cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERLANGUAGE REFUSALS: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF JAPANESE-ENGLISH. Susan M. Gass and Noël Houck. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. Pp. x + 264. $79.00 cloth, $29.00 paper.

This volume presents comprehensive research on English refusals, focusing primarily on L2 use and secondarily on second language acquisition. Twenty-four dyads were video-taped performing open role plays in response to eight situations (two suggestions, two offers, two invitations, and two requests) designed to elicit a refusal. Each dyad consisted of an English NS and NNS, the latter being native speakers of Japanese with low to intermediate English proficiency.
The Effects of Child Welfare Cases on Child Well-being

health sponsored SBHC. Each year, seven to ten male students (sophomores or juniors) are selected by guidance counselors based on perceived leadership potential and academic eligibility. Participants meet weekly with a SBHC clinician, research volunteer, and occasionally community leaders for 60 minute sessions to discuss health issues and barriers to SBHC use as identified by an annual school-wide survey. Participants are then encourage to collaborate in order to address these issues with the support and guidance of SBHC staff. The research volunteer moderates conversation, takes notes, and identifies common themes. Results: Average weekly attendance was > 85%. In 2008, participants focused on barriers to adolescent male use of primary care, especially how perceptions of masculinity, such as “toughness,” discourages prevention while promoting violent/aggressive stereotypes. They advocated for a peer leadership program where male students learned leadership skills through open and respectful discussions of health issues with community leaders. This provides a foundation for peer interactions around healthy behaviors and decision-making. Piloted in 2011, the program has been refined through participant input. Topical discussions addressed the top issues identified by the annual survey (stress, sleep, violence, neighborhood safety, sports injuries, substance use and mental health). Participants also explored survey data demonstrating a preference for emergency room care over their SBHC, and top barriers to SBHC use (fear of parents finding out and peer judgment). Participants have addressed these issues by tabling to advertise SBHC services, classroom presentations, and advocating on behalf of SBHCs at the State Capitol. Conclusions: Adolescents exert a powerful influence on the attitudes and behaviors of one another. A selected group of urban high school adolescent males designed a peer leadership program aimed at building leadership skills and health literacy. The program has demonstrated its ability to fostering agency and initiative among participants in advocating for and reducing stigma associated with seeking preventative healthcare. Future research will assess the project’s effectiveness in impacting school-wide attitudes and behaviors. Sources of Support: Codman Square Health Center (Dorchester, MA), MA Department of Public Health (Boston, MA).
Analysis of Squirrel-Cage Induction Generator With Vienna Rectifier for Wind Energy Conversion System

This paper analyzes a topology consisting of a squirrel-cage induction machine and a Vienna rectifier for a wind energy conversion system. Simulation results reveal that this configuration is advantageous with respect to energy efficiency compared to a traditional six-switch two-level converter. In addition, it can have higher reliability, due to reduced blocking voltage stress across the semiconductors. The theoretical analysis and feasibility of the proposed configuration are validated by experimental results obtained from a prototype system.
Developmental trajectory and environmental moderation of the effect of ALDH2 polymorphism on alcohol use.

Background In the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene, the ALDH2*2 allele, prevalent in East Asian populations, encodes an enzyme with severely reduced activity, thereby disrupting the normal metabolism of alcohol. Possession of the ALDH2*2 allele has been repeatedly shown to be associated with lower risk for alcohol dependence, and reduced alcohol use. However, relatively few studies have considered whether the magnitude of the effect of ALDH2 polymorphism upon drinking is related to developmental stage, or varies by environmental context.
EFFECTS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION ON WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION IN HAMSTERS

A research study, comparing the pathogenesis of experimental West Nile virus (WNV) infection in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed golden hamsters, is described. Cyclophosphamide was used to immunosuppress the animals. The immunosuppressed hamsters had a prolonged period of viremia, depressed humoral immune response, more extensive and severe pathology, and higher fatality rate than the untreated immunocompetent animals. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of tissues from the two groups showed that pathologic changes in the untreated infected animals were confined to the brain and spinal cord, whereas the histopathological changes and WNV antigen distribution in the immunosuppressed animals were much more extensive and diffuse, involving the adrenal, kidney, heart and lung, and brain and spinal cord. Results of this study in the hamster model provide insight into the increased severity of WNV infection observed in immunosuppressed people.
Test Propagation Through Modules and Circuits

Test generation performance can be improved significantly over conventional techniques by combining precomputed module tests to form a test for a complete circuit. We introduce a theory of propagation for modules and circuits which can be used for hierarchical test generation and design for testability. The propagation characteristics of a module - whether it can be sensitized to propagate some or all possible fault effects on an input bus - are represented by structures called ambiguity sets. Algebraic operations are performed on ambiguity sets to determine the propagation characteristics of multi-module circuits. We show how this propagation theory is used in test generation and also to aid in designing circuits suitable for high-level test generation.
2-D nonlinear IIR-filters for image processing-an exploratory analysis

A novel nonlinear IIR (infinite impulse response) filter structure is introduced and its deterministic properties are analyzed. It is shown to be better suited for image processing applications than its linear shift-invariant counterpart. The novel structure is obtained from causality inversion of a 2-D quarterplane causal linear filter with respect to the two directions of propagation. It is demonstrated that, by using this design, a nonlinear 2-D lowpass filter can be constructed which is capable of effectively suppressing Gaussian or impulse noise without destroying important image information. >
Cytochemical, histological, and phylogenetic distribution of a 38,000-dalton protein associated with transverse tubules.

A major protein in detergent extracts of skeletal muscle appears at 38,000 daltons in electrophoretic separations. Previous investigations have provided indirect evidence that a 38-kD skeletal muscle protein is membrane associated, and this inference has served as the basis for speculations on 38-kD protein function. In the present study, affinity purified, polyclonal antisera against 38-kD protein from skeletal muscle are produced for immunolocalization and biochemical assays. Immunoblots of two dimensional electrophoretic separations show that this protein is heterogenously charged at pI ∼6.4. This 38-kD protein is not extracted from muscle in low ionic strength or high ionic strength buffers, in isotonic buffers from pH 4 to pH 8 or in buffers containing 5 mM EGTA. The 38-kD protein is extracted, however, by isotonic, pH 7.0 buffer containing 1.0% Triton-X. Light microscope observations using indirect immunofluorescence of anti-38-kD labeled tissue show the protein distributed in a reticular pattern within cross-sectioned muscle but not at the cell surface. Longitudinal sections show the protein concentrated in periodic, transverse bands. Purified fractions of muscle plasma membrane analyzed by immunoblotting contain 38-kD protein. Immunoblots using anti-38 kD show that this protein is present in all vertebrate skeletal muscle examined, however, the protein is present only in cardiac muscle that contains transverse tubules. The antibody does not recognize aldolase, another 38-kD striated muscle protein.
Retrofit of Sub-Atmospheric Gas Delivery Sources into an Ion Implanter

This paper presents a tested solution to the challenges of converting an existing ion implanter from a high-pressure gas delivery source to a sub-atmospheric vapor delivery source. Sub-atmospheric vapor sources are introduced and their benefits detailed. The design of the retrofit gas delivery system is described. Included in this discussion is the experience of working with modular, surface mount gas components required to create the gas stick. Also introduced are the vendor-provided CAD tools for designing the gas delivery module. The challenges overcome during the installation of the retrofit gas delivery system are explained. Finally, the operation of the retrofit system is presented.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism: Is There a Link to Nephropathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes?

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes.DATA SOURCES:Citations were selected using the MEDLINE database. Only those citations involving human subjects and available in English were selected. Key search words included angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), polymorphism, nephropathy, and type 1 diabetes.STUDY SELECTION:Selection criteria consisted of all MEDLINE-referenced clinical trials, review articles, and editorial comments assessing the potential link between the ACE gene polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus published between January 1990 and February 1998.DATA SYNTHESIS:Because diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of type 1 diabetes, focus has been placed on the early identification of and intervention with patients genetically susceptible to this complication. Because the ACE gene polymorphism has an effect on plasma ACE concentrati...
Electron microscopic investigations on the nature of petroleum asphaltics

Abstract An examination of the electron micrographs of four native asphalties, a vanadium-enriched asphaltene, an asphaltene from a visbreaker tar, a resin, and a gilsonite, has revealed in all cases irregular polyhedral shaped particles of average diameter 20–30A. These sizes are similar to the diameters of the aromatic portion of the unit asphaltene cell as estimated from high-angle X-ray studies, suggesting that the associated aliphatic and naphthenic portions of the molecule must be closely bound to the aromatic nucleus. Evidence for particle association into larger clusters was obtained for the vanadium-enriched asphaltene and from the visbreaker tar, and was also noted in samples prepared from concentrated pyridine solutions. The larger particles (150–300A) observed for the vanadium-enriched asphaltene (Boscan), and to some extent for the Boscan asphaltene itself, are thought to be due to the high metal content. Since the smallest particles observed for the native asphaltene are larger than the minimum resolution of the electron microscope, it seems possible that these particles represent the ultimate unit cells of the asphaltenes.
An introduction to Perl

This tutorial will introduce the basics of programming in Perl for those who are familiar with other procedural programming languages. We will cover the Perl basic data types (including hashes), control structures, and file processing. Participants will be led through the construction of a Perl program illustrating each of the above features. The tutorial will also overview other resources for continuing study of Perl.
Research on Surface Quality for CBN Grinding Wheel Based on “Speed Effect”

In order to study the influence of grinding surface quality affected by grinding speed for CBN grinding wheel, the method of simulation and experimentation used to study grinding surface quality of CBN grinding wheel. First, on the basis of grinding wheel topography, the influence of grinding surface quality affected by grinding speed was analyzed by adopting motion simulation method. Then, high-speed grinding experiment was carried out to three kinds of metal materials, and machined surface roughness and surface hardness after processing are measured and researched. Test shows that “speed effect” is remarkable in grinding metal materials. As the grinding speed increases, the grinding surface quality of workpiece is gradually improved. With the speed increasing, surface roughness of workpiecedecreases, and at lower speeds the surface roughness dropped more obvious. With grinding speed increases further, the change of roughness tends to be slow, and the bending point appears at about 100m/s.Surface hardening degree decreases with grinding speed increasing, when grinding speed up to high-speed grinding stage, the degree of hardening of the workpiece is more soothing.
Roles of specific Kv channel types in repolarization of the action potential in genetically identified subclasses of pyramidal neurons in mouse neocortex

The action potential (AP) is a fundamental feature of excitable cells that serves as the basis for long-distance signaling in the nervous system. There is considerable diversity in the appearance o...
MyCS: a CS curriculum for middle-years students

In this paper, we provide an overview of the Middle-years Computer Science (MyCS) curriculum and the motivations for its design. MyCS organizes several existing computer science education resources along with several novel resources and adaptations of exercises. The result is a coherent, semester-long course for students in late elementary, middle, or early high school. The curriculum alternates between conceptual looks at computing and programming activities in Scratch, all with a strong emphasis on presenting computer science as an exciting, creative, and accessible field for students.
Ultrafast Electron Transfer in Biomimetic Models of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

The primary electron-transfer event of photosynthesis involves oxidation of the lowest excited singlet state of a chlorophyll electron donor by a nearby electron acceptor [1]. The distance between the donor and the acceptor is restricted by the surrounding reaction center protein. The high quantum efficiency of photosynthetic charge-separation depends on favorable electron-transfer rates between electron donors and acceptors that are positioned in precise spatial relationships relative to one another, and that possess redox potentials which result in movement of an electron down a stepped potential gradient. We recently prepared a series of restricted distance porphyrin-quinone donor-acceptor molecules designed to study electron-transfer proceeding from the lowest excited singlet state of the porphyrin, Fig. 1 [2]. We have measured the dependence of photoinduced electron-transfer rates and subsequent dark charge recombination rates on the free energy of reaction in these molecules [3]. We find that the rate-constants for both radical ion pair formation and recombination in these molecules depend on the exothermicity of the respective electron-transfer reaction in the manner originally proposed by Marcus and later modified and extended by others [4].
A Three‐Enzyme Pathway with an Optimised Geometric Arrangement to Facilitate Substrate Transfer

Cascade reactions drive and regulate a variety of metabolic activities. Efficient coupling of substrate transport between enzymes is important for overall pathway activity and also controls the depletion of intermediate molecules that drive the reaction forward. Here, we assembled a three-enzyme pathway on a series of DNA nanoscaffolds to investigate the dependence of their activities on spatial arrangement. Unlike previous studies, the overall activity of the three-enzyme pathway relied less on inter-enzyme distance and more on the geometric patterns that arranged them within a relatively small range of 10-30 nm. Pathway intermediate detection demonstrated that the assembled enzyme systems quickly depleted the intermediate molecules through efficient reaction coupling.
Evaluation of CRT-Displayed Digital Imagery Using Subjective Scaling

Rapid technological transition from analog images to digital images has necessitated the development of a research program for evaluating digital image quality. This paper investigated the perceived interpretability of static, digitized monochrome images displayed on CRTs. Quality judgments of two image degradations: blur and noise, were evaluated by a subjective scaling technique.The digital images consisted of 10 scenes, each of which was degraded by 5 levels of blur and 5 levels of noise, yielding a set of 250 images. Fifteen Air Force photointerpreters participated in the study. The photointerpreters viewed the images on CRTs and rated the interpretability of each image on a 10-point NATO scale.Analysis of the scaling values indicated that the blur, noise, and interaction effects were statistically significant. Perceived interpretability of the images decreased monotonically as the physical image degradation increased.In a separate study, the photointerpreters extracted information from a selected sub...
Distribution and drug resistance of pathogens causing pneumonia in neonates

OBJECTIVE To explore the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens causing infective pneumonia in neonates so as to provide guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.METHODS The neonates with infective pneumonia,who were treated in the hospital from Jan 2012to Dec 2012,were enrolled in the study,then the results of detection of pathogens and the drug susceptibility testing were retrospectively analyzed and compared, the strains were identified with the use of VITEK-60automatic bacteria identification system of BioMerieux, France,the drug susceptibility testing was performed by using K-B disk diffusion method,the result was determined by the standards of CLSI,and the statistical analysis was performed with the use of SPSS17.0 software.RESULTS Of the 427neonates,the positive rate of culture of submitted sputum specimens was 56.44%; totally 252strains of pathogens have been isolated,including 181(71.83%)strains of gram-negative bacteria,68(26.98%)strains of gram-positive bacteria,and 3(1.19%)strains of fungi;the Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Staphylococcus aureus,and Staphylococcus epidermidis ranked the top five species of pathogens,accounting for 28.97%,16.67%,13.10%,11.11%,and 5.56%,respectively. Among the gram-negative bacteria,the extended spectrumβ-lactamase-producing strains accounted for 46.41%. The gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to ampicillin,with the drug resistance rate more than 90.00%; the gram-positive bacteria were highly resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin.CONCLUSION The gram-negative bacteria are dominant among the pathogens causing the infective pneumonia in the neonates and are relatively susceptible to imipenem and ciprofloxacin;it is necessary to choose susceptible antibiotics for the clinical treatment of pneumonia in the neonates.
Abstract A51: Targeting mTOR metabolism for glioblastoma cancer therapy

Aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect), first recognized almost a century ago, by Otto Warburg is a core hallmark of cancer. The Warburg effect describes a switch in glucose metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Recently links have been established between the oncogenic pathways that drive tumorigenesis and the mechanistic basis of tumor cell metabolism. The kinase mTOR is a major driver of tumor metabolism and proliferation of cancer cells, acts downstream of numerous oncogenic pathways. Several drugs targeting the mTOR pathway are being developed, however the most common drug rapamycin does not inhibit mTOR complex-2. Therefore in the current study, we examined the potential benefit of MLN0128, a novel potent mTOR ATP competitive inhibitor, as a therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma (GBM), one of the deadliest brain tumors. We studied the action of MLN0128 in human GBM tumor cells and patient derived stem cells. We show the inhibitory effect of MLN0128 in nanomolar concentrations on tumor proliferation in multiple GBM cell lines via the blockage of phospho-AKT, -ribosomal protein, -4EBP1 inhibiting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in GBM. Reduction of invasive potential and disruption of paxillin localization to focal adhesions was observed in vitro. MLN0128 treatment decreased glucose consumption and lactate production. It inhibited rate of glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve. It also inhibited ATP production, mitochondrial respiration and spare respiratory capacity. MLN0128 was superior in inhibiting metabolism compared to rapamycin. On clonogenic survival assay MLN0128 decreased GBM cell survival and increased radiosensitivity. In vivo treatment of mouse xenografts with MLN0128 downregulated mTOR targets and significantly inhibited tumor volume compared to drug and irradiation alone. Combination treatment of GBM cells with MLN0128 and other chemotherapeutic agents like carboplatin, irinotecan and TMZ showed synergistic effects when combination index was calculated in GBM tumor cells and stem cells. However, the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ combination was greater than MLN0128 combination with either carboplatin or irinotecan. Moreover, similar TMZ chemosensitivity was observed in MGMT non-methylated, TMZ in-sensitive GBM stem cells and MGMT methylated GBM cells. These findings support the rationale for clinical testing of MLN0128 in patients with GBM to provide insight towards optimizing therapeutic efficacy of mTOR kinase inhibitors with standard care. Citation Format: Anita Tandle, Tamalee Kramp, Philip Tofilon, Kevin Camphausen. Targeting mTOR metabolism for glioblastoma cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A51.
Method of treating femur head dislocation fractures

Nach wie vor stellt die Femurkopfluxationsfraktur zwar eine relativ seltene, jedoch sehr komplikationstrachtige Verletzung dar. Zur Vermeidung von Sekundarschaden ist die umgehende schonende Reposition unabdingbar. Eine ubungsstabile Osteosynthese des Huftkopffragmentes ist im Interesse der Kongruenz der Gelenkflache und damit der Verhinderung einer posttraumatischen Arthrose anzustreben. Nur die Osteosynthese gestattet eine funktioneile Nachbehandlung. Eine Indikation zur primaren Prothesenimplantation sehen wir bei Mehrfachfrakturen des Huftkopfes und bei Typ-3-Frakturen bei Patienten uber 65 Jahren. Bei Jugendlichen ist in jedem Fall ein Rekonstruktionsversuch des Gelenkes angezeigt.
Altered effects of vasopressin on the coronary circulation after ischemia

Ischemia and reperfusion alter the reactivity of large coronary arteries, but the effect of ischemia and reperfusion on the coronary microcirculation has been less well defined. Elevated circulating levels of vasopressin are associated with cardiopulmonary bypass and numerous other clinical states in which vascular ischemia and reperfusion may occur. We examined the effects of ischemia with and without reperfusion on the responses to vasopressin of both large coronary arteries and coronary arterial microvessels. Studies were performed on vessels from control dogs (n = 8), dogs undergoing 1 hour of ischemia only (n = 8), and dogs undergoing 1 hour of ischemia followed with 1 hour of reperfusion (n = 9). Rings of proximal obtuse marginal coronary arteries distal to the site of circumflex coronary artery occlusion were studied in isolated organ chambers. Coronary microvessels (110 to 220 μm in diameter) were studied in a pressurized (20 mm Hg), no-flow state with a microvessel imaging apparatus and electronic dimension analyzer. Microvessels were preconstricted with the thromboxane A2 analog U46619. Responses of large vessel rings were studied in the nonpreconstricted state and after preconstriction with prostaglandin F2α. Large vessel response to vasopressin was minimal and not altered by ischemia with or without reperfusion. In contrast, ischemia markedly affected the coronary microvascular response to vasopressin (10 to 1000 μU/ml). Control coronary microvessels constricted minimally to vasopressin (4% ±2% of the baseline diameter), while microvessels after either ischemia alone or ischemia followed by reperfusion constricted 22% ± 5% and 21% ± 3%, respectively (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:357-63)
Molecular and Genetic Analysis of the Constitutive Ethylene Response Mutation Ctr1

The simple olefin ethylene has been known to affect plant growth and development since the early part of this century when the various effects of illuminating gas on pea seedling development were first described (Neljubow, 1901). Since then, it has been shown to influence a diverse array of plant growth and developmental processes, including germination, senescence, epinasty, leaf abscission, stress responses, sex determination in monoecious species and fruit ripening (Abeles et al., 1992). The biosynthetic pathway for ethylene has been elucidated and genes encoding the two key enzymes, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, have been cloned from a number of plant species (Theologis, 1992).
Effects of irradiation on the electric strength of air

Ever since the discovery late in the last century of X-rays, radioactive decay of radium, etc., the effects of ionizing radiation on electrical discharges through air have been studied (1–9). However, these studies reveal very little information concerning the effects of the high-energy radiation of modern cobalt 60 sources, Van de Graaff generators, and nuclear reactors on the air within their radiation fields. Because of the frequent necessity of operating electrical equipment in these radiation fields, and since air is, both by choice and necessity, a very common insulator, a study of the effects of high intensity gamma radiation on the electric strength of air is being conducted in the Naval Research Laboratory Cobalt 60 sources.
Funitional Tests in Experimental Distrubance of Vertebrobasilar Arterial Circulation

Using the rats with ischemia induced by occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) or vertebral artery (VA), we investigated the auditory brainstem response (ABR), electrocochleogram and caloric tests. Upon occlusion of the VA, there was no change in the ABR, whereas in the caloric test the duration of nystagmus on stimulating both ears shortened. After occlusion of the AICA, ABRs were classified into three patterns: all components disappeared: n=4; all components disappeared transiently and then recovered: n=2; the interpeak latency between I and IV wave increased: n=7. Upon occlusion of the AICA, the cochlear blood flow (CoBF) showed one of three pat-terns of change: no change: n=5; decrease: n=10; and transient decrease with recovery: n=5. The cochlear potentials were dependent on residual CoBF. In the caloric test, when the left AICA was occluded, the duration of nystagmus induced by stimulation of the left (ipsilateral) ear was shorter than that induced by the right (contralateral) ear. Based on the functional test results, we conclude that in this model of ischemia the function of the vestibular system including the semicircular canal is more severely affected than the hearing function.
What Is the Most Effective Initial Resuscitation for the Septic Shock Patient

A 67-year-old 88 kg man with a past medical history of coronary artery disease and heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction (rEFHF) underwent a Whipple procedure 2 weeks ago for a duodenal adenocarcinoma. His postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged home a week later. He now presents to the emergency department with complaints of fever, malaise, and abdominal pain. His vital signs include a temperature of 101.2 °F, pulse of 112, and a blood pressure of 82/46. In keeping with the most recent Surviving Sepsis Campaign International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock (Dellinger et al. in Crit Care Med 41(2):580–637, 2013, [1]), cultures are obtained and the patient is started on empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics. Fluids are started, and he is quickly admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for stabilization before further diagnostic and/or source control procedures are performed.
Metal—Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

The metal—oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most widely used semiconductor device in very-large-scale-integrated (VLSI) circuits because of its compactness and low power consumption (Tsividis, 1987; Nicollian and Brews, 1982; Pierret, 1983). The principle of the surface field-effect transistor was first proposed in the early 1930s by Lilienfeld (1930) and Heil (1935). It was subsequently studied by Shockley and Pearson (1948) in the late 1940s. In 1960, Kahng and Atalla (1960) proposed and fabricated the first MOSFET, using a thermally oxidized silicon structure. The basic device characteristics have been subsequently studied by Ihantola and Moll (Ihantola, 1961; Ihantola and Moll, 1964), Sah (1964), and Hofstein and Heiman (1963). Unlike the bipolar junction transistor, the current in the MOSFET is transported predominantly by the majority carriers, and the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source, drain, gate, and substrate terminals.
A Clinical Test for the Identification of Amyloid Proteins in Biopsy Specimens by a Novel Method Based on Laser Microdissection and Mass Spectrometry.

Abstract The management of systemic amyloidosis relies on the treatment of the underlying etiology and differs radically for different amyloid types. Therefore, given that at least 25 different proteins have been associated with amyloidosis, accurate identification of proteins deposited as amyloid fibrils is an important clinical problem. In this study, we describe a novel method that can characterize amyloid subtypes using laser microdissection (LMD) and mass spectrometry (MS) on routinely processed paraffin-embedded tissues. The study used 60 cases consisting of 16 transthyretin, 9 serum amyloid-associated protein, 20 immunoglobulin light chain lambda, 5 immunoglobulin light chain kappa, and 10 amyloid negative control samples. The biopsy specimens studied included heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, lung and decalcified bone marrow specimens. The amyloid type in all cases was previously characterized based on clinical findings, immunohistochemistry and, where indicated, by molecular testing for transthyretin mutations. Amyloid plaques were captured from an 10 micron paraffin section exhibiting positive Congo Red staining using LMD. Proteins were extracted, digested with trypsin and identified following MS/MS using the Mascot search algorithm analysis. MS correctly identified each of the 4 types of amyloidosis analyzed. Serum Amyloid P component and Apolipoprotein E were also identified as constituents of the amyloid deposition. The analysis was successful on all tissue types including decalcified bone marrow specimens and small biopsy specimens such as endomycardial biopsies and renal biopsies. The use of LMD from paraffin embedded biopsies and subsequent analysis by MS allows identification of the type of amyloid protein deposited with high specificity and sensitivity. This method promises to be a clinical test for accurate identification of amyloid proteins in routinely processed biopsy specimens and overcomes many of the specificity and sensitivity issues associated with current methods such as immunohistochemistry.
In vivo aggregation-induced transition between T1 and T2 relaxations of magnetic ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles in tumor microenvironment

Surface ligands and their densities may significantly influence the optic, electric, and stable properties of inorganic nanoparticles as well as their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characters. In this study, ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid as surface ligand (Fe3O4@HA) were designed to target tumor cells and tune the T1- and T2-weighted MRI by aggregating in the tumor microenvironment via the degradation of HA upon exposure to hyaluronidase (HAase) with decreasing pH. To realize this purpose, four kinds of Fe3O4@HA nanoparticles with increasing HA density were synthesized and characterized. Fe3O4@HA280, with higher r1 value than others, was chosen for the signal modulation test in vitro; the T2 signal was enhanced by 36%, and the T1 signal decreased by 22% in the presence of HAase and acidic environment during the measurement. However, the chitosan-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles did not show a similar tendency. The overlapping sections in the signal change graph of MDA-MB-231 cells and tumor-bearing mice also validate the self-assembling ability of Fe3O4@HA280. Meanwhile, the tumor mapping graphs indicate the excellent tumor penetration of Fe3O4@HA280, which facilitates this self-assembly process and enhances the interior section contrast of the tumor. This fundamental technique for tuning magnetic properties by the tumor microenvironment may provide a useful strategy for the rational synthesis of other inorganic nanoparticles in the field of tumor diagnostics and therapy.
Response surface experiments: A meta-analysis

Abstract Response Surface Methodology is a set of experimental design techniques for system and process optimization that is commonly employed as a tool in chemometrics. In the last twenty years, thousands of studies involving response surface experiments have been published. The goal of the present work is to study regularities observed among factor effects in these experiments. Using the Web of Science Application Program Interface, we searched for journal articles associated with response surface studies and extracted over 20,000 records from all Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index disciplines between 1990 and the end of 2014. We took a random sample of these papers, stratified by the number of factors, and ended up with a total of 129 experiments and 183 response variables. Extracting the data from each publication, we reanalyzed the experiments and combined the results together in a meta-analysis to reveal information about effect sparsity, heredity, and hierarchy. We empirically quantify these principles to provide a better understanding of response surface experiments, to calibrate experimenter expectations, and to guide researchers toward more realistic simulation scenarios and improved design construction.
GPR imaging with mutual intensity

Detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) presents a significant challenge for stand-off sensors. IEDs can be constructed from a wide variety of materials and take many different forms. Forward-looking and side-looking sensor systems attempt to detect targets at significant stand-off but typically observe a potential threat area over a wide range of aspect before detection and classification is attempted. Furthermore, in practical detection scenarios IEDs are obscured preventing unhindered line-of-sight interrogation. Both of these characteristics can lead to target signatures which become incoherent over time. In this paper we investigate an advanced imaging technique designed to improve image quality of obscured targets utilizing a wide-band RF array. Specifically, we consider buried targets and obscured roadside targets. Results are presented in terms of improved signal to clutter ratio of image reconstructions based on simulated and experimental GPR collections.
The price of anarchy in networked supply function games

We consider the setting in which generators compete in scalar-parameterized supply functions to serve an inelastic demand spread throughout a transmission constrained power network. The market clears according to a locational marginal pricing mechanism, in which the independent system operator (ISO) determines the generators' production quantities so as to minimize the revealed cost of meeting demand, while ensuring that transmission and generator capacity constraints are met. Under the stylizing assumption that both the ISO and generators choose their strategies simultaneously, we establish the existence of Nash equilibria for the underlying market, and derive a tight bound on its price of anarchy (PoA). In addition to providing a structural characterization of a generator's market power, the PoA bound we derive reveals the possibility of a Braess paradox - that is to say, the strengthening of a network's transmission capacity can lead to an increase in the total cost of generation at a Nash equilibrium.
Global population structure and adaptive evolution of aflatoxin-producing fungi.

Aflatoxins produced by several species in Aspergillus section Flavi are a significant problem in agriculture and a continuous threat to human health. To provide insights into the biology and global population structure of species in section Flavi, a total of 1,304 isolates were sampled across six species (A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. caelatus, A. tamarii, and A. alliaceus) from single fields in major peanut-growing regions in Georgia (USA), Australia, Argentina, India, and Benin (Africa). We inferred maximum-likelihood phylogenies for six loci, both combined and separately, including two aflatoxin cluster regions (aflM/alfN and aflW/aflX) and four noncluster regions (amdS, trpC, mfs and MAT), to examine population structure and history. We also employed principal component and STRUCTURE analysis to identify genetic clusters and their associations with six different categories (geography, species, precipitation, temperature, aflatoxin chemotype profile, and mating type). Overall, seven distinct genetic clusters were inferred, some of which were more strongly structured by G chemotype diversity than geography. Populations of A. flavus S in Benin were genetically distinct from all other section Flavi species for the loci examined, which suggests genetic isolation. Evidence of trans-speciation within two noncluster regions, whereby A. flavus SBG strains from Australia share haplotypes with either A. flavus or A. parasiticus, was observed. Finally, while clay soil and precipitation may influence species richness in Aspergillus section Flavi, other region-specific environmental and genetic parameters must also be considered.
Enhancing the robustness of shipboard dc hybrid power system against generator failures

This paper presents studies on improving the robustness of shipboard dc hybrid power systems. The shipboard power system can be regarded as an islanded microgrid. The objective, in particular, is to reduce the load curtailment when generator failures take place in the islanded microgrid. By applying the basic unit commitment (UC) operation model, the loads can be fully supplied during normal condition. However, a portion of the loads has to be shed if any generator fails. Two approaches are proposed to mitigate the loss of load during and after fault. They are developed by modifying the UC models. These approaches are evaluated for reducing load curtailment under loss of generation. Selected case studies indicate encouraging results that the loss of load can be reduced during and after generator failure. For carrying out the case studies, the optimization model is built on General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) platform.
Advancing Analytic Approaches to Address Key Questions in Mechanisms of Behavior Change Research

Objective:Interest in studying mechanisms of behavior change (MOBCs) in substance use disorder (SUD) treatments has grown considerably in the past two decades. Much of this work has focused on iden...
A Critical Need for Better Cancer Immunotherapy Models: Are Organotypic Tumor Spheroid Cultures the Answer?

Immunotherapy has transformed the therapeutic landscape of cancer, but the preclinical evaluation of combination approaches that will deepen and broaden its clinical benefit has lagged far behind due to the lack of expedient and easily accessible ex vivo human systems. In this issue, Jenkins and colleagues and Deng and colleagues report the use of organotypic cultures of tumors derived from mice and humans containing both tumor cells and cells from their local immune microenvironment to recapitulate the in vivo use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and extend the application of this system to therapeutic combinations of immune checkpoint blockade and molecularly targeted agents. Cancer Discov; 8(2); 143-5. ©2018 AACR.See related article by Jenkins et al., p. 196See related article by Deng et al., p. 216.
New concepts, models, and assessments of climate-wise connectivity

Author(s): Keeley, Annika T H; Ackerly, David D; Cameron, D Richard; Heller, Nicole E; Huber, Patrick R; Schloss, Carrie A; Thorne, James H; Merenlender, Adina M | Abstract: Empirical studies and habitat suitability modeling project significant shifts in species distributions in response to climate change. Because habitat fragmentation can impede species range shifts, wildlife corridors may have increasing importance in enhancing climate resilience for species persistence. While habitat connectivity has been studied for over four decades, the design of connectivity specifically to facilitate species movement in response to climate change is a relatively new challenge. We conducted a systematic review of 116 relevant papers from 1996–2017. Research focused on assessing the utility of habitat connectivity for climate change adaptation by species (N = 29) and modeling and mapping climate-wise connectivity for planning purposes (N = 55). Others addressed fundamental questions of connectivity related to climate adaptation (N = 31). Based on empirical data and computer simulations examining species range shifts in response to climate change at leading edges of current distributions; it is clear that large protected areas connected through linkages, and stepping stones embedded in a permeable matrix promote population persistence and facilitate range expansion. We identified 13 approaches to modeling climate-wise connectivity based on either focal species or landscape structure. When prioritizing areas for connectivity conservation, approaches include focusing on connecting areas of low climate velocity, refugia, climate analogs, or linking current to future suitable habitats. Riparian corridors should be considered in connectivity plans because of their importance as natural movement corridors, climate gradients, and refugia. Guidance is provided on selecting the best methods for connectivity design depending on the objectives, available data, and landscape context. Future research needs to evaluate the functionality of climate-wise connectivity models for facilitating range shifts and compare connectivity outcomes across modeling approaches.
Artificial Intelligence in the Study of the Structural Relationships Amongst Mutagens and Carcinogens

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the computer-automated structure evaluation method (CASE) and its application to the elucidation of the structural basis of mutagens and carcinogens. In vast amount of data already generated as well as that being generated in short-term test systems and in chronic cancer bioassays, there is a stage where the systematic retrieval of coherent information for mechanistic as well as structure-activity studies is beyond the ability of any one individual or even a group of individuals. In view of the volume of data already generated, it is conceivable or even probable that the accumulated data contain information that would permit predictions to be made with respect to mutagenic and carcinogenic activities if it could be organized better. It has been suggested that short-term tests may not have the required accuracy to predict carcinogenicity, the time seems appropriate to investigate the possibility of using expert systems to help in unraveling the structural basis of the activity of mutagens and carcinogens.
Comparability of sleep disorders diagnoses using DSM-IV and ICSD classifications with adolescents.

Study objectives The use of diagnostic classifications to define sleep disorders is still unusual in epidemiological studies assessing the prevalence of sleep disorders in an adolescent population. Design Cross-sectional study. Representative samples of general populations in United Kingdom, Germany and Italy were selected and interviewed by telephone about their sleep habits, sleep and mental disorder diagnoses. Overall, 724 adolescents ages 15-18 years and 1447 young adults ages 19 to 24 years were interviewed. ICSD-90 and DSM-IV diagnoses provided by the Sleep-EVAL expert system were used for the comparisons. Setting N/A. Participants N/A. Interventions N/A. Measurements and results 8% of the adolescents and 12.6% of the young adults had ICSD dyssomnia or sleep disturbances associated with a mental disorder. According to the DSM-IV classification, 5.7% of the adolescents and 8.1% of the young adults had a dyssomnia diagnosis. The comparison between the two classifications show that 73.2% of adolescents and young adults with a DSM-IV dyssomnia diagnosis also had similar ICSD diagnosis. The reverse comparison, ICSD vs. DSM-IV, shows that 39.8% of the subjects with an ICSD diagnosis had a DSM-IV diagnosis. DSM-IV primary insomnia was the most frequent diagnosis. Subjects with such a diagnosis were found in about 10 different ICSD diagnoses, mainly inadequate sleep hygiene, psychophysiological or idiopathic insomnia and insufficient sleep syndrome. Conclusions ICSD-90 classification provided higher prevalence of sleep disorder diagnoses than the DSM-IV classification. In adolescents and young adults, DSM-IV primary insomnia is two times more often associated with ICSD inadequate sleep hygiene than with ICSD psychophysiological or idiopathic insomnia.
Understanding the Concept of Deception in Mobile Commerce: An Empirical Examination of SMiShing in Mobile Banking

This research presents an information processing model of Smishing susceptibility grounded in the prior research in information process and interpersonal deception. We plan to refine and validate the proposed model using a sample of victims in a Smishing attack in a mobile banking environment. We expect that the results would indicate that most Smishing texts are peripherally processed and individuals make decisions based on simple cues embedded in the text. We expect that the urgency cues in the text will stimulate increased information processing thereby short circuiting the resources available for attending to other cues that could potentially help detect the deception. Additionally, we expect the findings would show that habitual patterns of media use combined with high levels of text load have a strong and significant influence on individuals' likelihood to be Smished.
Two-Stage Nutrient Uptake Model

In the previous model we investigated the chemical reaction that may take place within a cell. In this chapter, we model in more detail the activities of an entire cell that receives nutrients from its envronment, uses these nutrients for growth and maintenance, and then excretes waste products back into its environment.
Synthesis and molecular structure of [CpRu(1,4,7-S3C6H12)]O3SCF3

The isolation and characterization of [CpRu(9S3)](O3SCF3), where 9S3 = 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane, is reported. The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca: a = 10.2542(18), b = 14.8991(13), c = 22.4832(18) A, and Z = 8. The Ru atom is sandwiched between the π-bound cyclopentadienyl ligand and the 9S3 ligand, bonding to all three of the sulfur atoms in the 9S3. The Ru—S distances are 2.2991(10), 2.2979(11), and 2.3055(10) A. The C—S distances range from 1.819(4) to 1.852(5) A in the trithiacyclononane ring.