cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coupled Heat and Mass Flow

Many effects due to the coupling of heat with mass flow, e. g., thermomechanical effects and thermomolecular pressure, have been studied extensively, and some, such as separations by thermal diffusion, have been applied in practice. This chapter is an introduction to the fundamentals of the coupling of heat flow with ideal-gas flow, introducing some basic energy concepts associated with these coupled-flow phenomena, e.g., the heat of transport.1 I also believe that an understanding of these phenomena is helpful in conceptualizing phenomenologically the laws of thermoelectricity (discussed in Chap. X) which are of major importance in energy technology.
How to select an area of scholarship and address the applicable review criteria to publish a paper in the IEEE Transactions on Education

The Editorial Board for the IEEE Transactions of Education developed and published a new set of review criteria. The review criteria have been built on the foundation of the areas of scholarship offered by Ernest Boyer. The purpose of this workshop is to help authors address the review criteria.
"Leadership Cannot Be Taught ": Teaching Leadership to MPA Students

This article presents an approach to teaching leadership that employs in-class exercises to build three sets of skills: decision-making, collaboration, and negotiation. It provides a detailed explanation of these teaching techniques based on 1 1 years of experience with MPA students, highlighting the benefits of the appropriate sequencing of games, the use of debriefing as a pedagogical tool, and the value of patient observation and risk-taking by the instructor. The success of the approach is assessed with student survey data.
Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Psychiatric mental health nurses and advanced practice nurses play an important role in the assessment and care of patients with bipolar disorder. Using appropriate rating scales and diagnostic criteria can aid in the assessment of patients who present with a variety of symptoms. In this game-based CME activity, you will assume the role of a psychiatric mental health advanced practice nurse who must recognize the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder and select appropriate treatment for a 20-year-old patient with suicidal thoughts.
CHARACTERIZATION OF ( , &#x1d53d;s)-POLYNOMIALS

ABSTRACT We extend L. Redei's definition of polynomials with a restricted range to include multivariable polynomial functions. Given a proper subfield &#x1d53d;s of the finite field &#x1d53d;q, we identify all f ∈ &#x1d53d;q[x1,…,xk] (with f < q for 1 ≤ i ≤ k ) such that for all γ ∈ we have f (bfγ) ∈ &#x1d53d; s .
The Question of an Afterlife

In this chapter I propose to devote some discussion to what has been regarded as the most damaging objection to the present solution, namely that there does not seem to be any correlation between sinfulness and suffering. There are people who are universally acknowledged as pious and kind, yet whose lives are a series of misfortunes, while others who are obviously wicked, lead prosperous, long lives. It is of course well known that many theists believe that the life of a person upon this earth is an infinitesimally small part of his total life, which continues in the thereafter where the balance is redressed. Perfection is very rare, and perfectly evil people exist no more than perfectly saintly people. Hence wicked people deserve some reward and pious people some punishment. All that is required is that, on the whole, pious people should be much better off than wicked ones, and this, given an afterlife, God can easily ensure. However the point is that many philosophers find such an answer entirely unacceptable.
Biomaterials in Rhinology.

IntroductionMany different kinds of rhinologic biomaterials, both nonabsorbable and absorbable, have been developed over the years to improve outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for p...
Humor as the Focal Point of Treatment for Forensic Psychiatric Patients

Framed as a qualitative case study based on constructivist notions, the research being reported evaluates the Humor Group, a unique treatment modality evoking therapeutic change by engaging male forensic psychiatric patients and nursing students in humorous activities. The group's meaning for patient health was investigated by cross-analyzing data collected from patient and student questionnaires, in-depth patient interviews, and naturalistic observations made by the researcher during the group's 4-year tenure. The Humor Group structure and format are offered as guides for undertaking similar attempts to rein in humor's healing potential in other settings and with other populations.
Do statins increase the risk of diabetes or is it guilt by association

Purpose of review The aim of this review is to critically examine the relevant literature and ascertain whether the current evidence supports the validity of claims that statins increase the risk of diabetes. Recent findings In the past several years, a large number of studies and several meta-analyses based on these reports have suggested a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes associated with statin use, ranging from 6 to 48%. Summary Close examination and deconstruction of these reports reveal numerous flaws in the designs of the studies, insufficient or missing data, and misdirected or spinned assumptions that render the conclusions as highly inaccurate and misleading. These reports have contributed to significant concern among healthcare providers and patients who are taking statins or are candidates for statin therapy. This review shows that the discovery and diagnosis of diabetes during statin therapy are limited to patients with multiple pre-existing diabetogenic risk factors, including sedentary lifestyle, diabetogenic and obesogenic diet, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, family history of diabetes, dysglycemia, prediabetes, and unrecognized diabetes. Diabetes diagnosed during the course of statin therapy is not statin-induced, but is discovered in individuals with pre-existing diabetogenic risk factors, who would have developed diabetes, with or without statin therapy.
Design and Analysis of an Input-output Table of Material Flow in Economic System in Beijing

This study analyzes the material utilization efficiency in economic system in Beijing and the impact of pollution material on its environmental quality.This paper designed the input-output table of material flow in Beijing in 2004 in an explorative way based on the methods of material flow analysis and analyzed the results of those calculations according to the input-output principles.The results indicate that Beijing's total import volume was 28.26 million tons more than exports in 2004,that is,economic development in Beijing mostly depends on the imported resources,and it is a notable external resources-dependent economic development model.This study also shows that the CO2 emission has a large proportion in the waste gas emissions in Beijing,which is an important factor affecting Beijing's environmental quality.At the same time,Beijing's solid waste and wastewater have had a low resources reutilization rate relatively,accounting for 0.25% and 5.20% of the direct investment materials respectively.The study suggests that the present urgency for Beijing is to further improve the mode of economic growth,improve the use of resources utilization efficiency,particularly through technological progress and industrial restructuring to improve resources reutilization rate and mitigate the impact on the environment.
Epidemiology of Measles in Longquanyi District in Chengdu,1999-2009

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Longquanyi district from 1999 to 2009,the herd immunity and the susceptible population and provide scientific evidence for the improvement of measles prevention and control strategy in Longquanyi.Methods The descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data of meacsles epidemic in Longquanyi during this period.Results Totally 169 confirmed measles cases (without death) were reported in Longquanyi with annual average incidence rate of 2.92/105.High incidence of measles was found during 3-6 month aged.Measles mainly occurred among the children under 5 years old (most of them were children living separately),the cases among them accounted for 60.36% of the total cases.More cases occurred in 0-1 year age group and 15 years age group in recent years,the cases among the 2 age groups accounted for 44.98% of the total cases.The cases among floating population accounted for 44.37% of the total cases,and the cases without immunization history or with unknown immunization history accounted for 68.64% of the total cases.Conclusion Age distribution of measles cases in Longquanyi has become wider to involve younger age group and older age group.Supplementary immunization activity of measles is important to protect susceptible population and control measles outbreak,and it is necessary to strengthen the management of floating population and increase the measles vaccination rate for the effective control and elimination of measles.
Feasibility,effectiveness and guarantee mechanism for HIV/AIDS control and prevention at the community health service centers in the city

Objectives:To analyze the feasibility,effectiveness and guarantee mechanism for community health services institutions participating in HIV/AIDS control and prevention work in the city. Methods:Systematic analysis and structure-process-outcome methods were used to do an analysis. Results:The working mechanism was feasible based on the analysis of policy,theory and practice; which was effective based on the outcome; however,guarantee mechanism must be completed. Conclusions:The strategy and mechanism of community health services participating in HIV/AIDS control and prevention work in the city is feasible and effective. To ensure sustainable running,the innovative and developping of financing,staffs,and techniques should be further improved.
Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 7 (TRPC7), a Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Permeable Non-selective Cation Channel

Transient receptor potential canonical subfamily, member 7 (TRPC7) is the most recently identified member of the TRPC family of Ca(2+)-permeable non-selective cation channels. The gene encoding the TRPC7 channel plasma membrane protein was first cloned from mouse brain. TRPC7 mRNA and protein have been detected in cell types derived from multiple organ systems from various species including humans. Gq-coupled protein receptor activation is the predominant mode of TRPC7 activation. Lipid metabolites involved in the phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway, including diacylglycerol (DAG) and its precursor the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), have been shown to be direct regulators of TRPC7 channel. TRPC7 channels have been linked to the regulation of various cellular functions however, the depth of our understanding of TRPC7 channel function and regulation is limited in comparison to other TRP channel family members. This review takes a historical look at our current knowledge of TRPC7 mechanisms of activation and its role in cellular physiology and pathophysiology.
Analysis of Malignant Neoplasm in the Third Death Cause Retrospective Review in Jiangxi Province

Objective To analyze the mortality distribution characteristics and epidemiological trend of cancer from the 3rd National Death Retrospective Sampling Survey areas in Jiangxi province.Methods All death records of cancer from 2 city and 6 counties in Jiangxi province were extracted from the 3rd National Death Retrospective Sampling Survey database.Crude rate,the constitute proportion to all cancer deaths,age-specific proportion,age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese population and by world standard population and rank of cancer-specific mortality were calculated by different gender and area groups.Results There were 7 842 deaths caused by cancer with death rate of 115.37 per 100 000,age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese population of 83.41 per 100 000 and 110.34 per 100 000 by world standard population in Jiangxi province in 2004-2005.The total death rates were 144.59 per 100 000 in male and 83.77 per 100 000 in female.Mortality rate was higher in male than that in female and higher in urban than that in rural areas.The top five malignant tumors causing death were lung,liver,stomach,colorectal and esophageal cancer.The top three leading causes of deaths from cancer in urban areas were lung,liver and stomach cancers,and in rural areas were liver,stomach and lung cancers.Conclusion The mortality of cancers is lower from the 3rd National Death Retrospective Sampling Survey areas in Jiangxi province than that in the whole country and higher than western region in 2004-2005.Lung,liver,and stomach cancers remain the most common causes of cancer deaths in Jiangxi province.
Cognitive Activity in Sleep and Responsiveness to External Stimuli

The relationship between responsiveness to auditory stimuli presented during sleep and cognitive activity during sleep was assessed. Sixteen college-aged women were instructed while awake to turn off a tone by taking a deep breath. The tone was then presented during Stage 2 and REM sleep. Subjects were awakened after select trials to assess the relationship between responding and reports of ongoing cognitive activity. Consistent with the view that cognitive activity reduces responsiveness, significantly fewer responses were found on report (cognitive activity) trials relative to no-report (no cognitive activity) trials in analyses involving all trials and Stage 2 trials alone. Trained judges then rated the subjects' reports of cognitive activity as indicating incorporation or not indicating incorporation of the tone and/or the breathing response. Incorporation was associated with a reduced likelihood of responding relative to no incorporation in analyses involving all trials. No difference in responding was found between no-incorporation trials and no-report trials, suggesting that reduced responsiveness is associated with cognitive activity only when incorporation occurs. These findings support hypotheses that the reduced responsiveness to external stimulation during sleep is at least in part due to ongoing cognitive activity.
Integrating Job Loss, Unemployment, and Reemployment With Social Cognitive Career Theory

Job loss and recovery remain critical challenges in the United States and Europe in the wake of the Great Recession. However, the experience of unemployment is poorly integrated in theories of vocational psychology. In this article, we explore how job loss and recovery can be understood through the lens of social cognitive career theory’s career self-management (SCCT-CSM) model. We apply the SCCT-CSM model to understand the critical importance of person-cognitive variables, individual differences, and contextual affordances to the experiences of job loss and job recovery. Implications for future research, including research with particular groups of unemployed persons, are discussed. Overall, our analysis indicates that the SCCT-CSM model is a fruitful perspective for organizing future scholarship related to job loss and recovery.
Artificial Intelligence: Is Watson the Real Thing?

Artificial intelligence represents a threshold in computing that will transform machines into human-like intellectual entities. Indeed, rather than merely imitating human intelligence, some AI researchers have expressed a desire to create "a new form of life."
Geological models for the next decade : What do we need to reduce hydrocarbon exploration risk ?

Several main areas of quantitative geologic model development, needed over the next decade, are outlined using illustrative examples to emphasize need. In order of importance these areas are: (i) motion of multiple faults in 3-D tied to multi-phase fluid-flow and overpressure evolution in sediments : (ii) dynamical primary and secondary hydrocarbon migration in 3-D; (iii) self-consistent salt and sediment dynamical interactions; (iv) turbidite and sequence strati graphic models: (v) self-consistent dynamical tectonic and sediment evolution models ; (vi) integrated economic and geological relative importance and risking methods. As vital adjuncts, each area of model development should include the capabilities: (a) of forward and inverse modes of operation; (b) of being able to provide quantitative measures of uniqueness, resolution, precision and sensitivity in relation to intrinsic model assumptions, parameters in the model, numerical limits, and in respect of quality, quantity and sampling frequency of present-day data used as control information; (c) of yielding quantitative probabilistic assessments of the range of results in view of the indeterminancy of point (b); (d) of culling needed data from a common data base; (e) of being built and used in a user-friendly, technology-transferable mode. No crystal ball is perfect, so this present view of the next decade's needs in geologic modeling should be continuously up-dated and modified as future information becomes available, which will influence the values, worth, and priorities of the presently estimated future needs in geologic model requirements.
Outcomes of Autologous and Allogeneic BMT for Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

To evaluate BMT outcomes in patients (pts) with newly diagnosed or relapsed mantle cell lymphoma, 58 consecutive pts were selected through the BMT registry at Johns Hopkins. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical features were confirmed. Fifty-four pts (88%) had stage III or IV disease and 39 (67%) had documented bone marrow involvement at diagnosis. First-line therapy was CHOP +/− rituximab in 71% and was fludarabine-based in 17%. Thirty-seven pts (64%) were transplanted after first partial or complete remission, 14 pts (24%) after one or more relapses, and 12% after primary induction failure (PIF). Median age at BMT was 55 years. Thirty-eight pts (66%) received autologous (auto) BMT, 19 pts (33%) allogeneic (allo) BMT, and 1 pt syngeneic BMT. Preparative regimens in all but 1 case consisted of cyclophosphamide plus busulfan or total body irradiation. The estimated 3-year event-free survival (EFS) following BMT was 51% (95% CI, 35–65%), probability of relapse 31% (17–51%), and overall survival 59% (42–73%). Median follow-up is 16 months (range P = 0.02), PIF (HR 5.4, CI 1.9–15.4, P = 0.002), and allo BMT (HR 3.0, CI 1.3–6.8, P = 0.007) predicted an inferior EFS; whereas PIF and residual bone marrow involvement independently predicted relapse. Notably, however, EFS curves were not statistically different for auto and allo BMT performed in first remission, with the 3 year EFS approaching or equaling 70%. The benefit of BMT for mantle cell lymphoma is thus most apparent when performed in first remission. While the comparative efficacy of auto and allo BMT remains to be determined, allo BMT warrants continued study especially early in the disease course.
Anaesthesia for specialist surgery in infancy

Abstract Specialist surgery in infancy provides unique and significant challenges for paediatric anaesthetists. Both common (inguinal hernias and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis) and less common conditions (tracheo-oesophageal fistula, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, exomphalos (omphalocele), gastroschisis and congenital lobar emphysema) require a sound understanding of the relevant pathology and the particular issues that may be encountered in order to safely anaesthetise these infants. It is important to maintain a high attention to detail and to strive for excellent communication between all members of the perioperative team. In the last decade there has been a rise in the number of procedures in infancy being performed with a minimally invasive technique and this has a wide range of implications for anaesthesia.
What to Do When There Aren't Enough Beds in the PICU.

Medically futile/inappropriate treatments and rationing have distinct ethical justifications and applications and require separate policies.
Sports in Children and Young Age

Children and adolescents are becoming more involved in sports at earlier ages and with higher levels of intensity. Sports-related foot and ankle problems are the second most common musculoskeletal problem in children and adolescents next to acute injury. Due to the changing biomechanic properties of muscles, tendons, and bones during growth and maturation the injuries and their treatment in children are different from those in adults. This chapter gives an overview of common sports-related foot injuries in this age group. It illustrates common acute injuries, overuse injuries, and growth-related problems as well as their prevention.
Neural Systems: Models of Behavioral Functions

Understanding of the functional properties of neural systems can be greatly enhanced by modeling the biological basis of specific behaviors, and theories of the mechanisms of behavior will benefit from the constraints provided by physiological and anatomical data. Computational models of neural systems have introduced a number of important concepts to neuroscience, and have provided an important functional perspective on available data concerning perception, learning and memory, and motor function. This article provides examples of the contributions of neural models to understanding the function of multiple different neural systems.
Evaluation of an Educational Video: What to Expect Your First Day of Chemotherapy

Partial funding for the video production provided by a grant awarded by Robert Morris University Regional Research and Innovation in Simulation Education (RISE) Center.
Increased Zinc Availability Enhances Initial Aggregation and Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Bacteria growing within biofilms are protected from antibiotics and the immune system. Within these structures, horizontal transfer of genes encoding virulence factors and promoting antibiotic resistance occurs, making biofilms an extremely important aspect of pneumococcal colonization and persistence. Identifying environmental cues that contribute to the formation of biofilms is critical to understanding pneumococcal colonization and infection. It has been shown that iron is essential for the formation of pneumococcal biofilms; however, the role of other physiologically important metals such as copper, zinc, and manganese has been largely neglected. In this study, we investigated the effect of metals on pneumococcal aggregation and early biofilm formation. Our results show that biofilms increase as zinc concentrations increase. The effect was found to be zinc-specific, as altering copper and manganese concentrations did not affect biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed structural differences between biofilms grown in varying concentrations of zinc. Analysis of biofilm formation in a mutant strain lacking the peroxide-generating enzyme pyruvate oxidase, SpxB, revealed that zinc does not protect against pneumococcal H2O2. Further, analysis of a mutant strain lacking the major autolysin, LytA, indicated the role of zinc as a negative regulator of LytA-dependent autolysis, which could affect biofilm formation. Additionally, analysis of cell-cell aggregation via plating and microscopy revealed that high concentrations of zinc contribute to intercellular interaction of pneumococci. The findings from this study demonstrate that metal availability contributes to the ability of pneumococci to form aggregates and subsequently, biofilms.
Controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor for angiogenesis using acoustically-responsive scaffolds.

Abstract The clinical translation of pro-angiogenic growth factors for treatment of vascular disease has remained a challenge due to safety and efficacy concerns. Various approaches have been used to design spatiotemporally-controlled delivery systems for growth factors in order to recapitulate aspects of endogenous signaling and thus assist in translation. We have developed acoustically-responsive scaffolds (ARSs), which are fibrin scaffolds doped with a payload-containing, sonosensitive emulsion. Payload release can be controlled non-invasively and in an on-demand manner using focused, megahertz-range ultrasound (US). In this study, we investigate the in vitro and in vivo release from ARSs containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) encapsulated in monodispersed emulsions. Emulsions were generated in a two-step process utilizing a microfluidic device with a flow focusing geometry. At 2.5 MHz, controlled release of bFGF was observed for US pressures above 2.2 ± 0.2 MPa peak rarefactional pressure. Superthreshold US yielded a 12.6-fold increase in bFGF release in vitro . The bioactivity of the released bFGF was also characterized. When implanted subcutaneously in mice, ARSs exposed to superthreshold US displayed up to 3.3-fold and 1.7-fold greater perfusion and blood vessel density, respectively, than ARSs without US exposure. Scaffold degradation was not impacted by US. These results highlight the utility of ARSs in both basic and applied studies of therapeutic angiogenesis .
Do Stormwater Basins Generate co-Benefits? Evidence from Baltimore County, Maryland

Abstract An often-cited advantage of green infrastructure projects is the potential for “co-benefits” generated from its natural features, which depend on the generation of positive house price capitalization. Using housing transactions data and exploiting variation in placement and design, we examine the capitalization of stormwater retention basins, a common green infrastructure project in suburban housing developments. Results show adjacency causes decreases in housing prices between 13 and 14% for the average home. Additionally this negative effect exacerbates with basin age. Rather than providing co-benefits, we find that stormwater basins generate a cost for proximate households.
A survey of DNA methylation polymorphism identifies environmentally responsive co-regulated networks of epigenetic variation in the human genome

While studies such as the 1000 Genomes Projects have resulted in detailed maps of genetic variation in humans, to date there are few robust maps of epigenetic variation. We defined sites of common epigenetic variation, termed Variably Methylated Regions (VMRs) in five purified cell types. We observed that VMRs occur preferentially at enhancers and 3′ UTRs. While the majority of VMRs have high heritability, a subset of VMRs within the genome show highly correlated variation in trans, forming co-regulated networks that have low heritability, differ between cell types and are enriched for specific transcription factor binding sites and biological pathways of functional relevance to each tissue. For example, in T cells we defined a network of 72 co-regulated VMRs enriched for genes with roles in T-cell activation; in fibroblasts a network of 21 co-regulated VMRs comprising all four HOX gene clusters enriched for control of tissue growth; and in neurons a network of 112 VMRs enriched for roles in learning and memory. By culturing genetically-identical fibroblasts under varying conditions of nutrient deprivation and cell density, we experimentally demonstrate that some VMR networks are responsive to environmental conditions, with methylation levels at these loci changing in a coordinated fashion in trans dependent on cellular growth. Intriguingly these environmentally-responsive VMRs showed a strong enrichment for imprinted loci (p
A lower bound for the number of zeros of a function analytic in a disk

Let φ(z) be a nonconstant analytic function regular for |z|≤1. The author shows that, with little additional information regarding φ(z), it is possible to obtain a lower bound for the number of zeros of φ(z) in the disk |z|≤t (0<t<1).
Correlates of Linkage to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among HIV-Testing Clients

Background:Publicly funded HIV-testing sites can identify HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) candidates and provide PrEP linkage.Setting:Harris Health System's HIV clinic, HIV-testing program, and HIV-prevention program (HPP) in Houston, TX, a high HIV-incidence city.Methods:A prospective assessment
mHealth Technology and Nurse Health Coaching to Improve Health in Diabetes: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, are the leading cause of mortality and disability in the United States. Current solutions focus primarily on diagnosis and pharmacological treatment, yet there is increasing evidence that patient-centered models of care are more successful in improving and addressing chronic disease outcomes. Objective: The objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the impact of a mobile health (mHealth) enabled nurse health coaching intervention on self-efficacy among adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at an academic health system in Northern California. A total of 300 participants with type-2 diabetes were scheduled to be enrolled through three primary care clinics. Participants were randomized to either usual care or intervention. All participants received training on use of the health system patient portal. Participants in the intervention arm received six scheduled health-coaching telephone calls with a registered nurse and were provided with an activity tracker and mobile application that integrated data into the electronic health record (EHR) to track their daily activity and health behavior decisions. All participants completed a baseline survey and follow-up surveys at 3 and 9 months. Primary and secondary outcomes include diabetes self-efficacy, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and quality of life measures. Results: Data collection for this trial, funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, will be completed by December 2017. Results from the trial will be available mid-2018. Conclusions: This protocol details a patient-centered intervention using nurse health coaching, mHealth technologies, and integration of patient-generated data into the EHR. The aim of the intervention is to enhance self-efficacy and health outcomes by providing participants with a mechanism to track daily activity by offering coaching support to set reasonable and attainable health goals, and by creating a complete feedback loop by bringing patient-generated data into the EHR. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02672176; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02672176 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6xEQXe1M5)
Toward Computational Understanding of Molecular Recognition in the Human Metabolizing Cytochrome P450s

Cytochrome P450s are enzymes capable of metabolizing a wide variety of drugs. Their significant impact in drug discovery has led to extensive research, computationally and experimentally, in order to explore how a chemical entity responds to metabolizing enzymes. We present an overview of ligand-based and structure-based methodologies, along with pertinent information on the structures, biology, and relevance of these enzymes.
Excitation of Ar 3p 5 4s-3p 5 4p Transitions by Electron Impact

Electron-impact excitation of argon from the ${3p}^{5}4s$ $(J=0,2)$ metastable states to the ${3p}^{5}4p$ $(J=0,1,2,3)$ manifold has been investigated in the semirelativistic first-order distorted-wave and plane-wave Born approximations. The results are compared with recent experimental data of Boffard et al. [Phys. Rev. A 59, 2749 (1999)] and R-matrix predictions by Bartschat and Zeman [Phys. Rev. A 59, R2552 (1999)]. In cases for which perturbative approaches are expected to be valid, the plane-wave Born approximation is found to be sufficiently accurate and thus allows for an efficient calculation of results over a wide range of collision energies.
Biology and Control of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) in Southern Forests

Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) is a warmseason perennial grass species found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world (Hubbard 1944). Native to Southeast Asia, cogongrass is an aggressive invasive plant that that has spread to all continents except Antarctica (MacDonald 2004) and is considered among the worst problematic weeds on a global scale (Holm et al. 1977). In the United States, it is naturalized in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, and Oregon (USDA Plants 2017). It was first accidentally introduced in the United States near Mobile Alabama in 1912 (Tabor 1949 and 1952, Dickens 1974) and subsequently intentionally introduced from the Philippines into Mississippi as a forage crop in 1921 (Tabor 1949 and 1952, Patterson et al. 1979, Tanner and Werner 1986). Plants from Mississippi were replanted in Florida for forage and soil stabilization in the 1930s (Tabor 1949, Hall 1983, USDA NISIC 2017), though its high silica and low protein content made cogongrass an inadequate forage crop (Coile and Shilling 1993, Garrity et al. 1993). These early regional introductions contributed to the establishment of cogongrass in the Southeast. Points of introduction, including forage trials, are often areas where cogongrass remains most well established (Willard et al. 1990). Cogongrass is regulated as a federal noxious weed (USDA Plants 2017).
Evidence for the Importance of Laboratory Courses

Laboratory courses are an ever-present form of teaching in chemistry, despite little evidence for their impact upon student learning. The chemistry community is challenged to consider the evidence basis for laboratory teaching commensurate with the significant investment of cost and time to provide this instruction.
Hybrid enrichment of poorly preserved museum specimens refines homology hypotheses in a group of minute litter bugs (Hemiptera: Dipsocoromorpha: Schizopteridae)

Although they are a valuable source of specimens, insect natural history collections continue to be under‐utilized in molecular systematics, mostly due to difficulties in obtaining DNA sequences. Old specimens or specimens stored under suboptimal conditions are intractable for traditional Sanger sequencing. In this study we use an inexpensive hybrid capture with in‐house generated baits to retrieve commonly utilized ribosomal and mitochondrial loci from old museum specimens and combine them with a Sanger‐generated dataset comprising recently collected material. We focus on the Corixidea genus group (Schizopteridae), which comprises rarely collected, small (1–2 mm) and primarily tropical insects of which only c. 10–20% of the species have been described. A molecular phylogeny is needed to resolve relationships and revise the genus‐level classification to correctly place the c. 150 yet to be described species. Applying this approach, we constructed a dataset, containing 101 taxa, 11 of which were preserved in low‐percentage ethanol, 48 are dry and point‐mounted, and 40 are > 20 years old at DNA extraction. The obtained data proved sufficient for reconstructing a well‐supported phylogeny with c. 50% of the predicted diversity, and for the oldest successfully sequenced specimen (95 years) to be unambiguously placed in that phylogeny. We confirmed monophyly of the Corixidea genus group, showed paraphyly of the genus Corixidea, and recovered nine well‐supported clades within the group. Ancestral character states of selected morphological features were inferred and used to re‐examine primary homology hypotheses and inform an upcoming taxonomic revision.
On discretely entropy conservative and entropy stable discontinuous Galerkin methods

Abstract High order methods based on diagonal-norm summation by parts operators can be shown to satisfy a discrete conservation or dissipation of entropy for nonlinear systems of hyperbolic PDEs [1] , [2] . These methods can also be interpreted as nodal discontinuous Galerkin methods with diagonal mass matrices [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] . In this work, we describe how use flux differencing, quadrature-based projections, and SBP-like operators to construct discretely entropy conservative schemes for DG methods under more arbitrary choices of volume and surface quadrature rules. The resulting methods are semi-discretely entropy conservative or entropy stable with respect to the volume quadrature rule used. Numerical experiments confirm the stability and high order accuracy of the proposed methods for the compressible Euler equations in one and two dimensions.
Physician Burnout: Don’t Get Caught in the Flame

Physician burnout is reaching epidemic proportions. That is the bad news. The good news is that burnout is easily recognized and there are effective solutions to this common problem.
Managing Patients With Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: When Is Enough, Enough?

Objective Approximately 20% of patients with anorexia nervosa develop severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN), manifest by decades-long illnesses. At certain points, demoralized and/or based on judicious appraisals of the seeming futility of further professional treatment to radically alter their course, some SE-AN patients decide that "enough is enough" and opt out of intensive treatment. This article considers courses and treatment options available at these stages for patients, families, and clinicians. Methods The author uses clinical illustrations, Socratic questioning, and available literature to explore questions of treatment strategies with patients struggling with SE-AN. Results SE-AN patients have frequently received care in varieties of medical, psychiatric, and specialized eating disorders inpatient, residential, partial hospital, and outpatient treatment settings. Patients may reject further high-intensity treatment for judicious or capricious reasons, but may still accept lower intensity treatments. Some may reject any and all offers of treatment. Clinicians' treatment recommendations, not always coinciding with patients' wishes, are influenced by numbers of clinical, social, and professional pressures, including those from families, treatment settings, regulatory bodies, and payors. Conclusions When managing patients with decades-long disease and multiple comorbidities, clinicians must be realistic about the low odds of effecting cure and adjust treatment expectations accordingly. For patients with SE-AN, a variety of low-intensity treatment approaches, at times extending to palliative and hospice care, may be useful. Clinicians should always strive to provide humane comfort and support, as closely aligned to patients' judicious wishes as realistically possible.
High temperature ultra-small modular reactor: Pre-conceptual design

Abstract This paper describes the pre-conceptual design for a high temperature (>1300 °C), ultra-small (1–10 MWe) modular reactor with a high efficiency (>50%) thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power-block. The integration of the TPV is attractive for increased efficiency over the heat cycles of traditional nuclear power plants (NPP) and increased inherent safety from the elimination of a working fluid. Allowing for heat removal through radiative and passive convective cooling, the design must operate at low power densities. A preliminary sampling of the design space was performed using coupled thermal and neutronic analysis on a simplified model. This study shows the viability of the design and reveals the favorability of using uranium nitride fuel that allow the core to operate safely at approximately 1–2 W/cm3 within the desired temperature limits. Although preliminary, the depletion and economic analyses reveal an operational time on the order of ten thousand days and approximately 43% savings in NPP capital costs.
Comparison of two Lynch screening strategies in endometrial cancer in a California health system

Abstract Objective Compare detection of Lynch syndrome in endometrial cancer between regions of a health care system with different screening strategies. Methods A retrospective study of endometrial cancer (EC) cases from 2 regions of an integrated health care system (Kaiser Permanente Northern (KPNC) and Southern (KPSC) California). Within KPNC, immunohistochemistry tumor screening (IHC) was physician ordered and risk-based; within KPSC, IHC was universal and automated. Clinical risk factors associated with abnormal IHC and Lynch Syndrome (LS) were identified. Results During the study, there were 2045 endometrial cancers: 1399 in the physician-order group and 646 in the universal testing group. In the physician-order group: among women Conclusions Universal IHC screening did not result in increased LS detection in EC.
BMS-554417, an inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and insulin receptor, inhibits proliferation and induces mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis in cancer cell lines

5043 The insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR) are overexpressed in many tumor types and contribute to tumorigenicity, proliferation, metastasis and resistance to standard therapies. Here we show that BMS-554417, a novel small molecule developed as an inhibitor of IGF1R, inhibits IGF1R and IR kinase activity, inhibits proliferation in vitro and reduces tumor xenograft growth in vivo. In a series of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines, the IC50 for proliferation ranged from 218 nM (MCF-7) to 8.5 μM (OV202). The sensitivities of tumor cells did not correlate with IGF1R or IR expression or the presence of stimulatory ligands. BMS-554417 treatment inhibited ERK phosphorylation, caused a G0/G1 arrest and prevented nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 in response to the IGF-1 analog, IGF-1 LR3. At doses that inhibited proliferation, the compound also inhibited the PI3k/Akt pathway, as evidenced by decreased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. Both MCF-7 and OV202 cells treated with BMS-554417 exhibited characteristics of apoptotic cell death, including nuclear fragmentation and cleavage of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). To further elucidate whether apoptotic cell death occurred through the intrinsic (mitochondrial) or extrinsic (death receptor) pathways, sensitivity of a series of Jurkat T cell leukemia variants was investigated. In parental Jurkat cells, BMS-554417 induced apoptotic cell morphologic changes at 2.5 μM. However, in Jurkat cells overexpressing Bcl-2 or parental cells treated with a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, there was no significant induction of apoptosis at the highest dose tested (10 μM). In contrast, loss of caspase 8, a blocking anti-Fas antibody, a synthetic decoy receptor for TRAIL or a caspase 8/10 inhibitor had no effect on the ability of BMS-554417 to induce apoptosis. These data suggest that this agent triggered apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway. BMS-554417 was orally bioavailable and inhibited the growth of salivary gland tumor xenografts engineered to express constitutively active IGF1R (IGF-1R Sal) in vivo. BMS-554417 is a member of a novel class of IGF1R/IR inhibitors that have potential clinical applications because of their antiproliferative activity in vitro and in vivo. Supported in part by CA15083, CA69008 and the Mayo Foundation.
The Impact of Author Financial Conflicts on Robotic-Assisted Joint Arthroplasty Research.

Abstract Background Recent studies have suggested clinical superiority with robotic-assisted arthroplasty compared to traditional techniques. However, concerns exist regarding the author’s financial conflicts of interest (COI), which may influence research outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether COI relating to robotic-assisted arthroplasty influences the results of published outcomes following total hip (THA), total knee (TKA), and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Methods We performed a systematic review to identify all studies evaluating the use of robotics in THA, TKA, and UKA. An author’s financial COI was identified if they reported a relevant disclosure through the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons or within the study article. We then queried the Open Payments website to record all payments made from a robotic company in the year prior to publication. Each study was categorized as either favoring robotics (n = 42), neutral (n = 10), or favoring traditional techniques (n = 2). We then compared the number of conflicted authors, journal impact factor, level of evidence, and mean annual industry payment to each author. Results Of the 54 studies meeting inclusion criteria, 49 (91%) had an author financial COI. Conflicted studies were more likely to report favorable results of robotics than nonconflicted studies. When compared to studies favoring conventional techniques, those demonstrating favorable robotics outcomes had a higher number of conflicted authors and a higher mean industry payment per author. There was no difference in the level of evidence or journal impact factor. Discussion Nearly all studies comparing robotic THA, TKA, and UKA to conventional techniques involve financially conflicted authors. Further studies without COI may provide unbiased results.
Psychometric Analysis of the 2016 Ohio Long-Term Care Facilities Family Satisfaction Scale.

Although the Ohio Family Satisfaction Survey (OFSS) has been around since 2002 as an important indicator of long-term care facilities’ performance, the validity of this scale has not been evaluated...
Power and the Practice of Transnational Private Regulation

Corporations, NGOs, and private regulatory initiatives have taken on functions once assumed to be the domain of the state and inter-governmental organisations. While researchers are racing to asses...
Non-Overlapping Distributions and Functions of the VDAC Family in Ciliogenesis

Centrosomes are major microtubule-organizing centers of animal cells that consist of two centrioles. In mitotic cells, centrosomes are duplicated to serve as the poles of the mitotic spindle, while in quiescent cells, centrosomes move to the apical membrane where the oldest centriole is transformed into a basal body to assemble a primary cilium. We recently showed that mitochondrial outer membrane porin VDAC3 localizes to centrosomes where it negatively regulates ciliogenesis. We show here that the other two family members, VDAC1 and VDAC2, best known for their function in mitochondrial bioenergetics, are also found at centrosomes. Like VDAC3, centrosomal VDAC1 is predominantly localized to the mother centriole, while VDAC2 localizes to centriolar satellites in a microtubule-dependent manner. Down-regulation of VDAC1 leads to inappropriate ciliogenesis, while its overexpression suppresses cilia formation, suggesting that VDAC1 and VDAC3 both negatively regulate ciliogenesis. However, this negative effect on ciliogenesis is not shared by VDAC2, which instead appears to promote maturation of primary cilia. Moreover, because overexpression of VDAC3 cannot compensate for depletion of VDAC1, our data suggest that while the entire VDAC family localizes to centrosomes, they have non-redundant functions in cilogenesis.
Quiet Clean Short-Haul Experimental Engine (QCSEE) Design Rationale

The principal design features of the NASA QCSEE Under-The-Wing and Over-The-Wing powered lift propulsion systems are given. In the UTW engine, these include noise reduction features, a variable pitch low pressure ratio fan, a fan drive reduction gear, an advanced core and low pressure turbine with a low pollution combustor, a digital control, and advanced composite construction for the inlet, fan frame, fan exhaust duct, and variable area fan exhaust nozzle. The OTW engine is similar but has higher fan pressure and a fixed pitch fan. Both engines are scheduled to be fabricated and tested starting in 1976.
The physiological role of brown adipose tissue1

The sections in this article are: 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Physiological role of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Quantitatively Important site of Heat Production 2.1 A. Heat Production by Brown Adipose Tissue During Arousal From Hibernation 2.2 B. Changes in Brown Adipose Tissue of Nonhibernating Species During Exposure to Cold Environment 3 III. Other Possible Functions of Brown Adipose Tissue 4 IV. Suitability of Brown Adipose Tissue for the Study of Metabolic Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue 5 V. Summary