cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of the protein matrix on glycoprotein processing by oviduct Golgi enzymes.

Abstract Using the avidin-biotinyl glycan system reported previously (Shao, M.-C., and Wold, F. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2968-2972), we have compared the processing efficiency of oviduct enzymes acting on different glycan-(biotinyl)Asn and glycan-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)Asn derivatives when they are free and bound to avidin. The glycans were selected to permit exploration of the individual processing steps, and the two different groups of derivatives were used to assess both the close (biotinyl) and more distal (biotinamidohexanoyl) display of the glycan relative to the avidin surface. The direct comparison of the free and avidin-bound glycans demonstrated that mannosidase I is strongly inhibited by avidin in both the close and distal complexes, whereas GlcNAc transferase I and mannosidase II are strongly inhibited only in the close complex. GlcNAc transferases III, IV, and V, which could only be assessed individually by indirect means using different substrates, did not appear to be affected in any major way by the protein matrix; the data suggest that transferase III is inhibited only to a minor extent in the close complex. Gal transferase activity showed a minor effect of the avidin matrix for both complexes in the hybrid processing pathways. The most significant consequence of the avidin effect on Gal transferase was the apparent abolishment of the incorporation of a 2nd Gal residue in the two avidin complexes. This survey of the protein matrix effects on glycan processing by oviduct enzymes appears to provide reasonable clues to the origin of the very different glycan structures observed in oviduct-processed glycoproteins. Thus, ovalbumin and avidin itself, containing a mixture of oligomannose and hybrid glycans at their single glycosylation sites, may well present they glycans to the processing enzymes in a display very similar to that of the avidin close complex observed here. The inhibition of mannosidase I and GlcNAc transferase I lead to preservation of oligomannose structures, whereas the strong inhibition of mannosidase II favors the incorporation of the bisecting GlcNAc by GlcNAc transferase III to yield hybrid structures as the most processed products. Ovomucoid, which contains multiantennary complex structures at all glycosylation sites, may on the other hand display its glycans, unencumbered by the protein surface, in conformations similar to either the free glycans or the distal complexes observed in this work.
Spironolactone or Eplerenone Treatment Reduce the Exaggerated Pressor Response to Muscle Reflex Activation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Exercise is a beneficial treatment for hypertension. However, hypertensive patients frequently exhibit a dangerous, exaggerated rise in mean arterial pressure (MAP) during physical activity. Evidence suggests that the skeletal muscle exercise pressor reflex (EPR) plays a primary role in evoking this potentiated responsiveness, although the mechanisms remain largely undetermined. Studies suggest that mineralcorticoid receptors (MR) can contribute significantly to hypertension. Whether MR activation mediates EPR overactivity is unknown. Changes in MAP in response to EPR activation (via electrically-induced hindlimb muscle contraction) were assessed in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Additional SHR were fed (3 weeks) either normal chow (NC) or a customized diet containing the mineralcorticoid receptor antagonists spironolactone (SPIR, 50 mg/kg/day) or eplerenone (EPL, 100 mg/kg/day). The MAP response to EPR activation was markedly larger in SHR (37±8 mmHg) compared ...
INVERSION OF PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING DATA FROM SATELLITES

Global passive microwave observations from earth-orbiting satellites have mapped humidity and liquid water over ocean, temperature profiles, ice and snow, and other geophysical parameters. In most applications, the inversion problem is adequately approximated as linear with jointly Gaussian statistics, and, thus, a linear retrieval performs well. In some cases, the problem is typically factored into a decision process followed by appropriate linear or quasilinear processes. Certain problems, however, require more powerful nonlinear or nonstationary procedures, such as Kalman filtering.
A Bound on Attacks on Authentication Protocols

Authentication protocols are designed to work correctly in the presence of an adversary that can prompt honest principals to engage in an unbounded number of concurrent executions of the protocol. This paper establishes a bound on the number of protocol executions that could be useful in attacks. The bound applies to a large class of protocols, which contains versions of some well-known authentication protocols, including the Yahalom, Otway-Rees, and Needham-Schroeder-Lowe protocols.
Aïcha's Sounith Hair Salon: Friendship, Profit, and Resistance in Dakar

Whereas high-profile women leaders in Dakar, Senegal’s Sunnī movement engage public media like radio and television to disseminate their movement’s ideals of Islamic reform and modesty for women, lesser-known female authorities convert private spaces like their homes into public forums (“internal publics”) as a means to perpetuate Sunnī norms. This article examines the case of Aicha, who as owner of a prosperous Sunnī beauty salon that she operates in her living room, educates other women about reformist values and provides employment for female adherents. In this way, lesser-known female authorities like Aicha may spread more potent political and countercultural messages about state secularism, tarīqas, and Muslim femininity for the movement than illustrious female Sunnī leaders.
Accelerated uptake of an intravenously administered dose of choline chloride in choline-deficient humans

The role of choline in the human diet continues to be debated, in part due to the lack of an appropriate assessment technique. Information regarding the turnover of this nutrient in various body pools in humans is lacking. An intravenous infusion of (d9methyl)-choline chloride was administered over 1 hour to human subjects fed either a choline-containing (5 mmoles/day choline chloride) or a choline-deficient diet for 3 weeks. Blood samples were collected during the infusion and for 1 hour postinfusion. Plasma levels of choline, (d9methyl)choline, and phosphatidylcholine were measured. The uptake of (d9methyl)-choline from plasma was calculated by nonlinear regression analysis. In control subjects (n = 4), the half-life of (d9methyl)-choline in plasma was 7.0 ± 0.85 minutes, while in deficient subjects (n = 6) it was 3.5 ± 0.42 minutes (P < 0.004). Extracellular choline pools were also decreased in deficient subjects (mean ± SEM; control: 2.6 ± 0.2 mmoles; deficient: 2.0 ± 0.2 mmoles; P < 0.05). The rate of appearance of unlabeled choline into the plasma was unaffected by the level of dietary choline. We conclude that intravenously administered choline chloride is cleared more rapidly in humans fed a choline-deficient diet than in control subjects, and that choline deficiency decreases choline pools in the body. Our results also indicate that an intravenous load test, similar to the one used in these studies, may be useful as a method of measuring choline nutriture.
Funktionalisierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen über eine neuartige, radikalische Kondensationsreaktion

Br\.-Radikale sind die Kettentrager einer neuartigen selektiven Allylierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen (und anderen Substraten): Sie abstrahieren unter Bildung von R\. ein Wasserstoffatom vom Kohlenwasserstoff RH. Die Addition von R\. an ein substituiertes Allylbromid (unter Bildung eines β-Bromradikals) mit anschliesender β-Spaltung fuhrt zur Ruckbildung von Br\. und zur Bildung des Produkts. Die Reaktionsausbeuten und die kinetischen Kettenlangen dieser Reaktion sind dann am hochsten, wenn das Allylbromid einen radikalstabilisierenden Substituenten tragt.
Perfluorocarbons and Gilbert syndrome (phenotype) in the C8 Health Study Population.

Abstract Background Gilbert syndrome (GS) is an inherited defect of bilirubin conjugation, most commonly caused by a gene mutation for the enzyme UGT1A. GS is known to affect the metabolism and excretion of drugs and xenobiotics. Perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) are bio-persistent environmental contaminants that affect metabolic regulation. In this study, we examined the associations of GS phenotype and serum PFCs in the C8 Health Study Population. Materials and methods Using 2005–2006 data from a large PFC-exposure population survey, we compared serum PFCs concentrations between GS and non GS clinical phenotypes, in a cross sectional design, adjusting for standard risk factors, including age, BMI, smoking status, socioeconomic status and gender. Results Among 10 PFC compounds considered, only perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) was seen at a significantly higher concentration in GS men and women. Conclusion PFHxA exposure may be associated with GS. Our findings do not support increased exposure in GS for other PFCs.
Transferability of bulk empirical potentials to silicon microclusters: A critical study

Comparaison des resultats des simulations realisees avec la methode de fonctionnelle de densite locale de Car-Parrinello et avec les potentiels publies obtenus a partir de l'ajustement aux calculs de fonctionnelle de densite locale des proprietes massiques
Mortuary Workers, the Church, and the Funeral Trade in Late Antiquity

Within the city of Constantinople, Constantine organized numerous funeral workers into associations overseen by a bishop, as part of a scheme meant to provide burials for all who needed them within the city. The funeral workers were given special exemptions and clerical status in return for their services. Constantine's model was imitated in other cities within the eastern Mediterranean and, as a result, established new urban patronage networks. The newly elevated funeral professionals were liminal men, between the commercial and clerical worlds and dependent on bishops for their employment and status. Some bishops exploited this dependency by using funeral workers as personal militias. Inscriptions and legal evidence also point to the increasing influence of the church in the funeral trade. Although Constantine envisioned a city that exemplified the Christian belief in provision of burial to all, his scheme had numerous unintended consequences. Investigation of these funeral associations reveals the role of the bishop as a patron, funeral director, and businessman during the Late Roman Empire and better defines the involvement of the church in the funeral trade in Late Antiquity.
Lipschitz Domains, Domains with Corners, and the Hodge Laplacian

ABSTRACT We define self-adjoint extensions of the Hodge Laplacian on Lipschitz domains in Riemannian manifolds, corresponding to either the absolute or the relative boundary condition, and examine regularity properties of these operators' domains and form domains. We obtain results valid for general Lipschitz domains, and stronger results for a special class of “almost convex” domains, which apply to domains with corners.
Healthcare costs associated with initial maintenance therapy with fluticasone propionate 250 μg/salmeterol 50 μg combination versus anticholinergic bronchodilators in elderly US Medicare-eligible beneficiaries with COPD

AbstractObjective: To compare, in elderly Medicare beneficiaries, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-related healthcare costs for patients initiating treatment with fluticasone propionate/salmeterol 250 μg/50 μg (FSC) with those for patients initiating treatment with ipratropium bromide/albuterol (IPA), ipratropium bromide (IPR), and tiotropium bromide (TIO).Methods: In this retrospective, observational, cohort study, COPD-related medical costs (inpatient/emergency department, outpatient) and pharmacy costs were assessed in Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years old who were enrolled in a commercial Medicare health maintenance organization plan and had a diagnosis of COPD (ICD-9-CM codes 491.xx, 492.xx, or 496.xx) within 12 months before initial treatment with FSC, IPA, IPR, or TIO.Results: In these ≥65-year-old patients (N=14,689), initial maintenance treatment with FSC was associated with total COPD-related cost savings (medical + pharmacy) of $295 versus IPA, $1,235 versus IPR, and $110 versus TIO ...
Spousal Aggression by U.S. Army Female Soldiers Toward Employed and Unemployed Civilian Husbands

Aggression by a random sample of female soldiers (N = 1,185) toward their employed (n = 840) and unemployed (n = 345) civilian husbands was measured by the Conflict Tactics Scale. When age, race, rank, years married, and the number of previous marriages were held constant, severe aggression toward unemployed male spouses was significantly greater than toward employed spouses.
Beliefs about male and female competence held by kindergartners and second graders

The study investigated the beliefs of kindergarten and second-grade children of both sexes about the competence of boys versus girls. The children appeared to have clearly defined beliefs about who would use certain objects, and their beliefs coincide with stereotypic sex-role behaviors in society at large. There was no support for the development of a more generalized expectation of competence in males. There was no significant sex difference in response; there was, however, a grade difference. Second graders' views of competence were more closely aligned with sex-appropriateness ratings than were the kindergartners.
ASSOCIATION OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY BOARD CERTIFICATION AND IN-HOSPITAL OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS

The ABIM has offered a certification exam in Interventional Cardiology (IC) since 1999, but limited information is available regarding its association with outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We examined whether PCI outcomes varied by IC certification status.
Developmental Toxicology Studies of Vancomycin Hydrochloride Administered Intravenously to Rats and Rabbits

Pregnant CD rats were given vancomycin intravenously in doses of 0, 40, 120, or 200 mg/kg on Gestation Days (GD) 6-15; pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were given 0, 40, 80, or 120 mg/kg intravenously on GD 6-18. Cesarean sections were performed on rats and rabbits on GD 20 and 28, respectively. In rats, maternal toxicity was indicated in the 120- and 200-mg/kg treatment groups by cortical tubular nephrosis. Maternal body weight gain and food consumption and fetal viability, weight, and morphology were not adversely affected by vancomycin. Maternal and developmental no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) in the rat were 40 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. In rabbits, maternal toxicity was indicated by cortical tubular nephrosis in the 80- and 120-mg/kg treatment groups; a single death and depression of body weight gain and food consumption occurred in the 120-mg/kg treatment group. Developmental toxicity was indicated by depression of fetal weight in the 120-mg/kg treatment group; fetal viability and morphology were not adversely affected by vancomycin. Maternal and developmental NOAELs in the rabbit were 40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively. Based on these data, vancomycin did not exhibit selective toxicity toward the developing rat or rabbit conceptus.
Metacognition: Students in charge of their thinking

Gifted students take charge of their thinking when they select dimensions of self‐direction appropriately, use the related learning strategies, and monitor their effectiveness. Metacognitive strategies prepare them for making unique contributions to their own education and to society. A program for the development of self‐direction includes checklists, opportunities for divergence from expected outcomes, idea lists, and student record keeping. These and other problem‐solving strategies are integrated into academic instruction.
Extensions of some classical methods in change point analysis

A common goal in modeling and data mining is to determine, based on sample data, whether or not a change of some sort has occurred in a quantity of interest. The study of statistical problems of this nature is typically referred to as change point analysis. Though change point analysis originated nearly 70 years ago, it is still an active area of research and much effort has been put forth to develop new methodology and discover new applications to address modern statistical questions. In this paper we survey some classical results in change point analysis and recent extensions to time series, multivariate, panel and functional data. We also present real data examples which illustrate the utility of the surveyed results.
Using UML Modeling to Facilitate Three-Tier Architecture Projects in Software Engineering Courses

This article presents the use of a model-centric approach to facilitate software development projects conforming to the three-tier architecture in undergraduate software engineering courses. Many instructors intend that such projects create software applications for use by real-world customers. While it is important that the first version of these applications satisfy the customer by providing the functionality the customer expects and perform reliably and efficiently, it is equally important to be able to accommodate the customer's change requests over the period of the product's lifetime. The challenges in achieving these goals include the lack of real-world software development experience among the student developers and the fact that postdeployment change requests will almost certainly have to be handled by students who are not among the original developers. In this article, we describe how a model-centric approach using UML has been effective in enabling students to develop and maintain eight software applications for small businesses over a 9-year period. We discuss the characteristics of our modeling technique, which include the application of modeling patterns and quality check rules that enable students to create a model that can be clearly and consistently mapped to code. We also describe the nature of these mapping-to-code techniques, emphasizing how they reduce coupling among the implementation's classes. We then discuss our experiences in the classroom with these techniques, focusing on how we have improved our teaching over the years based on the analysis of student performance and feedback. Finally, we compare our approach to related work teaching modeling and the development and maintenance of code in software engineering courses with both extensive and minimal modeling.
The proximity potential and nucleon current in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract The nuclear potential, the transfer-induced energy dissipation, and the mass diffusion coefficient in heavy-ion collisions are investigated in a proximity formulation. An energy-dependent nuclear potential is calculated in the frozen wave function approximation using two slabs of symmetric nuclear matter, each described by Hartree-Fock single-particle wave functions. The transfer flux arising from both the relative motion and finite temperature of the nuclei is calculated and the latter is used to estimate the mass diffusion coefficient. The classically forbidden flux is found to make a significant contribution. Using the mean trajectories from time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations the charge variance is calculated for 84 kr(712 MeV)+ 209 Bi and is found to be in agreement with experiment.
Redesign the engineering teaching and assessment methods to provide more information to improve students' learning

We present a synopsis of instructor experience on the mastery learning approach as implemented in our school for key fundamental engineering courses. The mastery learning approach revolves around the idea of dividing the course into modules, each module culminates in an exam comprised of 2 or 3 problems where each problem tests one important concept. For each exam, a student can make up to 3 attempts, however the maximum possible score and time allotted on subsequent attempts is reduced. Grading of the problems is based on a scale where no points are awarded unless the solution contains only a small error at most. Thus, mastery learning requires the students to go back and study the material if they get it wrong on the first attempt. We interviewed six instructors who use or have used the mastery learning approach in their classes. In general, instructors have a positive experience with mastery learning approach. However some challenges were noted that are also discussed in the paper. This paper aims to provide a context for the audience who are interested in implementing mastery learning approach in their curriculum.
Some differences among students volunteering as research subjects

Two samples of introductory psychology students yielded significantly different performances on serial learning and symbol substitution tasks, in spite of the fact that every effort was made to treat the groups identically. These results bring into question a commonly held assumption that different samples taken from the introductory psychology “population” are statistically equivalent.
Spatial structure of hydraulic properties from canopy to interspace in the Mojave Desert

[1] Desert piedmonts are a mosaic of interspersed vegetation and bare soil, previously considered to be a binary system of canopy and interspace microsites. The spatial structure of soils and hydraulic properties in these microsites affects our ability to upscale or downscale observed processes. We determined variability and spatial correlation of hydraulic properties using high-resolution measurements of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity [K(ψ)] along linear transects radiating from canopies of perennial shrubs common to the Mojave Desert into bare soil interspaces. Hydraulic conductivity from −6 < ψ < 0 cm soil water pressures was lower under canopy. Spatial correlations to organic matter, particle-size, and K(ψ) were observed to approximately 1.4 times canopy diameter, beyond which random processes dominated. Results illustrate that a predictable spatial structure in K(ψ) exists between canopy and interspace microsites and suggest that scaling from the plant to field plot could exploit this relationship.
Use of the “NYC Condom” among People Who Use Drugs

We assessed awareness and use of the “NYC Condom” among persons who use heroin and cocaine in New York City. The NYC Condom distribution program is the largest free condom distribution program in the USA, with over 30 million condoms distributed per year. It includes a condom social marketing program for a specific brand, the NYC Condom with its own packaging and advertising. People who use heroin and cocaine are at relatively high risk for HIV infection and are an important target population for the program. In order to assess awareness of the NYC Condom, structured interviews and blood testing for HIV, HSV-2, and sexually transmitted infections (STI) were conducted among entrants to the Beth Israel Medical Center drug detoxification and methadone treatment programs. Participants were asked about drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and awareness and use of the NYC Condom. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between use of NYC Condoms and consistent condom use with primary and casual sexual partners. A total of 970 subjects were recruited between February 2011 and December 2012. Subjects were primarily African–American and Hispanic, with a mean age of 43. Fifty-five percent of subjects reported being sexually active with primary sexual partners, and 25 % reported being sexually active with a casual partner for the 6 months prior to the interview. Sixty-five percent of subjects had heard of the NYC Condom, 48 % of those who had heard of the condom had used it, and 58 % of those who had ever used it were currently using it (in the previous 6 months). In multivariable regression analyses, current use of NYC Condoms was strongly associated with consistent condom use with primary sexual partners (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.99, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.85–8.58) and consistent condom use with casual sexual partners (AOR = 4.48, 95 % CI 1.49–13.42). In terms of market share, 38 % of subjects consistently using condoms with primary partners were using the NYC Condom, and 47 % of those consistently using condoms with casual partners were using the NYC Condom. The NYC Condom is an important tool for reducing sexual transmission of HIV and STI among persons who use drugs in the city. Given the strong relationship between using the NYC Condom and consistent condom use, further efforts to promote the NYC Condom brand would be easily justified.
NATURALISTIC METHODOLOGY IN AN EMERGING SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY: LOTZE AND FECHNER IN THE BALANCE

. The development of a methodologically naturalistic approach to physiological and experimental psychology in the nineteenth century was not primarily driven by a naturalistic agenda. The work of R. Hermann Lotze and G. T. Fechner help to illustrate this claim. I examine a selected set of central commitments in each thinkers philosophical outlook, particularly regarding the human soul and the nature of God, that departed strongly from a reductionist materialism. Yet, each contributed significantly to the formation of experimental and physiological psychology. Their work was influenced substantively by their respective philosophical commitments. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the merits of their specific proposals, Fechner's psychophysics and Lotze's local sign hypothesis respectively, did not depend upon sharing their metaphysical views regarding the human soul or the nature of God. A moderate, but significant, distinction between the contexts of discovery and of justification aids in understanding this balancing act.
Reperfusion of Very Low Cerebral Blood Volume Lesion Predicts Parenchymal Hematoma After Endovascular Therapy

Background and Purpose— Ischemic stroke patients with regional very low cerebral blood volume (VLCBV) on baseline imaging have increased risk of parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) after intravenous alteplase–induced reperfusion. We developed a method for automated detection of VLCBV and examined whether patients with reperfused-VLCBV are at increased risk of PH after endovascular reperfusion therapy. Methods— Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to optimize a relative CBV threshold associated with PH in patients from the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution 2 (DEFUSE 2) study. Regional reperfused-VLCBV was defined as regions with low relative CBV on baseline imaging that demonstrated normal perfusion ( T max Results— In 91 patients, the greatest area under the curve for predicting PH occurred at an relative CBV threshold of P =0.001), all of them had regional reperfusion (47% versus 0%; P =0.01), and 71% received intravenous alteplase. VLCBV lesion (odds ratio, 33) and bridging with intravenous alteplase (odds ratio, 3.8) were independently associated with PH. In a separate model, reperfused-VLCBV remained the single independent predictor of PH (odds ratio, 53). Conclusions— These results suggest that VLCBV can be used for risk stratification of patients scheduled to undergo endovascular therapy in trials and routine clinical practice.
Managing session performance using the NetView performance monitor

Managing the performance of network devices and their interaction with host applications is a complex task that entails the collection and reduction of information related to the underlying session. Depending on the specific management task at hand, differing types, correlations, and formattings of session performance measurements are required. The NetView™ Performance Monitor has a flexible set of facilities that can be used to provide the information needed to manage session performance. Its facilities to collect, correlate, and present session performance measurement are discussed in relation to typical network management tasks.
Factors responsible for decline of inflammation in Arthus hypersensitivity vasculitis.

Summary1) Our studies suggest that neither exhaustion of humoral or cellular factors necessary for inflammation, nor presence of possible inhibitors of the reaction play a dominant role in diminution of inflammation and healing of a hypersensitivity vasculitis of the Arthus type. 2) This study supports the importance of ridding the diseased vessel of antigen and antibody in bringing about a decrease in reaction and healing.
Combining recombineering and ends-out homologous recombination to systematically characterize Drosophila gene families: Rab GTPases as a case study.

Evaluating how an individual gene contributes to a particular biological process benefits greatly from a comprehensive understanding of all members of its gene family. Such knowledge is ideally obtained using multicellular model organisms, which provide rapid and decisive platforms for determining gene function. We recently established a novel transgenesis platform in Drosophila to systematically knock out all members of the Rab small GTPase family of membrane regulators. This platform combines BAC transgenesis/recombineering with ends-out homologous recombinations and GatewayTM technologies and provides a new rapid and scalable method that eases the manipulation of endogenous loci. This method not only allows for the generation of molecularly defined lesions, but also the precise replacement or tagging of genes in their endogenous loci. Using this method, we found that up to half of all Rab GTPases exhibit enriched expression at synapses in the nervous system. Here we provide critical details about the underlying recombineering and transgenesis method, new cassettes for tagging endogenous loci and information on important parameters that will allow Drosophila researchers to target members of other gene families.
Erratum to “Seebeck effect in carbon fiber reinforced cement”

Paper 1. S. Wen and D.D.L. Chung, Seebeck effect in carbon fiber reinforced cement, Cem. Concr. Res. 29 (12), (1999) 1989–1993. Paper 2. S. Wen and D.D.L. Chung, Seebeck effect in steel fiber reinforced cement, Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (4), (2000) 661–664. Paper 3. S. Wen and D.D.L. Chung, Enhancing the Seebeck effect in carbon fiber reinforced cement by using intercalated carbon fibers, Cem. Concr. Res. 30 (8), (2000) 1295–1298. Paper 4. S. Wen and D.D.L. Chung, Electrical behavior
The effect of polymer structure on the efficiency of acid generation from triarylsulfonium salts

The irradiation of triarylsulfonium salts produces Bronsted acid along with diarylsulfide products. This photochemical conversion has been applied in several areas of polymer film technology including imaging and curing of films. This paper discusses the dependency of acid generation in polymer films on the structures of both polymer and sulfonium salt. The results suggest that the structures of both polymer and sulfonium salt. The results suggest that the efficiency of acid generation is dependent on the interaction between polymer structure and the charged sulfonium salt. Studies have been carried out for both deep-UV and electron beam irradiation of polymer films. The variation of acid generation with sulfonium salt loading has been determined. Finally the effect of accelerating voltage on the amount of acid generation following electron beam irradiation is discussed. ESR spectroscopy has been done on films after uv irradiation to determine the nature of the radicals which are formed.
A further subgroup analysis of the effects of the DASH diet and three dietary sodium levels on blood pressure: results of the DASH-Sodium Trial

This study presents an extensive analysis of the effects on blood pressure (BP) of changes in sodium intake over a wide array of subgroups, including joint subgroups defined by age and hypertension status, race or ethnicity and hypertension status, and gender and race or ethnicity. Participants were given 3 levels of sodium (50, 100, and 150 mmol/2,100 kcal) for 30 days while consuming the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy) or a more typical American diet. Within each diet and subgroup, there was a general pattern such that the lower the sodium level, the greater the mean reduction in BP. Sodium reduction from 100 to 50 mmol/2,100 kcal generally had twice the effect on BP as reduction from 150 to 100 mmol/2,100 kcal. Age had a strong and graded influence on the effect of sodium within the typical and DASH diets, respectively: -4.8 and -1.0 mm Hg systolic for 23 to 41 years, -5.9 and -1.8 mm Hg for 42 to 47 years, -7.5 and -4.3 mm Hg for 48 to 54 years, and -8.1 and -6.0 mm Hg for 55 to 76 years. The influence of age on the effect of sodium reduction was particularly strong in nonhypertensive patients: -3.7 mm Hg systolic for 45 years with the typical diet and -0.7 and -2.8 mm Hg with the DASH diet. Reduced sodium intake and the DASH diet should be advocated for the prevention and treatment of high BP, particularly because the benefits to BP strengthen as subjects enter middle age, when the rate of cardiovascular disease increases sharply.
On Local Uniqueness of Weak Solutions to the Navier–Stokes System with BMO−1 Initial Datum

We address the problem of local uniqueness of weak solutions to the Navier–Stokes system, with the initial datum in a subspace of $${BMO^{-1}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}$$ . The existence and uniqueness of local mild solutions has been proven by Koch and Tataru (Adv Math 157:22–35, 2001). We present a necessary and sufficient condition for two weak solutions to evolve from the same initial datum, and for weak solutions to be mild.
Imaging of angiogenesis in inflammation and cancer : lessons for novel treatment of allergic rhinitis

Summary Angiogenesis is a feature of inflammatory and neoplastic disease. Imaging studies are revealing the distribution and accessibility of molecular targets at sites of angiogenesis and how abnormalities of angiogenic blood vessels can be exploited in diagnosis and treatment. Blood vessels at sites of angiogenesis have multiple abnormalities that provide targets for diagnostics and therapeutics. These abnormalities involve all components of the vessel wall, including endothelial cells, pericytes (mural cells), and the vascular basement membrane. Endothelial cells of angiogenic blood vessels in tumours may express abnormal proteins, sprout, proliferate, have a defective barrier function, and be dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for survival. Endothelial cells of capillaries at sites of inflammation acquire a venule-like phenotype, become leaky, and express adhesion molecules that support leucocyte influx. Inhibitors of VEGF signalling can stop angiogenesis, have a potent antivascular action, and reduce the abnormality of surviving vessels. Studies of VEGF inhibitors in mouse tumour models have shown robust and rapid changes in endothelial cells, pericytes, and the vascular basement membrane of angiogenic blood vessels. After treatment, endothelial fenestrations disappear, vascular sprouting is suppressed, and patency and blood flow cease in some vessels within 24 h. By 7 days, many tumour vessels regress. Surviving tumour vessels acquire more normal structural characteristics. Pericytes do not degenerate to the same extent as endothelial cells. The vascular basement membrane also persists after endothelial cells degenerate, providing a record of regressing vessels, sites for growth factor binding, and a scaffold for blood vessel regrowth after the cessation of therapy. The actions of angiogenesis inhibitors on blood vessels in tumours highlight the potential of exploiting the molecular and cellular abnormalities of angiogenic blood vessels in inflammatory conditions, including allergic rhinitis.
The Psychology of Women: An Overview of an Emerging Field

The following article describes the background and cur rent state of the field of the psychology of women and its relation ship to traditional areas of psychology. Increases in the number of investigators who identify themselves with this area, the numbers of papers presented at professional meetings, the number of journal articles, new journals, books published and dissertations dealing with the psychology of women are reviewed as indicators of growth and future prospects for the field.
Joint electrical and hydrological inversion for reconstruction of subsurface contaminant source zones

Remediation of sites polluted by hazardous chemicals such as dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) represents an important environmental problem due to the large scale threat these releases pose to water supplies throughout the world. Successful cleanup and restoration relies on methods to characterize the source zone structure prior to remediation and subsequently to monitor the corresponding dissolved chemical levels. This paper develops and implements a new model-based approach to DNAPL source zone characterization based on the joint inversion of hydrological and geophysical data. To model the interaction of groundwater with the contaminant source zone, a fully three dimensional (3D) flow and transport model is used to provide the downstream contaminant concentrations associated to the source zone saturation distribution. As the geophysical modality we utilize electrical resistance tomography (ERT) where electric potential measurements related to the electrical properties of the medium are obtained cross gradient to the water flow direction. The inversion technique is based on the parametric level set method (PaLS) which provides for the recovery of the geometric profiles of the low and high saturation regions (corresponding to the ganglia and the pooling regions) and low order characterizations of the spatial variability within each region. The performance of our proposed algorithm is examined and discussed through the reconstruction of some challenging source zone architectures.
Determination of temperature rise during high strain rate deformation

Abstract The energy converted to heat during high strain rate plastic deformation is measured directly using an infra-red method for Ta−2.5% W alloy and, indirectly, using UCSD's recovery Hopkinson bar technique for the same alloy, as well as for commercially pure Ti, 1018 steel, 6061 Al and OFHC Cu. The infra-red measurement yields a 70% conversion of work to heat for Ta−2.5% W and generally underestimates this factor for all tested materials. The final temperature at a given strain can be determined indirectly, based on the calculated plastic work. For this, three separate measurements are made: First, a sample is deformed at a high strain rate to a total strain of, say, 60%; this is essentially an adiabatic test. Then a second sample is deformed at the same strain rate to about 30% strain; this should reproduce the first half of the previous adiabatic stress-strain curve and in our test it does. This sample is then allowed to cool down to the initial room temperature. This sample may then be heated to the temperature as was measured by the infra-red detectors and then deformed at the same strain rate to check if the adiabatic curve is traced. It is observed that only when the sample temperature is increased based on 100% conversion of the plastic work to heat, that the original adiabatic stress-strain curve is traced. It is thus concluded that the infra-red detection system records a lower (surface) temperature than the actual temperature of the sample.
EXERCISE-INDUCED GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX

The effect of exercise on gastroesophageal function was assessed in 7 children who were referred for evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Four males and three females whose ages were 12.6 ± 4.4 yr were studied. Three patients presented with exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, substernal or epigastric pain). Cardiac or pulmonary disease was present in 3 children. Maximal treadmill exercise testing using the Bruce protocol with continuous monitoring of electrocardiogram and blood pressure was performed simultaneously with an esophageal pH probe study. Other diagnostic studies included upper GI series, 24-h pH probe, esophageal motility, gastroesophageal endoscopy, and biopsies. Results demonstrated that in one patient with exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms, significant symptomatic GER was present throughout strenuous exercise and during recovery ⩾ 40 min); no episodes of pathologic GER occurred throughout 24-h pH probe monitoring by Euler's criteria. Exercise-induced GER also was associated with biopsy-proven esophagitis. Motility studies demonstrated esophageal sphincter competency. None of the other patients demonstrated exercise-induced GER, despite the presence of pathologic GER. Physical work capacity was normal in all children. There were no pathologic ST changes associated with exercise. This is the first report of the association between exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms and GER. The pathophysiology of this entity is unknown. Exercise stress testing may aid in the diagnosis of exercise-induced GER.
High single-mode power conversion efficiency vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers

We report advances in the power conversion (wall-plug) efficiency of vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers. The devices were fabricated from molecular beam epitaxial layers using deep proton implants to define gain-guided lasers. The epitaxial structure included low resistance, piecewise linearly graded n-type and p-type mirrors, a triple In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As quantum-well active region, and a delta-doped contact layer. Power conversion efficiencies as high as 12.7% for continuous-wave single-mode operation were measured after several hours of device operation. >
Conditional deletion of SLP‐76 in mature T cells abrogates peripheral immune responses

The adaptor protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte-specific protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) is central to the organization of intracellular signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR). Evaluation of its role in mature, primary T cells has been hampered by developmental defects that occur in the absence of WT SLP-76 protein in thymocytes. Here, we show that following tamoxifen-regulated conditional deletion of SLP-76, mature, antigen-inexperienced T cells maintain normal TCR surface expression but fail to transduce TCR-generated signals. Conditionally deficient T cells fail to proliferate in response to antigenic stimulation or a lymphopenic environment. Mice with induced deletion of SLP-76 are resistant to induction of the CD4+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the critical role of SLP-76-mediated signaling in initiating T-cell-directed immune responses both in vitro and in vivo and highlight the ability to analyze signaling processes in mature T cells in the absence of developmental defects.
A solution of the unit circle problem via Schwarz canonical form

The unit circle problem is the problem of finding the number of eigenvalues of a matrix A inside and outside the unit circle. It is associated with stability analysis of the system x_{k+1} = Ax_{k} . An algorithm is developed in this paper to solve the problem via Schwarz canonical form.
Renal Transplantation for the Nephrologist: Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: What Did We Learn During the 1980s? What Should We Learn During the 1990s?

.l S WE ENTER the opening years of the new ftdecade, living donor transplantation appears to be alive and doing well. In 1989, approximately 1,900 kidneys from living donors were transplanted in the United States, a number that accounts for 21 % of all kidney transplants performed.! In the early years of the past decade (1980 to 1982), the number of living donor kidney transplantations grew by 30 % to 40 % each year, a rate that was about twice as high as the rate for total kidney transplantations.! Although the later years of the 1980s saw a leveling off in the numbers of both living-related and cadaveric transplants, there has certainly not been a downward trend in the numbers of living donor transplants.! Apparently, for health care professionals, chronic renal failure patients, and their potential donors, living-related kidney transplantation remains an important therapeutic alternative for the treatment of end-stage renal disease.
Installation and Operation of the SNO Neutral Current Detector Array

An array of low background detectors designed to capture neutrons liberated by interactions with solar neutrinos was recently installed in the heavy water region of the SNO experiment. The neutral current detector (NCD) array consists of 36 proportional counters filled with 3 He-CF 4 gas and 4 proportional counters filled with 4 He-CF 4 . Special hardware conforming to the high radiopurity requirements in SNO was used to assemble and deploy these counters. Neutron events detected by the NCD array are distinguished from various types of backgrounds on an event-by-event basis using the NCD data acquisition system (NCDDAQ), which employs a mixture of commercial and custom-built electronics equipment. The NCDDAQ is controlled by a custom-built Object-oriented Realtime Control and Acquisition (ORCA) software program, and is fully integrated into the SNO PMT data acquisition system to provide shared trigger information and a combined data stream.
Production of human serum proteins by human cancer cell lines growing in rats.

SummaryHuman serum globulin (β1C and/or β1A) was demonstrated by the immunodiffusion technique in sera of rats bearing heterotransplants of human cancer cell lines HEp 2 or J-111, but not in serum of normal rats. Previous investigators have demonstrated that these cell lines produce β1C globulin in tissue culture.
Effects of Radiation on the Structure of Polypropylene

Top of pageAbstract The effects of high-energy radiation on the physical arrangement of macromolecules in atactic polypropylene (aPP) and radiation-amorphized isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were examined using the differential radial distribution function (DRDF) technique. The resultant DRDF curve for 0 Mrad aPP showed three intermolecular peaks at 6.6, 13.0, and 17.7 A and two intramolecular peaks at 1.5 and 2.5 A. The appearance of the periodic intermolecular DRDF peaks suggested the packing of parallel chains of ~18 A in the polymer. The 17.7 A peak disappeared when the aPP sample was irradiated to 115 Mrad, indicating the occurrence of structure deterioration from 18 A to 13 A. As a result of severe deterioration of the intermolecular organization, DRDF curves for 400 and 1300 Mrad iPP samples each showed only one intermolecular peak at ~7 A. This deterioration was attributed to the crosslinking-induced increase in lattice distortions. The results were compared with previous studies on irradiation of natural rubber (NR) and polyethylene (PE). It appears that radiation was more effective in causing deterioration of the intermolecular organization in polypropylene than in NR and PE. This was explained by the different radiation chemistry of the polymers. Keywords: Differential Radial Distribution Function; Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering; Polypropylene; Crosslinking; Degradation; Local Structure
Effects of adrenalectomy on taste aversion learning

Adrenalectomized (ADX) rats were maintained on a saline drinking solution and daily subcutaneous injections of low doses of dexamethasone plus aldosterone. Sham-operated control and ADX animals were conditioned by pairing consumption of a saccharin-flavored drinking solution with the intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide. Nonconditioned animals received only cyclophosphamide. An attenuation of the neophobic response to the initial exposure to saccharin in ADX animals was attributed to the need to consume salt in these animals. ADX and control groups displayed a significant aversion to saccharin presented 3 days after conditioning. The results indicate that the release of adrenocortical steroids in response to the CS or the UCS is not a necessary condition for the acquisition of a taste aversion.
Circadian Pathway: The Other Shoe Drops

Three new papers report the long-awaited functional characterization of the Drosophila receptor for the circadian-rhythm-regulating signalling molecule PIGMENT DISPERSING FACTOR (PDF). The discovery of the PDF receptor heralds progress in understanding the circadian pacemaker circuit and output pathways in insects.