cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurologic involvement in seven patients with Behçet's disease

Abstract Of 25 patients with Behcet's disease seen in five years at the Mayo Clinic, seven had central nervous system involvement. The mean interval from onset of Behcet's disease to central nervous system involvement was 1.3 years, and the mean period of observation thereafter was 3.8 years. All patients had headache and fever during or preceding exacerbations of the central nervous system disease, and all had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (white cell counts ranged from 6 to 490/mm 3 ) with predominant lymphocytosis. The mean cerebrospinal fluid protein level was 55 mg/dl, and gamma globulin was less than 15 per cent in six patients. Results of cerebrospinal fluid, lesional and serologic studies for bacterial, fungal and viral agents were negative. Clinical findings included corticospinal tract disease (five patients), cerebellar ataxia (four patients), pseudobulbar palsy (three patients) and transient ocular palsies (three patients). All these occurred in concert with the systemic phases, especially aphthosis. Corticosteroid therapy was used in six patients, cyclophosphamide therapy in two and azathioprine therapy in two. The neurologic manifestations tended to recur when dosages of the drugs were lowered and established central nervous system damage could not be reversed. The case histories suggest that steroids, when used promptly and in sufficient dosage (up to 60 mg prednisone), are effective in reducing or preventing progression of central nervous system disease. Three patients died, one from Pneumocystis carinii infection, one from neurologic disease and another from presumed myocardial infarction. The central nervous system involvement in Behcet's disease should be diagnosed earlier, and it can be if attention is given to other systemic criteria, that is, aphthous stomatitis, aphthous genital lesions, cutaneous vasculitis, uveitis and synovitis.
Neurobiology Is Not Destiny

Felsen and Reiner (2011) provide an excellent roundup of contemporary neuroscientific research on decision making as an entry point for the examination of the standard conception of autonomy. Their...
Effect of dipyridamole on fluorodeoxyuridine cytotoxicity in vitro and in cancer patients.

Dipyridamole (DP) has previously been studied both in vitro and in vivo in combination with various antimetabolites, including methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5FU). We evaluated in vitro and clinically the effects of adding DP to fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) in colorectal cancer. Using a human colony-forming assay, we observed that 0.05 μM DP increased the cytotoxicity of FUDR by a median of 33.5-fold vs 1.5-fold for 5FU against human colon-cancer cell lines. The mechanism of the DP-enhanced antitumor activity of FUDR is not completely understood but appears to be related to a profound inhibition by DP of thymidine accumulation in and FUDR efflux from colon-cancer cell lines. On the basis of these in vitro results, 28 patients with metastatic colon cancer were entered in a clinical trial of monthly courses of 0.1 mg/kg FUDR daily for 14 days and 75 mg oral DP 5 times daily for 14 days starting on the 3rd day of continuous i.v. FUDR infusion. The pharmacokinetics of DP was studied in three patients; the results showed that 98% of total serum DP was protein-bound and that free DP levels were significantly lower than the concentrations necessary for the expected in vitro DP/FUDR modulation. Treatment was well tolerated, with only 12 patients developing mild to moderate toxicity. Of 27 evaluable patients, 4 achieved a partial response that lasted 2, 3, 5, and 6+ months. This relatively low response rate (15%), which is similar to that achieved with FUDR alone, may be explained by the low steady-state plasma concentrations of free DP achieved in our patients. Other means of DP administration, such as i.v., i.a., and i.p. injection, may be required to achieve free DP concentrations necessary for successful biochemical modulation of FUDR in patients.
A Distinctly Interdecadal Signal of Pacific Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction

A new and distinctly interdecadal signal in the climate of the Pacific Ocean has been uncovered by examining the coupled behavior of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. This interdecadal Pacific signal (IPS) of ocean–atmosphere interaction exhibits a highly statistically significant interdecadal component yet contains little to no interannual (El Nino scale) variability common to other Pacific climate anomaly patterns. The IPS thus represents the only empirically derived, distinctly interdecadal signal of Pacific Ocean SST variability that likely also represents the true interdecadal behavior of the Pacific Ocean–atmosphere system. The residual variability of the Pacific’s leading SST pattern, after removal of the IPS, is highly correlated with El Nino anomalies. This indicates that by simply including an atmospheric component, the leading mode of Pacific SST variability has been decomposed into its interdecadal and interannual patterns. Although the interdecadal signal is unrelated to interannual El Nino variability, the interdecadal ocean–atmosphere variability still seems closely linked to tropical Pacific SSTs. Because prior abrupt changes in Pacific SSTs have been related to anomalies in a variety of physical and biotic parameters throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and because of the persistence of these changes over several decades, isolation of this interdecadal signal in the Pacific Ocean–atmosphere system has potentially important and widespread implications to climate forecasting and climate impact assessment.
Effects of sublethal doses of DDT and three other insecticides on Tribolium confusum J. Du V. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract DDT, incorporated in wheat flour at concentrations sublethal to adult Tribolium confusum reduced oviposition, egg hatchability, and larval survival. Lindane gave similar effects, but detailed analyses were conducted only with DDT. Malathion and sodium fluoride failed to produce such effects. Although the sterilant-type action of DDT and lindane was accompanied by a hyper-excretion of quinone compounds into the flour the quinones gave only a modest reduction of oviposition; the primary adverse reproductive effect was attributable to the insecticides. Oviposition was reduced 42%, hatchability 26% and larval survival 78% when adult beetles were exposed to 25 ppm DDT. The insecticidal effect was primarily with females and was evident in egg-laying virgin females. Oviposition was also reduced in first generation adults, but in these hatchability and larval survival were not altered. No anatomical or histopathological changes were evident in reproductive organs of DDT-treated beetles. The effect was to delay or cause retention or resorption of eggs. DDT, at sublethal levels, reduced the metabolic rate; beetle larvae produced less heat, less metabolic water, less uric acid, and weighed somewhat less than untreated populations.
Double ionization of helium by antiprotons

Abstract We have developed a calculational scheme, the forced impulse method, for going beyond the independent particle model in ion-atom collisions. Our first application has been to the double ionization of helium; this requires construction of double ionization pseudostates. Initial calculations yielded good agreement with experimental results on the double ionization by protons, antiprotons, and alpha particles in the MeV/amu collision energy regime, and in particular reproduced the observed difference in double ionization by protons and antiprotons. We report here the results of expanding the angular momenta included in our single-particle basis, double ionization cross sections for other two-electron targets, and impact parameter dependences. Emphasis is on what we learn from our calculations about the mechanism for double ionization, and the physical reason for the observed difference in double ionization by protons and antiprotons.
DNA excision repair in lymphocytes following photoaffinity labeling with ethidium monoazide.

— Irradiation of ethidium monoazide by fluorescent light promotes a chemical decomposition of the azide into a highly reactive nitrene intermediate. Covalent bonding of this electrophile to the DNA in the cell provokes repair of damage which can be monitored by incorporation of [3H]-thymidine. Human lymphocytes were labeled with [14C]-ethidium azide and then allowed to undergo DNA repair. Repair incorporation of [3H]-thymidine showed saturation at 5 µM ethidium azide, but excision of the labeled drug failed to saturate at 20 µM, suggesting that excision and resynthesis are two separate events. Cells were also labeled with the photosensitive drug and/or exposed to UV radiation, and then allowed to undergo a period of DNA repair. The tritium incorporation for the combined insults was less than the sum of the two insults. Quinacrine, progesterone and chloroquine inhibited repair incorporation of [3H]-thymidine, but had no effect on the excision of the drug from the DNA. After damage by ethidium azide, chromatin was isolated from lymphocytes which had been allowed to repair label with [3H]-thymidine. Partial digestion of the chromatin with micrococcal nuclease released 80% of the tritium when approximately 40% of the DNA had been hydrolyzed by the enzyme.
FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR CONVECTION FROM A HELICAL COIL

Abstract A general correlating equation has been developed for all Prandtl and Dean numbers. This expression was constructed by joining the theoretical Nusselt number for a straight tube, a theoretical asymptote for the regime of creeping secondary flow, a semi-theoretical expression for the boundary layer regime and an asymptotic value of Nu for the intervening regime of flow.The arbitrary coefficients and exponents in the model were evaluated using experimental and numerically computed values. Slightly differing sets of coefficients are required for uniform wall temperature and longitudinally uniform heating with uniform peripheral wall temperature. All prior theoretical results were for toroidal flow (zero pitch). A numerical solution was developed for helical flow (finite pitch). These results confirm the validity of neglecting pitch for tightly wound coils but suggest a generalization of the correlating equation for large pitch.
Solving the Vlasov Equation in General Relativity by Particle Simulation

Un nouveau code numerique est construit pour resoudre les equations d'Einstein pour l'evolution dynamique d'un gaz de particules sans collisions dans le cadre de la relativite generale. L'equation de Vlasov est resolue en relativite generale par des simulations de particules et le champ gravitationnel est determine en utilisant le formalisme ADM 3+1. Les applications physiques incluent la stabilite des amas stellaires relativistes, le critere d'energie de liaison pour la stabilite, l'effondrement des amas en trous noirs et la relaxation relativiste violente. Les applications astrophysiques incluent l'origine possible des quasars et AGN a travers l'effondrement d'amas stellaires denses en trous noirs supermassifs
Crazing, yielding, and fracture of polymers. I. Ductile brittle transition in polycarbonate

Most thermoplastics far below their glass transition give a brittle fracture when de-formed in uniaxial tension. Bisphenol-A polycarbonates are an exception and deform in a ductile manner. However, it has been observed in Izod impact studies of notched samples that the mode of failure changes from a ductile to a brittle fracture on annealing samples below Tg. It has been found that, when notched samples are stressed, a Griffith type flaw is formed under the notch. The criterion for the ductile brittle transition is evaluated in terms of σG (the stress required to propagate the Griffith flaw), and σy, the yield stress for the polymer. It has been found that the density and yield stress for the samples annealed at various temperatures are dependent upon previous thermal history and in particular on the molecular weiAght. On the basis of these measurements, it is concluded that many of the so-called anomalous effects observed with polycarbonate can be explained.
Notch receptor signal transduction

Abstract The Notch receptors participate in an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that regulates cell fate decisions. In hematopoiesis, Notch regulates T cell and B cell differentiation and may suppress differentiation of myeloid cells in vitro. Further, constitutive activation of Notch causes T-cell ALL in humans and mice. However, many aspects of Notch signaling are not yet well understood. Ligands, such as Jagged or Delta, bind to Notch receptors and induce nuclear translocation of the intracellular domain of Notch (ICN). ICN is then thought to bind and activate the transcription factor RBP-Jk. Mam1, a human homologue of the Mastermind gene of Drosophila , was cloned in a yeast 2-hybrid system. Mam1 encodes a 130 kDa nuclear protein. Mam1 protein binds to the ICN domain of all four mammalian Notch receptors, forms a complex with ICN and RBP-Jk, and functions as a potent transcriptional coactivator. Mutants of Mam1 which fail to bind to ICN function as dominant negatives and block Notch signaling. These studies provide a mechanism to explain the genetic links between Mastermind and Notch in Drosophila and identify an important signaling pathway for Notch in mammalian cells. The specific role of Mam1 in the pathogenesis of T-cell ALL will be of additional interest.
Examining reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Community of Inquiry instrument using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis

Abstract This study examines the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) instrument for online learning. The measurement consists of 34 items to evaluate social, teaching, and cognitive presence and was translated from English into Korean for this study. A Cyber University in Seoul, Korea was selected for this study. Data were randomly split into two groups. Three factor-structures of the CoI framework explained 63.82% of the variance in the pattern of relationships among the items using the first split-half sample. All three presences had high reliabilities (all Cronbach's α > .913 or higher). The three-factor structure of the CoI framework with social, teaching, and cognitive presences confirms the validity of the Korean version of the CoI measurement by deleting two items which cross-loaded on multiple factors. Confirmatory factor modeling approach was used to assess the validity of the Korean version using the remaining half sample.
A Review of “The Future of Public Administration Around the World: The Minnowbrook Perspective Edited by Rosemary O'Leary, David M. Van Slyke, and Soonhee Kim”

The Future of Public Administration Around the World: The Minnowbrook Perspective. Edited by Rosemary O'Leary, David M. Van Slyke, and Soonhee Kim. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011...
Internationalization of computer science education

Internationalization of computer science education involves incorporating awareness, knowledge and skills of professional life in a global environment. Through an NSF CPATH1 grant we have established a Pacific Rim community of computer science departments, high tech industry and international programs exploring a new model of computer science education that focuses on the knowledge, skills and competencies necessary for professional success and leadership in a global context. This paper describes our progress in building an international community of computer science educators, as well as our efforts in curricular innovation and establishment of international summer schools. Internationalization of computer science education will help attract the best and brightest students and broaden the appeal of computer science to a much more diverse population. Computer science will be seen as a pathway to a career not in an isolated cubicle but in the wide-open world.
Unlocking the secrets of syndecans: Transgenic organisms as a potential key

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are known to modulate the activity of a large number of extracellular ligands thereby having the potential to regulate a great diversity of biological processes. The long-term studies in our laboratory have focused on the syndecans, one of the major cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan families. Most early work on syndecans involved biochemical studies that provided initial information on their structure and putative biological roles. In recent years, the development of transgenic organisms has allowed a more complete understanding of syndecan function. Studies with transgenic syndecan-1 and syndecan-3 mice have demonstrated an unforeseen role for syndecans in the regulation of feeding behavior. Syndecan-1 knockout mice display a reduced susceptibility to both Wnt-induced tumorigenesis and microbial pathogenesis. Experiments with Drosophila show that syndecan is first expressed upon cellularization in the early embryo, and may play a role in the early developmental stages of the fly. This review focuses on these diverse functions of the syndecans that have been elucidated by the use of transgenic mice and Drosophila as model systems.
Design Of Special Performance Bits Utilizing Synthetic Diamond Cutters

A new technique (diffusion bonding) for attaching synthetic, polycrystalline diamond cutters to drill bits has been developed by Sandia Laboratories with funding from the Department of Energy. To test the diffusion bonding technique and some new bit design concepts, Sandia is designing several types of special performance bits utilizing synthetic diamond compacts. Two all-compact bits, a hybrid diamond-compact/roller-cone bit, and two coring bits are being built for testing in laboratory and field environments. A special coring bit designed to operate with a pressure coring system and to be cleaned and cooled with a small quantity of low-invasion coring fluid is undergoing drilling tests. One configuration of the downhole replaceable chain drill utilizes synthetic diamond cutters at the pivot point, while a second configuration utilizes these cutters exclusively. This paper describes the design of each bit and presents the results of recent drilling tests. Design and testing philosophy are reviewed and plans for future design revisions and testing are described.
Television viewing and self‐concept among black children

Past research suggests that television has a negative influence on Black children's self‐concept. To test this assumption, this study examined the association between amount of time spent watching television and perceptions of self‐concept among 102 Black children. The major finding was that television viewing was related positively to the self‐concepts of girls and unrelated to boys’ self‐concepts.
Dynamic versus structural processing differences characterize laterality patterns of learning disabled children

Because children with learning disabilities (LD) exhibit deficient performance on a variety of perceptual laterality tasks across various modalities (i.e., auditory, visual, tactile) as well as when modalities are combined (i.e., verbal‐manual tasks), it is likely that these children experience some form of abnormal cerebral organization as hypothesized by Corballis (1983) and Obrzut (1988). In this article, I argue that cerebral dysfunction is the result of aberrant patterns of hemispheric activation and inhibition, weaknesses in selective attention, inadequate hemisphere “metacontrol,” or any combination of these which compromise cerebral specialization in populations with LD. Results based on dichotic listening and electroencephalographic (EEG) procedures are presented as evidence of hemisphere specific deficits in children with LD. Despite the ostensible lack of homogeneity in sample selection of children with LD in the reported studies, much of the data strongly suggests that performance differences ...
Solid state photodimerization of surfactant esters of cinnamic acid

Numerous examples of solid state photodimerizations have been reported. Although many of these reactions are topochemically controlled and lead to a single dimeric product in high Yield, the general synthetic utility of these reactions has been limited by the inability to manipulate and control crystal structures. The concept of "crystal engineering" has been advanced by Schmidt, Cohen and coworkers;' their approaches to controlling packing geometry have included introduction of a dichlorophenyl group into unsaturated systems and co-crystallization of mercuric chloride-organic mixtures. In the latter case, the packing of the mercuric chloride controls the type of lattice formed. In the course of our investigations of environmental and medium effects on photoreactions, we have investigated the photochemistry of several surfactant molecules. We were somewhat surprised to find that the p-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt of N-octadecyl-4-stilbazole undergoes clean solid state photodimerization to yield exclusively the syn-head-to-head dimer (l).' This is in contrast to the behavior of simple non-surfactant stilbatole salts and to that of other quaternary N-
Volume-interval relationship of incontinence episodes in elderly inpatient men

Urinary incontinence is an immense source of personal distress for older people. The characteristics of urinary incontinence in older people that contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of incontinence have not been studied extensively. In this study, 66 elderly inpatients were monitored for incontinence characteristics of incontinence volume and time interval between episodes. There was no correlation between incontinence volume and time between episodes of incontinence. This supports a previous observation that the occurrence of urinary incontinence in elderly inpatient men is not determined by the accumulated volume of urine in the bladder.
Analysing CASE system characteristics: evaluative framework

Abstract A large number of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools are now commercially available. These tools claim a varying range of facilities. It is a management information system (MIS) manager's responsibility to sort through these claimed facilities and choose a tool that can adequately meet system modelling needs. In the absence of any standards, the analysis preceding this choice is not easy. The paper analyses CASE facilities in detail and generates a number of criteria that can be used by the MIS manager for evaluation and selection of a CASE system for organizational use.
Molecular Simulation of the Nucleation and Growth of Gold Nanoparticles

Using hybrid Monte Carlo as well as molecular dynamics simulation, we study the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles from a supercooled liquid of Au at ambient pressure. We simulate the nucleatio...
Plasma matrix metalloproteinase and inhibitor profiles in patients with heart failure.

Abstract Background: Changes in myocardial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) have been demonstrated in congestive heart failure (CHF). The first objective of this study was to measure plasma profiles of MMPs and TIMPs in CHF patients (n = 24; 62 ± 3 years; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] = 24 ± 2%) and age-matched nonfailing patients (n = 48; 63 ± 2 years; LVEF ≥ 55%). Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α can induce MMP expression in vitro. The second objective of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble TNF-α receptors (TNFR1; TNFR2) and MMP plasma profiles. Methods and Results: Plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-8, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Plasma MMP-9 levels were increased in CHF patients (25 ± 6 versus 72 ± 15 ng/mL, P P P P =.058), whereas stable or increased plasma TNFR1 resulted in persistently elevated MMP-9 levels. Conclusions: The unique findings of this study were 2-fold. First, a discordant change in plasma MMP and TIMP levels occurred in CHF patients. Second, changes in cytokine activity were related to changes in plasma MMP levels. These changes in MMP/TIMP levels likely reflect the progression and/or acceleration of the LV remodeling process in CHF. Thus serial measurements of plasma MMP/TIMP levels may hold diagnostic/prognostic significance in CHF patients.
The extraction of uranium(VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by tri-N-octylamine

Abstract The partition of uranium(VI) between sulphuric acid solutions and solutions of tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in benzene has been investigated at varying concentrations of sulphuric acid, solvent and uranium and at different temperatures. The extraction of sulphuric acid and the water content of the organic phase have also been examined, and infra-red spectral studies made of the organic solutions. The mechanism of uranium extraction is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.
Pathologic changes associated with experimental exposure of rats to coal dust.

Abstract Male Wistar rats were exposed to bituminous coal dust considered to have high potential for induction of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). They developed lesions similar to simple CWP as described in human subjects. Comparable lesions observed were macules (focal, coal-laden macrophage accumulations associated with increased interstitial reticulin and collagen, with emphysema involving alveoli within the macule), which were of increased size, altered shape, and increased density in animals experiencing chronic exposures. More advanced lesion types, i.e., micronodule, macronodule, silicotic nodule, Caplan's lesion, and infective granuloma, were not observed in the experimental animals. Focal bronchiolization occurred in animals receiving at least 20 months' exposure. In the literature reviewed, this pathologic change is not described as a component of CWP.
Supporting real-time traffic in multihop vehicle-to-infrastructure networks

In this paper, a new Controlled Vehicular Internet Access protocol with QoS support (CVIA-QoS) is introduced. CVIA-QoS employs fixed gateways along the road which perform periodic admission control and scheduling decisions for the packet traffic in their service area. The CVIA-QoS protocol is based on Controlled Vehicular Internet Access (CVIA) protocol that was designed only for the best-effort traffic. The most important contribution of the CVIA-QoS protocol is providing delay bounded throughput guarantees for soft real-time traffic, which is an important challenge especially for a mobile multihop network. After the demands of the soft real-time traffic is met, CVIA-QoS supports the best-effort traffic with the remaining bandwidth. Simulation results confirm that in CVIA-QoS protocol, the real-time throughput is not affected from the best-effort load and its delay is much smaller than CVIA delay when both the real-time and best-effort load exist in the channel. It has been observed that, unlike, CVIA-QoS, IEEE 802.11e with multi-hopping suffers from lower throughput and high number of real-time packet drops.
Ganglioside abnormalities associated with failed neural differentiation in a T-locus mutant mouse embryo

Abstract The T-locus on mouse chromosome 17 contains a number of mutations that disrupt cellular differentiation and embryonic development. Because of their purported role in neuronal differentiation and brain development, gangliosides were studied in mouse embryos homozygous for two T-locus mutations: T and twl. Mice homozygous for the dominant T mutation die from failed mesodermal differentiation in the notochord, whereas mice homozygous for the recessive twl mutation die from failed neural differentiation in the ventral portion of the neural tube. No major ganglioside abnormalities were found in T T mutant embryos at Embryonic Day 10 (E-10). In contrast, E-11 t wl t wl mutants expressed a marked deficiency of the tetrasialoganglioside GQ1. Since this ganglioside migrates with GQ1b in three different thinlayer solvent systems, it may have the same structure as GQ1b. To gain insight into regional distribution, gangliosides were examined in head regions and body regions of normal (+/+) E-11 embryos. The ganglioside composition of these regions was the same as that of the whole embryo, with GM3 and GD3 comprising about 75% of the total ganglioside distribution. Moreover, N-acetylneuraminic acid was the only sialic acid species detectable in the E-10 and the E-11 embryos. These findings indicate that N-acetylneuraminic acid-containing gangliosides are synthesized actively in E-10 and E-11 mouse embryos and also suggest that the GQ1 deficiency in the t wl t wl mutants is closely associated with failed neural differentiation.
Evidence for basal forebrain thirst osmoreceptors in rat.

Abstract Albino rats received bilateral intracranial injections of 0.33 or 0.34osM saline or sucrose solutions through injectors that terminated either in the lateral ventricles, the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis or in the lateral preoptic area. Both solutions elicited drinking when injected into the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis or lateral preoptic area but not when injected into the lateral ventricles. Only 0.48osM saline was effective intraventricularly. These findings suggest that there are thirst osmoreceptors in the basal forebrain that can be activated by hypertonic solutions that are within the physiological range. They do not support the view that mammals are apprised of cellular dehydration by ventricular Na receptors.
G Matrix assembly and SCF iteration damping

Abstract Some simplifications to Duke's method for assembly of the G matrix are presented. These modifications make it more efficient and applicable on machines with word lengths shorter than 60 bits. Additionally an improvement to the SCF iterative damping scheme of de Montogolfier and Horeau is given.
Viscoelastic evolution of lunar multiring basins

[1] We investigate the evolution of multiring basins on the Moon. The orbital geophysical and geochemical data collected by Lunar Prospector allow three distinct groups of basins to be identified. Group 1 basins show well-preserved topography, a bull's-eye gravity signature, and little mare basalt fill. Group 2 basins contain large amounts of mare basalt and show mare-dominated gravity and topography signatures. Group 3 basins are characterized by low-amplitude topographic relief and weak gravity anomalies. While the crustal structures of group 1 and 2 basins appear to date from the collapse of the transient cavity, group 3 basins are highly degraded and show very little crustal thinning. Using a viscoelastic model, we explore the evolution of the lunar multiring basins, with the goal of explaining the degraded condition of group 3 basins. Our results show that while viscous relaxation is a plausible explanation for the state of group 3 farside basins, requiring heat flux > 25–40 mW m−2, the thin nearside crust renders subsolidus ductile flow in the crust unlikely. The existence of many degraded basins on the nearside points to a weakened, and possibly partially molten, lower crust. That South Pole–Aitken appears not to have relaxed suggests that similar conditions did not exist there and that the nearside was hotter than the farside early on. This is likely a consequence of the nearside-farside crustal thickness dichotomy, which would have caused the farside to reach full crystallization first, leaving the nearside with the remaining liquid and an excess of heat-producing elements.
Characterization of the solution complex between the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase and HIV-I trans-activating region RNA

The antiviral activity of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) is mediated through dsRNA binding leading to PKR autophosphorylation and subsequent inhibition of protein synthesis. Previous biochemical studies have suggested that autophosphorylation of PKR occurs via a protein-protein interaction and that PKR can form dimers in vitro. Using four independent biophysical and biochemical methods, we have characterized the solution complex formed between PKR and trans-activating region (TAR) RNA, a 57-nucleotide RNA species with double-stranded secondary structure derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type I genome. Chemical cross-linking and gel filtration analyses of PKR.TAR RNA complexes reveals that TAR RNA addition increases PKR dimerization and results in the formation of a solution complex with a molecular weight of approximately 150,000. Addition of TAR RNA to PKR results in a quenching of tryptophan fluorescence, indicative of a conformational shift. Through small angle neutron scattering analysis, we show that PKR exists in solution predominantly as a dimer, and has an elongated solution structure. Addition of TAR RNA to PKR causes a significant conformational shift in the protein at a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio of protein to RNA. Taken together, these data indicate that the PKR activation complex consists of a protein dimer bound cooperatively to one dsRNA molecule.
The role of family and home in the literacy development of children from low-income backgrounds.

The authors of this chapter propose and test a model of individual differences in the development of emergent literacy. The model provides a means for evaluating the contribution of various aspects of the home environment to children's emerging literacy skills and helps to clarify the processes by which family environment and different domains of emergent literacy are related.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Enantiomerically Enriched Thiiranium Ions

Enantiomerically enriched thiiranium ion 5 has been prepared by silver-assisted ionization of chloro sulfide 4 at -20 degrees C. This thiiranium ion is configurationally stable in solution up to room temperature as demonstrated by the stereospecific capture of the ion by various oxygen- and nitrogen-based nucleophiles. Both isolated olefins and weak Lewis bases can promote the racemization of 5 but these processes can also be suppressed at low temperature. Capture of 5 by methanol is faster than the racemization processes.
Graphic Design: Is It Just Another Advertising Expense?

Identifying the period when a business benefits from advertising expenditures has proven to be difficult. Because of the difficulty in allocating expenses to a particular period, tax authorities provide for the current deduction of advertising expense even though it is reasonable to expect future benefits from the activities. In 1998, citing case history, administrative pronouncements, and the definition of advertising, the Tax Court allowed the immediate deduction of the costs for the graphic design of cigarette packaging incurred by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. The Internal Revenue Service did not acquiesce to the Tax Court's decision, and we can expect the deduction of advertising expense, especially graphic design, to remain an interesting and challenging issue.
Metabolic Changes in Trichomonas gallinae Resulting from Growth in Various Carbohydrates

SYNOPSIS. The influence of the type of growth carbohydrate on the subsequent metabolic activity of Trichomonas gallinae was investigated. Washed suspensions of cells collected from CPL-glucose, CPL-maltose, CPL-galactose, and CPL-glucose-maltose media were examined in the Warburg respirometer for their ability to utilize glucose, maltose, and galactose. Comparisons of the metabolic parameters of substrate consumption, changes in glycogen content, and CO2 and H2 production were made. The pattern of utilization of the sugars, both qualitatively and quantitatively, depended upon the type of carbohydrate in the CPL medium used to culture the cells and upon the time of exposure of the cells to a particular sugar in the medium.
Dipolar recoupling of I = 1/2, S = 3/2 spin pairs with SEDOR for static and spinning samples.

Spin-echo, double-resonance (SEDOR) dipolar recoupling experiments are illustrated on an I = 1/2, S = 3/2 spin system for static and spinning samples. An 15N23Na spin system is used to show that the simple pulse sequence is very effective in causing 15N dipolar dephasing using either a 23Na π/2 recoupling pulse or a long radio-frequency (r.f.) recoupling pulse. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Externally Suppressible Proline Quadruplet CCCUU

Three (+1) frameshift mutations located at different genetic sites respond with high specificity to the same external suppressor. In each case, the suppressor restores small amounts of protein that is normal in electrophoretic mobility and heat stability. One of these proteins has been shown to have the wildtype amino acid sequence. The messenger RNA quadruplet CCCUUappears to be common to all three frameshift sites and to be translated by the suppressor as proline. A likely suppressor agent is a proline transfer RNA with a quadruplet anticodon or its functional equivalent.
Energy exchange between gases and solids

Abstract The accommodation coefficient for collisional energy exchange between a gas and a solid surface is examined in terms of a desorption process under non-isothermal conditions. A measure of the probability that a molecule will gain or lose energy on striking a surface is derived from the ratio of the rate of desorption at the temperature of the solid T2 to the total rate of impingement of gas molecules with initial temperature T1. The functional dependence of the accommodation coefficient on gas pressure and surface temperature is compared with experimental observations.
Multi-rate networked control of conic (dissipative) systems

This paper presents a novel multi-rate digital-control system which preserves stability while providing robustness to time-delay and data loss. In addition, this architecture allows for high-order anti-aliasing filters to be included which do not adversely affect system stability. Therefore, it allows for improved noise-rejection and system performance as compared to traditional digital control systems. It is shown that this framework, based on passivity-based networked control principles, can be used to control not only passive-(dissipative) systems (systems inside the sector [0,∞]) but conic-(dissipative) systems which are inside the sector [a, b] in which |a| &#60; b, 0 &#60; b ≤ ∞. We demonstrate the applicability of our result through the direct position control of a single-degree of freedom haptic paddle which is inside the sector [−τ,∞] in which 0 &#60; τ &#60; ∞.
Book Review: Latin American Urban Development into the 21st Century: Towards a Renewed Perspective on the City

This book is both interesting and frustrating, although more the former than the latter. On one hand, the main argument of the editors is important and most of the individual chapters offer much in the way of new insights, new data and new methodologies. On the other hand, the individual chapters do not offer clear support for the editors� main argument, nor do they connect very well to each other. Thus, while readers will surely learn a lot about specific issues in individual Latin American cities, what they take away regarding Latin American urban development overall is less clear. The editors of Latin American Urban Development into the 21st Century justify the new volume as needed to counter what they consider to be the dominant approach to Latin American cities. In the introductory and concluding chapters, they characterise the currently prevailing approach as one that: views cities as divided; examines parts and processes of cities in isolation from one another; privileges a decontextualised and negative vision of shantytowns, informality and cities in general; and leads to limited, fragmented urban development policies. By contrast, their �renewed perspective� is a holistic approach that calls for analysing cities more systemically, such that geographic and sectoral connections can be revealed and local public policy can better address the problems facing Latin American cities such as crime, inequality and segregation, and inadequate infrastructure and services. The editors� brief against the �fractured cities� perspective rings true, and their alternative �whole cities� approach appears compelling. However, the chapters in the rest of the book � organised in two parts under the headings of �Reconceptualizing urban fragmentation� and �
Combining distinct graduate and undergraduate HCI courses: an experiential and interactive approach

We developed combined graduate and undergraduate courses in which undergraduates created a prototype based on user-centered design, and graduate students worked with them to evaluate those prototypes based on common usability principles. It provided undergraduate students experience practicing user centered design, while providing graduate students experience with usability evaluation. It also provided graduate students the opportunity to introduce current HCI research areas to students who may be considering graduate school. The course successfully engaged both graduate and undergraduate students while providing a beneficial experience through their interactions.
Understanding an electronic medical records system implementation through the punctuated equilibrium lens

For many years, organisational literature has focused on answering the numerous questions surrounding organisational change. This case study will apply Gersick's (1991) adaptation of punctuated equilibrium for understanding the change process within the context of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system implementation. The punctuated equilibrium model depicts system changes as alternating equilibrium periods, only allowing for incremental change; and revolution periods, whereby the structure is changed fundamentally. By examining these stages of the punctuated equilibrium model, the hope is to further the understanding of how to manage a change process by highlighting one organisation's successful implementation of an EMR system.
PROLONGED VIABILITY OF OEDOCLADIUM AKINETES1

SUMMARY Dry 3.5-yr-old akinetes of Oedocladium packed with carotenoid pigments, fat and starch, became green and reproduced like ordinary vegetative cells when they were placed in a defined mineral medium.
A Direct Route to Full Employment

This article proposes the formation of a National Investment Employment Corps to provide a job guarantee for all citizens and to perform the work necessary to maintain and expand the nation's physical and human infrastructure. The permanent establishment of the National Investment Employment Corps coupled with the federal job guarantee not only would address the employment needs created by the current economic crisis but would yield enduring benefits to national well being. Moreover, it would provide a direct mechanism for producing continuous full employment in the US economy.
Local Current Variation by Depth in Geobacter Sulfurreducens Biofilms

New methods of detecting local extracellular electron transfer rates in electrochemically active biofilms (EABs) are needed to quantify the role of microscale gradients in extracellular electron transfer. We utilized electrode-respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms as a model EAB to demonstrate local current measurement by depth using microelectrodes with a graphite tip covered by biofilm. We grew G. sulfurreducens biofilms on an electrode (electrode-biofilm) and on the tip of a microelectrode (microelectrodebiofilm) and monitored current generation. The microelectrode-biofilm current was negatively affected by the current produced in the electrode-biofilm; this resulted in a change in current, . We found a 30% decrease in current from the top of the electrode-biofilm to the bottom of the electrode-biofilm. We attribute the current loss at the microelectrode-biofilm to exposure to local microscale conditions that reduced the ability of the microelectrode-biofilm to participate in extracellular electron transfer. It is possible that such microscale gradients as pH, redox and acetate caused a 30% current drop between top and bottom. The new technique developed in this research provides a measure of the local impact of extracellular electron transfer occurring within a thick biofilm. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any
METHANE FLAME PROPAGATION IN COMPOSITIONALLY STRATIFIED GASES

ABSTRACT Flame propagation in compositionally stratified methane-air mixtures was studied experimentally as a function of the equivalence ratio distribution in the unburnt mixture. Stratification was established in a controlled manner using a convective-diffusive balance in a very slow fuel-air mixture flow in an optically accessible test chamber. The flame speed was shown to be significantly higher than the one corresponding to a homogeneous mixture of the local equivalence ratio for mixture compositions close to the lean flammability limit. Also a significant extension of the lean flammability limit was observed. It was established that the local spatial gradient of the equivalence ratio was not sufficient to describe the departure of stratified combustion from quasi-homogeneity. Instead, an appropriately defined integral parameter that depended on the history of flame propagation was shown to determine when the flame could not be treated as a series of premixed flamelets propagating at the local adiaba...
INCORPORATION OF AQUEOUS REACTION AND SORPTION KINETICS AND BIODEGRADATION INTO TOUGHREACT

The needs for considering aqueous and sorption kinetics and microbiological processes arises in many subsurface problems, such as environmental and acid mine remediation. A general rate expression has been implemented into TOUGHREACT, which considers multiple mechanisms(pathways) and includes multiple product, Monod, and inhibition terms. In this paper, the formulation for incorporating kinetic rates among primary species into the mass balance equations is presented. A batch sulfide oxidation problem is simulated. The resulting concentrations are consistent with simple hand calculations. A 1-D reactive transport problem with kinetic biodegradation and sorption was investigated, which models the processes when a pulse of water containing NTA (nitrylotriacetate) and cobalt is injected into a column. The problem has several interacting chemical processes that are common to many environmental problems: biologically-mediated degradation of an organic substrate, bacterial cell growth and decay, metal sorption and aqueous speciation including metal-ligand complexation. The TOUGHREACT simulation results agree very well with those obtained with other simulators.
Current Concepts in the Classification of Interstitial Lung Disease

The diagnosis and classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias continue to be problematic areas for pathologists. The recently proposed American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias defines specific clinical, radiologic, and pathologic criteria for each of the pulmonary disorders that encompass the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. In this review, the highlights of this classification are presented, along with recommended guidelines for handling lung biopsy specimens and diagnosing interstitial lung diseases.
Centers and peripheries: Network roles in language change

Sociolinguistic studies have demonstrated that centrally-connected and peripheral members of social networks can both propel and impede the spread of linguistic innovations. We use agent-based computer simulations to investigate the dynamic properties of these network roles in a large social influence network, in which diffusion is modeled as the probabilistic uptake of one of several competing variants by agents of unequal social standing. We find that highly-connected agents, structural equivalents of leaders in empirical studies, advance on-going change by spreading competing variants. Isolated agents, or loners, holding on to existing variants are safe-keepers of variants considered old or new depending on the current state of the rest of the population. InnovationsspreadfollowingavarietyofS-curvesandstabilizeasnormsinthenetworkonly