cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of grapevine buds to infection by powdery mildew Erysiphe necator

Bud colonization and perennation of powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) was studied by inoculating shoots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Carignane) at different phenological stages. Disease incidence and severity assessments indicated that buds were most susceptible at the three- to six-unfolded-leaf stage. Incidence of powdery mildew colonies on the surface of buds collected from these shoots 7 weeks postinoculation was highest at these stages (68 and 62%, respectively), which indicates that colonization of the bud interior via the infected bud surface is likely to occur within this period. Histological analyses of buds revealed hyphae with haustoria, conidiophores and conidia on all parts of the bud interior except for the meristems. In particular, trichomes were frequently parasitized by haustoria. In total, 13·2% of all buds analysed, and 32·3% of all buds originating from shoots inoculated at the three-unfolded-leaf stage, were infected by E. necator. In the spring of the following year, buds from inoculated shoots yielded 18 flag shoots (1·6% of all emerging shoots). These primary infections caused an epidemic 28 days after the appearance of the first flag shoot. A linear regression analysis on the frequency of infections of the bud exterior, bud interior and flag shoots revealed that incidence of external bud infection in the first season is strongly correlated with flag shoot incidence in the following season (R2 = 0·94). Hence predictions of flag shoot incidence may be reliably based on the incidence of infection on the outer bud scales in the preceding season.
Prolonged ambulatory recording of anorectal motility in patients with slow-transit constipation

Abstract Our aim was to determine phasic contractile activity of the distal bowel and anus in patients with slow-transit constipation; if readily identifiable patterns were present, prolonged recordings could confirm a diagnosis of slow-transit constipation. In 12 healthy control subjects and 11 women patients with slow-transit constipation (mean colonic transit time: 120 ± 11 hours) and normal pelvic floor function, a flexible catheter was positioned endoscopically with sensors in the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal in order to perform ambulatory recordings. A motility index (MI = mm Hg/h/100) was calculated during fasting and after feeding. Overall, the rectal MI and the frequency of anal canal contractions were less in the patients with constipation compared with those in the control group (rectum: 22 ± 5 mm Hg/h/100 in the control group versus 13 ± 10 mm Hg/h/100 in the constipation group; anal contractions/h: 23 ± 7 in the control group versus 3 ± 2 in the constipation group, p
Sunlight affects aggregation and deposition of graphene oxide in the aquatic environment.

In this study, we investigate the role of simulated sunlight on the physicochemical properties, aggregation, and deposition of graphene oxide (GO) in aquatic environments. Results show that light exposure under varied environmental conditions significantly impacts the physicochemical properties and aggregation/deposition behaviors of GO. Photo-transformation has negligible effects on GO surface charge, however, GO aggregation rates increase with irradiation time for direct photo-transformation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, photo-reduced GO has a greater tendency to form aggregates than under aerobic conditions. Aggregation of photo-transformed GO is notably influenced by ion valence, with higher aggregation found in the presence of divalent ions versus monovalent, but adding natural organic matter (NOM) reduces it. QCM-D studies show that deposition of GO on surfaces coated with organic matter decreases with increased GO irradiation time, indicating a potential increase in GO mobility due to photo-transformation. General deposition trends on Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA)-coated surfaces are control GO > aerobically photo-transformed GO ≈ anaerobically photo-transformed GO. The release of deposited GO from SRHA-coated surfaces decreases with increased irradiation time, indicating that photo-transformed GO is strongly attached to the NOM-coated surface.
Scenario-based software characterization as a contingency to traditional program profiling

Program profiling is common way to characterize program behavior based on representative input. Some software, especially in embedded systems, cannot be profiled do to lack of tools or problems introduced by instrumentation of the code. As an alternative to traditionally profiling, a static analysis technique is proposed that allows a designer to characterize the flow of control of software.Operating on a flow graph representation of software, the proposed technique assists an expert designer in the specification of one or more representative scenarios. A scenario defines a specific flow of control that corresponds to a typical behavior of the system. The efficacy of the technique is demonstrated with two experiments: a comparison to traditional profiling and application to real embedded operating system software for which traditional profiling is not possible.
Forty-five-year Tooth Survival Probabilities among Men in Oslo, Norway

Changes in tooth survival probabilities over a person's lifetime have remained largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to evaluate changes in the 45-year tooth survival probabilities in a cohort of 565 Norwegian males who were examined in 1969 as young adults, and followed up into mid-life (examination years and sample sizes (n): 1971 (n = 381), 1973 (n = 292), 1975 (n = 245), 1981 (n = 228), 1988 (n = 202), and 1995 (n = 223). The results indicated that the tooth survival probabilities varied considerably both (i) among teeth within individuals, and (ii) over time. The 45-year survival probabilities for the 28 teeth fell into the following ranges: larger than 95% for incisors and cuspids; between 84% and 92% for premolars; and between 59% and 96% for molars. Over the first 4 post-eruptive decades, the tooth mortality risks (excluding orthodontic extractions) were: 1st decade, 2.0% (from 1.7 to 2.4%); 2nd decade, 0.2% (from 0.1 to 0.4%); 3rd decade, 0.6% (from 0.4 to 0.8%); and 4th decade, 1.1% (fr...
Politics by Design: Remapping Security Landscapes

Drawing upon recent work in human geography, postmodernity and studies of public space, this article suggests the importance of spatial representation and architecture to issues of global security. It argues that architecture cannot be understood independently from the larger landscapes on which it is situated — and whose identity it helps to constitute. This relationship, among landscape, human habitation and politics, illuminates contemporary issues, both theoretical and political, regarding the contested spaces of security in a post-Cold War era of unsettled geopolitics.
Finite Temperature Properties of (CO2)n Clusters

The parallel-tempering Monte Carlo procedure is used to characterize the (CO2)n, n = 6, 8, 13, and 19, clusters. The heat capacity curves of the n = 13 and 19 clusters are found to have pronounced peaks that can be associated with cluster melting. In addition, there is evidence of a low temperature “solid ↔ solid” transition in the case of (CO2)19. The low-energy minima and rearrangement pathways are determined and used to examine the complexity of the potential energy surfaces of the clusters.
NPIT: A new reagent for quantitatively monitoring reactions of amines in combinatorial synthesis

Abstract A new reagent, nitro phenylisothiocyanate-O-trityl (NPIT), has been developed for the quantitative or qualitative analysis of amines on solid support. NPIT can be used to efficiently monitor reactions involving less reactive amines during combinatorial synthesis of compound library mixtures.
Impact of contact evolution on the shelf life of organic solar cells

For organic photovoltaics (OPVs) to become a truly viable technology, it is critical to correctly identify their degradation mechanism(s) and pave the way for strategies to improve device lifetime. Changes in the active organic component are often cited as the leading degradation pathway in OPVs. In this shelf life study, we monitor device performance after storage in the dark at ambient conditions to show that decay behavior is dominated by changes at the top metal electrode and/or the metal–organic interface. Cross-sectional TEM reveals extensive void formation to be the primary degradation mechanism for Ca/Al contacts. Kelvin probe measurements show the work function of Ag contacts increases over time, consistent with silver oxide formation detected by TOF-SIMS depth profiles. The evolution of the work function is found to be advantageous for Ag as a hole-extracting contact, but unsuitable for electron-extraction. The combination of Ag positive contacts (to collect holes) and ITO/ZnO negative contacts (to collect electrons) yields devices that are stable up to one year when stored in ambient conditions.
Cortical Regions for Judgments of Emotions and Personality Traits from Point-light Walkers

Humans are able to use nonverbal behavior to make fast, reliable judgments of both emotional states and personality traits. Whereas a sizeable body of research has identified neural structures critical for emotion recognition, the neural substrates of personality trait attribution have not been explored in detail. In the present study, we investigated the neural systems involved in emotion and personality trait judgments. We used a type of visual stimulus that is known to convey both emotion and personality information, namely, point-light walkers. We compared the emotion and personality trait judgments made by subjects with brain damage to those made by neurologically normal subjects and then conducted a lesion overlap analysis to identify neural regions critical for these two tasks. Impairments on the two tasks dissociated: Some subjects were impaired at emotion recognition, but judged personality normally; other subjects were impaired on the personality task, but normal at emotion recognition. Moreover, these dissociations in performance were associated with damage to specific neural regions: Right somatosensory cortices were a primary focus of lesion overlap in subjects impaired on the emotion task, whereas left frontal opercular cortices were a primary focus of lesion overlap in subjects impaired on the personality task. These findings suggest that attributions of emotional states and personality traits are accomplished by partially dissociable neural systems.
Morphology of the cement line in human bone and its relationship to bone strength

The length of the osteonal cement (reversal) line per unit area (/spl mu/m//spl mu/m/sup 2/) in human cadaveric tibias was quantified and correlated with overall tibial mechanical properties. In addition, the relationship between cement line quantity and gender, age, and location (left versus right limbs) was also evaluated. The study has shown that the cement line length per bone area within the anterior tibial quadrant to be significantly greater (p<0.05) than the posterior, medial and lateral quadrants, suggesting an increased degree of remodeling within that region. The results did reveal a greater quantity (p<0.05) in males than in females. The data additionally reveal a direct proportional relationship between cement line length per area and the maximum load (kN) necessary to completely fracture the bone. These quantitative results reinforce existing research an cement line involvement in bone strength.
Altered Cellular Kinetics in the Growth Plate of the Femoral Head of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

pression of VEGF. Results: The lengths of growth plates of the SHR+n group were significantly shorter in the initial growth period than those of the other groups. The lowest proliferative rate and the highest apoptosis rate were observed in the SHR+n group at the initial growth period. The expression of VEGF in the growth plate of the SHR group was lower than the control group, and it was lower in the SHR+n group than in the SHR-n group. Conclusion: The growth plate of the SHR+n group was found to be affected by disease process of ischemic necrosis of the femoral head, and this might explain the relative overgrowth of the greater trochanter in the later stages of LCP disease.
Common carotid pseudoaneurysm after carotid endarterectomy: a case presentation

A patient with a previous history of neck cancer and carotid endarterectomy presents with a pulsatile cervical mass. Further evaluation reveals the presence of a pseudoaneurysm of the common carotid artery. The endovascular treatment options and techniques employed to exclude the pseudoaneurysm are presented and discussed.
Identification of calpain II in porcine sperm

The role that pro teolytic enzymes may play in membrane-associated phenomena of sperm has been the subject of extensive investigation. In the present study, we have examined the possibility that a Ca2+�activated, neutral pro tease, calpain II, may be associated with sperm membranes. Using indirect immunofluorescence with primary antibodies, which are polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against the 80 kDa subunit of calpain II, we have established the presence of this antigen in porcine sperm. Staining by anticalpain II (80 kDa subunit) of the apical segment of the acrosomal cap and basal body (centriolar) region was seen consistently. Variable staining of the sperm tail was also observed. These observations, combined with our positive identification of a 80 kDa protein in acrosomal membranes (via immunoblot), document the association of this protease with sperm membranes. The proximity of calpain II to the acrosome suggests a potential role for the protease in the Ca2+�mediation of the acrosome reaction.
Vectorial integrated finite-difference analysis of dielectric waveguides

An integrated finite-difference approach is formulated for the full vector solution using transverse magnetic field components for dielectric waveguides, which is particularly suitable for nonuniform mesh and internal flux boundary conditions. This approach creates a sparse banded asymmetric matrix. Only few largest positive eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors are calculated by the Arnoldi method (based on the modified Gram-Schmidt) coupled with multiple deflation by computing a suitable small size matrix. The Arnoldi process is followed by an inverse power method combined with an iterative solver. The nonphysical modes have been excluded by applying the divergence relation Delta *H=0. Three numerical examples are calculated for verifying the reliability and efficiency of this technique: the first two of them are used for the comparison with the results obtained by other methods, and the last one is a quantum well single mode optical waveguide. The technique presented could be used for any shape of dielectric waveguides with any profile of refractive index in the cross section plane with proper Taylor expansion of the index. >
Algorithmic Tools for Adversarial Games: Intent Analysis Using Evolutionary Computation

Determining adversarial intent is important on a battlefield. In this paper, we propose a method for intent analysis using evolutionary computation. The proposed approach defines the model as an optimization problem then gives an algorithm for determining the parameters of the model in a Valuated State Spacereg domain. Example experiments using simulation data are discussed
Cognitions of Expert Supervisors in Academe: A Concept Mapping Approach

Eighteen expert supervisors reported their thoughts while preparing for, conducting, and evaluating their supervision sessions. Concept mapping (Kane & Trochim, ) yielded 195 cognitions classified into 25 cognitive categories organized into 5 supervision areas: conceptualization of supervision, supervisee assessment, supervisory relationship, supervisor self-assessment, and administration of supervision. Implications for future research and supervisor training programs are discussed.
Improving the Physical Realism and Structural Accuracy of Protein Models by a Two-Step Atomic-Level Energy Minimization

Most protein structural prediction algorithms assemble structures as reduced models that represent amino acids by a reduced number of atoms to speed up the conformational search. Building accurate full-atom models from these reduced models is a necessary step toward a detailed function analysis. However, it is difficult to ensure that the atomic models retain the desired global topology while maintaining a sound local atomic geometry because the reduced models often have unphysical local distortions. To address this issue, we developed a new program, called ModRefiner, to construct and refine protein structures from Cα traces based on a two-step, atomic-level energy minimization. The main-chain structures are first constructed from initial Cα traces and the side-chain rotamers are then refined together with the backbone atoms with the use of a composite physics- and knowledge-based force field. We tested the method by performing an atomic structure refinement of 261 proteins with the initial models constructed from both ab initio and template-based structure assemblies. Compared with other state-of-art programs, ModRefiner shows improvements in both global and local structures, which have more accurate side-chain positions, better hydrogen-bonding networks, and fewer atomic overlaps. ModRefiner is freely available at http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/ModRefiner.
Measurements of CO in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

In situ measurements of CO were made in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (7–21 km altitude) with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Aircraft Laser Infrared Absorption Spectrometer (ALIAS) on 58 flights of the NASA ER-2 aircraft from October 1995 through September 1997, between 90°N and 3°S latitude. Measured upper tropospheric CO was variable and typically ranged between 55 and 115 ppb, except for higher values over Alaska during summer 1997. Tropical stratospheric CO ranged from 58 ± 5 ppb at the tropopause to 12 ± 2 ppb above 20 km, having similar profiles in all seasons of the year. The tropical profile is reproduced by a simple Lagrangian box model of tropical ascent using measured CH4 and OH concentrations, Cl and O(^1D) concentrations from a photochemical model, and diabatic heating rates from a radiative heating model. From measured CO, quasi-horizontal mixing between the tropical and mid-latitude lower stratosphere is inferred to be rapid in the region between 400 K and 450 K potential temperature (altitudes less than 20 km).
Parameters to maximize 2f2-f1 distortion product otoacoustic emission levels.

Purpose Past research has established parameters for the 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) that enhance response levels (e.g., L1 – L2 = 10 dB; f2/f1 = 1.22; L1, L2 = 65, 55 ...
A Parsimonious Macroeconomic Model for Asset Pricing: Habit Formation or Cross-sectional Heterogeneity? ∗

In this paper we study the asset pricing implications of a parsimonious two-agent macroeconomic model with two key features: limited participation in the stock market and heterogeneity in the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. The parameter values for the model are taken from the real business cycle literature and are not calibrated to match any financial statistic. Yet, with a risk aversion of two, the model is able to explain a large number of asset pricing phenomena including all the facts matched by the external habit model of Campbell and Cochrane (1999). Examples in this list include a high equity premium and a low risk-free rate; a counter-cyclical risk premium, volatility and Sharpe ratio; predictable stock returns with coefficients and R 2 values of long-horizon regressions matching their empirical counterparts, among others. In addition the model generates a risk-free rate with low volatility (5.7 percent annually) and with high persistence. We also show that the similarity of our results to those from an external habit model is not a coincidence: the model has a reduced form representation which is extremely similar to Campbell and Cochrane’s framework for asset pricing .H owever, themacroeconomic implications of the two models are very different, favoring the limited participation model. Moreover, we show that policy analysis yields dramatically different conclusions in each framework.
Strategic planning in a U.S. Federal Agency

Abstract This article describes the development, implementation, and institutionalization of private sector corporate-style strategic planning methods in a public sector Federal Government Department of Defense research and development organization. Corporate-style strategic planning means using a formal integrative strategic planning process whose cornerstone is the segmentation of the organization's activities into strategic business units (SBUs). The U.S. federal system does not, by design, provide the key driving forces nor foster the planning for efficient strategic management. The Naval Surface Warfare Center broke the mould and institutionalized strategic planning.
Function and Regulation of the Formate Dehydrogenase Genes of the Methanogenic Archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis

ABSTRACT Methanococcus maripaludis is a mesophilic species of Archaea capable of producing methane from two substrates: hydrogen plus carbon dioxide and formate. To study the latter, we identified the formate dehydrogenase genes of M. maripaludis and found that the genome contains two gene clusters important for formate utilization. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the two formate dehydrogenase gene sets arose from duplication events within the methanococcal lineage. The first gene cluster encodes homologs of formate dehydrogenase α (FdhA) and β (FdhB) subunits and a putative formate transporter (FdhC) as well as a carbonic anhydrase analog. The second gene cluster encodes only FdhA and FdhB homologs. Mutants lacking either fdhA gene exhibited a partial growth defect on formate, whereas a double mutant was completely unable to grow on formate as a sole methanogenic substrate. Investigation of fdh gene expression revealed that transcription of both gene clusters is controlled by the presence of H2 and not by the presence of formate.
Stable Isotope Ratios: Hurricane Olivia

The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of rains from HurricaneOlivia (1994) in the eastern Pacific were measured. The rains werecollected on 24 and 25 September during airplane flights conducted at anelevation of 3 km. Hurricane Olivia peaked in intensity to a category-4storm between the two dates. Isotope ratios of rains from HurricaneOlivia were markedly lower (δ 18O = –13.9‰to –28.8‰) than that of rain collected from a thunderstormat an elevation of 2.3 km outside the influence of Olivia (δ18O = –3.8‰). A distinct decrease in isotoperatios from the first day to the next (δ 18O =–18.4‰ to –21.9‰) in Hurricane Olivia wasattributed to decreased updraft velocities and outflow aloft. Thisshifted the isotopic water mass balance so that fewer hydrometeors werelifted and more ice descended to flight level. A decrease in the averagedeuterium excess from the first day to the next (d = 15.5 to 7.1‰)was attributed to an increase in the relative humidity of the watervapor `source' area. We hypothesize that the `source' region for therain was in the boundary layer near the storm center and that becausethe hurricane was at peak intensity prior to the second day the relative humidity was higher.
Pedestrians and Settings

This case study deals with a single, specific topic; as such it does not fully illustrate the approach discussed in this book. It is an early and relatively simple example, a first step in a lengthy process of developing a new approach to the study of the history of the built environment. For one thing, like other scientific fields, it will inevitably be a group endeavor. It does, however, illustrate some of the most important issues discussed in Chapters 1–3; neither is it at odds with the principal issues raised in the supporting arguments.
Angiogenesis and Vascular Networks: Complex Anatomies from Deterministic Non-Linear Physiologies

Biological structures can have morphologies which are complex yet orderly, which vary in the fine details yet have an overall sameness, and which are seemingly impossible to describe geometrically yet have an unmistakeable form and esthetic. How do complex anatomies arise, and why do they have these features? Can the genome, which only encodes proteins, be a blueprint for complex anatomies, or do non-genetic forces control morphogenesis? For many biostructures, the answer is that structure arises passively from genetically encoded biochemical processes which have no prior concept of anatomy. This idea will be examined using vascular networks and a model of angiogenesis.
Colorful Polyelectrolytes: An Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Route to Fluorescent Polystyrene Sulfonate

A labeled green fluorescent polystyrene sulfonate (LNaPSS) has been synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization of a styrene sulfonate monomer with a fluorescent co-monomer, fluorescein thiocyanate-vinyl aniline. As a result this 100 % sulfonated polymer contains no hydrophobic patches along the chain backbone besides the fluorescent marker itself. The concentration of the fluorescent monomer was kept low to maintain the characteristic properties of the anionic polyelectrolyte, LNaPSS. ATRP conditions facilitated the production of polymers spanning a range of molecular weights from 35,000 to 175,000 in gram-scale batches with polydispersity indices of 1.01-1.24. Molecular weight increased with the monomer to initiator ratio. Gel permeation chromatography results show a unimodal distribution, and the polymer structure was also confirmed by (1)H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed covalent bonding of fluorescein isothiocyanate to the polymer, indicating that the polymer is suitable as a probe in fluorescence microscopy. To demonstrate this ability, the polymer was used to locate structural features in salt crystals formed during drying, as in the evaporation of sea mist. A second application to probe diffusion studies is also demonstrated.
The Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction in Influenza Virus Detection and Characterization

We have shown that the sequence of the hemagglutinin gene of influenza virus can be determined from virus recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs collected for diagnostic purposes by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA made by reverse transcriptase (Rajakumar et al. 1990). These studies suggest that PCR might be used in the routine diagnosis of influenza. Our experience indicates that the success of such a procedure would depend on (1) obtaining adequate cDNA synthesis from all virus strains encountered in clinical samples, (2) eliminating problems of DNA contamination, (3) ensuring production of amplified DNA from the appropriate influenza virus genes, and (4) developing appropriate methods to identify virus strains. The feasibility of such an approach to diagnosis is discussed with respect to sensitivity, reliabil ity, virus strain identification, speed, and cost.
Linguistic Diglossia and Parochialism in American Public Administration: The Missing Half of Guerreiro Ramos's Reducao Sociologica

Diglossia refers to a situation in which there are two varieties of a single language used in different social contexts and in which one has higher prestige than the other. American academic public adminis tration suffers from a reverse diglossia. Rather than being privileged by knowledge of the dominant global language, monolingual Ameri cans are stuck in an academic provincialism brought on by their in ability to engage other cultures. This case is made both conceptually and empirically, and suggestions for remedying the situation are of fered. In closing, it is argued that language competence has to be seen as a personal ethical challenge for the American internationalist. The obvious and urgent need for additional linguistic preparation is perhaps on balance the least formidable among the difficulties of data-gathering.
Chemotaxis in Acute Renal Failure

In vitro chemotaxis of neutrophils was evaluated in rabbits with acute renal failure induced by cephaloridine. Reduction in generation of chemotactic factors was proportional to the degree of azotemia in uremic serum. This defect appears to be mediated by an inhibitor, possibly urea, which blocks the formation of chemotactic factors in serum. In contrast to the defect in serum, uremic neutrophils retained full capacity to respond to a chemotactic stimulus. These results may help to explain the reduced local inflammatory response and increased incidence of bacterial infections in renal failure.
Leukemogenesis by murine leukemia viruses: lessons for koala retrovirus (KoRV)

Murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) are the prototypical gammaretroviruses, and they have been extensively studied with regard to how they cause disease. Leukemogenesis by two MuLVs is reviewed here: the endogenous Akv MuLV of AKR mice, and exogenous Moloney MuLV. Important features of MuLV leukemogenesis include the in vivo generation of envelope recombinants (MCFs) through recombination with endogenous MuLVs, and induction of preleukemic changes typified by splenic hyperplasia secondary to bone marrow defects. Studies of MuLV leukemogenesis help to frame virological questions about how koala retrovirus (KoRV) may induce neoplastic or other diseases in koalas. Fan, Hung. 2014. Leukemogenesis by murine leukemia viruses: lessons for koala retrovirus (KoRV). In The Koala and its Retroviruses: Implications for Sustainability and Survival, ed. Geoffrey W. Pye, Rebecca N. Johnson and Alex D. Greenwood. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum, Online 24: 83–88. The discovery of koala retrovirus (KoRV) in free-ranging and captive koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) has been viewed with concern and interest. The primary concern is that KoRV-associated disease such as neoplasms, while yet to be conclusively proven to be KoRV caused, could increase the threats to survival of these animals. In the scientific community there is interest for several reasons: KoRV may be associated with lymphoma in koalas, it appears to be recently introduced into this species, and endogenization is an ongoing process. KoRV infection in koalas may provide an opportunity to study introduction and spread of a gammaretrovirus into a new host species and its accompanying effects. This process has happened in other species, notably mice, but in the more distant past, so some of the processes can only be deduced. At the same time, information learned from the relationship of murine gammaretroviruses and their hosts may provide lessons for understanding the potential relationships of KoRV and disease in koalas. The recent discovery of a second KoRV (KoRV-B) that may be associated with leukemogenicity (Xu et al., 2013) has similarities to oncogenesis in murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs). Leukemogenesis by MuLVs will be summarized here and possible implications to KoRV pathogenesis will be pointed out. Murine leukemia viruses MuLVs were first discovered in inbred mouse strains that had high incidences of leukemia. These studies resulted in isolation of several MuLV strains that cause leukemias of different hematopoietic lineages. For instance Moloney MuLV (M-MuLV) and Gross MuLV induce T-lymphoma, while Friend (F-MuLV) and Rauscher MuLV (R-MuLV) induce erythroleukemia and myeloid leukemia (Fan, 1997). These are the predominant MuLVs used in studies of MuLV leukemogenesis. They are prototypical retroviruses of the gammaretrovirus family. MuLVs can be classified into types based on their envelope proteins and the kinds of cells that they infect, determined by the cell surface proteins that they bind. The leukemogenic MuLVs are mostly ecotropic; they infect cells of mice and rats, but they do not infect most
Reinvigorating Geology through Case-Based and Hands-On Learning

GLY 2805 Geology for Engineers is a sophomore-level class taught at Villanova University. This class is largely populated by civil engineering students; however, occasionally an environmental studies student will take the course. Approximately one half of the course is devoted to physical geology and one half is devoted to historical geology. This paper describes a plan (implemented in Fall 2009) to build upon the existing strengths of this course by creating additional hands-on laboratories and three over-arching case studies to place the content into context. It is hoped that by using active learning techniques, the students will experience deeper learning, while creating a more enjoyable learning atmosphere for the students and the instructor. In addition, a plan to assess the effectiveness of these changes is presented.
James Davenport and the Great Awakening in New London

By 1743, readers of colonial newspapers had grown accustomed to reports of the religious revivals inaugurated by the English itinerant George Whitefield. But few were prepared for accounts of the bizarre and sensational events that took place in the port city of New London, Connecticut, in March of that year. According to the Boston Evening Post, the central character in the affair was the ailing and fanatical native-born itinerant James Davenport, whose "theatrical" preaching style and wild accusations against his fellow ministers had led to his arrest earlier in both Hartford and Boston. His chief accomplices were a devoted group of radical "New Lights" who, with Davenport's encouragement, had separated themselves from the Congregational church fifteen months earlier and formed their own church and an evangelical seminary known as the "Shepherd's Tent." Under the impression of messages "received from the Spirit in Dreams," Davenport carried his band of Separates into an orgy of religious enthusiasm that exceeded all bounds of decency and good order. By Sabbath afternoon, March 6, he had worked the people into such a frenzy that townsmen "ran to see if Murder or some other Mischief was not about to be done." Instead they witnessed the most remarkable event of the Great Awakening in New England. There, at Christophers's town wharf, Davenport and his followers gathered around a bonfire and cast into it a veritable library of Puritan classics. The catalogue of burned books was said to include works by such celebrated divines as Matthew Henry, Richard Sibbes, Increase Mather, and Benjamin Colman. The Post's writer heard the bookburners "sing Hallehuahs and Gloria Patri over the Pile, and I heard them with a loud voice declare, That the smoak of the Torments of such of the Authors of the above said Books as died in the same Belief as when they set them out, was now ascending in Hell in like manner as they saw the smoak of them books rise."-
Operator Reverse Monotonicity of the Inverse

AbstractIn statistics and econometrics, the equivalence between matrix inequalities A ≥ B ⇔ B−1 ≥ A−1 is used to obtain a lower bound on the variance matrix, where A, B are symmetric and positive definite. The same property holds for linear operators on Hilbert spaces that are bijective, self-adjoint, and positive definite. I give a short and elementary proof of this fact.
'The purity of the blood': Poncet de la Grave, pronatalism and empire

AbstractThis article will analyze key publications of Guillaume Poncet de la Grave (1725-1803), formerly the monarchy’s representative to the Admiralty Court, who worked during the Ancien Regime to restrict immigration to France, particularly that of people of color. He was also a passionate advocate for French imperial expansion. After the Revolution, in his political tract Reflections on the Unmarried, he expressed his anxiety over a declining French birthrate and a desire to have the state monitor marriage, sexuality, and reproduction in order to increase legitimate births. In this work he identified threats to what he referred to as ‘the purity of the blood’ within and without France, and proposed to the Republic legislation designed to eliminate them. Poncet de la Grave’s career has been largely neglected but his former position merits a closer look at his political writing, which expressed significant, constant objectives that demonstrate thematic continuity over a tumultuous time. French fears of d...
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope - ACT

The Atacama cosmology telescope (ACT) is a new, 6-meter aperture, millimeter-wave telescope that is located at an altitude of 5200 meters in the Chilean Andes. ACT will be fielded with the millimeter bolometric array camera (MBAC). The MBAC incorporates arrays of "pop-up" bolometers using multiplexed transition edge sensors (TES), developed at NASA/GSFC and NIST. The camera will consist of three arrays for multi-frequency ground-based millimeter observations near 150, 220 and 270 GHz. The goal is to map the cosmic microwave background and discover Sunyaev-Zel'dovich clusters. Associated follow-up observations of the clusters will be taken at optical and X-ray wavelengths. The ACT telescope had first light with a the CCAM test receiver in June of 2007. The installation of MBAC with a 1000 elemet array at 150 GHz is expected in October of 2007. All three arrays will be installed in June of 2008.
Social outcomes of young adults with childhood-onset epilepsy: a case-sibling-control study

SummaryObjective We aimed to compare long-term social outcomes in young adults with childhood-onset epilepsy (cases) with neurologically normal sibling controls. Methods Long-term social outcomes were assessed at the 15-year follow-up of the Connecticut Study of Epilepsy, a community-based prospective cohort study of children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Young adults with childhood-onset epilepsy with complicated (abnormal neurologic exam findings, abnormal brain imaging with lesion referable to epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID; IQ < 60) or informative history of neurologic insults to which the occurrence of epilepsy might be attributed), and uncomplicated epilepsy presentations were compared to healthy sibling controls. Age, gender, and matched-pair adjusted generalized linear models stratified by complicated epilepsy and 5-year seizure-free status estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] for each outcome. Results The 15-year follow-up included 361 individuals with epilepsy (59% of initial cases; N = 291 uncomplicated and N = 70 complicated epilepsy; mean age 22 years [standard deviation, SD 3.5]; mean epilepsy onset 6.2 years [SD 3.9]) and 173 controls. Social outcomes for cases with uncomplicated epilepsy with ≥5 years terminal remission were comparable to controls; cases with uncomplicated epilepsy <5 years seizure-free were more likely to be less productive (school/employment < 20 h/week) (aOR 3.63, 95% CI 1.83–7.20) and not to have a driver's license (aOR 6.25, 95% CI 2.85–13.72). Complicated cases with epilepsy <5 years seizure-free had worse outcomes across multiple domains; including not graduating high school (aOR 24.97, 95% CI 7.49–83.30), being un- or underemployed (<20 h/week) (aOR 11.06, 95% CI 4.44–27.57), being less productively engaged (aOR 15.71, 95% CI 6.88–35.88), and not living independently (aOR 10.24, 95% CI 3.98–26.36). Complicated cases without ID (N = 36) had worse outcomes with respect to productive engagement (aOR 6.02; 95% CI 2.48–14.58) compared to controls. Cases with complicated epilepsy were less likely to be driving compared to controls, irrespective of remission status or ID. Significance In individuals with uncomplicated childhood-onset epilepsy presentations and 5-year terminal remission, young adult social outcomes are comparable to those of sibling controls. Complicated epilepsy, notable for intellectual disability, and seizure remission status are important prognostic indicators for long-term young adult social outcomes in childhood-onset epilepsy.
Highest and Best Use: Subjectivity and Climates Off and After Earth

Using the concept of the Umwelt from biology, postcolonial interpretations of climate change, and Judith Butler's gender and ability theory, this article argues that the creation of new environment...
Clinical data supporting a 2-dose schedule of MenB-FHbp, a bivalent meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, in adolescents and young adults.

Abstract Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by Neisseria meningitidis is a potentially devastating condition that can result in death and is associated with serious long-term sequelae in survivors. Vaccination is the preferred preventative strategy. Quadrivalent polysaccharide-based vaccines that protect against infection caused by meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y are not effective against meningococcal serogroup B (MenB), which was responsible for approximately 60% and 35% of confirmed IMD cases in the European Union and the United States in 2016, respectively. A recombinant protein MenB vaccine (MenB-FHbp [bivalent rLP2086; Trumenba®]) has been approved for protection against MenB infection in persons 10–25 years of age in the United States and Canada and for individuals ≥10 years of age in the European Union and Australia. In these regions, MenB-FHbp is approved as a 2- or 3-dose primary vaccination schedule. This report will review the current evidence supporting administration of MenB-FHbp as a 2-dose primary vaccination schedule. Different contexts in which a 2- or 3-dose primary vaccination schedule might be preferred (eg, routine prospective vaccination vs outbreak control) are reviewed.
Graduate Education and Training in Health Psychology

Few fields of study in psychology have experienced as explosive a growth of interest during the past decade as health psychology. Demonstration of the interest in this emergent field can be found on a variety of fronts—in the growth of discipline-specific journals, in the award of increasing amounts of federal and private monies for health psychology research, and in the establishment of graduate programs that attempt to train students in the expanding field. It is this last area of development of this subdiscipline that is the primary focus of the present chapter.
Implicit function theorems and differentiable maps

Suppose we are given a relation in ℝ2 of the form $$F\left( {x,{\rm{ }}y} \right){\rm{ }} = {\rm{ }}0$$ (14.1) Then to each value of x there may correspond one or more values of y which satisfy (14.1)—or there may be no values of y which do so. If I = {x: x 0 — h < x < x 0 + h} is an interval such that for each x ∈ I there is exactly one value of y satisfying (14.1), then we say that F(x, y) = 0 defines y as a function of x implicitly on I. Denoting this function by f, we have F[x, f(x)] = 0 for x on I.
Mantle Thrust Sheet Gem Deposits: The Zabargad Island, Egypt, Peridot Deposits

Gemstones formed at great depth; in the earth’s mantle, can be studied and recovered only when this mantle material is brought to the earth’s surface through one of a number of geologic processes. Corundum, such as the rubies from the Chanthaburi-Trat area of Thailand, may be formed in the mantle and brought to the surface as basaltic volcanic eruptions. Diamonds are exclusively brought from great depths in the mantle through unique types of volcanoes known as pipes. Where the earth’s crust thins due to rifting, mantle material, including peridot, may be thrust to the surface in sheets (Fig. 8-1).
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a heterogenous disorder with multifactorial pathophysiology.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common form of HF in the population.1 Among elderly women living in the community, HFpEF comprises nearly 90% of incident HF cases.2 Furthermore, HFpEF is increasing out of proportion to HF with reduced EF (HFrEF), and its prognosis is worsening while that of HFrEF is improving.3 The health and economic impact of HFpEF is at least as great as that of HFrEF, with similar severity of chronic exercise intolerance,4 acute hospitalization rates3,5 and substantial mortality.3
Effects of supplemental alfalfa hay on feed intake and digestion by Holstein steers consuming high-quality bermudagrass or orchardgrass hay.

Effects of level and frequency of supplementation with alfalfa (A) on feed intake and digestion by steers fed bermudagrass (B) or orchardgrass (O) were determined in two Latin square experiments. In Exp. 1, six Holstein steers (224 kg) were fed B (2.25% N; 71.4% NDF) or O (2.52% N; 64.3% NDF) with 0, 15 or 30% (DM) A (2.70% N; 44.0% NDF). Total DMI was 2.43, 2.72 and 2.85% BW for B and 2.98, 3.00 and 2.87% BW for O with 0, 15 and 30% A, respectively. Total DMI was affected by forage (P less than .05), A level (linear; P less than .06) and a forage x A level (linear) interaction (P less than .05). Digestible OM intake increased .42 (15%) and .67 kg (24%) with feeding of 15 and 30% A, respectively, for B, but for O, only dietary inclusion of 30% A elevated digestible OM intake (.14 kg and 4% increases). In Exp. 2, five Holstein steers (165 kg) were fed B (1.81% N; 78.6% NDF) alone or with A (2.76% N; 52.8% NDF). Morning meals consisted of ad libitum B (OA), .3% BW of A daily (.3A), .6% BW of A every 2nd d (.6A), .9% BW of A every 3rd d (.9A) or 1.2% BW of A every 4th d (1.2A). All steers received B in the afternoon ad libitum, and B was given in the morning when A was not fed. Total DMI was 2.31, 2.12, 2.12, 2.26 and 2.29% BW for OA, .3A, .6A, .9A and 1.2A, respectively (SE .049). Grass characteristics affected response in feed intake to legume supplementation. Frequency of dietary legume addition may alter feed intake.
Antileukotrienes in Asthma and Rhinitis

Leukotrienes are lipid mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid liberated from the membranes of activated inflammatory cells [1]. The subfamily of cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LTs) represented by LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 are the first inflammatory mediators to have a proven role in the pathophysiology of asthma [2] and which mimic many of the features of allergic rhinitis [3]. Antileukotriene drugs that block the synthesis of leukotrienes or antagonize cys-LT receptors have been licensed for asthma therapy in most countries in the last dozen years [4], with some of these drugs also being registered for use in allergic rhinitis [2]. This chapter will outline the sources and actions of cys-LTs in allergic airway inflammation and the clinical evidence underlying the use of antileukotriene drugs in asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Understanding the Influence of Sexual Risk Taking, Ethnic Identity, and Family and Peer Support on School Importance Among Hispanic Adolescents.

Despite the broader academic gains experienced by Hispanic students, who represent the largest minority group in the United States, they remain the least educated of all major ethnic groups, and ou...
Performance-Driven Dance Motion Control of a Virtual Partner Character

Taking advantage of motion capture and display technologies, a method giving a user the ability to control the dance motions of a virtual partner in an immersive setup was developed and is presented in this paper. The method utilizes a dance motion dataset containing the motion of both dancers (leader and partner). A hidden Markov model (HMM) was used to learn the structure of the dance motions. The HMM was trained on the motion of a chosen dancer (leader or partner), and during runtime, the system predicts the progress of the chosen dance motion, which corresponds to the progress of the user's motion. The regular structure of the HMM was extended by utilizing a jump state transition, allowing the user to improvise dance motions during the runtime. Since the jump state addition increases the model's complexity, an effort was made to optimize the prediction process to ensure runtime efficiency. A few corrective steps were also implemented to ensure the partner character's motions appear natural. A user study was conducted to understand the naturalness of the synthesized motion as well as the control that the user has on the partner character's synthesized motion.