cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Removing Salt, Sodium, or Chloride from the Diet of Commercial Layers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with Hy-Line® W-36 hens. The hens were 45 and 65 wk old at the start of Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was used. Four diets were fed for 19 days: 1) control; 2) no added NaCl; 3) no added NaCl with Na supplied as NaHCO3 and 4) no added Na with Cl supplied as CaCl2. All hens were fed the control diet from Day 20 to Day 84. Hens fed a diet without NaCl reached zero production in 9.8 and 13.3 days in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Hens fed the diet without Na reached zero production in 10.3 and 13.1 days in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Only a few of the hens fed the diets with no Cl reached zero production. Time required for all hens to return to production after returning to control diets were 16.0, 15.7, and 6.0 days for hens receiving no added NaCl, Na, or Cl, respectively in Experiment 1, and 13.2, 15.0, and .6 days in Experiment 2. Molting occurred in 92.7, 77.8, and 24.2% of the hens receiving the no NaCl, Na or Cl, respectively, in Experiment 1, and 80.0, 72.5, 30% in Experiment 2. Mortality rates were 7.5, 12.5, 20.0, and 5.0% for die hens receiving diets with no NaCl, Na, Cl, or control, respectively, in Experiment 1, and 2.5, 10.0, 20.0, and 0% in Experiment 2.
Eddy Viscosity Calculation Along the Chemical Rocket Thrust Chamber Wall Using Turbulent Kinetic Energy

Abstract With introduction of the turbulent kinetic energy equation for the Reynolds stress term, the characteristics of compressible turbulent boundary layers along the wall of a rocket thrust chamber are theoretically solved. This inclusion of the turbulent kinetic energy equation provides the character of chemically reactive flow with mass injection and can exhibit the past history of boundary layers. Results show the variation of eddy viscosity in flow direction including the laminarization tendency in the nozzle convergent section. The results appears to be in good agreement with available experimental data. The eddy viscosity decreases significantly in the reactive hydrogen-oxygen boundary layer when a small amount of hydrogen is injected from the wall.
Development of an animal model of fluoxetine akathisia

Abstract 1. 1. Akathisia describes the pattern of intense inner restlessness often associated with neuroleptic and antidepressant treatment. 2. 2. The authors postulated that drug-induced akathisia would be characterized by more position changes and less time spent immobile, in the absence of significant increase in ambulation. In contrast, a psychomotor stimulant would produce both activation and ambulation. 3. 3. Procedures and instruments were developed to test this hypothesis. Adult rats were habituated for 72 hours to the testing environment, and their precise pattern of movements was tracked and recorded (10 reading per second; resolution 0.04 mm) by an infrared motion analysis system. Activity was recorded for a 90 min period after a single injection of sub-stereotypic doses of d-amphetamine (0, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg) or racemic fluoxetine (0, 3.0, 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0 mg/kg, s.c.). 4. 4. Amphetamine produced both activation and ambulation. Activation was indicated by a decrease in time spent immobile, and an increase in the temporal scaling exponent, which reflects the degree the animal is “acting” in its environment, and the number of position changes. Enhanced locomotion was inferred from marked increases in both the total distance traversed and the ratio of forward movements-to-reversals and a decrease in the spatial scaling exponent, indicative of a less complex and more linear movement pattern. 5. 5. Fluoxetine caused animals to spend more time active, but exerted little effect on locomotion. Activation was indicated by a decrease in time spent immobile and an increase in the temporal scaling exponent and number of position changes. Fluoxetine failed to significantly effect either the ratio of forward movements-to-reversals or the spatial scaling exponent. 6. 6. These findings provide an operational definition and methodology that can be used to differentiate between psychostimulant effects and akathisic effects. This approach may have utility for screening drugs for akathisic potential, for exploring underlying mechanisms, and for developing novel treatments.
Is Nothing Sacred? A Modernist Encounter with the Holy Sepulchre

The church of the Holy Sepulchre stands today as one of the most bizarre and contradictory buildings to come down to us from the Middle Ages. Marking the defining events of Christianity – Christ’s Crucifixion, Entombment, and Resurrection – the site was monumentalized and celebrated from the early fourth century and onward. The present condition of the church raises challenging questions for the management of tangible and intangible aspects of cultural heritage. Why does such an architecturally awkward building merit preservation? While the architecture may strike us as mediocre, the Holy Sepulchre is preserved today not for its esthetic qualities or its importance to the history of architecture but as a material sign of Christianity’s most important events – that is, what it represents is more important than what it is. However, what the building means and how it should be preserved continue to be hotly contested issues over which the stakeholders find little agreement.
Loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution.

The surface of all mammalian cells is covered with a dense and complex array of sugar chains, which are frequently terminated by members of a family of molecules called sialic acids. One particular sialic acid called N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is widely expressed on most mammalian tissues, but is not easily detectable on human cells. In fact, it provokes an immune response in adult humans. The human deficiency of Neu5Gc is explained by an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in generating Neu5Gc in cells of other mammals. This deficiency also results in an excess of the precursor sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in humans. This mutation appears universal to modern humans, occurred sometime after our last common ancestor with the great apes, and happens to be one of the first known human-great ape genetic differences with an obvious biochemical readout. While the original selection mechanisms and major biological consequences of this human-specific mutation remain uncertain, several interesting clues are currently being pursued. First, there is evidence that the human condition can explain differences in susceptibility or resistance to certain microbial pathogens. Second, the functions of some endogenous receptors for sialic acids in the immune system may be altered by this difference. Third, despite the lack of any obvious alternate pathway for synthesis, Neu5Gc has been reported in human tumors and possibly in human fetal tissues, and traces have even been detected in normal human tissues. One possible explanation is that this represents accumulation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources of animal origin. Finally, a markedly reduced expression of hydroxylase in the brains of other mammals raises the possibility that the human-specific mutation of this enzyme could have played a role in human brain evolution.
The problem with security: public perception versus reality

The public perception of security, both of the requirements and the implementation, is often at odds with the judgment of security professionals. There is clearly a need to bridge the existing gulf, both by better education of the public, and by the security community gaining a better understanding of public policy, its constraints and limitations, and the effects of public perception. The author explores the topic through the examination of a case study. The example chosen was the Gulf War's effects on airport security in the US. He provides an analysis of the threat, as perceived by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the airports, the security measures imposed by the FAA, and their effects, on both public perception and in reducing vulnerabilities, from a technical security view. He also suggests that the lack of vulnerability analyses is a major problem in providing effective security. >
Hot Money Flows, Commodity Price Cycles, and Financial Repression in the US and the People’s Republic of China: The Consequences of Near Zero US Interest Rates

Under near zero United States (US) interest rates, the international dollar standard malfunctions. Emerging markets with naturally higher interest rates are swamped with "hot money" inflows. Emerging market central banks intervene to prevent their currencies from rising precipitously. They subsequently lose monetary control and begin inflating. Primary commodity prices rise worldwide unless interrupted by an international banking crisis. This cyclical inflation on the dollar’s periphery only registers in the US core consumer price index (CPI) with a long lag. The zero interest rate policy also fails to stimulate the US economy as domestic financial intermediation by banks and money market mutual funds is repressed. Because the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is forced to keep its interest rates below market-clearing levels, it also suffers from "financial repression," although in a form differing from that in the US.
The effects of natural convection and conduction in a zone-melting-recrystallization chamber

Zone-melting recrystallization (ZMR) with a graphite strip heater is used to improve the material quality of thin film structures for microelectronic applications. The process takes place in a sealed chamber filled with an inert gas such as argon or helium. The effect of natural convection and conduction at the interface between the gas and film structure was studied both numerically and experimentally. Numerical simulations of the temperature profile in the film structure, and the flow pattern and temperature field in the gas were developed. Experimental observations in a scaled setup using a liquid medium verified the flow patterns calculated from the numerical model of the gas flow in the chamber. Results indicated that the gas is stagnant in the region below the strip heater; consequently, conduction from the strip heater to the wafer is prevalent. Outside the stagnant region, natural convection cools the film structure. These two effects combine to create a steeper thermal gradient across the entire wafer which can increase the thermal stresses in the film. The magnitude of this thermal gradient depends strongly on the thermal diffusivity of the gas. The configuration of the strip heater may significantly affect the amount of heat conduction in the stagnant region.
Robust VL Codes

The many codes included in this chapter have a common feature; thet are robust. Any errors that creep into a string of such codewords can either be detected (or even corrected automatically) or have only limited effects and do not propagate indefinitely. The chapter starts with a discussion of the principles of error-control codes.
What Shapes Policy Formation in China? A Study of National Student Nutrition Policies

This article juxtaposes world culture and policy borrowing and lending literatures to understand policy formation in China. Through reviewing China’s student nutrition policy evolution since the International Conference on Nutrition in 1992 to the launch of China’s landmark national rural student nutrition program in 2011, I examine what the key explanations to the policy developments in China were. This paper analyzes both quantitative and qualitative data from the MOE, State Council, and media sources, and draws on policy documents, scholarly publications, civil society activities, and international aid flows. Findings show that although neither world culture nor policy borrowing and lending frameworks could fully explain the case in China, local actors became increasingly active in student nutrition, as suggested by world culture theory, even when local conditions such as rural-urban poverty gaps were decreasing. In addition, the lack of international aid alignment and domestic politics may have led to the decoupling in policy and practice for China’s student nutrition agenda. The full text of the article can be found at 10.18275/fire201502031031
Law and Economics

Although law and economics has had an extraordinary impact on jurisprudence in recent times, the Irish legal community has largely neglected it. This Article provides a basic introduction to economic analysis of law. It suggests that the academy should more closely embrace the field as a distinct discipline and explores some potential benefits that the Irish legal community might realise as a result. The paper seeks to counter commonly held biases that lead some to discount or to reject economic principles. In doing so, however, it demarcates the limits of normative economic analysis. The piece concludes by calling for greater involvement by Irish economists in legal matters and for Ireland’s many distinguished law schools to introduce a basic course in law and economics into their foundational curricula.
Indeterminacy in stochastic overlapping generations models: real effects in the long run

Indeterminate equilibria are known to exist for overlapping generations models, though recent research has been limited to deterministic settings in which all equilibria converge to a steady state in the long run. This paper analyzes stochastic overlapping generations models with three-period-lived representative consumers and adopts a novel computational algorithm to numerically approximate the entire set of competitive equilibria. In a stochastic setting with incomplete markets, indeterminacy has real effects in the long run. Our numerical simulations reveal that indeterminacy is an order of magnitude more important than endowment shocks in explaining long-run consumption and asset price volatility.
Making Good on an Historic Federal Precedent: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Claims and the Termination of Parental Rights of Parents with Mental Disabilities

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) represents an underutilized advocacy tool for legal practitioners in the termination of parental rights (TPR) cases of parents with mental disabilities. Historic federal precedent by two administrative agencies in January, 2015 clarified that the ADA can be used to defend parents with mental disabilities in the child welfare system, after many years of confusion on the state and federal level. This paper provides a socio-legal justification for utilizing the ADA in this context, along with a sound theoretical framework of disability rights discourse theory, Family Systems Theory, and Vulnerability Theory. The paper presents concrete strategies and potential challenges for practitioners to utilize the ADA in both administrative and litigative child welfare arenas, drawing from lessons in the special education context. However, the paper ultimately argues that a wholesale conceptual shift and extensive professional training on this matter are required, to thoroughly protect vulnerable families and rescue overwhelmed public systems.
Plateau–Rayleigh Crystal Growth of Nanowire Heterostructures: Strain-Modified Surface Chemistry and Morphological Control in One, Two, and Three Dimensions

One-dimensional (1D) structures offer unique opportunities for materials synthesis since crystal phases and morphologies that are difficult or impossible to achieve in macroscopic crystals can be synthesized as 1D nanowires (NWs). Recently, we demonstrated one such phenomenon unique to growth on a 1D substrate, termed Plateau–Rayleigh (P-R) crystal growth, where periodic shells develop along a NW core to form diameter-modulated NW homostructures with tunable morphologies. Here we report a novel extension of the P-R crystal growth concept with the synthesis of heterostructures in which Ge (Si) is deposited on Si (Ge) 1D cores to generate complex NW morphologies in 1, 2, or 3D. Depositing Ge on 50 nm Si cores with a constant GeH4 pressure yields a single set of periodic shells, while sequential variation of GeH4 pressure can yield multimodulated 1D NWs with two distinct sets of shell periodicities. P-R crystal growth on 30 nm cores also produces 2D loop structures, where Ge (Si) shells lie primarily on the ...
A Model System for Studying Nutritional Interventions on Colon Tumor Growth: Effects of Marine Oil

In the U.S. colonic cancer is the second and third leading cause of death in men and women, respectively. While colonic cancer is multifactorial, a growing body of evidence implies that this disease may be preventable to a significant degree. Epidemiologic evidencel,2 indicates that populations consuming diets high in fat are at greater risk for colon cancer than are populations consuming diets low in fat. Concordance for these findings has been obtained in a number of animal models3–6 using a variety of carcinogens for bowel tumor induction, these workers noted that rats fed diets high in fat had a greater incidence and/or greater number of bowel tumors than rats fed diets low in fat. Sakaguchi et al.7 indicated that the type of dietary fat was important in AOM (azoxymethane)-induced colon tumorigenesis with 5% polyunsaturated-fat (PUFA) diets resulting in a higher tumor incidence, tumor number, and greater degree of histologic malignant differentiation, than in rats fed saturated-fat diets. Studies from this lab a few years ago4 and work of Reddy and Maeura8 indicated that dietary PUFA were also more effective in increasing carcinogen-induced bowel tumor yields than saturated fat.
Decay method for measuring structural vibration damping

The techniques of reverse filtering,backward integral and energy level average were used to build a damping measurement data processing system for the decay method. The relationship between the test results with the decay method and the frequency-band damping in the sense of statistical energy analysis was examined and the effect of modal damping outside the frequency band on the frequency-band damping test results was explored. At last,a plate's transient impact response data from finite element simulation were used to verify the relevant conclusions. It was shown that if the difference of modal dampings of modes in a frequency-band is small,the results with the decay method are close to the frequency-band damping in the sense of statistical energy analysis; otherwise,the results with the decay method are less than the frequency-band damping in the sense of statistical energy analysis; if there are modes with smaller damping outside the considered frequency-band,the frequency-band damping test results are strongly influenced by these modes; if the modal damping of each mode gently changes with frequency,the frequency-band damping test results for each band are more accurate; otherwise,a larger error appears.
Achieving resilience in distributed software systems via self-reconfiguration

We describe resilient operation of cyber-physical application platforms.We describe implicit design-time encoding of the reconfiguration.We describe design-time analysis and validation tools for these systems. Improvements in mobile networking combined with the ubiquitous availability and adoption of low-cost development boards have enabled the vision of mobile platforms of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), such as fractionated spacecraft and UAV swarms. Computation and communication resources, sensors, and actuators that are shared among different applications characterize these systems. The cyber-physical nature of these systems means that physical environments can affect both the resource availability and software applications that depend on resource availability. While many application development and management challenges associated with such systems have been described in existing literature, resilient operation and execution have received less attention. This paper describes our work on improving runtime support for resilience in mobile CPS, with a special focus on our runtime infrastructure that provides autonomous resilience via self-reconfiguration. We also describe the interplay between this runtime infrastructure and our design-time tools, as the later is used to statically determine the resilience properties of the former. Finally, we present a use case study to demonstrate and evaluate our design-time resilience analysis and runtime self-reconfiguration infrastructure.
The education of a crook: reinforcement learning in social-cultural settings

The ability to manipulate social and cultural values in order to achieve one's own goals is a hard-to-teach but profitable skill. In this paper we represent a complex social scenario, the Spanish Steps flower selling scam, using a social calculus framework based on culture sanctioned social metrics (CSSMs) and concrete beliefs (CBs). Then, we show how a crooked seller can learn a profitable strategy through reinforcement learning. Although the search space defined by the social calculus is large, we found that function approximation based Q-learning allows us to successfully learn efficient strategies in a relatively small number of runs. The learned strategy allows the seller to manipulate an unprepared tourist's social values of politeness and dignity, as well as his perception of the peers and crowds opinion. This allows the seller to manipulate some of his opponents to act against their own interests by purchasing an overpriced flower while well-knowing that they are being cheated.
Hyperglycemic athymic nude mice: factors affecting in vitro insulin secretion.

The strain of athymic nude male mice (ANM) developed at the University of Southern California (USC) exhibits spontaneous hyperglycemia and relative hypoinsulinemia in vivo. To investigate factors that influence insulin secretion in this animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, we utilized the isolated perfused mouse pancreas of the ANM-USC and control BALB/c mice. We compared in vitro glucose-induced insulin secretion in ANM-USC and control mice, inhibition of secretion by somatostatin, and variability of insulin secretion over the two-year period it took to complete these experiments. Glucose-induced insulin secretion from the isolated pancreas was biphasic in both ANM-USC and controls. Insulin secretion was quantitatively equal to or greater than control mice, depending on the phase of secretion analyzed and the source of the control mice. In contrast to pancreases of control mice, insulin secretion from ANM-USC pancreases was relatively resistant to inhibition of insulin secretion by so...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias

In this chapter, we review what is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. We review the fundamental electrophysiological properties of cardiac cells and tissues and how these properties may be altered to create a substrate and/or triggers for cardiac rhythm disturbances. We provide an overview of abnormalities of impulse generation (e.g., abnormal automaticity, afterdepolarizations, and triggered activity) and impulse propagation (e.g., reentry, anisotropy, rotors) that lead to cardiac arrhythmias. We highlight derangements of active and passive membrane properties and the interplay between anatomic and functional substrates that lead to cardiac remodeling.
Mothers and Sons, Fathers and Daughters: The Byzantine Family of Michael Psellos

"Mothers and Sons, Fathers and Daughters" makes available for the first time extensive English translations from the works of Michael Psellos (1018-1081?), a key philosopher of the Byzantine Empire. Psellos was not simply a philosopher, he was also a courtier, historian, and monk, and his works betray a dazzling engagement with philosophy, theology, history, and science. These interests were expressed in some eleven hundred works, including formal rhetorical texts, history writing, letters, poetry, and texts written for his students. This book contains the works that Psellos wrote about his family, including a long funeral oration for his mother that features unique recollections from a childhood spent in Constantinople; a funeral oration for his young daughter Styliane, which includes a detailed description of her physical appearance and a moving account of her illness and death; a legal work pertaining to the engagement of his second, adopted, daughter; and various letters and other works that relate to the private life of this Byzantine family. These works offer us a rare and comprehensive picture of the family life of a medieval Byzantine courtier and philosopher. Much of the material follows the rules of rhetoric inherited from classical and Christian antiquity, but Psellos was always recasting the conventions of those genres to express his own revolutionary views regarding the relation of body and soul. Some of these works also have an apologetic or legal purpose, as Psellos occasionally used them to get himself out of trouble. "Mothers and Sons, Fathers and Daughters" will appeal to all who study medieval women, childhood, and the family, especially as it provides a Byzantine perspective that has been absent from most modern discussions of those topics.
Use of p53-Silenced Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Treat Ischemia in Diabetic Peripheral Vascular Disease.

BackgroundPeripheral vascular disease is a major diabetes mellitus‐related complication. In this study, we noted that expressions of proapoptotic p53 gene and its downstream cascade gene such as p2...
New Nitride-Stabilized Cores for Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Pt monolayer (ML) electrocatalysts offer a dramatically reduced Pt content while providing considerable possibilities for enhancing their catalytic activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at fuel cell (FC) cathodes. The achievements in highly active, stable Pt ML on Pd-based nanoparticle catalysts for the ORR have been described elsewhere1-3. Various spectroscopic and microscopic studies coupled with theoretical calculations have revealed that their high advantageous characteristics resulted from the geometric and electronic interactions between the cores and the Pt MLs, together with the self-healing effect induced by the supporting cores. In order to further improve the electrochemical performance and reduce total costs toward commercialization, the composition, shape, and size of cores need to be optimized. Recently we have developed several novel nanostructured cores, such as Ir-based core-shell and alloy cores4, nitride-stabilized core components5-7, and structurally ordered intermetallic cores8to enhance the properties of the Pt ML shells. In the present paper, we will focus on the results of newly-developed nitride cores for the Pt ML electrocatalysts and discuss potentials of the approach. We believe that the results from the Pt ML electrocatalysts significantly impact the research of electrocatalysis and FC technology, as they demonstrate an exceptionally effective way of using Pt that can resolve problems encountered in other approaches. Acknowledgements:This manuscript has been authored by employees/guest of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. References:1. R. R. Adzic, J. Zhang, K. Sasaki, M. B. Vukmirovic, M. Shao, J. X. Wang, A. U. Nilekar, M. Mavrikakis, J. A. Valerio and F. Uribe, Top. Catal., 2007, 46, 249-262 2. K. Sasaki, H. Naohara, Y. Cai, Y. M. Choi, P. Liu, M. B. Vukmirovic, J. X. Wang and R. R. Adzic, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2010, 49, 8602 –8607. 3. K. Sasaki, H. Naohara, Y. M. Choi, Y. Cai, W.-H. Chen, P. Liu and R. R. Adzic, Nat. Commun., 2012, 3, 10.1038/ncomms2124. 4. K. A. Kuttiyiel, Y. Choi, K. Sasaki, D. Su, S.-M. Hwang, S.-D. Yim, T.-H. Yang, G.-G. Park, T.-H. Yang and R. R. Adzic, Nano Energy, 2016, 29, 261-267. 5. K. A. Kuttiyiel, K. Sasaki, Y. M. Choi, D. Su, P. Liu and R. R. Adzic, Nano Letters, 2012, 12, 6266-6271. 6. K. A. Kuttiyiel, Y.M. Choi, S.-M. Hwang, G.-G. Park, T.-H. Yang, D. Su, K. Sasaki, P. Liu and R. R. Adzic, Nano Energy, 2015, 13, 442–449. 7. J. Hu, K. A. Kuttiyiel, K. Sasaki, D. Su, T.-H. Yang, G.-G. Park, C. Zhang, G. Chen and R. R. Adzic, Catalysts, 2015, 5, 1321-1332. 8. K. A. Kuttiyiel, K. Sasaki, D. Su, L. Wu, Y. Zhu and R. R. Adzic, Nat. Commun., 2014, 5 5185, DOI: 5110.1038/ncomms6185.
Stationary Families of Strategies

A gambling house Γ has a property like that of a stationary Markov chain. Namely, the set of gambles Γ(x n ) available at the nth play depends only on the value of the current state x n and not on any past states. So it is natural to ask whether it is harmful for a gambler to ignore the past when selecting gambles.
Panel: Data Semantics: what, where and how?

At the panel held during the last session of the DS-6 conference, four panelists — Leo Mark, Robert Meersman, Sham Navathe, and Anion Rosenthal — addressed the key questions related to the topic of the conference, related their perspectives to what was presented and discussed at the conference, and suggested research issues in data semantics that they would like to see addressed in the future. The panel was organized, introduced, and moderated by the author. Several conference participants also presented short position statements during the panel. This chapter summarizes the lively and often insightful panel discussion, along with additional thoughts of the author/moderator.
Short communication: Increasing vertical attenuation length of cosmogenic nuclide production on steep slopes negates topographic shielding corrections for catchment erosion rates

Abstract. Interpreting catchment-mean erosion rates from in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in stream sediments requires calculating the catchment-mean 10Be surface production rate and effective mass attenuation length, both of which can vary locally due to topographic shielding and slope effects. The most common method for calculating topographic shielding accounts only for the reduction of nuclide production rates due to shielding at the surface, leading to catchment-mean corrections of up to 20 % in steep landscapes, and makes the simplifying assumption that the effective mass attenuation length for a given nuclide production mechanism is spatially uniform. Here I evaluate the validity of this assumption using a simplified catchment geometry with mean slopes ranging from 0 to 80 ∘ to calculate the spatial variation in surface skyline shielding, effective mass attenuation length, and the total effective shielding factor, defined as the ratio of the shielded surface nuclide concentration to that of an unshielded horizontal surface. For flat catchments (i.e., uniform elevation of bounding ridgelines), the effect of increasing vertical attenuation length as a function of hillslope angle and skyline shielding exactly offsets the effect of decreasing surface production rate, indicating that no topographic shielding correction is needed when calculating catchment-mean vertical erosion rates. For dipping catchments (as characterized by a plane fit to the bounding ridgelines), the catchment-mean surface nuclide concentrations are also equal to that of an unshielded horizontal surface, except for cases of extremely steep range-front catchments, where the surface nuclide concentrations are counterintuitively higher than the unshielded case due to added production from oblique cosmic ray paths at depth. These results indicate that in most cases topographic shielding corrections are inappropriate for calculating catchment-mean erosion rates, and are only needed for steep catchments with nonuniform distributions of quartz and/or erosion rate. By only accounting for shielding of surface production, existing shielding approaches introduce a slope-dependent systematic error that could lead to spurious interpretations of relationships between topography and erosion rate.
Supernormal Scotopic ERG in Macular Dystrophy

We have studied two patients with macular dystrophy who exhibit an unusual ERG response. When tested with bright light stimuli in the dark, both patients show a markedly increased ERG amplitude compared to normals. One patient appears similar to that reported earlier by Gouras et al. (ARVO, 1982), with an elevated rod ERG threshold and an increased slope of the amplitude-intensity function. The second patient with a supernormal sco-topic ERG amplitude to bright-light stimuli showed a normal scotopic ERG response to less intense stimuli. Additional tests of visual function demonstrated other important differences between the two patients.
Experimental Analysis of Aggression and Its Neural Basis

At the present time there is no universally accepted definition of aggression, but one could probably get some agreement that threat and attack, even when done in the course of defense, are matters of major interest. Most would also say that exchanges between members of the same species were of particular importance. If we take this as a starting point for our inquiry into the neural basis of aggression, we are immediately confronted with the fact that what knowledge we have of the topic is not restricted to exchanges between members of the same species. There are two kinds of behavior whose neural basis is relatively clear. The classical rage syndrome seems to be defensive behavior in which threat and attack are major elements. The animal defends itself against various species, as potential sources of danger. On the other hand, quiet attack which is highly lethal, and relatively devoid of threat, is directed against members of the same and of other species.
Point-Line Characterizations of the “Long Root Geometries”

Four axioms characterize the long-root geometries, which include (1) polar Grassmannians of lines, (2) metasymplectic spaces, and (3) certain exceptional geometries of types E6, E7, or E8. ([37, 116] update somewhat the theory presented here).
High-bandwidth ultrasonic communication using graphene-based acoustic devices

Radio-Frequency (RF) communications are increasingly subject to high interferences caused by ubiquitous wireless devices. Ultrasonic communication can serve as an alternative wireless communication mechanism to compliment RF communications. However, traditional ultrasonic transducers have extremely narrow bandwidth that prevents them from being deployed in real-world applications. In this demo, we demonstrate the implementation of an ultrasonic communication system using graphene-based electrostatic acoustic transducers. Our experimental results show that the prototype system works on 100 kHz ultrasonic carrier, and can achieve data rate up to 20 kbit/s with bit error rate lower than 10−5 at a transmission distance of 25 cm and transmission power of 2 mW, significantly faster than the state-of-the-art ultrasonic communication approaches1.
Ontology in Adaptive Learning Environment

Adaptive e-learning systems can be defined as systems offering personalized solutions to suit individual learners’ needs. Thus personalized solutions are built with respect to different kinds of adaptation which are content and navigation. The goal of such adaptive environments is not to make learning material accessible but to improve learning by adapting navigation, interaction and content. For this aim, it was necessary to investigate the learner profile and activities modelling. Actually, with new kinds of adaptation induced by mobility needs of learner, the learner profile modelling have to be adapted. We propose a more exhaustive learner model which we call “learner context”. Thus, in adaptive learning systems, an adequate modelling approach must be proposed and integrated with respect to learning reusability and interoperability. In this respect, semantic Web technologies especially ontology seem to be an efficient modeling approach and can be used to take adaptation decisions. we intend to explore how ontologies can harmonize different aspects of an adaptive e-learning system. Such ontologies could be used to assist designers and authors in the modelling of contextualized learning or even to directly generate such experiences themselves.
Class and the Classroom: The Role of Individual- and School-Level Socioeconomic Factors in Predicting College Students’ Academic Behaviors:

This study examines how, for emerging adults attending residential colleges, family incomes and the socioeconomic status (SES) composition of high schools are jointly associated with academic behav...
Geographic variation in high-risk uterine cancer histology and access to care.

e16546 Background: Race has been associated with high-risk uterine cancer (UC) histology, but other risk factors, including age, health service utilization, and low socioeconomic status (SES), are ...
Phonon Polaritonics in Two-Dimensional Materials

Extreme confinement of electromagnetic energy by phonon polaritons holds the promise of strong and new forms of control over the dynamics of matter. To bring such control to the atomic-scale limit, it is important to consider phonon polaritons in two-dimensional (2D) systems. Recent studies have pointed out that in 2D, splitting between longitudinal and transverse optical (LO and TO) phonons is absent at the Γ point, even for polar materials. Does this lack of LO-TO splitting imply the absence of a phonon polariton in polar monolayers? To answer this, we connect the microscopic phonon properties with the macroscopic electromagnetic response. Specifically, we derive a first-principles expression for the conductivity of a polar monolayer specified by the wave-vector-dependent LO and TO phonon dispersions. In the long-wavelength (local) limit, we find a universal form for the conductivity in terms of the LO phonon frequency at the Γ point, its lifetime, and the group velocity of the LO phonon. Our analysis reveals that the phonon polariton of 2D is simply the LO phonon of the 2D system. For the specific example of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), we estimate the confinement and propagation losses of the LO phonons, finding that high confinement and reasonable propagation quality factors coincide in regions that may be difficult to detect with current near-field optical microscopy techniques. Finally, we study the interaction of external emitters with 2D hBN nanostructures, finding an extreme enhancement of spontaneous emission due to coupling with localized 2D phonon polaritons and the possibility of multimode strong and ultrastrong coupling between an external emitter and hBN phonons. This may lead to the design of new hybrid states of electrons and phonons based on strong coupling.
Phosphorus and Cyanobacteria Precipitation and Sediment Capping in Lake Water Using Alum and Natural Minerals

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the use of natural minerals to enhance the precipitation of phosphorus and cyanobacteria during alum coagulation, and to reduce phosphate release...
Chapter 9 – Paroxysmal Dyskinesias

Paroxysmal dyskinesia represents a group of uncommon movement disorders that are characterized by episodes of abnormal movements arising from a baseline of normal or nearly normal movement. Recent advances in the genetics of these disorders have helped provide some unification of classification schemes and better understanding. Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia is characterized by spells triggered by sudden movement. Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia episodes are often precipitated by caffeine, ethanol, or sleep deprivation. Paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia episodes are precipitated by sustained exertion. Treatments are guided by the phenotype of the disorder.
Beliefs, Events and Values Inventory Assessment of Global Identity: Implications and Applications for International, Cross-Cultural and Transformative Learning

As global communities become more intertwined both technologically and socially, professionals in every field are expected to work with people from different backgrounds and thrive in multicultural settings.
Efficient Deep Blue Platinum Acetylide Phosphors with Acyclic Diaminocarbene Ligands

Here we report five blue-phosphorescent platinum bis-phenylacetylide complexes with an investigation of their photophysical and electrochemical attributes. Three of the complexes ( 1 - 3 ) are of the general formula cis -Pt(CNR) 2 (C≡CPh) 2 , where CNR is a variably substituted isocyanide and C≡CPh is phenylacetylide. These isocyanide complexes serve as precursors for complexes of the general formula cis -Pt(CNR)(ADC)(C≡CPh) 2 ( 4 and 5 ), where ADC is an acyclic diaminocarbene installed by amine nucleophilic addition to one of the isocyanides. All of the complexes exhibit deep blue phosphorescence with λ max ~430 nm in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films. Whereas isocyanide complexes 1 - 3 exhibit modest photoluminescence quantum yields ( Φ PL ), incorporation of one acyclic diaminocarbene ligand results in a three-fold to 16-fold increase in Φ PL while still maintaining an identical deep blue color profile.
“Nothing Operates in Isolation”: Learning Biochemistry and Physiology Through Drawing

Mastering complex biochemistry pathways and physiological processes can be challenging for undergraduate medical students. Although drawing out the conceptual relationships in complex information can potentially support student learning, there is a lack of consensus in current literature regarding optimal strategies that effectively integrate drawing into teaching. In this paper, we report our experience incorporating drawing in multiple approaches during the delivery of first-year pre-clerkship biochemistry and physiology instructional sessions. Students’ perception of and experience with these different strategies were compared. Themes that emerged from learner feedback and their implications for future practice and research are presented.
Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation

This chapter presents a short review of filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) techniques. The fundamental theory behind construction of FBMC waveforms with maximum compactness in time and frequency is presented. Moreover, a number of effective methods for designing the prototype filters for this class of multicarrier systems are reviewed. The topics of synchronization and tracking are treated in detail, and equalization and computational complexity are discussed briefly. In terms of applications, this chapter brings up a number of appealing features of FBMC waveforms that make them an ideal choice in the emerging area of massive multiple‐input multiple output (MIMO) networks.
Heart Rate Measurements in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation: Prospective Pilot Study Assessing Apple Watch's Agreement With Telemetry Data.

Background: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are at a higher risk for atrial fibrillation (AF). Consumer wearable heart rate (HR) sensors may be a means for passive HR monitoring in patients with AF. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the Apple Watch’s agreement with telemetry in measuring HR in patients with OSA in AF. Methods: Patients with OSA in AF were prospectively recruited prior to cardioversion/ablation procedures. HR was sampled every 10 seconds for 60 seconds using telemetry and an Apple Watch concomitantly. Agreement of Apple Watch with telemetry, which is the current gold-standard device for measuring HR, was assessed using mixed effects limits agreement and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 20 patients (mean 66 [SD 6.5] years, 85% [n=17] male) participated in this study, yielding 134 HR observations per device. Modified Bland–Altman plot revealed that the variability of the paired difference of the Apple Watch compared with telemetry increased as the magnitude of HR measurements increased. The Apple Watch produced regression-based 95% limits of agreement of 27.8 – 0.3 × average HR – 15.0 to 27.8 – 0.3 × average HR + 15.0 beats per minute (bpm) with a mean bias of 27.8 – 0.33 × average HR bpm. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was 0.88 (95% CI 0.85-0.91), suggesting acceptable agreement between the Apple Watch and telemetry. Conclusions: In patients with OSA in AF, the Apple Watch provided acceptable agreement with HR measurements by telemetry. Further studies with larger sample populations and wider range of HR are needed to confirm these findings.
Asbestos in commercial cosmetic talcum powder as a cause of mesothelioma in women

Dear Editor:The role of a scientific journal is to publish papers that contribute to the body of scientific knowledge, are technically correct, and appropriately reviewed and edited. The role of th...
Controllability Issues of Linear Ensemble Systems over Multi-dimensional Parameterization Spaces

We address an open problem in ensemble control: Whether there exist controllable linear ensemble systems over multi-dimensional parameterization spaces? We provide a negative result: Any real-analytic linear ensemble system is not $\mathrm{L}^p$-controllable, for $2\leq p \leq \infty$, if its parameterization space contains an open set in $\mathbb{R}^d$ for $d \geq 2$.
Identification of Metalaxyl- and Ethaboxam-Insensitive Pythium sylvaticum Pathogenic to Pulse Crops in Montana, U.S.A.

Pythium root rot and damping-off caused by Pythium spp. are important diseases of pulse crops. In a 2016 pathogen survey from dry pea growing fields in Montana, along with commonly known causal age...
Model Predictive Control for Single-Stage Grid-Tied Three-Port DC-DC-AC Converter Based on Dual Active Bridge and Interleaved Boost Topology

This paper presents a control strategy for a novel three-port DC-DC-AC converter based on dual active bridge and interleaved boost topology connected to PV, battery, and grid. We use model predictive control (MPC) framework to provide control actions in both islanded and grid-connected mode of operation. The control objectives are output voltage regulation in islanded mode when converter power flows between port-1 and port-3, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) during operation between port-1 and port-2, and active and reactive power control while operating in grid-connected mode. The different power flow modes of the converter have been represented as discrete time state-space models and then, cost functions have been developed. Convex optimization of the cost functions provides optimal control inputs and thus, the objectives are fulfilled. The simulation performed in Matlab/Simulink validates the effectiveness of the developed control method using MPC for the novel three-port converter (TPC).