cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The political economy of supreme court constitutional decisions: The case of Roosevelt's court-packing plan

U.S. Supreme Court constitutional decisions are perhaps the most powerful way of designing public policy. While a president may veto congressional legislation, or Congress may reverse a Supreme Court statutory decision, the reversal of a Supreme Court constitutional decision requires an explicit constitutional amendment. Constitutional amendments have to be ratified by state legislatures and can be initiated either by Congress or by the state legislatures. Until this date, however, all amendments to the U.S. Constitution have been initiated by Congress. Article V of the Constitution requires that constitutional amendments initiated by Congress have the support of two-thirds of each house and that to be ratified, amendments must have the support of at least three-fourths of the state legislatures.’ Constitutional amendments, then, demand a substantial political consensus and, consequently, are not easily implemented.? The difficulties in achieving a political consensus to overturn a Supreme Court constitutional decision suggest that the Supreme Court may have substantial discretion in the interpretation of the Constitution, and, furthermore, that changes in the ideological composition of the Supreme Court may have a large impact on Supreme Court decisions. In this paper we develop a theory of Supreme Court constitutional decisions following the approach developed in Gely and Spiller (1990) for statutory deci-
An energy-dependent map of the X-ray emission of the Perseus cluster.

Results are discussed for X-ray scans of the Perseus cluster with the SAS 3 slat detectors. Counting rates in two broadband channels (1.5 to 5.5 keV and 5.5 to 15.5 keV) are compared as a function of the instrument scan angle measured from the center of emission, and it is found that the emission in the higher energy range is broader in extent. Tests for a systematic energy-dependent error in the background demonstrate that the discovered energy dependence of the Perseus cluster emission is valid. Iron line emission is determined by two methods, various models are fitted to the data, and the total cluster emission in the two energy ranges is computed. The iron line emission is determined to be 0.003 photon/sq cm per sec. It is concluded that the diffuse emission increases in the range from 1.5 to 15.5 keV within the bounds of a model involving a point source with a radius not exceeding about 3 arcmin plus a diffuse source.
The development of China's scholarly publications in library and information science, 1979‐2009: An analysis of ISI literature

Purpose – No scholarly publications have systematically studied the evolution and growth of China's scientific papers of library and information science published in the English language and covered by ISI during the reform era starting in 1979. It is intended that this paper should fill this gap.Design/methodology/approach – This study surveys ISI library and information science papers authored by researchers of China during 1979‐2009 and quantitatively presents the development of scholarly publications authored by researchers from China. A total of 30 years of data of ISI literature are collected and analyzed, and the paper conducts an international comparison of research productivity among leading Asian countries.Findings – The paper establishes the patterns and trends of papers authored by Chinese authors, particularly the top subject areas and top journals in which Chinese papers are highly represented. Besides, the paper makes an international comparison between China and other major Asian countries...
Motor and electrical signs of epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in the spinal cords of decapitate cats.

Abstract Convulsive activity was induced in functionally decapitate cat preparations by topical and by systematic administration of toxic amounts of penicillin. The paroxysmal movement patterns and the electrographic signs of spinal seizure activity recorded from spinal ventral and dorsal roots and from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord are described. Paroxysms of interictal myoclonic twitching as well as tonic and clonic ictal seizures reminiscent of epileptiform convulsions of intact animals were seen in the absence of descending influences from the brain. Tonic seizures consisted of flexion-extension sequences; co-contraction of antagonistic muscles was the rule. Clonic activity consisted of rhythmic discharges at 4–6/sec. In dorsal roots, electrotonically conducted paroxysmal negative potential shifts as well as antidromically conducted trains of impulses were recorded. Ictal paroxysmal waves of the cord dorsum potential consisted of either biphasic positive-negative sequences or of purely negative waves. Diphenylhydantoin effectively controlled spinal seizures in the absence of a functioning cerebellum. Diphenylthiohydantoin changed the pattern of seizures, suppressing all ictal activity and greatly enhancing the amplitude and frequency of interictal bursts. Three different barbiturates suppressed seizure activity, but diazepam was ineffective, indicating that the site of its clinical anticonvulsant action may be supraspinal. Seizure activity, once induced, continued for up to 18 h. Intravenous administration of penicillinase abolished seizures indicating that their usual persistence is caused by the pressence of the drug in the tissue, not by an irreversible biochemical lesion.
On exponential bases for the Sobolev spaces over an interval

Abstract We suppose that K is a countable index set and that Λ = {λ k ¦ k ϵ K} is a sequence of distinct complex numbers such that E(Λ) = {e λ k t ¦ λ k ϵ Λ} forms a Riesz (strong) basis for L 2 [ a , b ], a b . Let Σ = { σ 1 , σ 2 ,…, σ m } consist of m complex numbers not in Λ. Then, with p ( λ ) = Π k = 1 m ( λ − σ k ), E(Σ ∪ Λ) = {e σ 1 t …, e σ m t } ∪ { e λ k t p(λ k ) ¦ k ϵ K} forms a Riesz (strong) bas Sobolev space H m [ a , b ]. If we take σ 1 , σ 2 ,…, σ m to be complex numbers already in Λ, then, defining p ( λ ) as before, E(Λ − Σ) = {p(λ k ) e λ k t ¦ k ϵ K, λ k ≠ σ j = 1,…, m} forms a Riesz (strong) basis for the space H − m [ a , b ]. We also discuss the extension of these results to “generalized exponentials” t n e λ k t .
A causal model examining the effects of age discrimination on employee psychological reactions and subsequent turnover intentions

Abstract This study examines a number of negative consequences (including intention to turnover) of perceived age discrimination in the hotel industry. Perceptions of age discrimination, regardless of age, is proposed to lower employee self-esteem and perceived control. Subsequently, low self-esteem and control are proposed to affect perceptions of work demands, strain (i.e. burnout, somatic complaints and job dissatisfaction), and perceptions of work alternatives. Finally, these variables are job proposed to influence employees' intention to turnover. Using path analytic statistical techniques, the proposed relationships are largely supported.
A Reaction-Diffusion Model of Cholinergic Retinal Waves

Prior to receiving visual stimuli, spontaneous, correlated activity in the retina, called retinal waves, drives activity-dependent developmental programs. Early-stage waves mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) manifest as slow, spreading bursts of action potentials. They are believed to be initiated by the spontaneous firing of Starburst Amacrine Cells (SACs), whose dense, recurrent connectivity then propagates this activity laterally. Their inter-wave interval and shifting wave boundaries are the result of the slow after-hyperpolarization of the SACs creating an evolving mosaic of recruitable and refractory cells, which can and cannot participate in waves, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that cholinergic waves may be modulated by the extracellular concentration of ACh. Here, we construct a simplified, biophysically consistent, reaction-diffusion model of cholinergic retinal waves capable of recapitulating wave dynamics observed in mice retina recordings. The dense, recurrent connectivity of SACs is modeled through local, excitatory coupling occurring via the volume release and diffusion of ACh. In addition to simulation, we are thus able to use non-linear wave theory to connect wave features to underlying physiological parameters, making the model useful in determining appropriate pharmacological manipulations to experimentally produce waves of a prescribed spatiotemporal character. The model is used to determine how ACh mediated connectivity may modulate wave activity, and how parameters such as the spontaneous activation rate and sAHP refractory period contribute to critical wave size variability.
Scanning Probe Microscopy using Higher-Mode Electrostatically-Actuated Microcantilevers

Abstract High-throughput scanning probe microscopy can be achieved by employing a large array of microcantilevers in parallel operation. Intermittent-contact operation of the microcantilevers is essential to reduce sample-damage and tip-wear. The first flexural bending mode of the microcantilevers is typically used in various intermittent-contact methods. The throughput of such methods is low due to the low resonant frequency and the high quality factor of the microcantilevers. The intermittent-contact methods often rely on demodulation electronics which renders them unsuitable for parallel scanning probe microscopy applications. In this paper, an intermittent-contact method is presented that uses the higher flexural bending modes of the microcantilevers for high-speed operation. The microcantilevers are electrostatically actuated at a higher normal flexural bending mode such that the tip comes out of contact from the sample-surface during each oscillation cycle. The scanning probe microscopy images are obtained by direct sampling of the micro cantilever deflection signal. This method is suitable for parallel scanning probe microscopy applications. Corroborating modeling and experimental results are presented.
Assessing use-dependent inhibition of the cardiac Na± current (INa) in the PatchXpress automated patch clamp

Abstract Introduction The cardiac Na+ current (INa) underlies the rapid depolarization of the cardiac myocyte, and block of the current slows cardiac conduction and increases the risk of ventricular arrhythmia. A feature of Na+ channel block termed use-dependence is important to the assessment of blocking potency. We developed a robust automated patch clamp assay to rapidly and routinely assess the use-dependent block of INa by drug candidates. The assay clarifies whether drug candidates block more potently at increased heart rates and provides a quantitative score of use-dependence. Methods A use-dependent cardiac INa assay was implemented on the PatchXpress 7000A, an automated whole-cell patch clamp device, using a HEK cell line stably expressing the human cardiac Na+ channel, NaV1.5. Stable recordings lasting up to 30 minutes were achieved by selection of holding potential (− 100 mV) as well as an appropriate osmotic gradient to prevent time-dependent loss of cell capacitance and current. The final protocol allows evaluation of INa inhibition at three pulsing rates at three test concentrations for each recorded cell. Results IC50 values obtained for three standard INa blockers lidocaine, mexiletine, and flecainide, at pulsing frequencies of 0.2 Hz, 1 Hz, and 3 Hz, were compared to IC50 values obtained with conventional pipette patch clamp of the NaV1.5 cell line and of guinea pig cardiac myocytes using matched voltage protocols and pulsing rates. Absolute potencies were well correlated only under conditions of matched holding potential and fell within an approximately three-fold window. While absolute potencies could vary widely with holding potential, the fold increases in potency with increases in pulsing rates were less prone to variation of the holding potential. Discussion Use-dependence of cardiac Na+ channel block can be rapidly assessed in the PatchXpress platform and quantified at early stages of drug development to guide lead optimization.
Characterization of energy use and performance of global cheese processing.

The global cheese-making industry processes approximately one quarter of total raw milk production to create a variety of consumer cheeses, and cheese processing can be very energy-intensive. Characterizing energy usage in existing cheese markets and plants can provide baseline information to allow comparisons of energy performance of individual plants and systems. In this paper, we analyzed energy data compiled through extensive literature reviews on cheese-making across various countries and regions. The study has found that the magnitudes of average final energy intensity exhibited significant variations, ranging from 4.9 to 8.9 MJ per kg cheese across a few countries. In addition, the final energy intensity of individual plants exhibited even more significant variations, ranging from 1.8 to 68.2 MJ per kg of cheese from the countries in this study. These significant differences have indicated large potential energy savings' opportunities in the sector. The paper also indicates that there are positive association between implementation of energy measures and the decreasing trends of specific energy consumption over time, and suggests that developing and promulgating an energy-benchmarking framework including a process step approach and efficiency measures should be recommended for evaluating energy performance and improving energy efficiency in cheese-making industry.
Rapid phosphorus–nitrogen bond cleavage in bis(diphenylphosphino)amine. Synthesis, X-ray structure and electrochemical characterization of [Ni2(μ2-Ph2P)(μ2-Ph2PNHPPh)2(CNR)2]X, R=Me, n-Bu, Xylyl; X=Cl, I, BPh4 binuclear Ni(I) complexes

Abstract Ni(II) reacts with Ni(0) complexes in toluene solution to yield diamagnetic phosphido-bridging Ni(I)–Ni(I) complexes of the type Ni2(μ2-PPh2)(CNR)2(μ2-dppa)2. The great thermodynamic stability of these complexes is discussed on the light of their electrochemical properties. The X-ray crystal structure of the complexes Ni2(μ2-PPh2)(CNR)2(μ2-dppa)2, R=n-Bu, Xylyl is also presented.
Treating diabetic nephropathy--are there only economic issues?

Which drug should be used? The economics of treatment are driven by clinical issues, many of which have yet to be resolved. Dr. William E. Mitch explains.
The Inter-Cohort Reproduction of Mexican American Dropouts

The Mexican American population has the highest dropout rate in the country. This paper examines the inter-cohort reproduction of dropouts hypothesis and a series of other hypotheses in the analysis of the dropout rates of native-born Mexican Americans. The paper also offers an overview of existing problems related to the measurement of dropouts. Data from the 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Sample based on 524 Public Use Microdata Areas are used in the analysis. The results show an association between inter-cohort dropout rates—areas with higher dropout rates among the native-born Mexican American 41–49 age cohort had higher dropout rates among the native-born Mexican American 16–24 age cohort. The results also support other hypotheses, but not as strongly as the inter-cohort reproduction of dropouts hypothesis. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the results for the formation of policies and programs to reduce the dropout rate of Mexican American youth along with a discussion of the limitations of the study.
In-vivo fiber optic cardiac blood-flow meter

This paper describes the design and construction of an organ blood-flow meter which uses an indwelling venous fiber optic catheter and an infrared absorbing indocyanine dye. The instrumentation design consisted of: a light source, fiber bundles, couplers, a photodiode sensor, an electronic filter, and an analog-to-digital conversion circuit. Static tests were done to demonstrate a technique sensitivity for detection of the dye in concentrations as low as 3.1 mg per liter of blood.
Whipple's disease diagnosis following the use of TNF-α blockade

A 46-year-old man with inflammatory back pain and large and small joint arthritis was diagnosed with AS 10 years following symptom onset. Physical examination showed decreased vertebral range of motion. Laboratories revealed ESR of 40 mm/h, RF negative, ANA negative with positive HLA-B27. Plain radiographs demonstrated sacroiliac pseudo-widening. Anti-inflammatories, MTX (25 mg s.c. weekly) and prednisone (7.5–10 mg daily) were initiated. Five months later, infliximab (5 mg/kg increased to 10 mg/kg every 6 weeks) was added for inflammatory back pain with improvement. After 2 years of infliximab, the patient developed fevers and migratory arthritis precipitating hospitalization. Abnormal laboratories included white blood cell (WBC) count 36 k/mm3, haemoglobin (Hgb) 11.6 g/dl and ESR 58 mm/h. Evaluation including WBC scan, histoplasma antigen, brucella serology, routine and lysis centrifugation blood cultures, hepatitis and HIV serology, and bone marrow biopsy were negative. Symptoms resolved with cessation of infliximab and MTX. Three months later, re-challenge with adalimumab and MTX for recurrent inflammatory symptoms resulted in fevers, migratory arthritis and new weight loss with diarrhoea. Endoscopy with duodenal biopsy showed altered architecture and intracellular bacilli on periodic acid-Schiff stain (Fig. 1). Trophyrema whipplei was detected from blood and duodenal tissue by PCR. Intravenous ceftriaxone (2 g daily for 2 weeks) was commenced followed by trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole with improved symptoms. Fig. 1 Detection of Whipple's disease. (A) Duodenal mucosa showing loss of normal villous architecture with foamy macrophages filling and expanding the lamina propria (haematoxylin and eosin stain, objective magnification 10×). (B) Intense periodic acid–schiff ... Trophyrema whipplei is a ubiquitous organism, rarely associated with multisystemic and relapsing disease. The organism may be detectable by PAS staining of involved organ tissue or with 16S rRNA gene identification [1]. Arthropathies associated with T. whipplei may precede diagnosis and exhibit axial and peripheral involvement, with symptom exacerbation following TNF-α inhibitors [1, 2]. Our case illustrates the consideration of alternative aetiologies in patients with articular symptoms, most importantly following clinical deterioration on immunomodulatory agents like TNF-α inhibitors. Disclosure statement: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Honoring the Divine as Virtue and Practice in Maimonides

Honoring the divine is central to Maimonides' ethical and religious phenomenology. It connotes the recognition of radical divine incommensurability and points to the hard limits of human ability to know God. Yet it also signals the importance of philosophical speculation within those limits, indicating the intellectual and ethical telos of human life. For Maimonides, to honor or show kavod to God is closely related to the meaning of the divine glory (also known as kavod) that Moses demands to see in Exodus 33. Moses' demand to see the kavod is usually interpreted as a quest for some visible sign of God's presence or, at least, for a created light whose existence could testify to the authenticity of Moses' prophecy. Maimonides is alone among early interpreters in treating Exodus 33 as a parable of the philosophical quest to apprehend divine uniqueness, which leads first to negative theology and then to imitatio Dei. This article argues that the theme of divine kavod links Maimonides' philosophical, literary, and even medical concerns with his practical religious teaching, and connects the Guide of the Perplexed with his other legal and interpretive works. Maimonides' consistent fascination with Exodus 33 helps to organize his reflections on human perfection, ethics, and the relationship between idolatry and everyday religious language, distinguishing him from dominant trends in both Judaeo-Arabic and later kabbalistic thought.
The comparative effects of sodium thiosulfate, diethyldithiocarbamate, fosfomycin and WR-2721 on ameliorating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Abstract The efficacies of four agents in ameliorating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity were investigated. Hamsters were given a series of 5 cisplatin injections (3 mg/kg/injection once every other day, i.p.) either alone or in combination with 1600 mg/kg/injection sodium thiosulfate (STS), 300 mg/kg/injection diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), 18 mg/kg/injection WR-2721, or 300 mg/kg/injection fosfomycin (n = 10/group). Ototoxicity was assessed electrophysiologically by auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and anatomically by cochlear histology. The greatest auditory protection was given by STS, followed by DDTC. WR-2721 and fosfomycin did not provide any protection. All of the animals in the STS and DDTC groups survived, while some fatalities occurred in the fosfomycin, WR-2721, and cisplatin-only groups. Thus, the agents that were protective against atotoxicity were also protective against mortality. The ABRs also provided evidence of cisplatin-induced neuropathy. In summary, STS and DDTC hold promise for ameliorating the ototoxic effects of cisplatin chemotherapy and the hamster proved to be an excellent model of cisplatin ototoxicity.
Symmetric pulses to induce arbitrary flip angles with compensation for rf inhomogeneity and resonance offsets

Abstract With conventional radiofrequency pulses, flip angle variation with RF field strength can limit the types of experiments that can be performed with an inhomogeneous RF coil, such as a surface coil. As an alternative, composite and adiabatic pulses can induce constant rotations even when the RF amplitude varies by >I 0-fold. Unfortunately, these pulses generally afford compensation for RF inhomogeneity at the expense of greatly increased RF power and reduced bandwidth (off resonance performance). In this paper, a procedure is described for constructing symmetric composite and adiabatic pulses which provide compensation for RF inhomogeneity while maintaining wide and symmetric bandwidths. Using this procedure, a symmetric adiabatic pulse, BIR-4, is derived which can induce a constant rotation of any desired flip angle despite RF inhomogeneity and resonance offset. In comparison to adiabatic half-passage, the 90° BIR-4 has a wider bandwidth over a similar operational range of RF amplitudes (or power). These new pulses are evaluated by numerical calculations and by surface-coil phantom experiments.
Roles for proteolysis and trafficking in notch maturation and signal transduction.

The results summarized in this minireview provide a basic skeleton for the proteolysis model of Notch activation. The challenge for researchers now is to confirm aspects of the model in vivo, to flesh out details of the model, to identify and assign functions to the molecules involved in Notch signaling, and to integrate the model with previous work on Notch signaling. It also remains to be determined whether the proteolysis model is true for Notch signaling in all contexts, particularly those in which Notch signaling is independent of Su(H) or CBF1.
Formation of Thick, Large-Area Nanoparticle Superlattices in Lithographically Defined Geometries

Superlattices of colloidal nanocrystals hold the promise of new nanomaterials with tunable properties. The positioning and size of these structures are often poorly controlled after self-assembly from the solution phase, making studies of their properties difficult. We report the fabrication of ∼100 layer thick, three-dimensional superlattices on a substrate with controlled lateral placement. This novel fabrication technique generates long-range order over the micrometer scale and controlled placement by employing lithographic patterning and microfluidic flow.
Indirect photolysis of tetraphenylborate sensitized by humic acid

Abstract Tetraphenylborate (TPB) will be used in the immoblization of high-level radioactive wastes in the U.S. Department of Energy's Defense Waste Processing Facility. This will be the first large-scale industrial application of TPB and information regarding its behavior in the environment is needed to assess the impact of potential contamination. Previous work indicated that TPB degrades via indirect photolysis initiated by humic substances in natural waters. In this study, the contribution of selected photo-generated reactive transient compounds were evaluated. Some of the degradation products of the reaction were also identified. The results indicate that reaction paths involving the super oxide anion (O2-.) have a negligible contribution to humic acid sensitzed photolysis. Singlet oxygen (1O2), generated by sunlight irradiation of a solution containing rose bengal, rapidly degraded TPB. However, the results from experiments evaluating the role of 1O2 in TPB degradation in solutions containing humic acid were inconclusive. Triphenylboron, o-terphenyl, and bis-diphenylborinate were identified as degradation products in solvent extracts of irradiated solution using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry.
Qualitative Analysis of Graphomotor Output in Children with Attentional Disorders.

Abstract Graphomotor output was assessed in children with attentional problems using the Repeated Patterns Test. Eighty subjects between the ages of 8 and 13 years, meeting DSM-IV criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participated. Forty subjects had ADHD - predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-IT) and 40 had ADHD - combined type (ADHD-CT). Both groups had intact visuomotor integration and visual perception abilities. Compared to normal children, both groups demonstrated impairments on this test. The additional feature of hyperactivity further impaired performance. The RPT is a sensitive tool for the evaluation of graphomotor output in children with attentional problems, and may be a valuable instrument to include in assessments.
Changes in human body composition during calorie restriction with two levels of protein

Abstract Four women (140–160% of ideal weight, 32–42 yr old) were monitored for 6 weeks of weight maintenance, 12 weeks of calorie restriction (1000–1200 kcal/day) and 6 weeks of maintaining reduced body weights. To observe the effects of dietary protein levels in the weight reducing diet upon changes in body composition and energy stores, the restriction diet of two women was reduced 50% for all macronutrients while that of the remaining two women was reduced about 60% in fat and carbohydrate while maintaining the protein intake at the prerestriction level. Body composition changes were monitored with bioelectrical analyzers as well as the traditional density and deuterium dilution techniques. Maintaining daily protein intakes at the prerestriction quantities did not affect lean body tissue losses nor body weight losses, 9.6 to 19.0kg/person for the study. Minimal changes in resting metabolic rates were consistent with minimal changes in lean body mass. The total body electrical conductivity instrument (TOBEC) 3 and the underwater weighing-density method yielded similar body composition changes during weight loss.
Imaging of cerebral infarction caused by atrial myxoma

We describe the radiologic investigation of two patients with primary left atrial myxoma who presented with embolic manifestations in the brain. MRI and CT showed multiple infarcts, while the cardiac atrial mass was demonstrated in one of the patients by MRI and in both by echocardiography.
Heavy transcription of yeast genes correlates with differential loss of histone H2B relative to H4 and queued RNA polymerases

Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of nucleosomes, which contain nearly two coils of DNA wrapped around a central histone octamer. The octamer contains an H3-H4 tetramer and two H2A-H2B dimers. Gene activation is associated with chromatin disruption: a wider nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) at the promoter and reduced nucleosome occupancy over the coding region. Here, we examine the nature of disrupted chromatin after induction, using MNase-seq to map nucleosomes and subnucleosomes, and a refined high-resolution ChIP-seq method to map H4, H2B and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) genome-wide. Over coding regions, induced genes show a differential loss of H2B relative to H4, which correlates with Pol II density and the appearance of subnucleosomes. After induction, Pol II is surprisingly low at the promoter, but accumulates on the gene and downstream of the termination site, implying that dissociation is very slow. Thus, induction-dependent chromatin disruption reflects both eviction of H2A-H2B dimers and the presence of queued Pol II elongation complexes. We propose that slow Pol II dissociation after transcription is a major factor in chromatin disruption and that it may be of critical importance in gene regulation.
Measuring Osteoporosis Quality: The Work of the Joint Commission

Recognizing the significant impact of osteoporosis, The Joint Commission has worked since 2005 to develop performance measures in osteoporosis across the care continuum. This work has led to the development of 3 measures, which may be used at any time to meet hospital quality improvement goals. Plans are in place to submit to the National Quality Forum for endorsement as national consensus standards. The measures were developed under the guidance of a 12 member Technical Advisory Panel.
Effects of Posture, Load, and Rate of Carry on Task Heart Rates

Five well trained male subjects carried loads on a level surface with five levels of task weight, five levels of distance carried, five levels of rate of carriage, and in five task postures set between normal erect and stoopwalking under ceilings set at 80 percent of each subject's normal erect stature. The tasks were performed for 15 minutes, and heart rate measured during the last 5 minutes of task performance and averaged for the condition-subject value. Analysis of the resulting task heart rates found there to be little change due to the experimental conditions tested. Only in the most stooped postures and with the heaviest loads, did large (but not significant) differences in task heart rate appear. It was concluded that for the range of conditions examined, well trained male subjects were able to recover adequately in the period between the actual load carries.
Ultimatums in two-person bargaining with one-sided uncertainty: offer games

In the ultimatum game with complete information a Sender proposes a division of a given amount of surplus (“pie”), which a Receiver can either accept (payoffs are distributed according to the Sender's proposal) or reject (both players earn nothing). We study another version of the ultimatum game under incomplete informaton in which the pie is drawn randomly from a commonly known distribution, the Sender knows the exact size of the pie, but the Receiver only knows her share of the pie, not the residual share requested by the Sender. The basic results are that (1) as the support of the pie distribution increases in a mean-preserving spread, the Senders make lower offers that the Receivers are less likely to reject, (2) for a given support, Senders tend to offer a lower proportion of the pie to the Receivers as the pie size grows larger, and (3) although knowing only their share of the pie, Receivers estimate its size quite accurately.
Accelerating the convergence of matrix Hartree-Fock calculations

Abstract An extrapolation method based on the e k -transformation is applied to matrix Hartree-Fock calculations on the water and formaldehyde molecules. For water the two-electron energy is presented at each iteration for calculations with and without extrapolation. Results are also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for different choices of starting vectors. Experience has shown that each extrapolation usually saves from four to seven iterations.
Devices, Biology, Imaging, and the Regulatory Processes…

With the explosive growth in percutaneous interventions and their relative success, an increasingly large number of patients are carrying intravascular devices. Moreover, successful intervention, coupled with other advances in therapy, has lengthened the useful in-vivo “life time” of such
Using Adjuncts in Social Work Education: Challenges and Rewards

Adjunct faculty have become an essential addition to social work programs in the United States. Full-time social work faculty have not been able to meet the demands created by continued growth of BSW and MSW programs. The number of doctoral students in social work programs has not kept up with the growth of the programs. A survey of program directors available through the Association of Baccalaureate Social Work Program Director's (BPD) listserv in the United States found that respondents saw adjunct faculty as assets to social work programs. The survey results indicated that adjunct faculty provide a ‘value added’ component. Adjuncts need to receive an orientation and continual training to help prepare them for classroom management and become aware of university policies. Adjuncts can be retained if they receive training, have frequent contact with faculty, and have access to university resources.
Testicular cytotoxicity of intravenous procarbazine in rats

Abstract Although the testicular cytotoxicity of procarbazine has been evaluated in the rat, previous models have utilized routes other than the intravenous one, and have generally employed multiple-dose regimens. In this report, we describe testicular toxicity in the Sprague-Dawley rat following a single intravenous bolus of procarbazine (0–700 mg kg body weight), with necropsy 59 ± 2 days later. Testicular toxicity was evaluated qualitatively by histology and quantitatively by testicular weight, sperm head count, repopulation index and epididymal index. Effects of procarbazine on heart, lung, liver and kidney histology were evaluated qualitatively. Progressive dose-dependent testicular atrophy and oligospermia occurred at low and intermediate dosages of procarbazine. Marked testicular atrophy, oligospermia and germinal hypoplasia were observed at high dosages (500 and 700 mg kg−1 body weight). LD50 at day 59 for procarbazine appears to be approximately 600 mg kg−1 body weight using this regimen. This model will facilitate the study of techniques to avoid drug-induced testicular damage.
Evolution of discriminatory aggression in marine invertebrates

Many species of sessile marine organisms show allotype-conditional aggression towards conspecifics. However, a recent theoretical analysis (Grosberg & Quinn, 1989 , Evolution 43 , 504–515.) was unable to find conditions permitting a discriminatory ESS against unconditionally aggressive or non-aggressive strategies. This study shows that discrimination can be an ESS if animals interact with clonemates more frequently than randomly as occurs when animals reproduce by budding of fission. This agrees well with the observation that clonal sea anemones are usually discriminators and solitary species usually non-aggressive to conspecifics (Francis, 1988, Biol. Bull. 174 , 241–253.) In addition, discrimination can be an ESS if discriminators retaliate against unconditionally aggressive conspecifics of the same allotype, or if the payoff to two sharers of a resource is greater than the payoff to both when sharing does not occur.
Travel Report: Kyiv and L'viv, Ukraine, April 21–29, 2012

This article reports on a trip taken by the author, a Library of Congress reference librarian responsible for Ukraine, to Kyiv and L'viv, Ukraine, April 21–29, 2012. The trip was sponsored by the American Council for International Education and the US Department of State.
Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks and Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile

Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks and Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile. By Claudio A. Fuentes. New York: Routledge, 2004. 256p. $75.00.Police violence has become an all too common reality in Latin America. Most scholars have chalked up the problem to authoritarian legacies, ones inherited from colonialism, from nineteenth- and twentieth-century caudillo's or more recently from military dictatorships of the 1960s and 1970s. Most of these studies fail to explain why police violence can vary so widely from country to country or from one time period to another, nor can they account for genuine reform efforts. Fortunately, Claudio Fuentes's book departs from these formulas and offers a more plausible theory of police abuse in Latin America.
Analyzing power for pi -p elastic scattering in the energy region of the Roper resonance.

High-precision measurements of the analyzing power ${A}_{N}$ in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$p elastic scattering at ${p}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=471\char21{}687 MeV/c are presented and compared with the results of recent \ensuremath{\pi}N partial-wave analyses (PWA's) by the Karlsruhe-Helsinki, CMU-LBL, and VPI groups. While agreeing with the main features of the measured angular dependence of ${A}_{N}$, the three PWA's yield larger values than the measurements at forward angles at ${p}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$=471, 547, and 625 MeV/c. At 687 MeV/c the PWA's do not agree with the data at far backward angles. We estimate the effect of our data on the phase shifts in this energy region, which includes the Roper resonance.
Heat transfer optimization for air-mist cooling between a stack of parallel plates

A theoretical model is developed to predict the upper limit heat transfer between a stack of parallel plates subject to multiphase cooling by air-mist flow. The model predicts the optimal separation distance between the plates based on the development of the boundary layers for small and large separation distances, and for dilute mist conditions. Simulation results show the optimal separation distance to be strongly dependent on the liquid-to-air mass flow rate loading ratio, and reach a limit for a critical loading. For these dilute spray conditions, complete evaporation of the droplets takes place. Simulation results also show the optimal separation distance decreases with the increase in the mist flow rate. The proposed theoretical model shall lead to a better understanding of the design of fins spacing in heat exchangers where multiphase spray cooling is used.
Surveillance of an Online Social Network to Assess Population-level Diabetes Health Status and Healthcare Quality

Objective: Test a novel health monitoring approach by engaging an international online diabetes social network (SN) in consented health surveillance. Methods: Collection of structured self-reports about preventive and self-care practices and health status using a software application (“app”) that supports SN-mediated health research. Comparison of SN measures by diabetes type; and, SN with Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data, for US-residing insulin dependent respondents, using logistic regression. Results: Of 2,414 SN app users, 82% (n=1979) provided an A1c and 41% (n=996) completed a care survey of which 931 have diabetes. Of these: 65% and 41% were immunized against influenza and pneumonia respectively, 90% had their cholesterol checked, 82% and 66%, had their eyes and feet checked, respectively. Type 1/LADA respondents were more likely than Type 2/pre-diabetic respondents to report all five recommended practices (Adjusted OR (95% CI) 2.2 (1.5, 3.2)). Past year self-care measures were: 58% self-monitored their blood glucose (SMBG) ≥ 5 times daily, 37% saw their diabetes nutritionist, 56% saw a diabetes nurse educator, 53% saw a doctor for their diabetes ≥ 4 times. Reports of health status did not differ by diabetes type in the SN sample. The SN group was more likely than the BRFSS comparator group to use all five preventive care practices (Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.8 (1.4, 2.1) and SMBG ≥ 5 times daily (Adjusted OR (95% CI) 10.1 (6.8, 14.9). Conclusions: Rapid assessment of diabetes care practices using a novel, SN-mediated approach can extend the capability of standard health surveillance systems.
Radiation heat transfer dominated microbolometers

Radiation heat transfer limited thermal conductance represents the ultimate lower limit of the thermal isolation achievable in a microbolometer. A microbolometer structure with radiation limited thermal conductance has been fabricated and its operation demonstrated.
Marked elevation of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Marked elevations of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are not generally seen in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The objective of this study was to examine the clinical and laboratory characteristics of a large cohort of patients with HFpEF and markedly elevated BNP. A retrospective examination of 421 inpatients at a university hospital admitted with a diagnosis of HFpEF was performed. Clinical and echocardiographic data in 4 groups of patients with levels of BNP # 100 pg/mL, 100-400 pg/mL, 400-1,000 pg/mL and . 1,000 pg/mL were compared. Patients with HFpEF and BNP . 1,000 pg/mL (28% of the population) were characterized by impaired renal function and greater use of anti-hypertensive medications. A subset of these patients with BNP . 1,000 pg/mL had normal renal function (21%) and were significantly older, more frequently female, and tended to have lower ejection fractions. Conversely, patients with HFpEF and BNP # 100 pg/mL were younger and had preserved renal function. BNP was inversely related to the likelihood of subsequent admission for heart failure, but not to myocardial infarction or death. In conclusion: BNP . 1,000 pg/mL is seen in almost 1/3 of patients hospitalized with HFpEF. This elevation of BNP often reflects impaired renal function, but can also be seen in patients with preserved renal function but relatively impaired systolic function.
Structural transformation for best-possible obfuscation of sequential circuits

Obfuscation is a technique that makes comprehending a design difficult and hides the secrets in the design. An obfuscation is called best-possible if the obfuscated design leaks no more information than any other design of the same function. In this paper, we prove that any best-possible obfuscation of a sequential circuit can be accomplished by a sequence of four operations: retiming, resynthesis, sweep, and conditional stuttering. Based on this fundamental result, we also develop a key-based obfuscation scheme to protect design Intellectual Properties (IPs) against piracy. The novel obfuscation method embeds a secret key in the power-up state of IC, which is only known by the IP rights owner. Without the key, the IC still functions but its efficiency will be much degraded. Unlike existing IC metering techniques, the secret key in our approach is implicit thus it can also be used as a hidden watermark. Potential attacks and the countermeasures are thoroughly examined, and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
On a circular cylinder in a steady wind at transition Reynolds numbers

Some results of an experimental investigation of forces associated with the subsonic flow of air around a circular cylinder in a wind tunnel are presented. The oscillating forces due to the downstream vortex street are studied for Reynolds numbers in the ‘critical’ range 4 × 104 to 6 × 105. Of particular interest is the observation, at the onset of transition to turbulence, of a spanwise wave or cell pattern near the cylinder surface, which is stabilized in a striking manner by the use of the fine threads as a visualization technique.
College Preparatory Curriculum for All: Academic Consequences of Requiring Algebra and English I for Ninth Graders in Chicago

There is a national movement to universalize the high school curriculum so that all students graduate prepared for college. The present work evaluates a policy in Chicago that ended remedial classe...
Impact of misspecifying the distribution of a prognostic factor on power and sample size for testing treatment interactions in clinical trials

Background: Interaction in clinical trials presents challenges for design and appropriate sample size estimation. Here we considered interaction between treatment assignment and a dichotomous prognostic factor with a continuous outcome. Our objectives were to describe differences in power and sample size requirements across alternative distributions of a prognostic factor and magnitudes of the interaction effect, describe the effect of misspecification of the distribution of the prognostic factor on the power to detect an interaction effect, and discuss and compare three methods of handling the misspecification of the prognostic factor distribution. Methods: We examined the impact of the distribution of the dichotomous prognostic factor on power and sample size for the interaction effect using traditional one-stage sample size calculation. We varied the magnitude of the interaction effect, the distribution of the prognostic factor, and the magnitude and direction of the misspecification of the distribution of the prognostic factor. We compared quota sampling, modified quota sampling, and sample size re-estimation using conditional power as three strategies for ensuring adequate power and type I error in the presence of a misspecification of the prognostic factor distribution. Results: The sample size required to detect an interaction effect with 80% power increases as the distribution of the prognostic factor becomes less balanced. Misspecification such that the actual distribution of the prognostic factor was more skewed than planned led to a decrease in power with the greatest loss in power seen as the distribution of the prognostic factor became less balanced. Quota sampling was able to maintain the empirical power at 80% and the empirical type I error at 5%. The performance of the modified quota sampling procedure was related to the percentage of trials switching the quota sampling scheme. Sample size re-estimation using conditional power was able to improve the empirical power under negative misspecifications (i.e. skewed distributions) but it was not able to reach the target of 80% in all situations. Conclusions: Misspecifying the distribution of a dichotomous prognostic factor can greatly impact power to detect an interaction effect. Modified quota sampling and sample size re-estimation using conditional power improve the power when the distribution of the prognostic factor is misspecified. Quota sampling is simple and can prevent misspecification of the prognostic factor, while maintaining power and type I error.
Optical spectroscopy for in-vitro differentiation of pediatric neoplastic and epileptogenic brain lesions

The objective of this in vitro tissue study is to investigate the feasibility of using optical spectroscopy to differentiate pediatric neoplastic and epileptogenic brain from normal brain. Specimens are collected from 17 patients with brain tumors, and from 26 patients with intractable epilepsy during surgical resection of epileptogenic cerebral cortex. Fluorescence spectra are measured at excitations of 337, 360, and 440 nm; diffuse reflectance spectra are measured between 400 and 900 nm from each specimen. Pathological analysis is performed to classify abnormalities in brain specimens, and its findings are correlated with spectral data. Statistically significant differences (p<0.01) are found for both raw and normalized diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectra between 1. neoplastic brain and normal gray matter, 2. epileptogenic brain and normal gray matter, and 3. neoplastic brain and normal white matter. However, no distinct spectral features are identified that effectively separate epileptogenic brain from normal white matter. The outcomes of the study suggest that certain unique compositional and structural characteristics of pediatric neoplastic and epileptogenic brain can be detected using optical spectroscopy in vitro.