cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Sector Collaboration: A Tool for Democratic Health Policy Transformation

The article discusses the potential expansion of public participation in health care decision-making through cross-sector collaboration. Topics include the tendency for shared decision-making in health care to reduce health inequalities, the need for health providers, government officials and citizens to see public participation as integral to their personal and social identities, and the tendency for cross-sector collaboration research to lead to closer attention.
The fluorocarbon/ozone question.

Publisher Summary Fluorocarbons or chlorofluorocarbons are chemical compounds made up of chlorine, fluorine, carbon, and sometimes hydrogen. They are generally used as refrigerants, replacing the flammable, toxic, and corrosive materials previously used. The uses of these inert, nonflammable, volatile, and relatively low toxicity chemicals have multiplied, and now include aerosol propellants, air conditioning and refrigeration, foamed plastic for packaging and insulation, and solvents. Most end-uses are characterized by eventual release to the atmosphere. Fluorocarbons are not reactive under the conditions of photochemical smog formation. Fluorocarbons neither enhance nor inhibit smog formation but they can cause the depletion of ozone layer, which in turn results in potentially serious biological effects since ozone filters out some of the ultraviolet light from the sun. Among these potential effects is the incidence of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas in light-skinned people.
Bankinter: Deploying the Mortgage Simulator to the Branches

SUBJECT AREAS: Mortgages, Customer profitability, Bank management, Banking, Banks, Central banks, Commercial banking, Customer & client analysis. Describes how Bankinter, a mid-sized Spanish bank, altered the information set available to its customer-facing employees. In the spring of 2003, Bankinter introduced an Excel-based program called the mortgage simulator that helped branch managers calculate the price of a mortgage and estimate the customer lifetime value (CLV). Facilitates a discussion of the impact of such a change in the information set for employees when the incentives and decision rights remain unchanged. Also examines the tradeoffs front-line employees face as they divide their efforts between reaching new customers and increasing the amount of cross-selling to existing customers.
Recoloring the Colored de Bruijn Graph

The colored de Bruijn graph, an extension of the de Bruijn graph, is routinely applied for variant calling, genotyping, genome assembly, and various other applications [11]. In this data structure, the edges are labeled with one or more colors from a set \(\{c_1, \dots , c_{\alpha } \}\), and are stored as a \(m \times \alpha \) matrix, where m is the number of edges. Recently, there has been a significant amount of work in developing compacted representations of this color matrix but all existing methods have focused on compressing the color matrix [3, 10, 12, 14]. In this paper, we explore the problem of recoloring the graph in order to reduce the number of colors, and thus, decrease the size of the color matrix. We show that finding the minimum number of colors needed for recoloring is not only NP-hard but also, difficult to approximate within a reasonable factor. These hardness results motivate the need for a recoloring heuristic that we present in this paper. Our results show that this heuristic is able to reduce the number of colors between one and two orders of magnitude. More specifically, when the number of colors is large (>5,000,000) the number of colors is reduced by a factor of 136 by our heuristic. An implementation of this heuristic is publicly available at https://github.com/baharpan/cosmo/tree/Recoloring.
Will the ASA's Efforts to Improve Statistical Practice be Successful? Some Evidence to the Contrary

Recent efforts by the American Statistical Association to improve statistical practice, especially in countering the misuse and abuse of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and p-values, ar...
International Trade Openness and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Cross-Country Data

This article studies the extent to which open economies conduct monetary policy differently from economies that are relatively closed to international trade. I first estimate country-specific Taylor rules for 26 economies, following the approach of Clarida, Gal, and Gertler (1998 and 2000). Then, I examine the extent to which open economies assign systematically different weights to changes in economic outcomes, such as inflation and the output gap, than their closed economy counterparts do. I find that open economies respond less strongly to changes in expected inflation than relatively closed economies do and that the response to changes in the output gap is independent of the degree of trade openness. Moreover, I find that this difference between closed and open economies may be accounted for by the higher weight open economies give to changes in the real exchange rate, whereby these economies are more likely to decrease the nominal interest rate when the real exchange rate is relatively appreciated.
A validated miRNA expression profile for response to neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer.

4078 Background: For patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) preoperative chemoradiation (trimodality therapy) is the preferred approach. We examined several patient cohorts to create and val...
Dermoscopy of Inflammatory Dermatoses (Inflammoscopy): An Up-to-Date Overview.

In addition to its use in pigmented and nonpigmented skin tumors, dermoscopy is gaining appreciation in assisting the diagnosis of nonneoplastic diseases, especially inflammatory dermatoses (inflammoscopy). In this field, dermoscopic examination should be considered as the second step of a “2-step procedure,” always preceded by the establishment of a differential diagnosis on the basis of clinical examination. In this paper, we sought to provide an up-to-date overview on the use of dermoscopy in common inflammatory dermatoses based on the available literature data. For practical purposes, the analyzed dermatoses are grouped according to the clinical presentation pattern, in line with the 2-step procedure principle: erythematous-desquamative and papulosquamous dermatoses, papulokeratotic dermatoses, erythematous facial dermatoses, sclero-atrophic dermatoses, and miscellaneous.
Contrasting chemotactic escape responses of the common Antarctic gastropod Margarella antarctica to four species of sympatric sea stars

Abstract Escape responses of marine gastropods from sea star predators have long been established in laboratory studies. The degree of the response, which may include shell elevation and rotation and/or rapid flight, can vary with sea star taxa, providing insights into the degree to which a particular sea star species represents an in situ predatory threat. Little is known of such predator-prey interactions among benthic macroinvertebrates along the western Antarctic Peninsula. The present laboratory study employed video analysis to measure chemotactic escape responses (mean speed of flight following contact with the tip of a sea star's arm) in the common Antarctic top shell snail Margarella antarctica to the sea stars Neosmilaster georgianus, Remaster sp., Granaster nutrex, and Odontaster validus. Identical assays in response to contact with the thalli of the macroalga Gigartina skottsbergii provided a control. Significant flight responses to contact with two of the four sea star taxa were detected [N. georgianus (6.2 cm min−1), Remaster spp. (4.4 cm min−1)]. There was no significant difference between gastropod speed in response to contact with the control macroalga (1.9 cm min−1) and to the sea stars G. nutrex (3.1 cm min−1) and O. validus (1.1 cm min−1). Measured patterns of sea star-induced gastropod flight responses are discussed in the context of natural diets and feeding modes of the sea stars.
Validation and implementation of an ultrasensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay for dapivirine quantitation in breast milk.

Abstract Background The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor dapivirine has been evaluated as a topical microbicidal agent to prevent HIV-1 acquisition. Several clinical trials have evaluated the pharmacokinetics of dapivirine when administered as a 25-mg intravaginal ring. Recent studies have focused on the distribution of dapivirine into breast milk. Drug distribution during lactation and breastfeeding can have implications in terms of infant drug exposure. Thus, sensitive bioanalytical tools are required to characterize the pharmacokinetics of dapivirine in breast milk. Methods Whole breast milk was spiked with dapivirine and internal standard. Lipid content was disrupted via pre-treatment with n-hexane, and supernatants were subjected to solid phase extraction. Extracted materials were subjected to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Separation occurred using a Waters BEH C8, 50 × 2.1 mm UPLC column with a 1.7 µm particle size and dapivirine was detected on an API 5000 mass analyzer. Methods were validated in accordance with FDA Bioanalytical Method Validation recommendations. Results The analytical method was optimized for dapivirine extraction from breast milk. The analytical measuring range of the assay was 10–1000 pg/mL. Calibration curves were generated via weighted linear regression of standards. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy studies demonstrated %CVs ≤ 14.6% and %DEVs ≤ ±12.7%. Stability and matrix effects studies were also conducted and deemed acceptable. The method was applied to a previously reported phase 1 clinical trial and demonstrated appropriate performance in the quantitation of dapivirine in breast milk samples from lactating women. Conclusions An ultrasensitive LC-MS/MS assay has been developed and validated for the quantitation of dapivirine in breast milk. The described method meets validation acceptance criteria and has been applied to a phase 1 clinical trial.
DisCovER: distance-based covariational threading for weakly homologous proteins

Abstract Motivation Threading a query protein sequence onto a library of weakly homologous structural templates remains challenging, even when sequence-based predicted contact or distance information is used. Contact- or distance-assisted threading methods utilize only the residue pairs predicted to be spatially close for template selection and alignment, ignoring the neighborhood effect induced by the interacting pairs. Results We present a new distance-based covariational threading method called DisCovER by effectively integrating information from distance maps and their topological network neighborhood. Our method first selects a subset of templates using standard profile-based threading to perform distance-based query-template alignment, and then iteratively improves the sensitivity of the alignment through double dynamic programming by incorporating topological network similarity terms induced by distance-derived inter-residue interaction network to account for the neighborhood effect. Multiple large-scale benchmarking results on query proteins classified in current literature as hard threading targets show that our method greatly outperforms not only the traditional threading methods including SparkX, HHpred, CNFpred, MUSTER, PPAS, and pGenThreader; but also the state-of-the-art contact-assisted threading approaches such as CEthreader, map_align, EigenTHREADER, and CATHER. As threading gets harder and harder by the exclusion of more and more structurally similar templates, the performance of our method gets better and better compared to the contact-assisted approaches CEthreader, map_align, and EigenTHREADER. At one of the hardest threading scenarios, the average performance of DisCovER is much better than the reported average accuracy of the only other distance-based threading method DeepThreader, which is not publicly available. Controlled experiments reveal that integration of distance information significantly improves threading template selection and alignment and is one of the key factors behind the improved performance of DisCovER. Availability https://github.com/Bhattacharya-Lab/DisCovER Contact bhattacharyad@auburn.edu
Releasing individuals from incarceration during COVID-19: Pandemic-related challenges and recommendations for promoting successful reentry

The emergence and rapid growth of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted the U S criminal justice system as federal and state governments consider allowing the early release of select currently incarcerated individuals to mitigate the pandemic's spread As a result, the number of incarcerated individuals released into the community is likely to increase abruptly COVID-19 has drastically altered the communities to which reentering individuals are returning, and the needs of reentry populations are changing accordingly This article reviews the existing and anticipated criminogenic needs of previously incarcerated individuals as they transition to the community during a pandemic It also provides recommended adaptations to reentry services in order to promote successful reentry during the COVID-19 pandemic (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Abstract 16510: Acute Use Impairs Vascular Function in Exclusive Juul Users (the Jive Study)

Introduction: The use of pod-based electronic cigarettes such as JUUL has especially increased among youth and young adults. Due to its popularity and high nicotine delivery as salts, JUUL warrants...
Optimal Delay-Cost Scheduling Control in Fluid Models of General nxn Input-Queued Switches

Input-queued switch (IQS) architectures are widely used in modern computer/communication networks. The optimal scheduling control of these high-speed, low-latency networks is critical for our understanding of fundamental design and performance issues related to internet routers, cloud computing data centers, and high-performance computing. A large and rich literature exists around optimal scheduling in these systems. This includes the extensive study of IQSs as an important mathematical model for a general class of optimal scheduling control problems of broad interest.
A Patient with BRAF V600E-Mutated Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer with Metastatic Disease

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has an overall poor prognosis. In 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination, dabrafenib/trametinib, for BRAFV600E-mutated ATC, which has shown high response rates (69%) and improved survival and is now the standard of care in the USA. Rapid determination of the BRAFV600E status is part of the initial workup for all ATC patients, in addition to the assessment of the airway and staging. In patients where a complete resection cannot be achieved (the majority), chemoradiation can be offered. Those with BRAF mutations, however, may benefit from neoadjuvant dabrafenib/trametinib followed by surgery and chemoradiation.
Growth and Survival of Attached Listeria on Lettuce and Stainless Steel Varies by Strain and Surface Type

ABSTRACT The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes lives as a saprophyte in nature and can adhere to and grow on surfaces as diverse as leaves, sediment, and stainless steel. To discern the mechanisms used by L. monocytogenes for attachment and growth on various surfaces, we studied interactions between the pathogen on lettuce and stainless steel. A panel of 24 strains (23 L. monocytogenes and 1 Listeria innocua) were screened for attachment and growth on lettuce at 4 and 25°C and on stainless steel at 10 and 37°C. Overnight growth of attached cells resulted in a 0- to 3-log increase on lettuce, depending on the strain and the temperature. Among the worst-performing strains on lettuce were two from a large cantaloupe outbreak, indicating that factors important for interactions with cantaloupe may be different from those required on lettuce tissue. Strains that grew the best on lettuce belonged to serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b and were from cheese, potatoes, and water-sediment near produce fields. Confocal microscopy of L. monocytogenes tagged with constitutively expressed green fluorescent protein indicated associations with the cut edges and veins of lettuce leaves. On stainless steel coupons, there was a 5- to 7-log increase at 10°C after 7 days and a 4- to 7-log increase at 37°C after 40 h. Statistically, surface growth on stainless steel was better for serotype 1/2a than for serotype 4b strains, even though certain serotype 4b strains grew well on the coupons. The latter included strains that originated from produce and water-sediment. Some strains were fit in both environments, whereas others showed variability between the two different surfaces. Further analysis of these strains should reveal molecular factors needed for adherence and surface growth of L. monocytogenes on different biotic and abiotic surfaces. HIGHLIGHTS
Lung Cancer in Women: a Review

Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers affecting millions of men and women worldwide. Historically, lung cancer predominantly affects men, but in recent years there have been significant changes in the epidemiology of lung cancer among women. Additionally, further understanding of lung cancer has changed our approach to the diagnosis and management of lung cancer. This article aims to discuss recent changes in lung cancer among women including incidence, mortality, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis. The incidence of lung cancer among women is declining overall but at a significantly slower rate compared to men. The implementation of smoking prevention and cessation efforts has decreased the incidence of cigarette smoking of the past 50 years which has revealed other important risk factors for developing lung cancer. Additionally, new algorithms for diagnosis and staging have led to further changes in management strategies for lung cancer. Lung cancer among women is a growing concern with incidence rates decreasing significantly slower compared to men. Risk factors such as age, race, socioeconomic status, and geographic locations are becoming more apparent as important variables in the development of lung cancer among women. Lastly, new advancements in diagnosis, staging, and management are likely to result in improved short- and long-term prognosis in patients with lung cancer.
“Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency medicine education: Insights from faculty and residents”

ABSTRACT Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact health systems across the United States and worldwide in an unprecedented way;however, its influence on front-line medical trainees? educational experiences is unknown Our objective was to determine the effects of COVID-19 on emergency medicine training programs and residents Methods We performed a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey study of faculty and residents at programs registered with Foundations of Emergency Medicine Participants completed an online survey consisting of closed and open-ended response items We reported descriptive statistics for discrete and continuous data Free-response data were analyzed qualitatively using a thematic approach Results Ninety-two percent of faculty (119/129) and 47% (1965/4154) of residents responded to our survey We identified three major themes related to effects on learning: 1) Impact on clinical training, 2) Impact on didactic education, 3) Impact on the trainee Nearly all residencies (96%, 111/116) allowed residents to work with patients suspected of having COVID-19, though fewer (83%, 96/115) allowed residents to intubate them We found that 99% (1918/1928) of residents experienced virtual didactics Faculty and trainees noted multiple educational challenges and strategies for adaptation Trainees also expressed concerns about stress and safety Conclusion COVID-19 has impacted emergency medicine education in many ways including clinical training, didactic education, and trainee emotional state and concentration Challenges and suggested solutions for learning in the virtual environment were also identified While the pandemic continues to evolve and impact EM residents in various ways, our results may inform strategies to support medical educators and trainees during pandemics or other periods of significant disruption or crisis
Ribosome-associated quality control and CAT tailing

Translation is the set of mechanisms by which ribosomes decode genetic messages as they synthesize polypeptides of a defined amino acid sequence. While the ribosome has been honed by evolution for high-fidelity translation, errors are inevitable. Aberrant mRNAs, mRNA structure, defective ribosomes, interactions between nascent proteins and the ribosomal exit tunnel, and insufficient cellular resources, including low tRNA levels, can lead to functionally irreversible stalls. Life thus depends on quality control mechanisms that detect, disassemble and recycle stalled translation intermediates. R ibosome-associated Q uality C ontrol (RQC) recognizes aberrant ribosome states and targets their potentially toxic polypeptides for degradation. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of RQC in bacteria, fungi, and metazoans. We focus in particular on an unusual modification made to the nascent chain known as a "CAT tail", or C arboxy-terminal A lanine and T hreonine tail, and the mechanisms by which ancient RQC proteins catalyze CAT-tail synthesis.
A hybrid deep neural network for robust single-cell genome-wide DNA methylation detection

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that occurs when methyl groups are added to the 5th carbons of DNA cytosine residues. The process primarily takes place at CpG sites within the genome for the purpose of gene expression. Most cancerous cells result from aberrant DNA methylation, and the process is also linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. To discern the link between DNA methylation patterns and diseases, the methylation status of CpG sites throughout the genome must be known. Existing practical sequencing techniques can only map out methylation statuses for 10% to 40% of CpG sites. To address this deficiency, we have developed a hybrid deep neural network to estimate missing methylation statuses across the entire genome. The network was built with convolutional neural network layers and bidirectional LSTM neural network layers. The network extracts features from raw DNA sequences and creatively utilizes information contained in neighboring CpG sites. Our network achieved accuracy rates of 91% to 93% on the task of DNA methylation status identification, which is a statistically significant improvement over existing leading computational methods.
Electrochemical Studies of Flavins and of Metal-Flavin Interaction in Aprotic Solvents

The nonaqueous electrochemistry of riboflavin, 3-methyllurniflavin, and phenazine has been studied at a platinum electrode in DMSO, DMF, and CH3CN. Cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and controlled potential electrolysis have been used to determine the stoichiometry, thermodynamics, and kinetics of the electron transfer processes. The results indicate that the three model compounds are reduced in neutral solutions by two one-electron steps with a stable anion radical produced by the first of these. Under acidic conditions the model compounds are reduced by a single two-electron process. Reduction mechanisms are proposed which are consistent with the electrochemical data and products. The interactions of the radical anion species with Fe2+, Ni2+, Y3+, La3+, Th4+, Ca2+, and Na+ ions have been investigated and the relative stabilities of the resulting complexes have been evaluated. Disproportionation of the radical anion appears to be promoted by the higher valent metal ions. The electrochemical data provide a basis for proposing an electron transfer mechanism for metallo flavoenzymes.
A note on a Ramsey-type problem for sequences

Two sequences $\{x_i\}_{i=1}^{t}$ and $\{y_i\}_{i=1}^t$ of distinct integers are similar if their entries are order-isomorphic. Let $f(r,X)$ be the length of the shortest sequence $Y$ such that any $r$-coloring of the entries of $Y$ yields a monochromatic subsequence that is also similar to $X$. In this note we show that for any fixed non-monotone sequence $X$, $f(r,X)=\Theta(r^2)$, otherwise, for a monotone $X$, $f(r,X)=\Theta(r)$.
Consciousness and Higher‐Order Thought

The higher-order-thought hypothesis is a proposed explanation of what it is for a mental state to be a conscious state and hence of how conscious mental states differ from mental states that are not conscious. Keywords: consciousness; inner self; introspection; mental quality; self
The National Nursing Education Database.

Forecasting and monitoring the supply of future nurses through accurate and timely data collection from schools of nursing is an increasingly important function of the NLN Department of Research. However, we have long been concerned about the burden placed on deans and directors, who are asked to comply with requests for data from regulatory and accrediting bodies and other professional organizations. We are therefore pleased to announce a new initiative whereby the research arm of the NLN will work with the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) and the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) to share data from the NLN annual survey. Going forward, our annual survey will be known as the National Nursing Education Database[TM] (NNED) Survey of Schools of Nursing. In planning the NNED, the NLN will ensure that data related to NLNAC accreditation will be accessible to and used solely by NLNAC staff. NLNAC will continue to report aggregate trended data from its accredited programs as part of its responsibility to the U.S. Department of Education to monitor the impact of NLNAC accreditation on quality in nursing education and to identify changes and trends in accredited programs that may warrant changes to accreditation standards, criteria, or policies. The AACC will publish special reports based on the data collected from associate degree nursing programs. These programs will not need to respond to another survey asking for similar data. Finally, the NLN will continue to report on the data collected through the NNED Survey of Schools of Nursing, responding to requests and through publication in various formats. We will continue to publish our Nursing Data Reviews and our State-Approved Schools of Nursing publications. The 2004 National Nursing Education Database Survey will be issued electronically September 15, with user name and password provided by e-mail in a covering letter. The online survey will be available only until November 15. As in the past, a Help Desk staffed by the NLN will provide assistance during the survey period. All schools of nursing--not only NLN members and programs accredited by the NLNAC--are urged to participate. What We Learned from the 2003 Data Response rates to the 2003 annual survey varied by type of nursing program, ranging from 79.7 percent for diploma programs to 54.4 percent for associate degree programs and 52.4 percent for baccalaureate programs. The overall response rate for all basic RN programs was 54.8 percent. Where data were unavailable for the current year, values were imputed based on the program's historical data records. In June 2004, the NLN published Nursing Data Review, Academic Year 2003, Volume 1: Contemporary RN Nursing Education, the newest edition in the Nursing Data Review series, last published in 1997. …
SBRT: an opportunity to improve quality of life for oligometastatic prostate cancer

Objective: Oligometastatic prostate cancer is a limited metastatic disease state in which potential long-term control is still possible with the use of targeted therapies such as surgery or stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). SBRT may as well potentially prolong the time before the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and docetaxel chemotherapy for oligometastatic prostate cancer. The goal of this study is to outline prognostic factors associated with improved outcome with SBRT for metastatic prostate cancer and to quantify the effect of prior systemic treatments such as ADT and docetaxel on survival after SBRT. Methods: Twenty-four prostate cancer patients were treated with SBRT at the Philadelphia CyberKnife Center between August 2007 and April 2014. Retrospective data collection and analysis were performed for these patients on this IRB approved study. Kaplan–Meier methodology was utilized to estimate and visually assess overall survival at the patient level, with comparisons accomplished using the log-rank test. Unadjusted hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Results: An improved median survival was noted for patients with oligometastatic disease defined as 4 or fewer lesions with median survival of greater than 3 years compared with 11 months for polymetastases (p=0.02). The use of docetaxel at some time in follow up either before or after SBRT was associated with decreased survival with median survival of 9 months vs. greater than 3 years (p=0.01). Conclusion: Prognosis was better for men with recurrent prostate cancer treated with SBRT if they had 4 or less metastases (oligometastases) or if docetaxel was not necessary for salvage treatment. The prolonged median overall survival for men with oligometastases in this population of heavily pretreated prostate cancer patients following SBRT may allow for improved quality of life due to a delay of more toxic salvage therapies.
Meander hydrodynamics initiated by river restoration deflectors

River restoration projects have installed j-hook deflectors along the outer bank of meander bends to reduce hydraulic erosion, and in this study we use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to document how these deflectors initiate changes in meander hydrodynamics. We validated the CFD with streamwise and cross-channel bankfull velocities from a 193° meander bend flume (inlet at 0°) with a fixed point bar and pool equilibrium bed but no j-hooks, and then used the CFD to simulate changes to flow initiated by bank-attached boulder j-hooks (1st attached at 70°, then a 2nd at 160°). At bankfull and half bankfull flow the j-hooks flattened transverse water surface slopes, formed backwater pools upstream of the boulders, and steepened longitudinal water slopes across the boulders and in the conveyance region off the mid-channel boulder tip. Streamwise velocity and mass transport jets upstream of the j-hooks were stilled, mid-channel jets were initiated in the conveyance region, eddies with a cross-channel axis formed below boulders, and eddies with a vertical axis were shed into wake zones downstream of the point bar and outer bank boulders. At half bankfull depth conveyance region flow cut toward the outer bank downstream of the j-hook boulders and the secondary circulation cells were reshaped. At bankfull depth the j-hook at 160° was needed to redirect bank-impinging flow sent by the upstream j-hook. The hooked boulder tip of both j-hooks funneled surface flow into mid-channel plunging jets, which reversed the secondary circulation cells and initiated 1 to 3 counter rotating cells through the entire meander. The main outer bank collision zone centered at 50° without the j-hook was moved by the j-hook to within and just beyond the 70° j-hook boulder region, which displaced other mass transport zones downstream. J-hooks re-organized water surface slopes, streamwise and cross-channel velocities, and mass transport patterns, to move shear stress from the outer bank and into the conveyance and mid-channel zones at bankfull flow. At half bankfull flows a patch of high shear re-attached to the outer bank below the downstream j-hook. J-hook geometry and placement within natural meanders can be analyzed with CFD models to help restoration teams reach design goals and understand hydraulic impacts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunohistology, Light Microscopy, and Ultrastructural Morphology of Transplantable Rat Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas

Abstract We recently reported growth and calcitonin (CT) parameters determined during serial transplantation of rat medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). After 6 to 8 tumor transplant generations, most MTC series tended to maintain characteristic rates of growth and CT production. We have selected three stable MTC series which together represent a wide range of growth and CT production for immunohistological, light microscopic, and ultrastructural analyses. These analyses have been interpreted in light of previously reported biological and immunochemical characteristics of these tumors. The fastest growing MTC series (designated 1-1-2) has the lowest CT content. The two other MTC series, 1-2-4 and 2-2-10, have somewhat slower growth and 10- to 20-fold higher CT content. Descriptive light microscopic analyses of the tumors distinguished the 1-1-2 series by the presence of active necrosis and scar tissue and by generalized low-intensity immunoperoxidase staining (CT antibodies). Descriptive ultrstructural analyses revealed high concentrations of secretory granules in each of the 3 MTC series. However, differences in morphology and distribution of secretory granules and other cell organelles related to processing and elaboration of secretory products were noted. The highest CT-producers (MTC Series 2-2-10) had, in addition to mature secretory granules, a number of less mature, more electron-dense, prosecretory-type granules near the Golgi apparatus. Secretory granules in the 2-2-10 series tumor cells were distributed more peripherally than in the 1-2-4 series. Compared to the 2-2-10 series, the 1-2-4 series exhibited a similar number of coated and prosecretory-type vesicles in the Golgi region. The uniform staining and distribution of mature secretory granules and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum with few attached ribosomes characterized the 1-2-4 series. The low-CT, fast-growing 1-1-2 tumors exhibited decreased mitochondria, increased lysosomes, and increased microfilaments. They also had features of cells actively elaborating secretory products such as peripheral secretory granules with varying density and prominent dilated Golgi profiles. The prosecretory-type granules, however, occupied a similar volume in this series as in 1-2-4 and 2-2-10. These results suggest that the type of secretory products and their rate of synthesis may differ among the MTC tumors, making these tumors an excellent model system for studying tumor growth and function.
Regulation of T Cell Receptor CD3ζ Chain Expression byl-Arginine

Abstract l-Arg plays a central role in the normal function of several organ systems including the immune system. l-Arg can be depleted by arginase I produced by macrophages and hepatocytes in several disease states such as trauma and sepsis and following liver transplantation. The decrease inl-Arg levels induces a profound decrease in T cell function through mechanisms that have remained unclear. The data presented here demonstrate that Jurkat T cells cultured in medium withoutl-Arg (l-Arg-free RPMI) have a rapid decrease in the expression of the T cell antigen receptor ζ chain (CD3ζ), the principal signal transduction element in this receptor, and a decrease in T cell proliferation. This phenomenon is completely reversed by the replenishment of l-Arg but not other amino acids. These changes are not caused by cell apoptosis; instead, the diminished expression of CD3ζ protein is paralleled by a decrease in CD3ζ mRNA. This change in CD3ζ mRNA expression is not caused by a decrease in the transcription rate but rather by a significantly shorter CD3ζ mRNA half-life. This mechanism is sensitive to cycloheximide. Therefore, the regulation ofl-Arg concentration in the microenvironment could represent an important mechanism to modulate the expression of CD3ζ and the T cell receptor and consequently of T cell function.
PAROLEES' PERCEPTION OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM

The parolees in this sample viewed the police rather negatively, were reluctant to label contacts with the police as harassment, and experienced a great deal of pluralistic ignorance about the extent of the police harassment of ex-offenders. They also had a very negative opinion of the courts and lawyers. When asked general questions about the courts and police harassment, blacks responded more negatively than whites; but when asked about their personal experiences with these organizations, no racial differences were found. Those interviewed were somewhat positive toward the parole system and very positive toward their parole agents. Possibly this is because the agents employ a strategy of ingratiation in that they do not enforce all of the existing rules, or possibly it is because the Illinois parole agents are doing a good job of being counsellors rather than policemen. This study also found: (1) on opinions of the police and the courts, the black-white differences which have been found in the community were also found here; namely, blacks were more negative than were whites. (2) On opinions of lawyers and the parole system, no black-white differences existed among respondents. (3) There was no evidence of a disconfirmed expectancy effect; that is, in no case was there more negativity among white parolees than among black due to whites' higher expectations of the justice system.
The Teaching and the Enjoyment and Being Together...: Sibling Teaching in the Family of a Puerto Rican Kindergartner.

This study describes and analyzes the strategies used by a group of older siblings in the family of a Puerto Rican kindergartner to teach school-related knowledge and skills at home. The strategies are compared with those used by the child's teacher in a bilingual kindergarten. Ethnographic and ethnomethodological approaches were used. Sociocultural theory and the concept of guided participation provided a framework for the analysis that emphasized the cultural embeddedness of teaching and learning. Findings show that the older siblings taught the kindergartner within a context of learning and togetherness established by the parents and grounded in Latino culture. They used a range of strategies that included the teacher-identified recitation script and they often shared responsibility for the interactions with the kindergartner. By blending teaching strategies from their school experiences and from their culture, the older siblings helped him bridge some home-school differences in the teaching/learning process. In the classroom, the teacher used the recitation script more consistently. She usually took responsibility for teaching interactions and the children played a less active role. Implications for research and teaching are discussed.
Implementation of a reference-scaled average bioequivalence approach for highly variable generic drug products by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Highly variable (HV) drugs are defined as those for which within-subject variability (%CV) in bioequivalence (BE) measures is 30% or greater. Because of this high variability, studies designed to show whether generic HV drugs are bioequivalent to their corresponding HV reference drugs may need to enroll large numbers of subjects even when the products have no significant mean differences. To avoid unnecessary human testing, the US Food and Drug Administration’s Office of Generic Drugs developed a reference-scaled average bioequivalence (RSABE) approach, whereby the BE acceptance limits are scaled to the variability of the reference product. For an acceptable RSABE study, an HV generic drug product must meet the scaled BE limit and a point estimate constraint. The approach has been implemented successfully. To date, the RSABE approach has supported four full approvals and one tentative approval of HV generic drug products.
A survey of forensic characterization methods for physical devices

This paper describes methods for forensic characterization of physical devices. This is important in verifying the trust and authenticity of data and the device that created it. Current forensic identification techniques for digital cameras, printers, and RF devices are presented. It is also shown how these techniques can fit into a general forensic characterization framework, which can be generalized for use with other devices.
First demonstration of a high performance difference frequency spectrometer on airborne platforms.

We discuss the first airborne deployment and performance tests of a mid-IR difference frequency spectrometer system for highly sensitive measurements of formaldehyde. The laser system is based upon difference-frequency generation (DFG) at ~3.5 μm by mixing a DFB diode laser at 1562 nm and a distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser at 1083 nm in a periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) crystal. Advanced LabVIEWTM software for lock-in, dual-beam optical noise subtraction, thermal control and active wavelength stabilization, renders a sensitivity of ~20 pptv (Absorbance ~7*10-7) for 30s of averaging. The instrument’s performance characteristics spanning more than 300 flight hours during three consecutive airborne field missions MIRAGE, IMPEX and TexAQS operating on two airborne platforms, NCAR’s C-130 and NOAA’s P-3 aircraft are demonstrated.
Host Cell Autophagy Is Induced by Toxoplasma gondii and Contributes to Parasite Growth

Autophagy has been shown to contribute to defense against intracellular bacteria and parasites. In comparison, the ability of such pathogens to manipulate host cell autophagy to their advantage has not been examined. Here we present evidence that infection by Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan parasite, induces host cell autophagy in both HeLa cells and primary fibroblasts, via a mechanism dependent on host Atg5 but independent of host mammalian target of rapamycin suppression. Infection led to the conversion of LC3 to the autophagosome-associated form LC3-II, to the accumulation of LC3-containing vesicles near the parasitophorous vacuole, and to the relocalization toward the vacuole of structures labeled by the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate indicator YFP-2×FYVE. The autophagy regulator beclin 1 was concentrated in the vicinity of the parasitophorous vacuole in infected cells. Inhibitor studies indicated that parasite-induced autophagy is dependent on calcium signaling and on abscisic acid. At physiologically relevant amino acid levels, parasite growth became defective in Atg5-deficient cells, indicating a role for host cell autophagy in parasite recovery of host cell nutrients. A flow cytometric analysis of cell size as a function of parasite content revealed that autophagy-dependent parasite growth correlates with autophagy-dependent consumption of host cell mass that is dependent on parasite progression. These findings indicate a new role for autophagy as a pathway by which parasites may effectively compete with the host cell for limiting anabolic resources.
Computed tomography of choroid plexus lesions.

Abstract Computed tomographic (CT) and clinical findings in 14 patients with 17 lesions of the choroid plexus are presented. Primary neoplasms are the most common lesions in this series and include papiliomas, meningiomas, carcinoma, astrocytoma, and teratocarcinoma. There are five vascular lesions, consisting of cavernous angiomas, hemangiomas, and an arteriovenous malformation. One patient had bilateral xanthogranulomus. There was association between cavernous angiomas and Sturge-Weber, and between meningiomas and neurofibro natosis. Useful distingiushing clinical and CT features between the different types of lesions are discussed.
Circadian variation in the CSF cortisol concentration of the rhesus monkey

Abstract Cortisol concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the rhesus monkey were found to undergo a marked diurnal variation. Hourly samples of CSF from 4 adult male rhesus monkeys showed a mean peak cortisol concentration of 1.56 ± .29 μg% occuring between 0800–0900 hrs and a mean minimum concentration between 2200-0000 hrs of 0.21 ± .06 μg%. The mean daily CSF cortisol concentration increase was 900%, a greater variation than has been reported for plasma cortisol diurnal changes.
From Fingers to Miniaturization and Robots: An Overview of the History of Surgical Instrumentation

Nurses need to appreciate how surgical instruments were developed in relation to the history of surgery to anticipate what is likely to happen in the future. Kirkup noted that the dramatic changes in surgery and instrumentation were related directly to the development of anesthesia, antisepsis, asepsis, and other scientific advances, The long periods of slow advancement in the field, however, did provide the time to solve issues related to anatomy and other basics that allowed 19th century surgeons to take advantage of the allied developments. A key concept in understanding this history is to recognize that all surgical instruments function as extensions of the original tools that came from the human body: mouths, hands, and fingers. 2(ppxi, 42–3) It is also important to recognize that the function of the instruments evolved with the practice of the art of surgery. It is impossible to separate the story of the tools surgeons use from the human saga that stimulated the need for surgery.
Ultrafilters on a countable set

An ultrafilter on a set is a proper collection of subsets of ' that set which is maximal among such collections having the finite intersection property. Ultrafilters were popularized by N.Bourbaki for their use in describing topological convergence, but for some time there was little discussion of the possible structural properties that an indiwdual ultrafilter might possess. This paper is concerned only with ultrafilters on a countable s,~t and a method of describing them by building them from certain minimal ultrafilters; most of the work here has co~l-e from Chapters 1, 2, and 4 of [ I ]. The first part of this paper describes a cer• tain tree of ultrafilters and the third part describes an ordering in which this tree is embedded; the remaining two parts deat with tninimal ultrafilters and with products of uitrafilters. Theorems and lemmas are always thought of +her~, as being proved in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice, ZFC. If a theorem T is to be proved in some other set theory, say the theory 17, it is stated in ZFC in the following manner:
Manure phosphorus fractions : Development of analytical methods and variation with manure types

Abstract Manure phosphorus (P) extraction and storage procedures were evaluated, and manure types were characterized for extractable P. The objectives of this research were to evaluate manure P extraction and sample storage procedures and to characterize manure types for water‐extractable P (WEP) and NaHCO3 P (BiEP). Manure P was extracted at dry matter–to–water extraction ratios of 0.5 g/200 mL, 2 g/200 mL, 2 g/20 mL, and 20 g/200 mL. Shaking times of 0.5 h, 1 h, or 2 h were evaluated along with filter paper types (Whatman No. 42, Whatman No. 40, and 0.45‐µm). Single or sequential extractions and repeated extractions with water or NaHCO3 were also compared on various manure sources. Manure types were treated as replications in the analysis of variance to reduce the probability of making a Type I error in applying the results to diverse manure types. Dry matter–to–water extraction ratios more concentrated than 1 g/100 mL removed less P than extraction at 1 g/200 mL, which removed a similar percentage of t...
Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae): Control and Relationship to Incidence of Seedling Blight in Nursery-Grown Arizona Cypress

Damage to nursery-grown Arizona cypress seedlings by Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) was reduced by soil applications of chlorpyrifos or carbofuran. There was no direct correlation between degree of borer control and percentage of blight-free seedlings in beds at harvest; increases in percent clean seedlings were correlated with blight control with fungicide.