cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-color thermometric imaging of heterogeneous materials during pulsed laser heating

Recently, we reported on the development of a series of Dy-doped organic molecular crystals (with analogous material properties to energetic organic molecular crystals) for use as two-color thermometry phosphors in thermometric imaging of heterogeneous materials under shock compression. In this study, we demonstrate thermometric imaging of one of these phosphors—Dy:Y(acac) $$_3$$ (DPEPO)—under pulsed laser heating and compare its performance to the well-known two-color thermometry phosphor Dy:YAG. Based on these comparisons, we indirectly confirm that Dy:Y(acac) $$_3$$ (DPEPO) is a suitable two-color thermometric phosphor for shock compression experiments.
Coupling Metastasis to pH-Sensing GPR68 Using a Novel Small Molecule Inhibitor

Abstract An acidic milieu is a hallmark of the glycolytic metabolism that occurs in cancerous cells. The acidic environment is known to promote cancer progression, but the underlying signaling and cell biological underpinnings of these phenomena are not well understood. Here, we describe ogremorphin, a first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of GPR68, an extracellular proton-sensing and mechanosensing G protein–coupled receptor. Ogremorphin was discovered in a chemical genetic zebrafish screen for its ability to perturb neural crest development, which shares basic cell behaviors of migration and invasion with cancer metastasis. Ogremorphin also inhibited migration and invasive behavior of neural crest–derived human melanoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, in phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS), we identified an aberrantly activated variant of GPR68, which is associated with cancer metastasis in vivo and promotes invasive phenotypes of cancer cells in vitro. Thus, extracellular proton-sensing GPR68 signaling promotes cell migration and invasion during embryonic development and may do likewise in cancer progression.
Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in the Genus Neonesidea (Bairdioidea, Podocopida, Ostracoda), including descriptions of new and poorly known species from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico

Species and genera of Bairdiidae can be difficult to discriminate, because of the somewhat limited morphological range of the carapace and limbs and the prevalence of homeomorphy. Attention to the esophageal flapper valve, an uncalcified but relatively well sclerotized structure, may contribute to more reliable identifications. Living species of Neonesidea exhibit sufficient variability in the architecture of this structure to suggest that it may have taxonomic value. Twelve named and three new species are examined to test this premise: N. bacata, N. caraionae n. sp., N. decipiens, N. credibilis n. sp., N. forea n. sp., N. edentulata, N. gerda, N. holdeni, N. longisetosa, N. manningi, N. mediterranea, N. omnivaga, N. plumulosa, N. schulzi, N. tenera. The geographic range of N. gerda is extended across the Gulf of Mexico, while the ranges of N. longisetosa and N. dinochelata are restricted. This supplemental information helps to clarify the relationships of several poorly known species from carbonate environments of Bermuda, the Bahamas, Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean.
Insulin acutely increases agonist-induced airway smooth muscle contraction in humans and rats

Obesity increases incidence and severity of asthma but the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Hyperinsulinemia potentiates vagally induced bronchoconstriction in obese rats. Since ...
Transformers are Deep Infinite-Dimensional Non-Mercer Binary Kernel Machines

Despite their ubiquity in core AI fields like natural language processing, the mechanics of deep attention-based neural networks like the ``Transformer'' model are not fully understood. In this article, we present a new perspective towards understanding how Transformers work. In particular, we show that the ``"dot-product attention" that is the core of the Transformer's operation can be characterized as a kernel learning method on a pair of Banach spaces. In particular, the Transformer's kernel is characterized as having an infinite feature dimension. Along the way we generalize the standard kernel learning problem to what we term a "binary" kernel learning problem, where data come from two input domains and a response is defined for every cross-domain pair. We prove a new representer theorem for these binary kernel machines with non-Mercer (indefinite, asymmetric) kernels (implying that the functions learned are elements of reproducing kernel Banach spaces rather than Hilbert spaces), and also prove a new universal approximation theorem showing that the Transformer calculation can learn any binary non-Mercer reproducing kernel Banach space pair. We experiment with new kernels in Transformers, and obtain results that suggest the infinite dimensionality of the standard Transformer kernel is partially responsible for its performance. This paper's results provide a new theoretical understanding of a very important but poorly understood model in modern machine learning.
New Masculinities in Online Discourse: A Text-Mining Approach

This chapter adopts text-mining techniques to investigate Chinese mainlanders’ attitudes toward gangtaiqiang, a mediatized variety of Taiwanese Mandarin. The study presented in this chapter provides evidence for an emerging shift in attitudes toward gangtaiqiang as discussed in Peng (Chin Lang Discourse 9:162–183, 2018). Using key qualifiers (e.g. babyish, soft, polite) scraped from online forums discussing gangtaiqiang and Taiwanese television programs, this study constructs a ‘lexical network’ with links between words or phrases that co-occur in the dataset to discover distinct themes or conceptual categories linked to gangtaiqiang. The analysis attributes the effeminized perceptions of gangtaiqiang to (1) the mediatized representations of TM inspired by Korea’s burgeoning trend of metrosexuality and (2) a patriarchal culture that equates China’s ascending global power with traditional notions of manhood.
“Use #YouKnowMe and share your truth”: Rhetoric of Digital Abortion Storytelling

Feminist movements have utilized consciousness-raising by empowering women to share their personal experiences to support the efforts of the larger movement further. The #YouKnowMe movement brings consciousness-raising into the digital sphere. This paper looks at how the #YouKnowMe movement encouraged Twitter users to share their personal stories, experiences, and emotions associated with their abortion. I analyzed 39 of the most popular tweets that contain #YouKnowMe and were tweeted on May 15-16, 2019. These tweets were either personal stories or feminist critiques. The personal stories included the situations surrounding the decision to get an abortion as well as any emotions or thoughts that went into making the decision. The feminist critiques came from Twitter users using the hashtag to talk about the larger societal structures while simultaneously supporting the users that chose to share their personal stories. The #YouKnowMe movement is a perfect example of how the rhetoric of digital storytelling can help support the modern-day feminist movement as well as normalize talking about one’s abortion.
Socioeconomic status trajectories across the life course, daily discrimination, and inflammation among Black and white adults.

Abstract Objective This study replicates and expands Surachman et al.’s (2020) findings documenting socioeconomic status (SES) trajectories across the life course in an independent sample of Black (majority recruited from Milwaukee, WI) and white adults in the United States. We extend this work by examining whether SES trajectories and daily discrimination are independently associated with markers of inflammation. Method Data were from 215 Black adults (188 recruited from Milwaukee, WI; 27 recruited from across the continental US) and 985 white adults (7 recruited from Milwaukee, WI; 978 recruited from across the continental US) who completed the baseline interview and biomarker assessment during the second wave of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Study (ages = 34–84). SES life course trajectories were examined using latent class analysis based on objective (e.g., income and education) and subjective (e.g., social status and financial strain) indicators of SES. The association between life course SES trajectories and daily discrimination with markers of inflammation (IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen) were examined using multiple linear regression analyses, controlling for demographic, psychological, behavioral, and health-related covariates. Results Black and white participants showed different patterns of life course SES trajectories. Among Black participants, the trajectories were Objectively Stable Low (45.16%), Downwardly Mobile (18.05%), and Upwardly Mobile (36.79%). Compared to the Upwardly Mobile, the Objectively Stable Low class showed elevated IL-6 after controlling for all covariates. Further, daily discrimination, but not SES trajectories, was significantly associated with CRP and fibrinogen after controlling for demographic, psychological, and behavioral covariates. White participants’ experiences of life course SES trajectories were characterized as Objectively Stable Low (7.02%), Subjectively Downward (12.48%), Upwardly Mobile (39.99%), and Stable High (40.51%). Among white participants, SES trajectories, but not daily discrimination, were associated with all markers of inflammation (controlling for age and sex). Discussion Consistent with the fundamental cause theory, multiple independent pathways link SES trajectories across the life course and daily discrimination to racial disparities in IL-6, CRP, and fibrinogen.
What We Talk about When We Talk about Rigor: Examining Conceptions of Academic Rigor

Academic rigor has long been considered important for students’ learning and development in higher education. However, findings about students’ outcomes from previous studies of rigor are mixed, in...
Hydrochlorothiazide is not the most useful nor versatile thiazide diuretic.

Purpose of review To determine usefulness and versatility of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) relative to other thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension.
Auditory Brainstem Implants

The development of cochlear implantation has allowed the majority of patients deafened after the development of language to regain significant auditory benefit. In a subset of patients, however, loss of hearing results from destruction of the cochlear nerves, rendering cochlear implantation ineffective. The most common cause of bilateral destruction of the cochlear nerves is neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). The hallmark of this genetic disorder is the development of bilateral acoustic neuromas, the growth or removal of which causes deafness in most patients. Patients with NF2 may benefit from direct stimulation of the cochlear nucleus. We describe the development, use, and results of the auditory brainstem implant (ABI), which is typically implanted via craniotomy at the time of tumor removal. Most patients with the implant have good appreciation of environmental sounds, but obtain more modest benefit with regard to speech perception. The majority of patients make use of the implant to facilitate lip reading; some can, to varying degrees, comprehend speech directly. We discuss future directions in central implants for hearing, including the penetrating ABI, the use of ABI in nontumor patients, and the auditory midbrain implant.
The measurement of homoplasy: a stochastic view

This chapter attempts to formulate a probabilistic measure of homoplasy. The concept of homoplasy or some measurement of the “degree of homoplasy” seems to be widely used in systematics as a measure of the reliability of a phylogenetic estimate obtained from a collection of characters. Measures of homoplasy based on the maximum parsimony length of characters are poor estimators of probabilities because they ignore the possibility of multiple events within phyletic lineages. Some well known indices of homoplasy derived from the maximum parsimony procedure are not direct estimators of levels of homoplasy in this stochastic sense. Construction of an appropriate measure of homoplasy requires a determination of uncertainty in the estimated tree and a stochastic model of the phyletic character change process. One possible estimator of probability based on a simple Poisson model of evolution for binary characters is presented in this chapter.
Strengthening XSRF defenses for legacy web applications using whitebox analysis and transformation

Cross Site Request Forgery (XSRF) is regarded as one of the major threats on the Web. In this paper, we propose an approach that automatically retrofits the source code of legacy web applications with a widely-used defense approach for this attack. Our approach addresses a number of shortcomings in prior blackbox solutions for automatic XSRF protection. Our approach has been implemented in a tool called X-PROTECT that was used to retrofit several commercial Java-based web applications. Our experimental results demonstrate that the X-PROTECT approach is both effective and efficient in practice.
Eighty Degrees of Separation: Languages of Landscape

We sat looking off across the country, watching the sun go down. The curly grass about us was on fire now. The bark of the oaks turned red as copper. There was a shimmer of gold on the brown river. Out in the stream the sandbars glittered like glass, and the light trembled in the willow thickets as if little flames were leaping among them. Willa Cather, My Antonia Above the carpet bedding, on one hand, there is a green hedge, and above the hedge a long row of cabbage trees. I stare up at them, and suddenly the green hedge is a stave, and the cabbage trees, now high, now low, have become an arrangement of notes-a curious, pattering, native melody. Katherine Mansfield, In the Botanical Gardens Two writers in the early 1900s, Katherine Mansfield in New Zealand and Willa Cather in the United States tallgrass prairie, chronicled both the cultural and-physical nuances of their respective frontiers. Their stories are set in rich textural backdrops, made vivid with their descriptions of natural environments. These descriptions provide the text for this exploration. Their dense and evocative imagery provide a point of departure for a comparison of the two landscapes understood not as 'scenery' but as lived places.
Improving usability through password-corrective hashing

We propose a way to increase the usability of password authentication systems by compensating for transposition and substitution errors. We show how to correct for these errors with low false positive rates (i.e., low probability that an arbitrary string will be accepted as the password for authentication). Thus our techniques increase usability with provably little loss of security. In particular, we propose applying a single password-corrective hash function to each entered password attempt. The key property of the hash function is that two strings differing by a single data entry error be likely to be hashed to the same key, while more substantially differing strings are hashed to different keys. We develop precise analytical formulae for the precision/recall tradeoffs for a variety of corrective hash functions. We evaluate these methods at parameter values reflecting common classes of keys/passwords. Finally, we evaluate these schemes using a popular crack-list (dictionary) of 680,000 common words. We show that we can correct for all user transposition errors while reducing the computational cost of a crack attack by only 13%.
Implementation of parabolic current control for dual-carrier PWM

Hysteresis current control is a well-known nonlinear current control method for voltage source inverters. It can implement fast transient response and high control precision. A problem of hysteresis current control is that the system operates over a wide switching frequency range. This causes an increase in the switching stress of the active power devices and makes design of the output filter more complex. Parabolic current control solves this problem by employing a pair of parabolic carriers as the control band, achieving constant switching frequency while maintaining the fast transient response characteristic. Due to its high precision and fast speed, parabolic carrier control is an attractive nonlinear current control method especially suitable for voltage source inverters with applications such as uninterrupted power supply and active power filter. Dual-carrier pulse-width modulation is a popular modulation method widely utilized in voltage source inverters, due to the fact that it has lower output current ripple compared with conventional bipolar modulation. The conventional parabolic current controller generates two control states because it was originally proposed for the bipolar modulation method. As a result of the limited number of states for the original parabolic current control it cannot be directly used in dual-carrier pulse-width modulation controlled voltage source inverters. In order to solve this problem, a state machine based method is proposed in this paper, introducing a parabolic current control method to voltage source inverters that work under the operation of dual-carrier pulse-width modulation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally verified by the use of a full-bridge voltage source inverter prototype.
Effects of O 2 Feed Gas Impurity on Cl2 Based Plasma Etching of Polysilicon

The effect of low level, between 0.001 and 10%, addition on based plasma etching of polysilicon in a parallel‐plate etcher was investigated. Three strong effects on the etching rate of unmasked polysilicon were observed. Low level addition, 0.1–2%, enhanced the etching rate up to 4 times that of the pristine system. High level addition, ≥6%, stopped the etching altogether. Pure plasma etching rates were enhanced by previous runs with addition; a hysteresis effect. The hysteresis was reduced by subsequent system plasma exposure. Running a plasma after addition runs cleaned the system and returned it to its pristine state. The stopping of etching at high levels was attributed to plasma oxidation of the polysilicon surface; since plasmas are very selective with respect to oxide, the etching is stopped by the surface oxide. Both the low level etching rate enhancement and the hysteresis effect can be attributed to the deposition of an oxychloride film on the etcher surfaces. The oxychloride film, formed by reaction between the etching products and the added , passivates the interior etcher surfaces against Cl surface recombination, and, therefore, reduces the major Cl loss mechanism. The gas‐phase Cl concentration increases, which in turn increases the polysilicon etching rate. These results demonstrate the importance of etcher surface condition and of the etching product deposition. Photoresist masked polysilicon films etched in the same configuration showed similar addition dependencies as unmasked polysilicon films. The main difference is that the addition effect thresholds are higher with the photoresist mask due to the consumption of the added by photoresist etching. Unmasked polysilicon film etched in a commercial etcher, Applied Materials Precision 5000, under magnetically enhanced reactive ion etching configuration, exhibited the same trends as in the parallel‐plate research etcher. This indicates that results obtained from the parallel‐plate research etcher can be generalized to other configurations.
Effect of light-cure initiation time on polymerization efficiency and orthodontic bond strength with a resin-modified glass-ionomer.

Thomas J. T., Roberts H. W., Diaz L., Bradley T. G., Berzins D. W. Effect of light-cure initiation time on polymerization efficiency and orthodontic bond strength with a resin-modified glass-ionomer Orthod Craniofac Res 2012; 15: 124–134. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Structured Abstract Objectives – The polymerization and acid–base reactions in resin-modified glass-ionomers (RMGI) are thought to compete with and inhibit one another. To examine the effect of visible light-cure (VLC) delay on the polymerization efficiency and orthodontic bond strength of a dual-cured RMGI. Setting and Sample Population – The Orthodontics Graduate Program at Marquette University. An in vitro study utilizing 72 freshly extracted human bicuspid teeth. Materials and Methods – A RMGI light-cured immediately, 2.5, 5, or 10 min after mixing comprised the experimental groups. Isothermal and dynamic temperature scan differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the RMGI was performed to determine extents of VLC polymerization and acid–base reaction exotherms. Human premolars (n = 18/group) were bonded with the RMGI. Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were determined. Results – Differential scanning calorimetry results showed the 10-min-delay RMGI group experienced significantly (p 0.05) were noted among the groups for mean shear bond strength. A chi-square test showed no significant difference (p = 0.428) in ARI scores between groups. Conclusions – Delay in light-curing may reduce polymerization efficiency and alter the structure of the RMGI, but orthodontic shear bond strength does not appear to be compromised.
Breast cancer survival among orientals and whites living in the United States

Data from the 1982 breast cancer survey of the American College of Surgeons were used to study the survival differences between Oriental and white women. Oriental women were significantly younger than white women. Oriental women were reported with a slightly higher percent of localized breast tumors (59.2% vs. 53.8%) and a slightly higher percent with negative nodes (60.3% vs. 56.2%) compared with whites. Oriental women in the United States have a higher 5-year survival rate compared to whites. Multivariate analyses taking into account differences in age, stage of disease, and histology did not alter the finding of a significant difference in survival experiences.
Raman analysis of common gases using a Multi-pass Capillary Cell (MCC)

The Raman analysis of common, non-absorbing gases was performed using an 18@1 fiber-optic probe coupled to a multi-pass capillary cell (MCC) for signal enhancement. The MCC is fabricated by metal-coating, using silver or other highly reflective metals, the inside of a 1-2 mm diameter glass capillary using commercially available silvering solutions and provides enhancements up to 30-fold over measurements using the fiber-optic probe alone. The design of the MCC is simple and the device is easy to incorporate into an experimental setup making it suitable for remote and in-situ analysis. Although the MCC is functionally similar to liquid-core waveguides that have been previously described in the literature, the MCC is not based on total internal reflection and so the refractive index of the analyte is not important to the operation of the device. The principle of operation of the MCC is similar to mirror-based multiple pass Raman cells, however, the MCC is not expensive, alignment is trivial and an optical path length up to several meters in length is possible. With our first-generation silver-coated MCCs, limits of detection were determined to be 0.02% and 0.2% for CH 4 and CO 2 respectively. In this talk we will discuss optimization of the MCC and issues involved in its use.
Effects of High Levels of Total Dissolved Solids in Walker Lake, Nevada, on Survival and Growth of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout

Abstract Walker Lake, Nevada, is an endorheic terminal lake experiencing significant increases in total dissolved solids (TDS) because of culturally derived reductions in inflow and continued evaporative water losses. Maintenance of the Walker Lake fishery for native Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi requires artificial propagation because fish no longer have access to suitable spawning sites upstream in the Walker River. In recent years, survival of the stocked fish has been very low. We examined survival and growth of Lahontan cutthroat trout in response to present and anticipated total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations in Walker Lake. Laboratory experiments indicated that current TDS levels in Walker Lake adversely affected both survival and growth of Lahontan cutthroat trout, and any increase in TDS is likely to further decrease survival. Larger fish are more tolerant of high concentrations of TDS. Acclimation to diluted Walker Lake water improves subsequent survival when fish ...
Characterization Of APB's In GaP

Antiphase boundaries in GaP crystals epitactically grown on Si (001) have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Convergent-beam electron diffraction was used to identify the antiphase-related grains. The antiphase boundaries were observed to adopt facets parallel to specific crystallographic orientations. Furthermore, stacking-fault-like contrast was observed along the interface suggesting that the domains may be offset from one another by a rigid-body lattice translation.
Morphological Control of the Electropolymerization of 3-Methylthiophene on Nucleopore

Abstract When 3-methylthiophene is electropolymerized on a Nuclepore covered electrode in a propylene carbonate solution containing tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate, braided and helical fibrils are formed. When the electrodes are arranged horizontally with the working electrode on top, greater morphological control is achieved, and the resulting helical fibrils show increased crystallinity and a much higher conductivity than fibrils prepared in the normal manner with vertically arranged electrodes. The conductivity is temperature independent from 15 K to room temperature.
An Appreciation of Kronecker

I am especially honored by the invitation to speak at this annual joint session of the mathematics section and the history section of the Academy because my predecessor last December was Andr6 Weil. As you well know, Weil said nothing last year about the man who is my subject tonight, but, as you probably do not know, he might well have. In fact, at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1950, he gave an invited address which could have borne the title of my talk tonight, "An Appreciation of Kronecker". I will return to the content of Wefts Cambridge address later in my talk. First, I had better begin with the basic facts about Kronecker, since I imagine that even many of the mathematicians among you know little more about him than that he gave his name to the "Kronecker delta". Leopold Kronecker was born in 1823 in the Silesian town of Liegnitz--now in Poland, then in Prussia-into a wealthy Jewish family. The source and the extent of the family weal th is unknown to me. Frobenius's memorial speech on Kronecker, which is, I believe, the source all others have used for biographical informat ion about Kronecker, refers to Kronecker's father as a "businessman", but he also mentions banking and land in connection with the family wealth. Wherever it came from, there seems to have been plenty of it. Kronecker's father took great care with the boy's education, in the early years hiring a tutor for him and then sending him to the gymnasium in Liegnitz. The boy was an avid and gifted student. At the gymnasium he had the good fortune to have as his mathematics teacher the young E. E. Kummer, who later won world renown not only as a creative mathematician but also as an outstanding teacher. From his time with Kummer at the gymnasium forward, Kronecker appears to have been committed to mathematics, although he had a lifelong interest in many other subjects--philosophy, the classical languages, and history among them. After Liegnitz, he studied primarily at the University of Berlin, although he also spent semesters at the Universities of Bonn and Breslau, the latter while Kummer was there. To give mathematicians an idea of mathematics in Berlin at this time, it will suffice to say that Dirichlet, another great teacher and great mathematician, was at his zenith then, and in Berlin, and that both Jacobi and Eisenstein were there, too. Kronecker received the doctorate from Berlin in 1845 at the age of 22. Then he did a strange thing. He left Berlin and its lively mathematical environment to return to Silesia and manage various family properties. He appears to have been mathematically active during this time, but he published nothing. Frobenius says that he maintained an energetic scientific correspondence with Kummer and that he said in later years that the period of isolation in Silesia had had the fortunate consequence " that he was able to mature slowly." Frobenius goes on to say, "For his colleagues, however, it
Functional inferences from blind ab initio protein structure predictions.

Ab initio protein structure prediction methods have improved dramatically in the past several years. Because these methods require only the sequence of the protein of interest, they are potentially applicable to the open reading frames in the many organisms whose sequences have been and will be determined. Ab initio methods cannot currently produce models of high enough resolution for use in rational drug design, but there is an exciting potential for using the methods for functional annotation of protein sequences on a genomic scale. Here we illustrate how functional insights can be obtained from low-resolution predicted structures using examples from blind ab initio structure predictions from the third and fourth critical assessment of structure prediction (CASP3, CASP4) experiments.
Thermodynamic Features of the Complexation of Neodymium(III) and Americium(III) by Lactate in Trifluoromethanesulfonate Media

The protonation of lactate has been studied in a variety of electrolyte solutions using microcalorimetry to reveal a distinct medium influence imposed on the thermochemistry of the equilibrium. The thermochemistry of lactate protonation, when studied directly in 1.0 mol⋅L−1 sodium lactate, agreed well with the studies performed in trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate). This thermodynamic agreement suggests that the physical chemistry of lactate in the solutions applicable to the TALSPEAK process—a solvent extraction method for separating trivalent actinides from trivalent lanthanides within the scope of used nuclear fuel processing efforts—may be simulated in triflate solutions. Potentiometry, spectrophotometry and microcalorimetry have been subsequently used to study the thermodynamic features of neodymium and americium complexation by lactate using triflate as a strong background electrolyte. Three successive mononuclear lactate complexes were identified for Nd(III) and Am(III). The stability constants for neodymium, β101=2.60±0.01, β102=4.66±0.02 and β103=5.6±0.1, and for americium, β101=2.60±0.06, β102=4.7±0.1 and β103=6.2±0.2, were found to closely agree with the thermodynamic studies reported in sodium perchlorate solutions. Consequently, the thermodynamic medium effect, imposed on the TALSPEAK-related solution equilibria by the presence of strong background electrolytes such as NaClO4 and NaNO3, does not significantly impact the speciation in solution.
Ferriprotoporphyrin IX and cell lysis: a protective role for hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract Two potentially lytic substances, ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP) and hydrogen peroxide, may coexist and partially detoxify each other in sickle cells and in erythrocytes infected with malaria parasites. Since hydrogen peroxide can decompose FP, its effect on hemolysis induced by FP and by the complex of FP with chloroquine was investigated. Human erythrocytes suspended at a concentration of 0.5% in a 50 μM solution of FP underwent approximately 42% hemolysis during the course of 2 hours. Twenty-five micromolar chloroquine potentiated hemolysis to 99%, and preincubation of 50 μM FP with 25 μM hydrogen peroxide for 5 minutes reduced hemolysis to 4%. Mixing either FP of hydrogen peroxide first with chloroquine abolished the effect of hydrogen peroxide. Detoxification of FP by hydrogen peroxide may be an important protective mechanism in certain hemolytic anemias, and inhibition of detoxification could account for the effectiveness of chloroquine in malaria.
Public reactions to child suicide: Effects of child's age and method used

In two separate experiments, a total of 180 citizens at a suburban shopping mall responded to questionnaires about a fictitious newspaper article describing a male child's suicidal death. In Experiment I (90 subjects), the child's age was reported as either 10, 13½, or 17. In Experiment II, an additional 90 subjects responded to a fictitious newspaper article describing a 10-year-old boy's suicidal death by gunshot, hanging, or drug overdose. Seventeen-year-olds who committed suicide were rated more psychologically disturbed than 13½- or 10-year-olds. Parents of 17-year-old suicides were liked more than parents of younger children. In the case of the 17-year-olds, respondents were more likely to say that they felt that the cause of death should not be publicly reported. Across all ages, fathers were perceived as significantly more psychologically disturbed by female than by male respondents. Children who shot themselves were rated more psychologically disturbed than children who overdosed, but parents were rated about the same regardless of the child's method of suicide.
Size-dependent surface luminescence in ZnO nanowires

Nanometer sized whiskers (nanowires) offer a vehicle for the study of size-dependent phenomena. While quantum-size effects are commonly expected and easily predicted, size reduction also causes more atoms to be closer to the surface. Here we show that intensity relations of below-band-gap and band-edge luminescence in ZnO nanowires depend on the wire radius. Assuming a surface layer wherein the surface-recombination probability is 1 (surface-recombination approximation), we explain this size effect in terms of bulk-related to surface-related material-volume ratio that varies almost linearly with the radius. This relation supports a surface-recombination origin for the deep-level luminescence we observe. The weight of this surface-luminescence increases as the wire radius decreases at the expense of the band-edge emission. Using this model, we obtain a radius of 30 nm, below which in our wires surface-recombination prevails. More generally, our results suggest that in quantum-size nanowires, surface-recombination may entirely quench band-to-band recombination, presenting an efficient sink for charge carriers that unless deactivated may be detrimental for electronic devices.
Effect of high-frequency chest wall oscillation versus chest physiotherapy on lung function after lung transplant

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study is to compare the effects of chest physiotherapy (CPT) and high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) on lung function in lung transplant recipients. Background Chest physiotherapy and HFCWO are routinely used after lung transplant to attenuate dyspnea, increase expiratory flow, and improve secretion clearance. Methods In a two-group experimental, crossover design with repeated-measures, 45 lung transplant recipients (27 single, 18 bilateral; 64% male; mean age, 57years) were randomized to receive CPT at 10:00 AM and 2:00 PM followed by HFCWO at 6:00 PM and 10:00 PM ( n =22) or vice versa ( n =23) on postoperative day 3. Dyspnea (modified Borg score), Spo 2 /FiO 2 , and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured pre-treatment and post-treatment. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, t tests, and linear mixed effects models. Results There was no statistically significant treatment effect for dyspnea or PEF in patients who received HFCWO versus CPT. However, there was a significant treatment effect on the Spo 2 /FiO 2 ratio ( p Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that lung function (measured by Spo 2 /FiO 2 ) improves with HFWCO after lung transplantation. Although dyspnea and PEF did not differ significantly between treatment types, HFCWO may be an effective, feasible alternative to CPT.
Profiles of Emission Lines in be Stars

Study of the broadening functions resulting from a gaseous ring in circular motion around a star according to Kepler's law. When the distribution in the gaseous ring has a circular symmetry in the equatorial plane, the broadening profile is related to the surface density distribution along the radius by an integral equation which can be transformed into the Abel integral equation and solved analytically. Profiles corresponding to gaseous rings with a uniform density distribution but different widths are used to illustrate the general properties of the profile broadened by the gaseous ring in circular motion. The emission profile has also been studied for cases in which the circular motion does not follow Kepler's law.
Formation and reactivity of an (alkene)peroxoiridium(III) intermediate supported by an amidinato ligand

An IrI complex of an acetamidinato ligand was synthesized by reaction of N,N′-diphenylacetamidine, PhNC(Me)NHPh, with either MeLi and [{Ir(cod)}2(μ-Cl)2] or [{Ir(cod)}2(μ-OMe)2] and was characterized by X-ray crystallography as a mononuclear complex, [Ir{PhNC(Me)NPh}(cod)] (1; where cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene). Reaction of 1 with CO afforded a dinuclear carbonyl complex, [{Ir(CO)2}2{μ-PhNC(Me)NPh-κN:κN′}2] (2), as indicated by EI mass spectrometry and solution- and solid-state IR spectroscopy [νCO (n-pentane) = 2067, 2034 and 1992 cm−1]. Activation of O2 by 1 in solution at 20 °C was irreversible and produced an (alkene)peroxoiridium(III) intermediate, [Ir{PhNC(Me)NPh}(cod)(O2)] (3), which was characterized by one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques and IR spectroscopy (for 3, νOO = 860 cm−1; for 3–18O2, νOO = 807 cm−1). Complex 3 oxidized PPh3 to OPPh3, and its decay in the absence of added substrates followed by reaction with cod yielded 4-cycloocten-1-one and a minor amount of 1. In comparison with the results for the previously reported guanidinato complex [Ir{PhNC(NMe2)NPh}(cod)(O2)] (4), the formation of 3 and its reaction with PPh3 are significantly faster, indicating considerable ligand effects in these reactions.
Progressive secretory dysfunction in the rat submandibular gland after excretory duct ligation

Unilateral ligation of the main excretory duct of the rat submandibular gland caused a progressive deterioration of secretory function characterized by: (1) the secretion of progressively smaller volumes of saliva in response to a standard maximal intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of pilocarpine. Saliva volume was reduced 69.4, 88.8 and 95.9 per cent, respectively, 1, 3 and 7 days after duct ligation. By 2 weeks, the contralateral, non-ligated gland had an enhanced response to pilocarpine and the ligated gland a 96.8 per cent reduction in the volume of saliva secreted; (2) a progressive reduction in the maximum flow rates attained upon stimulation with pilocarpine, which were 23.4, 10.1 and 5.1 per cent of those attained in the contralateral gland at, respectively, 1, 3 and 7 days after ligation; (3) a progressive increase in the sodium concentrations of saliva, which became plasma-like 2 weeks after ligation; (4) a significantly reduced secretory response to standard doses of isoproterenol, phenylephrine, methoxamine and substance P 2 weeks after ligation. In addition, both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors were significantly reduced in number 2 weeks after ligation. Administration of daily injections of pilocarpine (10 mg, i.p.) after duct ligation reduced the gland atrophy observed 3 days (by 17 per cent) and 1 week (by 9 per cent) later, but did not prevent the reduction in volume or flow rats observed after duct ligation alone. Thus ligation of the main excretory duct causes a progressive dysfunction in acinar and duct cells in the rat submandibular gland and alters their responsiveness to physiological regulators of secretion. The alterations in glandular secretory function and in the composition of saliva which occur in diseases causing partial or complete obstruction to the flow of saliva are likely to be similar to the changes described.
Bounds on the Modulation Transfer Function of Optical Systems in Incoherent Illumination

Recent results of research in circuit theory and optics are combined to show both upper and lower bounds on the modulus of the transfer function of incoherent optical systems. The results are shown in the form of graphs. The upper bound is the best possible, but the lower has not been shown to be the greatest lower bound.
HETEROGENEITY OF THE PROLIFERATIVE FRACTION AND CYCLIN D1/CCND1 GENE AMPLIFICATION IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

High proliferative fraction and cyclin D1/CCND1 gene amplification have been associated with certain aggressive features of head and neck squamous carcinoma in some studies, but not in others. The differences may be related to the intratumoral heterogeneity of these factors. Moreover, the interrelationship between these seemingly related factors has not been determined. In order to determine the correlation between tumor proliferative fractions and CCND1 gene amplification, 3 spatially different samples from each of 32 primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (RNSCC) were separately analyzed by flow cytometry. A mixture of these specimens was also minced and snap frozen for molecular studies. DNA was extracted from patient lymphocytes, normal appearing squamous epithelium, and tumors. A genomic DNA probe containing the first exon of CCND1 was used for hybridization by Southern technique. A 5.6 kb genomic DNA probe of immunoglobulin heavy chain was used as an internal standard for quantification of CCND1 gene amplification. Our results showed that 30% of the tumor cases manifested intratumoral heterogeneity (>50% differences) of their proliferative activity. The highest value was used for correlation with gene amplification. Eleven (34.4%) of the 32 tumors showed CCND1 amplification (2-10-fold). When the proliferative fraction was dichotomized into high andmore » low groups based on the mean value ({ge}13%), a highly statistical correlation between CCND1 amplification and tumor proliferation was obtained (P < 0.001). No significant correlation between gene amplification and other clinicopathologic parameters was noted. Our study indicates that (1) intratumoral heterogeneity of the proliferative fraction is a feature of HNSCC and (2) CCND1 gene amplification correlates significantly with high proliferation and may be associated with the tumorigenesis of a subset of these neoplasms. 32 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Low high-density lipoprotein 3 reduces the odds of men surviving to age 85 during 53-year follow-up.

Objectives: To identify high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions associated with longevity in men. Design: Fifty-three-year prospective follow-up of Gofman's Livermore Cohort between 1954 and 2008. Setting: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Participants: One thousand one hundred forty-four men who consented to the study, had analytic ultracentrifuge measurements of lipoprotein subfractions at baseline, and were old enough at baseline to have survived to age 85 during follow-up. Measurements: Survival was determined according to participant contact, Social Security Death Index, and National Death Index. Results: Three hundred ninety men survived to 85 years old (34.1%). Survivors were less likely than nonsurvivors to be in the lowest HDL3 (% (standard error) 18.5% (2.0%) vs 27.3% (1.6%), P < .001) and HDL2 (22.1% (2.1%) vs 27.7% (1.6%), P = .04) quartiles. Logistic regression analyses showed that the lowest HDL3 quartile significantly predicted shorter longevity (P = .002), whereas the linear increases per mg/dL of HDL3 did not (P = .38), suggesting a risk threshold proximal to the 25th percentile. Men who were above the 25th HDL3 percentile had 70% greater odds of surviving until age 85 than those below this level, which persisted when adjusted for HDL2, very low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and standard risk factors. Proportional hazard analyses of survival before age 85 showed that being in the lowest HDL3 quartile increased age-adjusted cancer risk by 39% (P = .05) and noncancer risk by 23% (P = .04) when adjusted for other risk factors. Survivors also smoked less (mean ± SD 0.31 ± 0.48 vs 0.57 ± 0.56 packs/d, P < .001), had lower systolic (118.36 ± 11.08 vs 122.81 ± 13.55 mmHg, P < .001) and diastolic (70.61 ± 8.59 vs 73.14 ± 9.22 mmHg, P < .001) blood pressures and lower LDL mass (359.55 ± 80.42 vs 374.37 ± 86.10 mg/dL, P = .009) and total cholesterol concentrations (229.51 ± 43.21 vs 235.89 ± 45.40 mg/dL, P = .04) than nonsurvivors. Conclusion: Low HDL3 reduces the odds of extended survival in men, independent of HDL2, other lipoproteins, and standard risk factors.
A quantitative study of moisture adsorption in polyimide and its effect on the strength of the polyimide/silicon nitride interface

Polyimide films on silicon nitride substrates were exposed to moisture under varying conditions of relative humidity, time and temperature. The moisture content of the films was measured by FTIR spectroscopy, and the polyimide/silicon nitride interface strength was measured at room temperature by a laser spallation technique. The moisture adsorption by polyimide films was analyzed using a diffusion model. Under the experimental conditions of this study, it was found that the rate of moisture adsorption was controlled the surface exchange reaction. For samples exposed at 38 °C, the interface strength was found to decrease linearly with increasing interface moisture concentration. A critical interface moisture concentration was identified, where the strength is expected to go to zero. The interface strengths of all the measured samples were combined into one empirical equation that can be used as a basis to construct strength charts as a function of exposure conditions. Such strength charts should help in the development of more rational standards for handling packaged ICs during manufacturing and integration from the viewpoint of avoiding moisture-related failures.
Biochemical identification and characterization of the multiple forms of alkaline phosphatase in the developing duodenum of the mouse

Abstract The alkaline phosphatase isozymes of the duodenum of the mouse have been analyzed by chromatography and zone electrophoresis at various stages from birth to adulthood. The results indicate that the isozymes fall into two classes. The first class, which comprises the major part of the phosphatase activity from birth to 11 days, includes three entities differing in electrophoretic mobility. The second class, which becomes predominant by 20 days, appears to be made up of an indeterminate number of isozymes that seem to owe their discreteness to a graded series of small differences in chromatographic, electrophoretic, and catalytic properties. The members of the second class may be related through a conversion process that continually acts on phosphatase as the epithelial cells glide up the sides of the villi.
A Complication of Silastic Hemiarthroplasty in Bunion Surgery

Seven cases of painful reactive synovitis following great toe Silastic hemiarthroplasty have been observed. All cases were treated successfully with synovectomy and removal of the implant. Microsco...
Feline hyperthyroidism: A descriptive and case-control study

Abstract The frequency of diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism has increased dramatically since the late 1970s. Whether this increase reflects enhanced diagnostic acumen or an actual increase in the incidence of this disease, or both, is unknown. It seems likely, in view of the distinctive nature of the signs and the lack of evidence of thyroid enlargement and clinical signs in previous feline necropsy series, that feline hyperthyroidism is truly occurring with increased frequency today. A case-control study was undertaken to identify possible risk factors for this disease. Owners of 56 cats with feline hyperthyroidism and 117 controls were questioned about their cats' exposure to various potential risk factors (e.g., diet, medications) and these exposures were compared. Elevated odds ratios were associated with regular treatment with flea sprays or powders, living strictly indoors and having reported exposure to lawn herbicides, fertilizers or pesticides. Cases were also more likely to receive canned food and were less likely to be Siamese than controls. The relevance of these factors to the etiology of feline hyperthyroidism is discussed.