cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balance assessments for predicting functional ankle instability and stable ankles

Abstract A number of instrumented and non-instrumented measures are used to detect balance deficits associated with functional ankle instability (FAI). Determining outcome measures that detect balance deficits associated with FAI might assist clinicians in identifying impairments that may otherwise go undetected with less responsive balance measures. Thus, our objective was to determine the balance measure that best predicted ankle group membership (FAI or stable ankle). Participants included 17 subjects without a history of ankle sprains (168±9cm, 66±14kg, 24±5 yr) and 17 subjects with FAI (172±9cm, 71±11kg, 22±3 yr). Balance trials were performed without vision and subjects stood on a single leg as motionless as possible for 20s. Balance was quantified with center-of-pressure measures (velocity, area) and error score. Measures were positively correlated with each other ( r range: 0.60–0.76). The multifactorial model with all three measures best predicted group membership ( F (3,30) =7.20, P =0.001; R 2 =0.42; percent classified correctly=77%), and was followed by the multifactorial model with resultant center-of-pressure velocity and error score ( F (2,31) =8.73, P =0.001; R 2 =0.36; percent classified correctly=74%). The resultant center-of-pressure velocity ( F (1,32) =13.46, P =0.001; R 2 =0.30; percent classified correctly=74%; unique variance=12.7%) and error score ( F (1,32) =12.51, P =0.001; R 2 =0.28; percent classified correctly=71%; unique variance=12.0%) predicted group membership; however, 95th percentile center-of-pressure area ellipse did not ( F (1,32) =4.16, P =0.05; R 2 =0.12; percent classified correctly=65%; unique variance=5.8%). A multifactorial single leg balance assessment is best for predicting group membership. COPV is the best single predictor of group membership, but clinicians may use error score to identify deficits associated with FAI if force plates are not available.
Outcomes of Endoluminal Therapy for Ostial Disease of the Major Branches of the Aortic Arch

While aggressive endoluminal therapy for occlusive disease of the major branches of the arch of the aorta (brachiocephalic [BCA], left common carotid [LCCA], and left subclavian [LSCA] arteries) is commonplace, long-term outcomes in this population are unclear. We examined the long-term outcomes of endoluminal therapy for ostial aortic arch disease at a single tertiary referral academic medical center. A prospective database of patients undergoing endovascular treatment of aortic arch vessel atherosclerotic occlusive disease between 1990 and 2004 was maintained and retrospectively analyzed. Patients with stenotic ostial lesions of the major thoracic aorta branches were selected. Angiograms were reviewed in all cases to assess lesion characteristics. Patency was assessed by routine clinical and, in the LCCA and LSCA, duplex ultrasound follow-up at 1, 6, and 12 months postintervention and every 12 months thereafter. Results were standardized to current Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus and Society for Vascular Surgery criteria. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Factor analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazard model for time-dependent variables. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Forty-four patients (average age 64 ± 2 years, 59% male) underwent 26 LSCA, 11 LCCA, and eight BCA interventions for primary indications of arm ischemia (29%), prevention or treatment of coronary steal syndrome (29%), or cerebrovascular signs/symptoms (42%). The technical success rate was 98%, with a 90-day mortality rate of 0% and a major adverse event rate of 2%. There were no strokes and no upper extremity embolic events. Cumulative patency was 88 ± 8% at 3 years, with a reintervention rate of 7%. The overall symptom recurrence rate was 4%. No local or systemic factors were associated with poor outcomes. Endoluminal stenting for ostial disease of the branches of the aortic arch provides excellent and long-term patency rates with low morbidity, mortality, and secondary intervention rates. With an overall technical success of 98%, our results parallel those for lesions located more distally in the arch branches and support the continued use of percutaneous therapy for atherosclerotic disease throughout the arch branches.
Hybrid Carrier and Modulation Tracking Loops

The tracking loops presented herein exploit the coherency of the observed data sidebands at the carrier frequency for improvements in phase-coherent tracking, telemetry, and command system performance. The loop is motivated by one aspect of generalized harmonic analysis, viz., the so-called cross spectrum. The basic idea of the loop centers around using the power in the composite received signal (sidebands including cross-modulation components) to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in the carrier tracking loop, thereby reducing the noisy reference loss and ultimately the subcarrier reference jitter, the symbol sync jitter, and the error probability of the data detector. The modulation from the extracted sidebands is removed in such a way that the coherence power in the data sidebands can be used for tracking at the carrier frequency.
A Reassessment of Using Light‐Sensitive Diazo Paper For Measuring Integrated Light in the Field

......... .. .. .. ... . . . ... . . ........ ....... . ... . . . . .. . .. .... .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .... ..... .. .. . . ..... .. ..... ....... .. . .. . .... .. ... . . .... ... . ....... .... .. ........ . . ..... .. . .. .. ..... ... . . . . .. ... . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . ..... . . ... ...... ...
Religious experience and the metaphysics of meaning and value

Since I am not well acquainted with cognitive and neural theories of perception, I am unable to assess the details of the model of perception that Barrett's ecological approach to religious experie...
Frames, group codes, and subgroups of (Z/pZ) ×

The problem of designing low coherence matrices and low-correlation frames arises in a variety of fields, including compressed sensing, MIMO communications and quantum measurements. The challenge is that one must control the (n 2 ) pairwise inner products of the columns of the matrix. In this paper, we follow the group code approach of David Slepian [1], which constructs frames using unitary group representations and which in general reduces the number of distinct inner products to n−1. When n is a prime p, we present a carefully chosen representation which reduces the number of distinct inner products further to n−1/m, where m is the number of rows in the matrix. The resulting frames have superior performance to many earlier frame constructions and, in some cases, yield frames with optimally low coherence. We further expand a connection between frames and difference sets noted first in [2] to find bounds on the coherence when n−1/m = 2 and 3.
Characterization of the soluble domain of the ABC7 type transporter Atm1.

Abstract Atm1 is an ABC transporter that is located in yeast mitochondria and has previously been implicated in the maturation of cytosolic iron-sulfur cluster proteins. The soluble nucleotide binding domain of Atm1 (Atm1-C) has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. Dissociation constants (KD) for Atm1-C binding of ATP (KD ∼97 μm, pH 7.3, and ∼102 μm, pH 10.0) and ADP (KD ∼43 μm, pH 7.3, and 92 μm, pH 10.0) were measured by fluorimetry. The higher binding affinity for ADP suggests that the transmembrane-spanning domain may be required to promote a structural change in the nucleotide binding domain to facilitate substrate export and ADP release. ADP also had an inhibitory effect on Atm1-C with an IC50 of 10 mm. The Michaelis-Menten constants Vmax, KM, and kcat of Atm1-C were measured as 1.822 μm min–1, 513 μm, and 0.055 min–1, respectively. The metal dependence of Atm1-C ATPase demonstrated a reactivity order of Mn2+ > Mg2+ > Co2+, while Mg2+ and Co2+ were both found to be inhibitory at higher concentrations. The pH profile and structural comparison with HisP are consistent with a role for His and Lys in promoting the ATPase activity. Structural analysis of Atm1-C by CD spectroscopy suggested a similarity of secondary structure to that found for a prokaryotic homologue (HisP), whereas modeling of the Atm1-C tertiary structure using HisP as a template is also consistent with a similarity in tertiary structure. Atm1-C tends to form a dimer or higher aggregation state at higher concentration; however, the concentration dependence of Atm1-C on ATPase activity and the results of a Hill analysis (napp = 1.1) demonstrated that there was essentially no cooperativity in ATP hydrolysis, in contrast to observations for the prokaryotic HisP transporter, which demonstrated full cooperativity for both full-length and the soluble domains. Accordingly, any cooperative response must be mediated through the transmembrane domain in the case of the eukaryotic Atm1 transporter.
Band-edge properties of quasi-one-dimensional HgTe-CdTe heterostructures

We discuss a number of potential advantages offered by materials with very narrow energy gaps in the study of quasi-one-dimensional physics. Besides the expectation of quite large subband splittings, we predict several new phenomena which have no analog in wide-gap structures, such as the opening of a confinement-induced energy gap in semimetallic structures, a strong decrease of the gap with magnetic field, and ballistic conductance per channel in fractional units of ${\mathit{c}}^{2}$/\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}.
A two-layer model of soil hydrology

A two-layer model of soil hydrology is developed for applications where only limited computer time and complexity are allowed. Volumetric soil water is computed in a thin upper layer for use in calculation of surface evaporation. Storage of water is computed for an underlying deeper layer.
Influence of Coolant Density on Turbine Blade Film-Cooling With Compound-Angle Shaped Holes

Adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness is examined systematically on a typical high pressure turbine blade by varying three critical flow parameters: coolant blowing ratio, coolant-to-mainstream density ratio, and freestream turbulence intensity. Three average coolant blowing ratios 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0; three coolant density ratios 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0; two turbulence intensities 4.2% and 10.5%, are chosen for this study. Conduction-free pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique is used to measure film-cooling effectiveness. Three foreign gases — N2 for low density, CO2 for medium density, and a mixture of SF6 and Argon for high density are selected to study the effect of coolant density. The test blade features 45° compound-angle shaped holes on the suction side and pressure side, and 3 rows of 30° radial-angle cylindrical holes around the leading edge region. The inlet and the exit Mach number are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively. Reynolds number based on the exit velocity and blade axial chord length is 750,000. Results reveal that the PSP is a powerful technique capable of producing clear and detailed film effectiveness contours with diverse foreign gases. As blowing ratio exceeds the optimum value, it induces more mixing of coolant and mainstream. Thus film-cooling effectiveness reduces. Greater coolant-to-mainstream density ratio results in lower coolant-to-mainstream momentum and prevents coolant to lift-off; as a result, film-cooling increases. Higher freestream turbulence causes effectiveness to drop everywhere except in the region downstream of suction side. Results are also correlated with momentum flux ratio and compared with previous studies. It shows that compound shaped hole has the greatest optimum momentum flux ratio, and then followed by axial shaped hole, compound cylindrical hole, and axial cylindrical hole.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The enhancement of students learning through COMSOL simulation projects

Research has shown that student participation in research activities increases faculty/student interactions outside the classroom, increases student involvement in their learning, addresses different learning styles, provides opportunities to see the entire academic pipeline, and makes difficult coursework more relevant. As educators, we are always looking for ways students can enhance their learning; one possibility is to link the theoretical knowledge we provide to them in the classroom with, not only real life applications, but also with job market requirements they will face once they graduate. This paper describes how the use of computer simulation was introduced in Thermodynamics class to supplement and help students visualize theoretical knowledge they learned in the classroom. Two energy related projects to be simulated using COMSOL software were assigned to students; post-class reports and survey highlighted how the inclusion of the computer simulation projects in the class enhanced students' learning.
A Markov chain approach to crop yield forecasting

Abstract This study proposes a methodology for forecasting crop yields at intermediate times in the growing season using Markov chain theory. A Markov chain is constructed, based on historical data, to provide forecast distributions of crop yield for various crop and soil moisture condition classes at selected times prior to harvest. Expected yield and the associated standard error are obtained for each condition class. The methodology is compared to a regression approach in which the independent variables are the various crop and soil moisture conditions. The Markov chain approach requires less stringent assumptions and provides more information than the regression approach. However, the potential loss of precision in the forecast using this approach requires separate evaluation for each application. A data base created by the CERES-Maize model, which simulates the growth and development of a corn crop, is used to demonstrate the development of the forecast yield distributions using the Markov chain approach.
1990 Status and conservation of the Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica in the Karnali River, Nepal

Information is given on the population status, distribution and ecology of the Ganges river dolphin, Platanista gangetica, in the Karnali River, Nepal. Seven animals were counted. Sightings were highly habitat-specific. Six habitats were identified and classified as primary or marginal, according to differences in physical characteristics and sighting frequencies within them (χ2, p < 0·05, d.f. = 5). Mean sighting frequencies were 0·57 and 0·13 sightings/visit for primary and marginal habitats, respectively. Primary habitats were characterized by an eddy counter-current system in the main river flow caused by a fine sand/silt point bar formed from sediment deposits of a convergent stream branch or tributary. Marginal habitats were characterized by a smaller eddy counter-current system caused by an upstream meander. Mean group size was 1·38 animals. Dolphin movements within primary habitats were found to be nonrandom and aggregate for 25 theodolite tracking sessions (χ2, p < 0·05, d.f. = 1–7), concentrated in locations of high prey availability and reduced flow. Human disturbance effects are summarized. Recommendations are given for preservation.
Nondestructive characterization of corrosion damage and fatigue life

Microradiographic and ultrasonic characterization of fatigue crack emanating from pitting corrosion is discussed. Crack initiation and growth from the artificial pit of different depths in Al-2024-T3 alloy is studied experimentally. The effect of crack closure on the radiographical and ultrasonic detection of fatigue crack is also illustrated. The experimental results were analyzed using fracture mechanics models including those for small cracks. The model shows very good agreement with experiment in describing the initial and growth of a crack emanating from a pit and in predicting the dependence of the reduction of fatigue life on pit size. Using this analysis, a relation between the depth of the corrosion pit and the fatigue life is established, and thus the prediction of fatigue life of the sample with corrosion pit can be predicted based on the radiographic and ultrasonic measurements of pit and crack sizes.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Time-dependent tissue/organ uptake and distribution of 203Hg in mice exposed to multiple sublethal doses of methyl mercury.

Abstract Swiss-Webster mice were injected intraperitoneally with one to ten doses (2.5 mg Hg/kg) of 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury. Doses were administered at 72-hr intervals. Maximal tissue/organ Hg uptake usually occurred 72 hr postinjection and was monitored at 3 and 6 days by gamma scintillation spectrometry. Most tissues/organs required five to six doses to attain maximal Hg concentrations (the carcass required seven doses; hair and fat, eight doses; lens, nine doses). Data for hair were highly variable. Except for hair (which required seven to eight doses), maximal tissue/organ concentration factors (CF) were reached 72 hr after the first dose. Kidney, liver, and hair attained CF values > 1. Except for hair, all CF values decreased with increasing dose number. Initial rates of decrease were much greater for kidney, blood, spleen, muscle, and liver than lens, brain, and fat. Only hair exhibited a significantly higher Hg concentration at 6 days after each dose than at 3 days. With increasing dose number, blood Hg; tissue/organ Hg ratios remained relatively constant for liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle; decreased for lens and brain; and decreased for hair and fat after an initial increase.
Repair Sequences in Spanish L2 Dyadic Discourse: A Descriptive Study

This article reports on a qualitative study of dyadic discourse between university students of Spanish as a foreign language (FL). In light of the common acceptance of pair work as an effective pedagogical practice in the FL classroom, the study was designed to explore the social and cognitive behavior of learners as they participated in second language speaking activities. The construct of repair as it is formulated in the ethnomethodological approach to conversation analysis provided the lens through which data were examined. Trouble sources were identified and repair sequences were classified in terms of which learner brought attention to the trouble source and which learner resolved it. A clear preference for self-repair and for self-initiated repair was found. Collaborative repair, as well as unsolicited other-repair, operated almost exclusively on the lexicon, whereas self-initiated self-repair included morphosyntax. The study supports the Vygotskian notion that talk is used for cognitive as well as for social purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Epstein–Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP1) induces specific NFκB complexes in human T-lymphoid cells

Abstract The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein (LMP1) is believed to play a crucial role in oncogenesis mediated by this virus. We and others previously showed that LMP1 can induce NFκB activity in several non-lymphoid cells and B-lymphoid cell lines. Here we show that LMP1 is also able to efficiently induce NFκB in human T-lymphoid and monocytic cells. Specific NFκB complexes were detected in the nuclei of transfected Jurkat cells using gel mobility shift assays and Western blot analyses. Using antibodies, we demonstrated that these complexes contain NFκB subunits NFkB1, NFkB2, RelA and c-Rel. Our results also showed that the NFκB complexes induced by LMP1 are able to bind to the NFκB consensus sequence in the promoter of the interleukin-2α receptor gene and induce expression from a minimal promoter linked to four tandem copies of this sequence. This suggests a possible mechanism by which LMP1 could induce T-cell activation and proliferation.
A monadic framework for delimited continuations

Delimited continuations are more expressive than traditional abortive continuations and they apparently require a framework beyond traditional continuation-passing style (CPS). We show that this is not the case: standard CPS is sufficient to explain the common control operators for delimited continuations. We demonstrate this fact and present an implementation as a Scheme library. We then investigate a typed account of delimited continuations that makes explicit where control effects can occur. This results in a monadic framework for typed and encapsulated delimited continuations, which we design and implement as a Haskell library.
Detection of Subsurface Inhomogeneities in Dielectric Materials by the Microwave method

The results of the theoretical and practical investigations of the authors in the field of nondestructive testing of dielectric materials are summarized. In particular, a device for the electromagnetic microwave measurements was created and a mathematical model of the measured data was proposed. A procedure of processing the accumulated data aimed at detecting subsurface inhomogeneities in dielectric materials is developed. As a specific feature of the proposed procedure, we can mention the fact that the created measuring scheme operates according to the principle of determination of amplitudes. Despite the absence of phase data, the appropriate treatment enables us to visualize the external surface and the first interface of materials. The mathematical analysis of the components of scattered fields gives us a possibility to get a quantitative interpretation of the results of measurements. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the experimental data.
Mapping Communities: Place-Based Stories and Participatory Planning.

Maps of communities can provide powerful tools for development. However, mappingcommunities is not always entirely beneficial or even harmless. Just as persons can be affected bythe singular focus of a dominant story or myth, so too can community development planning beswayed for good and ill by the dominant perspective presented in a map of community life.Understanding maps as a special type of text and storytelling can help us to understand the powerand potential of community mapping. Maps of communities, especially where social services playa major role, have tended to emphasize stories focused on deficits and issues of order and need.While such an emphasis is not without value, there are also hidden costs. Consequently,alternative mapping strategies need to be developed. By utilizing the full array of mapmakingperspectives and "story types," such alternative strategies may lead to improvements incommunity development and human services planning
Multiple zone inverse diffusion solver for silicon processing

In this paper we present the implementation and testing of an inverse diffusion solver that determines implant doses and drive-in times for a set of coupled one-dimensional diffusion profiles spreading over several regions of a device. The solver starts with a description of each distinct device diffusion region in terms of a set of junction depth x/sub j/ and peak concentration c/sub s/ specifications, and a simplified description of the process flow. From this information, the solver setups a storage data structure containing the full history of each profile within each region at each process step. Starting from a guess for the dose and drive-in times, the software first fills the storage structure with approximate profiles and then iteratively solves the problem backwards starting from the last diffusion to the first followed by a forward guess correction loop. The backward-forward recursion loop is repeated until errors in x/sub j/ and c/sub s/ are negligible. The solution method was successfully tested with several conventional device structures.
The Impact of Abyssal Mixing Parameterizations in an Ocean General Circulation Model

A parameterization of vertical diffusivity in ocean general circulation models has been implemented in the ocean model component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). The parameterization represents the dynamics of the mixing in the abyssal ocean arising from the breaking of internal waves generated by the tides forcing stratified flow over rough topography. This parameterization is explored over a range of parameters and compared to the more traditional ad hoc specification of the vertical diffusivity. Diapycnal mixing in the ocean is thought to be one of the primary controls on the meridional overturning circulation and the poleward heat transport by the ocean. When compared to the traditional approach with uniform mixing, the new mixing parameterization has a noticeable impact on the meridional overturning circulation; while the upper limb of the meridional overturning circulation appears to be only weakly impacted by the transition to the new parameterization, the deep meridional overturning circulation is significantly strengthened by the change. The poleward ocean heat transport does not appear to be strongly affected by the mixing in the abyssal ocean for reasonable parameter ranges. The transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through the Drake Passage is related to the amount of mixing in the deep ocean. The new parameterization is found to be energetically consistent with the known constraints on the ocean energy budget.
Postdispersal Seed Fate of Tropical Montane Trees in an Agricultural Landscape, Southern Costa Rica

Variation in postdispersal seed fate is an important factor driving patterns of forest regeneration. Because most previous studies have not tracked final seed fate and have commonly equated seed removal with predation without considering the possibility of secondary dispersal, little is known about individual seed mortality factors in successional and degraded habitats. This study tracked the postdispersal fate of large-seeded tropical montane trees in abandoned pasture, young secondary forests, and small forest fragments during two consecutive years in an agricultural landscape in southern Costa Rica. The incidence of secondary dispersal by animals, scatterhoarding in particular, and the effects of seed burial on germination were measured. Overall, seeds survived through germination more often in secondary forests with high levels of mortality occurring in abandoned pastures and forest fragments. The majority of seed mortality was caused by rodent predation in forest fragments, insects and fungal pathogens in secondary forests, and a combination of desiccation, insects, and fungal pathogens in pastures. Seeds were frequently secondarily dispersed in larger forest fragments, whereas they were only rarely moved in pastures and secondary forests. Burial tended to improve germination in pastures and was important for an often scatterhoarded species, Otoba novogranatensis, in all habitats. The results of this study suggest that: (1) seed mortality factors differ in response to the type of habitat degradation; (2) large-seeded species have high potential for survival when dispersed to young secondary forests; and (3) seed removal is not a reliable proxy for seed predation, particularly in less degraded forest fragments.
Introduction: Human Rights and the History of Violence in the Early British Empire: Human rights and the early british empire

Specialists on early modern violence and on human rights history have much to gain through collaboration, or at least mutual awareness. Human rights historians are increasingly drawing on studies of early modern violence. However, as contended here, early modernists tend to approach the subject framed by their own geographical areas of interest. As such, we lack an overarching sense of violence and its meanings across the Tudor and Stuart realms and colonies, something that would be of great utility in understanding how developments in the early modern period relate to later ones. In the interests of promoting such broader investigation and comparison, the present essay briefly surveys important aspects of the approach to violence in the English, Irish and Atlantic historiographies, and in the literatures of massacre and of human rights. In doing so, it sets the essays included in this special edition in their historiographical contexts and highlights crucial interventions. It concludes with thoughts not only on how a more comprehensive understanding of violence in the early British empire might be of value to human rights historians, but how the new meta-narrative of human rights history might spur greater comparative work amongst early modernists.
Direct exfoliation of natural graphite into micrometre size few layers graphene sheets using ionic liquids

Stable high-concentration suspensions (up to 0.95 mg mL−1) of non-oxidized few layer graphene (FLG), five or less sheets, with micrometre-long edges were obtained via direct exfoliation of natural graphite flakes in ionic liquids, such as 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoro-methane-sulfonyl)imide ([Bmim]-[Tf2N]), by tip ultrasonication.
Synthesis of aromatic polyethers by Scholl reaction. I. Poly(1,1′‐dinaphthyl ether phenyl sulfone)s and poly(1,1′‐dinaphthyl ether phenyl ketone)s

A novel synthetic method for the preparation of high molecular weight aromatic polyethers is presented. It consists in the Scholl reaction of di(1-naphthyl) ethers of aromatic derivatives exhibiting lower nucleophilicity and higher oxidation potential than the 1-naphthoxy groups. The examples described in this paper refer to the synthesis of aromatic polyether sulfones and aromatic polyether ketones by the polymerization of 4,4′-di(1-naphthoxy)diphenyl sulfone and respectively 4,4′-di(1-naphthoxy)benzophenone. Both polymerization reactions are performed at room temperature in nitrobenzene, using anhydrous FeCl3 as catalyst, and apparently follow a “reactive intermediate polycondensation” polymerization mechanism.
The role of selected extrinsic foot muscles during running.

Objective. To determine the kinematic, kinetic and EMG responses to perturbations of the foot by running in varus, neutral, and valgus-wedged shoes. Design. Within-subjects study comparing kinematics, kinetics and EMG while running in three different shoe conditions. Background. Excessive pronation has been cited as a key contributor to many types of running injuries. However, the roles of the extrinsic foot muscles (those that control motion of the foot) during the stance phase of running have not been adequately identified, which is critical to determining the relationship between pronation and injury. Methods. Ten males ran in varus, valgus, and neutral-wedged shoes while three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data and EMG data were collected. Surface EMG data were collected from the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus. Indwelling EMG was obtained from the tibialis posterior. The net joint moment, power, and total positive and negative work was calculated in the frontal plane. EMG onset, offset, and integrated values were reported. Results. The maximum eversion angle, maximum inversion moment and total negative work done in the frontal plane were greatest while running in the valgus shoe and least in the varus shoe. The greater joint moment was not accompanied by changes in muscle activation patterns, although the tibialis posterior data were inconclusive in this respect. Conclusions. Greater pronation leads to greater energy absorption in the foot invertor muscles and tendons. While not conclusive, the EMG data suggest that for these muscles there was not a neuromuscular adaptation to the perturbation. Relevance
Effects of dam operation and land use on stream channel morphology and riparian vegetation

Dams are well known for influencing channel and vegetation dynamics downstream, but little work has focused on distinguishing effects of land use and channel responses to the impoundment. In this paper, we examined interacting effects of a dam and land use on downstream changes in channel morphology and riparian vegetation along an agricultural stream system in northern California. Measurements of planform channel morphology, vegetation area, and land use were mapped along multiple stream segments based on a chronological sequence of historical aerial photographs over a 34-yr period prior to operation of the dam in 1983 and over a 17-yr period after dam operation, and compared to a nearby, undammed reference stream. A two-factor analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effect of the dam on changes in bankfull area, stream length, and riparian vegetation area while accounting for the effect of land use and distance downstream. The dammed stream's bankfull area contracted 94% after dam operation. Prior to dam operation, bankfull area decreased when land use area increased, but not after operation of the dam. Stream length varied 64% less after dam operation as a consequence of less frequent episodic channel migration and entrenchment. The area of riparian vegetation was decreasing during the pre-dam period, but then increased 72% after operation of the dam. Across time periods, decreases in the area of riparian vegetation were also associated with increases in land use area in both the dammed and reference stream. After operation of the dam, reduced peak discharges and sediment reduction likely lead to channel incision and constrained channel migration, which allowed vegetation to increase 50% on less accessible, abandoned banks. Rating curve and hydraulic exponent analyses based on stream gauge measurements corroborate statistical analyses of the mapped changes. In conclusion, we found that operation of the dam and land use patterns together influenced spatial and temporal changes in channel morphology and riparian vegetation. Use of a nearby undammed reference stream in conjunction with multivariable analysis of spatially and temporally replicated observations provided an effective framework for unraveling interacting effects of dams and land use activities on stream channel and vegetation dynamics.
Drugs and Substances: Views from a Latino Community

The last three decades have seen an increase in the study of licit and illicit substance use and abuse. Very few studies, however, have been conducted to show the views of minority people on what substance abuse really is and how it affects their families and communities, although connections have often been made between crime and minority involvement in drug trafficking, use and abuse. This exploratory study presents an attempt to explore Latino or Hispanic people's perceptions and attitudes regarding the use and abuse of both licit and illicit substances, in a Texas City. Further, it is set up to examine individuals' views on drugs' definitions, their use in their community, and their effects on abusive and violent behavior in the family. The findings indicate that although individuals in this Hispanic community hold views on drugs similar to those in other communities, they nonetheless place most importance on the impact of the use of legal substances (alcohol and tobacco) on problem creation.
Mass effects in residential energy consumption

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mass on both the annual energy consumption and the maximum rate of energy consumption. There have been recent references in the literature to such effects as ‘mass resistance’, ‘capacity insulation’, and ‘thermal inertia’, suggesting that mass can actually resist the flow of energy through a wall. In this study it is shown that the annual energy comsumption is dependent on the R-factor and the heat capacity per unit area. An example compares two buildings, one with walls that are 400 times as massive as those of the other, and yet the annual energy consumption is identical; hence, the idea of ‘mass resistance’ is to be avoided. The real effect of increased mass is typically to increase the heat capacity. The effect of increased heat capacity in a building is shown to lead to a slight decrease in the annual energy consumption and a significant decrease in the maximum rate of energy consumption.
Adhesiveness of polyethylene mixtures

The effect of additions to polyethylene wax on the breaking stress f of butt joints between two steel cylinders depended on the nature of the addition. Oleic acid lowered f in concentrations as small as 0.2%, and in presence of 1% oleic acid f was immeasurably small. Ethyl palmitate slightly diminished f (to about 1/5th of the initial value when the amounts of polyethylene and palmitate were equal), but this decrease was wholly due to the weakening of the polymer itself, and the ratio of f to the tensile strength of polyethylene-palmitate mixtures was >1 at all compositions. Thus, with oleic acid above 0.2% improper, and with ethyl palmitate at all percentages, proper adhints were obtained. Stearone apparently formed a weak boundary layer and 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol gave erratic results as it decomposed on heating and apparently reacted with steel. Addition of ethyl palmitate to polyethylene contaminated with oleic acid made the mixture adhesionable. The solubility of the contaminant in solid polyethylene was more important than polarity. The relation between the composition of an adhesive and the breaking stress of its adhints can be understood if the distinction between proper and improper joints is kept in mind.
Adapting to Shifting Government Priorities: An Assessment of the Performance and Strategy of India's ONGC

The state-owned company Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is India’s largest company devoted to exploration and production (E&P). This paper attempts to unpack the dynamic of the government-ONGC relationship. Focusing specifically on how government ownership and control has influenced ONGC’s performance and strategy, this paper makes four main arguments. First, ONGC exists, just as with national oil companies in many other countries, because of a legacy of suspicion about outsiders. It performed well when it was tasked with things that were not that difficult and when it had help for the more difficult ventures, such as frontier E&P and development. Second, ONGC has run into trouble as it matured, and the roots of its troubles are mainly in its interactions with the GoI and secondarily in its management. Third, a slew of reforms instituted since the mid 1990s have fundamentally changed the landscape of the E&P sector in India and the dynamic of government-ONGC relationship. Targeted at improving corporate governance, enhancing competition in E&P, and eliminating price controls, those reforms have had a mixed impact on ONGC’s performance and strategy. They also highlight the difficulties the government has had in encouraging higher efficiencies in ONGC and the oil and gas sector. Fourth, given the deep interconnects of the oil and gas sector with India’s political economy, fixing the oil and gas sector essentially entails fixing the larger political economy within which the sector is embedded.
Generalized Portrait of Cancer Metabolic Pathways Inferred from a List of Genes Overexpressed in Cancer

More than half a century from postulated Warburg theory of cancer cells origin, a question of changed metabolism in cancer is again taking the central place. Generalized picture of cancer metabolism was replaced by analysis of signaling and oncogenes in each type of cancer for several decades. However, now empowered with wealth of knowledge about tumor suppressors, oncogenes, and signaling pathways, reprogramming of cellular metabolism (e.g., increased glycolysis to respiration ratio in cancer cells) reemerged as an important element of cancer progression. To analyze level of expression of various proteins including metabolic enzymes across various cancers we used dbEST and Unigene data. We delineated a list of genes that are overexpressed in different types of cancer. We also grouped overexpressed enzymes into KEGG pathways and analyzed adjacent pathways to describe enzymatic reactions that take place in cancer cells and to identify major players that are abundant in cancer protein machinery. Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation are the most abundant pathways although several other pathways are enriched in genes from our list. Ubiquitously overexpressed genes could be marked as nonspecific cancer-associated genes when analyzing genes that are overexpressed in certain types of cancer. Thus the list of overexpressed genes may be a useful tool for cancer research.
Pharmacologic Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Urinary Tract Infections in Women

Many factors influence the decision to institute treatment for the common problems of urinary tract symptoms and/or the presence of microorganisms in the urine of women. This article summarizes current evidence related to treatment choice and compares selected treatment practice guidelines. Evidence related to prevention of recurrent infection without the use of antibiotics is included.
Opportunistic Space-Division Multiple Access With Beam Selection

In this paper, a novel transmission technique for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel is proposed that allows simultaneous transmission to multiple users with limited feedback from each user. During a training phase, the base station modulates a training sequence on multiple sets of randomly chosen orthogonal beamforming vectors. Each user sends the index of the best beamforming vector and the corresponding signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for that set of orthogonal vectors back to the base station. The base station opportunistically determines the users and corresponding orthogonal vectors that maximize the sum capacity. Based on the capacity expressions, the optimal amount of training to maximize the sum capacity is derived as a function of the system parameters. The main advantage of the proposed system is that it provides throughput gains for the MIMO broadcast channel with a small feedback overhead, and provides these gains even with a small number of active users. Numerical simulations show that a 20% gain in sum capacity is achieved (for a small number of users) over conventional opportunistic space division multiple access, and a 100% gain (for a large number of users) over conventional opportunistic beamforming when the number of transmit antennas is four.
Salmon Carcass Movements in Forest Streams

Abstract The movements of salmon carcasses over time were studied in two forest streams in the context of a large-scale salmon carcass supplementation program. The objectives were to assess both the level of treatment after stream flows had displaced carcasses and to evaluate whether the magnitude of carcass movements outside of a given reach could be predicted. The movements of hand-placed, radio-tagged salmon carcasses were studied and compared with those of flagged carcasses dropped by helicopter. Repeated surveys showed that, in both streams, radio-tagged carcasses moved, on average, only a short distance, even after high-flow events, the maximum observed movement being 1.14 km after 77 d. In-channel wood and slow-water habitats contributed most to the retention of carcasses. The amount of wood that was incorporated into jams of medium and high complexity (including accumulated pieces of small wood) was the best predictor of the proportion of carcasses that would be retained within a given length of s...
Acid sphingomyelinase plays a key role in palmitic acid-amplified inflammatory signaling triggered by lipopolysaccharide at low concentrations in macrophages

Periodontal disease is more prevalent and severe in patients with diabetes than in nondiabetic patients. In addition to diabetes, a large number of studies have demonstrated an association between obesity and chronic periodontal disease. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. Since plasma free fatty acids (FAs) are elevated in obese patients and saturated FAs such as palmitic acid (PA) have been shown to increase host inflammatory response, we sought to find out how PA interacts with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an important pathological factor involved in periodontal disease, to enhance inflammation. We found that whereas low concentration of LPS (1 ng/ml) stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages, PA further augmented it fourfold. Besides IL-6, PA amplified the stimulatory effect of LPS on a large amount of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4-mediated expression of proinflammatory signaling molecules such as IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 and proinflammatory molecules, including monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and colony-stimulating factor. We also observed that PA augmented TLR4 but not TLR2 signal, and the augmentation was mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism whereby PA amplifies LPS signal, our studies showed that PA and LPS synergistically increased hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by stimulating acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity, which contributed to a marked increase in ceramide production and IL-6 upregulation. Taken together, this study has demonstrated that PA markedly augments TLR4-mediated proinflammatory signaling triggered by low concentration of LPS in macrophages, and ASMase plays a key role in the augmentation.
Infrared absorption nano-spectroscopy using sample photoexpansion induced by tunable quantum cascade lasers

We report a simple technique that allows obtaining mid-infrared absorption spectra with nanoscale spatial resolution under low-power illumination from tunable quantum cascade lasers. Light absorption is detected by measuring associated sample thermal expansion with an atomic force microscope. To detect minute thermal expansion we tune the repetition frequency of laser pulses in resonance with the mechanical frequency of the atomic force microscope cantilever. Spatial resolution of better than 50 nm is experimentally demonstrated.
ming is expressed in neuroblast sublineages and regulates gene expression in the Drosophila central nervous system.

Cell diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) is primarily generated by the invariant lineage of neural precursors called neuroblasts. We used an enhancer trap screen to identify the ming gene, which is transiently expressed in a subset of neuroblasts at reproducible points in their cell lineage (i.e. in neuroblast ‘sublineages’), suggesting that neuroblast identity can be altered during its cell lineage. ming encodes a predicted zinc finger protein and loss of ming function results in precise alterations in CNS gene expression, defects in axonogenesis and embryonic lethality. We propose that ming controls cell fate within neuroblast cell lineages.
Statistical arrival models to estimate missed passage counts at fish weirs

Missed counts are commonplace when enumerating fish passing a weir. Typically “connect-the-dots” linear interpolation is used to impute missed passage; however, this method fails to characterize un...