cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of High Field Intensity in Semiclassical Electrodynamics

Within the context of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and plane-wave classical electromagnetic fields, the specific consequences of very high field intensity are explored. Four principal departures from conventional behavior are identified: (i) The -eE·r interaction term frequently employed in electrodynamics is not adequate. (ii) The long-wavelength approximation (LWA) and the electric-dipole approximation (EDA) are not equivalent. (iii) In a two-body bound system, the equations of motion cannot be separated into independent equations describing center-of-mass motion and relative motion. (iv) A multipole treatment of interaction terms loses its utility because new, unfamiliar terms appear, and because the relative orders of magnitude of conventional multipole terms are altered.
The Art of Logic in an Illogical World

Every mathematician I know is frustrated with the experience of having a new acquaintance proudly tell us that they are no good at math usually followed by a description of when they started to dis...
Beyond the Flipped Classroom: Implementing Multiple, Simultaneous Pedagogical Styles Using Scrumage

While the "flipped classroom" style has some educational benefits, there are also known benefits to other pedagogical approaches such as lectures, educational games, class discussions, and case studies. In addition to a wide variety of pedagogical approaches, there are a wide variety of computer science learning materials, including videos, interactive tutorials, e-textbooks and traditional textbooks. The choices of approach and materials present a series of trade-offs and may favor some groups of students over others. In this workshop, we present a methodology called Scrumage, (SCRUM for AGile Education) which allows each student in a course to adopt the pedagogical approach and materials that best fit each student's individual learning needs. Scrumage adapts concepts from the Scrum project management technique to manage student teams where the project is learning. Each team learns with the style they prefer, so that multiple pedagogical styles and materials are in use in the course simultaneously. Participants in this workshop will be introduced to the methodology, benefits, and tools of this approach and will work through guided steps to implementing it in the course of their choice.
How Much Are We Willing to Pay for Preexposure Prophylaxis in the United States

Walensky and colleagues' cost-effectiveness analysis estimated the potential clinical benefits of tenofovir alafenamide–emtricitabine (F/TAF) and the resultant cost savings of lower risk for renal ...
Plant biomes demonstrate that landscape resilience today is the lowest it has been since end-Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions.

Resilient landscapes have helped maintain terrestrial biodiversity during periods of climatic and environmental change. Identifying the tempo and mode of landscape transitions and the drivers of landscape resilience is critical to maintaining natural systems and preserving biodiversity given today's rapid climate and land use changes. However, resilient landscapes are difficult to recognize on short time scales, as perturbations are challenging to quantify and ecosystem transitions are rare. Here we analyze two components of North American landscape resilience over 20,000 years: residence time and recovery time. To evaluate landscape dynamics, we use plant biomes, preserved in the fossil pollen record, to examine how long a biome type persists at a given site (residence time) and how long it takes for the biome at that site to reestablish following a transition (recovery time). Biomes have a median residence time of only 230-460 years. Only 64% of biomes recover their original biome type, but recovery time is 140-290 years. Temperatures changing faster than 0.5°C per 500 years result in much reduced residence times. Following a transition, biodiverse biomes reestablish more quickly. Landscape resilience varies through time. Notably, short residence times and long recovery times directly preceded the end-Pleistocene megafauna extinction, resulting in regional destabilization, and combining with more proximal human impacts to deliver a one-two punch to megafauna species. Our work indicates that landscapes today are once again exhibiting low resilience, foreboding potential extinctions to come. Conservation strategies focused on improving both landscape and ecosystem resilience by increasing local connectivity and targeting regions with high richness and diverse landforms can mitigate these extinction risks.
Effect of antibiotic use on outcomes in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of cancer over the past decade with significant improvement in survival for patients with metastatic melanoma, lung...
Kids Can Change: Reforming South Dakota’s Juvenile Transfer Law to Rehabilitate Children and Protect Public Safety

South Dakota, like many other states, permits adult criminal prosecution, sentencing, and imprisonment of certain minors who commit a crime. The mechanism which allows prosecution of a child as an adult is referred to as “juvenile transfer,” because the juvenile court’s jurisdiction over the child is transferred to the adult criminal court. The article discusses how the juvenile transfer mechanism developed — both generally and in South Dakota — as well as how it operates today. The author summarizes research findings about the efficacy and fairness of juvenile transfer. Harsh criminal consequences for juveniles are increasingly disfavored as we learn more about youth development. For example, in 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Miller v. Alabama, where it held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits sentencing juveniles to life imprisonment without parole. The Court’s decision was based, in part, on emerging scientific evidence about juvenile brain development and the fact that youth have greater capacity for change than adults. In addition to the research about youth development, the article discusses research about the inefficacy of juvenile transfer as a response to crime as well as the disproportionate impact juvenile transfer has on youth of color. The author recommends changes to South Dakota’s juvenile transfer laws in order to: refocus on the best interests of the child, return decision-making authority to the juvenile court, and add certain procedural safeguards to the juvenile transfer process.
An Imminent Substantial Disruption: Towards a Uniform Standard for Balancing the Rights of Students to Speak and the Rights of Administrators to Discipline.

Twenty-five years before Tinker v. Des Moines, the Supreme Court cautioned against giving too much discretion to school boards. In Tinker, when students wore armbands to protest the Vietnam War, the Court determined that student speech may not be censored when the record demonstrates no facts which could reasonably have predicted a “substantial disruption...or material interference” with school activities. Over the last four decades, however, the Court has returned to school boards the power to invade the sphere of intellect and spirit in public schools. Supreme Court and other opinions have restricted students’ rights by making exceptions to Tinker, deferring to school boards on “reasonableness”, and deciding cases on the speech’s content. The results fail to provide uniform standards to decide new cases and students are subject to personal opinions of the school boards. This Article argues that Tinker should be applied with less deference to administrators. The “reasonable forecast” test must be defined, so that administrators craft school policies within guidelines, and students know their rights. This Article argues that several terms need definition. The “reasonably forecast to cause a substantial disruption” language should be defined that only speech that meets the “incitement to imminent disruption” of legitimate state interests may be restricted. Administrators must justify restricting student speech in order to protect the “work and discipline of the school” that is a legitimate state interest. Rather than a separate test by which to measure speech to captive audiences inside the school building, the “lewd, vulgar, and plainly offensive” test in Bethel School District v. Fraser should be considered as part of Tinker’s “work and discipline” test. School administrators may then, without engaging in viewpoint discrimination, inculcate manners and habits of civility in the public schools, while maintaining the classroom as “the ‘marketplace of ideas.”
STUDIES ON POLYPEPTIDES

The synthesis by fragment condensation of a nonatricontapeptide corresponding to positions 66–104 of the proposed amino acid sequence of the enzyme ribonuclease T1 is described. It is shown that complex peptides corresponding to the C-terminal region of the T1 enzyme are soluble in 8 M pH 10.7 urea and that purification can be achieved by gel filtration in this solvent
Legal Methods for Medical Professionals: Implementing a Medical School Rotation in the Law School to Promote Greater Cooperation and Understanding between the Professions

During the past decade, I taught basic principles of health law and bioethics to both law students and medical students, but in separate settings. Both sets of students are bright, eager learners, but I found a lack of trust and heightened sense of competition between the two. This is something I wanted to change - or at least I wanted to be a part of a change that could lead to greater cooperation and better relations between the two professions. Thus, the idea of the joint course was born to combat the lack of mutual understanding that begins early in the professional education process, where there is little to no opportunity for meaningful dialogue or debate between medical and law students.
Understanding Demand and Capacity Mismatch in an Academic Emergency Department Using a Staircase Model of Provider Capacity and Staggered Shift Start Times.

Abstract Background Staffing and provider capacity are essential components of emergency department (ED) throughput. Patient flow is dependent on matching patient arrivals with provider capacity. Current models assume a static rate of patients per hour for providers; however, this metric has been shown to decrease throughout a shift in a pattern we describe as a staircase. Objective We sought to analyze the demand capacity mismatch based on both a static and staircase model of resident productivity. We then suggest a new staggered staffing model that would improve flow in the ED. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patient demand and productivity, analyzing both static and staircase models of provider capacity. An alternative staggered shift model was then suggested, and a 2-sample t test was performed to assess if a new model reduces the amount of demand/capacity mismatch. Results Seventeen thousand five hundred twenty data points were analyzed over the 2-year interval, comparing the difference between actual patients placed into a treatment space at each hour and projected resident capacity based on the staircase model, using both the existing schedule and a new staggered schedule. Mean absolute values for the disparity in coverage was 2.69 (95% confidence interval 2.65–2.72) for the staircase scheduling model, and 2.14 (95% confidence interval 2.12–2.17) when staggering provider start times. The mean difference between these data sets was 0.54 (95% confidence interval 0.52–0.57; p Conclusions Academic EDs may find value in using a staircase model to analyze provider capacity because it is more reflective of actual capacity. EDs may benefit from visualizing their capacity curves to identify mismatches and staggering resident shifts to improve throughput and flow.
Challenges for Use of PeroxySafe™ MSA Kit for Analysis of Poultry Meat.

The rapid SafTest PeroxySafe™ MSA Kit (PeroxySafe method) was approved by the AOAC to determine peroxide values (PVs) in foods. Studies were conducted to remedy challenges (reaction time, lack of turbidity in samples, effect of prooxidant [NaCl]) for use of the method when analyzing PVs in turkey meat. Initially, PVs could not be consistently obtained after a reaction time of 10 min (per directions) for variously processed meat. However, trends indicated that heated and heated/stored samples generally had higher numerical values than Fresh ones. This trend agreed with that of other investigators, suggesting usefulness of the method if consistent data could be obtained. Data for PVs of all treatments within processing conditions were recorded at 10, 20, and 30 min. There was a highly significant (P ≤ 0.0001) effect for reaction time with 30 min > 20 min > 10 min. An increase in PVs was noted for heated samples when lipids and oxidation products were released by homogenization, rather than vortexing with glass beads, and data were recorded at the 30 min. It is likely that these precautions may promote more accurate determination of PVs from samples with NaCl, a prooxidant. Comparison of extraction procedures for the PeroxySafe method and that of Grau and others (2000) showed that the extraction procedure (homogenization) of the latter method produced numerically greater PVs for fresh/stored samples than that of the former. However, it was concluded that the PeroxySafe method could be used for comparative analyses of samples when adequate extraction (turbidity) occurred and measurements were recorded after a 20 to 30 min reaction time. Practical Application A plethora of processing and storage conditions are used to ensure a nutritious and safe food supply. Processing/storage conditions and additives may increase or decrease lipid oxidation in foods having a high unsaturated fatty acid content. Rapid and consistent determination of peroxide values (PVs) could be used by investigators to quickly analyze the effect of various conditions during early stages of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation. Of particular interest is the use of agri-food chain horticultural by-products, containing antioxidants, in feed of poultry and the capacity of the antioxidants to reduce oxidation of heated and stored post mortem poultry meat. Use of rapid methods to assess oxidation of fatty acids in raw and processed foods as well as the efficacy of dietary antioxidants in variously processed and stored poultry products would be valuable to scientists and food manufacturers.
Using light to implement parallel Boolean algebra

We design and implement highly parallel algorithms that use light as the tool of computation. An ordinary xerox machine and a box of transparencies constitutes our computer. We find the maximum in a list of n-bit numbers of arbitrary length using at most n xerox copying steps. We decide, for any graph having n vertices and m edges, whether a 3-coloring exists in at most 2n+4m copying steps. For large instances of problems such as the 3-color problem, this solution method may require the production of transparencies that display challengingly high densities of information. Our ultimate purpose here is to give hand tested 'ultraparallel' algorithmic procedures that may provide useful suggestions for future optical technologies.
The Behavior of Delaminations in Composite Plates—Analytical and Experimental Results

The behavior of elliptical sublaminates created by delaminations in composite plates was investigated for plates subjected to in-plane compressive, shear, and thermal loads. The axes of the ellipse may be arbitrarily oriented with respect to the applied loads. A model was developed which provides the stresses, strains, and displacements of the sublaminate, and the loads applied to the plate at which the sublaminate buckles and at which it grows in size. A series of experiments was conducted on sandwich plates made of Fiberite T300/976 graphite-epoxy laminates bonded to an aluminum honeycomb core. Teflon film in either a circle or an ellipse was embedded in the laminate, simulating the presence of a delamination. Each plate was loaded in compression, and the load-strain history of the sublaminate, the sublaminate buckling load, and the sublaminate growth load were measured. The predictions of the model agreed reasonably well with the data.
The PTEN Tumor Suppressor Forms Homodimers in Solution

As the phosphoinositol-3-kinase antagonist in the PI3K pathway, the PTEN tumor suppressor exerts phosphatase activity on diacylphosphatidylinositol triphosphate in the plasma membrane. Even partial loss of this activity enhances tumorigenesis, but a mechanistic basis for this aspect of PTEN physiology has not yet been established. It was recently proposed that PTEN mutations have dominant-negative effects in cancer via PTEN dimers. We show that PTEN forms homodimers in vitro, and determine a structural model of the complex from SAXS and Rosetta docking studies. Our findings shed new light on the cellular control mechanism of PTEN activity. Phosphorylation of the unstructured C-terminal tail of PTEN reduces PTEN activity, and this result was interpreted as a blockage of the PTEN membrane binding interface through this tail. The results presented here instead suggest that the C-terminal tail functions in stabilizing the homodimer, and that tail phosphorylation interferes with this stabilization.
Evolution of surface patterns on swelling gels.

A simple model, describing a network of springs moving against friction, is used to study the evolution of surface patterns on a gel undergoing uniaxial expansion. The nonlinear growth equation obtained adequately describes the key experimental observations, such as the scaling of the typical size of patterns and the formation of cusps. The dynamics is carried on a computer, and the patterns obtained are in qualitative agreement with experiments.
Prediction of functionally important residues based solely on the computed energetics of protein structure

Catalytic and other functionally important residues in proteins can often be mutated to yield more stable proteins. Many of these residues are charged residues that are located in electrostatically unfavorable environments. Here it is demonstrated that because continuum electrostatics methods can identify these destabilizing residues, the same methods can also be used to identify functionally important residues in otherwise uncharacterized proteins. To establish this point, detailed calculations are performed on six proteins for which good structural and mutational data are available from experiments. In all cases it is shown that functionally important residues known to be destabilizing experimentally are among the most destabilizing residues found in the calculations. A larger scale analysis performed on 216 different proteins demonstrates the existence of a general relationship between the calculated electrostatic energy of a charged residue and its degree of evolutionary conservation. This relationship becomes obscured when electrostatic energies are calculated using Coulomb's law instead of the more complete continuum electrostatics method. Finally, in a first predictive application of the method, calculations are performed on three proteins whose structures have recently been reported by a structural genomics consortium.
Citizens’ reactions to hot spots policing: impacts on perceptions of crime, disorder, safety and police

We explore whether the use of foot patrol, problem-oriented policing and offender-focused policing at violent crime hot spots negatively impacted the community’s perceptions of crime and disorder, perceived safety, satisfaction with police and their perceptions of procedural justice. We report on a repeated cross-sectional survey that was mailed before and after the deployment of concentrated police interventions in 60 small areas of Philadelphia, PA, as part of the Philadelphia Policing Tactics Experiment. Eighty-one violent crime hot spots were randomly allocated to one of three treatments (20 each), or to a control assignment (21). Impacts on the community via seven scales were analyzed using OLS models with orthogonal contrast-coded treatment variables and demographic covariates. The OLS models estimating changes in the community’s opinions from pre- to post-intervention uncovered no statistically significant changes on any of the dependent variables relative to control locations, irrespective of the treatment type. Even though one experimental treatment condition (offender-focused) reported statistically significant violent crime reductions, the police activity that generated the crime reduction did not noticeably change community perceptions of crime and disorder, perceived safety, satisfaction with police or procedural justice. As implemented in Philadelphia, none of the policing tactics had measurable changes in resident perception within the communities that were targeted. The results do not support the suggestion that hot spots policing negatively impacts the community. At the same time, no positive benefits were generated.
Comparison of monocyte separation methods using flow cytometric analysis

We isolated normal, nonactivated human monocytes from peripheral blood by four different methods: (1) rosetting with sheep erythrocytes pretreated with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET) followed by monoclonal antibody (OKT3 (CD3), B1 (CD19), Leu7, Leu11 (CD16] and complement treatment; (2) adherence to gelatin/plasma-coated flasks; (3) adherence to plastic dishes; and (4) separation by the Sepracell technique. We monitored these monocyte separations by determining cell recoveries, OKT4A+ lymphocyte contamination, monocyte binding to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), number of non-specific esterase-positive cells, and proportion of mononuclear cells reactive with a battery of monoclonal antibodies specific for monocytes. Our results indicate that of the four methods compared, adherence to gelatin/plasma-coated flasks produced the highest purity, recovery, and satisfactory binding to HIV with the fewest contaminating CD4+ T cells.
The effect of divorce on intergenerational transfers: New evidence

This paper draws on new data on intergenerational transfers of time and money that were collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We use these data to examine the effects of divorce on these transfers. We find that the timing of divorce is critical. Fathers and mothers involved in late divorces have similar levels of transfers with their adult children, while divorce during a child's childhood years increases transfers with mothers and sharply lowers them with fathers. Somewhat surprisingly, we find no evidence that divorced fathers who paid child support are more likely to be involved in intergenerational transfers than those who did not pay child support.
POLLINATION INTERACTIONS IN SYMPATRIC DICENTRA SPECIES

The pollination of a large mixed population of Dicentra canadensis and D. cucullaria was studied in a beech-maple forest in southwestern Ohio. Analyses of pollinator frequencies and species, pollinator behavior, sugar components and concentrations in nectar, corbicular pollen loads carried by pollinators, spectral reflectance from corollas including ultraviolet reflectance, fragrance, blooming phenology, insect-related fertility, and hybridization potentials suggested that these sympatric Dicentra species are reproductively isolated by internal mechanisms but not by external barriers to hybridization. Both species were exclusively and obligately dependent upon queen bumblebees for their pollination unlike other members of the spring ephemeral flora to which they belong. The occurrence of one or both species in one area is considered primarily the result of their adaptive preference for different edaphic and possibly climatic situations and not the consequence of competitive exclusion
Documentation of ED patient pain by nurses and physicians

The purpose of this study was to evaluate ED documentation of patient pain in light of the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organization's emphasis on pain assessment and management. A prospectively designed pain management survey was offered to patients on ED discharge. Documentation of pain intensity by ED nurses and physicians was retrospectively reviewed. Of 302 patients surveyed, 261 (86%) complete charts were available for review. Initial pain assessments were noted on 94% of the charts, but a pain scale was used for only 23% of the patients. Documentation of pain subsequent to therapy was noted on 39% of the charts, but a pain scale was used only 19% of the time. Subsequent to therapy, nurses were 2.2 x more likely to document pain assessments than physicians (30% vs 16%, P <.001). Patients with severe pain on arrival (46% vs 31%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, P <.02), chest pain (72% vs 32%, OR = 5.4, P <.001), or those receiving powerful analgesics (62% vs 32%, 3.5, P <.001) were more likely to receive a documented subsequent pain assessment than other patients. Pain severity is not consistently documented in ED patients, especially after therapy has been provided. Patients with severe pain and those receiving powerful analgesics were more likely to have a pain assessment subsequent to ED therapy.
Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for the Physical Chemistry Laboratory

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy finds growing application to inorganic and organic materials, biological samples, polymers, proteins, and cellular membranes. However, this technique is often neither included in laboratory curricula nor typically covered in undergraduate courses. On the other hand, spectroscopy and molecular structure taught in second-semester undergraduate physical chemistry courses meet the minimal background prerequisites for interpreting data obtained in many solid-state NMR experiments. A solid-state 2H NMR experiment is described in which the student obtains and interprets the spectrum of a powder sample of hexamethylbenzene-d18 using a solution NMR spectrometer as found in many undergraduate institutions. A quadrupolar-echo pulse sequence is applied to the sample to obtain the 2H NMR spectrum. The spectrum of a randomly oriented powder sample consists of two spectral branches with broad shoulders. The quadrupolar frequencies corresponding to the nuclear spi...
Vacancy ordering phase transition in ZrBe2(H/D)x: NMR and electronic structure study

The layered intermetallic compound ZrBe 2 (H/D) x (x≃1.5) was studied using deuterium and beryllium NMR. A temperature-induced structural transition in the deuteride reported earlier is further investigated here using 9 BeNMR, which reveals the transition in both the hydride and deuteride at 200 and 235 K. respectively. Above the transition temperature a single pair of quadrupolar satellites is present. Each quadrupolar satellite splits into two resonances below the transition temperature, implying the existence of two different classes of Be sites. The temperature dependence of the satellite frequencies and the appearance of two-phase coexistence spectra show the transition to be first order. Be-D spin-echo double resonance (SEDOR) experiments were performed to identify the two sites; SEDOR demonstrates that the D environments of the two classes of Be sites are similar. Electronic structure calculations show the binding energy of H decreases gradually for x greater than 1.38. The calculations allow a vacancy ordered structure to he proposed.
Patterns of needle acquisition and sociobehavioral correlates of needle exchange program attendance in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.

Objectives: This study examined factors associated with obtaining syringes from a needle exchange program (NEP) and other safer sources in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. Design and Methods: A cross-sectional face-to-face survey was administered to 741 current drug injectors recruited by snowball sampling techniques. A brief openended interview was conducted on a subsample. Results: Most (85%) participants obtained needles from street needle sellers. Only 8% obtained their needles exclusively from safer sources (NEPs, pharmacies, hospitals, or patients with diabetes). Cocaine use was associated with obtaining needles from the NEP but not from exclusively safer sources. Obtaining needles from only safer sources was associated with being female and less frequent needle sharing and shooting gallery attendance. Among HIV-seropositive participants, those who were diagnosed before the year that the NEP began were more likely to obtain needles from safer sources. Participants who sold needles reported that it was easy to make used needles appear to be unused, and some admitted to selling used syringes as new. Conclusions: Street needle sellers are an important source of needles for drug injectors, and few injectors appear able to determine whether these needles are clean. Individual sealing of diabetic syringes may reduce the risk of blood-borne infections by enabling both drug injectors and patients with diabetes to better judge the sterility of the needles they purchase.
Febrile illness in a young traveler: dengue fever and its complications.

Abstract Background Dengue fever, a tropical disease once confined mostly to endemic areas in developing countries, is becoming more prevalent. Globalization has led to an increased incidence of the virus both in foreign travelers returning home and local outbreaks in traditionally nonendemic areas, such as the southern United States and southern Europe. Advances in diagnostic tests, therapies, and vaccines for dengue virus have been limited, but research is ongoing. Objectives To review the current literature regarding the diagnosis and management of dengue fever. Case Report This case report describes a young woman returning from Central America with many of the common signs and symptoms who was misdiagnosed both abroad and at home. We explore the epidemiology, disease course, complications, and treatment of dengue fever. Conclusion Emergency physicians should consider dengue fever in patients with acute febrile illnesses, especially among those with recent travel.
Successful treatment of a cervical pregnancy with a single low dose methotrexate regimen.

Abstract Until very recently cervical pregnancies have been treated with surgery, usually hysterectomy. The development of endovaginal ultrasound, which allows early diagnosis, and methotrexate chemotherapy have opened up new therapeutic options. A 45-year-old multigravida presented at 8 weeks' gestation with vaginal bleeding. Endovaginal ultrasound demonstrated a cervical pregnancy with a fetal pole, 1.2 × 1.4 cm sac, no cardiac pulsations, and an empty uterus. After discussion with the patient, single low dose methotrexate 1.5 mg/m 2 was given intramuscularly. The patient's hCG titre was 5882 IU-(Third International Standard). Over a 5-week period the hCG titres fell, and the gestational sac disappeared. The patient experienced intermittent vaginal bleeding and cramping but was managed as an outpatient. Single low dose methotrexate may be a successful management option in selected cases of cervical pregnancy.
Lithography system evolution: a perspective on a methodology for the rapid determination of 0.25um process capability.

Introduction of new semiconductor technology to the market place depends on how quickly advanced research and development organizations can provide viable products. A methodology is described and examples given that reduce the development time associated with leading edge lithography systems. An interactive development loop focusing on improvement of dimensional control and depth of focus is discussed. Techniques to improve the areas of design, data collection and analysis are presented.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: An argument for wider clinical use

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring predicts cardiovascular risk better than office readings do. It can detect white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and normal and aberrant patterns of circadian variation in blood pressure. Though the clinical role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is currently limited, its use can be considered in many common clinical situations, eg, resistant hypertension, transplantation, pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, and dialysis. It may help in therapeutic decision-making and save money in the long term.
Density and Partial Molar Volumes of Binary Mixtures for the Dimethyl Ether of a Glycol + Ethanol from T = 288.15 K to T = 318.15 K

Densities of {xCH 3 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) ν OCH 3 + (1 - x)C 2 H 5 OH} for v = 1 - 4 at T= (288.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K have been measured over the entire mole-fraction range. The measurements were made by means of a vibrating-tube densimeter. From these densities, some derived quantities, such as partial molar volumes and partial excess molar volumes have been obtained. Values of the limiting partial molar volumes and thence of the limiting partial excess molar volumes of the components have been derived. The densities can be expressed in terms of fourth-degree polynomials with respect to the mole fraction of the glycol. The temperature has no significant effect on the partial molar volumes of the glycols with v = 3 and 4 in ethanol. These volumetric properties are discussed in terms of molecular interactions between the glycol and ethanol.
A shock-induced polymorph of anatase and rutile from the Chesapeake Bay impact structure, Virginia, U.S.A

A shock-induced polymorph (TiO2 II) of anatase and rutile has been identified in breccias from the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure. The breccia samples are from a recent, partially cored test hole in the central uplift at Cape Charles, Virginia. The drill cores from 744 to 823 m depth consist of suevitic crystalline-clast breccia and brecciated cataclastic gneiss in which the TiO2 phases anatase and rutile are common accessory minerals. Electron-microprobe imaging and laser Raman spectroscopy of TiO2 crystals, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) of mineral concentrates, confirm that a high-pressure, α-PbO2 structured polymorph of TiO2 (TiO2 II) coexists with anatase and rutile in matrix-hosted crystals and in inclusions within chlorite. Raman spectra of this polymorph include strong bands at wavenumbers (cm−1) 175, 281, 315, 342, 356, 425, 531, 571, and 604; they appear with anatase bands at 397, 515, and 634 cm−1, and rutile bands at 441 and 608 cm−1. XRD patterns reveal 12 lines from the polymorph that do not significantly interfere with those of anatase or rutile, and are consistent with the TiO2 II that was first reported to occur naturally as a shock-induced phase in rutile from the Ries crater in Germany. The recognition here of a second natural shock-induced occurrence of TiO2 II suggests that its presence in rocks that have not been subjected to ultrahigh-pressure regional metamorphism can be a diagnostic indicator for confirmation of suspected impact structures.
Accuracy of cortical and trabecular bone measurements with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)

In order to assess the accuracy of peripheral QCT (Stratec XCT 960) we analysed scans of the European Forearm Phantom and another phantom consisting of K2HPO4 encased in aluminium tubes to simulate cortical walls. Additionally 14 cadaveric forearm specimen scans were compared to CT scans acquired on a GE9800Q. The accuracy for density assessment of the European Forearm Phantom was better than 3%. A small increase in density was observed with increasing thickness of the aluminium wall (10% for each mm). Density measurements within the wall were confounded by limited spatial resolution. For a thickness of less than 4 mm, the density within the wall was underestimated by up to 40%. The measurement of mineral content was not influenced by this effect and showed an accuracy error of less than 6%. The agreement of density measurements on the different CT systems was very strong (R2 > 0.96; RMSE < 6.2%). Our findings suggest that the Stratec pQCT scanner very accurately measures volumetric trabecular and total bone mineral densities at the distal radius while the assessment of cortical density is associated with considerable inaccuracies due to limited spatial resolution.
Designing machines for lattice physics and algorithm investigation

Abstract Special-purpose computers are appropriate tools for the study of lattice gauge theory. While these machines deliver considerable processing power, it is also important to be able to program complex physics ideas and investigate algorithms on them. We examine features that facilitate coding of physics problems, and flexibility in algorithms. Appropriate balances among power, memory, communications and I/O capabilities are presented.
The Initial Heat Production in Garfish Olfactory Nerve Fibres

A study has been made of the temperature changes associated with the passage of a single impulse in the non-myelinated fibres of the garfish olfactory nerve: and the time course of these temperature changes has been compared with the time course of the electrical events during the action potential. As in other non-myelinated nerves studied the observed temperature changes result from a biphasic initial heat production consisting of a transient evolution of heat (the positive heat) followed by a a rapid heat reabsorption (referred to as the negative heat). There is no evidence of any additional phases of initial heat production. At 0 degrees C the measured positive initial heat is 224 $\mu $cal/g impulse (937 $\mu $J/g impulse); and the corresponding negative initial heat is 230 $\mu $cal/g impulse (962 $\mu $J/g impulse). The residual initial heat is very small, being about -6 $\mu $cal/g impulse (-25 $\mu $J/g impulse). In the range 0-10 degrees C there is no significant effect of temperature on the magnitude of either the positive or the negative phases of heat production. The experimental thermal records were analysed to determine the true time course of the temperature changes in the nerve undistorted by the recording system. The time course of the temperature changes does not fit with that of the transmembrane voltage change as represented by the monophasic compound action potential recorded externally from the same point on the nerve. A better fit is obtained if the temperature changes are compared with the square of the voltage change in accordance with the view that the heat derives almost wholly from free energy changes and entropy changes in the membrane capacity. The best fit is obtained if it is assumed that the membrane potential does not discharge to zero during the action potential but that at the peak of the action potential the charge (and hence the p.d.) across the membrane capacity retains about 24% of its resting value.
C++ implementations of numerical methods for solving differential-algebraic equations: design and optimization considerations

Object-oriented programming can produce improved implementations of complex numerical methods, but it can also introduce a performance penalty. Since computational simulation often requires intricate and highly efficient codes, the performance penalty of high-level techniques must always be weighed against the improvements they enable. These issues are addressed in a general object-oriented (OO) toolkit for the numerical solution of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). The toolkit can be configured in several different ways to solve DAE initial-value problems with an adaptive multistep method. It contains a wrapped version of the Fortran 77 code DASPK and a translation of this to C++. Two C++ constructs for assembling the tools are provided, as are two implementations an important DAE test problem. Multiple configurations of the toolkit for DAE test problems are compared in order to assess the performance penalties of C++. The mathematical methods and implementation techniques are discussed in detail in order to provide heuristics for efficient OO scientific programming and to demonstrate the effectiveness of OO techniques in managing complexity and producing better code. The codes were tested on a variety of problems using publicly available Fortran 77 and C++ compilers. Extensive effficiency comparisons are presented in order to isolate computationally inefficient OO techniques. Techniques that caused difficulty in implementation and maintenance are also highlighted. The comparisons demonstrate that the majority of C++'s built-in support for OO programming has a negligible effect on performance, when used at sufficiently high levels, and provides flexible and extensible software for numerical methods.
Reversible Pachytene Arrest of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at Elevated Temperature

The temperature sensitivity of sporulation in a well-characterized yeast strain lacking any known temperature sensitive genes has been investigated. Cytological observations by electron microscopy demonstrate that cells incubated in sporulation medium at a temperature inhibitory to sporulation became arrested in meiotic prophase. The stage of arrest was identified as pachytene by the presence of duplicated (but unseparated) spindle pole bodies and synaptonemal complex. Transfer of the arrested culture to lower temperature permitted resumption of meiosis and sporulation; transfer to vegetative medium resulted in reversion to mitotic division. Genetic analysis of cells that had reverted to mitosis revealed that commitment to intragenic recombination had occurred by the time of arrest. Prolonged incubation at the elevated temperature resulted in the enhancement of intragenic recombination above normal levels, suggesting that some aspect of recombination continued to occur during the pachytene arrest. Evidence is presented that DNA replication, although depressed overall in the arrested cultures, had occurred to completion in many arrested cells.
Testing for micro-structure effects of international dual listings using intraday data

Abstract This paper examines the impact on the liquidity of NYSE/AMEX listed stocks when they were subsequently listed on the London or the Tokyo Stock Exchanges. It can be argued that the increased competition from foreign market makers will reduce the monopoly rents that specialists can earn, thereby improving their quotes. We find, however, that spreads do not decrease following a dual listing, though the depth of the quotes increases as predicted. The apparent increase in depth disappears once we account for changes in price, volume and return variance. We also find that the level of informed trading increases, which increases the cost to the specialist of providing liquidity, and explains why spreads do not decline in spite of increased competition. Consistent with an increase in informed trading, we also document an increase in trading activity.
Attainment of sexuality inEnchytraeus fragmentosus Bell under laboratory conditions

Es wurde fruher beschrieben, dassEnchytraeus fragmentosus Bell (Oligochaeta) keine Sexualorgane besitzt und sich nur durch Fragmentation fortpflanzt. Jetzt wurden mannliche und weibliche Sexualorgane entdeckt, die sich wahrscheinlich als Folge veranderter Zuchtbedingungen entwickeln.
Meson structure in QCD2

Abstract The meson Bethe-Salpeter wavefunction and density-density correlation function are calculated for SU(N) lattice gauge theory in two dimensions and shown to agree in detail with continuum weak coupling solutions.
Receiver-oriented multiple access in ad hoc networks with directional antennas

Directional antennas can adaptively select radio signals of interest in specific directions, while filtering out unwanted interference from other directions. A couple of medium access protocols based on random access schemes have been proposed for networks with directional antennas, using the omnidirectional mode for the transmission or reception of control packets in order to establish directional links. We propose a distributed receiver-oriented multiple access (ROMA) scheduling protocol, capable of utilizing multi-beam forming directional antennas in ad hoc networks. Unlike random access schemes that use on-demand handshakes or signal scanning to resolve communication targets, ROMA computes a link activation schedule in each time slot using two-hop topology information. It is shown that significant improvements on network throughput and delay can be achieved by exploiting the multi-beam forming capability of directional antennas in both transmission and reception. The performance of ROMA is studied by simulation, and compared with a well-know static scheduling scheme that is based on global topology information.
An Informal Perspective on the Economics and Regulation of Securities Markets

This review uses an economic lens to offer perspectives on securities regulation. We discuss several motives for regulation and highlight some facets of regulatory conflict, competition, and coordination as well as the range of required securities market disclosures. We discuss the roles of economics and cost-benefit analysis in regulation under administrative law as well as “counting” and “line-drawing” exercises and the nature of the “unintended consequences” of regulation. Among the specific examples of securities regulation that the review highlights using economic principles are short-sale regulation (including the economic costs associated with short interest) and enforcement sanctions against corporations. We also note some of the successes (options backdating) and failures (Madoff and mutual fund market timing) of the securities regulator in identifying new enforcement challenges. This review concludes by highlighting the importance of regulatory uncertainty and time-consistent policies and applie...
Link stress reduction in topology-aware overlay path monitoring

Overlay networks often employ end-to-end probes to track network performance. These probes are routed through overlay paths, which usually overlap at the overlay level. In addition, two seemingly disjoint overlay paths may share many physical links at the IP level, causing high link stress. Several monitoring algorithms have been proposed to reduce the overall probing overhead. Surprisingly, they do not address the associated problem of high link stress. The high link stress presents an additional load on the network links, which could cause congestion, delay, and measurement conflict. In this paper, we aim at reducing the link stress associated with probing algorithms by introducing the concept of Internal Probing, where readily available IP-level topology information is used in conjunction with the overlay topology to reduce the link stress on highly shared path segments. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the link stress by up to 30%.