cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postoperative drainage in head and neck surgery

INTRODUCTIONA major factor affecting patients’ length of hospitalisation following head and neck surgery remains the use of surgical drains. The optimal time to remove these drains has not been well defined. A routine practice is to measure the drainage every 24 h and remove the drain when daily drainage falls below 25 ml. This study aims to determine whether drainage measurement at shorter intervals decreases the time to drain removal and hence the length of in-patient stays. PATIENTS AND METHODSA 6-month prospective observational study was performed. The inclusion criteria were patients whounderwent head and neck surgery without neck dissection and had a closed suction drain inserted. Drainage rates were measured at 8-hourly intervals. Drains were removed when drainage-rate was ≤ 1 ml/h over an 8-h period. RESULTSA total of 43 patients were evaluated. The highest drainage rate occurred in the first 8 postoperative hours and decreased significantly in the subsequent hours. The median drainage rates at 8,...
Exchange degeneracy in K+ Λ or ΣO photoproduction

Abstract The contributions of the K∗ and K∗∗ exchange degenerate trajectories to K+ Λ and K+ ΣO photoproduction are related by SU(3), VDM, and duality. It is shown that the correct relationship gives a ratio of 3 to 1 for the residues of K∗∗ to K∗, respectively. This result contradicts the often assumed equality of the residues.
The temperature correction of oceanic inorganic phosphorus analyses

Abstract The colour intensity of the molybdate-blue complex in the analysis for inorganic phosphorus in sea-water increases 1·25 per cent per degree centigrade. The apparent phosphorus content of sea-water samples analysed in tropical regions may be erroneously high unless temperature is controlled or corrections are made. The effect of temperature correction on the agreement between total and inorganic phosphorus contents of Atlantic Ocean water is described. It is recommended that temperature corrections be included in future publications of data on the distributions of inorganic phosphorus.
Vocal Mimicry and Interspecific Aggression in Songbirds: Experiments Using White-Crowned Sparrow Imitation of Song Sparrow Song

A series of playback experiments was carried out to determine whether territorial male song sparrows could discriminate between their own species song, and the same song produced by a white-crowned sparrow. In two out of three measures of response, the males did not discriminate between model and mimic song. In constrast, most males showed no response to control white-crowned sparrow song, although two individuals showed a strong interspecific response. Other examples of interspecific aggression were also detected during the experiments. The results are discussed in relation to recent studies on interspecific song learning and the competition hypothesis of vocal mimicry in songbirds.
Difference by sex but not by race/ethnicity in the visceral adipose tissue-depressive symptoms association: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Summary Background Prior studies have investigated the association of clinical depression and depressive symptoms with body weight (i.e. body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference), but few have examined the association between depressive symptoms and intra-abdominal fat. Of these a limited number assessed the relationship in a multi-racial/ethnic population. Methods Using data on 1017 men and women (45–84 years) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Body Composition, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Study, we examined the cross-sectional association between elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) and CT-measured visceral fat mass at L2–L5 with multivariable linear regression models. EDS were defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression score ≥16 and/or anti-depressant use. Covariates included socio-demographics, inflammatory markers, health behaviors, comorbidities, and body mass index (BMI). Race/ethnicity (Whites [referent group], Chinese, Blacks and Hispanics) and sex were also assessed as potential modifiers. Results The association between depressive symptoms and visceral fat differed significantly by sex ( p = 0.007), but not by race/ethnicity. Among men, compared to participants without EDS, those with EDS had greater visceral adiposity adjusted for BMI and age (difference = 122.5 cm 2 , 95% CI = 34.3, 210.7, p = 0.007). Estimates were attenuated but remained significant after further adjustment by socio-demographics, inflammatory markers, health behaviors and co-morbidities (difference = 94.7 cm 2 , 95% CI = 10.5, 178.9, p = 0.028). Among women, EDS was not significantly related to visceral adiposity in the fully adjusted model. Conclusions Sex, but not race/ethnicity, was found to modify the relationship between EDS and visceral fat mass. Among men, a significant positive association was found between depressive symptoms and visceral adiposity. No significant relationship was found among women.
Some observations on the use of bibliometric indicators in the assignment of university chairs

In their article, “Can the Assignment of University Chairs Be Automated?”,Nicolini, Vakula, Balla, andGandini describe the results of their initial attempts at using multiple bibliometric indicators in order to eventually automate the assignment of University chairs at the full and associate professor levels. The indicators utilized consist of each candidate's age, years of scientific activity, number of published articles, citation rate and the quality and type of publishing and citing journals. Data concerning these indicators are obtained from both SCI databases and the curriculum vitae of 76 test-candidates. Although the ranking of candidates is shown to be affected by both subfield differences in citation patterns and the weighting factor assigned to the bibliometric indicators tested, some predictive validity is found between the use bibliometric indicators and the independent peer-review of candidates. While these results are encouraging, the authors readily acknowledge the limitations of their efforts and the need to further refine the use of bibliometric indicators, before their employment in the automated assignment of University chairs.
Characterization of Nfatc1 regulation identifies an enhancer required for gene expression that is specific to pro-valve endocardial cells in the developing heart

Nfatc1 is an endocardial transcription factor required for development of cardiac valves. Herein, we describe identification and characterization of a tissue-specific enhancer in the first intron of murine Nfatc1 that activates a heterogenic promoter and directs gene expression in a subpopulation of endocardial cells of the developing heart: the pro-valve endocardial cells. This enhancer activity begins on embryonic day (E) 8.5 in endocardial cells at the ventricular end of the atrioventricular canal, intensifies and extends from E9.5 to E11.5 in endocardium along the atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. By E12.5, the enhancer activity is accentuated in endocardial cells of forming valves. Sequential deletion analysis identified that a 250 bp DNA fragment at the 3' end of the intron 1 is required for endocardial-specific activity. This region contains two short conserved sequences hosting a cluster of binding sites for transcription factors, including Nfat and Hox proteins. Electrophoresis mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated binding of Nfatc1 to the Nfat sites, and inactivation of Nfatc1 downregulated the enhancer activity in pro-valve endocardial cells. By contrast, mutation of the Hox site abolished its specificity, allowing gene expression in non pro-valve endocardium and extracardiac vasculature. Thus, autoregulation of Nfatc1 is required for maintaining high Nfatc1 expression in pro-valve endocardial cells, while suppression through the Hox site prevents its expression outside pro-valve endocardial cells during valve development. Our data demonstrate the first autonomous cell-specific enhancer for pro-valve endocardial cells and delineate a unique transcriptional mechanism that regulates endocardial Nfatc1 expression within developing cardiac valves.
Large-scale databases of proper names.

Few tools for research in proper names have been available—specifically, there is no large-scale corpus of proper names. Two corpora of proper names were constructed, one based on U.S. phone book listings, the other derived from a database of Usenet text. Name frequencies from both corpora were compared with human subjects’ reaction times (RTs) to the proper names in a naming task. Regression analysis showed that the Usenet frequencies contributed to predictions of human RT, whereas phone book frequencies did not. In addition, semantic neighborhood density measures derived from the HAL corpus were compared with the subjects’ RTs and found to be a better predictor of RT than was frequency in either corpus. These new corpora are freely available on line for download. Potentials for these corpora range from using the names as stimuli in experiments to using the corpus data in software applications.
Aeromonas hydrophila bacteremia

Abstract This patient with septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila demonstrates clinical features similar to those of patients in previous reports. Particularly interesting were the skin lesions that appeared at the time of onset of septicemia. It has been shown that these bacteria have particular affinity for muscle tissue, causing necrosis and intense inflammation (3, 5). Presumptive identification of this species may be accomplished if the oxidase test is routinely performed along with additional physiologic and biochemical tests (3, 7). However, further taxonomic clarification is needed for members of this genus.
Osteosarcoma of the temporal fossa with hemorrhagic presentation: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Excluding tumors of hematopoietic origin, osteosarcomas are the most common bone tumor, although involvement of the brain or cranial base is rare. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 16-year-old girl with an osteosarcoma of the temporal fossa presented with an intracerebral hemorrhage. The management strategy of this lesion, including the operative interventions, is described. INTERVENTION: Several modes of treatment were undertaken, including radical resection of the cranial base lesion and excision of the cavernous sinus after a cervical internal carotid artery-to-middle cerebral artery vein bypass graft. CONCLUSION: The patient was alive and without evidence of disease 11 months after presentation but died shortly thereafter of complications related to adjuvant therapies.
Geochronology of Some Precambrian Rocks of the Southern Front Range, Colorado

Rb-Sr analyses of whole-rock samples from Precambrian coarse-grained quartz monzonite and fine-grained granite exposed in the Blue Ridge and Royal Gorge areas in the southern part of the Front Range, Colorado, yield ages of 1,781 ± 66 and 1,722 ± 50 m.y., respectively [λ (Rb 87 ) = 1.39 × 10 −11 yr −1 ]. These ages correlate with the oldest recognized igneous and metamorphic events of the Front Range in Colorado. Analyses of minerals separated from two samples of the quartz monzonite define a metamorphic isochron with an age of 1,430 ± 50 m.y. Analyses of minerals from pegmatite in the Blue Ridge area indicate an age of 1,450 ± 100 m.y., with some geological uncertainty in interpretation of the data. These ages correlate with widespread 1,450-m.y.-old igneous and metamorphic activity recognized throughout the Front Range. Field relations indicate that metasedimentary rocks in the region have been intruded by the quartz monzonite and therefore are older than 1,781 ± 66 m.y. No evidence of igneous or metamorphic activity corresponding to the age of the Pikes Peak Granite (1,040 m.y.) was found.
The Psychological Autopsy: Methodological Considerations for the Study of Adolescent Suicide

Abstract Methodological issues in the use of the psychological autopsy technique to study adolescent suicide victims were addressed in a study of 27 adolescent completed-suicide victims and a comparison group of 56 suicidal psychiatric inpatients. This report concludes that: (1) parent/parent figure descriptions of suicide victims were unaffected by the presence or severity of affective symptomatology in the informant at the time of the interview: (2) parent reports were unaffected by the time interval between the death and the interview, within a time span of 2 to 6 months: and (3) the asymmetry of informant sources must be considered in the interpretation of odds ratios for psychiatric disorder comparing completers to a live control group. In light of these findings and the convergence of several psychological autopsy studies with each other and with prospective studies, the psychological autopsy is thought to yield reliable and valid results for the study of adolescent suicide.
The prevalence of hypoxemia detected by pulse oximetry during recovery from anesthesia

Pulse oximetry was used to assess the prevalence of hypoxemia (arterial oxygen saturation of 90% or less) at various times in the immediate postoperative period: five minutes after arrival, 30 minutes later, and just before discharge. Among 149 inpatients studied, one or more hypoxemic measurements were made in 21 (14%) during their postoperative course. Of 92 outpatients, 1 (1%) was found to be hypoxemic. For inpatients, the prevalence of hypoxemia preoperatively, 5 minutes after arrival in recovery, 30 minutes later, and at discharge was 2%, 4%, 6%, and 9%, respectively. Patient factors associated with a significantly higher prevalence of hypoxemia were obesity (22%), body cavity surgical procedures (24%), age over 40 years (18%), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status (I, 7%; II, 17%; III, 18%; IV, 100%), duration of anesthesia longer than 90 minutes (18%), and intraoperative administration of greater than 1,500 ml of fluid (20%). Unrecognized hypoxemia in postsurgical inpatients with or without these risk factors is common. Therefore routine monitoring of these patients with a pulse oximeter is suggested.
A ribonucleotide Origin for Life--fluctuation and near-ideal reactions.

Oligoribonucleotides are potentially capable of Darwinian evolution – they may replicate and can express an independent chemical phenotype, as embodied in modern enzymatic cofactors. Using quantitative chemical kinetics on a sporadically fed ribonucleotide pool, unreliable supplies of unstable activated ribonucleotides A and B at low concentrations recurrently yield a replicating AB polymer with a potential chemical phenotype. Self-complementary replication in the pool occurs during a minority (here ≈ 35 %) of synthetic episodes that exploit coincidental overlaps between 4, 5 or 6 spikes of arbitrarily arriving substrates. Such uniquely productive synthetic episodes, in which near-ideal reaction sequences recur at random, account for most AB oligonucleotide synthesis, and therefore underlie the emergence of net replication under realistic primordial conditions. Because overlapping substrate spikes are unexpectedly frequent, and in addition, complex spike sequences appear disproportionately, a sporadically fed pool can host unexpectedly complex syntheses. Thus, primordial substrate fluctuations are not necessarily a barrier to Darwinism, but instead can facilitate early evolution.
A theoretical study of receptor site models for trimethylammonium group interaction.

Abstract A model system, depicting the interactions of the trimethylammonium and ammonium groups with possible receptor features has been constructed. The interaction energies of these two onium groups with seven receptor models have been calculated, using the interaction energy procedure of Claverie & Rein (1969). The change of the energy of binding due to the structural change has been predicted for each receptor model. A ranking of receptor models has been constructed on this basis. The relationship of this change of binding energy to loss of potency of drug molecules containing these two structural features has been examined.
Data augmentation for a Bayesian spatial model involving censored observations

Spatial environmental data sometimes include below detection limit observations (i.e., censored values reported as less than a level of detection). Historically, the most common practice for analysis of such data has been to replace the censored observations with some function of the level of detection (LOD), like LOD/2. We show that estimates and standard errors found using this single substitution method are biased. In particular, the spatial variance and variability in estimation is underestimated. We develop a measurement error Bayesian spatial model for the analysis of spatial data with censored values. Parameter estimation and predictions at observed and unobserved locations are computed using a data augmentation (DA) method and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm. The DA method is illustrated using data from a dioxin contaminated site in Missouri. We also use simulation to investigate the small sample properties of predictions and parameter estimates and the robustness of the DA method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative Care of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease for Non-cardiac Surgery

In 2010 it was estimated that 1.2 million young adults in the United States have some form of congenital heart disease (CHD). Data from large adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) centers show that as many as 50 % of these patients are over 40 years of age. As this population ages, physicians are likely to encounter such patients in their practice. Risk stratification and an interdisciplinary approach are paramount in achieving safe outcomes. The assessment of the patient must consider the variable expression of CHD. As most lesions are “fixed but not cured” the altered physiology of the heart and the physiological challenges of surgical interventions must be considered. The 2008 AHA/ACC guidelines for the Management of Adults with CHD establish for the first time a streamlined approach to the care of these patients. This review will apply these guidelines to the ACHD patient undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
Review of the role of androgenic hormones in the epidemiology of benign prostatc hyperplasia and prostate cancer

Abstract Objective. Examine current knowledge and concepts on the role of androgenic hormones in the epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Methods. Review of the clinical and scientific literature on normal androgen physiology, hormonal physiology of BPH and PCa tissue, serum hormone levels in patients with BPH or PCa, and the correlation between serum and tissue androgenic hormones. Results. BPH and PCa are enormous clinical problems for our health care system; profound changes in the clinical aspects of these diseases are evident in recent years. Early identification or prevention are realistic goals; identification of higher risk groups would be extremely valuable. Androgen stimulation of the prostate is likely to be important in the promotion of BPH or PCa. Tissue hormone measurements have not identified substantial differences in hormone levels, but precise pathologic control of the tissue examined is suspect. Examinations of serum hormone levels in disease states have produced conflicting results, but the presence or absence of BPH or PCa was often based on imprecise clinical observations, making interpretation difficult. There are minimal data confirming that the serum hormones measured previously actually reflect intraprostatic tissue activity. Conclusions. The value of serum hormone measurements to identify higher risk groups for BPH or PCa is an area of continuing uncertainty because of substantial flaws in the design of many previous studies based on a failure both to define the presence or absence of BPH or PCa precisely in patients studied and measure the appropriate androgen metabolites. Similarly, it is not possible reliably to implicate differences in androgenic stimulation as a cause for racial differences in PCa. The ability of serum hormone levels to correlate with prostatic tissue androgenic stimulation has not been evaluated. Additional research in the relationships between androgenic stimulation and the development of clinically significant BPH or PCa is needed.
Imaging energy status in live cells with a fluorescent biosensor of the intracellular ATP-to-ADP ratio

The ATP:ADP ratio is a critical parameter of cellular energy status that regulates many metabolic activities. Here we report an optimized genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, PercevalHR, that senses the ATP:ADP ratio. PercevalHR is tuned to the range of intracellular ATP:ADP expected in mammalian cells, and it can be used with one- or two-photon microscopy in live samples. We use PercevalHR to visualize activity-dependent changes in ATP:ADP when neurons are exposed to multiple stimuli, demonstrating that it is a sensitive reporter of physiological changes in energy consumption and production. We also use PercevalHR to visualize intracellular ATP:ADP while simultaneously recording currents from ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in single cells, showing that PercevalHR enables the study of coordinated variation in ATP:ADP and KATP channel open probability in intact cells. With its ability to monitor changes in cellular energetics within seconds, PercevalHR should be a versatile tool for metabolic research.
The biosynthesis of 31-norcyclolaudenone in Musa sapientum

Abstract The biosynthesis of 31-norcyclolaudenone has been investigated in banana peel (Musa sapientum L.) using 14CO2, 2-14C-acetic acid, 2-14C-mevalonic acid and 2-14C-(4R)-4-3H1-mevalonic acid. For incubation periods up to 6 days, carbon dioxide was the most effective precursor. Incubations with the doubly labeled mevalonic acid demonstrated initial removal of the 4α-methyl group of the 4,4-dimethyl triterpene precursor in the biosynthesis of 31-norcyclolaudenone. A mechanism has been proposed that is compatible with net inversion of the original 4β-methyl group to the 4α-position during the formation of this 4α-monomethyl-3-ketone. In addition, these studies have indicated that the C-24 hydrogen atom is retained during the C-24 methylation process which forms the 24-methyl-25(26)-en side chain. The hydrogen atom is presumably retained at C-24.
High-frequency fields excited by truncated arrays of nonuniformly distributed filamentary scatterers on an infinite dielectric slab: parameterizing (leaky mode)-(Floquet mode) interaction

In previous studies, we have developed and tested observable-based parameterizations (OBP) of time-harmonic wavefield scattering by periodic or aperiodic finite arrays of planar strip and filament scatterers. The resulting algorithm is based on truncated Floquet modes and Floquet-modulated edge diffractions due to the truncations of the array. The corresponding robust wave processes link features (observables) in scattering data with geometrical features in the model configuration in such a manner as to be useful for subsequent application to target classification and identification. The present study extends these investigations to a finite array of filamentary scatterers located on the surface of an infinitely extended dielectric slab, thereby parameterizing (Floquet mode)-(leaky mode) interaction as a classifier of the more complicated phenomenology in this composite configuration. The outcome is an OBP with two separate constituents that can be interpreted, respectively, as slab-modified Floquet scattering by the truncated array and as truncated-Floquet-induced excitation of slab-guided leaky waves. This new OBP for the composite problem is validated by comparison with reference solutions generated numerically, its relevance to wave-oriented data processing is demonstrated in the companion paper.
Named speech registers and the inscription of locality in the Dutch East Indies

Abstract This paper examines the evolution of studies of named speech registers, and especially so-called ‘ritual speech,’ in the Dutch East Indies after the restoration of Dutch rule to the archipelago in 1815. Nearly all of the first non-Javanese grammars in the Indies were of language communities with elaborate systems of ceremonial language. The paper argues that these registers came to fit into Dutch ideologies about writing. These ideologies in turn inflected Dutch studies of the structure of social life more generally, and the role that languages played in local world views and cosmologies.
Epidermal growth factor family receptors and inhibitors: radiation response modulators.

Growing evidence suggests that epidermal growth factor family receptors (HERs) play a significant role in radiation response. EGFR expression levels and activation by ligand correlate with radioresistance, and exogenous HER2 expression alters radiation response. Preclinical studies of anti-EGFR anti-HER2 antibodies, and kinase inhibitors that inhibit EGFR, both EGFR and HER2, or all 4 family members show potential for clinical radiosensitization. Early-phase clinical trials of the anti-EGFR antibody, C225, prove the combination of C225 and radiotherapy to be well tolerated and promising. A phase 3 randomized trial in head and neck cancer is underway, and clinical investigation of other HER inhibitors is in progress. The mechanisms(s) of radiation response modulation by HERs appear complex and diverse. Signal transduction initiated by receptor activation promotes survival and proliferation after ionizing radiation, and HER inhibitors affect cellular responses to ionizing radiation (IR) in diverse ways, including inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and impeding DNA repair. HER signaling and inhibition also affect tumor-stroma interactions, particularly angiogenesis and endothelial survival after IR. Further investigation of the radiation response modulation by EGFR family members and their inhibitors will lead to optimization of this promising therapeutic approach.
Use of Br and Se in Peat To Reconstruct the Natural and Anthropogenic Fluxes of Atmospheric Hg: A 10000-Year Record from Caribou Bog, Maine

Using Br and Se as reference elements, the natural and anthropogenic fluxes of atmospheric Hg were reconstructed for the past 10 000 years using peat cores from Caribou Bog, ME. In the ombrotrophic...
Islamic Feminism in Kuwait: The Politics and Paradoxes

Alessandra L. Gonzalez provides an intriguing sociological study of Islamic feminism in Kuwait during a critical moment in this nation's history. After a heated national debate, Kuwaiti women gaine...
Stieltjes integral representation and effective diffusivity bounds for turbulent transport

A Stieltjes integral representation for the effective diffusivity in turbulent transport is developed. This formula is valid for all Peclet numbers and yields a rigorous resummation of the divergent perturbation series in Peclet number provided that all diagrams are computed exactly. Another consequence of the integral representation is convergent upper and lower bounds on effective diffusivity for all Peclet numbers utilizing a prescribed finite number of terms in their perturbation series.
Tuning the optical and electronic properties of colloidal nanocrystals by lattice strain

Lattice strain is a structural parameter that has been exploited in microelectronic devices with great success, but its role in colloidal nanocrystals is still poorly understood. Here we have developed strain-tunable colloidal nanocrystals by using lattice-mismatched heterostructures that are grown by epitaxial deposition of a compressive shell (e.g., ZnSe or CdS) onto a soft and small nanocrystalline core (e.g., CdTe). This combination of a “squeezed” core and a “stretched” shell causes dramatic changes in both the conduction and valence band energies. As a result, we show that core-shell QDs with standard type-I behavior are converted into type-II nanostructures, leading to spatial separation of electrons and holes, extended excited state lifetimes, and giant spectral shifting. This new class of strain-tunable QDs exhibits narrow light emission with high quantum yield across a broad range of visible and near-infrared wavelengths (500 nm to 1050 nm).
A multi-resolution approach to retrospectively-gated cardiac micro-CT reconstruction

In preclinical research, micro-CT is commonly used to provide anatomical information; however, there is significant interest in using this technology to obtain functional information in cardiac studies. The fastest acquisition in 4D cardiac micro-CT imaging is achieved via retrospective gating, resultin g in irregular angular projections after binning the projections into phases of the cardiac cycle. Under these conditions, analytical reconstruction algorithms, such as filtered back projection, suffer from streaking artifacts. Here, we propose a novel, multi-resolution, iterative reconstruction algorithm inspired by robust principal component analysis which prevents the introduction of streaking artifacts, while attempting to recover the highest temporal resolution supported by the projection data. The algorithm achieves these results through a unique combination of the split Bregman method and joint bilateral filtration. We illustrate the algorithm’s performance using a contrast-enhanced, 2D slice through the MOBY mouse phantom and realistic projection acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Our results indicate that the algorithm is robust to under sampling levels of only 34 projections per cardiac phase and, therefore, has high potential in reducing both acquisition times and radiation dose. Another potential advantage of the multi-resolution scheme is the natural division of the reconstruction problem into a large number of independent sub-problems which can be solved in parallel. In future work, we will investigate the performance of this algorithm with retrospectively-gated, cardiac micro-CT data.
Cutting-plane theory: Algebraic methods

Abstract This paper is a survey, with new results, of the algebraic approach to cutting-planes. The new results are a subadditive dual program for integer programs, and a generalization of R. Gomory's linear inequality characterization of the cuts valid for the group problem. We also provide some results on the large family of alternate group problems, in addition to the one group problem that is conventionally thought of in connection with the algebraic approach. In terms of expository material, we shall provide very concise proofs of the most well-known results in the basic papers of the algebraic approach. ( Note : This is a revision of Part I of MSRR no. 370).
Mutational and structural studies aimed at characterizing the monomer of HIV-1 protease and its precursor

An experimental protocol for folding the mature human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease is presented that facilitates NMR studies at a low protein concentration of approximately 20 micoM. Under these conditions, NMR spectra show that the mature protease lacking its terminal beta-sheet residues 1-4 and 96-99 (PR(5-95)) exhibits a stable monomer fold spanning the region 10-90 that is similar to that of the single subunit of the wild-type dimer and the dimer bearing a D25N mutation (PR(D25N)). Urea-induced unfolding monitored both by changes in (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectra and by protein fluorescence indicates that although PR(5-95) monomer displays a transition profile similar to that of the PR(D25N) dimer (50% unfolded (U(50)) = approximately 1.9 M), extending the protease with 4 residues (SFNF) of its N-terminally flanking sequence in the Gag-Pol precursor ((SFNF)PR(D25N)) decreases the stability of the fold (U(50) = approximately 1.5 M). Assigned backbone chemical shifts were used to elucidate differences in the stability of the PR(T26A) (U(50) = 2.5 M) and (SFNF)PR(D25N) monomers and compared with PR(D25N/T26A) monomer. Discernible differences in the backbone chemical shifts were observed for N-terminal protease residues 3-6 of (SFNF)PR(D25N) that may relate to the increase in the equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) and the very low catalytic activity of the protease prior to its autoprocessing at its N terminus from the Gag-Pol precursor.
Abriendo Puertas/Opening Doors: Photo-Voice and Community Dialogue

In the public sphere, immigrants, particularly undocumented or irregular ones, are more often defined by others than speak for themselves, a situation often described as living in the "shadows" of society. The fragments of knowledge about their lives created by physical, social, and economic dislocation and marginalization are put back together by others in the form of stereotypes, misapprehensions, and fear. Massey and Sanchez (2010) observe that native-born residents have more power to influence socioeconomic outcomes of immigration and to frame the terms by which we understand group identities than do immigrants. They do this through interpretive discourses that give meaning to immigrants' presence and frame our expectations and encounters, as well as through the material realities of life. This predicament of marginalized populations is one that applied anthropologists often work against.
Deriving snow cloud characteristics from CloudSat observations

[1] There has been so far no global estimate of snowfall. CloudSat has, for the first time, provided an opportunity for us to conduct such an estimate. The present study seizes this opportunity and attempts to investigate the global snowfall characteristics using its cloud radar observations. The retrieval methodology developed in this study includes two parts: first, determining whether a radar echo corresponds to snowfall (instead of rainfall), and second, converting radar reflectivity to snowfall rate. The first part is a snow-rain threshold based on multiyear land station and shipboard present weather reports, and the second part is based on backscatter computations of nonspherical ice particles and in situ measured particle size distributions. Using the above retrieval method, global CloudSat data over 1 year were analyzed. The results show the following. (1) In the Southern Hemisphere, there is an almost zonally orientated high snowfall zone centered around 60°S, where both snowfall frequency and rate are high. In the Northern Hemisphere, however, heavy/frequent snowfall areas are mostly locked to geographical locations. (2) Zonally and annually averaged snowfall rate has its maximum value around 2 mm d−1, which is about one third of the zonally averaged rainfall values found in the tropics, signifying the importance of snowfall in hydrological cycle. (3) Vertical profiles of snowfall rate have the greatest variability in the lowest levels. While near-surface snowfall rate generally increases with cloud top height, there seems to be two prevailing groups of clouds with very different growth rate of snowfall as cloud top height increases. (4) The characteristics of the vertical distribution of snowfall rate are quite similar for over-ocean and over-land snow clouds, except that over-land snow clouds seem to be somewhat shallower than those over ocean.
Mitochondrial recoupling: a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer?

Recent findings link metabolic transformation of cancer cells to aberrant functions of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs). By inducing proton leak, UCPs interfere with mitochondrial synthesis of adenosine 5′-triphosphate, which is also a key determinant of glycolytic pathways. In addition, UCP suppress the generation of superoxide, a byproduct of mitochondrial electron transport and a major source of oxidative stress. The near ubiquitous UCP2 becomes highly abundant in some cancers and may advance metabolic reprogramming, further disrupt tumour suppression, and promote chemoresistance. Here we review current evidence to suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial uncoupling may eliminate these responses and reveal novel anti-cancer strategies.
Selective formation of microparticles by homopolyribonucleotides and proteinoids rich in individual amino acids.

The formation of phase-separated microparticles following the mixing of solutions of homopolyribonucleotides with solutions of several basic thermal proteinoids, each rich in an individual amino acid, has been studied. Three of the 4 proteinoids studied yielded results consistent with a matrix of anticodonicity; the fourth did not. The meaning of these results, and others, relative to a postulated matrix for the genetic coding mechanism is discussed.
An anterior tibial artery aneurysm in a patient with neurofibromatosis.

Abstract Von Recklinghausen's Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF) is a genetic disorder of neuroectodermal tissue. Arterial involvement has also been recognized. Stenotic lesions predominate, but aneurysms have been documented as well. Aortoiliac, visceral, and cervical aneurysms are well represented in the literature. Rarely noted, however, have been peripheral aneurysms. Typically in more proximal vessels, subclavian, femoral, and popliteal aneurysms have been mentioned. We present the case of a patient with type 1 NF and an anterior tibial artery aneurysm that was subsequently resected. neurofibromatous invasion of the vessel was confirmed by means of pathological tests. We think this is the first reported case of a tibial artery aneurysm associated with NF. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:1114-7.)
A false discovery rate based detector for detection of targets in clutter and noise

This paper presents a new framework for detection of targets in clutter and noise. Conventional radar detection techniques involve testing each range cell separately at a predefined probability of false alarm. In this paper, we propose a novel surveillance paradigm that controls the false discovery rate (FDR) for a specified surveillance area (SA), which consists of a number of range cells. This approach is adaptive to the number of targets in the surveillance area, and improved detection performance may be achieved at the cost of slightly higher false alarms over the surveillance area.
Whitney’s extension problems and interpolation of data

Given a function f : E → R with E ⊂ Rn, we explain how to decide whether f extends to a Cm function F on Rn. If E is finite, then one can efficiently compute an F as above, whose Cm norm has the least possible order of magnitude (joint work with B. Klartag).
Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net

Summary. We propose the elastic net, a new regularization and variable selection method. Real world data and a simulation study show that the elastic net often outperforms the lasso, while enjoying a similar sparsity of representation. In addition, the elastic net encourages a grouping effect, where strongly correlated predictors tend to be in or out of the model together.The elastic net is particularly useful when the number of predictors (p) is much bigger than the number of observations (n). By contrast, the lasso is not a very satisfactory variable selection method in the
Effects of feed form on growth and blood glucose in weanling horses

Abstract Eight weanling Standardbred horses were used to evaluate the effects on growth and plasma glucose of two differently processed diets with identical ingredients fed at a rate of 3% of body weight, as fed, daily. The daily ration was divided into two equal feedings at 7:00 am and 7:00 pm. The hay and grain diet (diet HG) consisted of 50% alfalfa hay cubes and 50% of a commercial growing horse texturized grain mix fed as is, without any further processing, with each part fed in separate containers. The completely pelleted diet (diet P) consisted of the same proportions of the hay cubes and grain mix that was ground, pelleted, and fed in a single container. Two groups of four horses were fed either diet P or diet HG for two 21-day periods such that each horse consumed each diet for 21 days. On the last day of each feeding period, 7-mL blood samples were drawn into heparinized evacuated blood tubes for determination of plasma glucose concentration. Blood samples were drawn 30 minutes before the afternoon feeding, immediately before, and every 30 minutes thereafter for 5 hours. Analysis of variance found greater (P = .027) average daily gain for horses fed diet P versus diet HG. A nonsignificant difference was seen in feed efficiency (P = .057) for horses fed diet P versus diet HG. Plasma glucose changes were compared across treatments using area under the curve analysis. No difference (P > .05) was found in the postprandial plasma glucose changes between diet treatments.
Microstructure Characterization of Dislocation Wall Structure in Aluminum Using Transmission Electron Microscopy

The configuration of dislocation wall structures and the interactions between dislocations and dislocation walls play a significant role in the understanding of deformation processes in metals. Samples of single-crystal aluminum deformed by tensile-straining (15%) were analyzed using TEM. In tensile-deformed (15%) single crystal aluminum, a cell structure is well developed and dislocations in the cell boundaries consist of either one set of Burgers vector or two sets of Burgers vector. The three-dimensional image of cell wall structure, misorientation angle across the cell boundaries and the Burners vectors of dislocations in the cell boundaries are characterized.
Efficacy of Delayed Atmospheric Modification in a Heat/Modified Atmosphere Phytosanitary Treatment

The combination of heat and low levels of oxygen increases mortality to insects infesting fruit compared with either heat or low oxygen alone. This combination treatment shows promise to disinfest commodities of quarantine pests. Heated air/modified atmosphere treatments employ the modified atmosphere (e.g., low oxygen) during the entire treatment interval. There is a positive relationship between temperature and efficacy of heat/modified atmosphere treatments. Efficacy of delaying atmospheric modification in a heat/modified atmosphere treatment was studied with the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a quarantine pest of citrus and other fruit in Mexico, Central America, and southern Texas. Larvae were subjected to heat/low oxygen treatments in vitro as well as in grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macfayden. The relationship between time delay of the modified atmosphere and estimated time required to kill 99% of Mexican fruit fly third instars was not linear, which would indicate an additive relationship, but followed a sigmoid relationship. When infested grapefruit were heated with 47°C air in three atmospheric regimes: 1) air; 2) N2 at 99 kPa plus O2 at 1 kPa; or 3) air for 55 min then N2 at 99 kPa plus O2 at 1 kPa for the remainder of the treatment, estimated 99% prevention of pupariation was 157, 127, and 141 min, respectively.
Resting at creation and afterlife: Distant times in the ordinary strategies of Muslim women in the rural Fouta Djallon, Guinea

Although anthropologists have discredited use of the liberal and secular concept of "agency" for explaining Muslim women's behavior, their evidence comes from women who still appear rather agentive to Western readers, hence, muting the necessity and consequences of discovering and applying the women's own ethical and religious terms in their analysis. In Guinea's rural Fouta Djallon, women are not prone to mobilize and make self-interested decisions with immediately observable outcomes. Therefore, understanding them on their own terms requires greater attention to their religious frameworks, namely, to their use of visions of creation and afterlife to define themselves and strategize for redemption.
Listeria monocytogenes Subgroups IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC Delineate Genetically Distinct Populations with Varied Pathogenic Potential

Listeria monocytogenes lineage III strains belonging to subgroups IIIA (n = 8), IIIB (n = 5), and IIIC (n = 6) were examined along with other known serotype strains (n = 11) by PCR and Southern hybridization using several recently described species-, virulence-, and serotype-specific primers and probes. The virulence of seven representative lineage III strains was then evaluated in mice via the intraperitoneal route. The results suggest that subgroup IIIA consists of typical rhamnose-positive avirulent serotype 4a and virulent serotype 4c strains, subgroup IIIC consists of atypical rhamnose-negative virulent serotype 4c strains, and subgroup IIIB consists of atypical rhamnose-negative virulent non-serotype 4a and non-serotype 4c strains, some of which may be related to serotype 7. It is possible that subgroup IIIB (including serotype 7) may represent a novel subspecies within L. monocytogenes.
Involvement of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in Staphylococcus aureus Invasion of Normal Osteoblasts

Staphylococcus aureus invades osteoblasts and can persist in the intracellular environment. The present study examined the role of osteoblast mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in bacterial invasion. S. aureus infection of normal human and mouse osteoblasts resulted in an increase in the phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK 1 and 2). This stimulation of ERK 1 and 2 correlated with the time course of S. aureus invasion, and bacterial adherence induced the MAPK pathway. ERK 1 and 2 phosphorylation was time and dose dependent and required active S. aureus gene expression for maximal induction. The nonpathogenic Staphylococcus carnosus was also able to induce ERK 1 and 2 phosphorylation, albeit at lower levels than S. aureus. Phosphorylation of the stress-activated protein kinases was increased in both infected human and mouse osteoblasts; however, the p38 MAPK pathway was not activated in response to S. aureus. Finally, the transcription factor c-Jun, but not Elk-1 or ATF-2, was phosphorylated in response to S. aureus infection.
Home to Work: Motherhood and the Politics of Industrial Homework in the United States

Abbreviations List of illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 'home, sweet home': gender, the state, and labor standards Part I. Man's Freedom, Woman's Necessity: Jacobs and its Legacy: 1. 'A man's dwelling house is his castle': tenement house cigarmaking and the judicial imperative 2. 'White slaves of the cities': campaigns against sweated clothing 3. 'Women who work' and 'Women who spend': the family economy vs the family wage Part II. Visions and Voices: 4. 'Soldiers of freedom', 'garments of slavery': patriotic homework 5. 'To study their own conditions': states' rights to regulate 6. 'Homework is a community question' the worlds of the homeworker Part III. Engendering the New Deal: 7. 'To improve on business through law': homework under the NRA 8. 'Strike while the iron is hot': the politics of enactment, the perils of enforcement 9. 'Unknown to the common law': the fair labor standards act Part IV. Homework Redux: 10. 'With a keyboard in one hand': white collars in the home 11. Deregulating 'the rights of women' Index.
Appendicular Skeleton of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

ABSTRACT The notosuchian crocodyliform Simosuchus clarki from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, originally known from a single specimen preserving primarily the skull, lower jaw, and anterior postcranial skeleton, is now known from three additional partial skeletons that collectively preserve nearly the entire appendicular skeleton. Although typically crocodyliform in overall morphology, the appendicular skeleton of Simosuchus preserves a number of derived features of phylogenetic and functional significance. Notable features of the pectoral girdle and forelimb include an anteroposteriorly broad, tripartite scapular blade; a laterally directed scapular prominence; a proximally expanded humerus with a shallow deltopectoral crest; a distinct, semi-ellipsoidal glenohumeral condyle; a tightly articulating radius and ulna; and a relatively foreshortened manus with robust distal unguals. Notable features of the pelvic girdle and hind limb include a distinct, spur-like projection of the anterior process of the ...