cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of antiphospholipid antibody heterogeneity by phospholipid column chromatography and salt gradient elution techniques

Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies are associated with thrombosis, recurrent abortions and thrombocytopenia. Studies to determine the mechanisms of action of these antibodies have been hindered by their heterogeneity and limited availability of techniques to isolate and characterize subgroups of the antibodies. We report a new phospholipid affinity chromatography method which enables separation of antiphospholipid positive sera into more than one antibody subpopulation. Sera from five patients with complications of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) were studied. Each serum was applied to chromatography columns prepared by coating polystyrene beads (diameter 100 A) with phosphatidylserine (PS) or cardiolipin (CL). A linear salt gradient (0.03-1.0 M NaCl) was used for elution. Eluates were analyzed for phospholipid binding and for inhibition of the prothrombin-thrombin conversion reaction. Each sample yielded two to three peaks for CL and PS affinity columns. Molarities at which peaks were eluted differed between samples. For individual samples, molarities at which peaks were eluted differed between CL and PS columns. These data suggest that aPL antibodies are heterogenous, with differences existing between patients and even within single serum samples. Subpopulations differed in their avidities for CL and PS but generally all had prothrombinase inhibitory activity.
Scaling of the segmental relaxation times of polymers and its relation to the thermal expansivity

Segmental relaxation times of polymers measured at various temperatures and pressures can be superposed as a function of temperature, using a shift factor equal to the specific volume raised to a power. The material-specific scaling exponent can be linked to the nature of the intermolecular repulsive potential for the material. We show the relationship of this scaling exponent to the thermal expansivity of the material, and how it can be used to sort out the different contributions to the temperature dependence of the local dynamics.
THE INCRETORY ORGANS OF THE EYESTALK AND BRAIN OF THE PORCELAIN CRAB, PETROLISTHES CINCTIPES RANDALL (REPTANTIA-ANOMURA).

Abstract The eyestalk of the porcelain crab houses two neurosecretory cell bodies, the Z-organs, which contain a factor controlling regeneration, molting, and oocyte maturation. The role played by the Z-organs in the regulation of these phenomena has been estimated by experimental studies. The neurosecretory cells of the brain, the giant A-cells and the miniature B-cells, appear to work with the eyestalk principle for the maturation of the eggs. The optic medulla and the sinus gland are incorporated within the brain. As the medulla terminalis and the primary optic centers do not show any cell bodies, and as the Z-organs of Petrolisthes appear to regulate molting and related processes, it is suggested that the Z-organs of Anomura are homologous with the X-organs of Macrura and Brachyura.
Cytotoxicity of urethane dimethacrylate composites before and after aging and leaching

The in vitro cytotoxicity of urethane dimethacrylate composites cured at different times by visible light and after different aging times and extraction treatments was evaluated using succinic dehydrogenase activity in the mitochondria of a fibroblastic cell line to reflect cell viability. In addition, extractable chemicals associated with cell response were identified. The composite samples were tested untreated, polished, or extracted with water or 75% ethanol-water. Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were used as the cell culture system while MTT-formazan production was used as the toxicity parameter. Cell viability was calculated as a percentage of Teflon controls. Identification of the chemicals was measured by extracting the composites with 75% ethanol-water, separating the extract by HPLC, and identifying the fractions with mass spectroscopy. In general, cell viability increased continuously with curing time for differently treated samples at high aging times (288 h) while it decreased when the composites were not aged (0 h). In addition, for 75% ethanol or water-extracted composites, cell viability increased within the first 24 h of aging and reached a plateau after 72 h. Lowest cytotoxicity occurred when the samples were extracted with the 75% ethanol solution. The highest cytotoxic effects were found when the samples were untreated. Slightly reduced cytotoxic effects were seen with polished composites. The results suggest that curing the light-activated composites for a minimum of 150 s and post-curing for 24 h is required to attain comparable biocompatibility with the Teflon control. Removing the oxygen-inhibited layer from these composites decreased the cytotoxicity by 33% while extracting the composites with 75% ethanol-water decreased it by 77%. Chemicals released from the surface accounted for approximately 40% of cellular response while about 60% of the response was due to chemical components released from the bulk. The primary leachable component from the composites was UDMA monomer. Small quantities of 1,6 hexane diol methacrylate, camphoroquinone, and 2,4,6-tritertiarybutyl phenol also were found.
Effect of propranolol on ventricular repolarization and refractoriness: Role of beta-blockade versus direct membrane effects

The purpose of this study was to define the role of beta-adrenergic blockade and direct membrane effects in the ability of dl-propranolol to alter ventricular repolarization and refractoriness in the intact heart. The effective refractory period (ERP) and the local Q-T interval were measured at an epicardial site in the left ventricle in 14 open-chest dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Beta-adrenergic influences were eliminated in seven dogs (group 1) by stellate transection and nadolol (0.5 mg/kg IV), and enhanced in seven dogs (group 2) by stellate transection and stimulation of the left ansae subclavia. Each dog received an initial beta-blocking dose of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) followed by a second, cumulative dose of 5.0 mg/kg. In group 1 dogs, there was no significant change in either the ERP or local Q-T interval in response to the first dose of propranolol. In group 2 dogs, left stellate stimulation significantly shortened the ERP (20±2 msec) and the local Q-T interval (17±4 msec). The first dose of propranolol prolonged these parameters to values not different from prestimulation control values. There was no change in the H-V interval, QRS complex duration, or diastolic threshold (DT) in either group after the initial propranolol dose. The second dose of propranolol significantly shortened the ERP (5±1 msec) and the local Q-T interval (11±2 msec) in both groups. This dose also significantly increased the DT, H-V interval, and QRS complex duration. In three additional nadolol-treated dogs, a single 5 mg/kg dose of propranolol shifted the entire strength-interval curve 4 to 7 msec earlier into electrical diastole. The data indicate that a beta-blocking dose of propranolol prolongs repolarization and refractoriness only when adrenergic input is elevated. In the absence of beta-adrenergic influences, high doses of propranolol shorten repolarization and refractoriness. This latter effect may be due to a direct membrane effect of the drug.
Comparative study of the interactions of cisplatin and carboplatin with nucleotides using UV resonance raman spectroscopy

We have obtained the UV excited resonance Raman spectra of five mononucleotides bound to cisplatin and to carboplatin using excitation in resonance with the first electronic absorption bands of the nucleotide bases. Substantial changes in the spectra are observed following interaction with both platinum drugs, indicating modifications to nucleotide structure. Pt (II) binds to base portions of the nucleotide molecules, altering their normal modes of vibration significantly. We present comparative data of cisplatin and carboplatin, and discuss the implications of these results. The kinetics of the drug/nucleotide reactions differ, but final products are found to be similar. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Williamson ether synthesis: an efficient one-step route for surface modifications of silicon nanoparticles

A new synthetic route to mechanochemically produce silicon nanoparticles modified with biocompatible and chromophoric molecular compounds using the Williamson ether synthesis is described. This reaction allows a direct grafting of organic compounds such as phenol, hydroquinone and tetraethylene glycol to the silicon nanoparticle surface in an efficient fashion. Specifically, the formation of (phenoxy) hexyl silicon, (tetraethyleneglycoxy) hexyl silicon and (p-hydroxyphenoxy) hexyl silicon nanoparticles using the Williamson ether synthesis on chloroalkyl-terminated silicon nanoparticle is described. The resulting physical properties of the individual functionalised silicon nanoparticles were characterised by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and photoluminescence, ultraviolet–visible, nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopies. The spectroscopic results show a direct bonding of the biocompatible and chromophoric molecules to the nanoparticles. ...
Compensation of loss by optical gain in propagating surface plasmons

In this work, we report the substantial compensation of loss of propagating SPPs at the interface between silver film and optically pumped polymer with dye. The large magnitude of the effect, nearly threefold change of the reflectivity, enables a variety of applications of "active" nanoplasmonics. In order to quantify the observed phenomenon, we have extended the theoretical formalism relating the reflectivity in ATR experiment and the SPP propagation length to the case of active dielectric media.
High-power optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier system with 1.6-/spl mu/m signal and 1.064-/spl mu/m pump

Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers utilizing a 300-ps Nd:YAG pump system, a tunable 1.6-/spl mu/m fiber signal, and KNbO/sub 3/, KTA, RTP, or BBO nonlinear crystals were designed and built. Gain >10/sup 9/, and peak powers >30 GW were obtained.
OPM: Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database

Summary: The Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database provides a collection of transmembrane, monotopic and peripheral proteins from the Protein Data Bank whose spatial arrangements in the lipid bilayer have been calculated theoretically and compared with experimental data. The database allows analysis, sorting and searching of membrane proteins based on their structural classification, species, destination membrane, numbers of transmembrane segments and subunits, numbers of secondary structures and the calculated hydrophobic thickness or tilt angle with respect to the bilayer normal. All coordinate files with the calculated membrane boundaries are available for downloading. Availabililty: http://opm.phar.umich.edu Contact: almz@umich.edu
Where to Find Corrections Research: An Assessment of Research Published in Corrections Speciality Journals, 1990-1999

Correctional research can be found in a wide range of publications, both specific to corrections and more general in focus. This research is designed to assist academics and practitioners in identifying where particular types of corrections research are most likely to be found. A total of 1,121 articles published in five corrections specialty journals—The Prison Journal, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, Federal Probation, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, and Corrections Management Quarterly—between 1990 and 1999 are reviewed for content and topical focus. Results show clear patterns of topical focus across titles. Results are presented both for the entire sample and for each journal.
Sleep in Children and Adolescents with Neurobehavioral Disorders

Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in children and adolescents who have neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders. Evidence also suggests a relationship between the quality of sleep and neurobehavioral symptoms. Timely recognitions and effective management are therefore essential to improve the quality of life of children with these disorders. Various behavioral techniques remain the cornerstone of management for sleep disorders in children and adolescents with very limited and selective use of pharmacotherapy. This chapter reviews sleep in children and adolescents who have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, and eating disorders.
Postlarval growth of the peripheral gustatory system in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

The phenomenon of postlarval cell addition to the peripheral nervous system offish has been reported for some sensory systems, but has yet to be characterized for the gustatory system. Many fishes, such as catfish, possess taste buds scattered across their body surface, and presumably, the number of taste buds increases during growth of the animal. The present study was undertaken in order to examine the process of growth in the peripheral gustatory system and to determine whether the degree of convergence of receptors onto primary sensory afferents changes during growth. The recurrent facial nerve of channel catfish was used for these studies since this nerve contains no general cutaneous components and innervates taste buds along the fish's body surface. Electron micrographs were made of cross sections of this nerve taken from individuals ranging in size from 5.1 to 39.5 cm standard length. In addition, estimates were made of the number of taste buds innervated by this nerve by determining taste bud density along selected regions of the flank and fins in large and small fish. As catfish get larger, the number of both myelinated and unmyelinated axon profiles in the recurrent facial nerve increases, but at a slower rate than the number of taste buds innervated by this nerve. Thus, on average, the number of taste buds innervated by each fiber increases as the fish enlarges; on average there are 2 taste buds per axon profile in small fish and nearly 14 taste buds per axon profile in large fish. The rate of addition of new axon profiles to the nerve is estimated at roughly 70 per day over the range of sizes studied. Although generation of new ganglion cells and axons may contribute to this increase, several lines of evidence indicate that axonal branching occurs. In addition, the mean axon diameter for both myelinated and unmyelinated axons increases during postlarval growth. The finest myelinated fibers (0.2 μm) in small animals are significantly smaller than the finest myelinated fibers (0.7 μm) in larger animals.
Photoisomerization of 2,3-diphenylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid derivatives

Contrary to what is known about cis-1,2-diphenylcyclopropane and its derivatives, we find that they have triplet energies of ca. 311 kJ mol−1, do not undergo intersystem crossing upon direct excitation, undergo the less common adiabatic photoisomerization to the corresponding trans isomers, and show emission from excited 1,3-diradical intermediates.
NextGen Surface Trajectory-Based Operations: Contingency-hold clearances

The purpose of this pilot-in-the-loop taxi simulation was to investigate a NextGen Surface Trajectory-Based Operations (STBO) concept called “contingency holds.” The contingency-hold concept parses a taxi route into segments, allowing an air traffic control (ATC) surface traffic management (STM) system to hold an aircraft when necessary for safety. Under nominal conditions, if the intersection or active runway crossing is clear, the hold is removed, allowing the aircraft to continue taxiing without slowing, thus improving taxi efficiency, while minimizing the excessive brake use, fuel burn, and emissions associated with stop-and-go taxi. However, when a potential traffic conflict exists, the hold remains in place as a fail-safe mechanism. In this departure operations simulation, the taxi clearance included a required time of arrival (RTA) to a specified intersection. The flight deck was equipped with speed-guidance avionics to aid the pilot in safely meeting the RTA. On two trials, the contingency hold was not released, and pilots were required to stop. On two trials the contingency hold was released 15 sec prior to the RTA, and on two trials the contingency hold was released 30 sec prior to the RTA. When the hold remained in place, all pilots complied with the hold. Results also showed that when the hold was released at 15-sec or 30-sec prior to the RTA, the 30-sec release allowed pilots to maintain nominal taxi speed, thus supporting continuous traffic flow; whereas, the 15-sec release did not. The contingency-hold concept, with at least a 30-sec release, allows pilots to improve taxiing efficiency by reducing braking, slowing, and stopping, but still maintains safety in that no pilots “busted” the clearance holds. Overall, the evidence suggests that the contingency-hold concept is a viable concept for optimizing efficiency while maintaining safety.
Three-dimensional confocal microscopy of colloids.

Confocal microscopy is used in the study of colloidal gels, glasses, and binary fluids. We measure the three-dimensional positions of colloidal particles with a precision of approximately 50 nm ~a small fraction of each particle’s radius! and with a time resolution sufficient for tracking the thermal motions of several thousand particles at once. This information allows us to characterize the structure and the dynamics of these materials in qualitatively new ways, for example, by quantifying the topology of chains and clusters of particles as well as by measuring the spatial correlations between particles with high mobilities. We describe our experimental technique and describe measurements that complement the results of light scattering. © 2001 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 110.2960, 110.0180, 180.1790.
Task and Relationship-Oriented Trust In Leaders

This study examines the relative influence of competence, consistency and motivational intention upon the defined task and relationship dimensions of trust in leaders. A sample of 345 part- and full-time employees provided survey responses regarding their perceptions of their direct supervisors. Results indicate that competence and consistency explain more variance in task than in relationship-oriented trust. Motivational intention explained more variance in relationship than in task-oriented trust. The results, practical implications, limitations and future research opportunities are discussed.
The Seductive Nature of Autotelic Crime: How Neutralization Theory Serves as a Boundary Condition for Understanding Hardcore Street Offending*

In 1957 Sykes and Matza introduced Neutralization Theory as a response to the prevailing criminological wisdom that offenders engage in crime because they adhere to an oppositional subcultural rule set that values law breaking and violence. Sykes and Matza rejected this perspective arguing that, despite their involvement with offending, delinquents maintain a strong bond to conventional society and want to perceive themselves as “good.” To resolve their contemplated law breaking with this desired self-identity, they employ neutralization techniques designed to assuage anticipated guilt. Subsequent research indicates that the original formulation of the theory is limited to explaining the behavior of conventionally attached individuals and fails to address the decision-making processes of nonconventionally oriented individuals such as criminally embedded street offenders. The current paper argues that, for a core group of such offenders, guilt is not an issue at all because their crimes are not only considered acceptable, but attractive and desirable. In-depth, semistructured interviews conducted with 191 active, noninstitutionalized “hardcore” street offenders indicate they discount guilt not through neutralizations but by attaching normative definitions to their crimes (as either mundane, inevitable, or enjoyable) that preclude them from eliciting guilt in the first place. In addition, these interviews detail the manner in which such outlooks develop among hardcore offenders and how they are maintained in a manner that supports further offending.
The Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methyltransferase DIM-5 Modifies Chromatin at frequency and Represses Light-Activated Gene Expression

The transcriptional program controlling the circadian rhythm requires coordinated regulation of chromatin. Characterization of the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding enzyme CHD1 revealed DNA methylation in the promoter of the central clock gene frequency (frq) in Neurospora crassa. In this report, we show that the DNA methylation at frq is not only dependent on the DNA methyltransferase DIM-2 but also on the H3K9 methyltransferase DIM-5 and HP1. Histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) occurs at frq and is most prominent 30 min after light-activated expression. Strains lacking dim-5 have an increase in light-induced transcription, and more White Collar-2 is found associated with the frq promoter. Consistent with the notion that DNA methylation assists in establishing the proper circadian phase, loss of H3K9 methylation results in a phase advance suggesting it delays the onset of frq expression. The dim-5 deletion strain displays an increase in circadian-regulated conidia formation on race tubes and there is a synthetic genetic interaction between dim-5 and ras-1(bd). These results indicate DIM-5 has a regulatory role in muting circadian output. Overall, the data support a model where facultative heterochromatic at frq serves to establish the appropriate phase, mute the light response, and repress circadian output.
Hypocrea jecorina cellobiohydrolase I stabilizing mutations identified using noncontiguous recombination.

Noncontiguous recombination (NCR) is a method to identify pieces of structure that can be swapped among homologous proteins to create new, chimeric proteins. These “blocks” are encoded by elements of sequence that are not necessarily contiguous along the polypeptide chain. We used NCR to design a library in which blocks of structure from Hypocrea jecorina cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) and its two thermostable homologues from Talaromyces emersonii and Chaetomium thermophilum are shuffled to create 531,438 possible chimeric enzymes. We constructed a maximally informative subset of 35 chimeras to analyze this library and found that the blocks contribute additively to the stability of a chimera. Within two highly stabilizing blocks, we uncovered six single amino acid substitutions that each improve the stability of H. jecorina cellobiohydrolase I by 1−3 °C. The small number of measurements required to find these mutations demonstrates that noncontiguous recombination is an efficient strategy for identifying stabilizing mutations.
Exploiting symmetry when verifying transistor-level circuits by symbolic trajectory evaluation

We describe the use of symmetry for verification of transistor-level circuits by symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE). We present a new formulation of STE which allows a succinct description of symmetry properties in circuits, Symmetries in circuits are classified as structural symmetries, arising from similarities in circuit structure, data symmetries, arising from similarities in the handling of data values, and mixed structural-data symmetries. We use graph isomorphism testing and symbolic simulation to verify the symmetries in the original circuit, Using conservative approximations, we partition a circuit to expose the symmetries in its components, and construct reduced system models which can be verified efficiently, Introducing X-drivers into switch-level circuits simplifies the task of creating conservative approximations of switch-level circuits, Our empirical results show that exploiting symmetry with conservative approximations can allow one to verify systems several orders of magnitude larger than otherwise possible. We present results of verifying static random access memory circuits with up to 1.5 Million transistors,.
Chain rule for finite differences

A chain rule for finite differences is obtained which is analogous to the chain rule for derivatives.
Raman Spectroscopic Identification of Bilirubin-Type Gallstone

A gallstone from Egypt was examined by laser Raman spectroscopy and identified to be a bilirubin-type stone. The surface of the stone, the subsurface interior, and the center of the stone were irradiated with the 514.5-nm argon-ion laser line. Spectra from the three areas gave similar Raman spectral patterns. Moreover, Raman spectra from the interior of the gallstone were identical to that of bilirubin standard. However, the examination of a Raman spectrum from the outer surface of the stone indicated that it contained cholesterol in addition to bilirubin. Bilirubin has the characteristic line of C=C stretching vibration at 1615 cm−1. Cholesterol has the characteristic line of C(5)=C(6) stretching vibration at 1674 cm−1. Cholesterol also has a strong characteristic line at 1439 cm−1. Therefore, it is quite easy to identify the constituents of gallstone by Raman spectroscopy.
Story Innovation: An Instructional Strategy for Developing Vocabulary and Fluency

Story innovation is a form of scaffold writing in which the sentence and text patterns remain intact but the content is altered through the substitution of vocabulary to change the setting, characters, or action in a story. Story innovation is presented as a way to develop vocabulary knowledge through deep processing and to provide fluency practice. Teachers will also find story innovation useful for working with struggling readers or students learning English as a second language. It is a way to foster a nonthreatening, low-anxiety, and highly supportive learning environment. The authors describe the scenario in one classroom in which the students wrote a story innovation, and they provide a step-by-step process teachers can follow when implementing story innovation in the classroom.
Integrating E‐Business XML Business Forms and Rule‐Based Agent Technologies

This study investigates the role of extensible mark-up language (XML) business forms and agent-based computing to support negotiation, management and implementation of inter-organization business processes. We explore recently proposed standards for representing artificial agent exchanges through rule-based inference. An XML representational syntax for standard business forms is developed and applied to augment rule-based agents. A prototype investigates ways to combine knowledge-based agents and business forms to assist business and customers in Web-based conference registration. The implementation helps guide customer decisions and the combination of business forms and rules promotes understandability, testability and adaptability of the registration system.
Myosin IIA/IIB restrict adhesive and protrusive signaling to generate front–back polarity in migrating cells

Migratory front–back polarity emerges from the cooperative effect of myosin IIA (MIIA) and IIB (MIIB) on adhesive signaling. We demonstrate here that, during polarization, MIIA and MIIB coordinately promote localized actomyosin bundling, which generates large, stable adhesions that do not signal to Rac and thereby form the cell rear. MIIA formed dynamic actomyosin proto-bundles that mark the cell rear during spreading; it also bound to actin filament bundles associated with initial adhesion maturation in protrusions. Subsequent incorporation of MIIB stabilized the adhesions and actomyosin filaments with which it associated and formed a stable, extended rear. These adhesions did not turn over and no longer signal to Rac. Microtubules fine-tuned the polarity by positioning the front opposite the MIIA/MIIB-specified rear. Decreased Rac signaling in the vicinity of the MIIA/MIIB-stabilized proto-bundles and adhesions was accompanied by the loss of Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEFs), like βPIX and DOCK180, and by inhibited phosphorylation of key residues on adhesion proteins that recruit and activate Rac GEFs. These observations lead to a model for front–back polarity through local GEF depletion.
Eating Their Feelings: Examining Emotional Eating in At-Risk Groups in the United States

Emotional eating affects many individuals and can lead to food overconsump- tion. The present research provides a theoretical foundation for examining the influence of food advertising, social norms, and related mediating influences on emotional eating. Insight offered through interviews with emotional eaters and an emotional eating conceptual model demonstrate that emotional eating is heavily influenced by food advertising, which can incite desire and ruminative thoughts about food. Additionally, emotional eaters may enlist prefactuals in the form of hedonic rationalizations to justify unhealthy eating behavior. Evidence from this research also suggests that individuals who emotionally eat may be doing so because such behavior has been learned. Finally, despite regulatory and policy efforts to create more informed consumers by providing nutrient content information on labels and packaging, emotional eaters possess little motivation to process this information. Implications for public policy and social marketing initiatives are discussed.
Incorporating nurse absenteeism into staffing with demand uncertainty

Increased nurse-to-patient ratios are associated negatively with increased costs and positively with improved patient care and reduced nurse burnout rates. Thus, it is critical from a cost, patient safety, and nurse satisfaction perspective that nurses be utilized efficiently and effectively. To address this, we propose a stochastic programming formulation for nurse staffing that accounts for variability in the patient census and nurse absenteeism, day-to-day correlations among the patient census levels, and costs associated with three different classes of nursing personnel: unit, pool, and temporary nurses. The decisions to be made include: how many unit nurses to employ, how large a pool of cross-trained nurses to maintain, how to allocate the pool nurses on a daily basis, and how many temporary nurses to utilize daily. A genetic algorithm is developed to solve the resulting model. Preliminary results using data from a large university hospital suggest that the proposed model can save a four-unit pool hundreds of thousands of dollars annually as opposed to the crude heuristics the hospital currently employs.
Source monitoring and multivariate signal detection theory, with a model for selection

Participants in source monitoring studies,in addition to determining whether an item is old or new,also discriminate the source of the item,such as whether the item was presented in a male or female voice. This article shows how to apply multivariate signal detection theory (SDT) to source monitoring. An interesting aspect of one version of the source monitoring procedure,from the perspective of multivariate SDT,is that it involves a type of selection,in that a discrimination response is observed only if the detection decision is that an item is old. If the selection is ignored,then the estimate of the discrimination parameter can be biased; the nature and magnitude of the bias are illustrated. A bivariate signal detection model that recognizes selection is presented and its application is illustrated. The approach to source monitoring via multivariate SDT provides new results that are informative about underlying psychological processes. r 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Linear Instability with Ekman and Interior Friction. Part I: Quasigeostrophic Eigenanalysis

Abstract The eigenvalue problems for the original Eady model and a modified Eady model (the G model) are examined with no friction, Ekman friction only, and both Ekman and interior friction. When both Ekman and interior friction are included in the models, normal modes show little additional change when compared to the case with Ekman friction only, whereas the relevant “continuum modes” have large negative growth rates. Interior friction has a much greater effect on the continuum modes than on the normal modes because inviscid continuum modes have a delta-function vertical profile of potential vorticity q. In contrast, normal modes have much smoother profiles of q in the interior. Streamfunction profiles for the continuum modes are notably different in the two models. The continuum modes in the more realistic G model have sharp peak amplitudes that are not as broad in the vertical as in the Eady model.
Antigonadotropin (danazol) in the treatment of endometriosis: Evaluation of posttreatment fertility and three-year follow-up data

Ninety-nine women who completed danazol treatment for endometriosis proved by operation were re-evaluated clinically an average of 37 months later. The recurrence of symptoms was reported by 39 per cent and pelvic findings suggestive of endometriosis were noted in 33 per cent. An average time interval between the end of treatment and the recurrence was 15 months for the entire group. However, 31 women who conceived subsequent to treatment had a much lower recurrence rate of the disease (15 per cent) and a much longer average time until the recurrence (31 months). Of 84 infertile women who desired pregnancy after treatment, 39 conceived, for a pregnancy rate of 46.4 per cent. However, when patients with absolute sterility due to other causes were excluded, the corrected pregnancy rate was 72.2 per cent. The majority of conceptions (23) occurred within the first six months after discontinuation of danazol and a total of 30 occurred within the first year. Four second- and third-trimester intrauterine fetal deaths were observed among women who conceived within the first three cycles after discontinuation of the drug.
Embodiment and enculturation: the future of architectural design.

A half-century ago the Dutch architect Aldo van Eyck encouraged designers to think about “space and time” not as abstractions in themselves but rather as cultural events better approached through the medium of “place and occasion.” Van Eyck made this point on the basis of his own travels and through his extensive readings in cultural anthropology, and his prescience is only now acquiring the credibility that it deserves through the work of a multitude of interdisciplinary researchers. Phenomenologists argue that we are embodied organisms-acting-within-environments, and these inhabiting abodes are constructed of both material and cultural dimensions. We are thus preeminently social in our range of self-consciousness, and intensely ceremonial in every facet of our being. Evolutionary psychologists and anthropologists are currently locating the origin and development of our most basic social behaviors far in our pre-human past; neuroscientists are today modeling our social circuits in the deepest reaches of our brains. Architecture would gain much from an updated cultural theory grounded in these new models of human existence.
Alzheimer disease prevention: New optimism

Alzheimer disease (AD) poses a major threat to medicine and society, but recent epidemiologic data indicate declining incidence of the disease. This development may be due to prevention of many cases by attention to modifiable risk factors. Meanwhile, all treatment efforts using drugs targeting amyloid have failed. In contrast to the assumption of recent decades that sporadic AD is primarily a genetic disease in which neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are mainly responsible for clinical features, it is now time for a more nuanced approach that considers the role of environmental factors preceding dementia onset and the appearance of aggregated proteins. This view of AD has important implications for medical care and health policy, and for counseling individuals to adopt lifestyle strategies that can be effective for prevention.
A Jekyll and Hyde Profile: Type 1 Interferon Signaling Plays a Prominent Role in the Initiation and Maintenance of a Persistent Virus Infection

The hallmarks of persistent viral infections are exhaustion of virus-specific T cells, elevated production of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) the dominant negative regulators of the immune system and disruption of secondary lymphoid tissues. Within the first 12-24 hours after mice are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13, which is used as a model of persistent virus infection, we note generation of high titers of type 1 interferon. Blockade of type 1 interferon significantly lessens IL-10 and PD-1/PD-L1, allows normal secondary lymphoid architecture and re-establishes antiviral T-cell function, thus eradicating the virus and clearing the infection. Hence, type 1 interferon is a master reostat for establishing persistent viral infection.
Simultaneous open reduction of ipsilateral congenital dislocation of the hip and knee assisted by femoral diaphyseal shortening.

BACKGROUND Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) and congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK) occurring in the same extremity is a rare condition. Traditional treatment usually involves staged procedures, obtaining knee reduction first, and then addressing the hip once the knee can be flexed adequately. Simultaneous surgical reduction of both dislocations assisted by femoral shortening is a logical treatment option not previously reported. METHODS A retrospective radiographic and clinical review of surgically treated patients was performed, with a minimum 5-year follow-up. Outcome of CDK treatment was graded according to a scale consisting of radiographic congruity, clinical stability, function, and gait. Outcome of CDH treatment was graded according to Severin classification. RESULTS Eight patients (11 limbs) were identified, with follow-up of 5 to 16 years. Four patients (5 limbs) underwent simultaneous open reduction of both dislocations stabilized by capsulorrhaphy and femoral shortening, with 3 patients operated at age 1 year. Subsequent procedures included 2 physeal-sparing anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, and 1 high tibial osteotomy to correct angular deformity. Additional procedures for hip dysplasia included 2 pelvic osteotomies in the same patient. Four patients (6 limbs) underwent staged treatment: open reduction of the knee using quadricepsplasty at age 4 to 11 months, followed by open reduction of the hip by either medial approach 3 months later, or anterior approach 12 to 24 months later. No additional knee procedures were performed in this group. Additional hip procedures included 1 repeat open reduction and 1 pelvic/femoral osteotomy. At follow-up in the simultaneous group, knees were 3 excellent, 1 good, and 1 fair, whereas hips had 3 Severin grade 1 to 2 results, 1 grade 3, and 1 grade 4. Outcomes for the staged group knees were 2 fair and 4 poor results, whereas hips had 5 grade 1 to 2 results and 1 grade 3. CONCLUSIONS Outcome for CDK treated simultaneously seems better than staged treatment due to improved retained quadriceps function and attention to teratologic instability. Outcomes for CDH were essentially equal regardless of simultaneous or staged treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : III.
A Robust And Accurate Seismic Attenuation Tomography Algorithm

Summary We developed a seismic-attenuation-tomography algorithm for improving image amplitude fidelity and other geophysical applications. This algorithm is based upon the centroid-frequency-shift method. However, compared with the conventional centroid-frequency-shift method, our algorithm has been significantly improved through the
Population Stabilization: Toward an Educated Public Debate

The goal is not survival but survival as human beings. The decisions are not technical, reserved to experts, but political and moral, demanding the intelligent participation of all of us. ... The outcome of the human drama depends in large part upon whether, in the next decade, we devote our primary energies to multiplying and redistributing the bread or to reducing the number of guests at the table. (Neuhaus, 1971:268-269; quoted in Bahr, et. al. 1972 p. 15)
Exploring East Asian Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions about the Effectiveness of their Preparation for Study Abroad for Academic Success in U.S. Universities

We use grounded theory as a framework to explore how preparation for studying abroad affects the academic success of East Asian undergraduate students in U.S. universities. Based on interviews with twelve participants from China, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, we found that knowledge of English language and American culture, which is highly involved with their preparation for study abroad and their undergraduate study in the U.S, are two core categories affecting East Asian students’ academic success. High levels of preparation for study abroad help East Asian students better adapt to American universities. At the same time, East Asian students spend more time on English proficiency tests than learning the culture both before and after they arrive to the U.S., which can be detrimental. We suggest that U.S. universities provide more support for cultural adaptation such as learning communities to have active cultural exchanges within context.
African Women Refugee Resettlement: A Womanist Analysis

In considering forced migration as a consequence of global conflict, women with refugee status are especially vulnerable. The influx of refugees into the United States, in this case, refugees from Africa, requires us to examine various aspects of what it means to be a refugee. Drawing upon current and extant literature, this article investigates the challenges faced by women refugees from Africa. A womanist framework is described and applied to four areas of resettlement experience including gendered expectations, trauma and mental health, economic self-sufficiency, and cultural integration. In addition, the policy assumptions of the Refugee Act of 1980 are contrasted with the realities and experiences of women refugees from Africa. Implications for social work practice, policy advocacy, and research are discussed.
Impact of Culture-oriented Organizational Innovation on Technological Innovation: Based on the Mediating Role of Knowledge Absorptive Capability——Empirical Data from Chinese High Technology Manufacturing Industry

Considering the mediating role of knowledge absorptive capability,it analyzed the impact of culture-oriented organizational innovation on technological innovation. Based on the survey questionnaire and in-depth interviews of 278high-tech manufacturing enterprises,it used structural equation model( SEM) to analyze the impact of culture-oriented organizational innovation on technological innovation and the intermediary role of knowledge absorptive capability. The results show that culture-oriented organizational innovation has significant direct and positive impact on technological innovation,and knowledge absorptive capability plays the mediating role.
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery: Hypothermia and Hypoglycemia in a Newborn

A 2,160-g term female is born to a 24-year-old G2P0010 mother. Pregnancy complications include iron-deficiency anemia; intrauterine growth restriction diagnosed by using a prenatal ultrasound during the third trimester; positive serologic result for maternal herpes simplex, with no active lesions present at delivery; and vaginal culture positive for group B Streptococcus . All other serologic test results were unremarkable. Before delivery, the mother received valacyclovir and multiple doses of penicillin. The infant was born at a community hospital via induced vaginal delivery due to intrauterine growth restriction status, without prolonged rupture of membranes. Apgar scores are 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Physical examination at birth demonstrates the infant is small for gestational age but is otherwise within normal limits. Weight at birth is 2,160 g and length is 43.2 centimeters, both below the third percentile for gestational age and gender, and head circumference is 33.5 centimeters (15th percentile). On day 2, just before discharge, the infant is noted to be hypothermic (93°F) and hypoglycemic. She is transferred to the NICU of the community hospital and undergoes a partial sepsis evaluation, including blood, urine, and surface viral cultures. Presumptive treatment for clinical sepsis is initiated with ampicillin, gentamicin, and acyclovir. Subsequently, the infant is noted to have evidence of respiratory distress and requires continuous positive airway pressure support. An arterial blood gas sample is obtained, with the following results: pH, 7.1; Pco2, 9 mm Hg; bicarbonate, 7 mmol/L; and base excess, –25 mmol/L. She receives a 2-mEq/kg sodium bicarbonate bolus, and a repeat arterial blood gas sample shows a pH of 7.3, Pco2 of 15 mm Hg, and base excess of –20 mmol/L. Lactate levels are within normal limits, but ammonia levels are elevated to >400 μmol/L, and 3 hours later they increase …
Profiling of HIV Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid

HIV-1 proteins are rarely identifi ed during mass spectrometry-based proteomic profi ling studies of body fl uids from HIV-1-infected people even when elaborated fractionation schema and highly sensitive instruments are used. Genotyping of HIV-1 isolated from body fl uids does not provide exact information about characteristics of circulating proteins and is a limiting factor in expanding an important segment of our knowledge about the course of infection. Therefore, we propose that in vitro amplifi cation of freshly isolated virus followed by sucrose cushion purifi cation will yield suffi cient amounts of viral proteins for mass spectrometric characterization. This chapter provides protocols for virus propagation using CD4+ T cell line or human macrophages, virus purifi cation, and preparation of samples for two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analyses.
Incorporating Advanced Practice Practitioners in the ICU

The nurse practitioner (NP) and physician assistant (PA) professions began in the 1960s in response to shortages of primary care providers [1]. However, NP and PA roles have expanded over the years to meet patient care needs in specialty and subspecialty areas of practice. Nationally, a growing number of intensive care units (ICUs) are integrating the use of advanced practice providers (APPs) including NPs and PAs as a strategy for meeting ICU workforce needs [2, 3]. Currently, more than 205,000 NPs and more than 93,000 PAs are practicing in the United States [4, 5]. NPs and PAs play an increasing role on ICU teams to assist in direct patient care management in conjunction with the intensivist led team along with other role components including leading quality improvement initiatives, assisting with research studies, and promoting continuity of care in the ICU [5–7]. According to the 2013 AAPA Annual Survey Report (15,025 respondents), 2.3 % of the PA respondents listed the ICU as their primary clinical work setting.