cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaborative web-based learning of testing tools in SE courses

One of the main concerns in the software industry continues to be the development of high quality software. This concern will be exacerbated as software systems become more complex. The training of software developers continues to grow in academia since more institutions are offering software engineering (SE) courses. However, the list of topics that are expected to be covered in this course leaves little or no time for topics that focus on developing quality software, such as software testing and the use of testing tools.In this paper we describe an approach that non-intrusively integrates the use of software testing tools in SE courses. The cornerstone of our approach is the interaction students have with a Web-Based Repository of Software Testing Tools (WReSTT) that contains tutorials on testing concepts and testing tools. WReSTT employs both collaborative learning and social networking features that are attractive to students. We present the results of preliminary study performed in two SE courses that show how using the resources in WReSTT can potentially impact the students' understanding of software testing and the use of testing tools.
Integrated multiquadric radial basis function approximation methods

Promising numerical results using once and twice integrated radial basis functions have been recently presented. In this work we investigate the integrated radial basis function (IRBF) concept in greater detail, connect to the existing RBF theory, and make conjectures about the properties of IRBF approximation methods. The IRBF methods are used to solve PDEs.
EFFECT OF DIETARY LINOLEIC ACID LEVEL ON GROWTH, FOOD CONVERSION AND SURVIVAL OF CHANNEL CATFISH

Semipurified diets containing 2.0 to 2.5% highly purified linoleic acid as the only dietary lipid produced similar growth responses in channel catfish fingerlings fed experimental diets for 14 weeks. Poorest growth was demonstrated by fish on a fat-free diet and a diet which contained 4.0% linoleic acid, but growth on those diets was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that obtained on diets containing 3.0 or 3.5% linoleic acid. Best food conversion (1.9 g of feed offered/g of weight gain) was associated with the diet containing 2.5% linoleic acid and poorest (2.6) occurred in fish which received 4.0% linoleic acid. Survival was highest (100%) in fish fed 2.0% linoleic acid and decreased linearly with increasing dietary linoleic acid level. The results of this study support the theory that poor growth of channel catfish on diets high in vegetable oils cannot be solely attributed to high levels of dietary linoleic acid.
Concurrent size and shape coarsening of γ′ in AlAg

Abstract The coarsening of γ′ precipitates in aluminum-silver has been investigated. Thesplate-shaped precipitates have coherent broad faces, and a hexagonal close packed crystal structure and develop on ∝111∝ planes of the aluminum matrix. During growth, a dispersion of nonequilibrium shaped γ′ precipitates develops. To understand the subsequent size and shape coarsening of these γ′ precipitates, several microstructural parameters have been experimentally determined as a function of aging time through quantitative electron microscopy. The measured thickening rate and nterledge spacing confirm that precipitate thickening takes place by a ledge mechanism and that the overall coarsening process of these precipitates is related to the average interledge spacing which remains relatively constant throughout the coarsening stage. The change in precipitate diameter does not appear to obey any temporal law and most likely accomodates the precipitate thickening and local supersaturation.
Comparison of the Heat Resistance of Bacterial Lipases and Proteases and the Effect on Ultra-High Temperature Milk Quality

Abstract Thirty-four of 49 isolates of psychrotrophic bacteria produced extracellular lipase or protease when grown in rehydrated nonfat dry milk. The cell-free crude preparation from 50% of these had either heat-resistant lipase or protease; in 30% both enzymes were heat resistant. Eight isolates were selected for further evaluation of effect on ultra-high temperature processed milk. Free fatty acids and free amino groups of milk precultured with the bacteria increased at different rates depending on the isolate. Partially purified lipase from one of these bacteria ( Acinetobacter sp.) caused free fatty acids to increase following ultra-high temperarure processing when the milk was stored at 10, 21, or 32°C for 4 wk. The increase was temperature dependent. Lipase activity of .0012 units/ml added prior to processing caused significant increases in free fatty acid at 21 and 32°C in 4 wk.
An algorithm for a class of nonlinear fractional problems using ranking of the vertices

In this note we consider an algorithm for quasiconcave nonlinear fractional programming problems, based on ranking the vertices of a linear fractional programming problem and techniques from global optimization.
Effects of Electrodeposition Conditions and Protocol on the Properties of Iridium Oxide pH Sensor Electrodes

The properties of iridium oxide pH sensors produced by electrochemically induced deposition on gold electrodes were examined as a function of the composition of the deposition solution, as well as the electrochemical deposition protocol. The composition of the IrIV deposition solutions, which included oxalate or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid complexing agent or no complexing agent, had no effect on the slope of the calibration curves. The slope of the calibration curves was shown to increase from ca. 49 to 76 mV/pH unit with the fractional coverage of gold substrates with iridium oxide. Increasing the film thickness beyond the full coverage did not further increase the slope of the calibration curves but resulted in a progressive increase of their intercept values. The method of deposition, which involved a constant current, single potential pulse, alternating potential pulse, or cyclic potential protocol, affected the maximum rate of pH response as well as the capacitance of the iridium oxide sensors. The latter two properties of the sensors were investigated using a microelectrochemical time-of-flight method with galvanostatic proton generation and potentiometric sensing. The alternating potential pulse and cyclic potential methods produced films of smaller rate of pH response and of smaller capacitance relative to the iridium oxide films of the same thickness produced by the other two methods. This is likely due to a smaller microscopic porosity of the films prepared by the potential pulse and cyclic potential methods. The maximum rate of pH response obtained with 50 nm thick iridium oxide sensors varied from ca. 7 to 23 V/s. The specific capacitance of the iridium oxide films varied from ca. 900 to 9000 F/cm 3
In-vitro-cultured subclover root can develop Fe-deficiency stress response

The Fe-deficiency stress response is induced in most plants under Fe-deficient conditions, but whether the shoot and/or the root control development of the stress response is not known. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether in-vitro-cultured subclover roots can develop Fe-deficiency stress response and to examine this approach as a possible screening technique for Fe-deficiency resistance. One-cm long root tips of subclover seedlings were cultured in modified White's medium without (-Fe) or with (+Fe) 100 μM Fe 3+ EDTA. Root Fe 3+ reduction and H + release were evaluated. On the first day after transfer to the -Fe medium, the Fe-deficiency-resistant cultivar Koala (Trifolium brachycalycinum Katzn. and Morley) started to release H + , resulting in a decrease in pH of the culture medium, while the susceptible cultivar Karridale (T subterraneum L.) did not release H + until the second day. The H + -release rate of the -Fe Koala was approximately twice as high as that of the -Fe Karridale for the first 4 days of -Fe treatment. Both Koala and Karridale reached their highest H + -release rates on the fourth day after -Fe treatment initiation. The +Fe Koala released H + after several days of culture, but the H + release of the -Fe Koala was severalfold greater than that of the +Fe Koala. The implicit correlation between H + release and Fe-deficiency resistance was substantiated by using a series of subclover cultivars with a range of susceptibilities to Fe deficiency. The pH of the -Fe culture media of the series of cultivars was positively correlated to their Fe-chlorosis scores reported in previous research. The results of the present study indicate that root itself has the full ability to develop Fe-deficiency stress response and the response is dependent on the root Fe status. The results also suggest that root culture could be used as a simple and efficient alternative technique for screening germplasm for Fe-deficiency resistance.
Reimagining Quality Measurement

In a reimagined approach, quality measurement in health care would be integrated with care delivery, address the challenges that confront doctors every day, and reflect individual patients' preferences and goals for treatment and health outcomes.
Guided Imagery as a Resource for Ministry

Guided imagery is a valuable but often misunderstood technique for deepening the experience of faith. Following a look at some of the reasons for resistance to its use, this essay will examine the practice in greater depth through brief descriptions of the power of the imagination as a right brain function, the nature of imagery in general and guided imagery in particular, its use in medicine, and its use in the ministry of chaplains. Special emphasis is given to the importance of using imagery that is consistent with the faith tradition of the person to whom the chaplain is ministering.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF LEUCINE-ENKEPHALIN-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN HUMAN AND CANINE PLASMA

Fasting human plasma immunoreactive leu-enkephalin (ir-leu-enkephalin) measured by radioimmunoassay averages 54±10 pg/ml. The method depends on acidification of plasma to protect against destruction of the peptide, adsorption to XAD-2 resin, extraction from the resin by aqueous methanol and concentration by evaporation. Plasma enkephalin in the dog increased from 13 to 56 pg/ml following insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Absence of Linkage of Obesity and Energy Metabolism to Markers Flanking Homologues of Rodent Obesity Genes in Pima Indians

The homologues of single genes that cause obesity in rodents are suggested as candidate genes for modulation of body composition in humans. Among these genes are the four mouse mutations—diabetes ( db ), obesity ( ob ), tubby ( tub ), and yellow agouti (AY). Variation in the human counterparts to these genes ( OB, DB, TUB , and ASP , respectively) may contribute to human obesity, which is thought to have a substantial genetic component. To initially assess the potential contribution of these genes to human obesity, we examined polymorphic DNA markers that, by virtue of syntenic relationships to appropriate regions of the mouse genome, should be closely linked to the human counterparts of these genes. Using combined data from 716 Pima Indians comprising 217 nuclear families, we have tested a number of polymorphic microsatellite markers (three at DB , two at OB , five at TUB , and three at ASP ) for sib-pair linkage to BMI, percentage body fat, resting metabolic rate, 24-h energy expenditure, and 24-h respiratory quotient. No significant linkages were found in an analysis of all sibships or in an analysis restricted to discordant sib pairs.
Investigation into the Function of Pyridoxin as a Growth Factor for Excised Tomato Roots.

Thiamin, pyridoxin, niacin, and glycine have all been reported to act as growth factors for excised tomato roots grown in sterile culture. White (9) showed that, in basal medium plus thiamin, partial replacement of pyridoxin by glycine could be effected using any one of three different clones of excised roots. The degree to which glycine replaced pyridoxin varied with the different clones. Furthermore, it appears from photographs of the roots that basal medium plus pyridoxin and glycine gave a greater level of growth than was obtained in basal medium plus pyridoxin only. It was shown by the present author (1) that, after the requirement for thiamin was met, glycine plus niacin replaced pyridoxin using root cultures derived from either one of two inbred lines of tomato and their reciprocal crosses. The addition of glycine to basal medium plus thiamin and pyridoxin exerted an inhibitory effect with one of the parent strains and the hybrids but was, if anything, beneficial to growth of the other parent strain. In view of the many functions exerted by components of vitamin Be in co-enzymes (7) it is unlikely that all processes requiring vitamin Be in excised tomato roots are eliminated when glycine (or glycine plus niacin) is used to replace pyridoxin. It is more probable that when this replacement of pyridoxin is effected, growth occurs either 1) because glycine plus niacin exerts a "sparing action" upon the amount of vitamin Be synthesized by the roots or 2) because glycine and niacin are involved in the biosynthesis of Vitamin Be. This latter possibility is of particular interest as no suggestions as to the pathway of this biosynthesis have been established (11). Thus a detailed study of the replacement may be expected to yield information upon either the function, or the pathway of biosynthesis, of vitamin Be in higher plant material. Glycine, at least in part, replaced pyridoxin in the nutrition of the clone of excised tomato roots studied here. This paper describes other nutritive requirements and interrelationships of the clone. The object of the work was to obtain detailed information on the requirement of the clone for pyridoxin (or other components of vitamin Be), niacin or niacinamide and glycine.
Types of thermal plumes in coastal waters

A large number of thermal images of the surface temperatures of the thermal plumes associated with the once-through cooling of electric power plants show that four kinds of plume occur sufficiently often to be classified as distinct plume types. Each type has implications for both numerical models and measurement strategies.
Multicenter trial of the clinical activities tool to document the comparability of clinical experiences in obstetrics-gynecology clerkships

PURPOSE: To assess the implementation of the Clinical Activities Tool (CAT) for facilitating Liaison Committee on Medical Education-required documentation of the comparability of obstetrics-gynecology (ob/gyn) clinical experiences and midclerkship feedback at multiple sites during one academic year. METHOD: Ob/gyn clerkship students at six U.S. medical schools were given CATs to guide and document clinical experiences from June 2006 to June 2007. Students used a paper CAT at five institutions and an electronic version at one. CATs listed procedures, skills, and topics recommended by the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics and included a midclerkship feedback section. Resident/faculty signatures documented completion of items for paper CATs. Electronic CAT item completion was self-documented by students. Students completed a questionnaire on CAT use. RESULTS: At the six schools, 876 medical students rotated on ob/gyn clerkships; 808 (92%) submitted CATs. Mean item completion rate was 72%. Five of six schools achieved >/=70% completion rates. Midclerkship feedback signature rates ranged from 0% to 97.8% with four of six schools reporting >/=65% feedback. Comparability of clinical experiences and midclerkship feedback was successfully documented across sites for each institution (number of sites: range = 1-9; median = 5). Questionnaires on CAT use were submitted by 231 students (26%). Students using paper CATs reported that doing so clarified course objectives (93%), provided clerkship guidance/structure (93%), and facilitated interaction with faculty/residents (76%/74%). Students rated the electronic CAT significantly less favorably. CONCLUSIONS: CAT implementation at multiple institutions for documentation of student clinical experience comparability and midclerkship feedback was successful. Students evaluated the paper CAT positively.
Formation of mixed monolayers of silsesquioxanes and alkylsilanes on gold.

The formation of mixed monolayers of hydridospherosilsesquioxane clusters (H8Si8O12) and alkylsilanes (H2n+1CnSiH3) on Au has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopies and scanning tunneling microscopy. All of the techniques indicate the displacement of the majority of the siloxane clusters from the surface in favor of the alkylsilane.
Cyber War and Deterrence Stability: Post-START Nuclear Arms Control

Nuclear deterrence and cyber war are often discussed as separate worlds of research and military-strategic practice. To the contrary, a certain degree of overlap between nuclear deterrence and cyber conflicts is a plausible expectation for several reasons. First, future deterrent challenges will include regional nuclear arms races accompanied by competition in information technology and other aspects of advanced conventional command-control and precision strike systems. Second, cyber-attacks may be used against opposed nuclear command-control systems and weapons platforms as well as against infrastructure for the purpose of mass disruption during a crisis or war. Third, cyber capabilities support escalation dominance or escalation control, depending on the objectives of states and on the transparency of identification for cyber friends and foes.
Diffuse X-Rays from a Distributed Component of Dark Matter Surrounding Sagittarius A*

There is now compelling evidence for the presence of a few million solar masses of dark matter within 0.015 pc of the nonthermal radio source Sgr A*. Recent Chandra observations suggest that the X-ray emission from this source is partially diffuse. This result provides an important clue that can be used to set some constraints on the mass distribution surrounding the black hole, and we here develop a simple model in which the diffuse emission is produced by a halo of neutron stars accreting from the gas falling toward the center. We discuss the various accretion mechanisms that are likely to contribute significantly to the X-ray flux and show that a highly magnetized fraction of old neutron stars may account for the diffuse high-energy source. If this picture is correct, the upper bound to the mass of the central black hole is ≈2.2 × 106 M☉. The core radius of the dark cluster must then be ≈0.06 pc. We also discuss the sensitivity of our results to the various assumptions made in our calculations.
Religious Pluralism and Democratic Inclusion: The American Recipe for Peace

There is no simple formula for religious peace in the United States, such as “separation of church andstate.” Instead, the US Constitution establishes two opposing principles -- religious freedom and civicinclusion -- that must be continually rebalanced. The legal result is a “serpentine wall” between church andstate that creates zones of cooperation as well as separation. Moreover, the relatively peaceful coexistence ofdiverse religious communities within the United States is due, not simply to the principles of the FirstAmendment, but also to the de-spatialized and de-ritualized character of American religion, and to the absence of explicitly confessional parties in the American polity.
Telling What We Know: The Use of Verbal Report Methodologies in Psychological Research

John W. Payne Duke University Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data, rev. ed., by K.A. Ericsson and H.A. Simon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. 443 pp. + liii. Cloth, $40.00; paper, $19.95. The "information processing" label is now widely accepted among psychologists. One feature of information processing, or cognitive, approaches to psychology is a concern not only with the product of thought but with the processes or mechanisms of thought as well. For example, information processing researchers interested in decision making are concerned with the cognitive processes that lead to a decision in addition to the nature of the expressed judgment or choice.
Focal glomerular sclerosis in nephrotic patients: An electron microscopic study of glomerular podocytes

Focal glomerular sclerosis in nephrotic patients: An electron microscopic study of glomerular podocytes. Renal biopsy specimens of 16 adult patients with nephrotic syndrome and focal glomerular sclerosis were examined by light and electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to alterations of podocytes. Except for loss of foot processes, five patients had no podocyte changes, five had mild changes and six had severe changes. Of the last group (group III), four patients were heroin addicts, the fifth had infectious mononucleosis and the sixth, an apparent idiopathic disease; five patients were males, 16 to 25 yr old. Podocyte changes consisted of cytoplasmic degeneration, detachment of epithelial cells from basement membranes, with filling of resulting space by cell debris and new membranes. Underlying capillaries were often collapsed. Repeat biopsies in three patients in group III revealed progression of lesions, paralleling rapid clinical deterioration. It is concluded that some cases of focal glomerular sclerosis are associated with severe damage to podocytes which may be caused by drugs, infection or unknown factors and may contribute to the development and progression of the glomerular lesions.
Experiments with a Gauge-Invariant Ising System

Using Monte Carlo techniques, we evaluate the path integral for the four-dimensional lattice gauge theory with a Z/sub 2/ gauge group. The system exhibits a first-order transition. This is contrary to the implications of the approximate Migdal recursion relations but consistant with mean-field-theory arguments. Our ''data'' agree well with a low-temperature expansion and the exact duality between the high- and low-temperature phases.
Fractional Catalytic Pyrolysis of Hybrid Poplar Wood

Fractional catalytic pyrolysis is a selective in situ conversion of biopolymers into desired products. Fractional catalytic pyrolysis was used to convert the lignin fraction of hybrid poplar wood into high yields of cresols and phenols while the carbohydrate fraction was selectively converted into gaseous products. Ground air-dried biomass was fractionally pyrolyzed at 450−500 °C in a 2-in fluidized bed reactor. The total liquid, gas, and char/coke yields were 33%, 53%, and 12.5%, respectively. The low viscosity liquid products consisted of almost pure phenolics with minor carbohydrate decomposition products. The major liquid components were phenol, cresols, methyl substituted phenols, and small fractions of indene and substituted naphthalenes. The carbon and oxygen contents and high heating value (HHV) of the oil were 71%, 21%, and 30.5 MJ/kg, respectively. About 90 wt % of the gaseous products was carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and the rest was a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Increased incorporation of 14C-lysine into vascular proteins of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Abstract The incorporation of 14 C-lysine into heart and vascular proteins of the spontaneously rat (SHR) was compared with that in control animals at different ages. Prior to the development of hypertension (33 days of age), the incorporation rate of lysine into non-collagen proteins of the mesenteric arteries was approximately 2 times greater in the SHR than in normotensive strains. The incorporation rate was similar in the heart, aorta and liver of SHR at this age. The increased incorporation of lysine into the non-collagen proteins persisted at 13 weeks and 15 months of age. As a result of hypertension, the hypertrophy of the he art was reflected in increased lysine incorporation in adult animals and specific differences in heart actomysoin synthesis were observed. In the aorta and mesenteric arteries, elastin as well as other cellular proteins are responsible for the incrrporation. It is suggested that increased protein synthesis in the small vessels of the genetically hypertensive rats may be one of the pathogenic factors in this type of hypertension.
A shock tube study of CH3OH + OH → Products using OH laser absorption

Abstract The rate coefficient for the reaction of methanol (CH 3 OH) with the hydroxyl (OH) radical was determined in reflected shock wave experiments at temperatures of 961–1231 K and pressures of 1.18–1.48 atm. Pseudo-first order reaction conditions were achieved with mixtures of CH 3 OH and tert -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) diluted in argon. Rapid thermal decomposition of TBHP at high temperatures was used as a fast OH radical source, and OH time-histories were measured using laser absorption of OH radicals near 306.7 nm. The rate coefficient of the title reaction was found from best-fit comparison of simulated OH profiles with measured data, using simulations from the Wang et al. USC-Mech II reaction mechanism (2007). A detailed uncertainty analysis was performed, with estimated uncertainties of −10%/+17% at 961 K and −12%/+18% at 1231 K. The current results agree well with the results of Vandooren and Van Tiggelen (1981), Hess and Tully (1989), and Xu and Lin (2007). The three-parameter Arrhenius expression k 1 (210–1231 K) = 5.71 × 10 4 T 2.62 exp(343/ T [K]) cm 3 mol −1 s −1 is recommended from a fit to the combined data of Hess and Tully (1989), Jimenez et al. (2003), Dillon et al. (2005), and the current work.
Prevalence of gluten-free diet adherence among individuals without celiac disease in the USA: results from the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010

Abstract Objectives. Clinical inference suggests the prevalence of non-celiac gluten sensitivity is substantially higher than that of celiac disease in the USA. Unfortunately, there are currently no data supporting these claims. The authors analyzed nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence of adherence to a gluten-free diet among participants without celiac disease and also to characterize the demographics and general health status of these participants. Study design and setting. The Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2010 enrolled 7762 individuals representing the civilian, non-institutionalized, US population free of celiac disease. Participants responded to interviewer administered questionnaires regarding current adherence to a gluten-free diet. Prevalence estimates were computed using SAS survey procedures. Results. There were 49 individuals who reported current adherence to a gluten-free diet reflecting a weighted prevalence of 0.548% (95% CI 0...
Absolute Intensities of X-Rays Anomalously Diffracted through Nearly Perfect Copper Crystals

Absolute integrated intensities of the x-ray beams "anomalously transmitted" through nearly perfect copper crystals have been measured for the (111) planes for values of $\ensuremath{\mu}t$ ranging from 10 to 90. Results obtained for both the symmetric and asymmetric Laue geometries are compared with theory. These comparisons yield a value of 0.965\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 for the ratio f\ensuremath{''}(111)/f\ensuremath{''}(000) and indicate that the crystals investigated have a high degree of perfection. The measurements were made with Mo $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation using a double-crystal spectrometer arranged in the parallel condition and with the first crystal diffracting in the Bragg geometry. Measured profiles of the Bragg-Laue double-crystal rocking curves for $\ensuremath{\mu}t=10 \mathrm{and} 90$ are in semiquantitative agreement with the theory.
Metal nanocrystal memory with high-/spl kappa/ tunneling barrier for improved data retention

A nonvolatile memory (NVM) with metal nanocrystal (NC) embedded in high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics is proposed. With the larger work function of the metal NC compared to that of silicon NC, the metal NC memory exhibits the better data retention characteristic. The theoretical analysis showing the effect of the electron barrier height on tunneling current density is also presented to support the importance of work function engineering of the NC in NVM structure. The other electrical characteristics such as the programming transient and data endurance are also studied and described in this paper.
Frontal EEG asymmetry during emotional challenge differentiates individuals with and without lifetime major depressive disorder

Background Although it has been argued that frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry at rest may be a risk marker for major depressive disorder (MDD), it is unclear whether a pattern of relatively less left than right activity characterizes depressed individuals during emotional challenges. Examination of frontal asymmetry during emotion task manipulations could provide an assessment of the function of systems relevant for MDD, and test the limits of frontal EEG asymmetry as a marker of risk for depression.
Inverse Problems for Multidimensional Heat Equations by Measurements at a Single Point on the Boundary

In this article we recover a coefficient in a multidimensional inverse problem for a heat equation. We show that a sequence of measurements taken at the same point on the boundary but at different times is enough to determine the coefficient uniquely. We provide an identifiability algorithm for both Dirichlet and Neumann lateral boundary conditions and we examine the smoothness of the recovered coefficient.
AN ILLUSION OF BODY TILT IN THE ROD‐AND‐FRAME TEST

Three experiments examined the role of illusory body tilt in the Rod-and-Frame Test. With both body adjustment and magnitude estimation procedures, a shift of the apparent body position occurred in the opposite direction of frame tilt. It was concluded that illusory body tilt can partially account for the rod-and-frame effect.
Autoshaping i.v. cocaine self-administration in rats: effects of nondrug alternative reinforcers on acquisition.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of a nondrug alternative reinforcer and feeding conditions on the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Rats were autoshaped to press a lever that resulted in a 0.2 mg/kg IV cocaine infusion. Responses on the lever were monitored during six consecutive autoshaping sessions that occurred each day. A retractable lever was inserted into the operant chamber on a random time 60 s schedule 10 times per session for six sessions that began each hour. Each day the six autoshaping sessions were followed by a 6-h cocaine self-administration session. During self-administration the lever remained extended, and each response on the lever resulted in a cocaine infusion (0.2 mg/kg). The criterion for acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior was met when there were 5 consecutive days during which the mean number of infusions during the 6-h self-administration session was at least 100. This procedure was repeated daily until the criterion was met or 30 days elapsed. The rats were also trained to respond on lick-operated automatic drinking devices that delivered 0.05 ml water or a glucose and saccharin solution (G+S) contingent upon each lick response. Five groups of 12–14 rats were compared. The first four groups constituted a 2 × 2 factorial design whereby either G+S or water was available in the home cage for 3 weeks before autoshaping began and G+S or water was available in the operant chamber during autoshaping. These groups were limited to 20 g food per day and all had free access to water. A fifth group had only water available in the home cage and operant chamber, and they had unlimited access to food but no G+S. The results indicated that access to the G+S solution in the operant chamber substantially delayed autoshaping, and a large percentage of these rats did not meet the autoshaping criterion within 30 days. The data from groups that had G+S in the home cage were very similar to those that had only water in the home cage; thus, a history of access to G+S did not interfere with acquisition of cocaine self-administration. Autoshaping in the group that had free access to food was highly variable, but a high positive correlation was found between the amount of food consumed and the number of days taken to meet the acquisition criterion. When the rats from the group that consumed over 20 g were compared to the rats in another group that were limited to 20 g and had no G+S, it was found that the increased food intake markedly decreased the rate of acquisition of cocaine self-administration. These findings indicate that acquisition of cocaine-reinforced behavior is delayed or prevented in environments enriched with nondrug alternative reinforcers such as food and a preferred liquid.
Indirection in the Negotiation of Self in Everyday Tojolab'al Women's Conversation

In the speech genre of beta = Io7il 'joking speech' Tojolab'al women use the ambiguity of indirect speech to negotiate their relationship to social norms and cultural values in the midst of everyday conversation. Indirection and ambiguity involve the intersection of form, function, and meaning in lexical, grammatical, and conversational structure. Ambiguity permits criticism and conflict in the context of cooperation and social solidarity.
Origin of intestinal disaccharidases of Ascaris suum

Disaccharidases from the gut of Ascaris suum were investigated to determine whether they were synthesized by the worm or whether they were host enzymes adsorbed to the worms' intestinal cells. Alpha-d-glucoside glucohydrolase (maltase) (EC 3.2.1.20), Beta-d-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase (invertase) (EC 3.2.1.26) and 1-glucohydrolase (trehalase) (EC 3.2.1.28) from Ascaris were studied in both a membrane (brush border)-bound and solubilized form with regard to temperature stability and pH optima. Data collected were compared to similar data on hog intestinal enzymes. Worm maltase and trehalase were relatively heat labile, whereas the hog enzymes were more stable to heat inactivation. Worm invertase was heat stable in comparison to the hog enzyme. The pH optima for Ascaris maltase and invertase were different from those of hog disaccharidases, whereas the pH optimum for trehalase from both parasite and host were similar. Tissue homogenates of second-stage larvae contained measurable maltase, but not sucrase, or trehalase activity. Results suggested that Ascaris intestinal disaccharidases represent three distinct enzymes of parasite rather than host origin.
Estimating Volatility Persistence in Oil Prices Under Structural Breaks

Policy makers and financial market participants are interested in knowing how shocks affect the volatility of oil prices over time. We accurately compute the volatility persistence by incorporating endogenously determined structural breaks into a GARCH model. Contrary to previous findings, we find that oil shocks dissipate very quickly but have a strong initial impact. Understanding this behavior is not only important for derivative valuation and hedging decisions but for broader financial markets and the overall economy, for which there are significant consequences.
Ex Vivo production of platelets from stem cells

Stem cell technology holds great promise for transfusion medicine, and generation of platelets from stem cells would be transformative. Platelet transfusions are life saving for millions of people and the clinical demand for platelets continues to increase: there is a real need to increase the supply of platelets. Accordingly, there is great interest in the potential of producing platelets from stem cells for clinical use. There has been initial success in ex vivo generation of platelets from stem cells using cord blood stem cells, embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the platelet yields achieved by these strategies have not been sufficient for clinical purposes. This review provides updated information about the current strategies of ex vivo generation of platelets. Megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet generation, along with the importance of genetic determinants of these processes, are reviewed in the context of efforts to generate these products from stem cells. Current challenges and rate-limiting steps in ex vivo platelet generation are discussed, together with strategies to overcome them. While much work remains, great progress has been made, moving ex vivo generation of platelets ever closer to the clinic.
Clinical, toxicological and pathological aspects of arsanilic acid poisoning in swine

In Trial I, toxicosis was induced in 27 pigs by feeding 1000 ppM arsanilic acid in the ration. The clinical syndrome was first characterized by transient diarrhea and incoordination, with posterior paresis and quadriplegia later. Detectable histopathological changes were confined to the optic tracts, optic nerves, and peripheral nerves. Major lesions noted were necrosis of myelin-supporting cells and degeneration of myelin sheaths and axons. Maximum mean arsenic levels were present in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, rib, and blood on or before day 13 of the experiment. Maximum mean arsenic levels in the nervous system were not attained until days 19 and 21. In Trial II, six pigs were fed 1000 ppM arsanilic acid in the ration for 19 days. Three days after the removal of dietary arsanilic acid, skeletal muscle, kidney, liver, and blood, respectively, retained 31, 34, 32, and 13 mean % of the tissue arsenic present at the time of drug withdrawal. Nervous tissue retained 100, 93, 57 mean % arsenic 3, 6, and 11 days post-withdrawal, respectively. In Trial III, six pigs were fed 1000 ppM arsanilic acid in the ration until they developed severe posterior paresis or quadriplegia. Four pigs had no clinical improvement and twomore » pigs developed a more severe paralysis after withdrawal of the drug. 12 references, 10 figures, 5 tables.« less
INCORPORATING COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR LAKE MANAGEMENT: A NEGOTIATION APPROACH

ABSTRACT Assessment of costs and benefits of lake restoration techniques aids lake management by identifying the most cost effective approach, determining who benefits from the approach, and identifying who should pay for the approach. Traditional lake restoration techniques rely upon fairly straightforward methods for determining costs of the project and identifying the benefits. However incorporating nonpoint source controls into lake water quality management strategies requires understanding the costs of nonpoint source pollution as well as the potential benefits of different management strategies. Yet cost-benefit analyses of nonpoint source pollution impacts and corrective practices have traditionally focused on a narrow range of onsite costs and benefits to the owner-operator. To become an effective water quality management tool, these analyses must encompass a broader view and become sensitive to how political and social processes will influence the negotiation of economic costs and benefits. This ...
Renin-like activity in submaxillary gland in several strains of rats including the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract High levels of a renin-like enzyme were found in submaxillary gland of spontaneously hypertensive (SH) male rats. The submaxillary renin-like activity increased with age. Similar high levels were measured in the normotensive strain of rats from which the SH rats were derived, while low levels were found in two other normotensive strains. Enzyme levels were not markedly lower in females and gonadectomized males, as has been observed in mice. It is concluded that the submaxillary gland renin-like activity in the SH rat appears to not be linked to the development of genetic hypertension.
Effect of pair hopping and magnitude of intra-atomic interaction on exchange-mediated superconductivity

It is shown that the kinetic exchange Hamiltonian for a partially filled narrow band contains a term responsible for hopping of neighboring pairs of electrons in the singlet spin state. In this way we introduce explicitly the dynamics of the resonant valence bond into the formalism describing the exchange-mediated high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity. The role of the magnitude of the intraatomic Coulomb interaction on the onset of superconducting phase is also discussed.
Exploring the impact of instant messaging on subjective task complexity and user satisfaction

AbstractInstant messaging (IM) technologies are being rapidly deployed in the workplace. Current studies largely focus on the adoption of IM and how IM is used. Little research has been conducted to understand the potential impact of using IM in the workplace. This paper theorizes and empirically tests how the frequency of IM interruptions and the position power of message sender could interact with an individual’s polychronic orientation, that is, multitasking preference, and jointly influence employee satisfaction and subjective task complexity. The present study illustrates that polychronic knowledge workers are more satisfied with the multitasking work process deploying IM technology than monochronic ones. In addition, the effect of interruptions is dependent upon an individual’s polychronic orientation. The increase in interruption frequency only reduces the process satisfaction of monochronic individuals but not polychronic individuals. Further, the polychronic orientation of message receivers also ...
Geochemistry and petrology of komatiites of the Pioneer Ultramafic Complex of the 3.3 Ga Weltevreden Formation, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa

Abstract The 3.3 Ga Weltevreden Formation, located in the northern part of the Barberton greenstone belt, contains multiple complexes that are composed largely of well-preserved, partially serpentinized komatiitic rock. The Pioneer Ultramafic Complex is a 1-km-thick section of massive and differentiated komatiites and spinifex-textured komatiitic basalts that are interbedded with current-structured komatiitic tuffs. Most komatiites were emplaced subaqueously as large sheet flows that would on occasion pond, cool slowly and internally differentiate. Between effusive eruptions, explosive komatiitic volcanism resulted in the deposition of up to 60-m-thick sections of fine-grained ash. Massive komatiites preserve primitive olivines with a maximum Mg# of 92.9, supporting the eruption of a high temperature, high magnesian liquid. Al2O3/TiO2 (19–34) and Gd/YbN (0.84–1.15) ratios indicate that the komatiites and komatiitic basalts originated from Al-undepleted to slightly Al-enriched magma. Fresh pigeonite found in the cores of zoned pyroxenes suggests that crystallization occurred under anhydrous conditions. Similar to komatiitic augites analyzed in other areas of the Barberton greenstone belt, those in the Pioneer Complex possess both high Wo contents (0.31–0.46) and high Mg#s (75–90.2) but these features are not attributed to high dissolved water contents in the melt.
Acoustic distortion products in rabbit ear canal. I. Basic features and physiological vulnerability.

Abstract In contrast to evoked otoacoustic emissions, acoustic distortion products (DPs) recorded from the ear canal are present at predictable frequencies with respect to their primary tones, ƒ 1 and ƒ 2 . Such specificity may provide detailed frequency-place information concerning the functional state of limited regions of the organ of Corti following experimental intervention. However, to date, it is not clear whether emitted DPs solely reflect activity at the basilar-membrane regions of primary tones or if the remote DP site makes a significant contribution to the emitted signal measured in the ear canal. We have investigated a number of the general features of acoustic-DP generation in the rabbit so that, in later experiments, the contributions of specific basilar-membrane regions involved in generating these DPs can be identified using techniques designed to manipulate their normal properties. The first report describes the outcome of systematic manipulations of a number of stimulus conditions and alterations to the physiological state of the cochlea by exposure to fatiguing sound or anoxia. Experimental findings for the 2ƒ 1 − ƒ 2 DP showed that, in general, the relations of the levels and frequency of the primary tones to DP magnitude were consistent with previously published data from other mammalian species. Additional observations for other odd-order intermodulation DPs at the 3ƒ 1 − 2ƒ 2 and 2ƒ 2 − ƒ 1 ) frequencies suggested that the basic attributes of the acoustic DPs were similarly affected by systematic manipulation of the basic parameters of the primary tones and the general metabolic state of the cochlea. General anesthesia, however, did not affect DP amplitude. A companion paper describes the results of a series of subsequent experiments using response-suppression, interfering-tone, and temporary threshold shift techniques which address more directly the issue of which basilar-membrane sites contribute to the generation of different acoustic DPs.
Integrin-associated Protein Is a Ligand for the P84 Neural Adhesion Molecule

P84 (also known as SHPS-1, BIT, and SIRP) is a heterophilic adhesive membrane protein involved in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling that is found at synapses in the mammalian central nervous system and in non-neural tissues. We have identified a binding partner for P84 using an expression cloning strategy. Here we report that integrin-associated protein (IAP/CD47) is a predominant binding partner of P84. Immunohistochemistry reveals a virtually identical distribution of P84 and IAP in a variety of adult brain regions. Because IAP has been implicated in cell signaling in cells of the immune system, P84 and IAP represent a heterophilic binding pair that is likely to be involved in bi-directional signaling at the synapse and in other tissues.
Metabolism of C14-labeled tryptophan in the developing chick embryo.

Abstract Between 44 and 47 % of the labeled tryptophan injected into the egg was recovered, as such, in the protein fraction of the newly hatched chick. A significant amount of the C 14 from tryptophan-2-C 14 was recovered as alanine and a much smaller amount as glycine. The distribution of radioactivity in the chick following injection of tryptophan-2-C 14 or tryptophan3-C 14 is discussed. Direct confirmation is presented for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin (nicotinic acid) by the chick embryo.
A Comparative Experimental Study on Tensile Properties of Three Types of High-Performance Polymer Fibers

A comparative experimental study on tensile properties of three types of high-performance polymeric fiber yarns — AuTx™, Kevlar® KM2 600 denier and Twaron® 500 denier — is conducted. Tensile tests are performed on samples of the three kinds of fiber yarns at five testing temperatures (24, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C) and three loading rates (100, 200 and 300 mm/min). The elastic modulus, breaking stress, and breaking strain are obtained for each type of fiber yarns under specified testing conditions as averages of measured values from 15 specimens. The experimental data reveal that the tensile properties of all three types of fiber yarns under investigation exhibit strong temperature dependence, with the elastic modulus and breaking stress decreasing with the temperature increase. However, the dependency of the properties on the loading rate is insignificant for the range considered. The measured tensile properties of the Kevlar® and Twaron® yarns are seen to be close, while the elastic modulus and breaking stress of the AuTx™ yarn are found to be, respectively, about 12% and 40% higher than those of the Kevlar® and Twaron® fiber yarns. It is also observed that the AuTx™ yarn degrades about two times faster than the other two yarns as temperature increases.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Phase Transitions In Bicyclic Compounds

The study of a wide variety of organic structures by differential scanning calorimetry reveals that bicyclic caged compounds frequently possess a pre-melting phase transition. These compounds are c...