cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication of Intentions and Requests, and the Availability of Punitive Power in a Mixed-Motive Situation

assessed with a 2 X 2 x 3 design. The results indicated that the availability of power and communication opportunities, with some exceptions, mitigated competition between pairs for 208 college students. The present study is concerned with two issues which have generated a great deal of research in the area of interpersonal conflict: the influence of communication opportunities and the possession of power in two-person non-zerosum games. It is generally assumed that an important prerequisite for the reduction of conflict in the mixed-motive situation is that the participants be able to engage in some form of communication. The resulting awareness of each other's intentions and needs should presumably facilitate the evolution of mutual respect and cooperation. A broad base of research (e.g., Scodel, et al., 1959; Swingle & Santi, 1972) has demonstrated that free communication before or at some point during two-person games reliably produces higher levels of cooperation than found for noncornmunicating Ss. Another common approach in this area has been to circumscribe the types of information available to the game participants. For example, Deutsh (1958) and Loomis (1959) both permitted Ss to either send or receive precoded messages prior to one uial of a Prisoner's Dilemma game. Those notes contained either a statement of intent, a request, or a combined statement of both which indicated a contingency plan. Consistent with the results from free communication studies, Ss in message conditions were less competitive than those in a no-communication group. The generality of these findings is somewhat limited, however, since the content of the various messages was specifically designed to elicit cooperation and only unilateral communication was permitted. Similar results were obtained, though, by Voissem and Sisttunk ( 1971 ) for bilateral communication with no resuictions placed on the cooperative or competitive content of the messages. Unlike Deutsch (1958) and Loomis (1959), however, Voissem and Sisuunk ( 1971) permitted Ss to choose freely the type of information to exchange from among a wide range of intent,
Oldest known euarchontan tarsals and affinities of Paleocene Purgatorius to Primates

Earliest Paleocene Purgatorius often is regarded as the geologically oldest primate, but it has been known only from fossilized dentitions since it was first described half a century ago. The dentition of Purgatorius is more primitive than those of all known living and fossil primates, leading some researchers to suggest that it lies near the ancestry of all other primates; however, others have questioned its affinities to primates or even to placental mammals. Here we report the first (to our knowledge) nondental remains (tarsal bones) attributed to Purgatorius from the same earliest Paleocene deposits that have yielded numerous fossil dentitions of this poorly known mammal. Three independent phylogenetic analyses that incorporate new data from these fossils support primate affinities of Purgatorius among euarchontan mammals (primates, treeshrews, and colugos). Astragali and calcanei attributed to Purgatorius indicate a mobile ankle typical of arboreal euarchontan mammals generally and of Paleocene and Eocene plesiadapiforms specifically and provide the earliest fossil evidence of arboreality in primates and other euarchontan mammals. Postcranial specializations for arboreality in the earliest primates likely played a key role in the evolutionary success of this mammalian radiation in the Paleocene.
A cisternal maturation mechanism can explain the asymmetry of the Golgi stack

Morphological data suggest that Golgi cisternae form at the cis-face of the stack and then progressively mature into trans-cisternae. However, other studies indicate that COPI vesicles transport material between Golgi cisternae. These two observations can be reconciled by assuming that cisternae carry secretory cargo through the stack in the anterograde direction, while COPI vesicles transport Golgi enzymes in the retrograde direction. This model provides a mechanism for cisternal maturation. If Golgi enzymes compete with one another for packaging into COPI vesicles, we can account for the asymmetric distribution of enzymes across the stack.
A Critical Examination of Popular Assumptions About the Benefits and Outcomes of Monogamous Relationships

In this article, we critically examine the social institution of monogamy. First, we discuss the lack of an adequate and consistent definition of the construct of monogamy and consider how common monogamy is. Next, we address perceived benefits of monogamy and whether those ostensible benefits are supported by empirical evidence. We conclude that evidence for the benefits of monogamy relative to other relationship styles is currently lacking, suggesting that, for those who choose it, consensual non-monogamy may be a viable alternative to monogamy. Implications for theories of close relationships are discussed.
IMPROVED CADAVERIC RENAL TRANSPLANT OUTCOME IN CHILDREN

We analyzed the results of 165 pediatric cadaver renal transplants performed at the University of California at Los Angeles to identify the factors which are linked to improved allograft survival. Both univariate life-table analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were used. The use of a sequential immunosuppressive regimen (P<0.001) and kidneys from of more than 6 years of age (P<0.001) were found to be the factors having the most influence on primary graft survival. The sequential regimen was the only factor favorably influencing retransplants. With sequential therapy 1- and 2-year actuarial graft survival rates were 94% and 91% in primary transplants, and 82% and 70% in retransplants. Medication noncompliance exerted a large negative effect on transplant outcome. Of 70 recipients who had been on cyclosporine for at least 6 months, 50% evidenced noncompliance. Sixty-four percent of adolescents were noncompliant. Thirteen percent of the recipients lost their graft because of noncompliance. We conclude that good results can be obtained with cadaver renal transplants in children with a sequential immunosuppressive regimen and the use of kidneys from adolescent and adult donors. Noncompliance is a great barrier to long-term success in pediatric transplantation.
Further studies on the mathematical theory of interaction of individuals in a social group

A type of interaction of two active groups is considered, in which the opposition of each group increases as the success of the other increases. Some possible applications of this situation are discussed.
A FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE CONVERSION OF XYLOSE TO ETHANOL

Economic production of ethanol from plant biomass could be significantly increased if the feedstock for the fermentation is more completely utilized. Currently, simple sugars (mostly D-glucose and D-xylose) can be recovered from lignocellulose by enzymatic or acid hydrolysis. However, while glucose can be readily converted to ethanol by yeasts, the xylose is not fermentable by many of the same species of yeasts that are able to convert glucose into ethanol. Nevertheless, xylose can be converted to its ketose isomer, xylulose, by the enzyme xylose isomerase and this isomer can be converted to ethanol. A major obstacle, however, in converting the xylose to xylulose and then simultaneously converting the xylulose to ethanol is that the pH at which xylose isomerase displays its optimal activity (pH of 7.0-8.0) is much different from the pH at which the fermentation of the xylulose and glucose is best carried out (pH of 4.0-5.0). Herein we propose a novel scheme to provide a means by which the isomerization an...
The hardship of obesity: a soft-wired hypothalamus

Food intake and energy expenditure are determinants of metabolic phenotype and are regulated by the CNS. Although humans have a well-balanced homeostatic feedback loop, obesity and metabolic disorders are spreading rapidly and carry a heavy toll of morbidity and mortality. The past decade has witnessed major advances in the understanding of basic metabolic processes, the brain circuitry that determines appropriate and, but, inappropriate behavioral and humoral responses to changing metabolic cues remains largely ill defined. This review summarizes current knowledge of the brain anatomy that supports food intake and energy expenditure and discusses cellular mechanisms such as synaptic plasticity that may provide clues toward the development of successful central therapies to combat metabolic disorders, including obesity and diabetes.
National trends in psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists.

Context In addition to prescribing medications, providing psychotherapy has long been a defining characteristic of the practice of clinical psychiatry. However, there are indications that the role of psychiatrists in providing psychotherapy may have diminished in recent years. Objective To examine recent national trends in the provision of psychotherapy by office-based psychiatrists. Design Data from the 1996 through 2005 cross-sectional National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were analyzed to examine trends in psychotherapy provision within nationally representative samples of visits to office-based psychiatrists. Multivariate analyses examined the time trend, adjusting for patient, visit, and setting characteristics. Practice-level analyses examined time trends in the percentage of psychiatrists who provided psychotherapy to all, some, or none of their patients during a typical week. Setting Office-based psychiatry practices in the United States. Participants Patients with psychiatric diagnoses visiting outpatient psychiatrists. Main Outcome Measure Provision of psychotherapy in visits longer than 30 minutes. Results Psychotherapy was provided in 5597 of 14 108 visits (34.0% [weighted]) sampled during a 10-year period. The percentage of visits involving psychotherapy declined from 44.4% in 1996-1997 to 28.9% in 2004-2005 ( P P = .001). Psychiatrists who provided psychotherapy to all of their patients relied more extensively on self-pay patients, had fewer managed-care visits, and prescribed medications in fewer of their visits compared with psychiatrists who provided psychotherapy less often. Conclusions There has been a recent significant decline in the provision of psychotherapy by psychiatrists in the United States. This trend is attributable to a decrease in the number of psychiatrists specializing in psychotherapy and a corresponding increase in those specializing in pharmacotherapy—changes that were likely motivated by financial incentives and growth in psychopharmacological treatments in recent years.
Four cases of lactobezoar in neonates

Four cases of lactobezoar, an unusual cause of vomiting in the neonatal period, are described and illustrated. From our experience with the first case we were able to diagnose the next three cases from the plain radiographs. The condition is likely to resolve spontaneously on intravenous feeding.
Freud in the Field

Life review is a common theme in contemporary theories of personality development over the life span. Life re- view involves revisiting, reevaluating, and reinterpreting past experiences (Butler 1996). Different ways of doing such a review involve systematically examining different goal areas of one's life (such as family, friends, career, travel, spirituality, and so on); another methodology consists of reconsidering the aspects of one's life and history, a segment at a time (Santrock 1999). Beatrice Whiting recently took the latter approach when she decided to review aformative period of her graduate school ca- reer as part of composing an intellectual autobiography. The sig- nificantflash points she hasfound mostfascinating to reanalyze are moments she refers to as "AH-HAs," when confusion sud- denly cleared or disparate planes of understanding intersected. When that occurred, these insights helped in her professional searchfor questions and problems worthy of scientific investi- gation. They helped herframe (potentially) testable hypotheses. Some of the most promising, however, had to be let go because there was no practical or reasonable way to collect the necessary data, as in the case of the AH-HA described in this article. Whiting blends a personal need to revisit and recount this par- ticular segment of her professional development with her field- work report. The reader can understand these experiences as a unique historical report on dreams and Freudian theory from the 1930s, for example. Many social scientists throughout this period and well into the 1950s (and afew still today) undertook psychoanalysis as a part of their professional and personal preparation, and Whiting weaves this experience into both her autobiography and her theories about Paiute dreams.
Interaction of flurbiprofen with cranberry juice, grape juice, tea, and fluconazole: In vitro and clinical studies

Objectives Recent anecdotal, unvalidated case reports have suggested potentiation of warfarin-induced anticoagulation by cranberry juice, possibly through inhibition of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, the enzyme responsible for the clearance of the active S-enantiomer of warfarin. To address this question, the effect of cranberry juice and other beverages on CYP2C9 activity was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Methods The effects of 4 beverages on CYP2C9 activity were studied in human liver microsomes, by use of flurbiprofen hydroxylation as the index reaction. In a clinical study 14 healthy volunteers received 100 mg flurbiprofen on 5 occasions in a crossover fashion, with at least 1 week separating the 5 trials. Flurbiprofen was preceded in random sequence by the following: (1) cranberry juice placebo (8 oz), (2) cranberry juice (8 oz), (3) brewed tea (8 oz), (4) grape juice (8 oz), and (5) fluconazole, a CYP2C9 inhibitor serving as a positive control, with 8 oz of water. Results Flubiprofen hydroxylation in vitro was reduced to 11% ± 8% of control by 2.5% (vol/vol) brewed tea, to 10% ± 7% of control by grape juice, to 56% ± 16% of control by cranberry juice, to 85% ± 5% of control by cranberry juice placebo, and to 21% ± 6% of control by the index inhibitor sulfaphenazole (2.5 μmol/L) (P<.01 for all comparisons versus control). Flurbiprofen clearance (29–33 mL/min) and elimination half-life (3.3–3.4 hours) did not differ significantly among trials 1, 2, 3, and 4. However, clearance in the fluconazole treatment condition (trial 5) was significantly reduced compared with the placebo control (17±5 mL/min versus 31±8 mL/min, P<.05), and the half-life was prolonged (5.3 ± 1.6 hours versus 3.3 ± 0.8 hours, P<.05). Formation of 4-hydroxyflurbiprofen was correspondingly reduced by fluconazole (P<.05). Conclusions Although grape juice and tea impaired CYP2C9 activity in vitro, none of the 3 beverages altered CYP2C9-mediated clearance of flurbiprofen in humans, making a pharmacokinetic interaction with warfarin highly unlikely. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2006) 79, 125–133; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.09.014
New York State Agencies: A Case Study for Analyzing the Process of Legacy System Migration: Part I

Part II of this case chronicles the actions and outcomes of the legacy system migrations of five New York State agencies. The case highlights the problems these agencies encountered in migrating from legacy systems to enterprise‐wide systems built upon relational databases. The case also explores the additional complexities of legacy system migration under the unique legal and operational constraints of governmental entities. Investigated issues include business process management, technical and financial project feasibility, cost‐benefit analyses, consultant management, and ERP implementations.
Income, Liberties, Idiosyncrasies, and the Decline of Leaded Gasoline, 1972 to 1992

Nations now stand at very different stages of the phaseout process. Some have completely removed lead from their gasoline supplies. Others still add significant amounts of lead. This article analyzes the differences in phaseout progress. It considers three factors that might encourage the reduction of gasoline lead levels. Those factors are income, liberties, and idiosyncrasies. This article reaches three conclusions. First, contrary to a good deal of theory, income appears not to be a very important determinant of gasoline lead levels. Second, there seems to be an important link between phaseout progress and liberties (political and civil). Conclusions concerning the lead/liberties link must, however, be regarded as preliminary. Third, idiosyncratic factors—factors that encourage phaseout but are unique to one nation or a small group of nations— can explain a good deal of phaseout progress.
G0 Function of BCL2 and BCL-xL Requires BAX, BAK, and p27 Phosphorylation by Mirk, Revealing a Novel Role of BAX and BAK in Quiescence Regulation

BCL2 and BCL-xL facilitate G0 quiescence by decreasing RNA content and cell size and up-regulating p27 protein, but the precise mechanism is not understood. We investigated the relationship between cell cycle regulation and the anti-apoptosis function of BCL2 and BCL-xL. Neither caspase inhibition nor abrogation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by BAX and BAK deletion fully recapitulated the G0 effects of BCL2 or BCL-xL, suggesting that mechanisms in addition to anti-apoptosis are involved in the cell cycle arrest function of BCL2 or BCL-xL. We found that BCL2 and BCL-xL expression in bax-/- bak-/- cells did not confer cell cycle effects, consistent with the G0 function of BCL2 and BCL-xL being mediated through BAX or BAK. Stabilization of p27 in G0 in BCL2 or BCL-xL cells was due to phosphorylation of p27 at Ser10 by the kinase Mirk. In bax-/- bak-/- cells, total p27 and p27 phosphorylated at Ser10 were elevated. Re-expression of BAX in bax-/- bak-/- cells and silencing of BAX and BAK in wild type cells confirmed that endogenous BAX and BAK modulated p27. These data revealed a novel role for BAX and BAK in the regulation of G0 quiescence.
Comments on "Radiation from fast and slow traveling waves"

This paper shows that there is radiation that can emerge from a cut on the narrow wall of a waveguide, but this can be suppressed by a suitable choke. The TE10 rectangular waveguide mode is maintained by the choke, but the TE10 mode cannot be maintained in the subject with a long continuous slot.
Time and cost of teaching cataract surgery

Purpose To compare the differences in the time of completion of cataract surgery for residents and attending surgeons and to assign a dollar cost. Setting University of Colorado teaching hospital, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Design Comparative case series. Methods Cataract cases were divided into 3 levels of difficulty for comparison. Main outcome measures were total case time (incision to patch) and degree of difficulty. Results Nine residents and 6 attending surgeons participated in the study. Case times were collected for 324 resident cases and 319 attending surgeon cases. The mean attending surgeon case time was 25.75 minutes ± 12.32 (SD) and the mean resident case time, 46.35 ± 16.75 minutes. There was no significant difference in the degree of difficulty between resident cases and attending surgeon cases. Approximately 600 total cases were performed by 4 residents during 3 years of residency training. Taking into account the mean time of case completion for attending surgeons versus residents, the total difference in time if attending surgeons had performed 600 cataracts would be 12 360 minutes. Using a dollar cost of approximately $11.24 per minute at the institution, the cost difference was calculated to be $138 926.40. Conclusion There was a significant time and dollar cost incurred in teaching cataract surgery. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
NASA LaRC airborne high spectral resolution lidar aerosol measurements during MILAGRO: observations and validation

Abstract. The NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) measures vertical profiles of aerosol extinction, backscatter, and depolarization at both 532 nm and 1064 nm. In March of 2006 the HSRL participated in the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign along with several other suites of instruments deployed on both aircraft and ground based platforms. This paper presents high spatial and vertical resolution HSRL measurements of aerosol extinction and optical depth from MILAGRO and comparisons of those measurements with similar measurements from other sensors and model predictions. HSRL measurements coincident with airborne in situ aerosol scattering and absorption measurements from two different instrument suites on the C-130 and G-1 aircraft, airborne aerosol optical depth (AOD) and extinction measurements from an airborne tracking sunphotometer on the J-31 aircraft, and AOD from a network of ground based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun photometers are presented as a validation of the HSRL aerosol extinction and optical depth products. Regarding the extinction validation, we find bias differences between HSRL and these instruments to be less than 3% (0.01 km−1) at 532 nm, the wavelength at which the HSRL technique is employed. The rms differences at 532 nm were less than 50% (0.015 km−1). To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive validation of the HSRL measurement of aerosol extinction and optical depth to date. The observed bias differences in ambient aerosol extinction between HSRL and other measurements is within 15–20% at visible wavelengths, found by previous studies to be the differences observed with current state-of-the-art instrumentation (Schmid et al., 2006).
On the Propagation Theory for Bands of Chemotactic Bacteria

Abstract By exhibiting exact analytical expressions for the planar wave solutions to the governing equations, it is shown that the theory for the propagation of bands of chemotatic bacteria requires an effective m th order process for the degradation of the critical substrate chemotactic agent, with m less than unity but greater than a certain function of the diffusional transport coefficients.
Religion, job readiness, and employment outcomes: The case of latter-day saint employment resource services

Despite increased attention to religious organizations as an ally in America's welfare-to-work revolution, faith- based employment assistance programs have garnered little attention from scholars. This study seeks to fill this gap by examining intake and follow-up survey data collected from clients of Employment Resource Centers sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). The authors begin by examining the sociodemo- graphic composition and human capital of the clientele served by Employment Resource Centers. They then proceed to explore the economic outcomes associated with program participation. LDS job seekers differ from their national counterparts, with the former commanding significantly higher stocks of human capital. Still, net of controls for human capital and other characteristics, positive economic outcomes are observed for client participation in select Employment Resource Center programs. This study sheds new light on the prospects and challenges of faith-based efforts...
Escape from Therapy-Induced Accelerated Cellular Senescence in p53-Null Lung Cancer Cells and in Human Lung Cancers

Accelerated cellular senescence (ACS) has been described for tumor cells treated with chemotherapy and radiation. Following exposure to genotoxins, tumor cells undergo terminal growth arrest and adopt morphologic and marker features suggestive of cellular senescence. ACS is elicited by a variety of chemotherapeutic agents in the p53-null, p16-deficient human non-small cell H1299 carcinoma cells. After 10 to 21 days, infrequent ACS cells (1 in 10(6)) can bypass replicative arrest and reenter cell cycle. These cells express senescence markers and resemble the parental cells in their transcription profile. We show that these escaped H1299 cells overexpress the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc2/Cdk1. The escape from ACS can be disrupted by Cdc2/Cdk1 kinase inhibitors or by knockdown of Cdc2/Cdk1 with small interfering RNA and can be promoted by expression of exogenous Cdc2/Cdk1. We also present evidence that ACS occurs in vivo in human lung cancer following induction chemotherapy. Viable tumors following chemotherapy also overexpress Cdc2/Cdk1. We propose that ACS is a mechanism of in vivo tumor response and that mechanisms aberrantly up-regulate Cdc2/Cdk1 promotes escape from the senescence pathway may be involved in a subset of tumors and likely accounts for tumor recurrence/progression.
Melanocortin-4 receptor in the medial amygdala regulates emotional stress-induced anxiety-like behaviour, anorexia and corticosterone secretion

The central melanocortin system has been implicated in emotional stress-induced anxiety, anorexia and activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, the underlying neural substrates have not been identified. The medial amygdala (MeA) is highly sensitive to emotional stress and expresses high levels of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). This study investigated the effects of activation and blockade of MC4R in the MeA on anxiety-like behaviour, food intake and corticosterone secretion. We demonstrate that MC4R-expressing neurons in the MeA were activated by acute restraint stress, as indicated by induction of c-fos mRNA expression. Infusion of a selective MC4R agonist into the MeA elicited anxiogenic-like effects in the elevated plus-maze test and decreased food intake. In contrast, local MeA infusion of SHU 9119, a MC4R antagonist, blocked restraint stress-induced anxiogenic and anorectic effects. Moreover, plasma corticosterone levels were increased by intra-MeA infusion of the MC4R agonist under non-stressed conditions and restraint stress-induced elevation of plasma corticosterone levels was attenuated by pretreatment with SHU 9119 in the MeA. Thus, stimulating MC4R in the MeA induces stress-like anxiogenic and anorectic effects as well as activation of the HPA axis, whereas antagonizing MC4R in this region blocks such effects induced by restraint stress. Together, our results implicate MC4R signalling in the MeA in behavioural and endocrine responses to stress.
Howling About Trophic Cascades

Following evolutionary theory and an agriculture model, ecosystem research has stressed bottom-up dynamics, implying that top wild predators are epiphenomenal effects of more basic causes. As such, they are assumed expendable. A more modern co-evolutionary and wilderness approach - trophic cascades - instead suggests that top predators, whose effects flow down to fundamental biological processes, are co-equal causes of ecosystem health. Their survival, then, should be supported. This article, based on extensive research including the author's participation in a major field project, provides informational resources for teaching trophic cascades, using wolves as a case study. As charismatic, iconic, thriving but still endangered, well-studied, and terrestrial carnivores, wolves are ideal for enlightening students about what otherwise might be dry abstractions about crucial ecosystem processes. The article ends with student exercises and broader lessons for environmental education.
Species differences in epinephrine concentration and norepinephrine n-methyltransferase activity in hypothalamus and brain stem

Abstract 1. The concentration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, and the activity of norepinephrine N-methyltransferase, the epinephrine-forming enzyme, were determined in hypothalamus and brain stem in several species. 2. Epinephrine concentration in hypothalamus, a nerve terminal region, varied in the order frog > turtle > chicken > cat > dog > pigeon > rat > ferret > hamster > mouse, with concentrations being undetectable in rabbits, horses and guinea pigs. 3. Epinephrine concentration was lower than norepinephrine concentration in all species except the frog. 4. NMT activity was detected in all species except guinea pigs. 5. Epinephrine concentration was lower in brain stem, a cell body region, than in hypothalamus in all species. Only in the frog brain stem was there more epinephrine than norepinephrine. 6. No epinephrine or NMT activity was detected in either brain region in guinea-pigs.
Action Science and Intervention

Individuals, programmed with Model I theories-in-use, often use reasoning processes to diagnose and invent solutions to threatening problems that they then appear to ignore when they act. Moreover,...
Sequential alterations in the electroencephalograms of patients with brain tumors.

Abstract 1. 1. Multiple electroencephalographicstudies were carried out on a highly selective series of 38 patients with supratentorial tumors prior to operation. The intervals between the initial examination and operation ranged from 2 weeks to 7 1 2 years. 2. 2. The initial patterns of 17 patients were normal; focal arrhythmia appeared in the initial records of 14 patients, and generalized dysrhythmia was seen in the initial records of 7 patients. 3. 3. The usual course of development was the appearance and progression of focal arrhythmias. However, in 2 patients whose initial records had showed focal arrhythmia the patterns later reverted to normal. The focal arrhythmias were reliable indicators of the sites of the tumors. 4. 4. In a minority of patients, generalized dysrhythmias appeared first; in a few patients generalized dysrhythmias later were replaced by, or associated with, focal arrhythmias. Dysrhythmias show a much greater variability from examination to examination than do arrhythmias. 5. 5. Changes in the electroencephalogram may occur precipitously, within a few days, or, on the contrary, the pattern may remain unchanged for a year or more. Progression of focal arrhythmia is the most reliable electroencephalographic indication of deterioration.
The History and Future of Private Education in the United States

In the early Republic, no simple distinction between public and private schools existed. With the advent of the common school, a system of government-sponsored schools emerged. Hostility to nonpublic schools, especially Catholic ones, developed because of the fear that they would undermine the foundation of civil and political order. This hostility has historically been expressed through regulation and denial of funding. Currently, private schools are experiencing a more favorable public attitude because of a widespread disillusionment with public schools. The future of private schools depends on how faithfully they express a distinctive and worthy character to their institutions.
Stimuli-responsive/rheoreversible hydraulic fracturing fluids as a greener alternative to support geothermal and fossil energy production

Cost-effective yet safe creation of high-permeability reservoirs within deep bedrock is the primary challenge for the viability of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) and unconventional oil/gas recovery. Although fracturing fluids are commonly used for oil/gas, standard fracturing methods are not developed or proven for EGS temperatures and pressures. Furthermore, the environmental impacts of currently used fracturing methods are only recently being determined. Widespread concerns about the environmental contamination have resulted in a number of regulations for fracturing fluids advocating for greener fracturing processes. To enable EGS feasibility and lessen environmental impact of reservoir stimulation, an environmentally benign, CO2-activated, rheoreversible fracturing fluid that enhances permeability through fracturing due to in situ volume expansion and gel formation is investigated herein. The chemical mechanism, stability, phase-change behavior, and rheology for a novel polyallylamine (PAA)-CO2 fracturing fluid was characterized at EGS temperatures and pressures. Hydrogel is formed upon reaction with CO2, and this process is reversible (via CO2 depressurization or solubilizing with a diluted acid) allowing potential removal from the formation and recycling, decreasing environmental impact. Rock obtained from the Coso geothermal field was fractured in laboratory-scale experiments under various EGS temperatures and pressures at significantly (at least an order of magnitude) lower effective stress than standard fracturing fluids, and the fractures were characterized with imaging, permeability measurement, and flow modeling. Although additional work is required to further understand the fluid properties, potential and limitations, this novel fracturing fluid and process represent a potential alternative to conventional fracturing fluids to vastly reduce water usage and the environmental impact of fracturing practices and effectively make EGS production and unconventional oil/gas exploitation cost-effective and cleaner.
Gab1 Is an Integrator of Cell Death versus Cell Survival Signals in Oxidative Stress

Upon the addition of different growth factors and cytokines, the Gab1 docking protein is tyrosine phosphorylated and in turn activates different signaling pathways. On the basis of the large body of evidence concerning cross talk between the signaling pathways activated by growth factors and oxidative stress, we decided to investigate the role of Gab1 in oxidative injury. We stimulated wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) or MEF with a homozygous deletion of the Gab1 gene (-/- MEF) with H(2)O(2). Our results show that Gab1 is phosphorylated in a dose- and time-dependent manner after H(2)O(2) triggering. Gab1 then recruits molecules such as SHP2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Shc. Gab1 phosphorylation is sensitive to the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Gab1 is required for H(2)O(2)-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation but not for ERK2 or p38 activation. Reconstitution of Gab1 in -/- MEF rescues JNK activation, and we find that this is dependent on the SHP2 binding site in Gab1. Cell viability assays reveal that Gab1 has a dual role in cell survival: a positive one through its interaction with PI3K and a negative one through its interaction with SHP2. This is the first report identifying Gab1 as a component in oxidative stress signaling and one that is required for JNK activation.
NSC109268 potentiates cisplatin-induced cell death in a p53-independent manner

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological cancers. Cisplatin is one of the most effective anticancer drugs used in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Development of resistance to cisplatin limits its therapeutic use. Most of the anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, are believed to kill cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and a defect in apoptotic signaling can contribute to drug resistance. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a critical role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. During a yeast-based drug screening, NSC109268 was identified to enhance cellular sensitivity to cisplatin. The objective of the present study is to determine if p53 is responsible for cisplatin sensitization by NSC109268. NSC109268 enhanced sensitivity of ovarian cancer 2008 cells and its cisplatin resistant counterpart 2008/C13* cells which express wild-type p53. The potentiation of cisplatin sensitivity by NSC109268 was greater in 2008/C13* cells compared to 2008 cells. Cisplatin caused a concentration-dependent increase in p53 in 2008 and 2008/C13* cells, and the induction of p53 correlated with cisplatin-induced apoptosis as determined by the cleavage of PARP. NSC109268 alone had no effect on p53 but it enhanced p53 level in response to cisplatin. Knockdown of p53 by siRNA, however, did not attenuate cell death in response to cisplatin or combination of NSC109268 and cisplatin. These results demonstrate that NSC109268 enhances sensitivity of ovarian cancer 2008 cells to cisplatin independent of p53.
THE ROLE OF NET GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTION TO INCOME IN THE RECESSION AND REVIVAL OF 1937–38*

THE CHANGES in net government contribution to income,' which are used as an indication of the net effects of government spending, have been given heavy emphasis as a cause both of the recession and revival of 193 7-38. In fact, to some analysts it was the most important cause. Among these was Marriner Eccles who believed that the "too rapid withdrawal of the government's stimulus" was the principal explanation for the recession.2 The acceptance of this viewpoint among high ranking officials gives added significance to an investigation of the position of government fiscal policy.3 From the outset, it can be agreed that the decline in net government contribution to income was an important factor in the i937-38 recession. The decline in net government contribution to income which was $3.3 billion (from $4.i billion in calendar year, I936, to $.8 billion in I937)4 must be recorded significance. Both the monthly net government contribution and monthly income are graphed in Chart i, for the
Neuro-fuzzy-based Arrhythmia Classification Using Heart Rate Variability Features

Arrhythmia diagnosis is commonly conducted through visual analysis of human electrocardiograms, a very resource consuming task for physicians. In this paper we present a computational approach for arrhythmia detection based on heart rate variability signal analysis and the application of a neuro-fuzzy classification model called SONFIS. The aforementioned method generates a set of linguistically interpretable inference rules for pattern classification and outperforms artificial neural networks and support vector machines in accuracy and several other performance indicators.
Review of 'The Right to Play Oneself - Looking Back on Documentary Film'

In this review of leftist, gay documentary film scholar Thomas Waugh’s The Right To Play Oneself. Looking Back on Documentary Film, Patricia Aufderheide calls attention to the significance of assembling these essays, some of which were historically significant and many of which played a role in shaping queer film studies, in one volume. She critiques Waugh's unexamined use of the term “committed”, and also notes his stature as a leading advocate of socially and politically critical documentary.
Engineering Escherichia coli for Conversion of Glucose to Medium-Chain ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acids and α,ω-Dicarboxylic Acids

In search of sustainable approaches to plastics production, many efforts have been made to engineer microbial conversions of renewable feedstock to short-chain (C2–C8) bifunctional polymer precursors (e.g., succinic acid, cadaverine, 1,4-butanediol). Less attention has been given to medium-chain (C12–C14) monomers such as ω-hydroxy fatty acids (ω-OHFAs) and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (α,ω-DCAs), which are precursors to high performance polyesters and polyamides. Here we engineer a complete microbial conversion of glucose to C12 and C14 ω-OHFAs and α,ω-DCAs, with precise control of product chain length. Using an expanded bioinformatics approach, we screen a wide range of enzymes across phyla to identify combinations that yield complete conversion of intermediates to product α,ω-DCAs. Finally, through optimization of culture conditions, we enhance production titer of C12 α,ω-DCA to nearly 600 mg/L. Our results indicate potential for this microbial factory to enable commercially relevant, renewable production of...
Impact of Round Gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) on Dreissenids (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis) and the Associated Macroinvertebrate Community Across an Invasion Front

ABSTRACT We studied the impact of round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) on lithophilic invertebrates (having an association with a stony substrate) across an invasion front along the Door Peninsula, which flanks eastern Green Bay, Lake Michigan. We conducted both a cross-invasion front field survey and a rock-transfer experiment. For the field survey, we collected pairs of rocks from ten sites, including sites north of the invasion front and south of the invasion front. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha), quagga mussels (D. bugensis), and non-mussel invertebrates were removed from the rocks and enumerated. The rocks were measured and the algae removed and weighed. Round gobies were censused by videotaping along transects. There was a statistically significant negative relationship with round goby abundance for most invertebrates, including zebra mussels, quagga mussels, isopods, and snails, with the result for amphipods being suggestive. For the experiment, we transferred 20 rocks in bags from a round g...
RESPONSE TO JORETTA L. MARSHALL, “DIFFERENCES, DISCOURSES, AND DIALOGUES: FROM SEXUALITY TO QUEER THEORY IN LEARNING AND TEACHING”

First, I want to join Sam and, I assume many other members of the Society, in thanking Joretta for her thoughtful, self-disclosive paper and presentation. Joretta has been a prominent leader in calling for and personally embodying greater diversity in the field of pastoral theology and in mainline Protestant theological education. As Andy Lester (1997) observes in the foreword to her work Counseling Lesbian Partners, Joretta is "one who knows the issues clinically, academically, and experientially." I would like to affirm Joretta's employment of a perspectival approach to the question of theological truth. I think it is helpful to think of a person's understanding of truth as "one strand of a much larger narrative." As a Christian, I believe that the mystery of God is infinitely greater than my socially-located and historically-shaped perspective on God. As I share with my students, Christian theology teaches that we cannot comprehend God, but only apprehend God. As Paul declared in 1 Corinthians 13: "For we know only in part and we prophesy only in part" (13:9 NRSV). Since I am a Christian, I believe that the fullness of God's truth has been, is being, and will be revealed to humanity in the resurrected Jesus Christ through the power of the Spirit.
Elementary Teachers: Concerns about Implementing a Science Program.

The purpose of this study was to examine elementary teachers’ science teaching concerns after participating in a two-year extensive and sustained science professional development intervention. The intervention consisted of two types of teacher professional development across two years including: (a) summer institutes (60 hours across two years) which provided training on curriculum units, inquiry-based instructional strategies, problem-based learning, classroom management, and technology use in the classroom; and (b) coaching (60 hours across two years) which provided teachers support in establishing an investigative classroom and assistance in the implementation of inquiry/problem-based science units. Teacher data were collected across four different time points: prior to the intervention, after one year of intervention, after two years of intervention, and one year after completion of the intervention. Results from quantitative data supported with qualitative interviews indicated concerns among teachers changed but they were not eliminated. The findings of this study provide evidence that teachers’ concerns may not be eliminated, but with extensive support––concerns become less focused on self and more focused on students.
Surviving the Silver Tsunami Training a Health Care Workforce to Care for North Carolina's Aging Population

North Carolina's aging population will require a health care workforce prepared to meet patients' complex care needs. The keys to training this workforce include continuing to mobilize the state's educational infrastructure to provide interprofessional, community-based experiences and maximizing exposure to new models of care.
High-Fidelity Simulation Strategy for Aerothermochemistry at Ablating Gas/Solid Interfaces

A simulation strategy is described for problems involving thermal protection systems and aerodynamic heating phenomena. At the core of the analysis methodology are two models, a fluid dynamics model and a material thermal response model, loosely coupled through boundary condition treatments. This highfidelity analysis capability was developed to facilitate the study of the fundamental physical processes that occur at reacting gas/solid interfaces of various aerospace systems. The strategy itself, general in nature, allows model interchange and is applicable to a wide range of thermo-chemical ablation problems. The initial target application is the assessment of a highspeed carbon-carbon nosecone during a thermally stressing trajectory. The time-dependent analysis of a nosecone trajectory is accomplished iteratively through the numerical solution of the compressible reacting Navier-Stokes equations coupled with phenomenologies that describe the surface kinetic constraints. Recent enhancements to the methodology include a chemical kinetics model for air-carbon reactions to account for surface reactions and reactions with the air stream, and inclusion of shape change effects due to surface recession. Also presented is the status of a numerical/experimental performance assessment of a high-speed nosecone. __________________ ∗ Engineer, Senior Professional Staff, Associate Fellow AIAA † Engineer, Senior Professional Staff ‡ Engineer, Professional Staff, Member AIAA Nomenclature a = Blowing constant Cm = Stanton number for mass transfer hrec = Recovery enthalpy hund = Enthalpy of solid exposed to ablation hw = Enthalpy at wall m = Species concentration ab m& m& = Ablative mass flux w = Mass flux off wall Pt = Total pressure q& = Heat flux r& = Surface recession rate t = Time Tref = Reference temperature Tt = Total temperature Tw = Wall temperature ue = Edge velocity x, y, z = Cartesian coordinates ∆t = Time step δx = Grid point displacement, x direction δy = Grid point displacement, y direction e = Emissivity ρ = Gas density σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant τx = Shear stress, x direction τy = Shear stress, y direction
Studies of Endosulfan in Bean Plants by Paper and Gas Chromatography12

Under greenhouse conditions endosulfan, endosulfan alcohol, and endosulfan ether have been shown to be translocated to the aerial portions of bean plants when grown in treated soils. It has also been shown that purified endosulfan, when applied to the foliage of bean plants, is, in part, converted to endosulfan ether, but not to the alcohol as suspected. Paper and gas chromatography were used to analyze the plant extracts.
Inhibition at the T-cells of the spinothalamic tract: a neurophysiological basis for electrically induced analgesia.

SummaryRats were used to study the influence of dorsal column stimulation on the activity of those spinal cord cells which transmit peripheral excitations to the somesthetic thalamus via the spinothalamic tract (STT) and the spinocervicothalamic pathway (SCP). Since both of these paths terminate in the thalamic SII, separate transection of one of them left the other as the sole path of afferent excitations for reaching the thalamic recording site. This experimental design eliminated the uncertainty about the anatomical identity of the spinal cord transmission cells studied in experiments reported previously. Single electrical pulses applied to the gracile fasciculus of the dorsal columns inhibited the transmission of afferent activity via the SCP and STT when these pulses preceded the initiation of the afferent activity by 15–200 msec. This inhibition is most likely the basis for analgesia induced in patients by electrical stimulation of their dorsal columns. Since, however, a delayed postexcitatory inhib...