cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The differential expression of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis adhesins determines the requirement for FAK and/or Pyk2 during bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages

Phagocytosis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by macrophages is initiated by interactions between host cell integrin receptors and the bacterial adhesins, invasin and YadA. Two non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, FAK and Pyk2, have been implicated in this process. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of activation and functional requirements for these kinases during phagocytosis. A panel of Yersinia strains that differentially express invasin and YadA were used to infect cells in which FAK and/or Pyk2 expression was reduced by RNA interference. Bacterial strains that simultaneously express invasin and YadA activated FAK and Pyk2 signalling pathways that perform non-redundant functions required for Yersinia internalization. In contrast, FAK activation was found to be sufficient for phagocytosis of bacteria expressing invasin alone, and Pyk2 activation was sufficient when YadA was expressed in the absence of invasin. Based on these data, we suggest that the activation states of FAK and Pyk2, as well as the subsequent signalling events that lead to phagocytosis, are differentially regulated through the unique mechanisms of integrin engagement utilized by invasin and YadA. These findings lend insight into the molecular events that control bacterial phagocytosis as well as other integrin-based processes such as cell adhesion and migration.
Dishabituation of visual attention in 4-month-olds by infant-directed frequency sweeps

Abstract The effects on visual attention in 4-month-olds of rising, falling, and bell-shaped frequency sweeps taken from natural, infant-directed (ID), female speech were investigated in a habituation-dishabituation paradigm. In both experiments, a checkerboard pattern was presented for 10 s on each of 12 trials, with a 10-s series of five brief sweeps occuring simultaneously with the visual stimulus on the ninth trial. In Experiment 1, infants exhibited renewed visual attention when rising and bell-shaped, but not falling, frequency sweeps were presented. Renewed attention also occured on the subsequent (10th) trial in which the check pattern was again presented alone. However, this Thompson-Spencer dishabituation effect occured only following the rising sweep. In Experiment 2, visual attention increased significantly during presentations of both the rising and falling sweeps, and Thompson-Spencer dishabituation was again observed only following the rising sweep. Synthetic sweep stimuli modeled on the fundamental frequency (F0) of the rising sweep similarly increased gaze duration but produced no Thompson-Spencer dishabituation. Results are discussed in terms of the attention-controlling and arousing properties of ID frequency-modulated sweeps.
Elemental Isomerism: A Boron-Nitrogen Surrogate for a Carbon-Carbon Double Bond Increases the Chemical Diversity of Estrogen Receptor Ligands

Summary To increase the chemical diversity of bioactive molecules by incorporating unusual elements, we have examined the replacement of a C=C double bond with the isoelectronic, isostructural B-N bond in the context of nonsteroidal estrogen receptor (ER) ligands. While the B-N bond was hydrolytically labile in the unhindered cyclofenil system, the more hindered anilino dimesitylboranes, analogs of triarylethylene estrogens, were easily prepared, hydrolytically stable, and demonstrated substantial affinity for ERs. X-ray analysis of one ERα-ligand complex revealed steric clashes with the para methyl groups distorting the receptor; removal of these groups resulted in an increase in affinity, potency, and transcriptional efficacy. These studies define the structural determinants of stability and cellular bioactivity of a B-N for C=C substitution in nonsteroidal estrogens and provide a framework for further exploration of "elemental isomerism" for diversification of drug-like molecules.
Induced Mist1 Expression Promotes Remodeling of Mouse Pancreatic Acinar Cells

Background & Aims Early embryogenesis involves cell fate decisions that define the body axes and establish pools of progenitor cells. Development does not stop once lineages are specified; cells continue to undergo specific maturation events, and changes in gene expression patterns lead to their unique physiological functions. Secretory pancreatic acinar cells mature postnatally to synthesize large amounts of protein, polarize, and communicate with other cells. The transcription factor MIST1 is expressed by only secretory cells and regulates maturation events. MIST1-deficient acinar cells in mice do not establish apical-basal polarity, properly position zymogen granules, or communicate with adjacent cells, disrupting pancreatic function. We investigated whether MIST1 directly induces and maintains the mature phenotype of acinar cells. Methods We analyzed the effects of Cre-mediated expression of Mist1 in adult Mist1 –deficient ( Mist1 KO ) mice. Pancreatic tissues were collected and analyzed by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Primary acini were isolated from mice and analyzed in amylase secretion assays. Results Induced expression of Mist1 in adult Mist1 KO mice restored wild-type gene expression patterns in acinar cells. The acinar cells changed phenotypes, establishing apical-basal polarity, increasing the size of zymogen granules, reorganizing the cytoskeletal network, communicating intercellularly (by synthesizing gap junctions), and undergoing exocytosis. Conclusions The exocrine pancreas of adult mice can be remodeled by re-expression of the transcription factor MIST1. MIST1 regulates acinar cell maturation and might be used to repair damaged pancreata in patients with pancreatic disorders.
ROBUST TESTS BASED ON THE SAMPLE CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION

Summary A new method is described for robust analysis of variance in the balanced fixed effects case. The method uses the empirical characteristic function of the treatment samples, and has an interpretation in terms of S-estimators. The test statistic, under the null hypothesis, asymptotically follows a central chi-square distribution, and under contiguous alternatives a noncentral chi-square distribution. A Monte Carlo study suggests that, for finite samples, this is reasonably well approximated by the usual F distribution used in analysis of variance. The test statistic has a bounded influence function. The new procedure competes well with Huber's and a Wald-type procedure except in very heavy-tailed cases.
Shower maximum detector for the CDF plug upgrade calorimeter

Abstract We describe a detector designed to measure the position of electrons and photons in the new CDF Plug Upgrade Calorimeter. The detector comprises 6400 individual scintillator strips placed at the shower maximum location of the electromagnetic calorimeter section and coupled to wave-length-shifting fibers read-out by multi-anode photomultipliers. We describe the design criteria, the R&D studies that led to the choice of scintillator and fiber, the mechanical assembly, and the quality control tests during production and assembly of the detector elements.
ASPIRATOR MODIFICATION FOR THE REMOVAL OF MOSQUITOES FROM TIGHT SPACES

An insect aspirator was modified to remove mosquitoes that entered an animal-baited experimental cage within a cage. The modified aspirator is easy to maneuver inside tight spaces, powerful enough to aspirate mosquitoes but not remove scales or fluorescent marking powders, and will run continuously for at least 45 min.
Über die nenner normierter Teilwerte der Weierstraßschen p-Funktion

Abstract Let K be an imaginary quadratic number field, f an integral ideal in K, and K(f) the ray class field modulo f over K. Using values of a suitably normalized Weierstrass p -function a relative integral basis of K( f ) K(1) was constructed in Schertz (J. Reine Angew. Math. 398). In this paper the denominators of these values, which are important for an explicit construction of integral basis, are completely determined.
Real-time adaptive optimization of track loop controllers in adaptive optics systems as a function of input statistics and sensor gain

The optimal track loop controller in an adaptive optics system is a function of the steering mirror dynamics, the temporal statistics of the input disturbance signal, measurement noise, and the sensor gain. The atmospheric input statistics and the sensor gain of a quadrant detector are slowly time-varying on a scale of minutes. If all parameters are known a prior, the analytical optimal controller is found by augmenting the dynamics of the input disturbance spectra and solving an H2 optimization problem. Near optimal control is achieved by augmenting the mount jitter dynamics and a first order approximation of the atmosphere dynamics and finding the LQG/LTR controller. The optimal bandwidth to compensate for time-varying atmospheric disturbance and noise levels is found by optimizing the loop gain. Recursive least squares is used to estimate the sensor gain and optimize the bandwidth in real time. The only measurements necessary for optimization are the residual track errors from a high frame rate, low noise quad cell algorithm and from a low frame rate dense ccd array using a centroid algorithm. Provided the temporal variations in the sensor gain are slow, closed loop robust stability is guaranteed by constraining the optimization algorithm via projection. Simulation results are presented which verify that the constrained optimal controller is achieved under a variety of conditions.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Internal mammary arteriovenous malformation with communication to the pulmonary vessels.

Abstract A 25 year old asymptomatic man with a past history of pulmonary tuberculosis presented with a continuous murmur. Selective arteriography revealed a left internal mammary arteriovenous malformation in communication with vessels in the left upper pulmonary lobe. No significant hemodynamic abnormalities were detected. This is the 26th reported case of Internal mammary arteriovenous fistula and the 6th with a pulmonary communication. Review of the data in previous cases suggests that surgical indications are limited to symptomatic relief, heart failure during infancy or the possible risk of endarteritis, proximal arterial degeneration or rupture.
Summary of field‐aligned Poynting flux observations from DE 2

Using DE 2 data of ion drift velocities and magnetic fields, we have calculated the field-aligned Poynting flux (S∥) for 576 orbits over the satellite lifetime. This is the first application over an extended data set of Poynting flux observations from in situ measurements. The data has been sorted by interplanetary magnetic field conditions (northward or southward IMF) and geomagnetic activity (Kp≤3 and Kp>3) and binned by invariant latitude and magnetic local time. Our general results may be summarized as 1) the averaged S∥ is everywhere directed into the ionosphere, indicating that electric fields of magnetospheric origin generally dominate, and 2) the distribution of S∥ for southward IMF can be well explained in terms of an average two cell convection pattern, while for northward IMF a multiple cell convection pattern may be inferred. We have addressed the interesting question of the distribution of upward Poynting flux by binning only upward observations and found that average upward Poynting flux of less than 3 mW/m² may occur anywhere across the high latitude ionosphere. We have also observed a region at high latitudes in the predawn sector where the average upward Poynting flux is of significant size and occurrence frequency during southward IMF and high Kp conditions.
Are SPACs effective? SPACs can be effective in increasing professional awareness and interest in branch activities, but branch officers have to maintain the momentum

The IEEE's goals in supporting Student Professional Awareness Conferences is to help the academic community address the ethical, social, and economic issues that affect the profession of engineering, thereby increasing professional awareness among electrical engineering students. Student Branches that sponsor SPACs have secondary, but also important, goals: to increase membership and participation in Branch activities and to improve campuswide awareness of the IEEE. To what extent is the SPAC program succeeding? After evaluating three SPACs held in the fall of 1983 at Vanderbilt University, Nashville; Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville; and the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, we have concluded that SPACs can be very effective in meeting some of these goals, but only if a Branch is already dynamic and well organized.
Synthesis of control systems based on approximation to a third-order system

IN RECENT YEARS the high-speed performance and accuracy demanded of military applications and industrial processes have placed increasing emphasis on the dynamic characteristics of control systems. However, system design is most effective when both steady-state and transient performance specifications can be realized. Ordinarily the designer works from the open-loop to the closed-loop specifications, i.e., trial-and-error modifications are made to the fixed portion of the system until a compensation network is found that eventually leads to an acceptable closed-loop performance. In contrast, another approach, synthesis, proceeds from the closed-loop specifications to an appropriate open-loop system, which upon closure of the feedback path, satisfies the specifications. The methods of Guillemin1 and Aaron2 accomplish this transition, but not without difficulties and complications which arise from the fact that a closed-loop transfer function must be selected that simultaneously: 1. exhibits a pole-zero excess equal to or greater than the excess of the fixed portion of the system, and 2. satisfies a set of closed-loop specifications. Recently, Aseltine3 introduced an inverse-root locus method that graphically determines the open-loop pole locations from a given closed-loop pole-zero configuration. However, none of these methods provides a simple procedure indicating how a closed-loop transfer function can be formulated directly from a detailed set of transient and steady-state specifications. This paper presents a quick and accurate method of synthesizing a linear, continuous, unity-feedback system from a set of specifications that eliminates the foregoing disadvantages. Attention is confined to a type I system that is compensated by an R-C realizable transfer function. To be R-C realizable, the poles of this function must be simple on the negative real axis, the origin and infinity excluded, i.e., its pole-zero excess must be equal to or greater than zero.
Functionalization of Alkanes by Isolated Transition Metal Boryl Complexes

We report the photochemical reaction of transition metal boryl complexes of the type Cp*M(CO)nB(OR)2 (M = Fe, Ru, W) with alkanes to form alkylboronate esters in yields as high as 85% for reaction ...
Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid Decomposition by Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes. Tetraruthenium Dodecacarbonyl Tetrahydride as an Active Intermediate

The present Minireview covers the formation and the structural characterization of noble metal carbonyl and hydrido carbonyl complexes, with particular emphasis on ruthenium complexes using formic acid as a carbonyl and hydride source. The catalytic activity of these organometallic compounds for the decarboxylation of formic acid, a potential hydrogen storage material, is also reviewed. In addition, the first preparation of [Ru(4)(CO)(12)H(4)] from RuCl(3) and formic acid as well as the catalytic activity of [Ru(4)(CO)(12)H(4)] for the decomposition of formic acid to hydrogen and carbon dioxide are presented.
Regularized principal components of heritability

In family studies with multiple continuous phenotypes, heritability can be conveniently evaluated through the so-called principal-component of heredity (PCH, for short; Ott and Rabinowitz in Hum Hered 49:106–111, 1999). Estimation of the PCH, however, is notoriously difficult when entertaining a large collection of phenotypes which naturally arises in dealing with modern genomic data such as those from expression QTL studies. In this paper, we propose a regularized PCH method to specifically address such challenges. We show through both theoretical studies and data examples that the proposed method can accurately assess the heritability of a large collection of phenotypes.
The forests of Cyprus under British stewardship

Abstract Cyprus, the largest island of the eastern Mediterranean, has an area of 3,572 square miles, of which slightly less than 20% is forested. This paper chronicles the vicissitudes of Cyprus's mountain forests in the period of British administration, 1878 to 1960, with an epilogue covering the last two decades.
Hyperhomocysteinemia Alters Cardiac Substrate Metabolism by Impairing Nitric Oxide Bioavailability Through Oxidative Stress

Background— Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been considered a vascular disease associated with increased levels of oxidative stress that results in scavenging of NO. However, little is known of the impact of HHcy on cardiac function and especially myocardial metabolism. Methods and Results— L-Homocysteine was intravenously infused into conscious dogs, and the dogs were fed methionine to increase plasma homocysteine to 10 μmol/L for acute and 24 μmol/L for chronic HHcy. There was no significant change in hemodynamics with HHcy. Veratrine-induced, NO-dependent, coronary vasodilation (Bezold-Jarisch reflex) was reduced by 32% but was restored by simultaneous intravenous infusion of ascorbic acid or apocynin. Acute and chronic HHcy significantly increased uptake of glucose and lactate and decreased uptake of free fatty acid by the heart. HHcy significantly decreased bradykinin- or carbachol-induced reduction of myocardial oxygen consumption in vitro, and this effect was completely restored by coincubation wit...
Patterns of contraceptive use among urban women in Taiwan.

Patterns of contraceptive use among married urban women in Taiwan were investigated. A convenience sample of 150 women attending health clinics for reasons other than contraceptive care were interviewed about their contraceptive use. The most prevalent contraceptive method used by these women was the intrauterine device, followed by the condom and birth‐control pills. Participants had used only one or two contraceptive methods throughout their contraceptive careers, and many stated they were satisfied with their current method. Many participants were able to name the methods of birth control promoted by the Taiwan family‐planning promotion program. Knowledge of alternative methods did not significantly relate to current method in use or to desire to change methods.
Windows NT User Profiling for Masquerader Detection

Previous research has mainly studied UNIX system command line users, while here we investigate Windows system users, utilizing real network data. This work primarily focuses on one-class Neural Network Classifier and Support Vector Machines masquerade detection. The one-class approach offers significant ease of management of the roster of users in that the addition of new users or deletion of legacy ones requires much smaller effort compared to the multi-class case. Two-class study has also been carried out for the purpose of comparison. Both receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Area under the ROC curve (AUC) have been evaluated to compare the performance of detecting different masqueraders from different legitimate users. For Neural Network (NN) two-class training, the best performance is hit rate 90% achieved with false alarm rate of 10%. For Support Vector Machines (SVM), two-class training shows that about 63% hit rate can be reached with a low false alarm rate (about 3.7%). The results of one-class SVM training show the detection rate of about 66.7% with false alarm rate of about 22%. Even though the one-class training approach results in some sacrifice of performance for false alarms, the gains in ease of roster management and reduction in training needed may be more desirable in some practical environments.
Potential Dependent Alignment and Hydrogen Bonding of Water Molecules at Charged Air/Water and CCl4/Water Interfaces

We observe potential dependent alignment and hydrogen bonding of interfacial water molecules at a charged air/water and CCl4/water interface. The interfacial potential is a result of the presence of charged soluble surfactant adsorbed to the interface. We vary the interface potential by changing the surface charge density, the ionic strength, and the temperature while monitoring OH stretching modes sensitive to the structure and hydrogen bonding of interfacial water molecules. As the potential is increased at the air/water interface we observe a progression from a waterlike and less hydrogen bond ordered structure to an icelike and more hydrogen bond ordered structure. This progression is a direct consequence of the induced alignment of the interfacial water molecules resulting from the large electrostatic field produced in the interfacial region by the charged surfactant. Temperature dependence measurements confirm the conclusion that there is a potential dependent alignment of the interfacial water mole...
Recoupling fire and aspen recruitment after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA

We report on the recent growth of upland aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) thickets in northwestern Yellowstone National Park, USA following wolf (Canis lupus L.) reintroduction in 1995. We compared aspen growth patterns in an area burned by the 1988 fires to aspen growth patterns in an adjacent unburned area. Elk (Cervus elaphus L.) are the principal ungulates that use this area to meet foraging needs. Within a 2 m 6 m belt transect established in each aspen thicket, we measured aspen densities and recorded annual browsing and height information on the three tallest post-1988 aspen stems. We found greater densities (p < 0.01) in the burned area relative to the unburned area. A decline in the percentage of stems browsed in the burned area began in 1997, with no measured browsing occurring since 2001. In contrast, the percentage of stems browsed in the unburned area began declining in 2002, with 41% of stems still being browsed in 2004. We hypothesize that the combined effect of fire and a subsequent decrease in herbivory following wolf reintroduction facilitated aspen growth. We further propose that, in addition to any changes in elk density in recent years, a recoupling of fire with increased predation risk from wolves may create a positive feedback loop that improves aspen recruitment.
What ultimately limits capacity and connectivity in optical interconnects

We revisit some fundamental laws of physics governing light propagation in linear media in order to have a better understanding of the roles of optics for parallel interconnections of digital processors. The degree of freedom obtainable using optical techniques can be derived from the domains of space, spatial frequency, time, and temporal frequency. We pinpoint various fundamental barriers and practical limits of optics for handling point-to-point communications. Possible schemes of using optical techniques to maximize the information transmission capacity while minimizing the channel complexity are also discussed.
Fabrication and Characterization of Through-Substrate Interconnects

We developed a through-substrate copper-damascene interconnect technology in silicon with minimal impedance. Via impedance was extracted using parameter measurements at 50 GHz that were matched to simple circuit models. The extracted impedance shows resistances ≤ 1 Ω, record-low inductance for aspect ratios > 4, and sidewall capacitance that approaches the theoretical value. For an aspect ratio of 10 (10 in diameter and 100 high), the through-substrate via has an average inductance of 36 pH at 10 GHz, resistance of 0.6 at 1 GHz, and sidewall capacitance of 0.3 pF.
Spatial Variability of Rangeland Infiltration Rates

: Spatial variability of infiltration rates was examined for a site in southern Idaho. Data used represented 13 sampling dates over a 5-year period. Samples initially were taken within a native big sagebrush community, again after plowing and seeding to crested and intermediate wheatgrass, and then while the seeded area was being grazed by domestic livestock. Results indicate that either a normal or log normal distribution may be adequate for describing measured infiltration rates.
The domestication of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower)

All modern domesticated sunflowers can be traced to a single center of domestication in the interior mid-latitudes of eastern North America. The sunflower achenes and kernels recovered from six eastern North American sites predating 3000 b.p. that document the early history of this important crop plant are reanalyzed, and two major difficulties in the interpretation of archaeological sunflower specimens are addressed. First, achenes and kernels obtained from a modern wild sunflower population included in a prior genetic study because of its minimal likelihood for crop-wild gene flow, and its close genetic relationship to domesticated sunflowers, provide a new and more tightly drawn basis of comparison for distinguishing between wild and domesticated achene and kernel specimens recovered from archaeological contexts. Second, achenes and kernels from this modern wild baseline population were carbonized, allowing a direct comparison between carbonized archaeological specimens and a carbonized modern wild reference class, thereby avoiding the need for the various problematic shrinkage correction conversion formulas that have been employed over the past half century. The need for further research on museum collections is underscored, and new research directions are identified.
Least p-power error design of FIR filters

The authors examine various iterative reweighted least squared error algorithms to obtain an L/sub p/ approximation for designing a linear phase FIR (finite impulse response) filter. These methods consider 1 >
On GPU accelerated tuning for a payload anomaly-based network intrusion detection scheme

In network intrusion detection, anomaly-based solutions complement signature-based solutions in mitigating zero-day attacks, but require extensive training and learning to effectively model what the normal pattern for a given system (or service) looks like. Though the training typically happens off-line, and the processing speed is not as important as the detection stage (which occurs on-line in real-time), continuous analysis and retuning may be attractive depending on the deployment scenarios. The different types of computation required to perform automatic retuning (or retraining) of the system may result in resource competition for other important system tasks. Thus, a mechanism by which the retuning can take place without affecting the actual system workload is important. In this paper, we describe a layered, simple statistics based anomaly detection algorithm with parallel implementation of the training algorithm. We focus on the use of graphic processing units (GPU) to allow cost-efficient implementation with minimal impact on CPU loads so as to minimize affecting the day to day server workloads. Our results show potential for significant performance improvements.
The size of adrenal incidentalomas correlates with insulin resistance. Is there a cause‐effect relationship?

Context Adrenal incidentalomas (AI) have often been associated with a high prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular risk factors, although direct measurement of insulin sensitivity (IS) has never been carried out. Objective We aimed to investigate whether the morphological and hormonal features of AI correlate with the presence and severity of IR, using the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (HEC). Design and measurements Forty patients with AI (22 women) with a mean age of 58.5±11.1 years underwent hormonal and morphological evaluation. Nineteen patients with AI without known history of diabetes mellitus (DM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 17 matched controls underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (HEC). Results Diabetes mellitus was observed in 13 patients (33%), while three (8%) had IGT. Thirty-one of the AI were nonfunctioning (82.5%), whereas two (5%) secreted cortisol (Cushing's syndrome) and seven (12.5%) showed subclinical secretion of cortisol. The 19 patients with nonfunctioning AI were more insulin resistant than controls (glucose up-take: 4.58±1.80 vs 5.85±2.48 mg/kg/min respectively; P=0.01); IS was inversely related to the mass size (r=-0.57; P=0.04), free urinary cortisol (r=-0.68; P=0.01), serum cortisol after 1-mg dexamethasone suppression (-0.65; P=0.02) and percentage of trunk fat mass (-0.77; P=0.02) and directly related to serum adreno cortico tropic hormone (ACTH) (r=0.62; P=0.03). After performing multivariate regression, the mass size was found to be the most powerful predictor of IR. Conclusion Our study showed a high prevalence of insulin resistance in patients with nonfunctioning AI and suggests its possible involvement in AI growth.
Inferential rules in the learning and recall of patterns of sentiments1

Subjects learned one of four patterns of like-dislike relations between members of four-person structures. They then recalled the learned structure after an interval of fifteen minutes, one week, or four weeks. One pattern of relations was balanced, one could be balanced by changing only one pair of relations, and the other two were totally unbalanced. There was clear evidence that the balance assumptions were employed in learning; for unbalanced structures, there was some evidence of the use of positivity and of source/target generalization. Subjects recalled the balanced structure more accurately than the unbalanced ones, especially over the longest time interval. However, unbalanced structures were not converted in memory to balanced ones.
Simulations of electric potential and field profiles in Si microstrip detectors using the guard-strip concept

Two-dimensional (2-D) simulations of the electrical properties of Si microstrip detectors with various strip width/pitch configurations have been systematically performed using a processing and device simulation tool. It has been found that the detector full depletion voltage (V/sub fd/) depends greatly on the ratios of strip width (W) to pitch (P) and pitch to detector thickness (d). V/sub fd/ increases with the decreasing ratio of W/P:V/sub fd/ for W/P=0.1(P=100 /spl mu/m) and is almost twice that of a bulk detector (W/P=1) for different bulk resistivities (simulation of before and after radiation). The increasing rate of V/sub fd/ with decreasing W/P is much higher when W/P<0.3. It has also been found that, for a given strip width, the strip pitch should be kept smaller than the sum of detector thickness and strip width, i.e., P<d+W or P<d (if W/spl Lt/d). Otherwise, the value of V/sub fd/ will be affected significantly (much larger than that of a bulk detector), It is clearly shown through the simulation that this increase of V/sub fd/ is due to the lateral depletion from the strip edge. A new width/pitch configuration with guard strips is proposed, which has shown great promise to push the W/P ratio down to 0.1 without greatly affecting the detector full depletion voltage.
Diagnosis of Occult Scaphoid Fractures: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Background: Scaphoid fractures are common but may be missed on initial radiographs. Advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have improved diagnostic accuracy, but at an increased initial cost. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of immediate advanced imaging for suspected occult scaphoid fractures. Methods: A decision analysis model was created to evaluate three diagnostic strategies for patients with concerning history and examination but negative radiographs: (1) empiric cast immobilization with orthopaedic follow-up and repeat radiography at two weeks post-injury, (2) immediate CT scanning, or (3) immediate MRI. Prevalence of occult scaphoid fracture, sensitivity and specificity of CT and MRI, and risks and outcomes of a missed fracture were derived from published clinical trials. Costs of imaging, lost worker productivity, and surgical costs of nonunion surgery were estimated on the basis of the literature. Results: Advanced imaging was dominant over empiric cast immobilization; advanced imaging had lower costs and its health outcomes were projected to be better than those of empiric cast immobilization. MRI was slightly more cost-effective than CT on the basis of the mean published diagnostic performance, but was highly sensitive to test performance characteristics. Advanced imaging would have to increase in cost to more than $2000 or decrease in sensitivity to <25% for CT or <32% for MRI for empiric cast immobilization to be cost-effective. Conclusions: Given its relatively low cost and high diagnostic accuracy, advanced imaging for suspected scaphoid fractures in the setting of negative radiographs represents a cost-effective strategy for reducing both costs and morbidity. The decision to use CT compared with MRI is a function of individual institutional costs and local test performance characteristics. Level of Evidence: Economic and decision analysis Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An aesthetic for adaptations: going beyond knowledge and skills in explanations of adaptations

Adaptive expertise is often defined by the presence of both procedural and conceptual knowledge. While knowledge and skills can explain how people find a new path when confronted with a difficulty (a fault-driven adaptation), something else is needed to explain when and why people make a beneficial, but unnecessary change (a prospective adaptation). In an interview, participants gave examples of adaptations from their everyday lives. Their examples appeared to arise from aesthetic judgments, not from a conceptual understanding of the domain. These findings suggest that values and aesthetics ought to be a more explicit focus of research on adaptive expertise.
Catalytic enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-eucomic acid

A catalytic enantioselective synthesis of (+)-eucomic acid is reported. A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation is employed to access the chiral tetrasubstituted α-hydroxyacid moiety found in the natural product. The protecting group strategy was investigated, and a protecting group manipulation was made without any appreciable deleterious effects in the allylic alkylation reaction. Non-natural (+)-eucomic acid is synthesized in a longest linear sequence of 13 steps.
Familial Infantile Bilateral Striatal Necrosis

The clinical and radiological evolution of familial infantile bilateral striatal necrosis (IBSN) was evaluated in 11 of 15 affected children born to consanguineous Israeli Bedouin parents and reported from the Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and other centers in Israel.
Transport of multicomponent, multivalent electrolyte solutions across nanocapillaries

Electrokinetic transport of aqueous solutions containing multiple ionic species in surface charge governed nanofluidic flows has seen limited investigation with most experimental and modeling efforts emphasizing symmetric, monovalent electrolytes. In this work, numerical models coupling steady-state Poisson–Nernst–Planck and Stokes equations along with experimental investigations were developed to characterize electrokinetic transport of potassium phosphate buffer, containing K+, H2PO4 −, and HPO4 2− across positively charged nanocapillary array membranes with 10 nm diameter nanocapillaries, sandwiched between a source and permeate reservoir. While systematically increasing phosphate buffer concentration from 0.2 to 10 mM, 0.14 mM of methylene blue (MB) dye was added to the source reservoir to study the dominating transport mechanism under a potential bias (0–0.75 V). Experiments provided validation of numerical results that elucidate fundamental transport mechanisms as a function of ion type, buffer concentration, and externally applied potential. The nanocapillary exhibits permselectivity toward anions at lower buffer concentrations (0.2, 1 mM) and was more selective for HPO4 2− in comparison with H2PO4 −. Transport of K+, H2PO4 −, and HPO4 2− was dominated by electromigration, with negligible effects of diffusion and convection at all buffer concentrations. However, transport of MB+ was dominated by diffusion at 0.2 mM buffer concentration under all potential bias conditions. Significant effects of electromigration appeared at high potential biases (0.5–0.75 V) for 1 and 10 mM bulk buffer concentrations. Additionally, in the multicomponent ion system, at all concentrations, the vast majority of the current was carried by the phosphate buffer ions and not the MB ions.
Optimal Control of Cancer Treatments: Mathematical Models for the Tumor Microenvironment

Mathematical models for cancer treatment are analyzed as optimal control problems when selected aspects of the tumor microenvironment are taken into account. The significance of treatment protocols that administer agents at less than maximum tolerated dose rates is analyzed in this context. When angiogenic signaling or tumor immune system interactions are included in the model, singular controls that administer therapeutic agents at less than maximum dose become optimal. Their relations to metronomic dosing are discussed.
Forensic Science Developments and Judicial Decision-Making in the Era of Innocence: The Influence of Legal Process Theory and Its Implications

This article confirms the existence of these legal process-centric themes and considers some potential implications of these approaches. Part I briefly sets out key tenets of the legal process vision and provides some back- ground to the American Innocence Movement. Using examples from relevant case law, Part II examines the courts’ approaches thematically, demonstrating how the courts exhibit loyalty to the legal process vision. It also considers the implications of this loyalty, including that it can result in both the extraction of science from its social context and an awkward approach towards discerning between credible and incredible forensic science evidence of individualization, as well as represent a failure, by the courts, to acknowledge the corrective justice function afforded to clemency by the common law. Part III concludes that these approaches to judicial decision-making ultimately fail to accept the way in which new and credible evidence – particularly forensic science evidence – can cast legitimate doubt on the verdict of a trial or, indeed, impact the proceedings of a clemency board, “quite apart from any procedural defect.” In light of the American Innocence Movement, the courts’ largely unreserved fidelity to the legal process vision, in the context explored, is troublesome, and warrants new approaches that are more sensitive to substantive accuracy.
Suffix Zi in the Shangqiu Dialect

There is abundant suffix Zi in Shangqiu dialect.From the aspects of pronunciation,the role in lexical,the comparison with suffix Er,this paper analyzes the suffix Zi in Shangqiu dialect.
Construction of Equivalent Martingale Measure in the Regime-switching Model

Price models with regime switching can describe the impact of macroeconomics.However, when constructing an equivalent martingale measure to price financial derivatives,the equivalent martingale measure obtained by the traditional Esscher transform considers only micro-marketing risks but not macroeconomic risks represented by the regime switching.In addition, the classical geometric Brownian motion can not characterize higher peak and fat tail phenomena of asset returns. In this paper, firstly, by using a Markov process and a non-extensive maximum entropy distribution, a new price model which can describe both the phenomena of higher peak, fat tail and regime-switching is constructed. Then, by utilizing the martingale theory and the product of the price process of micro market and the Markov process of macroeconomics, a new method for constructing equivalent martingale measure is provided. The equivalent martingale measure obtained by this approach includes two kinds of risks: micro-marketing risks and macroeconomic risks. Finally, under the resulted equivalent martingale measure, the necessary and sufficient conditions are given with which the discounted asset price process can become a martingale. The results provide a theoretical basis for further studying derivative pricing and risk control.
Oral cancer education and HIV-associated malignancies.

Abstract Interest and participation in “oral cancer” education courses has been disappointingly low, probably because of the sparsity and low impact of cases of oral cancer relative to clinical practice. Interest and participation increase as subject matter relevant to clinical practice is included to create innovative programs. Such subject matter has included more coverage of premalignant lesions (leukoplakia and erythroplakia), the role of vital staining (toluidine blue) to aid clinical judgment and biopsy, and utilization of lasers for control. A significant stimulus to encourage enrollment has been the incorporation of AIDS updating and HIV‐associated malignancies, which adds identification, curiosity, and interest relative to a well‐known and very current health care problem. The greater course participation presents the opportunity to emphasize the importance of oral cancer and clinician roles in prevention, early detection, and management.
Preoperative and Postoperative Motility Disorders of the Stomach

Improved technology has expanded the study and understanding of gastrointestinal motility. Although no clear cause and effect relation has been demonstrated, altered motility has been found in association with a variety of nonsurgical and postoperative settings. As this relation is better defined, perhaps patients who are at risk to develop complications of surgery can be better identified so that treatment can be tailored toward their specific defect. Technological advances can also be expected to provide new and more effective interventions in this expanding field.
Theories of Language

Theories of how women use language and how women write creatively begin with language as a reflection of the dominant culture. But they have led to sometimes contradictory views: is women’s language inferior and to be changed, or is it expressive of values that have been neglected? Is difference in language a reflection of cultural submission, or a way of subverting the dominant culture? If women feel uncomfortable expressing their experience within the language of male culture, they may use language less forcefully than men; language use may reflect a position of social inferiority. On the other hand, rejecting the dominant language may also mean rejecting the conventional point of view and may result in increased creativity among women motivated to find their own means of expression.
Caught in the Web: Immigrant Children in Removal Proceedings

The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the need for adequate and free legal counsel for non-citizen children who are caught in this web of bureaucratic borders. Although immigration statutes guarantee the right to counsel, there is no counsel provided at government expense. Given children's limited knowledge of the law and of potential avenues for immigration relief, inability to contract and hire legal counsel, and "greater potential for being victims of trafficking and other forms of abuse and neglect or abandonment," children are in particular need of appointed counsel in the immigration context. Creating a stable, funded, legal defense system will benefit the overall system not only for helping these desperate children but also for system efficiency and reform that are possible when the court system operates with effective and prepared counsel.
Veggies and Intact Grains a Day Keep the Pathogens Away.

In this issue of Cell, Desai et al. compare how dietary fiber affects the gut microbiota and susceptibility to disease. They find that a fiber-free diet promotes mucus-degrading bacteria and susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium infection.
Emergent Leadership in Children's Cooperative Problem Solving Groups

ABSTRACTSocial skills involved in leadership were examined in a problem-solving activity in which 252 Chinese 5th-graders worked in small groups on a spatial-reasoning puzzle. Results showed that students who engaged in peer-managed small-group discussions of stories prior to problem solving produced significantly better solutions and initiated significantly more effective leadership than control students. A mediation analysis suggested that it was because of effective leadership that groups who had experienced discussions achieved better problem solutions.
Mechanistic Multi—Tissue Modeling of Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper Regulation: Integrating Circadian Gene Expression with Receptor-Mediated Corticosteroid Pharmacodynamics

The glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is an important mediator of anti-inflammatory corticosteroid action. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic/pharmacogenomic effects of acute and chronic methylprednisolone (MPL) dosing on the tissue-specific dynamics of GILZ expression were examined in rats. A mechanism-based model was developed to investigate and integrate the role of MPL and circadian rhythms on the transcriptional enhancement of GILZ in multiple tissues. Animals received a single 50-mg/kg intramuscular bolus or a 7-day 0.3-mg/kg/h subcutaneous infusion of MPL and were euthanized at several time points. An additional group of rats were euthanized at several times and served as 24-hour light/dark (circadian) controls. Plasma MPL and corticosterone concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expression of GILZ and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA was quantified in tissues using quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The pharmacokinetics of MPL were described using a two-compartment model. Mild-to-robust circadian oscillations in GR and GILZ mRNA expression were characterized in muscle, lung, and adipose tissues and modeled using Fourier harmonic functions. Acute MPL dosing caused significant down-regulation (40%–80%) in GR mRNA and enhancement of GILZ mRNA expression (500%–1080%) in the tissues examined. While GILZ returned to its rhythmic baseline following acute dosing, a new steady-state was observed upon enhancement by chronic dosing. The model captured the complex dynamics in all tissues for both dosing regimens. The model quantitatively integrates physiologic mechanisms, such as circadian processes and GR tolerance phenomena, which control the tissue-specific regulation of GILZ by corticosteroids. These studies characterize GILZ as a pharmacodynamic marker of corticosteroid actions in several tissues.