cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key to the Species Mentioned in the Previous Paper

Presents a key to the species of Illinois Crustacea, including the Orders Decapoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Phyllopoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, and Copepoda. Includes some extralimital species based on the likeliness that they occur in Illinois even though not yet recorded from the state.
The Culture of Time Inventory: Comparison of Time Attitudes Pertaining to Timed Testing in Russian and American Adults

A measure of time attitudes, Culture of Time Inventory—33 items (COTI-33), was developed and validated in English and Russian on 560 American and 517 Russian respondents. The study aim was to exami...
PAST: Pathway Association Studies Tool

Background: In recent years, a bioinformatics method for interpreting GWAS data using metabolic pathway analysis has been developed and successfully used to find significant pathways and mechanisms explaining phenotypic traits of interest in plants. However, the many scripts implementing this method were not straightforward to use, had to be customized for each project, required user supervision, and took more than 24 hours to process data. PAST (Pathway Association Study Tool), a new implementation of this method, has been developed to address these concerns. Results: PAST is implemented as a package for the R language. Two user-interfaces are provided; PAST can be run by loading the package in R and calling its methods, or by using an R Shiny guided user interface. In testing, PAST completed analyses in approximately one hour by processing data in parallel. PAST has many user-specified options for maximum customization. PAST produces the same results as the previously developed method. Conclusions: In order to promote a powerful new method of pathway analysis that interprets GWAS data to find biological mechanisms associated with traits of interest, we developed a more accessible and user friendly tool. This tool is more efficient and requires less knowledge of programming languages to use than previous methods. Moreover, it produces similar results in significantly less time. These attributes make PAST accessible to researchers interested in associating metabolic pathways with GWAS datasets to better understand the genetic architecture and mechanisms affecting phenotype.
Recent health-related quality of life, but not change, predicted mortality and healthcare utilization.

Abstract Objective To assess whether change in HRQOL over a seven-year period was associated with subsequent mortality and hospitalization, after adjusting for important covariates, in a cohort of U.S. Veterans. Methods We used data from a cohort of Veterans who completed a HRQOL survey in 1998 (Short-Form 36 for Veterans [SF-36V]) and a 2006 follow-up (SF-12V) HRQOL survey and SF12V scores were calculated at both time-points. We used logistic regression analyses to model the relationship between changes in the SF12-V physical component (PCS) and mental health component (MCS) scores and 1-year hospitalization and 1-year and 3.3-year mortality after the 2006 follow-up survey. Results 13,900 participants provided data for both the initial and follow-up surveys. We found no significant associations between changes in PCS or MCS and one-year hospitalization after adjusting for follow-up HRQOL and other covariates. We found significant but relatively weak associations between changes in MCS and our mortality outcomes. Conclusion Given the follow-up MCS and PCS, change in PCS over the previous 7 years added little information for predicting mortality and hospitalization Although the change in MCS added some information for predicting mortality. Therefore, knowledge of patient's current HRQOL generally provides meaningful information for predicting subsequent mortality and hospitalization.
On Pragmatism and the Consequences of Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism, as a demographic fact, is not something one can be for or against; cultural differences exist (as do similarities) and they shape and are shaped by the contexts they inhabit. One could, on the other hand, be for or against theoretical multiculturalism — that is, one could be for or against the idea that demographic multiculturalism can (or should) be translated into a philosophical problem and considered from the perspective of principles and values. Pragmatists are not against theoretical multiculturalism per se, but we are against the idea that this kind of social knowledge has direct consequences for the practices that are its subject. Faith in theory’s ability to have an unmediated impact on practices located elsewhere, or theory hope as Stanley Fish aptly calls it, belongs to philosophers who believe that theory exists prior to practice and that it enters practice from without to regulate behavior within. To assume that academic theory has uninterrupted access to practices elsewhere is to assume that theory travels without the aide of interpretation. Pragmatists reject this idea because, in our view, all practices are interpretative. When and where an idea emigrates, therefore, its consequences will necessarily be indirect because it will be viewed through the evaluative lens of those who occupy its new community.
Dynamic Model of Team Behavior

This paper studies the dynamic behavior of team cooperation in the situation where team members may have biased belief about their contribution to team performance. The dynamic behavior in the building of mutual trust and negotiated mutually agreed actions may lead to efficient team performance despite significant biases. This dynamic process is studied via mathematical analysis and simulation.
Thermal transport properties of SbCl5 graphite

Thermopower and thermal conductivity have been measured between 2 and 300 K on Sb${\mathrm{Cl}}_{5}$ graphite intercalation compounds spanning the stages 2-10. In addition, a strong transverse magnetic field has been used to separate the electronic and lattice parts of the thermal conductivity. The thermopower of all compounds is positive and increases with stage index. An anomaly near 230 K is associated with the commensurate-incommensurate transition. The thermal conductivity at high temperatures increases with the stage index but is significantly smaller than the conductivity of pure graphite. However, below about 5 K, the thermal conductivity of the intercalated material is larger than that of graphite due to as much as an order-of-magnitude enhancement in their electronic thermal conductivity. The lattice thermal conductivity of the intercalation compounds is smaller than that of graphite but it shows a surprising stage and temperature dependence which suggests that the low-frequency lattice modes of intercalant provide a significant contribution, particularly at low temperatures.
The role of team cognition in collaborative information seeking

Collaborative information seeking CIS is of growing importance in the information sciences and human-computer interaction HCI research communities. Current research has primarily focused on examining the social and interactional aspects of CIS in organizational or other settings and developing technical approaches to support CIS activities. As we continue to develop a better understanding of the interactional aspects of CIS, we need also start to examine the cognitive aspects of CIS. In particular, we need to understand CIS from a team cognition perspective. To examine how team cognition develops during CIS, we conducted a study using observations and interviews of student teams engaged in colocated CIS tasks in a laboratory setting. We found that a variety of awareness mechanisms play a key role in the development of team cognition during CIS. Specifically, we identify that search, information, and social methods of awareness are critical to developing team cognition during CIS. We discuss why awareness is important for team cognition, how team cognition comprises both individual and team-level cognitive activities, and the importance of examining both interaction and cognition to truly understand team cognition.
'Los Estudios Transatlánticos Y La Geopolítica Del Neo-Hispanismo (Transatlantic Studies and the Geopolitics of Hispanism)

Si el cambio de enfoque de regiones continentales a flujos oceanicos procuro rescatar los estudios de area de su obsolescencia geopolitica, y si el desplazamiento de las ciencias sociales duras, neopositivistas y desarrollistas por un multiculturalismo interdisciplinario y poscolonial respondio al giro cultural posmoderno, la irrupcion de los estudios transatlanticos hispanicos podria entenderse como una pieza mas en la politica cultural panhispanista promovida por el Estado espanol. Imbricada a los intereses economicos del capitalismo espanol y las corporaciones transnacionales, esta politica, que procura restablecer la hegemonia moral y cultural de la antigua metropolis sobre el mundo de habla hispana, responde a una estrategia economica y geopolitica global.If the geographical displacement from continental regions to oceanic ranges was meant to salvage area studies from their geopolitical obsolescence, and the epistemological displacement from hardcore, neo-positivistic and developmentalist social sciences to relativistic, postmodern and postcolonial multiculturalism was a response to the economically driven and globally experienced cultural turn, the emergence of Hispanic Transatlantic studies can be understood as part of the pan-Hispanist cultural policy promoted by the Spanish State. Confusedly entangled with the overlapping interests of Spanish capitalism and transnational corporations, this global geopolitical strategy aims at restoring the metropolitan cultural and moral hegemony over the Hispanic world.
Comparison of glottal flow rate characteristics based on experimental and computational data

In a recent computational model, Farahani and Zhang [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 136, EL369−EL375 (2014)] concluded that intraglottal vortices did not affect the closing mechanism of the folds. In order to determine the validity of any model that addresses the issue of vortex significance, it is important that the results of the computational model are comparable to experimental results. The results of Farahani and Zhang's model are inconsistent with data published for experimental models, which may challenge the validity of their conclusions.
Endogenous Opioid Peptides Acting at μ-Opioid Receptors in the Dorsal Horn Contribute to Midbrain Modulation of Spinal Nociceptive Neurons

Activation of neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) inhibits spinal dorsal horn neurons and produces behavioral antinociception in animals and analgesia in humans. Although dorsal horn regions modulated by PAG activation contain all three opioid receptor classes (mu, delta, and kappa), as well as enkephalinergic interneurons and terminal fields, descending opioid-mediated inhibition of dorsal horn neurons has not been demonstrated. We examined the contribution of dorsal horn mu-opioid receptors to the PAG-elicited descending modulation of nociceptive transmission. Single-unit extracellular recordings were made from rat sacral dorsal horn neurons activated by noxious heating of the tail. Microinjections of bicuculline (BIC) in the ventrolateral PAG led to a 60-80% decrease in the neuronal responses to heat. At the same time, the responses of the same neurons to iontophoretically applied NMDA or kainic acid were not consistently inhibited. The inhibition of heat-evoked responses by PAG BIC was reversed by iontophoretic application of the selective mu-opioid receptor antagonists, D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP) and D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP). A similar effect was produced by naloxone; however, naloxone had an excitatory influence on dorsal horn neurons in the absence of PAG-evoked descending inhibition. This is the first demonstration that endogenous opioids acting via spinal mu-opioid receptors contribute to brain stem control of nociceptive spinal dorsal horn neurons. The inhibition appears to result in part from presynaptic inhibition of afferents to dorsal horn neurons.
Amicus Brief of 46 Social Science Researchers and Professor in Support of Petitioners-Appellees/Cross-Appellants and Urging Affirmance, Robbins v. Rodriguez , Nos. 13-56706 & 13-56755 (9th Cir. Sept. 29, 2014).

Amici curiae are 46 scholars and researchers in the fields of sociology, criminology, anthropology, psychology, geography, public health, medicine, Latin American studies, and law, whose work relates to incarceration and detention, migrant populations, and the effect of U.S. immigration detention and removal policies on migrant populations. A full list of amici curiae — who join this brief as individuals, not as representatives of any institutions with which they are affiliated — is set forth in the Appendix to this brief. At issue in this appeal is whether the District Court properly granted the class Petitioners-Appellees’ motion for summary judgment and ordered, inter alia, rigorous bond hearings for all class member immigrant detainees who have been detained by the government for longer than six months pursuant to one of the general immigration detention statutes (i.e., 8 U.S.C. §§ 1226(a), 1226(c), 1225(b), and 1231). The objective of the amici curiae in this brief is to provide the Court with an empirically grounded understanding of the individual, familial, and societal harms of detention for prolonged periods of time.
Extracellular NAD+ metabolism modulates osteoclastogenesis.

Abstract Changes in NAD+ and its metabolites contribute to longevity and age-associated diseases. The role of NAD+ metabolism in bone diseases has however not been investigated, despite the fact that osteoporosis is a leading cause of morbidity in old age. TRAP(+) osteoclast formation from C57 Bl/6J mice was assessed after the addition of varying concentrations of NAD+ metabolites or exogenous ADPribosyl cyclase and NADase enzymes. The NAD+ metabolite cyclic ADPribose (cADPr) or exogenous addition of the enzyme ADPribosyl cyclase stimulated osteoclast formation. Blocking cADPr action with the antagonist 8-Br-cADPr potently inhibited osteoclast formation. In contrast to cADPr, its noncyclized derivative ADPribose (ADPr) or the exogenous addition of NADase both inhibited osteoclastogenesis. As CD38 is the major NAD+-degrading enzyme present in the bone marrow, these results suggest that CD38-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is related to its NADase activity, not its ADPribosyl cyclase activity.
From wars to complex political emergencies: Understanding conflict and peace-building in the new world disorder

In recent decades the nature of large-scale violent conflict has fundamentally changed from an era of 'wars' to one that is characterised by complex political emergencies (CPEs). A number of conceptual shifts have occurred in the attempt to better understand the nature of these multiple 'small wars'. Classic analytical frameworks focusing on the relationships between states, military capacities and strategies and international political economy are being put aside for more eclectic frameworks. These draw heavily on social and cultural theory, blend different theoretical elements together to analyse different situations, relate conflict to development and point to the inherent unpredictability of conflict processes and outcomes. This paper reviews these contemporary approaches to conflict and peacebuilding and comments on their implications for external agencies seeking to resolve conflict.
Osmoregulation and ionic balance in Trichocorixa reticulata (Guerin-Meneville)

Abstract 1. 1. The osmoregulatory abilities of Trichocorixa reticulata (Guerin-Meneville) were investigated by determining the osmotic pressure and Na and K concentrations of hemolymph after acclimation to a wide range of saline media. 2. 2. The hemolymph was osmoregulated within a narrow range up to an external osmolality of 3000 mOs/kg. exhibiting osmotic control far exceeding any previously reported corixid. 3. 3. Na levels were regulated similar to osmotic pressure; K levels were regulated independently. 4. 4. The osmotic permeability coefficient (2.7 × 10−2 cm/hr) suggests a cuticular permeability similar to that of freshwater insects.
OPTIMAL BOND CALL POLICIES UNDER TRANSACTIONS COSTS

In this paper I analyze the effects of refunding transactions costs on the firm's optimal call policy. Refunding transactions costs cause the firm to delay calling a bond when its market value first reaches the call price. This effect causes the price path of a callable bond to be a locally concave function of the interest rate, reaching a maximum price above the call price. Comparative static results show that the magnitude of the premium above the call price is an increasing function of transactions costs. An empirical test on a sample of nonconvertible bonds supports the model's transactions costs prediction.
Supplements for a “Meat-scraps” Type Chick Ration

Abstract THE l -lysine requirement of chicks has been reported by Almquist and Mecchi (1942); Grau, Kratzer and Asmundson (1946); and Milligan, Machlin, Bird and Heywang (1951) to be approximately 0.9 percent of the total ration. Grau (1948) reported that the l -lysine requirement of chicks increases with increased protein intake. Aureomycin did not exert a sparing action on lysine under the experimental conditions used by Jones and Combs (1951). Machlin, Denton and Bird (1952) observed that a combination of aureomycin and lysine produced better growth when fed as supplements to a ration containing cottonseed meal than when either was fed separately. Slinger, Bergey, Pepper and Arthur (1951) reported that neither aureomycin nor penicillin affected the protein requirements of broilers; however, Machlin, Denton, Kellog and Bird (1952) observed that under their experimental conditions aureomycin did decrease the protein requirement for early chick growth and increased feed efficiency. In the present investigation, the antibiotics: …
The replicative origin of the E. coli chromosome binds to cell membranes only when hemimethylated

Abstract DNA from the E. coli replicative origin binds with high affinity to outer membrane preparations. Specific binding regions are contained within a 463 bp stretch of origin DNA between positions −46 and +417 on the oriC map. This region of DNA contains an unusually high number of GATC sites, the recognition sequence for the E. coli DNA adenine methylase. We show here that oriC DNA binds to membrane only when it is hemimethylated. The E. coli chromosomal origin is hemimethylated for 8–10 min after initiation of replication, and origin DNA binds to membranes only during this time period. Based on these results, we propose a speculative model for chromosome segregation in E. coli.
Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries.

Objective Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is a recognized complication of carotid endarterectomy, with a reported incidence of 0.3 to 1.2%. The incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion after endovascular revascularization procedures of the craniocervical arteries remains unknown. We evaluated the incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome in our endovascular revascularization series. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies evaluating the incidence of hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting. Methods Between March 1996 and February 2000, 140 patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting of the craniocervical arteries at our institution. In all patients, selective bilateral arteriography of the carotid and vertebral arteries was performed to document the sites of craniocervical stenosis and collateral blood flow and the results of the endovascular revascularization procedure. We then reviewed all pertinent medical records, arteriographic films, and sectional imaging studies to determine the incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion in this series. Results Seven patients (5.0%) developed clinical or radiological manifestations of cerebral hyperperfusion. In the target group, percutaneous transluminal stenting achieved a 90 to 100% reduction in stenotic lesions (mean stenosis, 91%) of the carotid (n = 5) and vertebral (n = 2) arteries. All seven patients remained neurologically stable immediately after treatment. There was delayed development of clinical and radiographic findings, suggestive of cerebral hyperperfusion. Six patients showed evidence of ipsilateral hemispheric edema, including two patients who developed intracranial hemorrhage (one parenchymal, one parenchymal and subarachnoid) documented by computed tomographic brain scans. Symptoms resolved within 72 hours in the four patients without hemorrhage. The two patients with hemorrhage recovered during a more protracted period (range, 3 wk to 6 mo). There were no long-term sequelae or deaths during a cumulative follow-up of 84 months (mean follow-up, 12 mo). Conclusion Hyperperfusion syndrome is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of extracranial and intracranial angioplasty and stenting procedures. The clinical manifestations are similar to hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy; however, the prevalence may be greater in the high-risk cohort commonly referred for endovascular treatment. Our findings suggest that patients undergoing endovascular stenting procedures should be closely monitored for evidence of hyperperfusion, with careful monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and anticoagulation. Further research is needed to confirm that cerebral hyperperfusion is the pathogenesis of this condition.
Microsegregation during Solidification of Graphitic Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Alloys under External Heat Sinks

Squeeze casting and melt infiltration were employed in processing continuous graphitic fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. The fiber reinforcements were (1) uncoated carbon fiber (UNC-CF), (2) Ni-coated carbon fiber (NiC-CF), and (3) bare graphite fibers (GRFs), and they were externally cooled to enhance the local solidification of the matrix alloy. The solidified microstructures and their composition profiles were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray, and electron probe microanalysis–wavelengh-dispersive X-ray. The resultant microstructures in the UNC-CF and NiC-CF–reinforced composites exhibited significant differences from those found in the GRF-reinforced composite, in terms of solidified morphologies and compositions. It was found that coarse columnar dendrites developed in the fiber-free matrix, fine equiaxed dendrites in the chilled matrix, and columnar-like arms in the fiber-reinforced matrices. In contrast, in bare GRF-reinforced composites, two distinct regions were clearly distinguished: (1) a region consisting of coarse equiaxed dendrites in the fiber-free matrix and (2) a featureless morphology within the fiber reinforcement regions. These distinct microstructures were attributed to preferential heat extraction through the GRFs, which possess a relatively high thermal conductivity. Apparently, heat extraction through the GRFs led to the formation of single α-Al envelopes on the fiber surfaces. In addition, the extent of solute segregation found in the GRF-reinforced alloy composite was relatively small when compared with the CF-reinforced alloy composites.
Genetic parameters for lamb birth weight in spring and autumn lambing

Genetic parameters for birth weight were estimated for two sets of spring-born and one set of autumn-born lambs of the same breed composition and genetic origin using a model that included random additive, additive maternal, permanent environmental maternal, litter and residual effects. Litter effects were significant for all data sets, indicating that within-year effects of common environment and (or) non-additive genotype were important for birth weight and should be included in genetic evaluation programmes. Estimates of variance components for autumn-born lambs differed significantly from those obtained from spring-born lambs or from the combined data. In contrast, estimates obtained for the two sets of spring-born lambs did not differ from those obtained when data on all spring-born lambs were pooled. The estimate of h2 for birth weight in spring-born lambs was over twice as large as that obtained for autumn-born lambs (0·26 v. 0·22).In contrast, the across-year repeatability of ewe effects was much larger in autumn lambs (0·41 v. 0·26) as was the full-sib littermate correlation (0·73 v. 0·49). Mean birth weights were also 0·4 to 0·6 kg less in autumn lambs. These results suggest that negative effects on birth weight that have been reported for lambs gestated during summer in equatorial and subtropical regions are also manifested (albeit at reduced levels) in less extreme climates (in this case, 37°, 15' N latitude and 654 m elevation) and that maternal variation exists in the ability of the ewe to maintain adequate lamb birth weights in autumn lambing systems.
Affect of Anneal Temperature on All-Copper Flip-Chip Connections Formed via Electroless Copper Deposition

A fabrication technique for bonding discrete copper surfaces using electroless deposition has been developed in order to form all-copper flip-chip interconnects. The electroless copper fillet which bonds the two copper surfaces would replace solder as the electrical and mechanical connection mechanism at the first-level of packaging. An organic-additive free electroless bath was used to bond adjacent copper surfaces. The effect of anneal temperature on the electroless bond was analyzed. The electroless bond strength was shown to increase as a function of anneal temperature through the elimination of entrapped hydrogen and recrystallization of the copper. The seam between the intimately mated copper surfaces was removed at temperatures as low as 100°C.
Imaging of Textures and Defects of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polyesters by Electron Microscopy

Abstract There is strong interest in observing textures and defects in liquid crystalline polymers (LCP), because of their influences on the rheological and optical properties of these materials. The defects, called disclinations, are hypothesized to give rise to the non-Newtonian flow observed at low shear rates.1 Disclinations are line singularities in the orientation of the molecular director (n(r)). The orientation as a function of position following an imaginary loop around the disclination changes by nπ. The strength of a disclination is defined as nπ/2π. Disclinations of strength ±1/2 and ±1 have been observed. The disclination line, or core as it is called, has a small but finite volume supposed to contain isotropic material.
Sonographie des Skrotums

Die Sonographie ist hervorragend geeignet, benigne und maligne Erkrankungen des Skrotums nachzuweisen und nach Lage und Struktur zu differenzieren. Neben dem sonographischen Aspekt kommen dem klini...
Directional control by male gypsy moths of upwind flight along a pheromone plume in three wind speeds

By attaching a reflective strip to the thorax, we documented with video recordings in a wind tunnel the spatial orientation of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar, as they flew along a plume of sex pheromone. In wind speeds of 61, 122, and 183 cm s−1, moths flew very similar tracks along a pheromone plume. Moths aimed their thrust closer to upwind in increasing wind speeds using a roll maneuver. As a result, the orientation of their visual flow field, represented by the slip angle (the angular distance between the direction of flight and the longitudinal body axis), remained relatively constant. We propose that directional control during self-steered zigzagging is achieved by rolling, thereby maintaining a set slip angle. Following a roll at the apex of a turn that aligns the moth with its preferred slip angle, a moth banks toward a cross wind leg. By banking moths may maintain a stable image flow at oblique angles to their longitudinal body axis.
Absorptive effects in the reactions K−p → K−π+n and K+n → K+π−p☆

Abstract A general single pion exchange absorption model, particularly suitable for including absorptive effects in analyses of Kπ scattering, is studied for the reactions K − p → K − π + n and K + n → K + π − p. If strong cuts are operative, excellent fits to the production and decay data are obtained for both these reactions in the Kπ mass range around the K ∗o (890). In addition, high energy predictions are given and the systematic errors predicted to occur in evasive Chew-Low extrapolations discussed.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases tolerance to hyperoxia in newborn rats.

We evaluated the effects of sustained perinatal inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) on hyperoxia induced lung injury in newborn rats. NG-nitro-Larginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) or untreated water was administered to pregnant rats for the final 7 days of gestation and during lactation; followed by postnatal exposure to hyperoxia (>95% O2) or room air. The survival rate of L-NAME treated pups when placed in > 95% O2 at birth was significantly lower than controls from day 4 (L-NAME, 87%; control pups, 100%, p < 0.05) to 14 (L-NAME, 0%; control pups, 53%, p < 0.05). Foetal pulmonary artery vasoconstriction was induced by L-NAME with a decrease in internal diameter from 0.88 ± 0.03 mm to 0.64 ± 0.01 mm in control vs. L-NAME groups (p < 0.05), respectively. We conclude that perinatal NOS inhibition results in pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and a decreased tolerance to hyperoxia induced lung injury in newborn rats.
Screening Techniques for Intermittent Shorts

Three basic methods of detecting intermittent shorts in components have been discussed. Each one has limitations, but if properly used, alone or in combination with one of the others, can greatly reduce problems due to shorts caused by particles. Additional work in this area is required to provide a completely reliable method of exciting very small particles and to improve effectivities, particularly on aluminum and silicon particles.
Effect of Nucleotides on Enzymic Browning in Potato Slices

Freshly cut slices darken as a result of oxidation of endogenous phenols in reactions catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase. Ascorbic acid, thiols, and other reducing substances prevent enzymic darkening (5, 17). Earlier studies showed that ATP substantially decreased browning in plant tissues, apparently via the reduction of quinones (14). ATP itself is not a reducing agent. The reducing compound is probably not ascorbic acid or GSH (12). In the presence of ATP, quinones are reduced under conditions favorable to oxidative phosphorylation (13). The mechanism by which ATP prevents browning is not known. -:This paper presents evidence in support of a hypothesis that DPNH serves as the reducing agent and that ATP is instrumental in maintaining a supply of DPNH for the reduction of quinones. Reduction of DPN in the presence of ATP had been demonstrated in minced pigeon breast muscle (8), phosphorylating animal mitochondria (3, 6), and subnmitochondrial particles (10, 16). Under our experinental conditions, DPNH may form from naturally present or added DPN, possibly via complex reactions found in animal systems. To our knowledge, the reduction of DPN induced by ATP has not yet been demonstrated in higher plants. The experimental work deals with the effect of pyridine and adenine nucleotides on enzymic browning of potato slices. In a phosphorylating system, the selected nucleotides could serve as possible precursors of ATP or of DPNH. The effects of the metabolic inhibitors, Amytal and antimycin A, were also investigated.
Extra-pair paternity uncommon in the cooperatively breeding bicolored wren

We investigated parentage using multilocus DNA fingerprinting for 222 juveniles produced during 99 group-years in the bicolored wren Campylorhynchus griseus, a cooperatively breeding bird of the Venezuelan savanna. Young adult bicolored wrens (auxiliaries) remain in their natal territories and substantially enhance the production of young there. We have previously used behavioral indicators of dominance by a single male/female pair (principals) to infer breeding status, resulting in the commonly applied model of helping in which current fitness accrues to auxiliaries only indirectly, in proportion to their relatedness to the principals and the effect of their assistance on breeding success. Our parentage analysis has demonstrated that 8.6% of the juveniles found on territories were not produced by the principal pair. Parentage of 4.1% of the juveniles was completely outside the social group; these appear to result from early dispersal of juveniles rather than from brood parasitism, most likely resulting from breakup of nearby groups. Principal females mated outside of their group (2.3%), or with an auxiliary male (2.3%), in the remaining cases of parentage outside the principal pair. No matings were detected between close relatives (e.g. mother-son); matings detected between the principal female and an auxiliary male followed a typical replacement of the principal female by an unrelated immigrant female. Our finger-printing results indicate that: (1) current fitness benefits accruing to most auxiliaries do not exceed their likely reproductive success had they dispersed successfully to a breeding position; (2) nearly all wren mating is monogamous and (3) behavioral dominants (especially females) can monopolize breeding.
Regulation of Singlet Oxygen Generation Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We have designed a novel photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent using protein binding aptamer, photosensitizer, and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT). The PDT is based on covalently linking a photosensitizer with an aptamer then wrapping onto the surface of SWNTs, such that the photosensitizer can only be activated by light upon target binding. We have chosen the human α-thrombin aptamer and covalently linked it with Chlorin e6 (Ce6), which is a second generation photosensitizer. Our results showed that SWNTs are great quenchers to singlet oxygen generation (SOG). In the presence of its target, the binding of target thrombin will disturb the DNA interaction with the SWNTs and cause the DNA aptamer to fall off the SWNT surface, resulting in the restoration of SOG. This study validated the potential of our design as a novel PDT agent with regulation by target molecules, enhanced specificity, and efficacy of therapeutic function, which directs the development of photodynamic therapy to be safer and more selective.
Electron donors and cyanoimidazole acceptors: Cyclic voltammetry and molecular orbital study

Abstract Voltammetric measurements on a series of cyanoimidazoles and their metal complexes are reported and compared with those for various donors and acceptors measured under the same conditions. LUMO energies from extended Huckel calculations correlate well with reduction potentials of cyanoimidazoles. Extended Huckel calculations also give insights into the interaction of the metal complexes of tetracyanobiimidazole and the nature of molecular stacking.
Brain infarction risk factors in Black New York city stroke patients

Of 527 consecutive stroke patients at Harlem Hospital, 22 per cent had had a previous stroke; 57 per cent had hypertension; 28 per cent had diabetes mellitus; 24 per cent had advanced heart disease; 18 per cent had none of these conditions identified. These proportions match those from white series, except for the low prevalence of heart disease, which was recorded only in clinically symptomatic stages. When the series was divided in half by age, diabetes, heart disease and previous stroke were each more common in patients 65 and older. Hypertension was significantly (p < 0.02) less frequent. The Health Examination Survey estimated that 52 per cent of Blacks aged 65–74 and 60 per cent of those aged 75–79 are hypertensive. In Harlem stroke patients, by contrast, the prevalence of hypertension at ages 65–74 was 48 per cent. It fell to 37 per cent for ages 75 and over. In more aged patients, hypertension seemed to be less common than estimates for the general black population would predict. In this population, hypertension beyond age 65 may not be associated with the increased risk of stroke it carries earlier.
Tillage and Phosphorus Management Effects on Crop Production in Soils with Phosphorus Stratification

Reduced- and no-tillage seedbed preparation methods coupled with broadcast P applications lead to an accumulation of available P in the surface 0- to 5-cm soil layer and a depletion of available P deeper in the profile. A 3-yr study determined the effects of tillage and fertilizer P management on P uptake and grain yield for P-stratified soils. Tillage practices were moldboard plow (once at the start of the study followed by reduced tillage), reduced tillage (disk followed by field cultivation), and no-tillage. Four P management methods were imposed: (i) no P; (ii) 20 kg P ha -1 applied as a surface broadcast; (iii) 20 kg ha -1 applied as a banded starter, 5 cm to the side and 5 cm below the seed; or (iv) 20 kg ha -1 applied in a deep placed band, 13 to 15 cm on 0.7-m centers. The one-time moldboard plowing produced higher early season dry matter yields for corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] compared with the no-tillage system, but tillage effects on final grain yield were inconsistent. Subsurface placement of P generally increased P uptake and grain yield of corn and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], but had little effect on grain yield of soybean. Results indicate that subsurface applications of P fertilizers should be considered if soil test P is highly stratified within the surface 0- to 15-cm layer and the 15-cm composite is medium or below for available P.
Unit commitment using load forecasting based on artificial neural networks

This paper consists of two parts. While the first part shows the application of artificial neural networks to load forecasting using new input-output models, the second part utilizes the results from the first part in unit commitment. Based on the forecasts provided, unit commitment schedules are obtained for both hourly and daily load variations. Issues related to both problems are discussed along with an illustration of the two-step method using data obtained from a local utility. While a generation schedule such as this is not only invaluable to power system planners and operators, it is shown that this two-step process paves the way for an artificial intelligence (AI) type of method for the unit commitment problem based on the same inputs as the load forecasting method. For the chosen inputs, the simulations here show an average error of 4.3% and 3.1% in the case of the daily (twenty-four hours ahead) and hourly (one hour ahead) load forecast, respectively.
Multiparticle Effective Field and Related Methods in Micromechanics of Random Structure Components

In this paper, linearly thermoelastic composite media are treated, which consist of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically homogeneous random set of ellipsoidal uncoated or coated inclusions. Effective properties (such as compliance, thermal expansion, stored energy) as well as the first statistical moments of stresses in the components are estimated for both the general case of nonhomogeneity of the thermoelastic inclusion properties and arbitrary choice of comparison medium. The micromechanical approach is based on Green's function techniques as well as on the generalization of the "multiparticle effective field" method (MEFM), previously proposed for the estimation of stress field averages in the components for the case of coinciding elastic moduli of the matrix and comparison medium. The author considers in detail the connection of methods proposed with numerous related methods and demonstrates that the MEFM includes, as particular cases, the well-known methods of mechanics of strongly hetero...
Sharp Carbon-Nanotube Tips and Carbon-Nanotube Soldering Irons

The nano-electron beam assisted fabrication of atomically sharp iron-based tips (see figure) and the creation of a nano-soldering iron for nano-interconnects using Fe-filled multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is reported. The technique allows carving of a MWCNT and a control of the flow of the encapsulated metal outward by regulating the e-beam exposure time and spot size.
Mechanical and Curing Properties of a Styrene-based Shape Memory Polymer:

Presented is an experimental investigation into the characteristics of a particular styrene-based shape memory polymer, Veriflex®. Tensile, 3 point bend, and creep tests are conducted yielding the Young’s modulus, yield strength, flexural modulus, flexure strength, and creep modulus of the polymer both above and below the glass transition temperature. The results of the characterization may be used to populate a linear constitutive model appropriate for design. To populate the constitutive model parameters for viscosity, retardation time, and coefficient of thermal expansion are also developed. Initial experiments in this effort revealed the tendency for residual monomer to remain after curing. While the residual monomer ultimately evaporates from the sample, when present it acts as a plasticizer thereby increasing the glassy state compliance. Thus, also presented are strategies employed for eliminating residual monomer during sample preparation.
Anesthetic-dependent pial arteriolar response to ethanol

✓ Anesthetic agents are often administered in the presence of ethyl alcohol, both in research and in the clinical setting. The authors tested the hypothesis that anesthetic agents may affect cerebrovascular responses to ethanol. A closed cranial window preparation in the rat was used to compare the response of pial arterioles to topically applied ethanol (0.01% to 1% vol/vol) in the presence of α-chloralose/urethane (50 and 600 mg/kg, respectively) or halothane (0.5% to 1%) anesthesia. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and blood gas levels were maintained stable and within the physiological range throughout each experiment. Ethanol induced significant vasoconstriction in α-chloralose/urethane-anesthetized animals (multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), p = 0.039); conversely, ethanol induced significant vasodilation of the pial arterioles in halothane-anesthetized animals (MANOVA, p = 0.017). These responses were significantly different from one another (MANOVA, p = 0.001). Thus, the choice o...
Segregation of storage protein mRNAs on the rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes of rice endosperm cells

Abstract Developing rice endosperm cells display two distinct rough endoplasmic reticula (ER), cisternal ER (C-ER) and protein body ER (PB-ER), the latter delimiting the prolamine Protein bodies. These ER membranes are utilized for the simultaneous synthesis of glutelin and prolamine storage proteins, which are subsequently routed into separate Protein bodies. We demonstrate by blot hybridization, and by visualization of the spatial distributions and densities of these transcripts in endosperm cells via high resolution in situ hybridization analysis, that prolamine transcripts are associated primarily with the PB-ER, while glutelin mRNAs are enriched on the C-ER. The results suggest that the initial targeting Process of these storage proteins into distinct protein bodies is the segregation of their transcripts on the ER membranes.
Modulation of the embryotoxicity in vitro of reactive metabolites of 2-acetylaminofluorene by reduced glutathione and ascorbate and via sulfation.

Abstract To provide insights into mechanisms whereby reactive intermediary metabolites of foreign chemicals elicit teratogenic and embryotoxic effects, we initiated in vestigations of the capacity of physiologic factors to modulate the effects of embryotoxic metabolites of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). The whole embryo culture system was utilized in order to avoid potentially confounding maternal factors. Reduced glutathione (GSH) effectively protected cultured embryos from the embryolethal effects of N -acetoxy-2-AAF (AAAF) and also reduced the severity of AAAF-elicited malformations although the percentage of embryos exhibiting malformations was not affected significantly. GSH also reduced the embryolethality of 2-nitrosofluorene (NF) as well as the percentage of NF-elicited axial rotation defects. Ascorbate protected against the embryolethality of both AAAF and NF and exhibited significant protection in terms of the capacity of NF to cause flexure abnormalities. However, significant protection against NF-elicited prosencephalic deformities was not detected. N -Acetylcysteine and α-tocopherol each failed to produce significant protection, even at the highest concentrations utilized. Enzymatic sulfation of N -hydroxy-AAF (N-OH-AAF) markedly increased the incidence of observable malformations. Synthesized N -sulfonyloxy-AAF also elicited a high incidence of malformations at relatively low concentrations when added to the culture medium. Malformations elicited, however, resembled those produced by NF rather than by AAAF. The results suggest than endogenous metabolic systems can play a critical role as determinants of both the quantitative and the qualitative capacity of foreign organic chemicals to produce embryotoxic or teratogenic effects via the generation of reactive intermediates.
The synthesis of pentacyclo[6.4.0.02,7.03,12.06,9]dodeca-4,10-diene a pentacyclic dimer of benzene

Abstract The synthesis of the title compound is described. The key synthetic step is the pericyclic photochemical addition to benzene of a substituted cyclohexadiene.
The realities of teams in technical services at Michigan State University Libraries

After a year-long process of self-assessment, research, and planning, Michigan State University Libraries has implemented a flexible team-based organizational structure. This structure permits us to more effectively fulfill our primary role of service to the Libraries and provides the ability to respond in an environment of continuous change. We have been operating successfully within this new structure since the fall of 1992.
Paleogeographic variations of pedogenic carbonate δ13C values from Koobi Fora, Kenya: implications for floral compositions of Plio-Pleistocene hominin environments

Plio-Pleistocene East African grassland expansion and faunal macroevolution, including that of our own lineage, are attributed to global climate change. To further understand environmental factors of early hominin evolution, we reconstruct the paleogeographic distribution of vegetation (C(3)-C(4) pathways) by stable carbon isotope (delta(13)C) analysis of pedogenic carbonates from the Plio-Pleistocene Koobi Fora region, northeast Lake Turkana Basin, Kenya. We analyzed 202 nodules (530 measurements) from ten paleontological/archaeological collecting areas spanning environments over a 50-km(2) area. We compared results across subregions in evolving fluviolacustrine depositional environments in the Koobi Fora Formation from 2.0-1.5 Ma, a stratigraphic interval that temporally brackets grassland ascendancy in East Africa. Significant differences in delta(13)C values between subregions are explained by paleogeographic controls on floral composition and distribution. Our results indicate grassland expansion between 2.0 and 1.75 Ma, coincident with major shifts in basin-wide sedimentation and hydrology. Hypotheses may be correct in linking Plio-Pleistocene hominin evolution to environmental changes from global climate; however, based on our results, we interpret complexity from proximate forces that mitigated basin evolution. An approximately 2.5 Ma tectonic event in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya exerted strong effects on paleography in the Turkana Basin from 2.0-1.5 Ma, contributing to the shift from a closed, lacustrine basin to one dominated by open, fluvial conditions. We propose basin transformation decreased residence time for Omo River water and expanded subaerial floodplain landscapes, ultimately leading to reduced proportions of wooded floras and the establishment of habitats suitable for grassland communities.
Economics of Information and Job Search

I. Introduction, 113. — II. A simple model of job search, 115. — III. A more general model of job search, 123. — IV. An adaptive search model, 125.