cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching a game programming class for the first time: tutorial presentation

In an effort to increase interest in Computer Science (CS) and offer compelling and attractive electives, many CS departments are contemplating offering a game programming course for the first time. A major obstacle for offering such a course is finding faculty who are already experienced game programmers. Inexperienced faculty may be interested in teaching game programming but may hesitate tackling a subject that students are perceived to be more knowledgeable about; after all, college students are much more experienced playing the latest games and have logged considerably more time on a variety of gaming platforms than most CS faculty.
Rote Instruction in Secondary Instrumental Music Classrooms: A Review of the Literature.

Rote versus note beginning instrumental pedagogy has been an active topic for music educators. Traditional method books have often comprised a significant portion of beginning instrumental curricul...
Multiplication of Two ∆-Σ Bit-Streams

In spite of the fast progress of semiconductor technology, there are still a number of open problems with n-bit digital signal processing (DSP). For example, flash analog-to-digital converters are bulky and power hungry. Digital multiplying circuits are bulky and power hungry as well. This problem becomes more acute when we deal with applications which require a 20-bit or more resolution. Length of the code word can be efficiently reduced by using a differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM). ∆-ΣM is a one-bit DPCM system and employs a trade-off between a number of amplitude quantization levels and sampling frequency.
High-resolution, single-particle digital autoradiography of actinide sources using microcapillary array collimators and the iQID camera.

Abstract Characterization of the homogeneity of thin actinide deposits prior to and after irradiation is important to ensure measurement of high-quality nuclear data in nuclear physics experiments. Autoradiography is frequently used to assess homogeneity, but geometric blur from source thickness, particle range, and source-detector gap can significantly degrade image resolution and introduce bias when estimating source uniformity and activity. We establish a method for minimizing geometric blur using a new autoradiography imaging technique with microcapillary array collimators and a new method to characterize the homogeneity of an imaged deposit. Also, we demonstrate that beta-/gamma-blind imaging is possible for alpha-particle autoradiography with ZnS:Ag scintillators and the ionizing-radiation quantum imaging detector (iQID), a digital autoradiography system with intrinsic spatial resolutions up to 20 μm for alphas. This iQID imaging approach can successfully discriminate alphas in the presence of a beta-gamma source in samples containing >106 dynamic range in activity. We apply this feature to characterize the uniformity of plutonium deposits before and after accelerator irradiation in the presence of a large beta-gamma background.
Ancient West Mexico in the Mesoamerican Ecumene: by Eduardo Williams, Oxford, England, Archaeopress, 2000, 400 pp., US$84 (paperback), ISBN 9781789693539 (paperback), ISBN 9781789693546 (digital)

Eduardo Williams has added another feather to his already heavily decorated cap from his decades of scholarship in West Mexico. In Ancient West Mexico in the Mesoamerican Ecumene, Williams produced...
An Efficient and Scalable Algorithm for Estimating Kemeny's Constant of a Markov Chain on Large Graphs

The mean hitting time of a Markov chain on a graph from an arbitrary node to a target node randomly chosen according to its stationary distribution is called Kemeny's constant, which is an important metric for network analysis and has a wide range of applications. It is, however, still computationally expensive to evaluate the Kemeny's constant, especially when it comes to a large graph, since it requires the computation of the spectrum of the corresponding transition matrix or its normalized Laplacian matrix. In this paper, we propose a simple yet computationally efficient Monte Carlo algorithm to approximate the Kemeny's constant, which is equipped with an e,δ)-approximation estimator. Thanks to its inherent algorithmic parallelism, we are able to develop its parallel implementation on a GPU to speed up the computation. We provide extensive experiment results on 13 real-world graphs to demonstrate the computational efficiency and scalability of our algorithm, which achieves up to 500x speed-up over the state-of-the-art algorithm. We further present its practical enhancements to make our algorithm ready for practical use in real-world settings.
The Political Economy and Inequality's Impact on Mental Health

Burgeoning inequality in the United States over the last several generations has been linked to the changing political economy and the advent of neoliberalism. Inequality exerts a profound influence on mental health, disproportionally so for marginalized individuals and communities. This conceptual article will provide an overview of the concepts of political economy and neoliberalism and link these concepts to the work of mental health professionals. Connections between income inequality, social determinants of health, and the political economy will be made. Additionally, implications for social justice oriented professional counselors will be included.
Interpreting Absolute and Relative Risk Reduction in the Context of Recent Cardiovascular Outcome Trials in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The cardiovascular benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) have increased the focus of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) care on comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction. Herein, we review the results of the cardiovascular outcomes trials of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA, discuss the concepts of relative vs. absolute risk reduction in the context of these trials, and highlight the importance of individualized risk assessment when applying trial results to clinical practice. To enable personalized treatment approaches, multiple clinical risk scores have been developed to assess risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) outcomes and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in patients with T2DM. In addition, circulating biomarkers of myocardial injury (cardiac troponin) and hemodynamic stress (natriuretic peptides) have been shown to further refine risk prediction of these clinically important cardiovascular complications. When making decisions about whether to initiate SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA, clinicians should consider the anticipated relative and absolute treatment benefits from these antihyperglycemic therapies. Clinicians can use available clinical and biomarker-based risk tools when counseling patients about their individual cardiovascular risk profiles and when estimating absolute treatment benefits from SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA.
Testing of a novel pin array guide for accurate three-dimensional glenoid component positioning.

Background A substantial challenge in total shoulder replacement is accurate positioning and alignment of the glenoid component. This challenge arises from limited intraoperative exposure and complex arthritic-driven deformity. We describe a novel pin array guide and method for patient-specific guiding of the glenoid central drill hole. We also experimentally tested the hypothesis that this method would reduce errors in version and inclination compared with 2 traditional methods. Methods Polymer models of glenoids were created from computed tomography scans from 9 arthritic patients. Each 3-dimensional (3D) printed scapula was shrouded to simulate the operative situation. Three different methods for central drill alignment were tested, all with the target orientation of 5° retroversion and 0° inclination: no assistance, assistance by preoperative 3D imaging, and assistance by the pin array guide. Version and inclination errors of the drill line were compared. Results Version errors using the pin array guide (3° ± 2°) were significantly lower than version errors associated with no assistance (9° ± 7°) and preoperative 3D imaging (8° ± 6°). Inclination errors were also significantly lower using the pin array guide compared with no assistance. Discussion and conclusion The new pin array guide substantially reduced errors in orientation of the central drill line. The guide method is patient specific but does not require rapid prototyping and instead uses adjustments to an array of pins based on automated software calculations. This method may ultimately provide a cost-effective solution enabling surgeons to obtain accurate orientation of the glenoid.
Analog circuit synthesis from abstract specifications

With the aim of automating the design of analog integrated circuits, the authors propose a high-level synthesis system based on abstract system descriptions. Abstract descriptions of analog systems using a specification language based on differential equations are compiled into silicon using a synthesis method based on analog computer solutions to the specified equations. >
Effects of a slowdown warning system in mixed communication environments : A macroscopic study

Current ACC vehicles do not provide the driver with advance information of events occurring far ahead of him/her. In this paper, we discuss the concept of a slowdown warning system in automobiles, and analyze the same using PDE models. If a driver on a highway progresses abnormally slowly and/or generates large negative velocity gradients on the highway (thereby posing a hazard to the vehicles behind him/her), then, with such a system, the cars behind him/her are provided advance information of this. This advance information gives the drivers additional time to react, in anticipation of an impending slow-down, and this helps to smoothen the velocity gradients. Furthermore, and more importantly, it is seen that even if only a fraction of the cars in a platoon are equipped with such an advance warning system, this can still be sufficient to weaken the velocity gradients even in the unequipped cars. In this paper, we demonstrate this through simulations on PDE models assuming finite communication wave propagation speeds through the equipped cars.
The Enzymatic Conversion of Uracil 5-Carboxylic Acid to Uracil and Carbon Dioxide

The enzymatic decarboxylation of uracil 5-carboxylic acid has been demonstrated. A partially purified enzyme preparation has been obtained from Neurospora crassa which stoichiometrically converts uracil 5-carboxylic acid to uracil and carbon dioxide. No cofactor requirement for uracil 5-carboxylic acid decarboxylase activity was detected.
Anomalous Diffuse Interstellar Bands in the Spectrum of Herschel 36. II. Analysis of Radiatively Excited CH+, CH, and DIBs

Absorption spectra toward Herschel 36 for the A^1Pi 50 K). Although modeling for general molecules is beyond the scope of this paper, the results indicate that the prototypical DIBs at 5780.5, 5797.1, and 6613.6 A which show the pronounced ETRs are due to polar molecules sensitive to the radiative excitation. The requirement of high beta favors relatively small molecules with 3-6 heavy atoms. DIBs at 5849.8, 6196.0, and 6379.3 A which do not show the pronounced ETRs are likely due to non-polar molecules or large polar molecules with small beta.
The Mechanisms Responsible for the Urge to Defecate

Summary The urge to defecate was studied in 49 patients ranging in age from 23 to 71. By means of 2 tandem intra-rectal balloons connected to tambours, motility was studied as the rectum was progressively distended and as patients reported their urges to defecate. Rectal distention appeared to elicit urges when it stimulated rectal contractions. Of 163 urges, 118 were associated with simultaneous contractions of the upper and lower rectum. Urges usually correlated in duration and intensity with the associated rectal contractions. Some rectal contractions were not associated with urges so that a thresLold for perception of an urge was postulated. This threshold appeared to rise with age.
Motion compensated enhancement of noisy image sequences

A motion compensated image sequence enhancement algorithm is presented. A combined segmentation and motion estimation algorithm is employed. A temporal or a spatiotemporal low-pass filter is then applied. Mean and median filters are presented as low-pass filters. The temporal filtering is performed over the motion path of each pixel, which is provided by the motion-estimation algorithm. The spatial filtering does not blur the boundaries of the moving objects because the boundary locations are provided by the segmentation algorithm. The performance of the combined algorithm is examined using computer-generated and real image sequences corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. The algorithm performs very well in a very noisy environment. Mean filtering is more effective in the case of white Gaussian noise, and median filtering is more effective in the case of salt-and-pepper noise and burst noise. >
Location of Acid Phosphatase and β-Fructofuranosidase Within Yeast Cell Envelopes

After 16 hr of incubation in a low-phosphate, aerated medium, bakers' yeast was obtained with a high titer of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26). All of the beta-fructofuranosidase and 75% of the acid phosphatase were easily released by mechanical disruption in a French pressure cell. The cell wall suffered a limited number of cracks, but this was sufficient for the co-release of these enzymes. Both enzymes were subject to autolytic release, although correlation was inconclusive because of the relative instability of acid phosphatase. The data are consistent with the bulk of the two enzymes being located in the periplasmic space. Ethylacetate treatments yielded ghosts with high beta-fructofuranosidase but low acid phosphatase activities. The surviving acid phosphatase was not representative of that in live cells. It was resistant to release by mechanical disruption and showed a high susceptibility to heat inactivation. The beta-fructofuranosidase in live cells and in ethylacetatetreated cells exhibited polydispersity in heat inactivation susceptibility; but the kinetics were indistinguishable, and facile release by mechanical disruption was shown in both cases.
The Spectrum of Tm III in CaF$_2$

The crystal field of CaF$\_2$ is evaluated on a point-charge model, and from comparison with the crystal field constants derived from the optical spectrum (Kiss 1962) of Tm III in CaF$\_2$, empirical values of $\langle r^4\rangle$ = 4.3 a.u., $\langle r^6\rangle$ = 36 a.u. are found. These are considerably larger than the estimates of Freeman & Watson (1962). The crystal field data reveal a small discrepancy with the paramagnetic resonance data of Hayes & Twidell (1961), which can be resolved by the introduction of an orbital k-factor which is slightly less than unity (1 - k = 0.009 $\pm$ 0.001). Comparison with the spectrum of Tm I measured by atomic beams (Ritter 1962) shows that the magnetic hyperfine constant for a free Tm III ion is (2.2 $\pm$ 0.5)% greater, while the spin-orbit coupling is 1.2% greater, assuming a core polarization correction of the same magnitude as that measured for Eu III in CaF$\_2$. Similar effects are shown to occur for Ho III in CaF$\_2$. The results suggest that the values of $\langle r^{-3}\rangle$ and the spin-orbit coupling parameter $\zeta$ are only about 1 to 2% greater for the free divalent 4f ions than for the atoms.
The influence of microhydration on the ionization energy thresholds of uracil and thymine

In the present study the ionization energy thresholds (IET's) of uracil and thymine have been calculated (with the B3LYP, PMP2, and P3 levels of theory using the standard 6-31++G(d,p) basis set) with one to three water molecules placed in the first hydration shell. Then (B3LYP) polarizable continuum model (PCM) calculations were performed with one to three waters of the hydration shell included. Calculations show there is a distinct effect of microhydration on uracil and thymine. For uracil, one added water results in a decrease in the IET of about 0.15 eV. The second and third water molecules cause a further decrease by about 0.07 eV each. For thymine, the first water molecule is seen to decrease the IET by about 0.1 eV, while the second and third water molecules cause a further decrease of less than 0.1 eV each. The changes in IET calculated here for thymine with one to three waters of hydration are smaller than the experimental values determined by Kim et al. (Kim, S. K.; Lee, W.; Herschbach, D. R. J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 7933). Preliminary results presented here indicate that the experimental results may involve keto-enol tautomers of thymine. The results of placing the microhydrated structures of uracil and thymine in a PCM cavity was seen to make very little difference in the IET when compared to the IET of ordinary uracil or thymine in a PCM cavity. The implications are that accurate calculations of the IET's of uracil and thymine can be obtained by simply considering long-range solvation effects.
Introductory theory for surface electromagnetic wave spectroscopy

In the infrared surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) can propagate several centimeters over a metal and some ferroelectrics. Therefore SEW can be used to integrate overlayer surface absorption over very much larger path lengths than in the usual transmission and reflection surface studies. Using a continuum model, we have calculated the surface electromagnetic wave modes for a dielectric slab on a metal against a third (weakly absorbing) medium. Unlike previous treatments, absorption has been included and the absorption expected using the two prism SEW technique has been calculated. For a thick slab (1 mm or more), we show that the absorption coefficient of the slab material can be obtained very simply. For very thin slabs both surface-plasmon-like modes and surface-phonon-like modes (including Fuchs-Kliewer modes) are found. A new parameter Δ1 + iΔ2 is introduced to describe the thin film absorption. It has the physical significance of an effective susceptibility for the metal-coating-overlayer system. Further, its experimental significance is that for the normalized transmission of SEW between two prisms, Δ2 is a dominating parameter which can be measured. For the two prism experiments, numerical examples show 50 percent absorption at peak for a monolayer of CO on Pt and a 4 percent absorption for CuO on copper. Applications to the study of thin films, catalysis, corrosion and other surface problems are anticipated.
Plasmodium falciparum: assay in vitro for inhibitors of merozoite penetration of erythrocytes.

Abstract Highly synchronous cultures of the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum were used both to assay penetration of merozoites into human red blood cells, and to subsequently study the inhibitory effects of various substances on penetration. While several sugars exhibited no inhibitory effect, fucose, glucosamine-HCl, and N -acetyl glucosamine, when added to synchronous cultures at the schizont stage, inhibited invasion. On further testing fucose and glucosamine-HCl were found to be toxic to the intracellular growth and development of the parasite; only N -acetyl glucosamine had an inhibitory effect solely related to the inhibition of merozoite penetration. Glycophorin A, the major glycoprotein of the red blood cell surface, had no inhibitory effect at low concentrations, but had a slight effect at higher (500 μg/ml) levels.
Schizophrenic/paranoid psychoses: Determining diagnostic divisions.

Metadiagnostic guidelines are delineated for evaluating the utility of both existing diagnostic criteria and recently proposed revisions (Magaro 1980). Among the metadiagnostic guidelines are the demonstration of differential treatment-outcome relationships for different disorders and the applicability of the characteristics of a superordinate diagnosis to its subordinate (or subtype) diagnoses. The authors note the conceptual development of the schizophrenia construct. Attempts to verify the existence of subtypes of schizophrenia in psychoanalytic theory, demographic traits, psychological assessment, and behavioral research are reviewed. Data accumulated from these efforts provide evidence regarding the validity of the distinction between paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenia proposed by Magaro (1980). The authors conclude that a number of alternate relationships between paranoid and nonparanoid subtypes may by hypothesized. Only the notion that paranoid and nonparanoid subtypes are representative of differences in severity of schizophrenia may be rejected. As yet, little evidence exists for choosing one of the remaining alternatives as correct. Integrating research from diverse fields of study is advocated in the effort to refine conceptions of psychiatric disorders. In addition to continued attempts to make improvements in psychiatric diagnosis by changing the clinical symptoms used to define disorders, refinements may be accelerated by assessing the potential utility of other sources of information as the basis for psychiatric diagnosis. Performance on tasks employed in behavioral psychopathology research may represent such an example.
Outline of a probabilistic approach to animal sociology.

The probabilities of the emergence of the two kinds of social structure in a 3-bird flock (chain and cycle) are deduced under the assumption of certain biases acting on the social dynamics of the flock. In particular a bias against the reversal of peck order and a bias against encounters of individuals of disparate social rank are considered. Like-wise a distribution of an “inherent” fighting ability is considered which influences the outcomes of encounters. A functional relation is derived between the importance of this ability and the initial probability of a chain structure.
Permeation of metal ions through a series of two complementary supported liquid membranes

Abstract The permeation of Am3+ and Eu3+. through two composite supported liquid membranes, SLM, consisting of a series of two complementary SLMs, separated by an aqueous solution, has been studied. The first liquid membrane was a neutral membrane, i.e., a solution of a bifunctional neutral organophosphorous extractant in decalin. The second liquid membrane was an acidic membrane, i.e., a solution of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in n-dodecane or of dinonylnaphthalene sulphonie acid in decalin. The solid support was a microporous polypropylene film. The composite SLM system had the sequence “Solution A — SLM(A) -Solution B — SLM(B) — Solution A”, where aqueous solution A promotes extraction of th the metal cations into SLM(A) and their stripping from SLM(B), and aqueous solution B promotes stripping of metal cations from SLM(A) and their extraction into SLM(B). SLM(A) and SLM(B) are a neutral or an acidic S/aVis or vice versa. The study has demonstrated that the single-stage character of SLM separations of metal ions in solution can be in principle overcome by repeating the composite SLM arrangement a number of times. The equations describing the concentration variations in the aqueous solutions which are adjacent to the acidic and neutral SLMs are also reported. They allow one to predict quantitatively the degree of enrichment of each aqueous solution as function of time and the degree of separation among different cations achievable with the composite SLM system. The overall permeability of the composite SLM system to a given cation is shown to be a function of the single-membrane permeability coefficients as well as of the volumes of the aqueous solutions and the SLM area.
Aggression in the lactating rat: effects of intruder age and test arena.

In Experiment I, female rats on Day 5 of lactation were presented with unfamiliar male intruders of varying ages in their home cage. A high percentage (85.4) of all females attacked the males, and higher levels of several fighting behaviors were elicited in these females by 34- to 35- and 44- to 45-day-old intruders than by 53- to 55- and 108- to 109-day-old intruders. In Experiment II, lactating females were presented with either 50- to 58- or 110- to 118-day-old males in an extended cage apparatus. They neither prevented the intruders from entering the area containing the nest nor behaved differently toward intruders who killed or did not kill pups. No correlation was found between the length of time spent in the nest or the frequencies of movement in and out of the nest area by intruders and the number of attacks elicited in the lactating females. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that aggression by the lactating female serves as a protective mechanism for the young.
Investigation of Upstream Boundary Layer Influence on Mountain Wave Breaking and Lee Wave Rotors Using a Large-Eddy Simulation

Abstract Interactions between a turbulent boundary layer and nonlinear mountain waves are explored using a large-eddy simulation model. Simulations of a self-induced critical layer, which develop a stagnation layer and a strong leeside surface jet, are considered. Over time, wave breaking in the stagnation region forces strong turbulence that influences the formation and structure of downstream leeside rotors. Shear production is an important source of turbulence in the stagnation zone and along the interface between the stagnation zone and surface jet, as well as along the rotor edges. Buoyancy perturbations act as a source of turbulence in the stagnation zone but are shown to inhibit turbulence generation on the edges of the stagnation zone. Surface heating is shown to have a strong influence on the strength of downslope winds and the formation of leeside rotors. In cases with no heating, a series of rotor circulations develops, capped by a region of increased winds. Weak heating disrupts this system an...
Transitive and Anti-Transitive Emergent Relations in Pigeons: Support for a Theory of Stimulus-Class Formation

Abstract Stimulus class formation is inferred when conditional discrimination training yields new (emergent) conditional relations between the training stimuli. The present experiments demonstrated two such relations in pigeons after successive matching-to-sample training. Experiment 1 showed that transitivity (AC matching) emerged after training on AB and BC arbitrary matching plus BB identity matching: pigeons responded relatively more to the comparisons on AC test trials in which both the A samples and C comparisons were elements of reinforced arbitrary baseline relations involving the same nominal B stimulus. Experiment 2 showed the opposite effect (“anti-transitivity”) after training on the same arbitrary relations but with BB oddity instead: pigeons responded relatively more to the comparisons on AC test trials in which the A sample was an element of a reinforced baseline relation and the C comparison was an element of a non-reinforced baseline relation, or vice versa. Experiment 2 also showed that AB and BC training alone generally does not yield an emergent effect. These findings extend the range of emergent phenomena observed in non-human animals and are consistent with predictions from Urcuioli's (2008) theory of pigeons’ stimulus class formation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Tribute to Tom Zentall.
Sustained, Full-Water-Column Observations of Internal Waves and Mixing near Mendocino Escarpment

Abstract The relative strength and spatiotemporal structure of near-inertial waves (NIW) and internal tides (IT) are examined in the context of recent moored observations made 19 km south of Mendocino Escarpment, an abrupt ridge/step feature in the eastern Pacific. In addition to strong internal tide generation, steps and ridges give rise to the possibility of “shadowing,” wherein near-inertial energy is prevented from reaching depths beneath a characteristic intersecting the ridge top. A combination of two moored profilers and a long-range acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) yielded velocity and shear measurements from 100 to 3640 m (60 m above bottom) and isopycnal depth, strain, and overturn-inferred turbulence dissipation rate from 1000 to 3640 m. Sampling intervals (20 min in the upper 1000 m and 1.5 h below that) were fast enough to minimize aliasing of higher-frequency internal-wave motions. The 67-day-long record is easily sufficient to isolate NIW and IT via bandpass filtering and to capture...
Quantifying Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity in High School Physical Education: A Pedometer Steps/Minute Standard

The primary objective of this research was to quantify the recommended minimum level (i.e., 50% of the class time) of moderate to vigorous physical activity within high school physical education via pedometry steps/min. A secondary objective was to explore the influence of lesson duration (i.e., traditional vs. block schedules) on quantifying moderate to vigorous physical activity via steps/min. Data (N = 218) were collected from 27 physical education classes taught by 10 certified physical educators in 6 schools. Physical activity measures were steps/min, percent of time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (%MVPA), and time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPAtime, min.). Steps/min and %MVPA were strongly associated for all data and traditional and block schedules (r ≥ .94, p ≤ .01). Diagnostic statistics suggest that steps/min accurately discriminates between achievement and non-achievement of the 50% moderate to vigorous physical activity criterion. A steps/min interval...
An econometric model of internal migration and regional economic growth in Mexico.

The model developed in this study concentrates on economic variables that are believed to interact importantly with migration namely employment unemployment earnings and the distribution of earnings. Significant interactions are uncovered. Moreover differential expenditures by the Mexican federal government for education and for social overhead facilities are shown to have significantly influenced the regional development process. The decade of the 1960s in Mexico presents an interesting case study in itself. The regional dimension of the economy experienced alterations of relatively dramatic proportions over the period. For example interregional (money) earnings differentials widened considerably. Median monthly earnings in Baja California (803 pesos) which were the nations highest in 1960 were over four times as great as median monthly earnings in Queretaro (197 pesos) which were the nations lowest. By 1970 the range from the state with the highest earnings (Baja California) to that with the lowest (Oaxaca) had increased to a factor of almost seven (1333 compared to 188 pesos). Measured across the nations 32 states the coefficient of variation in state median earnings increased from 0.40 in 1960 to 0.48 in 1970. Perhaps in part due to the widening interstate earnings differentials considerable interstate migration occurred during the decade with nine percent of the Mexican population enumerated in 1970 having changed its state of residence at least once since 1960. (excerpt)
Electrophoretic comparisons of liver chromatin proteins isolated from heterotic rats during postweaning development

Electrophoretic comparisons of histones and other acid-extractable chromatin proteins isolated from the livers of growing F344 inbred rats and a heterotic paternal hybrid derived by crossing F344 males with Holtzman females reveal significant heterogeneity among a class of nonhistone components soluble in acid. These variations appear to be age and line specific and show more variation in the inbred than the hybrid. Comparisons of the acid-insoluble nonhistone proteins by sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis reveal significant quantitative changes in a 28,600 dalton polypeptide present in large quantities at 30, 35, and 50 days of age in the hybrid and at 40 and 45 days only in the inbred. Other minor variations were noted in a class of proteins of 40,000–45,000 molecular weight and in those of very high molecular weight (100,000–200,000). Such variations could be a reflection of or prelude to changes in genetic activity and could ultimately be important in the control of growth patterns of developing heterotic animals.
Stretch-activated calcium channels relay fast calcium waves propagated by calcium-induced calcium influx

For nearly 30 years, fast calcium waves have been attributed to a regenerative process propagated by CICR (calcium-induced calcium release) from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, I propose a model containing a new subclass of fast calcium waves which is propagated by CICI (calcium-induced calcium influx) through the plasma membrane. They are called fast CICI waves. These move at the order of 100 to 1000 microm/s (at 20 degrees C), rather than the order of 3 to 30 microm/s found for CICR. Moreover, in this proposed subclass, the calcium influx which drives calcium waves is relayed by stretch-activated calcium channels. This model is based upon reports from approx. 60 various systems. In seven of these reports, calcium waves were imaged, and, in five of these, evidence was presented that these waves were regenerated by CICI. Much of this model involves waves that move along functioning flagella and cilia. In these systems, waves of local calcium influx are thought to cause waves of local contraction by inducing the sliding of dynein or of kinesin past tubulin microtubules. Other cells which are reported to exhibit waves, which move at speeds in the fast CICI range, include ones from a dozen protozoa, three polychaete worms, three molluscs, a bryozoan, two sea urchins, one arthropod, four insects, Amphioxus, frogs, two fish and a vascular plant (Equisetum), together with numerous healthy, as well as cancerous, mammalian cells, including ones from human. In two of these systems, very gentle local mechanical stimulation is reported to initiate waves. In these non-flagellar systems, the calcium influxes are thought to speed the sliding of actinomyosin filaments past each other. Finally, I propose that this mechanochemical model could be tested by seeing if gentle mechanical stimulation induces waves in more of these systems and, more importantly, by imaging the predicted calcium waves in more of them.
A survey of the near-field far-field inverse scattering inverse source integral equation

The Kirchhoff direct integration of the scalar wave equation is reviewed, and some properties of the Kirchhoff surface integral are discussed, from the perspective of the inverse scattering inverse source problem. A modified Kirchhoff surface integral is introduced, leading to a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind for the unknown sources (induced by the incident field) inside a volume in terms of the (scattered) fields on the surface enclosing this volume. The properties and physical meaning of this integral equation are discussed. A generalization of this integral equation for the vector electromagnetic wave equations is presented.
Cultural Production and Reproduction in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico: Tropes at Play among Maquiladora Workers

Tropes are figures of speech and, according to Sapir, "To talk of metaphor is to talk of tropes" (1977:3). In the last 14 years, anthropologists such as Fernandez (1986), Sapir (1977), and Crocker (1977), and such linguists as Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have attempted to arrive at cultural meaning by analyzing the metaphor. This theoretical framework has been called "Metaphor Theory." The analysis of metaphor is related to the understanding of cultures. Femandez explains how:
Integrating Psychology into a Multidisciplinary—Multicultural Undergraduate Program at a Research I University:

Attempts to integrate psychology within an interdisciplinary undergraduate program are relatively rare; most have been at liberal arts colleges. In this article, we describe a multidisciplinary-multicultural undergraduate program at a Research I university. The program, the Modern Studies Curriculum, integrates psychology with other disciplines in 8 courses during the 1st and 2nd years in ways that are consistent with the recent report by the Carnegie Foundation (1998) on undergraduate education at research universities. We describe the integration of psychology into various courses that comprise the program.
Ice deformation in the vicinity of the ice-core site at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, and a derived accumulation rate history

Knowledge of ice flow and strain rate in the vicinity of the Taylor Dome (East Antarctica) ice-core site enhances interpretation of the paleoclimate information from the ice core. We measured surface ice motion by repeated optical and GPS surveys of a network of 253 markers. We developed a robust data reduction method that uses least squares based on singular value decomposition, to simultaneously calculate positions and velocities of these markers in a geocentric coordinate system. Constrained by these surface velocities, we used a finite-element model to compute the modern ice velocity field at depth. As the geometry of Taylor Dome appears to have been steady through the Holocene, we used particle paths from a steady-state model to track ice particles to the ice core from their points of origin on the surface. By removing the effects of path-dependent vertical strain, we derived past accumulation rates at the origin points of those particle paths from measured layer thicknesses in the ice core. Comparison with accumulation rates estimated from concentrations of 10 Be and SO 4 in the core suggests that significant amounts of snow were lost by wind scouring during the Last Glacial Maximum and at ∼50 kyr BP.
Cancer survivorship and psychological distress in later life

Recent research in psychosocial oncology has pointed to the traumatic nature of the stress experienced by cancer survivors. Most of this research has focused on children, young adults survivors and their families. This investigation proposes a conceptual model for understanding general psychological distress (anxiety, hostility and depression) and symptoms of posttraumatic stress (hyper-arousal, avoidance and intrusiveness) that may be associated with cancer survivorship among older adults. Findings from a survey of 180 older adult, long-term cancer survivors are used to illustrate the key features of this model. Results of multivariate analysis show that most older adult long-term cancer survivors do not demonstrate clinical levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although over 25% evidence clinical levels of depression. However, many survivors display important symptoms of psychological distress that are related to the continuing effects of cancer and its treatment. Current cancer-related symptoms are the strongest predictors of depression (beta=0.27, p=0.046) and the PTSD sub-dimension of hyper-arousal (beta=0.377, p=0.004). These effects persist even when the effects of other stressors and non-cancer illness symptoms are statistically controlled. Additionally, it appears in this sample that symptoms of PTSD are significantly correlated with traditional measures of psychological distress.
The Importance Of Focal Spot Characteristics In Clinical Radiography

On the other hand, the largerthe focal spot size, the larger isthe loss of resolution due to geo-metric factors. The loss of resolu-tion due to geometric factors alsodepends on the magnification involvedin the imaging process. The largerthe magnification factor, the pooreris the resolution. On the otherhand, the larger the magnificationfactor, the larger the image that ispresented to the image receptor andthe better the utilization of itsresolution capabilities. The lossof resolution due to the imagereceptor also depends on the natureof intensifying screens used within
The natural history of neuroglia: an agenda for comparative studies.

Neuroglia, which are the non-neuronal cells of the nervous system, except for meninges and vasculature with its endothelium, blood vessel walls and relatively rare smooth muscle cells, have received much attention in mammalian investigations and occupy a voluminous literature.
Tutor learning: The role of explaining and responding to questions.

Previous research on peer tutoring has found that students sometimes benefit academically from tutoring other students. In this study we combined quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore how untrained peer tutors learned via explaining and responding to tutee questions in a non-reciprocal tutoring setting. In support of our hypotheses, we found that tutors learned most effectively when their instructional activities incorporated reflective knowledge-building in which they monitored their own understanding, generated inferences to repair misunderstandings, and elaborated upon the source materials. However, tutors seemed to adopt a knowledge-telling bias in which they primarily summarized the source materials with little elaboration. Tutors’ reflective knowledge-building activities, when they occurred, were more frequently elicited by interactions with their tutee. In particular, when tutees asked questions that contained an inference or required an inferential answer, tutors’ responses were more likely to be elaborative and metacognitive. Directions for future research are also discussed.
Nanoscale Refractive Index Tuning of Siloxane‐Based Self‐Assembled Electro‐Optic Superlattices

The refractive indices of self-assembled organic electro-optic superlattices can be tuned by intercalating high-Z optically transparent group 13 metal oxide sheets into the structures during the self-assembly process. Microstructurally regular acentricity and sizable electro-optic responses are retained in this straightforward synthetic procedure. This “one-pot” all wet-chemistry approach involves: i) layer-by-layer covalent self-assembly of intrinsically acentric multilayers of high-hyperpolarizability chromophores on inorganic oxide substrates, ii) protecting group cleavage to generate a large density of reactive surface hydroxyl sites, iii) self-limiting capping of each chromophore layer with octachlorotrisiloxane, iv) deposition of metal oxide sheets derived from THF solutions of Ga(OiC3H7)3 or In(OiC3H7)3, and v) covalent capping of the resulting superlattices.
Intrapleural Streptokinase in Management of Multiloculated Uraemic Pleural Effusion- A case report

Intrapleural administration of fibrinolytic agents has been shown to be effective and safe in the treatment of loculated parapneumonic pleural effusions. It's use in multiloculated uraemic effusion has been rarely reported. We report a case of uraemic multiloculated pleural effusion who failed to respond to standard chest tube drainage but showed dramatic and complete resolution with intrapleural streptokinase.
Inhibition by an Anti-androgen of Stimulation Provided by Four Androgenic Compounds

Employing inunction of the chick comb, studies of the stimulation afforded by 3 different androgens showed that testosterone acetate and androsterone acetate were equipotent and 3–4 times as active as dehydroepiandrosterone acetate. Dosages of these 3 androgens were selected which stimulated the same amount of comb growth and the comb was simultaneously inuncted with an anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate (Cyp A). Over a range of 10 to 80 μg, Cyp A inhibited to the same extent (approximately 30%) the growth of comb produced by any of these 3 androgens. In systemic treatment, employing subcutaneous injections, Cyp A also counteracted to the same extent the stimulation provided by any of these 3 androgens, and by androstenedione. The degree of inhibition was greater with systemic than with topical use of Cyp A. Since Cyp A (or the free alcohol, cyproterone) inhibits the androgenic stimulation provided by 4 compounds which are believed to represent the major androgens (and their derivatives) secreted by teste...
Effects of Antihypertensive Therapy on Serum Lipids

Purpose: To compare and contrast the effects of antihypertensive agents on serum lipids and blood pressure in different patient populations. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search and bibliographies from r...
Measuring the Binding Energy between Cargo and Forming Clathrin Coated Pits

Clathrin mediated endocytosis is the major route of cargo internalization in mammalian cells. The assembly of clathrin coated pits (CCPs) is a multistep process that includes nucleation of a clathrin coat and growth by recruitment of clathrin molecules, adaptors and cargo. This process is terminated either nonproductively (the pit breaks up) or productively (a vesicle forms and is internalized). Even though the association of cargo to CCPs is crucial in the regulation of endocytosis, the study of this interaction in vivo remains challenging. Here we study the recruitment of cargo by characterizing the interactions of clathrin coated pits with Kv2.1, a potassium channel that is effectively internalized via clathrin mediated endocytosis.TIRF-based single-particle tracking reveals that Kv2.1 displays a confined subdiffusion type of motion on the cell surface and frequent stalls occur during individual trajectories. Multicolor imaging indicates that these stalls are caused by stable CCPs that capture Kv2.1 channels. By monitoring the residence time of Kv2.1 within a CCP, we are able to study the binding strength as a function of the age of a pit, e.g., the time since coat initiation. Due to the dynamic growth of CCPs, the interaction between the pit and cargo is not Poissonian. A kinetic model that takes into account the coat assembly via the recruitment of adaptor proteins leads to nonstationary and nonergodic Kv2.1 dynamics. This model accurately predicts the statistics of binding energies between pit and cargo.
The communication of public speaking anxiety: Perceptions of Asian and American speakers

In the present study, levels of self‐perceived speaker anxiety, audience members' perceptions of speaker anxiety, and the relationship between these variables, is examined for American and non‐American (Asian) student speakers. The results show that American audiences perceive Asian speakers to have more speech anxiety than American speakers, even though Asian speakers do not self‐report higher anxiety levels. The findings also confirm that speech state anxiety is not communicated effectively between speakers and audiences for Asian or American speakers. Explanations and implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are provided.
Esophagogastrectomy: The influence of stapled versus hand-sewn anastomosis on outcome

Successful anastomosis is essential for favorable esophagogastrectomy outcomes. Before July 2002, almost all esophagogastric anastomoses at our institution were hand-sewn. We then began using linear stapled anastomotic techniques. This review compares patient outcomes with both techniques. From July 2001 to June 2004, 280 consecutive esophagogastrectomy patients (235 men and 45 women) were reviewed (median age, 65 years). The anastomosis was intrathoracic in 206 patients (74%) and cervical in 74 (26%). Anastomoses were hand-sewn in 205 patients (73%) and linear stapled in 75 (27%). Stapled anastomoses were intrathoracic in 33 patients (16%) and cervical in 42 (57%). Anastomotic leaks occurred in 30 patients (11%); 26 (12.7%) in the hand-sewn and 4 (5.3%) in the linear stapled group (P = .008). Leaks were asymptomatic in 17 patients (57%). Dilatation was required in 70 hand-sewn anastomoses (34%) and in 11 stapled (14.6%) (P = .001). Hand-sewn anastomoses were more likely to leak and require dilatation; odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 5.35 (1.67–19.27) and 3.58 (1.66–8.34), respectively. A linear stapled anastomosis is safe and associated with both a significantly lower leak rate and the need for dilatation compared with hand-sewn anastomosis. This nonrandomized series suggests that linear stapled anastomosis is the preferred technique regardless of anastomotic location.