cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metastatic lesions involving the cerebellopontine angle.

PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical and MR findings of metastatic lesions involving the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), which may be useful in differentiating them from the more commonly occurring benign CPA lesions. METHODS Clinical and MR findings of 14 patients with clinical/radiologic (seven) or pathologic (seven) diagnoses of CPA metastasis were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Useful clinical findings included acute onset and rapid progression of cranial nerve symptoms, especially 7th and/or 8th cranial nerve deficits (92.9%). Cranial nerve symptoms could be unilateral (50%) and frequently involved multiple cranial nerves (64.3%). MR findings showed significantly more extensive disease than suggested by clinical presentation, with 100% of patients having multiple cranial nerve involvement and 85.7% bilateral. Useful MR findings included small and/or bilateral CPA-enhancing lesions with relative isointensity to brain parenchyma on precontrast MR, with associated findings of multiple and/or bilateral cranial nerve and/or leptomeningeal lesions. CONCLUSIONS These associated findings suggest that cerebrospinal fluid dissemination and/or leptomeningeal extension may be an important pathway for metastatic spread to the CPA. Because the CPA metastasis may be the initial or only site of metastasis, and may occur many years after the initial diagnosis of malignancy, MR findings with clinical correlation are not only useful for the detection of CPA metastases, but also for their differentiation from the more common benign CPA tumors.
Theories of Massive Star Formation: Collisions, Accretion and the View from the "I" of Orion

I review the arguments motivating models for massive star formation via stellar collisions. I then describe how the standard accretion scenario, involving the collapse of a quasi-hydrostatic gas core, can produce high-mass stars in the pressurized regions of forming star clusters. I argue that the observational evidence, particularly in the Orion hot core, favors the standard accretion paradigm.
The Time Course of Language Change

This paper presents a numeric and information theoretic model for themeasuring of language change, without specifying the particular type ofchange. It is shown that this measurement is intuitively plausibleand that meaningful measurements canbe made from as few as 1000 characters. This measurement techniqueis extended to the task of determining the ``rate'' of language changebased on an examination of brief excerpts from the NationalGeographic Magazine and determining both their linguistic distancefrom one another as well as the number of years of temporal separation.A statistical analysis of these results shows, first, that language changecan be measured, and second, that the rate of languagechange has not been uniform, and that in particular, the period 1939-;1948had particularly slow change, while 1949-;1958 and 1959-;1968 hadparticularly rapid changes.
Copyright vs. Consumers

From the beginning, copyright has been driven by subversive technology. The forerunners of today's copyright laws go back to the invention of the printing press, with its unprecedented potential for spreading heresy and rebellion. Within our century, too, technology has had a tendency to undermine the established order. But rather than government or the church, today it is the content industries that are threatened. Film, radio, photocopiers, analog tape recorders, videocassette recorders, digital audio tape, CD burners, MP3 players - all have produced handwringing and predictions of imminent doom. And technological change is accelerating, making content industries wish they could set back the technology clock. This article explores the challenges that content industries must overcome in today’s technological world, and how copyright law ought to change in order to provide a fair balance between the industries and consumers.
Purchasing of Electronic Backfiles: Results of a Survey

Publishers have been digitizing their journal backfiles and have been offering these backfiles for purchase to libraries in various packages. Serials and acquisitions librarians were surveyed to evaluate four types of backfile packages, and to determine the selection criteria being considered when making these purchases.
Wireless communications based system to monitor performance of rail vehicles

This paper describes a recently developed remote monitoring system, based on a combination of embedded computing, digital signal processing, wireless communications, GPS, and GIS technologies. The system includes onboard platforms installed on each monitored vehicle and a central station located in an office. Each onboard platform detects various events onboard a moving vehicle, tags them with time and location information, and delivers the data to an office through wireless communications channels. The central station logs the data into a database and displays the location and status of each vehicle, as well as detected events, on a map. Waveform traces from all sensor channels can be sent with each event and can be viewed by the central station operator. The system provides two-way wireless communication between the central station and mobile onboard platforms. Depending on coverage requirements and customer preferences, communication can be provided through satellite, circuit-switch cellular, digital wireless communication links or a combination of these methods. Settings and software changes may be made remotely from the central station, eliminating the need to capture the monitored vehicle. The onboard platform can be configured for installation on any rail vehicle, including locomotives, passenger cars and freight cars. Depending on the application, the onboard platform can monitor either its own sensors or existing onboard sensors. The system has been used for several railroad applications including ride quality measurement, high cant deficiency monitoring, truck hunting detection, and locomotive health monitoring. The paper describes the system, these applications, and discusses some of the results.
Dynamic Performance of a Chip Level Adaptive Equalizer in a UMTS High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Terminal

The HSDPA mode of the 3GPP UMTS FDD standard extends the peak downlink rate of the W-CDMA waveform to 14 Mbps. To achieve high rates across a multipath channel the demodulator must include an advanced receiver rather than a conventional Rake. This paper presents the performance of an NLMS-based adaptive equalizer that supports mobile velocities as high as 250 km/h. The equalizer works with radio and implementation impairments typical of a non-HSDPA receiver, so redesign of the terminal front end is not required. A key aspect of the design is dynamically adjusting the equalizer step size and leakage parameter. There is often concern about the ability of an adaptive algorithm to operate in a highly mobile environment. The transient behavior is discussed in the context of HSDPA operation and examples are provided of initial convergence and operation after a sudden change in propagation conditions.
Characterization of fibrous retrocorneal membrane by confocal microscopy.

Purpose To study the appearance of a fibrous retrocorneal membrane as seen by confocal microscopy. Methods A 67-year-old white woman with a history of multiple ocular surgeries, including repeated penetrating keratoplasties for aphakic bullous keratopathy, developed a retrocorneal membrane in the right eye. The membrane was first noticed 3 years after the last corneal transplant and remained stable subsequently. The patient was examined by in vivo white light tandem-scanning confocal microscopy. Results At the level of the retrocorneal membrane, confocal microscopy disclosed the presence of a hyperreflective fibrous-appearing layer. Normal endothelial cells could not be found. Anterior to the hyperreflective layer, activated keratocytes were identified. Conclusion Confocal microscopy may allow noninvasive diagnosis of fibrous retrocorneal membrane. Additionally, our data suggest that the posterior keratocytes might play a role in the production and deposition of fibrous tissue.
The precipitation sequence of Ni 3 Ti in Co-free maraging steel

TEM, microdiffraction, and X-ray microanalysis were used to study the precipitation processes in Co-free maraging steel. Austenite crystals were found to nucleate in the martensite matrix as the first step in the precipitation sequence of Ni3Ti. The austenite reversion is a result of Ni segregation. Ni3Ti nucleates in the austenite. The shape and orientation of Ni3Ti is determined by the austenite precursor. The same sequence occurs for heterogeneous nucleation on dislocations and grain boundaries. At the later stages of growth Mo is incorporated in the Ni3Ti lattice.
Lateral carrier confinement and threshold current reduction in GaN QW lasers with deeply etched mesa

Shallow etch depths may contribute to a reduction in the optical gain of MQW lasers through the lateral diffusion of carriers away from the region of greatest optical intensity. Deeply etched mesas can prevent this lateral diffusion, but may themselves contribute to a degradation of optical gain if the sidewalls are not effectively passivated. Simulation results considering the effects of surface recombination velocity (SRV) at the edge of the etched active layers indicate that SRV must be reduced below approximately 105 cm/s in order for deep etch designs to provide benefit. Very few experimental studies quantify the efficiency of GaN surface passivation in terms of SRV. Further experimental studies are required to better assess the viability of deep etch MQW laser designs.
Outcomes of Closed Reduction and Periarticular Pinning of Base and Shaft Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx

Purpose To review the results of periarticular pinning of extra-articular fractures of the proximal phalanx base and shaft. Methods A retrospective review was performed of the senior author's practice (C.S.M.) from 2006 to 2012. The inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years of age who underwent periarticular pinning of base or shaft fractures of the proximal phalanx. Age, sex, fracture location, fracture pattern, and time to surgery were recorded. Outcome measures were range of motion, time to healing, and complication rate. Results A total of 43 patients with 50 fractures were identified. There were 19 men and 24 women with 16 shaft and 34 base fractures. Five fractures were open. The little finger was involved in 62%, the ring finger in 30%, and the index and middle fingers in 4% each. Most fractures were transverse or oblique, and just over half had comminution and/or impaction. Average follow-up was 17 weeks, and average time to clinical union was 35 days. Nine patients (18%) were lost to follow-up. Twenty-six fingers had excellent results (63%), lacking less than 10° of total motion. Seven patients (17%) had good results, lacking less than 20° of motion; 7 patients had fair results (17%); and 1 patient had a poor result. Three patients (7%) developed stiffness requiring tenolysis. There were 2 pin-site infections, 1 of which resulted in a loss of reduction. Results for shaft and base fractures were not significantly different. Conclusions Percutaneous periarticular pinning is an acceptable option for unstable base and shaft fractures of the proximal phalanx. Most fractures healed within 4 weeks. The majority of patients had excellent or good results. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Intergroup contact in small cities

Abstract This paper explores the nature of intergroup contact in small cities. The attitudes of the larger community (predominantly white) towards three newly arrived minority groups are examined. The three minority groups are Cambodians, Hispanics, and Portuguese. The effects of intergroup contact on the community attitudes are also measured. The results indicate that increased contact has positive effects (more tolerance) on the community attitudes towards both the Cambodians and the Portuguese. An increase in contact, however, does not appreciably alter community attitudes towards Hispanics. Some possible explanations for these discrepant results are discussed.
Chemical and physical studies of type 3 chondrites XII: The metamorphic history of CV chondrites and their components

The induced thermoluminescence (TL) properties of 16 CV and CV-related chondrites, four CK chondrites and Renazzo (CR2) have been measured in order to investigate their metamorphic history. The petrographic, mineralogical and bulk compositional differences among the CV chondrites indicate that the TL sensitivity of the approximately 130 C TL peak is reflecting the abundance of ordered feldspar, especially in chondrule mesostasis, which in turn reflects parent-body metamorphism. The TL properties of 18 samples of homogenized Allende powder heated at a variety of times and temperatures, and cathodoluminescence mosaics of Axtell and Coolidge, showed results consistent with this conclusion. Five refractory inclusions from Allende, and separates from those inclusions, were also examined and yielded trends reflecting variations in mineralogy indicative of high peak temperatures (either metamorphic or igneous) and fairly rapid cooling. The CK chondrites are unique among metamorphosed chondrites in showing no detectable induced TL, which is consistent with literature data that suggests very unusual feldspar in these meteorites. Using TL sensitivity and several mineral systems and allowing for the differences in the oxidized and reduced subgroups, the CV and CV-related meteorites can be divided into petrologic types analogous to those of the ordinary and CO type 3 chondrites. Axtell, Kaba, Leoville, Bali, Arch and ALHA81003 are type 3.0-3.1, while ALH84018, Efremovka, Grosnaja, Allende and Vigarano are type 3.2-3.3 and Coolidge and Loongana 001 are type 3.8. Mokoia is probably a breccia with regions ranging in petrologic type from 3.0 to 3.2. Renazzo often plots at the end of the reduced and oxidized CV chondrite trends, even when those trends diverge, suggesting that in many respects it resembles the unmetamorphosed precursors of the CV chondrites. The low-petrographic types and low-TL peak temperatures of all samples, including the CV3.8 chondrites, indicates metamorphism in the stability field of low feldspar (i.e., less than 800 C) and a metamorphic history similar to that of the CO chondrites but unlike that of the ordinary chondrites.
Sicherheitstechnik am Beispiel eines erdgedeckten Tanklagers

Safety Engineering Illustrated for the Example of a Subterranean Tank Farm. The twelfth ordinance for implementation of the Federal German Immission law requires that plant according to Annex II of this ordinance must be built in compliance with the current state of the art. An overall safety engineering concept will be considered for the example of a subterranean tank farm. The technical complexity, and also the high standards of safety are demonstrated on the basis of the requirements of the pressure vessel ordinance, the water resources law, the accident ordinance, the demands of the German technical inspectorate (TUV), company-specific conditions, and accident scenarios. The main objective is to minimise the remaining risk, and thus to assure public acceptance, through careful construction and inspection procedures.
Arcuate nucleus projections to brainstem regions which modulate nociception

Anterograde tracing studies were conducted in order to identify efferents from the arcuate nucleus, which contains the hypothalamic opiocortin neuronal pool. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was stereotaxically iontophoresed into the arcuate nucleus and the terminal fields emanating from the labelled perikarya were identified immunocytochemically. PHA-L-immunoreactive (-ir) fibers were identified in nucleus accumbens, lateral septal nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial and lateral preoptic areas, anterior hypothalamus, amygdaloid complex, lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, zona incerta, dorsal hypothalamus, periventricular gray, medial thalamus and medial habenula. In the brainstem, arcuate terminals were identified in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), nucleus raphe pallidus, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha, nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Dual immunostaining was used to identify the neurochemical content of neurons in arcuate terminal fields in the brainstem. Arcuate fiber terminals established putative contacts with serotonergic neurons in the ventrolateral PAG, DRN and NRM and with noradrenergic neurons in periventricular gray, PAG and locus coeruleus. In the PAG, arcuate fibers terminated in areas with neurons immunoreactive to substance P, neurotensin, enkephalin and cholecystokinin (CCK) and putative contacts were identified with CCK-ir cells. This study provides neuroanatomical evidence that putative opiocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus influence a descending system which modulates nociception.
FTIR spectroscopic observation of peroxyalkyl nitrates formed via ROO + NO2 → ROONO2

Abstract Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence has been obtained for the formation of peroxyalkyl nitrates via ROO + NO 2 → ROONO 2 (R = C n H 2 n +1 , n = 1–6) using CI-atom sensitized oxidation of alkane-NO 2 mixtures and a long path Fourier transform IR spectroscopic detection method.
Growth, biochemical properties, and chlorophyll fluorescence of symbiotic and free-living dinoflagellates in response to ammonium enrichment

Abstract The growth, biochemical properties, and chlorophyll fluorescence of cultures of the symbiotic Symbiodinium species from clade A, B, and F and the free-living dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in response to ammonium enrichment were examined following transfer from ammonium-limited to ammonium-enriched conditions. Cultures were grown under a light:dark (L:D) cycle of 300 μmol photons m− 2 s− 1. Cell growth was initiated on day 1, reached saturation on approximately day 5, and decreased due to ammonium on day 10 (ammonium limitation experiments). Cells were removed from the ammonium limitation series on days 1, 5, and 10 and were enriched to 50 μM ammonium followed by incubation for 4 days (ammonium enrichment experiments). The cell density, cellular carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll a contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured for 14 days in the ammonium limitation experiments and for 4 days in the ammonium enrichment experiments. The results showed that ammonium disappeared rapidly once the cells were enriched, and the removal rates of ammonium were related to the growth rate under the ammonium enriched conditions. No apparent enhancement of the photosynthetic efficiency ( Fv/Fm) in the ammonium-limited conditions was observed for the symbiotic dinoflagellates, whereas a recovery of Fv/Fm from the ammonium-limited conditions was observed within two days for the free-living dinoflagellate. The significant but different linear relationships between the initial slope (α) and the maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax ) of ETR vs photon flux density ( PFD) curve, which is equivalent to the adaptation index (Ek), observed for Symbiodinium and Prorocentrum may suggest that these species require a different range of PFD for photoacclimation and exhibit a different physiological tolerance to ammonium toxicity. Observations of acclimation and adaptation using variable fluorescence would be useful for understanding the photophysiological strategies of symbiotic and free-living dinoflagellates.
Contextual advertising for web article printing

Advertisements provide the necessary revenue model supporting the Web ecosystem and its rapid growth. Targeted or contextual ad insertion plays an important role in optimizing the financial return of this model. Nearly all the current ad payment strategies such as "pay-per-impression" and "pay-per-click" on web pages are geared for electronic viewing purposes. Little attention, however, is focused on deriving additional ad revenues when the content is repurposed for alternative mean of presentation, e.g. being printed. Although more and more content is moving to the Web, there are still many occasions where printed output of web content or RSS feeds is desirable, such as maps and articles; thus printed ad insertion can potentially be lucrative.In this paper, we describe a cloud-based printing service that enables automatic contextual ad insertion, with respect to the main web page content, when a printout of the page is requested. To encourage service utilization, it would provide higher quality printouts than what is possible from current browser print drivers, which generally produce poor outputs - ill formatted pages with lots of unwanted information, e.g. navigation icons. At this juncture we will limit the scope to only article-related web pages although the concept can be extended to arbitrary web pages. The key components of this system include (1) automatic extraction of article from web pages, (2) the ad service network for ad matching and delivering, and (3) joint content and ad printout creation.
Teaching RC and RL Circuits Using Computer–supported Experiments

Abstract We suggest the study of the charging and discharging processes in the capacitor in an RC circuit and the rise and decay of current processes in an RL circuit using computer–interfaced experiments. This approach enables students to understand functions of RC and RL circuits through the visualisation of the processes, understand the use of computer interface for data collection, and speed up the data collection and their analyses. Using Excel for data analysis enables the verification of Kirchhoff's loop rule for the RC and RL circuits for each instant of time and the determination of time constants for the circuits through the graphical analyses.
Towards a Human Factors Model for Underwater Robotics

The goal of this study is to understand the factors between a human and semi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (sAUVs) from a HRI perspective. A SME interview approach was used to analyze video data of operators interacting with sAUVs. The results suggest considerations for the capabilities and limitations of the human and robot, in relation to the dynamic demands of the task and environment. We propose a preliminary human factors model to depict these components and discuss how they interact.
From the flight deck to the operating room: an initial pilot study of the feasibility and potential impact of true interdisciplinary team training using high-fidelity simulation.

Background The operating room is a dynamic environment in which proper teamwork is essential. After piloting a simulation-based interdisciplinary operative team training program, we examined the impact of these sessions on the participants. Methods Three interdisciplinary operating room teams participated in the training model. Each team of 3 or 4 members completed the training in a virtual minimally invasive operating room using a standardized operative scenario. Upon completion of the training, participants completed a voluntary and anonymous training effectiveness questionnaire. Results All 10 participants completed the training evaluation questionnaires. Across the 3 teams, all participants felt that the training was worthwhile and would participate again. Eight participants said that the session would change their practices in the operating room. All participants felt that the session was effective in promoting team communication skills and crisis-related teamwork. Nine of the 10 felt that the training model was effective in recognizing operating room errors. Conclusions Implementing true interdisciplinary team training with a high-fidelity simulation can be accomplished effectively. Team training has the potential for facilitating positive behavioral changes in operating room personnel that are important for adaptive team function in a crisis situation.
Eating, drinking and temperature responses to intracerebroventricular cholecystokinin in the chick

Abstract The central effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK), SQ 19,844 or sincalide, on the intake of food and water and on colonic temperature (Tc) was investigated using the broiler cockerel. Four-week old chicks were maintained in a thermoneutral environment of 23–24°C. After food was removed for a 24 hr interval, CCK was infused in a volume of 10.0 μl into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ICV) in doses ranging from 10–150 ng. Although lower doses of CCK had no effect on food intake, 100 or 150 ng of CCK significantly reduced consumption of food in a dose-dependent manner; water drinking was significantly decreased by 100 ng of CCK. In addition, CCK at doses of 100 and 150 ng prevented the slow rise in Tc observed following infusions of control CSF. This latter effect appeared to be a result of feeding activity associated with caloric intake and the heat increment in the control birds rather than a specific thermoregulatory effect. Overall, our results suggest that CCK may comprise a part of the central mechanism underlying the neural control of short term satiety in an avian species similar to that proposed for the mammal.
Thermal reactions of ethane‐d6–acetylene and D2–acetylene mixtures behind shock waves

A study of the thermal decomposition of an acetylene–ethane-d6 mixture indicates that the rate constant for hydrogen abstraction from acetylene by methyl is more than 20 times less than for abstraction from ethane. Isotopic exchange is initiated by a rapid reaction between product D atoms and C2H2. A series of experiments involving the reactions of a D2–acetylene mixture indicated that a molecular exchange process was also occurring, and it was shown that d[C2HD]/dt = k[D2]0.7[C2H2]0.3, effective activation energy = 15.8 kcal/mol. This mechanism made an insignificant contribution to isotope exchange in C2H2–C2D6 mixtures.
Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.
Rate theories for biologists

Some of the rate theories that are most useful for modeling biological processes are reviewed. By delving into some of the details and subtleties in the development of the theories, the review will hopefully help the reader gain a more than superficial perspective. Examples are presented to illustrate how rate theories can be used to generate insight at the microscopic level into biomolecular behaviors. An attempt is made to clear up a number of misconceptions in the literature regarding popular rate theories, including the appearance of Planck's constant in the transition-state theory and the Smoluchowski result as an upper limit for protein-protein and protein-DNA association rate constants. Future work in combining the implementation of rate theories through computer simulations with experimental probes of rate processes, and in modeling effects of intracellular environments so that theories can be used for generating rate constants for systems biology studies is particularly exciting.
Conceptions of property and the biotechnology debate

The chapter provides an analytic framework for applying classic philosophical theories of property and the distribution of property rights in the context of emerging technology. Instrumental theories of property view property as a convention that should be evaluated according to the purposes it serves. Ontological theories of property claim that holding and exchanging items of property is a natural or intrinsic feature of the human condition. The early debate over so-called Terminator seeds is used to link key philosophical questions to real disputes in policy and practice. The Terminator case illustrates distinctions between property in tangible goods (such as seeds) and intellectual property, as well as the relationship between these forms of property and the risk-based approach that is the focus of earlier chapters. The chapter reviews a sample of the literature on contested property claims in products of gene technology, and discusses how authors draw selectively on concepts from different philosophical traditions. The chapter also identifies logical flaws in many arguments, both for and against the application of intellectual property rights to GMOs and other products of gene technology. In the end, I argue that philosophical theories of property can be enlisted both to support and to criticize current practices. The chapter does not provide a conclusive standard for deciding the legitimacy of property claims in genes, sequences and gene products.
RATE-INDEPENDENT ENERGY DISSIPATION MECHANISMS IN FIBER-MATRIX MATERIAL SYSTEMS

Rate-independent energy dissipation associated with high-strain high-stress behavior of the material is considered. This rate-independent energy dissipation is associated with damage and relative motion inside the fiber-matrix material system. Simple mechanical models for energy dissipation were presented to facilitate the understanding of the phenomena. Three mechanisms for internal energy dissipation in fiber- matrix material systems are considered: fiber fracture and failure; frictional sliding at the fiber- matrix interface during fiber pull-out: and matrix deformation. Comparison of dissipation energy capabilities through fiber fracture and failure was examined separately for brittle fibers and for ductile wires. Various commercially available brittle fibers were compared in tables and graphs. For brittle fibers, energy dissipation density values as high as 107 J/cm 3 and 45 J/g were found during fiber failure. The ductile wires studied in this paper included stainless steel, aluminum alloys, and superelastic Nitinol. Energy density values as high as 125 J/cm 3 were found for Nitinol, while the other wires had values significantly lower. The energy dissipation mechanism during fiber sliding and fiber pull-out was studied using a micromechanical model. Formulae for the characteristic pull-out length and for the energy dissipation density were derived. Certain simplifying assumptions regarding the correlation between the pull-out length and the characteristic crack spacing were used to derive an upper-bound formula for the energy dissipation density during fiber pull-out in terms of fiber strength and fiber volume fraction. Fiber pull-out energy dissipation density values as high as 555 J/cm 3 were predicted. Concepts for achieving such high energy dissipation through interphase control (fiber coatings, spot-wise adhesion, etc.) are mentioned.
Reply to the comments of M. S. Uberoi

We do not accept Uberoi’s grounds for his statement that turbulent line vortices do not exist. They are based on experiments on a trailing vortex.(1) In Ref. 2, we have presented the conditions under which a turbulent trailing vortex may be approximated by a turbulent line vortex. These conditions are not satisfied by Uberoi’s experiment.
Pigment patterns; soft anatomy and relationships of Bear Gulch Chondrichthyes (Namurian E2b; Lower Carboniferous; Montana; USA)

Abstract Examination of pigment patterns and of skin remains of chondrichthyans from Bear Gulch; and comparisons with extant chimaerids permit assessment of their soft anatomy; physiologic states and relationships: such as presence of a soft operculum upon a hyoid arch of chimaeroid design (Heteropetalus elegantulus); jaw suspension; mode of death; anatomy of reproductive organs; sex and sexual maturity (Harpagofututor volsellorhinus). The evolutionary conservatism of the preserved vascular systems of these fossils add new information to systematic relationships. Cladistic analysis indicates that the position of H. elegantulus is pivotal whithin the basal complex of chondrichthyans and supports the clade and taxon Paraselachii.
Sentient map – a new paradigm for visual computing

A sentient map enables the user to view a collection of information items as a map so that gestures, or more specifically c-gestures, can be used for the interaction between the user and the information system. Different c-gestures are dynamically transformed into spatial/temporal queries, or σ-queries, for accessing the information items in multimedia databases and data sources. An application in e-learning called the Growing Book is described. The visual computing paradigm offered by the sentient map can be summarized as follows: “I come, I see, I gesture”.
Competitive Effects of Nondisplaceable Organic Compounds on Trichloroethylene Uptake by Activated Carbon. II. Model Verification and Applicability to Natural Organic Matter.

Abstract An experimental program was carried out to verify theoretical predictions of competitive effects exerted by nondisplaceable organic compounds on the uptake of TCE by activated carbon. Experimental findings were consistent with isotherm sensitivity analyses and thermodynamically based competitive adsorption model predictions. At low loadings of both trichlorobenzene and a natural humic acid, the most significant effect of preloading was to reduce the number of high-energy sites available to TCE. The loss of these sites caused a significant reduction in the site-energy heterogeneity and reduced the extent of adsorption in the low-concentration region. At higher levels of preloading, further changes in the site-energy heterogeneity were small, and uptake was reduced by a roughly equal percentage across a wide range of equilibrium concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a pore blockage (in the case of humic acid) or pore filling (in the case of TCB) mechanism. Measurements of adsorbent surface area and pore volume confirmed that observed reductions in TCE uptake by preloaded carbon were associated with changes in the physical characteristics of the adsorbent. However, reductions in adsorbent surface area could only account for a significant fraction ofthe observed reduction in TCE uptake when either the amountpreloaded was high or the TCE concentration was high, increasing the ability of TCE to compete for adsorption sites.
Confidence limits for interpretation of home blood pressure recordings.

ObjectiveAccurate and precise estimation of arterial blood pressure is needed for the management of hypertension. Multiple measurements can be obtained from recorded home blood pressures devices. Averages and other statistics can be calculated. Confidence intervals provide an assessment of the preci
Changes in county hospitals during Sheldon’s tenure

Dramatic changes took place in county hospitals during Dr. Sheldon's tenure, 1964 to 1985. The primary impact came from Medicaid and Medicare legislation in 1965. The secondary impact came as the result of the drug culture entering American cities.
Metabolism of Vertebrate Amino Sugars with N-glycolyl Groups: Mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal Incorporation of the non-human sialic acid Xeno-autoantigen, N-glycolylneuraminic acid

Although N-acetyl groups are common in nature, N-glycolyl groups are rare. Mammals express two major sialic acids, N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Although humans cannot produce Neu5Gc, it is detected in the epithelial lining of hollow organs, endothelial lining of the vasculature, fetal tissues, and carcinomas. This unexpected expression is hypothesized to result via metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc from mammalian foods. This accumulation has relevance for diseases associated with such nutrients, via interaction with Neu5Gc-specific antibodies. Little is known about how ingested sialic acids in general and Neu5Gc in particular are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract. We studied the gastrointestinal and systemic fate of Neu5Gc-containing glycoproteins (Neu5Gc-glycoproteins) or free Neu5Gc in the Neu5Gc-free Cmah−/− mouse model. Ingested free Neu5Gc showed rapid absorption into the circulation and urinary excretion. In contrast, ingestion of Neu5Gc-glycoproteins led to Neu5Gc incorporation into the small intestinal wall, appearance in circulation at a steady-state level for several hours, and metabolic incorporation into multiple peripheral tissue glycoproteins and glycolipids, thus conclusively proving that Neu5Gc can be metabolically incorporated from food. Feeding Neu5Gc-glycoproteins but not free Neu5Gc mimics the human condition, causing tissue incorporation into human-like sites in Cmah−/− fetal and adult tissues, as well as developing tumors. Thus, glycoproteins containing glycosidically linked Neu5Gc are the likely dietary source for human tissue accumulation, and not the free monosaccharide. This human-like model can be used to elucidate specific mechanisms of Neu5Gc delivery from the gut to tissues, as well as general mechanisms of metabolism of ingested sialic acids.
Deuterium oxide as a tool for the study of amino acid metabolism.

We have used deuterium oxide in nontoxic concentrations to study, in intact seedlings, the biosynthesis of amino acids. The extent and pattern of deuteration, as determined by a gas-liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer system, permits conclusions about the biosynthesis of individual amino acids and also about their exposure to transaminases and other enzymes that might introduce deuterium into specific positions of the amino acid by exchange. This method could be used to study amino acid biogenesis in any organism that can tolerate 20–40% deuterium oxide for a period of a few hours to a few days.
Etiology of Turkey “X” disease in retrospect: A case for the involvement of cyclopiazonic acid

The etiology of the classical turkey “X” disease syndrome is reappraised based on original reports in conjunction with current information. The clinical signs described in those original reports cannot be totally explained as being typical for aflatoxicosis. The unexplained effects of the disease can be resolved by the proposed presence of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid which is frequently produced byAspergillus flavus along with the aflatoxins.
Water on Venus: New Insights from Tremolite Decomposition

Abstract Venus is an extremely hot and dry planet with very little water in its atmosphere and no standing water on its surface. However, if Venus had had more water in the past, as the high D/H ratio implies, hydrous minerals might have formed. We present the first experimental study that examines the decomposition rate of hydrous minerals, specifically tremolite, with applications to Venus. We predict that tremolite can survive decomposition on Venus over geologic time scales at current and at higher surface temperatures. Thus, if future spacecraft can detect tremolite, this discovery could serve as evidence of a wetter Venusian history.
SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODELS OF TUMOR GROWTH

We address general approaches to the rational selection and validation of mathematical and computational models of tumor growth using methods of Bayesian inference. The model classes are derived from a general diffuse-interface, continuum mixture theory and focus on mass conservation of mixtures with up to four species. Synthetic data are generated using higher-order base models. We discuss general approaches to model calibration, validation, plausibility, and selection based on Bayesian-based methods, information theory, and maximum information entropy. We also address computational issues and provide numerical experiments based on Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms and high performance computing implementations.
Incipient antiferromagnetism in scandium

The influence of the magnetic properties of the elements on the left-hand side of the transition series on their superconducting transition temperatureTc is discussed. In particular, in the case of a scandium, there is experimental evidence for the existence of strong antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations. They lead to a repulsive electron—electron interaction. This possibly explains why Sc has not been found to be superconducting.
WGA-Alexa transsynaptic labeling in the phrenic motor system of adult rats: Intrapleural injection versus intradiaphragmatic injection

Abstract Background Intrapleural injection of CTB-Alexa 488, a retrograde tracer, provides an alternative labeling technique to the surgically invasive laparotomy required for intradiaphragmatic injection. However, CTB-Alexa 488 is incapable of crossing synapses restricting the tracer to the phrenic nuclei and the intercostal motor nuclei in the spinal cord. New method Intrapleural injection of WGA-Alexa 488, a transsynaptic tracer, provides a method to label the respiratory motor pathway in both the spinal cord and medulla. Intradiaphragmatic injection of WGA-Alexa 594 and vagal nerve injections of True blue were used to confirm the phrenic nuclei and to differentiate between the rVRG and the NA in the medulla. Results Following intrapleural injection, WGA-Alexa 488 was retrogradely transported to the phrenic nuclei and to the intercostal motor nuclei. Subsequently WGA-Alexa 488 was transsynaptically transported from the phrenic motoneurons to the pre-motor neurons in the rVRG that provide the descending drive to the phrenic neurons during inspiration. In addition WGA-Alexa 488 was identified in select cells of the NA confirmed by a dual label of both WGA-Alexa 488 and True blue. Comparison with existing method WGA-Alexa 488 demonstrates retrograde transsynaptic labeling following intrapleural injection whereas the previous method of injecting CTB-Alexa 488 only demonstrates retrograde labeling. Conclusions Intrapleural injection of WGA-Alexa fluor conjugates is an effective method to transsynaptically label the phrenic motor system providing an alternative for the invasive laparotomy required for intradiaphragmatic injections. Furthermore, the study provides the first anatomical evidence of a direct synaptic relationship between rVRG and select NA cells.
Surrogate pregnancy: Clinical features of forty-four cases

Summary This record analysis describes the obstetric outcomes of a series of 44 pregnancies occurring in 41women who underwent donor insemination as participants in a private surrogate parenting program between 1981 and 1985. The typical surrogate mother was 25 years old with a high school education and married with one child 2 years old. Twenty-nine percent of the sample reported no source of income other than welfare. Two thirds of the histories included at least one of the following perinatal risk factors: smoking ( n = 19), low annual income ( n = 15), unmarried status ( n = 12), or parity of 0 or >4 ( n = 5). Six losses occurred in the first or second trimester. Thirty-nine viable infants were born to 37 women and include one set of fraternal twins. Three of the singleton newborns weighed n = 14) were similar in maternal age, education, parity, annual income, marital status, and smoking history to women without complications ( n = 24). A role for psychosocial stress and financial motivation in the etiology of these outcomes is explored
Possible conserved quantity for the Hénon-Heiles problem

We study a power-series expansion for a conserved quantity K in the case of the two-dimensional H\'enon-Heiles potential. An alternative technique to that of Gustavson [Astron. J. 71, 670 (1966)] is applied to find the coefficients in the expansion for K. The technique is used to determine twelve orders for the conserved quantity K, more than twice as many as that calculated by Gustavson. We investigate the degree of constancy of our truncated K in regions where the motion is known to be chaotic and also where it is nonchaotic.
The effect of ethylene and ionizing radiation on Saintpaulia peroxidase activity

Abstract Ethylene gas and X rays, alone and in combination, were applied to petioles of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. to test their effect on peroxidase activity. Both agents increased peroxidase activity, although ethylene was the most effective. X ray treatment of petioles at five different peroxidase levels showed that as the initial activity of peroxidase increased the effect of a given dose of radiation decreased. Also, high doses, near the lethal limit for the species, were proportionately less effective in inducing peroxidase activity than were lower doses. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis showed no change in isozyme patterns with increases in peroxidase activity.
Product properties and their direct verification

The paper presents a family of properties of programs, called product (and power) properties, for which the verification method of Floyd and Hoare are inconvenient. A (semantically) complete alternative method is proposed' The paper presents the method in both the endogenous and exogenous versions and applies them to examples. Semantic completeness and soundness are shown. The method is particularly useful for some second-order programs, having procedures as parameters.
Mitogenic stimulation of human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by secreted factor(s) from human tumor cell lines.

Abstract Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have shown in vivo antitumor efficacy in both animal and human studies. Functions thought necessary for antitumor activity include cytolysis, homing, and proliferation at tumor sites. TILs, which are T lymphocytes grown ex vivo directly from tumors, bear interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptors capable of transducing the IL-2 mitogenic signal. However, IL-2 is not normally synthesized by solid tumor cells. This study was aimed at exploring the possible presence of T-cell mitogens of tumor origin. To this end four TIL lines derived from four melanoma patients were studied for their ability to use the environments of cultured tumor cell lines as mitogenic sources. The presence of four irradiated cultured human tumor cell lines, three of which were derived from the same melanoma patients as the TILs, were found to stimulate proliferation of human TILs in the absence of IL-2. Further investigation showed that the observed proliferative stimulation by the fourth tumor line was due to secreted factor(s) as mitogenic activity was present in the serum-free tumor cell supernatant. Both immunologic analyses of this medium and proliferative assays in which TILs were stimulated with recombinant lymphokine standards suggest the presence of a yet uncharacterized T-cell mitogen.
Performance optimization of large non-negatively constrained least squares problems with an application in biophysics

Solving large non-negatively constrained least squares systems is frequently used in the physical sciences to estimate model parameters which best fit experimental data. Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC) is an important hydrodynamic experimental technique used in biophysics to characterize macromolecules and to determine parameters such as molecular weight and shape. We previously developed a parallel divide and conquer method to facilitate solving the large systems obtained from AUC experiments. New AUC instruments equipped with multi-wavelength (MWL) detectors have recently increased the data sizes by three orders of magnitude. Analyzing the MWL data requires significant compute resources. To better utilize these resources, we introduce a procedure allowing the researcher to optimize the divide and conquer scheme along a continuum from minimum wall time to minimum compute service units. We achieve our results by implementing a preprocessing stage performed on a local workstation before job submission.
Valuing a historic site with multiple visitor types and missing survey data

Abstract This study offers several insights into valuing cultural heritage sites. Foremost, the travel cost method is used to estimate the economic use value of a unique historic site from the American Revolutionary Period. The site is primarily an indoor and outdoor history museum but also acts as an outdoor recreational park. We estimate several demand models using a 2003 intercept survey of visitors and find that the results are sensitive to how visitor type and non-response in the sample are handled. National parks and outdoor heritage sites frequently protect elements of both nature and culture, and missing data is a common problem in survey-driven research, so this study has broad relevancy. Overall, the results indicate that the economic value of the historic site is substantial.