cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impulsive H-alpha diagnostics of electron-beam-heated solar flare model chromospheres

Time-dependent H-alpha profiles were computed for the dynamic model atmospheres of Fisher, Canfield, and McClymont (1985) simulating the effects of an intense impulsively initiated power-law beam of electrons incident on the chromosphere. The temporal response of H-alpha arises from three separate physical mechanisms, whose relative importance varies over the line profile. The fastest variations (typically less than 0.1 s for the explosive heating discussed here) arise from energy imbalance; these are apparent on chromospheric heating and cooling time scales and have their greatest amplitude at line center. Slower variations arise from ionization imbalance and are most apparent in the blue wing. The slowest variations arise from hydrodynamic effects and are related to the formation of a chromospheric condensation; these are most apparent in the red wing. These results provide a basis for the design and analysis of observations of H-alpha, in coordination with hard X-rays or microwaves, to test mechanisms of energy transport in solar flares.
Adhesion of the γ-Ni(Al)/α-Al2O3 interface: a first-principles assessment

Abstract We assess density functional theory studies of the effects of interfacial stoichiometry, Al activity, S segregation and Hf doping on the adhesion of the γ-Ni(Al)/α-Al2O3 interface. Computations of the Al activity in γ-Ni(Al) and of the interfacial phase diagram between 1300 and 1600 K suggest that the interface phase is Al-rich, but close to the boundary with the stoichiometric phase. We reveal that the Al-rich phase has significantly stronger adhesion than the stoichiometric phase and that S substantially decreases the adhesion of both. We demonstrate that doping with Hf yields a substantial improvement in adhesion, manifest in three ways: (i) It can pin S in bulk γ-Ni(Al), even up to 1600 K. (ii) It segregates and, once there, can strengthen the relatively weak stoichiometric interface (attaining a work of separation comparable to that for the strong Al-rich interface). (iii) It has the potential to displace S from interstitial interface sites.
Permanent carbon dioxide storage in deep-sea sediments

Abstract Stabilizing the concentration of atmospheric CO2 may require storing enormous quantities of captured anthropogenic CO2 in near-permanent geologic reservoirs. Because of the subsurface temperature profile of terrestrial storage sites, CO2 stored in these reservoirs is buoyant. As a result, a portion of the injected CO2 can escape if the reservoir is not appropriately sealed. We show that injecting CO2 into deep-sea sediments <3,000-m water depth and a few hundred meters of sediment provides permanent geologic storage even with large geomechanical perturbations. At the high pressures and low temperatures common in deep-sea sediments, CO2 resides in its liquid phase and can be denser than the overlying pore fluid, causing the injected CO2 to be gravitationally stable. Additionally, CO2 hydrate formation will impede the flow of CO2(l) and serve as a second cap on the system. The evolution of the CO2 plume is described qualitatively from the injection to the formation of CO2 hydrates and finally to the dilution of the CO2(aq) solution by diffusion. If calcareous sediments are chosen, then the dissolution of carbonate host rock by the CO2(aq) solution will slightly increase porosity, which may cause large increases in permeability. Karst formation, however, is unlikely because total dissolution is limited to only a few percent of the rock volume. The total CO2 storage capacity within the 200-mile economic zone of the U.S. coastline is enormous, capable of storing thousands of years of current U.S. CO2 emissions. climate change CO2 hydrates energy sequestration
Review of Kazuo Ishiguro, Never Let Me Go. 1 ∗

1. New York, NY: Vintage, 2006. 304 pp. $14.00, paperback. ∗ Spoiler Alert: The following review contains revealing information about the plot and the characters of this work of fiction.
Stimulated microbial reductive dechlorination following surfactant treatment at the Bachman Road site.

A pilot-scale demonstration of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) was conducted in July 2000 at the Bachman Road site located in Oscoda, MI. The Bachman aquifer is a shallow, relatively homogeneous, unconfined aquifer formation composed primarily of sandy glacial outwash with relatively low organic carbon content (0.02 wt %). A 6 wt % aqueous solution of Tween 80 (a nonionic, food-grade surfactant) was flushed through a localized dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone to recover approximately 19 L of tetrachloroethene (PCE). Post-treatment monitoring revealed PCE concentrations were reduced by up to 2 orders of magnitude within the source zone, and there was no evidence of concentration rebound after more than 450 d. Concentrations of PCE dechlorination products (trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene) 450 d after SEAR operations ceased were more than 2 orders of magnitude greater than pretreatment values, suggesting stimulation of native dechlorination activity. Post-treatment mon...
Multiplexed Proteomic Sample Preconcentration Device Using Surface-Patterned Ion-Selective Membrane

In this paper, we report a new method of fabricating a high-throughput protein preconcentrator in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chip format. We print a submicron thick ion-selective membrane on the glass substrate by using standard patterning techniques. By simply plasma-bonding a PDMS microfluidic device on top of the printed glass substrate, we can integrate the ion-selective membrane into the device and rapidly prototype a PDMS preconcentrator without complicated microfabrication and cumbersome integration processes. The PDMS preconcentrator shows a concentration factor as high as ∼104 in 5 min. This printing method even allows fabricating a parallel array of preconcentrators to increase the concentrated sample volume, which can facilitate an integration of our microfluidic preconcentrator chip as a signal enhancing tool to various detectors such as a mass spectrometer.
American geneticists and the eugenics movement: 1905–1935

I have attempted to show that between 1905 and 1935, both internal and external factors were important in producing and influencing geneticists' attitudes toward the eugenics movement. Internal factors operated in several ways during this period. In the first decade of the century, discoveries within genetics supplied geneticists a mode of expression to evoke their already existing social concern by providing a new vocabulary with which to present eugenic proposals. In addition, because these findings were relatively easy to explain to the layman, it became an easy matter for geneticists to popularize eugenics. After 1915, by suggesting the complexity of inheritance, other developments within genetics helped dim their initial enthusiasm for the movement. During this period, factors external to the science of genetics also were important. By producing a general interest in social affairs among many geneticists, the intellectual and social milieu of the late 1800's lay the foundations for their early participation in the eugenics movement. In the 1920's and 1930's the subjection of genetic theory to support preconceived social and political doctrines prompted them to renounce the movement publicly.
Verbal intelligence and self-regulatory competencies: Joint predictors of boys’ aggression ☆

Abstract Two studies examined the interactive effect of receptive verbal intelligence measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and self-regulatory competencies measured in the delay of gratification paradigm on boys’ aggression. Study 1 participants (N = 98) were middle school, low-income boys primarily ethnic minority. Participants for Study 2 (N = 59) were drawn from a treatment camp for boys from low-income neighborhoods with behavioral adjustment problems. In both studies, the interaction between verbal intelligence and self-regulation was significant such that verbal intelligence was associated with lower aggression to a greater extent among boys who had effective self-regulatory skills than among those who had ineffective self-regulatory skills. The implications of these findings for interventions and for a theory of risk factors in aggression are discussed.
Effects of unemployment and underemployment on material hardship in single-mother families☆

Abstract Using data from the 2004 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), this study examined relationships between employment problems and four types of material hardship among single-mother families. Although a bill-paying hardship was the most common hardship reported by the mothers (41%), 38% of the families experienced a health hardship, 33% suffered a food hardship, and 25% had a housing hardship. The multivariate results indicate that compared with families whose mothers were adequately employed, families whose mothers were unemployed/had involuntary job gaps and were underemployed had heightened risks of experiencing bill-paying, health, and housing hardships. Only unemployment/involuntary job gaps was related to having a food hardship. A number of other factors associated with experiencing material hardship also were identified. Finally, implications for social work practice and social policy are discussed.
A TWIN STUDY OF GENDER: INFLUENCED INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN GENERAL COGNITIVE ABILITY

Abstract In order to test the hypothesis that the etiology of individual differences in general cognitive ability differs in males and females, full-scale IQ data from a sample of 426 twin pairs [211 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs, 128 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, and 87 opposite-sex DZ twin pairs], with a mean age of 11.85 years, were fitted to a structural equation model of sex-limitation. Resulting estimates of heritability did not differ significantly in males and females (0.69 and 0.41, respectively), and corresponding estimates of the variance due to shared-environmental influences (0.10 and 0.32) were not significantly different from zero. Moreover, the estimate of the between-sex genetic correlation was one, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.61–1.00. Thus, individual differences in general cognitive ability appear to be due substantially to common genetic influences in males and females.
The salmonella problem from an enforcement standpoint

The importance and significance of salmonella contamination in foods and drugs are discussed. Products presenting the greatest problems in the last two years have been dried milk, egg products, drug and enzyme substances of animal origin, basic protein feed ingredients of animal origin such as fish meal, meat scrap, rendered tankage and related substances. Prepared ready-to-eat foods, dried yeast, chocolate and similarly processed foods have more recently been identified as potential vectors, thus compounding the problem. Gaps in knowledge concerning mechanism of man to man, man to animal, and animal to man infections present handicaps to effective control measures. Lack of data on survival of the organism, conditions favorable to proliferation, and the avenues of contamination in various food and drug processes further complicate control.
Process discrimination in a noisy environment

A probabilistic analysis of a state space trajectory generation technique for process or object identification in the presence of noise is performed. It is shown that this technique permits good discrimination against noise for a predictable process and that a set of optimum data processing parameters exist which maximize the probability of detection.
Prostaglandin E biosynthesis during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract Initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes immediate drop in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) with activation of complex neurohumoral reflex mechanisms and redistribution of systemic blood flow. Prostaglandin E (PGE) is a potent vasodilator released during ischemia and low flow states. This study was designed to determine if CPB provided stimulus for PGE biosynthesis and its effect on PVR. Fourteen dogs were placed on CPB for 60 min at 80 ml/kg/min. Plasma PGE concentration and PVR were determined prior to and immediately after the start of CPB and at 15-min intervals. There were eight control animals (Group I) and six (Group II) had PGE inhibited by indomethacin (2.5 mg/kg). With the initiation of CPB, PVR decreased to 18 ± 1 U in both groups. In Group I, PGE increased from 404 ± 88 to 619 ± 256 pg/ml. In Group II, PGE levels dropped from 363 ± 94 to 218 ± 96 pg/ml after indomethacin block and did not change in response to CPB. At 15 min, Group I PVR rose to 30 ± 3 U while Group II PVR was higher at 42 ± 2 U ( P P P These data show that PGE is released in response to the initiation of CPB and is one of several factors affecting PVR during CPB.
MasPaWS — a Massively Parallel War Simulator

Abstract We describe the design, implementation and performance of a battlefield simulator for massively parallel SIMD machines. MasPaWS (Massively Parallel War Simulator) is a first generation prototype that simulates the battle dynamics of a two-dimensional theater to the level of individual tanks in a battlefield having certain terrain features. Objects in the battlefield are the terrain features and tanks. The battle cycles through a set of protocols: perception and combat, update combat, migration and update migration . MasPaWS, written in Maspar Programming Language (MPL), has been implemented on MasPar machine. The salient features of MasPaWS include: 1. (1) use of simple protocols to match machine architecture, 2. (2) parametrization of several quantities to control the computation of and communication between MasPar processors and to estimate performance, and 3. (3) interactive user input for terrain specification and generation and other key parameters. Our work appears to be the first of its kind in war simulation on a massively parallel SIMD machine, using thousands of processors. Our results indicate that MasPaWS is both data and architecture scalable for battlefield simulation, while achieving high efficiency at the same time.
POLYLIN: A FORTRAN IV program for the analysis of multiplicative (multilinear) trend components of interactions

The ci is the deviation of the Row i means from the grand mean; the same holds for Cj and the Column j mean. These are essentially the linear orthogonal polynomial coefficients for the row and column factors, respectively. The Cij provide the coefficients for the linear by linear component of the interaction. The sum of squares for the bilinear component is computed from: model results from testing the residual 55, that is, the difference between the total interaction 55 and the multilinear 55. If the model is successful, then the derived coefficients provide estimates of the psychological values along each factor. These values are generally on an interval scale, although ratio scale estimates can also be obtained depending on the experimental design (see Shanteau, 1974). The logic of this estimation procedure is based on the functional measurement approach (Anderson, 1974). The basis for the statistical test comes from developments of Mandel (l961) and Tukey (l949). Program Operation. POLYLIN is designed to extract the multilinear sum of squares from each interaction in up to a four-factor design. To extract each term, coefficients are calculated based on the marginal means:
Mutual Attraction of Laser Beams in Plasmas: Braided Light

Using a variational method, we show that an effective attractive force exists between two Gaussian laser beams in a plasma because of a mutual coupling from relativistic mass corrections. The effective force can be generalized to other nonlinearities. This force can cause two laser beams to spiral around each other with a rotation period that is proportional to the Rayleigh length. These orbits are stable if the ratio of the orbit diameter to the laser spot size d{sub 0}/W{sub 0}{<=}{radical}(2) . Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are presented which confirm the mutual attraction. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Incidence of yersiniosis in children with suspected acute appendicitis A prospective study

Infection with Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis has been associated with acute appendicitis. Data for northern European countries show an incidence of up to 20% in patients with acute abdominal pain and up to 30% in acute appendicitis. There are no data for these infections in children in Switzerland; therefore, a prospective study was started. Repeated serum samples were tested for antibodies against Y. enterocolitica 0:3, 0:9 and Y. pseudotuberculosis in 100 consecutive patients who underwent appendectomy for presumed appendicitis. In 85 patients acute appendicitis was histologically ascertained, but no acute infection with one of the tested bacteria was found. In the remaining 15, in which appendicitis was not proved histologically, an infection with Y. enterocolitica 0:3 was found in only 1 patient. Our data do not support an emphasis on yersiniosis in the differential diagnosis of appendicitis in Switzerland at the present time.
Plasma protein binding of drugs after severe burn injury

Plasma protein binding in seven severely burned (35% to 85% of body) patients 1 to 25 days after burn injury was examined for two drugs: diazepam (DZ), which binds mainly to serum albumin (ALB), and imipramine (IMI), which binds primarily to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG). Protein binding was determined by equilibrium dialysis, and AAG concentrations were measured by radial immunodiffusion. AAG concentrations increased from 36 to 99 mg/dl (day 1) to 221 to 268 mg/dl (days 5 to 20). The IMI free fraction values decreased from 11.2%-19.7% to 5.5%-7.8% and correlated well with AAG concentrations. IMI free fraction values were lower in burned patients (10.8% +/- 0.8%) than in healthy controls (15.3% +/- 0.7%). In contrast, DZ free fraction did not correlate with AAG or ALB concentrations. The DZ free fraction ranged from 1.5% to 8.04%, and changes in a given individual did not relate to time after injury. Free fraction of DZ was higher in the burned population (3.5% +/- 0.37%) than in healthy controls (1.25% +/- 0.05%). Basic drugs that are highly bound to AAG may show progressive, increased binding after burn injury, whereas drugs binding to ALB may decrease after burn injury. Such binding changes can alter the interpretation of total serum or plasma drug concentrations.
The effect of human C-reactive protein on the cell-attachment activity of fibronectin and laminin

We have previously reported that purified human C-reactive protein (CRP) specifically binds to the cell-binding region of plasma fibronectin (Fn) in a Ca2+-dependent reaction that is saturable at a molar ratio of CRP/Fn of approximately 9. In this study, the binding of CRP to Fn was found to interfere with the cell-attachment promoting activity of Fn. The inhibition of cell attachment was dependent on the concentration of the CRP and involved the phosphorylcholine (PC) binding site of CRP since inhibition was prevented by allowing the CRP to react with either PC (or closely related monophosphate compounds) or a mAb specific for the PC-binding site of CRP. Binding of CRP to laminin was also Ca2+-dependent; however, this binding did not alter the cell-attachment promoting activity of laminin. CRP by itself does not mediate cell attachment. Since CRP is selectively deposited at sites of tissue damage along with plasma Fn and has the ability to bind to Fn and alter its cell-binding activity, CRP may modulate early events in tissue repair.
Cost-engineering modeling to support rapid concept development of an advanced infrared satellite system

Current architectural and design trade techniques often carry unaffordable alternatives late into the decision process. Early decisions made during the concept exploration and development (CED thus, designers must be able to assess both the performance and cost impacts of their early choices. The Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS) cost engineering model (CEM) described in this paper is an end-to-end process integrating engineering and cost expertise through commonly available spreadsheet software, allowing for concurrent design engineering and cost estimation to identify and balance system drives to reduce acquisition costs. The automated interconnectivity between subsystem models using spreadsheet software allows for the quick and consistent assessment of the system design impacts and relative cost impacts due to requirement changes. It is different from most CEM efforts attempted in the past as it incorporates more detailed spacecraft and sensor payload models, and has been applied to determine the cost drivers for an advanced infrared satellite system acquisition. The CEM is comprised of integrated detailed engineering and cost estimating relationships describing performance, design, and cost parameters. Detailed models have been developed to evaluate design parameters for the spacecraft bus and sensor; both step-starer and scanner sensor types incorporate models of focal plane array, optics, processing, thermal, communications, and mission performance. The current CEM effort has provided visibility to requirements, design, and cost drivers for system architects and decision makers to determine the configuration of an infrared satellite architecture that meets essential requirements cost effectively. In general, the methodology described in this paper consists of process building blocks that can be tailored to the needs of many applications. Descriptions of the spacecraft and payload subsystem models provide insight into The Aerospace Corporation expertise and scope of the SBIRS concept development effort.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Where is the value in value engineering

Nearly $200 billion of health care construction is expected by the year 2015, and nurse leaders must expand their knowledge about the environmental hazards that the healthcare industry produces in daily operations and in construction of new facilities. This bimonthly department prepares nurse leaders to use the evidence-based design process to ensure that new, expanded, and renovated hospitals facilitate optimal patient experiences and outcomes, enhance the work environment for healthcare providers, and improve organizational performance. In this article, the author discusses value engineering, value management, and lean project delivery methods and the importance o f nurses' involvement to ensure that value is not engineered out of the project.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hexametallic Molecular Hosts Featuring Large Cavity Volumes and Constrained Cavity Port Sizes

The synthesis and characterization of hexametallic host molecules is described. The new molecules utilize 2,2′-bipyrimidine to bridge rhenium(I) tricarbonyls at three points along the short edge of...
VORTEX INSTABILITY OF NATURAL CONVECTION FLOW ON INCLINED SURFACES

Abstract The linear stability of laminar natural convection flow adjacent to a heated, inclined, upwardfacing plate is investigated for disturbances having the form of longitudinal vortices. The stability problem is formulated with account being taken of the fact that the basic flow and temperature fields depend on the streamwise coordinate. One of the demonstrated consequences of retaining the transverse velocity of the basic flow is the so-called bottling effect, wherein the disturbance vorticity and temperature are contained within the respective boundary layers of the basic flow. The calculated neutral stability curves exhibit an altogether different character depending upon whether the streamwise dependence of the basic flow and temperature fields is taken into account or suppressed; the magnitude of the critical Grashof numbers from the two models differs by several orders of magnitude. The results also show that the greater the inclination of the plate from the vertical, the more susceptible is the flow to the vortex-type instability. The relationship of the analytical results to available experimental information is discussed.
Enantiomeric differences in the effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on extracellular monoamines and metabolites in the striatum of freely-moving rats: an in vivo microdialysis study.

The effects of (+) and (−) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and racemic p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on extracellular dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), as well as the metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were determined in dialysates of the striatum conscious rats by using intracerebral dialysis and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC). The (+) and (−)MDMA isomers (5, 10 mg/kg, s.c.) and PCA (2.5, 5 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a rapid increase of extracellular levels of dopamine and decreased extracellular levels of DOPAC and HVA immediately after administration in dialysates of striatum. The order of potency for this effect was PCA>(+)MDMA>(−)MDMA. The levels of 5-HIAA also decreased after the administration of drugs, but the effect had a slower time course than DOPAC and HVA and did not exhibit an enantiomeric difference. The data indicate that, although these drugs are thought to affect the 5-HT neuronal system preferentially, they also affect dopamine systems and by a mechanism in which the (+) isomer was more potent than the (−).
Alcohol and false recognition: a dose-effect study.

Rationale: The pattern of acute memory impairment produced by alcohol is similar to that produced by the benzodiazepines. However, in contrast to demonstrations that benzodiazepines decrease false recognition rates, results of a recent study suggest that a low dose of alcohol increases false recognition rates; false recognition refers to the phenomenon of mistakenly claiming that one has been exposed previously to a novel item. Objective: This study was designed to examine the acute dose-effects of alcohol on false recognition. Methods: Effects of alcohol (0.27 and 0.60 g/kg) on performance in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott false recognition paradigm were examined in a repeated measures placebo-controlled double-blind design in 18 healthy volunteers. Results: The 0.60 g/kg dose of alcohol significantly reduced true recognition rates (measured by hit rate) and induced a more conservative response bias (measured by C) relative to placebo; however, neither alcohol dose significantly impaired participants' sensitivity in discriminating between old and new words (d′). Neither alcohol dose affected false recognition rates. Conclusions: Effects of alcohol on false recognition and on response bias may differ from those observed previously with benzodiazepines. A direct comparison at equivalent doses will be necessary to draw conclusions about qualitative differences between alcohol and benzodiazepines.
Noninvasive photoacoustic sentinel lymph node mapping using Au nanocages as a lymph node tracer in a rat model

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been widely performed and become the standard procedure for axillary staging in breast cancer patients. In current SLNB, identification of SLNs is prerequisite, and blue dye and/or radioactive colloids are clinically used for mapping. However, these methods are still intraoperative, and especially radioactive colloids based method is ionizing. As a result, SLNB is generally associated with ill side effects. In this study, we have proposed near-infrared Au nanocages as a new tracer for noninvasive and nonionizing photoacoustic (PA) SLN mapping in a rat model as a step toward clinical applications. Au nanocages have great features: biocompatibility, easy surface modification for biomarker, a tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) which allows for peak absorption to be optimized for the laser being used, and capsule-type drug delivery. Au nanocage-enhanced photoacoustic imaging has the potential to be adjunctive to current invasive SLNB for preoperative axillary staging in breast cancer patients.
Updating the Theory

The International Phonetic Association is not usually considered as a group of theoreticians. If the members have a self-image, they probably consider themselves as practical people, who apply their particular skills to real problems such as pronunciation teaching, speech pathology, the description of spoken languages, and speech recognition. They probably do not think of themselves as part of one of the very few organized groups in the world that promulgates an official theory about its subject matter. But that is precisely what the International Phonetic Association does. It sanctions an official set of symbols for representing the sounds of spoken language. By doing so it prescribes a certain way of describing sounds; the symbols are, after all, just symbols. They are shorthand ways of representing certain information, namely, the choices permitted by the phonetic theory.
P39.02: Fetal echocardiography in ovarian cysts

ranged from 2 to 36 (mean, 18.87 ± 13.07) months. In most cases the tumor masses decreased after birth (n = 6), but had no change in utero (n = 5). Three of them were diagnosed as tuberous sclerosis after birth, and none of them needed surgical intervention. Conclusion: Fetal cardiac tumors and their effect on the fetal cardiac function could be well evaluated by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. The fetal cardiac tumor may have little effect on the fetal well being, both prenatally and postnatally. We cannot suggest the definite association of fetal rhabdomyomas and tuberous sclerosis.
Distributed representation of spatial fields through an adaptive interpolation scheme

We present a procedure to adapt an interpolation scheme to represent spatial fields as they are measured by a mobile sensor network. The procedure incorporates new sensor (synchronous) measurements in a similar fashion to a Kalman filter-like recursion. Using ideas from distributed consensus algorithms, we show how the scheme corresponding to nearest-neighbor interpolations admits decentralization over a directed proximity graph related to the Delaunay graph.
Bilinear discrete-time modeling for enhanced stability prediction and digital control design

This paper presents a new bilinear discrete-time modeling method for switching power converter circuits. The method utilizes a new approximation of the matrix exponential involved in the exact discrete-time models. Compared to the conventional bilinear discrete-time models or to the continuous-time averaged models, the new bilinear models provide a means for more reliable and accurate stability and transient response prediction. They also lend themselves better to digital control design than do the exact discrete-time models due to their simplicity. The modeling method is validated by several example converters, for which traditional averaged models and conventional bilinear discrete-time models fail to predict the stability characteristics correctly.
Vapor Phase Cleaning of Silicon Wafers

Vapor phase cleaning of silicon wafers is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on oxide etching and removal, including the mechanisms involved in vapor HF etching of silicon oxides. Other items discussed include native oxide formation, impurity removal, and device applications. Future directions involving other chemistries and integrated processing are summarized.
Relationships Between Various Stimuli for MCL

Five test stimuli (pulsed 1000Hz pure tone, continuous 1000Hz pure-tone, white noise, speech, and music) were employed to determine the reliability of the MCL (Most Comfortable Level) measurement and interrelations among the various test stimuli. The reliability of the MCL, as reflected in correlations, was found to be high on test-retest for each of the five stimuli employed. The MCL variability for each test stimuli among subjects was substantially greater than that of threshold determination for the same stimulus. MCL differences between test stimuli were large. In as much as MCL was found to be more variable than threshold testing on test-retest, between several stimuli, and for the same stimulus over a period of several minutes, it is recommended that Most Comfortable Range (MCR) be used in place of MCL when referring to this determination.
Nanotechnology for smart flight control surfaces

This paper focuses on the design of smart control surfaces for micro air vehicles using nano- and microscale actuators and sensors. These thin-film-based actuators/sensors are uniquely suitable for mini air vehicles, missiles, and interceptors. We use multi-layered microactuators (fabricated using thin-film technology) to displace and change the geometry of control surfaces. These thin-film actuators/sensors (transducers) are integrated as the large-scale arrays. Furthermore, nano- and microscale transducers should be controlled changing the applied voltage supplied to each actuator or measuring the voltage induced by each sensor. The major objective of this paper is to report fundamental and applied research in modeling, analysis and design of flight surfaces with thin-film-based actuator-sensor arrays controlled by hierarchically distributed systems. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of smart flight surfaces for coordinated longitudinal and lateral vehicle control (pitch, roll, and yaw moments are developed deflecting and changing the geometry of control surfaces). Active aerodynamic flow control can be achieved in order to reduce the drag.
The immune system and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: from carcinogenesis to new therapeutic opportunities

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) exhibit complex interactions with the host immune system that may simultaneously explain resistance to various therapeutic modalities and that may also provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Discoveries in immunologic research over the last decade have led to an increased understanding of these interactions as well as the development of a multitude of investigational immunotherapies. Here, we describe the interaction between HNSCC and the immune system, including a discussion of immune cells involved with tumor carcinogenesis and the role of immune-modulating factors derived from tumors. We also describe the current immunotherapeutic approaches being investigated for HNSCC, including a discussion of the successes and limitations. With this review, we hope to present HNSCC as a model to guide future research in cancer immunology.
How Democracy Affects Growth

Abstract This paper introduces a new methodology to examine the empirical relationship between democracy and economic growth. Democratic institutions are assumed to affect growth through a series of channels. We specify and estimate a full system of equations determining growth and the channel variables. Results suggest that democracy fosters growth by improving the accumulation of human capital and, less robustly, by lowering income inequality. On the other hand, democracy hinders growth by reducing the rate of physical capital accumulation and, less robustly, by raising the ratio of government consumption to GDP. Once all of these indirect effects are accounted for, the overall effect of democracy on economic growth is moderately negative. Our results indicate that democratic institutions are responsive to the demands of the poor by expanding access to education and lowering income inequality, but do so at the expense of physical capital accumulation.
A comparison of the continuum spectra of four comets

Abstract The continuum spectra of comets carry information concerning the physical and chemical properties of solid coma grains. Although it is not feasible to use the continuum spectra to uniquely characterize the solid grains, variations among the continua of different comets may reveal subtle differences in their respective grain populations. We have taken and reduced optical spectra of four comets in the wavelength range 3700–7300 A using a single observing system and reduction procedure. The continua all appear reddened with respect to the solar spectrum. The amount of reddening is consistent with a prevalence of ∼2-μm-sized grains in all four comets, if the refractive indices of the grains are approximately equal to those of terrestrial rocks. Significant color differences were measured among the comets. Different intrinsic grain properties are suggested since the scattering geometries were very similar. The amount of reddening does not appear to be correlated with the amount of dust in the coma.
Impact of Channel Models on Adaptive M-QAM Modulation for MIMO Systems

In this paper, we examine an adaptively modulated Open Loop MIMO (OL-MIMO) system that uses a modified V-BLAST transmission technique with limited feedback and a Closed Loop MIMO system (CL-MIMO) that employs a waterfilling strategy. The performance of these systems are evaluated using measured MIMO channel matrices and compared with the performance predicted by two analytical models, a link-end correlation-based model known as the Kronecker model and an eigen-based model developed by Weicheselberger [1]. Results show that the Weichselberger model accurately predicts the average channel behavior while the Kronecker model severely underestimates the throughput of the channel at high SNRs.
Bi-criteria evaluation of an outpatient procedure center via simulation

Surgical services require the coordination of many activities, including patient check-in and surgical preparation, surgery, and recovery after surgery. Each of these activities requires the availability of resources including staff, operating rooms, and intake and recovery beds. Furthermore, each of these activities has substantial uncertainty in their duration. The combination of a complex resource constrained environment, and uncertainty in the duration of activities, creates challenging scheduling problems. In this study we report on a discrete event simulation model of an outpatient surgical suite, and investigate the impact of several sequencing and scheduling heuristics on competing performance criteria.
WINTER SURVIVAL OF LESSER SCAUP IN EAST‐CENTRAL FLORIDA

Abstract The North American continental population of lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) has been declining since the mid-1980s. Seasonal survival estimates may provide insights about the ecological basis for this decline, but such data are not available. We estimated post-harvest winter survival of lesser scaup in east-central Florida, USA, where 62% of the Atlantic Flyway population winters. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimate from 11 January to 14 March 2002 was 0.95 ± 0.04 (SE) for females and 0.90 ± 0.09 for males. These estimates were not different (P = 0.64), and pooled survival was 0.93 ± 0.04. Temporary emigration (movement out of and return to the study area) was exhibited by 25% of the birds during survey periods, but absences were short and were believed to have had little effect on precision of survival estimates. Our findings suggested that natural mortality at Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge (MINWR) and surrounding estuarine areas was relatively low. Our results also indicate that habitat...
Unsettling Sexual Citizenship

This essay/review by Ruthann Robson and Tanya Kessler, published at 53 McGill Law Journal 535-571 (2008), situates Brenda Cossman's book Sexual Citizens in the context of sexual-citizenship discourse, which has arisen from the critique of dominant theories of citizenship that fail to recognize citizenship as gendered, racialized and sexualized. Cossman employs the term "citizenship" to mean not only a formal legal status, but also metaphorically as forms of belonging, recognition and participation. Using examples from popular culture, she seeks to illustrate that the emerging sexual citizenship of sexual minorities in the United States is overtly sexual, yet also privatized and self-disciplined. Using Sexual Citizens as an illustration, the authors suggest that sexual citizenship discourse currently neglects the issue of sexual minorities' access to formal citizenship. In many cases, formal citizenship status is even presumed. At a time of burgeoning repression of immigrants in the United States and elsewhere, sexual-citizenship discourse should be more cognizant of citizenship as a formal legal status and explore the manner in which immigration law regulates sexual practices. Although the language of citizenship can provide some valuable metaphors for sexual minorities and is an apt response where the nation-state invokes citizenship to regulate behaviour, this analysis should confront the notion of citizenship itself. Indeed, the rubric for theorizing the regulation of citizenship should not necessarily be citizenship, since it risks perpetuating the notion's noninclusiveness. The authors thus propose that a language of "personhood" may be more suitable in pursuing rights and participation for sexual minorities.
Democracy, Right to, International Protection

International law increasingly addresses questions of political democracy. This entry in the Encyclopedia of Public International Law explores the doctrinal basis for the claim that an international "right" to democratic governance now exists. First, it explores the competing definitions of "democracy" evident in international legal practice. Second, it reviews the links between democratic principles and notions of regime legitimacy, which have underpinned efforts by a variety of international organizations to promote democratic institutions. These links also underlie the organizations' responses to interruptions of democratic government, which have included suspending the offending states from participation in treaty organs. The entry concludes that for a number of reasons a "right" to democratic governance must be seen as still emerging rather than fully secured.
Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life, by Colin Murray Parkes

Bereavement is a commonly experienced, often expected, state of grief following the loss of a significant person. The inevitability of personal loss causes bereavement issues to be so common that m...
Foxa1 is essential for mammary duct formation

The transcription factor forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1) plays a critical role in the proliferation of human breast cancer cells, particularly estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive luminal breast cancer cells. However, genetic studies of the requirement for Foxa1 in mammary tumor formation in mice have been hampered by the lack of a conditional gene ablation. We examined three mouse models of mammary-specific ablation of Foxa1 in ductal epithelial cells to identify the best system for complete and mammary-specific ablation of Foxa1. We found that MMTV-Cre and MMTV-rtTA;Tet-On-Cre led to partial deletion of Foxa1 and attenuated mammary duct formation, whereas Krt14-Cre led to complete ablation of Foxa1 and abolished mammary duct formation, in Foxa1(loxP/loxP) mice. These results demonstrate that Foxa1 is essential for mammary duct formation, and reveal a series of mouse models in which mammary expression of Foxa1 can be attenuated or completely blocked. Our study also suggests a potentially powerful model for complete ablation of Foxa1 in mammary epithelial cells using Krt14-driven Cre expression in an inducible manner, such as Krt14-rtTA;Tet-On-Cre. This model system will facilitate further in vivo functional studies of Foxa1 or other factors in mammary gland development and tumor formation and progression. genesis 54:277-285, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Worms in the emergency department

A 25 year old woman presented to our emergency department with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Physical examination showed abdominal tenderness. Blood …
Behavior of infant rhesus monkeys with thalidomide-induced malformations: A pilot study

Infant monkeys having gross upper limb malformations compensate for manually performed tasks by using the mouth and feet. In overall levels of maternal, peer, and environmental interaction they showed a slight deficit only in exploratory activity in comparison with normal infants.
Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Activity Patterns in the Monkey Thalamus During Visual Behavior

We show for the first time with in vitro recording that burst firing in thalamic relay cells of the monkey is evoked by activation of voltage-dependent, low threshold Ca2+ spikes (LTSs), as has bee...
Residual Dipolar Couplings in Small-Molecule NMR

The 2-D structure of most small molecules can be in principle straightforwardly determined by manual or automatic analysis of a set of experimental data that include the molecular formula, a series of 1-D and 2-D NMR experiments providing through-bond connectivity Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Total Correlations Spectroscopy (TOCSY), Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation (HMBC), and ADEQUATE/INADEQUATE-based experiments), and chemical shift predictions. Once the 2-D structure is available, the determination of relative configuration is a challenging task that it is commonly addressed in NMR by using nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) and 3 J coupling constant analysis. The development of the application of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) to the configurational and conformational analysis of small molecules has matured enough in recent years to perform this task in an almost straightforward way, without even the need of using NOE and 3 J coupling analysis, as will be presented here for the analysis of rigid and semirigid small molecules. Different types of alignment media, experiments to measure RDCs, and how the RDC data are used in the structural analysis of small molecules are described in this article.
Nutritional Assessment: Age 2–20 Years

This chapter focuses on inclusive features of the nutritional assessment of 2- to 20-year-olds with cystic fibrosis (CF). Multiple components comprise a comprehensive nutrition assessment including obtaining anthropometric and biochemical data; performing a complete clinical assessment; and taking a thorough history of diet, related illnesses, stools, vitamins, minerals, and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Anthropometric data should include weight, height, growth velocity, body mass index (BMI), and may include arm circumference and skinfold measurements. Routine biochemical data should be obtained on a yearly basis and include labs that reflect a basic metabolic profile, plus assessment of liver and vitamin status. The clinical assessment with good physical exam skills should be done at every visit and can provide insight into the nutritional status of the patient with cystic fibrosis. A complete diet history is essential to assess nutrient intake relative to growth indices and provides valuable information regarding intake patterns and practices. Related illnesses including CF liver disease and CF-related diabetes present additional challenges for the patient with CF. A detailed stool and gastrointestinal history is crucial, as this can provide insight into other disease processes which may affect the child’s nutritional status. A thorough vitamin and mineral history assists in ensuring that the patient is receiving proper supplementation in relation to requirements. Finally, a comprehensive pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy history allows for evaluation of adequacy of dosing and updated dosing recommendations. This chapter serves as a general guideline for a basic nutritional assessment.
Strategies and Methods for Clinical Scientists to Study Sex-Specific Cardiovascular Health and Disease in Women

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] Substantial disparities exist in the prevention, diagnostic methodology, recognition, management, and clinical outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. Under-representation of women in cardiovascular clinical