cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ADULT CIGARETTE DEMAND

A majority of the previous studies employed aggregate level data in estimating cigarette demand equations. These studies have primarily examined the impact of prices and tobacco control policies on average cigarette consumption. Price elasticity estimates obtained from these studies range from –0.14 to –1.23, with a preponderance of the estimates falling in a narrower range of –0.20 to –0.50 [USDHHS, 1994]. A growing number of recent studies have estimated cigarette demand equations using individual level data. The use of individual-level data allows for the investigation of both the propensity to smoke and the intensity with which smokers smoke. The cumulative distribution of cigarette consumption can therefore be characterized as a mixed distribution, one that is neither continuous nor discrete. There exists a mass of zero outcomes, or in other words, a large number of individuals who do not smoke. In addition, there exists a continuous distribution for those individuals who do smoke. The continuous distribution is frequently skewed to the right and exhibits non-constant variance. Economists have traditionally modeled this mixed distribution using a two-part model. In the first part of the two-part model, a logit or probit specification is employed
Stack-based algorithms for pattern matching on DAGs

Existing work for query processing over graph data models often relies on pre-computing the transitive closure or path indexes. In this paper, we propose a family of stack-based algorithms to handle path, twig, and dag pattern queries for directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) in particular. Our algorithms do not precompute the transitive closure nor path indexes for a given graph, however they achieve an optimal runtime complexity quadratic in the average size of the query variable bindings. We prove the soundness and completeness of our algorithms and present the experimental results.
The solution conformation of sucrose: concentration and temperature dependence

Abstract 13 C-N.m.r. spin-lattice relaxation measurements were used to study molecular motion in aqueous sucrose. Results show that sucrose tumbles anisotropically in solution, and that its conformation is independent of temperature and concentration. Internal rotation occurs with distinctly different rates and activation energies in the three hydroxymethyl groups. Our data are consistent with results of calculations by Bock and Lemieux 6 who predicted that the conformation of aqueous sucrose is similar to the crystal conformation but with the loss of one intramolecular hydrogen-bond.
Adenosine is an endogenous protectant against stunning during repetitive ischemic episodes in the heart

Abstract To investigate whether adenosine receptor blockade alters the response to serial coronary occlusions in the rabbit heart, we measured changes in segment length with ultrasonic dimension gauges placed in the field of a coronary branch. The coronary branch was subjected to four 5-minute occlusions, each separated by 10 minutes of reperfusion. In control hearts, the percentage of segment shortening fell from 15.7% to 9.3% after release of the first occlusion with no further deterioration after each of the subsequent three occlusions. In hearts in which adenosine receptors were blocked with PD 114,199, a potent blocker of both A 1 and A 2 receptors, segment shortening again recovered to about two thirds of the preischemic value during the reperfusion period after the first occlusion. Each subsequent occlusion, however, resulted in a further deterioration of function to the extent that shortening was less than 20% of the preischemic value during reperfusion after the fourth occlusion. Therefore the first occlusion of a series of four occlusions, while mildly stunning the heart, also preconditions the myocardium against further stunning by subsequent occlusions. Because that protection was lost when adenosine receptors were blocked, adenosine must play an important role in the mediation of this protective effect.
Correlating physiologic with psychodynamic data in the study and management of childhood asthma

1 . INTRODUCTION ASTHMA is a complex syndrome to which many factors are known to contribute . Inevitably, therefore, it has been the subject of extensive study by several different disciplines but whatever the approach adopted, previous investigations have been repeatedly criticised for their lack of objective assessments [1, 2] . We therefore felt it essential to base our own study upon precise measurements of ventilatory function .
Intraoperative anaphylaxis during neurosurgery

Intra-operative anaphylaxis is of particular concern in neurosurgery. Not only is there an increased risk of major anaphylaxis, but the frequent placement of patients in the prone or sitting position may make resuscitation difficult. We describe two cases of per-operative anaphylaxis during neurosurgery and the techniques used in the successful management and investigation of these patients.
Comparing O(N) and SU(N) × SU(N) spin systems in 1 + 1 dimensions to SU(N) gauge theories in 3 + 1 dimensions

The scale breaking ..lambda.. parameters of the Euclidean and Hamiltonian formulations of the lattice regulated O(N) and SU(N) x SU(N) spin systems in 1 + 1 dimensions were computed in terms of the ..lambda../sub PV/ parameter of the Pauli-Villars regulated continuum models. Using lattice perturbation theory, the renormalized mass gap has been determined in terms of ..lambda../sub PV/ for each model. These results are compared to analogous calculations in SU(N) gauge theories.
The Stars Are Bright in Texas: Outcomes of Community Diabetes Projects

Background: The Texas Diabetes Prevention and Control Program at the Texas Department of State Health Services contracts with community-based organizations, including federally qualified health centers, local health departments, and other non-profits. Fifteen Community Diabetes Projects (CDPs) increase opportunities in the state for implementing positive behavior and lifestyle changes in people with diabetes and those at risk by targeting Texans who have disproportionate rates of diabetes, and limited access to health services. Interventions include diabetes self-management education (DSME), nutrition classes, and physical activity.
Vidalols A and B, new anti-inflammatory bromophenols from the Caribbean marine red alga Vidalia obtusaloba

Chemical studies of the Caribbean red algaVidalia obtusaloba have resulted in the isolation of two new bromophenolic metabolites, vidalols A and B (1, 2). The new compounds were discovered as part of an organized effort to isolate new naturally-occurring anti-inflammatory agents with a focus upon those which may function through the inhibition of phospholipase A2.
1010 LABORATORY FINDINGS IN VARIOUS CONGENITAL IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

57 patients with suspected or proven immunodeficiency disorders were evaluated. Clinical diagnoses using WHO criteria included common variable immunodeficiency (6), DiGeorge Syndrome (6), X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (5), IgA deficiency (5), ataxia-telangiectasia (4), mucocutaneous candidiasis (4), transient hypogammaglobulinemia (4), chronic granulomatous disease (3), severe combined immunodeficiency (2), and miscellaneous disease states (18). Immunological evaluation included CBC and differential, lymphocyte subset analysis with monoclonal antibodies, in vitro responses to mitogens, in vitro immunoglobulin production, serum immunoglobulin profiles and serological titers to tetanus toxoid, pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen, and EBV. Despite homogenous clinical findings in each group, laboratory results showed marked variability. For example, in patients clinically diagnosed as DiGeorge Syndrome, representation of OKT3+ lymphocytes ranged from 3-73%, OKT4+ 3-64%, OKT8+ 3-33% and sIg+ 10-56%. Four children with recurrent infections, but fitting no clinically defined immune deficiency disorder, and six first degree relatives of immunodeficiency patients performed normally in all the above assays (supplemented where appropriate with in vitro studies of PMN function. While laboratory studies complement the clinical findings and may exclude certain immunodeficiency disorders, they should not be used as the primary basis for diagnosis.
Corticosteroid and neurohypophyseal hormone control of parturition in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata

Abstract Both increased day length and immersion in distilled water elicited parturition in the pregnant guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Injections of deoxycortisol, oxytocin, vasotocin, and an extract of carp neurohypophyses also induced premature parturition. In vitro, deoxycortisol promoted the breakdown of follicular membranes, thus expediting explusion of young by contractions of ovarian smooth muscle induced by neurohypophyseal hormones.
Spontaneous formation of heterogeneous patches on polymer-lipid core-shell particle surfaces during self-assembly.

Nanoparticle (NP) surfaces have been widely investigated and engineered due to their importance in the synthesis of particles for targeted drug delivery, vaccination, medical imaging, as well as personal care products, and electronics.[1] For instance in drug delivery, the ability to functionalize the surface of NPs with ligands for differential delivery of drugs has demonstrated increased target cell uptake compared to equivalent NPs lacking the ligands.[2] Similarly, modification of the surface of inorganic NP such as quantum dots, iron oxide, and gold NPs, has been explored to render them biocompatible and non-toxic for applications in therapeutics and diagnostics.[3] Common methods used to characterize particle physicochemical properties include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), among others.[4] However, while these techniques tend to measure the properties of a population of particles, they tend to overlook the surface characteristics of single particles such as ligand distribution and charge density distribution over the particle surface, which could greatly impact their expected interaction with cells, proteins or other particles.
An enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to the mouse mammary tumor virus: application to human breast cancer.

An enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was developed, using the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) fixed to wells of a microtiter plate, for the determination of antibodies to MMTV. The intensity of the final color change was dependent upon virus or viral antibody concentration. MMTV antibody was readily detectable in sera diluted as much as 1 : 2800. Fixed MMTV bound antibodies to an internal viral protein (p 28) as well as to viral envelope components (gp 52, gp 34), demonstrating that the virus was rendered permeable by our procedure. Applying this assay to human sera, significant differences (P < 0.005) in IgG binding to MMTV were detected between sera of breast cancer patients, benign breast disease patients and healthy individuals. 26% of breast cancer-derived sera contained MMTV binding antibody; 10% of benign sera or 8% of normal sera were also positive. The reactivity of human IgG with MMTV was blocked by prior incubation of the virus with antisera to gp 34 or, to a lesser extent, with gp 52. The results demonstrate that MMTV antibodies can be quantitated by this simple, rapid and inexpensive procedure.
Renal mechanisms for regulation of uric acid excretion, with special reference to normal and gouty man.

T HIS REVIEW BEGINS with a brief description of the historical development of the long sequence of hypotheses relating to the disposition of uric acid by the kidneys. Of course these evolved in conjunction with more general concepts intended to explain how the kidney so precisely performs all its diverse and intricate functions. Pitts’ has recently given an incisive and illuminating account of these broader endeavors; the successive hypotheses relating specifically to uric acid have been previously reviewed by Br$chnerMortensen2 and Smith.3 Recognized as a characteristic component of the urine since its discovery there by Scheele in 1776, uric acid figured prominently in the initial speculations concerning the mechanisms of renal function, notably the controversies over the Bowman-Heidenhain-Marshall concept of tubular secretion vs. the LudwigCushny-Richards view of filtration-reabsorption. In fact, in the early morphological studies of renal function, uric acid was widely employed experimentally as a marker because of its insolubility and ready detection in kidney tissue sections after uric acid loading. For many years such morphological investigation was all that was possible since suitably refined methods of chemical identification of uric acid were not yet available. The development of more sensitive colorimetric procedures by Folin, and concomitantly of renal clearance techniques, opened the way to further progress. Soon a dichotomy developed. Tubular secretion was incontrovertibly established as the major mechanism of uric acid excretion in the uricotelic bird and reptile, whereas the accumulated evidence in ureotelic mammals supported the filtration-reabsorption hypothesis in the pattern well established for glucose,
Investigations of a Metastable Dependence on the Ionization of Sputtered Species in Neon Glow Discharges

Optical investigations of a low-pressure (0.3-4.0 Torr), low-current (1-4 mA), coaxial geometry glow discharge operating with neon as the fill gas are described. Studies were designed to experimentally illustrate the role of neon metastable atoms in the population of selected excited-state ion levels of copper atoms sputtered from a brass cathode. Methane was employed as a quenching agent to reduce the neon metastable population, and ion emission signals from a variety of copper ion transitions showed a decrease in intensity corresponding to the introduction of methane to the plasma. In addition, with variations in discharge pressure, a correlation between the number of neon metastables and the strength of the ion emission signals was observed. These results provide evidence that Penning ionization is an important mechanism for the ionization of sputtered atoms in neon glow discharges, similar to the results obtained for an argon system. Finally, a brief comparison of the neon and argon systems was made which showed the neon discharge gas to be more efficient at populating the monitored copper ion levels. This is more likely due to the higher energy of the neon metastables, which permits the direct population of these ion levels from the copper ground state.
Efficient simulations of simple models of parallel computation by time-bounded ATMs and space-bounded TMs

Abstract We present efficient time-bounded ATM and space-bounded TM simulations of one-way conglomerates (OWCs), which are interconnected networks of finite-state machines that allow only one-way communication between adjacent nodes. In particular, we show that OWCs with depth D(n) and operating in time T(n) can be simulated by ATMs in time O(D(n)·log T(n)) (and hence by a TM with the same amount of space). This extends Ruzzo's result that boolean circuits of depth D(n) can be simulated by O(D(n))-time bounded ATMs, and refines Gold-schlager's result that two-way conglomerates operating in T(n) time can be simulated by T(n)-space bounded TMs. By exploiting the regularity of interconnections in some OWCs, we obtain more efficient space-bounded TM simulations. For example, using the ATM result, a k-dimensional one-way mesh array of nk-nodes would require n2 space on a TM (such an array can run in cn time in the worst case). We show that the 7space can be reduced to n 2− 1 k .
Use of self-assembled monolayers, metal ions and smectic liquid crystals to detect organophosphonates

Abstract Smectic liquid crystals form stable, micrometer-thick films when deposited onto the surfaces of solids. In this paper, we report that orientational transitions of thin films of the smectic liquid crystal (LC), 4′-octyl-4-biphenyl-carbonitrile (8CB) supported on surfaces presenting copper ions can be exploited to detect the presence of organophosphonate compounds at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels in gas phases. The orientational transition of the 8CB is driven by the competitive binding of the nitrile groups of 8CB and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) for the surface-immobilized copper ions. Because the orientational transition of the LC can be observed by using a polarizing film and the naked eye, this detection scheme does not require complex instrumentation to transduce the signal. The film of LC responds to 10 ppbv of DMMP and the initial response time is approximately 20 s. The system is also demonstrated to exhibit molecular specificity. The LC does not respond to gaseous streams containing 1% of the saturated vapor concentrations of ethanol (770 ppm), hexane (1990 ppm) and acetone (3020 ppm) and 75% relative humidity of water.
Transport and digestive alteration of uniformly 13C-labeled diatoms in mudflat sediments

Uniformly 13 C-labeled diatoms were used to elucidate the effect deposit feeders have on the distribution and composition of phytodetritus within the seabed. Mudflat infauna contained in microcosms reacted quickly to the emplacement of labeled diatoms onto the sediment-water interface by moving the phytodetritus nonlocally during feeding and hoeing activities. Although redistribution of tracer was rapid, not all infauna exposed to the tracer ingested it. Using four species of deposit-feeding annelids that had ingested the 13 C-labeled phytodetritus during the microcosm experiment, molecular-level, digestive alterations of 13 C-labeled diatoms were documented. Fecal material produced by the deposit feeders had 13 C amino acid signatures distinctly different from that of the diatom. Alterations in the amino acid composition of the diatom were correlated to the gut morphology and digestive physiology of the polychaete taxa.
Amnesia induced by Scopolamine and its Temporal Variations

AN anticholinesterase drug, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), has been reported to produce weak amnesia for habits learned 30 min before its intracerebral injection, no amnesia for habits learned 3 days before and considerable amnesia for habits 5 and 14 days old1. There is also no amnesia for habits learned 1 day before injection of this drug (unpublished results of Deutsch and Stone). One of the effects of DFP is to slow down the destruction of the transmitter acetylcholine, thus permitting it to accumulate, and so DFP may block conduction at a synapse. This action would particularly affect a synapse where the amount of acetylcholine ejected during transmission is high, because accumulation sufficient to cause a block would in this case be quickly reached.
Indoor air pollution and public policy

Abstract In recent years, scientist have come to realize that contaminated air inside buildings is a major route of human exposure to certain air pollutants. While scientific interest in the problem continues to grow, efforts to measure indoor pollution concentrations, define exposure levels, and estimate health risks remain in their infancy. Within this arena, policymakers must deal with the question of how best to protect public health and safety in the face of incomplete and often contradictory information. In the past, official response to environmental pollution has traditionally taken the form of “control by regulation.” However, creation of a regulatory framework for indoor air quality poses special policy issues that suggest the need to explore alternative modes of intervention. Ambient outdoor air is a public good, in the sense that enjoyment by one individual in no way detracts from use or enjoyment by others. Indoor air, on the other hand, is not a public good, especially in private residences. Costs and benefits of maintaining adequate indoor air quality are internalized within households, suggesting the possibility of a private demand for clean indoor air. Promulgation of indoor air quality standards and other regulations must confront the fact that individuals are already making decisions about their own air quality. Regulations might or might not improve these decisions. Development of effective and reasonable policy requires an appreciation of the scope for private action and consideration of the likelihood that public intervention will foster improved private choices. Among the logical and relatively inexpensive modes of intervention are public information programs, development of simple warning devices, and product testing and labeling.
An analytical elastic plastic contact model with strain hardening and frictional effects for normal and oblique impacts

Abstract Impact between metallic surfaces is a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in the design and analysis of mechanical systems. To model this phenomenon, a new formulation for frictional elastic–plastic contact between two surfaces is developed. The formulation is developed to consider both frictional, oblique contact (of which normal, frictionless contact is a limiting case) and strain hardening effects. The constitutive model for normal contact is developed as two contiguous loading domains: the elastic regime and a transitionary region in which the plastic response of the materials develops and the elastic response abates. For unloading, the constitutive model is based on an elastic process. The normal contact model is assumed to only couple one-way with the frictional/tangential contact model, which results in the normal contact model being independent of the frictional effects. Frictional, tangential contact is modeled using a microslip model that is developed to consider the pressure distribution that develops from the elastic–plastic normal contact. The model is validated through comparisons with experimental results reported in the literature, and is demonstrated to be significantly more accurate than 10 other normal contact models and three other tangential contact models found in the literature.
The challenges of studying dispersal

Abstract The 2001 Annual Symposium of the British Ecological Society on Dispersal was held at the University of Reading, UK, from 3–5 April 2001.
THE RIVER RUNS, THE ROUND WORLD SPINS

This paper uses previously unpublished letters from Jean Renoir to give an in‐depth account of the pre‐production, production and post‐production stages of The River (Jean Renoir, 1951). It focuses on the process of adapting the script from Rumer Godden's novel, the problems encountered shooting on location in India with inexperienced actors, inadequate equipment, untried technology (Technicolor, magnetic tape), plus the editing process and last minute writing of a voice‐over. This paper outlines how these events determine the film's visual and aural style, and the pivotal role the film plays in Renoir's career.
Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer for Visible Band Astronomy

The Livermore Visible Imaging Spectrometer is an astronomical dual-input, dual-output Michelson interferometer. The instrument has been used at the Palomar Observatory and data have been collected at both low and moderate spectral resolution.
Prevalence, Predictors, and Prognosis of Atrial Fibrillation Early After Pulmonary Vein Isolation: Findings from 3 Months of Continuous Automatic ECG Loop Recordings

Introduction Following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF), early recurrences are frequent, benign and classified as a part of a "blanking period." This study characterizes early recurrences and determines implications of early AF following PVI. Methods and results Seventy-two consecutive patients (59.8 +/- 10.7 years, 69% male) were studied following PVI for paroxysmal or persistent AF. Subjects were fitted with an external loop recorder for automatic, continuous detection of AF recurrence for 3 months. AF prevalence was highest 2 weeks after PVI (54%) and declined to an eventual low of 22%. A significant number (488, 34%) of recurrences were asymptomatic; however, all patients with > or =1 AF event had > or =1 symptomatic event. No clear predictor of early recurrence was identified. Forty-seven (65%) patients had at least 1 AF episode, predominantly (39 of 47 patients, 83%) within 2 weeks of PVI. Of the 33 patients who did not experience AF within the first 2 weeks, 85% (28/33) were complete responders (P = 0.03) at 12 months. Recurrence at any time within 3 months was not associated with procedural success or failure. Conclusions Early AF recurrence peaks within the first few weeks after PVI, but continues at a lower level until the completion of monitoring. A blanking period of 3 months is justified to identify patients with AF recurrences that do not portend procedure failure. Freedom from AF in the first 2 weeks following ablation significantly predicts long-term AF freedom.
Diffusion models in chromatographic columns packed with fully and superficially porous particles

Abstract Most theoretical analyzes of molecular diffusion in chromatographic columns are based on more or less approximate models. Macroscopic sample diffusion along packed columns results from a complex combination of the local sample diffusivity in the external porosity of the bed ( D m ) and in the porous particles ( Ω D m ). A further complication arise from the use of the new superficially porous (or core–shell) particles. The obstruction to axial diffusion caused by the presence of their impermeable core has to be quantified. Two original models of longitudinal diffusion in packed beds are derived for these ternary composite materials. They account for the actual 3D micro-structure of the packed column bed. The micro-structure results from the presence of (1) the impermeable spherical cores; (2) the porous shells surrounding these cores; and (3) the eluent within which the particles are randomly dispersed. The theoretical approach is based on the combination of the effective medium theory of Garnett for core–shell spherical inclusions and of the probabilistic theory of Torquato for randomly dispersed spheres in a continuous matrix. The impacts of the core to the shell diameter, ρ , and of the porous shell to the bulk diffusivity, Ω , on the longitudinal diffusion B coefficient of chromatographic columns packed with core–shell particles are analyzed from a theoretical point of view.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with improvement in renal function during the treatment of decompensated heart failure

Background In the setting of acute decompensated heart failure, worsening renal function (WRF) and improved renal function (IRF) have been associated with similar hemodynamic derangements and poor prognosis. Our aim was to further characterize IRF and its associated mortality risk.
Investigation of fill and batch periods of sequencing batch biological reactors

Abstract Early use of sequencing batch (fill and draw) biological reactors was abandoned in favor of conventional continuous flow constant volume treatment systems because of operational difficulties. Recent advances in process control and the need to provide more reliable and consistent treatment have called for the re-evaluation of present biological treatment practices. Fill and draw reactors provide for equalization of flow and concentration, treatment of organics and quiescent sedimentation in the same system. This system also benefits from the theoretical advantages of the volume reductions expected from a plug flow system. Laboratory studies were conducted on fill and draw reactors. A mathematical model was developed to describe, as a function of time, the waste and organism concentration and the oxygen uptake rate. Close agreement between the measured and predicted values was obtained. These results plus the obvious potential benefits of batch treatment suggest that sequencing batch systems may serve as a process alternative to conventional treatment schemes.
Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting as Small Bowel Infarction

Giant cell arteritis predominantly affects cranial arteries and rarely involves other sites. We report a patient who presented with small bowel obstruction because of infarction from mesenteric giant cell arteritis. She had an unusual cause of her obstruction and a rare manifestation of giant cell arteritis. In spite of aggressive therapy with steroids, she died a month later because of multiple complications. We discuss the diagnosis and management of small bowel obstruction and differential diagnosis of vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract. We were able to find 11 cases of bowel involvement with giant cell arteritis in the English literature. This case report illustrates that giant cell arteritis can be a cause of small bowel obstruction and bowel infarction. In the proper clinical setting, vasculitides need to be considered early in the differential diagnosis when therapy may be most effective.
Stability of magnetohydrodynamic shear flows

A study is made of the stability of a stratified shear flow in a perfectly conducting fluid in the presence of an external magnetic field aligned with the flow. A sufficient condition for stability of the flow is derived. A semi-circle theorem for the present hydromagnetic case is proved. The magnetic field is found to have a stabilizing effect on the flow. In order to incorporate the effects of density stratification, the semi-circle theorem is refined further to give a semi-ellipse theorem.
A New Approach for the Electrophoretic Detection of Apoptosis

Apoptotic cell death is often characterized by internucleosomal cleavage of genomic DNA, which exhibits a distinctive ladder upon electrophoresis. However, techniques used for the isolation and detection of DNA to demonstrate laddering may not be sufficiently sensitive, particularly when cleaved DNA is present at modest levels. We propose a new approach for isolating total cellular DNA using a silica-based resin that improves the resolution of DNA laddering. In addition, we introduce a rapid DNA labeling method that can increase the sensitivity of detecting DNA laddering. Each of these methods can be used for DNA from cell cultures or tissues.
New Experiments Concerning the Surplus Gamma-Radiation from Rocks

Previous investigation having shown that certain igneous rocks show a greater gamma-ray intensity than can be explained by their known uranium, thorium, and potassium content, two experiments were devised to determine if this surplus radiation could be due to artificial radioactivity induced within the rocks by cosmic rays, even though this possibility seemed unlikely from a theoretical standpoint.
Stereoselective syn epoxidation of the dihydrodiols of dibenz[a,h] anthracene and 7-methylbenz[a] anthracene

Abstract Epoxidation of the bay region dihydrodiols of the title hydrocarbons affords stereoselectively the corresponding syn diol epoxides rather than the anticipated isomeric anti diol epoxides, indicative of a dominant cis-directing effect of the benzylic vs the allylic axial hydroxyl groups.
Colchicine and Vinblastine Prevent the Piperonyl Butoxide-Induced Increase in Rat Biliary Output of α-Tocopherol

alpha-Tocopherol, a lipid-soluble chain-breaking antioxidant, is important in the protection of biologic membranes and is transported in the body in association with lipids. It has been estimated that the liver contains up to 29% of the alpha-tocopherol stores of the body. Piperonyl butoxide (PIP) is a widely used synthetic methylenedioxyphenyl insecticide synergist. Bile was collected for 1 hr prior to, and 5 hr following, i.p. injection of 1 g/kg PIP. Within 3 hr of PIP administration, biliary alpha-tocopherol output increased to 132% of pretreatment measurements. Hepatic alpha-tocopherol levels of PIP-treated rats decreased to 26% below those of controls at the end of the bile collection period. Biliary bile acid and phospholipid output also increased significantly following PIP treatment. In a second set of experiments, rats were pretreated with either colchicine or one of two doses of vinblastine; both colchicine and the higher dose of vinblastine prevented the PIP-induced decrease in hepatic alpha-tocopherol and the increase in biliary output of alpha-tocopherol, bile acids, and phospholipids. These results suggest that (i) PIP-induced biliary secretion of alpha-tocopherol is associated with altered biliary phospholipid output, (ii) a significant portion of hepatic alpha-tocopherol may function as a highly mobilizable source of antioxidant for possible rapid enterohepatic distribution, and (iii) microtubules may be involved in this process.
Selective laser-activated lesioning of prelabeled fetal hippocampal grafts by intracellular photolytic chromophore

Selective removal of grafted tissue is critical to assess the functional role of that tissue in the host, yet is technically difficult for well-dispersed neural grafts. We labeled fetal hippocampal cells with both a nuclear marker (5'-bromodeoxyuridine) and a cytoplasmic marker (latex microspheres) before grafting into normal adult hippocampus. A nontoxic chromophore, chlorin e6, was conjugated on to the surface of latex microspheres of the treatment group. Chlorin e6 produces cytotoxic singlet oxygen only during photoactivation. Grafted animals received transcranial exposure to various intensities of near-infrared laser light. Following laser exposure, grafts were observed in all groups except in transplants prelabeled with chlorin e6 latex microspheres. An optimal laser exposure of 50-100 J/cm2 (4-8 min) was found to selectively remove only the chlorin e6-containing grafted cells. With increasing doses of laser illumination, non-specific lesions of the host tissue surrounding the graft were induced. Quantitative graft analysis, in the absence of laser exposure, indicated that the survival of grafted cells was similar between control transplants labeled with latex microspheres alone and grafts labeled with latex microspheres plus chlorin e6. This is further evidence that chlorin e6 by itself was not toxic without laser exposure. The results clearly demonstrate that singlet oxygen-induced cell photolysis can result in selective, non-invasive removal of dispersed grafted cells located in adult hippocampus. This technique may facilitate defining specific mechanisms of action of grafted cells which mediate functional recovery in different host conditions.
Synthesis of δ-boswellic acid

Abstract The synthesis of δ-boswellic acid from α- or β-boswellic acid is reported. It is not identical with γ-boswellic acid.
A parent-only group intervention for children with anxiety disorders : Pilot study

ABSTRACT Objective: Working to optimize treatment outcome and use resources efficiently, investigators conducted the first test of an existing parent-only group cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol to treat 24 children 7 to 16 years old with primary anxiety disorder diagnoses. Method: Over the course of 7 months, the authors evaluated a manual-based therapy protocol that teaches parents skills to work with their children as lay therapists in the context of their ongoing interactions and daily life. This was an uncontrolled pilot study, examining within-subject outcomes via measures from multiple informants, aimed at generating estimates of effect size. Results: Children demonstrated significant improvement on parent- and clinician-rated measures of anxiety. Twenty-five percent of primary anxiety diagnoses fully remitted, and the average number of anxiety diagnoses dropped from 3.4 to 1.5. The intervention had a large effect on anxiety disorder severity and impairment, parental attitudes, targeted anxious behavior problems, and clinician-rated impairment. Children with anxiety-disordered parents reported more improvement than children whose parents were not anxious. The intervention was acceptable to families. Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that parents acting as lay cognitive-behavioral therapists for their anxious children may be effectively and acceptably trained in a group format.
A class of asymptotically distribution-free test procedures for equality of marginals under multivariate dependence

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTLet (Xi, Yi), i = 1,…, n be a random sample from an unknown continuous bivariate distribution H(x,y) with marginats F(x) and G(y). We wish to test the null hypothesis that F = G. Asymptotic normality of the class of test statistics considered by Govindarajulu (1976) is established which enables us to construct asymptotically distribution-free tests for equality of marginals. These results are extended to the c-variate case and the case when the sample size n is random.
Simultaneous Determination of C, H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and S in Gas Chromatographic Effluent by Fourier Transform Red/Near-Infrared Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

A high-powered, atmospheric-pressure, helium microwave-induced plasma (MIP) is used as the interface between a gas chromatograph (GC) and a Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) emission spectrometer. By the collection of a series of time-resolved interferograms when organic compounds elute from the GC into the plasma, a complete account of both spectral and chromatographic activity is recorded. Computer-generated, element-specific chromatographic reconstructions for each of eight different nonmetals are obtained from a single injection of a chemical mixture. Atomic emission intensity vs. chromatographic retention time is plotted for each of eight or more optical frequencies chosen from the 15,700-7900 cm−1 region. The frequencies are preselected to coincide with spectral lines of C, H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, and S emitting from the helium MIP. This unique GC/MIP/FT-NIR emission spectrometer provides simultaneous multielement-specific chromatographic detection of a variety of nonmetals important to synthetic organic chemistry.
Diagnosis of the marine low cloud simulation in the NCAR community earth system model (CESM) and the NCEP global forecast system (GFS)-modular ocean model v4 (MOM4) coupled model

We present a diagnostic analysis of the marine low cloud climatology simulated by two state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere–ocean models: the National Center for Atmospheric Research community earth system model version 1 (CESM1) and the National Center for Environmental Predictions global forecasting system-modular ocean model version 4 (GFS-MOM4) coupled model. In the CESM1, the coastal stratocumulus (Sc)-topped planetary boundary layers (PBLs) in the subtropical Eastern Pacific are well-simulated but the climatological transition from Sc to shallow cumulus (Cu) is too abrupt and occurs too close to the coast. By contrast, in the GFS-MOM4 the coastal Sc amount and PBL depth are severely underestimated while the transition from Sc to shallow Cu is “delayed” and offshore Sc cover is too extensive in the subtropical Eastern Pacific. We discuss the possible connections between these differences in the simulations and differences in the parameterizations of shallow convection and boundary layer turbulence in the two models.
Presentation-rate effects and age differences in children’s free recall

In two experiments, free recall of lists of familiar unrelated words was higher for sixth-graders than third-graders and for lists presented four times at a 1-sec rate than once at a 4-sec rate before testing. In neither experiment did the interaction between age and presentation rate approach significance. Thus, the age difference in recall apparently was due not to differences in rehearsal strategies, but principally to semantic memory differences that influence the memorial effectiveness of initial perceptual operations as well as rehearsal.
Sources of acoustic emission generated during the tensile deformation of pure iron

Abstract The acoustic emission generated during the tensile deformation of pure iron was investigated. Data were taken as a function of carbon concentration and heat treatment. To facilitate the identification of the sources of acoustic emission the mechanical damping and modulus defect were measured simultaneously with the acoustic emission during the deformation tests. It was found that the acoustic emission occurred predominantly in two regions. The first region was found to be the early part of the elastic portion of the test. The second region was at, or near, plastic yield. Analysis and comparison of the data indicated that the source of the acoustic emission in the elastic region was magneto-mechanical in origin, most probably domain wall motion. The data indicate that the most probable source for the acoustic emission at yield was dislocation breakaway.
Nitrate reduction in the roots and shoots of wheat seedlings.

Intact wheat seedlings cultured in high nitrate solutions (high-NO 3 - cultures) reduced NO 3 - when placed for 24 hr in dilute CaSO4 solutions although they leaked NO 3 - back to solution during this period. Most of the reduction seemed to occur in shoots since in parallel experiments detached shoots reduced nearly as much of the previously absorbed NO 3 - as intact cultures. Detached roots leaked greater quantities of NO 3 - back to solution than did intact cultures, and failed to reduce any of their previously absorbed NO 3 - during the experimental period. Seedlings of identical age cultured without a nitrogen source and rich in carbohydrate reserves (low-N cultures) rapidly absorbed NO 3 - from dilute Ca(NO3)2 solutions and reduced 80% of that absorbed. Detached low-N roots also absorbed NO 3 - and reduced 40% of that absorbed. Total NO 3 - reduction by intact low-N cultures over the 24-hr period was comparable to that of high-NO 3 - cultures in spite of the fact that in vitro nitrate reductase activity of the former did not reach the levels found initially or at the end of the period in the latter, and that the total NO 3 - absorbed by low-N cultures was less than that initially present in high-NO 3 - cultures.
Dark and light repair in ultraviolet-irradiated Acholeplasma laidlawii.

Abstract The ultraviolet sensitivity and repair capability of Acholeplasma laidlawii were investigated. Ultraviolet sensitivity and degree of photoreversal vary with the cells' growth phase and pass through a maximum for middle to late logarithmic phase cells. The cells also show a liquid holding recovery after irradiation. Chloramphenicol, added either before or after the ultraviolet dose, reduces the recovery by a factor of 10. Nalidixic acid has a similar effect if added before the ultraviolet, but, if added after the ultraviolet dose, the reduction in recovery is much less. Hence, liquid holding recovery may involve a DNA repair enzyme. Alkaline sucrose analysis of the cells' DNA during recovery shows the appearance of breaks and their repair. The DNA profiles also show a small molecular weight component, which may be the virus which has been isolated from these cells ( A. Liss and J. Maniloff , Science, 173 (1971) 725).
Evidence for a continuum of rate constants for gaseous unimolecular ion reactions

Decay curves of product ion intensity versus lifetime have been obtained for twenty metastable transitions using a cycloidal mass spectrometer by the method of Benz and Brown. Consistent with the quasi-equilibrium theory, but in contrast to previous evidence from this method, none of these data supports the existence of only one or two discrete rate constants for ion decomposition. A new method is utilized which increases the sensitivity and the range of measurable lifetimes for metastables by defocusing the ordinary product ions.
GLP-1 agonist-based therapies: an emerging new class of antidiabetic drug with potential cardioprotective effects.

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the United States and across the world, and better therapies are constantly being sought to improve patient outcomes. Recent studies have brought our attention to the mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Not only does it demonstrate beneficial effects in regard to cardiovascular risk factors (ie, diabetes, lipid management, and weight control), but it also has been shown in animal studies to have positive cardiac effects irrespective of its effects on glucose control and weight loss. This review discusses the biology of GLP-1 and its effects on cardiovascular risk factors, and it also elaborates on the positive direct cardiovascular outcomes of GLP-1 in animal studies.
Two separate sites contribute to AP-1 activation of the promoter for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase

Metabolic flux into the mevalonate pathway is regulated by end product repression and cell growth. In the experiments reported here the transcriptional promoter for an early enzyme of the pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase, is shown to be activated by the growth stimulatory agent tetraphorbol acetate (TPA). We show that TPA has a direct stimulatory action on the promoter and further that this is mediated by the AP-1 transcription factor. In addition, we show that there are two separate cis-acting sites that bind AP-1 and both are required for maximal stimulation. We further show that in AP-1-deficient cells ectopic expression of AP-1 stimulates synthetic promoters containing two copies of each synthase element upstream of a minimal promoter. The physiological rationale of having both end product repression and direct activation by growth stimulatory cues is discussed.
INCORPORATING MULTIPLE SOURCES OF STOCHASTICITY INTO DYNAMIC POPULATION MODELS

Many standard statistical models used to examine population dynamics ignore significant sources of stochasticity. Usually only process error is included, and uncertainty due to errors in data collection is omitted or not directly specified in the model. We show how standard time-series models for population dynamics can be extended to include both observational and process error and how to perform inference on parameters in these models in the Bayesian setting. Using simulated data, we show how ignoring observation error can be misleading. We argue that the standard Bayesian techniques used to perform inference, including freely available software, are generally applicable to a variety of time-series models. Corresponding Editor: O. N. Bjornstad.
Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids. Part I

Values of thermal conductivity and temperature coefficients for fifty-three pure organic liquids, obtained with newly designed, extensively tested apparatus, are presented. For thirty-one of these liquids values of thermal conductivity or temperature coefficients have not been previously reported. The statisically determined maximum error in the presented values of thermal conductivity of liquids is ±1.50%. A method of correlating the thermal conductivity of liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is presented. Group contributions to the thermal conductivity were calculated. The thermal conductivity of liquids was predicted by this method and the average deviation of the calculated from the observed values for forty-seven liquids is ±1.50%. The proposed method of correlation permits the calculation of the thermal conductivity of a series of liquids at any temperature from a single known value.
Coping with training contamination in unsupervised distributional anomaly detection

In previous work [1], we presented several distributional approaches to anomaly detection for a speech activity detector by training a model on purely nominal data and estimating the divergence between it and other input. Here, we reformulate the problem in an unsupervised framework and allow for anomalous contamination of the training data. After noting the instability of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) in this context, we focus on non-parametric methods using regularly binned histograms. While the performance of the log likelihood baseline suffered as the amount of contamination was increased, many of the distributional approaches were not affected. We found that the L 1 distance, χ2 statistic, and information theory divergences consistently outperformed the other methods for a variety of contamination levels and test segment lengths.