cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frontoparietal dynamics and value accumulation in intertemporal choice

Abstract Intertemporal choice requires choosing between a smaller reward available after a shorter time delay and a larger reward available after a longer time delay. Previous studies suggest that intertemporal preferences are formed by generating a subjective value of the monetary rewards that depends on reward amount and the associated time delay. Neuroimaging results indicate that this subjective value is tracked by ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and ventral striatum. Subsequently, an accumulation process, subserved by a network including dorsal medial frontal cortex (dmFC), dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (pPC), selects a choice based on the subjective values. The mechanisms of how value accumulation interacts with subjective valuation to make a choice, and how brain regions communicate during decision making are undetermined. We developed and performed an EEG experiment that parametrically manipulated the probability of preferring delayed larger rewards. A computational model equipped with time and reward information transformation, selective attention, and stochastic value accumulation mechanisms was constructed and fit to choice and response time data using a hierarchical Bayesian approach. Phase-based functional connectivity between putative dmFC and pPC was found to be associated with stimulus processing and to resemble the reconstructed accumulation dynamics from the best performing computational model across experimental conditions. By combining computational modeling and phase-based functional connectivity, our results suggest an association between value accumulation, choice competition, and frontoparietal connectivity in intertemporal choice. Author summary Intertemporal choice is a prominent experimental assay for impulsivity. Behavior in the task involves several cognitive functions including valuation, action selection and self-control. It is unknown how these different functions are temporally implemented during the course of decision making. In the current study, we combined formal computational models of intertemporal choice with a phase-based EEG measure of activity across brain regions to show that functional connectivity between dmFC and pPC reflects cognitive mechanisms of both visual stimulus processing and choice value accumulation. The result supports the notion that dynamic interaction between frontopatietal regions instantiates the critical value accumulation process in intertemporal choice.
The association of estimated glomerular filtration rate with outcomes following infrainguinal bypass for peripheral arterial disease

Abstract Objective Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a recognized predictor of long-term survival, frequently coexisting with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a more accurate marker of renal function than creatinine. This study sought to determine the graded impact of CKD, defined by eGFR, on infrainguinal lower extremity bypass (LEB) outcomes. Methods This retrospective study examined 44,332 patients from the Vascular Quality Initiative database who underwent LEB between January 2003 and November 2019. The GFR was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study perioperative mortality and Kaplan-Meier survival estimation and multivariable Cox regression were used to evaluate 5-year mortality, 1-year major amputation, and major amputation/death. Results The 30-day mortality odds was increased for CKD 3 (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-1.91; P Conclusions The estimated GFR is a useful predictor of postoperative mortality, overall survival, and/or amputation after LEB in patients with PAD. It should be considered in the preoperative risk-benefit analysis process to guide patient selection in the population with concomitant PAD and CKD being considered for LEB.
An aza-Diels–Alder route to quinoline-based unnatural amino acids and polypeptide surrogates

Macromolecules composed of quinoline building blocks are viewed as valuable synthetic targets due to their potential as functional materials in optoelectronic devices and promise as therapeutic compounds for the treatment of disease. As such, a number of routes to polyquinolines, quinoline-decorated oligopeptides, and quinoline-containing oligoamides have been developed to date. Herein, by drawing inspiration from prior efforts, we synthesize quinoline-based unnatural amino acid building blocks via the aza-Diels–Alder (Povarov) reaction and then prepare polypeptide surrogates through iterative coupling of these building blocks on solid support. The described strategy uses economical procedures, requires straightforward conditions, and affords the targeted constructs in reasonable yields. Overall, our findings may expand the scope of possibilities for quinoline-based bioinspired polymers and facilitate the further development of quinoline-based functional materials.
Optimal timing and sequence of ventriculoperitoneal shunt and gastrostomy placement

Background: The optimal timing of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) and gastrostomy placement, relative to the safety of simultaneous versus staged surgery, has not been clearly delineated in the literature.Objective: To study the optimal inter-procedural timing relative to distal VPS infection and pertinent reoperation.Methods: A fifteen-year, retrospective, single-center study was conducted on adults undergoing VPS and gastrostomy within 30-days. Patients were grouped according to inter-procedural interval: 0-24 hr (immediate), 24 hr-7 days (early), and 7-30 days (delayed). The primary endpoint of the study was VPS infection and distal shunt complications requiring reoperation. Potential predictors of the primary end point (baseline cohort characteristics, procedural factors) were examined with standard statistical methods.Results: A total of 188 patients met inclusion criteria. The average interval between procedures was 7 ± 6 days, with 43.1% undergoing VPS prior to gastrostomy. Primary endpoint was encountered in 5 patients (2.7%): 1 (5.9%) of 17 patients undergoing immediate placement, 3 (2.8%) of 107 with early placement, and 1 (1.6%) of 64 with delayed placement. Although not statistically significant, 3.7% of patients undergoing VPS first had the primary endpoint, compared to 1.9% of those with gastrostomy. There were no statistically significant associations between the primary outcome and peri-operative CSF counts, gastrostomy modality, hydrocephalus etiology, chronic steroid use, or extended antibiotic administration.Conclusion: Although the low overall event rate in this cohort precludes definitive determination regarding differential safety, the data generally support a practice of performing the procedures >24-hours apart, with placement of gastrostomy prior to VPS.
Dielectric and Brillouin scattering anomalies in an Na/sub 1/2/Bi/sub 1/2/TiO/sub 3/ (NBT) relaxor ferroelectric crystal

We investigated dielectric and hypersonic properties of NBT over a wide temperature range. The dielectric permittivity and loss measured from 20 Hz to 300 kHz agree at lower temperature with previous results. At higher temperature in and near the tetragonal phase the lower frequencies show a very large permittivity peak with considerable dispersion and large loss. This behavior is very similar to that found in other perovskite crystals and ceramics, in some cases far above T/sub c/. We attribute it to extrinsic bulk conductivity. The phase shift giving nonzero /spl sigma/" in /spl sigma/=/spl sigma/'+j/spl sigma/" may be caused by a spread in mobility activation energy. The Brillouin scattering data at 514.5 nm show a very broad dip in sound velocity and a very large and broad attenuation peak, both centered in the tetragonal phase temperature range. This behavior is attributed to hybridization of order parameter and cluster fluctuation contributions.
The Changing Picture of Volatiles and Climate on Mars

Many questions still remain unanswered about the climate history and possible past biological activity on Mars. In their Perspective, [ Jakosky et al. ][1] discuss recent results from space probes and other studies that are changing scientists' views of martian climate. Observations of holes in the frozen carbon dioxide layer suggest that underlying water ice is being exposed on seasonal cycles, and models indicate that frost deposition may not be driven entirely by local energy balance. Axial obliquity--the tilt of Mars' rotational axis that gives rise to planetary seasons--may also be having a bigger effect than previously thought. And geological mapping shows features that may be glacial in origin, implying a wet past. Despite the large uncertainties, such studies will be important in understanding whether biological activity was part of Mars' history. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5753/1439
Normalizing transformations of some statistics of gaussian ARMA processes

In this paper, the authors investigate Edgeworth type expansions of certain transformations of some statistics of Gaussian ARMA processes. They also investigate transformations which will make the second order part of the Edgeworth expansions vanish. Some numerical studies are made and they show that the above transformations give better approximations than the usual approximation.
Protest and Institutional Change

This paper looks at how social protest contributes to institutional reforms in both new and established democracies. The author evaluates the effect of social protest on changes in the protection of workers’ rights, women’s political rights, and the ability of other branches of government to constrain chief executives. Three important findings emerge in this regard: anti-government demonstrations promote worker’s rights while general strikes advance women’s political rights in the presence of an independent judiciary. Additionally, anti-government demonstrations constrain executives while riots empower them when the government is cohesive. Regarding the mechanisms behind these changes, the analysis reveals that whereas the effects of anti-governments demonstrations on workers’ rights are not institutionally mediated, general strikes can affect women’s political rights indirectly through the institution of an independent judiciary. Antigovernment demonstrations and riots can likewise affect executive constraints indirectly, through the behavior of actors in other branches of government.
Towards context-aware web applications

In order to guarantee certain levels of QoS, a Web application needs to adapt itself to different execution contexts. However, because of the lack of coordination support in Web platforms, service providers respond to the challenge by simply providing multiple versions of a Web application, one for each context. We argue this top-down approach is neither efficient nor scalable: developing a context-specific application requires considerable effort and expertise while the ever-changing Internet never stops generating interesting contexts which can be exploited for better deployment. As an alternative, we propose a three-layer, bottomup approach to building context-aware Web applications. At the bottom layer, we characterize a context-specific Web application with a particular component distribution plan which provides details for composing individual objects. In the middle layer, recursively defined configurations provide a bridge which relates high-level context features to low-level component distribution properties, where a configuration is a combination of configurations and/or component distribution properties. At the top level, a context management system selects desirable configurations according to the execution contexts.
A New Old Damascus: Authenticity and Distinction in Urban Syria

A New Old Damascus: Authenticity and Distinction in Urban Syria. Christa Salamandra. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 199 pp.
Intracellular Interaction of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Gag and Env Proteins

In polarized epithelial cells, the assembly and release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occur at the basolateral side of the plasma membrane, and the site of assembly is determined by the site of expression of the Env protein. In order to investigate whether the expression of the Env proteins exclusively in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can alter the site of virus assembly, we coexpressed the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag protein and mutant SIV Env proteins having an ER retrieval signal (KKXX motif). In cells expressing the wild-type (wt) Env protein or coexpressing Env and Gag proteins, the Env protein was processed into the surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) proteins. In contrast, in cells expressing the mutant Env proteins alone or in combination with Gag, the Env proteins were retrieved to the ER and were not proteolytically processed. Coexpression of the Gag and ER-retained mutant Env proteins resulted in a transient decrease in the release of the Gag protein into the medium, suggesting an interaction between the Gag and ER-retrieved Env proteins. Using saponin-permeabilized cells coexpressing Gag and Env proteins, we obtained further evidence for Env-Gag interaction. A monoclonal antibody specific to the SIV Gag protein was found to coimmunoprecipitate both the Gag and Env proteins. The interaction was specific, as coexpressed SIV Env proteins without the cytoplasmic tail or a chimeric HIV-1 Env proteins with the CD4 cytoplasmic tail were not coimmunoprecipitated by the Gag-specific antibody. Electron microscopic analyses indicated that assembly of virus particles occurred only at the surfaces of cells in which the Gag protein was coexpressed with either the wt or ER-retrieved mutant Env protein. These data indicate that although the Env and Gag proteins interact intracellularly, the site of assembly of SIV is not redirected to an intracellular organelle by the retrieval of the Env protein to the ER.
Ratio Analysis and Equity Valuation

This paper outlines a financial statement analysis for use in equity valuation. Standard profitability analysis is incorporated, and extended, and is complemented with an analysis of growth. The perspective is one of forecasting payoffs to equities. So financial statement analysis is presented first as a matter of pro forma analysis of the future, with forecasted ratios viewed as building blocks of forecasts of payoffs. The analysis of current financial statements is then seen as a matter of identifying current ratios as predictors of the future ratios that drive equity payoffs. The financial statement analysis is hierarchical, with ratios lower in the ordering identified as finer information about those higher up. To provide historical benchmarks for forecasting, typical values for ratios are documented for the period 1963-1996, along with their cross-sectional variation and correlation. And, again with a view to forecasting, the time series behavior of many of the ratios is also described and their typical "long-run, steady-state" levels are documented.
Periprandial systemic and regional lipase activity in normal humans

An assay for plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was used without prior injection of heparin to study arteriovenous differences of lipases across skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of normal male volunteers. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) activities and triglyceride?concentrations were measured in arterial plasma and in venous effluent plasma from forearm skeletal muscle and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, in the postabsorptive state and after a mixed meal. Triglyceride clearance by the tissues was greater across adipose tissue than across muscle. There were no arteriovenous differences for HTGL activity. In the postabsorptive state skeletal muscle released LPL activity, but adipose tissue did not. Postprandially the arterial LPL and HTGL activities did not change. LPL activity in adipose tissue venous effluent rose, whereas that in muscle venous effluent decreased. These results show that the release of LPL from subcutaneous adipose and forearm tissues is regulated differently, reflecting in vivo differences in LPL regulation at the tissue level.
Association between mental and physical health problems in high-risk adolescents: a longitudinal study.

Purpose This longitudinal study examined the relationship between mental and physical health problems in a sample of high-risk youth served in the public sector.
A study of large‐scale atmospheric turbulent kinetic energy in wave‐number frequency space

Large-scale atmospheric turbulence is examined through the application of a wave-number frequency Fourier analysis of the velocity distributions on latitude circles. The primary advantage of the wave-number frequency energy spectra is that it permits analysis of the transient eddies in terms of their length scale and in terms of the speed and direction of their motion. Thus, the relative importance of retrogressing waves may be considered in the analysis. The kinetic energy spectra of the meridional component of velocity is found to contain a distinct band of energy for each wave number which shifts to higher negative frequencies as wave number increases from 4 through 10, at 40° N during winter season 1964. This indicates that the motion of these waves is predominantly from west to east. During the summer season, waves moving in the opposite direction carry a relatively large portion of the transient eddy kinetic energy. The terms of the component form of the kinetic energy equations in wave-number frequency space are evaluated with horizontal nondivergent velocities. The form of the equations used involves nonlinear interaction terms, which represent an inertial transfer process; ageostrophic terms, which represent the work done by the pressure and Coriolis forces; and the eddy frictional terms. Of the nonlinear interaction terms, the one which provides the largest positive or negative contribution to the spectral energy is the inertial term involving the longitudinal derivative. The largest interaction combination within each of these terms involves the spectral components of the kinetic energy production terms. This condition causes a positive contribution to the energy of waves moving from west to east and a negative contribution to waves moving from east to west. The contributions to the spectral energy through the interaction terms involving latitudinal derivatives are smaller with less consistency in sign. The interaction combinations representing the kinetic energy production in these terms have the same magnitude as several other interaction combinations. The contributions from the ageostrophic terms serve to balance the contributions from the interaction terms. The magnitude of these balancing contributions is from 2 to 5 times the magnitude of the spectral energy. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00484.x
The propagation of small disturbances in a radiating gas

The influence of radiation on the propagation of small disturbances is investigated by considering a signalling problem and obtaining approximate limiting solutions. It is found that, for small time, the main disturbance travels at the isentropic speed of sound. For some intermediate time, the main disturbance travels at the isothermal speed of sound. For long time, the disturbance travels at the isentropic speed of sound. The decay and diffusion of these waves are also determined.
Exacerbation of Diabetes Mellitus by Antibodies to Exogenous Insulin

Three nonobese maturity-onset diabetic patients has worsening hyperglycemia and ketonuria unresponsive to marked increases in dose of beef/pork insulin. In each case, significant cross-reactivity with human insulin of anti-insulin antibodies generated by exogenous insulin therapy was demonstrated by competition experiments using solid phase radioimmunoassay. Normal or near normal levels of endogenous insulin secretion as determined by C-peptide radioimmunoassay were measured in the three cases. The sequence of events that we postulate to explain the initial presentation with severe hyperglycemia in each case begins with a slight deficiency in endogenous insulin reserve. Mild hyperglycemia then led to treatment with beef/pork insulin. The beef component elicited an antibody response that not only bound exogenous insulin, reducing its effectiveness, but also inactivated each patient's endogenous human insulin, provoking an exacerbation of underlying mild diabetes.
Seed-set evaluation of four male-sterile, female-fertile soybean lines using alfalfa leafcutting bees and honey bees as pollinators

Male-sterile, female-fertile plants were used to produce hybrid soybean seed. Manual cross-pollination using male-sterile plants to produce large quantities of hybrid seed is difficult and time-consuming because of the low success rate in cross-pollination. Insect pollinators may be suitable vectors to transfer pollen, but the most suitable vector for pollen transfer from the male parent to the female parent has not been identified for soybean. The objective of the present study was to evaluate seed-set on four male-sterile, female-fertile soybean lines by using alfalfa leafcutting bees (Megachile rotundata (F.)) and honey bees (Apis mellifera (L.)) as pollinators. Seed-set was evaluated in summers 2003 and 2005 near Ames, Iowa, USA and in summers 2003, 2004, and 2005 near Wooster, Ohio, USA. Neither the effect of pollinator species nor the interaction effect of pollinator species x location was significant for any year. Honey bees performed similarly to alfalfa leafcutting bees at both locations. The results indicated significant differences for seed-set among male-sterile lines, suggesting preferential pollination. Male-sterile lines, msl (Urbana) and ms2 (Ames 2), had higher cross-pollinated seed-set compared to ms6 (Ames 1), and ms6 (Corsoy 79). At the Ames location, mslmsl (Urbana) plants had the highest seed-set (50·16 seeds per male-sterile plant in 2005). At the Wooster location, mslmsl (Urbana) plants also had the highest seed-set (92·04 seeds per male-sterile plant) in 2005. Costs and local conditions need to be addressed to support the choice of either pollinator species as a pollination vector to produce hybrid soybean seed.
Martian atmospheric and interior volatiles in the meteorite Nakhla

Abstract We report isotopic abundances of xenon, argon, and nitrogen for the observed distinct components in Martian meteorite Nakhla. In a stepwise release the 129Xe/132Xe ratios in the 800°C and 1000°C fractions show the signature of the modern atmosphere and other Xe ratios, when corrected for the cosmogenic component, confirm the isotopically fractionated modern atmospheric component. On the other hand, the Xe isotope ratios in the >1000°C steps reveal an isotopically unfractionated interior component, but with radiogenic 129Xe excesses. The isotopic composition of this interior component is consistent with Chass-S Xe (solar type), but is augmented by 244Pu-derived fission Xe. The fission components in interior trapped Xe (in both Nakhla and Chassigny) suggest that Mars effectively retained 244Pu-derived fission gas. A heavy (relative to interior N) nitrogen signature in the 600–900°C temperature steps also suggests a recent incorporation of Martian atmospheric gases. The N signatures in the high-temperature (>1000°C) steps are strongly affected by cosmic-ray-produced 15Nc and 36Ar and 38Ar abundances are dominated by the cosmogenic component. We discuss the signatures of Martian interior nitrogen and heavy noble gases and the constraints they provide on the evolutionary history of Mars.
Recurrent iterated function systems

Recurrent iterated function systems generalize iterated function systems as introduced by Barnsley and Demko [BD] in that a Markov chain (typically with some zeros in the transition probability matrix) is used to drive a system of maps w j : K→ K, j = 1, 2,…, N, where K is a complete metric space. It is proved that under “average contractivity,” a convergence and ergodic theorem obtains, which extends the results of Barnsley and Elton [BE]. It is also proved that a Collage Theorem is true, which generalizes the main result of Barnsley et al. [BEHL] and which broadens the class of images which can be encoded using iterated map techniques. The theory of fractal interpolation functions [B] is extended, and the fractal dimensions for certain attractors is derived, extending the technique of Hardin and Massopust [HM]. Applications to Julia set theory and to the study of the boundary of IFS attractors are presented.
Airborne Doppler radar detection of low-altitude wind shear

NASA and the FAA, as part of a joint research effort aimed at the development of airborne sensor technology for low altitude windshear detection during aircraft takeoffs and landings, are giving attention to the potential usefulness of a microwave Doppler radar operating at X-band or above. A preliminary feasibility study was conducted with a microburst/clutter/radar simulation program. It is found that, using bin-to-bin automatic gain control, clutter filtering, limited detection range, and suitable antenna tilt, the windshear generated from a high-moisture microburst can be detected with 10-65 sec of warning time.
Ribosomal protein gene sequences map to human chromosomes 5, 8, and 17

DNA sequences complementary to six mammalian ribosomal protein (r-protein) cDNAs are assigned to human chromosomal linkage groups in human-Chinese hamster hybrid cell clones. Ten r-protein DNA fragments map to chromosomes 5, 8 and 17, indicating that these important, housekeeping genes are distributed to multiple sites in the human genome. Each of the chromosome assignments, determined initially by surveying Chinese hamster-human hybrid cell clones with complex karyotypes using Chinese hamster and human cDNA probes, were confirmed in critical minipanels of highly reduced or monochromosomal hybrid cells. As all 10 fragments mapped to only three human chromosomes, r-protein sequences appear to be distributed nonrandomly within human DNA. The r-protein S14 sequence assigned to human chromosome 5 (5q23–5q33) rescues Chinese hamster emetine-resistance mutations (emt b)in interspecific hybrids. Therefore, this sequence corresponds to the transcriptionally active human RPS14gene. In contrast, other r-protein DNA sequences examined likely are a mixture of functional genes and inactive pseudogenes.
The Ohio Valley Wave-Merger Cyclogenesis Event of 25–26 January 1978. Part I: Multiscale Case Study

Abstract The long-standing observational view of cyclogenesis involves an interaction between tropopause- and surface-based finite-amplitude disturbances. There are, however, instances where more than one upper-level disturbance contributes to low-level development. A subset of these events involves wave (or trough) merger, which has been defined as the amalgamation of two or more distinct 500-hPa vorticity maxima. An example of this phenomenon involving a case of very intense continental cyclogenesis (25–26 January 1978) over the eastern United States is selected to elucidate the origin and evolution of precursor disturbances, from the planetary scale to the mesoscale. The analysis of this event reveals that the two well-defined tropopause-based disturbances that contribute to cyclogenesis have distinctly different origins and are brought together by confluent planetary-scale flow. One of these disturbances originates over the western North Pacific Ocean 10 days prior to cyclogenesis and tracks eastward ...
Systems genetics analysis of molecular pathways underlying ethanol-induced behavioral phenotypes

Acute behavioral responses to alcohol have been shown to be contributing factors to alcoholism, a disease that may be associated with high stress levels and brain injury. In this study, the LXS line of recombinant inbred mouse strains is used to develop understanding of the genetic basis of ethanol response, by finding links between genotype, gene expression data, and phenotypes associated with increased locomotor activity in mice treated with ethanol. The results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for phenotypes and gene expression data for LXS mice treated with alcohol are compared with a control group. A method in which Bayesian network modeling is used to discover casual pathways from genotype to gene expression to phenotype is also presented.
Three-dimensional numerical modeling of cohesive sediment transport and wind wave impact in a shallow oxbow lake

It was observed that in some closed inland lakes sediment transport was dominated by wind-induced currents, and the sediment resuspension was primarily driven by wind-induced waves. This paper presents the development and application of a three-dimensional numerical model for simulating cohesive sediment transport in water bodies where wind-induced currents and waves are important. In the model, the bottom shear stresses induced by currents and waves were calculated, and the processes of resuspension (erosion), deposition, settling, etc. were considered. This model was first verified by a simple test case consisting of the movement of a non-conservative tracer in a prismatic channel with uniform flow, and the model output agreed well with the analytical solution. Then it was applied to Deep Hollow Lake, a small oxbow lake in Mississippi. Simulated sediment concentrations were compared with available field observations, with generally good agreement. The transport and resuspension processes of cohesive sediment due to wind-induced current and wave in Deep Hollow Lake were also discussed.
Critical Cutsets of Graphs and Canonical Facets of Set Packing Polytopes

A cutset in a graph G with node set N is the set of edges joining the nodes in a subset of N to those not in the subset. We call a cutset critical if its removal produces a graph whose independence number is greater than that of G. We use the concept of a critical cutset to give first a necessary, then a sufficient condition for an inequality with 0--1 coefficients to be a facet of the set-packing polytope defined by G.
A General-Purpose Electronic Wattmeter

A direct reading wattmeter is described which will read either positive or negative peak or average power of complex voltage and current waveforms containing components in the frequency range from dc to 71 kc. The instrument will measure up to 50 watts, covered in three ranges with an accuracy of 3 per cent. The scale may be extended by suitable resistance changes. The voltage and current inputs are mutually dc isolated to allow measurement of the current at any point between the ground and the voltage source. Multiplication of the current and voltage is accomplished by modulating a 10-mc carrier with the current, and then modulating the resultant with the voltage in a cascade of two suppressed-carrier modulators. The instantaneous product is recovered in a phase-sensitive demodulator, and then passed through an integrating network for average power, or through a peak detector for peak power. The wattmeter was designed with particular reference to the measurement of the plate dissipation in television horizontal output tubes. It was designed, nevertheless, to be a general-purpose instrument capable of accurately measuring power in any type of circuit where the voltage and current involved can be measured.
Research and practice in an academic community nursing center.

Purpose: To identify issues and describe strategies used in developing a successful program of clinical research focused on the vulnerale populations served by one urban academic nursing center. Academic community nursing centers provide ideal settings to implement programs of research. Understanding the challenges when integrating research into these practices and the strategies used is important. Setting and Scope: The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Silver Spring Community Nursing Center has provided primary health care services to a low-income urban population since 1987. A team of advanced practice nurse clinicians, community health nurses, and other health care professionals and community residents implemented a broad range of innovative, community-focused, clinical inteventions that are routinely studied throughan integrated program of nursing research. Their strategies for research implementation are analyzed. Conclusions and Implications: Factors affecting the integration of research into the center include (a) community mistrust, (b) the need for participatory recruitment strategies, and (c) the need for multiple data collection methods. Meeting these challenges requires that research agendas and methods are consonant with community goals. The inclusion of clinicians, other providers, and community residents as active members of research teams is critical to success. Reframing research and practice roles in terms of team effort that incorporates the community can strengthen research and practice-and benefit professionals and the populations they serve.
The evolution of a coronal streamer and the photospheric magnetic field

A large equatorial coronal streamer observed in the outer corona (3R⊙) grew in brightness and size during successive limb passages between October 6, 1973 and January 10, 1974 (solar rotations 1606–1611). Unlike previous studies of streamers and their photospheric associations, no definite surface feature could be identified in the present case. This suggests that the streamer is associated with the large scale photospheric magnetic field. Comparison of the streamer growth with observed underlying photospheric magnetic flux changes indicated that as the streamer increased in brightness, areal extent, and density, the photospheric magnetic flux decreased. Three possible explanations for the streamer's growth are presented; the conceptually simplest being that the decrease in photospheric field results in an opening of the flux tubes under the streamer which permits an increased mass flux through the streamer.
Neural networks for computer virus recognition

We have developed a neural network for generic detection of a particular class of computer viruses-the so called boot sector viruses that infect the boot sector of a floppy disk or a hard drive. This is an important and relatively tractable subproblem of generic virus detection. Only about 5% of all known viruses are boot sector viruses, yet they account for nearly 90% of all virus incidents. We have successfully deployed our neural network as a commercial product, distributing it to millions of PC users worldwide as part of the IBM AntiVirus software package. We faced several challenges in taking our neural network from a research idea to a commercial product. These included designing an appropriate input representation scheme; dealing with the scarcity of available training data; finding an appropriate trade off point between false positives and false negatives to conform to user expectations; and making the software conform to strict constraints on memory and speed of computation needed to run on PCs. The article discusses our methods for handling these challenges.
Multiwavelength detection for drift compensation in fiber optic chemical sensors

This paper describes results using a nonabsorbing wavelength as an internal reference to correct for nonanalyte-related signal changes and long-term drift in an absorbance-based fiber optic sensor. A renewable-reagent sensor developed for seawater pCO2 (CO2 partial pressure) was repetitively calibrated over a 12-day period and the drift in the calibration was studied. The results indicate that although the internal reference significantly improves the long-term performance, it does not fully correct for all sources of drift over the 12-day period.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Precursor Frequency Analysis of Bryostatin Activated Lymphocytes

Bryostatin 1 (Bryo) is a potent activator of protein kinase C. When T cells are stimulated with Bryo and the calcium ionophore ionomycin (Io), they expand rapidly in low-dose IL-2 (20 U/ml). We have shown that Bryo/Io-activated T-cells from murine tumor-draining lymph nodes have striking antigen-specific antitumor efficacy in vivo. To account for the specificity despite using a nonspecific T cell activation method, it was postulated that the Bryo/Io combination might preferentially activate antigen-sensitized T cells. To test this hypothesis, an allogeneic response model was used. C57BL/6 mice were primed by intraperitoneal (ip) injection with DBA/2 mouse splenocytes. After 9 days, the C57BL/6 spleens were harvested and H-2d-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) precursor frequency (PF) was determined by limiting dilution analysis (LDA). A portion of the same spleen cells was treated for 18 hr with Bryo/Io and expanded for 7 days in IL-2 (20 U/ml); the LDA was then repeated to analyze PF after expansion. The entire experiment was also done with responder and stimulator strains reversed (DBA/2 mice immunized with C57BL/6 cells). The resulting PF values were [[formula]]. Normal spleen cells treated with Bryo/Io exhibited <10% release vs the same targets at any effector:target ratio, ruling out nonspecific cytolysis after Bryo/Io. T lymphocytes or CD8+ T cells were selected from primed splenocytes and the PF values before and after Bryo/Io were analyzed. These data showed that the increase in PF after expansion could not be attributed to T cell or CD8+ cell enrichment alone. Therefore, Bryo/Io treatment of lymphocytes from antigen sensitized mice apparently causes preferential activation and expansion of sensitized or memory T cells.
A computer program to automatically generate state equations & macro-models

A computer program is described that automatically produces non-linear, state equations directly from a simple topological description of an electrical and/or mechanical network. Also, by automatically eliminating unnecessary states, the program generates a simplified macro-model, very useful for further design and analysis.
2.5-Gbit/s Repeaterless Transmission Systems over Non-Dispersion-Shifted Fiber Using Directly Modulated DFB Laser and Dispersion Compensating Fiber

Abstract Feasibility of repeaterless transmission systems over non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF) using directly modulated DFB lasers and dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) was examined. The transmission characteristics were investigated by simulations, considering the effects of the laser chirping, fiber chromatic dispersion, and the self-phase-modulation (SPM) occurring in both NDSF and DCF. As a result, it was revealed that the post-compensation scheme is the most suitable and that the SPM in DCF dominantly deteriorates the transmission characteristics in this scheme. Following the predictions by the simulations, 2.5 Gbit/s repeaterless transmission over 306-km pure-silica-core fiber has been demonstrated with no power penalty, using a directly modulated DFB laser with a bulk active layer and dispersion compensating fibers.
Anatomical study of freezing injury in hardy and nonhardy alfalfa varieties treated with cytosine and guanine.

Artifically hardened Vernal (hardy) and Caliverde (nonhardy) varieties of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., were frozen to −8 and −15 °C at 1 °C/min to study the relationship between cold hardiness and freezing damage. Prior to hardening, foliar applications of 10−3 m cytosine and guanine were applied. Regardless of the variety or chemical treatment, tissues usually froze at approximately −3 °C. Ice crystal formation was most pronounced in bud and leaf tissue. Microscopic examination revealed separation of the epidermis from the rest of the tissues apparently resulting from an abundance of ice crystals in these tissues. Tissues frozen to −15 °C showed greater damage than those frozen to −8 °C and Vernal showed considerably less damage than Caliverde. While cytosine treatment appeared to reduce histological damage in both varieties, guanine had little or no effect.
Promoting health behaviours with door-in-the-face: The influence of the beneficiary of the request

This study examined the ability of a door-in-the-face strategy to increase compliance with health related requests. To explore this question, participants received either a single or door-in-the-face request to perform a health-related behaviour. This request was characterized as either benefiting the person making the request, the person who was the target of the request, or a third party. After receiving the request the participants' verbal and behavioural compliance with the request were measured. The results indicated that the door-in-the-face procedure would be effective with requests to perform health-related behaviours.
The consequences of unsuspected secondary ovarian neoplasia: A clinical presentation of four case histories

Secondary ovarian neoplasia is a common clinical entity which represents 3 to 8% of all ovarian tumors. However, despite its apparent prevalence, it remains a diagnostic and management dilemma. The ability to differentiate primary ovarian carcinoma from metastatic disease to the ovary has significant therapeutic and prognostic implications. Four case histories are presented which will demonstrate the necessity of formulating a complete differential diagnosis as well as the need for a thorough preoperative bowel examination.
Fertility after hysteroscopic resection of submucous myomas.

Abstract Study Objective. To analyze fertility outcomes after resection of submucous myomas by operative hysteroscopy in infertile women. Design. Retrospective analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting. Academic tertiary referral center. Patients. Forty-one women (age 28–42 yrs) old with primary and secondary infertility, and histologically proved submucous myomas. Intervention. Hysteroscopic myomectomy performed with a rigid resectoscope. Measurements and Main Results. Of the 41 patients, 25 (60.9%) became pregnant overall and 20 (48.7%) delivered at term. Seventeen patients delivered a single fetus. Five delivered twins, three at term and two at 33 and 35 weeks. One woman delivered triplets at 31 weeks. The total delivery rate was 56.0%. Two women miscarried, at 6 and 8 weeks. One patient developed postoperative Asherman's syndrome. Conclusion. Our results indicate that hysteroscopic myomectomy improves fertility in previously infertile women. Resection is a viable alternative to abdominal myomectomy for submucous myomas.
OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF SIZE HISTORIES OF BORON PARTICLES IN IGNITION AND COMBUSTION STAGES

Abstract An apparatus employing an Argon-Ion laser with light polarized perpendicularly to the scattering plane was constructed to measure the size histories of boron particles in the ignition and combustion zones. Three powder samples, having initial radius around 0.05 μm, 3.5μm, and 5.0 μm, were studied. Two kinds of measurement of relative light scattering intensities were performed: one is the relative scattered intensity at two different angles (backward and forward) to determine the size histories of particles with initial radius around 0.05 μm, and another is the relative backward scattered intensity to determine the size histories of particles with initial radius around 3.5μm and 5.0μm. The measured light scattering intensities were interpreted by Mie theory. It was found that the particle-size change is negligible during ignition, and particle radius decreases linearly with time in the combustion zone. Further considerations showed that the combustion of these kinds of boron particles is controll...
Smoothing technique based crystal plasticity finite element modeling of crystalline materials

Abstract The smoothed finite element method (S-FEM) is known for its outstanding performance for solid mechanics problems, and working effectively with triangular or tetrahedral mesh that can be generated automatically for complicated geometries. In this work, a framework of S-FEM for modeling anisotropic crystalline plasticity is presented to simulate the mechanical behavior with rate-independence. The strain smoothing technique is extended to deal with finite strains in a nonlinear incremental integration procedure based on the Newton–Raphson scheme. The constitutive model utilizes a hyperelastic-based multiplicative plasticity method, which involves a local multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic and a plastic part. The stress updates for a planar double-slip model exploit the return-mapping method with exponential map algorithm. The capability of the simulations to capture the strain localization and to handle plastic incompressibility of single crystal are demonstrated in representative examples. The proposed formulations and algorithms are also implemented to explore the mesoscopic and macroscopic elasto-plastic behavior of polycrystalline aggregates through modeling the synthetic microstructure constructed by Voronoi tessellation technique.
Modified Fisher's linear discriminant analysis for hyperspectral image dimension reduction and classification

In this paper, we present a modified Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) to hyperspectral remote sensing image dimension reduction and classification. The basic idea of FLDA is to design an optimal transform which can maximize the ratio of between-class scatter matrix to within-class scatter matrix. The practical difficulty of applying the FLDA to hyperspectral images includes the unavailability of enough samples for all the classes. So the original FLDA is modified to avoid the requirement of class samples. In the following data classification using the FLDA-transformed low-dimensional data, a more powerful classifier generally is required. Fortunately, we find this is not difficult to achieve. A simple distance based classifier, such as Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), can provide satisfactory classification performance. This approach is particularly useful to the data sets with small classes.
Sibling Differentiation in Adolescence: Implications for Behavioral Genetic Theory

The presence of sibling "differentiating processes"--defined as processes in which increased sibling similarity in environmental or genetic factors leads to differences in sibling outcomes-poses a challenge for standard behavioral genetic theory and research. The presence of differentiation processes may affect estimates of genetic and environmental parameters in ways that have not been fully recognized. Utilizing data from the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development project, this study examined whether differentiating processes existed for seven composite indices of positive and negative adolescent adjustment. The 720 sibling pairs in the study were broken down into groups by age difference (0-4 years) between siblings. The hypothesis that siblings close in age would demonstrate lower correlations on adjustment measures was generally supported at two time points, three years apart. However, siblings one year apart at Time 1 were more similar to each other than were siblings two years apart, suggesting that shared environmental influences counteract sibling differentiation processes for these siblings. The overall trend supporting sibling differentiation was found to be unrelated to measures of sibling positivity and negativity.