cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human mitochondrial MTHFD2 is a dual redox cofactor-specific methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase

Folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism provides one-carbon units for several biological processes. This pathway is highly compartmentalized in eukaryotes, with the mitochondrial pathway producing formate for use in cytoplasmic processes. The mitochondrial enzyme MTHFD2 has been reported to use NAD+ as a cofactor while the isozyme MTHFD2L utilizes NAD+ or NADP+ at physiologically relevant conditions. Because MTHFD2 is highly expressed in many cancer types, we sought to determine the cofactor preference of this enzyme. Kinetic analysis shows that purified human MTHFD2 exhibits dual redox cofactor specificity, utilizing either NADP+ or NAD+ with the more physiologically relevant pentaglutamate folate substrate. These results show that the mitochondrial folate pathway isozymes MTHFD2 and MTHFD2L both exhibit dual redox cofactor specificity. Our kinetic analysis clearly supports a role for MTHFD2 in mitochondrial NADPH production, indicating that this enzyme is likely responsible for mitochondrial production of both NADH and NADPH in rapidly proliferating cells.
Fated to Pretend?: Culture Crisis and the Fate of the Individual

The question of this thesis is whether the individual can resolve the problem of culture crisis in her own case. Culture crisis is a historical moment in which our culture leads us to expect a world drastically di erent from the one in which we find ourselves. This thesis will focus on the experience of Generation Y in the fall-out of the 2008 Recession. It will be argued that we need a Wittgensteinian view of language in order to account for the phenomenon of culture crisis. It will be suggested that our individual has to be a Nietzschean individual in order to resolve the problem of culture crisis in her own case. Potential incompatibilities between a Wittgensteinian view of language and the Nietzschean individual will be considered and rejected. It will be concluded that in order to resolve the problem of culture crisis in her own case the individual must change the way she lives.
Aerodynamic impact of finned heat exchangers on transonic flows

Abstract Ongoing engine developments require advanced thermal management technologies to handle the increasing demand of refrigeration and lubrication. As the thermal capacity of the oil lubricant and coolant circuits becomes saturated, conventional fuel-based oil cooling systems need to be supplemented with additional cooling sources. Finned heat exchangers integrated in the core/bypass-flow splitter surface of a turbofan provide enhanced oil heat removal capabilities. For a positive impact in the overall engine efficiency, the surface heat exchangers need to be designed to maximize heat transfer while minimizing the impact in the propulsive efficiency. This work focuses on the sensitivity of the complex transonic and three-dimensional turbofan bypass-flow to arrays of fins embedded on the splitter, which determines the aerodynamic penalty that can be incurred at the benefit of increased oil heat capacity. We present an experimental study of a turbofan bypass-flow and asses the flow modifications introduced by two different fin heat exchanger designs, with “continuous” and “interrupted” fins, both aligned with the mean flow direction. Experiments were performed in a ground test facility that reproduces the flow in the bypass duct of turbofan at the design point characterized by cruise velocities and take-off atmospheric conditions. Different measurement techniques were adapted to the flow and wind tunnel requirements to provide an accurate characterization of the flow developing over the splitter surface. Results are reported in terms of flow velocity and orientation, turbulence intensity and temperature with and without the arrays if fins present in the flow. This work demonstrates the importance of aerodynamically optimized designs to minimize detrimental effects on propulsive efficiencies, and provides estimate values of flow disturbances in realistic engine conditions that can be incorporated into simplified engine performance models.
The Outreach-Assisted Model of Partner Notification with IDUs

OBJECTIVE: This analysis describes the Outreach-Assisted Model of Partner Notification, an innovative strategy for encouraging seropositive injecting drug users (IDUs) to inform their partners of shared human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure. The analysis focuses on two core components of the notification process: the identification of at-risk partners and preferences for self-tell vs. outreach assistance in informing partners of possible exposure to the virus. METHODS: Using community outreach techniques, 386 IDUs were recruited for HIV pretest counseling, testing, and partner notification over a 12-month period. Of these, 63 tested HIV seropositive, and all but three returned for their test results. The 60 who were informed of their serostatus were randomly assigned to either a minimal or an enhanced intervention condition. Participants assigned to the minimal (self-tell) group were strongly encouraged to inform their partners of possible exposure. Those assigned to the enhanced (outreach-assisted) group had the option of either informing one or more of their partner(s) themselves or choosing to have the project's outreach team do so. RESULTS: Together, the 60 index persons who received their results provided names or at least one piece of locating information for a total of 142 partners with whom they perceived having shared possible exposure to the virus within the past five years. By itself, drug use accounted for half of all partners named. Sexual behavior alone accounted for 25% of named partners. Eighty-two percent of the enhanced group preferred to have the outreach team tell at least one partner; the team was requested to notify 71% of the total number of partners whom this group named. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that IDUs want to notify their partners of shared HIV exposure. Outreach assistance was the preferred mode in the majority of cases. Expanding traditional community-based HIV outreach activities to include delivering street-based counseling, test, a partner notification appears to be a positive and workable prevention strategy.
Selective light attenuation by the periphyton complex

Selective attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was characterized for components of periphyton. Components included: three algal groups (diatom, green and blue-green), acid-cleaned diatom frustules, hypochlorite-bleached Scenedesums cells (to decrease pigment content), calcium carbonate, and bacteria. PAR attenuation was dominated by algal photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll b and c, fucoxanthin, phycocyanins, and particularly chlorophyll a). Non-pigmented algal matter, diatom frustules, calcium carbonate and bacteria had low and nonselective absorption.
Imaging of the Peripheral Nerves: Clinical Applications and Diagnostic Relevance

This chapter focuses on the imaging modalities used to investigate peripheral nerves including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neurography and highresolution ultrasonography (US). The advances in diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging are also discussed. Clinical applications with regards to nerve injuries, tumors and tumor-like conditions as well as entrapment neuropathies are discussed with relevant images. These are exciting future possible applications for MRI and US with regards to prognostication in the setting of nerve injuries.
An Open-Source Husbandry Repository.

Abstract Electronic databases provide effective and efficient management of zebrafish colony operations, but commercially available options are expensive. In this study we have developed a free zeb...
Abstract #4473: Global proteome comparison of DNA mismatch repair proficient and deficient colorectal cancer cell lines.

Deficiencies in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) systems occur in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and in 10-15% of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC). Loss of function mutations in MMR proteins such as MLH1 and MSH2 lead to genetic instability, which contributes to tumor formation. Widespread mutations at the genome level presumably give rise to alterations in protein expression profiles; however, little is known about the effects of MMR deficiency on the proteome. We carried out global shotgun proteomic analysis of four MMR proficient (MMR+) CRC cell lines (HT-29, COLO-205, CaCo2, SW480) and four MMR deficient (MMR-) CRC cell lines ( HCT-116, LS174T, LoVo, RKO). Tryptic peptides from whole cell lysates were separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a linear ion trap quadrupole (LTQ) mass spectrometer. Resulting spectra were searched against protein databases using the Myrimatch search algorithms and proteins were identified using parsimonious assembly with IDpicker. When data from all cell lines were assembled together, 5047 protein groups were identified (4.8% protein FDR). Statistical analysis of group-wise differences identified a small number of proteins that differentiated MMR+ and MMR- cell lines, with notably increased spectral counts for DNA repair proteins in MMR+ cell lines (MSH2, RAD50B, MRE11 and others). We further examined protein expression levels for genes known to be mutated in these cell lines. These genes include the KRAS, p53, APC, BAX and the mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH6. KRAS was detected in both wildtype KRAS-expressing cells and mutant KRAS- expressing cells. Likewise, APC was detected in wildtype APC-expressing cells and truncated APC in cells carrying mutant APC, while p53 was only detected in mutant p53-expressing cells. BAX was not detected in MMR- deficient cell lines, LoVo or LS174T cells, which are known to possess a BAX frameshift mutation, but was detected in all wildtype BAX-expressing cells. Furthermore, MSH2 and MSH6 were not detected in LoVo cells, which express mutant forms of these genes. Our results demonstrate that shotgun proteomics can be used to identify broad differences in protein expression profiles between MMR+ and MMR- cell lines and is sensitive enough to pick up subtle changes at the individual protein level. The data suggest that global shotgun proteomic analyses can map individual protein expression patterns to corresponding genetic profiles and distinct cancer-related phenotypes. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 4473.
Continuous-time Model Predictive Control for Real-time Flexibility Scheduling of Plugin Electric Vehicles

Abstract This paper proposes a continuous-time model predictive control (MPC) for co-optimizing the charging flexibility of plugin electric vehicles (PEVs) and generation schedule of generating units in real-time power systems operation. A continuous-time queuing model is developed to aggregate and cluster a large population of PEVs, which represents their aggregate flexibility to the power system operator. The proposed model integrates the most recent information about the system load and PEV arrival, and utilizes the flexibility of PEVs and generating units to supply the ramping requirements of load, while ensuring the delay-based and deadline-based service quality constraints of PEVs. The proposed model is implemented on the IEEE Reliability Test System, using PEV and load data of California. The simulation results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed model to utilize the flexibility of PEVs in real-time power systems operation, which considerably reduces ramping requirements from conventional generating units.
Tech tilt predicts jobs, college majors, and specific abilities: Support for investment theories

Abstract Specific cognitive abilities include ability tilt, based on within-subject differences in math and verbal scores on standardized tests (e.g., SAT, ACT). Ability tilt yields math tilt (math > verbal), which predicts STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) criteria, and verbal tilt (verbal > math), which predicts humanities criteria. The current study examined a new type of tilt: tech tilt, based on within-subject differences in technical scores and academic scores (math or verbal) on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. (Technical scores tapped vocational skills for electronics, mechanics, cars, and tools.) The difference yielded two types of tilt: tech tilt (tech > academic) and academic tilt (academic > tech). Tech tilt was correlated with math and verbal scores on college aptitude tests (SAT, ACT, PSAT), ability tilt on the college tests, and STEM and humanities criteria (college majors and jobs). Tech tilt correlated negatively with academic abilities (math or verbal) on the college tests and predicted STEM criteria. In addition, academic tilt (math or verbal) predicted the analogous type of tilt on the college tests. The effects replicated using different analytical approaches (e.g., regressions and structural equation modeling) and after controlling for g. The negative effects of tech tilt with academic abilities support investment theories, which predict that investments in one domain (non-academic and technical) come at the expense of investments in competing domains (academic). In addition, the effects demonstrate the validity of vocational aptitudes, extending prior research on ability tilt, which focuses on academic aptitudes. Future research should consider factors that moderate the effects of tech tilt (e.g., life history and ability level) as well as other types of tilt (e.g., spatial tilt).
Variable retention harvesting in Great Lakes mixed-pine forests: emulating a natural model in managed ecosystems

Variable retention harvesting (VRH) systems have gained wide use in many different forest types across the globe, but largely have been implemented in forests characterized by severe, infrequent disturbance regimes. There has been less attention given to developing VRH approaches in forests that are characterized as having a mixed-severity disturbance regime that often results in only partial mortality of canopy trees in spatially heterogeneous patterns. One example of such a forest type is red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.)-dominated ecosystem of the western Great Lakes region of North America. The purpose of this review is to provide a conceptual foundation for developing VRH approaches in red pine ecosystems that are based on a mixed-severity disturbance regime. Our contention is that red pine forests managed following a natural model are more resilient to disturbances and external threats such as climate change. For the red pine ecosystem, VRH application should reflect the often severe, but partial canopy removal from natural disturbance that is characteristic of this ecosystem and that results in more than trivial numbers of surviving overstory trees across a range of spatial configurations in regenerating stands. Retained live trees should span a range of diameters, but favor the larger end of the diameter distribution, as this reflects the likely pattern of survival after natural disturbance and is often a key structural element lacking from managed areas. VRH should be applied in ways that vary the spatial pattern of legacy trees in and among stands, but largely in ways that reflect the pattern of spatially patchy canopy structure, with large openings surrounded by a less disturbed matrix, as occurs with a natural disturbance regime. Legacy trees and deadwood structures should reflect the composition of the pre-disturbance forest, including species in addition to dominant red pine. Finally, retained structures should be viewed as dynamic entities that grow, die, and decay and that need to be documented and accounted for over time. While more organizations are incorporating some form of VRH into policy and practice for red pine-dominated ecosystems, this application is not always based on a comprehensive understanding of the actual natural model of development, which reflects a mixed-severity disturbance regime. Our goal is to review the ecological evidence for this disturbance regime and interpret the structural and compositional outcomes of the disturbance model, so as to advance VRH approaches that better emulate the actual disturbance and development model for this regionally important ecosystem.
The use of an automated call to elicit and characterize postpartum concerns after hospital discharge.

BACKGROUND The postpartum period is a high-risk time for women, but most women do not have an opportunity to discuss concerns with providers until 4-6 weeks after delivery. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an automated call system to contact postpartum patients within 72 hours of hospital discharge and to identify characteristics that are associated with postpartum concerns. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort of 2948 women in the postpartum period were contacted via an automated call within 72 hours of discharge to elicit concerns. We compared likelihood of successful call and presence of concerns by maternal demographic and medical characteristics using univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Of the participants, 2479 (84.1%) responded to a call after discharge, and 723 (29.1%) reported a concern. Primiparous women were more likely to be contacted successfully than were multiparous women (87.8% vs 79.0%; P<.005) and more likely to have an issue (31.5% vs 25.6%; P=.002). White women were more likely to be contacted successfully than were black, Latina, and Asian or Pacific Islander women (87.1% white, 72.1% black, 80.6% Latina, 85.8% Asian/Pacific Islander; P<.001) but were less likely to report a concern (25.2% white, 33.9% black, 26.5% Latina, 38.3% Asian/Pacific Islander; P<.001). Women with public insurance and those whose neonates were admitted to the intensive care nursery were less likely to be contacted, but these factors were not associated with increased concerns once a successful call was made. When controlling for cofounders, being primiparous and identifying as white were positive predictors of being contacted; having a neonate in the intensive care nursery was a negative predictor. Being primiparous and identifying as non-white were predictors of having a concern. CONCLUSION Most women responded to a call after hospital discharge, and nearly one-third of them had concerns. The system was not as effective at reaching women with public insurance, women with neonates in the intensive care nursery, and women of color, despite equal or greater numbers of concerns in these groups.
Avoidance coping and academic locus of control as mediators of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and academic achievement among first-year college students

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Posttraumatic stress (PTS) has been found to be associated with poor academic performance among college students. However, our understanding of the mechanisms und...
Performance of the cone beam computed tomography-based patient positioning system on the Gamma Knife Icon™.

PURPOSE Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging has been implemented on the Leksell Gamma Knife® Icon™ for assessing patient positioning in mask-based Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CBCT-based patient positioning system as a tool for frameless Gamma Knife radiosurgery. METHODS Daily quality assurance (QA) CBCT precision test results from a 12-month period were analyzed for the geometric accuracy and the stability of the imager. The performance of the image acquisition module and the image registration algorithm was evaluated using an anthropomorphic head phantom (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA) and a XYZR axis manual positioning stage (TOAUTO Inc., Guangdong, China). The head phantom was fixed on a mask adaptor and manually translated in the X, Y, Z directions or rotated around the X, Y, Z axes in the range of ±10 mm or ±10o. A CBCT scan was performed after each manual position setup followed by an image registration to the reference scan. To assess the overall setup uncertainties in fractionated treatment, two cylindrical Presage phantoms (Heuris Inc., Skillman, NJ) of 15 cm diameter and 10 cm height were irradiated with identical prescription dose and shot placement following standard mask-based treatment workflow according to two different fraction schedules: a single fraction treatment of 7.5 Gy and a 5-fraction treatment with 1.5 Gy per fraction. RESULTS The averaged vector deviations of the four marks from their preset values are 0.087, 0.085, 0.095, and 0.079 mm from the 212 daily QA tests. The averaged displacements in the X, Y, Z coordinates and the pitch, yaw, roll angles from the image registration tests are 0.23, 0.27, 0.14, 0.32o, 0.19o, 0.31o from the manual setup. The corresponding maximum differences are 0.41, 0.33, 0.29 mm, 0.45o, 0.31o, and 0.43o, respectively. Compared to the treatment plan using the 2% & 1 mm criteria, the averaged 2D Gamma passing rate is 98.25% for the measured dose distribution from the Presage phantom with 1-fraction irradiation and 95.12% for the 5-fraction irradiation. The averaged Gamma passing rates are 99.53% and 98.16% for the 1-fraction and 5-fraction irradiations using the 2% & 2 mm criteria. CONCLUSIONS The CBCT imager and the image registration algorithm can reproduce phantom position with <0.5 mm/0.5o uncertainty. A systematic contribution from the interfraction phantom repositioning procedure was observed in the Gamma analysis over the irradiated volumes of two end-to-end test phantoms.
Association Between Organic Dust Exposure and Adult-Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies.

BACKGROUND Exposure to organic dust has been widely investigated as a potential risk factor for asthma with different results. To clarify a potential relationship, we performed the present meta-analysis to integrate the results of studies examining the association of organic dust exposure with asthma. METHODS A comprehensive literature search in the electronic databases including EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases (up to August 2018) was conducted. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for organic dust exposure and asthma were retrieved and pooled to generate summary effect estimates in Revman 5.2. RESULTS Database searches retrieved 1,016 records. A total of 17 studies containing 3,619 cases and 6,585 controls were finally included in our meta-analysis. The summary estimates suggested that organic dust exposure was positively associated with asthma (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.26-1.75; P < 0.00001), whether among population-based case-control studies (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.13-1.35; P < 0.00001) or hospital-based case-control studies (OR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.27-6.12; P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that paper/wood (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.38-1.90; P < 0.00001), flour/grain (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.11-1.97; P = 0.008), and textile dust (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.08-2.09; P = 0.02) exposure were significantly associated with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Based on the studies evaluated, our meta-analysis results prompt that organic dust exposure is a risk factor inducing asthma, although precise analysis focus on specific organic dust materials is still warranted.
Decentralization and intra-country transfers in the Great Recession: the case of the European Union

Empirical evidence is found supporting the assignment of the redistribution function to the central government. Viewing the Great Recession, or recessions in general, as a shock, it is found that a...
Measuring the Motor Aspect of Cancer-Related Fatigue using a Handheld Dynamometer

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is commonly reported by patients both during and after receiving treatment for cancer. Current CRF diagnoses rely on self-report questionnaires which are subject to report and recall biases. Objective measurements using a handheld dynamometer, or handgrip device, have been shown in recent studies to correlate significantly with subjective self-reported fatigue scores. However, variations of both the handgrip fatigue test and fatigue index calculations exist in the literature. The lack of standardized methods limits the utilization of the handgrip fatigue test in the clinical and research settings. In this study, we provide detailed methods for administering the physical fatigue test and calculating the fatigue index. These methods should supplement existing self-reported fatigue questionnaires and help clinicians assess fatigue symptom severity in an objective and quantitative manner.
Effect of entrepreneurial roles on performance of smes: the nigeria human resource perspective

This study was designed to look at Effect of Entrepreneurial Roles on Performance of SMEs.The Nigeria Perspective. Two research questions were raised to guide the study while two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. A sample of 27 out of 127 firms was picked in Delta State which was used for the study. Data was collected for the study through the administration of validated questionnaire on the respondents. T-test and mean deviation was used. The mean statistics was used to answer the research questions. The findings of the study revealed that organisations are not doing badly. Empowerment and Autonomy of should be encouraged for staff and organisations. Also proactiveness in the market that will make the organizations market players. The implications of the findings have been discussed and conclusion drawn. Relevant recommendations were made towards the improvement female participation and adequate entrepreneurial orientation towards developing the human resource of the organization under the Nigerian perspective.
117. BE EXPERT: BEHAVIORAL HEALTH EXPANSION IN PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING: SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATIVE CURRICULUM WITH PEDIATRIC PSYCHIATRISTS

Background Up to one-third of children will have a mental health condition. However, only 20% of these children receive mental health care and half of mental health referrals from primary care providers result in children being connected to care. Highlighting the need to improve pediatric resident training in the management of mental health issues, the AAP published a policy statement calling for enhanced mental health curriculums in pediatric residencies. Methods We developed a novel 6-month longitudinal mental health curriculum based on several existing models used to train practicing pediatricians. All pediatric residents were invited to participate; this project was IRB-exempt. The curriculum included a child psychiatrist-led, half-day orientation focused on assessment, diagnosis and management of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and acute behavioral events through a case-based, interactive format, as well as monthly group-based discussions of resident patients. Residents were paired with a psychiatrist consultant for as needed, real-time consultation throughout the projects duration. Residents were surveyed pre- and post-orientation for perceived comfort in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric mental health conditions. Results Nineteen percent of (14/74) residents participated. Post-orientation, residents reported clinically meaningful increased comfort in all survey domains. Statistically significant (p Conclusions Developing and implementing a longitudinal mental health curriculum in conjunction with child psychiatrists is both feasible and results in overall improvement in residents comfort level with common mental health diagnoses.
Indications for Surgery: The Internist’s View

There are many indications for intervention in acute pancreatitis, including trauma to the pancreas, impacted gallstone, complications of pseudocyst, pancreatic abscess, infected necrosis, and possibly sterile necrosis. Most of these have been covered elsewhere. I would like to focus on infected necrosis and sterile necrosis.
Cardiovascular health and COVID-19: time to reinvent our systems and rethink our research priorities.

Global trends in cardiovascular health have reached a worrisome inflection point. Decades of innovation led to a slew of drugs, devices and programmes that translated into reduced mortality from cardiovascular diseases in many countries. Unfortunately, progress on cardiovascular mortality since 2010 has slowed; in some countries, it has even reversed.1 Compounding the problem, political actions on cardiovascular health have been inadequate, and health systems across many low-income and middle-income countries are woefully under-resourced to scale up basic cardiovascular services. These factors could increase global health inequalities in coming decades.2 Cardiovascular practitioners are now under greater pressure to deliver the same or better care in the context of a pandemic. COVID-19 has hit cardiovascular care particularly hard: WHO surveys recently found that cardiovascular services have been partially or completely disrupted in nearly half of countries with community spread of COVID-19, raising the chance of increased cardiovascular mortality in these locations.3 Two studies published in this issue of Heart shed more light on the specific effects of COVID-19 on health systems in Brazil and the UK. Brant et al looked at cardiovascular mortality in six Brazilian capital cities.4 Ball et al tracked disruptions in acute cardiovascular services across nine UK hospitals.5 Taken together, these two studies quantify what many readers of this Journal have experienced firsthand: the restructuring of hospital services to cope with an influx of COVID-19 cases, combined with social distancing measures, has severely limited access to cardiovascular care, adversely impacting patient outcomes. Although Ball et al did not attempt to link reduced service delivery to mortality outcomes, other studies from the UK have estimated excess cardiovascular deaths during COVID-19.5 Brant et al posited that excess cardiovascular mortality in Brazil was partly due to avoidance of care (ie, increases cardiovascular deaths occurring at home). …
Abstract 14968: Geographic Variation in the Early Diffusion and of Sacubitril/Valsartan

Introduction: In the PARADIGM-HF trial, sacubitril/valsartan demonstrated a 20% reduction in mortality and heart failure (HF) hospitalization compared to enalapril. Despite this success, diffusion ...
Simulating Diffuse Light in Galaxy Clusters

Using N -body simulations, we have modeled the production and evolution of low surface brightness, diffuse intra-cluster light (ICL) in galaxy clusters. By creating simulated observations of the clusters we have measured the evolution of the ICL luminosity throughout the dynamical history of the clusters. We find that ICL production tends to occur in short, discrete events, which correlate very strongly with strong, small-scale interactions and accretions between groups within the clusters.
Neuroprotective Effects of Honey: A Mechanistic View

Honey has been used as food and medicine by humans since the beginning of civilizations. It has been used to treat a multitude of ailments due to its numerous biological activities like anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidant. More recent reports have shown that honey possess neuroprotective potential as well. Several pre-clinical reports have demonstrated that honey is able to modulate the neurobehavioral outcomes and improve learning and memory in mice models by regulating the anti-oxidant mechanisms, neurotrophic factors, and cholinergic system. Honey is a rich source of pharmacologically potent natural compounds like polyphenols that have been demonstrated to attenuate microglia-induced inflammation and improve memory deficits in different neurotoxicity models. In this chapter, I will be summarizing the neuroprotective potential of honey in various paradigms of neurological ailments and discuss its mechanism of action with possible therapeutic applications.
The Flavor Train: The Nature and Extent of Flavored Cigarettes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

INTRODUCTION Flavors and depictions of flavors are attractive and facilitate initiation and use of tobacco products. However, little is known about the types of flavored products on the market, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We describe the nature and extent of flavored cigarettes sold in nine low- and middle-income countries from four of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. AIMS AND METHODS We employed a systematic protocol to purchase unique cigarette packs in Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Packs were double coded for flavor descriptors and imagery using a standard codebook. Frequencies and crosstabs were conducted to examine the proportion of packs with flavor descriptors and/or flavor imagery, and flavor capsules, by country and by major manufacturer. RESULTS Overall, 15.4% of the country-unique cigarette packs had flavor descriptors and/or imagery, representing a variety of flavors: menthol or mint (8.2%), "concept" descriptors (3.5%) (eg, Fusion blast), fruit or citrus (3.3%), beverages (1.4%), and others (1.4%). Flavor was mostly communicated using descriptors (15.2%), with flavor imagery being less common (2.2%). Flavor capsules were prevalent (6.2%), with almost half having "concept" descriptors. All major tobacco companies produced cigarettes with flavors, and with capsules. CONCLUSIONS A range of flavored cigarettes remain on the market in the low- and middle-income countries with the greatest number of smokers. This finding is particularly concerning given the appeal of flavored cigarettes among youth and their potential to circumvent country bans on flavored tobacco products if those laws are not sufficiently comprehensive. Laws addressing flavored tobacco products need to account for flavor capsules and concept descriptors. IMPLICATIONS While a number of countries have restricted flavors in tobacco products to reduce their appeal and attractiveness, a range of flavors continue to be on the market in low- and middle-income countries, putting people in these countries at increased risk for tobacco use and subsequent tobacco-caused death and disease. The presence of capsules and concept descriptors is particularly concerning given their appeal among youth and their potential to circumvent country bans on flavored tobacco products if those laws are not sufficiently comprehensive.
Improving the reliability of Fe- and S-XANES measurements in silicate glasses: Correcting beam damage and identifying Fe-oxide nanolites in hydrous and anhydrous melt inclusions

Abstract The redox state of silicate melts influences crystallization, element partitioning, and degassing behavior. Synchrotron-based micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure (μXANES) spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for determining redox conditions through the direct measurement of speciation of multivalent elements such as iron and sulfur in silicate glasses. In particular, the high spatial resolution afforded by synchrotron μXANES makes it one of the few techniques available for determining redox conditions in melt inclusions, which can provide insights into pre-eruptive melt properties. However, the small size of melt inclusions, the deep penetration of X-rays, and irradiation-induced beam damage make μXANES measurements in melt inclusions challenging. Here we present data showing the rapid occurrence of Fe- and S-μXANES beam damage in experimental glasses, mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses, and olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the southern Cascade arc and Kīlauea Volcano and develop approaches to recognize and correct for beam damage through repeated rapid analyses. By applying a time-dependent correction to a series of rapid measurements (~82 s/scan) of Fe-μXANES pre-edge centroid positions, irradiation-induced photo-oxidation (Fe2+ to Fe3+) can be corrected back to undamaged initial Fe3+/ΣFe even in damage-susceptible hydrous glasses. Using this beam damage correction technique, hydrous basaltic melt inclusions from the southern Cascades have Fe3+/ΣFe values that are ~0.036 lower (corresponding to -0.5 log units lower oxygen fugacity) than would have been indicated by standard Fe-μXANES measurements. Repeated, rapid analyses (150–300 s/scan) were also used to identify S-μXANES beam damage (photo-reduction of S6+ to S4+), which was corrected with a peak fitting method to restore initial S6+/ΣS. We observe that S-μXANES beam damage can occur rapidly even in low-H2O mid-ocean ridge basaltic glasses and melt inclusions from Kīlauea Volcano, which are otherwise stable during even prolonged Fe-μXANES analyses. By mitigating and correcting for sulfur photo-reduction, we conclude that some mid-ocean ridge basaltic glasses contain 0.08–0.09 S6+/ΣS, which is more sulfate than might be expected based on the reduced oxidation state of these glasses (near the fayalite-magnetite-quartz oxygen buffer). Using beam damage identification and correction techniques, the valence states of iron and sulfur can be accurately measured even in beam damage-susceptible glasses and melt inclusions. Finally, using Fe-μXANES, we demonstrate the presence of Fe-oxide nanolites within otherwise glassy, naturally quenched melt inclusions, which can complicate determination of iron valence state in affected glasses.
Modeling distributed termination with pre-defined partial termination ordering

Distributed termination convention (DTC) adopted by most of the concurrent programming languages, is attractive because the programmer is relieved of the control details to achieve termination of distributed programs. This model, however, is not very convincing from the implementation point of view as the communication overhead involved in achieving termination is enormous, especially in a distributed system. The paper provides a new approach for distributed process termination. DTC is modeled with local termination control and termination ordering relation represented by directed acyclic graph (DAG). This approach adheres to the programming language design principle-'preservation of information' which says that a language should allow the representation of information that the user might know and that the compiler might need. The termination information required by this technique may be entered with the source code (new syntax) to the compiler for analysis. Alternatively, most languages, such as CSP and Ada, contain enough information in the source code to allow for automatic analysis provided termination ordering information is supplied in a suitable form (e.g. DAG). This can be done with an intelligent preprocessor to the source code or with modification to the compiler itself. The execution of a specific program then becomes more efficient with this distributed termination. DTC with semantic termination dependencies should be provided as an option in the supporting environment for a concurrent language. >
Use of a preliminary test in comparing two sample means

Given independent samples from two distributions it is desired to test equality of means. It is well known that unequal variances can bias the t-test, particularly when the sample sizes differ. Welch's test has been shown to ameliorate this bias. Practitioners often test first for equality of variances, using an alternate test such as Welch's only if equality is rejected. By simulation it is shown that the use of the preliminary test does not remove the bias fully. This is true for normal, uniform, and exponential distributions.
Revaccination of adults with spinal cord injury using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

AbstractBackground/Objective: Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) are predisposed to develop pneumonia. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of revaccination with the pneumococcal vaccine on the immune response and the frequency of adverse reactions in this population.Methods: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure immunoglobulin G to selected pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides on sera collected from 23 persons who were revaccinated 5 years after primary vaccination. Sera were collected just prior to, 1 month, and 1 year following revaccination. Functional activities of serotype-specific antibodies were determined by opsonophagocytosis assays.Results: Several subjects maintained protective antibody concentrations at baseline. Increases in antibody concentrations were observed for all serotypes at 1 month and 1 year. Opsonophagocytic activity increased over baseline when evaluated 1 month and 1 year after revaccination, and a significant positive correlation was observed...
Validity in Action: Lessons From Studies of Data Use

Studies of data use illuminate ways in which education professionals have used test scores and other evidence relevant to students' learning—in action in their own contexts of work—to make decisions about their practice. These studies raise instructive challenges for a validity theory that focuses on intended interpretations and uses of test scores as Kane's (this issue) does. This commentary explores implications of data use studies for elaborating Kane's approach to validation to accommodate the ways test scores are used with other sources of evidence to address users' questions.
The Opportunities and Challenges of Preservation Technologies

The pace of technology development in fields other than historic preservation has generally outstripped that of historic preservation, resulting in a predominant flow from those fields into historic preservation practice. This chapter summarizes some of the major trends in technology transfer and explores some of the issues that the increased use of advanced technologies brings to the practice of historic preservation. It also examines the relationship of the development of technologies for historic preservation to public policy
Toward Reduced Poverty Across Generations: Early Findings from New York City’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program

Targeted toward low-income families in six high-poverty New York City communities, Opportunity NYC-Family Rewards offers cash payments tied to efforts and achievements in children’s education, family preventive health care practices, and parents’ employment. In its first two years, the program substantially reduced poverty and material hardship and had positive results in improving some education, health-related, and work-related outcomes.
Centrosome dynamics in living cells.

Publisher Summary Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a bioluminescent protein encoded by a gene from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. The excitation and emission profile of GFP is similar to that of fluorescein, rendering a chimeric protein visible by standard epi-fluorescence microscopy; filter sets optimized for GFP spectra can be used to image proteins at low light levels. The ability to produce fluorescent chimeric proteins in cells simply by molecular cloning techniques has revolutionized the study of proteins and cellular processes in vivo . This chapter focuses on GFP-based technology to study centrosomes in live cells. Centrosomes are small organelles located at the focus of microtubules where they play a key role in the organization of microtubule arrays for a number of cellular functions including cellular organization, morphogenesis, and mitosis. Through their ability to nucleate the growth of microtubules, centrosomes control the geometry, polarity, and number of cellular microtubules, and to a large extent, the microtubule distribution in the cell. The chapter also describes how GFP-pericentrin can be used in combination with a recently developed system for image capture and a new algorithm for image restoration, to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional images of centrosomes in living cells.
Pearls and Pitfalls in Abdominal Imaging: Pseudo-Klatskin tumor due to malignant masquerade

Imaging description The term malignant masquerade [1] refers to benign idiopathic fibroinflammatory stricturing of the common hepatic duct confluence that is clinically and radiologically (Figure 23.1) indistinguishable from hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor). Importance While, virtually by definition, malignant masquerade cannot be diagnosed by imaging alone, recognition of this pseudotumor emphasizes the importance of offering surgery to all patients with what appears to be a resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Palliative treatment of these patients, particularly with metallic endobiliary stenting, is rarely appropriate without a histological diagnosis because the assumption of malignancy may be incorrect and because such treatment may complicate or preclude subsequent surgery. Typical clinical scenario Studies have consistently shown that 5 to 10% of patients with a presumptive preoperative diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma are ultimately found to have an idiopathic benign stricture at final histopathological review [2]. Differential diagnosis Benign idiopathic fibroinflammatory strictures of the common hepatic duct confluence appear to represent several different histopathological entities, including lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis and cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, granulomatous disease, non-specific fibrosis and inflammation, and occult stone disease [2].Lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis and cholangitis is a distinct and relatively recently recognized autoimmune disorder [3] which may primarily manifest in the pancreas (where it is also known as lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis or autoimmune pancreatitis) but can also primarily affect the biliary system [4].
The Minstrel Legacy: African American English and the Historical Construction of “Black” Identities in Entertainment

Linguists have long been aware that the language scripted for “ethnic” roles in the media has been manipulated for a variety of purposes ranging from the construction of character “authenticity” to flagrant ridicule. This paper provides a brief overview of the history of African American roles in the entertainment industry from minstrel shows to present-day films. I am particularly interested in looking at the practice of distorting African American English as an historical artifact which is commonplace in the entertainment industry today. Dialogue which is clearly meant as an imitation of African American English still results in the construction of an ethnic stereotype that serves as a reflection of European American attitudes regarding African Americans. As a result, such depictions provide non-Black acculturated people with a perception of Blackness that is founded in inaccuracies and derision but has been portrayed as authentic, leaving Black life open to continual mimicry.
Carrying a Weapon to School and Perceptions of Social Support in an Urban Middle School.

Perceived social support is a protective or risk factor that is consistently cited in the school violence and weapon possession literature; however, few empirical studies to date have thoroughly ex...
Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Ocean Acidification: The Potential Impacts on Ocean Biodiversity

Most of the focus in recent years on the potential impacts of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere linked to anthropogenic activities has been on the ramifications of atmospheric warming for ecosystems and human institutions. However, there is growing evidence that the gravest peril for ocean species may be acidification of the world’s oceans as a consequence of the influx of carbon dioxide absorbed in oceans as carbon dioxide emissions. This chapter assesses the likely impacts of ocean acidification on marine species, including calcifying species and fish. Ocean acidification may dictate changes in institutional strategies in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol and may spur litigation in other international flora. However, a critical foundational agenda is a robust research program to comprehensively assess potential ocean acidification impacts and adaptation strategies.
Physician's guide to the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of inherited metabolic diseases

Introductory Chapters.- Amino acids.- Organic acids.- Vitamins and neurotransmitter.- Energy metabolism.- Organelles.- Selected disorder.- Biochemical phenotypes of questionable clinical significance.- Profiles.