cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local community perspectives and language of education in sub-Saharan African communities

Abstract The use of local languages in formal education is a widely debated educational strategy in sub-Saharan Africa. National-level policies abound which permit mother-tongue instruction in primary grades, and yet successful implementation of those policies is not merely so common. The reasons for this are varied, but one powerful reason has to do with the perspectives and desires of stakeholders in the education process who reside in the local community: teachers, parents, community leaders, school authorities, and the children themselves. Responding to their particular historical, social and economic context, these stakeholders have developed their own perspectives on the nature and outcomes of formal education as well as beliefs about the utility and proper place of the local language. As stakeholders in the local education process, each of these groups has an impact on the successful implementation of formal programs of mother-tongue-mediated learning. Thus, as Stroud [2003. Postmodernist perspectives on local languages: African mother-tongue education in times of globalisation. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 6.1, 17–36.] has noted, community participation in the development and use of minority languages can help to keep linguistic globalization at bay; however, the effectiveness of this process is profoundly dependent on the language attitudes of the community members. This paper examines the perspectives of people living in several rural African communities regarding the purposes and outcomes of formal education, as well as their perspectives on the “proper” language choice for schooling. Examining data from language communities in Cameron (the Bafut, Kom and Nso’), Mali (the supyire and Bamanankan [Bambara]) and Kenya (the Kipsigis [Kalenjin] and Tharaka), the paper examines commonalities and distinctions among stakeholder groups across these language communities. The interaction of stakeholder perspectives with the range of national and local language policies in place is also discussed.
Detecting malingered performance with the Wisconsin card sorting test: a preliminary investigation in traumatic brain injury.

The present study examined the classification accuracy of four potential Wisconsin Card Sorting Test malingering indicators (Bernard and Suhr formulas and two types of Unique responses). Participants were 89 traumatic brain-injury (TBI) patients assigned to malingering and nonmalingering groups on the basis of the Slick, Sherman, and Iversion (1999) criteria. Individual Sensitivities were greater than .33 with acceptable Specificity. Combined Sensitivity for two of the indicators was greater than.60. Overall, this study demonstrated three distinct approaches to the WCST used by probable malingerers. The clinical relevance of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Association of left ventricular hypertrophy with metabolic risk factors: the HyperGEN study.

Objective To determine whether combinations of metabolic risk factors (obesity, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) influence the magnitude of left ventricular (LV) mass and prevalence of LV hypertrophy. Design Cross-sectional, relational. Methods A total of 1627 hypertensive (85.9% treated, 1036 women, 1041 African Americans) and 342 normotensive (180 women, 183 African Americans) participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) Study, without prevalent cardiovascular disease, were studied. Echocardiographic LV mass, normalized by height 2,7 or fat-free mass or body surface area (BSA) and the ratio of stroke volume to pulse pressure as a percentage of predicted (as a crude estimate of arterial compliance) were analyzed in relation to obesity [by body mass index (BMI)], central fat distribution (by waist circumference), diabetes (by ADA criteria) and hypercholesterolemia. Results Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes were more frequent among hypertensives than normotensives (all P < 0.001). After controlling for age, sex, race and type and combination of antihypertensive medication, LV mass/ height 2,7 , but not LV mass/fat-free mass and LV mass/ BSA, increased with the number of metabolic risk factors, both in normotensive and hypertensive participants, also after further adjustment for blood pressure (all P < 0.001). Stroke volume/pulse pressure also decreased in hypertensive, but much less in normotensive subjects, with increasing number of metabolic risk factors, independently of relevant confounders (P< 0.0001). Prevalence of LV hypertrophy was predicted by older age, hypertension, central fat distribution, black race and independently increased with the number of associated metabolic risk factors (P < 0.0001). Conclusions The progressive addition of metabolic risk factors including central obesity, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia is associated with higher LV mass normalized by height 2.7 , independently of hypertension and other important biological covariates. Obesity played a major role in this association. This finding indicates that LV mass is a potentially useful bioassay of strategies of global cardiovascular prevention.
Interaction of caffeine with the GABAA receptor complex: alterations in receptor function but not ligand binding.

Abstract Behavioral and neurochemical evidence indicates interactions between caffeine and other adenosine receptor ligands and the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine system. To assess the effects of caffeine on binding and function at the GABAA receptor, we studied the effects of behaviorally-active doses of caffeine on benzodiazepine and Cl− channel binding and on overall function of the GABAA receptor as measured by Cl− uptake. There was no effect of caffeine on benzodiazepine receptor binding in cortical synaptosomal membranes at concentrations of 1–100 μM. No effects on benzodiazepine binding were found ex vivo in mice treated with caffeine, 20 and 40 mg/kg. At the putative Cl− channel site labeled by t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS), binding was unchanged in vitro after caffeine treatment (1 and 10 μM) in washed and unwashed membranes. However, in ex vivo studies caffeine (20 and 40 mg/kg) increased numbers of TBPS sites in unwashed but not washed membranes. Muscimol-stimulated Cl− uptake into cortical synaptoneurosomes was decreased in mice treated with caffeine, 20 and 40 mg/kg. Similar results were observed in in vitro preparations treated with 50 μM but not 100 μM caffeine. These results indicate that caffeine administration significantly alters the Cl− transport function of the GABAA receptor complex.
Inner structure of a charged black hole: An exact mass-inflation solution

Recently, Poisson and Israel have shown how, when an electrically charged black hole is perturbed, its inner horizon becomes a singularity of infinite spacetime curvature---the mass-inflation singularity. In this paper we construct an exact mass-inflation solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations, and use it to analyze the mass-inflation singularity. We find that this singularity is weak enough that its tidal gravitational forces do not necessarily destroy physical objects which attempt to cross it. The possible continuation of the spacetime through this weak singularity is discussed.
Evaluation of combination therapy against hepatitis C virus infection in human liver chimeric mice

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood–borne pathogen that chronically infects approximately 130 million people worldwide and can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is divided in seven major genotypes, of which genotype 1 causes the majority of infections in the developed world. In contrast to several other chronic viral infections, e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV can be eradicated in a subset of individuals who clear acute infection and in patients that achieve a sustained virologic response (SVR) after treatment. Cure of HCV decreases the risk of end-stage liver disease and/or hepatocellular carcinoma, even in patients who are cirrhotic. It is, therefore, generally recommended that chronically infected individuals undergo treatment if they are expected to tolerate the current medications. For more than a decade, treatment for all HCV genotypes has been based on a combination of interferon-a (IFNa) and ribavirin (RBV), with the main variables being duration of treatment, the formulation of IFNa, and the dosage of RBV. This combination has empirically proven efficacious but its mechanisms of action remain elusive. IFNa is believed to have both direct antiviral, as well as host immunostimulatory effects, and a wide array of mechanisms have been proposed for RBV, from increased viral mutagenesis to helper T cell modulation [6]. Even with optimal treatment duration, formulation and dosing, however, less than half of genotype 1/4 and approximately two thirds of genotype 2/3 infected patients achieve SVR [7]. Meanwhile, both drugs result in significant adverse events in the majority of patients, most notably cytopenias that frequently require growth factor administration, flu like symptoms, and neuropsychiatric side effects. It is for these reasons that new drugs are currently under development. HCV is a positive stranded RNA virus that encodes a single polyprotein, which is cleaved by host and viral proteases into its functional structural and non-structural (NS) subunits. Two of the viral gene products, namely the NS3-4A protease and NS5B polymerase, have proven attractive drug targets. Over the
Tips and falls during electric-powered wheelchair driving: effects of seatbelt use, legrests, and driving speed.

Abstract Corfman TA, Cooper RA, Fitzgerald SG, Cooper R. Tips and falls during electric-powered wheelchair driving: effects of seatbelt use, legrests, and driving speed. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003:84:1797–802. Objective To measure the response of a test dummy while traversing common obstacles encountered by users of electric-powered wheelchairs (EPWs) to determine whether optimal wheelchair fit, use of seatbelts, and driving speed affect the frequency and severity of EPW tips and falls. Design Repeated-measures comparison study. Setting Constructed environment both in and around a Veterans Affairs medical center. Participant A 50th percentile Hybrid II anthropometric test dummy (ATD) was used to simulate a person driving an EPW. Interventions The ATD was driven in 4 different EPWs over commonly encountered obstacles at speeds of 1 and 2m/s, with and without the use of a seatbelt, and at varying legrest heights. Main outcome measures The response and motion of the ATD were observed and recorded as no fall, loss of control (the ATD falls forward or sideways but remains in the EPW), the ATD falls out of the EPW, or the EPW tips completely. Results A total of 97 adverse events out of 1700 trials were recorded: 88 were losses of control (instability) and 9 were ATD falls. No complete tips of any EPW occurred. Univariate statistical analysis indicated a significant relationship between the adverse events and the use of seatbelts, legrest condition, and test obstacles (P Conclusion Persons who use EPWs should use seatbelts and legrests while driving their EPWs, and clinicians should include common driving tasks when assessing the proper set-up of EPWs.
Grid Dispersion of the Discontinuous Galerkin Method For Elastic Wave Propagation

In the recent past the Discontinuous Galerkin Method has attracted the interest of researchers in numerical seismology due in part to the flexibility to implement boundary conditions and media discontinuities, the ability to model wave field discontinuities and to approximate the wave field with arbitrary high order polynomials, and because the method can be energy conservative and it is suitable for parallel implementations. In this paper we investigate the applicability of the Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin Method (IP-DGM) for elastic wave propagation by analyzing its grid dispersion. We consider different types of basis functions that naturally yield a diagonal mass matrix. This is relevant to seismology because a diagonal mass matrix is tantamount to an explicit and efficient time marching scheme. We find that the Legendre basis functions that are traditionally used in IP-DGM introduce numerical dispersion and anisotropy. Furthermore, we find that using Lagrange basis functions along with the Gauss nodes has attractive advantages for numerical wave propagation.
Evolution of the vestibulo-ocular system

The evolutionary and developmental changes in the eye muscle innervation, the inner ear, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex are examined. Three eye muscle patterns, based on the innervation by distinct ocular motoneurons populations, can be identified: a lamprey, an elasmobranch, and a bony fish/tetrapod pattern. Four distinct patterns of variation in the vestibular system are described: a hagfish pattern, a lamprey pattern, an elasmobranch pattern, and a bony fish/tetrapod pattern. Developmental data suggest an influence of the hindbrain on ear pattern formation, thus potentially allowing a concomitant change of eye muscle innervation and ear variation. The connections between the ear and the vestibular nuclei and between the vestibular nuclei and ocular motoneurons are reviewed, and the role of neurotrophins for pattern specification is discussed. Three patterns are recognized in central projections: a hagfish pattern, a lamprey pattern, and a pattern for jawed vertebrates. Second-order connections show both similarities and differences between distantly related species such as lampreys and mammals. For example, elasmobranchs lack an internuclear system, which is at best poorly developed in lampreys. It is suggested that the vestibulo-ocular system shows only a limited degree of variation because of the pronounced functional constraints imposed on it.
Development of ganglion cells and their axons in organized cultures of fetal mouse retinal explants

Summary Retinas from 13–15 day fetal mice were explanted alone, with adjacent eyeball tissue, or with nearby superior colliculus explants. The organotypic structure of the retina developed in situ, including photoreceptors, interneurons, plexiform layers, ganglion cells, and an optic fiber layer. Electrophysiologic recordings demonstrated that functional synaptic networks developed resembling bioelectric response patterns seen in situ. Within half-retinas, arrays of optic fibers converged to the optic nerve head; in co-cultures with tectum they could become myelinated. Large bundles of long, naked neurites — 1° primary retinal fibers — emerged from the explant in the first few days in vitro; these could often be traced back to the optic nerve head and a detailed survey of their properties using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing methods identified them as ganglion cell axons. When growing upon collagen substrata, 1° fibers began to disintegrate during the second week in vitro; however, many 1° fibers that grew into superior colliculus explants were maintained for at least 5 weeks in vitro, where they formed elaborate, functional terminal arborizations. In a few cases, 1° fibers grew across skeletal muscle fibers and appeared to induce them to contract. A second type of neuritic outgrowth pattern appeared after the first week in vitro: 2° retinal fibers. This was composed of a mixed population of interneuronal neurites; a small percentage was catecholaminergic. Our characterization of the morphologic properties of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in organotypic culture provides the necessary background to interpret electrophysiologic mapping and neural-specificity analyses of retino-CNS co-cultures. This in vitro model system may have biological relevance to understanding the cues that control the development of the retinotectal projection in situ.
A Prospective Pilot Study of Psychosocial Functioning in Head and Neck Cancer Patient–Caregiver Dyads

This study explored the psychosocial functioning of 10 head and neck cancer patient-caregiver dyads over the radiation/chemoradiation (radiation or combined chemoradiation) treatment period, including the interdependence in patient-caregiver quality of life (QOL). Dyads were recruited prior to or at the initiation of radiation/chemoradiation treatment. Patient QOL decreased across the treatment trajectory, and many caregiver QOL subscales decreased during the middle of treatment. Caregiver burden increased over the treatment trajectory with levels remaining relatively low. Patients and caregivers demonstrated interdependence in QOL toward the middle and conclusion of treatment. Patients demonstrated more depression than caregivers at all time points. Results suggest that both members of the dyad should be targeted for psychosocial interventions during radiation/chemoradiation treatment period.
Spondylolysis of C-2 in children 3 years of age or younger: clinical presentation, radiographic findings, management, and outcomes with a minimum 12-month follow-up

Object Cervical spondylolysis is a rare condition that results from a pars interarticularis defect. The C-6 level is the most frequently involved site in the cervical spine. Its clinical presentations range from incidental radiographic findings to neck pain and, rarely, neurological deficits. Although 150 patients with subaxial cervical spondylolysis have been reported, a mere 24 adult and pediatric patients with C-2 spondylolysis have been described. The long-term outcomes of very young children with bilateral C-2 spondylolysis are of great interest, yet only a few longitudinal studies exist. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed 5 cases of bilateral C-2 spondylolysis at Texas Children's Hospital and Riley Children's Hospital; these were combined with 5 other cases in the literature, yielding a total of 10 patients. Data regarding the patients' age, sex, C2–3 angulation and displacement, associated spine anomalies, neurological deficits, treatment, and most recent follow-up were recorded. Results ...
Materials for advanced space propulsion systems

Abstract The potential for improved performance in advanced space propulsion systems through innovative application of advanced materials is discussed. The importance of a high-to-weight ratio, together with high temperature capability is examined, as also is the need for high thermal conductivity in actively cooled structures. Many advanced space propulsion systems are hydrogen fueled, making hydrogen compatibility a major requirement. The performance of candidate materials in high pressure hydrogen environments is discussed at length, and promising systems are identified.
Are trends in diabetes incidence changing for minority children

Abstract PURPOSE: To contrast incidence rates and time trends of typical type 1 diabetes with non-autoimmune insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes in minority children (Early 2). METHODS: A population based registry of all insulin treated African-American and Hispanic children residing in Chicago, aged 0–17 years at onset, diagnosed between 1985–1994 provided data. Medical records were reviewed and abstracted (N = 739), and a subset of patients were interviewed (n = 195). Based on these data sources, cases were assigned to the early type 2 category if one or more of the following variables were present: notation of “atypical” or “possible type 2” diabetes in the medical record; obesity (defined as BMI ⩾ 27 (kg/m 2 )) or acanthosis nigricans noted at diagnosis; a report by the patient of going off insulin six months after initial diagnosis without developing diabetic ketoacidosis; or reporting the use of oral hypoglycemic agents with or without insulin. The Chi-square test for homogeneity was used to determine differences between proportions of groups. Time trend analysis of incidence was done using regression models with the Poisson distribution. RESULTS: The 10-year average annual incidence rate was 10.3 per 100,000 population for typical type 1 diabetes (n = 565) and 3.2 per 100,000 for those with characteristics of early 2 diabetes (n = 174). Over the ten year interval the incidence rate remained static for typical type 1 diabetes. In the early 2 group there was a 9.0% average annual percent increase over the ten year interval (p CONCLUSIONS: The trends in incidence rates vary between typical type and early 2 diabetes. We hypothesize that this is associated with the increasing rate of obesity and a lack of physical activity in young people.
Intelligent Prosthetic Devices

Communication aids with advanced microelectronics, voice synthesis, and artificial intelligence are under development. Some of these devices and their sophisticated human-machine interface strategies are described here.
A Coming Community

This review analyzes the extent to which The Obsessions of Georges Bataille: Community and Communication, edited by Andrew J. Mitchell and Jason Kemp Winfree, may contribute to recent treatments of sensibility and affect in critical thought. After first posing the question of why community appeared to recede from the critical attention it received in the 1990s, my discussion then assesses the ways the volume's essays argue collectively for a renewed engagement with community via the work of Bataille. I attempt to show how Mitchell's and Winfree's volume provides an important provocation to recover the exigency of community at a time when popular appeals to community remain no less spectacular, inflated, and cynical than they were at the height of its engagement by critical thought. The essay concludes with a suggestion of how Bataille's work can intervene in what Fredric Jameson has called the post-09/11 manufacturing of affect.
An Initial Study of Aerosol Jet ® Printed Interconnections on Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Substrates

The combination of different additive manufacturing techniques to produce freeform products with multifunctional properties is gaining increasing popularity. In the research presented, Aerosol Jet® Printing (AJP) is combined with extrusion-based 3D printing. AJP starts with an ink to create micro-tracks. These tracks commonly have widths ranging from a few micrometers up to several millimeters and track heights ranging from a few tenths of a micrometer up to several micrometers, unlike extrusion-based 3D printers with which the extruded material usually has a resolution of tenths of millimeters. AJP can therefore be a complementary technique for extrusion-based 3D printing; in this manner, fine high resolution features can be added onto relatively rapidly produced extrusion-based 3D printed parts. Furthermore, AJP can be used to produce electrically conductive tracks to create interconnections, inductors, capacitors, strain gauges, etc. In this paper, the creation of AJP-manufactured interconnects on extrusion-based 3D printed substrates is investigated. The relevant AJP process parameters to take into account are the flow rates of the aerosol, the flow rate of the sheath gas, the temperature settings of the ink and substrate, and the platform speed and nozzle-to-substrate distance. To obtain reliable results, the AJP process parameters are optimized for printing single-layered and multilayered silver ink tracks on extrusion-based 3D-printed surfaces. Important quality output parameters include the dimensions and the electrical properties of the printed interconnects.
Temperature-independent unassisted pyrolytic MOCVD growth of cadmium telluride at 290°C and mercury telluride at 325°C using dimethylcadmium methylallyltelluride and dimethylmercury

Abstract Methylallyltelluride (MATe) was synthesized and tested as part of a joint effort between American Cyanamid Co. and Hughes Research Laboratories to develop a Te alkyl suitable for low-temperature, high-growth-rate epitaxy of Hg1-xCdxTe (MCT) alloys by unassisted pyrolytic metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Cadmium telluride and HgTe growth studies using MATe were performed at substrate temperatures between 250 and 350°C. Reproducible temperature-dependent CdTe growth rates as high as 30 μm/h were achieved at or above 290°C. The decomposition characteristics of the Hg source, dimethylmercury (DMHg), limited the minimum temperature for temperature-independent growth of HgTe to 325°C. Between 325 and 340°C the maximum HgTe growth rates were 15 μm/h. Room-temperature Hall measurements were performed on CdTe epitaxial layers grown on high-resistivity CdTe substrate at 300°C. These layers were p-type. Their carrier concentrations (NA-ND), resistivities (ρ) and Hall mobilities (μH) were 3.9X1015 ⩽ NA-ND ⩽ 2.7X1016 cm-3, 14.2 ⩽ ρ ⩽ 54.3 Ω cm, and 15 ⩽ μH ⩽51 cm2/V h- s, respectively.
Next Generation of Immunotherapy for Melanoma

Purpose Immunotherapy has a long history with striking but limited success in patients with melanoma. To date, interleukin-2 and interferon-alfa2b are the only approved immunotherapeutic agents for melanoma in the United States. Design Tumor evasion of host immune responses, and strategies for overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression are reviewed. Several novel immunotherapies currently in worldwide phase III clinical testing for melanoma are discussed. Results The limitations of immunotherapy for melanoma stem from tumor-induced mechanisms of immune evasion that render the host tolerant of tumor antigens. For example, melanoma inhibits the maturation of antigen-presenting cells, preventing full T-cell activation and downregulating the effector antitumor immune response. New immunotherapies targeting critical regulatory elements of the immune system may overcome tolerance and promote a more effective antitumor immune response. These include monoclonal antibodies that block the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-ass...
The Long-Term Dynamical Evolution of Comet Swift-Tuttle

Abstract Periodic comet Swift-Tuttle is the largest known object in the Solar System whose current orbit allows it to make repeated close approaches to the Earth. As such it poses a significant impact hazard. In addition, P/Swift-Tuttle possesses the second longest observing are of any comet, with recorded observations spanning two millennia. These data place extremely tight constraints on the current orbit. This paper analyzes the likely dynamical evolution of P/Swift-Tuttle for 40,000 years centered on the present. The evolution is uncertain prior to the earliest observations in 69 BC; however, given that nongravitational forces appear to be negligible, the future evolution is clear until an exceptionally close encounter with Earth in 4479 AD. Beyond this date, the current librations about the 1:11 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter will continue until at least 7000 AD, while the orbital descending node is likely to remain within 0.1 AU of Earth's orbit for the next 20,000 years. The resonant librations increase the orbit's Lyapunov time by a factor of two in the future and strongly influence the movement of the orbital nodes. The librations are maintained by indirect rather than direct planetary perturbations, which explains why a retrograde comet of such long orbital period is located in a resonance, and why Jupiter is the resonant planet. After 4479 the probability of impacting Earth is roughly 2 × 10 -8 per revolution until 12,000 AD, while the chance of a collision in 4479 is of order 1 in 10 6 .
Some identities and inequalities for derivatives

Abstract We introduce some identities for the derivative of a trigonometric polynomial which are obtained from the identity of Riesz. We then use these new identities to derive some inequalities for derivatives of trigonometric and algebraic polynomials. Among our results are a weighted L p inequality relating the derivative of a trigonometric polynomial to its L p modulus and simple proofs for the inequalities of Brudnyi and Dzyadyk. We are able to give values to the constants in these inequalities.
Low Protein Diets Are Not Needed in Chronic Renal Failure

Low protein diets have been used for a long time in the conservative management of chronic renal failure as they have a beneficial effect in preventing the appearance of symptoms. However, with the exception of the beneficial effect on hyperphosphatemia of the very low protein diets supplemented with ketoacids, they have no proven effects on the other aspects of the uremic syndrome. Moreover, the weight of the evidence suggests that the effect of these diets on preservation of GFR, if any, in patients with nondiabetic renal disease is small and of little clinical relevance. There is very little evidence in the literature of its role in patients with diabetes. The nutritional safety of these diets is still suspect. Patients with chronic renal failure have low energy intakes, which is further reduced when these diets are prescribed. Metabolic studies predict that these patients would be in negative nitrogen balance and in fact, even nutritionally sound, nondiabetic patients enrolled in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study developed subclinical signs of malnutrition. It is possible that the nutritional decline may have been more pronounced on longer duration of follow-up. Finally, these diets are difficult to follow, leading to issues of compliance and exert a great toll on the time of the dietitians. Hence, we conclude that low protein diets are not necessary in chronic renal failure.
Finding a Golden Mean in Education Policy: Centering Religious and Public Schools.

The separation between Church and State, private and public education, is blurring, and coming together, as the government gives families vouchers to attend private and religious schools. Religious groups are starting and supporting their own charter schools, and local jurisdictions (cities and counties) are providing free transportation and food services to children attending private schools. What emerges, and is the focus of this analysis, is the new “middle ground,” a “golden mean,” by which public schools learn diversity and choice while private/religious schools are helped by public programs and funds. The oldest, perhaps, was Lyndon Johnson's compromise with the Catholics to get Title 1 passed as part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that sends public school teachers into private schools to help children in need. This study examines the emergence of a middle group in public–private education, and how the policies are working and what's changing. It argues that the child is the center of...
Familial bleeding tendency associated with microcytic platelets and impaired release of platelet adenosine diphosphate.

This report describes a familial bleeding tendency associated with abnormal platelet responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), connective tissue suspension, thrombin, and kaolin, which were attributed to impaired platelet ADP release. All but one of the patients also had microcytic platelets. The association of microcytic platelets with impaired platelet ADP release may be due to a population of predominantly old platelets in these patients.
Reducing component contract overhead by offloading enforcement

In recent years, component technology has been a successful methodology for large-scale commercial software development. It is also becoming increasingly popular for large-scale scientific computing in helping to tame the software complexity required in coupling multiple disciplines, multiple scales, and/or multiple physical phenomena. The Common Component Architecture (CCA) [1] is a component model that was designed to fit the needs of the scientific computing community by imposing low overhead and supporting parallel components. CCA has already been used in several scientific domains, creating components for large simulations involving accelerator design, climate modeling, combustion, and accidental fires and explosions [6].
Cerebral herniation after lumbar puncture in sarcoid meningitis

A patient with chronic meningitis due to neurosarcoidosis became comatose within minutes of a lumbar puncture and died 24 h later. The diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis was made post mortem. Development of cerebral herniation may have been exacerbated by lumbar puncture. It was proposed that arachnoid villi dysfunction may have contributed to very high intracranial pressures in this patient, since post mortem examination revealed communication between the ventricles and outlet foramina of the fourth ventricle, and that herniation was in part due to an acute pressure differential caused by lumbar puncture.
Discernible Elements in Models for Peano Arithmetic

Combinations of capital letters (e.g., G, EVEN ) will be used as names of formulas of Peano arithmetic, x, y, z will be variables. Let be a model for Peano arithmetic. The names of formulas with a bar (e.g., G − , EVEN − (x) ) will denote the relations defined by the formulas in . The elements of are called numbers. By a finite sequence of numbers 〈 a 0 , …, a n 〉 we mean a number . Note that n P i 's and a i 's can be nonstandard elements and therefore “finite,” and all concepts which will use it are not absolute but relative to .
The effect of sediment redox potential on nitrogen uptake, anaerobic root respiration and growth of Spartina alterniflora loisel

Abstract A system developed for growing plants in estuarine sediment at controlled redox potential (Eh) was used to study the effect of Eh on anaerobic root respiration, uptake of added labelled nitrogen and photosynthetic rates of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. Plant growth, estimated by CO 2 fixation and nitrogen uptake, was not affected by sediment redox potential ranging from oxidized (+500 mV) to strongly reducing (−200 mV). Anaerobic root respiration, evident by alcohol dehydrogenase activity, increased with decreasing sediment redox potential. The results suggest that neither redox potential per se nor anaerobic root respiration can account for the growth differences of S. alterniflora observed in Louisiana's coastal marshes.
Direct determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in fruits and vegetables by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A novel method was developed for the direct, sensitive, and rapid determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in fruit and vegetable samples by mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/weak anion-exchange liquid chromatography (HILIC/WAX) coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Homogenized samples were extracted with water, without derivatization or further clean-up, and the extracts were injected directly onto the Asahipak NH2P-50 4E column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm). The best results were obtained when the column was operated under mixed-mode HILIC/WAX elution conditions. An initial 10-min washing step with acetonitrile/water (10:90, v/v) in HILIC mode was used to remove potentially interfering compounds, and then the analytes were eluted in WAX mode with acetonitrile and water containing 0.1 molL(-1) ammonium hydroxide under gradient elution for the ESI analysis in negative ion mode. Limits of quantification of glyphosate and AMPA were 5 μgkg(-1) and 50 μgkg(-1), respectively, with limits of detection as low as 1.2 μgkg(-1) for glyphosate and 15 μgkg(-1) for AMPA. The linearity was satisfactory, with correlation coefficients (r)>0.9966. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked matrices (6 vegetables, 3 fruits) with glyphosate at four concentrations and AMPA at three concentrations. The mean recoveries for glyphosate and AMPA were 75.3-110% and 76.1-110%, respectively, with relative standard deviations in the range of 1.1-13.8%. The intra-day precision (n=7) for glyphosate and AMPA in vegetable and fruit samples spiked at an intermediate level between 5.9% and 7.5%, and the inter-day precision over 11 days (n=11) was between 7.0% and 13%.
A Noise Suppressor for Neurophysiological Recording of Impulse Activity

A device is presented which utilizes a novel transistor switch for dc restoration of base line in neurophysiological recordings of impulse activity. A gate which operates the switch is derived from the initial rise of an impulse. The switch and associated circuitry allow only the impulses to pass and deliver no signal between impulses.
6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: A Bermuda grass phagostimulant to fall armyworm (lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-1-one (phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass,Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars showed a 10–40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm. Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm.
Uniform exhaustivity and Banach lattices

The measure theoretic notion of strong boundedness is extended to the setting of a real σ-complete Banach lattice X; the lattice theoretic concept which corresponds to strong boundedness is termed exhaustivity. Uniformly exhaustive subsets of X are studied, and various characterizations are presented. One of these characterizations involves the order continuity of the norm on X. The exhaustive elements of certain classical lattices are cataloged. Applications are given to spaces of measures.
Control of paratuberculosis in beef cattle.

PREVALENCE Worldwide, paratuberculosis is less prevalent in beef cattle than in dairy cattle. For this reason, paratuberculosis is considered by some to be a “dairy cattle” disease. While the prevalence of paratuberculosis is less in beef cattle than in dairy cattle, paratuberculosis nevertheless occurs in beef cattle and is a major health and production problem in some herds. Awareness of paratuberculosis among beef cattle producers is generally lower than it is among dairy cattle producers. A study conducted by the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) and published in 1997 revealed that nearly 70% of beef producers said they had never heard of paratuberculosis, while a similar study a year earlier showed that only 10% of dairy cattle producers had not heard of the disease. 1,2 Compared to studies of dairy cattle, studies of the prevalence of paratuberculosis of beef cattle are much fewer in number. In the NAHMS study of beef cattle herds in the United States which used the serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), only 0.4% of animals had a positive test results. 1 This compares with 2.5% of dairy cattle in a similar study 1 year previously. 2 Among beef herds, 7.9% of herds had at least 1 positive test. 1 This compares to 21.8% of dairy herds. 2 The testing strategy used in this study was designed to identify herds with a prevalence of 10% or greater. In the author’s experience, the prevalence in most extensively reared beef cattle herds is less than 10%. Therefore, the true herd prevalence may have been underestimated in this study. Several smaller and less statistically valid surveys of beef cattle in the United States have been published in the past 20 years. Among these studies, the animal-level seroprevalence of paratuberculosis ranged from 3% to 9.6%, while the herd prevalence based on 1 or more seropositive animals ranged from 34% to 76%. 3– 6 There are several biases and potential sources of error in the studies, as most of the herds were self-selected and the seroprevalence was not corrected for test sensitivity and specificity. However, the studies suggest that paratuberculosis does in fact affect a substantial number of beef cattle in the United States. Two
High-sensitivity laser absorption measurements of broadband absorbers in the near-infrared spectral region.

We describe the development and characterization of a near-infrared diode-laser-based sensor to measure the vapor from trace gases having unstructured absorption spectra. The technique uses two equal amplitude-modulated laser beams, with the modulation of the two lasers differing in phase by 180 deg. One of the laser beams is at a wavelength absorbed by the gas [for these experiments, vapor is from pyridine (C5H5N)], and the second laser beam is at a wavelength at which no absorption occurs. The two laser beams are launched onto near-coincident paths by graded-index lens-tipped optical fibers. The mixed laser beam signal is detected by use of a single photodiode and is demodulated with standard phase-sensitive detection. Data are presented for the detection and measurement of vapor from pyridine (C5H5N) by use of the mixed laser technique. The discussion focuses on experimental determination of whether a compound exhibits unstructured absorption spectra (referred to here as a broadband absorber) and methods used to maximize sensitivity.
Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid Using Au@Pt Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles

We report electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid using monometallic and bimetallic dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs). The results indicate that the Au147@Pt DENs exhibit better electrocatalytic activity and low CO formation. Theoretical calculations attribute the observed activity to the deformation of nanoparticle structure, slow dehydration of formic acid, and weak binding of CO on Au147@Pt surface. Subsequent experiments confirmed the theoretical predictions.
Terminal Relaxation and Diffusion of Entangled Three-Arm Star Polymers: Temperature and Molecular Weight Dependencies

Recent experimental investigation of the terminal relaxation in high molec- ular weight polyisoprenes by dynamic mechanical measurements (C. A. Bero and C. M. Roland, Macromolecules, 29, 1562 (1996)) has found the terminal relaxation times to be more sensitive to changes in temperature for three-arm stars than for the linear polyisoprenes. Moreover, these measurements, carried out with significantly higher molecular weight samples than heretofore, show that the molecular weight dependence of the terminal relaxation times for three-arm star polyisoprenes is much weaker than the exponential dependence previously proposed (L. J. Fetters, et al., Macromolecules, 26, 647 ( 1993)). Tracer diffusion of labeled linear and three-arm star polyethylene- like diffusant molecules in a highly entangled linear polyethylene matrix exhibit tem- perature and molecular weight dependencies similar to those observed spectroscopically from bulk polymers. Both the temperature and molecular weight dependencies for the star-branched polymers are at variance with the predictions of the reptation model. It is shown here, however, that these observations can be reconciled through application of the coupling model of relaxation. q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2503-2510, 1997
Culture and the Development of Self-Knowledge

Although a great deal of work in the past decades has shown cultural variations in self-knowledge among adults, not until recently have researchers started to examine developmental processes and mechanisms that give rise to the variations. I discuss our research on the development of two kinds of self-knowledge: autobiographical memory and self-concept. Our findings indicate that children develop culture-specific self-knowledge early in life; the two kinds of self-knowledge reinforce each other at both individual and cultural levels; and early narrative practices constitute an important resource from which children draw cultural views about the self to incorporate into their self-understanding and remembering.
American Indian Perceptions of Educational Achievement in Predominantly White Culture Implications for Marriage, Couple, and Family Counselors

Phenomenological methodology provided a framework for examining perceptions of achievement among 12 tribal-based American Indians who have family members attending predominately White postsecondary...
Fuzzy clustering for intrusion detection

The newly formed Department of Homeland Security has been mandated to reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism. In addition to being charged with physical protection, this newly formed department is also responsible for protecting the nation's critical infrastructure. Protecting computer systems from intrusions is an important aspect of securing the nation's infrastructure. We are exploring how fuzzy data mining and concepts introduced by the semantic Web can operate in synergy to perform distributed intrusion detection. The underlying premise of our intrusion detection model is to describe attacks as instances of an ontology using a semantically rich language, reason over them and subsequently classify them as instances of an attack of a specific type. However, before an abnormality can be specified as an instance of the ontology, it first needs to be detected. Hence, our intrusion detection model is two phased, where the first phase uses data mining techniques to analyze low level data streams that capture process, system and network states and to detect anomalous behavior. The second phase reasons over instances of anomalous behavior specified according to our ontology. This paper focuses on the initial phase of our model: outlier detection within low level data streams. Accordingly, we present the preliminary results of the use of fuzzy clustering to detect anomalies within low level kernel data streams.
On the Grammaticalization of German können, dürfen, sollen, mögen, müssen, and wollen

In this article the development of German konnen, durfen, sollen, mogen, mussen, and wollen is examined in the light of grammaticalization theory. It is assumed that these verbs form a class (or subclass) of modal auxiliaries. Some of the assertions made on the development of modal verbs across languages are examined. For example, do the modal meanings develop from nonmodal meanings? Do the epistemic uses of these auxiliaries evolve from deontic ones? Can such an evolution be described in terms of metaphor and can the development of these verbs be described as following a distinct “path” that is “unidirectional”? Some of these questions are answered in the affirmative, but new question arise in the course of the investigation.
Through-wafer optical probe characterization for microelectromechanical systems positional state monitoring and feedback control

Implementation of closed-loop microelectromechanical sys- tem (MEMS) control enables mechanical microsystems to adapt to the demands of the environment that they are actuating, opening a broad range of new opportunities for future MEMS applications. Integrated op- tical microsystems have the potential to enable continuous in situ optical interrogation of MEMS microstructure position fully decoupled from the means of mechanical actuation that is necessary for realization of feed- back control. We present the results of initial research evaluating through-wafer optical microprobes for surface micromachined MEMS in- tegrated optical position monitoring. Results from the through-wafer free- space optical probe of a lateral comb resonator fabricated using the multiuser MEMS process service (MUMPS) indicate significant positional information content with an achievable return probe signal dynamic range of up to 80% arising from film transmission contrast. Static and dynamic deflection analysis and experimental results indicate a through- wafer probe positional signal sensitivity of 40 mV/mm for the present setup or 10% signal change per micrometer. A simulation of the applica- tion of nonlinear sliding control is presented illustrating position control of the lateral comb resonator structure given the availability of positional state information. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)00312-3)