cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reticulocyte and micronucleated reticulocyte responses to gamma irradiation: Effect of age

The effect of age on the formation of radiation-induced micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RETs) and reticulocytes (RETs) was investigated by exposing female C57BL/6J mice to graded doses of gamma rays from a (137)Cs source. Age at time of irradiation was 6, 16, or 32 weeks, and doses ranged from 0.5 to 3 Gy. A flow cytometric technique based on anti-CD71 labeling was used to measure RET and MN-RET frequencies in blood specimens collected 43 h post-irradiation. Mean RET frequencies declined in a dose-dependent manner for each age group. There was only one significant difference among the ages, that is, %RETs were not significantly reduced in the oldest animals at 0.5 Gy, whereas this dose did have a significant effect on the other age groups. MN-RET data were more complex. Age was observed to influence the baseline frequency of MN-RET, with the oldest mice exhibiting a significantly higher mean value. Each group's %MN-RETs values increased up to 1 Gy, but past this dose the frequencies plateaued or decreased. Age was observed to influence micronucleus frequency, with older mice exhibiting higher mean MN-RET values, especially at the high doses where the response was saturated (2-3 Gy). We hypothesize that these dissimilar responses can largely be explained by an age-related down-regulation of apoptosis whereby younger animals eliminate damaged bone marrow erythroid precursors with a greater efficiency compared with aged mice.
Novel lactate and pH biosensor for skin and sweat analysis based on single walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were functionalized and employed in an electrochemical cell to serve as a biosensor to specifically detect either lactate or pH in an electrolyte solution of artificial sweat. They were functionalized with the carboxyl group ( COOH) to detect pH and the enzyme lactate oxidase (LOX) to detect lactate. All CNT samples were characterized to compare the electrodes before and after functionalization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to verify the attachment of both COOH and LOX to the respective carbon nanotubes samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the structure of the CNT–lactate electrode. Square wave voltammetry proved to be the best template to use to sense these target analytes. The functionalized CNT–COOH electrode displayed a linear response to pH 1–10, with a negative voltage shift corresponding to an increase in pH. Two types of lactate sensors were fabricated, both of which exhibited an increase in current corresponding to an increase in lactate concentration. The functionalized CNT–LOX on a glassy carbon electrode displayed an amperometric response in the range of 1–4 mM lactate. The CNT–LOX on a silicon/indium tin oxide (Si/ITO) substrate displayed an amperometric response in the range of 0.01–0.05 M lactate.
B10 Diffused Junctions in N-Type Silicon

Silicon diffused junction detectors were prepared by diffusion of boron-10 into n-type silicon of resistivity 1000-3800 ohm-cm at a temperature of 1000°C. Detector diameters ranged from 3 mm to 2 cm. With the junction edge exposed in air or in vacuum, these detectors were extremely unstable. The use of organic silanes and ordinary waxes as a coating on the exposed junction edge provided stability. For some detectors the treatment with silanes was followed by a decrease in leakage current during subsequent storage. For alpha particles a resolution width (FWHM) of 40-45 kev was obtained for 6 Mev alpha particles in a detector of diameter 3-4 mm. For 2-cm-diameter detectors the resolution width at this energy was 80-100 kev, but reduced to 40 kev for alpha particles at a higher energy of 9 Mev. The peak-to-valley ratio for fission fragments from Cf252 was constant and equal to 1.40 at a detector reverse voltage of 15 volts or higher. The use of boron-10 allows identification of the energies of the products of fission reactions that occur within the detector, although similar detectors may be prepared using ordinary boron. For the present detectors the energies of the reaction products from the reaction n(B10, Li7) ? (and their sum were resolved with a resolution width of approximately 250 kev, and with energy corresponding to the known energies to within 5%.
Creation of a Model Comparing 6-Minute Walk Test to Metabolic Equivalent in Evaluating Treatment Effects in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is the current standard to assess exercise capacity in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We compared the Naughton–Balke treadmill test reported in exercise metabolic equivalents (METs) with the 6MWT to evaluate whether MET could be a useful tool to assess exercise capacity. Methods Serial 6MWTs followed by Naughton–Balke treadmill tests were performed in 47 PAH patients initiating a change in PAH therapy at baseline (i.e., Time 0) and Weeks 6, 12, 24 and 48; New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) was also assessed. Hemodynamics data were recorded at baseline and Weeks 12 and 48. Treadmill time was converted to MET. Generalized estimating equation models, receiver-operating characteristic curves and fixed-effect linear models were utilized to create a model comparing 6MWT to MET. Results MET correlated with 6MWT ( r = 0.62). Piecewise linear function described the relationship between 6MWT and MET. 6MWT and MET were both associated with FC ( p Conclusions MET appears to be a reliable measure of exercise capacity in PAH, and correlates with 6MWT. MET can be used in clinical assessment and is helpful in demonstrating improvements in exercise capacity in less sick patients.
Electrophysiological analysis of taurine and glycine action on neurons of the mudpuppy retina. II. ERG, PNR and Müller cell recordings.

Summary Extracellular electrophysiological recordings of the electroretinogram (ERG) and proximal negative response (PNR) were carried out in the perfused retina-eyecup preparation of the mudpuppy. Intracellular recordings were obtained from Muller cells. Bath-applied taurine/glycine had identical effects on the ERG, PNR and Muller cell responses and the effects of both agents were blocked by strychnine. Taurine and glycine suppressed the d-wave of the ERG, the OFF response of Muller cells and ON and OFF responses of the PNR. These observations show that taurine/glycine sensitivity is predominantly found in the OFF channel of the ERG whose underlying neuronal basis appears to be dark evoked depolarization of OFF bipolars.
Crystal structures of manganese- and cobalt-substituted myoglobin in complex with NO and nitrite reveal unusual ligand conformations.

Nitrite is now recognized as a storage pool of bioactive nitric oxide (NO). Hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) convert, under certain conditions, nitrite to NO. This newly discovered nitrite reductase activity of Hb and Mb provides an attractive alternative to mammalian NO synthesis from the NO synthase pathway that requires dioxygen. We recently reported the X-ray crystal structure of the nitrite adduct of ferric horse heart Mb, and showed that the nitrite ligand binds in an unprecedented O-binding (nitrito) mode to the d5 ferric center in MbIII(ONO) [D.M. Copeland, A. Soares, A.H. West, G.B. Richter-Addo, J. Inorg. Biochem. 100 (2006) 1413–1425]. We also showed that the distal pocket in Mb allows for different conformations of the NO ligand (120° and 144°) in MbIINO depending on the mode of preparation of the compound. In this article, we report the crystal structures of the nitrite and NO adducts of manganese-substituted hh Mb (a d4 system) and of the nitrite adduct of cobalt-substituted hh Mb (a d6 system). We show that the distal His64 residue directs the nitrite ligand towards the rare nitrito O-binding mode in MnIIIMb and CoIIIMb. We also report that the distal pocket residues allow a stabilization of an unprecendented bent MnNO moiety in MnIIMbNO. These crystal structural data, when combined with the data for the aquo, methanol, and azide MnMb derivatives, provide information on the role of distal pocket residues in the observed binding modes of nitrite and NO ligands to wild-type and metal-substituted Mb.
Considerations, constraints and strategies for drilling on Mars

Abstract The effect of the environmental conditions on Mars—low temperature, low pressure, the uncertainty in the nature of the formations to be penetrated and the possibility of encountering ice —imply that a successful drilling system will have to be able to cope with a wide range of conditions. Systems using continuous drill pipe or wireline both offer attractive features and disadvantages, and the preferred choice may depend on the target depth. The drill bit will have to cope with a range of terrain, and we offer some suggestions for making a bit that will be able to drill in both hard and soft formations, and also be able to resist choking if it encounters ice or ice-bound materials. Since it will not be possible to use a liquid to remove the drilled cuttings on Mars, the cuttings removal system will probably use some form of auger, although it may be possible to use continuous or intermittent gas blasts. The sublimation of ice resulting from the heat of drilling in ice-containing formations may help in removing the cuttings, particularly as they are expected to be very fine as a result of the low power available for drilling. Drilling into ice bound soils was also found to be akin to drilling into ice-bound sandstones.
A method for assigning species into groups based on generalized Mahalanobis distance between habitat model coefficients

Habitat association models are commonly developed for individual animal species using generalized linear modeling methods such as logistic regression. We considered the issue of grouping species based on their habitat use so that management decisions can be based on sets of species rather than individual species. This research was motivated by a study of western landbirds in northern Idaho forests. The method we examined was to separately fit models to each species and to use a generalized Mahalanobis distance between coefficient vectors to create a distance matrix among species. Clustering methods were used to group species from the distance matrix, and multidimensional scaling methods were used to visualize the relations among species groups. Methods were also discussed for evaluating the sensitivity of the conclusions because of outliers or influential data points. We illustrate these methods with data from the landbird study conducted in northern Idaho. Simulation results are presented to compare the success of this method to alternative methods using Euclidean distance between coefficient vectors and to methods that do not use habitat association models. These simulations demonstrate that our Mahalanobis-distance-based method was nearly always better than Euclidean-distance-based methods or methods not based on habitat association models. The methods used to develop candidate species groups are easily explained to other scientists and resource managers since they mainly rely on classical multivariate statistical methods.
Laboratory observations of the effects of topography on baroclinic instability

Observations are presented of the effects of topography on thermally driven baroclinic flows in a rotating annulus. It is observed that the transition from baroclinically stable to unstable flows is stabilized in the presence of small amplitude topography. However, when baroclinic waves are present they are of shorter wavelength and larger amplitude than those in flows driven by similar temperature differences in the absence of topographic forcing. Non-linear interactions between stationary forced and drifting baroclinic waves may result in the appearance of significant amounts of energy in drifting waves which are not harmonics of the dominant baroclinic wave. A local linear analysis is used to explain the observations of the effects of topography on the onset of baroclinic instability. Despite the limitations of this analysis which arise due to the similarity of the wavelengths of the baroclinic and forced waves the quantitative predictions of the analysis are in reasonable agreement with the observations.
Molecular bases and clinical spectrum of early infantile epileptic encephalopathies

Epilepsy can be a challenging diagnosis to make in the neonatal and infantile periods. Seizures in this age group may be due to a serious underlying cause that results in an epileptic encephalopathy. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is a progressive neurologic condition that exhibits concomitant cognitive and motor impairment, and is often associated with severe intellectual disability. This condition belongs to the group of age-dependent epileptic encephalopathies, and thus the clinical and electro-encephalographic features change with age as the central nervous system evolves. The molecular bases and the clinical spectrum associated with the early infantile epileptic encephalopathies continue to expand as new genetic discoveries are made. This review will highlight the molecular etiologies of early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, and the clinical and electro-encephalographic changes that take place in these epileptic phenotypes as the brain develops.
The physics of modeling unsteady flaps with gaps

Abstract Research indicates that active control concepts have promise in mitigating numerous adverse phenomena associated with the aeromechanics of lifting surfaces. These techniques are being applied to delay stall of fixed wing aircraft, as well as to eliminate or mitigate vibratory loads, blade–vortex interaction, and dynamic stall of the flow about rotorcraft and wind turbine blades. These phenomena are nonlinear and unsteady for dynamic systems, which add yet another layer of complexity on the physics of the flow. While a plethora of different active control techniques is being explored, the use of trailing edge flaps appears to be one of the more viable and cost-effective concepts. Static multi-element airfoils and wings have been analyzed computationally, but little exists on the ability to model these when the airfoil and flap are dynamic. The costs associated with modeling the gap between the airfoil and flap have led to approximations where the flap is modeled only as a morphed tip of the airfoil (no gap). Using a hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes/Large-Eddy-Simulation turbulence technique, an oscillating flapped airfoil has been studied to determine the influence of modeling the gap on the performance and acoustic signature of the airfoil. Results are compared with the experimental data to confirm the validity of the computational approach. Both attached and separated (dynamic stall) oscillating flows are examined. The physics within the gap are found to be important for the airfoil performance when stall is encountered, as well as when acoustic signatures are required.
Space Code Selector Supervisory System

DURING the past 20 years, there have been numerous supervisory systems using various designs and basic principles of transmitting signals such as tone, counting chain codes, or sequence chain codes. Any supervisory system should fulfill the following essential operating requirements: 1. Transmit control circuit selection code and check this transmission before the control operation is performed. Prevent the operation if the correct checking signal is not received. 2. Be suitable for operation over any commonly available type of channel for use in controlling a number of outlying stations from a single control station. 3. Components should harmonize with other switchboard devices and thus be suitable for building into standard switchboards. 4. Equipment should be easy to expand to take care of future growth. Be simple, easy to install, maintain, test, and operate. Be rapid, have uniform speed of operation for all points. 5. Be available for either 48-volt or 125-volt d-c operation and have the same standard range of battery voltage as the remainder of the switchgear devices. 6. Include provision for telemetering and telephone communication.
Conduction properties of a wigner crystallization induced two-dimensional sliding charge-density wave

Abstract A two-dimensional crystal of electrons above a helium film is pinned by variations of the image potential in the rough underlying substrate. The crystal is depinned by sufficiently large electric fields applied parallel to the film. The field and frequency dependent conductivity of this sliding charge-density wave and its noise properties are reported. A metal-insulator transition in the electron fluid also occurs as a function of film thickness.
A particle bound intermediate in the biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides

Abstract Rate, isotope dilution, and direct incorporation studies provide evidence that a lipid soluble material is a direct precursor of higher plant cell wall polysaccharides. The intermediate is acid labile with the solubility properties of a complex glycolipid. It is tightly bound to the particulate enzyme system, and cannot be extracted with the usual lipid solvents until dissociated.
Towards Reliable Communication in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Cyber physical systems (CPS) are increasingly seen as a way to provide solutions for societal benefits. For these systems to become widely adopted, reliability of these systems is a key requirement because CPS appear in safety- and mission critical applications. To bring about the reliability challenges and the scientific principles behind developing solutions for CPS reliability, I am focusing on two CPS domains: intelligent transportation system and reconfigurable conveyor systems. Intelligent transportation system is a system where vehicles collaborate together to improve road safety, alleviate congestion thereby helping the environment, and providing a better travel experience. Reconfigurable conveyor systems represent a class of systems in advanced manufacturing that will make manufacturing agile while reducing the operating costs. This report presents an overview of recent work that highlights the challenges we face and their possible solutions in making communication in ITS reliable. It also discusses the reliability issues in reconfigurable conveyor systems. We then outline the future directions.
1 > 2? Less is more under volatile exchange rates in global supply chains

Abstract To meet consumer needs, global firms typically manufacture based on their aggregate production plan after receiving demand projections from all markets. One of the consequences of matching demand with manufacturing is that these plans generally ignore the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. Consolidated profits for global firms are significantly influenced by fluctuations in exchange rates, and opportunity exists to incorporate exchange rate uncertainty into global production planning. This article presents an operational hedging mechanism (‘production hedging’) based on manufacturing less than the total global demand. Due to uncertainty in exchange rates, the firm takes conservative action and deliberately manufactures a smaller quantity than its total global demand. The article shows how manufacturing less can create a higher profit. It provides prescriptions for marketing executives to quantify the economic value of market share. In addition, it demonstrates why operational hedging, in the form of production hedging, is more valuable than financial hedging.
Alterations in liver RNA induced by atropine and disulfoton.

Abstract Cytoplasmic RNA was compared in cresyl violet acetate stained sections of rat livers from rats given atropine, disulfoton, atropine, and disulfoton, and controls. In the latter, the RNA was present in large cytoplasmic clumps. After administration of disulfoton the RNA became more diffuse in centrolobular and periportal areas; a similar but more marked change occurred after atropine. In animals given both compounds, the effects were additive. In some of these the cytoplasmic RNA had coalesced to form nuclear caps, and there was some vacuolation. It is suggested that in studies of liver RNA the use of this staining procedure may supply additional and valuable data supplementing the conventional methods.
Hepatitis C: Treatment triumphs

A stampede of recent clinical studies suggests that we are on the cusp of developing well-tolerated, orally delivered drugs that can effectively eradicate hepatitis C virus from most, if not all, infected individuals.
Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort from Basic to Clinical Science:

Sensory gating (SG) is a prevalent physiological process important for information filtering in complex systems. SG is evaluated by presenting repetitious stimuli and measuring the degree of neural inhibition that occurs. SG has been found to be impaired in several psychiatric disorders. Recent animal and human research has made great progress in the study of SG, and in this review we provide an overview of recent research on SG using different methods. Animal research has uncovered findings that suggest 1) SG is displayed by single neurons and can be similar to SG observed from scalp recordings in humans, 2) SG is found in numerous brain structures located in sensory, motor and limbic subregions, 3) SG can be significantly influenced by state changes of the organism, and 4) SG has a diverse pharmacological profile accented by a strong influence from nicotine receptor activation. Human research has addressed similar issues using deep electrode recordings of brain structures. These experiments have revealed that 1) SG can be found in cortical regions surrounding hippocampus, 2) the order of neural processing places hippocampal involvement during a later stage of sensory processing than originally thought, and 3) multiple subtypes of gating exist that could be dependent on different brain circuits and more or less influenced by alterations in organismal state. Animal and human research both have limitations. We emphasize the need for integrative approaches to understand the process and combine information between basic and clinical fields so that a more complete picture of SG will emerge.
The education and training of sensory scientists

Abstract While little or no experimentation has been published on the methods of teaching sensory evaluation, different approaches can be identified and some common themes are widely used. This paper discusses various approaches to the training of sensory evaluation professionals and food scientists in general with examples from the author's courses at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. Concerns are identified in the areas of statistical training, the need for appreciation of multivariate statistical techniques and qualitative research. The paper proposes that teaching principles or heuristics is more empowering to students than memorization of standard procedures.
Apoptosis levels increase after castration in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft.

Background The role of apoptosis in the regression of human prostate cancer after androgen deprivation therapy remains controversial. Detection of caspase-3, an ubiquitous effector of apoptosis, is a highly specific technique for in vivo evaluation of apoptosis. Methods Apoptotic rates were evaluated in the androgen-dependent CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft in tumors that represented time points throughout the progression from androgen-stimulated to recurrent prostate cancer. Caspase-3 levels in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were quantified using immunohistochemical detection and video image analysis. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the results of immunodetection. Results Expression of caspase-3 reached a maximum on day 2 after castration, decreased on day 6, and remained low until tumor recurrence. The percentage of tumor area expressing caspase-3 increased from 2.51 ± 0.44% in tumors from intact mice to 20.84 ± 1.75% on day 2 after castration. Among immunopositive cells, the intensity of caspase-3 expression measured using the mean optical density (MOD) increased 45% (0.3762 ± 0.003 to 0.5461 ± 0.001) on day 2 after castration compared to levels detected in tumors from intact mice. Conclusions Apoptosis contributes to tumor regression after castration in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft model. Prostate 57: 24–31, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing the perceived stress scale for African American adults with asthma and low literacy

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a widely used measure of stress that has not been validated in asthma patients. The psychometric properties of the PSS were explored using confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Study 1 involved 312 ambulatory care patients with asthma who completed the PSS during a routine visit. Study 2 involved 247 community-dwelling adults with asthma who completed the PSS as a part of a larger asthma study. Four items showed acceptable psychometric performance across ethnic groups and literacy. The short PSS is a rapid, valid measure of subjective stress in diverse asthma populations.
WE-D-201C-03: Ultrasound Modulation of the Blood-Brain-Barrier for Targeted Drug Delivery

The blood‐brain barrier is a primary limitation to the use of many drugs in the central nervous system. This barrier, which normally serves to protect the brain, with few exceptions limits the delivery of only small molecules from the circulation. We have found that when relatively low‐intensity ultrasound bursts are combined with circulating microbubbles (commercially‐available ultrasound contrast agents) that the blood‐brain barrier is temporarily disrupted for a few hours with little or no other effects in the brain. The ultrasound beam can be applied transcranially, resulting in a potential noninvasive means to target drugs to the brain. To date we have demonstrated this technique in small animal models. If this technology can be translated to humans, it could provide new opportunities for the development and use of drugs in the brain. Learning Objectives: 1. Learn how ultrasound and microbubbles are applied for blood‐brain barrier disruption 2. Identify histological effects of the ultrasound exposures that have been observed in animal studies 3. Learn about potential mechanisms that might be involved with the disruption 4. Learn how ultrasound can be focused into the brain transcranially and potential methods to guide the procedure.
Evaluation of isotope discrimination in 13C-based metabolic flux analysis

Abstract In a 13C experiment for metabolic flux analysis (13C MFA), we examined isotope discrimination by measuring the labeling of glucose, amino acids, and hexose monophosphates via mass spectrometry. When Escherichia coli grew in a mix of 20% fully labeled and 80% naturally labeled glucose medium, the cell metabolism favored light isotopes and the measured isotopic ratios (δ13C) were in the range of −35 to −92. Glucose transporters might play an important role in such isotopic fractionation. Flux analysis showed that both isotopic discrimination and isotopic impurities in labeled substrates could affect the solution of 13C MFA.
Signaling pathways activated by a protease allergen in basophils

Allergic diseases represent a significant burden in industrialized countries, but why and how the immune system responds to allergens remain largely unknown. Because many clinically significant allergens have proteolytic activity, and many helminths express proteases that are necessary for their life cycles, host mechanisms likely have evolved to detect the proteolytic activity of helminth proteases, which may be incidentally activated by protease allergens. A cysteine protease, papain, is a prototypic protease allergen that can directly activate basophils and mast cells, leading to the production of cytokines, including IL-4, characteristic of the type 2 immune response. The mechanism of papain’s immunogenic activity remains unknown. Here we have characterized the cellular response activated by papain in basophils. We find that papain-induced IL-4 production requires calcium flux and activation of PI3K and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Interestingly, papain-induced IL-4 production was dependent on the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) adaptor protein Fc receptor γ-chain, even though the canonical ITAM signaling was not activated by papain. Collectively, these data characterize the downstream signaling pathway activated by a protease allergen in basophils.
Quantitative Morphology of Galaxies Observed in the Ultraviolet

We present a quantitative study of the far-ultraviolet (FUV) and optical morphology in 32 nearby galaxies and estimate the morphological k-correction expected if these objects were observed unevolved at high redshift.
Synthesis and Pharmacology of Site Specific Cocaine Abuse Treatment Agents: 8-Substituted Isotropane (3-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

A series of 8-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes (isotropanes) were synthesized and tested for inhibitor potency using [(3)H]WIN 35,428 binding at the dopamine (DA) transporter, [(3)H]citalopram binding at the serotonin (5-HT) transporter, and [(3)H]DA uptake assays. The synthesis started with a Mannich condensation of cyclopentanone, benzylamine, and fomaldehyde to afford N-benzyl-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-one (6). The 8-phenyl group was introduced by Grignard addition to ketone 6 or nucleophilic displacement via a triflate of the corresponding alcohol 7a. The 8beta-phenyl-8alpha-alcohols from Grignard addition generally have low affinity for the two transporters and do not effectively inhibit the uptake of [(3)H]DA. The 8beta-phenyl compound (14) without the hydroxyl group at C-8 was much more potent (22-fold) for [(3)H]WIN 35,428 binding inhibition than the corresponding 8beta-phenyl-8alpha-hydroxy compound (7a). The 8alpha-phenyl compound 8a was almost as potent as cocaine in binding to the DA transporter (IC(50) = 234 nM vs 159 nM for cocaine), whereas the C-8 epimer, compound 14, was somewhat less potent (IC(50) = 785 nM). The lower potency of 14 (beta-orientation of 8-phenyl group) as compared to 8a (alpha-orientation) was unexpected, based on modeling studies comparing the new compounds to WIN 35,065-2, an analogue of cocaine. The benzhydryl ethers at C-8 (17), analogous to the benztropines, had better selectivity than the corresponding phenyl compounds, 8a and 14, for the DA transporter as compared to the 5-HT transporter. The isotropane and benzisotropine analogues seem to bind in a manner that is more similar to that of the benztropine compounds 5 rather than those of cocaine and WIN 35,065-2.
Molecular chaperones regulate p53 and suppress senescence programs

Many types of cancer cells constitutively express major molecular chaperones at high levels. Recent findings demonstrate that specific depletion of individual chaperones, including various members of the Hsp70 family, small heat shock proteins, or VCP/p97, leads to activation of p53 pathway and subsequently triggers cellular senescence. Here, we discuss a possibility that in cancer cells high levels of chaperones serve to keep the p53 signaling under control, thus allowing cancer cells to evade the default senescence and form tumors.
Correspondence: An application of interpretive structural modeling to a university research committee's grant decisions

Universities maintain many systems that help order activities. Among these are the systems that provide financial support for research activity. One frequently occurring system is a university level committee that reviews the merits of research funding requests. In this study. Interpretive Structural Modeling is used to generate the hierarchy of criteria employed by a university research committee to evaluate and fund proposals from faculty in the arts, music, mathematics, science, and the applied disciplines. Thirty-four elements and 20 levels are developed. The resulting hierarchy is a preference list suitable for judging proposals that lend themselves to formal research design. The existing system using the current project evaluation framework to simultaneously encourage creative work in art and music along with traditional research in other disciplines is deemed unsatisfactory. A separate allocation system for the arts and music is under study.
Quasi-static self-powered sensing and data logging

Many signals of interest in the assessment of structural systems lie in the quasi-static range (frequency << 1Hz). This poses a significant challenge for the development of self-powered sensors that are required not only to monitor these events but also to harvest the energy for sensing, computation and storage from the signal being monitored. This paper combines the use of mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators and piezo-powered threshold detection modules capable of computation and data storage with a total current less than 10nA. The system is able to achieve events counting for input deformations at frequencies lower than 0.1Hz. The used mechanically-equivalent frequency modulators allow the transformation of the low-amplitude and low-rate quasi-static deformations into an amplified input to a piezoelectric transducer. The sudden transitions in unstable mode branch switching, during the elastic postbuckling response of slender columns and plates, are used to generate high-rate deformations. Experimental results show that an oscillating semi-crystalline plastic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), attached to the up-converting modules, is able to generate a harvestable energy at levels between 0.8μJ to 2μJ. In this work, we show that a linear injection response of our combined frequency up-converter / piezo-floating-gate sensing system can be used for self-powered measurement and recording of quasi-static deformations levels. The experimental results demonstrate that a sensor fabricated in a 0.5- μm CMOS technology can count and record the number of quasi-static input events, while operating at a power level significantly lower than 1μW.
A comparison between ilioinguinal‐iliohypogastric nerve block performed by anaesthetist or surgeon for postoperative analgesia following groin surgery in children

Summary A study was performed to compare postoperative analgesia in children undergoing groin surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to receive ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (I-I) nerve blocks using 0.25% plain bupivicaine (0.5 ml·kg−1) performed either percutaneously by the anaesthetist after the induction of general anaesthesia, before surgery commenced, or intraoperatively, under direct vision, by the surgeon. Analgesia was assessed by pain scoring in the recovery room and at hourly intervals for eight h postoperatively. Analgesic requirement was also noted. Statistical analysis of the results revealed no difference in pain score between groups treated either by anaesthetist or surgeon. However, children under two years of age had significantly higher pain scores than those over two.
Measurement of effective hydrogen diffusivity using the Scanning Kelvin Probe

Abstract Effective hydrogen diffusivity (D H,eff ) was determined utilizing the Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) to measure the SKP voltage on cross-sectioned, hydrogen pre-charged samples at 25 °C. Two secondary hardened martensitic steels, Fe–13Co–11Ni–3Cr–1.2Mo–0.2C–0.02Mn and Fe–11Ni–12Cr–1Mo–0.005C–0.02Mn (wt%) were evaluated. D H,eff was 1.5 to 2 × 10 − 8 cm 2 /s. Results compared well to previously reported measurements for Fe–13Co–11Ni–3Cr–1.2Mo–0.2C–0.02Mn steel using isothermal Thermal Desorption (TDS) and an Arrhenius relationship to obtain an average D H,eff of 8.96 × 10 − 9 cm 2 /s at 25 °C (Thomas et al., 2002).
Review of exertional rhabdomyolysis and a case in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

This is the first confirmed report of exertional rhabdomyolysis in a non-human primate. The monkey was singly housed and presented with anorexia and reluctance to move. There was no external evidence of trauma. Clinicopathologic findings included mild azotemia, marked elevation in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and myoglobinuria. Two days post-incident, the peripheral skeletal muscle had marked multifocal myonecrosis and fibrillar disruption without an inflammatory reaction. Treatment included diuresis and pain relief, and urinary output was monitored. The monkey recovered over the next two weeks. The major significance of skeletal muscle damage is the potential of released myoglobin to cause acute renal failure in the presence of other co-factors such as hypovolemia, acidosis, or ischemia. CPK levels can be highly variable and are inconsistent with the degree of muscle damage; however, CPK is thought to be the most sensitive enzyme marker for muscle necrosis. Because of the potential life-threatening sequelae, exertional rhabdomyolysis should be included as a differential diagnosis when similar clinical and pathological signs are observed.
The Impact of Property Taxes and Property Tax Classification on Business Activity in the Chicago Metropolitan Area

The City of Chicago and the inner suburbs grew much more slowly than the outer suburbs in recent decades. In the central county of the metropolitan area, commercial and industrial property is “classified,” in that it is assessed at a higher ratio of market value than residential property. Classification is not used in the surrounding suburban counties. The empirical analysis finds evidence consistent with the notion that property tax classification contributes to differential rates of economic growth. High property tax rates lead to significantly slower growth rates for employment, commercial property, and industrial property.
Management of Pulmonic Regurgitation and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in the Adult with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

With surgical repair most children with Tetralogy of Fallot survive into adulthood. The main complications seen after Tetralogy of Fallot repair include arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, pulmonary regurgitation, and right ventricular dysfunction/heart failure. Pulmonary regurgitation over time may lead to right ventricular dilation and failure. In this article, we will review the literature regarding management of pulmonary regurgitation with specific focus on timing for pulmonary valve replacement and prevention of right ventricular dysfunction.
Extended chemical-shift modulation

La faisabilite de l'experience de modulation du deplacement chimique etendue, XCS, est etudiee. XCS effectue a des vitesses de rotation elevees conduit nettement a un spectre desencombre dans la dimension ν 2 , fournit une foret de bandes laterales dans la dimension ν 1 et rend facile la determination des parametres CSA
Modification of the mouse mammary gland organ culture technique

A modified procedure for culturing an entire thoracic pair of mammary glands from virgin mice is described. The glands are incubated in CMRL 1066 medium supplemented with hormones in a controlled atmosphere chamber with a gas phase of 50% O2, 5% CO2, and 45% N2 at 37° C.
An examination of the structural, discriminant, nomological, and incremental predictive validity of the MSCEIT© V2.0

We examined the structural, discriminant, nomological, and incremental predictive validity of a behavioral measure of emotional intelligence, using data from two undergraduate student samples. Covariance structure modeling indicated that the eight subscales of the MSCEIT© V2.0 were best modeled with a solution consisting of three first-order factors, and supported the existence of one higher-order factor of overall emotional intelligence. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the higher-order factor had discriminant validity from personality and conformity. Contrary to prediction, the higher-order factor was more highly correlated to social desirability than to general mental ability or long term affect. Finally, hierarchical regression results indicated that overall emotional intelligence did not predict incremental variance in either GPA or life satisfaction.
O3 photolysis at 248 nm and O(1D2) quenching by H2O, CH4, H2, and N2O: O(3PJ) yields

O(3PJ) has been monitored using time-resolved resonance fluorescence detection following 248 nm laser photolysis of O3/He and O3/He/R mixtures (R = N2, H2O, H2, CH4, N2O). The quantum yield for production of O(3PJ) from O3 photolysis has been determined to be 0.093 ± 0.028 O(3PJ) yields from O(1D2) deactivation by H2O, N2O, CH4, and H2 have been determined to be 0.049 ± 0.032, <0.040, <0.043, and <0.049, respectively. These results are compared with previous investigations and their importance in atmospheric chemistry is discussed.
Adaptive Transmit and Receive Beamforming for Interference Mitigation

We consider adaptive transmit and receive beampattern design for array radar systems. While adaptive processing is primarily employed for only receive beamforming in conventional design, we propose a fully adaptive approach involving jointly selecting the transmit correlation matrix and receive beamformer by maximizing the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). The motivation of utilizing adaptive processing at the transmitter is that with imprecise knowledge of the interference (e.g., due to limited training data), only relying on adaptive receive beamforming may be inadequate for effective interference cancellation, whereas joint adaptive transmit and receive beamforming can afford a stronger ability to handle the interference. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed joint beamforming approach.
The effect of a mean fluid velocity gradient on the streamwise velocity variance of a particle suspended in a turbulent flow

Abstract The effect of a mean fluid velocity gradient on the motion of a small solid particle suspended in a turbulent gas is analyzed using Fourier transform techniques. The presence of a mean fluid velocity gradient is shown to elevate the streamwise particle velocity variance above the level predicted without such gradients; the particle velocity variance in the direction normal to the flow is shown to be only indirectly affected by the existence of fluid velocity gradients. When the particle Stokes number is small, the streamwise particle velocity variance is elevated above the level predicted in flows without mean velocity gradients at a rate which is linearly proportional to both the particle Stokes number, α, and the ratio of the streamwise velocity gradient to the characteristic frequency of the energy-containing eddies in the turbulent field, G/ω e , For particles with large Stokes numbers, the dominant mechanism by which particle streamwise velocity fluctuations are generated is through random interaction between the particle path and the mean fluid velocity gradient.
Small, uniform, and thermally stable silver particles on TiO2(110)-(1×1)

Abstract We have investigated the growth of silver islands on TiO 2 (110)-(1×1) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). For room-temperature deposition of coverages between 0.05 and 1.0 ML, small, three-dimensional islands with a narrow diameter distribution are formed. The observed behavior is qualitatively similar to the ‘self-limiting’ growth previously reported for Cu on the (110) surface of titania (rutile). That is, above about 0.5 ML, the average Ag island diameter is nearly independent of coverage and island nucleation continues up to 1 ML in coverage. However, at the same coverage, the density of Ag islands is roughly half that of Cu islands and the Ag islands are larger, differences resulting from the higher mobility of Ag compared with Cu. The Ag islands are remarkably stable under thermal annealing – long-term or high-temperature annealing increases the island diameter by less than a factor of two. Strikingly, the island densities for annealed adlayers are nearly independent of coverage above 0.25 ML.
Evaluating the social competence of young children: A review of the literature

Recent longitudinal studies of established federally funded educational programs designed for young children lacking educational experiences suggest that positive long‐term effects were acquired through programs that focused on the development of the social competencies of the children. Although researchers differ on a specific definition and method of evaluation of social competence, the competencies generally accepted as social competence appear to be necessary for success in school and are advantageous to the child as he recognizes and becomes a part of the “culture of literacy”. Researchers agree on the complexity of the social competence construct. Research confirms cognition influences from family, community, and biological factors. Despite the widely accepted importance of social competence in programs for young children, measurement instruments vary. More research is being conducted in federal, state, and private programs on the effects of social competence on success in school. Organizations asso...
Tree Structures for Optimal Searching

It is shown that, owing to certain restrictions placed upon the set of admissible structures, some previous solutions have not characterized trees in which expected search time is minimized. The more general problem is shown to be a special case of a coding problem, which was previously formulated and solved as a linear integer programming problem, and in the special case of equally probable key requests is found to be solvable almost by inspection. Some remarks are given regarding the possibility of realizing a shorter computational procedure than would be expected from an integer programming algorithm, along with a comparison of results from the present method with those of the previous.
Learning from the lived experiences of new language arts teachers working in diverse urban schools

Abstract This ethnographic interview study examines the factors, challenges, people and events that impacted the teaching lives of new language arts teachers. Participants taught in urban, diverse, and underserved schools. We examine our findings related to the reputation of the school, the role of the school leaders, the role of other new teachers, teacher identity, and the impact of teacher preparation programs, which emerged as clear patterns from their interviews. Data on the school culture and personnel also revealed important information on the obstacles these teachers face and supports that sustain them. This study leads to potential future research to broaden our understanding of how to attract, support, and retain new teachers in the field of language arts education.
Supramolecular chemistry with macromolecules : New self-assembly based main chain polypseudorotaxanes and their properties

A new class of main chain polypseudorotaxanes, 8, was prepared by self-assembly of a poly(ester crown ether), poly[bis(5-methylene-1,3-phenylene)-32-crown-10 sebacate] (5), and N,N‘-bis(β-hydroxyethyl)-4,4‘-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (6). The equilibrium constant (K = 58.0 M-1 at 21.8 °C), ΔH (−26.5 kJ/mol) and ΔS (−56.4 J/mol deg)(all averages from several iterative methods) for the formation of 8 were measured by proton NMR spectroscopy. Compared to those (K = 247 M-1 at 21.8 °C, ΔH = −44.7 kJ/mol, ΔS = −106 J/mol deg) for the model system, bis(5-acetoxymethyl-m-phenylene)-32-crown-10 (4) and 6, the enthalpy term is less favorable for the polymeric system, while the entropy term is less unfavorable. The measured values enabled us to design polypseudorotaxanes with targeted degrees of threading (m/n, the fraction of the cyclic moieties threaded with linear species). The solubility of polypseudorotaxane 8 was different from both starting materials 5 and 6, and depended on the m/n value. Polypse...