cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quaternary shoreline shifting and hydrogeologic influence on the distribution of groundwater arsenic in aquifers of the Bengal Basin

Abstract Naturally occurring high arsenic concentration in groundwater of most alluvial aquifers in the Bengal Basin has been causing serious health problems in millions of people. Elevated dissolved arsenic concentrations are mostly confined within a shallow depth (
Addition of carbonaceous feedstuffs to broiler litter before deep-stacking

Abstract Different types and levels of carbonaceous feedstuffs mixed with broiler litter were incubated in a broiler litter deep-stack for 3 or 9 weeks to determine effects on nutrient composition, recovery and digestibility. Substrates were ground corn (C), whole corn, ground wheat, molasses (M), bermudagrass hay (B), wheat straw and 1:1 (dry matter) mixtures thereof (excluding whole corn and a B-wheat straw mixture) mixed at 10 or 20% of total dry matter with broiler litter. Broiler litter incubated for 3 and 9 weeks had 110 and 106% (SE 1.2) nitrogen recovery, 98 and 118% (SE 1.0) acid detergent fiber nitrogen recovery, 91 and 85% (SE 0.8) neutral detergent fiber recovery, 132 and 148% (SE 4.1) neutral detergent soluble organic matter recovery and 81 and 75% (SE 1.1) in situ ruminal (48 h) neutral detergent fiber disappearance, respectively. In general, effects of C, whole corn and wheat were similar, as well as were those of B and wheat straw. Nitrogen recovery was increased by singular addition of M; associative effects of mixing M with other carbonaceous feedstuffs occurred; and M effects varied with level of addition and length of incubation (112, 131, 114, 124 and 123% with 10% substrate, and 114, 146, 116, 134 and 135% with 20% substrate (SE 1.50); 113, 133, 114, 124 and 127% with 3-week incubation, and 113, 144, 116, 134 and 131% with 9-week incubation (SE 1.50) for C, M, B, C-M and M-B, respectively). Recovery of acid detergent fiber N was increased by cereal grain inclusion (112, 100, 96, 111 and 107% with 10% substrate, and 125, 106, 84, 110 and 91% with 20% substrate (SE 3.4); 114, 103, 81, 113 and 105 with 3-week incubation, and 123, 103, 100, 109 and 93% with 9-week incubation (SE 3.42) for C, M, B, C-M and M-B, respectively). Molasses inclusion decreased neutral detergent fiber recovery more at 20 than 10% and at 9 vs 3 weeks of incubation (106, 76, 84, 81 and 75% with 10% substrate, and 111, 68, 86, 75 and 70% with 20% substrate; 107, 82, 88, 82 and 80% with 3-week incubation, and 110, 63, 83, 74 and 65% with 9-week incubation (SE 2.13) for C, M, B, C-M and M-B, respectively). Recovery of neutral detergent soluble organic matter generally varied inversely with neutral detergent fiber recovery. Molasses resulted in 48-h in situ ruminal neutral detergent fiber disappearance, greater than expected based on the disappearance of feedstuffs before deep-stacking (3-week incubation: 4, 15, 1, −1 and 4% difference (SE 0.88); 9-week incubation: −12, 3, −13, 1 and 0% difference with 10% substrate, and −10, 9, −11, 0 and 0% difference with 20% substrate (SE 1.21) for C, M, B, C-M and M-B, respectively). In conclusion, molasses addition resulted in a number of changes, suggesting improved nutritive value of broiler litter.
Magnetic Circular Dichroism of Cytochrome c

We have measured the magnetic circular dichroism of ferrocytochrome c from 350 to 1000 nm and the MCD of ferricytochrome c from 350 to 750 nm. We present expressions for the shapes of MCD and absorption spectra in the presence of a magnetic field of randomly oriented molecules for the general case in which the absorption band is split in zero field, and the two components of the split band have different intensities. After correcting for the effects of unresolved zero‐field splitting, we find that the ``angular momentum'' of the Q00 band of Fe(II) cyt c is 7.9 μB. We show that the 23‐fold decrease in the MCD of the Q00 band upon oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) is due to about a fivefold increased bandwidth while the oscillator strength and angular momentum remain essentially unchanged. The increase in bandwidth may reflect greater mixing of the porphyrin orbitals with the d levels of the iron ion in the oxidized state. The MCD of Fe(II) cyt c in the near infrared (600–1000 nm) can be decomposed using essen...
Automatic material characterization at microwave frequencies

An instrument was assembled to measure complex permittivity at microwave frequencies in an efficient, inexpensive manner. It bridges the gap between traditional, tedious methods of characterization and expensive vector network analyzer techniques. A microcomputer is used to control the operation of a scalar network analyzer. Measurements of the magnitude of the reflection and transmission coefficients are automatically made as a function of frequency and temperature over a range of 2-18 GHz. A theory is developed covering the different regimes of operation: the thin sample, the multiple reflecting sample, and the high insertion loss sample. Sample thickness criteria for accurate measurements are reported. Results are presented for dielectric and semiconductor samples. >
REVIEW ESSAY: STRUGGLING OVER ORIGINS: EXPLORATIONS OF THE MOVEMENT-MEMORY NEXUS

Cultural Movements and Collective Memory: Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth. By Timothy Kubal. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. $89.95 (hardcover), 288 pp, ISBN ...
Nutrient content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of silages made from various sweet sorghum cultivars

Abstract Lema, M., Felix, A., Salako, S. and Bishnoi, U. 2001. Nutrient content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of silages made from various sweet sorghum cultivars. J. Appl. Anim. Sci., 20: 99–106. Sweet sorghum is an important forage crop in the tropics. Silages made from ten sweet sorghum varieties were studied to determine the effect of variety on nutrient content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Results from silage analysis revealed significant (P<0.05) varietal differences in crude protein (CP), Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, gross energy (GE), ash, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent lignin (ADL), cellulose, hemicelluiose contents and IVDMD among sweet sorghum varieties.
Changes in the Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Care Units in US Hospitals, 1992–2003

The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus isolates that were methicillin resistant (MRSA) increased from 35.9% in 1992 to 64.4% in 2003 for hospitals in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system. During the same period, there was a decrease in resistance rates for several non- beta -lactam drugs among the MRSA isolates.
The Influence of Recurrent Modes of Climate Variability on the Occurrence of Winter and Summer Extreme Temperatures over North America

The influence of the Pacific‐North American (PNA) pattern, the northern annular mode (NAM), and the El Ni~ Oscillation (ENSO) on extreme temperature days and months over North America is examined. Associations between extreme temperature days and months are strongest with the PNA and NAM andweakerforENSO.Ingeneral,theassociationwithextremestendstobestrongeronmonthlythandailytime scales and for winter as compared tosummer. Extreme temperatures are associated with the PNA and NAM in the vicinity of the centers of action of these circulation patterns; however, many extremes also occur on days when the amplitude and polarity of these patterns do not favor their occurrence. In winter, synoptic-scale, transient weather disturbances are important drivers of extreme temperature days; however, many of these smaller-scale events are concurrent with amplified PNA or NAM patterns. Associations are weaker in summer when other physical mechanisms affecting the surface energybalance, such as anomaloussoil moisture content, also influence the occurrence of extreme temperatures.
Turbulent flow in annular pipes

An extension to annular conduits of the well-known method of calculating the resistance coefficient for turbulent flow in circular pipes is presented. The method is new in that it does not borrow any information from laminar flow theory; it gives, therefore, a location for the maximum velocity based only on turbulent flow characteristics. Expressions and a few essential graphs are given for the average as well as inner- and outer-wall resistance coefficients for both hydraulically smooth and rough regimes and also for the transitional regime. A comparison with available experimental information for fully developed turbulent flow is presented.
A note on hair whorl position and cattle temperament in the auction ring.

Abstract The objective of this study was to further describe the relationships between facial hair whorls and temperament in cattle. Cattle (n=1636) from six commercial cattle auctions in Colorado and Texas were observed. Whorl location was classified according to lateral position (left, right, or middle) and height (high: above the top of the eye, middle: at eye level, low: below the bottom of the eye). A 4-point temperament score was used to rate each animal while it was in the auction ring. Cattle with a score of 1 remained calm and stood still or walked around, and those with a score of 4 were highly agitated and hit the ring fence, walls, partitions, or people with its head. The cattle observed were 75% Bos taurus beef breeds, 21% Holstein dairy cattle, 3% Bos indicus beef breeds, and 1% non-Holstein dairy breeds. Ten percent of cattle surveyed had no facial hair whorl, while 86% had a single spiral hair whorl, of which 47% had middle–middle whorl placement. Animals with a high whorl position or no hair whorl had higher temperament scores (P=0.01). Cattle with low whorls were more likely to have greater lateral displacement of whorls off of the centerline than cattle with high or middle whorls (P
The Fey Effect Young Adults, Political Humor, and Perceptions of Sarah Palin in the 2008 Presidential Election Campaign

Using panel data of young adults, we find evidence that ex- posure to Tina Feys impersonation of Sarah Palins performance in the 2008 vice-presidential debate on Saturday Night Live is associated with changes in attitudes toward her selection as VP candidate and presidential vote intentions. These effects are most pronounced among self-identified Independents and Republicans. Recent studies show that late-night comedy exposure is significantly associated with multiple aspects of political attitudes (Baumgartner and Morris 2006; Moy, Xenos, and Hess 2006; Young 2004). Using panel data of young adults surveyed in the late stages of the 2008 presidential campaign, we find that those who saw Tina Feys impersonation of Sarah Palin on Saturday Night Lives (SNL) skit of the vice-presidential debate displayed steeper declines in approval for Palin than those who saw debate coverage through other means. Interest- ingly, this ''Fey Effect'' spilled over into vote intention, and was most pro- nounced among self-identified Republicans. This research is important because it serves as a corrective to the mostly post- hoc and correlational evidence regarding the effect of comedic portrayals of Palin on public opinion. Interestingly, most of the published empirical research on the effect of humor on attitudes ignores sketch comedy and focuses on late-night talk shows. This is surprising, given that SNL has been doing parodies of presidential candidates since its inaugural season in 1975. The analysis also provides a telling
The Contingency Approach: Its Foundations and Relevance to Theory Building and Research in Marketing

The contingency approach and its relevance to theory building and research in marketing is described. The approach is delineated and its theoretical foundations traced. Several established contingency theories within the management discipline are outlined and the research they have stimulated on related topics in marketing are highlighted. An assessment of the current state of the contingency approach in marketing literature is then provided.
Challenges and solutions for EEDF extraction from cylindrical langmuir probes

One of the most valuable plasma characteristics that can be obtained from a Langmuir probe is the Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF). Due to the integral relationship between the probe VI characteristic and the EEDF, it is also one of the most challenging aspects of Langmuir probe analysis.
Learning Sparsely Used Overcomplete Dictionaries

We consider the problem of learning sparsely used overcomplete dictionaries, where each observation is a sparse combination of elements from an unknown overcomplete dictionary. We establish exact recovery when the dictionary elements are mutually incoherent. Our method consists of a clustering-based initialization step, which provides an a pproximate estimate of the true dictionary with guaranteed accuracy. This estimate is then refined via a n iterative algorithm with the following alternating steps: 1) estimation of the dictionary coef ficients for each observation through `1 minimization, given the dictionary estimate, and 2) estimation of the dictionary elements through least squares, given the coefficient estimates. We establis h that, under a set of sufficient conditions, our method converges at a linear rate to the true dictionary as well as the true coefficients for each observation.
Visual stimulus characteristics that elicit tracking and striking in the praying mantises Parasphendale affinis, Popa spurca and Sphodromantis lineola.

We tested three species of praying mantis, Parasphendale affinis (Giglio-Tos), Popa spurca (Stal), and Sphodromantis lineola (Burmeister) with computer generated stimuli that differed in size, contrast, configuration and movement pattern to determine the effects of these parameters on visual tracking and striking behavior. Overall, black disks moving erratically against a white background were strong releasers of both behaviors. When stimulus presentation order was randomized by size, P. affinis and P. spurca struck at progressively higher rates as the stimuli enlarged up to 44 deg; S. lineola struck most at intermediate sized (10-20 deg) disks. When disks were size-ordered from small to large, P. affinis and S. lineola struck at higher rates to the smaller disks; however, when the order was reversed, the early appearance of large disks suppressed subsequent responses to the smaller. Stimulus order did not differentially affect the responses of P. spurca . All species responded at higher rates to black disks moving against a white background versus the reverse. However, only P. spurca and S. lineola responded at higher rates to relatively darker grey disks, only P. affinis responded to mottled grey disks moving against an identically patterned background, and only P. spurca struck more frequently in response to rectangular stimuli oriented parallel ( versus perpendicular) to their direction of movement. In conjunction with data on other species, these results support the hypothesis that praying mantises recognize prey based on assessing several category-specific, spatiotemporal features, e.g., size, contrast, speed, movement pattern, and leading edge length.
Fe(II) and Cr(III) complexes of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

Abstract Complexes of Fe(II) and Cr(III) with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dpe) have been prepared and characterized. The Cr(III) species all have the general formulation Cr(dpe)1.5X3 and are proposed to be binuclear with a bridging dpe. Two types of Fe(II) complexes were obtained, Fe(dpe)X2 (X = Cl− and Br−) and diamagnetic Fe(dpe)2(NCS)2. The complexes have been characterized by infrared, electronic and Mossbauer spectra and by magnetic measurements.
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe open promoter bubble: mammalian-like arrangement and properties.

Abstract The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is often used as a genetic system to model processes that apply to higher cells. Here S. pombe was used to study promoter DNA opening and transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. The melted region within the adh promoter is about 20 bp in size and has the start site near its center. This arrangement is similar to that at the AdML promoter but different from that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Although expression of human TFIIB shifts the start site to the nearby human position, it does not change the location of the bubble. The start site shift is directed by the C terminus of human TFIIB, in contrast to expectations from S. cerevisiae . The creation of the bubble requires the ATPase motifs of XPB. Overall, the data show that promoter melting and initiation in fission yeast is much more similar to humans than to budding yeast.
Randomized Differential DSSS: Jamming-Resistant Wireless Broadcast Communication

Jamming resistance is crucial for applications where reliable wireless communication is required. Spread spectrum techniques such as Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) have been used as countermeasures against jamming attacks. Traditional anti-jamming techniques require that senders and receivers share a secret key in order to communicate with each other. However, such a requirement prevents these techniques from being effective for anti-jamming broadcast communication, where a jammer may learn the shared key from a compromised or malicious receiver and disrupt the reception at normal receivers. In this paper, we propose a Randomized Differential DSSS (RD-DSSS) scheme to achieve anti-jamming broadcast communication without shared keys. RD-DSSS encodes each bit of data using the correlation of unpredictable spreading codes. Specifically, bit ``0'' is encoded using two different spreading codes, which have low correlation with each other, while bit ``1'' is encoded using two identical spreading codes, which have high correlation. To defeat reactive jamming attacks, RD-DSSS uses multiple spreading code sequences to spread each message and rearranges the spread output before transmitting it. Our theoretical analysis and simulation results show that RD-DSSS can effectively defeat jamming attacks for anti-jamming broadcast communication without shared keys.
Surface analyses of biocements from Pectinaria gouldii (Polychaeta: Pectinariidae) and Phragmatopoma lapidosa (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae)

Pectinaria gouldii and Phragmatopoma lapidosa are marine polychaetes that reside in protective structures built from sand grains bound together using proteinaceous cement secreted from specialized glands. P. gouldii constructs a solitary, ice-cream-cone-like structure. The smaller, gregarious P. lapidosa forms a large, reef-like mound. This study investigates the physical features of these two polychaete biocements, linking structure and function in two marine environments. The surface structures of hydrated biocement samples were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the surface structures and composition of dehydrated biocement samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Atomic force analyses indicate that (in their native states) the surface roughness, adhesion, and stiffness of P. gouldii biocement are greater than P. lapidosa biocement. The surface of P. gouldii resembled “cottage cheese,” while the surface of P. lapidosa had smoother features. SEM revealed “popped bubble” features that indicated a solid foam-like material for both biocements. EDS confirmed the presence of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous in both biocements, with varying amounts of these three elements at different locations on the same sample.
Intracranial Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Venography With 6.4-Fold Sensitivity Encoding at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla

THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) MR venography (MRV) is commonly used to image the dural venous sinuses and diagnose cerebral sinus thrombosis, and is usually performed using time-of-flight (TOF) and phase contrast (PC) techniques (1–4). Recently, contrast-enhanced (CE) MRV using intravenous gadolinium agents has been introduced into clinical practice (5–7), and is considered a valuable supplement, if not a superior alternative, to conventional TOF and PC methods (8–11). Imaging of the intracranial vasculature requires sub-millimeter spatial resolution to accurately depict the abundance of small cerebral vessels. The imaging volume typically encompasses the patient's entire brain, and the use of a large sampling matrix is necessary to achieve the desired spatial resolution. Acquisition of these large data sets is usually not practical with TOF or PC MRV because of prohibitively long scan times, and even for conventional 3D CE-MRV, the duration can exceed 4 min (7,12). The scan time of 3D CE-MRV can be significantly reduced with sensitivity encoding (SENSE; 13), and has been demonstrated at 1.5 Tesla (T; 14). SENSE can, however, suffer from a loss in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is due to both the reduction in Fourier samples and the g-factors associated with the coil array used in data acquisition (13). In high spatial resolution MR angiography (MRA) at 1.5T, this SNR loss can lead to poor vascular detail in small vessels (15,16), and has limited 1D-SENSE accelerations to typically less than four in clinical applications. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare identical SENSE-accelerated 3D CE-MRV acquisitions at 1.5T and 3.0T on the basis of vessel conspicuity and diagnostic image quality. We show that a 2D-SENSE acceleration of 6.4 can be robustly achieved with an eight-element head coil. The acceleration was used to reduce acquisition time to 55 s and achieve a sampling voxel size of 0.8 × 0.8 × 1.0 mm3. We hypothesize that, due to the higher SNR baseline at 3.0T, SENSE-accelerated CE-MRV at 3.0T will provide superior demonstration of the intracranial venous system, especially in small cerebral veins, than 1.5T.
Choice of sedation and its impact on adenoma detection rate in screening colonoscopies.

Background Studies have demonstrated that the use of sedation (regardless of type) increases polyp detection rates during colonoscopy. Compared to conscious sedation (CS), propofol sedation (PS) has led to detection of more advanced polyps, yet no apparent difference was found in the overall adenoma detection rate (ADR) in patients undergoing colonoscopy for various reasons. We aimed to assess whether there was a significant diff erence in the ADR in patients specifically undergoing screening colonoscopies using PS versus CS. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 699 consecutive patients who underwent inpatient screening colonoscopies at one academic inpatient center. The decision to perform endoscopy using PS versus CS was determined on an individual basis by each provider, taking into account various patient parameters. Results No significant difference was noted between ADR or location of detected adenomas between the CS and PS groups. When accounting for each variable, only total endoscopy time of less than 20 min resulted in a statistically signifi cant ADR difference between the two sedation groups (CS: 15.6% vs PS: 21.3%, P = 0.038). Conclusion ADR in screening colonoscopies is not increased by the use of PS compared to CS. While the use of propofol-based anesthesia is clearly associated with increased patient satisfaction and pain levels, the ADR is not enhanced, and its widespread use in screening colonoscopy sedation should still be investigated. Keywords Adenoma detection rate, colonoscopy, propofol sedation, conscious sedation, gastroenterology fellow training Ann Gastroenterol 2016; 29 (1): 50-55
Exploring the topography of physiological genomics.

ongoing genomic work in a number of model systems and the pending completion of the Human Genome Project provide remarkable new opportunities for physiology. In the 1997 Banbury Conference organized by the American Physiological Society, “Genomics to Physiology and Beyond: How Do We Get There
Strict Comparison and Weak Necessity: The Case of Epistemic Yào in Mandarin Chinese

The epistemic use of yao in Mandarin Chinese, often translated as ‘should’ in English, shows certain interesting peculiarities. In this paper, I first describe the empirical properties of epistemic yao. The occurrence of epistemic yao is restricted only to certain comparative constructions, but forbidden in other degree constructions or non-degree constructions. It cannot appear above or below negation. It has a quantificational force stronger than that of existential modals, yet weaker than that of strong necessity modals. It can appear with another epistemic modal yīnggāi, which has a very similar modal flavor and an identical quantificational force. When co-occurring, however, the two epistemic modals have to follow a strict word order. Next, I examine whether the above empirical properties of epistemic yao arise as lexical idiosyncrasies, from syntax, semantics, or their interface. Wherever relevant in the discussion, I compare epistemic yao to the (near-)synonymous yīnggāi. The epistemic use of yao in Mandarin Chinese may constitute an interesting case of inter- and cross-linguistic variation in natural language modality.
Processing and Characterization of Hybrid Nanoparticle Infused Structural Fiber Composites

Effective conventional manufacturing techniques are required to integrate the nanomaterial configurations into material systems at a larger component and structural level to obtain the enhanced benefits offered by the material configurations at the nano length scale. A low cost manufacturing process based on vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is demonstrated for the effective processing of fiber composite laminates using modified epoxy resin systems dispersed with nano and sub-micron alumina oxide particles. The effect of alumina oxide particles on the thermo physical properties (glass transition temperature, etc), are studied via differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. Higher glass transition temperatures with the alumina oxide and other nano particulate systems provide an opportunity to use conventional resin systems in high temperature applications. Ultrasonic mixing is employed to uniformly disperse the particles into an epoxy resin system. The flow characteristics of the modified resin system are not significantly different than the neat resin system and allowed the use of traditional VARTM processes successfully. The details of the resin modification and current studies on particulate modification for better interfacial bond are discussed in this paper. Wear performance for reinforced plastics are also investigated in this paper. Composite laminates with S2 glass and modified resins are fabricated. The mechanical behavior of the fabricated composite laminates with the neat and modified resin system using different sized and loading of alumina oxide particles are presented and discussed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Influence of dietary vitamin E on phagocytic functions of macrophages in broilers

Abstract Vitamin E (VE) is known for its antioxidant properties and has been shown to modulate immune system functions in various species. This study examined the influence of different levels of dietary VE (α-tocopherol acetate) on phagocytic functions of macrophages (abdominal exudate cells) in broiler chickens at 3, 5, and 7 wk. Birds were fed commercial diets containing 16 (control), 110, or 220 mg of VE/kg of feed. Macrophages were elicited into the abdominal cavity by injecting a 3% Sephadex solution prepared in PBS (G50-50, 1 mL/100 g of BW) 42 h prior to harvest. The percentage of phagocytically active macrophages and the number of SRBC phagocytosed per macrophage for unopsonized and antibody-opsonized SRBC were determined. These aspects of macrophage function were assessed based on 900 macrophages per sample. When unopsonized SRBC were used, dietary VE supplementation above control level did not affect phagocytic function of macrophages at wk 3, 5, or 7. With antibody-opsonized SRBC, the percentage of phagocytically active macrophages and the number of SRBC phagocytosed per macrophage were higher (P = 0.08 and P = 0.01, respectively) in 3-wk-old birds fed 110 and 220 mg of VE/kg of feed compared with age-matched controls. This enhancing effect of VE supplementation on macrophage function was not observed in 5- and 7-wk-old broilers. It appears from this study that supplemental VE enhances Fc-receptor-mediated macrophage phagocytic activity at early stages of broiler growth.
Defect and Dopant Control During Silicon Epitaxy Using B and Ge

The control of dopants, impurities and defects for VLSI of silicon integrated circuits requires a complex set of crystal and processing conditions to be satisfied simultaneously. In order to achieve the maximum yield and highest level of electrical performance for a given device design, we have manipulated the lattice constant and boron doping levels in CVD epitaxial silicon layers co-doped with germanium. By adjusting the ratios of germane and diborane in a dichlorosilane/hydrogen CVD reactor we have obtained buried high conducting layers which are strain-free and lattice matched to the Si substrate. Degenerate boron and boron and germanium codoped epitaxial layers on (100) p-type silicon substrates were investigated. Solubility, electrical activity limits and defect structure of boron in strained and strain-free silicon epitaxial layers were investigated by spreading resistance, SIMS profiling, X-ray and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Bright field and weak-beam dark field imaging of cross-sectional and plan-view specimens were used to confirm the presence or absence of precipitates and threading dislocations. A model has been proposed to describe the mechanism of threading dislocation formation in heavily boron-doped layers. We are now in a position to strategically locate co-doped Si(B, Ge) p++ layers as recombination zones or buried field plates to suit the needs of MOS latchup control, high speed and radiation hard devices, as well as the needs of defect free p++ etch stops for thin membranes and three-dimensional silicon structures.
Extraction Process of Qinhuang Granules

To study the best extraction process of Qinhuang granules,the obtaining rate of extraction and the ephedrine content were taken as indexes for the water extraction process of ephedrae herb,and the obtaining rate of extraction,the baicalin content and the glycyrrhizic acid content as indexes for the water decoction extraction process of scutellariae radix,glycyrrhizae radix,radix sophorae tonkinensis,platycodon grandiflorum and indigowoad root.The extraction process of Qinhuang granules was optimized by orthogonal design. The optimal conditions for the water extraction of Ephedrae Herba was 8- fold amount of water,reflux 6 h( ≤ 70 ℃). The optimal conditions of Scutellariae Radix,glycyrrhizae radix,radix sophorae tonkinensis,platycodon grandiflorum and indigowoad root was10- fold amount of water,reflux 4 h( 70 ℃). The extracting method is reasonable,stable,and suitable for industrialized production.
Ethical issues in the transformation of health policy in South Africa.

There have, of late, been repeated calls for the transformation of the South African health care system. While there are political and economic consequences involved, there are also bio-ethical sequelae. This paper attempts to explore some of the bio-ethical dilemmas that confront both the 'consumers' and the architects of a new health policy (including the State; professional health groupings, e.g. the Medical Association of South Africa; and the so-called progressive health organisations, e.g. the National Medical and Dental Association and the South African Health Workers' Congress). While the literature has focused on libertarian and utilitarian ethical theories, communitarian perspectives are not often mentioned. This paper attempts to redress this perceived deficit.
Excited-State absorption in cadmium iodide and mercury halide laser discharges

Although the lowest lying ion pair states of the Column IIB metal-halide molecules have been well studied in emission, little is known of the more highly excited electronic states. This paper describes the observation of visible and UV absorption bands in cadmium monoiodide (Cdl) and mercury bromide (HgBr) in which the initial state is the laser’s upper level (B2Σ). In each case, the band terminates on a covalent state that correlates with an excited metal atom (in the lowest-lying 3P manifold) and a ground-state halogen atom. Such bands are certain to exist for the rare gas halide (RGH) molecules as well as it was recognized1 soon after discovery of the RGH lasers that these absorptions (although not previously observed) could represent a serious loss channel.
Sensing sonically at Andean Formative Chavín de Huántar, Perú

ABSTRACTArchaeoacoustics operationalizes non-verbal sound as means and medium for communication. In reconstructing physical, environmental features of ancient places, we infer their consistent sensory reception across the six-digit timeline of Homo sapiens, yet cognition is contextual. How can we reasonably estimate ancient sonic experiences in prehistoric archaeology? Is it possible to infer the significance of sound for past humans who have left no textual traces? Systematic auditory localization experimentation and other archaeoacoustics research within the extant architecture of the Andean Formative ceremonial center at Chavin de Huantar, Peru has demonstrated specific ways in which ancient built acoustics transform humans’ understandings of place and social relations. Transposing principles from information theory to explore the structuring of Chavin’s sonic environment, I argue that sonic symbols that parallel in-situ visual depictions are architecturally encoded at Chavin, constituting multi-channe...
A task-based taxonomy of erroneous human behavior

Abstract Unexpected, erroneous human interactions often contribute to failures in complex systems. Human factors engineers and researchers have developed taxonomies that allow engineers, designers, and practitioners to think about and model erroneous behavior to improve the safety of human-interactive systems. However, the two leading erroneous behavior taxonomies are based on incompatible phenomenological and genotypical perspectives. Further, neither of these are formulated in terms of task analytic methods, analysis and modeling techniques human factors engineers use for documenting how humans normatively achieve goals when interacting with a system. In this work, we introduce a new erroneous human behavior taxonomy based on where and how human behavior diverges from task analytic models of human behavior. By describing where a human diverges from a normative task, and by identifying what information the human failed to properly attend to that produced the divergence, this taxonomy seeks to unify the phenomenological and genotypical perspectives. We describe the theory behind this taxonomy and the different erroneous behavior classifications that result from it. We then show how it is compatible with the leading phenomenological and genotypical taxonomies. Finally, we discuss the implications of this new taxonomy and avenues of future research.
Sport-Related Structural Brain Injury: 3 Cases of Subdural Hemorrhage in American High School Football.

Background The risk of sport-related concussion (SRC) has emerged as a major public health concern. In rare instances, sport-related head injuries can be even more severe, such as subdural hemorrhage, epidural hemorrhage, or malignant cerebral edema. Unlike SRCs, sport-related structural brain injury (SRSBI) is rare, may require neurosurgical intervention, and can lead to permanent neurologic deficit or death. Data characterizing SRSBI are limited, and many have recognized the need to better understand these catastrophic brain injuries. The goal of the current series is to describe, in detail, the presentation, management, and outcomes of examples of these rare injuries. Case Description During the fall of 2015, three high school football players presented with acute subdural hemorrhages following in-game collisions and were treated at our institution within a span of 2 months. For the 2 athletes who required surgical intervention, a previous SRC was sustained within 4 weeks before the catastrophic event. One year after injury, 2 players have returned to school, though with persistent deficits. One patient remains nonverbal and wheelchair bound. None of the athletes has returned to sports. Conclusions Acute subdural hemorrhage resultant from an in-game football collision is rare. The temporal proximity of the reported SRSBIs to recent SRCs emphasizes the importance of return-to-play protocols and raises questions regarding the possibility of second impact syndrome. Although epidemiologic conclusions cannot be drawn from this small sample, these cases provide a unique opportunity to demonstrate the presentation, management, and long-term outcomes of SRSBI in American high school football.
The Association Between Leukotriene-Modifying Agents and Suicidality: A Review of Literature

Background In 2008 Food and Drug Administration issued a warning regarding a possible association between leukotriene-modifying agents and suicidality. Objective The warning remains controversial and this review of literature is an attempt to examine the evidence on the matter. Methods Literature search on PubMed. Results The data supporting a relationship between leukotriene-modifying agents and suicidality comes primarily from reviews of individual safety reports in adverse event databases; it is subject to considerable reporting bias and does not control for confounding factors. Case-control and cohort studies as well as data from clinical trials do not support an association between leukotriene-modifying agents and suicidality. The data from ecological studies offers strong evidence of a lack of positive association between leukotriene-modifying agents and suicide outcomes (attempts and deaths) at the population level. Furthermore, there is no pharmacological mechanism that would explain an association between the two. Conclusion Overall, the weight of higher quality evidence casts doubt on the association (especially at population level), but is not enough to conclusively disprove the association at an individual level.
Decay and Symbolic Impotence in Toni Morrison's THE BLUEST EYE

Several critics have examined the symbolic significance of the loss of one of Pauline's front teeth in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye. Connecting sugar to slavery and white capitalist systems of op...
Gear Cutting Tools : Science and Engineering

Gear Cutting Tools: Fundamentals of Design and Computation, Second Edition, presents the DG/K-based method of surface generation, a practical mathematical method for designing gear cutting tools with optimal parameters. The text addresss gear cutting tool evolution, and proceeds to scientific classification for all types of gear machining meshes before discussing optimal cutting tool designs. Designs currently used and those being planned are covered, and the approach allows for development of scientific predictions and optimal designs. Solutions appear in analytical form and/or graphical form, with a wealth of new figures added, and new appendices offer additional data for readers.
Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Optical Properties of (CH3NH3)2CdX4 (X = Cl, Br, I)

We report the synthesis, crystal and electronic structures, as well as optical properties of the hybrid organic–inorganic compounds MA2CdX4 (MA = CH3NH3; X = Cl, Br, I). MA2CdI4 is a new compound, whereas, for MA2CdCl4 and MA2CdBr4, structural investigations have already been conducted but electronic structures and optical properties are reported here for the first time. Single crystals were grown through slow evaporation of MA2CdX4 solutions with optimized conditions yielding mm-sized colorless (X = Cl, Br) and pale yellow (X = I) crystals. Single crystal and variable temperature powder X-ray diffraction measurements suggest that MA2CdCl4 forms a 2D layered perovskite structure and has two structural transitions at 283 and 173 K. In contrast, MA2CdBr4 and MA2CdI4 adopt 0D K2SO4-derived crystal structures based on isolated CdX4 tetrahedra and show no phase transitions down to 20 K. The contrasting crystal structures and chemical compositions in the MA2CdX4 family impact their air stabilities, investigated...
In vivo imaging of human ovarian cancer using co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic tomography (Conference Presentation)

We have conducted a pilot study to image and characterize ovarian masses using a co-registered ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) system. A total of seven patients who have ovarian masses and scheduled for surgical removal of both ovaries and Fallopian tubes, has enrolled to the study. A standard transvaginal US probe is used first to locate ovarian masses, measure ovary sizes in long and short axises . Then a second probe with four light-delivery fibers surrounded the US probe is inserted transvaginally to perform co-registered US and photoacoustic imaging in real-time with four optical wavelengths (730, 780, 800 and 830 nm). For the total of 7 patients, one patient had high-grade serous carcinoma involving both ovaries, one patient had a 2.2 cm endometrioid adenocarcinoma in right ovary, one patient had metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma involving both ovaries, one patient has serous borderline carcinoma involving both ovaries and the rest three patients had either abnormal or benign ovaries. For the malignant ovaries, photoacoustic images have showed significantly higher signal levels as quantitatively evaluated from maximum signal strengths from region-of-interest identified by co-registered US. Additionally, the quantitative features extracted from co-registered US and photoacoustic images, such as spectral slope, mid-band fit and zero MHz intercept, spatial heterogeneity of PAI distribution, the blood oxygen saturation, have showed significant differences between malignant and benign ovaries. Our initial results have demonstrated that photoacoustic imaging has a great potential to aid transvaginal US to quantitatively and effectively image and diagnose ovarian cancer.
Proof by exhaustion)

(1987). (Proof by exhaustion) The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 541-542.
Justification in Finite State Space

In this chapter, we expand the concept of justification equivalence, as introduced in Chapter 2, to the finite state space. We present a method that dynamically gathers justification information while traversing the finite state space. The learned information is then used in subsequent justifications to avoid previously-explored state justification decisions.
Effect of anesthetics on the heart.

Any drug which depresses central nervous system function sufficiently to be called an anesthetic can also depress the function of the heart. However, there are quantitative differences in these effects in addition to different reflex effects in response to the administration of different anesthetics.
Is Information Systems a Discipline? A Foucauldian and Toulminian Analysis

Based on Michel Foucault’s description of how knowledge is created and Stephen Toulmin’s philosophy of human understanding, this essay uncovers what it means for a branch of knowledge to be a discipline. This deconstruction explains certain disciplinary misconceptions existing within the IS field and addresses the field’s disciplinary status. Although the findings suggest that the IS field does not yet qualify as a discipline in its own right, they show that as soon as the members of the IS field can reconstitute the field’s meta-theoretical structure and scholarly content, it is certainly capable of reaching that status.
Evaluation of RNA-seq normalization methods using challenging datasets

RNA-seq is a powerful tool for both discovery and experimentation. Most RNA-seq studies rely on library normalization to compare samples or to reliably estimate quantitative gene expression levels. Over the years a number of RNA-seq normalization methods have been proposed. Review studies testing these methods have provided evidence that commonly used methods perform well in simple normalization tasks, but their performance in challenging normalization tasks has yet to be evaluated. Here I test RNA-seq normalization methods using two challenging normalization scenarios. My assessment reveals surprising shortcomings of some commonly used methods and identifies an underappreciated method as the most promising normalization strategy for common, yet challenging RNA-seq experiments.
A Monolithic Dielectrophoresis Chip With Impedimetric Sensing for Assessment of Pathogen Viability

Here, we report a rapid and low-cost live/dead assay for bacteria in aqueous samples via a dielectrophoresis (DEP) technique employed in a microfluidic platform. The platform has reusable compartment housing the microelectrodes for DEP activation and bioimpedance sensing. The disposable compartment contains the sample inlet and outlet and the microfluidic channel for sample analysis. The chip has an array of insulating pillars for generating DEP forces on bacteria and a focusing region for enhanced impedance signal. The DEP force is utilized to enrich bacteria and selectively release them by tuning the frequency of the applied electric field. An algorithm is implemented to determine the concentration of live bacteria in the mixture by analyzing the magnitude and duration of the measured impedance. The chip performance was validated by analyzing various ratios of live/dead bacteria and was compared with parallel flow cytometry experiments. [2018-0100]
Mn/Cu catalyzed addition of arylboronic acid to nitriles: Direct synthesis of arylketones

Abstract A direct and efficient synthesis of arylketones via arylboronic acid addition to nitriles in presence of inexpensive Mn/Cu catalytic system is reported. The use of non-precious Mn and Cu salts has been found to be highly advantageous both in terms of accessibility as well as cost effectiveness. A series of arylboronic acids as well as nitriles were used to synthesize a variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical arylketones. Based on the literature studies, the reaction mechanism is anticipated to go through an aryl radical intermediate which reacted with the copper activated nitrile to give the desired arylketones after the hydrolysis of the imine intermediate.
Feeding Tubes in Children With Neurologic Impairment: An Opportunity for Shared Decision-making.

The use of feeding tubes is common in children with neurologic impairment. Benefits after tube placement include improvements in nutritional status, drooling, secretion management, constipation,1 and ease of caregiver medication administration and feeding.2 A systematic review of the literature in which family experience is described after gastrostomy tube placement revealed both positive and negative outcomes in a variety of domains, including the child’s health and quality of life, parental stress, and family relationships.3 The effect of feeding tube placement on reflux-related outcomes, including aspiration and pneumonia (common issues in this population), remains unclear. In this issue of Pediatrics , Nelson et al4 examine survival and acute health care use after feeding tube placement in a population-based cohort study of children with neurologic impairment. By using an impressively comprehensive and complete health administration data set from the province of Ontario between 1993 and 2015, the authors looked at health care use for an equal time period before and after feeding tube placement with a minimum time of … Address correspondence to K. Jane Lee, MD, MA, Special Needs Complex Care Program, 999 N. 92nd St, Milwaukee, WI 53226. E-mail: kjlee{at}mcw.edu
In My Opinion: Skill Development Key to Managerial Success

The professional success of future hospitality graduates will require that they have gone beyond the acquisition of contemporary industry knowledge and training in current best practices. Increasingly relevant hospitality education will emphasize skill development. Managerial thinking and renewal skills will be especially useful in an industry which is constantly changing. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol20/iss1/11