cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cycloheximide transformations II. Kinetics and stability in a pharmaceutically useful pH range

The kinetics of dehydration of the antitumor cycloheximide (CY) to anhydrocycloheximide (AN) are quantified in the pharmaceutically useful acetate buffer region. In addition to specific acid catalysis, solvent, general, and specific base catalysis have been observed and log k -pH profiles constructed below pH 7 where maximal stability exists at pH 4.4. The basic degradative mechanism in the pH region 3-6 is a reversible dehydration and rehydration of the α, β-unsaturated ketone CY ⇄ k − 1 k 1 AN where both k 1 and k -1 are specific acid-base, solvent, and general base catalyzed. The specific base solvolysis of the imide function to the monocarboxylic acid is faster than the subsequent hydrolysis to the dicarboxylic acid and is pharmaceutically significant at pH values of 7 or greater.
Tax Arbitrage And Organizational Form: Allocation Flexibility In The Limited Liability Company

This paper analyzes whether an allocation of tax items among members of a limited liability company (LLC) will likely be respected by tax authorities. The LLC is a recent creation of state law that provides the liability protection of a corporation and the flexibility of partnership tax law. A present-value test must be satisfied to permit allocations among LLC members that are not proportionate to ownership interests to be respected. A model is developed to measure the present value of after-tax benefits and detriments arising from an LLC allocation, and implications of the availability of tax arbitrage for selection of the LLC organizational form are discussed.
Local Ovarian Effects of Catecholamines on Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Induced Ovulation in the Rabbit

Observations were made on the local effects of the adrenergic drugs norephinephrine (1 mcg per kg weight) dibenzyline (.25 mg/kg) isoproterenol (1 mcg/kg) and propranolol (.1 mcg/kg) on HCG (Human Chorioic Gonadotropin) induced ovulation in 91 rabbits. All the rabbits received 50 I.U. of HCG and were operated on in identical fashion. Control animals received 1 ml of normal saline and showed 10 hours after HCG administration a mean number of 11.6 follicles per rabbit. There were 6.7 hemorrhagic and 4.9 mature follicles respectively. The test animals were divided into 2 groups; one group received the adrenergic agents 10 hours after HCG administration via injection into the abdominal aorta. The mean number of total follicles per rabbit was 10.1 for norepinephrine 11.3 for dibenzyline 7.9 for iso-proterenol and 10 for propanolol. Hemorrhagic follicles per rabbit were: 6.7 for norepinephrine 3.0 for dibenzyline 7.9 for isoproterenol and 10 for propranolol. The mean number of mature follicles per rabbit were: 3.5 for norepinephrine 8.3 for dibenzyline 2.3 for isoproterenol and 4.6 for propranolol. In the 10-hour post-HCG group the norepinephrine-injected group showed no significant difference from controls in either the number of mature follicles or hemorrhagic follicles. The dibenzyline-injected group showed a significant increase in mature follicles decrease in hermorrhagic follicles and delay or inhibition of ovulation compared with the controls. Isoproterenol was associated with a significant decline in the mean number of mature follicles compared with controls and with propanolol-injected animals. Propanolol-injected rabbits showed no significant difference from controls in either mature or hemorrhagic follicles. The second test group had norepinephrine or dibenzyline injected 7 hours post-HCG and ovarian morphology was followed up to 10 hours. Norepinephrine produced no change in either mature or hemorrhagic follicles compared with controls. Dibenzyline was injected in two dosages 7 hours after HCG: .25 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg. Ovarian morphology was followed up to 60 hours after injection and showed an increase in the number of mature follicles and a decrease in the number of hemorrhagic follicles. It appeared to delay the time of ovulation. The effects of d ibenzyline appear to be more profound when it is administered closer to HCG administration. Systemic administration (via the marginal ear vein) of dibenzyline resulted in minimal effects. Alpha-adrenergic blockage by dibenzyline is postulated to interfere with follicular rupture by preventing functional intervention of smooth muscle fibers in the ovary.
Pressure Buckling of Ring Encased in Cavity

The buckling of a ring subjected to external pressure but supported by a rigid cavity wall is investigated using small deflection linear theory. It is assumed that the cavity wall moves in with the deflection of the ring prior to the onset of buckling. The ring buckles locally with an arc length no greater than π depending on the ratio of the radius of the ring to the radius of gyration of the cross section, R /ρ. A curve is given for numerical evaluation of the critical pressure for all values of R /ρ in a ring or an infinitely long cylindrical shell.
A Conceptual Framework

Understanding the relationships between science and technology has long been a central problem for those who have studied the generation of expertise. The fundamental questions focus on (1) What is the relationship between changes in the two, i.e., does technological change depend upon scientific change or vice versa, are the two best seen as independent ventures, or is a more complex relationship based upon mutual interactions involved? (2) How do the two areas compare in their modes of work, social organizations, motivations, and personnel? (3) What relationship does each bear to the reality of the natural, material world that exists independently of human society?
Trade and Tax Policy in the Presence of Market Failures: Lessons from American Regions

Under what conditions does atomistic behavior between competitive governments lead to efficient industrial location patterns? Is there a call for cross-subsidies between countries which impose different tax rates? In this paper, we address these questions, drawing on the large literature on American metropolitan areas. There is compelling evidence that American regions are linked by a substantial degree of intra-regional trade. There have been many papers that propose fiscal equalization and/or tax harmonization policies designed to internalize the fiscal externalities that intra-regional trade may create. We study an equilibrium model of a single region, whose separate political jurisdictions are linked by trade in intermediate goods. When the trade linkage is strong in the sense that a downstream economy depends heavily on an upstream good, market failures in the upstream economy lead to the possibility of Pareto-improving fiscal redistributions. But not all such plans yield equal benefits, and we conclude by offering a discussion of the economic features that support fiscal redistributions and the coordination of tax policies.
Social Vision: At the Intersection of Vision and Person Perception

Abstract In this chapter, we examine how the ecological model of vision can be applied to person perception, with a specific emphasis on the combinatorial nature of face perception. Key behavior and neuroanatomical research from the face perception literature is examined. Throughout the chapter, we stress that cues that share social signal value should not—and to a degree, cannot —be studied independently, as has been historically the case. We illustrate this point by reviewing research on the compound nature of identity cues, such as gender and race, and expressive cues, such as eye gaze and facial expressiveness. We argue that the ecological model provides a lens through which we can interpret the complicated nature of person and face perception, helping to reduce the complexities surrounding the study of compound social cue integration.
Analyzing Survivable Computation in Critical Infrastructures

For centuries, our society relied on mechanical technology. Today, it is being computerized to such an extent that we are becoming very dependent on computer technology. This makes cyber attacks a potential threat to our society. Heuristics is one approach to analyzing which infrastructures are critical and vulnerable. We will discuss several methods that can be used to analyze this topic more scientifically. The methods are independent of the type of attacks the enemy uses, whether, e.g. a traditional bomb or cyber terrorism.
Behavioral effects of targeted drug delivery via non-invasive microbubble enhanced focused ultrasound blood brain barrier opening in non-human primates

The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) in Non-Human Primates (NHP) can be non-invasively opened through the use of Focused Ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with microbubbles. This procedure allows for a targeted, transient opening in the BBB of the NHP which can be utilized to facilitate drug delivery. While FUS has been used to deliver various pharmacological compounds to promote neurogenesis or treat cancer, no group has investigated if drug delivery can affect behavioral responses. In this study, we show the effects of targeted ME-FUS drug delivery on the responses of NHP to a decision making task.
MuSme: A Tangible Skin Suit for Music Creation

Music is a beautiful medium through which children can artistically communicate and express themselves. The complexity associated with operating traditional instruments, however, often discourages young children from playing music. In an effort to democratize music-making, we propose MuSme, a tangible skin suit that reimagines a user's limbs and organs as metaphoric representations of different instruments. By eliminating the nuanced technicalities associated with music-making, MuSme empowers children so that they may creatively express themselves with their very own bodies. With MuSme, children don't just play music. They become music.
Potential workflow advantages with single 8MP versus dual 5MP displays

This study compared an 8MP vs dual-5MP displays for diagnostic accuracy, reading time, number of times readers zoomed/panned images, and visual search. Six radiologists viewed 60 mammographic cases, once on each display, 15 with eye-tracking. For viewing time, there was significant difference (F = 13.901, p = 0.0002), with 8MP taking less time (62.04 sec vs 68.99). There was no significant difference (F = 0.254, p = 0.6145) in zoom/pan use (1.94 vs 1.89). Total number of fixations was significantly (F = 4.073, p = 0.0466) lower with 8MP (134.47 vs 154.29). Number of times readers scanned between images was significantly fewer (F = 10.305, p = 0.0018) with single (6.83 vs 8.22). Time to first fixate lesion did not differ (F = 0.126, p = 0.7240). It did not take any longer to detect the lesion as a function of the display configuration. Total time spent on lesion did not differ (F = 0.097, p = 0.7567) (8.59 vs 8.39). Overall the single 8MP display yielded the same diagnostic accuracy as the dual 5MP displays. The lower resolution did not appear to influence the readers’ ability to detect and view the lesion details, as the eye-position study showed no differences in time to first fixate or total time on the lesions. Nor did the lower resolution result in significant differences in the amount of zooming and panning that the readers did while viewing the cases.
Nozzle Size-Pressure and Concentration Combinations for Heliothis zea Control with an Aqueous Suspension of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Baculovirus heliothis

Droplet sizes produced by a TX-1 nozzle operated at 552 kPa produced higher mortality of bollworm larvae, Heliothis zea (Boddie), for a given technical deposit than 2 larger size nozzles operated at lower pressures when an aqueous suspension of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), UV protectant (Shade), and Baculovirus heliothis was applied to soybean leaflets in laboratory tests. For this formulation-TX-l nozzle combination, virus concentrations of 9.63 × 108 and 19.3 × 108 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB)/liter suggested biological superiority to lower concentrations. The concentration of 9.63 × 108 PIB/liter possibly would be preferred when considering plant coverage under field situations. The mortality-deposit response for the PYA and Shade treatment at 9.67 × 108 PIB/liter was similar to that for the water-surfactant formulation at 2.42 × 108 PIB/liter.
Japanese Beetles; Attractancy of Phenethyl Propionate + Eugenol (3:7) and Synthetic Eugenol

Traps baited with phenethyl propionate (PEP) + eugenol in a ratio of 3:7 were 23–30% more attractive to Popillia japonica Newman than the standard, PEP + eugenol in a ratio of 7:3. In addition, the new mixture, which is now being used for survey by Federal and State Agencies, is only ca. ¾ as volatile as the standard. Synthetically produced eugenol was as attractive as natural eugenol U.S.P. when it was exposed in the field as a component of PEP + eugenol (7:3).
Ballistic Band-to-Band Tunneling in the OFF State in InGaAs MOSFETs

We present quantum transport simulation results for InAs and In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As double-gate MOSFETs by using an atomistic full-band basis to evaluate the tunneling currents in the OFF state. While InAs has the advantage of lower mass and higher injection velocity, it also has lower bandgap. For low gate bias, the overlap in energy of the valence band in the channel with the source/drain conduction bands results in band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) between source and drain, which clamps the OFF current. Such current can be reduced by increasing the bandgap of the material either by increasing confinement or by lowering the In content, for example, using In 0.7 Ga 0.3 As. Grading the doping of the source/drain region to create a wider barrier also reduces BTBT, but to a lesser extent.
Desoloing Monaural Audio Using Mixture Models.

We describe a new approach to the “desoloing” problem, in which one tries to isolate the accompanying instruments from a monaural recording of a soloist with accompaniment. Our approach is based on explicit knowledge of the audio in the form of a score match – a correspondence between a symbolic score and the music audio, giving the times of all musical events. We employ the familiar idea of masking the short time Fourier transform to eliminate the solo part. The ideal mask is estimated by fitting a model to the data, whose note-based components are derived from the score match. The parameters for our probabilistic model are estimated using the EM algorithm.
Syncope: Case Studies

Syncope, or the sudden loss of consciousness, is a common presenting symptom for evaluation by neurologists. It is not a unique diagnosis but rather a common manifestation of disorders with diverse mechanisms. Loss of consciousness is typically preceded by a prodrome of symptoms and sometimes there is a clear trigger. This article discusses several cases that illustrate the various causes of syncope. Reflex syncope is the most common type and includes neurally mediated, vasovagal, situational, carotid sinus hypersensitivity, and atypical forms. Acute and chronic autonomic neuropathies and neurodegenerative disorders can also present with syncope.
“Who has the Youth, has the Future”: Vocation and civics: the continuation school in practice

As Georg Kerschensteiner, Oskar Pache, and the other youth reformers had advocated after the turn of the century, mandatory industrial continuation schools became the paramount municipally sponsored socializing agencies for young urban working-class males who had completed elementary school and entered the labor force. Although playing down the controversy these schools generated in Germany, in 1907 M. E. Sadler, an English historian of education in Manchester, concisely summarized the combination of concerns about national competitiveness and moral policing, of urban anxieties and schemes for reasserting discipline that inspired the decisive transformation of these schools: The view that technical training following upon a good general education has become indispensable to the industrial and commercial success of a nation commands the unreserved assent of the German people.… And therefore as soon as it was realized that modern conditions of industry and commerce threatened to deprive young people of the educational care that was previously provided through apprenticeship, the idea of compulsory attendance at suitable continuation schools rapidly grew in favour among the workpeople and, though more slowly, among the mass of employers also. But it was not to economic interests alone that the growth of this opinion was due. Moral considerations supported it. Fears were felt that the moral welfare of the nation would suffer if no measures were taken to counteract the deteriorating influences of town and city life during the first years of a youth's freedom from the discipline of day school life. Although it was only around 1900 that mandatory industrial continuation schools spread throughout Germany, they had a long prehistory, and their legal foundation had been laid during the early years of the Reich.
Informed Consent (2)

Even the urgency of our global situation, even the fact that we are in the midst of a serious pandemic in which the number of new infections every hour is accelerating, even these urgencies, says the Antithesis position, should not allow ethical guidelines, especially those relating to informed consent, to be relaxed. The Nazi doctors certainly felt that the urgent demands of a major war effort justified taking ethical shortcuts in their medical experiments with human beings, but the condemnations of the Nuremberg trials have made that kind of thinking unacceptable ever since. The Antithesis position insists that even today’s urgencies must not be used as an excuse for taking ethical shortcuts in human subjects research. “The life-threatening and infectious nature of HIV/AIDS does not justify any suspension of the rights of research subjects to informed consent.”1
Right prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation enhances multi-day savings in sensorimotor adaptation.

We have previously reported that visuospatial working memory performance and magnitude of activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict the rate of manual visuomotor adaptation. Se...
Spectral sets and functions on Euclidean Jordan algebras

Abstract Spectral sets (functions) in Euclidean Jordan algebras are generalizations of permutation invariant sets (respectively, functions) in R n . In this article, we study properties of such sets and functions and show how they are related to algebra automorphisms and majorization. We show that spectral sets/functions are indeed invariant under automorphisms, but the converse may not hold unless the algebra is R n or simple. We study Schur-convex spectral functions and provide some applications. We also discuss the transfer principle and a related metaformula.
Genomic integration of Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/Smad1 signaling coordinates foregut and hindgut transcriptional programs

Digestive system development is orchestrated by combinatorial signaling interactions between endoderm and mesoderm, but how these signals are interpreted in the genome is poorly understood. Here we identified the transcriptomes of Xenopus foregut and hindgut progenitors, which are conserved with mammals. Using RNA-seq and ChIP-seq we show that BMP/Smad1 regulates dorsal-ventral gene expression in both the endoderm and mesoderm, whereas Wnt/β-catenin acts as a genome-wide toggle between foregut and hindgut programs. Unexpectedly, β-catenin and Smad1 binding were associated with both transcriptional activation and repression, with Wnt-repressed genes often lacking canonical Tcf DNA binding motifs, suggesting a novel mode of direct repression. Combinatorial Wnt and BMP signaling was mediated by Smad1 and β-catenin co-occupying hundreds of cis-regulatory DNA elements, and by a crosstalk whereby Wnt negatively regulates BMP ligand expression in the foregut. These results extend our understanding of gastrointestinal organogenesis and of how Wnt and BMP might coordinate genomic responses in other contexts.
Factors Associated With Missed Appointments at an Academic Pain Treatment Center: A Prospective Year-Long Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND:Interventional pain treatment centers represent an integral part of interdisciplinary care. Barriers to effective treatment include access to care and financial issues related to pain clinic operations. To address these challenges, specialty clinics have taken steps to identify and remedy
Indirect effects of climate change on zinc cycling in sediments: The role of changing water levels

Increased variability in lake and river water levels associated with changing climate could impact the fate and effects of metals in redox-sensitive sediments through the alteration of microbial communities and of acid–base and redox chemistry. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of water level fluctuation on metal speciation in porewater and predict environmental risk to high-carbonate systems. Using experimental microcosms with sediments collected from 4 metal-contaminated coastal freshwater wetlands in Michigan, USA, we conducted water level fluctuation experiments. Porewater and sediment metals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Zn) and important metal binding phases (iron-oxide speciation, acid-volatile sulfide) were quantified. In a short-term drying (seiche) experiment, there were decreases in all porewater metals after inundation of saturated sediments. During a drought experiment, re-inundation of oxidized sediments increased porewater Cu, Zn, Mg, Ca for most sites. Porewater Zn increased after inundation to levels exceeding the US Environmental Protection Agency threshold for chronic toxicity. These data show that the dissolution of metal carbonates and metal sulfates contributes to metal release after re-flooding and indicate that we might expect increased ecological risk to organisms present in drought-sensitive regions where altered hydroperiods are likely to increase metal bioavailability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2456–2464. © 2017 SETAC
HT-ATTENDING: Essential Hypertension

The HT-ATTENDING system extends the exploration of the critiquing approach to the domain of essential hypertension. This domain is interesting for several reasons. First, essential hypertension is a widespread medical problem, for which treatment is most important. Second, there is a complex spectrum of treatment choices, with new drugs frequently introduced. As a result, the field is in constant flux and it is important that a physician have access to accurate, up-to-date information. Essential fhypertension is also a good domain because it is familiar to most physicians. In contrast, anesthesiology is quite esoteric. Most physicians know little, if anything, about anesthetic management.
Linking Stages in the Development of Applied Sociology and Women's Studies:

As a field, applied sociology has developed along with the growth of women's studies. Women's studies scholars have called for greater recognition and appreciation of early women scholars, research...
Dynamic teams of robots as ad hoc distributed computers: reducing the complexity of multi-robot motion planning via subspace selection

We solve the multi-robot path planning problem using three complimentary techniques: (1) robots that must coordinate to avoid collisions form temporary dynamic teams. (2) Robots in each dynamic team become a distributed computer by pooling their computational resources over ad hoc wireless Ethernet. (3) The computational complexity of each team’s problem is reduced by carefully constraining the environmental subspace in which the problem is considered. An important contribution of this work is a method for quickly choosing the subspace, used for (3), to which each team’s problem is constrained. The heuristic is based on a tile-like pebble motion game, and returns true only if a subset of the environment will permit a solution to be found (otherwise it returns false). We perform experiments with teams of four and six CU Prairiedog robots (built on the iRobot Create platform) deployed in a large residence hall, as well as ten robots in random simulated environments.
Make It Old: Hollis Frampton contra Ezra Pound

Hollis Frampton's films have often been characterized as the afterimages of literary modernism. While the material and linguistic concerns of his early films as well as his time spent visiting Ezra...
Quantification of Red Blood Cell Morphology

The description of red blood cells extends back to the earliest days of the development of the microscope. In 1658 Swammerdam described the oval red blood cells of the frog, and in 1673 Leeuwenhoek discovered the red cells in human blood and described them as circular in contrast to amphibian cells. In 1770 Hewson published detailed descriptions of structure, form, and dimensions of red blood cells from different animals, including man. In 1846 Gulliver published measurements of red cell size (diameter) on 485 species of vertebrates.
The Role of Spirituality in Counseling: Four Theoretical Orientations

Pastoral care and counseling is emerging as an effective and respected practice within the theological, psychological, and counseling professions. However, a survey of contemporary literature reveals a need to demonstrate the role of spirituality in the specific theoretical orientations of psychology and counseling. This article will provide a basic overview and discuss the role of spirituality in each of the four primary psychological theories: psychodynamic, existential/phenomenological, behavioral, and cognitive.
Cyclic Hardening and Crack Initiation in Intermetallic Compounds

ABSTRACT The results of a program to determine the role of long range order in crack initiation and growth under cyclic loading are described. Two alloys were selected for study: FeCo-2%V (B2 structure) and Ni3Al (Ll2 structure). Ni3Al was studied in single crystal form only, while polycrystals of FeCo-V were utilized. Persistent slip bands, extrusions and intrusions were found to initiate stage I cracks in both alloys. The relationship between cyclic hardening and fatigue lives is discussed.
Do Active Pao Patients Maintain Their Activity Levels Over Mid-term Follow-up?:

Objectives:Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is an established hip preservation technique for skeletally mature patients with symptomatic acetabular dysplasia. For athletes and physically active indiv...
Vibrational Energy Relaxation in Solid Benzene

Molecular crystal vibrational transitions have certain unique characteristics which allow their dynamics to be explored using coherent methods. This is made possible principally as a result of the averaging of the inhomogeneous distribution by vibrational energy-transfer [1,2]. Consider, as in Figure 1, the two vibrational states of a molecule, v=0 and v=1, between which Raman transitions can occur. If the vibrational excitation is localized, then in the aggregate, Figure 1 center, a distribution of transitions would be observed. This distribution arises because the crystal is not perfect as a result of its finite extent, strains and so on. Thus the translational symmetry is not exact and a distribution of transition frequencies exists. This distribution can be observed in the lineshape of transitions in dilute mixed crystals. The existence of vibrational energy-transfer or delocalization of the excitation changes the picture depending on the relative values of the root mean square deviation in frequency, D, and the vibrational exciton bandwidth s v. It turns out that D/s v is very small compared with unity for many vibrational transitions, such that classically the pure coherence decay is altered from its static form exp {-D2t2}, to a dynamical, or motionally averaged form exp {-(γ + D2/s v)t} where γ is the vibrational relaxation time. Thus, whenever γ »D2/s v the effects of the coherence loss due to the inhomogeneities can be neglected. In effect,the timescale of this coherence loss is increased from 1/D to s v/D2.
Black and White Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Show Similar Biologic Use Patterns With Medicaid Insurance

Background Prior studies have identified racial disparities in the treatment and outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These disparities could be secondary to differences in biology, care delivery, or access to appropriate therapy. The primary aim of this study was to compare medication use among Medicaid-insured black and white patients with IBD, given uniform access to gastroenterologists and therapies. Methods We analyzed Medicaid Analytic eXtract data from 4 states (California, Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas) between 2006 and 2011. We compared the use of IBD-specific therapies, including analyses of postoperative therapy among patients with Crohn disease (CD). We performed bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. Results We identified 14,735 patients with IBD (4672 black [32%], 8277 with CD [58%]). In multivariable analysis, there was no significant difference in the odds of anti-tumor necrosis factor use by race for CD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.28] or ulcerative colitis (aOR = 1.12; 95% CI, 0.96-1.32). Black patients with CD were more likely than white patients to receive combination therapy (aOR = 1.50; 95% CI, 1.15-1.96), and black patients were more likely than white patients to receive immunomodulator monotherapy after surgery for CD (31% vs 18%; P = 0.004). Conclusions In patients with Medicaid insurance, where access to IBD-specific therapy should be similar for all individuals, there was no significant disparity by race in the utilization of IBD-specific therapies. Disparities in IBD treatment discussed in prior literature seem to be driven by socioeconomic or other issues affecting access to care.
Surface modification techniques of titanium and titanium alloys for biomedical dental applications: A review

Abstract The materials used for biomedical applications include metal and their alloys, polymers, and ceramics. Of these, titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys are widely used as implant materials owing to its superior corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength. Although titanium has several advantages, being biologically inert, it cannot osseointegrate with the human cells. Thus, the surface of the titanium implant has a very important role, as it determines the rate of osseointegration and the success of the implant. The main objective of this review is to offer a thorough and detailed description of the most promising techniques used for the surface modification of titanium dental implants. A systematic classification of these methods is provided, followed by their advantages. Mechanical methods like acid etching and grit blasting, hydrogen peroxide treatment, acidic treatment, nitride coatings, hydroxyapatite coatings, metal oxide coatings and silver coatings have been analyzed and selected for this review. These methods have been experimentally proven to enhance the osseointegration rate, improving the biocompatibility and stability as well as the antibacterial properties of the implants. Thus, the surface modification of the titanium implant surface significantly improves the properties of the implant. However, further research is necessary to study the implant surface and the human cell interface in more detail and develop new surface modification techniques to manufacture implants with superior properties.
A systematic review of crime/violence and substance use prevention programs

Abstract Crime/violence is a ubiquitous problem in the United States, resulting in a number of negative outcomes. Given the negative impacts of crime on communities, Thrive in the 05 is a crime/violence prevention initiative striving to decrease crime/violence through a targeted place-based approach. There is a strong connection between crime/violence and substance use and Thrive in the 05 community members elected to implement a crime/violence prevention program that also targeted substance use. The purpose of the current systematic review was to review evaluations and descriptions of crime/violence interventions that also address substance use in order to inform the intervention selected by Thrive in the 05. Following AMSTAR guidelines, the authors systematically searched 12 databases and found 73 articles that fit the inclusion criteria. Forty articles evaluated crime/violence and substance use prevention programs implemented in the community, schools, justice system, or health care system and 19 articles described programs implemented in these milieus. The majority of studies were implemented in schools, highlighting the need for additional programs targeting high risk adults. There is a need for researchers to collect multiple sources of data and engage in more randomized controlled trials. Finally, community-based prevention efforts should collect data from law enforcement personnel.
Cystine reduces tight junction permeability and intestinal inflammation induced by oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells.

Intestinal oxidative stress produces pro-inflammatory cytokines, which increase tight junction (TJ) permeability, leading to intestinal and systemic inflammation. Cystine (Cys2) is a substrate of glutathione (GSH) and inhibits inflammation, however, it is unclear whether Cys2 locally improves intestinal barrier dysfunction. Thus, we investigated the local effects of Cys2 on oxidative stress-induced TJ permeability and intestinal inflammatory responses. Caco-2 cells were cultured in a Cys2-supplemented medium for 24 h and then treated with H2O2 for 2 h. We assessed TJ permeability by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance and the paracellular flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran 4 kDa. We measured the concentration of Cys2 and GSH after Cys2 pretreatment. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was assessed. In addition, the levels of TJ proteins were assessed by measuring the expression of TJ proteins in the whole cells and the ratio of TJ proteins in the detergent-insoluble fractions to soluble fractions (IS/S ratio). Cys2 treatment reduced H2O2-induced TJ permeability. Cys2 did not change the expression of TJ proteins in the whole cells, however, suppressed the IS/S ratio of claudin-4. Intercellular levels of Cys2 and GSH significantly increased in cells treated with Cys2. Cys2 treatment suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the mRNA levels were significantly correlated with TJ permeability. In conclusion, Cys2 treatment locally reduced oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction possively due to the mitigation of claudin-4 dislocalization. Furthermore, the effect of Cys2 on the improvement of intestinal barrier function is related to the local suppression of oxidative stress-induced pro-inflammatory responses.
Kingsbridge Armory Community Benefits Agreement Case Study

This case study summarizes the terms of a 2013 agreement between a community coalition and a developer to redevelop a historic building in the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx.
Thermally developing forced convection flow through porous concentric pipes annular duct

This article shows the thermally developing flow through concentric pipes annular sector duct by describing the Darcy Brinkman flow field. The cross sectional convection-diffusion terms are transfo...
6-Thioguanine blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibition of PLpro.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global health crisis that, in addition to vaccines and immunomodulatory therapies, calls for the identification of antiviral therapeutics. The papain-like protease (PLpro) activity of nsp3 is an attractive drug target as it is essential for viral polyprotein cleavage and for deconjugation of ISG15, an antiviral ubiquitin-like protein. We show here that 6-Thioguanine (6-TG), an orally available and widely available generic drug, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero-E6 cells with an EC50 of approximately 2 μM. 6-TG also inhibited PLpro-catalyzed polyprotein cleavage and de-ISGylation in cells and inhibited proteolytic activity of the purified PLpro domain in vitro. We therefore propose that 6-TG is a direct-acting antiviral that could potentially be repurposed and incorporated into the set of treatment and prevention options for COVID-19.
Evaluation of algal biomass production on vertical aeroponic substrates

Abstract Large scale algal biomass production has focused primarily on the Open Pond (OP) and Photobioreactor (PBR) systems, but to date neither system has been able to produce algae biofuel in a financially viable manner. For this reason, a novel aeroponic substrate based cultivation system was evaluated to determine if it could produce significant quantities of biomass without a negative impact on the lipid productivity and fatty acid profile compared to the two traditional systems. This vertical substrate system produced significant areal yields (exceeding 15 g biomass m − 2 floor space d − 1 ) assuming a 1:1 lab scale to full scale conversion and significant harvest concentrations (exceeding 4.94 g biomass L − 1 ), resulting in reduced energy inputs and increased financial return. In addition to productivity increases, the aeroponic nature of this substrate system did not negatively affect the fatty acid composition of the cultivated biomass, thus demonstrating the promising potential for using substrate based systems to produce biofuel, nutraceuticals and feed for fisheries and various other applications.
Sampling and Simulation

In the previous lesson, the nut broker’s sample was assumed to be “a random one”, that is, a selection with uniform probability on the[ 12 2500 ]possible sample points. Presumably, after shaking the nuts from the trees, removing the hulls, and putting them in 25 pound sacks, we have gotten them pretty well mixed up. Moreover, the broker trusts that the sack has not been “salted” with lots of good nuts on top; etc. The essence of “shake the urn, withdraw the chip” mentioned in earlier sections seems to be there.
Tables of Special Values

In the remaining pages we display three sets of tables of algebraic parts of special values of L-functions, $$A\left( X \right) = \frac{{\pi \left( {\mathop X\limits^ -} \right)\;\;L\left( {f,X,l} \right)}}{{\Omega _f^{{\mathop{\rm sgn}} \left( X \right)}}}$$ Here χ denotes a primitive quadratic character of conductor mχ. In the first two sets of tables mχ is taken to be positive or negative depending on whether χ(−1) = sgn χ is plus or minus one. The modular form f ranges through the weight two parabolic eigenforms for the following modular curves: 1. X0 (N), N prime ≤ 43; 2. Genus one curves X0 (N), N = 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 27, 32, 36, 49; 3. X1 (13). The complex number \(\Omega _f^{{\mathop{\rm sgn}} \chi }\) is an appropriate period of f(z)dz on the corresponding modular curves.
Fatty Acid Synthetase from Lactating Rat Mammary Gland III. DISSOCIATION AND REASSOCIATION

Abstract Fatty acid synthetase from lactating rat mammary gland is shown to be a cold-labile multienzyme complex. The native (13 S) form slowly dissociates into half-molecular weight (9 S) subunits on aging in the cold. Fatty acid synthetase activity observed on addition of the 9 S subunits to the assay system between 20 and 30°, is shown to result from rapid reassociation of the subunits to the 13 S form. Dissociation of the enzyme into subunits is accompanied by a change in the number of protein sulfhydryl groups accessible to 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), but reassociation to the parent form is not dependent on the presence of a reduced thiol. The dissociation does not involve oxidation of protein sulfhydryl groups, as the total number of sulfhydryl groups titratable with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) in the presence of 6 m urea was the same in the native enzyme and its subunits. Blocking more than two of the 28 subunit sulfhydryl groups with p-chloromercuribenzoate restricted the ability of the subunits to undergo heat-induced reassociation. Evidence is presented which suggests that although protein sulfhydryl groups may be involved in the dissociation-reassociation phenomenon, hydrophobic bonding is probably a more critical factor. Similar studies carried out with the fatty acid synthetase purified from rat liver indicate that this enzyme too exhibits cold lability.
A CASE OF ELASTO-PLASTIC FLOW USING A NEW SPECIAL ELEMENT

Using a new special element for elasto-plastic flow, a nearly square, center-cracked plate of simulated A533 steel is analyzed. Selected results are examined locally to the crack's tip. It is found that a sharp transition in the distribution of deformation and stress occurs after the initial elastic response, and that this state is followed by fairly stable behavior over a considerable portion of the load range. Distribution of strain energy density is noted, and implications for use of the parameter J and for additional work are discussed briefly.
Conditions of Employment for Teachers in the United States.

Good working conditions for teachers make a vital contribution to the educational success of children, and poor working conditions create nearly insurmountable obstacles to student learning. In this article, I examine teachers' class sizes, workdays, workweeks, and work years as well as the broader conditions of employment such as benefits and issues of job security I rely here on various government and union surveys. International data come largely from an American Federation of Teachers (AFT) study (Nelson and O'Brien 1993) synthesizing international studies of teacher working conditions as well as data obtained by the AFT through foreign embassies here, U.S. embassies abroad, teacher unions in foreign countries, and foreign government education agencies responsible for collecting or distributing data. Because data for several years and different sources are synthesized, the information should be considered as generally applicable rather than definitive.
Volumetric MLFMA formulation for dielectric targets in the presence of a half-space

[1] The fast multipole method (FMM) and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) are extended to the analysis of volumetric electric field integral equations (VEFIE) for targets in the presence of a half-space, to calculate the electromagnetic fields scattered from dielectric scatterers situated above or within a half-space environment. The “near” interactions are handled via rigorous evaluation of the dyadic Green's functions, by using the discrete complex image technique (DCIT); the “far” interactions are calculated by considering image source elements and groups. Numerical results are presented for comparisons between the VEFIE and surface combined-field integral equation (SCFIE) MLFMA formulations.
Tracking measles infection through non-linear state space models

Summary. Estimating the burden of infectious disease is complicated by the general tendency for underreporting of cases. When the reporting rate is unknown, conventional methods have relied on accounting methods that do not make explicit use of surveillance data or the temporal dynamics of transmission and infection. State space models are a framework for various methods that allow dynamic models to be fitted with partially or imperfectly observed surveillance data. State space models are an appealing approach to burden estimation as they combine expert knowledge in the form of an underlying dynamic model but make explicit use of surveillance data to estimate parameter values, to predict unobserved elements of the model and to provide standard errors for estimates.
Physician, practice, and patient characteristics related to primary care physician physical and mental health: Results from the physician worklife study

Twenty years ago it would have been unusual to have a session on physician job satisfaction at a conference on health care research. Everyone knew that doctors had good jobs, even if they were difficult and challenging. The recent past has seen numerous and well-documented changes (Scott 1993). Financial, technological, and delivery system changes have been important, but more directly affecting physician job satisfaction and stress levels are changes in the actual organization of the medical workplace. Many observers have suggested that the autonomy of physicians is being constrained (Navarro 1988), as purchasers, employers (McKinlay and Stoeckle 1988), and consumers (Haug 1988) exercise countervailing power (Light 1993). The reactions to these changes have been documented in various sources. Newspapers chronicle the woes of a medical career (Hall 1995), linking surging disability claims to job dissatisfaction (Hilzenrath 1998). Similarly, research journals have linked poor physician satisfaction to higher rates of patient noncompliance (DiMatteo, Sherbourne, Hays, et al. 1993) and patient dissatisfaction (Linn et al. 1985) and go further to suggest that dissatisfied physicians may have riskier prescribing profiles (Melville 1980). Associated with this decrease in satisfaction is a corresponding increase in perceived levels of stress, which may lead to such outcomes as burnout, mental health problems, or even suicide (Arnetz, Horte, Hedberg, et al. 1987). More ominous is the linkage of stress with disruption of work performance, including absenteeism, turnover, decline in job performance, accidents and errors, and alcohol and drug use (Kahn and Byosiere 1992). Taken together, these findings suggest that distress and dissatisfaction have significant costs not only to the individual physician, but also to the patient and health care organization. This is even more important as increasing numbers of physicians practice in organized settings. In looking for insight on how to address these issues, we must draw on the physician job satisfaction and job stress literature. However, the literature is subject to two limitations. The first is that they are chiefly devoted to description and prescription. Many recommendations are made, often based on common sense or intuition, which are not supported by empirical findings. The second limitation lies in the observation that most of the empirical work has focused on the causes of job satisfaction and job stress rather than examining their impact on physicians, patients, and health care organizations. Our purpose in this study is to begin to redress some of these limitations and to provide “good science” upon which recommendations can be made to physicians, managers, and policy makers. The following section features a conceptual model of physician satisfaction and stress that explores both their causes as well as their consequences.
Analysis and tuning of libtensor framework on multicore architectures

Libtensor is a framework designed to implement the tensor contractions arising form the coupled cluster and equations of motion computational quantum chemistry equations. It has been optimized for symmetry and sparsity to be memory efficient. This allows it to run efficiently on the ubiquitous and cost-effective SMP architectures. Unfortunately, movement of memory controllers on chip has endowed these SMP systems with strong NUMA properties. Moreover, the manycore trend in processor architecture demands that the implementation be extremely thread-scalable on node. To date, Libtensor has been generally agnostic of these effects. To that end, in this paper, we explore a number of optimization techniques including a thread-friendly and NUMA-aware memory allocator and garbage collector, tuning the tensor tiling factor, and tuning the scheduling quanta. In the end, our optimizations can improve the performance of contractions implemented in Libtensor by up to 2× on representative Ivy Bridge, Nehalem, and Opteron SMPs.