cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Both Sides of the Street: Introducing Measures of Physical and Social Boundaries Based on Differences Across Sides of the Street, and Consequences for Crime

Although previous studies have theorized the importance of physical and social boundaries (edges) in understanding crime in place, the relationship between edges and the level of crime has been less studied empirically. The current study examines the effects of physical and social boundaries on crime in street segments. To empirically measure boundaries, we introduce an approach of looking at the differences of land use (physical boundary), socioeconomic status, or racial composition (social boundaries) on both sides of a street segment. We estimated a series of negative binomial regression models in which measures of the physical and social boundaries are included while controlling for the effects of structural characteristic and the conventional physical boundary measures of highways, parks, and rivers. We observed that there are positive relationships between all three of these boundary measures and violent and property crimes. The results indicated that physical and social boundaries are important to consider in understanding the spatial patterns of crime. Moreover, the current study confirmed the moderating effects between social and physical boundaries. Our results indicate that although much empirical research focuses solely on physical boundaries, our measures of social and physical boundaries have important consequences for the spatial location of crime, and therefore are worthy of further research.
Mechatronic Model-Based Design Applied to An H-Bot Robot

Mechatronic system design is multidisciplinary and integration among the mechanical, sensor, actuator, electronic, computer, and control elements is essential. The integration is done simultaneously from the start of the design process and the design is model-based. Modeling, physical and mathematical, is the key in modern engineering practice. Accurate motion control and energy efficiency in industrial machines heavily depend on trajectory planning and the appropriate selection of the motors controlling the axes of the machine. A model-based design approach is proposed for (1) trajectory planning that leads to accurate positioning and energy efficiency and (2) optimized selection of motors prior to building a prototype. As planar positioning is an important task in industrial applications, a two-axis, single-beltdriven, H-frame planar positioning robot called an H-Bot was built. The proposed approach is demonstrated via modeling, analysis, control-design simulation using MatLab / Simulink, and hardware implementation using the Arduino and LabVIEW MyRIO.
Preliminary Experience With Transcranial Doppler Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Carotid Artery Revascularization: Initial Observations on Cerebral Embolization Patterns:

Intraoperative transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring allows us to see intracranial blood flow changes related to endovascular and surgical manipulation in real time. This study evaluates the result...
Markers for gene expression in cultured cells from the nervous system.

Abstract Methods are presented for preparation of extracts from cultured cells from the nervous system and for study of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, glutamate decarboxylase, and catechol O-methyltransferase activities. These enzyme activities are markers that can be used for studying gene expression in neurons. The methods are sufficiently sensitive so that all assays can be performed with protein harvested from one Petri dish. Activities of the marker enzymes were assessed in surface cultures of newborn mouse brain cells, and in glial and nonbrain cell lines. Low activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and glutamate decarboxylase were detected in all the cells tested. All of these activities, and particularly glutamate decarboxylase, were higher in cultured brain cells from newborn animals than in non-neuronal cell lines. Glutamate decarboxylase activity in glial cells and in brain cells was inhibited more than 95% by 1 mm amino-oxyacetic acid.
Enslaved by Words: Legalities & Limitations of 'Post-Racial' Language

This Article examines racial language in the law to show how discrimination is perpetuated in politically correct speech. It argues that names and labels authorized by law maintain racist trappings that fueled the projects of colonialism and slavery; it also puts to rest the notion of “post racial” since such a state is impossible due to the systemic nature of prejudice, where racism is structural. Indeed, laws and legal institutions have a profound influence on the way Americans conceive and speak of one another, and at minimum, may be seen as providing society with a legal base of racial vocabulary. Although the law is not the originator of terminology that supports structural distinction, legitimating of these terms helps lay cornerstones for the foundation. This analysis draws on federal and state constitutions and statutes and the U.S. Census to determine why words like “Indian,” “colored” and other seemingly innocuous terms like “black” and “white” are inherently oppressive. Despite their politically correct appeal, these terms create false binaries, reinforce racial hierarchies like the “one drop rule,” or somehow denigrate their referent. Although the census ritual has been going on for centuries, determining the principles that guide their system is a daunting task. The logic is puzzling, yet the negative effects of language are clear; racial language is never “only words,” but conceptual building blocks that support racial projects of the present.
CMIP5 Climate Simulations: Implications for Hydrology

This article points out through climate simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) that global warming will be increased by the end of the 21st century 3.3°C and in some areas as 7-8°C. This change will have an impact on agricultural production and human mortality. A new emphasis on the integration of social sciences with physical sciences will be fundamental to address the problem of climate adaptation; likewise, it will be important for decision-making to overcome the vulnerability and the challenges that brings a climate change
Assessing Drinking and Driving Attitudes and Behavior: Factor Structure of the Drinking and Driving Scale

Drinking and driving is a common problem in the United States, with approximately 11.3% of Americans reporting engaging in the behavior at least once in their lifetime. However, no paper self-report measure of attitudes toward and likelihood of engaging in drinking and driving appear to exist. The current study builds upon a telephone questionnaire from Snortum & Berger (1989). Results from an Exploratory Factor Analysis on Subsample 1 of the data suggest the presence of 4 factors that explain roughly 56% of total variance. Further, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis on Subsample 2 of the data confirms this factor structure.
Lunar-Based Astronomy

The Moon offers for astronomy a truly impressive array of advantages, many of which are briefly reviewed in this paper. These advantages include especially the vast inertial platform and the expected availability of human and robotic “hands-on” installation, maintenance, and modification. The Earth-orbiting Great Observatories will advance our knowledge to a new plateau, but some of the most fundamental observational questions which we are already asking will require lunar-based instruments, including very large filled-aperture telescopes, interferometers with baselines of tens and ultimately hundreds of kilometers, and the utilization of the radio-quiet backside. It is already time to begin planning the first such installations.
A Polyglot Approach to Bioinformatics Data Integration: A Phylogenetic Analysis of HIV-1

As sequencing technologies continue to drop in price and increase in throughput, new challenges emerge for the management and accessibility of genomic sequence data. We have developed a pipeline for facilitating the storage, retrieval, and subsequent analysis of molecular data, integrating both sequence and metadata. Taking a polyglot approach involving multiple languages, libraries, and persistence mechanisms, sequence data can be aggregated from publicly available and local repositories. Data are exposed in the form of a RESTful web service, formatted for easy querying, and retrieved for downstream analyses. As a proof of concept, we have developed a resource for annotated HIV-1 sequences. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted for >6,000 HIV-1 sequences revealing spatial and temporal factors influence the evolution of the individual genes uniquely. Nevertheless, signatures of origin can be extrapolated even despite increased globalization. The approach developed here can easily be customized for any species of interest.
Galois Theory of Parameterized Differential Equations and Linear Differential Algebraic Groups

We present a Galois theory of parameterized linear differential equations where the Galois groups are linear differential algebraic groups, that is, groups of matrices whose entries are functions of the parameters and satisfy a set of differential equations with respect to these parameters. We present the basic constructions and results, give examples, discuss how isomonodromic families fit into this theory and show how results from the theory of linear differential algebraic groups may be used to classify systems of second order linear differential equations.
Shape from Shading: Provably Convergent Algorithms and Uniqueness Results

An explicit representation for the surface corresponding to a shaded image is presented and proven to be correct (under standard conditions). Uniqueness of the surface is an immediate consequence. Using this representation, various iterative algorithms for shape reconstruction are derived. It has been proven that all these algorithms converge monotonically to the correct surface reconstruction, and they have been shown experimentally to be fast and robust. Some of the results of this paper extend previous ones to the case of illumination from a general direction.
Metal–Metal Bonds in Chains of Three or More Metal Atoms: From Homometallic to Heterometallic Chains

Extended metal atom chains (EMACs) have attracted attention for their unique structural and bonding features. They allow for a systematic study of metal–metal bonding in discrete, oligomeric, polymetallic one-dimensional molecules. Because of their shape and bonding patterns, these complexes are often considered potential molecular wires for molecular electronic applications. As such, the electronic structure of the simplest EMACs, i.e., those that consist of three metals linked together, the ligand systems that have been used to support EMACs, and preliminary work on the conductance of EMACs at the molecular level are discussed. New heterometallic EMACs have also been recently synthesized and are discussed here. While these molecules may be of interest in molecular electronic applications, they also serve as a testing ground for studying the nature of heterometallic electronic effects.
Rash, disseminated intravascular coagulation and legionella: Episode 10 and a rewind into the past

Legionella pneumophila is the most common cause of legionellosis and is one of the organisms causing atypical pneumonia. We report the presentation of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and skin rash in a single case of severe Legionella pneumonia. The unique clinical presentation of a diffuse rash diagnosed as purpura fulminans and the unpredictable variations encountered during the diagnostic work-up of the case make this write-up crucial. This article synthesizes all reported cases of L. pneumonia associated with cutaneous manifestations as well as cases presenting with DIC. Furthermore, this manuscript illustrates the correlation between cutaneous and coagulopathic manifestations, and morbidity and mortality from L. pneumonia.
Enforcing the Bill of Rights in the United States

Before the American Civil War, very few U.S. Supreme Court cases dealt with the Bill of Rights. It was not until the 20th century that the courts began to deal extensively with the Bill of Rights, and because of the court enforcement of the rights embodied in that document, the Bill of Rights has come to be the best-known part of the United States Constitution. There have been thousands of cases interpreting and applying the Bill of Rights in the 20th century, and there will undoubtedly be thousands more as our era continues to be permeated with “rights talk.” This raises two important questions. First, why did Bill of Rights litigation wait a century to really begin to play an important part in American culture? Second, does the upsurge in judicial enforcement of the Bill of Rights indicate a corresponding increase in liberty? This essay examines both of these questions by examining the interplay between personal rights and structural constraints on the federal government throughout American constitutional history.
CRACK CLOSURE AND THE FATIGUE-CRACK PROPAGATION THRESHOLD AS A FUNCTION OF LOAD RATIO

The phenomenon of crack closure, which involves the premature closing of fatigue cracks during the unloading portion of a fatigue cycle resulting in the development of crack-tip shielding due to crack wedging, has become widely accepted as a critical mechanism influencing many aspects of the behaviour of fatigue cracks in metallic materials; these include effects of load ratio, variable-amplitude loading, crack size, microstructure, environment and the magnitude of the fatigue threshold. Recently, however, the significance of crack closure has been questioned and alternative suggestions made for many of these phenomena, e.g. the effect of the load ratio (i.e. the ratio R of the minimum to maximum loads) on threshold behaviour. In the light of this, the present paper provides evidence to rebut the assertion that crack closure is an insignificant process. Particular attention is given to the effect of crack closure on the threshold level as a function of load ratio.
Meromorphic products determining near-fields

In this paper we continue our investigations of a construction method for subnear-rings of M(G) proposed by H. Wielandt. For a meromorphic product H, H ⊂ G k , G finite, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for M(G, k, H) to be a near-field.
Influence of salinity on the eggs and larvae of the California killifish Fundulus parvipinnis

Effects of salinity on embryonic development and survival were determined for eggs and larvae of the California killifish Fundulus parvipinnis Girard. Incubation salinities over the range of 5 to 14‰ S produced the shortest incubation period, maximum yolk-conversion efficiency, largest larval size at hatching, and maximum viable hatch. Various morphometric measurements of the newly-hatched larvae were influenced significantly by incubation salinity. Fertilization salinity also effected certain development criteria; in general, lower fertilization salinities resulted in shorter incubation periods and larger larvae at hatching. A salinity range of 5 to 14 ‰ S is anggested as a physiological optimum, and the known freshwater affinity of the species suggests that an eventual freshwater colonization by the California killifish is possible.
Origin of temperature changes evoked in the brain by sensory stimulation

Abstract Temperature was measured in lateral geniculate nucleus, ventrobasal thalamus and inferior colliculus and at the cerebral arteries which supply these structures in monkeys and cats with chronically implanted thermocouples. Animals were studied when they were conscious and when they were anesthetized, during spontaneously occurring changes in behavior and during the presentation of visual, somesthetic, and auditory stimuli. Parallel low-gain and high-gain recorders allowed absolute temperatures to be determined with an accuracy of 0.05 C and temperature changes of 0.0004 C to be resolved. In confirmation of earlier studies, we found that in behaving animals, large changes in temperature occur in cerebral arterial blood and throughout the brain during feeding, sleeping, and arousal. Brain temperature shifts follow blood temperature shifts. The cerebral arterial blood at the circle of Willis is cooler than the brain. When sensory stimuli are presented, the usual thermal response is a rise in temperature at the cerebral arteries followed by a smaller rise in brain temperature. The changes in cerebral arterial blood temperature following sensory stimulation ranged from 0.003 C to 0.133 C in lightly anesthetized animals. The temperature changes in lateral geniculate, ventrobasal thalamus, or inferior colliculus ranged from 0 to 0.067 C and followed the blood temperature changes by 7 to 71 sec. Changes in brain temperature never occurred without a previous change in blood temperature. Blood temperature responses to sensory stimulation were larger in awake animals and in light anesthesia than in deeply anesthetized animals. Blood temperature rises were associated with peripheral cranial vasoconstriction, suggesting that the initial thermal response to sensory stimulation is peripheral autonomic activity and decreased peripheral heat loss. Other investigators observing brain temperature changes following sensory stimulation did not measure cerebral arterial blood temperature and concluded that the shifts in brain temperature were due to changes in neuronal metabolism or cerebral blood flow. The results of the present study do not support this conclusion. When cerebral arterial blood temperature and brain temperature are monitored simultaneously, it is evident that the changes in brain temperature elicited by sensory stimulation are produced by changes in temperature of the cerebral arterial blood.
Reducing barriers to remote project planning: Comparison of low-tech site capture approaches and image-based 3D reconstruction

AbstractThis work provides an analysis of the applicability of two image-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction techniques—(1) four-dimensional augmented reality (D4AR) 3D reconstruction software and (2) phototourism applications—for remote site construction project planning. Remote sites present uncertainty to construction project planning through access, material and resource availability, potential lack of technical expertise on site, and environmental considerations. Both D4AR and phototourism have the potential to minimize remote site uncertainty by using available camera technology to digitally capture existing site conditions for the development of accurate 3D modeling for construction project planning. For this study, the researchers (1) analyzed the applicability of D4AR 3D reconstruction and phototourism software applications to remote construction planning; (2) determined the appropriateness and robustness of various levels of camera technology for capturing existing conditions on remote s...
Evaluation of the Athens Randombred Population

Abstract Hess (1962) described the development and maintenance of two random-bred meat-type control populations maintained at the Southern Regional Poultry Genetics Laboratory. Time trends at two locations of one of these populations (Athens-Canadian) has been reported by Marks and Siegel (1971). The purpose of this report is to present data regarding production characteristics and time trends of various quantitative traits in the Athens Randombred (ARB) population over the nine-year period 1961 to 1969. PROCEDURE The Athens Randombreds were developed from eight male and eight female lines. Male stocks were obtained from commercial broiler stocks available in 1956, while female lines consisted of eight experimental egg production stocks (both egg and meat type) from state experiment stations in the Southern region. These stocks were mated in all possible combinations with progeny from the final crosses produced in 1960. Since 1961, this population has been reproduced with random, natural matings involving 60 sires…
Ultraviolet‐B and visible light penetration into needles of two species of subalpine conifers during foliar development

The depth of penetration of Ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 300 and 320 nm) and visible (680 nm) light was measured in foliage of Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii using a fibre-optic microprobe. Measurements were made on foliage at four times during development: needles were sampled from within expanding buds (in bud); within 72 h of emergence from the bud scales (emergent); from elongating branches (elongating); and from foliage that emerged the previous summer (mature). Light attenuation in pre-emergent needles of both species was steep and showed strong wavelength dependence. Short wavelength 300-nm light was attenuated strongly in the developing epidermal layer, but a significant proportion of this potentially damaging UV-B radiation penetrated into the mesophyll. For A. lasiocarpa and P. engelmannii, 99% attenuation of 300-nm light occurred at 51 and 96 μm, respectively, well within the mesophyll. At this stage, however, the bud scales were opaque to light below 400nm. As the epidermal cell walls and cuticle continued to develop and chlorophyll accumulated following emergence from the bud scales, light attenuation, particularly of UV-B radiation, increased. Although no UV-B is transmitted through the epidermis-hypodermis of mature needles, small but measurable quantities of 300- and 320-nm light were measured in the photosynthetic mesophyll of post-emergent and elongating needles. Thus, shortly after emergence from the bud scales in mid-June to mid-July, when incident UV doses are highest, absorption of UV-B radiation by potentially sensitive chromophores in the mesophyll may disrupt physiological and developmental processes in these species. Soluble UV-absorbing pigments accumulated during needle maturation for P. engelmannii but not A. lasiocarpa, suggesting that, for A. lasiocarpa at least, the development of effective UV screening properties in the epidermis may not be related to the induction of soluble flavonoids.
Probe diffusion in concentrated polyelectrolyte solutions : Effect of probe charge on large deviations from stokes-Einstein behavior

The probe diffusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a strongly interacting host polyelectrolyte solution of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (NaPSS) was studied using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Along with providing a wide range of background polyelectrolyte conditions for probe molecules by varying the NaPSS concentration from dilute to highly concentrated and using two different NaPSS molecular weights, 1 x 10 6 and 7 x 10 4 Da, we also varied the net negative charge of the GFP by varying the pH. The probe diffusion coefficient D was significantly greater (up to 15-fold) than expected from the Stokes-Einstein (S-E) relation in concentrated solutions of high molecular weight NaPSS, but only moderately greater (2-fold or less) for lower molecular weight polymer. The deviations from S-E behavior increased with increasing pH, i.e., increasing negative GFP charge. We conjecture that the strong deviation from S-E behavior is due not only to microviscosity and electrostatic effects but also (for high molecular weight NaPSS) to the viscoelasticity of the concentrated polymer solution. D was fitted to the stretched exponential equation D/D 0 = exp(-αc ν ) at different pHs. In high molecular weight NaPSS solution the exponent ν decreased with increasing pH, whereas for low molecular weight NaPSS solution it increased. Comparison with previous results shows that along with the concentration, size, flexibility, and charge of the polyelectrolyte background, probe charge plays a significant role in the diffusion of probe molecules.
Erzberger's dilemma: Validity in action research and science teachers' need to know

In recent years, action research has increasingly become a part of university programs in teacher education. Courses for pre-service teachers and for teachers returning to the university for advanced degrees are requiring some form of teacher-research (Gore and Zeichner, 1991; Ross, 1987; Zelazek and Lamson, 1992). This trend can be seen in individual schools of education spread throughout the US and in major reform efforts. Action research is also being recognized as a method of in-service staff development, as can be seen in recent dissemination efforts by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) (Sagor, 1992), its inclusion in edited books on staff development (Holly, 1991), and its use as a tool in school restructuring (Sagor and Curley, 1991).
Prevalence of and variables associated with silent myocardial ischemia on exercise thallium-201 stress testing☆

The prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia was prospectively assessed in a group of 103 consecutive patients (mean age 59 +/- 10 years, 79% male) undergoing symptom-limited exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy. Variables that best correlated with the occurrence of painless ischemia by quantitative scintigraphic criteria were examined. Fifty-nine patients (57%) had no angina on exercise testing. A significantly greater percent of patients with silent ischemia than of patients with angina had a recent myocardial infarction (31% versus 7%, p less than 0.01), had no prior angina (91% versus 64%, p less than 0.01), had dyspnea as an exercise test end point (56% versus 35%, p less than 0.05) and exhibited redistribution defects in the supply regions of the right and circumflex coronary arteries (50% versus 35%, p less than 0.05). The group with exercise angina had more ST depression (64% versus 41%, p less than 0.05) and more patients with four or more redistribution defects. However, there was no difference between the two groups with respect to mean total thallium-201 perfusion score, number of redistribution defects per patient, multi-vessel thallium redistribution pattern or extent of angiographic coronary artery disease. There was also no difference between the silent ischemia and angina groups with respect to antianginal drug usage, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, exercise duration, peak exercise heart rate, peak work load, peak double (rate-pressure) product and percent of patients achieving greater than or equal to 85% of maximal predicted heart rate for age. Thus, in this study group, there was a rather high prevalence rate of silent ischemia (57%) by exercise thallium-201 criteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Changes in Learning-Style Preferences: A Prefatory Report of Longitudinal Findings

Kolb's (1985) Learning Style Inventory has become increasingly popular as a method for measuring preferred approaches to assimilating information and learning in a classroom setting. The purpose of...
SALT LOSS AND MINERALOODRTICOID RESISTANCE IN AN INFANT: A VARIANT OF PSUEDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of urinary steroid derivatives has extended our understanding of a variety of metabolic disease states. GC/MS was used to evaluate a suspected case of adrenal hyperplasia. A 4 week-old male presented with failure to thrive, absence of excessive virilization, hyponatremia (Na 120 mmol/L) and hyperkalanic metabolic acidosis. Serum 17-OHP and urinary 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol were normal. Treatment with IV saline and IM DOCA resulted in improvement, but α-fluorocortisone alone was ineffective and NaCl supplements at doses of 8mmol/kg/day were needed. Plasma aldosterone was 840 pmol/L (27 ng/dL); PRA was 125ng/ml/hr after 5 months of treatment. An older brother with salt losing in infancy had responded to sodium and α-fluorocortisone and was considered to be an 18 hydroxylase complex deficiency. GC analysis confirmed the normalcy of glucocorticoid and androgen pathways as well as an abnormal elevation of THB. In addition, there was a marked elevation of THA (TH corticosterol), confirmed by MS, which has not been previously reported. In contrast with other cases of pseudohypoaldosteronism and abnormalities in aldosterone biosynthesis, the present combination of features suggests problems in both aldosterone synthesis and tubular insensitivity to mineralocorticoids. The latter may possibly result from competitive inhibition by THA.
Simpson's Paradox and the Hot Hand in Basketball

Abstract A number of psychologists and statisticians are interested in how laypersons make judgments in the face of uncertainties, assess the likelihood of coincidences, and draw conclusions from observation. This is an important and exciting area that has produced a number of interesting articles. This article uses an extended example to demonstrate that researchers need to use care when examining what laypersons believe. In particular, it is argued that the data available to laypersons may be very different from the data available to professional researchers. In addition, laypersons unfamiliar with a counterintuitive result, such as Simpson's paradox, may give the wrong interpretation to the pattern in their data. This paper gives two recommendations to researchers and teachers. First, take care to consider what data are available to laypersons. Second, it is important to make the public aware of Simpson's paradox and other counterintuitive results.
The reflection nebula NGC 1999.

The properties of dust particles in regions of recent star formation often seem to be different from the 'average galactic' dust properties. The present investigation is concerned with a determination of the ratio of nebular intensity to the stellar flux for the system NGC 1999/V380 Ori in the ultraviolet. It is found that the stellar flux curve in the ultraviolet agrees surprisingly well with the corresponding curve for the system NGC 7023/HD 200775. This is at least compatible with the assumption that the dust properties in NGC 1999, as well as the basic geometric structure of the reflection nebula, are very similar to those in NGC 7023.
A distinct pathotype of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum race 1, biovar 1 entering Florida in pothos (Epipremnum aureum) cuttings.

(1998). A distinct pathotype of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum race 1, biovar 1 entering Florida in pothos (Epipremnum aureum) cuttings. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 171-175.
Detailing of the "123" Raman continuum

Raman investigations on several of the high temperature superconductors have revealed an unusual background continuum. In the YBa2Cu3O' material ('123'), the continuum can be separated into two unique symmetries each having distinct normal state and superconducting state characteristics. To elucidate the intrinsic qualities of the normal state continuum we present Raman specira on '123' single crystals with critical temperatures in the range T =OK to T = 90K, and introduce a model which accurately describes the normal state temperature dependent trend of the response functions of Aig and Big symmetry for the 90K compound. To illustrate the superconducting state qualities, we present a comparison of the lowest temperature spectra for the 60K and 90K phases and show the temperature evolution of the Big spectra of the 60K sample.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Site-selective binding of Zn(II) to metallo- β -lactamase L1 from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure studies of the metallo-β-lactamase L1 from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia containing 1 and 2 equiv of Zn(II) and containing 2 equiv of Zn(II) plus hydrolyzed nitrocefin are presented. The data indicate that the first, catalytically dominant metal ion is bound by L1 at the consensus Zn1 site. The data further suggest that binding of the first metal helps preorganize the ligands for binding of the second metal ion. The di-Zn enzyme displays a well-defined metal–metal interaction at 3.42 A. Reaction with the β-lactam antibiotic nitrocefin results in a product-bound species, in which the ring-opened lactam rotates in the active site to present the S1 sulfur atom of nitrocefin to one of the metal ions for coordination. The product bridges the two metal ions, with a concomitant lengthening of the Zn–Zn interaction to 3.62 A.
Cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies for BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma.

Purpose Genetically-targeted therapies are both promising and costly advances in the field of oncology. Several treatments for metastatic melanoma with a mutation in the BRAF gene have been approved. They extend life but are more expensive than the previous standard of care (dacarbazine). Vemurafenib, the first drug in this class, costs $13,000 per month ($207,000 for a patient with median survival). Patients failing vemurafenib are often given ipilimumab, an immunomodulator, at $150,000 per course. Assessment of cost-effectiveness is a valuable tool to help navigate the transition toward targeted cancer therapy.
Selling the Great War: the making of American propaganda

This book is a breezy narrative history of American propaganda efforts during the First World War. Focusing on the Committee on Public Information (CPI) – the U.S. government's short-lived but high...
Pocono mesic till barrens in retreat: topography, fire and forest contagion effects

The Pocono mesic till barrens (PMTB) are a unique assemblage of fire-maintained shrub communities that support numerous rare species. Historically these barrens covered a large area in the vicinity of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, USA. However, due largely to regional fire suppression instituted in the early 1960s, over 70% of the area covered by barrens succeeded to fire-intolerant forest that does not support the rare species. We investigated the influence of forest proximity on barrens succession across three geomorphic types during periods of high fire frequency and fire suppression, testing the hypothesis that forest processes such as seed rain, shading, and detrital enrichment of soils enhances barrens succession through a contagion effect. Evidence of a forest contagion effect should be shown by increased rates of barrens succession with increasing proximity to the nearest forest edge. In order to detect a forest contagion effect, barrens persistence and barrens succession were modeled in proximity zones of 0-50 m, 50-100 m, 100-200 m, and greater than 200 m from the nearest forest edge. We used existing GIS data layers for fire, geomorphology, and vegetation distribution in 1938, 1963, and 1992. The layers were modified and overlain using ArcView software to determine persistence and succession rates for each unique combination of layers in each proximity zone from 1938 to 1963 (pre-fire suppression) and 1963 to 1992 (post-fire suppression). ANCOVA results indicate that proximity to the nearest forest edge significantly affected barrens persistence rates in both time periods, but succession rates were significantly affected in 1938 to 1963 only. Twenty-eight percent of the 1938 barrens succeeded to forest by 1963; 56% of the 1963 barrens became forest by 1992. Results support previous findings that barrens persistence is enhanced by increased fire frequency, and that barrens persist longer where they overlie flat glacial till than on other geomorphology types.
INCREASING INCREMENT GENERALIZATIONS OF RANK-DEPENDENT THEORIES

Empirical evidence from both utility and psychophysical experiments suggests that people respond quite differently—perhaps discontinuously—to stimulus pairs when one consequence or signal is set to `zero.' Such stimuli are called unitary. The author's earlier theories assumed otherwise. In particular, the key property of segregation relating gambles and joint receipts (or presentations) involves unitary stimuli. Also, the representation of unitary stimuli was assumed to be separable (i.e., multiplicative). The theories developed here do not invoke separability. Four general cases based on two distinctions are explored. The first distinction is between commutative joint receipts, which are relevant to utility, and the non-commutative ones, which are relevant to psychophysics. The second distinction concerns how stimuli of the form (x, C; y) and the operation of joint receipt are linked: by segregation, which mixes stimuli and unitary ones, and by distributivity, which does not involve any unitary stimuli. A class of representations more general than rank-dependent utility (RDU) is found in which monotonic functions of increments U(x)-U(y), where U is an order preseving representation of gambles, and joint receipt play a role. This form and its natural generalization to gambles with n > 2 consequences, which is also axiomatized, appear to encompass models of configural weights and decision affect. When joint receipts are not commutative, somewhat similar representations of stimuli arise, and joint receipts are shown to have a conjoint additive representation and in some cases a constant bias independent of signal intensity is predicted.
Stereoregular poly(alkyl methacrylate)s: polymer-polymer and copolymer-polymer blends

Abstract Amorphous blends of isotactic and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) were found to be compatible. To evaluate the interaction between these tactic polymers, random copolymers of isotactic poly(methyl/ethyl methacrylate) were blended with syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate). Only the copolymers with an ethyl methacrylate content below 45% were compatible with syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate). Using a Flory-Huggins type treatment of copolymer mixtures, the segmental interaction parameters for poly(methyl methacrylate) with poly(ethyl methacrylate) and for isotactic with syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) were calculated. The interaction parameter for the tactic poly(methyl methacrylate) pair was found to be small and negative.
Record High Efficiency Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Silicon p-n Junction Solar Cells

Carrier transport characteristics in high-efficiency single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)/silicon (Si) hybrid solar cells are presented. The solar cells were fabricated by depositing intrinsic p-type SWNT thin-films on n-type Si wafers without involving any high-temperature process for p–n junction formation. The optimized cells showed a device ideality factor close to unity and a record-high power-conversion-efficiency of >11%. By investigating the dark forward current density characteristics with varying temperature, we have identified that the temperature-dependent current rectification originates from the thermally activated band-to-band transition of carriers in Si, and the role of the SWNT thin films is to establish a built-in potential for carrier separation/collection. We have also established that the dominant carrier transport mechanism is diffusion, with minimal interface recombination. This is further supported by the observation of a long minority carrier lifetime of ∼34 μs, determined by t...
Why do firms differ, and how does it matter?

In virtually all economic analyses, differences among firms in the same line of business are repressed, or assumed to reflect differences in the market environments that they face. In contrast, for students of business management and strategy, firm differences are at the heart of their inquiry. This paper explores the reasons behind this stark difference in viewpoint. It argues that economists really ought to recognize firm differences explicitly.
Hail Growth Mechanisms in a Colorado Storm: Part II: Hail Formation Processes

Abstract Hail growth mechanisms in a Colorado multicellular hailstorm were investigated through use of dual-wavelength radar data, three-dimensional wind field data, in situ aircraft measurements and trajectory calculations. Hail production consisted of a transient, pulsating component and a weak, quasi-steady component. Peak hail production resulted when graupel particles and hailstones which grew within the updraft region of a feeder cell were advected in the wind field and fell into the main updraft region where they continued to grow. A minimum in hail production resulted when hail growth was confined to the main updraft region. Recirculation of particles within the main updraft had minor importance in the hail production mechanism. Aggregates of dendritic ice crystals probably comprised most of the hail embyros. These aggregates grew along the forward portion of the storm in a region of precipitation debris associated with decaying cumulus congestus clouds. They were introduced into developing feeder...
Oxygen consumption measurement and size distribution of lymphocytes separated from rat bone marrow

Abstract The oxidative response of marrow lymphocytes was measured with the Clark oxygen electrode and was shown to be remarkably constant over a 30 minute incubation period. Oxygen uptake by these cells was significantly increased in serum compared with that in Tyrodes solution. Rates of oxygen consumption indicated that marrow lymphocytes carry on a substantial level of metabolism and appear not to be excessively damaged by the separation procedure. The feasibility of using the Coulter Counter for routine checking of the size distribution of lymphocyte populations separated from rat bone marrow was also demonstrated.
Mechanical Removal of Hydrilla in the Potomac River, Maryland: Local Impacts on Vegetation and Associated Fishes

ABSTRACT Tidal freshwater fish assemblages were sampled quantitatively from beds of Hydrilla verticillata in the Potomac River, Maryland, to assess local impacts of mechanical plant harvesting. Seasonal and diel estimates of fish density, biomass and species richness were compared at an undisturbed site and an adjacent mechanically harvested site. Harvesting had a “pruning” effect on Hydrilla: plant biomass levels at the harvested site exceeded those at the undisturbed site after periods > 23 d. Fish species composition at the two sites was very similar and species richness differences were minor. Significantly lower (P<0.05) mean fish density and biomass values were found at the harvested versus the undisturbed site < 23 d after plant removal. However, 43 d after plant removal, fish density was significantly higher (P<0.05) at the harvested site, while biomass differences were minor. Species-specific differences suggested that harvesting improved habitat for pelagic species (e.g., Menidia beryllina) but ...
An essential role for protein synthesis in oncogenic cellular transformation

The induction and maintenance of oncogenic transformation requires interference with the controls that regulate translation and transcription. The PI 3-kinase pathway, which shows gain of function in numerous and diverse human cancers, generates signals that have a positive effect on the initiation of protein synthesis. Here we review the components of the PI 3-kinase signaling pathway and the mRNA-binding protein YB-1, exploring their roles in protein synthesis and oncogenic cell transformation.
Relationships Among Involvement, Attachment, and Behavioral Problems in Adolescence: Examining Father’s Influence

This study explores the nature of the parent-child relationship during early adolescence. Differences between the mother-adolescent and father-adolescent relationships and possible behavioral correlates of parental involvement and attachment are examined. A multimodal data collection procedure was used to gather information from adolescents (N = 116), their parents, and their teachers. Findings indicate that consistent with previous reports, fathers are less involved in parenting their adolescent children than are mothers, and teenagers report being more securely attached to their mothers. Nonresidential fathers were found to be significantly less involved in parenting than fathers who live at home. In addition, adolescents not living with their fathers reported feeling less secure paternal attachment than adolescents who lived with their fathers. Finally, father-adolescent involvement and attachment were found to explain a unique proportion of the variance seen in adolescents’ teacher-reported externaliz...
Seasonal evolution and interannual variability of the local solar energy absorbed by the Arctic sea ice–ocean system

The melt season of the Arctic sea ice cover is greatly affected by the partitioning of the incident solar radiation between reflection to the atmosphere and absorption in the ice and ocean. This partitioning exhibits a strong seasonal cycle and significant interannual variability. Data in the period 1998, 2000-2004 were analyzed in this study. Observations made during the 1997-1998 SHEBA (Surface HEat Budget of the Arctic Ocean) field experiment showed a strong seasonal dependence of the partitioning, dominated by a five-phase albedo evolution. QuikSCAT scatterometer data from the SHEBA region in 1999-2004 were used to further investigate solar partitioning in summer. The time series of scatterometer data were used to determine the onset of melt and the beginning of freezeup. This information was combined with SSM/I-derived ice concentration, TOVS-based estimates of incident solar irradiance, and SHEBA results to estimate the amount of solar energy absorbed in the ice-ocean system for these years. The average total solar energy absorbed in the ice-ocean system from April through September was 900 MJ m(sup -2). There was considerable interannual variability, with a range of 826 to 1044 MJ m(sup -2). The total amount of solar energy absorbed by the ice and ocean was strongly related to the date of melt onset, but only weakly related to the total duration of the melt season or the onset of freezeup. The timing of melt onset is significant because the incident solar energy is large and a change at this time propagates through the entire melt season, affecting the albedo every day throughout melt and freezeup.
Fabrication and Characterization of Germanium ion-implanted IGFET's

Fabrication of ion-implanted germanium IGFET's is described. The characteristics of the devices are reported and the measured channel mobilities are related to annealing procedures for reducing interface state density. Charged oxide traps and interface states near the band edges scatter minority carriers in the channel and thus are responsible for reduction of the channel mobility.
Homeobox genes, fetal wound healing, and skin regional specificity.

Why do adult wounds heal with scars but fetal wounds heal without scars? Why do fetal tissues regenerate while adult tissues only repair damage? Why do some parts of adult skin produce scars more than other parts? Why in some genetic diseases or infectious diseases, are only particular skin regions affected, forming specific anatomical patterns? How are these temporal and spatial differences in the skin regions established?
Ability for In‐Season Correction of Nitrogen Deficiency in Corn Using Chlorophyll Meters

Nitrate-nitrogen contamination of groundwater continues to be a major concern throughout the USA. These concerns are greatest in areas where groundwater is close to the soil surface and in areas that have irrigated crops with large N fertilizer requirements. Specific objectives of this work were to use the chlorophyll meter to determine in-season crop N status and to correct in-season N deficiencies in irrigated corn (Zea mays L.). Chlorophyll meter readings were used to calculate a sufficiency index [(as-needed treatment/well-fertilized treatment) x 100] and in-season N fertilizer applications were made when index values were below 95%. Using this procedure, maximum yields were attained if early season N levels were adequate to maintain sufficiency indexes between 90 and 100% at the V8 growth stage. However, if the sufficiency index at V8 was below 90%, maximum yields were not achieved with in-season N fertilizer applications because early season N was below that needed for optimum growth and yield potentials had already been reduced. Even in these causes, N applications did increase yields, but not to the maximum. These results did demonstrate that early N deficiencies could be corrected using chlorophyll meters and the sufficiency index approach when they were not severe. Although the objective was not tested in this study, less N fertilizer may be required when in-season monitoring is used as the basis for N application. Use of the chlorophyll meter and sufficiency index should also result in greater N use efficiency and less N being available for leaching to the groundwater since these applications are made when N uptake by corn is greatest.