cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How computer systems embody values

The story of how information technology has radically altered our lives and even ourselves has been told many times, in many versions. The radical effects of the process have extended to institutions, social processes, relationships, power structures, work, play, education, and beyond. Although the changes have been varied, affecting the economy, the shape and functioning of organizations, artistic expression, and even conceptions of identity, some of us have focused on changes with an ethical dimension. I've found it useful to organize this work into two categories according to the distinct ways values factor into it. In one category I place work in which values themselves are not the controversy's central subject. In the other, however, technology's values form part of the controversy.
Breaking Out of the Security Dilemma: Realism, Reassurance, and the Problem of Uncertainty

In the debate between offensive and defensive realism, a central issue is whether major powers can overcome the uncertainty that drives the security dilemma. Whereas offensive realists maintain that states cannot know others' motives and intentions, defensive realists argue that states can reveal their preferences by altering their military posture. Defensive realists have, how- ever, presented an incomplete account of the constraints and opportunities associated with military reassurance. To demonstrate its motives, a security- seeking state must take actions that will often increase its vulnerability to potential aggressors. Although offense-defense variables have been invoked to address the constraint of vulnerability, the conditions usually considered most favorable for reassurance—differentiation between offense and defense and an advantage for the latter—make it no easier to achieve. A defensive advantage makes reassurance difficult by encouraging all states to adopt defensive capa- bilities and by ...
Preservation of myocardial high energy phosphates during cardioplegic arrest with nifedipine.

Nifedipine used both as an additive to cardioplegia solution (CPS) and as pretreatment prior to arrest was studied in a rat model to determine its effect upon ischemic ventricular electromechanical work during arrest and upon high energy phosphate levels. Fifty-one normothermic rats were studied in vivo with infusion of hypothermic (4°C) CPS into the cross-clamped aortic root according to one of the following eight protocols: Group 1, baseline beating hearts; Group 2, CPS containing 15 mEq potassium chloride/liter (KCl/liter); Group 3, CPS containing 30 mEq KCl/liter; Group 4, CPS containing 15 mEq KCl/liter combined with stimulation of the vagus nerve; Groups 5 and 6, CPS with 15 mEq KCl/liter and containing 250 or 500 μg of nifedipine per liter; Groups 7 and 8, pretreatment with 100 or 200 μg nifedipine/kg given as an intravenous bolus 15 min prior to infusion of CPS with 15 mEq KCl/liter. Time to arrest, number of ischemic ventricular contractions after aortic cross clamping, and ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) levels were recorded. All nifedipine groups arrested more quickly and with fewer ventricular contractions and had ATP and CP levels higher than those of Group 2 (P < 0.05). There were no differences between the nifedipine groups and Group 3 except that Group 8 (200 μg/kg pretreatment) resulted in higher levels of CP than Groups 3, 5, and 6 (P < 0.05 for all groups). When all groups were combined, time to arrest correlated negatively with ATP (r = −0.863, P < 0.01) and CP (r = −0.824, P < 0.01) levels. The number of ventricular contractions after aortic cross-clamping also correlated negatively with ATP (r = −0.896, P < 0.01) and CP (r = −0.830, P < 0.01) levels. CP was depleted 1.5 to 1.6 times as rapidly as ATP. We conclude that (1) there is a direct relationship between ischemic electromechanical work and myocardial energy stores during cardioplegic arrest, (2) CP is a more sensitive index of myocardial energy depletion than ATP, and (3) pretreatment with nifedipine prior to cardioplegic arrest results in greater preservation of myocardial energy stores than that obtained with CPS containing potassium alone or with the addition of nifedipine.
Conduction Heating in RTP Fast, and Pattern-Independent

Various types of conduction-based RTP systems are discussed. It is shown that simple hot plate systems suffer from severe bow of the wafer, when placed directly on the susceptor. This results in non-uniform heating. A solution is to place the wafer on pins; however, this considerably reduces the heat-up rate. An effective way to heat wafers through conduction fast and wellcontrolled is by placing it in a so-called gas bearing, an arrangement in which the wafer floats in between two hot blocks, at a well-controlled, small distance from both blocks. The heat-up rate in this so-called Levitor system is very high (~900°C/s) and uniform. It is demonstrated that this conduction-based system does not suffer from non-uniformities caused by variations in emissivity and/or pattern density across-wafer or within-die. In a direct comparison on pattern-dependent heating effects, substrates with trenches with varying dimensions are spike-annealed in a state-ofthe- art lamp system and in the Levitor. It was shown that temperature non-uniformities in the lampbased and the conduction-based systems are > 40°C and
Schurian Algebras and Spectral Additivity

Abstract A class of algebras is introduced that includes the unital Banach algebras over the complex numbers. Commutator results are proved for such algebras and used to establish spectral properties of certain elements of Banach algebras.
Kinetic Studies and Structural Models of the Association of E. coli σ70 RNA Polymerase with the λPR Promoter: Large Scale Conformational Changes in Forming the Kinetically Significant Intermediates

Abstract The kinetics of interaction of Eσ70 RNA polymerase (R) with the λPR promoter (P) were investigated by filter binding over a broad range of temperatures (7.3–42 °C) and concentrations of RNA polymerase (1–123 nM) in large excess over promoter DNA. Under all conditions examined, the kinetics of formation of competitor-resistant complexes (I2, RPo) are single-exponential with first order rate constant βCR. Interpretation of the polymerase concentration dependence of βCR in terms of the three step mechanism of open complex formation yields the equilibrium constant K1 for formation of the first kinetically significant intermediate (I1) and the forward rate constant (k2) for the conformational change converting I1 to the second kinetically significant intermediate I2: R + P ⇄ K 1 I 1 → k 2 I 2 . Use of rapid quench mixing allows K1 and k2 to be individually determined over the entire temperature range investigated, previously not possible at this promoter using manual mixing. Given the large (>60 bp) interface formed in I1, its relatively small binding constant K1 at 37 °C at this [salt] (∼6×106 M−1) strongly argues that binding free energy is used to drive large-scale structural changes in polymerase and/or promoter DNA or other coupled processes. Evidence for coupling of protein folding is provided by the large and negative activation heat capacity of ka ( Δ C a o ,‡ =−1.5(±0.2) kcal K −1 ), now shown directly to originate largely from formation of I1 ( Δ C 1 o =−1.4(±0.3) kcal K −1 ), rather than from the formation of I2 as previously proposed. The isomerization I1→I2 exhibits relatively slow kinetics and has a very large temperature-independent Arrhenius activation energy (E 2 act =34(±2) kcal ). This kinetic signature suggests that formation of the transition state (I1–I2)‡ involves large conformational changes dominated by changes in the exposure of polar and/or charged surface to water. Structural and biochemical data lead to the following hypotheses to interpret these results. We propose that formation of I1 involves coupled folding of unstructured regions of polymerase (β, β′ and σ70) and bending of promoter DNA (in the −10 region). We propose that interactions with region 2 of σ70 and possibly domain 1 of β induce a kink at the −11/−12 base pairs of the λPR promoter which places the downstream DNA (−5 to +20) in the jaws of the β and β′ subunits of polymerase in I1. These early interactions of β and β′ with the DNA downstream of position −5 trigger jaw closing (with coupled folding) and subsequent steps of DNA opening.
iTRAQ Labeling is Superior to mTRAQ for Quantitative Global Proteomics and Phosphoproteomics

Labeling of primary amines on peptides with reagents containing stable isotopes is a commonly used technique in quantitative mass spectrometry. Isobaric labeling techniques such as iTRAQ™ or TMT™ allow for relative quantification of peptides based on ratios of reporter ions in the low m/z region of spectra produced by precursor ion fragmentation. In contrast, nonisobaric labeling with mTRAQ™ yields precursors with different masses that can be directly quantified in MS1 spectra. In this study, we compare iTRAQ- and mTRAQ-based quantification of peptides and phosphopeptides derived from EGF-stimulated HeLa cells. Both labels have identical chemical structures, therefore precursor ion- and fragment ion-based quantification can be directly compared. Our results indicate that iTRAQ labeling has an additive effect on precursor intensities, whereas mTRAQ labeling leads to more redundant MS2 scanning events caused by triggering on the same peptide with different mTRAQ labels. We found that iTRAQ labeling quantified nearly threefold more phosphopeptides (12,129 versus 4,448) and nearly twofold more proteins (2,699 versus 1,597) than mTRAQ labeling. Although most key proteins in the EGFR signaling network were quantified with both techniques, iTRAQ labeling allowed quantification of twice as many kinases. Accuracy of reporter ion quantification by iTRAQ is adversely affected by peptides that are cofragmented in the same precursor isolation window, dampening observed ratios toward unity. However, because of tighter overall iTRAQ ratio distributions, the percentage of statistically significantly regulated phosphopeptides and proteins detected by iTRAQ and mTRAQ was similar. We observed a linear correlation of logarithmic iTRAQ to mTRAQ ratios over two orders of magnitude, indicating a possibility to correct iTRAQ ratios by an average compression factor. Spike-in experiments using peptides of defined ratios in a background of nonregulated peptides show that iTRAQ quantification is less accurate but not as variable as mTRAQ quantification.
Serine 64 Phosphorylation Enhances the Antiapoptotic Function of Mcl-1

Mcl-1 is an antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member that is highly regulated and when dysregulated contributes to cancer. The Mcl-1 protein is phosphorylated at multiple sites in response to different signaling events. Phosphorylations at Thr163 (by ERK) and Ser159 (by glycogen-synthase kinase 3β) have recently been shown to slow and enhance, respectively, Mcl-1 protein turnover. Phosphorylation is also known to be stimulated at other, as-yet uncharacterized sites in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Using an S peptide-tagged Mcl-1 T163A mutant, Ser64 was identified as a novel Mcl-1 phosphorylation site by mass spectrometry. Immunoblotting demonstrated that phosphorylation at this site was maximal in cells in G2/M phase, was enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) treatment, was blocked by inhibitors of CDK (but not ERK or glycogen-synthase kinase 3β), and was stimulated in vitro by CDK 1, CDK2, and JNK1. The half-life of a nonphosphorylatable S64A Mcl-1 mutant was indistinguishable from that of the wild type polypeptide. In contrast, this mutant failed to protect cells from TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, whereas reconstitution with the phosphomimetic S64E Mcl-1 mutant rendered cells TRAIL-resistant. This anti-apoptotic phenotype of the S64E Mcl-1 mutant was also associated with enhanced binding to the proapoptotic proteins Bim, Noxa, and Bak. A pharmacological CDK inhibitor that reduced Ser64 phosphorylation also sensitized cells to TRAIL cytotoxicity. Collectively, these observations not only identify G2/M-associated phosphorylation at Ser64 as a critical determinant of the antiapoptotic activity of Mcl-1 but also elucidate a novel mechanism by which CDK1/2 inhibitors can enhance the effectiveness of the cytotoxic cytokine TRAIL.
Mannitol as an indirect bronchoprovocation test for the 21st century.

Objectives To review mannitol challenge data and advocate the approval of this testing modality in the United States. Data Sources A literature review was performed using the MEDLINE database for English-language articles published between January 1, 1993, and July 31, 2009, using the following keywords: mannitol bronchoprovocation test , inhaled mannitol , inhaled mannitol and asthma , and inhaled mannitol and exercise-induced asthma . Study Selection Trials were selected that established the effect of mannitol as a bronchoprovocation challenge, explored mannitol's mechanism of action, and compared mannitol to other accepted bronchoprovocation challenges. Results Mannitol has demonstrated the ability to detect airway hyperreactivity in individuals. The mechanism of action is through the release of mast cell mediators. The sensitivity and specificity compare well with other indirect challenge testing methods. Conclusion Mannitol is a polyol sugar that can be converted to a powdered form and encapsulated. Once encapsulated it can be inhaled and causes narrowing of the airways in susceptible individuals. Mannitol likely triggers the release of inflammatory and/or bronchospasm mediators, causing the smooth muscle of the airway to contract and resulting in airway narrowing. The magnitude of decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the dose of mannitol needed to provoke the airway response provide a readily measurable and clinically useful assessment of airway hyperreactivity. Mannitol challenge is an accepted testing method in Australia, Europe, and Korea. Acceptance of the mannitol challenge in the United States would complement existing methods for assessing bronchial hyperreactivity and likely improve patient care.
Antifungal activity of ripe ericaceous fruits: Phenoliz-acid interactions and palatability for dispersers

Abstract Chemical characteristics of antifungal extracts of ripe fruit pulp of six ericaceous plants that differ in fruit ripening phenology and other dispersal characteristics were examined. The antifungal activity of these fruits is particularly interesting because of contrasting effects of pulp secondary chemistry upon birds that disperse the seeds. Whereas extracts of summer-ripening fruit do not affect (or affect positively) the feeding rates of birds feeding on artificial-pulp media, extracts of fall-ripening fruit are very much a deterrent. Results of fungal growth tests indicate that synergistic interactions of small phenolic constituents with small organic acids were most likely sources of antifungal activity for all but one species ( Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ), for which astringent polyphenolics and steroidal saponins were implicated. Fall-ripening fruit are apparently more of a deterrent to frugivores due to higher concentrations of organic acids in interaction with phenolic constituents, or higher concentrations of tannins and saponins. In conclusion, we stress the challenges that chemical synergism may present to chemical ecologists, and the importance of interactive effects of “primary” chemicals in plant defense.
p53 overexpression in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Background: Coastal South Carolina has a high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) among black residents. Overexpression and mutations of thep53 tumor suppressor gene have been noted in SCCE from other high-incidence regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency ofp53 overexpression in this region both in patients with SCCE and in normal subjects. Methods: Normal and malignant tissue obtained at esophagoscopy and normal esophageal mucosa (NEM) from random autopsies were studied with monoclonal antibodies to thep53 gene product. Total cellular RNA was extracted from SCCE, reverse transcribed to complementary DNA, and a portion of thep53 gene was amplified via polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Results: Immunohistochemical studies on SCCE from nine patients showed that six (67%) were positive, two (22%) were negative, and one was indeterminate forp53 over-expression. The corresponding normal samples showed that three (33%) hadp53-positive cells in the basal epithelial layer, whereas six did not. NEM from 18 random forensic cases displayedp53 overexpression in seven (39%). Eight of the nine tumors hadp53 mutations. Conclusions: p53 overexpression and mutations are frequently found in SCCE from patients in coastal South Carolina. Overexpression in normal epithelium from random autopsy cases may indicate an inherited or acquired predisposition in this geographic region.
InTeRail: a test architecture for core-based SOCs

A flexible test architecture for embedded cores and all interconnects in a system-on chip (SOC) is presented. It targets core testing parallelism and reduced test application time by using, as much as possible, existing core interconnects to form TAM paths. It also provides for dynamic wrapper reconfiguration. Algorithms that minimize the use of extra interconnects for the TAM path formation are presented and evaluated.
Controlled Multi-Path Routing in Sensor Networks Using Bezier Curves

We address the problem of extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks using multi-path routing based on a family of flexible routes with soft quality of service guarantees in terms of the packets’ delivery latency. We introduce a methodology based on Bezier curves as guiding trajectories in the routing process and we address the balancing of the workload among neighboring nodes. An added benefit, due to the flexibility of the Bezier curves, is that the shapes of the (alternate) routes can be constructed in a manner that prolongs the lifetime of the nodes in the vicinity of a given source/sink. We describe a forwarding algorithm, where the relay nodes can determine locally the Bezier curve they belong to and which requires only the transmission of the so-called control points that determine the shape of one (boundary) curve. We also show how our forwarding algorithm can be adapted to incorporate the sleep-schedule of the individual nodes, thereby further prolonging the networks’ lifetime. Our simulations demonstrate that the Bezier-based routing algorithms can yield significant improvements in the networks’ overall lifetime.
Enforceability vs. accountability in electronic policies

Laws, regulations, policies and standards are increasing the requirements complexity of software systems that ensure information resources are both available and protected. To motivate discussions as to how current policy models can address this problem, we surveyed several regulations, standards and organizational security policies to identify how elements in these documents affect both personnel responsibilities and software system security. We present a resulting taxonomy that distinguishes between enforceable and accountable policies and we discuss the value of both in achieving compliance.
Tertiary and Quaternary Structural Changes in Giα1 Induced by GTP Hydrolysis

Crystallographic analysis of 2.2 angstrom resolution shows that guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis triggers conformational changes in the heterotrimeric G-protein α subunit, G iα1 . The switch II and switch III segments become disordered, and linker II connecting the Ras and α helical domains moves, thus altering the structures of potential effector and βγ binding regions. Contacts between the α-helical and Ras domains are weakened, possibly facilitating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The amino and carboxyl termini, which contain receptor and βγ binding determinants, are disordered in the complex with GTP, but are organized into a compact microdomain on GDP hydrolysis. The amino terminus also forms extensive quaternary contacts with neighboring α subunits in the lattice, suggesting that multimers of α subunits or heterotrimers may play a role in signal transduction.
Association between uteroferrin, retinol-binding protein, and transferrin within the uterine and conceptus compartments during pregnancy in swine.

The association between uteroferrin (UF, measured as acid phosphatase [AP] activity), retinol-binding protein (RBP), and transferrin (TF) within the intrauterine environment during the estrous cycle and pregnancy was examined. Pregnant gilts were killed on Days 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90. Cyclic gilts were killed on Days 7, 10, 13, and 16. On Days 7 through 19, each uterine horn was flushed with 20 ml Minimum Essential Medium. On Days 25 through 90, serum and allantoic fluid samples were collected from each fetus within each gilt and pooled for each gilt. Uterine flushings, allantoic fluid, and fetal serum samples were assayed for AP, RBP, and TF. Endometrium was collected from all gilts and cultured with [3H]leucine; conditioned medium was measured for nondialyzable radioactive macromolecules, AP, and RBP. In uterine flushings, AP, RBP, and TF were low on Day 7, and then increased markedly (p < 0.01) by Day 13 in both cyclic and pregnant gilts. After log transformation of the data, AP was highly correlated with RBP (r = 0.99) and TF (r = 0.91, p < 0.01). Secretion of RBP and AP by endometrium in culture also increased (p < 0.01) during this period and was similar in cyclic and pregnant gilts, and RBP and AP secretion were highly correlated (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). Endometrial tissue did not secrete detectable amounts of TF in culture. Concentrations of all three proteins were low in allantoic fluid on Day 25, after which time they increased to Day 40, and then either stabilized to Day 70 followed by a decrease to Day 90 (AP and TF) or decreased to Day 90 (RBP). Endometrial secretion of both AP and RBP increased between Day 25 and 30. Then, AP increased further to Day 40 and did not change to Day 60, while RBP did not change from Day 30 to Day 60. Both decreased from Day 60 to 70, did not change to Day 80, and then increased again to Day 90. The association of RBP and TF concentrations with AP in various maternal and conceptus compartments during pregnancy is consistent with the hypothesis that one function of these two proteins may be to protect maternal and fetal tissues from lipid peroxidation that is a possible consequence of iron transport via endometrial secretion of UF.
A generalized and efficient algorithm for estimating transit route ODs from passenger counts

An algorithm is presented for transit passenger OD estimation. The algorithm, like some other existing OD estimation techniques, generates estimates based upon passenger boarding and alighting counts at each stop along the route. The algorithm is distinct in that it does not only estimate an OD matrix for the vehicle trip from which the boarding and alighting counts were taken. Rather, it further estimates the passenger alighting probabilities at every stop on the route and these are more apt to remain fixed across transit trips. Therefore, when coupled with projected boarding counts, the alighting probabilities better characterize OD patterns on the route. These probabilities, moreover, are estimated in such way as to reflect the passengers’ latent tendencies to travel to and from ‘‘major activity centers’’ where trip-making is induced. The algorithm is therefore a more general-use method than is the estimation technique proposed by Tsygalnitsky. Since the algorithm does not require a seed matrix, and since the number of iterations required for generating estimates is specified a priori, the algorithm is easier to apply and more computationally efficient than the balancing method of OD estimation.
Cooperation and Rivalry in the International Steel Cartel, 1926–1933

The International Steel Cartel of 1926 was a necessary step toward a coordinated system of cartels to govern steel exports. Like the present industrial policies of the European Community, however, differences in the aims of the domestic industries caused rivalry among the members of the 1926 agreement. Although thecartel was not able to fix its members' production shares, it was able to limit tradebetween them, which allowed for the formation and operation of their domesticcartels.
Macrophage activation through CCR5‐ and CXCR4‐mediated gp120‐elicited signaling pathways

Macrophages are major targets for in- fection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In addition to their role as productive viral reservoirs, inappropriate activation of in- fected and uninfected macrophages appears to contribute to pathogenesis. HIV-1 infection re- quires initial interactions between the viral enve- lope surface glycoprotein gp120, the cell-surface protein CD4, and a chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4. Besides their role in HIV-1 entry, CCR5 and CXCR4 are G protein-coupled receptors that can activate multiple intracellular signaling path- ways. HIV-1 gp120 has been shown to activate signaling pathways through the chemokine recep- tors in several cell types including lymphocytes, neurons, and astrocytes. In some cell types, these consequences may cause cellular injury. In this review, we highlight our data demonstrating di- verse signaling events that occur in primary human macrophages in response to gp120/chemokine re- ceptor interactions. These responses include K, Cl - , and nonselective cation currents, intracellular Ca 2 increases, and activation of several kinases including the focal adhesion-related tyrosine ki- nase Pyk2, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and phosphoinositol-3 kinase. Activation of the MAPK leads to gp120-induced expression of chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage-inflammatory pro- tein-1 and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor . These responses establish a com- plex cytokine network, which may enhance or sup- press HIV-1 replication. In addition, dysregulation of macrophage function by gp120/chemokine re- ceptor signaling may contribute to local inflamma- tion and injury and further recruit additional in- flammatory and/or target cells. Targeting these cel- lular signaling pathways may have benefit in controlling inflammatory sequelae of HIV infection such as in neurological disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74: 676-682; 2003.
Current drive analysis and system design for the ARIES-I tokamak reactor

Fast-wave current drive is selected as the primary scenario for steady-state operation of the Advanced Reactor Innovation and Evaluation Study-I (ARIES-I) tokamak reactor. With a projected efficiency of approximately=0.3-0.4, the current drive method uses low-cost, off-the-shelf technology, making it attractive compared to neutral beam current drive. At a frequency of 158 MHz and a wave spectrum centered at 1.6, it is found that as much as 160 MW of power may be required to drive the 4.7-MA seed current on the ARIES-I. To generate the desired current profile, the wave power is launched from above the equatorial plane on the outboard edge of the plasma. A toroidal array of 12 folded waveguides forms the basic launcher module which transmits the desired spectrum with a 95% directivity. Efficiency of coupling to the high-density scrape-off layer is expected to be high (>90%). The overall launcher system consists of four modules delivering 192 MW through 1.6% of the first-wall area. Each waveguide is envisaged to be a closed rectangular box made of SiC/SiC fiber composites, with the conducting surfaces formed by a copper coating on the inside of the structure. With the klystrode as the transmitter, the overall RF system efficiency can be as high as 72%. A viable alternative system based on neutral beam current drive and RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole technology has also been designed. >
Numerical simulation of fluid-structure interaction for tilting-disk mechanical heart valves

† In this study a fully coupled implicit fluid-structure-interaction (FSI) scheme has been utilized to investigate the existing tilting-disk mechanical heart valve (MHV) and a proposed design to increase flow quality. Vortex shedding, areas of recirculation with high shear, and high deformation rates are common in the current designs of tilting-disk MHVs, which contribute to the thrombogenicity of these devices. Based on the results of current FSI simulation of the tilting-disk MHV, a new design has been suggested, and comparison of the flow-fields and features important in clot formation are promising. In the proposed design, a number of gaps are inserted on the disk. These gaps are initially closed and subsequently open as the valve rotates toward its fully open position. The gaps stay open during the forward flow and only begin retracting when the leaflet starts moving back to its fully closed position. Inspection of the results reveals that the flow passing through the gaps washes the wakes away from the leaflet as intended and minimizes the separation region.
Expression of the 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Types 1 and 2 Proteins in Human and Baboon Placental Syncytiotrophoblast

We have shown that the placenta, via metabolism of maternal cortisol and cortisone by the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) enzymes types 1 and 2 in the syncytiotrophoblast, regulates the maturation of the fetal pituitary adrenocortical axis in the baboon. Because the timing and regulation of fetal adrenal development by fetal ACTH in the human seem to parallel that in the baboon, we propose that the placental 11beta-HSD-1 and -2 system also has a role in regulating the development of the fetal pituitary adrenocortical axis during human pregnancy. However, although the human placenta has been shown to express the 11beta-HSD-2, it remains to be determined unequivocally whether 11beta-HSD-1 protein is present in the human placental syncytiotrophoblast. To answer this question, enriched fractions of syncytiotrophoblast were prepared from human and baboon term placentae and proteins probed with polyclonal antibodies directed to amino acids 22-36 or 66-77 of human 11beta-HSD-1. The 11beta-HSD-1 was detected by Western blot analysis as a 32-kDa protein in human and baboon syncytiotrophoblast and as a 34-kDa protein in adult baboon liver. Localization of the 11beta-HSD-1 to the syncytiotrophoblast was confirmed by immunocytochemistry following antigen retrieval. These results show that both human and baboon placental syncytiotrophoblast expressed the 11beta-HSD-1, as well as the 11beta-HSD-2, proteins. Because 11beta-HSD-1 can function as a reductase, the expression of 11beta-HSD-1 in human syncytiotrophoblast would be consistent with the ability of this tissue to convert cortisone to cortisol and provide a means by which transplacental transport of cortisol could regulate the fetal pituitary adrenocortical axis in the human, as recently shown experimentally in the non-human primate baboon model.
Modulating the sensitivity to syntactic factors in production: evidence from syntactic priming in agrammatism

This study investigates the extent to which the production of complex morphosyntactic structures can be modulated in agrammatic speakers by utilizing a syntactic priming paradigm. Italian clitic pronouns (varying in morphosyntactic complexity) were chosen as the focal linguistic structure under investigation to test hypotheses based on alternative theories. Three experiments were performed. Experiment 1 analyzed clitic production in spontaneous speech. Experiments 2 and 3 used syntactic priming to prime the production of direct- and indirect-object clitics in finite and in restructuring sentences. These structures critically require different clitic positions (finite sentences: before the finite verb; restructuring sentences: before or after the verbal complex). The pattern of results shows that agrammatic speakers are impaired in clitic production. However, they show that the deficit is quantitative rather than qualitative, suggesting residual sensitivity despite the poor performance. The findings demonstrate that agrammatic (and control) speakers show a positive effect of syntactic priming across clitic types, suggesting that agrammatism can be characterized in terms of a linguistic processing deficit owing to increased processing demands for complex linguistic structures. Specifically, it is suggested that morphosyntactic complexity modulates both the level of impairment and the effect of priming for these grammatical structures.
Survival of the fittest tools.

THE Genetics Society of America’s George W. Beadle Award honors individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the community of genetics researchers and who exemplify the qualities of its namesake as a respected academic, administrator, and public servant. The 2014 recipient, Hugo Bellen, has made seminal contributions to the fields of genetics, developmental biology, and neuroscience. In parallel with his landmark science, he has worked to expand the toolbox available to Drosophila geneticists. He has helped develop technologies now used by the majority of Drosophila labs, advancing almost all fields of biology.
Three‐dimensional Bayesian geostatistical aquifer characterization at the Hanford 300 Area using tracer test data

[1] Tracer tests performed under natural or forced gradient flow conditions can provide useful information for characterizing subsurface properties, through monitoring, modeling, and interpretation of the tracer plume migration in an aquifer. Nonreactive tracer experiments were conducted at the Hanford 300 Area, along with constant-rate injection tests and electromagnetic borehole flowmeter tests. A Bayesian data assimilation technique, the method of anchored distributions (MAD) (Rubin et al., 2010), was applied to assimilate the experimental tracer test data with the other types of data and to infer the three-dimensional heterogeneous structure of the hydraulic conductivity in the saturated zone of the Hanford formation.In this study, the Bayesian prior information on the underlying random hydraulic conductivity field was obtained from previous field characterization efforts using constant-rate injection and borehole flowmeter test data. The posterior distribution of the conductivity field was obtained by further conditioning the field on the temporal moments of tracer breakthrough curves at various observation wells. MAD was implemented with the massively parallel three-dimensional flow and transport code PFLOTRAN to cope with the highly transient flow boundary conditions at the site and to meet the computational demands of MAD. A synthetic study proved that the proposed method could effectively invert tracer test data to capture the essential spatial heterogeneity of the three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity field. Application of MAD to actual field tracer data at the Hanford 300 Area demonstrates that inverting for spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity under transient flow conditions is challenging and more work is needed.
CONTESTING TRANSLATIONS: ORIENTALISM AND THE INTERPRETATION OF THE VEDA S

This essay examines the contested grounds of authorization for one important orientalist project in India during the nineteenth century – the translation of the ancient Sanskrit Ṛg Veda , with a view to highlighting the ultimately ambiguous nature of the orientalist enterprise. It is argued that Europeans initially sought to validate their translations by adhering to Indian scholarly practices and, in later decades, to a more “scientific” orientalist–philological practice. Indian Sanskrit scholars, however, rather than accepting such translations of the Veda , and the cultural characterizations they contained, instead engaged critically with them, reproducing a distinctive vision of Indian civilization through their own translations into English. Moreover, by examining the diverse ways in which key concepts, such as the “fidelity” of a translation, were negotiated by Europeans and Indians, this essay also suggests that intellectual histories of the colonial encounter in South Asia should move beyond debates about colonial knowledge to more explicitly examine the contexts of knowledgeable practices.
Microfluidic self-assembly of live Drosophila embryos for versatile high-throughput analysis of embryonic morphogenesis

A method for assembling Drosophila embryos in a microfluidic device was developed for studies of thermal perturbation of early embryonic development. Environmental perturbation is a complimentary method to injection of membrane-impermeable macromolecules for assaying genetic function and investigating robustness in complex biochemical networks. The development of a high throughput method for perturbing embryos would facilitate the isolation and mapping of signaling pathways. We immobilize Drosophila embryos inside a microfluidic device on minimal potential-energy wells created through surface modification, and thermally perturb these embryos using binary laminar flows of warm and cold solutions. We self-assemble embryos onto oil adhesive pads with an alcohol surfactant carrier fluid (detachment: 0.1 mL/min), and when the surfactant is removed, the embryo-oil adhesion increases to approximately 25 mL/min flow rates, which allows for high velocities required for sharp gradients of thermal binary flows. The microfluidic thermal profile was numerically characterized by simulation and experimentally characterized by fluorescence thermometry. The effects of thermal perturbation were observed to induce abnormal morphogenetic movements in live embryos by using time-lapse differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.
Trajectory design strategies applied to temporary comet capture including Poincaré maps and invariant manifolds

Temporary satellite capture (TSC) of Jupiter-family comets has been a focus of investigation within the astronomy community for decades. More recently, TSC has been approached from the perspective of dynamical systems theory, within the context of the circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP). Thus, this problem serves as a testbed for exploring techniques that support trajectory design in similar dynamical regimes. In particular, an association between the invariant manifolds of libration point orbits and the paths of comets that experience TSC has been explored. In this investigation, TSC is further examined from the perspective of transit, that is, transition through the gateways associated with the collinear libration points, in the three-body problem. Periapsis Poincare maps, previously employed for trajectory design in several investigations, are used to deliver insight into the nature of transit trajectories for energy levels near those associated with several Jupiter-family comets. The evolution of transit trajectories with increasing energy is explored, and the existence of solutions with similar characteristics to the paths of comets P/1996 R2, 82P/Gehrels 3, and 147P/Kushida–Muramatsu is demonstrated within the context of the planar CR3BP using planar periapsis maps. During TSC, the path of comet 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett is highly inclined with respect to Jupiter; the motion of this comet is examined relative to invariant manifolds in the spatial CR3BP. A method to display the information contained in higher-dimensional Poincare maps is also demonstrated, and is employed to locate a trajectory possessing the same qualitative characteristics as the path of 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett.
Joint subspace detection of hyperspectral targets

Joint subspace detection (JSD) arises from a Bayesian formulation of the binary detection problem, as contrasted with the "fixed but unknown parameter" approach that generates the generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test. The Bayesian philosophy allows the incorporation of prior knowledge gleaned from empirical experience into the design of a detection algorithm. The knowledge appears in the form of probability distributions for parameters considered deterministic in the GLR method. An example of this principle, called complementary subspace detection, has been applied to hyperspectral data and, with appropriate subspace selection, is shown to outperform the traditional detection techniques over a wide range of assumed prior knowledge of target distribution.
Spectral analysis of a phase locked laser at 891 GHz, an application of Josephson junctions in the far infrared

We have used a Josephson junction to investigate the spectral purity of an HCN laser which is used in an infrared frequency synthesis chain. To obtain a narrower linewidth from the laser it has been phase locked to a multiplied microwave reference chain. A calculated value for this linewidth was based upon the measured noise spectrum of the microwave source and a theory due to Middleton. One can take advantage of the unique properties ofthe Josephson junction as a frequency multiplier and mixer for use in measuring this linewidth. The Josephson junction is driven by an X-band signal which is derived from a specially designed cavity stabilized klystron system of high spectral purity. The 92nd harmonic of the X-band signal is generated in the Josephson junction. In addition, the Josephson junction acts as a mixer of the harmonic signals and the 891 GHz output of the HCN laser. The 92nd harmonic beat signal is taken from the Josephson junction, amplified, and sent to a spectrum analyzer for frequency domain analysis. Details of the experiment, results, and relation to predicted linewidths are presented.
The role of science in the public arena

The AGU Congressional Science Fellowship offers scientists a very special opportunity to become directly involved in public policy making at the federal level. As this year's AGU Congressional Science Fellow, I have been working for Senator Christopher J. Dodd (D-Conn.) as his legislative assistant for environment and energy matters. I would like to describe some of my impressions so far regarding the role of science in public policy. My sudden transition from academic science to the political arena highlighted for me the differences between the two, which are striking and at times disconcerting. Academic scientists, laden with teaching and often administrative responsibilities, are fond of complaining of the lack of time for creative research and thinking. But, for the most part, they are in an environment which supports and encourages research and independent thinking. In the political world such words as ‘professor’ and ‘research’ can be pejorative or, at best, quaint; professors and research reports may be taken seriously only when they support a given political viewpoint.
Effect of chemical structure and crosslinking density on the thermo-mechanical properties and toughness of (meth)acrylate shape-memory polymer networks

Abstract The objective of this work is to characterize and understand structure–mechanical property relationships in (meth)acrylate networks. The networks are synthesized from mono-functional (meth)acrylates with systematically varying sidegroup structure and multi-functional crosslinkers with varying mole fraction and functionality. Fundamental trends are established between the network chemical structure, crosslink density, glass transition temperature, rubbery modulus, failure strain, and toughness. The glass transition temperature of the networks ranged from −29 to 112 °C, and the rubbery modulus ( E r ) ranged from 2.8 to 129.5 MPa. At low crosslink density ( E r E r > 10 MPa), network chemistry has little influence on material toughness. The characteristic ratio of the mono-functional (meth)acrylates' components is unable to predict trends in network toughness as a function of chemical structure, as has been demonstrated in thermoplastics. The cohesive energy density is a better tool for relative prediction of network mechanical properties. Due to superior mechanical properties, networks with phenyl sidegroups are further investigated to understand the effect of phenyl sidegroup structure on toughness.
Friendship and Social Support: The Importance of Role Identity to Aging Adults

This article proposes role identity theory as a means of integrating the diverse frameworks and findings that populate the social support literature, and it highlights the importance of the friendship role on life satisfaction for aging adults. A sample of 800 preretirement-age working men and women were surveyed as part of a longitudinal study, Roles and Self: Factors in Development and Retirement. The results include differences in social support by gender, no significant influence of structural support variables, and the significant effect of the role of friendship on respondents' life satisfaction. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that commitment to the role of friend is significant in predicting life satisfaction when controlling for background variables, and friendship identity meanings emerged as the strongest predictor--stronger than income or marital status--when predicting well-being. Integration of theory with current and previous research, implications for practice, and directions for future research are discussed.
Some Problems of the Last Three Years

This address was delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of CPAs in Indianapolis, Indiana on Wednesday, September 28, l932. It was subsequently published in The Certified Public Accountant, (Durand W. Springer, editor) in Volume XII, No. 10, October 1932, pp. 587-592. Carter, a West Point Graduate, later testified before the Senate Banking Committee hearings in March 1933 regarding proposed securities legislation which was later enacted. In particular Carter presented the arguments for the need for audits by independent public accountants. At this time he was President of the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants and Senior partner of Haskins & Sells. Carter's view of the world, prior to his important Senate testimony is not readily available. This paper provides an insight into the issues and concerns which he identified during the early years of the 'great depression' prior to his historical testimony in l933, which preceded the passage of the securities acts. This item was scanned by Mrs. Songtao Mo and edited by Professor G. J. Previts of Case Western Reserve University.
Chapter 10: The Investigation Report

This chapter in The Handbook of Human Rights Investigation describes the importance of an investigation report and provides a methodology for drafting reports that are acceptable to international organizations charged with enforcing human rights conventions.
Between Science and Nature: Interpreting Lactation Failure in Elizabeth von Arnim's The Pastor's Wife

Interpreting a scene of lactation failure allows us to represent breast-feeding as a contested social practice. This essay reads a novelistic scene of lactation failure in the context of the decline of breast-feeding in the twentieth century. The protagonist's ignorance of the “female” experiences of pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation is an effect of her objectification within the opposition between “science” and “nature.” “Unnatural” as a woman because she is a “natural” individual, the “pastor's wife” exemplifies the dilemmas of breast-feeding as a biosocial practice of maternity in a technological society which features the breakdown of traditional female networks in which knowledge about maternity and breast-feeding are circulated.