cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in HIV-infected persons: is adefovir dipivoxil the answer?

Effective therapy against HIV infection has led to a significant decline in the incidence of many opportunistic infections and a corresponding increase in the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals. This trend has allowed chronic diseases to emerge in this population with liver disease established as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality [1]. Chronic hepatitis B, which shares modes of transmission with HIV, is an important cause of this liver disease affecting an estimated 10% of HIV-infected individuals [2–4]. As HIV therapy is being actively rolled out into areas of the world with high HBV endemicity, chronic hepatitis B will become an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Lamivudine, the first oral drug approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, is limited not only by its inadequate efficacy but also by the development of lamivudine-resistant virus due to mutations in the HBV Pol gene [5,6]. There are several reasons why lamivudineresistant hepatitis B is a critical issue in the HIV-HBV coinfected population. First, lamivudine resistance occurs more rapidly in those co-infected with HIV with an estimated 90% of HIV-HBV co-infected individuals having lamivudine-resistant HBV after 4 years of treatment [7]. Second, lamivudine has been used in HIV-infected persons since the early 1990s when it was first studied for its use in HIV infection. Since then it continues to be a cornerstone of many HIV treatment regimens, so the majority of HIV coinfected individuals who have received antiretroviral therapy have been exposed to years of lamivudine. Third, lamivudine-resistant HBV in HIV co-infected persons is associated with significant elevations in serum ALT and
Perfusate composition and stability of polyribosomes in perfused liver.

Abstract The polyribosomes in the resting liver from young adult rats are preserved during a one-hour perfusion in an isolated system with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing fresh rat blood (1:1, v/v) and glucose, only when both a high concentration of amino acids (e.g. 4-fold the normal plasma level of the 23 amino acids) and exogenous insulin are added to the perfusate. Decreasing the amino acid concentration to normal, or deleting the insulin leads to marked polyribosome breakdown during the one-hour perfusion. Some polyribosome breakdown occurs in regenerating liver when perfused under the conditions optimal for resting liver. The addition of fructose to the perfusate causes a rapid loss of the residual polyribosomes.
The Response Time of the Temperature of the Equatorial Troposphere to ENSO Heating

Abstract Air temperature anomalies, averaged over the troposphere to 200 mb and around the earth from 10°S to 10°N, lag the similarly averaged El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) atmospheric latent heating anomalies by about one month. Most of the latent heating is balanced by vertical adiabatic cooling although the zonally averaged imbalance is larger than is typical locally in the Tropics. The excess latent heating heats the atmosphere and generates a temperature anomaly. As the temperature anomaly rises, the atmosphere loses heat until the residual heating is balanced by anomalous cooling. By then the temperature anomaly is typically about 0.4°C. Analysis of the thermodynamic energy equation shows that the ENSO heat loss is highly linearly correlated with the air temperature anomaly averaged over the equatorial troposphere; that is, the adjustment to the residual anomalous heating (or cooling) is Newtonian. Consistent with the observed one-month lag, the Newtonian e-folding time is about 35 days. Simil...
New Directions in Brain Imaging Research in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Functional brain imaging has greatly enhanced the ability to investigate brain-gut interactions and to assess the central nervous system role on visceral pain perception. The results of studies using brain imaging in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have demonstrated differences in brain activation between patients with IBS and healthy controls. In addition, the more recent studies are starting to shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the generation of functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms as well as the response to treatment. These studies highlight the potential of functional brain imaging to become an important and exciting investigative tool in research of functional GI disorders. However, the multifactorial, multideterminant nature of these disorders, the current limitations in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorders, and the heterogeneous patient population make brain imaging research in this field difficult and require caution in the interpretation of the data. The continued development of brain imaging techniques provides not only exciting opportunities but also significant challenges to the field. This article focuses on brain imaging research in functional GI disorders. It describes some of the recent developments in the use of brain imaging in research of the brain-gut axis and provides an overview of the current data.
Legislation and policy for forests of the Swiss Alps

of legislation and policies for the forests of the Swiss Alps in the context of societal, economic and ecological conditions, and suggests future developments. Illustrations are drawn from these areas: Aletsch (Canton Valais). Davos (Canton Graubunden). and Grindelwald (Canton Bern). The 1878 Forest Police Law guides management and use of the forests to the present day. While this law has fulfilled many of its objectives, it no longer guarantees the long-term provision of forest functions in an economy based on tourism. Greater resources and financial security are critical for the future of mountain forestry. Three areas of development are proposed coordination, and changes in policy and legislation.
Review from ASHRAE Symposium, Nashville, June 1987 energy testing of refrigerators and freezers

Abstract The following papers are reviewed: 1. 1. Field and laboratory test plan for improving refrigerator/freezer energy testing procedures: W. E. Stewart Jr, University of Missouri. 2. 2. Energy use test procedures for appliances: a case study of Japanese refrigerators: A.K. Meier, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 3. 3. Effects of ambient temperature and control settings on thermal performance and energy consumption of a household refrigerator-freezer: M. S. Alissi, K. J. Farley, R. J. Schoenhals and S. Ramadhyani, Purdue University.
Preservation of function in Parkinson's disease: what's learning got to do with it?

Dopamine denervation gives rise to abnormal corticostriatal plasticity; however, its role in the symptoms and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has not been articulated or incorporated into current clinical models. The ‘integrative selective gain’ framework proposed here integrates dopaminergic mechanisms known to modulate basal ganglia throughput into a single conceptual framework: (1) synaptic weights, the neural instantiation of accumulated experience and skill modulated by dopamine-dependent plasticity and (2) system gain, the operating parameters of the basal ganglia, modulated by dopamine’s on-line effects on cell excitability, glutamatergic transmission and the balance between facilitatory and inhibitory pathways. Within this framework and based on recent work, a hypothesis is presented that prior synaptic weights and established skills can facilitate motor performance and preserve function despite diminished dopamine; however, dopamine denervation induces aberrant corticostriatal plasticity that degrades established synaptic weights and replaces them with inappropriate, inhibitory learning that inverts the function of the basal ganglia resulting in ‘anti-optimization’ of motor performance. Consequently, mitigating aberrant corticostriatal plasticity represents an important therapeutic objective, as reflected in the long-duration response to levodopa, reinterpreted here as the correction of aberrant learning. It is proposed that viewing aberrant corticostriatal plasticity and learning as a provisional endophenotype of PD would facilitate investigation of this hypothesis.
What is a good buffer cache replacement scheme for mobile flash storage

Smartphones are becoming ubiquitous and powerful. The Achilles' heel in such devices that limits performance is the storage. Low-end flash memory is the storage technology of choice in such devices due to energy, size, and cost considerations. In this paper, we take a critical look at the performance of flash on smartphones for mobile applications. Specifically, we ask the question whether the state-of-the-art buffer cache replacement schemes proposed thus far (both flash-agnostic and flash-aware ones) are the right ones for mobile flash storage. To answer this question, we first expose the limitations of current buffer cache performance evaluation methods, and propose a novel evaluation framework that is a hybrid between trace-driven simulation and real implementation of such schemes inside an operating system. Such an evaluation reveals some unexpected and surprising insights on the performance of buffer management schemes that contradicts conventional wisdom. Armed with this knowledge, we propose a new buffer cache replacement scheme called SpatialClock.Using our evaluation framework, we show the superior performance of SpatialClock relative to the state-of-the-art for mobile flash storage.
Medical Clearance and Screening of Psychiatric Patients in the Emergency Department

Objectives: To study the frequency of medical complaints and need for routine ED medical, laboratory, and toxicologic clearance for patients presenting with psychiatric chief complaints. Methods: A retrospective, observational analysis of psychiatric patients seen in an urban teaching hospital ED over a 2-month period was performed. The individual sensitivities of history, physical examination, vital signs, and complete blood counts and chemistry panels for identifying medical problems were determined. The sensitivities and predictive values of patient self-reporting of recent illicit drug and ethanol use were also determined. Results: 352 patients were seen with psychiatric chief complaints. A complete data set was available for 345 patients (98%). Of those with complete data, 65 (19%) had medical problems of any type. History, physical examination, vital signs, and laboratory testing had sensitivities of 94%, 51%, 17%, and 20%, respectively, for identifying these medical problems. Screening without universal laboratory testing would have missed 2 asymptomatic patients with mild hypokalemia. Patient self-reporting had a 92% sensitivity, a 91% specificity, an 88% positive predictive value (PPV), and a 94% negative predictive value (NPV) for identifying those with a positive drug screen, and a 96% sensitivity, an 87% specificity, a 73% PPV, and a 98% NPV for identifying those with a positive ethanol level. Conclusion: The vast majority of medical problems and substance abuse in ED psychiatric patients can be identified by initial vital signs and a basic history and physical examination. Universal laboratory and toxicologic screening of all patients with psychiatric complaints is of low yield.
Potential of ZrO clusters as replacement Pd catalyst

Atomic clusters with specific size and composition and mimicking the chemistry of elements in the periodic table are commonly known as superatoms. It has been suggested that superatoms could be used to replace elements that are either scarce or expensive. Based on a photoelectron spectroscopy experiment of negatively charged ions, Castleman and co-workers [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 975 (2010)] have recently shown that atoms of Ni, Pd, and Pt which are well known for their catalytic properties, have the same electronic structure as their counterpart isovalent diatomic species, TiO, ZrO, and WC, respectively. Based on this similarity they have suggested that ZrO, for example, could be a replacement catalyst for Pd. Since catalysts are seldom single isolated atoms, one has to demonstrate that clusters of ZrO also have the same electronic structure as same sized Pd clusters. To examine if this is indeed the case, we have calculated the geometries, electronic structure, electron affinity, ionization potential, and hardness of Pdn and (ZrO)n clusters (n = 1-5). We further studied the reaction of these clusters in neutral and charged forms with H2, O2, and CO and found it to be qualitatively different in most cases. These results obtained using density functional theory with hybrid B3LYP functional do not support the view that ZrO clusters can replace Pd as a catalyst.
The effectiveness of pacifist strategies: a theoretical approach

The question of the power of pacifist behavior to produce cooperative responses in conflict situations has recently been raised by several researchers (Lave, 1965; Shure, Meeker, and Hansford, 1965; Deutsch et al., 1967; Meeker and Shure, 1969; and Vincent and Tindell, 1969) and has been the subject of a number of comments (Rapoport, Shubik, and Thrall, 1965; and Rapoport, 1969). The researches that have been reported to date are best described as exploratory in nature. The majority of the investigations have been directed toward the development of a standardized experimental situation and the empirical exploration of a number of possible relationships.2 Although the experiments demonstrate that it is possible to investigate
Supported and Unsafe: The Impact of Educational Structures for Immigrant Students on School Safety

We draw upon the case of Seacrest High School to show that the extensive, physical separation of U.S.-born and immigrant students, as well as targeted supports for immigrant students absent similar attention to the rest of the student body, undermine the conditions necessary for a safe school. Seacrest community members expressed conflicting and conflicted perceptions concerning the extent to which immigrant students should receive differential treatment and the extent to which they should be physically isolated. These perceptions, which evoked concerns about fairness and educational efficacy, put the school’s legitimacy into question and threatened its ability to ensure safety. Despite misgivings, the structure was insulated in part by a web of racial stereotypes about Asian immigrant and African American students. We conclude that educational practices for English language learners should be evaluated by their effects on school culture and particularly on school safety.
Perceptions on the Legality of Sexting: A Report

In many cases in today's world, sexting has replaced sexually explicit letters or messages and one time sent through the postal service. However, whereas mail traditionally involved one sender and one recipient, sexting can involve multiple parties, is a common activity for teens, and can be considered illegal. This report was an attempt to document users' knowledge of sexting and their recognition of illegal activities. Results indicated that regardless of age or sex, individuals capable of sexting were aware of the legality and illegality of the action. However, females generally held a more narrow view of sexting in that if the sexting involved children as the victims of the sexually explicit image and not the recipient, then the action was considered illegal. Through research reports such as this one, awareness of the illegal possibilities of sexting is exposed.
Generalized switching properties of three-guide circular fiber arrays using coupled-mode analysis

A numerical method that utilizes coupled-mode theory to examine the switching properties of arrays formed by three fibers arranged in a circular configuration is developed. An error function that depends on the difference between the desired output conditions and those obtained for a given set of coupling and detuning coefficients is defined. To determine the values of these coefficients for a particular switching operation, the error function is minimized by varying the coupling and detuning coefficients. Results are presented for configurations that switch a signal from one fiber to another, equally split the power from a single input guide into two fibers at the output, and divide the power from a single input guide equally among all three output guides. >
Fabrication of biofunctional nanomaterials via Escherichia coli OmpF protein air/water interface insertion/integration with copolymeric amphiphiles.

Fabrication of next-generation biologically active materials will involve the integration of proteins with synthetic membrane materials toward a wide spectrum of applications in nanoscale medicine, including high-throughput drug testing, energy conversion for powering medical devices, and bio-cloaking films for mimicry of cellular membrane surfaces toward the enhancement of implant biocompatibility. We have used ABA triblock copolymer membranes (PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA) of varied thicknesses as platform materials for Langmuir film–based functionalization with the OmpF pore protein from Escherichia coli by fabricating monolayers of copolymer amphiphile-protein complexes on the air/water interface. Here we demonstrate that the ability for protein insertion at the air/water interface during device fabrication is dependent upon the initial surface coverage with the copolymer as well as copolymer thickness. Methacrylate-terminated block copolymer structures that were 4 nm (4METH) and 8 nm (8METH) in length were used as the protein reconstitution matrix, whereas a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) lipid (~4 nm thickness) was used as a comparison to demonstrate the effects of copolymer length on protein integration capabilities. Wilhemy surface pressure measurements (mN/m) revealed a greater protein insertion in the 4METH and POPC structures compared with the 8METH structure, indicating that shorter copolymer chains possess enhanced biomimicry of natural lipid-based membranes. In addition, comparisons between the isothermal characteristics of the 4METH, 8METH, and POPC membranes reveal that phase transitions of the 4METH resemble a blend of the 8METH and POPC materials, indicating that the 4METH chain may possess hybrid properties of both copolymers and lipids. Furthermore, we have shown that following the deposition of the amphiphilic materials on the air/water interface, the OmpF can be deposited directly on top of the amphiphiles (surface addition), thus effectively further enhancing protein insertion because of the buoying effects of the membranes. These characteristics of Langmuir-Blodgett–based fabrication of copolymer-biomolecule hybrids represent a synthesis strategy for next-generation biomedical materials.
Depolarization of electromagnetic radiation scattered by nonspherical particles.

Nonspherical particles with reflectance symmetry with respect to the scattering plane (particle is identical to its mirror image) have a diagonal scattering matrix and consequently do not depolarize an incoming linearly polarized plane electromagnetic wave with electric vector either parallel or perpendicular to the scattering plane. They behave like a sphere as far as the depolarization is concerned, and consequently they cannot be distinguished from spheres using usual remote sensing depolarization techniques.
A SYSTEM MODEL OF STREAM-CHANNEL SHAPE AND SIZE

Models of stream-channel development typically focus on the effects of discharge and sediment. Missing from the traditional models is an explicit representation of the mechanism through which channel cross-section elements interact and adjust. The multiple-equations model presented here includes the effects of mutual adjustment of channel characteristics, as well as of discharge and sediment. It incorporates both channel shape and size as endogenous variables. The results of analysis indicate that discharge has primarily direct effects on the channel, whereas sediment appears to have primarily indirect effects. Given that the adjustment mechanism is represented as a set of indirect effects, these results imply that the channel adjustment process is dependent principally on sediment rather than on discharge. The utility of this type of model in an impact assessment context is also discussed.
The Impact of Discipline on the Use and Rapidity of Dismissal in State Governments

Although several studies have looked at voluntary turnover in public organizations, little research has examined involuntary turnover and average time to terminate employees in public organizations. This study focuses on the impact of a state’s discipline system on its use and rapidity of discharge of state employees. Results show that factors associated with utilization of dismissal of state employees differ from factors associated with how quickly states terminate employees. This study shows that states adopting at-will employment are no more likely to fire employees than states with civil service employment systems are, but they do terminate employment relationships more quickly.
The structure and maximum number of maximum independent sets in trees

A subset of vertices is a maximum independent set if no two of the vertices are joined by an edge and the subset has maximum cardinality. in this paper we answer a question posed by Herb Wilf. We show that the greatest number of maximum independent sets for a tree of n vertices is We give the families of trees on which these maxima are achieved. Proving which trees are extremal depends upon the structure of maximum independent sets in trees. This structure is described in terms of adjacency rules between three types of vertices, those which are in all, no, or some maximum independent sets. We show that vertices that are in some but not all maximum independent sets of the tree are joined in pairs by the α-critical edges (edges whose removal increases the size of a maximum independent set). The number of maximum independent sets is shown to depend on the structure within the tree of the α-critical edges.
Vasopressin Selectively Increases 5-Fluorouracil Uptake by Colorectal Liver Metastases Following Hepatic Artery Bolus Infusion

Abstract Background. Poor drug uptake secondary to the hypovascularity of colorectal liver metastases may partially explain their limited response to hepatic artery chemotherapy. Vasoconstrictors can increase tumor perfusion but their effect on drug uptake has not been well-characterized. The aim of this study was to determine whether vasopressin could selectively increase tumor uptake of 5-FU. Materials and methods. A syngeneic rat model of colorectal liver metastases was used. Control group rats underwent a 60-s hepatic artery infusion of 14 C-5-FU (30 mCi/150 μL). Treatment group rats had vasopressin (60 mIU/kg, dose determined in pilot study) added to the 14 C-5-FU infusion. Mean systemic arterial pressure was minimally affected. Tumor:liver (T/L UR) and tumor center:periphery (C/P UR) 5-FU uptake ratios were determined using quantitative autoradiography techniques. Differences in tumor size ( 4 mm) and location (superficial vs deep) were accounted for. Statistical analysis was by repeated measures ANOVA ( P = 0.01 significant). Results. A total of 161 tumors in 18 rats was analyzed. T/L URs were significantly higher in the treatment group compared to controls for tumors P 4 mm (0.99 ± 0.15 vs 0.45 ± 0.16, P = 0.01), deep tumors (1.17 ± 0.13 vs 0.68 ± 0.15, P = 0.01), and superficial tumors (1.54 ± 0.15 vs 0.47 ± 0.17, P Conclusions. The results of this study show that vasopressin selectively enhances the uptake of 5-FU by colorectal liver metastases in a rat model of hepatic artery infusion. This may represent a promising strategy for improving tumor response rates and patient survival.
An REU in Glass Science – Lessons and Legacy for Undergraduate Materials Education

Two important goals of the International Materials Institute for New Functionality in Glass (IMI-NFG) have been: (a) to facilitate international collaboration in glass research and, (b) to support the training of a professional workforce [1]. The REU program has been an important component of its mission since 2005. Glass science provides the central theme of our program, which has both an international and domestic component. In this paper we provide a summary of our accomplishments and experiences with this innovative, materials focused, multidisciplinary REU program. While glass provides the unifying theme of our program, the research topics and project advisers come from various departments, including not only materials science and engineering, but also biology, physics, environmental and civil engineering, electrical engineering, etc. This mode of REU operation has provided an effective means to introduce faculty from other departments to new, interdisciplinary applications of glass as an enabling material for their own work. For the domestic REU, we partner with the Physics REU Program at Lehigh, sharing many crucial administrative aspects including housing, seminars and social events. The complementary approach of the two REU programs has been very beneficial to both of them. We summarize approaches to recruitment, selection and creating an environment conducive to cohesive and motivated community of young researchers. While the majority of student experiences have been through individual projects, we have also experimented with small teams headed by a single adviser. Because the teams can exploit the combined strengths of its members, they can accommodate a greater diversity of individual student skills and experiences. Such projects tend to provide opportunity for open-ended exploration within the context of a general goal. Some of the projects are specifically focused on developing low-cost, hands-on demonstrations for teaching glass science to others through a more experiential and intuitive approach. All of these REU projects have been incorporated in an on-line collection of activities for the science education community at large, as reported previously [2,3]. For the international component of REU, we have supported glass faculty in the country, who wish to engage their undergraduate students in a glass based summer research in the lab of an international colleague. These experiences require considerable preparation and individual attention. Here we discuss the challenges and successful strategies to deal with both the international and domestic programs.
Young Infants Match Facial and Vocal Emotional Expressions of Other Infants

Research has demonstrated that infants recognize emotional expressions of adults in the first half year of life. We extended this research to a new domain, infant perception of the expressions of other infants. In an intermodal matching procedure, 3.5- and 5-month-old infants heard a series of infant vocal expressions (positive and negative affect) along with side-by-side dynamic videos in which one infant conveyed positive facial affect and another infant conveyed negative facial affect. Results demonstrated that 5-month-olds matched the vocal expressions with the affectively congruent facial expressions, whereas 3.5-month-olds showed no evidence of matching. These findings indicate that by 5 months of age, infants detect, discriminate, and match the facial and vocal affective displays of other infants. Further, because the facial and vocal expressions were portrayed by different infants and shared no face–voice synchrony, temporal, or intensity patterning, matching was likely based on detection of a more general affective valence common to the face and voice.
From geometric optimization and nonsmooth analysis to distributed coordination algorithms

We investigate the coordination of groups of autonomous robots performing spatially-distributed sensing tasks. We present facility location functions from geometric optimization and study their differentiable properties. We then design distributed coordination algorithms and analyze them as nonsmooth gradient flows. The resulting control laws correspond to basic interaction behaviors between the robots. The technical approach relies on concepts from computational geometry, nonsmooth analysis, and the dynamical system approach to algorithms.
Design issues in the development of a national fiber-optic transmission network

Development of the first US national fiber-optic transmission network, during a period marked by the rapid and technology-intensive introduction of single-mode cable and high-capacity optical transmission equipment is discussed. The authors examine some of the important design issues addressed during the development phase including baseband treatment, surveillance system homogeneity, capacity upgrade capability, network survivability, and flexibility for future growth. >
A Time-Sequential Tabular Analysis of Flip-Flop Logical Operation

In examining flip-flop response the principal concern of the logical designer is to find what input signals must be applied to the flip-flop in order to produce the output conditions that are desired. Equation methods of analysis and a time-sequential tabular method of analysis are described, and some advantages of the tabular method are pointed out.
Architecture-Aware LDPC Code Design for Multiprocessor Software Defined Radio Systems

This paper presents a general procedure for designing low density parity check (LDPC) codes for multiprocessor software defined radio platforms. Our approach is to design the LDPC code to match the constraints imposed by the hardware architecture, without compromising on the communication performance. The proposed architecture-aware code design procedure involves feature identification, code construction and verification. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our procedure for three cases. If the local memory of the processor is small and it can only process one horizontally partitioned submatrix at a time, we show how the code can be constructed so that the traffic to the global memories is reduced by 2X. If the row weight of the matrix is large and each processor processes a vertically partitioned submatrix, we show how the matrix can be constructed so that the computational load is evenly distributed among the processors. If the processors have no storage capability and all data is stored in global memories, then for the case when all traffic is through a multistage interconnection network, we show how code construction can be used to significantly reduce the number of routing conflicts. In all three cases, the resulting LDPC codes can not only be mapped efficiently onto the multiprocessor platform but also have very good frame error performance.
Circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in the adult rat.

Ocular hypertension is a risk factor for developing glaucoma, which consists of a group of optic neuropathies characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and subsequent irreversible vision loss. Our understanding of how intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve is based on clinical measures of intraocular pressure that only gives a partial view of the dynamic pressure load inside the eye. Intraocular pressure varies over the course of the day and the oscillator regulating these daily changes has not yet been conclusively identified. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the circadian rhythms of intraocular pressure and body temperature in Brown Norway rats when these animals are housed in standard light-dark and continuous dim light (40–90 lux) conditions. The results from this study show that the temperature rhythm measured in continuous dim light drifted forward relative to external time, indicating that the rhythm was free running and being regulated by an internal biological clock. Also, the results show that there is a persistent, but dampened, circadian rhythm of intraocular pressure in continuous dim light and that the circadian rhythms of temperature and intraocular pressure are not synchronized by the same central oscillator. We conclude that once- or twice-daily clinical measures of intraocular pressure are insufficient to describe intraocular pressure dynamics. Similarly, our results indicate that, in experimental animal models of glaucoma, the common practice of housing animals in constant light does not necessarily eliminate the potential influence of intraocular pressure rhythms on the progression of nerve damage. Future studies should aim to determine whether an oscillator within the eye regulates the rhythm of intraocular pressure and to better characterize the impact of glaucoma on this rhythm.
The Role of Dietary Protein Intake and Resistance Training on Myosin Heavy Chain Expression

During resistance training the muscle undergoes many changes. Possibly the most profound and significant changes are those that occur in the muscles contractile proteins. Increases in these contractile proteins are one of the primary factors contributing to myofibrillar hypertrophy. The most abundant muscle protein is myosin, which comprises 25% of the total muscle protein. Due to the large amount of skeletal muscle that is composed of myosin, changes in this fiber may have profound effects on skeletal muscle size and strength. The myosin molecule is made up of 6 subunits, 2 very large heavy chains, and 4 smaller light chains. The myosin heavy chain (MHC) accounts for 25–30% of all muscle proteins making its size an important factor in skeletal muscle growth. In conjunction with resistance training, dietary protein intake must be adequate to illicit positive adaptations. Although many studies have evaluated the role of dietary protein intake on skeletal muscle changes, few have evaluated the MHC specifically. Research has clearly defined the need for dietary protein and resistance training to facilitate positive changes in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the current literature on the effects of dietary protein and resistance training on the expression of the myosin heavy chain.
Ethics in Public Administration: Thinking and Doing Book Review Essay

The study of ethics in public administration, as evidenced by the five books reviewed here, is characterized by a number of assertions about human behavior (some of them conflicting) and at least one major omission. This essay identifies these assertions and the omission to improve our thinking about ethics and the ability to do what's right.
A spectrum of options for parallel simulation

Conventional wisdom has it there are two basic approaches to parallel simulation: conservative (Chandy-Misra) and optimistic (time warp). All known protocols are thought to fall into one of these two classes. This dichotomy is false. There exists a spectrum of options that includes these approaches. We describe a design space that admits these as alternatives, we show how most of the well known parallel simulation approaches can be derived using our design alternatives, and we explore the implications of the existence of the design space we describe. In particular, we note there are many as yet unexplored approaches to parallel simulation.
A method for the noninteracting control of a class of linear multivariable systems

A method is presented by which a particular class of interacting linear multivariable systems may be decoupled into independent, first-order subsystems containing a single output as a function of a single manipulatable input and a single measurable input. This is accomplished by application of compensators in the form of feedforward amplifiers and proportional plus derivative feedback controllers. Simultaneous application of a stabilizing feedback controller and a feedforward amplifier to each decoupled subsystem results in perfect control of system outputs yi (t), that is, yi (t) = 0 for all t ≧ 0. In addition, the compensating device contains degrees of freedom that make it possible to set output forms within any limits desired in the case that subsystem feedforward controllers operate imperfectly, and obtain better fit between the linear system model, which forms the basis for controller design, and the corresponding nonlinear system model.
The Composite Eshelby Tensors and their applications to homogenization

In recent studies, the exact solutions of the Eshelby tensors for a spherical inclusion in a finite, spherical domain have been obtained for both the Dirichlet- and Neumann boundary value problems, and they have been further applied to the homogenization of composite materials [15], [16]. The present work is an extension to a more general boundary condition, which allows for the continuity of both the displacement and traction field across the interface between RVE (representative volume element) and surrounding composite. A new class of Eshelby tensors is obtained, which depend explicitly on the material properties of the composite, and are therefore termed “the Composite Eshelby Tensors”. These include the Dirichlet- and the Neumann-Eshelby tensors as special cases. We apply the new Eshelby tensors to the homogenization of composite materials, and it is shown that several classical homogenization methods can be unified under a novel method termed the “Dual Eigenstrain Method”. We further propose a modified Hashin-Shtrikman variational principle, and show that the corresponding modified Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, like the Composite Eshelby Tensors, depend explicitly on the composite properties.
Conflict resolution in fisheries management using decision rules: an example using a mixed-stock Atlantic Canadian herring fishery

The process of developing and implementing decision rules resolved a mixed-stock herring fishery crisis in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada. The fishery occurs in an area which receives a large migrating stock on a set of smaller local stocks. A purse seine fleet follows the migrating stock into the area as part of their autumn and winter fishery. Little is known about the smaller local stocks which are harvested as by-catch in the seiner fishery and in directed inshore fisheries by local boats. A situation of constantly shifting regulations during the 1996 fishing season led to a series of incidents that included a wharf occupation and prevention of seiner offloading. As a result of these conflicts it was decided to develop decision rules that would allow the fishery to continue in a safe manner and would clearly identify the information and analyses needed to change the rules.The decision rules were developed by using computer simulations to estimate exploitation rate scenarios on each stock component. These simulations determined the following general guidelines for the decision rules. First, if fishing occurs where mixing of schools from stocks is random and proportional to their abundance, then average exploitation rates will be equal among stocks but exploitation rates will be more variable on the smaller stock(s). Second, if fishing occurs where small stocks are concentrated, then exploitation rates will be higher on the small stocks. A combination of data analysis and computer simulations was used to develop decision rules concerning catch allocations, when and where to start fishing, and size of fish to catch.The decision rules were formulated in a series of workshops and stock assessment review meetings attended by industry, managers, and scientists. This process was successful because it broke down barriers among these groups and used quantitative general guidelines to develop the decision rules. The process is readily transferable to other fisheries and provides a means of avoiding or resolving fisheries management crises.
Evaluation of asthma management policies in New York City public schools.

The aim of this study was to investigate asthma management policies and protocols in Bronx, New York, public elementary schools in light of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Resolution on Asthma Management in Schools. An anonymous survey was conducted in November 2001 of principals, teachers, counselors, and nurses at five Bronx elementary schools. The response rate was 62%, and the majority of respondents (84%) were teachers; 51% of respondents learned of a student's asthma only through informal conversation with the student or parent, 28% said they were usually not informed of a student's asthma status, and only 10% learned of a child's asthma through existing school protocols; 21% of respondents did not know whom in the school was responsible for supervising the health needs of children with asthma, and 30% did not know how asthma inhalers were supposed to be handled at their school. Only 1.6% of teachers were “very familiar” with Board of Education asthma policies. The results are ...
Dynamic Permeability of Porous Elastic Fabrics

This paper describes permeability measurements for porous fabrics as influenced by strain, humidity, air flow rate, and fabric elasticity. The focus is on standard parachute fabrics, where the fabr...
JAB1 confers resistance to trastuzumab by inhibition of p27

B125 The development of the humanized monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab targeting the HER2 (ErB2) receptor has provided promising treatment to patients with aggressive HER2 positive breast cancer. However, resistance is common with only 26% of HER2 overexpressing tumors responding to treatment and many tumors that do initially respond will regress within one year. Recent findings indicate that HER2 overexpressing breast carcinoma cells proliferate at a higher rate because of activated AKT phosphorylation of p27 resulting in cytoplasmic localization. Trastuzumab increases nuclear p27 protein levels by inhibiting AKT. Once in the nucleus, p27 inhibits Cdk2 activity and the cells remain in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Trastuzumab-resistant cells retain HER2 amplification and overexpression as well as inhibition of AKT when treated with trastuzumab. However, reduced nuclear p27 protein levels were observed in the resistant cells suggesting this may be a mechanism of resistance to Herceptin. The Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) was previously found to negatively regulate p27 through nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization and subsequent degradation. JAB1 overexpression is seen in breast cancer and correlates with low p27 expression as well as poor prognosis. We examined whether JAB1 facilitated degradation of p27 may be one mechanism of resistance against Herceptin treatment. Overexpression of JAB1 decreased p27 levels in a proteasome dependent manner and increased the percentage of cells in S phase in the HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines, BT-474 and SKBR-3. When SKBR-3 cells were treated with trastuzumab, p27 levels increased and G1 arrest was observed, but this was not seen when JAB1 was overexpressed. Increased JAB1 levels were observed in two BT-474 trastuzumab resistant clones, C5 and C6. Targeted silencing of Jab1 increases p27 protein levels, reinstates a G1 checkpoint in tumor cells, and reduces cellular proliferation. We have observed that JAB1 overexpression is involved in breast tumorigenesis and overexpression protects against trastuzumab treatment by facilitating p27 degradation. Further, inhibition of JAB1 sensitizes resistant cells to treatment, thus inhibition of JAB1 is a novel strategy to sensitize tumors to trastuzumab-induced tumor growth arrest.
Renal Localization and Persistence of Type 12 Streptococcal M-Protein.∗:

SummaryThe findings of Kaplan with regard to the renal localization of Type 12 streptococcal M-protein have been confirmed and extended. It has been shown that this property is not the result of denaturation during preparation. The significance of these findings in regard to hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of acute nephritis is briefly discussed.
7001 Digital image analysis (dia) improves the diagnostic yield of endoscopic biliary brush cytology.

DIA allows quantification of nuclear DNA content that may aid in distinguishing benign from malignant biliary tract strictures. Methods: The Mayo Clinic pathology databank was used to identify all biliary brush cytology specimens obtained between 6/97 and 6/99. Corresponding medical records were reviewed to determine whether patients had malignant or benign biliary strictures. A stricture was classified as malignant if proven by biopsy or surgery, and as benign if confirmed by surgery or a cancer-free clinical course for ≥ 1 year. Strictures were further classified into benign strictures with negative brush cytology (Group 1), malignant strictures with negative brush cytology (Group 2a- pancreatic carcinoma, Group 2b- cholangiocarcinoma), and malignant strictures with positive brush cytology (Group 3). A significant number of specimens were not available for analysis, as they were prepared on filters. Pap-stained smears of available brush cytology specimens were de-stained and then re-stained using Feulgen dye. A maximum of 200 nuclear images were quantified for DNA content without knowledge of stricture type. DNA histograms were generated and ploidy results compared with the class of stricture. Results: 25 specimens were analyzed (see table). Assuming the presence of any aneuploid cells indicating malignancy, the sensitivity of DIA was 85%, accurately predicting a malignant stricture in 13 of 16 samples. Conclusions: 1. Ploidy assessment by DIA has the potential to greatly enhance the sensitivity of diagnosing malignant strictures compared to routine cytology alone. 2. Additional studies will be needed to further assess the specificity of DIA in a broad range of benign inflammatory lesions.
Intramolecular dynamics of polystyrene in good solvents

Dynamic light scattering data are interpreted to obtain the longest intramolecular relaxation time, τ1 and the relative amplitude of the scattering from intramolecular and center of mass translational diffusive decay modes, Po/P, for a polystyrene (PS) of high molecular weight Mw=8.42×106, in two good solvent systems, ethylbenzene (ETBZ) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25°C. Comparison of τ1 data with the Rouse-Zimm theory, τ1=M[η]ηs/A1RT, indicates differences in the value of the draining parameter A1 between these two solvent systems. In addition, the relative scattering amplitude of the diffusive scattering for a single coil, (Po/P)c=o, decreases more rapidly with qRg for PS in THF. Thus the scattering amplitude of the intramolecular normal modes of motion of PS in THF, for a specified value of qRg are substantially larger than those for PS in ETBZ and the other aromatic good solvents. These observations are each qualitatively consistent with a larger solvent draining effect in ETBZ versus THF. Comparison with literature data for chains in good and theta solvents suggests that the quantity (Po/P)c=o may be a universal function of qRh.
Theoretical analysis of the left ventricular ejection pulse

The preceding chapters have discussed analysis of the Doppler ejection pulse based upon descriptive time domain measurements. Maximal acceleration, peak velocity, stroke integral, and the systolic time intervals all key upon features of the flow profile easily measured in hard copy records. Clinical evaluations have been restricted to correlative studies evaluating pulse timing, rate of rise, and peak deflection with commonly accepted invasive and noninvasive reference standards of ventricular performance; dP/dt, ejection fraction, Vcf, and power of left ventricular ejection. Ischemic mass, extent of coronary disease, exercise tolerance, and thallium perfusion defects have also been referenced. No prior study has addressed the genesis of the flow pulse in the ascending aorta.
Wang and Brady Reply.

We thank Ikeda, Berthier, and Sollich (IBS) [1] for their comments which question our interpretation of the universal viscosity divergence near the flow-arrest transition in constant stress and pressure rheology of hard-sphere colloidal suspensions [2]. IBS introduced two Peclet numbers: Pe_0 = γa^2/d^0 and Pe = γa^2/d(ϕ), with γ the strain rate, a the particle size, d_0 the isolated single-particle diffusivity, and d(ϕ) the long-time at-rest self-diffusivity. And they considered three regimes: (i) Pe_0 < Pe ≪ 1, (ii) Pe_0 ≪ 1 ≪ Pe, and (iii) 1 ≪ Pe_0 < Pe.
The fact of uncertainty, the uncertainty of facts and the cultural resonance of doubt

Sixty years after industry executives first decided to fight the facts of tobacco, the exploitation of doubt and uncertainty as a defensive tactic has spread to a diverse set of industries and issu...