cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Politics of British Conservatism

A rough measure of the resilience of the British Conservative party is indicated by the relatively rapid comeback from the electoral defeat of 1945. Instead of a twenty years' exile, like that of American Republicans, the Conservatives were out of office only six years. To be sure, their return to power was by a very slim parliamentary majority, representing less than half the popular vote cast in the General Election of 1951. And the ups and downs of the Conservative Goverment's popularity, as reflected in by-elections during 1952 and 1953, have shown little more than a capacity to hold the existing narrow margin. For many it must still seem difficult, as it did for Professor Herman Finer in the late 1940's, “to conceive a policy which, within some decades even, might win back for the Conservatives enough votes to support a solid government.” Naturally the Conservatives themselves have hardly accepted the fate of serving only an occasional interregnum between periods of Labour rule. Almost entirely without the spectacular issues which have characterized recent electoral successes of American Republicans, the British Right has sought to refute the assumption that it is incapable of presenting a sufficiently attractive political alternative to socialism.
Time-dependent behavior of thixotropic suspensions

The time-dependent behavior of the viscosity of bentonite-water suspensions was studied experimentally inCouette flow for various transitions between constant shear rates. It was found that, in general, the characteristic times become longer as the final shear rate becomes smaller and, for the same final shear rate, as the differences in shear rates become smaller. The characteristic time increases with increasing temperature and decreasing concentration. A discussion of the kinetics of the time dependence is given.
Authorizing Science Studies and Anthropology

My "Authorizing Knowledge in Science and Anthropology" (AA 100:347-360, June 1998) has inspired Steve Fuller to write about his concerns. However, his concerns are not the objects of discussion in my article. Indeed, in reading my article, Fuller superimposes his concerns over mine. His "objections" to "my" arguments in the article are actually objections to statements I did not make and positions I do not hold. He has mistakenly read these problems and concerns onto my article. In my original paper I discussed questions of knowledge production in the context of a nineteenth-century scientific war over Euclid's Fifth Postulate and then compared it with current science wars. My goal was to demonstrate that the weapons rhetorical strategies and institutional assaults used in the current battle are not new and have unfortunately been used through history in battles over what gets to be awarded the status of "knowledge" and who gets to be awarded the status of authority over knowledge production. My hope was that this historical comparison and analysis of the rhetorical strategies would help us to look beyond them to what is at stake: the authority to determine what constitutes knowledge and knowledge production in academia. In this effort, I discussed how "anti-science" becomes an effective political weapon wielded against work that goes against the accepted knowledge of the day. The article demonstrates that "anti-science" has been used as such a weapon in battles "within" mathematics, physics, and anthropology, as well as "between" arenas generally designated as "the sciences" and "the humanities."
The influence of linguistic content on the Lombard effect.

Purpose The Lombard effect describes the tendency for speakers to increase pitch, intensity, and duration in the presence of noise. It is unclear whether these modifications are uniformly applied a...
Log-based architectures for general-purpose monitoring of deployed code

Runtime monitoring tools are invaluable for detecting various types of bugs, in both sequential and multi-threaded programs. However, these tools often slow down the monitored program by an order of magnitude or more [4], implying that the tools are ill-suited for always-on monitoring of deployed code. Fortunately, the emergence of chip multiprocessors as a dominant computing platform means that resources are available on-chip to assist in monitoring tasks. In this brief note, we advocate Log-Based Architectures (LBA) that exploit such on-chip resources in order to dramatically reduce the overhead of runtime program monitoring. Specifically, we propose adding hardware support for logging a main program's trace and delivering it to another (otherwise idle) processing core for inspection. A life-guard program running on this other core executes the desired monitoring task.
Isolation and molecular characterization of the 5'-upstream region of the human TRAIL gene.

Abstract TRAIL, a novel member of the TNF family, acts through membrane receptors to induce apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes and may represent a mechanism for the “immune escape” of certain cancers. Various cytokines appear to increase expression of other TNF family members; however, the regulation of TRAIL has not been defined. The purpose of this study was to assess molecular mechanisms regulating TRAIL gene expression in human colon cancers. In this study, we have cloned the human TRAIL (hTRAIL) promoter (∼1.6 kb) and identified a number of putative transcription factor binding sites such as NFAT, AP-1 and Sp1 sequences which are important for the expression of other TNF family members. Transient transfections of 5′-deletion promoter constructs into either Caco-2 or HT29 colon cancer cells identified TRAIL promoter regions critical for both basal and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated induction. Furthermore, induction of TRAIL mRNA levels was demonstrated in HT29 and Caco-2 cells with IFN-γ treatment suggesting an important role for this cytokine in TRAIL expression.
Cytomegalovirus PP65 antigenemia monitoring as a guide for preemptive therapy : A cost effective strategy for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in adult liver transplant recipients

Background. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease in adult liver transplant recipients, using routine preemptive therapy guided by the pp65 antigenemia test. Methods. Antigenemia was monitored weekly after liver transplantation (OLTX) for the first 3 months, and once a month for another 3 months. CMV seronegative recipients were treated preemptively for the first positive antigenemia. Seropositive recipients were treated only when their antigenemia count reached a threshold of ≥100 positive cells per 200,000 leukocytes. Results. A total of 144 patients were included between June 1994 and April 1995, of which 137 (95%) were primary OLTX. The percentage of positive antigenemia and CMV disease was 55 and 8%, respectively. Seventy-eight (54%) patients were protocol-monitored for the entire follow-up (group 1) and received appropriate preemptive therapy, although 66 (46%) patients had protocol violation by having missed blood samples or blood drawn at unscheduled times (group 2). Using Cox's proportional hazards model, patients with a first antigenemia count of >11 leukocytes had a significantly higher rate of CMV disease compared to patients with an antigenemia count ≤11 leukocytes (RR=7.3, 95% confidence interval=2.2 to 24.5). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, adjustments were made to control for: group 1 versus group 2, use of OKT3, and serology risk categories. This analysis showed that the relative rate of CMV disease was still significantly higher among patients with antigenemia count >11 leukocytes (adjusted RR=4.9, 95% confidence interval=1.3 to 18.1). The estimated cost of preemptive therapy was less than that of prophylaxis with i.v. (14-day course) or oral (90-day course) ganciclovir. Conclusions. Preemptive therapy guided by pp65 antigenemia is a useful and cost effective strategy for prevention of CMV disease.
Calculation of quasi phasematching in optical parametric GaAs/AlGaAs waveguides

ABSTRACT Quasi phasematched domain periods for bulk and waveguide GaAs nonlinear frequency conversion were calculated. Waveguide beam confinement resulted in a decrease in effectiv e refractive index and the magnitude of this index change was found to increase supralinearly with wavelength. Domain periodicity required for a 2.056- m pumped, 10x10 m 2 GaAs core, Al 0.5 Ga 0.5 As cladding waveguide OPO at degeneracy decreased from 60.4 m for bulk GaAs to 57.9 m for a rib waveguide and 49.8 m for a buried waveguide in a GaAs OPO. Careful accounting for waveguide effects is necessary to fabricate a periodic waveguide structure with the desired function. Keywords: quasi phasematching, gallium arsenide, wavegu ide, nonlinear frequency conversion, infrared 1. INTRODUCTION Efficient optical parametric oscillator (OPO) generation of output tunable throughout the 2-12 micron region[1, 2] has been demonstrated in bulk orientation patterned GaAs usin g Q-switched laser pulses for pumping. Waveguide structures provide high optical mode confinement fo r increased nonlinear gain an d the promise of high co nversion efficiency even with cw pump beams. Direct pumping by fiber lasers of a periodically patterned waveguide structure would also make a robust and compact laser source insensitive to vibration or temperature changes. However, waveguide beam confinement changes the effective refractive index of a particular optical frequency relative to the refractive index of bulk material and thus affects phasematching conditions. Therefore careful calculations of effective refractive index must be done to achieve phasematchi ng and efficient frequency conversion. Several groups have investigated second harmonic generation (SHG) and difference frequency generation (DFG) in aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) waveguide structures. Yoo et al. [3] and Yu et al. [4, 5] have used quasi phasematching in orientation patterned AlGaAs waveguides to achieve efficient frequency conversion between 1.5 m and 0.75 m. Moutzouris et al. [6] have used modal phasematching described by Chowdhury and McCaughan [7] with waveguides designed to provide the index change that exactly cancels out the bulk material dispersion for similar wavelengths. Our interest was to investigate the phase matching conditions of optical parametric generation (OPG) in orientation patterned waveguides at mid-infrared wavelengths. Modeling wa s used to design the proper structure dimensions shown in Figure 1. We calculated effective refractive index in an orientation patterned GaAs waveguide with a 10x10 m
The contact process with fast voting

Consider a combination of the contact process and the voter model in which deaths occur at rate 1 per site, and across each edge between nearest neighbors births occur at rate $\lambda$ and voting events occur at rate $\theta$. We are interested in the asymptotics as $\theta \to\infty$ of the critical value $\lambda_c(\theta)$ for the existence of a nontrivial stationary distribution. In $d \ge 3$, $\lambda_c(\theta) \to 1/(2d\rho_d)$ where $\rho_d$ is the probability a $d$ dimensional simple random walk does not return to its starting point.In $d=2$, $\lambda_c(\theta)/\log(\theta) \to 1/4\pi$, while in $d=1$, $\lambda_c(\theta)/\theta^{1/2}$ has $\liminf \ge 1/\sqrt{2}$ and $\limsup < \infty$.The lower bound might be the right answer, but proving this, or even getting a reasonable upper bound, seems to be a difficult problem.
Abdominal positron-emission tomography lesions with increased standardized uptake values correlate with intraoperative findings.

Abstract Background The reporting of standardized uptake value (SUV) on fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) in colorectal cancer is becoming common practice, but its clinical utility remains to be determined. This study was designed to compare FDG-PET uptake as measured by SUV with operative findings. Methods A colorectal cancer database was queried to identify patients who underwent FDG-PET scans with reported SUVs followed by exploratory laparotomy within 3 months and compare these results to determine FDG-PET sensitivity. Results Of 46 patients, 16 (34.8%) were found to be have increased extent of disease intraoperatively than seen on FDG-PET scan. This patient population had a statistically significant decreased mean maximal SUV than the patients whose FDG-PET scan equaled intraoperative findings (P Conclusions This initial study indicates patients with potentially resectable disease by PET scan but decreased FDG uptake should undergo laparoscopic evaluation before performing laparotomy.
World benevolence beliefs and well-being across the life span

Do people's worldviews change across the life course? Beliefs in the benevolence (goodness) of the world and their relations with age and well-being were examined in a 2-year study of a nationally representative sample (N = 2,138) ranging in age from 18 to 101 years. Multilevel modeling analyses controlling for demographics, mental health history, prior experience with stressful life events, and other key beliefs indicated that benevolence beliefs were positively associated with well-being and that these associations were stronger with increasing age. Analyses also demonstrated that individuals' benevolence beliefs increased during the study, were positively associated with age, and increased with the experience of bereavement, although they declined with the experience of other negative events. Age-related worldview change may be a part of life-span adaptation.
Dislocation Reduction on Simox Substrates by Using Multiple Implants

A technique for dislocation density reduction in SIMOX (Separation by IMplantation of OXygen) substrates by using multiple implant and anneal cycles is described. This scheme produces SIMOX material with dislocation defect densities less than 1 x 10 5 /cm 2 . This dislocation density value is three to four orders of magnitude lower than that of comparable single implant slices having the same total dose and anneal conditions.
Carcinogenic effects of niridazole.

Summary Swiss mice received chronic treatment with the schistosomacide, niridazole, at 3 dose levels. Tumors were found in several organs, including stomach, lung, mammary gland, ovary and bladder. Niridazole is, without doubt, carcinogenic to mice.
CCD Charge Collection Efficiency And The Photon Transfer Technique

The charge-coupled device (CCD) has shown unprecendented performance as a photon detector in the areas of spectral response, charge transfer, and readout noise. Recent experience indicates, however, that the full potential for the CCD's charge collection efficiency (CCE) lies well beyond that which is realized in currently available devices. A definition of CCE performance is presented and a standard test tool (the photon transfer technique) for measuring and optimizing this important CCD parameter is introduced. CCE characteristics for different types of CCDs are compared; the primary limitations in achieving high CCE performance are discussed, and the prospects for future improvement are outlined.
Effect of dietary treatments on the lipophorin titer in the larval hemolymph of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella

Abstract This study examined whether the availability of stored lipid controls the release of lipophorin from the larval fat body of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella. The larval fat body of this insect synthesizes and releases a high-density lipophorin. Larvae transferred from a diet containing 1.22% lipid (wet wt) to a lipid-free diet at 9 days-of-age had a lipophorin titer in their hemolymph 8 days after transfer that was 2 mg/ml lower than that in larvae retained on the 1.22% lipid diet. Neonate larvae fed a diet containing 0.25% sucrose and 0.1% lipid had a lower lipophorin titer in their hemolymph at 15 days-of-age than had larvae fed a diet containing 3.25% sucrose and 0.1% lipid. Neonate larvae fed a diet containing 0.03% of the hypolipidemic agent, 5-tetradecyloxy-2-furanocarboxylic acid, and 0.24% lipid had a lower lipophorin titer in their hemolymph at 15 days-of-age than had larvae fed a diet containing no inhibitor and 0.24% lipid. In vitro incubation of fat bodies showed that the release of lipophorin, but not total protein, was inhibited by transferring fourth instars onto a lipid-free diet. Therefore, the availability of lipids for loading onto lipophorin in the fat body is one factor controlling the titer of lipophorin in the larval hemolymph of this insect.
Instructional Strategies for Content-Area Reading Instruction

Students with reading disabilities in middle and high school grades need assistance in content-area reading to integrate new information with their prior knowledge, to obtain important information from the text, and to remember what they have read. Thus, content area reading instruction is an important component of all secondary curricula and includes strategy instruction in word identification, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the components of content-area reading instruction and to describe instructional strategies that can be used to teach students with reading disabilities how to approach content area reading.
The young obstetrician-gynecologist—1987

Abstract By the year 2000 nearly 60% of practicing obstetrician-gynecologists will have graduated from medical school after 1975 and been in practice 20 years or less. At the midpoint of that era we estimate and examine the numbers of such specialists (more than 40,000 by the year 2000), the percentage of women obstetrician/ gynecologists (26% in the year 2000), their predominant forms of practice, practice differences between men and women specialists, the changing and aging of the populations of women they will serve, and the participation of young physicians in medical organizations. All of these reflect the picture of our specialty when a new century begins.
Patterns of egg mass deposition of Platynota idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) within an apple orchard.

Two field releases of rubidium (Rb)-labeled, laboratory-reared adult Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) were conducted to measure female adult dispersal and egg mass deposition patterns within a 33-ha (about 7,450 trees) apple orchard in Adams County, Pa. In both studies >3,200 virgin male and female adults (♂:♀ ratio = 1.1:1.0) were reared from rubidium-incorporated diet (3 g Rb/liter) and released on four center trees. Trees were randomly sampled for hatched and unhatched egg masses up to 500 m from the release sites. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to detect rubidium in egg masses, and masses were considered marked if concentrations were > 10 ppb. Following the first release, 417 trees were sampled and 39% of the 222 egg masses collected were marked. Following the second release, 260 trees were sampled and 67% of the 346 egg masses collected were marked. The distribution of rubidium-labeled egg masses demonstrated that spatial patterns of egg mass deposition are primarily local and are affected by ambient air temperatures. For example, 90% of all recovered rubidium-labeled egg masses were found within 65 and 45 m of the release sites, and the most distant labeled egg mass was found at 250 and 170 m, respectively, following adult releases during a warm period in July (daily minimum temperatures, > 16°C) and a cooler period in September (daily minimum temperatures, <12°C).
Incidence and treatment of peripheral venous thrombosis in patients with glioma

The incidence, prevention, and treatment of peripheral venous thrombosis were studied retrospectively in 381 patients with malignant glioma. Of 264 patients who did not receive antithrombotic prophylaxis, 97 (36.7%) developed clinical phlebitis confirmed by venography. Sixty-six cases occurred within 6 weeks of craniotomy. By contrast, only 12 (10%) of 117 patients who received intermittent pneumatic pressure to the calves during craniotomy developed phlebitis (4 patients with 6 weeks of the surgery). Of the 109 patients with venous thrombosis, 103 were treated with anticoagulants. Of the 6 patients treated conservatively, 3 died of pulmonary emboli. Intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 1.9% of the patients taking anticoagulants and in 2.2% of those who did not develop phlebitis. We conclude that patients with malignant gliomas have a high risk of developing peripheral venous thrombosis; that antithrombotic therapy reduces the incidence of thrombosis following craniotomy; and that, in patients who develop phlebitis, anticoagulation reduces the risk of pulmonary emboli without increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage.
Growth and characterization of barium titanate thin films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Process conditions were established for the deposition of polycrystalline BaTiO 3 thin films on fused quartz substrates in a research-scale metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. Resulting films were studied by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, energy dipersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) techniques. Films rich in Ba (molar Ba/Ti > 1) contained the second phase Ba 2 TiO 4 whereas films rich in Ti were composed mainly of an amorphous phase. Cross-sectional TEM and SIMS depth profile studies of slightly Ba-rich films (that appeared to be nearly pure BaTiO 3 by XRD analysis) revealed that the films were actually composed of several layers. The multilayer structure consisted of a thin amorphous interdiffusion layer, an orthorhombic Ba 2 TiO 4 layer, and a polycrystalline BaTiO 3 film containing some amorphous material. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tetragonal BaTiO 3 in the films.
Inhibition of Hsp90 Augments Docetaxel Therapy in Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer

First line treatment of patients with castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) primarily involves administration of docetaxel chemotherapy. Unfortunately, resistance to docetaxel therapy is an ultimate occurrence. Alterations in androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling are associated mechanisms underlying resistance to docetaxel treatment in CRPC. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone, which regulates the activation, maturation and stability of critical signaling proteins involved in prostate cancer, including the AR. This knowledge and recent advances in compound design and development have highlighted Hsp90 as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of CRPC. We recently reported the development of a MYC-CaP castrate resistant (MYC-CaP/CR) transplant tumor model, which expresses amplified wild type AR. Within, we report that a second generation Hsp90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, inhibits cell growth and significantly induces cell death in MYC-CaP/CR and Pten-CaP/cE2 cell lines. NVP-AUY922 induced proteasome degradation of AR, though interestingly does not require loss of AR protein to inhibit AR transcriptional activity. Further, NVP-AUY922 increased docetaxel toxicity in MYC-CaP/CR and Pten-CaP/cE2 cell lines in vitro. Finally, NVP-AUY922/docetaxel combination therapy in mice bearing MYC-CaP/CR tumors resulted in greater anti-tumor activity compared to single treatment. This study demonstrates that NVP-AUY922 elicits potent activity towards AR signaling and augments chemotherapy response in a mouse model of CRPC, providing rationale for the continued clinical development of Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trials for treatment of CRPC patients.
Comparison of Oxygen Radical Generation from the Reductive Activation of Doxorubicin, Streptonigrin, and Menadione by Xanthine Oxidase and Xanthine Dehydrogenase

Investigations into the enzymes responsible for the reductive activation of antineoplastic agents are of particular interest with regard to the use of these agents in the treatment of solid tumors. Xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22; XO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1.1.204; XDH) are two enzymes capable of the reductive activation of antineoplastic agents. Previously, XDH, the enzymatic precursor of XO, was not extensively studied because of difficulties in its isolation. Research in the reductive activation of antineoplastic agents by XDH has increased with the discovery of a rapid and high-yield purification procedure for XDH. In the present investigation, the potential for drug activation of doxorubicin (DOX), streptonigrin (STN), and menadione (MD) by XO and XDH was assessed through oxygen consumption studies. These studies were conducted at pH 7.4 and pH 6.0 to reflect physiological and the acidic pH of solid tumors, respectively. Apparent kinetic constants were determined for DOX, STN, and MD activation by XO and XDH at both pH levels. Higher oxygen consumption was observed for XDH drug activation in comparison to XO drug activation at equivalent enzyme activity for both pH levels. Drug-induced oxygen consumption was affected by pH. Hence, drug activation for DOX, STN, and MD was dependent upon the form of the xanthine-converting enzyme and the pH.
Qualitative aspects of underdense magnetic fields in laser-fusion plasmas

Computer simulations present evidence that the localized anisotropic heating from resonant absorption drives a Weibel-like instability that generates megagauss magnetic fields for typical laser-fusion parameters. The magnetic fields can inhibit heat transport and partially isotropize the hot electrons.
Hourly analysis of a very large topically categorized web query log

We review a query log of hundreds of millions of queries that constitute the total query traffic for an entire week of a general-purpose commercial web search service. Previously, query logs have been studied from a single, cumulative view. In contrast, our analysis shows changes in popularity and uniqueness of topically categorized queries across the hours of the day. We examine query traffic on an hourly basis by matching it against lists of queries that have been topically pre-categorized by human editors. This represents 13% of the query traffic. We show that query traffic from particular topical categories differs both from the query stream as a whole and from other categories. This analysis provides valuable insight for improving retrieval effectiveness and efficiency. It is also relevant to the development of enhanced query disambiguation, routing, and caching algorithms.
Ionospheric annual asymmetry observed by the COSMIC radio occultation measurements and simulated by the TIEGCM

[1] Average F2-layer electron densities at December solstice are higher than those at June solstice. This phenomenon, which is often called the F2-layer annual asymmetry, has been observed for several decades, but its causes are still not fully understood. This study investigates global variations of this annual asymmetry observed from one year of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) ionospheric radio occultation (IRO) measurements. The IRO observations show that there is a strong NmF2 annual asymmetry that has significant longitudinal and local time variations. A strong peak of the asymmetry occurs at about noon and another one at midnight, both located at around 25° geomagnetic latitude. Numerical simulations using the Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics Global Circulation Model (TIEGCM) are in very good agreement with these observations. The modeled NmF2 annual asymmetry has a similar magnitude, and similar semidiurnal and longitudinal variations as those in the observations. TIEGCM simulations show that changes in solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation between the December and June solstices and the displacement of the geomagnetic axis from the geographic axis are the two primary processes that cause the annual asymmetry and its associated longitudinal and local time variations. The tides propagating from lower altitudes also contribute to this asymmetry, but to a smaller extent.
J / ψ absorption by nucleons in the meson-exchange model

We reinvestigate the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ dissociation processes induced by the reactions with nucleons, $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{(*)}+{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$, in the meson-exchange model. Main constraints used in this work are vector-meson dominance and charm vector-current conservation. We show that the cross section for $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{D}+{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ can be larger than that for $J/\ensuremath{\psi}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{D}}^{*}+{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ when these constraints are imposed. The dependence of the cross sections on the coupling constants is analyzed in detail, and the comparison with the recent quark-interchange model predictions is also made.
New synthesis of spiro-benzopyran amino acids by intramolecular amidoalkylation

Abstract A new synthesis of spiro-benzopyran amino acids is presented. The key reaction is the intramolecular amidoalkylation of methyl 2-benzamido-4-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-methoxybutyrate to yield methyl 4-benzamido-2,3-dihydro-6- fluoro-4H-benzopyran-4-carboxylate.
Plasma Deoxycorticosterone in Man

ABSTRACT Plasma levels of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) were determined using a newly developed competitive-binding assay employing corticosteroid binding globulin. Normal men, women throughout the menstrual cycle, and women on oral contraceptives had DOC levels ranging from less than 5 to 10 ng/100 ml. Levels rose to over 100 ng/100 ml following an ACTH infusion and to over 1000 ng/100 ml following metyrapone. Neither a 10 mEq sodium diet nor an angiotensin II infusion caused a detectable increase in DOC. Seven patients with Cushing's syndrome due to excess pituitary ACTH had DOC levels ranging from less than 5 to 15 ng/100 ml, whereas 6 patients with Cushing's syndrome caused by ectopic ACTH production had levels in the range of 21 to 390 ng/100 ml. One patient with Cushing's syndrome due to an adrenal adenoma had undetectable DOC, whereas 4 of 6 patients with adrenal carcinoma had elevated DOC levels. Plasma DOC was elevated in patients with hypertension caused by either 11β-hydroxylase or 17-hydroxylase d...
Normal values and standard deviations for pupil diameter and interpupillary distance in subjects aged 1 month to 19 years

Normal values of pupil diameters and interpupillary distances (PDs) were measured in a population of 1311 subjects (in 4294 visits) ranging from 1 month of age to slightly over 19 years of age. Subjects in this study were recruited from birth announcements in a local newspaper for a developmental vision project. Pupil sizes were measured photographically when the corneas were illuminated by 15.9 +/- 0.5 lux ambient illumination (i.e. under mesopic conditions). Interpupillary distance was measured with an interocular distance rule while the subject fixated an object at 0.66 m distance. These PD measurements were corrected for systematic measurement errors and to an infinite viewing distance using radii of ocular rotation based on age-dependent axial lengths. Means and S.D. were calculated for age, pupil diameter and PD for each 1-year group of male and female subjects. The second order regression equation for average pupil size as a function of age was determined: [males pupil diameter (in mm) = 5.83 +/- 0.181*age in years - 0053*age in years2, r2 = 0.897; female pupil diameter = 5.40 + 0.285*age in years - 0.0109*age in years2, r2 = 0.945]. The dierence between male and female pupil sizes (mean male - female = 0.13 mm) was marginally not significant (p < 0.054). The average corrected PDs as a function of age were found to approximate another second-order regression equation: (males PD = 43.36 + 1.663*age in years - 0.034*age in years2, r2 = 0.986; females PD = 41.76 + 1.891 *age in years - 0.052*age in years2, r2 = 0.986). Male PD was wider than female PD by an average of 1.58 mm (p < 0.0003). As expected, the results of this study were similar to a preliminary investigation conducted by Thunyalukul et al. [Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37 (1996) S731] on a portion of the present data set, and also very similar to data from another study of comparable racial composition using a different measurement method [Pryor, Pediatrics 44 (1969) 973]. It was concluded that pupil diameter and PD increase more gradually than axial length of the eye in the first few years of life. The normal values and S.D. for both pupil size and PD determined in this study have important clinical implications as well as applications in the optical industry.
2,6-Bis (4-phenyl-2-pyridyl)-4-phenyl-, and 2,6-bis (6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)-4-phenylpyridine. their spectrophotometric, constants in reactions of chelatio

Abstract The determination of the spectrophotometric constants of metal chelates of the newly prepared triphenyl derivatives of terpyruline, (λ max and e), have been made for 2,6-bis(4-phenyl-2-pyridyl)-4-phenylpyridine and 2,6-bis(6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)-4-phenylpyridine. The former forms stable complexes with Fe(II) and Co(II) both of which have unusual value in the trace element determination of these transition metals (the Fe(II) complex wilh an e value of 30200 at 583 mμ is the most sensitive chelation reagent of its type at present known). The latter reagent forms a Cu(1) complex (to differentiate it from the former reagent) of rather low e values only. A proposed procedure for the simultaneous determination of both iron and cobalt has been outlined.
Problem solving in small groups

In order to learn problem solving, students must solve many problems. Cooperative problem solving in small groups is helpful both to students and to the instructor. When this approach is used, the class is divided into groups with four or five members apiece. Using whatever cooperative methods the group chooses, each group produces a proof, a solution to a challenging problem or puzzle, or the solutions to a set of problems, either in or out of class. When all members of a group have agreed that it is correct, a single written paper is submitted to the instructor. Students in my abstract algebra, logic, and number theory classes, who spent a semester doing group problem solving, were particularly appreciative of the opportunity they had to discover new strategies, solutions, and perspectives from their peers. Students in my elementary classes in calculus and college algebra and trigonometry reviewed their homework assignments in small groups. They were exceptionally positive in evaluating their group expe...
Enthalpy of Formation of Yttria-Doped Ceria

Solid solutions (1 - x)CeO2 - xYO1.5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.36) were prepared by coprecipitation and sol-gel methods. Their enthalpy of formation relative to the end-members, fluorite-type cubic CeO2 and C-type YO1.5 was determined by oxide melt solution calorimetry. The enthalpy of drop solution shows a roughly linear trend with composition. Extrapolation to x = 1 gives the transition enthalpy of C-type to cubic fluorite YO1.5 as 22.2 ± 6.7 kJ/mol. This linear behavior is in contrast to the strong curvature seen in the ZrO2 - YO1.5 and HfO2 - YO1.5 systems. The slightly positive enthalpy of formation of CeO2 - YO1.5 is strikingly different from the strongly negative enthalpies of formation of ZrO2 - YO1.5 and HfO2 - YO1.5. The thermodynamics of CeO2 - YO1.5 is analyzed in terms of defect association and oxygen vacancy distribution. Specifically, the association of oxygen vacancies with the tetravalent cations in the zirconia and hafnia systems, in contrast to the preference of vacancies for nearest neighbor yttrium sites in the ceria systems, may explain the different energetics.
A Nosema-type microsporidian infection in larvae of Culicoides spp. from salt marshes in Florida

Abstract Field-collected third- and fourth-instar larvae of salt marsh Culicoides spp. were found infected with a microsporidium. Larvae were prepared for electron microscopy by fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1% acrolein buffered in 0.17 m cacodylate, pH 7.5. Based upon the evidence obtained by light and electron microscope examination, this pathogen appears to be a Nosema-type microsporidium. This evidence includes (1) persistence of nuclei in diplocaryotic configuration; (2) a maximum of four nuclei within each sporont; and (3) development of two sporoblasts from each sporont.
SU‐E‐T‐318: Using Monte Carlo in the Design of Small Animal Irradiator Collimators

Purpose: For preclinical research using small animals, a dedicated image‐guided irradiation system has been developed with CBCT imaging and conformal radiation delivery capabilities. A special collimator for a rat model of radiation induced heart disease is desirable. This study aims to design a new primary and secondary collimator system using a Monte Carlo based code. Methods: At an SSD of 32.5 cm, the required maximum field size (FWHM) at 1.0 cm depth in water was 2.0 cm, which is comparable to the size of a normal rat's heart. For simulations, we installed the BEAMnrc (GUI version, revision 2.0) and Dosxyznrc (GUI version, revision 1.1) Monte Carlo based codes on a 64 bit Intel quad‐core processor 8×2.0 GHz running the Linux operating system. The simulation model included the X‐ray tube (225kVp), with a Be inherent filter, an external Cu filter (0.5 mm thick), brass primary and secondary collimators and a 10×10×10 cm3 solid water phantom. 1) We began with a simple geometrical design, 2) we expanded the aperture of the primary collimator for the desired FWHM of the beam, and 3) we trimmed the beam by reducing the aperture size of the bottom part of the secondary collimator to eliminate low energy photons and sharpen the penumbra. Results: Monte Carlo simulations successfully accomplished a beam 2.0 cm (FWHM) in diameter at 1.0 cm depth with a sharp penumbra. A new collimator will be constructed based on the final simulated design. We will then verify the Monte Carlo generated depth dose distribution and dose profiles. Conclusions: Monte Carlo based modeling is an effective tool to create new designs for small animal conformal radiotherapy systems. The Beamnrc and Dosxyznrc codes will also be utilized further as the treatment planning engine for the localized heart irradiation project.
EFFECT OF A TOPICAL ANALGESIC CREAM (EMLA) ON SKIN BLOOD FLOW (SBF) CHANGES DURING HEELSTICK-INDUCED PAIN IN NEWBORN INFANTS. † 78

EFFECT OF A TOPICAL ANALGESIC CREAM (EMLA) ON SKIN BLOOD FLOW (SBF) CHANGES DURING HEELSTICK-INDUCED PAIN IN NEWBORN INFANTS. † 78
Cardiovascular Effects of Anti-Diabetic Medications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Over the past several years, there have been a significant number of new agents developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Our goal in this article is to review the cardiovascular effects (risks and benefits) of these oral and non-insulin injectable agents. We review six major categories of diabetic therapies: biguanides, sulfonylureas, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 agonists, and DPP-IV inhibitors. In order to achieve a personalized regimen that aims for optimal outcomes, we must take into consideration each drug’s side effects, patients’ cardiovascular risk factors, and their individual health profile.
Oh! Say, Can You Hear that Train Coming to the Crossing?:

How effective is the horn on trains in alerting motorists, cyclists and pedestrians of the approach of a train to a highway-railroad crossing? Road users become aware of trains approaching crossings either by seeing them, hearing the warning horn or by warning devices at the crossing. Auditory warnings have some advantages over others, but practical problems of sound transmission and the noise environment of road users limit their effectiveness. Factors that affect the audibility of train horns and crossing bells are discussed. Train and crossing bells are generally effective for persons in their immediate environment, but are relatively ineffective for occupants of closed vehicles. Because of the lack of reliability of the detectability of auditory warning signals provided to motorists and others approaching rail-highway crossings, they should visually scan the tracks to ascertain the presence of a train.
Afghan rumour bazaar: secret sub-cultures, hidden worlds and the everyday life of the absurd

During my trips to Afghanistan I encountered Afghans from all walks of life, from Taliban prisoners of war to farmers to former mujahideen, and got to know a little bit about what it was like to be...
Electrophysiologic properties of flecainide acetate

Preliminary clinical experience indicates that flecainide is a useful antiarrhythmic agent for the suppression of spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias. The drug also exerts marked effects on accessory atrioventricular (AV) pathway and retrograde fast AV nodal pathway refractoriness, and therefore may be effective in treatment and prevention of reentrant supraventricular tachycardias. Electrophysiologic studies indicate that flecainide slows atrial, AV nodal, His-Purkinje and intraventricular conduction and, to a far lesser degree, prolongs refractory periods in these tissues. The effect of the drug in slowing conduction within the His-Purkinje system is particularly marked and is commonly associated with prolongation of the HV interval beyond the normal range. Flecainide causes a small but significant increase in the QT interval duration, which results largely from prolongation of the QRS interval. Significant prolongation of the sinus node recovery time has been observed in patients with preexisting sinus node dysfunction. Available electrophysiologic data suggest that flecainide should not be administered to patients with advanced disease of the His-Purkinje system or sinus node. The safety of the drug in patients with mild to moderate abnormalities of His-Purkinje conduction or sinus node function awaits further study.
Züchtung von Aspergillus niger-Stämmen für die technische Citronensäuregärung durch Kombination einer Adaptationsmethode nach LEOPOLD und UV-Bestrahlung

557 Aspergillus niger-Stamme aus Bodenproben wurden nach LEOPOLD in 10 wochentlichen Passagen uber Citratmedium mit Hefewasser gefuhrt. Mittels Garversuchen (Becherglaser bei 8 cm hoher Schicht der Rubenmelasselosung) wurden 12 Stamme ausgewahlt, die 60 bis 70% Citronensaure produzierten. Einer dieser Stamme wurde durch UV-Bestrahlung in 146 Varianten aufgespalten, deren einige trotz groser Empfindlichkeit gegenuber der Zusammensetzung des Garsubstrates unverminderte Garleistungen zeigten. Durch erneute 5 Passagen wurde die Toleranzbreite wieder hergestellt und dadurch eine weitere Steigerung der Citronensaureproduktion erreicht. Insbesondere einer dieser Stamme eignete sich als Produktionsstamm fur die Schalengarung. Nach den Ergebnissen durften die aus einer A. niger-Rasse isolierten Einsporenkulturen weitgehend einheitlich auf das Zuchtungssubstrat reagieren.
Wastepaper Hydrolysate as Soluble Inducing Substrate for Cellulase Production in Continuous Culture of Trichoderma reesei

The enzymatic hydrolysate of wastepaper was evaluated for its cellulase-inducing capability and production characteristics in continuous culture of Trichoderma reesei RUT C30. Under the study conditions, i.e., pH 5.0, temperature 25 °C, and typical medium C:N ratio, the apparent cell yield constant was found to be 0.76 (g of dry cell weight/g of reducing sugar), and the maximum specific cell growth rate was 0.26 h -1 . The study on the effects of medium C:N ratio confirmed an important role of N sources in the cellulase synthesis. The cellulase production decreased significantly when the feed concentrations of N sources were reduced. An experiment at pH 7.5 with 4-fold N source concentrations also led to poorer cellulase production. When compared with cellulose, the wastepaper hydrolysate was found to have similar cellulase-inducing strength and to induce an apparently complete set of cellulase components. The hydrolysate was also concluded to be a better soluble inducer than sophorose. While comparable at a low dilution rate (0.012 h -1 ), the specific cellulase productivities of the hydrolysate-supported and the sophorose-induced systems exhibited opposite trends with increasing dilution rates. The specific productivity in sophorose-induced systems decreased with an increase in the dilution rate. On the other hand, with increasing dilution rate the specific productivity in the hydrolysate-supported systems increased from 2.2 FPU/g‚ ha tD ) 0.012 h -1 to 12.2 FPU/g‚ ha tD ) 0.122 h -1 before beginning to decline. The initial increasing trend was attributed to the higher concentrations of inducing oligomer intermediates at larger dilution rates.
Physiologic Relevance of the α2 Isoform of Na,K-ATPase in Muscle and Heart

The existence of isoforms of Na,K-ATPase suggests the potential for isoform specific function, distribution or regulation. Under the distribution category is the potential for tissue specific expression as well as subcellular compartment specific isoform expression. Under the regulation category is the potential for isoform specific acute regulation of existing pumps as well as chronic regulation of the pool size of isofoms. The picture is further complicated by the fact that there are isoforms of not only the α catalytic subunit but also the s glycoprotein subunit that make up the heterodimeric sodium pump. Skeletal muscles express the fairly ubiquitous α1 and s1 subunits as well as the more restricted α2 and s2 subunits. Cardiac muscles express these subunits (s2 only reported at mRNA to our knowledge) as well as α3 (24). Thus, there is the potential for four and six different heterodimers to be expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle, respectively, and the potential for each having a unique function, pattern of subcellular distribution and/or regulation, as summarized in the compartmental model in Figure 1.
Analytical current-voltage characteristics of space-charge-limited currents for a non-linear velocity-field relationship

Abstract A new analytical solution for the current-voltage characteristics of space-charge-limited currents is presented. The derivation assumes a widely used functional form for a non-linear velocity-field relationship and is obtained by solving the set of current density and Poisson equations subject to the boundary conditions. Unlike the case in previous treatments of the problem, the present analytic solution clearly displays the gradual physical transition between the constant mobility and the drift velocity saturation regimes.
EQUIVALENCE OF CONSEQUENCE RELATIONS: AN ORDER-THEORETIC AND CATEGORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Equivalences andtranslations between consequence relations abound inlogic. The notion ofequivalencecanbedefinedsyntactically,intermsoftranslationsofformulas,andorder-theoretically,in terms ofthe associated lattices oftheories. W.BlokandD.Pigozziproved in(4)that the twodefinitions coincideinthecaseofanalgebraizablesententialdeductivesystem. Arefinedtreatmentofthisequivalence was provided by W. Blok and B. J´ onsson in (3). Other authors have extended this result to thecases ofk-deductive systems and of consequence relations on associative, commutative, multiple conclusion sequents. Ourmainresultsubsumesallexistingresultsintheliteratureandrevealstheircommoncharacter. Theproofsareoforder-theoretic andcategoricalnature.