cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violating Lau: Sheltered English Instruction programs and equal educational opportunity

AbstractThis article considers the impact of the Lau v. Nichols Supreme Court decision on the education of English learners in Washington State, US In particular, we focus on the most popular educational program in the state, Sheltered English Instruction. We first examine how intertextual links to various policy texts and discourses shape Washington language policy and then look at how educators in four school districts interpret and appropriate this policy. Based on fieldwork in four school districts, we argue that English learners are often submerged in English-only classrooms, in which the curriculum is not fundamentally changed to meet their needs, thus denying them equal educational opportunity according to Lau v. Nichols.
Rhinophyma: A Treatment Review.

BACKGROUNDRhinophyma is the overgrowth of sebaceous glands in nasal tissue and its etiology unclear. Without treatment, rhinophyma can be progressive and cause concern both with respect to function and cosmesis.OBJECTIVEThe objective of this work is to describe treatment options for rhinophyma and t
Rhetoric, Argument, and Social Reality: A Social Constructivist View

This essay provides an analytic development of the contemporary perspective that social reality is created, maintained, and reconstructed through communication. The role of argument in reality main...
Occupational stress and suicidality among firefighters: Examining the buffering role of distress tolerance.

Abstract Past research indicates that firefighters are at increased risk for suicide. Firefighter-specific occupational stress may contribute to elevated suicidality. Among a large sample of firefighters, this study examined if occupational stress is associated with multiple indicators of suicide risk, and whether distress tolerance, the perceived and/or actual ability to endure negative emotional or physical states, attenuates these associations. A total of 831 firefighters participated (mean [SD] age = 38.37y[8.53y]; 94.5% male; 75.2% White). The Sources of Occupational Stress-14 (SOOS-14), Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised (SBQ-R) were utilized to examine firefighter-specific occupational stress, distress tolerance, and suicidality, respectively. Consistent with predictions, occupational stress interacted with distress tolerance, such that the effects of occupational stress on suicide risk, broadly, as well as lifetime suicide threats and current suicidal intent, specifically, were attenuated at high levels of distress tolerance. Distress tolerance may buffer the effects of occupational stress on suicidality among firefighters. Pending replication, findings suggest that distress tolerance may be a viable target for suicide prevention initiatives within the fire service.
TERATOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO RADIO FREQUENCY RADIATION

Teratology is the study of fetal malformations. Tissue in the embryo is rapidly proliferating and differentiating and because of this rapid growth, fetal tissue is considered to be extremely sensitive to environmental conditions. The type and degree of fetal malformations depend largely on the stage of development at which the detrimental environmental condition is applied. For instance, exposure to a harmful influence in the early stage of fetal development may result in fetal death and resorption, while exposure during organogenesis will result in malformations. And exposure to harmful environments can also lead to changes in postnatal development. It has been suggested that the fetus might be sensitive to exposure to radio frequency radiation (RFR). There have been a significant number of teratologic studies on the effect of such exposure on the fetuses of various species.
The Librarian's Role as a Social Scientist

This chapter discusses the librarian's role as a social scientist. The librarian must take on to some considerable extent the task of investigating his own particular scientific community and shape his services to fit its particular characteristics. As an initial effort in the investigation, it seems necessary to obtain a very general idea of the actual behavior of the scientists in seeking and using information. Accordingly, the first plan may be to ask a selected group of active researchers in the librarian's constituency to keep detailed logs of their scientific information activities during a 2-week period. While this undertaking will produce only a qualitative description of processes of scientific information exchange, it will serve several important functions for the librarian in planning later studies. It will allow the librarian to make an initial estimate of the range of scientific communication activities and their frequency of occurrence. It will enable the librarian to generate hypotheses on the nature of log-keepers' problems in exchanging scientific information. It will help to develop categories of information-exchange activities as preliminary to more formal survey studies of scientific communication among broader samples of scientists.
A Typology of Positive and Negative Self-Interruptions in Voluntary Multitasking

Human multitasking is often the result of voluntary interruptions in the performance of an ongoing task. These selfinterruptions occur in the absence of external triggers such as alerts or notifications. Compared to externally induced interruptions, self-interruptions have not received enough research attention. To address this gap, this paper develops a detailed classification of self-interruptions arising from positive and negative feelings regarding task progress and prospects of goal attainment. The validation of the proposed typology in an experimental multitasking environment with pre-defined tasks shows that negative feelings trigger more self-interruptions than positive feelings and that more self-interruptions produce more errors and lower accuracy in all tasks. Therefore, negative triggers of self-interruptions unleash a downward spiral that ultimately affects performance.
Health Care Ethics and Pediatric Rehabilitation

The clinical practice of pediatric rehabilitation often presents unique biomedical ethical questions. General principles of health care ethics and adaptations of these concepts necessary for young disabled patients are discussed in this article. Representative cases are included as examples of ethical problem solving in the care of children with disability.
Evidence of Systematic Triggering at Teleseismic Distances Following Large Earthquakes

Earthquakes are part of a cycle of tectonic stress buildup and release. As fault zones near the end of this seismic cycle, tipping points may be reached whereby triggering occurs and small forces result in cascading failures. The extent of this effect on global seismicity is currently unknown. Here we present evidence of ongoing triggering of earthquakes at remote distances following large source events. The earthquakes used in this study had magnitudes ≥M5.0 and the time period analyzed following large events spans three days. Earthquake occurrences display increases over baseline rates as a function of arc distance away from the epicenters. The p-values deviate from a uniform distribution, with values for collective features commonly below 0.01. An average global forcing function of increased short term seismic risk is obtained along with an upper bound response. The highest magnitude source events trigger more events, and the average global response indicates initial increased earthquake counts followed by quiescence and recovery. Higher magnitude earthquakes also appear to be triggered more often than lower magnitude events. The region with the greatest chance of induced earthquakes following all source events is on the opposite side of the earth, within 30 degrees of the antipode.
SM 01-2341 Darpi: iterative learning ecosystems in injury prevention practice

DARPI at CDC’s Injury Center seeks to actively catalyze systems change, as well as the translation and implementation of effective prevention strategies, to produce rapid, equitable, and sustainable reductions in injury and violence across communities. DARPI is not limited to one particular area of injury and violence prevention. As the Injury Center’s ‘cross-cutting’ Division, DARPI seeks to identify shared risk factors across topics and common contextual and operational themes that directly and indirectly affect the real-world success of evidence/practice-based interventions. Within the Practice Integration and Evaluation Branch we utilize an iterative learning process where research informs practice and practice informs research. New products and tools like the R2P Toolkit and the Shared Risk and Protective Factor Toolkit are driving connections in the research-2-practice-2-reseach cycle and establishing metrics for evaluating the impact of shared risk and protective factor IVP strategies. DARPI applies a CQI philosophy – focusing on value to stakeholders and two-way communication to ground action; accelerating improvements through incremental implementation/pilots and feedback to identify best practices; and building off what is learned by others and ourselves. We will explore how this iterative learning ecosystem is advancing our work with practitioners and researchers and driving population level change.
Standardized Tests for Visually Handicapped Children: A Review of Research.

Research concerning the adaptation and development of tests for visually handicapped children is reviewed. Early developmental work with verbal tests is examined as well as the more recent work und...
A New Genus and Species of Pottiaceae (Bryophyta) from Guam Territory, U.S.A., western Pacific

Pachylomidium, a new genus in the Pottiaceae, including the new species P. pacificum, is described from Guam. Two additional Asian species of Barbula are transferred. The special character of the Guam climate and the broad range of the genus in the Asian tropics and subtropics is discussed.
Frequency of risk factors, vaccination status and outcome of tetanus in children at the Children's Hospital Lahore.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of risk factors, vaccination status and outcome of tetanus in children beyond neonatal age at a tertiary care centre. METHODS The prospective observational study was conducted at The Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2012 to December 2014, and comprised children aged between 1 month and 15 years of either gender admitted with diagnosis of tetanus. Variables recorded included age, gender, vaccination status in terms of number of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine doses received per routine infant immunisation and booster doses of tetanus toxoid, risk factors as trauma, ear discharge, ear prick and duration of hospitalisation and outcome. Data was analysed using SPSS 16. RESULTS Of the 74 patients, there were 47(63.5%) males and 27(36.5%) females. Overall, the mean age was 6.56+3.15 years 50(67%) were unvaccinated, none (0%) had received booster dose and posttrauma immune prophylaxis. Besides, trauma was the most common risk factor in 33(44.6%) cases followed by ear discharge 15 (20.3%) and ear/nose prick 2(2.7%), while the risk factor was unknown in 24(32.4%) cases. Mean duration of hospitalisation was 14.35±11.65. Mortality rate 16(21.6%) was significantly associated with shorter duration of stay (p<0.001). Mortality was high among unvaccinated children compared to vaccinated children (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS Vaccination coverage was found to be inadequate and post-trauma immune prophylaxis had been ignored..
Bacterial Peptides Targeting Periodontal Pathogens in Communities

Colonization and virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis are enhanced through interactions with synergistic organisms in plaque biofilm communities. Conversely, some oral community inhabitants are antagonistic toward P. gingivalis. As many of the effectors of synergism and antagonism are proteinaceous, peptide-based inhibition of synergism or stimulation of antagonism are attractive strategies to reduce P. gingivalis pathogenicity and to prevent and treat periodontitis. Recent years have witnessed the development of peptides, and their functional mimics, designed to impede the assembly of adhesins, block the attachment of P. gingivalis to streptococcal substrata, or suppress the transcription and production of virulence factors. Coupled with advances in nanoparticle delivery systems, these approaches show promise for preventing the transition of the plaque biofilm from a commensal to a pathogenic entity.
Experimental study of QoE improvements towards adaptive HD video streaming using flexible dual TCP-UDP streaming protocol

The Flexible Dual TCP-UDP Streaming Protocol (FDSP) combines the reliability of TCP with the low latency of UDP, thus providing transport layer improvements towards maintaining high QoE of multi-bitrate videos in adaptive streaming. FDSP delivers the more critical parts of the video data via TCP and the rest via UDP. FDSP also uses Bitstream Prioritization (BP), a sliding scale that determines the proportion of video data that is sent using TCP. BP can be adjusted according to the level of network congestion. FDSP-based streaming reduces total rebuffering time by over 90%, and rebuffering instances by 50% in many cases compared to TCP-based streaming. At the same time, packet loss reduces by over 75% for most BP levels compared to UDP-based streaming. In addition, FDSP-based streaming is potentially more suitable for adaptive streaming compared to the state-of-the-art TCP-based HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), which is often plagued by high latency and high bandwidth requirements. In contrast, FDSP requires significantly less bandwidth than TCP in congested networks while exhibiting more stable client buffers.
Tandem Duplications, Segmental Duplications and Deletions, and Their Applications

We review two streams of recent research results in this paper. The first is on converting a sequence A to another sequence B using the minimum number of tandem duplications. This research originates from the copying systems in computer science in the early 1980s, and also from biology more than 40 years ago. We review our recent NP-hardness result on this paper, together with several open problems along the line. Segmental duplications and deletions are more discussed recently on cancer research where besides genomes (sequences), the so-called copy number profile (a vector where the ith component represents the number of the ith segment appearing in the genome, regardless of their orders) are also used. We again review some of our recent hardness results and preliminary positive results, together with some open problems. This paper is mostly self-contained.
Carbon pricing approaches for climate decisions in U.S. higher education: Proxy carbon prices for deep decarbonization

Given the slow policy response by governments, climate leadership by other institutions has become an essential part of maintaining policy momentum, driving innovation, and fostering social dialogue. Despite growth in carbon pricing in government and the private sector, our review suggests low, but growing, adoption of internal carbon prices (ICPs) by higher education institutions (HEIs), who may be uniquely suited to implement and refine these tools. We analyze the range of ICP tools in use by eleven U.S. HEIs and discuss tradeoffs. Our analysis identifies several reasons why proxy carbon prices may be especially well-suited to decisions (especially at the system-scale) around carbon neutrality at a wide range of institutions. Using a unique dataset covering 10 years of real-world analysis with a proxy carbon price, we analyze the interaction of ICPs with life cycle cost analysis to start to identify when and how internal carbon pricing will be most likely to shift decisions. We discuss how schools and other institutions can collaborate and experiment with these tools to help drive good climate decision-making and inform climate policy at larger scales.
Spawning origins and ontogenetic movements for demersal fishes: An approach using eye-lens stable isotopes

Abstract The larval to postlarval period (the period between egg and juvenile) of many continental-shelf fish species lasts only a few weeks but has been shown to be critical to survival. During this period, individuals may travel long distances from spawning to juvenile habitats and are often difficult to locate. Fish eye lenses, which are constructed sequentially with minimal tissue turnover, record successive isotopic values for the entire lifespan. We present a widely applicable method of using the isotope values from the inner-most eye lens lamina (core: representing the larval to postlarval period) as a historical record of early life movement and location. By correlating the eye-lens core δ13C and δ15N values with juvenile capture location (i.e. settlement habitat) or with core size (i.e., growth during the first few weeks of life), we interpreted variability within the isotope values of a species as geographic origin and movement. We then evaluated the method using four northeastern Gulf of Mexico reef-fish species. Gag isotope values indicated movement inshore during the postlarval period. Red Grouper values suggested movement in both the inshore and alongshore directions. Black Seabass isotope values indicated a widely distributed early life with potential southward movement. Red Snapper isotope values suggested that larvae and postlarvae are widely distributed along the outer continental shelf, but do not move far from spawning origins in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Bulk isotope values in fish eye lens cores can strengthen early life origin and movement data for many species of marine fishes, including those for which little early-life information exists.
The effect of the use of smartphone while walking on the electromyography activity of the lower extremity in young students

The study aims to determine the effects of smartphone use on the muscle activity of the lower extremity when walking. Twenty-three healthy young students were asked to perform a 10-m walk test between normal walking without using a smartphone and walking while two-handed texting on a smartphone. The electromyography activities of the lower extremity were quantified. To quantitatively assess the cervical flexion range of smartphone users, the cervical flexion angle was measured using a digital goniometer. The study results indicated that the use of a smartphone while walking could lessen muscle activity on the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius than that of normal walking without using a smartphone. The walking speeds were reduced in walking while using a smartphone compared with normal walking without using a smartphone. The cervical flexion angle was greater when walking while using a smartphone compared to that of normal walking without using a smartphone. These results suggest that frequently using a smartphone while walking could be a potential risk for musculoskeletal problems.
Recurrence of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare Presenting as Spondylodiscitis and Epidural Abscess in a Patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex (MAI) is a member of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria family, which can cause both pulmonary and non-pulmonary disease. In patients with advanced HIV, it is known to cause disseminated disease. We present a case of a 65-year-old man who has sex with men (MSM) with AIDS, found to have spondylodiscitis and an epidural abscess, who had recently completed treatment for disseminated MAI. CASE REPORT The patient was a 65-year-old with AIDS secondary to HIV and a prior history of disseminated MAI, who presented with severe back pain. Upon presentation to the hospital, an MRI was performed, which was suggestive of spondylodiscitis and an epidural abscess. He was taken to surgery for a minimally invasive T12-L1 laminectomy and evacuation of the epidural abscess. Both traditional cultures and acid-fast bacillus (AFB) cultures were negative. Due to worsening pain, he was taken back to surgery for a repeat debridement and biopsy. Repeat cultures were positive for MAI. He was started on rifabutin, ethambutol, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin. Moxifloxacin was subsequently discontinued. He has had problems tolerating the treatment regimen, but is planned to complete an 18-24-month course. CONCLUSIONS For patients with AIDS who have a diagnosis of spondylodiscitis and an epidural abscess, an opportunistic infection such as MAI should be considered. A repeat biopsy should be considered if suspicion is still high, even despite initially negative cultures. Treatment regimens should be prolonged, despite difficulty with medication compliance.
Interaction between high performance fiber reinforced cement-based composites and steel reinforcement

Abstract This paper presents results on the interaction between a mild steel reinforcing bar and two High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement-based Composite (HPFRCC) matrices, a Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HyFRC) composite with and without high cement replacement by fly ash and an Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC). The experimental program consists of rebar pull-out tests conducted under both monotonic and cyclic loading with and without transverse steel spiral reinforcement. In addition, fiber pull-out tests to investigate the synergy between micro- and macrofibers in HyFRC on rebar pull-out resistance were also conducted. The multiscale crack control in HyFRC avoids matrix splitting and instead guarantees the more ductile frictional rebar pull-out behavior. The HyFRC matrix without fly ash exhibits the best rebar bond performance among all HPFRCCs under investigation.
Tweeting Reproductive Justice (RJ) Advocacy through #AbortionMeraHaq*

The international reproductive justice (RJ) hashtag activisms are under-explored even though the technical communication scholars have investigated several hashtag activisms generated in the United States centering the western women's perspectives. This study offers a triangulation of counterpublics, RJ, and social justice theoretical frameworks to analyze the #AbortionMeraHaq movement initiated in India by two digital counterpublic groups. Results suggest that the activists recognized, reinterpreted, revealed, rejected, and attempted to replace abortion injustices and responded to the backlashes through digital storytelling and coalition and confianza building. The future RJ-activists can learn digital abortion advocacy and backlash counteraction strategies from this movement.
Towards Operando Electron Transfer Dynamics Measured Using Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroelectrochemistry

Time-resolved terahertz spectroelectrochemistry measurements were employed to study electron transfer dynamics under an applied bias in dye-sensitized anatase TiO 2 . These measurements showed that electron trapping was suppressed with a negative applied bias, suggesting that trap states below the band edge were potentiostatically filled. In addition, electron injection dynamics were slowed, consistent with a decrease in density of available acceptor states in the metal oxide conduction band. We also show that care must be taken in selecting appropriately low pump fluences when trying to measure trapping processes in semiconductor materials.
Intentionality: An Original or Derived Phenomenon?

Drawing again on the exegetical discussions of Parts One and Two of my study, I find that when the results of Husserl’s and Heidegger’s accounts of the phenomenon of intentionality are considered, the common theme of these respective accounts emerges under the heading of “Wesensstruktur” (essential structure). For both of these thinkers, the phenomenon of intentionality emerges in terms of its essential structuring of that which is uncovered or disclosed, within the context of phenomenology’s methodological return, as an already given phenomenal field. However, the precise nature of the ‘matters themselves’ of the already given phenomenal field or realm that, upon being returned to, yields, in accord with its phenomenological treatment, intentionality as its (in the instance of Husserl) or an (in the instance of Heidegger) essential structure, is controversial for these two thinkers. Which is to say, that not only is the precise character of the ‘matter itself’ of the essence manifested by the phenomenon of intentionality at issue (and in controversy) for Husserl and Heidegger, but also at issue, is the precise status of the ‘matters themselves’ of the phenomenologically relevant (since it is encountered as having been already given) exemplary field which comprises the original ground, from out of which the essence of intentionality is unfolded.
Long chain fatty acid activation in subcellular preparations from rat liver.

Abstract A study of the activation of several long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by rat liver preparations was undertaken. Investigation of reaction requirements and appropriate modifications revealed that rat liver is extremely active in long chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase or synthetases (acid: CoA ligase (AMP), EC 6.2.1.3) activity. With palmitate as substrate, the cell membrane fraction was found richest in activating enzyme, with the microsomal fraction next. In the microsomal activation of saturated fatty acids, maximal activity was reached with palmitate. The coenzyme A requirements found were very similar with palmitate, stearate, and erucate (Km 3.3 to 3.9 x 10-5 m), but these were markedly different from the coenzyme A requirements with oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and arachidonate (Km 1.56 to 3.3 x 10-4 m); this suggests the possible occurrence of at least two different long chain acyl-CoA synthetases in rat liver microsomes. In experiments with oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and arachidonate, the activating enzyme was found to be markedly susceptible to substrate inhibition, which complicated exact assay. The stimulation of activation of these unsaturated fatty acids by a heated microsomal fraction was traced mainly to their fatty acid-binding ability. Liver phospholipids greatly stimulated oleate activation, and this was thought to be due to the association of oleate with phospholipid. For the palmitate-activating enzyme, it appeared that bound phospholipid was essential for activity.
Decentralized Robust Control of a Multi-Zone Space Heating System

Temperature control of multi-zone environmental spaces is studied. A bilinear model of a multi-zone space heating (MZSH) system is developed. The MZSH system is acted uqon by constant unknown distbances and step changes in the desired set-points. A robust decentralized controller is designed and output responses of the resulting closed-loop system are examined. Simulation results showing the regulation properties of the decentralized and centralized controllers are presented. The results show that the system performance with decentralized control is very close to the performance of the system with centralized control.
The Problem of Confederate Symbols: A Thirteenth Amendment Approach

The Thirteenth Amendment, the first of the Reconstruction Era Amendments, represented the Union's deep seated commitment to end the "badges and incidents of servitude." It was an unadulterated call to abandon injustices that had made blacks outsiders in the country they helped build and whose economy they helped sustain. Thus the overthrow of the Confederacy also vanquished hereditary slavery, which ruined countless lives. And, while little used today, the Thirteenth Amendment has tremendous potential to continue to be a powerful battering ram against any persistent vestiges of servitude.The Confederate battle flag is one of the remaining vestiges of the ante-bellum South. It symbolizes a government whose ideology included the commitment to maintain a stratified society where only whites enjoyed freedom's bounties. The Confederate flag is a badge of servitude, I argue more fully herein, that the states of Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and other states continue to prominently display on their properties. It is also the standard for groups like the Ku Klux Klan, skinheads, White Aryan Resistance, and other white supremacist organizations that gain ideological sustenance from Confederate dogma. My thesis is that glorifying Confederate symbols on official state property should be prohibited pursuant to the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment prohibits all relics of servitude, including state sponsored displays meant to laud a breakaway republic which idealized and waged war to perpetuate black slavery.
What Do Online Students Need And Want From Their Masters Of Business Administration Program

Computer-based distance education throughout colleges and universities has been in high demand and more schools are getting into online education. As such, understanding the needs of online learners has become especially important for success in the new millennium. Furthermore, understanding the common denominator of technology available to students can assist administrators and faculty members design their admission, teaching and curriculum requirements. This document, based on the survey of 38 graduate online business students [1] , provides an assessment of their views, needs, wants, and satisfaction in the masters of business administration program. Recommendations are provided for the program office to enhance their online offerings are discussed. The document further explores online education, online operation, and other such variables that impact the satisfaction of students in online education. Also, some of the changes, plans and improvements made as a result of the feedback from students are discussed. [1] Special thanks go to Mr. Steve Harvey, Director of the MBA Programs, for distributing, collecting and making improvements as a result of the feedback from students.
The Role of Religion in the Schiavo Controversy

The brief life of Theresa Marie Schiavo and the dispute over her end-of-life care captured public awareness in a way that few such cases have done. The reasons for the nearly unprecedented public attention to her case are two-fold. The decision by various religious groups and governmental entities to intervene in the dispute surrounding her care in order to promote conservative causes (some of them only tenuously related to her particular medical circumstances) prompted unusually intense media coverage. In addition, the ensuing publicity surrounding Theresa's tragic condition -- an unexpected cardiac arrest left her in a permanent vegetative state at the age of twenty-six -- provided a vivid and poignant reminder of the very precarious nature of life. The case placed multiple issues in dispute. First, there was some debate over whether Theresa's medical condition was indeed hopeless. Second, although the Florida courts repeatedly confirmed that the evidence of Theresa's wishes under the circumstances provided a legally sufficient basis for withdrawing life support, many onlookers questioned whether she would in fact choose to die. In particular, the case raised questions about the appropriate role of Catholic and Christian principles in end-of-life decision-making. This essay focuses on the latter question in light of the relevant ethical and legal principles, as well as guidance from the Catholic Church on end-of-life decision-making. As explained within, the Church's teachings fail to address the most complex issues, leaving many end-of-life decisions to the conscience of the individual patient. Adding to the difficulty, although courts certainly consider patients' religious principles in making determinations about end-of-life care, judicial inquiry into religious principles generally lacks nuance. Finally, the essay considers the effects of the intervention of various political and religious conservative organizations in the dispute over Theresa's care and examines the implications of such interventions for future cases.
Soil Decontamination Using Electrokinetic Processing

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a brief overview of the theoretical basis of electrokinetic soil processing, the results of some laboratory tests and engineering models, and describes experiences of some actual site applications. Electrokinetic soil processing is an emerging remediation technique with the capability to decontaminate soils or slurries polluted with heavy metals, radionuclides, or certain organic compounds. In principle, the contaminant may be an inorganic/organic/organometallic species and charged (ionic) /uncharged (polar/nonpolar). Electrokinetic processing of soils, by application of a direct current through a wet soil mass, results in the development of electrical, hydraulic, and chemical gradients. The formation of an acidic front at the anode from water “electrolysis” and the induced “electroosmotic” flux of the pore fluid enable the removal of those contaminants that can be solubilized, desorbed from the soil, or simply carried by the pore fluid. The fundamental basis of each of these two main processes is described.
Culinary efficacy: an exploratory study of skills, confidence, and healthy cooking competencies among university students.

Aims:This study was conducted to determine whether a group of college-age students in New Jersey, USA, had the requisite culinary skills, knowledge, and confidence to take personal control of their meal planning and production. The long-term threat to the public health systems posed by high rates of obesity among young adults in higher education institutions has garnered widespread attention across the world. Studies have shown that assuming personal responsibility over preparing and consuming food can play a key role in addressing the problem of poor nutrient intakes.Methods:Focus groups were conducted with students (N = 24) who fit the eligibility criteria of not having a university meal plan, and living independently at the time of the study (not with family members). The sessions were recorded, transcribed, and then coded into themes. Two trained research assistants tested the results and inter-rater reliability was confirmed.Results:Content analysis revealed three major themes: Health Perceptions, Li...
Fats and Oils in Feedstuffs and Pet Foods

Fats and oils are used for many purposes in animal feeds and pet foods, including the following: Increasing caloric density of feeds (by about 2.25 times that of similar dry weights of proteins or carbohydrates). Improving feed palatability and appearance. Reducing total feed intake, increasing feed efficiency, and minimizing feed costs. Increasing blood glycogen levels and endurance in working animals like horses and sled dogs. Lowering the heat of reaction during digestion and metabolism—important for comfort and productivity of large animals in hot weather. Delaying digestion of feedstuffs beyond the rumen by use of inert forms of fats and coatings. Providing needed molecular structures through dietary essential fatty acids (EFA) and phospholipids. Improving appearance of skin and hair, and prevention of dermatitis. Modifying fatty acid profiles in “designer food” animal products. Carrying fat-soluble vitamins and color compounds. Binding heat-sensitive flavorings, vitamins, medications, and “instant gravy” mixes to pet foods and feeds after extrusion or drying. Improving dispersion of dry mixes, e.g., lecithin in calf milk replacers. Preventing segregation of mixed feeds. Reducing dustiness of feeds and feeding operations and of grain elevator dust. Lubricating feed processing machinery. Keywords: pet food; animal feed; feedstuff; national research council; association of american feed control; fat storage; designer food; lipids
Sinewave-based phase dispersion for audio preprocessing

A sinusoidal-based analysis/synthesis system is used to apply radar signal design solutions to the problem of dispersing the phase of a speech waveform. Integrated with dynamic range compression, the resulting system can give a significant reduction in peak/RMS ratio with acceptable loss in quality. The spectral information in the resulting processed speech waveform is embedded primarily within the zero crossings of the modified waveform, rather than the waveform shape. Consequently, this dispersion technique also serves as a preprocessor for waveform clipping, allowing considerably deeper thresholding than can be tolerated on the original waveform. >
Transport of Intensity phase-amplitude imaging with higher order intensity derivatives

We demonstrate a method for improving the accuracy of phase retrieval based on the Transport of Intensity equation by using intensity measurements at multiple planes to estimate and remove the artifacts due to higher order axial derivatives. We suggest two similar methods of higher order correction, and demonstrate their ability for accurate phase retrieval well beyond the ‘linear’ range of defocus that TIE imaging traditionally requires. Computation is fast and efficient, and sensitivity to noise is reduced by using many images.
Improved structural annotation of protein-coding genes in the Meloidogyne hapla genome using RNA-Seq.

As high-throughput cDNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is increasingly applied to hypothesis-driven biological studies, the prediction of protein coding genes based on these data are usurping strictly in silico approaches. Compared with computationally derived gene predictions, structural annotation is more accurate when based on biological evidence, particularly RNA-Seq data. Here, we refine the current genome annotation for the Meloidogyne hapla genome utilizing RNA-Seq data. Published structural annotation defines 14 420 protein-coding genes in the M. hapla genome. Of these, 25% (3751) were found to exhibit some incongruence with RNA-Seq data. Manual annotation enabled these discrepancies to be resolved. Our analysis revealed 544 new gene models that were missing from the prior annotation. Additionally, 1457 transcribed regions were newly identified on the ends of as-yet-unjoined contigs. We also searched for trans-spliced leaders, and based on RNA-Seq data, identified genes that appear to be trans-spliced. Four...
Pulmonary Risk Factors Compromising Postoperative Recovery After Surgical Repair for Congenital Heart Disease

Study objectives To identify pulmonary risk factors associated with prolonged ICU stay in young children (≤ 2 years) undergoing surgical repair for congenital heart disease (CHD). Design Retrospective case series analysis. Setting Tertiary-care facility. Patients Clinical records of 134 consecutive patients aged ≤ 2 years undergoing cardiac surgery for CHD were reviewed, and 37 were excluded according to inclusion criteria. Thus, 97 patients were allocated to two groups based on the duration of ICU stay: ≤ 7 days (group 1, n = 57), and > 7 days (group 2, n = 40). Results Mean ICU duration for groups 1 and 2 was 3.0 ± 0.4 days and 28.1 ± 4.4 days, respectively (p Conclusions Pulmonary complications in general, and central airway problems in particular, are a frequent cause for delayed recovery following cardiac surgery in young children.
Separation of a Signal of Interest from a Seasonal Effect in Geophysical Data: I. El Niño/La Niña Phenomenon

Geophysical signals N of interest are often contained in a parent signal G that also contains a seasonal signal X at a known frequency fX. The general issues associated with identifying N and X and their separation from G are considered for the case where G is the Pacific sea surface temperature monthly data, SST3.4; N is the El Nino/La Nina phenomenon and the seasonal signal X is at a frequency of 1/(12 months). It is shown that the commonly used climatology method of subtracting the average seasonal values of SST3.4 to produce the widely used anomaly index Nino3.4 is shown not to remove the seasonal signal. Furthermore, it is shown that the climatology method will always fail. An alternative method is presented in which a 1/fX (= 12 months) moving average filter F is applied to SST3.4 to generate an El Nino/La Nina index NL that does not contain a seasonal signal. Comparison of NL and Nino3.4 shows, among other things, that estimates of the relative magnitudes of El Ninos from index NL agree with observations but estimates from index Nino3.4 do not. These results are applicable to other geophysical measurements.
Routing for generalized chordal rings

A recursive routing algorithm is presented for generalized chordal ring (GCR) graphs. This algorithm consists of two parts. The first part deals with an one-time establishment of a database, and the second part determines a path of length less than or equal to 2l where l is the smallest integer that such a path exists. Note that l ≤ d where d satisfies 2d-1
Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity

Neuronal plasticity, the process by which the human brain changes as a result of experience, is thought to be the source of several chronic neurological conditions, including tinnitus. Using a rodent model for noise-induced tinnitus, Engineer et al. find that reversing neural plasticity induced by the tinnitus can correct perceptual impairment. Repeatedly pairing tones with a brief stimulation of the vagus nerve sharpens auditory neuron tuning and eliminates the physiological and behavioural signs of tinnitus. This proof of principle suggests that simply restoring normal neural activity to circuits that have been pathologically modified could provide a benefit in conditions involving aberrant neural plasticity. Neuronal plasticity is thought to be the source of several chronic neurological conditions, including tinnitus. Using a rodent model for noise-induced tinnitus, this study finds that reversing neural plasticity induced by the tinnitus can correct perceptual impairments caused by the ailment. Pairing tones with stimulation of the vagus nerve sharpened auditory neuron tuning and eliminated the physiological as well as behavioural correlates of the tinnitus. This proof of principle suggests that simply restoring normal neural activity to circuits that have been pathologically modified could provide a benefit in those ailments involving aberrant neural plasticity. Brain changes in response to nerve damage or cochlear trauma can generate pathological neural activity that is believed to be responsible for many types of chronic pain and tinnitus1,2,3. Several studies have reported that the severity of chronic pain and tinnitus is correlated with the degree of map reorganization in somatosensory and auditory cortex, respectively1,4. Direct electrical or transcranial magnetic stimulation of sensory cortex can temporarily disrupt these phantom sensations5. However, there is as yet no direct evidence for a causal role of plasticity in the generation of pain or tinnitus. Here we report evidence that reversing the brain changes responsible can eliminate the perceptual impairment in an animal model of noise-induced tinnitus. Exposure to intense noise degrades the frequency tuning of auditory cortex neurons and increases cortical synchronization. Repeatedly pairing tones with brief pulses of vagus nerve stimulation completely eliminated the physiological and behavioural correlates of tinnitus in noise-exposed rats. These improvements persisted for weeks after the end of therapy. This method for restoring neural activity to normal may be applicable to a variety of neurological disorders.
Proximity effect in ferromagnetic metals

Abstract Spin polarized tunneling measurements show that ferromagnetism is suppressed in films of Ni thinner than three atomic layers when in contact with Al. In contrast, ferromagnetism was found in Fe, Co, Gd, and Tm films only one atomic layer thick. Present results on Ni agree with anomalous Hall effect measurements, but do not agree with photoemission results.
Assessment of Information Provision Services of Libraries in the 21st Century in Some Selected Academic Libraries in Delta State

This study is an assessment of Information Provision Services of Libraries in the 21st century in some selected academic libraries in Delta State. A descriptive survey was adopted in carrying out the research. The questionnaire was the instrument for data collection of which 62 were retrieved. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that academic libraries should have Internet connectivity, librarians should be trained in the use of Information and Communication Technology amongst others that were itemized.
Postural supporting mechanisms during spontaneous single limb movement in the cat

Patterns of postural adjustment accompanying spontaneous single limb movement in the cat were studied to examine qualitative and quantitative variations in support strategies. A multiple plate dynamometer and electromyograph were used to measure supporting actions during consecutive trials. Weight transfer involving primarily the forelimbs was dominant. A similar tripodal stance with increased bilateral hindlimb weight-bearing characterized a secondary support strategy. Both dominant and secondary balance behavior showed transient reversals to a bipodal postural pattern. Bipodal stance exhibited increased weight-bearing in the stabilizing forelimb and in the diagonally opposite hindlimb. Selection of different postural strategies for identical phasic limb movements could possibly result from modulation of lower level reflex inhibition.
Immediate early gene X-1 interacts with proteins that modulate apoptosis.

Immediate early gene X-1 (IEX-1) modulates apoptosis, cellular growth, mechanical strain-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and vascular intimal hyperplasia. To determine how IEX-1 alters apoptosis, we performed yeast two-hybrid studies using IEX-1 as the “bait” protein, and examined interactions between IEX-1 and proteins expressed by a human kidney cDNA expression library. We found that IEX-1 interacts with several proteins of which at least four are known to play a role in the regulation of apoptosis: (1) calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand; (2) tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 10); (3) ML-1 myeloid cell leukemia gene encoded protein; and (4) BAT3, a gene present in the major histo-compatibility complex. Our data suggest that IEX-1 may regulate apoptosis by directly interacting with various proteins involved in the control of apoptotic pathways.
Reforming Way Medical Students and Physicians Are Taught About Quality and Safety

The purpose of this article is to briefly review the history of how quality and safety have been addressed in the United States by those who have been teaching medical students and residents, and then discuss why and how this training must change in the future to more effectively address the problems of improving healthcare quality and safety. Although it has become clear that the curriculum in medical schools should encompass quality and safety training, medical schools have been very slow to implement the reforms that are necessary to accomplish such a goal. These changes, although desirable from a rational perspective, involve basic changes in the culture of medical schools and teaching hospitals. Moreover, the cost of implementing these changes would be very large, and, if imposed by outside agencies, would likely constitute an unfunded mandate. It should also be noted that at the present time there are very few people who are well trained to develop and teach these classes. In order to accomplish the goal of improving patient safety, it is essential that we provide much more training and knowledge regarding patient safety to medical students, including knowledge of interventions known to be effective in preventing errors; education in technical performance; information about organizational and team issues; and training in disclosing errors to patients. This training should occur early in the training of professionals, preferably while they are still in school, if such training is to change the culture of medicine. Some suggestions and plans for implementation are discussed, using some innovative programs as examples. Mt Sinai J Med 78:834–841, 2011. © 2011 Mount Sinai School of Medicine