cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Lp independence of the spectrum of the Hodge Laplacian on non-compact manifolds

Abstract The central aim of this paper is the study of the spectrum of the Hodge Laplacian on differential forms of any order k in L p . The underlying space is a C ∞ -smooth open manifold M N with Ricci Curvature bounded below and uniformly subexponential volume growth. It will be demonstrated that on such manifolds the L p spectrum of the Hodge Laplacian on differential k -forms is independent of p for 1 ⩽ p ⩽ ∞ , whenever the Weitzenbock Tensor on k -forms is also bounded below. It follows as a corollary that the isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicity are L p independent. The proof relies on the existence of a Gaussian upper bound for the Heat kernel of the Hodge Laplacian. By considering the L p spectra on the Hyperbolic space H N + 1 we conclude that the subexponential volume growth condition is necessary in the case of one-forms. As an application, we will show that the spectrum of the Laplacian on one-forms has no gaps on certain manifolds with a pole or that are in a warped product form. This will be done under less strict curvature restrictions than what has been known so far and it was achieved by finding the L 1 spectrum of the Laplacian.
192Os(α, α′) reaction at Eα = 24 MeV and the IBA model

Abstract Angular distributions of 24 MeV alpha particles elastically and inelastically scattered from 192 Os have been measured for the angular range θ lab = 50°–140°. Data are reportedhere for 0 + , 2 + 1 , 2 + 2 , 4 + 1 , 4 + 2 and 4 + 3 states. Coupled-channels analysis of the data was performed using matrix elements predicted by the interacting boson model assuming 192 Os to be a perturbed O(6) nucleus. Fits to the data are excellent for the ground band (0 + , 2 + 1 , 4 + 1 ), fairly good for the quasi-gamma band (2 + 2 , 4 + 2 ), and poor for the K = 4 band (4 + 3 ).
A new model-independent method for the determination of guiding thin film optical parameters

A new method for the determination of thin films optical constants based on the combination of a waveguide measurement procedure with the spectroscopic measurements made from UV to IR with 0.14% accuracy has been presented.
US income taxation of new financial products

Abstract This paper discusses the response of the US federal income tax to financial innovation. Income taxation in the US and elsewhere has traditionally relied on distinctions, such as the difference between fixed and contingent returns, that can be undermined by new financial products. The principal tax law responses to innovative products have been: (1) transactional analysis, which aggregates or disaggregates new transactions to conform them to existing legal categories, (2) taxation of changes in market value, rather than realization events, (3) taxation based on an assumed formula, and (4) anti-avoidance administrative approaches.
Classroom Instruction and Learning Environment Differences between Effective and Ineffective Urban Elementary Schools for African American Students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are significant differences between effective and ineffective urban schools based on (a) students' classroom behavior and (b) students' mo...
Stability of low-frequency residual hearing in patients who are candidates for combined acoustic plus electric hearing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability over time of low-frequency auditory thresholds to better determine if the new technique of using a short-electrode cochlear implant that preserves residual low-frequency acoustic hearing can be a long-term solution for those with severe-to-profound hearing loss at high frequencies. The present study determined the long-term rate of decline in acoustic hearing in patients who have a preexisting hearing loss yet have not been implanted with a cochlear implant. A retrospective analysis of patients' audiograms that fit into the range for candidacy for the short-electrode device was performed to calculate the rate of change of threshold over time. The analysis of adult patients' data indicated that there was an average of only 1.05 dB hearing deterioration per year in the low frequencies and that presbycusis accounted for approximately one third to one half of this decline. The average deterioration of hearing threshold for pediatric patients was 1.2 d...
Unification of Extant Theories of the Heisenberg Ferromagnet

Four recently proposed theories of the Heisenberg ferromagnet have been examined within a Green function formulation. The decoupling parameters were chosen for each theory so that the expressions for the renormalization factor and the magnetization are identical to those originally derived. Comparisons of the approximations introduced and of the results are more readily made within this single theoretical framework. The temperature dependence of the magnetization has been numerically computed for each of the four theories for simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic lattices with spin \textonehalf{}.
High Speed Direct Write Electron Beam System

The total sales dollars of semiconductors over the past six years have grown roughly at the rate of 25% per year in spite of the fact that the price of some of the individual components has decreased dramatically. This has resulted in a significant reduction in the cost per function. As this occurs, new markets open up creating additional demands.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An export-base analysis of Louisiana's petroleum driven economy

Louisiana's economy has traditionally relied on industries that are intensive in natural resource utilization as the basis for economic growth. The dramatic energy price increases during the 1970s provided the incentives for this economy to increase its specialization in the mining and processing of petroleum-based products. A differential export-base model using ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression was developed in this paper for estimating aggregate employment multipliers. Results from the analysis indicate that oil and gas mining, chemical and petroleum manufacturing, and lumber and paper production are highly significant employment generators. Mining employment was estimated to be highly dependent on petroleum prices. By interfacing the employment demand equation with the economic base model, specific and general petroleum employment impacts are assessed. The current recession in the oil and gas mining industry is having a major impact on employment, income and public finances for this region.
ISOLATION OF HUMAN EAR SPECIFIC CDNAS AND CONSTRUCTION OF CDNA LIBRARIES FROM SURGICALLY REMOVED SMALL AMOUNTS OF INNER EAR TISSUES

We have used representational difference analysis (RDA) for subtractive hybridization of oligo dT primed directionally cloned cDNA libraries from human inner ear tissue and a B-lymphoblast cell line. Two rounds of subtraction-amplification, followed by differential hybridization of selected clones led to the isolation of genes which were specific to the ear. Sequence analysis of randomly chosen clones revealed the presence of a histidine rich Ca2+ binding protein, human dynamin, collagen type 1A1, collagen type 2A1, SPARC, human growth hormone, and several specific genes which had no sequence homology in the data base. Furthermore, to apply these techniques for isolating genes specific to distinct inner ear structures and/or cell types of inner ear for which the starting tissue material is limiting, we have used a modified PCR based protocol to construct representative cDNA libraries. We have characterized a cDNA library constructed from small amounts of inner ear tissues recovered by ablative surgical procedure involving labyrinthectomy. The potential application of these protocols for isolating genes involved in hearing and deafness is discussed.
Very high field magnetization and AC susceptibility of native horse spleen ferritin

Abstract The magnetization of native horse spleen ferritin protein is measured in pulsed magnetic fields to 55 T at T =1.52 K. The magnetization rises smoothly with negative curvature due to uncompensated Fe 3+ spins and with a large high field slope due to the underlying antiferromagnetic ferritin core. Even at highest fields the magnetic moment is only ∼4% of the saturation moment of the full complement of Fe 3+ in the ferritin molecule. The AC magnetic susceptibility, χ AC ( T , f ), responding to the uncompensated spins, reaches a maximum near the superparamagnetic blocking temperature with the temperature of the maximum, T M , varying with excitation frequency, T M −1 α log f for 10⩽ f ⩽10 4 Hz.
Evidence of Progressive Tissue Pathophysiology and Motor Behavior Degradation in a Rat Model of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disease

We developed an in vivo injury model of work related musculoskeletal disease of the upper extremity in the rat in order to determine the extent to which a highly repetitive task causes decrements in motor performance and stimulates inflammation locally and systemically in musculoskeletal tissues. Twenty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to reach for food pellets at a target rate of 4 reaches/min for 2 hours/day, 3 days/week for periods up to 8 weeks. Reach repetition rate and reach success were determined. Observations of reach movement patterns were recorded. The trained and untrained forelimbs of trained rats were examined for macrophages using anti-ED***1 and compared to the forelimbs of control animals. The number of ED***1 immunoreactive macrophages in muscle, tendon and radiocarpal ligaments was quantified. We also examined for proteins indicative of inflammation and injury: IL-1β, COX2 and hsp72. Tissue inflammation was evident by week 3 and increased progressively to weeks 5 and 6. Degradation ...
Heterocyclic Analogs of Amphetamine: Thioureas, Dithiocarbamates, and Negatively Substituted Amides

A series of heterocyclic analogs of amphetamine was synthesized. The heterocycles employed included the 2-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-methyl-2-thienyl, 3-pyridyl, and 6-methyl-2-pyridyl rings. The aliphatic amine group was converted to the N-methylthiourea, dithiocarbamate, methanesulfonyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, and trifluoroacetyl functions since similar conversions of the β-phenethylamine structure had shown blood pressure-lowering effects and some loss of behavioral effects. p-Chlorophenyl and 1-naphthyl analogs were also converted to these derivatives. Behavioral and other biological effects, including antiarthritic, passive cutaneous anaphylactic, and antimicrobial, were observed. The 3-methyl-2-thienyl analog of amphetamine significantly increased papillary muscle contractile force without producing arrhythmias.
Triplet absorption and phosphorescence emission in zinc cytochrome c

The excited state properties of porphyrins have attracted considerable attention due to their relevance to the understanding of electron transfer processes in biological systems. The excited state porphyrins can transfer electrons in model systems such as the porphyrin derivatives of Ni(II), Cu(II), Mg(II), Ag(II), Zn(II), Pd(I1) and Pt(I1) [l-5]. In the report [6] on the steady-state and time-resolved luminescence emission in copper cytochrome c, intramolecular rate parameters below 80 K were significantly influenced by the porphyrin-protein interaction. Another application of substituted porphyrins is the study of the whole molecule rotational motion in membrane systems. [6]. The triplet state of rhodium-substituted cytochrome b5 was examined and its properties used to measure the rotational diffusion of the molecule in phospholipid vesicle system [ 71. Here we report the results of our measurements of decay time of transient triplet absorption and phosphorescence emission in zinc cytochrome c. It is known that zinc porphyrins can transfer electrons in the excited state in model systems [8]. We aim to investigate whether similar electron transfer occurs in proteins containing zinc-substituted porphyrins.
Dominance of accuracy information and neglect of base rates in probability estimation

Abstract According to the normative theory of prediction, prior probabilities (base rates), which summarize what we know before receiving any specific evidence, should remain relevant even after such evidence is obtained. In the present study, subjects were asked to estimate the probability that one of two states was true on the basis of (a) information about the prior probabilities of the states (b) information specific to the case at hand and known to be accurate with probability p. Subject's responses were determined predominantly by the specific evidence; the prior probabilities were neglected, causing the judgments to deviate markedly from the normative response. Theoretical and practical implications of this results are discussed.
328 ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES IN THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION OF NEWBORN PIGLETS

Previous studies show sympathetic nerve stimulation decreases cerebral blood flow (CBF) in newborn piglets. Effects of α1-antagonist (prazosin) and α2-antagonist (yohimbine) on cerebral sympathetic vasoconstriction were studied. In 21 newborn piglets ventilated (PaCO2=35 mmHg) with 30% N2O, both cervical sympathetic trunks were isolated and CBF was measured (microspheres) during (1) baseline (no stimulation), and (2) electrical stimulation of the right sympathetic trunk (15 Hz, 15 v, and 3 msec). A third CBF measurement was made during sympathetic stimulation following either 0.5 mg/kg, I.V. prazosin (n=11), or yohimbine, 0.5 (n=6) or 1.0 (n=4) mg/kg I.V. Sympathetic nerve stimulation decreased blood flow to ipsilateral cerebrum by −15 ± 2% in comparison to unstimulated side (58 ± 4 and 69 ± 5 ml/min/100g, respectively). Flow to the hippocampus, choroid plexus, and masseter muscle was decreased by −10 ±2, −51 ±5, and −94 ± 5%, respectively. Prazosin inhibited sympathetic vasoconstriction by ∼ 50%, where flow to the ipsilaterai cerebrum, hippocampus, choroid plexus, and masseter muscle was decreased by −8 ±2, −4 ± 3, −7 ± 7, and −53 ± 8%, respectively. Yohimbine had no effect on sympathetic vasoconstriction at 0.5 mg/kg; however, at 1.0 mg/kg, CBF increased from 85 ± 5 to 184 ±44 ml/min/100g. Sympathetic stimulation decreased flow by −23±7, −18 ±4, −47 ±9, and −93 ±3% in the respective regions. The data indicate that sympathetic nerves reduce CBF via α1-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction. In contrast to adult pigs, where α1-adrenergic receptors in cerebral arteries have not been demonstrated, it appears that, in the newborn, α-1 receptors mediate cerebrovascular vasoconstriction.
The average solid angle subtended by a circular detector coaxial to a circular isotropic source

Abstract The average solid angle subtended by a circular detector coaxial to a circular isotropic source is obtained from the empirical fit of a correction factor that is multiplied by the analytical relationship for the solid angle subtended by a circular detector from the center of the circular source.
Uncertainty Analysis for Toxicity Assessment of Chemical Process Designs

There is a growing awareness in the chemical industry that environmental aspects need to be incorporated more fully into the design and operation of chemical processes. There are several recently developed methodologies to perform environmental assessments of chemical process designs. However, the value of the environmental information is dependent upon the level of uncertainty in the predictions of these impacts. This paper presents an uncertainty analysis for toxicity assessment of chemical process designs. This uncertainty analysis generated representative normalized standard errors for several measured environmental properties (Henry’s law constant, octanol-water partition coefficient, hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant, and lethal concentration for human inhalation toxicity) from a subset of the high production volume chemicals. Then, the propagation of these property uncertainties in the calculation of an inhalation toxicity index was conducted. This method of uncertainty analysis has been applied to the environmentally conscious design of a process for volatile organic compound recovery and recycle from a gaseous waste stream.
Gene expression profiling of Escherichia coli in response to interactions with the lettuce rhizosphere

Aims The objective of this study was to examine transcriptional changes in Escherichia coli when the bacterium was growing in the lettuce rhizoshpere. Methods and Results A combination of microarray analyses, colonization assays and confocal microscopy was used to gain a more complete understanding of bacterial genes involved in the colonization and growth of E. coli K12 in the lettuce root rhizosphere using a novel hydroponic assay system. After 3 days of interaction with lettuce roots, E. coli genes involved in protein synthesis, stress responses and attachment were up-regulated. Mutants in curli production (crl, csgA) and flagella synthesis (fliN) had a reduced capacity to attach to roots as determined by bacterial counts and by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Conclusions This study indicates that E. coli K12 has the capability to colonize lettuce roots by using attachment genes and can readily adapt to the rhizosphere of lettuce plants. Significance and Impact of the Study Results of this study show curli production and biofilm modulation genes are important for rhizosphere colonization and may provide useful targets to disrupt this process. Further studies using pathogenic strains will provide additional information about lettuce–E. coli interactions.
U and Sr Isotopes in Ground Water and Calcite, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Evidence Against Upwelling Water

Hydrogenic calcite and opaline silica deposits in fault zones at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, have created considerable public and scientific controversy because of the possible development of a high-level nuclear waste repository at this location. Strontium and uranium isotopic compositions of hydrogenic materials were used to test whether the veins could have formed by upwelling of deep-seated waters. The vein deposits are isotopically distinct from ground water in the two aquifers that underlie Yucca Mountain, indicating that the calcite could not have precipitated from ground water. The data are consistent with a surficial origin for the hydrogenic deposits.
Locomotor Activity of Various Types of Genetically Obese Mice

SummaryLocomotor activity of mice was not affected by age up to 10 months. Mice of the VY/Wf and YS/ChWf strains were more active than mice of the C57BL/6J and C57BL/KsJ strains. Locomotor activity of ob/ob and db/db mice decreased significantly after these mice became corpulent. This is not the case for Avy/a, Ay/a and NZO mice. Before they became corpulent, none of the mice genetically destined to become obese were less active than normal mice.The authors are indebted to Professor James Ashmore, Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, for the use of the activity cages.
Transient power analysis to estimate the thermal time lag of a microprocessor hot spot

The spatial and temporal non-uniform power of the microprocessor components endangers its functionality and reliability. The rapid change in dynamic power affects electric circuitry, leads to electron migration and high leakage currents; all of which contribute to localized hot spots and high thermal stresses. Though, the dynamic thermal management techniques (DTM) keep the chip temperature within the thermal budget but their efficacy depends on the accurate measurement of the emerging hot spot temperature. The time lag between the peak power input to the microprocessor components and the corresponding hot spot on its surface is therefore a critical parameter for the effective application of DTM techniques. This paper analyses the dynamic power of the microprocessor components to estimate the thermal time lag of the hot spot. The real power estimates of an Intel P4 processor are collected for selected benchmarks, analyzed and then supplied to the numerical model for thermal analysis. In all the benchmarks, the component contributing to hot spot had significantly high heat flux compared to the remaining components of the processor. The power data of the hot component showed periodic peaks of high power which raises the hot spot temperature beyond working limits. The time lapse between peak power input to the time when hot spot temperature becomes 120°C, is defined as thermal time lag for our analysis. The knowledge of thermal time lag can be applied by DTM techniques to prevent the power overshoot in high heat flux components. The thermal time lag can also be exploited to boost the clock frequency repeatedly in cyclic fashion to realize high performance over an extended duration. This repeated boosting can be realized by ensuring that the safe temperature limits are not exceeded in each boosting period and with a sufficient cool-down interval between boosts.
Best interests of the student: an ethical model

Shapiro and Stefkovich in their 2001 book on ethics propose a framework for examining ethical dilemmas. At the heart of this conceptualization is “the best interests of the student.” Yet a review of the literature reveals this term is interpreted broadly and few systematic attempts have been made to define it. In response to this lack of clarity, the authors of this article construct a model for determining what is in the best interests of the student when making various types of ethical decisions in schools. This “Best Interests” model is based upon a new conceptualization of the three Rs. Here, the correlates are rights, responsibilities, and respect. By applying this model to the fact patterns of several US court decisions, the authors illustrate the application of the ethical paradigms of justice, care, critique, community, and the profession.
Selected Contribution: Merosin deficiency leads to alterations in passive and active skeletal muscle mechanics

The role of extracellular elements on the mechanical properties of skeletal muscles is unknown. Merosin is an essential extracellular matrix protein that forms a mechanical junction between the sarcolemma and collagen. Therefore, it is possible that merosin plays a role in force transmission between muscle fibers and collagen. We hypothesized that deficiency in merosin may alter passive muscle stiffness, viscoelastic properties, and contractile muscle force in skeletal muscles. We used the dy/dy mouse, a merosin-deficient mouse model, to examine changes in passive and active muscle mechanics. After mice were anesthetized and the diaphragm or the biceps femoris hindlimb muscle was excised, passive length-tension relationships, stress-relaxation curves, or isometric contractile properties were determined with an in vitro biaxial mechanical testing apparatus. Compared with controls, extensibility was smaller in the muscle fiber direction and the transverse fiber direction of the mutant mice. The relaxed elastic modulus was smaller in merosin-deficient diaphragms compared with controls. Interestingly, maximal muscle tetanic stress was depressed in muscles from the mutant mice during uniaxial loading but not during biaxial loading. However, presence of transverse passive stretch increases maximal contractile stress in both the mutant and normal mice. Our data suggest that merosin contributes to muscle passive stiffness, viscoelasticity, and contractility and that the mechanism by which force is transmitted between adjacent myofibers via merosin possibly in shear.
Dried-droplet laser ablation ICP-MS of HPLC fractions for the determination of selenomethionine in yeast

Offline coupling of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to dried droplet laser ablation (LA) ICP-MS detection is described. The method is based on the offline spotting of HPLC fractions onto a substrate followed by LA introduction of the dried sample residues to an ICP-MS for elemental analysis. Quantitation of selenomethionine (SeMet) in yeast using species specific isotope dilution (ID) was achieved following digestion of samples in 4 M methanesulfonic acid and HPLC separation of species. Chromatographic fractions having retention times of 180–210 seconds were collected for each sample. Dried micro-droplets from each fraction were ablated from a polystyrene substrate and quantitated for SeMet. Concentrations of 3301 ± 18 and 3309 ± 24 μg g−1 (one standard deviation, n = 4) with RSDs of 0.55% and 0.73% were obtained based on measured 78Se/74Se and 82Se/74Se ratios, in good agreement with the values of 3309 ± 19 and 3305 ± 26 μg g−1 (one standard deviation, n = 4, RSDs of 0.58% and 0.79%), respectively, obtained by direct HPLC-ICP-MS analysis. The proposed method provides a satisfactory alternative technique for the quantitation of SeMet in yeast.
Approximating the noninferior set in multiobjective linear programming problems

Abstract The aim of this paper is to develop algorithms for approximating the noninferior set in the objective space for multiobjective linear programming problems with three oor more objectives. A geometrical measure of error is used in controlling the number of extreme points needed in generating an approximation of desired accuracy. In more specific terms, the error in the approximation is estimated by computing the deviation of a polytope containing the entire noninferior set (the upper bounding polytope) from a lower bounding polytope whose interior is known to be inferior. Extreme points are added to the approximation in an attempt to reduce the deviation between the two polytopes in as few computations as possible. The facets in the approximation of the noninferior set are obtained by computing the convex hull of the extreme points generated by the algorithm. Suitable tests are developed to determine those facets of the convex hull that belong to the approximation.
On the eigenproblem for displacement integral equations

This paper is concerned with the eigenproblem for displacement integral equations which have kernels that are finite cosine transforms. Previous work is extended to a broader class of kernels and the eigenfunctions are treated for the first time.
Transition-Path Times in Protein Folding from Single-Molecule FRET

The transition-path is the tiny fraction of an equilibrium, single-molecule trajectory when the free-energy barrier is actually crossed. For a two-state protein-folder, the transition-path contains all the mechanistic information on how a protein folds. However, because it is so fast a transition-path has never been observed experimentally for any molecular system in the condensed phase. As a first step toward observing transition-paths, we are using single molecule FRET to measure average transition-path times (tTP). Using the Gopich/Szabo maximum-likelihood method to analyze photon trajectories, we have now determined tTP's for all-beta (FBP28-WW domain, tTP=2μs) and all-alpha proteins (α3D, tTP=12 μs), and an upper bound for an alpha/beta protein (protein G, tTP <10 μs) (Chung et al., Science 2012; Chung, Eaton, Nature, 2013). The surprising result is that the folding times for the WW domain and protein G differ by 10,000-fold, yet the tTP's differ by less than 5-fold, so a fast and slow-folding protein take almost the same time when they actually fold. Szabo's theory for barrier crossing of a Brownian particle explains this result by showing that tTP is insensitive to the barrier height, i.e. tTP μ ln(3βΔG∗)/D∗. Studies of the viscosity- and temperature-dependence of tTP for α3D suggest that the extremely low viscosity-dependence (∼η0.3) arises from a lower D∗ due to increased internal friction (“rougher” energy landscape). Lowering the pH to neutralize 12 carboxylates eliminates potential salt bridges and reduces the viscosity dependence to that previously observed (∼η0.6) for other all-alpha proteins. These results provide the first glimpse of the structural origin for internal friction in protein folding, suggesting that the lower D∗ for α3D arises from making and breaking non-native salt-bridges during the transition path, as observed in MD simulations by the Shaw group (Best, Hummer, Eaton, PNAS 2013).
Impingement of a von kàrmàn vortex street on a delta wing

Introduction H IGH-PERFORMANCE military aircraft oftentimes employ delta-shaped wings. It is well documented that delta wings at a fixed angle of attack generate lift by separating a shear layer of fluid (air or water) at the leading edge, and this shear layer forms two strong counter-rotating vortices on either side of the wing.1−5 These leading-edge (LE) vortices are critical to the generation of lift, as they produce a large suction peak on the surface. Under certain conditions, the LE vortices are prone to undergo a change in their coherent structure. The vortex expands around the core, slows down axially, and forms either a bubble or a spiral, with the spiral form being more predominant at Reynolds numbers of interest to aircraft designers. This change, called vortex burst or breakdown, is dependent on the aspect ratio of the wing, angle of attack, pressure gradient, yaw angle, and swirl angle of the vortex, among others.6−8 Delta wings have evolved over the years and are now used primarily in the form of leading-edge extensions on many fighter aircraft. As these aircraft become more and more maneuverable, the understanding of the physics of time-dependent unsteady flows is becoming more important. The vortex burst has such a detrimental effect on the lift generation of delta wings that it is important to correctly model the flow, predict it with accuracy, and control the movement of the burst location. If accurate computational models of these maneuvers are to be developed, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in vortex bursting and mixing on the lee side of the delta wing. This is true of so-called “hyperagile” maneuvers (like the Cobra maneuver), where research has been intense.9−13 The behavior of the burst location is sensitive to yaw. Aircraft performing the Cobra maneuver (or other high-angle-of-attack maneuvers) can be unstable in yaw.14−17 Sometimes, the wake of an aircraft’s forebody can have vortices at very high angles of attack.18 In other cases, close proximity of the delta wing to the wake of another aircraft would subject the delta to an external vortical flow. This inspired the authors to consider the effect of an impingement from another set of vortices upon the delta-wing’s leading-edge vortices. Because a von Karman vortex street has a well-known behavior,
Self‐awareness and the emergence of mind in primates

To date humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans are the only species which have been shown capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors. Several species of macaques have now been provided with years of continuous exposure to mirrors, but they still persist in reacting to their reflection as if they were seeing other monkeys. Even gibbons (apes) and gorillas (great apes) seem incapable of learning that their behavior is the source of the behavior depicted in the image. Most primates, therefore, appear to lack a cognitive category for processing mirrored information about themselves. The implications of these data for traditional views of consciousness are considered briefly, and a recent attempt to develop an operant analog to self-recognition is critically evaluated. Finally, an attempt is made to show that self-awareness, consciousness, and mind are not mutually exclusive cognitive categories and that the emergence of self-awareness may be equivalent to the emergence of mind. Several indices of "mind" which can be applied to nonhuman species are discussed in the context of an attempt to develop a comparative psychology of mind.
Laparoscopic removal of an Angelchik prosthesis

The use of Angelchik prosthetic rings for the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease has been associated with frequent complications, including dysphagia and migration, erosion, or disruption of the ring. Although reports of the laparoscopic insertion of Angelchik rings have been published, there have been no descriptions of the laparoscopic removal of rings inserted at open laparotomy. Our group recently removed an Angelchik ring laparoscopically in an 80-year-old woman with progressive, refractory dysphagia and esophageal narrowing due to an Angelchik ring originally placed in 1981 via an upper midline incision at open operation. Upper endoscopy and dilatation had failed to provide symptom relief. An extensive adhesiolysis was performed laparoscopically, and the Angelchik ring was dissected free from the proximal stomach, diaphragm, and liver. The fibrous pseudocapsule enclosing the ring was divided, and the prosthesis was removed from around the esophagus and abdominal cavity. Intraoperative upper endoscopy confirmed resolution of the esophageal stricture. There were no intraoperative complications, and the patient was discharged home on the 3rd postoperative day tolerating a regular diet. Postoperatively, she experienced resolution of her dysphagia and complained only of mild reflux symptoms, which were easily controlled with famotidine and antireflux precautions. This case suggests that laparoscopic removal of Angelchik prosthetic rings is feasible for surgeons familiar with advanced laparoscopic procedures of the esophageal hiatus and should be considered for symptomatic patients, even if the ring was inserted via an open operation.
New PARP targets for cancer therapy

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) modify target proteins post-translationally with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) or mono(ADP-ribose) (MAR) using NAD(+) as substrate. The best-studied PARPs generate PAR modifications and include PARP1 and the tankyrase PARP5A, both of which are targets for cancer therapy with inhibitors in either clinical trials or preclinical development. There are 15 additional PARPs, most of which modify proteins with MAR, and their biology is less well understood. Recent data identify potentially cancer-relevant functions for these PARPs, which indicates that we need to understand more about these PARPs to effectively target them.
Basic Mechanisms of Threshold-Voltage Instability and Implications for Reliability Testing of SiC MOSFETs

A review of the basic mechanisms affecting the stability of the threshold voltage in response to a bias-temperature stress is presented in terms of the charging and activation of near-interfacial oxide traps. An activation energy of approximately 1.1 eV was calculated based on new experimental results. Implications of these factors, including the recovery of some bias-temperature stress-activated defects, for improved device reliability testing are discussed.
Iron-sulfur clusters and protein structure of Azotobacter ferredoxin at 2.0 A resolution.

Abstract Details of the structures of the [3Fe-3S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters in Azotobacter ferredoxin are presented. The structures are derived from crystallographic refinement of the protein structure (106 amino acids, 12,680 Mr. X-ray diffraction data were collected using the tetragonal crystal form, space group P4 3 2 1 2, a = 55·22 A , c = 95·20 A , Z = 1 and V m = 2·86 A 3 / dalton . The structure has been refined using the restrained least-squares method of Hendrickson & Konnert (1980). The R value is 0·262 for 1199 Fe, S, protein and water oxygen atoms with a Δdr.m.s. from ideality for bond distances of 0·032 A. The refinement reveals an extensive water structure; 344 water oxygens out of approximately 740 in the asymmetric unit have been refined with B ⩽ 40 A 2 . The composition of the 3Fe center is refined as [3Fe-3S](Sγ)5(Oxo). The sixth, non-cysteinyl and non-protein ligand to iron, Oxo, refines as a solvent oxygen (water or hydroxyl) and is not the side-chain of glutamate 18. The cluster displays a slightly puckered twist-boat conformation with distorted tetrahedral co-ordination about each Fe center. Displacements of inorganic sulfur from the plane of the three Fe atoms are +0·2, +0·5 and −0·5 A. The Fe … Fe distances are 4·18, 4·08 and 3·97 A, with a standard deviation of σ 1 ∼- 0·1 A . Angles at inorganic sulfur are 131 °, 126 °, 113 °, with σa = 5 °. The [4Fe-4S](Sγ)4 cluster has average bond distances and angles and interatomic dimensions similar to the [4Fe-4S](Sγ)4 clusters in high-potential iron protein (Carter, 1977a), and Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin (Adman et al., 1976). The Fe-S core appears to display compression about a 4 axis analogous to that observed for [4Fe-4S]2+ protein clusters and [Fe4S4]2+ synthetic analog clusters (Holm & Ibers. 1977). A description of the protein structure is given in terms of symmetry or asymmetry in the polypeptide folding, Fe-S cluster ligation, charge distribution, and hydration by the water structure. The intramolecular (hydrogen-bonding) and intermolecular (crystal packing) interactions are summarized. The protein environments of the Fe-S clusters are described.
Localization of Non-Relativistic Particles

This paper is a contribution to the problem of particle localization in non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics. Our main results will be (1) to formulate the problem of localization in terms of invariant subspaces of the Hilbert space, and (2) to show that the rigged Hilbert space incorporates particle localization in a natural manner.
Friends or Foes? A Review of Peer Influence on Self-Care and Glycemic Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

databases and personal archives for studies meeting our criteria. 24 articles were included in the final review. Results Qualitative studies revealed that teens believe peers have an impact on diabetes behaviors, but quantitative findings are inconclusive. We found more evidence that social conflict was harmful than social support was helpful. Associations were more likely in studies that measured specific support and specific self-care variables. Studies addressing how individual differences interact with social context had promising findings. Conclusions The literature linking peer relations to diabetes outcomes is mixed. Future research should consider moderator variables, expand the conceptualization of peer relationships, and consider interactions between person and social context.
Dynamic Load Balancing for High-Performance Simulations of Combustion in Engine Applications

The chemical task in internal combustion engine simulations concerns with the solution of a non-linear stiff system of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) per each cell of a discretization grid representing engine geometry. The computational cost of the above task, when a detailed kinetic scheme is used, is dominating in engine simulations. Due to local physical-chemical conditions, each system of ODEs is characterized by local numerical properties (such as stiffness), therefore local adaptive solvers are usually employed for its efficient solution. We developed an MPI-based combustion parallel solver for efficient solution of the chemical task in engine simulations within parallel environment. In this context, we propose a cell distribution based on a dynamic load balancing algorithm, using a strategy which preserves contiguousness of the computational grid cells. Efficiency of our approach is shown for parallel simulations of realistic Diesel engines, when different sizes of the discretization grid and different operative conditions of the engine are used.
A two-element, electrically small Yagi antenna

In this paper, we present the design for a two-element, closely-spaced, small Yagi structure to achieve high gain. The element design is based on a small folded spiral. All of the antenna dimensions are optimized by using a genetic algorithm (GA) and the Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC). The antenna is designed for 900MHz and the prototype of the monopole version of the antenna is constructed and measured. The occupied volume of the antenna is 0.066lambda x 0.095lambda x 0.095lambda (or 5.9e-4 lambda3). The maximum realized gains of the antenna from simulation and measurement are found to be 9.5dB and 8.8dB, respectively.
RF CMOS on high-resistivity substrates for system-on-chip applications

The use of a high-resistivity substrate extends the capability of standard digital CMOS technology to enable the integration of high-performance RF passive components. The impact of substrate resistivity on the key components of RF CMOS for system-on-chip (SoC) applications is discussed. The comparison includes the transistor, transmission line, inductor, capacitor and varactor, as well as the noise isolation. We also discuss the integration issues including latch-up and well-well isolation in a 0.35-/spl mu/m Cu metal pitch, 0.1-/spl mu/m-gate-length RF CMOS technology.
DNA recombination through assembly graphs

Motivated by DNA rearrangements and DNA homologous recombination modeled in [A. Angeleska, N. Jonoska, M. Saito, L.F. Landweber, RNA-guided DNA assembly, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 248(4) (2007), 706-720], we investigate smoothings on graphs that consist of only 4-valent and 1-valent rigid vertices, called assembly graphs. An assembly graph can be seen as a representation of the DNA during certain recombination processes in which 4-valent vertices correspond to the alignment of the recombination sites. A single gene is modeled by a polygonal path in an assembly graph. A polygonal path makes a ''right-angle'' turn at every vertex, defining smoothings at the 4-valent vertices and therefore modeling the recombination process. We investigate the minimal number of polygonal paths visiting all vertices of a given graph exactly once, and show that for every positive integer n there are graphs that require at least n such polygonal paths. We show that there is an embedding in three-dimensional space of each assembly graph such that smoothing of vertices according to a given set of polygonal paths results in an unlinked graph. As some recombination processes may happen simultaneously, we characterize the subsets of vertices whose simultaneous smoothings keep a given gene in tact and give a characterization of all sequences of sets of vertices defining successive simultaneous smoothings that can realize complete gene rearrangement.
Multithreaded isosurface rendering on SMPs using span-space buckets

We present in-core and out-of-core parallel techniques for implementing isosurface rendering based on the notion of span-space buckets. Our in-core technique makes conservative use of the RAM and is amenable to parallelization. The out-of-core variant keeps the amount of data read in the search process to a minimum, visiting only the cells that intersect the isosurface. The out-of-core technique additionally minimizes disk I/O time through in-order seeking, interleaving data records on the disk and by overlapping computational and I/O threads. The overall isosurface rendering time achieved using our out-of-core span space buckets is comparable to that of well-optimized in-core techniques that have enough RAM at their disposal to avoid thrashing. When the RAM size is limited, our out-of-core span-space buckets maintains its performance level while in-core algorithms either start to thrash or must sacrifice performance for a smaller memory footprint.
Effect of Crumb Rubber Particle Size and Concentration on Performance Grading of Rubber Modified Asphalt Binders

This study evaluates two aspects of the performance related Superpave binder specification methodology: (1) the applicability of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) to crumb rubber modified binders, and (2) the effect of crumb rubber particle size and concentration on the higher temperature performance grading of rubber modified asphalt binders. Results indicate that Superpave DSR test protocol is applicable to the modified binders used in this study. The average coefficient of variation for the different specimens thickness and replicate testing based on the measured property obtained was 6.2% and 6.5%, respectively. In general, the crumb rubber particle size did not affect the performance grading of the modified binders. A 7% crumb rubber modification increased the high temperature performance grading by one grade; whereas, the 14% crumb rubber modification increased the performance grading by two grades. For high temperature range, the unmodified and modified binders with the same performance grade appear to show similar characteristics.
Social Acceptance and Rejection: The Sweet and the Bitter

People have a fundamental need for positive and lasting relationships. In this article, we provide an overview of social psychological research on the topic of social acceptance and rejection. After defining these terms, we describe the need to belong and how it enabled early humans to fulfill their survival and reproductive goals. Next, we review research on the effects of social rejection on emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and biological responses. We also describe research on the neural correlates of social rejection. We offer a theoretical account to explain when and why social rejection produces desirable and undesirable outcomes. We then review evidence regarding how people cope with the pain of social rejection. We conclude by identifying factors associated with heightened and diminished responses to social rejection.
Distributed Tests: An ARMY Perspective

At the heart of Network Centric Warfare is the ability for all assets on the battlefield to communicate and coordinate their actions. Therefore, as these systems are being developed they must be tested and evaluated together along with other assets in a networked environment. The key requirement to conducting this type of Test and Evaluation (i.e., distributed testing) is having the necessary expertise to combine networking, security, high performance computing (HPC), and simulation experience as needed. The Army began preparation for testing in a distributed environment more than a decade ago when the Army Test and Evaluation Command created the Virtual Proving Ground. An outgrowth of this technology investment was a series of increasingly complex distributed test events or exercises whose purpose was to provide technology integration points and demonstrate and document the capabilities and methodologies for conducting distributed testing. The experience gained in performing these exercises over the past ten years, raises important questions regarding interoperability of network-centric assets, performance of spatially separated systems (especially those involving Hardware-in-the-Loop (HWIL) assets) and high bandwidth requirements such as video and audio streaming feeds. This paper seeks to expound on a few of these issues as observed from the most recent tests as observed from the US Army Redstone Technical Test Center (RTTC). The latest exercise, Distributed Test Event 5 (DTE-5), occurred in August/September of 2005.
When Does Cognitive Functioning Peak? The Asynchronous Rise and Fall of Different Cognitive Abilities Across the Life Span:

Understanding how and when cognitive change occurs over the life span is a prerequisite for understanding normal and abnormal development and aging. Most studies of cognitive change are constrained, however, in their ability to detect subtle, but theoretically informative life-span changes, as they rely on either comparing broad age groups or sparse sampling across the age range. Here, we present convergent evidence from 48,537 online participants and a comprehensive analysis of normative data from standardized IQ and memory tests. Our results reveal considerable heterogeneity in when cognitive abilities peak: Some abilities peak and begin to decline around high school graduation; some abilities plateau in early adulthood, beginning to decline in subjects’ 30s; and still others do not peak until subjects reach their 40s or later. These findings motivate a nuanced theory of maturation and age-related decline, in which multiple, dissociable factors differentially affect different domains of cognition.