cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing work-related risk factors for musculoskeletal knee disorders in construction roofing tasks.

Abstract Roofers often suffer from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to their knees due to spending a large amount of time kneeling while performing work-related roofing activities on sloped rooftops. Several ergonomic studies have identified kneeling as a potential risk factor for knee injuries and disorders. Existing biomechanical models and sensor technologies used to assess work-related risk factors for different construction trades are not applicable in roof work settings especially on slanted rooftop surfaces. This work assesses the impacts of work-related factors, namely working posture and roof slope, on the potential risk of developing knee MSDs due to residential roofing tasks in a laboratory setting. Nine human subjects participated in the experiment and mimicked shingle installation on a slope-configurable wooden platform. Maximum angles of right and left knee flexion, abduction, adduction, and axial rotation (internal and external) were measured as risk indicators using a motion capture system under different roof slope settings. The results demonstrated that roof slope, working posture and their interaction may have significant impacts on developing knee MSDs during roofing activities. Knees are likely to be exposed to increased risk of MSDs due to working in a dynamic kneeling posture during shingle installation. In our study, flexion in both knees and adduction in the right knee were found lower in high-pitched rooftops; however, abduction in the left knee and internal rotation in the right knee were found higher during shingle installation. Hence proper attention is needed for these situations. This study provides useful information about the impact of roof work settings on knee MSDs development, which may facilitate effective interventions such as education, training, and tools to prevent knee injuries in construction roofing tasks.
Assessment of the use of different imaging and delivery techniques for cranial treatments on the Halcyon linac.

Purpose In this work, we investigated the effect on the workflow and setup accuracy of using surface guided radiation therapy (SGRT) for patient setup, megavoltage cone beam CT (MVCBCT) or kilovoltage cone beam CT (kVCBCT) for imaging and fixed IMRT or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for treatment delivery with the Halcyon linac. Methods We performed a retrospective investigation of 272 treatment fractions, using three different workflows. The first and second workflows used MVCBCT and fixed IMRT for imaging and treatment delivery, and the second one also used SGRT for patient setup. The third workflow used SGRT for setup, kVCBCT for imaging and VMAT for delivery. Workflows were evaluated by comparing the number of fractions requiring repeated imaging acquisitions and the time required for setup, imaging and treatment delivery. Setup position accuracy was assessed by comparing the daily kV- or MV- CBCT with the planning CT and measuring the residual rotational errors for pitch, yaw and roll angles. Results Without the use of SGRT, the imaging fields were delivered more than once on 11.1% of the fractions, while re-imaging was necessary in 5.5% of the fractions using SGRT. The total treatment time, including setup, imaging, and delivery, for the three workflows was 531 ± 157 s, 503 ± 130 s and 457 ± 91 s, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed when comparing the third workflow with the first two. The total residual rotational errors were 1.96 ± 1.29°, 1.28 ± 0.67° and 1.22 ± 0.76° and statistically significant differences were observed when comparing workflows with and without SGRT. Conclusions The use of SGRT allowed for a reduction of re-imaging during patient setup and improved patient position accuracy by reducing residual rotational errors. A reduction in treatment time using kVCBCT with SGRT was observed. The most efficient workflow was the one including kVCBCT and SGRT for setup and VMAT for delivery.
Update on hypertension in African-Americans

Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) in the U.S. is particularly prevalent and devastating among black individuals, who disproportionately suffer the consequences of this condition to a greater extent compared with persons in other racial/ethnic groups. Furthermore, African Americans are often underrepresented in cardiovascular clinical trials, limiting the ability to reliably apply the results from many outcome studies in this specific population. In this review, we summarize and analyze the currently available evidence, specifically related to the risk factors, manifestations, complications and management of HTN in this often difficult-to-treat population. The aim of the review is to improve understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and identify the optimal approach to deliver the best care for African American patients.
Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) for osteoporosis screening in US postmenopausal women: is it cost-effective?

Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) is cost-effective when it was incorporated in the routine screening for osteoporosis in community-dwelling women aged ≥ 65 years, which support guidelines, such as the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) for the diagnostic use of VFA as an important addition to fracture risk assessment. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of VFA as a screening tool to reduce future fracture risk in US community–dwelling women aged ≥ 65 years. An individual-level state-transition cost-effectiveness model from a healthcare perspective was constructed using derived data from published literature. The time horizon was lifetime. Five screening strategies were compared, including no screening at all, central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) only, VFA only, central DXA followed by VFA if the femoral neck T-score (FN-T) ≤ − 1.5, or if the FN-T ≤ − 1.0. Various initiation ages and rescreening intervals were evaluated. Oral bisphosphonate treatment for 5-year periods was assumed. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (2017 US dollars per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained) were used as the outcome measure. The incorporation of VFA slightly increased life expectancy by 0.1 years and reduced the number of subsequent osteoporotic fractures by 3.7% and 7.7% compared with using DXA alone and no screening, respectively, leading to approximately 30 billion dollars saved. Regardless of initiation ages and rescreening intervals, central DXA followed by VFA if the FN-T ≤ − 1.0 was most cost-effective ($40,792 per QALY when the screening is initiated at age 65 years and with rescreening every 5 years). Results were robust to change in VF incidence and medication costs. In women aged ≥ 65 years, VFA is cost-effective when it was incorporated in routine screening for osteoporosis. Our findings support the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines for the diagnostic use of VFA as an important addition to fracture risk assessment.
Structural, Dosing, and Risk Change Factors Affecting Discontinuation of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in a Large Urban Clinic

Understanding why clients stop taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is critical to improve PrEP delivery and ultimately reduce HIV incidence. We analyzed data from a programmatic evaluation conducted at the Los Angeles LGBT Center from February to May 2018. Of 180 respondents to the emailed survey, 91 had stopped taking PrEP and 11 never started. Among former PrEP users, most common reasons for stopping were entering a monogamous relationship (43%) and side effects (40%). Ten of 11 who never started PrEP reported access barriers (e.g., cost, insurance problems). A quarter of inactive clients re-engaged with PrEP services following the survey and 15% restarted PrEP by October 2018. Improving PrEP retention may require multifaceted interventions-e.g., tailored discussions about stopping and restarting PrEP safely as HIV risk changes, ensuring consistent access to affordable PrEP, and alternative dosing strategies. An emailed survey may be a simple, effective strategy to reengage some PrEP clients.
Bayes' Theorem From Partial Moments

This quick note is intended to further inform the reader on the inherent flexibility of partial moments. We are not re-inventing a wheel. Conditional probability is conditional probability, nothing has changed. What we have uniquely done is represent the partial moment equivalences to these conditional probabilities. Given the myriad of other classical equivalences partial moments demonstrate, the only surprise is the lack of consideration they receive in the literature.
Clinical Outcomes and Complications With Open vs Minimally Invasive Achilles Tendon Repair

Background:There is no current consensus on whether to use an open or minimally invasive (MIS) approach for Achilles tendon repair after acute rupture. We hypothesized that patients in both open an...
Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. I. Growth and adrenocorticotropic hormones.

Publisher Summary The pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri is located in the sella turcica, a concavity in the splenoid bone, and is attached to the base of the brain by a thin stalk. The chapter explores the six recognized hormones of the anterior pituitary that were originally named according to their first observable biological properties, and alternative designations were assigned as additional biological functions were disclosed: growth hormone (GH, somatotropin, somatotropic hormone, STH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin, adrenotropin, adrenotropic hormone); lactogenic hormone (prolactin, mammotropin, luteotropin, luteotropic hormone, LTH); thyrotropic hormone (thyrotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH); folliclestimulating hormone (FSH, gametotropic hormone, thylakentrin); and interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH, luteinizing hormone, LH, hormonotropic hormone, metakentrin). An outline of methods generally employed for the bioassay of anterior pituitary hormones is discussed. The anterior pituitary secretes a hormone possessing growth-promoting activity. The chapter presents the multiple functions of growth hormone. The name adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has been employed to designate the active principle in pituitary extracts that accomplishes repair of adrenalcortical atrophy in hypophysectomixed animals, and in 1951, the term corticotropin was formally accepted for the preparations that possess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) activity. The various extraction procedures that have been employed for obtaining adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrates involve vigorous treatment of fresh or acetonedried pituitary glands.
Regulation of keratin gene expression during differentiation of epidermal and vaginal epithelial cells.

Publisher Summary Keratins constitute a family of approximately 20 related a-helix-rich structural proteins of 40-70 kDa (kilodaltons) and make up the subunits of the intermediate filaments present in all epithelial cells. This multigene family is divided into two distinct types on the basis of sequences that are predicted to form coiled coils: (1) the acidic keratins form type I and (2) the neutral-basic keratins form type II. Epithelial cells, in general, always express at least one member of each type and various factors influence which specific members are expressed such as the cell type, period of embryonic development, state of differentiation, and growth environment of the cell. However, the mechanisms regulating the expression of this family of genes are not known. To define the mechanism regulating keratin genes, it is necessary to have specific probes to monitor their expression at the molecular level. Therefore, cDNA clones corresponding to the major keratins synthesized in mouse epidermis have been isolated and characterized. Several lines of evidence are presented in the chapter that suggest that the expression of the subsets of keratin genes is coordinately regulated and dependent on the state of differentiation. In addition, on the basis of amino acid sequence information deduced from the nucleotide sequence of these cloned cDNAs, it is postulated that the sequence differences observed for keratins expressed at the different states of differentiation will change the properties and function of the filaments that they form.
Using CAD, CAM, and rapid prototyping technologies to model parts for electrical manufacture

This paper focuses on CAD, solid modeling, CAM, CNC machining and RP. The finite element analysis is described as part of the concurrent engineering picture. CAM/CNC machining is related to rapid tooling.
Theory of Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy and Magnetoelasticity in Transition‐metal Systems

Progresses of the first principles determinations of magnetocrystalline anisotropy of transition metal systems are reviewed in this chapter. It is clear that modern density functional approaches can provide reliable predictions for magnetic anisotropy energies of transition metal elements in different environments. The physical pictures extracted from theoretical data are indispensable for manipulations of magnetic anisotropy needed for technological applications. The present status of theoretical capability for studies of magnetostriction is also discussed. Keywords: density functional calculations spin orbit coupling magnetic anisotropy energy low dimension structures magnetic thin films magnetic moments magnetic ordering magnetostriction
Resolving Terrorism: Two Decision-Making Models

Conflicts between terrorists and target governments are asymmetric situations of power, disputes over ethics and values, with emotional feelings of revenge existing on both sides. Bargaining theory predicts that parties fight to buildup strength and attempt to alter the relative balance of power in their favor before entering negotiations to produce a non-violent settlement of their differences. In this analysis, two different decision-making models, strategic interaction, adopted by the terrorist side, and cognitive framing, applied by the target government, are described to explain how the parties make choices that affect the progression of their dispute and the conditions leading to negotiated settlement. A cognitive framework-who are the terrorists and what they hope to accomplish-influences strategic thinking in response policies for target governments. The focus is on the opponent since the group is not accorded political legitimacy status. A bargaining framework with its attendant cost and benefit assessments in opening arenas for political change, determines the moves for the terrorists who focus on the power game, seeking engagement. While both sides engage in strategic operations, both sides are affected by cognitive influences, and both reflect forms of communication, from verbal demands to threatening acts to subsequent processes that brings them toward formal negotiations, their primary decision-making strategy is derived from opposite ends of a continuum ranging from strict analysis to intuition. Turning points change the course of their conflict, resetting critical features of each decisional model towards convergence as parties edge toward agreement.
Minimizing the diameter of a network using shortcut edges

We study the problem of minimizing the diameter of a graph by adding k shortcut edges, for speeding up communication in an existing network design. We develop constant-factor approximation algorithms for different variations of this problem. We also show how to improve the approximation ratios using resource augmentation to allow more than k shortcut edges. We observe a close relation between the single-source version of the problem, where we want to minimize the largest distance from a given source vertex, and the well-known k-median problem. First we show that our constant-factor approximation algorithms for the general case solve the single-source problem within a constant factor. Then, using a linear-programming formulation for the single-source version, we find a (1+e)-approximation using O(klogn) shortcut edges. To show the tightness of our result, we prove that any $({3 \over 2}-\epsilon)$-approximation for the single-source version must use Ω(klogn) shortcut edges assuming P≠NP.
Characterization of the surface properties of epoxy-type models used for multiphase flow studies in fractured media and creation of a new model

[1] Epoxy models have been used as analogs for fractured rock surfaces in many laboratory investigations of multiphase flow processes. However, there is no agreement on how well or poorly such an analog replicates the surface chemistry of geologic materials, nor is there a satisfactory analysis of the surface properties of epoxy. This paper addresses the issue of accurately characterizing the surface chemistry of a typical epoxy used in laboratory multiphase flow studies and comparing that surface to a polystyrene surface and a radio frequency glow discharge treated polystyrene surface. Surface properties were determined using direct contact angle measurements of polar and apolar liquids on flat test samples. The epoxy was determined to have surface properties as follows: γ = 62.3, γLW = 39, γAB = 23.3, γ⊕ = 0, and γ = 23.3 mJ/m2, where γ is the total surface tension of the solid, γLW is the Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW) surface tension component, γAB is the Lewis acid base (AB) surface tension component, γ is the electron-donor (negative) parameter, and γ⊕ is the electron-acceptor (positive) parameter. Values of γ < 27.9 mJ/m2 indicate a hydrophobic surface, which means that epoxy is not a good analog for most geologic materials. This study also explores the use of radio frequency glow discharge plasma to add hydroxyl functionality to polymer surfaces producing a material with alterable surface properties and the same optical and casting properties as epoxy. Using this method, the degree of alteration of the surface chemistry of polymer fracture models can be controlled, allowing the creation of models with a variety of different wettabilities. The resultant models were found to be durable, long lasting, and a potentially very useful alternative to the more typical epoxy models.
How to see the world economy: statistics, maps, and Schumpeter's camera in the first age of globalization

How we assess globalization is largely determined by how we see the world economy. This article follows a disagreement about how to see the world economy among economists in Germany and Austria in the first age of globalization from the 1870s until the First World War. Absorbing metaphors from contemporary developments in media technologies, the debate pitted historical economists, who used statistics and cartography to make visible what they called the ‘world economic organism’, against marginalist economists, including a young Joseph Schumpeter, who rejected panoramic descriptions of the world economy for a narrow focus on prices. In a forgotten chapter in the conceptual genealogy of globalization, the debates of German-speaking economists initiated a persistent divide in how to see the world economy: either in the spatially expanding networks of communication and trade or in the wandering movement of prices on the world markets.
Confidence Intervals on Measures of Variability in R&R Studies

Several methods have been proposed for constructing confidence intervals on measures of variability in a classical repeatability and reproducibility study. These methods are compared using computer simulation to determine if the intervals maintain the s..
Oxidative stress in Nipah virus-infected human small airway epithelial cells

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic emerging pathogen that can cause severe and often fatal respiratory disease in humans. The pathogenesis of NiV infection of the human respiratory tract remains unknown. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by airway epithelial cells in response to viral infections contribute to lung injury by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the role of ROS in NiV-induced respiratory disease is unknown. To investigate whether NiV induces oxidative stress in human respiratory epithelial cells, we used oxidative stress markers and monitored antioxidant gene expression. We also used ROS scavengers to assess their role in immune response modulation. Oxidative stress was confirmed in infected cells and correlated with the reduction in antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Infected cells treated by ROS scavengers resulted in a significant decrease of the (F2)-8-isoprostane marker, inflammatory responses and virus replication. In conclusion, ROS are induced during NiV infection in human respiratory epithelium and contribute to the inflammatory response. Understanding how oxidative stress contributes to NiV pathogenesis is crucial for therapeutic development.
The relationship between plasma insulin level, prostaglandin production by adipose tissue, and blood pressure in normal rats and rats with diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis

There is a correlation between circulating insulin levels and blood pressure over a wide range of insulin levels and in a variety of clinical conditions. Production of prostaglandin (PG)E(2) (PGE(2)) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)), two potent vasodilators, by adipose tissue is increased in severe insulin deficiency, eg, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), explaining the decreased peripheral vascular resistance in DKA. Conversely, decreased production of PGE(2) and PGI(2) may mediate the relationship between hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. Although insulin inhibits PG production in normal rat adipose tissue, PG production in adipose tissue from patients or experimental animals with nonketotic diabetes mellitus (DM) and DKA has not been studied. We examined the effect of plasma insulin levels on blood pressure and on adipose tissue PG production in rats with DM and DKA and normal rats. There was a significant relationship between plasma insulin level and blood pressure in rats with DM and normal controls (P < .021) and in rats with DKA and normal controls (P < .0001). There was an inverse linear correlation between plasma insulin levels and basal 6-keto-PGF(1 alpha) production by a mixture of adipocytes and endothelial cells from epididymal adipose tissue in rats with DKA and normal rats (P < .0252, R2 = .67). Rates of basal glycerol, PGE(2), and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) production by a mixture of adipocytes and endothelial cells from epididymal adipose tissue were significantly higher in rats with DKA than in normal rats. These rates were also higher in rats with DM than in normal rats, but only glycerol values were statistically significant. In rats with DM, PGE(2) production induced by epinephrine 2 x 10(-5) mol/L (but not lower concentrations) was significantly greater than basal production (P < .05); production of 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) was not stimulated. In rats with DKA, 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) production induced by epinephrine 2 x 10(-5) mol/L (but not lower concentrations) was significantly greater than basal production (P < .05); production of PGE(2) was not stimulated. We conclude the following: (1) there is a close correlation between circulating insulin level and systemic blood pressure when rats with DM and DKA are compared with controls; (2) in insulin deficiency, PGI(2) and PGE(2) production are increased in adipose tissue versus normal tissue; and (3) the correlation between insulin level and blood pressure may be mediated by the inhibitory effect of insulin on vasodilative PG production by adipose tissue.
A Revisionist History of Concurrent Separation Logic

Concurrent Separation Logic is a resource-sensitive logic for fault-free partial correctness of concurrent programs with shared mutable state, combining separation logic with Owicki-Gries inference rules, in a manner proposed by Peter [email protected]?Hearn. The Owicki-Gries rules and [email protected][email protected]?s original logic lacked compositionality, being limited to programs with a rigid parallel structure, because of a crucial constraint that ''no other process modifies''certain variables, imposed as a side condition in the inference rule for conditional critical regions. In prior work we proposed a more general formulation of a concurrent separation logic using resource contexts, and we offered a soundness proof based on a trace semantics. Recently Ian Wehrman and Josh Berdine discovered an example showing that this soundness proof relies on a hidden assumption, tantamount to ''no concurrent modification'', so that the proposed logic also suffices only for rigid programs. Here we show that, with a natural and simple adjustment we can avoid this problem. The key idea is to augment each assertion with a ''rely set'' of variables, assumed to be unmodified by other processes, and adjust the inference rules to validate and take advantage of these assumptions. This revised concurrent separation logic is compositional, allowing rigid and non-rigid programs, and the extra constraints imposed by rely set requirements ensure soundness. At the same time, we relax the Owicki-Gries constraints on the use of critical variables, allowing variables to be protected by multiple resources and building into the logic a simpler, yet more general, protection discipline. In the revised logic, a process wanting to write to a shared variable must acquire all resources that protect it, while a process wishing to read a shared variable need only acquire one such resource. This generalization brings concurrent separation logic closer in spirit to permission-based logics, in which processes may be allowed to perform concurrent reads.
Cruelty may be a self-control device against sympathy

Dispassionate cruelty and the euphoria of hunting or battle should be distinguished from the emotional savoring of victims' suffering. Such savoring, best called negative empathy, is what puzzles motivational theory. Hyperbolic discounting theory suggests that sympathy with people who have unwanted but seductive traits creates a threat to self-control. Cruelty to those people may often be the least effortful way of countering this threat.
Simulation of bipolar high-voltage devices in the neighborhood of breakdown

Abstract This paper investigates numerical techniques for the solution of the system of nonlinear elliptic PDE's that simulates bipolar semiconductor devices under high reverse bias voltage. Bipolar devices are usually modeled as a set of three elliptic PDE's representing the field equation and the electron and hole current continuity equations. However, these equations can be solved effectively in the case of low-voltage devices only, e.g. by use of the the BAMBI program. As shown in this paper, it is possible to simplify the model in case of high-voltage devices. A powerful software toolkit, ELLAPACK , has been used to solve the resulting two-dimensional Poisson equation. ELLAPACK enabled us to easily compare several numerical solution techniques for their efficiency to solve this problem. To analyze the effectiveness of the toolkit as a whole, a comparison was made between ELLAPACK and a special-purpose program written by us.
Substrate profiling of deubiquitin hydrolases with a positional scanning library and mass spectrometry.

Deconjugation of ubiquitin from cellular proteins is catalyzed by the deubiquitin hydrolase (DUB) family of enzymes and is an important component of the ubiquitin regulatory system affecting cellular function beyond simple maintenance of monomeric pools of ubiquitin. Specific deconjugation of ubiquitinated substrates has been described, but substrate recognition is poorly understood. To determine whether specificity may be conferred by recognition of a primary cognate sequence, the substrate preferences of two DUBs, UCH-L3 and isopeptidase T (IsoT), were profiled using a positional scanning branched peptide library. The sequence of the library was based on K48-branched diubiquitin, RLXXXXK(GGRLRLVL)QLEDGR, where X denotes a diversified position in the library (P1‘ ‘−P4‘ ‘ numbered from K48). Hydrolysis of the branched peptide was indicative of DUB activity and was detected and quantified by mass spectrometry. IsoT was active toward the library but demonstrated little preference for the diversified positio...
Ia diastolic dysfunction: an echocardiographic grade.

Objective To demonstrate that a distinct group of patients with Grade Ia diastolic dysfunction who do not conform to present ASE/ESE diastolic grading exists. Method and Results Echocardiographic and demographic data of the Grade Ia diastolic dysfunction were extracted and compared with that of Grades I and II in 515 patients. The mean of age of the cohort was 75 ± 9 years and body mass index did not differ significantly between the 3 groups (P = 0.45). Measurements of left atrial volume index (28.58 ± 7 mL/m2 in I, 33 ± 10 mL/m2 in Ia, and 39 ± 12 mL/m2 in II P < 0.001), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (100 ± 17 msec in I, 103 ± 21 msec in Ia, and 79 ± 15 msec in II P < 0.001), deceleration time (248 ± 52 msec in I, 263 ± 58 msec in Ia, and 217 ± 57 msec in II P < 0.001), medial E/e′ (10 ± 3 in I, 18 ± 5.00 in Ia, and 22 ± 8 in II), and lateral E/e′ (8 ± 3 in I, 15 ± 6 in Ia, and 18 ± 9 in II P < 0.001) were significantly different in grade Ia compared with I and II. These findings remained significant even after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, and smoking. Conclusion Patients with echocardiographic characteristics of relaxation abnormality (E/A ratio of <0.8) and elevated filling pressures (septal E/e′ ≥15, lateral E/e′ ≥12, average E/e′ ≥13) should be graded as a separate Grade Ia group.
Use of Passive Samplers To Mimic Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Benthic Polychaetes

Experiments were conducted to test whether passive samplers made of low-density polyethylene (polyethylene devices, or PEDs) can estimate the extent of uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by benthic polychaetes (Nereis virens) in contaminated marine sediments. For a variety of PAHs, PEDs reached 90% equilibrium with sediment PAHs in 60 days or less. Using 60-day sediment bioaccumulation tests, we have demonstrated a significant relationship between PAH concentrations in the polychaetes and the PEDS (R 2 = 0.67, p = 0.002), with the PEDs taking up less PAHs than the polychaetes. Because of this relationship, PEDs can potentially be used in a regulatory context to simulate uptake of bioavailable PAHs in contaminated marine sediments. The PED PAH concentrations were also used to calculate porewater PAH concentrations that allowed for the estimation of a linear free-energy relationship between the lipid-water distribution coefficient (K lip ) and the octanol-water distribution coefficient (K ow ) for PAH uptake in marine polychaetes (R 2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001).
Differences in Student Evaluations of Principles and Other Economics Courses and the Allocation of Faculty across Courses

The authors analyze 19 semesters of student evaluations at Kansas State University. Faculty member fixed effects are sizable and indicate that among faculty members who teach both types of courses, the best principles teachers also tend to be the best nonprinciples teachers. Estimates that ignore faculty effects are biased because principles teachers are drawn from the top of the distribution and because unmeasured faculty member characteristics are correlated with such variables as the response rate. Student ratings are lowest for new faculty but stabilize quickly. Lower student interest and especially larger class size reduce student ratings and fully explain the lower evaluations of principles classes. By accounting for differences in characteristics over which the instructor has no control, departments can adjust student ratings to more accurately assess the contributions of their teachers.
Racialization, Resistance, and the Migrant Rights Movement: A Historical Analysis

The racialization of migrants is constitutive of the socio-political and economic order in the United States. Racial violence has been and continues to be a fact of life for Mexican and Latino migrants in the United States. In 2006 ‘illegal’ migrants throughout the United States rose up to challenge the processes of dehumanization they face on a daily basis. The central question of this study is what compelled ‘illegal’ migrants to organize resistance leading to the marches of 2006? Was this a response to a single external threat? Or was this act of resistance linked to or informed by previous historical struggles of Mexicans and Latinos in the US? In surveying the phenomenon of 2006 while advancing a conception of resistance within the Mexican and Latino community, this study will attempt to link the processes of racialization and their socio-political construction of ‘illegal’ subjects to the formation of migrant resistance.
Tachistoscopic recognition of stimulus variability

Abstract Two studies are reported using children and adults as subjects in a tachistoscopic recognition task. Sets of stimuli of two different levels of variability (random shapes) were used. The results support the following conclusions. Both children and adults find low variability stimuli (5-turn figures) easier to recognize at short exposure durations than they do stimuli of high variability (20-turn figures). The subjects improved their recognition accuracy of the forms over the four successive days with no knowledge of results from the experimenter. The children experienced differential difficulty with the more variable stimuli.
Lethality and DNA Breakage from 32P and 33P Decay in Bacteriophage T4

SummaryTo examine the importance of nuclear recoil in biological damage from 32P decay, we have compared the production of double-strand breaks (DSB) in the DNA of coliphage T4 by 32P and 33P. 33P has the same decay scheme as 32P, but a much lower nuclear recoil energy (1·7 eV versus 20 eV). When labelled phage are stored at − 196°C in a glycerol-casamino-acid storage medium, the lethal efficiency per decay is 0·058 for 32P and 0·022 for 33P. The efficiency of induction of DSB's determined by neutral sedimentation of extracted DNA, is 0·057 for 32P and only 0·014 for 33P. These results indicate that the great bulk of 32P lethalities in this phage at − 196°C are due to DSB's resulting from nuclear recoil. Killing by either isotope is increased when storage is at 4°C; and the presence of 2-aminoethylisothiouronium (AET) gives partial protection against killing at 4°C. However, the induction of DSB's by 32P decay is little affected by these variables or by storage as extracted DNA versus intact phage, all as...
Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Left Ventricular Endocardial Fibroelastosis in Infants After Fetal Intervention for Aortic Valve Stenosis

This report describes the use of myocardial delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging to delineate the extent of endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) in 4 infants after fetal balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The preoperative mapping of EFE followed by extensive resection led to biventricular physiology in 2 patients.
Organic substances in the rainfall of Lake Superior: 1983

In 1983, sampling for organic substances in rainfall was undertaken at two, open-lake locations at opposite ends of Lake Superior — Isle Royale and Caribou Island. Triplicate samples, averaging 22 litres, were collected in each time period (approximately 6 weeks) and analysed for α-BHC, lindane, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, DDT residues, methoxychlor, polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene. α- and δ-chlordane, mirex and toxaphene were also investigated but were not found in any of the samples. Concentrations of these compounds ranged from 0.01 to 65 ng/L. The east side of the lake received considerably lower concentrations in rainfall (on average, roughly 65% less) and the levels of most of the observed substances were higher at both locations in the spring and early summer. Estimates of direct loadings to the lake were made using volume-weighted concentrations. The highest was for α-BHC at 860 kg/year and the lowest for hexachlorobenzene at 3.7 kg/year; the loading estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls was 300 kg/year.
Integration requirements for manufacturing-based Energy Management Systems

There are many types of Energy Management Systems (EMS) that may be found in the industrial, commercial, and residential sectors. These systems range from the largest and most complex ones found in power generation and industrial plants down to the smallest and simple systems utilized by the residential consumer of energy. Independent of the magnitude and sophisication of the application, each type of EMS has its own unique requirements depending on the user's needs. The focus of this paper is on those EMS found in manufacturing plants. Traditionally, manufacturing firms have lacked complex energy monitoring and control systems when compared to the ones frequently found in electrical generating plants. The reason for this is that the primary goal of any manufacturing firm is to cost effectively produce high quality products for its customer and thus energy management often takes a somewhat secondary role to a plant's production objectives. However, with increasing energy prices and relentless competition in the marketplace, manufacturing firms are taking a closer look not only at energy saving opportunities but even the potential for onsite electrical generation from alternative energy sources. With these initiatives in mind, manufacturing firms are re-examining the functional requirements of their existing EMS and internal power networks to increase efficiency and better integrate with the future external power grid. This paper reviews the current technology level of EMS found in manufacturing firms and typical approaches to improving energy efficiency. The paper also provides a motivating mathematical example illustrating interdependencies that exist amongst multiple manufacturing domains that relate to energy consumption. Finally, various scenarios are presented describing the requirements for a highly integrated EMS capable of providing manufacturing plants with new efficiency and conservation opportunities. Such integration requirements will be better aligned with the goals of Smart Grid technologies compared to what is achievable with the system architecture of today's manufacturing-based EMS.
Symmetries of the f shell

Abstract A brief review is made of the status of the quark model of the atomic f shell. In this approach the 16384 states of the atomic f shell are replaced by the 4096 states of the quark configuration (f + s)4, augmented by two parity labels. A detailed application is made to a matrix element of the three-electron scalar operator t2. Its apparently accidental vanishing in f7 between states labeled by Racah as (222)(30) and (221)(31) is shown to correspond to the vanishing of an f-quark conserving operator between states of the quark configurations f3s and f4 respectively.
New strategies for the evaluation of the nadir bone marrow following induction in acute myeloid leukemia.

Purpose of review Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) routinely undergo a bone marrow biopsy 7-10 days after induction chemotherapy to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Measuring blast count by morphology alone has been the standard hematopathologic technique. Although helpful to guide future treatment decisions, the early bone marrow does not predict well which patients will achieve complete remission, and ultimately be cured. New methods of assessing early treatment effectiveness are being developed. This review summarizes the current utility of early bone marrow evaluations and looks toward future developments. Recent findings More sensitive techniques than light microscopy are available to analyze the presence or absence of leukemia after treatment. These include flow-cytometry and polymerase chain reaction-based assays, and their use is playing a larger role in monitoring therapy effectiveness after induction and during consolidation. Importantly, novel techniques including enzymatic amplification staining (performed on bone marrow samples) and noninvasive molecular imaging have been studied and may play a role in future therapy asessment. Summary Identifying and implementing new tools to measure therapy effectiveness will be an important component of improving outcomes for patients with AML.
A dark business, full of shadows: analogy and theology in William Harvey.

Abstract In a short work called De conceptione appended to the end of his Exercitationes de generatione animalium (1651), William Harvey developed a rather strange analogy. To explain how such marvelous productions as living beings were generated from the rather inauspicious ingredients of animal reproduction, Harvey argued that conception in the womb was like conception in the brain. It was mostly rejected at the time; it now seems a ludicrous theory based upon homonymy. However, this analogy offers insight into the structure and function of analogies in early modern natural philosophy. In this essay I hope to not only describe the complex nature of Harvey’s analogy, but also offer a novel interpretation of his use of analogical reasoning, substantially revising the account offered by Guido Giglioni (1993). I discuss two points of conceptual change and negotiation in connection with Harvey’s analogy, understanding it as both a confrontation between the border of the natural and the supernatural, as well as a moment in the history of psychology. My interpretation touches upon a number of important aspects, including why the analogy was rejected, how Harvey systematically deployed analogies according to his notions of natural philosophical method, how the analogy fits into contemporary discussions of analogies in science, and finally, how the analogy must be seen in the context of changing Renaissance notions of the science of the soul, ultimately confronting the problem of how to understand final causality in Aristotelian science. In connection with the last, I conclude the essay by turning to how Harvey embeds the analogy within a natural theological cosmology.
Secure Quantization Based Data Embedding

In this paper we propose a new secure quantization based data embedding algorithm and analyze the security, capacity, robustness and embedding induced distortion of this scheme. Using a joint security, robustness and capacity measure, we show that the proposed scheme provides an enhancement in security in comparison to current secure quantization based data hiding schemes. We derive a mathematic expression for the security of our algorithm. Using this metric, we show that the security of our algorithm can be increased independent of these parameters: capacity, robustness and embedding induced distortion. The maximum security depends only on the length of key sequence, which is limited only by the size of the host image
Effect of actinomycin D on the expression of nuclear antigen SS-B/La.

The nuclear autoantigen SS-B/La, which is recognized by antibodies in certain autoimmune diseases, is complexed with distinct cellular RNAs and the complex of antigen-RNA profile remains constant throughout the cell cycle. This antigen is prominent in the nucleolus during G 1 /S phase of the cell cycle. Actinomycin D at a concentration of 0.0005 μg/ml is capable of abolishing the appearance of SS-B/La in the nucleolus. The amount of immune-precipitable SS-B/La-associated RNAs is reduced by 0.005 μg/ml actinomycin D treatment. The mechanism for these findings is suggested to be related to inhibition of the synthesis of messenger RNA coding for SS-B/La.
EFFICIENT TREATMENT OF INFINITE BOUNDARIES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD PROBLEMS

This work discusses the use of exponentially and reciprocally decaying infinite elements and assesses their respective value for magnetostatic and eddy current problems. In particular, the need for different decaying parameters for different materials is shown to be detrimental to their application in many practical situations. A simple method, whereby a 2‐D solution is used to find the approximate boundary conditions for a closely truncated 3‐D mesh is presented and shown to give good results without the complications of infinite elements. This method is applied to a large eddy current problem.
Nitrogen addition to iron powder by mechanical alloying

Abstract Nitrogen was alloyed into iron (a) by mechanical processing in a nitrogen gas environment, and (b) by mechanically alloying with iron-nitride powders to characterize resulting nano-structure and nitrogen distribution. Although the infused nitrogen concentration was significantly greater than the thermodynamic equilibrium solubility of iron, no nitrides formed, even for nitrogen concentrations as high as 4.1 wt.% However, a bct Fe phase did form. Lattice expansion calculations indicate that the sum of the interstitial bcc-Fe and bct Fe nitrogen concentrations was significantly less than the total measured nitrogen concentration. A considerable portion of the mechanically infused nitrogen was determined to be associated with nanograin boundaries.
Acoustic Noise of Switched Reluctance and Permanent Magnet Motors: A Comparison in the Context of Electric Brakes

It is held as fact that Permanent Magnet (PM) brushless motors are less noisy than Switched Reluctance (SR) motors, and many methods have been published to reduce the noise of SR drives. This paper provides a systematic experimental comparison of both drives, and of proposed noise- mitigation strategies, in the context of a specific mass-market application: Automotive Electro Mechanical Brakes (EMB). The two motors were designed to fit into the same envelope and to produce similar dynamic performance for the brake system. Sound pressure levels produced by the two motors at key torque-speed points were measured through dynamometer tests under identical conditions. The influence of the hysteresis current and PWM control methods on the acoustic noise was also studied. The acoustic noise was then measured with the EMB systems assembled with the PM and SR motors. Though the measured acoustic noise of the SR motor with dynamometer tests was higher compared to that of the PM motor, the acoustic noise levels of the two EMB systems were found to be similar with only a slight advantage to the PM based system.