cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Treatment Issues in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines

Background This guideline updates the second edition and addresses patients with particular forms of non-small cell lung cancer that require special considerations, including Pancoast tumors, T4 N0,1 M0 tumors, additional nodules in the same lobe (T3), ipsilateral different lobe (T4) or contralateral lung (M1a), synchronous and metachronous second primary lung cancers, solitary brain and adrenal metastases, and chest wall involvement. Methods The nature of these special clinical cases is such that in most cases, meta-analyses or large prospective studies of patients are not available. To ensure that these guidelines were supported by the most current data available, publications appropriate to the topics covered in this article were obtained by performing a literature search of the MEDLINE computerized database. Where possible, we also reference other consensus opinion statements. Recommendations were developed by the writing committee, graded by a standardized method, and reviewed by all members of the Lung Cancer Guidelines panel prior to approval by the Thoracic Oncology NetWork, Guidelines Oversight Committee, and the Board of Regents of the American College of Chest Physicians. Results In patients with a Pancoast tumor, a multimodality approach appears to be optimal, involving chemoradiotherapy and surgical resection, provided that appropriate staging has been carried out. Carefully selected patients with central T4 tumors that do not have mediastinal node involvement are uncommon, but surgical resection appears to be beneficial as part of their treatment rather than definitive chemoradiotherapy alone. Patients with lung cancer and an additional malignant nodule are difficult to categorize, and the current stage classification rules are ambiguous. Such patients should be evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary team to determine whether the additional lesion represents a second primary lung cancer or an additional tumor nodule corresponding to the dominant cancer. Highly selected patients with a solitary focus of metastatic disease in the brain or adrenal gland appear to benefit from resection or stereotactic radiosurgery. This is particularly true in patients with a long disease-free interval. Finally, in patients with chest wall involvement, provided that the tumor can be completely resected and N2 nodal disease is absent, primary surgical resection should be considered. Conclusions Carefully selected patients with more uncommon presentations of lung cancer may benefit from an aggressive surgical approach.
Targeting Fatty-Acid Amide Hydrolase with Prodrugs for CNS-Selective Therapy

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) can be a substantial impediment to achieving therapeutic levels of drugs in the CNS. Certain chemical functionality such as the carboxylic acid is a general liability for BBB permeability preventing significant CNS distribution of a drug from a systemic dose. Here, we report a strategy for CNS-selective distribution of the carboxylic acid containing thyromimetic sobetirome using prodrugs targeted to fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which is expressed in the brain. Two amide prodrugs of sobetirome were shown to be efficient substrates of FAAH with Vmax/KM values comparable to the natural endocannabinoid FAAH substrate anandamide. In mice, a systemic dose of sobetirome prodrug leads to a substantial ∼60-fold increase in brain distribution (Kp) of sobetirome compared to an equimolar systemic dose of the parent drug. The increased delivery of sobetirome to the brain from the prodrug was diminished by both pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of FAAH in vivo. The incr...
Library Design-Facilitated High-Throughput Sequencing of Synthetic Peptide Libraries

A methodology to achieve high-throughput de novo sequencing of synthetic peptide mixtures is reported. The approach leverages shotgun nanoliquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-based de novo sequencing of library mixtures (up to 2000 peptides) as well as automated data analysis protocols to filter away incorrect assignments, noise, and synthetic side-products. For increasing the confidence in the sequencing results, mass spectrometry-friendly library designs were developed that enabled unambiguous decoding of up to 600 peptide sequences per hour while maintaining greater than 85% sequence identification rates in most cases. The reliability of the reported decoding strategy was additionally confirmed by matching fragmentation spectra for select authentic peptides identified from library sequencing samples. The methods reported here are directly applicable to screening techniques that yield mixtures of active compounds, including particle sorting of one-bead one-compound libraries and a...
Hormone and targeted therapies in metastatic salivary duct carcinoma.

e17557Background: Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an aggressive and rare cancer for which hormone and other targeted therapies are potential treatment options in the metastatic setting. Methods: A...
Interoperability test for IEC 61850-9-2 standard-based merging units

Merging units (MUs) sample alternating current (AC) in one or multiple phases and convert these analog voltage and current signals to digital values and transmit the sampled values (SVs) to protection relays (PRs) and bay controllers (BCs) through either Ethernet or optical communication channels based on the IEC 61850-9-2 protocol. MUs could provide real-time data for current, voltage, and status of power grids, and therefore, they can play a key role in real-time monitoring, protection, and control of the grids. However, MU data exchange, sharing, and interoperability can pose major challenges for the power industry. With the standardization of MU data formats, interfaces, and communication protocols, it is hopeful that data interoperability of MUs can be achieved via the IEC 61850-9-2 standard. Nevertheless, MUs and PRs produced by different vendors may not be interoperable, even though they might conform to the IEC 61850-9-2 standards. Meanwhile, another challenge is how to assure the interoperability of MUs and the best way to achieve that is through MU interoperability testing. This paper proposes a passive interoperability test method for IEC 61850-9-2 based MUs. It mainly focuses on monitoring the communications and capturing the packets between the device under test (DUT) or MU, and the MU tester or PR, and analyzing the interoperability of MUs based on the packets captured. The interoperability test system consists of five parts: a MU tester, a DUT, a network switch, a network sniffer, and a MU interoperability analyzer. IEC 61850-9-2 provides an interoperability test suite that includes a number of test cases. Two commercial MUs from different vendors have been tested with the MU Tester over Ethernet based on the interoperability test method proposed. Test results of a test case for sending SVs are provided
Acceptance of Routine HIV Testing by Hospitalized Adolescents and Young Adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Youth carry a disproportionate burden of new HIV infections. With our study, we aimed to characterize HIV testing experiences among adolescents and young adults admitted to a children’s hospital that is located in a high HIV-prevalent community and implemented routine HIV testing for all patients ≥13 years of age. METHODS: A total of 120 patients aged 13 to 24 years old who were admitted to our hospital and had a documented offer of routine HIV testing on admission were invited to complete a self-administered survey that asked about sex, race and/or ethnicity, HIV risk behaviors, and attitudes toward routine HIV testing in the hospital. Date of birth, admission diagnosis, and verification of HIV testing and results were collected by chart review. RESULTS: Study participants ( N = 99) were 17.4 ± 2.3 years old, 52% female, 47% Hispanic, and 29% African American. Additional characteristics include the following: 65% had previous sexual activity, 11% had a history of sexually transmitted infections, and 12% were worried about their risk for HIV. Forty-seven percent of participants accepted HIV testing, with older patients ( P P P CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support offering routine HIV testing to youth admitted to children’s hospital. Given the high incidence of new and undiagnosed HIV infections among youth, additional venues for HIV testing are essential.
The Use of Unique Specialized Publications, Such as Rapid Publication of Toxicology Journals to Educate Professionals and Prevent Intoxications from the Use of Pesticides: Experiences with Veterinary and Human Toxicology

Abstract The development of rapid communications within the scientific field has been spurred due to the development of new electronic and printing techniques. Journals are especially valuable in scientific communications by the stability of their product and the ability that readers have of utilizing the information contained repeatedly and at varying times. The necessity for rapid written communications is especially important due to the rapid growth and development of advances in toxicology. Utilizing a rapid publication format that enables material to be published within days after its receipt by the Publication Office, Veterinary and Human Toxicology has evolved into a premiere reference and news publication. The service rendered by this journal is evidenced by its rapid growth and its acceptance by national and international abstracting and indexing services. Efforts to improve this publication are continuing and suggestions from the profession are valued.
A Trellis-Searched 16 Kbit/Sec Speech Coder with Low-Delay

Trellis coded quantization (TCQ) was recently introduced [1] as an efficient method of encoding memoryless sources. Unlike previous trellis coding formulations [2–5], TCQ uses Ungerboeck’s notion of set partitioning and trellis branch labeling from trellis coded modulation [6]. When using the Viterbi algorithm [7] for encoding, the computational complexity of the resulting system is fairly modest. Encoding a memoryless source (using TCQ with R bits per sample) requires only 4 multiplications, 2N + 4 additions, N compares, and 4 rate-(R — 1) scalar quantizations per data sample, where N is the number of states in the encoding trellis. Significantly, this encoding complexity is roughly independent of the encoding rate.
Fatigue strength and allowable design stresses for some wood composites used in furniture

The fatigue behavior of several wood composites was investigated in this study as a possible basis for determining allowable design stresses for these materials. Particleboard, MDF, OSB and plywood were included in the study. Specimens were tested both in static bending and fatigue. Five applied stress levels expressed as percentages of the materials’ ultimate strength (MOR), were used in the fatigue tests. Results indicated that all the materials tested were able to survive a fatigue life of over 1 million cycles at stress levels equal to 30% of average MOR. Fatigue failures occurred in some materials as stress levels increased to 40% of average MOR. In general, fatigue life descreased as stress level increased and vice versa. A non-linear, power relationship appeared to adequately relate stress level and fatigue life. For furniture designs in which cyclic loading must be taken into account, it appears that allowable design stresses may be based on some percentage of MOR in order to satisfy safety and service requirements. In particular, design stress values ranging from 30% to 40% of the average MOR may provide base values for determining allowable design stresses.
Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Nanotechnology enables unique approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Over the last two decades, a large number of nanoparticle-based cancer diagnostics and therapeutics have been developed. These include superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. While some of the liposomal and polymer-based therapeutic nanoparticles have advanced to clinical applications, a greater number of remaining nanoparticles platforms are currently in the preclinical stages of development. They have relatively incomplete toxicity profiles at this time. In this chapter, we will review the available preclinical and clinical toxicity data of a variety of nanoparticle platforms.
Modulation of ClC-3 gating and proton/anion exchange by internal and external protons and the anion selectivity filter.

Key points The ClC-3 2Cl- /1H+ exchanger modulates endosome pH and Cl- concentration. We investigated the relationships between ClC-3-mediated ion transport (steady-state transport current, ISS ), gating charge (Q) and cytoplasmic alkalization. ClC-3 transport is functionally unidirectional. ClC-5 and ClC-3 display indistinguishable exchange ratios, but ClC-3 cycling is less "efficient", as reflected by a large Q/ISS . An M531A mutation predicted to increase water-wire stability and cytoplasmic proton supply improves efficiency. Protonation (pH 5.0) of the outer glutamate gate (Gluext ; E224) reduces Q, inhibits transport, and weakens coupling. Removal of the central tyrosine anion gate (Y572S) greatly increases uncoupled anion current. Tyrosine -OH removal (Y572F) alters anion selectivity and impairs coupling. E224 and Y572 act as anion barriers, and contribute to gating. The Y572 side chain and -OH regulate Q movement kinetics and voltage dependence. E224 and Y572 interact to create a "closed" inner gate conformation that maintains coupling during cycling. Abstract We utilized plasma membrane-localized ClC-3 to investigate relationships between steady-state transport current (ISS ), gating charge (Q) movement, and cytoplasmic alkalization rate. ClC-3 exhibited lower transport efficiency than ClC-5, as reflected by a larger Q/ISS ratio, but an indistinguishable Cl- /H+ coupling ratio. External SCN- reduced H+ transport rate and uncoupled anion/H+ exchange by 80-90%. Removal of the external gating glutamate ("Gluext ") (E224A mutation) reduced Q and abolished H+ transport. We hypothesized that Methionine 531 (M531) impedes "water wire" H+ transfer from the cytoplasm to E224. Accordingly, an M531A mutation decreased the Q/ISS ratio by 50% and enhanced H+ transport. External protons (pH 5.0) inhibited ISS and markedly reduced Q while shifting the Q-voltage (V) relationship positively. The Cl- /H+ coupling ratio at pH 5.0 was significantly increased, consistent with externally protonated Gluext adopting an outward/open position. Internal "anion gate" removal (Y572S) dramatically increased ISS and impaired coupling, without slowing H+ transport rate. Loss of both gates (Y572S/E224A) resulted in a large "open pore" conductance. Y572F (removing only the phenolic hydroxide) and Y572S shortened Q duration similarly, resulting in faster Q kinetics at all voltages. These data reveal a complex relationship between Q and ion transport. Q/ISS must be assessed together with coupling ratio to properly interpret efficiency. Coupling and transport rate are influenced by the anion, internal proton supply and external protons. Y572 regulates H+ coupling as well as anion selectivity, and interacts directly with E224. Disruption of this "closed gate" conformation by internal protons may represent a critical step in the ClC-3 transport cycle.
Identification of functionally primitive and immunophenotypically distinct subpopulations in secondary acute myeloid leukemia by mass cytometry.

Background Background: Mass cytometry (CyTOF) is a powerful tool for analyzing cellular networks at the single cell level. Due to the high-dimensional nature of this approach, analysis algorithms have been developed to visualize and interpret mass cytometry data. In this study, we applied these approaches to a cohort of patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). Methods We utilized mass cytometry to interrogate localization and intensity of thrombopoietin-mediated intracellular signaling in sAML. Extracellular and intracellular phenotypes were dissected using SPADE, viSNE, and PhenoGraph. Results Healthy controls exhibited highly localized signaling responses largely restricted to the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment. In contrast, sAML samples contained subpopulations outside the HSPC compartment exhibiting thrombopoietin (TPO) sensitivity comparable to or greater than immunophenotypically defined HSPCs. We employed unsupervised clustering by PhenoGraph to elucidate distinct subpopulations within these heterogeneous samples. One metacluster composed almost exclusively of Lin- CD61+ CD34- CD38- CD45low cells was identified. This subpopulation was not readily identified by established manual gating approaches, and generally exhibited greater STAT phosphorylation in response to TPO stimulation than did Lin- CD61- CD34+ CD38- cells. Lin- CD61+ CD34- CD38- CD45low cells were identified in three additional sAML patients analyzed independently using a manual gating approach based upon PhenoGraph results. Each patient exhibited a similar TPO hypersensitivity to the PhenoGraph metacluster. Conclusions The identification of this cellular subpopulation highlights the limitations of manual gating in sAML. Our study demonstrates the potential for mass cytometry to elucidate rare subpopulations in highly heterogeneous tumors by utilizing unsupervised high dimensional analysis. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Computing water flow through complex landscapes – Part 1: Incorporating depressions in flow routing using FlowFill

Abstract. Calculating flow routing across a landscape is a routine process in geomorphology, hydrology, planetary science, and soil and water conservation. Flow-routing calculations often require a preprocessing step to remove depressions from a DEM to create a “flow-routing surface” that can host a continuous, integrated drainage network. However, real landscapes contain natural depressions that trap water. These are an important part of the hydrologic system and should be represented in flow-routing surfaces. Historically, depressions (or “pits”) in DEMs have been viewed as data errors, but the rapid expansion of high-resolution, high-precision DEM coverage increases the likelihood that depressions are real-world features. To address this long-standing problem of emerging significance, we developed FlowFill, an algorithm that routes a prescribed amount of runoff across the surface in order to flood depressions if enough water is available. This mass-conserving approach typically floods smaller depressions and those in wet areas, integrating drainage across them, while permitting internal drainage and disruptions to hydrologic connectivity. We present results from two sample study areas to which we apply a range of uniform initial runoff depths and report the resulting filled and unfilled depressions, the drainage network structure, and the required compute time. For the reach- to watershed-scale examples that we ran, FlowFill compute times ranged from approximately 1 to 30 min, with compute times per cell of 0.0001 to 0.006 s.
Gender, Depression, and Blue-collar Work: A Retrospective Cohort Study of US Aluminum Manufacturers.

Background Industrial blue-collar workers face multiple work-related stressors, but evidence regarding the burden of mental illness among today's blue-collar men and women remains limited. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we examined health and employment records for 37,183 blue- and white-collar workers employed by a single US aluminum manufacturer from 2003 to 2013. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we modeled time to first episode of treated depression by gender and occupational class. Among cases, we modeled rates of depression-related service utilization with generalized gamma regression. Results Compared with their white-collar counterparts, blue-collar men were more likely to be treated for depression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 1.4) as were blue-collar women (HR = 1.4; 1.2, 1.6). Blue-collar women were most likely to be treated for depression as compared with white-collar men (HR = 3.2; 95% CI = 2.1, 5.0). However, blue-collar workers used depression-related services less frequently than their white-collar counterparts among both men (rate ratio = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.84, 0.98) and women (rate ratio = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.77, 0.88). Conclusions Blue-collar women were more likely to be treated for depression than white-collar workers, and blue-collar women were most likely to be treated for depression compared with white-collar men. However, blue-collar men and women used depression-related healthcare services less frequently than white-collar workers. These findings underscore that blue-collar women may be uniquely susceptible to depression, and suggest that blue-collar workers may encounter barriers to care-seeking related mental illness other than their insurance status.
OMIP-061: 20-Color Flow Cytometry Panel for High-Dimensional Characterization of Murine Antigen-Presenting Cells

This 20-color flow cytometry panel was designed to resolve the cellular heterogeneity of antigen-presenting cells and was optimized for lymph node tissue. Reagents were carefully selected and optimized for identification of B cells (B220), neutrophils (Ly6G), monocytes and macrophages (Ly6C, CD169, F4/80), and dendritic cells (XCR1, CD172a, CD11c, I-A/I-E, CD24, CD64, pDCA-1, CD103, CD11b). Inclusion of additional functional markers involved in cell migration (CCR7), co-stimulation (CD80), and adhesion (ICAM-1) enabled further phenotypic characterization. Finally, this panel has been tested and is compatible with fluorescently labeled antigens such as Alexa Fluor 488 (Ax488) for the study of antigen-bearing cells in vivo. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Peeking Into the Black Box: A Tutorial on Automated Design Optimization and Parameter Search

Automated optimization algorithms are extensively used to search for optimal design parameters in applications ranging from designing compilers and analog circuits to crafting embedded machine-learning technology. System optimization is particularly laborious as the pertinent design space includes various conflicting objectives and a swarm of free parameters. Automating parameter optimization can enhance system quality while ensuring low design cost and high performance. In this tutorial, we review several recent optimization tools for selecting design parameters and architecture. These tools include heuristic methods, reinforcement learning (RL), and evolutionary strategies. We elaborate on the basics of each algorithm and explain the benefits and tradeoffs when each is applied to system design. To demonstrate how these methods can be applied, we review several realworld examples: analog circuit design, neural network compression, and the design of domain-specific accelerators. We also touch on possible research directions and remaining challenges that need to be addressed.
Division of labor in metabolic regulation by transcription, translation, acetylation and phosphorylation

The metabolism of most organisms is controlled by a diverse cast of regulatory processes, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Yet how metabolic control is distributed between these regulatory processes is unknown. Here we present Comparative Analysis of Regulators of Metabolism (CAROM), an approach that compares regulators based on network connectivity, flux, and essentiality of their reaction targets. Using CAROM, we analyze transcriptome, proteome, acetylome and phospho-proteome dynamics during transition to stationary phase in E. coli and S. cerevisiae . CAROM uncovered that the targets of each regulatory process shared unique metabolic properties: growth-limiting reactions were regulated by acetylation, while isozymes and futile-cycles were preferentially regulated by phosphorylation. Reversibility, essentiality, and molecular-weight further distinguished reactions controlled through diverse mechanisms. While every enzyme can be potentially regulated by multiple mechanisms, analysis of context-specific datasets reveals a conserved partitioning of metabolic regulation based on reaction attributes.
Quark orbital dynamics in the proton from lattice QCD: From Ji to Jaffe-Manohar orbital angular momentum

Given a Wigner distribution simultaneously characterizing quark transverse positions and momenta in a proton, one can directly evaluate their cross product, i.e., quark orbital angular momentum. The aforementioned distribution can be obtained by generalizing the proton matrix elements of quark bilocal operators which define transverse momentum-dependent parton distributions (TMDs); the transverse momentum information is supplemented with transverse position information by introducing an additional nonzero momentum transfer. A gauge connection between the quarks must be specified in the quark bilocal operators; the staple-shaped gauge link path used in TMD calculations yields the Jaffe-Manohar definition of orbital angular momentum, whereas a straight path yields the Ji definition. An exploratory lattice calculation, performed at the pion mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=518\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, is presented which quasicontinuously interpolates between the two definitions and demonstrates that their difference can be clearly resolved. The resulting Ji orbital angular momentum is confronted with traditional evaluations based on Ji's sum rule. Jaffe-Manohar orbital angular momentum is enhanced in magnitude compared to its Ji counterpart.
Occupy Wall Street, the Tea Party, and the Anti-Federalists: Civic Culture and the Limits of Representation

The recent emergence in the U.S. of prominent popular movements like the Tea Party movement and Occupy Wall Street points to a perception of fundamental deficiencies in the American polity in particular and in contemporary representative democracy generally. While the specific concerns and methods of the groups are very different, both reflect efforts to provide a vehicle for greater participation and engagement in civic life. One may argue that such movements reflect, in part, a yearning for something like civic republicanism. As such they recall the Anti-Federalists. The Anti-Federalists recognized some of the limits of representation in effectively translating citizen views into government policy. More important, they had a strong intuitive sense of the social and cultural ramifications of large-scale representative government. The late eighteenth-century republican vision of a virtuous, engaged citizenry, though appealing, was problematic even in its own day. And, the practical difficulties of reconciling small-scale republicanism with modern large states were never adequately addressed. The large-scale representative democracy which actually emerged consequently represented a more liberal, and less republican vision, which was more accommodating of diversity and less demanding of virtue, but also less promoting of it. Over time, national growth and the development of a modern economy compounded a sense of public alienation from government. If the republican vision of the Anti-Federalists was unattainable, or unsustainable, in the late eighteenth century, does it offer anything of value to us today, when conditions seem so much more inhospitable to anything like republicanism? This paper argues that it does. By unpacking this thought with the aid of contemporary cultural thinkers and elements of contemporary democratic theory, we may extract from early American republican thought elements which suggest practical ways of fostering the sort of cultural and social frameworks which can help to renew civic life in the context of large-scale representative democracy.
Anesthesia and Acute Pain

Pain management is multifactorial and can be delivered in many modalities including oral and parenteral medications, local and regional anesthesia, and procedural sedation. It is important for providers to feel comfortable treating painful conditions and have an understanding of how appropriate matching of analgesia to the painful stimulus can improve patient care and outcomes. This chapter discusses techniques of pain control and provides a guide to options available for patient care.
The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview

This review synthesizes the historical literature on the criminalization and incarceration of black Americans for an interdisciplinary audience. Drawing on key insights from new histories in the fi...
Supporting the Identity Development of Multiracial Graduate Students

Although there is significant research devoted to the needs and experiences of different student populations, many groups remain under-researched, resulting in less attention being devoted to their...
Coronavirus disease 2019 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major comorbidity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but less is known about COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Thus, our goal was to review the literature on COVID and T1DM. RECENT FINDINGS: We identified 21 reports focusing on COVID-19 infections among patients with preexisting T1DM (nâ=â7), incident T1DM presentations during the COVID-19 quarantine (nâ=â6), and outpatient management of T1DM during the COVID-19 quarantine (nâ=â8). These studies showed that patients with preexisting T1DM and COVID-19 infection often present with hyperglycemia and/or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Although the risk of in-hospital mortality may be increased, hospitalization rates among patients with T1DM mirror that of the general population. The numbers of patients presenting with incident T1DM during COVID-19 quarantine have remained stable, but cases with severe DKA may have increased. COVID-19 quarantine has also impacted outpatient T1DM management and studies examining changes in glycemic control have shown mixed results. SUMMARY: COVID-19 has important implications for patients with type 1 diabetes, but additional studies with larger numbers of patients and longer term follow-up are needed to confirm the early findings highlighted in this review.
Resourcefulness narratives: Transforming actions into stories to mobilize support

Abstract Entrepreneurs regularly confront resource constraints as they attempt to bring their ideas to fruition. To overcome resource constraints, they often try to mobilize resources from external resource providers and use narratives as a critical tool to do so. We theorize that a particular type of narrative – a resourcefulness narrative – will significantly impact an entrepreneur's ability to mobilize support from resource providers. A resourcefulness narrative is a discursive, temporal account of past or ongoing entrepreneurial actions, whereby an entrepreneur is presented as using, assembling, or deploying resources in creative ways in order to overcome an impediment. We argue that a resourcefulness narrative generates positive emotional and cognitive reactions from external resource providers such that they are inclined to support a venture. Furthermore, these effects are contingent on the general level of resource scarcity or munificence in a venture's environment, the level of uncertainty underpinning the venture, the entrepreneur's experience, and the recency of the actions described within the narrative. By acting resourcefully and transforming that action into a narrative, entrepreneurs can resourcefully mobilize support.
49 – A Practical Approach to Male Infertility

Evaluation of the male in infertility has evolved into an organized, logical process beginning with thorough reproductive and medical history, physical examination, and semen analysis. Evaluation of the male partner should be performed by a urologist or other specialist in reproductive medicine. The evaluation of the malebegins with a thorough reproductive and medical history, a physical examination, and two semen analyses. The principle diagnostic test that determines the extent to which the male partner contributes to a couple's infertility is the semen analysis. Men with abnormalities on semen analysis (especially sperm concentration <10 million/mL), decreased libido, or other clinical manifestations of endocrinopathy should undergo hormone evaluation. Low-volume or absent ejaculate suggests bladder neck dysfunction and retrograde flow of ejaculate into the bladder that is determined by postejaculatory urinalysis. Chromosome abnormalities clearly associated with male infertility include mutations within the CFTR gene, the sex chromosome abnormality Klinefelter syndrome, and microdeletions of the Y chromosome. Although sufficient sperm with adequate motility and normal morphology may be found on semen analysis, the sperm may be unable to fertilize an oocyte. For this reason, additional analysis of sperm function may be indicated to identify specific deficiencies in some of the components involved in normal sperm action.
Two distinct species of human growth hormone-variant mRNA in the human placenta predict the expression of novel growth hormone proteins

We have sought direct evidence for the in vivo expression of the human growth hormone-variant (hGH-V) gene by screening a placental cDNA library with a hGH-V-specific oligonucleotide. Nine independent hGH-V cDNA clones were isolated and analyzed, and three distinct species were detected. Five of these hGH-V cDNAs represent mRNAs spliced and processed in a pattern analogous to that of the highly homologous human growth hormone and human chorionic somatomammotropin gene transcripts. Each of the remaining four hGH-V cDNAs contains an additional segment of 253 nucleotides corresponding in position and sequence to the fourth intron of the hGH-V gene. In addition, one of the mRNAs in this second group uses an alternative downstream polyadenylation site. The alternatively spliced hGH-V mRNA, which we refer to as hGH-V2 mRNA, constitutes approximately 30% of the hGH-V transcripts both in the human term placenta and in a stable mouse fibroblast line expressing the transfected hGH-V gene. The placental expression of the hGH-V gene is specific to villous tissue. The hGH-V2 mRNA is predicted to encode a protein which substitutes the 65 carboxyl-terminal amino acids of hGH-V with a new 104-residue carboxyl terminus resulting in significant divergence in their relative physical properties. The alternative splicing of the hGH-V transcripts to hGH-V and hGH-V2 mRNAs expands the potential complexity of the hGH-V gene's role in normal placental function.
Preparing for the 21st Century

After the "end of the social" (Baudrillard, 1983), the death of "master narratives" (Lyotard, 1984), and the contentious "end of sociological theory" (Seidman, 1990), the need for new directions in the social sciences and in social theory is a topic central to the future of a number of disciplines (including sociology). This rethinking of social scientific inquiry reflects the shifting nature of global political and cultural affairs-including postcolonialism, the trend toward European unification, and the more recent collapse of the Soviet bloc. Within sociology as a discipline, conceptual reorientation is closely related to American sociology's perceived intellectual crisis (Goulder, 1970). This "crisis" is related to the collapse of the functionalist paradigm in the 1960s and the lack of a shared intellectual orientation. Over the last two decades, various theorists (Alexander, Giddens) have attempted the reunification of sociology but with limited success. Others, however, have sought to rethink the very foundations of sociological knowledge. Giddens, Wallerstein, and Robertson are among those few who have sought to outline a new terrain of the social sciences in the 21st century. Their efforts reflect a growing awareness of the need for serious engage-
Patterns of volcanism in the Cascade Arc during the past 15 000 years

About 110 well-dated and 70 poorly dated eruptive periods less than 15,000 years old at individual volcanoes in the Cascade arc constitute a data set for identifying spatial and temporal patterns of eruptive activity. Key features of the record include: (1) the mean frequency of eruptive periods during the past 4,000 years is approximately two per century, however, the variance about the mean may be large; (2) at most major centres, episodes of activity lasting several thousand years are defined by groups of eruptive periods separated by apparent dormant intervals of roughly similar duration, (3) arc-wide clustering of eruptive activity may exist at 0-4 ka, 6-8 ka, and 10-14 ka. Such clustering would be remarkable in light of significant along-arc changes in crustal structure, stress field, and subduction-zone geometry.
Importance of sulfhydryl groups for lipolytic action in the isolated fat cell.

Abstract As many polypeptide hormones are thought to act through cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, we have sought to determine the importance of cellular sulfhydryl groups for the action of this compound and of a hormone which stimulates its production in isolated fat cells. Isolated fat cells were exposed to N-ethylmaleimide for 10 sec before N-ethylmaleimide was inactivated by the addition of glutathione. This treatment resulted in inhibition of the lipolytic effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone, theophylline, and N6,O2-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. The simplest interpretation of these results is that sulfhydryl groups are essential for the activation of triglyceride lipase.
Toward the 21st Century: Planning for the Protection of California's Environment

(1995). Toward the 21st Century: Planning for the Protection of California's Environment. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 25-28.
Territory, Globalization, and International Relations: The Cartographic Reality of Space By Jeppe Strandsbjerg

For the readership of this journal the close relationship between the rise of the modern territorial nation-state and the development of modern (that is, geometrically abstract and measured) and ge...
Relation between rainfall intensity and savanna tree abundance explained by water use strategies.

Tree abundance in tropical savannas exhibits large and unexplained spatial variability. Here, we propose that differentiated tree and grass water use strategies can explain the observed negative relation between maximum tree abundance and rainfall intensity (defined as the characteristic rainfall depth on rainy days), and we present a biophysical tree–grass competition model to test this idea. The model is founded on a premise that has been well established in empirical studies, namely, that the relative growth rate of grasses is much higher compared with trees in wet conditions but that grasses are more susceptible to water stress and lose biomass more quickly in dry conditions. The model is coupled with a stochastic rainfall generator and then calibrated and tested using field observations from several African savanna sites. We show that the observed negative relation between maximum tree abundance and rainfall intensity can be explained only when differentiated water use strategies are accounted for. Numerical experiments reveal that this effect is more significant than the effect of root niche separation. Our results emphasize the importance of vegetation physiology in determining the responses of tree abundance to climate variations in tropical savannas and suggest that projected increases in rainfall intensity may lead to an increase in grass in this biome.
An analysis of end results of surgical treatment of major injuries to the ligaments of the knee.

1. Cruciate-ligament instability at the knee causes a definite disability and should be prevented if possible.2. Repair of the cruciate ligaments is surgically feasible and highly successful if it is done early.3. Cruciate-ligament instability was the primary cause of disability in those athletes wh
Comments on ``A Bias in the Midtropospheric Channel Warm Target Factor on theNOAA-9Microwave Sounding Unit''

AbstractPo-Chedley and Fu investigated the difference in the magnitude of global temperature trends generated from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) for the midtroposphere (TMT, surface to about 75 hPa) between the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) and Remote Sensing Systems (RSS). Their approach was to examine the magnitude of a noise-reduction coefficient of one short-lived satellite, NOAA-9, which differed from UAH and RSS. Using radiosonde comparisons over a 2-yr period, they calculated an adjustment to the UAH coefficient that, when applied to the UAH data, increased the UAH global TMT trend for 1979–2009 by +0.042 K decade−1, which then happens to agree with RSS’s TMT trend. In studying their analysis, the authors demonstrate 1) the adjustment calculated using radiosondes is inconclusive when errors are accounted for; 2) the adjustment was applied in a manner inconsistent with the UAH satellite merging strategy, creating a larger change than would be generated had the actual UAH methodology ...
Intramolecular coupling as a mechanism for a liquid-liquid phase transition

mation and an off-lattice Monte Carlo ~MC! simulation. Our results show that a nonzero intramolecular interaction gives rise to a HDL-LDL phase transition, with a possible critical point @23#, with the liquid-liquid critical temperature decreasing to zero and vanishing with the intramolecular interaction. Therefore, at least for this model, the singularity-free scenario is obtained only in the particular case of a zero intramolecular interaction, while for a finite intramolecular interaction the HDL-LDL phase transition is predicted. General considerations suggest that the liquid-liquid phase transition for water could occur below the glass temperature, i.e., outside the accessible experimental range. The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, we define the model defined on a lattice. In Sec. III, we describe the equation of state approach in the mean-field approximation, and present the mean-field results. In Sec. IV we introduce the off-lattice model, describe the MC approach, and show the simulation results. In Sec. V, we discuss our results and give the conclusions.
Irish Existentials in Context

Irish Existentials in Context James McCloskey March ,  To appear in Syntax This paper grows out of NSF Research Project BCS-, Existentials at the Interface. I am grateful to my co-  on the project, Sandy Chung, for her many contributions to the research reported on here. The paper also beneﬁtted greatly from presentations at the Maryland Mayfest, in May , at the Stanford Existentials Fest, held at Stanford University on January st , and at the Formal Approaches to Celtic Linguistics conference held at the University of Arizona, Tucson in March . I am grateful to David Beaver and to Line Mikkelsen for their help and input, to Elliott Lash for comments on an earlier version, and to Pranav Anand for a number of discussions that helped push the project towards completion at a crucial point. I am especially grateful to Lillis O Laoire for his help in sifting through some of the more subtle interpretive issues that are dealt with here. Finally, I am particularly grateful to three reviewers for Syntax whose comments led to substantial improvements.
Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of alane, AlH3: effect of pressure on the reaction pathway

Nearly quantitative mechanochemical synthesis of non-solvated AlH3 from lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) and aluminium chloride (AlCl3) has been achieved at room temperature under reasonably low pressure of hydrogen (210 bar) or inert gas (125 bar for He or 90 bar for Ar). X-ray diffraction, solid-state 27Al NMR spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption analyses of as-milled materials reveal a nearly complete conversion of a 3 : 1 (molar) mixture of LiAlH4 and AlCl3 to a 4 : 3 (molar) mixture of AlH3 and LiCl in ca. 30 min. By applying pressure of 210 bar or less (depending on the gas: hydrogen, helium, or argon), competing reactions leading to formation of metallic aluminium can be completely suppressed. X-ray diffraction and NMR analyses of products extracted at various stages of the mechanochemical reaction between LiAlH4 and AlCl3 reveal, for the first time, that the solid-state transformation proceeds with LiAlCl4 as an intermediate. Evidently, the critical pressure required to suppress the formation of metallic aluminium depends on the rate at which mechanical energy is supplied during milling. For example, the critical pressure is reduced from 210 bar to 1 bar of hydrogen when the milling speed of a standard planetary mill is reduced from 300 rpm to 150 rpm, although at the expense of sluggish kinetics and much longer reaction time.
Acceleration and focusing of electrons in two-dimensional nonlinear plasma wake fields

A regime of the plasma wave-field accelerator (PWFA) is proposed, in which a high-intensity electron beam is used to excite extremely nonlinear, transverse motion-dominated plasma oscillations. Through computational analysis of the plasma electron motion and the associated wake fields, it is shown that if the beam is dense enough to eject nearly all of the plasma electrons from the beam channel, then the short-range wake fields are of excellent quality for acceleration and focusing of electron beams. These results clear up many conceptual difficulties with the practical realization of a PWFA.
Can students really multitask? An experimental study of instant messaging while reading

Students often ''multitask'' with electronic media while doing schoolwork. We examined the effects of one form of media often used in such multitasking, instant messaging (IM). We predicted that students who engaged in IMing while reading a typical academic psychology passage online would take longer to read the passage and would perform more poorly on a test of comprehension of the passage. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (IM before reading, IM during reading, or no IM). We found that students took significantly longer to read the passage when they IMed during reading (not including time taken to IM) than in other conditions. However, test performance did not differ by condition. Students who are managing busy lives may think they are accomplishing more by multitasking, but our findings suggest they will actually need more time to achieve the same level of performance on an academic task.
The Radiation of Energy and Angular Momentum

When an electromagnetic field, derived from retarded potentials, is given it is generally possible to add to this a scalar field, derived from a retarded potential ψ, in such a way that the total radiation of energy to infinity is zero for each direction, the contribution of the scalar field being calculated with the aid of a tensor used in a former paper. The radiation of angular momentum to infinity is not zero for each direction unless the electromagnetic field is of a certain type. The approximate values of the field vectors at a great distance from the origin can be expressed in terms of a quantity α and when the field is of the type just mentioned α satisfies a certain partial differential equation. This result may be regarded as typical for attempts to solve the radiation problem in which the electromagnetic radiation in one of Bohr's stationary states is supposed to be balanced by radiation of a new type. Some remarks are made on the attempts which have been made to solve the problem with the aid of electromagnetic fields alone and a brief discussion is given of the radiation of angular momentum according to the classical theory.