cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerodynamics of recirculating flow control devices for normal shock/boundary-layer interactions

Passive methods of controlling shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs) consist of a porous surface covering a cavity or a plenum located in the region of the SBLI. The present study focuses on the flowfield downstream of a Mach 1.42 SBLI controlled with various passive devices such as a conventional porous plate, a microporous plate, streamwise slots, a conventional mesoflap array, and a hybrid flap array. Qualitative analysis of the flowfield for the various control devices investigated was achieved with spark shadowgraph visualizations and surface oil-flow visualizations. Quantitative analysis was accomplished by measuring surface static pressure distributions and boundary layer velocity profiles. The flowfields downstream of the slot-controlled and hybrid flap array-controlled SBLIs were found to be highly three-dimensional, whereas the flowfields were predominantly two-dimensional for the remainder of the control devices. It was found that only the conventional mesoflap array had an improved total pressure recovery compared to the baseline solid wall.
Combining Top Management Team (TMT) with Research and Development Intensityfor Patent Performance Measurement

Extant research posits that the research and development (R&D) intensity of firms is highly correlated with knowledge creation as measured by patent citation. This paperargues that there are unexplained variables thatmoderate the effectiveness of research and development knowledge creation. Using the resource-based view, the top management team (TMT), is examined as an intangible asset. Hypotheses are developed on how high-technology firms' creation of knowledge, operationalized as theirpatent citat ions output, is affected by the TMT characteristics of average age, education level, education background, founder presence, and industry experience. The study was based on a cross-sectional data sample of128firms that had their init ial public offering (IPO) between the years 2002 and 2004. The findings show that TMT education background andindustry experience are significant influences on firm patent citation. When controlling forthe TMT variab les, R&D intensity was not significantly related to patent citation.
Climbing behaviour and aphid predation by Agonum muelleri (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Field-collected Agonum muelleri (Herbst) adults were videotaped to assess their ability to climb soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae)) plants. All individuals climbed up and down soybean plants multiple times. Agonum muelleri spent from 12.5 ± 3.4% to 54.1 ± 11.3% of their time on soybean plants. Caged A. muelleri adults on plants infested with soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), reduced the number of apterous adults. The presence of predators had an indirect effect on the density of nymphal aphids by reducing the numbers of adult aphids. Agonum muelleri, an abundant carabid in soybean fields, readily climbs soybean plants to feed on soybean aphids.
Distinct Roles of Lymphotoxin α and the Type I Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor in the Establishment of Follicular Dendritic Cells from Non–Bone Marrow–derived Cells

In mice deficient in either lymphotoxin α (LT-α) or type I tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR-I), organized clusters of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and germinal centers (GC) are absent from the spleen. We investigated the role of LT-α and TNFR-I in the establishment of spleen FDC and GC structure by using reciprocal bone marrow (BM) transfer. When LT-α–deficient mice were reconstituted with wild-type BM, FDC organization and the ability to form GC were restored, indicating that the LT-α–expressing cells required to establish organized FDC are derived from BM. The role of LT-α in establishing organized FDC structure was further investigated by the transfer of complement receptor 1 and 2 (CR1/2)–deficient BM cells into LT-α–deficient mice. Organized FDC were identified with both the FDC-M1 and anti-CR1 monoclonal antibodies in these BM-chimeric mice, indicating that these cells were derived from the LT-α–deficient recipient. Thus, expression of LT-α in the BM-derived cells, but not in the non–BM-derived cells, is required for the maturation of FDC from non-BM precursor cells. In contrast, when TNFR-I–deficient mice were reconstituted with wild-type BM, they showed no detectable FDC clusters or GC formation. This indicates that TNFR-I expression on non–BM-derived cellular components is necessary for the establishment of these lymphoid structures. TNFR-I–deficient BM was able to restore FDC organization and GC formation in LT-α–deficient mice, indicating that formation of these structures does not require TNFR-I expression on BM-derived cells. The data in this study demonstrate that FDC organization and GC formation are controlled by both LT-α–expressing BM-derived cells and by TNFR-I-expressing non–BM-derived cells.
Deciphering and handling uncertainty in shale gas supply chain design and optimization: Novel modeling framework and computationally efficient solution algorithm

The optimal design and operations of shale gas supply chains under uncertainty of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) is addressed. A two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear fractional programming (SMILFP) model is developed to optimize the levelized cost of energy generated from shale gas. In this model, both design and planning decisions are considered with respect to shale well drilling, shale gas production, processing, multiple end-uses, and transportation. To reduce the model size and number of scenarios, we apply a sample average approximation method to generate scenarios based on the real-world EUR data. In addition, a novel solution algorithm integrating the parametric approach and the L-shaped method is proposed for solving the resulting SMILFP problem within a reasonable computational time. The proposed model and algorithm are illustrated through a case study based on the Marcellus shale play, and a deterministic model is considered for comparison. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3739–3755, 2015
Investigating Functional Cooperation in the Human Brain Using Simple Graph-Theoretic Methods

This chapter introduces a very simple analytic method for mining large numbers of brain imaging experiments to discover functional cooperation between regions. We then report some preliminary results of its application, illustrate some of the many future projects in which we expect the technique will be of considerable use (including a way to relate fMRI to EEG), and describe a research resource for in- vestigating functional cooperation in the cortex that will be made publicly available through the lab web site. One significant finding is that differences between cogni- tive domains appear to be attributable more to differences in patterns of cooperation between brain regions, rather than to differences in which brain regions are used in each domain. This is not a result that is predicted by prevailing localization-based and modular accounts of the organization of the cortex.
Using Evidence-Based Practice in the School Health Room:

School nurses should be engaging in evidence-based practice (EBP) in their health room settings as supported by the initiatives of the Institute of Medicine. EBP is a set of skills that health professionals can use in order to ensure high quality and current clinical care is provided. School nurses are faced with a diverse and complex population of children and often work in isolation from nursing peers, which can lead to limited professional peer discussions about recent changes or outdated clinical practices. EBP combines the use of evidence from the literature, expert guidelines, clinician expertise and client preferences in order to provide optimum care. This article leads the school nurse through the process and use of EBP in the school setting.
The Faculty-Library Connection: An Online Workshop

With the proliferation of distance education programs, it is essential to consider methods to reach faculty who are often at a distance themselves. This paper discusses how the Libraries and School for Professional Studies Distance Learning department at Regis University collaborated to develop an online workshop in WebCT designed to raise faculty awareness of library resources and services and to train them to integrate library activities into the courses they teach.
Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Implications of Genetic Testing for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Over the last 2 decades, the pathogenic basis for the most common heritable cardiovascular disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), has been investigated extensively. Affecting approximately 1 in 500 individuals, HCM is the most common cause of sudden death in young athletes. In recent years, genomic medicine has been moving from the bench to the bedside throughout all medical disciplines including cardiology. Now, genomic medicine has entered clinical practice as it pertains to the evaluation and management of patients with HCM. The continuous research and discoveries of new HCM susceptibility genes, the growing amount of data from genotype-phenotype correlation studies, and the introduction of commercially available genetic tests for HCM make it essential that the modern-day cardiologist understand the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of HCM genetic testing.
Rate-independent delay across state-reduced networks

Two techniques have been proposed in the literature to improve the scalability of QoS scheduling in the core of the Internet: flow aggregation and dynamic packet scheduling (DPS). These techniques reduce or eliminate the amount of state maintained by each router in a core network. Flow aggregation combines multiple individual flows into a single aggregate flow (and thus reducing the per-flow state of the routers), while DPS stores in the packet header all the information required to compute the deadline of the packet at each intermediate router (and thus maintains no per-flow state).
Rituals of Gender Identity: Markers of Siberian Khanty Ethnicity, Status, and Belief

Siberian Khanty (Ostiak) menstrual taboos and related rituals of birth, naming, and marriage are analyzed, in order to explore cross-cultural theories of menstrual restriction, gender stratification, and female conservatism. Emphasis is placed on Mary Douglas's idea that conflicting norms of male dominance and female independence can encourage pollution beliefs. The importance of ancestresses, female shamans, and postmenopausal women in Khanty ritual indicates that there is no male monopoly on concepts of culture, power, the sacred and the “public.” Khanty ideas about women, changing with Russian influence, are discussed in terms of slowly shifting definitions of “self and ethnicity. Data result from 13 months in the Soviet Union, including a summer ethnographic expedition to the Northern Ob River. [symbolic anthropology, pollution beliefs, gender stratification, ethnicity, Siberian Khanty (Ostiak)]
An optical system for three-dimensional motion measurement

Linear array charge coupled device (CCD) cameras and cylindrical lenses are used to measure motions in one distinct plane without regard to motions in all other planes. A custom pixel-data processing unit is implemented to reduce the amount of data to be stored. The optical measurement system is capable of providing accurate measurements of the motion of lightweight flexible structures. Experimental result show very good precision for both static and dynamic measurements. >
Abstract A82: The cholesterol metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol, promotes breast cancer metastasis

Breast cancer remains the most common cancer in women and is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. It is important to note that the majority of patients eventually succumb to the metastatic spread of their disease, not to the primary tumor itself. The magnitude of this problem provides strong rationale for studies that may lead to the development of new chemopreventative strategies and/or lifestyle changes that reduce breast cancer metastasis. It is of significance, therefore, that patients taking inhibitors of 2-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (statins) experience a significantly increased relapse free survival time. Therefore, our recent finding that 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27HC), a primary metabolite of cholesterol, exerts partial agonist activity on both the estrogen receptors (ERs) and liver X receptors (LXRs), suggests a potential mechanistic link between hypercholesterolemia and breast cancer pathology. We demonstrate that 27HC (1) increases in vivo tumor growth and lung metastases, (2) promotes an epithelial to mesenchymal like transition, and (3) in a myeloid cell dependent manner, alters the metastatic microenvironment to promote cancer cell colonization. Our ongoing work is aimed at identifying the specific mechanisms by which 27HC induces these changes and thereby increases metastasis. In summary, our data thus far strongly indicate a role for 27HC in breast cancer pathophysiology and metastasis. These results provide additional support for the exploration of potential chemopreventative benefits of lower cholesterol diets, pharmacological inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase or the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of 27HC (CYP27A1), and macrophage ablative strategies. This work was supported by an NIH-NCI grant to ERN (4R00CA172357-03). Citation Format: Erik Russell Nelson, Suzanne E. Wardell, Donald P. McDonnell. The cholesterol metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol, promotes breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A82.
Crises in the Caribbean Basin

Introduction - Richard Tardanico Issues in the Study of Caribbean Crises PART ONE: LABOR, ECONOMY, AND CRISIS White Days, Black Days - Dale W Tomich The Working Day and the Crisis of Slavery in the French Caribbean Labor and Ethnicity - Sidney W Mintz The Caribbean Conjuncture Economic Development and Dependency in Nineteenth-Century Guatemala - Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr Employment Crises and Economic Development in the Caribbean - David Bray Jamaica and the Dominican Republic The Informal Sector Revisited - Cynthia Truelove The Case of the Talleres Rurales Mini-Maquilas in Colombia PART TWO: STATE, ECONOMY, AND CRISIS State Responses to the Great Depression, 1929-1934 - Richard Tardanico 'Revolutionary' Mexico and 'Non-Revolutionary' Colombia Coffee and Politics in Central America - Jeffrey M Paige Sandanista Relations with the West - Robert P Matthews The Limits of Nonalighment Restratification After Revolution - Susan Eckstein The Cuban Experience The International Monetary Fund and Crisis in the Dominican Republic - Martin F Murphy
On the Role of Disproportionation Energy in Kumada Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation

Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation (KCTP) is an effective method for the controlled polymerization of conjugated polymers. Nevertheless, side reactions leading to early termination and unwanted chain coupling cause deviations from the target molecular weight, along with increasing polydispersity and end group variation. The departure from the KCTP cycle stems from a disproportionation reaction that leads to experimentally observed side products. The disproportionation energies for a series of nickel-based initiators containing bidentate phosphino attendant ligands were computed using density functional theory at the B3LYP/DZP level. The initiator was found to be less favorable toward disproportionation by 0.5 kcal mol–1 when ligated by 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) rather than 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe). Trends in disproportionation energy (Edisp) with a variety of bidentate phosphine ligands match experimental observations of decreased polymerization control. Theoretical Ed...
Macroconidium Formation in Submerged Cultures by a Nonsporulating Strain of Gibberella Zeae

The typical New Jersey corn stalk-rotting strain of G. zeae does not sporulate in laboratory surface culture. This organism produced, in a normal manner, abundant, typical macrospores only in shake...
Chlorine-Modified Properties of Ag(111) Probed by C2H4, C3H6, C3H5Cl, and CO

Ethene, propene, allyl chloride, and carbon monoxide were used to probe the effects of adding an average of one chlorine atom for every eight Ag atoms of a Ag(111) surface. On the basis of reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), this coverage is sufficient to alter the electronic structure of more than 95% of the surface Ag atoms. For CO, C2H4, and C3H6, TPD peak temperatures increase, indicating increased adsorbate−substrate bond strength, and vibrational bands are both red- and blue-shifted compared to the case for adsorption on clean Ag(111). Modes reflecting interactions of π adsorbate orbitals with the substrate are particularly sensitive to the presence of Cl. These changes are attributed to altered electronic structure of Ag atoms, i.e., partially empty d-band character, induced by the presence of electron-withdrawing Cl. C3H5Cl is different in that C−Cl bond dissociation to form Cl and C3H5 (allyl) accompanies adsorption on both clean and Cl...
Plasmonic Nanobubble Theranostics: Detection and Destruction of Drug-Resistant Tumors in a Single Rapid Procedure

On-demand plasmonic nanobubbles combine highly sensitive detection and guided destruction of drug-resistant tumors, minimize non-specific toxicity in a rapid theranostic procedure that converts current “macro” treatments into a cancer cell level “micro’ modality.
The Influence of Temperature upon Proliferation of Infectious Fibroma andInfectious Myxoma Viruses in Vivo

That filterable viruses differ widely with respect to their selective action towards various tissues is well known. The reason for this predilection has not been explained. In certain instances, because of the portal of entry, it may be that certain types of tissues are more exposed to the infection than are others. In generalized infections, however, such an hypothesis is untenable. It is simpler and more satisfactory to assume that certain tissues are more susceptible, that is, that they offer more favorable conditions for multiplication of the virus. In the case of dermatropic viruses, the relatively low temperature of the skin may be the important factor. If this be true, then it would be expected that (a) such viruses would parasitize other body tissues if the temperature be lowered, and (b) such viruses would be inhibited in their growth if the temperature of the skin be raised. The experimental work here reported was designed to determine the effect of increasing the temperature of the skin on certain viruses which parasitize the superficial tissues of the body. The viruses chosen were those of infectious fibroma, described by Shope1 in 1932, and of infectious myxoma, described by Sanarelli2 in 1898. The diseases produced by both of these viruses are peculiar to the rabbit. Intradermal, subcutaneous or intratesticular inoculation of fibroma virus leads to localized tumor formation, the growths reaching a maximum size in 8 to 14 days with complete retrogression in 4 to 5 weeks. Tumors rarely develop in other parts of the body even following direct inoculation. The disease is not fatal. Inoculation of the myxoma virus, on the other hand, leads to the formation of nodules not only at the site of injection but about the ears, eyes, nose, feet and genitalia and to abundant nasal and lacrimal discharges. The disease is almost uniformly fatal. Shope3 has demonstrated that fibroma and myxoma viruses are antigenically related.
Understanding the effect of acromegaly on the human skeleton

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Acromegaly, caused in most cases by Growth Hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas, is characterized by increased skeletal growth and enlargement of the soft tissue, because GH and its effector Insulin-like Growth factor-1 are important regulators of bone homeostasis and have a central role in the longitudinal bone growth and maintenance of bone mass.Areas covered: Despite the anabolic effect of these hormones is well known, as a result of the stimulation of bone turnover and especially of bone formation, many acromegalic patients are suffering from a form of secondary osteoporosis with increased risk of fractures.Expert commentary: In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical picture, disease course and management of skeletal complications of acromegaly, focusing in particular on secondary osteoporosis and fracture risk in acromegaly.
The Uncoupling Activity Determination of Several O-hydroxybenzenesulfonanilide Derives

In this article, six o hydroxybenzenesulfonanilide derives are synthesised, we compared and evaluated the uncoupling activity in rat liver mitochondria of six compounds through two indexes. One is ΔP i , the influence of compounds on the quantity of inorganic phosphorus in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The other is respiratory control ratio RCR, the stimulating activity of compounds for the respiration of mitochondria. According to the experimental results, we primarily concluded compounds 1, 2 and 4 were potent uncouplers and potential effective fasciolicides.
Severe Open Subtalar Dislocations. Long-Term Results

Fifteen adolescents and adults were assessed an average of eighteen years after a type-III open subtalar dislocation. There were ten lateral and five medial dislocations. Associated injuries included ten injuries of the tibial nerve, seven of which were complicated by causalgia; five ruptures of the posterior tibial tendon; five lacerations of the posterior tibial artery; twelve articular fractures involving the subtalar joint; three articular fractures of the talonavicular joint; three fractures of the talar dome; and three malleolar fractures. Osteonecrosis of the body of the talus was found in five of the fifteen patients. It was treated with a triple arthrodesis in all five patients, one of whom had a subsequent conversion to a pantalar arthrodesis. Subtalar arthrodesis was done, because of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis, in two other patients. On functional assessment at the long-term follow-up examination, all patients reported some pain in the ankle, nine had difficulty climbing stairs, fourteen had difficulty walking on uneven surfaces, and eleven wore modified shoes. The patients who had had a tarsal arthrodesis returned to their pre-injury occupation or to a less strenuous job. Four patients who had persistent causalgia did not return to work. We concluded that open subtalar dislocation is a distinctly severe injury and that only fair functional and poor anatomical results can be expected in most patients.
ERPs in young children during sensory conditioning.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses event related potentials (ERPs) in young children during sensory conditioning. A notable gap between infancy and age 5 currently exists in ERP data. This gap is ironic since ERP techniques are reputed to offer a unique “neurometric” assessment tool for populations with limited motor and language skills. Simple sensory EPs can be recorded in infants (who are extremely cooperative subjects), but children aged 1–5 pose difficult behavioral and attentional problems. Furthermore, conventional contingent negative variation (CNV) and P300 paradigms, which have been used in studies of adults and older children, have distinct instructional and/or motoric constraints. Innovative testing procedures are clearly needed to elicit the cooperation and attention of very young children. The addition of a motor contingency to the passive sensory conditioning paradigm resulted in more consistent ERP patterns. Evoked potential components following CS in the passive condition are often ill-defined or not identifiable in averages of individual subjects. Instructing subjects to attend to the tones as warning cues serves to structure the task better and to enhance the significance of the tones relative to passive “ignore” conditions.
Role of Acupuncture in the Treatment or Prevention of Migraine, Tension-Type Headache, or Chronic Headache Disorders.

Objective To summarize the current evidence that evaluates the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment or prevention of migraine, tension-type headache, and chronic headache disorders. Methods Findings from selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses are summarized. Results Recently published systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrate that acupuncture is associated with improved clinical outcomes compared to routine care only, medical management, and sham acupuncture 2 months after randomization. The evidence in support of acupuncture's comparative effectiveness at longer follow-up periods is mixed. Cost effectiveness analyses conducted in the United Kingdom and Germany suggest that acupuncture is a cost-effective treatment option in those countries. There are few or no cost-effectiveness studies of acupuncture in the United States. Discussion This brief review of the current, published evidence does not include a discussion of potential risks or adverse events associated with acupuncture. There is also the question of the extent to which placebo effects might contribute to acupuncture's clinical effectiveness. From a purely comparative effectiveness perspective, however, the evidence from clinical trials and meta-analyses makes a compelling case in support of a potentially important role for acupuncture as part of a treatment plan for patients with migraine, tension-type headache, and several different types of chronic headache disorders.
Posterity and Writing ‘for the Day’

Following the success of Aids to Reflection and Biographia Literaria, Sara Coleridge’s drive to construct her father’s posthumous reputation con­tinued in two veins: she organized and reorganized the corpus, invent­ing editions, arguing for his historical significance; and she continued to defend him from the swirl of charges that threatened his reputation. Having seen off charges of heresy by placing him in the vanguard of emerging theological developments, and plagiarism by admitting the charges within the context of a frank psychological and emotional portrait, she confronted the older charge—Jacobinism. This unenviable task became inevitable once she decided to publish a three-volume col­lection of Coleridge’s journalism in what became Essays On His Own Times Forming a Second Series of the Friend.1 Her task was made especially difficult by her desire to reduce her father’s long career to a perfectly coherent system of belief she termed the ‘consistency of the author’s opinions’. One of Sara Coleridge’s main goals in the construction of Essays On His Own Times was the creation of an ideologically closed text out of heterogeneous source materials.
High-resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Santonian/Campanian Stage boundary, Western Interior Basin, USA

Abstract The base of the Campanian Stage does not have a ratified Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP); however, several potential boundary markers have been proposed including the base of the Scaphites leei III ammonite Zone and the base of the paleomagnetic Chron C33r. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from the Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Formation in the central Western Interior Seaway, USA were analyzed from two localities to determine relevant biohorizons and their relationships to these potential boundary markers. In a previous study, the Aristocrat Angus 12-8 core (Colorado) was astrochronologically dated and constrained using macrofossil zonations and radiometric ages. The Smoky Hill Member type area (Kansas) provides an expanded interval with good to excellent nannofossil preservation. Five biohorizons are useful for recognition of the Santonian/Campanian transition within the Smoky Hill Member type area, and three are useful in the Aristocrat Angus 12-8 core. The first occurrences (FOs) of Aspidolithus parcus parcus and Aspidolithus parcus constrictus , as well as the last occurrences (LOs) of Zeugrhabdotus moulladei , Helicolithus trabeculatus specimens larger than 7 μm, and Zeugrhabdotus biperforatus are in close stratigraphic proximity to the base of the Scaphites leei III Zone and the base of Chron C33r.
Randomized trial of a physical activity intervention in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

9084 Background: Physical activity (PA) interventions improve fitness, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with early-stage breast cancer. There are almost no data regarding the feasibility or potential benefits of PA in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Our study evaluated the impact of a moderate-intensity PA intervention upon functional measures in patients with MBC. Methods: Participants were randomized 1:1 to a 16-week PA intervention or usual care control group. Eligibility included diagnosis of MBC, ECOG 0-1, and no active brain metastases. The intervention consisted of 4 weekly meetings with an exercise physiologist, followed by monthly in-person and weekly telephone-based meetings. The PA goal was 150 minutes per week. Baseline and 16-week evaluation included: modified Bruce treadmill test, 7-Day Physical Activity Recall Interview, and EORTC QLQ C-30 questionnaire. Results: 101 women enrolled between 9/06 and 3/11. Median age was 49 years, median time since diagnosis of ...
On the Limits of Moiré Interferometry

The main focus of this chapter is potential limitations imposed by the aperture of the camera lens. Numerical and experimental investigations were performed to validate moire interferometry for extremely large strain gradients and discontinuities.
Chapter 1 Regulatory Processes in the Maturation and Early Cleavage of Amphibian Eggs

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes experiments carried out over the last few years on the nature and control of events that occur during maturation and the time period immediately following it. It is concerned primarily with an analysis of the hormonal induction of maturation, the nature and possible consequences of macromolecular synthesis during and immediately after the period of maturation, and the role of the germinal vesicle and its products in the events of maturation and later development. Both the enucleation and actinomycin D studies show that the oocyte cytoplasm, prior to progesterone exposure, already has the capacity to perform many of the events of maturation in the absence of additional nuclear-directed synthesis. With the additional contribution of material stored in the germinal vesicle, the full-grown oocyte has the capacity to develop through the blastula stage in the absence of nuclear control. Cell differentiation is initiated as a result of interactions between “identical” cleavage nuclei and a heterogeneous cytoplasm. The fertilized egg contains an array of cytoplasmic materials that somehow determine the later pattern of organogenesis. These materials most certainly were synthesized during oogenesis and stored either in the rytoplasni or in the large germinal vesicle. Both the studies with amphibians and those on sea urchins indicate the presence of a heterogeneous population of stable templates in the egg cytoplasm. Some of these templates undoubtedly function in the immediate regulation of maturation and cleavage, but others could play a role in the regulation of gene function.
Intergroup Anxiety and Willingness to Accommodate: Exploring the Effects of Accent Stereotyping and Social Attraction:

Guided by communication accommodation theory, the current study examined the effects of accent stereotyping on native English speakers’ (N = 243) perceptions of and willingness to communicate with ...
A Hybrid Switched-Capacitor Battery Management IC With Embedded Diagnostics for Series-Stacked Li–Ion Arrays

This paper presents a small form factor dc–dc converter that can be used in a ladder architecture to provide state-of-charge equalization for large-scale lithium-ion arrays. A resonant switched-capacitor converter is implemented in a 180-nm bulk CMOS process that uses a merged-interleaving architecture to affect two-phase interleaving with only a single inductor. The approach has the advantage of reducing passive component volume for a given efficiency and voltage ripple constraint. A bidirectional current-mode control scheme is outlined that uses regulated zero-current switching and partial zero-voltage switching. The design also supports electrochemical diagnostic functions through a fully digital spectroscopic perturbation of cell current. Cell voltage and current are digitized through 10-b SAR analog to digital converters (ADCs), filtered and decimated for off-chip impedance extraction. The converter achieves 94.8% conversion efficiency in 1:1 balancing mode with a total board area less than 1 cm2, and supports bidirectional power transfer >3.7 W.
Ostracoda of Alacran Reef, Campeche Shelf, Mexico

The ostracode fauna of the Alacran Reef, consisting of 105 species, exhibits a mixture of 1) reef genera (mostly Bairclincea), 2) platform genera of the. Transition zone (calcareous platforms between the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic). 3) Caribbean. 4) Gulf of Mexico and 5) ubiquitous genera. Reef forms include: Propontocypris. Paranesidea, and ornate Bairdiidae.
Quality Improvement Projects and Indicators

This chapter starts with a discussion of basic principles of quality improvement. Current quality indicators and metrics in primary care are reviewed. Information about the CLER program is included along with highlighting how residents engage in the quality improvement projects within an academic medical practice.
Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids by heat-activated persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation.

Abstract Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of organic contaminants notable for their extreme persistence. The unique chemical properties of these compounds make them difficult to remove from water using most standard water treatment techniques. To gain insight into the possibility of remediating contaminated groundwater by in situ chemical oxidation with heat-activated persulfate, PFAA removal and the generation of transformation products were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Solution pH had a strong influence on the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), resulting in its transformation into shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) at pH values below 3. The presence of chloride and aquifer sediments decreased the efficiency of the process by less than 25% under conditions likely to be encountered in drinking water aquifers. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was not transformed by heat-activated persulfate under any of the conditions tested. Despite challenges related to the need to manipulate aquifer pH, the possible generation of undesirable short-chain PFCAs and chlorate, and metals mobilization, heat-activated persulfate may be a useful treatment technology for sites contaminated with PFCAs and fluorotelomer-based compounds, including those used in current-generation aqueous film-forming foams.
Immune Regulation of Intestinal Arachidonic Acid Metabolism: Effects on Intestinal Water and Electrolyte Transport

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immune regulation of intestinal arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. AA metabolites appear to play essential roles both in health and disease. Perhaps, the most prominent of these effects is the alteration in epithelial electrolyte transport and passive permeability stimulated by AA metabolism, mediated both by direct stimulation of the enterocyte and by release of additional mediators from underlying cells of the lamina propria, such as enteric neurons and subepithelial fibroblasts. AA metabolites also have effects on blood flow and capillary permeability, alter motility, and, in the case of prostaglandins, have cytoprotective properties. AA metabolites are important in the initiation and amplification of the immune response and appear to have a pivotal role in diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. They may also have a role in modifying or promoting wound healing and mucosal regeneration. The chapter discusses the immune and inflammatory regulation of AA metabolism relative to alterations in intestinal electrolyte transport.
Type 2 Diabetes: Lifestyle Changes and Drug Treatment

The principal therapies for type 2 diabetes and the benefits and possible side effects associated with each. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Selective Penile Arterial Embolization Preserves Long-Term Erectile Function in Patients with Nonischemic Priapism: An 18-Year Experience

Abstract Objective To report long term outcomes of selective arterial embolization for nonischemic priapism on erectile function utilizing validated outcome questionnaires after selective arterial embolization. Materials and Methods Twenty men, mean age of 36 years (range: 8-58 years), underwent selective penile embolization for nonischemic priapism between December 1997 and February 2016 (218 months). Each identified case of nonischemic priapism was embolized using gelatin sponge, autologous blood clot, platinum microcoils, polyvinyl alcohol particles, or a combination of these. A variety of procedural details, immediate complications, recurrence of nonischemic priapism, post-procedure performance on Sexual Health Inventory for Men and International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaires, and follow-up duration were recorded. Results Mean time from development of symptoms until treatment was 117 days (range: 1-1,042 days). After selective arterial embolization, nonischemic priapism resolved in 18 (90%) patients. No patients with successful treatment of their nonischemic priapism developed a recurrence of nonischemic priapism during the study period following the initial treatment. Eight (40%) patients experienced ischemic priapism following embolization with 4 (50%) resolving after treatment. Mean post-procedure Sexual Health Inventory for Men score was 22.1 (range: 16-25). Mean post-embolization erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction domains on the International Index of Erectile Function were 25.8 (range: 16-30), 7.8 (range: 6-10), 7.4 (range: 5-10), 10.9 (range: 6-14), and 7.9 (range: 6-10), respectively. Mean follow-up was 4,601 days (range: 970-6,711 days). Conclusion Resolution of nonischemic priapism following selective arterial embolization occurred in 90% of the patients. Two validated questionnaires showed no erectile dysfunction following treatment. Mild orgasmic dysfunction, sexual desire dysfunction, intercourse dissatisfaction, and overall satisfaction dysfunction were noted following treatment.
The Influence of Housing Status on the HIV Continuum of Care: Results From a Multisite Study of Patient Navigation Models to Build a Medical Home for People Living With HIV Experiencing Homelessness.

Objectives. To examine the effect of patient navigation models on changes in housing status and its subsequent effects on HIV outcomes for 700 people living with HIV (PLWH) who were unstably housed...
Probing mitochondrial metabolism in vivo.

Mitochondrial metabolism encompasses pathways that generate ATP to drive intracellular unfavorable energetic reactions and produce the building blocks necessary for macromolecule synthesis. In the past two decades, it has become clear that mitochondrial metabolism does not play a passive role as an underlying mechanism of biology, but instead plays a dynamic and influential role in dictating cell fate and function by controlling gene expression through release of reactive oxygen species and metabolites (1). The compartmentalization of mitochondrial enzymes and complexes is essential for the maintenance of important signaling pathways within the cell. For this reason, the identity and concentration of metabolites is substantially different between the mitochondrial matrix and the cytosol. To date, much of our understanding of the concentration of mitochondrial metabolites has been limited to in vitro settings (2). In PNAS, Bayraktar et al. (3) establish MITO-Tag Mice, a tool that will have a substantial impact on the understanding of in vivo mitochondrial metabolism by allowing rapid assessment of mitochondrial metabolites. MITO-Tag Mice take advantage of the mitochondrial localization sequences of the outer mitochondrial membrane protein OMP25 to target a fusion protein containing the HA epitope from influenza hemagglutinin and GFP to the mitochondria. This MITO-Tag was previously published for in vitro use (2, 4). This methodology allowed the rapid isolation of tagged mitochondria from cells cultured in vitro using antibodies specific to the HA epitope. Now, in PNAS, Bayraktar et al. (3) take the important next step by generating a mouse model that expresses the MITO-Tag in specific cell types in vivo, using Cre-Lox recombination technology (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. MITO-Tag Mice use Cre-Lox recombination to express a mitochondria-targeted epitope tag in specific cell types or tissues. This epitope tag allows the rapid and direct isolation of mitochondria from the cell … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: nav{at}northwestern.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Decision Making and Alcohol: Health Policy Implications.

Many negative outcomes associated with alcohol consumption stem from individual decision making, such as the decision whether or not to drive after drinking. Understanding biases in decision making...
Applying the electrode potential slope method as a tool to quantitatively evaluate the performance of individual microbial electrolysis cell components.

Improving the design of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) requires better identification of the specific factors that limit performance. The contributions of the electrodes, solution, and membrane to internal resistance were quantified here using the newly-developed electrode potential slope (EPS) method. The largest portion of total internal resistance (120 ± 0 mΩ m2) was associated with the carbon felt anode (71 ± 5 mΩ m2, 59% of total), likely due to substrate and ion mass transfer limitations arising from stagnant fluid conditions and placement of the electrode against the anion exchange membrane. The anode resistance was followed by the solution (25 mΩ m2) and cathode (18 ± 2 mΩ m2) resistances, and a negligible membrane resistance. Wide adoption and application of the EPS method will enable direct comparison between the performance of the components of MECs with different solution characteristics, electrode size and spacing, reactor architecture, and operating conditions.
Characterizing Fatty Liver in vivo in Rabbits, Using Quantitative Ultrasound.

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and can often lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, cancer and complete liver failure. Liver biopsy is the current standard of care to quantify hepatic steatosis, but it comes with increased patient risk and only samples a small portion of the liver. Imaging approaches to assess NAFLD include proton density fat fraction estimated via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and shear wave elastography. However, MRI is expensive and shear wave elastography is not proven to be sensitive to fat content of the liver (Kramer et al. 2016). On the other hand, ultrasonic attenuation and the backscatter coefficient (BSC) have been observed to be sensitive to levels of fat in the liver (Lin et al. 2015; Paige et al. 2017). In this study, we assessed the use of attenuation and the BSC to quantify hepatic steatosis in vivo in a rabbit model of fatty liver. Rabbits were maintained on a high-fat diet for 0, 1, 2, 3 or 6 wk, with 3 rabbits per diet group (total N = 15). An array transducer (L9-4) with a center frequency of 4.5 MHz connected to a SonixOne scanner was used to gather radio frequency (RF) backscattered data in vivo from rabbits. The RF signals were used to estimate an average attenuation and BSC for each rabbit. Two approaches were used to parameterize the BSC (i.e., the effective scatterer diameter and effective acoustic concentration using a spherical Gaussian model and a model-free approach using a principal component analysis [PCA]). The 2 major components of the PCA from the BSCs, which captured 96% of the variance of the transformed data, were used to generate input features to a support vector machine for classification. Rabbits were separated into two liver fat-level classes, such that approximately half of the rabbits were in the low-lipid class (≤9% lipid liver level) and half of the rabbits in the high-lipid class (>9% lipid liver level). The slope and the midband fit of the attenuation coefficient provided statistically significant differences (p value = 0.00014 and p value = 0.007, using a two-sample t test) between low and high-lipid fat classes. The proposed model-free and model-based parameterization of the BSC and attenuation coefficient parameters yielded classification accuracies of 84.11 %, 82.93 % and 78.91 % for differentiating low-lipid versus high-lipid classes, respectively. The results suggest that attenuation and BSC analysis can differentiate low-fat versus high-fat livers in a rabbit model of fatty liver disease.
Solitary Fibrous Tumors in the Head and Neck: Comprehensive Review and Analysis

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) arising in the head and neck region are uncommon yet well-recognized entities. Their biologic behavior and management still need to be elucidated. Systematically reviewing all published cases of SFT involving the head and neck region since 1991, a pooled meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate various demographic and tumor characteristics. 587 SFT in the head and neck have been reported; 343 met pooled analysis inclusion criteria. 61% of cases presented as a new mass; 89% were painless. Median onset of symptoms prior to evaluation was 8 months. Pre-operative local invasion and malignant histological features (hemorrhage, necrosis, mitoses > 4/10 hpf) were not statistically associated with decreased recurrence-free survival. Positive surgical margins was the only factor associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001). The evidence presented herein reveals novel associations between clinical presentation and tumor characteristics that provide otolaryngologists with new insight into SFT tumor behavior, thus prompting further investigations.
Benchmarking the Physical Layer of Wireless Cards using Software-Defined Radios

Many performance characteristics of wireless devices are fundamentally influenced by their vendor-specific physical layer implementation. Yet, characterizing the physical layer behavior of wireless devices usually requires complex testbeds with expensive equipment, making such behavior inaccessible and opaque to the end user. In this work, we propose and implement a new testbed architecture for software-defined radio-based wireless device performance benchmarking. The testbed is capable of accessing and measuring physical layer protocol features of real wireless devices. The testbed further allows tight control of timing events, at a microsecond time granularity. Using the testbed, we measure the receiver sensitivity and signal capture behavior of Wi-Fi devices from different vendors. We identify marked differences in their performance, including a variation of as much as 20 dB in their receiver sensitivity. We further assess the response of the devices to truncated packets and show that this procedure can be employed to fingerprint the devices.