cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erb's palsy contrasted with Klumpke's and total palsy: different mechanisms are involved.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the available evidence regarding the nature of the forces that were involved in the production of a lower plexus palsy or a total (whole arm) palsy, as contrasted with the nature of the forces that resulted in an upper plexus palsy. Study Design: This was a review of studies that dealt with specific mechanisms that were supplemented by reports of total palsy that were gleaned from the literature and case reports from the clinical and medical legal cases of the authors. Results: Studies of the forces involved in brachial plexus injury in adults and from cadaver studies in infants who were stillborn or who died in the newborn period attest to the nature of the forces needed to damage the lower plexus. This evidence is reinforced by the case reports. Conclusion: Forces other than simple widening of the head-shoulder angle are necessary to disrupt the roots or cords of the lower brachial plexus. The position of the arm and direction of the forces that are applied determine the nature of the lesion. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:1216-20.)
Distribution of substance P receptor binding in dorsal column nuclei of rat, cat, monkey and human

Abstract In the present study, substance P receptor binding was localized in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) of the rat, cat, monkey, and human. Bolton–Hunter-labeled [ 125 I]substance P binding was most concentrated in the cell nests of the core region, but was present throughout the DCN of each species. The distribution of substance P receptors may reconcile apparent mismatches between the widespread responsiveness of DCN neurons to substance P and the restricted distribution of substance P containing afferents.
THE EFFECT OF A CARCINOGEN (DMBA) APPLIED TO THE HAMSTER'S BUCCAL POUCH IN COMBINATION WITH CROTON OIL.

Abstract 1. 1. In a series of young Syrian hamsters the application to the buccal pouch of 0.5 per cent DMBA and 1 per cent croton oil resulted in a retardation of carcinogenesis when compared to the application of 0.5 per cent DMBA alone. 2. 2. In a series of older Syrian hamsters the application to the buccal pouch of 0.5 per cent DMBA and 1 per cent croton oil resulted in an enhancement of carcinogenesis when compared to the application of 0.5 per cent DMBA alone.
Ethnic and Gender Variation in Religious Involvement: Patterns of Expression in Young Adulthood.

This study used latent class analysis (LCA) to empirically derive profiles of religious involvement among a sample of 808 young adults and describe ethnic and gender differences within such religious involvement patterns. Items on the Duke Religion Index (DRI) were included as part of a larger longitudinal survey of emotional, physical, and behavioral health. The scale measured the organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic dimensions of religiosity (Koenig et al. in Handbook of religion and health, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001) in a sample of young adults at two waves of the study—age 27 and age 30. At age 27, five religious profiles were distinguishable in the sample while at age 30 six profiles emerged. Ethnic differences were found for each of the religious profiles where religious involvement manifested in different ways. Religious profiles between ages 27 and 30 changed over time and were affected by gender and ethnicity.
Improving Cardiovascular Health in a Rural Population: Can Other Communities Do the Same?

Reducing the continued high burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity, disability, mortality, disparities, and costs remains a paramount public health goal for communities and countries. Accelerating favorable population trends in cardiovascular health behaviors and factors and reversing adverse trends can be expected to extend further the reduction of recent decades in overall CVD mortality.1 Effective community-wide interventions can be replicated and scaled up to maximize their population health benefit. From this perspective, the report from Record and colleagues2 in this issue of JAMA is an important contribution, describing 4 decades of experience in CVD prevention in Franklin County, Maine.2
Massive Pulmonary Emboli Diagnosed and Followed in Progress by Lung Imaging and Radionuclide Pulmonary Angiography

A dramatic case of occlusion of the right pulmonary artery is presented. The diagnosis was clearly established by means of a lung scan and a radionuclide pulmonary angiogram. The entire course of the disease process was followed by radionuclide studies with a gradual but persistent return to normal. Due to the preciseness of the evidence presented, contrast angiography was not. thought necessary.
Trust in health information websites: A systematic literature review on the antecedents of trust:

Health websites are important sources of information for consumers. In choosing websites, trust in websites largely determines which website to access and how to best utilize the information. Thus, it is critical to understand why consumers trust certain websites and distrust others. A systematic literature review was conducted with the goal of identifying the antecedents of trust in health information websites. After four rounds of screening process, 20 articles between 2000 and 2013 were harvested. Factors that determine trust are classified into individual difference antecedents, website-related antecedents, and consumer-to-website interaction-related antecedents. The most frequently studied antecedents were socio-demographics, information quality, appearance, and perceived reputation of the website. Each antecedent of trust are discussed in detail and future research directions are proposed.
Simulation of velocities in the Yucatan Channel

As part of the analysis of results from high resolution numerical simulations of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, the structure and variability of the flow across the Yucatan Channel are described and compared with observations. The main model inflow into the Gulf is found near the surface in the western part of the Channel, while return flows back into the Caribbean Sea are found near the surface on the eastern side of the Channel and along the eastern and western slopes around 1500 m depth, in agreement with recent observations. Variations in the upper inflow and deep outflow transport seem to correlate with variations in the extensions of the Loop Current, as suggested by previous analyses of observations and models. Such correlations are especially high near the time when Loop Current eddies are shed into the Gulf of Mexico.
Primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using contralateral patellar tendon autograft

Primary ACL reconstruction using a contralateral patellar tendon autograft is an effective means of achieving symmetrical range of motion and strength after surgery. When the graft is harvested from the ipsilateral knee, the rehabilitation for the ACL graft and for the graft-donor site are different and have opposing goals. Rehabilitation for the ACL graft involves obtaining full range of motion, reducing swelling, and providing the appropriate stress to achieve graft maturation. Rehabilitation for the graft-donor site involves performing high-repetition strengthening exercises to regain size and strength, best achieved when begun immediately after surgery.
Modified PN codes for laser remote sensing measurements

We describe a modified pseudo noise code for laser remote sensing measurements. Our experiments show it improves receiver signal to noise ratio and time resolution and is well suited for lasers with limited peak power.
Severe oligozoospermia resulting from deletions of azoospermia factor gene on Y chromosome

Abstract Summary Background About 13% of cases of non-obstructive azoospermia are caused by deletion of the azoospermia factor ( AZF ), a gene or gene complex normally located on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Oligozoospermia is far more common than azoospermia, but little is known about genetic causes. We investigated whether severe oligozoospermia is caused by AZF deletions and, if so, whether those deletions are present in mature spermatozoa. Methods By PCR, we tested leucocyte DNA, from 35 men who presented at infertility clinics and who had severe oligozoospermia, for the presence of 118 DNA landmarks scattered across the Y chromosome. In the two men in whom Y-chromosome deletions in leucocyte DNA were detected, we also tested leucocyte DNA from the individuals' fathers, and in one man we tested sperm DNA. Findings In two men with ejaculate sperm counts of 40 000-100 000 per mL, we detected Y-chromosome deletions in leucocyte DNA similar in location to those previously reported in azoospermic individuals. No Y-chromosome deletions were detected in the fathers of the two men. For one of the two men, sperm DNA was tested, and it showed the same Y-chromosome deletion seen in leucocytes. Interpretation The Y-chromosome deletions in these two men are de-novo mutations, and are therefore the cause of their severe oligozoospermia. Not only is the absence of AZF compatible with spermatogenesis, albeit at reduced rate, but also the resultant sperm bear the mutant Y chromosome. Because intracytoplasmic sperm injection is increasingly used as a means of circumventing oligozoospermia, AZF deletions could be transmitted by this practice, and would probably result in infertile sons. In cases of severe oligozoospermia, it may be appropriate to offer Y-DNA testing and genetic counselling before starting assisted reproductive procedures.
Nature versus nurture: The Origin of soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous x-ray pulsars

Soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are young and radio-quiet X-ray pulsars that have been rapidly spun-down to slow spin periods clustered in the range 5-12 s. Most of these unusual pulsars also appear to be associated with supernova shell remnants (SNRs) with typical ages less than 30 kyr. By examining the sizes of these remnants versus their ages, we demonstrate that the interstellar media that surrounded the SGR and AXP progenitors and their SNRs were unusually dense compared to the environments around most young radio pulsars and SNRs. We explore the implications of this evidence on magnetar and propeller-based models for the rapid spin-down of SGRs and AXPs. We find that evidence of dense environments is not consistent with the magnetar model unless a causal link can be shown between the development of magnetars and the external interstellar medium. Propeller-driven spin-down by fossil accretion disks for SGRs and AXPs appears to be consistent with dense environments since the environment can facilitate the formation of such a disk. This may occur in two ways: (1) formation of a pushback disk from the innermost ejecta pushed back by prompt reverse shocks from supernova remnant interactions with massive progenitor wind material stalled in dense surrounding gas or (2) acquisition of disks by a high-velocity neutron stars, which may be able to capture sufficient amounts of comoving outflowing ejecta slowed by the prompt reverse shocks in dense environments.
Religious Beliefs, Sociopolitical Ideology, and Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment

The use of corporal punishment to discipline children remains a perennial focus of controversy. Several studies published in the 1990s linked support for, and use of, corporal punishment with religious factors, particularly core doctrines of conservative (i.e., evangelical and fundamentalist) Protestantism. This study reexamines the relationships between religious beliefs and attitudes toward corporal punishment using data from the 1998 National Opinion Research Center General Social Survey, which contains an extensive special module of items tapping aspects of religious doctrine. The authors also consider the implications of the “culture wars” thesis, which suggests that sociopolitical ideology—in addition to, or instead of—religious factors may shape corporal punishment attitudes. Findings underscore the importance of conservative Protestant beliefs, especially hierarchical images of God and belief in Hell, but not denominational affiliation. Sociopolitical conservatism is independently related to suppo...
Observation of enhanced THz emission from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells

Broadband THz pulses have been generated from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells pumped by a frequency-doubled sub-picosecond laser amplifier at 395 nm. Enhanced THz emissions are strongly correlated with reduced photoluminescence intensities.
Statistics and supermetallicity: The metallicity of NGC 6791

For the old galactic cluster NGC 6791, Peterson & Green (1998a) and Chaboyer et al. (1999) have found that (Fe/H) +0:4 dex. A second look at that conclusion is taken in this paper. Zero-point problems are reviewed for a high-dispersion analysis done by Peterson & Green, and it is found that accidental errors have not been determined rigorously for the results of that analysis. It is also noted that in a color-magnitude analysis performed by Chaboyer et al., the important metallicity range between 0.0 and +0:3 dex is not explored and hence is not ruled out. Moreover, that analysis does not yield statistically rigorous results, and it appears that such results may not be produced in color-magnitude analysis of clusters in general. Results in the two cited papers and elsewhere are re-evaluated statistically, with an allowance being made for uncertainty in the cluster reddening. Apparently the best that can be said at present is that the cluster metallicity lies in the range from +0:16 to +0:44 dex. This conclusion is stressed by reviewing the immaturity of the underlying data base. The premature conclusion for a high metallicity turns out to be due largely to neglect of accidental errors, though a tendency to ascribe too much weight to high derived metallicities may also play a role.
Learning to extract form labels

In this paper we describe a new approach to extract element labels from Web form interfaces. Having these labels is a requirement for several techniques that attempt to retrieve and integrate information that is hidden behind form interfaces, such as hidden Web crawlers and metasearchers. However, given the wide variation in form layout, even within a well-defined domain, automatically extracting these labels is a challenging problem. Whereas previous approaches to this problem have relied on heuristics and manually specified extraction rules, our technique makes use of a learning classifier ensemble to identify element-label mappings; and it applies a reconciliation step which leverages the classifier-derived mappings to boost extraction accuracy. We present a detailed experimental evaluation using over three thousand Web forms. Our results show that our approach is effective: it obtains significantly higher accuracy and is more robust to variability in form layout than previous label extraction techniques.
The extraction of marginal-ice-zone thickness using gravity wave imagery

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of gravity waves in the Fram Strait marginal ice zone (MIZ) were acquired during 1987 using aircraft flying over the Greenland Sea. The dominant gravity wavelengths exhibit a systematic lengthening with penetration distance into the MIZ for three different regions examined. The extracted dominant wavelengths were analyzed using a linear least square fit with penetration distance and a flexure-gravity wave model to estimate mean ice thickness. The extracted mean thickness varies from about 1/spl plusmn/0.4 m near the ice edge to approximately 2/spl plusmn/0.4 m near the deepest detectable penetration of the waves, about 20 km. These thicknesses are in agreement with 31 in-situ measurements taken in the Fram Strait MIZ within two weeks of the SAR measurements. >
Nonparametric regression expectiles

It is well known that a standard nonparametric regression analysis is to model the average behavior between the dependent variable Y and the explanatory variable x. But such an approach may not always be appropriate if one is interested in the extreme behavior of Y conditional on x. This paper considers the problem of estimating the expectile function of the conditional distribution of YY given x based on the observational data generated according to a nonparametric regression model. We proposed a kernel-type nonparametric regression estimator, called nonparametric regression expectile, using an asymmetric squared loss function. This estimator models not only the average behavior but also the extreme behavior of Y given x in the nonparametric regression setting. An iterative algorithm is presented to calculate the estimator. It is shown that the nonparametric regression expectile is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. We also derive a lower bound for the asymptotic variance and the asympto...
Advancing linguistics between the extremes: Some thoughts on Geoffrey R. Sampson's “Grammar without grammaticality”

The ready availability of large corpora has opened a range of interesting possibilities for linguistic research, and Geoffrey Sampson’s article illustrates that a corpus-based perspective can also motivate revisiting the general direction and methodology of linguistic research. At the same time, the discussion in Sampson’s article pushes two issues to rather extreme conclusions, which I think could be useful to revisit here: i. the issue of grammaticality and its role in linguistic research, and ii. the development of a scientific linguistic methodology, addressing the role of introspection and alternative ways of obtaining and evaluating data.
Using support vector machines to improve elemental ion identification in macromolecular crystal structures

In the process of macromolecular model building, crystallographers must examine electron density for isolated atoms and differentiate sites containing structured solvent molecules from those containing elemental ions. This task requires specific knowledge of metal-binding chemistry and scattering properties and is prone to error. A method has previously been described to identify ions based on manually chosen criteria for a number of elements. Here, the use of support vector machines (SVMs) to automatically classify isolated atoms as either solvent or one of various ions is described. Two data sets of protein crystal structures, one containing manually curated structures deposited with anomalous diffraction data and another with automatically filtered, high-resolution structures, were constructed. On the manually curated data set, an SVM classifier was able to distinguish calcium from manganese, zinc, iron and nickel, as well as all five of these ions from water molecules, with a high degree of accuracy. Additionally, SVMs trained on the automatically curated set of high-resolution structures were able to successfully classify most common elemental ions in an independent validation test set. This method is readily extensible to other elemental ions and can also be used in conjunction with previous methods based on a priori expectations of the chemical environment and X-ray scattering.
REDUCED-BACKGROUND GAS-PHASE ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY

We propose and demonstrate a new method for single-shot multiplex absorption spectroscopy that permits enhanced sensitivity in the simultaneous measurement of multiple spectral lines in rapidly changing gas-phase media, such as turbulent flames. It uses an ultrashort laser pulse that propagates through the absorbing medium, for which the relevant absorption information resides in the free-induction decay that is trailing behind the transmitted pulse. Time gating out most of the transmitted pulse, but not the free-induction decay, enhances the relative fraction of light that contains absorption information when the spectrum is measured. This procedure reduces the background associated with the input light, thus enhancing detection sensitivity.
RF local oscillator path for GSM direct conversion transceiver with true 50% duty cycle divide by three and active third harmonic cancellation

An RF local oscillator frequency path for a multi-band GSM direct conversion transceiver is described that makes use of a novel true 50% output duty cycle divide by 3 circuit and provides active third harmonic cancellation through means of phase recombination of the divider's outputs.
Transition density topology of the La and Lb states in indoles and purines

Matrix elements may be viewed as the scalar projection of an operator onto the transition density between the states involved (trace of matrix product equivalent to double dot product). This means that the operator and transition density matrices must “look the same” if a matrix element is to be the large. Using CNDO/S-CI wave functions, we have examined the symmetric part of the first-order transition density matrices (transition bond orders) for a series of aromatic systems whose π electrons are isoelectrornic with the nine-membered, ten-π-electron cyclononatetraene anion, including indenide, indole, benzimidazole, purine, and adenine. The topology of the parent hydrocarbon matrices is not purely even or odd as with alternant systems, thereby precluding exclusive action by vibronic or inductive perturbations.1 Nevertheless, interesting and useful patterns have emerged. For example, the matrices show, at a glance, how the D9th dictated degeneracy of the so-called Lb and La bands of the parent is retained as accidental degeneracy in some analogs because the crosslinking and heteroatom perturbations have opposite sign and nearly cancel. The first-order transition bond orders between La and Lb vanish so that real one-electron operators cannot couple these states in the parent molecule. This leads to distinctive La and Lb patterns which persist throughout the series, thereby providing a logical and satisfying justification for these intuitively assigned labels which are ambiguous in the Platt scheme: if one keys on the six-membered ring there is a striking correlation between the La,b transition densities, as they have been assigned, and those of benzene.
Pooling mRNA in microarray experiments and its effect on power

Motivation: Microarrays can simultaneously measure the expression levels of many genes and are widely applied to study complex biological problems at the genetic level. To contain costs, instead of obtaining a microarray on each individual, mRNA from several subjects can be first pooled and then measured with a single array. mRNA pooling is also necessary when there is not enough mRNA from each subject. Several studies have investigated the impact of pooling mRNA on inferences about gene expression, but have typically modeled the process of pooling as if it occurred in some transformed scale. This assumption is unrealistic. Results: We propose modeling the gene expression levels in a pool as a weighted average of mRNA expression of all individuals in the pool on the original measurement scale, where the weights correspond to individual sample contributions to the pool. Based on these improved statistical models, we develop the appropriate F statistics to test for differentially expressed genes. We present formulae to calculate the power of various statistical tests under different strategies for pooling mRNA and compare resulting power estimates to those that would be obtained by following the approach proposed by Kendziorski et al. (2003). We find that the Kendziorski estimate tends to exceed true power and that the estimate we propose, while somewhat conservative, is less biased. We argue that it is possible to design a study that includes mRNA pooling at a significantly reduced cost but with little loss of information. Contact: alicia@iastate.edu
Nuclear ``Bunker Busters'' Would More Likely Disperse Than Destroy Buried Stockpiles of Biological and Chemical Agents

Using nuclear earth penetrators to attack hardened storage bunkers containing stockpiles of chemical or biological (CB) weapons would probably fail to kill or neutralize the agents. The explosion is more likely to disperse active CB agents into the environment, potentially adding to the casualties already expected from the intense radioactive fallout. The direct nuclear radiation and heat from a shallow-buried nuclear explosion is initially absorbed by the dense rock or dirt near the warhead, vaporizing and melting rock out to a radius R ≈ 5W 1/3m for an explosion of yield W kilotons. A strong seismic shock crushes rock to a distance approximately 10 times larger, R S ≈ 50W 1/3m. The expanding cavity of hot gasses, acting like a piston, then ejects this crushed material without significantly heating it. Simple energy constraints show that only a small fraction of the crater material originating close to the explosion can reach the high temperatures and radiation levels needed to destroy CB agents. Agent m...
Fold Recognition by Predicted Alignment Accuracy

One of the key components in protein structure prediction by protein threading technique is to choose the best overall template for a given target sequence after all the optimal sequence-template alignments are generated. The chosen template should have the best alignment with the target sequence since the three-dimensional structure of the target sequence is built on the sequence-template alignment. The traditional method for template selection is called Z-score, which uses a statistical test to rank all the sequence-template alignments and then chooses the first-ranked template for the sequence. However, the calculation of Z-score is time-consuming and not suitable for genome-scale structure prediction. Z-scores are also hard to interpret when the threading scoring function is the weighted sum of several energy items of different physical meanings. This paper presents a support vector machine (SVM) regression approach to directly predict the alignment accuracy of a sequence-template alignment, which is used to rank all the templates for a specific target sequence. Experimental results on a large-scale benchmark demonstrate that SVM regression performs much better than the composition-corrected Z-score method. SVM regression also runs much faster than the Z-score method.
Drug-eluting stents: costs versus clinical benefit.

Although coronary stenting improves angiographic and clinical outcome of patients with coronary stenosis compared to balloon angioplasty, in-stent restenosis (ISR) still represents a major limitation
Inhibitory grids and the assignment problem

A family of symmetric neural networks that solve a simple version of the assignment problem (AP) is analyzed. The authors analyze the suboptimal performance of these networks and compare the results to optimal answers obtained by linear programming techniques. They then use the interactive activation model to define the network dynamics-a model that is closely related to the Hopfield-Tank model. A systematic analysis of hypercube corner stability and eigenspaces of the connection strength matrix leads to network parameters that give feasible solutions 100% of the time and to a projection algorithm that significantly improves performance. Two formulations of the problem are discussed: (i) nearest corner: encode the assignment numbers as initial activations, and (ii) lowest energy corner: encode the assignment numbers as external inputs. >
Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community

To study decadal shifts in a coastal nekton community, we analyzed data on 25 fish and invertebrate species collected from 1959 to 2005 by the University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanog...
Separate necdin domains bind ARNT2 and HIF1α and repress transcription

PWS is caused by the loss of expression of a set of maternally imprinted genes including NECDIN (NDN). NDN is expressed in post-mitotic neurons and plays an essential role in PWS as mouse models lacking only the Ndn gene mimic aspects of this disease. Patients haploid for SIM1 develop a PW-like syndrome. Here, we report that NDN directly interacts with ARNT2, a bHLH-PAS protein and dimer partner for SIM1. We also found that NDN can interact with HIF1α. We showed that NDN can repress transcriptional activation mediated by ARNT2:SIM1 as well as ARNT2:HIF1α. The N-terminal 115 residues of NDN are sufficient for interaction with the bHLH domains of ARNT2 or HIF1α but not for transcriptional repression. Using GAL4-NDN fusion proteins, we determined that NDN possesses multiple repression domains. We thus propose that NDN regulates neuronal function and hypoxic response by regulating the activities of the ARNT2:SIM1 and ARNT2:HIF1α dimers, respectively.
A good friend is hard to find : Friendship among adolescents with disabilities

We asked 27 Euro American teens ages 16 to 17 with developmental disabilities in Los Angeles to describe friendships. Eleven characteristics of friendship reported in the research literature (similarity, proximity, transcending context, companionship, reciprocity, mutuality, intimacy, support, trust/loyalty, conflict management, and stability) were mentioned by at least some teens. However, most teens focused on companionship, doing activities across contexts, similarity in interests/personality, sheer proximity, and stability. Gender did not influence number or types of themes reported. Teens with higher IQ/Vineland Communication scores mentioned more friendship themes and were less positive about their friendships. Most teens reported some satisfying friendships, and friendships between peers with developmental disability usually were more stable and positive than friendships with typically developing peers.
Reversing the Outcome of Synapse Elimination at Developing Neuromuscular Junctions In Vivo: Evidence for Synaptic Competition and Its Mechanism

During mammalian development, neuromuscular junctions and some other postsynaptic cells transition from multiple- to single-innervation as synaptic sites are exchanged between different axons. It is unclear whether one axon invades synaptic sites to drive off other inputs or alternatively axons expand their territory in response to sites vacated by other axons. Here we show that soon-to-be-eliminated axons rapidly reverse fate and grow to occupy vacant sites at a neuromuscular junction after laser removal of a stronger input. This reversal supports the idea that axons take over sites that were previously vacated. Indeed, during normal development we observed withdrawal followed by takeover. The stimulus for axon growth is not postsynaptic cell inactivity because axons grow into unoccupied sites even when target cells are functionally innervated. These results demonstrate competition at the synaptic level and enable us to provide a conceptual framework for understanding this form of synaptic plasticity.
Upper extremity freezing and dyscoordination in Parkinson's disease: effects of amplitude and cadence manipulations.

Purpose. Motor freezing, the inability to produce effective movement, is associated with decreasing amplitude, hastening of movement, and poor coordination. We investigated how manipulations of movement amplitude and cadence affect upper extremity (UE) coordination as measured by the phase coordination index (PCI)—only previously measured in gait—and freezing of the upper extremity (FO-UE) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) who experience freezing of gait (PD + FOG), do not experience FOG (PD-FOG), and healthy controls. Methods. Twenty-seven participants with PD and 18 healthy older adults made alternating bimanual movements between targets under four conditions: Baseline; Fast; Small; SmallFast. Kinematic data were recorded and analyzed for PCI and FO-UE events. PCI and FO-UE were compared across groups and conditions. Correlations between UE PCI, gait PCI, FO-UE, and Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q) were determined. Results. PD + FOG had poorer coordination than healthy old during SmallFast. UE coordination correlated with number of FO-UE episodes in two conditions and FOG-Q score in one. No differences existed between PD−/+FOG in coordination or number of FO-UE episodes. Conclusions. Dyscoordination and FO-UE can be elicited by manipulating cadence and amplitude of an alternating bimanual task. It remains unclear whether FO-UE and FOG share common mechanisms.
ARE LARGE MALE ROOSEVELT ELK LESS SOCIAL BECAUSE OF AGGRESSION

Abstract Large males are solitary or occur in small groups in numerous ruminants. I propose that large males may become less social because of differences in costs and benefits of aggression as they age and increase in size and social status. Outside the mating season, large males have little to gain from sparring and interacting aggressively with other large males. I examined if large male Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) were more solitary or in smaller groups than other size or sex classes, associated with other large males, directed more aggression to small males, and displayed behaviors that reduced aggression when in groups. Large males were in the smallest groups and solitary more than twice as often as small males and females, and groups with large males had ≥50% of the group composed of large males. In relation to small males, large males sparred less frequently, were more dispersed in groups, and directed more aggressive behaviors toward them. Differences in costs and benefits of aggres...
RNA Editing Dynamically Rewrites the Cancer Code

Global analyses of cancer transcriptomes demonstrate that ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific)-mediated RNA editing dynamically contributes to genetic alterations in cancer, and directly correlates with progression and prognosis. RNA editing is abundant and frequently elevated in cancer, and affects functionally and clinically relevant sites in both coding and non-coding regions of the transcriptome. Therefore, ADAR and differentially edited transcripts may be promising biomarkers or targets for therapy.
Uncertainties Resulting from Changes in River Form

Uncertainties resulting from flood-induced major changes in river form in some drainage basins are of such magnitude that many problems pertaining to the management of water and debris, the management of flood plains, and the effects of man's activities in the basins cannot be resolved except in a probabilistic or general way. For affected basins, major changes in channel form can cause significant differences in the hydraulics of floods, the surface runoff, recharge to aquifers, erosion rates, and sediment yields. Uncertainties develop for several related reasons. The capability does not exist to determine adequately whether a river is susceptible to a major change in form and to predict when a major river-form change will occur. The effects of a local change in river form in a drainage basin usually propagates along alluvium-filled valleys to other parts of the basin, but the propagation process is not understood.
On the mode of gene-dosage compensation in Drosophila.

A procedure is described for determining the mode and magnitude of gene-dosage compensation of transformed genes. It involves measurement of the ratio of the activity of a gene inserted at X-linked sites to the activity of the same gene inserted at autosomal sites. Applying the procedure to the Drosophila pseudoobscura Hsp82 gene inserted at ectopic sites in D. melanogaster and taking gene activity as proportional to the amount of transcript per gene copy, we conclude that (1) in both adults and larvae the gene is not compensated at autosomal sites or at a site in β-heterochromatin at the base of the X chromosome and is fully compensated at euchromatic X-chromosomal sites; (2) inappropriate normalization is responsible for a claim that the gene is compensated at autosomal sites; and (3) the observed compensation operates mainly or entirely by heightened activity of X-linked genes in males, rather than by reduced activity in females.
On the use of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy in the Study of a Nonuniform Spatial Distribution of Metallurgical Defects

Most of the Interpretation of positron annihilation results to date have been done within the context of the simple trapping model which assumes a uniform spatial distribution of defects within the specimen examined. While this assumption is often justifiable there are numerous metallurgical defect configurations which are markedly nonuniform. In this work some of the appropriate trapping models which have previously appeared in the literature will be briefly reviewed. Additional models which are currently being developed will be presented and the series of experiments which are being used to test the trapping models will be described.
Serving as a student preceptor: Focus on emerging challenges

As the practice of pharmacy continues to evolve and embrace students of different generations and backgrounds, preceptors may find themselves facing challenges unlike those encountered just a decade or two ago. The purpose of this article is to describe some of the emerging challenges a preceptor
Adeno-associated viral vectors do not efficiently target muscle satellite cells

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are becoming an important tool for gene therapy of numerous genetic and other disorders. Several recombinant AAV vectors (rAAV) have the ability to transduce striated muscles in a variety of animals following intramuscular and intravascular administration, and have attracted widespread interest for therapy of muscle disorders such as the muscular dystrophies. However, most studies have focused on the ability to transduce mature muscle cells, and have not examined the ability to target myogenic stem cells such as skeletal muscle satellite cells. Here we examined the relative ability of rAAV vectors derived from AAV6 to target myoblasts, myocytes, and myotubes in culture and satellite cells and myofibers in vivo. AAV vectors are able to transduce proliferating myoblasts in culture, albeit with reduced efficiency relative to postmitotic myocytes and myotubes. In contrast, quiescent satellite cells are refractory to transduction in adult mice. These results suggest that while muscle disorders characterized by myofiber regeneration can be slowed or halted by AAV transduction, little if any vector transduction can be obtained in myogenic stems cells that might other wise support ongoing muscle regeneration.
Molecular Genetics of Tay-Sachs and Related Disorders: A Personal Account

The history of human genetic lysosomal disorders began in 1881 with the description of what is now known as Tay-Sachs disease. In the early 1960s, when I entered the field while I was a neurology resident, the first phase of studies of lysosomal disorders was being replaced with the second analytical biochemistry phase. Saul Korey, the first Chairman of the Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, initiated the first integrated approach with a team consisting of clinical neurologists, neuropathologists, electron microscopists, cell biologists, organic chemists, and enzymologists. Despite his tragic death in 1963 in his mid-forties, the field flourished along the line of his vision through the third enzymology phase to the fourth and current molecular biology phase. The concept of Tay-Sachs disease as the only ganglioside storage disease has expanded to two forms of gangliosidoses, GM1- and GM2-gangliosidoses, and the latter into three distinct genetic disorders. Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease and the GM2 activator protein deficiency. More recently, all three genes coding for the three proteins each responsible for distinct genetic forms of GM2-gangliosidosis--beta-hexosaminidase alpha and beta subunits and the GM2 activator protein--have been cloned and many disease-causing mutations have been identified. We have reached the halfway point in our quest for eventual understanding of the pathogenesis and effective treatment of these disorders, starting from the clinical phenotype through biochemistry to the gene. With this new knowledge on the gene level, we should be tracing the route back to enzymology, biology and pathogenetic mechanism of these disorders in the years to come.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hole effective masses and subband splitting in type-II superlattice infrared detectors

We explore band structure effects to help determine the suitability of n-type type-II superlattice (T2SL) absorbers for infrared detectors. It is often assumed that the exceedingly large growth-direction band-edge curvature hole effective mass in n-type long wavelength infrared (LWIR) T2SL would lead to low hole mobility and therefore low detector collection quantum efficiency. We computed the thermally averaged conductivity effective mass and show that the LWIR T2SL hole conductivity effective mass along the growth direction can be orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding band-edge effective mass. LWIR InAs/GaSb T2SL can have significantly smaller growth-direction hole conductivity effective mass than its InAs/InAsSb counterpart. For the InAs/InAsSb T2SL, higher Sb fraction is more favorable for hole transport. Achieving long hole diffusion length becomes progressively more difficult for the InAs/InAsSb T2SL as the cutoff wavelength increases, since its growth-direction hole conductivity effective mass increases significantly with decreasing band gap. However, this is mitigated by the fact that the splitting between the top valence subbands also increases with the cutoff wavelength, leading to reduced inter-subband scattering and increased relaxation time.
Domestic Internet Public Opinion Research Hot Spot and Trend

Objective To provide services for the decision meking of government and relevant departments by understanding the hot spot of the domestic internet public opinion and improving the monitoring capacity of public opinion.Methods Downloaded the domestic internet public opinion papers in CNKI(2005-2010),with the situation of domestic internet public opinion in the past six years was analyzed by means of statistical software and scientific measurement methods.Results The research hot spot topics were the text mining,guide,college,emergency,models,public opinion analysis,early warning,indicator system and,etc.Public opinion research has entered the developing stage,with a group of high production authors and famous research institutions has formed.Part of initial findings of public opinion research has been applied in network monitoring system.Conclusion Public opinion research has entered the developing stage.Public opinion mornitoring should based on the actual demand to conduct real-time study of the developing trend.
Nitrosation and Nitration of Fulvic Acid, Peat and Coal with Nitric Acid

Nitrohumic acids, produced from base extraction of coals and peats oxidized with nitric acid, have received considerable attention as soil ammendments in agriculture. The nitration chemistry however is incompletely understood. Moreover, there is a need to understand the reaction of nitric acid with natural organic matter (NOM) in general, in the context of a variety of environmental and biogeochemical processes. Suwannee River NOM, Suwannee River fulvic acid, and Pahokee Peat fulvic acid were treated with 15N-labeled nitric acid at concentrations ranging from 15% to 22% and analyzed by liquid and solid state 15N NMR spectroscopy. Bulk Pahokee peat and Illinois #6 coal were also treated with nitric acid, at 29% and 40% respectively, and analyzed by solid state 15N NMR spectroscopy. In addition to nitro groups from nitration of aromatic carbon, the 15N NMR spectra of all five samples exhibited peaks attributable to nitrosation reactions. These include nitrosophenol peaks in the peat fulvic acid and Suwannee River samples, from nitrosation of phenolic rings, and N-nitroso groups in the peat samples, from nitrosation of secondary amides or amines, the latter consistent with the peat samples having the highest naturally abundant nitrogen contents. Peaks attributable to Beckmann and secondary reactions of the initially formed oximes were present in all spectra, including primary amide, secondary amide, lactam, and nitrile nitrogens. The degree of secondary reaction product formation resulting from nitrosation reactions appeared to correlate inversely with the 13C aromaticities of the samples. The nitrosation reactions are most plausibly effected by nitrous acid formed from the reduction of nitric acid by oxidizable substrates in the NOM and coal samples.
TRIDIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF MAGNETIC FIELD IN A 186 kA LARGE PREBAKE ANODE ALUMINIUM REDUCTION CELL

The surface line-charge method was firstly used to calculate the magnetic field distribution in a 186 kA large prebake anode aluminum reduction cell. By the comparison between calculating results and measuring results, it is shown that the results calculated by applying surface line-charge method is comparatively precise and near to the practical magnetic field. The software developed by the present authors can be used to calculate the tridimensional magnetic field in aluminum reduction cell, which can meet the need of designing aluminum reduction cells' bus-bar.
Treatment of Otitis Media

and colleagues [2, 3], which indicated that uncomplicated acute otitis media in children over 2 years of age can be treated as effectively with acetaminophen as with antibiotics, national consensus was reached that antibiotics are unnecessary in most cases of otitis media [4, 5]. Routine tympanocentesis for obtaining culture specimens is also considered unnecessary. Only patients with an irregular clinical course and those under 2 years of age will receive antibiotic treatment.
Feeding Empire: Wet Nursing and Colonial Domesticity in India

In her travel narrative Scenes and Characteristics of Hindostan (1835), Emma Roberts notes the vulnerability of European families in India and the particular struggles of mothers and young infants:...
Quantified EEG Detects Ischemia: A Case Report

We have monitored 86 carotid endarterectomy and other neurovascular surgeries involving the carotid arteries with intraoperative digitized EEG over the past 59 months. A basic technique is described for the detection of intraoperative cerebral ischemia.
Biological and Analytic Components of Variation in Long-Term Studies of Serum Constituents in Normal Subjects I. Objectives, Subject Selection, Laboratory Procedures, and Estimation of Analytic Deviation

A study of blood constituents in normal individuals was undertaken to ( a ) estimate the contribution of biological and analytical factors to the variation of constituents over an extended time period; ( b ) to explore whether such tests can be used to derive meaningful personal blood "profiles"; and ( c ) to determine when analytic variation may become large enough to assume medical significance. This first paper describes procedures for subject selection, the laboratory methods employed, and evaluates analytic standard deviations. A group of 68 normal subjects was selected after medical evaluation. Sera were collected and analyzed in duplicate weekly for 10 to 12 weeks. Analytic deviation was estimated from the results of concurrent daily analyses of sterile pools of human serum. Laboratory procedures were introduced to reduce analytic deviation and to allow more accurate estimation of biological components of variation within and among individuals.