cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to "Comments on: Three-Dimensional Imaging for Breast Augmentation: Is This Technology Providing Accurate Simulations?".

We are happy to respond to the comments by Dr Elizabeth Hall-Findlay.1 Experience influences our beliefs, and it appears Dr Hall-Findlay has not had a positive experience with breast 3-dimensional (3D) imaging. Much like the previous response, we are not exactly sure how to respond to her conclusion that the “simulations are far from accurate.”1 The data are the data and are based on the objective analysis in this study; these data would indicate that her opinion is not supported. Our goal in the study was to determine the accuracy of the simulations generated by 3D imaging technology. We randomly selected 20 consecutive breast augmentation patients and used an objective mathematical formula to look at volume and surface contour. The results as stated were 90% accuracy in volume and a mean of 4-mm (98% accuracy) surface contour. That is the data. Why do Dr Hall-Findlay and we differ in our conclusion? We would suggest the following. To begin with, …
CelR, an Ortholog of the Diguanylate Cyclase PleD of Caulobacter, Regulates Cellulose Synthesis in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Cellulose fibrils play a role in attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to its plant host. While the genes for cellulose biosynthesis in the bacterium have been identified, little is known concerning the regulation of the process. The signal molecule cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) has been linked to the regulation of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in many bacterial species, including A. tumefaciens. In this study, we identified two putative diguanylate cyclase genes, celR (atu1297) and atu1060, that influence production of cellulose in A. tumefaciens. Overexpression of either gene resulted in increased cellulose production, while deletion of celR, but not atu1060, resulted in decreased cellulose biosynthesis. celR overexpression also affected other phenotypes, including biofilm formation, formation of a polar adhesion structure, plant surface attachment, and virulence, suggesting that the gene plays a role in regulating these processes. Analysis of celR and Δcel mutants allowed differentiation between phenotypes associated with cellulose production, such as biofilm formation, and phenotypes probably resulting from c-di-GMP signaling, which include polar adhesion, attachment to plant tissue, and virulence. Phylogenetic comparisons suggest that species containing both celR and celA, which encodes the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase, adapted the CelR protein to regulate cellulose production while those that lack celA use CelR, called PleD, to regulate specific processes associated with polar localization and cell division.
Parallel, open-channel lateral flow (immuno) assay substrate based on capillary-channeled polymer films

Presented here is a novel implementation of polypropylene capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) films, functionalized for bioaffinity separations and implemented as a platform for lateral flow (immuno) assays. The parallel ∼80 μm × 80 μm channels pass test solutions down the 30 mm film length via spontaneous wicking action, setting up the possibility for immobilizing different capture agents in the respective channels. The base-film modification process is divided into two steps: ultraviolet light treatment to improve hydrophillicity of the polypropylene substrate and the physical adsorption of a functionalized lipid tethered ligand (LTL) as a selective capture agent. The entire modification procedure is performed under ambient conditions in an aqueous solution without extreme pH conditions. In this demonstration, physical adsorption of a biotinylated-LTL onto the UV-treated PP surface selectively captures Texas Red-labeled streptavidin (SAv-TR) in the presence of enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), which passes without retention in less than 5 s. In addition to the fluorescence imaging of the protein solutes, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) was used to confirm the formation of the LTL-SAv conjugates on the channel surface as well as to demonstrate an alternative means of probing the capture step. The present effort sets the groundwork for further development of C-CP films as a parallel, multi-analyte LFA platform; a format that to-date has not been described.
Multiplane particle shadow velocimetry to quantify integral length scales

The integral length scale can be calculated from planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) data by integrating a two-point velocity correlation over a range of in-plane spatial separations. However, the field of view restricts the integral scale that can be measured by limiting the integration domain. This limitation can be overcome if multiple planes are imaged, and velocity is correlated along the out-of-plane direction. Multiplane particle shadow velocimetry (PSV) is introduced for this purpose. A backlight is used to illuminate particles in the flow field, rather than a laser sheet as in PIV. These illuminated particles obstruct light from entering the camera, thus appearing dark. The combination of two colors in the backlight and a dichroic mirror makes possible the simultaneous imaging of two planes. Separated along the the out-of-plane direction (the optical axis), the multiple imaged planes allow for an integral length scale to be measured independent of the field of view. Experiments were conducted in the axisymmetric 285 mm diameter glycerin tunnel at Penn State’s Applied Research Laboratory. Turbulence statistics calculated using multiplane PSV are consistent with those obtained using planar PSV and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) at the same facility. The temporal autocorrelation and the integral timescale, measured with planar and multiplane PSV, agree within 95% confidence. The two-point velocity correlation separated spatially along the in-plane radial direction is the same, within 95% confidence, as that separated spatially along the out-of-plane radial direction. The former is insufficient for calculating an integral length scale due to its limited domain. Integrating the latter yields an integral length scale equal to 11% of the radius of the tunnel.
Rarefaction-driven Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Part 1. Diffuse-interface linear stability measurements and theory

Theory and experiments are reported that explore the behaviour of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability initiated with a diffuse interface. Experiments are performed in which an interface between two gases of differing density is made unstable by acceleration generated by a rarefaction wave. Well-controlled, diffuse, two-dimensional and three-dimensional, single-mode perturbations are generated by oscillating the gases either side to side, or vertically for the three-dimensional perturbations. The puncturing of a diaphragm separating a vacuum tank beneath the test section generates a rarefaction wave that travels upwards and accelerates the interface downwards. This rarefaction wave generates a large, but non-constant, acceleration of the order of , where is the acceleration due to gravity. Initial interface thicknesses are measured using a Rayleigh scattering diagnostic and the instability is visualized using planar laser-induced Mie scattering. Growth rates agree well with theoretical values, and with the inviscid, dynamic diffusion model of Duff et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 5, 1962, pp. 417–425) when diffusion thickness is accounted for, and the acceleration is weighted using inviscid Rayleigh–Taylor theory. The linear stability formulation of Chandrasekhar (Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 51, 1955, pp. 162–178) is solved numerically with an error function diffusion profile using the Riccati method. This technique exhibits good agreement with the dynamic diffusion model of Duff et al. for small wavenumbers, but produces larger growth rates for large-wavenumber perturbations. Asymptotic analysis shows a decay in growth rates as for large-wavenumber perturbations.
Enhancing our understanding of white matter changes in early multiple sclerosis.

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Permeability of the blood–brain barrier predicts conversion from optic neuritis to multiple sclerosis’, by Cramer et al. (doi:10.1093/brain/awv203). The cause of multiple sclerosis remains one of the great mysteries of neurology. Despite its clinico-neuropathological characterization almost 150 years ago by Charcot, we continue to gain fundamental knowledge about multiple sclerosis pathology. A major roadblock to the better understanding of multiple sclerosis, and many chronic CNS diseases, is the lack of adequate longitudinal histological analyses of the CNS. These are needed to show the early development of individual lesions as well as the changes in neuropathology over the years. How do multiple sclerosis lesions begin? Neuroimaging has provided clues by revealing that lesions commence with blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown as indicated by gadolinium enhancement. In the BECOME study in which monthly gadolinium-enhanced brain MRIs were performed in 75 subjects with multiple sclerosis for 2 years, more than 95% of new lesions seen on T2-weighted/FLAIR magnetic resonance began with gadolinium enhancement (Cadavid et al. , 2009). However, we do not know what precedes BBB breakdown. It is likely that subtle focal or global changes occur prior to gadolinium enhancement within the normal-appearing CNS. To understand early events in lesion development, investigators often focus on patients who are at the early stages of a single demyelinating event, so-called ‘clinically isolated syndrome’ (CIS). In this issue of Brain , Cramer and co-workers examine patients with CIS limited to the optic nerves to determine whether subtle changes in BBB permeability are also present …
Bcl11b drives the birth of ILC2 innate lymphocytes

![Figure][1] Insight from Chao Zhong (left) and Jinfang Zhu (right) Effective immune responses to pathogens require the activation and differentiation of both innate and adaptive lymphocytes, such as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T cells, respectively. ILCs consist of distinct helper-
A Comprehensive Look at Polypharmacy and Medication Screening Tools for the Older Cancer Patient

UNLABELLED : Inappropriate medication use and polypharmacy are extremely common among older adults. Numerous studies have discussed the importance of a comprehensive medication assessment in the general geriatric population. However, only a handful of studies have evaluated inappropriate medication use in the geriatric oncology patient. Almost a dozen medication screening tools exist for the older adult. Each available tool has the potential to improve aspects of the care of older cancer patients, but no single tool has been developed for this population. We extensively reviewed the literature (MEDLINE, PubMed) to evaluate and summarize the most relevant medication screening tools for older patients with cancer. Findings of this review support the use of several screening tools concurrently for the elderly patient with cancer. A deprescribing tool should be developed and included in a comprehensive geriatric oncology assessment. Finally, prospective studies are needed to evaluate such a tool to determine its feasibility and impact in older patients with cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The prevalence of polypharmacy increases with advancing age. Older adults are more susceptible to adverse effects of medications. "Prescribing cascades" are common, whereas "deprescribing" remains uncommon; thus, older patients tend to accumulate medications over time. Older patients with cancer are at high risk for adverse drug events, in part because of the complexity and intensity of cancer treatment. Additionally, a cancer diagnosis often alters assessments of life expectancy, clinical status, and competing risk. Screening for polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications could reduce the risk for adverse drug events, enhance quality of life, and reduce health care spending for older cancer patients.
Breast cancer in Mississippi: impact of race and residential geographical setting on cancer at initial diagnosis.

Objective To analyze female breast cancer data for Mississippi from 2005 to 2009 to test whether race and/or geography had an impact on the stage of breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. Methods A cross-sectional design for data was developed and collected by the Mississippi Cancer Registry (MCR). The MCR dataset contained female breast cancer cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2009. Of the 9699 cases used, 2925 were white patients living in urban counties and 3584 were white patients residing in a rural county. Among African American patients, 1247 lived in urban areas, and 1943 resided in rural counties. Results Geography had a significant impact on the stage of breast cancer at which the patient was diagnosed. Women living in rural Mississippi had a greater chance (white 4% and African American 19%) of presenting with advanced regional/distant breast cancer rather than in situ/localized breast cancer. The number of white patients was similar to the number of African American patients who presented at the time of diagnosis with advanced regional/distant breast cancer. African American women had greater odds than white women (urban 25%, rural 47%) of presenting with advanced regional/distant breast cancer. Conclusions This study provides important new information about two specific factors that may affect the stage of breast cancer diagnosis: race (whites vs African Americans) and geography (urban vs rural county). The implications of this study will aid the Mississippi State Department of Health in targeting screening programs throughout the state. The results also may affect medical and allied health care.
The Distressed Daughter

This case discusses a pharmacokinetic interaction between carbamazepine and alprazolam leading to sedation. Alprazolam is a cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate. Carbamazepine is a 3A4 inducer. Discontinuation of carbamazepine leads to less metabolism of alprazolam and greater sedation.
The Art Library Scene in Egypt

Art libraries in Egypt, as part of a broader art information context, do not play a vital role in the preservation, survey, and dissemination of art information in the country. These information centres have not been given the recognition or financial support necessary to allow them to become active, up-to-date art information clearinghouses. Two major art documentation centres in Cairo are discussed: the Egyptian Museum Library and the Creswell Collection and Library at the American University in Cairo. Common problems among art libraries in Egypt are identified and a few steps which could lead toward improved conditions are suggested.
A multifuctional phased array antenna with frequency agility and polarization reconfigurablity

A 1×4 linear phased array antenna of microstrip patches employing wideband frequency agility and simultaneous polarization reconfiguration has been studied here. The microstrip patch consists of a circular patch connected to an annular ring around it via 4 varactor diodes. This design achieves approximately 46% frequency agility between 1.5 GHz and 2.4 GHz. Four different radiation polarizations have been generated by adjusting ports amplitude and phase excitations with the help of a polarization feed network (PFN). A beam forming network (BFN) has been realized for beam generation based on the projection matrix method (PMM). The active element patterns (AEP) were used as the PMM inputs. Experimentally ±52° beam peak steering at 1.5GHz and ±28° beam peak steering at 2.4GHz has been verified based on 3dB gain variation criteria for both linear and circular polarizations.
Engineering and Optimization of Silicon-Iron-Manganese Nanoalloy Electrode for Enhanced Lithium-Ion Battery.

The electrochemical performance of a battery is considered to be primarily dependent on the electrode material. However, engineering and optimization of electrodes also play a crucial role, and the same electrode material can be designed to offer significantly improved batteries. In this work, Si–Fe–Mn nanomaterial alloy (Si/alloy) and graphite composite electrodes were densified at different calendering conditions of 3, 5, and 8 tons, and its influence on electrode porosity, electrolyte wettability, and long-term cycling was investigated. The active material loading was maintained very high (~2 mg cm−2) to implement electrode engineering close to commercial loading scales. The densification was optimized to balance between the electrode thickness and wettability to enable the best electrochemical properties of the Si/alloy anodes. In this case, engineering and optimizing the Si/alloy composite electrodes to 3 ton calendering (electrode densification from 0.39 to 0.48 g cm−3) showed enhanced cycling stability with a high capacity retention of ~100% over 100 cycles.
When Does Public Opinion Matter

The landmark 1996 reform to Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) provides an opportunity to study processes of welfare reform in the United States. A potential factor behind the transformation of AFDC is public opinion, possibly in the form of changes in attitudes among politically relevant groups. This study will evaluate this thesis, focusing on attitudinal changes between partisan identifiers. Most data suggest the American public may have been critical of welfare programs prior to the 1996 reform. However, the extent of these criticisms generally varies depending on who is asked, how questions are worded and the type of program. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data, I analyze trends in public opinion among political identifiers and evaluate the process through which the 1996 reform was enacted.
Learning sorting networks by grammars

A compare-exchange network, or CMPX-net, is a sequence of operations of the form [i : j], each of which operates on an array, D, of length N. The network is said to have width N. The length of the network is the number of CMPX’s in the network. For each [i : j], we have i O[j] for each [i : j] in the sequence. A sorting networlc(SNet) is a CMPX-net which will sort D’s contents into nondecreasing order no matter how D’s contents are ordered initially. A merging network (MNet) is a pair containing a CMPX-net of even width, N, and a partition of the indices into two equal-size sets or “sides.” If the data on each side of the partition are sorted initially then the output will be sorted. The space of CMPXnets with n, CMPX’s and width N is large, of size C(N; 2)‘% With MNets, the space is still bigger, since we must multiply the number of networks by the number of partitions, C(N; N/2). We use a genetic algorithm(GA) to search for CMPX-nets which are SNets or MNets. The GA repeatedly samples the space of potential solutions in a series of “generations,” each using the relative “fitness” of the previous generation’s samples to apportion more samples in promising regions. Mutation and especially cross-over operators are applied to generate similar but novel new sample points; this process is iterated until some stopping criterion is achieved. Hillis has had encouraging success using a GA to evolve sorting networks( Hillis 1991). In our work, we represent CMPX-nets by grammars which describe CMPX-nets. Terminals define particular CMPX sequences and nonterminals specify ways in which larger networks are built from smaller ones.
Vibrational and Rotational Transitions of Hydrogen Bonded Complexes from Theory and Experiment

Exploiting the interface between spectroscopy and ab initio investigation can be of real benefit in understanding the subtle properties of hydrogen bonded complexes. However, what theory and experiment determine most directly are not precisely corresponding values, and so the differences are important in a detailed comparison. This point is considered here for certain of the primary questions that arise in studying weak complexes, such as bond strengths, equilibrium structures, vibrational frequencies and interconversions. Particular reference is made to the hydrogen fluoride dimer where ab initio calculations and experiment have been able to provide spectroscopic parameters to high accuracy.
Translational approach towards determining the role of cerebral autoregulation in outcome after traumatic brain injury

Cerebral autoregulation is impaired after traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to poor outcome. In the context of the neurovascular unit, cerebral autoregulation contributes to neuronal cell integrity and clinically Glasgow Coma Scale is correlated to intactness of autoregulation after TBI. Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) is often normalized by use of vasoactive agents to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) and thereby limit impairment of cerebral autoregulation and neurological deficits. However, current vasoactive agent choice used to elevate MAP to increase CPP after TBI is variable. Vasoactive agents, such as phenylephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, clinically have not sufficiently been compared regarding effect on CPP, autoregulation, and survival after TBI. The cerebral effects of these clinically commonly used vasoactive agents are incompletely understood. This review will describe translational studies using a more human like animal model (the pig) of TBI to identify better therapeutic strategies to improve outcome post injury. These studies also investigated the role of age and sex in outcome and mechanism(s) involved in improvement of outcome in the setting of TBI. Additionally, this review considers use of inhaled nitric oxide as a novel neuroprotective strategy in treatment of TBI.
The Minimalist Program and the Origin of Language: A View From Paleoanthropology

In arguing that articulate language is underpinned by an algorithmically simple neural operation, the Minimalist Program (MP) retrodicts that language emerged in a short-term event. Because spoken language leaves no physical traces, its ancient use must be inferred from archeological proxies. These strongly suggest that modern symbolic human behavior patterns - and, by extension, cognition - emerged both abruptly and late in time (subsequent to the appearance of Homo sapiens as an anatomical entity some 200 thousand years kyr ago). Because the evidence is compelling that language is an integral component of modern symbolic thought, the archeological evidence clearly supports the basic tenet of the MP. But the associated proposition, that language was externalized in an independent event that followed its initial appearance as a conduit to internal thought, is much more debatable.
Estimates of Number of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States

Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits offer a unique perspective on the nation's undiscovered mineral resources. As part of the 1998 assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc, estimates of the number of deposits were made for 305 of the 447 permissive tracts delineated in 19 assessment regions of the country. By aggregating number of undiscovered deposits by deposit type and by assessment region, a picture of the nation's undiscovered resources has emerged. For the nation as a whole, the mean estimate for the number of undiscovered deposits is 950. There is a 90% chance there are at least 747 undiscovered deposits and a 10% chance there are as many as 1,160 undiscovered deposits. For Alaska, the mean estimate for the number of undiscovered deposits is 281. There is a 90% chance there are at least 168 undiscovered deposits and a 10% chance there are as many as 402 undiscovered deposits. Assuming that the majority of deposits used to create the grade and tonnage models that formed the basis for estimating the number of undiscovered deposits are significant deposits, there remain about as many undiscovered deposits as have already been discovered. Consideration of the number of undiscovered deposits as part of national assessments carried out on a recurring basis serves as a leading indicator of the nation's total mineral resources.
Actin Dynamics, Regulated by RhoA-LIMK-Cofilin Signaling, Mediates Rod Photoreceptor Axonal Retraction After Retinal Injury.

Purpose Retraction of the axon terminals of rod photoreceptors after retinal detachment breaks the first synapse in the visual pathway, resulting in visual impairment. Previous work showed that the mechanism of axonal retraction involves RhoA signaling and its downstream effector LIM Kinase (LIMK) activation. We examined the response of the downstream component cofilin, a direct binding protein of actin filaments, as well as the regulation by RhoA-LIMK-Cofilin signaling of actin assembly/disassembly, in the presynaptic ribbon terminal of injured rod cells. Methods Injury was produced by retinal detachment or rod cell isolation. Detached porcine retina was probed for levels and localization of phosphorylated cofilin with Western blots and confocal microscopy, whereas rod cell cultures of dissociated salamander retina were examined for filamentous actin assembly/disassembly with a barbed end assay and phalloidin staining. Results A detachment increased phosphorylation of cofilin in retinal explants; phosphorylation occurred in rod terminals in sections of detached retina. Isolation of rod cells resulted in axon retraction accompanied by an increase in actin barbed ends and a decrease in net filament labeling. All changes were significantly reduced by either Rho kinase (ROCK) or LIMK inhibition, using Y27632 or BMS-5, respectively. Cytochalasin D also reduced retraction and stabilized filaments in isolated rod cells. Conclusions These results indicate that actin depolymerization via activation of RhoA downstream kinases and cofilin contributes to axon retraction. Preventing depolymerization, in addition to actomyosin contraction, may stabilize ribbon synapses after trauma.
Identification of the Relationships Between a Vocal Attribute and a Personality

There is an increasing need for human interaction to improve with electronics in this digital age. Socially assistive robot (SAR) interactions with the elderly and youth can improve the quality of these individuals’ lives in terms of friendships. Since humans are emotional creatures and respond more agreeably to similar personality types, robots need to be designed and programmed in a more intuitive way to capture and match the users’ personal characteristics to maximize human-machine friendships. The present study is intended to identify significant vocal features associated with a human’s personality type (introverted vs. extroverted), in a digital signal processing environment, and use vocal traits for characterization. The voices of 28 university students (14 introverted and 14 extroverted) were recorded when each verbally responded to the Walk-in-the-Woods questionnaire. Then, the response time for the first question for each participant was extracted. Statistical analyses were employed to test significances of each measure for the two personality groups (introverted vs. extroverted).
The Divine in the Commonplace: Reverent Natural History and the Novel in Britain

Realism has long been associated with the secular, but in early nineteenth-century England a realist genre existed that was highly theological: popular natural histories informed by natural theology. The Divine in the Commonplace explores the 'reverent empiricism' of English natural history and how it conceives observation and description as a kind of devotion or act of reverence. Focusing on the texts of popular natural historians, especially seashore naturalists, Amy M. King puts these in conversation with English provincial realist novelists including Austen, Gaskell, Eliot, and Trollope. She argues that the English provincial novel has a 'reverent form' as a result of its connection to the practices and representational strategies of natural history writing in this period, which was literary, empirical, and reverent. This book will appeal to students and scholars of nineteenth-century literature, science historians, and those interested in interdisciplinary connections between pre-Darwinian natural history, religion, and literature.
Spatio-Temporal Clustering of Traffic Data with Deep Embedded Clustering

Traffic data is a challenging spatio-temporal data, and a multivariate time series data with spatial similarities. Clustering of traffic data is a fundamental tool for various machine learning tasks including anomaly detection, missing data imputation and short term forecasting problems. In this paper, first, we formulate a spatio-temporal clustering problem and define temporal and spatial clusters. Then, we propose an approach for finding temporal and spatial clusters with a deep embedded clustering model. The proposed approach is examined on traffic flow data. In the analysis, we present the properties of clusters and patterns in the dataset. The analysis shows that the temporal and spatial clusters have meaningful relationships with temporal and spatial patterns in traffic data, and the clustering method effectively finds similarities in traffic data.
The effect of Bacillus subtilis Vru1 encapsulated in alginate - bentonite coating enriched with titanium nanoparticles against Rhizoctonia solani on bean.

Abstract This research investigated the colonization efficiency and survival rate of nanoencapsulated Bacillus subtilis Vru1 prepared with sodium alginate (NaAlg), starch and bentonite and, their efficiency for controlling Rhizoctonia solani. The XRD and FTIR analysis in this research indicated the absence of chemical reactions, and correct mixing efficiency was funded with alginate, bentonite and starch. The highest release of B. subtilis Vru1 was 4 × 109 in 45th day of storage. The quantity of colonization by B. subtilis Vru1 nanocapsules was lower than that of free B. subtilis Vru1 at days 5–20 and was significantly higher than that of free B. subtilis VRU1 and encapsulated B. subtilis VRU1 without Titanium dioxide nanoparticle, after day 35. This level was maintained for up to 45th day. The results of this experiments indicated that the highest and lowest inhibition of R. solani on bean observed in Vru1 nanocapsules with 90% and free Vru1 with 60% respectively. and Vru1 capsule without titanium nanoparticles (TNs) decreased the disease by 75%. The nanoencapsulated B. subtilis Vru1 strain significantly increased the bean vegetative growth parameters. This finding was probably attributed to the enhancement in the number of the bacterium and the high level of metabolite production such as indole-3-acetic acid. Thus, nanocapsule formulation is a potential alternative for sustainable agriculture.
Teres minor and quadrilateral space syndrome: A review

The teres minor is one of four rotator cuff muscles that is involved in many shoulder pathologies. The integrity of the teres minor can be indicative of treatment success for disorders including rotator cuff tears, impingement syndrome, and quadrangular space syndrome. Quadrangular or quadrilateral space syndrome is a debilitating disorder that may require surgical intervention in chronic cases and can lead to atrophy of the teres minor. A review of the diagnostic techniques and treatment methods for disorders involving teres minor, with a focus on quadrilateral space syndrome, are presented in order to summarize the current understanding of these pathologies.
The Relationship Between Number of Comorbidities and Age of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in US Male Veteran Population: A Single-Center Experience.

Background Comorbidities of tobacco and alcohol abuse and obesity are major risk factors for colon carcinogenesis. These risk factors are considered the most prevalent modifiable risk factors linked to malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC) in both high- and low-income countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between number of comorbidities and age of CRC diagnosis in US male veteran population. Methods A retrospective single-center study using chart review and the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes to identify patients with a diagnosis of CRC and comorbidities of tobacco abuse, alcohol abuse, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The primary aim was to study effect of these comorbidities on age of CRC diagnosis. Univariable and then multivariable logistic regression models were fit to age at diagnosis for each patient variable. Results A total of 362 patients were included in the study. The mean age of CRC diagnosis was 66.8. Eighty percent were Caucasians, and 20% were African Americans. African Americans were diagnosed with CRC 3.8 years younger compared to Caucasians (P = 0.01). Controlling for other variables in the multivariable model, age at CRC diagnosis was significantly lower for African Americans and for patients with higher total counts for tobacco and alcohol abuse and obesity. HTN, DM and CKD were not associated with a lower age of CRC diagnosis. Conclusions Tobacco and alcohol abuse and obesity have negative cumulative effect on age of CRC diagnosis in US male veteran population. Patients with increasing number of these comorbidities are associated with significantly lower age of CRC diagnosis. It is important to identify veterans with these comorbidities and encourage CRC screening.
A component-based approach to verification and validation of formal software models

Formal methods for verification of software systems often face the problem of state explosion and complexity. We present a divide and conquer methodology that leads to component based verification and analysis of formal requirements specifications expressed using Software Cost Reduction (SCR) models. The proposed methodology has the following steps: model partitioning, partition verification (either by model checking or testing) and composition of verification results. We define a novel decomposition methodology for SCR specifications based on min-cut graph algorithms. The methodology identifies components in given SCR specifications and automates related abstraction methods. It also provides guidance on how to perform verification and validation of the formal system models. Further, we present a strategy for verification of modular and decomposable software models. Efficient verification of SCR models is achieved with the use of invariants and proof compositions. SCR specifications can be executed by the simulator and tested, either automatically (e.g. random testing) or manually, guided by a domain expert using visual interface mimicking the actual system. Some of the identified specification components might be simple enough to allow thorough testing, despite having large state spaces that cause problems with model checking approaches. We define model test coverage measures and develop tools to track the achieved coverage during manual and random testing. Testing and coverage measures provide degree of assurance in the component correctness. Our experimental results also provide insight into the efficacy of random testing approaches for verification of software models. Experimental validation of our methodology brought to light several concepts that have been advocated in the software development community for a long time: modularity, encapsulation, information hiding and the avoidance of global variables. The advantages of the compositional verification strategy are demonstrated in the case study, which analyses the Personnel Access Control System. Our approach offers significant savings in terms of time and memory requirements needed to perform formal system verification.
Contrasting Perspectives: Inspiring Critical Thinking Review of Abnormal Psychology: Contrasting Perspectives: By Jonathan D. Raskin, London: Red Globe Press, 2019, 728 Pages, $67.99

Abnormal Psychology: Contrasting Perspectives provides an overview of abnormal psychology while also urging the reader to think critically about its content. From the outset of the text, Jonathan R...
Getting to the Heart of the Matter in Later Life: The Central Role of Affect in Health Message Framing

Background and objectives Adopting healthy behaviors is often influenced by message framing; gain-framed messages emphasize the benefits of engaging in a behavior, whereas loss-framed messages highlight the consequences of not engaging in a behavior. Research has begun to uncover the underlying affective pathways involved in message framing. In the current study, we examined the role of affect in message framing to encourage physical exercise program enrollment among older adults. Research design and methods We mailed flyers to 126 volunteers assigned to a gain- or loss-framed condition and measured their affective reactions to the flyer and enrollment intentions. After the call, participants had the opportunity to contact us to enroll. Results Gain- versus loss-framing led to more positive affect toward the flyer, which predicted intentions and enrollment. In indirect-effect analyses, frame indirectly influenced intentions and enrollment via positive affect. Discussion and implications Although message framing plays an indirect role in influencing behavior, affect plays a central role.
Acanthotomicus diaboliculus and A. enzoi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Ipini), New Species from Southeast Asia

Acanthotomicus diaboliculus Cognato and Smith, new species and Acanthotomicus enzoi Cognato and Smith, new species are described from Yunnan, China and central Thailand. The pattern of elytral declivital spines distinguishes these species from each other and from Acanthotomicus spinosus (Blandford). These new species increase the described diversity to six and five species for China and Thailand, respectively. It is likely that the species diversity is higher for this region.
Expanding the scope of rhomboid flap: Large cutaneous defect reconstruction. Case report.

Abstract Introduction and importance: Large cutaneous defects may result from excision of skin malignancies. Typically, skin grafting is used to manage such defects, but the final result may be compromised by inadequate take and poor cosmesis. Accordingly, transposition flaps may be indicated. Case Presentation and clinical discussion: A 93-year-old female presented with a painful, necrotic 12 cm × 12 cm Squamous Cell Cancer of left upper back. She underwent wide excision followed by a rhomboid transposition fasciocutaneous flap. The flap was easily designed, quickly executed, and did not require any special instruments. The overall result was a good cosmetic outcome with no complications. Conclusion Our case outlines successful use of rhomboid flap instead of a more complicated option to reconstruct a very large cutaneous defect. The flap healed with excellent contour, texture, thickness, and color match.
Psychological distance and the pandemic: Insights from Construal Level Theory and relationship science

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought about unprecedented challenges to public health. Compounding these hardships is the fact that typical social functions such as maintaining valued relationships cannot proceed as usual. Social cognitive perspectives like that presented by Construal Level Theory (CLT) can provide a valuable framework for understanding our unique interpersonal experiences during this difficult time, and potentially offer avenues for adaptation and healthier coping. I begin by introducing CLT and follow with a discussion of its implications for understanding the psychological effects of social distancing on our interpersonal relationships and pursuit of social goals. I describe how abstract and concrete construals can affect our experiences of maintaining close relationships that vary widely in terms of geographic distance or separation. CLT can offer insight not only into how geographic distance or closeness may shape our thoughts and feelings about our close others, but also how we approach pursuing goals that are directly or indirectly shaped by these close others. The more effectively we can frame and communicate about experiences during this challenging time in history, the better equipped we may be to support our public health apparatus and satisfy our psychological needs.
Visual art education and social-emotional learning of students in rural Kenya

Abstract Students’ social-emotional capacities are crucial to their civic development, and art is known as a meaningful pedagogy of social-emotional learning. However, the previous studies were mostly conducted in western societies and have rarely done in emerging democratic societies like Kenya. Given Kenya’s educational reform agendas for the sustainable development of society and its citizens, it is necessary to explore pedagogies that contribute to the fulfilment of social demands. This paper examines, by a quasi-experiment case study using a mixed-method, the effects of art education in social-emotional learning of primary school students in a rural village of Kenya. Based on a collaboration between insiders and outsiders of the village, it also reveals appropriate approaches to art education given the social context.
Differential diagnosis of metabolic disease in a commingled sample from 19th century Hisban, Jordan.

Abstract Objective This research attempts a differential diagnosis of skeletal lesions in a commingled sample from Hisban, Jordan, focusing on non-adults in the assemblage. Materials 2,883 well-preserved skeletal elements and 9 relatively complete skulls representing an MNI of 32 non-adults ( Methods All skeletal elements were observed macroscopically and pathophysiological processes underlying any lesions or other anomalies were assessed, followed by a comparative approach to rule out potential diagnoses. Results The skeletal lesions observed were caused by inflammation due to chronic hemorrhaging, marrow hyperplasia due to an increase in hemopoiesis, rapid bone growth, and the impact of biomechanical strain on poorly mineralized elements. Rickets, scurvy, and acquired anemias best fit this pattern of lesions, although inflammation from other sources such as trauma or infection could not be definitively ruled out. Conclusions The in utero and postnatal environments at Hisban were conducive to the development of vitamin C and D deficiencies from birth until 2 years of age. The analysis of commingled remains requires an ontological shift in the importance of the individual to the population in paleopathology. Significance This investigation demonstrates the efficacy of a combined biological and comparative approach in differential diagnosis in complicated commingled collections. In addition, it emphasizes the importance of the mother-infant dyad in understanding metabolic disease. Limitations Histological and radiographic analyses were not included in this diagnostic study due to COVID-19 travel restrictions. Suggestions for further research Isotopic analysis to investigate childhood diet and histological and radiographic analyses to assess survival of deficiencies.
Aerosolized nanoliposomal carrier of remdesivir: an effective alternative for COVID-19 treatment in vitro .

Aim: To formulate an aerosolized nanoliposomal carrier for remdesivir (AL-Rem) against coronavirus disease 2019. Methods: AL-Rem was prepared using modified hydration technique. Cytotoxicity in lung adenocarcinoma cells, stability and aerodynamic characteristics of developed liposomes were evaluated. Results: AL-Rem showed high encapsulation efficiency of 99.79%, with hydrodynamic diameter of 71.46 ± 1.35 nm and surface charge of -32 mV. AL-Rem demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity in A549 cells and retained monolayer integrity of Calu-3 cells. AL-Rem showed sustained release, with complete drug release obtained within 50 h in simulated lung fluid. Long-term stability indicated >90% drug recovery at 4°C. Desirable aerosol performance, with mass median aerodynamic diameter of 4.56 ± 0.55 and fine particle fraction of 74.40 ± 2.96%, confirmed successful nebulization of AL-Rem. Conclusion: AL-Rem represents an effective alternative for coronavirus disease 2019 treatment.
A geroscience motivated approach to treat Alzheimer's disease: Senolytics move to clinical trials.

Abstract The pathogenic processes driving Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are complex. An incomplete understanding of underlying disease mechanisms has presented insurmountable obstacles for developing effective disease-modifying therapies. Advanced chronological age is the greatest risk factor for developing AD. Intervening on biological aging may alter disease progression and represents a novel, complementary approach to current strategies. Toward this end, cellular senescence has emerged as a promising target. This complex stress response harbors damaged cells in a cell cycle arrested, apoptosis-resistant cell state. Senescent cells accumulate with age where they notoriously secrete molecules that contribute to chronic tissue dysfunction and disease. Thus, benefits of cell survival in a senescent fate are countered by their toxic secretome. The removal of senescent cells improves brain structure and function in rodent models at risk of developing AD, and in those with advanced Aβ and tau pathology. The present review describes the path to translating this promising treatment strategy to AD clinical trials. We review evidence for senescent cell accumulation in the human brain, considerations and strategies for senescence-targeting trials specific to AD, approaches to detect senescent brain cells in biofluids, and summarize the goals of the first senolytic trials for the treatment of AD (NCT04063124 and NCT04685590).
Constitutional Changes and Civil War

In this chapter, we show that the process of constitution-making can cause civil conflict, i.e., constitution-making itself can derail the peaceful intent of a constitution. Further, we show that the causal relationship between constitutional changes and civil conflict is non-linear in meaningful ways. Last, we offer that algorithm accuracy matters for policy success.
Accounting for Asymmetric Distributions of Na+ and K+ in Muscle

How can cells maintain high K+/low Na+ interiors while exposed to low K+/high Na+ environments? A major concern from the late 1930s and through the following decade—the period considered here—was to distinguish between alternative models for explaining that perplexing asymmetry. This chapter describes studies on muscle. The next two chapters deal with studies carried out simultaneously on red blood cells and nerve cells—in some cases by the same individuals and for similar purposes, in some cases by other investigators with quite different interests.
Phenomenological Research: Procedures and Analysis

Use of the phenomenological approach to research has been advanced as a way of "getting closer to customers" by seeing events as they are lived and experienced. A summary of the procedures and techniques of this methodology is presented here. This summary starts with the individual protocol moves on to the "individual psychological structure" (IPS) then to the "general psychological structure" (GPS) of the respondents as a group. If a group of researchers are involved, the final step is to determine the "interpretative group structure" (IGS) wherein an interpretation synthesis among the group is developed.
Women, Islam, and identity: public life in private spaces in Uzbekistan

In this experimental ethnography, Svetlana Peshkova takes the reader to the Ferghana Valley, and on her personal journey, as she navigates through Uzbekistan's rocky political terrain and her own m...
Beach Studies in West Florida, U.S.A.

Publisher Summary Topographic profiles, sediment and water samples, and climatic data were collected in a monthly schedule at fifteen stations distributed along the western Florida Panhandle. These observations and associated wave measurements were studied to determine the magnitude of the beach variations associated with different energy ranges of wave attack. Preliminary conclusions are that the patterns show a direct relation between changes in beach profile versus increasing wave energy, and also that a regional climatic-oceanographic boundary can be defined on the basis of beach and wave data.