cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Current Transformer Loading

The concept of using separate load and output windings on small current transformers offers properties which may be useful in many applications. The principle feature of this method is that the resistance of the load winding itself serves as the entire load for the device. Several means of achieving such a configuration are suggested, including the use of bifilar windings and single-turn load windings made with bare wire or conductive coatings placed directly on the core. Desirable features of this method include economy of size and shape, and performance suitable for many applications. Limitations of performance exist for higher frequency conditions, but a considerable range of use is still available to the user.
Energy and Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Wheel-Shaped Artificial Photosynthetic Antenna-Reaction Center Complex

Functional mimics of a photosynthetic antenna-reaction center complex comprising five bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene antenna moieties and a porphyrin-fullerene dyad organized by a central hexaphenylbenzene core have been prepared and studied spectroscopically. The molecules successfully integrate singlet-singlet energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer. Energy transfer from the five antennas to the porphyrin occurs on the picosecond time scale with a quantum yield of 1.0. Comparisons with model compounds and theory suggest that the Foster mechanism plays a major role in the extremely rapid energy transfer, which occurs at rates comparable to those seen in some photosynthetic antenna systems. A through-bond, electron exchange mechanism also contributes. The porphyrin first excited singlet state donates an electron to the attached fullerene to yield a P.+-C-60(.-) charge-separated state, which has a lifetime of several nanoseconds. The quantum yield of charge separation based on light absorbed by the antenna chromophores is 80% for the free base molecule and 96% for the zinc analogue.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report of two pediatric cases

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors are benign neoplasms histologically composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, macrophages, foam cells, and plasma cells among a spindle-shaped stroma. Their etiology and potential for metastatic spread is controversial. Numerous predisposing factors have been suggested, including preceding infections, radiotherapy, and local trauma. We present two cases of pseudotumors that developed in children following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These are the first cases after hematopoietic transplant reported in the literature. As these neoplasms are difficult to diagnose and are often confused with highly aggressive tumors, our cases demonstrate that a high index of suspicion for such lesions must be maintained when evaluating masses in post transplant patients.
Caspases indirectly regulate cleavage of the mitochondrial fusion GTPase OPA1 in neurons undergoing apoptosis

The critical processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion are regulated by members of the dynamin family of GTPases. Imbalances in mitochondrial fission and fusion contribute to neuronal cell death. For example, increased fission mediated by the dynamin-related GTPase, Drp1, or decreased fusion resulting from inactivating mutations in the OPA1 GTPase, causes neuronal apoptosis and/or neurodegeneration. Recent studies indicate that post-translational processing regulates OPA1 function in non-neuronal cells and moreover, aberrant processing of OPA1 is induced during apoptosis. To date, the post-translational processing of OPA1 during neuronal apoptosis has not been examined. Here, we show that cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) or neuroblastoma cells exposed to pro-apoptotic stressors display a novel N-terminal cleavage of OPA1 which is blocked by either pan-caspase or caspase-8 selective inhibitors. OPA1 cleavage occurs concurrently with mitochondrial fragmentation and cytochrome c release in CGNs deprived of depolarizing potassium (5K condition). Although a caspase-8 selective inhibitor prevents both 5K-induced OPA1 cleavage and mitochondrial fragmentation, recombinant caspase-8 fails to cleave OPA1 in vitro. In marked contrast, either caspase-8 or caspase-3 stimulates OPA1 cleavage in digitonin-permeabilized rat brain mitochondria, suggesting that OPA1 is cleaved by an intermembrane space protease which is regulated by active caspases. Finally, the N-terminal truncation of OPA1 induced during neuronal apoptosis removes an essential residue (K301) within the GTPase domain. These data are the first to demonstrate OPA1 cleavage during neuronal apoptosis and they implicate caspases as indirect regulators of OPA1 processing in degenerating neurons.
A mechanism for hydrogen scrambling in ionized benzene

Abstract By SCF molecular orbital calculations, it has been shown that hydrogen atom scrambling for ionized benzene can occur via a simple movement of one proton to an adjacent carbon. The cyclic intermediate ion has an energy of 1.86 eV above the ionization potential of benzene, which is lower than the energy necessary for fragmentation or for ring opening.
G-CSF as prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia in SCLC.

ObjectivesIn 1991, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was reported as the first tumour type where colony stimulating factor (CSF) support was clinically effective. We reviewed 13 health services research studies that addressed CSF use as supportive care for SCLC.MethodsFindings from American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) membership surveys, patterns of care studies, ASCO evidence-based guidelines and cost-effectiveness studies for CSF use were reviewed.ResultsFor primary prophylaxis for SCLC, ASCO CSF clinical guidelines clearly do not support granulocyte (G)-CSF use. Cost-effectiveness models indicate that CSF use in this setting is associated with as much as US$1900 incremental patient care costs per cycle given an 18% febrile neutropenia rate. ASCO membership surveys found that < 10% of respondents supported CSF as primary prophylaxis while a patterns-of-care study found 55% use. In the secondary prophylaxis setting, ASCO CSF guidelines in 1994, 1996 and 1997 were equally supportive of CSF use versus ...
Structure, Agency, and Gender: The Social Reproduction of a Discipline

In 1965, one year after the publication of the Handbook of Sociology, edited by Robert E. L. Faris, I entered graduate school at the University of Chicago and in 1968 got my first academic job. It was a heady time in American sociology. The first meeting of the Women's Caucus, later Sociologists for Women in Society, was at the 1969 meetings of the American Sociological Association in San Francisco, and challenges to the intellectual hegemony of structural functionalism from political leftists, blacks, gays, and feminists were increasingly evident. By entering the discipline when I did, I was -to use McAdam et al.'s term in their chapter on "Social Movements" in the 1988 Handbook of Sociology -"biographically available" to participate in the political and intellectual currents that have helped shape American sociology over the past quarter of a century. Yet what strikes me in reading the new Handbook of Sociology, edited by Neil Smelser, is the unevenness with which these different currents have been integrated into contemporary sociological debate. In contrast to 25 years ago, there now appears widespread recognition of the contributions made by Marxist theory and class analysis. There has been a reemergence of attention to political economy, and a convergence on the centrality of the political for understanding both social organization and social change. Yet despite the explosion of research on gender, sexuality, the sociologies of culture and emotions (all of which have established themselves as sections of the American Sociological Association), these subjects have not been well integrated into mainstream sociological debates. In the presentation to follow, I will elaborate on this observation, suggest some reasons why I think this integration has been illusive, and argue for its inclusion in
An Overview of the Linkages of the Global Financial Crisis to Production Agriculture

The credit crisis has substantially impacted global financial and commodity markets. What started as a crisis in a relatively small part of the mortgage credit market in the subprime space has spilled over into the larger U.S. hous ing market and eventually led to a freezing of global credit markets. The Dow Jones Indus trial Average exceeded 14,000 in October 2007 and has since fallen to below 6,500 in March 2009?a decline of over 54%. The Chicago Board Options Exchange Volatility Index (a measure of equity market volatility implied from options on the S&P 500 index) has ex ploded to levels that are nearly twice the levels seen during the previous crises in capital mar kets, including the Long-Term Capital Man agement crisis, the 9/11 attacks, and the Thai Baht crisis just to name a few. The funding mar kets were disrupted as never before, and the plethora of policy measures taken by govern ments and central bankers globally have yet to restore them to precrisis levels. The unprece dented volatility and uncertainty has certainly disrupted financial markets and shaken confi dence among global financial institutions. Production agriculture has certainly not been immune to the crisis. A direct impact of the credit crisis has been on global growth. This has manifested in significant contraction in aggregate demand, leading into a commod ity price recession. Declines in farm income and farmland values may be a likely conse quence of the commodity price declines. The primary objectives of this article are to provide an overview of the impact and costs of the credit crisis and to measure linkages to agricultural producers, lenders, and agribusi nesses. The two subsequent articles in this session provide details on the agricultural institutions lending to agriculture and the enhanced risk management strategies that producers and lenders will have to employ. In this article, the broad outlines of the man ifestation of the crisis are illustrated through key credit market indicators. Key events in the chronology of the crisis and how the credit malaise that first came to notice in the U.S. subprime mortgage-backed securities market and subsequently spread to other sectors are discussed. The tally of the write-downs and losses that have been realized thus far across
Combustion and NOx emissions of biomass-derived syngas under various gasification conditions utilizing oxygen-enriched-air and steam

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the NO x emissions from combustion of syngas derived from gasification of three different biomass feedstock (i.e., pine, maple–oak mixture, and seed corn) at different oxygen-enriched-air and steam conditions. Three different oxygen-enriched-air and steam conditions were tested for each feedstock, thus resulting in nine different sets of syngas. The biomass-derived syngas was burned in an industrial burner that was integrated into the gasification system. The gasifier and burner are rated at 800 kW and 879 kW thermal, respectively. For each set of biomass-derived syngas, NO x emissions were measured at different burner operating conditions including various heat rates and equivalence ratios using emission analyzers with chemiluminescence technology. All the combustion test conditions are in the lean mixture ranges in order to avoid the peak temperature limitation of both the burner and combustion chamber. Results show that NO x emissions using syngas obtained from woody feedstock decrease almost linearly as the combustion mixture becomes leaner and the heat rate decreases. When compared to natural gas, syngas from both woody feedstock generates higher NO x emissions even when the heat rates are comparable, indicating that fuel NO x formation is highly important in biomass-derived syngas combustion. In contrast to syngas from woody feedstock, syngas from seed corn results in peak NO x emissions before NO x decreases with leaner conditions. The trend is observed for all fuel flow rates and all oxygen-enriched-air and steam conditions of seed corn-derived syngas. Among the three feedstock, seed corn has the highest nitrogen content which yields the highest ammonia concentration in syngas, which, in turn, results in the highest NO x emissions for all test conditions. Overall, the NO x emissions from seed corn-derived syngas combustion are approximately in the range of 450–900 ppm higher compared to those from wood-derived syngas combustion.
Simplified Dosing of Gentamicin for Treatment of Sepsis in Bangladeshi Neonates

Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin has several advantages over conventional multiple-daily dosing for the treatment of sepsis. The study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis in predetermined doses at 24- or 48-hour intervals, according to weight category, and to develop a simplified protocol for use in peripheral healthcare settings in developing countries. This prospective observational study was conducted among 59 neonates admitted to the Special Care Nursery at Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh, with suspected sepsis and treated with antibiotics, including gentamicin. Intravenous dosing of gentamicin according to weight category was: 10 mg every 48 hours if the infant weighed 12 µg/mL in 28.8% and initial trough concentration was >2 µg/mL in 6.8% of the subjects. No signs of nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity were detected. Favourable pharmacokinetic parameters found with the simplified dosing regimen suggest that it is safe for the treatment of neonatal sepsis.
Abstract PR-3:CDX-2polymorphism, calcium intake, and prostate cancer risk for African Americans in a population-based study

Background: Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are highest among American men of African descent. The World Cancer Research Fund has classified calcium as a probable cause of prostate cancer. The CDX-2 polymorphism (A to G) in the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) alters calcium absorption in the small intestines. It functionally limits transcriptional activity of the VDR promoter. VDR impacts cell differentiation, metastasis, and apoptosis in the prostate. The CDX-2 polymorphism is potentially useful for determining whether prostate cancer risk is causally related to calcium absorbing activity. Methods: To study the impact of calcium intake and absorption among our most at-risk ethnic group, we examined 447 African American cases (233 advanced stage at diagnosis; 214 localized) and controls (N=223) from the California Collaborative Study of Aggressive Prostate Cancer. Using DNA extracted from buffy coat, the VDR CDX-2 genotype was measured by TaqMan assay. Dietary calcium was assessed from a 74-item modified Block food frequency questionnaire. Main effects of genotype and of dietary calcium, and diet-gene interactions were estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for SES, age, family history, and total caloric intake. Results: Men who were least able to absorb calcium (GG genotype) were at 59% decreased risk of advanced prostate cancer; the adjusted relative risk was OR=0.41 (95% confidence interval =0.19, 0.90). Men with high total calcium intake (in the upper quartile) had an approximate two-fold increased risk of advanced prostate cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile; all cases OR= 1.91 (95% CI=1.20,3.03); OR=2.16 (95% CI= 1.26,3.71) for advanced stage. The dose-response relationship was significant ( P -value for trend Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that African American carriers of the ancestral CDX-2 ‘AA’ allele for enhanced biological absorption of calcium, are at high risk for aggressive prostate cancer; and that high intake of dietary or total calcium poses formidable risks for both advanced and localized prostate cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):PR-3.
Stress distribution on the boundary of an elliptical hole in a large plate during passage of a stress pulse of long duration (major axis tangent to the wave front)

Abstract A solution to the problem of the stress distribution on the boundary of an elliptical hole in a large plate during passage of a compressive stress pulse of relatively long duration is presented. The major axis of the ellipse is tangent to the wave front. The solution was experimentally obtained by using a low-modulus model material in a combined photoelasticity and moire analysis. The long-duration stress pulse was applied by loading a small region of an edge of the plate with a falling weight. The results of the investigation indicate that the falling-weight loading generates a biaxial state of stress at every point in the plate, which varies with time. The maximum dynamic compressive stresses on the hole boundary can be computed with a fair degree of accuracy by using: (1) the equations of Inglis for the static-stress distribution on the boundary of an elliptical hole in any two-dimensional uniform and axial system of combined stress, and (2) the biaxial stresses, at the same instant of time, at a point, symmetric with respect to the center of the hole (free field stresses). The maximum dynamic tensile stresses on the hole boundary were always smaller than the values computed using the same procedure.
THE GRANULAR STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES AND OF CYTOMEMBRANES AS DEMONSTRATED IN FROZEN-DRIED TISSUE.

A regular crystal-like arrangement of what appears as globular particles was observed in face-on views of mitochondrial membrane elements, α -cytomembranes, and presumably Golgi membranes. The globular particles were arranged in rows and appeared only lightly stained. Between these rows, strands of intensely stained material were present. In cross sections the mitochondrial membrane elements and the cytomembranes appeared as light lines reflecting a close packing of the lightly stained globular particles. The distance between the centers of the rows of particles seen in face-on views was 45–50 A; the thickness of the light lines representing cross sections of the membranes was 40 A. These patterns are interpreted to support the observations made on chemically fixed material ( 15, 16 ), that is, to reflect a globular substructure consisting of the membrane lipids in a micellar arrangement stabilized by proteins. The ribosomal material forms an almost complete carpet covering the membrane elements of the α -cytomembranes. A subdivision into particles can be correlated to a high degree of dehydration of the cytoplasm due to ice crystal formation during freezing.
Secondary structure models for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 from symbiotic dinoflagellates.

Ribosomal genes and their spacers have been extensively utilized to examine the biodiversity and phylogenetics of protists. Among these, the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) are known to form secondary structures that are critically important for proper processing of the pre-rRNA into mature ribosomes. Although the secondary structure of ITS2 has been widely investigated, considerably less is known about ITS1 and its secondary structure. Here, secondary structures of the ITS1 were modeled for 46 ITS “types” from Symbiodinium, a diverse dinoflagellate genus that forms symbioses with many protists and metazoans, using comparative phylogenetic and minimum free energy approaches. The predicted ITS1 secondary structures for each Symbiodinium “type” were highly stable (ΔG=−46.40 to −85.30 kcal mol−1 at 37 °C) and consisted of an open loop with five helices separated by single-stranded regions. Several structural characteristics were conserved within monophyletic sub-groups, providing additional support for the predicted structures and the relationships within this genus. Finally, the structures were applied to identify potential pseudogenes from five Symbiodinium ITS1 datasets. Consequently, ITS1 secondary structures are useful in understanding the biology and phylogenetics, as well as recognizing and excluding questionable sequences from datasets, of protists such as Symbiodinium.
An initial study of demountable high-temperature superconducting toroidal field magnets for the Vulcan tokamak conceptual design

Abstract Recent developments have made it possible to consider high-temperature superconductor (HTS) for the design of tokamak toroidal field (TF) magnet systems, potentially influencing the overall design and maintenance scheme of magnetic fusion energy devices. Initial assessments of the engineering challenges and cryogenic-dependent cost and parameters of a demountable, HTS TF magnet system have been carried out using the Vulcan tokamak conceptual design (R = 1.2 m, a = 0.3 m, B0 = 7 T) as a baseline. Jointed at the midplane to allow vertical removal of the primary vacuum vessel and routine maintenance of core components, structural D-shaped steel support cases provide cryogenic cooling for internally routed YBCO superconducting cables. The cables are constructed by layering ∼50 μm thick commercially available YBCO tape, and the interlocking steel support cases self align during assembly to form internal resistive joints between YBCO cables. It is found that designing the TF magnet system for operation between 10 K and 20 K minimizes the total capital and operating cost. Since YBCO is radiation-sensitive, Monte Carlo simulation is used to study advanced shielding materials compatible with the small size of Vulcan. An adequate shield is determined to be 10 cm of zirconium borohydride, which reduces the nuclear heating of the TF coils by a factor of 11.5 and increases the YBCO tape lifetime from two calendar years in the unshielded case to 42 calendar years in the shielded case. Although this initial study presents a plausible conceptual design, future engineering work will be required to develop realistic design solutions for the TF joints, support structure, and cryogenic system.
Nanovolume Analysis with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Using Massive Projectiles

A variant of secondary ion mass spectrometry is presented where the surface is bombarded with individual gold nanoparticles each resolved in time and space with a corresponding event-by-event detection of the secondary ions (SIs). The projectile used, Au400(4+), with impact energy of 136 keV, generates high SI yields. Typically, there is co-emission of multiple SIs from a single impact, i.e., emission of SIs from molecules co-located within a nanovolume with dimensions in the 10-nm range. The ability to detect co-located molecules was tested on samples consisting of alternating nanometric layers of oppositely charged polyions, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), and clay nanoplatelets. To achieve signal statistics, the chemical analysis was carried out with a sequence of stochastic impacts making this method suitable for characterization of similar nanoparticles or spots dispersed on a surface. Attomole detection sensitivity was achieved for PSS. The homogeneity of assembled layers could be assessed with approximately 10-nm resolution.
Synthesis and Characterization of Free Radical Cured Bis-Methacryoxy Bisphenol-A Epoxy Networks.

Abstract : Synthesis ad free-radical curing reactions of the bis-glycidylmethacrylate of bisphenol-A (Bis-GMA) were investigated. Bis-GMA resin was synthesized by reacting Epon 825 with methacrylic acid, followed by characterization using IR and NMR spectroscopy. Various modifiers having reactive double bonds were co-cured with the methacryloxy resins, using a free radical initiator. The networks obtained were compared with a cycloaliphatic amine cured epoxy network. Thermal characterization shows that methacryloxy cured systems are more resistant to mechanical penetration and have higher glass transition temperatures and better stability to thermal decomposition as compared with the conventional diamine cured epoxy networks. Dynamic mechanical experiments and stress-strain tests also indicate that Bis-GMA based networks have higher tensile moduli and lower elongation at break. Using different modifiers such as 2-ethyhexyl acrylate, the tensile and impact properties of the networks can be improved. (Author)
Outcomes in distal hypospadias: A systematic review of the Mathieu and tubularized incised plate repairs

Abstract Aim To compare complication rates after distal hypospadias surgery using the tubularized incised plate (TIP) and Mathieu techniques. Methods For this meta-analysis, the Medline (1990–2009), Embase (1990–2009) and Cochrane databases were searched using the keyword ‘hypospadias’. Inclusion criteria were: i) primary repairs; ii) distal hypospadias; iii) paediatric case series; iv) standard Mathieu and TIP techniques; v) complication data obtainable from the paper. Cases were only included in the denominator for each complication if explicitly identified in the paper. Fisher’s exact was used for statistical analysis, with P Main results 129 papers were selected for full analysis; 23 papers met the inclusion criteria comprising 1872 TIP repairs and 1496 Mathieu repairs. We identified an increased incidence of urethral fistulae with the Mathieu technique (3.8% vs 5.3%, P = 0.028); however, this is lost on subgroup analysis. An increased incidence of meatal stenosis was identified in the TIP group (3.1% vs 0.7%, P Conclusions There is no clear consensus on the ideal method of repair for distal hypospadias. Both the Mathieu and TIP techniques have been shown to have low rates of postoperative complications. Comparison between series is difficult because of a lack of consistency in reporting complications and follow up. We advocate uniform standards for reporting outcomes of hypospadias.
Integration of spintronic interface for nanomagnetic arrays

An experimental demonstration utilizing a spintronic input/output (I/O) interface for arrays of closely spaced nanomagnets is presented. The free layers of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) form dipole coupled nanomagnet arrays which can be applied to different contexts including Magnetic Quantum Cellular Automata (MQCA) for logic applications and self-biased devices for field sensing applications. Dipole coupled nanomagnet arrays demonstrate adaptability to a variety of contexts due to the ability for tuning of magnetic response. Spintronics allows individual nanomagnets to be manipulated with spin transfer torque and monitored with magnetoresistance. This facilitates measurement of the magnetic coupling which is important for (yet to be demonstrated) data propagation reliability studies. In addition, the same magnetic coupling can be tuned to reduce coercivity for field sensing. Dipole coupled nanomagnet arrays have the potential to be thousands of times more energy efficient than CMOS technology for logic applications, and they also have the potential to form multi-axis field sensors.
Why mushrooms form gills: efficiency of the lamellate morphology

Gilled mushrooms are produced by multiple orders within the Agaricomycetes. Some species form a single array of unbranched radial gills beneath their caps, many others produce multiple files of lamellulae between the primary gills, and branched gills are also common. In this largely theoretical study we modeled the effects of different gill arrangements on the total surface area for spore production. Relative to spore production over a flat surface, gills achieve a maximum 20-fold increase in surface area. The branching of gills produces the same increase in surface area as the formation of free-standing lamellulae (short gills). The addition of lamellulae between every second gill would offer a slightly greater increase in surface area in comparison to the addition of lamellulae between every pair of opposing gills, but this morphology does not appear in nature. Analysis of photographs of mushrooms demonstrates an excellent match between natural gill arrangements and configurations predicted by our model.
Modeling a task that is sensitive to dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: individual differences in acquisition of a visuo-spatial paired-associate learning task in rhesus monkeys

Early detection of progressive diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is crucial for both the treatment and study of the disease. Performance on a visuo-spatial paired-associates learning (vsPAL) task was recently shown to reliably predict a diagnosis of AD in aged populations. The present study reports the development of this vsPAL task for use in nonhuman primates. Translation of vsPAL to a nonhuman model may provide improved preclinical tools for study of the etiology and treatment of dementia. Twelve young adult male rhesus monkeys were trained to perform the vsPAL task concurrently with tests comprising a nonhuman primate neuropsychological test battery. Monkeys successfully learned to perform vsPAL and did so in a task-difficulty ranked fashion. Despite significant individual differences in capability in the acquisition of the recognition memory aspects of the task, all monkeys evidenced the ability to learn within-trial, i.e. to improve with repeated stimulus-location pairings. These results support the use of vsPAL performance under various challenge conditions to investigate the possible substrates of early cognitive decline in AD. Comparison of performance on vsPAL with performance on other memory tasks in the battery will be of more general use in differentiating mechanisms involved in various aspects of mnemonic function.
A Power-Aware Test Methodology for Multi-Supply Multi-Voltage Designs

This paper describes the challenges of testing low-power designs that use the commonly used multi-supply multi-voltage (MSMV) and power shut-off (PSO) design methodology. We describe a novel solution to address the manufacturing test of an MSMV/PSO design by using power-mode specifications to map multiple power modes to their target test modes and enhancing the DFT and ATPG methodology to enable a comprehensive test methodology. We provide experimental results and future directions for power-aware test.
Data Cleaning Basics: Best Practices in Dealing with Extreme Scores

Abstract In quantitative research, it is critical to perform data cleaning to ensure that the conclusions drawn from the data are as generalizable as possible, yet few researchers report doing so (Osborne JW. Educ Psychol. 2008;28:1-10). Extreme scores are a significant threat to the validity and generalizability of the results. In this article, I argue that researchers need to examine extreme scores to determine which of many possible causes contributed to the extreme score. From this, researchers can take appropriate action, which has many laudatory effects, from reducing error variance and improving the accuracy of parameter estimates to reducing the probability of errors of inference.
Absolute doubly differential cross sections for electron bremsstrahlung from rare gas atoms at 28 and 50 keV.

Absolute doubly differential bremsstrahlung cross sections from Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne have been measured for electron bombarding energies of 28 and 50 keV. Bremsstrahlung photons have been detected at $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to the incident electron beam at energies ranging from 5 keV up to the kinematic end point. The results are compared with predictions of ordinary bremsstrahlung and of total bremsstrahlung that include polarizational bremsstrahlung from the target atom calculated in the stripping approximation. All previous absolute cross sections have been from thin-film solid targets and have not shown any polarizational bremsstrahlung contribution. The present results, the first from free atoms, provide definitive evidence for the contribution of polarizational bremsstrahlung to the photon spectrum from electron bremsstrahlung.
Mechanism of synergistic stabilization by hindered amines

Abstract Tetramethyl piperidine (TMP) and several derivatives have been studied for their activities in various modes of polymer stabilization. The derivatives are tetramethyl piperidinoxyl (TMPO • ), N -hydroxy tetramethyl piperidine (TMPOH), N -butoxy tetramethyl piperidine (TMPOR) where R is n -butyl and t -butyl, and N -methyl tetramethyl piperidine (TMPMe moiety of Tinuvin 292) as well as some commercial HALS (hindered amine light stabilizer). Inhibition of AIBN initiated cumene oxidation was used to determine free radical scavenging activity; decomposition of t -BuOOH was monitored by iodimetry, gas chromatography, and high pressure liquid chromatography; the rate constant for quenching of carbonyl excited states was measured by inhibition of diethyl ketone initiated photo-oxidation of propylene tetramer; singlet oxygen quenching was determined from the fluorescence intensity of rubrene; the effect on photo-oxidation initiated by photolysis of di- t -butyl peroxide was also studied. TMPOH and TMPMe each scavenges about one peroxyl radical, a combination of the two is strongly synergistic in this action. Further inclusion of TMPO is beneficial. The activity of hydroxyperoxide decomposition decreases in the order TMPOH > TMP > TMPO • > TMPMe. Evidence for Cope reaction between TMPMe and ROOH was seen by ESR. The combination of TMP/TMPO • shows high efficiency in the quenching of diethyl ketone excited states. Other synergistic systems for this process are TMPO • /TMPMe and TMPO • /TMPOR. TMPOH quenches singlet oxygen with an efficacy comparable to that of nickel chelates; it also interferes with di- t -butyl peroxide initiated photo-oxidation. TMPOR shows little or no activity in any of the above tests though it has been proposed to be a key ingredient in a well-known catalytic stabilization mechanism. The results showed that all the TMP derivatives, with perhaps the lone exception of TMPOR, exhibit individually only modest stabilization of some kind. For certain stabilizer functions there are combinations of compounds which are strongly synergistic. If these derivatives were produced during processing or aging of polyolefins containing HALS, their combined actions could explain the outstanding effectiveness of HALS.
Production of monoclonal antibody to a late intracellular Epstein-Barr virus-induced antigen

A monoclonal antibody designated L2 was produced against a late intracellular protein induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This protein was expressed in cells producing virus but not in EBV genome-positive nonproducer cell lines, EBV genome-negative cell lines, or producer cultures cultivated in the presence of phosphonoacetic acid as determined by immunofluorescence. In addition, the antibody did not react with the membranes of infected cells indicating that it was not directed against an EBV-induced membrane antigen component. The monoclonal antibody was shown to recognize a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 125K by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This glycoprotein was consistently found to be slightly larger when isolated from the P3HR-1 cell line as opposed to the B-95-8 cell line. A similar difference was also noted by comparison of peptide maps of this protein isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography from the two cell lines. Serological studies indicated that this 125K glycoprotein was a major component of the viral capsid-antigen (VCA) complex as defined by immunofluorescence.
Standardizing outcome data in program evaluation

Procedures are described for standardizing outcomes in evaluations of service delivery systems. Accounting for the variability of a given device, client gains across services can be expressed in a standard metric of change. Standardized gains take on a common meaning of change regardless of the original scale and variability of the raw data. In return, a wide range of common statistical analyses can be applied with individual client gains as the units of analysis, powerfully delineating influences on outcome variability. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Transcriptional Mechanisms of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-induced Osteoprotegrin Gene Expression

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), an osteoblast-secreted decoy receptor, specifically binds to osteoclast differentiation factor and inhibits osteoclast maturation. Members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) stimulate OPG mRNA expression. In this study, we have characterized the transcription mechanism of BMP-induced OPG gene expression. Transfection of Smad1 and a constitutively active BMP type IA receptor ALK3 (Q233) stimulated the OPG promoter. Deletion analysis of the OPG promoter identified two Hoxc-8 binding sites that respond to BMP stimulation. Glutathione S-transferase-Hoxc-8 protein binds to these two Hox sites specifically. Consistent with the transfection results of the native promoter, ALK3 or Smad1 linker region, which interacts with Hoxc-8, stimulated the activation of the reporter construct with the two Hox sites. Overexpression of Hoxc-8 inhibited the induced promoter activity. When the two Hox binding sites were mutated, ALK3 or Smad1 linker region no longer activated the transcription. Importantly, Smad1 linker region induced both OPG promoter activity and endogenous OPG protein expression in 2T3 osteoblastic cells. The medium from cells transfected with Smad1 linker region expression plasmid effectively inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, our data indicate that Hox sites mediate both OPG promoter construct activity and endogenous OPG gene expression in response to BMP stimulation.
M‐sequence geomagnetic polarity time scale (MHTC12) that steadies global spreading rates and incorporates astrochronology constraints

[1] Geomagnetic polarity time scales (GPTSs) have been constructed by interpolating between dated marine magnetic anomalies assuming uniformly varying spreading rates. A strategy to obtain an optimal GPTS is to minimize spreading rate fluctuations in many ridge systems; however, this has been possible only for a few spreading centers. We describe here a Monte Carlo sampling method that overcomes this limitation and improves GPTS accuracy by incorporating information on polarity chron durations estimated from astrochronology. The sampling generates a large ensemble of GPTSs that simultaneously agree with radiometric age constraints, minimize the global variation in spreading rates, and fit polarity chron durations estimated by astrochronology. A key feature is the inclusion and propagation of data uncertainties, which weigh how each piece of information affects the resulting time scale. The average of the sampled ensemble gives a reference GPTS, and the variance of the ensemble measures the time scale uncertainty. We apply the method to construct MHTC12, an improved version of the M-sequence GPTS (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, ∼160–120 Ma). This GPTS minimizes the variation in spreading rates in a global data set of magnetic lineations from the Western Pacific, North Atlantic, and Indian Ocean NW of Australia, and it also accounts for the duration of five polarity chrons established from astrochronology (CM0r through CM3r). This GPTS can be updated by repeating the Monte Carlo sampling with additional data that may become available in the future.
Reappearance of ordered motion in some non-integrable Hamiltonian systems

Abstract We present numerical examples which show that the degree of stochasticity does not always increase monotonically with increasing energy. This phenomenon is not pathological in non-integrable Hamiltonians that model interacting physical systems. One reasonable physical requirement for the reappearance of ordered motion is that at high energies the diagonal anharmonicities (non-linearities) dominate the off-diagonal (coupling) terms, (i.e. the system becomes a weakly coupled set of interacting units). The results also indicate that the concept of stochastic transition energy requires extension.
Is sharing with retransmissions causing instabilities

Retransmissions represent a primary failure recovery mech- anism on all layers of communication network architecture. Similarly, fair sharing, e.g. processor sharing (PS), is a widely accepted approach to resource allocation among mul- tiple users. Recent work has shown that retransmissions in failure-prone, e.g. wireless ad hoc, networks can cause heavy tails and long delays. In this paper, we discover a new phe- nomenon showing that PS-based scheduling induces com- plete instability in the presence of retransmissions, regard- less of how low the traffic load may be. This phenomenon occurs even when the job sizes are bounded/fragmented, e.g. deterministic. Our analytical results are further validated via simulation experiments. Moreover, our work demon- strates that scheduling one job at a time, such as first-come- first-serve, achieves stability and should be preferred in these systems.
Maternal aggression as a deterrent to infanticide in Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus

Abstract Adult male and female white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and deermice (P. maniculatus) from sympatric populations commit infanticide on neonates of either species. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine whether aggression in maternal females could effectively deter infanticidal intruders. Females of both species exhibited post-partum aggression and dominated intruders of either sex or species in 83 of 88 trials. In the absence of the mother, neonates were attacked by intruders in 82 out of 84 trials. Maternal females were considerably more aggressive than anoestrous females. The implications for female territorially as a mechanism to prevent infanticide are discussed.
Wideband all-glass linear polarizer for VIS-NIR applications

An important phenomenon in astronomy is polarization. Polarization data has been used to trace interstellar magnetic fields in our galaxy as well as in radio galaxies via Faraday rotation. Spectrometers equipped with lasers to help remove the blurring effects of atmospheric turbulence have advanced the collection of data of the known universe and advanced theories on the physics of the early universe. In this paper, the processes and results will be presented for an absorptive polarizer covering part of the visible (VIS) to the near Infra - Red (IR) wavelengths. Linear polarizers are essential optical elements for many optical devices and systems that are used in astronomy, astronomical instruments, telecommunications, aerospace/defense, medical/biomedical etc. This patented all-glass polarizer has a polarization bandwidth of at least 400 nm and high contrast ratio and transmission over the wavelength range of (600 to 1100) nm. It is monolithic, hence free of epoxy, adhesive or optical cement. This state-of-the-art polarizer is an advance over current commercially available glass polarizers which range from (633 to 2100) nm but with a typical polarization bandwidth of only 80 nm. This new polarizer offers excellent optical properties, as well as high durability and consistency, which will provide several advantages and benefits over technologies such as birefringent crystals and polarizing dielectric thin films deposited on glass substrates. The applications for this polarizer include various optical measurement systems, instruments and devices such as polarimetry systems, spectrometers, ellipsometers, optical modulators, imaging systems, polarization dependent isolators and shutters.
A description of two morphologic patterns of aortic fatty streaks, and a hypothesis of their pathogenesis

Abstract Two morphologic patterns of fatty streak were identified on examination of 74 aortas from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth study. Pattern 1, which predominated in 78% of aortas, is characterized by broad bands of intense stain which extend to the proximal edge of ostia. Pattern 2, which predominated in 11%, is characterized by less intense staining which is concave to the associated ostium. Pattern 1 predominated in older subjects and smokers. Aging and smoking decrease arterial elasticity, thereby decreasing the volume and duration of retrograde blood flow in diastole. Doppler ultrasonography of the posterior intercostal arteries and aorta in 42 healthy subjects revealed that retrograde blood flow in late systole/early diastole is normal in subjects in the 15–34 age group. Transition from retrograde to antegrade flow was associated with transient blood stasis. This stasis should prolong the residence time of lipid-rich particles, enhancing diffusion into the vessel wall. A region of lower flow velocity was noted in the periostial region in all patients during diastole. The anatomic, hemodynamic, and risk factor data suggest that the morphology of fatty streaks is determined by interaction of retrograde with antegrade blood flow as modulated by arterial elasticity.
Embryonic Inner Ear Cells Reaggregate into Specific Patterns In Vitro

The sensory epithelia of the mammalian inner ear consist of a highly precise pattern of sensory hair cells and supporting cells. The mechanisms regulating this patterning are only beginning to be determined. The present study describes a method for culturing dissociated embryonic inner ear cells and the resulting patterning that occurs in these cultures. The results indicate that developing inner ear cells aggregate into precise patterns on a two-dimensional substrate, suggesting that intrinsic patterning mechanisms remain active in vitro. Using antibodies and scanning electron microscopy to detect hair cells and nonsensory cells, it was determined that only a subset of aggregates contained sensory hair cells. The hair cells were organized into specific patterns and surrounded by supporting cells, similar to the in vivo pattern. Additionally, hair cells increased their immunoreactivity and number of stereocilia over time, suggesting that hair cells continue to mature in vitro. Thus, the study reveals that the cells of the developing inner ear provide the necessary signals that direct sensory hair cells and supporting cells to reassociate into very precise patterns in vitro and that these patterns are reminiscent of the patterning that occurs in vivo.
Constructing shareable learning materials in bioengineering education

Innovations in learning sciences and technology are opening new opportunities for designing and implementing effective learning materials that can be shared between bioengineering instructors. The successful reuse of instructional materials depends on how easy it is for an instructor to adapt the materials with a similar intent of the original author. Many resource libraries are emerging that provide a searchable database of sharable, Web-based instructional materials. The materials range from lesson plans and teaching techniques to text, video, and interactive simulation resources. These digital libraries are valuable services for teachers and students to access information and participate in a community of science, mathematics, and technology. The VaNTH (Vanderbilt University; Northwestern University; University of Texas at Austin; and Health, Science and Technology at Harvard/MIT) Engineering Research Center (ERC) is exploring a similar goal to design and test learning materials for bioengineering education and construct a technology infrastructure that supports the reuse of these materials in pedagogically appropriate ways. For VaNTH, using a consistent framework that describes the instructional intent of the materials is a critical factor in helping instructors envision how to adapt the materials to their own instruction. Therefore, VaNTH has defined a design process that capitalizes on the insight of learning sciences and best practices in engineering education to construct learning materials that follow a consistent but flexible instructional model.