cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Descending hypothalamic medullary pathways in the cat

Posterior hypothalamic electrocoagulative lesions were stereotaxically placed in 20 cats. The resulting degenerating pathways to the medullary centers were studied using the Nauta technique. The size of the lesions was less than 1 mm in diameter. The resulting degeneration did not conform to a discrete pathway but passed in a diffuse manner into the brainstem reticular formation. In the lower medulla the degenerating axons appeared to become more concentrated in the dorso-lateral visceral gray in close association with the dorsal motor nuclei of X. Pre-terminal axons were noted adjacent to large and medium sized neurons in this area. A progressive decrease in degenerating fibers was apparent below this level. A small number of degenerating axons could be identified in the lateral reticular process of the central gray matter at the level of C2.
Inflammatory Demyelinating Neuropathies

The primary goal of therapy in patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is improved strength and functional ability. Improvement in pain, sensory loss, gait disorder, and autonomic instability are other goals of therapy. Patients with very mild symptoms that do not interfere with activities of daily living can be observed for deterioration without treatment. For GBS, standard care includes plasma exchange (PE) or human immune globulin (HIG), both of which have similar efficacy. Supportive care in the intensive care unit may be needed for those patients with severe bulbar or respiratory weakness. We treat most patients with PE, usually performing an exchange every other day for a total of five exchanges. We use HIG in children, if there are antiglycolipid antibodies (eg, anti-GM1 or anti-GQ1b) or if there is a contraindication to PE, such as hemodynamic instability; severe renal, hepatic, or cardiac disease; or poor venous access. For CIDP, there are no guidelines concerning the initial choice of therapy. Corticosteroids, HIG, and PE have all been shown to be effective in prospective, randomized controlled trials, and comparison trials have shown equal efficacy among these three immunomodulating therapies. The choice of therapy depends on several factors including disease severity, concomitant illnesses, side-effect profile, potential drug interactions, venous access, age-related risks, and cost of treatment. In patients with moderate to severe symptoms, treatment with corticosteroids or HIG should be used. We usually use high-dose, intermittent methylprednisolone as the initial drug of choice. We believe intermittent corticosteroids are better than HIG because of their good safety profile, low cost, ease of administration (can be given intravenously or by mouth), and proven efficacy. If there is a major contraindication to corticosteroids, then HIG is offered. PE is less well tolerated and is primarily used as a third choice and only for a few weeks to months to induce initial improvement. Once symptoms are improving, the dose of corticosteroids or HIG should be tapered with the goal of eventual discontinuation depending on patient response. Patients who do not respond to initial therapy, experience adverse effects from the initial immunomodulating agent, or require chronic treatment can be treated with another first-line agent or one of several second-line agents.
Oblique collision and tectonic wedging of the South American continent and Caribbean terranes

Our studies of the surface structures, seismicity, and gravity anomalies of the Caribbean-South American plate-boundary zone of northeast Venezuela and Trinidad show that the crustal and upper lithospheric structure and kinematics of this zone are complex and differ markedly along strike. We propose a model of the zone9s lateral transition from near Trinidad west to Caracas, emphasizing three concepts: (1) the steepening, detachment, and then sinking away of Atlantic oceanic lithosphere that is (was) attached to the northern edge of continental South America; (2) the wedging seaward and imbricate thickening of the northern margin of the continent in the region of the detaching Atlantic slab; the continental wedge overrides the slab and is overridden by terranes attached to the Caribbean plate; and (3) that the structural and kinematic transitions are a consequence of the progressive oblique collision between continental South America and the overriding Caribbean terranes.
Validation of otolith ages for walleye (Sander vitreus) in the Winnebago System

Abstract Although accurate age data are essential when estimating somatic growth and mortality rates required to effectively manage exploited walleye ( Sander vitreus ) populations, aging structures have not been validated for age ranges present in most walleye populations. Otoliths and dorsal spines were collected from 302 walleye considered known age in the Winnebago System, Wisconsin, USA: 142 that were assigned ages via progression of discrete length modes following an individual strong year class (ages 0–3), and 160 (ages 4–10, 12–13, 16, 18) that were initially tagged at lengths small enough to accurately assign age ±1 year (
Chemically responsive fluorophores exhibiting large color changes

The design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of styryl pyrazine derivatives as chemically responsive fluorophores are reported. These styryl pyrazines were ideal for structure-property relationship studies designed to elucidate the role of molecular symmetry, polarity, planarity and cooperative and competitive intramolecular charge transfer interactions in determining their colorimetric or fluorimetric responses. These fluorophores were designed to exhibit large changes in emission in response to changes in solvent composition or addition of various analyte species. The large solvatochromic and analyte-induced changes in their spectra were related to the nature of molecular polarization upon excitation, as well as stabilization of the excited state by the molecular environment. Several of these molecules shared the structural and electronic features common to quadupolar two-photon chromophores, and were thus expected to function as chemically responsive two-photon fluorophores, as well. Calculations of their second hyperpolarizabilities (γ(-ω;ω,-ω,ω))and comparison to known two-photon molecules showed that these molecules were expected to be exceptional two-photon active molecules.
Medical Students' Attitudes Toward the Elderly

A study was designed to examine the relationship between students' attitudes, their willingness to work with elderly patients, and the impact of a geriatric rotation on a randomly selected subset of the group. A pretest/post-test design was used in which 148 third-year medical students completed a multidimensional questionnaire on two occasions eight weeks apart. Highly significant correlations were found between the expressed intention of the student to work with the elderly and positive feelings about previous professional contact (r = .26, P less than .001), previous personal contact (r = .17, P less than .002), belief that working with the elderly is rewarding (r = .30, P less than .0001), high degree of comfort in working with the elderly (r = .21, P less than .01), and positive stereotypes about the elderly (r = .14, P less than .05). Despite the students' positive rating of the geriatric rotation, multiple regression analysis indicated that the best predictor of an index of intentions to work with elderly patients on the post-test was this same index of intentions on the pretest (multiple r = .58, P less than .001). These findings, as well as the actual attitudes and stereotypes held by the students, have major implications for the planning and development of medical students' experiences in geriatrics.
A census of North Brazil Current Rings observed from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry: 1992–1998

Six years of TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data are used to investigate the formation of rings and eddies shed by the North Brazil Current. Upper layer thickness maps were used to identify 34 of these features formed in the North Brazil Current retroflection region, an average of more than 5 rings and eddies per year. The ensemble of ring trajectories closely parallels the 500 m isobath, and one out of six rings penetrate into the Caribbean Sea through the southern Lesser Antilles. The rest of the rings and eddies follow a northern trajectory past Barbados once they reach 58W. Their estimated mean translation speed is 14 km/day and their mean length scale is approximately 100 km. Our results suggest that the formation rate of NBC rings and eddies is nearly twice that previously thought, and that they may account for more than 1/3 of the interhemispheric transport within the Atlantic meridional overturning cell.
Bursting strength with various methods of renal artery ligation and potential mechanisms of failure.

Background and Purpose: Vascular control is crucial during laparoscopic ligation of the renal vessels. Intracorporeal suture ligation has been replaced by easier methods, such as specialized clip a...
The mating system of Brechmorhoga pertinax (Hagen): the evolution of brief patrolling bouts in a "territorial" dragonfly (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Males of Brechmorhoga pertinax(Hagen) patrolled and competed for narrow strips of stream edge, 2–8 m long, containing a few barely submerged patches of sandy or fine gravel substrate. These scarce patches were used as oviposition sites by females that usually, but not always, mated with a patrolling male just prior to egg-laying. Females visited the oviposition sites evenly throughout the day from 0830 to 1430 but male activity rose until midday and then declined sharply after 1330. Some gravid females refused to mate in the midafternoon despite male efforts to copulate with them. The average patrolling bout by a male lasted less than 15 min, with defenders usually leaving immediately after one or two aggressive interactions with intruders or leaving voluntarily without apparent cause. Many individuals returned for additional bouts of patrolling at the same site, but the total daily period of patrolling for any one individual almost never exceeded 1 h.
Classification Shifting in an International Setting: Investor Protection and Financial Analysts Monitoring

ABSTRACT: Prior research on publicly traded U.S. firms provides evidence that managers engage in classification shifting to opportunistically manage “core” earnings. We extend this line of researc...
Validation of power system transient stability results

Simulation of the transient stability problem of a power system, which is the assessment of the short term angular and voltage stability of the system following a disturbance, is of vital importance. It is widely known in the industry that different transient stability packages can give substantially different results for the same (or at least similar) system models. Due to the usual lack of real-world data in the transient stability domain, in this paper we “validate” the software packages against each other. This is done by simulating the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system models in three different widely-used software packages. Two specific approaches utilized to perform this validation are discussed. Also, the sources of discrepancies seen in the results from the different packages are investigated. This enables us to identify the differences in implementation of dynamic models in these different transient stability softwares, and also facilitates some improvements in these packages. In this process, we present certain example transient stability analyses of the WECC system models for different contingencies.
Optimizing three-frequency Na, Fe, and He lidars for measurements of wind, temperature, and species density and the vertical fluxes of heat and constituents

The measurement accuracies of three-frequency resonance fluorescence Doppler lidars are limited by photon noise and uncertainties in the laser frequency and line width. We analyze the performance of Na, Fe, and He lidars using a new technique, which incorporates precise information about the absorption spectrum of the species and the pulse spectrum of the lasers. We derive the measurement errors associated with photon noise, laser frequency errors, and laser line width errors. Optimizing the lidar design, based upon the measurement requirements, can improve system performance by reducing the required integration times, enabling measurements to be made in less time or at higher altitudes where the densities and signal levels are smaller. The optimum frequency shift for observing heat and constituent transport velocities is 689 MHz (580 MHz) at night (day) for Na lidars and 774 MHz (597 MHz) for Fe lidars. The optimum frequency shift for observing winds, temperature, and He densities is 3.66 GHz (3.16 GHz) at night (day) for He lidars.
International cooperation for sale

Abstract This paper shows that strong asymmetry among countries warrants a change in the rules of the game of global public goods provision, with the consequence that cooperation by some countries is bought by others and aggregate welfare is increased, perhaps substantially. Side payments on their own have virtually no effect on the outcomes that can be sustained by self-enforcing cooperative agreements. But when the rules of the game are changed by strong asymmetry – when some countries are effectively ‘committed’ to being non-signatories to an agreement eschewing money transfers – side payments become the vehicle for increasing participation in a cooperative agreement.
Introduction to the NAECTE Position Statement on Early Childhood Teacher Certification

The NAECTE Position Statement on Early Childhood Certification for Teachers of Children 8 Years Old and Younger in Public School Settings was motivated by a survey on state licensure in public scho...
Structure of hard-turbulent convection in two dimensions: Numerical evidence.

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of a Boussinesq fluid demonstrate the dominant role played by the large-scale circulation in hard-turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection. The ``roll'' coordinates the motions of thermal plumes as they shuttle heat flux directly between the top and bottom boundaries. The roll also subjects the thermal boundary layers to a strong stabilizing shear exhibiting a simple power-law dependence on the Rayleigh number; this power law (\ensuremath{\partial}u/\ensuremath{\partial}z\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{Ra}}^{6/7}$) is predicted by a theory [Shraiman and Siggia, Phys. Rev. A 42, 3650 (1990)] which proposes the heat-transport (Nusselt-number) scaling relationship (Nu\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathrm{Ra}}^{2/7}$) is determined solely by the structure of the thermal and viscous boundary layers. Also, the transition into two-dimensional hard turbulence is observed to coincide with the development of plumes which live sufficiently long to carry heat flux in the ``wrong'' direction. In addition to these issues of heat transport, the structure of the large-scale roll is investigated and the relationship between the turnover time ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}_{0}$ and the coherence frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{p}}$ is made precise.
The role of receptor structure in determining adenosine receptor activity

Adenosine produces a wide variety of physiological effects through the activation of cell surface adenosine receptors (ARs). ARs are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family, and currently, four subtypes, the A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR, are recognized. This review focuses on the role of receptor structure in governing various facets of AR activity. Ligand-binding properties of ARs are primarily dictated by amino acids in the transmembrane domains of the receptors, although a role for extracellular domains of certain ARs has been suggested. Studies have identified certain amino acids conserved amongst AR subtypes that are critical for ligand recognition, as well as additional residues that may differentiate between agonist and antagonist ligands. Receptor regions responsible for activation of Gs have been identified for the A2AAR. The location of these intracellular sites is consistent with findings described for other G-protein-coupled receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis has been employed to analyze the structural basis for the differences in the kinetics of the desensitization response displayed by various AR subtypes. For the A2AAR and A3AR, agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of the AR, presumably via a G-protein receptor kinase, has been shown to occur. For these AR subtypes, intracellular regions or individual amino acids that may be targets for this phosphorylation have been identified. Finally, the role of A1AR gene structure in regulating the expression of this AR subtype is reviewed.
Fixed-Effects Partial Likelihood for Repeated Events

Methods of event history analysis are frequently applied to data in which individuals are observed for a fixed interval of time, with repeated events during that interval. It is common to analyze such data as though each spell represented a distinct observation, ignoring the fact that some individuals contribute multiple spells. This approach is likely to yield downwardly biased standard error estimates and possibly biased estimates of the parameters themselves. One alternative is fixed-effects partial likelihood, which is accomplished by applying Cox's partial likelihood method with each individual treated as a separate stratum. Fixed-effects partial likelihood controls for all constant characteristics of the individual (whether measured or unmeasured), while estimating effects of those variables that vary across spells or over time within spells. Using simulated data, the author shows that the method has good properties under a wide range of conditions. When censoring is severe, however, fixed-effects p...
Anticholinergic delirium: Assessing the role of anticholinergic burden in the elderly

Intoxication due to anticholinergic burden, exposure to multiple medications with anticholinergic effects, is one of the most common and potentially preventable causes of delirium in the elderly. This paper reviews the basic and clinical literature supporting the ubiquitous nature of this syndrome. Clinical studies in which serum and plasma anticholinergic levels have been measured and correlated with presence and severity of confusional states and delirium are highlighted. They provide the best available support for the anticholinergic hypothesis of delirium. Special emphasis is placed on studies of anticholinergics in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Because of the pre-existing cholinergic “lesion” in AD, they may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of anticholinergics. Two recent studies support this, suggesting a deleterious effect on clinical course of AD and possibly on its pathophysiology.
Augmenting Transgene Expression from Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Promoter via a GAL4 Gene Regulatory System

Though extensively studied, the use of tissue- or cell-type-specific promoters to target transgene expression is hampered by their weak activity. We hypothesized that this problem could be addressed by using a GAL4 gene regulatory system, wherein a weak, tissue-specific promoter would drive expression of the GAL4/VP16 fusion protein (GV16), which in turn would transactivate a minimal synthetic promoter, GAL4/TATA (GT), upstream of a transgene. To test this hypothesis, we constructed adenoviral vectors expressing a lacZ or GV16 gene driven by a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter (Ad/CEA-LacZ or Ad/CEA-GV16) and evaluated levels of transgene expression they produced in cultured cells and in subcutaneous tumors after intratumoral administration. In CEA-positive cells, treatment with Ad/CEA-GV16 + Ad/GT-LacZ versus Ad/CEA-LacZ increased transgene expression 20- to 100-fold. In CEA-negative cells, treatment with Ad/CEA-GV16 + Ad/GT-LacZ increased transgene expression to a much lower degree (6- to 8-fold). In addition, analysis of Bax gene-mediated cell death revealed that this system can be used to avoid Bax's toxic effects on CEA-negative cells without compromising its ability to kill CEA-positive cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the combination of a tissue-specific promoter with the GAL4 gene regulatory system could be useful for targeting transgene expression.
Hankel and Toeplitz operators on Dirichlet spaces

In this paper we study Hankel and Toeplitz operators on Dirichlet type spaces Dα. We obtain necessary and sufficient condition on the symbols for these operators to be bounded and to belong to the Schatten ideal Sp for certain α and p.
An Overview of Administrative and National Survey Databases for Use in Otolaryngology Research

An emerging focus on measurement and reporting of health care quality indicators calls for a sound evidence base that otolaryngologists can use to support clinical care decisions. In addition to traditional clinical trials, practitioners are heeding results of high-quality comparative-effectiveness and health services research analyses to better understand the complexity of disease epidemiology, care variation, health care costs, and surgical utilization for common conditions. Many national publicly available data sources exist for use in clinical research that may be of benefit for the academic and clinical otolaryngologist. The strength and value of these sources vary depending on the intended use or research question. The purpose of this commentary is to introduce and provide an overview of some major national and administrative databases, highlight potential strengths and limitations of these data, and suggest applications for use in advancing the care of our patients in otolaryngology.
Review of Bayer Pattern CFA Demosaicing with New Quality Assessment Algorithms

Given the frequent lack of a reference image or ground truth when performance testing Bayer pattern color filter array (CFA) demosaicing algorithms, two new no-reference quality assessment algorithms are proposed. These new quality assessment algorithms give a relative comparison of two demosaicing algorithms by measuring the presence of two common artifacts in their output images. For this purpose, various demosaicing algorithms are reviewed, especially adaptive color plane, gradient based methods, and median filtering, with particular attention paid to the false color and edge blurring artifacts common to all demosaicing algorithms. Classic quality assessment methods which require a reference image, such as MSE, PSNR, and ΔE, are reviewed, their typical usage characterized, and their associated pitfalls identified. With this information in mind, the motivations for no-reference quality assessment are discussed. The new quality assessment algorithms are then designed for a relative comparison of two images demosaiced from the same CFA data by measuring the sharpness of the edges and determining the presence of false colors. Demosaicing algorithms described earlier are evaluated and ranked using these new algorithms. A large quantity of real images is given for review. These images are also used to justify those rankings suggested by the new quality assessment algorithms. This work provides a path forward for future research investigating possible relationships between CFA demosaicing and color image super-resolution.
RATES OF GROWTH, RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF UNICELLULAR ALGAE AS RELATED TO CELL SIZE—A REVIEW1,2

SUMMARY The decline of growth rate with increasing species size of unicellular algae grown under uniform conditions is quantified by applying to published data the equation, growth, (cell · time)−1= a (cell carbon)b where a and b are coefficients. The degree of size-dependence might be highest under optimal conditions of growth where b is 0.75. Respiration rate is shown to decline with size in the same manner. It is postulated that gross photosynthesis and processes underlying growth are similarly size-dependent. Growth, efficiency (net over gross photosynthesis) cannot be shown to be size-dependent. Cell size, expressed as carbon, is proposed as a scaling factor in comparative algal physiology.
Use of in Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy (EC-AFM) to Monitor Cathode Surface Reaction in Organic Electrolyte

Surface reactions are responsible for the cycling performance of Li-ion rechargeable batteries based on LiMn2O4. We report structural and electrochemical studies of the LiMn2O4 cathode at room temp...
Sustainability metrics: life cycle assessment and green design in polymers.

This study evaluates the efficacy of green design principles such as the “12 Principles of Green Chemistry,” and the “12 Principles of Green Engineering” with respect to environmental impacts found using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A case study of 12 polymers is presented, seven derived from petroleum, four derived from biological sources, and one derived from both. The environmental impacts of each polymer’s production are assessed using LCA methodology standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Each polymer is also assessed for its adherence to green design principles using metrics generated specifically for this paper. Metrics include atom economy, mass from renewable sources, biodegradability, percent recycled, distance of furthest feedstock, price, life cycle health hazards and life cycle energy use. A decision matrix is used to generate single value metrics for each polymer evaluating either adherence to green design principles or life-cycle environmental ...
Hair Transplantation Producing Arteriovenous Fistulization

Arteriovenous fistula formation is a rare complication of the punch graft technique of hair transplantation. This report describes a large donor site arteriovenous fistula that was clearly demonstrated on arteriography. Operative correction was guided by precise directional Doppler ultrasound localization of the fistulous communication, thus avoiding a large disfiguring incision.
Cognitive Psychology and College-Level Pedagogy: Two Siblings that Rarely Communicate.

The annotated bibliography in this chapter lists several dozen resources that have explored how to use principles of cognitive psychology to strengthen college-level pedagogy.
Time variation in the relative importance of permanent and transitory components in the U.S. housing market

Abstract This paper uses an unobserved component model with heteroskedastic disturbances based on Harvey et al. (1992) to measure the time-varying importance of permanent and transitory components in the U.S. house prices. Our findings show that the cyclical component in the U.S. housing market is highly persistent and house prices were more than 20% above the trend at the peak of the housing boom in 2006. Our results also suggest that there was a big increase in the relative importance of the transitory shock variance at the peak of the housing crisis.
Competing effects of silanol surface concentration and solvent dielectric constant on electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly of silica nanoparticles on gold

Abstract Two types of silica nanoparticles having differing concentrations of ionizable surface groups are used to investigate the interplay between nanoparticle surface charge and solvent dielectric constant in nanostructure development during layer-by-layer assembly with a cationic polyacrylamide. Zeta (ζ) potential measurements are used to determine the extent of silanol dissociation with pH. For 19-nm-diameter X-Tec 3408 silica nanoparticles from Nano-X GmbH (NanoX), complete dissociation yields a ζ-potential value of about −44 mV and occurs between pH 5 and 6 in 50% ethanol-in-water mixture by volume. By contrast, 65-nm-diameter polishing silica from Electron Microscopy Supply (EMS) has a ζ potential that does not equilibrate even up to pH 7 with a value of −59 mV under otherwise similar solution conditions. The more negative zeta potential at a given pH is found to substantially reduce nanoparticle adsorption. This behavior is opposite that observed when the dielectric constant of the suspension is decreased, independent of particle size. Nanoparticle surface chemical heterogeneity is discussed as a plausible explanation for such seriously discrepant behavior and the effects on multilayer electrical contact resistance for proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cell coating applications are presented.
Combined supratentorial and infratentorial exposure for low-lying basilar aneurysms.

Details of an operative approach for low-lying basilar aneurysms utilizing a combined supratentorial and infratentorial exposure with tentorial section are presented. This approach permitted the successful clipping of aneurysms of the caudal basilar artery in both of the cases presented. The advanta
Content Analysis and Stability Evaluation of Selected Commercial Preparations of St. John's Wort

Content analysis and stability studies were performed for the commercial products of St. John's wort. Six marketed formulations were analyzed for their hypericin and pseudohypericin content. These products were standardized to contain 0.3% hypericin. Results revealed total hypericin as 7.72-38.57% of the labeled claim with varying concentrations of pseudohypericin. Stability studies were carried out under three different storage conditions: 1) 25+/-2 degrees C, 60+/-5%RH for six months, 2) 40+/-2 degrees C, 75+/-5%RH for six months, and 3) 50 degrees C for one month. Tablet formulations were also analyzed for their hardness and friability. Stability studies revealed significant decrease in the content of the marker compounds with time.
Photographing social change

This paper presents a method for the study of social change using systematic visual measurement. Three main approaches are suggested: 1) repeating photographs of the same site over time; 2) repeating photographs of participants in the change process; and 3) rephotographing activities, processes, or functions. Retrospective and cross‐sectional strategies are also considered. Parallels are drawn to quantitative methods. Guidance is offered for those interested in implementing the method in their research.
Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and picloram on biotransformation, peroxisomal and serum enzyme activities in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract Channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) exposed to a mixture of picloram and 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) for 10 days displayed increased activities of hepatic ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD), decreased serum chloride concentrations and decreased liver/body weight ratios. These changes were not observed in fish exposed to either compound alone. Neither compound, nor their mixture, increased hepatic peroxisomal catalase or lauroyl CoA oxidase activities. The results of this study indicate that 10-day exposure of 2, 4-D or picloram does not induce peroxisomal enzymes in channel catfish; however, exposure to a mixture of 2, 4-D and picloram may cause physiological effects to catfish not observed with either compound alone.
Biofeedback for Constipation and Fecal Incontinence

This article reviews the current trends in biofeedback therapy for constipation and fecal incontinence. Pelvic muscle dysfunction biofeedback therapy is a group of therapies, including electromagnetic and manometric retraining, muscle stimulation therapy, and manual therapy, which can be used alone or in combination with medical management to improve patient outcomes for these conditions.
Orientation dependence of surface enhanced raman intensities: results from ab initio calculations

Abstract Time dependent Hartree—Fock methods have been used to calculate Raman intensifies for H 2 adsorbed onto a model lithium cluster as a function of the orientation of H 2 relative to the cluster surface. The intensity is found to be largest for perpendicular adsorption, dropping to a small value at an intermediate angle, and then rising to a second but smaller maximum for parallel adsorption. The results are interpreted using a model which correlates enhancement to lithium cluster orbital energy shifts induced by the static quadrupole field Of H 2 .
Effects of the nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis on development, gut morphology, and fermentation in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana): a novel mutualism

We describe a novel mutualism between bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) and a tadpole-specific gastrointestinal nematode (Gyrinicola batrachiensis). Groups of tadpoles were inoculated with viable or nonviable nematode eggs, and development, morphology, and gut fermentation activity were compared between nematode-infected and uninfected tadpoles. Nematode infection accelerated tadpole development; the mean time to metamorphosis was 16 d shorter and the range of times to metamorphosis was narrower in nematode-infected tadpoles than in uninfected tadpoles. At metamorphosis, infected and uninfected bullfrogs did not differ in body size or condition. Colon width, wet mass of colon contents, and concentrations of most fermentation byproducts (short-chain fatty acids: SCFAs) in the hindgut were greater in infected tadpoles. Furthermore, in vitro fermentation yields for all SCFAs combined were over twice as high in infected tadpoles than in uninfected tadpoles. One explanation for accelerated development in infected tadpoles is the altered hindgut fermentation associated with the nematodes. Energetic contributions of fermentation were estimated to be 20% and 9% of the total daily energy requirement for infected and uninfected tadpoles, respectively. Infection by G. batrachiensis nematodes potentially confers major ecological and evolutionary advantages to R. catesbeiana tadpoles. The mutualism between these species broadens our understanding of the taxonomic diversity and physiological contributions of fermentative gut symbionts and suggests that nematodes inhabiting the gut regions of other ectothermic herbivores might have beneficial effects in those hosts.
Orthogonal transformation of a trace free symmetric matrix into one with zero diagonal elements

Abstract We describe an algorithm for the determination of a sequence of n orthogonal transformations which transform a n × n , trace free, real symmetric matrix into a matrix whose diagonal elements are all zero. Explicit results for the 3 × 3 case are given.
The Hukuhara-Kneser property for parabolic systems with nonlinear boundary conditions

The domain of the problem is a cylinder QT = R x [0, 7’1. The parabolic operator L is the same for each component of u and the nonlinearity f may be strongly coupled. The purpose of this paper is to develop some of the “Fundamental Theory” for this problem. We allow conditions general enough for nonunique solutions and start by giving a set of conditions that requires all the solutions to remain in an invariant region. Using these conditions we show the existence of at least one such solution and that the problem satisfies the Hukuhara-Kneser property. These results are thus extensions of Berbernes and Schmitt [5] to nonlinear boundary conditions. A set D c Rm is said to be invariant for the above problem if w(G) c D implies u(Q,) c D. Let n(u) denote an outer normal at a point u in the boundary of a nonempty open convex set D. In Theorem 3.1, the maximum principle is used to show that if the strong tangent inequality
Heuristic use, credit constraints and real estate lending

Presents an investigation into the existence of information processing heuristics in two commercial bank lender types that provide investment and construction loans secured by real estate. Expert real estate banking lenders and expert private banking lenders evidenced different, systematic group specific heuristic usage. Heuristics constrained information cue relevancy and affected the lending decision. Expert private banking lenders mitigated real estate risk by using non‐collateral specific information cues. Real estate lending experts did not mitigate real estate market risk and required favourable collateral specific information cues in order to approve a loan. Concludes that access to credit for real estate investment may be limited by lender expertise because the development of expertise mandates restrictive task interpretation and cue relevance.
Dynamic Text Comprehension An Integrative View of Reading

Reading is one of the most complex and uniquely human of cognitive activities. Our understanding of the processes and factors involved in text comprehension is quite impressive, but it also is fragmented, with a proliferation of “mini-theories” for specific components that in reality are intertwined and interact with one another. Theories of dynamic text comprehension (DTC) aim to capture the integration of these components. They depict reading comprehension as an ongoing process involving fluctuations in the activation of concepts as the reader proceeds through the text, resulting in a gradually emerging interpretation of the material. Features of texts and characteristics of the reader jointly and interactively affect these fluctuations, influencing and being influenced by the reader's understanding and memory of what is read. We illustrate the DTC approach by describing one theory, called the Landscape model, and summarize how its simulations match empirical data. We conclude with some implications of ...
Electronics Packaging Cooling: Technologies From Gas Turbine Engine Cooling

Heat transfer in turbomachinery has been well established due to the long history of research in the field. A vast amount of research has been devoted to obtain flow fields and regimes, heat transfer modes, surface effects, and heat transfer enhancement techniques. Since most of the flows are in the turbulent regime of air cooling, various heat transfer enhancements such as turbulators, pin fins, concavities, and lattice cooling have been investigated. The electronics industry has shown a rapid increase in the functionality, speed, and the density of transistors, leading to a large increase in the required heat transfer. Most of the flows are in the transitional regime. Heat sinks are the primary choice for thermal management in electronics systems. Enhancements in heat sinks have been limited to taller and tighter fin spacing, while decreasing the weight and the cost. Current state-of-the-art for heat sinks in electronics components is lacking in heat transfer enhancement technologies, which is common in turbine heat transfer practice. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to examine the turbomachinery cooling technologies and to inform the packaging engineers about the thermal technologies on the other side of the thermal world.
Estrogen bioactivity in fo-ti and other herbs used for their estrogen-like effects as determined by a recombinant cell bioassay

One of the most important issues in women's health concerns the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy. Continual uncertainty and lack of consensus regarding estrogen replacement therapy has driven many women to seek alternative sources of estrogen, including herbal remedies. We adapted a recombinant cell bioassay to measure estrogen bioactivity in herbs. We studied, in vitro, estrogen bioactivity in red clover, dong quai, black cohosh, soy, licorice, chaste tree berry, fo-ti, and hops. Soy, clover, licorice, and hops have a large amount of measurable estrogen bioactivity, as suspected, based on previous reports using other methods. We discovered surprisingly high estrogen activity in extracts of fo-ti not previously reported. Chaste tree berry, black cohosh, and dong quai did not have measurable activity with this method. We also discovered that removal of a glycone group from soy increases its estrogen bioactivity significantly. We conclude that this recombinant cell bioassay for estradiol can be used to measure bioactivity in herbal products. The preparations of fo-ti studied had estrogen activity of 409 +/- 55 pmol/liter estradiol equivalents per microgram of herb, which is 1/300 the activity of 17 beta-estradiol. Clinical studies are underway to determine the estrogen bioactivity in women using dietary supplements containing these herbs.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases cocaine self-administration behavior in rats.

Rationale: Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been shown to alter behaviors related to cocaine addiction, including its self-administration. However, previous studies have largely used mixed-action NOS inhibitors and have not examined the effects of a neuronal NOS inhibitor on cocaine self-administration. Objectives: Pretreatment with the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) was used and its effects on cocaine self-administration were compared with those produced by pretreatment with an indirect dopamine receptor agonist (cocaine) and a D1-like dopamine receptor antagonist (SCH 23390). Methods: Rats were trained to self-administer 1 mg/kg cocaine under a second-order schedule of drug delivery, which measures drug-seeking behavior independently from drug intake. Pretreatment with various doses of 7-NI, cocaine, and SCH 23390 were tested in combination with the training dose of cocaine followed by studies examining the effects of a selected dose of each pretreatment drug in combination with a range of cocaine doses. Other rats were trained under a second-order schedule of food pellet delivery and pretreated with 7-NI, cocaine, or SCH 23390 to determine the behavioral specificity of the effects of these drugs for cocaine-maintained responding. Results: The results demonstrated that 7-NI reduced responses maintained by the cocaine training dose and produced a downward shift in the cocaine dose–response curve. Changes in drug intake were minor by comparison. Cocaine pretreatment produced effects similar to 7-NI, while the changes observed after SCH 23390 pretreatment were different from 7-NI and cocaine. The reductions in cocaine-maintained responding after 7-NI pretreatment were behaviorally specific because there was no effect of 7-NI on food-maintained responding within the dose range examined. Conclusions: By selectively reducing drug-seeking behavior, these data suggest that 7-NI may enhance the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
Studies on human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase

The complete amino acid sequence of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase and the DNA sequence coding for that protein have recently been determined in two independent laboratories. There is now considerable evidence that the esterase exists in two genetically determined allozymic forms, and these A and B allozymes possess both paraoxonase and arylesterase activities. The B-type esterase has relatively higher paraoxonase activity and is stimulated to a greater degree by 1 M NaCl than the A allozyme. The structural basis for the distinctive isozymic properties is a single nucleotide base at position 572. Codon 191 is CAA (for glutamine) in the A-type esterase, and CGA (for arginine) in the B-type enzyme. There is a second polymorphic site which affects amino acid 54; this can be either methionine or leucine, but these alternatives have not been found to affect either the level or the quality of the allozymes. Purified A or B-type esterases are stimulated by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. The latter addition increases the maximum velocity rate, but does not alter the Km of the reaction with either paraoxon or phenylacetate. In serum, the esterase is tightly bound to the high density lipoproteins, particularly apo A-1, but the importance of this association as far as the stability and catalytic properties of the esterase is not clear, and still under study. No physiological role of the esterase has been established, but its ability to hydrolyze several potent organophosphates may be of some significance in protecting against organophosphate toxicity.
A CAD tool for optical MEMS

Chatoyant models free-space opto-electronic components and systems and performs simulations and analyses that allow designers to make informed system level trade-offs. Recently, the use of MEM bulk and surface micro-machining technology has enabled the fabrication of micro-optical-mechanical systems. This paper presents our models for diffractive optics and new analysis techniques which extend Chatoyant to support optical MEMS design. We show these features in the simulation of two optical MEM systems.
Binding of horseradish peroxidase-α-bungarotoxin to axonal membranes at the node of ranvier

The binding of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) was investigated in rat sciatic nerve. Activity was found to be localized to the axolemma of myelinated nerve fibers at the nodes of Ranvier. Activity was also seen in other regions of the axolemma where the myelin sheath was separated from the axon by enzymatic treatment. Pretreatment of nerves with native alpha-BuTx or curare blocked the binding of HRP-alpha-BuTx to the axonal membranes. This study demonstrates binding of alpha-BuTx to axonal membranes although the nature and significance of the toxin receptor is uncertain.
I‐XE ages of individual Bjurbole chondrules

Initial iodine isotopic compositions have been obtained for 10 individual chondrules from the meteorite Bjurbole, with a total range in well determined values of 6.5%, which would correspond to an age difference of 1.6 m.y. These results can be interpreted as distinct formation ages, metamorphic ages, or isotopic inhomogeneities in the early solar system, and can serve to constrain models for chondrule formation. Two of the chondrules show evidence of either isotopic inhomogeneities or disturbances of their I-Xe systems.
Sensory Network Dysfunction, Behavioral Impairments, and Their Reversibility in an Alzheimer's β-Amyloidosis Mouse Model

The unique vulnerability of the olfactory system to Alzheimer's disease (AD) provides a quintessential translational tool for understanding mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction and pathological progression in the disease. Using the Tg2576 mouse model of β-amyloidosis, we show that aberrant, hyperactive olfactory network activity begins early in life, before detectable behavioral impairments or comparable hippocampal dysfunction and at a time when amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition is restricted to the olfactory bulb (OB). Hyperactive odor-evoked activity in the piriform cortex (PCX) and increased OB-PCX functional connectivity emerged at a time coinciding with olfactory behavior impairments. This hyperactive activity persisted until later in life when the network converted to a hyporesponsive state. This conversion was Aβ-dependent, because liver-X receptor agonist treatment to promote Aβ degradation rescued the hyporesponsive state and olfactory behavior. These data lend evidence to a novel working model of olfactory dysfunction in AD and, complimentary to other recent works, suggest that disease-relevant network dysfunction is highly dynamic and region specific, yet with lasting effects on cognition and behavior.
Thermodynamic properties of seven gaseous halogenated hydrocarbons from acoustic measurements: CHClFCF 3 , CHF 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CH 3 , CHF 2 CH 3 , CF 3 CHFCHF 2 , CF 3 CH 2 CF 3 , and CHF 2 CF 2 CH 2 F

Measurements of the speed of sound in seven halogenated hydrocarbons are presented. The compounds in this study are 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CHClFCF3 or HCFC-124), pentafluoroethane (CHF2 CF3 or HFC-125), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CF3CH3 or HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (CHF2CH3 or HFC-152a), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CF3CHFCHF2 or HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CF3CH2CF3 or HFC-236fa), and 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (CHF2CF2CH2F or HFC-245ca). The measurements were performed with a cylindrical resonator at temperatures between 240 and 400 K and at pressures up to 1.0 MPa. Ideal-gas heat capacities and acoustic virial coefficients were directly deduced from the data. The ideal-gas heat capacity of HFC-125 from this work differs from spectroscopic calculations by less than 0.2% over the measurement range. The coefficients for virial equations of state were obtained from the acoustic data and hard-core square-well intermolecular potentials. Gas densities that were calculated from the virial equations of state for HCFC-124 and HFC-125 differ from independent density measurements by at most 0.15%, for the ranges of temperature and pressure over which both acoustic and Burnett data exist. The uncertainties in the derived properties for the other five compounds are comparable to those for HCFC-124 and HFC-125.