cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food Hardship and Child Behavior Problems among Low‐Income Children

Using data from two waves of a panel study of families that currently receive or recently received cash welfare benefits, this article examines the relationship between food hardship and behavior problems for two different age groups (3–5 years and 6–12 years). Results show that food hardship is positively associated with externalizing behavior problems for the older children even after controlling for parental stress, warmth, and depression. Food hardship is positively associated with internalizing behavior problems for the older group of children, and with both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems for the younger group of children. These effects are mediated by parental characteristics. Results suggest that practitioners who work with children should screen for food hardship as a potential source of behavior problems.
12. Exposure to acute stress modifies plasma exosomes capable of improving host defense to bacterial challenge

Exosomes, biologically active nanoparticles (40–100 nm) released by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, contain a variety of proteins and small, non-coding RNA known as microRNA (miRNA). Exposure to various pathogens and disease states modifies the composition and function of exosomes, but recent studies reveal that the acute stress response can also evoke in vivo exosomal changes in the absence of disease. The present study demonstrates that exposing male Fisher 344 rats to an acute stressor modulates proteins and miRNA in their circulating plasma exosomes, specifically up-regulating heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) and decreasing miR-142-5p and −203 expression. The selected miRNAs and Hsp72 are associated with immunomodulatory functions and are likely a critical component of stress-enhanced immunity. Further, we demonstrate that some of these stress-induced modifications in plasma exosomes are mediated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (ADRs), since drug-mediated blockade of the receptors significantly attenuates the stress-induced modifications of exosomal Hsp72 and miR-142-5p. Moreover, in vivo analysis reveals that administering rats stress modified plasma exosomes improves their inflammatory response to subcutaneous injections of Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared to rats administered non-stressed plasma exosomes or saline. Together, these findings suggest that activation of the acute stress response potentiates innate immunity by modifying the proteomic and miRNA profile of exosomes released into the circulation. Supported by NSF IOS 1022451.
Diabetes induced decrease in detrusor smooth muscle force is associated with oxidative stress and overactivity of aldose reductase.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Bladder dysfunction is one of the complications of diabetes. We determined whether diabetic induced bladder dysfunction is associated with decreased detrusor smooth muscle contractility, hyperglycemia induced over expression of aldose reductase (AR) and increased sorbitol production. In addition, we compared oxidative stress in the detrusor smooth muscle in diabetic rabbits with that in normal rabbits by estimating lipid peroxidation.Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in New Zealand White, age matched male rabbits by intravenous injection of alloxan (100 mg/kg body weight). Normal and sucrose drinking rabbits served as controls. Six months after the induction of diabetes rabbits with a blood glucose level of 400 mg/dl or higher were sacrificed and detrusor smooth muscle tissue was isolated. Detrusor was analyzed for force generation, lipid peroxidation products using malondialdehyde as a biomarker, and AR expression and function by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction ...
Process-Centered Group Supervision

This article will present an experientially focused, process-centered approach to group supervision that may be used in practice and fieldwork settings, as well as in the classroom. The approach is derived from a combination of relational psychoanalytic theory, rooted in interpersonal and object relations theory, and social constructionism. Beginning with a review of the concepts of acting out, projective identification, and parallel process, this article will examine how these concepts are applicable to process-centered group supervision. A detailed description of the approach will be provided, along with a review of the group guidelines. Through actual case vignettes of two process-centered supervisory sessions, elements of transference and countertransference occurring between and among participants will be identified, and their utility for supervision and practice will be examined.
Donor specific bone marrow cells suppress lymphocyte reactivity to donor antigens and differentially modulate TH1 and TH2 cytokine gene expression in the responder cell population

Abstract Previous studies have shown that post-transplantation infusion of donor specific bone marrow following a non-specific potent immunosuppressive agent such as antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) can significantly enhance graft survival compared to ALG alone. This enhancement remains variable and is thought to occur through the induction of specific partial tolerance to the renal allograft, but the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been clearly identified. In order to improve the efficacy of this specific immunosuppressive treatment and to study the events leading to enhanced allograft survival, we sought to establish a simple in vitro model based on a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). we show that cellular poliferation seen in a normal MLR can be suppressed by addition of donor specific bone marrow cells (BMC). Significantly, this suppression is not observed with either third party BMC or donor specific peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We have defined the optimum conditions of bone marrow infusion regarding number of BMC, their handling and culture, and simple enrichment procedures. Using a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, we have studied the cytokine gene expression in MLR modulated by donor specific BMC. In an unmodified allogeneic response, the responder cells show increased expressed of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gamma-interferon IFN-γ and receptor (IL2R) mRNA, and no IL-10 mRNA. When responder cells are cultured with BMC of the stimulator, there is a 256-fold decrease in IL2 mRNA, and a 64-fold decrease in IFN-γ and IL-24 mRNA. There is also a 64-fold increase in IL-10 mRNA. This effect is even more marked when the BMC are depleted of CD3 + cells. The kinetics of addition of donor specific BMC to the normal allogeneic MLR culture and specificity of the action of BMC are also elucidated. Our data suggest that the enhancement of graft survival observed with donor BMC may operate through decreased proliferation of reactive T cell clones (due to decreased IL-2/IL-2R) and suppressed monocyte functions (due to decreased IFN-γ and increased IL-10 gene expression).
FERRITE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW ALLOY DUPLEX STEELS

The purpose of this communication is threefold. 1) To confirm the presence of and to characterize the precipitates in the ferrite phase of the base + Nb and base + Mo steels, 2) to study any possible variation in precipitate density as the martensitic volume fraction is changed and 3) to determine the level of precipitation strengthening.
Tissue drug concentration determines whether fluorescence or absorption measurements are more sensitive in diffuse optical tomography of exogenous contrast agents

The measurement sensitivities of absorbing and fluorescing objects in tissue are compared to determine conditions for which fluorescence data are favorable over those derived from absorption. A simulated human breast volume was used to model the relative perturbation in boundary data caused by a deeply embedded anomaly containing elevated concentrations of theoretical exogenous contrast agents with absorption properties resembling lutetium texaphyrin (LuTex) and Indocyanine Green (ICG). Synthetic data were used to produce quantum yield values representing the transition between conditions favorable to fluorescence versus absorption imaging. The parameters explored include tumor-to-background contrast, background drug concentration, and excitation light filtering efficiency. Drug concentration in the background was the primary factor that determined which contrast mechanism provided the more sensitive measurements. Specifically, fluorescence measurements are favorable if background drug concentrations are below 135-200 nM for LuTex and 25-50 nM for ICG, while absorption measurements are more sensitive above these ranges.
Infection control and cost control in the era of managed care.

During the past several years, major changes have occurred in the way in which health care is provided and financed. One of the outcomes of these changes has been a greater emphasis on providing quality health care at a low cost. This has led many healthcare facilities to question the necessity of all expenditures and to reduce spending when at all possible. Many healthcare facilities have solicited the services of consulting groups to provide recommendations regarding cost-containment strategies appropriate for their particular institution.
Simulation analysis with group screening

Abstract Simulation of systems involve a number of factors or variables which act and interact to produce an output. When these factors are small in number the experimenter can control them effectively to obtain an optimal output, but when the number of factors increases then efforts to control all the factors effectively also increases and leads to wastage of resources and away from optimality. Very often in a system where a number of factors are involved only a few of them actively involve in producing the output. Therefore it is the interest of the researcher to detect those active factors, and experimental design is frequently applied. The detecting process is called as screening. Screening can done by factorial designs such as 2K (full factorial design) or by 2k-p (fractional factorial design). Even by the fractional factorial method, one might still need to run too many experiments. It is desired to accomplish the screening process in as few number of runs as possible using random balance design, super saturated design or group-screening. Of these methods group-screening has been identified by researchers such as Mauro, Smith, etc. as the most efficient tool. In this research we study the usage of group-screening method as a simulation analysis tool while improving the method from earlier researches. Performance and results are studied and provided in form of response surface figures and tables.
Allelopathic Potential of Various Plant Species on Downy Brome: Implications for Weed Control in Wheat Production

Allelopathy, the ability of plants to inhibit germination of other plants, is an untapped resource for weed control in crops that could revolutionize organic crop production. The main objective of the study was to evaluate allelopathic potential of various plant species on downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), a major pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To screen for potential allelopathy, plants were grown to flowering stage in a greenhouse, separated into shoots and roots, dried, and ground. Five percent aqueous extracts (w/v) were prepared by extracting 5 g of dried, ground plant samples with 100 mL of deionized water. Downy brome seeds were germinated on extract-amended sand. Extracts from most plant species tested inhibited downy brome and wheat seed germination. Extracts from broadleaf plants were more inhibitory than extracts from cereal plants. In most plant species, shoot extracts were more inhibitory to growth of the root and shoot of downy brome than root extracts. Meadowfoam seed meal (Limnanthes alba Hartw.), yard-long bean [Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruw.], blue spruce (Picea pungens pungens Engelm), and pine (Pinus spp.) extracts, which completely inhibited the germination of downy brome seed, have the potential for use in the control of downy brome in wheat-based cropping systems. Meadowfoam seed meal extract inhibited wheat germination by 77% and root and shoot growth by 97 and 96%, respectively. Radishes reduced wheat germination by 75 to 100%, root growth by 54 to 80% and shoot growth by 45 to 81%. Plants evaluated in this study have the potential to be used for biologically based weed control methods in organic cropping systems.
On the analysis of the Raman internal modes of crystalline polyethylene

Abstract The Raman internal modes of a set of polyethylenes have been analyzed in order to quantitatively evaluate their phase structures. Samples were prepared that covered as wide a range in crystallinity level as possible. Four different methods were used to analyze the spectra. One involved the manual decomposition of the spectra, another a computer programmed decomposition. Two methods were used to approximate the Raman band shapes. In one, a combination of 60% Gaussian and 40% Lorenztian functions were used. In the other, an arbitrary combination of these two functions was chosen so as to give the best fit. It was found that all four methods gave essentially the same results. Thus, the criticism of the manual method was unwarranted. We have also confirmed previous results that the density determined level of crystallinity is equal to the sum of the core crystallinity and interfacial levels.
Psychosocial implications of pediatric surgical hospitalization

The prevalence of childhood surgical illness and injury requiring hospitalization suggests the need for implementation of an applied intervention to decrease levels of anxiety in these patients. When psychological concerns are not addressed in the present moment, potential for long-term negative psychological effects occur. To respond to the psychosocial needs of pediatric surgical patients it is important to understand foundational stages of development. Age is not always directly correlated with developmental stage and attunement to this subtle differentiation is essential. Some medical facilities offer services to pediatric surgical patients that include education about upcoming procedures as well as medical play which offers the opportunity to express emotions correlated with the hospitalization experience. This approach is directive in nature and controls the process of making sense of the medical environment. An alternative is Child Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) which creates an outlet for any emotions the children choose to express. CCPT offers comprehensive mental health care through a developmentally-appropriate, undirected intervention carried out by a mental health therapist and has been shown to reduce perceived and actual psychological trauma, anxiety, and behavioral issues in children preparing for surgery.
Lack of neurochemical evidence for neurotoxic effects of repeated cocaine administration in rats on brain monoamine neurons

Rats were injected with cocaine (20 mg/kg, s.c. or i.p. twice daily for 8 days) or saline and killed at 1, 8, 15 or 48 days after the last injection. The concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, assayed by HPLC-EC, in frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons-medulla and spinal cord were not significantly different from those in the saline-injected controls at any of the time points examined. These data suggest that the repeated cocaine administration in rats does not produce any long-term depletion in brain catecholamine and 5-HT content suggesting no neurotoxic effects of the drug.
Using the Entire Manual: A Proposal for the Integrated Presentation of Technical Writing Information

Instructors in the field of technical writing must incorporate an ever increasing amount of information into their courses. They can save time and stretch the teaching potential of individual assignments by devising writing situations that combine different audiences and purposes. Such situations force students to perceive the writing activity as an integrated whole and make them evaluate different ways to present the same information. The lessons suggested in this article demonstrate the interrelationships between report types and rhetorical approaches, and they allow oral activities to arise naturally. The lessons do not interfere with the philosophical choices that an instructor has made about the proper approach to teaching report writing.
Using sexual appeals in advertising to sell cosmetic surgery: A content analysis from 1986 to 2007.

This study provides an account of how sexual appeals are used to promote cosmetic surgery. A content analysis of advertisements appearing between 1986 and 2007 in large city magazines reveals that advertisements position surgery as a means of boosting sex-esteem, and enhancing one’s sexual attractiveness, a pattern different from that of branded consumer products and services. Invasive procedures such as liposuction and breast augmentation are the top procedures advertised with sexual appeals and most advertisements feature nude or partially-nude white female models. The findings help expand knowledge about cosmetic surgery advertising, how sex is used to sell an ideal beauty standard attainable through invasive medical services, and the use of sexual content in a new context, that of medical-related advertising for cosmetic surgery.
Impact of various conditions on the efficacy of dual carbapenem therapy against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

The efficacy of dual carbapenem therapy under various conditions, including increased MIC, different immune status and treatment duration and use of a higher ertapenem dose, was evaluated in a murine thigh model. Three KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with different phenotypic profiles were used. Human-simulated doripenem and ertapenem doses were given alone or in combination. Three isolates were tested over 24 h in immunocompetent and immunocompromised ICR mice. Two of the isolates were also evaluated over 72 h in neutropenic mice. High-dose ertapenem regimens were also evaluated. The efficacy of combination therapy was enhanced in the immunocompetent model over the neutropenic model (P 0.05). The beneficial effects of dual carbapenem therapy and potential difference in efficacy based on doripenem MICs are evident at 24 h in an immunocompetent setting. Within a neutropenic setting, enhanced efficacy with combination therapy may only be evident with continued therapy. Dual carbapenem regimens may represent a promising option for infections caused by KPC-producing isolates, particularly when the MIC is low.
Association of bacterial infection and red blood cell transfusion after coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract Background . Previous studies have shown an association between red blood cell transfusions (RBC) and bacterial infections following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. We sought to assess whether there is an independent effect of RBC on the incidence of bacterial infections. Methods . This was a prospective cohort study of 533 CABG patients over a 7-month period. Subjects were followed from time of CABG until 30 days postoperatively. Data were collected on patient and treatment characteristics, surgical management, and transfusion incidence. Results . Seventy-five (14.1%) of 533 patients developed a bacterial infection. After controlling for patient and disease characteristics, invasive treatments, surgical time, and the transfusion of other substances, the adjusted rates of bacterial infection were 4.8% for no RBC transfusion, 15.2% with one to two units, 22.1% with three to five units, and 29.0% with greater than or equal to six units, ( p trend p Conclusions . RBC transfusions were independently associated with a higher incidence of post-CABG bacterial infections. The risk of infection increased in proportion to the number of units of RBC transfused.
TH‐C‐332‐07: Dual Energy Contrast‐Enhanced Breast Computed Tomography: A Phantom Study

Purpose: To investigate lesion enhancement with iodinated contrast material using dual energy breast computed tomography(CT).Method and Materials: The dual energy cone‐beam breast CT system consisted of a flat panel detector and an x‐ray tube installed on an optical bench. The x‐ray tube voltage and x‐ray beam filtration were switched at 30 Hz between 50 kVp (2.0‐mm Al filter) and 120 kVp (2.0‐mm Al + 0.8‐mm Ag filtration). A cylindrical breast phantom was constructed from polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and filled with oil and shredded PMMA. Five known concentrations of iodine (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 mgI/ml) were embedded in the phantom. The images were reconstructed with a Feldkamp filtered‐back‐projection algorithm. Dual energy subtraction was used to eliminate the contrast of oil and PMMA to enhance iodine signals. Results: The low energy scan could not distinguish PMMA and iodine concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mgI/ml. The high energy image could not distinguish PMMA and iodine concentration of 8 mgI/ml. After subtracting the PMMA, all five concentrations of iodine could be clearly visualized on the dual energy CTimage. The dual energy iodine signal (CTDE) and the iodine concentration (CI) were related by CT DE = 70 C I + 423 (R = 0.998 and SEE=15.26) Conclusion: Dual energy contrast‐enhanced breast CT can potentially improve lesion.
Increased expression of Ero1L-alpha in healing fetal wounds

Background: Adult mammalian tissues heal injury to the skin with formation of scar; this process quickly seals an injured area, however, excessive scar formation can become a source of persistent pathology, interfering with multiple vital functions. In contrast, mammalian fetal tissue can heal without scar formation. We previously sought to model scarless healing in a rabbit fetal skin wound and identified gene products differentially expressed during fetal wound healing through PCR suppression subtractive hybridization (PCR SSH). One of these transcripts, previously identified simply as clone 11, showed putative increased expression in wounded fetal skin. This study establishes its identity as Ero1L-alpha and confirms its elevated expression in healing fetal wounds. Findings: After obtaining further sequence by 5’ rapid amplification of cloned ends (RACE) we find that clone 11 is Ero1L-alpha. We determined that clone 11, a differentially expressed transcript in fetal wound healing, comprises the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of an approximately 4 kb transcript in rabbit tissues that corresponds to Ero1Lalpha. We showed that Ero1L-alpha is expressed predominantly as two transcripts in rabbit skin, namely a 1.6 kb transcript and the 4.0 kb transcript recovered in our PCR SSH screen via its 3’ UTR sequence. However, a third transcript of 2.9 kb was also detected in Northern blots and was subsequently cloned and confirmed by 3’ RACE. Knockdown of the clone 11 sequence in rabbit adult fibroblasts via siRNA resulted in significantly decreased Ero1Lalpha message expression. Increased expression of clone 11 (Ero1L-alpha) in a variety of cell types during the wound healing response was also confirmed by in situ hybridization. Conclusions: Ero1L-alpha is one of the previously unknown clones identified in a PCR SSH screen for genes differentially expressed in fetal wounded tissue. In situ hybridization confirms that Ero1L-alpha shows increased expression in multiple cell types after wounding of the fetal integument.
Muscarinic Supersensitivity and Impaired Receptor Desensitization in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 5-Deficient Mice

Abstract G protein–coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is a member of a family of enzymes that phosphorylate activated G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR). To address the physiological importance of GRK5-mediated regulation of GPCRs, mice bearing targeted deletion of the GRK5 gene (GRK5-KO) were generated. GRK5-KO mice exhibited mild spontaneous hypothermia as well as pronounced behavioral supersensitivity upon challenge with the nonselective muscarinic agonist oxotremorine. Classical cholinergic responses such as hypothermia, hypoactivity, tremor, and salivation were enhanced in GRK5-KO animals. The antinociceptive effect of oxotremorine was also potentiated and prolonged. Muscarinic receptors in brains from GRK5-KO mice resisted oxotremorine-induced desensitization, as assessed by oxotremorine-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding. These data demonstrate that elimination of GRK5 results in cholinergic supersensitivity and impaired muscarinic receptor desensitization and suggest that a deficit of GPCR desensitization may be an underlying cause of behavioral supersensitivity.
Near-thermal multi-charged ion interactions with hydrogen

Abstract Extensions of a method are discussed for studying charge transfer from hydrogen atoms to multi-charged ions stored at energies near 1 eV in a Penning ion trap. These extensions include spin-dependent charge transfer, electron spin-exchange between polarized hydrogen atoms and multi-charged ions, and laser excitation of the 2 3 S2 3 P transitions of low Z helium-like ions for the purpose of ion detection.
Language Distance and Communication Efficiency in MNCs: Moderating Role of Convergence

When a firm conducts business across borders to exploit location, scale or scope economies, it inevitably encounters nontrivial costs of language communication that can dissipate the value that it ...
Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on a new low-band-gap polymer: Morphology and performance

Abstract Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have gained much attention in the past few years due to their potential as a low cost photovoltaic technology. The state-of-the-art power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been improved to 7% regime by the recent development of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene based low-band-gap polymers. This paper reports a new low-band-gap polymer with alternating thieno[3,4-b]thiophene and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene units for applications in BHJ solar cells. By optimizing the nano-scale morphology with DIO (1,8-diiodooctane) additive, the PCE of BHJ solar cells based on this new polymer has been improved dramatically from 1.4% to 4.8%. The correlation between photovoltaic performance and film morphology has been established for this new polymer/fullerene system.
The use of the o-nitrophenyl group as a protecting/activating group for 2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucose.

Abstract The o -nitrophenyl group, a protecting group with latent activation potential, was used as a protecting group for the glycosidic position. It is stable to common conditions used in synthesis and can be activated for displacement and glycoside formation by an alcohol, using zinc chloride as a catalyst. Good to excellent yields of β-glycosides of the important amino sugar N -acetylglucosamine were obtained. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed.
Radiographic patterns of PLH/LIP in HIV positive children.

A retrospective study was performed of the radiographic patterns of the lungs in children being followed in the Children's Hospital Aids Program (CHAP). The most consistent finding was a diffuse reticulonodular pattern in the lungs. In addition, lung consolidation, either isolated or in combination with nodules, was noted. There was variation in presentation of the nodules, and prominent linear patterns were frequently encountered. Biopsy specimens of the lungs of these patients demonstrated a correlation between the presence of PLH/LIP and the various radiographic patterns. The lymphoid infiltration of PLH was occasionally observed in a circumferential peri-bronchiolar pattern suggesting an association with the prominant linear patterns on the films.
Pseudotumor Cerebri Associated With Corticosteroid Withdrawal in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

We treated two patients with Crohn's disease and one patient with ulcerative colitis who developed headache, papilledema, and intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) during corticosteroid withdrawal. One had four separate episodes with corticosteroid withdrawal, which suggested a causal relationship. This association between pseudotumor cerebri and corticosteroid withdrawal has been documented in children, but is rare in adults with inflammatory bowel disease.
Patterned Fluorescent Particles as Nanoprobes for the Investigation of Molecular Interactions

Fluorescent colloidal particles, fabricated by depositing a thin gold film on one side of the particle, show intensity fluctuation (blinking) under an optical microscope because of their rotational Brownian motion. Interactions between molecules immobilized on the surfaces of the particle and the solid substrate restrict the rotation of the particle, thus modulating the intensity fluctuations. Because we can obtain the time-dependent rotational angle from the fluorescent intensity, we can use the intensity signals to investigate the weak interactions between unlabeled molecules by analyzing the angular distribution of the particle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an optical measurement of the rotations of nanoparticles and the first attempt at using such a technique to study molecular interactions.
CFD Analysis of a T-38 Wing Fence

Abstract : A computational study of the effects of a wing fence on the T-38 Talon was performed. RANS simulations were conducted using the CFD solver AVUS to examine the flow around the T-38 and the fence at a Reynolds number of 10 million. The T-38 was modeled as a half aircraft with a symmetry plane down the center line and did not include the empennage. The engine inlet and exhaust were modeled as sink and source boundary conditions using mass flow and pressure specifications. Two fence geometries placed 26" from the wing tip were tested. The first fence, called a simple fence, ran chordwise on the upper surface of the wing. It did not produce significant benefits. The second fence geometry, called the extended fence, wrapped around the leading edge of the wing and produced a 4.9% increase in the lift coefficient at 15 degrees angle of attack. It was found that the vortices generated by the fence energized the flow outboard the fence, increasing lift. The extended fence generated vortices significantly stronger than the simple fence, resulting in a higher lift coefficient at 15 degrees angle of attack. These findings indicate that the T-38 high angle of attack performance would be improved by the addition of an extended wing fence.
Extending Djokovićʼs lattice reduction algorithm to include isotropic lattices

Abstract Let k be any field of characteristic not equaling 2. Djokovic showed that every anisotropic k [ x ] -lattice has a reduced basis which enabled Gerstein to complete the classification of definite k [ x ] -lattices. This paper extends Djokovicʼs reduction algorithm to include the isotropic case.
Binocular three-dimensional perception through stereoscopic generation from rotating images.

Rationale and Objectives. The authors evaluated the clinical utility and potential applications of a binocular three-dimensional (3D) image display in diagnostic radiology. Materials and Methods. Rotating video displays of computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic, and digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) image data were used to generate stereoscopic image displays with a 3D appearance. Eight physicians viewed and scored eight skeletal and eight vascular-interventional studies with a planar display mode and a cathode ray tube. Each physician then viewed the 3D display of the same data and assessed the change in image findings, as well as any corresponding changes in level of diagnostic confidence. Results. Image findings changed in 78 (61%) of the 128 studies after viewing the 3D displays. In 94 (73%) of all 128 studies, the interpreters reported increased confidence in their perception of the findings. Results for the vascular-interventional and skeletal cases were generally very similar. Conclusion. Binocular 3D stereoscopic displays from rotating images were reported to provide better image conceptualization and a higher degree of confidence in the findings on the images.
Intuition in decisions

To maintain and sustain competitive work organizations, leadership is necessary to help organizations develop a new vision, and rapidly manage organizational change to position themselves for pursuit of the new vision. Leaders need competent and motivated employees to serve as the catalysts of change as the workforce is mobilized to shift gears and adapt to a changing environment. Part of the changing environment is the Internet and the global economy where the speed of communications and business transactions has increased tremendously. It leaves decisive leaders with no choice in extraordinary circumstances other than to make decisions without all of the data and the time to consult with others. This paper summarizes relevant literature and analyzes some previously suggested foundations for intuitive knowledge. It offers a simplification of these presumed sources and suggests what education, leadership development and self‐development might do to bring about planned improvement in intuitive decision‐making. It concludes with some implications for the future.
Radon Progeny Particle Growth in the Simulated Environment of the Respiratory Tract

To determine the magnitude of induced particle growth of radon progeny, a simulator was constructed to create and maintain conditions similar to those prevailing in the respiratory tract. During testing, the conditioned metal simulator was connected to a radon chamber in which different test aerosols were mixed with radon progeny. The exhaust rate from the radon chamber and through the simulator test chamber ranged from 0.1 to 0.15 m3 / min. The residence time of the radon progeny attached to the test aerosol in the air space of the simulator ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 min. To measure particle growth, alternate tests were made in the simulator and in a second test chamber identical to the simulator but without the water. Particle size was measured with diffusion batteries and growth was determined from the difference in the activity median diameters of the radon progeny measured in the two test chambers. The results from tests using different aerosols showed average particle growth factors of 1.5 for room air...
SU-E-J-153: Tracking Respiratory Motion in CBCT Projection Images Using an Integrated Optical Flow (IOF) Method

Purpose: To introduce and evaluate a new method for automatically extracting respiratory phase information directly from CBCT or tomosynthesis projection data. Methods: In the proposed method, the Black and Anandan dense optical flow is computed in the longitudinal direction between a fixed region of interest (ROI) extracted from each projection image in a free‐breathing CBCT scan and its nearest chronological neighbor. The optical flow values are integrated over time to yield a respiratory signal curve. Free‐breathing CBCT projection data from several thoracic and abdominal subjects were used to the compare the integrated optical flow (IOF) method with the “ground truth” signals measured by manually tracking the motion of internal anatomy landmarks (e.g., the diaphragm). Finally, phase information from the proposed technique was used to reconstruct exhalation and inhalation tomosynthesisimage sets, for comparison with free‐breathing tomosynthesisreconstructions of the same subjects.Results: The proposed integrated optical flow (IOF) method yielded respiratory motion curves whose phase information agreed well with measured data. However, the IOF amplitudes showed strong chronological trends, due to changing projection geometry. Furthermore, the IOF method sometimes required an adjustment of the ROI location part‐way through the scan due to the rotational motion. Phase‐based tomosynthesisreconstructions using only projections near the full‐inhale or full‐exhale phases (as determined via the automated IOF method) exhibited the expected trends, with internal anatomy and target tumor locations clearly distinguished by phase, and often more clearly visible than in the full free‐ breathing reconstructions, which contain far more motion blurring Conclusions: The proposed IOF method is an effective way to automatically sort free‐breathing CBCT projection data into respiratory phase bins for phase‐based 4D tomosynthesis or CBCTreconstruction. Future work will focus on automatic relocation of the ROI and de‐trending of the IOF measures using estimations from the free‐breathing CBCT or planning CT.
A comparison of municipal forest benefits and costs in Modesto and Santa Monica, California, USA

Abstract This paper presents a comparison of the structure, function, and value of street and park tree populations in two California cities. Trees provided net annual benefits valued at $2.2 million in Modesto and $805,732 in Santa Monica. Benefit-cost ratios were 1.85:1 and 1.52:1 in Modesto and Santa Monica, respectively. Residents received $1.85 and $1.52 in annual benefits for every $1 invested in management. Aesthetic and other benefits accounted for 50% to 80% of total annual benefits, while expenditures for pruning accounted for about 50% of total annual costs. Although these results were similar, benefits and costs were distributed quite differently in each city. Variations in tree sizes and growth rates, foliation characteristics, prices, residential property values, and climate were chiefly responsible for different benefits and costs calculated on a per tree basis.
Design and evaluation of main memory hash join algorithms for multi-core CPUs

The focus of this paper is on investigating efficient hash join algorithms for modern multi-core processors in main memory environments. This paper dissects each internal phase of a typical hash join algorithm and considers different alternatives for implementing each phase, producing a family of hash join algorithms. Then, we implement these main memory algorithms on two radically different modern multi-processor systems, and carefully examine the factors that impact the performance of each method.Our analysis reveals some interesting results -- a very simple hash join algorithm is very competitive to the other more complex methods. This simple join algorithm builds a shared hash table and does not partition the input relations. Its simplicity implies that it requires fewer parameter settings, thereby making it far easier for query optimizers and execution engines to use it in practice. Furthermore, the performance of this simple algorithm improves dramatically as the skew in the input data increases, and it quickly starts to outperform all other algorithms.
A MATLAB® function for Network Environ Analysis

Network Environ Analysis is a formal, quantitative methodology to describe an object's within system ''environ''ment [Patten, B.C., 1978a. Systems approach to the concept of environment. Ohio Journal of Science 78, 206-222]. It provides a perspective of the environment, based on general system theory and input-output analysis. This approach is one type of a more general conceptual approach called ecological network analysis. Application of Network Environ Analysis on ecosystem models has revealed several important and unexpected results [see e.g., Patten, B.C., 1982. Environs: relativistic elementary particles or ecology. American Naturalist 119, 179-219; Patten, B.C., 1985. Energy cycling in the ecosystem. Ecological Modelling 28, 1-71; Fath, B.D., Patten, B.C., 1999a. Review of the foundations of network environ analysis. Ecosystems 2, 167-179], which have been identified and summarized in the literature as network environ properties. To conduct the analysis one needs ecosystem data including the intercompartmental flows, compartmental storages, and boundary input and output flows. The software presented herein uses these data to perform the main network environ analyses and environ properties including unit environs, indirect effects ratio, network homogenization, network synergism, network mutualism, mode partitioning, and environ control. The software is available from The MathWorks MATLAB^(R) Central File Exchange website (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadCategory.do).
An Institutional Analysis of the Design and Sequence of Trade and Investment Policy Reform

Countries vary in their political commitment to change and in the capability of their bureaucracies. Policies vary in their organizational and political demands. These institutional variations can be incorporated into the design of trade and investment policy reform. In virtually all countries the presumption should be for reforms to dismantlenot reconfigure-restrictive entry rules and dysfunctional discretionary investment incentives. But there is no single approach, common across countries, through which trade policy reform sbould proceed. Countries with weak administrative capabilities should push import liberalization to the limits. But politically constrained countries with a stronger administrative capability might consider roundabout reforms that secure outward orientation without full-scale, prior import liberalization. During the past decade, it has become apparent that efforts to reform trade and investment policy in developing countries have had uneven results. A number of studies have sought to account for this uneven record by going beyond the narrow concerns of the optimal design of economic policies. One approach, reviewed by Paul (1990), has been to highlight problems in "implementation" as the source of weaknesses and to imply that these can be overcome by improving institutional capability. A second approach, exemplified by the burgeoning literature on neoclassical political economy (Colander 1984; Rodrik 1992) has been to probe into the underlying political determinants of a country's ability and willingness to adopt and implement trade and investment policy reforms. Taken alone, each of these approaches is too narrow. Countries vary both in their political commitment to change and in the organizational capability of public bureaucracies. Moreover, policies vary significantly in their organizational as well as political demands. It follows that the mix and sequence of reforms should be quite different in countries where the political commitment to policy reform is strong but organizational capabilities are relatively weak than in countries that have strong organizational capabilities but only limited political commitment to reform. This article illustrates in some detail how these crosscountry variations in institutional capabilities can be most effectively incorporated into the design and sequencing of programs of trade and investment policy reform.
Finding the Sweet Spot for Donor Lymphocyte Infusions

In this issue of Biology of Blood and Marrow Trans-plantation, Krishnamurthy et al. [1] report very favorableclinical outcomes after preemptive donor lymphocyte infu-sion (pDLI) or therapeutic donor lymphocyte infusion (tDLI)in patients with low levels of donor chimerism or relapseddisease, respectively, after allogeneic hematopoietic stemcell transplantation (HSCT). Patients were conditioned withregimens containing alemtuzumab or antithymocyte glob-ulin, producing in vivo T cell depletion (TCD). Thirty-two of62 patients (52%) received pDLI within 6 months, and thesepatients had a 5-year overall survival of 80% and an event-free survival of 65%. Fifty-one patients with relapsed orpersistent disease who received tDLI had a 5-year overallsurvival of 40%. Survival was better in patients who receivedtDLI at more than 6 months after HSCTcompared with thosewho did so at less than 6 months after HSCT.Thesurprisingresultsfromthisstudy,inwhichmorethanhalf of the patients received pDLI within 6 months afterundergoing HSCT, are the relatively low incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD; 31% after pDLI versus 45% aftertDLI) and the low rate of GVHD-related deaths (3% after pDLIversus2%aftertDLI).Furthermore,only7deaths(11%)duetodisease relapse occurred in the patients who received pDLI,despite the low number of donor T cells in the DLI (mediandose, 1.5 10
Alterations in hepatic microcirculation, mitochondrial redox state and tissue oxygenation after trauma and sepsis

Abstract Introduction: Hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction and mismatch of blood supply to metabolic demand play an important role in liver failure after stress. Here, we assessed hepatic microcirculation in response to the vasoregulator Endothelin-1 (ET-1) after femur fracture (FFx) and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We hypothesized that sequential stress causes hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction leading to altered mitochondrial redox state and tissue PO2 (tPO2). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–300 g, n = 4/groups) underwent sham surgery, FFx, CLP and FFx+CLP. Using intravital microscopy, hepatic microcirculation was assessed by sinusoidal volumetric flow (pL/sec) and perfusion index (PI, pL/sec/200μm). Changes in hepatic mitochondrial redox state and liver tPO2 were determined by NADH autofluorescence (AU, arbitrary unit) and ruthenium (Ru, AU) fluorescence, respectively. Western blot analysis was used to determine ETA/ETB receptor protein expression (AU). Differences among groups were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. Results: After 10 minutes of intraportal ET-1 infusion, liver microcirculation was altered in CLP and FFx+CLP groups ( Table , values are mean ± SE). TABLE—ABSTRACT 24 . Group Flow PI NADH Ru ETA ETB Sham 21 ± 3 160 ± 19 109 ± 7 177 ± 5 0 ± 0 9 ± 3 FFx 19 ± 1 155 ± 15 101 ± 10 148 ± 8 0 ± 0 38 ± 8 CLP 9 ± 2 ∗ 69 ± 14 ∗ 153 ± 10 ∗ 190 ± 6 ∗ 0 ± 0 36 ± 16 FFx+CLP 5 ± 0.8 ∗ 28 ± 4 ∗ 160 ± 12 ∗ 202 ± 7 ∗ 52 ± 8 § 58 ± 12 § ∗ p § p Sequential stress also led to increased NADH and Ruthenium fluorescence intensity, indicating a reduction in O2 availability. Vasoactive receptor proteins ETA and ETB were upregulated after injury. Conclusion: Our data suggest that sepsis and sequential stress result in liver microcirculatory disturbances leading to altered global hepatic perfusion, and contribute toward a reduction in O2 supply. These changes in the liver microcirculation, mediated in part by Endothelin-1, may play an important role in the development of liver failure after inflammatory stress.
Pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxic, mitogenic, and endocrine-disrupting activities in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound that has been widely used as a biocide in several industrial, agricultural, and domestic applications. Although it has been shown to induce systemic toxicity and carcinogenesis in several experimental studies, the literature is scarce regarding its toxic mechanisms of action at the cellular and molecular levels. Recent investigations in our laboratory have shown that PCP induces cytotoxicity and transcriptionally activates stress genes in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells [1]. In this research, we hypothesize that environmental exposure to PCP may trigger cytotoxic, mitogenic, and endocrine-disrupting activities in aquatic organisms including fish. To test this hypothesis, we carried out in vitro cultures of male channel catfish hepatocytes, and performed the fluorescein diacetate assay (FDA) to assess for cell viability, and the Western Blot analysis to assess for vitellogenin expression following exposure to PCP. Data obtained from FDA experiments indicated a strong dose-response relationship with respect to PCP cytotoxicity. Upon 48 hrs of exposure, the chemical dose required to cause 50% reduction in cell viability (LD50) was computed to be 1,987.0 + 9.6 μg PCP/mL. The NOAEL and LOAEL were 62.5 + 10.3 μg PCP/mL and 125.0+15.2 μg PCP/mL, respectively. At lower levels of exposure, PCP was found to be mitogenic, showing a strong dose- and time-dependent response with regard to cell proliferation. Western Blot analysis demonstrated the potential of PCP to cause endocrine-disrupting activity, as evidenced by the up regulation of the 125-kDa vitellogenin protein the hepatocytes of male channel catfish.