cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alone, Together: Redefining Connectedness in the Age of COVID.

Each year spring brings the expectation of new life and renewal. The extraordinary time when winter eases away and we witness the emergence of another new year. In early 2020, the world confronted ...
GWAS reveals consistent QTL for drought and salt tolerance in a MAGIC population of 550 lines derived from intermating of 11 Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) parents

Cotton is grown in arid and semi-arid regions where abiotic stresses such as drought and salt are prevalent. There is a lack of studies that simultaneously address the genetic and genomic basis of tolerance to drought and salt stress. In this study, a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population of 550 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) together with their 11 Upland cotton parents with a total of 473,516 polymorphic SNP markers was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for drought tolerance (DT) and salt tolerance (ST) at the seedling stage based on two replicated greenhouse tests. Transgressive segregation occurred in the MAGIC-RILs, indicating that tolerant and sensitive alleles recombined for tolerance to the abiotic stress during the intermating process for the population development. A total of 20 QTL were detected for DT including 13 and 7 QTL based on plant height (PH) and dry shoot weight (DSW), respectively; and 23 QTL were detected for ST including 12 and 11 QTL for PH and DSW, respectively. There were several chromosomes with QTL clusters for abiotic stress tolerance including four QTL on chromosome A13 and three QTL on A01 for DT, and four QTL on D08 and three QTL on A11 for ST. Nine QTL (21% of the 43 QTL) detected were in common between DT and ST, indicating a common genetic basis for DT and ST. The narrow chromosomal regions for most of the QTL detected in this study allowed identification of 53 candidate genes associated with responses to salt and drought stress and abiotic stimulus. The QTL identified for both DT and ST have significantly augmented the repertoire of QTL for abiotic stress tolerance that can be used for marker-assisted selection to develop cultivars with resilience to drought and/or salt and further genomic studies towards the identification of drought and salt tolerance genes in cotton.
Kinetics of three reactions involving the azide radical: H + HN3, thermal decomposition of N3, and N3 + HN3

Abstract Reactions were studied computationally using quantum chemistry, transition state theory, master equation / RRKM, and literature data on potential energy surfaces: H + HN3 → Products (1), N3 → N + N2 (2), and N3 + HN3 → N2H + 2 N2 (3). The previously neglected abstraction channel in reaction 1 is important, resulting in greater production of N3 in flames of hydrogen azide decomposition. Thermal decomposition is an important channel of N3 destruction, whereas reaction 3 is negligible. This likely results in greater importance of the chemistry of singlet 1NH biradical produced the reaction of N3 with the H atoms.
Local body skin temperature-driven thermal sensation predictive model for the occupant's optimum productivity

Abstract This study aims to understand the comprehensive relationship between indoor temperature, physiological signals, thermal sensation, and cognitive performance and estimate thermal sensation for optimum productivity. A series of human experiments were conducted with 48 participants, and local skin temperatures and thermal sensation data were collected in 6 temperatures. The participants took two cognitive performance tests, OSPAN (Operation Span Task) and Vigilance test, to quantify their productivity. This study found that relatively high skin temperature of specific local body spots (Arm, wrist (back), wrist (In), back, and neck) were correlated negatively with the occupant's cognitive performance. Also, there were significant differences by gender in cognitive performances and physiological signals in the same indoor temperature. The mean skin temperature differences between males and females of most local body spots were more significant in the high-performing group than the low-performing group for the vigilance test. Local skin temperature differences by gender were more significant in the vigilance test (response time) than the OSPAN (working memory). Additionally, gender and two local skin temperatures (wrist (back) and neck) were accountable to estimate thermal sensation for optimum productivity by utilizing the J48 decision tree algorithm. This study provides new insights that the occupant's local body skin temperatures are correlated significantly with the occupant's cognitive performance (response time and working memory) in different indoor temperature conditions, and a single or combined local skin temperatures can be used as a variable to estimate individualized thermal comfort for the occupant's optimum productivity.
Dynamically Controlled Environment Agriculture: Integrating Machine Learning and Mechanistic and Physiological Models for Sustainable Food Cultivation

Inefficiencies and imprecise input control in agriculture have caused devastating consequences to ecosystems. Urban controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is a proposed approach to mitigate the i...
Professional Control and Lay Governance in Schools: Implications for Addressing Student Diversity

While we commonly accept that the purpose of schools properly focuses on teaching and learning, the focus of control over these functions has traditionally resided far from the school-site level of the professional, and with the lay board of education. The potential impact of the tension between these arenas of professional control and lay governance as it relates to the development of instructional strategies for addressing issues of student diversity within schools remains largely unexamined. This reviews some new and different models of school governance which have been generated to consider how those models, while continuing to offer a needed lay perspective on public education, may also better accommodate teacher professionalism outcomes for addressing student diversity.
Chemical analysis of acylation sites and species.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a series of chemical procedures used to ascertain the nature of the fatty acid–protein linkages, the type of fatty acids bound to proteins, and the amino acid residues to which the fatty acids are attached. The principles of each chemical procedure are discussed and specific protocols are described. The methodologies and their limitations are also reviewed. Most of these techniques are utilized during the elucidation of the palmitoylation site of the hydrophobic myelin proteolipid protein and the P0 glycoprotein. The identification of an acylated protein is accomplished by demonstrating the occurrence of covalently bound fatty acids through gas–liquid chromatography (GLC), although such analysis requires substantial amounts of highly purified material. The procedure used to identify acylated proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is also described in the chapter. Because the metabolism of myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins is significantly different, determination of the fatty acid-protein linkage is usually the first step toward the characterization of a particular acylprotein. Amide linkages can be easily differentiated from ester linkages by the susceptibility of the latter to alkaline hydrolysis or hydroxylaminolysis.
Unsupervised self-organizing adaptive fuzzy controller (USOAFC)

Supervised adaptive fuzzy controllers have good learning capability. The main problem is the ability to obtain an an on-line input/output data pattern to achieve the required characteristics. A proposed solution is the design of on-line unsupervised controller that has self-tuning and self-constructing features. A controller with these characteristics is capable of handling a wide band of instability, non-linearity, ambiguity and complexity included in systems. This research develops an unsupervised Self-Tuning Adaptive Controller (USOAFC). USOAFC is a novel idea for designing a controller. USOAFC is suitable for on-line applications. USOAFC starts with some rules. USOAFC sets out to construct the necessary rules required to drive systems to achieve the required performance. USOAFC also has the ability to tune the existing rule. USOAFC is able to deal with the ambiguity, uncertainty and instability of systems. USOAFC is simple to understand and easy to apply to many processes.
Compound Verbal Stimuli and Word Association

In two replications, 97 and 122 Williams College students in elementary psychology classes were given two lists of word pairs with instructions to give a discrete free associate to each pair. List A contained word-pairs designed to increase the frequency of the normative primary responses and List B contained pairs designed to increase the range of responses. The results showed that significantly fewer different responses and significantly higher frequencies for the primary responses were given to List A than to List B. Compared to the single-word norms, responses to List A had higher, and to List B, lower, commonality. Two factors were used in constructing List A: (1) the stimulus pair denoted or connoted a third word; (2) in common speech, a third word frequently follows the stimulus pair. The List B pairs lacked these factors, or had them in a low degree.
Isolation and organization of genes for nitrogen fixation in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

A library of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata chromosomal DNA was constructed in the broad host range cosmid vector pLAFR1. The library was used to isolate nitrogen fixation genes by complementation of R. capsulata Nif- mutants. Four complementing regions were localized on different cloned DNA fragments by Tn5 and mini-Mu mutagenesis. Additional nif genes were identified by recombination of transposons from the nif cosmids into the R. capsulata chromosome resulting in the creation of new Nif- mutations. Most of the newly cloned DNA fragments containing nif genes were found to be unlinked to any other by Southern hybridization of the cloned DNA to chromosomal DNA blots. One of the new fragments was linked to the nifHDK genes. Another cluster spanning 10–12 kilobase pairs contained a number of nif genes, possibly as many as eight.
Nanostructured transparent conductive oxide films for plasmonic applications

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) as substitutes to metals could offer many advantages for low-loss plasmonic and metamaterial (MM) applications in the near infrared (NIR) regime. By employing a lift-off process, we fabricated 2D-periodic arrays of TCO nanodisks and characterized the material's plasmonic properties to evaluate the performance of TCOs as metal substitutes.
Kinetics of the reaction between carbon dioxide and methyldiethanolamine

Abstract A stirred cell gas-liquid contactor was used to investigate the kinetics of the reaction between carbon dioxide and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) in aqueous solutions. Experiments were conducted over the temperature range 15–35°C and for MDEA concentrations from 0.85 to 1.70 g mol/l. The kinetic data support a previously proposed mechanism in which MDEA acts as a homogeneous catalyst for CO2 hydrolysis. The second-order rate constant was found to have a value of 2/47 l/g mols at 25°C, in good agreement with existing literature values. The second-order rate constant is correlated well by the Arrhenius expression
Family adaptation to the child with cystic fibrosis.

Characteristics of family adaptation to the illnesses of 65 children with cystic fibrosis have been examined. Methods have included survey by detailed questionnaire, individual parent interviews, and parent group discussions. The adaptive process appears to progress through prediagnostic, confrontational, long-term, and terminal stages. In the first 3 stages, key sources of parental stress and foci of parental anxiety have been identified. Certain phase-specific responses of the developing child to his disease which produce management crises are described. Observations concerning useful techniques of preventive and therapeutic intervention are presented.
Budget Management Capacity of State Governments: Issues and Challenges

Dramatic events early in the new millennium offer an especially interesting period for consideration of how state governments in the United States have coped. In the years since the September 11 terrorist attack, states have been beset with economic recession, a federal focus on homeland security, and the war in Iraq, as well as debilitating natural disasters. How well have states managed through these fiscal, political, economic, natural, and international storms? This research examines state government budget management capacity as measured by a 50-state survey to understand the challenges faced by states, the advancements made to support best practices in budgeting, and the problems that remain. Findings tease out bright spots—states have worked hard to reach and maintain a long-term budgeting perspective, particularly by improving the accuracy of revenue and expenditure estimates. Also, many states have improved budgeting transparency by increasing citizen access to budget information, documents, and ...
Dynamic mechanical properties of an acetylene‐terminated quinoxaline system under air/nitrogen cure

Torsional impregnated cloth analysis (TICA) temperature scan results of an acetylene-terminated quinoxaline system indicated the presence of two different reactions with different activation energies. Two additional effects are delineated when cure is carried out in the presence of air. Curing at low temperature in the presence of air will lower the final Tg, but at high temperature it will have the opposing effect. The two reactions that can occur under nitrogen are affected differently by air curing. It appears that one is prohibited by the lower temperature curing in air while the other is not.
An ab initio spin–orbit-corrected potential energy surface and dynamics for the F + CH4 and F + CHD3 reactions

We report an analytical ab initio three degrees of freedom (3D) spin–orbit-correction surface for the entrance channel of the F + methane reaction obtained by fitting the differences between the spin–orbit (SO) and non-relativistic electronic ground state energies computed at the MRCI+Q/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The 3D model surface is given in terms of the distance, R(C–F), and relative orientation, Euler angles ϕ and θ, of the reactants treating CH4 as a rigid rotor. The full-dimensional (12D) “hybrid” SO-corrected potential energy surface (PES) is obtained from the 3D SO-correction surface and a 12D non-SO PES. The SO interaction has a significant effect in the entrance-channel van der Waals region, whereas the effect on the energy at the early saddle point is only ∼5% of that at the reactant asymptote; thus, the SO correction increases the barrier height by ∼122 cm−1. The 12D quasiclassical trajectory calculations for the F + CH4 and F + CHD3 reactions show that the SO effects decrease the cross sections by a factor of 2–4 at low collision energies and the effects are less significant as the collision energy increases. The inclusion of the SO correction in the PES does not change the product state distributions.
Fine structure of the hamster Harderian gland.

The Harderian gland from 4-week-old female hamsters is speckled with a black-brown pigment, whereas it is not pigmented in the male. This pigment is confined to the lumen. Most cells of the gland from the male have large vaculoles, in contrast to the smaller vacuoles of the female.
Soft phonons in a ferroelectric polarization glass system

Abstract Index of refraction, n(T), and Raman measurements are reported on a new crystalline ferroelectric systems that exhibits a glassy polarization phase. The crystal is Pb(Ti 1− x Sn x )O 3 , which hs the simple perovskite crystal structure. From n(T) we obtain a phase transition (at a temperature T c = 430±3 C) and an upper dipole temperature (T d ≈ 500C). The Raman measurements reveal the presence of soft phonon modes and a central peak between T c and T d . These data represent the first dynamic results from such systems. T d is quantitatively understood in terms of the phase transition temperature of the end member (i.e., x = 0. Further, we give a qualitative explanation of a microscopic mechanism for the phase transition in these glassy ferroelectric systems in terms of the localized dipole interaction model. Using this model, other aspects of ferroelectric glasses are discussed.
Simulation of blue VSALs for optical data storage

A Very-Small-Aperture Laser (VSAL) is a semiconductor laser with a tiny opening machined in a metal film applied to the output facet. There has been much excitement lately concerning the use of VSALs for ultra-high density optical data storage. Recently, a group at Bell Laboratories demonstrated that VSALs could be used to generate sub-wavelength optical spots with optical power approaching one mW [1]. Previous sub-wavelength sources (primarily implemented using tapered fibers) had outputs that were orders of magnitude smaller – much too weak to be used for optical data storage applications.
Flange Color Differences of Brood Parasitic Brown-Headed Cowbirds from Nests of Two Host Species

Abstract We compared the red, green, and blue color values from digital photographs of the rictal flanges of nestling Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), a generalist obligate brood parasite, in sympatric Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia) and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) nests at Mono Lake, California, USA. We detected significant differences in all three color components across nestlings of different species (R: P < 0.0001; G: P < 0.0001; B: P < 0.0001), but differences among cowbird nestlings from the nests of these two hosts were not significant (R: P = 0.543; G: P = 0.737; B: P = 0.319). Principal components results were mixed: Principal Component I described brightness and accounted for 84% of the variance. It did not differ among cowbird nestlings from nests of different hosts (P = 0.319). Principal Component II described chromaticity and accounted for 14% of the variance, which differed significantly among cowbird nestlings from the two different hosts' nests (P = 0.026). Color ...
Diversity of p-adic analytic manifolds

Abstract The problem of the cardinality of the set of non-homeomorphic p-adic manifolds is solved. It is proved that there exist 2 ℵ 1 pairwise non-homeomorphic non-metrizable one-dimensional p-adic analytic manifolds of weight ℵ 1 . This contrasts with the single isomorphism class of metrizable manifolds of the same weight. Further, we prove that for p>2, there are 2 ℵ 1 pairwise non-isomorphic non-metrizable manifolds of weight ℵ 1 , which are homeomorphic. To demonstrate the wide variety of non-metrizable p-adic manifolds, and contrast with the situation for real analytic manifolds, we construct a range of ‘pathological’ non-metrizable p-adic manifolds.
Microkinetic modeling of the decarboxylation and decarbonylation of propanoic acid over Pd(111) model surfaces based on parameters obtained from first principles

Abstract We have studied the reaction mechanism of deoxygenation of propanoic acid to alkanes over Pd(1 1 1) model surfaces by a combination of microkinetic modeling and density functional theory calculations. Approximate, coverage-dependent adsorption energies of CO and H have been implemented in a microkinetic model that shows that the decarbonylation mechanism is slightly preferred over the decarboxylation mechanism at various H2 partial pressures. The most significant decarbonylation pathway proceeds via dehydrogenation of the acid to yield CH3CHCOOH which illustrates the important role of α-carbon dehydrogenation steps, followed by dehydroxylation to yield CH3CHCO which further dehydrogenates to CHCHCO. Finally, facile C–CO bond scission occurs to yield CO and acetylene which gets hydrogenated to ethane. Overall, the dehydroxylation of CH3CHCOOH and to a lower degree the removal of the hydrocarbon pool from the surface and the dehydrogenation of the α-carbon of the reactant are found to be the rate-controlling steps.
SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF LASER-SUPERHEATED PB(111) AND PB(100)

The surface step density on the vicinal Pb(111) and the surface vacancy density on Pb(100) after laser superheating and melting are investigated using reflection high-energy electron diffraction. With {approximately}100-ps laser pulses, Pb(111) surface superheating does not significantly change the density of the steps and step-edge roughness. However, after laser surface melting, the average terrace width and the string length at the step edge become as large as those at room temperature. The average terrace width at 573 K changes from 38{plus_minus}15 to 64{plus_minus}19 {Angstrom} after laser surface melting, while the average string length at the step edge changes from 90{plus_minus}14 to 250{plus_minus}38 {Angstrom}. For Pb(100), the surface vacancy density remains unchanged when the surface is superheated without melting. However, when the laser fluence is high enough to cause surface melting, the surface vacancy density increases. This increase in vacancy density is attributed to fast diffusion of atoms in the liquid film formed on Pb(100) during laser melting. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Integration, reuse and sharing of data on voice disorders

This paper describes a set of software tools which facilitate the automated processing of clinical voice (laryngeal) evaluation results, thus assisting doctors in voice disorder diagnostics, treatment and related research. The software tools include a website and a number of client/server applications developed by the authors at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) for patient voice data entry, storage, retrieval, reporting, reuse and sharing on the web in de-identified form. The website software is integrated with existing commercial clinical software to support multi-institutional research collaboration. Design of the client/server applications includes automatic reuse of standard MGH outpatient and surgical schedules. An additional application has been developed to facilitate the remote retrieval and review of recorded clinical endoscopic examinations based on the reuse of commercial viewer software and database. A new general model is suggested for web-based sharing and mining of research data processed by means of a specific desktop computer program.
Comment on “A Model for Total Phosphorus in Saginaw Bay”

Abstract The subject paper (Canale and Squire 1976) presents the results of the application of a steady-state mass balance model to chloride and total phosphorus data for Saginaw Bay in 1974. Richardson (1974, 1976) has modeled chloride in Saginaw Bay on both a steady-state and a time variable basis. In this work, the steady-state model was shown to be inadequate for this system, except during stable periods in summer and fall. Since most of the loading of pollutants to the bay does not occur at these times, the time variable model was developed. The purpose of this comment is to compare similar aspects of these projects and to contrast the steady-state and time variable approaches with respect to their ability to simulate observed phenomena and the utility of their results.
Thermal injury alters endothelial vasoconstrictor and vasodilator response to endotoxin.

Background: The unique location of the endothelium makes it vulnerable to injury from circulating factors created at remote wounds. In this study, we examined the effect of a sequential burn and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on endothelial function in vitro. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with 20% human serum isolated from burn patients (>40% total burn surface area) at 2 and 24 hours postinjury. Cultures were subsequently treated with Escherichia coli LPS:0111:B4 (0.10-100ng/mL). Endothelin-1 (ET-1), 6-ketoPGF 1a , and NO 2 /NO 3 were detected by using specific enzyme immunoassays. Results: Burn serum did not alter endothelial ET-1, PGI 2 , or NO secretion compared with Control serum. LPS significantly enhanced 6-ketoPGF 1a (54,242 ± 14,466 pg/10 6 cells) and NO 2 / NO 3 (723 ± 210 μM) secretion, but not ET-1 compared with Control serum alone (3,878 ± 963 and 219 ± 110). Burn serum pretreatment significantly enhanced the ET-1 response to LPS (303 ± 36 pg/10 6 cells vs. 193 ± 47). The 6-ketoPGF 1a (16,509 ± 3,785) and NO 2 /NO 3 (354 ± 98) responses to Burn/LPS were significantly diminished compared with Control/LPS. Although this level of 6-ketoPGF 1a was elevated compared with Control alone (7,518 ± 2,299), NO 2 /NO 3 was unchanged (significance at p < 0.05). Conclusion: Thermal injury may prime remote endothelium and alter the response to a septic focus with an enhanced vasoconstrictor (ET-1) and diminished vasodilator (PGI 2 /NO) response, a situation that may contribute to postburn distal organ injury.
Technical Note---Capacity Allocation Under Retail Competition: Uniform and Competitive Allocations

When retailers' orders exceed the supplier's available capacity, the supplier allocates his capacity according to some allocation rule. When retailers are local monopolists, uniform allocation eliminates the “gaming effect” so that each retailer orders her ideal allocation. However, when two retailers engage in Cournot competition under complete information, a recent study has shown that uniform allocation fails to eliminate the gaming effect so that some retailer may inflate her order strategically. By examining a more general situation in which two or more retailers engage in Cournot competition under complete information, we establish exact conditions under which uniform allocation fails to eliminate the gaming effect. These exact conditions enable us to construct a new rule called competitive allocation that can eliminate the gaming effect. Without inflated orders from the retailers, the supplier's profit could be lower under competitive allocation than under uniform allocation when certain restrictive conditions hold. In contrast, competitive allocation generates higher average profits for the retailers and for the supply chain; hence, it reduces the inefficiency of the decentralized supply chain.
Cake-enhanced concentration polarization: a new fouling mechanism for salt-rejecting membranes.

Results from well-controlled colloidal fouling experiments with reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes suggest the existence of a new source of flux decline for salt-rejecting membr...
Appetite in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Longitudinal Study

Objective In hemodialysis (HD) patients, appetite behavior over time and the causes of diminished appetite are essentially unknown. The present study aimed to assess appetite over time in HD patients, and to define the factors associated with different appetite trends. Design We conducted a longitudinal study. Setting This study took place at the Hemodialysis Service of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome, Italy. Patients We studied 54 HD prevalent patients. Intervention At baseline and 5 months later, we assessed appetite, nutritional and inflammatory parameters, comorbid conditions, and scores on the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Main Outcome Measure We were primarily interested in an evaluation of appetite over time and the definition of factors associated with different appetite trends. Results We identified 5 groups of patients. In group A (15 patients), every month, each patient responded that appetite was very good or good. In group B (10 patients), every month, each patient responded that appetite was good or fair. In group C (6 patients), every month, each patient responded that appetite was fair or poor. In group D (6 patients), every month, each patient responded that appetite was poor or very poor. In group E (17 patients), the answers of each patient varied over time. Groups A and B were pooled into group 1, groups C and D into group 2, and group E constituted group 3. Age was significantly lower in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. Comorbidities were significantly more frequent in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. The percentage of patients hospitalized during follow-up and the number of hospitalizations were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. Conclusions Appetite in HD patients may be constantly very good/good or fair/poor, or may fluctuate over time. The latter trends are associated with older age, more comorbidities, and more hospitalizations.
Materials characterisation of bizarre and catastrophic 'burst' failure in metal by 'Hutchison Effect'

AbstractA small cross-section aluminium alloy rod was subjected to an unexplained phenomenon called the 'Hutchison Effect' which caused the rod end to 'burst' forming a bizarre, frayed failure consisting of peeled platelets 0·05 to 2 mm thick, many torn along striated surface features to form metal strands or filaments resembling a frayed rope. This unusual failure did not exhibit any unexplained metallurgical or materials phenomena when examined using a materials characterisation protocol including optical metallography, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, leaving the mechanism for this bizarre failure unexplained.
Counting independent sets up to the tree threshold

Consider the problem of approximately counting weighted independent sets of a graph G with activity λ, i.e., where the weight of an independent set I is λ|I|. We present a novel analysis yielding a deterministic approximation scheme which runs in polynomial time for any graph of maximum degree Δ and λ
Pharmacostatistical modeling for observational data

The analysis of observational data using a mixed effect model is more complex than the traditional approach to pharmacokinetic parameter estimation. Structural and statistical models must be explicitly formulated and implemented within the computer program NONMEM. This presents some unique challenges in the selection and evaluation of alternative models for the evaluation of interindividual and residual variability.
A Novel Pro-Arg Motif Recognized by WW Domains

WW domains mediate protein-protein interactions through binding to short proline-rich sequences. Two distinct sequence motifs, PPXY and PPLP, are recognized by different classes of WW domains, and another class binds to phospho-Ser-Pro sequences. We now describe a novel Pro-Arg sequence motif recognized by a different class of WW domains using data from oriented peptide library screening, expression cloning, and in vitro binding experiments. The prototype member of this group is the WW domain of formin-binding protein 30 (FBP30), a p53-regulated molecule whose WW domains bind to Pro-Arg-rich cellular proteins. This new Pro-Arg sequence motif re-classifies the organization of WW domains based on ligand specificity, and the Pro-Arg class now includes the WW domains of FBP21 and FE65. A structural model is presented which rationalizes the distinct motifs selected by the WW domains of YAP, Pin1, and FBP30. The Pro-Arg motif identified for WW domains often overlaps with SH3 domain motifs within protein sequences, suggesting that the same extended proline-rich sequence could form discrete SH3 or WW domain complexes to transduce distinct cellular signals.
U.S. Small Farm Policy Scenarios for the Eighties

I consider it an honor to have been invited to address this annual meeting of your association. As president of a land-grant institution, I have a particular concern for your work. Your successful work has affected the agricultural policies of the nation. I certainly want to add my congratulations to your successes, but I am moved to challenge you to focus your talents on public policy and social science research for small farmers. Their
Complexation of nucleotides and molecular catalysis of ATP-hydrolysis by a protonated hexaaza macrocyclic ligand

The hexaaza macrocyclic ligand 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaaza-27,28-dioxatricyclo[22.2.1.111,14]octacosa-1(26),11,13,24-tetraene (BFBD), becomes protonated to form a variety of cationic species in aqueous solution. These cationic hosts selectively bind nucleotides such as AMP, ADP, ATP. The stoichiometry of the complexes and the formation constants measuring the extent of complexation have been determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy and potentiometric studies. Catalysis of ATP hydrolysis by protonated BFBD has been investigated by 31P NMR and HPLC, and rate enhancements have been obtained at various pH values. The catalytic mechanism of ATP-hydrolysis in the presence of protonated BFBD may be due to electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding.
Causal parameter identification

Consider a system T which is dependent on a parameter tuplet λ∊RRThe map λ→T( λ) is linearized about an a priori point λo, Parameter identification consists of using the observation (u,T( λ)u) to invert the linearized λ→T( λ) map. State variable realization of this inverse function and related topics are developed. Examples and a computer simulation demonstrate the synthesis procedure.
The influence of ligand localized excited states on the photophysics of second row and third row transition metal terpyridyl complexes: Recent examples and a case study

Abstract The photophysical behavior of Ru(II) and Os(II) diimine complexes having complex aromatic hydrocarbon diimine ligands has received considerable attention as systems exhibiting intramolecular energy transfer to yield excited states with lifetimes much longer than the parent diimine complexes. Here we present a focused discussion of the photophysical behavior of transition metal complexes with modified terpyridyl ligands. The overview includes, as an example of approaches used to evaluate such systems, spectroscopic studies of a pair of Ru(II) mono- and bis-terpyridyl complexes modified with vinylpyrene (Pyr-v-tpy) to have ligand localized excited states that are equal to or lower than the energy of the known MLCT state of the parent complexes, [Ru(Mpt) 2 ] 2+ and [Ru(Mpt)(dien)] 2+ (Mpt = 4′-tolyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, dien = diethylenetriamine). The common observation is that the presence of Pyr-v-tpy serves to lengthen the excited state lifetime of the complex through interaction of MLCT and ligand localized (IL) states. For [Ru(Pyr-v-tpy) 2 ] 2+ the excited state lifetime increases by a factor of more than 10 4 relative to [Ru(Mpt) 2 ] 2+ . For [Ru(Pyr-v-tpy)(dien)] 2+ , the 3 IL state is close in energy to the MLCT state of the parent [Ru(Mpt)(dien)] 2+ and, while the transient absorption spectrum is significantly perturbed relative to [Ru(Mpt)(dien)] 2+ , the excited state decay rate changes by only a factor of four. The long-lived excited state is formed in less than a ps, indicating strong coupling of the MLCT and ligand localized manifolds.
The Composition of Recrystallized Bone Mineral

Bone mineral and synthetic calcium-deficient carbonate apatite (CDCA), when defined in terms of their respective thermal stabilities and ignition products, are homologous. When heated to 550°, they may have a structure similar to that of the mineral dahllite. When heated to temperatures >550°, CDCA (like bone mineral) loses its structural CO3 and is recrystallized to whitlockite and/or OH-apatite, depending on its stoichiometry.
Influence of endotoxin‐induced acute lung injury on pulmonary innate and adaptive immunity

OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to analyze pulmonary innate and adaptive immune responses during endotoxemia-induced acute lung injury (ALI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Female BALB/c mice were challenged by endotoxin given intraperitoneally and followed for 24 h by unrestrained plethysmographic analysis. After this period, the mice were sacrificed by CO2 anesthesia and lung histopathology, pulmonary and serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, numbers of lymphocyte subsets in blood and lung, and lung-derived macrophages (Mphi) were analyzed. MAIN RESULTS Animals with endotoxemia demonstrated significant depression of tidal volumes indicating respiratory failure compared to control mice. Lung histopathology of endotoxin-exposed animals revealed alveolar leakage characterizing ALI. Pulmonary levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-gamma in animals with endotoxemia were significantly elevated, whereas serum levels of IL-6 only were increased. IFN-gamma was strongly expressed by lung-derived Mphi with high CD11b expression, and this subset significantly increased in the lungs after endotoxin challenge. Additionally, the numbers of lung-resident CD4+ and total T-lymphocytes were significantly reduced after challenge. CONCLUSION These data suggest that endotoxemia-induced ALI is associated with exaggerated and sustained pulmonary innate immune responses partly mediated by activated Mphi, whereas adaptive immunity in the lungs is compromised.
Inhibition of Retinal Detachment-Induced Apoptosis in Photoreceptors by a Small Peptide Inhibitor of the Fas Receptor

Purpose. To test the effect of a small peptide inhibitor (Met12) of the Fas receptor on the activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways after retinal detachment. Methods. Retinal-RPE separation was created in Brown Norway rats by subretinal injection of 1% hyaluronic acid. Met12, derived from the Fas-binding extracellular domain of the oncoprotein Met, was injected into the subretinal space at the time of separation. A mutant peptide and vehicle administered in a similar fashion acted as inactive controls. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway was induced in 661W cells using a Fas-activating antibody in the presence or absence of Met12. Caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9 activities were measured with calorimetric and luminescent assays in retinal extracts and cell lysates. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was performed in retinal sections 3 days after separation. Histology was performed in retinal sections 2 months after retinal detachment. Results. Met12 inhibited Fas-induced caspase 8 activation in 661W cells. Similarly, administration of Met12 into the subretinal space inhibited the activation of caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9 after retinal detachment. This corresponded to a decreased level of TUNEL-positive staining of photoreceptors after retinal-RPE separation in animals that received Met12, but not inactive mutant, peptide treatment. After 2 months, the outer nuclear layer was significantly thicker, and the photoreceptor count was higher in animals treated with subretinal Met12. Conclusions. The small peptide Met12 may serve as a photoreceptor-protective agent in the setting of retinal-RPE separation.
Concurrent Bloodstream Infections in Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Objective To determine the incidence, microbiology, risk factors, and outcomes related to bloodstream infections (BSIs) concurrent with the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Study design We performed a retrospective review of all cases of NEC in a single center over 20 years. BSI was categorized as “NEC-associated” if it occurred within 72 hours of the diagnosis of NEC and “post-NEC” if it occurred >72 hours afterwards. Demographics, hospital course data, microbiologic data, and outcomes were compared via univariate and multivariate analyses. Results NEC occurred in 410 infants with mean gestational age and birth weight of 29 weeks and 1290 g, respectively; 158 infants were diagnosed with at least one BSI; 69 (43.7%) with NEC-associated BSI, and 89 (56.3%) with post-NEC BSI. Two-thirds of NEC-associated BSI were due to gram-negative bacilli compared with 31.9% of post-NEC BSI (OR: 4.27; 95% CI: 2.02, 9.03) and 28.5% of all BSI in infants without NEC (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.82, 8.96). Infants with NEC-associated BSI had higher odds of requiring surgical intervention (aOR: 3.51; 95% CI: 1.98, 6.24) and death (aOR: 2.88; 95% CI: 1.39, 5.97) compared with those without BSI. Conclusions BSI is a common, underappreciated complication of NEC occurring concurrent with the onset of disease and afterwards. The microbiologic etiology of NEC-associated BSI is different from post-NEC and late-onset BSI in infants without NEC with a predominance of gram-negative bacilli. Infants with NEC-associated BSI are significantly more likely to die than those with post-NEC BSI and NEC without BSI.
Intergovernmental Conflict and Indian Water Rights: An Assessment of Negotiated Settlements

The states and Indian tribes have fought bitterly over water rightsfor nearly a century. Most of this conflict tookplace in courtrooms, but in recent years, states and tribes have been attempting to resolve their diferences through negotiated water settlements. This article utilizes the literature and theory on alternative dispute resolution to identify six advantages that are expected to accruefrom negotiations. It then assesses the extent to which Indian water settlements have produced these results.
Epitaxial growth of LaAlO3 on SrTiO3-buffered Si (001) substrates by atomic layer deposition

Abstract Lanthanum aluminate (LAO) films were grown epitaxially on Si (001) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using a buffer layer of strontium titanate (STO) grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The ALD growth of LAO was done at 250 °C by using tris(N,N′-diisopropylformamidinate)–lanthanum, trimethylaluminum, and water as co-reactants. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine film crystallinity. The as-deposited LAO films were amorphous and became crystalline after vacuum annealing at 600 °C for 2 h. In-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the LAO/STO/Si interfaces at various stages throughout the growth and annealing process. XPS analysis showed minimal SiO bonding at the STO/Si interface after the ALD process and after post-deposition annealing at 600 °C for 2 h. The results demonstrate a method to integrate epitaxial LAO films on Si (001) substrates by ALD.
Dissymmetrical trans-Ethynyl-Butadiynyl Adducts on a Diruthenium Core: Synthesis, Characterization, and Selective Deprotection

Reactions between the ethynyl complexes (4,0)-[Ru2(ap)4](C2SiR3) (ap is 2-anilinopyridinate, R = iPr (1a) and CH3 (1b)) and LiC4SiMe3 result in the formation of dissymmetrical ethynyl-butadiynyl adducts trans-(4,0)-(Me3SiC4)[Ru2(ap)4](C2SiR3) (R = iPr (2a) and CH3 (2b)). Treating 2b with K2CO3 in MeOH/THF leads to trans-(HC4)[Ru2(ap)4](C2SiMe3) (3b) and trans-(HC4)[Ru2(ap)4](C2H) (4) in 86% and ca. 10% yields, respectively, and the former can be quantitatively converted to 4 using NaOH. Treating 2a with NaOH in MeOH/THF yields trans-(HC4)[Ru2(ap)4](C2SiiPr3) (3a) only. Single-crystal structural analysis of 2a and 3b revealed that the Ru−Ru unit and the axial alkynyl ligands are approximately collinear in both molecules. Rich redox chemistry was revealed for all the compounds through voltammetric study: compound 1 exhibits reversible one-electron oxidation and reduction, and compounds 2−4 exhibit one one-electron oxidation and two one-electron reductions. All the ethynyl-butadiynyl adducts (2−4) exhibit a...
Development Performance and the Institutions of Governance: Evidence from East Asia and Latin America*

Abstract The purpose of this paper is three-fold: to assess the extent to which the institutional characteristics of governance can be captured with available data, to evaluate the ability of such measures to explain development performance across regions, countries and time, and to examine the extent to which different governance characteristics are complements (rather than substitutes) to one another. Using the four operational governance characteristics, we find that, first, in the full sample, all governance characteristics have the expected effects on development performance and, second, both the relative importance of these characteristics and the degree of complementarity/substitutability among them vary by region.
A simple dietary message to improve dietary quality: Results from a pilot investigation.

Abstract Objective The present study compared the feasibility of two simple messages (a high-fiber diet or a low saturated fat diet) to a combination message (high fiber/low saturated fat) on their potential to affect dietary quality and metabolic health. Methods Thirty-six subjects were randomized to one of three intervention conditions and received individual dietary counseling sessions. Study assessments occurred at baseline, 3 mo, and 6 mo. Results The sample was 84% female and 94% Caucasian. Mean body mass index was 31 kg/m 2 . At the 6-mo assessment phase, we retained all 12 patients in the high-fiber diet condition, 10 of 12 in the low saturated fat condition, and 9 of 12 in the combination condition. Participants reported that the dietary fiber intervention was easier to maintain compared with the other two intervention conditions (83% for high dietary fiber versus 60% for low saturated fat versus 33% for the combination, P = 0.008). Overall dietary quality improved in all three conditions during the study ( P = 0.01). In addition to increasing fiber, the high-fiber condition decreased their saturated fat intake, even though a reduction in saturated fat was not a part of that intervention condition. Participants in all three conditions lost an average of 9 lb from baseline weight ( P Conclusion A simple dietary message is feasible and can improve overall dietary quality. Results support the need for a larger randomized controlled trial that is powered to detect the efficacy of a simplified dietary recommendation for dietary quality and metabolic health.
Morphine may mimic the apomorphine cue by inhibiting dopaminergic autoinhibition.

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate the cue produced by 0.25 mg/kg apomorphine from that produced by saline, using a two-lever, drug discrimination task. This cue was blocked by haloperidol but not by DPI, ergometrine, bromocriptine, sulpiride, naloxone or naltrexone; none of these agents substituted for (mimicked) apomorphine. Morphine and levorphanol did, however, mimic apomorphine, whereas dextrorphan did not; pentazocine induced responding unlike either apomorphine or saline. The substitution of morphine for apomorphine was blocked by naltrexone or bromocriptone, and was partially antagonized by a low dose of ergometrine, but was unaffected by haloperidol or sulpiride. To explain these results, it was proposed that morphine mimics apomorphine by inhibiting dopaminergic autoregulation involving D 2 -receptors.