cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spherical decomposition of electromagnetic fields generated by quasi-static currents

The spherical decomposition of electromagnetic fields generated by an arbitrary distribution of quasi-static currents may be obtained from the electromagnetic Green’s functions under spherical coordinates. It is shown that the magnetic field on an observation sphere may be represented in terms of external and internal toroidal currents as well as the radial currents across the sphere. The last component corresponds to the poloidal mode currents which generate no magnetic field inside any source-free domain. The poloidal mode of the electric field does not vanish under the same conditions but still generates negligible induction inside a conductive spherical Earth, and has negligible tangential components at the surface of the Earth. These observations justify the standard assumption used in electromagnetic induction studies, that external sources may be taken to be purely toroidal.
The Role of Protein Composition in Specifying Nuclear Inclusion Formation in Polyglutamine Disease

Intracellular inclusions are a unifying feature of polyglutamine (polyQ) neurodegenerative diseases, yet each polyQ disease displays a unique pattern of neuronal degeneration. This implies that the protein context of expanded polyQ plays an important role in establishing selective neurotoxicity. Here, in studies of the spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 disease protein ataxin-3, we demonstrate that the protein sequence surrounding polyQ specifies the constituents of nuclear inclusions (NI) formed by the disease protein. The nuclear proteins cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) and Mastermind-like-1 strongly colocalize only to NI formed by full-length ataxin-3, whereas the splicing factor SC35 colocalizes only to NI formed by a polyQ-containing, carboxyl-terminal fragment of ataxin-3. These differences in NI formation reflect specific protein interactions normally undertaken by ataxin-3, as both normal and mutant full-length ataxin-3 co-immunoprecipitate with CBP and sediment on density gradients as macromolecular complexes. Moreover, normal ataxin-3 represses cAMP response element-binding protein-mediated transcription, indicating a functional consequence of ataxin-3 interactions with CBP. Finally, we show that mutant ataxin-3 forms insoluble intranuclear complexes, or microaggregates, before NI can be detected, implying a precursor-product relationship. These results suggest that protein context-dependent recruitment of nuclear proteins to intranuclear microaggregates, and subsequently to NI, may contribute to selective neurotoxicity in polyQ diseases.
A comparison of resonant topologies in high voltage DC applications

Because of their tolerance of transformer non-idealities, resonant converters appear well-suited to high voltage applications. In this paper, the series and parallel resonant topologies, as well as a newly discovered hybrid resonant topology are compared for high voltage applications. Design criteria which incorporate transformer nonidealities are deloped, and are employed in the construction of high voltage prototypes for each topology. It is found that the parallel topology leads to the lowest peak switch current and the most ideal behavior.
Refinement of eutectic silicon phase of aluminum A356 alloy using high-intensity ultrasonic vibration

The eutectic silicon in A356 alloy can be refined and modified using either chemical, quench, or superheating modification. We observed, for the first time, that the eutectic silicon can also be significantly refined using high-intensity ultrasonic vibration. Rosette-like eutectic silicon is formed during solidification of specimen treated with high-intensity ultrasonic vibration.
Age changes in conduction velocity of unmyelinated fibers.

Increase of conduction velocity of unmyelinated fibers has been measured in the cervical sympathetic trunk of growing rats. Fibers in this nerve are almost all unmyelinated. 1 Conduction velocity is about half adult values at ten days after birth. The velocity in some nerves reaches the adult range by 50–80 days. There is evidence that the velocity of many fibers other than the fastest also reaches the adult range by this age. 2 During the period of growth from 10–112 days of age, velocity increases in direct proportion to the increase in length of the nerve.
Crystal growth and properties of Mn2PO4Cl

Abstract The existence of Mn2PO4Cl has been confirmed and some of its properties measured. The material was grown as amber colored, lath shaped crystals (elongated along the c-axis) from manganous chloride flux. The space group is Pnam or Pna21 and the lattice constants are a = 11.35, b = 8.11, and c = 4.91 A . Optically the material is biaxial positive and in NaD light has the principal refractive indices nX = 1.716, nY = 1.724, and nZ = 1.742. The absorption spectrum of Mn2PO4Cl was measured over the interval from 200 to 20,000 nm. When doped with Eu3+, manganese chlorophosphate has a weak red fluorescence typical of europium f-f transitions. Manganese chlorophosphate melts congruently at 917 ± 7°C and a tentative phase diagram for the system MnO | P2O5 | MnCl2 is presented.
How Does Your Competition Agency Measure Up

(2011). How Does Your Competition Agency Measure Up? European Competition Journal: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 25-45.
Relational engagement: Proportional reasoning with bilingual Latino/a students

In this paper, we explored how engagement developed over time during a proportional reasoning unit for a group of US bilingual Latino/a students, with particular attention to aspects of social and cultural activity that supported students’ engagement. Our findings suggest that student mathematical engagement developed primarily as a relational process characterized by students’ social relations across time, their understandings about their relationships with mathematics, and the important relations emerging across proportional reasoning ideas.
Fabrication of First-Level Carbon Nanotube Interconnect Via Structures by Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition

As devices continue to scale down to the 50 nm technology node, current Cu/low k interconnect technology will face a number of challenges including reduced current carrying capabilities, decreased thermal conductivity, and reliability problems due to electromigration at large current densities. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their unique structural, thermal and electrical transport properties have been suggested as a promising candidate as interconnect structures for future microelectronics. In this study we have demonstrated the growth of vertically aligned, highly dense CNT arrays by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It was found that a thin layer of tantalum (Ta), which was originally used as the barrier layer in copper interconnects, may enhance a uniform growth and better vertical alignments of CNT arrays. We have also developed a nanofabrication process of the first-level CNT via structures.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Elimination of leukemic cells by laser photodynamic therapy.

We studied the effects of 514-nm laser light-induced merocyanine 540 (MC540)-mediated toxicity on both leukemic and normal bone marrow (BM) cells. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells were incubated with MC540 (20 μg/ml) and exposed to 93.6 J/cm2 irradiation at a 514-nm wavelength. Normal bone marrow cells were treated under similar conditions. At this dose, 99.9999% of the leukemic cells were killed while 55% of the BM cell survived. Of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM), 27% also survived this treatment. Photosensitization of a mixture of irradiated BM cells mixed with an equal number of nonirradiated HL-60 cell did not interfere with the killing of HL-60 cells. There was no significant reduction in the viability of cells when exposed to the laser light alone. In summary, laser light-induced photosensitization with MC540 has a selective cytotoxicity to leukemic cells; therefore, this procedure may be useful for purging neoplastic cells from autologous BM.
A 1 Mb BAC/PAC-Based Physical Map for Positional Cloning of the Gene for Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)

A 1 Mb BAC/PAC-Based Physical Map for Positional Cloning of the Gene for Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
Integrated Phased Antenna Array Design using Ferroelectric Materials and the Coplanar Waveguide Continuous Transverse Stub Technologies

A phased array antenna with electronic beam scanning capabilities was designed based on the integration of the multilayer ferroelectric phase shifter and the coplanar waveguide continuous transverse stub technology. A new biasing approach for the multi-dielectric layer phase shifter is proposed and simulation results demonstrated its effectiveness in biasing the tunable ferroelectric layer. A three element phased array was designed at 10 GHz and the obtained simulation results of the integrated phase shifter and CTS designs demonstrated nearly 31deg of beam scanning in conjunction with good impedance match. Efforts to develop designs that increase the beam steering capabilities are underway. Experimental verification of these simulation results for both the phase shifters and the integrated phase shifter/CTS phased array antenna design are currently being pursued
Wear and friction in steel, aluminum and magnesium alloys I. Pearlitic and spheroidized steels

Abstract The wear and friction behavior of pearlitic and spheroidized steel structures was studied in a pin-cylinder machine. Both mild and severe wear regimes were evaluated. Interlamellar spacing below a critical value was observed to exert a strong influence on the wear rate and mild to severe wear transition load. In spheroidized structures the carbide volume did not affect the transition load. In the mild wear region in steel the wear coefficients ( K values) for both pearlitic and spheroidized steel structures were practically equivalent, indicating that the basic mechanism of wear might be predominantly controlled by a material/environment interaction.
An interactive simulation technique to determine the internal stress states in fiber reinforced metal matrix composites

Abstract A new interactive experimental/mathematical technique designed to simulate composite behavior and determine the axial thermal residual stress in the matrix of the continuously reinforced metal matrix composite is described in this paper. This technique is based on the stress-strain expression in terms of the fiber thermal and mechanical properties as well as the volume fractions of the composite constituents. This expression is then incorporated into an experimental procedure in which a composite specimen is simulated by a fiberless (neat) titanium laminate plate gripped under load control across the frame of a hydraulic material testing system. The strain developed in the neat laminate specimen during heating or cooling is governed by the strain compatibility requirement imposed by the fiber phase which is represented by the testing frame. This restricted matrix strain is converted through a feedback logic into a matrix residual stress that could be followed on real time basis. The magnitude of the thermal residual stress measured at room temperature for a SCS-6/Ti-15-3 composite after the cool-down from consolidation temperature has been compared with that obtained by the X-ray diffraction technique. The proposed technique was then applied to a SCS-6/Ti-β21S composite to obtain measurements of the matrix thermal residual stress as a function of several testing variables such as temperature, heating/cooling rate, thermal cycle upper limit and number of thermal cycles. Important features of the matrix axial thermal residual stress have been analyzed. The major conclusion of this analysis is that the development of the thermal residual stress is dependent upon cooling rate while the relaxation of this stress depends on the magnitude of the viscoplastic strain generated in the matrix material at a particular testing condition.
‘Hafa Adai … means hello!’ Written banal codeswitching on tourism websites

In the expanding research on the discourse(s) of tourism, a paucity of work exists in the context of written codeswitching (CS), that is, the use of two or more languages (codes) within a written text. In this article, I explore the presence and use of indigenous language CS within the English text on official tourism websites. The focus is on ‘exotic’ US island states and territories including Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands. Though English is predominant on these sites, a few codeswitches into ‘exotic’ languages are found within the English text. In contrast to Muhlhausler's [(2008, August). Developing language-based tourism products for Norfolk Island. Paper presented at the 15th World Congress of Applied Linguistics, Essen] findings related to Norfolk (Norf'k) Island, Australia, that tourism promotes not only the island but also the language native to the island, I argue that this particular type of CS, which I label ‘banal’, may funct...
The boundary layer due to a three-dimensional vortex loop

The nature of the boundary layer induced by the motion of a three-dimensional vortex loop towards a plane wall is considered. Initially the vortex is taken to be a ring approaching a plane wall at an angle of attack in an otherwise stagnant fluid; the ring rapidly distorts into a loop shape due to the influence of the wall and the trajectory is computed from a numerical solution of the Biot-Savart integral. As the vortex loop moves, an unsteady boundary-layer flow develops on the wall. A method is described which allows the computation of the flow velocities on and near the symmetry plane of the vortex loop within the boundary layer. The computed results show the development of a variety of complex three-dimensional separation phenomena. Some of the solutions ultimately show strong localized boundary-layer growth and are suggestive that a boundary-layer eruption and a strong viscous-inviscid interaction will be induced by the moving vortex.
Plausibility of multivariate normality assumption when multiply imputing non-Gaussian continuous outcomes: a simulation assessment

Multiple imputation under the assumption of multivariate normality has emerged as a frequently used model-based approach in dealing with incomplete continuous data in recent years. Despite its simplicity and popularity, however, its plausibility has not been thoroughly evaluated via simulation. In this work, the performance of multiple imputation under a multivariate Gaussian model with unstructured covariances was examined on a broad range of simulated incomplete data sets that exhibit varying distributional characteristics such as skewness and multimodality that are not accommodated by a Gaussian model. Behavior of efficiency and accuracy measures was explored to determine the extent to which the procedure works properly. The conclusion drawn is that although the real data rarely conform with multivariate normality, imputation under the assumption of normality is a fairly reasonable tool, even when the assumption of normality is clearly violated; the fraction of missing information is high, especially w...
Relationships between forest fine and coarse woody debris carbon stocks across latitudinal gradients in the United States as an indicator of climate change effects

Abstract Coarse and fine woody materials (CWD and FWD) are substantial forest ecosystem carbon (C) stocks. There is a lack of understanding how these detritus C stocks may respond to climate change. This study used a nation-wide inventory of CWD and FWD in the United States to examine how these C stocks vary by latitude. Results indicate that the highest CWD and FWD C stocks are found in forests with the highest latitude, while conversely the lowest C stocks are found in the most southerly forests. CWD and FWD respond differently to changes in latitude with CWD C stocks decreasing more rapidly as latitude decreased. If latitude can be broadly assumed to indicate temperature and potential rate of detrital decay, it may be postulated that CWD C stocks may be at the highest risk of becoming a net C source if temperatures increase. The latitude at which CWD and FWD C stocks roughly equal each other (equilibrium point) may serve as an indicator of changes in C stock equilibrium under a global warming scenario. Given the complex relationships between detrital C stocks, biomass production/decay, and climatic variables, further research is suggested to refine this study's indicator.
Intracellular calcium cycling, early afterdepolarizations, and reentry in simulated long QT syndrome.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate interactions between early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and reentry in long QT (LQT) syndromes. Background EADs, a characteristic feature of congenital and acquired LQT syndromes, are classically bradycardia dependent. Mechanisms by which they promote tachyarrhythmias such as torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation are not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that EADs also may occur at rapid heart rates as a sequela of spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ release related to intracellular Ca 2+ overload. Here, we performed computer simulations to explore the arrhythmogenic consequences of this phenomenon. Methods We used a modified version of the Luo-Rudy dynamic model in one-dimensional and two-dimensional cardiac tissue with the time-dependent K + currents I Kr or I Ks reduced by 50% to simulate acquired and congenital LQT syndromes. Results (1) Spontaneous SR Ca 2+ release prolonged action potential duration but did not induce overt EADs unless K + current density was reduced to simulate acquired and congenital LQT syndromes. (2) In simulated LQT syndromes, EADs were capable of both terminating and reinitiating one-dimensional reentry. (3) A similar phenomenon in simulated 2D tissue led to reinitiation of spiral wave reentry that otherwise would have self-terminated. (4) Reentry reinitiation occurred only when the L-type Ca 2+ current and SR Ca i cycling were potentiated to simulate moderate sympathetic stimulation, consistent with the known arrhythmogenic effects of sympathetic activation (and protection by beta-blockers) in LQT syndromes. Conclusions These computer simulations suggest that EADs related to spontaneous SR Ca 2+ release can enhance arrhythmogenesis in LQT syndromes by reinitiating reentry.
Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Activation of Tyrosine Kinase and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase by Angiotensin II

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to mediate vascular hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II). Recently, we and others have shown that growth-promoting signals by Ang II involve protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). However, whether ROS contribute to the Ang II-induced PTK and/or ERK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains largely unclear. Here, we have investigated the possible involvement of ROS in Ang II-induced PTK and ERK activation. In the presence of a NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) or an antioxidant,α -tocopherol, Ang II-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation of two major proteins (p120, p70) and ERK activation were markedly reduced, whereas ERK activation by epidermal growth factor was unaffected. DPI also inhibited Ang II-induced H2O2 production and PTK activation. In this regard, H2O2 and a membrane permeable thiol-oxidizing agent, diamide, stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation of ...
Persistence in density dependent stochastic populations

Abstract Persistence, as measured by time to extinction, is studied in a density dependent population that is subject to small environmental and demographic randomness. Diffusion processes are formally derived from branching processes in constant and random environments. The moment generating function of the extinction time, which satisfies a second order ordinary differential equation, is found asymptotically in the limit of small diffusion and is related to the diffusion limit of the Galton-Watson process and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Extinction occurs with probability one, though the mean and variance of the extinction time are found to be exponentially large and suggest the extinction time is exponentially distributed. The notion of persistence is compared with other qualitative measures of stability. Four examples are studied and compared.
Purposeful Exclusion of Sexual Minority Youth in Christian Higher Education: The Implications of Discrimination.

Current policies exist at religious universities and colleges that bar students with gay, lesbian, and bisexual identities from admission. Furthermore, these schools have wide-ranging disciplinary policies toward current students who identify as gay/lesbian/bisexual or participate in same-sex romantic behaviors. This article presents original descriptive data regarding the nature of such policies by reviewing a random sample of schools which are members of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. This paper also reviews the psychiatric, pediatric, and epidemiologic literature to better understand the experiences of sexual minority youth. Results indicate sexual minority youth are more likely to experience mental health symptoms, display poor academic performance, and be at greater risk of exposure to public health concerns as a result of discrimination and prejudice. These symptoms are especially prevalent in environments that are rejecting toward sexual minorities. Given this large body of da...
The role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and mGlu2 receptors in the behavioral effects of tryptamine hallucinogens N,N-dimethyltryptamine and N,N-diisopropyltryptamine in rats and mice

Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors are thought to be the primary pharmacological mechanisms for serotonin-mediated hallucinogenic drugs, but recently there has been interest in metabotropic glutamate (mGluR2) receptors as contributors to the mechanism of hallucinogens. The present study assesses the role of these 5-HT and glutamate receptors as molecular targets for two tryptamine hallucinogens, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT). Drug discrimination, head twitch, and radioligand binding assays were used. A 5-HT2AR inverse agonist (MDL100907), 5-HT2CR antagonist (SB242084), and mGluR2/3 agonist (LY379268) were tested for their ability to attenuate the discriminative stimulus effects of DMT and DiPT; an mGluR2/3 antagonist (LY341495) was tested for potentiation. MDL100907 was used to attenuate head twitches induced by DMT and DiPT. Radioligand binding studies and inosital-1-phosphate (IP-1) accumulation were performed at the 5-HT2CR for DiPT. MDL100907 fully blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of DMT, but only partially blocked DiPT. SB242084 partially attenuated the discriminative stimulus effects of DiPT, but produced minimal attenuation of DMT’s effects. LY379268 produced potent, but only partial blockade of the discriminative stimulus effects of DMT. LY341495 facilitated DMT- and DiPT-like effects. Both compounds elicited head twitches (DiPT>DMT) which were blocked by MDL1000907. DiPT was a low-potency full agonist at 5-HT2CR in vitro. The 5-HT2AR likely plays a major role in mediating the effects of both compounds. 5-HT2C and mGluR2 receptors likely modulate the discriminative stimulus effects of both compounds to some degree.
Multiple Sclerosis in an Individual with Intellectual Disability

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that affects mostly young adults. Because of the complex mixture of neurological symptoms and cognitive-emotional changes during active phases of the disorder, MS can be confused with several psychiatric disorders. This case study of an individual with a mixed mood disorder, MS and Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD) illustrate the complex nature of this problem.
The Refused Rescue: Commentary on Paper by Carla Leone

This comment attempts to explain the intensity of negative emotions in the professional collaborations described by Dr. Leone. It uses Freud's “rescue motif” to describe how therapists unwittingly may wish to “rescue” their patients from “unseen spouses.” It suggests that rescue attempts may be frustrating because rescuers may underestimate the commitment of rescuees to their (apparently) unpleasant situations. The commentary also expresses appreciation for Leone's understanding of the “unseen spouse” as a mental product of the patient, not as a veridical description of an actual person.
Scientific Research and Oncoming Vehicles: Can Radical Constructivists Embrace One and Dodge the Other?

The author's purpose in this article was to respond to two questions raised by Roth and Lawson in the September, 1993, issue of the Journal of Research in Science Teaching. Question 1: Would a radical constructivist step out of the path of an approaching vehicle? Question 2: In the conduct of inquiry, would a radical constructivist employ a controlled experiment, test a hypothesis, and quantitatively analyze the data? The author answers each question affirmatively, using selected work of Heinz von Foerster, Ernst von Glasersfeld, and others in developing the answers. Issues central to the development include the nature of truth and knowledge, the concept of fit versus match, and the notion that inquiry is driven by questions, with methods as subordinate to questions.
Hurricane Damage Prediction Model for Residential Structures

The paper reports progress in the development of a practical probabilistic model for the estimation of expected annual damage induced by hurricane winds in residential structures. The estimation of the damage is accomplished in several steps. First, basic damage modes for components of specific building types are defined. Second, the damage modes are combined in possible damage states, whose probabilities of occurrence are calculated as functions of wind speeds from Monte Carlo simulations conducted on engineering numerical models of typical houses. The paper describes the conceptual framework for the proposed model, and illustrates its application for a specific building type with hypothetical probabilistic input. Actual probabilistic input must be based on laboratory studies, postdamage surveys, insurance claims data, engineering analyses and judgment, and Monte Carlo simulation methods. The proposed component-based model is flexible and transparent. It is therefore capable of being readily scrutinized....
Expanding Exergy Analysis to Account for Ecosystem Products and Services

Exergy analysis is a thermodynamic approach used for analyzing and improving the efficiency of chemical and thermal processes. It has also been extended for life cycle assessment and sustainability evaluation of industrial products and processes. Although these extensions recognize the importance of capital and labor inputs and environmental impact, most of them ignore the crucial role that ecosystems play in sustaining all industrial activity. Decisions based on approaches that take nature for granted continue to cause significant deterioration in the ability of ecosystems to provide goods and services that are essential for every human activity. Accounting for nature's contribution is also important for determining the impact and sustainablility of industrial activity. In contrast, emergy analysis, a thermodynamic method from systems ecology, does account for ecosystems, but has encountered a lot of resistance and criticism, particularly from economists, physicists, and engineers. This paper expands the engineering concept of Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CEC) analysis to include the contribution of ecosystems, which leads to the concept of Ecological Cumulative Exergy Consumption (ECEC). Practical challenges in computing ECEC for industrial processes are identified and a formal algorithm based on network algebra is proposed. ECEC is shown to be closely related to emergy, and both concepts become equivalent if the analysis boundary, allocation method, and approach for combining global energy inputs are identical. This insight permits combination of the best features of emergy and exergy analysis, and shows that most of the controversial aspects of emergy analysis need not hinder its use for including the exergetic contribution of ecosystems. Examples illustrate the approach and highlight the potential benefits of accounting for nature's contribution to industrial activity.
End conditions and boundary conditions for uniform B-spline curve and surface representations☆

Abstract A Frequently overlooked aspect of the definition of curves and surfaces by a B-spline representation is the specification of end and boundary condition techniques. In addition to the necessity of explaining the various techniques, it is also very important that their corresponding properties be investigated. Different techniques have various geometric properties which require careful study to enable the selection of an appropriate approach. Such end boundary conditions are explained and classified, and their geometric properties analyzed.
Management of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in elderly populations.

Elderly patients, defined as those ≥ 70 years of age, represent approximately 40% of all patients diagnosed with non–small-cell lung cancer in the United States. Nonetheless, elderly patients have been underrepresented in national cooperative group trials, and many do not receive appropriate treatment. Whereas the benefit of systemic chemotherapy in younger patients is accepted by most clinicians, there remains a great deal of skepticism with respect to older patients, who are often labeled unfit for chemotherapy. More recent studies with a special focus on elderly patients demonstrate that these patients indeed benefit from chemotherapy. The landmark Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study Group trial and the Multicentre Italian Lung Cancer in the Elderly Study clarified the role of vinorelbine in the treatment of elderly patients. Retrospective and prospective subgroup analyses from selected North American trials suggested that elderly patients also benefit from platinum-based combinations. Whether elderly patients should be treated with single-agent versus combination chemotherapy is discussed in this review. The available data suggest that patients should be evaluated for chemotherapy based on their performance status and comorbidities rather than age alone. For elderly patients judged fit to receive combination chemotherapy, carboplatin-based regimens are a reasonable option. In elderly patients with less than optimal performance status or significant comorbid conditions, single-agent therapy may be more appropriate.
Topological Landau-Ginzburg matter at c=3

Abstract The topological correlation functions, their prepotential, and the Landau-Ginzburg potential are computed for the N =2 supersymmetric, c =3, matter model that is a tensor product of three c =1 models.
Activation studies of the light ion beam target development facilitiy

Biological dose calculations have been performed for the target chamber of the Target Development Facility (TDF). Placement of a neutron moderator structure in the interior of the target chamber for the moderation of the high energy neutrons has been investigated as a viable option for lowering the biological dose rates of the chamber wall materials, Al 6061-T6 and 2¼Cr-lMo steel. Two moderator materials are considered, one made of H-451 graphite and the other of titanium hydride. In particular, a 40% porosity, 1 m thick graphite structure within the aluminum wall reduces the dose rate at the chamber wall outer surface to 13.1 mrem/h at 1 week after shutdown as compared to 1.29 rem/h without the moderator. A suitable maintenance schedule based on the 40% porosity graphite moderator design and on the allowable average dose of 1.25 rem per quarter is presented.
Breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) for early‐stage breast cancer

Several patient and tumor factors go into the decision process to determine whether a breast cancer patient is a good candidate for breast-conserving therapy. The patient must be seen by all disciplines before any therapeutic intervention. When used appropriately, breast-conserving therapy produces maximal disease control and improves quality of life in patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Neutron activation analysis of manganese in biological samples

The ordinary histopathological technique utilizing an automatic tissue processor was studied to remove interfering elements of sodium and chlorine so that nondestructive neutron activation analysis of tissue could be accomplished. The manganese values obtained by this method were found to compare favorably with other methods.
Identification of neural and adrenal medullary surface membrane glycoproteins recognized by antisera to cultured rat sympathetic neurons and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Abstract The object of this paper is to identify and compare the glycoproteins in the nervous system which are recognized by antisera prepared against cultured rat sympathetic neurons and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells cultured with or without nerve growth factor. Each of the three antisera was preabsorbed with rat liver, kidney, spleen and thymus to remove activity directed against common rat antigens and then used for indirect immunoprecipitation of solubilized membrane antigens from fucoselabeled cultures of neurons and of PC12 cells before and after treatment with nerve growth factor. Electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated material in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gradient gels and fluorography revealed that all three antisera recognized fucosylated proteins of apparentMr = 230,000; 180,000; 160,000; and 140,000. The antisera against PC12 cells also showed weak recognition of four additional components at apparentMr = 290,000; 118,000; 55,000; and 25,000. While the patterns of glycoproteins recognized by the three antisera were qualitatively similar, they did show marked quantitative differences that tended to reflect the composition of the cells against which the antisera were prepared. Mild treatment with trypsin and lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact living cells indicated that the 230,000-, 180,000-, and 140,000-dalton components are exposed on the cell surface. The properties of the 230,000-dalton material suggest that it is identical to the nerve growth factor-inducible large external (NILE) glycoprotein previously described in PC12 cultures. Immunoprecipitations carried out after absorption of each antiserum with brain and adrenal membranes indicated that the 230,000-, 180,000- and 140,000-dalton components are present in brain and that the 180,000-and 140,000-dalton components are present in the adrenal medulla. The present experiments have identified several neural-specific, antigenic surface glycoproteins. Antisera against these glycoproteins should be useful for determining their cellular localizations and functions.
The timing of competitive market entry: an exploratory study of new industrial products

In a dynamic, competitive environment, the decision to enter the market should be timed to balance the risks of premature entry against the missed opportunity of late entry. Previous research has mainly focused on the strategic aspects of the entry-time decision. In this paper we review the literature and develop a set of propositions about the timing of new product entry. Then we empirically test the relationship between the market-entry time and the likelihood of success for new industrial products.
50‐Year Record of Field Act Seismic Building Standards for California Schools

Abstract This paper describes the results of more than 50 years experience with enforcement of building standards for the construction of public school buildings in the State of California, one of the highly active seismic areas of the world. The Field Act, which became effective April 10, 1933, has the stated purpose of providing earthquake resistant facilities for the safety of the occupants and protection of the state property. The performance of Field Act school buildings subjected to high intensity ground motion from five earthquakes of the moderate to major range provides significant evidence of the effectiveness of this seismic hazard mitigation program.
Radar backscattering properties of nonspherical ice crystals at 94 GHz

[1] The millimeter wavelength radar backscattering properties at 94 GHz for six nonspherical ice crystals, which include hexagonal column, hollow, plate, bullet rosette, aggregate, and droxtal with 46 maximum dimensions ranging from 2 to 10,500 μm, are investigated using the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method and Lorenz-Mie theory. It is found that the radar backscattering cross sections are sensitive to ice crystal habits and their representations, which use spherical particles with equivalent maximum dimension, volume, projected area, or the ratio of volume to projected area to model nonspherical ice crystals for the Lorenz-Mie theory. The radar backscattering cross sections of the six nonspherical ice crystals from the DDA method are further parameterized as functions of maximum dimensions of ice crystals. The results from the parameterizations agree well with those computed from the DDA method. Moreover, the mean radar backscattering cross sections derived by averaging the results from the parameterizations over gamma distributions for ice clouds are consistent with those from the DDA method. The parameterizations are applied to derive the coefficients for the relationships between equivalent radar reflectivity factor and ice water content for ice clouds consisting of the six nonspherical ice crystal habits or a mixture of habits. The coefficients from the parameterizations are close to those from the DDA method. Both of them are sensitive to ice crystal habits. The pronounced differences among the relationship between equivalent radar reflectivity factor and ice water content for an ice cloud with a mixture of ice crystal habits, which has been extensively used for solar and infrared retrievals of ice cloud properties, and several previous relationships further confirm their sensitivity to microphysical properties of ice clouds.
Gas Coupled Ultrasonic Measurement of Pipeline Wall Thickness

Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is currently the standard method of gas pipeline inspection in spite of the fact that the accuracy of MFL is only about 10%. Ultrasonic inspection has much better accuracy and is not sensitive to permeability changes but normally requires a liquid couplant to get sufficient energy into the pipe wall. Reported here are the laboratory results of Gas Technology Institute’s (GTI) effort to investigate newly developed transducers that use gas as the coupling media. The combination of transducers specifically designed for this application and high gain amplifiers produced signals strong enough to measure wall thickness in steel at pressures from 200 to 1000 PSIG. Investigations showed that both the sensitivity of the transducers and the gas-metal coupling are functions of pressure and, therefore, limit the useful pressure range. Tests were run in pulse-echo mode and pitch-catch mode to determine the advantages and limitations of each. The average ultrasonic wall thickness will be used to calibrate the MFL improving the accuracy of its measurements.
Rutting Resistance of Laboratory-Prepared and Field-Compacted Asphalt Mixtures

Two groups of asphalt-aggregate mixtures were fabricated by two methods: gyratory compaction in the laboratory and roller compaction in the field. Two stress states were utilized in the flow number repeated load permanent deformation test, which was modified to provide radial and volumetric strains. The measured multiaxial response provided additional insight into quantifiable differences where gyratory compaction produced mixtures that were initially more resistant to permanent deformation than roller compaction; however, confounding effects of asphalt binder aging cannot be ignored. The field-compacted mixtures exhibited less dilation than the roller-compacted mixtures. However, both dilated in the less confined and more confined stress state. This did not agree with the volumetric consolidation observed in full-scale rutted wheelpaths. The implications of the phenomena are important because the flow number test using the asphalt mixture performance tester is extended to performance prediction beyond th...
Multiphase equilibria in the metal-rich region of the Mo–Ti–Si–B system: thermodynamic prediction and experimental validation

Abstract Multiphase composite alloys based on the phases of Mo solid solution (Bcc), Mo 5 SiB 2 (T2), Mo 5 Si 3 (T1), Ti 5 Si 3 (D88), and Mo 3 Si (A15) in the Mo–Ti–Si–B system are candidate materials for ultra-high temperature applications. Determination of the phase relationship in a quaternary system exclusively from experiments is very time-consuming and expensive. A strategy using thermodynamic modeling to aid the selection of key alloy compositions was used in this study. The key alloys selected with the guidance of the calculated phase diagram were prepared by arc-melting and then subjected to homogenization at 1600 °C for 150 h and 1200 °C for 1200 h. The microstructure of these alloys was characterized by means of scanning electron microcopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The experimental results obtained from this study were then used to validate the thermodynamic modeling. The phase relationship among Bcc, T2, T1, A15 and D88 at 1600 and 1200 °C is clearly defined, which can be used as a road map for alloy design and processing control.
Posttranscriptional modification of myosin heavy-chain gene expression in the hypertrophied rat myocardium.

Abstract Hypertrophy of the myocardium in response to pressure or volume overload elicits a change in myofibrillar protein content as a result of changes in both transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression. Hemodynamic overload caused by aortic constriction produced changes in the expression of the two isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MHC) with a 319% increase in beta-MHC mRNA and a 54% decrease in alpha-MHC mRNA (P < 0.01). Cardiac unloading as a result of heterotopic transplantation resulted in a decrease in cardiac mass and a similar shift in MHC isoform expression. In this study. We investigated cardiac gene transcription to understand how different hemodynamic stimuli produce similar cardiac phenotypes. We studied the in vivo activity of the alpha-MHC promoter (-2564 to +421 bp of the transcriptional start site) by directly injecting a recombinant expression plasmid (pAM3LUC) into the ventricular tissue of coarctated animals as well as into the unloaded heterotopic transplanted heart. When expressed as a function of the activity of a constitutively active viral promoter (pSVCAT), pAM3LUC activities were 18.4 +/- 2.9, 24.6 +/- 2.6, and 25.0 +/- 4.5 (x10(4)) luciferase/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase units in the hypertrophied ventricles of 2-, 3-, and 7-day coarctated animals, respectively. These values were not statistically different from pAM3LUC activity in control hearts of sham operated animals even though alpha-MHC mRNA content was decreased by 54% in the hypertrophied myocardium. This disparity between transcriptional activity and mRNA content suggests that alpha-MHC expression in the hypertrophic ventricle is in part regulated by a posttranscriptional mechanism. In contrast, alpha-MHC promoter activity in the unloaded transplanted hearts decreased significantly by 37% compared to control working hearts and suggests that a transcriptional mechanism of regulation of the alpha-MHC gene may account for the phenotypic expression observed in the unloaded myocardium.
Interaction of γ-irradiation with two new antineoplastic agents, aziridinylbenzoquinone (AZQ) and 4′-(acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA), in murine tumors in vivo☆

Abstract AZQ and AMSA were evaluated in combination with irradiation in murine tumor systems. In mice bearing ascitic P388 leukemia AZQ plus whole-body irradiation was slightly more effective in prolonging lfespan than maximally tolerated doses of either modality alone. Using an assay for cell survival, AZQ did not influence the response of P388 cells to radiation in vivo ; the cytotoxicity of the two modalities was simply additive. AMSA, at a therapeutic dose administered prior to irradiation, did alter the response of P388 leukemia to irradiation with both a decrease in shoulder and an increase in slope. AMSA was also evaluated either prior to or after irradiation against B16 melanoma. AMSA alone had no influence on the growth of B16 melanoma. In combination with radiation AMSA pretreatment resulted in somewhat longer tumor growth delay than irradiation alone.
Resolvent operator approach to many‐body perturbation theory. I. Closed shells

In this paper, we develop a time‐dependent approach to many‐body perturbation theory for closed shells based on the resolvent of the Schrodinger equation. We introduce a quantity S(t) = i<φ‖exp [−i(H−E0)t]‖ψ≳/<φ‖ψ≳, where φ and ψ are, respectively, the unperturbed and exact wave functions for the system and E0 is the unperturbed energy. The Fourier transform of S(t), S(ω) = <φ‖(ω+E0− H)−1‖ψ≳/ <φ‖ψ≳, is a matrix element of the resolvent containing the exact function ψ and, thus, has a pole at ω = (E−E0), the correlation energy. Starting from a time‐dependent perturbation expansion of S(t) via the Gellman–Low adiabatic theorem, we have obtained a Dyson‐like equation: S−1(ω) = S−10(ω)+Σ<φ‖ψ≳ for S(ω). Such a derivation requires judicious grouping of terms of the perturbation series for S(t). It has been shown that specific regroupings of the terms of S(t) into appropriate ’’top’’ and ’’bottom’’ parts and corresponding time‐integration procedures yield a Σ which generates the Brillouin–Wigner (BW) or Rayleigh...
Photic stimulation as a training aid in psychotherapy.

ONE definition of psychotherapy features the learning aspects of that process. For example, it has been said that in psychotherapy the patient partly unlearns some old patterns and learns some fres...
Member Commitment and Participation in Local Emergency Planning Committees

Research on Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) has suggested that members’ perceptions of group processes and participation activities mediate the relationship between organizational context and LEPC effectiveness. Data from 57 LEPCs support the importance of organizational commitment in predicting member participation and the predictive power of some of organizational commitment's previously identified antecedents. However, the data failed to support two hypotheses about the effects of organizational context on group process and of member participation on LEPC effectiveness. These findings suggest ways to increase the effectiveness of voluntary, quasi-public organizations such as LEPCs, citizen advisory panels, and planning boards.