these same items, because of the "constraint of time and necessity!"
Object discovery in high-resolution remote sensing images: a semantic perspective

Given its importance, the problem of object discovery in high-resolution remote-sensing (HRRS) imagery has received a lot of attention in the literature. Despite the vast amount of expert endeavor spent on this problem, more efforts have been expected to discover and utilize hidden semantics of images for object detection. To that end, in this paper, we address this problem from two semantic perspectives. First, we propose a semantic-aware two-stage image segmentation approach, which preserves the semantics of real-world objects during the segmentation process. Second, to better capture semantic features for object discovery, we exploit a hyperclique pattern discovery method to find complex objects that consist of several co-existing individual objects that usually form a unique semantic concept. We consider the identified groups of co-existing objects as new feature sets and feed them into the learning model for better performance of image retrieval. Experiments with real-world datasets show that, with reliable segmentation and new semantic features as starting points, we can improve the performance of object discovery in terms of various external criteria.
Effects of semantic and phonological clustering on L2 vocabulary acquisition among novice learners

Abstract Vocabulary is critical in second language acquisition, yet there is no consensus as to how to present vocabulary in a way that facilitates learning. Scant empirical evidence supports the claim that presenting words in semantic clusters is helpful, while increasing evidence asserts that grouping words semantically impedes L2 vocabulary acquisition. How best to cluster L2 vocabulary, therefore, is an unresolved question. Research in cognitive psychology shows that including repetitive aspects (such as certain consonant-vowel combinations) in verbal information facilitates information retrieval. Presenting words with a repetitive aspect makes these vocabulary items phonologically similar. Therefore, the present study investigated semantic and phonological clustering effects among 32 novice learners of L2 Spanish. Vocabulary was presented in four categories ([±semantic, ±phonological]), and within-subjects comparisons were made as to which clusters were learned better and retained longer over time. Results show that the semantically clustered (and not phonologically similar) words were more difficult to learn. Performance improved by presenting vocabulary in random and/or phonological groups both in the short term and over time. Even though the mind may tend to store accumulated vocabulary in semantic fields, it may initially be prepared to receive words that need to be organized in semantic fields, not to receive words that have already been semantically pre-organized.
Evaluation of The Sensitivity of The Dual-Polarization Doppler Warm-Rain Radar Data Assimilation to Radar Forward Operators for a Convective Storm

The dual-polarization (dual-pol) Doppler radar provides more information on precipitation particles compared with the traditional Doppler radar. In this study, the dual-pol radar observations of differential reflectivity (ZDR), specific differential phase (KDP), and radial velocity (VR) collected by the C-band Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research are assimilated for a convective storm on June 23,2008. Two different warm-rain radar forward operators for ZDR and KDP data assimilation are built on the basis of empirical relationships between the dual-pol variables and water content in precipitation. The advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system are used in this study. The main goal of this study is to demonstrate the sensitivity of initialization and prediction of a real case event to the dual-pol radar data assimilation with different radar forward operators. The results show that both forward operators successfully assimilate the ZDR, KDP, and VR data and help with the initialization and short-term forecast for the thunderstorm event. In addition, significant sensitivity caused by the use of different radar operators is found in the thermodynamic, kinematic, and microphysical fields of the storm, especially over the storm region. However, the storm location and movement are not largely influenced; hence, short-term precipitation forecast is not largely affected by the use of different radar operators.
Delineation of differential temporal relations between specific eating and anxiety disorders

This study examined the temporal sequencing of eating and anxiety disorders to delineate which anxiety disorders increase eating disorder risk and whether individuals with eating disorders are at greater risk for particular anxiety disorders. The sample was drawn from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project. Temporal relations between specific eating and anxiety disorders were examined after controlling for relevant variables (e.g., mood disorders, other anxiety disorders) over 14 years. After excluding those with anorexia nervosa (AN) in adolescence (T1), OCD was the only T1 anxiety disorder to predict AN by age 30 (T4). No T1 anxiety disorder was associated with T4 bulimia nervosa (BN). Although T1 AN did not increase risk of any T4 anxiety disorder, T1 BN appeared to increase risk for social anxiety and panic disorders. Evidence that eating disorders may have differential relations to particular anxiety disorders could inform prevention and treatment efforts.
Tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody prevents alterations in leukocyte populations during cardiopulmonary bypass

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated as causing the systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) that contributes to the postoperative sequelae of coagulopathy, increased capillary permeability, leukocytosis, fever, and multiple organ dysfunction. To define the role of TNF-alpha on leukocyte populations during CPB, pigs (n = 6) were pretreated with 20 mg TNF-alpha monoclonal murine antibody before normothermic CPB (2 hr) in a blinded prospective randomized study with saline used as a control (n = 6). The leukocyte response to CPB was measured at 10, 30, 60, and 120 min during CPB and at 60 and 120 min after CPB. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed and the null hypothesis was discarded at the 5% level. The control group displayed the typical leukocyte profile associated with CPB: and initial leukopenia (36% reduction) followed by leukocytosis (11% increase, P = 0.0001). The initial leukopenia was due to a fall in both polymorphonuclear neutrophils (33% reduced, P < 0.05) and monocytes (37% reduced, P < 0.05). In the TNF-alpha monoclonal murine antibody group the total leukocyte profile did not change significantly from baseline, (8.7% reduction to a 16% increase, P = 0.24) nor were there significant changes in populations including neutrophils and lymphocytes. In the treatment group the initial reduction in monocytes was prevented and total circulating monocytes increased during bypass. The experimental data suggest that TNF-alpha may play an important role in the early alterations in leukocyte populations associated with CPB, and TNF-alpha monoclonal murine antibody pretreatment ameliorates the leukocyte response.
The Dynamics of the Steroidogenic Response of Perifused Leydig Tumor Cells to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Ovine Luteinizing Hormone, Cholera Toxin, and Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate*

A perifusion system has been developed in which a dose-dependent response of isolated Leydig tumor cells to steroidogenic stimuli, as assessed by the rates of steroid production, can be measured as a function of time. In response to a continuous perifusion for 340 min with a saturating concentration of hCG, ovine LH (oLH), cholera toxin, or 8-Br-cAMP, there is a rapid increase in the rate of progesterone production, which reaches a maximum about 100 min after the onset of stimulus in the medium and then declines to a rate somewhat higher than basal. Thus, cholera toxin and 8-Br-cAMP as well as hCG and oLH are able to desensitize the Leydig tumor cells to further stimulation by the same agent. Although a 10-min pulse of a saturating concentration of hCG yields the same steroidogenic response as that elicited by a continuous perifusion with saturating hCG, a pulse of a saturating concentration of oLH yields a steroidogenic response only when oLH is maintained in the perifusate. These data establish a substa...
Connection between few-body systems and the bulk limit

To simplify the connection between few-body systems and the bulk limit, we propose a new variableX≡1−(1−N1/3)3=3N1/3−3N2/3+N−1 which roughly represents the fraction of surface of a spherical cluster ofN identical particles. Use of this variable is illustrated for clusters of alpha particles, nucleons, atoms and molecules, both in terms of extrapolation to a bulk limit and in terms of interpolation between a known bulk limit and clusters of moderateN, where 114 is “halfway” to the bulk.
The Theory Arsenal: The Cambridge Circus and the Origins of the Keynesian Revolution

In the winter of 1934–35, when John Maynard Keynes was beginning to circulate proofs of The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money , he indulged in a playful exchange of letters with George Bernard Shaw devoted mainly to the merits of Karl Marx as an economist. At the end of his letter of January 1, 1935, Keynes's observations took a more serious turn, documenting fundamental changes in his theoretical ambitions following the publication of his Treatise on Money in 1930: “To understand my state of mind, however, you have to know that I believe myself to be writing a book on economic theory which will largely revolutionize—not, I suppose, at once but in the course of the next ten years—the way the world thinks about economic problems” (Keynes 1973a, p. 492).
Risk-benefit analysis of using the middle fossa approach for acoustic neuromas with >10 mm cerebellopontine angle component.

Objectives To evaluate hearing preservation and facial nerve (FN) outcome in the middle fossa (MF) approach for acoustic neuromas with a cerebellopontine angle (CPA) component >10 mm. Study Design Retrospective review of 193 patients. Patient Population Patients were grouped according to tumor size: intracanalicular tumors (IC; 64), 1 to 9 mm CPA extension (42), and 10 to 18 mm CPA extension (47). Additionally, a group of 40 patients (tumor size 10–18 mm CPA extension) who had undergone a translabyrinthine (TL) approach was studied to assess comparative FN outcome. Hearing and FN function were measured 1 year postoperatively. We defined the success at functional hearing preservation as AAO–HNS class B or better and good FN outcome as House-Brackmann grade II or better. Results For IC tumors and those with up to 9-mm CPA extension, there was no significant difference in the rate of functional hearing preservation (62.2% vs. 63.1%, P = .931) and good FN outcome (93.7% vs. 97.6%, P = .358). For tumors of 10- to 18-mm CPA extension, the rate of hearing preservation (34%) was lower than the other groups (P = .006 and P = .009). In this group, the rate of good FN outcome was lower compared with the IC and 1- to 9-mm tumors (80.8% vs. 93.7%, P = .037 and 97.6%, P = .012). The rate of good FN outcome following the TL approach in a comparable cohort of patients was 100% (P = .003 in comparison with 10–18 mm tumor resected with the MF approach). Conclusions When considering surgical options, patients with >10-mm tumors should be advised that choosing the MF approach for hearing preservation carries a somewhat higher risk of persistent FN dysfunction.
Sickle cell hepatopathy: clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome in pediatric and adult patients.

Background Standard diagnostic criteria and therapy are lacking for sickle cell hepatopathy, an uncommon complication of sickle cell disease. Here we propose diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines based on our experience and on reported cases. Methods We defined sickle hepatopathy by a total serum bilirubin concentration >13 mg/dl not explained by severe acute hemolysis, viral hepatitis, extrahepatic obstruction, or hepatic sequestration. We reviewed the records of all children with sickle hepatopathy seen at our institution during the past 20 years and the reported cases from the literature. Patients were categorized into two groups based on whether hepatic dysfunction at presentation was mild (Group I) or severe (Group II). Results Seven patients were identified from our institution and 37 patients from the literature. The 44 patients were evenly divided between the two groups. Group I patients had a significantly lower mean age (11.8 years vs. 24.5 years, P = 0.0001), maximum bilirubin level (36.2 mg/dl vs. 76.8 mg/dl, P = 0.0008), and frequency of treatment with exchange transfusions (P = 0.03). Overall, mortality was 4% in Group I and 64% in Group II (P = 0.0001). Gender and recurrence rate did not differ. Among Group II patients, only two of nine who received exchange transfusion died, whereas 12 of 13 who did not receive exchange transfusion died (P = 0.0015). Conclusions Sickle cell hepatopathy is an uncommon complication characterized by extreme hyperbilirubinemia and either mild or severe hepatic dysfunction. Children and adults can present with either form; however, adults have a higher frequency of the severe form. Exchange transfusion may be the only effective management for initial episodes of severe sickle cell hepatopathy. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analytical Vibration of Spinning, Elastic Disk-Spindle Systems

This work develops the dynamic equations of motion for a spinning disk-spindle system and casts them in a structured formulation that reveals the classical gyroscopic nature of the system. The disk and spindle are modeled as elastic continua coupled by a rigid, three-dimensional clamp. The inherent structure of the system is clarified with the definition of extended operators that collect the component disk, spindle, and clamp equations of motion into a compact analytical form. The extended operators are easily identified as the inertia, elastic bending stiffness, gyroscopic, and rotational stiffness operators, and they possess the symmetry and definiteness characteristics that define gyroscopic continua. Consequently, well-known analytical methods for gyroscopic systems are readily applied to disk-spindle systems. Qualitative eigensolution properties, an exact, closed-form response analysis, and the Galerkin discretization that follow naturally from the structured formulation are discussed. A free and forced vibration example is presented.
Development of a high-performance noise-reduction filter for tomographic reconstruction

We propose a new noise-reduction method for tomographic reconstruction. The method incorporates a priori information on the source image for allowing the derivation of the energy spectrum of its ideal sinogram. In combination with the energy spectrum of the Poisson noise in the measured sinogram, we are able to derive a Wiener-like filter for effective suppression of the sinogram noise. The filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm, with a ramp filter, is then applied to the filtered sinogram to produce tomographic images. The resulting filter has a closed-form expression in the frequency space and contains a single user-adjustable regularization parameter. The proposed method is hence simple to implement and easy to use. In contrast to the ad hoc apodizing windows, such as Hanning and Butterworth filters, that are commonly used in the conventional FBP reconstruction, the proposed filter is theoretically more rigorous as it is derived by basing upon an optimization criterion, subject to a known class of source image intensity distributions.
Organocobalt cluster complexes XXIX. Novel silicon compounds containing the nonacarbonyl tricobaltcarbon substituent

Abstract The reaction of bromomethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl or, more effectively, of methylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl with diverse silicon hydrides (R 3 SiH, Ph 3 SiH, Me 2 (EtO)SiH, R n Cl 3 -n SiH ( n = 02), etc. results in formation of silylmethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes. Silicon-functional interconversions such as SiCl → SiOH, SiCl → SiOMe, SiOH → SiF, and SiOH → SiOSiMe 3 , have provided still other substituted silylmethylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes, generally in high yield. The compounds Me(HO) 2 SiCCO 3 (CO) 9 and (HO) 3 SiCCo 3 (CO) 9 have been incorporated into methylsilicone polymers by H 2 SO 4 -induced reactions with cyclo-(Me 2 SiO) 3 .
The effects of communication monitors on user satisfaction

Abstract This study analyzes the influence of communication monitors (CM) on overall computer user satisfaction as determined by multiple regression. The variables user expectations, manufacturers and vendors are found to be the most significant variables affecting overall satisfaction, whereas the variables number of systems represented and not using communication monitors have the least significant effect in the user satisfaction model. The implications for improvements in CM by updates to a database are discussed and analyzed.
Former state hospital patients in private general hospital psychiatric emergency settings

Increasing numbers of patients formerly hospitalized in state facilities are using private general hospital psychiatric emergency services. To define their clinical needs, the authors compared the characteristics of patients hospitalized in state institutions to those hospitalized privately and to those never hospitalized. They found that two discrete clinical groups exist: those from state and those from private systems. Clinicians reacted most negatively to former state patients. This was also reflected by differences in the dispositions of voluntary patients from the emergency room. Those not hospitalized or privately hospitalized were more likely than former state hospitalized patients to be sent to private facilities.
The ribosomes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Isolation, purification and general properties of the ribosomes of the tumorigenic strain B6806 and the non-tumorigenic strain IIBNV6

Abstract 1. 1. Ribosomes were isolated from A. tumefaciens B6806 (tumorigenic) and IIBNV6 (nontumorigenic) and analyzed. 2. 2. The hydrodynamic properties of the ribosomes and their subunits resemble those of Escherichia roll ribosomes. 3. 3. RNA, isolated by extraction from ribosomes with detergent, shows that the 23S rRNA of both strains A. tumefaciens B6806 and IIBNV6 contains a discontinuity. 4. 4. 58 Ribosomal proteins from the 70S ribosomes were resolved by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The two-dimensional r-protein electropherograms of the tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic strain are similar. 5. 5. The mol. wt distribution of the r-proteins of A. tumefaciens and E. coli are similar.
Identifying psychiatric suicides for research purposes.

Unusual accidental deaths recorded for former public psychiatric patients during a 3-year period in Missouri were compared with data previously published on suicide and undetermined deaths. Demographic and diagnostic data suggested that undetermined deaths resemble suicides, while the remaining unusual accidents do not. For purposes of estimating incidence or prevalence, it is recommended that "undetermined deaths" might well be combined with suicides, while the remaining accidents should not. Language: en
Decomposition Strategies for the Synthesis of Single Input-Single Output and Dual Input-Single Output Compliant Mechanisms

In this paper a new method for the synthesis of compliant mechanism topologies is presented which involves the decomposition of motion requirements into more easily solved sub-problems. The decomposition strategies are presented and demonstrated for both single input-single output (SISO) and dual input-single output (DISO) planar compliant mechanisms. The methodology makes use of the single point synthesis (SPS) which effectively generates topologies which satisfy motion requirements at one point by assembling compliant building blocks. The SPS utilizes compliance and stiffness ellipsoids to characterize building blocks and to combine them in an intelligent manner. Both the SISO and DISO problems are decomposed into sub-problems which may be addressed by the SPS. The decomposition strategies are demonstrated with illustrative example problems. This paper presents an alternative method for the synthesis of compliant mechanisms which augments designer insight.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The nature of chemical structure

We briefly discuss chemical structure as an object of mathematical characterization and list various structural invariants suitable for such a characterization. We restrict our attention to modeling compounds as graphs and examine several diverse structure-property-activity problems as an illustration of different mathematical analyses. Specifically, we consider: (1) the equivalence of an apparent quantum chemical problem as a graph theoretitcal decomposition (the analysis of diamagnetic susceptibility); (2) partial order as a tool for the illustration of regularities in isomeric variation of molecular properties (boiling points in alkanes); (3) ranking of structures as a tool in a search for biologically active substructures, illustrated on mutagenicity of nitrosamines; and (4) construction of search vectors as a tool for finding structures with a prescribed property. We end the discussion by pointing out advantages of mathematical descriptors versus physicochemical properties as descriptors. In conclusion, we focus attention on two problems facing graph theoretical approaches to chemical structure: How to incorporate differences between heteroatoms into molecular graphs, and how to incorporate spatial characteristics of chemical compounds into graph theoretical approaches. Finally, we generalize the traditional graph theoretical approaches, based on graphs and weighted graphs, to physicochemical matrices associated with molecular systems and point out the potential role that structural invariants play in discussions of molecular properties. Within this more general point of view, the quantum chemical computations produce but a fraction of the possible structural invariants that one may consider for a given system.
Invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients

Invasive fungal infections are a major problem in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Overall, the most common fungal infection in SOT is candidiasis, followed by aspergillosis and cryptococcosis, except in lung transplant recipients, where aspergillosis is most common. Development of invasive disease hinges on the interplay between host factors (e.g., integrity of anatomical barriers, innate and acquired immunity) and fungal factors (e.g., exposure, virulence and resistance to prophylaxis). In this article, we describe the epidemiology and clinical features of the most common fungal infections in organ transplantation. Within this context, we review recent advances in diagnostic modalities and antifungal chemotherapy, and their impact on evolving prophylaxis and treatment paradigms.
Rates and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing at an academic children's hospital, 2007-2010.

Objective and Design. Antimicrobial use in hospitalized children has not been well described. To identify targets for antimicrobial stewardship interventions, we retrospectively examined pediatric utilization rates for 48 antimicrobials from 2007 to 2010 as well as appropriateness of vancomycin and cefepime use in 2010. Patients and Setting. All children hospitalized between 2007 and 2010 at the Mayo Clinic Children's Hospital, a 120-bed facility within a larger adult hospital in Rochester, Minnesota. Methods. We calculated antimicrobial utilization rates in days of therapy per 1,000 patient-days. Details of vancomycin and cefepime use in 2010 were abstracted by chart review. Two pediatric infectious disease physicians independently assessed appropriateness of antibiotic use. Results. From 2007 to 2010, 9,880 of 17,242 (57%) hospitalized children received 1 or more antimicrobials. Antimicrobials (days of therapy per 1,000 patient-days) used most frequently in 2010 were cefazolin (97.8), vancomycin (97.1), fluconazole (76.4), piperacillin-tazobactam (70.7), and cefepime (67.6). Utilization rates increased significantly from 2007 to 2010 for 10 antimicrobials, including vancomycin, fluconazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, caspofungin, and cefotaxime. In 2010, inappropriate use of vancomycin and cefepime was greater in the pediatric intensive care unit than ward (vancomycin: 17.8% vs 6.4%, P = .001; cefepime: 9.2% vs 3.9%, P = .142) and on surgical versus medical services (vancomycin: 20.5% vs 8.0%, P = .001; cefepime: 19.4% vs 3.4%, P ≤ .001). The most common reason for inappropriate antibiotic use was failure to discontinue or de-escalate therapy. Conclusions. In our children's hospital, use of 10 antimicrobials increased during the study period. Inappropriate use of vancomycin and cefepime was greatest on the critical care and surgical services, largely as a result of failure to de-escalate therapy, suggesting targets for future antimicrobial stewardship interventions.
Long-term alcohol administration inhibits synthesis of both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins in heart

Alcohol decreases the rate of protein synthesis in cardiac muscle. We investigated the effects of feeding rats a diet containing alcohol for 16 weeks on the myocardial synthesis of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic (non-myofibrillar) proteins. Alcohol administration decreased the overall rate of protein synthesis in cardiac muscle by 22% compared with controls (P < .05). The rate of synthesis of proteins in the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic fractions was diminished proportionately after feeding a diet containing alcohol (P < .05). We examined the effects of diminished rates of protein synthesis on the expression of myofibrillar and non-myofibrillar proteins. The cellular content of actin and α-myosin heavy chain isoform was significantly reduced and there was an increase in the β-myosin heavy chain isoform after feeding rats a diet containing alcohol. The reduced expression of myosin heavy chain isoform and actin did not result from a decreased abundance of messenger RNA for either of these proteins. The myocardial content of troponin C and T was unchanged whereas that of troponin I was increased. Ethanol administration reduced the expression of eEF2 and the inducible form of the 70-kDa heat shock protein, whereas the cognate form of the 70-kDa heat shock protein was unaffected in a non–myofibrillar-enriched fraction of cardiac muscle. These results suggest that (1) the reduced protein content observed in the heart after feeding a diet containing alcohol is a consequence of reduced synthesis of both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, and (2) the expression of both actin and α-myosin heavy chain isoform is affected independently of the messenger RNA content of the proteins. We conclude that translational control mechanisms appear to be important in regulating the expression of myocardial proteins during long-term ethanol intoxication.
Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat

The effects on body temperature produced by graded doses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and phenylbutazone were compared in both normal and pyretic rats. Dose related hypothermic responses were produced by the oral administration of Δ9-THC in normal animals. Moreover, Δ9-THC significantly reduced elevated temperatures in yeast-induced pyretic rats to near normal levels at doses which exhibited little hypothermic activity in normal rats. The oral antipyretic potency of Δ9-THC was approximately 2 times that of phenylbutazone. The comparative oral antinociceptive activity of Δ9-THC and selected narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics was determined by the increase in response latency to pressure applied to normal and yeast-inflamed paws. Δ9-THC administered orally was essentially inactive at dose levels below those producing pronounced central nervous system depression. The oral anti-inflammatory efficacy of Δ9-THC was compared to phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid. Δ9-THC was ineffective in inhibiting carrageenin-induced edema of the rat paw following acute or chronic administration.
Thermophysical Properties of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at low temperatures, usually including the region around room temperature. They are under intense investigation, especially as replacement solvents for reactions and separations, since they exhibit negligible vapor pressure and would not, therefore, contribute to air pollution. Clearly, basic thermophysical properties are vital for design and evaluation for these applications. We present density as a function of temperature, melting temperatures, glass-transition temperatures, decomposition temperatures, and heat capacities as a function of temperature for a series of 13 of the popular imidazolium-based ILs. The ionic liquids investigated here are 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(trifluoromethylsul...
The diffusion of Nb95 and Ta182 in tantalum

Abstract Diffusion constants were obtained for Nb95 and Ta182 in tantalum over the temperature range 920–2500°C making use of lathe, grinding, and anodic film sectioning techniques. Over this temperature range, the lattice diffusion coefficients were observed to vary from about 2.5 × 10−19cm2/sec to about 4 × 10−9cm2/sec for Nb95 in tantalum. The Ta182 diffusion coefficients were about half those for Nb95 at all temperatures. The apparent variation in the activation energy for Nb95 diffusion in tantalum was about 6000 cal/mole over the whole temperature range; thus the Arrhenius relationship was seen to apply exceptionally well to this system. The expression D = 0.23 exp( −98,700 RT )cm 2 /sec describes the data within 20%.
Out, in and back again: PtdIns(4,5)P2 regulates cadherin trafficking in epithelial morphogenesis

The morphogenesis of epithelial cells in the tissue microenvironment depends on the regulation of the forces and structures that keep cells in contact with their neighbours. The formation of cell-cell contacts is integral to the establishment and maintenance of epithelial morphogenesis. In epithelial tissues, the misregulation of the signalling pathways that control epithelial polarization induces migratory and invasive cellular phenotypes. Many cellular processes influence cadherin targeting and function, including exocytosis, endocytosis and recycling. However, the localized generation of the lipid messenger PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is emerging as a fundamental signal controlling all of these processes. The PtdIns(4,5)P(2)-generating enzymes, PIPKs (phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases) are therefore integral to these pathways. By the spatial and temporal targeting of PIPKs via the actions of its functional protein associates, PtdIns(4,5)P(2) is generated at discrete cellular locales to provide the cadherin-trafficking machinery with its required lipid messenger. In the present review, we discuss the involvement of PtdIns(4,5)P(2) and the PIPKs in the regulation of the E-cadherin (epithelial cadherin) exocytic and endocytic machinery, the modulation of actin structures at sites of adhesion, and the direction of cellular pathways which determine the fate of E-cadherin and cell-cell junctions. Recent work is also described that has defined phosphoinositide-mediated E-cadherin regulatory pathways by the use of organismal models.
An optimal branch-and-bound procedure for the constrained path, moving target search problem

A searcher and target move among a finite set of cells C = 1, 2, ',N in discrete time. At the beginning of each time period, one cell is searched. If the target is in the selected cell j, it is detected with probability qj. If the target is not in the cell searched, it cannot be detected during the current time period. After each search, a target in cell j moves to cell k with probability pjk. The target transition matrix, P = [pjk] is known to the searcher. The searcher's path is constrained in that if the searcher is currently in cell j, the next search cell must be selected from a set of neighboring cells Cj. The object of the search is to minimize the probability of not detecting the target in T searches.
The influence of stereochemistry on the mass spectra of some trimethylsilylated pyranoses

The relative intensities of certain ions in the mass spectra of trimethylsilylated pyranoses have been observed to depend on the stereochemistry of the molecule. A system has been developed which is capable of explaining the differences between the anomeric forms of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and D-xylose.
Static uniform magnetic fields and amoebae.

Three species of potentially pathogenic amoebae were exposed to 71 and 106.5 mT from constant homogeneous magnetic fields and examined for inhibition of population growth. The number of amoebae for three species was significantly less than controls after a 72 h exposure to the magnetic fields when the temperature was 20 C or above. Axenic cultures, i.e., cultures grown without bacteria, were significantly affected after only 24 h. In 20 of 21 tests using the three species, the magnetic field significantly inhibited the growth of amoebae. In one test in which the temperature was 20 C for 48 h, exposure to the magnetic field was not inhibitory. Final numbers of magnetic field-exposed amoebae ranged from 9 to 72% lower than the final numbers of unexposed controls, depending on the species. This research may lead to disinfection strategies utilizing magnetic fields for surfaces on which pathogenic amoebae may proliferate.