cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human ADAR1 Prevents Endogenous RNA from Triggering Translational Shutdown

Type I interferon (IFN) is produced when host sensors detect foreign nucleic acids, but how sensors differentiate self from nonself nucleic acids, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), is incompletely understood. Mutations in ADAR1, an adenosine-to-inosine editing enzyme of dsRNA, cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, an autoinflammatory disorder associated with spontaneous interferon production and neurologic sequelae. We generated ADAR1 knockout human cells to explore ADAR1 substrates and function. ADAR1 primarily edited Alu elements in RNA polymerase II (pol II)-transcribed mRNAs, but not putative pol III-transcribed Alus. During the IFN response, ADAR1 blocked translational shutdown by inhibiting hyperactivation of PKR, a dsRNA sensor. ADAR1 dsRNA binding and catalytic activities were required to fully prevent endogenous RNA from activating PKR. Remarkably, ADAR1 knockout neuronal progenitor cells exhibited MDA5 (dsRNA sensor)-dependent spontaneous interferon production, PKR activation, and cell death. Thus, human ADAR1 regulates sensing of self versus nonself RNA, allowing pathogen detection while avoiding autoinflammation.
3D-QSAR study of steroidal and azaheterocyclic human aromatase inhibitors using quantitative profile of protein–ligand interactions

Aromatase is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens. As estrogens are involved in the control of important reproduction-related processes, including sexual differentiation and maturation, aromatase is a potential target for endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as breast cancer therapy. In this work, 3D-QSAR combined with quantitative profile of protein–ligand interactions was employed in the identification and characterization of critical steric and electronic features of aromatase-inhibitor complexes and the estimation of their quantitative contribution to inhibition potency. Bioactivity data on pIC50 values of 175 steroidal and 124 azaheterocyclic human aromatase inhibitors (AIs) were used for the 3D-QSAR analysis. For the quantitative description of the effects of the hydrophobic contact and nitrogen–heme–iron coordination on aromatase inhibition, the hydrophobicity density field model and the smallest dual descriptor Δf(r) S were introduced, respectively. The model revealed that hydrophobic contact and nitrogen–heme–iron coordination primarily determines inhibition potency of steroidal and azaheterocyclic AIs, respectively. Moreover, hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues, in particular Asp309 and Met375, and interaction with the heme–iron are required for potent inhibition. Phe221 and Thr310 appear to be quite flexible and adopt different conformations according to a substituent at 4- or 6-position of steroids. Flexible docking results indicate that proper representation of the residues’ flexibility is critical for reasonable description of binding of the structurally diverse inhibitors. Our results provide a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of inhibitory activity of steroidal and azaheterocyclic AIs of relevance to adverse outcome pathway development and rational drug design.
Large field of view quantitative phase imaging of induced pluripotent stem cells and optical pathlength reference materials

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed cells that can have heterogeneous biological potential. Quality assurance metrics of reprogrammed iPSCs will be critical to ensure reliable use in cell therapies and personalized diagnostic tests. We present a quantitative phase imaging (QPI) workflow which includes acquisition, processing, and stitching multiple adjacent image tiles across a large field of view (LFOV) of a culture vessel. Low magnification image tiles (10x) were acquired with a Phasics SID4BIO camera on a Zeiss microscope. iPSC cultures were maintained using a custom stage incubator on an automated stage. We implement an image acquisition strategy that compensates for non-flat illumination wavefronts to enable imaging of an entire well plate, including the meniscus region normally obscured in Zernike phase contrast imaging. Polynomial fitting and background mode correction was implemented to enable comparability and stitching between multiple tiles. LFOV imaging of reference materials indicated that image acquisition and processing strategies did not affect quantitative phase measurements across the LFOV. Analysis of iPSC colony images demonstrated mass doubling time was significantly different than area doubling time. These measurements were benchmarked with prototype microsphere beads and etched-glass gratings with specified spatial dimensions designed to be QPI reference materials with optical pathlength shifts suitable for cell microscopy. This QPI workflow and the use of reference materials can provide non-destructive traceable imaging method for novel iPSC heterogeneity characterization.
Why Buy Accident Forgiveness Policies? An Experiment

Risk and time preferences influence the insurance purchase decisions under uncertainty. Accident forgiveness, often considered as “premium insurance,” protects policyholders against a premium increase in the next period if an at-fault accident occurs. In this paper, by conducting a unique experiment in the controlled laboratory conditions, we examine the role of risk and time preferences in accident forgiveness purchase decisions. We find that individual discount rates and product price significantly affect premium insurance purchase decision. Interestingly, we also find evidence that less risk averse policyholders in general behave more like risk neutral when making insurance decision. Risk attitudes affect insurance decision-making only among those who have relatively high degree of risk aversion.
Teaching design patterns: a matter of principle

The patterns movement in software design has provided a framework for codifying and communicating solutions for commonly encountered design challenges. Design patterns are not intended to be only entries in a cookbook, however; they emerge by following good design principles to balance the forces present in a software development context. According to the authors' experience, design patterns are best presented in concert with the design principles that bring them to life. This paper discusses the interrelation between design patterns and principles and reports on a pilot course in teaching the principles and patterns of software design that, after two successful semesters, has recently been adopted as a requirement in a newly inaugurated bachelor's degree in software engineering.
A Thumb-Nail Sketch of the Career of Professor Leonard Mandel

As part of the Memorial Symposium at the Eight Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, this paper offers an overview of the remarkable career of Professor Leonard Mandel. The presentation upon which this paper is based can be accessed at http://www.its.caltech.edu/~qoptics/.
Evolution of microsatellite alleles in four species of mice (genus Apodemus).

Microsatellite length variation was investigated at a highly variable microsatellite locus in four species of Apodemus. Information obtained from microsatellite allele sequences was contrasted with allele sizes, which included 18 electromorphs. Additional analysis of a 400-bp unique sequence in the flanking region identified 26 different haplotype sequences or ``true'' alleles in the sample. Three molecular mechanisms, namely, (1) addition/deletion of repeats, (2) substitutions and indels in the flanking region, and (3) mutations interrupting the repeat, contributed to the generation of allelic variation. Size homoplasy can be inferred for alleles within populations, from different populations of the same species, and from different species. We propose that microsatellite flanking sequences may be informative markers for investigating mutation processes in microsatellite repeats as well as phylogenetic relationships among alleles, populations, and species.
Indonesia: Insular Contrasts of the Java Core with Outer Islands

Because of its location and character, Indonesia always has been important in Southeast Asia. Its islands and interior seas have facilitated interisland trade in spices and aromatic woods within the Indonesian archipelago and given Indonesia a place in international trade between China and Europe fostered first by Arab and then by European merchants. The archipelago extends some 3000 miles from Aceh on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra in the west to the border of Irian Barat with Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea in the east. Its land area covers some 1.9 million square kilometers. Land and sea area combined covers 9,800 square kilometers with the sea area comprising 81 percent (7.9 million square kilometers) of the total area.1 The international boundary is determined by the archipelagic principle which the Indonesian government adopted in 1957 and which was reaffirmed by the International Convention of the Law of the Sea in 1983 (including a 200-mile exclusive economic zone) and which set a maritime boundary within which the many islands of the country lie (Fig. 7.1). On the basis of population, agriculture, vegetation, soil fertility, and economic activity, the country is divided into two groups: the Inner Islands (Java, Madura, Bali, and Lombok) and the Outer Islands (the rest of the country).
Behavioral Research Needs and Challenges of New Treatments

Although HIV/AIDS is still a mysterious and life-threatening disease, it can be prevented and now it can be treated. Close attention needs to be paid to the changing nature and demographics of the epidemics and the populations that are becoming seropositive and those who are receiving treatment. As the treatments become more efficacious, the need to attend to the possible CNS complications from HIV/AIDS and their sequelae, such as dementia and other HIV-related neuropsychological and psychiatric impairments becomes even more pressing. As HIV/AIDS is now viewed as a chronic illness, considerations of how to teach people to manage their treatment regimens and maintain a good QOL throughout are paramount.
Common Mistakes in Leadership

Mistakes are valuable because one can only learn from them, and if shared, others may learn from them too. In Joseph Simone’s words: “What makes great leaders is not a secret – they not only have grace under pressure, which means both courage and character, they remain focused on the important aspects of an issue in the midst of chaos, and they repeatedly articulate a consistent, simple public vision.” This chapter describes ten mistakes that a surgical leader, or perhaps any leader, may make, and advice on how to avoid making them.
Language Policy and Economics: The Language Question in Africa, by Kamwangamalu, N. M.

Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu’s book Language Policy and Economics: The Language Question in Africa tackles the enduring issue of how best to increase use of indigenous African languages as mediums of ins...
Strategies in and outcomes of climate change litigation in the United States

The courts have played a central role in climate policy, including the landmark Supreme Court case that led to the mandatory regulation of greenhouse gases by the United States. A wide variety of litigants have used the courts to affect policy outcomes at all scales. Therefore, to understand how the court addresses climate change is critical. Here we constructed and analysed a database of all the United State domestic climate lawsuits 1990–2016 (873), and collected qualitative data in the form of 78 in-depth interviews with litigants, involved scientists and advocates. We find proregulation litigants tend to win renewable energy and energy efficiency cases, and more frequently lose coal-fired power plant cases. Strategies such as the use of climate science and other science as well as collaboration in specific types of coalitions affect the outcomes of cases. Efforts to affect climate policy should consider these trends and outcomes. Climate issues are increasingly being presented before the courts, with both pro- and anti-regulation litigants aiming to affect policy outcomes. Analysis of domestic US climate lawsuits and interview data reveals the type of case and the strategies that succeed.
Beyond intent: exploring the association of contraceptive choice with questions about Pregnancy Attitudes, Timing and How important is pregnancy prevention (PATH) questions.

Abstract Objectives To explore women's responses to PATH questions (Pregnancy Attitudes, Timing and How important is pregnancy prevention) about hypothetical pregnancies and associations with contraceptive method selection among individuals who present as new contraceptive clients and desire to prevent pregnancy for at least 1 year. Study design The HER Salt Lake Contraceptive Initiative provided no-cost contraception to new contraceptive clients for 1 year at family planning health centers in Salt Lake County. Those who wanted to avoid pregnancy for at least 1 year and completed the enrollment survey are included in the current study. We used Poisson regression to explore the association between survey-adapted PATH questions and contraceptive method selection. Results Based on an analytic sample of 3121 individuals, we found pregnancy timing and happiness about hypothetical pregnancies to be associated with method selection. Clients who report plans to wait more than 5 years [prevalence rate (PR) 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.24], those who never wanted to become pregnant (PR 1.16; 95% CI 1.07–1.26) or those who were uncertain (PR=1.19; 95% CI 1.09–1.30) were all more likely to select IUDs and implants than women who reported wanting to become pregnant within 5 years. Greater happiness was associated with lower chance of choosing an IUD or implant (PR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96–0.999). Expressed importance of pregnancy prevention was not significantly associated with any specific contraceptive choice. Conclusions Pregnancy intentions and happiness about a hypothetical pregnancy were independently associated with selection of IUDs and implants. Implications Pregnancy attitudes, plans and emotions inform clients' contraceptive needs and behaviors. Client-centered contraceptive care may benefit from a more nuanced PATH approach rather than relying on a single time-oriented question about pregnancy intention.
Isovector charges of the nucleon from 2 +1 +1 -flavor lattice QCD

We present high statistics results for the isovector charges ${g}_{A}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$, ${g}_{S}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$ and ${g}_{T}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$ of the nucleon. Calculations were carried out on eleven ensembles of gauge configurations generated by the MILC collaboration using highly improved staggered quarks action with $2+1+1$ dynamical flavors. These ensembles span four lattice spacings $a\ensuremath{\approx}0.06$, 0.09, 0.12 and 0.15 fm and light-quark masses corresponding to ${M}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\approx}135$, 225 and 315 MeV. Excited-state contamination in the nucleon three-point correlation functions is controlled by including up to three-states in the spectral decomposition. Remaining systematic uncertainties associated with lattice discretization, lattice volume and light-quark masses are controlled using a simultaneous fit in these three variables. Our final estimates of the isovector charges in the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ scheme at 2 GeV are ${g}_{A}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}=1.218(25)(30)$, ${g}_{S}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}=1.022(80)(60)$ and ${g}_{T}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}=0.989(32)(10)$. The first error includes statistical and all systematic uncertainties except that due to the extrapolation ansatz, which is given by the second error estimate. We provide a detailed comparison with the recent result of ${g}_{A}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}=1.271(13)$ by the CalLat collaboration and argue that our error estimate is more realistic. Combining our estimate for ${g}_{S}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$ with the difference of light quark masses $({m}_{d}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{u}{)}^{\mathrm{QCD}}=2.572(66)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ given by the MILC/Fermilab/TUMQCD collaboration for $2+1+1$-flavor theory, we obtain $({M}_{N}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{P}{)}^{\mathrm{QCD}}=2.63(27)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. We update the low-energy constraints on novel scalar and tensor interactions, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{S}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{T}$, at the TeV scale by combining our new estimates for ${g}_{S}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$ and ${g}_{T}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$ with precision low-energy nuclear experiments, and find them comparable to those from the ATLAS and the CMS experiments at the LHC.
The rise of the Andes promoted rapid diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae).

Tropical mountains are disproportionately biodiverse relative to their surface area, but the processes underlying their exceptional diversity require further study. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to examine the impact of the Andean orogeny on the diversification of Neotropical Phlegmariurus, a species-rich lycophyte clade. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of 105 species of Neotropical Phlegmariurus and estimated lineage diversification rates. We tested for correlations between lineage diversification rates and species range size, niche breadth, elevational range amplitude, and mean elevation of occurrence. A recently developed macroevolutionary model was used to incorporate geological data and test for an association between diversification rates and the Andean uplift. Diversification rates of Neotropical Phlegmariurus are negatively correlated with species range size and positively correlated with mean elevation of species occurrence. The rise of the Andes is strongly associated with increased rates of diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus during the last 10 Myr. Our study demonstrates the importance of mountain-building events and geographical isolation of alpine populations as drivers of rapid diversification, even in spore-dispersed plants. This work also highlights the usefulness of combined phylogenetic, geological and ecological datasets, and the promise of comparative environment-dependent diversification models in better understanding the evolutionary origins of biodiversity.
Helium distributions in ocean island basalt olivines revealed by X-ray computed tomography and single-grain crushing experiments

X-ray computed tomography of individual olivine crystals in basalts from Ofu and Olosega islands, American Samoa, reveals that a small fraction of the olivines contain the vast majority of the fluid inclusions. Single-grain crushing experiments demonstrate that He and CO_2 reside primarily in these inclusions. Low CO_2 pressures in most grains, corresponding to depths of less than 1 km, provide evidence of ubiquitous decrepitation and associated pressure reduction in the fluid inclusions. Even so, the olivines with the highest inclusion volumes yielded sufficient He to obtain precise He concentrations and isotopic compositions. Within analytical uncertainty, ^3He/^4He ratios are homogeneous among the olivines from each basalt, but among basalts, the ratios range from 21 to 35 Ra. The total range in C/^3He ratio within the analyzed olivines is from 3.6 × 10^7 to 1.5 × 10^(10), and varies by nearly an order of magnitude within the olivines from each basalt. We postulate that this wide range of C/^3He ratios is caused by grain-scale decoupling of C and ^3He due to extensive He diffusion out of fluid inclusions through the olivine lattice during magma ascent and cooling. If so, primary Ofu-Olosega magmas probably had C/^3He ratios less than 4 × 10^8, which is lower than previous estimates for hotspot magmas.
On the Hat Guessing Number of Graphs

The hat guessing number $HG(G)$ of a graph $G$ on $n$ vertices is defined in terms of the following game: $n$ players are placed on the $n$ vertices of $G$, each wearing a hat whose color is arbitrarily chosen from a set of $q$ possible colors. Each player can see the hat colors of his neighbors, but not his own hat color. All of the players are asked to guess their own hat colors simultaneously, according to a predetermined guessing strategy and the hat colors they see, where no communication between them is allowed. The hat guessing number $HG(G)$ is the largest integer $q$ such that there exists a guessing strategy guaranteeing at least one correct guess for any hat assignment of $q$ possible colors. In this note we construct a planar graph $G$ satisfying $HG(G)=12$, settling a problem raised in \cite{BDFGM}. We also improve the known lower bound of $(2-o(1))\log_2 n$ for the typical hat guessing number of the random graph $G=G(n,1/2)$, showing that it is at least $n^{1-o(1)}$ with probability tending to $1$ as $n$ tends to infinity. Finally, we consider the linear hat guessing number of complete multipartite graphs.
Effects of frequency on the mechanical response of two composite materials to fatigue loads

A new class of mechanical response characteristics in composite materials is reported. These characteristics were found to come about because of a nonlinear dependence of the fatigue response of biasply boron-aluminum andboron-epoxy flawed plate specimens on the frequency of load (or strain) oscillation. This nonlinear frequency effect was found to alter such properties as fatigue strength, stiffness, residual strength, and energy dissipation by as much as an order of magnitude. Several conceptual interpretations are developed and compared with data correlations.
Romania’s 1966 Anti-Abortion Decree: The Demographic Experience of the First Decade

During the first ten post-war years the Romanian crude birth rate fluctuated around the mid-20s, averaged 24.9, and at the end of the period stood at 24.2 in 1956.1 In September 1957 following the Soviet lead, a governmental decree made abortion on request available in Romania. From that point the crude birth rate declined continuously to 14.3 in 1966. At the same time the number of abortions per 100 live births rose steadily from 30 in 1958 to 408 in 1965,2 or about 80 percent of all conceptions. By this time, abortion had become the major means of fertility control in Romania.
Computational Aspects of Anharmonic Lattice Dynamics

One major subfield of lattice dynamics is concerned with the evaluation of the physical properties of a defectless or ideal crystal for which the adiabatic approximation should be valid. In this approximation one assumes that the solid is well modeled by a collection of atoms which interact through an interatomic potential and that electronic effects, except as they contribute to the potential, are negligible. This approximation is appropriate for insulating crystals and should be especially good for the solid isotopes of helium, commonly called the quantum crystals, and the rare gas solids. In practice, it is also found to work even for the lattice dynamics of metals.
Ideology, Coercion, and the Proposed Restatement of the Law of Consumer Contracts

The Restatement of the Law of Consumer Contracts (RLCC) has been the subject of much controversy and debate. To those who are unfamiliar with the RLCC, the issues may seem abstract or even trivial. But to those who care about consumers and consumers’ rights, the issues are real, critical and of enormous consequence. The outcome of this discussion determines what rights consumers will have, how they will enforce them and the extent to which unread fine print can alter societal and marketplace norms for decades. This Essay focuses on two provisions of the RLCC: § 2 – Adoption of Standard Contract Terms, which adopts the standard of notice-and-manifestation; and §3 – Modification, which permits modifications with notice-and-manifestation of assent (referred to as “notice-and-manifestation.”) This Essay argues that the current draft of the Restatement of Consumer Contracts engages in ideologically motivated rule-making by implementing two normative shifts. First, it changes the law of electronic contracts of adhesion by interpreting and adopting a standard as a rule. The law of electronic adhesion contracts is currently in flux. The RLCC, however, assumes a coherence and stability with respect to the law of electronic contracts that is belied by the case law. Second, it treats all consumer form contracts as electronic contracts of adhesion. The RLCC misreads the current state of the law governing contracts and specifically, the law of consumer contracts. It does this by confusing the law of consumer contracts with the law of electronic adhesion contracts.
Global Climate Change-Induced Migration and Financial Flows

Climate change gains transfer are meant not only to compensate for losses in global warming losing territories but also to finance incentives for a transition to renewable energy. In order to manifest the established facts that some parts of the world will be gaining from a warming earth and some are vanishingly melting, the following chapter investigates climate-induced migration streams and financial flows. Based on a 187 country-strong dataset and under the implicit assumption of an open economy, a significantly positive inflow of migrants was found into the climate change winner countries. A statistically significant correlation outlines a positive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) remaining financial inflow into the winning countries. As a cross validation of the finding of financial inflows into climate change winner countries, a non-significant correlation and independent t-test reveal that there are no significant financial returns in form of remittances to the climate change loser countries in order to highlight that the money transfer into winning countries is only one sided and not reversed by remittances. The results target at underlining the importance of climate change benefits transfers to offset the losses incurred in the global warming-burdened areas of the world.
A Method for Sexing the Sulphurous Lady Beetle, Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Determining the sex of adult coccinellids can be difficult, as no single external trait exists across the clade to differentiate males and females. Many species can only be sexed based on dissection or behavioral observation, but even the latter can be inaccurate, as same-sex mounting has been observed. Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier) is an economically important natural enemy of crop pests in Sub-Saharan Africa, but no trait has been conclusively shown to easily identify their sex in the field. It is crucial for studies involving live beetles that researchers are able to visually separate males and females without killing or overhandling the animals. This paper describes a pronotal pattern that can be used for rapid and easy identification of C. sulphurea males and females.
The Constrained Network-Based Statistic: A New Level of Inference for Neuroimaging

Neuroimaging research aimed at dissecting the network organization of the brain is poised to flourish under major initiatives, but converging evidence suggests more accurate inferential procedures are needed to promote discovery. Inference is typically performed at the cluster level with a network-based statistic (NBS) that boosts power by leveraging known dependence within the local neighborhood. However, existing NBS methods overlook another important form of dependence—shared membership in large-scale brain networks.
New York City Vascular Surgeons during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forever changed the lives of many across the world. Like many others, New Yorkers witnessed their hospital systems become overwhelmed with a massive influx of critically ill patients. Protocols, workflow, staffing, and individual responsibilities all changed as health care providers scrambled to help where they could. As we see, for the second time this year, a rapid rise in the number of COVID-19 cases in the United States, I wanted to share our experience as vascular surgeons during the first surge from a health care system located in New York City, one of the largest epicenters of the pandemic.
A NEW RHYMING SCHEME OF CHINESE CLASSIC POETRY

The forms of Chinese classic poetry have been developed through thousands years of history and are still current in today’s poetry society. A re-classification of the rhyming words, however, is necessary to keep the classic poetry up to date in the new settings of modern Chinese language. This new rhyming scheme uses the current standard pronunciations in Chinese Mandarin. Because this new rhyming scheme is presented by using the Pin Yin system, it can be easily understood and followed by common people. This work will help revive Chinese classic poetry in modern society and promote its writability.
What's New in Orthopaedic Trauma

The field of musculoskeletal trauma continues to benefit from advances in basic science, improved methods of treatment (both operative and nonoperative), innovation in surgical devices, and more sophisticated research methodology, with emphasis on comparative clinical trials and appropriate assessment of outcomes. The emphasis on evidence-based management continues in the literature and in presentations at academic conferences. For this year’s summary of advances in orthopaedic traumatology, the authors again reviewed all issues of Acta Orthopaedica, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, Injury, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (both American and British volumes), Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, and The Journal of Trauma . Selected articles from other journals were also included. Finally, presentations from the annual meetings of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) were reviewed. Articles and presentations that represent Level-I and Level-II evidence are reviewed in this article along with other articles of clinical importance in the opinion of the authors. The rigorous documentation of outcome, especially from the patient’s perspective, has been one of the major advances in orthopaedic surgery over the past decade. Two studies investigated differences between patient and surgeon perceptions of outcome after orthopaedic trauma. One study evaluated patients six months after they had sustained a “major” fracture1. Surgeons were more satisfied with their patients’ progress than the patients themselves were. The only factor associated with surgeon satisfaction was fracture-healing. Objective injury and treatment factors were not associated with patient satisfaction in terms of progress. Attributing blame of the injury to others was associated with patient satisfaction in terms of progress, whereas blame, the use of a lawyer, and female sex were associated with patient satisfaction in terms of recovery1. The Lower Extremity Assessment Project (LEAP) investigators reported …
Crystal structures of phosphine-supported (η5-cyclo­penta­dien­yl)molybdenum(II) propionyl complexes

Three cyclo­penta­dienylmolybdenum(II) propionyl complexes featuring tri­aryl­phosphine ligands with different para substituents, namely, dicarbon­yl(η5-cyclo­penta­dien­yl)propion­yl(tri­phenyl­phosphane-κP)molybdenum(II), [Mo(C5H5)(C3H5O)(C18H15P)(CO)2], (1), dicarbon­yl(η5-cyclo­penta­dien­yl)propion­yl[tris­(4-fluoro­phen­yl)phosphane-κP]molybdenum(II), [Mo(C5H5)(C3H5O)(C18H12F3P)(CO)2], (2), and dicarbon­yl(η5-cyclo­penta­dien­yl)propion­yl[tris­(4-meth­oxy­phen­yl)phosphane-κP]molybdenum(II) dichloromethane solvate, [Mo(C5H5)(C3H5O)(C21H21O3P)(CO)2]·CH2Cl2, (3), have been prepared from the corresponding ethyl complexes via phosphine-induced migratory insertion. These complexes exhibit four-legged piano-stool geom­etries with mol­ecular structures quite similar to each other and to related acetyl complexes. The extended structures of the three complexes differ somewhat, with the para substituent of the tri­aryl­phosphine of (2) (fluoro) or (3) (meth­oxy) engaging in non-classical C—H⋯F or C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. The structure of (3) exhibits modest disorder in the position of one Cl atom of the di­chloro­methane solvent, which was modeled with two sites showing approximately equivalent occupancies [0.532 (15) and 0.478 (15)].
Algae and oxygen in Earth's ancient atmosphere

T.-M Han and B. Runnegar report finding eukaryotic microfossils, tentatively identified as Grypania, in the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee iron formation in northern Michigan. They suggest that free oxygen (O[sub x]) was a significant component of the atmosphere between 2.0 and 2.5 billion years ago on the basis of the metabolic requirements of these organisms. This argument does not account for the possibility that ocean surface waters might have been locally enriched in photosynthetically derived O[sub 2], while the atmosphere itself remained free of O[sub 2]. Present rates of marine photosynthesis and of diffusive loss of O[sub 2] through the ocean-atmosphere interface suggest that dissolved O[sub 2] concentrations could have been up to eight times higher than the 0.01 present atmospheric level that is needed to sustain Grypania. The existence of an atmosphere free of O[sub 2] before about 2.0 billion years ago would be consistent with several other types of geologic evidence. 3 refs.
Universal Spaces and Splittings of Equivariant Spectra.

Let $G$ be a finite group. We re-analyze the splitting of rational $G$-spectra, which is discussed in Barne's thesis and traces back to Greenlees and May. We will study how the splitting behaves under a localization which is weaker than rationalization and discuss its application in computing equivariant cohomology of $G$-spectra. In particular, we will explicitly compute $\pi_\bigstar(H\underline{\mathbb{Z}})$ and $\pi_\bigstar(HA_G)$ for the dihedral group $G=D_{2p}$. The additive structures and partial multiplicative structures are already computed by Kriz, Lu, and Zou. Our new method will provide a systematic way to compute them as $RO(D_{2p})$-graded rings.
Glutamate and Neurodegenerative Disease

As the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, glutamate is critically involved in most aspects of CNS function. Given this critical role, it is not surprising that glutamatergic dysfunction is associated with many CNS disorders. In this chapter, we review the literature that links aberrant glutamate neurotransmission with CNS pathology, with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases. The biology and pharmacology of the various glutamate receptor families are discussed, along with data which links these receptors with neurodegenerative conditions. In addition, we review progress that has been made in developing small molecule modulators of glutamate receptors and transporters, and describe how these compounds have helped us understand the complex pharmacology of glutamate in normal CNS function, as well as their potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Phylogenetics and evolution of the aphid genus Uroleucon based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

The genus Uroleucon, and the related genus Macrosiphoniella, represent a large Tertiary radiation of aphids, with a total of about 300 species distributed throughout the world, primarily on host plant species in the family Asteraceae. A molecular phylogenetic study was conducted to identify major clades within Uroleucon and to address the cladistic validity of current subgeneric categories, the evolution of host plant associations, the age of origin, and intercontinental movements in this genus. The seventeen study species included members of the three major subgenera of Uroleucon, species from Europe and North America, one member of Macrosiphoniella, and two outgroups. Data consisted of DNA sequences for three mitochondrial regions and the nuclear gene EF1alpha, for a total of 4287 sites. Nodes supported strongly in both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses suggest that: (1) Nearctic Uromelan are a monophyletic group branching near the base of the genus and not related to European Uromelan, (2) the New World subgenus Lambersius is possibly monophyletic but is not a tightly related group and is not closely related to other North American species, and (3) Nearctic members of subgenus Uroleucon are a closely related monophyletic group not allied with Nearctic Uromelan or Lambersius. Instead they represent a separate colonization by an Old World ancestor, as they are nested within a strongly supported clade containing European members of both subgenera Uroleucon and Uromelan. Neither of these subgenera is monophyletic. Molecular clock calculations, based on calibrations of mitochondrial divergences from other insects, suggest that Uroleucon + Macrosiphoniella is a relatively recent radiation, probably no more than 5-10 million years old. Although largely confined to Asteraceae, this clade did not radiate in parallel with its host plants. Rather, lateral movement between lineages of Asteraceae must have occurred repeatedly.
An Extendable Meta-learning Algorithm for Ontology Mapping

In this paper, we describe a machine learning approach to ontology mapping. Although Machine learning techniques have been used earlier in many semantic integration approaches, dependence on precision recall curves to preset the weights and thresholds of the learning systems has been a serious bottleneck. By recasting the mapping problem to a classification problem we try to automate this step and develop a robust and extendable meta learning algorithm. The implication is that we can now extend the same method to map the ontology pairs with different similarity measures which might not be specialized for the specific domain, yet obtain results comparable to the state of the art mapping algorithms that exploit machine learning methods. Interestingly we see that as the similarity measures are diluted, our approach performs significantly better for unbalanced classes. We have tested our approach using several similarity measures and two real world ontologies, and the test results we discuss validate our claim. We also present a discussion on the benefits of the proposed meta learning algorithm.
Vital Connections: Using Literature to Illustrate Social Work Issues

Abstract This paper introduces a four stage teaching model which encourages students to use fiction as a source of mental imagery and insight into social work issues. Teachers can use the stages flexibly for different courses and levels of student expertise. The model has been developed by the authors during three years of formally implementing it in a range of undergraduate and graduate syllabi. The authors present this approach following detailed observation of the quality of written assignments, classroom interaction and student feedback. This is an exciting way of teaching traditional courses which generates a lively atmosphere for learning. “We shall not cease from exploration And the end of our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time.” T.S. Eliot (“Little Gidding,” The Four Quartets)
Source-to-sink sedimentary systems and global carbon burial: A river runs through it

Abstract Source to sink sedimentary systems are important settings of carbon cycling, serving as sites of carbon transfer between terrestrial and marine reservoirs, and as the primary locations for organic carbon burial on Earth. The age and character of the carbon that is buried at the terminal ends of these systems reflects the sources and transformations of the organic carbon (OC) throughout their linked terrestrial and marine segments. Profound differences are observed between large passive and small active margin systems. Large passive margin systems are characterized by large floodplains and relatively broad shelves where OC has protracted exposure to oxidants. Rapid burial in prograding, subaqueous deltaic clinoforms or bypass to submarine fans, however, leads to high burial efficiency of terrestrial biospheric OC in some passive margin settings. The OC in small active margin systems, in contrast, follows relatively short pathways from headwaters to seabed. This rapid transit, facilitated by the important role of storm-driven transport in such settings, can lead to high OC burial efficiencies. The study of OC sources and transformations in contemporaneous source to sink sedimentary systems informs interpretations about the systems in which OC was buried in the geologic past, their stratigraphic records of environmental change, and their potential to produce petroleum resources.
Romanow's biggest hurdle? Skepticism.

When Roy Romanow opened his public hearings on medicare in Regina in March, he said he hoped to rekindle the same passion found in Saskatchewan 4 decades earlier when the province “launched a huge debate — very passionate, sometimes too passionate — about values and ideals about the way
Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.

Objective: To define the long-term outcome in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) using objective rating measures. Background: Previous historical studies suggest spontaneous improvement of tic symptoms after adolescence, but objective longitudinal data are limited. Methods: The authors reviewed all videotapes in their database (1978 through 1991) of children with GTS (ages 8 to 14) who were seen in their tertiary care movement disorder center and underwent a standardized 5-minute filming protocol (n = 56). Through multiple contact methods, they successfully located 36 of these patients, who are now adults (age >20 years), and recruited 31 (28 men and 3 women) to volunteer for a second videotape and in-person assessment. A blinded rater evaluated the 62 tapes and rated five tic domains: body areas involved, motor and phonic tic frequency, and motor and phonic tic severity. Using standardized GTS videotape rating scale and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, the authors compared the two videotapes for each tic domain as well as the composite tic disability score. Results: Ninety percent of adult patients still had tics. Adult patients who considered themselves tic-free were often inaccurate in their self-assessment: 50% had objective evidence of tics. Mean objective tic disability diminished in comparison to childhood (mean composite tic disability score childhood 9.58 vs adulthood 7.52, p = 0.014). All domains improved by adulthood, and significant improvements occurred in motor tic severity (p = 0.008). The improvements in tic disability did not relate to medication use, as only 13% of adults received medications for tics, compared with 81% of children. Conclusions: In GTS syndrome, tics objectively improve over time but most adults have persistent tics.
Pharmacokinetics and selected behavioral responses to butorphanol and its metabolites in goats following intravenous and intramuscular administration.

Abstract Objective To evaluate disposition of a single dose of butorphanol in goats after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration and to relate behavioral changes after butorphanol administration with plasma concentrations. Design Randomized experimental study. Animals Six healthy 3-year-old neutered goats (one male and five female) weighing 46.5 ± 10.5 kg (mean ± D). Methods Goats were given IV and IM butorphanol (0.1 mg kg−1) using a randomized cross-over design with a 1-week interval between treatments. Heparinized blood samples were collected at fixed intervals for subsequent determination of plasma butorphanol concentrations using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pharmacokinetic values (volume of distribution at steady state [VdSS], systemic clearance [ClTB], extrapolated peak plasma concentration [C0] or estimated peak plasma concentration [CMAX], time to estimated peak plasma concentration [TMAX], distribution and elimination half-lives [t1/2], and bioavailability) were calculated. Behavior was subjectively scored. A two-tailed paired t-test was used to compare the elimination half-lives after IV and IM administration. Behavioral scores are reported as median (range). A Friedman Rank Sums test adjusted for ties was used to analyze the behavioral scores. A logit model was used to determine the effect of time and concentration on behavior. A value of p Results Volume of distribution at steady state after IV administration of butorphanol was 1.27 ± 0.73 L kg−1, and ClTB was 0.0096 ± 0.0024 L kg−1 minute−1. Extrapolated C0 of butorphanol after IV administration was 146.5 ± 49.8 ng mL−1. Estimated CMAX after IM administration of butorphanol was 54.98 ± 14.60 ng mL−1, and TMAX was 16.2 ± 5.2 minutes; bioavailability was 82 ± 41%. Elimination half-life of butorphanol was 1.87 ± 1.49 and 2.75 ± 1.93 hours for IV and IM administration, respectively. Goats became hyperactive after butorphanol administration within the first 5 minutes after administration. Behavioral scores for goats were significantly different from baseline at 15 minutes after IV administration and at 15 and 30 minutes after IM administration. Both time and plasma butorphanol concentration were predictors of behavior. Behavioral scores of all goats had returned to baseline by 120 minutes after IV administration and by 240 minutes after IM administration. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The dose of butorphanol (0.1 mg kg−1, IV or IM) being used clinically to treat postoperative pain in goats has an elimination half-life of 1.87 and 2.75 hours, respectively. Nonpainful goats become transiently excited after IV and IM administration of butorphanol. Clinical trials to validate the efficacy of butorphanol as an analgesic in goats are needed.
Success in Architecture: Handedness and/or Visual Thinking

Some data on sex and handedness in relation to academic predictors and success in the architecture program were reexamined. The new variable was the manner, “visually” or “cognitively,” of executing a simple line drawing. As expected, there were significant differences between persons using these different modes, differences which helped clarify the previous data. Implications for theories of lateralization, handedness, and modes of thinking are discussed.
A wire loop technique for ligation of patent ductus arteriosus

A novel, yet simple and inexpensive, technique is described for the safe passage of suture material for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in small animals. The risk of haemorrhage is reduced by minimising dissection with forceps and by preventing inadvertent grasping of perivascular connective tissue.
Global Structural Changes in Annexin 12 THE ROLES OF PHOSPHOLIPID, Ca2+, AND pH

Ca2+-dependent membrane interaction has long been recognized as a general property of the annexin (ANX) family of proteins. More recently, it has become clear that ANXs can also undergo Ca2+-independent membrane interactions at mildly acidic pH. Here we use site-directed spin labeling in combination with circular dichroism and biochemical labeling methods to compare the structure and membrane topography of these two different membrane-bound forms of ANX12. Our results reveal strong similarities between the solution structure and the structure of the Ca2+-dependent membrane-bound form at neutral pH. In contrast, all Ca2+-independent membrane interactions tested resulted in large scale conformational changes and membrane insertion. Pairs of spin labels that were in close proximity across the interface of different domains of the protein in both the soluble and Ca2+-dependent membrane form were >25 A apart in the Ca2+-independent membrane-bound form. Despite these major conformational changes, the overall secondary structure content did not appear to be strongly altered and ANX12 remained largely helical. Thus, Ca2+-independent membrane interaction leads to massive refolding but not unfolding. Refolding did not occur at low pH in the absence of membranes but occurred within a few seconds after phospholipid vesicles were added. The phospholipid composition of the vesicles was an important modulator of Ca2+-independent membrane interaction. For example, cardiolipin-containing vesicles induced Ca2+-independent membrane interaction even at near neutral pH, thereby raising the possibility that lipid composition could induce relatively rapid Ca2+-independent membrane interaction in vivo.