cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nineteenth‐Century Schools between Community and State: The Cases of Prussia and the United States

Forty years ago Bernard Bailyn remarked that American historians of education had carried out their work “in a special atmosphere of professional purpose” and had made the history of the public school the focus of their investigations. Lawrence Cremin seconded that observation and added that, for all intents and purposes, the history of American education had been “the history of the public school realizing itself over time.” In the tradition of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley that self-realization of the American public school was portrayed as a progression from local roots to state-wide systems. It became synonymous with the evolution of school government from local control on the district and ward levels to direction and oversight by state administrators. For many school professionals and historians that progression meant progress. They saw it as overcoming local control which they regarded as a relic of the past denoting an endorsement of inequality, discrimination, and special privilege. It persuaded them to see the solution to the schools' problems in strengthened state and, eventually, federal control.
Systems of Privilege: Intersections, Awareness, and Applications

As research on privilege increased in the last two decades, a clear need for a social psychological perspective to examine the topic has emerged. In this special issue of JSI, scholars provide a framework for understanding the psychology of privilege, considering the policy implications of privilege, and imagining the future of privilege studies. The contributors emphasize multidisciplinary approaches, mixed methods, and the benefits of intersectional theory for studying privilege.
Aortic compressor for aortic occlusion in hemorrhagic shock

The aortic compressor is a device that allows rapid, simple, immediately reversible occlusion of the thoracic aorta, without the aortic dissection required to use an aortic cross-clamp. We evaluated the aortic compressor in a controlled study using a canine hemorrhagic shock model. Twelve mongrel dogs were exsanguinated to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 47 mm Hg and maintained at that level for 20 minutes. At that point, all animals had a left lateral thoracotomy. Six study animals had the thoracic aorta occluded at the diaphragm using the compressor. Five minutes after thoracotomy, with or without occlusion, the shed blood was reinfused. Application of the aortic compressor was the only variable. Use of the aortic compressor led to an immediate and statistically significant doubling of the study animals' MAP. The increased afterload of aortic occlusion did not impair cardiac output. The cardiac index of the study animals rose slightly, while that of the control animals fell. At the same time the compressor prevented blood flow to the abdominal aorta. If the canine model can be extrapolated to human application, then the aortic compressor would be expected to enhance perfusion of the heart and brain during hemorrhagic shock, prevent further arterial blood loss from intra-abdominal injury or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, and preserve already diminished cardiac output. Because the aorta does not need to be dissected out to use the compressor, there is no risk of injury to nearby vascular structures.
The He(I) photoelectron spectra of some bivalent transition metal β-diketonate complexes☆

Abstract The He(I) photoelectron spectra of the acetylacetonates and hexafluoroacetylacetonates of Ni II , Cu II , and Zn II are discussed in conjunction
Load relaxation studies of AgCl

Abstract Room-temperature load relaxation experiments were performed on single crystals of nominally pure, UV-illuminated, γ-irradiated, and Cd2+-doped single crystals of AgCl. The resulting log σ-log ϵ curves, all of which are concave downward, were analyzed in terms of Hart's two branch rheological model. The constant hardness log σ-log ϵ curves obtained at several prestrain levels on nominally pure crystals can be translated into a single master curve demonstrating that the plastic deformation behavior of nominally pure AgCl at room temperature can be described by a mechanical equation of state. The log σ-log ϵ curves for UV-illuminated and Cd2+-doped crystals deviate at low strain rates from those for nominally pure crystals suggesting that dislocation-precipitate and dislocation-point defect interactions are important at low strain rates in the UV-illuminated and Cd2+-doped samples. At a given stress level, the log σ-log ϵ curves of the γ-irradiated crystals are more steeply curved than those of the nominally pure crystals and can be superimposed onto the curves for the nominally pure crystal by translation to higher stress and strain rate levels. These observations indicate that the high-temperature branch in Hart's model contributes more to the flow stress in the γ-irradiated samples than it does in the nominally pure crystals. In addition, the deformation behavior of crystals deformed along the [100] and [111] axes were studied in order to compare flow on the {110}〈110〉 and {001}〈110〉 slip systems. The log σ-log ϵ curves for the [100] crystal are more steeply concave downward than those for the [111] crystals, indicating that the high-temperature mechanism in Hart's model is more important for flow on {110}〈110〉 than on {001}〈110〉.
Take-home naloxone to reduce heroin death

Background This paper reviews the relevant literature related to the distribution of take-home naloxone. Methods A Medline search was conducted on articles published between January 1990 and June 2004 to identify scientific literature relevant to this subject. Those publications were reviewed, and from them other literature was identified and reviewed. Results The prevalence, pathophysiology and circumstances of heroin overdose, and also bystander response are included in this review. Naloxone peer distribution has been instituted to varying degrees in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom. Conclusion At this point the evidence supporting naloxone distribution is primarily anecdotal, although promising. Although the distribution of naloxone holds promise for further reducing heroin overdose mortality, problems remain. Naloxone alone may be insufficient in some cases to revive the victim, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), especially rescue breathing, may also be needed. A second dose of naloxone might be necessary. Complications following resuscitation from overdose may infrequently need in-hospital care. Mortality from injecting without anyone else present will be unaffected by take-home naloxone. Take-home naloxone should be studied in a rigorous scientific manner.
Massively scalable near duplicate detection in streams of documents using MDSH

In a world where large-scale text collections are not only becoming ubiquitous but also are growing at increasing rates, near duplicate documents are becoming a growing concern that has the potential to hinder many different information filtering tasks. While others have tried to address this problem, prior techniques have only been used on limited collection sizes and static cases. We will briefly describe the problem in the context of Open Source analysis along with our additional constraints for performance. In this work we propose two variations on Multi-dimensional Spectral Hash (MDSH) tailored for working on extremely large, growing sets of text documents. We analyze the memory and runtime characteristics of our techniques and provide an informal analysis of the quality of the near-duplicate clusters produced by our techniques.
Propagule size: Its relation to population density of microorganisms in soil

Abstract Analysis of published data on occurrence of bacteria and fungi in soil revealed an inverse linear relationship between the logarithm of propagule size and the logarithm of population density among these microorganisms. The regression equation Y= 8.841− 0.540.X (in which Y is log numbers of propagules kg−1 of soil and X is log volumes per 100 propagules), describing the relationship between propagule size and maximum population density of microorganisms in soil, afforded the predicted values of the population density very close to the reported values. The regression equation may also be used for predicting the possible propagule type of a microorganism in soil, if its population density is known.
Establishing novel prostacyclin-synthesizing cells with therapeutic potential against heart diseases

Abstract Background For decades, there have been many ongoing attempts to use prostaglandin I 2 (PGI 2 ) to treat heart diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, the short half life of PGI 2 has limited the therapeutic impact potential. Methods Here, we have engineered a novel adipose tissue-derived cell that constantly produces PGI 2, through transfecting of an engineered cDNA of a hybrid enzyme (human COX-1-10-aa-PGIS) which has superior triple catalytic functions in directly converting arachidonic acid into PGI 2 . Results The gene-transfected cells were further converted into a stable cell line, in which cells constantly express the hybrid enzyme and are capable of producing large-amounts of PGI 2 . In a comparison between un-transfected- and gene-transfected cells, it was determined that the majority of the endogenous AA metabolism shifted from that of unwanted PGE 2 (in un-transfected cells) to that of the preferred PGI 2 (in gene-transfected cells) with a PGI 2 /PGE 2 ratio change from 0.03 to 25. The PGI 2 -producing cell line not only exhibited an approximate 50-fold increase in PGI 2 biosynthesis, but also demonstrated superior anti-platelet aggregation in vitro, and increased reperfusion in the mouse ischemic hindlimb model in vivo. Conclusions The cells, which have an ability to increase the biosynthesis of the vascular protector, PGI 2 , while reducing that of the vascular inflammatory mediator, PGE 2 , provide a dual effect on vascular protection, which is not available through any existing drug treatments. Thus, the current finding has potential to be an experimental intervention for PGI 2 -deficient heart diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Interpreting the role of phosphorus and growth rate in enhanced fungal induction of sesquiterpenes from Hyoscyamus muticus root cultures

The effect of thiamine limitation in combination with fungal elicitation on sesquiterpene (solavetivone) production was studied in Agrobacterium-transformed “hairy-root” cultures of Hyoscyamus muticus as a potential means of manipulating the growth rate independent of phosphorus availability. Limiting the initial supply of thiamine did not affect the growth of these cultures compared to growth at the control level of thiamine (0.01 g/l). There was also no enhancement in sesquiterpene production when thiamine supply was limited. Serial culturing in thiamine-free media suggests that these root cultures are not strictly auxotrophic for thiamine, in contrast to previously published results for untransformed root culture. The effect of phosphate limitation combined with elicitation on the production of solavetivone was examined at constant media volume to provide a constant elicitor concentration and to eliminate feedback-inhibition effects. Limiting the initial supply of phosphate to elicited cultures resulted in a twofold increase in solavetivone production as compared to the elicitation at control media phosphate levels (1.1mm). Because growth was attenuated, production per unit cell mass increased 11-fold compared to the control. The effect of phosphate limitation on solavetivone production at constant cell mass and elicitor per root mass was studied. Limiting the initial supply of phosphate to elicited cultures under these conditions did not result in enhanced production of solavetivone. The initially observed enhanced production of solavetivone at limiting initial phosphate concentrations is therefore due to factors other than the growth rate or phosphate involvement in secondary metabolism.
Motors for 3,000-Volt D-C. Multiple Unit Cars

A NEW MULTIPLE unit car motor incorporating many novel features of design was developed for the electrification of the suburban service of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, the first installation of multiple unit suburban service in this country employing a trolley potential of 3,000-volts direct current. The absence of trouble in commencing and maintaining service marks the whole electrification program.
Karhunen-Loève analysis of spatiotemporal flame patterns

The ability of Karhunen-Lo\`eve (KL) decomposition to identify, extract, and separate the spatial features that characterize a spatiotemporal system is demonstrated using video images from a combustion experiment and nonstationary states from a phenomenological model. Cellular flames on a circular porous plug burner exhibit a variety of stationary and nonstationary patterns. KL decomposition is used to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of four experimental states: one- and two-cell rotating states, two counterrotating rings, a standing-wave state, and two one-cell rotating states from numerical simulations of a phenomenological model designed to study pattern formation in a circular domain. The KL technique optimally captures the dynamics of the states by producing a linear subspace on which the reconstructed dynamics has a minimum truncation error. It identifies the dominant spatial structures whose coupling produces the observed patterns and distinguishes between uniform and nonuniform rotational motion. The implementation of this technique using video images as input is explained and the implications of symmetry in interpreting the KL analysis of the dynamics are described.
Towards Full Completeness of the Linear Logic of Chu Spaces

Abstract We investigate the linear logic of Chu spaces as defined by its dinaturality semantics. For those formulas of multiplicative linear logic limited to at most two occurrences of each variable we prove full completeness of Girard's MIX-free axiomatization, namely that the cut-free proof-nets of such formulas are in a natural bijection with the dinatural elements of the corresponding functors.
Planetary Circulations: 1. Barotropic Representation of Jovian and Terrestrial Turbulence

Abstract We seek the formative processes of the planetary circulations of Jupiter and Saturn. The study concentrates on examining whether processes known to control the terrestrial circulation, namely, two-dimensional turbulence and baroclinic instability, can produce Jovian circulations under Jovian conditions. The first numerical model involves a spherical barotropic vorticity equation subjected to a stochastic representation of baroclinic processes. The resulting solutions suggest that a strong affinity exists between the Jovian and terrestrial circulations. This leads to a reevaluation of terrestrial circulation theory from the broader perspective of parameter space. The solutions in the Jovian regime support the hypothesis that a variation of the Rhines effect—an interaction of the two-dimensional turbulence cascade and Rossby wave propagation—creates the pseudoaxisymmetry and scale Lβ=π(2U/β)½ of the bands (U is the rms zonal velocity, and β the northward gradient of the Coriolis force). The anisotr...
Pregnancy-induced antitumor cytotoxicity of T cell-rich fraction against mammary adenocarcinoma cells in rats

Our earlier observations indicated that splenocytes from parous rats have high cytotoxic activity against mammary tumor cells in vitro. It has also been observed that this cytotoxic activity of splenocytes from parous rats can be adoptively transferred to virgin rats of same age. The present investigation is an attempt to determine the cell type in spleens of parous rats that cause the cytotoxicity against mammary tumors. The spleens from both virgin and parous rats were removed aseptically and T and B cell-rich fractions were separated. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor epithelial cells were used as targets and the T and B cell-rich fractions from either virgin or parous rats were used as effectors. The parous rats were divided into two groups according to the time period after parturition. Group I contained rats that were 5-13 days after delivery, while the rats in group II were 14 or more days post parturition. In vitro cytotoxicity was determined by incubating the tumor cells with spleen cells in the target/effector ratio of 1:3, 1:10 and 1:30 and using the standard 51Cr release assay. In all ratio groups of T cell-rich fractions particularly in group II, there was significantly higher cytotoxicity against mammary tumor cells. None of the B cell-rich fractions from parous rats were significantly more cytotoxic than those from virgin controls.
CONCEPTIONS OF REPRESENTATION A Study of Delegates to the 1984 National Party Conventions

Using Q-technique, we examined conceptions of representation among a sample of delegates to the 1984 Democratic and Republican National Conventions. Analysis of the data revealed four perspectives on representation in the sample: the “trustee,” the belief that group interests should be represented, the belief that representation is a matter of the representative's conscience, and the “delegate-servant.” Surprisingly, no delegates saw themselves as representatives of party officials or presidential candidates. We conclude that representation is a subjective process and should be examined from that perspective.
A state-wide assessment: marital stability and client outcomes.

Abstract This paper presents results of Missouri's first statewide evaluation of alcohol and drug treatment programs. The study utilized a 1-year follow-up sample of 242 respondents to explore the nature and patterns of posttreatment functioning. This paper focuses on the impact of client marital stability on post-treatment substance use. The data supported the expected result that marital status was related to post-treatment relapse. Further analysis suggests that transitional periods between marriage and divorce are especially important in understanding the pattern of relapse after treatment. Multivariate analysis indicates that the marital status effect is important both directly and in interaction with program completion. The data suggest that attention to transitional states and interpersonal functioning should be incorporated into client follow-up.
A 2-D directional air flow sensor array made using stereolithography and MEMS micro-hydraulic structures

Here we report a 2-D directional micro-hydraulic hairlike airflow sensor (HAFS), where the hair appendages are made using stereolithography for inexpensive and rapid batch fabrication. The hair structures are optimized to significantly improve the HAFS performance. The maximum measured HAFS sensitivity is 47.9 fF/(m.s-1), a ten-fold increase over our previous uni-directional airflow sensor [1]. The new sensor dynamic range is 0-15 m.s-1, with an extrapolated minimum detection limit of about 2 mm.s-1, and an angular resolution of 13°.
MATERNAL/FETAL INTERACTIONS AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

Abstract Experimental work has shown that the transplacental passage of antigen can either sensitise the fetus or render it partially tolerant. It is suggested that a variety of clinical observations made under physiological or pathological conditions can also be explained in terms of transplacental sensitisation of the fetus by antigen.
Bimetallic Clusters of Iron with Palladium and Platinum. Synthesis and Structures of Fe2(CO)9[M(PBut3)]2 (M = Pd or Pt) and Fe2(CO)8[Pt(PBut3)]2(μ-H)2

The reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with Pd(PBut3)2 and Pt(PBut3)2 yielded the Fe−Pd and Fe−Pt cluster complexes Fe2(CO)9[M(PBut3)]2, M = Pd (8) or Pt (9). The structures of 8 and 9 are analogous and consist ...
Reconsidering custom memory allocation

Programmers hoping to achieve performance improvements often use custom memory allocators. This in-depth study examines eight applications that use custom allocators. Surprisingly, for six of these applications, a state-of-the-art general-purpose allocator (the Lea allocator) performs as well as or better than the custom allocators. The two exceptions use regions, which deliver higher performance (improvements of up to 44%). Regions also reduce programmer burden and eliminate a source of memory leaks. However, we show that the inability of programmers to free individual objects within regions can lead to a substantial increase in memory consumption. Worse, this limitation precludes the use of regions for common programming idioms, reducing their usefulness.We present a generalization of general-purpose and region-based allocators that we call reaps. Reaps are a combination of regions and heaps, providing a full range of region semantics with the addition of individual object deletion. We show that our implementation of reaps provides high performance, outperforming other allocators with region-like semantics. We then use a case study to demonstrate the space advantages and software engineering benefits of reaps in practice. Our results indicate that programmers needing fast regions should use reaps, and that most programmers considering custom allocators should instead use the Lea allocator.
The De/Repoliticization of Cooperation and the Discourse of Conversion1

Abstract In recent years, several agricultural cooperatives have undergone significant restructuring. Some have been taken through a conversion process and have been reorganized as “investor-oriented firms” (IOFs). This phenomenon has attracted the interest of agricultural economists, but it has not been analyzed by sociologists. This article examines the discourse with which agricultural economists have approached the conversion issue. Drawing upon Fraser's discussion of “needs talk,” and inspired by Kloppenburg's analysis of the agricultural scientific complex, an argument is made that a reprivatization discourse of neoclassical economics has effectively depoliticized discussion about the future of cooperative enterprise. It is further argued that a repoliticization of cooperation is necessary in order to assure the protection of extra-economic values and oppositional discourse that is embedded in the historical development of cooperative practices and institutions. We focus here on the role of expert discourse as it relates to the reinvention of cooperative institutions in the agricultural economy. It is argued that this discourse would be improved by greater attention to historical and sociological forces, rather than remaining narrowly focused on economism.
Exploring the design space of reliable multicast protocols for wireless mesh networks

Many important applications in wireless mesh networks require reliable multicast communication, i.e., with 100% packet delivery ratio (PDR). Previously, numerous multicast protocols based on automatic repeat request (ARQ) have been proposed to improve the packet delivery ratio. However, these ARQ-based protocols can lead to excessive control overhead and drastically reduced throughput. In this paper, we present a comprehensive exploration of the design space for developing high-throughput, reliable multicast protocols that achieve 100% PDR. Motivated by the fact that 802.11 MAC layer broadcast, which is used by most wireless multicast protocols, offers no reliability, we first examine if better hop-by-hop reliability provided by unicasting the packets at the MAC layer can help to achieve end-to-end multicast reliability. We then turn to end-to-end solutions at the transport layer. Previously, forward error correction (FEC) techniques have been proved effective for providing reliable multicast in the Internet, by avoiding the control packet implosion and scalability problems of ARQ-based protocols. In this paper, we examine if FEC techniques can be equally effective to support reliable multicast in wireless mesh networks. We integrate four representative reliable schemes (one ARQ, one FEC, and two hybrid) originally developed for the Internet with a representative multicast protocol ODMRP and evaluate their performance. Our experimental results via extensive simulations offer an in-depth understanding of the various choices in the design space. First, compared to broadcast-based unreliable ODMRP, using unicast for per-hop transmission only offers a very small improvement in reliability under low load, but fails to improve the reliability under high load due to the significantly increased capacity requirement which leads to congestion and packet drop. Second, at the transport layer, the use of pure FEC can significantly improve the reliability, increasing PDR up to 100% in many cases, but can be inefficient in terms of the number of redundant packets transmitted. In contrast, a carefully designed ARQ-FEC hybrid protocol, such as RMDP, can also offer 100% reliability while improving the efficiency by up to 38% compared to a pure FEC scheme. To our best knowledge, this is the first in-depth study of high-throughput, reliable multicast protocols that provide 100% PDR for wireless mesh networks.
Pilot plant for processing flax fiber

Abstract A flax fiber pilot plant is needed to process small samples of flax straw into fibers to facilitate research on retting and fiber properties. Our objective was to develop and test a modular design for a flax processing pilot plant based on a commercial line that was capable of cleaning fiber and seed flax straw from unretted, dew-retted, and enzyme-retted samples. The USDA Flax Fiber Pilot Plant (Flax-PP), which is the only research facility of this type in the United States, was designed according to the commercial ‘Unified Line’ (Czech Flax Machinery), but smaller and constructed in four individual modules. The modules and their order for processing were as follows: 9-roller calender, top shaker, scutching wheel, top shaker, 5-roller calender, and top shaker. Illustrations and diagrams of the operating modules are presented. Unretted ‘Neche’ linseed flax, dew-retted ‘Natasja’, and enzyme-retted ‘Jordan’ fiber flax were processed, and the cumulative weight loss of material at successive processing steps was determined to assess the effectiveness of cleaning. Fiber strength, fineness, and elongation were determined for the retted samples after cleaning through all the steps in the Flax-PP. A yield of fine fiber from the retted stems processed through the Flax-PP was acquired from further cleaning and refining by passage through a Shirley Analyzer. The various samples behaved differently at different stages of processing and the resulting fibers had different properties. The dew-retted Natasja fibers were stronger and finer than the enzyme-retted Jordan flax after pilot plant processing, but the Jordan fibers appeared cleaner and better retted. The Flax-PP effectively processed samples of diverse characteristics and will facilitate integrated research on retting methods for fibers with tailored properties.
A new combination in Palicourea (Rubiaceae:Psychotrieae) with ethnobotanical notes from Amazonian Bolivia.

A new combination, Palicourea, Palicourea brachyloba for a white-flowered Amazonian species in anticipation of its use in other publications. Comments on the local name and utilization are given.
Effect of temperature on the ovipositional biology and egg viability of the cattle tick Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae).

The effect of temperature on the ovipositional biology ofBoophilus annulatus (Say) was determined under laboratory conditions. Engorged females subjected to constant temperatures of 12 and 45°C died without ovipositing, while females held at 15 and 40°C laid eggs which did not hatch. The preoviposition period at 25–40°C was 2–3 days; however, significant increases occurred at 20°C (5.2 days) and at 15°C (16.3 days). The number of eggs laid per female was ca. 2700 at temperatures of 25–35°C, but decreased significantly at 20°C (ca. 2300 eggs/female), 15°C (ca. 1800 eggs/female), and at 40°C (ca. 300 eggs/female). No differences were observed in the Conversion Efficiency Index (CEI) values at temperatures of 20–30°C (ca. 50%), while temperatures of 15 and 40°C produced the lowest CEI values at 35.6 and 4.9%, respectively. Hatch-ability of eggs was ca. 80% at temperatures of 20–35°C. Incubation period of eggs ranged from 52.2 days at 20°C to 16.2 days at 35°C. The thermal threshold for egg development determined by linear regression was 12.9°C. Females subjected to four fluctuating temperature regimes produced no differences in number of eggs/female (ca. 2400), CEI (ca. 50%), or hatchability of eggs (ca. 75%). Preoviposition period and incubation were significantly affected by a change in the thermoperiod, becoming longer in duration as the temperatures were decreased. From studying females exposed for various intervals from 0 to 105 days at 12°C, indications were that the longer the exposure period the more adverse the effects were on oviposition and egg-hatch. Correspondingly, exposure of eggs to a temperature of 15°C for up to 105 days gave indications that the longer the eggs remained at 15°C, the lower the hatch would be after transfer back to a temperature of 25°C.
Global analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity with ultra-sensitive fluorescent probes.

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) consist of a large family of enzymes known to play important roles in controlling virtually all aspects of cellular processes. However, assigning functional significance of PTPs in normal physiology and in diseases remains a major challenge in cell signaling. Since the function of a PTP is directly associated with its intrinsic activity, which is subject to post-translational regulation, new tools are needed to monitor the dynamic activities of PTPs, rather than mere abundance, on a global scale within the physiologically relevant environment of cells. To meet this objective, we report the synthesis and characterization of two rhodamine-conjugated probes that covalently label the active site of the PTPs in an activity-dependent manner, thus providing a direct readout of PTP activity and superior sensitivity, robustness, and quantifiability to previously reported biotinylated probes. We present evidence that the fluorescent probes can be used to identify new PTP markers and targets for potential diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. We also show that the fluorescent probes are capable of monitoring H2O2-mediated PTP inactivation, which should facilitate the study of regulated H2O2 production as a new tier of control over tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signal transduction. The ability to profile the entire PTP family on the basis of changes in their activity is expected to yield new functional insights into pathways regulated by PTPs and contribute to the discovery of PTPs as novel therapeutic targets.
Multiple photochemical reaction pathways in a Ni(II) coordination compound.

The gas-phase photofragmentation of the mixed-ligand coordination compound trans-bis(trifluoroacetato)bis(N,N‘-dimethylethylenediamine)nickel(II) (Ni(tfa)2(dmen)2) detected via time-of-flight mass spectrometry is reported. In contrast to most gas-phase studies of metal-containing compounds where fragmentation of weak metal−ligand bonds dominates, the data here show that the dmen ligands fragment while still coordinated to nickel. The manner in which these ligands fragment is highly specific, leading to mono- and diimine species that remain coordinated to nickel. Uncoordinated mono- and diimine species and various small dmen fragments are also observed with high intensities in the low mass region of the spectra. NiF+, a fragment that is formed by fluorine abstraction, is always observed, even though no Ni−F bonds exist in the starting material.
Rapid Small-Scale Determination of Extractives in Biomass

The results of a small-scale method for the extraction of a range of feedstock samples, comprising herbaceous, hard, and soft wood, were compared to the conventional method using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). In general, the extractives were in the range of 97.3 to 104.4 % of the values obtained by the conventional method, and the manual method was highly reproducible (0.1–1.6 % relative standard deviation, n = 5). The analysis of the water phases from sugarcane revealed that the two methods resulted in almost identical soluble sugar composition. The composition of the resulting biomass was 98.8–103.7 % (average 100.9 %) Klason lignin, 96.2–99.5 % (average 98.2 %) glucan, and 97.5–101.1 % (average 98.0 %) xylan of the results obtained from an analysis starting with ASE. The newly developed has been shown to be a fast and inexpensive alternative to the conventional ASE and an ideal tool when only small amount of sample is available.
Stellar photometry including saturated images: Results on M67 with WFPC2

The Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is providing unsurpassed imaging capabilities and supporting accurate stellar photometry over large fields of view at high angular resolution. I discuss a feature of the WFPC2 CCD systems that nominally limits the dynamic range attainable with single exposures: a 12 bit analog to digital converter that does not allow sampling of the CCD full-well depth even at the low gain (14e(sup -)/DN) setting. I demonstrate that accurate stellar photometry can be performed on stellar images that are strongly saturated. Two 40 s exposures in V and I bands on the old open cluster M67 are analyzed to demonstrate photometric capabilities with a dynamic range of over 12 mag from single exposures. New photometric results for both bright and faint objects in M67 are derived from the WFPC2 data.
Variable selection for covariate‐adjusted semiparametric inference in randomized clinical trials

Extensive baseline covariate information is routinely collected on participants in randomized clinical trials, and it is well recognized that a proper covariate-adjusted analysis can improve the efficiency of inference on the treatment effect. However, such covariate adjustment has engendered considerable controversy, as post hoc selection of covariates may involve subjectivity and may lead to biased inference, whereas prior specification of the adjustment may exclude important variables from consideration. Accordingly, how to select covariates objectively to gain maximal efficiency is of broad interest. We propose and study the use of modern variable selection methods for this purpose in the context of a semiparametric framework, under which variable selection in modeling the relationship between outcome and covariates is separated from estimation of the treatment effect, circumventing the potential for selection bias associated with standard analysis of covariance methods. We demonstrate that such objective variable selection techniques combined with this framework can identify key variables and lead to unbiased and efficient inference on the treatment effect. A critical issue in finite samples is validity of estimators of uncertainty, such as standard errors and confidence intervals for the treatment effect. We propose an approach to estimation of sampling variation of estimated treatment effect and show its superior performance relative to that of existing methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The extraction of heat from magmas based on heat transfer mechanisms

Abstract Analytical heat transfer calculations are used to relate geological surface evidence to conditions that should exist in magma chambers for the purpose of improving estimates of possible commercial heat extraction rates. These calculations indicate that an upward-melting magma system necessarily is approximately equidimensional and that injected magmas with very high aspect (L/D) ratios are likely formed by a forced intrusion process which involves little if any melting or natural convection. Calculations along with surface heat flow measurements suggest that steady-state heat extraction rates for emplaced heat exchangers in currently suspected shallow magma chambers will probably be below 10 kW m−2, a value that is low by engineering standards.
Human plasma angiotensinogen: a review of purification procedures.

The current status of the purification and characterization of human angiotensinogen is reviewed. One problem encountered in the past has been the copurification of a protein with similar properties. This protein has tentatively been designated alanine-protein. An efficient separation of angiotensinogen and alanine-protein was obtained on a zinc chelate column. Alanine-protein has been purified and its amino acid and carbohydrate composition determined. The COON-terminal amino acid and the NH2-terminal amino acid were determined to be serine and alanine, respectively. Alanine-protein exhibited multiple forms on isoelectric focusing.
The effect of clusters on the development of the software industry in Dalian, China

Abstract The trend toward globalization has not only facilitated the circulation of capital, technology, and talent, but has also provided industries in developing countries with an opportunity for rapid development. This study uses the system dynamics methodology to construct a dynamic development model to explain the phenomenon of clustering in the Dalian, China software industry. The results indicate that the rapid development of the Dalian software industry is the result of a growth effect generated primarily from the clustering of talent, technology, and capital and their mutual reinforcement. This study also discusses future bottlenecks to growth in the Dalian software industry that may result from limited environmental resources.
Family systems medicine: Systemic-constructivist perspectives

In this paper the Family Systems Medicine approach to counselling is presented, which have a baring upon the major theoretical concepts and postulates, and practical issues related to assessment procedures, goals and therapeutic techniques. Emphasis is placed on current constructivist contributions to the development of the model. Also, the strengths and limitations of the above model are discussed.
Clinical-pathologic study of biomarkers in FTDP-17 (PPND family with N279K tau mutation).

Abstract The objective of this clinical-pathologic study was to identify biomarkers for a pallidopontonigral degeneration (PPND) kindred of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) harboring the N279K tau mutation. Five affected subjects, one at-risk who later became symptomatic, and one at-risk asymptomatic mutation carrier, had abnormal 18fluorodeoxyglucose PET demonstrating asymmetric temporal lobe hypometabolism. All except the asymptomatic mutation carrier had abnormal brain MRI. Parkinsonism, myoclonus, anosmia, insomnia, speech, and autonomic dysfunction were identified. Autopsy of six affected subjects showed frontotemporal degeneration with extensive tauopathy. Further studies of FTDP-17 patients are needed to replicate these findings.
Mainstreaming and its Discontents: Fair Trade, Socially Responsible Investing, and Industry Trajectories

Over time, according to popular and academic accounts, alternative trade initiatives [such as fair trade, organics, forest certification, and socially responsible investing (SRI)] almost invariably lose their oppositional stance and go mainstream. That is, they lose their alternative, usually peripheral, and often contrarian character. In this paper, I argue that this is not always the case and that the path to going mainstream is not always an unproblematic one. I observe that while scholars have documented various aspects of specific alternative trade initiatives, little comparative work has been done to theorize their different trajectories. To advance the scholarship, I compare two alternative trade movements, fair trade and SRI, and develop three hypotheses—the relation motivations hypothesis, the material interests hypothesis, and the organization of credibility hypothesis—that explain why going mainstream has been so hotly contested in the fair trade movement but not the SRI movement. I articulate these hypotheses and evaluate their merits.
Values and justice

As we see the world around us, it is difficult not to be moved by the thought that there are huge injustices in the world in which we live. The difficult question that has to be addressed is how ju...
Precise vapor pressure measurements of the solubilization of cyclohexane by sodium octyl sulfate and sodium octyl sulfate micelles

Abstract Accurate vapor pressure-solubility data have been obtained for aqueous solutions of sodium octyl sulfate (SOS) and cyclohexane at 25°C. The results indicate a large variation in the extent of solubilization of cyclohexane by SOS as the surfactant concentration is varied from 0.09 to 0.25 M . A mass action model has been used to infer formation constants for the SOS micelle, the 1:1 complex between SOS and cyclohexane, and species in which one or more cyclohexane molecules are solubilized within the micelle. The free energy change for transferring the first cyclohexane molecule into the micelle is more negative than that for adding successive cyclohexane molecules.
Isotope Effect for Copper Diffusion into Lithium

The diffusion coefficients of copper into lithium have been measured over a temperature range of 90 to 147\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. A single exponential fit of the data gives $D=(0.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2){e}^{\frac{(\ensuremath{-}10000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}600)}{kT}}$. The solubility of copper in lithium was found to be less than 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at.%. The value of the isotope effect $f\ensuremath{\Delta}K$ at 147\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C was 0.11 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03. The results are interpreted in terms of a dissociative mechanism of diffusion.
Land Rent, Peasant Migration, and Political Power in Yao Cun, 1911–1937

In April of 1980 I was received by the Henan Province History Research Institute of the Henan Province Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to begin the first systematic oral political history project on peasant revolution in modern China. The focus of this project is on the problems of livelihood faced by the peasants of Lin county and several other counties in the pre-Liberation period, roughly 1911–49. In May I began an investigation of the history of rural Lin county and the village of Yao Cun, Lin county, Henan. In this essay I will sketch the general social and political history of Yao village in Republican years, and then draw from my preliminary field research to explain the relationship between land rent, the impoverishment of peasant smallholders, and political power in pre-Liberation China in one North China village. This relationship has received minimal emphasis in the literature on peasantry and change in pre-1949 China. One of the many reasons for this has been the tendency of past scholarship to stress the critically important role of the ‘middle peasant village’ in the Chinese revolution. The evidence from Yao cun offers a slight qualification of this middle peasant thesis.
A multi-institutional effort for temporary training of residents displaced by disaster: lessons from Katrina

Objective This study was undertaken to describe a comprehensive, collaborative temporary residency training curriculum after disaster. Study Design The Texas Southeast Alliance was created in response to the Katrina Disaster by regional obstetric/gynecology programs. Principles were devised to guide development of a temporary training curriculum. Learning opportunities were identified and pooled. Affected program directors were contacted who expressed interest in the curriculum which had been approved by institutional officials and appropriate regulatory bodies. Results In total, 41 different training opportunities were made available to the Tulane residents. Twenty-four residents completed 92 rotations in total. Residents met weekly with their program director. Free psychiatric consultative services were provided through resident counseling services. Housing was facilitated wherever possible. Conclusion Consolidation of resources by the Texas Southeast Alliance provided temporary training experiences for Tulane obstetric and gynecology residents displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Effective training can be maintained after disaster by coordinating institutional efforts and establishing governing principles.
A new approach for solving the Five-Point Relative Pose Problem for vision-based estimation and control

The problem of finding the relative camera pose between two calibrated camera views given five matched feature points is called the Five Point Relative Pose Problem. There exists a variety of solutions in the literature. However, existing methods rely on solving an optimization problem that is based on the Essential matrix. The Essential matrix has fundamental weaknesses, and introduces these weaknesses into algorithms that employ it. In this paper, we propose a new and practical method eschews the essential matrix by representing the pose estimation problem in the quaternion space. The new method has numerous advantages. Unlike the Essential Matrix, it is not prone to problems when faced with coplanar points or zero translation between two camera views. Rotation, scaled translation, and scaled depth of the points with respect to both camera frames are simultaneously recovered. Furthermore, the algorithm is robust to noise and can be easily extended to more than five points. Investigations using simulated images under noise have validated the new method and verify that the algorithm can be used in practical context such as Position Based Visual Servoing.
High-temperature phase transitions and low-temperature magnetic ordering in SrRuO 3 and CaRuO 3 ceramics studied using perturbed-angular-correlation spectroscopy

Perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions in the orthorhombically-distorted perovskites ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$ over temperatures ranging from laboratory to very high temperatures. At 77 K, PAC spectroscopy was used to measure combined electric-quadrupole and magnetic-dipole interactions in magnetically ordered ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and pure electric-quadrupole interactions in paramagnetic ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$. The $^{111}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{111}$Cd PAC probe was used for these measurements, and it substituted into the Ru site in ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and very likely into the Ru site in ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$. The temperature dependence of the electric-field-gradient (EFG) parameters for ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ indicates the onset of a structural phase transition at approximately 800 K. The presence of this transition indicates that the laboratory-temperature structure of ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ has lower-than-cubic symmetry. At very high temperatures g1600 K, the structure of ${\mathrm{CaRuO}}_{3}$, as given by the EFG parameters, becomes very similar to the laboratory-temperature structure of ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$. At 77 K in ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$, the measured Ru-site supertransferred hyperfine field is 39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kOe. Using $^{99}\mathrm{Ru}$ and $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ M\"ossbauer-effect information and other $^{111}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{111}$Cd PAC measurements, the magnetic hyperfine fields at the Ru site in ${\mathrm{SrRuO}}_{3}$ and at the Fe site in ${\mathrm{PrFeO}}_{3}$ are compared.