cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frontier Ambitions and Cowboy Narratives

Chapter 2 traces the deployment of the frontier myth by Teddy Roosevelt to reinvigorate American masculinity and to borrow the frontiersman’s wilderness skills to imagine expanded borders and a global design for the nation. With the dawn of the film industry, the frontiersman is transformed into the screen cowboy and the western elevates the gunfighter to a violent but effective tool of conquest. The classical Hollywood western, The Searchers, is explored along with more contemporary “revisionist” westerns such as Dances with Wolves and The Hateful Eight—the latter portraying the frontier as intensely violent, even dystopic. The chapter concludes with the rise of the crime film with darker stories about lawless urban landscapes and the pliable morality of frustrated G-men and noir detectives.
Confucius at the Center of a Humanistic Discourse or "Cheng Hsuan Awakened from a Dream"

This text is a poem translated by the author from Chinese into English. The annotations furnish information about the historical context to which the poem refers.
In vitro digestibility of proteins from historical and modern wheat cultivars

BACKGROUND Previous research has suggested that proteins and other quality parameters of wheats may have changed over a century of wheat breeding. These changes may affect protein digestibility. The in vitro protein digestibility of breads made with 21 cultivars of wheat introduced or released in the USA between 1870 and 2013 was therefore evaluated. RESULTS Protein digestibility increased with release year, but was not normally distributed; three older cultivars had significantly lower digestibility than the other cultivars: 42.0 ± 0.3 mol% (primary amino N/total N) versus 34.7 ± 0.7 mol%; P < 0.001. High molecular weight (MW) protein fractions increased and low MW protein fractions decreased with release year, but these changes were not related to protein digestibility. Thus, other differences in protein composition or other flour components may contribute to diminished digestibility of the three older cultivars. CONCLUSIONS This study identified differences in protein digestibility among wheat cultivars that may have important implications for human nutrition. Further investigation is required to determine the specific characteristics that differentiate high- and low-digestibility wheat cultivars. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Approximation of Indel Evolution by Differential Calculus of Finite State Automata

We introduce a systematic method of approximating finite-time transition probabilities for continuous-time insertion-deletion models on sequences. The method uses automata theory to describe the action of an infinitesimal evolutionary generator on a probability distribution over alignments, where both the generator and the alignment distribution can be represented by Pair Hidden Markov Models (Pair HMMs). In general, combining HMMs in this way induces a multiplication of their state spaces; to control this, we introduce a coarse-graining operation to keep the state space at a constant size. This leads naturally to ordinary differential equations for the evolution of the transition probabilities of the approximating Pair HMM. The TKF model emerges as an exact solution to these equations for the special case of single-residue indels. For the general case, the equations can be solved by numerical integration. Using simulated data we show that the resulting distribution over alignments, when compared to previous approximations, is a better fit over a broader range of parameters. We also propose a related approach to develop differential equations for sufficient statistics to estimate the underlying instantaneous indel rates by Expectation-Maximization. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/ihh/trajectory-likelihood.
Sexual dimorphism of synaptonemal complex length in threespine stickleback fish

Crossover frequency often differs substantially between sexes (i.e. heterochiasmy). Although this phenomenon is widespread throughout taxa, the mechanisms that lead to heterochiasmy remain unclear. One pattern that has emerged is that the overall length of the synaptonemal complex likely has a direct influence on the total number of crossovers in each sex. However, this has only been investigated in a handful of species. The threespine stickleback fish ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) is an excellent species to explore whether synaptonemal complex length is associated with a difference in the total number of crossovers, as females have longer linkage maps than males. We used immunocytogenetics to quantify synaptonemal complex length in late pachytene female and male meiocytes. We found that females had synaptonemal complexes that were 1.65 times longer than males, which is remarkably similar to the length difference observed in a sex-specific linkage map constructed from a cross between two other populations. Our results support a model where chromosome axis length determines overall crossover frequency and establish the threespine stickleback as a useful species to explore the mechanistic basis of heterochiasmy. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
Mechanism of selectivity reveals novel antifolate drug interactions

Antimicrobial agents that target a specific pathogen of interest is the gold standard in drug design. para-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS), remains a cornerstone therapy, in the treatment against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, owing to its high level of selectivity. Despite its high level of selectivity, PAS has been reassigned to treat drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis because it causes severe gastrointestinal (GI) distress that results in poor patient compliance. We have previously shown PAS inhibits the folate biosynthetic pathway specifically inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase1,2. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanistic basis of PAS selectivity and determined that PAS can be utilized in folate biosynthesis by other bacterial pathogens. The utilization of PAS ultimately led to the antagonism of key antibiotics, specifically the sulfonamides, used to prophylactically treat individuals with HIV-AIDS3. In addition, we found many bacteria in the GI tract could also utilize PAS to make a hydroxy-folate species which resulted in GI toxicity. Using sulfonamides as a tool to prevent PAS associated toxicity in the GI tract, we discovered that the sulfonamides antagonized the antimycobacterial activity of PAS. These findings indicate a new need for understanding the mechanisms of selective therapies and more important, that HIV-AIDS/M. tuberculosis co-infected individuals should avoid co-treatment of PAS and sulfonamides.
Conductivity Improvement of Microdispensed Microstrip Lines and Grounded Coplanar Waveguides Using Laser Micromachining

Microdispensed transmission lines (TLs) show high conductor losses at microwave frequencies. Recently, laser micromachining has been introduced as a technique to form the slots of the coplanar waveguide (CPW). Smoother and highly conductive signal trace and ground plane edges have been obtained to enhance the CPW’s effective conductivity. Since conductor loss depends on the TL type and geometry, it is important to investigate the effect of laser micromachining on other TL types. Therefore, this letter investigates laser micromachining for microstrip line (ML) and grounded CPW (GCPW) for the first time and reports improvements in their conductivities within the 1–30-GHz frequency range. Specifically, laser micromachining is shown to decrease insertion loss at 30 GHz by 0.18 and 0.29 dB/cm for the microstrip and GCPW, respectively, when the TLs are over a 254- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick $\varepsilon _{r} = 3.6$ substrate. Effective conductivity of laser micromachined ML and GCPW is extracted as 5 and 12.5 MS/m at 30 GHz, respectively. It is shown that GCPW benefits from laser micromachining the most due to higher current concentration at the signal trace edges. Narrower lines are also shown to improve the most with the employment of laser micromachining.
A Causal Model of Children's Vicarious Traumatization.

Children may be vicariously traumatized from learning about the trauma of family and friends. To date, a causal model of children’s vicarious traumatization has not been empirically validated in the literature. This paper fills the gap in the literature by reporting on the direct effect of vicarious trauma on children independent of caregiving impairment. Data for the study came from the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence I (NATSCEV I). This unique dataset features two indicators of vicarious trauma exposure: (1) family victimization and (2) community violence. Hierarchical multiple regression was conducted in order to control for nuisance variables such as caregiver impairment, defined as the degree of warmth or hostility; time elapsed since the trauma occurred and the study taking place; and other trauma exposure (i.e. direct and witnessed trauma). As expected, the study found evidence of a direct and positive relationship between learning about the trauma of close friends and family and children’s trauma symptomatology. Both adolescents and young children were found to be vulnerable to experience vicarious traumatization, with gender and ethnicity being contributing factors. Chronological age was not found to be significant in children’s vicarious traumatization. These findings support the causal model of vicarious traumatization. They demonstrate that children may be traumatized by exposure to the trauma material of others above and beyond the influence of caregiver impairment. As such, attention should be given to interventions, practices, and policies that intervene in the lives of children exposed to violence.
Interracial Marriage and Same-Sex Marriage: Why the Analogy Fails

Many writers, and some judges, in making their case for the legal recognition of same-sex marriage argue that the non-recognition of same-sex marriage is analogous to laws that banned interracial marriage. The author, relying on the history of anti-miscegenation laws and their challenge to common law marriage, argues that the analogy fails.
Identification of Moraxella bovis by using a monoclonal antibody to a lipopolysaccharide epitope.

A monoclonal antibody to the lipopolysaccharide of Moraxella bovis is described. In an indirect fluorescent-antibody test, this monoclonal antibody reacted with 39 of 39 strains of M. bovis tested and did not react with 26 nonfermenting gram-negative coccobacilli other than M. bovis. When used in an indirect fluorescent-antibody test, it proved useful for rapid and easy identification of M. bovis. Images
Space observations of inland water bodies show rapid surface warming since 1985

[1] Surface temperatures were extracted from nighttime thermal infrared imagery of 167 large inland water bodies distributed worldwide beginning in 1985 for the months July through September and January through March. Results indicate that the mean nighttime surface water temperature has been rapidly warming for the period 1985–2009 with an average rate of 0.045 ± 0.011°C yr−1 and rates as high as 0.10 ± 0.01°C yr−1. Worldwide the data show far greater warming in the mid- and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere than in low latitudes and the southern hemisphere. The analysis provides a new independent data source for assessing the impact of climate change throughout the world and indicates that water bodies in some regions warm faster than regional air temperature. The data have not been homogenized into a single unified inland water surface temperature dataset, instead the data from each satellite instrument have been treated separately and cross compared. Future work will focus on developing a single unified dataset which may improve uncertainties from any inter-satellite biases.
Protecting Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberty

In Hollingsworth v. Perry and United States v. Windsor, or perhaps in some more clearly justiciable case a few years hence, the Supreme Court will decide whether states can prohibit same-sex marriages. The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty argued in both pending cases that protecting religious liberty is a rational basis for banning same-sex marriage. The conflict between religious liberty and gay rights is bad for both sides and dangerous for the American tradition of individual liberty. The Court can protect the rights of both sides. In this short essay, based on an amicus brief filed in Perry and Windsor, we argue that the Court should protect the right to same-sex marriage, that religious liberty is not a sufficient reason to deny the right, but that the Court must attend to the religious liberty conflicts that same-sex marriage may create for religious believers and organizations who object to facilitating such marriages. The strongest features of the case for same-sex civil marriage make an equally strong case for protecting the religious liberty of dissenters. There are important doctrinal tools available to protect religious liberty in state and federal constitutional law and in state and federal statutes.
Learning with Regret

Choices in economic games are predicted better by models that look back at what might have been, instead of looking forward to maximum gain.
COCAINE VERSUS FOOD CHOICE PROCEDURE IN RATS: ENVIRONMENTAL MANIPULATIONS AND EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINE

We have adapted a nonhuman primate model of cocaine versus food choice to the rat species. To evaluate the procedure, we tested cocaine versus food choice under a variety of environmental manipulations as well as pharmacological pretreatments. Complete cocaine-choice dose-effect curves (0-1.0 mg/kg/infusion) were obtained for each condition under concurrent fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. Percentage of responding emitted on the cocaine-reinforced lever was not affected significantly by removal of cocaine-associated visual or auditory cues, but it was decreased after removal of response-contingent or response-independent cocaine infusions. Cocaine choice was sensitive to the magnitude and fixed ratio requirement of both the cocaine and food reinforcers. We also tested the effects of acute (0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 mg/kg) and chronic (0.1, 0.32 mg/kg/hr) d-amphetamine treatment on cocaine choice. Acute and chronic d-amphetamine had opposite effects, with acute increasing and chronic decreasing cocaine choice, similar to observations in humans and in nonhuman primates. The results suggest feasibility and utility of the choice procedure in rats and support its comparability to similar procedures used in humans and monkeys.
Quasi-Static Deformation and Final Fracture Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 5083: Influence of Cryomilling

The commercial aluminium alloy 5083 was processed via cryomilling to produce nanocrystalline (NC) powders with an average grain size of ∼25–50 nm. The powders were subsequently degassed at 723 K (450°C), pre-heated and immediately quasi-isostatic (QI)-forged to produce a thermally stable bulk ultrafine grain (UFG) material having average grain size values ranging from 190 to 350 nm, depending on the processing conditions used. In this paper, the tensile properties and fracture behaviour of the bulk UFG material are presented and compared with the tensile properties of its conventionally processed counterpart. The specific influence of preheat temperature on strength and ductility of the alloy is briefly discussed. Three different pre-heat temperatures of 523, 623 and 723 K (250, 350 and 450°C) were chosen and used with the primary objective of controlling grain growth during forging. The influence of preheat temperature on tensile deformation and final fracture behaviour is highlighted. The macroscopic fr...
Developing reflection and expertise: can mentors make the difference?

An important function of mentoring is to assist proteges in becoming autonomous professionals who reflect and solve problems as experts. The emerging literature on information processing, reflective practice, and expertise indicates: experts solve problems differently than novices; and learners who participate in a structured instructional programme can learn these higher‐order conceptual skills. Based on these findings, examines the principles and practices of cognitive coaching as a viable means for mentors to use in developing the reflective and problem‐solving expertise of their proteges. Provides practical suggestions for how mentor/coaches can utilize reflective questioning strategies, clarify and probe responses, and take a non‐judgemental stance. Concludes with an overview of a training model which would prepare and support mentors in their attempt to assist proteges in becoming self‐directed, expert problem solvers.
Full order model of a five phase squirrel cage induction machine

This paper presents an innovative model of the five-phase squirrel-cage induction machines which accounts for the spatial distributions of the stator and bar windings thereby reflecting the higher order components in the performance characteristics. The winding function approach and appropriate reference frame transformations enable the analytical calculation of the parameters of the fundamental and third harmonic parameters of the equivalent circuit. The 2-D air-gap flux density which was only calculated using the Finite Element Method is determined by the method presented in this paper. Some simulation results are also presented.
Description and reporting of statistical methods

A review of the last three volumes of AJIC (1990, 1991, and 1992, numbers 1 through 3) revealed a modest use of statistics in infection control research. Discussion of the statistics most commonly used results in the following recommendations: (1) Researchers who use the t test should report the t test statistic, exact significance probabilities, and a discussion of assumptions and requirements underlying the analysis. (2) A 95% confidence interval for estimated quantities is preferred to p values. (3) The potential impact of nonresponse bias should be included in reports of survey data. (4) An adequate description of statistical methods should be included in all reports of survey data. (5) An adequate description of statistical methods should be included in all research articles.
Trisomy of chromosome 6.15 is not necessary for proliferation of AKR(Rb6.15)1Ald lymphoma cells

Abstract By utilizing a unique AKR(Rb6.15)1Ald (AKRb) mouse line we have been able to determine the incidence and frequency of cells with and without abnormalities of chromosome number (specifically trisomy 6.15) in spontaneous and transplanted lymphoma. The transplanted lymphoma cells were easily distinguished from the normal cells of AKR/J recipients by the presence in diploid cells of 2 metacentric and 36 acrocentric chromosomes. The majority of the cells from 17 normal control AKRb mice were diploid and trisomy 6.15 (3 metacentric and 36 acrocentric chromosomes) was not seen. In 73% of the 59 AKRb mice with spontaneous lymphoma, the majority of cells were diploid. In 54% of the mice none of the cells had trisomy 6.15, and in 22% of these mice a majority (> 50%) of cells had trisomy 6.15. In order to determine which of the cells from AKRb mice with spontaneous lymphoma were malignant, they were transplanted into normal young AKR/J recipient mice, and when lymphoma developed in recipients, their cells were analyzed. The majority of first passage lymphoma cells from 30 recipient mice were donor-type and the majority of these donor cells were diploid. Ten (17%) of these recipients had a majority of cells with trisomy 6.15. In order to further determine whether or not trisomic lymphoma cells had a different proliferative rate than diploid lymphoma cells, eight first passage recipient mice were used to start sequential passage lines. In two diploid lines and four trisomic lines, the same relative frequency of the trisomy was maintained in the sequential passages. However, in two trisomic lines, the frequency of lymphoma cells with three metacentric chromosomes diminished after passage. These studies suggest that aneuploidy is not necessary for proliferation of lymphoma and that diploid cells are a major part of the malignant cell population.
Community Structure and Social Protest: Influences on Newspaper Coverage

Research on news coverage of social protest has yielded evidence of a “protest paradigm,” a framework of common news attributes that contribute to the marginalizing of protesters as social deviants. Analysis here investigates whether adherence to the protest paradigm varies by structural characteristics of the communities in which news organizations originate. More specifically, news organizations in less pluralistic communities may exhibit lower tolerance for social conflict than news organizations in more pluralistic communities. This research compares newspaper coverage of social protest from communities with varied levels of pluralism. Results showed that newspapers in less pluralistic communities were more critical of protesters when local government was the target and were less likely to quote protesters in stories. Further, newspapers in less pluralistic communities were more critical of protesters when stories were on the front page than those appearing elsewhere in the newspaper. Implications for...
Gem-cycloalkyl substituted thiol inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase 24.11. Synthesis via nucleophilic opening of 2,2-spiro-β-lactones

Abstract Concise syntheses are described of a series of gem-cycloalkyl substituted thiols which are inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase 24.11. The route employs mild closure of strained 2,2-spiro-β-lactones from β-hydroxy-acids using triflic anhydride, followed by O-alkyl cleavage with potassium thioacetate.
Myocarditis or acute myocardial infarction associated with interleukin‐2 therapy for cancer

The hearts of eight patients aged 22 to 67 years (mean, 41 years) who died during or within 4 days of interleukin-2 (IL-2) based immunotherapy for treatment of renal cell carcinoma or melanoma were studied at necropsy. Death resulted from combined cardiorespiratory failure in two patients, sepsis in four patients, acute myocardial infarction in one patient, and myocarditis in one patient. Transmural left ventricular necrosis was present in one of the two patients with significant atherosclerotic coronary artery narrowing. Noninfectious myocarditis was present in five patients: the inflammatory infiltrate was lymphocytic in four and composed of a mixture of eosinophils and lymphocytes in one. Although treatment-related deaths associated with high-dose IL-2 therapy are uncommon (1.5% in 652 consecutive patients), the potential for significant myocardial ischemia or myocarditis exists, and careful monitoring for arrhythmias or myocardial failure is warranted.
Collective oscillations and r-process nucleosynthesis

Neutrinos have recently been shown to have collective phenomenon which causes them to flavor transform near the center of the supernova. These flavor transformations can potentially impact supernova nucleosynthesis, particularly for processes that occur near the core, such as the r-process. In this paper we explore the effects of collective oscillations on a supernova r-process. We find that magnitude of the effect depends senstivitely on the astrophysical conditions—in particular on the interplay between the time when nuclei begin to exist in significant numbers and the time when the collective oscillation begins. Because of this delicate balance, a more definitive understanding of the astrophysical conditions is necesssary. Here, we explore scenarios based on outflow models currently in use and discuss their implications.
The Adapted Cities Framework: On Enhancing Its Use in Empirical Research

Analysts are calling attention to a new era of municipal reform and to the convergence of the mayor-council and council-manager forms of government. H. George Frederickson, Gary Johnson, and Curtis...
Sluggish cognitive tempo in survivors of pediatric brain tumors

The presence of neurocognitive late effects in survivors of pediatric brain tumors is well established. However, there remains some debate about how best to conceptualize these deficits. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a proposed conceptual framework that has been used to describe a subset of children with ADHD who exhibit a particular profile characterized by lethargy, day dreaming and staring, and poor organization. Previous work has suggested that survivors of leukemia exhibit a similar profile, but it has not yet been examined in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. A sample of 65 survivors of pediatric brain tumors, 25 survivors of leukemia and 50 community controls completed the Child Behavior Checklist, with four items used to measure SCT. Survivors completed additional measures of neurocognitive functioning. Survivors of brain tumors demonstrated significantly greater symptoms of SCT than survivors of leukemia or controls. SCT was associated with attention problems and working memory deficits and the presence of a VP-shunt. Results provided conditional support for the presence of SCT in survivors of brain tumors, with further research needed to determine the clinical utility of the framework.
In vitro microdialysis sampling of docetaxel.

Microdialysis is a technique that allows sampling compounds from the extracellular fluid in different tissues, such as muscle, lung, and brain. However, the feasibility of using this technique with lipopohilic and high molecular weight compounds has been questioned, since these compounds are less likely to diffuse through the dialysis membrane. Therefore, it was the objective of this study to investigate the feasibility of doing microdialysis of docetaxel by determining its recovery by the microdialysis probe. Three different methods were investigated: extraction efficiency, retrodialysis, and no-net-flux. For the first two methods, three different concentrations were tested: 2.5, 5, and 9 mg/l. The recovery obtained for each concentration was 49.3 ± 6.7 (n = 4), 44.6 ± 5.4 (n = 3), and 34.7 ± 2.1 (n = 4) by extraction efficiency, and 53.4 ± 7.9 (n = 3), 61.4 ± 7.6 (n = 3), and 64.2 ± 1.9 (n = 3) by retrodialysis, respectively. The average recovery obtained by no-net-flux was 68.7 ± 9.6 (n = 5). Although it has been reported that microdialysis cannot be applied to lipophilic compounds, the results here show the opposite. The high recoveries obtained for docetaxel in all methods applied show that the compound can diffuse through the probe membrane. Overall, docetaxel seems to be very suitable for microdialysis despite its lipophilicity and high molecular weight.
Nitrous oxide antinociception in BXD recombinant inbred mouse strains and identification of quantitative trait loci.

Abstract Among inbred mouse strains, DBA/2 mice are unique because of their poor responsiveness to nitrous oxide (N2O) antinociception. As a first step towards identifying candidate genes involved in determining antinociceptive responsiveness to N2O, male mice from the DBA/2 strain, the more responsive C57BL/6 strain, their B6D2F1 offspring, and 22 BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains derived from DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice were exposed to N20 and evaluated using the acetic acid abdominal constriction test. When exposed to 70% N2O, C57BL/6, DBA/2 and B6D2F1 mice exhibited antinociceptive responses of 78, 22 and 55%, respectively. The BXD RI strains demonstrated varying degrees of responsiveness to N2O. Cluster analysis revealed one cluster of 16 strains approximating the C57BL/6 progenitor (61.9–100% antinociceptive response to 70% N2O) and another of six strains around the DBA/2 progenitor (9.1–40% antinociceptive response to 70% N2O). The robust strain differences permitted screening the strain means with 1492 marker loci previously mapped in BXD RI strains. Using a QTL analysis specifically tailored to existing mouse RI strains, we found associations at the 0.01 level on seven chromosomes with the most promising marker loci being Il2ra, Hbb, Hmgl rs7 and Gsl5 on chromosomes 2, 7, 16 and 19, respectively (P
Human Chromosomology: Segregation of Chromatids in Diploid Cells in vitro

STUDIES of the segregation of chromatids during mitotic anaphase may contribute to a better understanding of certain aspects of cell division. Thus autoradiographic methods used with mouse embryonic cell cultures and root tips of Vicia faba and Triticum boeoticum1–3 have shown that the segregation of chromatids in those cells is a non-random process. Earlier work had shown that the segregation of DNA strands in Escherichia coli is non-random4,5. Recently published evidence, however, shows that in Bacillus subtilis the segregation of DNA strands is random6. I have obtained results which indicate that in human cells the segregation of chromatids during mitotic anaphase is random.
Finite-temperature thermodynamic and vibrational properties of Al-Ni-Y compounds via first-principles calculations

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of ternary compounds of the Al–Ni–Y system were studied via density functional theory using the projector augmented-wave pseudopotential method, within the generalized gradient approximation. It was found that spin-polarization effects in all of the compounds are negligible. For three of the compounds, the ground state structures were determined for the first time by minimizing their total energies with respect to all the possible atomic arrangements consistent with their published space group and prototype structure. The calculated enthalpies of formation at 0 K show a very good agreement with the available experimental results at room temperature. The finite temperature thermodynamic properties of the compounds were calculated by considering the effects of both vibrational and electronic degrees of freedom. Lattice vibration effects were calculated using the supercell method within the harmonic and quasi-harmonic approximations. The thermal electronic contributions were determined through the one-dimensional integration of the electronic density of states.
Importance of proximal A2 and A4 pulleys to maintaining kinematics in the hand: a biomechanical study

Purpose The A2 and A4 pulleys have been shown to be important in finger flexor tendon function. Other authors have suggested either reconstruction or venting of portions of these pulleys in an attempt to preserve finger function in certain clinical situations. This study examines the effects of partial incision of these pulleys on finger flexion kinematics and biomechanics.
The higher rank numerical range is convex

In this short note we provide the final step in showing that the higher rank numerical range is convex. The previous steps appear in the paper “Geometry of Higher-Rank Numerical Ranges” by Choi, M.-D., Giesinger, M., Holbrook, J.A. and Kribs, D.W.
Spectroscopic Evaluation of a Miniature Microcavity Cylindrical Magnetron Source for Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Hollow cathode discharges (HCDs) have found a wide variety of applications for trace elemental analysis with the use of spectroscopic techniques such as atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). In AES, the emission intensity output: of an HCD is rather limited compared to the emission intensity output of other electrical discharges. There are numerous ways by which the emission signal in HCDs can be increased. These ways include the application of external fields such as microwaves, radio-frequency, or magnetic fields. Reducing the diameter of the hollow to <2 mm was observed to give a substantial enhancement in the emission intensity, and such a discharge is referred to as a microcavity HCD.
Hearing loss in children with Down syndrome

Abstract Objective: Previous studies report a 38–78% incidence of hearing loss in children with Down syndrome (DS). The purpose of this study was to establish more up to date information about hearing loss in children with DS. Methods: A 5-year longitudinal study following the otolaryngologic problems seen in children with DS was initiated in February, 1999 at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, OH. Aggressive, ‘state of the art’ treatment, both medical and surgical, was provided to a group of children, (n=48), all of whom were entered into the study at an age under 2 years. Specific interventions and treatments were reviewed in regards to following and treating the children's chronic ear disease. Hearing level results at the end of the first year of the study were evaluated in this publication. This includes both pre-treatment and post-treatment audiologic results. Results: After treatment of easily reversible hearing loss from chronic otitis media, either with medical or surgical treatment with PET's, 98% of the children had normal hearing levels. Only two children had residual mild hearing losses after treatment interventions. Conclusion: Aggressive, meticulous and compulsive diagnosis and treatment of chronic ear disease in children with DS, started soon after birth, provides significantly improved hearing levels than reported previously.
Performance Assessment of Data and Time-Sensitive Wireless Distributed Networked-Control-Systems in Presence of Information Security

Distributed network-control-systems (D-NCS) are a network structure and components that are capable of integrating sensors, actuators, communication, and control algorithms to suit real-time applications. They have been gaining popularity due to their high potential in widespread applications and becoming realizable due to the rapid advancements in embedded systems, wireless communication and data transfer technologies. This paper addresses the issue of D-NCS information security as well its time-sensitive performance with respect to network security schemes. We use a wireless network based, robot navigation path tracking system called Intelligent Space (iSpace) as a D-NCS test bed in this paper. The paper classifies the delay data from every NCS module (sensors, actuators and controllers). We define performance parameters for this NCS test bed. Various system factors including network delay, system gain, affecting these performance parameters are recognized. Network security algorithms DES and 3DES are integrated with the application to secure the sensitive information flow. Standard statistical approach such as 2k factorial experiment design, analysis of variance, hypothesis testing is used to study and estimate the effect of each factor on the system performance especially security features. Thorough experimental results, tables of detailed characterization and effect estimate analysis is presented followed by the discussion on the performance comparison of NCS with and without wireless security.
Anodic oxidations and polarity: exploring the chemistry of olefinic radical cations

Abstract The cyclization chemistry of radical cations derived from electron-rich olefins has been examined and the relationship between the polarization of the radical cation and the chemoselectivity of the reaction probed. It was found that more polarized radical cations favor carbon–carbon bond formation while less polarized radical cations favor carbon–heteroatom bond formation. A new approach to the synthesis of quaternary carbons was uncovered and the compatibility of ene diol ethers with anodic olefin coupling reactions examined.
Stability-indicating HPLC assays for the determination of prilocaine and procaine drug combinations.

Abstract Stability-indicating, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods have been developed for the determination of several procaine hydrochloride and prilocaine hydrochloride combinations. The separation and quantitation of epinephrine–prilocaine and epinephrine–procaine drug combinations were achieved on a phenyl column using a mobile phase of 80:20% v/v 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 50 mM heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt–acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 ml min −1 and UV detection at 254 nm. The method showed linearity for the epinephrine and prilocaine hydrochloride mixture in the 0.25–2.5 and 8–200 μg ml −1 ranges, respectively. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 0.26 to 2.05% and 0.04 to 0.61% for epinephrine and prilocaine hydrochloride, respectively. The epinephrine and procaine hydrochloride mixture yielded linear ranges of 0.25–2.0 and 5–100 μg ml −1 and intra- and inter-day RSDs ranged from 0.23 to 1.88% and 0.07 to 0.26% for epinephrine and procaine hydrochloride, respectively. The assays were shown to be suitable for measuring epinephrine–prilocaine and epinephrine–procaine combinations in their respective injection dosage forms. Stability-indicating HPLC assays were also developed for several other procaine drug combinations since their monographs are present in the USP 24; however, quantitation was not investigated since these combinations are not commercially available. A mobile phase consisting of 80:20% v/v 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 50 mM heptanesulfonic acid–acetonitrile was utilized for the levonordefrin–tetracaine–procaine drug combination, while a mobile phase consisting of 70:30% v/v 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 50 mM heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt–acetonitrile was utilized for the separation of levonordefrin–procaine–propoxycaine and norepinephrine–procaine–propoxycaine. All separations were achieved on a phenyl column at a flow rate of 1 ml min −1 and UV detection at 254 nm.
AN EVALUATION OF THE BEKESY ASCENDING DESCENDING GAP.

A Bekesy Ascending Descending Gap Evaluation (BADGE) procedure is described for distinguishing between organic and nonorganic hearing loss. This BADGE procedure involves a comparison of the differe...
A Simplified Electron Microscope

An electron microscope has been constructed to test a number of new methods of obtaining photographs. The aim has been to obtain in as simple a manner as possible both as regards operation and construction a resolving power in the range of the greatest present usefulness of electron microscopy (say ten times better than light microscopy), and to operate in a voltage range sufficient to obtain this resolution for the usual thin specimens. The instrument is a combined electron and light microscope and utilizes unipotential electrostatic electron lenses.
Relationship between amyloid-beta and the ubiquitin–proteasome system in Alzheimer’s disease

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide is the original causative factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD) according to the amyloid cascade hypothesis. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the major intracellular protein quality control system in eukaryotic cells, is related to AD pathogenesis. There is growing evidence showing that there is a tight relationship between Abeta and UPS and this relationship plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. This article reviews the relationship between Abeta and the UPS in terms of the following three aspects: the interaction of the two factors, the ubiquitinating process of Abeta, and impact of dysfunctional UPS on Abeta production. The impairment in the UPS in AD could affect the degradation of Abeta and lead to an abnormal accumulation of Abeta. At the same time, Abeta inhibits the proteasomal activity and subsequently leads to impairment of multivesicular bodies (MVB) sorting pathway, forming an interacting relationship between Abeta and UPS. Mutant ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (UBL) ubiquilin-1 are related to Abeta accumulation. Meanwhile E2 conjugating enzymes, E3 ligases, and de-ubiquitinating enzymes, all of which function in the ubiquitination process, play a pivotal role in the proteasomal degradation of Abeta. Ubiquitin-proteasome system has an immense impact on the amyloidogenic pathway of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing that generates Abeta. Upregulation in proteasomal degradation of BACE1 and components of gamma-secretase leads to decreased Abeta accumulation. A deep look into the mechanism underlying the interplay between Abeta and UPS may provide alternative therapeutic targets and lead to new drugs and therapies.
Acute effects of triazolam on false recognition.

Neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological techniques have been applied to the study of false recognition; however, psychopharmacological techniques have not been applied. Benzodiazepine sedative/anxiolytic drugs produce memory deficits similar to those observed in organic amnesia and may be useful tools for studying normal and abnormal memory mechanisms. The present double-blind, placebo-controlled repeated measures study examined the acute effects of orally administered triazolam (Halcion; 0.125 and 0.25 mg/70 kg), a benzodiazepine hypnotic, on performance in the Deese (1959)/Roediger-McDermott (1995) false recognition paradigm in 24 healthy volunteers. Paralleling previous demonstrations in amnesic patients, triazolam produced significant dose-related reductions in false recognition rates to nonstudied words associatively related to studied words, suggesting that false recognition relies on normal memory mechanisms impaired in benzodiazepineinduced amnesia. The results also suggested that relative to placebo, triazolam reduced participants’ reliance on memory for item-specific versus list-common semantic information and reduced participants’ use of remember versus know responses.
Synthesis and structure of a novel bis-μ-oxo rhenium(VI) dimer: Re2O2(μ-O)2(CH2CMe2Ph)4

Abstract The complex Re(O)Cl 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 reacts with dialkyl zinc reagents in CH 2 Cl 2 to give the novel bis-μ-oxo rhenium(VI) dimer [Re(O)(μ-O)R 2 ] 2 . The molecular structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
Risk-taking behavior in mutual fund tournaments

Abstract We develop a two-period model of a Brown et al. [J. Finance 51 (1996) 85] mutual fund tournament in which two fund managers with unequal midyear performances compete for new cash inflows. When one of the managers is an exogenous benchmark, winning managers index and losing managers gamble. However, when both managers are active, the winning manager is more likely to gamble—expecially when the midyear performance gap is high or when stocks offer high returns and low volatility. Empirical evidence that winning managers gamble has been documented by other researchers, but it has been interpreted as evidence against the tournament model. With a dataset of weekly returns from 1984 to 1996 for 660 mutual funds, we text for other tournament effects predicted by the model. Our results suggest a role for the theory of tournaments in studies of mutual fund behavior.
Anonymizing geo-social network datasets

Geo-social networking systems, such as Foursquare and Face-book Places, where users perform interactions based on their self-reported locations are growing fast nowadays. The location-rich social network data collected in such systems could be of research interest for various purposes. However, such datasets are at the risk of user re-identification and consequently privacy violation of the involved users if they are not adequately anonymzied. In this paper, we study the problem of anonymizing a geo-social network dataset, based on adversarial knowledge on location information of its users. We introduce k-anonymity-based properties for guaranteeing anonymity based on location information, provide a realistic model of location data in geo-social networks, and propose corresponding anonymization algorithms. We also evaluate the proposed solutions using a synthetic GSN dataset.
Kinetics OF the ammonia synthesis over Fe/TiO2, hydrazine-pretreated Fe/TiO2, and hydrazine-pretreated alkali-promoted Fe/TiO2 catalysts

Abstract The kinetics of the synthesis of ammonia from its elements over Fe/TiO2, an hydrazine-pretreated Fe/TiO2, and hydrazine-pretreated alkali-promoted Fe/TiO2 catalysts was studied in a flow microreactor at 101 kPa pressure. A significant improvement in the accuracy and precision of kinetic parameters extracted from the data was achieved by modifying the kinetic model to account for deactivation of supported catalyst particles by Ostwald ripening. The modified form of the kinetic model also yielded information about the particle ripening kinetics. Pretreatment of Fe/TiO2, with hydrazine increased the ammonia synthesis turnover frequency by more than an order of magnitude over unpretreated Fe/TiO2. The ammonia partial pressure dependence and apparent activation energy over hydrazine-pretreated Fe/TiO2 were more representative of iron uninfluenced by the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) which occurs in metal-titanic systems. In situ CO chemisorption measurements following the ammonia synthesis kinetics measurements showed higher CO uptake with hydrazine-pretreated Fe/TiO2 than with unpretreated Fe/TiO2. The increased turnover frequency, altered kinetic parameters, and higher CO uptake suggest that hydrazine pretreatment inhibited the onset of SMSI, which is attributed to titanium nitride formation on the support surface. Addition of the alkali promoters K and Cs to the catalysts not only increased the turnover frequency and decreased the apparent activation energy and ammonia partial pressure dependence, but acted to stabilize supported iron particles against growth by Ostwald ripening. The data suggest that physical covering of the surface by alkali inhibits Ostwald ripening of iron particles by blocking dissociation of iron atoms from supported particles thus suppressing their migration over the support surface to form larger particles.
Transport of functional messenger RNA from liver nuclei in a reconstituted cell-free system.

Abstract The reliability of a reconstituted cell-free system for messenger RNA processing and transport, consisting of isolated nuclei in fortified cytosol, has been evaluated in terms of the functionality and regulated release of the transported product. The poly(A) messenger RNA transport in vitro formed appropriate initiation complexes with ribosomes in an optimized translation system and had template activity comparable to that transported in vivo. The intra-nuclear origin of this messenger RNA is supported by pulse-labeling studies, its transport from detergent-treated nuclei and the absence of the release under non-transport conditions. Serum albumin was identified by immunoprecipitation and electrophoresis as one of the products synthesized when the transported RNA was translated in vitro. The transport of messenger RNA in the cell-free system was dependent on specific cytosol (soluble cytoplasmic) proteins. These proteins, which constitute less than 0.1% of the total cytosol proteins, are precipitated with streptomycin with high specificity.
Chromium picolinate for insulin resistance in subjects with HIV disease: a pilot study.

Aim: Multidrug regimens in HIV disease are associated with an increased incidence of insulin resistance, by as much as 50%. Not only does insulin resistance predisposes subjects to diabetes but also it is associated with the metabolic syndrome and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies suggest that chromium picolinate can improve insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. The objective was to study the efficacy and safety of chromium picolinate as a treatment of insulin resistance in subjects infected with HIV. Methods: The ability of chromium picolinate (1000 μg/day) to improve insulin sensitivity, determined with a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic insulin clamp, was determined in eight HIV-positive subjects on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Results: The mean rate of glucose disposal during the clamp was 4.41 mg glucose/kg lean body mass (LBM)/min (range 2.67–5.50), which increased to 6.51 mg/kg LBM/min (range 3.19–12.78, p = .03), an increase of 25% after 8 weeks of treatment with chromium picolinate. There were no significant changes in blood parameters, HIV viral burden or CD4+ lymphocytes with chromium picolinate treatment. Two subjects experienced abnormalities of liver function during the study. Another subject experienced an elevation in blood urea nitrogen. Conclusions: The study shows that chromium picolinate therapy improves insulin resistance in some HIV-positive subjects, but with some concerns about safety in this population.