cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A strongly implicit procedure for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations

The strongly implicit procedure of Stone is used to obtain numerical solutions of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in conservative form. In contrast to the spatially split Douglas-Gunn type methods, the method is shown to be numerically stable for the three-dimensional wave equation. The method is applied to a variety of external and internal two-dimensional flow problems involving shock wave boundary-layer interaction for both laminar and turbulent flows. The results are in good agreement with other methods and/or experiments. The storage penalty associated with the method is discussed and a simple, yet effective, means of minimizing the problem is presented.
The indigenous flora of the gastrointestinal tract

The bacterial species that are most abundant in the gastrointestinal tract under normal conditions are anaerobic and have exacting growth requirements. As they display only a narrow range of biochemical activities, it is probable that the chemical transformation of metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract is less pronounced when these organisms predominate than when others gain the upper hand under pathologic conditions. In other words, the composition of the gastrointestinal flora determines the nature of the bioactive substances that are produced through metabolic transformation of amino acids, bile acids and other metabolites. Such biochemical activities may be as important as the orthodox pathologic lesions caused by pathogens.
The theoretical basis for practice-relevant medication use research: patient-centered/behavioral theories.

Abstract Background There is an urgent need for research to improve the quality of medication use among those who require pharmacotherapy. Objective To describe how behavioral science theories can help to achieve this goal. Methods We begin by describing what a theory is and the functions that theories serve. We then provide 8 guiding principles that are crucial for investigators to understand if they are to use theory appropriately. We conclude by discussing the need for a new model of patient medication self-management that incorporates information concerning factors operating at all levels of the ecological framework, ranging from patient-level to societal-level factors. Results The 8 guiding principles discussed are the following: (1) There is no single theory that is appropriate for guiding all medication use research; (2) Behavioral science theories are probabilistic, not deterministic; (3) When trying to influence a health behavior, the health behavior of interest must be defined precisely; (4) Many factors outside of patient control influence patient medication use; (5) Every patient is unique; (6) Patient motivation is a fundamental ingredient required to optimize medication use, especially when maintenance of long term behavior is the goal; (7) Health care providers can have a profound effect on patient medication use, and this effect can operate through several possible causal pathways; and (8) When planning an intervention to optimize medication use, it is important to develop a conceptual model that links intervention inputs to the ultimate outcomes that are desired. Conclusion Medication use can be influenced by a wide variety of factors acting at different levels of the ecological model. The quality of research on medication use could be improved by development of an ecological model specific to medication self-management.
Perfusion safety: Past, present, and future

Safe cardiopulmonary bypass has been paramount from its first use in the early 1950s until the present. The original perfusion circuits incorporated complex feedback loops and multiple safety devices. As circuits improved and became simpler to operate, advances in safety did not always keep pace. Surveys have illustrated areas that needed improvement and extra attention has been focused on those problems. As the field of perfusion evolved, so has the perfusionist. Perfusion has progressed from on-the-job training to formalized training, certification, and accreditation, and is now approaching national standardization. As the computer age proceeds, the use of safety devices and feedback mechanisms whose developments have been aided by the newly available technologies increases. As the 21st century approaches, cardiopulmonary bypass will continue to become safer, but the perfusionist must continue to stay up-to-date in education and remain vigilant while in the operating room.
The Oxford Frederick Douglass reader

William Andrews collects in one volume the most outstanding and representative work from Frederick Douglass's fifty-year writing career. This text offers the most complete, diverse, and personally revealing record available of nineteenth-century black America's most celebrated writer.
Antisense inhibition of hypertension: A new strategy for renin-angiotensin candidate genes

Antisense inhibition of hypertension: A new strategy for renin-angiotensin candidate genes. There are several ways of experimentally studying the influence of candidate genes on hypertension. The approach proposed here is antisense inhibition with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) constructed to the 5′ region of known sequences of angiotensinogen mRNA and angiotensin II type-1 receptor mRNA. The AS-ODNs were applied in vivo and in vitro . In vivo , direct injection of 50 µg of AS-ODN into the lateral ventricles of SHR reduced hypertension significantly (P 1 receptor mRNA also produced a long-lasting decrease in blood pressure in SHR (7 days). After AS-ODN treatment AT 1 receptors were reduced in the PVN and anterior third ventricle area and Ang II levels were reduced in the brainstem. The results show the in vivo feasibility of using antisense inhibition of renin-angiotensin mRNA to reduce hypertension.
Causal Behavior of Switched Delay Systems as Multi-Mode Multi-Dimensional Systems*

Abstract This paper is about minimal causal models for delay systems, where the delay is switched between fixed values. Deterministic and random switching are discussed. General properties of multi-mode multidimensional (M 3 D) systems are described. We digress about the constraint “delay derivative > 1” that needs to be imposed on any delay system. Its relevance stems from the fact that a causal minimal representation of a switched delay system must be cast as an M 3 D system. The backwards Kolmogorov equation for a delay system where switching occurs at Poisson times (PM 3 D) is derived. The multidimensional character adds a new twist to this problem: the backward equation is given as a set of coupled PDE's involving unknown functions with different number of arguments.
Information Technology in Education: Some Reasons for Optimism

This article identifies three innovations with great promise for improving the use of information technology in education. The Semantic Web, discourse analysis, and social network analysis are briefly described, and their potential contributions to education are highlighted. Two articles in this issue are identified as highly meritorious in promoting the integration of information technology in education.
The use of initial fees and royalties in business‐format franchising

This paper provides an explanation of franchising's fee structure, drawing on principal agency and labor economics theory. The predictive framework includes constructs such as channel control, franchisor services, franchisee risk and the franchisor's capital constraints. The empirical investigation of a representative sample of franchise chains indicates that channel control is the major factor influencing the payment design. The results are used to test managerial implications about the use of an optimal fee structure in the growth of chains.
Coronagraphic Wavefront Control for the ATLAST-9.2m Telescope

The Advanced Technology for Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) concept was assessed as one of the NASA Astrophysics Strategic Mission Concepts (ASMC) studies. Herein we discuss the 9.2-meter diameter segmented aperture version and its wavefront sensing and control (WFSC) with regards to coronagraphic detection and spectroscopic characterization of exoplanets. The WFSC would consist of at least two levels of sensing and control: (i) an outer coarser level of sensing and control to phase and control the segments and secondary mirror in a manner similar to the James Webb Space Telescope but operating at higher temporal bandwidth, and (ii) an inner, coronagraphic instrument based, fine level of sensing and control for both amplitude and wavefront errors operating at higher temporal bandwidths. The outer loop would control rigid-body actuators on the primary and secondary mirrors while the inner loop would control one or more segmented deformable mirror to suppress the starlight within the coronagraphic field-of view. Herein we discuss the visible nulling coronagraph (VNC) and the requirements it levies on wavefront sensing and control and show the results of closed-loop simulations to assess performance and evaluate the trade space of system level stability versus control bandwidth.
Alu element mutation spectra: molecular clocks and the effect of DNA methylation

In primate genomes more than 40% of CpG islands are found within repetitive elements. With more than one million copies in the human genome, the Alu family of retrotransposons represents the most successful short interspersed element (SINE) in primates and CpG dinucleotides make up about 20% of Alu sequences. It is generally thought that CpG dinucleotides mutate approximately ten times faster than other dinucleotides due to cytosine methylation and the subsequent deamination and conversion of C-->T. However, the disparity of Alu subfamily age estimations based upon CpG or non-CpG substitution density indicates a more complex relationship between CpG and non-CpG substitutions within the Alu elements. Here we report an analysis of the mutation patterns for 5296 Alu elements comprising 20 subfamilies. Our results indicate a relatively constant CpG versus non-CpG substitution ratio of approximately 6 for the young (AluY) and intermediate (AluS) Alu subfamilies. However, a more complex non-linear relationship between CpG and non-CpG substitutions was observed when old (AluJ) subfamilies were included in the analysis. These patterns may be the result of the slowdown of the neutral mutation rate during primate evolution and/or an increase in the CpG mutation rate as the consequence of increased DNA methylation in response to a burst of retrotransposition activity approximately 35 million years ago.
Prediction of risk in kindergarten children.

A human figure drawing test (one of five tests in a developmental assessment battery) and two of five demographic variables (sex and marital status) were significantly associated with indices of educational and emotional risk for 263 kindergartners.
Imagery and verbal coding approaches in Chinese vocabulary instruction

This study consists of two instructional experiments. Within the framework of dual coding theory, the study compares the learning effects of two instructional encoding methods used in Chinese vocabulary instruction among students learning beginning Chinese as a foreign language. One method uses verbal encoding only, and the other method uses verbal encoding plus imagery encoding. Learning concrete words and abstract words is examined under these two encoding methods. The result shows that, compared with the verbal encoding method, the verbal plus imagery encoding method does not show a superior effect in retention of the sound, shape, and meaning of concrete words, but statistically significant differences are present in retention of the shape and meaning of abstract words. The study supports dual coding theory and confirms the importance of visual learning in Chinese vocabulary acquisition.
Medical imaging: the radiation issue

The collective doses of ionizing radiation to Western populations have risen dramatically in the past three decades. Preliminary data on changes in radiation dose to the US population indicate that this increase has been driven largely by medical imaging, to which cardiovascular imaging modalities-such as nuclear stress testing, invasive coronary angiography, and cardiovascular CT-contribute greatly. Given the putative association between low-dose radiation exposure and cancer risk, which most experts agree is supported by the available evidence, the 'radiation issue' in medical imaging has garnered increasing interest. This opinion piece focuses on changes in the use of and doses from medical imaging, the relationship between radiation dose and cancer risk and the controversy surrounding this subject, and clinical implications of radiation exposure from imaging tests.
Rheology of decolorized hsian-tsao leaf gum in the dilute domain

Abstract The polysaccharide extract of hsian-tsao leaves was treated with active carbon. Decolorized hsian-tsao leaf gum (dHG) solutions were then evaluated for their rheological properties as a function of concentration, ionic strength and ion types by using a glass capillary viscometer and dynamic rheometer. It was found that the weight average molecular weight of dHG in 0.1 M sodium chloride solution was about 550,000, with a Mark–Houwink constant and exponent of 9.32×10 −6 ml / g and 0.29, respectively, indicating a less extended conformation. The specific viscosity of dHG exhibited a power-law dependence on concentration. The exponent b ranged from 0.78 to 0.80 in the dilute domain and from 1.67 to 1.71 in the semi-dilute domain. The coil overlap parameter of the dHG was found to be in the range of 13.32–13.42. The hydrodynamic behavior of dHG was strongly affected by ion types and ionic strength. The chain stiffness parameter of dHG was lower than that of several polysaccharides, indicating the stiff backbone of dHG. Dynamic rheological results indicated that the storage and loss modulus of dHG decreased with increasing sodium, potassium or magnesium ion concentrations, but increased with increasing calcium ion concentrations. The dHG solutions can be classified rheologically as those of dilute or concentrated solutions or weak gels, depending on the types and concentrations of ions presented.
Interval estimation of generalized odds ratio in data with repeated measurements

When the underlying responses are on an ordinal scale, the generalized odds ratio (GOR), defined as the ratio of the proportions of concordant and discordant pairs, is a useful index to summarize the difference between two stochastically ordered distributions of an ordinal categorical variable. We discuss interval estimation of the GOR for ordinal data with repeated measurements. On the basis of the Dirichlet-multinomial model, we develop three asymptotic interval estimators of the GOR using Wald's test statistic, a logarithmic transformation, and a method analogous to Fieller's theorem, respectively. To evaluate and compare the finite-sample performance of these estimators, we apply Monte Carlo simulation. We find that when the number of subjects per group is not large, the coverage probability of interval estimator using Wald's test statistic is likely to be less than the desired confidence level. By contrast, the coverage probability of the other two estimators are approximately equal to or larger than the desired confidence level. When the number of subjects per group is small and the intraclass correlation between repeated measurements within subjects is large, we note that applying the interval estimator derived from a method analogous to Fieller's theorem can lose efficiency. We also note that the interval estimator using the logarithmic transformation is generally preferable to the other two estimators with respect to both the coverage probability and the average length. Finally, on the basis of a few preliminary simulations, we do find some robustness for all the estimators developed here. We include an example comparing the inflammation grade after lung transplant between surgeries to illustrate the use of the proposed interval estimators.
Factors that affect accountant's perceptions of alternative work arrangements

Abstract Advances in technology have impacted accounting careers with resulting changes in where, when and how accountants perform their job duties. In addition, employee attitudes towards, and need for, better work/life balance has led to more firms offering alternate work arrangements (AWA). Research suggests that AWA programs can lead to many benefits for both employers and employees. Despite the prevalence of these programs there are relatively few accountants working under these arrangements and concerns about work/life balance continue. This study examines factors that shape perceptions of the cost and benefits associated with the adoption and/or support of AWAs across work culture, gender and participation experience. Our results suggest that work environment had a significant effect on perceptions of AWAs. Public accountants perceived greater costs related to career advancement but correspondingly less concern about administrative issues than management accountants. We also found that accountants who have participated (or are currently participating in an AWA), perceived greater benefits and less concern for potential negative consequences to their careers than non-participants. Finally, women perceived greater benefits to result from participation in an AWA and men perceived correspondingly more costs. Regardless, both genders perceived that AWAs were not strictly a women's issue. These findings contribute to our understanding of alternate work arrangements and point to factors that must be addressed to increase the acceptance and success of these programs.
Coevolutionary automated software correction

This paper presents the Coevolutionary Automated Software Correction system, which addresses in an integral and fully automated manner the complete cycle of software artifact testing, error location, and correction phases. It employs a coevolutionary approach where software artifacts and test cases are evolved in tandem. The test cases evolve to better find flaws in the software artifacts and the software artifacts evolve to better behave to specification when exposed to the test cases, thus causing an evolutionary arms race. Experimental results are presented on the same test problem employed in the published results on the previous state-of-the-art automated software correction system.
Innovations in the Use of the Modern Hearing Aid

(1967). Innovations in the Use of the Modern Hearing Aid. International Audiology: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 311-321.
Hemangiomas of skeletal muscle: MR findings in five patients

Skeletal muscle hemangiomas are uncommon tumors of young adults. More than 90% are misdiagnosed preoperatively. Plain-film examinations, bone scans, CT studies, and angiography may not always be specific for this tumor. Seven MR examinations were performed in five young adult patients with pathologically proved skeletal muscle hemangiomas. All five hemangiomas showed high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images. The signal intensity in these tumors was less than that of subcutaneous fat on relatively T1-weighted images and greater than that of fat on relatively T2-weighted images. Four tumors had a serpiginous pattern. Four patients had focal muscle atrophy. Three patients had all three findings (high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images, serpiginous pattern, and associated focal muscle atrophy) while the other two patients had at least two of the three findings. These three patients did not undergo angiography or needle biopsies before surgery because the MR findings were highly suggestive of hemangioma. Our experience with this small series of patients suggests that skeletal muscle hemangiomas have a consistent appearance on MR. MR may be able to contribute significantly to the preoperative diagnosis of this tumor and may also supply valuable information about the extent of the lesion.
Treating prehypertension: medically sound and economically viable

AbstractThe 7th Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure provided new guide-lines for the definition and management of hypertension. Notably, a new category—“prehypertension”—was created for intermediate systolic pressures exceeding 120 mmHg, the upper limit of normal, but less than 139 mmHg, the threshold for stage 1 hypertension. The therapeutic consequences of this new classification are not yet clear, but research indicates that prehypertension is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular, cognitive, and renal morbidities as well as diabetes, and statistical data indicate that prehypertension is present in over 30% of US, European, and Asian adults. However, while pharmacotherapy is recommended for hypertension, the use of drugs to control prehypertension is under question. Given the serious health consequences linked with prehypertension, such debates seem misplaced if patient well-being is our priority. While acknowledging the lack of sp...
Static gravitational fields in general relativity

Static gravitational fields are defined in terms of the existence of a set of observers mutually « at rest » with respect to each observer’s Fermi coordinate frame. The Fermi co-ordinate frame is chosen because it is the only « non-rotating » frame for an observer. It is shown that this definition is equivalent to the usual one, and the time-reversibility of static fields is derived from the new definition. Application of Fermi cylindrical co-ordinates to an axially symmetric static field is discussed.
Value-based web caching

Despite traditional web caching techniques, redundant data is often transferred over HTTP links. These redundant transfers result from both resource modification and aliasing. Resource modification causes the data represented by a single URI to change; often, in transferring the new data, some old data is retransmitted. Aliasing, in contrast, occurs when the same data is named by multiple URIs, often in the context of dynamic or advertising content. Traditional web caching techniques index data by its name and thus often fail to recognize and take advantage of aliasing.Despite traditional web caching techniques, redundant data is often transferred over HTTP links. These redundant transfers result from both resource modification and aliasing. Resource modification causes the data represented by a single URI to change; often, in transferring the new data, some old data is retransmitted. Aliasing, in contrast, occurs when the same data is named by multiple URIs, often in the context of dynamic or advertising content. Traditional web caching techniques index data by its name and thus often fail to recognize and take advantage of aliasing.
Application and evaluation of novel optical-flow-based motion correction algorithms to breast MRI

Vision is typically considered the primary and most important of all the human senses. Motion detection, being a noncontact sense, allows us to extract vast quantities of information about our environment remotely and safely. The main motivation of this research contribution is the implementation of an architecture of a biologically inspired motion algorithm tuned specially to correct optical flow (motion) to breast MRI. Neuromorphic engineering is used, borrowing nature's templates as inspiration in the design of algorithms and architectures. The architectures used can be enhanced using psychophysical and bioinspired properties according to biological vision in order to mimic the performance of the mammalians.
Spatially Selective Manipulation of Supported Lipid Bilayers by Laminar Flow: Steps Toward Biomembrane Microfluidics†

The ability to manipulate supported lipid bilayers after formation on a substrate has made possible new classes of both molecular and cellular level experiments. In this report, we combine the unique properties of these lipid systems with laminar flow concepts to selectively remove, collect, and reconstitute lipid bilayers from specified regions of a surface. A stream of detergent solution was directed over a preformed bilayer, resulting in the removal of bilayer material; mixing between adjacent flows at low Reynolds number is diffusion limited, providing confinement of this stripping solution and, consequently, bilayer removal with precision on the order of several micrometers. The freshly exposed surface allows formation of new connected bilayer when exposed to lipid vesicles. In conjunction with surface micropatterning and electrophoretic manipulation, we further demonstrate a first-generation, membrane-based separation/purification strategy. Flow-based manipulation of lipid bilayers forms the basis o...
B MESON RADIATIVE EFFECTIVE NEUTRAL CURRENT ("PENGUIN") TRANSITION RATES

B meson radiative effective neutral current ("penguin") decays rates, including the b → sγ and b → dγ transitions, represent one of the most powerful indirect constraints on new physics scenarios. Approaches to the measurements of the b → sγ width are presented, and the combined result is compared to its Standard-Model expectation. Various approaches to studying the b → dγ transition involve a comparison to corresponding b → sγ processes, and are presented in terms of the extracted ratio of CKM coupling parameters |Vtd/Vts|, which is precisely constrained within the context of the Standard Model by measurements of B meson mixing. The relative accuracy of experimental constraints on radiative penguin transition rates are better than ±7% for b → sγ and ±20% for b → dγ/b → sγ. The implications of the increasingly precise complementary constraint on |Vtd/Vts| that arises from the measurement radiative penguin decay widths may not yet be fully appreciated. There is significant potential for the improvement of ...
Predicting maximum acceptable weights of symmetrical and asymmetrical loads for symmetrical and asymmetrical lifting

A simple model is presented for predicting maximum acceptable weights of symmetrical and asymmetrical loads (also known as psychophysical lifting capacity or capability) for symmetrical and asymmetrical lifting. Using 18 adult males as subjects, data were collected for a variety of symmetrical and asymmetrical lifting tasks. These data were used in developing and verifying the model. The proposed model includes both the worker variables and the task variables. A procedure is described for using the model to predict maximum weights of lift acceptable to industrial workers for shifts of varied durations.
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKADE AS THE TREATMENT OF ENDOTOXIN SHOCK IN NEWBORN PUPPIES

Previous studies have shown that pretreatment of adult rats with the calcium channel blocker diltiazem(DZ) attenuates the Endotoxin(ET) induced decrease in cardiac output(CO). We have now measured the CO(cardio-green technique of Arcilla and Rowe), mean arterial pressure(MAP) and heart rate(HR) in 45 new born mongrel puppies. The animals were divided into 3 groups: I. ET (1.5 mg/kg IV) without DZ; II. DZ (600 μg/kg IV) 20 min. prior to ET; III. (1200 μg/kg IV) 20 min. prior to ET. MAP, CO and HR measurements (mean value± SE, no. of animals given in parentheses) at 1 and 2 hours post Endotoxin. There was no significant effect of ET or DZ (either dose) on HR. Although ET significantly (P< .05) decreased CO (Pre vs. post ET). DZ pretreatment produced no significant CO changes. However, MAP was significantly affected by DZ (DZ pretreatment vs ET alone). These results suggest that in newborn puppies ET shock, DZ causes early hypotension w/o affecting CO.
Voltammetry of the iodine system in aqueous medium at the pyrolytic graphite electrode

Abstract The voltammetric behavior of the I 2 -I − system was studied with the P.G.E. At the P.G.E., a voltage scan of a solution of I − in acid or neutral medium shows three voltammetric waves that correspond to three successive oxidations. The peak potentials of these waves occur at about +0.5, +0.9, and +1.2 V vs . S.C.E. A solution of I 2 in the same medium exhibits two anodic waves that correspond to the latter two seen when I − is the electroactive species. The data indicate that the observed anodic waves result from the stepwise reaction The variables that affect these electrode reactions have been studied. It was established that the first anodic wave is suitable for the determination of I − . The second anodic wave has not been reported previously; on the basis of the data obtained, an electrode reaction for this wave is proposed.
The attitudes of medical and paramedical personnel toward computers.

Abstract A short attitude scale and an open-ended questionnaire were administered to 338 physicians, paramedical staff and students at one medical center in an attempt to provide information concerning the optimal interfacing of a computer-based information system with the medical staff. Factor analysis of responses to the attitude statements resulted in 4 distinct dimensions of computer attitudes. Seven groups were compared on the basis of these dimensions. Results showed that all groups are aware of the advanced capabilities of computers; interns, nurses and ancillary personnel expressed least willingness to use data processing systems while medical faculty, medical students and medical record librarian students were most receptive. A curvilinear relationship was found to exist between attitudes and level of physician training. Some suggestions are offered for the successful implementation of computer activities.
Division Two as a Source of Professional Growth and Development

This article summarizes some of the ways participation in APA's Division Two may promote professional growth and development. Division Two activities are grouped under three broad headings: Teaching of Psychology (ToP), convention attendance, and divisional governance. ToP is addressed from the perspectives of reading, reviewing, and submitting. Convention activities are considered as a source of continuing education and network building. Divisional governance is mentioned as a source of professional growth and network building.
A Rare Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Presenting as a Metastatic Right Ventricular Mass

A 74-year-old woman presented with bilateral lower extremity swelling, worsening dyspnea on exertion, and mild hemoptysis. An echocardiogram at time of admission showed a mass in the right ventricle. The pathology of a sample obtained via transvenous biopsy was consistent with squamous cell carcinoma; no primary source could initially be identified. Severe thrombocytopenia, likely consumptive, precluded surgical intervention, so the patient underwent palliative radiation. Unfortunately, she developed fatal respiratory failure. Upon autopsy, the bladder was found to contain polyps of invasive squamous cell carcinoma, similar in morphology to the tumor mass in the heart. Her lungs contained multiple tumor emboli at different stages, which was likely the final cause of her death. Squamous cell carcinoma metastases to the endocardium are extremely rare and without defined treatment. Surgery can improve prognosis in those with primary tumors that are benign or without metastases. In those with symptomatic metastatic tumors, palliative debulking can done although generally will not improve prognosis. It is currently unknown whether radiation improves survival. In this case, irradiation did destroy a portion of the tumor as the final pathology showed extensive necrosis of the tumor; unfortunately, it did not change her symptoms and did not change the final outcome.
Vertical gradient freeze growth of large diameter, low defect density indium phosphide

Abstract The demand for larger diameter, low dislocation density InP substrates has traditionally been filled by highly doped LEC-grown material. We describe the use of the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) technique to produce uniformly high quality wafers from 〈111〉 seeded, 750 g, 50 mm diameter single crystals. Typical dislocation levels are in the low 10 2 cm -2 range, independent of doping level. The dislocations are shown to be uniformly distributed across a wafer and from seed to tail. This adaptation of the VGF technique features seeded growth in pyrolytic boron nitride crucibles under low axial and radial thermal gradients as well as independent stoichiometry control. The reduction of thermally generated strain eliminates the need for impurity hardening of InP to achieve low defect levels. Comparisons with typical LEC results will be made in terms of growth striae, defect distribution and incidence of slip, as well as stoichiometry control. The design of the crystal growth equipment, the growth sequence and aspects of the process control will be discussed. Impurity incorporation will be discussed in terms of spark source mass spectrometry and low temperature compensation ratio estimates. Comparisons of room temperature mobilities are made with other high purity InP material.
Selenium and rabbit skeletal muscle aldolase and myosin.

SummaryInjection of rabbits with sublethal, sub-toxic amounts of Selenium-7 5 resulted in the incorporation of selenium into the muscle protein myosin and aldolase. About a third of the muscle Selenium-75 under conditions of our experiments was present in the protein myosin. Myosin isolated from the muscle of animals not treated with selenium contained 22.7 μg selenium per gram myosin and aldolase from animals not treated with selenium contained 12.6 μg selenium per gram. This quantity plus the amount incorporated in the experiments amounts to considerably less than 1 mole Se per mole myosin or per mole aldolase. This, coupled with the observation that selenium between 10-2 M and 10-6 M has no effect on catalytic activity of these enzymes, suggests that this trace element does not play a role in the action of these enzymes.
Electron impact ionization of the gas-phase sorbitol

Ionization and dissociative ionization of the sorbitol molecule by electron impact have been studied using two different experimental methods. In the mass range of m/z = 10–190, the mass spectra of sorbitol were recorded at the ionizing electron energies of 70 and 30 eV. The ion yield curves for the fragment ions have been analyzed and the appearance energies of these ions have been determined. The relative total ionization cross section of the sorbitol molecule was measured using monoenergetic electron beam. Possible fragmentation pathways for the sorbitol molecule were proposed.
The clocks that time us are not the same: A theory of temporal diversity, task characteristics, and performance in teams

Temporal individual differences are an under-explored, but research-worthy form of diversity in teams. Although persistent differences in how members think about and value time can profoundly influence team performance, the compositional impact of time-based individual differences is regularly overlooked. Optimal or suboptimal team performance can result because the composition of time-based individual differences is matched or unmatched (respectively) to task demands. Therefore, we offer a detailed presentation of how the configuration of four time-based individual differences (time urgency, time perspective, polychronicity, and pacing style) interact with two task typologies (task type and task complexity) to specify when elevation (mean) and diversity (dispersion) of temporal differences is helpful or harmful to team performance.
Fast Firing of a Lead‐Iron Niobate Dielectric Ceramic

A Pb(Fe, Nb)O3−Pb(Fe, W)O3−Pb(Zn, Nb)O3 dielectric ceramic fires at temperatures low enough for 100% silver electrodes to be used in multilayer capacitors made with the ceramic. Good dense Pb(Fe, Nb)O3, ceramics were obtained by fast, firing, i.e. by using rapid ramp rates and very short firing times. The densified ceramic was characterized by determination of its dielectric properties, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy.
The Influence of Finite Observation Intervals on the Measurement of Turbulent Diffusion Parameters.

Abstract The correlation functions obtained from truncated samples are expressed in terms of the sampling length and the correlation functions of the basic stationary random variables. The application of the results to diffusion phenomena in a turbulent flow is discussed. The investigation brings out the influence of confining oneself to finite observation intervals on the average rate of dispersion of particles from a point source. It is also shown that the turbulent level is of importance in determining the relationship between the Eulerian and Lagrangian time intervals of observation.
Towards Nonspecific Detection of Malignant Cervical Cells with Fluorescent Silica Beads

To date, the methods of detection of cancer cells have been mostly based on traditional techniques used in biology, such as visual identification of malignant changes, cell growth analysis, specific ligand-receptor labeling, or genetic tests. Despite being well developed, these methods are either insufficiently accurate or require a lengthy complicated analysis. A search for alternative methods for the detection of cancer cells may be a fruitful approach. Here we proposed a novel method for detection of cancer cells in vitro, which is based on non-specific adhesion of silica beads to cells. First, we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study adhesion of single silica beads to malignant and normal cells cultured from human cervix. We found that adhesion depends on the time of contact, and can be statistically different for malignant and normal cells. Using these data, we develop an optical method utilizing fluorescent silica beads. The method is based on the detection of difference in the number of adherent particles. The method has been tested using primary cells cultured from cervical tissues of three healthy individuals and three patients with cervical cancer. The method shows sufficiently high sensitivity for cancer to make it interesting to perform further statistical tests.
Permeation and systemic absorption of R- and S-baclofen across the nasal mucosa

Baclofen, an antispasmodic agent that acts as a GABA(B) agonist, resembles phenylalanine in structure and has been reported to be a substrate of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT-1). The objective of this study was to investigate the absorption of baclofen across the nasal mucosa both in vitro and in vivo. Baclofen transport was measured across excised bovine olfactory and respiratory mucosae to investigate site-specific uptake of baclofen, and the intranasal bioavailability of R- and S-baclofen was determined in rats. Increasing flux with increasing baclofen donor concentration and the absence of polarized transport was observed in vitro, and similar distribution profiles were observed for both enantiomers following intranasal administration in rats. The absence of stereospecificity in nasal absorption indicates limited involvement of the amino acid or other transporters in the nasal absorption of baclofen.
Group A streptococcal pharyngitis

Acute pharyngitis is a common illness in both children and adults, caused by a wide variety of microbial agents. In children, approximately 20% of pharyngitis is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS); in adults, 5% of pharyngitis is due to GABHS. The signs and symptoms of infection are variable, ranging from mild sore throat with minimal physical findings to high fever and severe pain. The differential diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis is extensive. Most cases of acute pharyngitis in both children and adults are caused by viruses. The gold standard diagnostic test for GABHS remains the throat culture. It is important to select appropriate candidates for culture to maintain the sensitivity of the test. Penicillin is still recommended as first-line treatment for documented GABHS infections. Prompt treatment is important to prevent serious sequelae of infection.
Immediate and delayed reactions to interpersonal disagreements: Some effects of the type of issue and order of response

Abstract Reactions of subjects who answered a series of questions before hearing an accomplice's replies are compared with reactions of subjects who answered after hearing the accomplice's judgments. In experimental sessions both groups conformed on a cluster of questions dealing with a single ideological issue, but only subjects who answered after the accomplice conformed on miscellaneous factual questions. In private sessions a week later both groups adhered to the accomplice's views on miscellaneous factual questions, but neither group conformed on the ideological cluster. During experimental sessions, subjects who answered before the accomplice manifested greater tendencies to reject the accomplice and to underestimate disagreements. A week later the two experimental groups resembled one another rather closely on both of these nonconforming responses. This pattern of findings is consistent with the contention that: (a) response order affects ability to conform on miscellaneous factual questions (but not on ideological questions); (b) response order has little or no effect on motivation to conform; and (c) rejection and underestimation of disagreements are nonconforming responses that alleviate the stress engendered by interpersonal disagreements.
Planner’s Puzzle: New Approach for Calculating Site Development Coverage

Site planners face the significant challenge of how to best allocate and fit various pieces of development coverage within the “puzzle frame” of a given site. For single-level buildings supported by surface parking, site coverage calculations are simple and straightforward. For higher-density development supported by multilevel parking garages, however, there are many interrelated variables that influence possible site coverage scenarios. This “puzzle” exercise is not trivial. Early site coverage allocations set the project framework for all financial projections, physical development form, and initiate months of detailed design and eventual construction undertaken at great cost. Without preliminary site coverage planning, unnecessary time can be spent preparing financial projections and computer-aided design/ building information modeling (CAD/BIM) studies that do not fully integrate multiple parking variables that significantly affect building massing, floor area ratio (FAR), and open space targets. The purpose of this research is to present and apply algebraic equations specifically derived to fit various combinations of automatically generated building and parking “footprints” within a fixed area to meet FAR and open space targets. Programmed into an electronic spreadsheet, these equations will directly benefit site planners by saving time in early project programming, guiding design iterations through BIM/geographic information system (GIS), and improving development scenario forecasting. Beside the prospect of achieving FAR targets, deliberate efforts to preserve open space at the outset of project planning is a means to elevate aesthetics, encourage urban “greening,” and capture Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) points (USGBC 2011). Future application of these equations in a parametric modeling environment—whether through BIM, GIS, or Landscape Information Modeling (LIM), could extend water, energy, and cost-benefit forecasting. In this way, as site planners manipulate site coverage polygons and architectural masses, they could receive immediate feedback concerning FAR values, energy and water budgets, aesthetics, and financial data (to be explored and reported in future research). This paper will first present background information related to site coverage calculation approaches and multiple variables to be considered. Considerable discussion will be devoted to parking, since it is an important variable affecting site coverage calculations. Next, the site coverage equations will be presented and applied to four development scenarios. Several interesting building-toparking relationships will be graphed and analyzed to form conclusions. Last, the paper will discuss where this research is headed for future application. Four Primary Variables
Progesterone receptor-A and -B have opposite effects on proinflammatory gene expression in human myometrial cells: implications for progesterone actions in human pregnancy and parturition.

Context: Progesterone promotes uterine relaxation during pregnancy and its withdrawal induces labor. Progesterone withdrawal in human parturition is mediated in part by changes in the relative levels of the nuclear progesterone receptor isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, in myometrial cells. Parturition also involves myometrial inflammation; however, the functional link between nuclear PR-mediated progesterone actions and inflammation in human myometrial cells is unclear. Objective: Our objective was to determine how PR-A and PR-B regulate progesterone action in human myometrial cells and specifically the expression of genes encoding contraction-associated proteins and proinflammatory mediators. Design: Effects of PR-A and PR-B on the capacity for progesterone to modulate gene expression was determined using an immortalized human myometrial cell line stably transfected with inducible PR-A and PR-B expression transgenes and conditioned to express various PR-A and PR-B levels. Gene expression was assessed by genome w...
Implementing the Direct Instruction Pattern: A Study with Primary Grade Low SES Children.

The direct instruction pattern is an effective teaching style for a particular population of children, although more testing is yet needed.
Cadmium sorption, influx, and efflux at the mesophyll layer of leaves from ecotypes of the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens

Summary • Differential sorption and transport characteristics of the leaf mesophyll layer of the Prayon and Ganges ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens were examined. • 109Cd influx and efflux experiments were conducted with leaf sections, and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) data were collected from leaves as a general comparison of in vivo cadmium (Cd) coordination. • There were modest differences in cell wall sorption of Cd between ecotypes. There were obvious differences in time- and concentration-dependent Cd influx, including a greater VMAX for Prayon but a lower KM for Ganges for concentration-dependent Cd uptake and a notably greater Cd uptake by Ganges leaf sections at 1000 µm Cd. Leaf sections of Prayon had a greater Cd efflux than Ganges. The XANES spectra from the two ecotypes suggested differences in Cd coordination. • The fundamental differences observed between the two ecotypes may reflect differential activity and/or expression of plasma membrane and tonoplast transporters. More detailed study of these transporters and the in vivo coordination of Cd are needed to determine the contribution of these processes to metal homeostasis and tolerance.
Federal Influence and Urban Policy Entrepreneurship in the Local Prosecution of Economic Crime

In the early 1970's a score of local prosecutors around the United States instituted programs to address the problem of white collar crime and consumer fraud. This article analyzes this process of innovation as a form of policy entrepreneurship. The article concludes with consideration of key questions addressing the sources, character, and consequences of local policy entrepreneurship and the character of federal influence.
Opponent-Color-Theory Treatment of the CIE 1960 (u, v) Diagram: Chromaticness Difference and Constant Hue Loci

An angular interpretation of the CIE 1960 (u,v) system is presented. This new development of the CIE 1964 (u,v) (U*, V*, W*) system results in improved chromaticness-difference predictions and is more in accord with empirical constant-hue loci than the U*, V*, W* system.