cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why so Few?: Women Household Heads in Osaka Chônin Families

Women house heads were uncommon among Osaka chonin (urban ite) households. Despite the assumed importance of assuring family continuity, there were legal and customary barriers to women succeeding to family headships. Fifteen hundred seven records of household succession for Osaka in the period 1707-1872 include only twenty-two cases of female predecessors and thirty-seven cases of female successors. Given the number of households which disappear after failing to find a suitable successor, why were women generally excluded? Why were women less frequent than minor males as intermediary successors? Why were employees and distant male relatives more attractive than women as successors? Female househeads are less frequent after 1730 than before. The change resulted from fears of excessive business competition from branch households. This served to restrict the candidates for succession and increased the failure rate of Osaka merchant houses.
Central charge of the Virasoro algebra for supersymmetric sigma models on Calabi-Yau manifolds

It is shown that the central charge of the Virasoro algebra for a conformally invariant supersymmetric σ-model on a Calabi-Yau manifold remains equal to its free field value to order α′ 4 despite the non-Ricci-flatness of the background metric. Various possibilities for higher loop contributions are discussed.
Continuous routing and batch routing on the hypercube

In this paper we study two related routing problems on the n-dimensional hypercube: continuous routing, referring to the infinite routing process in which one new permutation is generated every constant r time steps, and batch routing, in which n permutations axe to be routed at the same time. We show that continuous routing with suitable value of r is feasible by giving a probabilistic routing algorithm that guarantees an 0 (n) completion time for any given permutation with overwhelming probability. The proof relies heavily on a probabilistic batch routing algorithm that has an 0 (n) completion time - an improvement over Valiant's classical 2-phase probabilistic routing algorithm when routing n permutations at the same time.
The present state of heat flow observations

Analysis of about 2000 terrestrial heat flow observations indicates that heat flow values are well correlated with major geological features: higher averages and more scattered values in active tectonic areas, and lower averages and more uniform values in stable areas. Average heat flow over the continents does not differ significantly from that over the oceans. This equality of heat flow suggests that radioactive elements per unit volume are about the same beneath land and sea. This further implies that the upper mantle under the continents is different from that under the oceans. Thermal history of the earth deduced from recent observations is also described.
Tolerance development to butorphanol : comparison with morphine

In order to evaluate and to compare the time course, dose response, and the degree of tolerance development to butorphanol and morphine, rats were continuously intracerebroventricularly (ICV) infused with saline vehicle (1 microliter/h), butorphanol (6.5, 13, 26, and 52 nmol/microliters/h), or morphine (1.6, 6.5, and 26 nmol/microliters/h) through osmotic minipumps for 1 to 3 days. The tail-flick responses were determined pre-, during, and postinfusion. Tolerance to morphine developed faster than that to butorphanol. The antinociceptive response to the ICV challenge dose (6 h after the termination of drug infusion) of butorphanol or morphine was decreased significantly and there was a negative correlation between the dose of the drug infused and the observed antinociceptive response. In terms of butorphanol and morphine tolerance, a parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve was produced with the degree of shift proportional to the log of the infusion dose. In tail-flick tests, the shifts of the dose-response curves for butorphanol and morphine in tolerant animals were 11.8- and 46.3-fold, respectively. However, in the acetic acid writhing test, the shifts of the dose-response curves for butorphanol and morphine in tolerant animals were 11.3- and 11.7-fold, respectively. These results suggest that there is a greater degree of tolerance to morphine than there is to butorphanol, but the degree of butorphanol tolerance is still substantial. In addition, two pain assays (tail flick vs. writhing) yielded different estimations of tolerance in a comparison of morphine and butorphanol.
High-precision measurement of variations in calcium isotope ratios in urine by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

We describe a new chemical separation method to isolate Ca from other matrix elements in biological samples, developed with the long-term goal of making high-precision measurement of natural stable Ca isotope variations a clinically applicable tool to assess bone mineral balance. A new two-column procedure utilizing HBr achieves the purity required to accurately and precisely measure two Ca isotope ratios (44Ca/42Ca and 44Ca/43Ca) on a Neptune multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICPMS) in urine. Purification requirements for Sr, Ti, and K (Ca/Sr > 10 000; Ca/Ti > 10 000 000; and Ca/K > 10) were determined by addition of these elements to Ca standards of known isotopic composition. Accuracy was determined by (1) comparing Ca isotope results for samples and standards to published data obtained using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), (2) adding a Ca standard of known isotopic composition to a urine sample purified of Ca, and (3) analyzing mixtures of urine samples a...
Percolation effects and magnetic properties of the randomly diluted fcc system Co p Mg 1-p O

Temperature-dependent, low-field (50 Oe) dc magnetic susceptibility (\ensuremath{\chi}) studies are reported for the randomly diluted fcc system ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathrm{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{p}}$O. The studies, using powder samples, covered the temperature range 1.6--300 K and the composition range 0.10\ensuremath{\le}pl1. Variations of the N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$, the Curie-Weiss temperature \ensuremath{\Theta}, the Curie constant C, the low-temperature magnetization M, and the lattice constant ${a}_{0}$ with p are reported. The observed percolation threshold ${p}_{c}$=0.13 agrees well with the predicted value of ${p}_{c}$=0.136 for fcc system with nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor interactions included. The variation of \ensuremath{\Theta}(p) and ${C}_{M}$(p) with p is found to be linear whereas that of t=${T}_{N}$(p)/${T}_{N}$(1) is more complex, showing a crossover near p=0.45, where ${d}^{2}$t/${\mathrm{dp}}^{2}$ changes sign. Calculations are needed to explain this observed t versus p variation. For ${p}_{c}$0.45, \ensuremath{\chi} below ${T}_{N}$ depends upon how the sample is cooled through ${T}_{N}$, and the hysteresis and time dependence (relaxation) of \ensuremath{\chi} are observed at 4.2 K if the sample is cycled through a higher field (6 kOe). These observations are not fully understood. An estimate of the exchange constants for the ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathrm{p}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{p}}$O system is given.
A Bayesian hierarchical model for modeling white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) growth in a commercial shrimp farm

The paper explored the Bayesian hierarchical model as a possible way to incorporate growth variability in estimating shrimp growth function to enhance forecasting accuracy, using data from 16 growout ponds of a commercial shrimp farm in Hawaii. Based on a dataset of 571 weekly growth observations, the Bayesian hierarchical model is found to fit the data better than the simple nonlinear model that neglects growth variability, with respect to the deviance information criterion, root mean squared error and mean absolute percentage error. The Bayesian hierarchical model therefore could be a promising alternative for forecasting shrimp growth in commercial aquaculture practice.
Effect of Sintering Temperature on Properties of NiFe2O4-Matrix Inert Anode for Aluminum Electrolysis by Adding Nanopowder

Conventional cold pressing-sintering technique was utilized to fabricate NiFe2O4-matrix inert anode for aluminum electrolysis by adding NiFe2O4 spinel nanopowder. The effect of sintering temperature on properties of NiFe2O4-matrix ceramics was investigated especially. The results indicate that the density increases and the porosity decreases with the sintering temperature increasing, due to the higher diffusion coefficient enhanced by higher temperature. The bending strength and fracture toughness reach maximum values of 55.39MPa and 2.53MPa•m1/2 respectively, when the sintering temperature is 1400°C.
Critical Field Measurements on Superconducting Lead Isotopes

The measurement of the isotope effect uppn the superconducting critical field of lead was extended from T/sub c/ to 1.28 K, and an accurate critical- field curve for lead is reported for this temperature range. The measured critical-fie1d curve is expanded as a function of T/sup 2/ and used in calculating the thermodynamic properties of lead. The values for the coefficient of the electronic specific heat in the normal state and for the latent heat of the superconducting transition are in good agreement with calorimetric measurements. The electronic specific heat in the superconducting state does not show an exponential 1/T dependence but instead a close resemblance to a T/sup 4/ dependence below 5 K. The temperature dependence of the critical field of lead, like that of most superconductors, is not parabolic. However, the observed H/sub c/ values 1ie above a parabola passing through H/sub O/ and T/sub c/ which is in the opposite direction from the deviations shown by all other superconductors for which precise data are available. It is shown that an empirical correlation exists for superconductors between the deviation from parabolic behavior and T/sup c// THETA /sub O/, where THETA /sub O/ is the Debye temperature at Tmore » = O K. Measurements of the isotope effect upon the critical field below T/sub c/ show small differences in the coefficient of the normal electronic specific heat, gamma , between specimens but in general give support to the principle of similarity in lead to about the same precision as has been reported for other superconductors. (auth)« less
Identification of a chemoprevention cohort from a population of women at high risk for breast cancer.

In a prospective pilot study, we performed breast fine needle aspirations (FNAs) on 213 high-risk and 30 low-risk women and analyzed these aspirates for cytologic changes and biomarker abnormalities of aneuploidy and overexpressed estrogen receptor (ER), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53 and HER-2/neu. High-risk women were those with a first degree relative with breast cancer (73%), prior biopsy indicating premalignant breast disease (26%), a history of breast cancer (13%), or some multiple of these risk factors (11%). Median ages of the high-risk and low-risk groups were 44 and 42, respectively. Sixty-three percent of the high-risk and 73% of the low-risk group were premenopausal. Sixty-eight percent of the high-risk and 17% of low-risk women had cytologic evidence of hyperplasia with or without atypia (P < .0001). Aneuploidy and overexpression of EGFR and p53 occurred in 25%, 36%, and 28% of high-risk subjects but in less than 4% of low-risk subjects (P < .0002). Overexpression of ER and HER-2/neu occurred in 8% and 19%, respectively of high-risk women; nc low-risk women had these abnormalities. Sixty-eight percent of high-risk women and 7% of low-risk women had abnormalities of one or more of these biomarkers exclusive of cytology. Thirty-one percent of high-risk women, but no low-risk women had abnormalities of two or more biomarkers (P = .0004). Biomarker abnormalities were more frequent with increasing cytologic abnormality. Eighteen percent of women with normal cytology, 29% of women with epithelial hyperplasia and 60% of women with hyperplasia with atypia had abnormalities of two or more biomarkers (P = .048 and < .0001, respectively). Restricting the analysis to those three biomarkers most frequently overexpressed in the high-risk group (ploidy, EGFR, p53), 13% of high-risk women with normal cytology, 20% of high-risk women with epithelial hyperplasia and 51% of high-risk women with atypical hyperplasia had abnormalities of 2 or more of these 3 biomarkers. At a median follow up of two years, 8 of 213 women have been diagnosed with in situ (n = 5) or invasive (n = 3) cancer. Later detection of neoplasia was associated with prior FNA evidence of atypical hyperplasia (P < .0001) and multiple biomarker abnormalities in the 5 test battery (P = .006) by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, development and/or detection of cancer was primarily predicted by atypical hyperplasia (P = .0047) and secondarily by multiple biomarker abnormalities (P = 0.021). Atypical hyperplasia, EGFR, and p53 in breast FNAs have promise as risk markers and as surrogate endpoint biomarkers for breast cancer chemoprevention trials.
Associative ionization in collisions of slowed and trapped sodium

Collisions of trapped atoms occur over time intervals that are often longer than radiative lifetimes. This leads to radiative interruption of excited-state collision dynamics and constrains collisional interactions to atom pairs that are in close proximity at the time of excitation. Using classical dynamics I show that this causes Na associative ionization to be dominated by a four-step process in which the longer-range ${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{*}}$-Na interaction initiates inward motion that is completed as ${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{*}}$+${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}}$+e. Thus low-temperature associative ionization does not result from ${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{*}}$+${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ collisions. I predict strong single- and two-wavelength dependences, which have a molecular character due to the close proximity at the time of photoabsorption. These are amenable to experimental observation. I also calculate saturation that results from the depletion of interacting pairs. This produces very-low-power saturation and explains the associative ionization measurements of Gould et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 788 (1988)].
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculation of the shear viscosity of carbon dioxide

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics calculations of the shear viscosity of supercritical carbon dioxide along the 313 K isotherm are reported. Three different intermolecular potential models of increasing complexity are considered: a spherically symmetric Lennard-Jones potential, a two-site Lennard-Jones potential, and a three-site potential which includes a quadrupole-quadrupole moment. Results for the three potentials are compared with experimental data.
Measurements of the Lick Observatory Sodium Laser Guide Star

The Lick Observatory guide star laser has provided a beacon sufficient to close the adaptive optics loop and produce corrected images during runs in 1996 and 1997. This report summarizes measurements of the wavefront quality of the outgoing beam, photoreturn signal from the sodium beacon, and radiance distribution of the guide star on the sky, and follows with an analysis of the impact of the laser on adaptive optics system performance.
EVAPORATIVE COOLING OF BLANCHED VEGETABLES

The parameters involved in a method of evaporative cooling of blanched vegetables prior to freezing were investigated. By use of an x-y plotter, cooling rates were charted under controlled conditions of humidity, temperature and air velocity to determine the optimum cooling possible with minimal usage of water. Results show that air velocity is the critical factor involved. Because conservation of water is of environmental importance, the method has practical applications in many processing plants where water cooling is employed.
Characterization of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of sugar phosphates and related compounds by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract The gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of sugar phospates and related compounds were investigated because of the importance of these phosphate esters in intermediary carbohydrate metabolism. Aldose-1-, -4-, -5-, and -6-phosphates and ketose diphosphates were chromatographed as the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the intact phosphate esters; the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the aldose diphosphates were found to be too unstable for chromatography. Substituted oxime derivatives were prepared from several of the sugar phosphates in an attempt to reduce the number of gas chromatographic peaks (due to α- and β-furanose and pyranose structures) and to increase the stability. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of these oximes gave single peaks in many cases, but the separation of isomeric hexoses was poor. The methylene unit values were determined for forty-three sugar phosphates and related compounds on a polar (OV-17) and a non-polar (SE-30) phase. The structures of all derivatives were confirmed by mass spectrometry.
Cerebral deep venous thrombosis presenting as acute micrographia and hypophonia

Deep cerebral venous thrombosis is often a devastating condition associated with hemorrhagic infarction. We describe a patient who presented with acute micrographia and hypophonia as the sole manifestations of extensive deep venous sinus thrombosis.
Matrix Riccati equations and matrix Sturm–Liouville problems

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of determinants of unitary solutions of matrix Riccati differential equations containing a large parameter is determined. The result leads to theorems on existence and asymptotic distribution of eigenvalues of indefinite matrix Sturm–Liouville problems.
Can Technology Offer a Means of Mentoring Pre-service Teachers about Diversity?

This article discusses a project which has the goal of raising the awareness of pre-service teachers about the needs and potentials of low-income minority students through using technology to develop a comentoring community composed of teacher educators, teachers, pre-service students and elementary students. Using the interactive capabilities of video conferencing over the Internet, pre-service teachers engage in a 'virtual' field experience with a bilingual grade three classroom in a distant inner-city school. Pre-service teachers involved in the programme have the opportunity to be involved with students they would not experience in the local area, to be mentored by a teacher with knowledge of diversity, and to use technology in meaningful, productive ways. Benefits for participants—faculty, pre-service teachers, teachers in the school, and students in host classrooms—implications for pre-service teachers' understanding of diversity and limitations of the technology are discussed. 1
The parallel computation of minimum cost paths in graphs by stream contraction

Abstract We accelerate by a factor of log n and with no increase of the processor bound our previous parallel algorithm for path algebra computation in the case of the minimum cost path computation in an n -vertex graph and, more generally, wherever the path algebra has an order relation defined by its ⊕ operation. The acceleration is obtained by means of a novel technique of stream contraction.
Automated ILL analysis and collection development: A hi-tech marriage of convenience

Microcomputers and database management packages reduce the difficulties of collecting and analyzing ILL requests. This article examines earlier ILL/collection development studies to identify important ILL record elements for collection analysis. Further, this article reports on the results of a telephone survey of available ILL database management packages to determine whether the elements considered important in the earlier manual studies are being included in these new software packages. The article concludes that through the use of ILL database management packages, ILL activity analysis can be easily incorporated into ILL workflow and quickly passed along to subject selectors.
Efficacy of Thyroid Hormone Suppression for Benign Thyroid Nodules: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials

Objective To determine the efficacy of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy (THST) to decrease benign thyroid nodule volume. Design Meta-analysis. Methods Systematic search using electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library) through August 2004, paper review, and contacting experts and drug manufacturers. Only randomized controlled studies of THST vs no treatment or placebo, for reduction of benign thyroid nodule volume, were included. Exclusion criteria were: 50%), with a random effects model (RevMan4.2). Results Nine randomized trials were included (609 subjects). Subjects were 88% more likely to experience >50% nodule volume reduction with THST than placebo or no treatment (relative risk = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.18-3.01; P = 0.008). However, 8 subjects must be subjected to the risk of cardiac and skeletal side effects from THST, for one to benefit from therapy (number needed to treat = 8, risk difference = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.06-0.19; P = 0.0003). Sensitivity analysis reveals that 15 null studies would have to have been missed to reverse statistical significance (fail-safe N = 15). Review of the only study with long-term treatment (5 years) suggests no significant difference in nodule volume reduction between THST and placebo. Further, studies with follow-up after THST withdrawal demonstrate rapid increase in thyroid nodule and goiter volumes. Conclusion THST appears more likely than placebo or no treatment to significantly reduce benign thyroid nodule volume, but long-term treatment may be less effective and regrowth is likely following cessation of therapy. Given the risks of THST, routine use is not recommended for benign nodules.
Extracting Engineering Principles From a Hovercraft Design Project for Engineering Sophomores

The design of a hovercraft involves complex principles derived from fluid mechanics, mechanics of materials, thermodynamics and mechanical design. This work seeks to extract the fundamental principles from these subjects and implement them in the design and construction of a hovercraft. The challenge is to maintain a level-appropriate engineering standard while enabling sophomores from different engineering majors understand and effectively apply these standards. In order to do this, we have to decide what parameters to ignore and what engineering approximations should be made. By examination of the underlying engineering assumptions, it is shown that this aspect engages the engineering students interest as they find opportunities to implement what they are currently learning or have recently learnt. Actual construction of the hovercraft allows the basic theories to be tested and improves understanding of their effectiveness by quantifying underlying engineering assumptions. Assessment methods indicate that this project provides excellent preparation for future design innovation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Management of biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation

Biliary complications are a major cause of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation with an overall incidence between 11% and 25%. The most common complications are biliary leaks, strictures, and stones. These complications have an impact on graft survival, length of hospital stay, recovery, and overall cost of care. Therefore, knowledge of these complications and their management is important to the practicing gastroenterologist. Historically, biliary complications after liver transplantation have been managed surgically. However, with the growth of therapeutic endoscopic and percutaneous radiologic methods, most of these complications can now be managed less invasively. This article focuses on the incidence, timing, mechanism, and endoscopic management of biliary leak, strictures, stones, sludge, casts, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction following liver transplantation.
Characteristics of organic soil in black spruce forests: Implications for the application of land surface and ecosystem models in cold regions

[1] Soil organic layers (OL) play an important role in land-atmosphere exchanges of water, energy and carbon in cold environments. The proper implementation of OL in land surface and ecosystem models is important for predicting dynamic responses to climate warming. Based on the analysis of OL samples of black spruce (Picea mariana), we recommend that implementation of OL for cold regions modeling: (1) use three general organic horizon types (live, fibrous, and amorphous) to represent vertical soil heterogeneity; (2) implement dynamics of OL over the course of disturbance, as there are significant differences of OL thickness between young and mature stands; and (3) use two broad drainage classes to characterize spatial heterogeneity, as there are significant differences in OL thickness between dry and wet sites. Implementation of these suggestions into models has the potential to substantially improve how OL dynamics influence variability in surface temperature and soil moisture in cold regions.
A Numerical Study of Droplet Splitting and Merging in a Parallel-Plate Electrowetting-on-Dielectric Device

Microwater droplet splitting and merging in a parallel-plate electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) device have been studied numerically. The transient governing equations for the microfluidic flow are solved by a finite volume scheme with a two-step projection method on a fixed computational domain. The interface between liquid and gas is tracked by a coupled level set (LS) and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method. A continuum surface force (CSF) model is employed to model the surface tension at the interface. Contact angle hysteresis which is an essential component in EWOD modeling is implemented together with a simplified model for the viscous stresses exerted by the two plates at the solid–liquid interface. The results of the numerical model have been validated with published experimental data and the physics of droplet motion within the EWOD device has been examined. A parametric study has been performed in which the effects of channel height and several other parameters on the fluid motion have been studied.
Free energy component analysis: application to the “Z-Phobicity” of A · T base pairs

Abstract We have carried out molecular dynamics/free energy perturbation calculations on the double helical hexamer d(CGCGCG)2 in both B and Z forms. The third C · G base pair was “mutated” to T · A in both B and Z-DNA. It is known experimentally that replacement of a C·G with a T·A base pair in an alternating CG sequence raises the energy of the Z form relative to the B form by ∼ 1 kcal mole−1. We have carried out free energy component calculations to assess the reason for the “Z-phobicity” of T·A base pairs. There are two major contributions. The primary contribution is from the intra-base pair interactions of the mutated base pair itself which disfavor T·A relative to C·G in the Z form by ≃ 1.4 kcal mole−1. A secondary contribution of 0.4 kcal mole−1 arises because the two cytosines on the strand where G is mutated to A disfavor T·A relative to C·G in the Z form by 1.9 kcal mole−1, while the guanines flanking the Con the complementary strand stabilize the T·A base pair relative to the C·G in the Z form...
Interface between culturally based preferences and genetic preferences: female mate choice in Poecilia reticulata

Abstract The relative contribution of genetic and socio-cultural factors in the shaping of behavior is of fundamental importance to biologists and social scientists, yet it has proven to be extremely difficult to study in a controlled, experimental fashion. Here I describe experiments that examined the strength of genetic and cultural (imitative) factors in determining female mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Female guppies from the Paria River in Trinidad have a genetic, heritable preference for the amount of orange body color possessed by males. Female guppies will, however, also copy (imitate) the mate choice of other females in that when two males are matched for orange color, an "observer" female will copy the mate choice of another ("model") female. Three treatments were undertaken in which males differed by an average of 12%, 24%, or 40% of the total orange body color. In all cases, observer females viewed a model female prefer the less colorful male. When males differed by 12% or 24%, observer females preferred the less colorful male and thus copied the mate choice of others, despite a strong heritable preference for orange body color in males. When males differed by 40% orange body color, however, observer females preferred the more colorful male and did not copy the mate choice of the other female. In this system, then, imitation can "override" genetic preferences when the difference between orange body color in males is small or moderate, but genetic factors block out imitation effects when the difference in orange body color in males is large. This experiment provides the first attempt to experimentally examine the relative strength of cultural and genetic preferences for a particular trait and suggests that these two factors moderate one another in shaping social behavior.
The Classical Nusselt Problem of Film Condensation: Direct Steady and Unsteady Computational Simulations That Yield Results on Stability and Wave Effects

Accurate steady and unsteady numerical solutions of the full 2D governing equations for the Nusselt problem (film condensation of quiescent saturated vapor on a vertical wall) are presented and related to known results. The problem, solved accurately up to film Reynolds number of 60 (Reδ ≤ 60), establishes various features of the well known steady solution and reveals the interesting phenomena of stability, instability and non-linear wave effects. The wave effects are shown to arise from the intrinsic flow instabilities as well as sensitivity to ever present minuscule transverse vibrations of the condensing surface. The results also suggest ways to enhance wave fluctuations and heat transfer rates.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A Novel K-Band Tunable Microstrip Bandpass Filter Using a Thin Film HTS/Ferroelectric/ Dielectric Configuration

We report on YBCO/strontium titanate (STO) thin film K-band tunable bandpass filters on lanthanum aluminate substrates. The 2 pole filters were designed for a center frequency of 19 GHz and 4% bandwidth. Tunability is achieved through the non-linear dc electric field dependence of the relative dielectric constant of STO (epsilon-rSTO). Center frequency shifts greater than 2 GHz were obtained at a 400V bipolar dc bias at temperatures below 77K, with minimum degradation in the insertion loss of the filters.
Nondemocratic nonplanning: The French experience

During the de Gaulle and Pompidou regimes, the French executive claimed that its Economic and Social Development Plan fitted an ideal model of democratic planning. It was democratic in both process and substance, devised after wide consultations, and designed to pursue the welfare of the nation as a whole. It also met the standards of “planning,” outlining a coherent set of actions which could realistically be taken during each planning period, and which were rationally calculated to further carefully-defined long-term aims. An analysis of the preparation process and of the quality of the Plan as written and executed, however, indicates that it did not meet the standards of either democracy or planning. The conclusion of the paper expresses serious doubt about the possibility of ever achieving the ideal of democratic planning in France.
Can oxywater be made

Ab initio quantum mechanical methods have been applied to an investigation of the oxywater (H2OO)−hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) isomerization at high levels of theory. The investigation employed basis sets up to triple-ζ plus double polarization plus f functions (TZ2P+f) and levels of correlation up to coupled cluster including single, double, and perturbatively treated connected triple excitations [CCSD(T)]. Harmonic vibrational frequencies are obtained via finite differences of analytic gradients. Their infrared intensities are also reported. The classical barrier for isomerization of oxywater is substantial (5.7 kcal/mol) at the highest level of theory. Correction for zero-point vibrational energies yields a predicted activation energy of 3.3 kcal/mol. The equilibrium dipole moment of oxywater is predicted to be substantial, namely 4.5 D. Thus, oxywater indeed awaits synthesis.
Influence of the pericardium on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume curves in dogs with sustained volume overload

The pericardium is largely responsible for displacement of the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume curve observed after acute volume loading in dogs. Likewise the pericardium has been considered likely to play a role in displacement of the curve in patients with acute cardiac failure and in shifts following manipulation of afterload. This study was designed to examine the influence of the pericardium on the diastolic pressure-volume relation of the left ventricle when volume load is more sustained, a setting relevant to observations made in patients with heart failure. We measured left ventricular pressure and volume in six conscious dogs with sustained volume overload (mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 21 mm Hg, left ventricular end-diastolic volume 149% of the upper limit of normal for our laboratory) produced by aortocaval shunt created 7 to 29 days earlier. Simultaneous left ventriculograms and pressures were obtained before and during nitroprusside infusion with the pericardium intact and in four dogs the studies were repeated 7 to 15 days after pericardiectomy. In all six dogs with intact pericardium, nitroprusside displaced the entire pressure-volume curve downward whereas after pericardiectomy, the pressure-volume data points obtained before and during nitroprusside infusion fell on a single curve. These results were similar to those previously reported for acute volume overload. Nitroprusside did not alter the time course of left ventricular pressure fall during the isovolumic period of diastole either before pericardiectomy (28.8 +/- 10.2 sec,-1, 28.4 +/- 11.9 sec-1) or after (28.8 +/- 6.7 sec-1, 26.1 +/- 7.2 sec-1). These data indicate that in dogs subjected to volume overload sustained for periods of up to 29 days, the pericardium affects the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume curve and contributes to the elevation of left ventricular filling pressure through upward displacement of this curve.
Nonrenormalizable field theories

Abstract A large class of nonrenormalizable field theory models is studied in the Bethe-Salpeter framework. In particular, those cases are discussed for which the kernel in Euclidean space is a singular potential. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Although the solutions obtained in Euclidean space solve their integral equations rigorously, the functions obtained from them in Minkowski space by undoing the formal rotation do not solve the original (Minkowski space) integral equations in any ordinary (including distribution theoretic) sense. This happens because the formal Euclidean rotation is around an essential singularity (on the light cone.) (2) There are two “senses,” in which these Minkowski space “solutions” can be said to satisfy their integral equations: (a) The solutions can be obtained as regulator limits. (b) Equivalently, the solutions can be obtained if one redefines the integration path in the equations and makes an illegal interchange of integration order. (3) Because such (nonaxiomatic) intermediate steps are actually involved in obtaining these solutions, it turns out that each of the final solutions contains violation of axiom (usually positive-definiteness of probability). (4) There seems to be little or no relation between nonrenormalizable field theory and singular potential theory, as the connection between the two (rotation between Euclidean and Minkowski space) always involves implicitly, as stated in (1), (2), either regulator limits or illegal interchange of integration order and, as stated in (3), always leads to violation of axiom in Minkowski space.
Fundamental sloshing frequency for an inclined, fluid-filled right circular cylinder

References ^Harris, H. J., "A. Graphical Method for Obtaining the Transient Bondline Temperature for Two Finite Composite Slabs Subjected to Aerodynamic Heating," IOC 69.4352.8-22, Dec. 1969, TRW Systems Group, Houston, Texas. 2 Churchill, R. V., Operational Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958, pp. 38-40, 229-231. 3 Grover, J. H. and Holter, W. H., "Solution of the Transient Heat-Conduction Equation for an Insulated, Infinite Metal Slab," Jet Propulsion, Vol. 27, No. 12, Dec. 1957, pp. 1249-1252. 4 Mayer, E., "Heat Flow in Composite Slabs," ARS Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3, May-June 1952, pp. 150-158. 5 Harris, R. S., Jr. and Davidson, J. R., "An Analysis of Exact and Approximate Equations for the Temperature Distribution in an Insulated Thick Skin Subjected to Aerodynamic Heating," TN D-519, Jan. 1961, NASA. 6 Grover, J. H. and Holter, W. H., "Insulation Temperature for the Transient Heating of an Insulated Infinite Metal Slab," Journal of the American Rocket Society, Vol. 30, No. 9, Sept. 1960, pp.907-908. 7 Schneider, P. J., Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., Sept. 1957, pp. 272-273, 235-236. 8 Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A., Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series 55, June 1964, p. 225. 9 "Derivation of Duhamel Method for Calculating Back Face Temperatures," General Dynamics Corp., Fort Worth, Texas, 1960.
Alcohol-sensitive GABA receptors and alcohol antagonists

Alcohol is one of the oldest and most widely used and abused of all psychoactive drugs. Although alcohol ingestion impacts most organ systems, its effects on the brain are of considerable interest, given alcohol's many neuropharmacological actions, including its intoxicating, sedative, anxiolytic, reinforcing, and addictive properties (1). However, elucidating the cellular and molecular targets for alcohol's important pharmacological actions has proven challenging. Alcohol has a relatively simple chemical structure, it has pleiotropic effects in disordering membrane lipids and proteins, and relatively high clinically relevant (5–30 mM) tissue concentrations are required for its actions. Thus, it is unlikely that any single molecular mechanism (or target for that matter) will explain all of the relevant pharmacology of this important drug. Despite these caveats, research over the past two decades has identified a number of potential alcohol targets in brain, including various G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels (1). In some cases, alcohol has been shown to modify these targets at pharmacologically relevant concentrations; however, with few exceptions, the concentrations (or doses) of alcohol studied have been well above those that cause acute intoxication in animals, including humans. Despite considerable work in this area, two important questions remain largely unanswered. Can any of the clinically relevant neuropharmacological actions of alcohol be attributed to a direct interaction with one or more “specific” protein targets, such as a receptor or ion channel? If so, can the neuropharmacological actions of alcohol be mimicked, modified, or even blocked by a much more specific drug acting at this same target(s)? In this issue of PNAS, Hanchar et al . (2) and Wallner et al . (3) provide compelling data for a rather specific and pharmacologically relevant alcohol binding site on a subtype of GABAA receptor composed of α4/6β3δ subunits. Remarkably, they show that the behavioral alcohol … E-mail: paul\_steven\_m{at}lilly.com
On Leukocytes in Mammary Development and Cancer

During metastasis, tumor cells may be copying a program that is executed by hematopoietic stem cells during development.
Segment gating for static energy reduction in Networks-on-Chip

Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) have emerged as a primary vehicle for overcoming the limitations of uniprocessor scaling, with power constraints now representing a key factor of CMP design. Recent studies have shown that the on-chip interconnection network (NOC) can consume as much as 36% of overall chip power. To date, researchers have employed several techniques to reduce power consumption in the network, including the use of on/off links by means of power gating. However, many of these techniques target dynamic power, and those that consider static power focus exclusively on flit buffers. In this paper, we aim to reduce static power consumption through a comprehensive approach that targets buffers, switches, arbitration units, and links. We establish an optimal power-down scheme which we use as an upper bound to evaluate several static policies on synthetic traffic patterns. We also evaluate dynamic utilization-aware power-down policies using traces from the PARSEC benchmark suite. We show that both static and dynamic policies can greatly reduce static energy at low injection rates with only minimal increases in dynamic energy and latency.
Digital radio takes to the road

While the transition of television to a digital technology with its improved picture and sound quality has been a much publicized and controversial process, radio, has stayed in the background. But in 2001, in the United States, radio broadcasting is making its own digital leap. Two start-ups are introducing a new type of radio broadcast-subscription-based digital audio sent from satellites. With satellite digital audio radio services (SDARS), listeners will be able to tune in to the same radio stations anywhere in the United States. SDARS differs from so-called digital music services, in which direct broadcast satellite or cable system operators provide digitized and compressed audio over their networks, both because of its programming and because SDARS can be received in a moving car, where much of today's radio listening takes place; existing digital audio services cannot. Meanwhile, the free, over-the-air terrestrial broadcasters are expected to choose digital audio broadcasting technologies for both the AM and FM bands by year-end.
Temporomandibular Joint Pain and Synovial Fluid Analysis: A Review of the Literature

The pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint pain is not well understood. A significant amount of research has been conducted to evaluate synovial fluid in these patients and in healthy controls. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the synovial fluid have shown a significant difference between these groups. A multitude of inflammatory mediators and degradation products have been identified. The concentration of these products has been shown to correlate with several clinical parameters including pain, chronicity, severity of degenerative change, and response to treatment. A common inflammatory pathway would appear to be involved in most patients. At the present time, synovial fluid analysis does not have the sensitivity or specificity to allow specific diagnoses and targeted treatment. Continued research with the specific aim of establishing more appropriate therapeutic modalities based on the biochemical pathways is warranted.
Adaptive Learning and Macroeconomic Inertia in the Euro Area

This article aims to study the determinants of macroeconomic inertia in the euro area. To this end, it estimates a simple monetary DSGE model with private-sector learning, but which also includes more structural sources of inertia, such as habit formation in consumption and inflation indexation. Economic agents are assumed to form near-rational expectations and to learn the model parameters over time. Likelihood-based Bayesian methods are used to estimate the agents' beliefs jointly within the system and to provide evidence on the fit of alternative learning rules. The results show that European macroeconomic inertia has only moderately changed over the sample. The evidence is consistent with a small gain coefficient and low degrees of habits and indexation, although some uncertainty remains after the estimation.
Growth patterns and histochemical characterization of bovine mammary corpora amylacea

Corpora amylacea in bovine mammary tissue were quantified across a range of size differentials for histochemical properties, lactation age, and lactation stage, in an attempt to characterize amyloid nucleation and growth. At all size classifications, corpora stained positively for amyloid, calcium deposits, and glycoprotein, while staining negatively for mucopolysaccharides. Prevalence of corpora amylacea among the size differentials was unrelated to age of lactating animals, although no corpora were observed in quarters of primiparous heifers at parturition. Corpora amylacea were most abundant during the later stages of lactation for all size differentials, and least abundant during late involution and early lactation. The majority of corpora were observed in alveolar lumens at all stages of lactation. Our results suggest that corpora amylacea development is not restricted to a particular stage of lactation, although their nucleation appears to occur within the alveolar lumens. Gradual increases in both ...
On mobile clients as free riders in peer-to-peer live streaming

Mobile devices today such as netbooks, tablet PCs and smart phones provide user-friendly interfaces for people to capture live video. However as a viewer, they prefer not to share downloaded clips due to the limited computing power, upload bandwidth and mostly due to the high power consumption while scheduling segments. In this paper, we discuss the possibility of allowing mobile clients run as free riders under managed usage by assigning a suitable serving peer, and analyze the impact caused by mobile clients on the required bandwidth of our P2P live streaming system, which is a server-enabled architecture that provides client-to-client (C2C) live streaming service.
Novel non-isotopic detection of MutY enzyme-recognized mismatches in DNA via ultrasensitive detection of aldehydes

A highly sensitive method to detect traces of aldehyde-containing apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in nucleic acids has been developed. Based on this method, a novel approach to detect DNA base mismatches recognized by the mismatch repair glycosylase MutY is demonstrated. Open chain aldehydes generated in nucleic acids due to spontaneous depurination, DNA damage or base excision of mismatched adenine by MutY are covalently trapped by a new linker molecule [fluorescent aldehyde-reactive probe (FARP), a fluorescein-conjugated hydroxylamine derivative]. DNA containing AP sites is FARP-trapped, biotinylated and immobilized onto neutravidin-coated microplates. The number of FARP-trapped aldehydes is then determined via chemiluminescence using a cooled ICCD camera. AP sites induced in plasmid or genomic calf thymus DNA via mild depurination or by simple incubation at physiological conditions (pH 7, 37 degreesC) presented a linear increase in chemiluminescence signal with time. The procedure developed, from a starting DNA material of approximately 100 ng, allows detection of attomole level (10(-18) mol) AP sites, or 1 AP site/2 x 10(7) bases, and extends by 1-2 orders of magnitude the current limit in AP site detection. In order to detect MutY-recognized mismatches, nucleic acids are first treated with 5 mM hydroxylamine to remove traces of spontaneous aldehydes. Following MutY treatment and FARP-labeling, oligonucleotides engineered to have a centrally located A/G mismatch demonstrate a strong chemiluminescence signal. Similarly, single-stranded M13 DNA that forms mismatches via self-complementation (average of 3 mismatches over 7429 bases) and treated with MutY yields a signal approximately 100-fold above background. No signal was detected when DNA without mismatches was used. The current development allows sensitive, non-isotopic, high throughput screening of diverse nucleic acids for AP sites and mismatches in a microplate-based format.