cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simulation study of voltage-assisted low-energy switching of a perpendicular anisotropy ferromagnet on a topological insulator

We present a novel memory device that consists of a thin ferromagnetic layer of Fe deposited on topological insulator thin film, $$\hbox {Bi}_{2}\hbox {Se}_{3}$$Bi2Se3. The ferromagnetic layer has perpendicular anisotropy, due to MgO deposited on its top surface. When current is passed on the surface of $$\hbox {Bi}_{2}\hbox {Se}_{3}$$Bi2Se3, the surface of the $$\hbox {Bi}_{2} \hbox {Se}_{3}$$Bi2Se3 becomes spin polarized and strong exchange interaction occurs between the d electrons in the ferromagnet and the electrons conducting the current on the surface of the $$\hbox {Bi}_{2}\hbox {Se}_{3}$$Bi2Se3. Part of the current is also shunted through the ferromagnet, which generates spin transfer torque in the ferromagnet. The exchange interaction torque along with voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy allows ultralow-energy switching of the ferromagnet. We perform micromagnetic simulations and predict switching time of the order of 2.5 ns and switching energy of the order of 0.88fJ for a ferromagnetic bit with thermal stability of $$43\,k_\mathrm{{B}}T$$43kBT. Such ultralow-energy and high-speed switching of a perpendicular anisotropy ferromagnet on a topological insulator could be utilized for energy-efficient memory design.
Work, Family, and Masculine Identity: An Intersectional Approach to Understanding Young, Black Men’s Experiences of Reentry:

Through a qualitative study of the reintegration experiences of African American men, aged 18–25, we heed Fader and Traylor’s call for intersectional analyses of desistance and reentry. The current...
Posttranscriptional Upregulation of IDH1 by HuR Establishes a Powerful Survival Phenotype in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Cancer aggressiveness may result from the selective pressure of a harsh nutrient-deprived microenvironment. Here we illustrate how such conditions promote chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Glucose or glutamine withdrawal resulted in a 5- to 10-fold protective effect with chemotherapy treatment. PDAC xenografts were less sensitive to gemcitabine in hypoglycemic mice compared with hyperglycemic mice. Consistent with this observation, patients receiving adjuvant gemcitabine (n = 107) with elevated serum glucose levels (HgbA1C > 6.5%) exhibited improved survival. We identified enhanced antioxidant defense as a driver of chemoresistance in this setting. ROS levels were doubled in vitro by either nutrient withdrawal or gemcitabine treatment, but depriving PDAC cells of nutrients before gemcitabine treatment attenuated this effect. Mechanistic investigations based on RNAi or CRISPR approaches implicated the RNA binding protein HuR in preserving survival under nutrient withdrawal, with or without gemcitabine. Notably, RNA deep sequencing and functional analyses in HuR-deficient PDAC cell lines identified isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) as the sole antioxidant enzyme under HuR regulation. HuR-deficient PDAC cells lacked the ability to engraft successfully in immunocompromised mice, but IDH1 overexpression in these cells was sufficient to fully restore chemoresistance under low nutrient conditions. Overall, our findings highlight the HuR-IDH1 regulatory axis as a critical, actionable therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res; 77(16); 4460-71. ©2017 AACR.
TimeOut@UCLA: An Intergenerational Respite Care and Workforce Development Program

ABSTRACTTimeOut@UCLA is an intergenerational program that recruits undergraduate college students to provide companionship to older adults with early Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia in a community setting, providing respite for their caregivers. In the program, 86 students and 89 seniors participated from September 2015 to December 2016. This program appears to reinforce positive attitudes about working with older adults among undergraduate students and gives caregivers an innovative option for respite time.
Holographic Plasmonic Nanotweezers for Dynamic Trapping and Manipulation

We demonstrate dynamic trapping and manipulation of nanoparticles with plasmonic holograms. By tailoring the illumination pattern of an incident light beam with a computer-controlled spatial light modulator, constructive and destructive interference of plasmon waves create a focused hotspot that can be moved across a surface. Specifically, a computer-generated hologram illuminating the perimeter of a silver Bull’s Eye nanostructure generates surface plasmons that propagate toward the center. Shifting the phase of the plasmon waves as a function of space gives complete control over the location of the focus. We show that 200 nm diameter nanoparticles trapped in this focus can be moved in arbitrary patterns. This allows, for example, circular motion with linearly polarized light. These results show the versatility of holographically generated surface plasmon waves for advanced trapping and manipulation of nanoparticles.
Taking Quality of Healthcare Seriously in Provider Merger Analysis

Traditionally, antitrust has not had a way to quantify the benefits of better healthcare outcomes from a potential merger, to balance them against the potential for increased costs. However, a branch of health care economics lets us make that calculation. It has not been used in antitrust analysis to date, but U.S. law is flexible enough to allow such an approach and the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines contemplate it in Section 5. It enables us to use established procedures to put the quality of care into healthcare merger analysis.
No Requirement for Targeted Theophylline Levels for Diuretic Effect of Aminophylline in Critically Ill Children.

Objectives To determine the relationship between theophylline trough levels and urine output in critically ill children administered aminophylline as adjunctive diuretic therapy. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting The PICU of a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients A mixed population of medical/surgical including postoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients less than 18 years old. Interventions Electronic medical records of all PICU patients admitted from July 2010 to June 2015 were reviewed, and patients who received aminophylline as diuretic therapy were identified. Measurements and main results Patient cohort data including demographics, daily aminophylline, furosemide and chlorothiazide dosing, theophylline trough levels, fluid intake, urine output and total fluid balance, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were abstracted. Multivariate analysis based on a generalized estimating equations approach demonstrated that aminophylline administration, when analyzed as a categorical variable, was associated with an increase in urine output and decreased fluid balance. However, aminophylline dosing, when analyzed as a continuous variable, was associated with neither an increase in urine output nor decreased fluid balance. Theophylline trough levels were not correlated with urine output at 24 hours (p = 0.78) and were negatively correlated with urine output at 48 hours (r = 0.078; p Conclusions Aminophylline administration provided a measure of increased diuresis, regardless of dosage, and theophylline trough levels. Therefore, achieving a prescribed therapeutic trough level may not be necessary for full diuretic effect. Because, as opposed to the diuretic effect, the side effect profile of aminophylline is dose-dependent, low maintenance dosing may optimize the balance between providing adjunctive diuretic effect while minimizing the risk of toxicity.
Effect of Acetazolamide on Aquaporin-1 and Fluid Flow in Cultured Choroid Plexus

Acetazolamide (AZA), used in treatment of early or infantile hydrocephalus, is effective in some cases, while its effect on the choroid plexus (CP) remains ill-defined. The drug reversibly inhibits aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the most ubiquitous “water pore” in the brain, and perhaps modulation of AQP1 (located apically on CP cells) by AZA may reduce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. We sought to elucidate the effect of AZA on AQP1 and fluid flow in CP cell cultures.
Verbal Response Modes as Intersubjective Categories

The three-channel hypothesis (Russell & Stiles, 1979) distinguishes three classes of verbal process-coding categories and proposes that each class taps a different channel of interpersonal communication in psychotherapy. Content categories, such as body parts or separation anxiety, concern denotative or connotative meaning of discourse units. The content channel carries information about the speaker’s current concerns, attitudes, and personality dynamics. Extralinguistic categories, such as laughter or hesitation, concern speaking behaviors that accompany or modify language, but are themselves neither semantic nor syntactic. The extralinguistic channel carries information about the speaker’s current (and usually transitory) emotional state—a momentary state of anger, for example, in contrast to an enduring attitude of hostility toward someone. Intersubjective categories, such as question or blame, concern brief relationships of the speaker to the intended recipient; that is, unlike content or extralinguistic categories, intersubjective categories imply the existence of another person (e. g., one questions another person-, one blames another person). The intersubjective channel carries information about interpersonal relationships and social roles, and, in psychotherapeutic communication, about the therapist’s technique.
Garden Path Errors in Diagnostic Reasoning

An efficient strategy for fault diagnosis relies upon specific symptoms to activate only a small portion of the available diagnostic knowledge. However, expert systems and humans using this strategy often commit characteristic errors. These errors occur because significantly different faults may manifest similar symptoms. If these symptoms are confused, the wrong portion of diagnostic knowledge can be activated. This paper discusses such errors and describes a strategy for reducing their incidence based upon an investigation of expertise in the Galen expert system.
Immunological Reactions to Silicone Implants

Implantable silicones have been widely used in medicine and surgery during the past 4 decades. Recently, concerns have arisen regarding the safety and efficacy of some of these devices. In particular, questions have emerged regarding a possible association between implantation of silicone gel-filled breast prostheses used in augmentation mammoplasty and reconstructive surgery with the development of autoimmune disease. Silicones are not entirely biologically inert. Local host tissue reactions range from a bland scarring response to evidence of chronic inflammation and fibroproliferation. Silicones are capable of migration in vivo and can elicit inflammation at sites distant from implantation. There is experimental evidence supporting the potential immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of these substances. A variety of systemic connective tissue diseases have been reported in women with silicone gel-filled breast implants. Scleroderma-like illnesses are markedly over-represented in women with silicone implants and identifiable connective tissue disease. This mimics the earlier reported Japanese experience with injectable silicones. Although the association between silicone exposure and development of scleroderma is supported by clinical experience and seems biologically plausible, there are to date no adequate epidemiological data that definitively demonstrate a causal relationship. Our clinical approach to managing patients with silicone implants and systemic disease is individualised, but may involve removal of the prosthesis, particularly when the disease is of adequate severity to otherwise warrant toxic or immunosuppressive pharmacotherapy.
Introduction to Update on Osteochondral Allograft Surgery

Progress in the surgery of bone transplantation requires understanding the unsolved problem of cell differentiation, with special reference to induced bone cell differentiation. Such knowledge as we have to share with each other on induced bone formation comes from two very recently investigated experimental systems. One consists of implants of bone matrix in muscle and subcutis. The other comes from explants of neonatal muscle connective tissue outgrowths in vitro. Both are more consistently reproducible in rodents than in long-lived dogs, monkeys, and human beings. Nevertheless, in the session on bone alternative, we have an unusual opportunity to review and discuss applications of experimentally induced bone cell formation for repair of bone defects. A potential pitfall of basic research is to extrapolate observations on rodents to bone repair problems in long-lived species.
Assessment of Membrane-Aerated Biological Reactors (MABRs) for Integration into Space-Based Water Recycling System Architectures

This work investigates the suitability of membrane aerated biological reactors (MABRs) for biological treatment of a space-based waste stream consisting of urine, hygiene/grey water, and humidity condensate within an overall water recycling system. Water represents a critical limiting factor for human habitation and travel within space; thus, optimizing the water recycling systems is essential. Biological treatment of waste water provides a more efficient sustainable means of stabilizing the waste stream within water recycling system architectures in comparison to current chemical stabilization processes that utilize harsh chemicals, which represent both a hazardous and an unsustainable approach. To assess the capabilities of MABRs for providing microgravity compatible biological treatment, two full-scale MABR systems were challenged with various loading rates and operational scenarios. The MABRs were able to maintain 196 g-C/m3-d and 194 g-N/m3-d volumetric conversion rates. Additionally the systems were able to handle intermittent loading and recover rapidly from system hibernation periods of up to 27 days. Overall, the use of MABRs within a waste water treatment system architecture provides several potential benefits including minimizing the use of toxic chemical pretreatment solutions and providing an effluent solution that is easier to desalinate and dewater.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Weight Gain

A 22-year-old female college student presents for a new patient visit. She has a history of depression and class 1 obesity (height 64 in, weight 186 lb, BMI 31.9 kg/m2). The patient reports being diagnosed with depression by her prior internist, who initiated treatment with paroxetine 2 years ago. Her current dose of paroxetine is 40 mg daily. She feels that the paroxetine has improved her mood. However, she does note that since initiating the medication, she has gained 11 lb and has also experienced sexual side effects, including decreased libido. These side effects have contributed to some emotional and relationship distress. She maintains a healthy diet and exercises four to five times per week for 45–60 min per session. Despite these efforts, she has struggled to limit further weight gain. She would like to lose weight and asks for your help with respect to weight management.
Management of Late-Preterm and Term Neonates at Risk for Early-Onset Sepsis.

The management of patients at risk for a low-frequency but serious illness poses many challenges for health professionals. Neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) in late-preterm and term neonates is a classic example of such a low-frequency serious condition. Faced with the possibility that such an infant, even if well appearing, can develop EOS, clinicians have traditionally erred on the side of treating with antibiotics until the EOS is ruled out by some combination of a continued normal clinical examination, negative blood cultures, and negative rapid diagnostic test results. A liberal antibiotic treatment strategy resulted in a large number (as high as several hundreds) of infants being needlessly treated with antibiotics for every neonate with true EOS. This strategy has been relatively easy for clinicians to follow because the burden of administering a short course of antibiotics is relatively low, and the adverse effects of antibiotics (eg, emergence of antibiotic resistance, altered microbiome) are not immediately apparent or dramatic. In contrast, most clinicians have experienced in their careers or heard about newborn infants with catastrophic consequences or even death from EOS, especially during an era when group B streptococcal infection was more common than today. Thus, there was significant overtreatment of infants as well as much interinstitutional and interclinician variation in the frequency of antibiotic use for neonates at risk for EOS. In recent years, this calculus of weighing of a possible catastrophic event that occurs at low frequency against the invisible and delayed hazards of antibiotics has changed. Nationally and internationally, alarms are being raised about the hazards of antibiotics, the widespread emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, and the drying up of …
The role of radiomics in the preoperative diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation (sRCC).

621Background: sRCC is an aggressive renal malignancy, with poor survival and limited response to therapy. Preoperative identification of sRCC would be helpful for counselling patients, and clinica...
Kinetics of sol-to-gel transition in irreversible particulate systems

A comprehensive theory encompassing the kinetics of the sol-to-gel transition is yet to be formulated due to break-down of the mean-field Smoluchowski Equation. Using high temporal-resolution Monte Carlo simulation of irreversible aggregation systems, we show that this transition has three distinct regimes with kinetic exponent z∈1,2 corresponding to aggregation of sol clusters proceeding to the ideal gel point (IGP); z∈2,5.7 for gelation of sol clusters beyond IGP; and z∈2,3.5 for a hitherto unidentified regime involving aggregation of gels when monomer-dense. We further establish universal power-law scaling relationships that connect the kinetics of these three regimes. Improved parameterizations are performed on the characteristic timescale parameters that define each regime.
Editorial Commentary: The Trend to Blend: Should We Be Using Hybrid Grafts in Adult Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstructions?

Abstract Hybrid anterior cruciate ligament grafts augmenting a small-diameter hamstring tendon autograft with nonirradiated allografts can be used with good results in adults. In teens, however, outcomes of hybrid grafts have not been well defined, and other solutions to small hamstring grafts including graft folding, contralateral autograft augmentation, or selection of a different autograft source could be considered.
David J. Benney: Nonlinear Wave and Instability Processes in Fluid Flows

David J. Benney (1930–2015) was an applied mathematician and fluid dynamicist whose highly original work has shaped our understanding of nonlinear wave and instability processes in fluid flows. Thi...
Should fast pathway ablation be reconsidered in typical atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia?

Introduction Atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common, regular narrow-complex tachycardia. The established treatment is catheter ablation of the AV nodal slow pathway (SP). However, in a select group of patients with long PR intervals in sinus rhythm, SP ablation can lead to AV block due to the absence of robust anterograde conduction through the fast pathway (FP). This report aims to demonstrate that AV nodal FP ablation is a reasonable approach in patients with AVNRT and poor or absent anterograde FP conduction. Methods and results Standard electrophysiology study techniques were used in the electrophysiology laboratory. Catheter ablations were performed using radiofrequency energy. Mapping of intracardiac activation was performed with electroanatomical mapping systems. Outcomes were assessed acutely during the procedure and during routine clinical follow-up. Six patients with first-degree AV block and recurrent AVNRT who underwent ablation of their tachycardia at our institution are presented. One patient underwent ablation of AV nodal SP resulting in high-degree AV block necessitating pacemaker implantation. The remaining five patients underwent ablation of the AV nodal FP guided by electroanatomical mapping of the earliest atrial activation in tachycardia. These five had successful treatment of the tachycardia with preservation of anterograde AV nodal conduction. Mapping and ablation approach to eliminate retrograde FP conduction are described. Conclusion In select patients with AVNRT and poor anterograde FP conduction, retrograde FP ablation is reasonable and is less likely to result in AV block and pacemaker dependency.
Navinder Singh Sarao: Criminal Mastermind or Sacrificial Lamb?

A double standard is exposed by Mr Sarao’s selective prosecution. Bankers, who have been dubbed the “masters of the universe” by the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards (PCBS) for their extreme recklessness, remain above the law and are not being prosecuted notwithstanding the gravity of their misconduct. Instead, bank misconduct is increasingly being settled by way of record-breaking fines. Viewed in juxtaposition, this differential treatment raises questions about whether the criminal law still plays any real part in proceedings against international banks or whether it is effectively a dead letter? The hierarchy of culpability devised by Roger McCormick in Seven Deadly Sins: ‘Retrospectivity, Culpability and Responsibility’ has been turned on its head in practice and it is an oddity that Case 5: “Individual Criminality” has come to trump Case 1: “Clustered Criminality”. Analysed against the fact that benchmark rigging traders in Deutsche Bank escaped prosecution because of the bank’s ability to pay a record breaking fine of £1.7 billion, Sarao’s case makes a striking comparison because he does not have the option of paying his way out of trouble and finds himself charged in criminal proceedings that have a punishment totalling 380 years’ imprisonment. On proper analysis, if anything, recent events (21 April 2015-27 April 2015) demonstrate an inversion of the meticulous hierarchy developed in Seven Deadly Sins. They also debunk the “maxim” that “it’s not our fault, we didn’t know” because employees in Deutsche Bank were quite well aware of the nature and quality of their deliberate benchmark manipulation. Deutsche Bank has been the focus of recent regulatory action and from 2009 to 2015 it has been fined £7.32 billion for misconduct (or what the National Health Service (NHS) needs to survive by 2020). This paper contextualises Sarao’s circumstances, analyses the culture of trading, critically evaluates the latest round of international fines and concludes that the hierarchy of culpability in relation to corporate misconduct has been inverted in practice. Readers should note that Professor McCormick does not necessarily endorse my reading of his theory, but I have nonetheless taken the liberty to use it as a didactic device to advance my own freewheeling analysis in which I propose a dynamic interpretation of Professor McCormick’s work because of the important public issues at stake.
Mastopexy: Current Trends in Private Practice and Academic Practice and the Impact on Resident Training.

Introduction Training residents for cosmetic surgery is challenging. This study's goal is to identify the mastopexy spectrum, comparing private and academic practice, and determine the impact on resident training and readiness. Methods An institutional review board-approved retrospective analysis of the senior author's mastopexy practice was performed: 5 years private; 5 years academics consecutively. Indications for surgery, type of surgery, and complications (return to operating room, hospital readmission, prosthesis loss, nonoperative hematoma, seroma, wound dehiscence, infection) were recorded. Surveys were sent to all graduated, board-certified plastic surgeons (all in private practice) who trained in performing mastopexy with the lead surgeon in our apprenticeship model. Results A total of 246 mastopexies were reviewed (155 in private practice and 91 in academic setting). There were 7 main indications for mastopexy identified: ptosis, postpartum atrophy, nonsurgical weight loss, surgical weight loss, asymmetry, reconstruction/balancing, revision from previous augmentation. Fisher exact test was performed. Primary mastopexy alone was significantly more prevalent in private practice (P = 0.0184). Revisional mastopexy/augmentation was significantly more prevalent in academic practice (P = 0.0047). There was no statistical difference in major or minor complications between private and academic setting (P = 0.077 and P = 0.219, respectively). All graduated trainees reported being "comfortable" or "very comfortable" performing mastopexies. Discussion Primary mastopexy is more commonly performed in a private practice setting. Mastopexy, in academics, is more likely in conjunction with reconstruction/balancing. Despite lesser representation of pure cosmetic mastopexy, trainees are well prepared for mastopexy. This indicates that principles and techniques of aesthetic surgery are adequately taught.
Reducing Infusion Clinic Wait Times Using Quality Improvement

PURPOSE:Long wait times are a common occurrence for chemotherapy infusion patients and are a source of decreased patient satisfaction. Our facility sought to decrease outpatient infusion clinic wai...
The current state of bariatric endoscopy

A variety of endoscopic bariatric and metabolic treatments (EBMTs) have been developed in recent years to combat the growing prevalence of obesity in the United States (US) and worldwide. This manuscript reviews the current state of bariatric endoscopy, detailing all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved EBMTs including space-occupying intragastric balloons (IGBs), aspiration therapy, and endoscopic tissue apposition devices. Additionally, this review describes non-FDA approved treatments including additional IGBs, endoluminal bypass liners, duodenal mucosal resurfacing, and endoscopically placed anastomosis devices.
Cleaning Up or Throwing out the Psychological Insight with the Bath Water

In their article Psychology: a Giant with Feet of Clay, Zagaria, Ando and Zennaro aim to clean up the confusing and inconsistent conceptual landscape in current psychology. They find that evolutionary psychology with its dialectical focus on nature and nurture could be the unifying meta-theory that contemporary psychology is depending on in order to compete with harder sciences, such as biology and physiology. The aim of developing a unified conceptual consensus in psychology is flattering. However, the view depends on a worldview that one can reach a psychological science with objective properties through universal concepts that are non-effected by cognitive factors. My point of view is that psychological concepts carry a great deal of implicit theoretical baggage because they come with rich connotations, acquired through everyday usage. My view has got a methodological point that leads to considerations concerning the question: how psychologists are to study concepts in order to understand them? To grasp the meaning of a given concept in its context means to understand not only its literal meaning but also how it can be applied to the world and what is done by it. All these dimensions of the meaning of a concept are deeply rooted in the respective diachronic and synchronic contexts, and that is why a psychologist should be radically prepared to change her or his expectations considering the meaning of any concept under study.
Stretchable transistors and functional circuits for human-integrated electronics

Electronics with skin- or tissue-like mechanical properties, including low stiffness and high stretchability, can be used to create intelligent technologies for application in areas such as health monitoring and human–machine interactions. Stretchable transistors that provide signal-processing and computational functions will be central to the development of this technology. Here, we review the development of stretchable transistors and functional circuits, examining progress in terms of materials and device engineering. We consider the three established approaches for creating stretchable transistors: buckling engineering, stiffness engineering and intrinsic-stretchability engineering. We also explore the current capabilities of stretchable transistors and circuits in human-integrated electronics and consider the challenges involved in delivering advanced applications. This Review examines the three established approaches for creating stretchable transistors—buckling engineering, stiffness engineering and intrinsic-stretchability engineering—and explores the current and future capabilities of stretchable transistors and circuits in human-integrated electronics.
Development and validation protocol for an instrument to measure women’s empowerment in urban sanitation across countries: The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales

IntroductionDespite an increasing emphasis on gender and empowerment in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) programs, no rigorously validated survey instruments exist for measuring empowerment within the WaSH sector. Our objective is to develop and validate quantitative survey instruments to measure womens empowerment in relation to sanitation in urban areas of low-and middle-income countries. Methods and analysisWe are developing the Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) scales through a process that involves three phases: item development; scale development and initial validation; and scale evaluation and further validation. The first phase includes domain specification, item generation, face validity and content validity assessment, and item refinement. The second phase involves a second round of face validity and content validity assessment, followed by survey implementation in two cities (Tiruchirappalli, India and Kampala, Uganda) and data analysis involving factor analysis and item response theory approaches, as well as reliability and validity testing. The third phase involves a final round of face validity and content validity assessment, followed by survey implementation in three additional cities (Narsapur and Warangal, India; and Lusaka, Zambia) and statistical analysis using similar approaches as in Phase 2 for further validation. Ethics and disseminationEthics approvals have been received from ethics boards in all study locations. The study team will share findings with key stakeholders to inform programming activities and will publish results in peer-reviewed journals. Article SummaryO_ST_ABSStrengths and limitations of this studyC_ST_ABSO_LIWe employ rigorous methods to develop survey instruments, including testing and validating 15 scales, to assess domains of womens empowerment related to sanitation. C_LIO_LIPhased data collection is being carried out across five urban locations in South Asia and Africa to ensure that the survey instruments are valid and comparable across contexts. C_LIO_LIOur survey instruments are specific to women in urban settings; adaptation and further validity testing is needed to develop instruments that can be administered in other settings (e.g. rural, peri-urban) and with men. C_LIO_LIThe survey instruments are focused on empowerment at the individual, household, and community levels; they do not assess empowerment in markets (e.g. across the sanitation value chain) or in relation to policies and formal governance. C_LI
Opportunities and Challenges for Synergies Across Biodiversity-Related Conventions in the Context of Human Health and Zoonotic Diseases: The Role of Scientific Advisory Bodies

This chapter examines the work of the scientific advisory bodies of five biodiversity-related conventions: the Ramsar Convention, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, Convention on Migratory Species, Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds, and Convention on Biological Diversity. It will discuss how the scientific advisory bodies have collaborated in the past, through ad hoc or more formalized approaches, and how they may work more closely together in the future through the emergence of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), especially in the context of human health and infectious diseases. In doing so, this chapter considers how the scientific advisory bodies have responded to outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza, Ebola virus disease, and COVID-19. While institutional constraints exist, IPBES provides an opportunity for the scientific advisory bodies—and thus the biodiversity-related conventions themselves—to more effectively emphasize the need for biodiversity conservation as preventive measures for human health and well-being.
Isolated High-Grade Malignancy of the Spinal Cord Presenting as Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis

This article characterizes 2 cases of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) that did not respond to immunotherapy and were diagnosed by biopsy as primary central nervous system (CNS) ...
Examining Teacher Perceptions of the Appalachian Dialect in One Rural Appalachian Elementary School

While numerous studies focus on dialect in educational settings, this research focuses on teacher perception of the Appalachian dialect in one rural elementary school. Data collected, mainly through interviews with educators, indicate that teachers sometimes view the Appalachian dialect as impeding their teaching of Standard English. Implications of the study include that teachers may benefit from professional development that provides opportunities for self-reflection on the way they teach and use Standard English as well as how they teach students to use different registers or code-switching skills. Through this type of professional engagement, teachers may better understand their role in modeling Standard English while honoring the Appalachian dialect.
Network Programming Using PLAN

We present here a methodology for programming active networks in the environment defined by our new language PLAN (Packet Language for Active Networks). This environment presumes a two-level architecture consisting of: 1. active packets carrying PLAN code; and 2. downloadable, node-resident services written in more general-purpose languages. We present several examples which illustrate how these two features can be combined to implement various network functions.
Interactions of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the NT-3.BDNF heterodimer with the extracellular domains of the TrkB and TrkC receptors

Interactions of three neurotrophin dimers, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and a NT-3.BDNF heterodimer with extracellular, soluble TrkB and TrkC receptors were studied using native gels, light scattering, and sedimentation equilibrium. These three neurotrophins showed binding of two TrkB receptors per neurotrophin dimer, with a tendency to dissociate into one TrkB per dimer for NT-3 and the heterodimer, as determined by native gels, light scattering, and sedimentation equilibrium. For TrkC, native gels suggested binding of NT-3, heterodimer, and BDNF but not of nerve growth factor. Sedimentation equilibrium revealed that all three neurotrophin molecules bind to TrkC at two receptors per dimer but that BDNF binds much more weakly and that the heterodimer has an intermediate binding strength. Light scattering/size exclusion chromatography showed complexes with two TrkC receptors per NT-3 dimer and one TrkC per heterodimer but did not detect binding of BDNF to TrkC. This latter result is not inconsistent with the sedimentation data, because the weak binding of BDNF to TrkC may be easily dissociated by nonspecific interactions of BDNF with the size exclusion column. The relative binding constants for these neurotrophins and the soluble receptor extracellular domains, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium, are correlated with their biological activity. However, the magnitude of these binding constants is insufficient by approximately 3 orders of magnitude to promote receptor dimerization at physiologically active concentrations.
The Big Influence of Small States Revisited

power overwhelmingly favored the United States. In Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy, Thomas Risse-Kappen challenges this structural realist account, arguing that the West Europeans repeatedly demonstrated the "big influence of small allies" (Keohane 1971) even on matters of strategic importance to the United States. Risse-Kappen also questions whether traditional realist bargaining theories offer adequate explanations for U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. Instead, he argues that liberal theories that "link domestic political structures systematically to the foreign policy of states" and "institutionalist arguments emphasizing the role of norms and communicative action" (p. 4) better account for the actual level of influence exerted by the U.S.'s NATO allies. Risse-Kappen outlines his theoretical framework and methodological approach in chapters 1 and 2. His null hypothesis is the structural realist argument that small states will not have an impact on great power decisions in alliances under conditions of bipolarity. From traditional realism and related strands of hegemonic stability and bargaining theory, he concludes that under certain conditions small allies can exert influence on a great power. But the principal alternative to the null hypothesis is found in liberal theories as they relate to Kantian "pacific federations" among democratic states (Deutsch's [1957] "pluralistic security communities") and the "common identities, values, norms, and decision-making procedures that are institutionalized in such alliances and reflect the liberal character of the domestic political structures of the member states" (p. 12). Given these norms, domestic politics (Putnam's [1988] "two-level games") and transnational and transgovernmental coalition-building "provide the tools by which democratic allies are likely to influence each other" (p. 12). Risse-Kappen uses four case studies (the Korean War, the 1956 Suez crisis, the 1958-1963 negotiations on the test ban treaty, and the Cuban missile crisis) to demonstrate that the Europeans influenced U.S. policy in significant ways and that liberal theories better account for this phenomena than either structural realism or its traditional variants. Based on evidence from both primary and secondary sources, including now declassified U.S. government documents, the conclusion is clearest in the Korean, test-ban, and Cuban cases. In the Suez crisis, however, the United States did exert its prerogatives over the objections of Britain and France. Risse-Kappen notes that this outcome confirms realist expectations but is more the exception than the rule. He also argues that the process of the allied confrontation over Suez can only be understood in a liberal and institutional context.
The relationships among jaw‐muscle fiber architecture, jaw morphology, and feeding behavior in extant apes and modern humans

The jaw-closing muscles are responsible for generating many of the forces and movements associ- ated with feeding. Muscle physiologic cross-sectional area (PCSA) and fiber length are two architectural parameters that heavily influence muscle function. While there have been numerous comparative studies of hominoid and hominin craniodental and mandibular morphology, little is known about hominoid jaw-muscle fiber architecture. We present novel data on masseter and temporalis inter- nal muscle architecture for small- and large-bodied homi- noids. Hominoid scaling patterns are evaluated and compared with representative New- (Cebus) and Old- World (Macaca) monkeys. Variation in hominoid jaw-mus- cle fiber architecture is related to both absolute size and allometry. PCSAs scale close to isometry relative to jaw length in anthropoids, but likely with positive allometry in hominoids. Thus, large-bodied apes may be capable of generating both absolutely and relatively greater muscle forces compared with smaller-bodied apes and monkeys. Compared with extant apes, modern humans exhibit a reduction in masseter PCSA relative to condyle-M1 length but retain relatively long fibers, suggesting humans may have sacrificed relative masseter muscle force during chewing without appreciably altering muscle excursion/ contraction velocity. Lastly, craniometric estimates of PCSAs underestimate hominoid masseter and temporalis PCSAs by more than 50% in gorillas, and overestimate masseter PCSA by as much as 30% in humans. These findings underscore the difficulty of accurately estimating jaw-muscle fiber architecture from craniometric measures and suggest models of fossil hominin and hominoid bite forces will be improved by incorporating architectural data in estimating jaw-muscle forces. Am J Phys Anthro-
Synthesis-for-initializability of asynchronous sequential machines

We present a new method for the synthesis-for initializability of asynchronous state machines. Unlike existing approaches, our method incorporates a state assignment step. State assignment is critical, since initializability may be precluded by poor choice of state assignment. Also, we present precise conditions on hazard-free logic, to insure that the circuits are physically initializable.
Communication in the Disciplines: Interpersonal Communication in Dietetics.

This study proposes to expand the scope of oral communication across the curriculum research by exploring oral genres in a dietetics curriculum from the perspective of the dietetics faculty. The goals of this qualitative study, couched within the communication in the disciplines framework, are to identify the oral genres integral to the study and practice of dietetics and to determine if dietetics faculty who participated in the study perceive the communication experiences offered during dietetics education transfer to professional practice. Two conclusions resulted: the first result is that interpersonal communication is the oral site at which the dietetics discipline is advanced and maintained. However, the results of the study showed the interpersonal concepts and skills were applied differently in the dietetics interview as compared to their application in oral communication. Results of the data analysis regarding the second goal showed that although dietetics faculty felt communication experiences pr...
Molecular Genetic Relationships of the Extinct Dusky Seaside Sparrow

Mitochondrial DNA from the extinct dusky seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens) was compared in terms of nucleotide sequence divergence to mitochondrial DNAs from extant populations of seaside sparrows. Analyses of restriction sites revealed a close phylogenetic affinity of A. m. nigrescens to other sparrow populations along the Atlantic coast of the United States but considerable genetic distance from Gulf coast birds. Concerns and applied management strategies for the seaside sparrow have been based on a morphological taxonomy that does not adequately reflect evolutionary relationships within the complex.
Temperature Dependence of Optical Bleaching of KCl Crystals near 0°C

Further insight has been sought into the mechanism of optical bleaching in the vicinity of room temperature by studying the temperature dependence of the bleaching curves for KCl crystals which had been initially irradiated with hard (filtered) x-rays. The absorptions at the maxima of the $F$, $M$, ${R}_{1}$, and ${R}_{2}$ bands were observed to change during illumination with $F$-light and to be strongly temperature dependent in the range of -30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to +10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, whereas the absorption at the ${V}_{3}$ band was essentially unchanged. For comparison an analysis was made of the data of Petroff on the early growth of the $M$ band during bleaching with $F$-light in additively colored KCl crystals. In this case a unique activation energy $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, of 0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 ev and a number of defect jumps ${N}_{j}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{10}$ are indicated by the data. It appears that the bleaching curves of the x-irradiated samples are composed of a temperature independent and a temperature dependent part. The temperature dependent part probably is the same as that responsible for bleaching in additively colored crystals. The above results for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and ${N}_{j}$ suggest that the temperature dependent bleaching process results from the trapping of photoelectrons at vacancy clusters which are formed during bleaching through the migration of mobile defects, possibly vacancy pairs. This conclusion is supported by the observations by others that the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ band is not observed during bleaching at room temperature.
Clinical significance of minimal residual disease in leukemia.

Considerable progress has been made in the treatment of acute and chronic leukemias. Remission rates are generally high and cure rates of up to 80% can be achieved in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, in many patients the disease will ultimately recur. In most if not all of these patients, relapse is thought to result from subclinical levels of residual leukemia, termed minimal residual disease (MRD). Therefore, the study of MRD holds a significant potential to understand the biology of relapse and remission and to design new therapies to improve the cure rate of patients. A major goal of these studies is to be able and identify patients at a defined risk of relapse which can lead to risk-adapted therapy approaches. Laboratory assays such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multicolor flow cytometry are sensitive enough to detect one leukemic cell in up to 10 4 -10 5 normal cells and have become ideal tools to monitor MRD. Especially PCR has been used extensively. Although a wealth of data has been generated, some questions remain as to the impact of monitoring MRD on clinical outcome and are the object of this review.
Functional memory-based dynamic microprocessors for higher level languages

Dynamic microprocessors have been proposed as a means for providing the basic instruction sets necessary for efficient processing of a variety of higher level languages with specific hardware. Functional memory-based dynamic processors consisting of a collection of identical modules formed from writable associative arrays offer a more general solution to this problem. The basic properties of functional memory modules are discussed; and the structure of a functional memory-based microprocessor suitable for executing the SNOBOL 4 replacement statement using the data structures defined by Griswold (15) is given.
Accuracy of determination of changes in cardiac output by transcutaneous continuous-wave doppler computer

The value of a previously validated portable, continuous-wave Doppler computer was assessed for measuring changes in cardiac output (CO). Simultaneous thermodilution and Doppler CO values were measured in triplicate in 16 patients undergoing clinical intervention with vasodilator therapy. A continuous-wave Doppler transducer was placed in the suprasternal notch and directed toward the ascending aorta and angled until the maximal velocity signal was obtained. The correlation coefficient was 0.92 (standard error of the estimate [SEE] = 0.48 liter/min) at rest; with intervention it was 0.88 (SEE = 0.52 liter/min). Our data indicate that the Doppler computer technique, when used in selected patients, is reliable in detecting changes in CO after vasodilator therapy. It may be of value in clinical situations in which hemodynamic monitoring is impractical.
Human IgG cryoglobulin with tubular crystal structure.

A CRYOPRECIPITABLE immunoglobulin, IgG1 with kappa light chains, in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma, was found to have a unique tubular crystal structure.