cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy models and languages: obligation policies

Privacy obligation policies define and describe the expected behaviours and constraints to be satisfied by data receiving entities (e.g. enterprises, service providers, e-commerce sites, etc.) when handling confidential and personal data. In this section we will often refer to data receiving entities as enterprises. They dictate a privacy-aware identity lifecycle management including data retention and deletion aspects, management of notifications and requests for authorization, data processing and transformation workflows.
Explanations in Konstruktionsmorphologie and Evolutionary Morphology

An analysis of the different uses of Konstruktionsmorphologie (KM) is presented in the light of nomological-deductive (N-D E) and historical-narrative explanations (H-N E) in science. It was argued that the term KM should be restricted to N-D approaches, and that the proper English translation is engineering, not constructional, morphology. H-N approaches to KM are best termed evolutionary morphology. Studies of evolutionary morphology must be based on accepted causes and processes of evolutionary change (N-D Es). Constraints are initial and boundary conditions in explanations of evolutionary processes; they do not serve as causes of evolutionary change. Explanations of evolutionary change based only internal causes (e.g., causes completely internal to living organisms) are unacceptable, as not all of these causes have been demonstrated empirically. Complete morphological explanations require both N-D and H-N explanations.
Women in the Czech Republic: Feminism, Czech Style

Many years after the Velvet Revolution, feminism remains close to a dirty word in the Czech Republic, even among women who share the views of “Western feminists.” Surprisingly, this may in part hark back to the negative views of “bourgeois feminism” propounded by the Communists. Equally surprising is the very high proportion of women who are employed, almost all of them full-time, although they continue to do the lion's share of homemaking. This strategy enables Czech women to have a high sense of personal efficacy and independence. This paper emphasizes the historical roots of women's position in Czech society, and the importance of the cultural and social context for the emergence of what we term “Feminism, Czech Style.”
Strategies for Realizing the Benefits of 3D Integrated Modeling of Buildings for the AEC Industry

We explore the reasons why advanced information technology applications have not been adopted by the AEC industry. Within the industry, however, some sectors have made significant moves toward adoption of advanced IT. By examining these areas of success, we propose a framework for the incremental conversion of the AEC industry to fully incorporate advanced IT.
Measuring the wind through your hair? Unravelling the positive utility of bicycle travel

Abstract The intrinsic qualities of bicycling in urban areas are oft-asserted and difficult to measure. These benefits may therefore be undervalued. Considering the majority of research of bicycling in cities has captured functional characteristics (e.g., travel time, cost, health), less is known of how bicycling provides intrinsic benefits (e.g., the feeling of wind in one's hair, social cohesion, stress relief) and how such benefits could be incorporated into travel analysis. I argue how and why access to a destination by bicycling can be more valuable than access to destinations by other modes—largely owing to intrinsic qualities—and point to opportunities and challenges for measurement. Drawing from the idea that travel often times has a positive utility, coupled with the emerging research base that points to how bicycling advances emotional well-being, I extend a framework based on measuring access to destinations and point to future challenges and opportunities in doing so.
Nano-Array Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis is among the major solutions and processes for cost-effective and sustainable industrial application and processing. Search and discovery of highly efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts represent an emergent frontier for overcoming the energy and environmental challenges we are facing. Fortunately, the growing nanotechnology offers one of the solutions through development of nanocatalysts with high activity, selectivity, and stability. Among various nanocatalysts, nano-array catalysts drew a great deal of attention not only owing to its model structure for exploring the origin of catalytic activity and mechanism but also because of its high collective catalytic activity and structural stability. In this chapter, we systematically reviewed recent progresses on the nano-array catalysts and their catalytic performance as oxidation catalysts, electrocatalysts, and photocatalysts.
Slow-Down in Power Scaling and the End of Moore's Law?

This talk tracks the evolution of drop in chip power in recent CMOS technology nodes (relative to the previous node), with focus on high performance microprocessors. It argues that in the more recent nodes, the total chip power (energy-per-operation) has scaled much less than that of earlier CMOS nodes. If the present trends continue, it will spell challenge in continuing Moore's Law. Improving the chip power scaling in the future nodes is critical, especially as it relates to high performance microprocessors.
Assessing situation awareness in multitasking supervisory control using success rate of self-terminating search

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate measuring situation awareness (SA) by using the success rate of self-terminating visual search (STVS) in a multitasking supervisory control environment. Currently, many researchers have focused on developing unobtrusive SA metrics in a multitasking environment. Although some of the advanced eye-tracking metrics can estimate the operator's SA during a task, certain methodological issues remain for measuring SA in a supervisory control and multitasking environment. In this study, participants performed a distributed control task with the multi-attribute task battery. To measure the participant's SA, situation awareness global assessment technique (SAGAT) was used during the experiment. SA performance was compared to the success rate of STVS. An eye-head integrated tracking system was used to measure the rate of STVS based on the participants' eye movements and head positions in different monitoring conditions. The results showed that task-switching activity was influenced by salient features in a display. It causes a significant difference on SA between different monitoring conditions, and the difference is also monitored in the success rate of STVS. Furthermore, the study found that the attention level in visual searching influences situational awareness in a supervisory control environment. The findings from this study suggest that the success rate of STVS could be used as a new metric for measuring SA related to the visual perception of the elements in a multitasking supervisory control environment.
Factors Associated With the Mental Health and Satisfaction of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residents in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study and Analysis.

Purpose Residents in training have reported high levels of stress and anxiety and have a greater risk of mental health problems compared with the general population. Mental health problems among residents have been correlated with decreased professional effectiveness, increased medical errors, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization and could have significant negative effects on future practitioners. The purpose of the present study was to identify the factors that might be associated with the mental health and satisfaction of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) residents and to determine the associations between these factors and OMS resident satisfaction as a surrogate of resident well-being. Materials and Methods We designed and implemented an online survey, which was e-mailed to all OMS residents in the 101 accredited training programs in the United States. The survey was designed to determine and assess the factors associated with OMS resident satisfaction. Differences between groups were tested using 1-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables. For each factor, we fit a logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratio of resident satisfaction for the factor, adjusting for gender, year in residency, and years of advanced training. Results Of the 1181 resident surveys sent out, 300 were completed (25.4% response rate). The satisfied OMS residents tended to be men, further along in their training program, and to have access to mental health resources. Dissatisfaction was associated with greater self-reported stress levels, working a greater number of hours per week, and believing one would be viewed differently for speaking to faculty about mental health. Conclusions OMS resident satisfaction was associated with identifiable and potentially modifiable factors. These factors included workload characteristics, stress and coping ability, and mental health impact and resource availability. Evidence-based strategies for OMS resident well-being could lead to the development of best practice guidelines for promoting and optimizing resident mental health.
Shocked into Service: Free Trade and the American South’s Military Burden

Free trade has gradually shifted the burden of military service onto the American South. While trade shocks generally lead to local increases in US Army enlistment, there are two different regional...
Laws Are Not Enough: Unlocking Capabilities Through Innovations in Governance

Many factors beyond the legal system determine the ultimate success or failure of implementing comprehensive accessibility policies and programs. There are two main drivers for inclusive urban development: political commitment to inclusive practices, and the mechanisms and institutions needed to administer and facilitate them. This chapter explores how the narrative and conditions that determine equity and access in cities are shaped. There is a clear need globally to strengthen administrative and coordinating capacities and improve connections between cities and their citizens. This chapter highlights the importance of creating and disseminating information regarding accommodations, assistive technologies, and training throughout schools, community centers, advocacy organizations, and other social institutions. It defines leadership (executive and budgetary support), institutions (administrative and coordinating capacities), attitudes (beliefs), and participation (representation) as central evaluative criteria for evaluating progress at the local level. It also highlights how attitudes and cultural beliefs may produce negative associations of people with disabilities by assuming high dependency and individual fault, rather than pursuing policies aimed at equity, access, and inclusion.
Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) in Psychiatric Practice, Part 7: Relative Receptor Binding Affinity as a Way of Understanding the Differential Pharmacology of Currently Available Antipsychotics.

This column is the eighth in a series exploring drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with a special emphasis on psychiatric medications. The first 3 columns in this DDI series discussed why patients being treated with psychiatric medications are at increased risk for taking multiple medications and thus experiencing DDIs, how to recognize such DDIs, strategies for avoiding and/or minimizing adverse outcomes from such DDIs, and pharmacokinetic considerations concerning DDIs in psychiatric practice. The fourth and fifth columns in this series presented a pair of parallel tables, one of which outlined the primary, known mechanism(s) of action of all commonly used psychiatric medications and one of which summarized major types of pharmacodynamic DDIs based on mechanism of action. Clinicians can use these 2 tables together to predict pharmacodynamically mediated DDIs. The sixth column discussed key pharmacodynamic interactions involving ethanol, opioids, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. That column focused particularly on hypertensive crises and serotonin syndrome with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and also DDIs involving psychiatric medications with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and on the central nervous system. The seventh column presented the concept of relative receptor binding and included a table summarizing the relative receptor binding affinity of antipsychotics including all of the newer agents as well as some of the older agents such as haloperidol. This eighth column in this series presents a parallel table to the one in the seventh column summarizing the relative receptor binding affinity of currently available antidepressants. The overall goal of this series of columns is to present a simple way of conceptualizing neuropsychiatric medications in terms of their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics to allow prescribers to take these facts into consideration when they need to use ≥2 drugs in combination to optimally treat a patient.
Edge Computing Ecosystem Support for 5G Applications Optimization

With the anticipated large scale deployment of latency and bandwidth sensitive mobile and real time applications, the emerging 5G technology provides a viable solution to tackle these needs. An efficient deployment of 5G based applications and services will require the integration of multiple new technologies to achieve high quality of service. Such technologies include edge comping, software defined networks, and network function virtualization among others. In this work, we propose a framework that integrates edge computing and other technologies into one comprehensive framework that supports the deployment of an efficient large scale 5G system with a large number of applications and users.
The Student Navigator Project (SNaP): Preparing Students Through Longitudinal Learning.

Early medical school education has historically focused on teaching basic medical sciences. More recently, medical schools are encouraged to incorporate health systems science (HSS) into early curricula. Addressing all of these components in an overcrowded curriculum remains challenging. We report on the Student Navigator Project (SNaP), a pre-clinical experience where students engage longitudinally with medically and socially complex patients. SNaP is built on a foundation of trust, responsibility, and ownership in the student-patient relationship. Early learners take an active role in navigating, advocating, and coaching for their patients. In addition, students are integrated as medical assistants into a primary care clinic; complete a mentored, team-based quality improvement project; and engage in evidence-based medicine, teaching, and handoff activities. As a result of these activities, students learn firsthand about HSS, contribute meaningfully to their patients’ care, and are immersed in a systems-based practice approach early in their medical school education. Preliminary outcomes (2016–2019) show satisfaction with the program and knowledge of program focus areas. The authors are engaged in improvement cycles to modify program structure and curriculum in order to promote dissemination in diverse clinical settings. Ultimately, we plan to measure longer-term outcomes, including clerkship and residency preparation, career choice, and practice setting.
The Instability of Monolayer-Thick PbSe on VSe2

Two-dimensional monolayers derived from 3D bulk structures remain a relatively unexplored class of materials because of the challenge of stabilizing nonepitaxial interfaces. Here, we report an unusual reconstruction during the deposition of precursors when targeting the synthesis of heterostructures with an odd number of PbSe monolayers. Multilayer elemental precursors of Pb|Se + V|Se were deposited to have the correct number of atoms to form [(PbSe)1+δ]q(VSe2)1 where q is the number of PbSe monolayers in the heterostructure. Structural analysis of the self-assembled precursor via X-ray reflectivity, X-ray diffraction, and HAADF-STEM suggests three different behaviors upon deposition. Precursors with q ≥ 7 and even values of q have the targeted nanoarchitectures after deposition, which are maintained as the products are self-assembled through a near diffusionless process. Significant lateral surface diffusion occurred during the deposition of precursors with q = 1, 3, and 5, resulting in the precursor to have a different nanoarchitecture than targeted. Additional perpendicular long-range diffusion occurs during self-assembly of these precursors, resulting in different final products than targeted. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of PbSe blocks show that the odd-numbered layers are less stable than the even-numbered layers, which suggests an energetic driving force for the observed rearrangement. This work highlights the importance of understanding the reaction mechanism when attempting to prepare 2D layers of constituents with bulk 3D structures.
SPITZER OBSERVATIONS OF HOTSPOTS IN RADIO LOBES

We have carried out a systematic search with Spitzer Warm Mission and archival data for infrared emission from the hotspots in radio lobes that have been described by Hardcastle et al. These hotspots have been detected with both radio and X-ray observations, but an observation at an intermediate frequency in the infrared can be critical to distinguish between competing models for particle acceleration and radiation processes in these objects. Between the archival and warm mission data, we report detections of 18 hotspots; the archival data generally include detections at all four IRAC bands, the Warm Mission data only at 3.6 μm. Using a theoretical formalism adopted from Godfrey et al., we fit both archival and warm mission spectral energy distributions (SEDs)—including radio, X-ray, and optical data from Hardcastle as well as the Spitzer data—with a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model, in which the X-rays are produced by Compton scattering of the radio frequency photons by the energetic electrons which radiate them. With one exception, an SSC model requires that the magnetic field be less or much less than the equipartition value which minimizes total energy and has comparable amounts of energy in the magnetic field and in the energetic particles. This conclusion agrees with those of comparable recent studies of hotspots, and with the analysis presented by Hardcastle et al. We also show that the infrared data rule out the simplest synchrotron-only models for the SEDs. We briefly discuss the implications of these results and of alternate interpretations of the data.
Science and Innovations in Russia in 2019

The main topic related to science in the previous year was the National Project (NP) “Science” and federal projects implemented under its framework. Considering the speed of budget funds allocation, NP “Science” was one of the most dynamic one among projects of similar status. The National Project “Digital Economy” was on the other side of the spectrum, for which allocation of funds to performers has just started. An interlinking via identical monitoring indicators of NP “Science” and the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation (SSTD) took place making the latter a “living” document. At yearend, a more clear distribution of topics/issues that the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education are focused on, was put in place. The main thing for RAS was the organization of their own activities, that is, clarification of competences, procedure for election of new academy members, organization of expertise of state assignments for all recipient scientific and educational institutions. In addition, RAS was developing a program dedicated to basic scientific research. The Ministry, in turn, was focused on the implementation of federal projects in the pattern of NP "Science", where the major topic could be the establishment of the Research and Educational Centers (hereinafter - REC). Such a focusing is associated with the complexity of the initiative, the need to combine scientific and technological policies of the federal and regional scales. No “breakthroughs” took place in the field of innovation technologies as evidenced by the dynamics of the Russia’s position in various rankings, results of the companies’ survey as well as indicators of the high–tech companies outflow from the country. At the same time, the Government introduced more measures striving to improve the situation, having initiated new target (development of artificial intelligence) and infrastructural projects (technological valleys).
Evidence-Based Management of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Runners

To present a synthesis of recent literature regarding the risk factors and management for MTSS. Risk factors include female sex, prior history of MTSS, less running experience, female athlete triad/RED-S, higher BMI, smoking, and biomechanical abnormalities. Management includes activity modification, gait retraining, orthotics, medications, and, very rarely, surgery. MTSS is an overuse injury commonly seen in runners. The pathophysiology remains disputed, and diagnosis is often determined from clinical presentation alone. For unclear reasons, women are at increased risk for development of MTSS. Other risk factors include increased BMI, prior history of MTSS, less running experience, smoking, presence of at least one component of the female athlete triad/RED-S, and biomechanical abnormalities. Treatment often includes cessation of high-impact activity, gait retraining, neuromuscular training, and orthotics. In rare circumstances, surgery may be considered. Identifying risk factors is important for prevention and individualized management.
Injury Prevention for Transportation Safety: A Bibliometric Analysis

Transportation accident is one of the most common forms of accidents. Transportation accidents can be caused by a distracted driver, speeding, pedestrians’ influence, and alcohol influence. Accidents can lead to injuries, and transportation injuries accounted for around 38% of work-related injuries. Therefore, finding a way to prevent injury caused by transportation accidents can help in reducing fatalities and increase safety. This paper demonstrates a bibliometric analysis of scientific papers on injury prevention and transportation safety. Keywords used to help analyze the relationship between articles such as “Injury,” “Transportation,” and “Safety.” The analyses were conducted using VOSViewer, MAXQDA, Harzing's Publish or Perish 7, BibExcel, CiteSpace, Vicinitas, and Mendeley. By approaching these keywords in this article, promising transportation safety techniques and illustrating the connectivity between articles can improve the gap between transportation safety and the status quo. The articles themselves were collected from multiple databases such as Web of Science, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Key findings from this paper are that to reduce accidents that caused injuries, protecting both drivers and pedestrians, such as creating pedestrian refuge islands and installing single-lane roundabouts and proper education about transportation safety, is necessary.
Open Platform for Limit Protection with Carefree Maneuver Applications

This Open Platform for Limit Protection guides the open design of maneuver limit protection systems in general, and manned, rotorcraft, aerospace applications in particular. The platform uses three stages of limit protection modules: limit cue creation, limit cue arbitration, and control system interface. A common set of limit cue modules provides commands that can include constraints, alerts, transfer functions, and friction. An arbitration module selects the "best" limit protection cues and distributes them to the most appropriate control path interface. This platform adopts a holistic approach to limit protection whereby it considers all potential interface points, including the pilot's visual, aural, and tactile displays; and automatic command restraint shaping for autonomous limit protection. For each functional module, this thesis guides the control system designer through the design choices and information interfaces among the modules. Limit cue module design choices include type of prediction, prediction mechanism, method of critical control calculation, and type of limit cue. Special consideration is given to the nature of the limit, particularly the level of knowledge about it, and the ramifications for limit protection design, especially with respect to intelligent control methods such as fuzzy inference systems and neural networks.
Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Female Medical Students: A Comparison of Lesbians and Heterosexuals

Abstract Three hundred eight women medical students were surveyed concerning alcohol and other drug use and abuse. At high risk for alcohol abuse were 18.2% of lesbians versus 4.2% of heterosexuals; at high risk for other drug abuse were 6.1% of lesbians versus 1.2% of heterosexuals. The top two drugs of choice for both lesbian and heterosexual medical students were amphetamines and barbiturates. The increased stress of homophobia is suggested as a contributing factor to the higher prevalence of alcohol and other drug abuse among lesbian medical students.
Urinary Tract Epithelial Cells Cultured from Human Urine

Publisher Summary The behavior of cultured normal human epithelial cells is of particular importance to the interrelated studies of differentiation, senescence, and carcinogenesis. Epithelial cultures that either retain differentiated cellular functions in vitro or develop differentiated characteristics upon proliferation of stem cells help to relate the division potential of different cell types in vivo to limits on divisions in vitro. An epithelium consists of cells that are closely applied to each other with no intervening fibrous material. Epithelial cells are found on the outer body surface, on the surfaces of body tubes and cavities, and as functional units of glands. This chapter presents the preliminary results in developing a standard culture method for cells derived from urine. Urine cell cultures are purely epithelial without the use of enrichment or selective procedures for removing contaminating fibroblasts. These cultured epithelial cells form rapidly dividing populations that can be cloned or maintained as a mass culture through several passages, although the urine cells undergo fewer population doublings than the fibroblasts.
Invitation Accepted: Integrating Invitational Rhetoric in Educational Contexts

The transformative power of dialogue has the potential to serve as a healthful alternative to unproductive strategies for problem-solving in many communication contexts (Ryan & Natalle, 2001). Sadly, educational contexts emerge as contexts in dire need of such communicative reconstruction, evidenced by the alarming increase in incidences of hostile caregiver/educator communication. Offering a new paradigm for educators affected by hostile communication, this essay proposes the application of invitational rhetoric, a theory and practice developed in the field of Communication Studies, aimed at the civil "disarmament" of hostile communication, rooted in dialogue and openness. Illumining how the tenets of invitational rhetoric -- value, safety, and freedom - may be employed in potentially destructive caregiver-educator communicative exchanges, this essay provides relevant illustrations demonstrating how these tenets could diffuse hostile communication in educational contexts. The marriage of this theory from the field of Communication Studies with the field of Education is a sensible and productive step toward assimilating another strategy that educators may use to better serve students.
STORMED Hybrid Systems

We introduce STORMED hybrid systems, a decidable class of hybrid systems which is similar to o-minimal hybrid automata in that the continuous dynamics and constraints are described in an o-minimal theory. However, unlike o-minimal hybrid automata, the variables are not initialized in a memoryless fashion at discrete steps. STORMED hybrid systems require flows which are monotonic with respect to some vector in the continuous space and can be characterised as bounded-horizon systems in terms of their discrete transitions. We demonstrate that such systems admit a finite bisimulation, which can be effectively constructed provided the o-minimal theory used to describe the system is decidable. As a consequence, many verification problems for such systems have effective decision algorithms.
Characteristics of Older Adults Receiving Opioids in Primary Care: Treatment Duration and Outcomes

Objective To describe characteristics of older adults who received opioids for chronic noncancer pain (CP), ascertain types of opioid treatments received, and examine associations between patient characteristics and treatment outcomes.
How the Success of Open Access Publishing Can Stimulate Improved Access to Grey Literature, Summary of a Presentation by Marcus A. Banks

Banks compares the accessibility of peer-reviewed and grey literature, particularly in the health field, and argues that the open access movement which is improving availability of commercially-published work provides a model for improving that of grey literature. ...
A Review of “The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined”

Sal Kahn and his self-directed online learning project, the Kahn Academy, dream of delivering “a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere” (www.khanacademy.org). His book is part chronicle o...
Extant‐only comparative methods fail to recover the disparity preserved in the bird fossil record

Most extant species are in clades with poor fossil records, and recent studies of comparative methods show they have low power to infer even highly simplified models of trait evolution without fossil data. Birds are a well-studied radiation, yet their early evolutionary patterns are still contentious. The fossil record suggests that birds underwent a rapid ecological radiation after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, and several smaller, subsequent radiations. This hypothesized series of repeated radiations from fossil data is difficult to test using extant data alone. By uniting morphological and phylogenetic data on 604 extant genera of birds with morphological data on 58 species of extinct birds from 50 million years ago, the "halfway point" of avian evolution, I have been able to test how well extant-only methods predict the diversity of fossil forms. All extant-only methods underestimate the disparity, although the ratio of within- to between-clade disparity does suggest high early rates. The failure of standard models to predict high early disparity suggests that recent radiations are obscuring deep time patterns in the evolution of birds. Metrics from different models can be used in conjunction to provide more valuable insights than simply finding the model with the highest relative fit.
Which powers of holomorphic functions are integrable

We show that every limit of log canonical thresholds of n-variable functions is also a log canonical threshold of an (n-1)-variable function.
Temperature-Sensitive Cell-Lethal Mutants of Drosophila: Isolation and Characterization

One hundred and twenty-one temperature-sensitive (ts) sex-linked lethals were screened by means of X-ray-induced somatic crossing over to determine if any were ts cell-lethal mutants. Cell-lethal mutations were identified by their ability to block the development of homozygous clones when raised under restrictive conditions (29°). Twenty-two ts cell-lethal mutants were isolated and categorized into three classes, depending upon the patterns of damage observed in larval and imaginal tissues. The phenotypes produced by these mutations ranged from those which affected only a limited set of structures (i.e., genital discs only) to those which affected diverse tissues at all stages of the life cycle. Each mutation has its own characteristic time-dependent pattern, frequency, and type of damage. All the mutations affect imaginal tissue, but only one-third of the mutations affect both larval and imaginal tissue. The fastest-acting lethals need 15 hours at the restrictive temperature to kill the cells and the slowest-acting lethals require at least 48 hours. By choosing the appropriate mutant and by manipulating the times of exposure to the restrictive temperature, it has proven possible to produce duplications and deficiencies in specific structures of the adult. A mechanism by which lethality might yield such structures is suggested. In addition, 15 of the mutants are ts female sterile mutants. Only one of these 15 mutants can recover its fertility when shifted back down to the permissive temperature (22°).
Relationships between personal attitudes about death and communication with terminally ill patients: How oncology clinicians grapple with mortality.

Abstract Objective Clinician discomfort with death may affect care of patients but has not been well-studied. This study explores oncology clinicians' attitudes surrounding their own death and how these attitudes both affect and are affected by their care of dying patients and their communication with them. Methods Qualitative interviews with physicians ( n =25), nurse practitioners ( n =7), and physician assistants ( n =1) in medical or hematologic oncology clinical practices about communication styles, care of terminally ill patients, and personal perspectives about mortality. Results Clinicians described three communication styles used with patients about death and dying: direct, indirect, or selectively direct. Most reported an acceptance of their mortality that was "conditional," meaning that that they could not fully know how they would respond if actually terminally ill. For many clinicians, caring for dying patients affected their outlook on life and death, and their own perspectives on life and death affected their approach to caring for dying patients. Conclusion An awareness of personal mortality may help clinicians to discuss death more openly with patients and to provide better care. Practice implications Efforts to promote self-awareness and communication training are key to facilitating clear communication with and compassionate care of terminally ill patients.
Risk Taking by Decision Makers—Using Card-Based Decision Gaming to Develop Models of Behaviour

This paper describes an experimental method for determining the value of different types of information to military decision makers. The experimental method used a simple scenario and a set of serials constructed from cards, each presenting a single piece of information and presented sequentially. Each of a number of pairs of players were taken through the scenario and asked to judge how they would respond to the situation. This paper extends on the method presented in previous papers to consider the case of a decision in which the response can both increase and decrease as more information is presented. This allows a more general military problem to be considered, that of risk-taking behaviour in response to the possibility of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear events.
The logic of valuing

This chapter outlines the logical infrastructure that makes it possible to claim that one can validate values, both at a general and a context-specific level, other than by direct deduction from other value premises. To make the argument, the author distinguishes between the logic of valuing and the logic of evaluation, the former being the primary focus of the argument, and analyzes the invalidity of the long-standing value-free doctrine in social sciences. The author discusses several ways in which we can establish factual as well as evaluative premises by observation, inference, or definition, that make it possible to infer beyond reasonable doubt to evaluative conclusions. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Kinesthetic imagery training of forceful muscle contractions increases brain signal and muscle strength.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of training using internal imagery (IMI; also known as kinesthetic imagery or first person imagery) with that of external imagery (EMI; also known as third-person visual imagery) of strong muscle contractions on voluntary muscle strengthening. Eighteen young, healthy subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups (6 in each group): internal motor imagery (IMI), external motor imagery (EMI), or a no-practice control (CTRL) group. Training lasted for 6 weeks (~15 min/day, 5 days/week). The participants’ right arm elbow-flexion strength, muscle electrical activity and movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) were evaluated before and after training. Only the IMI group showed significant strength gained (10.8%) while the EMI (4.8%) and CTRL (-3.3%) groups did not. Only the IMI group showed a significant elevation in MRCP on scalp locations over both the primary motor (M1) and supplementary motor cortices (EMI group over M1 only) and this increase was significantly greater than that of EMI and CTRL groups. These results suggest that training by IMI of forceful muscle contractions was effective in improving voluntary muscle strength without physical exercise. We suggest that the IMI training likely strengthened brain-to-muscle (BTM) command that may have improved motor unit recruitment and activation, and led to greater muscle output. Training by internal motor imagery of forceful muscle contractions may change the activity level of cortical motor control network, which may translate into greater descending command to the target muscle and increase its strength.
Interaction of adenovirus VA RNAI with the protein kinase DAI: Nonequivalence of binding and function

Adenovirus VA RNAL maintains protein synthesis by preventing activation of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase DAI. There appears to be a single binding site for dsRNA on DAI, and this site is blocked by VA RNAl. VA RNAl binds to purified DAI and can be cross-linked to the enzyme by UV irradiation. To determine the relationship between DAI binding and VA RNAl structure and function, we examined the binding abilities of wild-type and mutant VA RNAs. In several cases, the ability to bind DAI efficiently in vitro did not correlate with function in vivo. Secondary structure analysis suggested that efficient binding requires an apical stem-loop structure, whereas inhibition of DAI activation requires the central domain of the VA RNA molecule. We propose that the duplex stem permits VA RNA to interact with the dsRNA binding site on DAI and inhibits activation by juxtaposing the central domain of the RNA with the enzyme's active site.
Telecardiology: potential impact on acute care.

Echocardiography is often used to diagnose and exclude important cardiac diagnoses in adults and children. Evolving telemedicine technology has the potential to improve access to echocardiography diagnoses in the intensive care unit, emergency room, and newborn nursery. The two primary modes of tele
Synthesis of 17α-20-ketopregnanes

The use of freshly activated zinc in the Serini-Logemann reaction of 17α-hydroxy-20-acetoxypregnanes provides a convenient method for the preparation of 17α-20-ketopregnanes. Reproducibly high yields were obtained with 16-unsubstituted compounds; 16α- or 16β-methyl substituents caused marked reduction in yield.
ATP Measurement in Compost

Changes in microbial biomass were monitored by measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in a bench-scale composting bioreactor. Internal ATP standards were used in ATP bioluminescence assays to quantify the recovery efficiency. The ATP levels were comparable and found to be within a range of 0.1 to 10 μg/g dry wt compost in bioreactors maintained at 40, 50 and 60°C. In compost experiments at 70°C, the estimated respiratory quotients suggested enhanced respiration but the level of biomass measured as ATP decreased.
Impaired short-term memory resulting from postnatal undernutrition is attenuated by physostigmine

Early-life undernutrition impairs the short-term memory capacity of adult rats (90 days of age) trained on a conditional—spatial discrimination task (Castro, Tracy, & Rudy, Behavioral Brain Research , 32 , 255–264, 1989). While well-nourished control animals perform above 90% correct when the interval separating the forced run and choice run is 180 s, the performance of the undernourished animals falls to chance (50%) when the delay interval is increased to 90 s. We now report that this performance decrement can be attenuated by the administration of the anticholinesterase, physostigmine. However, the effects of physostigmine were dose dependent. While 0.02 mg/kg of physostigmine improved the performance of the undernourished animals so that they performed significantly above chance at the 180-s delay interval, neither 0.2 nor 0.002 mg/kg of physostigmine improved performance. We concluded that this effect was centrally mediated since scopolamine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) which blocks both central and peripheral cholinergic receptors blocked physostigmine's performance-improving effect, while methyl-scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) which blocks only peripheral receptors did not. These are the first results which suggest that the short-term memory impairments produced by early-life undernutrition can be attenuated by enhancing central cholinergic functioning.
Unemployment and suicide in American Indian youth in New Mexico.

The high suicide rate among American Indian youth is of great concern. Lester (1994) showed that the aboriginal youths' suicide rate in New Zealand was associated with the unemployment rate. To explore this in America, American Indian suicide rates in New Mexico for 1960 to 1986 were available for ages 15-19,20-24, 25-29, and 10-29 years combined from May and Van Winkle (1994). The unemployment rate in New Mexico for this period was avadable from the New Mexico Department of Labor. The Pearson correlations between the unemployment rate and the suicide rate over the 27 years were .30 for those aged 15-19 yr., .39 (two-tailed p < .05) for those aged 20-24 yr., .44 ( p < .05) for those aged 25-29 yr., and .63 ( p < .001) for those aged 10-29 yr. combined. The simple h e a r time-series regressions produced similar results. However, correcting for the serial autocorrelation in the data sets using the Cochrane-Orcutt method (Doan, 1990) resulted in statistically nonsignificant regression coefficients (-2.07, -2.24, 3.24, and -0.03, respectively). Thus, in these analyses, unemployment seems to be positively associated with American Lndian youths' suicide rates in New Mexico in a simple correlational analysis.
Normal electrocardiogram in the presence of severe coronary artery disease

In 480 consecutive coronary arteriograms, we found 21 cases with normal resting electrocardiograms associated with complete or nearly complete occlusion of one or more of the three major coronary branches. Significant collateral circulation was demonstrated in 19 cases. In the other 2 there was evidence of good flow of contrast agent past the narrowed segment. All the patients had angina and 6 had clinical evidence of myocardial infarction six months or more before the arteriogram. No electrocardiographic evidence of necrosis was detected at the time of arteriography in these 6 patients. We believe that the absence of electrocardiographic abnormalities is related to the development of collateral vessels. This collateral network must be capable of either (1) supplying all or most of the affected tissue with blood flow in amounts sufficient to meet their minimal metabolic demands or (2) inducing the shrinkage of the necrotic area and its envelopment by viable myocardium.
Influence of Ammonium on the Growth and Development of Suspension Cultures of Pauľs Scarlet Rose

In this work as in previous studies from this laboratory it was demonstrated that the presence of a trace amount of NH4+ (72.8 μmol) stimulated the growth of Pauľs Scarlet Rose on a defined medium containing NO3− (1920 μmol) as the only other source of nitrogen. A kinetic analysis of several growth parameters showed that the rate of increase of dry weight, fresh weight, cell number, and cell volume were greater during early stages of growth (days 0–8) when NH4+ was provided. During later stages (days 8–14) this relationship between the two cultures did not hold. The cells provided NH4+ continued to increase in fresh weight and cell volume, but the cells which were not provided NH4+ had a greater rate of dry weight and cell number increase. These differences led to 14-day-old cultures which were approximately equal in dry weight and cell number but differed by a factor of 2 in fresh weight. The presence of NH4+ speeded up the development and growth of the cells.
Comparison of multi-sensor admittance control in joint space and task space for a seven degree of freedom upper limb exoskeleton

Control and overall system performance of an upper limb exoskeleton, as a wearable robot, is dictated in part by the human machine interface and the implemented control algorithm. The ultimate goal is to develop algorithms so the operator feels as if the exoskeleton is a natural extension the body. The aim of the current research is to compare the system performance of a 7 degree of freedom wearable upper limb exoskeleton (EXO-UL7) using two multi-sensor admittance controllers (1) task space control and (2) joint space control. Multiple force sensors are needed due to the redundancy in the system (7 DOF). This redundancy is explored and a method is developed to calculate a closed form inverse kinematics (IK) solution. The IK solution is used to develop the task space controller. The joint space controller uses the transpose of the jacobian to resolve sensor forces into joint torques. Six subjects performed a peg in hole task. Six targets covered the main part of the device workspace. Velocities and Interaction forces at the upper arm, lower arm, handle and tip were recorded during the experiments. Power exchange between the subject and device was calculated. Task space based control was about 11% lower in mean interaction energy for the peg in hole task compared to joint space control. Task completion time increased with both controllers compared to back-driving the device.
Analytical Modeling of Energy Consumption and Thermal Performance of Data Center Cooling Systems: From the Chip to the Environment

The increasingly ubiquitous nature of computer and internet usage in our society, has driven advances in semiconductor technology, server packaging, and cluster level optimizations, in the IT industry. Not surprisingly this has an impact on our societal infrastructure with respect to providing the requisite energy to fuel these power hungry machines. Cooling has been found to contribute to about a third of the total data center energy consumption, and is the focus of this study. In this paper we develop and present physics based models to allow the prediction of the energy consumption and heat transfer phenomenon in a data center. These models allow the estimation of the microprocessor junction and server inlet air temperatures for different flow and temperature conditions at various parts of the data center cooling infrastructure. For a case study example considered, the chiller energy use was the biggest fraction of about 41% and also the most inefficient. The room air conditioning was the second largest energy component and also the second most inefficient. A sensitivity analysis of plant and chiller energy efficiency with chiller set point temperature and outdoor air conditions is also presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME