cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Fundamental Approaches to an Analysis of Limbic System Function

In the preceding chapters it became apparent that the anatomical connections of the limbic system are so complex in their interactions that it is virtually impossible to view them as an integrated system. The original definition of the limbic system, as outlined by Broca in 1878, considered the limbic lobe to consist primarily of the septum, the cingulate cortex, and the hippocampal complex (refer to Fig. 1-1). Because of their seemingly close relationship with primary olfactory structures, the prevailing view at that time was that the limbic lobe was involved with higher-order olfactory processing. However, as anatomical methods became more precise, it was found that the olfactory bulbs did not contribute heavily to these structures (cf. Pribram & Kruger, 1954). These data, along with the classic paper by Papez (1937) suggesting a visceromotor function for these structures, led to a disuse of the term “rhinencephalon.”
Investigation of Mg δ-doping for low resistance N-polar p-GaN films grown at reduced temperatures by MOCVD

In this study we explored p-type δ-doping for the deposition of N-polar p-GaN films at 900 °C, for application in device structures containing high In composition active layers. Various δ-doping process parameters were investigated, including the duration and molar flow of the Mg precursor during each pulse as well as the δ-doping period. The results were compared to those obtained for layers grown using continuous doping. As the δ-doping period was reduced from 25 to 5 nm, the p-GaN bulk resistivity decreased from 6.8 to 2.8 cm. The p-layer resistivity rose with increasing [Mg] independent of the doping scheme. For similar average [Mg], however, continuous doping resulted in a lower resistivity compared to δ-doping. This effect was more pronounced at higher [Mg], indicating that high local concentrations of Mg resulted in degradation of the electrical performance. After optimization of the p-layer structure and contact fabrication process, a minimum contact resistance of 2.77 m cm2 and a minimum resistivity of 1.33 cm were achieved.
Dogs do not demonstrate a human-like bias to defer to communicative cues

Human children and domesticated dogs learn from communicative cues, such as pointing, in highly similar ways. In two experiments, we investigate whether dogs are biased to defer to these cues in the same way as human children. We tested dogs on a cueing task similar to one previously conducted in human children. Dogs received conflicting information about the location of a treat from a Guesser and a Knower, who either used communicative cues (i.e., pointing; Experiments 1 and 2), non-communicative physical cues (i.e., a wooden marker; Experiment 1), or goal-directed actions (i.e., grasping; Experiment 2). Although human children tested previously struggled to override inaccurate information provided by the Guesser when she used communicative cues, in contrast to physical cues or goal-directed actions, dogs were more likely to override the Guesser's information when she used communicative cues or goal-directed actions than when she used non-communicative physical cues. Given that dogs did not show the same selective bias towards the Guesser's information in communicative contexts, these findings provide clear evidence that dogs do not demonstrate a human-like bias to defer to communicative cues. Instead, dogs may be more likely to critically evaluate information presented via communicative cues than either physical or non-communicative cues.
Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification for Particle-Based Simulation of Lipid Bilayer Membranes

A number of problems of interest in applied mathematics and biology involve the quantification of uncertainty in computational and real-world models. A recent approach to Bayesian uncertainty quantification using transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo (TMCMC) is extremely parallelizable and has opened the door to a variety of applications which were previously too computationally intensive to be practical. In this chapter, we first explore the machinery required to understand and implement Bayesian uncertainty quantification using TMCMC. We then describe dissipative particle dynamics, a computational particle simulation method which is suitable for modeling biological structures on the subcellular level, and develop an example simulation of a lipid membrane in fluid. Finally, we apply the algorithm to a basic model of uncertainty in our lipid simulation, effectively recovering a target set of parameters (along with distributions corresponding to the uncertainty) and demonstrating the practicality of Bayesian uncertainty quantification for complex particle simulations.
Maintenance Schedule of Power Transmission Equipment Considering Large-scale Renewable Energy Access

With the quick development of renewable energy, it is required to consider the guarantee of renewable energy delivery capacity in the compilation of maintenance schedule of high-voltage (500kV and above, and 220/330kV in part) power transmission equipment. For this purpose, a method to compile the maintenance schedule of power transmission equipment is given: calculate the wind curtailment according to the probability density function of equivalent load and the daily minimum power-on output, and take it as a goal of maintenance schedule optimization; give the time periods suitable to the maintenance of external channel equipment based on the characteristics of photovoltaic power and hydropower. Considering the operation safety of transmission section, a large power grid maintenance schedule model based on multi-constraints is established in this paper, and this model is solved by use of mixed integer programming, and the compilation of annual maintenance schedule of actual power grid is taken as an example for verification.
Infinite family of non-concordant knots having the same Seifert form

By a recent result of Livingston, it is known that if a knot has a prime power branched cyclic cover that is not a homology sphere, then there is an infinite family of non-concordant knots having the same Seifert form as the knot. In this paper, we extend this result to the full extent. We show that if the knot has nontrivial Alexander polynomial, then there exists an infinite family of non-concordant knots having the same Seifert form as the knot. As a corollary, no nontrivial Alexander polynomial determines a unique knot concordance class. We use Cochran-Orr-Teichner's recent result on the knot concordance group and Cheeger-Gromov's von Neumann rho invariants with their universal bound for a 3-manifold.
Product Development Fundamentals

One of the first things to know about product development is that there are countless ways to do it, and what’s even more interesting is that there are multiple right ways to do it.
Affirmative Action, Reaction, and Inaction: A Positive Political Theory Analysis of Affirmative Action in Higher Education

Traditional analyses of the Supreme Court’s decisions on affirmative action focus on how the political ideologies of individual Justices shape the Court’s rulings. This is an important part of the story, but it is not all of it; it omits a critical factor influencing the Court’s decisions – the Court’s conscious strategic consideration of political forces that affect the Court’s legitimacy and its long-term policy goals. Positive Political Theory (PPT) – the idea that political bodies (including the Court) are actually strategic actors, acting rationally and with political awareness to maximize certain ends – provides a useful lens through which to view the Court’s decisions. Through that lens, this article analyzes the major Supreme Court cases regarding affirmative action in higher education, from Defunis v. Odegaard in 1974 to the ongoing Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard College case which may reach the Supreme Court in the next few years. This article demonstrates that the Court is a strategic entity making deliberate and politically expedient decisions which reflect the Court’s (and its constituent members’) desire to preserve institutional legitimacy and maximize the longevity of Justices’ ideological preferences as reflected through policy and law.
Biaxial hyperbolic metamaterials

We have fabricated biaxial hyperbolic metamaterials (BHMMs) using layered structures consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and copper (Cu). In order to enable the biaxial property, an oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique is applied to deposit the dielectric layer. We have characterized the biaxial hyperbolic dispersion using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) measurements in the wavelength range 400 nm to 900 nm. A noticeable difference be- tween in-plane permittivity components of the fabricated BHMM is observed to be 0.13 at 633 nm. The experimental characterization results have been in good agreement with the predictions of effective medium approximation (EMA) with an MSE of 18.
Detecting Trait versus Performance Student Behavioral Patterns Using Discriminative Non-Negative Matrix Factorization

Recent studies have shown that students follow stable behavioral patterns while learning in online educational systems. These behavioral patterns can further be used to group the students into different clusters. However, as these clusters include both high- and low-performance students, the relation between the behavioral patterns and student performance is yet to be clarified. In this work, we study the relationship between students’ learning behaviors and their performance, in a self-organized online learning system that allows them to freely practice with various problems and worked examples. We represent each student’s behavior as a vector of highsupport sequential micro-patterns. Then, we discover both the prevalent behavioral patterns in each group and the shared patterns across groups using discriminative non-negative matrix factorization. Our experiments show that we can successfully detect such common and specific patterns in students’ behavior that can be further interpreted into student learning behavior trait patterns and performance patterns.
The Affect Effect: Integrating Student Emotions into the Design of Engineering Technology Courses with Optimization Method

This Innovative Practice Full Paper presents a study that enhanced both cognitive and non-cognitive learning outcomes through optimizing science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) students’ affective responses. Much of engineering education has focused on designing courses and curriculum to maximize both cognitive and, increasingly, non-cognitive learning outcomes. The role of affective outcomes, such as feelings or values, have been comparatively under-studied in the engineering context [1]. This despite the fact that there is promising research in both educational psychology and computer science that links positive affect with enhanced learning outcomes [2], [3].To design a study based on affect, an engineering professor partnered with an advanced undergraduate psychology student to develop a model for capturing and applying affective outcomes in applied engineering courses. To measure affect, we collected weekly surveys of the students’ affective responses to both the mode of delivery and nature of the content using categories such as boredom, surprise, and confidence, each of which have been identified as potentially significant by other researchers. We then integrated the students’ responses into a predictive linear recursion model, which was, in turn, used to make curricular decisions periodically throughout the semester. In other words, the students’ affective responses were used to influence the content and the delivery of the course as it was being taught.Our findings suggest that using this predictive model to optimize affective responses could be used as the basis of responsive course design and the enhancement of student learning outcomes. The study has implications for the further study of the role of affective outcomes in engineering education; as well as the advancement of co-created (with students) models of instructional and curricular design that incorporate affective variables.
Far Infrared Properties of III-V and IV-VI Semiconductor Systems

The simple two-oscillator model, which works well for bulk semiconductors in the far infrared (FIR)[1], can also be applied to epitaxial film/substrate systems with the assumption of an abrupt interface. This picture is not wholly satisfactory. Tennant and Cape [2] had to assume that the free carriers at the interface had a smooth spatial variation to fit FIR reflection data for a PbSnTe film on a PbSnTe substrate. Here we report on and compare three systems—PbSe on NaCl, PbSnTe on PbSnTe, and InAs on GaAs—which should have different kinds of interface behavior.
Oxytocin, cortisol, and cognitive control during acute and naturalistic stress

Although stress is a strong risk factor for poor health, especially for women, it remains unclear how stress affects the key neurohormones cortisol and oxytocin, which influence stress-related risk...
A robust permutation test for the concordance correlation coefficient

In this work, we developed a robust permutation test for the concordance correlation coefficient (ρc ) for testing the general hypothesis H0 : ρc = ρc(0) . The proposed test is based on an appropriately studentized statistic. Theoretically, the test is proven to be asymptotically valid in the general setting when two paired variables are uncorrelated but dependent. This desired property was demonstrated across a range of distributional assumptions and sample sizes in simulation studies, where the test exhibits robust type I error control in all settings tested, even when the sample size is small. We demonstrated the application of this test in two real world examples across cardiac output measurements and endocardiographic imaging.
Subclinical Lymphedema After Treatment for Breast Cancer: Risk of Progression and Considerations for Early Intervention.

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a devastating complication of breast cancer (BC) treatment. The authors hypothesized that identifying subclinical lymphedema (SCL) presents an opportunity to prevent BCRL development. They aimed to assess rates of SCL progression (relative volume change [RVC], 5–10%) to BCRL (RVC, ≥10%) in women undergoing axillary surgery for BC via axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). Patients treated for BC were prospectively screened at preoperative baseline and throughout the follow-up period using the perometer. The cohort was stratified according to nodal surgery (ALND or SLNB) to analyze rates of progression to BCRL. The study cohort included 1790 patients. Of the 1359 patients who underwent SLNB, 331 (24.4%) experienced SCL, with 38 (11.5%) of these patients progressing to BCRL. Of the 431 patients who underwent ALND, 171 (39.7%) experienced SCL, with 67 (39.2%) of these patients progressing to BCRL. Relative to the patients without SCL, those more likely to experience BCRL were the ALND patients with early SCL (< 3 months postoperatively; hazard ratio [HR], 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–4.27; p = 0.0002) or late SCL (≥3 months postoperatively; HR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.95–5.05; p < 0.0001) and the SLNB patients with early SCL (HR, 6.75; 95% CI, 3.8–11.98; p < 0.0001 or late SCL (HR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.65–5.50; p = 0.0003). The study suggests that patients with SCL after axillary nodal surgery for BC are more likely to progress to BCRL than those who do not experience SCL. This presents a tremendous opportunity for early intervention to prevent BCRL and improve the quality of life for women treated for BC.
Mycotic Popliteal Artery Aneurysm With Rapid Enlargement Post-Bypass.

Popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) are the most common type of peripheral artery aneurysms. Mycotic aneurysms involving the popliteal artery are quite rare and can occur as either a primary de novo infection or a secondary infection from another site. To our knowledge, there are no previous case reports on mycotic PAA in which Staphylococcus epidermidis was the primary etiologic pathogen. We present the case of a 55-year-old male who presented with complaints of lower extremity pain and swelling, malaise, and low-grade temperatures for two weeks and was found to have a PAA. He underwent left femoral-popliteal bypass grafting with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft and ligation of the aneurysm. On postoperative day 10, he experienced acute swelling and pain in his lower extremity with foot drop and was found to have rapid enlargement of his aneurysm sac on imaging. He was returned to the operating room emergently where he underwent aneurysmectomy via a posterior fossa approach. Cultures and gram staining of the aneurysm sac were consistent with Staphylococcus epidermidis. As noted above, this case of mycotic PAA was treated with standard vascular surgical techniques, yet it proceeded to enlarge acutely. PAAs that rapidly expand or rupture after surgical interventions may be a sign of infection.
Asian Americans and multiracial politics: the contribution and limits of racial triangulation theory

This article places Claire Jean Kim’s racial triangulation theory in the context of Kim’s other writings from the late 1990s and early 2000s. I analyze Kim’s theory not as an analytical framework o...
Domain-specificity of self-regulated learning processing in science and history

Abstract As computer-based learning environments grow in prominence, so do the demands placed upon students to learn with these tools. Empirical research has shown that students who are effective at self-regulating their learning are more likely to acquire deep conceptual understanding while using these environments. However, there is a noticeable lack of research into the degree to which self-regulated learning (SRL) is domain-specific. Investigating this theoretical question about domain-specificity results in related questions about how to best capture and model SRL. To address these concerns, we randomly assigned college students to either a science or history digital library, and used think-aloud protocol (TAP) data to examine the degree to which SRL processing predicted knowledge gains, above and beyond the effects of prior knowledge. We examined multiple methods of aggregating SRL TAP data into analysis variables, to determine which would be the most predictive of learning gains, and then tested these findings using a sample from a second study. In addition, we tested whether the frequency of SRL processing differed by academic domain. We found that data-driven aggregation methods were the most effective at predicting learning gains, and that there were both intriguing similarities in SRL processing across domains (e.g., the importance of corroborating sources) as well as differences (e.g., the predictive validity of self-questioning). Our findings have implications for how to capture and model SRL processing, as well as how to foster SRL among those students who do not yet enact it effectively on their own.
Tactile imaging and distributed strain sensing in highly flexible carbon nanofiber/polyurethane nanocomposites

Abstract Highly flexible nanocomposites have tremendous potential as smart, self-sensing materials because their conductivity is inherently linked to their mechanical state. Herein, carbon nanofiber (CNF)/polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites are studied for tactile imaging and distributed strain sensing via electrical impedance tomography (EIT) by investigating the influence of filler volume fraction on microscale morphology, piezoresistive response while bonded to mechanically loaded substrates, and sensitivity to distributed strain. Load testing of the bonded sensor reveals that viscoelasticity and filler volume fraction profoundly affect the piezoresistive response. EIT is able to accurately capture and discern between multiple points of contact in each volume fraction with lower volume fractions being more sensitive thereby demonstrating the potential of utilizing tomographic methods for tactile imaging and distributed strain sensing in PU-based nanocomposites.
Prairie Dog Town

prairie dog town. I have a striped wool sock slung through my belt loop and a black toy mask over my eyes. As I nose my way down the street I toss a dime in a bUnd man's cup and suddenly aU eyes are on me. People everywhere begin pointing at me and barking in high-pitched chirps. I run to the curb but the cabs won't stop, they barrel past Uke buffalo with their heads between their fenders. By now the barking is deafening. People are leaning out of windows and popping up through manholes just to chime in. I race around the corner and duck into an alley. A coyote crouching in the shadows over a dead chicken, casually stands up and Ughts a cigarette. Says he thought my kind was extinct.
Attacking Character: Ad Hominem Argument and Virtue Epistemology

The recent literature on ad hominem argument contends that the speaker’s character is sometimes relevant to evaluating what she says. This effort to redeem ad hominems requires an analysis of character that explains why and how character is relevant. I argue that virtue epistemology supplies this analysis. Three sorts of ad hominems that attack the speaker’s intellectual character are legitimate. They attack a speaker’s: (1) possession of reliabilist vices; or (2) possession of responsibilist vices; or (3) failure to perform intellectually virtuous acts. Legitimate ad hominems conclude that we should not believe what a speaker says solely on her say-so.
Sarcoma complicating fibrous dysplasia: Probable role of radiation therapy

Abstract Four cases of sarcoma arising in lesions of fibrous dysplasia were found in the files of the Mayo Clinic. In all four cases the malignant tumors developed in facial bones, and in all cases the benign lesions had been subjected to ionizing radiation.
Fatigue Strength of Anchor Bolts

The results of an experimental study of the fatigue strength of anchor bolts in tension and bending are presented. The influence of bolt diameter, steel strength, thread size, and method of forming the threads is examined. An analysis of the results indicated that these variables did not significantly influence fatigue performance. The fatigue design strength of single nut anchor bolts was found to be adequately represented by the current bridge and building fatigue specification Category E. Tightened double nutted anchor bolts in tension and bending produced fatigue lines comparable to Category C of the fatigue specifications.
Increased Na(+)-H+ exchange in jejunal brush border membrane vesicles of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The spontaneously hypertensive rats and their genetically matched controls, Wistar-Kyoto, serve as models of essential hypertension. The present study was undertaken to determine whether brush border membrane vesicles obtained from jejunal enterocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats show increased Na(+)-H+ exchange as part of a generalized membrane disorder. Brush border membrane vesicles were prepared from the jejunum of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats using an Mg2+/ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid precipitation method. Uptake of 22Na by these vesicles was found to be into an osmotically sensitive intravesicular space rather than mere binding. Initial Na+ uptake by brush border membrane vesicles was greater in spontaneously hypertensive rats than in Wistar-Kyoto rats (P less than 0.05). Higher total and amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake in spontaneously hypertensive rats occurred in the presence of an outwardly directed pH gradient, and uptake became statistically similar to that of Wistar-Kyoto rats in the absence of a pH gradient. Moreover, amiloride-insensitive Na+ uptake under an outwardly directed pH gradient did not differ significantly between the two groups. The enhanced Na(+)-H+ activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats is not due to altered membrane permeability to protons, as is shown by acridine orange-quenching studies. Kinetic studies for amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake showed a greater Vmax in spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (1.46 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.08 +/- 0.08 nmol.mg protein-1.7 s-1) but the Km values were similar in the two groups. These finding, along with similar findings previously reported in vascular smooth muscle and renal tissue of SHR, strongly suggest that an increased Na(+)-H+ exchange is related to the development of hypertension.
A theoretical model of how neighborhood factors contribute to medication nonadherence among disadvantaged chronically ill adults

In addition to individual-level socioeconomic and psychological factors, the neighborhood environment has been found to be related to medication nonadherence, particularly among low-income, minority populations managing a chronic disease. In this article, we synthesize the relevant literature on how neighborhood factors contribute to engagement in health behaviors and reasons for medication nonadherence among this population. We propose a theoretical framework for understanding the mediating and moderating mechanisms whereby the neighborhood environment may impact medication nonadherence among individuals most at risk for adverse disease outcomes. Guided by this model, we provide recommendations for future research, practice, and policy.
Equiphase-sphere approximation for characterizing light scattering by particles with complex geometries

We report the equiphase-sphere (EPS) approximation for characterizing light scattering by nonspherical and inhomogeneous particles. Our finite-difference-time-domain numerical experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using the EPS method to calculate the total-scattering-cross-section spectra for a wide range of particle geometries. Validity conditions of the EPS method are derived and validated.
The nuclear pore complex: oily spaghetti or gummy bear?

In this issue, Frey and Gorlich (2007) provide new insight into the selective barrier that controls protein traffic through the nuclear pore complex. They show that a single protein domain of the nuclear pore protein Nsp1 can form a hydrogel that allows highly selective access of nuclear transport receptors and their cargos, but rejects other proteins of similar size.
Use of Multiple Urolume Endourethral Prostheses in Complex Bulbar Urethral Strictures

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated patients who received multiple UroLume Wallstents* *American Medical System, Minnetonka, Minnesota.during the North American UroLume trial for the treatment of recurrent bulbar urethral strictures.Materials and Methods: A total of 41 patients received multiple UroLume stents. The clinical histories and therapeutic outcomes of these patients were reviewed.Results: Of the patients 23% required placement of multiple urethral stents. Stents placed at the initial procedure were required for strictures longer than 2.5 cm. and for multiple, separate strictures. Indications for secondary insertion included recurrent stricture adjacent to the stent, hyperplastic tissue growth within the stent and gaps between previously adjacent stents. The repeat treatment rate was 43.9% versus 14.3% for the study group overall. Urine flow rates and symptom scores in the multiple stent group showed improvement similar to that of the study group overall.Conclusions: Patients who required multiple sten...
Effect of salinity on nitrogen metabolism in wheat

Abstract Objectives of our studies were to quantify effects of salinity on growth and nitrogen metabolism of wheat and to measure variation in response of different cultivars, hybrids, and classes. Methods and criteria for identifying resistance to salinity in wheat, particularly effects on nitrogen metabolism also were tested. Variation in response to salinity was measured by subjecting seedlings of six wheats to one control treatment (‐0.1 bars) and two stress treatments (‐3.5 and ‐10.4 bars) from NaCl, MgSO4, and MgCl2 in hydroponic solutions. Both stress treatments retarded growth; wheats significantly varied at ‐3.5 bars but not at ‐10.4 bars. Stress decreased root and shoot nitrate N and total N contents. Studies with one wheat cultivar showed that salinity decreased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme and stimulated accumulation of proline. Salinity more adversely affected vegetative stages than reproductive stages of plants grown to maturity. We concluded that salinity affected wheat by both osmo...
Late-Glacial Vegetation and Climate at the Manis Mastodon Site, Olympic Peninsula, Washington

Abstract As the late Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated, sediment accumulated in shallow depressions at the Manis Mastodon Archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula, near Sequim, Washington. Pollen, plant macrofossils, and bones of mastodon, caribou, and bison occur within the lower 47 cm of these deposits. The fossil pollen and seed assemblages indicate persistence for 1000 yr (11,000–12,000 yr B.P.) of an herb-and-shrub-dominated landscape at a time when forest species appear elsewhere in Washington and in adjacent British Columbia. At present, Sequim is near the northern coastal limits of both Cactaceae and Ceratophyllum . Mean annual precipitation is 42.7 cm and summer temperatures average 15°–16°C in July. The absence of coniferous trees and the presence of cactus and Ceratophyllum in late-glacial sediments are explained by a regional climate that was drier and at least as warm as today. These conditions persisted in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains until at least 11,000 yr B.P.
Bank Mergers: Integration and Profitability

The Treasury Department's 1991 recommendations for financial service reform would have allowed interstate branching by banks, eliminating the requirement that banking companies form a separate subsidiary for each state in which they do business. Supporters of the proposal argue that allowing bank holding companies to merge their subsidiary banks would improve performance. We tested this proposition by studying the before- and-after performance of all bank mergers in the New England states between 1982 and 1987. In the aggregate, merging banks did not achieve significant improvements in operating profits relative to other banks during the first two years after a merger. It is important to distinguish, however, between mergers of newly acquired banks and mergers of banks acquired earlier by the holding company. Mergers of previously acquired banks performed significantly better than mergers of newly acquired banks and, measured by operating return on assets, achieved significant performance improvements relative to the industry.
Maximum similarity orbitals for analysis of the electronic excited states

A new theoretical tool for analyzing the excited-state wave functions obtained from separate Hartree–Fock or configuration-interaction calculations on each state is proposed. Isopycnic transformations among the natural spin–orbitals of the ground and excited states yield the maximum similarity spin–orbitals (MSOs). These MSOs, which are a generalization of the method of corresponding spin–orbitals due to Amos and Hall, allow one to identify the initial and final spin–orbitals associated with the electronic excitation. The proposed formalism is equally valid in the cases of either identical or different geometries of the ground and excited states and makes it possible to assess magnitudes of the nuclear and electron relaxations accompanying the excitation. The methodology is illustrated using the example of the ROHF/6–31G** calculations on the keto and zwitterionic forms of the 3-hydroxypyrone molecule in their ground and two lowest-lying triplet excited states.
Molecular encapsulation of ascorbyl palmitate in preformed V-type starch and amylose.

Abstract In the present study, we introduce a simple method to prepare inclusion complexes by “inserting” guest molecules into preformed “empty” V-type amylose helices. Ascorbyl palmitate (AscP) was used as a model guest material to investigate the effect of solvent environment, complexation temperature, annealing and guest concentration on inclusion complex formation. High complexation temperature was not necessary for encapsulating guest molecules in amylose helices, avoiding thermal degradation of guest compounds. This method would also avoid the wasting of guest materials because uncomplexed guest can be reused. It was found in the study that intermediate ethanol and acetone concentrations (generally 40–60%, v/v) at room temperature were appropriate for the complexation between V-amylose and AscP. Annealing, i.e. heat treatment in ethanol solutions at elevated temperatures (45–70 °C), was able to significantly increase the crystallinity of V-amylose and V-starch to as high as 65% and facilitate greater complexation evidenced from higher enthalpies, probably due to more regularly arranged helical cavities in larger crystalline phase. The complexation between V-amylose and AscP was also found to be enhanced with AscP concentration, while the dissociation temperature experienced a slight decrease.
PARENS PATRIAE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE COMMITMENT PROCESS

Seventy-one commitment-seeking decisions made by 36 clinicians in a state-funded mental health center were studied to determine the extent to which clinicians attend to legally mandated "dangerousness" criteria in seeking commitment. A previous finding that clinicians rely largely on the dangerousness criteria was replicated. In addition, clinicians were found to be sensitive to clinical indicators of the patient's need for treatment, a question which is central to the parens patriae approach to involuntary hospitalization. Further, patients who were judged to be more seriously ill or more dangerous were more likely to retract their requests for discharge. This finding suggests that the patient's request for release and the psychiatrist's petition for commitment together constitute an interactive, transactional process in which the clinician's and the patient's views of the patient's need for hospitalization influence each other.
The Effect of Suture Caliber and Number of Core Suture Strands on Zone II Flexor Tendon Repair: A Study in Human Cadavers

Purpose To compare the tensile properties of a 3-0, 4-strand flexor tendon repair with a 4-0, 4-strand repair and a 4-0, 8-strand repair. Methods Following evaluation of the intrinsic material properties of the 2 core suture calibers most commonly used in tendon repair (3-0 and 4-0), we tested the mechanical properties of 40 cadaver flexor digitorum profundus tendons after zone II repair with 1 of 3 techniques: a 3-0, 4-strand core repair, a 4-0, 8-strand repair, or a 4-0, 4-strand repair. We compared results across suture caliber for the 2 sutures and across tendon repair methods. Results Maximum load to failure of 3-0 polyfilament caprolactam suture was 49% greater than that of 4-0 polyfilament caprolactam suture. The cross-sectional area of 3-0 polyfilament caprolactam was 42% greater than that of 4-0 polyfilament caprolactam. The 4-0, 8-strand repair produced greater maximum load to failure when compared with the 2 4-strand techniques. Load at 2-mm gap, stiffness, and work to yield were significantly greater in the 4-0, 8-strand repair than in the 3-0, 4-strand repair. Conclusions In an ex vivo model, an 8-strand repair using 4-0 suture was 43% stronger than a 4-strand repair using 3-0 suture, despite the finding that 3-0 polyfilament caprolactam was 49% stronger than 4-0 polyfilament caprolactam. These results suggest that, although larger-caliber suture has superior tensile properties, the number of core suture strands across a repair site has an important effect on time zero, ex vivo flexor tendon repair strength. Clinical relevance Surgeons should consider using techniques that prioritize multistrand core suture repair over an increase in suture caliber.
Theory of melt segregation ― a review

Abstract The processes by which melt is extracted from partially molten source regions at depth are collectively known as melt segregation. During the past three years, a dynamical theory has been developed which provides a unified description of the mechanical, thermodynamical and chemical aspects of melt segregation. In this theory, a partially molten region is regarded as a deformable porous medium or “matrix” saturated with melt. Migration of melt relative to the matrix can be driven either by the buoyancy of the melt or by nonhydrostatic pressure gradients associated with the deformation of the matrix. This paper reviews the basic governing equations of the theory and the solutions which have been obtained during the past three years.
Sedimentation velocity, multi-speed method for analyzing polydisperse solutions

A method is described for the sedimentation velocity analysis of solutions composed of macromolecular solutes of widely disparate size. In sedimentation velocity experiments, usually a single rotor speed is chosen for the entire run, and consequently, the range of observable sedimentation coefficients can be severely limited. This limitation can be removed if the speed is varied during the run, starting with a relatively low speed so that the largest particles can be easily observed. The speed is increased during the run until full speed is attained and the run continued at full speed until the smallest species of interest have cleared the solution. The method, called wide distribution analysis, is based on the method developed originally by Yphantis and co-workers (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78 (1981) 1431) and on the time derivative method of Stafford (Anal. Biochem. 203 (1992) 295), essentially eliminating both the time-independent and radially-independent noise thereby improving the precision, especially for interference optics. An algorithm for analysis of data from both absorbance and interference optics and experimental protocols compatible with the Beckman XL-I Analytical Ultracentrifuge are presented. With these protocols an extremely wide range of sedimentation coefficients from approximately 1.0 to 250000 S can be accommodated in a single multi-speed run.
On the protease and amylase production in the midgut gland of young and mature African snails.

Junge Individuen vonAchatina fulica Bowdich fressen mit Vorliebe Pflanzenteile, altere Individuen sind omnivor. Die Enzymaktivitaten der grossen Mitteldarmdruse wurden untersucht: bei jungen Tieren wird etwas mehr Amylase als bei alteren Individuen, bei alteren Tieren deutlich mehr Protease als bei jungeren Individuen produziert. Zwischen Enzymproduktion und Futterwahl besteht also eine Korrelation, doch ist ihre kausale Beziehung noch nicht geklart.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting User Acceptance of ERP Systems in the United States

Enterprise Resource Planning ERP systems are widely used in most industries today because of the benefits they offer: improved integration of business processes, improved cost control, improved decision making, improved customer service, and improved profitability. Although much IS research has been published concerning acceptance of enterprise systems, adoption issues, or critical success factors in implementing an ERP system, little research has been presented that focuses on the ERP usage behavior. The purpose of this research is to to extend the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model in order to predict the acceptance of ERP systems among its users in the United States. This study will potentially benefit Information Technology IT professionals in a global environment. IT professionals can design acceptance strategies that promote ERP usage ultimately.
Prevalence of electroencephalographic abnormalities in idiopathic precocious puberty and premature pubarche: bearing on pathogenesis and neuroendocrine regulation of puberty.

Electroencephalographic tracings of 42 children (39 girls, 3 boys) with idiopathic precocious puberty were analyzed. A significantly high proportion (81%) of these tracings were clearly abnormal. A specific or diagnostic electroencephalographicpattern was not found; however, the frequency of seizure disorders was increased. Of 23 children (18 girls, 5 boys) with precocious puberty and an associated neurologic disorder, 22 had abnormal electroencephalograms. Five of 10 children with premature pubarche had abnormal electroencephalograms and 4 of these 5 had gross evidence of brain damage. Current concepts of the neuroendocrine control of puberty are reviewed, and a relationship is postulated between idiopathic precocious puberty and premature pubarche and undefined organic or functional lesions of the central nervous system which directly or indirectly affect the hypothalamicpituitary-gonadal mechanism. A family history of sexual precocity was elicited in less than 10% of the children with idiopathic precoc...
Trends in major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma, 1996–2006

Objective: To examine what effect the major modifiable risk factors for severe perineal trauma have had on the rates of this trauma over time. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study of singleton vaginal deliveries taken from a perinatal database for the period 1996 through 2006. Results: A total of 46 239 singleton vertex vaginal deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Major risk factors for severe perineal trauma were increased maternal age (odds ratio [OR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.5), non-African American ethnicity (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3–1.7), nulliparity (OR 4.8, 95% CI 4.11–5.6), fetal birth weight (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9–2.4), forceps (OR 8.3, 95% CI 5.4–10.8), vacuum (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9–4.4), and midline episiotomy (OR 5.7, 95% CI 5.0–6.4). Evaluation of the changes in rates of these factors over the study period revealed that the decline in the rates of episiotomy and the use of forceps accounted for a reduction in severe lacerations of more than 50%. Conclusion: Reduction of severe perineal trauma by restricted use of the 2 modifiable clinical variables, episiotomy and forceps, is evident over time.
The free radical distribution in emulsion polymerization using oil‐soluble initiators

Nouvelle methode de calcul de la distribution des particules contenant: radicaux et le nombre moyen de radicaux par particule. Application au cas d'une polymerisation ensemencee de styrene. En accord avec des resultats experimentaux precedents, le comportement cinetique predit est similaire a celui observe pour des amorceurs hydrosolubles
Organization Change and Development : A Systems View

The article reviews the book “Organization Change and Development: A Systems View,” by Michael Beer.
Essentials of complete denture service

Abstract This article was written to point out areas of disagreement among prosthodontists regarding prosthodontic procedures and principles. Obviously, it must be classed as a mild satire, and it must not be misinterpreted to mean that the various procedures mentioned are not necessary. The quotations used have been taken out of context, and consequently the meaning intended by many of the authors has been distorted. It is intended that the reader will recognize from this article that all of the operations used in prosthodontic treatment must be related to all other operations in dental treatment. When this is done, certain operations are unnecessary, but compensation for the omissions is made by other steps in the procedure.
CommunityConnect: An Interactive Display for Educational Residential Settings

We examine how a public interactive display in the lobby of an undergraduate residence hall engages residents and contributes to a sense of belonging. The display projects questions onto a wall and users indicate their answer with a body action, which is read by a Kinect. The responses are aggregated and displayed in real-time. We describe our design process and the results of a preliminary field trial examining how the system affects students' perceptions of a shared geographic place and provides the opportunities for them to learn more about their hall's community.
Effects of marijuana use on impulsivity and hostility in daily life

Abstract Background Marijuana use is increasingly prevalent among young adults. While research has found adverse effects associated with marijuana use within experimentally controlled laboratory settings, it is unclear how recreational marijuana use affects day-to-day experiences in users. The present study sought to examine the effects of marijuana use on within-person changes in impulsivity and interpersonal hostility in daily life using smartphone administered assessments. Methods Forty-three participants with no substance dependence reported on their alcohol consumption, tobacco use, recreational marijuana use, impulsivity, and interpersonal hostility over the course of 14 days. Responses were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Results Marijuana use was associated with increased impulsivity on the same day and the following day relative to days when marijuana was not used, independent of alcohol use. Marijuana was also associated with increased hostile behaviors and perceptions of hostility in others on the same day when compared to days when marijuana was not used. These effects were independent of frequency of marijuana use or alcohol use. There were no significant effects of alcohol consumption on impulsivity or interpersonal hostility. Conclusions Marijuana use is associated with changes in impulse control and hostility in daily life. This may be one route by which deleterious effects of marijuana are observed for mental health and psychosocial functioning. Given the increasing prevalence of recreational marijuana use and the potential legalization in some states, further research on the potential consequences of marijuana use in young adults’ day-to-day life is warranted.
Size Scaling of Third-Order Off-Resonant Polarizabilities. Electronic Coherence in Organic Oligomers

The variation of the nonlinear optical electronic polarizabilities of eight families of organic oligomers with molecular chain length is investigated using the coupled electronic oscillator (CEO) approach. Comparison of the saturation curves with contour plots of the first- and third-order density-matrix response shows a strong correlation between the magnitude of the saturation size, Ls, and the antidiagonal size of the density matrix, Lρ, which constitutes a characteristic exciton size responsible for optical coherence. For the majority of oligomers investigated, Ls is linearly related to Lρ.
OXIDATIVELY INDUCED ISOMERIZATION OF SQUARE-PLANAR NI(1,4,8,11-TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE)(CLO4)2

Previous proton NMR and electronic spectroscopy studies have demonstrated that the square-planar complex of Ni(II) and 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) exists in two stable isomeric conformations, namely the R,S,R,S form or trans-I isomer and the R,R,S,S form or trans-III isomer. Electrochemical analysis of the trans-I isomer of Ni(II)-cyclam has demonstrated rapid conversion to the trans-III cyclam conformation following oxidation to Ni(III). The mechanism and kinetics for this oxidatively-induced isomerization were studied by the technique of cyclic voltammetry (CV) with simulation of CV traces by finite-difference computations. The most crucial mechanistic indicator was found to be the transient trans-I-Ni(III) species. This intermediate was detected by CV over a pH range 2-4 and was found to have an apparent half-life of ca. 400 ms at room temperature. Remarkably, this life-time was approximately a billionfold shorter than the corresponding trans-I-Ni(II) species. Measurements made at varied solution temperature and pH demonstrated that the oxidatively induced isomerization followed an apparent square-scheme, where the trans-I/III isomerization process of Ni(III) was independent of pH. This finding precluded a base-catalyzed isomerization process that has been previously identified for the Ni(II) system. Arrhenius plots of the forward isomerization rate constant allowed the extraction of activation parameters for the Ni(III) process. These parameters are discussed with respect to possible rate-determining steps.