cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The WikiID: An Alternative Approach to the Body of Knowledge

A discussion of the locus of design knowledge is currently underway as well as a search for clear boundaries defined by a formal Body of Knowledge (BoK). Most attempts to define a BoK involve the creation of “jurisdictional boundaries of knowledge” that “allow those who possess this knowledge to claim authority over its application” (Guerin & Thompson, 2004, p. 1). This claim is attractive but such control may no longer be an option in the Internet Age, when even the call for the discussion of the BoK definition process is on the Web. Marshall-Baker (2005) argued that “the moment knowledge is bordered it is no longer knowledge” (p. xiv). Whereas data and information are easily captured and generalized, knowledge is specific to users and their evolving understandings, implying purposeful application over time. This paper explores knowledge as process transcending boundaries and seeks to answer not “where” the locus lies but rather “what” that locus could be. Using a feminist framework, I argue that in conjunction with the work done thus far we should move toward the creation of an inclusive model for the BoK. In such a model, the value of the profession is felt as a result of inclusion in and interaction with the knowledge creation process. I propose that the BoK should not be a printed document, but a Web-based organizational system that supports change and innovation. Wikipedia provides this type of inclusive, mutable system, and the same framework could be applied to the creation of a systemic BoK. I call this creation the WikiID.
Comparison of intravenous and endotracheal administration of midazolam and the effect on pulmonary function and histology in the lamb model.

Objectives: To determine the effect of endotracheal administration of midazolam on pulmonary function and histology in lambs. Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. Setting: Laboratory of the UpJohn Pharmaceutical Company. Types of participants: Twenty male and female lambs weighing 10 to 20 kg. Interventions: The animals were anesthetized and placed on controlled ventilation. The animals were divided into four groups. The first two groups received endotracheal midazolam 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. The other two groups received IV midazolam 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg. The endotracheal group had a catheter placed through the endotracheal tube, and midazolam was rapidly injected through the catheter followed by a 2-mL normal saline flush. Two rapid insufflations were administered, and the animals were then returned to the ventilator. Serum midazolam levels were drawn at one, two, five, ten, 15, and 20 minutes after both IV and endotracheal administration. Heart rate, respirations, SaO 2 by oximetry, peak and mean airway pressure, compliance, airway resistance, and end-tidal CO 2 were measured throughout the experiment. Lung sections were taken from control and treated animals receiving 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg endotracheal midazolam, respectively. Sample lung sections were taken at 24, 48, and 120 hours after endotracheal midazolam administration. Measurements and main results: There were no statistical or clinically significant differences for pulmonary function between endotracheally and IV-administered midazolam. Histologic examination of the lungs at 24, 48, and 120 hours after endotracheal midazolam showed no pathologic changes in the control and study animals. Acceptable serum midazolam levels were achieved endotracheally with no clinically deleterious effects. Conclusion: Endotracheal midazolam showed no significant deleterious effect on pulmonary function or histology in the lamb model.
On the Mechanism of Propane Dehydrocyclization over Cation-Containing, Proton-Poor MFI Zeolite

Abstract The catalytic behavior of 1/1 cation (Ga, Cu, or In)/framework-Al MFI (MFI is terminology officially sanctioned by the International Zeolite Association, IUPAC commission) zeolite for propane dehydrocyclization was examined under conditions where the materials were initially either in fully protonated or fully metal-loaded states. Metal-loading was accomplished with reductive solid-state ion exchange, and under appropriate conditions, loadings nearing 100% exchange of protons for the reduced univalent cations could be achieved. Ga-MFI is stable to dehydrocyclization reaction conditions to at least ∼800 K, but both In-MFI and Cu-MFI convert to a relatively inactive catalytic state under similar conditions probably by reduction. However, prior to this reduction, In-MFI and Cu-MFI are equivalent or superior to Ga-MFI for the formation of aromatics. The initial zero-protonated state for Ga-MFI was characterized by little or no C–C bond scission to methane, a high benzene/toluene ratio, and a strongly olefinic and branched C4fraction. On this basis, a reaction mechanism for this state not involving protons, and not bifunctional, is proposed.
Responses of understory tree seedlings to alteration of the soil fungal community in mid- and late-successional forests

To determine if soil fungi and overstory community composition influence survival and growth of understory tree seedlings, we planted Pinus taeda L., Quercus alba L. and Cornus florida L. seedlings in the understory of upland oak and upland pine forests at Savannah River Site, South Carolina. Fungicide was applied to the soil around half of the seedlings to alter composition of the soil fungal community. Soil collected from fungicide plots had significantly fewer colony forming units on agar than did controls. However, we detected no significant effect of fungicide on percent of seedling roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. By the end of two growing seasons, the largest differences in seedling performance were between tree species; Q. alba and P. taeda had significantly greater survival than did C. florida. Total biomass growth was greatest in Q. alba, and least in C. florida. Fungicide led to a significant increase in biomass growth in Q. alba, a significant decrease in growth in C. florida and no change in biomass growth of P. taeda. Overstory composition had no significant effect on either survival or growth of seedlings. In general, these results suggest that: (1) the composition of the soil fungal community can influence growth of understory seedlings in some tree species; and (2) planting can be used to establish advance regeneration of desirable species in upland forests of the southeastern USA.
A Research Note on the Metropolitan Determinants of Suburban Persistence

Following from the research of Logan and Schneider, metropolitan determinants of the persistence/change in suburban socioeconomic status (3 measures), economic (2 measures), age and racial characteristics are examined for the 45 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Suburban characteristics were found to change and the determinants of change were found to vary across suburban characteristics. Central city age, fringe size, fringe black and income segregation and central city job concentration were found to be significant determinants of changelpersistence in one or more of the seven suburban characteristics. There is a large and growing body of literature on the determinants of suburban socioeconomic change/persistence (Collver and Semyonov; Farley; Guest; Logan and Schneider; Stahura, a). Logan and Schneider have classified this literature into three models: the persistence model which argues that a suburb's status remains stable across time in relation to other suburb's statuses; the ecological model in which there is continuous turnover in the status hierarchy of suburbs resulting in significant change; and the stratification model which argues that there is increasing inequality among suburbs as initially high status suburbs are able to maintain and enhance their positions through various mechanisms while lower status communities continue to deteriorate. These studies of suburban status persistence/change, however, have focused on a single dimension of suburban fringe differentiation, that is, socioeconomic status. Several of these previous studies (e.g., Logan and Schneider) have suggested an extension
The physiological role of α-adrenoceptors in the CNS: new concepts from single-cell studies

Since the discovery of the classical MAO and DAO, knowledge of this field has con- siderably broadened. Similar enzymes have been discovered with different, and prob- ably very important, physiological roles, from the simple degradation of biologically-active amines to the formation of intramolecular crosslinks in elastin and collagen and, probably at various other levels, the regulation of cell-growth. Pharmacologists now need to check the activity of their drugs on these enzymes, to ascertain that they have no side effects on cell growth or connective tissue and to develop selective inhibitors. Reading list
Use of Depo-Provera in teens.

Currently, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate is the only contraceptive injection available in the United States. Its use was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in October 1992. This article describes the mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications of this very effective contraceptive agent. In addition, the initial workup, the treatment, and the follow-up of the teen receiving depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate are presented.
Equilibrium expansion for the Eulerian velocity of small particles

Abstract We present a method for evaluating the velocity of particles in a two-phase flow that is valid for small particles. It is more efficient than the traditional Eulerian–Eulerian method, particularly for polydisperse systems, and therefore can be termed the fast Eulerian method. The method's efficiency is based on the fact that under certain well-defined conditions, there exists a unique, equilibrium velocity field v e ( x , t ) for particles, independent of past particle behavior. Particles whose velocities differ from v e ( x , t ) readjust exponentially fast, so after a brief transient period, particle velocities are determined uniquely by the fluid velocity field and its derivatives. The need to solve PDEs for the particle velocity field is thereby avoided. We establish that the first-order approximation to the equilibrium velocity is sufficient to produce an accurate numerical method. This approximate velocity may be used with either a discrete or a continuum treatment of particles. We justify the approximation for the discrete case by comparing the statistics of particles evolved exactly with those evolved via the approximate velocity. We then evolve an Eulerian concentration field of particles moving with the approximate velocity, and show that it is consistent with the distribution of an ensemble of Lagrangian particles. These tests were performed in a DNS of turbulent channel flow.
Tracing the Veins: Of Copper, Culture, and Community from Butte to Chuquicamata

Tracing the Veins: Of Copper, Culture, and Community from Butte to Chuquicamata. Janet L. Finn. Berkeley. University of California Press, 1998. xviii. 309 pp., maps, figures, appendixes, notes, bibliography, Index.
Geochemical Processes Governing the Fate and Transport of Chromium(III) and Chromium(VI) in Soils

Chromium has served as an exceptional and necessary elemental component of many industrial processes and consumer products. Its prevalence in the global environment as both a dissolved and wind-borne constituent has prompted concern during the last several decades due to the large migration potential and biological toxicity of various Cr chemical species. The objective of this study was to develop an improved understanding and predictive capability of the rates and mechanisms of competing geochemical redox and sorption reactions that govern the fate and transport of Cr(III) and C(VI) in heterogeneous subsurface environments. Batch and miscible displacement experiments, coupled with solid-phase spectroscopy methods, were utilized to quantify the interaction of Cr with subsurface materials acquired from three geographically distinct locations within the continental United States that represented soils from different Department of Energy facilities known to have issues regarding Cr contamination. Soil chemical and mineralogical properties were found to be important factors controlling the mechanisms of Cr-solid phase interactions, with many of the reactive processes being time dependent. Both sorption and redox reactions impacted Cr(III)- and Cr(VI)-solid phase interactions and were modeled as nonlinear, nonequilibrium or equilibrium, reversible or nonreversible reactive processes. The research investigations within this study highlight the environmentalmore » significance of Cr speciation and solid-phase reactivity in heterogeneous subsurface soil systems with contrasting geochemical and mineralogical properties.« less
Dopamine is required for hyperphagia in Lep ob/ob mice

Feeding is a complex process responsive to sensory information related to sight and smell of food, previous feeding experiences, satiety signals elicited by ingestion and hormonal signals related to energy balance. Dopamine released in specific brain regions is associated with pleasurable and rewarding events and may reinforce positive aspects of feeding. Dopamine also influences initiation and coordination of motor activity and is required for sensorimotor functions. Thus, dopamine may facilitate integration of sensory cues related to hunger, initiating the search for food and its consumption. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, where they modulate movement and reward. There are projections from the nucleus accumbens to the lateral hypothalamus that regulate feeding. Dopamine-deficient mice (Dbh(Th/+), Th-/-; hereafter DD mice) cannot synthesize dopamine in dopaminergic neurons. They gradually become aphagic and die of starvation. Daily treatment of DD mice with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) transiently restores brain dopamine, locomotion and feeding. Leptin-null (Lep(ob/ob)) mice exhibit obesity, decreased energy expenditure and hyperphagia. As the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin pathway appears to regulate appetite and metabolism, we generated mice lacking both dopamine and leptin (DD x Lep(ob/ob)) to determine if leptin deficiency overcomes the aphagia of DD mice. DD x Lep(ob/ob) mice became obese when treated daily with L-DOPA, but when L-DOPA treatment was terminated the double mutants were capable of movement, but did not feed. Our data show that dopamine is required for feeding in leptin-null mice.
Continuous culture dynamics for aniline metabolism by Pseudomonas sp. CIT1.

Inhibition by toxic substrates enables multiple steady states to arise in biodegradation systems. This phenomenon was investigated for the continuous metabolism of aniline by Pseudomonas sp. CIT1. Differences of various metabolic parameters between the two growth regimes (uninhibited and inhibited) and the transient response to a step-up in dilution rate were determined. Regulatory mechanisms consistent with the experimental evidence are proposed. Aniline is the transcriptional inducer of a metabolic pathway that converts aniline to TCA cycle intermediates. The suite of enzymes is coordinately expressed from a single promoter. We followed the level of the pathway mRNA using a fragment containing the catechol 2,3 dioxygenase gene (andioxB) and monitored the pathway enzyme activity using catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (C23D). The inhibited regime resulted in a 60% lower growth yield, near constant levels of C23D monomer, but a 50% reduction in the specific activity of C23D, increased RNA synthesis rates (total and aniline pathway mRNA), and elevated RNA decay rates. Elucidation of regulatory mechanisms indicates that C23D is noncompetitively inhibited by aniline and subject to feedback inhibition by 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (HMS). During uninhibited growth regime operation, metabolism of HMS is the rate-limiting step; in contrast, conversion of aniline to catechol limits growth in the inhibited regime.
Influence of Solvent and Crystalline Supramolecular Structure on the Formation of Etching Patterns on Acetaminophen Single Crystals: A Study with Atomic Force Microscopy and Computer Simulation

Understanding the evolution of surface morphology or surface texture of molecular crystals by dissolution/etching may be useful in determining the dissolution mechanisms at the molecular level. In ...
Prey Suitability of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Myzus lythri (Schrank) (Homoptera: Aphididae) for Development of Three Predatory Species

Abstract The suitability of Myzus lythri (Schrank) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), herbivores of purple loosestrife, for preimaginal development and survival of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) was quantified to provide a more complete understanding of predator–prey relationships in the purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) system. Individual first- or second-instar predators were assigned to one of four diets: (1) a control diet, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) or a combination of A. pisum and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs; (2) M. lythri nymphs and adults; (3) G. calmariensis eggs; or (4) G. calmariensis larvae. Preimaginal survival of C. carnea was similar for all diets and ranged from 61 to 76% on G. calmariensis larvae, M. lythri, and the control diet. Preimag...
Removability of an isolated singularity of solutions of the Neumann problem for quasilinear parabolic equations with absorption that admit double degeneration

We consider the Neumann initial boundary-value problem for the equation $$ {u_t} = {\text{div}}\left( {{u^{m - 1}}{{\left| {Du} \right|}^{\lambda - 1}}Du} \right) - {u^p} $$ in domains with noncompact boundary and with initial Dirac delta function. In the case of slow diffusion (m + λ − 2 > 0) and critical absorption exponent (p = m + λ − 1 + (λ + 1)/N), we prove that the singularity at the point (0, 0) is removable.
Denial specific to Friedman's pathogenic emotions in Jenkins Activity Survey Type A and angiography-referred males.

A pilot study of 27 firemen yielded a number of significant positive partial correlations between Type A Scale scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey and the spouse- or friend-reported frequency of items indicative of aggravation, irritation, anger, and impatience (AIAI), while controlling for subject self-reported frequency. A second study then assessed AIAI, depression, and anxiety with identical subjective (self-reported) and objective (spouse- or friend-reported) measures in 100 male angiography patients. Analysis of variance indicated that 1) angiographically normal or subclinical patients are psychologically distressed; 2) denial (as defined by diminished self-report vs. spouse- or friend-report) is specific to AIAI in this population; and 3) denial is observed with about equal intensity in both occluded and nonoccluded groups.
Leadership, burnout, and job satisfaction in outpatient drug-free treatment programs

Counselors are a critical component of substance abuse treatment programming, but their working experiences are not yet well understood. As treatment improvement efforts focus increasingly on these individuals, their perceptions of program leadership, emotional burnout, and job satisfaction and related attitudes take on greater significance. This study explores counselor views and the impact of organizational context using data from a nationwide set of 94 outpatient drug-free treatment programs in a hierarchical linear model analysis. Results show counselors hold generally positive opinions of program director leadership and job satisfaction and have low levels of burnout, but they also have important variations in their ratings. Higher counselor caseloads were related to poorer ratings, and leadership behaviors predicted both satisfaction and burnout. These findings add further evidence that treatment providers should also address the workplace environment for staff as part of quality improvement efforts.
Novel peptide ligands with dual acting pharmacophores designed for the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain

The conventional design of high affinity drugs targeted to a single molecule has not resulted in clinically useful therapies for pain relief. Recent reviews have suggested that newly designed analgesic drugs should incorporate multiple targets. The distributions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCK receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) overlap significantly with endogenous opioid systems and can be dually targeted. CCK has been shown to act as an endogenous "anti-analgesic" peptide and neuropathic pain conditions promote endogenous CCK release in CNS regions of pain modulation. Administration of CCK into nuclei of the rostral ventromedial medulla induces pronociceptive behaviors in rats. RSA 504 and RSA 601 are novel bifunctional compounds developed to target neuropathic pain by simultaneously acting as agonists at two distinct opioid receptors and antagonizing CCK receptors in the CNS. RSA 504 and RSA 601 demonstrate agonist activity in vitro and antihypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli in vivo using the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Intrathecal administration of RSA 504 and RSA 601 did not demonstrate antinociceptive tolerance over 7 days of administration and did not display motor impairment or sedation using a rotarod. These are the first behavioral studies that demonstrate how multi-targeted molecule design can address the pathology of neuropathic pain. These compounds with δ and μ opioid agonist activity and CCK antagonist activity within one molecule offer a novel approach with efficacy for neuropathic pain while lacking the side effects typically caused by conventional opioid therapies.
A clinical decision rule for identifying children with thoracic injuries after blunt torso trauma.

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to determine the prevalence of thoracic injuries in children sustaining blunt torso trauma and to develop a clinical prediction rule to identify children with these injuries. Methods: We prospectively enrolled pediatric patients ( Results: Nine hundred eighty-six patients with a mean age of 8.3±4.8 years were enrolled. Eighty (8.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.5% to 10.0%) patients sustained thoracic injuries. Multiple logistic regression and recursive partitioning analyses identified the following predictors of thoracic injuries: low systolic blood pressure (14% with injury versus 2% without injury; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.6), elevated age-adjusted respiratory rate (51% versus 16%; adjusted OR 2.9), abnormal results on examination of the thorax (68% versus 36%; adjusted OR 3.6), abnormal chest auscultation findings (14% versus 1%; adjusted OR 8.6), femur fracture (13% versus 5%; adjusted OR 2.2), and a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of less than 15 (61% versus 26%; adjusted OR 3.3). Seventy-eight (98%; 95% CI 91% to 100%) of the 80 patients with thoracic injuries had at least 1 of these predictive factors. Three hundred thirty-six (37%) children had none of these predictive factors, including 2 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.1% to 2.1%) with thoracic injuries. These 2 injuries, however, did not require any intervention. Conclusion: Predictors of thoracic injury in children sustaining blunt torso trauma include low systolic blood pressure, elevated respiratory rate, abnormal results on thoracic examination, abnormal chest auscultation findings, femur fracture, and a GCS score of less than 15. These predictors can be used to create a sensible clinical decision rule for the identification of children with thoracic injuries. [Holmes JF, Sokolove PE, Brant WE, Kuppermann N. A clinical decision rule for identifying children with thoracic injuries after blunt torso trauma. Ann Emerg Med. May 2002;39:492-499.]
ν3 Band of 15N218O

Abstract During the course of the investigations pertaining to the bands of the 15N18O molecule, an impurity band was observed at 4.6 μ. In view of the simplicity of its structure, it was possible to analyze the rotational structure observed in this band and identify it as due to the ν3 fundamental of 15N218O. This observation has established the possibility of isolating this isotopic species of nitrous oxide. From the present data, molecular constants were derived for the 15N218O molecule. Also, force constants have been evaluated for the nitrous oxide molecule.
Spectral distribution of an ultrafast supercontinuum laser source

Abstract The propagation of an ultrafast laser pulse in a thin nonlinear medium leads to a supercontinuum generation. Using the method of multiple scales we derive self-consistent equations for this supercontinuum to any order of perturbation theory. The expression obtained for the spectral distribution exhibits the observed asymmetry in the Stokes and anti-Stokes region and predicts spectral extent larger than that associated with the traditional self phase modulation results, without the need for introducing contributions from plasmas and the time response of the nonlinearity.
Asymptotic periodicity and permanence in a competition-diffusion system with discrete delays

We study a class of reaction-diffusion systems modeling the dynamics of two competing species with T-periodic environmental parameters and discrete delay effects. Sufficient conditions are given to ensure the asymptotic stability of the semitrivial T-periodic solutions. A condition for permanence is also obtained by showing the existence of a positive global attractor enclosed by T-periodic functions. To substantiate our theoretical results, long-term behavior of the solutions for the time-delay system is numerically demonstrated.
Determining a simple structure when loadings for certain tests are known

A rigorous and an approximate solution are found for the problem: Given a primary trait matrix forn tests andr 1 traits, and a matrix for the samen tests andr 2 reference axes, to discover the transformation which will transform the second matrix into the first, or primary trait matrix. Formulas for determining the limits of the effect of using the approximate solution are presented. The method is applied to a set of twenty hypothetical tests, defined by their loadings on four orthogonal primary traits. After factoring the inter-correlations of these variables by Thurstone's centroid method, approximating the diagonals, the original hypothetical matrix is reproduced with a root mean square discrepancy of .014 by assuming as known the primary trait loadings of only the first eight tests. The method is applied to the results of factoring two batteries of 14 tests, having 8 tests in common, to give the factor loadings of the two batteries on the same reference axes. The method provides a means of comparing directly and quantitatively the results of two different factor studies, provided they have tests in common, and of testing the stability of simple structure under changes in the battery. The relations of the method here developed to certain problems in multiple correlation are shown.
Surface Characteristics of Quasicrystalline Materials: An Overview of Work Conducted at Ames Laboratory

Over the last few years, work in our laboratories in Ames has focussed on elucidating the surface characteristics of Al-based quasicrystalline materials, namely icosahedral (i-) Al-Cu-Fe and i-Al-Pd-Mn. Our work involves the study of the clean surfaces of these materials under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. We find that surfaces cleaned by Ar+ sputtering are depleted in Al relative to the bulk composition. Single grains, after sputtering, undergo a two-stage regrowth process as they are annealed. After heating to about 600 K, a crystalline overlayer is formed. This is rather abruptly replaced at about 750 K by a surface that appears quasicrystalline within the resolution of the experimental techniques used. Calculations based on low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) measurements of this higher temperature state indicate that the Al-rich layers in the bulk model of these materials are the favored surface terminations. Results of low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) corroborate this finding. Consistent with this, we find that the oxidation behavior and general reactivity of these materials are analogous to pure Al.
Min-cut segmentation of cursive handwriting in tabular documents

Handwritten tabular documents, such as census, birth, death and marriage records, contain a wealth of information vital to genealogical and related research. Much work has been done in segmenting freeform handwriting, however, segmentation of cursive handwriting in tabular documents is still an unsolved problem. Tabular documents present unique segmentation challenges caused by handwriting overlapping cell-boundaries and other words, both horizontally and vertically, as “ascenders” and “descenders” overlap into adjacent cells. This paper presents a method for segmenting handwriting in tabular documents using a min-cut/max-flow algorithm on a graph formed from a distance map and connected components of handwriting. Specifically, we focus on line, word and first letter segmentation. Additionally, we include the angles of strokes of the handwriting as a third dimension to our graph to enable the resulting segments to share pixels of overlapping letters. Word segmentation accuracy is 89.5% evaluating lines of the data set used in the ICDAR2013 Handwriting Segmentation Contest. Accuracy is 92.6% for a specific application of segmenting first and last names from noisy census records. Accuracy for segmenting lines of names from noisy census records is 80.7%. The 3D graph cutting shows promise in segmenting overlapping letters, although highly convoluted or overlapping handwriting remains an ongoing challenge.
Noncovalent multivalent assembly of jun peptides on a leucine zipper dendrimer displaying fos peptides.

The synthesis and characterization of a new leucine-zipper dendrimer (LZD) is reported that displays four copies of the peptide corresponding to the coiled-coiled dimerization domain of Fos. Circul...
Defect structures in low stacking fault energy CuGe solid solutions

Abstract The defects present in metastable CuGe alloys after slow cooling or quenching from the solution temperature have been investigated by conventional electron microscopy techniques. The defect configurations present after low temperature aging treatments designed to avoid the onset of h.c.p. phase precipitation have also been studied. The principal defects in slowly cooled alloys are intrinsic stacking faults bound by Shockley partials, whereas quenched alloys exhibit more “ragged” Shockley partials and “black spot” defects. Excess vacancies or vacancy-solute clusters present after quenching migrate during aging to form defects, the exact nature of which could not be identified for temperatures below 200 °C but were identified as stacking fault tetrahedra as the aging temperature was raised. Defect-free zones were observed adjacent to grain boundaries, non-coherent annealing twin boundaries and some partial dislocations, indicating that such regions can act as effective sinks for vacancy annihilation.
The Banach spaceT and the fast growing hierarchy from logic

Necessary and sufficient conditions for (t k) to be equivalent to (t f(k)) are given where (t k) is the natural basis of the Banach spaceT, the so-called “Tsirelson space”. The condition is in terms of the growth rate off(k) relative to the fast growing hierarchy. Roughly speaking, the ω-th level is needed to obtain nonequivalence. In particular, primitive recursivef(k) yield equivalent basic sequences. The proof is obtained via some asymptotically sharp estimates on the divergence of finite-dimensional subspaces ofT froml 1 d of the same dimension.
The Writer, the Reader, and the Scientific Text:

Using examples from journal articles in the natural sciences, the author argues that scientific writing has conventions of personality which are rhetorically constrained. Writers represent themselves and their readers at specific junctures in the text through the use of pronominals, verbs entailing reasoning, modals expressing possibility or obligation, and adjectives or adverbs which qualify assertions. Seven rhetorical acts are identified which are likely to bring the writer and/or the reader to the surface of the text: 1) acknowledging assistance; 2) referring to one's own research; 3) justifying hypothesis selection; 4) justifying methods chosen or departures from established methods; 5) explaining adjustments to results or inability to interpret results; 6) stating conclusions and comparing conclusions to those of other studies; and 7) discussing implications for reader behavior.
Energy budget of Oligochaeta and its relationship with the primary production of Lake Sevan, Armenia

From 1928 to 1991 the following oligochaete energy budget quantitative values: biomass (B), production (P), respiration (R), assimilation (A), ration (C) changed 8 to 12 times. With increasing depth the ratios of energy budget decreased: P/B ratio from 3.4 to 0.1, R/B ratio from 4.5 to 0.5, net production efficiency from 43 to 18%. A relationship was revealed between oligochaete biomass and the primary production (PP) of the lake. There is a delay in the response in oligochaete biomass to primary production. In Lake Sevan the ‘delay’ is 2 years in the littoral, 4 years in the sublittoral and 11 years in the profundal zone. The closest correlation was revealed between oligochaete energy budget quantitative values and the values of primary production of the preceding 10 years, which enables a prediction of the quantitative indices of the community of Oligochaeta. The values of energy budget ratios depend on temperature and oxygen regimes but not on the trophic status of the reservoir and were comparatively stable during the observed period.
MECHANICAL SIMILARITIES OF A HIGH FREQUENCY JET VENTILATOR AND A CONVENTIONAL VENTILATOR

The outputs of a Healthdyne Jet (HJ) and a Baby Bird (BB) ventilator were compared by ventilating a neonatal lung model with physiological resistance and compliance. We measured alveolar pressure (Palv), change in lung volume ( ΔLV) and tidal volume (VT) over the frequency (f) range of each ventilator (80-900 BPM and 20-100 BPM respectively) using a variety of I:E ratios, peak pressures, end expiratory pressures, and flow rates. The relationships of Palv, LV and VT to f were similar in both ventilators. Palv and LV increased similarly by increasing frequency. This effect was magnified by increasing I:E ratio or flow rate. VT decreased in both ventilators according to a hyperbolic relationship (x·y=constant). A conventional and jet ventilator have very similar mechanical output and pressure and volume relationships over their frequency ranges. This similarity derives in part from similarity of design and in part from interaction between the ventilator and the ventilated object.
Cytogenetics of Spontaneous Abortion

Pregnancy loss is quite common, with 15–20% of recognized pregnancies resulting in failure. The majority of these occur early in gestation, although losses in the second and third trimester are not rare. Approximately 2–5% of women will experience two or more losses. The majority of pregnancy failures are associated with cytogenetic abnormalities, with over 50% of early miscarriages and as many as 5% of stillbirths exhibiting abnormal karyotypes.
Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. V. Animal and human response to vapors of mixed xylenes.

Abstract The suggested hygienic standard of 0.46 mg/liter (110 ppm) for mixed xylenes is based solely on sensory response of human subjects because of the relatively low toxicity of the vapor. The Lt50 was 92 min for rats that inhaled 46 mg/liter (11,000 ppm) of mixed xylenes, a concentration which approaches air saturated at room temperature. The LC50 for rats in a 4-hr inhalation period was 29 mg/liter (6700 ppm). Cats succumbed within 2 hr at 41 mg/liter (9500 ppm) with signs suggestive of central nervous system effect. No statistically significant differences from control groups, receiving only the uniformly shared dilution air, occurred among groups of beagles and rats that inhaled measured concentrations 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 13 wk at levels of 3.5(810), 2.0(460), and 0.77 mg/liter (180 ppm). The odor threshold was determined by a panel of six people to be on the order of 0.0045 mg/liter or 1 ppm. In a 15-min inhalation period, the only common sign of discomfort at 2.0 mg/liter (460 ppm) was eye irritation in four of six subjects. Some transitory olfactory fatigue occurred with recovery in 10 min.
Techniques for microscale patterning of zeolite-based thin films

Abstract Micro- and nano-scale devices have made a significant impact on electrical, optical, mechanical, and medicinal platforms, such as microchips, environmental sensors, and smart implants. Of particular interest for these devices is the use of nanoporous materials, such as aerogels, zeolites, and mesoporous materials, whose inherent nano- to micro-scale porosity provides potentially beneficial properties that could be harnessed for these devices, particularly when the materials are synthesized in thin film form. However, the primary challenge to utilizing these materials remains the ability to fabricate or pattern the thin film materials into appropriate micro- and nano-scale features. A number of techniques have been developed to address the issue of patterning thin films of nonporous materials, from bottom-up approaches, like chemical or mechanical assembly, to top-down approaches, such as sputtering, ablation, and lithography. However, most of the patterning techniques represented in the literature for thin film materials are typically less compatible with porous thin films, particularly microporous and mesoporous thin films. Here, we present a review of the various patterning techniques that have been either heavily investigated or proposed for microporous thin film materials, along with their advantages and potential limitations. Specifically, we focus on top-down, bottom-up, and deposition-based approaches that have yielded micro- to nano-scale patterning abilities for zeolite-based materials. Given the unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and structural properties of zeolites and other inherently-nanostructured materials, the ability to choose and adapt an appropriate patterning technique will greatly enhance the success of their utilization in micro-scale and potentially nanoscale device fabrication.
Modifying the chemistry of graphene with substrate selection: A study of gold nanoparticle formation

Graphene and metal nanoparticle composites are a promising class of materials with unique electronic, optical, and chemical properties. In this work, graphene is used as a reducing surface to grow gold nanoparticles out of solution-based metal precursors. The nanoparticle formation is found to strongly depend upon the graphene substrate selection. The studied substrates include diamond, p-type silicon, aluminum oxide, lithium niobate, and copper. Our results indicate that the chemical properties of graphene depend upon this selection. For example, for the same reaction times and concentration, the reduction of gold chloride to gold nanoparticles on graphene/lithium niobate results in 3% nanoparticle coverage compared to 20% coverage on graphene/silicon and 60% on graphene/copper. On insulators, nanoparticles preferentially form on folds and edges. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis is used to confirm the nanoparticle elemental makeup.
New Method for Jet Noise Reduction in Turbofan Engines

A new method for reducing large-scale mixing noise from dual-stream jets is presented. The principle is reduction of the convective Mach number of turbulent eddies that produce intense downward sound radiation. In a jet representing the coaxial exhaust of a turbofan engine, this is achieved by tilting downward, by a few degrees, the bypass (secondary) plume relative to the core (primary) plume. The misalignment of the two flows creates a thick low-speed secondary core on the underside of the high-speed primary flow. The secondary core reduces the convective Mach number of primary eddies, thus hindering their ability to generate sound that travels to the downward acoustic far field. Tilting of the bypass stream is possible by means of fixed or variable vanes installed near the exit of the bypass duct. Subscale aeroacoustic experiments simulated the exhaust flow of a turbofan engine with bypass ratio 6.0. Deflection of the bypass stream resulted in suppression of the peak overall sound pressure level by 4.5 dB and the effective perceived noise level by 2.8 dB. For the nozzle configuration used, the thrust loss is estimated at around 0.5% with the vanes activated and 0.15% with the vanes deactivated.
Using GIS in Areawide Pest Management: A Case Study in South Dakota

Infestations of corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) create economic and environmental concerns in the Corn Belt region of the United States. To supplement the population control tactics of areawide pest management programs, we believe that a better understanding of the spatial relationships between biotic and abiotic or physical factors at the landscape scale is needed. Our research used several geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analytical techniques to examine relationships between corn rootworm metapopulation dynamics, soil texture, and elevation. Within GIS, several spatially explicit procedures were used that include an interpolation technique, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and contingency analysis. Corn rootworm metapopulation distributions were found to be aggregated and related to soil texture and elevation. We review techniques and discuss our preferences for using particular spatially explicit procedures. The information derived from the spatial analyses demonstrates how GIS can be used in areawide pest management to provide inputs for spatially explicit models to predict future pest populations and formulate more well-informed pest management decisions. The techniques described in this paper could easily be extended to study the spatial dynamics between other pest populations in agricultural landscapes.
A composite transposon associated with erythromycin and clindamycin resistance in group B Streptococcus

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin has been isolated with increasing frequency since the mid-1990s. This work studied GBS isolates from three US cities to determine the genetic basis of the macrolide resistance phenotype. ermB genes were amplified from five isolates collected in Boston, Pittsburgh and Seattle from infant and adult sources. Gene-walking methods were used to determine the chromosomal location of ermB and to identify associated genes. Southern mapping and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to distinguish the isolates. The ermB gene was present on the chromosome within a composite Tn917/Tn916-like transposon similar to one identified in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Four strains from Boston and Pittsburgh were serotype V and identical by Southern hybridization and RAPD analysis. The Seattle isolate was serotype Ib, with different patterns on RAPD analysis and Southern mapping. The composite transposon was integrated at an identical chromosomal site in all five isolates. The presence of this composite transposon in both GBS and pneumococci suggests that ermB-mediated macrolide resistance in streptococci may be due to the horizontal transfer of a mobile transposable element, and raises concern for further dissemination of high-grade erythromycin and clindamycin resistance among streptococcal species.
Evolution and variation of renin genes in mice.

Inbred strains of mice carry Ren-1, a gene encoding the thermostable Renin-1 isozyme. Ren-1 is expressed at relatively low levels in mouse submandibular gland and kidney. Some strains also carry Ren-2, a gene encoding the thermolabile Renin-2 isozyme. Ren-2 is expressed at high levels in the mouse submandibular gland and at very low levels, if at all, in the kidney. Ren-1 and Ren-2 are closely linked on mouse chromosome 1, show extensive homology in coding and noncoding regions and provide a model for studying the regulation of gene expression. An investigation of renin genes and enzymatic activity in wild-derived mice identified several restriction site polymorphisms as well as putative variants in renin gene expression and protein structure. The number of renin genes carried by different subpopulations of wild-derived mice is consistent with the occurrence of a gene duplication event prior to the divergence of M. spretus (2.75–5.5 million yr ago). This conclusion is in agreement with a prior estimate based upon comparative sequence analysis of Ren-1 and Ren-2 from inbred laboratory mice.
Root canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar

Morphologic characteristics such as the location of the apical foramens were determined on 400 maxillary first premolars. The determinations of the number of root canals, their type, the ramifications of the main root canal, the location of the apical foramens and transverse anastomosis, and the frequency of apical deltas were made in this study of 400 decalcified maxillary first premolars that had been injected with dye.
Engineering an antiplatelet adhesion layer on an electrospun scaffold using porcine endothelial progenitor cells

In coronary artery bypass graft interventions, luminal thrombosis is one of the greatest challenges for polymeric grafts with a luminal diameter less than 4 mm. Previously, we reported the fabrication of a highly porous micro/nanofibrous electrospun scaffold and demonstrated the excellent biocompatibility of the scaffolding materials with human endothelial cells. In this study, we explored the engineering of an antithrombotic layer on the scaffold's lumen within 48 h, using peripheral blood-derived porcine endothelial progentior cells (EPC). Flow cytometric results showed that they were CD31(-) but highly CD34(+) and CD105(+) , suggesting the primitive nature of these freshly isolated EPC. The vast majority of EPC readily took up low density lipoprotein, confirming their endothelial phenotype. These EPC also exhibited a strong proliferation capacity on the scaffold for up to 11 days. A confluent layer could be easily engineered within 24 h, which successfully prevented platelet adhesion, a critical step in the cascade of thrombotic events. We concluded that this scaffold could afford a convenient means for the regeneration of a functional cardiovascular endothelium shortly after implantation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Dogs, poison and the meaning of colonial intervention in the Transkei, South Africa

In the 1890s and 1900s in the Transkei, South Africa, colonial relations were severely strained as Cape colonial officials attempted to constrain African men's hunting activities by systematically poisoning and shooting their dogs. For colonial foresters, such efforts were part of a larger strategy to ‘protect’ flora and fauna by controlling African environmental activities and mobility more thoroughly. Yet on the ground in many areas, state-sponsored dog-killing was drawn into more complex understandings of, and popular frustrations with, transformations in local landscapes and livelihoods during this period. As rural men and women responded to the particular changes in their local political ecologies arising from colonial wildlife preservation policies, they also located conflicts over state forestry and its policies of exclusion within broader popular experiences of political, economic and ecological subordination. In several communities, rumors and stories proliferated, connecting the killing of dogs to other official attempts to poison and bewitch Africans, their animals and their landscapes. Such stories were ways for people to express deeper concerns over the spreading influence of colonial power in their daily practices and its toll on local communities’ health and welfare.