cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling control of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in a shallow lake–wetland system

The introduction of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) into North American waterways has led to widespread alteration of aquatic ecosystems. Control of this invader has proven extremely difficult due to its capacity for rapid population growth. To help understand how Common Carp can potentially be controlled we developed a population dynamics model (CarpMOD) to explore the efficacy of active and passive control measures that impose mortality on multiple life stages (embryos, juveniles and adults). We applied CarpMOD to Common Carp in Malheur Lake, a large shallow lake in Southeast Oregon, USA. Simulated control measures included commercial harvest of adults, trapping of juveniles, embryo electroshocking, and passive removal imposed via avian predation. Results from CarpMOD suggest that no single active removal method would decrease Common Carp biomass below the targeted 50 kg/ha threshold. Combinations of two or all three active removal methods could, however, reduce biomass below the desired threshold due to cumulative mortality on multiple life stages. CarpMOD simulations suggest that the level of carp removal necessary to reach the desired biomass threshold is approximately 40% at each life-stage, which may be unrealistic to maintain over longer time scales. Passive removal via avian predation may also contribute to suppression of Common Carp, but was not sufficient in isolation to reduce biomass below the desired threshold. Collectively, our results indicate control of Common Carp as a sole means of ecosystem restoration is unlikely to be effective in the system we modeled. This suggests additional means of restoration may be warranted, perhaps in combination with control of Common Carp, or development of more effective control measures.
Setup management for stereotactic body radiation therapy of patients with pancreatic cancer treated via the breath-hold technique.

Abstract Purpose Active Breathing Coordinator (Elekta AB, Crawley, UK) is a motion management strategy for radiation treatment. During setup, aligning the patient to the bony spine alone does not necessarily lead to an accurate alignment to soft tissue targets, and further adjustment is necessary. Determining a safe range of values for such adjustments is an important quality assurance measure and was the purpose of this study, with focus on stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods and Materials The retrospective study included 19 previously treated patients. For each fraction, a free-breathing cone beam computed tomography scan was registered to a reference breath-hold computed tomography for alignment to the spine. Two perpendicular breath-hold kV projection images were then acquired and compared with corresponding reference digitally reconstructed radiographs for additional alignment with a surrogate fiducial marker. By comparing the breath-hold kV projection images from subsequent treatment fractions with those from the first fraction, we derived the 3-dimensional variability of the fiducial position with respect to the reference image. Results We observed intrafraction setup error to be within 2.0 mm. For interfraction, we observed average reproducibility of 1.7 ± 0.8 mm, 2.0 ± 1.4 mm, and 3.2 ± 2.5 mm in the left–right (LR), anterior–posterior (AP), and superior–inferior (SI) directions, respectively. The average excursion values from free breathing spine to breath-hold fiducial alignment were 1.5 ± 1.4 mm, 2.0 ± 1.9 mm, and 3.0 ± 2.0 mm in the LR, AP and SI directions, respectively. The observed ranges of average excursions among all patients were 0.2 to 5.1 mm, 0.1 to 5. 9 mm, and 0.6 to 7.8 mm in the LR, AP, and SI directions, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrates that intrafraction targeting errors can be within 2 mm, and interfraction shifts from free-breathing spine to Active Breathing Coordinator breath-hold target can be as high as 8 mm. Values that deviate significantly would need further investigation to rule out factors such as local progression, bowel gas, or fiducial shift before treatment.
Medical Treatments for Androgenetic Alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) remains the most common etiology of hair loss as it affects up to 50% of men and women over the age of 40 years. Despite its prevalence, the FDA has currently approved only three medical treatments for AGA, including topical minoxidil, oral finasteride, and most recently, low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Although supported by less robust studies, other evidenced-based, off-label treatments available in the United States include oral dutasteride, oral flutamide, oral spironolactone, oral minoxidil, topical ketoconazole, and topical latanoprost. This chapter subsequently discusses the mechanism of action, indication, efficacy, adverse events profile, dosing, administration, and other considerations for both FDA and non-FDA-approved medical treatments for AGA.
Special Session: Harness the Power of DERs for Secure Communications in Electric Energy Systems

Electric energy systems are undergoing significant changes to improve system reliability and accommodate increasing power demands. The penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) including roof-top solar panels, energy storage, electric vehicles, etc., enables the on-site generation of economically dispatchable power curtailing operational costs. The effective control of DERs requires communication between utilities and DER system operators. The communication protocols employed for DER management and control lack sophisticated cybersecurity features and can compromise power systems secure operation if malicious control commands are issued to DERs. To overcome authentication-related protocol issues, we present a bolt-on security extension that can be implemented on Distributed Network Protocol v3 (DNP3). We port an authentication framework, DERauth, into DNP3, and utilize real-time measurements from a simulated DER battery energy storage system to enhance communication security. We evaluate our framework in a testbed setup using DNP3 master and outstation devices performing secure authentication by leveraging the entropy of DERs.
Does the Use of a Wrap in Three-Dimensional Surgical Planning Influence the Bony Margin Status of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral, Head and Neck Region? An Initial Investigation

Purpose Three-dimensional surgical planning (3-DSP) is becoming commonplace in the management of benign and malignant disease for oral and maxillofacial surgery practice within the last decade.1 In pathologic resections of the head and neck cysts and tumors in particular, a virtual wrap is used to delineate the tumor resection margin. However, there has yet to be a study in regard to the accuracy of this wrap and its effect on bony margin status. This study aims to discuss our experiences with the use of wraps created with 3-DSP and explore the accuracy of the wrap for margin status. We hypothesize that the use of a wrap is a predictable method to obtain negative bony margins. Furthermore, we explore the emerging challenges in the use of this technology specific to pathologic resection margins. Methods This is a retrospective chart review. The study included patients over the age of 18 (range, 18-99) treated at 2 centers, John Peter Smith Health Network Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Parkland/UTSW Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. We included patients who obtained a 3-DSP for pathology of the head and neck involving the bone and who also obtained a virtual wrap for bony margins. There were no specific exclusion criteria. There were no exclusions due to racial, ethnic, or gender groups. Data accessed ranged from July 1, 2017, to May 1, 2020. Patient data were collected for processing via multilevel protected electronic health record system (Epic). Once the data were gathered, the identifiable link was destroyed and data were anonymized. Analysis was completed via Excel. Results There were 39 cases, but we excluded 1 that required intraoperative adjustment and thus did not follow preplanned case. One out of the 38 cases involved a bony margin (2.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0.1%, 13.8%). Table 1 defines the pathology. We classified SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) and low-grade osteosarcoma as malignant cases and the rest as benign. There were 16 malignant cases (42%) and 22 benign cases (58%). When stratified by pathology, 1 out of the 16 malignant cases (6.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.2%, 30%) and 0 out of the 22 benign cases (95% confidence interval, 0%, 15.4%) had a positive margin. Conclusion Three-dimensional surgical planning with wrap margins is a predictable method to obtain negative bony margins in benign and malignant disease of the maxillofacial complex. The surgeon must be prudent to ensure accurate margin delineation by engineers before simulated wrap creation or resection.
A Pilot Evaluation of mHealth App Accessibility for Three Top-Rated Weight Management Apps by People with Disabilities

Growing evidence demonstrates that people with disabilities face more challenges in accessing healthcare and wellness resources, compared to non-disabled populations. As mobile applications focused on health and wellness (mHealth apps) become prevalent, it is important that people with disabilities can access and use mHealth apps. At present, there is no source of unified information about the accessibility and usability of mHealth apps for people with disabilities. We set out to create such a source, establishing a systematic approach for evaluating app accessibility. Our goal was to develop a simple, replicable app evaluation process to generate useful information for people with disabilities (to aid suitable app selection) and app developers (to improve app accessibility and usability). We collected data using two existing assessment instruments to test three top-rated weight management apps with nine users representing three disability groups: vision, dexterity, and cognitive impairment. Participants with visual impairments reported the lowest accessibility ratings, most challenges, and least tolerance for issues. Participants with dexterity impairments experienced significant accessibility-related difficulties. Participants with cognitive impairments experienced mild difficulties and higher tolerances for issues. Our pilot protocol will be applied to test mHealth apps and populate a “curation” website to assist consumers in selecting mHealth apps.
Educational Intervention for Bupropion Abuse Prevention.

Background Bupropion is being abused due to effects that are comparable with methamphetamine and cocaine. Current research indicates several interventions that can prevent prescription medication abuse. Objectives A research study was performed at two healthcare organizations to evaluate whether education on prevention-based interventions increased self-efficacy of healthcare staff in addressing potential and ongoing bupropion abuse and whether the education reduced the rate of bupropion prescribing. Methods The study sample consisted of 43 staff members who completed a paper-based preeducation survey, attended a 1-hour educational session, and completed a paper-based posteducation survey. Results There was a 42% increase in total staff self-efficacy scores along with significant differences between pre-/postsurvey scores (p ≤ .001). After education prescribers answered they plan to change prescribing practices and the number of bupropion prescriptions filled decreased. Implications for nursing Future practice recommendations should include education on bupropion abuse and implementation of prevention interventions to reduce the occurrence of the abuse of bupropion. Conclusions The research findings suggested that education on interventions for bupropion abuse prevention improved healthcare staff self-efficacy in the management of potential and ongoing bupropion abuse, influenced prescribing practices of prescribers, and decreased the number of bupropion prescriptions. This research can be used to continue providing education to help prevent further cases of bupropion abuse.
Social Determinants of Kidney Stone Disease: The Impact of Race, Income and Access on Urolithiasis Treatment and Outcomes.

Abstract The medical and surgical management of kidney stones is one of the most common functions of the urologist. Management choices are often nuanced, involving the decision to embark on one surgical plan among several options. As the wider medical community critically evaluates the care we provide to an increasingly diverse population, it will be important to examine patient outcomes with a particular focus on ensuring equitable care. This review examines the influence of social parameters on the care of kidney stone patients. The dearth of literature in this area warrants rigorous studies on the relationship between race as well as socioeconomic status and the management of kidney stone disease.
Rapidly Progressive Complicated Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in the Setting of Severe Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Objective This case report presents a case of a rapidly progressive complicated sinus infection in a child with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Methods Case report with literature review. Results/case report We present a novel case of severe rapidly progressive complicated sinusitis in a 14-year-old African American male diagnosed with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Infection was caused by an aggressive pathogen, Streptococcus intermedius (anginosus), and within 48 hours progressed to orbital, subgaleal, and intracranial abscess, requiring multidisciplinary intervention by ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology. Following surgical intervention and a 4-week course of intravenous antibiotic therapy, the patient had resolution of the infection with no neurologic sequelae. Conclusion Despite the low incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, physicians should be aware that immunologic changes and the cytokine storm induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can potentially predispose patients to severe bacterial or opportunistic infections. As more cases of MIS-C develop, associated complications can become evident. Similar cases of SARS-CoV-2 and severe bacterial sinusitis have been published in the literature, but it remains unclear if there is an association between SARS-CoV-2 disease and an increased risk of complicated sinusitis in children.
The approximate maximum principle for constrained control systems

We consider a sequence of optimal control problems with endpoint constraints and nonsmooth terminal costs for discretized systems. The goal is to obtain necessary optimality conditions in terms of the approximate maximum principle for discrete approximations with no convexity assumptions. We construct several striking examples on the violation of the approximate maximum principle for smooth and nonsmooth problems and then establish this principle in the new super differential form for ordinary and delay systems.
Jordan surfaces in discrete antimatroid topologies

In this paper we develop a discrete, T0 topology in which (1) closed sets play a more prominent role than open sets, (2) atoms comprising the space have discrete dimension, which (3) is used to define boundary elements, and (4) configurations within the topology can have connectivity (or separation) of different degrees. To justify this discrete, closure based topological approach we use it to establish an n-dimensional Jordan surface theorem of some interest. As surfaces in digital imagery are increasingly rendered by triangulated decompositions, this kind of discrete topology can replace the highly regular pixel approach as an abstract model of n-dimensional computational geometry.
Foreign Language and Decision-Making Biases: A Brief Exploration of the Relationship between Emotions, using a Foreign Language, and Decision-Making

Contrary to what traditional normative decision-making models claim, a change in how a given problem is framed influences the outcome of the decision-making process. Neurological research has shown that during this so-called framing effect, brain structures that are typically associated with the emotional system are activated, suggesting an emotional dimension to the processes that underlie heuristic biases. Recent studies have also shown that thinking in a foreign language can reduce physiological responses typically associated with emotional reactions. This research paper explores the relationship between using a foreign language, emotions, and decision-making in order to determine whether using a foreign language can reduce decision-making biases. More specifically, this paper reasons that using a foreign language can reduce some heuristic biases provided that the given problem is emotionally-laden.
Mach number Effects on Free and Wall Turbulent Structures In Light of Instability Flow Interactions

Our perception of fluid instabilities and turbulence is largely based on properties of incompressible vorticity distributions ω and the Biot-Savart Law of “instantaneous” induction at distance. In high-speed shear layers it is the distribution of local angular momentum ρω that matters; modified interaction-induction between vortical elements is likely to take place only within relative Mach cones of influence, with acoustic time delay. This and the large mean density stratifications influence strongly instability vortex roll-ups, vortex mergings, and large-scale turbulent structures. Consequences of these observations on transition to turbulence and turbulence energetics are discussed in physical terms. Free shear layers and wall layers may require distinctMmodelling
Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in fibrous bed bioreactor

Abstract Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in bioreactor while preserving their innate properties is important in translation of hMSC-based therapy to clinical applications. The present study investigates the feasibility of hMSC expansion in a 2.5 L CelliGen® 310 Bioreactor packed with Fibra-Cel® disks. After 9 days of expansion, a 9.2-fold increase in cell number with the population doubling (PD) time of 2.8 days (67.2 h) was achieved and that the specific glucose consumption and lactate production were measured to be 12.48 pmol/cell/day and 20.95 pmol/cell/day, respectively. hMSCs harvested from the bioreactor maintained their properties based on the analysis of phenotypic surface markers, colony forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) number, and multilineage differentiation ability. The results demonstrate the feasibility and the potential of the fibrous bed bioreactor for large scale hMSC expansion.
Conservation of central nervous system glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase in fruit-eating bats with glutaric aciduria and deficient hepatic glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase.

Abstract The adult fruit-eating bat, Rousettus aegypticus, excretes massive amounts of glutaric acid in the urine (20-70 mumol/mg creatinine) comparable to those of humans affected with the inherited metabolic disorder, glutaric aciduria type I. Glutaric acid was quantified by sequential liquid partition chromatography and gas chromatography. Oral loading with the amino acid precursors of glutaric acid, L-lysine and L-tryptophan, resulted in significant increases in glutaric acid excretion above the base-line values. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was assayed in adult bat tissues and compared with the same tissues in the rat using methods of 14CO2 evolution from 1,5-[14C]glutaryl-CoA. A severe deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was found in the bat liver and kidney, whereas brain and spinal cord levels were similar to those in the rat. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the metabolites in the assay mixture showed negligible hydrolysis of [14C]glutaryl-CoA to free [14C]glutaric acid and complete conversion of the product [14C]crotonyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy[14C]butyryl-CoA. The adult bat, with its huge glutaric acid excretion and deficient liver glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, metabolically mimics patients affected with glutaric aciduria type I. The bat does not, however, display the neurologic manifestations seen in patients. This may be explained by conservation of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in the central nervous system of the bat.
Event-related potential studies of cerebral specialization during reading: II. Studies of congenitally deaf adults☆

Abstract We investigated inter- and intrahemispheric specialization in congenitally deaf adults during a word reading task. The results were compared with those obtained from a group of normally hearing subjects in a paradigm which we have shown produces reliable behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) evidence of cerebral specialization (Neville, Kutas, and Schmidt (Brain and Language, 16, 300–315 (1982)). The deaf subjects (Ss) were as accurate as the hearing Ss in identifying the words; however, they did not display visual field asymmetries. Deaf Ss' ERPs recorded over posterior brain regions were similar in morphology to ERPs from hearing Ss but were different in lateral distribution. At the temporal and frontal regions ERPs from deaf Ss differed from those of hearing Ss in both morphology and lateral distribution. In particular, the negative (410 msec)-positive shift prominent in the left hemisphere of hearing Ss was not evident in deaf Ss. Testable hypotheses concerning the factors which may have determined the different pattern of cerebral organization in the deaf Ss are discussed.
Structural and functional dissection of Sec62p, a membrane-bound component of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum protein import machinery.

Abstract SEC62 is required for the import of secretory protein precursors into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of SEC62 predicts a 32-kDa polypeptide with two potential membrane-spanning segments. Two antisera directed against different portions of the SEC62 coding region specifically detected a 30-kDa polypeptide in cell extracts. A combination of subcellular fractionation, detergent and alkali extraction, and indirect immunofluorescence studies indicated that Sec62p is intimately associated with the ER membrane. Protease digestion of intact microsomes and analysis of the oligosaccharide content of a set of Sec62p-invertase hybrid proteins suggested that Sec62p spans the ER membrane twice, displaying hydrophilic amino- and carboxy-terminal domains towards the cytosol. Sec62p-invertase hybrid proteins that lack the Sec62p C terminus failed to complement the sec62-l mutation and dramatically inhibited the growth of sec62-l cells at a normally permissive temperature. The inhibitory action of toxic Sec62p-invertase hybrids was partially counteracted by the overexpression of Sec63p. Taken together, these data suggest that the C-terminal domain of Sec62p performs an essential function and that the N-terminal domain associates with other components of the translocation machinery, including Sec63p.
Squamosal Suture Craniosynostosis Due to Hyperthyroidism Caused by an Activating Thyrotropin Receptor Mutation (T632I).

Background: Congenital hyperthyroidism can be a cause of failure to thrive, hyperactivity, developmental delay, and craniosynostosis during infancy. Most commonly, the condition occurs in the setting of maternal autoimmune thyroid disease. Rarely, congenital hyperthyroidism can also occur secondary to activating mutations within the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. Patient Findings: A Hispanic male infant presented at age 6 months with severe thyrotoxicosis. At the time of presentation he was being evaluated for squamosal suture synostosis and he was noted to have significant developmental delays. Summary: The patient's thyrotoxicosis was initially treated with antithyroid medication, and he subsequently underwent craniosynostosis repair leading to neurodevelopmental improvement. DNA from the patient and his parents was submitted for mutational analysis of exons 9 and 10 of the TSH receptor. He was found to carry a monoallelic transition 1895C>T in exon 10 that resulted in the substitution of threonine at posi...
Verification by approximate forward and backward reachability

Approximate reachability techniques trade off accuracy for the capacity to deal with bigger designs. In this paper, we extend the idea of approximations using overlapping projections to symbolic backward reachability. This is combined with a previous method of computing overapproximate forward reachable state sets using overlapping projections. The algorithm computes a superset of the set of states that lie on a path from the initial state to a state that violates a specified invariant property. If this set is empty, there is no possibility of violating the invariant. If this set is non-empty, it may be possible to prove the existence of such a path by searching for a counter-example. A simple heuristic is given, which seems to work well in practice, for generating a counter-example path from this approximation. We evaluate these new algorithms by applying them to several control modules from the I/O unit in the Stanford FLASH Multiprocessor.
Scattering of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves by two adhering elastic wedges

Abstract The method of Sommerfeld integrals is used to study propagation of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves in a system of two bonded solid wedges with a common vertex. Numerical results are obtained for configurations with a wide range of angles of steel and aluminum wedges.
Prolactin receptor expression by lymphoid tissues in normal and immunized rats

Prolactin receptor (PRLr) expression and distribution in thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes from young adult Lewis rats are analyzed using single-color flow cytometry and a well-characterized monoclonal antibody directed against the rat liver PRLr. The in vivo effects of regional immunization on PRLr expression are also examined. PRLr is found to be widely distributed among cells of the immune system and demonstrates lymphoid tissue-specific patterns of expression. Footpad immunization caused the rapid, but transient, induction of PRLr expression in the draining lymph node, with only modest effects on PRLr expression in other distant lymphoid tissues. These studies indicate that PRL may be capable of direct interaction with the immune system through differential expression of the PRL cell surface receptor on select lymphoid target cell populations.
Algae, bacteria, and yeasts as food or feed

The use of algae, bacteria, and yeasts as food for man or feed for animals has been the subject of considerable discussion in both the scientific and technological literature and in the popular press in recent years. This interest has arisen largely as a result of the need for additional food supplies in chronic food‐shortage areas of the world and for food for life‐support of astronauts on extended space missions. We direct out attention here to the most recent literature and attempt to analyze the current status of the use of these microorganisms for either food or feed with projections to possible applications in the future.
On the accuracy of shape sensitivity

The calculation of sensitivity of the response of a structure modeled by finite elements to shape variation is known to be subject to numerical difficulties. The accuracy of a given method is typically measured against the yard stick of finite-difference sensitivity calculation. The present paper demonstrates with a simple example that this approach may be flawed because of discretization errors associated with the finite element mesh. Seven methods for calculating sensitivity derivatives are compared for a two-material beam problem with a moving interface. It is found that as the mesh is refined, displacement sensitivity derivatives converge more slowly than the displacements. Six of the methods agree fairly well, but the adjoint variational surface method provides substantially different results. However, the difference is found to reflect convergence from another direction to the same answer rather than reduced accuracy. Additionally, it is observed that small derivatives are particularly prone to accuracy problems.
The Quantum Workings of the Rotating 64-Grid Genetic Code

In this article, the pattern learned from the classic or conventional rotating circular genetic code is transferred to a 64-grid model. In this non-static representation, the codons for the same amino acid within each quadrant could be exchanged, wobbling or rotating in a quantic way similar to the electrons within an atomic orbit. Represented in this 64-grid format are the three rules of variation encompassing 4, 2, or 1 quadrant, respectively: 1) same position in four quadrants for the essential hydrophobic amino acids that have U at the center, 2) same or contiguous position for the same or related amino acids in two quadrants, and 3) equivalent amino acids within one quadrant. Also represented is the mathematical balance of the odd and even codons, and the most used codons per amino acid in humans compared to one diametrically opposed organism: the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a comparison that depicts the difference in third nucleotide preferences: a C/U exchange for 11 amino acids, a G/A exchange for 2 amino acids, and G/U or C/A exchanges for one amino acid, respectively; by studying these codon usage preferences per amino acid we present our two hypotheses: 1) A slower translation in vertebrates and 2) a faster translation in invertebrates, possibly due to the aqueous environments where they live. These codon usage preferences may also be able to determine genomic compatibility by comparing individual mRNAs and their functional third dimensional structure, transport and translation within cells and organisms. These observations are aimed to the design of bioinformatics computational tools to compare human genomes and to determine the exchange between compatible codons and amino acids, to preserve and/or to bring back extinct biodiversity, and for the early detection of incompatible changes that lead to genetic diseases. Erratum 1) Abstract, page 728, the statement: "a G/A exchange for 2 amino acids, and G/U or C/A exchanges for one amino acid" should be "a G/A and a G/U exchange for 2 amino acids, respectively, and a C/A exchange for one amino acid". 2) Page 736, first paragraph of right column, after Figure 7, it says: "two times the replacement has been G/A, while one time C/A and one time G/U, while five amino acids, as described in the image" It should say: "two times the replacement has been G/U and also two times G/A, and one time the replacement has been C/A, while four amino acids, and the stop codon, as described in the image". 3) Figure 8, in page 737, should be replaced with the next one: http://www.webcitation.org/66G6Cbuz6 , as it appears at PubMed Central: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3271378/figure/F8
Studies on the mode of action of calciferol XXV. 1?,25-dihydroxy-5,6--vitamin D3, the 5e-isomer of 1?,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Abstract A structural analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 has been examined for biological activity and its ability to interact with the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 receptor system from chick intestine. This steroid, 1α,25-dihydroxy-5, 6- trans -vitamin D 3 , is the 5E-isomer of the parent molecule which differs from that molecule only in the position of the exocyclic C-19 methylene group. This new compound allows for the first direct assessment of the relative contribution of this A-ring substituent to ligand-receptor interaction and biological activity. This analog was found to be 6–12% as biologically active as the parent hormone and 13% as effective in binding to the intestinal receptor.
Frequency-Specific Hearing Outcomes in Pediatric Type I Tympanoplasty

Importance Middle ear disease is the primary cause of hearing loss in children and has a significant impact on language development and academic performance. Multiple prognostic factors have previously been examined, but there is little published data regarding frequency-specific hearing outcomes. Objective To examine the relationship between type I tympanoplasty in a pediatric population and frequency-specific hearing changes, as well as the relationship between several prognostic factors and graft retention. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective medical chart review (February 2006 to October 2011) of 492 consecutive pediatric otolaryngology patients undergoing type I tympanoplasty for tympanic membrane (TM) perforation of any etiology at a tertiary-care pediatric otolaryngology practice. Interventions Type I tympanoplasty. Main Outcomes and Measures Preoperative and postoperative audiometric data were collected for patients undergoing successful TM repair. It was hypothesized before data collection that conductive hearing would improve at all frequencies with no significant change in sensorineural hearing. Data collected included air conduction at 250 to 8000 Hz, speech reception thresholds, bone conduction at 500 to 4000 Hz, and air-bone gap at 500 to 4000 Hz. Demographic data obtained included sex, age, size, mechanism, location of perforation, and operative repair technique. Results Of 492 patients, 320 were excluded; results were thus examined for 172 patients. Surgery was successful for 73.8% of patients. Perforation size was significantly associated with repair success (mean [SD] surgical success rate of 38.6% [15.3%] vs surgical failure rate of 31.4% [15.0%]; P P > .05) and repair technique (medial [73.08%] vs lateral [76.47%] graft success; P > .99) were not. Air conduction significantly improved from 250 to 2000 Hz ( P P = .08), and there was a nonsignificant decline at 8000 Hz ( P = .12). Speech reception threshold significantly improved (20 vs 15 dB; P Conclusions and Relevance This large review found an association of TM perforation size with surgical success and an improvement in speech reception threshold, air conduction at 250 to 2000 Hz, air-bone gap at 500 to 2000 Hz, and worsening bone conduction at 4000 Hz. Patients with high-frequency hearing loss due to TM perforation should not anticipate significant recovery from type I tympanoplasty. Hearing loss at higher frequencies may require postoperative hearing rehabilitation.
A novel framework for distributed detection with dependent observations

In this paper, we present a unifying framework for distributed detection with dependent or independent observations. This novel framework utilizes an expanded hierarchical model by introducing a hidden variable. Facilitated by this new framework, we identify several classes of distributed detection problems with conditionally dependent observations whose optimal sensor signaling structure resembles that of the independent case. These classes of problems exhibit a decoupling effect on the form of the optimal local decision rules, much in the same way as the conditionally independent case using both the Bayesian and the Neyman-Pearson criteria.
FORMULATION OF THE SCATTERING FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF THE UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS OF THE INHOMOGENEOUS LORENTZ GROUP

A group-theoretical basis of the axiomatic $S$-matrix theory is presented. The unitarity condition is taken as the scalar product of the scattering functions which then are shown to transform according to the unitary representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group. The general transformation property of the invariant scattering functions is given which allows one, in principle, to write down these functions for arbitrary processes.
Management of the adnexal mass in the year 2000.

ing the laparoscopic management of the adnexal mass appeared more than a decade ago, there still remains some controversy about this subject. While it has been demonstrated that laparoscopic management affords women the benefits of short hospital stay, quick recovery and a low risk of complications, concern regarding inadvertent management of ovarian cancer appropriately persists. However, nearly all of the principles of appropriate management remain as originally delineated. Most women with simple cystic adnexal masses do not require any surgery. Certainly, most premenopausal women have benign functional cysts that will resolve, or at least begin to resolve, spontaneously within 8 weeks. The possibility of a hemorrhagic cyst or a corpus luteum cyst with a non-simple sonographic appearance should be considered. Careful observation of these masses is probably under-utilized. In addition, recent evaluations of the feasibility of using ultrasound for ovarian cancer screening have demonstrated that many postmenopausal women also have benign cystic masses that resolve over time, or persist unchanged. Operative management may not be necessary in these women as well. Careful patient selection remains the most important factor in appropriate laparoscopic management. Transvaginal ultrasound evaluation, with the findings of thick septations, solid parts or papillary excrescences, ascites or matted bowel should preclude laparoscopic management. Measuring the CA 125 level is important in postmenopausal women, where elevated levels in the presence of a pelvic mass predict cancer 80% of the time. However, it is not useful in premenopausal women, where the false-positive rates approach 85%. It should also be noted that 50% of all
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides: Construction of a Dodecasaccharide.

Complicated oligosaccharides such as dodecasaccharide 1 can be constructed by a new solid-phase strategy. The attachment to the polymeric support (gray sphere) is through a photolabile linker (structure I), and thioglycosides serve as carbohydrate donors. Bn=benzyl, Bz=benzoyl.
Reclamation of wastes contaminated by copper, lead, and zinc

Waste materials containing toxic levels of copper, lead, and zinc, such as mine and smelter wastes, present difficult conditions for the establishment of vegetation. This article reviews the many attempts which have been made to reclaim these wastes. Inert wastes from mining and quarrying operations, such as slate quarry waste and certain colliery shales, seem to be good materials for reclaiming wastes contaminated by copper, lead, and zinc. Organic wastes, such as sewage sludge and domestic refuse, may provide only a temporary visual improvement and stabilization of the toxic materials. Nontolerant plant materials may often be planted directly on modern waste materials, which are less toxic than they were in the past. However, tolerant plant materials are needed for revegetating waste materials produced by early and more primitive extraction methods.
Effects of chloramphenicol on the transcriptional activities of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli.

Treatment of the bacterium Escherichia coli with the antibiotic chloramphenicol results in accumulation of stable RNA in excess of total protein. This condition is exploited in order to study the relationships between ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein gene expression. The results indicate that at low concentrations of chloramphenicol RNA accumulation is stimulated slightly and protein synthesis remains virtually unaffected. The syntheses of individual ribosomal proteins are co-ordinately stimulated so that the balance between rRNA and ribosomal protein production is maintained. At higher drug concentrations protein synthesis is inhibited; with increasing levels of inhibition, ribosomal protein synthesis represents an increasingly greater fraction of the residual protein synthesized but individual ribosomal proteins are produced in non-co-ordinate amounts. It is further shown that chloramphenicol treatment results in accumulation of ribosomal protein messenger RNA; this means that the synthesis of ribosomal protein mRNA is insensitive to the drug. The amount of ribosomal protein mRNA that accumulates is related to the degree of disparity between RNA and protein accumulation. At chloramphenicol concentration above 1·0 μg/ml, 1·5 to 2·0% of the total cellular RNA is ribosomal protein mRNA.
Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain, and offspring adiposity: the exploring perinatal outcomes among children study.

Objective To determine whether adequate vs excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) attenuated the association between maternal obesity and offspring outcomes. Study design Data from 313 mother-child pairs participating in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children study were used to test this hypothesis. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight measures throughout pregnancy were abstracted from electronic medical records. GWG was categorized according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine criteria as adequate or excessive. Offspring outcomes were obtained at a research visit (average age 10.4 years) and included BMI, waist circumference (WC), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Results More overweight/obese mothers exceeded the Institute of Medicine GWG recommendations (68%) compared with normal-weight women (50%) ( P 2 ], WC [69.23 vs 62.83 cm], SAT [149.30 vs 90.47 cm 2 ], visceral adipose tissue [24.11 vs 17.55 cm 2 ], and homeostatic model assessment [52.52 vs 36.69], all P P Conclusion Our findings lend support for pregnancy interventions aiming at controlling GWG to prevent childhood obesity.
1.6.1 Systematic Course Design at The Aerospace Institute

A new course design methodology has been created to aid instructors at The Aerospace Institute, the education and training division of The Aerospace Corporation. This methodology's heritage is an approach described in “The New Professor's Handbook” by Dr. Cliff Davidson and Dr. Susan Ambrose that compares planning a course with planning a research project.1 For The Aerospace Institute this analogy has been modified to an analogy between course design and systems engineering, which is a concept very familiar to its instructors. This paper walks through this methodology and offers suggestions for implementation that should be useful in a variety of educational environments. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts.
Long-term dynamics of chromosomal instability in cancer: A transition probability model

A stochastic model of chromosomal instability has been previously developed which has included one adjustable parameter-the probability of a segregation error. Using computer simulations, we have previously analyzed this model and were able to reproduce a short-term dynamics of chromosome copy number distributions in clones of cancer cells. In a short run, segregation errors provide a continuous production of deviant cells with increasing variation of cell karyotypes, which depends upon the rate of segregation errors. In the long-term observations, many tumors and cancer cell lines have been observed to maintain a stable, although abnormal, distribution of chromosome number for hundreds of cell generations. This phenomenon of ''stability within instability'' presents an interesting paradox, which could be addressed mathematically. However, this would require modeling of long term growth of tumor cell clones for hundreds of generations, which has far exceeded capabilities of modern computer systems. In this study, we have analyzed asymptotic behavior of our model using a semianalytical approach. A transition probability matrix was derived analytically and implemented in a recursive algorithm for computational experiments. Using this transition probability model, the expected frequencies of chromosome copy number have been calculated under various initial and boundary conditions. We have also tested several alternative models, which describe various mechanisms of errors in segregation of chromosomes, and found conditions for stabilization of distribution of chromosomes copy numbers over a large number of cell generations. Stable clonal frequencies were estimated which are independent of initial conditions, i.e., chromosome copy numbers in the initiator cells. These stable distributions were, however, dependent on the model assumptions regarding particular mechanism of errors in segregation of chromosomes. Thus, our modeling results have suggested a possible connection between the form of stable distribution of chromosome numbers in tumors and the underlying mechanism of errors in segregation of chromosomes. This new analytical approach allows us to overcome technical impairments and limitations of computer simulation, and, for the first time, provides mathematical insight into long-term evolution of chromosome numerical changes in human tumors.
Multiple integral expansions for nonlinear filtering

Abstract : In their seminal paper, Fujisaki, Kallianpur and Kunita showed how the best least squares estimate of a signal contained in additive white noise can be represented as a stochastic integral with respect to innovation process, the integral being adapted to the observation process. The difficulty with this representation is that in general this estimate is not useful for computing the estimate since the innovations process depends on the estimate of the signal itself. In this paper we discuss representation of the estimate directly in terms of the observation process. In doing so, we derive new results on multiple integral expansions for square-integrable functionals of the observation process and show the connection of this work to the theory of contraction operators on Fock space. This letter development is due to Nelson and Segal. We also present several applications of these results to determining sub-optimal filters. (Author)
Relationship between methylation status and expression of an epstein-barr virus (EBV) capsid antigen gene

Abstract The methylation status of the 160 kD viral capsid antigen ( VCA ) gene promoter was determined by hybridization analysis. The semi-permissive marmoset cell line FF41-1 lacked cytosine methylation in approximately three quarters of the VCA promoter CpG dinucleotide residues. In the stringently infected HH514CL16 cell line the same CpG residues were methylated in three quarters of the genomes. 5′deoxy-5′-S-isobutyladenosine (SIBA), a DNA methylase inhibitor, was utilized to disrupt the EBV latent state. As determined by flow cytometry, SIBA treatment significantly increased expression of VCA. The VCA promoter was hypomethylated in VCA-positive FF41-1 cells sorted by flow cytometry. While hypomethylation alone was not sufficient for VCA transcriptional activity, the absence of methylation of VCA promoter CpG dinucleotide residues was associated with expression of VCA.
The minister as pastor and person

The image of the clown as developed by Faber to illustrate the role of the hospital chaplain as a deepening and unifying force in that setting is utilized to elucidate the role and needs of ministers as they function as significant professionals in the community. As such, they are both pastors and persons. As pastors, they are also symbols to others representing a reality larger than merely their own personhood. Nevertheless, for the most effective work, the development of the person as person is a prerequisite. Their increasing competence can be secured only through the supervision of their pastoral work by another highly trained, skilled and sensitive practitioner.