cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of NR2A subunit does not alter NMDA-evoked responses in cultured fetal trisomy 16 mouse hippocampal neurons.

The trisomy 16 (Ts16) mouse is an animal model for human trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). The gene encoding the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor has been localized to mouse chromosome 16. In the present study, western blot analysis revealed a 2.5-fold increase of NR2A expression in cultured Ts16 embryonic hippocampal neurons. However, this increase did not affect the properties of NMDA-evoked currents in response to various modulators. The sensitivity of NMDA receptors to transient applications of NMDA, spermine, and Zn2+ was investigated in murine Ts16 and control diploid cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons. Peak and steady-state currents evoked by NMDA were potentiated by spermine at concentrations < 1 mm, and inhibited by Zn2+ in a dose-dependent and voltage-independent manner. No marked difference was observed between Ts16 and control diploid neurons for any of these modulators with regard to IC50 and EC50 values or voltage dependency. Additionally, inhibition by the NR2B selective inhibitor, ifenprodil, was similar. These results demonstrate that NMDA-evoked currents are not altered in cultured embryonic Ts16 neurons and suggest that Ts16 neurons contain similar functional properties of NMDA receptors as diploid control neurons despite an increased level of NR2A expression.
Sortase A-mediated multi-functionalization of protein nanoparticles

We report here a new strategy to enable fast, covalent, and site-directed functionalization of protein nanoparticles using Sortase A-mediated ligation using functional proteins ranging from monomeric to large tetrameric structures. Easy purification of the modified E2 nanoparticles is achieved by functionalization with a thermo-responsive elastin-like-peptide. The resulting protein nanoparticles remained intact and active even after repeated phase transitions, suggesting their use in biocatalysis, biosensing, and imaging applications.
A Kantorovich-type analysis for a fast iterative method for solving nonlinear equations

Abstract We revisit a fast iterative method studied by us in [I.K. Argyros, On a two-point Newton-like method of convergent order two, Int. J. Comput. Math. 88 (2) (2005) 219–234] to approximate solutions of nonlinear operator equations. The method uses only divided differences of order one and two function evaluations per step. This time we use a simpler Kantorovich-type analysis to establish the quadratic convergence of the method in the local as well as the semilocal case. Moreover we show that in some cases our method compares favorably, and can be used in cases where other methods using similar information cannot [S. Amat, S. Busquier, V.F. Candela, A class of quasi-Newton generalized Steffensen's methods on Banach spaces, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 149 (2) (2002) 397–406; D. Chen, On the convergence of a class of generalized Steffensen's iterative procedures and error analysis, Int. J. Comput. Math. 31 (1989) 195–203]. Numerical examples are provided to justify the theoretical results.
The effects of vinylic and allylic fluorine substitution in iso‐butylene

Molecular orbital calculations using the 3-21G basis set have been performed for iso-butylene (IB; 2-methyl-1-propene), difluoro-iso-butylene (DFIB; 1,1-difluoro-2-methyl-1-propene), hexafluoro-iso-butylene (HFIB; 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene), and perfluoro-iso-butylene (PFIB; 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1-propene). The effects of fluorine substitution were studied by comparison of several calculated quantities of the fluorinated compounds with those of IB. Through an analysis of the computed electron density distributions, it is suggested that a vinylic fluorine acts as a π acceptor, by electron transfer into the CF bond, and a π repeller, by polarization of the adjacent π electrons. An allylic fluorine acts as a π attractor through electrostatic effects, although in HFIB a minor contribution from hyperconjugation was evident. Finally, electrostatic potentials for the molecules were calculated. These show that fluorine substitution has large effects on the electrostatic potential associated with the π electrons. These effects change the sign of the calculated electrostatic potential in the plane containing the π bond to such an extent that PFIB is quite susceptible to nucleophilic attack.
Digital photography as a tool to measure school cafeteria consumption.

Background: Assessing actual consumption of school cafeteria meals presents challenges, given recall problems of children, the cost of direct observation, and the time constraints in the school cafeteria setting. This study assesses the use of digital photography as a technique to measure what elementary-aged students select and actually consume from school cafeteria meals. Methods: Before and after still digital photographs were taken of labeled trays for every lunch served to elementary students over 4 lunch periods. Two analysts visually estimated the amount of each item consumed from every tray, and those estimates were compared to evaluate interrater reliability. Results: Collection of photographic data was rapid and did not disrupt the busy elementary cafeteria setting. Analysts’ estimates of consumption levels of meal components (main and side dishes) were within 10% of each other in 92% of the cases. Only 0.2% of items could not be analyzed due to children playing with food or otherwise obstructed photographs. Conclusions: Digital photography offers researchers and school food service personnel a highly accurate and cost-effective tool to measure actual consumption of school cafeteria meals. Data collected through this method can be evaluated by simple counts of servings of produce or other food groups or by more detailed analyses of nutritional composition.
Protocol for the "Michigan Awareness Control Study": A prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing electronic alerts based on bispectral index monitoring or minimum alveolar concentration for the prevention of intraoperative awareness

Background The incidence of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall is 1-2/1000 cases in the United States. The Bispectral Index monitor is an electroencephalographic method of assessing anesthetic depth that has been shown in one prospective study to reduce the incidence of awareness in the high-risk population. In the B-Aware trial, the number needed to treat in order to prevent one case of awareness in the high-risk population was 138. Since the number needed to treat and the associated cost of treatment would be much higher in the general population, the efficacy of the Bispectral Index monitor in preventing awareness in all anesthetized patients needs to be clearly established. This is especially true given the findings of the B-Unaware trial, which demonstrated no significant difference between protocols based on the Bispectral Index monitor or minimum alveolar concentration for the reduction of awareness in high risk patients.
Combinations of Figure Drawing Characteristics Related to the Drawer's Self Concept

Abstract Measurements on 27 graphic traits purported to be clues to the personality of the drawer were obtained from the figure drawings produced by 213 sixth grade Ss. Multiple correlation indicated a significant relationship among all traits and self concept Q sort scores. Of the 27, 7 variables were found by multiple regression to account for 35.3 per cent of the variance; 1) abnormal placement, 2) large head, 3) ears absent (male drawings only), 4) buttons absent, 5) heels present, and 6) if the drawer was a male. Achievement test scores accounted for 15.6 per cent of the variance. It was suggested that the presence of the six variables might tentatively be used to hypothesize that the drawer may have low self concept, especially if the drawer has low achievement scores, but that data from other sources should be used to check such a hypothesis.
Tobler's First Law of Geography: A Big Idea for a Small World?

A s one of 13 geographers elected into the U.S. National Academy of Sciences after World War II, Waldo Tobler's contributions to geography are well known. The late Peter Gould (1979) even remarked ...
Full length article: Comparative analysis of single-channel direction finding algorithms for automotive applications at 2400 MHz in a complex reflecting environment

This paper presents an amplitude-based single-channel direction finding system for automotive applications and compares its performance against two different phase-based single-channel direction finding algorithms in a complex reflecting environment (parking garage) at 2400 MHz. All three direction finding algorithms utilize a multi-element receiving antenna array placed at two locations on a vehicle. The received complex electric fields at each antenna element within the receiving antenna array are used as inputs to the three direction finding algorithms, resulting in a direction of arrival estimate. The results from this research provide insightful information on the performance of various direction finding algorithms as a function of complex reflecting environment, transmitter height, receiving antenna array location, number of receiving antenna elements and pass rate acceptance criteria.
Simple Measures of Function and Symptoms in Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients Predict Short-Term Cardiac Event-Free Survival

Background. Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent chronic condition where patients experience numerous uncomfortable symptoms, low functional status, and high mortality rates. Objective. To determine whether function and/or symptoms predict cardiac event-free survival in hospitalized HF patients within 90 days of hospital discharge. Methods. Inpatients (N = 32) had HF symptoms assessed with 4 yes/no questions. Function was determined with NYHA Classification, Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), and directly with the short physical performance battery (SPPB). Survival was analyzed with time to the first postdischarge cardiac event with events defined as cardiac rehospitalization, heart transplantation, or death. Results. Mean age was 58.2 ± 13.6 years. Patient reported ADL function was nearly independent (5.6 ± 1.1) while direct measure (SPPB) showed moderate functional limitation (6.4 ± 3.1). Within 90 days, 40.6% patients had a cardiac event. At discharge, each increase in NYHA Classification was associated with a 3.4-fold higher risk of cardiac events (95% CI 1.4-8.5). Patients reporting symptoms of dyspnea, fatigue, and orthopnea before discharge had a 4.0-fold, 9.7-fold, and 12.8-fold, respectively, greater risk of cardiac events (95% CI 1.2-13.2; 1.2-75.1; 1.7-99.7). Conclusions. Simple assessments of function and symptoms easily performed at discharge may predict short-term cardiac outcomes in hospitalized HF patients.
Signaling Pathways Mediated by the β2-adrenergic Receptor in the Fibroblast: A Novel Role for PI 3-kinase☆

The progression of heart failure is characterized by matrix proteins, transforming growth factor (TGF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). a number of diverse cellular abnormalities that result in decreased ventricular function. In order In experimental animal models, infusion of AngII promoted increased intramyocardial fibrosis that to preserve cardiac output and peripheral tissue perfusion, the heart initially undergoes a series was attenuated by treatment with the AngII receptor type 1 (AT-1) antagonist Losartan, while of compensatory changes such as left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy. In time, however, inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and AT-1 prevented cardiac fibrosis associated with cardiac function declines to a decompensated state that is characterized by chamber dilation and inmyocardial infarction. Transgenic mice deficient in AT-1 showed reduced cardiac fibrosis and left creased vascular resistance. On a cellular level, understanding the signal transduction pathways ventricular remodeling, as well as improved survival following myocardial infarction compared to that are involved in the eventual transition to heart failure has become an area of intense interest. wild-type mice. Most importantly, treatment of heart failure patients with ACE inhibitors or AT-1 While a considerable focus has been placed on the signaling events involved in cardiomyocyte receptor antagonists have shown clinical benefit in the form of reduction of both mortality and morhypertrophy, another key determinant leading to myocardial dysfunction is interstitial fibrosis charbidity, which may be the result of modulating interstitial fibrosis in addition to the benefits of acterized by excessive fibroblast infiltration and proliferation accompanied by increased collagen lowering systemic blood pressure. The pathways by which AngII induces mitogenic deposition. The cumulative effects of changes occurring in the myocytes and increased fibrosis ulsignaling pathways differ depending on the cell type. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is induced by timately impair the ability of the ventricle to pump blood efficiently. AngII signaling through the AT-1 receptor coupled to G q, resulting in activation of Raf-1, extracellular Angiotensin II (AngII) plays a major role in cardiac remodeling by affecting both cardiosignal-regulated protein kinase (ERKs), and protein kinase (PK) C-dependent pathways. In the cardiac myocytes and cardiac fibroblasts. In the myocyte, AngII has been shown to promote hypertrophy. fibroblast, the subunit of the G i protein appears to be required for transducing the signal from the AngII also induces proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and the expression of a number of pro-fibrotic AT-1 receptor to the ERKs independent of protein kinase C activation. Instead, a calcium-dependent mediators, including production of extracellular
Computerised versus handwritten records.

The death of Victoria Climbie highlighted the worst possible consequences of inadequate record keeping. A serious case review raised concerns about the quality of record keeping in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a large UK children's hospital and an audit was undertaken to compare the standard of handwritten nursing records in the PICU with that of the computerised nursing records in the high dependency unit (HDU). Record keeping in both PICU and HDU was found to be sub-standard in many respects. Both types of record keeping have their faults but the computerised system can potentially compensate for some of the errors and omissions that were apparent in the handwritten records. Nurses require regular training to reinforce record keeping knowledge and skills: this has been incorporated into the hospital's mandatory training programme.
Case Study Using Online Homework in Undergraduate Organic Chemistry: Results and Student Attitudes

Managing student needs for effective learning in a large-enrollment, introductory organic chemistry course can be a challenging task. Because instructor time is at a premium, it is imperative to find resources that engage the students in active learning and provide them with feedback about their understanding of course content. Appropriately designed online homework systems can provide this level of engagement. Here we describe our experience with using the Sapling Learning online homework system in an organic chemistry course for prepharmacy majors. Based on the literature describing the effectiveness of online homework in general chemistry and other courses, we hypothesized that student engagement in the online homework would be associated with students’ performance in the course, but that studying with the textbook problems would provide a greater benefit because the material was more sophisticated. We found that engagement in using the system was positively correlated with course grade, and that stude...
THE SACRED MOUNTAIN IN SOCIAL CONTEXT. SYMBOLISM AND HISTORY IN MAYA ARCHITECTURE: TEMPLE 22 AT COPAN, HONDURAS

Did Mesoamerican temples really symbolize sacred mountains? If so, what accounts for their varying forms across space and time? Through a socio-historical and iconographic approach, it is now becoming possible to explain the social and historical factors for why design in ancient Maya temples varied. Using these methods, this paper reconstructs and reinterprets one famous “sacred mountain” in the Maya region: Temple 22, at Copan, Honduras, dedicated by king Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil in a.d. 715. Since 1998, the author has led a project to conserve, document, analyze, and hypothetically reconstruct thousands of sculptures from the building's collapsed facades. In design and symbolism, the building probably represented not just a mountain, but the Maya universe. In its more specific historical context, Temple 22 was designed as royal rhetoric to affirm order at a disorderly moment, and used both traditional and innovative forms to assert Copan's leading role on the boundary of the Maya world.
How heterogeneity in the shear dilation of a deposit controls the mechanics of breaching slope failure

Breaching is a type of retrogressive submarine slope failure associated with pore pressure drops in both space and time, and this drop strengthens the failing deposit. Breaching is characterized by a near-vertical failure surface that retreats with a relatively constant velocity, on the order of a millimeter per second. Breaching is controlled by interactions between shear-dilation-generated pore pressure drops and pore pressure dissipation through intergranular fluid flow. Laboratory measurements show that shear dilation in a deposit increases with increasing effective stress ratio between the major principal effective stress and the minor principal effective stress as well as decreasing confining stress. We present a two-dimensional numerical model that indicates how effective stress ratio and confining stress produce spatially varying dilation, affecting the mechanics of breaching. Experimental results show that dilation in a breaching deposit increases with proximity to the failure surface. As a result, the maximum magnitude of pore pressure drop is very close to the failure surface. The numerical model confirms that the sediment release is dominated by pore pressure dissipation through intergranular fluid flow in the horizontal direction. This allows the erosion rate to be treated as a constant in the vertical direction. Numerical model results also show that because dilation decreases with increasing vertical depth, the deposit becomes less stable with depth, suggesting a potential upper limit for the thickness of the deposit undergoing breaching.
Effects of lossy compression on lesion detection: Predictions of the nonprewhitening matched filter

The nonprewhitening matched filter (NPWMF) was used to study the effect of wavelet-based lossy image compression on lesion detectability. Two classes of images, representing lesion-present and lesion-absent cases, were generated by simulation techniques. The performance index, d a , of the NPWMF was calculated from the reconstructed images of the two classes and was used as an objective measure for quantifying signal detectability. The effect of compression on detectability was analyzed by defining signal amplitude, signal size, and noise amplitude at a constant d a . Since human observer studies directly correlate with the performance index d a , the effect of signal parameters on compression ratios could be evaluated. For example, a signal with 7 pixels in diameter and an amplitude of 10 that was compressed at a ratio of 4.6:1, and a signal of the same size with an amplitude of 15 but compressed at a ratio of 24.3:1, both had a d a of 4.1, implying identical detectability. Similar results for other combinations of signal and noise parameters, but at constant d a , can be used to analyze the effect of compression on detectability without requiring human observer studies.
Pet Ownership, Social Interest, and Sociability

This investigation concerned the effects of subjects' sex and pet ownership condition on social interest and sociability, for college students (33 men, 53 women). Women scored higher than men on so...
Online training and educational games for malaria diagnosis

Abstract Background Optical microscopy for malaria diagnosis is a time-consuming task that requires trained diagnosticians to manually scan blood-smear slides. In resource-constrained settings, such diagnostic services are often limited by a lack of staff and inadequate training for these workers. With our BioGames platform, we aim to provide distributed biomedical image analysis using crowd-sourcing, telepathology, and a gold-standard image library for the training of diagnosticians. We have developed a web-based training game that teaches players to identify malaria-infected red blood cells. Here, we test whether an untrained crowd of gamers could collectively approach the diagnostic accuracy of trained diagnosticians. Methods We combined the diagnoses of the untrained crowd using a maximum a posteriori estimator and compared them with the diagnoses of an expert diagnostician. Additionally, we generated an image library by using an expectation-maximisation algorithm to combine the positive (infected), negative (uninfected), and questionable (where the image does not provide sufficient information to make a reliable diagnosis) diagnoses of a group of nine expert diagnosticians. Findings We showed that the BioGames platform could combine the diagnoses of 989 untrained gamers to reach an accuracy of 98.13% of that of an expert diagnostician, with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity increasing with the number of crowd diagnoses per cell. Also, we generated a library of 2888 red blood cell images, with approximately 4% labelled positive and approximately 5% labelled as questionable, as collectively diagnosed by nine expert diagnosticians. On April 25, 2014 (World Malaria Day), we released this library as an educational training game for diagnosticians, where players diagnose a randomly selected set of approximately 500 cells in each game and receive a quantified score and feedback in the form of misdiagnosed cell images. Interpretation Platforms such as BioGames could provide crowd-sourced biomedical image-analysis services. Our method relies on machine-learning algorithms and, therefore, is expected to be even more accurate as the number of gamers and cell images increase. We plan to expand our image library with new microscopic images of thin/thick blood smears and to promote the widespread use of our digital educational tool for malaria diagnosis training. Funding None
Nutritional Support in Bloom's Syndrome: The Case for Aggressive Gastrostomy Tube Feeding. 609

Nutritional Support in Bloom's Syndrome: The Case for Aggressive Gastrostomy Tube Feeding. 609
Nuclear variations of quinuclidine substance P antagonists: 2-diphenylmethyl-1-azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-3-amines

Abstract The synthesis and SAR of a series of 1-azabicyclo[3.2.2] analogues of the nonpeptide substance P antagonist CP-96,345 are described. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the substance P receptor toward alterations in the nuclear structure of CP-96,345.
Analysis of Delta-Wing Vortical Substructures Using Detached-Eddy Simulation

An understanding of the vortical structures that comprise the vortical flowfield around slender bodies is essential for the development of highly maneuverable and high-angle-of-attack flight. This is primarily because of the physical limits these phenomena impose on aircraft and missiles at extreme flight conditions. Demands for more maneuverable air vehicles have pushed the limits of current computational fluid dynamics methods in the high-Reynolds-number regime. Simulation methods must be able to accurately describe the unsteady, vortical flowfields associated with fighter aircraft at Reynolds numbers more representative of full-scale vehicles. It is the goal here to demonstrate the ability of detached-eddy simulation (DES), a hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes/large-eddy-simulation method, to accurately model the vortical flowfield over a slender delta wing at Reynolds numbers above one million. DES has successfully predicted the location of the vortex breakdown phenomenon, and the goal of the current effort is to analyze and assess the influence of vortical substructures in the separating shear layers that roll up to form the leading-edge vortices. Very detailed experiments performed at ONERA using three-dimensional laser-Doppler-velocimetry measurement will be used to compare simulations utilizing DES turbulence models. The computational results provide novel insight into the formation and impact of the vortical substructures in the separating shear layers on the entire vertical flowfield.
Further studies on the behavior of some non-nitrogenous compounds with ninhydrin during automatic ion exchange chromatography

Abstract Automatic amino acid analysis of cherry extract revealed an unidentified ninhydrin peak. Fractions representing this peak were subsequently isolated and the contents characterized as a mixture containing glucose and fructose. Further investigations are presented on the behavior of a number of carbohydrates and related non-nitrogenous compounds on the amino acid analyzer. Certain differences in these findings and those in the literature are pointed out and discussed. Monomer-dimer relationship in solutions of glyceraldehyde and glycoaldehyde are demonstrated. The nature of the absorption curve resulting from the reaction of ninhydrin with some of the nitrogen-free compounds was examined. Possible anomalies between results obtained on the amino acid analyzer and the manual procedure are discussed. Results from this and previous studies reiterate earlier warnings on the hazards of interpretation of all ninhydrin peaks as products of nitrogen compounds.
Effects of 28 day exposure to cold temperature or feed restriction on growth, body composition, and expression of genes related to muscle growth and metabolism in channel catfish

Abstract Cold temperature decreases feed intake and growth of channel catfish, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with the growth depression remain unknown. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a 28-day exposure to cold temperature or feed deprivation at warm temperature on growth, physiological indices, and the expression of genes involved in muscle growth and metabolism. Juvenile channel catfish (initial mean weight 119.7 ± 8.0 g) were stocked into six 189-l tanks (20 fish per tank) with two replicate tanks for each of three treatments: Cold-fish reared at ≈ 10 °C and fed to excess once daily, Feed-Restricted-fish reared at ≈ 27 °C and deprived of food, and Control-fish reared at ≈ 27 °C and fed to excess once daily. Muscle and blood samples were collected on days 1, 14, and 28, and final body weight, organ weight, and fillet fat and moisture were collected on day 28. Plasma samples were analyzed for cortisol and creatine-kinase activity. Abundance of mRNAs encoding myostatin, myosin heavy chain (MHC), and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) in muscle was determined via real-time quantitative PCR. Final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and liposomatic index were highest in control fish, intermediate in cold treatment fish, and lowest in feed-deprived fish. Fillet fat was lower and fillet moisture was higher for feed-restricted fish than for cold and control fish. Cold treatment fish had a greater hepatosomatic index than either control or feed-deprived fish. On day 1 cold treatment fish had greater plasma cortisol concentrations than control fish. Creatine kinase activity was greater for cold and feed-deprived fish than for control fish on day 14. Myostatin mRNA abundance was lower for cold and feed-deprived treatment fish than for control fish on day 1. Myostatin and HSP-70 mRNA was increased on day 14 and day 28 in the cold treatment fish relative to the control or feed-deprived fish. MHC mRNA was increased in the cold treatment fish on day 14. Voluntary suppression of feed intake associated with cold water temperature and feed restriction at warm temperature both reduced growth in channel catfish, but patterns of gene expression in the two treatments were not similar.
Infecundity and consumption of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated fish.

Biologic capacity for reproduction, or fecundity, may be threatened by environmental contaminants, especially compounds capable of disrupting endocrine pathways. Telephone interviews that focused on reproductive events were conducted with female members of the New York State Angler Cohort Study who became pregnant between 1991 and 1993 and who reported known time to pregnancy (N = 895; 73%). Consumption of polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated Lake Ontario sportfish and other factors were ascertained in 1991. The authors classified the women as follows: (a) fecund (time to pregnancy 12 cycles; n = 81); or (c) having unresolved infecundity (time to pregnancy > 12 cycles without pregnancy; n = 94). Adjusted odds ratios for duration of fish consumption for both resolved and unresolved infecundity were elevated (1.46 and 1.19, respectively), although confidence intervals included unity. Frequency of recent fish consumption was associated with an increased risk for select categories, although confidence intervals included one.
Correlation analysis of CD-variation and circuit performance under multiple sources of variability

Variability of digital integrated circuits is becoming an increasing concern with shrinking transistor geometries due to process scaling. As a result, the electrical properties of MOS devices can exhibit significant deviation from their design specifications, causing substantial variation in the performance of high-end designs. Lithography perturbations can affect a number of layout geometries, although the most critical parameter for circuit performance is the transistor channel length or Critical Dimension (CD). Key sources of CD variation include dose, focus, lens aberration and mask errors. In this paper, we compare the impact of above sources of CD variation on circuit performance. We present a new design analysis methodology which models the CD variation from each individual source in static timing analysis for different circuit blocks. Using this analysis capability, we study the impact of lithographic perturbations on block-level circuit performance for two adders. Furthermore, we study the correlation between the CD variability resulting from a lithographic perturbation source, and the resulting circuit performance variability. Through this analysis we determine the suitability of CD variability as an accurate predictor for circuit performance.
Cardiac Pacing in the 1980s: Treatment and Techniques in Transition

Abstract The pacemaker of the 1980s is designed to maintain atrioventricular synchrony through dual-chamber pacing. This pacemaker is multiprogrammable and capable of telemetric transmission of biologic, electronic and electrophysiologic data. Several developments have made this therapeutic modality possible: 1) the cumulative survival rate of many lithium-battery pacemakers exceeds 95% at 5 years; 2) lead and connector problems are rare; 3) atrial and ventricular electrode malfunctions occur in less than 2% of implants; and 4) new introducer techniques have simplified implantation (mortality and major morbidity rates are 0.5 and 0.4%, respectively). With multiprogrammability, pacemaker function can be optimized for the patient's needs, and about 20% of reoperations can be avoided. Ninety-six dual-chamber (DDD) pacemakers, 55 of which have been followed up for more than 3 months, have provided trouble-free performance and have yielded salutary clinical results, particularly when implanted to replace previous ventricular inhibited units. Problems with these pacemakers have included unusual pacing electrocardiograms, pacemaker eccentricities, programmer maintenance, pacing and follow-up complexities and costs. In the 1980s, effort will be required to find a balance between rapidly evolving technology and the clinical need for complex pacing systems. From 1978 to 1981, the rate of pacemaker implantation grew from 309 to 513 implants per million population per year, and there are now approximately 500,000 patients with implanted pacemakers living in the United States. Indications for pacing are ill-defined, because in many cases the assessment of clinical response to pacing is largely subjective, lacking satisfactory quantitative indexes. This decade will be a time of reappraisal of the extent of clinical applicability of new techniques, particularly the multi-programmable dual-chamber system which, after 3 years of clinical trial, shows promise of being the predominant pacemaker of the immediate future.
Quantitative Estimates of the Effect of Lake Michigan on Snowfall.

Abstract A climatological study of snowfall in the snowbelts of Michigan shows that decade-average amounts varied by a factor of 2 during the period from 1909/10 through 1980/81. The effect of Lake Michigan on total winter snowfall along its shores has been estimated. A long-term average effect of ∼ +10% is found for the Wisconsin shore south of Sheboygan, and an average of ∼ +60% for the Michigan shore, south of Hart, with a minimum effect in the 1930s and a maximum in the 1960s.
Effect of Location and Type of Separating Load on Joint Clamp Load and Bolt Tension

This study investigates the change in the tension of a tightened bolt, and the corresponding change in the joint clamp load due to various forms of dynamic separating load that is placed at different distances from the bolt center. Dynamic finite element analysis is performed using ABAQUS on a single-bolt joint using a separating force in the form of a step, shifted sinusoidal, ramp, cyclic ramp and square functions. The separating force is symmetrically placed at locations (from the bolt center) that are equal to 2, 3, 4, and 5 times the nominal diameter of the bolt. Changes in the bolt tension and the clamp load are investigated for three levels of the peak separating load. Dynamic FEA results are compared with those of static separating loads.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Orientational transition in adsorbed methane films

The orientational transition in methane films adsorbed on graphite is studied in the mean-field approximation. The change in the critical temperature for small and large substrate fields is calculated and a comparison is made with previous Monte Carlo calculations. The transition is found to be in the universality class of the two-dimensional Ising model for both small and large fields.
Acidic coupling and aminolytic TFA cleavage approaches in a new synthesis of an l- m-sarcolysin containing antitumor tripeptide ester

Abstract l -prolyl- l -m-[bis(chloroethyl)amino]-phenylalanyl- l -norvaline ethyl ester hydrochloride, 4 (and its 3 H and 14 C doublylabeled version) was synthesized starting with reacting unprotected l -m-sarcolysin, 1 , with TFA-Pro-Cl in an acidic system to yield TFA-Pro- l -m-sarcolysin, 2 , which was transformed to the TFA-tripeptide ethyl ester, 3 . Selective aminolytic cleavage of the TFA group with butylamine in abs. ethanol, followed by neutralization with HCl gave 4 .
Are Harris Hip Scores and Gait Mechanics Related Before and After THA

Background Discordance between subjective and objective functional measures hinders the development of new ways to improve THA outcomes.
Biosynthesis of ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one. A novel oxygenative pathway

Abstract Specifically (tritium) labeled precursors (VIII, X, XIV, XV, and XVI), upon feeding to Penicillium rubrum , are incorporated into ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (IV) to the extent of 14.2, 4.5, 11.4, 16.3, and 5.5% respectively. Proof that the ergostane skeleton was incorporated intact was afforded by a chemical-biosynthetic cycle, the latter stages of which entailed reduction of isolated (IV) to ergosterone (VIII), followed by removal of the label through base-catalyzed exchange. A search of the growth medium of P. rubrum revealed the presence of nonartefactual ergosterol epidioxide (XIII) and ergosta-6,22-dien-3β,5α,8α-triol (XVIII). The incorporation data are consistent with a set of multiple pathways with no unique biosynthetic sequence apparent.
Factors influencing the process of internalization in psychotherapy.

Factors affecting the recall, forms, themes, and phenomenological properties of internalized representations of the psychotherapist and the psychotherapeutic relationship were investigated in a sample (n = 206) of both current and former patients. Subjects' responses on the Therapist Representation Inventory (TRI) indicated that representations of therapists are most likely to be evoked when painful affects are being experienced; that regardless of when therapy was terminated, the greater the number of therapeutic sessions attended, the greater the likelihood that patients will use representations of the therapist to continue the work of therapy following termination; and that among both current and former patients, positive therapeutic outcome is significantly associated with the tendency of representations to reflect a wish to continue the therapeutic dialogue. These findings indicate that the history and continuing influence of a psychotherapy relationship can be discerned in the functions and qualitie...
The Impact of Collaboration on the Outcomes of Scientific Argumentation.

This study examines three questions about the impact of collaboration during scientific argumentation. First, do groups craft better arguments than individuals? Second, to what degree do individuals adopt and internalize the arguments crafted by their group? Third, do individuals who work in groups learn more from their experiences than individuals who work on their own? To examine these questions, 168 high school chemistry students were randomly assigned, using a matched pair design to collaborative or individual argumentation conditions. Students in both treatment conditions first completed a task that required them to produce an argument articulating and justifying an explanation for a discrepant event. The students then completed mastery and transfer problems on their own. The results of this study indicate that (a) groups of students did not produce better arguments than students who worked alone, (b) a substantial proportion of the students adopted at least some elements of their group's argument, and (c) students from the collaborative condition demonstrated superior performance on the mastery and transfer problems. These observations indicate that collaboration was beneficial for individual learning but not for initial performance on the task. The study concludes with a discussion of these observations and recommendations for future research. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed93: 448–484, 2009
Initial clinical experience with a high-definition exoscope system for microneurosurgery.

Background Advances in rigid-lens telescope systems provide an alternative method for magnification and illumination that may replace or supplement the operating microscope. Objective To evaluate the clinical utility of an exoscope system as an alternative to the operating microscope. Methods A custom-designed 10-mm-diameter rigid-lens telescope with a focal distance of 20 cm was attached to a 3-chip high-definition digital camera and displayed on a high-definition video monitor during surgery. A pneumatic scope holder positioned the scope over the operative field. This system was used in 16 procedures. The optical quality of the device was compared with that of an operating microscope during each procedure via a data entry form that evaluated optical quality, ease of manipulation, and overall ability to perform surgery. Results The high-definition exoscope was used in 9 craniotomies, 6 spinal procedures, and 1 neurostimulator placement. Image quality was almost equal to that of the operating microscope in all cases. Surgeons felt that the lack of stereopsis with a monitor-based system was compensated for with repeated procedures, but the absence of true 3-dimensional viewing limited use in some cases. Scope repositioning was not as easy as the operating microscope counterbalance mechanism, and focusing was more cumbersome. These relative limitations minimized as experience was accumulated. Conclusions An exoscope has been developed for microneurosurgery with outstanding image quality and ease of manipulation that compares favorably with the microscope for many procedures. Refinement in the scope holder and the addition of 3-dimensional image display will improve user satisfaction. The current configuration is best suited for spinal neurosurgery and with refinement should have widespread application in neurosurgery.
Auger electron—photoion coincidence measurements of atoms and molecules using X-ray synchrotron radiation

Abstract As the availability of intense beams of hard X-rays from synchrotron-radiation sources has increased, interest in the fundamental interactions of X-rays with deep core electrons in free atoms and molecules has undergone a resurgence. These powerful X-ray sources have led to more highly differential measurements, providing ever more detailed information about atomic and molecular structure and dynamics. One such improvement in measurement technique is the application of electron—ion coincidence spectroscopy, which only recently has been extended to studies of deep core levels. A collaborative research program focusing on the dynamics of photoionization and Auger decay following hard X-ray absorption by atoms and small molecules, as well as subsequent fragmentation in the molecular case, has been ongoing at the National Synchrotron Light Source for the past few years. This report summarizes the capabilities of the program by reviewing results on argon near the K edge, and discusses briefly newer measurements on xenon and a few sulfur- and chlorine-containing molecules.
Fibrosis and myocardial ACE: Possible substrate and independence from circulating angiotensin II

Abstract In order to determine the relation between myocardial fibrosis and (1) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) binding density, (2) receptor binding of ACE-related peptides, angiotensin II (AngII) and bradykinin (BK), and (3) the regulation of myocardial ACE by circulating Ang II, we used in vitro quantitative autoradiography to localize and assess ACE ([ 125 I]351A), AngII receptor ( 125 I[Sar 1 , IIe 8 ]AngII), and BK receptor ([ 125 I]Tyr 8 ) binding densities in the rat myocardium. The experimental groups were (1) AngII (9 μg/h subcutaneously) or aldosterone (0.75 μg/h subcutaneously in uninephrectomized rats on a high-sodium diet) administered by implanted minipump to chronically increase or decrease circulating AngII, respectively, (2) unoperated, untreated age- and sex-matched control rats, and (3) age- and sex-matched uninephrectomized control rats on a high-sodium diet. In the same heart studied at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of hormone treatment, serial sections were assessed for myocardial (hematoxylin and eosin) and fibrillar collagen (picrosirius red) morphology. The authors found that (1) marked ACE binding was coincident with sites of fibrous tissue that appeared in both ventricles as either a perivascular fibrosis of intramyocardial coronary arterioles or microscopic scarring in response to AngII or aldosterone infusion, (2) ACE binding was independent of circulating AngII, (3) BK, not AngII, receptor binding density was markedly increased at fibrous tissue sites, and (4) high-density ACE and BK receptor binding were anatomically coincident. Thus, in these experimental models, ACE is related to fibrous tissue formation where it may use BK, not angiotensin I, as a substrate, and its binding density is independent of circulating AngII.
Field testing of collection and measurement of radioxenon for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, with guidance and support from the U.S. Department of Energy's NN-20 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Research and Development program, has developed and demonstrated a fully automatic sampler-analyzer (ARSA) for the collection and quantitative measurement of the four xenon radionuclides,131mXe (11.9 d),133mXe (2.19 d),133Xe (5.24 d), and135Xe (9.10 h), in the atmosphere. These radionuclides are important signatures in monitoring for compliance to a CTBT, and may have applications in stack monitoring and other areas where xenon radionuclides are present. The activity ratios between certain of these radionuclides permit discrimination between radioxenon originating from nuclear detonations and that from nuclear reactor operations, nuclear fuel reprocessing, or from medical isotope production and usage. With the ARSA system, xenon is continuously and automatically separated from the atmosphere at flow rates of about 100 lpm by sorption-bed techniques. Samples collected in 8 hours are automatically analyzed by electron-photon coincidence spectrometry to provide detection sensitivities as low as 100 μBq/m3 of air. This sensitivity is about 10-fold better than achieved with reported laboratory-based procedures1 for the short time collection intervals of interest. Gamma-ray energy spectra and gas analysis data are automatically collected.
The identification of a distributed parameter model for a flexible structure

A computational method is developed for the estimation of parameters in a distributed model for a flexible structure. The structure we consider (part of the RPL experiment) consists of a cantilevered beam with a thruster and linear accelerometer at the free end. The thruster is fed by a pressurized hose whose horizontal motion effects the transverse vibration of the beam. The Euler-Bernoulli theory is used to model the vibration of the beam and treat the hose-thruster assembly as a lumped or point mass-dashpot-spring system at the tip. Using measurements of linear acceleration at the tip, it is estimated that the parameters (mass, stiffness, damping) and a Voight-Kelvin viscoelastic structural damping parameter for the beam using a least squares fit to the data. Spline based approximations to the hybrid (coupled ordinary and partial differential equations) system are considered; theoretical convergence results and numerical studies with both simulation and actual experimental data obtained from the structure are presented and discussed.
The synthesis of butyronitrile from n-butanol and ammonia over rhodium (111) and (331) single-crystal surfaces

Abstract The rhodium (111) and (331) single-crystal surfaces selectively catalyze the formation of butyronitrile from n -butanol and ammonia without the production of other nitrogen-containing species. The reaction is found to be structure sensitive. The Rh (331) surface is three times more active in the ammonolysis reaction, but poisons faster and produces 8–10 times more cracking products than the Rh (111). Auger electron spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy results indicate that the reaction takes place on an overlayer which covers 95% of the total surface of the catalyst and contains C, N, and O. On the deactivated catalyst this layer contains more carbon. The mechanism of the reaction is independent of the surface structure of the rhodium catalyst since the apparent activation energies for the two surfaces are practically the same (21–22 kcal/mol). Most of our results are consistent with a model according to which the n -butanol is oxidized first to n -butanal which then reacts with ammonia and then possibly through an imine intermediate the butyronitrile is produced.
Accurate analytical self‐consistent field wave functions for Tm2+ and Tm3+

The analytical expansion self-consistent field method was employed to perform ab initio calculations for the ground states of the rare-earth ions, Tm2+, 4f13, 2F, and Tm3+, 4f12, 3H, (Z = 69). In each case the total number of basis functions used in the analytical expansions was 29, distributed as follows: 10, 8, 5, and 6, for the symmetries s, p, d, and f, respectively. All of the orbital exponents of the basis functions were optimized repeatedly, to the extent of the single-precision computer representation. Values of 〈rn〉 for the 4f orbital of both ions are also presented, for the convenience of experimentalists.