cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic studies of the hypoglycemic effects of insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis

Abstract A recently developed pharmacokinetic model of the insulin-glucose system has been used to investigate the contribution of insulin-induced suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) to the hypoglycemic effect of insulin in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and to determine the influence of the initial degree of hyperglycemia on the course of insulin treatment. Simulations of the time course of glucose concentration in the plasma following low-dose insulin therapy indicate that the hypoglycemic action of insulin is largely due to insulin-dependent glucose utilization and that suppression of EGP, if it occurs at all, contributes little to the overall effect. Nevertheless, a particularly useful characteristic of the pharmacokinetic model of the insulin-glucose system that assumes little or no suppression of EGP is its ability to predict glucose rebound when insulin has been effectively depleted. Other simulations reveal that the initial degree of hyperglycemia has little influence on the clinical outcome of low-dose insulin treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. According to the simulation, 0.1 (U/kg)/hr intravenous infusion of insulin will produce satisfactory control of plasma glucose concentrations within 5–8 hr, assuming initial glucose concentrations ranging from 500 to 1500 mg/dl.
Using cross-classified multilevel models to disentangle school and neighborhood effects: An example focusing on smoking behaviors among adolescents in the United States

Abstract Background Despite much interest in understanding the influence of contexts on health, most research has focused on one context at a time, ignoring the reality that individuals have simultaneous memberships in multiple settings. Method Using the example of smoking behavior among adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we applied cross-classified multilevel modeling (CCMM) to examine fixed and random effects for schools and neighborhoods. We compared the CCMM results with those obtained from a traditional multilevel model (MLM) focused on either the school and neighborhood separately. Results In the MLMs, 5.2% of the variation in smoking was due to differences between neighborhoods (when schools were ignored) and 6.3% of the variation in smoking was due to differences between schools (when neighborhoods were ignored). However in the CCMM examining neighborhood and school variation simultaneously, the neighborhood-level variation was reduced to 0.4%. Conclusion Results suggest that using MLM, instead of CCMM, could lead to overestimating the importance of certain contexts and could ultimately lead to targeting interventions or policies to the wrong settings.
THERMODYNAMICS OF PHASE-CHANGE ENERGY STORAGE : THE EFFECTS OF LIQUID SUPERHEATING DURING MELTING, AND IRREVERSIBILITY DURING SOLIDIFICATION

This paper considers the question of whether the optimum phase-change temperature for maximum energy storage is universally equal to the geometric mean of the heat source and environment temperature, T{sub m} = (T{sub {infinity}}T{sub 8}){sup {1/2}}. The study consists of three parts. The first deals with the conduction-melting process, and shows that the optimum melting temperature is generally greater than the geometric mean of the source and environment temperatures. The second part covers the conduction-solidification process, and concludes that the irreversibility of solidification decreased monotonically as the phase-change temperature increases. The third part treats the complete cycle of melting (storage) followed by solidification (retrieval), and demonstrates that the optimum phase-change temperature is greater than the optimum temperature of the melting process alone.
The growth of InAs1-xSbx/InAs strained-layer superlattices by metalorganic chemical vapot deposition

InAs{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x}/InAs strained-layer superlattice (SLS) semiconductors and thick epitaxial layers of InAs{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x} were grown under a variety of conditions by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on InAs substrates. The III/V ratio was varied from 0.026 to 1.0 over a temperature range of 475--525C, at pressures of 200 to 660 torr and growth rates of 0.75 to 3.0 {mu}m/hour. The composition of the ternary can be predicted from the input gas molar flow rates using a thermodynamic model. At lower temperatures, the thermodynamic model must be modified to take account of the incomplete decomposition of arsine and trimethylantimony. These layers were characterized by optical microscopy, SIMS, and x-ray diffraction. The optical properties of these SLS`s were determined by infrared photoluminescence and absorption measurements. The PL peak energies of the alloys` and the SLS`s are consistently lower than the previously reported values for the bandgap of InAs{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x} alloys.
Which controls are better for service outsourcing? Integrating service-dominant logic and service characteristics

A comprehensive examination of the role of outsourced services’ characteristics in determining control systems is lacking in the literature. While the service characteristics paradigm (intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability [IHIP]) has informed much of the services research in the past four decades, in the last decade, the service-dominant logic (SDL) has provided a new way to conceptualize the marketing of goods and services. However, there has been no attempt to integrate these two perspectives. This study fills these gaps by examining control systems in service outsourcing by means of a midrange theory that integrates the new SDL framework and the legacy of the service characteristics approach. The authors add a fifth characteristic, digitizability, to IHIP and develop a conceptual framework to derive research propositions based on the foundational premises of the SDL. They also examine the moderating effects of globalization and the outsourced service’s closeness to the organization’s core competence.
Application of Riemannian geometry to the thermodynamics of a simple fluctuating magnetic system

It has been suggested previously by the author that the correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ can be calculated from the Gaussian curvature in a Riemannian geometric model of thermodynamics. In the present paper, this hypothesis is tested for the one-dimensional Ising model. It is found that for ferromagnetic interactions ($Jg0$) the thermodynamic ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{G}$ is in excellent agreement with the correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ which gives the range of the exponentially decaying spin-spin correlation function $G(r)$; ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{G}$ and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ are never found to deviate by more than one lattice site. If $J=0$, there is no curvature, in accordance with expectations that curvature be a measure of interactions. If $Jl0$, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{G}$ does not give the range of the envelope of the oscillatory $G(r)$, and hence, does not agree with usual definitions of the correlation length; however, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{G}$ can be interpreted satisfactorily as giving the average length, due to interactions, of clusters of aligned spins. The results in this paper support the contention that thermodynamics in general contains more information than had previously been thought.
l-arabinose metabolism by cell-free extracts of Penicillium chrysogenum

The initial steps of d-xylose metabolism by a cell-free extract of Penicillium chrysogenum involve the reduction of xylose to xylitol by TPNH, followed by DPN-linked oxidation of xylitol to xylulose. The enzymically formed products, xylitol and xylulose, have been isolated and identified. The enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of xylose to xylitol and is tentatively named d-xylose reductase, was purified 20-fold over the crude extract; it is an inducible enzyme and relatively specific to d-xylose. The KS for d-xylose is 0.08 M and for TPNH, 2.2·10−5M. The enzyme had approximately maximum activity at pH 7.2. Fluoride at 0.05 M and zinc at 0.001 M were strong inhibitors. The inhibition by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid could be restored by glutathione or cysteine. There was no effect by arsenite, cyanide, iodoacetic acid and Versene at 0.01 M, as well as magnesium, calcium, manganese, and dipicolinic acid at 0.001 M.
An incremental model for coal evaluation—II. Gasification

Abstract Values of a coal can vary greatly depending on its use. A model has been devised specifically to evaluate coals as feedstocks for gasification. In this method, incremental values are assigned to all quality parameters relevant to process economics. The incremental values are premium and discount of coal for variation in quality from which coal value as gasification feedstock can be calculated. The method is particularly useful in times of technical uncertainty.
Crystallization within melt ordered semicrystalline block copolymers: Exploring the coexistence of microphase-separated and spherulitic morphologies

The crystalline and microphase-separated morphology of semicrystalline block copolymers are compared in bulk (0.5-1 mm) and thin films (5-0 Im), as characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Bulk films of a triblock copolymer of polystyrene, polybutadiene, and polycaprolactone, (PS)0.35(PB)0.15(PCL)0.5, where the subscripts denote the mass fraction, show a lamellar-cylindrical microphase-separated morphology with a lamellar repeat of =62 nm, as observed by TEM. Bulk films of a diblock copolymer consisting of (PB)0.2(PCL)0.8 show an imperfect cylindrical microphase-separated structure by TEM coexisting with crystalline lamellae of PCL. For both bulk specimens, the PLM shows a speckle pattern of birefringence that confirms the PCL is crystallized within the microphase-separated structure, but no large-scale spherulites are observed by PLM. The microstructure in the as-cast thin films (5-10 Im) by TEM is lamellar-cylindrical for the triblock copolymer and cylindrical for the diblock copolymer, as described above for the bulk specimens. Upon thermal treatment of these thin films, large and well-defined PCL spherulites are observed by PLM for both block copolymers. TEM of the thermally treated triblock copolymer thin films shows that, after the formation of spherulites, the microphase structure is no longer lamellar-cylindrical but entirely dominated by PCL lamellar crystals. In contrast, TEM of the thermally treated diblock copolymer thin films shows that the PCL lamellar crystals coexist with the PB microphase-separated cylinders after the formation of PCL spherulites. Bulk specimens could not be induced to form spherulites under similar thermal treatment conditions.
Do preliminary interpretations (PI) of CT scans correlate with final interpretations (FI) in surgical patients (SP) with abdominal pain (AP) evaluated in the emergency department (ED)

Abstract Introduction: Increasingly, SP with AP are evaluated in the ED with abdominopelvic CT scanning. Often determinations for surgical intervention need to be made immediately even though FI by attending radiologists are not available. We hypothesized that FI of the CT scans for SP with AP differed notably from the IR in a busy university ED and that these discrepancies affected need for surgical intervention. Methods: SP with AP evaluated by the surgical service in the ED who received abdominopelvic CT scanning were prospectively studied. PI and FI of the CT scan results were recorded. Discrepancies between PI and FI as well as interpretations that influenced need or avoidance of surgery were noted. Additional data tabulated included the most common diagnoses overall as well as those diagnoses most associated with discrepant interpretations. Results: From 7/00 to 6/01, 707 patients were identified who had CT scans for AP with PI and FI available. In 131 (18.5%) patients, FI differed from PI. The mean age of the entire group was 48.7 + 0.7, 57.56% were female. Neither age nor gender affected the likelihood of the discrepant reading. The most common error in diagnosis involved renal calculi (19 cases). In 20 of the total cohort of patients, the indication for surgery was altered due to differences between the PI and FI. The most common diagnoses involving an altered need for surgery were small bowel obstruction (10) and appendicitis (7). Conclusions: In surgical patients in the ED with AP, the FI of CT scans differ nearly one-fifth of the time from the PI. Surgical services should be careful about relying on these initial readings especially when a need for operative intervention is involved.
Chapter 9: Analyses using disease ontologies.

Advanced statistical methods used to analyze high-throughput data such as gene-expression assays result in long lists of “significant genes.” One way to gain insight into the significance of altered expression levels is to determine whether Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with a particular biological process, molecular function, or cellular component are over- or under-represented in the set of genes deemed significant. This process, referred to as enrichment analysis, profiles a gene-set, and is widely used to makes sense of the results of high-throughput experiments. The canonical example of enrichment analysis is when the output dataset is a list of genes differentially expressed in some condition. To determine the biological relevance of a lengthy gene list, the usual solution is to perform enrichment analysis with the GO. We can aggregate the annotating GO concepts for each gene in this list, and arrive at a profile of the biological processes or mechanisms affected by the condition under study. While GO has been the principal target for enrichment analysis, the methods of enrichment analysis are generalizable. We can conduct the same sort of profiling along other ontologies of interest. Just as scientists can ask “Which biological process is over-represented in my set of interesting genes or proteins?” we can also ask “Which disease (or class of diseases) is over-represented in my set of interesting genes or proteins?“. For example, by annotating known protein mutations with disease terms from the ontologies in BioPortal, Mort et al. recently identified a class of diseases—blood coagulation disorders—that were associated with a 14-fold depletion in substitutions at O-linked glycosylation sites. With the availability of tools for automatic annotation of datasets with terms from disease ontologies, there is no reason to restrict enrichment analyses to the GO. In this chapter, we will discuss methods to perform enrichment analysis using any ontology available in the biomedical domain. We will review the general methodology of enrichment analysis, the associated challenges, and discuss the novel translational analyses enabled by the existence of public, national computational infrastructure and by the use of disease ontologies in such analyses.
Age Is More Important Than Size in Determining Dominance Among Workers in the Primitively Eusocial Wasp, Polistes Instabilis

In primitively eusocial wasps, dominance hierarchies predict which female will become queen when the original queen is removed. At each of 3 latitudes spanning a range from temperate sites to tropical ones, an older, dominant, worker of the primitively social wasp, P. instabilis, became the replacement queen. Thus, even in the tropics, this species follows a temperate queen replacement pattern rather than the standard tropical pattern in which young non-foragers have the highest rank and replace the queen. Old individuals are dominant even though they are often smaller than their subordinates. These results are surprising because large size increases the chance of winning fights for queenship among Polistes females in other circumstances. Age-based dominance hierarchies may be stable in Polistes because colony members resist larger individuals' attempts to win high dominance rank by fighting.
The prognostic significance in HIV infection of immune activation represented by cell surface antigen and plasma activation marker changes.

One hundred and eighteen HIV-infected homosexual men without AIDS and 40 control seronegative homosexual men were assessed for 23 parameters reflecting immune activation to determine prognostic significance for occurrence of AIDS. Samples cryopreserved in 1987-1989 were analyzed, with AIDS occurrence determined by mid-1992. Cell surface antigens assessed on the major lymphocyte subsets were HLA-DR, CD38, CD71, and CD25. Soluble serum molecules assessed were tumor necrosis factor alpha, soluble TNFalpha receptor II, soluble IL-2 receptor alpha, neopterin, and beta2-microglobulin. Using a proportional hazards model, prognostic markers included decreased CD4 number and percentage; increased sIL-2R, neopterin, and beta2M; increased percentage HLA-DR+ total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells; increased CD38+ total lymphocytes and CD8+ cells; increased CD71+ total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells; and decreased CD25+ total lymphocytes and CD19+ cells. After adjustment for CD4 cell levels, sIL-2R, neopterin, beta2M, and CD25+ CD19 cells remained significant, indicating that additional information about AIDS risk was provided by these markers.
Essentiality of Portal Vein Receptors in Hypoglycemic Counterregulation: Direct Proof Via Denervation in Male Canines

A major issue of in the treatment of diabetes is the risk of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is detected both centrally and peripherally in the porto-hepatic area. The portal locus for hypoglycemic detection was originally described using the “local irrigation of the liver” approach in a canine model. Further work using portal vein denervation (DEN) in a rodent model characterized portal hypoglycemic sensing in detail. However, recent controversy about the relevance of rodent findings to large animals and humans prompted us to investigate the effect of portal DEN on the hypoglycemic response in the canine, a species with multiple similarities to human glucose homeostasis. Hypoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps were performed in male canines, before (PRE) and after (POST) portal vein DEN or sham surgery (CON, control). Insulin (30 pmol/kg·min) and glucose (variable) were infused to slowly decrease systemic glycemia to 50 mg/dL over 160 minutes. The average plasma glucose during clamp steady state was: 2.9 ± 0.1 mmol DEN-PRE, 2.9 ± 0.2 mmol DEN-POST, 2.9 ± 0.1 mmol CON-PRE, and 2.8 ± 0.0 mmol CON-POST. There were no significant differences in plasma insulin between DEN and CON, PRE and POST experiments. The epinephrine response to hypoglycemia was reduced by 62% in DEN but not in CON. Steady-state cortisol was 46% lower after DEN but not after CON. Our study shows, in a large animal model, that surgical disconnection of the portal vein from the afferent pathway of the hypoglycemic counterregulatory circuitry results in a substantial suppression of the epinephrine response and a significant impact on cortisol response. These findings directly demonstrate an essential role for the portal vein in sensing hypoglycemia and relating glycemic information to the central nervous system.
Differences in oxygen-dependent nitric oxide metabolism by cytoglobin and myoglobin account for their differing functional roles

The endogenous vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) is metabolized in tissues in an oxygen-dependent manner. In skeletal and cardiac muscle, high concentrations of myoglobin (Mb) function as a potent NO scavenger. However, the Mb concentration is very low in vascular smooth muscle, where low concentrations of cytoglobin (Cygb) may play a major role in metabolizing NO. Questions remain regarding how low concentrations of Cygb and Mb differ in terms of NO metabolism, and the basis for their different cellular roles and functions. In this study, electrode techniques were used to perform comparative measurements of the kinetics of NO consumption by Mb and Cygb. UV/Vis spectroscopic methods and computer simulations were performed to study the reaction of Mb and Cygb with ascorbate (Asc) and the underlying mechanism. It was observed that the initial rate of Cygb(3+) reduction by Asc was 415-fold greater than that of Mb(3+). In the low [O2] range (0-50 μM), the Cygb-mediated NO consumption rate is ~ 500 times more sensitive to changes in O2 concentration than that of Mb. The reduction of Cygb(3+) by Asc follows a reversible kinetic model, but that of Mb(3+) is irreversible. A reaction mechanism for Cygb(3+) reduction by Asc is proposed, and the reaction equilibrium constants are determined. Our results suggest that the rapid reduction of Cygb by cellular reductants enables Cygb to efficiently regulate NO metabolism in the vascular wall in an oxygen-dependent manner, but the slow rate of Mb reduction does not show this oxygen dependence.
Regulation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase synthesis in rat epididymal fat pads☆

Abstract The relative rate of synthesis of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase increases up to 8-fold when fasted rats are fed a 60% carbohydrate, fat-free diet for 3 days but the specific activity of the enzyme only increases 2 to 3 fold. This suggests that the high carbohydrate diet also causes a 2 to 3 fold increase in the rate of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase degradation. The nutritional induction of this enzyme in adipose tissue is primarily due to a large increase in the rate of its synthesis.
Identity, Banal Nationalism, Contestation, And North American License Plates*

In the early 1900s, U.S. state and Canadian provincial governments began to register automobiles and issue license plates to their owners. Within several decades of the first issuance of license pl...
Comparisons of inflammatory responses in IgE-mediated and codeine-induced skin reactions

The allergic inflammatory cell response has been shown to be an important component in allergic rhinitis and some skin disorders.‘* ’ Using skin chamber and skin biopsy approaches we have found that: (1) gross late-phase reactions (LPRs) occur commonly in the sites of immediate IgE-mediated skin reactions; and (2) continued antigen challenge induces a prominent local accumulation of granulocytes during the next several hours when LPRs are developing.3 Because such LPRs to antigen challenge are practically always preceded by prominent immediate wheal and flare, it is believed that the pathogenesis of LPRs depends on prior mast cell activation. However, LPRs occur very infrequently in the sites of previous immediate wheal and flare reactions to codeine,4 even though we have recently observed very prominent release of histamine into overlying skin chambers during the first hour of codeine challenge.5 To enhance our understanding of the reasons for the different patterns of gross human skin responses to codeine and antigens we obtained biopsy specimens 6 hours after intradermal injection of antigen and codeine to compare inflammatory cell responses during developing LPRs .
How do we tell time

Animals time events on scales that range more than 10 orders of magnitude-from microseconds to days. This review focuses on timing that occurs in the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds. It is within this range that virtually all the temporal cues for speech discrimination, and haptic and visual processing, occur. Additionally, on the motor side, it is on this scale that timing of fine motor movements takes place. To date, psychophysical data indicate that for many tasks there is a centralized timing mechanism, but that there are separate networks for different intervals. These data are supported by experiments that show that training to discriminate between two intervals generalizes to different modalities, but not different intervals. The mechanistic underpinnings of timing are not known. However various models have been proposed, they can be divided into labeled-line models and population clocks. In labeled-line models, different intervals are coded by activity in independent and discrete populations of neurons. In population models, time is coded by the population activity of a large group of neurons, and timing requires dynamic interaction between neurons. Population models are generally better suited for parallel processing of interval, duration, order, and sequence cues and are thus more likely to underlie timing in the range of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.
Brothers and others: brotherhood, the Caucasus, and national identity in post-Soviet film

ABSTRACTBrotherhood of nations was one of the cornerstones of Soviet ethnic policy. Soon after the break-up of the Soviet Union the Russian relationship with the Caucasus turned and what was once officially svoi (ours) became chuzhoi (alien, Other). This article examines post-Soviet films in which brotherhood and the Caucasus explicitly intersect; these films, The Muslim, Brother, Mudslide and My Stepbrother Frankenstein, reflect much about the relationship between these two areas but also reveal much about the breakdown of Russian self-identity during the troubled decade of 1995–2004., which saw almost constant fighting in Chechnya. These films demonstrate a similar desire for brotherhood but simultaneous concern about its lack and despair that it might never be possible. In most recent films, however, the uncertainty and anguish of these films has been replaced with an entirely new and confident understanding of Putin-era brotherhood.
Mice Lacking Protein Phosphatase 5 Are Defective in Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM)-mediated Cell Cycle Arrest

Protein phosphatase 5 (Ppp5), a tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein, has been implicated in multiple cellular functions, including cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival, and cell cycle checkpoint regulation via the ataxia telangiectasia mutated/ATM and Rad3-related (ATM/ATR) signal pathway. However, the physiological functions of Ppp5 have not been reported. To confirm the role of Ppp5 in cell cycle checkpoint regulation, we generated Ppp5-deficient mice and isolated mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells from Ppp5-deficient and littermate control embryos. Although Ppp5-deficient mice can survive through embryonic development and postnatal life and MEF cells from the Ppp5-deficient mice maintain normal replication checkpoint induced by hydroxyurea, Ppp5-deficient MEF cells display a significant defect in G2/M DNA damage checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation (IR). To determine whether this defect in IR-induced G2/M checkpoint is due to altered ATM-mediated signaling, we measured ATM kinase activity and ATM-mediated downstream events. Our data demonstrated that IR-induced ATM kinase activity is attenuated in Ppp5-deficient MEFs. Phosphorylation levels of two known ATM substrates, Rad17 and Chk2, were significantly reduced in Ppp5-deficient MEFs in response to IR. Furthermore, DNA damage-induced Rad17 nuclear foci were dramatically reduced in Ppp5-deficient MEFs. These results demonstrate a direct regulatory linkage between Ppp5 and activation of the ATM-mediated G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway in vivo.
What is a multilevel array

In intuitive terms, a multilevel array is either a scalar or an array each of whose elements is a multilevel array. The "semantics" of multilevel arrays can be easily expressed in terms of a notion of selector, which is basically that of the Vienna Definition Language. These selectors provide both a notational devicfeo r accessing multilevel arrays and a clean mathematical definition of "multilevel array with data domain D." However, the definition so obtained lacks the recursive flavor of the intuitive definition. By means of an axiomatic characterization of multilevel arrays, the selector-based definition and the recursive definition are shown to be equivalent.
Image template matching on MIMD hypercube multicomputers

Abstract Efficient algorithms for image template matching on fine grained as well as on medium grained MIMD hypercube multicomputers are developed. The medium grained MIMD algorithm is developed specifically for the NCUBE multicomputer. this algorithm is compared experimentally with an algorithm that is optimized for the Cray 2 supercomputer.
How To Be Responsive To Stakeholders in Curriculum Studies

How can principals ensure that teachers and others interested in curriculum development are focusing on the needs of students? In answering this question, the writer describes a format for generating important questions about curriculum programs, one that can apply to any subject area. It has potential for inservice use.
Ashley Montagu (1905–1999)

also concerned that the emphasis on "my people" should not override the concern for social justice for all. One of the intellectual gifts Jones left the discipline was his careful and insightful work as a supervisor of student research. Jones taught for three years at the University of Colorado, Boulder (1967-70), before coming, in 1971, to the Doctoral Program in Anthropology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY). He remained at CUNY for the next 26 years, becoming professor emeritus in 1997. In the 1980s, with Joan Montbach and Joan Turner, two doctoral students at CUNY, he conducted research on issues of the social reproduction of neighborhoods and the destruction of poor communities (1992). His critical comments always managed at the same time to encourage both students and colleagues to take the next step in their analyses. Over the course of his professional career, Jones published over 30 articles, many of which clearly delineated key and pressing issues and were reprinted more than once, as well as numerous book reviews and commentaries. He
Pattern classification of renal electrolyte cycles in primary aldosteronism.

The cycles of urinary Na, K, and Cl in six controls and in four patients with aldosterone-secreting adenoma were studied over several days of constant intake and controlled posture (R = 24-hr recumbency; Sd = erect position 0700–1900 hr). The logarithmically transformed data are analyzed by Fourier series, analysis of variance and power spectrum. Signal analysis indicates that the Fourier mean and coefficients of the 24-hr harmonic from Sd are the pattern components of choice for training a Pattern Classifier. The classifier is a committee machine composed of a decision-maker for each electrolyte. The decision-makers are based upon the Ho-Kashyap algorithm for linear separability; the classification of the individual as normal or primary aldosteronism patient is given by the committee by a majority decision. The machine proved reliable and highly efficient (error rate <5%) when tested by the data from twelve normal subjects. Of two additional patients with clinical primary aldosteronism, one (adrenal adenoma at laparotomy) was correctly classified; the second one (not operated upon yet) was placed in the “no decision” region. Pattern classification, being deterministic, requires no assumption of data distribution; it may also achieve statistical significance with a sufficiently large number of training sets. Its first successful application to renal electrolyte cycles in primary aldosteronism may be expanded and upgraded by including other diseases and other methods of signal analysis and separation.
Association of erythrocyte protoporphyrin with blood lead level and iron status in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976–1980

Both iron status and body burden of lead influence heme biosynthesis. Measurement of protoporphyrin IX in the circulating erythrocyte (EP) has been used to index the extent of lead exposure and iron deficiency. The association of iron status and blood lead level with the level of EP in whole blood for persons ages 6 months through 74 years in the general U.S. population has been investigated by using data obtained in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Iron status was defined as a function of percentage transferrin saturation (%TS) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Both low iron status (%TS ⩽6.0 or TIBC ⩾50 μg/dl serum) and elevated blood lead levels (⩾30 μg/dl) were associated with increased EP concentrations. The analysis of the proportions of persons in the U.S. population with EP levels above the 95th percentile (30 μg EP/dl of whole blood in the NHANES II data) support the concern that iron status has considerable influence on interpretation of EP levels recommended for use in screening programs aimed at identifying children with lead toxicity. With screening techniques based on EP only, currently used in various public health programs, a considerable number of children with blood lead levels of ⩾30 and ⩽50 μg/dl are not referred for further diagnostic evaluation.
The basal rate of cell proliferation in normal human parathyroid tissue: implications for the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism

BACKGROUND The basal rate of cell proliferation in the human parathyroid gland is generally believed to be low, but has never previously been measured directly, although, as in other tissues, it is relevant to the pathogenesis of neoplasia. METHODS We retrieved embedded tissue blocks of parathyroids removed at autopsy from 39 patients without hypercalcaemia or abnormal renal function, aged 18 to 76 years (mean 47.6). New sections were cut and examined for expression of Ki-67, a cell-cycle marker, using the MIB-1 antibody with microwave antigen retrieval, and tonsil as positive control. Using an eyepiece graticule with unbiased square-counting frame, positively labelled chief cells were counted in large squares and total chief cells in small squares in fields selected by systematic random sampling from multiple regions. A minimum of 15 ×103 chief cells were accumulated in each case. The prevalence of Ki-67 positive cells per 104 cells (label index or LI) was converted to cell birth rate assuming that the duration of Ki-67 expression was 24 hours. In ten cases, the entire section was examined; a map of the distribution of the positive cells was reconstructed, and divided into outer and inner regions. RESULTS The geometric mean value for LI was 1.44/104, and multiplicative SD 2.54. The corresponding geometric mean cell-birth rate was 5.24%/year and 95% confidence interval 0.81–33.8%/year. We found no significant effect of age, sex, race, or duration of tissue storage. The distribution of cells conformed to a Poisson distribution, and there was no difference between central and peripheral regions. CONCLUSIONS (1) Our results establish the human parathyroid gland as a conditionally renewing tissue with very low basal cell-birth rate; other reports of much higher LI values are probably due to selective and consequently biased sampling. (2) Since the total number of cell divisions is a major determinant of the total number of mutations, our results place some constraints on possible mechanisms for parathyroid neoplasia.
Variations in Gegenschein polarization

Our observations of small scale angular structure and night-to-night variation of the polarized component of the zodiacal light near the anti-solar point have been criticized. We find that these criticisms are unsubstantiated.
Impact on quality activities of measurement systems meeting an L:1 rule

This article considers the impact of a measurement system that meets an L:1 rule on various quality activities. These activities include inspection, acceptance sampling, and control charting. A measurement system that meets a 10:1 rule performs much better than one that meets a 4:1 rule. R code is provided so that the practitioner can evaluate these activities to his or her particular situation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of growth temperature and media on inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes by chlorine

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of growth environment on the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to inactivation by hypochlorite sanitizer. Cells were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 35, 21, and 6°C and in 1:15 dilution of TSB (low nutrient medium, LNM) at 35°C. Late exponential phase cells were harvested, washed, and exposed to a 1 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution for periods up to 5 min. After 30 s exposure, cells grown at 35°C in TSB were reduced in number by 2.1 ± .3, at 21°C, 3.1 ± .3 and at 6°C, 3.4 ± .3 log units. After 30 s exposure to 5 ppm free chlorine cells grown at 35°C in TSB were reduced in number by 5.2 ± .2 and in LNM by 3.1 ± .1 log units. These data demonstrate that growth environment has a significant effect on chlorine inactivation of L. monocytogenes.
Rising Up from Indian Country: The Battle of Fort Dearborn and the Birth of Chicago. By Ann Durkin Keating. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012. Pp. xxiv, 294. $30.00.)

This study is about the individuals and the complexities of their relationships in early Chicago in the period before, during, and after the War of 1812. Ann Durkin Keating also attempts to make th...
Pattern of lymph node metastases in clinically unilateral stage I invasive epithelial ovarian carcinomas.

Abstract Purpose. There is controversy regarding the pattern of lymphatic spread in unilateral stage I invasive ovarian carcinomas. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence and distribution of lymph node (LN) metastases in ovarian carcinomas clinically confined to one ovary. Methods. Ninety-six patients with disease visibly confined to one ovary were identified. Pathology reports were reviewed to identify metastatic LN involvement, number of involved nodes, and their locations. Patients with gross disease in the pelvis or abdomen or those who had grossly positive LNs removed for debulking were excluded from this review. Results. Fourteen of ninety-six patients (15%) had microscopically positive LNs on pathologic review. All of these 14 patients had grade 3 tumors. Grade 3 tumors were more commonly seen in LN-positive versus LN-negative patients ( P Conclusions. In this cohort of patients with clinical stage I ovarian carcinoma with disease limited to one ovary, bilateral LN sampling increased the identification of nodal metastases. Ipsilateral sampling may result in the understaging of patients. Bilateral pelvic and paraaortic LN sampling is recommended to accurately stage ovarian carcinoma.
Microscopic dynamics and viscous flow in a borosilicate glass-forming liquid

The connections between microscopic dynamical processes and macroscopic viscous transport are not well known in multi-component oxide liquids, despite their importance in the glass industry and in the earth sciences. Here, rates of exchange among both silicate and borate network species in an alkali borosilicate liquid are derived from high temperature boron-11 and silicon-29 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. About 80°C above the glass transition, exchange rates of both types of units are close to the shear relaxation time calculated from the bulk viscosity. However, at lower temperatures, the silicon exchange rates decouple from the viscosity curve, possibly because of the development of intermediate-range compositional heterogeneities.
New Coarse Grid Operators for Highly Oscillatory Coefficient Elliptic Problems

New coarse grid operators are developed for elliptic problems with highly oscillatory coefficients. The new coarse grid operators are constructed directly based on the homogenized differential operators or hierarchically computed from the finest grid. A detailed description of this construction is provided. Numerical calculations for a two-dimensional elliptic model problem show that the homogenized form of the equations is very useful in the design of coarse grid operators for the multigrid method. A more realistic problem of heat conduction in a composite structure is also considered.
Amino-terminal sequence of a large non-polar peptide from elastin.

Abstract A peptide of 6,700–8,000 daltons has been isolated from an ethanolic KOH digest of bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration techniques. The peptide is non-polar and is composed almost entirely of glycine, valine, and proline (or hydroxyproline) in the ratio 2:2:1. Edman degradation of the first 17 residues gave the sequence: NH 2 -Gly-Phe-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val. These results suggest that the peptide is made up of repeating pentapeptide units with the sequence: Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val.
High-speed photometry

Abstract The photometry of astronomical objects with a time resolution between 10 μsec and 10 sec is possible with computer-directed observing techniques. A concerted exploration of phenomena showing light variations within this time domain is now underway at the University of Texas, in an attempt to define those areas of astronomy to which these techniques can be most profitably employed. Useful results have been obtained from studies of nova remnants, U Gem stars, lunar occultations, planetary occultations, cepheid variables, the optical pulsar and an eruptive white dwarf. The instrumental techniques are described, and the astronomical results so far obtained are summarized.
Separation index of a graph

The concepts of separation index of a graph and of a surface are introduced. We prove that the separation index of the sphere is 3. Also the separation index of any graph faithfully embedded in a surface of genus g is bounded by a funtion of g. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 53–61, 2002
The synthesis, crystal structure, and spectroscopic characterization of a tetrakis(μ-N,N′-diarylformamidinato)chlorodirhenium(III,III) cationic complex

Abstract A variety of dirhenium compounds has been synthesized with (ArNC(H)NAr)− where Ar is a substituted C6H5 or C6H4 aryl ring with different electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents. Reactivity studies of AgBF4 with tetrakis(μ-N,N′-diarylformamidinato)dichlorodirhenium(III,III) complex with a p-MeO substituted aryl ring result in the loss of a single axial chloride from the Re2Cl2(III,III) species to yield a cationic complex, [Re2Cl[(p-MeOC6H4)NCHN(p-MeOC6H4)]4][BF4] and AgCl. The X-ray crystal structure, UV–Vis and NMR spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterization of the cationic Re2Cl(III,III) derivative [Re2Cl[(p-MeOC6H4)NCHN(p-MeOC6H4)]4][BF4] are compared to the parent neutral Re2Cl2(III,III) complex, Re2Cl2[(p-MeOC6H4)NCHN(p-MeOC6H4)]4.
Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of the spinal cord in G86R superoxide dismutase transgenic mice: Neurochemical correlates of selective vulnerability

Transgenic mice with a G86R mutation in the mouse superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene, which corresponds to a mutation that has been observed in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), display progressive loss of motor function and provide a valuable model of ALS. The pathology in the spinal cords of these mice was evaluated to determine whether there are chemically identified populations of neurons that are either highly vulnerable or resistant to degeneration. Qualitatively, there were phosphorylated neurofilament protein (NFP)-immunoreactive inclusions and a pronounced loss of motoneurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord without the presence of vacuoles that has been reported in other SOD-1 transgenic mice. Neuron counts from SOD-1 and control spinal cords revealed that the percentage loss of NFP-, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-, and calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive neurons was greater than the percentage loss of total neurons, suggesting that these neuronal groups are particularly vulnerable in SOD-1 transgenic mice. In contrast, calbindin-containing neurons did not degenerate significantly and represent a protected population of neurons. Quantitative double-labeling experiments suggested that the vulnerability of ChAT- and CR-immunoreactive neurons was due primarily to the presence of NFP within a subset of these neurons, which degenerated preferentially to ChAT- and CR-immunoreactive neurons that did not colocalize with NFP. Our findings suggest that NFP, which has been demonstrated previously to be involved mechanistically in motoneuron degeneration, may also be important in the mechanism of degeneration that is initiated by the SOD-1 mutation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changes in the Epidemiologic Profile of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome as Rates Decline Among California Infants: 1990-1995

Objectives. To evaluate changes in the rates and epidemiologic patterns of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) after implementation of public health campaigns to promote back sleeping and reduce exposure to cigarette smoke and environmental risk factors for SIDS. Methods. California vital statistics data were used to evaluate changes in SIDS rates (deaths/1000 live births) and in the proportions of SIDS deaths by age and season of occurrence for California infants of black or other races from 1990 through 1995. Results. From 1990 through 1995, 3508 SIDS deaths occurred. SIDS rates declined from 2.69 to 2.15 for black infants and from 1.04 to 0.61 for others between 1990 and 1995. Most SIDS deaths occurred during the 2nd to 4th months of life; the proportion of SIDS deaths during this period was unchanged for blacks but decreased for others from 70% to 65%. Of all SIDS deaths, 62% occurred during the colder season (October through March); the proportion of deaths in each season did not change for either race. Conclusion. California SIDS rates declined 20% for blacks and 41% for others between 1990 and 1995. Declines coincided with campaigns to reduce environmental risk factors for SIDS. Blacks continue to be at increased risk for SIDS compared with others, and the SIDS rate for blacks relative to others has increased. Reductions in SIDS mortality coinciding with interventions were smaller for blacks than for others. New strategies are needed to reduce further SIDS rates and narrow the gap between blacks and others.
Reducing Obesity Stigma: The Effectiveness of Cognitive Dissonance and Social Consensus Interventions

Obese individuals experience pervasive stigmatization. Interventions attempting to reduce obesity stigma by targeting its origins have yielded mixed results. This randomized, controlled study examined the effectiveness of two interventions to reduce obesity stigma: cognitive dissonance and social consensus. Participants were college undergraduate students (N = 64, 78% women, mean age = 21.2 years, mean BMI = 23.1 kg/m2) of diverse ethnicities. Obesity stigma (assessed with the Antifat Attitudes Test (AFAT)) was assessed at baseline (Visit 1) and 1 week later, immediately following the intervention (Visit 2). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups where they received standardized written feedback on their obesity stigma levels. Cognitive dissonance participants (N = 21) were told that their AFAT scores were discrepant from their values (high core values of kindness and equality and high stigma), social consensus participants (N = 22) were told their scores were discrepant from their peers' scores (stigma much higher than their peers), and control participants (N = 21) were told their scores were consistent with both their peers' scores and their own values. Following the intervention, omnibus analyses revealed significant group differences on the AFAT Physical/Romantic Unattractiveness subscale (PRU; F (2, 59) = 4.43, P < 0.05). Planned contrasts revealed that cognitive dissonance group means were significantly lower than control means for AFAT total, AFAT PRU subscale, and AFAT social/character disparagement subscale (all P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between social consensus and controls. Results from this study suggest that cognitive dissonance interventions may be a successful way to reduce obesity stigma, particularly by changing attitudes about the appearance and attractiveness of obese individuals.