cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Criteria for the Water Quality Volume of Stormwater Ponds

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the design criteria for the minimum water quality volume of detention and retention stormwater ponds. Stormwater ponds are one of the most widely used Best Management Practices (BMPs) for stormwater management in most counties and municipalities. Water quality is achieved by the settling out and removal of suspended sediments, particulate contaminants, and dissolved pollutants that are commonly found in urban stormwater runoff. A very closely associated aspect of this water quality volume is its removal rate or discharge from the ponds. The water quality of the effluent from a pond increases the longer the stormwater resides in it. However, literature review has shown that the detention time ranges widely from 24 to 72 hours.
A Roe-like numerical method for weakly hyperbolic systems of equations in conservation and non-conservation form

We describe a scheme for the numerical approximation of uniformly or locally weakly hyperbolic systems of equations in conservation and non-conservation forms. The strategy focuses on generalizations of the Roe scheme for non-conservation systems that can be considered as upstream differencing discretizations. The present work explicitly treats an advection matrix that is not diagonalizable by extending previous ideas that introduce a perturbation into the weakly hyperbolic problem to convert it to a nearby strongly hyperbolic problem. The perturbative expansion allows one to identify and remove the terms that would otherwise result in an apparent singularity and isolate the regular part of the numerical method. The performance of the method is showcased for uniformly and locally weakly hyperbolic systems in one and two dimensions. Generalization to higher dimensional systems can be performed by following the usual practice of dimension-by-dimension splitting.
Characterization of two classes of ribonucleoprotein complexes possibly involved in RNA editing from Leishmania tarentolae mitochondria.

Abstract The molecular mechanism of RNA editing in trypanosomatid mitochondria is an unsolved problem. We show that two classes of ribonucleoprotein complexes exist in a mitochondrial extract from Leishmania tarentolae and appear to be involved in RNA editing. The 'G' class of RNP complexes consists of 170-300 A particles which contain guide RNAs and proteins, show little terminal uridylyl transferase (TUTase) activity and exhibit an in vitro RNA editing-like activity. The 'T' class consists of approximately six RNP complexes, the endogenous RNA of which can be self-labeled with [alpha-32P]UTP. The most abundant T complex, T-IV, is visualized by electron microscopy as 80-140 A particles. This complex exhibits TUTase activity in the native gel and contains guide RNAs. Both G and T complexes are possibly involved with RNA editing in vivo. These results are a starting point for the analysis of the biochemistry of RNA editing.
Showing you care: An empathetic approach to doctor–patient communication

Our College recently convened a series of retreats bringing together faculty, administrators and employees to identify common concerns. Stakeholders working independently in small groups separately and collectively agreed that our major organizational concern was communication. This theme played out in various ways. From not knowing what was going on beyond an individual's immediate work area to broader interpersonal challenges. Some felt a lack of caring or appreciation. Often the word, "respect," was used. Perceived deficiencies extended to students, faculty, administrators, staff, and most troubling, to patients. Communication skills are recognized as essential to professional competence by the Commission on Dental Accreditation, the American Dental Education Association, and the Inter-professional Educational Collaborative. It is a theme that crosses disciplines and is foundational to patient-centered care. As scientifically driven evidence-based healthcare and technologies progress, the emotional, psychological, social and cultural needs of patients may be neglected. Communication skills centered on empathy and showing you care, yield benefits to both the doctor and patient in terms of satisfaction, compliance, and treatment outcomes.
The issue of designing a depurative pharmacy for intravenous admixture service

This report analyzes the limitations of four kinds of design program for PIVAs in hospital, then consider that the quality of design programs for PIVAs are different in different places. Finally the report appeals to build-up of a universal standard that benefits the development of PIVAs in China.
The impact of mineralogy in the U(VI)—Ca—PO4 system on the environmental availability of uranium

Kinetic dissolution studies were conducted on four prominent U-Ca-PO4 minerals (metaschoepite, becquerelite, chernikovite and metaautunite). Synthetic samples were contacted with four extractants (acetic acid, deionized water, EDTA and sodium bicarbonate) at room temperature at two concentrations, 100 mM and 1 mM. Dissolution progress was monitored by periodic sampling for dissolved U, and dissolution rates were obtained from fits to a three term exponential model. Significant variations were observed in the rate and extent of dissolution among the mineralsexamined. The uranyl phosphates chernikovite and metaautunite proved resistant to dissolution in non-carbonate systems, with dissolution half-times of days to weeks in 100 mM systems and weeks to years in 1 mM systems. In contrast, the uranyl oxide hydrates schoepite and becquerelite were solubilized over much shorter time scales. While 100 mM bicarbonate was successful in dissolving U in all forms, dissolution rates varied among the four minerals. Overall, EDTA was the least sensitive to a 100 to 1 mM drop in its concentration in its solubilization of all four mineral phases, underscoring the importance of organic complexation for the environmental mobility of uranium.
Landrush: rethinking in-situ analysis for GPGPU workflows

In-situ analysis on the output data of scientific simulations has been made necessary by ever-growing output data volumes and increasing costs of data movement as supercomputing is moving towards exascale. With hardware accelerators like GPUs becoming increasingly common in high end machines, new opportunities arise to co-locate scientific simulations and online analysis performed on the scientific data generated by the simulations. However, the asynchronous nature of GPGPU programming models and the limited context-switching capabilities on the GPU pose challenges to co-locating the scientific simulation and analysis on the same GPU. This paper dives deeper into these challenges to understand how best to co-locate analysis with scientific simulations on the GPUs in HPC clusters. Specifically, our 'Landrush' approach to GPU sharing proposes a solution that utilizes idle cycles on the GPU to provide an improved time-to-answer, that is, the total time to run the scientific simulation and analysis of the generated data. Landrush is demonstrated with experimental results obtained from leadership high-end applications on ORNL's Titan supercomputer, which show that (i) GPU-based scientific simulations have varying degrees of idle cycles to afford useful analysis task co-location, and (ii) the inability to context switch on the GPU at instruction granularity can be overcome by careful control of the analysis kernel launches and software-controlled early completion of analysis kernel executions. Results show that Landrush is superior in terms of time-to-answer compared to serially running simulations followed by analysis or by relying on the GPU driver and hardwired thread dispatcher to run analysis concurrently on a single GPU.
Two Prehistoric Shell Caches from Southern Arizona

ABSTRACTThe Southwestern prehistoric shell trade and its routes are briefly discussed in relation to two unreported caches of shell objects from the Flieger Ruin near Oracle, Arizona, and a site in Tucson, Arizona. The caches are evidence of a prehistoric shell trading and manufacturing activity along a route from the Gulf of California into Arizona and farther north.
X̃ 3B1, ã 1A1, b̃ 1B1, and c̃ 1 Electronic States of

Ab initio molecular electronic structure theory has been employed in order to investigate systematically the X 3B1, a 1A1, b 1B1, and c 1 states of N , with emphasis placed on the b 1B1 and c ...
A Phase I Trial of Autologous Dendritic Cell Therapy for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.

This phase 1 clinical trial evaluated the safety and effects of autologous dendritic cells (DC) injected to patients in late chronic or accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Seven patients with a median age of 63 years (range 55–78) entered the trial. Median time from diagnosis to registration was 38 months (range 16–94). Two patients were in the accelerated phase of disease based on the presence of additional bone marrow chromosomal abnormalities, all other patients were in chronic phase. Prior therapies included hydroxyurea and alpha interferon with or without cytosine arabinoside. Four patients were on therapy with imatinib mesylate during the course of the trial, two were treated before imatinib became available and one was previously intolerant of imatinib. CD14+ monocytes were selected from a leukapheresis product by clinical grade immunoadsorption (Miltenyi Biotec). The monocytes were matured to CD83+ and bcr-abl + DC after 10 days in culture with X-VIVO 15 medium with 1% human AB serum, GM-CSF, IL-4, as the base culture media followed by maturation mediated by TNF-alpha, IL-6 and prostaglandin E 2 . The first patient entered had a positive mycoplasma reaction by polymerase chain reaction at the time of his first DC injection, the cells were not given and he was withdrawn from the study. The other six patients were treated in two cohorts of three patients and received four injections each of 3x10 6 DC and 15x10 6 DC per injection, respectively. CML-DC injections were generally well tolerated and all non-hematologic toxicities were ≤ grade 2. All injections were given intra-nodally into a cervical lymph node except in the first patient where the DCs were injected subcutaneously. We observed no major clinical responses, but the white blood cell counts normalized or were maintained at normal level in four patients during therapy. Three patients experienced a transient reduction in the percentage of bcr-abl + cells suggesting that the treatment may have affected the cells in a leukemia specific manner. We detected vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the plasma prior to therapy. In four of five patients, VEGF levels decreased by more than 75 percent during therapy. T cells isolated from patients’ blood and incubated with autologous CML DC before, during and after therapy showed increased proliferation and secretion of interferon gamma during the course of therapy. DCs from three patients were transfected with a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus carrying the gene for IL-2 under a constitutively active promoter. IL-2 secreted by transfected dendritic cells enhanced in vitro T cell proliferation and interferon gamma release and these effects increased with increasing numbers of DC injections. This study demonstrates that CML-DC can be prepared from the blood of patients treated with imatinib mesylate, that they can be administered safely and that progress of therapy is accompanied by an increase in DC-specific T cell reactivity and a decrease in circulating VEGF.
Ritual Time: The Struggle to Pinpoint the Temporality of Ritual Practice Using Archaeobotanical Data

Ritual practices frequently express multiple dimensions of time. Rituals themselves are temporally choreographed practices. Rituals also mark different moments or culturally important temporal events. This chapter considers the strengths and limitations to reconstructing the temporality of ritual practices using archaeobotanical data. The dataset consists of archaeobotanical remains from an Epiclassic period (ca. AD 600–900) shrine site in the northern Basin of Mexico. Using ethnographic and ethnohistoric records, I attempt to interpret the temporality of ritual practices based on an assessment of the ecological characteristics of taxa identified as well as on a consideration of symbolic characteristics of calendrical rituals. This endeavor reveals limitations to ecological and symbolic approaches to pinpoint the temporality of ritual practices as well as to the nature of ethnographic and ethnohistoric analogues. But this study is nevertheless an important exercise in understanding the qualitatively dynamic nature of time in the past.
Quality assurance concepts and skill development: results of a national study.

PURPOSE Knowledge of quality assurance concepts and development of evaluation skills are essential to demonstrating professional accountability. Evaluation skills include self-assessment and peer review, both of which need to be specifically taught and practiced. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to determine if quality assurance concepts were taught and opportunities to develop evaluation skills were provided to associate and baccalaureate dental hygiene graduates, and 2) to determine if differences exist between these two groups. METHODS In fall 1993, a 90-item survey instrument based on quality assurance concepts, skills, and the dental hygiene process and standards of care was validated and administered to a national stratified random sample of 1993 graduates (n=500). Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and the Wilcoxon rank sum test. For all statistical procedures, the .05 level of significance was established. RESULTS A 65% response rate was obtained. No graduate reported having a specific course on quality assurance. Significant differences were found between the two groups, with a higher percentage of baccalaureate graduates reporting that self-assessment and peer evaluation concepts were taught and opportunities to practice peer review skills provided. No differences were found regarding opportunities to practice self-assessment. Perhaps more important, less than 44% of both groups reported experience in peer review and 66% in self-assessment activities related to specific courses. CONCLUSION In order to better prepare practitioners to be accountable for care provided to the public, quality assurance concepts and opportunities to develop skills must be incorporated into the curricula for all dental hygiene students.
A 500°C tolerant ultra-high temperature 2.4 GHz 32 bit chipless RFID tag with a mechanical BPSK modulator

We present an ultra-high temperature 2.4 GHz chipless RFID tag capable of operation at temperatures of over 500°C. This tag uses a novel mechanical BPSK backscatter modulator driven by a high speed rotating shaft to telemeter a 32 bit unique ID as a BPSK symbol sequence at a rate synchronous to the rotation of the shaft. The tag integrates a 9 dBi linearly polarized air-dielectric patch antenna. It is a proof of concept for applications in remotely identifying components and measuring rotation rates in high speed, high temperature equipment such as jet engines, industrial turbines, and down-hole oil drilling equipment. To ensure high reliability, there are no switch contacts in this design. Unlike traditional CMOS IC based RFID tags, this tag has no RF power-up threshold and can be interrogated at an extremely low incident power. Unlike SAW and multiple resonator based chipless tags, an unmodulated 2.4 GHz CW excitation is sufficient to read out the digital bit stream from the tag. In laboratory testing, a read range of over 2 m is achieved with an interrogator power of only +5 dBm. At a rotation rate of 206.8 RPM, the tag telemeters data at 110.3 symbols per second. The approach can easily be extended beyond 32 bit IDs.
A rapid and efficient in vitro regeneration system for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Successful biotechnological improvement of crop plants requires a reliable and efficient in vitro regeneration system. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), one the most important vegetable crops worldwide, is strongly genotype-dependent in terms of regeneration capacity, limiting the potential for biotechnological improvement of cultivars which show recalcitrance under currently available protocols. The effect of different nutrient sources, plant hormone combinations and activated charcoal supplementation on shoot induction efficiency was evaluated on the cultivar ‘RSL NFR’, which had previously shown poor regeneration efficiency. Multiple shoot organogenesis from cotyledon explants was recorded at the highest frequency and speed on Murashige and Skoog regeneration medium supplemented with 200 mg/l of activated charcoal, 3% sucrose, 10 mg/l benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid, which induced shoots through direct regeneration in 90.8 ± 7.9% of explants. High shoot induction efficiency was also observed, albeit not quantified, when using this medium on some other cultivars. This activated charcoal-containing regeneration medium might offer a rapid and efficient option for direct shoot induction in some lettuce genotypes that do not respond well to common lettuce regeneration protocols. This is also the first report of the effect of activated charcoal in lettuce tissue culture.
NLP for Precision Medicine

We will introduce precision medicine and showcase the vast opportunities for NLP in this burgeoning field with great societal impact. We will review pressing NLP problems, state-of-the art methods, and important applications, as well as datasets, medical resources, and practical issues. The tutorial will provide an accessible overview of biomedicine, and does not presume knowledge in biology or healthcare. The ultimate goal is to reduce the entry barrier for NLP researchers to contribute to this exciting domain.
Utility and Comparative Efficacy of Recombinant Allergens Versus Allergen Extract

Allergy immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying therapy for the treatment of allergic diseases. Although its efficacy and utility are well-established, the potential for serious adverse events, cumbersome and lengthy treatment protocols, and variability of natural allergen preparations have limited its widespread application. Recent advances in recombinant technology have opened new avenues for the development of AIT vaccines. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent evidence on the use of novel recombinant vaccines and review the mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and limitations of AIT. Emerging evidence suggests that recombinant vaccines may provide a viable treatment alternative that improves on the limitations of natural extract therapy while maintaining efficacy.
Spontaneous occlusion of a massive arteriovenous malformation--case report.

An unusual case of sudden subtotal occlusion of a massive AVM is reported and briefly discussed. It is the first angiographically demonstrated occurrence of this uncommon phenomena associated with middle cerebral artery thromboses.
Coil Embolization of a Renal Aneurysm Using a Minimally Invasive Endovascular Robotic System

We present a case demonstrating the use of an endovascular robotic system in the treatment of a saccular renal artery aneurysm located at the renal hilum in a young patient.
Social Support in Postdivorce Families

Raising children in a postdivorce family can be an especially demanding and complex task (Emery, 1988). Even though many of the most severe stresses associated with the divorce process are substantially attenuated within 2 years (Hetherington, 1989), parents and children in postdivorce families continue to face challenges related to coparental negotiations and conflict about childrearing and child support, as well as financial stresses, task overload, and relationship adjustment (Wallerstein & Blakeslee, 1989). How family members, especially divorced parents, cope with these challenges is likely to be affected by a number of risk and protective factors. One potential protective factor is social support, but there have been remarkably few studies of how and to what extent close family members, friends, and professionals facilitate or perhaps even hinder parents’ postdivorce adjustment.
Gsh-1, an orphan Hox gene, is required for normal pituitary development.

Abstract The anterior pituitary regulates the function of multiple organ systems as well as body growth, and in turn is controlled by peptides released by the hypothalamus. We find that mutation of the Gsh-1 homeobox gene results in pleiotropic effects on pituitary development and function. Homozygous mutants exhibit extreme dwarfism, sexual infantilism and significant perinatal mortality. The mutant pituitary is small in size and hypocellular, with severely reduced numbers of growth hormone- and prolactin-producing cells. Moreover, the pituitary content of a subset of pituitary hormones, including growth hormone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone, is significantly decreased. The hypothalamus, although morphologically normal, is also perturbed in mutants. The gsh-1 gene is shown to be essential for growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Further, sequence and electrophoretic mobility shift data suggest the Gsh-1 and GHRH genes as potential targets regulated by the Gsh-1-encoded protein. The mutant phenotype indicates a critical role for Gsh-1 in the genetic hierarchy of the formation and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Enlightenment in Scotland and France: Studies in Political Thought

Preface 1. Introduction: Enlightenment in Two Languages and Multiple Dialects 2. Rousseau and the Scottish Enlightenment I. Rousseau and Commercial Society II. Did Adam Smith and the Scots Write in Response to Rousseau? III. Reconsidering the Letter to the Edinburgh Review IV. Rousseau and the Scots: Alternative Approaches 3. Montesquieu in Scotland and France I. Montesquieu's Enlightened Legacy II. Montesquieu in Scotland III. Montesquieu in France 4. Enlightened Morality in Scotland and France I. From the Old Philosophy to the New: the Scots II. From the Old Philosophy to the New: the French III. From Ethics to Politics 5. Monarchies and Republics in Scotland and France I. Modernizing Classical Republicanism II. An Anti-Machiavellian Moment III. Monarchies and Republics in Scotland IV. Monarchies and Republics in France 6. The Social Contract in Scotland and France I. The Social Contract in Scotland: the Early Years II. The Social Contract in Scotland: the Later Years III. The Social Contract in France: from the Early to the Middle Years IV. The Social Contract in France: from the Middle to the Later Years V. The Social Contract and the American Revolution 7. Conclusion: Looking Back, Looking Forward
Singlet Sensitization-Enhanced Upconversion Solar Cells via Self-Assembled Trilayers

Photon upconversion via triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) is a promising strategy for increasing maximum theoretical solar cell efficiencies by a factor of 1.3. However, one factor limiting integrated TTA-UC solar cell performance is the transmission window between sensitizer and acceptor molecule absorption. Here we demonstrate that the incorporation of a singlet sensitizer (SS) into a self-assembled trilayer is an effective means of harnessing that previously transmitted light. A record TTA-UC photocurrent density of 0.315 mA cm–2 under 1 sun irradiation was achieved and is attributed to directional SS-to-sensitizer singlet energy transfer and sensitizer-to-acceptor triplet energy transfer, followed by TTA, excited-state electron transfer into TiO2, and regeneration by a redox mediator in solution. These results demonstrate that singlet sensitization-enhanced self-assembled trilayers are a promising strategy for enhancing broad-band light absorption and improving the performance of TTA-UC solar cells.
Computational Study of the Thermodynamics of New Particle Formation Initiated by Complexes of H2SO4–H2O–NHx, CH3SO3H–H2O–NHx, and HO2–H2O–NHx

Exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter has been linked to an increase in asthma, heart problems, and death. This link has increased the importance of understanding particle formation...
Racial disparities in end-of-life care among Louisiana cancer decedents in a population-based study from 2011-2017.

46Background: Cancer patients’ comfort near the end of life is often undermined by unnecessary aggressive treatments. Furthermore, Black adults receive more aggressive end of life care compared to ...
Ultra-low-dose (boom-boom) radiotherapy for choroidal lymphoma in three consecutive cases.

Purpose:To describe the outcome of ultra-low-dose (boom-boom) radiotherapy for choroidal lymphoma.Methods:Retrospective series of three consecutive patients with biopsy-proven choroidal lymphoma tr...
Modeling of DC Bias with Uncertain Factors Based on Point Estimation Method

The DC bias of AC transformer will be caused by grounding electrode which pour DC into the ground, DC bias is affected by the ground condition near the ground electrode, the parameters of power equipment and lines, and the operation mode of power grid, among which the geodetic parameters near the ground electrode are uncertain factors. In this paper, a method of estimating geodetic parameters is proposed. The probability statistics of moments of random variables are obtained according to the probability distribution of random factors or random disturbances. The uncertain parameters are estimated such as earth resistivity and equivalent area, and the error analysis of uncertain factors is completed. The simulation validation of the estimation method is carried out, and the variation of the ground potential with uncertainties is given, which provides data support for the calculation of DC bias in the expansion of DC project.
Evaluation of Microhabitat Conditions Used by Noturus stanauli (Pygmy Madtom) in the Clinch River, Tennessee

Noturus stanauli (Pygmy Madtom) is an endangered ictalurid catfish species endemic to the Clinch and Duck rivers within the Tennessee River system. Little is known regarding the species' habitat preferences due to its rarity, small body size, and the challenging level of collection difficulty in its mainstem riverine environment. In the Clinch River during July, September, and November of 2017, we (1) quantified microhabitat conditions in 1.5-m2 quadrats where we collected Pygmy Madtoms by kick-seining methods and (2) evaluated environmental covariates associated with Pygmy Madtom occupancy and detection using a single-season occupancy-modeling approach. We collected 13 Pygmy Madtoms in July (n = 1) and November (n = 12), with no individuals seen in September. Pygmy Madtoms occupied quadrats with a mean depth of 27 cm, column water velocity of 52 cm/s, water temperature of 12 °C, and substrates dominated by gravel- or pebble-sized particles. Most quadrats with Pygmy Madtom present were located either 1–2 m or 4–5 m away from the nearest bank. Pygmy Madtom occupancy estimates were high (0.498 for the top candidate model) but were not significantly associated with any environmental characteristics. However, the likelihood of Pygmy Madtom detection was significantly related to water temperature (-), with water column velocity (+) and distance to bank (-) playing supportive roles in top candidate models. Our results inform recovery efforts by providing the first quantitative evaluation of Pygmy Madtom microhabitat associations in the Clinch River.
Targeting the GIPR for obesity: To agonize or antagonize? Potential mechanisms.

Abstract Background Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is one of two incretin hormones that communicate nutrient intake with systemic metabolism. Although GIP was the first incretin hormone to be discovered, the understanding of GIP's biology was quickly outpaced by research focusing on the other incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Early work on GIP produced the theory that GIP is obesogenic, limiting interest in developing GIPR agonists to treat type 2 diabetes. A resurgence of GIP research has occurred in the last five years, reinvigorating interest in this peptide. Two independent approaches have emerged for treating obesity, one promoting GIPR agonism and the other antagonism. In this report, evidence supporting both cases is discussed and hypotheses are presented to reconcile this apparent paradox. Scope of the review This review presents evidence to support targeting GIPR to reduce obesity. Most of the focus is on the effect of singly targeting the GIPR using both a gain- and loss-of-function approach, with additional sections that discuss co-targeting of the GIPR and GLP-1R. Major conclusions There is substantial evidence to support that GIPR agonism and antagonism can positively impact body weight. The long-standing theory that GIP drives weight gain is exclusively derived from loss-of-function studies, with no evidence to support that GIPR agonisms increases adiposity or body weight. There is insufficient evidence to reconcile the paradoxical observations that both GIPR agonism and antagonism can reduce body weight; however, two independent hypotheses centered on GIPR antagonism are presented based on new data in an effort to address this question. The first discusses the compensatory relationship between incretin receptors and how antagonism of the GIPR may enhance GLP-1R activity. The second discusses how chronic GIPR agonism may produce desensitization and ultimately loss of GIPR activity that mimics antagonism. Overall, it is clear that a deeper understanding of GIP biology is required to understand how modulating this system impacts metabolic homeostasis.
UV Flash Sintering of Aerosol Jet Printed Silver Conductors for Microwave Circuit Applications

Recently, there has been significant research focus on the design of high functional density electronic systems, especially for 5G applications. In parallel, to address accurate, high-quality, fine-resolution circuit geometry requirements, increased research into additive manufacturing (AM) printing techniques, such as aerosol jet printing (AJP), has emerged. The issues are complicated by low-loss flexible substrates, such as liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), which are commonly used in the design of high-frequency circuits and systems. These substrates cannot be taken through high sintering temperature processes that are commonly required for silver inks. To avoid permanent damage, it is essential that the sintering temperature remains below the glass transition temperature ( ${\text{T}}_{g}$ ) of the substrates. Recent work on LCP substrates has demonstrated 10%–20% bulk silver (Ag) conductivity by using low-temperature thermal sintering techniques. This article investigates the use of a rapid ultraviolet (UV) flash annealing technique to achieve high conductivity of Ag on LCP for use in high-frequency circuits while maintaining the integrity of the substrate. Results are compared against thermally sintered films. The resulting conductivity was studied as a function of UV exposure time and energy, printed film thickness, surface roughness of the substrate, and multilayer deposition.
Computational design of quantum defects in two-dimensional materials

Missing atoms or atom substitutions (point defects) in crystal lattices in two-dimensional (2D) materials are potential hosts for emerging quantum technologies, such as single-photon emitters and spin quantum bits (qubits). First-principles-guided design of quantum defects in 2D materials is paving the way for rational spin qubit discovery. Here we discuss the frontier of first-principles theory development and the challenges in predicting the critical physical properties of point defects in 2D materials for quantum information technology, in particular for optoelectronic and spin-optotronic properties. Strong many-body interactions at reduced dimensionality require advanced electronic structure methods beyond mean-field theory. The great challenges for developing theoretical methods that are appropriate for strongly correlated defect states, as well as general approaches for predicting spin relaxation and the decoherence time of spin defects, are yet to be addressed. Quantum defects in two-dimensional materials offer promises for the next-generation quantum information technology. However, the rational design of these defects faces challenges, and thus, requires the development of advanced theoretical and computational models.
Convolutional Neural Network Dynamics: A Graph Perspective.

The success of neural networks (NNs) in a wide range of applications has led to increased interest in understanding the underlying learning dynamics of these models. In this paper, we go beyond mere descriptions of the learning dynamics by taking a graph perspective and investigating the relationship between the graph structure of NNs and their performance. Specifically, we propose (1) representing the neural network learning process as a time-evolving graph (i.e., a series of static graph snapshots over epochs), (2) capturing the structural changes of the NN during the training phase in a simple temporal summary, and (3) leveraging the structural summary to predict the accuracy of the underlying NN in a classification or regression task. For the dynamic graph representation of NNs, we explore structural representations for fully-connected and convolutional layers, which are key components of powerful NN models. Our analysis shows that a simple summary of graph statistics, such as weighted degree and eigenvector centrality, over just a few epochs can be used to accurately predict the performance of NNs. For example, a weighted degree-based summary of the time-evolving graph that is constructed based on 5 training epochs of the LeNet architecture achieves classification accuracy of over 93%. Our findings are consistent for different NN architectures, including LeNet, VGG, AlexNet and ResNet.
The Transition from Isolated Resonances to the Continuum

Many nuclear reactions of astrophysical importance are modeled by Hauser-Feshbach calculations, the well-established approach for computing average cross sections when many resonant levels are involved. This approach assumes that the density of levels is sufficient that only average properties, such as optical potentials and level densities, are sufficient to model the reaction. However, for intermediate masses or near the drip lines, these assumptions may break down. We have performed Monte Carlo simulations of the reaction cross section in order to assess the statistical error in the cross section or reaction rate prediction arising from the low density of states. The case of the 34Ar(α, p)37K reaction, which is an important reaction in x-ray bursts, is used as an example.
Expression of choline acetyltransferase within spinal motoneurons following brachial plexus avulsion

Copyright (c) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Avulsion of the brachial plexus is considered the most severe injury of the peripheral nerve. The present study provides a description of the response of ChAT within the ventral horn of the rat cervical spinal cord following avulsion of the brachial plexus. The result demonstrates that the intensity of immunoreactivity of ChAT positive neurons and neuropil background increases in the first 3 days following avulsion and then decreases. The number of ChAT-positive motorneurons in the ventral horn in the lesion side is 84.4% compared to the normal side during the first 3 days post-avulsion, at 7 days the number of ventral horn neurons drops to 64.4% and at 21 days post-avulsion it becomes 44.1%. In the sixth week post-avulsion, only 24.8% of the ventral horn neurons still persist. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
CEO Stock‐Based Pay, Home‐Country Risk, and Foreign Firms' Capital Acquisition in the US Market

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: We ask two research questions: (1) How do CEO stock ownership and options influence the amount of equity capital that a foreign firm raises in US capital markets? (2) How does the foreign firm's home-country risk moderate these relationships? Research Findings/Insights: To test our hypotheses, we use a sample of firms from 40 countries that raised equity capital via ADR offerings between 1994 and 2005. Using a full-information maximum likelihood approach to estimate a model that accounts for sample selection associated with non-capital raising ADRs and non-listed ADRs, as well as hot and cold equity markets, we found that CEO stock and option ownership lead to a higher level of equity capital raised. Interestingly, the level of home-country risk of the issuing firm weakens the relationship between the CEO stock ownership and the amount of equity capital raised, but strengthens the relationship between CEO stock options and ADR equity capital raised. Theoretical/Academic Implications: We develop a framework that draws on behavioral decision making and agency theory to suggest that executive risk taking varies across countries and different forms of monitoring (stock ownership versus options) and that agents may exhibit risk-seeking as well as risk-averse behaviors. We also examined the potential corporate governance costs associated with principal-principal conflict as it relates to CEO stock-based compensation and the implications for raising equity capital. Because stock ownership and stock options have different risk profiles, and foreign firms operate in countries with different home-country risk, we theorize how home-country risk will moderate the relationship between CEO stock ownership or options with the amount of equity capital raised by a foreign firm in US stock markets through the issuance of American Depository Receipts (ADRs). Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our results show that US investors pay attention to the types of stock-based executive compensation used by firms that raise capital in the US. In particular, CEOs of firms from higher risk countries need to consider US investors' perceptions of their stock-based compensation because it may hamper the firm's effectiveness in raising capital in the US.
Miranda, Secret Questioning, and the Right to Counsel

This article analyzes police surreptitious questioning of a suspect following invocation of the Miranda right to counsel. I conclude that although never addressed by the Supreme Court, this tactic should be permissible. The article focuses on the intersection of the rule established by Illinois v. Perkins, where the Supreme Court held surreptitious questioning of a suspect prior to Miranda invocation does not implicate the Miranda warning and waiver requirement, and the Edwards/Minnick rule, where the court held as per se invalid any Miranda waiver resulting from police re-initiation of questioning following an invocation of the Miranda right to counsel. This brings into focus the question of which of these two rules takes precedence in the post-invocation surreptitious questioning situation? I reach my permissibility conclusion by focusing on the competing objectives of the Miranda right to counsel and the Sixth Amendment “Massiah” right to counsel. This analysis indicates that only the latter rule is intended to protect the suspect’s interest in effective representation by prohibiting all police questioning, whether or not the suspect was aware he was dealing with police. In contrasts, the former is narrowly directed at protecting the suspect from the especially potent inherent coercion associated with custodial interrogation. The Miranda right to counsel is therefore a mechanism to neutralize this coercion, which exists only when the suspect is aware he is being confronted by police. As a result, surreptitious questioning does not produce the necessary inherent coercion to implicate Miranda, and therefore cannot qualify as police exploitation of a suspect who has previously indicated his need for the presence of counsel to offset the coercive pressure of custodial interrogation. The article then shows how the Court’s Dickerson decision bolsters this conclusion. That decision emphasized the need to limit the impact of Miranda to the core concern that motivated the adoption of the ruling: protection from the pressure of incommunicado police interrogation. While acknowledging that post-invocation surreptitious questioning does seem to exploit a suspect who has expressed his desire to deal with police only with assistance of counsel, I conclude that while a close call, this is ultimately a permissible tactic.
Physico-chemical phenomena in comets—II: Gas adsorption in the snows of the nucleus

Abstract Circumstantial evidence shows that water is likely to be abundant in the cometary nucleus. Therefore adsorption of gases on water snows must be taken into consideration. It is first shown that for an incoming comet the regulating mechanism in gas production is not the desorption process, but remains the sublimation rate of water snow. The equations describing plain adsorption on water snow and the formation of a clathrate hydrate of gas are shown to be alike. The formation of a clathrate hydrate can be formally described as a peculiar adsorption with a very large specific area of 500 m2g−1, which means that the other adsorptions by and large remain negligible. However, clathrates cannot be assimilated to adsorption in all respects. In particular, the existence of cavities in clathrates stabilize the encaged molecules much more. Concentrations of radicals much larger than was previously believed possible may be stored in the snows. The only serious argument left against the direct ejection of some of the observed radicals cornes from the observed lifetimes in the inner coma, which have been attributed to hypothetical parent molecules. The identification of individual parent molecules has been unsuccessful so far. A model is proposed where some of the observed lifetimes are nothing else than lifetimes of ice grains in the evaporating halo, releasing molecules and radicals within an extended source. The likely existence of these ice grains has been experimentally established in paper I. A coma model is developed along these lines and applied to comet Burnham in a forthcoming paper III.
Corporate and Computer Crimes

As federal and state agencies increase their investigative focus on white-collar crime and as many of the federal laws target corporations as well as individuals, the courts have found it necessary to review the laws concerning corporate crime. Corporate criminal liability existed well before the coining of the term white-collar crime. At common law, corporations could not be held liable for criminal acts. However, with the recognition by state legislatures and the courts that the imposition of corporate criminal liability is an essential part of the regulatory process, a body of law pertaining to corporate criminal liability soon developed. Without corporate liability, many crimes would be punished insufficiently because the size and structure of many corporations makes it impossible to adequately allocate responsibility to individuals. When state and federal statutes making corporations criminally liable are upheld, corporations, as well as officers and agents of the corporations, are made defendants in a number of cases.
Solid‐Supported Diphosphitylating and Triphosphitylating Reagents for Nucleoside Modification

This unit describes procedures for synthesis of diphosphitylating and triphosphitylating reagents. The synthesized reagents are first immobilized on appropriate polymer-bound linkers. Rigid and sterically hindered polymer-bound diphosphitylating and triphosphitylating reagents are then reacted selectively with the 5′-hydroxyl group of nucleosides in the presence of excess nucleosides. Typical oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, deprotection, and final cleavage of the products from the resins using a trifluoroacetic acid cocktail afford various nucleoside 5′-O-diphosphate and nucleoside 5′-O-triphosphate analogs. The use of the diphosphitylating and polymer-bound diphosphitylating reagents in preparation of oligodeoxynucleotides containing diphosphodiester internucleotide bridges is also described. This solid-phase strategy allows for the synthesis of the phosphorylated compounds without the need for nucleoside phosphate precursors, protected nucleosides, or purification of intermediates. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 33:13.8.1-13.8.29. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: solid-phase synthesis; diphosphorylation; triphosphorylation; nucleosides; modified oligodeoxynucleotides; diphosphodiester
Meddly: Multi-terminal and Edge-Valued Decision Diagram LibrarY

This paper introduces Meddly (Multi-terminal and Edge-valued Decision Diagram LibrarY), an open-source C/C++ library designed from its conception to support Multi-Terminal and Edge-Valued Decision Diagrams. We highlight Meddly's simple and expert interfaces, its loosely-coupled architecture, and the operations available on decision diagrams and conclude with some performance data.
Dependence of shell mix on feedthrough in direct drive inertial confinement fusion

The mixing of cold, high-density shell plasma with the low-density, hot spot plasma by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion is experimentally shown to correlate with the calculated perturbation feedthrough from the ablation surface to the inner shell surface. A fourfold decrease in the density of shell material in the mix region of direct drive implosions of gas filled spherical plastic shells having predicted convergence ratios approximately 15 was observed when laser imprint levels were reduced and the initial shell was thicker, corresponding to a reduction in the feedthrough rms level by a factor of 6. Shell mix is also shown to limit the spherical compression of the implosion.
Optimal Debt Capacity for BOT Projects in Emerging Economies

This article determines the optimal debt to equity ratio for BOT projects in emerging economies. Using a risk identification and allocation approach, the article finds that the optimal debt to equity ratio depends on the political risk, bankruptcy risk, and cost of insuring debt. The value of the project is maximized at low levels of equity when the risks of bankruptcy and political risk are low. However, when the risk of bankruptcy is high, the project is more valuable with higher levels of equity financing even when political risk and the cost of insurance are high. Thus, the most important determinant of the project9s value is the probability of bankruptcy. The article concludes by asserting that a government can increase the value of BOT projects by finding creative ways of reducing bankruptcy and political risks instead of demanding higher levels of equity from the private contractor.
Analysis of zigzag antennas

The integral equation technique is used to find rigorous solutions of the current distributions on zigzag antennas. Through a new decomposition technique the currents are analytically separated into forward and reflected components, from which accurate k - \beta diagrams of the structures can be obtained. For the case of log-periodic antennas, the forward component of the current also gives the characteristic admittance of the antenna, which can be determined hitherto only through many measurements or calculations.
Isolation, characterization and growth kinetics of bacteria metabolizing pentachlorophenol

A soil bacterium capable of utilizing pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a sole source of carbon and energy was examined for its morphological, biochemical, cultural, and physiological characteristics. The organism was a member of the coryneform group of bacteria, probably in the genus Arthrobacter. The isolate exhibited a doubling time of 4–5 h while growing on either glucose or PCP as the sole carbon source. The growth rate on PCP was essentially constant between 10–135 mg/l. At higher concentrations of PCP the growth rate was inhibited. The organism was found to be an excellent scavenger of PCP; a Monod saturation constant of 1.12 mg/l was obtained from chemostat measurements.