cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption in Glass

Paramagnetic resonance absorptions occurring with spectroscopic splitting factors of 4 and 6 were noted in all glass samples studied. These were apparently anisotropic $g$-values for a specific impurity and the peaks recorded are interpreted as being the result of a distribution of Stark fields over all directions in the glass. Resonances were also recorded having $g$-values near 2. Nearly all of these showed hyperfine structures characteristic of the known paramagnetic additions in the glasses. The absorption line observed for cupric ions in lattice modifying positions in a soda-lime-silica base glass has been quantitatively explained and the parameters compared favorably with those resulting for copper in the Tutton salts.
Nanometer-scale investigation of metal-SiC interfaces using ballistic electron emission microscopy

We report ballistic-electron emission microscopy (BEEM) investigation of Pd, Pt Schottky contacts on 6H-, 4H-SiC, and Pd/15R-SiC. Measured Schottky barrier heights of 6H- and 4H-SiC samples appear spatially uniform up to the fitting error due to noise (0.03–0.04 eV and 0.1–0.2 eV for 6H- and 4H-SiC, respectively). In 4H-SiC, we observed an additional conduction band minimum (CBM) ∼0.14 eV above the lowest CBM, which provide direct experimental verification of band theoretical calculation results. Additionally, we sometimes observed enhancement in ballistic transmittance over regions intentionally stressed by hot electron injection using BEEM. We also report recent results on Pd/15R-SiC sample indicating a higher CBM ∼0.5 eV above the lowest CBM. In Pd/15R-SiC, interesting large variations in BEEM spectra at different locations were observed, possibly suggesting an inhomogeneous metal/semiconductor interface.
Severe Iron-Deficiency Anemia Still an Issue in Toddlers

Background and Objectives. Chronic, severe iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in the first years of life increases the risk of irreversibly compromised cognitive, affective, and motor development. While IDA in infants has decreased because of dietary changes (iron-fortified formula and delaying cow’s milk), toddlers (13-36 months) are equally vulnerable to the adverse effects of IDA. We aimed to show that despite public health efforts, severe IDA remains a problem in toddlers and is associated with excess milk consumption. Methods. Retrospective chart review of children 6 to 36 months admitted to or evaluated by hematology at a children’s hospital from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2010 with a severe microcytic anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] <9 g/dL and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) <75 fL). Results. We identified 68 infants and toddlers with severe IDA; most (84%) were 13 to 36 months old. The mean Hb and MCV were 6.0 g/dL (range = 2.2-8.9 g/dL) and 54.0 fL (range = 45.5-69.8 fL), respectively. Fatigue, poor appeti...
Theoretical Study of Some Physical Aspects of Electronic Transport in nMOSFETs at the 10-nm Gate-Length

We discuss selected aspects of the physics of electronic transport in nMOSFETs at the 10-nm scale: Long-range Coulomb interactions, which may degrade performance and even prevent ballistic transport from occurring; scattering with high-k insulator interfacial modes, which depresses the electron mobility but is found to affect minimally the saturated transconductance of 15-nm devices; and the use of high-mobility small effective-mass substrates, which poses serious concerns related to performance limitations due to the density-of-states (DOS) bottleneck and to the band-to-band (Zener) leakage current. On the basis of our results, we argue that ballistic transport may not only be unachievable (because of unavoidable electron-electron collisions) but may also be undesirable, as it may enhance the DOS bottleneck. We also argue that the knowledge of low-field mobility is of little use in predicting quantitatively the performance of devices in the saturated region.
Blood levels of bupivacaine after arthroscopy of the knee joint

Toxic levels of bupivacaine have been reported in other types of surgery, but have not been previously noted in arthroscopic procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate bupivacaine levels after an intraarticular bolus of bupivacaine administered after arthroscopic surgery. Blood levels of bupivacaine were found to be significantly higher in patients in whom synovial surgery had been performed compared with those patients in whom the procedure involved only meniscal or articular cartilage surgery. A reduction in the bupivacaine dosage when the synovium has been resected or divided is recommended to keep the serum level below the potentially toxic range.
Large-scale microwave background fluctuations: Gauge-invariant formalism.

The explicitly gauge-invariant formula for the large-scale fluctuations of the temperature of the microwave background radiation is obtained. The formula is applicable to the wide class of cosmological models (i.e., multicomponent and nonflat) based on Robertson-Walker metrics. Some specific cases are briefly discussed and in the case of general flat models the amplitudes of the multipole moments of the temperature pattern are obtained as functions of the baryonic perturbation quantities.
Estimating measures of pass-fail reliability from parallel half-tests

Two methods are derived for estimating measures of pass-fail reliability. The methods require only a sin gle test administration and are computationally simple. Both are based on the Spearman-Brown formula for estimating stepped-up reliability. The non-distribu tional method requires only that the test be divisible into parallel half-tests; the normal method makes the additional assumption of normally distributed test scores. Bias for the two procedures is investigated by simulation. For nearly normal test score distributions, the normal method performed slightly better than the non-distributional method, but for moderately to se verely skewed or symmetric platykurtic test score dis tributions the non-distributional method was superior. Test results from a licensure examination are used to illustrate the methods. Index terms: Cohen's kappa, licensure examinations, pass-fail reliability, reliability, Spearman-Brown formula.
Species of Biocapital

Several scholars in science studies have lately sought to theorize the contemporary join of capitalism and biotechnology. A variety of terms have been forwarded to name how ‘life’ in the age of gen...
Transient stability analysis of stressed power systems using the energy function method

The authors outline the nature and characteristics of the transient response of a large stressed power network. Transient stability analysis of such a system by the transient energy function method requires overcoming a number of analytical and numerical problems. These issues are identified and solutions to them are proposed. The procedure developed is tested on two realistic power networks derived from a large power flow base case of the Ontario Hydro system. Results of the tests compare well with time simulation and accurately predict the complex dynamic behavior. >
Falling into the Medicaid Gap: The Hidden Long-Term Care Dilemma

This study describes the income, health, and functional capacity of older Florida residents who fall into the Medicaid gap--those whose incomes are too high to obtain eligibility for Medicaid yet too low to cover the cost of nursing home care as private pay patients--and examines the strategies adopted by their primary caregivers. Our findings suggest that few strategies succeed in alleviating this all but unresolvable problem, that those caught in the gap receive inadequate medical care, and that their primary caregivers face tremendous financial and emotional burdens with little hope for relief.
Genetic Associations of Body Weight and Immune Response with the Major Histocompatibility Complex in White Leghorn Chicks

Abstract Survival, body weight, and humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were measured in 256 chicks of the Iowa State University S1 Leghorn line. The chicks were produced from breeders selected for serological Ea-B blood type (B1 or B19), high or low humoral immune response to the amino acid polymer, glutamic acid-alanine-tyrosine (Ir-GAT), and response to Rous sarcoma virus-induced (RSV) tumors (progression or regression). Chicks were hatched from sublines representing all eight triple homozygous genotypes. Survival was significantly (P
Conservation of the photoperiodic neuroendocrine axis among vertebrates: evidence from the teleost fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus.

Photoperiod, or length of day, has a predictable annual cycle, making it an important cue for the timing of seasonal behavior and development in many organisms. Photoperiod is widely used among temperate and polar animals to regulate the timing of sexual maturation. The proper sensing and interpretation of photoperiod can be tightly tied to an organism’s overall fitness. In photoperiodic mammals and birds the thyroid hormone pathway initiates sexual maturation, but the degree to which this pathway is conserved across other vertebrates is not well known. We use the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, as a representative teleost to quantify the photoperiodic response of key genes in the thyroid hormone pathway under controlled laboratory conditions. We find that the photoperiodic responses of the hormones are largely consistent amongst multiple populations, although differences suggest physiological adaptation to various climates. We conclude that the thyroid hormone pathway initiates sexual maturation in response to photoperiod in G. aculeatus, and our results show that more components of this pathway are conserved among mammals, birds, and teleost fish than was previously known. However, additional endocrinology, cell biology and molecular research will be required to define precisely which aspects of the pathway are conserved across vertebrates.
There is Limited Evidence to Support the Association between Severe Mental Illness and Poor Oral Health

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Advanced dental disease in people with severe mental illness: systematic review and meta-analysis. Kisely S, Quek L-H, Pais J, Lalloo R, Johnson NW, Lawrence D. Br J Psychiatry 2011;199:187-93. Reviewer Hoda M. Abdellatif, BDS, MPH, Dr PH Purpose/Question How does the oral health status of individuals with severe mental illness compare with that of the general population? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Systematic review with a meta-analysis Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Short- and long-term effects of thinning and prescribed fire on carbon stocks in ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona

Abstract Euro–American logging practices, intensive grazing, and fire suppression have increased the amount of carbon that is stored in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex Laws) forests in the southwestern United States. Current stand conditions leave these forests prone to high-intensity wildfire, which releases a pulse of carbon emissions and shifts carbon storage from live trees to standing dead trees and woody debris. Thinning and prescribed burning are commonly used to reduce the risk of intense wildfire, but also reduce on-site carbon stocks and release carbon to the atmosphere. This study quantified the impact of thinning on the carbon budgets of five ponderosa pine stands in northern Arizona, including the fossil fuels consumed during logging operations. We used the pre- and post-treatment data on carbon stocks and the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FEE–FVS) to simulate the long-term effects of intense wildfire, thinning, and repeated prescribed burning on stand carbon storage. The mean total pre-treatment carbon stock, including above-ground live and dead trees, below-ground live and dead trees, and surface fuels across five sites was 74.58 Mg C ha−1 and the post-treatment mean was 50.65 Mg C ha−1 in the first post-treatment year. The mean total carbon release from slash burning, fossil fuels, and logs removed was 21.92 Mg C ha−1. FEE–FVS simulations showed that thinning increased the mean canopy base height, decreased the mean crown bulk density, and increased the mean crowning index, and thus reduced the risk of high-intensity wildfire at all sites. Untreated stands that incurred wildfire once within the next 100 years or once within the next 50 years had greater mean net carbon storage after 100 years compared to treated stands that experienced prescribed fire every 10 years or every 20 years. Treated stands released greater amounts of carbon overall due to repeated prescribed fires, slash burning, and 100% of harvested logs being counted as carbon emissions because they were used for short-lived products. However, after 100 years treated stands stored more carbon in live trees and less carbon in dead trees and surface fuels than untreated stands burned by intense wildfire. The long-term net carbon storage of treated stands was similar or greater than untreated wildfire-burned stands only when a distinction was made between carbon stored in live and dead trees, carbon in logs was stored in long-lived products, and energy in logging slash substituted for fossil fuels.
A Comparison of Three Measures of Cognitive Load: Evidence for Separable Measures of Intrinsic, Extraneous, and Germane Load

Understanding how to measure cognitive load is a fundamental challenge for cognitive load theory. In 2 experiments, 155 college students (ages = 17 to 22; 49 men and 106 women) with low domain knowledge learned from a multimedia lesson on electric motors. At 8 points during learning, their cognitive load was measured via self-report scales (mental effort ratings) and response time to a secondary visual monitoring task, and they completed a difficulty rating scale at the end of the lesson. Correlations among the three measures were generally low. Analyses of variance indicated that the response time measure was most sensitive to manipulations of extraneous processing (created by adding redundant text), effort ratings were most sensitive to manipulations of intrinsic processing (created by sentence complexity), and difficulty ratings were most sensitive to indications of germane processing (reflected by transfer test performance). Results are consistent with a triarchic theory of cognitive load in which different aspects of cognitive load may be tapped by different measures of cognitive load.
Glutamate Decarboxylase Genes as a Prescreening Marker for Detection of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Groups

The enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is prevalent in Escherichia coli but few strains in the various pathogenic E. coli groups have been tested for GAD. Using PCR primers that amplify a 670-bp segment from the gadA and gadB genes encoding GAD, we examined the distribution of the gadAB genes among enteric bacteria. Analysis of 173 pathogenic E. coli strains, including 125 enterohemorrhagic E. coli isolates of the O157:H7 serotype and its phenotypic variants and 48 isolates of enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) serotypes, showed that gadAB genes were present in all these strains. Among the 22 non-E. coli isolates tested, only the 6 Shigella spp. carried gadAB. Analysis of naturally contaminated water and food samples using a gadAB-specific DNA probe that was labeled with digoxigenin showed that a gadAB-based assay is as reliable as standard methods that enumerate E. coli organisms on the basis of lactose fermentation. The presence of few E. coli cells initially seeded into produce rinsates could be detected by PCR to gadA/B genes after overnight enrichment. A multiplex PCR assay using the gadAB primers in combination with primers to Shiga toxin (Stx) genes stx(1) and stx(2) was effective in detecting STEC from the enrichment medium after seeding produce rinsate samples with as few as 2 CFU. The gadAB primers may be multiplexed with primers to other trait virulence markers to specifically identify other pathogenic E. coli groups.
A Minimal Parts Count, Low Power LORAN-C Receiver Based On 3-volt DSP Technology

Although originally targeted for the marine navigation market, Loran-C has recently experienced a phenomenal growth of popularity with aviators, campers, hikers and outdoors enthusiasts in gener- al.This market is discovering the utility of a system which has been a navigation tool for mariners since the 1960's. As the applications of Loran-C move into terrestrial and airborne situations, users require receivers with reduced power consumption and the ability to function with lower signal-to-noise ratios. This paper will propose a single solution to meet both of these requirements-a receiver based on new Digital Signal Processor which operates from a 3 volt supply, con- suming very little power 1.0 The LORAN-C Signal The Loran-C radionavigation system permits a user to determine geographic position based on relative arrival times of signals received from a chain of reference transmitting stations. The chain consists of one Master Station and from three to five Slave Stations, each trans- mitting pulse bursts, or groups, of 100 kHz camer. The signal from the Master Station consists of eight pulses spaced a 1 ms intervals and a ninth pulse which occurs 2 ms after the eighth pulse. The signals from the Slave Stations consist of eight pulses of 100 kHz carrier at 1 ms intervals. Figure 1 shows an oscilloscope display of a Slave Sta- tion taken from the output of the analog section of the prototype receiver.
A Simple Method for Raising Culicoides Variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

A simple method for raising small to large numbers of Culicoides variipennis is described. Total maintenance time is about 10 min daily, exclusive of blood-feeding. Some success has also been achieved rearing the ornithophilic C. crepuscularis.
A characterization of a class of butler groups

In this article, we characterize a class of corank-1 Butler groups of the form the kernel of the codiagonal given by where A = (A1… , An) is an n-tuple of nonzero subgroups of the additive group of rationals Q. Specifically, strongly indecomposable and are quasi-isomorphic if and only if there is a sequence A1,…, Am+1 of n-tuples of subgroups of Q such that A = A1,B = Am+1 and Ai+ is obtained from Ai by a two-vertex exchange for each i = 1,…, m.
Influence of endovascular training on fellowship and general surgical training

Abstract Purpose. As endovascular procedures develop, there is a risk of diminished training of residents and fellows in traditional open surgery. We evaluated the effect of our endovascular program, initiated in 1999 coincident with the Federal Drug Administration’s approval of endoluminal vascular aortic grafts, on the number of endovascular procedures and open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repairs performed in comparison to national trends. Methods. The experience of vascular fellows and chief residents at completion of training (1996–2002) was reviewed and compared with the national mean case numbers before and after initiation of our endovascular program. Results. The development of an endovascular program increased the total number of aneurysms repaired at the Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Medical School from 49 ± 15 to 92 ± 8 per year ( P P versus 157 ± 1 and 192 ± 4 versus 189 ± 4, respectively; P > 0.05). However, the average number of open AAA repairs performed nationally by general surgical chief residents decreased from 10 ± 0.3 to 9 ± 0.4 ( P Conclusion. An endovascular program can increase the total number of AAA repairs performed without influencing the total number of vascular operations performed by general surgical chief residents. There was a decrease in open AAA repairs performed nationally by general surgical chief residents. The advancement of endovascular therapies may decrease the number of open procedures available for trainees in both general and vascular surgery. Perhaps those that will specialize in the field of vascular surgery should have the benefit of those open procedures.
Sleep-disordered breathing, control of breathing, respiratory muscles, pulmonary function testing in AJRCCM 2003.

Sleep-disordered Breathing (41) Epidemiology (5) Risk Factors (1) Pathophysiology (17) Cardiovascular Mechanisms (4) Upper Airway Mechanisms (7) Control of Breathing (6) Clinical Aspects (5) In Critically Ill Patients (1) In Children (4) Diagnostic Techniques (1) Treatment (12) Airway Pressure and Flow (5) Pharmacotherapy (4) Mandibular Devices (1) Surgery (1) Obesity Management (1) Control of Breathing (8) Studies in Animals (3) Pathophysiological Studies in Volunteers (3) Control of Breathing in Clinical Disorders (2) Respiratory Muscles (18) Studies in Animals (1) Mechanical Ventilation (1) Pathophysiological Studies in Patients and Volunteers (17) Exercise and Peripheral Muscles (8) Chest Wall Motion (2) Diagnostic Studies (1) Respiratory Muscle Involvement in Clinical Disorders (6) Pulmonary Function Testing and Bronchoscopy (14) Equipment and Techniques (1) Epidemiologic and Genetic Studies (2) Preoperative (1) In Diabetes Mellitus (1) In Thalassemia (1) Physical Fitness (1) Bronchoscopy (7)
Urodynamic testing in children: Indications, technique, interpretation and significance

Purpose: Urodynamic studies in children have been performed with increasing frequency as the techniques, reproducibility and reliability of the testing have been refined in the last quarter century. Children of all ages and with a variety of comorbidities are now often referred for urodynamic testing to evaluate and understand the causes of incontinence and/or persistence of lower urinary tract symptoms, as well as to appropriately define and evaluate treatment regimens.Materials and Methods: We performed a MEDLINE® search for relevant articles on urinary tract dysfunction, neurogenic bladder and urodynamic studies in the pediatric population. We also included 3 major textbooks that addressed the subject matter.Results: We review the current indications for urodynamic studies in children with nonneurogenic and neurogenic bladder dysfunction. We summarize the components and techniques of the current practice of urodynamic studies in the pediatric population, and explain how to identify abnormal results.Con...
Performance of Submerged Ogee-Crest Weir Head-Discharge Relationships

Submergence is defined as the ratio of the tailwater to the headwater, both measured relative to the weir crest. The performance of published submerged ogee-crest head-discharge relationships was investigated in this study. Four submerged and one free-flow head-discharge relationship were evaluated relative to a submerged ogee-crest data set covering a range of tailwater elevations, discharges, and weir geometries. For submergence levels 0.8, the accuracies of all but one of the head-discharge relationships were very poor. For such high submergence levels, more accurate methods are needed for predicting submerged ogee-crest head-discharge relationships.
A formative midterm test increases accuracy of identifying students at risk of failing a third year surgery clerkship

Abstract Background Providing midclerkship feedback to identify students at risk for failing is a Liaison Committee on Medical Education standard. Objective criteria for that feedback are critical. The investigators studied the value of a formative midterm (MT) test in identifying students at risk for failing a surgery clerkship. Methods A written midclerkship test, which did not contribute to the final grade, was administered (n = 155). The Bayesian specificity, sensitivity, and predictive values for clerkship failure of low MT score, low global clinical performance rating GCPR, and the combination of low MT and low GCPR were computed. Results Low MT as a predictor of clerkship failure was sensitive (1.0) but not specific (.35). Likewise, low GCPR was sensitive (1.0) but not specific (.31). The combination of low MT and GCPR, however, was both specific (1.0) and sensitive (.87). Conclusions The addition of an MT test to clinical performance ratings can stratify students' risk for clerkship failure.
Pharmacological Treatment and Current Management of Peripheral Artery Disease

Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are at heightened risk of both systemic cardiovascular adverse events, as well as limb-related morbidity. The optimal management of patients with PAD requires a comprehensive treatment strategy incorporating both lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation and exercise, as well as optimal medical therapy. Pharmacological therapies for patients with PAD are targeted both at modifying broad risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events, as well as reducing limb-related morbidity. Observational data suggest that indicated pharmacological treatments are greatly underutilized in PAD, underscoring the need for improvements in patient identification and care delivery. Ongoing trials of novel therapies in patients with PAD will further inform pharmacological strategies to reduce both systemic cardiovascular risk and limb-related morbidity.
Alternatives for measuring knee extension strength of the elderly at home

Objective: To examine the construct validity of three measures of knee extension strength obtained from elderly individuals.Design: Retrospective and cross-sectional.Setting: Home care.Subjects: Forty-one consecutively treated patients (mean age 79.2 years).Measures: Knee extension strength was measured using manual muscle testing, hand-held dynamometry, and the sit-to-stand test.Results: Convergent construct validity was supported by the significant correlations between the measures (rs = 0.578–0.702). Discriminant construct validity was confirmed by the finding of significant differences in the manual muscle test scores and in the hand-held dynamometer measures of patients who were unable versus able to stand from a chair without the upper extremities or help. The sensitivity of the two measures for discriminating between patients able versus unable to stand from a chair was 90.9% for manual testing and 68.2% for dynamometry. The specificity was 78.9% for manual testing and 94.7% for dynamometry.Conclus...
Impact of smoking cessation on global gene expression in bronchial epithelium of chronic smokers

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 880 Quit smoking is believed to reduce the risk of developing lung cancer. But little is known on the molecular level about the impact of smoking cessation. We compared global gene expression profiles in bronchial epithelial cells taken from current smokers (>20 pack years) with that from former smokers (>20 pack years history but ceased smoking for least 12 months). Affymetrix HG-U133A microarrays were used to measure gene expression profiles in 20 bronchial brush samples obtained from 15 individuals including 10 current smokers and 5 former smokers who participated in an ongoing chemoprevention clinical trial. All individuals had available baseline bronchial brush samples and 5 individuals in the placebo treatment group had also samples obtained after 3 months. Among ∼16,000 unique genes analyzed, we identified a list of ∼80 genes differentially expressed in the bronchial epithelium between the current and former smokers with the estimated 15% false discovery rate. To validate the list, we used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to measure gene expression of 5 selected genes and obtained very good concordance with the microarray results. To further determine the reliability of our data and to identify critical genes important in smoking induced carcinogenesis, we cross validated our microarray data with the microarray data recently reported by Spira et al (Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:10143-8, 2004), where gene expression profiles of bronchial epithelium from 34 current smokers and 18 former smokers were analyzed. Despite significant biases are expected between our study and that of Spira et al due to differences in sample preparation, individual genetic variation of the study cohorts, age, sex and criteria of smoking status, we found a rather remarkable concordance between the list of differentially expressed genes from our data and that of Spira et al.’s study (R = 0.85, correlation with differential expression between current smoker vs. former smokers). When Log fold-change >0.3 was used for expression change in both datasets with P <0.01 in our dataset, we identified 12 unique genes consisting 11 up-regulated genes in current smokers involving in carcinogen detoxification as well as oncogenic process and only one down-regulated gene (hypothetical protein [FLJ10134][1]). Our study demonstrates first time that the global gene expression analysis is highly reliable and if perform properly may be used for a meta-analysis of data generated from different groups. We have also identified a panel of genes that are induced by active smoking and may play critical role in both carcinogen detoxification and carcinogenesis. (Supported in part by NCI PO1 CA91844 and DOD DAMD17-01-1-0689) [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GENPEPT&access_num=FLJ10134&atom=%2Fcanres%2F65%2F9_Supplement%2F207.1.atom
Sequence specificity of docetaxel (Doc) and the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 combinations in androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer (CaP)

13150Background: AI CaP is an invariably fatal disease. While treatment with Doc, a microtubule-stabilizing taxane, improves survival, patient outcomes remain suboptimal. PS-341 inhibits degradatio...
Preparation of Biocatalytic Microparticles by Interfacial Self-Assembly of Enzyme-Nanoparticle Conjugates Around a Cross-Linkable Core.

Abstract Rational design of hierarchical interfacial assembly of reusable biocatalytic microparticles is described in this chapter. Specifically, purified enzymes and functionalized nanoparticles are electrostatically assembled at the interface of cross-linked microparticles which are formed through ring opening metathesis polymerization. The diameters of microparticle assemblies average 10 μm, and they show enhanced kinetic efficiency as well as improved stability against heat, pH, and solvent denaturation when compared to stabilities of the corresponding native enzymes.
Synodic monthly modulation of the diurnal rhythm of hamsters.

SummaryFurther evidence is submitted that a terrestrial mammal, the hamster, has a deep-seated lunar rhythmic component which appears to be derived directly in response to subtle, pervasive geophysical variations. This is reflected in the degree of spontaneous activity and hence would obviously be importantly reflected in standard metabolic rate. The mean monthly range for the motor activity is more than 15%. This suggests that a sol-lunar rhythmic complex such as is now well-established for marine intertidal species occurs also in non-marine forms. It also suggests strongly that fluctuations in hitherto largely disregarded pervasive, weak geophysical variations have substantial influences upon mammals.
Effects of shock intensity on nondiscriminative avoidance learning of rats in a shuttlebox

Twenty-four rats were given 10 1-hr. sessions in a shuttlebox under conditions of nondiscriminative avoidance training. Half the Ss were trained with a high shock source of 250 v and half were trained with a moderate shock source of 75 v (150,000 ohms in series). Ss trained with 75 v made significantly more avoidance responses and they received significantly fewer shocks than Ss trained with 250 v. High shock intensity led to a general response suppression that was reflected in relatively poor avoidance learning.
Scientific misconduct and the responsible conduct of research in science and economics

Considered here are matters relating to the responsible conduct of research in economics and science in the United States for the last forty years. In science there was a “late 20th century wave” of scientific misconduct and then a “millennial wave”. For economics in the former era, episodes of honest error and replication failure occurred. Recently plagiarism and data manipulation have been reported. Overall few economists seem to fabricate data, but falsification of data, replication failure, and plagiarism occur. Furthermore, replication failure is the one thing that scientific misconduct and honest error have in common. In economics and compared to the sciences, there have been no misconduct hearings, no economist has been charged with a crime, nor has anyone served time in prison for scientific misconduct. Science and economics seem to be sufficiently self-corrective so that systemic science failure does not utterly thwart scientific progress in the long run.
Cyclical Abnormalities in the Bactericidal Function, Superoxide Production, and Lysozyme Activity of Neutrophils Obtained from a Healthy Woman During Menstruation: Reversal by Pretreatment with Aspirin

Neutrophils obtained from most of 13 healthy young women during menstruation and those obtained from the same women on nonmenstrual days killed comparable numbers of Staphylococcus aureus strain 502A, produced comparable amounts of superoxide anion, and had comparable lysozyme levels. In contrast, neutrophils obtained from a few women during menstruation exhibited decreased function. In particular, neutrophils from one healthy woman developed transient menstrual period-related abnormalities in bactericidal function, superoxide anion production, and lysozyme activity and release; these abnormalities occurred during each of three menstrual periods tested but not during three menstrual periods following the ingestion of aspirin for 14 days. The results suggest that menstrual period-related dysfunction of neutrophils may occur in some healthy women, sometimes rendering them more susceptible to menstrual period-related infections.
Luminescent Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals Containing Copper: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Applications

Copper-doped semiconductors are classic phosphor materials that have been used in a variety of applications for many decades. Colloidal copper-doped semiconductor nanocrystals have recently attracted a great deal of interest because they combine the solution processability and spectral tunability of colloidal nanocrystals with the unique photoluminescence properties of copper-doped semiconductor phosphors. Although ternary and quaternary semiconductors containing copper, such as CuInS2 and Cu2ZnSnS4, have been studied primarily in the context of their photovoltaic applications, when synthesized as colloidal nanocrystals, these materials have photoluminescence properties that are remarkably similar to those of copper-doped semiconductor nanocrystals. This review focuses on the luminescent properties of colloidal copper-doped, copper-based, and related copper-containing semiconductor nanocrystals. Fundamental investigations into the luminescence of copper-containing colloidal nanocrystals are reviewed in th...
X-ray Polycrystalline Diffraction Analysis of Thin Films

The application of the X-ray powder diffraction technique for the characterization of thin films is descussed. The conventional powder diffraction method can be used for the microstructure analysis, and the specular reflection method for the layer-structure analysis of thin films. Results on the characterization of selected single- and multiple-layer thin films are presented to illustrate the types of information that can be obtained with the methods.
Regulation, genetics, and properties of adenylosuccinate synthetase: a review.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses regulation, genetics, and the properties of adenylosuccinate synthetase. Adenylosuccinate formed by adenylosuccinate synthetase is cleaved by adenylosuccinate lyase to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The two-step conversion of inosine 5' monophosphate (IMP) to AMP is similar to both the conversion of citrulline to arginine, which involves formation of argininosuccinate as an intermediate, and formation of 5-amino-imidazole 4-carboxamide ribonucleotide from 5-aminoimidazole 4-carboxylate ribonucleotide as part of IMP biosynthesis. Adenylosuccinate lyase is a dual-function enzyme catalyzing the cleavage of both adenylosuccinate and 5-aminoimidazole 4- N -succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide. The determination of the enzymatic activity of adenylosuccinate synthetase is most easily accomplished by observing the increase in absorbance at 280 nm, accompanying the conversion of IMP to adenylosuccinate. The most versatile system for the synthetase assay utilizes endogenous or added lyase and adenylate kinase to trap the adenylosuccinate into adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate. Adenylosuccinate synthetase is subject to feedback and product inhibition by AMP, adenylosuccinate, guanosine diphosphate, and guanosine monophosphate.
Making “sense” of ethical decision making

Abstract A common management task in organizations is decision making, and some of the most important decisions made by business leaders are those that involve an ethical component. This study utilizes historiometric methods to explore the ethical decision making processes of business leaders in order to improve outcomes. We identify a series of cognitive biases and metacognitive strategies and explore their effects on leader ethical decision making using a sensemaking model. The impact of biases and strategies at each stage of the sensemaking model is used to identify ways business leaders can improve ethical decision making. Implications for using the sensemaking model in ethical decision making are discussed.
Teaching Science and Engineering through Reconstruction of Historic Inventions

The rapid adoption of Maker Spaces in schools offers opportunities for students to design and fabricate their own inventions. Smithsonian Invention Kits provide a framework that allows students to explore and learn science and engineering through reconstruction of historic inventions.
Economic and Environmental Impact of Rice Blast Pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae) Alleviation in the United States

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is a key concern in combating global food insecurity given the disease is responsible for approximately 30% of rice production losses globally-the equivalent of feeding 60 million people. These losses increase the global rice price and reduce consumer welfare and food security. Rice is the staple crop for more than half the world's population so any reduction in rice blast would have substantial beneficial effects on consumer livelihoods. In 2012, researchers in the US began analyzing the feasibility of creating blast-resistant rice through cisgenic breeding. Correspondingly, our study evaluates the changes in producer, consumer, and environmental welfare, if all the rice produced in the Mid-South of the US were blast resistant through a process like cisgenics, using both international trade and environmental assessment modeling. Our results show that US rice producers would gain 69.34 million dollars annually and increase the rice supply to feed an additional one million consumers globally by eliminating blast from production in the Mid-South. These results suggest that blast alleviation could be even more significant in increasing global food security given that the US is a small rice producer by global standards and likely experiences lower losses from blast than other rice-producing countries because of its ongoing investment in production technology and management. Furthermore, results from our detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) show that producing blast-resistant rice has lower environmental (fossil fuel depletion, ecotoxicity, carcinogenics, eutrophication, acidification, global warming potential, and ozone depletion) impacts per unit of rice than non-blast resistant rice production. Our findings suggest that any reduction in blast via breeding will have significantly positive impacts on reducing global food insecurity through increased supply, as well as decreased price and environmental impacts in production.
The State of Social Computing Research: A Literature Review and Synthesis using the Latent Semantic Analysis Approach

Social computing is an emerging research discipline. The number of publications on social computing has increased by 120% annually in the past four years. Despite the proliferation of studies in this area there is a lack of comprehensive, unified, and systematic characterization of this phenomenon. The definition and characterization of this phenomenon in the extant literature is diverse and fragmented. In this paper we attempt to bring some clarity by synthesizing and summarizing the extant literature in this area. We use Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), a text mining and natural language processing technique, to summarize the state of social computing research. The results show that there are 27 unique dimensions which currently characterize this concept. LSA also reveals that, the 266 articles found in the literature predominantly focus on three major research themes namely, Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Sharing, and Content Management in the Social Computing context.
Developing Students’ Geometric Reasoning about the Derivative of Complex Valued Functions

In this article, we describe the results of a case study examining the development of two undergraduate students’ geometric reasoning about the derivative of a complex-valued function with the aid of The Geometer’s Sketchpad (GSP). Initially, our participants saw it in terms of the slope of the tangent line. Without the aid of GSP, they could describe the rotation and dilation aspect of the derivative for linear complex-valued functions, but were unable to generalize this perception to non-linear ones. Participants’ use of GSP assisted with exploring function behavior, generalizing how for non-linear complex-valued functions the derivative describes the rotation and dilation of an image with respect to its pre-image, and recognizing that the derivative is a local property.
Effect of Maryland’s 2011 Alcohol Sales Tax Increase on Alcohol-Positive Driving

Introduction The 2011 Maryland alcohol sales tax increase from 6% to 9% provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact on rates of alcohol-positive drivers involved in injury crashes. Methods Maryland police crash reports from 2001 to 2013 were analyzed using an interrupted time series design and a multivariable analysis employing generalized estimating equations models with a negative binomial distribution. Data were analyzed in 2014–2015. Results There was a significant gradual annual reduction of 6% in the population-based rate of all alcohol-positive drivers (p Conclusions The 2011 Maryland alcohol sales tax increase led to a significant reduction in the rate of all alcohol-positive drivers involved in injury crashes especially among drivers aged 15–34 years. This is the first study to examine the impact of alcohol sales taxes on crashes; previous research focused on excise tax. Increasing alcohol taxes is an important but often neglected intervention to reduce alcohol-impaired driving.
Analog limitations for high-speed digital radios: Where the bits stop working

Fundamental physical constraints, such as noise and channel capacity, set an upper bound to theoretical performance of many systems. In this work we examine the limitations of high-speed data in modern digital wireless radio systems. Although physical constraints provide an ultimate limit, we show that signal-to-noise-plus-distortion-ratio (SNDR) and nonlinearity of modern CMOS and Bipolar technologies limit current performance well before physical limitations. By examining several example circuit topologies used in data conversion in digital radios, we show that 3rd order harmonics (HD 3 ) likely set the practical barrier to high data rates at SNDRs above 40 dB and sampling rates above 20 GS/s.
Pornography and Representations of Women: The Secret Agent and Victory

Focusing on staged representations of women in The Secret Agent and Victory, this chapter considers Conrad’s ironic treatment of the family pornography shop in The Secret Agent and its unappealing merchandise as a kind of inversion of pornographic representation that serves to expose women’s positioning in both novels as desirable commodities with a lack of autonomy in their lives. Conrad depicts a range of representations of women in these novels, portraying Lombroso’s criminal anthropology as effectively pornographic and dismissing the political possibility of women’s liberation as another artificial role foisted on women. Framing both women in sensational narratives, Conrad dramatizes the ways in which their choices are shaped by Victorian gender categories and the familiar representations that support those categories.
Canal of Nuck hernia containing pelvic structures presenting as a labial mass.

Abstract Although rare, canal of Nuck hernias containing pelvic structures or peritoneal contents are an important differential consideration in the pediatric setting of a palpable labial mass. This diagnosis should be considered early as there is a high rate of associated ovarian torsion in the setting of incarcerated hernias containing ovaries. Early sonographic evaluation is crucial to establish the diagnosis. We report an extremely rare case of a 2-month-old who presented with right labial swelling due to a canal of Nuck hernia containing the uterus, the ipsilateral ovary, and the fallopian tube.
Analyzing Interactions of Asynchronously Communicating Software Components

Since software systems are becoming increasingly more concurrent and distributed, modeling and analysis of interactions among their components is a crucial problem. In several application domains, message-based communication is used as the interaction mechanism, and the communication contract among the components of the system is specified semantically as a state machine. In the service-oriented computing domain this type of message-based communication contracts are called “choreography” specifications. A choreography specification identifies allowable ordering of message exchanges in a distributed system. A fundamental question about a choreography specification is determining its realizability, i.e., given a choreography specification, is it possible to build a distributed system that communicates exactly as the choreography specifies? In this short paper we give an overview of this problem, summarize some of the recent results and discuss its application to web service choreographies, Singularity OS channel contracts, and UML collaboration (communication) diagrams.
Assessment of fruit aroma for twenty-seven guava (Psidium guajava) accessions through three fruit developmental stages

Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava) fruit are valued for their rich, tropical aroma, but fruit quality data are lacking for many important cultivars. Guava is native to warm-climate areas of the Americas and is grown commercially in southern Florida, USA. Varieties relevant to south Florida display a high level of morphological diversity, including fruit color and shape. Fruit are commercially available at either a mature green stage which are harvested prior to full aroma development, or as mature yellow fruit which possess a full aroma profile. We sampled 27 guava accessions growing at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center for aroma at immature, mature green, and mature yellow fruit developmental stages. Variability in pulp pH (3–4.6) was not indicative of fruit maturity, but titratable acidity (0.17–3.6%) did decrease throughout fruit development. Aroma profiles showed significant differences among accessions. Some volatiles including hexanal, (E)-caryophyllene, and (E)-2-hexenal were common across guava accessions and were present at all developmental stages. Other compounds including (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, and ethyl octanoate had the greatest abundance only at the mature yellow stage of fruit development. Limonene, (E)-cadina-1,4-diene, and β-ionone were abundant in some accessions and not detected in others (21, 10, and 14 out of 27 accessions, respectively). This work describes the comparative diversity of guava fruit quality for a large number of accessions through fruit development for the first time. Furthermore, these fruit quality data could support future breeding work towards the genetic improvement of guava flavor.