cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk-aware revenue maximization in display advertising

Display advertising is the graphical advertising on the World Wide Web (WWW) that appears next to content on web pages, instant messaging (IM) applications, email, etc. Over the past decade, display ads have evolved from simple banner and pop-up ads to include various combinations of text, images, audio, video, and animations. As a market segment, display continues to show substantial growth potential, as evidenced by companies such as Microsoft, Yahoo, and Google actively vying for market share. As a sales process, display ads are typically sold in packages, the result of negotiations between sales and advertising agents. A key component to any successful business model in display advertising is sound pricing. Main objectives for on-line publishers (e.g. Amazon, YouTube, CNN) are maximizing revenue while managing their available inventory appropriately, and pricing must reflect these considerations.This paper addresses the problem of maximizing revenue by adjusting prices of display inventory. We cast this as an inventory allocation problem. Our formal objective (a) maximizes revenue using (b) iterative price adjustments in the direction of the gradient of an appropriately constructed Lagrangian relaxation. We show that our optimization approach drives the revenue towards local maximum under mild conditions on the properties of the (unknown) demand curve.The major unknown for optimizing revenue in display environment is how the demand for display ads changes to prices, the classical demand curve. This we address directly, by way of a factorial pricing experiment. This enables us to estimate the gradient of the revenue function with respect to inventory prices. Overall, the result is a principled, risk-aware, and empirically efficient methodology.This paper is based on research undertaken on behalf of one of Google's clients.
Impaired Neutrophil Migration Associated with Specific Bovine CXCR2 Genotypes

Bovine mastitis continues to be the most detrimental factor for profitable dairying. Recent research conducted within our laboratory has identified a genetic marker in the CXCR2 gene associated with mastitis susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the migratory ability of neutrophils from cows with different CXCR2 +777 genotypes. Neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood of 30 Holstein cows were tested for in vitro migration and adhesion molecule expression. Cows with the CC or GC genotype at CXCR2 +777 showed significantly lower neutrophil migration to recombinant human interleukin-8 (rhIL-8) than cows with the GG genotype (P < 0.05). Cows with the CC genotype at CXCR2 +777 also showed decreased neutrophil migration to zymosan-activated serum compared to these same cows (P < 0.05). Decreased upregulation of CD18 expression was observed after stimulation with rhIL-8 in cows expressing the CXCR2 +777 CC genotype compared to cows expressing the GG genotype (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed for CD11b (P < 0.10). However, no difference in CD62 downregulation was observed with respect to genotype. These results provide initial evidence for a phenotypic association between a single nucleotide polymorphism and neutrophil function in dairy cows, as well as potential insight into specific mechanisms affected in cows more susceptible to mastitis.
Respirator Donning in Post-Hurricane New Orleans

Many respirators certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), particularly disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FF respirators [Figure 1]), are available to the public. The certification indicates that the respirator material will perform at a given filter efficiency (1). Because proper fit is also necessary for respirator function, US regulations state that an employer who requires workers to wear respirators must establish a respiratory protection program that covers respirator selection and maintenance, fit testing, and worker instruction (2). Although nonoccupational respirator use has not been well studied, members of the public who use respirators may be less likely than workers in a respiratory protection program to achieve a proper fit, given lack of formal training (3). Figure 1 Noncertified masks and certified respirators. A surgical mask (upper left) and a dust mask (lower left) are examples of disposable masks that are not designed to filter small particles and that are not certified by the National Institute for Occupational ... Public health agencies have recommended N95 FF respirators to members of the public for some situations. Such occasions have included after major floods, for potential heavy exposure to bioaerosols in water-damaged buildings (Grand Forks, North Dakota, 1997; eastern North Carolina after Hurricane Floyd, 1999) (4), and for settings that pose a risk for airborne transmission of infection, such as during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic (for select patients at risk of acquiring the infection and for persons visiting patients with SARS) (5–7). There is also a longstanding recommendation for N95 FF respirator use for visitors of hospitalized patients with tuberculosis (8). The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) currently recommends that persons living in or visiting an area affected by avian influenza A (H5N1) wear N95 FF respirators when in contact with birds in an enclosed environment (9). In the fall of 2005, after the unprecedented flooding in New Orleans, Louisiana caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, public health officials recommended that members of the public use N95 FF respirators when cleaning or remediating mold-contaminated buildings (10). A survey of 159 New Orleans area residents 7 weeks after Katrina found that 68% of those interviewed were aware of the recommendation (11) and that at least 30% of those participating in remediation activities had used a NIOSH-certified respirator (12). Despite these levels of awareness and experience, subsequent anecdotal reports suggested that some New Orleans residents were not properly donning N95 FF respirators. Improper donning would promote the entry of unfiltered air through leaks or gaps between the respirator and the skin, compromising the protection offered (13). To better understand respirator use by the public, we investigated the nonoccupational use and donning of N95 FF respirators in post-hurricane New Orleans.
Child with Sotos phenotype and a 5:15 translocation

The authors report on a 4-year-old girl with Sotos phenotype and a de novo balanced translocation between the long arms of chromosome 5 and chromosome 15 [46,XX,t(5,15)(q35;q22)]. They suggest a relationship between genetic material at 5q35 or 15q22 and the expression of an autosomal dominant gene. 18 refs., 2 figs.
A simple but realistic assembly language for a course in computer organization

Computer science curriculums, constantly evolving to include new material and methodologies, have reduced the amount of time spent on low-level computer hardware and organization. Our institution recently combined a course on computer organization and a course on assembly language programming into one course covering both topics. The choice of assembly language is a critical decision that contributes to the success of the course. ANNA (a new noncomplex architecture) is a new 16-bit instruction set architecture that is similar to MIPS but has fewer instructions. The instruction set, while small, is sufficient in illustrating how high-level languages are translated into assembly, how to design a CPU datapath, and how to implement pipelining. Real-world assembly languages such as IA-32 or MIPS have many subtleties that complicate the learning experience for students and consume valuable class time. This paper describes the ANNA assembly language and the assembler and simulator tools that can be used in the classroom. In addition, the paper describes how ANNA can be used effectively in a combined course on assembly language programming and computer organization. ANNA was used in three courses with very positive results based on our observations and feedback from students.
Contrasting Multi-Lingual Prosodic Cues to Predict Verbal Feedback for Rapport

Verbal feedback is an important information source in establishing interactional rapport. However, predicting verbal feedback across languages is challenging due to language-specific differences, inter-speaker variation, and the relative sparseness and optionality of verbal feedback. In this paper, we employ an approach combining classifier weighting and SMOTE algorithm oversampling to improve verbal feedback prediction in Arabic, English, and Spanish dyadic conversations. This approach improves the prediction of verbal feedback, up to 6-fold, while maintaining a high overall accuracy. Analyzing highly weighted features highlights widespread use of pitch, with more varied use of intensity and duration.
Exploiting global causality in testing of distributed and component-based applications

A new approach to testing component-based applications is presented, which exploits the practice in component-based systems of generating stub/skeleton modules and using these stubs/skeletons to construct a global perspective of end-to-end causality of inter-component communication. This global causality is captured regardless of reentrancy, callbacks, thread and process boundaries, and unsynchronized clocks. The captured logs created from the interception points are used to construct a system-wide component interaction model that can expose the inter-component dependencies usually hidden in static analysis of application code. These discovered dependencies are used to create a test boundary for applying a component test harness for that component and the set of dependent components. Similarly, the discovered dependencies can be applied to pruning the available test cases to identify those cases that are best suited to exposing defects when one or more components are changed. A particular advantage of the approach has been the ability to isolate the sequence of events that led up to a crash or a deadlock condition and view the entire system behavior (not just a particular thread's perspective or a linear log of intercepted messages).
Medium-Chain Triglycerides as Stress Agents in Vitamin K Deficiency

Abstract THE feeding of triglycerides containing fatty acids of medium chain length (MCT) creates a stress on vitamin E (Fisher and Kaunitz, 1965; Budowski et al., 1969). Continuing studies in this laboratory have indicated that the replacement of dietary long-chain triglycerides by MCT reduces the hypercholesterolemia of cholesterol-fed chickens (Fisher and Griminger, 1970). It was of interest to see whether one might use dietary MCT to obtain a more severe deficiency of another fat-soluble nutrient, vitamin K. To this end, the degree of vitamin K-deficiency in chickens receiving vitamin K-deficient diets containing MCT, corn oil, or no supplementary fats was compared, and the effect of supplementation of such diets with graded levels of different vitamin K sources investigated. PROCEDURE The nitrogenous moiety in the vitamin K-deficient diet used in these tests was supplied (in percent) by isolated soy protein, 30, dl -methionine, 0.4, and glycine, 0.5. In addition, the diet contained reagent-grade…
Oxytocin receptors in the human uterus during pregnancy and parturition

We have determined the concentration and distribution of oxytocin receptors in myometrial and decidual tissues obtained at cesarean section or hysterectomy during pregnancy. Myometrial receptor concentration was low at 13 to 17 weeks but had risen about twelvefold by 37 to 41 weeks. After the onset of labor, either preterm or term, the receptor levels were maximal and significantly higher than before the onset of labor. In cases of failed induction of labor with oxytocin and in postterm pregnancies (43 to 46 weeks), the receptor concentration was significantly lower than in spontaneous labor. Myometrial receptor concentrations in the fundus and the corpus were similar and significantly higher than in the lower part of the uterine segment, and the cervix had the lowest concentration. The parietal decidua had oxytocin receptor concentrations of the same magnitude as the myometrium. These results are consistent with a functional role of endogenous oxytocin in the activation of the human uterus during pregnancy and parturition.
A matroid analogue of a theorem of Brooks for graphs

Brooks proved that the chromatic number of a loopless connected graph G is at most the maximum degree of G unless G is an odd cycle or a clique. This note proves an analogue of this theorem for G F ( p ) -representable matroids when p is prime, thereby verifying a natural generalization of a conjecture of Peter Nelson.
Could Improving Choice and Competition in Medicare Advantage be the Future of Medicare

About 30 percent of Medicare beneficiaries enroll in private Medicare Advantage (MA) plans but do so at a relatively high-cost. This paper explores the advantages and challenges of introducing competitive bidding among MA plans (Plan One) or among MA plans and Fee-for-Service (Plan Two or Premium Support). We conclude that competitive bidding could reduce the cost of Medicare, especially in densely populated urban areas. However, there would be serious challenges in rural areas and risk adjustment methodology would have to be substantially improved. In Plan Two, sicker beneficiaries might move to Fee-for-Service and beneficiaries might have to pay more to stay with a preferred provider or broader network. If these problems are addressed, we believe that premium support can be a meaningful improvement to the MA program.
Americans' Belief in Linked Fate: Does the Measure Capture the Concept?

For decades, scholars have attributed Black Americans' unified political and policy views, despite growing internal class and status differences, to a strong perception of linked fate. In recent years, the concept has been measured in other racial and ethnic groups and with regard to gender, but not applied to social statuses such as class or religion. Without broad comparisons across groups and different statuses, however, one cannot determine the appropriate empirical test or most distinctive correlates of this canonical construct. Using a new national survey, we examine Americans' views of linked fate by race or ethnicity, and also by gender, class, or religion. We find expressions of linked fate to be similar across racial or ethnic groups, robust to experimental manipulation, and as strong for class as for racial or ethnic identity. Intra-individual correlations on linked fate items are very high, while a sense of linked fate is rarely associated with political views or political participation. Expressions of linked fate are not always closely related to feelings of closeness to one's group or perceptions of discrimination against that group. We speculate on the broader meaning of responses to this standard item, and conclude that the enormously fruitful theory of racial linked fate is due for further conceptual development and empirical experimentation.
Algorithms in the Diagnosis and Management of Exotic Diseases. XIV. Tapeworms

Three major species of giant tapeworm, with mean lengths of 10-30 feet, may be found in the small intestines of man. The great size of these parasitic organisms has rendered them obvious since ancient times. All three tapeworms are transmitted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked flesh. Taenia saginata larvae are found in beef, those of Taenia solium in pork, and those of Diphyllobothrium latum in fish. The beef and fish tapeworms are distributed worldwide, with some transmission in the United States; the pork tapeworm is less widespread and is essentially an imported infection in the United States. Although these enormous creatures that inhabit the gut of man have been associated with intestinal and systemic disturbances, there is little definitive evidence for such symptomatology. Thus, the beef tapeworm appears to be essentially a benign, commensal organism. The larval stages of the pork tapeworm, however, can develop in man and cause lesions throughout the body, including the brain; these lesions are a major cause of epilepsy in some endemic areas. The fish tapeworm has a unique avidity for vitamin B12 and has been associated with the development of pernicious anemia in man. Recent drugs have rendered the treatment of the adult intestinal tapeworms a relatively sure and simple process.
Biaxial system using the Benchmark intracranial guide catheter for placement of a Pipeline Embolization Device for intracranial aneurysms

Background The Benchmark (Penumbra, Alameda, CA) is a novel intracranial guide catheter that provides optimized proximal stability combined with a hyperflexible and atraumatic tip. We assessed the use of a biaxial catheter system consistent with the Benchmark and Marksman microcatheter for placement of a Pipeline embolization device (PED) for intracranial aneurysms. Methods We reviewed consecutive patients with aneurysms undergoing Pipeline embolization for an aneurysm using the biaxial system from April to October 2015 at a major academic institution in the United States. Benchmark performance was measured by the number of 90° turns the catheter could safely cross. Landing and final positions of the Benchmark were recorded. Results A total of 26 procedures were performed in 25 patients (mean age 59.5 ± 10.3 years; male:female = 1:4). In one case (3.8%) the biaxial system had to be substituted for a traditional triaxial system. The Benchmark was able to cross one, two, or three 90° turns in 48%, 40%, and 8% of cases, respectively. There was one (3.8%) thromboembolic event and no arterial dissections. In the period from January 2014 to March 2015 and prior to adopting the biaxial system we encountered three thromboembolic events (6.4%) and one (2.1%) dissection potentially related to the triaxial system in 47 PED procedures. Conclusion Preliminary experience shows that a biaxial system using the Benchmark is a safe and efficacious alternative to the traditional triaxial guide catheter system for placement of PED and may reduce the complexity and duration of the procedure.
A Look at the Legal Environment for Driverless Vehicles - Chapter II: New Technologies and Legal Change: A Brief History

This chapter draft is part of a larger report on the legal issues associated with driverless vehicles (NCHRP Legal Research Digest 69), co-authored with Professors Dorothy Glancy and Robert Peterson of the Santa Clara University School of Law. This chapter draft discusses the early legal responses to technologies such as steamboats, railroads, telegraphy, automobiles, airplanes, and computers, with an emphasis on how the law has been invoked to address the perceived risks associated with these devices and systems.
Optimization and application on the toxicity test method of zebrafish

Objective By optimizing the acute toxicity test method of zebrafish, the toxic effect of coenzyme Q, fructooligosaccharides(FOS) and bisphenol A on zebrafish were detected and analyzed, and to explore the application prospect of the method in food safety test and evaluation. Methods The basic state of zebrafish and the acute toxicity test conditions were optimized. Zebrafish were exposured to the solution containing different concentrations of coenzyme Q, FOS and bisphenol A for 48 h, the zebrafish toxicity and mortality rate were observed, the toxic effect were detected. Results When zebrafish were fed in the test solution containing 100 ~1000mg/L coenzyme Q for 48 h, no toxicity was found, the LC50 of coenzyme Q in 48 h was greater than1000mg/L. While zebrafish were fed in the test solution containing 100~1000mg/L FOS for 48 h, no toxicity was found, the LC50 of FOS in 48 h was greater than 1000mg/L. After zebrafish were fed in the test solution containing 10mg/L bisphenol A for 3h, containing 8mg/L bisphenol A for 6h,containing 6mg/L bisphenol A for 12 h,the toxic reaction could be detected, the LC50 of bisphenol A in 48 h was 7.15mg/L. Conclusion This study showed that the optimized acute toxicity test method of zebrafish can be used as rapid detection method for the acute toxicity of food and food contaminants, and has a wide range of applications in the safety test and evaluation of food.
The NRAO VLA D-Array Sky Survey (NVSS)

Early large scale radio surveys of the sky were made with instruments with poor imaging quality and were limited to measuring positions and brightnesses of discrete sources. In recent decades radio interferometric arrays have dramatically increased their speed, sensitivity and ability to image the sky and several large scale radio surveys are currently being made with imaging instruments. One of these surveys is discussed in this paper.
Cultivating a Public Sector Knowledge Management Community of Practice

ActKM is a Community of Practice for people interested in public sector Knowledge Management. Having begun in 1998, the community now numbers more than 550 members and is nurtured and maintained predominantly, but not exclusively, online. Utilising the Cynefin sensemaking framework (Snowden, 2002a), this chapter analyses the ActKM community and provides a practical account of its history, purpose, guiding principles, goals, characteristics and dynamics. The chapter concludes with a summary of the lessons learned from the ActKM experience that others might find useful in cultivating a vibrant Community of Practice of this type. INTRODUCTION In 1998, a handful of people interested in the topic of public sector Knowledge Management (KM) met to discuss how they might learn from one another. By 2003, this group had grown to become a community of more than 550 people. On a daily basis, members of this community participate in an online This chapter appears in the book, Knowledge Networks: Innovation Through Communities of Practice, edited by Paul M. Hildreth and Chris Kimble. Copyright © 2004, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited. 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.idea-group.com IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING
Vision Loss in a Young, Healthy Woman Following Liposuction

A previously healthy 38-year-old female developed vision loss after abdominoplasty and liposuction of the back, flanks, infragluteal region, and thighs. Ophthalmic exam revealed bilateral optic nerve edema consistent with postoperative ischemic optic neuropathy. Laboratory workup revealed severe anemia. Despite correction of anemia, the patient suffered permanent visual loss in the left eye. Here, we review the previous reports on ischemic optic neuropathy after liposuction and the 2012 American Society of Anesthesiology Practice Advisory for perioperative vision loss.
CyGraph: Graph-Based Analytics and Visualization for Cybersecurity

Abstract This chapter describes CyGraph, a system for improving network security posture, maintaining situational awareness in the face of cyberattacks, and focusing on protection of mission-critical assets. CyGraph adopts a unified graph-based cybersecurity model relevant to potential and actual cyberattacks, defenses, and mission impacts. It captures incremental attack vulnerability, security events, and mission dependencies within a network environment, builds a predictive model of possible attack paths and critical vulnerabilities, and correlates events to known vulnerability paths. It also includes dependencies among mission requirements and network assets, for analysis in the context of mission assurance. The resulting knowledge graph captures the complex relationships among entities in the cybersecurity domain. CyGraph brings together isolated data and events into an overall picture for decision support and situational awareness. It prioritizes exposed vulnerabilities, mapped to potential threats, in the context of mission-critical assets. In the face of actual attacks, it correlates intrusion alerts to known vulnerability paths and suggests best courses of action for responding to attacks. For postattack forensics, it shows vulnerable paths that may warrant deeper inspection. CyGraph also supports CyQL (CyGraph Query Language), a domain-specific query language for expressing graph patterns of interest, with interactive visualization of query results. To help manage visual complexity, CyGraph supports the separation of graph models into interdependent layers. For time-dependent graph models, it provides dynamic visualization of evolving graph state. CyGraph also integrates with third-party tools for visualizing graph state changes (e.g., driven by simulations). Furthermore, it has capabilities for synthesizing graph models with particular statistical properties.
Improving resident well-being and clinical learning environment through academic initiatives.

Abstract Background Organizational effects on job satisfaction, burnout, work-life balance, and perceived support have not been studied in the context of the clinical learning environment. We evaluated the relationship between academic resources and resident well-being, the clinical learning environment, and in-service examination performance of surgical residents. Materials and methods Residents of general surgery and surgical specialty programs were recruited from March 2016 through June 2016 across the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast regions. Program directors were asked to allow distribution of a paper survey or to forward an electronic survey link onto residents. Five dichotomous questions were asked regarding access to academic resources. Validated measures were obtained assessing resident well-being and perceived clinical learning environment. Data were analyzed through t-tests and chi-squared test of independence. Results We received 276 respondents across 50 programs. Residents perceiving adequate support to succeed had less burnout (P = 0.008), better resilience (P = 0.009), better job satisfaction (P Conclusions Provision of academic resources has implications beyond in-service examination performance, correlating with improved resident well-being and perceptions of the clinical learning environment.
Scheduling and Power Allocation for Hybrid Access Cognitive Femtocells

This paper addresses the problem of resource and power allocation for hybrid access femtocells. We introduce a refund mechanism to incentivize femtocell basestations (FBSs) to serve macrocell users (MUEs) suffering from low signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) to enhance overall performance. Our goal is to guarantee quality of service for users, while allowing spectrum sharing between macrocell basestation (MBS) and the underlying FBSs. We exploit overheard user channel quality indicator (CQI) reports using different channel models in order to assess the interfered channel state and channel parameter distribution. We analyze the distribution of the SINR for both femtocell users and MUEs. Based on the analytical results, our solution decomposes the scheduling and power allocation problem into two sub-problems and tackles them sequentially. Using problem reduction/transformation, we convert the decomposed problems into well known reduced forms and provide solutions in accordance. Finally, we verify the presented results through simulations.
Automatic detection of aortic dissection in contrast-enhanced CT

Aortic dissection is a condition in which a tear in the inner wall of the aorta allows blood to flow between two layers of the aortic wall. Aortic dissection is associated with severe chest pain and can be deadly. Contrast-enhanced CT is the main modality for detection of aortic dissection. Aortic dissection is one of the target abnormalities during evaluation of a triple rule-out CT in emergency cases. In this paper, we present a method for automatic patient-level detection of aortic dissection. Our algorithm starts by an atlas-based segmentation of the aorta which is used to produce cross-sectional images of the organ. Segmentation refinement, flap detection and shape analysis are employed to detect aortic dissection in these cross-sectional slices. Then, the slice-level results are aggregated to render a patient-level detection result. We tested our algorithm on a data set of 37 contrast-enhanced CT volumes, with 13 cases of aortic dissection. We achieved an accuracy of 83.8%, a sensitivity of 84.6% and a specificity of 83.3%.
Atmospheric Photochemistry and Spectroscopy

Photochemistry is the study of interactions between radiant energy and chemical species, and a fundamental understanding of photochemistry is essential for atmospheric chemists. All the chemistry that takes place in the atmosphere is in some form influenced by solar radiation, which initiates production of many key reactive species and loss of many otherwise stable molecules. Spectroscopy is the investigation of how strongly and at which wavelengths an atom or a molecule absorbs light. The spectroscopy of atmospheric molecules determines which molecule absorbs light in what region of the atmosphere, and hence influences the photochemistry of the atmosphere. Atmospheric photochemistry and spectroscopic detection of atmospheric species are the two main subjects of this paper.
A Novel Look at Antitrust Analysis in Health Insurance Markets

By their nature, the recent antitrust cases scrutinizing the two proposed health insurance mega-mergers -- Anthem with Cigna and Aetna with Humana -- focused on narrow definitions of specific markets and the likely static impact on prices. But the antitrust proceedings omitted a broader discussion of the forces acting on the health care market that brought these proposals forward. In this paper, we examine the structure of health care markets, scrutinize some specific questions about the antitrust analyses in these cases, explore alternative theories of antitrust regulation, and conclude with a new antitrust model to consider market dynamism in health insurance markets.
BK β1 subunit-dependent facilitation of ethanol inhibition of BK current and cerebral artery constriction is mediated by the β1 transmembrane domain 2

Background and Purpose Ethanol at concentrations obtained in circulation during moderate-heavy episodic drinking (30-60 mM) causes cerebral artery constriction in several species, including humans. In rodents, ethanol-induced cerebral artery constriction results from ethanol inhibition of large conductance voltage/Ca2+i-gated potassium (BK) channels in cerebral artery myocytes. Moreover, the smooth muscle-abundant BK β1 accessory subunit is required for ethanol to inhibit cerebral artery myocyte BK channels under physiological Ca2+i and voltages, and thus constrict cerebral arteries. The molecular bases of these ethanol actions remain unknown. Here, we set to identify the BK β1 region(s) that mediates ethanol-induced inhibition of cerebral artery myocyte BK channels and eventual arterial constriction. Experimental Approach We used protein biochemistry, patch-clamp on engineered channel subunits, reversible cDNA permeabilization of KCNMB1 k/o mouse arteries, and artery in vitro pressurization. Key Results Ethanol inhibition of BK current is facilitated by β1 but not β4 subunits. Furthermore, only BK complexes containing β chimeras with β1 TM domains on a β4 background or with a β1 TM2 domain on a β4 background displayed ethanol responses identical to those of BK complexes including wt β1. Moreover, β1 TM2 itself but not other β regions are necessary for ethanol-induced cerebral artery constriction. Conclusion and Implications BK β1 TM2 is necessary for this subunit to enable ethanol-induced inhibition of myocyte BK channels and cerebral artery constriction at physiological Ca2+ and voltages. Thus, novel agents that target β1 TM2 may be considered to counteract ethanol-induced cerebral artery constriction and associated cerebrovascular conditions.
Flory–Huggins Equation

The Flory–Huggins theory (FHT) has long been the most prominent method for understanding the thermodynamics and phase behavior of polymer mixtures. The theory centers on the expression for free energy of mixing derived from a lattice model. The theory is constituted by combinatorial entropy terms associated with polymer chain configurations on the lattice, as well as an enthalpic contribution owing to interactions between the different species. The enthalpic term depends crucially on the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter, w, which describes the strength of attraction or repulsion between segments of either species. Depending on the nature of the interaction, FHTcan predict the phase behavior of mixtures with primarily repulsive (upper critical solution temperature behavior) or attractive (lower critical solution temperature behavior) interactions.
Effect of Euphorbia esula on Sheep Rumen Microbial Activity and Mass In Vitro

Most large herbivores avoid the invasive weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), possibly because the plant contains secondary compounds including terpenoids and condensed tannins. On the other hand, E. esula has high nutritive value based on traditional measures such as crude protein, fiber, and dry matter disappearance and is consumed by sheep and goats. Our objective was to determine if material from undefoliated and previously defoliated E. esula shoots, mixed in different proportions with grass hay, adversely affects sheep rumen microbial activity and mass in vitro. Material from undefoliated and previously defoliated E. esula shoots was collected in June, July, and August 1994 near Grass Range, Montana. Usually, increasing levels of E. esula leaves and flowers in the mixtures increased in vitro dry matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearances (DMD, NDFD), microbial gas production, and microbial purine concentrations. In contrast, increasing levels of E. esula stems in the mixtures decreased DMD, NDFD, microbial gas production, and microbial purine concentrations. Rumen microbial gas production and purine concentrations were higher with leaves from previously defoliated than undefoliated shoots. In contrast, rumen microbial gas production and DMD were lowest for stems from previously defoliated shoots; these responses correlated with high concentrations of condensed tannins in stems of previously defoliated plants. In early summer, the high nutritive value of E. esula appears to offset any potential negative effects associated with secondary compounds. In late summer, microbial response appears more sensitive to the presence of secondary compounds, when nutritive value of this plant is declining.
Mechanisms Responsible for Granzyme B–Independent Cytotoxicity

Using granzyme B–deficient mice obtained by gene targeting, we previously demonstrated that granzyme B is required for the rapid induction of apoptotic target cell death by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs); however, CTLs are also equipped with additional effector mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the mechanisms responsible for granzyme B–independent cytotoxicity using in vitro lytic assays with CTLs derived from mice deficient for both granzyme B and Fas ligand (FasL) (granzyme B−/− × gld / gld ) or for perforin and FasL (perforin × gld / gld ). Our results show that primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)-derived CTLs from granzyme B−/− × gld / gld mice induce apoptosis of allogeneic targets with less efficiency and a longer delay than CTLs deficient for granzyme B alone. The residual cytotoxicity in granzyme B−/− × gld / gld CTLs is primarily accounted for by a perforin-dependent mechanism, since perforin−/− × gld / gld CTLs have virtually no residual cytotoxic activity in our assays. Granzyme B–independent cytotoxicity is therefore partially accounted for by the Fas pathway and partially by another perforin-dependent mechanism.
EZH2 Inactivates Primary Cilia to Activate Wnt and Drive Melanoma

EZH2 is frequently amplified in human melanomas. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zingg et al. find that EZH2 overexpression silences genes for the primary cilium, causing deciliation, Wnt pathway activation, and progression of BrafV600E- or NrasQ61N-driven melanomas, thus defining a tumor-suppressor role for cilia in cancer.
Evaluation of Peritumoral Fibrosis in Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to the Liver Using Digital Image Analysis

Objectives It is challenging to separate peritumoral fibrosis from fibrosis due to chronic liver disease in mass-directed liver biopsies. We evaluated the distance that peritumoral fibrosis extends from metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma in liver. Methods Peritumoral and distant uninvolved liver trichrome stains from 25 cases were analyzed using digital image analysis. Fibrosis was quantitated at concentric intervals from each tumor and in uninvolved liver. Results There was a 3.9 fold (range 0.9-18.6) median increase in fibrosis in the first 0.5 mm of peritumoral liver compared to distant liver. Fibrosis levels returned to baseline at median 2.5 mm (interquartile range 1.5-5.0 mm) from tumor. Conclusions Fibrosis is markedly increased in peritumoral liver. Fibrosis levels returned to baseline by 5 mm from tumor in approximately 75% of cases. Pathologists should be cautious of fibrosis in mass-directed liver biopsies without at least 5 mm of liver tissue distal to the mass.
Effects of fabric on thermal and evaporative resistances of chemical protective ensembles: Measurement and quantification

Abstract An analytical approach was developed to quantify effects of fabrics on thermal properties of ensembles. Algorithms were derived to define contributions of fabric thermal properties to ensemble thermal properties and to estimate improvements new fabrics may provide. This approach examined relationships among eight fabrics and fourteen multilayer chemical protective ensembles. A sweating guarded hotplate was used to measure fabric intrinsic thermal (Rf) and evaporative resistances (Ref), and a sweating thermal manikin was used to measure ensemble intrinsic thermal (Rcl) and evaporative resistances (Recl). Fabrics contribute only ∼10% to Rcl and ∼14% to Recl. If protective fabrics were replaced by the baseline fabric, the corresponding Rcl and Recl would be reduced by only 3% and 9%, respectively. However, fabric contribution varies with ensemble type and configuration. This approach expands the use of measured fabric and ensemble thermal properties and provides a new perspective on their relationship.
Trans-Screens of Gender and Jewishness in Jill Soloway's Transparent: Post-Network TV and the Screendance Scene

This essay analyzes the artful insertion of screendance scenes in Season Two of Jill Soloway’s Amazon hit, Transparent (2014- ), highlighting how bodies and camera choreograph affective connections core to the plot in this televisual portrait of a Jewish American family. In doing so, I underscore a layered screenic trans-ness that conjoins circular manipulations of time and bodily action to overlay transgender and transhistorical experiences as co-constitutive themes.
Mapping Nature’s scientist: The posthumous demarcation of Rosalind Franklin’s crystallographic data

ABSTRACTNature, the journal that in 1953 published James Watson and Francis Crick’s double-helix model of DNA, also published numerous pieces about crystallographer Rosalind Franklin. Franklin’s co...
Technical feasibility of umbilical cannulation in midgestation lambs supported by the EXTra-uterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND)

EXTEND (EXTra-uterine Environment for Neonatal Development) is a novel system for supporting extremely premature infants that replicates in utero conditions by maintaining a sterile fluid environment and providing gas exchange via a pumpless arteriovenous oxygenator circuit connected to the umbilical vessels. Target gestational age (GA) for EXTEND support in human infants is 23-27 weeks, when immature lungs are most susceptible to injury in the setting of air ventilation. We previously demonstrated physiologic support of premature lambs cannulated at 105-117 days GA (lungs developmentally analogous to the 23-27 week GA human infant) for up to 28 days on EXTEND. In the present study, we sought to determine the technical feasibility of umbilical vessel cannulation in 85-96 days GA lambs delivered to EXTEND at weights equivalent to the 23-27 week GA human infant (500-850 g). Five preterm lambs were cannulated at 85-96 days GA (term 145 days) and supported on EXTEND for 4-7 days. All lambs underwent umbilical artery and umbilical vein cannulation. Circuit flows and pressures were monitored continuously, and blood gases were obtained at regular intervals for assessment of oxygen parameters. Systemic pH and lactate were measured at least once daily. Mean body weight at cannulation was 641 ± 71 g (range 480-850 g). All lambs were cannulated successfully (cannula size varied from 8 to 12 Fr), and mean survival on EXTEND was 140 ± 7 hours. Mean circuit flow was 213 ± 15 mL/kg*min, mean pH was 7.37 ± 0.01, and mean lactate was 1.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L. During the initial 120 hours after EXTEND cannulation, there were no significant differences between 85-96 days GA lambs and 105-117 days GA lambs in weight-adjusted circuit flows, oxygen delivery, pH, or lactate levels. This study demonstrates successful umbilical cord cannulation and adequate circuit flows and oxygen delivery in midgestation lambs size-matched to the 23-27 week GA human fetus, which represents an important step in the translation of EXTEND to clinical practice.
Drosophila emerins control LINC complex localization and transcription to regulate myonuclear position

Mispositioned nuclei are a hallmark of skeletal muscle disease. Many of the genes that are linked to Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) encode proteins that are critical for nuclear movement in various cells, suggesting that disruptions in nuclear movement and position may contribute to disease progression. Yet how these genes are coordinated to move nuclei is not known. Here we focused on two different emerin proteins, Bocksbeutel and Otefin and their effects on nuclear movement. Although nuclear position was dependent on both, elimination of either Bocksbeutel or Otefin produced distinct phenotypes that were based in differential effects on the KASH-domain protein Klarsicht. Specifically, loss of Bocksbeutel reduced Klarsicht localization to the nucleus and resulted in a disruption in nuclear separation. Loss of Otefin increased the transcription of Klarsicht and led to premature separation of nuclei and their positioning closer to the edge of the muscle. Consistent with opposing functions, nuclear position is normal in otefin; bocksbeutel double mutants. These data indicate emerin-dependent regulation of Klarsicht levels in the nuclear envelope are a critical determinant of nuclear position.
Pre-service School Leaders’ Sensemaking of Supervising for Equity

Given increasing diversity in the United States and enduring educational inequities, leadership preparation programs are increasingly called upon to prepare pre-service leaders (PSLs) for social ju...
Application of complex field imaging sensor to additive manufacturing

A phase imaging system based on complex field sensor is analyzed, and experiments are performed to verify three methods of phase retrieval, namely, multi-wavelength digital holography, multi-aperture Zernike wavefront sensing and coherent diffractive imaging. The diffracted wavefront scattered from an object (a randomly rough surface or a surface with a known feature) is captured with a CCD in the far-field and the wavefront phase at the object surface is reconstructed using an optimized iterative algorithm. Based on the method chosen, one or two diffraction patterns were captured. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed complex field imaging sensor for in-situ quality control of additively manufactured objects.
Application of Computerized Axial Tomography in the Study of Body Composition: Evaluation of Lipid, Water, Protein, and Mineral in Healthy Men

The molecular level of body composition is composed of lipid, water, protein, bone mineral (Mo), and soft tissue mineral (Ms). Although at present there are several in vivo methods at the molecular level, each method measures only one or two components. Moreover, most present methods measure only total body and not regional content of a components. The purpose of this investigation was to validate a new method based on multiple cross-sectional computerized axial tomography (CT) images that allows simultaneous measurement of total and regional amounts of 5 molecular components.
The Synthesis of Conjugated Bis-Aryl Vinyl Substrates and Their Photoelectrocyclization Reactions towards Phenanthrene Derivatives.

The photoelectrocyclization of conjugated vinyl biaryls has proven to be a valuable and efficient strategy for generating phenanthrene derivatives. Contained in this review is an overview of the mechanism for the transformation and a discussion of the reaction scope with a focus on the electrocyclization itself, rearomatization, and the application of the reaction in natural product synthesis. 1 Introduction 2 The Synthesis of Conjugated Vinyl Biaryls 3 Mechanistic Studies 4 Substrate Scope 5 Applications 6 Conclusions
Evidence of Interface Trap Build-Up in Irradiated 14-nm Bulk FinFET Technologies

Total ionizing dose response of 14-nm bulk-Si FinFETs has been studied with a specially designed test chip. The radiation testing shows evidence of interface trap build-up on 14-nm Bulk FinFET technologies. These defects created in the isolation layer give rise to a new radiation-induced leakage path which might lead to a reliability issue in CMOS technologies at or below the 14-nm node. TCAD simulations are performed and an analytical model for TID-induced leakage current is presented to support analysis of the identified TID mechanism. TCAD simulation and analytical model results are consistent with the experimental data.
Protection of Retinal Function by Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Following Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Purpose: Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of visual impairment and blindness for which there remain limited treatment options. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors...
The Refrain and the Rise of the Vernacular in Medieval French Music and Poetry

The relationship between song quotation and the elevation of French as a literary language that could challenge the cultural authority of Latin is the focus of this book. It approaches this phenomenon through a close examination of the refrain, a short phrase of music and text quoted intertextually across thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century musical and poetic genres. The author draws on a wide range of case studies, from motets, trouvere song, plays, romance, vernacular translations, and proverb collections, to show that medieval composers quoted refrains as vernacular auctoritates/; she argues that their appropriation of scholastic, Latinate writing techniques worked to authorize Old French music and poetry as media suitable for the transmission of knowledge. Beginning with an exploration of the quasi-scholastic usage of refrains in anonymous and less familiar clerical contexts, the book goes on to articulate a new framework for understanding the emergence of the first two named authors of vernacular polyphonic music, the cleric-trouveres Adam de la Halle and Guillaume de Machaut. It shows how, by blending their craft with the writing practices of the universities, composers could use refrain quotation to assert their status as authors with a new self-consciousness, and to position works in the vernacular as worthy of study and interpretation. Jennifer Saltzstein is Assistant Professor of Musicology at the University of Oklahoma.
How to incorporate the social and professional issues component of the ACM 2001 computing curriculum into a computer science degree program

This tutorial will outline and describe two methods for incorporating the social and professional issues component of the ACM 2001 Computing Curriculum into a computer science degree program. The first method is to develop a new stand-alone course traditionally titled "Computing and Society". The second method is to develop modularized mini-lessons and activities that address the social, professional and ethical issues of computing professionals. These mini-lessons and activities can then be incorporated into existing courses required for Computer Science students.