cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategies for mapping dataflow blocks to distributed hardware

Distributed processors must balance communication and concurrency. When dividing instructions among the processors, key factors are the available concurrency, criticality of dependence chains, and communication penalties. The amount of concurrency determines the importance of the other factors: if concurrency is high, wider distribution of instructions is likely to tolerate the increased operand routing latencies. If concurrency is low, mapping dependent instructions close to one another is likely to reduce communication costs that contribute to the critical path. This paper explores these tradeoffs for distributed Explicit Dataflow Graph Execution (EDGE) architectures that execute blocks of dataflow instructions atomically. A runtime block mapper assigns instructions from a single thread to distributed hardware resources (cores) based on compiler-assigned instruction identifiers. We explore two approaches: fixed strategies that map all blocks to the same number of cores, and adaptive strategies that vary the number of cores for each block. The results show that best fixed strategy varies, based on the corespsila issue width. A simple adaptive strategy improves performance over the best fixed strategies for single and dual-issue cores, but its benefits decrease as the corespsila issue width increases. These results show that by choosing an appropriate runtime block mapping strategy, average performance can be increased by 18%, while simultaneously reducing average operand communication by 70%, saving energy as well as improving performance. These results indicate that runtime block mapping is a promising mechanism for balancing communication and concurrency in distributed processors.
Hurricane Katrina’s Impact on the Care of Survivors with Chronic Medical Conditions

BACKGROUND Hurricane Katrina affected a population with significant levels of chronic disease.
Comparing Attitudinal and Strategic Accounts of Dissenting Behavior on the U.S. Courts of Appeals

Students of judicial behavior have increasingly turned to strategic accounts to understand judicial decision making. Scholarship on the Supreme Court and state high courts suggests that the decision to dissent is better understood in light of strategic considerations rather than simply reflecting ideological disagreement. We investigate whether these findings comport with behavior by judges on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. We develop a spatial model of the decision to dissent that incorporates both attitudinal and strategic elements and subject this model to empirical analysis. We find that ideological disagreement between a judge and the majority opinion writer is a more persuasive explanation of the decision to dissent than a strategic account in which a judge conditions a dissent on whether circuit intervention would obtain the judge's preferred outcome. Though we do not discount the existence of other types of strategic behavior on the Courts of Appeals, our research suggests that strategic accounts of dissenting behavior are not generalizable to all courts.
Die Entwicklung der Röntgenröhren und Röntgenapparate im Jahre 1896. Verstärkerschirm, stereoskopische Röntgenaufnahmen

Die Hittorfsche Rohre, mit welcher Rontgen seine Strahlen entdeckte, war von einfacher birnenformiger Form. Wie schon gesagt, arbeitete Rontgen zur Zeit der Entdeckung mit Hittorf-Crookesschen wie auch mit Lenardschen Rohren verschiedenster Konstruktionen. Rohren dieser Art waren zu jener Zeit in vielen physikalischen Laboratorien in der ganzen Welt zu finden. Viele der Hittorfschen oder Crookesschen Rohren, mit denen Rontgens erste karge Mitteilungen nachgepruft wurden, waren nicht birnenformig, sondern zylinder- oder kugelformig.
Occlusal Trauma: Effect and Impact on the Periodontium

This focused review is limited to a number of investigations in an attempt to specifically address the histological and clinical effects of excessive occlusal forces on the teeth and periodontium and to provide a basis of classification for this interaction. This review does not include the effects of occlusal forces on dental implants or dental prostheses/appliances.
Reexamining Doctoral Student Socialization and Professional Development: Moving Beyond the Congruence and Assimilation Orientation

In the spring of 2000, hundreds of national leaders in graduate education from colleges and universities around the nation gathered to talk about ways of reforming doctoral training in the arts and sciences (Re-envisioning the Ph.D. Conference, Seattle, 2000). The meeting, sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts, underscored a growing crisis in American doctoral education. Up until recently, traditional disciplinary Ph.D. programs were assumed to be training students to enter the professorate. For a variety of reasons, the availability of academic posts in many fields has declined in recent years (Chronicle of Higher Education, 1999) and a larger percentage of doctoral degree recipients have, as a result, begun to look for employment in sectors outside of academe (Sanderson & Dugoni, 1997). The reduced availability of academic posts in many fields, along with the increased migration of a variety of doctoral degree recipients to the private sector, has forced many doctoral training programs to consider reforming the structure and outcomes of doctoral training.
Estimating Percentiles of Nonnormal Anthropometric Populations Final Report

The most commonly used method for estimating percentiles of anthropometric populations is based on the assumption that the population is normally distributed. This assumption is approximately true for many such variables, e.g., hip breadth. On the other hand, numerous nonnormally distributed anthropometric populations are known to exist, e.g., grip strength. The question of how to estimate percentiles of nonnormal populations is addressed here.A nonparametric percentile estimation method, based on the use of a kernel-type probability density function estimator, is presented. A “nonparametric” method is defined as a method that does not make or require any assumption about the statistical distribution of the underlying population. Thus, the method can be applied to any population of anthropometric data, regardless of the normality of the data. The method is simple to use; however, a single nonlinear equation must be numerically solved on a computer by any one of numerous well-documented nonlinear root find...
Equilibrium Analysis of Generalized Penny Auctions

The success of eBay.com has inspired a new generation of online auction websites. Quibids.com and Swoopo.com are new online retailers that sell goods using “open-outcry” auctions in which item prices go up by a fixed amount and participating bidders pay a fee for every bid they place. This format is a generalization of the “penny auction,” an auction that consists of multiple rounds in which a bidder can choose to place a bid on an item at a cost of one dollar with the effect of increasing the item’s price by one and only one cent. In this paper, I present a mathematical model of penny auctions with general parameters. Using this model, I explore answers to the following questions: Can we describe how auction participants will bid in a given round of the auction? Are there unique Nash equilibria in generalized penny auctions? What can we say about the final price of an auction item, and how much revenue will the auctioneer receive in expectation?
Assessing the Effectiveness of Programmed Instruction and Collaborative Peer Tutoring in Teaching Java

Students in two Java programming classes completed an individualized tutoring system that taught a simple applet program. Before and after using the tutor, students completed questionnaires that assessed software self-efficacy and understanding of general programming principles. The questionnaires also were administered following a lecture session on the program that included having the students successfully run the applet in a browser on the Web. For the second class, a collaborative peer tutoring session based on the applet program occurred between completion of the tutor and the lecture session. Students in both classes increased in software self-efficacy and program understanding across the assessment occasions. For students in the second class, correct answers on the final test of understanding were higher than observed in the first class. Collaborative peer tutoring used in combination with a programmed instruction tutoring system may potentiate learning for novitiate students.
The Organization of Public School Health Education

(1939). The Organization of Public School Health Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 14-60.
Derivation of groundwater threshold values for analysis of impacts predicted at potential carbon sequestration sites

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) Project is developing reduced-order models to evaluate potential impacts to groundwater quality due to carbon dioxide (CO2) or brine leakage, should it occur from deep CO2 storage reservoirs. These efforts targeted two classes of aquifer—an unconfined fractured carbonate aquifer based on the Edwards Aquifer in Texas, and a confined alluvium aquifer based on the High Plains Aquifer in Kansas. Hypothetical leakage scenarios focus on wellbores as the most likely conduits from the storage reservoir to an underground source of drinking water (USDW). To facilitate evaluation of potential degradation of the USDWs, threshold values, below which there would be no predicted impacts, were determined for each of these two aquifer systems. These threshold values were calculated using an interwell approach for determining background groundwater concentrations that is an adaptation of methods described in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Unified Guidance for Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities. Results demonstrate the importance of establishing baseline groundwater quality conditions that capture the spatial and temporal variability of the USDWs prior to CO2 injection and storage.
Dealing with deindustrialization: adaptive resilience in American Midwestern Regions, by Margaret Cowell

Many developers believe that they can actually transcend the ongoing economic forces that have decimated so many communities. Excessive positivism is part of developers’ stock in trade, especially ...
The Mineralogy of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

Abstract Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is the result of specific metal/microbe/electrolyte interactions, making it impossible to generalize. The relationship between microorganisms and minerals can be used to determine mechanisms, causative microorganisms, and the environment in which the corrosion occurred, providing definitive evidence for MIC. In this chapter, the vulnerability of metals and alloys to MIC in the presence of specific microorganisms is supported by mineralogical studies.
Practical Questions—Dominance, Friendliness, and Personality

This chapter begins the discussion of how interaction-based social qualities can be helpful in guiding character design. Forming an impression of another person is a practical process. There are some questions a person wants to answer about another quickly, to help decide how to engage socially. These questions are not asked consciously or literally; rather, the answers are sought intuitively and surreptitiously. Yet if asked, a person could answer these questions about another person shortly after meeting them, in most cases with surprisingly high accuracy.
Alcohol-related genes show an enrichment of associations with a persistent externalizing factor

Research using twins has found that much of the variability in externalizing phenotypes-including alcohol and drug use, impulsive personality traits, risky sex, and property crime-is explained by genetic factors. Nevertheless, identification of specific genes and variants associated with these traits has proven to be difficult, likely because individual differences in externalizing are explained by many genes of small individual effect. Moreover, twin research indicates that heritable variance in externalizing behaviors is mostly shared across the externalizing spectrum rather than specific to any behavior. We use a longitudinal, "deep phenotyping" approach to model a general externalizing factor reflecting persistent engagement in a variety of socially problematic behaviors measured at 11 assessment occasions spanning early adulthood (ages 18 to 28). In an ancestrally homogenous sample of non-Hispanic Whites ( = 337), we then tested for enrichment of associations between the persistent externalizing factor and a set of 3,281 polymorphisms within 104 genes that were previously identified as associated with alcohol-use behaviors. Next, we tested for enrichment among domain-specific factors (e.g., property crime) composed of residual variance not accounted for by the common factor. Significance was determined relative to bootstrapped empirical thresholds derived from permutations of phenotypic data. RESULTS indicated significant enrichment of genetic associations for persistent externalizing, but not for domain-specific factors. Consistent with twin research findings, these results suggest that genetic variants are broadly associated with externalizing behaviors rather than unique to specific behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Chapter 1 - Cellular Immunity: A Role for Cytokines

The heart is a remarkably durable and efficient pump that provides all cells of the body with nutrients and removes waste products. Myocarditis is a process characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of the ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease. Autoimmune heart disease following viral infection involves the production of key cytokines by immune cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells. Finally, if environmental or genetic factors allow overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, then progression to chronic autoimmune myocarditis may follow. Importantly, myocarditis often precedes the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, which can lead to heart failure and the need for cardiac transplantation.
Abnormal Physiologic Responses to Touch in Feeding Difficulties

The ability of a child to process tactile input is critical for feeding development. Early touch processing involves generalized autonomic responses, which may include state behavior changes or gagging. Over time with neurological maturation during the first 3 months of life in healthy infants, these autonomic responses modulate to more appropriate behavioral patterns. However, a recent report found that full-term infants who have been orally deprived (i.e., received alternative tube feedings) during this critical time period have been found to have persistent aberrant autonomic behaviors to graded tactile input that was not observed in a normal control group. Further, these behaviors were found to persist well beyond the first year of life. These findings are supported by other areas of development, such as behavioral and emotional regulation, which also appear to have a critical connection to successful regulation of autonomic processing early in life and may persist into adolescence and adulthood. As a result, assessment of feeding behaviors related to touch processing should include a comprehensive past medical history of the child to best determine the root cause of the behavior. Further, clinicians who are treating chronic negative feeding behaviors should have a thorough understanding of the type of behaviors that may persist if early developmental levels are interrupted. This broader understanding of feeding behaviors, particularly when observed in children over 3 months of age, will, in turn, promote appropriate treatment techniques to remediate the root cause of the behavior.
Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight Over the Thirteenth Amendment. By Leonard L. Richards. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015. Pp. i, 306. $30.00.)

When Americans consider how slavery was abolished in the United States, they usually credit one person, President Abraham Lincoln, and one act, his Emancipation Proclamation. In this new study, his...
Reconfigurable logic devices connected with laser-sintered liquid metal nanoparticles

In this paper we demonstrate the use of liquid metal nanoparticles as electrical traces between logic gates. When first deposited, films of nanoparticles are non-conductive, despite their metallic composition. Nanoparticle films can be coalesced into conductive traces using an infrared laser. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by using laser-patterned films to connect NAND gates in different circuits, creating an OR gate and a light-sensitive thermostat. We also show that patterned films can be removed, making the devices re-usable and re-programmable. Liquid metal nanoparticle-based devices may be used to create environmentally responsive devices in the future.
Computational Intelligence Defined - By Everyone !

Here is the abstract from my 1992 paper about Computational Intelligence (CI) [1]: This paper concerns the relationship between neural-like computational networks, numerical pattern recognition and intelligence. Extensive research that proposes the use of neural models for a wide variety of applications has been conducted in the past few years. Sometimes the justification for investigating the potential of neural nets (NNs) is obvious. On the other hand, current enthusiasm for this approach has also led to the use of neural models when the apparent rationale for their use has been justified by what is best described as “feeding frenzy”. In this latter instance there is at times a concomitant lack of concern about many “side issues” connected with algorithms (e.g., complexity, convergence, stability, robustness and performance validation) that need attention before any computational model becomes part of an operational system. These issues are examined with a view towards guessing how best to integrate and exploit the promise of the neural approach with other efforts aimed at advancing the art and science of pattern recognition and its applications in fielded systems in the next decade. A further purpose of the present paper is to characterize the notions of computational, artificial and biological intelligence; my hope is that a careful discussion of the relationship between systems that exhibit each of these properties will serve to guide rational expectations and development of models that exhibit or mimic “human behavior”.
The Unmasking Option

In the recent "Skanks in NYC" case, the plaintiff dropped her defamation lawsuit once the court had unmasked the John Doe defendant. Although the plaintiff was criticized for her seemingly pretextual use of a lawsuit, the outcome was substantively just. The harasser got almost exactly what she deserved for trying to humiliate her victim: embarrassment of her own.This brief essay discusses a counterintuitive proposal inspired by the Skanks in NYC case: that the law unmask anonymous online harassers as a substitute for litigation, rather than as an aid to it. Identifying harassers can be an effective way of holding them accountable, while causing less of a chilling effect on socially valuable speech than liability would. While the proposal itself is probably unworkable, decoupling anonymity from liability enables us to understand more clearly what’s at stake with each.
Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer: Biologic Interactions and Clinical Potentials

While prostatic cancer is usually thought of as an androgen dependent disease, it has recently become clear that numerous other hormones including 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) can regulate its growth and differentiation. This commentary reviews the epidemiological evidence supporting a role for 1,25D deficiency in the genesis of prostatic cancer, the effects that this hormone has on benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells in culture, the mechanisms through which it produces these effects and the potential clinical utility of 1,25D and its non-hypercalcemic analogs in the prevention and treatment of this increasingly common disease. While a wide body of information exists regarding the actions of vitamin D in other organ sites, this review addresses only prostatic studies. The substantial nature of the current information suggests that we have arrived at a point where we can no longer think of prostate cancer solely in terms of its response to androgens.
Development and Fine Structure of the Nervous System of Lethal(1)Optic Ganglion Reduced Visual Mutants of Drosophila Melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster male larvae hemizygous for l(1)ogre ljnl3 grow more slowly and moult later than their heterozygous l(1)ogre ljnl3 /+) female siblings. At 18°C the l(1)ogre ljnl3 male larvae undergo first and second instar moults around 70 and 118 hours, respectively, compared to heterozygous female siblings which moult first at 62 hours and the second time at 106 hours. Autoradiographic detection of tritiated[methyl-3H]-thymidine incorporating cells in appropriately staged second and third instar larvae shows that l(1)ogre males have, on an average, less than one-third of the cells incorporating thymidine in the central nervous system (CNS) than do l(1)ogre ljnl3 /+ females of an equivalent stage.
A two-scale approach for CFD modeling of endovascular Chemofilter device

Two-scale CFD modeling is used to design and optimize a novel endovascular filtration device for removing toxins from flowing blood. The Chemofilter is temporarily deployed in the venous side of a tumor during the intra-arterial chemotherapy in order to filter excessive chemotherapy drugs such as Doxorubicin from the blood stream. The device chemically binds selective drugs to its surface thus filtering them from blood, after they have had the effect on the tumor and before they reach the heart and other organs. The Chemofilter consists of a porous membrane made of microscale architected materials and is installed on a structure similar to an embolic protection device. Simulations resolving the microscale structure of the device were carried out to determine the permeability of the microcell membrane. The resulting permeability coefficients were then used for macroscale simulations of the flow through the device modeled as a porous material. The microscale simulations indicate that greater number of microcell layers and smaller microcell size result in increased pressure drop across the membrane, while providing larger surface area for drug binding. In the macroscale simulations, the study of idealized prototypes show that the pressure drop can be reduced by increasing the membrane’s tip angle and by decreasing the number of membrane’s sectors. Such design, however, can conversely affect the overall drug binding. By decreasing the concentration of toxins in the cardiovascular system, the drug dosage can be increased while side effects are reduced, thus improving the effectiveness of treatment.
The Changing Character of the California Sierra Nevada as a Natural Reservoir

Author(s): Rhoades, AM; Jones, AD; Ullrich, PA | Abstract: The mountains of the Western United States provide a vital natural service through the storage and release of mountain snowpack, lessening impacts of seasonal aridity and satiating summer water demand. However, climate change continues to undermine these important processes. To understand how snowpack may change in the headwaters of California's major reservoirs, the North American Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment is analyzed to assess peak water volume, peak timing, accumulation rate, melt rate, and snow season length across both latitudinal and elevational gradients. Under a high-emissions scenario, end-of-century peak snowpack timing occurs 4nweeks earlier and peak water volume is 79.3% lower. The largest reductions are above Shasta, Oroville, and Folsom and between 0- and 2,000-m elevations. Regional climate model and global forcing data set choice is important in determining historical snowpack character, yet by end century all models show a significant and similar decline in mountain snowpack.
Determining underlying presence in the learning of grammars that allow insertion and deletion

The simultaneous learning of a phonological map from inputs to outputs and a lexicon of phonological underlying forms has been a focus of several research efforts (Jarosz 2006; Apoussidou 2007; Merchant 2008; Merchant & Tesar 2008; Tesar 2014). One of the numerous challenges is that of computational efficiency, which led to the investigation of learning with output-driven maps (Tesar 2014). Prior work on learning with output-driven maps has focused on systems in which the only disparities between inputs and outputs were segmental identity disparities (differences in the value of a feature). Inclusion of segmental insertion and deletion disparities exacerbates computational concerns, as it increases the number of possible correspondence relations between an input and an output, and makes the space of possible inputs for a word infinite due to the possible presence of an unbounded number of deleted segments. We propose an extension of that earlier work to handle phonologies that permit insertion and deletion, and evaluate the proposal by applying it to cases in Basic CV Syllable Theory (Jakobson 1962; Clements & Keyser 1983; Prince & Smolensky 2004). First, we propose that a learner represent information about the possible presence/absence of a segment in an underlying form via a presence feature. The presence feature can be set using the same inconsistency detection method that has previously been used to set other segmental features. This allows the learner to combine evidence from paradigmatically related words in a single compact representation. Second, we propose that the learner only consider for underlying forms segments that surface in at least one surface realization of the morpheme. This approach is justified by the structure of output-driven maps, and avoids the potential for an unbounded number of possibly deleted segments in an underlying form. A proof is given for the validity of the method for avoiding unbounded deletion. The resulting learner is able to learn some grammatical regularities about segmental insertion and deletion; this is shown via two manual step-by-step applications of the algorithm. Verificatory simulations for learning the entire typology of Basic CV Syllable Theory are left to work in the near future.
Eating Disorder Behaviors Among Transgender Individuals: Exploring the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Many transgender individuals of varying ages are at risk of developing eating disorder behaviors or unhealthy weight management behaviors. AIMS: This article reports the results of a re...
Mechanisms and measures for the ductility of materials failure

An operational definition for the ductility of failure is given. Many examples illustrate the procedure for specific applications. The ductile/brittle transition is an integral part of the formalis...
Fault-Tolerance in Distributed Optimization: The Case of Redundancy

This paper considers the problem of Byzantine fault-tolerance in distributed multi-agent optimization. In this problem, each agent has a local cost function. The goal of a distributed optimization algorithm is to allow the agents to collectively compute a minimum of their aggregate cost function. We consider the case when a certain number of agents may be Byzantine faulty. Such faulty agents may not follow a prescribed algorithm, and they may send arbitrary or incorrect information regarding their local cost functions. Unless a fault-tolerance mechanism is employed, traditional distributed optimization algorithms cannot tolerate such faulty agents. A reasonable goal in presence of faulty agents is to minimize the aggregate cost of the non-faulty agents. However, we show that this goal is impossible to achieve unless the cost functions of the non-faulty agents have a minimal redundancy property. We further propose a distributed optimization algorithm that allows the non-faulty agents to obtain a minimum of their aggregate cost if the minimal redundancy property holds. The scope of our algorithm is demonstrated through distributed sensing and learning applications, which are special cases of distributed optimization.
The role of lid margin structures in the meibomian gland function and ocular surface health

The lid margins are essential to maintain a healthy tear film and distribute it over the ocular surface to achieve an optimal refractive interface. Alterations in the lid margin structures and func...
Reserves and currency crises: the role of the exchange rate regime

Although it is widely accepted that more reserves are required to support a peg relative to a more flexible currency, there is lack of empirical evidence motivating this phenomenon. This paper show...
Hidden Group Patterns in Democracy Developments: Bayesian Inference for Grouped Heterogeneity

We propose a nonparametric Bayesian approach to estimate time-varying grouped patterns of heterogeneity in linear panel data models. Unlike the classical approach in Bonhomme and Manresa (2015), our approach can accommodate selection of the optimal number of groups and model estimation jointly, and also be readily extended to quantify uncertainties in the estimated group structure. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the superior finite-sample performances of our proposed approach. Using our approach, we successfully replicate the estimated relationship between income and democracy in Bonhomme and Manresa (2015) and the group characteristics when we use the same number of groups. Furthermore, we find that the optimal number of groups could depend on model specifications on within-group heterogeneity and discuss ways to choose models in practice.
Micro-fabrication of Si-based optomechanical inertial sensors for cryogenic temperatures

The design of next generation gravitational wave observatories considers operation at cryogenic temperatures to enhance their sensitivity by reducing thermal noise fluctuations. Inertial sensors are used on the observatory platforms to measure local seismic noise and counteract its effects by active control or subtraction in post-processing. Measuring the displacement of a test mass in a resonator system allows for creation of a compact accelerometer system. Currently, there are no commercial inertial sensors available that are capable of operating at cryogenic temperatures and providing the required sensitivities for gravitational wave observatories. Materials such as fused silica exhibit very low losses at room temperature. However, this changes significantly at lower temperatures. Unlike fused silica, the Q factor of crystalline silicon structures is expected to remain high at low temperatures, making it a likely candidate for use in these types of inertial sensors. We are working to fabricate compact mechanical resonators from Si wafers to test their mechanical response. Micro-fabrication consists of optimizing the photolithography and Bosch etching processes for through-wafer Si etching on a 280 μm, 500 μm, and 1 mm wafer. Successful etching on 280 μm wafers has been achieved. We report on the design, model, and fabrication progress of these resonators.
Augmented Network Model for Engineering System Design

Models are usually domain specific and traditionally even system-specific. As system complexity and data quantity creep up, there is an increasing need for general unifying models. Some examples are state space and nonlinear dynamics models, mostly used for mathematical domains of engineering applications. Network modeling has been introduced more recently to unite representation of systems across fields with abstract graph models. In this paper, we examine the relevance, benefits and deficiencies of network representation and analysis for engineering systems.
CisOrtho: A program pipeline for genome-wide identification of transcription factor target genes using phylogenetic footprinting

All known genomes code for a large number of transcription factors. It is important to develop methods that will reveal how these transcription factors act on a genome wide level, that is, through what target genes they exert their function. We describe here a program pipeline aimed at identifying transcription factor target genes in whole genomes. Starting from a consensus binding site, represented as a weight matrix, potential sites in a pre-filtered genome are identified and then further filtered by assessing conservation of the putative site in the genome of a related species, a process called phylogenetic footprinting. CisOrtho has been successfully used to identify targets for two homeodomain transcription factors in the genomes of the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae. CisOrtho will identify targets of other nematode transcription factors whose DNA binding specificity is known and can be easily adapted to search other genomes for transcription factor targets.
Correlated vs. conventional insulating behavior in the J eff = 1 2 vs. 3 2 bands in the layered iridate Ba 2 IrO 4

We employ molecular beam epitaxy to stabilize ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{4}$ thin films and utilize in situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to investigate the evolution of its electronic structure through the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$. Our measurements indicate that dispersions of the relativistic ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2$ and 3/2 bands exhibit an unusual dichotomy in their behavior through the N\'eel transition. Although the charge gap survives into the paramagnetic state, only the ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2$ state exhibits a strong temperature dependence and its gap softens with increasing temperature approaching ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$, while the nearly fully occupied ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=3/2$ state which remains nearby in energy exhibits negligible changes with temperature.
A formative audit of the ECAETC year 1 evaluation: The evaluator's response

Abstract This paper outlines the evaluator's response to key issues raised by the formative evaluation audit. Project complexity, evaluation methods and reporting, and the evaluator's roles all are reviewed by the evaluator. Special emphasis is given to constraints raised by the evaluator's internal role and the evaluator's dilemmas concerning the importance of evaluation.
A laboratory realization of the Burgers' vortex cartoon of turbulence‐plankton interactions

A laboratory apparatus was constructed to physically realize the Burgers' vortex cartoon of turbulence-plankton interactions. Fluid motion is induced by corotating two disks while simultaneously withdrawing fluid axially through hollow drive shafts. The technique creates a flow pattern that mimics a Burgers' vortex with size and strength consistent with turbulence vortices in the coastal and near-surface zones. Specifically, the radius, circulation, and axial strain rate of the Burgers' vortex were specified to match typical dissipative vortices corresponding to two turbulence intensity levels (described by a mean turbulent dissipation rate of 0.009 cm2 s−3 and 0.096 cm2 s−3, respectively). Tomographic particle image velocimetry was used to quantify the flow field, calibrate the apparatus, verify that it produces the desired vortex characteristics, and provide a three-dimensional velocity vector field to compare with zooplankton behavioral assays. The apparatus facilitates direct examination of the mechanistic aspects of plankton interaction with a turbulent-like vortex, which is demonstrated via quantifying the swimming behavior of Acartia tonsa in and around the vortex flow structure.
Inhibition of Rat Liver Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase by N6,O2'-Dibutyryl Cyclic Adenosine 3':5'-Monophosphate in Vitro

Abstract It has been established that hepatic lipogenesis in rats, mice, and chickens is inhibited by cyclic 3':5'-nucleotide monophosphates but their site of action has not previously been determined. Evidence is presented here that cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cAMP) inhibit the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase. Dibutyryl cAMP incubated with rat liver slices inhibited both lipogenesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity to about the same extent. The amount of dibutyryl cAMP needed to inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase was in the same range as the amount needed to inhibit lipogenesis in rat and chicken liver slices. Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by the addition of 1 mm dibutyryl cAMP to the enzyme assay reaction mixture was demonstrable even without preincubation with liver slices. It is concluded that a major portion of the inhibition of lipogenesis in rat liver by cAMP can be attributed to the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Role of glucocorticoids and epidermal growth factor in normal and abnormal palatal development.

The purpose of this chapter has been to discuss glucocorticoid and EGF involvement in normal and abnormal palatal development. It is to be hoped that we have made clear the important point that these hormone/growth factors and their receptors are present during normal embryonic palatal development to provide for regulation of growth and cellular differentiation. When these hormone/growth factors are administered in pharmacological or large doses that result in teratogenesis, these potent chemicals and their receptors then become inducers of cleft palate. The primary reason for this is that the hormone/growth factor receptors have unique and special areas of localizations in target (embryonic and fetal) tissues, e.g., glucocorticoids in the palate. Therefore, large amounts of these chemicals are specifically bound to receptors in these target tissues and these high levels of hormone/growth factor-receptor complexes result in aberrant development, e.g., glucocorticoids cause inhibition of palatal mesenchymal cell growth. These effects are distinct from the interactions of physiological levels of these hormone/growth factors with their receptors in these target tissues during development, e.g., glucocorticoids cause induction of key enzymes and modulation of EGF receptor levels. The exact molecular mechanism(s) by which high levels of hormone/growth factors--receptor complexes exert harmful effects on embryos or fetuses is (are) unknown and remain(s) a challenge for the future. Interaction of hormone/growth factors and their receptors certainly cannot provide an explanation for the mechanism of all types of craniofacial teratogenesis, but this concept certainly appears capable of providing important information relating to the mechanisms of many animal and human teratogens. The fact that these chemicals and their receptors are involved in normal development makes them all the more important since subtle alterations in their levels or activities could result in teratogenesis without an exposure to pharmacological levels of these hormone/growth factors. It seems that progress in this area will develop quickly since the techniques of recombinant DNA research are available in conjunction with responsive in vitro cell systems such as the established line of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells. Clearly, the future looks very exciting for understanding the role that these hormone/growth factors and their receptors play in normal and abnormal palate development.
Factors in a British Trade Cycle

R. C. O. Matthews' full-length study of British fluctuations in the 1830's is good history and good economic analysis. There is no equivalent book on a single cyclical passage, not even excepting the great interwar boom and slump in the United States.
Amyloid beta-protein1-42 increases cAMP and apolipoprotein E levels which are inhibited by β1 and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists in mouse primary astrocytes

Abstract Amyloid beta-protein (Aβ) increases apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels in astrocytes which could alter lipid trafficking. The mechanism for the Aβ-induced increase in apoE levels is not well understood. It is well established that stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs) increases cAMP levels. Elevation of cAMP levels increases apoE abundance. The current study determined if Aβ1-42 stimulation of cAMP and apoE levels could be inhibited by βAR antagonists in astrocytes. We demonstrate that Aβ1-42 but not the reverse protein Aβ42-1 or Aβ1-40 stimulated cAMP formation and this stimulation was inhibited by selective βAR antagonists in mouse primary cortical astrocytes. Aβ1-42 significantly increased apoE levels which were significantly inhibited by the βAR selective antagonists with the greatest inhibition observed with the β2 antagonist. Separate lines of evidence have suggested that agonist-induced stimulation of βARs and increases in apoE abundance may serve a neuroprotective role in astrocytes. Our results indicate a potential interaction between βARs and apoE which may contribute to reducing Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity.
Cotton Responses to Tillage and Rotation during the Turn of the Century Drought

Longer rain-free periods are predicted to occur more often in the southeastern United States as a result of global climate change. This nonirrigated field study was conducted from 1997 through 2002, which coincided with the 1998-2002 drought that affected most of the United States. The objective was to determine the effect of rotation and tillage on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) productivity. Treatments in the study were rotation [cotton rotated with corn (Zea mays L.), cotton planted after a rye (Secale cereale L.) winter cover crop, and continuous cotton with no cover crop] and tillage system (conventional tillage and conservation tillage). Two levels ofaldicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal O-{(methylamino)carbonyl}oxime] (0 and 1.18 kg a.i. ha -1 ) were also included because ofknown soil management effects on thrips (Frankliniella sp.) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidigyne incognita). The predominant soil types were Bonneau loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudult) and Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudult). Rotation did not affect cotton yield in any year. Tillage did not affect cotton yield in 1997. Conservation tillage resulted in an average 25% yield increase in cotton lint yield over conventional tillage during the 5-yr drought. Tillage and aldicarb affected both thrips and root-knot nematodes, but lack of interaction among these factors for lint yield suggested that management of these pests was not the predominant cause for the cotton yield increase with conservation tillage. Conservation tillage for cotton production could be an important method to help mitigate the effects of climate change in the region if change occurs as predicted.
Combustion of Wood in Methanol Flames

Abstract This paper presents experimental results on the burning of square and round rods and flat plates of wood in methanol flames. The dependence of the burning time and weight-loss rate on the initial thickness of the specimens was investigated. The size dependence of the burning elements was found to be practically independent of the environmental conditions. Central temperature histories and mass loss curves of the burning cylinders were correlated with initial diameter.
Mars atmosphere during the Mariner 9 Extended Mission - Television results.

The Extended Mission of Mariner 9 provided data from 23 revolutions and recorded seasonal changes in the atmosphere of Mars during northern spring and early summer. The visibility of the surface was exceptional, indicating atmospheric clarity greater than that previously observed by Mariner 9 or by Mariner 6 and 7. Cloud systems were observed over both polar regions and indicated westerly winds in the -45 to -65 deg latitude zone (southern winter) and easterly winds in the vicinity of +75 deg (northern summer). The puzzling brightening phenomena that recur seasonally and diurnally over Tharsis, Amazonis, and Nix Olympica were seen to be clouds of a generally diffuse character but with some indications of convective activity. These clouds show a remarkable degree of topographic control, and their large-scale patterns are closely duplicated from day to day.
Neutron Activation Cross Sections for As, Br, Rb, and Sr Isotopes at 14.4 MeV

Activation cross sections at an incident neutron energy of 14.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 MeV are measured for the ($n,2n$), ($n,p$), and ($n,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions on isotopes of As, Br, Rb, and Sr, by using the mixed-powder method and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ detection by Ge(Li) spectrometer. The use of a stoichiometric chemical compound as an alternative to the mixed-powder technique, where one of the constituents serves as the neutron flux monitor, is investigated and is recommended, whenever applicable, over all other methods for measurement of relative activation cross sections.
Partitioning Behavior of Aromatic Components in Jet Fuel into Diverse Membrane-coated Fibers

Jet fuel components are known to partition into skin and produce occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD) and potentially adverse systemic effects. The purpose of this study was to determine how jet fuel components partition (1) from solvent mixtures into diverse membrane-coated fibers (MCFs) and (2) from biological media into MCFs to predict tissue distribution. Three diverse MCFs, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, lipophilic), polyacrylate (PA, polarizable), and carbowax (CAR, polar), were selected to simulate the physicochemical properties of skin in vivo. Following an appropriate equilibrium time between the MCF and dosing solutions, the MCF was injected directly into a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to quantify the amount that partitioned into the membrane. Three vehicles (water, 50% ethanol–water, and albumin-containing media solution) were studied for selected jet fuel components. The more hydrophobic the component, the greater was the partitioning into the membranes across all MCF ty...
Factors affecting glucosidase and galactosidase activities in soils

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the effects of soil treatments, the addition of 12 inorganic salts and of 20 trace elements on α- and β-glucosidase and α- and β-galactosidase activities in soils. Results showed that air-drying of field-moist soils resulted in marked increases in the activity of these enzymes and that steam sterilization of soils completely destroyed the activities. In general, the inorganic salts were stronger inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase activities (range 0 to 70%) than the activities of their β counterparts (range 0 to 44%). The effect of trace elements on the activities of these enzymes varied considerably among the elements, enzymes and soils. The percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase activity in Webster soil ranged from 4% with Mo(VI) to 66% with Ag(I) and in Luton soil ranged from 9% with V(IV) to 66% with Cd(II). In general, the inhibition values of β-glucosidase activity by trace elements were much lower than those obtained for α-glucosidase activity. The inhibition values of α-galactosidase activity in Webster soil ranged from 10% with Hg(II) to 13% with Sn(II). The inhibition values for this enzyme in Luton soil ranged from 12% with Hg(II) to 73% with Mo(VI). Studies on the distribution of the activities of these enzymes showed that they are concentrated in surface soils and decrease with depth. The activities of these enzymes were significantly correlated with organic C in soil profiles and surface soils and were, in most cases, significantly but negatively correlated with pH.