cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programmed Death-1 Impairs Secondary Effector Lung CD8+ T Cells during Respiratory Virus Reinfection

Reinfections with respiratory viruses are common and cause significant clinical illness, yet precise mechanisms governing this susceptibility are ill defined. Lung Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells (T(CD8)) are impaired during acute viral lower respiratory infection by the inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1). To determine whether PD-1 contributes to recurrent infection, we first established a model of reinfection by challenging B cell-deficient mice with human metapneumovirus (HMPV) several weeks after primary infection, and found that HMPV replicated to high titers in the lungs. A robust secondary effector lung TCD8 response was generated during reinfection, but these cells were more impaired and more highly expressed the inhibitory receptors PD-1, LAG-3, and 2B4 than primary T(CD8). In vitro blockade demonstrated that PD-1 was the dominant inhibitory receptor early after reinfection. In vivo therapeutic PD-1 blockade during HMPV reinfection restored lung T(CD8) effector functions (i.e., degranulation and cytokine production) and enhanced viral clearance. PD-1 also limited the protective efficacy of HMPV epitope-specific peptide vaccination and impaired lung T(CD8) during heterotypic influenza virus challenge infection. Our results indicate that PD-1 signaling may contribute to respiratory virus reinfection and evasion of vaccine-elicited immune responses. These results have important implications for the design of effective vaccines against respiratory viruses.
Diet-Induced Obesity Resistance of Kv1.3-/- Mice is Olfactory Bulb Dependent

Gene-targeted deletion of the voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3 (Kv1.3−/−), increases olfactory sensitivity and discriminatory ability, and causes resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) in mice. The objective of the present study was to determine if the enhanced olfactory ability of the Kv1.3−/− mouse contributes to the resistance to DIO. Kv1.3+/+ and Kv1.3−/− mice were subject to bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) or sham surgery at 9 weeks of age and placed on either a control chow diet (CF) or a 32% moderately high-fat diet (MHF). Caloric and water intake, locomotor activity, and oxygen consumption were monitored after 5 weeks of diet treatment. At the end of 26 weeks of diet treatment, fat pad weight and blood chemistry were evaluated. Kv1.3+/+ mice exhibited a significant increase in weight, adiposity, fasting glucose and fasting leptin in response to the MHF-diet, with or without OBX. When treated with a MHF-diet, Kv1.3−/− mice gained significantly less weight than Kv1.3 +/+ mice and exhibited a significant increase in light phase metabolism. OBX of Kv1.3−/− mice prevented the resistance to DIO and concomitant upregulation of light phase metabolism while decreasing dark phase metabolism and total energy expenditure. These findings suggest that pathways activated in Kv1.3 −/− that increased energy expenditure and led to resistance to DIO are olfactory bulb dependent. Thus, these findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that the olfactory system can modulate pathways involved in the regulation of energy balance.
A computerized system to estimate potential uranium resources

Abstract The URAD system is the only comprehensive computerized database for information and estimates of the quantity of undiscovered uranium resources in the United States. The database includes subjective estimates of uranium endowment and geographic and geologic descriptions for approximately 700 area-specific assessments. The estimated quantity of undiscovered resources are represented in the form of probability distributions. This probabilistic approach makes the uncertainty about these resources explicit.
Deactivation of alumina-supported nickel and ruthenium catalysts by sulfur compounds

Deactivation of alumina-supported nickel and ruthenium catalysts by sulfur compounds was studied by temperature-programmed desorption, temperature-programmed surface reaction, and in flow experiments of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on a commercial catalyst (G-65) containing 25% nickel on alumina (Ni/Al) and on this catalyst with 1% iridium added (Ni/Ir/Al) in the absence and presence of hydrogen sulfide. The Ni/Ir/Al catalyst adsorbed 30% more CO than Ni/Al, and it desorbed in three temperature peaks, compared with two desorption peaks for Ni/Al. Carbon dioxide and surface carbon were formed during the desorption. On Ni/Al, two types of surface carbon were formed with different reactivities towards hydrogen, and on Ni/Ir/Al only one highly reactive carbon species was detected. In the presence of hydrogen sulfide, adsorption decreased, less carbon was formed on Ni/Ir/Al and none on Ni/Al, and the methanation reaction decayed at a rate which was determined for the two catalysts. The iridium increased the sulfur resistance of the catalyst by a factor of two. An alumina-supported 5% ruthenium catalyst deactivated more rapidly than Ni/Al.
Perception of French vowels by American English adults with and without French language experience

Abstract This study investigated the effects of language experience and consonantal context on American English (AE) listeners’ discrimination of contrasts involving Parisian French vowels /y, œ, u, i/. Vowels were produced in /rabVp/ and /rabVt/ nonsense disyllables in carrier phrases by 3 speakers and presented in a categorial AXB discrimination task. Two groups were tested: AE listeners who had studied French extensively beginning after age 13 (Exp) and non-French-speaking AE listeners (Inexp). The Exp group performed better than the Inexp group on /u-œ/, /i-y/ and /y-œ/ (mean errors: Exp=5%, Inexp=24%). However, for /u-y/, the groups did not differ (Exp=30% vs Inexp=24% errors). The Inexp group confused /i-y/ more often in bilabial context, but /u-y/ more often in alveolar context, whereas the Exp group confused /u-y/ in both contexts. Overall, the Inexp group performed better in bilabial than in alveolar context (16% vs 32% errors), whereas the Exp group revealed no context effect. Results suggest that learning a second language (L2) includes learning its coarticulatory rules. Implications for models of L2-speech perception are discussed.
Effect of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and sestonic food abundance on the invertebrate community within a constructed treatment wetland

SUMMARY 1. The effect of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation on the invertebrate community in a hypereutrophic constructed treatment wetland in southern California was investigated at two nutrient levels that influenced sestonic food abundance. 2. Gambusia affinis and insect predators in the wetland had a significant impact on larval mosquito density in the wetland irrespective of nutrient level. At the end of the 5-month study, cladoceran abundance in predator exclusion enclosures was 2‐3 orders of magnitude greater than in the treatments that allowed access by planktivores. Chironomids were the most abundant insect group collected in emergence traps, and midge production from the high nutrient location of the wetland was greater than from the low nutrient location, but was not affected significantly by G. affinis. The presence of abundant alternative prey in this highly enriched wetland may have weakened the predation impact of G. affinis on mosquitoes. 3. The abundances of six invertebrate groups in dipper samples and of four insect groups in emergence trap collections were analysed using a multivariate distance-based linear model. Fish treatment and location interactions with sampling date explained significant amounts of the variation in the abundance of invertebrate groups. 4. Multivariate multiple regression analysis showed that chlorophyll-a concentration explained a large portion of the variability in non-predatory insect and zooplankton abundance at the high nutrient location, whereas bacterial density explained a large portion of the variability in the abundances of these taxa at the low nutrient location. Predatory insects were not directly coupled to the bottom-up influence of bacterial abundance and chlorophyll-a.
A high-voltage RF deflector for reduction of cyclotron beam repetition rates

Abstract A high-voltage beam deflector driven at a sub-multiple of the cyclotron frequency has been developed to reduce the beam repetition rate of the University of Colorado cyclotron to allow long flight path time of flight measurements. The design uses readily available semiconductor components for control and drive and an Eimac 4CX1000A power amplifier. Accepted beam bursts pass through the deflection plates at a time when the voltage difference and its first derivative are zero so that voltage and phase stability requirements are relaxed and beamline retuning is not needed.
Who receives financial support to pursue graduate study

Graduate student funding has been acknowledged as very important in enticing prospective students to begin graduate programs and in helping current students complete their degrees, but very little is known about the individuals who receive financial support. This paper discusses a variety of characteristics of new students who received fellowships, assistantships, and loans at a large public research university in the Midwest. The purpose was to determine which of the following characteristics led to an increased likelihood of receiving the different forms of support: undergraduate grades, GRE scores, gender, ethnicity, citizenship, age, and field of study.
Pesticide exposure beliefs among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry.

Background Pesticide exposure is a major preventable occupational hazard for farmworkers. This study examined the beliefs of Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry regarding pesticide exposure. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Mexican male seasonal farmworkers. Participants discussed beliefs about agricultural chemicals, routes of exposure, and health effects of these chemicals. They also discussed their knowledge and use of pesticide safety practices and safety training received. Results Most farmworkers knew that pesticides could be harmful, though workers varied in their levels of knowledge regarding routes of exposure, specific health effects of pesticides, and ways to avoid and reduce exposure. Workers varied considerably in the amount of safety training received and use of safety practices. Perceived lack of control and health beliefs were salient factors that decreased workers' use of safety practices. Conclusions This study adds to the growing body of research which documents the health beliefs of Latino farmworkers in the U.S. relative to pesticides and pesticide safety. This literature is beginning to show convergence on several points (e.g., farmworker knowledge of acute vs. long-term illness resulting from pesticide exposure), as well as regional variation in pesticide safety beliefs. This study substantiates the need for pesticide safety education to address issues of control as well as beliefs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:153–160, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Beginning with the Group: Collaboration as the Cornerstone of Graduate Teacher Education

Abstract The paper describes the philosophy and structure of an M.Ed. Field-Based Masters Program. The program is designed around intact cohort groups of experienced teachers who meet once a week for four hours over a 22-month period. The curriculum is integrated, and it includes a teacher action research project extending throughout the two-year program. Because of the program's design, both faculty and teachers enrolled must work collaboratively to plan, implement, and evaluate curriculum. The paper describes how group process and collaboration are integral parts of both the teachers' learning experiences and the ongoing professional development of faculty who teach in the program. It concludes with a discussion of the challenges the program faces and how it is continuing to evolve to meet the needs of the teachers who seek masters degrees at this university.
FEAR OF CRIME IN RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES

Three variables were hypothesized to cause a fear of crime and a potential change in behavior. These were: (1) crimes against a person rather than crimes against property; (2) a crime committed in an area frequented rather than a crime occurring in an area one never entered; (3) a recurring crime rather than a crime that occurred once. Two different samples of female subjects (n = 249) were approached at their residences and were asked to read one of a number of fictitious crime stories that the news media supposedly had not reported and to complete two scales measuring: (1) an emotional response to crime and (2) a potential behavioral response to crime. The results indicate that a physical assault produces both more fear and more potential behavioral change than a burglary. A crime that occurs eight times causes people to consider taking precautions in comparison to a crime that occurs once. There is some evidence that a crime in an area one frequents causes more fear than a crime occurring in an area one never enters.
Inhibition of limb chondrogenesis in vitro by vitamin A: alterations in cell surface characteristics.

Abstract Mesenchyme cells derived from embryonic mouse limb buds were cultured at high cell density. During the first 24 h in culture, groups of mesenchyme cells condensed and formed cell contacts and specialized junctions. These condensations were the nodule primordia which gave rise to cartilage nodules. The cell contacts were lost as the mesenchyme cells in the primordia developed into cartilage nodules. The mature nodules contained chondrocytes isolated from one another by an extensive extracellular matrix consisting of cartilage type collagen fibrils and proteoglycan granules. The differentiation of the mesenchyme cells to chondrocytes was also characterized by the loss of a 240,000-MW cell surface glycoprotein and the appearance of an 80,000-MW surface protein. The addition of vitamin A to the medium on Day 1 inhibited chondrogenesis. The cells were closely packed together, and the limited extracellular space contained thick, banded collagen fibrils with no proteoglycan granules. The cells exhibited extensive areas of close membrane contact and specialized junctions. Vitamin A-treated cultures also retained the 240,000-MW surface glycoprotein and retarded the appearance of the 80,000-MW cell surface protein. The results of this study suggest that cell surface features normally present on mesenchyme cells are maintained and exaggerated by vitamin A.
Estimate of the average cosine for the radiance distribution resulting from a point source in the ocean

We have shown in an earlier paper that by measuring the decay of the irradiance field due to a point source, the absorption coefficient of the medium can be determined. A central parameter in this method is the average cosine of the radiance distribution at each measurement point. From measurements of the point spread function (PSF), an estimate of the average cosine can be determined. However, experimentally the PSF is routinely measured only to 12 degrees. We have also previously shown a method which relates the small angle PSF measurements to an empirically derived analytic formulation of the beam spread function (BSF) which extends to 90 degrees. We present an independent test of this method, and then use the BSF to determine the average cosine for varying ranges (from the point source) and water properties. In this way we can estimate how rapidly the average cosine varies, and its relative importance in the field measurements of the absorption coefficient with these techniques.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reverse execution in a generalized control regime

Abstract The value of advanced control forms in programming languages is currently being recognized. A combination of control forms in a single environment can increase the expressive power of a system but may lead to difficulties in semantic definition and implementation. This paper describes an implementation for a control combination of backtracking and logical concurrent structures. In particular, we present a reversible execution implementation for backtracking across scheduled coroutines or processes as defined in Simula [1]. Such a control combination, particularly useful for debugging simulation programs, is incorporated as a basic feature in a debugging tool expecially designed for programs using scheduled processes.
Photodesulfonylation of indoles initiated by electron transfer from triethylamine

Abstract N -Sulfonyl indoles can be easily deprotected by a photoinduced electron transfer reaction with triethylamine. By using an equivalent amount of n -Bu 3 SnH in the photolysis medium, it is possible to suppress the competitive photo-Fries like rearrangement by scavenging the phenylsulfonyl radical.
New Insights Into Oxide Trapped Holes And Other Defects: Implications For Reliability Studies

New insights into the nature of oxide trapped holes and other defects have been gained from ionizing radiation studies. Specifically, connections have been established between hole traps and neutral traps. The nature of the defects, how they are related to each other, and their implications for reliability studies will be discussed.
Mobilization of storage pool dopamine and late ipsilateral augmentation of striatal dopamine synthesis in the trained circling rat.

: Rats were infused intraventricularly with [3H]tyrosine over a 20–min period during various times while circling. 3,4–Dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels were measured using HPLC with electrochemical detection and fractions were collected for tritium monitoring. During the first 20 min of circling, the specific activity of dopamine was increased by 290% in striatum contralateral to the circling direction whereas DOPAC specific activity was increased 50% on the same side. This differential change in relative specific activity suggests that unlabeled storage pool dopamine was mobilized to DOPAC during circling. Synthesis of dopamine and DOPAC in contralateral striatum returned to baseline levels as turning slowed (50–70 min). When turning ceased, there was an increase in ipsilateral striatal dopamine synthesis during the 20–min period following circling. We hypothesize that this ipsilateral increase represents either a “stop” signal following circling or a release of inhibition of ipsilateral nigral neurons.
CONCENTRATION OF DIOCTAHEDRAL MICA AND VERMICULITE USING A FLUORIDE SOLUTION

ABSTRACT A SOLUTION containing fluoride (0.4 N NH 4 F, 0.1 N HCl, N NH 4 Cl), permits the concentration of dioctahedral mica and dioctahedral vermiculite in mixed clay systems. Allophane, halloysite, kaolinite, and in particular, Mg-rich montmorillonite, biotite, and vermiculite of clay size, are destroyed in 24–48 hr at room temperature. A salt-free, NEU-saturated sample, weighing 80 mg, is shaken in 80 ml of the fluoride solution. The residue is washed with water and X-ray diffraction patterns made. The method has use in characterizing some of the 2:1 layer silicates in clays. Anatase, if present, is also concentrated and is more positively identified by X-ray diffraction.
Article reviewed: Daytime sleepiness and EEG spectral analysis in apneic patients before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure.

Previous studies indicate that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with altered cognitive function and daytime sleepiness. Abnormal executive function and psychomotor tasks have been attributed to hypoxemia and attention/memory de®cits have been attributed to sleepiness. The authors of the current paper had previously demonstrated that OSAS patients have EEG slowing during wakefulness over all regions studied and during REMrelated apnea over the frontal, central and parietal regions. Of note, executive functions are believed to be dependent on the frontal lobe. The current investigation was intended to assess the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on quantitative (spectral) features of the EEG and to determine if any observed alterations are associated with changes in excessive daytime sleepiness.
Equipping Managers to Assist Employees in Addressing Work-Family Conflict: Applying the Research Literature toward Innovative Practice

Although there is a great deal of research documenting that work-family conflict is a problem, the literature offers much less in the way of practical managerial guidance. Equipped with the well-documented premise that support from the immediate supervisor or manager is associated with diminished work-family conflict, the authors aimed to bridge the science–practice gap by articulating (a) the effective ways in which a manager can demonstrate support and (b) what can be done to equip and encourage managers to be supportive. The authors' review draws on leader-member exchange theory and empirical research as well as the emerging work on idiosyncratic deals to derive five recommendations for managerial practice. Recommendations address managerial training, empowerment, and motivation, in addition to the type of context (i.e., supportive work-family culture) and tools (i.e., work-life job analysis) expected to be most useful to a manager's efforts to address employees' work-family conflict.
Clinical presentation and surgical management of dissecting posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: 2 case reports

Abstract Intracranial dissection presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) most commonly involves the vertebral artery. The natural history of this lesion suggests frequent early rehemorrhage and need for urgent treatment. Isolated dissection of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is very rare. We present 2 cases of isolated PICA dissections presenting with SAH. Both patients were middle-aged men who presented with transient loss of consciousness, severe headache, and cranial neuropathies. Initial angiography showed dilatation and narrowing of PICA consistent with dissection and aneurysm formation. The vertebral arteries were normal and there was no other cause for the SAH. Repeat angiography 2 weeks after admission revealed significant enlargement of the aneurysmal dilation of the dissected segment of PICA in both patients. Both patients were treated operatively. One patient had clip reconstruction of the PICA with preservation of flow through the PICA. Follow-up angiography one year later showed no recurrence. The other patient underwent direct surgical trapping and resection of the dissected segment of PICA after passing balloon occlusion testing at the vertebral-PICA junction. Both patients have more than 2 years of clinical follow-up and remain well. Isolated PICA dissection seems to have a less ominous natural history compared to vertebral artery dissection. These lesions need to be followed carefully for evidence of aneurysmal enlargement. Direct surgical reconstruction of the dissected segment may be possible. Balloon occlusion testing may be very helpful in determining if the involved PICA segment can be sacrificed.
Three dimensional cellular loading and average microstructural tissue response using single and three cell models

Finite element analysis of single cells embedded in an extracellular matrix have been used widely to provide new insights into the cellular loading in cartilage [1] and meniscus [2]. Deformations derived from a homogeneous tissue model are generally used to drive simulations using microstructural representations. Implicit in this setup is the assumption of the equivalence of macrostructural (tissue) constitutive response and average stress-strain response of the microstructural (cellular) model. Higher cell densities within tissue volume [3] may increase the uncertainty introduced by this assumption and may also influence how macroscopic loads are transferred to the cells. We have previously shown, albeit with a two-dimensional simulation, the potential mismatches in such variables for increasing strain level and cell density, specifically for no cell, one, and three cell representations [4]. Hence, the objective of this study was to quantify the differences between the overall response and cellular deformation in three-dimensional nonlinearly elastic microstructural cartilage models embedded with either one or three cells. Multiscale coupling approaches targeting prediction of cell deformations from tissue and/or organ level loading will likely benefit from this investigation while balancing computational demand with accuracy requirements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
AgCad2 cadherin in Anopheles gambiae larvae is a putative receptor of Cry11Ba toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan

In an effort to study the mode of action of Cry11Ba, we identified toxin binding proteins in Anopheles gambiae larval midgut and investigated their receptor roles. Previously, an aminopeptidase (AgAPN2) and an alkaline phosphatase (AgALP1) were identified as receptors for Cry11Ba toxin in A. gambiae. However, an A. gambiae cadherin (AgCad1) that bound Cry11Ba with low affinity (K(d) = 766 nM) did not support a receptor role of AgCad1 for Cry11Ba. Here, we studied a second A. gambiae cadherin (AgCad2) that shares 14% identity to AgCad1. Immunohistochemical study showed that the protein is localized on A. gambiae larval midgut apical membranes. Its cDNA was cloned and the protein was analyzed as a transmembrane protein containing 14 cadherin repeats. An Escherichia coli expressed CR14MPED fragment of AgCad2 bound Cry11Ba with high affinity (K(d) = 11.8 nM), blocked Cry11Ba binding to A. gambiae brush border vesicles and reduced Cry11Ba toxicity in bioassays. Its binding to Cry11Ba could be completely competed off by AgCad1, but only partially competed by AgALP1. The results are evidence that AgCad2 may function as a receptor for Cry11Ba in A. gambiae larvae.
Variables related to communicative disorders in an adult prison sample

Abstract Speech, language, and hearing assessment data were correlated with fourteen independent variables for fifty-six incoming adult prison inmates. Descriptive data supported the elevated prevalence of all categories of communicative disorders, with the exception of stuttering. Significant results were reported on correlational analysis of language processing subtests and the independent variables of I.Q., chronological age, years of education, and number of siblings. However, no significant correlations were found between these independent variables and the results of articulation, language production, voice, or hearing assessments. Theoretical, clinical, and future research implications are discussed.
A parametric bootstrap solution to the MANOVA under heteroscedasticity

In this article, we consider the problem of comparing several multivariate normal mean vectors when the covariance matrices are unknown and arbitrary positive definite matrices. We propose a parametric bootstrap (PB) approach and develop an approximation to the distribution of the PB pivotal quantity for comparing two mean vectors. This approximate test is shown to be the same as the invariant test given in [Krishnamoorthy and Yu, Modified Nel and Van der Merwe test for the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem, Stat. Probab. Lett. 66 (2004), pp. 161–169] for the multivariate Behrens–Fisher problem. Furthermore, we compare the PB test with two existing invariant tests via Monte Carlo simulation. Our simulation studies show that the PB test controls Type I error rates very satisfactorily, whereas other tests are liberal especially when the number of means to be compared is moderate and/or sample sizes are small. The tests are illustrated using an example.
Multiple effects of interferon on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

In this review, I shall summarize the major findings about the effect of IFN on the replication of HIV-1 virus in model systems in vitro and will describe the known molecular mechanisms involved in the IFN-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication. Finally, I shall relate these findings to the unique features of the HIV-1 replication cycle.
Consistency of perturbation analysis for a queue with finite buffer space and loss policy

The subject of discrete-event dynamical systems has taken on a new direction with the advent of perturbation analysis (PA), an efficient method for estimating the gradients of a steady-state performance measure, by analyzing data obtained from a single-simulation experiment in the time domain. A crucial issue is whether PA gives strongly consistent estimates, namely, whether average time-domain-based gradients converge, over infinite horizon, to the steady-state gradients. In this paper, we investigate this issue for a queue with a finite buffer capacity and a loss policy. The performance measure in question is the average amount of lost customers, as a function of the buffer's capacity, which is assumed to be continuous in our work. It is shown that PA gives strongly consistent estimates. The analysis uses a new technique, based on busy period-dependent inequalities. This technique may have possible extensions to analyses of consistency of PA for more general queueing systems.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for nonmalignant disease: improved safety, morbidity, and cost-effectiveness.

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has rapidly gained widespread acceptance for treatment of benign adrenal neoplasms. A number of authors have compared various anatomic approaches to laparoscopic adrenalectomy, comparing length of inpatient stay, transfusion requirements, and perioperative complications. Separate studies have found inpatient stay reduced 40–60% with the use of laparoscopic adrenalectomy vs. an open procedure.
Suspended solids characteristics from recirculating aquacultural systems and design implications

Abstract Fish culture water characterization provides basic information for treatment process design. Suspended solids from three recirculating aquacultural systems were investigated to determine specific gravity and particle size distribution. This research revealed that more than 95% of the suspended particles in these systems had a diameter less than 20 microns (μm). The specific gravity of the solid particles was determined as 1.19, resulting in a mean particle weight of 10.6×10 −7 mg. These small particles accounted for 40–70% of the total suspended solids by weight. The results suggest that methods toremove fine solids in recirculating system are necessary.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS AS PRECIPITATING AND DRYING AGENTS OF IMMUNE SERA.

1. In concentrations of 70 to 75 per cent the organic solvents methyl, ethyl, and propyl alcohols, and acetone cause complete precipitation of serum proteins and produce maximum loss in solubility. We have referred to this concentration range as the critical concentration. 2. As the concentration of the solvents is increased from about 75 per cent precipitation continues complete but loss in solubility progressively decreases until at all concentrations above about 87 per cent the precipitates formed at room temperature are completely soluble. 3. The degree of resolubility of the precipitates formed even in these high concentrations of the organic solvent decreases as the temperature is raised and as the duration of exposure is increased. 4. At 5°C. the precipitates formed in all concentrations of these organic solvents are completely resoluble. Also these solvents exert maximum precipitating effect at lower temperature. 5. Maximum precipitating effect by these organic solvents occurs at about pH 6.0 precipitation becoming progressively less as the pH value is altered either way from this point. 6. The more concentrated the serum, the greater the proportion of protein present that will be precipitated by any given concentrations of organic solvent. 7. A method for preparing dry immune sera has been given. Such dried sera have been extracted with a number of organic compounds without loss in solubility or antibody activity.
New training strategies for RBF neural networks for X-ray agricultural product inspection

Classification of real-time X-ray images of pistachio nuts is discussed. The goal is to reduce the percentage of infested nuts while not rejecting more than a few percent of the good nuts. Radial basis function (RBF) neural network classifiers are emphasized. New training procedures are developed that allow samples such as those that are near decision boundaries to be treated differently from other samples. New clustering methods and new cluster classes are advanced to select and separately control various RBF parameters. These advancements are shown to be of use in this application.
Analyses of coherence-maintained ultrashort optical pulse trains and supercontinuum generation in the presence of soliton–amplified spontaneous-emission interaction

Coherence degradation in the soliton pulse-compression process and supercontinuum generation in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission are studied with numerical simulations. We have developed a new simulation method to study the quality of a pulse train and use numerical simulations to present three ways to suppress its coherence degradation. We point out that a simple measurement of the pulse train’s power spectrum does not fully represent the quality of the pulse train because it does not contain detailed information on noise.
Open Knowledge Extraction through Compositional Language Processing

We present results for a system designed to perform Open Knowledge Extraction, based on a tradition of compositional language processing, as applied to a large collection of text derived from the Web. Evaluation through manual assessment shows that well-formed propositions of reasonable quality, representing general world knowledge, given in a logical form potentially usable for inference, may be extracted in high volume from arbitrary input sentences. We compare these results with those obtained in recent work on Open Information Extraction, indicating with some examples the quite different kinds of output obtained by the two approaches. Finally, we observe that portions of the extracted knowledge are comparable to results of recent work on class attribute extraction.
The Birth of the Holobiont: Multi-species Birthing Through Mutual Scaffolding and Niche Construction

Holobionts are multicellular eukaryotes with multiple species of persistent symbionts. They are not individuals in the genetic sense— composed of and regulated by the same genome—but they are anatomical, physiological, developmental, immunological, and evolutionary units, evolved from a shared relationship between different species. We argue that many of the interactions between human and microbiota symbionts and the reproductive process of a new holobiont are best understood as instances of reciprocal scaffolding of developmental processes and mutual construction of developmental, ecological, and evolutionary niches. Our examples show that mother, fetus, and different symbiotic microbial communities induce or constitute conditions for the development and reproduction of one another. These include the direct induction of maternal or fetus physiological changes, the restructuring of ecological relations between communities, and evolutionary selection against undesirable competitors. The mutual scaffolding and niche constructing processes start early—prior to amniotic rupture. We are evolutionarily, physiologically, and developmentally integrated holobiont systems, strung together through mutual reliance (developmental scaffolding) and mutual construction (niche construction). Bringing the processes of niche construction and developmental scaffolding together to interpret holobiont birth conceptually scaffolds two new directions for research: (1) in niche construction, identifying the evolutionary implications of organisms actively constructing multiple overlapping niches and scaffolds, and (2) in Evolutionary Developmental Biology, characterizing evolutionary and ecological processes as developmental causes.
Silicon diffusion in forsterite aggregates : Implications for diffusion accommodated creep

Silicon diffusion rates were determined in fine-grained (∼4.5 µm) hot-pressed forsterite aggregates at 900° to 1200°C and 0.1 MPa using a 30Si-tracer and standard SIMS analysis. There is no measurable difference in diffusion rates between samples buffered by excess MgO or SiO2, nor samples run in dry N2 or H2/CO2. The results yield the Arrhenius parameters D0, bulk = 5.4 × 10−9 m²/sec and Q = 203±36 kJ/mol. At 1200°C, the grain boundary diffusion rate of 30Si is similar to 26Mg (Si ∼10 times greater), ∼10² less than Fe, and ∼105 less than O. In addition, the 30Si grain boundary diffusion rate is ∼109 greater than the Si volume diffusion rate and indicates that diffusional transport of Si in forsterite aggregates is dominated by grain boundaries.
A Variational Approach to Empathy

(1957). A Variational Approach to Empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 11-18.
The appearance and disappearance of major vegetational assemblages: Long-term vegetational dynamics in eastern North America

Contoured maps of pollen percentages from eastern North America illustrate that the vegetation changed continuously during the past 18000 years. The maps show that the geographic distribution for selected pollen types from 500 years ago parallels the major patterns in the vegetation, and that the correspondence is good enough to justify using maps of fossil pollen to interpret the patterns and composition of the broad-scale vegetation from earlier times. Data for Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Picea, Betula, Alnus, Abies, and Pinus pollen illustrate how the changing location and abundance of their plant taxa and populations altered the spatial pattern, local composition, and the overall structure of the vegetation and thus led to the disappearance as well as appearance of major biomes and ecotones. For example, the Picea parkland biome that existed from 18000 to 12000 yr B.P. within a broad region south of the ice sheet disappeared within 2000 years after 12000 yr B.P., and the modern boreal forest biome began to develop across a large area of central Canada only after 6000 yr B.P. On a time scale of 104 to 106 yr, these types of vegetation changes involve a continual overlapping and separation of the abundance distributions for different taxa. Such changes are likely to have been a feature of vegetational dynamics for millions of years.
IMPORTANCE OF EMPOWERING PEDIATRICIANS IN THE OUTPATIENT CARE OF CHILDREN WITH LIVER TRANSPLANTS. † 492

IMPORTANCE OF EMPOWERING PEDIATRICIANS IN THE OUTPATIENT CARE OF CHILDREN WITH LIVER TRANSPLANTS. † 492
Alterations in pallidal neuronal responses to peripheral sensory and striatal stimulation in symptomatic and recovered Parkinsonian cats

The spontaneous activity, responses to peripheral sensory and ipsilateral caudate nucleus stimulation of globus pallidus (GP) and entopeduncular nucleus (ENTO) neurons were studied in cats while normal, symptomatic for 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced parkinsonism, and when spontaneously recovered from gross parkinsonian motor deficits. Administration of MPTP resulted in parkinsonian motor symptoms that spontaneously recovered approximately 4-6 weeks after the MPTP administration. Post-mortem dopamine levels in recovered animals was approximately 95% below levels previously measured in normal animals. In symptomatic animals, the mean spontaneous firing rate for GP units was decreased by 50% and increased by 55% for ENTO units recorded. Spontaneous firing rates for GP and ENTO units in recovered cats were not significantly different from those observed in normal cats. In normal cats, 31.4% of GP and 29% of ENTO units tested responded to tactile stimulation of the face. Only 12.2% of GP and 13% of ENTO units responded to such stimulation in parkinsonian animals while the responses were generally less specific (larger receptive fields, more bilateral receptive fields, and more responses to multiple stimulation types) than normal. In recovered cats GP and ENTO responses resembled those observed in normal cats. There was no difference in the overall percentage of pallidal units responding to striatal stimulation across the 3 experimental conditions. There was, however, an increase in the percentage of units responding with complex response sequences (i.e. decrease in activity followed by an increase in activity) in symptomatic animals as compared to normal and recovered animals. The results suggest that loss of striatal dopamine in parkinsonian animals has profound effects on the sensory responsiveness of GP and ENTO neurons and that these effects coincide with the appearance of and recovery from parkinsonian motor deficits. These data further support the notion that sensory information processing by the basal ganglia may play an important role in influencing motor output.
In-situ growth of YBaCuO films at low oxygen pressure

Abstract The role of composition and oxygen pressure in in-situ growth of superconducting YBaCuO films by reactive coevaporation has been studied. Films made at low pressure have an expanded c -axis compared to the bulk value, although their T c 's may only be slightly depressed. A detailed analysis of x-ray diffraction data for these films was carried out. The results support the conclusion that cation disorder is occuring at the low pressure during growth. A model based on Ba-for Y substitution is found to be consistent with these results.
On Uniqueness of Lagrange Multipliers in Composite Optimization

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new constraint qualification for composite optimization problems. We show that this constraint qualification is a necessary and sufficient condition for the uniqueness of Lagrange multipliers. We also show that it is a natural extension of the strict Mangasarian–Fromovitz constraint qualification to the composite optimization setting.
A target of the HoxB5 gene from the mouse nervous system

Abstract An epitope-specific antibody against the protein product of the murine HoxB5 gene was used to select an enriched library of Hox target sequences. Genomic DNA was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography, using glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chromatin from CNS of mouse embryos at gestational day 15. Screening was done by colony hybridization with TAAT-containing oligonucleotides, filter DNA–protein binding, and gel mobility shift assay. Nucleotide sequencing identified a 910 bp DNA fragment, containing a consensus Antennapedia -like binding site, and identical in 640 bps at 3′ end of the clone to the promoter of the SPI3 gene, which encodes a serine protease inhibitor protein [Sun, J., Rose, J.B. and Bird, P., J. Biol. Chem. , 270 (1995) 16089–16096]. In situ hybridization experiments were performed to see if a correlation could be found between the expression patterns the SPI3 and the HoxB5 genes. Using a 120 bp cDNA fragment as probe, SPI3 expression was detected mainly in the CNS of 15 day mouse embryos, a pattern which is similar to that of the HoxB5 gene at this stage [Hogan, B.L., Holland, P.W. and Lumsden, A., Cell Diff. Dev. , 25 Suppl. (1988) 39–44; Sakach, M. and Safaei, R., Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. , 14 (1996) 567–573]. In conclusion, data presented here suggest that the SPI3 gene is a candidate target of the HoxB5 gene in vertebrate embryos.
Outcomes of tendon fractional lengthenings to improve shoulder function in patients with spastic hemiparesis.

Background Patients with spastic hemiparesis after upper motor neuron (UMN) injury often exhibit limited shoulder movement. We evaluated the outcomes of shoulder tendon fractional lengthenings in patients with spasticity and preserved volitional control. Methods A consecutive series of 34 adults with spastic hemiparesis from UMN injury (23 post-stroke, 11 post-traumatic brain injury) and limited shoulder movement with preserved volitional motor control who underwent shoulder tendon fractional lengthenings (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major) were evaluated. Active and passive shoulder motion, spasticity, pain, and satisfaction were considered pre- and postoperatively. Results There were 15 males and 19 females with a mean age of 44.1 years. Mean follow-up was 12.2 months. Mean Modified Ashworth spasticity score was 2.4 preoperatively compared to 1.9 postoperatively ( P = .001). Active flexion, abduction, and external rotation improved compared to the normal contralateral side ( P P Conclusion Shoulder tendon lengthenings can be an effective means of pain-relief, improved motion, enhanced active motor function, and decreased spasticity in patients with spastic hemiparesis from UMN injury.
NE/SQP: A robust algorithm for the nonlinear complementarity problem

In this paper, we present a new iterative method for solving the nonlinear complementarity problem. This method, which we call NE/SQP (for Nonsmooth Equations/Successive Quadratic Programming), is a damped Gauss--Newton algorithm applied to solve a certain nonsmooth-equation formulation of the complementarity problem; it is intended to overcome a major deficiency of several previous methods of this type. Unlike these earlier algorithms whose convergence critically depends on a solvability assumption on the subproblems, the NE/SQP method involves solving a sequence of nonnegatively constrained convex quadratic programs of the least-squares type; the latter programs are always solvable and their solution can be obtained by a host of efficient quadratic programming subroutines. Hence, the new method is a robust procedure which, not only is very easy to describe and simple to implement, but also has the potential advantage of being capable of solving problems of very large size. Besides the desirable feature of robustness and ease of implementation, the NE/SQP method retains two fundamental attractions of a typical member in the Gauss--Newton family of algorithms; namely, it is globally and locally quadratically convergent. Besides presenting the detailed description of the NE/SQP method and the associated convergence theory, we also report the numerical results of an extensive computational study which is aimed at demonstrating the practical efficiency of the method for solving a wide variety of realistic nonlinear complementarity problems.
Comparison of the responses of B1 and B2 kinin receptors to agonist stimulation

The human B2 kinin receptor (B2KR), stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, responded to bradykinin stimulation with rapid (within minutes) ligand internalization and loss of cell surface receptors (sequestration). By contrast, B1 kinin receptors (B1KR) showed almost no ligand internalization or receptor sequestration upon stimulation with des-Arg10-Kallidin (DAK). The ability of the B2KR to internalize and sequester is conferred by information in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor. It is normally impossible to determine receptor affinity at 37 degrees C because of internalization and sequestration processes. We created a mutant B2KR, truncated at K315 of the cytoplasmic tail, that was no longer able to internalize or sequester, and compared the affinity of this mutant, and of the B1KR, at 0 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The B1KR receptor showed the same affinity (Kd = 0.4 nM) at both 0 degrees C and 37 degrees C. By contrast, the K315 mutant of the B2KR showed a lower affinity (Kd = 2.9 nM) at 37 degrees C than at 0 degrees C (Kd = 1.4 nM), indicating more rapid ligand dissociation at 37 degrees C. After ligand exposure, clones expressing B1KR exhibited a very slow dissociation of DAK, even at 37 degrees C. Although both kinin receptor subtypes induce the generation of inositol phosphates, functional responses showed clear differences. The response to stimulation of the B2KR comprises a rapid loss of functional responses, receptor sequestration, and ligand dissociation, and, upon long term stimulation, downregulation. By contrast, ligand stimulation of the B1KR, once this receptor is expressed de novo under pathological conditions, results in persistent signaling due to lack of ligand dissociation, desensitization and receptor sequestration. Moreover, long term stimulation of this receptor actually leads to increased expression.