cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-wavelength functional photoacoustic microscopy in biological tissue

Recently, we developed a reflection-mode relaxation photoacoustic microscope, based on saturation intensity, to measure picosecond relaxation times using a nanosecond laser. Here, using the different relaxation times of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin molecules, both possessing extremely low fluorescence quantum yields, the oxygen saturation was quantified in vivo with single-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy. All previous functional photoacoustic microscopy measurements required imaging with multiple-laser-wavelength measurements to quantify oxygen saturation. Eliminating the need for multiwavelength measurements removes the influence of spectral properties on oxygenation calculations and improves the portability and cost-effectiveness of functional or molecular photoacoustic microscopy.
Exploring and enforcing security guarantees via program dependence graphs

We present PIDGIN, a program analysis and understanding tool that enables the specification and enforcement of precise application-specific information security guarantees. PIDGIN also allows developers to interactively explore the information flows in their applications to develop policies and investigate counter-examples. PIDGIN combines program dependence graphs (PDGs), which precisely capture the information flows in a whole application, with a custom PDG query language. Queries express properties about the paths in the PDG; because paths in the PDG correspond to information flows in the application, queries can be used to specify global security policies. PIDGIN is scalable. Generating a PDG for a 330k line Java application takes 90 seconds, and checking a policy on that PDG takes under 14 seconds. The query language is expressive, supporting a large class of precise, application-specific security guarantees. Policies are separate from the code and do not interfere with testing or development, and can be used for security regression testing. We describe the design and implementation of PIDGIN and report on using it: (1) to explore information security guarantees in legacy programs; (2) to develop and modify security policies concurrently with application development; and (3) to develop policies based on known vulnerabilities.
Dynamic model and control of mixed economy

The lagging economy and high inflation of recent years can be quantitatively explained by a dynamic model which is based on well known structural equations and equations on price and wage reflecting collective bargaining and limited monopoly. Using the dynamic model, the effects of various economic policies are studied.
Thick-film circuit layout using the Magic layout editor

Technology files for the Magic layout editor have been created that facilitate the layout, design rule checking, and plotting or rubylith cutting of single-layer (crossover style) and two-metal layer (multilayer style) hybrid circuits. Details of the technology files are presented as well as a layout example. Outputs can be prepared as 10* scale pen plots, or rubylith sheets may be cut on the plotter at 10* scale to be photoreduced for circuit production. Using the procedure may save three to six hours of labor per circuit over hand cutting, depending on the complexity of the circuit. >
Separation of isotopes by laser-assisted retardation of condensation (SILARC)

Equations (10)–(12) and (14)–(16) of this paper, as well as the paragraph following (16), contain errors and should be corrected as follows (primes indicate corrected equations). The corrections do not alter the analyses and conclusions in the remainder of the paper.Article appeared in Laser and Particle Beams (1998), 16, 295–316
Implementation of an Algorithm for the Direct Solution of Optimal Control Problems

This paper presents the implementation of a numerical algorithm for the direct solution of optimal control and parameter identification problems. The problems may include differential equations that define the state, inequality constraints, and equality constraints at the initial and final times. The numerical method is based on transforming the infinite dimensional optimal control problem into a finite dimensional nonlinear programming problem. The transformation technique involves dividing the time interval of interest into a mesh that need not be uniform. In each subinterval of the mesh the control input is approximated using a piecewise polynomial. In particular, the control can be approximated using: (i) piecewise constant, (ii) piecewise linear, or (iii) piecewise cubic polynomials. The explicit Runge-Kutta method is used to obtain an approximate solution of the differential equations that define the state. With the approach used here the states do not appear in the nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. As a result the NLP problem is very compact relative to other numerical methods used to solve nonlinear optimal control problems. The NLP problem is solved using a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique. The SQP method is based on minimizing the L1 exact penalty function. Each major step of the SQP method solves a strictly convex quadratic programming problem. The paper also describes a simplified interface to the computer programs that implement the method. An example is presented to demonstrate the algorithm.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
71 Tauri: Hyades Enigma Resolved?

71 Tauri (HD 28052; F0 IV-V) is an enigmatic object for two reasons: (1) it is the second brightest X-ray source in the Hyades, yet early F stars as a rule are not strong coronal emitters; and (2) it lies a magnitude above the cluster main sequence, but radial velocity studies and speckle imaging suggest that it is single. Recently, long-slit ultraviolet spectra of the star, obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), serendipitously have revealed the presence of a stellar companion at a distance of 01 directly south of the primary. The companion is seen only in its far-UV chromospheric emission lines. The nature of this object cannot be determined from our STIS spectra alone, but its high emission levels are most readily explained if it is a close binary of coronally active dG/dK stars. The presence of the secondary can account for the striking X-ray properties of 71 Tau but not its unusual location in the cluster color-magnitude diagram. It is conceivable that the primary itself is a close double of nearly equal stars, making 71 Tau a possible quadruple system. The alternative—that 71 Tau is ~150 Myr older than other members of the Hyades, approaching the end of core hydrogen burning for a 2 M☉ star—would challenge the presumed synchrony of star formation in the cluster.
A senior project course in a computer and information science department

The faculty and student viewpoints of the senior project course in the core curriculum of the Computer and Information Science Department at NJIT are presented. Each viewpoint is examined along with its impact on the mechanics of the course. The changes in course mechanics are related to the growing student population in the Department.
Differentiating c8-t1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: A survey of 24 spine surgeons

Study Design Questionnaire. Objective To evaluate the ability of spine surgeons to distinguish C8–T1 radiculopathies from ulnar neuropathy. Methods Twenty-four self-rated “experienced” cervical spine surgeons completed a questionnaire with the following items. (1) If the ulnar nerve is cut at the elbow, which of the following would be numb: ulnar forearm, small and ring fingers; only the ulnar forearm; only the small and ring fingers; or none of the above? (2) Which of the following muscles are weak with C8–T1 radiculopathies but intact with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: flexor digiti minimi brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, abductor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis, opponens digiti minimi, opponens pollicis, medial lumbricals, lateral lumbricals, dorsal interossei, palmar interossei? Results Fifteen of 24 surgeons (63%) correctly answered the first question—that severing the ulnar nerve results in numbness of the fifth and fourth fingers. None correctly identified all four nonulnar, C8–T1-innervated options in the second question without naming additional muscles. Conclusion The ulnar nerve provides sensation to the fourth and fifth fingers and medial border of the hand. The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve provides sensation to the medial forearm. The ulnar nerve innervates all intrinsic hand muscles, except the abductor and flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and lateral two lumbricals, which are innervated by C8 and T1 via the median nerve. By examining these five muscles, one can clinically differentiate cubital tunnel syndrome from C8–T1 radiculopathies. Although all participants considered themselves to be experienced cervical spine surgeons, this study reveals inadequate knowledge regarding the clinical manifestations of C8–T1 radiculopathies and cubital tunnel syndrome.
Migraine incidence in clinical vs nondlinical populations

Abstract Assessment of the incidence of migraine headache has consistently been hampered by lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, as well as by sample selection bias. Using a diagnostic questionnaire, the authors compared the incidence of migraine in 1293 randomly selected adults and 3909 randomly selected college students with that in 81 psychotherapy patients. Compared with the random sample, psychotherapy patients reported migraine two to three times more frequently, were twice as likely to report headache as severe, and were significantly more likely to have sought headache treatment. Earlier research, which has depended largely on clinical samples, cannot be generalized to apply to the general population of migraine sufferers.
Stromatolites 3,400-Myr old from the Archean of Western Australia

Internally laminated conical mounds characterise a regionally extensive chert unit near the top of the 3,400-Myr old Warrawoona Group in the Pilbara Block of Western Australia. The chert formed by silicification of a carbonate–evaporite sequence deposited in shallow subtidal to intertidal environments. The morphology and internal organisation of the mounds described here suggests that they are conical stromatolites similar but not identical to members of the common Proterozoic group Conophyton Maslov.
Comprehensive analysis of HE4 expression in normal and malignant human tissues

The HE4 (WFDC2) gene encodes a WAP-type four disulphide core domain-containing protein with a presumptive role in natural immunity. Multiple studies have consistently identified upregulation of HE4 gene expression in carcinomas of the ovary; however, the expression in normal and malignant adult tissues has not been examined in detail. Here, we examined the expression of the HE4 gene and protein in a large series of normal and malignant adult tissues by oligonucleotide microarray and tissue microarray, respectively. HE4 gene expression was highest in normal human trachea and salivary gland, and to a lesser extent, lung, prostate, pituitary gland, thyroid, and kidney. In a series of 175 human adult tumors, gene expression was highest in ovarian serous carcinomas. However, adenocarcinomas of the lung, and occasional breast, transitional cell and pancreatic carcinomas had moderate or high levels of HE4 expression. Using tissue microarrays and full tissue sections of normal and 448 neoplastic tissues, HE4 immunoreactivity was found in normal glandular epithelium of the female genital tract and breast, the epididymis and vas deferens, respiratory epithelium, distal renal tubules, colonic mucosa, and salivary glands, consistent with HE4 gene expression. In addition to consistent positivity in ovarian carcinoma, some pulmonary, endometrial, and breast adenocarcinomas, mesotheliomas, and less often, gastrointestinal, renal and transitional cell carcinomas were also positive. Knowledge of the expression patterns of HE4 in our survey is useful for application in histopathologic diagnosis, and should be taken into consideration in future studies that examine the role of HE4 as a serological tumor biomarker or as a target for gene-based therapy.
Clusterin is a Plasma Biomarker of Severity, Progression and Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease

552-5260/09/ DETERMINE INHERITANCE OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE INDEPENDENTLY OF APOEe4 RISK Allen D. Roses, Michael W. Lutz, Matthew J. Huentelman, Ornit Chiba-Falek, Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer, Eric M. Reiman, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Deane Drug Discovery Institute, Durham, NC, USA; Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Institute for Genomic Sciences and Policy, Durham, NC, USA; Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Practical Guide to Understanding Multivariable Analyses Part A

Multivariable analyses are complex statistical methods to evaluate the impact of multiple variables on outcomes of interest. Books have been written on each of these methods detailing the mathematical and statistical objectives and processes. However, we have found very little in the way of brief reports that help the nonstatistically trained physician obtain a basic understanding of multivariable analyses in order to have some understanding of the increasing literature using these methods. This work is organized in 2 parts. This article, Part A, addresses the “big 4” algebraic methods of multivariable analysis. The primary focus of Part A is to present a brief “primer” to help the reader understand the methods and uses; it expressly avoids the many details of statistical assumptions, calculations, and myriad branching alternatives. Part B will concentrate on conjunctive consolidation and will focus on enough information to allow the interested reader to actually perform the analysis. For the statistical ...
Random mutagenesis to enhance the activity of subtilisin in organic solvents : characterization of Q103R subtilisin E

Q103R subtilisin E was isolated following random mutagenesis and screening for improved activity in the presence of dimethylformamide (DMF). Our goal is to identify the mechanism(s) by which amino acid substitutions can enhance enzyme activity in polar organic solvents. A quantitative framework for comparing substrate binding and catalytic activities of mutant and wild-type enzymes in the presence and absence of DMF is outlined. Kinetic experiments performed at high salt concentration (1M KCl) reveal that the mechanism behind the Q103R variant's enhanced activity toward succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide is both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic in origin. Favorable electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged succinyl group of the substrate and the positive charge on Arg 103 are responsible for tighter substrate binding. This conclusion is supported by kinetic experiments performed on the related substrate Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide and the hydrolysis kinetics of the Q103E, Q103K, and Q103S variants constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. These results highlight the importance of the choice of the substrate used to screen for improvements in catalytic activity.
Identification of breast cancer prognosis markers via integrative analysis

In breast cancer research, it is of great interest to identify genomic markers associated with prognosis. Multiple gene profiling studies have been conducted for such a purpose. Genomic markers identified from the analysis of single datasets often do not have satisfactory reproducibility. Among the multiple possible reasons, the most important one is the small sample sizes of individual studies. A cost-effective solution is to pool data from multiple comparable studies and conduct integrative analysis. In this study, we collect four breast cancer prognosis studies with gene expression measurements. We describe the relationship between prognosis and gene expressions using the accelerated failure time (AFT) models. We adopt a 2-norm group bridge penalization approach for marker identification. This integrative analysis approach can effectively identify markers with consistent effects across multiple datasets and naturally accommodate the heterogeneity among studies. Statistical and simulation studies demonstrate satisfactory performance of this approach. Breast cancer prognosis markers identified using this approach have sound biological implications and satisfactory prediction performance.
A sperm ion channel required for sperm motility and male fertility

Calcium and cyclic nucleotides have crucial roles in mammalian fertilization, but the molecules comprising the Ca2+-permeation pathway in sperm motility are poorly understood. Here we describe a putative sperm cation channel, CatSper, whose amino-acid sequence most closely resembles a single, six-transmembrane-spanning repeat of the voltage-dependent Ca2+-channel four-repeat structure. CatSper is located specifically in the principal piece of the sperm tail. Targeted disruption of the gene results in male sterility in otherwise normal mice. Sperm motility is decreased markedly in CatSper-/- mice, and CatSper-/- sperm are unable to fertilize intact eggs. In addition, the cyclic-AMP-induced Ca2+ influx is abolished in the sperm of mutant mice. CatSper is thus vital to cAMP-mediated Ca2+ influx in sperm, sperm motility and fertilization. CatSper represents an excellent target for non-hormonal contraceptives for both men and women.
Effect of Serotonin on Albumin and Low Density Lipoprotein Uptake in Perfused Rabbit Femoral Arteries

Uptake by the arterial wall of plasma constituents has considerable clinical implication; thus, uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Serotonin and other vasoactive mate rial may result in changes in the arterial wall leading to increased uptake of albumin or low density lipoprotein. This study was conducted to determine the effect of serotonin (10-5M 5-hydroxytryptamine) and serotonin-induced arterial constriction on albumin and low density lipoprotein uptake rates in perfused rabbit femoral arteries. The results show that the presence of serotonin inhibits the rate of uptake of both albumin and LDL. The effect on albumin uptake does not have a direct dose response dependence and is linearly dependent on trans mural pressure. In contrast, LDL uptake rates are only slightly affected by pressure. Thus, albumin and LDL uptake processes appear to be due to sepa rate mechanisms.
Deep‐sea Finfish Fisheries: Lessons from History

Abstract Recently, the depletion and increased regulation of shallow-water fishery resources have generated greater interest in the potential of deepwater fisheries. Smaller-scale fisheries for deep-sea animals have been conducted in certain locations around the world for more than a century, but large-scale commercial deepwater fisheries are a more recent phenomenon. An examination of past and current deepwater fisheries shows what we can expect from the development of new fisheries targeting unexploited deep-sea resources. Previous deepwater fisheries exhibit a pattern of rapid development, depletion of the resource, and very slow recovery. If future deepwater fisheries are to avoid this fate, development of new fisheries will require a better understanding of the resource, its relationship to the environment, and a precautionary approach to resource management.
Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?

1. This indicates the limitations of the predictivity of disease models and also that the validity of the targets being investigated is frequently questionable, which is a crucial issue to address if success rates in clinical trials are to be improved. Candidate drug targets in industry are derived from various sources, including inhouse target identification campaigns, inlicensing and public sourcing, in particular based on reports published in the literature and presented at conferences. During the transfer of projects from an academic to a company setting, the focus changes from ‘interesting’ to ‘feasible/marketable’, and the financial costs of pursuing a full-blown drug discovery and development programme for a particular target could ultimately be hundreds of millions of Euros. Even in the earlier stages, investments in activities such as high-throughput screening programmes are substantial, and thus the validity of published data on potential targets is crucial for companies when deciding to start novel projects. To mitigate some of the risks of such investments ultimately being wasted, most pharmaceutical companies run in-house target validation programmes. However, validation projects that were started in our company based on exciting published data have often resulted in disillusionment when key data could not be reproduced. Talking to scientists, both in academia and in industry, there seems to be a general impression that many
PINUS WOLFEI, A NEW PETRIFIED CONE FROM THE EOCENE OF WASHINGTON

A B S T R A C T A silicified cone from the Late Eocene of Washington is described as a new fossil species of Pinus. The cone was probably 9-10 cm long and 3-5 cm at its widest diam in the living condition and is peculiar in having abundant resin canals in the secondary xylem of the axis arranged in three concentric rings near the cone base. The bract of the fossil is also unusual in having resin canals of distinctly unequal sizes and a vascular strand that is adaxially concave. In the absence of external features of the scale tips, these anatomical conditions along with the construction of the outer cortex of the axis of thick-walled cells suggest closest affinity of the new species with the subsections Contortae, Oocarpae, and Sylvestres of the section Pinus, subgenus Pinus. THIS REPORT is based on a single silicified cone from the Late Eocene Cowlitz Formation of Washington. The specimen was found by Dr. Edward Arnold, late invertebrate paleontologist with the U. S. Geological Survey, in a bank exposure of the Cowlitz River 2.4 km east of Little Falls, Lewis County. Dr. J. A. Wolfe, U. S. Geological Survey, sent me the fossil, and the new species is named in his honor. Study of the fossil is based on ground sections.. Although some tissues were thoroughly silicified, others were porous rendering the specimen fragile. It was thus necessary to surround the cone with plastic to facilitate sawing. Cut surfaces were sealed with a thin layer of epoxy which was hardened and ground flat before gluing the surface to the slide. The new species was compared with anatomical sections of cones of thirty extant species of Pinus.
Speckle Intensity Due to Strong and Weak Scatterers in the Presence of Amplitude-correlated Multipaths

The speckle intensities of both strong scatterers and weak scatterers are modelled as the superposition of N sinusoidal waves whose amplitudes are taken to be correlated random variables in order to account for multipath correlations. Explicit expressions are obtained for the first three moments of the speckle intensity when the correlated amplitudes are gaussian-distributed about a non-zero mean. These moments approach their large-N asymptotic values independently of the amplitude correlation function. The contrast and skewness parameter are also evaluated, and simplified formulae obtained when N is large. As the number of multipaths become very large, the speckle intensity PDFs tend to limiting functional forms by reason of the central limit theorem; an investigation was made to determine the influence of amplitude correlations on the parameters entering into these limiting functional forms. The implication of these very large- N asymptotic results is that amplitude correlations are probably not signifi...
Structural and Cultural Barriers to the Adoption of Smoking Cessation Services in Addiction Treatment Organizations

Few studies have examined associations between the availability of smoking cessation services in addiction treatment organizations and specific cultural, staffing, and resource barriers. Telephone interviews were conducted with administrators of 897 addiction treatment organizations in the United States. These data revealed that few programs had adopted the full bundle of five recommended tobacco-related intake procedures, and that less than half of programs offered any smoking cessation services. Barriers to adoption of the intake bundle and availability of services included organizational culture and low levels of staff skills. Adoption of cessation services was associated with center type, location in a hospital setting, levels of care, and organizational size. Although a substantial proportion of organizations offer smoking cessation services, expansion of these services and greater adoption of tobacco-related intake procedures are needed to address the needs of nicotine-dependent individuals in addiction treatment.
Strain-rate enhancement at Dye 3, Greenland

Ice at depth in ice sheets can be softer in bed-parallel shear than Glen’s flow law predicts. For example, at Dye 3, Greenland, enhancement factors of 3 4 are needed in order to explain the rate of borehole tilting Previous authors have identified crystal fabric as the dominant contributor, but the role of impurities and crystal size is still incompletely resolved. Here we use two formulations of anisotropic flow laws for ice (Azuma’s and Sachs’ models) to account for the effects of anisotropy, and show that the measured anisotropy of the ice at Dye 3 cannot explain all the detailed variations in the measured strain rates, the jump in enhancement across the Holocene–Wisconsin boundary is larger than expected from the measured fabrics alone. Dust and soluble-ion concentration divided by crystal size correlates well with the residual enhancement, indicating that most of the “excess deformation” may be due to impurities or crystal size. While the major features of the deformation at Dye 3 are explained by anisotropy and temperature, results also suggest that further research into the role of impurities and crystal size is warranted.
Mary Parker Follett and the Self-Defining Community

Mary Parker Follett, an often overlooked theorist, has provided one of the most cogent approaches to the building of a sense and practice of community if America. Ms. Follett's work on community is especially deserving of attention because of its links to contemporary feminist thought and because of the great need, in American, for a theory of, and strategy for, community, especially for a community that is animated and defined by its people and not by a theoretical elite.
Multi-Drive Stacked-FET Power Amplifiers at 90 GHz in 45 nm SOI CMOS

Gate resistance significantly limits the output power and power-added efficiency of stacked-FET power amplifiers in 45 nm SOI CMOS above 60 GHz. A multi-drive stacked-FET approach is proposed to improve the output power and efficiency. An analysis of conventional and multi-drive stacked-FET PAs demonstrates the performance improvement. A multi-drive three-stack PA is implemented in 45 nm SOI CMOS for 90 GHz operation occupying 0.23 mm 2 . This PA achieves more than 19 dBm output power with peak PAE of 14% and 12 dB gain at 90 GHz using a 3.4 V power supply.
Urokinase plasminogen activator activity is increased in the myocardium during coronary artery occlusion

We have previously demonstrated that collateral development takes place in a swine model of coronary artery occlusion. In this report we have examined the effect of coronary artery occlusion on urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator activity in the myocardium. Urokinase activity was increased four-fold in the ischemic heart compared to sham and unoperated controls. In contrast, the level of tissue plasminogen activator activity remained relatively constant. The increase in urokinase activity was associated with an upregulation of urokinase RNA levels and of the RNAs corresponding to the plasminogen activator inhibitors, PAI I and II. Urokinase has been shown to be an important angiogenic protease both in vivo and in cultured cells. Its increase during collateral development suggests that urokinase may play a role in angiogenesis in the ischemic heart.
Pacific Pleistocene paleoclimatic stratigraphies: A comparative analysis of results

Abstract Global atmospheric and oceanic circulation effects of expansion of continental ice sheets initiated upwelling in the western equatorial Pacific and simultaneously intensified upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific; contraction of the ice sheets reversed the process. Published Pleistocene paleoclimatic stratigraphies correlated across the entire equatorial Pacific exhibit eight such cycles in the Brunhes epoch. The extrapolated chronostratigraphies for the equatorial Pacific compare favorably with published paleoclimatic schemes for the southeastern, eastern, and northern Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean record exhibits fewer, and possibly also consistently older, climatic variations. A time progression or lack of synchrony of marine Pleistocene climatic events is not inconsistent with modified “Milankovitch” hypotheses, such as that involving Antarctic ice-sheet instability.
Case report 701

A case of periosteal new bone in a newborn is presented. The periostitis resulted from long-term therapy with PGE1, which was administered to maintain patency of the ductus in a neonate with ductal-dependent cyanotic congenital heart disease. The features of PGE1 periostitis and the differential diagnosis are reviewed.
Will SOI have a life for the low-power market?

We discuss key challenges for SOI CMOS to achieve sub-100 pA/m leakage current required for low-standby power applications. Recent 45 nm data is used to illustrate the importance of junction engineering to mitigate SOI floating body effect for low leakage design. With device scaling towards 22 nm node, both bulk and SOI technologies are expected to hit a fundamental GIDL limit. Extremely-thin body SOI provides a scaling path for low-leakage SOI. Finally, we identify several unique SOI opportunities that can broaden its appeal to the low power market.
Systems for 42 V mass-market automobiles

Abstract With the introduction of the Toyota Crown Royal Saloon in August, 2001, 42 V automotive electrical systems made the transition from a technology for the future to present-day production. Nevertheless, there is widespread malaise in the 42 V technical community, stemming from a slower than expected introduction to the marketplace. This paper discusses some of the reasons for the slow adoption of this technology, and indicates a possible way forward. This paper looks beyond the initial uses of 42 V in limited-volume, high-end cars and light trucks, and discusses the prospects for 42 V in mass-market vehicles, given what is presently known about the technology. It is concluded that a case can be made for 42 V, even at some increment in cost. The motivation is improved fuel economy. The cost targets necessary for this benefit to be achieved are discussed, and new components being widely discussed as part of future electrical systems are evaluated for mass-market applications. New developments with higher potential are suggested.
Resting and Action Potentials of the Squid Giant Axon in Vivo

Blood oxygenation and circulation were maintained in Loligo pealii for several hours by a strong flow of sea water over both gills on the open, flat mantle. Potentials were measured with a 3 M KCl-filled glass microelectrode penetrating the giant axon membrane. An hour or more after the mantle was opened, the potentials were similar to those observed in excised axons and in preparations without circulation; spike height 100 mv.; undershoot 12 mv., decaying at 6 v./sec.; resting potential 63 mv. However, the earliest (20 minute) resting potentials were up to 70 mv. and 73 mv. Occasional initial action potential measurements (40 to 50 minute) showed a decay of the undershoot that was less than one-tenth the rate observed later. This suggests that in even better preparations there would be no decay, thereby increasing the resting potential and spike height by 12 mv. With the calculated liquid junction potential of 4 mv. the absolute resting potential in the "normal" axon in vivo is estimated to be about 77 mv., which is close to the Nernst potential for the potassium ratio between squid blood and axoplasm. The differences between such a normal axon and the usual isolated axon can be accounted for by a negligible leakage conductance in the normal axon.
A career in the early limbo of international business: policy, research and education

Colleagues have characterized my place in the early days of international business (IB) studies and my later contributions as ‘in limbo’, ‘at the interfaces’, ‘a synthesis’, ‘focusing on linkages’ and ‘iconoclastic’. The ‘limbo’ placed me outside the usual functional disciplines in business schools, which in the 1950s seldom included ‘international business’. The ‘interfaces’ and ‘linkages’ of IB were focused on the interdependence of politics, government and business; the ‘synthesis’ was an effort to see IB as a ‘whole’ involving many cultural, social, economic and public elements; while ‘iconoclastic’ reflected an effort to break through restrictive models used in the academic mainstream and to embrace as many facets of IB and foreign economic policy as were relevant to such issues as the growing significance of foreign direct investment in international economic integration, the increasing importance of technology transfers, and the emergence of transnational corporations and of a global economy – all of which were concerns of host and home governments, leading to a focus on IB and governments.
LIPID-PEPTIDE COMMUNICATION IN FLUID BILAYERS

The influence of channel and nonchannel forms of gramicidin A (c-gA and nc-gA, respectively) on the mixing behavior of phospholipids derived from 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DMPE) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) has been examined in the physiologically relevant fluid phase by means of nearest-neighbor recognition methods (Davidson, S. K. M.; Regen, S. L. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1269). Thus, when disulfide-based dimers were allowed to undergo monomer exchange at 60 °C in the presence of 5 mol % of nc-gA, the molar ratio of heterodimer to each homodimer was 1.55 ± 0.07; replacement of 50% of the exchangeable monomers with 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (a chemically inert diluent having an intermediate chain length and hydrophobicity) eliminated the ability of nc-gA to induce NNR. In sharp contrast, the presence of c-gA, at concentrations as high as 9 and 17 mol %, left the phospholipids in a randomly arranged state. The ability of gramicidin A to ...
A note on profile likelihood for exponential tilt mixture models

Suppose that independent observations are drawn from multiple distributions, each of which is a mixture of two component distributions such that their log density ratio satisfies a linear model with a slope parameter and an intercept parameter. Inference for such models has been studied using empirical likelihood, and mixed results have been obtained. The profile empirical likelihood of the slope and intercept has an irregularity at the null hypothesis so that the two component distributions are equal. We derive a profile empirical likelihood and maximum likelihood estimator of the slope alone, and obtain the usual asymptotic properties for the estimator and the likelihood ratio statistic regardless of the null. Furthermore, we show the maximum likelihood estimator of the slope and intercept jointly is consistent and asymptotically normal regardless of the null. At the null, the joint maximum likelihood estimator falls along a straight line through the origin with perfect correlation asymptotically to the first order.
Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Simplex Range Reporting on a Pointer Machine

We give a lower bound on the following problem, known as simplex range reporting: Given a collection P of n points in d-space and an arbitrary simplex q, find all the points in P ∩ q. It is understood that P is fixed and can be preprocessed ahead of time, while q is a query that must be answered on-line. We consider data structures for this problem that can be modeled on a pointer machine and whose query time is bounded by O(nδ+r), where r is the number of points to be reported and δ is an arbitrary fixed real. We prove that any such data structure of that form must occupy storage Ω(nd(1-δ)-e), for any fixed e > 0. This lower bound is tight within a factor of 2e.
The risk for coronary heart disease according to insulin resistance with and without type 2 diabetes.

Objective. To examine the role of insulin resistance versus hyperglycemia in the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and to explore the interaction of insulin resistance with hyperglycemia. Methods. This is a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES). 4,825 subjects were selected from 9,737 adults aged 340 years excluding those with fasting 1. Results. CHD and type 2 diabetes were present in 9.1 % and 10.5%. Elevated insulin resistance was common; diabetics and non-diabetics with log IR > 1 constituted 6.3% and 12.1% of the population, respectively. ORs for CHD increased as insulin resistance increased in both non-diabetic and diabetics. When log IR > 1, the risk for CHD was not different betwee...
The chain collocation method: A spectrally accurate calculus of forms

Preserving in the discrete realm the underlying geometric, topological, and algebraic structures at stake in partial differential equations has proven to be a fruitful guiding principle for numerical methods in a variety of fields such as elasticity, electromagnetism, or fluid mechanics. However, structure-preserving methods have traditionally used spaces of piecewise polynomial basis functions for differential forms. Yet, in many problems where solutions are smoothly varying in space, a spectral numerical treatment is called for. In an effort to provide structure-preserving numerical tools with spectral accuracy on logically rectangular grids over periodic or bounded domains, we present a spectral extension of the discrete exterior calculus (DEC), with resulting computational tools extending well-known collocation-based spectral methods. Its efficient implementation using fast Fourier transforms is provided as well.
Creating Streaming Iterative Soft Clustering Algorithms

There are an increasing number of large labeled and unlabeled data sets available. Clustering algorithms are the best suited for helping one make sense out of unlabeled data. However, scaling iterative clustering algorithms to large amounts of data has been a challenge. The computation time can be very great and for data sets that will not fit in even the largest memory, only carefully chosen subsets of data can be practically clustered. We present a general approach which enables iterative fuzzy/possibilistic clustering algorithms to be turned into algorithms that can handle arbitrary amounts of streaming data. The computation time is also reduced for very large data sets while the results of clustering will be very similar to clustering with all the data, if that was possible. We introduce transformed equations for fuzzy-C-means, possibilistic C-means, the Gustafson-Kessel algorithm and show the excellent performance with a streaming fuzzy C-means implementation. The resulting clusters are both sensible and for comparable data sets (those that fit in memory) almost identical to those obtained with the original clustering algorithm.
Investigations of ambient light emission at deep‐sea hydrothermal vents

[1] The Ambient Light Imaging and Spectral System (ALISS) was used to image ambient light from black smokers, flange pools, and a beehive on the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge. ALISS is a low-light digital camera with custom-designed optics. A set of nine lenses, each covered by an individual band-pass filter, allows an identical scene to be imaged simultaneously in nine wavelength bands spanning the range of 400–1000 nm. Thus information about both the location and the spectral character of emitting regions is obtained. The primary source of light at deep-sea vents is thermal radiation due to the high temperature of the hydrothermal fluid. This thermal light peaks in the infrared with a tail that extends into the visible. Data suggest that flange pools have an emissivity of ∼0.9 and black smoker fluids have an emissivity of ∼0.3. Thermal radiation dominates at wavelengths >700 nm (with a photon flux that increases from ∼106photon cm−2 s−1 sr−1at 700 nm to ∼1010 photon cm−2s−1 sr−1 at 1000 nm). Temporally variable light is observed in the 400–600 nm region of the spectrum that is orders of magnitude greater than predicted for a thermal source (i.e., on the order of 104 rather than 10−2–103photons cm−2 s−1 sr−1). This light is probably caused by mechanisms associated with turbulence, mixing and precipitation, such as vapor bubble luminescence, chemiluminescence, crystalloluminescence and triboluminescence. While biological responses to vent light are not yet known, observed light levels are too low to support obligate photosynthesis.
Splitting random forest (SRF) for determining compact sets of genes that distinguish between cancer subtypes

The identification of very small subsets of predictive variables is an important toπc that has not often been considered in the literature. In order to discover highly predictive yet compact gene set classifiers from whole genome expression data, a non-parametric, iterative algorithm, Splitting Random Forest (SRF), was developed to robustly identify genes that distinguish between molecular subtypes. The goal is to improve the prediction accuracy while considering sparsity. The optimal SRF 50 run (SRF50) gene classifiers for glioblastoma (GB), breast (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) subtypes had overall prediction rates comparable to those from published datasets upon validation (80.1%-91.7%). The SRF50 sets outperformed other methods by identifying compact gene sets needed for distinguishing between tested cancer subtypes (10–200 fold fewer genes than ANOVA or published gene sets). The SRF50 sets achieved superior and robust overall and subtype prediction accuracies when compared with single random forest (RF) and the Top 50 ANOVA results (80.1% vs 77.8% for GB; 84.0% vs 74.1% for BC; 89.8% vs 88.9% for OC in SRF50 vs single RF comparison; 80.1% vs 77.2% for GB; 84.0% vs 82.7% for BC; 89.8% vs 87.0% for OC in SRF50 vs Top 50 ANOVA comparison). There was significant overlap between SRF50 and published gene sets, showing that SRF identifies the relevant sub-sets of important gene lists. Through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), the overlap in “hub” genes between the SRF50 and published genes sets were RB1, πK3R1, PDGFBB and ERK1/2 for GB; ESR1, MYC, NFkB and ERK1/2 for BC; and Akt, FN1, NFkB, PDGFBB and ERK1/2 for OC. The SRF approach is an effective driver of biomarker discovery research that reduces the number of genes needed for robust classification, dissects complex, high dimensional “omic” data and provides novel insights into the cellular mechanisms that define cancer subtypes.
Ensuring quality in peer review

Faculty users of education digital libraries require contents that are high quality and that are effective teaching and learning materials. Faculty use peer reviews of these materials to select those that they wish to use. MERLOT has developed a scalable, effective peer review system that meets the needs of its users. This paper describes evaluation research conducted to ensure that as the process is reliable, trusted and use-able.
Technological Inertia in Economic History

Technological progress depends for its success on a conducive social environment. The resistance to innovation is identified as a central element governing the success of new inventions. Such resistance usually takes the form of non-market processes. It consists of vested interests, whose assets are jeopardized by new techniques, as well as by intellectuals who are opposed to new technology on principle. The role of resistance in the British and French economies during the Industrial Revolution is assessed.
Native, not nitrated, cytochrome c and mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide drive osteoclast apoptosis

Two unresolved aspects of the role of mitochondria-derived cytochrome c in apoptosis are whether there is a separate pool of cytochrome c within mitochondria that participates in the activation of ...
Epigenetic Control of Apolipoprotein E Expression Mediates Gender‐Specific Hematopoietic Regulation

Epigenetic alterations play a central role in the control of normal and malignant blood cell development. We demonstrate here that expression of a truncated DNA methyltransferase 3B isoform DNMT3B7, which has been shown to alter cellular epigenetic patterns, decreases the overall number of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and markedly diminishes blood cell reconstitution within the female hormonal microenvironment. Gene expression profiling of HSPCs isolated from DNMT3B7 transgenic embryos identified Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) as overexpressed. The CpG island controlling Apoe expression had lower levels of modified cytosines in DNMT3B7 transgenic HSPCs, corresponding with the observed increase in gene expression. Furthermore, we observed that spleens and bone marrows of female mice transplanted with DNMT3B7 transgenic HSPCs express very high levels of Apoe. Finally, the introduction of Apoe-overexpressing HSPCs into male recipients decreased bone marrow engraftment, recapitulating our original observations in female recipients. Our work reveals a dynamic interplay between the intrinsic epigenetic changes in HSPCs and extrinsic endocrine factors acting on these cells to regulate the efficiency of HSPC engraftment and reconstitution. We have identified a novel mechanism by which gender-specific hormones modulate HSPC function, which could serve as a target for augmenting hematopoiesis in cases with limited HSC functionality.
Smooth pursuit preparation modulates neuronal responses in visual areas MT and MST

Primates are able to track small moving visual targets using smooth pursuit eye movements. Target motion for smooth pursuit is signaled by neurons in visual cortical areas MT and MST. In this study...
T-Cell Epitope Analysis on the Autoantigen Phogrin (IA-2β) in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse

The protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) IA-2 and phogrin (IA-2beta) are major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes that possess common serological epitopes in their COOH termini. The epitopes recognized by the T-cells that cause the disease, however, remain to be defined. Eight phogrin-specific T-cell clones were generated from NOD mice, and their epitopes were mapped. The mapping was performed initially with recombinant gluthathione S-transferase-phogrin COOH deletion constructs and ultimately with overlapping synthetic peptides. Two dominant epitopes were identified: one (aa 629-649) immediately adjacent to the transmembrane domain (aa 604-628) and the second (aa 755-777) lying in the NH(2)-terminal region of the conserved PTP domain. T-cells that are specific to either of these peptides and that could destroy islet tissue in vivo though spontaneous T-cell proliferative responses were observed in prediabetic female NOD splenocytes only to the aa 755-777 epitope. In NOD female mice immunized with the epitope peptide, intramolecular determinant spreading occurred from the aa 629-649 epitope to the aa 755-777 epitope but not in the opposite direction. We concluded that the initial T-cell response to phogrin is restricted to a small number of dominant peptides and that it subsequently spreads to other regions of the molecule, including those containing the major humoral epitopes that are highly conserved between IA-2 and phogrin.
The Gaussian wire-tap channel

Wyner's results for discrete memoryless wire-tap channels are extended to the Gaussian wire-tap channel. It is shown that the secrecy capacity Cs is the difference between the capacities of the main and wire.tap channels. It is further shown that Rd= Cs is the upper boundary of the achievable rate-equivocation region.