cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes from a state mental health directors' meeting on clozapine.

The same week that Sandoz Pharmaceuticals began marketing clozapine under the brand name Clozaril, the National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors (NASMHPD) sponsored a meeting in Arlington, Virginia, to discuss concerns about the drug’s unusual distribution system, its high cost, and how states can fund treatment for patients unable to pay it. Sandoz has estimated that approximately 200,000 patients are suitable candidates forclozapine. At least 80 percent of these patients receive their care in the public sector. The meeting, held February 8 and 9, was organized and moderated by Herndon P. Harding, Jr., M.D., commissioner of mental health in Ohio. Those attending the first day included medical directors, deputy commissioners, and delegates from 22 states as well as representatives of the Department of Veterans Affairs. On the second day they were joined by Sandoz officials and representatives of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the General Accounting Office (GAO), and various pharmacy professional organizations. Aides to Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D.-Mass.) also attended.
An Overview of Amphibian Skin Disease

The skin of amphibians has unique structural properties and physiologic functions that make amphibians particularly sensitive to environmental perturbations and cutaneous injury. This inherent sensitivity makes the skin a critically important site of evaluation in both clinical and postmortem examination of the amphibian patient. Many of the described amphibian skin diseases can be traced back to factors related to captive husbandry. Cutaneous injuries, alterations in water quality (such as pH, ammonia), and exposure to chemical irritants, are all potential hazards of the captive environment that can lead to skin irritation. Furthermore, many infectious diseases of amphibian skin such as "red leg" syndrome, mycobacteriosis, and saprolegniasis are often secondary to environmental factors and require correction of underlying lapses in husbandry for control. Other amphibian skin diseases, such as chytridiomycosis and systemic iridovirus infections are not yet associated with specific environmental cofactors but have been associated with significant mortalities in captive and/or wild amphibians. Amphibian skin diseases often have a similar gross appearance with cutaneous hyperemia and discoloration, cutaneous papules and nodules, and ulceration being among the most common presentations. This review emphasizes conditions most often encountered in amphibian dermatology as well as recently recognized diseases such as chytridiomycosis.
Combined ab initio and Free Energy Calculations To Study Reactions in Enzymes and Solution: Amide Hydrolysis in Trypsin and Aqueous Solution

We present a new more general way to combine ab initio quantum mechanical calculations with classical mechanical free energy perturbation approach to calculate the energetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and the same reaction in solution. This approach, which enables enzyme and solution reactions to be compared without the use of empirical parameters, is applied to the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate in trypsin, but it should be generally applicable to any enzymatic reaction. Critical to the accurate calculation of the reaction energetics in solution is the estimate of the free energy to assemble the reacting groups, where the approach recently published by Hermans and Wang (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2707) was used. A central aspect of this new approach is the use of the RESP protocol to calculate the charge distribution of structures along the reaction pathway, which enables us to circumvent problems in partitioning the charge across a residue that is being divided into QM and MM parts. The...
Optimization of AFEX™ pretreatment conditions and enzyme mixtures to maximize sugar release from upland and lowland switchgrass ☆

Switchgrass is a North American grass that is considered to be a highly promising herbaceous bioenergy feedstock. Differences in processing conditions and yields specifically related to switchgrass cultivar or cytotype (upland or lowland) can be confounded by differences in harvest date or region of growth. For this research, AFEX™ pretreatment conditions and hydrolysis enzyme mixtures were statistically optimized for Alamo (lowland) and Shawnee (upland) switchgrass that had been harvested in December in Oklahoma. Optimal pretreatment conditions and enzyme mixtures were almost identical for both varieties and gave similar mass sugar yields. Inclusion of hemicellulases in the enzyme mixture maintained total sugar yields with 50% reduction in enzyme loading. Regardless of variety, the biorefinery should be able to obtain high sugar yields using the same pretreatment and hydrolysis conditions to process switchgrass grown under the same environmental conditions, in the same location, and harvested at the same time of the year.
Treatment of endocarditis with valve replacement: the question of tissue versus mechanical prosthesis.

Abstract Background . It remains unknown whether there is any important clinical advantage to the use of either a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve for patients with native or prosthetic valve endocarditis. Methods . Between 1964 and 1995, 306 patients underwent valve replacement for left-sided native (209 patients) or prosthetic (97 patients) valve endocarditis. Mechanical valves were implanted in 65 patients, bioprostheses in 221 patients, and homografts in 20 patients. Results . Operative mortality was 18 ± 2% and was independent of replacement valve type ( p > 0.74). Long-term survival was superior for patients with native valve endocarditis (44 ± 5% at 20 years) compared with those with prosthetic valve endocarditis (16 ± 7% at 20 years) ( p p > 0.27). The long-term freedom from reoperation for patients who received a biologic valve who were younger than 60 years of age was low (51 ± 5% at 10 years, 19 ± 6% at 15 years). For patients older than 60 years, however, freedom from reoperation with a biological valve (84 ± 7% at 15 years) was similar to that for all patients with mechanical valves (74 ± 9% at 15 years) ( p > 0.64). Conclusions . Mechanical valves are most suitable for younger patients with native valve endocarditis; however, tissue valves are acceptable for patients greater than 60 years of age with native or prosthetic valve infections and for selected younger patients with prosthetic valve infections because of their limited life expectancy.
Chiral properties of two-flavor QCD in small volume and at large lattice spacing

We present results from simulations of two flavors of dynamical overlap fermions on ${8}^{4}$ lattices at three values of the sea quark mass and a lattice spacing of about 0.16 fm. We measure the topological susceptibility and the chiral condensate. A comparison of the low-lying spectrum of the overlap operator with predictions from random matrix theory is made. To demonstrate the effect of the dynamical fermions, we compare meson two-point functions with quenched results. Algorithmic improvements over a previous publication and the performance of the algorithm are discussed.
Racial and ethnic differences in emergency care for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Objectives: The objective was to investigate racial and ethnic differences in emergency care for patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Methods: The authors performed a prospective multicenter cohort study involving 24 emergency departments (EDs) in 15 U.S. states. Using a standard protocol, consecutive ED patients with AECOPD were interviewed, their charts reviewed, and 2-week telephone follow-ups were completed. Results: Among 330 patients, 218 (66%) were white, 84 (25%) were African American, and 28 (8%) were Hispanic. A quarter of the 24 EDs cared for 59% of all minority patients. Compared with white patients, African American and Hispanic patients were more likely to be uninsured or with Medicaid (19, 49, and 52%, respectively; p < 0.001), were less likely to have a primary care provider (93, 81, and 82%, respectively; p = 0.005), and had more frequent ED visits in the past year (medians = 1, 2, and 3, respectively; p = 0.002). In the unadjusted analyses, minority patients were less likely to receive diagnostic procedures, more likely to receive systemic corticosteroids in the ED, less likely to be admitted, and more likely to have a relapse. After adjustment for patient and ED characteristics, these many racial and ethnic differences in quality of care were nearly completely eliminated. Conclusions: Despite pronounced racial and ethnic differences in stable COPD, all racial and ethnic groups received comparable quality of emergency care for AECOPD and had similar short-term outcomes.
Real World Executive Control Impairments in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders

This study examined executive control (EC) in preschoolers with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD) using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). ASD participants were a clinically referred sample of preschoolers; the typically developing control group was selected from the BRIEF-P standardization sample. The ASD group was rated significantly worse on all BRIEF-P scores, and these impairments did not correlate with ASD symptoms. These findings document impairments in real world EC in preschoolers with ASD, and have implications for assessing preschoolers suspected of having an ASD. Furthermore, the findings also converge with BRIEF studies of school-aged children with ASD.
When will left-wing governments introduce liberal migration policies? An implication of power resources theory

Existing literature on international migration suggests that partisan differences exist in regards to policies that regulate the conditions of migrants residing in host countries (migrant policies), but not in regards to policies determining the admission of new migrants (migration policies). We propose that partisan differences exist regarding migration policies, but that these differences are conditional on a party–labor relationship. In our empirical analysis, we use error correction models to examine asylum and labor migration policies in Western European countries from 1984 to 2006. We find that migration policies become more liberal as government partisanship moves to the left only when unskilled manual workers split their votes between left-wing and right-wing parties. The result implies that a strong relationship between left-wing parties and workers, which mutually benefits both groups in some areas (such as welfare), may be incompatible when conflicts arise between their interests concerning issues such as international migration.
Radioligand assay for Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids I. 3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one and its 3-sulfate

Abstract A specific, sensitive and reliable radioligand assay for plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and its sulfate has been developed. Antisera were obtained by immunizing rabbits with a DHA-17-albumin conjugate. DHA was separated from cross-reacting Δ5-steroids by thin layer chromatography. DHA-sulfate was solvolyzed prior to chromatography. Separation of antibody bound and free steroid was achieved with γ-globulin-dextran-coated charcoal. The standard curve was linear on a logit-log plot from 0.1 to 10 ng.
Non-alignment in footing, intentionality and dissent in talk about immigrants in Italy

Abstract In this article I argue that non-alignment in footing can be performed as an argumentative tool, and as a strategy to disengage from conversations or to avoid voicing an opinion. This is relevant to contexts where people engage in racializing discourses toward immigrants. Here non-alignment in the framing of events can veil disagreement or can force an interlocutor to unveil particular stances, such as racializing ones. Toward understanding how footing can be used in these ways, I distinguish two ways of interpreting non-alignment, that I call ‘misalignment’ and ‘disalignment.’ I argue that these are managed differently in interaction and that their distinction depends on the shifting and co-constructed nature of the attribution of intentions in interaction.
Systematic Test of the Soft-Meson Theorems and of a Theory of SU(3) ⊗ SU(3) Symmetry Breaking

We make a systematic test of soft-meson theorem predictions for both elastic and inelastic $P\ensuremath{-}B$ threshold scattering amplitudes. The predictions are obtained by using an extrapolation procedure developed by Fubini and Furlan and by ourselves. Our results are in reasonable agreement with a theory of SU(3) \ensuremath{\bigotimes} SU(3)-symmetry breaking proposed recently by Gell-Mann, Oakes, and Renner.
Critical angular velocity of rigidly rotating white dwarfs

The equilibrium configurations of rigidly rotating white dwarfs are calculated numerically as an application of the finite difference — finite expansion method pioneered by Stoeckly. The latest version of the Harrison-Wheeler equation of state is used, together with the post-Newtonian equations of structure. No other approximation is made. The resulting critical values for the angular velocity agree in order of magnitude with a ‘crude’ approximation to these values by Hartle and Thorne, but fractional differences in mean radius and in mass and eccentricities are very different.
The Role of Regulatory Focus, Social Distance, and Involvement in Anti-High-Risk Drinking Advertising: A Construal-Level Theory Perspective

The present study examines the effects of regulatory focus, social distance, and involvement interplay on responses to anti-high-risk advertising messages. Results indicate that when asked to make judgments for distant entities, individuals are more persuaded by a promotion-focused frame in terms of ad attitudes, and responsible drinking attitudes and intentions, whereas there are no differential framing effects on judgments associated with proximal entities. The findings suggest the moderating effects of social distance on regulatory focus consistent with construal-level theory. In addition, in examining boundary conditions the results reveal that the construal-level effects are dependent on individuals’ involvement levels.
Development of a high-power lithium-ion battery

Safety is a key concern for a high-power energy storage system such as will be required in a hybrid vehicle. Present lithium-ion technology, which uses a carbon/graphite negative electrode, lacks inherent safety for two main reasons: (1) carbon/graphite intercalates lithium at near lithium potential, and (2) there is no end-of-charge indicator in the voltage profile that can signal the onset of catastrophic oxygen evolution from the cathode (LiCoO{sub 2}). Our approach to solving these safety/life problems is to replace the graphite/carbon negative electrode with an electrode that exhibits stronger two-phase behavior further away from lithium potential, such as Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12}. Cycle-life and pulse-power capability data are presented in accordance with the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) test procedures, as well as a full-scale design based on a spreadsheet model.
How Batterer Intervention Programs Work Participant and Facilitator Accounts of Processes of Change

Understanding what facilitates change in men who perpetrate domestic violence can aid the development of more effective batterer intervention programs (BIPs). To identify and describe key change processes, in-depth interviews were conducted with nine successful BIP completers and with 10 intervention group facilitators. The accounts described a range of individual-level processes of change consistent with prior research but also included several processes spanning the community, organizational, and group levels of analysis. Program completers and facilitators gave mostly similar accounts, though differed in their emphasis of criminal justice system sanctions, group resocialization of masculinity, and the participants' own decision to change. All accounts especially emphasized group-level processes and the importance of balancing support and confrontation from facilitators and group members. The findings demonstrate the importance of obtaining multiple perspectives on change processes, and support ecological and systems models of batterer intervention.
Students' perceptions of male sexually aggressive behavior as a function of educational level and gender

Two hundred and four students (108 college freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors; 96 high school juniors and seniors) participated in this study. The socioeconomic status of the participants (high school = 93% Caucasian, 7% African-American; college = 96% Caucasian, 4% African-American) was primarily in the lower middle-class range. The purposes of this investigation were (1) to test whether or not differences exist between high school and college students' perceptions of one form of male sexually aggressive behavior against women, (2) to determine if differences exist between male and female students' perceptions of such behavior against women, and (3) to explore the sex role socialization theory by providing empirical observation of its basic tenets. Findings suggested that boys may experience slower maturation and development of sensitivity toward sexual aggression than girls, but that this gap may lessen with advancing age for college males.
The Chemistry of Alkyl Iodides on Copper Surfaces. 2. Influence of Surface Structure on Reactivity

The thermal chemistry of iodomethane, iodoethane, 1-iodopropane, 1-iodobutane, and 2-iodohexane on copper (100), (110), and (111) single-crystal surfaces was characterized in this and previous studies by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectroscopy. The main decomposition pathway available to the methyl surface moiety that results from C−I bond activation in adsorbed iodomethane is α-hydride elimination to methylene, a step that occurs around 460−470 K on all three surfaces. Some methylene dimerization to ethane is also seen at higher coverages, at a rate that depends significantly on surface structure; ethane desorption peaks at 400 K on Cu(110), but only above 440 K on Cu(100) and Cu(111). Ethyl groups produced by iodoethane decomposition react at much lower temperatures and mostly undergo β-hydride elimination to ethylene. The ethyl dehydrogenation reaction is structure sensitive as well, a fact illustrated by the different ethylene desorption peak maxima observed in the TPD experiments, at 225...
African Higher Education: Projecting the Future

In the last decade, higher education in Africa has seen policy shifts in favor of higher education, massive demand and major growth in providers, and unprecedented progress in information and communications technologies. However, the region has also faced large numbers of unemployed and unemployable graduates, uncertainty due to international regimes such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), diminishing faculty numbers, and massive brain drain.
Edinger-Westphal and pharmacologically stimulated accommodative refractive changes and lens and ciliary process movements in rhesus monkeys

During accommodation, the refractive changes occur when the ciliary muscle contracts, releasing resting zonular tension and allowing the lens capsule to mold the lens into an accommodated form. This results in centripetal movement of the ciliary processes and lens edge. The goal of this study was to understand the relationship between accommodative refractive changes, ciliary process movements and lens edge movements during Edinger-Westphal (EW) and pharmacologically stimulated accommodation in adolescent rhesus monkeys. Experiments were performed on one eye each of three rhesus monkeys with permanent indwelling electrodes in the EW nucleus of the midbrain. EW stimulated accommodative refractive changes were measured with infrared photorefraction, and ciliary process and lens edge movements were measured with slit-lamp goniovideography on the temporal aspect of the eye. Images were recorded on the nasal aspect for one eye during EW stimulation. Image analysis was performed off-line at 30 Hz to determine refractive changes and ciliary body and lens edge movements during EW stimulated accommodation and after carbachol iontophoresis to determine drug induced accommodative movements. Maximum EW stimulated accommodation was 7.36+/-0.49 D and pharmacologically stimulated accommodation was 14.44+/-1.21 D. During EW stimulated accommodation, the ciliary processes and lens edge moved centripetally linearly by 0.030+/-0.001 mm/D and 0.027+/-0.001 mm/D, with a total movement of 0.219+/-0.034 mm and 0.189+/-0.023 mm, respectively. There was no significant nasal/temporal difference in ciliary process or lens edge movements. 30-40 min after pharmacologically stimulated accommodation, the ciliary processes moved centripetally a total of 0.411+/-0.048 mm, or 0.030+/-0.005 mm/D, and the lens edge moved centripetally 0.258+/-0.014 mm, or 0.019+/-0.003 mm/D. The peaks and valleys of the ciliary processes moved by similar amounts during both supramaximal EW and pharmacologically stimulated accommodation. In conclusion, this study shows, for the first time, that the ciliary processes and lens edge move centripetally, linearly with refraction during EW stimulated accommodation. During pharmacological stimulation, the ciliary processes move to a greater extent than the lens edge, confirming that in adolescent monkeys, lens movement limits the accommodative optical change in the eye.
Selective focused-ion-beam sculpting of TiO2 nanotubes and mechanism understanding

Anodic TiO2 nanotubes with different structures, doping agents, and decorations have been studied in order to improve energy conversion and storage efficiencies such as in dye sensitized solar cells, solar fuels, and electrochemical supercapacitors. However, the top surface modification of TiO2 nanotubes has never been addressed. In this study, anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been selectively closed by high energy focused ion beams and re-opened by low energy focused ion beams. Under a 30 kV Ga+ beam, TiO2 nanotubes are closed with a 65 nm shield layer covering the top entrance when the ion dose is larger than 1.2 × 1017 ions per cm2; under a 5 kV Ga+ beam, the shield layer is removed and the closed tubes are re-opened. An ion-induced viscous flow model has been proposed to explain the influence of Ga+ ion beam flux, substrate temperature, initial tube diameter, ion beam dwell time, and the incidence angle of the ion beam.
SPATIAL DISPERSION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), ON PROCESSING-TOMATOES IN OHIO

Spatial dispersion of potato aphids was studied in fields of processing-tomatoes for 2 years to develop a sequential sampling scheme for the aphid. Potato aphids were found on upper, middle, and lower leaf strata in the percentages 60, 31, and 8. Dispersion was clumped, apterates more so than alates. Among-plant variance was generally greater than within-plant variance. There was a good linear relationship between mean crowding and the population mean and an excellent linear fit between log variance and log mean on all leaf strata for green and pink forms of the aphid and for alates and apterates. The log variance – log mean relationship was used as a basis for sequential sampling.
BRANCHING PATTERNS OF LINDERA BENZOIN BENEATH GAPS AND CLOSED CANOPIES

Summary Lindera benzoin, a major forest shrub in central New Jersey, was studied in order to determine whether branching and biomass allocation differ between plants growing under open and closed canopies. Higher bifurcation ratios (ratio of numbers of distal to proximal branches) of open canopy plants combined with large interbranch distances, long internodes and large branch angles to the horizontal reveal a branching pattern very different from that of closed canopy plants. Plants under closed canopies possessed a higher proportion of leaf to total biomass. The ratio of overlapping leaf area to total leaf area did not differ between subsamples of the two groups, possibly due to small sample sizes. Leaf area, leaf biomass and branch biomass, for developmentally equivalent third order samples, were found to be greater in the open canopy group. The high productivity of Lindera in gaps, its branching characteristics, including, e.g. spiral leaf insertion and short interbranch distance, and a failure to adjust allocation in shady habitats as do some species, suggest that it is basically a multilayer plant that can effectively change branch presentation and leaf orientation in shady habitats. Thus, Lindera may be particularly well suited to exploiting both the small gaps and closed canopy matrix of old growth forests.
Decomposition of a relation into fourth normal forms

In the relational model, various relationships may exist between the attributes in a relation. The relationships are described by functional and multivalued dependencies. The functional dependencies are the basic elements for the decomposition of a relation into a family of relations in second, third, and Boyce-Codd normal forms. The multivalued dependencies, which include the functional dependencies as a special case, extend the decomposition further into a collection of relations in fourth normal form. This paper examines the conditions under which a relation in Boyce-Codd normal form should be decomposed further into fourth normal form and a fourth normal form normalization procedure is presented.
Epistemological relevance and statistical knowledge

Publisher Summary One response to the lack of adequate statistics for governing the uncertainty of belief and making uncertain inferences has been to search for nonstatistical measures of uncertainty. The minimal variant has been to propose subjective probability as a concept to which one can turn when one lacks statistics. This proposal comes in widely differing flavors, corresponding to the dreadful ambiguity of subjective. Sometimes, this means merely indexed by a subject. In this sense, there is no conflict with statistical representations: the subjectivity involved just represents the fact that statistical knowledge is related to (had by) a knower. At the other extreme, subjective may mean arbitrary, whimsical, or subject to no objective control or constraint. This chapter discusses the question of how far one can go on the basis of statistical knowledge that one has and what considerations must be taken account of in this attempt. Relatively few people have explored the question of how far one can go using statistical knowledge. One writer who has taken this question seriously is Bacchus. A second question that McCarthy and Hayes had in mind is the question of using statistical knowledge to provide an underpinning for uncertain inference, that is, inference that is based on incomplete knowledge. Etherington introduced the concept of preference among models; Konolige defined a notion of minimal extension; and Touretzky gave a metric for inferential distance. The analysis of the ground-rules for the use of statistical knowledge will throw light on the cancellation principles of nonmonotonic logic as well.
Simple Estimation of Nanoparticle Diameter Produced in a Flow Tube Reactor

In many carbon nanotube synthesis methods, catalyst nanoparticles are formed via pyrolysis of a precursor such as ferrocene. Since the diameter of a carbon nanotube is usually determined by the diameter of the catalyst nanoparticle, it is of great importance to control the size of nanoparticles. To do so, it is necessary to identify the key reaction parameters that influence nanoparticle size. For engineering purposes, a simple analytical model offers a convenient first estimation of particle diameter. It also clarifies the dependence of nanoparticle diameter on each reaction parameter and enhances our understanding of the formation mechanism of nanoparticles. This paper presents a simplified model that can calculate the diameter of particles and the model's analytical solutions.
Temporal autocorrelation can enhance the persistence and abundance of metapopulations comprised of coupled sinks.

In spatially heterogeneous landscapes, some habitats may be persistent sources, providing immigrants to sustain populations in unfavorable sink habitats (where extinction is inevitable without immigration). Recent theoretical and empirical studies of source- sink systems demonstrate that temporally variable local growth rates in sinks can substantially increase average abundance of a persisting population, provided that the variation is positively autocorrelated— in effect, temporal variation inflates average abundance. Here we extend these results to a metapopulation in which all habitat patches are sinks. Using numerical studies of a population with discrete generations (buttressed by analytic results), we show that temporal variation and moderate dispersal can jointly permit indefinite per- sistence of the metapopulation and that positive autocorrelation both lowers the magnitude of variation required for persistence and in- creases the average abundance of persisting metapopulations. These effects are weakened—but not destroyed—if variation in local growth rates is spatially synchronized and dispersal is localized. We show that the inflationary effect is robust to a number of extensions of the basic model, including demographic stochasticity and density dependence. Because ecological and environmental processes con- tributing to temporally variable growth rates in natural populations are typically autocorrelated, these observations may have important implications for species persistence.
Simulations of the Eastern North Pacific Intraseasonal Variability in CMIP5 GCMs

AbstractAs a key component of tropical atmospheric variability, intraseasonal variability (ISV) over the eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENP) exerts pronounced influences on regional weather and climate. Since general circulation models (GCMs) are essential tools for prediction and projection of future climate, current model deficiencies in representing this important variability leave us greatly disadvantaged in studies and prediction of climate change. In this study, the authors have assessed model fidelity in representing ENP ISV by analyzing 16 GCMs participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Among the 16 CMIP5 GCMs examined in this study, only seven GCMs capture the spatial pattern of the leading ENP ISV mode relatively well, although even these GCMs exhibit biases in simulating ISV amplitude. Analyses indicate that model fidelity in representing ENP ISV is closely associated with the ability to simulate a realistic summer mean state. The presence of westerly or weak m...
Helping Teen Mothers Succeed

Because the success of teen mothers is enhanced by completing high school, school districts should give high priority to supporting teen mothers to remain in school and to graduate. This article reviews the literature on the educational attainment of these students, their school aspirations, and the policies affecting their education. Although teens often begin mothering with a range of educational and social disadvantages, many teen mothers recommit to school to enhance their future opportunities. Unfortunately, rising school aspirations among teen mothers often are undermined by competing demands and the lack of consistent family and school support. School nurses can support teen mothers' aspirations and contribute to their long-term success by linking them to resources and advocating for policies and practices that promote high school graduation.
Ethical Leadership: Assessing the Value of a Multifoci Social Exchange Perspective

In this study, we comprehensively examine the relationships between ethical leadership, social exchange, and employee commitment. We find that organizational and supervisory ethical leadership are positively related to employee commitment to the organization and supervisor, respectively. We also find that different types of social exchange relationships mediate these relationships. Our results suggest that the application of a multifoci social exchange perspective to the context of ethical leadership is indeed useful: As hypothesized, within-foci effects (e.g., the relationship between organizational ethical leadership and commitment to the organization) are stronger than cross-foci effects (e.g., the relationship between supervisory ethical leadership and commitment to the organization). In addition, in contrast to the “trickle down” model of ethical leadership (Mayer et al. in Org Behav Hum Decis Process 108:1–13, 2009), our results suggest that organizational ethical leadership is both directly and indirectly related to employee outcomes.
Emerging Inequalities in Central and Eastern Europe

Market transitions are thought to inevitably produce spiraling inequality on the road to economic growth. This review provides an overview of research evaluating inequality in income and wages in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989. The empirical studies agree that inequality has increased, but disagree about the amount, pace, source, and explanation of change. Patterns of inequality are unrelated to economic performance, to the pace or timing of reform, or to rates of subsequent growth. Inequality increased the most in the least successful countries and the least in those countries with historic cultural connections to the West. Inequalities by age, education, region of the country, and health status increased; differences by gender appear to have declined. Although data are plentiful and promising, it is not yet possible to conclude that patterns of inequality among postcommunist countries are due to the genesis of capitalism, to social and cultural assimilation to the West, to adaptations of redistri...
Randomized clinical trial of a customized electronic alert requiring an affirmative response compared to a control group receiving a commercial passive CPOE alert: NSAID—warfarin co-prescribing as a test case

Background Studies that have looked at the effectiveness of computerized decision support systems to prevent drug–drug interactions have reported modest results because of low response by the providers to the automated alerts. Objective To evaluate, within an inpatient computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system, the incremental effectiveness of an alert that required a response from the provider, intended as a stronger intervention to prevent concurrent orders of warfarin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Design Randomized clinical trial of 1963 clinicians assigned to either an intervention group receiving a customized electronic alert requiring affirmative response or a control group receiving a commercially available passive alert as part of the CPOE. The study duration was 2 August 2006 to 15 December 2007. Measurements Alert adherence was compared between study groups. Results The proportion of desired ordering responses (ie, not reordering the alert-triggering drug after firing) was lower in the intervention group (114/464 (25%) customized alerts issued) than in the control group (154/560 (28%) passive alerts firing). The adjusted OR of inappropriate ordering was 1.22 (95% CI 0.69 to 2.16). Conclusion A customized CPOE alert that required a provider response had no effect in reducing concomitant prescribing of NSAIDs and warfarin beyond that of the commercially available passive alert received by the control group. New CPOE alerts cannot be assumed to be effective in improving prescribing, and need evaluation.
Influence of Age on Length and Passive Elastic Stiffness Characteristics of the Calf Muscle-Tendon Unit of Women

Background and Purpose. Therapeutic stretching of the calf muscle-tendon unit is used to increase its length and to ameliorate decreased dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), but the influence of age on the passive properties of the calf muscle-tendon unit has not been studied adequately. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age on length and passive elastic stiffness (PES) characteristics of the calf muscle-tendon unit when stretched through the full, available dorsiflexion ROM. Subjects. Twenty-four younger women (aged 20–39 years), 24 middle-aged women (aged 40–59 years), and 33 older women (aged 60–84 years) participated. Methods. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to passively stretch the right calf muscle-tendon unit from relaxed plantar flexion to the maximal angle of available dorsiflexion at 5°·s−1. The maximal passive resistive torque was measured, and passive angle-torque curves were constructed for a full ROM from an initial angle of passive resistive torque to the maximal dorsiflexion angle. The full ROM represented length extensibility. The average PES was calculated for this full stretch ROM and for the first half and the last half of this stretch ROM. The maximal passive dorsiflexion angle, maximal passive resistive torque, angular change for the full stretch ROM, and average PES for the full stretch ROM and the first half and the last half of the full stretch ROM were examined for group differences and their relationships with age. Results. The maximal passive dorsiflexion angle, maximal passive resistive torque, angular change for the full stretch ROM, and average PES within the last half of the full stretch ROM were less for the older women than for the younger women. Age was negatively associated with these variables. Conclusion and Discussion. Decreased maximal passive dorsiflexion ROM in older women was associated with decreased maximal passive resistive torque, decreased calf muscle-tendon unit length extensibility, and decreased average PES within the last half of their available passive dorsiflexion ROM.
The costs of information technology and the electronic library

This article discusses the impact of information technology requirements on the costs of electronic libraries. The fast‐paced developments of technology require continual updating of hardware and software. Networking access consists of initial costs and recurring expenses. Electronic content, training, and support all demand ongoing expenditures. In this environment institutions must budget accordingly. One‐time outlays from grant‐funding agencies or parent institutions will not meet the demands of the information technology marketplace. This article asks key questions concerning hardware, software and network installation and upgrades and provides strategies for dealing with the needs for continuous funding and long‐term financing that are essential for keeping up with the requirements of the electronic library.
Optimum multiuser OFDM systems with unequal subchannel assignment

This paper considers the design of multicarrier transceiver systems like OFDM/DMT supporting multiple users. The supported users may have differing quality of service (QoS) requirements, quantified by their respective bit rate and symbol error rate specifications. Different users on the system can be potentially assigned different number of subchannels, to reflect their service priorities. Our goal is to minimize the transmitted power given the QoS specifications for the different users, subject to the knowledge of colored interference at the receiver input of the OFDM system. In particular we find an optimum bit loading scheme that distributed the bit rate transmitted across the various subchannels belonging to the different users, and subject to this bit allocation, determine an optimum transceiver.
Similar biotic factors affect early establishment and abundance of an invasive plant species across spatial scales

Research in community invasibiliy has focused on biotic and abiotic factors that influence the establishment of invasive species and whether such factors vary with spatial scale. Here, we investigate the role of both biotic and abiotic factors associated with the initial establishment of Lespedeza cuneata (L. cuneata) and its abundance at three spatial scales: neighborhoods (9-m2 plots), communities (50-m2 transect) and old fields (5,000–70,000 m2). We asked: (1) Do resource availability and community structure affect the establishment of L. cuneata?, and (2) Are resource availability and community structure associated with patterns of L. cuneata abundance from neighborhood scales to old-field scales? To investigate the first question, we manipulated soil nitrogen (N) availability at three levels in an existing old-field community and tracked emergence and persistence of L. cuneata seedlings, as well as total plant biomass of the community, availability of light, and soil moisture content. To address the second question, we performed surveys in which we estimated L. cuneata foliar cover at community scales (50-m2 belt transects) and old-field scales (total area of 28 ha), and assessed the same biotic and abiotic variables as in the field experiment. The experiment revealed that establishment and persistence by L. cuneata seedlings were 15× and 5× lower in N-added plots than in N-reduced plots. Total plant community biomass was 30% greater in N-added plots than in N-reduced plots. Conversely, light and soil moisture were 60 and 20% lower in N-added plots than in N-reduced plots. Surveys of old fields indicated that community biomass was positively associated with L. cuneata cover at old-field scales likely resulting from greater soil N input from nitrogen fixation in fields with greater L. cuneata cover. In sum, these results indicate that biotic factors associated with establishment of a Rank 1 invasive plant species at the community scale are also related to its distribution at the old-field scale, but the direction of such associations changed across scales.
Fathers in child welfare: What do social work textbooks teach our students?

Abstract Research indicates that fathers in the child welfare system provide benefits to children's well-being and positive development, yet child welfare workers often do not engage fathers in services. Previous studies in Canada and the United Kingdom have found that child welfare training perpetuates negative perceptions of fathers. The current study conducted a content analysis of 217 vignettes in the texts used in required classes for students completing a concentration in child welfare classes in nine schools of social work at the public universities in a Southern U.S. state. Coding was completed independently by three researchers with an inter-rater reliability of 79%. Findings indicated that despite men being the perpetrator in 51% of vignettes, women were portrayed in just over half of vignettes (51%) as the sole caregiver responsible for ensuring the child's safety when the abuse occurred. The data were organized into five themes of how men and women were portrayed in the vignettes: Men as Threat, Men as No Different than Women, Men as Irrelevant, Men as Absent, and Women as Default Clients (the first four suggested by Scourfield (2001), and the last by the researchers). Results indicate that the bias against including fathers in child welfare services reported in other studies seems to start at the beginning of students' learning about child welfare work, in their required textbooks. Recommendations include updating child welfare textbooks to better address the role of men and fathers in children's lives, and increasing professors' and field instructors' awareness of the bias against men and fathers in child welfare.
Temperature independence of the composition of triglyceride fatty acids synthesized de novo by the mosquito.

The hypothesis that depot fat is more unsaturated when it is synthesized at lower temperatures was tested in the mosquito. Female mosquitoes (Aedes sollicitans) were starved until no triglycerides remained. A single dose of sugar was fed and the mosquitoes were maintained at different temperatures. Approximately the same amount of triglyceride was synthesized per mosquito at each temperature, although at different rates. Mosquitoes maintained at low temperatures did not synthesize more unsaturated triglycerides than those at higher temperatures: the fatty acid composition was essentially the same from 10 to 35°. The triglycerides synthesized from sugar contained no polyunsaturated fatty acids. Total amounts and composition of phospholipid fatty acids remained unaltered during sugar feeding. When deprived of food, the mosquitoes catabolized triglyceride fatty acids randomly; cold-exposure did not cause selective retention or utilization of any individual fatty acid.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α induction by reovirus serotype 3

We have reported previously that reovirus, when used in combination with 1,3-bis(chloroethyl)-1- nitrosourea (BCNU) chemotherapy, mediates the rejec- tion of murine ascites tumors. Surviving anhnals reject a challenge with the same, but not a different, tumor, which suggests that tumor-specific immunity is induced by the treatment regimen. The present study was designed to characterize the interaction between reovirus and niurine peritoneal macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo, to determine whether such a relationship may play a role in immune modulation resulting in tumor rejection. The results demonstrated that reovirus can efficiently in- fect peritoneal macrophages in vitro and stimulate the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). In vivo administration of reovirus, however, did not produce high levels of infection in peritoneal exudate cells, even though the cells were stimulated to express detectable levels of membrane TNF-a. These results suggested that infection is not necessary for TNF-a expression and this hypothesis was supported by the observation that this ex- pression was also stimulated in vitro by UV-inactivated reovirus. These findings suggest that one mechanism for immune stimulation by reovirus may be through the in- duction of TNF-a.-Farone, #{163}L., O'Brien, P.C.M., Cox, D.C. Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) induction by reovirus serotype 3.J. Leukoc. Biol. 53: 133-137; 1993.
Increasing the size of portion options affects intake but not portion selection at a meal.

In an environment with large portion sizes, allowing consumers more control over their portion selection could moderate the effects on energy intake. We tested whether having subjects choose a portion from several options influenced the amount selected or consumed when all portion sizes were systematically increased. In a crossover design, 24 women and 26 men ate lunch in the lab once a week for 3 weeks. At each meal, subjects chose a portion of macaroni and cheese from a set of 3 portion options and consumed it ad libitum. Across 3 conditions, portion sizes in the set were increased; the order of the conditions was counterbalanced across subjects. For women the portion sets by weight (g) were 300/375/450, 375/450/525, and 450/525/600; for men the portions were 33% larger. The results showed that increasing the size of available portions did not significantly affect the relative size selected; across all portion sets, subjects chose the smallest available portion at 59% of meals, the medium at 27%, and the largest at 15%. The size of portions offered did, however, influence meal intake (P < 0.0001). Mean intake (±SEM) was 16% greater when the largest set was offered (661 ± 34 kcal) than when the medium and smallest sets were offered (both 568 ± 18 kcal). These results suggest that portions are selected in relation to the other available options, and confirm the robust effect of portion size on intake. Although presenting a choice of portions can allow selection of smaller amounts, the sizes offered are a critical determinant of energy intake. Thus, the availability of choices could help to moderate intake if the portions offered are within an appropriate range for energy needs.