cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing conservation status of resident and migrant birds on Hispaniola with mist-netting

We analyzed temporal trends in mist-net capture rates of resident (n = 8) and overwintering Nearctic-Neotropical migrant (n = 3) bird species at two sites in montane broadleaf forest of the Sierra de Bahoruco, Dominican Republic, with the goal of providing quantitative information on population trends that could inform conservation assessments. We conducted sampling at least once annually during the winter months of January-March from 1997 to 2010. We found evidence of declines in capture rates for three resident species, including one species endemic to Hispaniola. Capture rate of Rufous-throated Solitaire (Myadestes genibarbis) declined by 3.9% per year (95% CL = 0%, 7.3%), Green-tailed Ground-Tanager (Microligea palustris) by 6.8% (95% CL = 3.9%, 8.8%), and Greater Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla violacea) by 4.9% (95% CL = 0.9%, 9.2%). Two rare and threatened endemics, Hispaniolan Highland-Tanager (Xenoligea montana) and Western Chat-Tanager (Calyptophilus tertius), showed statistically significant declines, but we have low confidence in these findings because trends were driven by exceptionally high capture rates in 1997 and varied between sites. Analyses that excluded data from 1997 revealed no trend in capture rate over the course of the study. We found no evidence of temporal trends in capture rates for any other residents or Nearctic-Neotropical migrants. We do not know the causes of the observed declines, nor can we conclude that these declines are not a purely local phenomenon. However, our findings, along with other recent reports of declines in these same species, suggest that a closer examination of their conservation status is warranted. Given the difficulty in obtaining spatially extensive, long-term estimates of population change for Hispaniolan birds, we suggest focusing on other metrics of vulnerability that are more easily quantified yet remain poorly described, such as extent of occurrence.
Resilience to Chronic Arthritis Pain Is Not About Stopping Pain That Will Not Stop: Development of a Dynamic Model of Effective Pain Adaptation

Factors contributing to resilience in chronic pain have garnered increased attention in recent years, and research has identified physical and psychosocial characteristics and mechanisms that enhance adaptation to pain, and a host of iatrogenic effects of medications that attempt to end the pain altogether. Ambiguity remains regarding what constitutes resilience to pain, and which factors that influence resilience can be modified by psychosocial interventions. In this chapter we begin by identifying three key components of resilient responses to chronic pain despite pain: (1) recovery from pain-related decrements in functioning, (2) sustainability of purpose in the face of painful episodes, and (3) psychological growth from learning new and more effective ways to respond to recurrent episodes of moderate to severe arthritis pain. We review current research findings of individual differences in successful adaptation with this model of resilience in mind. Further, we introduce time course as a contributing factor to resilient outcomes, incorporating the role of developmental and situational factors in the initial onset of pain through development of and adjustment to chronic pain. Fatigue, a complex and salient barrier for individuals with chronic pain, is examined as an example of a failure of self-regulation and recovery processes in arthritis. Additionally, the role of goal orientation and reward processing in catalyzing resilient responses to pain is reviewed. Finally, the interpersonal context of pain resilience is examined, with specific attention paid to social contributors to positive emotion, social support, and styles of pain expression.
Broadening U.S. Water Resources Project Planning and Evaluation

U.S. federal water resources planning and evaluation activities have usually emphasized future costs and benefits of prospective projects. A detailed planning document, the Principles and Guidelines, guides U.S. federal water resources project planning. But no comparable document exists to guide retrospective, ex post reviews of water projects and programs. Social goals and preferences may change substantially after project implementation. A lack of ex post evaluation may inhibit appropriate project and policy adjustments. Broadening U.S. water resources management to incorporate a greater degree of ex post evaluation may help resolve some of the nation's water resources controversies. The inclusion of independent scientists - who should work cooperatively with agency officials - can help ensure objectivity and credibility. Successful implementation of adaptive management, which is increasingly looked to for helping to resolve U.S. water policy challenges, may rely upon effective ex post evaluation.
ROAR: An architecture for Real-Time Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cloud-assisted Cognitive Radio Networks

Need for Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum is increasing along with increasing wireless subscriptions and devices that is causing scarcity in total available RF spectrum. Opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks is emerging for maximizing the RF spectrum efficiency where unlicensed Secondary Users (SUs) access idle spectrum bands without causing any harmful interference to licensed Primary Users (PUs). All SUs are required to scan/sense RF spectrum to find idle bands or search for idle bands in a spectrum database not to interfere with PUs while using those idle bands. In this paper, we propose a Real-time Opportunistic Spectrum Access in Cloud-assisted Cognitive Radio Networks (ROAR) architecture where SUs (i.e., USRP wireless devices) are equipped with wide-band (50 MHz – 6 GHz) antenna and GPS units. ROAR uses cloud computing platform for real-time processing of wide-band data since SUs' performance is considerably constrained by their limited power, memory and computational capacity. In ROAR architecture, there are two parts: spectrum sensing to create a database of idle channels and dynamic spectrum access for opportunistic SU communications using idle channels. For the spectrum database, RF sensors scan/sense RF bands to find idle bands and report the geo-location of idle band, channel frequency and time stamp to the database installed in the distributed cloud platform. For opportunistic spectrum access, each SU interested for opportunistic communication queries a spectrum database to find idle channels. Distributed cloud computing is used to find idle channels for the SU where geolocation and other demands (e.g., data rate) are checked to find whether the SU is admissible or not for a given geo-location and time. If the SU is admissible based on the admissibility criteria, spectrum server sends the list of channels available for a given location and time to the SU. Then SU chooses the best suited channel to communicate opportunistically. We evaluate the ROAR architecture using numerical results obtained from extensive experiments.
Verbal descriptor measures of pain clarify mechanisms of analgesia due to narcotics, brain stimulation, and placebo.

An opportunity to develop a new generation of methods for pain relief has arisen from recent advances in the neurobiology of pain. A variety of sensitive and reliable pain assessment methods are now available to facilitate clinical trials. Assessment tools that are suitable for young children are being developed, making analgesic research feasible in this group of patients.New analgesic methods may either block the action of neurochemical mediators of pain or promote endogenous pain-relieving systems. Treatments aimed at preventing peripheral nerve sensitization by inflammatory products avoid the side effects of centrally acting narcotic analgesics. Endogenous opioid systems are involved in the body's analgesic response to acute pain and stress. Pituitary beta-endorphin release is a likely component of this response and may be manipulated by pharmacological interventions. Noradrenergic and serotonergic pain-inhibiting systems may mediate the specific analgesia produced by amitriptyline in neuropathic pain states.
Prescription Drug Systems and Price Control in Canada

This Article presents a brief overview of the regulation of prescription drugs in Canada. Part I provides an overview and the context of the environment in which the system operates; Part II describes the responsibilities of the federal government; Part III reviews the national initiatives that have been undertaken cooperatively between the federal and provincial/territorial governments; and Part IV describes the responsibilities of the provincial governments.
Linguistic and Computational Problems for the Creation of an Italian Children's Corpus of Spoken Language.

In this paper we describe the criteria adopted for the creation of a corpus of spoken language produced by children of six to eleven years of age in different communicative situations, the methodology used for the collection of data, the transcription, coding and lemmatization phases. We also give some quantitative descriptions about nouns, verbs and adjectives present in the corpus. Qualitative analyses on the adjectives are underway. This work is to be included among the activities carried out within the framework of the "Corpus di Linguaggio Infantile" (C.L.I.), a special project of the Italian National Research Council (CNR).
Applied behavior analysis is ideal for the development of a land mine detection technology using animals

The detection and subsequent removal of land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) from many developing countries are slow, expensive, and dangerous tasks, but have the potential to improve the well-being of millions of people. Consequently, those involved with humanitarian mine and UXO clearance are actively searching for new and more efficient detection technologies. Remote explosive scent tracing (REST) using trained dogs has the potential to be one such technology. However, details regarding how best to train, test, and deploy dogs in this role have never been made publicly available. This article describes how the key characteristics of applied behavior analysis, as described by Baer, Wolf and Risley (1968, 1987), served as important objectives for the research and development of the behavioral technology component of REST while the author worked in humanitarian demining.
The borders of narrative

Framing narratives As you move to the outer edges of a narrative, you may find that it is embedded in another narrative. The containing narrative is what is called a framing narrative . Classic examples of framing narratives, or frame-tales, are Boccaccio's Decameron (1351–3), Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1387–1400), and the Thousand and One Nights (c. 1450), in which an embracing narrative acts as a framework within which a multitude of tales are told. In the Thousand and One Nights , for example, the sultan Schahriah, in his bitterness against women, resolves to marry a new woman every day and to strangle her each morning before sunrise to ensure that she will never be unfaithful to him. Scheherazade marries him anyway but escapes execution through the strategy of telling the sultan a story every night and breaking off just before the climax each morning at sunrise. The sultan is hooked, and Scheherazade winds up telling a thousand and one stories. This framing narrative has its own conclusion, which I won't give away here, but it also works as a way of collecting together a multitude of quite different stories. There are numerous examples of framing narratives that are much more modest than these in that they only frame a single narrative, either a short story, or a novel, or a film, or whatever. Yet such framing narratives can play critically important roles in the interpretation of the narratives they frame.
Kinematics of illumination patterns and light echoes from flashes

Flash-induced light echoes—the observation of light reflected from a burst—have been observed in astronomical settings for more than a century and have been observed in the laboratory recently. Because of the flight time of light, perceived light echoes are different from real light illumination patterns on a scattering plane, neglecting interreflections and non-opaque scattering effects. The shape and motion of real illumination patterns are studied from a spherical flash. Then, ellipsoids of constant time delay for a specifically chosen coordinate system are applied. Generally, perceived light echoes are elliptical annular rings and the center of a light echo will not start at the flash, which leads to light echoes moving angularly toward the flash instead of away from it, a phenomenon actually recorded by other groups. The brightness of perceived light echoes was studied, and maximum brightness occurred close to the flash’s projective point on the scattering plane. Two specific examples are given and a magnification effect between perceived echoes and real illumination patterns is proposed.
Fast versions of Shor's quantum factoring algorithm

We present fast and highly parallelized versions of Shor's algorithm. With a sizable quantum computer it would then be possible to factor numbers with millions of digits. The main algorithm presented here uses FFT-based fast integer multiplication. The quick reader can just read the introduction and the ``Results'' section.
Impossibility, God, and Religious Experience

AbstractThis essay responds to John Caputo’s suggestion that the experience of the impossible serves as a bridge to the experience of God. While his axiology of the impossible supports a postmodern phenomenology of religious experience, Caputo connects the experience of impossibility to a radically personal theism, interpreting it too closely to a Kierkegaardian and biblical faith that ‘with God, all things are possible’. The current essay argues two things: first, that such an axiom of impossibility can indeed operate outside a narrow ‘loving-father’ theism, and second, that a form of faith that rejects this notion that God simply turns impossibility into possibility better maintains religious faith at a threshold of human manipulation and respects the freedom of Reality; it thereby responds more adequately to a postmodern challenge for authentic religious experience that is grounded in responsibility.
The Nile Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) as a Superior Carbohydrate-Sensitive Model for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental interactions. No single animal model has so far mirrored all the characteristics or complications of diabetes in humans. Since this disease represents a chronic nutritional insult based on a diet bearing a high glycemic load, the ideal model should recapitulate the underlying dietary issues. Most rodent models have three shortcomings: (1) they are genetically or chemically modified to produce diabetes; (2) unlike humans, most require high-fat feeding; (3) and they take too long to develop diabetes. By contrast, Nile rats develop diabetes rapidly (8–10 weeks) with high-carbohydrate (hiCHO) diets, similar to humans, and are protected by high fat (with low glycemic load) intake. This review describes diabetes progression in the Nile rat, including various aspects of breeding, feeding, and handling for best experimental outcomes. The diabetes is characterized by a striking genetic permissiveness influencing hyperphagia and hyperinsulinemia; random blood glucose is the best index of disease progression; and kidney failure with chronic morbidity and death are outcomes, all of which mimic uncontrolled T2DM in humans. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also described in diabetic humans, results from hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol accumulation associated with rising blood glucose. Protection is afforded by low glycemic load diets rich in certain fibers or polyphenols. Accordingly, the Nile rat provides a unique opportunity to identify the nutritional factors and underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms that characterize human T2DM.
Does language affect memory for object position? A crosslinguistic comparison

We present an experimental investigation of the influence of language on spatial memory. German and English differ in how they encode the axial position (standing vs. lying) of an inanimate figure ...
Impact of Spot Size and Spacing on the Quality of Robustly Optimized Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Plans for Lung Cancer.

Purpose To investigate how spot size and spacing affect plan quality, robustness, and interplay effects of robustly optimized intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for lung cancer. Methods and Materials Two robustly optimized IMPT plans were created for 10 lung cancer patients: first by a large-spot machine with in-air energy-dependent large spot size at isocenter (σ: 6-15 mm) and spacing (1.3 σ), and second by a small-spot machine with in-air energy-dependent small spot size (σ: 2-6 mm) and spacing (5 mm). Both plans were generated by optimizing radiation dose to internal target volume on averaged 4-dimensional computed tomography scans using an in-house–developed IMPT planning system. The dose–volume histograms band method was used to evaluate plan robustness. Dose evaluation software was developed to model time-dependent spot delivery to incorporate interplay effects with randomized starting phases for each field per fraction. Patient anatomy voxels were mapped phase-to-phase via deformable image registration, and doses were scored using in-house–developed software. Dose–volume histogram indices, including internal target volume dose coverage, homogeneity, and organs at risk (OARs) sparing, were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Compared with the large-spot machine, the small-spot machine resulted in significantly lower heart and esophagus mean doses, with comparable target dose coverage, homogeneity, and protection of other OARs. Plan robustness was comparable for targets and most OARs. With interplay effects considered, significantly lower heart and esophagus mean doses with comparable target dose coverage and homogeneity were observed using smaller spots. Conclusions Robust optimization with a small spot-machine significantly improves heart and esophagus sparing, with comparable plan robustness and interplay effects compared with robust optimization with a large-spot machine. A small-spot machine uses a larger number of spots to cover the same tumors compared with a large-spot machine, which gives the planning system more freedom to compensate for the higher sensitivity to uncertainties and interplay effects for lung cancer treatments.
The circular leaf spring

Large deflections of the simple circular leaf spring are analyzed using elastica theory. The governing equations are integrated by a new homotopy method which gives accurate results. The force-displacement and maximum moment-displacement curves are obtained for various natural curvatures. It is found that these curves are highly nonlinear. Springs with large initial curvature exhibit nonuniqueness. For the same sufficiently large force the spring equilibrates theoretically in three different configurations, one of which is unstable. Only one of the two stable configurations is applicable to the leaf spring.
Mechanisms of Androgen Induced Masculine Differentiation of the Rat Brain

In order to put our more recent work in proper perspective, I would like first to review briefly the concept of sexual differentiation of the rat brain (for a more complete review see Gorski 1971a, b). Reproductive activity of the intact male rat is markedly different from that of the female. The adult male secretes androgen and forms mature spermatozoa essentially continuously. In addition, the male rat will display sexual behavior whenever presented with a receptive female. Although male sexual behavior is inhibited by a novel environment, once the experienced male adapts to the new environment of the testing cage, he will mate with the receptive female.
Diverse Reactivity of Diazatitanacyclohexenes: Coupling Reactions of 2H-Azirines Mediated by Titanium(II)

2H-Azirines are versatile coupling partners for the synthesis of N-heterocycles. Herein, we present our studies on the reactivity of Cp2Ti(BTMSA) (1; BTMSA = bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene) with a variety of azirines. In all the cases examined, the initial organometallic products formed are diazatitanacyclohexenes, presumably formed via oxidative addition of Ti(II) into the C–N bond of the azirine to form an azatitanacyclobutene intermediate, followed by C═N insertion of a second equivalent of azirine into the Ti–C bond to form the observed products. Diazatitanacyclohexene 3, bearing phenyl substituents and derived from 2,3-diphenyl-2H-azirine, fragments to form an azabutadiene and nitrile, which is shown to be catalytic in the presence of excess 2,3-diphenyl-2H-azirine. H-substituted complex 8, derived from 3-phenyl-2H-azirine, decomposes via protonolysis of the Cp ligands. In contrast, the methyl-substituted diazatitanacyclohexene 10, derived from 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine, is thermally robust. Attempt...
Objective Versus Self-Reported Adherence to Airway Clearance Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Historically, studies of adherence to airway clearance therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) have relied on self-reporting. We compared self-reported airway clearance therapy adherence to actual usage data from home high-frequency chest wall compressions (HFCWC) vests and identified factors associated with overestimation of adherence in self-reports. METHODS: Pediatric patients who perform airway clearance therapy with a HFCWC vest were eligible to participate. Objective adherence data were obtained from the HFCWC device, which records cumulative utilization time. Two readings at least 5 weeks apart were collected. Objective adherence was recorded as a ratio of mean-to-prescribed daily use (%). Self-reported adherence data were collected with a caregiver survey at enrollment. Adherence rates were categorized as low ( RESULTS: In the final sample (N = 110), mean adherence by usage data was 61%. Only 35% of subjects (n = 38) were highly adherent, and 28% (n = 31) were low adherent. In contrast, 65% of subjects (n = 72) reported high adherence and only 8% (n = 9) reported low adherence (P CONCLUSIONS: Self-reports overestimated actual adherence to airway clearance therapy, and the overestimation increased with treatment occurring in multiple households and prescribed therapy duration. Among participants with prescribed airway clearance therapy ≥ 60 min, overestimation increased with lower income. Objective measures of adherence are needed, particularly for lower-income children and those receiving treatments in multiple locations.
Apical myectomy for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and advanced heart failure

Abstract Objective In patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, extensive apical hypertrophy may reduce left ventricular end-diastolic volume and contribute to diastolic dysfunction, angina, and ventricular arrhythmias. Transapical myectomy to augment left ventricular cavity size can increase stroke volume and decrease left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In this study, we describe early outcomes of patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy after transapical myectomy and compare survival with that of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy listed for heart transplantation. Methods Between September 1993 and March 2017, 113 symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent transapical myectomy. Clinical information, echocardiographic data, and follow-up were reviewed. With the use of a national database, survival was compared with that of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy listed for heart transplantation. Results In the surgical cohort, median (interquartile range) age was 50.8 (39.3-60.7) years, and 49 (43%) were male. Preoperatively, 108 patients (96%) were in New York Heart Association class III/IV. All patients underwent transapical myectomy. There were 4 (4%) deaths within 30 days of operation. At last follow-up, 76% of patients reported improvement in symptoms, and 3 patients (3%) subsequently underwent cardiac transplantation for recurrent heart failure. The estimated 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals were 96%, 87%, and 74%, respectively. Survival appeared superior to patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy listed for heart transplant. Conclusions Apical myectomy is beneficial in severely symptomatic patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Early risk of the procedure is low, and approximately 76% maintain clinical improvement with resolution of symptoms. Long-term survival appears better than for patients listed for heart transplantation.
THE COST OF BEING A GIRL: WORKING TEENS AND THE ORIGINS OF THE GENDER WAGE GAP

In her recent book The Cost of Being a Girl: Working Teens and the Origins of the Gender Wage Gap, Yasemin Besen-Cassino provides an interesting new perspective on a well-studied problem. With a fo...
A finite element solution to the generalized Onsager model of fluid flow in a countercurrent gas centrifuge

Based on the Onsager Equation, a linearized sixth-order partial differential equation describing the flow in the volume of the rotor of a gas centrifuge is solved using a finite element algorithm e...
An Improved Method for Treating Problems Involving Simultaneous Radioactive Decay, Buildup, and Mass Transfer

A new approach is presented for handling problems involving radioactive decay, buildup, and mass transfer. This method uses recursion relations for computing the exponential terms that makes the computation fast and efficient. The concepts of a path specific probability function and a cumulative transfer probability function are introduced and used in developing a general equation. Treatment for problems involving singularities is also presented. 8 refs.
Morphological data on soft ferromagnetic Fe90Ta10 thin films.

Abstract Iron-tantalum (Fe–Ta) thin films were synthesized on silicon (Si) (100) substrates using a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. For the analysis of all reported data, please refer to our main article “Magnetic and electrical properties of Fe90Ta10 thin films [1]”. Morphological data confirm the amorphous nature of the film. Mesokurtic surface of the film was revealed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The compositions of target and films were determined using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) data. The composition of Fe–Ta clusters, observed on the film surface, was measured using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis.
Predictors of transfer to different facility at discharge in patients admitted with metastatic solid malignancy: Five-year National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database analysis.

38Background: Improvement in cancer treatment has led to an increase in prevalence of metastatic malignancy (met-Ca) with a rise in healthcare utilization secondary to this. We aim to identify pred...
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CARDIAC VARIABLES AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS: ANALYSIS FROM THE DALLAS HEART STUDY-2

Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between subclinical cardiac dysfunction and cognitive impairment in older adults. However, association between hemodynamic variables and cognitive function has not been determined in an ethnically diverse middle-aged population. Furthermore, previous
Predicting clothing behaviors of Generation Y men through self-esteem and body dissatisfaction

This study investigated how various dimensions of body dissatisfaction of men in Generation Y (i.e., body dissatisfaction-weight, body dissatisfaction-muscles, and body dissatisfaction-height) influenced their clothing related behavioral responses, including clothing image avoidance and clothing purchase behavior. Self-esteem was included as a predictor variable for the three dimensions of body dissatisfaction. Data were collected through an online survey from heterosexual Generation Y men. Results indicated that self-esteem negatively influenced the three dimensions of body dissatisfaction differently; only the body dissatisfaction-weight dimension influenced men’s clothing image avoidance and clothing purchase behavior, when controlling for body dissatisfaction-muscles and body dissatisfaction-height. The findings were discussed, and implications were provided in the current study.
Biobased Divanillin as a Precursor for Formulating Biobased Epoxy Resin

Divanillin (DV), which can be facilely synthesized via vanillin dimerization, was employed as a building block to formulate epoxy resin. DV was synthesized through a novel approach in hot water in ...
A matter of direction

This paper summarizes a talk given by the author at the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru on December 12, 2019. It outlines the multiplicity of situations where measurements on directions in two, three, or more dimensions are observed, and form the basis for answering various scientific questions. After briefly outlining the novelty in dealing with such data and the need for an entirely different set of analytical tools, one of the basic questions that arises before any further inference viz. testing isotropy of circular data, is addressed. The author was initiated into this topic of directional statistics by Professor C R Rao during the 1960s and is pertinent to this occasion celebrating him.
Exercise Barriers and Adherence to Recommendations in Patients With Cancer.

PURPOSE:The American College of Sports Medicine exercise guidelines for cancer survivors encourage a combination of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity and 2-3 weekly sessions of str...
Detection of False Investment Strategies through FWER and FDR (Seminar Slides)

Financial systems rarely allow experimentation. For example, we cannot reproduce the flash crash of 2010 while controlling for environmental conditions. As a result, much financial research relies on the statistical analysis of finite (historical) datasets, where: (a) Time series datasets are limited, and (b) The investment universe is limited. The implication is that a large number of hypotheses are tested on the same observations. In the context of asset management, this situation leads to false investment strategies and losses, particularly among quantitative funds. This seminar explains how to detect false investment strategies by controlling for the familywise error rate (FWER) and the false discovery rate (FDR) of an organization. It is part of Cornell University's ORIE 5256 course.
The Value of Social Media Advertising Strategies on Tourist Behavior: A Game-Changer for Small Rural Businesses

According to our research, the careful placement of a social media advertisement can statistically increase engagement components by more than 50%. According to IBIS World (Kennedy, 2021), notwithstanding the pandemic in 2020, tourism provided $590.7 Billion in revenue and employed about 5 million people across the United States. According to the Outdoor Industry Association, over 8 million more Americans went hiking in 2020 compared to 2019. According to the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 20% of all small businesses fail within the first year, 50% by the fifth year, and 80% by the tenth year.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Breast Cancer Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies.

Introduction: Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction commonly co-occur in breast cancer patients and survivors. However, the underlying neural mechanism is not clear. We performed a systematic review of studies that used neuroimaging methods to investigate structural and functional changes in the brain associated with fatigue in breast cancer patients and survivors. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, EmBase, and Cochrane CENTRAL from January 2009 to May 2021 for studies that reported brain neuroimaging findings in relationship to fatigue in breast cancer patients or survivors. Neuroimaging methods included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and electroencephalogram (EEG).. We summarized structural and functional neuroimaging changes associated with fatigue. Results: Of the 176 articles retrieved, ten MRI studies reported neuroimaging findings in relationship to fatigue. Together these studies compared 385 breast cancer patients or survivors to 205 controls. Fatigue was associated with reduced white matter integrity and increased glutamate in the insula but changes in gray matter volume were not associated with fatigue score. Nine of the ten studies found significant associations between fatigue and functional changes in the frontoparietal cortex. In response to memory and planning tasks, fatigue was associated with increased activations in several regions of the frontoparietal cortex, however, overall performance on tasks was not reduced. Fatigue was also associated with extensive changes in the connectivity of brain networks that filter endogenous signals (salience network), internal attention (default mode network), and external attention (dorsal attention network). Subcortical regions associated with fatigue included insula (interoception), superior colliculus (sleep regulation), and thalamus (alertness). Functional brain changes before initiation of chemotherapy were a better predictor of post-treatment fatigue than chemotherapy itself. Conclusions: Fatigue in breast cancer is associated with widespread functional changes of brain regions and networks that affect executive function including memory, planning, internal and external attention. Observed changes likely represent a compensatory mechanism through which breast cancer patients and survivors try to maintain adequate executive function. Breast cancer patients scheduled to undergo chemotherapy are at high risk for developing fatigue even before the start of treatment.
A Dilworth Decomposition Theorem for λ Suslin Quasi-Orderings of R

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Dilworth decomposition theorem for λ-suslin quasi-orderings of ℝ. The chapter shows that if ≤ is a Borel quasi-ordering of ℝ with no perfect set of incomparable elements, then (1) ℝ = ∪n∈ω Xn, where each Xn is ≤ −linearly ordered and Borel and (2) there is a strictly ordered preserving map F : (ℝ,≤)→ (2α,
Simulation of elastic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this paper, selected effective elastic moduli of single-walled carbon nanotubes are simulated numerically. This effective macroscopic behavior is studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in which the dynamic response and mutual force interaction among atoms of the nanostructures are obtained when subjected to small-strain deformation. Both force and energy approaches that link the behavior at the atomic and macroscopic scales of the nanotubes are used to predict the elastic moduli under different deformation modes. A comparison of the elastic constants obtained from MD simulation with available experimental data is made.
Some of the α-NH2-acetylated β-endoprhin-like material in rat and monkey pituitary and brain is acetylated α- and β-endorphin

There are several studies demonstrating the existence of alpha-NH2-acetylated (N-Ac) forms of beta-endorphin in the intermediate lobe of several species (1,4,6). These include N-Ac-beta-endorphin (1-31), N-Ac-beta-endorphin (1-27) and N-Ac-beta-endorphin (1-26). The existence of N-acetylation of brain beta-endorphin is more controversial (5,6). Using molecular sieving, HPLC, and several radioimmunoassays, either directed at the midportion of beta-endorphin or at only N-acetylated opioids, we have studied brain multiple forms (cf. Akil, 1982). We have noted that little or no acetylation of beta-endorphin-sized material occurs in hypothalamus, and a small amount of N-acetylation appears to take place in the midbrain and the medulla. These results will be described in detail elsewhere (Akil et al., in preparation), but point the fact that processing of beta-endorphin (1-31) in brain is different than either lobe, with the production of beta-endorphin (1-27) and beta-endorphin (1-26) being more predominant in brain terminal areas than in the neuro-intermediate lobe. In the course of these experiments we noted the existence of a smaller-sized material which reacted with our N-acetyl-beta-endorphin antibody. The following study describes the partial characterization of this material as N-Ac-alpha- and N-Ac-beta-endorphin (i.e., the N-acetylated forms of beta-endorphin (1-17) and beta-endorphin (1-16).
Midforceps delivery—a vanishing art?

Abstract The investigative and other intellectual pursuits of obstetrics are receiving increasing emphasis in our curricula and training programs. This is as it should be; but an unfortunate sequella is an increasing disregard of the mechanical aspects of our discipline. The dictum that midforceps delivery is obsolete and that it should be replaced by cesarean section is a convenient platitude which ignores the significant number of midpelvic arrests for which cesarean section is not a reasonable or proper solution. The appraisal of such problems requires a clear concept of pelvic architecture and of the effects of the pelvic features upon the mechanism of labor. Because of the increasing evasion of these principles it has seemed timely to review the classical Caldwell-Moloy precepts, to suggest a means by which they can be taught more readily, and to outline certain aspects of their use. In passing, the observation is made that the currently approved definition of “midforceps delivery” (proposed in 1949 by the authors of four standard obstetric textbooks) has serious disadvantages that may outweigh its single advantage. It is hoped that this question will be reopened, and that the propriety of our present usage will be re-examined. An alternative definition is suggested.
Thomas-Fermi Equation of State-The Hot Curve

We derive the high-temperature limit of the equation of state based on the Thomas-Fermi statistical theory of the atom. The resulting “hot curve” is in fact the ideal Fermi gas. We expand the thermodynamic properties of this gas in powers of the fugacity and use this expansion to construct a representation of the pressure, accurate to about 0.1%. This representation is compared with the actual theory for aluminum and the “hot curve” is found to represent it well over a large region of interest in applications.
What can we hope for from cellular automata

Although the idea of using discrete methods for modeling partial differential equations occured very early, the actual statement that cellular automata techniques can approximate the solutions of hydrodynamic partial differential equations was first discovered by Frisch, Hasslacher, and Pomeau. Their description of the derivation, which assumes the validity of the Boltzmann equation, appeared in the Physical Review Letters in April 1986. It is the intent of this article to provide a description of the simplest lattice gas model and to examine the successes and inadequacies of a lattice gas calculation of flow in a two-dimensional channel. Some comments will summarize a recent result of a lattice gas simulation of flow through porous media, a problem which is ideal for the lattice gas method. Finally, some remarks will be focused on the impressive speeds which could be obtained from a dedicated lattice gas computer.
End-to-end adaptive QoS provisioning over GPRS wireless mobile network

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offers performance guaranteed packet data services to mobile users over wireless frequency-division duplex links with time division multiple access, and core packet data networks. This paper presents a dynamic adaptive guaranteed Quality-of-Service (QoS) provisioning scheme over GPRS wireless mobile links by proposing a guaranteed QoS media access control (GQ-MAC) protocol and an accompanying adaptive prioritized-handoff call admission control (AP-CAC) protocol to maintain GPRS QoS guarantees under the effect of mobile handoffs. The GQ-MAC protocol supports bounded channel access delay for delay-sensitive traffic, bounded packet loss probability for loss-sensitive traffic, and dynamic adaptive resource allocation for bursty traffic with peak bandwidth allocation adapted to the current queue length. The AP-CAC protocol provides dynamic adaptive prioritized admission by differentiating handoff requests with higher admission priorities over new calls via a dynamic multiple guard channels scheme, which dynamically adapts the capacity reserved for dealing with handoff requests based on the current traffic conditions in the neighboring radio cells. Integrated services (IntServ) QoS provisioning over the IP/ATM-based GPRS core network is realized over a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) architecture, and mobility is supported over the core network via a novel mobile label-switching tree (MLST) architecture. End-to-end QoS provisioning over the GPRS wireless mobile network is realized by mapping between the IntServ and GPRS QoS requirements, and by extending the AP-CAC protocol from the wireless medium to the core network to provide a unified end-to-end admission control with dynamic adaptive admission priorities.
Rhombomeric origin and rostrocaudal reassortment of neural crest cells revealed by intravital microscopy

Neural crest cell migration in the hindbrain is segmental, with prominent streams of migrating cells adjacent to rhombomeres (r) r2, r4 and r6, but not r3 or r5. This migratory pattern cannot be explained by the failure of r3 and r5 to produce neural crest, since focal injections of the lipophilic dye, DiI, into the neural folds clearly demonstrate that all rhombomeres produce neural crest cells. Here, we examine the dynamics of hindbrain neural crest cell emigration and movement by iontophoretically injecting DiI into small numbers of cells. The intensely labeled cells and their progeny were repeatedly imaged using low-light-level epifluorescence microscopy, permitting their movement to be followed in living embryos over time. These intravital images definitively show that neural crest cells move both rostrally and caudally from r3 and r5 to emerge as a part of the streams adjacent to r2, r4, and/or r6. Within the first few hours, cells labeled in r3 move within and/or along the dorsal neural tube surface, either rostrally toward the r2/3 border or caudally toward the r3/4 border. The labeled cells exit the surface of the neural tube near these borders and migrate toward the first or second branchial arches several hours after initial labeling. Focal DiI injections into r5 resulted in neural crest cell contributions to both the second and third branchial arches, again via rostrocaudal movements of the cells before migration into the periphery. These results demonstrate conclusively that all rhombomeres give rise to neural crest cells, and that rostrocaudal rearrangement of the cells contributes to the segmental migration of neural crest cells adjacent to r2, r4, and r6. Furthermore, it appears that there are consistent exit points of neural crest cell emigration; for example, cells arising from r3 emigrate almost exclusively from the rostral or caudal borders of that rhombomere.
Cytokine receptor signaling mechanisms

Recent studies have dramatically advanced our understanding of the post-receptor signaling machinery engaged by members of the cytokine receptor superfamily. Proximal components of this signaling machinery are members of a novel class of protein tyrosine kinases termed JAKs. A working model proposes that ligand-induced dimerization of cytokine receptor subunits triggers the catalytic activation of the associated JAKs, which then couple the receptor to downstream signaling pathways. Ongoing research efforts are also yielding information regarding two potentially interactive pathways of nuclear signaling activated by cytokine receptor occupancy. These pathways are initiated by the activation of the Ras to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade and by the tyrosine phosphorylation of a newly defined set of transcription factors, the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). Collectively, these results begin to provide a molecular basis for the long-observed phenomena of cytokine pleiotropy and redundancy.
Incidence of Nephrotoxicity and Association With Vancomycin Use in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Pneumonia: Retrospective Analysis of the IMPACT-HAP Database

Abstract Background The 2005 guidelines from the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend vancomycin trough levels of 15 to 20 mg/L for the therapy of hospital-acquired (HAP), ventilator-associated (VAP), and health care–associated (HCAP) pneumonia. Objective The goal of this article was to report the incidence of nephrotoxicity and associated risk factors in intensive care unit patients who received vancomycin for the treatment of HAP, VAP, and HCAP. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of data from a multicenter, observational study of pneumonia patients. Antibiotic-associated nephrotoxicity was defined as either an increase in serum creatinine ≥0.5 mg/dL or 50% above baseline, from initiation of vancomycin to 72 hours after completion of therapy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for development of renal dysfunction. Results Of the 449 patients in the database, 240 received at least one dose of vancomycin and 188 had sufficient data for analysis. In these 188 patients, 63% were male. Mean (SD) age was 58.5 (17.2) years, and the mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 19.4 (6.4). Nephrotoxicity occurred in 29 of 188 (15.4%) vancomycin-treated patients. In multivariate analysis, initial vancomycin trough levels ≥15 mg/L (odds ratio [OR], 5.2 [95% CI, 1.9–13.9]; P = 0.001), concomitant aminoglycoside use (OR, 2.67 [95% CI, 1.09–6.54]; P = 0.03), and duration of vancomycin therapy (OR for each additional treatment day, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.02–1.23]; P = 0.02) were independently associated with nephrotoxicity. The incidence of nephrotoxicity increased as a function of the initial vancomycin trough level, rising from 7% at a trough 20 mg/L ( P = 0.001). The mean time to nephrotoxicity decreased from 8.8 days at vancomycin trough levels 20 mg/L (Kaplan-Meier analysis, P = 0.0003). Conclusions Nephrotoxicity may be common among intensive care unit patients with pneumonia treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy that includes vancomycin. The finding that an initial vancomycin trough level ≥15 mg/L may be an independent risk factor for nephrotoxicity highlights the need for additional studies to assess current recommendations for vancomycin dosing for ICU patients with pneumonia.
Effects of supplementary levels of L-carnitine on blood and urinary carnitines and on the portal-systemic blood-ethanol concentrations in the rat

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats of about 300 g body weight were fed ground Rodent Chow or the same mixed with 0.0025, 0.005, 0.0075, or 0.01 (wt/wt) L -carnitine for 10 days. Changes in blood and urinary carnitines were monitored on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 of feeding carnitine supplemented (CS) diets. Changes in the portal and systemic blood-ethanol were monitored on day 11 following an intraduodenal dose of ethanol. Blood and urinary carnitines peaked after days 3 and 5, respectively, following the 0.005 level of carnitine supplementation which was found adequate. The urinary carnitine fractions followed the pattern of blood carnitines and there were strong positive correlation (r = 0.83) between blood and urinary total and nonesterified carnitines. While rates of ethanol appearance in the portal blood remained essentially unaltered, the systemic blood ethanol concentrations were significantly elevated in the carnitine supplemented rats during the initial 30 minutes. It is concluded that feeding of 0.005 CS diet for three days was adequate to attain peak blood carnitine concentrations and that carnitine retarded ethanol metabolism without altering the rates of ethanol absorption from the small intestine.