cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal expansion of rocks; some measurements at high pressure

Abstract The thermal expansion of rocks has customarily been measured at room pressure; it is typically irreversible after heating above room temperature and the coefficient of thermal expansion of a rock is usually much larger than the average coefficients for the minerals in the rock. We measured coefficients of thermal expansion of rocks under sufficient pressure that the strains were reversible; the coefficients obtained fell close to the theoretical bounds for polycrystalline aggregates calculated by Walsh. Thus, within the limit of assumption in the theory, Walsh's theoretical bounds gave a good estimate of the intrinsic thermal expansion of rocks. The thermal expansions were measured by strain gauges attached to copper-jacketed samples of granite, diabase, marble, limestone, dunite and quartzite. The temperature range was 2°–38° and confining pressure ranged up to 600 MPa. Confining pressure had a small effect as long as pressure was greater than some critical value which apparently was the minimum needed to prevent thermal cracking and other non-elastic effects. The critical pressure depended on rock type and on thermal history of a sample. We propose theoretical models to explain the effects of temperature on the opening of cracks at high confining pressure, and the propagation of open cracks at low pressure induced by thermal gradient or internal stresses.
Bioethics and History

Standard bioethics textbooks present the field to students and non-experts as a form of "applied ethics." This ahistoric and rationalistic presentation is similar to that used in philosophy of science textbooks until three decades ago. Thomas Kuhn famously critiqued this self-conception of the philosophy of science, persuading the field that it would become deeper, richer, and more philosophical, if it integrated the history of science, especially the history of scientific change, into its self-conception. This essay urges a similar reconceptualization for bioethics, arguing that the analysis of moral change ought to be integral to bioethics (and to ethics generally). It proceeds by suggesting the sterility of the ahistoric, rationalist applied ethics model of bioethics embraced by standard bioethics textbooks. It also suggests the fecundity of alternative conceptions of the bioethics that focus on the history of successful and failed attempts to negotiate moral change, and the history of multifaceted relations between moral philosophy and practical ethics.
Direct measurement of forces on superconducting vortices using high-Q single-crystal-silicon double-torsional oscillators

Abstract We have developed an apparatus for the direct measurement of forces on superconducting vortices. Our probe uses a single-crystal-silicon mechanical oscillator as a sensing element; the magnetic flux is applied locally near the center of a superconducting single crystal. The motion of the flux is controlled by a tube piezo, enabling studies of both longitudinal and transverse forces. We demonstrate the apparatus by studying the crossover from pinning to viscous motion of vortices in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ .
Gradual Late Pliocene onset of glaciation: a deep-sea record from the Northeast Atlantic

Abstract A detailed analysis of planktonic foraminifera assemblages and benthic oxygen isotope values from the Late Pliocence of DSDP Site 548 in the Northeast Atlantic shows that the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation developed gradually, through a series of cycles. These results contrast with those of other DSDP Sites which indicate constant paleoclimatic conditions preceding the sudden, step-wise, development of glaciations at 2.4–2.5 m.y. The difference between these sites and Site 548 might be explained by broad sampling interval and breaks in the sedimentary sequence which obscure the onset of Late Pliocence glaciation at those locations where it appears to occur in a step-wise fashion. The results from Site 548 indicate that the development of Northern Hemisphere glaciation could be regarded as part of a progressive climatic deterioration rather than a geologically sudden paleoclimatic event.
Main-Chain Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Polymers for Electronic Nonlinear Optics Applications 1

We report the synthesis of organic polymer optical fibers with the following interesting supermolecular stereochemistry: 1) A thermodynamically stable macroscopic polar axis oriented approximately normal to the fiber axis; and 2) A nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore oriented along the polar axis. Such a polymer fiber has been created using a main-chain ferroelectric liquid crystal polymer (FLCP) frozen in the glassy state at room temperature. The material is composed of “side-by-side twin” mesogens wherein the DR-1 NLO chromophore is oriented normal to the director. The polymer, which possesses excellent liquid crystal and glass transition temperatures for the present study, was prepared by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of a liquid crystal diene. Details of the layer and director structure in the FLCP glasses are under investigation.
Experimental evidence for scanpath eye movements during visual imagery

A bioengineering method for correlating eye movement (EM) scanpaths obtained under different experimental conditions is introduced. Using an EM tracking system, together with string-editing and Markov matrices, it is shown that EMs obtained during internal visualization of a given stimulus do reflect the content of the visualized image. In contrast to previous studies, quantitative parameters are studied in order to obtain further insight into the mechanisms of visual imagery and how this function differs from visual perception. >
RNPC1, an RNA-binding protein and a target of the p53 family, is required for maintaining the stability of the basal and stress-induced p21 transcript

p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is transcriptionally regulated by the p53 family to induce cell cycle arrest. p21 is also regulated post-transcriptionally upon DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner, but the mechanism is uncertain. Here, we found that RNPC1, an RNA-binding protein and a target of the p53 family, is required for maintaining the stability of the basal and stress-induced p21 transcript. Specifically, we showed that RNPC1 is induced by the p53 family and DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. The RNPC1 gene encodes at least two alternative spliced isoforms, RNPC1a and RNPC1b, both of which contain an intact RNA recognition motif. Interestingly, we found that RNPC1a, but not RNPC1b, induces cell cycle arrest in G1, although both isoforms are expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. In addition, we found that while both isoforms directly bind to the 3' untranslated region in p21 transcript, only RNPC1a is able to stabilize both the basal and stress-induced p21 transcripts. Conversely, RNPC1a knockdown destabilizes p21 transcript. Finally, we found that RNPC1a is required to maintain the stability of p21 transcript induced by p53.
The Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) for the CMAQ modeling system: updates through MCIPv3.4.1

Abstract. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, a state-of-the-science regional air quality modeling system developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is being used for a variety of environmental modeling problems including regulatory applications, air quality forecasting, evaluation of emissions control strategies, process-level research, and interactions of global climate change and regional air quality. The Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) is a vital piece of software within the CMAQ modeling system that serves to, as best as possible, maintain dynamic consistency between the meteorological model and the chemical transport model (CTM). MCIP acts as both a post-processor to the meteorological model and a pre-processor to the emissions and the CTM in the CMAQ modeling system. MCIP's functions are to ingest the meteorological model output fields in their native formats, perform horizontal and vertical coordinate transformations, diagnose additional atmospheric fields, define gridding parameters, and prepare the meteorological fields in a form required by the CMAQ modeling system. This paper provides an updated overview of MCIP, documenting the scientific changes that have been made since it was first released as part of the CMAQ modeling system in 1998.
Prediction of cis-regulatory elements controlling genes differentially expressed by retinal and choroidal vascular endothelial cells

Cultured endothelial cells of the human retina and choroid demonstrate distinct patterns of gene expression. We hypothesized that differential gene expression reflected differences in the interactions of transcription factors and respective cis-regulatory motifs(s) in these two emdothelial cell subpopulations, recognizing that motifs often exist as modules. We tested this hypothesis in silico by using TRANSFAC Professional and CisModule to identify cis-regulatory motifs and modules in genes that were differentially expressed by human retinal versus choroidal endothelial cells, as identified by analysis of a microarray data set. Motifs corresponding to eight transcription factors were significantly (p < 0.05) differentially abundant in genes that were relatively highly expressed in retinal (i.e., GCCR, HMGIY, HSF1, p53, VDR) or choroidal (i.e., E2F, YY1, ZF5) endothelial cells. Predicted cis-regulatory modules were quite different for these two groups of genes. Our findings raise the possibility of exploiting specific cis-regulatory motifs to target therapy at the ocular endothelial cells subtypes responsible for neovascular age-related macular degeneration or proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Colloidal Processing of Silicon Nitride with Poly(acrylic acid): I, Adsorption and Electrostatic Interactions

The role of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in the dispersion of silicon nitride suspensions was investigated experimentally. The effects of concentration, relative molecular mass, and suspension pH were evaluated. The ionization of PAA was characterized by potentiometric titration and indicated a pH-dependent conformational transition. The isoelectric point for silicon nitride decreased from pH 6.3 to pH 3 as the PAA concentration increased, roughly independent of relative molecular mass. A broadening of the stability region for silicon nitride was attributed to this effect. Redispersion in alkaline media, subsequent to destabilization by surface-charge neutralization, improved following preadsorption of PAA in acidic media. This effect was attributed to formation of a protective polymer adlayer on the surface, which prevented primary minimum aggregation; an electrosteric contribution also may be present. The influence of free polymer on the suspension properties also is discussed.
Evaluating the dendroclimatological potential of central Appalachian Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens LAMB.)

Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens Lamb.) is an Appalachian endemic that occurs in a patchy distribution from Georgia to Pennsylvania on xeric, fire-prone sites. Beginning in the 1990s, Table Mountain pine first showed usefulness in reconstructing fire regimes in these xeric Appalachian forests. The next step in Table Mountain pine research, the relationships between fire occurrence and climate variables, cannot happen until the dendrochronological potential of the species has been proven. This research investigates the annual ring structure and formation, relationship between climate and growth, and dendrochronological dating between trees in the same stands to prove the species’ effectiveness in climate reconstructions. Table Mountain pine cores and cross-sections were collected from four sites in the Virginia Appalachian Mountains. Results indicate that the species is sensitive to climate (monthly precipitation and temperature, PDSI and PHDI). Climate analyses revealed that Table Mountain pine growth is reduced when the previous year’s September is drier than normal, the current year’s February is wetter than average, and the winter is colder than average. Results of these climate analyses illustrate a regional climate signal in Table Mountain pine stands; however, results from individual sites provided more significant details on the influence of climate on the species. Published by Elsevier GmbH.
Acute pancreatitis: Manifestation of acute HIV infection in an adolescent.

Background: Pancreatitis in the pediatric age group is not as common as in adults. Etiologies are various and differ from those in adults. Although infectious etiology accounts for a significant number of cases of pancreatitis, acute infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was rarely reported as a possible etiology for acute pancreatitis in adults. Acute pancreatitis has never been reported as a presenting manifestation of acute HIV infection in children.
Treatment of Wernicke's aphasia with jargon: A case study

This case study concerns an adult with Wernicke's aphasia characterized by neologistic jargon and a severe auditory comprehension deficit. No communicative or linguistic improvements had been observed after eight months poststroke. Up until this time, therapeutic intervention was aimed at managing the patient's rambling communicative style and improving auditory comprehension skills. A therapeutic regimen was introduced that focused on visual/written information and included a hierarchy of visual word and sentence comprehension tasks. All auditory/verbal stimulus presentation was eliminated. After two months on the program, improvement was noted in naming abilities and general ability to communicate in conversation, including a reduction of neologistic jargon and an increase in semantic jargon. No improvement was noted in auditory comprehension. The visual program may have facilitated the patient's general attentional set, thereby possibly contributing to her improvement in communicative style and sensitivity to conversational interactions with others.
Syntaxin 4 heterozygous knockout mice develop muscle insulin resistance

To investigate the physiological function of syntaxin 4 in the regulation of GLUT4 vesicle trafficking, we used homologous recombination to generate syntaxin 4–knockout mice. Homozygotic disruption of the syntaxin 4 gene results in early embryonic lethality, whereas heterozygous knockout mice, Syn4+/–, had normal viability with no significant impairment in growth, development, or reproduction. However, the Syn4+/– mice manifested impaired glucose tolerance with a 50% reduction in whole-body glucose uptake. This defect was attributed to a 50% reduction in skeletal muscle glucose transport determined by 2-deoxyglucose uptake during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedures. In parallel, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle was also significantly reduced in these mice. In contrast, Syn4+/– mice displayed normal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and metabolism in adipose tissue and liver. Together, these data demonstrate that syntaxin 4 plays a critical physiological role in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, reduction in syntaxin 4 protein levels in this tissue can account for the impairment in whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in this animal model.
Spray Cooling with Mixtures of Dielectric Fluids

Spray cooling is one technology with the potential to help solve the thermal management issues of future generations of electronics. To date, however, its implementation has been limited by the lack of understanding of how spray cooling systems can be engineered rather than designed by trial and error. This work presents a comprehensive set of heat transfer data for single- and four-nozzle spray arrays using 5 different pure fluids and mixtures of pairs of these 5. Importantly, it was found that the heat transfer performance of the mixtures was not impaired as is often the case in convective flow boiling. In addition, a single correlation is presented that predicts all of the data to within 9% mean average error.
Gender and individualistic vs. collectivist bases for notions about the self

This article provides a critique of traditional psychological theories of the self that emphasize autonomy, separation, and independence, and ignore the inherently social character of the self Evidence from an empirical investigation of selected experiences of 84 white adult women and men who evidence two different notions of the self (autonomous individualism and social individuality) suggest that the culturally dominant notion of the self, rooted in assumptions of autonomy, independence, and separation, is but one orientation to the self A contrasting notion, social individuality, reflects a dialectical understanding of individuality and sociality grounded in an experience of social relations characterized by inequalities of power Preliminary research suggests that differences between women's and men's notions of the self are grounded in their different experiences of power These findings support a larger argument that research on the self in psychology must be grounded in an analysis of material social reality and reflect the dialectical relation of individuality and sociality
Implications of U.S. Policy Changes for Corn Price Variability

U.S. agricultural commodity policy has undergone large changes over the last ten to fifteen years, particularly regarding supply management programs and governmental stocks programs. In this article, I address die question of whether these policy changes have made the agricultural sector more or less variable, particularly for prices. Corn sector simulations under alternative policy environments are performed to analyze the short- and long-run responsiveness to assumed yield shocks. In the current policy setting with lower stocks, shocks result in larger initial price impacts than if stocks were larger. However, greater supply responsiveness from increased planting flexibility of current law combined with the initially greater price impacts can result in lower price deviations over a multiyear, postshock adjustment period than occur in a higher stocks /lower supply response environment. Interestingly, the larger the negative yield shock, the lower the increment needed in the supply response elasticity in the lower stocks scenarios to result in equal postshock price deviations as occur in the higher stocks/lower supply responsiveness scenarios. This result illustrates the importance of the interaction of the supply response function with the magnitude of the price impacts in determining the ability of the sector to handle shocks and the speed at which it responds to shocks. For larger negative yield shocks, the supply elasticity increment needed in the lower stocks scenarios to equilibrate price deviations after the shock can be smaller because the initial price difference that the supply response function faces is larger.
The Future of Medical Therapy for Venous Thromboemboli

The field of medicine has a >30-year experience of prophylactic anticoagulation treatment in surgical patients, especially those with joint replacement and hip fracture. Extensive research to find anticoagulation alternatives beyond the use of unfractionated heparin has resulted in the development of low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K antagonist for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In this article, drug administration regimens, pharmacologic activity, major adverse events, and costs for anticoagulation treatment are reported through a literature review. Clinical trial results are reported to provide the relative risk reduction and clinical benefit considerations in the administration of these drugs. The results show that in the absence of prophylactic treatment, hospital-acquired VTE occurs in approximately 10% to 40% of medical or general surgical patients and 40% to 60% of major orthopedic surgical patients. Patients treated in a major clinical study with the pentasaccharide fondaparinux demonstrated a 12.5% incidence of VTE compared with 27.8% of patients treated with enoxaparin (P <0.001). Major bleeding occurred in 3.1% of fondaparinux patients versus 0.3% 2 groups in the incidence of bleeding leading to death, reoperation or occurrence in a critical organ. The most recent anticoagulant class of drugs, oral direct thrombin inhibitors dabigatran and rivaroxaban, demonstrate great promise owing to fixed dosages, rapid onset and offset of action, and a predictable anticoagulation effect without coagulation monitoring. Multiple clinical trials are demonstrating efficacy and safety in VTE prevention and treatment. VTE is the leading cause of death in hospitalized patients. Successful prevention of VTE and fatal pulmonary embolism remain a challenge in patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture or joint replacement. The value of appropriate prophylaxis must be emphasized in these patients. Effective anticoagulation with intermittent pneumatic compression remains an underutilized regimen despite studies showing a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity. The newer oral direct thrombin inhibitors show significant promise.
Micromagnetic Modeling of Recording on Discrete Track Perpendicular Media

The SNR performance of DTM is evaluated through micromagnetic simulation. The benefits of recording on DTM are discussed and compared to conventional media. In the micromagnetic model, the thin film media is approximated by the Voronoi-shaped three-dimensional array of grains. The anisotropy axis of each grain, oriented perpendicular to the thin film plane, is chosen to have a Gaussian distribution. The signal to media noise ratio (SMNR) and signal to electronic noise ratio (SENR) are calculated based on the signal and noise at the sampling points. The SMNR and SENR are used to calculate the total SNR.
Determination of Phenolic Sympathetic Stimulants in Pharmaceuticals by Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract A highly sensitive and selective instrument system combining pellicular cation exchange chromatography with thin layer electrochemistry is applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Procedures are described for phenolic sympathetic amines in solid and liquid preparations. Satisfactory quantitation is achieved on the nanogram level with minimum sample manipulation and without need for any chemical reagents. Great advantage is demonstrated over previously described colorimetric, fluorometric, and gas chromatographic procedures.
Wafer-scale 3D integration of InGaAs image sensors with Si readout circuits

In this work, we modified our wafer-scale 3D integration technique, originally developed for Si, to hybridize InP-based image sensor arrays with Si readout circuits. InGaAs image arrays based on the InGaAs layer grown on InP substrates were fabricated in the same processing line as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) readout circuits. The finished 150-mm-diameter InP wafer was then directly bonded to the SOI wafer and interconnected to the Si readout circuits by 3D vias. A 1024 × 1024 diode array with 8-µm pixel size is demonstrated. This work shows the wafer-scale 3D integration of a compound semiconductor with Si.
Identification of neurodevelopmental disabilities in underserved children using telehealth (INvesT): Clinical trial study design

Abstract Background Children living in poverty are at high risk for delays in development of language and behavior and they experience a discrepancy in diagnosis and access to intervention services. This gap is partially caused by barriers in access as well as traits that are specific to each child and family. The Identification of Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in Underserved Children using Telehealth (INvesT) trial is a novel intervention approach that was specifically designed to address these barriers. Aims The INvesT trial has three primary aims: 1) to reduce the age of identification of neurodevelopmental disability for high-risk, low-income children. 2) To validate the INvesT protocol as a service delivery model that will decrease age of identifications of neurodevelopmental disability for high-risk, low-income children; and 3) to identify important child-specific factors, family-specific factors, and environmental factors that impact feasibility and success of the INvesT trial for high-risk, low-income children. Methods The INvesT trial is an open-label, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multi-level study that includes telehealth risk assessment, telehealth screening, traditional full assessment, and follow through to enrollment in early intervention. The trial is conducted in partnership with an urban community health clinic that largely serves a low-income patient population. Conclusions The results of the INvesT trial will provide evidence for the use of a telehealth service delivery model to improve access to care for neurodevelopmental disabilities for high-risk, low-income children.
Ten Things I (Really) Like About Gerber's 'Global Competition'

David Gerber’s scholarship has been an inspiration and a major contribution to international competition policy. His earlier book Law and Competition in Twentieth Century Europe: Protecting Prometheus made a compelling case that there is a European competition law that stands apart from US antitrust law and policy. He documented how EU competition law and its national analogues share common roots going back to prior to World War II as a true pan-European body of law with indigenous roots and a common frame of reference. Gerber now expands his field of inquiry to global competition policy in Global Competition: Law, Markets and Globalization. He analyzes the history and current state of national and international solutions to international competition law and sets forth a path forward where past efforts have failed. The key to understanding Gerber’s arguments is to appreciate his view that the past efforts did not fail, or at least did not fail as to the substance of the idea that global markets require global solutions to prevent anticompetitive conduct on a global scale. He provides one of the best and most nuanced accounts of the attempts in the 20th century to develop international competition law and the forces outside of the competition arena that prevented its adoption. In this essay, I want to highlight a very personal “top ten” list of the features that make Gerber’s Global Competition such a special and lasting contribution to the literature in the field.
MODELS OF UNDERSTANDING CHRONIC ILLNESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PASTORAL THEOLOGY AND CARE

(2009). MODELS OF UNDERSTANDING CHRONIC ILLNESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PASTORAL THEOLOGY AND CARE. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 22-37.
B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes in Three Types of Bovine Lymphosarcoma

Lymphoid cells of peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and thymus from clinically normal cattle, cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and cattle with lymphosarcoma were characterized for T- and B-cell surface markers. B-cells were detected by the erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) rosette test and the surface immunoglobulin (sig) immunofluorescence assay. Peripheral blood from BLV-infected cattle had a higher than normal percentage of B-cells by both EAC rosette and sig immunofluorescence assays. Lymphoid cells from tumorous lymph nodes of cattle with the adult type of lymphosarcoma had a higher than normal percentage of sig-bearing cells, but in the same cell preparation the EAC rosette-positive cells were fewer than sig-positive cells. T-cells were detected by the erythrocyte rosette test. The percentage of T-cells by this test in lymph nodes of adult type lymphosarcoma was lower than that in normal cattle. A distinctly lower than normal percentage of lymphocytes could be characterized as either B- or T-cells in lymph nodes thymus, and peripheral blood from the calf type and thymic type of lymphosarcoma.
Physiological responses to blood collection methods in rats.

ConclusionsThe results presented indicate that: (a) the method of obtaining a blood sample, including animal handling, can significantly affect the parameter being measured; and (b) duration of han...
ARE YEARS OF TRAINING AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN OLDER RUNNERS

Accumulating data supports a relationship between long-term participation in distance running and atrial fibrillation (AF). In the present study we assessed whether accumulated years of running were related to reported AF and whether this relationship was independent of traditional risk factors for
Impact of Nonadiabatic Charge Transfer on the Rate of Redox Chemistry of Carbon Oxides on Rutile TiO2(110) Surface

We present the results of a density functional theory (DFT) within the LDA+U approximation on large models of the partially reduced TiO2(110) rutile surface to investigate the nature of charge transfer and the role of nonadiabatic effects on three prototypical redox reactions: (i) O2 adsorption, (ii) CO oxidation, and (iii) CO2 reduction. Charge-constrained DFT (cDFT) is used to estimate kinetic parameters for a Marcus theory rate law that accounts for adiabatic coupling effects on reaction rates. We find that for O2 adsorption, the coupling between adiabatic states is strong, leading to fast charge transfer rates. The lowest energy structures at high coverage consist of two chemisorbed O2–, one adsorbed at a VO site and the other adsorbed at an adjacent Ti5C site. For CO oxidation, however, all reactions are kinetically hindered on the ground state because of the weak adiabatic coupling at the state crossing, such that one has to overcome two kinetically unfavorable charge transfer events to drive the pr...
4-H Volunteer Leader Skills and Implications for Global 4-H Program Development

When 4-H originated in 1902, the intent was to improve agricultural practices and enhance quality of life for rural American families through youth development. Its success is evident; it remains the oldest and largest youth development organization in the U.S. with an increasing international component. Over 80 countries currently participate in 4-H programs, the majority of which maintain an agrarian and rural quality of life focus in program goals and curricula. Contemporary 4-H programs also convene youth from diverse ethnic, cultural and economic backgrounds through international youth exchange programs. A unique feature of 4-H worldwide is its reliance upon adult volunteer leaders who teach and guide youth. This study reports the results of an assessment of volunteer leaders’ skills to promote positive youth development among 4-H youth in the U.S. The authors developed survey items to assess seven adult skills that foster positive youth development among youth: physical and psychological safety; appropriate structure for youth development; opportunities for youth to learn about supportive relationships; opportunities for youth to belong; opportunities for youth to learn about positive social norms; opportunities for building life skills; and support for efficacy and mattering. Study results indicate that parents who participate in 4-H as volunteer leaders tend to rate their skills to work with youth significantly higher than parents who do not volunteer to lead. These results provide important information for Extension 4-H agents in the U.S. and abroad who recruit, screen, educate and manage adult volunteer leaders to promote positive development among 4-H youth.
Phase dependent structural and electronic properties of lanthanum orthophosphate (LaPO4)

We study the phase-dependent structural and electronic properties of bulk LaPO4, using density functional theory (DFT). The applicability of conventional semi-local and hybrid functionals in predicting structural and electronic properties of monoclinic and hexagonal LaPO4 is evaluated by comparing results to available experimental data. The monoclinic LaPO4 was found to be more stable than the hexagonal phase in ambient conditions with a small energy difference, suggesting a possibility of a phase transition. Both the phases in the bulk form are found to be diamagnetic with indirect energy gaps. These results are consistent with available experimental results. In the monoclinic phase, the hybrid functionals predict indirect band gap at about 8 eV. Furthermore, the calculated indirect-direct transition energy offset (ΔE) in the hexagonal phase was three times lower than the monoclinic phase. Our calculations based on hybrid functionals also reveal that the states near the conduction band edge in the hexagonal LaPO4 are strongly hybridized between La and PO4 states. By analyzing the band dispersion around the band edges, we show that the hexagonal phase has lighter electron effective mass, as compared to the monoclinic phase. With a larger energy gap, smaller ΔE, and smaller electron effective mass, the hexagonal LaPO4 might be a promising candidate material as an n-type transparent oxide.
TERATOGENICITY TOXICITY EVALUATION ON CENTRAL VEIN CATHETER STERILIZED BY RADIATION

Objective To test the teratogenicity foxicity of central vein catheter sterilized by radiation,and provide the basis for security application for single-use medical products.Methods According the method prescribed by the ISO11137 standard,chromosome aberrations and mutagenic toxicity test were used to test the central vein catheter sterilized by radiation.Results After irradiation sterilization by Co60,the central venous catheter had no genetic boxicity in experimental animals,did not increase the bone marrow cells micronucleus nicidence,and had no mutagenic effect.Conclusion The central vein catheters sterilized in the setting of dose irradiation sterilization was safe.
THE MECHANISM OF SEICHES IN TABLE BAY HARBOR, CAPE TOWN

Surging in Table Bay Harbor is shown to be favored by the peculiar location of the harbor within Table Bay and of Table Bay within the South Atlantic Ocean, and by the fortuitous fact that both the external and internal dimensions of the 'harbor accentuate the development of seiches. The roadstead comprising a three-sided quasi-basin permits resonant augmentation of several bay-seiches, notably those of about 11 and 5 1/2- minutes period, and certain harmonics among these are stimulated sufficiently to communicate themselves into the docks and achieve resonance there also. The periodicities of oscillations found by observation are explained theoretically and confirmed in model experiments. The largest basin of the harbor, during its construction period, exhibited different oscillating properties from those in evidence today. The differences are explained on the basis of the changing dimensions in shape and depth of the enclosed body of water. Model experiments again confirm the general mechanism of behavior.
China's Anti-Dumping Regime and Compliance with Anti-Dumping Principles: An Analysis Using Agricultural Dumping Case Studies

The paper assesses China's anti-dumping regime, one of the important structures implemented by China in order to become a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Section One sets forth the WTO's anti-dumping principles as well as analyzes the differences between the WTO principles and the definition of "dumping" as understood by economists. In significant respects, the WTO principles allow situations that do not actually constitute dumping-in an economic sense-to be treated as "dumping," leading to the imposition of duties and sanctions. Next, the paper evaluates the degree to which the separate anti-dumping regimes of China and the U.S. conform to the WTO's anti-dumping guidelines, both as the legislation is written and as it is applied in practice. Finally, several case studies of anti-dumping actions in the agriculture sector are analyzed, identifying the instrumental use by both countries of anti-dumping law, and the frequent absence of true economic justification for the accusations or findings of dumping.
Laser physics for the non-specialist

The word ‘LASER’ is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Visible light is only one small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (Fig. 1). Although the exact nature of light is still not understood, it does show properties both of discrete particles (photons) and waves. For the purposes of understanding the electromagnetic spectrum and lasers, we will primarily look at light in terms of its wave characteristics. A wave is characterized by four quantities: wavelength, amplitude, frequency and velocity (Fig. 2).
Long-term impacts of three forest management strategies on herpetofauna abundance in the Missouri Ozarks

Abstract Herpetofauna play a critical role in forest ecosystems as key components of biodiversity. Although there have been many studies of forest management impacts on herpetofauna, the majority investigate a small number of species or are limited in spatio-temporal scale. We examined the response of 28 species of herpetofauna to forest management through the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), a long-term, landscape-scale experiment comparing even-age, uneven-age, and no-harvest management strategies. We assessed counts of each species at the local (stand-level) and landscape (compartment-level) scales before and up to 18 years after forest management activities. Four species showed a response at the compartment level; we captured fewer of two species in even-age compartments, more of one species in uneven-age compartments, and fewer of one species in uneven-age compartments. At the stand-level, we documented variable responses to regeneration methods across species and through time. For example, we captured more of all lizard species and some snake species in stands with greater disturbance, such as clearcuts or group openings. For other snakes, salamanders, and toads, we captured more individuals in stands of intermediate disturbance such as intermediate thin and single-tree selection. All lizards exhibited immediate reactions to regeneration methods, but captures subsequently declined through time. Other species, particularly amphibians, took more than a decade to return to pre-treatment capture rates. Overall, it appears that uneven-age and even-age management may enhance herpetofauna diversity at the landscape scale, despite lower counts of some species, when regeneration activities such as clearcutting and single-tree selection occur on a limited and spatially disjunct proportion of each compartment during each management entry. After 23 years of study, even-age, uneven-age, and no-harvest forest management strategies appear sustainable with regard to herpetofauna diversity in the Central Hardwoods region of the United States.
One-to-one-Banking

Im Informationszeitalter ist ein fundamentaler gesellschaftlicher Wandel eingetreten. Das Internet als globales Netz von Informationssystemen ermoglicht immer leichter den Austausch von Daten, Information und Wissen uber die politischen Grenzen von Landern hinweg. Die Welt wird zum “Globalen Dorf”, die Gesellschaftsmitglieder haben als “Dorfbewohner” per “Mausklick” Zugriff auf immer mehr und immer aktuellere Information uber wirtschaftliche und politische Begebenheiten aus aller Welt.
Neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease.

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes that neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID) is a rare neurological disease with a clinically heterogeneous phenotype, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs presenting at a young age. Although the most characteristic clinical phenotype of NIFID is FTD, the clinical picture may embrace a seemingly diverse group of motor disorders and dementia: primary lateral sclerosis, Parkinsonism, corticobasal degeneration, FTD, and combinations thereof. This variability presents a diagnostic challenge and as more cases are described, the spectrum of clinical phenotypes may expand. However, the variability in the clinical picture reflects the anatomical distribution and burden of pathology throughout the neuroaxis. As the disease progresses, personality and behavioral changes are eventually seen in most patients. Hyperorality or weight gain may be seen in a minority of patients and, occasionally, weight loss. Hyper-reflexia and primitive reflexes are almost always present by the terminal stage of the disease, and most patients become mute with advanced disease. The caudate nucleus is atrophied in the majority of cases. Patients who have had functional neuroimaging typically show frontal and temporal hypometabolism―caudate hypometabolism may also be present, and in a minority of cases there is parietal lobe hypometabolism.
Impact of prospective verification of intravenous antibiotics in an ED.

Abstract Background Delay in appropriate antibiotic therapy is associated with an increase in mortality and prolonged length of stay. Automatic dispensing machines decrease the delivery time of intravenous (IV) antibiotics to patients in the emergency department (ED). However, when IV antibiotics are not reviewed by pharmacists before being administered, patients are at risk for receiving inappropriate antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to determine if a difference exists in the time to administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy before and after implementation of prospective verification of antibiotics in the ED. Methods This retrospective, institutional review board–approved preimplementation vs postimplementation study evaluated patients 18 years or older who were started on IV antibiotics in the ED. Patients were excluded if pregnant, if the patient is a prisoner, if no cultures were drawn, or if the patient was transferred from an outside facility. Appropriate antibiotic therapy was based on empiric source-specific evidence-based guidelines, appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and microbiologic data. The primary end point was the time from ED arrival to administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Results Of the 1628 evaluated, 128 patients met the inclusion criteria (64 pre vs 64 post). Patients were aged 65.2 ± 17.0 years, with most of infections being pneumonia (44%) and urinary tract infections (18%) and most patients being noncritically ill. Time to appropriate antibiotic therapy was reduced in the postgroup vs pregroup (8.1 ± 8.6 vs 15.2 ± 22.8 hours, respectively, P = .03). In addition, appropriate empiric antibiotics were initiated more frequently after the implementation (92% post vs 66% pre; P = .0001). There was no difference in mortality or length of stay between the 2 groups. Conclusion Prompt administration of the appropriate antibiotics is imperative in patients with infections presenting to the ED. The impact of prospective verification of antibiotics by pharmacists led to significant improvement on both empiric selection of and time to appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Energy-Efficient Storage Systems for Data Centers

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Disk Drive Operation and Disk Power Disk and Storage Power Reduction Techniques Using Nonvolatile Memory and Solid-State Disks Conclusions References ]]>
Effects of end-stage renal disease and dialysis modalities on blood ammonia level

Introduction: Uremia results in a characteristic breath odor (uremic fetor) which is largely due to its high ammonia content. Earlier studies have shown a strong correlation between breath ammonia and blood urea levels and a 10-fold reduction in breath ammonia after hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Potential sources of breath ammonia include: (i) local ammonia production from hydrolysis of urea in the oropharyngeal and respiratory tracts by bacterial flora, and (ii) release of circulating blood ammonia by the lungs. While the effects of uremia and hemodialysis on breath ammonia are well known their effects on blood ammonia are unknown and were explored here. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 23 hemodialysis patients (immediately before and after dialysis), 14 peritoneal dialysis patients, and 10 healthy controls. Blood levels of ammonia, creatinine, urea, and electrolytes were measured. Findings: No significant difference was found in baseline blood ammonia between hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and control groups. Hemodialysis procedure led to a significant reduction in urea concentration (P < 0.001) which was paradoxically accompanied by a modest but significant (P < 0.05) rise in blood ammonia level in 10 of the 23 patients studied. Change in blood ammonia pre- and post-hemodialysis correlated with change in serum bicarbonate levels (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). On subgroup analysis of patients who had a rise in blood ammonia levels after dialysis, there was a strong correlation with drop in mean arterial pressure (r = 0.88, P < 0.01). The nadir intradialytic systolic blood pressure trended lower in the hemodialysis patients who had a rise in blood ammonia compared to the patients who manifested a fall in blood ammonia (124 ± 8 vs. 136 ± 6 mmHg respectively, P = 0.27). Discussion: Fall in blood urea following hemodialysis in ESRD patients was paradoxically accompanied by a modest rise in blood ammonia levels in 43% of the patients studied, contrasting prior reported effects of hemodialysis on breath ammonia. In this subgroup of patients, changes in blood ammonia during hemodialysis correlated with rise in blood bicarbonate and fall in mean arterial blood pressure.
Direct and continuous strain control of catalysts with tunable battery electrode materials

We report a method for using battery electrode materials to directly and continuously control the lattice strain of platinum (Pt) catalyst and thus tune its catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Whereas the common approach of using metal overlayers introduces ligand effects in addition to strain, by electrochemically switching between the charging and discharging status of battery electrodes the change in volume can be precisely controlled to induce either compressive or tensile strain on supported catalysts. Lattice compression and tension induced by the lithium cobalt oxide substrate of ~5% were directly observed in individual Pt nanoparticles with aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. We observed 90% enhancement or 40% suppression in Pt ORR activity under compression or tension, respectively, which is consistent with theoretical predictions.
XLCI Protocol for High QoS in Industrial Wireless Network

In this paper, we design a protocol to communicate data reliably in harsh environments. Robust data transmission with high accuracy is imperative in industrial wireless networks. The communication over a radio link in such environment gets affected by noisy surroundings. In order to maintain the high quality of services in these networks, cooperation and adaptability at a cross layer are introduced in proposed scheme. The collaborative coding used in proposed protocol; combine the data packets of network sources to improve channel capacity. This reduces the routing overheads and enhances the network gains along with the introduction of minimum delay. The performance of the network is evaluated using parameters such as throughput, reliability, channel utilization, energy, and latency for different network sizes. Results of the proposed protocol are observed and compared with the industrial wireless communication standard Wireless HART (WHART). In rest of the paper, the proposed ‘Cross Layer Cooperative Industrial Protocol’ will be termed as “XLCI Protocol”. Results shows that XLCI protocol improves the network throughput by 53%, reliability by 40%, channel capacity by 40%, also energy consumption is reduced by 70% and latency is improved by 46%, as compared to WHART.