cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thiocoraline activates the Notch pathway in carcinoids and reduces tumor progression in vivo

Carcinoids are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that are characterized by hormone overproduction; surgery is currently the only option for treatment. Activation of the Notch pathway has previously been shown to have a role in tumor suppression in NETs. The marine-derived thiodepsipeptide thiocoraline was investigated in vitro in two carcinoid cell lines (BON and H727). Carcinoid cells treated with nanomolar concentrations of thiocoraline resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation and an alteration of malignant phenotype evidenced by decrease of NET markers, achaete-scute complex like-1, chromogranin A and neurospecific enolase. Western blotting analysis demonstrated the activation of Notch1 on the protein level in BON cells. Additionally, thiocoraline activated downstream Notch targets HES1, HES5 and HEY2. Thiocoraline effectively suppressed carcinoid cell growth by promoting cell cycle arrest in BON and H727 cells. An in vivo study demonstrated that thiocoraline, formulated with polymeric micelles, slowed carcinoid tumor progression. Thus the therapeutic potential of thiocoraline, which induced activation of the Notch pathway, in carcinoid tumors was demonstrated.
Potentiation of the immunosuppressive effects of cytoxan by hyperbaric oxygen.

Die intermittierende Anwendung hyperbarischen Sauerstoffs erhoht die die Antikorper unterdruckende Wirkung von Cytoxan bei Mausen, die vorher mit Ochsenserum-Albumin und Freunds Adjuvans immunisiert worden waren. Der Wirkungsmechanismus des Sauerstoffs wird als Verhinderung der Transformation von kleinen Lymphocyten in immunbiologisch aktive Stammzellen gedeutet.
The Uneven Distribution of Employment Opportunities: Neighborhood and Race in Cleveland, Ohio

The passage of new welfare legislation has intensified questions regarding the relative availability of job opportunities. While unemployment rates nationwide are low, some scholars argue that job ...
On application of positive dielectrophoresis and microstructure confinement on multielectrode array with sensory applications

In this work, we describe the modeling and experimental verification of parameters (voltage, frequency and cell suspension medium) for successful implementation of a positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) technique that can be used to attract cells to multielectrode array (MEA) electrode sites. We also discuss the comparison of different designs for mechanical confinement microstructures that can be used to successfully lead neurites in-between the electrodes. We fabricated multielectrode arrays based on this principle and demonstrated the usefulness of this technique for active recruitment of neurons on electrodes.
Labeling of the active site of α-chymotrypsin with N-nitroso-N-benzylacetamide and related-compounds

Abstract α-Chymotrypsin (CT) is slowly inhibited by N-nitroso-N-benzylacetamide (1) at 25°C. The 13C-NMR spectrum of the hydrolysate of 13C-enriched 1-inhibited CT shows five new signals at 52.33, 44.55, 43.72, 36.79, and 32.90 ppm resulting from alkylation of the side chains and also of amide linkages of the enzyme backbone by benzyl carbocations produced in the active site. The alkylation pattern is different from those observed in the inhibitions of CT with D-N-nitroso-N-[α-13C]-benzyl-N′-isobutyrylalaninamide (2a) and D-N-nitroso-N-[α-13C]-benzyl-N′-isobutyrylphenylalaninamide (2b) (White et al. JACS1990, 112 , 1956 -1961). The chemical shift data suggest that the 52.33 ppm signal stems from N-benzylglycine, the 36.79 ppm signal from S-benzylcysteine, and the 32.90 ppm signal from 2-benzyltryptophan. A synthesis of the latter compound was developed.
Inhomogeneous Glauber dynamics and the process of crystallization of a lattice gas

The model under consideration is a hard-core lattice gas in an external potential on a Bethe lattice with nonequilibrium time evolution governed by Glauber dynamics. A hierarchical decoupling of nonequilibrium correlations, motivated by and asymptotically providing the exact form of equilibrium multisite correlations in the inhomogeneous potential regime, is proposed. Application is made to the process of lattice gas crystallization, at high activity, from a spatially homogeneous fluid phase to an equilibrium crystal phase with unequal sublattice densities. The first few levels of the hierarchical decoupling give a consistent picture of two kinds of nonequilibrium instabilities—one leading to a sublattice density bifurcation, the other associated with an abrupt increase in densities and correlations in time.
Stimulation of gallbladder emptying and pancreatic secretion in chicks by soybean whey protein.

SummaryMany investigators have studied the effects of trypsin and chymoltrypsin inhibitors on the size, enzyme content and enzyme secretion of the pancreas of rats and chicks. In general, these investigations showed that the pancreases of animals fed diets containing sources of proteolytic inhibitors had greater quantities of enzymes after a fast than comparable fasted animals fed control diets (1-5). When pancreatic enzyme levels were measured after animals were fed, those receiving sources of proteolytic inhibitors generally had lower levels of all pancreatic enzymes than animals not receiving the inhibitor (2-4, 6-8). Thus dietary proteolytic inhibitars appear to cause a general stimulation of the pancreas, resulting in both an increased synthesis and a greater secretion of pancreatic enzymes.Trypsin inhibitors from the soybean (6, 9), the navy bean (10), egg white (5, 9), a synthetic inhibitor, p-aminobenzamidine (11), tannins from carobs (12) or peanut skins (13) and a chymotrypsin inhibitor from pot...
The Pest Mosquito Problem in the Minneapolis - St. Paul Metropolitan Area.

Following some 10 years of subnormal precipitation, the return of normal conditions and then of excessive precipitation in the season of 1938 caused widespread interest in the pest mosquito problem in Minnesota.
Cochlear Initiation Sites of the Frequency Following Potential

This study used a series of non-simultaneous masking stimuli set at subjects' pulsation threshold (PT) level to deduce frequency following potential (FFP) tuning curves for 500-Hz tone bursts at 80 and 100 dB SPL. PT and FFP tuning curves were determined in the presence and absence of continuous high-pass masking noise. Results from study demonstrated differences in FFP tuning curves, depending on the high-pass masking condition. High-frequency end of FFP tuning curve was diminished in the presence of high-pass masking noise. These findings suggested that higher frequency tone bursts were less effective in diminishing FFP amplitude when basal end of cochlea was masked. Findings suggest that cochlear initiation site of FFP extends beyond the apical turn of the cochlea at moderate and high intensity levels. A limited clinical use for FFP is suggested.
Resolution of electro-optic spatial light modulators : the role of lateral transport

Abstract Lateral transport in electro-optic spatial light modulators with vertical electric field geometries is one of the primary causes of reduced resolution in electro-optic spatial light modulators. In this paper, we analyze the role of lateral drift caused by fringing space-charge fields. An analytic expression for the modulation depth of space-charge screening fields is derived self-consistently within the small-amplitude approximation. The lateral drift causes the device resolution to be electric-field dependent, with decreasing resolution for larger applied field strengths. The spatial resolution of photorefractive quantum well devices operating in the quantum-confined Stark geometry is discussed within this context.
Primary Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Femur: A Model for the Use of Preoperative Chemotherapy in High Risk Malignant Tumors

The value of adjuvant chemotherapy in primary osteogenic sarcoma (OSA) is still considered controversial by some. One reason may be that various reported series include patients with widely varying prognostic variables. To address this, the effect of chemotherapy on the continuous disease-free (CNED) survival was analyzed in 100 patients aged 21 yr or less with OSA of the femur. This classically poor prognostic group of patients represented 51% of all primary OSA seen at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the study interval. This study includes all patients aged 21 yr or less with fully malignant (Grade III-IV/IV) OSA of the femur and no metastases treated from November 1973 through November 1981. The first (T-4) protocol (31 patients) consisted of high dose methotrexate (HDMTX) with leucovorin rescue, cyclophosphamide (Cyc), and adriamycin. In the second (T-7) protocol (23 patients) the dose of HDMTX was increased to 12 g/m2 for prepubescent patients, and bleomycin, Cyc, and dactinomycin replaced Cyc. The current (T-10) protocol (46 patients) uses the same CT as T-7, but patients not having a complete response of the primary tumor to preoperative CT receive additional cisplatinum (120 mg/m2) with adriamycin (30 mg/m2/day for two consecutive days). In 31 patients treated with T-4 the CNED survival was 32% with a minimum follow up of over 7 yr. On T-7, 15/23 patients with femur primaries had a CNED survival of 65% with all of the surviving patients followed for more than 5 yr. The addition of cisplatinum in T-10 has resulted in CNED survival rate of 77% in 34/44 patients (excluding two patients that died CNED during and after treatment); the median follow-up patients who are alive CNED is 33 months, with a minimum of 2 yr follow up on the last patient entered.
Second-order effects on the hyperfine structure of P states of alkali-metal atoms

We analyze second-order $M1\text{\ensuremath{-}}M1$ and $M1\text{\ensuremath{-}}E2$ effects on the hyperfine structure (HFS) of the lowest-energy $P$ states of alkali-metal atoms arising from the coupling of the two $(J=1∕2,3∕2)$ fine-structure levels through the hyperfine interaction. We find these effects to be especially sizable in Li, leading to a $9\ensuremath{\sigma}$ correction to the most accurate reported experimental value of the $A({P}_{1∕2})$ HFS constant of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ [Das and Natarajan, J. Phys. B 41, 035001 (2008)]. For the remaining alkali-metal systems, the results tabulated within may be referenced as higher precision is sought in experimental determination of the HFS constants.
Morrey global bounds and quasilinear Riccati type equations below the natural exponent

Abstract We obtain global bounds in Lorentz–Morrey spaces for gradients of solutions to a class of quasilinear elliptic equations with low integrability data. The results are then applied to obtain sharp existence results in the framework of Morrey spaces for Riccati type equations with a gradient source term having growths below the natural exponent of the operator involved. A special feature of our results is that they hold under a very general assumption on the nonlinear structure, and under a mild natural restriction on the boundary of the ground domain.
Educational Reform and Manpower Policy in China, 1955-1958:

This paper will demonstrate that the radical educational reforms of the Great Leap Forward were initiated because of changing conceptions of manpower needs, and economic development plans and priorities. As the Chinese leadership became increasingly sensitive to the limited applicability of the capital-intensive strategy of development of the First Five Year Plan, they began to scale down the training of a limited number of very highly educated technical personnel. The new, more labor-intensive strategy required a much larger number of less well-educated, but more highly motivated and politically conscious workers. These changes in manpower needs eventually led to the radical educational reforms that emerged during the Great Leap Forward. We will trace the development of Chinese manpowertraining policy in the crucial years, 1955-1958. During those years the Chinese government experimented with a variety of programs and policies that would enable them to overcome the limitations of the Soviet model of development which they had adopted in their First Five Year Plan. Since manpower training policy is central to any developmental scheme, the
Treatment of diabetic rats with encapsulated islets.

Immunoprotection of islets using bioisolator systems permits introduction of allogeneic cells to diabetic patients without the need for immunosuppression. Using TheraCyte™ immunoisolation devices, we investigated two rat models of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), BB rats and rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. We chose to implant islets after the onset of diabetes to mimic the probable treatment of children with T1DM as they are usually diagnosed after disease onset. We encapsulated 1000 rat islets and implanted them subcutaneously (SQ) into diabetic biobreeding (BB) rats and STZ-induced diabetic rats, defined as two or more consecutive days of blood glucose >350 mg/dl. Rats were monitored for weight and blood glucose. Untreated BB rats rapidly lost weight and were euthanized at >20% weight loss that occurred between 4 and 10 days from implantation. For period of 30–40 days following islet implantation weights of treated rats remained steady or increased. Rapid weight loss occurred after surgical removal of devices that contained insulin positive islets. STZ-treated rats that received encapsulated islets showed steady weight gain for up to 130 days, whereas untreated control rats showed steady weight loss that achieved >20% at around 55 days. Although islet implants did not normalize blood glucose, treated rats were apparently healthy and groomed normally. Autologous or allogeneic islets were equally effective in providing treatment. TheraCyte™ devices can sustain islets, protect allogeneic cells from immune attack and provide treatment for diabetic-mediated weight loss in both BB rats and STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Flux Attenuation in a Steel Side Shield at the AGS

The shielding properties of steel have been studied using an array of steel blocks near a target in the external beam of the AGS. Polyethylene foil detectors for 11C activation were used as beam monitors as well as to measure the flux distribution in the steel. Flux measurements were made on the face of the shield (10 in. from the beam axis) and at various locations in the array to a depth of 38 in. from the beam axis. In analyzing these results it is apparent that the usual models of exponential attenuation of flux with distance in the shield are unsuitable. A striking regularity is present; the ratio of radial distances from the target to isoflux lines is constant, independent of angle.
Non-causal spike filtering improves decoding of movement intention for intracortical BCIs.

Abstract Background Multiple types of neural signals are available for controlling assistive devices through brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Intracortically recorded spiking neural signals are attractive for BCIs because they can in principle provide greater fidelity of encoded information compared to electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals and electroencephalograms (EEGs). Recent reports show that the information content of these spiking neural signals can be reliably extracted simply by causally band-pass filtering the recorded extracellular voltage signals and then applying a spike detection threshold, without relying on “sorting” action potentials. New method We show that replacing the causal filter with an equivalent non-causal filter increases the information content extracted from the extracellular spiking signal and improves decoding of intended movement direction. This method can be used for real-time BCI applications by using a 4 ms lag between recording and filtering neural signals. Results Across 18 sessions from two people with tetraplegia enrolled in the BrainGate2 pilot clinical trial, we found that threshold crossing events extracted using this non-causal filtering method were significantly more informative of each participant's intended cursor kinematics compared to threshold crossing events derived from causally filtered signals. This new method decreased the mean angular error between the intended and decoded cursor direction by 9.7° for participant S3, who was implanted 5.4 years prior to this study, and by 3.5° for participant T2, who was implanted 3 months prior to this study. Conclusions Non-causally filtering neural signals prior to extracting threshold crossing events may be a simple yet effective way to condition intracortically recorded neural activity for direct control of external devices through BCIs.
Reinscribing Urban: Teaching High School Mathematics in Low Income, Urban Communities of Color.

This article reports findings from a research and professional development project at two high schools located in low-income, urban communities of color. The project collaborates with teachers on improving their instructional practices, using a framework of culturally relevant mathematics pedagogy, which is described in detail here. We present results from a qualitative and quantitative analysis of mathematics instruction in 68 classroom observations of seven teachers. In particular, we use culturally relevant mathematics pedagogy as a lens through which to analyze instruction and the associated opportunities to learn mathematics provided to students.
A versatile click-compatible monolignol probe to study lignin deposition in plant cell walls

Lignin plays important structural and functional roles in plants by forming a hydrophobic matrix in secondary cell walls that enhances mechanical strength and resists microbial decay. While the importance of the lignin matrix is well documented and the biosynthetic pathways for monolignols are known, the process by which lignin precursors or monolignols are transported and polymerized to form this matrix remains a subject of considerable debate. In this study, we have synthesized and tested an analog of coniferyl alcohol that has been modified to contain an ethynyl group at the C-3 position. This modification enables fluorescent tagging and imaging of this molecule after its incorporation into plant tissue by click chemistry-assisted covalent labeling with a fluorescent azide dye, and confers a distinct Raman signature that could be used for Raman imaging. We found that this monolignol analog is incorporated into in vitro-polymerized dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) lignin and into root epidermal cell walls of 4-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings. Incorporation of the analog in stem sections of 6-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana plants and labeling with an Alexa-594 azide dye revealed the precise locations of new lignin polymerization. Results from this study indicate that this molecule can provide high-resolution localization of lignification during plant cell wall maturation and lignin matrix assembly.
Reactive silica: XVI. Reaction with cyclopropane, benzene, and toluene☆

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy was used to follow the sorptions of relatively stable adsorbates by reactive silica. Dissociative chemisorption occurred in each case. With cyclopropane, the ring was disrupted and at least three distinct surface species were formed. The main surface product resulting from cyclopropane sorption was also formed when propene was adsorbed. Ring disruption also occurred with benzene, leading to the formation of silanols and some coke-like hydrocarbons, but surface aryls were not observed. However, two surface aryl species were formed with toluene.
Effective half-life of caesium-137 in various environmental media at the Savannah river site.

During the operational history of the Savannah River Site (SRS), many different radionuclides have been released from site facilities into the SRS environment. However, only a relatively small number of pathways, most importantly {sup 137}Cs in fish and deer, have contributed significantly to doses and risks to the public. The “effective” half-lives (T{sub e}) of {sup 137}Cs (which include both physical decay and environmental dispersion) in Savannah River floodplain soil and vegetation and in fish and white-tailed deer from the SRS were estimated using long-term monitoring data. For 1974–2011, the T{sub e}s of {sup 137}Cs in Savannah River floodplain soil and vegetation were 17.0 years (95% CI = 14.2–19.9) and 13.4 years (95% CI = 10.8–16.0), respectively. These T{sub e}s were greater than in a previous study that used data collected only through 2005 as a likely result of changes in the flood regime of the Savannah River. Field analyses of {sup 137}Cs concentrations in deer collected during yearly controlled hunts at the SRS indicated an overall T{sub e} of 15.9 years (95% CI = 12.3–19.6) for 1965–2011; however, the T{sub e} for 1990–2011 was significantly shorter (11.8 years, 95% CI = 4.8–18.8) due to an increase in the rate of {sup 137}Cs removal. The shortest T{sub e}s were for fish in SRS streams and the Savannah River (3.5–9.0 years), where dilution and dispersal resulted in rapid {sup 137}Cs removal. Long-term data show that T{sub e}s are significantly shorter than the physical half-life of {sup 137}Cs in the SRS environment but that they can change over time. Therefore, it is desirable have a long period of record for calculating Tes and risky to extrapolate T{sub e}s beyond this period unless the processes governing {sup 137}Cs removal are clearly understood.
Culture and leadership: women in nonprofit and for-profit leadership positions within the European Union

Research has shown that women commonly hold positions of leadership within nonprofit organizations, while men typically hold the leadership positions within for-profit organizations. However, little research on women's leadership roles has been conducted within European Union countries. The purpose of this article is to examine women's leadership positions within nonprofit and for-profit organizations within the European Union and, using Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory, to further investigate a potential correlation between national culture and female leadership. Fifty-one companies were examined based on type, country characteristics and gender dominance. A significant difference was found between organization type (nonprofit/for-profit) and organizational dominance (masculine/feminine). The findings suggest that the European Union has patterns of gendered leadership positions similar to patterns found previously in the USA. However, countries that were characterized as feminine had more than expec...
The Significance of Contextual Factors in African American Students' Transfer of Learning

This study sought to address the lack of experimental research examining the influence of contextual factors on African American students’ learning. A total of 162 low-income African American and White fourth graders were randomly assigned to ethnically homogeneous, communally structured groups of three to work on a motion acceleration task using either computer simulation or physical tools, or to a control group that did not participate in the learning activities. A 3 (condition) × 2 (ethnicity) MANOVA was computed with initial learning and transfer as dependent variables. Results indicate African American and White students performed equally well on the test of initial learning, with both groups scoring significantly higher than the control group. However, African Americans’ transfer outcomes were better than those of their White counterparts. Regarding tools, work with physical apparatus yielded better transfer outcomes than work with computer simulation. Implications for creating optimal learning cont...
Hydrogen Isotope Effects and Mechanism of Aqueous Ozone and Peroxone Decompositions

Hydrogen peroxide exalts the reactivity of aqueous ozone by reasons that remain obscure. Should H_2O_2 enhance free radical production, as it is generally believed, a chain mechanism propagated by (·OH/·O_2^-) species would account for O_3 decomposition rates in neat H_2O, ^HR_(-O_3), and in peroxone (O_3 + H_2O_2) solutions, ^(HP)R_(-O_3). We found, however, that: (1) the radical mechanism correctly predicts H^R_(-O_3) but vastly overestimates ^(HP)R_(-O_3), (2) solvent deuteration experiments preclude radical products from the (O_3 + HO_2^-) reaction. The modest kinetic isotope effect (KIE) we measure in H_2O/D_2O: ^HR_(-O_3)/^DR_(-O_3) = 1.5 ± 0.3, is compatible with a chain process driven by electron- and/or O-atom transfer processes. But the large KIE found in peroxone: ^(HP)R_(-O_3)/^(DP)R_(-O_3) = 19.6 ± 4.0, is due to an elementary (O_3 + HO_2^-) reaction involving H−O_2^- bond cleavage. Since the KIE for the hypothetical H-atom transfer: O_3 + HO_2^- →(2ℏ) HO^3· + ·O_2^-, would emerge as a KIE^(1/2) factor in the rates of the ensuing radical chain, the magnitude of the observed KIE must be associated with the hydride transfer reaction that yields a diamagnetic species: O_3 + HO_2^- HO_3^- + O_2. HO_3^-/H_2O_3 may be the bactericidal trioxide recently identified in the antibody-catalyzed addition of O_2(^1Δ_g) to H_2O.
Charmless hadronic penguin B decays with BaBar: B0$B^0(\overline{B}^0)\rigtarrow \overline{K}^0}K^0$K0 or h¢ h¢

Recent results from the BaBar experiment on searches for New Physics using the charmless channels B0 ® $\overline{K}^0}K^0$K0 and B0 ® h¢ h¢ are discussed.
Two-Particle Distributions and the Nature of the Pomeranchuk Singularity

We propose the measurement of reactions of the type ${p}_{1}+{p}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{q}_{1}+{q}_{2}+$ anything at high energy in the region in which the produced particles ${q}_{1}$ and ${q}_{2}$ can be regarded as "fragments" of the incident particles ${p}_{1}$ and ${p}_{2}$, respectively. Dependence of the cross section on the angle between transverse parts of the vectors ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{1}$ and ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{2}$ would indicate that the Pomeranchuk singularity contains Regge-cut contributions.
Determining the Exchangeability of Concept Map and Problem-Solving Essay Scores.

This study investigated the score exchangeability of concept maps with problem-solving essays. Of interest was whether sixth-grade students' concept maps predicted their scores on essay responses that used concept map content. Concept maps were hypothesized to be alternatives to performance assessments for content-area domain knowledge in science. Both special (n = 16) and general (n = 16) education students participated in a science unit that covered three ecosystem cycles: (a) the water cycle, (b) the nitrogen cycle, and (c) the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle. Assessment tasks required students to draw three concept maps and respond to two essay questions. Results showed that concept maps and essay tasks lacked consistent exchangeability. Findings indicated low predictive validity between map scores and essay scores and, thus, maps should not be considered alternative content-area domain assessments.
Theoretical study of the CH2 + O photodissociation of formaldehyde adsorbed on the Ag(111) surface.

Configuration interaction calculations of the ground and excited states of the H2CO molecule adsorbed on the Ag(111) surface have been carried out to study the photoinduced dissociation process leading to polymerization of formaldehyde. The metal−adsorbate system has been described by the embedded cluster and multireference configuration interaction methods. The π* electron-attachment H2CO- and n−π* internally excited H2CO* states have been considered as possible intermediates. The calculations have shown that H2CO* is only very weakly bound on Ag(111), and thus that the dissociation of adsorbed formaldehyde due to internal excitation is unlikely. By contrast, the H2CO- anion is strongly bound to Ag(111) and gains additional vibrational energy along the C−O stretch coordinate via Franck−Condon excitation from the neutral molecule. Computed energy variations of adsorbed H2CO and H2CO- at different key geometries along the pathway for C−O bond cleavage make evident, however, that complete dissociation is ve...
Recovering substance-impaired pharmacists' views regarding occupational risks for addiction

Objective To better understand the occupational risks for substance use disorders among pharmacists and possibilities for improved prevention. Design Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. Setting A southeastern state from December 2008 to April 2009. Participants 32 participants (72.7% men) from the impaired professionals monitoring groups in the geographic regions within the state that had the greatest number of physicians, pharmacists, and allied health professionals currently under monitoring contracts for substance use disorders. Intervention Guided group discussions regarding substance use among health care providers. Main outcome measures Persistent occupational risks for development of a substance use disorder among pharmacists. Results Several occupational hazards unique to the pharmacy profession might contribute to the problem of substance use disorders among some members of this population, including increased access to potent drugs of abuse, a stressful/unpleasant working environment, a culture that unofficially condones medication diversion, lack of education related to addiction, and lack of support for individuals seeking treatment. Conclusion These results have important implications for the education of student pharmacists, the continuing education of licensed pharmacists, and the management of pharmacies in which these individuals work. Given the potential occupational risks for substance abuse associated with the pharmacy profession, additional training, monitoring, changes to the work environment, and increased confidential access to treatment may be needed to safeguard pharmacy professionals and the communities they serve.
Hub‐and‐Spoke Networks in Air Transportation: An Analytical Review

In this analytical review, the authors survey advances in the analysis of the hub location problem and its variants. In the course of the review, opportunities for enhanced analysis become apparent. The authors emphasize the most pressing areas for further research. They find that first, research needs to be devoted to developing more reliable heuristics for the multiple assignment model and its extensions, and second, that additional research is needed to understand the conditions under which the model will tend to have integer solutions. Research in this area will contribute to the solution of a longstanding puzzle in economics about the allocation of indivisible resources.
Permutation degeneracy in the presence of large spin-orbit coupling

Abstract We discuss some interesting features of the extension of the Heisenberg-Dirac-Van Vleck exchange Hamiltonian to systems of electrons with orbital degeneracy and large spin-orbit coupling.
Discrimination of glass and phyllosilicate minerals in thermal infrared data

[1] Thermal infrared spectra of glasses and phyllosilicates have similar shapes leading to a proposed ambiguity in deconvolution results. We quantify the spectral separability of these two classes using discriminant analysis and linear deconvolution. We apply the deconvolution technique to single spectra, and two- and four-component mixtures. Missing end-members result in quantifiable uncertainties between modeled abundances of glasses and phyllosilicates. Mixtures containing silica-K2O glass are susceptible to overestimating phyllosilicates with minimal increases in root-mean-square error if the silica-K2O glass spectrum is not present in the end-member set. Missing phyllosilicate end-members are likely to be modeled as combinations of other phyllosilicates rather than glasses, with saponite, nontronite, and halloysite showing the highest uncertainties. Empirically, ±15% of the total glass plus phyllosilicate abundance incorporates all uncertainties in derived glass abundance if the glass in the mixture is in the end-member set. If the glass in the mixture is excluded from the end-member set, these uncertainties increase to ±65%. Four-component mixtures show that glasses and phyllosilicates act as a two-component mixing system but can induce small uncertainties in other components. Applying the maximum derived uncertainties to deconvolutions of surface type 2, measured by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer, we find that silica-K2O glass abundance is above the instrument detection limit and a likely component of the surface. Pure silica glass, a proposed amorphous weathering product, is the least likely candidate for confusion with phyllosilicates and its noninclusion in models of Martian spectra suggests it likely is not a component of the Martian surface.
Hypnotherapy of impotence.

Abstract Definition, types, frequency, psychological effects, and etiology of impotence are presented as background for effective hypnotherapy of this sexual dysfunction. Using a hypnoanalytic approach, unconscious inhibitions are uncovered; emotions of fear, anxiety, guilt, and/or anger are detected and released; sexual stimuli and situations are positively reinterpreted; and ego strengthening suggestions are given as illustrated in a case where potency was established.
Improving pollen classification with less training effort

The pollen grains of different plant taxa exhibit various shapes and sizes. This structural diversity has made the identification and classification of pollen grains an important tool in many fields. Despite the myriad of applications, the classification of pollen grains is still a tedious and time-consuming process that must be performed by highly skilled specialists. In this paper, we propose an automatic classification method to discriminate pollen grains coming from a variety of taxonomic types. First, we develop a new feature that captures the spikes of pollen to improve the classification accuracy. Second, we take advantage of the classification rules extracted from the existing pollen types and apply them to the new types. Third, we introduce a new selection criterion to obtain the most valuable training samples from the unlabeled data and therefore reduce the number of needed training samples. Our experiment demonstrates that the proposed method reduces the training effort of a human expert up to 80% compared to other classification methods while achieving 92% accuracy in pollen classification.
The isolation and identification of progoitrin from Brassica Seed.

Abstract The isolation and characterization of progoitrin obtained from Brassica seed are described. Progoitrin is converted to goitrin during enzymic, but not acid, hydrolysis.
Fiber Content of Blends of Cotton and Optically Brightened Polyester Determined by UV Fluorescence

A new method is described for measuring fiber content of blends of cotton and optically brightened polyester using uv fluorescence as measured by a special uv meter. The intensity of the fluorescence is proportional to polyester content of the blend. A calibration curve is prepared using known blends, and unknown blends are determined by measuring fluorescence and referring to the calibration curve. Stock can be tested in the form of raw stock, sliver, roving, or yarn. The method is accurate and is simpler and faster than existing wet chemical methods. Fiber contents of 18 blends from a full-scale spinning project were tested by the fluorescence method and by the method recommended by the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC). The coefficient of simple correlation of the results from the two methods was 0.997. Level difference between the methods was insignificant.
Thresholds of elicitation depend on induction conditions. Could low level exposure induce sub-clinical allergic states that are only elicited under the severe conditions of clinical diagnosis?

Abstract While numerous studies have examined dose/response relationships occurring in the experimental induction of contact allergic dermatitis, fewer have examined the effects of varying the doses of both induction and challenge. Recently published studies have however done this and they all show the same remarkable observation: the threshold of elicitation decreases as the doses used to induce the allergy increase. This has important implications. One is that it may be more complicated to determine clear threshold doses below which allergic responses are not seen. It is also proposed that normal exposure to weak allergens such as some fragrance materials may induce “sub-clinical” allergic states which will not be elicited under these same exposure conditions but which may become apparent under the more severe conditions of clinical diagnosis. This may explain why the prevalence of Patch test reactions to some fragrance materials is apparently increasing in the absence of any clearly documented “epidemic” of consumer complaints.
The Power of Language in Computer-Mediated Groups

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of “powerful” and “powerless” language on small computer-mediated groups. Subjects (n = 27) were placed into 1 of 3 conditions with 2 confederates and asked to communicate via computer in a decision-making context. In the first condition, both confederates used powerful language, in the second both used powerless language, and in the third condition one confederate used powerful language and the other used powerless language. Our results lead us to two general conclusions. First, language style has a significant impact on impression formation in computer-mediated groups. Generally, the user of a powerful language style in a computer-mediated group is perceived as more credible, attractive, and persuasive than the user of a powerless language style. Second, contrasting language styles caused perceptions to be more extreme than if users shared a common language style.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver.

Summary A variety of diffuse and focal disease processes affect the liver. MRI is likely the imaging modality of choice tor investigation of patients suspected of having diffuse disease such as cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, or fatty infiltration. MRI is extremely effective at detecting and characterizing focal hepatic lesions. In particular, patients suspected of possessing hemangiomas, hepatocellular carcinoma, or hypervascular liver metastases are better evaluated by MRI than other imaging modalities. Immediate post gadolinium spoiled gradient echo and T2-weighted fat suppressed spin echo are very effective at lesion detection, whereas serial post gadolinium spoiled gradient echo is essential for lesion characterization. New fast T2-weighted sequences and tissue specific contrast agents may further increase the role of liver MRI by shortening exam time and increasing sensitivity and specificity, respectively.
Non-linear algorithms for noise removal from medical signals using the logical transform

During critical situations, the precise digital processing of medical signals such as heartbeats is essential. Outside noise introduced into this data can lead to misinterpretation. Thus, it is important to be able to detect and correct the signal quickly and efficiently using digital filtering algorithms. With filtering, the goal is to remove noise locations by correctly identify the corrupted data points and replacing these locations with acceptable estimations of the original values. However, one has to be careful throughout the filtering process not to also eliminate other important detailed information from the original signal. If the filtered output is to be analyzed post-filtering, say for feature recognition, it is important that both the structure and details of the original clean signal remain. This paper presents an original algorithm and two variations, all using the logical transform, that strive to do this accurately and with low levels of computation. Using real heartbeat signals as test sets, the output is compared to that produced by median type filters, and results demonstrated over a variety of noise levels.
Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion at ventilatory threshold in children and adults

The purpose of this study was to examine overall, leg and chest ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) at ventilatory threshold (Thvent) in 16 children (mean age 10.9 years) and 17 adults (mean age 24.3 years). Thvent and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured during a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Overall, leg and chest RPE were obtained at the end of each exercise stage. VO2max was 49.9 (8.5) and 47.1 (6.1) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) [mean (SD)] in the adults and children, respectively (P > 0.05). Relative to VO2max, Thvent was 61.7 (5.3)% in the adults and 64.7 (5.2)% in the children (P > 0.05). Overall, leg, and chest RPE values at Thvent for the adults were 11.5 (2.6), 11.9 (2.5), and 10.5 (2.5), while for the children these values were 13.6 (2.2), 14.1 (2.2), and 12.6 (2.3), respectively. All RPE values were higher for the children (P < 0.05). These results suggest that children are able to discriminate levels of exertion in different parts of their body during graded exercise. Furthermore, children rate an intensity corresponding to Thvent to require a greater overall, leg and chest effort than adults exercising at a similar intensity. This indicates that children experience more pronounced cardiorespiratory and muscular sensations during this type of exercise.
Machine Translation Detection from Monolingual Web-Text

We propose a method for automatically detecting low-quality Web-text translated by statistical machine translation (SMT) systems. We focus on the phrase salad phenomenon that is observed in existing SMT results and propose a set of computationally inexpensive features to effectively detect such machine-translated sentences from a large-scale Web-mined text. Unlike previous approaches that require bilingual data, our method uses only monolingual text as input; therefore it is applicable for refining data produced by a variety of Web-mining activities. Evaluation results show that the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 95.8% for sentences and 80.6% for text in noisy Web pages.
Resource management in open Linda systems

Coordination systems, in particular Linda, have established themselves as important tools for the development of applications to open systems such as the Internet. This paper shows how to tackle a forgotten, but crucial problem in open coordination systems: memory management. As with any system which intends to be of wide use and because memory is a finite resource, coordination systems must address the problems of memory exhaustion. This paper first explores the orthogonality between coordination and computation in order to make it clear that the problem of memory exhaustion in coordination systems cannot be solved using garbage collection schemes implemented at the computation language—a garbage collection scheme must exist in the coordination environment as well. Following the explanation on orthogonality, the paper will focus on describing a garbage collection scheme for the Linda family of coordination systems. It is expected that the solution in Linda can be adapted to other coordination systems as long as they are based on tuple space communication. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Adaptive Interleaving Technique for Memory Performance-per-Watt Management

With the increased complexity of platforms coupled with data centers' servers sprawl, power consumption is reaching unsustainable limits. Researchers have addressed data centers' performance-per-watt management at different hierarchies going from server clusters to servers to individual components within the server platform. This paper addresses performance-per-watt maximization of memory subsystems in a data center. Traditional memory power management techniques rely on profiling the utilization of memory modules and transitioning them to some low-power mode when they are sufficiently idle. However, fully interleaved memory presents an interesting research challenge because data striping across memory modules reduces the idleness of individual modules to warrant transitions to low-power states. In this paper, we present a novel technique for performance-per-watt maximization of interleaved memory by dynamically reconfiguring (expanding or contracting) the degree of interleaving to adapt to incoming workload. The reconfigured memory hosts the application's working set on a smaller set of modules in a manner that exploits the platform's memory hierarchy architecture. This creates the opportunity for the remaining memory modules to transition to low-power states and remain in those states for as long as the performance remains within given acceptable thresholds. The memory power expenditure is minimized subject to application memory requirements and end-to-end memory access delay constraints. This is formulated as a performance-per-watt maximization problem and solved using an analytical memory power and performance model. Our technique has been validated on a real server using SPECjbb benchmark and on a trace-driven memory simulator using SPECjbb and gcc memory traces. On the server, our techniques are shown to give about 48.8 percent (26.7 kJ) energy savings compared to traditional techniques measured at 4.5 percent. The maximum improvement in performance-per-watt was measured at 88.48 percent. The simulator showed 89.7 percent improvement in performance-per-watt compared to the best performing traditional technique.
Enhanced cancer radiotherapy through immunosuppressive stromal cell destruction in tumors.

Purpose: Radiation therapy (RT) kills cancer cells by causing DNA damage, and stimulates a systemic antitumor immune response by releasing tumor antigen and endogenous adjuvant within the tumor microenvironment. However, RT also induces the recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells, which can interfere with the antitumor immune responses elicited by apoptotic tumor cells. We hypothesized that local delivery of vaccine following RT will lead to the priming of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses and render immunosuppressive myeloid cells susceptible to killing by the activated CTLs. Experimental Design: Using several antigenic systems, we tested whether intratumoral injection of antigenic peptide/protein in irradiated tumors would be able to prime CTLs as well as load myeloid cells with antigen, rendering them susceptible to antigen-specific CTL killing. Results: We show that by combining RT and targeted antigenic peptide delivery to the tumor, the adjuvant effect generated by RT itself was sufficient to elicit the priming and expansion of antigen-specific CTLs, through the type I interferon dependent pathway, leading to synergistic therapeutic antitumor effects compared to either treatment alone. In addition, using two different types of transgenic mice, we demonstrated that CTL-mediated killing of stromal cells in tumors by our approach is important for tumor control. Finally, we confirmed the efficacy of this approach in our preclinical model using two clinically tested therapeutic HPV vaccines. Conclusions: These data serve as an important foundation for the future clinical translation of RT combined with a clinically tested therapeutic HPV vaccine for the control of HPV-associated cancers.
Collision rate constants for polarizable ions.

Langevin described a model for the interaction between an ion and a neutral nearly a century ago and since then, many modifications have been introduced to adjust for specific circumstances. This work discusses the induced dipole—induced dipole interaction between an ion and a neutral without a permanent dipole and introduces an anisotropic adjustment. A point polarizable ion model (PPI) and an orientation dependent polarizable ion model (ODPI) are discussed and applied to systems where the ion is highly polarizable and the neutral is only weakly polarizable. Significant deviations from classical Langevin rate constants and significant differences between PPI and ODPI are observed.