cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin of Discrete Optical Absorption Spectra of M25(SH)18− Nanoparticles (M = Au, Ag)

Time-dependent density functional theory calculations at the SAOP/TZP level of theory are employed to study the optical absorption spectra of pure metal nanoparticles (Au25(SH)18− and Ag25(SH)18−) and mixed metal “core-shell” systems (Au13Ag12(SH)18− and Ag13Au12(SH)18−). All four systems exhibit discrete absorption spectra. The splitting between the LUMO and LUMO+1 and between the HOMO and HOMO−1 varies markedly with the metal used in the core and in the oligomeric thiolate ligands. The optical absorption spectra are not separable into core and ligand contributions; geometric and electronic interactions between the two fragments are responsible for complex absorption spectra.
Lattice orientation effects on void growth and coalescence in fcc single crystals

Abstract Void growth and coalescence in fcc single crystals were studied using crystal plasticity under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions and various orientations of the crystalline lattice. A 2D plane strain unit cell with one and two cylindrical voids was employed using three-dimensional 12 potentially active slip systems. The results were compared to five representative orientations of the tensile axis on the stereographic triangle. For uniaxial tension conditions, the void volume fraction increase under the applied load is strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation with respect to the tensile axis. For some orientations of the tensile axis, such as [1 0 0] or [1 1 0], the voids exhibited a growth rate twice as fast compared with other orientations ([1 0 0], [2 1 1]). Void growth and coalescence simulations under uniaxial loading indicated that during deformation along some orientations with asymmetry of the slip systems, the voids experienced rotation and shape distortion, due mainly to lattice reorientation. Coalescence effects are shown to diminish the influence of lattice orientation on the void volume fraction increase, but noteworthy differences are still present. Under biaxial loading conditions, practically all differences in the void volume fraction for different orientations of the tensile axes during void growth vanish. These results lead to the conclusion that at microstructural length scales in regions under intense biaxiality/triaxiality conditions, such as crack tip or notched regions, the plastic anisotropy due to the initial lattice orientation has only a minor role in influencing the void growth rate. In such situations, void growth and coalescence are mainly determined by the stress triaxiality, the magnitude of accumulated strain, and the spatial localization of such plastic strains.
Improved analytical model of the transverse coupling impedance of ferrite kicker magnets

A transformer model of ferrite kicker magnets is presented in this paper. Based on this model, an equivalent circuit is derived for which the elements can be obtained by bench measurements or by estimates from the magnet geometry. Improved formulas for the transverse coupling impedance of lumped and traveling wave kicker magnets are derived from the model and the equivalent circuit. The formulas differ from the corresponding handbook results in their dependence on the external termination or aperture aspect, respectively. The effect of ferrite properties on the transverse coupling impedance is analyzed. The model was confirmed by bench measurements with the twin-wire technique made on the full-size and half-size prototypes of the extraction kicker of the SNS accumulator ring. The application of this model to the design of the kickers allowed a significant reduction of the SNS transverse coupling impedance budget.
A one-pot alkylation of aromatic aldehydes

Abstract The addition of aromatic aldehydes to lithium N-methylpiperazide in benzene gave α-amino alkoxides which were ortho-lithiated with excess n -butyllithium. Subsequent alkylation and hydrolysis provided ortho-substituted aromatic aldehydes via a one-pot reaction.
The role and clinical significance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in unipolar major depressive disorder

Analyses conducted in 10,526 community respondents investigated by the NIMH Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Program, revealed the 1-month point prevalence of depressive symptoms and disorders in the general population, at the first ECA interview (Wave 1) to be 10%, as follows: 2.3% major depressive disorder (MDD); 2.3% dysthmic disorder (DD); 1.5% minor depressive disorder (MinD); and 3.9% subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD, defined as two or more depressive symptoms beneath the diagnostic threshold of MinD, DD or MDD). There appears to be two classes of SSD in this community sample: first, SSD, which occurred as an integral component of the course of unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD); and, second, SSD occurring spontaneously in non-unipolar depressed community subjects. In the first instance, SSD was frequently prodromal to episodes of MinD or MDD or residual to resolving episodes. Analyses also support the conclusion that SSD is a clinically significant, interepisode, depressive subtype of unipolar MDD, since SDD is associated with harmful dysfunction in five of six measures of adverse outcome, has a significantly increased prevalence of past histories of major depressive episodes, and an elevated lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts. Comparison of subsyndromal depressive symptomatology or depressive disorder diagnoses at Wave 1 with diagnoses obtained, 1 year later, at the Wave 2 interview, confirm the persistent and chronic nature of depression in this large representative sample of community respondents, in which 71% of subjects with depressive symptoms or disorders at Wave 1 continued to be symptomatic at Wave 2. In addition, subjects experienced a surprising degree of change in depressive symptom and disorder diagnoses during the 1-year observational window between Wave 1 and Wave 2, in which a remarkable percentage of individuals, who began the year in a depressive symptom or disorder diagnostic category, ended the year in another. This has led us to hypothesize that the typical clinical picture of unipolar MDD is dynamic and pleomorphic in nature, characterized by substantial symptomatic fluidity, in which patients frequently change diagnoses from one depressive subtype to another during their courses of illness.
Increased prevalence of atrial septal aneurysm in mitral valve prolapse.

Abstract An aneurysm of the atrial septum is a localized outpouching caused by weakening and thinning of the septal connective tissue. It has been identified at necropsy, 1 but is predominantly diagnosed by echocardiography. 2–12 Several previous uncontrolled studies have suggested an association between atrial septal aneurysms (ASA) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP). 2–11 The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ASA in patients with MVP and to compare this to an age- and sex-matched control group without MVP. We also determined the relation between ASA and other characteristics of MVP.
Spatially resolved shear distribution in microfluidic chip for studying force transduction mechanisms in cells.

Fluid shear stress has profound effects on cell physiology. Here we present a versatile microfluidic method capable of generating variable magnitudes, gradients, and different modes of shear flow, to study sensory and force transduction mechanisms in cells. The chip allows cell culture under spatially resolved shear flow conditions as well as study of cell response to shear flow in real-time. Using this chip, we studied the effects of chronic shear stress on cellular functions of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK), renal epithelial cells. We show that shear stress causes reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, which suppresses flow-induced Ca2+ response.
Etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: psychoimmunoneurendocrine dysfunction (PINE syndrome) or just a really bad infection?

Purpose To review the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).
Metabolism of SO2 binding compounds by Oenococcus oeni during and after malolactic fermentation in white wine

Sulfur dioxide SO₂ is the key additive for the preservation of wines. Carbonyl and keto compounds in wine can bind to SO₂ and decrease its efficacy, resulting in higher total SO₂ requirements. Increased consumer demand for low sulfite and organic wines pose production challenges if SO₂ binders have not been properly managed during vinification. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) has been known to reduce bound SO₂ levels but detailed time course studies are not available. In this work, the kinetics of major SO₂ binding compounds and malic acid were followed during MLF in wine with 12 commercially available strains of Oenococcus oeni. Pyruvic acid, acetaldehyde and α-ketoglutaric acid were degraded to various degrees by O. oeni, but galacturonic acid was not. At the time of malic acid depletion, percent degradation of pyruvate, α-ketoglutaric acid and acetaldehyde was 49%, 14% and 30%, respectively. During MLF, the decrease in average bound SO₂ levels, as calculated from carbonyl metabolism, was 22%. The largest reduction in wine carbonyl content occurred in the week after completion of MLF and was 53% (107 mg/L to 34 mg/L) calculated as bound SO₂. Prolonged activity of bacteria in the wines (up to 3 weeks post malic acid depletion) resulted only in reduced additional reductions in bound SO₂ levels. The results suggest that microbiological wine stabilization one week after malic acid depletion is an effective strategy for maximum removal of SO₂ binders while reducing the risk of possible post-ML spoilage by O. oeni leading to the production acetic acid and biogenic amines.
Epoxidized soybean oil-based ceramer coatings

New inorganic/organic hybrid coating containing epoxidized soybean oil were prepared. Three sol-gel precursors [titanium (IV) i-propoxide, titanium (IV) di-i-propoxide bis-acetoacetonate, and zirconium n-propoxide] were utilized as the inorganic phase. Various coating properties, including adhesion, hardness, impact resistance, flexibility and tensile properties, were investigated as a function of sol-gel precursor type and concentration. All ceramer coatings exhibited excellent flexibility and hardness. Tensile strength and hardness increased with sol-gel precursor concentration. A slight decrease in adhesion and impact resistance was observed with increasing precursor content.
One speed black sphere problem: Some benchmark results

Abstract Benchmark numerical results for the black sphere problem (one speed, isotropic scattering) are reported by extending some previous computations on the relevant integral transport equation [Loyalka, S.K., 1975. A numerical method for solving integral equations of neutron transport. Nuclear Science and Engineering 56, 317–319]. Spheres of radii (non-dimensionalized in terms of a mean free path) in the range 10−6–106 are considered, and a transformation of the range from (R, ∞) to (0, 1), is used together with successively high order quadratures, and high precision in all computations. Two different quadrature sets (Gauss–Legendre and Gauss–Kronrod) are explored and convergent and accurate numerical results for the extrapolation distance as well as the density profile are obtained.
Widespread episodes of stream erosion during the Holocene and their climatic cause

Quaternary fill-terrace sediments along a 6-km reach of the Pomme de Terre River in south-central Missouri (38°06′ N, 93°26′ W) have yielded abundant vertebrate fossils, pollen, and archaeological remains1. Numerous radiocarbon dates have also been obtained. When these are combined with stratigraphic results (described by Haynes and myself), an ‘alluvial chronology’ of floodplain depositional history can be constructed. The Holocene portion of this chronology is summarised here and compared with other dated alluvial and proxy-climatic sequences from the northern mid-latitudes. From such a comparison, considerable insight may be gained into the operation of synoptic climatological controls over fluvial sedimentation and erosion.
Sexual differences in mortality and sublethal stress in channel catfish following a 10 week exposure to copper sulfate

Abstract Copper sulfate is regularly used in the aquaculture industry as an algicide and for the treatment of various ectoparasitic infections. In this study, male and female channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) (100 fish per group) were treated for 10 weeks with three levels of copper sulfate, giving water concentrations of 220, 354, and 465 μg Cu 1 −1 . Six fish were sampled at 2-week intervals and copper levels in muscle and hepatic tissue were measured. No copper accumulation was detected in muscle tissue during the exposure period, but hepatic accumulation began to occur within the first 2 weeks of treatment, with a peak at 4–6 weeks and subsequent decrease before the end of exposure. No mortality was seen in controls or at 220 mg Cu 1 −1 . However, lethality was seen within the first week in the 354 and 465 μg Cu 1 −1 exposures, with males being more susceptible than females. Metallothionein (MT) levels showed an increasing trend through the 6-week time point, followed by a general decrease toward control levels for the remainder of the exposure. The pattern of hepatic MT content was similar to that of hepatic copper accumulation, with a correlation coefficient ( r ) of 0.767 ( P ≤ 0.001). Measures of whole-body weight, body length, liver weight, liver somatic index, and condition factor were recorded as indicators of sublethal stress. No substantial change was seen in any of these measures in females; however, a decreasing tendency was seen in males for body weight, body length, and condition factor. However, correlation analysis of hepatic copper with somatic measures showed a significant relationships in both sexes. When hepatic MT was compared to somatic indices, significant correlations were observed in males, but not females. The results of this study indicate an association between MT expression and sublethal stress in males as well as a potential protective mechanism other than MT in prespawn female channel catfish exposed to copper.
A virion-associated glycoprotein essential for infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1.

Abstract A temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), tsJ12, is able to undergo one cycle of replication at the nonpermissive temperature (39°) yielding wild-type quantities of enveloped virus particles. These particles contain viral DNA which is as infectious as wild-type viral DNA; however, they are not infectious. Analysis of [ 14 C]glucosamine-labeled mutant-infected cell extracts by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that at 39° tsJ12 fails to induce the synthesis of both the mature gB glycoprotein and its dimeric form which are normal constituents of the virion envelope. Polyethylene glycol, an agent which promotes membrane fusion, enhances the infectivity of tsJ12 virions by greater than 1000-fold following adsorption of virus to susceptible cells demonstrating that mutant virions are able to attach to cells but not penetrate. Consistent with a defect in the virion envelope, tsJ12 is able to interfere with the production of infectious wild-type virus, presumably by the formation of pseudotypic virions composed of wild-type viral genomes in gB-deficient envelopes. Physical mapping of the is defect in this mutant demonstrates that it lies within the limits of the DNA sequence which specifies gB on the physical map of the genome. A ts + revertant of tsJ12 is as infectious as wild-type virus and synthesizes a gB glycoprotein which is indistinguishable from that of wild-type virus. Thus, biological and biochemical studies of tsJ12 and of a ts+ revertant of this mutant (1) demonstrate that glycoprotein gB is essential for infectivity at the level of penetration and (2) further define the physical map location of the gene for this glycoprotein.
Debunking some common myths about airport hubs

Abstract Much of the passenger air transportation market is served through hub-and-spoke operations with traffic being funneled through a number of major airports. This system has come under attack as protective of the airlines that center their operations on large hubs and is often as result, seen as not serving the public interest. This paper looks at some of the arguments that have been laid against the hub-and-spoke system. It does not offer a balanced perspective in that there are many problems with the system that are not touched upon here, but rather it seeks to question some of the economic logic that has been used to attack the hub-and-spoke structure. While the issues extend to many air transportation markets, the focus here is primarily on the US domestic situation. Prologue The impacts of the events of September 11, combined with the move into economic recession in the US that was already underway at that time, have led to serious financial difficulties for many of the World's airlines. Some, such as Midway in the US, immediately sought bankruptcy protection whilst others, such as Sabena and Swissair in Europe, took a little longer to fade away. Most of those that remain, despite combinations of financial assistance, have been struggling in the current economic climate. The subject addressed here is not directly concerned with this issue, although there are important overlapping longer-term linkages. Rather it looks at the structure of the airline networks that dominate the provision of air services. These structures still remain, although there are inevitable changes occurring. This paper was initially drafted prior to the recent changes that have taken place in air transportation markets. It retains much of the original material that was presented at the Amsterdam meeting, with some minor up-dating. The theme may seem less important now than at the time of the meeting, but this, I would argue, is perhaps a premature view. The combination of derived demand, relatively easy market entry, lumpiness in investments, etc., have resulted over time in dramatic changes in the fortunes of the sector and individual actors in it. There are, though, a number of recurring themes that pose interesting questions for the applied economist and one of these is the nature of efficient networks.
Identification of an additional neutralization determinant of equine arteritis virus

We recently established an in vitro model of equine arteritis virus (EAV) persistence in HeLa cells. The objective of this study was to determine whether viral variants with novel neutralization phenotypes emerged during persistent EAV infection of HeLa cells, as occurs during viral persistence in carrier stallions. Viruses recovered from persistently infected HeLa cells had different neutralization phenotypes than the virus in the original inoculum, as determined by neutralization assays using EAV-specific monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal equine antisera raised against different strains of EAV. Comparative sequence analyses of the entire structural protein genes (ORFs 2a, 2b, and 3-7) of these viruses, coupled with construction of chimeric viruses utilizing an infectious cDNA clone of EAV, confirmed that the alterations in neutralization phenotype were caused by amino acid changes in the GP5 protein encoded by ORF5. Site-directed mutagenesis studies unequivocally confirmed that amino acid 98 in the GP5 protein was responsible for the altered neutralization phenotype of these viruses. Amino acid 98 in the GP5 protein, which has not previously been identified as a neutralization determinant of EAV, should be included in an expanded neutralization site D (amino acids 98-106).
Disorganized wound healing in fibrinogen-deficient mice

The dramatic conversion of blood from liquid to solid focused attention for decades on the role of fibrinogen in clot formation. But the cellular interactions of fibrinogen, fibrin, and their many proteolytic derivatives are critical in many physiologic and pathologic procedures. For example, most
Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes in Suspended Particles and Colloids, Chesapeake and San Francisco Estuaries, U.S.A.

Abstract Chesapeake and San Francisco Bays, U.S.A., are both river dominated, temperate estuaries. The organic carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of the suspended particles (≥0·4 μm), however, show major differences for nitrogen and minor differences for carbon. In northern San Francisco Bay, the carbon isotope values averaged −26·2±0·2‰ δ13C for suspended particles, and for Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River, the average was −24·3±3·2‰. The nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) of suspended particles in northern San Francisco Bay in late summer were +0·9±0·4‰, probably reflecting a nitrogen component from agricultural runoff. The values for Chesapeake Bay, and its subestuary, the Potomac River averaged +7·7±3·1‰, with the highest values occurring during summer when the primary source of nitrogen originated from remineralized organic material. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values for colloids (≤0·4 μm) were 8·2±1·7 for nitrogen and −26·0±1·6 for carbon (n=17) throughout both estuaries and the Potomac river. Ultrafiltrates, collected after filtration and ultrafiltration, had δ15N values of +7·3±0·3 and δ13C values of −24·5±1·7. The similarity of isotopic values between suspended particles and colloids in winter samples suggested that these colloids were formed by desorption or dissociation from resuspended sediments and soils. Summer colloids in San Francisco Bay were uniformly heavier by 7‰ than suspended particles suggesting that the lighter isotope was selectively utilized by heterotrophs, leaving an isotopically heavy colloid residual.
The “effective” penetration depth of backscattered electrons associated with electron channeling patterns (ECPs)

Abstract A simple method was used to determine the “effective” penetration depth of backscattered electrons. The technique was to examine electron channeling patterns (ECPs) of Si〈100〉 single crystals, covered by different thicknesses of polycrystalline aluminum layers. The “effective” depth was established as a function of electron energy. It was determined that this depth differs from that anticipated by theory but is consistent with other experimental data. Some reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
Implicit and explicit memory for affective passages in temporal lobectomy patients

Eighteen temporal lobectomy patients (9 left, LTL; 9 right, RTL) were administered four verbal tasks, an Affective Implicit Task, a Neutral Implicit Task, an Affective Explicit Task, and a Neutral Explicit Task. For the Affective and Neutral Implicit Tasks, participants were timed while reading aloud passages with affective or neutral content, respectively, as quickly as possible, but not so quickly that they did not understand. A target verbal passage was repeated three times; this target passage was alternated with other previously unread passages, and all passages had the same number of words. The Explicit Affective and Neutral Tasks were administered at the end of testing, and consisted of multiple choice questions regarding passage content. Verbal priming effects in terms of improved reading speed with repetition for the target but not non-target passages were found for patients with both left and right temporal lobectomies. As in the Burton, Rabin et al. [Burton, L., Rabin, L., Vardy, S.B., Frohlich, J., Wyatt, G., Dimitri, D., Constante, S., Guterman, E. (2004). Gender differences in implicit and explicit memory for affective passages. Brain and Cognition, 54(3), 218-224] normative study, there were no interactions between this priming effect and affective/neutral content. For the explicit tasks, items from the repeated passages were remembered better than the unrepeated passages, and there was a trend for information from the affective passages to be remembered better than the neutral passages, similar to the normative pattern. The RTL group did not show the normative pattern of slower reading speed for affective compared to neutral passages that the LTL group showed. Thus, the present findings support the idea that intact right medial temporal structures are important for affective content to influence some aspects of verbal processing.
Novel Genetic and Molecular Tools for the Investigation and Control of Dengue Virus Transmission by Mosquitoes

Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue virus (DENV) throughout the tropical world. This anthropophilic mosquito species needs to be persistently infected with DENV before it can transmit the virus through its saliva to a new vertebrate host. In the mosquito, DENV is confronted with several innate immune pathways, among which RNA interference is considered the most important. The Ae. aegypti genome project opened the doors for advanced molecular studies on pathogen–vector interactions, including genetic manipulation of the vector for basic research and vector control purposes. Thus, Ae. aegypti has become the primary model for studying vector competence for arboviruses at the molecular level. Here, we present recent findings regarding DENV–mosquito interactions, emphasizing how innate immune responses modulate DENV infections in Ae. aegypti. We also describe the latest advancements in genetic manipulation of Ae. aegypti and discuss how this technology can be used to investigate vector transmission of DENV at the molecular level and to control transmission of the virus in the field.
Subcutaneous emphysema as a sign of a Richter's hernia: report of a case.

A perforated Richter's hernia of the femoral canal manifesting as subcutaneous crepitation is reported. This case emphasizes the difficulty of diagnosis of Richter's hernia and the ensuing mortality if treatment is not instituted promptly.
Educating About Diabetes: Conversations on a Social Network Site

Abstract This paper reports on an ethnographic research to explore how adult users of a social network site focused on diabetes educate themselves about living with this condition. From the health education perspective these explorations shed light on the ongoing education in settings other than the clinics and how these settings support, draw from or subvert the traditional forms of diabetes education. More generally it adds to the theoretical writings and empirical studies that capture the educative aspects of practice of everyday living.
Harnessing vision for computation.

Might it be possible to harness the visual system to carry out artificial computations, somewhat akin to how DNA has been harnessed to carry out computation? I provide the beginnings of a research programme attempting to do this. In particular, new techniques are described for building ‘visual circuits’ (or ‘visual software’) using wire, NOT, OR, and AND gates in a visual modality such that our visual system acts as ‘visual hardware’ computing the circuit, and generating a resultant perception which is the output.
DWT and DCT embedded watermarking using chaos theory

In this research, a new combination discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based watermarking system is studied. The first embedded watermark is encrypted using a chaos function, specifically the Lorenz function, based key to further conceal the data. A chaos based embedded watermark method in the DCT domain with blind watermark identification is developed and tested. Next the system is modified to utilize a second watermark embedding and identification/detection process. The second uses a pseudo random number generated (PRNG) watermark that is developed with a function of a Lorenz attractor data point as the seed state for the PRNG watermark in the detection process in the DWT domain. The efficacy of the DCT based technique, DWT based method as well as the combined DCT and DWT method is then compared to a previous techniques such as a NN based DWT based watermark embedding and identification. The three studied methods are subjected to a subset of the Checkmark attacks. Results for projection, shearing, warping, linear distortions, and Wiener filtering attacks are shown for the DWT embedded case.
A general Markov model of the HIV epidemic in populations involving both sexual contact and IV drug use

In this paper, we develop a general Markov model for the HIV epidemic involving both sexual contact and IV drug use. For this model, we derive the probability generating function of the HIV epidemic and derive equations for the means, the variances and the covariances of the numbers of susceptible people, latent people, infective people and AIDS cases. By using these equations, we generate some simulation studies to illustrate effects of some risk factors on the mean HIV behavior and on the variances and the covariances of the numbers of latent people, infective people and AIDS cases.
Thermal benefits of clustering during hibernation: a field test of competing hypotheses on Myotis sodalis

Summary 1. Clustering lessens heat loss in euthermic animals by decreasing exposed surface area. However, clustering is also used during heterothermic periods such as hibernation, when heat loss should be minimal because body temperature ( T b ) is near ambient temperature ( T a ). 2. We tested two hypotheses that attempt to explain the thermal benefit of clustering by cave-dwelling bats during hibernation: (i) clustering buffers individuals against fluctuations in T a (‘thermal inertia hypothesis’), and (ii) clustering minimizes heat loss during energetically expensive arousals and subsequent periods of euthermy (‘arousal hypothesis’). 3. We created path models parameterized with data obtained from thermal and digital images of natur ally hibernating Myotis sodalis clusters and temperature-sensitive dataloggers placed near each cluster. 4. Akaike weights ( ω i ) indicate the arousal hypothesis has nearly complete support ( ω i = 0·9999), while the thermal inertia hypothesis has little support ( ω i = 0·0001). As predicted by the arousal hypothesis, mean T a is the strongest predictor of cluster size. Further, after accounting for mean T a , cluster size is negatively related to variation in T a . 5. Our results indicate that most of the thermal benefit of clustering during hibernation is from decreased heat loss during brief euthermic periods. Further, our results predict that clustering may lessen mass loss during hibernation in stable environments, may be minimized during hibernation when there are large fluctuations in the thermal environment, and that the propensity to cluster may be negatively related to body condition.
Automatic path-delay fault test generation for combined resistive vias, resistive bridges, and capacitive crosstalk delay faults

We present a new algorithm to generate path-delay fault tests for combined resistive vias, resistive bridges, and crosstalk capacitive coupling faults. We generate all possible coupling pairs in the circuit, and then we use the resistive bridging fault reduction algorithm to reduce these faults to the important ones. We use a simulation-based sequential automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG) system, with a multiple delay sequential fault simulator, to generate path-delay fault tests. We discuss the analog macromodels used to accurately model these fault effects elsewhere. For defective resistive vias, we obtained a 71 to 93 % path-delay fault coverage on three combinational circuits and 49 to 71 % coverage on four sequential circuits. These are the first reported results for resistive via ATPG. We obtained resistive bridge path-delay fault coverages from 72 to 90 % on three combinational circuits and from 48 to 65 % on four sequential circuits.
A Sequencing Model for Situation Entity Classification

Situation entities (SEs) are the events, states, generic statements, and embedded facts and propositions introduced to a discourse by clauses of text. We report on the first datadriven models for labeling clauses according to the type of SE they introduce. SE classification is important for discourse mode identification and for tracking the temporal progression of a discourse. We show that (a) linguistically-motivated cooccurrence features and grammatical relation information from deep syntactic analysis improve classification accuracy and (b) using a sequencing model provides improvements over assigning labels based on the utterance alone. We report on genre effects which support the analysis of discourse modes having characteristic distributions and sequences of SEs.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF NEPHROTIC SERA AND URINE.

The electrophoretic patterns of the sera and urine of two cases of lipoid nephrosis have been obtained and have been compared with a typical pattern of normal serum. The patterns of the pathological sera deviated widely from the normal, indicating relatively low albumin and high globulin content. The comparison of the patterns of nephrotic sera cleared by centrifugation and by ether extraction shows that a large portion of the s globulin consisted of a labile lipo-protein. The pattern of the nephrotic urine proteins resembled that of normal serum, with, however, significant differences.
Iridium(2+), Triaqua[(1,2,3,4,5‐)‐1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethyl‐2,4‐cyclopentadien‐1‐yl]‐, Sulfate (1:1)

[254734-81-1] C10H21IrO7S (MW 477.5) InChI = 1S/C10H15.Ir.H2O4S.3H2O/c1-6-7(2)9(4)10(5)8(6)3;;1-5(2,3)4;;;/h1-5H3;;(H2,1,2,3,4);3*1H2/q;+3;;;;/p-2 InChIKey = GJRJDFVEUYVULE-UHFFFAOYSA-L (the reagent is an iridium aqua complex used for transfer hydrogenations; simple tripeptides are versatile ligands affording water-soluble catalysts and also accelerate the reduction transformations; moreover, ligation to peptides enables asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions) Alternate Names: [Ir(pentamethylcyclopentadiene)(H2O)3]SO4; [IrCp*(H2O)3]SO4; [(η(5)-C5Me5)Ir(III)(H2O)3]SO4; [Ir(III)(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(H2O)3](SO4); [(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iridium(III)(H2O)3](SO4); [Ir(η5-pentamethylcylopentadienyl)(water)3]SO4; [Ir(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(H2O)3]SO4. Physical Data: yellow, pale yellow, or orange solid.1 Solubility: sol H2O (300 g L−1) at 25 °C.1a,2 Preparative Method: iridium(2+), triaqua[(1,2,3,4,5-)-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl]-, sulfate (1:1) can be prepared by the treatment of pentamethylcycloopentadienyliridium(III) chloride dimer with silver sulfate. The diiridium complex could be synthesized by refluxing iridium chloride and pentamethylcyclopentadiene in methanol (eq 1).1b (1) Alternatively, pentamethylcycloopentadienyliridium(III) chloride dimer may be synthesized by refluxing hexachloroiridium with pentamethylcyclopentadiene in methanol (eq 2)3 or heating [(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)IrH4] in carbon tetrachloride and benzene (eq 3).4 (2) (3) Other methods to synthesize pentamethylcycloopentadienyliridium(III) chloride dimer involve the treatment of several iridium complexes with hydrogen chloride gas (eqs 45, 56, 67, and 78). (4) (5) (6) (7) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: preferably stored under inert atmosphere.
Acute toxicity of fluorinated ether anesthetics: Role of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and other metabolites☆☆☆

The fluorinated ethers 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether (TFVE), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ethyl ether (TFEE), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl allyl ether (TFAE) are lethal to rats pretreated with a variety of cytochrome P-450-inducing agents at doses not toxic to uninduced rats. The hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450-catalyzed metabolic pathways have been elucidated: TFVE yields 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and glycolaldehyde; TFEE yields TFE and acetaldehyde; and TFAE yields TFE and acrolein. Time courses of metabolite concentrations in blood after administration of toxic doses of metabolites or anesthetics to variously induced rats were compared. For TFVE, phenobarbital (PB) or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) induction increased acute lethality 3.1- and 2.4-fold respectively, and blood TFE concentrations reached lethal levels. beta-Naphthoflavone (BNF) induction did not produce lethality and TFE concentrations did not reach lethal levels. Glycolaldehyde concentrations did not approximate lethal levels in any case. For TFEE, PB, BNF, or PCN induction increased lethality 3.4-, 2.6-, and 2.0-fold respectively, and TFE concentrations exceeded lethal levels in all cases. Acetaldehyde concentrations did not approximate lethal levels in any case. For TFAE, BNF, or PCN induction increased lethality 3.2- and 4.6-fold respectively, and TFE concentrations approached lethal levels. PB induction did not produce lethality nor did TFE concentrations reach lethal levels. Blood acrolein concentrations could not be determined. Thus the lethal effects of the three anesthetics arise from specific cytochrome P-450 isozyme-catalyzed metabolism to TFE. The relative rates of formation of TFE from the three anesthetics, catalyzed by microsomes from untreated and variously induced rats, supported this conclusion.
Lacustrine isotopic evidence for multidecadal natural climate variability related to the circumpolar vortex over the northeast United States during the past millennium

A pervasive 20-30 yr periodicity is observed in stable oxygen isotope values over the past 1000 yr from varved lacustrine calcite obtained from Fayetteville Green Lake, New York. Correlation analysis between historical oxygen isotope values and winter vortex latitude shows an inverse relationship wherein an expanded vortex is associated with high d 18 Ocalcite values, and vice versa. An expansion of the vortex favors advection of cyclones from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic regions characterized by high d 18 Oprecipitation values, whereas a contracted vortex favors the development of cross-continental storms originating in the Pacific, which preferentially rain out 18 O as they propagate eastward. We hypothesize that changes in the size of the winter vortex every 20-30 yr over the past 1000 yr modify the primary source regions for meteoric precipitation. We propose two possible climate forcings to explain our hypothesis: an external forcing related to solar variability and an internal forcing related to ocean-atmosphere links.
Low power design based on seed circulation Supervisory Hand-held device

Food safety becomes more and more important nowadays. Agricultural materials safety such as seed is an important prerequisite for food safety. The seed circulation Supervisory Hand-held device is designed to deal with the problems like market outlets dispersing, manual operation and lack in information etc. Low power design technology brings us smaller size and longer operating time of handheld device. This paper presents a low power hardware design using LTC3577 and LTC2941, and a software power management. The results show that the system power consumption would be greatly reduced by the strategy this paper use.
Fabrication of High Anisotropy Nanoscale Patterned Magnetic Recording Medium for Data Storage Applications

Conventional magnetic recording systems based on continuous medium recording are rapidly approaching their superparamagnetic limit. A shift to patterned media, where the data are stored in arrays of discrete nanomagnets, will help extend the areal bit densities due to a significant increase in the thermal activation volume. One of the key challenges is the development of a cost-effective strategy for media manufacturing. In this work, we present ion beam proximity lithography (IBPL) as a low cost tool for media patterning.(Co/Pd)n magnetic mutlilayers were used as a patterned medium material. Such magnetic multilayers exhibit very large and easily tunable vertical magnetic anisotropy, which makes them suitable for ultra-high density magnetic recording applications. The magnitude of the anisotropy can be varied by controlling the quality of the interfaces and/or by changing the thicknesses of the individual layers in the Co/Pd bi-layer stack. Also, an appropriate choice of a buffer/seed layer can help promote enhanced intergranular exchange coupling, an essential attribute of patterned medium materials. Magnetic films were deposited by magnetron sputtering in 2.5mTorr Ar pressure at room temperature on silicon wafers coated with a 0.5mum thermal oxide. A 5nm Ta seed was used to promote exchange-coupled films. The deposition conditions and the thicknesses of individual Co (5.2 Aring) and Pd (6.6 Aring) layers were optimized to achieve the largest vertical anisotropy, smallest coercivity (to minimized domain wall pinning), and the remnant squareness of one. X-ray diffraction was used as a benchmarking tool to precisely gauge the period of the (Co/Pd)n superlattices and the thicknesses of individual Co and Pd layers. Optimized films had a surface roughness of less than lnm. Medium patterning was accomplished using IBPL, a high-throughput direct write lithography where a large array of ion beamlets shaped by a stencil mask is used to write an arbitrary device pattern. In IBPL system used in this work, helium ions are extracted from a duo-plasmatron ion source and are then accelerated through a constant gradient tube towards a mask (silicon nitride stencil membrane). A 30 keV He+ ion-beam with an ion current density of 140nA/cm2 was used. HSQ, a high resolution negative tone resist, was used for patterning. The sample was developed in 0.24N TMAH and the pattern was transferred into the multilayers using HSQ as the hard mask. Reactive ion etching (RIE) with CHF3 was used to remove HSQ. SEM micrograph of a patterned medium prototype with 43nm features on a 135nm pitch and the vertical M-H loops for the continuous and patterned medium are shown. A 15x coercivity increase as a result of patterning can be observed.
Control of strong motion by the upper 30 meters

Local site effects have an enormous influence on the character of ground motions. Currently, soil categories and site factors used in building codes for seismic design are generally based on, or at least correlated with, the seismic velocity of the surface layer. We note, however, that the upper 30 m (a typical depth of investigation) would almost never represent more than 1% of the distance from the source; 0.1% to 0.2% would be more typical of situations where motion is damaging. We inves- tigate the influence of this thin skin on the high-frequency properties of seismograms. We examine properties of seismograms consisting of vertically propagating S waves through an arbitrarily complex stack of flat, solid, elastic layers, where the properties of the lowermost layer (taken at 5 km depth) and a surface layer (thickness 30 m) are constrained. Input at the bottom of the stack is an impulse. We find that the character of the seismograms, and the peak spectral frequencies, are strongly influ- enced by the properties of the intervening layers. However, for infinite Q, the integral of amplitude squared at the surface (which determines energy if the input and output are regarded as velocity, or Arias intensity if the input and output are regarded as acceleration) is independent of the intervening layers. Also, the peak amplitude of the seismogram at the surface is relatively independent of the intervening properties. For finite, frequency-independent Q, the integral of amplitude squared and peak amplitude decrease as t* increases. There is some scatter that depends on the inter- vening layers, but it is surprisingly small. These calculations suggest that the surficial geology has a greater influence on ground motions than might be expected based on its thickness alone. They suggest that variable influences of Q along the entire path have a comparable importance for predictions of ground motions. Finally, they suggest that detailed characterization of deeper velocity structure in regions where a 1D model is appropriate gives only a limited amount of added information. Based on our 1D numerical results, we propose a new method to characterize these properties as site factors that could be used in building codes. Full three-dimensional synthetics are tested and give a similar con- clusion.
Brain-Computer Interfaces in Medicine

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) acquire brain signals, analyze them, and translate them into commands that are relayed to output devices that carry out desired actions. BCIs do not use normal neuromuscular output pathways. The main goal of BCI is to replace or restore useful function to people disabled by neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal cord injury. From initial demonstrations of electroencephalography-based spelling and single-neuron-based device control, researchers have gone on to use electroencephalographic, intracortical, electrocorticographic, and other brain signals for increasingly complex control of cursors, robotic arms, prostheses, wheelchairs, and other devices. Brain-computer interfaces may also prove useful for rehabilitation after stroke and for other disorders. In the future, they might augment the performance of surgeons or other medical professionals. Brain-computer interface technology is the focus of a rapidly growing research and development enterprise that is greatly exciting scientists, engineers, clinicians, and the public in general. Its future achievements will depend on advances in 3 crucial areas. Brain-computer interfaces need signal-acquisition hardware that is convenient, portable, safe, and able to function in all environments. Brain-computer interface systems need to be validated in long-term studies of real-world use by people with severe disabilities, and effective and viable models for their widespread dissemination must be implemented. Finally, the day-to-day and moment-to-moment reliability of BCI performance must be improved so that it approaches the reliability of natural muscle-based function.
Permeability, Swelling and Radionuclide Retardation Properties of Candidate Backfill Materials *

A backfill placed between a nuclear waste canister and the host geology of a nuclear waste repository can impede the migration of water through the waste package and retard the movement of radionuclides into the geologic formation. Hydraulic conductivities and swelling pressures are being determined as functions of the density of the compacted backfill, temperature, radiation dose, hydraulic head and the chemical composition of the permeating fluid. Bentonite clays and bentonite/sand mixtures have received initial emphasis. Sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite samples compacted to a dry density of 2.1 q/cm/sup 3/ had hydraulic conductivities in the range of 10/sup -12/ to 10/sup -13/ cm/s. In addition, batch distribution ratios (R/sub d/) for Sr, Cs, Am, Np, I, U and Tc have been measured for a number of candidate backfill materials. Both initial permeability and sorption studies have used a synthetic basaltic ground water.
Intermolecular interactions of methyl acetate, β‐propiolactone, ethyl acetate, and γ‐butyrolactone: An AM1 semiempirical study

Closely related structures, like esters and lactones, have vastly different physical properties. This is apparently due to differences in the intermolecular interactions. The intermolecular interactions of methyl acetate, β-propiolactone, ethyl acetate, and γ-butyrolactone have been studied using the AM1 semiempirical method. Some of the “arranged clusters” were also compared to possible covalently bound trimers and tetramers of β-propiolactone and γ-butyrolactone. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Homo Narrans: The Poetics and Anthropology of Oral Literature

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: John D. Niles Year: 1999 Pages: vii + 280 Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press Prices: $47.50