cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dead State

The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for the selection of the dead state for exergy analysis, guidance that is especially important in applications to energy-conversion and materials processing plant engineering, and to ecology. First, the general definition of the dead state is provided, based on the concept of ‘the available energy of a body’ as originally presented by Gibbs. Gibbs ‘body’ can be any overall system, no matter how complex and a crucial point is that there is no need to include or have a ‘reference environment.’ On this groundwork, criteria underlying the selection of the appropriate dead state for a variety of practical engineering systems are referred to; while these cases are not exhaustive, they provide examples of the rationale for selection of an appropriate dead state for any case. Finally, the implications and relevance of the dead state on applications of exergy considerations to the issues of ecology and sustainability are discussed.
AN INTRODUCED GENERALIST PARASITE, THE STICKTIGHT FLEA (ECHIDNOPHAGA GALLINACEA), AND ITS PATHOLOGY IN THE THREATENED FLORIDA SCRUB-JAY (APHELOCOMA COERULESCENS)

The sticktight flea, (Echidnophaga gallinacea), a major pest of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) that can cause severe pathology or death if untreated, is rarely recorded in free-living avian species. Sticktight fleas, however, were observed on the federally threatened Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in February 2004, in south central Florida. Of the 81 Florida scrub-jays (FSJs) sampled before the 2004 breeding season, 12 were infested, with from 1 to as many as 57 fleas. Subsequent survivorship and variation in health indices led us to conclude that the sticktight flea caused the death of several jays. Within 4 mo, 46% of sticktight flea-infested (INF) jays died, whereas in the nonflea-infested (NINF) jays, only 5.9% died. Adult INF birds lost body mass in the time since a previous capture compared with NINF jays, and mass gain was slowed in 1-yr-old INF jays. Hematocrit of INF jays was dramatically impacted, as low as 17%, and was negatively correlated with the extent of infestation. Leukocyte counts were highest in INF jays; however, plasma immunoglobulin levels were lowest. Physiological stress levels, measured using plasma corticosterone, increased more rapidly in INF jays than NINF jays and were positively correlated with heterophil/lymphocyte ratios. The impact of the sticktight flea on the federally threatened FSJ negates previous findings that sticktight fleas are benign in wild avian hosts.
Discerning patterns of diversity from biogeographical distributions: testing models of metacommunity dynamics using non-marine ostracodes from San Salvador Island, Bahamas

Empirical examples of natural metacommunities lag behind theoretical developments and therefore are needed to understand how the relative contributions of dispersal and environmental filtering varies taxonomically and in different environments. Here, we use the geographic distributions of ostracode species and their morphological traits in lakes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas to test the hypothesis that their metacommunity dynamics are dominated by species sorting. We sampled thirty-two lakes for ostracode abundance, morphological traits, and limnological variables. The abiotic environment of lakes was found to vary mostly independently of space, allowing for the evaluation of the distinct roles of spatial and environmental variables. Differences between assemblages were not found to be spatially auto-correlated, indicating that dispersal limitation of species is not an important factor influencing community assembly. Ostracode assemblages and community-weighted aggregated species’ traits were found to vary systematically with conductivity, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen, showing that the abiotic environment is a strong filter. While conductivity did display low, but significant, spatial structure, halophilic species followed this spatial pattern. This environmental filter combined with no effects of dispersal is consistent with only a species sorting model. This study thus provides a valuable example of metacommunity models applied to a natural system by specifying the relevant ecological factors that govern community assembly.
Parallel-plate mode reduction in conductor-backed slots using electromagnetic bandgap substrates

By fabricating a resonant slot over a reflecting back plate and filling the resulting parallel-plate with an appropriately designed artificial electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure, noticeable enhancements in both radiation pattern and bandwidth are achieved using a significantly lower profile than traditional designs. This design uses a two-dimensional artificial EBG substrate in conjunction with a reflecting plate to completely block radiation from the backside of the slot from propagating to the finite edges of the resulting parallel-plate cavity. Measured and simulated data for conductor-backed slots with homogeneous substrates and with EBG substrates are compared.
Symptoms, stigma, or secondary social disruption: Three mechanisms of network dynamics in severe mental illness:

Research has documented social network instability among people with serious mental illness focusing on (1) psychiatric symptoms that interfere with social skills and interaction and (2) stigma, discrimination, and social rejection. However, the social network consequences of disruptive events that often accompany onset of serious mental illness (e.g., divorce, job loss, and residential instability) are seldom considered. In this study, the relative impact of symptoms, stigma, and secondary disruptive events on membership turnover was examined using data from 100 people experiencing first contact with the mental health treatment system. Findings indicated that disruptive events and, to a lesser degree, psychiatric symptoms predicted membership turnover. A theory of relationship and network dynamics in mental illness integrating insights from the psychiatric, labeling, and social network perspectives is proposed.
Racial variations in the incidence of congenital malformations

Summary Racial variation in the incidence of several common congenital malformations has been studied in Atlanta, Georgia. The white-to-black incidence ratios were substantially different from unity for single defects, while approximate equality of rates was noted for multiple defects. Amongst the specific malformations for which familial data were available, affected first- and second-degree relatives were found only in the families of probands with single defects. It is postulated that these findings may indicate a more prominent function of the environment in the genesis of multiple malformations than is the case for single defects, the occurrence of which may be more strongly affected by non-sporadic genetic factors.
Validation of echocardiographic methods for assessing left ventricular dysfunction in rats with myocardial infarction.

The rat infarct model is widely used in heart failure research, but few echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular (LV) function are validated in this model. Accordingly, the objective of this s...
Donor Risk Factors for Graft Failure in a 20-Year Study of Penetrating Keratoplasty

Objective To determine donor risk factors for graft failure and late endothelial failure (LEF) 20 years after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods Prospective, observational study of 500 consecutive PKs performed by one surgeon. After excluding eyes undergoing second grafts, fellow eyes of bilateral cases, and patients who withdrew research authorization, 388 eyes (388 patients) were available for analysis. At specific intervals during 20 years of follow-up after PK, the central corneal endothelium was analyzed by specular microscopy and risk factors for graft failure and LEF were determined. Results The 41 grafts examined at 20 years represented 22% of the available clear grafts. Mean (SD) donor endothelial cell loss since the preoperative examination was 74% (9%), with no change in endothelial cell density between 15 and 20 years ( P = .93; 36 eyes). Eighty-three grafts were known to have failed, of which 26 were because of LEF. Transplant recipients with a diagnosis of keratoconus had a lower risk of graft failure ( P = .03) and LEF ( P ≤ .03) compared with those with endothelial dysfunction. Neither the method (McCarey-Kaufman or K-Sol media [n = 275] or organ culture [n = 113]) nor the length of donor preservation was associated with graft failure or LEF. Lower preoperative endothelial cell density ( P = .02) and higher endothelial cell loss at 2 months ( P = .004) increased the risk of LEF for a recipient diagnosis of endothelial dysfunction but not keratoconus. Conclusions Recipient diagnosis is a risk factor for graft failure. The length of corneal preservation is not associated with graft failure or with LEF, but these results should be confirmed in a study in which donor corneas are preserved using current methods and with more complete follow-up.
PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS HEALTH SUPERVISION OF YOUNG CHILDREN

WITH THE RECENT INTEREST in re-evaluation of the practice of pediatrics, it is gratifying to obtain some tangible evidence concerning the demands that are being made upon practicing pediatricians and information on the effectiveness of certain aspects of their work. Such documentation is contained in the fine, thoughtful report on health supervision of young children in California, recently issued by the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health of the Department of Public Health of the State of California.* The comprehensive report presents the combined findings of a child health survey made in 1956 with Children9s Bureau support and of other studies on the status of health supervision of infants and preschoolage children in California.
A 'Sound Basis' Exists for Revising the HSR Act's Investment-Only Exemption

The Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (HSR Act) requires that acquisitions of voting securities, assets, or non-corporate entities be notified to the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice (the Agencies). While the Act has had a positive effect on the ability of the Agencies to identify, remedy, and, if necessary, to enjoin anticompetitive mergers, it has also imposed costs, some of which are unnecessary for accomplishing the Act’s purpose. The Act may also restrict or discourage shareholders from interacting with management. Because of the narrow reading of the investment-only exemption, such interaction may preclude reliance on the exemption. This disincentive runs counter to policies that encourage more communication between shareholders and management. This article suggests that the “investment-only” exemption should be replaced with a modest exemption for most acquisitions of a de minimis percentage of an issuer’s outstanding voting securities. Specifically, the investment-only exemption should be replaced with an alternative exemption for de minimis investments in issuers that are not competitors of the acquiring person, the acquiring person’s associates, or of entities in which the acquiring person or its associates have substantial holdings.
Mutations of human dihydrofolate reductase causing decreased inhibition by methotrexate.

Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis has been used by many laboratories to obtain information regarding the significance of the structural features of various enzymes. When an amino acid residue, or group of residues, is deleted from the enzyme structure, or is replaced by other residues by directed mutagenesis, inferences can be drawn regarding the relation of that portion of the structure to the catalytic activity of the enzyme. This approach has been applied extensively to the study of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) by Benkovic and his collaborators.
Microwave-specific acceleration of a Friedel-Crafts reaction: evidence for selective heating in homogeneous solution.

Thermally promoted Friedel–Crafts benzylation of arene solvents has been examined under both conventional convective heating with an oil bath and heating using microwave (MW) energy. Bulk solution temperatures—as measured by internal and external temperature probes and as defined by solvent reflux—were comparable in both sets of experiments. MW-specific rate enhancements were documented under certain conditions and not others. The observed rate enhancements at a given temperature are proposed to arise from selective MW heating of polar solutes, perturbing thermal equilibrium between the solute and bulk solution. Central to MW-specific thermal phenomena is the difference between heat and temperature. Temperature is a measure of the ensemble average kinetic molecular energy of all solution components, but temperature does not provide information about solute-specific energy differences that may arise as a consequence of selective MW heating. Enhanced chemical reactivity of the MW-absorbing solute can be des...
Fast Life Prediction Model for Composites Based on Multiple Temporal Scale Homogenization

This manuscript presents a fast temporal homogenization methodology for failure analysis of materials and material systems subjected to fatigue loadings. Computational homogenization theory with multiple temporal scales is employed to devise the proposed methodology. Multiple temporal scales address the disparity between the characteristic loading period and overall life under fatigue loading. The fast temporal homogenization method is presented in a general format for a large class of constitutive relationships. The proposed method is verified in a series of numerical tests. The method is shown to gain orders of magnitude in computational efficiency while numerical error remains small.
Book Review: Political Communication in the Republic of Ireland, edited by Mark O’Brien and Donnacha Ó Beacháin

Political Communication in the Republic of Ireland. Mark O'Brien and Donnacha O Beachain, eds. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 2014. 255 pp. $120 hbk. $34.95 pbk.Political Communication in the Republic of Ireland is an apt reminder that we should not judge a book by its cover. Because of the title, U.S. academics are likely to dismiss it as too narrow and therefore of little interest or value to their students.That would be a mistake.Through a series of essays and case studies, almost all written by Irish academics, the book examines how Ireland has retained some of its traditional political communication strategies while blending new media and new technologies into campaign efforts. The potential to compare what happens when the Irish go to the polls to when Americans do could be a fascinating exercise for U.S. college students. Similarly, the ability to demonstrate why Ireland still believes in face-to-face contact between candidates and voters should resonate with young adults in the United States who might never hold a substantive conversation with a national political figure.The need to remain visible to and respected by the local community is one of the more intriguing themes to this book. Donnacha O Beachain, one of the book's coeditors and a research director at Dublin City University, notes that in the early years of the Irish republic, the figures responsible for securing Irish independence were viewed as national heroes. But as these people faded from the political scene, Ireland's new wave of politicians first had to secure consistent success at the local level before moving into a national position in Dail Eireann, the lower house of Parliament, or Senead, the upper house. In addition, these politicians had to work within the system to bring about change; the revolutionary ideas of the politicians before them have been replaced with a more moderate approach to governance.This history of local success and connecting with the voters in the home district might explain why nationally televised debates, a staple of U.S. politics, have never been critical in Ireland. In fact, it was not until the 1980s that political debates began airing on Irish television. Saying that, it would be a mistake to assume that Ireland's political parties do not reach out to the electorate on television. Party political broadcasts (PPBs) have been an integral part of the Irish political campaign for almost fifty years. Because of the country's ban on paid political advertising, these programs allow a party's leaders and candidates to promote their policies and plans for the nation while urging people to vote for them. Kevin Rafter, an associate professor of communications at Dublin City University, reports that there are two clear trends in these PPBs: increased attention to production values and a sharper focus on the politician. …
Domestic Violence Asylum and the Perpetuation of the Victimization Narrative

Pitiful. Helpless. Powerless. The words often used to describe survivors of domestic violence conjure a vivid and specific image of a woman lacking both strength and agency. These (mis)conceptions stem from the theories of “Battered Woman Syndrome” and “learned helplessness,” developed in 1979 by psychologist Lenore Walker, who hypothesized that intimate partner abuse ultimately causes a woman to resign herself to her fate and cease efforts to free herself from violence or dangerous situations. Although widely criticized, learned helplessness has permeated the legal establishment, for example, serving as the foundation for mandatory arrest and “no drop” policies in the criminal sphere of domestic violence law. Legal scholars have examined the problematic impacts of both the theory of learned helplessness itself and its effect on survivors in the criminal and civil justice systems. This article adds to that important conversation by exploring the previously unexamined area of learned helplessness’ impact on immigration, specifically asylum, law. Through a series of cases from 1996 to 2014, it is now established that a woman may receive asylum protection if she can establish that she is “unable to leave” a violent domestic relationship. This formulation fits squarely within Walker’s framework, as it requires a victim to advance a narrative of helplessness if she is to obtain refuge in the United States. Furtherance of the notion of Battered Woman Syndrome in asylum law is troubling for a number of reasons, namely, as this piece details, in the harms that can result when survivors of domestic violence are required to conform to a specific “stock story” (including injury to both those who fit the stereotype and those who do not). Additionally, continued adherence to and reliance on learned helplessness poses challenges for client-centered lawyering, perpetuates the tendency of victim-blaming, ignores the realities of the dangers of separation violence, and furthers the damaging dichotomy of “worthy” and “unworthy” immigrants. By identifying these concerns and proposing alternative bases for protection that would encompass not just pitiable and vulnerable victims of domestic violence, but strong, empowered and capable fighters against domestic abuse, this article seeks to critique, rebut and prevent the infiltration of static and stereotypical images of battered women in the realm of immigration law.
Cubes, Carries, and an Amazing Matrix (Supplemental)

In this supplemental chapter we will find the Eulerian numbers cropping up in some surprising places.
Epidemic of Measles in Guilin,2008

Objective To provide scientific evidence for measles control by understanding the epidemic of measles in Guilin.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was adopted for statistical analysis.Results Totally 192 cases of measles were reported in Guilin in 2008,the reported incidence rate was 3.87/105,out of 1 million.Among the cases,51 were aged under 8 months,accounting for 26.6% of all;51 cases were over 15-year-old,accounting for 26.6%;125 cases were scattered children,accounting for 65.1%.Cases were mainly in urban areas,accounting for 52.6%,and concentrated in urban fringe,There were 128 cases without vaccination history,52 cases with unclear vaccination history,accounting for 66.7% and 27.1% respectively.Conclusion The majority of measles cases in Guilin were young children and teenagers.In order to control measles by doing the routine immunization,the management of population morbidity and improve the vaccination rates of transitional children should be strengthened at the same time.
Vascular access techniques and devices in the pediatric patient.

Vascular access (VA) in children is a broad, ever increasing field. This article is an overview of the available access routes, the types of VA devices and their uses, and the percutaneous as well as “cut-down” VA sites in children. The focus is on central venous VA and includes the author's personal approach for neonates, infants, and children.
Principles of Institutional Design in Business-Government Councils

Outside Latin America, business-government councils are widespread and regularly associated with accelerated development. High growth Asian economies such as Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore were rife with business-government councils (Campos and Root 1996), and section III reports on the continuing centrality of business-government councils in contemporary technology policy in Korea.1 In Japan, over 200 consultative councils (shingikai) “deliberate and report on every conceivable area of public policy” (Schwartz 1992, 218). Some councils dated from the early 20th century, but most, ironically, were imposed by the US occupation that created the framework legislation for councils in order to constrain the bureaucracy and make it more accountable. These councils performed important functions in reconciling divergent interests, coordinating expectations, and facilitating policy implementation (Schwartz 1992, 231–2). In northern Europe, councils are integral elements of “coordinated market economies” (CMEs) (Hall and Soskice 2001; see also Katzenstein 1985). Public—private “alliances” were also central to policy making in a recent diverse set of rapidly developing countries from New Zealand and the Czech Republic to Ireland, Finland, and Malaysia (Devlin and Moguillansky 2011; Ornston 2012). In other countries such as France, some attributed policy failures to the absence of institutions to promote effective collaboration between business and government (Levy 1999).2
Dyslexia and Small Genu of Corpus Callosum

Corpus callosum morphology was studied by MRI in 16 children (mean age, 9.7 yrs) with developmental dyslexia and matched controls at the Center for Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Georgia, Athens, and the Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, and the Athens Magnetic Imaging.
Finding Useful Information for Big Data

In this paper, we present our work on information analysis for big data. Big data is generated every day in various fields such as complex physics simulations, genomics, meteorology, as well as biological and environmental research. Traditional data mining applications cannot handle big data well because the data sets are so large and complex. In this paper we present our approach to analyzing the information that is hidden in the big data using various strategies. This proposed approach can assist to improve the performance of existing data analysis technologies, such as data mining approaches in Bioinformatics and other fields.
A morphologic proxy for debris flow erosion with application to the earthquake deformation cycle, Cascadia Subduction Zone, USA

Abstract In unglaciated steeplands, valley reaches dominated by debris flow scour and incision set landscape form as they often account for > 80% of valley network length and relief. While hillslope and fluvial process models have frequently been combined with digital topography to develop morphologic proxies for erosion rate and drainage divide migration, debris-flow-dominated networks, despite their ubiquity, have not been exploited for this purpose. Here, we applied an empirical function that describes how slope-area data systematically deviate from so-called fluvial power-law behavior at small drainage areas. Using airborne LiDAR data for 83 small (~ 1 km2) catchments in the western Oregon Coast Range, we quantified variation in model parameters and observed that the curvature of the power-law scaling deviation varies with catchment-averaged erosion rate estimated from cosmogenic nuclides in stream sediments. Given consistent climate and lithology across our study area and assuming steady erosion, we used this calibrated denudation-morphology relationship to map spatial patterns of long-term uplift for our study catchments. By combining our predicted pattern of long-term uplift rate with paleoseismic and geodetic (tide gauge, GPS, and leveling) data, we estimated the spatial distribution of coseismic subsidence experienced during megathrust earthquakes along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Our estimates of coseismic subsidence near the coast (0.4 to 0.7 m for earthquake recurrence intervals of 300 to 500 years) agree with field measurements from numerous stratigraphic studies. Our results also demonstrate that coseismic subsidence decreases inland to negligible values > 25 km from the coast, reflecting the diminishing influence of the earthquake deformation cycle on vertical changes of the interior coastal ranges. More generally, our results demonstrate that debris flow valley networks serve as highly localized, yet broadly distributed indicators of erosion (and rock uplift), making them invaluable for mapping crustal deformation and landscape adjustment.
Vigilance, the Amygdala, and Anxiety in Youths With a History of Institutional Care

Abstract Background Early adversity is commonly associated with alterations of amygdala circuitry and increased anxiety. While many theoretical and clinical accounts of early adversity suggest that it increases vigilance to threatening stimuli, the current study tested whether heightened anxiety and amygdala reactivity associated with early adversity enhanced goal-directed attention for threatening stimuli. Showing this association would provide support that these adversity-induced alterations are developmental adaptations of the individual. Methods A sample of 34 children and adolescents who experienced early adversity in the form of previous institutionalization (26 girls and 8 boys; mean age = 13.49 years) and a comparison group of 33 children and adolescents who were reared by their biological parents since birth (16 girls and 17 boys; mean age = 13.40 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while completing a visual search task that involved quickly locating a negative target (fearful face) or positive target (happy face) in an array of neutral distracter stimuli (neutral faces). Results Across both groups, individual differences in vigilant behavior were positively associated with amygdala responses for negative versus positive stimuli. However, a moderation analysis revealed that the degree to which amygdala responses were greater for negative versus positive stimuli was associated with greater anxiety symptomology for previously institutionalized youths but not for comparison youths. Conclusions Together, these findings suggest that institutional care strengthens linkages between amygdala reactivity and anxiety, perhaps serving to enhance goal-directed attention. The findings are discussed as both adaptations and risk to the individual.
Surgical Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In select patients, surgical treatment in the form of either resection or transplantation offers a curative option. The aims of this review are to (1) review the current American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines on the surgical management of HCC and (2) review the proposed changes to these guidelines and analyze the strength of evidence underlying these proposals. Three authors identified the most relevant publications in the literature on liver resection and transplantation for HCC and analyzed the strength of evidence according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) classification. In the United States, the liver allocation system provides priority for liver transplantation to patients with HCC within the Milan criteria. Current evidence suggests that liver transplantation may also be indicated in certain patient groups beyond Milan criteria, such as pediatric patients with large tumor burden or adult patients who are successfully downstaged. Patients with no underlying liver disease may also benefit from liver transplantation if the HCC is unresectable. In patients with no or minimal (compensated) liver disease and solitary HCC ≥2 cm, liver resection is warranted. If liver transplantation is not available or contraindicated, liver resection can be offered to patients with multinodular HCC, provided that the underlying liver disease is not decompensated. Many patients may benefit from surgical strategies adapted to local resources and policies (hepatitis B prevalence, organ availability, etc). Although current low-quality evidence shows better overall survival with aggressive surgical strategies, this approach is limited to select patients. Larger and well-designed prospective studies are needed to better define the benefits and limits of such approach.
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet

Antarctica is the fifth largest continent on the Earth with an area of 14,200,000 km2. About 98% of the surface of Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that is 2,000 m thick on average. The volume of the ice sheet has changed in the course of time and reached a maximum during the late Wisconsin (Weichselian) ice age about 20,000 years ago. At that time, the volume of the Antarctic ice sheet was 37.7 × 106 km3, of which 24.2 × 106 km3 covered the East Antarctic craton and 13.5 × 106 km3 overlay the bedrock of West Antarctica and the associated islands (Hughes et al. 1981). Taken together, the ice sheets of Antarctica constitute about 90% of the ice that exists on the Earth. The ice cap that covers Greenland makes up about 9% of the total and all other ice caps and glaciers on the Earth contribute only 1% of the ice on the Earth (Hughes et al. 1981; Bindschadler 2004).
Molecular physics: Breaking up is hard to do

Dissociating hydrogen gas seems like it should be as easy as pulling apart two identical atoms. But resonant electron-impact experiments reveal that quantum interference induces a fundamental asymmetry in the process.
Object Recognition: Theories

The goal of object recognition is to determine the identity or category of an object in a visual scene from the retinal input. In naturalistic scenes, object recognition is a computational challenge because the object may appear in various poses and contexts—i.e., in arbitrary positions, orientations, and distances with respect to the viewer and to other objects. Object recognition involves matching representations of objects stored in memory to representations extracted from the visual image. The key issue in object recognition is the nature of the representation extracted from the image. Theories of object recognition are characterized in terms of five logically independent dimensions: the primitive features or parts extracted from the visual image, the stability of the set of features to transformations of the image, the type of relationships used to describe configurations of features, and the stability of configurations across transformations of the image. The two main classes of object recognition theories—structural description and view-based theories—are characterized with respect to these dimensions, and examples of theories of each class are presented. The strengths and weaknesses of each class is discussed, and the argument is made that the two classes are in fact complementary, not antagonistic.
Osteoporosis and exercise: a review.

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a widespread bone disorder which primarily effects postmenopausal women, with annual costs of six billion dollars. Several studies have looked at the potential value of exercise as an inexpensive and widely available treatment. METHODS Using Medline, English-language articles published after 1989 in major medical journals and containing the key words 'exercise' and 'osteoporosis' were obtained. Selected prospective studies which included twenty or more subjects were reviewed with special attention to the exercise portion of the protocol. Studies felt to be historically important were also reviewed. RESULTS Quality of studies, design types and exercise intervention varied greatly. Detailed exercise protocols, high compliance rates and low drop-out rates appeared to favorably effect results. CONCLUSION As a whole, the literature suggests that exercise induced improvement in bone mineral density in select individuals. Based on the review the author suggests an ideal program.
Institutions and the “Resource Curse”: Evidence From Cases of Oil-Related Bribery:

While some resource-rich countries are highly corrupt, others have transparent and well-functioning governments. What explains this wide variation in so-called “resource-cursed” states? I show that...
Fast Transient Disturbance Analysis on ECVT under High-Voltage Switch Operation

To investigate the very fast transient disturbance caused by the high-voltage switch operation in power system, a test platform and circuit method is proposed to analyze the effect on Electronic Capacitor Voltage Transformer (ECVT). Firstly, an experimental platform is built to investigate the disturbance on ECVT under the switch operation, and then the calculation method is proposed on the main charge-discharge loop, all breakdown points of high-voltage switch are obtained by comparison between the variation curve of breakdown voltage and the voltage difference at source/load sides, the changing breakdown voltage is got by the gap distance in switch on/off operation. Furthermore, the equivalent circuit of switch operation is created in SPICE by connecting a piecewise linear source. Finally, the breakdown waveform of VFTO(very fast transient overvoltage) and transient current is obtained by the circuit simulation, its effect on ECVT is discussed.
Are Multiple-choice Items Too Fat?

ABSTRACTThe evidence is mounting regarding the guidance to employ more three-option multiple-choice items. From theoretical analyses, empirical results, and practical considerations, such items are...
Abstract 276: TAT-PTEN9c Targets Heart Directly to Improve Survival From Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: It is well established that hypothermia enhances cardiac arrest (CA) survival due, in part, to a mechanism of enhanced Akt activation. In this study we investigate whether the biosynt...
Teaching Video NeuroImages: Tardive diaphragmatic tremor

A 75-year-old woman was prescribed pimozide 2 mg twice a day 4 years previously for paranoid behavior. The patient developed involuntary movements in her abdomen following abrupt discontinuation of pimozide.
Impacts of family-informed care for people with disabilities enrolled in Medicaid managed care

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the impact of family-informed care on Medicaid enrollees with disabilities’ unmet needs for medical services and long-term services and supports (LTSS) and family member...
CHAPTER 5 – Resolution Strategies

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the different aspects of resolution strategies. One of the disadvantages of using the resolution rule in an unconstrained manner is that it leads to many useless inferences. Some inferences are redundant in that their conclusions can be derived in other ways. Some inferences are irrelevant in that they do not lead to derivations of the desired result. A deletion strategy is a restriction technique in which clauses with specified properties are eliminated before they are ever used. As those clauses are unavailable for subsequent deduction, this can lead to computational savings. A literal occurring in a database is pure only if it has no instance that is complementary to an instance of another literal in the database. A clause that contains a pure literal is useless for the purposes of refutation as the literal can never be resolved away. One can safely remove such a clause. Removing clauses with pure literals defines a deletion strategy known as pure-literal elimination.
Impacts of environmental conditions on fleas in black‐tailed prairie dog burrows

Sylvatic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and transmitted by fleas, occurs in prairie dogs of the western United States. Outbreaks can devastate prairie dog communities, often causing nearly 100% mortality. Three competent flea vectors, prairie dog specialists Oropsylla hirsuta and O. tuberculata, and generalist Pulex simulans, are found on prairie dogs and in their burrows. Fleas are affected by climate, which varies across the range of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus), but these effects may be ameliorated somewhat due to the burrowing habits of prairie dogs. Our goal was to assess how temperature and precipitation affect off-host flea abundance and whether relative flea abundance varied across the range of black-tailed prairie dogs. Flea abundance was measured by swabbing 300 prairie dog burrows at six widely distributed sites in early and late summer of 2016 and 2017. Relative abundance of flea species varied among sites and sampling sessions. Flea abundance and prevalence increased with monthly mean high temperature and declined with higher winter precipitation. Predicted climate change in North America will likely influence flea abundance and distribution, thereby impacting plague dynamics in prairie dog colonies.
A Virtual Conversational Agent for Teens with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Experimental Results and Design Lessons

We present the design of an online social skills development interface for teenagers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The interface is intended to enable private conversation practice anywhere, anytime using a web-browser. Users converse informally with a virtual agent, receiving feedback on nonverbal cues in realtime, and summary feedback. The prototype was developed in consultation with an expert UX designer, two psychologists, and a pediatrician. Using the data from 47 individuals, feedback and dialogue generation were automated using a hidden Markov model and a schema-driven dialogue manager capable of handling multi-topic conversations. We conducted a study with nine high-functioning ASD teenagers. Through a thematic analysis of post-experiment interviews, identified several key design considerations, notably: 1) Users should be fully briefed at the outset about the purpose and limitations of the system, to avoid unrealistic expectations. 2) An interface should incorporate positive acknowledgment of behavior change. 3) Realistic appearance of a virtual agent and responsiveness are important in engaging users. 4) Conversation personalization, for instance in prompting laconic users for more input and reciprocal questions, would help the teenagers engage for longer terms and increase the system's utility.
Jack-of-all-trades paradigm meets long-term data: generalist herbivores are more widespread and locally less abundant

Ecological specialization is one of the most interesting and perplexing attributes of biological systems. While certain macroecological patterns, such as an increase in specialization at lower latitudes, have long been subjects of investigation, there is much yet to be learned about inter-specific variation in specialization within diverse communities. High levels of specialization have been documented for some dominant ecological interactions, such as parasitism and herbivory, but much less is known about the relative abundance of specialists and generalists within those broad functional groups. We examine untested assumptions about the positive association between local abundance and dietary specialization using a 17-year dataset of caterpillar-plant interactions in Ecuador. Our long-term data consist of experimental verification of caterpillar-plant associations and include standardized plot-based samples as well as general, regional collections of caterpillars, allowing for investigations across spatial scales and using different indices of abundance for 1,917 morphospecies of Lepidoptera ("caterpillars") from 33 families. We find that more specialized caterpillars are locally more abundant than generalists, consistent with a key component of the "jack of all trades, master of none" hypothesis, which has otherwise received poor to mixed support from previous studies that have mostly involved fewer species and shorter time series. At larger scales, generalists achieve greater prevalence across the landscape, and we find some evidence for geographic variation in the abundance-diet breadth relationship, in particular among elevational bands. Interspecific variation in abundance had a negative relationship with diet breadth, with specialists having more variable abundances across species. The interesting result that more specialized species can be both rare and common highlights the ecological complexity of specialization.
Psychological and Neuropsychological Testing

In this chapter, we review the topic of neuropsychological evaluation, its indications, components, limitations, and interpretation.
Exercise intensity influences plasma and sweat amino acid concentrations: a crossover trial.

Background The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between concentrations of amino acid (AA) and related metabolites in plasma and sweat obtained before and after exercise performed at different intensities and therefore different rates of sweat loss. Methods Ten subjects completed a maximally ramped exercise test and three 30-min submaximal (45/60/75% VO2max) exercise bouts. Blood samples were collected before/after the exercise bouts and sweat was collected from the forearm throughout. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of AA and related molecules. Results Sweat AA excretion rate was higher during the 60% bout compared to the 45% bout but was similar in comparison to the 75% indicating a plateau in rates of sweat AA losses as sweat rate increased. Plasma concentrations of AAs, urea, ammonia, and other non-proteinogenic AAs were not significantly different between exercise bouts performed at 45 and 60%. Exercise at 75% tended to reduce concentrations of sweat amino acids with significantly depressed concentrations of glycine, lysine, serine, threonine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan, aspartate and ornithine. Conclusions Overall, this research suggests that increasing exercise intensity increases AA metabolism as demonstrated by reduced plasma AA concentrations and increased excretion through sweat glands, which is mediated by a mechanism yet to be identified.
Color Coding the "Labyrinth": How Staff Perceived a Two-Part Intervention to Improve Wayfinding in an Adult Emergency Department.

Objectives, purpose, or aim:We report a two-part wayfinding intervention, considering four quality criteria (visibility, usability, efficiency and overall effectiveness) from staff perspectives.Bac...
Incidence of Influenza-Like Illness and Influencing Factors in Residents in Jiaxing City

[Objective] To estimate the residents' influenza vaccination rate, incidence of influenza-like illness(ILI), and related influencing factors in Jiaxing City. [Methods] Using stratified random sampling, totally 7 215 residents in Jiaxing City were enrolled to a household-based questionnaire survey, and 6 765 valid questionnaires were obtained to analyze ILI incidence and vaccination coverage. [Results] The standardized incidence of ILI was 20.96%, and the standardized vaccination rate of influenza was 12.43%. Age, season, sports activity, influenza vaccination, history of chronic diseases, and pregnancy were statistically associated with the ILI incidence(P 0.05). Specifically, the risks of ILI incidence were elevated in young ages, winter and spring, and the residents with no sports activity, no influenza vaccination within past one year, having a history of chronic diseases, and being pregnant, while sex and resident region was not statistically associated with ILI. [Conclusion] The overall influenza vaccination rate is low, and the incidence of ILI is on the high side. Various factors may contribute to the elevated incidence rate. Therefore, besides increasing the vaccination coverage, other appropriate prevention and control measures against the influencing factors for ILI are also required to reduce the incidence of ILI in Jiaxing.
Stem cell progeny liaisons in regeneration

Stem cells are the functional units of tissue repair but do not act alone. Studies on flatworms now reveal specialized populations of differentiated cells that transiently emerge to coordinate whole-body regeneration. The stem-cell-centric view of repair processes must be revised to account for the importance of cell fate dynamics beyond the niche.
Information Theoretic Model Selection for Accurately Estimating Unreported COVID-19 Infections

Abstract Estimating the true extent of the outbreak was one of the major challenges in combating COVID-19 outbreak early on. Our inability in doing so, allowed unreported/undetected infections to drive up disease spread in numerous regions in the US and worldwide. Accurately identifying the true magnitude of infections still remains a major challenge, despite the use of surveillance-based methods such as serological studies, due to their costs and biases. In this paper, we propose an information theoretic approach to accurately estimate the unreported infections. Our approach, built on top of an existing ordinary differential equations based epidemiological model, aims to deduce an optimal parameterization of the epidemiological model and the true extent of the outbreak which “best describes” the observed reported infections. Our experiments show that the parameterization learned by our framework leads to a better estimation of unreported infections as well as more accurate forecasts of the reported infections compared to the baseline parameterization. We also demonstrate that our framework can be leveraged to simulate what-if scenarios with non-pharmaceutical interventions. Our results also support earlier findings that a large majority of COVID-19 infections were unreported and non-pharmaceutical interventions indeed helped in mitigating the COVID-19 outbreak.
Entrepreneurship Education and Founding Passion: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Family Background

In this paper, we examine the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial passion. Despite the advancement of entrepreneurship education literature and the increasing focus on entrepreneurship education in business schools, we lack empirical exploration on how entrepreneurship education can impact students’ passion for founding new organizations. We hypothesize that students who take entrepreneurship classes would develop high levels of founding passion due to a great perception of skills and abilities that increase positive emotions and decrease negative emotions about the entrepreneurship process. Moreover, we draw on the literature on role models to suggest that students’ entrepreneurial family background (students whose immediate family members are entrepreneurs) strengthens the influence of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial passion. Utilizing survey data collected from 160 university students, we found that entrepreneurship education positively influences students’ founding passion and that this relationship is strengthened when students have entrepreneurs in their immediate family.