An empirical investigation of funding trends in global health

www.thelancet.com/lancetgh 5 Published Online April 8, 2016 Vanderbilt University Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, USA (M Martin PhD); Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, USA (M Streams PhD) Correspondence to: Marie Martin, Vanderbilt University Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Ave, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 37208, USA marie.h.martin@vanderbilt. edu An empirical investigation of funding trends in global health Marie H Martin, Megan E Streams Abstract Background Since 2005, funding for global health has increased, not only from donor OECD nations, but also from within low-income and middle-income countries via their own governmental health spending. However, there has been little analysis of budgetary trends in global health from a public fi nance angle. This study provides a quantitative analysis of the distribution of annual changes in country-level government expenditures for domestic health (1995–2012) using the theoretical lens of budgetary punctuated equilibrium theory (PET).Background Since 2005, funding for global health has increased, not only from donor OECD nations, but also from within low-income and middle-income countries via their own governmental health spending. However, there has been little analysis of budgetary trends in global health from a public fi nance angle. This study provides a quantitative analysis of the distribution of annual changes in country-level government expenditures for domestic health (1995–2012) using the theoretical lens of budgetary punctuated equilibrium theory (PET). Methods We used health fi nancing data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation to calculate country-level annual changes in government spending on domestic health for 150 countries between 1995 and 2012. We grouped countries into fi ve categories used by the World Bank for analysis: high-income, OECD; high-income, non-OECD; upper-middle income; lower-middle income; and low income. Premised on the importance of policy framing, issue salience, and institutional friction, PET suggests that budgetary change data would show periods of relative stasis, interrupted by punctuations of sudden large-scale change (generating a leptokurtic distribution) rather than steady incremental change. We tested for the degree of budgetary punctuation and compared distributional characteristics between income groups. Findings Overall, and when grouped by income, the distributions of countries’ pooled annual changes in government health spending were leptokurtic, consistent with PET. As country income decreased across the high-income-OECD, lower-middle income, and low income groups, the distribution of annual changes also became increasingly leptokurtic as hypothesised, and the proportion of annual changes that were positive decreased. Interpretation We anticipated greater departure from the normal distribution consistent with incrementalist budgeting as country income decreased, and we noted this pattern across the highest and two lowest income groups. However, the high-income non-OECD and upper-middle income groups diverged from this trend in interesting ways, suggesting areas for further research. Better understanding of distributional changes in year-to-year health expenditure patterns and their variation across country income groups could inform policymakers across income groups in ways that a focus on levels of spending alone cannot.