cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Linear Behaviour of Spindle Receptors

Non-linear characteristics of primary and secondary spindle receptors were studied in decerebrate cats with and without intact ventral roots. Inputs consisted of slow ramp stretches and releases applied to the soleus muscle. Highly reproducible departures from a smooth change in discharge rate occurred during constant velocity stretching. When the stretch was more rapid, the departures were earlier and resembled initial bursts. Responses of each receptor to a family of ramps of constant duration and variable amplitude were used to construct “linearity plots”. These plots demonstrated a transition from a region of high sensitivity to a region of low sensitivity that was evident during the stretch (or release), during adaptation, and in the steady state. Transition in sensitivity was associated with a particular change in length (100–200 μm). The high sensitivity to small changes in length reset after a receptor had adapted to a new length. All of these non-linearities could result from friction in the poles of intrafusal fibres. Non-linear behaviour was most conspicuous for de-efferented primary endings and least for secondary endings that received spontaneous gamma input. Stretch reflexes studied simultaneously reflected in their properties some of the non-linear features of spindle receptors, but the stretch reflex appears not to be a simple additive result of feedback from primary and secondary endings.
Prediction of friction stir weld quality without and with signal features

Building a reliable prediction model can mitigate the need for actual experiments, hence saving time and cost. To this end, this study presents a methodology to predict weld quality for a particular friction stir weld configuration using machine learning and metaheuristic algorithms including K-nearest neighbor (KNN), fuzzy KNN (FKNN), and the artificial bee colony (ABC). The ABC algorithm was utilized to determine the best (F)KNN model with optimal K value and feature subset. First, models were built based on only experimental conditions including spindle rotational speed, plunge force, and feed rate, as well as derived values including a speed ratio and an empirical force index (EFI). The best model was identified to be 1-NN comprised of three features, i.e., rotational speed, feed rate, and EFI, with 93.16% classification accuracy based on leave-one-out cross-validation. The majority of data points leading to error were found to lie mostly on the boundaries between classes. It was shown that classification error could be reduced by removing those points, which is cheating and not recommended. Instead, it is recommended to improve classification accuracy without omitting dissenting data by introducing additional information to better distinguish misclassified data points. To this end, wavelet energy features extracted from weld signals of X-Force, Y-Force, spindle rotational speed, feed rate, and plunge force were added to the original feature pool. In order to determine the impact of each weld signal feature set, each signal feature set was individually tested. After applying ABC to the expanded feature pool to build the best model, perfect classification accuracy was achieved in several cases. The results suggest that adding signal features can greatly improve the effectiveness of model predictability of friction stir weld quality.
Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation

Abstract Intrathecal (IT) infusion plays an important role in the treatment of medically intractable pain and spasticity. Moreover, it potentially may serve as the delivery route for future treatments for degenerative neurologic diseases and neurotrauma rehabilitation. This chapter describes the considerations in planning and executing the implantation of a subcutaneous programmable pump and catheter for IT infusion. The author discusses nuances in planning the location of the pump and placement of the catheter. The low complication technique for catheter placement is reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative programming considerations are also discussed.
Changing Family, Changing Education

Sociologists of education increasingly have recognized the crucial role that families assume in children’s educational development. Meanwhile, sociologists have identified major changes in family structure and contemporary family life—among these, increases in the number of single-parent and step-parent families, families with older parents, and same-sex families, adoptive families, and multiracial families. These changes have compelled sociologists of education to redirect their attention from one that emphasizes a more standard—and increasingly outdated—notion of family to one that also takes into account the multiplicity of family forms. In this chapter, the authors identify some areas in which new lines of research on this front are currently under development. The purpose of this chapter is threefold: (1) to discuss various theoretical lens through which scholars have viewed family structure effects in education, (2) to report what existing and cutting-edge research has to say about how the changing shape and diversity of families affect children’s educational outcomes, and (3) to glean additional theoretical insights into how family structure shapes children’s educational outcomes. The authors also identify continuing challenges that scholars in this area face and pinpoint possible solutions to these challenges that hold the most promise.
Why Do Some Firms Make Seemingly Inferior Decisions

Empirical studies on corporate decisions often employ the treatment model, the Heckman selectivity model, or the matched sample method and find that one choice (treatment) is strictly better than the other. These results lead to a puzzle - why do some firms select the inferior choices? In this paper, I show that methodological issues drive such findings because these methods rule out the possibility that firms with heterogeneous characteristics can make different optimal decisions. The objects of this paper are to discuss how such an optimal decision making process is fundamentally incompatible with the assumptions required by the above methods and to caution the applications of those methods in studying corporate decisions.
Nuclear Analysis for the Light Ion Fusion Power Reactor LIBRA-SP

A 1.2 m thick zone of blanket tubes is needed for the LIBRA-SP chamber wall to be a lifetime component. The roof should be located at 17 m from the target to be a lifetime component. The depth of t...
Decoding technology transfer through experiences at microsoft

Technology transfer is an important form of collaboration between software engineering researchers and industrial practitioners. Despite benefits to both parties, it remains a huge challenge to carry out a technology transfer successfully. Based on the experiences at Microsoft, this talk discusses some key aspects in technology transfer, including technology readiness, partnership building, and one team as collaboration model.
High temperature heat extraction from counterflow porous burner

Abstract Energy extraction from an adiabatic regenerative porous burner is studied numerically. Steady state governing equations are solved to predict the fluid and thermal properties of the system. The temperature of heat extraction is varied from 300 K to 1300 K. The numerical simulation predicts the effect of efficiency of energy extraction on the location and extraction temperature of heat exchangers. Higher extraction temperatures tend to decrease the extracted energy and consequently raise the exhaust temperature of the burner. Two burner configurations are studied comparatively by changing the properties of the wall separating the incoming reactants from the exhaust gases. Out of the two materials used to study the effect of separation wall on energy extraction, the study predicts higher gains for alumina as compared to silicon carbide. The maximum heat extraction efficiency of 35% is reported for extraction at 1300 K when silicon carbide separation wall is used in the burner. Whereas for porous burner with alumina separation wall, 60% of the heat can be extracted at 1300 K.
Compensation in High Finance: A Theory of Periodic Labor Markets and Guaranteed Bonuses

We present a general equilibrium model of labor market flows that features a periodic equilibrium in which turnover is high in some periods and low in others. If a firm finds itself in a periodic equilibrium, it is optimal to time compensation in the form of low wages and a large bonus delivered just prior to periods with deep labor markets. This ensures that employees depart when replacements are available. The theory generates large, coordinated bonuses, high overall pay, seasonal turnover, and worker rents, each of which is consistent with patterns in the labor markets in high finance and biglaw.
Research and development and trade policies for product innovation in the presence of foreign competition

Abstract This paper examines two policy instruments — a matching grant and import tariffs — for encouraging research and development (R&D) in product innovation by a domestic firm when it faces foreign competition. We do so by developing a theoretical model of product innovation where R&D effort is endogenous and its outcome uncertain. We examine the effects of a reduction in import tariffs on private expenditure on R&D, on public support for such R&D, and on total R&D expenditure. We find that in response to a reduction in import tariffs, the domestic firm always reduces its private R&D investments, but the total level of R&D expenditure (i.e., including public support) might go up depending on the level of tariffs. In particular, we find that it will go up if the initial level of tariff is higher than a critical level. When tariff is endogenous, we find that the socially optimal level of tariffs is positive. One finding that is of particular interest is that supporting private attempts to product innovate in the form of a matching grant program leads to a socially optimal level of product R&D.
A Perspective on Physics in Cuba

The author is Cuban by birth: the son of an Afro-Cuban mother and an Afro-American father. He spent the first 8 years of his life attending schools in Havana and New York City. He left Cuba in 1958 so as to gain a more uninterrupted educational experience. This led to his PhD in theoretical physics from Columbia University in 1978, followed by a post-doctoral appointment at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. He returned to Cuba in 1980 as a member of an academic tour organized by the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. This provided an introduction to various government-run scientific facilities in Havana and the easternmost city of “Santiago de Cuba” in the province of Oriente.
Authoring Selves in School: Adolescent Writing Identity.

This embedded case study investigates the nature of authorship in a secondary English Language Arts classroom by examining two adolescents’ writing identities and experiences writing across genres....
Conceptual history, the will to power, and a new politics of translation

Contrary to common undeclared pedagogical assumptions in translation skill classes that ‘faithfulness’ to the source text is the highest good guiding translation exercises, I draw from Begriffsgesc...
Female Firepower: Gun Ownership for Self-Protection Among Female Intimate Partner Violence Victims

Laws that prohibit abusers' possession of firearms are associated with lower intimate partner homicide rates. However, some policies are moving toward arming victims of intimate partner violence (I...
An Investigation of Multicultural Counseling Competence Development among Graduate-Level Counseling Students through Mindfulness, Cognitive Complexity, and Cognitive Flexibility

This study aimed to explore the potential association of mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive complexity with multicultural counseling competency (MCC), while controlling for race and mindfulness practice, among counseling trainees. Seventy-eight graduate-level counseling students from multiple campuses within the U.S. completed an online survey study. Results indicated significant positive correlations among mindfulness, cognitive flexibility, cognitive complexity and MCC. Results also found significant differences in self-perceived ratings of MCC based on race and engagement in mindful practice. Additionally, cognitive flexibility, cognitive complexity and mindfulness practices explained a large amount of adjusted variance (r2 = .52) in MCC. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Nuclear structure by semi-automated Iiage analysis classifies prostate cancer feulgen-stained nuclei captured from gleason graded tissue patterns.

5291 We assessed the structure of prostate cancer (PCa) nuclei by Quantitative Nuclear Morphometrics(QNM) based on nuclei captured from Gleason grading patterns 3, 4 and 5 of radical prostatectomy (RP) cases. We applied semi-automated image analysis to classify the structure of nuclei in prostate cancer of specific Gleason Grades (GG) from radical prostatectomy (RP) cases. A tissue microarray (TMA) was prepared from RP cases evaluated by a single pathologist (JIE). The TMA cores were prepared from 20 GG-3, 9 GG-4, 10 GG-5 patterns, and 20 benign cancer-adjacent cases (All Gleason scores 3+3) and from normals (no cancer) selected from RP archival paraffin blocks. Feulgen-stained nuclei were captured from all TMA spots for each case of the TMAs (number of objects = 1300 GG-3; 1337 GG-4; 1162 GG-5; and 1300 benign, cancer adjacent nuclei) using the AutoCyteTM Pathology Workstation. Normals (no cancer) were captured from the CPCTR TMA for PCa obtained from the NCI. Multivariate backwards stepwise logistic regression (LR) was employed to calculate a model constant, β-coefficients, predictive indices and predictive probabilities (PP) for each pool of the three GG categories of nuclei compared to the benign cancer-adjacent nuclei and normals (no cancer). QNM was able to calculate models and generate areas of receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) for differences between benign cancer-adjacent nuclei (same cases) and GG-3 (ROC= 0.82); GG-4 (ROC = 0.87); GG-5 (ROC-AUC = 0.87) using only 8 nuclear morphometric descriptors (NMDs). A comparison of differences between normal (no cancer) nuclei from the CPCTR TMA and GG-3 (ROC= 0.94); GG-4 (ROC= 0.90) and GG-5 (ROC= 0.92) used only 5 NMDs and for both comparisons the variable selection cutoff for Logistic Regression was Pz= 0.000005. Image analysis of PCa nuclear structure comparing normal (no cancer) or benign cancer-adjacent nuclei and expert scored GG patterns from PCa RP cases identified as few as 5-8 NMDs that could differentiate GG 3, 4, and 5 Feulgen-stained nuclei. This is the first step in creating an new objective method for quantifying unique nuclei grading patterns that might be applied to predict disease outcomes.
The Treatment of Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer with the Poly(ADP- Ribose) Polymerase (PARP1) Inhibitors (AG14361,Veliparib,Olaparib) as Chemosensitizers.

Abstract Introduction Most of those who get ovarian cancer will die from this cancer. Of the major types of ovarian cancer clear cell carcinoma is the most aggressive and chemoresistant type of epithelial ovarian cancer. Here the sensitivity of clear cell ovarian carcinoma to poly adenosine diphosphate [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitors is tested. Methodology Ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with the PARP inhibitors AG14361, Veliparib, or Olaparib alone or in combination with cisplatin, carboplatinum, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine and paclitaxel for 72 hours. The IC50 concentrations were calculated. Each experiment was replicated 10 times. Results As single agents the PARP inhibition of ovarian cancer among serous, endometroid and clear cell ovarian cancer cell lines was similar. Clear cell ovarian cancer seemed particularly susceptible to chemo-sensitization by PARP inhibitors with paclitaxel, 5-FU, carboplatin, doxorubicin and/or cisplatin. Antagonism was seen with gemcitabine. Conclusion PARP inhibitors are exceptional chemosensitizers of clear cell ovarian cancer to treatment with most standard chemotherapy agents.
Antiferromagnetic Structures of Mn S 2 , Mn Se 2 , and Mn Te 2

The antiferromagnetic structures of Mn${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Mn${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, and Mn${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ have been obtained by neutron diffraction. The disulfide exhibits ordering of the "third" kind, the ditelluride, ordering of the "first" kind, and the diselenide, an arrangement which is intermediate between the two. The structures are discussed from the viewpoint of indirect exchange. Magnetic susceptibilities, obtained by the Gouy method, are reported for all three compounds.
The State Secrets Privilege in the Post-9/11 Era

This article examines the Government’s position on the state secrets privilege in the post-9/11 cases. It argues that the Government’s new position, first under President Bush and now under President Obama, marks an important and disturbing change in how it considers and treats the privilege. In these cases, the Government has sought to dramatically expand the privilege by arguing that the state secrets privilege has roots in constitutional separation-of-powers principles, and not merely in common law evidentiary principles. As a result of this claim, the Government has moved to minimize the roles of the courts in policing the privilege, it has negated private litigants’ interests in their cases against the Government and its partners, and it has argued that courts must completely dismiss those cases in which the Government alone decrees that the very subject matter is a state secret. This new view of the state secrets privilege has gained some traction in the federal courts, even though it lacks support in the history and the precedent of the privilege. Efforts to reform the privilege must take account of the Government’s sweeping new position.
The use of a non-spherical reference potential in statistical mechanical perturbation theory: III. The Helmholtz free energy and equation of state for pure, quadrupolar fluids

The computational details of the statistical mechanical perturbation theory for linear, quadrupole fluids using a non-spherical reference potential are considered. It is found that relatively few terms in the series make a significant contribution, so that the extent of the calculations to be done using this perturbation method is not very much more than with other perturbation theories. Further, the perturbation series has been found to be rapidly convergent with, in many cases, perhaps only one term in the series being needed. Simple, approximate correlations for the first and second order terms in the Helmholtz free energy and pressure expansions are given which use only molecular diameter, length and quadrupole moment, and macroscopic properties.
Gender-based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs

Although the number of women in middle management has grown quite rapidly in the last two decades, the number of female CEOs in large corporations remains extremely low. This article examines many explanations for why women have not risen to the top, including lack of line experience, inadequate career opportunities, gender differences in linguistic styles and socialization, gender-based stereotypes, the old boy network at the top, and tokenism. Alternative explanations are also presented and analyzed, such as differences between female leadership styles and the type of leadership style expected at the top of organizations, feminist explanations for the underrepresentation of women in top management positions, and the possibility that the most talented women in business often avoid corporate life in favor of entrepreneurial careers.
An Extremal Property of Turán Graphs, II

Let denote Turan's graph—the complete 2-partite graph on n vertices with partition sizes as equal as possible. We show that for all , the graph has more proper vertex colorings in at most 4 colors than any other graph with the same number of vertices and edges.
The evolution of US pollution prevention, 1976–2001: a unique chemical engineering contribution to the environment – a review

The importance of pollution prevention or cleaner production has been substantial in changing the environmental approach within advanced industrialized countries. Since the critical factors for pollution prevention success relate to fundamental understanding of diverse industrial processes, chemical engineering has had a major and unique role in this environmental field. Expanding this new and evolutionary topic into the undergraduate curriculum of chemical engineering has also been vital to improving the sustainability of cleaner production. This article describes the fundamental concepts that led to active pollution prevention progress and then the historical progress toward this new paradigm. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The Pollution Effect: Optimizing Keyword Auctions by Favoring Relevant Advertising

Most search engines sell slots to place advertisements on the search results page through keyword auctions. Advertisers offer bids for how much they are willing to pay when someone enters a search query, sees the search results, and then clicks on one of their ads. Search engines typically order the advertisements for a query by a combination of the bids and expected clickthrough rates for each advertisement. In this paper, we extend a model of Yahoo's and Google's advertising auctions to include an effect where repeatedly showing less relevant ads has a persistent impact on all advertising on the search engine, an impact we designate as the pollution effect. In Monte-Carlo simulations using distributions fitted to Yahoo data, we show that a modest pollution effect is sufficient to dramatically change the advertising rank order that yields the optimal advertising revenue for a search engine. In addition, if a pollution effect exists, it is possible to maximize revenue while also increasing advertiser, and publisher utility. Our results suggest that search engines could benefit from making relevant advertisements less expensive and irrelevant advertisements more costly for advertisers than is the current practice.
When the Going Gets Tough, the Differentiated Keep Going: Cybernetic Self-Determination, Daily Obstacles, and Persistent Goal Pursuit

Cybernetic theories of self-regulation contend that an individual's goal system may work best to the extent it is differentiated. The present investigation pioneered an assessment of goal differentiation in relation to an important feature of goals--intrinsic motivation--and quantified the extent to which intrinsic motivation systematically increased from low- to mid- to high-level goals, the resulting individual difference termed cybernetic self-determination. In Study 1 (n = 106), it was found that frustrating daily events precipitated motivations to quit at low, but not high, levels of cybernetic self-determination. In Study 2 (n = 111), it was found that negative feedback was associated with reduced goal persistence at low, but not high, levels of cybernetic self-determination. The findings therefore converge on the idea that individual differences in cybernetic self-determination are consequential in buffering reactions to obstacles in daily life. Implications for personality, motivation, and self-regulation literatures are discussed.
Morphological NNs with orthonormal basis dendrites

In this paper, a novel model of Morphological Neural Networks (MNN) is presented. MNNs use neurons with dendritic structure that bear a more faithful resemblance to the biological neurons of the celebral cortex than those used in various artificial neural networks. MNNs have the high capability of resolving some difficult non-linear problems and are getting more and more applicable. In this work we develop a new model of MNNs that are more powerful since each dendrite can work on a different orthonormal basis than the other dendrites in order to optimize the performance of the Orthonormal Basis Morphological Neural Network (OBMNN). OBMNNs compress automatically their size and show significantly better learning capabilities than the regular MNNs, which are a sub-group of OBMNNs. Validation experimental results are presented that demonstrate superior learning performance of OBMNNs over regular MNNs.
Video: temporary gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis: endoscopic placement of electrodes (ENDOstim).

Background Studies have shown high-frequency, low-energy gastric electrical stimulation (GES) to be an effective management strategy for patients with medication refractory gastroparesis. However, placement of a permanent GES device requires surgery and has considerable cost considerations. More importantly, however, this mode of therapy may not be successful for all patients. Patients likely to benefit from such an invasive and expensive procedure could be selected on the basis of their response to temporary GES. Electrodes for the purpose of temporary GES usually are placed percutaneously or through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (PEGStim). This study demonstrated an easier and less cumbersome placement of these electrodes endoscopically [1-3].
Analysis of the traveling-wave technique for measuring mobilities in low-conductivity semiconductors

The traveling-wave method of Adler, Datta, Janes, and Hunsinger for determining the drift mobility and the sign of the majority carriers in low-mobility semiconductors is analyzed. It is found that in homogeneous semiconducting films the acoustoelectric voltage originates from two surface currents which in turn are a consequence of the boundary conditions at the film surfaces. The acoustoelectric effect vanishes in the bulk when diffusion of carriers is negligible in the transport equation. The effect of band bending and surface inversion layers on the acoustoelectric voltage is discussed qualitatively. The drift mobility measured by the traveling-wave technique is interpreted in terms of the multiple-trapping model commonly used for amorphous semiconductors.
Surgical interventions and medical treatments in treatment-naïve patients with acromegaly: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context: Acromegaly is usually treated with surgery as a first-line treatment, although medical therapy has also been used as an alternative primary treatment. Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize the existing evidence comparing these two approaches in treatment-naive patients with acromegaly. Data Sources: This study performed a comprehensive search in multiple databases, including Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus from early inception through April 2014. Study Selection: The study used original controlled and uncontrolled studies that enrolled patients with acromegaly to receive either surgical treatment or medical treatment as their first-line treatment. Data Extraction: Reviewers extracted data independently and in duplicates. Because of the noncomparative nature of the available studies, we modified the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of included studies. Outcomes evaluated were biochemical remission and change in IGF-1 or GH levels. We pooled outcomes us...
Furan forming reactions of cis-2-alken-4-yn-1-ones.

The cis-2-alken-4-yn-1-one, 1-phenyl-cis-2-penten-4-yn-1-one (cis-1), readily dimerizes on treatment with weak acid to give the 1,2-difurylethylenes, trans- and cis-1,2 di(2-(5-phenylfuryl))ethene (trans-1 and cis-2), in 62% and 23% yields, respectively. Trimerization of cis-1 to trans,trans-1,2,3-tri(2-(5-phenylfuryl)cyclopropane (4) occurred as a byproduct of treatment with weak acid. These reactions demonstrate the 2-furylcarbenoid reactivity of cis-2-alken-4-yn-1-ones.
Photocatalytic oxidation and decomposition of acetic acid on titanium silicalite.

Transient reaction of adsorbed monolayers of acetic acid was used to characterize the photocatalytic properties of titanium silicalite zeolites (TS-1). The TS-1 zeolites having Si/Ti ratios of 5, 1...
Fe-Ti oxide geothermometry: thermodynamic formulation and the estimation of intensive variables in silicic magmas

A new thermodynamic formulation of the Fe−Ti oxide geothermometer/oxygen barometer is developed. The method is based upon recently calibrated models for spinel solid solutions in the quinary system (Fe2+, Mg)(Al,Fe3+,Cr)2O4−(Fe2+, Mg)2TiO4 by Sack and Ghiorso, and rhombohedral oxides in the quaternary system (Fe2+,Mg,Mn)TiO3−Fe2O3 (this paper). The formulation is internally consistent with thermodynamic models for (Fe2+,Mg)-olivine and -orthopyroxene solid solutions and end-member thermodynamic properties tabulated by Berman. The constituent expressions account for compositional and temperature dependent cation ordering and reproduce miscibility gap features in all of the component binaries. The calibration does not account for the excess Gibbs energy resulting from compositional and temperature dependent magnetic ordering in either phase. This limits application of the method to assemblages that equilibrated at temperatures above 600° C. Practical implementation of the proposed geothermometer/oxygen barometer requires minimal use of projection algorthms in accommodating compositions of naturally occurring phases. The new formulation is applied to the estimation of temperature and oxygen fugacity in a wide variety of intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks. In combination with previous work on olivine and orthopyroxene thermodynamics, equilibration pressures are computed for a subset of these volcanics that contain the assemblage quartz, oxides and either ferromagnesian silicate. The calculated log10fO2-T relations are reflected in coexisting ferromagnesian mineral assemblages. Volcanics with the lowest relative oxygen fugacity (Δlog10fO2) are characterized by the assemblage olivine-quartz, those with slightly higher Δ log10fO2 s, by the assemblage orthopyroxene-quartz. The sequence proceeds with the necessary phases biotite-feldspar, then hornblende-quartz-clinopyroxene, and finally at the highest Δ log10fO2 s, sphene-quartz-clinopyroxene. Quantitative analysis of these trends, utilizing thermodynamic data for the constituent phases, establishes that, in most cases, the T-log10fO2value computed from the oxides is consistent with the compositions of coexisting silicate phases, indicating that phenocryst equilibrium was achieved prior to eruption. There is, however, considerable evidence of oxide-silicate disequilibrium in samples collected from more slowly cooled domes and obsidians. In addition, T-log10fO2trends from volcanic rocks that contain biotite and orthopyroxene are interpreted to imply a condition of Fe2+−Mg exchange disequilibrium between orthopyroxene and coexisting ferromagnesian silicates and melt. It is suspected that many biotite-feldspar-quartz-orthopyroxene bearing low temperature volcanic rocks inherit orthopyroxene xenocrysts which crystallized earlier in the cooling history of the magma body.
Sex on prime‐time in the 90's

Although the proportion of network prime‐time programs with sexual images decreased somewhat during the 1990's, the overall message about sex did not change. Sex is often found in a humorous context—four often programs include humorous sexual references. Sex is most often found in dramas, followed closely by situation comedies. Moreover, one‐fifth of prime‐time programs have sexual content that is categorized as gratuitous (unwarranted) to the plot. Viewers do not seem to favor programs with sexual content — there was no support for the hypothesis that programs with sexual content would have higher Nielsen ratings than programs without sexual content.
Postischemic stunning after adenosine vasodilator stress.

Background Ischemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction may occur after exercise but is regarded as uncommon after vasodilator stress. We evaluated the prevalence of LV dysfunction after adenosine stress in relation to reversible perfusion defects and angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD).
A useful fake neuron

Abstract A device is described which produces electrical signals of approximately the size and shape of extracellularly recorded single neuron impulses, at frequencies of about 45–800/sec. These signals can be used to test the effects of impulse frequency and amplitude on counting rate-meters, and the fidelity of other electronic amplifying and display apparatus.
Diethylpyrocarbonate, a histidine selective reagent, inhibits progestin binding to chick oviduct cytosol

In this report we describe experiments showing that diethylpyrocarbonate, a histidine selective reagent, inhibits progestin binding to the chick oviduct progesterone receptor. Because this inhibition is reversed by hydroxylamine, we suggest that the chick oviduct progesterone receptor contains one or more histidine residues that regulate progestin binding. We also find that the progestin R5020 protects the progesterone receptor from diethylpyrocarbonate mediated inhibition of progestin binding. From this we infer that the progestin binding site contains a histidine residue(s) important for progesterone binding to its receptor in chick oviduct.
Primary esophageal lymphoma: a diagnostic challenge

A 56-year-old man with primary esophageal lymphoma is presented. Diagnosis of this disease can present a challenge. Clinical characteristics, treatment principles, and a detailed discussion of diagnosis are presented. When primary esophageal lymphoma is diagnosed, combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy afford a significant chance of long-term survival.
" In the world of the tradition, I was unimagined" : Negotiation of identities in cross-cultural autobiographies*

The present paper focuses on an unusual linguistic minority — contemporary American writers for whom English is a second language. The study examines ways in which these writers position and reposition themselves with regard to their multiple languages and identities in autobiographic narratives. The analysis of the narratives demonstrates that five main aspects of identity may be subject to renegotiation in the process of second language socialization: linguistic, racial and ethnic, cultural, gender, and social identities. It is argued that written — and, in particular, published — texts represent ideal discursive spaces for negotiation of identities, spaces where accents may be erased and the writers’ voices imbued with authority . Furthermore, it is argued that the importance of cross-cultural autobiographies by bilingual writers is not simply in ways in which this writing allows the authors to reinvent themselves but rather in ways in which it allows second language (L2) users to assume legitimate ownership of their L2 and to provide the readers with new meanings, perspectives, and images of “ being American— and bilingual” in the postmodern world.
Vertical fragmentation and allocation in distributed deductive database systems

Abstract Although approaches for vertical fragmentation and data allocation have been proposed, algorithms for vertical fragmentation and allocation of data and rules in distributed deductive database systems (DDDBSs) are lacking. In this paper, we present different approaches for vertical fragmentation of relations that are referenced by rules and an allocation strategy for rules and fragments in a DDDBS. The potential advantages of the proposed fragmentation and allocation scheme include maximal locality of query evaluation and minimization of communication cost in a distributed system, in addition to the desirable properties of (vertical) fragmentation and rule allocation as discussed in the literature. We also formulate the mathematical interpretation of the proposed vertical fragmentation and allocation algorithms.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Bis(diisopropylamino)boron Enolate of tert-Butyl Methyl Ketone

Lithium, sodium, and potassium enolates reacted with bisaminoboron halides to give bisaminoboron enolates 1a−5c. Specifically, the potassium enolate of tert-butyl methyl ketone reacted with bis(dii...
Photothermal Nanotherapeutics and Nanodiagnostics for Selective Killing of Bacteria Targeted with Gold Nanoparticles

We describe a new method for selective laser killing of bacteria targeted with light-absorbing gold nanoparticles conjugated with specific antibodies. The multifunctional photothermal (PT) microscope/spectrometer provides a real-time assessment of this new therapeutic intervention. In this integrated system, strong laser-induced overheating effects accompanied by the bubble-formation phenomena around clustered gold nanoparticles are the main cause of bacterial damage. PT imaging and time-resolved monitoring of the integrated PT responses assessed these effects. Specifically, we used this technology for selective killing of the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus by targeting the bacterial surface using 10-, 20-, and 40-nm gold particles conjugated with anti-protein A antibodies. Labeled bacteria were irradiated with focused laser pulses (420–570 nm, 12 ns, 0.1–5 J/cm2, 100 pulses), and laser-induced bacterial damage observed at different laser fluences and nanoparticle sizes was verified by optical transmission, electron microscopy, and conventional viability testing.
A determination of the activity of water in water–alcohol mixtures using mobile order thermodynamics

The non-ergodic theory of mobile order thermodynamics (MOT) is employed to study how the structure of ethylene glycol and several common alcohols influences the activity of water in binary mixtures. Results suggest that alcohol molecules with a smaller alkyl group or a greater number of hydroxyl groups are more effective at lowering the activity of water. The influence of alcohol branching among isomers is examined as well. Calculations are in good agreement with widely used algorithms such as the UNIQAC equation. With more complex alcohols like diethylene and triethylene glycols, the MOT framework requires additional development. Alcohols are known to be thermodynamic inhibitors that hinder the formation of gas hydrates. Since hydrate stability is determined by an equilibrium condition of equal chemical potentials for water in the hydrate and liquid phases, the present study may help clarify the inhibition mechanism for alcohols.
Alteration of the exopolysaccharide production and the transcriptional profile of free-living Frankia strain CcI3 under nitrogen-fixing conditions

We investigated the effect of different nitrogen (N) sources on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and composition by Frankia strain CcI3, a N2-fixing actinomycete that forms root nodules with Casuarina species. Frankia cells grown in the absence of NH4Cl (i.e., under N2-fixing conditions) produced 1.7-fold more EPS, with lower galactose (45.1 vs. 54.7 mol%) and higher mannose (17.3 vs. 9.7 mol%) contents than those grown in the presence of NH4Cl as a combined N-source. In the absence of the combined N-source, terminally linked and branched residue contents were nearly twice as high with 32.8 vs. 15.1 mol% and 15.1 vs. 8.7 mol%, respectively, than in its presence, while the content of linearly linked residues was lower with 52.1 mol% compared to 76.2 mol%. To find out clues for the altered EPS production at the transcriptional level, we performed whole-gene expression profiling using quantitative reverse transcription PCR and microarray technology. The transcription profiles of Frankia strain CcI3 grown in the absence of NH4Cl revealed up to 2 orders of magnitude higher transcription of nitrogen fixation-related genes compared to those of CcI3 cells grown in the presence of NH4Cl. Unexpectedly, microarray data did not provide evidence for transcriptional regulation as a mechanism for differences in EPS production. These findings indicate effects of nitrogen fixation on the production and composition of EPS in Frankia strain CcI3 and suggest posttranscriptional regulation of enhanced EPS production in the absence of the combined N-source.
The weathering of a late Tertiary volcanic ash: Importance of organic solutes

Abstract The weathering of a late Tertiary volcanic ash near Jackson, Wyoming, was studied by sampling water percolating through the ash with suction lysimeters, and by examination of the associated solid phases. Soluble organic compounds derived from vegetation control the release and transport of solutes by complexing Al and Fe, and by causing low pH values. The concentrations of Na, K, Ca, and Mg, as well as those of Al and Fe correlate with the dissolved organic carbon concentrations (DOC) and follow an annual cycle with a maximum in spring. DOC concentrations averaged 5O mg C per liter, and values as high as 260 mg/l were observed. Al and Fe concentrations ranged as high as 5 mg/l. The dissolved organic matter was largely in the form of humic acids, although minor amounts of oxalate, acetate, and formate were also present. The pH of the percolating waters ranged from 4.3 to 6.5 with a mean of 5.2. During laboratory weathering experiments with the same ash in the absence of dissolved organic compounds, pH values ranged from 7.3 to 9.5, dissolved Al and Fe concentrations were below the detection limit, and there was little resemblance between the compositions of the solutions and the compositions observed in the field. Any model attempting to describe weathering in a comparable setting must incorporate biological mechanisms as the dominant controls.
Epidemiology of comorbid coronary artery disease and depression

This article reviews the epidemiology of comorbid coronary artery disease and unipolar depression. Both major depression and subsyndromal depressive symptoms will be considered; unless otherwise specified, the term depression will be used to designate all depressive states, including major depressive disorder, minor depression, dysthymia, and other subsyndromal forms of depression. While 17% to 27% of patients with coronary artery disease have major depression, a significantly larger percentage has subsyndromal symptoms of depression. Patients with coronary artery disease and depression have a twofold to threefold increased risk of future cardiac events compared to patients without depression, independent of baseline cardiac dysfunction. The relative risk for the development of coronary artery disease conferred by depression in patients initially free of clinical cardiac disease is approximately 1.5, independent of other known risk factors for coronary disease. In the discussion, special attention will be paid to the interactions of both gender and age with depression and coronary artery disease risk. Scrutiny of the role of confounding risk factors is presented, such as global burden of comorbid medical illness and modification of traditional risk factors, which may, in part, mediate the effect of depression on coronary artery disease.
CYP2E1-dependent elevation of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and hepatic bile acids by isoniazid

Isoniazid is the first-line medication in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. Isoniazid is known to have a biphasic effect on the inhibition–induction of CYP2E1 and is also considered to be involved in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the full extent and mechanism of involvement of CYP2E1 in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity remain to be thoroughly investigated. In the current study, isoniazid was administered to wild-type and Cyp2e1-null mice to investigate the potential toxicity of isoniazid in vivo. The results revealed that isoniazid caused no hepatotoxicity in wild-type and Cyp2e1-null mice, but produced elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and hepatic bile acids in wild-type mice, as well as decreased abundance of free fatty acids in wild-type mice and not in Cyp2e1-null mice. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that production of isoniazid metabolites was elevated in wild-type mice along with a higher abundance of bile acids, bile acid metabolites, carnitine and carnitine derivatives; these were not observed in Cyp2e1-null mice. In addition, the enzymes responsible for bile acid synthesis were decreased and proteins involved in bile acid transport were significantly increased in wild-type mice. Lastly, treatment of targeted isoniazid metabolites to wild-type mice led to similar changes in cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids. These findings suggest that while CYP2E1 is not involved in isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity, while an isoniazid metabolite might play a role in isoniazid-induced cholestasis through enhancement of bile acid accumulation and mitochondria β-oxidation.
Methylenecyclopropanecarboxylates and -dicarboxylates, efficient reagents for the [3 + 2] methylenecyclopentane annulation of unactivated and electron-rich alkenes

Abstract The readily available methylenecyclopropanes 1 and 2 efficiently annulate unactivated and electron rich alkenes via a thiyl-radical catalyzed chain cyclization.
Pulmonary artery trauma due to balloon dilation: recognition, avoidance and management.

OBJECTIVES We reviewed the management and outcome of patients experiencing pulmonary artery (PA) trauma during balloon dilation (BD). BACKGROUND Balloon dilation of the PA is important in the management of peripheral pulmonary stenosis. Successful BD requires a controlled tear of the PA; excessive tearing can produce complications ranging from pseudoaneurysms to rupture and death. The incidence and optimum management for such complications are unreported. METHODS All records of patients who underwent branch PA dilation between June 1984 and October 1997 were reviewed; those with a significant complication were analyzed. RESULTS Of 1,286 catheterizations in 782 patients, PA trauma (excluding isolated pulmonary edema and PA aneurysms) was identified in 29 catheterizations in 26 patients. Tears occurred distal to the area of stenosis in most cases (62%). Intensive medical management, with and without catheter directed therapy, was employed. The damaged PA was successfully coil embolized in five patients, four of whom survived; temporary balloon occlusion did not prevent death in two patients. There were six deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage. A case control analysis demonstrated that PA trauma was significantly associated with pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary artery trauma associated with BD occurs mostly distal to the site of narrowing, is associated with underlying pulmonary hypertension and is frequently (5/12 or 42%) fatal in those with unconfined tears. Intensive management strategies as well as attention to distal balloon position may reduce incidence and mortality. Coil occlusion of the damaged PA appears to be a valuable strategy to prevent fatal hemorrhage.
New Rules for the Old Game of Porous Micro- and Nanoparticle Synthesis

The field of research focused on the synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles has not yet conclusively addressed the challenges presented by the hierarchical control of surface topography. An established approach to hierarchical multicomposite nanostructured particles is based on template-directed synthesis, while spectacular advances have been reached in nanoparticle fabrication based on a variety of physicochemical processes. These results exemplify an additive route to hierarchical control, where multiple layers are stacked onto each other or where discretely identifiable particles are assembled into a larger spherical conglomerate. We present here a new strategy for the synthesis of micro- and nanoparticles, which we refer to as “textured isomorphic synthesis”, that uses only the toolbox of inorganic chemistry coupled to the physics of cavitation, viscous fingering, and bubble nucleation. The results illustrate a topological route to hierarchical control of particle topography where dimples or holes are ...