cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technologies for the SNAP - SuperNova acceleration probe

The SuperNova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP) is a space-based experiment to measure the expansion history of the Universe, and is currently in the R&D phase. The experiment is motivated by the recent discovery that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. Cosmologists believe that some unknown energy, called dark energy, permeates all of space and drives the acceleration. The SNAP conceptual design consists of a wide-field (approximately one degree) diffraction limited telescope with a 2-meter primary. Its half-billion-pixel imaging system is comprised of state-of-the-art visible and infrared sensors sharing a large focal plane. SNAP will use thousands of supernovae as cosmic markers of the scale of the universe over time and thus construct a history of the universe's growth. Looking back over 10 billion years at the expansion history of the universe, SNAP will be able to distinguish among different theories of dark energy. In this presentation the development challenges, new technologies, and instrumentation will be described. This work is funded by the DOE Office of Science.
Electrical characterization and modeling technique for substrate designs

Future digital systems require the interconnection of cost competitive, functional components with high performance, high functionality and high reliability. To achieve these requirements, high density CMOS integrated circuits require high performance single chip packages. The electrical design of these packages require the careful co-design of the power and signal distribution within the package. An electrical characterization and modeling technique for proper analysis of the power and signal distribution design in the component's substrate is described in the context of the overall sub-system infrastructure. The measurement technique includes the design of a test fixture that facilitates the characterization process while maintaining reasonable accuracy.
Association between serious psychological distress and health care use and expenditures by cancer history

BACKGROUND Serious psychological distress (SPD) is associated with adverse health outcomes such as poor quality of life and shorter survival in cancer survivors, but to the authors’ knowledge, the relationship between SPD and health care use and medical expenditures is not clear.
The evolution of geographic variation in birdsong

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the evolution of geographic variation in birdsong. Studies of vocal signals in birds offer potentially useful opportunities for empirical tests of the relationships among geographic signal divergence, reproductive isolation, and speciation. The goal of the chapter is to evaluate, from both empirical and conceptual perspectives, the factors that facilitate the evolution of geographic variation in bird vocalizations. The chapter focuses on the evolution of song dialects and emphasizes the functional hypotheses to explain their evolution. An alternative set of hypotheses suggests that the song features may diverge through by‐product scenarios, in which selection for non-recognition functions drives incidental changes in song structure, and geographic variation. The chapter also describes the scenarios by which songs may diverge indirectly through selection on components of the vocal apparatus such as body size and beak form and function.
Delivering Golden Rice to Developing Countries

Micronutrient deficiencies create a vicious circle of malnutrition, poverty, and economic dependency that we must strive to break. Golden Rice offers a sustainable solution to reduce the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency-related diseases and mortality, a problem that affects the health of millions of children in all developing countries. The technology is based on the reconstitution of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway by addition of 2 transgenes. The outcome of this high-tech approach will be provided to end users as nutrient-dense rice varieties that are agronomically identical to their own, locally adapted varieties. This intervention has the potential to reach remote rural populations without access to fortification and supplementation programs. As part of our delivery strategy, we are partnering with government and nongovernment, national and international agricultural institutions to navigate through cumbersome and expensive regulatory regimes that affect the release of genetically modified crops, and to create local demand for the biofortified rice varieties.
Marking the Proposed Upper Eyelid Crease: Determining the Safe Amount of Skin Removal—The Pinch Technique

The success of the upper blepharoplasty operation rests on the foundation of perfectly symmetrical skin markings. Any asymmetry in this initial step will carry forward in the operation and adversely affect the final outcome. With the patient in the supine position, determine the amount of skin removal using the pinch technique. Be certain that the lids can passively close while pinching. This should prevent postoperative lagophthalmos due to excessive skin removal.
The Analytical Chemist: His Own Worst Enemy

An analytical chemist becomes his own worst enemy when he subconsciously forgets his objectivity by not taking into account the limitations of his tools. This can show up in weighing in gravimetric analysis, in reading the burette in volumetric analysis, and by taking samples that are too small. This can also appear in atomic absorption analysis when he forgets the limitations of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistics is a tool which can also be misused. Its use will not convert bad data to good data nor decide if the outlier is the only correct answer or a wrong answer. Misuse can lead to an unsound method, as in the determination of iron in uranium. By forgetting his pride, the analytical chemist can find a statistician of key help in finding the pertinent variables to control in converting a research method into a control method as in the determination of antimony in steel.
Fluctuations of nickel concentrations in urine of electroplating workers

Nickel analyses were performed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry upon urine specimens obtained from electroplating workers at the beginning, middle and end of the work-shift. The means (+- S.D.) for nickel concentrations in urine specimens from seven electroplating workers on three regular workdays were: 34 +- 32 ..mu..g/L (pre-shift); 64 +- ..mu..g/L (mid-shift) and 46 +- ..mu..g/L (end-shift), compared to 2.7 +- 1.6 ..mu..g/L (pre-shift) in 19 controls (hospital workers). Nickel concentrations in urine specimens from six electroplating workers on the first workday after a two-week vacation averaged: 5 +- 3 ..mu..g/L (pre-shift); 9 +- 6 ..mu..g/L (mid-shift), and 12 +- 6 ..mu..g/L (end-shift). Nickel concentrations in personal air samples (seven hours) collected from the breathing zones of five electroplating workers on three regular workdays averaged 9.3 +- 4.4 ..mu..g/m/sup 3/. Nickel concentrations in the air samples were correlated with nickel concentrations in end-shift urine specimens (corr. coef. = 0.70; P < 0.05), but were not correlated with nickel concentrations in pre-shift or mid-shift urine specimens. In view of the fluctuations of urine nickel concentrations that occur during the work-shift, the authors recommend that nickel analyses of eight hour urine specimens be used routinely to monitor occupational exposures to nickel.more » In situations where timed urine collections are impractical, analyses of end-shift urine specimens are the best alternative.« less
Complex Goal Criteria and Its Application in Design-to-Criteria Scheduling

Difficult real-time AI problems require a means for expressing multi-dimensional and dynamic goal criteria and a principled model for satisficing to best meet the criteria. In the context of the Design-to-Criteria task scheduling paradigm, we define a new general client specification metaphor for describing such complex goal criteria or utility attributes, and couple it with a principled evaluation model for using the criteria. The criteria specification and corresponding evaluation mechanism are used throughout the Design-to-Criteria scheduling process to focus scheduling activities on solutions and partial solutions that are most likely to meet the criteria, i.e., to result in the focused production of custom satisficing schedules. Examples of the power of the approach at reducing the complexity of the scheduling task and designing custom satisficing schedules, are shown.
When Blood Has Spilled: Gender, Honor, and Compensation in Iranian Criminal Sanctioning

This article explores the gender implications of retributive punishment in Iran's criminal justice system with specific attention to the Islamic mandate of forgiveness. Iranian penal codes allow victims’ families to forgive an offender through forbearance of their right of retribution. To mitigate or even cancel the retributive component of punishment in numerous crimes, including murder, defendants usually offer compensation. Through a study of the gendered logics of criminal sanctioning, forbearance, and compensation, this article brings to light some of the issues victims’ families and defendants face. In doing so, this article explores the debates around one of the formal gender gaps in Iranian laws, unequal compensation in sanctioning, where the amount of reparation for the loss a woman's life is legally half that of a man's. Because of this, some accounts of Islamic criminal processes suggest that female family members are helpless victims or nonactors in legal negotiations. By studying how gendered social relations operate in Iran's criminal legal process, this article finds women playing key roles in family decisions to forgive or not. The examination of judicial processes, moreover, reveals some of the complexity of gender relations, which are not fixed, as static legal texts might suggest.
A spectral method for nonlinear wave equations

Abstract In this paper we introduce a new integration technique to find radially symmetric solutions of nonlinear wave equations, defined on a spherical domain with Dirichlet boundary conditions, and we use this technique to study orbital stability of the standing waves. We prove analytically that the wave of lowest energy is stable, and we show by numerical computations that the standing waves of higher energy are unstable.
Determinants of the rod and frame effect: The role of retinal size

In Experiment 1, base-out prisms were used to alter perceived size and distance to a luminous rod and frame while the retinal size remained unchanged. The rod-and-frame effect (RFE) was the same, whether the display was viewed directly or through the prisms. In Experiment 2, one large and one small rod-and-frame display were placed at distances such that they produced identical retinal angles. This was replicated at three different sets of distances. Perceived size and distance of the large and small frame of identical retinal angle interacted with the observation distance, such that at near distances the large frame was perceived as larger and farther than the small frame while, at far distances, both types of estimates converged to a constant value. In contrast, the RFE was identical for the large and small frames matched in retinal angle, but diminished with distance. In both experiments, the RFE varied precisely with variation in retinal angle. Implications of the role of retinal angle in the RFE and for the interpretation of individual differences were discussed.
Effect of Sucrose Esters and Sunflower Oil Addition on Crystalline Microstructure of a High-melting Milk Fat Fraction

: The effects of sunflower oil (SFO) and the sucrose esters (SE) P-1670, P-170, and S-170 on crystalline microstructure of a high-melting milk fat fraction (HMF) was studied by polarized-light microscopy (PLM) and confocal laser scanning microsopy (CLSM). The addition of SFO markedly diminished crystal size and delayed crystallization kinetics, as observed in PLM images. Addition of P-1670 modified crystallization behavior only slightly. Addition of P-170 and S-170, however, markedly diminished crystal size and led to more transparent crystals, with lower amount of solids in each crystal. These results show that the microstructural properties of HMF were modifed by addition of SFO and by addition of SPE with low HLB.
Imaging Atom Probe Mass Spectroscopy

Abstract Surface properties of metallic solids are of great technological interest. Their influence is felt in areas as diverse as catalysis, corrosion and the plasma stability in magnetic-confinement fusion reactors. In this paper a new surface analytic capability is reviewed which can provide a unique picture of a metallic surface by directly imaging, in atomic resolution, the spatial distribution of its constituent species and their depth distribution within the near surface region. After thoroughly reviewing the experimental technique and emphasizing design parameters and constraints, the analytic capabilities and limitations of the technique are discussed in detail. Examples are given of surface and near surface compositional analysis and the ability to obtain angstrom resolved depth profiles of implanted species having energies less than 100 eV. Although essentially a research technique requiring special sample preparation, the anticipated practical applications of Imaging Atom-Probe Mass Spectroscopy are numerous, ranging from metallurgical studies of grain boundary segragation and pre-precipitate clustering in alloys, to the direct imaging of constituent atoms within large, biological active molecules.
Google Scholar Usage: An Academic Library's Experience

Google Scholar is a free service that provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly works and to connect patrons with the resources libraries provide. The researchers in this study analyzed Google Scholar usage data from 2006 for three library tools at San Francisco State University: SFX link resolver, Web Access Management proxy server, and ILLiad interlibrary loan server. Overall, the data suggested that Google Scholar had become a very useful resource in the library and was a significant addition to the library's collection of research databases. SFX data revealed requests from Google Scholar grew ten-fold from 2006 to 2011, and that Google Scholar became the top-ranked SFX source for requests in 2011. Library patrons favored Google Scholar over San Francisco State University's federated search tool, MetaLib, and it has become an important source for interlibrary loan requests. Analysis of San Francisco State University usage data will assist other libraries in their decisions about the impleme...
Efficacy of North American crotalid antivenom against the African viper Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper)

Envenomations by exotic snakes occur from zoological collections and private individual collectors. Antivenoms to these snakes may not be readily available. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of North American crotalid antivenin in treating mice envenomated with venom of the African viper Bitis gabonica (Gaboon viper). The subjects of the study were Swiss Webster mice weighing approximately 30 g. The study was conducted in the University research laboratory. B. gabonica venom was obtained from Venom Supplies Pty Ltd (Tanunda, South Australia) and reconstituted in sterile water. North American Crotalid Fab2 antivenin (Anavyp, Instituto Bioclon, Mexico) was donated by the manufacturer. The experimental groups were: Group I received two times an intraperitoneal LD(50) dose of venom, 2.58 mg/kg. Group II received the same dose after incubation for 1 h with 10 mg of antivenin. Time to onset of toxicity defined as respiratory rate <10/min or absence of response to prodding. t test and Chi square with p < 0.05 considered significant. Time to onset of toxicity was 7.040 +/- 4.334 h in group I, and 20.665 +/- 2.074 in group II (p = 0.0064, 95% confidence interval of difference of means -22.694 to -4.556). Antivenin was efficacious to statistical significance at 4, 8, 12, and 16 h (p values of 0.062, 0.0067, 0.0067, and 0.0253, respectively). Improvement at 20 and 24 h (p values of 0.0673 and 0.0673, respectively) did not achieve statistical significance. North American Crotalid antivenin (Anavyp, Instituto Bioclon, Mexico) demonstrated efficacy in increasing time to onset of distress in mice poisoned with B. gabonica (Gaboon viper) venom. Based on this result, treatment of humans envenomated with B. gabonica with North American Croatlid antivenin could be considered for severe envenomations if specific B. gabonica antivenin is unavailable.
Methods for robust in vivo strain estimation in the carotid artery

A hierarchical block-matching motion tracking algorithm for strain imaging is presented. Displacements are estimated with improved robustness and precision by utilizing a Bayesian regularization algorithm and an unbiased subsample interpolation technique. A modified least-squares strain estimator is proposed to estimate strain images from a noisy displacement input while addressing the motion discontinuity at the wall-lumen boundary. Methods to track deformation over the cardiac cycle incorporate a dynamic frame skip criterion to process data frames with sufficient deformation to produce high signal-to-noise displacement and strain images. Algorithms to accumulate displacement and/or strain on particles in a region of interest over the cardiac cycle are described. New methods to visualize and characterize the deformation measured with the full 2D strain tensor are presented. Initial results from patients imaged prior to carotid endarterectomy suggest that strain imaging detects conditions that are traditionally considered high risk including soft plaque composition, unstable morphology, abnormal hemodynamics and shear of plaque against tethering tissue can be exacerbated by neoangiogenesis. For example, a maximum absolute principal strain exceeding 0.2 is observed near calcified regions adjacent to turbulent flow, protrusion of the plaque into the arterial lumen and regions of low echogenicity associated with soft plaques. Non-invasive carotid strain imaging is therefore a potentially useful tool for detecting unstable carotid plaque.
Underground Coal Gasification: A Brief Review of Current Status

Coal gasification is a promising option for the future use of coal. Similarly to gasification in industrial reactors, underground coal gasification (UCG) produces syngas, which can be used for power generation or for the production of liquid hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemical products. As compared with conventional mining and surface gasification, UCG promises lower capital/operating costs and also has other advantages, such as no human labor underground. In addition, UCG has the potential to be linked with carbon capture and sequestration. The increasing demand for energy, depletion of oil and gas resources, and threat of global climate change lead to growing interest in UCG throughout the world. In this article, we review the current status of this technology, focusing on recent developments in various countries.
The period ratio distribution of Kepler's candidate multiplanet systems

We calculate and analyze the distribution of period ratios observed in systems of Kepler exoplanet candidates including studies of both adjacent planet pairs and all planet pairs. These distributions account for both the geometrical bias against detecting more distant planets and the effects of incompleteness due to planets missed by the data reduction pipeline. In addition to some of the known features near first-order mean-motion resonances (MMR), there is a significant excess of planet pairs with period ratios near 2.2. The statistical significance of this feature is assessed using Monte Carlo simulation. We also investigate the distribution of period ratios near first-order MMR and compare different quantities used to measure this distribution. We find that beyond period ratios of ~2.5, the distribution of all period ratios follows a power-law with an exponent -1.26 +/- 0.05. We discuss implications that these results may have on the formation and dynamical evolution of Kepler-like planetary systems---systems of sub-Neptune/super-Earth planets with relatively short orbital periods.
The Legendre–Burgers equation: When artificial dissipation fails

Abstract Artificial viscosity is a common device for stabilizing flows with shocks and fronts. The computational diffusion smears the frontal zone over a small distance μ where μ is chosen so that the discretization has a couple of grid points in the front, and thus is able to resolve the shock. Spectral element methods use a Legendre spectral viscosity whose effect is to damp the coefficient of P n ( x ) by some amount that depends only on the degree n of the Legendre polynomial. Legendre viscosity is better than ordinary diffusion because it does not require spurious boundary conditions, does not increase the temporal stiffness of the differential equations, and can be applied locally on an element-by-element basis. Unfortunately, Legendre diffusion is equivalent to a diffusion with a spatially-varying coefficient that goes to zero at the boundaries. Using the simplest example, one in which the second derivative of Burgers equation is replaced by the Legendre operator to give the “Legendre–Burgers” equation, u t + uu x = ν [(1 − x 2 ) u x ] x , we show that the width of the computational front can similarly tend to zero at the endpoints, causing a numerical catastrophe.
InGaN based multi-double heterostructure light-emitting diodes with electron injector layers

For high efficiency at high current injection InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) necessitate active regions that can mitigate the aggravating electron overflow. Multi double-heterostructures (DHs), 3D active regions separated by low energy barriers, were investigated as optimum solutions for high efficiency as they can accommodate a larger number of states compared to multiple quantum wells (MQWs). However, the number of DH active regions is limited as the material degrades with increasing thickness; therefore, carrier cooling should be partially achieved before the active region using staircase electron injector (SEI) layers. Using electroluminescence (EL) efficiency measurements supported by simulations, active regions and electron injectors were optimized to minimize the electron overflow and the associated efficiency drop at high injection. For a single 3 nm DH LED, the electron overflow was nearly eliminated by increasing the two-step staircase electron injector layer thickness from 4+4 nm to 20+20 nm, whereas the change in SEI thickness had nearly no effect for the DH LEDs with thicker active region. Temperature and excitation density dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy allowed determination of the material quality and the internal quantum efficiency of device structures with varying active region and SEI thickness.
Subtle actions of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) on the Off pathway in the mudpuppy retina

The principal action of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) applied to the retina is the elimination of the On-bipolar cell light response. In this study, we report that APB also has more subtle effects; it sometimes enhances Off responses of Off bipolar cells and On, Off, and On-Off inner retina neurons. Possible mechanisms for this enhancement are considered.
Inquiry-Based Course in Physics and Chemistry for Preservice K-8 Teachers.

We describe an inquiry-based course in physics and chemistry for preservice K-8 teachers developed at California State University Fullerton. The course is one of three developed primarily to enhance the science content understanding of prospective teachers. The course incorporates a number of innovative instructional strategies and is somewhat unusual for its interdisciplinary focus. We describe the course structure in detail, providing examples of course materials and assessment strategies. Finally, we provide research data illustrating both the need for the course and the effectiveness of the course in developing student understanding of selected topics. Student responses to various questions reflect a lack of understanding of many relatively simple physical science concepts, and a level of performance that is usually lower than that in comparable courses serving a general education audience. Additional data suggest that course activities improve student understanding of selected topics, often dramatically.
An unusual presentation of whiplash injury: long thoracic and spinal accessory nerve injury

Whiplash injuries from motor vehicle accidents are very common. The usual presentation and course of this condition normally results in resolution of symptoms within a few weeks. Brachial plexus traction injuries without any bone or joint lesion of the cervical spine have been reported before. We report a case where a gentleman was involved in a rear end vehicle collision, sustained a whiplash injury and was later found to have a long thoracic nerve palsy and spinal accessory nerve palsy. Although isolated injuries of both nerves following a whiplash injury have been reported, combined injury of the two nerves following a whiplash injury is very uncommon and is being reported for the first time.
The comparative role of potential structure in classical, semiclassical, and quantum mechanics

The corresponding effects of features in the potential on classical, semiclassical, and quantum mechanics are probed using the technique of functional sensitivity analysis. It is shown that the classical and quantum functional sensitivities are equivalent in the classical (small ℏ) and harmonic limits. Classical and quantum mechanics are known to react in qualitatively similar ways provided that features on the potential are smooth on the length scale of oscillations in the quantum wave function. By using functional sensitivity analysis, we are able to show in detail how the classical and quantum dynamics differ in the way that they sense the potential. Two examples are given, the first of which is the harmonic oscillator. This problem is well understood by other means but is useful to examine because it illustrates the detailed information about the interaction of the potential and the dynamics which can be provided by functional sensitivity analysis, simplifying the analysis of more complex systems. The...
Path independent integrals for cylindrical shells and shells of revolution

Abstract In this paper we examine the path-independence of certain integrals in circular cylindrical shells and shells of revolution. It is shown that a circular cylindrical shell has at least two conservation laws associated with its translational and rotational invariance while for a shell of revolution, we find that there is a conservation law derived from invariance to rotation. Next, we relate these integrals to energy release rates associated with translation and rotation of a cavity. An example is then considered and extension of these path-independent integrals to nonlinear membrane theory is carried out.
A solid phase fluorescent capillary immunoassay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef and apple cider

A solid phase fluorescence-based immunoassay was developed for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using an antigen down competition format. A soft glass capillary tube served as the solid support, to which heat-killed E. coli O157:H7 were adsorbed. Polyclonal anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody, conjugated with biotin, was used and the bound antigen-antibody complex was detected using avidin molecules labelled with Cy5, a fluorescent cyanine dye. Any E. coli O157:H7 in the sample would compete with the formation of this complex, reducing fluorescence. This assay was tested for sensitivity with spiked ground beef and apple cider samples. The minimum detectable number of cells present in the initial inoculum was calculated to be approximately 1 colony-forming unit (cfu) per 10 g of ground beef when samples were enriched in modified EC broth for 7 h at 37 degrees C. The minimum detectable number of cells for the apple cider samples was calculated to be approximately 0.5 cfu ml-1. The E. coli cells in the cider samples were captured with immunomagnetic beads, incubated for 7 h in the enrichment broth, and detected with the solid phase fluorescence immunoassay.
Presidential Impeachment and Institutional Dynamics in the Iran-Contra Affair and the Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal

This paper analyzes institutional dynamics affecting Congress's impeachment decisions regarding the Iran-Contra Affair and the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal. While other scholars have explained the Clinton impeachment by pointing to differences in the nature of the scandals–a decoupling of public opinion from legislative action, increasing partisanship, and a new media regime–these explanations overlook the nature of impeachment as an institutional confrontation, governed by institutional choices and dynamics. Taking an institutional approach, we argue that congressional decisions were strongly affected by the institutional arrangements adopted by Congress to handle the scandals' investigations. In brief, the earlier strategic approaches of party leaders and the congressional investigatory approach restrained inclinations to impeach President Reagan, while later ones promoted President Clinton's impeachment. More broadly, this analysis demonstrates the important interaction between institutional choices and pa...
Estimating the climate and air quality benefits of aviation fuel and emissions reductions

Abstract In this study we consider the implications of our current understanding of aviation climate impacts as it relates to the ratio of non-CO 2 to CO 2 effects from aviation. We take as inputs recent estimates from the literature of the magnitude of the component aviation impacts and associated uncertainties. We then employ a simplified probabilistic impulse response function model for the climate and a range of damage functions to estimate the ratio of non-CO 2 to CO 2 impacts of aviation for a range of different metrics, scientific assumptions, future background emissions scenarios, economic growth scenarios, and discount rates. We take cost-benefit analysis as our primary context and thus focus on integral metrics that can be related to damages: the global warming potential, the time-integrated change in surface temperature, and the net present value of damages. We also present results based on an endpoint metric, the global temperature change potential. These latter results would be more appropriate for use in a cost-effectiveness framework (e.g., with a well-defined policy target for the anthropogenic change in surface temperature at a specified time in the future). We find that the parameter that most influences the ratio of non-CO 2 to CO 2 impacts of aviation is the discount rate, or analogously the time window used for physical metrics; both are expressions of the relative importance of long-lived versus short-lived impacts. Second to this is the influence of the radiative forcing values that are assumed for aviation-induced cloudiness effects. Given the large uncertainties in short-lived effects from aviation, and the dominating influence of discounting or time-windowing, we find that the choice of metric is relatively less influential. We express the ratios of non-CO 2 to CO 2 impacts on a per unit fuel burn basis so that they can be multiplied by a social cost of carbon to estimate the additional benefits of fuel burn reductions from aviation beyond those associated with CO 2 alone (all else being equal). For a non-CO 2 to CO 2 ratio based on economic damage costs, we find a central value of 1.8 at a 3% discount rate, with a range from 0.6 to 2.5 for the upper and lower bounds of scientific and scenario-based uncertainty. Since estimating the co-benefits in this way is an important requirement for cost-benefit analyses, we also provide estimates of the air quality benefits of aviation fuel burn reduction in a similar format. We find the marginal damage costs of aircraft emissions below 3000 feet to be of similar magnitude to the climate costs on a per unit fuel burn basis, or an order of magnitude smaller on a per flight basis since we take no account of the air quality impacts of emissions above 3000 feet where the majority of fuel is consumed for the fleet.
Convective and radiative heat transfer in MHD radiant boilers

A combined convection-gas radiation, two-zone flow model is formulated for study of the heat transfer characteristics of MHD radiant boilers. The radiative contributions of carbon dioxide, water vapor, potassium atoms, and slag particles are included in the formulation, and are determined by solving the radiation transport equation using the Pj approximation. The scattering and absorption cross section of slag particles are calculated from Mie theory. The model is used to analyze the scale-up of heat transfer in radiant boilers with refractory thickness, wall emissivity, and boiler size, under conditions of a gas composition and slag particle spectrum typical of coal-fired MHD combustion. A design procedure is suggested for sizing radiant boilers so as to achieve required heat extraction rate and to provide a flow residence time that is adequate for decomposition of NOX to acceptable levels.
An Examination of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in Individuals with Complicated Mild, Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

This study examined the clinical utility of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in individuals with complicated mild, moderate or severe TBI. One hundred individuals with TBI (n = 35 complicated mild or moderate TBI; n = 65 severe TBI) and 100 control participants matched on key demographic variables from the WAIS-IV normative dataset completed the WAIS-IV. Univariate analyses indicated that participants with severe TBI had poorer performance than matched controls on all index scores and subtests (except Matrix Reasoning). Individuals with complicated mild/moderate TBI performed more poorly than controls on the Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index (PSI), and Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), and on four subtests: the two processing speed subtests (SS, CD), two working memory subtests (AR, LN), and a perceptual reasoning subtest (BD). Participants with severe TBI had significantly lower scores than the complicated mild/moderate TBI on PSI, and on three subtests: the two processing speed subtests (SS and CD), and the new visual puzzles test. Effect sizes for index and subtest scores were generally small-to-moderate for the group with complicated mild/moderate and moderate-to-large for the group with severe TBI. PSI also showed good sensitivity and specificity for classifying individuals with severe TBI versus controls. Findings provide support for the clinical utility of the WAIS-IV in individuals with complicated mild, moderate, and severe TBI.
The Effect of Aircraft Gas Turbine Oils on Roller Bearing Fatigue Life

A series of fatigue life tests on aircraft gear box size (45 mm bore) roller bearings were conducted with various aircraft gas turbine lubricants and with specific reference to Mil-L-7808 and varia...
Optical absorption of Cu implanted silica

Abstract The extinction coefficient (EC) per ion was measured over the spectral range from 1.8 to 6.2 eV for a series of Cu ion implanted silica substrates. The substrates were implanted with nominal doses ranging from 0.3 to 12.0 × 106 ions/cm2 at substrate temperatures of 100, 296 and 673 K. The EC was observed to increase for both increasing dose and substrate temperature. The absorption in the spectral region 5.0 eV, the absorption is attributed to radiation damage effects.
ECMO for resuscitation of an infant immediately post-op VSD closure and RVOT repair: A case report of possible malignant hyperthermia

Abstract Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited disorder of skeletal muscle, triggered by volatile inhalation anesthetics or depolarizing muscle relaxants. Susceptible individuals who are exposed to such agents may experience a hypermetabolic state causing skeletal muscle damage, hyperthermia, renal failure, and death. This case report describes the use of extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation to resuscitate a moribund 3.5 month old child with poor cardiac output following cardiopulmonary bypass for ventricular septal defect closure, tricuspid valve repair, and augmentation of the right ventricular outflow tract. Malignant hyperthermia was suspected to be a contributing factor for the rapid decline in this patient's post-operative status.
High-speed photodetector applications of GaAs and In x Ga 1- x As/GaAs grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy

GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperatures (≈200°C) exhibits the desired properties of a high-speed photoconductor: high resistivity, high mobility, high dielectric-breakdown strength, and subpicosecond carrier lifetime. The unique material properties are related to the excess arsenic content in the MBE grown epilayers. Due to the combination of the above properties, dramatically improved performance has been observed in photoconductive detectors and correlators using submicron spaced electrodes. In addition to GaAs, low-temperature growth of InxGa1−xAs alloys also leads to the incorporation of excess arsenic in the layers, and therefore this material system exhibits many beneficial photoconductor properties as well. In particular, the lattice-mismatched growth of LT-InxGa1−xAs on GaAs appears to be the most suited for high-speed detector applications in the near-infrared wavelength range used in optical communications. The material issues and the photodetector characteristics required to optimize their performance are discussed.
Dynamic Proton Polarization in AlK Alum and AlN H 4 Alum

Over 50% proton polarization has been attained in three sulfate alum crystals containing dilute ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ ions, at 1 K and \ensuremath{\sim}19.5 kG, with \ensuremath{\sim}\textonequarter{}-W microwave power. We measured polarization growth-rate curves, polarization as a function of magnetic field, proton line shapes and widths, and proton spin-lattice relaxation times. The theory of dynamic polarization for well-separated allowed and forbidden transitions applies to the alums. To obtain high proton polarization, the alums require about three times as much microwave power as lanthanum magnesium nitrate (LMN). A pure AlK alum had a very long proton relaxation time (1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ sec at 0.96 K), making it a promising crystal for "storing" polarization. AlN${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ alum should make useful polarized targets for low-energy scattering experiments, because it contains 1.97 times as much hydrogen by weight as LMN.
Living carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene by tert-amyl alcohol/BCl3/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone initiating system

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone has been investigated, for the first time, as an efficient electronpair donor in conjunction with tert-amyl alcohol and BCl3 in CH2Cl2 diluent at −40°C for the living polymerization of isobutylene. The use of this new monofunctional initiator -trans fer (minifer) system has led to the synthesis of low molecular weight, living (near-monodisperse) polyisobutylenes carrying “ethyl” head group and “tert-chloro” end group (asymmetric telechelic polyisobutylenes). The nature of these groups was confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The living nature of the α-ethyl-ω-(tert-chloro)polyisobutylenes has been demonstrated by a linear plot, passing through the origin, of number-average molecular weight (Mn) vs. the amount of polymer formed (Wp) and a horizontal N (number of polyisobutylene molecules) vs. Wp plot. These results are further substantiated by gel permeation chromatography data of these polymers, and the molecular weight distributions of these polymers are narrow (low Mw/Mn = 1.1–1.2). The initiating efficiencies (Ieff) are close to 100% with this system. Dehydrochlorination of the prepolymer has yielded an isopropylidene (exo-olefin) end group. Structure of the end group in the resulting polymer, α-ethyl-ω-(isopropenyl)polyisobutylene, was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.
Mechanistic link between the anti-HCV effect of interferon gamma and control of viral replication by a Ras-MAPK signaling cascade.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) exerts potent antiviral activity in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon systems. However, the mechanisms underlying the direct antiviral effect have not been determined. We found that the type II transcriptional response to IFN-γ could be suppressed by inhibition of MEK1/2 kinase activity by MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 in the hepatoma cell line Huh-7. Using a bicistronic HCV replicon system expressing a luciferase reporter gene in Huh-7 cells (RLuc-replicon), we showed that inhibition of MEK1/2 kinase activity is sufficient to counteract the antiviral activity of IFN-γ. Expression of a constitutive active form of Ras inhibited the luciferase activity of RLuc-replicon, whereas a dominant-negative mutant of Ras enhanced the reporter activity, indicating that the Ras-MAPK pathway has a role in limiting replication of the viral RNA. Consistent with the involvement of the Ras-MAPK pathway, treatment with epidermal growth factor suppressed HCV protein expression in the RLuc-replicon cells, an effect that could be abolished by U0126. Inhibition of MEK1/2 kinase activity correlated with reduced phosphorylation of the HCV NS5A protein and enhanced RLuc-replicon luciferase reporter activity, in line with recent reports that phosphorylation of NS5A negatively modulates HCV RNA replication. Finally, genetic deletion analysis in yeast supported the role of a MEK-like kinase(s) in the regulation of NS5A phosphorylation. In conclusion, the direct anti-HCV effect of IFN-γ in cell culture is, at least in part, mediated through the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway, which possibly involves a direct or indirect modulation of NS5A protein phosphorylation. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:81–90.)
Obstetric decision-making and counseling at the limits of viability

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine factors that influence obstetric decision-making and counseling for periviable deliveries and to describe counseling challenges. Study Design Twenty-one semistructured interviews were conducted with obstetricians who were recruited from 5 academic medical centers in Philadelphia. Two trained reviewers independently coded transcripts using grounded theory methods. Research software facilitated qualitative analysis. Results Circumscribed by institutional norms and clinical acuity, obstetric decision-making and counseling were influenced primarily by patient preferences. Perspectives on patient autonomy guided approaches to counseling. Thresholds for intervention varied from "attending to attending" and "institution to institution." Sociodemographic factors were not believed to influence clinical decision-making. However, obstetricians admittedly managed in vitro fertilization pregnancies more aggressively. Communicating uncertainty, managing expectations, assessing understanding, and relaying consistent messages across specialties were frequently described counseling challenges for obstetricians. Conclusion The impact of institutional variation and in vitro fertilization on periviable decision-making warrants further consideration. Interventions to train and support obstetricians in communicating uncertainty, managing expectations, and assessing values and understanding are needed.
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN PLANTS II. THE EFFECT OF CYANIDE AND OTHER HEAVY METAL COMPLEXING AGENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS BY X-RAYS

The discovery of Lilly and Thoday, that the presence of potassium cyanide (KCN) increases the production of chromosome aberrations by x-rays in anoxia, but has no effect on the production of chromosome aberrations by x-rays in air, was confirmed. In the presence of cyanide, the effect of a given dose of x-rays in nitrogen was found to be even greater than the effect of the same dose of x-rays in air. The cyanide effect on x-ray breakage in nitrogen was obtained at cyanide concentrations as low as 2 x 10(-5)M. The breakage obtained after the combined x-ray-cyanide treatments was of the x-ray type, as evidenced by the distribution of breaks within and between the chromosomes. A number of other heavy metal complexing agents as well as some other compounds were tested for their ability to increase x-ray breakage in nitrogen and air. Of these compounds only cupferron proved to be effective. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the increased x-ray breakage in the presence of cyanide or cupferron cannot be due to an accumulation of peroxides. Instead it is suggested that the cyanide effect may be due to a complex formation between the active agents and heavy metals, presumably iron, within the chromosomes. The consequences of this hypothesis on the concept of the "oxygen effect," are discussed.
Adaptive demodulation of phase modulated signals using hidden Markov models

The authors address the problem of estimating the phase sequence of a phase modulated signal in additive Guassian white noise by using hidden Markov model methods. Either digital (i.e., PSK) or analog modulated signals may be considered within this framework. Unknown and varying channel gains may be incorporated. Good estimation and adaptation performance for each method is demonstrated. >
The Relationship Between the Mathematical Structure of Euclidean Transformations and the Spontaneously Developed Cognitive Structures of Young Children.

lead to difficulties if the cognitive structure of the learner is not also taken into consideration. Shulman (1970) states, "If the two structures [mathematical and cognitive] are consonant the new principle or concept can be taught; if they are dissonant, they cannot" (p. 42). The research being reported here was conducted to assess the amount of compatability between a mathematically based organization of Euclidean transformation concepts and the existing cognitive structures of children ages 4 to 8.
Observations of OI 7774 emission excited by conjugate photoelectrons

Observations and computer calculations of O I 7774 A airglow emissions excited by conjugate photoelectrons have been carried out. The observations were made at McDonald Observatory, Texas using a 2 m grille spectrometer from December 1972 to June 1973. The zenithal emission intensity during conjugate photoelectron precipitation was fairly constant at 2-4 R until conjugate sunset, after which it diminished steadily and ceased near a conjugate solar zenith angle of 105 (plus or minus 3) deg. A predawn enhancement in both O I 7774 A and forbidden O I 6300 A was observed to commence near 102 deg. The computations utilize the two-stream technique of Nagy and Banks (1970) to obtain the escaping photoelectron flux and the local excitation rates of the oxygen emissions. Good agreement with the observations is obtained for the dependence of the emission rate on conjugate solar zenith angle.
Best practices for using social media as a recruitment strategy

Purpose – The aim of this article is to explore how HR professionals can best use social media in their search for talent.Design/methodology/approach – This article discusses the current state of social media for recruitment and its relation to job boards, and examines best practices, including consideration of a social media recruitment strategy plan, appropriate resources and the importance of a content strategy and social media policy. The best practices are based on a comprehensive review of literature coupled with experiential accounts from practitioners and the author's firsthand experiences in crafting successful social media strategies.Findings – While levels of awareness and adoption continue to develop both for recruiters and job applicants, organizations must consider adding social media to their overall recruitment strategy to meet the goals of being cost‐effective, targeted, and strategic; remaining competitive; and sourcing top talent.Originality/value – The article points to the need for st...