cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The promise and perils of produced waters: intelligent trial and error as an anticipatory framework for enabling responsible innovation

Human population increases alongside climatic changes has spurred interest in technologies exploiting unconventional water resources. However, analysis of the hazards entailed by these technologies...
Assessment and documentation of incontinence-associated dermatitis after implementation of a standardised instrument: a comparative study.

Objective: In this study, clinical nurses' documentation of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) were compared with wound expert documentation before and after implementing a valid, reliable se...
The poset of unlabeled induced subgraphs of a finite graph

The set of all unlabeled induced subgraphs of a finite graph G can be made into a poset by defining $$H_1 \le H_2$$ iff $$H_1$$ is a subgraph of $$H_2$$. This paper discusses some of the connections between the graph properties of G and the order theoretic properties of this poset. This paper then restricts this class of subgraphs to only connected unlabeled induced subgraphs and looks at some of the order theoretic properties of that poset.
Tensions in aesthetic socialization: Negotiating competence and differentiation in Chinese art test prep schools

Abstract This article examines how art students negotiate tensions that arise during aesthetic socialization. Drawing on ethnographic data and thirty in-depth interviews with art students and teachers preparing for the art test in China, I show the micro-processes of how students strike a balance between institutional imperatives toward competence and differentiation. I perform the analysis of such a negotiation in three areas of tension: (1) learning and unlearning, (2) present demands and long-term goals, and (3) the contrasting identities of artist and designer. First, students achieve an active control of shifting between demonstrating technical competence and deskilling, through engaging in a processual practice of learning to unlearn. In doing so, students manage to convey a natural ease in their work, enabling an ability to improvise and deliver their artistic visions within conventions. Second, students reconcile their present demand of university admissions and long-term goal of occupational socialization, by emphasizing moral values shared in both test preparation and creative work. Finally, students navigate artistic identities by weighing the contrasting images of Western artists and Chinese artists socialized within prep schools. Most students’ aspirations to be designers, rather than fine artists, are paradoxically connected to their pursuit of aesthetic qualities central to idealized Western artists. As art learning has become increasingly standardized and institutionalized, analyzing tensions in aesthetic socialization is essential for examining the ongoing processes of negotiating conflicts within artistic production and creative work generally.
Congruity between mood and brand involvement enhances the effectiveness of message appeals: Dual processing model perspective

This research examined how mood, brand involvement, and message appeals interacted with each other; and how this interaction influenced consumers’ evaluation of advertisements. Results showed that ...
Early Intervention in Ischemic Tissue with Oxygen Nanocarriers Enables Successful Implementation of Restorative Cell Therapies.

Tissue ischemia contributes to necrosis and infection. While angiogenic cell therapies have emerged as a promising strategy against ischemia, current approaches to cell therapies face multiple hurdles. Recent advances in nuclear reprogramming could potentially overcome some of these limitations. However, under severely ischemic conditions necrosis could outpace reprogramming-based repair. As such, adjunctive measures are required to maintain a minimum level of tissue viability/activity for optimal response to restorative interventions. Here we explored the combined use of polymerized hemoglobin (PolyHb)-based oxygen nanocarriers with Tissue Nano-Transfection (TNT)-driven restoration to develop tissue preservation/repair strategies that could potentially be used as a first line of care. Random-pattern cutaneous flaps were created in a mouse model of ischemic injury. PolyHbs with high and low oxygen affinity were synthesized and injected into the tissue flap at various timepoints of ischemic injury. The degree of tissue preservation was evaluated in terms of perfusion, oxygenation, and resulting necrosis. TNT was then used to deploy reprogramming-based vasculogenic cell therapies to the flaps via nanochannels. Reprogramming/repair outcomes were evaluated in terms of vascularity and necrosis. Flaps treated with PolyHbs exhibited a gradual decrease in necrosis as a function of time-to-intervention, with low oxygen affinity PolyHb showing the best outcomes. TNT-based intervention of the flap in combination with PolyHb successfully curtailed advanced necrosis compared to flaps treated with only PolyHb or TNT alone. These results indicate that PolyHb and TNT technologies could potentially be synergistically deployed and used as early intervention measures to combat severe tissue ischemia.
Charge-Assisted Hydrogen Bonds and Halogen-Halogen Interactions in Organic Salts: Benzylammonium Benzoates and Pentafluorobenzoates

The enhanced influence of charge-assisted hydrogen bonds upon the resulting crystal structure in the presence of competing noncovalent interactions has been examined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures of six organic salts are presented: 4-chlorobenzylammonium 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, 3-chlorobenzylammonium 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, 4-methylbenzylammonium pentafluorobenzoate, 4-chlorobenzylammonium pentafluorobenzoate, 3-methylbenzylammonium benzoate, and 4-chlorobenzylammonium benzoate monohydrate. All structures are dominated by charge-assisted \( - {\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}^{\text{ + }} \cdot \cdot \cdot ^ - {\text{OOC}} -\)hydrogen bonds that generate either one-dimensional ribbons or two-dimensional sheets. The structural influence of weaker intermolecular interactions is limited as there are very few short, halogen-halogen, π-π, or \({\text{C}} - {\text{H}} \cdot \cdot \cdot {\text{X}}\) distances in this series of compounds.
Field Evaluation of Interactions Between Insects and Erwinia amylovora in a New York Apple Orchard

The role of insects in dissemination of Erwinia amylovora has been studied for over 100 years. Pollinating bees do not feed on bacterial ooze but are suggested to transmit between flowers. It has b...
A High Power Density Multilevel Bipolar Active Single-Phase Buffer With Full Capacitor Energy Utilization and Controlled Power Harmonics

Active power decoupling in single-phase conversion systems reduces the required capacitance for twice-line frequency power ripple buffering by operating the energy buffering capacitors with high energy utilization ratios. The bipolar active buffer is the buffer topology that can achieve 100% energy utilization ratio. Yet, the conventional two-level full-bridge designs suffer from high switching and conduction loss and large filter inductor size due to the direct connection of the buffer across the high voltage dc-bus. Moreover, the high voltage swings across the buffer capacitor impose challenges for the control to regulate harmonics in the system. This article improves the power density and the efficiency of the bipolar active buffer through a buffer architecture incorporating the flying capacitor multilevel topology. Moreover, control techniques to regulate harmonics in the buffer are proposed to maintain low ripple in the dc-side current. The use of two common types of capacitors, the metal film capacitor and the X6S multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) as buffer capacitors, is addressed with different harmonic control schemes. With MLCCs, we have also achieved a total passive component volume that is almost three times smaller than state-of-the-art solutions. The proposed approach is validated using a compact hardware for a 2-kW, 400-V dc-bus, 60-Hz single-phase inverter application.
Healthcare Providers’ Vaccine Perceptions, Hesitancy, and Recommendation to Patients: A Systematic Review

Despite vaccines’ effectiveness in reducing the rate of preventable diseases, vaccine hesitancy has threatened public health and economies worldwide. Healthcare providers’ (HCP) communications and behavior strongly influence patient receptivity and uptake. The goal of this review was to examine HCP vaccine perceptions, knowledge, and reservations and how these attitudes affect their recommendations and vaccination practices. Primary research studies published by 16 September 2020 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. A 14-item scale was developed for survey study and risk of bias appraisal (SSRBA). In total, 96 papers from 34 countries were included, covering 17 vaccines (HPV and influenza vaccines the most studied). Recommendation was positively associated with provider knowledge and experience, beliefs about disease risk, and perceptions of vaccine safety, necessity, and efficacy. HCP vaccination attitudes and practices varied across specialties, vaccines, and countries; demographic impact was inconclusive. Barriers included anticipation of patient/parental concerns or refusal, lacking clear guidelines, time constraints, and cost. For HPV, vaccines were more often recommended to older, female adolescents and by physicians who discussed sexual health. HCPs are vital advocates for patients and the public, but studies indicated a prevalence of provider hesitancy pertaining to inadequate knowledge, low vaccine confidence, and suboptimal uptake themselves. Improving HCP knowledge and assuring their access to information they deem trustworthy are essential to supporting HCPs‘ role as “trusted messengers” to promote vaccine acceptance.
Classifying Non-Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease/Vascular Dementia Patients Using Kinematic, Time-Based, and Visuospatial Parameters: The Digital Clock Drawing Test.

Background Advantages of digital clock drawing metrics for dementia subtype classification needs examination. Objective To assess how well kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial features extracted from the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) can classify a combined group of Alzheimer's disease/Vascular Dementia patients versus healthy controls (HC), and classify dementia patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus vascular dementia (VaD). Methods Healthy, community-dwelling control participants (n = 175), patients diagnosed clinically with Alzheimer's disease (n = 29), and vascular dementia (n = 27) completed the dCDT to command and copy clock drawing conditions. Thirty-seven dCDT command and 37 copy dCDT features were extracted and used with Random Forest classification models. Results When HC participants were compared to participants with dementia, optimal area under the curve was achieved using models that combined both command and copy dCDT features (AUC = 91.52%). Similarly, when AD versus VaD participants were compared, optimal area under the curve was, achieved with models that combined both command and copy features (AUC = 76.94%). Subsequent follow-up analyses of a corpus of 10 variables of interest determined using a Gini Index found that groups could be dissociated based on kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial features. Conclusion The dCDT is able to operationally define graphomotor output that cannot be measured using traditional paper and pencil test administration in older health controls and participants with dementia. These data suggest that kinematic, time-based, and visuospatial behavior obtained using the dCDT may provide additional neurocognitive biomarkers that may be able to identify and tract dementia syndromes.
X-rays and hard UV radiation From the First Galaxies: Ionization Bubbles and 21 cm Observations

The first stars and quasars are known sources of hard ionizing radiation in the first billion years of the Universe. We examine the joint effects of X-rays and hard UV radiation from such first-light sources on the hydrogen and helium reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM) at early times, and the associated heating. We study the growth and evolution of individual HII, HeII and HeIII regions around early galaxies with first stars and/or QSO populations. We find that in the presence of helium-ionizing radiation, X-rays may not dominate the ionization and thermal history of the IGM at redshifts, z, of 10-20, contributing relatively modest increases to IGM ionization, and heating up to about 10^3--10^5 K in IGM temperatures. We also calculate the 21 cm signal expected from a number of scenarios with metal-free starbursts and quasars at these redshifts. The peak values for the spin temperature reach about 10^4 to 10^5 K in such cases. The maximum values for the 21 cm brightness temperature are around 30-40 mK in emission, while the net values of the 21 cm absorption signal range from about a few to 60 mK on scales of 0.01-1 Mpc. We find that the 21 cm signature of X-ray versus UV ionization could be distinct, with the emission signal expected from X-rays alone occurring at smaller scales than that from UV radiation, resulting from the inherently different spatial scales at which X-ray and UV ionization/heating manifest. This difference is time-dependent, and becomes harder to distinguish with an increasing X-ray contribution to the total ionizing photon production. Such differing scale-dependent contributions from X-ray and UV photons may therefore "blur" the 21 cm signature of the percolation of ionized bubbles around early halos (depending on whether a cosmic X-ray or UV background built up first), and affect the interpretation of 21 cm data constraints on reionization.
Who Is NJQ and Why Do They Borrow So Much

Abstract In 1985, the New Jersey Library Network launched an innovative interlibrary loan service known as the Access Center. The service was designed expressly for libraries that were not members of a national bibliographic utility and were without access to electronic interlibrary loan services. Through the new service, librarians call in requests, and Access Center staff initiate online interlibrary loan requests using the OCLC system. Most requests are filled in New Jersey. Service design, staffing, equipment, users, and funding are discussed. Problems resulting from rapid growth are examined. The impact of the Access Center on interlibrary loan and its concomitant impact on library networking are assessed.
Medical hypothesis: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for estrogen-induced hormonal cancer

A novel mechanistic hypothesis is proposed which suggests that hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for the development of estrogen-induced hormonal cancer in humans. Mechanistically, hyperhomocysteinemia may exert its pathogenic effects largely through metabolic accumulation of intracellular S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, a strong non-competitive inhibitor of the catechol-O-methyltransferase-mediated methylation metabolism of endogenous and exogenous catechol estrogens (mainly 2-hydroxyestradiol and 4-hydroxy-estradiol). While a strong inhibition of the methylation metabolism of 2-hydroxyestradiol would decrease the formation of 2-methoxyestradiol (an antitumorigenic endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol), an inhibition of the methylation of 4-hydroxyestradiol would lead to accumulation of this hormonally-active and strongly procarcinogenic catechol estrogen metabolite. Both of these effects resulting from inhibition of the methylation metabolism of catechol estrogens would facilitate the development of estrogen-induced hormonal cancer in the target organs. This hypothesis also predicts that adequate dietary intake of folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 may reduce hyperhomocysteinemia-associated risk for hormonal cancer. Experimental studies are warranted to determine the relations of hyperhomocysteinemia with the altered circulating or tissue levels of 4-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol and also with the altered risk for estrogen-induced hormonal cancer.
Formal Verification of Floating Point Trigonometric Functions

We have formal verified a number of algorithms for evaluating transcendental functions in double-extended precision floating point arithmetic in the Intel® IA-64 architecture. These algorithms are used in the Itanium? processor to provide compatibility with IA-32 (x86) hard-ware transcendentals, and similar ones are used in mathematical software libraries. In this paper we describe in some depth the formal verification of the sin and cos functions, including the initial range reduction step. This illustrates the different facets of verification in this field, covering both pure mathematics and the detailed analysis of floating point rounding.
Self-organization, competition, and succession in the dynamics of scientific revolution

What is the relative importance of structural versus contextual forces in the birth and death of scientific theories? We describe a dynamic model of the birth, evolution, and death of scientific paradigms based on Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The model creates a simulated ecology of interacting paradigms in which the creation of new theories is stochastic and endogenous. The model captures the sociological dynamics of paradigms as they compete against one another for members. Puzzle solving and anomaly recognition are also endogenous. We specify various regression models to examine the role of intrinsic versus contextual factors in determining paradigm success. We find that situational factors attending the birth of a paradigm largely determine its probability of rising to dominance, while the intrinsic explanatory power of a paradigm is only weakly related to the likelihood of success. For those paradigms that do survive the emergence phase, greater explanatory power is significantly related to longevity. However, the relationship between a paradigm’s ‘strength’ and the duration of normal science is also contingent on the competitive environment during the emergence phase. Analysis of the model shows the dynamics of competition and succession among paradigms to be conditioned by many positive feedback loops. These self-reinforcing processes amplify intrinsically unobservable micro-level perturbations in the environment – the local conditions of science, society, and self faced by the creators of a new theory – until they reach macroscopic significance. Such dynamics are the hallmark of self-organizing evolutionary systems. We thank Erik Mosekilde, Michael Rappa, Anjali Sastry, Frank Sulloway and seminar participants at MIT for helpful comments. Please direct correspondence to John Sterman at the address above.
MATERNAL OBSTETRICAL PARALYSIS.

Abstract 1. A review of the English literature reveals 201 patients whose pregnancy was complicated by a postpartum paralysis of the lower extremity caused by an injury to the sacral plexus. This complication is known as maternal obstetrical paralysis. 2. A case of bilateral paralysis following a breech presentation and delivery is reported. 3. Ninety-five case histories of this complication dating back to 1900 are reviewed and various aspects of their clinical course correlated. 4. This complication occurs primarily in nullipara with a vertex presentation who have a prolonged labor and difficult delivery, usually with some form of instrumentation. Perinatal mortality is high. 5. The mechanism of injury and predisposing factors are discussed. In modern obstetrics, forceps cause the injury to the sacral plexus in almost all instances. Bilateral lesions are rare butdo occur. 6. The symptoms, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of maternal obstetrical paralysis are outlined.
Genetic vaccines protect against Sin Nombre hantavirus challenge in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)

We used a deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) infection model to test the protective efficacy of genetic vaccine candidates for Sin Nombre (SN) virus that were known to provoke immunological responses in BALB/c mice (Bharadwaj et al., Vaccine 17, 2836-2843, 1999 ). Protective epitopes were localized in each of four overlapping cDNA fragments that encoded portions of the SN virus G1 glycoprotein antigen; the nucleocapsid gene also was protective. The protective efficacy of glycoprotein gene fragments correlated with splenocyte proliferation in the presence of cognate antigen, but none induced neutralizing antibodies. Genetic vaccines against SN virus can protect outbred deer mice from infection even in the absence of a neutralizing antibody response.
Employee Participation and Empowerment Programs

Describes how employee participation and empowerment programs (EPEPs) – the involvement of workers and groups in the decision‐making process and the empowerment of employees and groups in a flat organizational structure – are necessary for organizational effectiveness. Argues, however, that they are difficult to implement and to maintain after they have been implemented because organizational culture is difficult to change. Poses many questions which need answers before such programs can be effectively implemented and maintained, suggesting that while we may know that such programs are imperative for organizational effectiveness, there is still much to be learned about what such programs really are and what their real purpose is.
Stability of Fluconazole in an Extemporaneously Prepared Oral Liquid

The stability of fluconazole in an extemporaneously prepared oral liquid was studied. An aqueous liquid formulation of fluconazole was prepared by reconstituting the powder from triturated 100-mg tablets with deionized water; the nominal fluconazole concentration was 1 mg/mL. Glass vials of the liquid were stored in the dark at 4, 23, and 45 degrees C and sampled immediately and after 1, 2, 3, and 15 days. Samples were analyzed in duplicate for fluconazole concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of fluconazole was virtually unchanged under all the storage conditions. The results were confirmed by analysis of variance. Fluconazole 1 mg/mL in an extemporaneously prepared oral liquid was stable at 4, 23, and 45 degrees C for up to 15 days.
A class of equivalent idle-time-order-based routing policies for heterogeneous multi-server systems

We consider an M/M/N/K/FCFS system (N>0, K>=N), where the servers operate at (possibly) heterogeneous service rates. In this situation, the steady state behavior depends on the routing policy that is used to select which idle server serves the next job in queue. We define a class of idle-time-order-based policies (including, for example, Longest Idle Server First (LISF)) and show that all policies in this class result in the same steady state behavior. In particular, they are all equivalent to the naive Random routing policy.
Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control decline with age in human skeletal muscle

Mitochondrial health is critical to physiological function, particularly in tissues with high ATP turnover, such as striated muscle. It has been postulated that derangements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function contribute to impaired physical function in older adults. Here, we determined mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from young and older adults. Twenty-four young (28 ± 7 yr) and thirty-one older (62 ± 8 yr) adults were studied. Mitochondrial respiration was determined in permeabilized myofibers from the vastus lateralis after the addition of substrates oligomycin and CCCP. Thereafter, mitochondrial coupling control was calculated. Maximal coupled respiration (respiration linked to ATP production) was lower in muscle from older vs. young subjects (P < 0.01), as was maximal uncoupled respiration (P = 0.06). Coupling control in response to the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin was lower in older adults (P < 0.05), as was the mitochondria flux control ratio, coupled respiration normalized to maximal uncoupled respiration (P < 0.05). Calculation of respiratory function revealed lower respiration linked to ATP production (P < 0.001) and greater reserve respiration (P < 0.01); i.e., respiratory capacity not used for phosphorylation in muscle from older adults. We conclude that skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control decline with age. Lower respiratory capacity and coupling efficiency result in a reduced capacity for ATP production in skeletal muscle of older adults.
Spatial Organization of Hippo Signaling at the Plasma Membrane Mediated by the Tumor Suppressor Merlin/NF2

Although Merlin/NF2 was discovered two decades ago as a tumor suppressor underlying Neurofibromatosis type II, its precise molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Recent studies in Drosophila revealed a potential link between Merlin and the Hippo pathway by placing Merlin genetically upstream of the kinase Hpo/Mst. In contrast to the commonly depicted linear model of Merlin functioning through Hpo/Mst, here we show that in both Drosophila and mammals, Merlin promotes downstream Hippo signaling without activating the intrinsic kinase activity of Hpo/Mst. Instead, Merlin directly binds and recruits the effector kinase Wts/Lats to the plasma membrane. Membrane recruitment, in turn, promotes Wts phosphorylation by the Hpo-Sav kinase complex. We further show that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton promotes Merlin-Wts interactions, which implicates Merlin in actin-mediated regulation of Hippo signaling. Our findings elucidate an important molecular function of Merlin and highlight the plasma membrane as a critical subcellular compartment for Hippo signal transduction.
Impact of daily photosynthetic period on protein synthesis and carbohydrate stores in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) roots: implications for survival in light-limited environments

Abstract The daily period of light-saturated photosynthesis (Hsat) determines the length of time that Zostera marina L. roots must function anaerobically. The effects of the duration of Hsat period on leaf growth rates, root protein metabolism and plant carbohydrate stores of eelgrass were investigated. Growth rates declined linearly with decreasing Hsat. Protein synthesis in roots subjected to 2 h Hsat was elevated in the first 10 min of aerobiosis during the transition from anaerobic metabolism. This elevation of protein synthesis capacity was not observed in roots from 4 and 12 h Hsat treatments. Root tissue age had a significant effect on protein metabolism, with rates of protein synthesis in root bundle no. 1 (youngest) 58% higher than those of bundle no. 3. This age dependency was also observed in root protein content. Soluble carbohydrate levels in root bundle no. 1 and leaf no. 2 decreased linearly with Hsat period, while reductions in rhizome segment no. 1 were not significant. Levels in all tissues subjected to the 2 h Hsat treatment were 57% of levels following the 12-h treatment. Although protein synthesis in Z. marina root tissue was influenced only slightly by the anoxia associated with reduced irradiance during these short (10–14 day) periods, longer and/or more severe periods of light limitation may disrupt root protein metabolism due to carbohydrate starvation.
CloudSat adding new insight into tropical penetrating convection

[1] Collocated observations of cloud-top height and cloud-profiling information from CloudSat and cloud-top temperature from MODIS are analyzed to determine where convective cloud top occurs in relation to the cold point tropopause and to characterize the internal vertical structure of these deep convective clouds. Three types of penetrating convection identified as cold-low (CL), cold-high (CH), and warm-high (WH) are defined according to the cloud-top temperature and height in comparison to the cold point tropopause height and temperature: It is suggested that CL, CH and WH types correspond to, respectively, the incipient, mature and dissipating stage of the convective lifecycle. Multiple lines of evidence, including characteristics of CloudSat radar profiles, test against the undiluted ascent hypothesis, and examination of convective system size, all lend support to this interpretation.
Lung Cancer Presenting With a Solitary Colon Metastasis Detected on Positron Emission Tomography Scan

The patient is a 60-year-old man with a history of tobacco use (80 pack-years) who presented with a history of a cough of several months’ duration, occasionally productive of bloodtinged sputum. As part of the evaluation of these symptoms, a chest x-ray was performed, which revealed hilar fullness. As a result of this finding a computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, which revealed a left upper lobe mass surrounding the left main stem bronchus to the level of the carina, and the pulmonary artery without evidence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The patient was evaluated by the thoracic surgery service and determined to be unresectable. A positron emission tomography (PET) -CT scan was performed, which revealed increased [18]fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the left hilar mass, and focally increased uptake in the ascending colon (Fig 1), and no increased uptake in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The differential diagnosis for the focal area of increased FDG uptake in the colon was abscess, adenomatous polyps, hamartomatous adenoma, colonic primary, and metastatic lesion. The patient had a colonoscopy performed 2 years before presentation, which did not reveal any evidence of malignancy. A repeat colonoscopy was performed, which revealed a mass in the ascending colon (Fig 2), and biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma consistent with a lung primary. The patient’s clinical stage changed from stage III (T4N0M0) to histologic stage IV, and the patient’s treatment plan changed from chemoradiotherapy with curative intent to chemotherapy. In patients with clinical stage III disease, PET scanning will detect extrathoracic metastases in approximately 25% of patients. Patients who are being considered for surgical resection or chemoradiotherapy with extrathoracic areas of increased FDG uptake detected on PET scan should have a pathologic evaluation of the suspected lesions. A pathologic evaluation of solitary lesions is especially important. A recent retrospective review of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) found that solitary extrapulmonary lesions were observed on PET-CT imaging in 21% of patients, and 46% of the lesions were either another malignancy, benign tumors, or inflammatory conditions. Previously the colon was not considered a frequent site of metastases for NSCLC; however, PET scanning may reveal a higher incidence of colonic metastases than previously suspected. The optimal management of patients with a solitary lesion detected on PET scan is unclear. Data exist that a proportion of patients with solitary brain or adrenal metastasis may experience prolonged survival with resection of both the primary and solitary metastatic lesion. Whether long-term survival is possible with resection of lung primary and solitary visceral metastasis is not known.
Searching for genes in complex diseases: lessons from systemic lupus erythematosus

An article appearing last year in the JCI (1) found evidence of a role for the gene for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP, in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two letters now appear in the current issue, one, by Criswell et al. (2), refuting a role of PARP in SLE, and the other, from the original authors, responding to this letter (3). This exchange merits some additional discussion, because it illustrates many of the difficulties faced by researchers searching for genetic factors in complex diseases.
Insulin sensitivity and plasma homocysteine concentrations in non-diabetic obese and normal weight subjects.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether plasma homocysteine (tHcy) levels were related to insulin resistance and obesity in subjects without diabetes or vascular disease. Research design and methods: We studied correlates of plasma tHcy in 26 subjects covering a wide spectrum of obesity and insulin sensitivity (SI). The measurement of in vivo insulin sensitivity was performed using the minimal model analysis of the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT). Results: There was no relationship between tHcy and body mass index. There was a significant relationship between plasma tHcy and SI (r=0.53, P=0.006), demonstrating that the more insulin sensitive subjects had higher levels of tHcy. On log transformation of the plasma insulin values, log insulin correlated negatively with plasma tHcy (r=−0.47; P=0.02). None of the subjects were deficient in vitamin B12 and folate. Plasma vitamin B12 was significantly related to plasma tHcy (r=−0.44, P=0.017), although we found no significant relationship between plasma folate and tHcy (r=−0.21, P=0.27). SI correlated significantly with vitamin B12 (r=0.4, P=0.045) whereas, we found no significant relationship between SI and plasma folate (r=0.27, P=0.2). On multiple linear regression using tHcy as the dependent variable, SI and vitamin B12 remained significant predictors of plasma tHcy, whereas, age and plasma folate were not predictors of tHcy. Conclusions: We conclude that in vitamin replete lean and obese individuals, insulin sensitivity correlates significantly with plasma tHcy. This relationship may need to be considered when evaluating the role of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Oral health-related cultural beliefs for four racial/ethnic groups: Assessment of the literature

The purpose of this study was to assess information available in the dental literature on oral health-related cultural beliefs. In the US, as elsewhere, many racial/ethnic minority groups shoulder a disproportionate burden of oral disease. Cultural beliefs, values and practices are often implicated as causes of oral health disparities, yet little is known about the breadth or adequacy of literature about cultural issues that could support these assertions. Hence, this rigorous assessment was conducted of work published in English on cultural beliefs and values in relation to oral health status and dental practice. Four racial/ethnic groups in the US (African-American, Chinese, Filipino and Hispanic/Latino) were chosen as exemplar populations. The dental literature published in English for the period 1980–2006 noted in the electronic database PUBMED was searched, using keywords and MeSH headings in different combinations for each racial/ethnic group to identify eligible articles. To be eligible the title and abstract when available had to describe the oral health-related cultural knowledge or orientation of the populations studied. Overall, the majority of the literature on racial/ethnic groups was epidemiologic in nature, mainly demonstrating disparities in oral health rather than the oral beliefs or practices of these groups. A total of 60 relevant articles were found: 16 for African-American, 30 for Chinese, 2 for Filipino and 12 for Hispanic/Latino populations. Data on beliefs and practices from these studies has been abstracted, compiled and assessed. Few research-based studies were located. Articles lacked adequate identification of groups studied, used limited methods and had poor conceptual base. The scant information available from the published dental and medical literature provides at best a rudimentary framework of oral health related ideas and beliefs for specific populations.
Thin film solar cells from sintered nanocrystals

Formation of semiconductor thin films from nanocrystal (NC) inks is emerging as a very important technology for thin film photovoltaics. It enables routes to low-cost solar cells via high-throughput and low-capital cost manufacturing techniques based on simple coating or printing methods. Most approaches can be categorized by whether the nanocrystals are to be left intact or are to be sintered into a polycrystalline film. The sintering approach has yielded much higher solar cell performance. Here, we focus on the sintered NC-ink route to yield conventional inorganic thin film solar cells (CdTe, CIGSe, CZTS, etc.) with the standard window/buffer/absorber layer architecture. We discuss the current state-of-the-art and give our opinion and perspective on NC nucleation and growth, NC synthesis methods, ligand exchange, ink-coating, ink-drying, NC sintering, and device fabrication relevant to these solar cells.
Eating-related behaviors and appetite during energy imbalance in obese-prone and obese-resistant individuals☆

While the majority of Americans are now overweight, some individuals maintain their weight with minimal effort. This study investigated behavioral differences between 58 individuals recruited as either obese-resistant (OR) or obese-prone (OP) based on self-identification, BMI, and personal/family weight history. Subjects were studied during Eucaloric (EU), Overfed (OF), and Underfed (UF) phases which included a run-in diet, 1 day intervention diet, and a study day. At baseline, subjects completed the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Power of Food Scale (PFS). On the study day, ratings of appetite, food appeal and desire, and food cravings were performed in response to a breakfast shake. OF resulted in reduced hunger and food desire while UF resulted in increased hunger and food appeal and desire. While hunger did not differ between groups, OP had higher scores for TFEQ measures (hunger, restraint and disinhibition), higher “hedonic hunger” as measured by the PFS, and greater food cravings and ratings of food appeal and desire. These results suggest that subjective hunger and desire for food change significantly after only one day of over- or underfeeding. Additionally, we found several behavioral differences between groups that are likely to promote weight gain over time in the OP.
The effects of adrenergic, opioid and pancreatic polypeptidergic compounds on feeding and other behaviors in neonatal leghorn chicks.

Abstract The present study examined the effects of intracerebral (IC) administration of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), norepinephrine (NE), dynorphin and naloxone on food intake in 2-day-old Leghorn chicks. Of the compounds studied, only PP (20 μg) and naloxone (10 and 20 μg) elevated food intake significantly as compared to saline injections. NPY, a potent orexigenic agent in mammals, did not elevate consumption significantly in a dose-related fashion. This latter finding was attributed to the occurrence of tonic-clonic convulsions following NPY administration. However, for those chicks which did not exhibit behavioral convulsions, food intake appeared to be elevated by 1, 5 and 10 μg of NPY. Similarly, NE did not elevate food intake but instead induced sedation and narcolepsy, a behavioral response which could be distinguished from the convulsions observed after NPY. In a separate group of chicks, the effect of NPY on cortical activity was examined. Bipolar electrodes were used to record EEG activity before and after IC injections of saline, NPY or NE. The behavioral convulsions induced by NPY corresponded with an increase in high amplitude sharp-wave activity, which persisted for up to 30 min post-injection. Collectively, these results suggest that the neurochemical substrates for feeding in 2-day-old Leghorn chicks are distinct from those underlying food intake in adult mammals.
Flow Field of a Dual-Stream Jet with External Wedge-Shaped Deflector

The research effort is a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) investigation that looks at the flow-field and performance of a bypass ratio 8 nozzle with an external wedgeshaped noise suppressor, simulating the exhaust of a turbofan engine at takeoff conditions. Peak turbulence was reduced by the wedge on the side opposite the deflector, and it was increased in the initial region of the jet behind the deflector. Flow-field trends agreed with the expectations based on static jet experiments. The calculated thrust loss was 1.1% at takeoff conditions.
Effect of base addition rate on the preparation of partially neutralized ferric chloride solutions

Cationic polymers prepared from partially neutralized ferric chloride solutions were investigated using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) techniques. To study the speciation and yield of the polymers, FeCl(3) solutions were hydrolyzed by adding NaHCO(3) solution for a range of hydrolysis ratios (B=[OH]/Fe(T)) of 0 to 2.0 under different base addition rates. It was observed that the prepared solution has a higher degree of polymerization at a higher base addition rate. The "B rate" (R(B), 1/time), i.e., the rate of change of B during preparation, was found to have a dramatic effect on the speciation of the partially neutralized ferric chloride solution. High-yield inorganic iron(III) polymer ( approximately 80%) can be produced in a specific range of B rates. These iron(III) polymers, having a size ranging from 3 to 7 nm, were stable without precipitation of ferric hydroxide microcolloids after aging for 2 weeks.
Steroidogenesis in the Mammalian Testis

THE MAMMALIAN testis has long been known to synthesize androgens, primarily testosterone, from several steroidal and nonsteroidal precursors. Some of the precursors that are converted to testosterone include acetate (1), cholesterol (2), pregnenolone1 (3, 4), and progesterone (5). The primary site for the synthesis of testosterone within the mammalian testis is the interstitial cells of Leydig, which are specialized cells located in the angular spaces between seminiferous tubules (6). Histochemical procedures indicate that androgens are also synthesized and secreted to some degree by the Sertoli cells and specific germinal cells within the seminiferous tubules, with the Leydig cells being the most efficient testicular components for the synthesis of androgens (6). The Leydig cell contains an extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi complex, lipid droplets, and numerous lysosomes, all indicative of an actively synthesizing cell (6). The synthesis of androgens involves a complex process in wh...
Effects of visitation frequency and instrument reliability on the accuracy of estimation of river discharges

ABSTRACT The process of failures of a gauging station can be modelled as Poisson with time to the first failure distributed exponentially. The process is restarted when the station is visited and serviced. The probability distributions of the number of failures and the length of the missing record associated with gauging-station failures are derived as functions of the average time to failure, τO, and the pattern and frequency of visits. A maximum likelihood method of estimation of τO from readily available data is proposed and analysed. This method gives estimates of τO which, for samples containing a reasonably large number of failures, are approximately unbiased, efficient and normally distributed. A moment method of estimation of τO is also proposed. Methods for validation of the assumed model and for testing the uniformity between stations or groups of stations are presented. The proposed methodology has been applied to study the performance of a network of 168 gauging stations.
Isochoric and isobaric glass formation: Similarities and differences

Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) studies were performed on a glass-forming polymer, poly(carbonate) (PC), under both isobaric and isochoric (constant volume) conditions. An isochoric glass transition was observed and the formation points were found to be consistent with those obtained isobarically. Although the isobaric and isochoric responses were, as expected, the same in the rubbery state, the glassy state values were found to be different and dependent upon the glass formation history. The isobaric data exhibited larger changes in going from the rubber to the glass, hence a stronger glass transition, than did the isochoric data. Inserting the experimental values for the thermal expansion coefficient α and isothermal compressibility β, into appropriate thermodynamic relations, measures of the strength of each transition are defined. Strength estimates based on literature values of α and β are compared to the experimental measures of the isochoric and isobaric transitions. In addition, both the isobaric and isochoric PVT results were analyzed in terms of the Fox and Flory free volume theory which assumes that the glass transition is an iso-free volume state. While the isobaric results were consistent with the Fox and Flory theory, the isochoric results were not consistent with the idea of an iso-free volume glass transition.
Temporal stability of hemodynamic stage in patients with carotid artery occlusion

We assessed cerebral hemodynamic status longitudinally with serial positron emission tomography (PET) studies in patients with carotid occlusion and no interval stroke. Regional measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral rate of oxygen metabolism (CMRO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and mean transit time (MTT) were obtained using PET in 21 patients with unilateral carotid artery occlusion and were repeated 12 to 59 months later Hemodynamic stage was assigned based on left to right hemispheric ratios of mean quantitative values as: Stage 0, normal hemodynamics; Stage 1, increased MTT (autoregulatory vasodilatation); and Stage 2, increased OEF. Eight patients (9 paired studies) were initially categorized as Stage 0. Repeat mean hemispheric ratios remained within the range of normal value (95% confidence limits). Three patients (4 paired studies) were categorized as Stage 1. Repeat MTT ratios remained elevated while other ratios remained normal. Ten patients (11 pa...
The interactions of typical and atypical antipsychotics with the (−)2,5,-dimethoxy-4-methamphetamine (DOM) discriminative stimulus

Abstract The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that atypical, but not typical, antipsychotics produce a functional in vivo blockade of 5-HT2A receptors. The magnitude of functional in vivo 5-HT2A receptor blockade elicited by representative compounds from each of the six major structural classes of typical antipsychotics, and the representative atypical antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone, was indicated by their respective abilities to block the stimulus effects of the phenylalkylamine hallucinogen (−)DOM in the rat. Chlorpromazine, thioridazine, fluphenazine, thiothixene and haloperidol did not produce a significant antagonism of the (−)DOM stimulus. The benzoxapine, loxapine (60%), and the atypical dibenzodiazepine, clozapine (62%), partially blocked and risperidone fully blocked (100%) the (−)DOM stimulus. None of these agents elicited significant levels of (−)DOM-appropriate responding when administered alone. These results indicate that the typical antipsychotics, with the exception of lozapine, fail to produce effective in vivo antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors at doses compatible with the preservation of operant behavior. In contrast, the atypical antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone elicit effective in vivo antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors without severe behavioral disruption. Thus, these data are supportive of the hypothesis that the mechanism of action of atypical, but not typical, antipsychotics involves the antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors in vivo.
Demographics in consumer behavior.

Abstract Four criticisms against using socioeconomic and demographic (SED) factors in consumer behavior are reviewed: dissatisfaction with models of consumption behavior developed by economists and sociologists, obsolescence of SED factors in mass consumption societies, poor predictions produced by SED factors, and a grass-is-greener attitude held by consumer researchers. The insights offered substantially hurt the validity of these criticisms. Strategies for better theory and research in consumer behavior using SED factors are described.
The electrolytic oxidation of oxalate ion in the determination of calcium and magnesium

Abstract A graphite anode has been found suitable for the electrolytic removal of excess oxalate ion following precipitation of calcium as oxalate and prior to determination of magnesium as phosphate or quinolate. Magnesium in concentrations as low as 5 mg in 250 ml of solution can be precipitated quantitatively when the solution is electrolysed for 20–30 min at 4 A. The method is applicable to limestone analysis according to the procedure of Kolthoff and Sandell. 1