cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High density measurements of the Stark broadened profile of the He(II)4686 A line

The Stark broadened profile of the He(II)4686 A line has been scanned in the electron density range of 1–3 × 1018 cm-3. The electron temperature, as determined from the line to continuum ratio, ranged from 9.4 to 19.9 eV. The plasma which emitted the He(II)4686 A line was created in a 60-kJ theta pinch operated with a high fill pressure (3 and 5 torr) of pure helium. Electron densities were calculated from the half-half widths of the He(II)4686 A line using two Stark broadening theories. These electron densities are compared with the electron densities determined from the absolute value of the continuum intensity and a total sweep up compressional model. The two theoretical models predict electron densities in good agreement with the electron densities from the absolute value of the continuum intensity.
Effects of Jet Decay Rate Jet-Induced Loads on a Flat on Plate

Experimental modelling of the interaction between a jet and an aircraft wing or fuselage in VTOL aircraft was undertaken using a cold jet exiting perpendicular to a flat plate in a uniform cross-flow. Effects of jet decay rate and jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio, R, on the induced load distribution were investigated. Jet decay rate was increased by using cylindrical centerbodies submerged in the jet nozzle, which caused nonuniform initial jet velocity profiles. Quicker jet decay rate, corresponding to the presence of a centerbody, resulted in as much as 50% reduction in the induced pressure loads on the plate. This has implications in interpretation of results from earlier VTOL model studies of jet induced loads, where the jets have often had relatively slow decay rates due to uniform initial velocity profiles
Excited-neutral-metastable SO2 formation in the , O3-olefin-SO2, and active nitrogen-SO2 systems

Abstract Long-liied (τ > 10 −3 s), electronically-excited ( E * > 4 eV) neutral metastables, whose formation was attributed to the presence of SO 2 , were observed in the three titled systems. Their possible identity as collisionally-accessed metastable states of the normal , cyclic , or superoxide isomers of SO 2 is discussed.
A botanically inspired high-dimensional visualization with multivariate glyphs

It is difficult for the average viewer to assimilate and comprehend huge amounts of high-dimensional data. It is important to present data in a way that allows the user a high level understanding of the overall organization and structure without losing the ability to study low level detail as needed. Although hierarchically clustered data is already organized, many current means of presenting such data give the user little more than an overview of the organization. It would be useful to see more information about the data even at a high level and to examine specific clusters as needed. We want to understand the relationships of the clusters in terms of the underlying data, and to understand the extent and variability of the data without requiring examination of each data item. To meet these goals, we present an aesthetically appealing visualization based on botanical trees which preserves the natural order of hierarchically organized data. Hierarchical data is rendered as a simple branched tree. The tree gives an overview of the relationships among various clusters and is supplemented with two glyphs which allow the user to focus in on specific clusters of the data at different levels of detail. At a medium level of focus, a cluster glyph based on a radial, space filling approach shows the subtree rooted at a specified cluster. At a low level of detail, the branch glyph allows the viewer to see not only aggregate information about the cluster but the extent and variability of the component clusters.
Ultrasonography of the bovine ovary.

Abstract A linear-array ultrasound scanner with a 5-MHz transducer was evaluated for the study of follicular and luteal status in heifers. The ovaries of five heifers were monitored daily until all heifers were examined for a period from three days before an ovulation to three days after the next ovulation. There was a significant difference among days for diameter of the largest follicle and second largest follicle and for the number of follicles 4–6 mm and >10 mm. Differences seemed to be caused by the presence of several 4- to 6-mm follicles in early diestrus, growth to an ostensibly ovulatory size and subsequent regression of a follicle during mid-cycle, and selective accelerated growth of the ovulatory follicle four days before ovulation. The corpus luteum became visible approximately three days after ovulation and was identifiable throughout the rest of the interovulatory interval. In two of the five heifers, the corresponding corpus albicans was identified for three days after the second ovulation. Two heifers were induced to superovulate and follicular growth was monitored. The results indicated that the follicles which ovulated originated from the population present when the superovulation treatment was initiated. The ultrasound instrument was judged effective for monitoring and evaluating ovarian follicles and corpora lutea in normal and superovulated heifers.
Acetylenic carbamate in childhood cancer.

Therapeutic and toxic effects of acetylenic carbamate (l, l-diphenyl-2-propynyl cyclohexylcarbamate) were evaluated in 37 children with acute leukemia or solid tumors resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The agent was administered orally by two schedules—100 mg/m2 of body surface area daily or 300 mg/m2 twice weekly. Objective responses were observed in 3 of 9 children with neuroblastoma. Twelve children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and 16 with other types of cancer failed to respond. Toxicity included nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and severe myelosuppression.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of intravenous levetiracetam versus intravenous phenytoin for early onset seizure prophylaxis after neurosurgery and traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE There has been growing interest in newer anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) for seizure prophylaxis in the intensive care setting because of safety and monitoring issues associated with conventional AEDs like phenytoin. This analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for early onset seizure prophylaxis after neurosurgery and traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from the US hospital perspective using a decision analysis model. Probabilities of the model were taken from three studies comparing levetiracetam and phenytoin in post neurosurgery or TBI patients. The outcome measure was successful seizure prophylaxis regimen (SSPR) within 7 days, which was defined as patients who did not seize or require discontinuation of the AED due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). One-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were conducted to test robustness of the base-case results. RESULTS The total direct costs for seizure prophylaxis were $8,784.63 and $8,743.78 for levetiracetam and phenytoin, respectively. The cost-effectiveness ratio of levetiracetam was $10,044.91 per SSPR compared to $11,525.63 per SSPR with phenytoin. The effectiveness probability (patients with no seizures and no ADR requiring change in therapy) was higher in the levetiracetam group (87.5%) versus the phenytoin group (75.9%). The incremental cost effectiveness ratio for levetiracetam versus phenytoin was $360.82 per additional SSPR gained. CONCLUSIONS Levetiracetam has the potential to be more cost-effective than phenytoin for early onset seizure prophylaxis after neurosurgery if the payer's willingness-to-pay is greater than $360.82 per additional SSPR gained.
Mechanical alloying of Nb-Al powders

The effect of mechanical alloying (MA) on solid solubility extension, nanostructure formation, amorphization, intermetallic compound formation, and the occurrence of a face-centered cubic (fcc) phase in the Nb-Al system has been studied. Solid solubility extension was observed in both the terminal compositions and intermetallic compounds: 15 pct Nb in Al and 60 pct Al in Nb, well beyond the equilibrium and even rapid solidification levels (2.4 pct Nb and 25 pct Al, respectively) and increased homogeneity range for the NbAl3 phase. Nanostructured grains formed in all compositions. In the central part of the phase diagram, amorphization occurred predominantly. Only NbAl3, the most stable intermetallic, formed during MA; in most cases, a subsequent anneal was required. On long milling time, an fcc phase, probably a nitride, formed as a result of contamination from the ambient atmosphere.
A new marketing tool: Life-cycle costing

Abstract Life-cycle costing is a method of calculating the total cost of ownership over the life span of the industrial product. It can be especially useful in the marketing of industrial products that sell for high initial prices, but which provide long-run cost savings. This paper explains the life-cycle concept and its implementation.
Effect of gravity on the thermal conductivity measurement of4He nearT λ

Precision measurements near the superfluid (λ) transition of4He is limited by a gravity induced inhomogeneity inT λ. Critical Dynamics in Microgravity (DYNAMX, a NASA preproject) will study the thermal conductivity in the nonlinear region in Microgravity. Unlike the study of static properties, the thermal conductivity can be derived from the measurement of the spatial temperature profile which is essentially alocal measurement of the temperature gradient. We present a method which, in principle, fully removes the apparent impact of gravity from the measurement. The inevitably finite spatial resolution of the probe and temperature resolution of the thermometer, however, make microgravity essential to study the region of interest.
Optical signal processing

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: optical signal processing; optical signal transmission; nonlinear process; photonic integration; modulation format; multicasting operation; multiplexing operation; demultiplexing operation; tunable optical delay; data grooming; flexible transmitter; optical control information; and microwave photonics.
Gene Set Coregulated by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Pathway

The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway has historically been thought of as an RNA surveillance system that degrades mRNAs with premature translation termination codons, but the NMD pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a second role regulating the decay of some wild-type mRNAs. In S. cerevisiae, a significant number of wild-type mRNAs are affected when NMD is inactivated. These mRNAs are either wild-type NMD substrates or mRNAs whose abundance increases as an indirect consequence of NMD. A current challenge is to sort the mRNAs that accumulate when NMD is inactivated into direct and indirect targets. We have developed a bioinformatics-based approach to address this challenge. Our approach involves using existing genomic and function databases to identify transcription factors whose mRNAs are elevated in NMD-deficient cells and the genes that they regulate. Using this strategy, we have investigated a coregulated set of genes. We have shown that NMD regulates accumulation of ADR1 and GAL4 mRNAs, which encode transcription activators, and that Adr1 is probably a transcription activator of ATS1. This regulation is physiologically significant because overexpression of ADR1 causes a respiratory defect that mimics the defect seen in strains with an inactive NMD pathway. This strategy is significant because it allows us to classify the genes regulated by NMD into functionally related sets, an important step toward understanding the role NMD plays in the normal functioning of yeast cells.
Evaluation of the risk of therapy-related MDS/AML after autologous stem cell transplantation.

Abstract A major complication of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the development of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). This complication likely results from previous exposure of the autologous stem cells to chemotherapy as well as to the high doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy that are used as part of the conditioning regimen. A number of centers are reporting that, second to disease relapse, therapy-related MDS and AML are among the major causes of morbidity and mortality after ASCT. There is abundant evidence that therapy-related MDS and AML are clonal hemopathies that are consequence of an acquired somatic mutation that confers a proliferative and/or survival advantage to hematopoietic progenitors. However, no single mutation or gene rearrangement is sufficient for the development of therapy-related AML, and the identification of a singlegene rearrangement or point mutation may not necessarily be predictive of the development of therapy-related AML in the post-ASCT setting, a caveat that must be kept in mind when risk is assessed. There are at least 5 methods for assessing risk based on the presence of clonal abnormalities in hematopoietic cells, including standard cytogenetics, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, analysis for loss of heterozygosity, polymerase chain reaction for point mutations, and X-inactivation-based clonality assays. Each of these approaches has strengths and weaknesses that are discussed here in detail. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8(1):9-16.
Reproductive regulators in decapod crustaceans: an overview.

Control of reproductive development in crustaceans requires neuropeptides, ecdysone and methyl farnesoate (MF). A major source of neuropeptides is the X-organ–sinus gland (XO–SG) complex located in the eyestalk ganglia of crustaceans. The other regulatory factors (either peptides or neuromodulators) are produced in the brain and thoracic ganglia (TG). Two other regulatory non-peptide compounds, the steroid ecdysone and the sesquiterpene MF, are produced by the Y-organs and the mandibular organs, respectively. In the current review, I have tried to recapitulate recent studies on the role of gonadal regulatory factors in regulating crustacean reproduction. * AG : androgenic gland AGH : androgenic gland hormone cAMP : cyclic adenosine monophosphate CHH : crustacean hyperglycemic hormone DA : dopamine dsRNAi : double-stranded RNA interference EPA : eicosapentaenoic acid ESA : eyestalk ablation FA : farnesoic acid FA-O-MeT : farnesoic acid O -methyl transferase FSH : follicle stimulating hormone GIH : gonad inhibitory hormone GSF : gonad stimulating factor HCG : human chorionic gonadotrophin HP : hepatopancreas HPLC : high performance liquid chromatography 5-HT : 5-hydoxytryptamine JH : juvenile hormone LH : luteinizing hormone MeVg1 : Metapenaeus ensis Vg1 MF : methyl farnesoate MIH : molt inhibiting hormone MO : mandibular organ MS : mass spectroscopy OA : octopamine PG : prostaglandin SG : sinus gland SP : spiperone TG : thoracic ganglia Vg : vitellogenin VIH : vitellogenesis inhibiting hormone
Less is More: Sparse Graph Mining with Compact Matrix Decomposition

Given a large sparse graph, how can we find patterns and anomalies? Several important applications can be modeled as large sparse graphs, e.g., network traffic monitoring, research citation network analysis, social network analysis, and financial transactions. Low-rank decompositions, such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and CUR, are powerful techniques for revealing latent-hidden variables and associated patterns from high dimensional data. However, those methods often ignore the sparsity property of the graph, and hence usually incur too high memory and computational cost to be practical. We propose a novel method, the Compact Matrix Decomposition (CMD), to compute sparse low-rank approximations. CMD dramatically reduces both the computation cost and the space requirements over existing decomposition methods singular value decomposition (SVD) and CUR. Using CMD as the key building block, we further propose procedures to efficiently construct and analyze dynamic graphs from real-time application data. We provide theoretical guarantee for our methods, and present results on two real, large datasets, one on network flow data (100 GB trace of 22K hosts over one month) and one on DBLP (200 MB over 25 years). We show that CMD is often an order of magnitude more efficient than the state of the art (SVD and CUR): it is over 10X faster, but requires less than 1-10 of the space, for the same reconstruction accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate how CMD is used for detecting anomalies and monitoring time-evolving graphs, in which it successfully detects worm-like hierarchical scanning patterns in real network data. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company Statistical Analy Data Mining 1: 000-000, 2007
New models for the clustering of large databases through a hierarchical paradigm

The recovery of information from large databases based on similarity approach supposes a high computational cost -when the process is carried out comparing each one of the records with the search pattern. If the database records store some data structure representing the information of the problem domain by means of a graph it is possible to classify these records using a hierarchical model which considers the structural basic elements of the graphs and diminishes the computational cost of the recovery process considerably. In this paper we propose a classification model based on structural elements (cycles and chains) for large and medium databases.
PTSD-RELATED COGNITIONS AND ROMANTIC ATTACHMENT STYLE AS MODERATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN VICTIMS OF INTERPERSONAL TRAUMA

Abstract Both PTSD–related cognitions and adult romantic attachment cognitions have been linked to level of symptomatology and can be conceptualized as interpersonal cognitive schemas that may increase vulnerability to the development of psychological symptoms. The present study examined PTSD–related cognitions and adult romantic attachment as moderators of symptom development after interpersonal trauma. Victims reported higher levels of PTSD–related cognitions and attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, than nonvictims. Results suggest that the experience of trauma, high levels of insecure attachment, and high levels of PTSD–related cognitions are associated with higher levels of symptomatology. In addition, PTSD–related cognitions served as a unique predictor of PTSD symptoms, and moderated the relation between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms.
Welfare Reform and “Ineligibles”: Issue of Constitutionality and Recent Court Rulings

In 1996 welfare legislation made lawful immigrants, with a few exemptions, categorically ineligible for most forms of public assistance. This legislation has led affected immigrants and their advocacy groups to file lawsuits to challenge the constitutionality of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act. This article reviews recent court rulings that have upheld the act and examines court decisions in light of two constitutional principles (the Equal Protection and Supremacy clauses), which traditionally have been applied to the issue of aliens' eligibility for welfare benefits. The author finds inconsistent outcomes between federal and state legislation in the judicial review process. To resolve this inconsistency, the author suggests several policy changes in the distribution of welfare benefits concerning eligibility of lawful immigrants. The implications for social work practice are discussed.
Neural evidence for "intuitive prosecution": The use of mental state information for negative moral verdicts

Moral judgment depends critically on theory of mind (ToM), reasoning about mental states such as beliefs and intentions. People assign blame for failed attempts to harm and offer forgiveness in the case of accidents. Here we use fMRI to investigate the role of ToM in moral judgment of harmful vs. helpful actions. Is ToM deployed differently for judgments of blame vs. praise? Participants evaluated agents who produced a harmful, helpful, or neutral outcome, based on a harmful, helpful, or neutral intention; participants made blame and praise judgments. In the right temporo-parietal junction (right TPJ), and, to a lesser extent, the left TPJ and medial prefrontal cortex, the neural response reflected an interaction between belief and outcome factors, for both blame and praise judgments: The response in these regions was highest when participants delivered a negative moral judgment, i.e., assigned blame or withheld praise, based solely on the agent's intent (attempted harm, accidental help). These results show enhanced attention to mental states for negative moral verdicts based exclusively on mental state information.
A cross-layer design perspective for multi-resolution signaling

We analyze the performance of two selective repeat automatic repeat request (SR-ARQ) protocols, which exploit the differences in bit protection levels of M-ary PSK symbols (with Gray code mapping), to support multimedia multicasting in wireless networks. Our simulation results reveal that the throughput performance of the proposed SR-ARQ schemes are significantly better than the traditional SR-ARQ protocol in a myriad of fading environments. The relative throughput improvement is generally greater for channels that experience severe deep fades and fast fading. However, the power efficiency improvement appears to be relatively insensitive to both the fade distribution and node mobility.
Promoting physical activity in preschoolers to prevent obesity: a review of the literature

This literature review summarizes clinical recommendations for adequate physical activity and reviews recently published studies that focus on identifying common factors associated with physical activity levels among preschoolers in the United States and Canada. Currently, there is inconsistency in both the definition of and recommendations for physical activity. In addition, there is relatively little research in this area. Common factors and contexts associated with physical activity levels in preschoolers in this review included (a) child characteristics; (b) interpersonal dynamics between preschoolers and their families, childcare providers, and health care providers; (c) childcare setting; and (d) neighborhood environment.
Phishing detection using stochastic learning-based weak estimators

Phishing attack has been a serious concern to online banking and e-commerce websites. This paper proposes a method to detect and filter phishing emails in dynamic environment by applying a family of weak estimators. Anomaly detection identifies observations that deviate from the normal behavior of a system and is achieved by identifying the phenomena that characterize the “normal” observation. The new observations are classified either a normal or abnormal based on the characteristics of data learnt. Most of the anomaly detection works with the assumption that the underlying distributions of observations are stationary, where this assumption is relevant to many applications. However some detection problem occurs within environments that are non-stationary. One good example to demonstrate the information is by identifying anomalous temperature pattern in meteorology that takes into account the seasonal changes of normal observations. It is necessary that anomalous observations are identified even with the changes or acquire the ability to adapt to the variations in non-stationary environments. Our experimental results show the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach.
Supported Pt, Pd and Au nanoparticle anode catalysts for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells with glycerol and crude glycerol fuels

Abstract Carbon supported Pt, Pd, and Au nanoparticles (NPs) catalysts with small diameters (2.4–3.5 nm) were prepared through a solution-phase reduction method, and applied as the model catalysts for electro-oxidation of both high-purity glycerol and biodiesel-derived crude glycerol. The half cell investigations showed that Pt/C has the highest activity in the low potential range, which can be further facilitated at elevated temperatures. The anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) investigations demonstrated no obvious drop in peak power density on Pt/C anode, when the fuel was switched from high-purity glycerol to crude glycerol, indicating a good stability of the Pt/C against poisoning/deactivation from the impurities in crude glycerol. The tests also showed that on all these three model catalysts, a volcano-type relationship exists between the fuel cell performance and crude glycerol concentration at a fixed KOH concentration, while with a given crude glycerol concentration, the performance monotonically increased with the KOH concentration increasing. The highest performances were achieved with 6.0 M KOH + 1.0 M crude glycerol at 80 °C, which are 184.2, 93.9, and 50.1 mW cm−2 on Pt/C, Pd/C, and Au/C anodes, respectively.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ambiguous: The Aggregate Stock Market Dynamics around Macroeconomic News

Using a representative agent model in which the investor is averse to ambiguity (Knightian uncertainty) and sees an ambiguous piece of news about the fundamental value of a risky asset, I show a number of predictions for the dynamics of stocks around news: Stocks respond more strongly to bad news than to good news, respond positively to neutral news, and increase on average through news. In times of high ambiguity, the magnitudes of each eect is larger, and the volatility of stocks around news changes in a predictable manner as well. I provide empirical evidence consistent with the model by analyzing the high-frequency behavior of the aggregate stock market around macroeconomic news announcements from November, 1997 to March, 2014. The model helps to understand features of the data that challenge existing frameworks; e.g., the ndings that the stock market reacts especially strongly to bad news versus good
Expression of heat shock proteins in turtle and mammal hearts: relationship to anoxia tolerance

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) may play a cardioprotective role during hypoxia or ischemia. We hypothesized that cardiac tissue from hypoxia-tolerant animals might have high levels of specific HSPs. We measured myocardial HSP60 and HSP72/73 in painted and softshell turtles during normoxia and anoxia (12 h) and after recovery (12 or 24 h). We also measured myocardial HSPs in normoxic rats and rabbits. During normoxia, hearts from the most highly anoxia-tolerant species, the painted turtle, expressed the highest levels of HSP60 (22.6+/-2.0 mg/g total protein) followed by softshells (11.5+/-0.8 mg/g), rabbits (6.8+/-0.9 mg/g), and rats (4.5+/-0.5 mg/g). HSP72/73 levels, however, were not significantly different. HSP60 levels in hearts from both painted and softshell turtles did not deviate significantly from control values after either 12 h of anoxia or 12 or 24 h of recovery. The pattern of changes observed in HSP72/73 was quite different in the two turtle species. In painted turtles anoxia induced a significant increase in myocardial HSP72/73 (from 2.8+/-0.1 mg/g normoxic to 3.9+/-0.2 mg/g anoxic, P<0.05). By 12 h of recovery, HSP72/73 had returned to control levels (2.7+/-0.1 mg/g) and remained there through 24 h (2.6+/-0.2 mg/g). In softshell turtles, HSP72/73 decreased significantly after 12 h of anoxia (from 2.4+/-0.4 mg/g normoxic to 1.3+/-0.2 mg/g anoxic, P<0.05). HSP72/73 levels were still slightly below control after 12 h of recovery (2.1+/-0.1 mg/g) and then rose to significantly above control after 24 h of recovery (4.1+/-0.7 mg/g, P<0.05). We also conclude that anoxia-tolerant and anoxia-sensitive turtles exhibit different patterns of myocardial HSP changes during anoxia and recovery. Whether these changes correlate with their relative degrees of anoxia tolerance remains to be determined.
Position statement: App inventor instructional resources for creating tangible apps

App Inventor is one of the most popular block-based programming environments. Currently, there are limited instructional resources that guide students to create tangible apps using App Inventor. In this positional statement we make a case for the need for more App Inventor instructional resources related to tangible apps. We also present our proposal to address this need.
The Continuing Reinvention of the Square Wheel: The Proposed 2009 Amendments to the Bosnian Constitution

Neither the Dayton constitution nor the two Butmir draft constitutions will work in Bosnia or any other multiethnic country. None of them is a serious effort to address the problem of creating a state when two of the three nations comprising the country reject the imposition of its authority upon them. Until this problem is faced directly, international interveners face a nearly impossible task.
Current trend and risk factors for kidney stones in persons with spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study.

Study design: A multi-center longitudinal study. Objectives: To estimate the current trend in the incidence of first kidney stone among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to delineate the potential contributing factors. Setting: Twenty-one Model SCI Care Systems throughout the United States. Methods: A longitudinal cohort of 8314 subjects enrolled in the National SCI Database between 1986 and 1999 was used to estimate and compare the incidence of first kidney stone with a previous report of 5850 SCI patients injured between 1973 and 1982. A Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for stones, including age, race, gender, severity of injury, and method of urinary drainage. These variables have been routinely collected, on a yearly basis, by the collaborating SCI centers. Results: During the 12 years, 6 months of case ascertainment, 286 incident stone cases were documented. The risk was greatest during the first 3 months after injury (31 cases per 1000 person-years), quickly decreasing and leveling off later (eight cases per 1000 person-years). It was estimated that within 10 years after injury, 7% of persons with SCI would develop their first kidney stone. There was no evidence that the risk has changed over the past 25 years (P=0.96). During the first year post injury only, a significantly increased risk of stones was observed in Caucasians and persons aged 45 years or older. A positive association of the severity of injury and requiring instrumentation for bladder emptying with kidney stones was found after the first year post injury. The type of urinary drainage, including indwelling, intermittent, and condom catheterization, had no significant differential effect on stone formation at either risk period. Conclusions: The highest risk of kidney stones is within the first few months post injury. Little progress has been made in reducing this risk. Although inability to control bladder function is an important risk factor after the first year post injury, for those who need bladder management, the type of urinary drainage does not appear to be an important factor in determining risk.
π − − p Interactions at 905, 960, and 1100 MeV

Single-pion production in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}p$ interactions has been studied at 905, 960, and 1100 MeV. Comparison with the isobar and one-pion-exchange (OPE) mechanisms of pion production shows that, below 1 BeV, pion production occurs primarily through the formation of an intermediate excited state of the nucleon (isobar), while at higher energies the influence of the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ resonance in the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ system becomes increasingly important. There is some evidence for an $I=2$ state in the events at the lower energies.
The application of DMF in the torsional vibration reduction of mini-cars

Dual mass flywheel(DMF)was used in solving the mini-car's noise and vibration problem which was caused by drivetrain torsional vibration and the NVH performance of the mini-car was improved.In the process of DMF's application,an equivalent torsion model of the mini-car's drivetrain was setup,and then the influences of primary inertia,secondary inertia and torsional stiffness on the torsional vibration reduction were studied based on the equivalent torsion model.Besides,a method on the application of DMF in the torsional vibration reduction of mini-cars was proposed.
Broadly neutralizing epitopes in the Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate Duffy Binding Protein

Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein (PvDBP) is the most promising vaccine candidate for P. vivax malaria. The polymorphic nature of PvDBP induces strain-specific immune responses, however, and the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies are unknown. These features hamper the rational design of potent DBP-based vaccines and necessitate the identification of globally conserved epitopes. Using X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and mutational mapping, we have defined epitopes for three inhibitory mAbs (mAbs 2D10, 2H2, and 2C6) and one noninhibitory mAb (3D10) that engage DBP. These studies expand the currently known inhibitory epitope repertoire by establishing protective motifs in subdomain three outside the receptor-binding and dimerization residues of DBP, and introduce globally conserved protective targets. All of the epitopes are highly conserved among DBP alleles. The identification of broadly conserved epitopes of inhibitory antibodies provides critical motifs that should be retained in the next generation of potent vaccines for P. vivax malaria.
Cutaneous manifestations of bacterial infections.

Many bacterial infections are associated with characteristic cutaneous eruptions. These skin lesions represent a primary infection or a secondary response to systemic infection. Recognition of the nature of the cutaneous lesions may permit an accurate diagnosis before the results of cultures are available. A skin biopsy can be a valuable aid, since many organisms can be cultured directly from the specimen or seen on histologic examination.
On the robustness and strategic implications of a parsimonious advertising – inventory competitive model with extensions to pricing competition

Abstract Using a market share attraction structure of advertising competition, this research introduces first, a parsimonious inventory-advertising model for which competition is limited to two symmetric firms thus obtaining its related comparative statics. Following a supermodular game approach, the derived comparative statics remain robust upon considering non-dominant firms (each with a market share of less than 50%) competing in an asymmetric oligopoly of N rivals where each firm controls the inventory/advertising decision variables. Furthermore, changes in model parameters are investigated in terms of their relative impact on equilibrium measures. In this regard, the findings indicate that for the analyzed model, the marketing parameters possess much more influence on the equilibrium measures than the operations parameters. The generalization appears applicable to both non-dominated oligopolies as well as dominated oligopolies (where one firm has a market share equal to or greater than 50%) where each firm controls the inventory/advertising decision variables in addition to price. However, changes in shift parameters elicit a response from the dominant firm which will differ from its non-dominant rivals for products and services. Additionally, while the literature shows that the non-dominant firm will pursue a defensive strategy of decreasing both the equilibrium price and the amount of equilibrium advertising in response to competitive entry, our findings show that results for a fixed market potential may not continue to be robust once inclusion of the operations variables of order quantity are considered. Finally, the study explores the implications of the free - entry equilibrium for which the number of firms in the industry is determined endogenously.
Psychosocial resiliency is associated with lower emotional distress among dyads of patients and their informal caregivers in the neuroscience intensive care unit

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the associations of patients' and their informal caregivers' psychosocial resiliency factors with their own and their partners' emotion domains (distress, anxiety, depression, and anger) after admission to the neuroscience intensive care unit (Neuro-ICU). Materials and methods Eighty-three dyads of patients (total n = 87) and their informal caregivers (total n = 99) participated in this observational, cross-sectional study by self-reporting demographics and measures of resiliency factors (mindfulness [Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale Revised], coping [Measure of Coping Status-A], intimate bond [Intimate Bond Measure], self-efficacy [patients: General Self-Efficacy Scale; caregivers: Revised Caregiver Self-Efficacy Scale]) and emotion domains (Emotion Thermometers) within 2 weeks of Neuro-ICU admission. Results There were no differences between patients' and caregivers' levels of psychosocial resiliency, distress, or anxiety. Patients reported greater depression and anger relative to their caregivers. Overall, roughly half of patients (50.6%) and caregivers (42.4%) reported clinically significant emotional distress. Patients' and caregivers' own psychosocial resiliency factors were associated with their own, but not their partner's, emotion domains. Conclusions Findings of high distress among both patients and caregivers at admission emphasize the importance of attending to the mental health of both patients and caregivers in the Neuro-ICU. As modifiable psychosocial resiliency factors were associated with emotion domains for both patients and caregivers, interventions to enhance these factors may ameliorate emotional distress among these vulnerable populations.
Epilogue: the challenge of the future

On October 19, 2014, as I finished this book, a group of physicists convened at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, home of BCS theory [1], to mark 60 years of progress in strongly correlated electron systems (SCES) and to celebrate the 90th birthday of David Pines. This occasion provided a great opportunity for us to reflect on the dizzying progress of the past 60 years of discovery in many-body physics: a period that spans from the Bohm–Pines plasmon theory of metals [2–4], the discovery of Landau Fermi-liquid theory [5], and BCS theory [1], to the modern era of topological order, strange quantum-critical metals, and high-temperature-superconductivity. This book has only scratched the surface of this period, leaving out some key aspects of the field that I perhaps will go into in a future edition. Yet still, almost everything in this book was unknown 60 years ago. The pioneers of early many-body physics in the 1950s simply could not have imagined the revolution of discovery that has since taken place. David Pines recalls thinking, as a graduate student in the early 1950s, that the physicists 20 years earlier had had all the luck. Yet Pines' thesis work with Bohm marked a beginning of 60 years of tremendous discovery. You, the reader, might be tempted to think as David Pines did. However, at the “60 years of SCES” meeting in Urbana, many expressed remarkable optimism that the revolution is decidedly unfinished, and that the next 60 years has much in store. Like earthquakes, big scientific discoveries are unpredictable and come at varying intervals. Today, in the early twenty-first century, a large number of unsolved mysteries and problems in condensed matter physics provide the tremors that suggest that there is much yet to discover. I thought it would be interesting, if only as a historical record, to list a few of the challenges we all face: 1 Wanted: a broader understanding of the classes of emergent order in condensed Matter . Between the many decades of complexity that separate simple elements from primitive life surely lie many layers of emergent material behavior. The possibility of new forms of order, as challenging and surprising as superconductivity, cannot be ruled out.
Infectious complications in transfused patients after radical cystectomy.

INTRODUCTION Infectious complications are common after radical cystectomy (RC), and allogeneic blood transfusions may increase infection risk by an immunosuppressive effect. While it has been suggested that perioperative blood transfusion (PBT) may be associated with adverse oncologic outcomes after RC, no large analyses have assessed whether PBT increases the risk of perioperative infection after RC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1998 to 2011) to study the rate of PBT during RC for bladder cancer and identify infectious complications. We compared rates of infectious complications in patients who did and did not receive PBT and developed a multivariable model to assess the independent risk of infectious complication associated with PBT controlling for age, year of surgery, obesity, chronic kidney disease, comorbidity score, and type of urinary diversion. RESULTS We identified 126,454 RCs performed during the study period. A total of 34,203 (27%) received a PBT. The use of PBT increased over the study period, from 18.4% in 1998 to 31.6% in 2011 (p < 0.0001). Patients who received a PBT had an increased risk of perioperative infectious complications [36.7% versus 27.7%, unadjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.51 (1.43-1.60), p < 0.0001]. After adjusting for potential confounders, PBT remained an independent predictor of infectious complications [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.46 (1.38-1.55), p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides strong observational evidence that PBT is associated with an increased risk of perioperative infectious complications, which may be secondary to transfusion-related immunomodulation. Urologists should aggressively pursue blood conservation strategies and adhere to evidence-based restrictive transfusion thresholds, particularly given the rising rate of PBT.
Synergistic Interactions Between Two Skeletal Mutations in Mice: Individual and Combined Effects of the Semidominants Cleidocranial Dysplasia (Ccd) and Short Digits (Dsh)

Heterozygotes for cleidocranial dysplasia (Ccd) and short digits (Dsh) were crossed to test whether synergistic interactions occur between different dominant mutations whose individual pleiotropic phenotypic effects exhibit a common feature. These unlinked mutations are homozygous lethal, and they are congenic on the C57BL/10 background. Each mutation caused more than 10 different anomalies and showed variable expressivity. Each mutation produced several malformations that were present in every heterozygote. Seven different synergistic interactions were found, including one that yielded an entirely new abnormality not predicted from any abnormalities found in either of the single heterozygotes. Although synergistic interactions between dominant mutations have not, to our knowledge, been described in humans, these findings in mice increase the probability that they occur in humans. Under certain circumstances in human populations, the segregation of mutations causing synergistic interactions of the type demonstrated might be confused with recessive inheritance. It will be important to learn whether synergistic interactions can occur between other mutations. If they can, it will probably become important to take synergistic interactions into account when estimating the genetic hazards to humans from mutagens. Three antagonistic interactions were also found.
Long-term management of patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer: Concepts for sequential and combination endocrine-based therapies

Treatment options for hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) continue to increase in parallel with expanding knowledge about the complex biology of breast cancer subtypes and resistance mechanisms to endocrine therapy. For patients with HR-positive MBC, there are now an unprecedented number of endocrine-based treatment options that can improve long-term outcomes, while preserving or optimizing quality of life, and that can be used before selecting more cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimens. In addition to antiestrogens, steroidal and nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, the selective estrogen-receptor degrader, fulvestrant, and new endocrine-based combinations provide significant and clinically meaningful improvements in outcomes in the first line setting and beyond. Also, new clinical scenarios and indications for monotherapy endocrine and targeted therapies continue to be explored. Patients have several therapeutic options when their disease progresses or becomes resistant, although the optimal sequencing of these therapies remains unclear. Ongoing research in the resistant/refractory setting is anticipated to continue improving the outlook for these patients. This review will discuss current and investigational approaches to sequential single-agent endocrine and endocrine-based combination therapy for the long-term management of patients with HR-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative MBC.
Modeling parallel continuum robots with general intermediate constraints

Parallel continuum robots consist of a parallel arrangement of flexible legs and are dexterous, compliant, and easily miniaturized for minimally invasive surgery. By design, parallel continuum robots exhibit large, nonlinear deformations in their legs to achieve multi-DOF end effector articulation, but excess leg bowing can limit their reachable workspace, especially for long slender designs. In this paper, we investigate a parallel continuum robot design with a passive spring backbone carrying disks that constrain the legs at intermediate points. The constraints route the legs in helical paths around the backbone and prevent large divergence of the legs, expanding the reachable workspace for slender form factors while preserving the manipulator's six degrees of freedom. We present a novel forward and inverse kinematics model, based on Cosserat rod theory, that accommodates general leg routing paths and any number of intermediate constraint disks. We also explore manipulator workspace with experiments and simulations, demonstrating that intermediate constraints expand the reachable workspace of slender parallel continuum robots.
Time-dependent spectral renormalization method

Abstract The spectral renormalization method was introduced by Ablowitz and Musslimani (2005) as an effective way to numerically compute (time-independent) bound states for certain nonlinear boundary value problems. In this paper, we extend those ideas to the time domain and introduce a time-dependent spectral renormalization method as a numerical means to simulate linear and nonlinear evolution equations. The essence of the method is to convert the underlying evolution equation from its partial or ordinary differential form (using Duhamel’s principle) into an integral equation. The solution sought is then viewed as a fixed point in both space and time. The resulting integral equation is then numerically solved using a simple renormalized fixed-point iteration method. Convergence is achieved by introducing a time-dependent renormalization factor which is numerically computed from the physical properties of the governing evolution equation. The proposed method has the ability to incorporate physics into the simulations in the form of conservation laws or dissipation rates. This novel scheme is implemented on benchmark evolution equations: the classical nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS), integrable P T symmetric nonlocal NLS and the viscous Burgers’ equations, each of which being a prototypical example of a conservative and dissipative dynamical system. Numerical implementation and algorithm performance are also discussed.
The Fragile Armistice: The Legal, Economic, and Policy Implications of Trading in a Competitor's Stock

The opportunity to make a profit . . . motivate[s] speculators to engage in the practice of buying and selling [contracts]. A speculator who owned no present interest . . . but anticipated a price decline might agree to a future sale at the current market price, intending to purchase . . . at a reduced price. . . . A “short” sale of that kind would result in a loss if the price went up instead of down. On the other hand, a price increase would produce a gain for a “long” speculator who had acquired [the asset] . . . but merely for the purpose of reselling . . . at an enhanced price.1