cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the timing of controlled internal drug-releasing device insertion on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone surge and ovulatory response.

Concentrations of progesterone have been reported to influence GnRH-induced LH surges. At the beginning of many synchronization protocols, GnRH is used to synchronize follicular growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of elevated concentrations of progesterone from a controlled internal drug-releasing device (CIDR) on the GnRH-induced LH surge and ovulatory response. Angus-cross beef heifers (n = 113; 41 pubertal and 72 prepubertal) were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) GnRH at CIDR insertion (CIDR-0), 2) GnRH 6 h before CIDR insertion (CIDR-6), or 3) GnRH 48 h after CIDR insertion (CIDR+48). Follicle size was determined before GnRH administration, and ovulatory response was determined 2 d later. Blood samples were collected from a subset of 60 heifers at -30, 0 (GnRH administration), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 min after GnRH. Heifers receiving CIDR+48 had greater (P 0.76) between treatments in concentrations of estradiol. There tended to be a cycling status x ovulation interaction on concentrations of progesterone (P = 0.11), and there was a cycling status x ovulation interaction on concentrations of estradiol (P = 0.02). The estradiol-to-progesterone ratio was significant because of treatment (P = 0.002), cycling status (P = 0.001), and a treatment x cycling status interaction (P = 0.02). Cycling status tended (P = 0.11) to have an influence on ovulation (29/41 and 42/72 for pubertal and prepubertal heifers). Ovulation was induced in more (P < 0.05) CIDR-0 (26/38) and CIDR-6 (28/37) heifers than CIDR+48 (17/38) heifers. There was no influence of treatment (P = 0.19), concentrations of estradiol (P = 0.90), or the estradiol-to-progesterone ratio (P = 0.21) on concentrations of LH, but there was an effect (P < 0.01) of progesterone on LH concentrations. Heifers with elevated progesterone at GnRH administration had a reduced LH surge compared with heifers with decreased concentrations of progesterone. Heifers that ovulated tended to have a greater (P = 0.11) magnitude of LH surge than heifers that did not ovulate. In summary, elevated concentrations of progesterone at GnRH administration decreased the GnRH-induced LH surge, and heifers in the CIDR+48 treatment had a decreased ovulatory response. However, there tended to be a difference in the magnitude of the LH surge only between heifers that did and did not ovulate.
Culture and organization: The social sustainability of induced development

While the intellectual debate concerning the sustainability of induced development is largely limited to the dimensions of economic and environmental sustainability, the author states that the sociocultural factors are crucial. Both social and cultural sustainability are defined and discussed, as are induced and spontaneous development. In order to accumulate the building blocks of social and cultural sustainability, organization-intensive development strategies need to be developed, rather than technology-intensive development strategies. Organizational density, the frequency of various types and forms of organization in a given social environment, is closely related to organizational intensity. An example of organization building from Pakistan shows the worth of incorporating organizational intensity and density into development strategies. The article closes with a look at another cultural dimension of sustainability in development, cultural norms.
Temperature profile measurements in stagnation-flow, diamond-forming flames using hydrogen cars spectroscopy

Gas-phase temperature profiles were measured near the deposition substrate in atmospheric-pressure, stagnation-flow, diamond-forming flames. In these flames, an acetylene-oxygen-hydrogen mixture accelerates through a nozzle and impinges on a water-cooled molybdenum substrate, stabilizing a flat flame approximately 1 mm below the substrate. A thin, polycrystalline diamond film is deposited on the substrate under appropriate conditions of flame stoichiometry and substrate temperature. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy of H 2 was used to determine the temperature at various points layer (the region between the premixed flame reaction zone and the substrate) is approximately 0.6–0.8 mm thick along the stagnation streamline, depending on the velocity of the incoming jet. The CARS measurements also show peak flame temperatures ∼200–300 K above the adiabatic equilibrium temperature—an effect of the short residence times in the flame. Measured temperature profiles are in good agreement with a theoretical calculation of the profile performed by Meeks and coworkers at Sandia National Laboratories, except that the measured distance between the substrate and the reaction zone is much less than predicted. H 2 CARS was also compared to N 2 CARS in a calibration burner and found to be in good agreement, with the H 2 CARS temperatures an average of 3.6% higher than the N 2 CARS results. The estimated H 2 CARS temperature accuracy is ±4% in the diamond-forming flames, and the estimated spatial resolution is ±50 μ m perpendicular to the deposition surface.
A Study of Multigrid Preconditioners Using Eigensystem Analysis

The convergence properties of numerical schemes for partial differential equations are studied by examining the eigensystem of the discrete operator. This method of analysis is very general, and allows the effects of boundary conditions and grid nonuniformities to be examined directly. Algorithms for the Laplace equation and a two equation model hyperbolic system are examined.
Mono- and dinuclear ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) polypyridine complexes built around spiro-bridged bis(phenanthroline) ligands: synthesis, electrochemistry, and photophysics.

Two new dyads have been synthesized in which terminal Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridine complexes are separated by sterically constrained spiro bridges. The photophysical properties of the correspondi...
3572 Over utilization of healthcare resources for lowrisk patients with acute, non-variceal upper gi hemorrhage (ugih): a retrospective cohort study.

A significant proportion of patients with acute, non-variceal UGIH are at low-risk for adverse outcomes (rebleeding or death). The Rockall score is a valid predictive index for stratifying adverse outcome risk based on clinical (age, co-morbidity, vital signs) and endoscopic (source of bleed, stigmata of recent hemorrhage) criteria. Prolonged hospitalization of patients with low-risk Rockall scores may not be justified. Purposes were to: 1) identify the incidence of low-risk, non-variceal UGIH admissions to a tertiary care referral center during 1997 and 1998, 2) determine mean hospital length of stay (HLOS) for this cohort, and 3) determine the incidence of adverse outcomes. Methods: Cases were identified using ICD-9 codes for discharge diagnosis. Medical records were abstracted using a standardized form. SAS was used for data management/analysis. Results: see TABLE. Of 294 cases identified, 118 were excluded (lower GIH, no endoscopy performed, in-hospital bleed, transfer), leaving 175 cases of non-variceal UGIH for analysis. 95/175 (54%) were men. Mean age = 62 yrs. 22% used NSAIDS, and 30% ASA. 117 (67% of all, and 47% of low-risk) were admitted to an ICU or monitored bed. Most common diagnoses were GU in 40 (23%) and DU in 23 (13%). Among Rockall low-risk patients, adverse outcomes were as follows: 8/70 (11%) received transfusions after endoscopy, yet only 1/70 (1.4%) required repeat endoscopy and surgery, 3/70 (4.2%) required hospital re-admission for re-bleeding within 30 days of discharge, and 0/70 (0%) died. Conclusions: Incidence of Rockall low-risk, non-variceal UGIH admissions is high, while adverse outcomes are rare. Utilization of healthcare resources, including level of care and HLOS, appears excessive and unwarranted for this cohort.
Body Image Attitudes and the Psychosocial Development of College Women

Abstract The relationship between body image attitudes and psychosocial development was examined in a sample of 144 college females, using multiple measures of body image. Canonical analysis and multiple regression procedures revealed that attitudes toward body parts and processes; body dissatisfaction; and evaluations of health, fitness, and appearance were associated with salubrious lifestyle and establishing and clarifying purpose tasks of psychosocial development.
Treatment of bleeding from portal hypertensive gastropathy by portacaval shunt

Abstract Portal hypertensive gastropathy is a vascular disorder of the gastric mucosa distinguished by ectasia of the mucosal capillaries and submucosal veins without inflammation. During 1988 to 1993,12 patients with biopsy-proven cirrhosis (10 alcoholic, 2 posthepatitic) were evaluated and treated prospectively by portacaval shunt for active bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy. Eleven patients had been hospitalized for bleeding three to nine times previously, and one was bleeding uncontrollably for the first time. Requirement for blood transfusions ranged from 11 to 39 units cumulatively, of which 8 to 30 units were required specifically to replace blood lost from portal hypertensive gastropathy. Admission findings were ascites in 9 patients, jaundice in 8, severe muscle wasting in 10, hyperdynamic state in 9. Child's risk class was C in 7, B in 4, A in 1. Ten of the 12 patients had previously received repetitive endoscopic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices, which has been reported to precipitate portal hypertensive gastropathy. Eight patients had failed propranolol therapy for bleeding. Portacaval shunt was performed emergently in 11 patients and electively in 1, and permanently stopped bleeding in all by reducing the mean portal vein—inferior vena cava pressure gradient from 251 to 16 mm saline. There were no operative deaths, and two unrelated late deaths after 13 and 24 months. During 1 to 6.75 years of follow-up, all shunts remained patent by ultrasonography, the gastric mucosa reverted to normal on serial endoscopy, and there was no gastrointestinal bleeding. Recurrent portal-systemic encephalopathy developed in only 8% of patients. Quality of life was generally good. It is concluded that portacaval shunt provides definitive treatment of bleeding portal hypertensive gastropathy by eliminating the underlying cause, and makes possible prolonged survival with an acceptable quality of life.
Isolation and characterization of a bacterium capable of removing taste- and odor-causing 2-methylisoborneol from water

2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), a metabolite of blue-green algae, has been implicated in causing unpalatable drinking water throughout the world. Current non-biological water treatment technologies are ineffective in removing MIB from potable water or are cost-prohibitive, and biological applications may address these problems. We have isolated and characterized a bacterium derived from lake water and capable of aerobically degrading MIB. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that this strain is a spore-forming, flagellated bacterium that is bacilloid in shape, and 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis determined that it is most closely related to Bacillus fusiformis and Bacillus sphaericus, both members of the Bacillus sphaericus senso lato taxon. While the growth and oxidation potential of this strain was shown to be affected beyond certain MIB concentrations in the mg/l range, it was capable of depleting MIB at mg/l and ng/l concentrations and of removing MIB to concentrations yielding no observed odor.
Cognitive Therapy for Clinically Dysfunctional Anger: A Case Study

This case study describes application of the cognitive therapy (CT) approach developed by Aaron T. Beck and colleagues to a young woman with clinically dysfunctional anger. Most anger management tr...
Sagittally focusing multilayers for wiggler beamlines.

A double crystal, multilayer monochromator was designed and fabricated for a wiggler beamline at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). The monochromator consists of an internally water-cooled first substrate and a fixed-radius sagittally focusing second substrate, each coated with a multilayer consisting of 100 bilayers of Tungsten/Carbon with a 27 angstrom d-spacing. The wide energy bandpass of this multilayer along with sagittal focusing provides the best available flux for time resolved experiments. A flux 100 times that of conventional silicon monochromators is possible and allows for a finer time resolution for the crystal growth studies on this beamline. For other experimental uses, the higher intensity allows for more rapid data collection.
Caffeine Effects on Learning, Performance, and Anxiety in Normal School-Age Children

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this investigation was to study the acute effects of caffeine on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal prepubertal children. Method Twenty-one children were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Subjects were studied during four sessions, 1 week apart, under the following conditions: baseline, placebo, 2.5 mg/kg caffeine, and 5.0 mg/kg caffeine. Subjects were randomized to order of placebo and the two dosages of caffeine. Dependent measures included tests of attention, manual dexterity, short-term memory, and processing speed. Anxiety rating scales were also administered. Saliva samples were analyzed for caffeine levels. Results Caffeine improved performance on two of four measures of the Test of Variables of Attention and on a test of manual dexterity in the dominant hand. There was a trend toward increased current level of self-reported anxiety after caffeine on a visual analogue measure of anxiety. Children reported feeling significantly less “sluggish” after caffeine ingestion than after placebo ingestion. Conclusions In a small sample size, there was indication that caffeine enhanced performance on a test of attention and on a motor task. Children also reported feeling less “sluggish” but somewhat more anxious. Because caffeine is so widely available and frequently consumed by children, these results are important and need replication.
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1991

Abstract The 1991 hurricane season in the Atlantic basin featured 73 tropical waves (also known as African waves), most of which were relatively weak. These waves generated fewer than normal Atlantic tropical cyclones: seven tropical depressions, of which only three intensified into tropical storms. Remarkably, none of these systems became hurricanes. The remainder of the Atlantic tropical cyclones formed from other sources. African waves triggered nearly all of the eastern Pacific tropical cyclones in 1991.
Selected electrophilic addition reactions of representative acyclic alkenes

Abstract In the reactions of dichlorocarbene, nitrosyl chloride, and osmium tetroxide with representative acyclic alkenes, alkene first ionization potentials (IP's) are correlated against log alkene relative reactivities (krel's). Each reaction gives a single line of correlation, which includes all alkenes studied regardless of the degree of substitution.
Wirtschaftskrise und Krankenhausbauwesen in den USA

Seit etwa einem Jahre befinden sich die USA in einer wirtschaftlichen Krise, einer «Recession». Wie lange diese anhalten wird, ist strittig. Die Errichtung von Bauten aller Art bringt Arbeit, hilft eine Wirtschaftskrise herabzusetzen. Zu solchen Bauten gehoren auf dem Gesamtgebiet des Gesundheitswesens in erster Reihe Krankenhausbauten. Es ist anzunehmen, das grosere Summen zur Durchfuhrung von Krankenhausbauten bereitgestellt werden, obwohl die Baukosten hoch sind. Diese betragen bei Errichtung allgemeiner Krankenhauser in den USA zur Zeit durchschnittlich pro Bett 17 187 Dollar.
The Noninteraction of Waves with the Zonally Averaged Flow on a Spherical Earth and the Interrelationships on Eddy Fluxes of Energy, Heat and Momentum

Abstract For linearized hydrostatic waves on a spherical earth with a zonal mean wind which is a function of latitude and pressure I derive, without further approximations, expressions for the vertical and meridional energy fluxes in terms of the meridional heat flux and the vertical and meridional fluxes of zonal momentum. Using these expressions, I prove that in the absence of critical surfaces, dissipation, thermal heating and nonharmonic time dependence, that the waves and mean flow do not interact: the wave Reynold's stresses are exactly balanced by a mean meridional circulation whose streamfunction is simply the meridional beat flux divided by the static stability. In the presence of dissipation, thermal heating or transience, 1 am able to express the net forcing of the mean blow by the waves as expressions which are explicitly proportional to the coefficients of dissipation and heating and to the imaginary part of the phase speed. My work significantly extends earlier theorems on the noninteraction...
Finite element analysis of stiffened plates

Abstract A finite element method is presented in which the constraint between stiffener and member is imposed by means of Lagrange multipliers. This is performed on the functional level, forming augmented variational principles. In order to simplify the initial development and implementation of the proposed method, two-dimensional stiffened beam finite elements are developed. Several such elements are formulated, each showing monotonic convergence in numerical tests. In the development of stiffened plate finite elements, the bending and membrane behaviors are treated seperately. For each, the stiffness matrix of a standard plate element is modified to account for an added beam element (representing the stiffener) and additional terms imposing the constraint between the two. The resulting stiffened plate element was implemented in the SAPIV finite element code. Exact solutions are not known for rib-reinforced plated structures, but results of numerical tests converge monotonically to a value in the vicinity of an approximate “smeared” series solution.
Different Oxidant Sensitivities of the α1 and α2 Isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase Expressed in Baculovirus-Infected Insect Cells

Abstract Inhibition of Na + /K + -ATPase by partially reduced oxygen metabolites is an early event in the course of cell injury caused by oxidative stress. We showed before that isoforms of the enzyme obtained from different sources have different oxidant sensitivities. To evaluate the role of tissue-specific impurities in this difference, cDNAs of α 1 and α 2 isoforms were expressed in Sf-9 insect cells, and the effects of H 2 O 2 on the resulting isolated enzymes were studied. The expressed α 2 was significantly more sensitive than α 1 to H 2 O 2 . These findings, together with our previous data showing different oxidant sensitivities of α 1 and α 3 in a cardiac enzyme preparation, indicate that differential oxidant sensitivities of Na + /K + -ATPase isoforms of various tissues are dictated by the primary sequences of α 1 , α 2 , and α 3 subunits.
A specific binding protein for 17β-estradiol in retired breeder rat ventral prostate

Abstract A specific binding protein for 17β-estradiol has been detected in ventral prostate of normal retired breeder rats using sucrose density gradient techniques. The protein has an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 3. 5S. It is distinguishable from serum proteins which bind 17β-estradiol on the basis of binding specificity and sedimentation coefficient. It is also distinct from the cytoplasmic androgen binding protein known to be present in rat ventral prostate.
Hair removal using an 810 nm gallium aluminum arsenide semiconductor diode laser: A preliminary study.

Background. Laser hair removal is a popular treatment method for removing unwanted hair. Several laser systems are available for laser hair removal. The gallium aluminum arsenide semiconductor diode (GAASD) laser is one of the newer laser modalities to be studied. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of the GAASD laser system in removing unwanted hair. Methods. Twenty-six patients with brown or black hair growth were treated with the GAASD laser at fluences of 20–80 J/cm2. Hair regrowth was measured 4 weeks after the first treatment, 4 weeks after the second treatment, 4 weeks after the third treatment, and 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 8 months after the fourth treatment. Conclusion. GAASD laser treatment resulted in hair growth delay in all treated regions. Repeated laser treatments did not produce an increased number of vellus hairs. The percentage of hair reduction fluctuated between 5% and 13% with the second or third treatment averaging the highest percent reduction. In all cases, the percentage of hair reduction of the treatment sites evaluated at 8 months after the fourth treatment was less than both the second and third treatments (highest average percent reduction) and the fourth (last) treatment.
Theoretical Study of Hole-Containing Macromolecular Diamond Lattices and Corona-Diamondoid Molecules or their Heteroatomic Derivatives

By analogy with benzenoids, diamond hydrocarbons (diamondoids for short) can be classified according to their dualists into catamantanes with acyclic dualists, perimantanes with dualists having 6-membered rings, and coronamantanes having larger rings that are not peripheries of 6-membered ring aggregates. Coronoid diamond hydrocarbons may be either tridimensional portions of the macromolecular diamond lattice with holes examined in an earlier article and here, or hollow smaller molecules (coronamantanes) also discussed in the present paper, with 3D or quasi-2D holes. In the case of lattices, the effect of external hydrogen atoms is negligible but it cannot be ignored in the case of coronamantanes. Both the outer and inner dangling bonds may be connected with hydrogen atoms, or some of the inner carbon atoms with dangling bonds may be replaced by heteroatoms (N, O, or S) which might be able to bind metallic cations with coordinative bonds. A convenient means of structure representation uses dualists of the diamondoids. The holes may be isolated as are “closed pores” in polymer foams, or they may communicate forming tunnels as for ‘open pores’ in ‘sponge foams’. A special discussion is reserved for coronamantane analogs of the quasi-planar coronoids. In these cases the diamondoid is quasi-flat and the quasi-2D hole or tunnel is accessible on both sides; it may be chiral or achiral. The diamondoid analog of kekulene is a cyclohexadecamantane C64H64, a challenge for the future. (doi: 10.5562/cca2288)
Symmetry effects in the radiation damping of degenerate states

Radiation damping of three atoms in a radiation field is studied for both a linear and closed-chain configuration. One atom of the system is initially excited. Use is made of the Heitler-Ma perturbation procedure up to second order. The discussion is developed in terms of the symmetry of the interactions within the system. The interactions arising from dipole transitions perpendicular to the plane of the closed chain are shown to be similar to the interactions in a two-atom system, and the results are extended to cover larger rings.
Dynamics of the Toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex

Unlike most cells, protozoa in the phylum Apicomplexa divide by a distinctive process in which multiple daughters are assembled within the mother (schizogony or endodyogeny), using scaffolding known as the inner membrane complex (IMC). The IMC underlies the plasma membrane during interphase, but new daughters develop in the cytoplasm, as cytoskeletal filaments associate with flattened membrane cisternae (alveolae), which elongate rapidly to encapsulate subcellular organelles. Newly assembled daughters acquire their plasma membrane as they emerge from the mother, leaving behind vestiges of the maternal cell. Although the maternal plasma membrane remains intact throughout this process, the maternal IMC disappears – is it degraded, or recycled to form the daughter IMC? Exploiting fluorescently tagged IMC markers, we have used live-cell imaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and mEos2 photoactivation to monitor the dynamics of IMC biogenesis and turnover during the replication of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. These studies reveal that the formation of the T. gondii IMC involves two distinct steps – de novo assembly during daughter IMC elongation within the mother cell, followed by recycling of maternal IMC membranes after the emergence of daughters from the mother cell.
Experiences of Biological Parents and Their Older Children in Out-of-Home Care for the First Time

This article will examine the parenting characteristics and challenges that faced a cohort of families participating in an exploratory qualitative research study. This study sought to describe the experiences and characteristics of parents whose children were placed in the child welfare system in early-to-late adolescence (ages 12–18), thus gaining an understanding of the parenting challenges faced as they were able to maintain their children in their homes for a significant portion of their lives. The families of older youths entering care for the first time described how alcohol and drug abuse impacted their relationships with children, significant others, jobs, and their mental health status. A significant issue that emerged in several of the cases were older children who initiated a report to child welfare themselves.
Efficient waveform recall in absorbing media

We have found that highly efficient waveform recall is possible in coherent transient systems in which the storage is optically thick. Coherent transients may be used in a variety of information storage and processing applications with advantages over traditional electronic methods. However, it is believed that a serious problem in application of photon echoes in practical systems is the relatively low efficiency of the process. We show in our numerical studies that waveform recall efficiencies greater than unity can be achieved in absorbing media with appropriate choice of absorption length and brief pulse area, even for very weak data pulses. We also present our preliminary experimental results in Barium vapor in which efficiencies of 50% were obtained for both the stimulated and two-pulse photon echoes.
Concurrent Food- and Water-Reinforced Responding under Food, Water, and Food-Plus-Water Deprivation

The effect of 22-hr. food, water, and food-plus-water deprivation cycles upon the bar-pressing performance of rats was assessed. In a two-bar experimental chamber, one bar produced intermittent food and another intermittent water reinforcement. Each food reinforcement was approximately equivalent by weight to each water reinforcement, and both bars were concurrently operative on a variable-interval schedule. During the first and last 6 of 18 successive 2-hr. sessions under each deprivation condition, most responses were emitted under food deprivation, next most under food-plus-water deprivation, and least under water deprivation. Rate of responding for food was consistently higher than for water.
Direct Production of Hydrogen Peroxide with Palladium Supported on Phosphate Viologen Phosphonate Catalysts

Abstract The optimization of porous hafnium phosphate viologen phosphonate (HfPOPV( X )) catalyst, [(HfF) 2 (PO 4 )(O 3 PCH 2 CH 2 –4,4 ′ -bipyridinium–CH 2 CH 2 PO 3 )]F·2H 2 O with Pd–metal nanoaggregates, has been attempted. In addition to the development of a novel technique for making this catalyst by hydrothermal incorporation, an extensive optimization of the process conditions to make hydrogen peroxide from H 2 and O 2 has been carried out. The optimal reaction medium for this process was methanol in conjunction with sulfuric acid. Under atmospheric conditions, over 3.5 M H 2 O 2 has been produced in 50 h. A technique has also been developed to measure the water formed from the undesirable H 2 O 2 reduction step that occurs in series–parallel to the desired H 2 O 2 production step. The selectivity toward the production of H 2 O 2 in the case of the hydrothermally incorporated catalysts is over 70% under atmospheric conditions. The maximum rate of production of H 2 O 2 , achieved in anhydrous methanol–H 2 SO 4 media and hydrothermally incorporated Pd–HfPOPV( X ) is about 4.1 mmol/(g min). However, the rate measured here is probably that of external mass transfer (at the liquid–gas interface) because the resistance due to it is the rate-determining step.
Imipenem and meropenem

Imipenem and meropenem are parenteral carbapenem antimicrobials that are resistant to hydrolysis by β-lactamases and are active against most clinically important gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including aerobic and anaerobic forms. Imipenem is slightly more active against grampositive organisms, whereas meropenem is slightly more active against gram-negative organisms. Their broad antibacterial spectra make them attractive for use as monotherapy in complicated gynecologic and intra-abdominal infections, as empiric therapy in febrile-neutropenic oncology patients, for pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis, and for nosocomial infections. Meropenem is less likely to induce seizures than is imipenem, and it is approved for infections of the central nervous system. High dosages of imipenem-cilastatin are associated with an increased incidence of nausea and vomiting, especially in patients receiving chemotherapy, making meropenem more attractive for the treatment of febrile neutropenia. This article will address the chemistry, mode of action, spectrum of activity, clinical pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, drug interactions, and major clinical uses for imipenem and meropenem.
Human colonic crypts in culture: segregation of immunochemical markers in normal versus adenoma-derived.

In order to advance a culture model of human colonic neoplasia, we developed methods for the isolation and in vitro maintenance of intact colonic crypts from normal human colon tissue and adenomas. Crypts were maintained in three-dimensional Matrigel culture with a simple, serum-free, low Ca2+ (0.15 mM) medium. Intact colonic crypts from normal human mucosa were viably maintained for 3–5 days with preservation of the in situ crypt-like architecture, presenting a distinct base and apex. Abnormal structures from adenoma tissue could be maintained through multiple passages (up to months), with expanding buds/tubules. Immunohistochemical markers for intestinal stem cells (Lgr5), growth (Ki67), differentiation (E-cadherin, cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and mucin 2 (MUC2)) and epithelial turnover (Bax, cleaved Caspase-3), paralleled the changes in function. The epithelial cells in normal crypts followed the physiological sequence of progression from proliferation to differentiation to dissolution in a spatially and temporally appropriate manner. Lgr5 expression was seen in a few basal cells of freshly isolated crypts, but was not detected after 1–3 days in culture. After 24 h in culture, crypts from normal colonic tissue continued to show strong Ki67 and MUC2 expression at the crypt base, with a gradual decrease over time such that by days 3–4 Ki67 was not expressed. The differentiation marker CK20 increased over the same period, eventually becoming intense throughout the whole crypt. In adenoma-derived structures, expression of markers for all stages of progression persisted for the entire time in culture. Lgr5 showed expression in a few select cells after months in culture. Ki67 and MUC2 were largely associated with the proliferative budding regions while CK20 was localized to the parent structure. This ex vivo culture model of normal and adenomatous crypts provides a readily accessible tool to help understand the growth and differentiation process in human colonic epithelium.
The effects of parenteral injections of adenosine and its analogs on blood pressure and heart rate in the rat

1. 1. The dose-response effects of adenosine and its analogs on cardiovascular parameters were examined in rats following intravenous administration. 2. 2. 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) was by far the most potent analog in reducing mean arterial blood (PA) pressure while N6-(3-pentyl)-adenosine exerted the most potent bradycardic action. 3. 3. The N6-substituted (S)-diastereoisomers were substantially less potent in reducing PA and heart rate than NECA and the N6-substituted (R)-diastereoisomers. 4. 4. The cardiovascular effects of adenosine analogs persist, to varying degrees, much longer than those of adenosine itself.
Imazapyr Absorption and Translocation in Northern Red Oak and Red Maple as Affected by Herbicide Formulation and the Adjuvant Methylated Seed Oil

Imazapyr-based herbicides are important in removing deciduous hardwood species from conifer plantations. Imazapyr can be applied as a site preparation (pre-establishment) application or as a postestablishment herbaceous or release application. Herbicide efficacy is dependent, in part, on how much herbicide is absorbed and translocated throughout the target weed species. Herbicide absorption can be strongly influenced by herbicide formulation or tank-mix adjuvants. Little data are available on imazapyr absorption and translocation by woody species. The objective of this research was to compare the absorption and translocation of six experimental formulations of imazapyr to a commercial formulation, Chopper®, with and without methylated seed oil (MSO), in northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Saplings of both species were grown in the greenhouse until they reached a height of approximately 1 m. Trees were blocked according to size, and treatments were randomly assigned within blocks. For the absorption study, five leaves were selected per plant and received two 1-μL drops of 14C-imazapyr-labeled solution. Leaves were rinsed at 2, 8, 24, 72, and 144 h after treatment (HAT). Absorption was quantified as 14C imazapyr that was not collected in the rinse solution. All experimental formulations that were tank-mixed with MSO increased absorption on oak compared to Chopper+MSO. Not all experimental formulations increased absorption in maple, and absorption data were highly variable. Absorption continued for at least 72 HAT in both species for most formulations. For the translocation study, one leaf was treated with two 1-μL drops of 14C-imazapyr-labeled solution. The leaf was rinsed at 144 HAT, and the plant was harvested and divided into sections: above treated leaf, treated leaf, below treated leaf, and roots. The majority (52–91 %) of the applied imazapyr remained in the treated leaf. More imazapyr was translocated from the leaf of red oak than red maple. Translocated 14C accumulated in the tissue above the treated leaf (3–13 % of absorbed) and in the roots (3–34 %). Including the adjuvant MSO and optimizing the herbicide formulation increased the absorption of imazapyr in red maple and northern red oak.
Centrifugal Effects in Inflated, Rotating Bias-Ply Tires:

An equation is derived which governs the dynamic equilibrium contour taken by an inflated and rotating, but otherwise unloaded, bias-ply tire. This equation, which is in the form of a hyperelliptic integral, is based on the membrane theory of shells and the netting analysis of composite materials. Results are obtained for the meridional geom etry of a typical two-ply automobile tire, which are in reasonable agreement with ex perimental measurements.This integral, which describes the dynamic equilibrium contour of the tire, is then used to obtain an algebraic cord load formula. The formula shows how the cord tension at any location is dependent on mass distribution, angular velocity, inflation pressure, deformed tire geometry, and number of cords in the tire. Centrifugal effects, as they influence cord tension, are more pronounced in the bead region than in the crown region.Cord forces are experimentally measured up to 1600 rpm, using the tirecord tension transducer which is a strain-gage instrumented tens...
G397(P) Hypoxic challenge testing – which children are we assessing?

Aim Hypoxic challenge testing (HCT) is the method used to assess whether a patient with stable respiratory disease requires in-flight oxygen. A national guideline, published by British Thoracic Society in 2011, makes recommendations on which children ought to undergo HCT prior to undertaking air travel. Identified are: infants under 1 year with neonatal history of chronic lung disease, children with CF/chronic lung disease old enough for spirometry whose FEV1 This audit aimed to define which patients had undergone hypoxic challenge tests and compared this against the patient groups identified in the BTS guideline. Methods A large tertiary children’s hospital in the UK conducted a retrospective audit of hypoxic challenge tests carried out between 2012 and 2014. Information was collected on age, diagnosis, when the patient last required long-term oxygen, lung function around the time of the test and the outcome of the test. Results 31 HCTs from 25 patients were audited. The average age was 6.3 years (6 months-16.5 years). Of the 22 patients who passed the HCT, three were recommended in the guideline to have HCT. Of the nine patients who did not pass HCT, two were within the recommendations. These five patients, who were within the recommendations, were three children with CF/chronic lung disease with FEV1 Of the nine children who did not pass the HCT, seven fell outside the recommended groups. Five were ex-preterm children older than one year had history of neonatal chronic lung disease, one had SMA Type 2, one had muscular dystrophy, one had severe kyphoscoliosis and one had severe restrictive lung disease following PNET. Conclusion Results show that clinicians are choosing to preform hypoxic challenge tests on patient outside of the recommendations. A larger proportion who failed the hypoxic challenge test were not defined within the BTS guidelines. With advancing technology the demographics of our respiratory paediatric patient population is evolving. It is therefore prudent to reconsider the paediatric recommendations.
Turbulence Spectra from Doppler-broadened Spectral Lines: Tests of the Velocity Channel Analysis and Velocity Coordinate Spectrum Techniques

Turbulent motions induce Doppler shifts of observable emission and absorption lines motivating studies of turbulence using precision spectroscopy. We provide numerical testing of the two most promising techniques, velocity channel analysis and velocity coordinate spectrum (VCS). We obtain an expression for the shot noise that the discretization of the numerical data entails and successfully test it. We show that the numerical resolution required for recovering the underlying turbulent spectrum from observations depend on the spectral index of velocity fluctuations, which makes low-resolution testing misleading. We demonstrate numerically that, when dealing with absorption lines, sampling of turbulence along just a dozen directions provides a high quality spectrum with the VCS technique.
The Role of Communications in Group Operations of Automated Systems

This symposium develops a framework for the study and interpretation of communication and automation effects in the operation of complex social-technical systems. Three empirical studies are reported that investigate these sources of variance in group performance on partially automated systems. Both the conceptual framework and the results of the three studies suggest a need to expand our conceptualization of operator/system interfaces to acknowledge that many such interfaces are more properly viewed as group/system interfaces. This expanded framework includes group variables including group heterogeneity, group structure and communication patterns, and both formal and informal leadership variables in addition to more commonly studied automation and technical system factors.
Simulation of multiple shock-shock interference patterns on a cylindrical leading edge

Numerical simulations of hypersonic shock-shock interactions that arise when two shocks impinge on the bow shock in front of a cylinder are presented. Results are shown for both inviscid and laminar viscous flow models, using perfect-gas and equilibrium-air assumptions for a range of incident shock locations. These results are compared with experiment, and with flow patterns identified previously using Edney's method. It has been found that under the conditions simulated here, one suggested interaction flowfield, the pattern of dual type IV supersonic jets, exists only temporarily, eventually transforming to a concomitant-jets pattern. The validity of this numerical result is confirmed by a simulation of the entire transient process in a shock tunnel of the type used in the experimental study.
Occupational Segregation by Race and Sex in Brazil, 1989-2001

Race and sex differentials in labor market outcomes in Brazil appear substantial, phenomena often tied to occupational segregation. This paper presents an array of Duncan indices of dissimilarity to investigate the magnitude and contours of occupational differentiation in Brazil, as well as changes in the recent past, constructed from Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) microdata for 1989 and 2001. Findings include the facts that measurable occupational differentation by sex is over twice as high as that by race and that differentiation on both counts is highest among people 35 and older and outside the Northeastern region. Occupational differentiation by race appears comparable among women and men, but may be higher among women if accurately measured. Racial differentiation grows with education, while sexual segregation declines. Differentiation has declined modestly since 1989 in almost all categories except by race among younger people, men and the most educated.
Colored hybrid photovoltaics with angle invariance

We present hybrid photovoltaic cells with distinct and angle-insensitive colors based on efficient photon manipulation. Up to 3% of power conversion efficiency is achieved by using tens of nm thick amorphous silicon active layer.
Direct combustion energy from crops and crop residues produced in Iowa

Abstract Energy values were determined via bomb calorimetry for various crops and their residues produced from single- and double-cropping systems in Iowa. The dry-matter energy values of this biomass were in the order of 16.3 ± 2.0 MJ/kg. Considering crop moisture conditions in the field at harvest, energy values of the “as is” biomass were about 12.0 MJ/kg, or slightly less. Energy available from harvestable corn residues in Iowa exceeded that of energy required from fossil fuels used in electrical generation in the state in 1978. Biomass from a proposed double- cropping system of rye and sorghum × sudangrass grown on less than 12% of the corn hectarage in Iowa, also could have supplied all the energy required to generate electricity in Iowa annually. Utilization of biomass for energy, however, must be balanced with conservation of the land and its productivity. Calculations suggested that up to 70% of energy required for electrical generation could still be obtained from corn residues after leaving adequate amounts of residue to conserve soil resources.
Elastic vibrations and waves in a superconducting torus

Experiments on a small 16 coil superconducting torus, modeled after a tokamak fusion reactor design, demonstrate a number of dynamic phenomena resulting from mangetoelastic coupling in the torus. Almost all of the vibratory natural frequencies are observed to decrease with current, resulting in eventual buckling of one of the modes. Further,lateral bending wave propagation around the periodic structure was observed. The measured wave speed increases with current. The wave speeds are related theoretically to the group velocity derived from frequency dispersion relations. Induced vibrations in the toroidal field coils due to pulsed poloidal coils are also reported. Finally buckling induced quench in the superconducting coils show large dynamic overshoot and vibrations following the quench of the torus.
Integrated Development Environment for generation of middleware for hybrid processors based embedded systems

Multiprocessor system on chip (SoC) contains hundreds of cores on a chip that require high speed interconnections for fast data communication between the cores. With an increased number of cores, an on-chip bus or a multi-layer bus architecture is the bottleneck for SoC. In contrast, Network-on-chip (NoC) mitigates the flaws of the SoC technology by introducing high scalability, improved communication performance and lesser power consumption. It provides such an on-chip communication architecture that allows multiple cores to communicate via packets routed on a network. A Network-on-System (NoS) architectural framework caters for the major issues of high latency and decreased throughput of reprogrammable and reconfigurable hybrid embedded systems. This paper presents a novel idea of hybrid processors configuration in NoS using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) generated middleware. The user will be able to configure or reconfigure the NoS, whereas the inter-communication of hybrid processors on the NoS will take place in an abstraction layer without any user intervention. The basic model of NoS and the proposed prototype for GUI based IDE used for middleware generation have been explained in detail. The paper also discusses how such an IDE can be used in the middleware generation of real-time applications like SDR. The proposed methodology is ideally suited to address the complexities of a hybrid embedded system.
Phase-locked injection laser arrays with nonuniform stripe spacing

A new type of phase-locked injection laser array which utilises nonuniform spacing between the lasing stripes has been studied. The variation in spacing alters the stripe-to-stripe coupling which modifies the array mode selection. Arrays that operate with a single far-field lobe have been fabricated.
A diminutive pelecinid wasp from the Eocene Kishenehn Formation of northwestern Montana (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae)

A new genus and species of pelecinid wasp (Proctotrupoidea: Pelecinidae) is described and figured from a single male preserved in oil shale from the middle Eocene Kishenehn Formation of northwestern Montana. Phasmatopelecinus leonae Greenwalt & Engel, new genus and species, is distinguished from other Tertiary and Mesozoic pelecinids as well as the Recent genus Pelecinus Latreille. Despite the fact that there are more than 15 times more fossil than living species in the family, P . leonae is only the second Tertiary member of the family discovered to date.
Cultural Relevancy of a Diabetes Prevention Nutrition Program for African American Women

Diabetes among African American women is a pressing health concern, yet there are few evaluated culturally relevant prevention programs for this population. This article describes a case study of the Eat Well Live Well Nutrition Program, a community-based, culturally specific diabetes prevention nutrition program for African American women. The stages of change theory and principles from community organization guided the development of the program. Health education strategies, including participatory development and program delivery by peer educators, were applied to promote cultural relevance. Results indicated that overall participants (90%) believed the program to be culturally relevant and were very satisfied with the program (82%). Cultural relevancy was significantly associated with greater program satisfaction and changes in dietary patterns when controlling for the number of sessions attended. Conclusions suggest that participatory strategies can be effective in designing culturally specific prevention programs for African American women.
Subnational Electoral Choice Economic and Referendum Voting in Argentina, 1983-1999

Are the policy failures of subnational officials reliably punished by voters, or do subnational elections instead pivot around national trends? This study attempts to shed new light on these questi...