cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of 2-quinoxalinol Schiff-base metal complexes

Abstract The reaction of uranyl acetate with (2,2′-(1E,1′E)-(2-benzyl-3-hydroxyquinoxaline-6,7-diyl)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene) diphenol) (H2L1) at room temperature in methanol and chloroform yields the UO2L1 complex. Crystals were grown through solvent diffusion of the ligand–metal complex in dimethyl formamide with diethyl ether to prepare: UO2L1 · DMF (1). Complexes with 2,2′-(1E,1′E)-(2-benzyl-3-hydroxyquinoxaline-6,7-diyl)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)dibenzene-1,4-diol (H2L2) and 2,2′-(1E,1′E)-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylquinoxaline-6,7-diyl)bis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)diphenol (H2L3) were also prepared, and crystals of the uranyl complexes (UO2L2 · DMF (2) and (3)) grown from DMF/ether. A fourth complex UO2L4 · H2O (4) was prepared through layering a solution of the tetra-tert-butyl substituted 2-quinoxalinol salen ligand H2L4 in acetone with an aqueous solution containing uranyl acetate. The complexes exhibit a symmetric core featuring a slightly distorted bicapped pentagonal geometry around the uranium center with two oxo-groups and two imine groups from the ligand chelating the ligand and the fifth site in the coordination plane of the ligand occupied by a solvent molecule. These compounds have been characterized using solution (NMR and UV–Vis) and solid-state (IR, X-ray crystallography) techniques. Complexes of H2L4 with early transition metals; Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ are also prepared and characterized for comparison of solution and spectroscopic characteristics.
A Laplace transform-based fundamental collocation method for two-dimensional transient heat flow

The fundamental collocation method (FCM) is extended to handle two dimensional transient heat conduction problems in solids. The method is applied in the Laplace transform domain, after which an inversion technique is used to retrieve the time-domain solution. Examples are used to illustrate the method and a technique for evaluating accuracy is discussed. The performance was found to be very good. The method is capable of handling regions of arbitrary shapes, subjected to constant temperature initial conditions and mixed type, time-independent boundary conditions. Due to its inherent advantages over the domain-oriented techniques like the finite element and, finite difference methods, the Laplace transform-based FCM approach presented here may be regarded as a simpler method for solving a wide variety of time-dependent problems in heat conduction and related fields.
Acetazolamide with caffeine causes exencephaly in “resistant” SWV mice

Pregnant SWV mice were treated on day 9 of gestation (PC) with 50 mg/kg of caffeine (CAFF), 200 mg/kg (LD) or 1000 mg/kg (HD) of acetazolamide (ACZM), or a combination of both agents, or on day 8 PC with both agents (ACZM + CAFF). Untreated (UNTD) and vehicle-treated (VEH) groups served as controls. The SWV strain is widely reported to be resistant to ACZM; it was resistant to ACZM or CAFF + ACZM when treated on day 9 of gestation, but a significant frequency of malformations, primarily exencephaly, was produced by ACZM + CAFF on day 8 PC. This study provides evidence that ACZM, coupled with a subteratogenic dose of caffeine can produce abnormalities in the "resistant" SWV mice, using the endpoint of exencephaly on day 8 of gestation. The mean number of ossified caudal vertebrae in day-9 treatments and ossified cervical vertebral centra in day-8 treatments were reduced. The frequency of ossification of the first cervical vertebra (C1) was reduced from 93% in UNTD to 39% in HD-ACZM day 9 PC and 69% in HD-ACZM + CAFF day 9 PC groups, and was also significantly reduced in the HD-ACZM + CAFF day-8 treated group.
A developmental study of the effects of visual and auditory interference on a visual scanning task

The effects of visual and auditory interference on a visual scanning task were compared with children from the third grade and college sophomores. A highly confusable visual context significantly reduced scanning rate for both children and adults, but a highly confusable auditory context, played over earphones, had no effect on either group. There was a significant age interaction with interfering visual context. It seems likely that theories assuming auditory encoding of visually presented graphic items have little predictive value for a scanning task.
Further pharmacological characterization of [3H]idazoxan binding sites in rat brain: evidence for predominant labeling ofα2-adrenergic receptors

Abstract In addition to binding to α 2 -adrenergic receptors, the antagonist [ 3 H]idazoxan has been reported to bind to non-adrenergic sites in a number of tissues and species. In the present study, the pharmacological nature of [ 3 H]idazoxan binding sites in rat brain slices has been examined using radioligand binding and autoradiographic technniques. In Na 2 KHPO 4 buffer, four drugs with high affinity for α 2 -adrenergic binding sites were potent inhibitors of [ 3 H]idazoxan binding, with the rank order of potency being RX821002 > phentolamine > yohimbine > (-)epinephrine. Non-linear regression analysis resolved all competition curves into two components, with the high affinity site representing the majority of total [ 3 H]idazoxan binding. In autoradiographic studies performed in Na 2 KHPO 4 buffer, all α 2 -selective ligands displaced >/75% of total [ 3 H]idazoxan binding to most brain regions. These findings indicate that the major component of [ 3 H]idazoxan binding was to sites that are α 2 -adrenergic in nature. [ 3 H]Idazoxan binding was also examined in glycylglycine buffer. In contrast to binding in Na 2 KHPO 4 buffer, the proportion of low affinity sites was significantly increased in glycylcine buffer. Autoradiographic studies confirmed these findings. These pharmacological data are consistent with our previously reported conclusions that, under appropriate assay conditions. [ 3 H]idazoxan predominantly labels α 2 -adrenergic binding sites in rat brain. These sites are widely distributed and have pharmacological characteristics consistent with those previously reported for α 2A -adrenergic receptors.
Observation of a slow-mode shock in the dayside magnetopause reconnection layer

Plasma and magnetic field data from the International Sun Earth Explorer (ISEE) 2 spacecraft recorded on 29 Oct 1979 provide evidence for a slow shock (SS) in the reconnection layer of the dayside magnetopause. This layer is bounded on the magnetosheath side by the SS and on the magnetospheric side by a rotational discontinuity (RD). The direction of the accelerated plasma flow, the earthward sense of the normal magnetic field across both discontinuities, and the relative orientation of the SS and the RD all indicate that the reconnection site was located south of the spacecraft. Examination of the substantial pressure anisotropy downstream of the SS explains two unusual properties of the shock: (1) the slow-mode and intermediate-mode phase speeds are inverted downstream of the SS such that the RD propagates behind the SS rather than ahead of it; (2) the magnetic wave polarization reserves such that the SS initially displays a left-handed polarization and then switches to a right-handed polarization inside the shock structure.
Effect of Age on the Profile of Psychotropic Users: Results from the 2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

Objectives: To describe the effect of age on psychotropic coprescribing, psychiatric diagnoses, and other clinical characteristics. Design: Analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Setting: A national sample of outpatient visits to physicians (N = 2,406) in office-based practice in 2010. Participants: Adults prescribed psychotropic medication (N = 31,229). Measurements: Office visits at which antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, antipsychotic, or mood stabilizer medications were prescribed were grouped according to participant age (21�64, ?65) and then compared within each medication class on visit characteristics. and then compared according to variables including provider type, sex, and race; presence of diagnosed mental illness; prescription of other psychotropic agents; total number of chronic conditions; time spent with physician; and total number of medications. Results: In 2010, there were 90.3 million antidepressant office visits; 77.7 million anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic visits; 15.5 million antipsychotic visits; and 9.5 million mood stabilizer visits. Nonpsychiatrists prescribed the majority of psychotropic medications for every class and age group; 17.3% of older adult antipsychotic visits and 44.9% of younger adult antipsychotic visits were to a psychiatrist (chi-square = 19.58, P = .001). Older adults in every medication class were less likely to have a diagnosed mental disorder. Conclusion: Older adults prescribed psychotropic medication were less likely to have a diagnosed mental disorder than their younger counterparts. Efforts to promote quality prescribing should seek to minimize nonspecific use of psychotropic medication.
Reply to Bradshaw, McDonagh, and Marshall: Turn Off the Bubble Machine

In commenting on the art-versus-commerce theme, Bradshaw, McDonagh, and Marshall refer to its treatment in jazz-related films as “hackneyed” and “pedestrian.” In its place, they recommend various a...
Identification and quantification of the hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, 20-HETE and 12-HETE, in the cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Abstract Purpose: The monohydroxylated metabolite of arachidonic acid, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), is a potent vasoconstrictor of cerebral microvessels. 20-HETE formation is substantially elevated in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) in the rat subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model. The presence of 20-HETE in human CSF has not been demonstrated. Therefore, it was the purpose of this study to determine if HETE metabolites are present in human CSF after SAH. Methods: CSF samples were collected daily from four SAH patients over 15 days. HETE metabolites were separated by HPLC with identification by ion-trap MS/MS and quantification via single quadrupole MS operating in negative single ion monitoring mode. Results: Two major metabolites were identified as 12-HETE and 20-HETE. 20-HETE maximal concentrations were 2.9 and 0.7 ng/ml at ∼70 h in the two patients with symptomatic cerebral vasospasm (SV) after SAH. Concentrations of 12-HETE in these patients peaked at 21.9 ng/ml and 2.8 ng/ml. Concentrations of 20-HETE and 12-HETE were non-detectible in the majority of the samples obtained from two matched SAH patients without SV. Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that 20-HETE and 12-HETE are present in the CSF of SAH patients at physiologically relevant concentrations. Based on this information future prospective studies will allow for the delineation of the role of these metabolites in the pathogenesis of SAH.
Rayleigh versus Maréchal spherical aberration tolerance in in-line Fraunhofer holography

Rayleigh's quarter wavelength rule and Marechal's condition are used to establish allowable spherical aberration in in-line Fraunhofer holography with collimated beams. Allowable minimum object diameter by both these approaches is described and compared.
Factor Analysis of the Metropolitan Readiness Test on First-Grade Children.

The factor composition of the Metropolitan Readiness Test was investigated, using 1st-grade subjects in a suburban school district. In this analysis, a total battery score was supported, as well as a second factor believed to represent a language dimension of the test. None of the MRT's other content areas (auditory, visual, or quantitative abilities) or a distinct prereading measure were identified for this sample.
Annealed and quenched inhomogeneous cellular automata (INCA)

A probabilistic one-dimensional cellular automaton model by Domany and Kinzel is mapped into an inhomogeneous cellular automaton with the Boolean functions XOR and AND as transition rules. Wolfram's classification is recovered by varying the frequency of these two simple rules and by quenching or annealing the inhomogeneity. In particular, “class 4” is related to critical behavior in directed percolation. Also, the critical slowing down of second-order phase transitions is related to a stochastic version of the classical “halting problem” of computation theory.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin effects on lymphocyte stem cells: Comparisons with corticosteroids and estrogens

Abstract A single dose of either 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (10–30 μg/kg), β-estradiol (75mg/kg), or cortisone acetate (150mg/kg) can cause more than 70% thymic atrophy in BALB/cJ mice. However, the kinetics of atrophy and its persistence with estrogen or TCDD is different than that caused by cortisone acetate. Even more striking differences between these agents are seen in the loss and subsequent recovery of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) synthesizing cells in thymus, and bone marrow. These results and others suggest that, unlike cortisone, TCDD and estradiol cause a more persistent thymic atrophy mostly through alteration or ablation of thymic stem cells.
A retrospective descriptive study of oral azole antifungal agents in patients with patch test–negative head and neck predominant atopic dermatitis

Background Head and neck dermatitis is a subtype of atopic dermatitis driven by Malassezia yeast. Objective We sought to evaluate the response of these patients to systemic azole antifungals. Methods We queried the electronic medical records from our institution for patients that were referred for allergy patch testing, were ultimately given the diagnosis of head and neck dermatitis, and were treated with oral azole antifungals over a 2-year period. Results Twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most patients noted their characteristic flare beginning during their teenage, young adult, or adult years. All were noted to have some involvement of the head and neck, and 17 responded to treatment. The mean time taking an azole antifungal medication was 8 months, with a mean overall follow-up of 10 months. Limitations This was a retrospective descriptive study, from a single institution, of a limited number of patients, and did not use a validated scoring system. Conclusion Itraconazole and other azole antifungals were an effective treatment for more than two-thirds of adult patients with head and neck predominant atopic dermatitis.
Carboxyhemoglobin formation following smoke inhalation injury in sheep is interrelated with pulmonary shunt fraction.

Abstract Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) formation is triggered by the inducible isoform of heme oxygenase (HO-1) catalyzing carbon monoxide (CO) production through breakdown of heme molecules, exposure to CO or both. In the setting of CO poisoning, COHb is regarded as a reliable marker characterizing both severity of injury and efficacy of treatment strategies. This study was designed as a prospective laboratory experiment to elucidate potential interdependencies between COHb generation, oxygenation, and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) in an ovine model of smoke inhalation injury. Chronically instrumented ewes (n=15) were repeatedly subjected to cotton smoke (4 × 12 breaths) according to an established protocol. This approach resulted in a progressive increase in COHb formation that was interrelated with the degree of Qs/Qt (P
High Temperature and Gamma Effects on Counting-Type Neutron Flux Detectors

Neutron flux detectors of the counting type, as designed for thermal reactors may provide a capability for some fast reactor control safety and surveillance applications. Shortterm tests in environments of up to 106 R/hr gamma and to 950°F served to characterize the operational limits for the sensors. Fast pulse-shaping techniques (20 to 50 nanoseconds) improved the gamma tolerance capability of sensors having collection times of 50 to 200 nanoseconds.
D-Brane probes of Special Holonomy Manifolds, and Dynamics of Script N = 1 Three-Dimensional Gauge Theories

Using D2-brane probes, we study various properties of M-theory on singular, non-compact manifolds of G_2 and Spin(7) holonomy. We derive mirror pairs of N = 1 supersymmetric three-dimensional gauge theories, and apply this technique to realize exceptional holonomy manifolds as both Coulomb and Higgs branches of the D2-brane world-volume theory. We derive a “G_2 quotient construction'' of non-compact manifolds which admit a metric of G_2 holonomy. We further discuss the moduli space of such manifolds, including the structure of geometrical transitions in each case. For completeness, we also include familiar examples of manifolds withSU(3) and Sp(2) holonomy, where some of the new ideas are clarified and tested.
Synodic Month: Variations in the Geologic Past

The value of 31.56 ± 0.74 days for the synodic month in the Upper Cambrian is used together with a maximum in the expected number of days in a synodic month to argue that solar tidal dissipation is important in the dynamics of the earth-moon system and that the moment of inertia of the earth cannot have been much larger then than it is now. The tendency of the measurements to remain near 30 days may be a resonance effect.
Evidence for separate genetic control of crossing over and chiasma maintenance in maize

The meiotic cytological behavior of chromosomes in maize microsporocytes homozygous for the recessive mutant desynaptic was studied at various stages. It was found that following apparently normal pachytene synapsis there appears to be sporadic precocious desynapsis. By diakinesis bivalents heterozygous for a distal knob have often separated to pairs of univalents, each with a knob-carrying and a knobless chromatid. From the frequency of such events it is inferred that the crossover process is probably not affected by the mutant and that the genetic defect affects instead a distinct function concerned with chiasma maintenance following crossing over. Since precocious separation of dyads to monads at prophase II was also found in the desynaptic material, it is suggested that normal chiasma maintenance until anaphase I and normal dyad integrity maintenance between anaphase I and anaphase II may depend upon the same mechanism; it is also suggested that this may involve a special tendency for cohesiveness of sister chromatids during meiosis, beyond that which is ordinarily found at mitosis.
Kinetic energies of hydrogen atoms photodissociated from alkyl radicals

Abstract A series of alkyl halides was photodissociated at 205.1 nm, forming halogen atoms and alkyl radicals. The latter were in turn dissociated at the same wavelength into alkenes and hydrogen atoms. The average kinetic energies of the hydrogen atoms are large (1.5–2.0 eV) and decrease only slowly with increasing chain length. The inference is that the dissociation mechanism involves crossing from the Rydberg state surface to a repulsive region of the ground state surface at a point near the center of a C–C bond. As had been previously found by Koplitz and coworkers, isotope scrambling was seen in CH 3 CD 2 radicals.
Recent population expansions of non-native ascidians in The Netherlands

Abstract Over the last 50 yrs seven non-native ascidians have settled in The Netherlands, concentrated in the two periods 1974–1977 and 1991–2004 (i.e., Styela clava , Aplidium glabrum , Diplosoma listerianum , Didemnum sp., Botrylloides violaceus, Molgula complanata and Perophora japonica ). The year of the introduction of B. violaceus remains a matter of dispute because many of the Botrylloides specimens that are recorded in western Europe, have been identified as the closely resembling species B. leachi . Only Didemnum sp. has become a true invasive species and has become a threat to native ecosystems, especially in the province of Zeeland, by its ability to overgrow virtually all hard substrata present. This includes rocks, stones, sand, algae and almost all sessile marine animals. The sudden population expansion of the didemnid from 1996 onward, coincided with the cold winter of 1995–1996, which caused decreased population sizes of many marine animals. The resulting increase in the availability of suitable substrates for settlement and the strong decrease of grazing sea urchins, may have triggered the population expansion. Studying its population dynamics, the optimal growing temperature for Didemnum sp. appears to be 14–18 °C. Virtually all colonies die when the water temperature gets colder than 5 °C. Colonies growing on live marine animals seem to be more resistant to the cold, than those growing on rocks, stones and plants. Two potential predators of the didemnid have also been recorded in Dutch waters: the gastropods Trivia arctica and Lamellaria sp.
Deep-level transient spectroscopy studies of defects in GaAs-AlGaAs superlattices

We present preliminary results of a study of defects in GaAs‐AlGaAs superlattices using deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). A dramatic difference is observed between the DLTS spectra of two superlattices when the superlattice period is doubled. This is explained by the presence of miniband conduction in the case of the smaller period and its absence in the case of the larger, and by the consequent difference in the distribution of electrons in the superlattice. Observed activation energies must be reinterpreted for comparisons to bulk material.
Dependence of electron transfer dynamics in wire-like bridge molecules on donor–bridge energetics and electronic interactions

Abstract Electron transfer (ET) reactions in donor–bridge–acceptor (DBA) molecules that occur by means of superexchange interactions between the donor (D) and the bridge (B) molecules depend on the vertical energy gap separating D and B. This dependence modulates the electronic coupling matrix element for ET, and hence the ET rate. However, when the energy gap between D and B is small, the assumptions intrinsic to the simplest superexchange model break down and charge injection from D to B may occur. To investigate this range of possibilities, we synthesized a family of DBA molecules based on a 2,5-bis(2 ′ -ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-distyrylbenzene (OPV3) bridge. Three electron donors, zinc 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), perylene (PER) and tetracene (TET) as well as two electron acceptors naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) (NI) and pyromellitimide (PI) were attached to the OPV3 bridge. The observed ET dynamics of these molecules are sensitive not only to the donor–bridge energy gap, but also to the excited state torsional dynamics between the donor and bridge.
Disproportionate increase in prevalence of diabetes among patients with congestive heart failure due to systolic dysfunction

Abstract Background Despite new therapies, the prevalence of heart failure continues to escalate. The prevalence of diabetes, a risk factor for heart failure, also continues to rise. To further understand the increasing prevalence of heart failure, we compared trends in the prevalence of diabetes among individuals with diagnosed heart failure versus those in the general population. Methods Fourteen randomized trials between 1989 and 1999 including subjects with heart failure ( n =34,633) were reviewed. For each trial, the enrollment date was used to estimate the yearly prevalence of diabetes among study participants with heart failure. The prevalence of diabetes in the general population was estimated based on United State's Center for Disease Control statistics from 1989 to 1999. The prevalence of diabetes between heart failure subjects and the general population was compared using a two-sample t -test for independent samples with unequal variances. Results The prevalence of diabetes increased from 2.6% to 4.0% from 1989 to 1999 in the general U.S. population. Among patients with heart failure, the prevalence of diabetes increased from 13% to 47%. Diabetes prevalence estimates varied significantly ( p Conclusions The rising prevalence of diabetes may partially explain the growing epidemic of heart failure. Increased efforts targeting diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors are warranted in attenuating the rising prevalence of heart failure.
FUTURE OF AIRLINE HUBBED NETWORKS: SOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS.

By hubbing at a few airports, airlines can maintain high levels of aircraft utilization and take advantage of the economies of aircraft size. Passengers also benefit in the form of increased frequency of service. However, increased aircraft operations at major hubs imply certain diseconomies that include congestion delay, increased workload on air-traffic controllers, noise, and pollution. Using a network equilibrium model, this study attempts to project the future structure of domestic networks and to discuss some policy implications. The results suggest that network hubbing will continue to persist as an important feature of air transportation, but in a multihub system. Unless expanded substantially, major hubs will suffer from escalated levels of delays and will become mostly traffic-generator airports instead of connecting and transfer points. Some implications to the concept of wayports, hub pricing, and the role of aircraft technology in relieving delays at major hubs are also discussed.
A simple technique for the visualization of whole mount cytoskeletons with transmission electron microscopy

Examination of whole mount cells in the transmission electron microscope has been useful in studies of cellular architecture. The common technique is to grow cells directly on formvar-coated, gold grids for direct observation through a cell. We report a technique for obtaining whole mount preparations which requires neither fragile formvar films nor expensive, gold grids. Cells are grown on palladium-coated coverslips and processed for electron microscopy. The cells and the palladium substrate are separated from the coverslip. The cell-palladium complex is then picked up on copper grids as in thin section processing. We compare images of the cytoskeleton using our technique with images using previously described techniques and present preliminary observations of contracting cell models. Such contractions would tear formvar films if attempted on cells grown in the conventional manner for whole mount examination. Our technique allows cells to contract without tearing the underlying substrate.
Momentum-resolved excited-electron lifetimes on stepped Cu(7 7 5)

Abstract The lifetime of n=1 image-state electrons on stepped on Cu(7 7 5) has been measured as a function of their translational momentum, k∥. At the terrace normal this lifetime is equal to that for flat Cu(1 1 1), i.e. τ=18±2 fs . For motion parallel to the step orientation, the lifetime decreases symmetrically about k∥=0 and the absolute values are in close agreement with that predicted by a recent many-body theory. Contrasting data for motion perpendicular to the step edges is also presented.
A 46-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea From an Inhalational Exposure, Triggering Thyroid Storm and Subsequent Multi-Organ System Failure.

Background:Thyroid storm is a rare, life-threatening condition which arises in patients with thyrotoxicosis, with an annual incidence of 2 patients per 1,000,000 and a mortality rate of 11%.Case:We present the case of a 46-year-old-female with a medical history of controlled mild intermittent asthma, who presented with a severe asthma exacerbation, that triggered thyroid storm after exposure to polyurethane fumes.Conclusion:This patient represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first patient in whom the stress related to a severe asthma attack triggered the development of thyroid storm. She also is the first patient with no indication of cardiac dysfunction who developed fatal cardiac arrest after initiation of b-blockade for treatment of thyroid storm.
The interaction of location and inventory in designing distribution systems

Many companies face the strategic decision of deciding on the number of Distribution Centers (DCs), their location, and which customers they serve. One objective for a company facing this decision is to maintain acceptable service while minimizing the fixed costs of operating the DCs, inventory holding costs at the DCs, and transportation costs between plants and DCs, and DCs and customers. For insight into this problem, we develop an analytical model for a stylized version of it. However, since the general version of the problem is NP-Hard, we also develop heuristic procedures. We solve a variety of example problems to test the performance of these heuristics relative to optimal solutions and a lower bound based on a relaxation of the original problem. Managerial insight based on our computational studies is provided. We also present a small case-study example motivated by our interaction with Frito-Lay, Inc
High-order computational fluid dynamics tools for aircraft design

Most forecasts predict an annual airline traffic growth rate between 4.5 and 5% in the foreseeable future. To sustain that growth, the environmental impact of aircraft cannot be ignored. Future aircraft must have much better fuel economy, dramatically less greenhouse gas emissions and noise, in addition to better performance. Many technical breakthroughs must take place to achieve the aggressive environmental goals set up by governments in North America and Europe. One of these breakthroughs will be physics-based, highly accurate and efficient computational fluid dynamics and aeroacoustics tools capable of predicting complex flows over the entire flight envelope and through an aircraft engine, and computing aircraft noise. Some of these flows are dominated by unsteady vortices of disparate scales, often highly turbulent, and they call for higher-order methods. As these tools will be integral components of a multi-disciplinary optimization environment, they must be efficient to impact design. Ultimately, the accuracy, efficiency, robustness, scalability and geometric flexibility will determine which methods will be adopted in the design process. This article explores these aspects and identifies pacing items.
The CAT-2 null phenotype in maize is likely due to a DNA insertion into the Cat2 gene.

The molecular basis for a shorter Cat2 transcript in maize lines null for the CAT-2 catalase iso/yme was investigated using cDNA libraries and genomic DNA blots. Sequence comparison of partial Cat2 cDNAs obtained from two CAT-2 null lines and a wild-type CAT-2 encoding cDNA showed that the Cat2 null transcripts diverged from the wild-type transcript but remained homologous to each other. Genomic DNA blots indicated that the missing portion of the transcript is present in the genomes of lines null for the CAT-2 isozyme. Differences in the hybridization patterns of normal and null lines were revealed when genomic DNA blots were probed with the full-length Cat2 cDNA, a Cat2 gene-specific probe, and a “null sequence” probe. Together, the DNA blotting results suggest that a rearrangement of the Cat2 gene has occurred in the CAT-2 null lines. The available data suggest that the CAT-2 null mutation in maize is due to a DNA insertion into the Cat2 gene.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Hands-On Defibrillation: An Analysis of Electrical Current Flow Through Rescuers in Direct Contact With Patients During Biphasic External Defibrillation”

We are grateful for J.L. Sullivan’s interest in and comments regarding our article.1 Clearly, the use of polyethylene gloves is an important constraint to our experiments (We mention this in the article more than once). However, such gloves are a part of standard precautions during resuscitation. Moreover, we clearly demonstrate the safety of hands-on defibrillation in humans despite a direct bare-skin–to–bare-skin return current pathway between the patient and rescuer. Should …
Supersonic inlet contour interpolation

A method for designing supersonic inlet contours is described which consists in the interpolation of the contours of two known inlets designed for different Mach numbers, thereby determining the contours for a third inlet at an intermediate design Mach number. Several similar axisymmetric inlet contours were interpolated from known inlets with design Mach numbers ranging from 2.16 to 4.0 and with design Mach numbers differing by as much as 1.0. The flowfields were calculated according to Sorensen's (1965) computer program. Shockwave structure and pressure distribution characteristics are shown for the interpolated inlets. The validity of the interpolation is demonstrated by comparing the plots of the flowfield properties across the throat station of the interpolated inlet with the known inlets which were designed iteratively. It seems possible to write a computer program so that a matrix of known inlet contours can be interpolated.
Trade-off Across Privacy, Security and Surveillance in the Case of Metro Travel in Europe

Privacy issues related to mass surveillance received unprecedented attention in 2013 and 2014. While the debate so far has focused on internet-based surveillance, the concerns raised by increased awareness of state surveillance capabilities have far reaching consequences for discussions on legislation relating to security, privacy and liberty in a range of domains. Focusing on train/metro travel we investigate whether Europeans perceive similar security and privacy issues as have been raised in recent discussions about surveillance. This paper presents preliminary findings from the empirical phase of PACT, a three year pan-European project. PACT has as its centerpiece a large scale survey of privacy & security preferences. The survey is designed to elicit respondents’ preferences related to various security and privacy aspects involved in three contexts, including train/metro travel. Using data from the pilot we demonstrate the application of stated preference methods in the context of security and privacy. The stated -preference exercise gathers preferences related to CCTV, CCTV data handling, type of security personnel, type of physical security check, delay due to security checks, and cost of security/surveillance. Using discrete choice models to estimate willingness to pay for different security/surveillance features we aim to provide the missing evidence on valuation of public security and surveillance.
Spirituality Incorporated: Including Convergent Spiritual Values in Business

Businesses frequently exclude spiritual values, viewing such values as impositions that belong in business as much as a priest belongs at a bachelor party. Yet spirituality should not be viewed as impositions from without, but as inclusions from within. Spiritual values should be included in a company to the extent that these values are shared by the principals of a firm. Excluding spiritual values found in a “convergent consensus” runs contrary to freedom and liberty that Milton Friedman, among others, champions. Furthermore, the exclusion of such values from a business threatens to alienate business persons from their moral integrity. By cultivating what I will call “the spiritual imagination,” businesses can facilitate fidelity between the convergent values of its principals, and the actions, policies, and culture of a company.
Comment on Prazauskas, Tishkov, and Yamskov

Three important myths about Soviet nationality policy have been exploded since 1988. Most Soviet scholars and Western scholars admit that, contrary to Marxist-Leninist postulates, ethnic consciousness does not necessarily decline as society moves toward modernization or "socialism." In recent years in the U.S.S.R. ethnic consciousness has greatly expanded or surfaced. Second, the assertion that "druzhba narodov" (friendship of the peoples) is characteristic of Soviet society is belied by the death of over a thousand people in inter-ethnic clashes, the wounding of more than 8,000, and the displacement of about a half-million others as a result of clashes in the Caucasus and Central Asia. The third myth is that of an "unshakeable union of free republics," exploded by declarations of sovereignty and independence by almost all republics. Soviet analysts and even politicians have had to admit that the cliches about the Soviet multiethnic society being of a "wholly different kind" and the emergence of a "Soviet nation" were exercises in self-deception and propaganda. As is so often the case in the age of glasnost', past falsifications are overcompensated for by sometimes excessive breast-beating and self-criticism. Thus, the articles by Prazauskas, Tishkov, and Yamskov are to be welcomed for their critical but balanced assessments and for their attention to the facts.
Dysfunctions of the stomach with gastric ulceration

Factors implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer were studied simultaneously in seven patients with strictly defined type 1 gastric ulcer (single benign ulcer above the incisura of the stomach) and in six healthy controls. After ingestion of an ordinary solid-liquid meal, patients with gastric ulcer demonstrated gastric hyposecretion of acid, pepsin, and water; delayed gastric emptying of solids with normal emptying of liquids; and increased intragastric concentrations of bile acids. These functional abnormalities appear to be interrelated. Metoclopramide, administered orally in a double-blind fashion, ameliorated the defect in the emptying of solids and the high concentrations of bile acid in the gastric contents. The ability of this drug to break this interdependent cycle suggests the need for further clinical investigation.
Management of atypical cranial meningiomas, part 2: predictors of progression and the role of adjuvant radiation after subtotal resection.

BACKGROUND: The efficacies of adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for atypical meningiomas (AMs) after subtotal resection (STR) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical, histopathological, and radiographic features associated with progression in AM patients after STR. METHODS: Fifty-nine primary AMs after STR were examined for predictors of progression, including the impact of SRS and EBRT, in a retrospective cohort study. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (46%) progressed after STR (median, 30 months). On univariate analysis, spontaneous necrosis positively (hazard ratio = 5.2; P = .006) and adjuvant radiation negatively (hazard ratio = 0.3; P = .009) correlated with progression; on multivariate analysis, only adjuvant radiation remained independently significant (hazard ratio = 0.3; P = .006). SRS and EBRT were associated with greater local control (LC; P = .02) and progression-free survival (P = .007). The 2-, 5-, and 10-year actuarial LC rates after STR vs STR/EBRT were 60%, 34%, and 34% vs 96%, 65%, and 45%. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year actuarial progression-free survival rates after STR vs STR/EBRT were 60%, 30%, and 26% vs 96%, 65%, and 45%. Compared with STR alone, adjuvant radiation therapy significantly improved LC in AMs that lack spontaneous necrosis (P = .003) but did not improve LC in AMs with spontaneous necrosis (P = .6). CONCLUSION: Adjuvant SRS or EBRT improved LC of AMs after STR but only for tumors without spontaneous necrosis. Spontaneous necrosis may aid in decisions to administer adjuvant SRS or EBRT after STR of AMs.
Multiple primary gynecologic neoplasms in a young HIV‐positive patient

Immune suppression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is frequently associated with the development of certain neoplasms, including Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A young patient with a 5-year history of HIV infection was found simultaneously to have invasive carcinoma of the breast, microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix, and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva. In view of the early nature of these neoplasms, conservative therapy was utilized; lumpectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy, conservative hysterectomy, and local therapy for the breast carcinoma, cervical carcinoma and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, respectively. Epithelial malignancies appear to be more common in the HIV-positive population than previously appreciated. To our knowledge this is the first report of multiple primary gynecologic neoplasms in association with HIV infection. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kolmogorov-smirnov confidence sets: the case of more than one sample

For the two-sample problem, distribution-free confidence sets for the shift parameter when the scale parameters are equal and for both the shift and the ratio of scale parameters are derived. Multiple comparisons for the k sample location problem are constructed when all scale parameters are equal. Examples are given. Procedures may be completed with only pencil and paper.
Meiosis: DNA branching during meiotic recombination

Abstract The branched forms of chromosomal DNA that arise during meiotic prophase in yeast have been characterized electrophoretically, contributing to our understanding of meiotic synapsis and crossing over.
Recursive estimation of the transition distribution function of a Markov process: A symptotic normality

Abstract Let X1,…, Xn + 1 be the first n + 1 random variables from a strictly stationary Markov process which satisfies certain additional regularity conditions. On the basis of these random variables, a recursive nonparametric estimate of the one-step transition distribution function is shown to be asymptotically normal. The class of Markov processes studied includes the Markov processes usually considered in the literature; namely, processes which either satisfy Doeblin's hypothesis, or, more generally, are geometrically ergodic.
An alternative safety net to patient dumping

Hospitals adjusted their admitting practices and treatment protocols in response to the prospective payment system (PPS) enacted by the Health Care Financing Agency over a decade ago. Under PPS it is often not profitable for a hospital to admit and treat chronically ill individuals, with Medicare coverage, who may require extended periods of in‐patient care. It has been suggested in the literature that hospitals engage in “patient dumping”, or shifting high‐cost Medicare patients to public hospitals, to minimize loses. Institutional factors and market deficiencies result in discriminatory practices towards poor, elderly and disabled patients with limited or no health insurance coverage in the provision of health care. US Department of Veteran Affairs medical centers, however, provide an alternative, or safety net, for poor, elderly and disabled veterans who would be prime Medicare candidates for patient dumping.
The Stroop smartphone application is a short and valid method to screen for minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) detection is difficult because of the unavailability of short screening tools. Therefore, MHE patients can remain undiagnosed and untreated. The aim of this study was to use a Stroop smartphone application (app) (EncephalApp_Stroop) to screen for MHE. The app and standard psychometric tests (SPTs; 2 of 4 abnormal is MHE, gold standard), psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES), and inhibitory control tests (ICTs) were administered to patients with cirrhosis (with or without previous overt hepatic encephalopathy; OHE) and age-matched controls from two centers; a subset underwent retesting. A separate validation cohort was also recruited. Stroop has an “off” state with neutral stimuli and an “on” state with incongruent stimuli. Outcomes included time to complete five correct runs as well as number of trials needed in on (Ontime) and off (Offtime) states. Stroop results were compared between controls and patients with cirrhosis with or without OHE and those with or without MHE (using SPTs, ICTs, and PHES). Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to diagnose MHE in patients with cirrhosis with or without previous OHE. One hundred and twenty-five patients with cirrhosis (43 previous OHE) and 134 controls were included in the original cohort. App times were correlated with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (Offtime: r = 0.57; Ontime: r = 0.61; P 274.9 seconds (Ontime plus Offtime) had an area under the curve of 0.89 in all patients and 0.84 in patients without previous OHE for MHE diagnosis using SPT as the gold standard. The validation cohort showed 78% sensitivity and 90% specificity with the >274.9-seconds Ontime plus Offtime cutoff. App result patterns were similar between the centers. Test-retest reliability in controls and those without previous OHE was good; a learning effect on Ontime in patients with cirrhosis without previous OHE was noted. Conclusion: The Stroop smartphone app is a short, valid, and reliable tool for screening of MHE. (Hepatology 2013;58:1122-1132)
Mobile agent middleware for sensor networks: an application case study

Agilla is a mobile agent middleware that facilitates the rapid deployment of adaptive applications in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Agilla allows users to create and inject special programs called mobile agents that coordinate through local tuple spaces, and migrate across the WSN performing application-specific tasks. This fluidity of code and state has the potential to transform a WSN into a shared, general-purpose computing platform capable of running several autonomous applications at a time, allowing us to harness its full potential. We have implemented and evaluated a fire tracking application to determine how well Agilla achieves its goals. Fire is modeled by agents that gradually spread throughout the network, engulfing nodes by inserting fire tuples into their local tuple spaces. Fire tracker agents are then used to form a perimeter around the fire. Using Agilla, we were able to rapidly create and deploy 47 byte fire agents, and 100 byte tracker agents on a WSN consisting of 26 MICA2 motes. Our experiments show that the tracker agents can form an 8-node perimeter around a burning node within 6.5 seconds and that it can adapt to a fire spreading at a rate of 7 seconds per hop. We also present the lessons learned about the adequacy of Agilla's primitives, and regarding the efficiency, reliability, and adaptivity of mobile agents in a WSN.
Evolutionary models of color categorization. II. Realistic observer models and population heterogeneity.

The evolution of color categorization is investigated using computer simulations of agent population categorization games. Various realistic observer types are implemented based on Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test human performance data from normal and anomalous trichromats, dichromats, and humans with four retinal photopigments. Results show that (i) a small percentage of realistically modeled deficient agents greatly affects the shared categorization solutions of the entire population in terms of color category boundary locations; (ii) for realistically modeled populations, dichromats have the strongest influence on the color categorization; their characteristic forms of color confusion affect (i.e., attract or repel) color boundary locations and accord with our findings for homogeneous dichromat populations [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A26, 1414-1423 (2009)]; (iii) adding anomalous trichromats or trichromat “experts” does not destabilize the solutions or substantially alter solution structure. The results provide insights regarding the mechanisms that may constrain universal tendencies in human color categorization systems.