cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsed Thermionic Power Conversion with Positive Work Function Difference

Experimental studies were conducted into the use of na nosecond scale voltage pulses in an inert gas for thermionic power conversion. These studies show that practical materials for the electrodes can provide a positive work function difference when operating in an inert gas environment. Using these material s it has been shown that significant power densities can be achieved. This method of thermionic power conversion has the potential to be applied to large scale , two dimensional surfaces in a way that has not been successfully implemented with conventional methodologies.
The Use of Cyclical Function Method for the Economic Analysis of a Heat Energy Supply Unit

Described are some cases concerning the use of a cyclical function method for the energy-saving analysis of the thermodynamic system of a heat energy supply unit. They include the use of cyclical function method-based energy saving index system and the effective support of the cyclical function method in determining the key index (thermification power generation rate) in the traditional energy-saving index system.
Metabolism: Beyond the power of mitochondria.

Mitochondria provide energy for specialized functions at the cellular and organ level. The remarkable symbiotic relationship between mitochondria and the cell touches on every aspect of cell biology. Recent studies in mitochondrial biology have uncovered ways in which mitochondria affect human disease and have identified new targets for clinical intervention.
Omphalocele and Gastroschisis

This brief article outlines our philosophy and management of omphalocele and gastroschisis based on personal experience with more than 200 patients.
Daptomycin Binds but does not Translocate across PC:PG Membranes

The lipopeptide daptomycin is a last-resort antimicrobial in multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Despite its importance, little is understood about the interaction of daptomycin with lipid membranes and the subsequent events leading to antibacterial effects. In this work we asked three fundamental questions: (1) Does daptomycin bind to giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)? (2) Does it cause dye flux across the membrane? (3) Does the lipopeptide itself translocate across the membrane? Fluorescence confocal microscopy was used to visualize the binding of daptomycin to GUVs, dye flux into those vesicles, and peptide translocation across their membranes. First, we found that daptomycin binds to POPC:POPG GUVs in the presence of 0.5, 2.0, and 20 mM Ca2+. Second, we placed the vesicles in a solution containing carboxyfluorescein (CF) to test for influx. However, influx was never observed. Third, GUVs containing inner vesicles were observed to test for the translocation of daptomycin across the outer membrane of the GUVs, and onto the membrane of the inner vesicles. Again, translocation was never observed. However, in solutions containing 2 mM Ca2+ a significant amount (about 50%) of membranes that had bound daptomycin collapsed shortly after binding occurred, resulting in the destruction of the GUVs. Furthermore, at high Ca2+ concentrations (20 mM), the formation of daptomycin-rich clusters on the GUV membrane was observed. At lower concentrations of Ca2+ (2 mM), daptomycin was distributed evenly on the GUV membrane.Supported by NIH Grants GM072507 and AI088567.
T Cell Interstitial Migration: Motility Cues from the Inflamed Tissue for Micro- and Macro-Positioning.

Effector T cells exit the inflamed vasculature into an environment shaped by tissue-specific structural configurations and inflammation-imposed extrinsic modifications. Once within interstitial spaces of non-lymphoid tissues, T cells migrate in an apparent random, non-directional, fashion. Efficient T cell scanning of the tissue environment is essential for successful location of infected target cells or encounter with antigen-presenting cells that activate the T cell’s antimicrobial effector functions. The mechanisms of interstitial T cell motility and the environmental cues that may promote or hinder efficient tissue scanning are poorly understood. The extracellular matrix (ECM) appears to play an important scaffolding role in guidance of T cell migration and likely provides a platform for the display of chemotactic factors that may help to direct the positioning of T cells. Here, we discuss how intra-vital imaging has provided insight into the motility patterns and cellular machinery that facilitates T cell interstitial migration and the critical environmental factors that may optimize the efficiency of effector T cell scanning of the inflamed tissue. Specifically, we highlight the local micro-positioning cues T cells encounter as they migrate within inflamed tissues, from surrounding ECM and signaling molecules, as well as a requirement for appropriate long-range macro-positioning within distinct tissue compartments or at discrete foci of infection or tissue damage. The Central Nervous System (CNS) responds to injury and infection by extensively remodeling the extracellular matrix and with the de novo generation of a fibroblastic reticular network that likely influences T cell motility. We examine how inflammation-induced changes to the CNS landscape may regulate T cell tissue exploration and modulate function.
Hemoglobin Gun Hill: an unstable protein associated with chronic hemolysis.

Abstract A new unstable hemoglobin variant, hemoglobin Gun Hill, is reported. Two members of a Caucasian family were found to be heterozygous for the abnormal hemoglobin. Evidence of mild chronic hemolysis was found in both individuals. Heinz-Ehrlich bodies were absent from the peripheral blood of the patients with hemoglobin Gun Hill, but Heinz-like inclusions were readily produced in their red cells upon in vitro incubation with the redox dyes brilliant cresyl blue or new methylene blue. Precipitation of hemoglobin occurred when solutions of hemoglobin Gun Hill were exposed to the dyes or were heated to 50 C. Previous studies have shown that there is a deletion of five amino acids in the β chains of hemoglobin Gun Hill. This results in impaired heme binding, and the abnormal molecule lacks half the expected number of heme groups. These structural alterations are probably responsible for the instability of the abnormal hemoglobin. Studies of the relative rates of synthesis of hemoglobins A and Gun Hill, using in vitro and in vivo technics, indicated an increased turnover rate for the variant protein. The evidence also suggested that hemoglobin Gun Hill is synthesized more rapidly than hemoglobin A.
Effect of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™) pretreatment on compression behavior of corn stover, prairie cord grass and switchgrass

Abstract Understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in densification of bulky lignocellulosic feedstocks is imperative. This study was carried out to understand the effect of ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™) pretreatment on the compression behavior of corn stover, prairie cord grass, and switchgrass. Samples were ground using three different hammer mill screen sizes (2, 4, and 8 mm) and were subjected to AFEX™ pretreatment. Untreated and AFEX™ pretreated samples were moisture adjusted to four levels (8, 12, 16, and 20% wb) and were compressed using a single pelleting unit. Physical properties comprising bulk density, particle density of the samples and unit density of pellets were determined for each combination. AFEX™ pretreated corn stover with moisture content of 20% at screen size of 2 mm produced pellets with 21% higher unit density compared to untreated corn stover pellets. AFEX™ pretreated prairie cord grass and switchgrass with 20% moisture content at a screen size of 2 mm produced pellets having 25% and 21% higher unit density. The decrease in hammer mill screen size and the increase in moisture content and applied pressure increased the pellet unit density. Data obtained from the compression experiments were fitted with different compaction models viz. Jones, Walker, and Kawakita and Ludde. The Kawakita and Ludde model exhibited high degree of accuracy ( R 2 – 0.99 and 1.00) in all the samples. The constant value ‘1/ b ’ in Kawakita and Ludde model represents the yield strength of the compacts, and the lower 1/ b values were obtained for AFEX™ pretreated samples compared to untreated samples. This implies the impact of pretreatment, which in turn made the biomass easier to compress. Lower values of yield strength were obtained at high moisture content (16–20% wb) signifying that AFEX™ pretreated biomass at high moisture content leads to onset of deformation at relatively low pressure to produce highly compacted pellets.
Writing Support for the Online Technical Writing Service Course: A Feasibility Study

The technical communication and writing center fields share similar historical origins, tend to experience marginalization from their parent discipline of writing studies, and value collaboration and multiliteracies. Consequently, scholars and practitioners in technical communication and writing center studies can both learn from each other about how to improve writing instruction and student support. In particular, frequently used research methods in technical communication such as user experience and service design can be effectively applied to designing writing support resources. Therefore, my dissertation project studies the feasibility of offering writing support services to students enrolled in my department’s technical writing service course. Additionally, this study offers two kinds of services that my institution's main Writing Center does not offer: discipline-specific (specialist) and online tutoring. Those familiar with Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) may find this paper of interest because this study uses disciplinarity to interrogate the ways in which students enrolled in the technical writing service course can and should be supported in online spaces, especially as the trend toward online higher education increases.
Mutant huntingtin protein alters the response of microglial cells to inflammatory stimuli

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the striatum and cerebral cortex. It is caused by a dominant CAG trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the HTT gene. Mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) is expressed in neurons and immune cells. HD patients demonstrate altered blood cytokine profiles and altered responses of peripheral immune cells to inflammatory stimuli. However, the effects of mHtt on microglial immune responses are not fully understood. Herein we discuss the current understanding of how mHtt alters microglial inflammatory responses. Using lentivirus, we expressed the N171 N-terminal fragment of wild-type or mhtt containing 18 and 82 glutamine repeats in cultured EOC-20 microglial cells. We then measured responses to lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-6. Mutant huntingtin-expressing microglial cells produced less interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation than wild-type huntingtin-expressing cells. However, mHtt-expressing microglia stimulated with interleukin-6 produced more nitric oxide than wild-type cells. Mutant huntingtin-expressing cells had higher basal NF-{kappa}B and further elevations of NF-{kappa}B after interleukin-6 but not lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Thus we demonstrate the potential of mHtt to dampen responses to lipopolysaccharide but potentiate responses to interleukin-6. This work adds to the emerging understanding that mHtt alters not only baseline status of cells but may also result in altered immune responses dependent on the nature of the inflammatory stimuli. We also present our perspective that in human HD the extent of inflammation may depend, in part, on altered responses to varied inflammatory stimuli including environmental factors such as infection.
Custom fabrication and mode-locked operation of a femtosecond fiber laser for multiphoton microscopy

Solid-state femtosecond lasers have stimulated the broad adoption of multiphoton microscopy in the modern laboratory. However, these devices remain costly. Fiber lasers offer promise as a means to inexpensively produce ultrashort pulses of light suitable for nonlinear microscopy in compact, robust and portable devices. Although encouraging, the initial methods reported in the biomedical engineering community to construct home-built femtosecond fiber laser systems overlooked fundamental aspects that compromised performance and misrepresented the significant financial and intellectual investments required to build these devices. Here, we present a practical protocol to fabricate an all-normal-dispersion ytterbium (Yb)-doped femtosecond fiber laser oscillator using commercially-available parts (plus standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories) as well as basic fiber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment. We also provide a synthesis of established protocols in the laser physics community, but often overlooked in other fields, to verify true versus seemingly (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance. The approaches described here make custom fabrication of femtosecond fiber lasers more accessible to a wide range of investigators and better represent the investments required for the proper laser design, fabrication and operation.
Sobre el peregrinaje y lo milagroso en ‘Talpa’, de Juan Rulfo

Mas que una especie de poetica del peregrinaje, “Talpa” es una profunda reflexion sobre la idea de milagro y su estrecha relacion etimologica con el acto de mirar y con la idea misma de maravilla. Ademas, este articulo propone la existencia de dos peregrinajes que se disputan el espacio dramatico del cuento: el del personaje principal, Tanilo Santos (un peregrinaje clasico) y el de su esposa Natalia (un peregrinaje sui generis que puede leerse como un ejercicio teatral). El conflicto entre ambos peregrinajes invita al lector a repensar la idea misma de milagro y a plantearse la siguiente pregunta: ?puede, la muerte misma, ser un milagro?
Post-tenure pathways: individualized careers in higher education.

AbstractPromotion with tenure is often the ultimate goal for PhD students who choose to pursue a career in higher education. Extensive mentorship is provided for tenure-track faculty to smooth the ...
A Pilot Study on the Effects of Physician Gaze on Patient Satisfaction in the Setting of Electronic Health Records.

This study aims to determine the amount of time ophthalmologists using electronic health records (EHRs) spend looking at the patient and its correlation on patient satisfaction. This prospective cohort study examined 67 patients seeking care at two different ophthalmology clinics. Videos of entire office visits were recorded and each video was graded for amount of time spent by physicians gazing at the patient, computer, paper medical records, or other areas. Videos were also graded for the amount of time examining the patient, and the physician speaking during each visit. A patient satisfaction survey was administered at the end of each office encounter. Time of physician gaze to the patient was correlated to satisfaction outcome measures. Ophthalmologists spent 28.0 ± 21.2% of the visit looking at the computer. Overall, patient satisfaction levels were very high (4.8 ± 0.5, five-point Likert's scale). Ophthalmologists spent the same amount of time looking at patients who were extremely satisfied (28.8 ± 16.7%), as those who were not extremely satisfied (28.8 ± 15.9%). Ophthalmologists on EHRs spend over one-third of the time of each patient visit looking at the computer. However, patient satisfaction levels are very high. The amount of time that the ophthalmologist gazes at the patient or the computer does not appear to have an effect on patient satisfaction in this particular study. Further research still needs to be performed regarding the effects of EHRs on the patient experience. Physicians should continue to be sensitive to their patients' needs and approach the use of EHRs in patient encounters on an individual basis.
Increasing Play and Decreasing Stereotypy for Children with Autism on a Playground

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to display stereotypic behaviors in contexts where play and social interactions are typically expected. We sought to replicate and extend previous research involving the use of prompting and lag schedules of reinforcement to improve variability in play behavior and decrease stereotypy for children with ASD. We also sought to evaluate the claim that improved play would occasion an increase in opportunities for social interaction. The study occurred on a public playground during an inclusive summer camp. During intervention, participants were prompted to vary play behaviors and received praise contingent on changes in play behavior. Effects on play, stereotypy, and opportunities for social interaction were assessed in a concurrent multiple baseline across participants’ design. An increase in play and a decrease in stereotypy for all three children were observed. However, corresponding changes in opportunity for social interaction with peers were not detected. Intervention was effective in improving play variability and occasioned a decrease in stereotypic behavior across participants. However, additional intervention components would likely be necessary to occasion an increase in social play behavior.
EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF A BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE SYSTEM IN ANXIETY

Recent data suggests that the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is involved in anxiety. Identical behaviors in monkeys are produced by fear or anxiety-provoking stimuli, by compounds which activate brain norepinephrine (NE) systems, and by LC electrical stimulation alone. These same behaviors are eliminated by compounds which reduce LC activity or block its projections. Since drugs activating the LC produce anxiety, and drugs blocking effects of LC electrical stimulation are anxiolytic in man, brain NE systems may be involved in anxiety, and anxiolytics may work by inhibiting LC function.
Chapter 8 – Rotifera

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces general biology, ecology, and classification of Rotifera. Phylum Rotifera comprises approximately 2000 species of unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates, most of which are found in freshwaters. These tiny unsegmented pseudocoelomates are distinguished by two principal anatomical features: first, at the anterior end is a specialized ciliated region called the corona, and second the mastax, a muscular pharynx, which includes a complex set of jaws called trophi. Rotifers play a critical role in the microbial (nutrient) loop within freshwater lakes and rivers. Rotifers are the numerical dominants of most large river zooplankton communities. Many species are also benthic or nearly so, while some are limnoterrestrial. In addition to the variation in their habitats, the diversity of rotifer life histories is remarkable. Most are motile, either swimming as members of the plankton or crawling over plants or within the sediments. However, after a brief, free-swimming stage, juveniles of the three families of sessile rotifers attach permanently to a substratum, usually a freshwater plant. The vast majority of rotifers are solitary, but about 25 species form colonies of various sizes. Higher taxonomic groups are largely known for their differences in reproductive strategies.
(Re)Measuring Community College Student Engagement: Testing a Seven-Factor CCSSE Model:

Objective: Despite the popularity of the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE), this instrument has been criticized regarding its development, theoretical basis, validity, and conn...
Part-scale thermal process modeling for laser powder bed fusion with matrix-free method and GPU computing

Abstract This paper presents an efficient GPU-based part-scale thermal process simulator for laser powder bed fusion ( L -PBF) additive manufacturing (AM). To take full advantage of modern GPU computing, a matrix-free preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) finite element algorithm with voxel mesh is proposed to solve the transient heat transfer problem involved in the L -PBF process. The accuracy of the developed simulator is demonstrated by comparing with a commercial software (ANSYS) using representative L -PBF process parameters and temperature-dependent thermal properties for Ti6Al4V. For efficiency, it is found that the process simulation has a significant speedup going from a single CPU to a single GPU implementation. A speedup is also observed with the matrix-free method compared to a linear solver using a sparse matrix, both on a single GPU. In addition, several schemes devised to gain higher efficiency are discussed in details, which include exclusion of inactive elements from the memory, adaptive meshing in the build direction, preconditioner, and layer lumping. Using these schemes, the adaptability and scalability of the developed simulator are demonstrated on a complex geometry. A calibration of the model is also performed in realistic conditions with a thermocouple measurement coming from experimental data.
Ultra-Fast and Tunable Liquid Nanofoam Load Limiter

The seat belt system has long been recognized as the most important safety device in a vehicle. The seat belt retractor, a key component in seat belt system, locks up and provides webbing payout during a crash with the intent to limit chest loading on the occupant. Traditional belt retractor design employs the twisting of a metallic torsion bar as its load limiting mechanism. In this study, we present a novel design of a seat belt retractor system with ultra-fast response and high tunability. A highly compressible liquid, i.e. liquid nanofoam (LN), has been utilized as the load limiting component to allow for additional webbing payout. Dynamic sled tests have been performed to evaluate the performance of LN-functionalized seat belt retractor. Results show that the response time as well as the excess webbing payout of the LN-functionalized seat belt retractor are significantly reduced compared with the traditional seat belt retractor. This is due to the ultra-fast deformation mechanism of the LN load limiter. In addition, we have also demonstrated that the force response of the LN-functionalized seat belt retractor can be tuned by controlling the working pressure of the LN load limiter. These results suggest that LN has the potential to be used as novel functioning material in the seat belt retractor system to achieve targeted dummy responses in crash tests.
Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis

Congenital X-linked Retinoschisis (CXRS) is a vitreoretinopathy that is primarily inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. It is typically bilateral and is the most common cause of juvenile macular degeneration in males. The primary defect is in the RS1 gene, with a high correlation between clinical diagnosis and alterations within the gene. While this makes CXRS an excellent target for gene therapy, the current management remains predominantly surgical.
Weighted Uniform Convergence of Entire Grünwald Operators on the Real Line

We consider weighted uniform convergence of entire analogues of the Grunwald operator on the real line. The main result deals with convergence of entire interpolations of exponential type $$\tau >0$$ at zeros of Bessel functions in spaces with homogeneous weights. We discuss extensions to Grunwald operators from de Branges spaces.
Biotechnology: Safety Evaluation of Biotherapeutics and Agribiotechnology Products

Publisher Summary The term biotechnology can refer to different things, but classically refers to any technique that uses living organisms to modify or create life forms, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. Genetic engineering involves the ability to manipulate, modify, or otherwise “engineer” genetic material to produce desired characteristics. This chapter reveals several important milestones in biotechnology; discusses transgene technology in animals and plants and regulatory considerations; outlines biotherapeutics; and describes the new biologics genetics, immunology, and molecular biology. Safety evaluation includes general considerations, antisense drugs, gene products, monoclonal antibodies, and regulatory considerations. Agrobiotechnology includes information on genetically modified foods and world population, field trials and releases, and substantial equivalence. Safety evaluation includes allergenicity and digestible proteins, feeding studies, nutritional improvement, agrobiotechnology, and medicines.
A Profile of Tort Litigation in Georgia and Reflections on Tort Reform

Fact-based studies of tort litigation in Georgia are almost nonexistent. Georgia is one of many states that does not provide the NCSC with any information regarding tort litigation patterns. Georgia does not provide such information because it is not compiled. It is not compiled because these data are not systematically maintained by local courts and reported to the Administrative Office of the Courts. Because the data are not routinely collected and reported, it is impossible to answer such elementary questions as: How many tort cases are filed in Georgia courts? What types of claims are brought? How many go to trial? How often do plaintiffs prevail? What is the typical damage award when the plaintiff does prevail? These questions, empirical in nature, are fundamental to the tort reform debate.Our study begins to provide some of the information needed to construct a profile of tort litigation in Georgia. We examined the official court records of over 43,000 civil cases filed in four Georgia counties between 1990 and 1993. We then compiled detailed information from all of the more than 2,100 personal injury cases within that group. The data are presented in the tables included in the Appendix.
Debunking the Myths Surrounding the Attitudinal Model of Supreme Court Decision Making

According to the most prominent proponents of the Attitudinal Model, justices on the United States Supreme Court decide cases based solely on their political preferences and ideology. Law and precedent, these advocates say, provide no more than convenient rationalizations. At this point, there is little doubt that the political attitudes and ideology of the justices on the United States Supreme Court have a substantial effect on many of the outcomes adopted by the Court and on the votes of individual justices. The evidence in support of the proposition that the political values of the justices have a significant effect on many Supreme Court decisions is extensive. The myth of the Attitudinal Model is jumping from this well established fact to the conclusion that the Attitudinal Model is a complete explanation of Supreme Court decision making. Thus, the debate now seems to focus on whether the claim of Segal and Spaeth that attitudes comprise “a complete and adequate model of Supreme Court’s decisions on the merits” is supported by the evidence. In recent years there has been accumulating evidence that contrary to these claims, non-strategic considerations other than attitudes do appear to influence many of the decisions of the justices. Attitudes alone cannot explain why there are statistically significant associations between “jurisprudential regimes” and Court decisions; or why close to 40% of the Court’s decisions are unanimous; or why the extent of “disordered voting” is so common among the non-unanimous decisions.We contribute to this ongoing debate by examining the problem of The Dog That Did Not Bark. If the Attitudinal Model was correct and the justices cared primarily about the ideological content of legal policy, they certainly would not leave standing important policy that is contrary to the political preferences of the majority of the members of the Court. But the analysis in this paper demonstrates that a large number of controversial civil liberties policies adopted by the Warren Court have been left standing by the Supreme Court for almost four decades after the majority of the Court was ideologically hostile to those policies.
Wearable Computing: The New Dress Code [Guest editors' introduction]

The articles in this special section focus on the new era of wearable computing technologies. Technology's presence on the body expands our capabilities and opportunities. Smartphones, MP3 players, Bluetooth earpieces, and fitness trackers are increasingly part of today’s dress code. These devices empower us to communicate, relax, and work out more effectively. The new generation of “wearables” promises to go even further: new technologies will enable these on-body devices to sense and understand our environment and provide just-in-time information in ways that do not distract from the primary task, improving our efficiency and encouraging our creativity.
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500-1700

This crucial period in Russia's history has, up until now, been neglected by historians, but here Brian L. Davies' study provides an essential insight into the emergence of Russia as a great power. For nearly three centuries, Russia vied with the Crimean Khanate, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire for mastery of the Ukraine and the fertile steppes above the Black Sea, a region of great strategic and economic importance – arguably the pivot of Eurasia at the time. The long campaign took a great toll upon Russia's population, economy and institutions, and repeatedly frustrated or redefined Russian military and diplomatic projects in the West. The struggle was every bit as important as Russia's wars in northern and central Europe for driving the Russian state-building process, forcing military reform and shaping Russia's visions of Empire.
Transformation of Primary Hamster Brain Cells with JC Virus and Its DNA

Abstract We transformed primary hamster brain cells with four isolates of JC virus and JC virus DNA. Several properties of these transformants were characterized and compared to those of simian virus 40 transformants isolated under identical conditions.
The KIVA-II computer program for transient multidimensional chemically reactive flows with sprays.

Since its public release in 1985, the KIVA computer program has been used for the time dependent analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays in two and three space dimensions. This paper describes some of the improvements to the original version that have been made since that time. The new code, called KIVA-II, is planned for public release in early 1988. KIVA-II improves the earlier version in the accuracy and efficiency of the computational procedure, the accuracy of the physics submodels, and in versatility and ease of use. Numerical improvements include the use of the ICE solution procedure in place of the acoustic subcycling method and the implementation of a quasi-second-order-accurate convection scheme. Major extensions to the physical submodels include the inclusion of an optical kappa-epsilon turbulence model, and several additions to the spray model. The authors illustrate some of the new capabilities by means of example solutions.
Variable selection in large margin classifier-based probability estimation with high-dimensional predictors

This is a discussion of the papers: "Probability estimation with machine learning methods for dichotomous and multicategory outcome: Theory" by Jochen Kruppa, Yufeng Liu, Gerard Biau, Michael Kohler, Inke R. Konig, James D. Malley, and Andreas Ziegler; and "Probability estimation with machine learning methods for dichotomous and multicategory outcome: Applications" by Jochen Kruppa, Yufeng Liu, Hans-Christian Diener, Theresa Holste, Christian Weimar, Inke R. Konig, and Andreas Ziegler.
Isotopic analysis of rare gases from stepwise heating of lunar fines and rocks.

Highlights of a first effort in sorting out rare gases in lunar material are solar wind rare gases in abundance; variable 20 Ne/ 22 Ne but constant 21 Ne/ 22 Ne ratios in fractions of the trapped neon; cosmogenic rare gases similar to those found in meteorites, except for copious 131 Xe in one rock but not in another; at Tranquillity Base a rock 4.1 x 10 9 years old which reached the surface 35 to 65 million years ago, amid soil whose particles have typically been within a meter of the surface for 10 9 years or more.
Local adaptation, intrinsic coadaptation and the effects of environmental stress on interpopulation hybrids in the copepod Tigriopus californicus

Abstract Hybridization between divergent populations may cause a reduction in fitness due either to disruption in local adaptation or disruption in intrinsic coadaptation. We tested for both effects in the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus. Fitness surrogates were measured in pure populations and interpopulation hybrids, with broods split between three environmental treatments: (1) Standard: 15 °C/100% seawater; (2) High temperature: 25 °C/100% seawater; and (3) Low salinity: 15 °C/50% seawater. Effects of these treatments were independent of population, providing no evidence for local adaptation. Comparison of mean fitness in pure populations, F1 hybrids and F2 hybrids showed that hybridization caused beneficial interactions between alleles at the same locus and detrimental interactions between loci (i.e., disruption of intrinsic coadaptation). The effects of hybridization were environmentally dependent as exposure to the most stressful treatment (high temperature) resulted in the maintenance of F1 heterosis and a substantial reduction in F2 breakdown.
Effects of a home-based exercise program on clinical outcomes in heart failure.

Background The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a home-based exercise program on clinical outcomes. Exercise training improves exercise capacity in patients with heart failure (HF) but the long-term effects on clinical outcomes remain unknown. Methods We randomized 173 patients with systolic HF to control (n = 87) or home-based exercise (n = 86). The primary end point was a composite of all-cause hospitalizations, emergency department admissions, urgent transplantation, and death at 12 months. Functional performance (as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the 6-minute walk test), quality of life, and psychological states were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Results There was no significant difference between experimental and control groups in the combined clinical end point at 12 months and in functional status, quality of life, or psychological states over 6 months. Patients in the exercise group had a lower incidence of multiple (2 or more) hospitalizations compared with the control group: 12.8% versus 26.6%, respectively ( P = .018). Conclusions A home-based walking program that incorporated aerobic and resistance exercise did not result in improved clinical outcomes at 1-year follow-up in this cohort of patients with systolic HF. However, the exercise program resulted in reduced rehospitalization rates.
Designing low-complexity equalizers for wireless systems

The demand on wireless communications to provide high data rates, high mobility, and high quality of service poses more challenges for designers. To contend with deleterious channel fading effects, both the transmitter and the receiver must be designed appropriately to exploit the diversity embedded in the channels. From the perspective of receiver design, the ultimate goal is to achieve both low complexity and high performance. In this article, we first summarize the complexity and performance of low-complexity receivers, including linear equalizers and decision feedback equalizers, and then we reveal the fundamental condition when LEs and DFEs collect the same diversity as the maximum-likelihood equalizer. Recently, lattice reduction techniques were introduced to enhance the performance of low-complexity equalizers without increasing the complexity significantly. Thus, we also provide a comprehensive review of LR-aided low-complexity equalizers and analyze their performance. Furthermore, we describe the architecture and initial results of a very-large-scale-integration implementation of an LR algorithm.
Recruiting on Corporate Web Sites: Perceptions of fit and attraction

This study adopted a person–organization (P–O fit) framework to investigate job seeker attraction to organizations in the context of e-recruitment. Recruitment information posted on real corporate web sites was presented to active job seekers (N=120) in order to better understand reactions to online recruiting. Participants examined one of three corporate web sites and completed questionnaires about their perceptions of web site usability, subjective P–O fit, and organizational attraction. In addition, occupational preference, internet experience, organization size and location were used as control variables. For female participants, perceptions of web site usability and subjective P–O fit were both positively related to attraction, with subjective P–O fit mediating the relationship between web site usability and organizational attraction. These relations were not found for male participants. Implications for future empirical research and recruitment practice were discussed.
Dynamical systems and stability

Topologies introduced on state space for differential equations to obtain dynamical systems
Binocular rivalry of gender-significant pictures in a stereoscope

WITHIN the broad context of perception and interpersonal relations (CANTRIL(~)), there is appearing in the literature an increasing amount of experimental work on binocular rivalry with the use of a stereoscope. ENGEL@) noted that male subjects presented with an inverted and an upright male profile, one in each side of a stereoscope, reported seeing only the upright stimulus. BAGBY found that Mexicans simultaneously presented with typical Mexican and American scenes reported seeing more Mexican scenes than a corresponding group of Americans who contrarily saw more of the American scenes. DAVIS@) demonstrated different patterns of responses between a normal and a schizophrenic group when conflicting visual stimuli such as a knife fight and a baseball game were simultaneously presented. BELOFF and BELOFF(~) had subjects rate for attractiveness a composite face which resulted from the separate presentation in each half of a stereoscope of their own face and that of a stranger against a composite resulting from the presentation of two faces other than their own. UNGER and IMBODEN@) found differences between female postoperative rhinoplasty patients and nonrhinoplasty patients simultaneously presented with female preand post-operative rhinoplasty profiles. VAN DE CASTLE(~) simultaneously presented conflicting words in a stereoscope and found a correlation between the personality types of his subjects and the types of words that assumed perceptual dominance. During the past few years we have been studying prepubertal children with incongruous gender role specifically young boys who were assuming many of the behavioral characteristics of girls(s*g). With earlier stereoscopic studies as a stimulus, we became interested in the possibility of a perceptual test that might be relatively specific for psycho-sexual identity.
Effects of alcohol and combined marijuana and alcohol use during adolescence on hippocampal volume and asymmetry

Abstract Background Converging lines of evidence suggest that the hippocampus may be particularly vulnerable to deleterious effects of alcohol and marijuana use, especially during adolescence. The goal of this study was to examine hippocampal volume and asymmetry in adolescent users of alcohol and marijuana. Methods Participants were adolescent (aged 15–18) alcohol (ALC) users (n = 16), marijuana and alcohol (MJ + ALC) users (n = 26), and demographically similar controls (n = 21). Extensive exclusionary criteria included prenatal toxic exposure, left handedness, and psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Substance use, cognitive, and anatomical measures were collected after at least 2 days of abstinence from all substances. Results Adolescent ALC users demonstrated a significantly different pattern of hippocampal asymmetry (p left (R > L) asymmetry and smaller left hippocampal volumes while marijuana abuse/dependence was associated with increased L > R asymmetry and larger left hippocampal volumes. Although MJ + ALC users did not differ from controls in asymmetry, functional relationships with verbal learning were found only among controls, among whom greater right than left hippocampal volume was associated with superior performance (p Conclusions Aberrations in hippocampal asymmetry and left hippocampal volumes were found for adolescent heavy drinkers. Further, the functional relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and verbal learning was abnormal among adolescent substance users compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest differential effects of alcohol and combined marijuana and alcohol use on hippocampal morphometry and the relationship between hippocampal asymmetry and verbal learning performance among adolescents.
Another Look at Fear of Success, Fear of Failure, and Test Anxiety: A Motivational Analysis Using the Five-Factor Model.

Perhaps one of the more theoretically engaging areas of motivation research concerned the construct fear of success [M. S. Horner (1968) Sex Differences in Achievement Motivation and Performance in Competitive and Non-Competitive Situations, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan]. Although much investigative effort was devoted to it, the research process was plagued with numerous theoretical and technical problems, not the least of which was a consistent inability to discriminate the construct from other related variables such as fear of failure and test anxiety. This report argued that the empirical overlap among these variables suggested the presence of larger motivational constructs. To evaluate this hypothesis, 263 predominantly Caucasian college women completed measures of fear of success, test anxiety, achievement motivation, and fear of failure. Scores on each variable were correlated with markers of the five-factor model of personality that revealed that these scales were factorially complex. A regression analysis showed that it was the personality domains of neuroticism and conscientiousness that were most relevant to these performance-related variables. A preliminary model of motivation was proposed that was based on these two personality domains.
Technical considerations in tarsometatarsal joint arthrodesis.

Tarsometatarsal arthrodesis is indicated for degenerative joint disease after trauma. Deformity is often associated with post-traumatic arthropathy. Outcomes after surgical management are directly related to realignment. This article reviews the indications, preoperative evaluation, technical execution, and postoperative management of tarsometatarsal arthrodesis. Special emphasis is placed on realignment and restoration of normal foot architecture. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(1): 85–90, 2005)
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase–Akt signaling serves as a circadian output in the retina

The daily rhythm of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs) is part of the cellular mechanism underlying the circadian regulation of retina physiology and function. However, it is not completely understood how the circadian clock regulates L-VGCC current amplitudes without affecting channel gating properties. The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase–protein kinase B (PI3K–Akt) signaling pathway has been implicated in many vital cellular functions especially in trophic factor-induced ion channel trafficking and membrane insertion. Here, we report that PI3K–Akt signaling participates in the circadian phase-dependent modulation of L-VGCCs. We found that there was a circadian regulation of Akt phosphorylation on Thr308 that peaked at night. Inhibition of PI3K or Akt significantly decreased L-VGCC current amplitudes and the expression of membrane-bound L-VGCCα1D subunit only at night but not during the subjective day. Photoreceptors transfected with a dominant negative Ras had significantly less expression of phosphorylated Akt and L-VGCCα1D subunit compared with non-transfected photoreceptors. Interestingly, both PI3K–Akt and extracellular signal-related kinase were downstream of Ras, and they appeared to be parallel and equally important pathways to regulate L-VGCC rhythms. Inhibition of either pathway abolished the L-VGCC rhythm indicating that there were multiple mechanisms involved in the circadian regulation of L-VGCC rhythms in retina photoreceptors.
Faunal reduction at Puntutjarpa rockshelter, Warburton Ranges, Western Australia

The Holocene faunal assemblage from Puntutjarpa Rockshelter in the Western Desert has always been problematic owing to the extreme fragmentation of bones and teeth there. This study examines alternative explanations for this fragmentation by looking closely at the Puntutjarpa material and also by controlled comparisons with late Holocene faunal materials from Intitjikula Rockshelter (James Range East), Northern Territory. The results of this analysis indicate that certain taphonomic factors probably account for extreme fragmentation of animal bones at both sites. But gross differences in fragmentation of macropod teeth at these two sites point to behavioral explanations related to dietary shortfalls of meat and meat-related products resulting from variability in the biogeography of hunting in these two arid-zone localities. An ethnographic-behavioral model is proposed to account for differences in macropod tooth reduction at these two sites.
Risk compensation and the effectiveness of safety belt use laws: a case study of New Jersey

This paper investigates the effectiveness of New Jersey's mandatory belt use law (MUL) by testing specifically for: (1) a safety effect, and (2) a risk-compensation effect that could offset (in part) any safety impact. The main findings are that injury severity declined significantly in the 22 months following implementation of the MUL; but that accident frequency increased significantly. The increase in accidents may be explained only partially by increased driving mileage. These findings suggest that the real safety effect of the law may have been diluted by risk-compensating behavior.
Relationships between the Lee-Clark Reading Readiness Test and the 1937 Revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L

(1961). Relationships between the Lee-Clark Reading Readiness Test and the 1937 Revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, Form L. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 54, No. 8, pp. 304-307.
Muonium as an experimental model of hydrogen point defects in semiconductors

Hydrogen is an important defect in semiconductors which can significantly alter the electrical and optical properties of the host. Information on isolated interstitial hydrogen is virtually nonexistent. Fortunately, complementary data can be obtained by studying muonium. In this article, we describe recent experimental examples which illustrate how μSR can be used to investigate the electronic structure and dynamics of muonium in semiconductors and discuss the relevance of these measurements for isolated hydrogen.
Research accountability and financial conflicts of interest in industry-sponsored clinical research: a review.

(2003). Research Accountability and Financial Conflicts of Interest in Industry Sponsored Clinical Research: A Review. Accountability in Research: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 137-158.