cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arsenic and platinum deposition during cathodic hydrogenation

These experiments show that arsenic promoter and supposedly inert platinum anode material are co-deposited with hydrogen on the cathode surface during cathodic hydrogenation. The arsenic is initially deposited faster than the platinum, thus accelerating the deposition of platinum. Hydrogen (deuterium) uptake by the cathode appears to increase to a high saturation level as the amount of metal deposited reaches the equivalent of a monolayer or more of surface coverage. The presence of these deposits should be considered in hydrogen embrittlement tests made under dynamic cathodic electrolysis. 3 figures, 1 table.
Ambulatory electrocardiographic evaluation of clinically normal adult Boxers.

Objective—To determine the prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in clinically normal adult Boxers. Design—Prospective cross-sectional study. Animals—301 Boxers (181 females and 120 males) > 1 year old with echocardiographically normal systolic function and no history of syncope or congestive heart failure. Procedures—Physical examination, which included echocardiography, was performed on all dogs. A 24-hour ambulatory ECG was performed on each dog, and results were evaluated to assess ventricular arrhythmias. Statistical evaluation was performed to determine correlations between the total number of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)/24 h, grade of ventricular arrhythmia, and age of the dogs. Results—Age of dogs ranged from 1 to 16 years (median, 4 years). Number of VPCs/24 h in each dog ranged from 0 to 62,622 (median, 6 VPCs/24 h). Grade of arrhythmias ranged from 0 to 3 (median, 1). Age was correlated significantly with number of VPCs/24 h (r = 0.43) and with grade of arrhythmia (r = 0.37). Number ...
Echoes of Berlin, 1989: Post-Soviet Discourse and the Rhetoric of National Unity

Just as the popular imagination became inflamed by the events of 1989, and the “fall of the wall” was commonly taken as a sign of the inevitability of a new, open, free, and democratic Eastern Europe, so too was the disintegration of the Soviet Union in December of 1991 taken as a sign of the inevitability of a new, open, free, and democratic Russia. Although the events in Berlin were significant in spurring changes onward, with different rhetorical choices by Soviet and Russian leaders along the way history could have been written quite differently. The central concern of this article is to show how these rhetorical choices shaped the future of post-Communist transition in the Russian Federation. We proceed chronologically, examining key moments in the rhetoricity of the Russian transition from Communism toward its current form of governance.
Stresses and cracking of oxide scales

Abstract A model is developed to account for the stresses in the oxide scale and in the metal substrate upon cooling from high-temperature oxidation. Stresses are generated at the metal-scale interface by differential thermal expansion and are calculated from temperature-dependent expansivities and Young's moduli. Stress relaxation occurs as the metal substrate creeps in response to in-plane stresses. Model calculations show the suppression of stress relaxation at high cooling rates, but slower cooling, especially at high temperatures, allows time for relaxation of the thermal stresses as they develop. In either case, measured residual stresses at ambient temperature are often higher than calculated thermal residual stresses, which leads us to the conclusion that high-temperature growth stresses make a significant contribution to the final stress state. Various aspects of this model are being tested with a high-temperature X-ray diffraction system which permits the independent evaluation of substrate lattice strains that develop in response to isothermal oxidation and subsequent cooling. Our initial results show evidence for the transient accumulation of strain and its subsequent relaxation during isothermal oxidation at 900 °C.
Human fetal thyroid cell growth in vitro: system characterization and cytokine inhibition.

We have studied primary human fetal thyroid cell monolayers as an in vitro model for thyroid cell growth and function. Fetal thyroid cells grew slowly in a serum-free medium under basal conditions (i.e. without insulin and TSH), with a doubling time of 112 +/- 7 h (mean +/- SEM), indicating autonomous growth capacity. Addition of insulin (10 micrograms/ml) lead to increased growth, with a doubling time of 43.0 +/- 2.5 h, and TSH further reduced the doubling time in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest growth rate at 1-10 mU/ml (doubling time, 27 +/- 0.5 h). These growth rates were only observed when cells were subjected to a short culture time (12 h) before investigation, whereas after 96 h of culture the fetal thyroid cell growth rate was reduced by up to 50%. Addition of more than 5% serum completely inhibited the growth stimulation initiated by insulin and TSH. The accumulation of extracellular cAMP by the fetal cell monolayer was induced by TSH in a dose-dependent manner and reached a maximum effect at 10 mU/ml (4.8 +/- 0.6 pmol cAMP). Basal thyroglobulin (Tg) release was 26.9 +/- 0.5 ng/10(5) cells.day. Insulin decreased Tg release to 16.7 +/- 0.5 ng/10(5) cells,day, whereas TSH increased it up to 52.5 +/- 1.0 ng/10(5) cells.day. The T cell cytokine gamma-interferon, a product of the lymphocytic infiltrate in autoimmune thyroid disease, significantly reduced both insulin and TSH-stimulated cellular growth as well as accumulation of Tg. In conclusion, human fetal thyroid cell monolayers grew at high velocity under defined experimental conditions in vitro. These conditions included a low serum concentration, short culture time before investigation, and insulin/TSH supplementation. Furthermore, this human thyroid model confirms our earlier observations on the influence of cytokines in thyroid cell growth regulation.
Plumage phenotypes and mate preferences in Japanese quail 2. sexual imprinting.

Mate selection, with emphasis on early social (sexual imprinting) and subsequent long-term social experience, was studied in a randombred population of Japanese quail consisting of wildtype (W), redhead (R) and Albino (A) plumage colors. Early social experiences involved situations where flocks of the various plumage colors were maintained either separately or intermingled. Initial mate preferences were determined from a series of paired choice-tests between plumage phenotypes. Wildtype and redhead females exhibited no preferences, while albino hens preferred albino males. Preferences exhibited by albino males depended on sexual imprinting; those with no other experience preferred albinos and redheads to wildtypes, whereas those raised with other morphs did not distinguish among phenotypes. Redhead and wildtype males while avoiding albino hens, did not distinguish between redhead and wildtype hens. Combinations of the plumage color-social experience flocks (AR AW R&W) were housed for long-term observations of mate selection. Albino hens mated only albino males. Redhead and wildtype hens having previous experience with albinos mated more frequently with albino males than those lacking such experience. Redhead and wildtype hens showed no preference between redhead and wildtype males. Albino males did not distinguish among female plumage colors, whereas redhead and wildtype males avoided albino hens, and mated equally with redhead and wildtype hens. In a series of nonsimultaneous choice trials, redhead and wildtype females were mated significantly more than albinos. These results demonstrate the influence of genetic mechanisms, sexual imprinting and subsequent long-term social experiences on the optimization of mate selection.
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of Escherichia coli ribosomal small subunit proteins

Abstract Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography has been explored as an approach for the separation of the proteins of the 30 S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. The majority of these proteins are of similar molecular weight and isoelectric point, making separation by size exclusion or ion exchange difficult. With the use of an octadecasilyl silica column and a trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile solvent system, the 21 proteins of the 30 S subunit have been separated into 15 peaks. The yield of total protein recovered from the column was ≥85%. The proteins present in each peak have been identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the peaks as well as by comparison with the relative retention volumes of known purified 30 S proteins on the column. The results clearly show that this method is a powerful and rapid technique for the identification and purification of 30 S proteins. Analysis of [ 3 H]puromycin-labeled 30 S subunit protein provides an illustrative example of its utility for affinity labeling studies.
Direct observational evidence of filament material within interplanetary coronal mass ejections

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are explosive events that escape the Sun's corona carrying solar material and energy into the heliosphere. The classic picture of a CME observed in the corona presents a "three-part structure," including a bright front at the leading edge indicating dense plasma, a low-density cavity, the possible signature of an embedded magnetic flux rope, and the so-called core, a high-density region observed to be associated with an erupting filament. Although there are experimental analogs to the first two parts of the CME when observed in situ, there are only a handful of in situ observations of cold, filament-type plasma. This has been a source of major uncertainty and qualitative disagreement between remote and in situ observations of these ejecta. We present the first comprehensive and long-term survey of such low charge states observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer, using a novel data analysis process developed to identify ions with low ionic charge states. Using a very stringent set of observational signatures, we find that more than 4% of detected interplanetary CMEs have significant contributions of ions with low charge states. These time periods of low-charge ions often occur concurrent with some of the hottest ions, previously interpreted to be affected by flare heating during the CME initiation.
Subcritical Crack Growth in CVI Silicon Carbide Reinforced with Nicalon Fibers: Experiment and Model

Subcritical crack growth measurements of ceramic-matrix composites have been conducted on materials consisting of CVI SiC matrix reinforced with Nicalon fibers (SiC/SiCf) having C and BN fiber–matrix interfaces. Velocities of effective elastic cracks were determined as a function of applied stress intensity in pure Ar and in Ar plus 2000 ppm O2 at 1100°C. A stage-II regime, where the crack velocity depends only weakly on the applied stress intensity, was observed in the V–K diagrams over a range of applied stress intensities that correspond to the R-curve of the materials. This stage-II behavior was followed by a stage-III, or power-law, regime at higher stress intensity values. Oxygen was observed to increase the crack velocity in the stage-II regime and to shift the stage-II-to-stage-III transition to lower stress intensity values. A 2D micromechanics approach was developed to model the time dependence of observed crack-bridging events and is able to rationalize the measured effective crack velocities, the time dependence of the crack velocity, and the stage-II-to-stage-III transition in terms of the stress relaxation of crack-bridging fibers.
Angular Response Functions for Sodium Iodide Detectors

This paper presents analytical, Monte Carlo and experimental investigations on the angular response functions to gamma sources of typical cylindrical scintillation detectors. A general analytical approach capable of computing the total counting efficiency of geometrically-simple detectors to isotropic point sources is introduced. MCNP5 calculations are performed for several cylindrical NaI(Tl) detectors with different sizes in order to verify this analytical approach. Photopeak efficiency is also computed based on analytically determined total counting efficiency and MCNP5 calculated peak-to-total ratio. Sets of angular measurements are executed for cylindrical NaI detectors of different sizes using Cs-137 and Co-60 sources with appropriate radioactivity. The three means of determining the angular response functions for the total efficiency and photopeak efficiency give consistent results with less than 5% discrepancy over the measured range.
Brief Report: Testing the Factorial Invariance of the CBCL Somatic Complaints Scale as a Measure of Internalizing Symptoms for Children with and without Chronic Illness

Objective To examine the factorial invariance of the Somatic Complaints subscale of the Child Behavior Checklist as a measure of Internalizing Behavior Problems across a sample of children with and without spina bifida. Methods Multisample confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare mother and father report on the Somatic Complaints subscale across a sample of children with spina bifida and a matched comparison sample of able-bodied children ages 8 through 11 years (N ¼68 for mother report in each group; N ¼54 for father report in the spina bifida group and 53 for the able-bodied group). Results Although there were no significant between-group differences in the magnitude of factor loadings, significantly more variance in scores on the Somatic Complaints scale was unrelated to Internalizing Behavior Problems for the spina bifida group, compared to the able-bodied group. There were no between-group differences when father data were analyzed, but the latent variable of Internalizing Behavior Problems explained little variance in the Somatic Complaints scale for either group. Conclusions Maternal report of Somatic Complaints on the CBCL does not appear to measure Internalizing Behavior Problems in the same manner across groups of children with and without spina bifida. This suggests that the Somatic Complaints subscale should be interpreted with caution when measuring Internalizing Behavior Problems within this population.
Male hypogonadism and skeletal health.

Purpose of review To examine the role of testosterone in skeletal health in men. Recent findings Evidence from recent studies shows that the contributing role of testosterone to osteoporosis is modest and likely trumped by other factors such as estradiol levels. A few studies have documented an association between low testosterone levels and lower bone mineral density (BMD), increased prevalence of osteoporosis of the hip and low bone mass-related fractures. Other studies, however, have found that testosterone levels are not independent predictors of bone resorption or formation markers, BMD at the hip or incident fractures. Curiously, hypogonadism does not account for the increased osteoporosis seen in men with Klinefelter Syndrome. Regardless of hypogonadism status, two recent clinical trials have found fewer new morphometric vertebral fractures in men treated with zoledronic acid and increased BMD in men treated with denosumab. Denosumab was also shown to modestly increase bone-metastasis-free survival in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Summary Although male hypogonadism is associated with osteoporosis, estradiol is likely to be the more important hormone for bone health. Although a few large randomized controlled trials have been conducted in men with low bone density (a subset of whom have hypogonadism), more trials are needed, particularly with fractures as the main outcome.
Optimal/Near-Optimal Dimensionality Reduction for Distributed Estimation in Homogeneous and Certain Inhomogeneous Scenarios

We consider distributed estimation of a deterministic vector parameter from noisy sensor observations in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The observation noise is assumed uncorrelated across sensors. To meet stringent power and bandwidth budgets inherent in WSNs, local data dimensionality reduction is performed at each sensor to reduce the number of messages sent to a fusion center (FC). The problem of interest is to jointly design the compression matrices associated with those sensors, aiming at minimizing the estimation error at the FC. Such a dimensionality reduction problem is investigated in this paper. Specifically, we study a homogeneous environment where all sensors have identical noise covariance matrices and an inhomogeneous environment where the noise covariance matrices across the sensors have the same correlation structure but with different scaling factors. Given a total number of messages sent to the FC, theoretical lower bounds on the estimation error of any compression strategy are derived for both cases. Compression strategies are developed to approach or even attain the corresponding theoretical lower bounds. Performance analysis and simulations are carried out to illustrate the optimality and effectiveness of the proposed compression strategies.
Sasa Health exerts a protective effect on Her2/NeuN mammary tumorigenesis

Bamboo grass leaves of different Sasa species have been widely used in food and medicine in Eastern Asia for hundreds of years. Of special interest are Kumazasa (Sasa senanensis rehder) leaves used to prepare an alkaline extract known as Sasa Health. This extract was reported to inhibit both the development and growth of mammary tumors in a mammary tumor strain of virgin SHN mice (1). We found that Sasa Health exerts a significant protective effect on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in another mouse model of human breast cancer, the transgenic FVB-Her2/NeuN mouse model. Two cohorts of Her2/NeuN female mice of different age (eleven-week-old and twenty-four-week-old) chronically treated with Sasa Health in drinking water showed both a delay in the development of tumors and reduced tumor multiplicity. Sasa Health also induced inhibition of mammary duct branching and side bud development in association with reduced angiogenesis. Altogether these findings indicate that Sasa Health contains phytochemicals that can effectively retard spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis.
Viscous Dynamics of Lyme Disease and Syphilis Spirochetes Reveal Flagellar Torque and Drag

The spirochetes that cause Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) and syphilis (Treponema pallidum) swim through viscous fluids, such as blood and interstitial fluid, by undulating their bodies as traveling, planar waves. These undulations are driven by rotation of the flagella within the periplasmic space, the narrow (∼20-40 nm in width) compartment between the inner and outer membranes. We show here that the swimming speeds of B. burgdorferi and T. pallidum decrease with increases in viscosity of the external aqueous milieu, even though the flagella are entirely intracellular. We then use mathematical modeling to show that the measured changes in speed are consistent with the exertion of constant torque by the spirochetal flagellar motors. Comparison of simulations, experiments, and a simple model for power dissipation allows us to estimate the torque and resistive drag that act on the flagella of these major spirochetal pathogens.
Coupled heat and silica transport associated with dike intrusion into sedimentary rock: effects on isotherm location and permeability evolution

An 11-meter-wide alkalic monchiquite dike recovered from the subsurface of Louisiana has produced a metasomatic aureole in the adjacent interbedded carbonate mudstones and siltstones. The asymmetric contact aureole, which extends nearly 6 m above and 4 m below the intrusion, contains the metamorphic minerals, diopside, pectolite, fluor-apophyllite, fluorite, and garnet. A series of coupled heat and mass transport calculations was undertaken to provide thermal constraints for the aureole, in the absence of robust geothermometric assemblages, and insights into accompanying mass transport associated with the sedimentary rock- dike system. Calculations were completed for systems with homogeneous, anisotropic, and layered permeability, . Transport, dissolution, and precipitation of silica were also incorporated into calculations. All systems modeled indicate that the thermal pulse waned in 3 yr with a return to background temperatures in 10 yr. Heat and fluid transport produce maximum temperature isotherms that are distinctly different in spatial extent and lateral variability for each numerical system. The homogeneous case produced isotherms that pinch and swell vertically above the dike and have large lateral variations, in contrast to the anisotropic case that produced a single large plume above the dike. The layered system case produced the most spatially extensive thermal aureole, unlike that recorded in the rocks. Addition of dissolved silica to the flow system significantly impacts the calculated transport of heat and fluid, primarily due to density changes that affect upwelling dynamics. Although precipitation and dissolution of SiO2 can affect flow through the feedback to permeability, changes were found to be minor for these system conditions. Where decreased, flow was refocused into higher zones, thus mitigating the differences over time. This negative feedback tends to defocus flow and provides a mechanism for lateral migration of plumes. Coupled heat and silica transport produces a complex isotherm geometry surrounding the intrusion due to formation of upwelling and downwelling plumes and lateral translation of plumes, leading to variability in the isotherm pattern that does not reflect the inherent heterogeneity of the initial material properties. Initial heterogeneities in are not a prerequisite for the development of a complicated flow and transport pattern. In addition, if isotherms reflect isograds, these calculations demonstrate that isograds may not form uniform structures with isograd boundaries characterized by their distance from the heat source. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd
Symbols and Ethics: Integrity and the Discipline of Nursing:

Symbols give meaning to phenomena coconstituted in the human-universe-health process. There are many common symbols of ethics found in the discipline of nursing. Symbols of ethics may take the form of codes, oaths, pledges, resolutions, or position statements that represent notions of what one ought to do in a discipline or profession. Ethical symbols are intended to guide a particular discipline in practice, research, and education. What is their importance to the discipline of nursing? What are the possible implications of integrity for nursing when viewing the application of ethical symbols from a nursing theoretical perspective?
Viscoelastic Properties of Entangled Polymers. II. The Interchain-Intrachain Entanglement Model.

Abstract : Our earlier model of entangled chain dynamics represented the elastic effects at entanglement points as a coupling with the surrounding medium, which was propagated weakly to every other entanglement site on the parent chain. In this way, a great variety of linear viscoelastic phenomena could be successfully predicted, with the only significant deficiency being a quantitative failure in curve-fitting the local minimum in dynamic loss modulu, G(omega). Here we introduce the 'intrachain entanglement' or the 'internal entanglement' in which the parent chain entangles directly with itself. Elastic forces between pairs of internal entanglements are assumed to be stronger than those with the medium ('external entanglements'). Predictions of the new model are compared with rheological data on monodisperse polystyrene. Good agreement was obtained between theory and experiment, including G(omega). (Author)
Meeting points: using thread criticality to adapt multicore hardware to parallel regions

We present a novel mechanism, called meeting point thread characterization, to dynamically detect critical threads in a parallel region. We define the critical thread the one with the longest completion time in the parallel region. Knowing the criticality of each thread has many potential applications. In this work, we propose two applications: thread delaying for multi-core systems and thread balancing for simultaneous multi-threaded (SMT) cores. Thread delaying saves energy consumptions by running the core containing the critical thread at maximum frequency while scaling down the frequency and voltage of the cores containing non-critical threads. Thread balancing improves overall performance by giving higher priority to the critical thread in the issue queue of an SMT core. Our experiments on a detailed microprocessor simulator with the Recognition, Mining, and Synthesis applications from Intel research laboratory reveal that thread delaying can achieve energy savings up to more than 40% with negligible performance loss. Thread balancing can improve performance from 1% to 20%.
Adipokines and the risk of fracture in older adults

Adiponectin and leptin are adipokines that influence bone metabolism in vitro and in animal models. However, less is known about the longitudinal association of leptin and adiponectin with fracture. We tested the hypothesis that low leptin and high adiponectin levels are each individually associated with fracture risk in a prospective cohort study in Memphis and Pittsburgh among 3075 women and men aged 70 to 79 years from the Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. There were 406 incident fractures (334 nonvertebral and 72 vertebral) over a mean of 6.5 ± 1.9 years. Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios for fracture. Sex modified the association between adiponectin and fracture (p = .025 for interaction). Men with the highest adiponectin level (tertile 3) had a 94% higher risk of fracture [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.94; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-3.16] compared with the lowest tertile (tertile 1; p = .007 for trend) after adjusting age, race, body mass index (BMI), education, diabetes, weight change, and hip bone mineral density (BMD). Among women, after adjusting for age and race, this association was no longer significant (p = .369 for trend). Leptin did not predict fracture risk in women (p = .544 for trend) or men (p = .118 for trend) in the multivariate models. Our results suggest that adiponectin, but not leptin, may be a novel risk factor for increased fracture risk independent of body composition and BMD and that these relationships may be influenced by sex. More research is needed to understand the physiologic basis underlying these sex differences.
War and Peace … and Evaluation

It is widely recognized that evaluation is inherently political. Broad political dimensions are present both in the socio-economic policy contexts of evaluation and in the methodological choices of evaluators. They are also more specifically present in the personal and organizational relationships forged and framed by evaluative activities. The character of these evaluative relationships communicates normative information about respect and reciprocity, and about voice and power. In democratizing approaches to evaluation, respectful, caring, and equitable relationships are promoted. This paper probes the nature of such respectful, caring, and equitable evaluation relationships, particularly within a world of increasing globalization.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the larynx secondary to atheromatous embolization.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia and atheromatous emboli were present in the larynx five weeks after manipulation of an atherosclerotic aneurysm. The temporal sequence of events and the presence of atheromatous emboli indicate an ischemic pathogenesis for the sialometaplasia.
Aluminum-Dependent Root Growth Inhibition as Mediated by DNA-Damage Responses

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a global agricultural problem that reduces crop yields primarily due to root growth inhibition. Several advances in our knowledge of Al resistance mechanisms have recently been made through studies of Al exclusion, yet due to the complicated nature of studying internalized Al, it has proven difficult to determine the biochemical basis of Al toxicity and tolerance. Recent studies show that Al triggers a DNA-damage response mediated by the cell cycle checkpoint ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED AND RAD3-RELATED (ATR). This is an active process that forces terminal differentiation of the root meristem and is at least in part the cause of stoppage of root growth following chronic exposure to Al. Interestingly, unlike well-studied stressors like IR or gamma (γ) radiation, Al is a real world genotoxic stress that represents a novel system for analysis of DNA damage in biological systems under environmentally relevant conditions. Understanding DNA-damage response and repair pathways following Al treatment in plant systems can offer more effective and safer agricultural practices but also begs to serve as a beacon of caution about Al as a genotoxic stress in other organisms since the cell cycle checkpoint machinery that has been attributed to Al responses is universally found in eukaryotes.
Exploring a Scalable Solution to Identifying Events in Noisy Twitter Streams

The unprecedented use of social media through smartphones and other web-enabled mobile devices has enabled the rapid adoption of platforms like Twitter. Event detection has found many applications on the web, including breaking news identification and summarization. The recent increase in the usage of Twitter during crises has attracted researchers to focus on detecting events in tweets. However, current solutions have focused on static Twitter data. The necessity to detect events in a streaming environment during fast paced events such as a crisis presents new opportunities and challenges. In this paper, we investigate event detection in the context of real-time Twitter streams as observed in real-world crises. We highlight the key challenges in this problem: the informal nature of text, and the high-volume and high-velocity characteristics of Twitter streams. We present a novel approach to address these challenges using single-pass clustering and the compression distance to efficiently detect events in Twitter streams. Through experiments on large Twitter datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed framework is able to detect events in near real-time and can scale to large and noisy Twitter streams.
A study of ruby (corundum) compositions from the Mogok Belt, Myanmar: Searching for chemical fingerprints

For centuries the Mogok metamorphic belt of Myanmar (a.k.a. Burma) has been famous for producing classic, pigeons-blood ruby (corundum: Al2O3) specimens. The present model for the formation of rubies hosted in marble from the Himalayan arc is a closed-system metamorphism of former clays from evaporitic/organic-rich shale units in margin basins. Mogok has still not been fully included in this model. Involvement of igneous intrusions and the formation of skarn with the marble has been an outstanding topic. Twenty-three red corundum samples (nominally rubies) from eight sources in the Mogok belt marbles, including a skarn setting and local alluvial samples, have been analyzed using the electron microprobe and a laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer system to measure trace element compositions for evidence of different geological formational environments. Although inclusions, such as baddeleyite (ZrO2) and srilankite ([Ti,Zr]O2), as well as associated painite (CaZrAl9O15[BO3]), indicate skarn-related paragenesis of some samples, no signatures of B or Zr enrichment were found. Rather high levels of Si (300+ ppm) are found, possibly indicating nano-silicate inclusions when above 500 ppm. A distinct Fe enrichment, as in the case of metasomatic ruby, is observed. Sensitivity to the sub-ppm level may to be necessary to resolve, if even possible, whether there is a compositional signature from the skarn formation. Samples from individual sources in the belt show some distinct trace-element characteristics, in particular a discretely limited variation in V/Ti while the Cr content can vary considerably and independently. With the potential of V, Ti, and Cr being sourced from blackshale components in shelf carbonates that were transformed to marble, these Mogok belt rubies may record an informative intersection of organic chemistry, geochemistry, plate tectonics, metamorphism, and metasomatic processing.
How speckled is the hen

upon my epistemic circumstances would need to run as follows. 'North Korea is planning a surprise attack on rival countries also possessing nuclear arms. (This is (e)). Given (e), any rational person would believe that there will be a third world war. I am rational. So I believe that there will be a third world war.' But in this reflection, the second sentence is simply false. From the sheer truth of (e), nothing follows about what any rational person would believe. In order to draw an inference about what a rational person S would believe about war given the truth of (e), we would need some information about whether S believes (e). So it is crucial to the reflection that generates a justified belief that I believe that there will be a third world war that there is a premiss to the effect that I know, or at least believe, (e). But in order to ensure that a belief in such a premiss is available to me, we must assume a Shoemaker-style principle linking firstand second-order belief. Then we need not bring the concept of justification onto the scene at all in resolving our paradox.
PtII-Catalyzed Hydrophenylation of α-Olefins: Variation of Linear/Branched Products as a Function of Ligand Donor Ability

The PtII complexes [(xbpy)Pt(Ph)(THF)]+ (xbpy = 4,4′-X2-2,2′-bipyridyl; x = OMe (1a), tBu (1b), H (1c), Br (1d), CO2Et (1e) and NO2 (1f)] catalyze the formation of n-propylbenzene and cumene from benzene and propene. The catalysts are selective for branched products, and the cumene/n-propylbenzene ratio decreases with increasing donor ability of the xbpy ligand. DFT(D) calculations predict more favorable activation barriers for 1,2-insertion into the Pt–Ph bond to give branched products. The calculations indicate that 1,2-insertion of propene should be faster than 2,1-insertion for all Pt(II) catalysts studied, but they also indicate that cumene/n-propylbenzene selectivity is under Curtin–Hammett control.
Gassman’s Cationic [2 + 2] Cycloadditions Using Temporary Tethers

An intermolecular equivalent of Gassman’s cationic [2 + 2] cycloaddition through the use of temporary tethering is described. Notably, hydrazine and hydroxyamide proved to be robust under the acidic conditions required for the cycloaddition, leading to unique cyclobutane manifolds in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner. This development represents a rare usage of hydrazine and hydroxyamide in the capacity as temporary tethers.
Elaboration over a Discourse Facilitates Retrieval in Sentence Processing.

Language comprehension requires access to stored knowledge and the ability to combine knowledge in new, meaningful ways. Previous work has shown that processing linguistically more complex expressions (‘Texas cattle rancher’ vs. ‘rancher’) leads to slow-downs in reading during initial processing, possibly reflecting effort in combining information. Conversely, when this information must subsequently be retrieved (as in filler-gap constructions), processing is facilitated for more complex expressions, possibly because more semantic cues are available during retrieval. To follow up on this hypothesis, we tested whether information distributed across a short discourse can similarly provide effective cues for retrieval. Participants read texts introducing two referents (e.g., two senators), one of whom was described in greater detail than the other (e.g., ‘The Democrat had voted for one of the senators, and the Republican had voted for the other, a man from Ohio who was running for president’). The final sentence (e.g., ‘The senator who the {Republican / Democrat} had voted for…’) contained a relative clause picking out either the Many-Cue referent (with ‘Republican’) or the One-Cue referent (with ‘Democrat’). We predicted facilitated retrieval (faster reading times) for the Many-Cue condition at the verb region (‘had voted for’), where readers could understand that ‘The senator’ is the object of the verb. As predicted, this pattern was observed at the retrieval region and continued throughout the rest of the sentence. Participants also completed the Author/Magazine Recognition Tests (ART/MRT; Stanovich & West, 1989), providing a proxy for world knowledge. Since higher ART/MRT scores may index (a) greater experience accessing relevant knowledge and/or (b) richer/more highly-structured representations in semantic memory, we predicted it would be positively associated with effects of elaboration on retrieval. We did not observe the predicted interaction between ART/MRT scores and Cue condition at the retrieval region, though ART/MRT interacted with Cue condition in other locations in the sentence. In sum, we found that providing more elaborative information over the course of a text can facilitate retrieval for referents, consistent with a framework in which referential elaboration over a discourse and not just local linguistic information directly impacts information retrieval during sentence processing.
SURVEYS ON MUMPS IN LANSHAN DISTRICT FROM 2009 TO 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemic law of mumps in Lanshan District so as to provide the basis for the development of control strategies.Methods The epidemiological analysis of the incidence of mumps in Linyi City in 2009 was conducted.Results The epidemic of mumps in Linyi in 2009 increased over the same period in 2008.The time of incidence was mainly from March to August,accounting for 53.88%(257/477).The disease occurred mainly in nurseries and primary school,accounting for 76.10%(363/477).The epidemic took place most in urban areas,accounting for 71.28%(340/477).,showing the high degree of disfusion.The measures of emergency vaccination,epidemic treatment and the promotion of immunization rate produced an effective control over the epidemic.Conclusion To maintain a high level of vaccination for susceptible population and to regularly conduct surveys are the effective measures to control the epidemic.
Analysis of Controlled Trial of Fish Toxicity on TDS and Niclosamide in Snail Control

Objective To seek the more effective molluscicide,and provide a new snail control technology for schistosomiasis control in the field.Methods TDS and niclosamide were used in poisoning fish controlled trial in snail control to understand the toxicity on the 4 kind of fishes.Results After immersion,a few fish started to jump after 5 minutes,many fish reacted strongly after 20 minutes,and some eels and loaches were found died after 30 minutes in control group( niclosamide).There was no obvious change in the water in the same time in experimental group( TDS) and blank group.The deaths of crucians and carps were found in 24h:the number of died fish in experimental group was 5,in control group was 40 and in blank group was 0.Fifty days later,the mortality rates of the 3 groups were respectively 67.50%,100.00% and 7.50%.Conclusion The experiment indicates a weaker toxicity of TDS than that of niclosamide,and its toxicity attack speed is slower than that of the latter.
Verification of Ammonium Persulphate Digestion As~(3+)-Ce~(4+) Catalyzing Spectrophotometry in the Determination of Urinary Iodine

[Objective] To verify the method of ammonium persulphate digestion As~ 3+ -Ce~ 4+ catalyzing spectrophotometry in the determination of iodine in urine. [Methods] According to the operational requirements for ammonium persulphate digestion As~ 3+ -Ce~ 4+ catalyzing spectrophotometry, verification was conducted on the linear range, linear relation, precision and accuracy of the method; analysis was made on the requirements in the experiment. [Results] The linear range iodine concentration was 0~300 μg/L; average correlative coefficient was -0.9993; the iodine concentration was 78.5, 151 and 236 μg/L respectively; RSD was 2.2%, 1.3%and 0.8% respectively; the relative error was 0.8%, 0.7% and 0.4% respectively. [Conclusion] This method is simple and worthy of distributing with good linear correlation, precision, accuracy and little pollution.
Regulatory studies on purine biosynthesis in the chick.

Uricotelic animals use synthesis of the purine ring system as the pathway for excretion of excess nitrogen. This results in a high level of de novo purine synthesis (1). When birds are subjected to stress situations that lead to higher nitrogen excretion, the rate of purine synthesis is increased (2,3) and changes in levels of adenylosuccinate lyase, xanthine dehydrogenase and amidophosphoribosyltransferase occur (2,4). Livers from chickens treated with β-estradiol can provide a model system for a rapidly growing, normal cell. Treatment with this hormone causes a rapid increase in liver weight and in protein, RNA and DNA content in preparation for the production of egg proteins (5). Weber and coworkers (6–8) have shown that the level of certain purine biosynthetic enzymes is increased in regenerating rat liver, another system that is used as a model for normal, rapid growth. This is also true in certain rat liver hepatomas (6–8). The chick liver can therefore be used as a model for study of regulation of purine biosynthesis under conditions where requirements for nucleotides vary.
Clinical Usage of an Extracellular, Collagen-rich Matrix: A Case Series.

UNLABELLED OASIS Ultra (Smith and Nephew, St. Petersburg, FL) is an extracellular, collagen-rich matrix derived from submucosa of porcine intestine. It is composed of collagen type I, glycosaminoglycan, and proteoglycans. This extracellular matrix (ECM) differs from the single layer in thickness and offers ease of handling and application. It also stimulates cell migration and structural support, provides moisture environment, decreases inflammation, and induces cell proliferation and cellular attachments. In this case series, the authors present their experience with this product in various clinical scenarios. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors used the product in a variety of wounds with different etiologies to test the clinical outcome of the ECM. This was an observational case series with prospective review of 6 different patients with different types of wounds who received treatment with the ECM during their treatment. The product was applied on the following types of wounds: chronic venous ulcer, nonhealing Achilles tendon vasculitic wound, Marjolin's ulcer, posttraumatic wound, stage IV sacral-coccygeal pressure wound, and complicated transmetatarsal amputation of gangrenous left forefoot diabetic wound. RESULTS All of these wounds healed within the expected time periods and without complications. In general, healing was achieved in 4-16 weeks using 1-12 applications of the ECM. CONCLUSION Wounds with different etiologies were successfully treated with an extracellular, collagen-rich matrix. By replacing the lost ECM to guide cellular growth and migration, this product did ultimately hasten the healing process.
Pressure Dependence of Raman Scattering in Ferroelectrics and Ferroelastics

Inelastic light scattering at high pressure from soft mode systems is briefly reviewed. Examples of the different types of soft-mode systems in which the pressure dependence of Raman and Brillouin scattering have been investigated are summarized. Special emphasis is given to three important systems: the coupled-proton-optic mode in hydrogen bonded ferroelectrics of the KDP class, the tricritical behavior in the ferroelectric SbSI, and optic-acoustic interactions in the ferroelastic rare-earth pentaphosphates.
Progress in standardizing antifungal susceptibility tests

As the availability of effective antifungal therapy has increased, so has the demand for useful and reliable in vitro tests of antifungal drug activity. In response, collaborative efforts are under way to provide the essential studies upon which such methods can be based.
Evaluation of an amino acid-iron chelate hematinic for the baby pig.

SUMMARY A series of five experiments was conducted to evaluate and investigate mode of transfer of an amino acid chelated iron fed to the sow as a hematinic for the baby pig. In the first experiment, >3,000 ppm iron (Fe) were provided to 1A the sows daily as the amino acid chelate (FeP) from late gestation through 3 weeks of lactation. Mean hemoglobin (Hb) among pigs of FeP-fed sows was 8.5g/dl by 2 weeks of lactation compared to 5.9 for pigs of sows not on the experimental diet. Sow milk Fe was elevated by the second week of lactation (1.4 vs 2.6 ppm). However, this elevation would not account for the maintenance of pig Hb. In experiment 2, sows were either fed in~ the farrowing crates or out of the crates to eliminate pig access to sow feed. The same dietary regimens were employed. Again, pigs from FeP-fed sows maintained adequate Hb, regardless of sow feeding site. Milk Fe was elevated to the same extent as in experiment 1. Thus, it was judged that fecal contamination was the major route of transfer from sow to pig. In the remaining experiments, lower levels of Fe from FeP were used. In experiment 3,250 and 500 ppm Fe as FeP were compared to 500 ppm Fe as FeSO4 in the sow diet. Both FeP and FeSO4 at 500 ppm Fe proved only marginally adequate in maintaining pig Hb. Experiments 4 and 5 investigated effects of the quantity of feed provided daily in late gestation to the sow on the efficacy of the lower levels of FeP. Increasing sow feed did not enhance the effect of 250
Conclusion: Toward a Practical Political Theory

Chapter 4 introduces some further methodological issues in the context of post-positivism. Research should place interpretive concerns at the center of social inquiry, not at nomothetic inquiry. Instead, we should look for explanations that are historical in character. A critical theory, however, views research as a reciprocal relation between participants and observers. It redefines the relations between experts and laymen. I discuss some attempts and criticisms of the participatory research model. It promotes reflection on the part of both inquirers and participants on the social situation they live and addresses conditions of domination and oppression. This requires rethinking the relation between experts and laymen. This perspective illuminates a recurring problem in the phronetic model. It tends to rely on the virtuoso capacities of the inquirer to intervene to solve crises, not collective action. The neo-Aristotelian model, in addition, is not sufficient to theorize the nature of intersubjectivity in modern societies.
A comparative empirical analysis of statistical models for evaluating highway segment crash frequency

Abstract The present study conducted an empirical highway segment crash frequency analysis on the basis of fixed-parameters negative binomial and random-parameters negative binomial models. Using a 4-year data from a total of 158 highway segments, with a total of 11,168 crashes, the results from both models were presented, discussed, and compared. About 58% of the selected variables produced normally distributed parameters across highway segments, while the remaining produced fixed parameters. The presence of a noise barrier along a highway segment would increase mean annual crash frequency by 0.492 for 88.21% of the highway segments, and would decrease crash frequency for 11.79% of the remaining highway segments. Besides, the number of vertical curves per mile along a segment would increase mean annual crash frequency by 0.006 for 84.13% of the highway segments, and would decrease crash frequency for 15.87% of the remaining highway segments. Thus, constraining the parameters to be fixed across all highway segments would lead to an inaccurate conclusion. Although, the estimated parameters from both models showed consistency in direction, the magnitudes were significantly different. Out of the two models, the random-parameters negative binomial model was found to be statistically superior in evaluating highway segment crashes compared with the fixed-parameters negative binomial model. On average, the marginal effects from the fixed-parameters negative binomial model were observed to be significantly overestimated compared with those from the random-parameters negative binomial model.