cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CONVENTIONAL BAKING, MICROWAVE BAKING, AND STEAMING ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF REGULAR AND FORTIFIED BREADS

The nutritive value of protein in regular and fortified breads was significantly affected by methods of baking. Rat-feeding tests demonstrated that protein efficiency ratios (PERs) of breads were significantly improved and feed conversion ratios were reduced by substituting steaming or microwave baking for conventional baking. Lysine and other amino acids varied little among conventionally baked, microwave baked, and steamed breads. The significantly low PER of conventionally baked bread indicated that lysine became less available nutritionally with conventional baking than with either microwave baking or steaming. Lysine or soy fortification could effectively raise the PER of conventionally baked bread. Loaf volume and crumb qualities of conventionally baked bread were better than those of microwave-baked or steamed bread. However, conventional baking produced a much darker brown crust and crumb than did microwave baking or steaming. The effect of heating, as shown by browning, on reducing the bread's nutritive value could be greatly minimized by replacing conventional baking with microwave baking or steaming.
Rural America: a call for nurses to address mental health issues.

At the time we were preparing to write this editorial, we received an e-mail from the American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) stating that there would be cuts in the Title VII and VIII programs, which fund the health professions, particularly nursing and public health. They also stated that serious shortages "continue to exist in rural and under-served areas, in part due to market forces, driving health professionals to practice where higher wages are available" (APNA, 2001). Rural areas are notorious for their lack of health care services, especially the delivery of mental health services. Because funding issues continue to impede the delivery of quality mental health care, lack of access to adequate mental health care must be addressed by politicians, insurance companies, health systems, and health care providers, particularly nurses. Attempts to transfer urban models to rural settings have failed, leaving 8 million Americans without mental health care (Olsson, 2000). The purpose of this special issue is to bring to the attention of nurses the mental health needs of special populations residing in rural America.
ENZYME THERAPY: IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ERYTHROCYTE- AND LIPOSOME-ENTRAPPED ENZYME IN β-GLUCURONIDASE DEFICIENT MICE

Entrapment of enzyme (E) in autologous erythrocytes (RBC) or liposomes (LIPO) has been studied as a strategy for replacement therapy. Using a murine system, the immunogenicity of entrapped (entp) bovine β-glucuronidase in RBC and LIPO was assessed after sensitization (sens) by repeated injection of RBC and LIPO ± entp E. RBC-entp E elicited no antibody (ABY) response assessed by C'-dependent lysis, double diffusion and passive hemagglutination (HA); little, if any, response was detected by HA against intact murine RBC. The fate of entp E after repeated prior injections was similar to that observed in unsens mice. Also, RBC-entp E was protected from ABY in mice previously sens with unentp E. Repeated injection of LIPO ± entp E induced an altered response to subsequent injection of LIPO entp E. Although no humoral ABY was detected, the in vivo fate of the E was markedly altered; the hepatic uptake was more rapid, max levels were reduced (~35 v 75% dose), and the E was cleared rapidly (~ d v 8 d). An altered tissue fate was also observed after one injection of buffer-entp LIPO 2 d prior to a time course experiment; similar results were found when E-entp LIPO were injected 10 d after a single sens. These results suggest that RBC entrapment may protect exogenous E from immunologic surveillance for E replacement. However, both buffer- and E-entp LIPO induce immunologic and/or physiologic responses which mandates further study prior to clinical trials of LIPO-entp agents.
Microsatellite instability and deletion analysis of chromosome 10 in human prostate cancer

Despite the clinical relevance of prostate cancer, few aspects regarding the molecular alterations involved in the process of prostate carcinogenesis are clearly understood. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies have identified specific abnormalities in prostate tumors, mainly on chromosomes 8, 10 and 16. On the basis of these findings, we designed a study to further characterize the altered regions on chromosome 10, using 15 microsatellite markers on a population composed of 20 paired normal and primary non-metastatic prostatic-tumor samples. Overall, 65% (13/20) of the cases analyzed showed molecular alterations, mainly rearrangements and deletions. The locus presenting the highest rate of abnormalities was D1OS221, which maps to 10q23-q24. Another region with frequent alterations was 10q21, at the DIOS109 locus. There was no statistical association between microsatellite abnormalities and Gleason grade or tumor stage in the prostate cancer cases studied. These results suggest that microsatellite alterations on the long arm of chromosome 10 are non-random events occurring in prostate cancer and that they may play a role in the process of tumorigenesis in these neoplasms.
Structural controls on Quaternary depocentres within the Chotts Trough region of southern Tunisia

Abstract The Chotts Trough of southern Tunisia is a sedimentary basin that lies immediately north of the Saharan platform. Within this basin there exist several structurally controlled depocentres, which were created by Miocene to Early Pleistocene compression associated with the Atlas orogeny. One of these depocentres, the Chott Djerid basin, has an average Quaternary subsidence rate of 0.01–0.27 mm yr 1 . Additional structural features within the Chotts Trough include east-west trending anticlines and synclines, at least some of which are controlled by east-west striking subsurface faults and northwest striking right-lateral strike-slip faults. Present movement along the northwest striking faults is a direct consequence of the Africa-Europe collision. The northwest striking faults and the east-west striking faults have cut the Chotts Trough into numerous smaller structural blocks, which experience different rates of subsidence. For the Quaternary, subsidence is caused by local extension associated with movement along the various strike-slip faults.
Improving Multi-job MapReduce Scheduling in an Opportunistic Environment

As a state-of-the-art programming model for big data analytics, MapReduce is well suited for parallel processing of large data sets in opportunistic environments. Existing research on MapReduce in opportunistic environment has focused on improving single job performance, the issue of fairness that is critical in the more dominant scenario of multiple concurrent jobs remains unexplored. We address this problem by proposing an opportunistic fair scheduling algorithm, which extends the broadly adopted Fair Scheduler to an environment where nodes are intermittently available with possibly different availability patterns. The proposed scheduler maintains statistics specific to the opportunistic environment, e.g., node availability rates and pairwise availability correlations, and utilizes this information in scheduling decisions to improve fairness. Using a Hadoop-based implementation, we compare our scheduler with the current Hadoop Fair Scheduler on representative benchmarks. Our experiments verify that our scheduler can significantly reduce the variability in job completion times.
Liquid phase epitaxial growth of Gal-xInxSb on GaSb by stepwise grading

The Gal-xInxSb alloy system is a potentially important material for the fabrication of middle wavelength infrared detectors and emitters. In order to develop the use of this material we have investigated the liquid phase epitaxial growth of Ga1−xInxSb on GaSb via stepwise grading in the range of 400–600°C using a horizontal slider boat in a transparent furnace. Single crystal layers of Ga1−xInxSb have been obtained for the composition range 0<x<.30. As-grown undoped layers are p-type and have been characterized by lattice constant, surface morphology, bandgap, carrier concentration and carrier lifetime.
867 ESTIMATION OF GLUCOSE PRODUCTION IN THE HUMAN NEWBORN USING SIMULTANEOUS 13 C-AND D-LABELLED GLUCOSE

In order to compare two methods of quantifying systemic glucose production (SGP), 5 newborn infants age 2 h-3 days were infused simultaneously with glucose-1-13C (G113C) and glucose-6-6-D2 (G6D2) tracers. The older infants were studied 6 h after a meal. G113C was infused at 6μg/Kg min according to the prime constant rate infusion technique and 13C enrichment of C-1 of glucose measured by enzymatic decarboxylation and mass spectrometry. G6D2 was infused at 60μg/Kg min and deuterium enrichment of glucose measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. SGP was calculated from the tracer dilution assuming steady state kinetics, from 30 min for 13C and from 120 min for D. Although 13C was expected to randomize away from C-1, recycling occurred and was estimated from the difference in rate of SGP quantified by dilution of the two tracers (mean ± S.D.) SGP ranged from 3.5 to 5.1 mg/Kg min. Recycling of glucose C-1 was 11-15% of SGP and it did not change with the age of infant. Conclusion: 1) SGP is established in the human newborn by 2 hours of age. 2) The two stable tracers used give similar estimates of SGP.
Cooperative interactions between the Caenorhabditis elegans homeoproteins UNC-86 and MEC-3

The POU-type homeodomain protein UNC-86 and the LIM-type homeodomain protein MEC-3, which specify neuronal cell fate in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, bind cooperatively as a heterodimer to the mec-3 promoter. Heterodimer formation increases DNA binding stability and, therefore, increases DNA binding specificity. The in vivo significance of this heterodimer formation in neuronal differentiation is suggested by (i) a loss-of-function mec-3 mutation whose product in vitro binds DNA well but forms heterodimers with UNC-86 poorly and (ii) a mec-3 mutation with wild-type function whose product binds DNA poorly but forms heterodimers well.
Anatomic considerations in placement of central venous catheters

A knowledge of anatomy is essential for efficient and skillful placement of central venous catheters in seriously ill patients. The anatomy of the femoral, brachial, axillary, subclavian, external jugular, and internal jugular veins is described, and landmarks useful in achieving successful cannulation are discussed. Infectious and thrombotic complications of long-term cannulation are reviewed. Catheterization of the umbilical vein in the newborn infant is a very useful alternative approach to central venous cannulation in this age group.
Unique insecticide specificity of human homomeric ρ1 GABAC receptor

Abstract Several convulsants and major insecticides block the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel in brain on binding to the GABAA receptor. The GABAC receptor, important in retina and present in brain, is also coupled to a chloride channel and is therefore a potential target for toxicant action examined here in radioligand binding and electrophysiological experiments. Human homomeric ρ1 GABAC receptor expressed in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) undergoes specific and saturable high-affinity binding of 4-n-[3H]propyl-4′-ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) using a cyano analog (CNBOB) to determine non-specific binding. This GABAC ρ1 receptor is very sensitive to CNBOB and lindane relative to α-endosulfan, tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate, picrotoxinin and fipronil (IC50 values of 23, 91, 800, 1080, 4000 and >10000 nM, respectively, in displacing [3H]EBOB). A similar potency sequence (except for picrotoxinin) is observed for inhibition of GABA-induced currents of ρ1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The present study does not consider ρ2 homomeric and ρ1ρ2 heteromeric GABAC receptors which are known to be more sensitive than ρ1 to picrotoxinin. The inhibitor sensitivity and specificity of this ρ1 GABAC receptor differ greatly from those of human homomeric β3 and native GABAA receptors.
Membrane based system for ultrapure hydrofluoric acid etching solutions

Abstract The use of membranes to reprocess thousands of tons of hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching solutions per year is different from all previous applications of reverse osmosis (RO) and opens new opportunities for membrane based technologies. This novel application is based on both water and hydrofluoric acid permeating the RO membrane while all other impurities are rejected by it. For the first time, a spiral wound module was used here to process feeds representative of the complex multicomponent hydrofluoric acid etching solutions found in a wafer fabrication laboratory. Our new results were obtained with spiral wound membrane modules to determine the rejection and permeation of the various components along with the fluxes obtainable in realistic systems. HF was found to permeate almost 100% through the membranes while over 90% of the fluosilicic acid (the major impurity) is rejected, in a single pass. The higher the concentration of fluosilicic acid in the range of interest the better the rejection of it. Detailed analysis of the trace elements present in such HF etching solutions, which are responsible for “killer” defects in semiconductor device manufacturing, show over 99% removal of these elements in a single pass by the membranes. The economic analysis of the process indicates that reverse osmosis is attractive for the treatment of spent HF etching solutions. The performance of such spiral wound membrane systems, which represent closely the behavior of actual industrial HF reprocessors, is shown here to have tremendous potential both for reprocessing the etching solutions waste and may be feasible for ultrapurifying VLSI and ULSI grade virgin hydrofluoric acid.
Comment on "Divergent Induced Responses to an Invasive Predator in Marine Mussel Populations"

Freeman and Byers (Reports, 11 August 2006, p. 831) presented evidence for the rapid evolution of antipredator defenses in the mussel Mytilus edulis. However, their analysis is confounded by three issues. Samples from some sites are likely to have included a second species, M. trossulus; their manipulation of chemical cues does not preclude other interpretations; and they failed to establish an adaptive significance to shell thickening.
Preoperative Biofeedback Assisted Behavioral Training to Decrease Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Purpose: We tested the effectiveness of preoperative biofeedback assisted behavioral training for decreasing the duration and severity of incontinence, and improving quality of life in the 6 months following radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing preoperative behavioral training to usual care. The volunteer sample included 125 men 53 to 68 years old who elected radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Patients were stratified according to age and tumor differentiation, and randomized to 1 preoperative session of biofeedback assisted behavioral training plus daily home exercise or a usual care control condition, consisting of simple postoperative instructions to interrupt the urinary stream. The main outcome measurements were duration of incontinence (time to continence), as derived from bladder diaries, incontinence severity (the proportion with severe/continual leakage), pad use, Incontinence Impact Questionnaire, psychological di...
Accessory and main olfactory systems influences on predator odor-induced behavioral and endocrine stress responses in rats

Exposures to predator odors are very effective methods to evoke a variety of stress responses in rodents. We have previously found that ferret odor exposure leads to changes in endocrine hormones (corticosterone and ACTH) and behavior. To distinguish the contributions of the main and accessory olfactory systems in these responses, studies were designed to interfere with these two systems either independently, or simultaneously. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with 10% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), which renders rodents anosmic (unable to smell) while leaving the accessory olfactory areas intact, or saline, in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the vomeronasal organs of rats were surgically removed (VNX) to block accessory olfactory processing, while leaving the main olfactory system intact. And in the third experiment both the main and accessory olfactory areas were disrupted by combining the two procedures in the same rats. Neither ZnSO4 treatment nor VNX alone reliably reduced the increased corticosterone response to ferret odor compared to strawberry odor, but in combination, they did. This suggests that processing through the main or the accessory olfactory system can elicit the endocrine stress response to ferret odor. VNX alone also did not affect the behavioral responses to the ferret odor. ZnSO4 treatment, alone and in combination with VNX, led to changes in behavior in response to both ferret and strawberry odor, making the behavioral results less clearly interpretable. Overall these studies suggest that both the main and accessory olfactory systems mediate the neuroendocrine response to predator odor.
Planning Responsibly for Adult Education: A Guide to Negotiating Power and Interests

UNDERSTANDING THE PRACTICE OF PROGRAM PLANNING. 1. Practical and Political Dimensions of Planning. 2. Planning as a Process of Negotiating Interests. NEGOTIATING INTERESTS IN PLANNING PRACTICE: THREE CASES. 3. Fixing an Organization Through Management Education. 4. Updating Practitioners in University Continuing Education. 5. Promoting Social Change in Community--Based Education. GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE PLANNING. 6. To Plan Responsibly, Be Political. 7. Represent Interests Democratically. 8. Develop Skills and Knowledge to Negotiate Responsibly. 9. Understand Planning as a Social Practice.
Monte Carlo Simulation of a Rarefied Multiphase Plume Flow

A method for the simulation of flows involving a disperse particle phase and a rarefied gas is extended for increased accuracy and efficiency in modeling the high altitude plume flow from a solid propellant rocket. First, a procedure is presented so that calculations involving the interphase transfer of momentum and energy may be avoided in regions where these calculations will have negligible impact on bulk flow properties. A model for nonequilibrium particle phase change is then described, and a series of simulations is performed for the plume flow from a subscale solid propellant rocket exhausting into a vacuum.
Intrinsic electrical transport properties of monolayer silicene and MoS 2 from first principles

Article on intrinsic electrical transport properties of monolayer silicene and MoS₂ from first principles.
Does Huntingtin play a role in selective macroautophagy

The accumulation of protein aggregates in neurons appears to be a basic feature of neurodegenerative disease. In Huntington's Disease, a progressive and ultimately fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the polyglutamine repeat within the protein Huntingtin (Htt), the immediate proximal cause of disease is well understood. However, the cellular mechanisms which modulate the rate at which fragments of Htt containing polyglutamine accumulate in neurons is a central issue in the development of approaches to modulate the rate and extent of neuronal loss in this disease.
Infrared study of acetone and nitrogen oxides on Cu-ZSM-5

Surface species formed during co-adsorption of acetone and nitrogen oxides on Cu-ZSM-5 were studied by infrared spectroscopy to help address intermediacy during selective catalytic reduction of NO by hydrocarbons in excess oxygen (SCR-HC). NO plus acetone on Cu-ZSM-5 produced only marginal spectral differences compared to acetone on Cu-ZSM-5, indicating limited interaction between the adsorbates. Oxygen addition to NO plus acetone on Cu-ZSM-5 resulted in considerable NO2 formation. Upon oxygen addition, bands assigned to surface carbonyls and carboxylates formed from acetone attenuated substantially, apparently due to a strong affinity of NO2 for these ketone-derived surface oxygenates. Co-adsorbed NO2 and acetone on Cu-ZSM-5 resulted in a weak band at 2590 cm−1. The co-adsorption data show that interaction of acetone was greater with the NO2 oxidant than with NO or oxygen. Addition of oxygen to NO plus acetone on Cu-ZSM-5 produced stronger interactions between oxidants and the organic reductant than those observed for the propene-containing system, especially at elevated temperatures (225°C). The results suggest that both oxygenate and NO2 intermediacy may benefit SCR-HC.
The eye of the sandstorm: The erosion of first amendment principles in wartime

Abstract The conflict between the military's desire to keep secrets and the media's mission to report the news inevitably leads to clashes during wartime. These opposing forces have been held in an uneasy balance by the U.S. Constitution during most of modern history. But, recent policy has allowed the unprecedented exclusion of the press from the battlefield, with increased government control over the flow of information to the public as the result. Press restrictions during the Persian Gulf War led to a threatened constitutional crisis, ending in an uneasy truce which leaves fundamental issues still unresolved.
Comparison of Explicit and Traditional Algebraic Stress Models of Turbulence

A critical comparison of explicit vs traditional algebraic stress models of turbulence is made in an effort to clear up the confusion that appears to have been generated by the recently published literature on the subject, in which disparate approaches are adopted. The only way that general second-order closures can formally lead to fully explicit algebraic stress models, in a global sense, is in the limit of equilibrium homogeneous turbulence. When these fully explicit models are then applled to turbulent flows that are far from equilibrium, a singularity can arise, which can be removed by a systematic regularization. When solved explicitly either analytically or numerically, the traditional, implicit algebraic stress models have either multiple solutions or singularities, which tends to explain why they have had problems in applications to complex flows. Thus, it is argued that traditional algebraic stress models are intrinsically ill-behaved and should be abandoned in future applications in favor of regularized, explicit algebraic stress models. It is furthermore argued that these should be based on the homogeneous equilibrium hypothesis, which allows for more general second-order closures to be used to obtain single-valued models.
Religion in World Politics: Why the Resurgence?

Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile. Edited by Fabio Petito, Pavlos Hatzopoulos. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 296 pp., $79.95 cloth (ISBN: 1-4039-6206-5), $26.95 paper (ISBN: 1-4039-6207-3). Politics and Religion. By Steve Bruce. Cambridge: Polity, 2003. 304 pp., $61.95 cloth (ISBN: 0-7456-2819-2), $26.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7456-2820-6). During the Cold War, the role of religion was virtually ignored by scholars of international relations and, in particular, by those who studied international conflict. In fact, Western academic circles considered religion to be a declining force in politics in general (Mills 1958:150). No one could have predicted that religion in its many forms would, during the 1990s, become an alternative to the competing ideologies that dominated world politics in the 1950s and 1960s: communism, socialism, liberalism, and capitalism. In the aftermath of World War II, the process of decolonization created a large number of new states that on the whole were culturally fragmented, were frequently unstable, had rapidly growing populations, and were struggling to deal with many complex problems simultaneously. These new states had no particular affinity for the international status quo. Nonetheless, they had no choice but to accept it upon achieving independence. Ordinary people in these new states found themselves caught up in their governments' efforts to modernize their societies along Western lines while attempting to retain their long-held cultural and religious beliefs. Yet, this effort failed for the most part. In the modern world, as they soon learned, secularism abounds—at the expense of cultural pluralism and the human need for sacred authenticity (Sivan 1992). As a result, in many of these developing states, religious institutions became exclusively indigenous, and politics became largely a local affair. Secular ideologies—including nationalism, socialism, state-building, and so on—were tolerated if the central government was seen as authoritative and legitimate. So long as regimes were viewed in these ways, they were accepted by their citizens, even if rarely loved. Beginning in the 1970s, however, government legitimacy in the developing world declined in the wake of corruption, economic failure, and political repression. People turned to other leaders and institutions to champion their …
Hemodialysis Patients' Views of their Treatment

Medication compliance, knowledge of the disease process, attitudes toward treatment, and lifestyle adjustment were assessed in fifteen maintenance hemodialysis patients. Treatment implications are discussed.
Selected Acoustic Characteristics of Pathologic and Normal Speakers

The purpose of this study was to determine if measures of speaking fundamental frequency and its perturbation could be useful in differentiating talkers with no known vocal pathology and talkers wi...
Roles of the Wnt effector POP-1/TCF in the C. elegans endomesoderm specification gene network☆

Abstract In C. elegans the 4-cell stage blastomere EMS is an endomesodermal precursor. Its anterior daughter, MS, makes primarily mesodermal cells, while its posterior daughter E generates the entire intestine. The gene regulatory network underlying specification of MS and E has been the subject of study for more than 15 years. A key component of the specification of the two cells is the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin asymmetry pathway, which through its nuclear effector POP-1, specifies MS and E as different from each other. Loss of pop-1 function results in the mis-specification of MS as an E-like cell, because POP-1 directly represses the end-1 and end-3 genes in MS, which would otherwise promote an endoderm fate. A long-standing question has been whether POP-1 plays a role in specifying MS fate beyond repression of endoderm fate. This question has been difficult to ask because the only chromosomal lesions that remove both end-1 and end-3 are large deletions removing hundreds of genes. Here, we report the construction of bona fide end-1 end-3 double mutants. In embryos lacking activity of end-1, end-3 and pop-1 together, we find that MS fate is partially restored, while E expresses early markers of MS fate and adopts characteristics of both MS and C. Our results suggest that POP-1 is not critical for MS specification beyond repression of endoderm specification, and reveal that Wnt-modified POP-1 and END-1/3 further reinforce E specification by repressing MS fate in E. By comparison, a previous work suggested that in the related nematode C. briggsae, Cb-POP-1 is not required to repress endoderm specification in MS, in direct contrast with Ce-POP-1, but is critical for repression of MS fate in E. The findings reported here shed new light on the flexibility of combinatorial control mechanisms in endomesoderm specification in Caenorhabditis.
Strategy for Selection of Composite Membrane Materials

A method to identify polymers that are potentially useful for membrane separations has been developed by examining gas chromatography (GC) retention data. Promising stationary phases were identified, and polymers with similar structures were obtained and deposited into inorganic supports. Polymers were identified to separate ketones and alcohols from hydrocarbons. The polymer/inorganic composite membranes synthesized for this research were characterized by IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Favorable fluxes and high separations factors were achieved for several composite materials.
Sexually transmitted diseases and other urogenital conditions as risk factors for prostate cancer: a case--control study in Wayne County, Michigan

Objective To investigate associations between prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and vasectomy in a population-based case–control study in Wayne County, Michigan, among African American and white men aged 50–74 years.
SEC, PCAOB Tackle financial reporting crisis

The last American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Conference set an all-time attendance record. Our correspondent reports on what was on the regulators' minds as they grappled with the recent financial reporting crisis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shortening the calculation time of photon dose distributions in an inhomogeneous medium

A procedure is described for calculating photon dose distributions using convolutions of radiation interaction kernels with calculated fluence distributions. The advantages and disadvantages of the concept are discussed.
Social preference, social prominence, and group membership in late elementary school: homophilic concentration and peer affiliation configurations

This study investigated the social preference and social prominence of 622 5th graders (290 boys, 332 girls) in relation to peer group membership. The sample was recruited from 11 elementary schools in a southeastern state. The ethnicity of participants was 55% European American, 41% African American, and 4% other. Peer groups were classified on each of three domains (academic, aggression, popular) by the proportion of group members who were high on the characteristic of interest. Participants’ peer affiliations were also classified with cluster analytic techniques that yielded distinct configurations of aggression, popularity, and academic competence. Social preference and social prominence were each related to popular peer group type for both boys and girls and differentially related to aggressive and academic group types. Social prominence, but not social preference, was related to peer group configurations for both girls and boys. Implications for the development of social contextual interventions to support students’ adjustment and academic engagement during late elementary school are discussed.
Characterization of resistive transmission lines to 70 GHz with ultrafast optoelectronics

The complete characterization of resistive transmission lines with the short-pulse propagation technique is extended to 70 GHz. The wide-frequency coverage is made possible by the use of ultrafast photoconductive switches for pulse generation and sampling. The picosecond optoelectronic sampling oscilloscope is described and results of measurements on thin-film strip transmission lines are presented. >
Metabolism of crufomate [(4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐chloro‐phenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate)] by the rat

Abstract Fifteen metabolites of crufomate (4‐tert‐butyl‐2‐chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate, I) were identified in the excreta from rats given single oral doses of I. Compound I was not detected in either the urine or the feces. The metabolic reactions observed were N‐and O‐demethylation, oxidations of the t‐butyl moiety, replacement of the H‐N‐CH3 with an OH moiety, hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate moiety to yield the phenol, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and combinations of these reactions. No ring dehalogenation or ring substitution was observed.
Projective resolutions of Weyl modules.

Abstract We present a projective resolution of the two-rowed Weyl module, using techniques of supersymmetric algebra.
Displacement of iron by zinc at the diiron site of Desulfovibrio vulgaris rubrerythrin: X-ray crystal structure and anomalous scattering analysis.

Abstract X-ray crystal structures of recombinant Desulfovibrio ( D. ) vulgaris rubrerythrin (Rbr) have shown a diiron site, whereas the crystal structure of Rbr “as-isolated” from D. vulgaris was reported to contain a mixed Zn,Fe binuclear site. To investigate the possibility that zinc had displaced iron during isolation or crystallization of the “as-isolated” D. vulgaris Rbr, the X-ray crystal structure of recombinant D. vulgaris all-iron Rbr that had been incubated with excess zinc sulfate prior to crystallization, yielding a protein labeled Zn,FeRbr, was solved. Analysis of the anomalous scattering data obtained at two different wavelengths showed that zinc had displaced a significant proportion of iron from both iron centers of the diiron site, and that no iron had been displaced from the [Fe(SCys) 4 ] site. UV–visible absorption spectra of the redissolved Zn,FeRbr crystals showed 30–40% retention of oxo-bridged diferric sites, and the redissolved crystals had 37% of the peroxidase specific activity of the starting all-iron Rbr, which, together with the crystallographic results, indicate a predominant mixture of Fe1,Fe2 and Zn1,Zn2 sites. The structure of the Zn(Fe)1,Fe(Zn)2 binuclear site in the Zn,FeRbr crystals was very similar to that of the Zn,Fe binuclear site reported for the “as-isolated” D. vulgaris Rbr, including tetrahedral four-coordination at the Zn(Fe)1 site. The diiron sites in the recombinant Zn,FeRbr crystals were likely at least partially reduced during synchrotron irradiation. Our results suggest that the mixed-metal binuclear site reported for the “as-isolated” D. vulgaris Rbr could be due to displacement of iron from a native diiron site by adventitious zinc during isolation and/or crystallization, and that reduced diiron and dizinc sites can adopt very similar structures in Rbr.
A Simplified Treatise on the Effect of Wear in Cables

Cables and wire ropes are known to both elongate and reduce diametrically during their lifetime. The relationship between cable elongation and cable life has been observed for many years and includes three distinct stages. The first, the constructional stretch stage, occurs early in the cable’s use and is mostly the result of the core compressing and the cable elements fitting closely together. The second stage of the cable’s life is referred to as the normal life stretch stage and is a much more gradual occurrence in which wear is the most dominant mechanism. The third stage includes a rapid elongation and indicates impending failure. The current study offers a simplified explanation on the effect of wear in cables. This work utilizes the recently developed theory for wire ropes and cables in which the cable is considered to be a collection of thin helical wires and the equations of equilibrium for bending and twisting of thin rods are applied. A simple cable cross section is considered and the effects of wear on cable stiffness, diameter reduction and individual wire strains are evaluated. It is determined that cable stiffness can actually increase for small amounts of wire wear due to the disparity between the changes in the geometric and elastic stiffness components with wear.
Experimental Studies and Modeling of Development of Dispersion and Fiber Damage in Continuous Compounding

Abstract An experimental study of mixing of various particulates into synthetic elastomers and polypropylene is presented. For the elastomers, a batch internal mixer and a commercial continuous mix...
Cardiac spectral power reflects parasympathetic but not sympathetic nervous system activity in a clinical population

Abstract The purpose of this short communication is to report our clinical findings regarding the use of the low frequency (LF, 0.02–0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF, > 0.15 Hz) components of the spectral decomposition of heart-rate as indices of sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, respectively. Thirty-two females with histologically confirmed ovarian cancer, ranging in age from 46–72 years, participated in an autonomic assessment protocol consisting of a resting heart rate recording and several ANS function tests. The LF, HF and total power measures from the spectral decomposition were highly correlated with one another. In addition, the spectral components were most highly correlated with measures of PNS activity, i.e. standard deviation of heart rate at rest and the ratio of the six longest to the six shortest R-R intervals during deep breathing (E:I ratio). It is concluded, as other researchers have stated, that the use of the HF component of the HR spectrum as a measure of PNS activity is warranted, but caution must be used when interpreting the LF component.
A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM WITH ABSORBED DOSE

In some situations, for example at very low doses, in microbeam irradiation experiments, or around high energy heavy ion tracks, use of the absorbed dose to describe the energy transferred to the irradiated target can be misleading. Since absorbed dose is the expected value of energy per mass it takes into account all of the targets which do not have any energy deposition. In many situations that results in numerical values, in Joules per kg, which are much less than the energy deposited in targets that have been crossed by a charged particle track. This can lead to confusion about the biochemical processes that lead to the consequences of irradiation. There are a few alternative approaches to describing radiation that avoid this potential confusion. Examples of specific situations that can lead to confusion are given. It is concluded that using the particle radiance spectrum and the exposure time, instead of absorbed dose, to describe these irradiations minimizes the potential for confusion about the actual nature of the energy deposition.
IgE and IgG antibodies to flea antigen in differing dog populations

Abstract A radioimmunossay was developed for the detection of IgG and IgE canine antibodies against partially purified flea antigen. Low background levels were found in flea naive dogs, but high levels of both IgE and IgG antibodies were found in many sera from dogs with clinical flea hypersensitivity. In sera from non-allergic dogs exposed chronically to fleas, IgE levels differed little from background, and levels of IgG anti-flea antibodies were much lower than those from the flea allergic group. The results suggest that chronic flea exposure may result in partial or complete tolerance rather than hyposensitization in the commonly accepted sense.
The Organization of Projections from Subdivisions of the Auditory Cortex and Thalamus to the Auditory Sector of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus in Galago.

Anterograde and retrograde transport techniques were used to study the connexions between different subdivisions of the auditory cortex and thalamus with the thalamic reticular nucleus in the prosimian, Galago. In particular, the goal was to determine whether the primary auditory nucleus, GMv, and its cortical target, area I of the auditory cortex (A I), project to a different region of the auditory sector of the reticular nucleus from the secondary auditory nuclei, GMmc and Po and their cortical targets outside A I. The results show that the projections to and from the auditory sector are indeed segregated: injections of wheatgerm agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase into either GMmc or Po labelled cells and terminals along the medial, lateral and ventral borders of the auditory sector, forming a U-shaped pattern. Projections from area II of the auditory cortex produced almost an identical pattern of the terminal labelling in the auditory sector. In contrast, injections into GMv-labelled cells and terminals in the centre region of the auditory sector, in the 'interior' of the U-shaped region. Projections from A I were distributed to both the U-shaped border region and the central core of the auditory sector probably because A I received projections from GMmc, Po and GMv. The significance of these results depends on a comparison between the auditory and visual sectors of the reticular nucleus. Both sectors are divided into tiers or subsectors-one related to the primary relay nucleus, i.e. GLd or GMv, and the other related to the secondary relay nuclei, i.e. pulvinar nucleus, GMmc, Po, etc.
Cells preconditioned with mild, transient UVA irradiation acquire resistance to oxidative stress and UVA-induced apoptosis: role of 4-hydroxynonenal in UVA-mediated signaling for apoptosis.

Because 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) has been suggested to be involved in oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis (Cheng, J. Z., Sharma, R., Yang, Y., Singhal, S. S., Sharma, A., Saini, M. K., Singh, S. V., Zimniak, P., Awasthi, S., and Awasthi, Y. C. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41213–41223) and UVA irradiation also causes lipid peroxidation, we have examined the role of 4-HNE in UVA-mediated apoptosis. K562 cells irradiated with UVA (3.0 milliwatts/cm2) for 5, 15, and 30 min showed a time dependent increase in 4-HNE levels. As judged by the activation of caspases, apoptosis was observed only in cells irradiated for 30 min. Within 2 h of recovery in normal medium, 4-HNE levels in 5 and 15 min UVA, irradiated cells returned to the basal or even lower levels but in cells irradiated for 30 min, 4-HNE levels remained consistently higher. The cells irradiated with UVA for 5 min and allowed to recover for 2 h in normal medium (UVA-preconditioned cells) showed a remarkable induction of hGST5.8, which catalyzes conjugation of 4-HNE to glutathione (GSH), and RLIP76 (Ral BP-1), which mediates the transport of the conjugate, GS-HNE. In cells irradiated with UVA for 30 min the induction of RLIP76 or hGST5.8 was not observed. The preconditioned cells transported GS-HNE into the medium at a rate about 2-fold higher than the controls and the transport was inhibited (65%) by coating the cells with anti-RLIP76 IgG. Upon treatment with xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XA/XO), 4-HNE, or prolonged UVA exposure, the control cells showed a sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and apoptosis. However, in the UVA-preconditioned cells, apoptosis was not observed, and JNK activation was inhibited. This resistance of preconditioned cells to XA/XO-, 4-HNE-, or UVA-induced apoptosis could be abrogated when these cells were coated with anti-RLIP76 IgG to block the efflux of GS-HNE. These studies strongly suggest a role of 4-HNE in UVA-mediated apoptosis.
Editorial commentary: a syphilis wish list: better data, better tests.

William Osler referred to syphilis as “The Great Imitator,” referring to the vast array of potential clinical presentations and morbidity associated with syphilis at the beginning of the 20th century. While the infection’s varied presentations remain a continuing source of confusion for clinicians, the challenges of syphilis management do not stop with diagnosis. The absence of readily available culture or other direct microbiologic tests for syphilis diagnosis, and the resulting dependence upon serological testing to evaluate response to therapy, regularly creates questions for clinicians. For better and for worse, serological testing for syphilis diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy has been a mainstay of syphilis management since soon after 1906 when Wassermann and colleagues developed the first serological tests for syphilis [1]. Since then however, evolution of tests, testing methods, reagents, and test formats has not resolved fundamental questions or limitations of currently available tests. Syphilis is no longer common enough to be easily studied at a single institution in the numbers needed to provide conclusive answers to important management questions but it is common enough that questions regularly arise in management of syphilis patients. In the United States, rates of primary and secondary syphilis have been 15 years [2] and rates are still lower in Western Europe. Nonetheless, questions regarding serological test interpretation continue to vex clinicians at all stages of syphilismanagement—diagnosis,staging, and response to therapy. Furthermore,
Evolving entities and changing concepts in breast pathology.

Among the evolving entities and changing concepts in breast pathology are those relating to columnar cell hyperplasia, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, mucocele-like lesions, pleomorphic lobular carcinomain situ, pseudo-Paget’s disease of nipple, microinvasive carcinoma of breast, spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma, and minimal metastatic disease in axillary lymph nodes. Pathologists, as well as physicians involved in the management of breast diseases, need to be aware of these recent developments in breast pathology since the recognition and understanding thereof may have considerable clinical relevance.
Effect of SQ20881 and captopril on pulmonary angiotensin II formation and blood pressure.

The lung is thought to be the major site for conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII), although a significant amount of AI conversion is also known to occur in the peripheral circulation. Reports suggest that pulmonary conversion of AI to AII is more sensitive to inhibition by specific kininase II inhibitors than extrapulmonary conversion. This latter observation prompted us to seek for a dose of SQ20881 and/or captopril that would suppress the conversion of AI to AII in the lung without affecting extrapulmonary conversion of AI and thereby peripheral pressor responses to intravenously administered AI. Experiments were performed on 15 pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs. The AII arterial-venous difference across the lung was measured during an intravenous (i.v.) infusion of AI which produced a steady-state rise in blood pressure of 20 mmHg. This protocol was repeated with the same dose of AI following three graded doses of either SQ20881, captopril or vehicle. Results showed that the systemic pressor response to AI cannot be dissociated from pulmonary AI conversion.
Plasma activated sintering of nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3

Abstract Plasma activated sintering of nanocrystalline γ-Al2O3 has been studied over a temperature range of 1573–1943 K and a uniaxial stress of 29–66 MPa. A transformation of γ-Al2O3 to α-Al2O3 occurred at all the test temperatures. The density of the sintered pellet varied with both the applied stress and temperature. Depending on the temperature and applied stress, the density varied from 57 to 96% of theoretical. The grain growth was excessive in specimens with 87–96% density. Considering that the aim was to obtain nanocrystalline alumina, the best possible combination of density (76% theoretical) and grain size (80 nm) was obtained at 1833 K and 66 MPa of applied stress. This is comparable with the recently reported results on microwave sintering of γ-Al2O3. It is shown that the sintering of γ-Al2O3 is more difficult than other nanocrystalline oxides (ZrO2, TiO2 and Y2O3), perhaps because of the γ to α phase transformation and associated texture. The experimental densification rate is lower than the theoretical one by several order of magnitude. As-sintered pellet shows texture, which perhaps gives rise to abnormal stress-strain behavior observed during the compression testing of as-sintered specimen with 59% initial density. Therefore, significantly higher pressure is required during sintering to achieve the desirable level of consolidation in nanocrystalline γ-alumina.
Energy technology: hydrogen quick and clean.

Systems for producing pure hydrogen for fuel cells from methanol run into problems with energy efficiency and short lifetimes. Unless, that is, you combine the right catalyst and the right purification membrane.