cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Physiological Signals for Workload Prediction in Robot-assisted Surgery

Monitoring surgeon workload during robot-assisted surgery can guide allocation of task demands, adapt system interfaces, and assess the robotic system's usability. Current practices for measuring cognitive load primarily rely on questionnaires that are subjective and disrupt surgical workflow. To address this limitation, a computational framework is demonstrated to predict user workload during telerobotic surgery. This framework leverages wireless sensors to monitor surgeons’ cognitive load and predict their cognitive states. Continuous data across multiple physiological modalities (e.g., heart rate variability, electrodermal, and electroencephalogram activity) were simultaneously recorded for twelve surgeons performing surgical skills tasks on the validated da Vinci Skills Simulator. These surgical tasks varied in difficulty levels, e.g., requiring varying visual processing demand and degree of fine motor control. Collected multimodal physiological signals were fused using independent component analysis, and the predicted results were compared to the ground-truth workload level. Results compared performance of different classifiers, sensor fusion schemes, and physiological modality (i.e., prediction with single vs. multiple modalities). It was found that our multisensor approach outperformed individual signals and can correctly predict cognitive workload levels 83.2% of the time during basic and complex surgical skills tasks.
When Passion Serves a Purpose: Race, Social Networks, and Countering Occupational Discrimination

Sociological research provides extensive analysis of the racial disparities present in contemporary workplaces. However, there is less attention to the strategies and tools black workers use to offset potential challenges. This paper examines how early motivation for pursuing careers provides a sense of purpose that becomes integral for black professionals in the health care industry. Sense of purpose compels black professionals to develop strategies that buffer against racial workplace discrimination, particularly in high-status occupations.
North American Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus) Harbor an Exogenous Deltaretrovirus

Bats are the reservoir for a large number of zoonotic viruses, including members of Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] and SARS-CoV-2), Paramyxoviridae (Hendra and Nipah viruses), Rhabdoviridae (rabies virus), and Filoviridae (Ebola virus) as exemplars. Many retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, are similarly zoonotic; however, only infectious exogenous gammaretroviruses have recently been identified in bats. Here, viral metagenomic sequencing of samples from bats submitted for rabies virus testing, largely due to human exposure, identified a novel, highly divergent exogenous Deltaretrovirus from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) in South Dakota. The virus sequence, corresponding to Eptesicus fuscus deltaretrovirus (EfDRV), comprised a nearly complete coding region comprised of canonical 5'-gag-pro-pol-env-3' genes with 37% to 51% identity to human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), an infectious retrovirus that causes T-cell lymphoma. A putative tax gene with 27% identity to HTLV was located downstream of the pol gene along with a gene harbored in an alternative reading frame which possessed a conserved domain for an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen involved in gene transactivation, suggesting a regulatory function similar to that of the deltaretrovirus rex gene. A TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the pol gene identified 4/60 (6.7%) bats as positive for EfDRV, which, combined with a search of the E. fuscus genome that failed to identify sequences with homology to EfDRV, suggests that EfDRV is an infectious exogenous virus. As all known members of Deltaretrovirus can cause malignancies and E. fuscus is widely distributed in the Americas, often with a colonial roosting behavior in human dwellings, further studies are needed to investigate potential zoonosis.IMPORTANCE Bats host a large numbers of viruses, many of which are zoonotic. In the United States, the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is widely distributed and lives in small colonies that roost in cavities, often in human dwellings, leading to frequent human interaction. Viral metagenomic sequencing of samples from an E. fuscus bat submitted for rabies testing identified the first exogenous bat Deltaretrovirus The E. fuscus deltaretrovirus (EfDRV) genome consists of the typical deltaretrovial 5'-gag-pro-pol-env-3' genes along with genes encoding two putative transcriptional transactivator proteins distantly related to the Tax protein of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus and nuclear antigen 3B of Epstein-Barr virus. Searches of the E. fuscus genome sequence failed to identify endogenous EfDRV. RT-PCR targeting the EfDRV pol gene identified 4/60 (6.7%) bats with positive results. Together, these results suggest that EfDRV is exogenous. As all members of Deltaretrovirus are associated with T- and B-cell malignancies or neurologic disease, further studies on possible zoonosis are warranted.
In silico approach to accelerate the development of mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods for detection of viral proteins: Application to COVID-19

Abstract The novel coronavirus disease first identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China (COVID-19) has become a serious global public health concern. One current issue is the ability to adequately screen for the virus causing COVID-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we demonstrate the feasibility of shotgun proteomics as a SARS-CoV-2 screening method, through the detection of viral peptides in proteolytically digested body fluids. Using in silico methods, we generated trypsin-based shotgun proteomics methods optimized for LCMS systems from 5 commercial instrument vendors (Thermo, SCIEX, Waters, Shimadzu, and Agilent). First, we generated protein FASTA files and their protein digest maps. Second, the FASTA files were used to generate spectral libraries based on experimental data. Third, transition lists were derived from the spectral libraries using the vendor neutral and open Skyline software environment. Finally, we identified 17 post-translational modifications using linear motif modeling.
“Shh!”: Shifting discourse patterns and techniques of surveillance in middle-school mathematics classrooms

The growing body of empirical studies on discourse in mathematics education have drawn on, broadly, sociocultural or situated views of learning but do not make issues of power central and/or explicit. For this reason, then, we situate the present analysis within the intersection of two bodies of literature: professional development focused on mathematics classroom discourse and Foucauldian analyses of power relations. In our poststructural analysis of a mathematics classroom, we interrogate the use of surveillance and its relation to meaningful mathematical discourse. Using Foucault’s techniques of surveillance and modalities of power, we analyze videos from one teacher-researcher’s (TR) classroom at two snapshots in time to answer the questions: What happens to a mathematics TR’s use of teacher discourse moves (TDMs) and surveillance practices across three years of doing action research on their classroom discourse? and How might we know whether these TDMs are doing ‘good’ things in the classrooms? Our findings show the complex ways that a TR’s work on classroom discourse is intertwined with modes of power and techniques of surveillance. First, we found that shushing and silencing, normalized as a part of teaching, decreases when a teacher positively values the use of (mathematical) language by students. This decrease in shushing and silencing details what we understand to be ‘the good’ and constitutes the primary finding of this study as we seek to expand what is understood by enhancing student language: an overall increase in language use by students and an overall increase in their use of mathematical language.
Dynamic Modelling of Obstetric Patient Coagulation from Kaolin-Activated Thromboelastogram Data

Abstract Defects in blood clotting (coagulopathies) are linked to severe outcomes in mothers suffering from obstetrical hemorrhage. Identifying patients with a coagulopathy poses a challenge for clinicians, who are required to make quick treatment decisions in fast-paced environments with a high degree of uncertainty. Integrating data from point-of-care coagulation tests with mathematical models of coagulation presents an exciting opportunity to improve patient outcomes by reducing this uncertainty. A model with parameters estimated from individual patient data can provide clinicians with a way to compare patients and group them into categories of probable coagulopathy based on biologically-interpretable parameters. With this in mind, we developed a mechanism-inspired model of blood coagulation calibrated against thromboelastogram (TEG) data. Markov Chain Monte Carlo and sensitivity analysis were used to assess the identifiability and distribution of model parameters for 25 obstetric patients. The ability of our model to separate patients in parameter space based on differences in observed TEG response lends credence to the feasibility of using dynamic models as tools for identifying coagulopathy subtypes within the obstetric population.
The role of hormones and neurons in cardiomyocyte maturation

The heart undergoes profound morphological and functional changes as it continues to mature postnatally. However, this phase of cardiac development remains understudied. More recently, cardiac maturation research has attracted a lot of interest due to the need for more mature stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for disease modeling, drug screening and heart regeneration. Additionally, neonatal heart injury models have been utilized to study heart regeneration, and factors regulating postnatal heart development have been associated with adult cardiac disease. Critical components of cardiac maturation are systemic and local biochemical cues. Specifically, cardiac innervation and the concentration of various metabolic hormones appear to increase perinatally and they have striking effects on cardiomyocytes. Here, we first report some of the key parameters of mature cardiomyocytes and then discuss the specific effects of neurons and hormonal cues on cardiomyocyte maturation. We focus primarily on the structural, electrophysiologic, metabolic, hypertrophic and hyperplastic effects of each factor. This review highlights the significance of underappreciated regulators of cardiac maturation and underscores the need for further research in this exciting field.
Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Practice Model

Per every 100,000 persons internationally, 9.4 healthy life years were lost due to Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa requires intensive care from a multitude of healthcare professionals; however, ...
The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on permeability of Staphylococcusaureus

Abstract In recent years a great deal of attention has been devoted to finding biological and therapeutic uses of dimethyl sulfoxide. Many studies have been made on the reduction of permeability barriers of plant and animal cells when this compound was used in conjunction with chemicals and drugs (see Vol. 141 (1967), Ann. N. Y.Acad. Sci.). Only limited studies concerning the effect of DMSO on microorganisms have been made, and very little is known about the mode of action of DMSO. This report concerns some studies made on the effect of DMSO on permeability of Staphylococcus aureus . Treating staphylococci with DMSO was found to result in a greater rate of oxygen and lactose uptake, while the rate of glycine transport was reduced. Some possible mechanisms for the mode of action of this compound are also discussed.
Differentiation of Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes from other lactic streptococci.

Strains of lactic streptococci isolated from samples of raw milk which had developed a malty aroma were subjected to the cultural, physiological, and serological tests commonly employed in the classification of streptococci. None of the strains could be differentiated from Streptococcus lactis by these tests. Resting cells of strains which produced an organoleptically detectable malty aroma when cultured in milk were usually found to possess an active α-ketoacid decarboxylase, indicating the presence of the mechanism responsible for the characteristic aroma production. This decarboxylase activity was either weak or nonexistent in the nonmalty strains, and no activity was detected in known strains of S. lactis, S. cremoris, or S. diacetilactis. The malty strains usually produced higher acidities in milk than did the nonmalty strains, and, in most instances, they developed a granular type of growth sediment in broth, as opposed to a viscid sediment. Many of them gave weakly positive Voges-Proskauer tests in glucose broth with or without added citrate and appeared to be somewhat more resistant to nisin than the nonmalty strains.
The Jurisprudence of Human Rights Tribunals on Remedies for Human Rights Violations

This essay reviews the power of international human rights bodies to award remedies to parties before them. The essay looks first at the duties and obligations of states to afford remedies in domestic law. It then examines the express and implied remedial powers of human rights institutions and then discusses the various types of remedies that have been afforded by different international bodies. Finally, it notes how these remedies have evolved over time and suggests possible ways in which the law may develop in the future.
Using a Lag Schedule to Increase Variability of Verbal Responding in an Individual with Autism.

Research has shown that reinforcing novel behaviors can increase the number of different ways that an individual behaves (Goetz & Baer, 1973; Pryor, Haag, & O’Reilly, 1969). However, it was not until more recently that researchers began to consider variability to be a reinforceable operant in and of itself (Neuringer, 2002). More specifically, Neuringer suggested that variability can be taught using a Lag x schedule of reinforcement, in which x refers to the number of previous responses from which the current response must differ in order for reinforcement to occur (Page & Neuringer, 1985). The purpose of the present study was to extend one of the first studies of a Lag x schedule on verbal responses with human subjects (Lee, McComas, & Jawor, 2002), by increasing the lag criteria while attempting to address some of methodological limitations of the study. The participant was a 7-year-old male with autism. A changing criterion design was used and results showed that 3 novel responses were acquired and varied according to the lag schedule of reinforcement.
Role of DNA Methylation in Modulating Transcription Factor Occupancy

Although DNA methylation is commonly invoked as a mechanism for transcriptional repression, the extent to which it actively silences transcription factor (TF) occupancy sites in vivo is unknown. To study the role of DNA methylation in the active modulation of TF binding, we quantified the effect of DNA methylation depletion on the genomic occupancy patterns of CTCF, an abundant TF with known methylation sensitivity that is capable of autonomous binding to its target sites in chromatin. Here, we show that the vast majority (>98.5%) of the tens of thousands of unoccupied, methylated CTCF recognition sequences remain unbound upon abrogation of DNA methylation. The small fraction of sites that show methylation-dependent binding in vivo are in turn characterized by highly variable CTCF occupancy across cell types. Our results suggest that DNA methylation is not a primary groundskeeper of genomic TF landscapes, but rather a specialized mechanism for stabilizing intrinsically labile sites.
Hazard detection with a monocular bioptic telescope

PURPOSE: The safety of bioptic telescopes for driving remains controversial. The ring scotoma, an area to the telescope eye due to the telescope magnification, has been the main cause of concern. This study evaluates whether bioptic users can use the fellow eye to detect in hazards driving videos that fall in the ring scotoma area. METHODS: Twelve visually impaired bioptic users watched a series of driving hazard perception training videos and responded as soon as they detected a hazard while reading aloud letters presented on the screen. The letters were placed such that when reading them through the telescope the hazard fell in the ring scotoma area. Four conditions were tested: no bioptic and no reading, reading without bioptic, reading with a bioptic that did not occlude the fellow eye (non-occluding bioptic), and reading with a bioptic that partially-occluded the fellow eye. Eight normally sighted subjects performed the same task with the partially occluding bioptic detecting lateral hazards (blocked by the device scotoma) and vertical hazards (outside the scotoma) to further determine the cause-and-effect relationship between hazard detection and the fellow eye. RESULTS: There were significant differences in performance between conditions: 83% of hazards were detected with no reading task, dropping to 67% in the reading task with no bioptic, to 50% while reading with the non-occluding bioptic, and 34% while reading with the partially occluding bioptic. For normally sighted, detection of vertical hazards (53%) was significantly higher than lateral hazards (38%) with the partially occluding bioptic. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of driving hazards is impaired by the addition of a secondary reading like task. Detection is further impaired when reading through a monocular telescope. The effect of the partially-occluding bioptic supports the role of the non-occluded fellow eye in compensating for the ring scotoma. Language: en
Growing Rats Respond to a Sulfur Amino Acid–Deficient Diet by Phosphorylation of the α Subunit of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Heterotrimeric Complex and Induction of Adaptive Components of the Integrated Stress Response

Mammalian cells respond to various kinds of stress, including nutritional stress, via pathways that are initiated by phosphorylation of the α subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 complex (eIF2α). Because the models used to study eIF2α-kinase–mediated responses to amino acid deficiency have commonly used media or diets devoid of 1 or more essential amino acids, we asked whether eIF2α-kinase–mediated responses would be induced in animals fed a more typical diet that was not as imbalanced as one in which 1 essential amino acid is totally absent. To answer this question, we fed rats soy protein-based diets that were either adequate or limiting in sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA). Rats fed a SAA-deficient diet (3.4 g methionine equivalents/kg diet) grew more slowly than rats fed the control diet (5.86 g methionine equivalents/kg diet). Analysis of liver from rats fed these diets for 7 d showed that the SAA-deficient rats had higher levels of eIF2α phosphorylation and higher levels of activating transcription factor (ATF) 4, ATF3, asparagine synthetase, solute carrier 7A11, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, and cystathionine γ-lyase. On the other hand, components of the integrated stress response (ISR) known to promote apoptosis or translational recovery were not induced. Taken together, our results indicate that rats fed the SAA-deficient diet had a prolonged activation of an eIF2α kinase that leads to upregulation of adaptive components of the ISR.
Evidence that calcitonin stimulates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production and intestinal absorption of calcium in vivo.

Although it is well established that parathyroid hormone and phosphate are important regulators of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] production, it remains unclear whether calcitonin affects vitamin D metabolism in vivo. Experiments were performed in the rat to determine the effect of chronic calcitonin infusion (0.2 U X h-1) on plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites and on calcium metabolism. Thyroparathyroidectomized animals fed a calcium-replete or calcium-free diet were studied for as long as 2 wk before they were killed. In control rats, a calcium-free diet alone for 12 d resulted in an increase in 1,25(OH)2D levels from 24 +/- 5 to 139 +/- 37 pg . ml-1, P = 0.025. The infusion of calcitonin also stimulated 1,25(OH)2D levels compared with controls on a regular diet (80 +/- 17 vs. 38 +/- 6 pg . ml-1, P less than 0.05) and on a calcium-free diet (460 +/- 50 vs. 139 +/- 37 pg . ml-1, P less than 0.001). In addition, calcitonin increased plasma calcium levels in animals on a regular diet by 50%; this effect was most likely due to increased intestinal absorption of calcium, because removal of calcium from the diet markedly blunted this effect. In contrast, calcitonin administration did not significantly affect 25(OH)D plasma levels. Collectively, these data suggest that calcitonin and calcium are independent regulators of 1,25(OH)2D production and that calcitonin stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium, by increasing circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D.
Estimation of a population size through capture-mark-recapture method: a comparison of various point and interval estimators

This article deals with the estimation of a fixed population size through capture-mark-recapture method that gives rise to hypergeometric distribution. There are a few well-known and popular point estimators available in the literature, but no good comprehensive comparison is available about their merits. Apart from the available estimators, an empirical Bayes (EB) estimator of the population size is proposed. We compare all the point estimators in terms of relative bias and relative mean squared error. Next, two new interval estimators – (a) an EB highest posterior distribution interval and (b) a frequentist interval estimator based on a parametric bootstrap method, are proposed. The comparison is then carried among the two proposed interval estimators and interval estimators derived from the currently available estimators in terms of coverage probability and average length (AL). Based on comprehensive numerical results, we rank and recommend the point estimators as well as interval estimators for practi...
Experimental myocardial infarction. III. Recovery of left ventricular function in the healing phase. Contribution of increased fiber shortening in noninfarcted myocardium

Abstract In the presence of focal myocardial damage, stroke volume may be maintained by ventricular dilatation, resulting in an increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume, or by increased fiber shortening in noninfarcted muscle. Relative contribution of these factors was examined in 5 shamoperated and 10 coronary-ligated dogs studied 4 to 7 days after surgery. Utilizing spherical formulas, stroke volume (SV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), and infarct size (IS) as a fraction of the weight of the left ventricle were measured in vivo or at postmortem, and the fiber-shortening fraction (FSF) in noninfarcted muscle was calculated: FSF = [l − 3 1 − ( SV EDV ] (1 − IS ) When left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was kept in the range of 5 to 10 mm. Hg, stroke volume was well maintained in dogs with small (infarct size less than 20 per cent of the left ventricle) and large (infarct size greater than 20 per cent of the left ventricle) infarcts, and did not differ from shams. However, calculation of the fiber-shortening fraction gave values of 0.17 ± 0.03 (S.E.M.) for shams, 0.22 ± 0.01 for the 5 animals with small infarcts, and 0.36 ± 0.07 for the 5 animals with large infarcts, indicating increased shortening in noninfarcted muscle. Left ventricular enddiastolic volume was not increased; on the contrary, the values were 36 ± 5 ml. per 100 Gm. of left ventricle for animals with small infarcts, and 35 ± 4 ml. per 100 Gm. of left ventricle for animals with large infarcts, compared with 51 ± 2 ml. per 100 Gm. of left ventricle for shams, suggesting that compliance is reduced in infarcted muscle. This study shows that hemodynamic compensation in acute myocardial infarction may occur by increased shortening of nonifarcted muscle.
Effect of molecular adsorbates on electron transport in carbon nanotube

Using first-principles gradient-corrected density functional theory, we have studied the adsorption of H 2 O molecule on a single-wall carbon nanotube and found that H 2 O molecules adsorbed on the nanotube surface with hydrogen forming a weak bond with the surface carbon atom. Subsequently, Green's function based Landauer-Buettiker multichannel formalism is used within tight-binding model to calculate the electron transport. Our calculations suggest that the conductivity of the nanotube is reduced with water adsorption is consistent with recent experimental measurements. We have also investigated the effect of endohedral doping in nanotube with C 60 molecule on its electron transport property and ofund that encaging of C 60 molecule in a semiconducting nanotube enhances the conductivity of the tube. We have compared our conductance results with available experimental results. The decrease of electronic conduction due to water adsorption and the increase in conductivity due to C 60 encaging is explained on the basis of charge transfer between the host nanotube and guest molecules.
Reinnervation of developing rat muscle by non-axotomized motoneurons.

To study the ability of developing motoneurons to reinnervate their denervated muscle, axotomized motoneurons in rat neonates and pups were retrogradely labeled with two fluorescent tracers. Fluorogold (FG), a long-lasting fluorescent dye, was injected into intercostal muscle T9 to retrogradely label the motoneurons that innervated it. Two days later intercostal nerves T7–T9 were cut. The intercostal muscle denervated at birth was reinnervated within 10–20 days, as evidenced by nerve-evoked muscle contraction. Three weeks following axotomy, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) was injected into the same muscle to label the motoneurons that reinnervated it. The motoneurons double-labeled with FG and TRITC were, therefore, axotomized motoneurons that regenerated to reinnervate T8. In neonates, axotomy resulted in a significant reduction in the number of FG-labeled motoneurons, which suggests that axon transection at early postnatal days causes a massive motoneuron death. The percentage of double-labeled motoneurons was significantly smaller than that in non-axotomized rats. TRITC-labeled motoneurons constituted the majority of stained motoneurons; these were located in different nuclei than the intercostal motoneurons. These findings suggest that muscle reinnervation is, at least in part, by motoneurons which originally did not innervate intercostal muscle T8. Unlike axotomy at birth, axotomy performed 2–3 weeks after birth did not result in a significant motoneuron loss. The number of stained motoneurons labeled with both FG and TRITC was significantly smaller, however, than in non-axotomized spinal cords. Our data indicate that in pups only a small percentage of axotomized motoneurons reinnervated the denervated muscle.
Characterization of the ADII-33 diamond detector.

Dosimetry characteristics of the ADII-33 diamond detector were investigated. Sensitivity, stability, bias voltage, hardening, dose rate, energy dependence, and spatial resolution were examined. Current generated in the detector was found to be proportional to the bias voltage applied to the detector with stability degrading as a function of the bias voltage. The average current increased with increasing bias voltage. The statistical fluctuation in current was less than 0.3% regardless of the applied bias voltage. The optimal bias voltage, at which the current uncertainty is negligible, was found to be 125{+-}25 V. The detector was hardened up to 85 kGy without significant degradation in output signal. A sub-linearity in the current as a function of dose rate was observed when the dose rate varied from 600.0 to 11.1 cGy/min. A fitting parameter of {delta}=0.978 was observed in the power relationship of I{proportional_to}D{sup {delta}}. When comparing the diamond detector readings to corrected ion chamber readings over a wide energy range of electron beams, differences of only 0.2% were observed suggesting no energy dependence for electron beam. PDD curves for a 10x10 cm{sup 2} field for 6 and 20 MV photon beams measured with the diamond detector and the farmer type ion chambermore » were also compared and they closely agreed up to a depth of 14 cm. Beyond a depth of 14 cm, diamond detector starts to overestimate the PDD curve reaching difference of 1.90% and 1.0% at 18 cm depth for 6 and 20 MV, respectively, to those values measured with the ion chamber. The diamond detector presents slightly better spatial resolution than the Exradin A16 micro-chamber. We conclude that at the optimal bias voltage, this new diamond detector is stable and the uncertainties in the current will not affect its suitability for clinical use. If compared against a calibrated ion chamber to correct any energy and dose rate dependence and considering any radiation damage effect, this diamond detector can be used to measure absolute and relative dose.« less
Temperature and orientation dependence of electron spin relaxation in molybdenum(V) porphyrins

Electron spin lattice relaxation rates were measured by saturation recovery for three oxo(5,10,15,20-tetratolylporphyrinato)molybdenum(V) complexes, OMo(TTP)X, X=Cl−, OH−, OEt−. For O=Mo(TTP)(OEt) in glassy solution between 15 and 130 K the temperature dependence of 1/T1 is consistent with a two-photon Raman process. For each of the complexes at 100 K 1/T1 is faster when the magnetic field is in the molecular plane than when it is perpendicular to the molecular plane, which is attributed to orientation dependence of intramolecular vibrations. The orientation-dependent values of 1/T1 are approximately the same for isotopes with I = 0 or I = 5/2, which indicates that molybdenum nuclear hyperfine interaction is not a major factor in the electron spin-lattice relaxation rate. Phase memory relaxation rates were measured by electron spin echo. Below about 90 K 1/Tm is weakly temperature dependent and becomes more strongly temperature dependent at higher temperature as 1/T1 approaches 1/Tm and as the host lattice softens. For isotopes with I = 5/2 at 100 K 1/Tm is faster at molecular orientations for which the resonant field is more strongly dependent on small changes in molecular orientation.
Modeling of High Homologous Temperature Deformation Behavior Using the Viscoplasticity Theory Based on Overstress (VBO): Part II—Characteristics of the VBO Model

Characteristics of the high homologous temperature VBO model under extreme conditions such as very fast and very slow tensile tests, long-term-creep and relaxation tests are investigated via numerical experiments and analysis. To this end, material constants of Alloy 800H determined from other tests in Part 1 were utilized for the prediction. Although no experiments are available for the extreme conditions, the predictions are plausible. For cyclic, strain controlled hold-time tests the predictions compare well with sparse experimental data. The results give confidence that VBO can be used to predict the long-term behavior at high homologous temperature once the constants have been determined from regular, short-term tests.
Beauveria bassiana infection of eggs of stored‐product beetles

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was tested under maximum challenge conditions with an estimated dose of 1.1 × 10 5 conidia/mm 2 for its effects on eggs of four of the major beetle pests of stored grain and grain products. When ambient relative humidity (RH) was 92%, hatch of fungus-treated Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) eggs was 13% versus 58% for control eggs, and hatch of treated Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was 17% versus 51% for controls. There was no fungus effect at RH of 48 and 73%. Fungus treatment of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) eggs had no effect. Sectioned T. castaneum eggs demonstrated that the fungus penetrates and infects them.
Use of duckweed-based constructed wetlands for nutrient recovery and pollutant reduction from dairy wastewater.

Abstract Over the last few decades, constructed wetlands have increasingly been designed and implemented to treat agricultural wastewaters. However, while treatment of manure-containing wastewaters protects water quality, it also eliminates a valuable source of nutrient-laden soil amendments. The goal of this research is to investigate the ability of wetlands to simultaneously treat high-strength manure-containing wastewaters while recovering nutrients from the manures in plant biomass. Diluted raw dairy waste was fed to a combination of duckweed-based surface flow and subsurface flow wetlands. Nutrient recovery through duckweed harvesting and waste treatment, characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and E. coli removal, were assessed under steady-state conditions for three strengths of waste. Duckweed-based wetlands used for primary treatment had higher removal rates of COD and TN than those used for secondary treatment; however, no significant difference was observed for TP removal rates. COD removal ranged from 3 to 81% in primary duckweed wetlands and from −35% to 38% in secondary duckweed wetlands. Areal removal rates for nutrients in primary duckweed wetlands were 194.9 ± 18.9 g TN/m2/yr and 13.0 ± 3.0 g TP/m2/yr, while removal rates in secondary duckweed wetlands were 104.1 ± 13.1 g TN/m2/yr and 9.3 ± 2.1 g TP/m2/yr. Removal of COD, TN, and TP more closely followed first-order removal to a background concentration than first-order removal or a previously published model for duckweed ponds. Mean log E. coli reduction of 0.30 obtained in this experiment was within the range reported in literature. Duckweed production in the wetlands was satisfactorily described as a second-order polynomial function of influent TN concentration. More N and P was recovered from primary wetlands as compared to secondary wetlands. Average N and P recovered by harvesting duckweed across all the wetlands were 22.4 g N/m2/yr and 7.4 P/m2/yr, respectively.
Reflections on Modelling Across the Arts and Sciences

Relying on modelling protocols and examples of cross-border models, it is argued that an increasingly deliberate, self-aware use of modelling enhances constructive interactions from the arts to the sciences. Models are tailored from materials used in their environments of application in order to enable the performance of desired tasks, e.g. metaphorical constructions in poetry. They are suited for interdisciplinary interactions when their domain of application is allowed to extend beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE WEGNER REBOUND EFFECT: EVIDENCE FOR A MODERATOR VARIABLE IN THOUGHT REBOUND FOLLOWING THOUGHT SUPPRESSION

Wegner, Schneider, Carter, and White in 1987 found that attempts to suppress thoughts of a white bear produced even greater preoccupation with that stimulus--a rebound effect. This effect was investigated in Exp. 1 using both Wegner's white bear stimulus and a more personally meaningful stimulus (an upcoming test). The rebound effect was not observed with either stimulus. Exp. 2 was conducted to examine the hypothesis that this failure to replicate Wegner, et al.'s rebound effect reflected individual differences in the respective subject pools. A within-subjects design was used to classify subjects as rebounders or nonrebounders by comparing each subject's expression of a thought following suppression to their own baseline expression of that thought. Subjects classified as rebounders had significantly higher ACT Mathematics subtest scores than did the subjects classified as nonrebounders. This suggests that there is a moderator variable related to mathematics ability for the rebound effect.
Modeling distributed processing across multiple CICS/VS sites

Modeling is a useful method to aid a planner in designing the interconnection of a number of systems for distributed data processing. In the implementation in this paper, a computer-based model for sites using CICS/VS is discussed. The model permits the system definition to be adjusted, taking into account such aspects as the number of sites, their interconnections, and workloads, so that a satisfactory configuration can be obtained.
Nonlinear anisotropic stress analysis of anatomically realistic cerebral aneurysms.

Background. Static deformation analysis and estimation of wall stress distribution of patient-specific cerebral aneurysms can provide useful insights into the disease process and rupture. Method of Approach. The three-dimensional geometry of saccular cerebral aneurysms from 27 patients (18 unruptured and nine ruptured) was reconstructed based on computer tomography angiography images. The aneurysm wall tissue was modeled using a nonlinear, anisotropic, hyperelastic material model (Fung-type) which was incorporated in a user subroutine in ABAQUS. Effective material fiber orientations were assumed to align with principal surface curvatures. Static deformation of the aneurysm models were simulated assuming uniform wall thickness and internal pressure load of 100 mm Hg. Results. The numerical analysis technique was validated by quantitative comparisons to results in the literature. For the patient-specific models, in-plane stresses in the aneurysm wall along both the stiff and weak fiber directions showed significant regional variations with the former being higher. The spatial maximum of stress ranged from as low as 0.30 MPa in a small aneurysm to as high as 1.06 MPa in a giant aneurysm. The patterns of distribution of stress, strain, and surface curvature were found to be similar. Sensitivity analyses showed that the computed stress is mesh independent and not very sensitive to reasonable perturbations in model parameters, and the curvature-based criteria for fiber orientations tend to minimize the total elastic strain energy in the aneurysms wall. Within this small study population, there were no statistically significant differences in the spatial means and maximums of stress and strain values between the ruptured and unruptured groups. However, the ratios between the stress components in the stiff and weak fiber directions were significantly higher in the ruptured group than those in the unruptured group. Conclusions. A methodology for nonlinear, anisotropic static deformation analysis of geometrically realistic aneurysms was developed, which can be used for a more accurate estimation of the stresses and strains than previous methods and to facilitate prospective studies on the role of stress in aneurysm rupture.
Two-dimensional 1H-, 13C-, and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular-mechanics investigation of D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.

Abstract Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance studies have been carried out to assign unequivocally all the proton, carbon, and phosphorus resonances of d -fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate ( 1 ) and to verify its structure using a 400-MHz spectrometer. Several unexpected chemical-shift values and coupling constants were obtained. Molecular mechanics calculations (Sybyl) carried out to minimize the conformational energy of 1 yield ϕ C-1,P-2 = +84, ϕ C-3,P-2 = −155, and ϕ C-5,P-6 = +175°. Thus the unusual near-gauche orientations of C-1 and C-3 to P-2 in 1 can explain their small vicinal coupling constants ( 3 J C-1,P-2 = 1.2, and 3 J C-3,P-2 = 3.8 Hz), in contrast to the expected larger value seen for 3 J C-5,P-6 namely, 6.9 Hz. Treatment of a sample of this compound with sodium borohydride did not affect its nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, substantiating that O-2 is phosphorylated. Oxidation with sodium periodate yielded an intermediate which decomposed by a β-elimination mechanism involving the 6-phosphate group. These data establish unequivocally the 1 H, 13 C, and 31 P assignments and explain the observed anomalous shifts. Moreover they indicate that the activator of fructose 6-phosphate 1-kinase is the β anomer of the 4 T 3 conformer of d -fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Who sees the doctor? A study of urban black adolescents.

Abstract By means of structured personal home interviews, health problems and physician care obtained for those problems were studied in an area probability sample of 562 non-Hispanic, black adolescents, drawn from a single health district in a major city in the Northeastern U.S. Physician care was represented by a ratio score: the number of health problems for which the adolescent had seen a physician divided by the total number of health problems he reported. On the basis of these scores, adolescents were separated into “high” and “low” physician care groups and compared with regard to: kinds of health problems, general health status, demographic and family background characteristics, health attitudes and behavior and psychosocial attitudes. Bivariate and then multivariate analyses were performed. A major finding indicated a relationship between lack of medical care and activity limitation or chronic impairment as early as the adolescent years. In multivariate analysis, the variable which accounted more than any other for the difference between black adolescents with “high” and “low” physician care scores was the combination of having a private physician and a mother born outside the southern U.S. Generally the findings supported the model of significant psycho-sociocultural influences, over and above need for care and availability of services, in explaining medical utilization.
17-Imidazolyl, Pyrazolyl, and Isoxazolyl Androstene Derivatives. Novel Steroidal Inhibitors of Human Cytochrome Cl7,20-Lyase (P45017α)†

We recently described a number of inhibitors of P45017α, the key enzyme of androgen biosynthesis. Here, we report the synthesis and activity of novel 17-imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, and isoxazolyl andros...
Epigenetics Drives RAGs to Recombination Riches

V(D)J recombination of antigen receptor gene segments in B and T cells is mediated by the lymphoid-specific proteins RAG1 and RAG2. Now, Ji et al. (2010) demonstrate how RAG1 and RAG2 use DNA sequence specificity and modified histones within chromatin to target specific loci for V(D)J recombination at different stages of lymphoid development.
Repair of peripheral nerves of unequal diameters.

Four techniques for anastomosis were investigated for the anastomosis of a large proximal segment to a smaller distal segment of rat peripheral nerve with a size disparity of approximately 3 to 1. The techniques were perineural sutures (group I), KTP laser annealing (group II), collagen tubes with a 5-mm gap between the nerve segments (group III), and collagen tubes without a gap between the nerve ends (group IV). At 6 weeks there were no gross nerve distractions in groups I or IV. There were two failures in group II and three in group III. The percentage of fibers that crossed intact anastomoses were: group I, 89%; group II, 75%; group III, 115%; group IV, 125% (P less than .05 for the collagen tube repairs). Our results indicate that the suture technique is still the most reliable method of nerve repair. However, collagen tubes were effective in increasing the percentage of axons crossing the anastomosis.
Video coding with motion-compensated lifted wavelet transforms

This article explores the efficiency of motion-compensated three-dimensional transform coding, a compression scheme that employs a motion-compensated transform for a group of pictures. We investigate this coding scheme experimentally and theoretically. The practical coding scheme employs in temporal direction a wavelet decomposition with motion-compensated lifting steps. Further, we compare the experimental results to that of a predictive video codec with single-hypothesis motion compensation and comparable computational complexity. The experiments show that the 5/3 wavelet kernel outperforms both the Haar kernel and, in many cases, the reference scheme utilizing single-hypothesis motion-compensated predictive coding. The theoretical investigation models this motion-compensated subband coding scheme for a group of K pictures with a signal model for K motion-compensated pictures that are decorrelated by a linear transform. We utilize the Karhunen-Loeve Transform to obtain theoretical performance bounds at high bit-rates and compare to both optimum intra-frame coding of individual motion-compensated pictures and single-hypothesis motion-compensated predictive coding. The investigation shows that motion-compensated three-dimensional transform coding can outperform predictive coding with single-hypothesis motion compensation by up to 0.5 bits/sample.
Influence of ω-3 fatty acids on triglyceride levels in patients using isotretinoin.

The effect of ω-3 fatty acid (ω-3FA) supplementation on triglyceride levels was assessed in a retrospective study of patients taking isotretinoin for acne. Oral isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is commonly used in the treatment of severe and recalcitrant acne.1–3 This treatment commonly results in complete clearance of acne with long-term remission; however, treatment is associated with a number of adverse effects, including hypertriglyceridemia.4 At high levels of isotretinoin, hypertriglyceridemia may lead to acute pancreatitis.2,3 As many as 44% of patients with baseline triglyceride levels within the reference range who are treated with isotretinoin develop hypertriglyceridemia.4 Elevations in triglyceride levels during isotretinoin treatment can force dosage reductions or discontinuation of treatment. For less marked elevations, dietary modification or therapy to lower lipid levels may be used.
Macrolactamization of Glycosylated Peptide Thioesters by the Thioesterase Domain of Tyrocidine Synthetase

Summary The 35 kDa thioesterase (TE) domain excised from the megadalton tyrocidine synthetase (Tyc Syn) retains autonomous capacity to macrocyclize peptidyl thioesters to D-Phe 1 -L-Leu 10 -macrolactams. Since a number of nonribosomal peptides undergo O -glycosylation events during tailoring to gain biological activity, the Tyc Syn TE domain was evaluated for cyclization capacity with glycosylated peptidyl- S -NAC substrates. First, Tyr 7 was replaced with Tyr(β-D-Gal) and Tyr(β-D-Glc) as well as with Ser-containing β-linked D-Gal, D-Glc, D-GlcNAc, and D-GlcNH 2 , and these new analogs were shown to be cyclized with comparable k cat /K m catalytic efficiency. Similarly, Gal- or tetra- O -acetyl-Gal-Ser could also be substituted at residues 5, 6, and 8 in the linear decapeptidyl- S -NAC sequences and cyclized without substantial loss in catalytic efficiency by Tyc Syn TE. The cyclic glycopeptides retained antibiotic activity as membrane perturbants in MIC assays, opening the possibility for library construction of cyclic glycopeptides by enzymatic macrocyclization.