cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on Attack Mechanism of Network Intrusion in Industrial Control System

In recent years, safety incidents of industrial control systems (ICS) have occurred frequently. On the one hand, the gradual adaptation of standards, general communication protocols and software and hardware systems to ICS reduces the attack difficulty of ICS. On the other hand, more and more vulnerability researchers focus on ICS which is becoming the focus of network attackers. This paper analyses the vulnerability and security risks of the current ICS architecture, network environment, communication protocols and supporting software. With the help of the concept of Cyber Kill Chain, the two stages of network attack in ICS are elaborated in detail. Combining with Havex and Stuxnet virus, the mechanism of network intrusion attack in ICS is analyzed comprehensively and thoroughly, which provides effective technical support for the research of ICS network attack defense.
Making the Most of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses in Spine Surgery: A Primer for the Practicing Spine Surgeon.

STUDY DESIGN Review. OBJECTIVE To provide practicing spine surgeons a primer with key insights for reading, interpreting, and clinically integrating systematic reviews and meta-analyses. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Evidence-based medicine (EBM) refers to a family of standardized techniques for critical appraisal of clinical research. Within the contemporary spine literature, EBM is most commonly encountered in the form of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Although these analytic techniques are potentially useful when appropriately applied to well-formulated questions with adequate primary data in the literature, the rapid and somewhat indiscriminate increase in volume of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published may be associated with an overall dilution in their quality, as well as misperceptions regarding the applicability of particular EBM studies to spine surgery in general. METHODS The collective experience of spine specialists with vested interests in advancing EBM and its utility was summarized into a primer. RESULTS We emphasize components that are pertinent methodologically (search strategy, study number, meta-analysis, bias, and certainty), and pertinent clinically (outcomes) to interpreting, and clinically integrating systematic reviews and meta-analyses into spine surgery practice. CONCLUSIONS Armed with these insights into these five perspectives, we anticipate that practicing spine surgeons will be better equipped to interpret systematic reviews and meta-analyses in a fashion that will meaningfully impact their patient care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
Modeling the impact of out‐of‐phase ventilation on normal lung tissue response to radiation dose

PURPOSE To create a dose-response model that predicts lung ventilation change following radiation therapy, and examine the effects of out-of-phase ventilation. METHODS The dose-response model was built using 27 human subjects who underwent radiation therapy (RT) from an IRB-approved trial. For each four-dimensional computed tomography, two ventilation maps were created by calculating the N-phase local expansion ratio (LERN ) using most or all breathing phases and the 2-phase LER (LER2 ) using only the end inspiration and end expiration breathing phases. A polynomial regression model was created using the LERN ventilation maps pre-RT and post-RT and dose distributions for each subject, and crossvalidated with a leave-one-out method. Further validation of the model was performed using 15 additional human subjects using common statistical operating characteristics and gamma pass rates. RESULTS For voxels receiving 20 Gy or greater, there was a significant increase from 52% to 59% (P = 0.03) in the gamma pass rates of the LERN model predicted post-RT Jacobian maps to the actual post-RT Jacobian maps, relative to the LER2 model. Additionally, accuracy significantly increased (P = 0.03) from 68% to 75% using the LERN model, relative to the LER2 model. CONCLUSIONS The LERN model was significantly more accurate than the LER2 model at predicting post-RT ventilation maps. More accurate post-RT ventilation maps will aid in producing a higher quality functional avoidance treatment plan, allowing for potentially better normal tissue sparing.
Artificial Intelligence to Identify Arthroplasty Implants From Radiographs of the Hip

Abstract Background Revisions and reoperations for patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA), unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), and distal femoral replacement (DFR) necessitates accurate identification of implant manufacturer and model. Failure risks delays in care, increased morbidity, and further financial burden. Deep learning permits automated image processing to mitigate the challenges behind expeditious, cost-effective preoperative planning. Our aim was to investigate whether a deep-learning algorithm could accurately identify the manufacturer and model of arthroplasty implants about the knee from plain radiographs. Methods We trained, validated, and externally tested a deep-learning algorithm to classify knee arthroplasty implants from one of 9 different implant models from retrospectively collected anterior-posterior (AP) plain radiographs from four sites in one quaternary referral health system. The performance was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy when compared with a reference standard of implant model from operative reports. Results The training and validation data sets were comprised of 682 radiographs across 424 patients and included a wide range of TKAs from the four leading implant manufacturers. After 1000 training epochs by the deep-learning algorithm, the model discriminated nine implant models with an AUC of 0.99, accuracy 99%, sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 99% in the external-testing data set of 74 radiographs. Conclusions A deep learning algorithm using plain radiographs differentiated between 9 unique knee arthroplasty implants from four manufacturers with near-perfect accuracy. The iterative capability of the algorithm allows for scalable expansion of implant discriminations and represents an opportunity in delivering cost-effective care for revision arthroplasty.
Cellular mechanisms of heterogeneity in NF2-mutant schwannoma

Schwannomas are common sporadic nervous system tumors and diagnostic features of familial neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) that develop predominantly on cranial and spinal nerves and cause severe neurological deficits and significant morbidity. Virtually all schwannomas result from inactivation of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene with few, if any, cooperating mutations. Despite their genetic uniformity schwannomas exhibit remarkable clinical and therapeutic heterogeneity, which has impeded the success of early rational therapies. An understanding of how heterogeneity develops in NF2-mutant schwannomas is critically needed to improve therapeutic options for these patients. We have found that loss of the membrane:actin cytoskeleton-associated NF2 tumor suppressor protein, merlin, yields unstable intrinsic polarity and enables Nf2-/- SCs to adopt distinct programs of coordinated autocrine ErbB ligand production, polarized signaling and metabolism according to nutrient availability. We validated biomarkers of these programs in a well-established mouse model of schwannoma. Our studies suggest a self-generating model of heterogeneity and identify biomarkers that can now be mapped to the variable clinical and therapeutic behaviors of human schwannomas.
Product Reviews and Competition in Markets for Repeat Purchase Products

This paper examines how information provided by online reviews influences firms' pricing strategy for repeat purchase products. It is commonly understood that online reviews can reduce consumer uncertainty about product characteristics and, therefore, have the potential to increase product demand and firm profits. However, when considering repeat purchase products, online reviews have an additional effect in that they can alter consumers' propensity to switch among products, which can intensify price competition and lead to lower profits. The strength of these potentially offsetting effects depends on the informativeness of consumer reviews, which is a function of both objective review accuracy and the ability of consumers to obtain information from reviews when their idiosyncratic preferences over product characteristics might differ from the preferences of reviewers. The interplay of these competing effects results in an S-shaped relationship between the quality of reviews and firm profits. There exists an optimal level of consumer informedness from the firms' perspective, and competing firms may have incentives to facilitate consumer reviews in some markets but not in others. Given firms' strategic pricing, consumers may also be worse off as review informativeness increases.
Assessment of Professional Quality of Life in the Alabama Physical Therapy Workforce.

Objective The purposes of this study were to 1) determine the level of professional quality of life among physical therapists and physical therapist assistants in Alabama and 2) to identify personal or professional factors that may contribute to compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (STS). Methods This study used a cross-sectional design and mixed-methods survey methodology to calculate odds ratios for factors affecting professional quality of life. Respondents completed a survey that included the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale, an open-ended question regarding their experience with professional burnout, and personal and professional demographics. Results Of the 742 physical therapists and physical therapist assistants in Alabama who completed the survey, the majority experienced moderate-high levels of CS and moderate-low levels of burnout and STS. Regression analyses indicated clinicians working 40 or more hours per week in patient care had greater odds for low-moderate CS and moderate-high burnout and STS subscale scores. Clinicians in our sample licensed between 6 to 15 or more than 30 years and those working in private outpatient settings had reduced odds of having moderate-high burnout, whereas those working 16 or more years had significantly increased odds for high CS scores. Responses to the open-ended question indicated workload demands and documentation as the top factors contributing to clinician burnout, while the connections with patients and coworkers help minimize such feelings. Conclusion Individuals later in their career may develop protective factors to mitigate feelings of burnout compared to those early in their career. Also, clinicians working 40 or more hours per week may be more vulnerable to experiencing low-moderate CS and moderate-high burnout. Thus, individual clinicians and employers must evaluate personal, occupational, and systemic factors that contribute to reduced professional quality of life to inform preventive strategies for mitigating burnout.
Factors associated with failure to receive oral anticancer drugs.

41Background: Oral anti-cancer drugs (OACDs) have become increasingly prescribed over the last 10 years and require a significant amount of care coordination. Preliminary administrative database st...
Multidisciplinary Presurgical Education: Clinical Impact on Children With Orofacial Clefts Undergoing Maxillary Distraction via Rigid External Distraction.

OBJECTIVE Treatment of severe maxillary hypoplasia is commonly addressed via distraction osteogenesis with a rigid external device (RED). While effective, this method can be socially stigmatizing in an already vulnerable patient population. To prepare children and their caregivers for life with a RED and decrease peri-operative anxiety, we instituted a multidisciplinary pre-surgical education session (MPES). This educational team involves our cleft care coordinator, child life specialist, orthodontist and plastic surgeon 2 weeks prior to surgery. We reviewed the impact of this intervention by examining clinical outcomes before and after its implementation. DESIGN From February 2017 to February 2020, a retrospective chart review was performed to include patients with orofacial clefts and maxillary hypoplasia who underwent maxillary distraction osteogenesis with RED at our center before (28 patients) and after (29 patients) the implementation of MPES. RESULTS MPES was associated with a significantly shorter length of stay compared to controls who did not receive MPES (3.6 vs 3.1 days, p < 0.03) and significantly decreased usage of inpatient narcotic pain medication compared to controls (16.8 morphine equivalents vs 31.8 morphine equivalents, p < 0.02). Our intervention also demonstrated a trend towards decrease in minor complications but did not achieve statistical significance p = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS Multidisciplinary presurgical education is a beneficial adjunct in the care of patients with orofacial clefts and maxillary hypoplasia undergoing maxillary advancement with a RED.
Quinone binding in respiratory complex I: Going through the eye of a needle. The squeeze-in mechanism of passing the narrow entrance of the quinone site.

At the joint between the membrane and hydrophilic arms of the enzyme, the structure of the respiratory complex I reveals a tunnel-like Q-chamber for ubiquinone binding and reduction. The narrow entrance of the quinone chamber located in ND1 subunit forms a bottleneck (eye of a needle) which in all resolved structures was shown to be too small for a bulky quinone to pass through, and it was suggested that a conformational change is required to open the channel. The closed bottleneck appears to be a well-established feature of all structures reported so-far, both for the so-called open and closed states of the enzyme, with no indication of a stable open state of the bottleneck. We propose a squeeze-in mechanism of the bottleneck passage, where dynamic thermal conformational fluctuations allow quinone to get in and out. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations of the bacterial enzyme, we have identified collective conformational changes that open the quinone chamber bottleneck. The model predicts a significant reduction—due to a need for a rare opening of the bottleneck—of the effective bi-molecular rate constant, in line with the available kinetic data. We discuss possible reasons for such a tight control of the quinone passage into the binding chamber and mechanistic consequences for the quinone two-electron reduction.
First Language Acquisition: Words and meanings

In Words and Things , Roger Brown (1958b:194) described what he called “the original word game.” His account went as follows: The tutor names things in accordance with the semantic customs of the community. The player forms hypotheses about the categorical nature of the things named. He tests his hypotheses by trying to name new things correctly. The tutor compares the player's utterances with his own anticipations of such utterances and, in this way, checks the accuracy of fit between his own categories and those of the player. He improves the fit by correction. He noted further that “[w]e play this game as long as we continue to extend our vocabularies and that may be as long as we live.” In this account, Brown recognized the essentially social nature of the exchanges between tutor and player. Effectively, tutors are the adult experts, and the players the children learning language. Adults offer both words and information about word meanings, and children try out their hypotheses about word meanings in their own uses of the words, with adults offering corrections when needed. These exchanges take place in the everyday conversations between children and adults (Clark 1999).
Theo-Political Education

What are the challenges of teaching political theology in the modern university? This article argues that many of the teaching struggles, often most acute when teaching undergraduates, reflect the current state of the theological disciplines in secular and quasi-secular institutions. Compared to descriptions of the liberal arts made by Martha Nussbaum and Stanley Fish—contemporary theorists who in different ways both appear to reject the instrumentalization of knowledge in accounting for the distinctiveness of the humanities—the account offered here follows Augustine’s theological rationale for allowing all of the arts to have intrinsic worth. The way that this theological “use-without-instrumentality” no longer characterizes the liberal arts is part of the broader theo-political reality in which today’s political theologians teach. In light of this, the article describes the author’s particular teaching situation and strategies for approaching political theology in the classroom.
Experimental implementation and verification of multi‐degrees‐of‐freedom effective force testing

SUMMARY This paper presents an experimental implementation and verification of multi-degrees-of-freedom effective force testing (MDOF-EFT). An experimental setup that consists of a two-degrees-of-freedom structural system and two hydraulic actuators at the Johns Hopkins University was utilized in this study. First, experimental system identification was performed to develop compatible analytical models for the multi-input and multi-output systems. Dynamics of the control plant, that is, the valve-to-force relations, were modeled with a rational polynomial transfer function matrix and delay components. By using the analytical model, a centralized decoupling loop-shaping force feedback controller was designed such that the forces are uncoupled and the loop transfer functions have desirable dynamic characteristics in the frequency domain. Then, a series of harmonic force and earthquake simulation tests were performed to assess capabilities and limitations of MDOF-EFT. Experimental results showed that the dynamic forces in the two actuators were accurately controlled to provide tracking while the system was stable and robust for the entire period of the experiment. Furthermore, earthquake simulation tests with increased levels of the reference forces demonstrated the feasibility of MDOF-EFT with highly nonlinear test structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GovStat ontology

The goal of the GovStat Project is to create an integrated model that facilitates access and use of U.S. government statistical information. The vocabulary support team within the GovStat Project is developing the Statistical Interactive Glossary (SIG) and the GovStat Ontology as online vocabulary tools for supporting users seeking statistical information in government websites. This paper describes the functions and structure of the GovStat Ontology.
Premises Liability and Negligence

Jeanine Pryor brought premises liability action against the Iberia Parish School Board for damages suffered as a result of a fall, alleging that the bleachers at the school stadium were defective.
Induced regenerative cell proliferation in livers and kidneys of male F-344 rats given chloroform in corn oil by gavage or ad libitum in drinking water

Abstract These studies were designed to establish the dose response relationships for the induction of cytolethality and regenerative cell proliferation in the liver and kidneys of male F-344 rats given chloroform by gavage or in drinking water. Rats were administered oral doses of 0, 10, 34, 90 or 180 mg/kg/day chloroform dissolved in corn oil by gavage for 4 days or for 5 days/week for 3 weeks. A second group of rats was given chloroform ad libitum in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 60, 200, 400, 900 or 1800 ppm for 4 days or 3 weeks. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered via an implanted osmotic pump 3.5 days prior to necropsy to label cells in S-phase. Cells having incorporated BrdU were visualized in tissue sections immunohistochemically and the labelling index (LI) evaluated as the percentage of S-phase cells. Rats treated with 90 or 180 mg/kg/day by gavage for 4 days had mild to moderate degeneration of renal proximal tubules and centrilobular hepatocytes. These alterations were absent or slight after 3 weeks of treatment. LI were increased in the kidney cortex only in the rats treated with 180 mg/kg/day for 4 days. A dosedependent increase in LI was seen in rat liver after 4 days of treatment with 90 and 180 mg/kg/day by gavage, but the LI remained elevated after 3 weeks of treatment only at the 180 mg/kg/day dose. When chloroform was administered in the drinking water, no microscopic alterations were seen in the kidneys after 4 days of treatment. As a general observation, rats treated for 3 weeks with 200 ppm chloroform and greater had slightly increased numbers of focal areas of regenerating renal proximal tubular epithelium and cell proliferation than were noted in the controls, but no clear dose response relationship was evident. However, the overall renal LI was not increased at any dose or time point. Similarly, only mild hepatocyte vacuolation was observed in rats given 1800 ppm chloroform in the water for 3 weeks with no increase in the hepatic LI at any time point, even though the rats were consuming chloroform at a rate of 106 mg/kg/day at the 1800 ppm drinking water concentration. These data indicate more severe hepatic and renal toxicity when chloroform is administered by gavage than in the drinking water and a different pattern of regenerative proliferation in the kidney. Thus, the impact that different methods and rates of chloroform administration have on tissue dosimetry and tissue response must be understood in interpreting toxic outcomes in rodents and extrapolating potential effects to humans.
Effect of strip tillage on corn nitrogen uptake and residual soil nitrate accumulation compared with no-tillage and chisel plow

Tillage and N management systems can have a significant effect on N use by corn (Zea mays L.) and nitrate (NO 3 -N) movement through the soil profile. Potential water quality and NO 3 -N loss problems associated with conventional tillage and fall-applied N have prompted this study. The objective is to evaluate strip tillage effect on corn N uptake and NO 3 -N movement through the soil profile compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The three tillage systems implemented in this study were strip tillage, no-tillage, and chisel plow along with two N application timings (fall and spring) of 170 kg N ha -1 for corn in a corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation on two Iowa fields in 2001 and 2002. The three tillage systems were implemented every year for both crops (corn and soybean). Crop response, N uptake, and other soil NON measurements were conducted on a randomized complete block design experiment. Grain yields and grain N uptake showed no significant improvement under strip tillage compared with no-tillage or chisel plow systems. Tillage and N treatments caused no significant differences in NO 3 -N accumulation at the lower depths of the root zone (1.2 m). Strip tillage and no-tillage resulted in lower residual soil NO 3 -N buildup than chisel plow in the 0- to 1.2-m soil profile after 2 yr of tillage implementation. Tillage and N treatments did not cause significant differences in NO 3 -N concentration in water leachate collected at the 1.2-m depth.
Volatility of UO2±x and Phase Relations in the System Uranium—Oxygen

The volatility of UO2±x and the phase relations in the system uranium-oxygen were studied using thermogravimetric techniques. Chemical reactions describing the loss of uranium from UO2±x at temperatures between 1100° and 2200°C in oxygen pressures between approximately 102 and 10−6 torr are proposed. Results were obtained requiring the consideration of UO4(g) as the uranium-bearing vapor species above UO2±x. Evidence supporting the existence of UO4(g) included the volatilization of material with an oxygen-to-uranium ratio of 4 during the decomposition of UO2+x(0.Z > × > 0) to near-stoichiometric UO2 in vacuum above 1500°C and the dependence of the evaporation rate of the uranium dioxide on the oxygen pressure between 1200° and 1500°C. The equilibrium oxygen pressures over compositions between UO2.02 and UO2.63 in the UO2+x and U3O8-y regions and over the boundary between these phases were measured between 1000° and 1600°C. The equilibrium oxygen-to-uranium ratio of UO2±x was less than 2 above 1700°C in vacuum.
Kinetic measurements and XRD investigations in situ of a V2O5-SiO2 catalyst for the vapor-phase oxidation of tetrahydrofuran to γ-butyrolactone

Abstract The kinetics of the oxidation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) to γ-butyrolactone over a V2O5-SiO2 catalyst have been examined. An isothermal, fixed-bed reactor, operating at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 170 and 215 °C was used to obtain reaction rate data. X-Ray diffraction measurement in situ shows significant proportion of V(IV) on carrying out the oxidation of THF on the catalysts. Reduction in H2 at temperatures above 170 °C gives rise to V4O9, which is similar to the effect when the reduction is effected by THF. The rate data have been correlated by a rate equation developed on the basis of a two-step redox mechanism.
Music preference correlates of Jungian types

Abstract The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between personality and music preferences, using the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. It was hypothesized that the sensing–intuition dimension would correlate with overall musical enjoyment. Thus, as compared with those participants who scored toward the sensing end, we expected high scorers (intuition end) to endorse more musical styles, particularly classical music, as well as to have greater musical training and involvement. This hypothesis was tested and confirmed with a sample of 104 undergraduates. Moreover, extraversion also correlated with overall musical interest, particularly for popular/rock music. Finally, thinking–feeling correlated with liking for country and western music. Whereas past research has conceptualized music preferences in terms of approach to or avoidance of stimulation, these findings support the notion of cultural involvement as a personality dimension.
Coulomb Energies and the Excess Neutron Distribution from the Study of Isobaric Analog Resonances

The effects determining the energies of isobaric analog resonances are studied. In particular, the compound and continuum shifts, nuclear two-body correlations, isospin-nonconserving nuclear forces, and isospin impurity are discussed. These effects are important in deriving the excess neutron density from analog-resonance experiments.
Serial sections of cooked rice embedded in carbowax.

Serial sections of cooked rice kernels may be obtained by following either of two dehydration schedules and embedding in Carbowax. In the first schedule the cooked, rinsed and drained kernels are immersed several days in a nonaqueous fixative composed of: isopropyl alcohol, 10 ml; propionic acid, 30 ml; acetone, 10 ml; methylal, 40 ml; dioxane, 30 ml; and propylene glycol, 30 ml (Newcomer's, modified), followed by 7 or 8 days in equal parts of propylene glycol, dioxane and glycerol (changed once), and 4 days on a warming table in the same mixture with 5% Carbowax added. The dehydrated kernels are then infiltrated 4–24 hr with a Carbowax embedding mixture. In the second schedule they are immersed several days in an aqueous solution consisting of: propylene glycol, 12.5 ml; polyethylene glycol 400, 12.5 ml; either with 75 ml of water containing 0.1% thymol, or with a mixture of water, 65 ml; formalin, 10 ml; CaCl2, 1 gm; and CdCl2, 1 gm; followed by 3 or 4 days in 50% propylene glycol, and 3 or 4 days on a ...
Microgrid application with computer models and power management integrated using PSCAD/EMTDC

This paper presents a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation of a microgrid system based on component modeling of a PV array, Wind Turbine, VRB, Fuel Cell, Diesel Generator and a Bi-directional Inverter. Power management for the microgrid is proposed and discussed.
Extremum principles for the determination of relativistic bound-state energies

The fact that the Dirac Hamiltonian is not bounded from below has caused a long-standing difficulty in extending to relativistic ground-state energy estimates the powerful Rayleigh-Ritz variational technique extensively used for ground-state energy estimates of nonrelativistic systems. Here we show how the chief source of the difficulty, namely, the likely appearance of numerical instabilities (or ``variational collapse''), in the calculational procedure can be removed, at least for two relatively simple systems: a single Dirac particle in an external potential\char22{}which could be one or more fixed nuclei\char22{}and two Dirac particles bound by their mutual attraction. (The ultimate objective, discussed briefly but not achieved in the present exploratory paper, would be to remove variational collapse in bound-state energy calculations of arbitrary relativistic systems.) The method is based on a formal separation, done with the aid of the Casimir projection operators ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{+}$ of the negative-energy and positive-energy continuum branches of the spectrum. A maximum principle is introduced to evaluate that component of an effective potential which accounts for virtual transitions into the negative-energy continuum. This effective potential appears in an eigenvalue equation confined to the subspace spanned by ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{+}$, and here a Rayleigh-Ritz minimum principle can be used to obtain a variational approximation to (but unfortunately not a variational bound on) the ground-state energy; the extension of the method to excited states is straightforward.
Modeling of Undercooling, Nucleation, and Multiple Phase Front Formation in Pulsed-Laser-Melted Amorphous Silicon

Recently available experimental data indicate that the solidification of undercooled molten silicon prepared by pulsed laser melting of amorphous silicon is a complex process. Time-resolved reflectivity and electrical conductivity measurements provide information about near-surface melting and suggest the presence of buried molten layers. Transmission electron micrographs show the formation of both fine- and large-grained polycrystalline regions if the melt front does not penetrate through the amorphous layer. The authors have carried out extensive calculations using a newly developed computer program based on an enthalpy formulation of the heat conduction problem. The program provides the framework for a consistent treatment of the simultaneous formation of multiple states and phase-front propagation by allowing material in each finite-difference cell to melt, undercool, nucleate, and solidify under prescribed conditions. Calculations indicate possibilities for a wide variety of solidification behavior. The new model and selected results of calculations are discussed here and comparison with recent experimental data are made. 12 references, 7 figures.
Indicoder: an extensible system for online annotation

Online annotations provide an effective way for distributed individuals to better understand and categorize online content, both from the perspective of distilling information presented into more easily interpretable forms and by supporting content analysis to tag individual statements with their intended meaning. This poster presents Indicoder, an application to support in-place content analysis, allowing users to both annotate online corpora and providing a means of tracking those annotations over time so that living documents such as Wikipedia articles and online sources can be analyzed in their authentic contexts.
Compact FPGA implementation of Camellia

We present the smallest FPGA implementation of Camellia for 128-bit key length to date. This architecture was designed for low area and low power applications. Through specific optimizations such as shift registers for storing and scheduling key, distributedRAM for storing data, we achieved compact implementation using only 318 slices at a throughput of 18.41Mbps on the smallest Xilinx Spartan-3 XC3S50–5 device.
Combination Therapies: A Nonsurgical Approach to Oculofacial Rejuvenation

Botox (and other botulinum toxins), injectable filling agents, chemical peeling agents, intense pulsed light devices, nonablative lasers, and radiofrequency instrumentation are discussed herein regarding their specific applications to different facial areas for oculofacial rejuvenation.
SU(3) predictions for nonleptonic B meson decays to charmed baryons

Abstract Unlike the lower massed K and D mesons, B mesons can decay weakly into baryons. Using the SU(3) flavor symmetry of the strong interactions relations are derived between the rates for exclusive two-body B meson decays that produce low-lying charmed baryons. Some SU(3) relations for the weak nonleptonic decays of bottom baryons are also presented.
Empirical Model for Ultrarelativistic Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions

The interactions of ultrarelativistic (\ensuremath{\ge} ${10}^{12}$ ev) primary cosmic-ray protons with nucleons in photographic plates observed thus far show that in the majority of the cases the secondaries are emitted isotropically from two centers; this fact and the observation that the average transverse momentum of the secondaries is independent both of the energy of the primary nucleon and of the energy of the secondaries themselves suggest the following empirical model. When a nucleon-nucleon collision takes place at these energies, two "bodies" are formed, that move in opposite directions with respect to the center of momentum of the system, together with the two original nucleons, stripped of the energy necessary to create the "bodies." Each "body" emits, in its own system of reference, about half of the total number of secondaries, each secondary having an average energy of \ensuremath{\sim}1 Bev, independent of its nature. The inelasticity of the collision is thus determined by the number of secondaries and by the velocity of each "body" in the center-of-momentum system of the two original nucleons. Accurate determinations of the energy, in the laboratory system, of the secondaries of these interactions could provide a sensitive test for the model, but at present there are too few measurements available.
Dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and cortisol concentrations in intensive care unit patients.

Study objective This purpose of this study was to determine whether severity of illness, as defined by the intensive care unit (ICU) admission APACHE II (updated Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) score, is correlated with early morning cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and/or dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations. Design Early morning concentrations of DHEA, DHEA-S, and cortisol were determined within 24 hrs of admission and compared with admission APACHE II scores. Setting Medical (MICU), neurologic (NICU), and surgical (SICU) intensive care units of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Patients A total of 191 men and women ranging in age from 16 to 93 yrs. All had been admitted to an ICU. Measurements and main results Statistically significant correlations between APACHE II scores and cortisol were observed for women in the MICU and SICU (r = .68, p = .0001; r = .35 p = .017, respectively) and for men in the NICU (r = .55, p = .003) and the SICU (r = .29, p = .036). The correlations between APACHE II scores and DHEA concentration data were statistically significant for women in the MICU (r = .37, p = .047) and SICU (r = .43, p = .002), as was the correlation between APACHE II and DHEA-S concentrations among women in the SICU (r = .38, p = .008). Although not statistically significant, a similar relationship was observed in the smaller group of NICU women (r = .40, p = .099). Each correlation was essentially unchanged when adjusted for age. Conclusion These data show a positive correlation between APACHE II and cortisol concentrations in all groups except the MICU men. Also evident is the positive correlation between APACHE II scores and DHEA and DHEA-S concentrations in women, but not in men.
Transplacental transfer of asbestos in pregnant mice.

Occupational exposure to asbestos has been on decline in the US over the last 2-3 decades. There is, however, concern that environmental asbestos exposure is increasing through the use of asbestos-containing products (Churg 1988; Edelman 1988; Jarvholm et al. 1988; Sebastein et al. 1989). Most of the previous studies on asbestos exposure have included adult subjects only. However, recent studies have demonstrated asbestos fibers in the tissues and/or placenta digests of a series of autopsied stillborn infants (Haque et al. 1992; 1995; 1996). One of these studies found a highly significant difference (p = 0.001) between the mean asbestos counts of tissues from 92 autopsied stillborn infants (52,894 fibers/g) and 45 control placentas of healthy liveborn infants (19 fibers/g) (Haque et al. 1996). A possible relationship between stillbirths and asbestos fiber presence was also suggested by this study. Additionally, significant association was found between a maternal history of previous abortions and asbestos fiber presence in the stillborn tissues (p = 0.007) (Haque et al. 1996).
Boundary value problems of composite media

Abstract We present some integral equation techniques for solving the composite media problems in various physical fields such as potential theory, scattering phenomena, elasticity, quantum mechanics and electromagnetism. These methods enable us to find solutions for many penetrable boundaries such as triangular, rectangular and elliptic cylinders, prisms and ellipsoids.
Single-photon transition moments in excited states of spherical-top molecules

Single-photon transition moments for overtone states of triply degenerate modes of spherical-top molecules applicable to multiple-photon dynamics calculations are derived for zeroth- and first-order theories. In each case the total transition strength for excitation out of a given angular momentum state is in agreement with well-known results for the triply degenerate oscillator. In contrast with recently published results, this work shows that all strongly allowed multiple-photon pathways do occur.
Techniques For Pseudo-Dc Restoration And Dynamic Range Enhancement Of Scanned Infrared Imagery

This paper defines a system for enhancement of FLIR images, The algorithms presented are directed specifically toward the restoration of scanned infrared images and contrast enhancement for visual detection of targets. Image streaking is a problem common to AC coupled infrared scanners. Although it is not possible to uniquely restore an image degraded by this process, the algorithm attempts to reconstruct the most likely thermal scene. In essence, the pseudo-DC correction term is obtained from the line-to-line difference histogram. Since infrared imagery is limited in quality by photon shot-noise, the analysis emphasizes the algorithms performance in a highly noisy environment. For display purposes, the relatively large dynamic range signal at the sensor output should be simultaneously compressed and enhanced. A technique has been developed which accomplished dynamic range transformation while attempting to preserve several image properties crucial to visual recognition of targets. The algorithm exploits the range compression and automatic gain function of a global histogram modification, but does not ignore important spatial information.
Enzymatic L-Arginine and L-Lysine Determination Using a Carbonate Ion Selective Membrane Electrode

Abstract Manual and automated flow methods for the determination of 1-arginine and 1-lysine using decarboxylase enzymes and a carbonate ion selective membrane electrode are described. Excellent results are obtained in the millimolar concentration range for aqueous samples having physiological saline levels. The method could be utilized for the simple determination of specific amino acids in biological samples.
Screening for Diffuse and Focal Liver Disease: The Case for Hepatic Computed Tomography

I believe that CT should usually be the first choice for examining patients with suspected liver disease. Precontrast scans may suffice when results are clearly abnormal, but when contrast is given it should be in a high dose, bolus injection with rapid sequential scanning and table incrementation. This opinion is based upon: (1) the greater sensitivity and specificity of contrast enhanced CT compared to sonography and radionuclide scanning in focal liver lesions; (2) the ability of CT to detect diffuse liver abnormalities; (3) the greater ease in standardizing the CT examination and interpretation; (4) the ability of CT to predict accurately the histology of many focal and diffuse liver diseases; and (5) the superiority of CT in accurately detecting and characterizing extrahepatic abnormalities. The advantages of CT are somewhat mitigated by its limited availability, and relatively greater risk and cost, but these factors are often overcome by facilitating diagnosis and management by more accurate initial evaluation. Sonography may be done first when fast CT scanners are not available, when intravenous contrast cannot be administered satisfactorily, when other problems arise with technique, for patients requiring sonography for other reasons, or when delays for scheduling CT scans are too long. Radionuclide liver-spleen scanning should play a very limited role in the early evaluation of liver disease, being reserved for occasionally clarifying the presence of diffuse liver disease, or for patients difficult to study either by CT or sonography.
Sculpture, Space and the Poetics of Idolatry in Josephus' Bellum Judaicum

Josephus' writings depict a rather tumultuous relationship between Jews and figurative art, especially sculpture. When taken at face value, this material seems to indicate that Jews during the Second Temple period interpreted the second commandment as a prohibition against any form of figural representation, regardless of context or function. Using his Bellum Judaicum as a test case, I aim to complicate this picture by shifting attention away from the referential value of these so-called iconoclastic narratives to their rhetorical function, i.e. to the way in which these narratives are uniquely shaped to contribute to larger rhetorical themes in Bellum.
Repair of a Penetrating Ascending Aortic Ulcer With Localized Resection and Extracellular Matrix Patch Aortoplasty

Penetrating ascending aortic ulcers are rarely encountered, yet they present significant risk of hemorrhage and aortic dissection. Expedient recognition and repair is of vital importance. The current management of penetrating ulcer of the ascending aorta includes replacement of the ascending aorta with a prosthetic graft. We describe our technique of repairing a penetrating ulcer of the ascending aorta with localized ulcer resection and extracellular matrix patch aortoplasty.
The sweetness of forbidden fruit Interracial daters are more attractive than intraracial daters

Past research on interracial dating has focused on demographic and adjustment factors while ignoring the traits most valued in romantic partners. We examined whether interracial and intraracial daters differ in the extent to which they possess various desirable attributes. In Study 1, undergraduates estimated their partners’ ratings of them on 27 attributes. A factor analysis yielded attractiveness (e.g., physically attractive), cerebral (e.g., intelligent), relational (e.g., compassionate), and vibrancy (e.g., confident) attributes. Compared with intraracial daters, interracial daters reported that their partners saw them more positively on attractiveness, cerebral, and relational attributes (Study 1), rated their partners more positively on attractiveness and cerebral attributes (Study 2), and were rated by independent coders as more physically attractive (Study 3). Implications are discussed.
Vortex Shedding and Lock-On in a Perturbed Flow

Vortex shedding resonance or lock-on is observed when a bluff body is placed in an incident mean flow with a superimposed periodic component. Direct numerical simulations of this flow at a Reynolds number of 200 are compared here with experiments that have been conducted by several investigators. The bounds of the lock-on or resonance flow regimes for the computations and experiments are in good agreement. The computed and measured vortex street wavelengths also are in good agreement with experiments at Reynolds numbers from 100 to 2000. Comparison of these computations with experiments shows that both natural, or unforced, and forced vortex street wakes are nondispersive in their wave-like behaviour. Recent active control experiments with rotational oscillations of a circular cylinder find this same nondispersive behaviour over a three-fold range of frequencies at Reynolds numbers up to 15,000. The vortex shedding and lock-on resulting from the introduction of a periodic inflow component upon the mean flow exhibit a particularly strong resonance between the imposed perturbations and the vortices.
Characterization of teleost insulin receptor family members.

Insulin from mammals and fish has been used to determine insulin-binding affinities and receptor numbers with remarkable similarities between these two vertebrates, suggesting functional conservation. Yet, the nature and structure of teleost insulin receptors are not known. Therefore, the cloning and mRNA characterization of rainbow trout insulin receptors were undertaken. Three insulin receptor cDNAs were isolated by screening a cDNA library, confirmed as separate genes by genomic Southern hybridization, and designated as rainbow trout insulin receptor a (rtIR a), rainbow trout insulin receptor b (rtIR b), and rainbow trout insulin receptor c (rtIR c). A high degree of amino acid identity was observed between rainbow trout insulin receptors (rtIRs) and their human homolog, confirming the structural similarities between mammalian and fish insulin receptors. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from total RNA using either oligo(dT) or random hexamer primers resulted in a diminished ability to detect rtIR a and rtIR b mRNA when oligo(dT) was used, suggesting developmental and tissue-specific polyadenylation. The highest steady-state levels of rtIR mRNAs were consistently detected in juvenile and adult pyloric caeca (which also contained adipose and pancreatic tissue), while the lowest levels were consistently found in muscle. A high level of rtIR b and rtIR c mRNA was also found in ovary, while a high level of rtIR a was found in adult brain. Significant differences were also found between steady-state rtIR mRNA levels in corresponding juvenile and adult tissues. These results suggest a complex expression pattern of insulin receptor mRNAs in partial tetraploid fish.
BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN LIPID COMPLEX Their Isolation, Characterization and Reaggregation

A lipid-containing neurophysin fraction was isolated and purified from bovine posterior pituitary glands by acid extraction and affinity chromatography on a heparin-Sepharose 4B column. This lipid-rich fraction was found to be composed of noncovalent aggregates of neurophysin proteins and phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin. The lipid-containing neurophysin was delipidated by treatment with chloroform-methanol. The resultant apoproteins were characterized as bovine neurophysin-I and -II by immunological and electrophoretic procedures. Conditions were developed for the reaggregation of purified bovine neurophysin-I and -II with lipids extracted from bovine posterior pituitary and hypothalamus and with synthetic lecithin. The resultant neurophysin lipid complexes have been shown to band upon isopycnic centrifugation at densities different from those of the respective purified bovine neurophysins.