cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synchronization of Mammalian Cells

An essential and probably primary task in the study of cell cycle related processes is the synchronization of cells into specific cell cycle phases. Cell synchronization improves conditions by which an actual process under scrutiny can be studied and helps clarify linkage of the process to a particular cell cycle phase transition. In this chapter we will provide methods that have proven effective in synchronizing mammalian cells into defined cell cycle phases. We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure and point to some key situations where such procedures have been employed successfully in the biochemical dissection of cell cycle control processes. Our focus here will be on the use of chemicals or growth restriction conditions to synchronize exponentially growing cells. We will present methodology to arrest cells in G0/G1, G1/S, G2 and mitosis-like states (Fig. 1). We will discuss the use of (1) serum starvation, isoleucine-withdrawal and chemicals (lovastatin, mimosine) for arrest of cells in a G0-like or G1-like state, (2) S phase blocking agents (aphidicolin, hydroxyurea, thymidine), (3) DNA damaging agents to produce G1 and/or G2 arrested cells, and (4) no- codazole to arrest cells in a mitotic state. Alternative nonchemical strategies using centrifugal elutriation as a basis for cell synchronization are discussed in the chapter by Marracino and Keng (Part One). Monitoring procedures to validate the success and selectivity of the arrest procedure, and subsequent cell cycle progression of the synchronize cohort will be discussed in the chapter by Giunta and Pucillo (Part One). Taken together, these chapters will appraise the currently available techniques that are commonly used for mammalian cell synchronization and provide the reader with methodology applicable to the study of a wide variety of cell cycle processes.
Women Investors in Fact

In the eighteenth century, women were voting shareholders in the East India Company and Bank of England. In the mid-nineteenth century, financial legislation expanded opportunities for investing in publicly traded shares by limiting the liability of shareholders. The Married Women’s Property Acts of 1870 and 1882 brought married women into the market as independent investors. This chapter discusses patterns of women’s investments in government securities, canals, docks, and banks, as well as in domestic, foreign, and colonial railways to set the stage for the following literary analyses and to support the argument that female authors’ personal experiences of gaining independence through investing moderated their critique of capitalism compared to that of their male contemporaries.
Sensitivity of two sugarcane rust fungi to fungicides in urediniospore germination and detached leaf bioassays

Abstract Management of brown (Puccinia melanocephala) and orange (Puccinia kuehnii) rust of sugarcane in Florida primarily relies on fungicide applications. Using two different in vitro bioassays, we evaluated the efficacy of five fungicides registered for control of these diseases. Inhibition of P. kuehnii and P. melanocephala urediniospore germination varied from 96 to 100% at 0.01–10 μg per ml of pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin. However, only 48% of the P. kuehnii spores were inhibited at 10 μg per ml of fluxapyroxad. Capacity to inhibit sugarcane infection and rust uredinia formation was tested with a detached leaf bioassay where fungicides were applied at different times with respect to inoculation with P. kuehnii or P. melanocephala. When fungicides were sprayed immediately after inoculation of leaf fragments, uredinia formation of P. melanocephala and P. kuehnii was suppressed at 99–100% regardless of the fungicide, except for metconazole (36–50% reduction). Uredinia formation of P. kuehnii was also nil when all fungicides (except metconazole) were sprayed 1 or 2 days prior to inoculation. However, maximum reduction in uredinia formation was 82% and 48% when leaves were sprayed with fungicides one or two days after inoculation, respectively. Therefore, these fungicides are more efficient in preventive than curative management of sugarcane orange rust.
Preoperative MRI for the Multiligament Knee Injury: What the Surgeon Needs to Know.

Abstract The multiligament knee injury is devastating and potentially limb threatening. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of the multiligament knee injury is an invaluable clinical tool, and when the radiologist is familiar with how certain injury patterns influence management, optimal outcomes can be achieved. We provide a detailed description of the relationship between salient imaging features of the multiligament knee injury, focusing on the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, and their influence on clinical decision-making.
Comparison of Physical Activity during Zumba with a Human or Video Game Instructor

Using a physically active video game presents an opportunity for a person to engage in exercise in the privacy of their own home, yet still receive some feedback on the quality of their exercise performance. The purpose of this project was to compare the physical activity between participating in a Zumba exercise class led by a human and using a Zumba video game. Eight women (33.0 ± 3.0 y, 34.8 ± 8.1 % body fat) who regularly participated in a Zumba exercise class were measured for heart rate, number of steps taken, and minutes of sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity while participating in a 60-minute human led Zumba exercise class (HZ) or while playing Zumba on the Xbox Kinect video game system (VZ). There were no differences between HZ or VZ (respectively) in light intensity (11.0 ± 7.3 vs. 11.9 ± 9.6 minutes) or moderate intensity (24.7 ± 7.1 vs. 27.6 ± 8.1 minutes) physical activity, or number of steps taken (5337 ± 899 vs. 5001 ± 1141). HZ resulted in less (P<0.05) sedentary time and more (P<0.05) vigorous intensity physical activity (22.0 ± 12.0 vs. 14.2 ± 12.8 minutes) and higher (P<0.05) average heart rates (149.0 ± 14.8 vs. 125.0 ± 10.9 beats/minute) than did VZ (respectively). The present data indicate that participating in Zumba led by a human or played as a video game can contribute to health promoting moderate intensity physical activity, but human led Zumba produces more vigorous intensity physical activity.
Robust Sub-Wavelength Grating Coupler for On-Chip Silicon Nitride Waveguides

A sub-wavelength grating (SWG) coupler is designed for coupling from a lensed fiber to an on-chip SiN waveguide. The designed SWG is compared with an inverse taper and analyzed for fabrication inaccuracies and misalignment conditions.
Grievances and rebellion: Comparing relative deprivation and horizontal inequality:

Social science answers to the essential question of group conflict have focused on two main explanations—their motivating “grievances” and their mobilization “capacity” for collective action. Recen...
Cultivating forgiveness resilience and positive change a resilience intervention pilot study among persons with disabilities

Resilience is an area of emerging interest and applies to people living with a disability ndash However research suggests that few if any resilience interventions have been developed and facilitated among people with disabilities ndash To address this void and assist people with disabilities in building resilience based skills Stuntzner and Hartley developed a module resilience intervention i e Stuntzner and Hartley rsquo s Life Enhancement Intervention Developing Resiliency Skills Following Disability The following article is a pilot study utilizing Stuntzner and Hartley rsquo s module resilience intervention The intervention was facilitated among a group N of individuals with varying disabilities Stuntzner and Hartley rsquo s resilience intervention SHRI was used to examine its utility in reducing negative emotions i e depression and anxiety and increasing forgiveness and resilience Initial findings indicate that participants experienced significant reductions in depression and anxiety and increases in forgiveness and resilience The study s strengths and limitations are discussed Further research is warranted to help professionals understand the intervention rsquo s use and versatility among people with disabilities
Using input-output analysis to model the impact of pandemic mitigation and suppression measures on the workforce

The "flatten the curve" graphic has recently become a common tool to visualize the extent to which pandemic suppression and mitigation measures could potentially reduce and delay the number of daily infections due to a pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the capacity of the many healthcare systems and created cascading economic impacts on interdependent sectors of the global society. This paper specifically explores the impact of pandemics on the workforce. The model proposed in this paper comprises of three major steps. First, sources for epidemic curves are identified to generate the attack rate, which is the daily number of infections normalized with respect to the population of the affected region. Second, the model assumes that the general attack rate can be specialized to reflect sector-specific workforce classifications, noting that each economic sector has varying dependence on the workforce. Third, using economic input-output (IO) data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, this paper analyzes the performance of several mitigation and suppression measures relative to a baseline pandemic scenario. Results from the IO simulations demonstrate the extent to which mitigation and suppression measures can flatten the curve. This paper concludes with reflections on other consequences of pandemics such as the mental health impacts associated with social isolation and the disproportionate effects on different socioeconomic groups.
Modular Platform for the Exploration of Form-Function Relationships in Soft Swimming Robots

Biological fish differ widely in anatomical structure (body stiffness, fin, body length, etc.) and swimming gait, and it is known that their physical characteristics have a close correlation to their locomotion capabilities. By systematically studying these correlations between the soft body structures of a fish-vertebrate-mimicking swimming robot and its swimming efficiency, we can elucidate the relationships between form and function and provide guidance on the design of novel nonbiomorphic swimming robots capable of performing complex underwater maneuvers.In this work, we design a soft modular swimming robot platform to systematically explore the relationship between body structure, swimming gaits, and locomotion performance. The proposed one degree of freedom (DOF) swimming robot platform includes an underactuated, cable-driven design that mimics the cascaded skeletal structure of soft spine tissue and hard spine bone seen in many fish species. The cable-driven actuation mechanism is oriented laterally for forward or backward motion and steering in a 2D plane. The modular platform design allows for easy modification of morphological parameters such as fin configuration, soft joint stiffness distribution, and body length, to vary the robot’s swimming mode.During experiments, we varied the swimming robot design and actuation parameters over multiple trials and observed the emergent locomotion behaviors in a controlled, underwater testbed. Results showed that the swimming robot is able to achieve biomorphic swimming modes which change from oscillatory (2.3 cm/s) to undulatory (11.0 cm/s) by simply tuning motor oscillation frequency. In addition, unnatural, nonbiomorphic swimming behaviors, such as the ability to change the swimming direction from forward to backward at different actuation frequencies, were also observed for certain joint stiffness and fin configurations.
Real-Time Defect Correction in Large-Scale Polymer Additive Manufacturing via Thermal Imaging and Laser Profilometer

Abstract Defects can result in a failed part and are costly in terms of time and material. This cost is even greater in the context of large-scale additive manufacturing where the objects can be very large. As a result, a great deal of research has focused on defect identification and mitigation. To address defects during object construction, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility investigated an in-situ control system comprised of two sensors: a thermal camera and laser profilometer. This control system adjusted material flow and build speed to mitigate three types of defects: low layer times, underfill, and overfill. Several test objects were constructed. The control system was found to adjust build parameters to handle low layer times of approximately 15 seconds and height deviations from -100% underfill (the absence of a layer) to 50% overfill. Within two layers, height deviations could be returned to within 10% of the expected layer height. Further, preliminary results suggest the system can compensate for uneven build surfaces.
Practical Persistence Reasoning in Visual SLAM

Many existing SLAM approaches rely on the assumption of static environments for accurate performance. However, several robot applications require them to traverse repeatedly in semi-static or dynamic environments. There has been some recent research interest in designing persistence filters to reason about persistence in such scenarios. Our goal in this work is to incorporate such persistence reasoning in visual SLAM. To this end, we incorporate persistence filters [1] into ORB-SLAM, a well-known visual SLAM algorithm. We observe that the simple integration of their proposal results in inefficient persistence reasoning. Through a series of modifications and using two locally collected datasets, we demonstrate the utility of such persistence filtering as well as our customizations in ORB-SLAM. Overall, incorporating persistence filtering could result in a significant reduction in map size (about 30% in the best case) and a corresponding reduction in run-time while retaining similar accuracy to methods that use much larger maps.
18 F-FDG-PET/CT in the assessment of atherosclerosis in lung cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the risk of atherosclerosis in patients with lung cancer compared to patients with extrapulmonary malignancies using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). We hypothesized that patients with lung cancer would demonstrate increased FDG uptake in the thoracic aorta compared to patients with extrapulmonary cancers. Thirty-four lung cancer patients (21 male, 13 female, 64.1 ± 12.9 yo) were retrospectively compared to seventy-eight patients with extrapulmonary malignancies (46 male, 32 female, 59.6 ± 12.8 yo). Average maximum standardized uptake value (avgSUVmax) and maximum target-to-blood pool ratio (TBRmax) were measured by mapping regions of interest of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. Two-tailed Student's t-test was used to assess the differences in avgSUVmax and TBRmax between the two groups and between smokers and non-smokers. Age and gender distribution between the groups were not statistically different. AvgSUVmax and TBRmax were statistically significant increase in lung cancer patients compared to extrapulmonary cancer patients in the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta, suggesting a lung cancer-associated increased risk of atherosclerosis development. AvgSUVmax was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers in all sections of the thoracic aorta. Moving forward, large, prospective studies that directly compare PET data between different malignancies of different stages will help determine the role of FDG-PET/CT in assessing paraneoplastic vascular disease.
Comprehensive Study of Special-Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC): An Investment Perspective

Special-Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) has been a widely discussed topic since 2020 and the trend continues in 2021. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of SPACs, including their capital structure, market participants, characteristics of their management teams, and factors contributing to its uprise. Abnormal returns analysis were performed on SPACs with both the CAPM and the Fama-French 3-Factor models. Results show that SPACs generally have negative alpha in different periods and their Sharpe ratios are lower than that of the S&P 500 index. However, most SPAC sectors that have completed their merger-and-acquisition illustrate positive excess returns. Then a SPAC investment strategy was designed using trading volume as a major sentiment indicator. The strategy outperforms the S&P 500 index with a Sharpe ratio of 2.59 in the back-test, suggesting its potential to yield considerable profit in SPACs investment.
The accuracy of needle electrode placement by trainees in selected forearm muscles using verification by neuromuscular ultrasound.

Abstract Introduction Anatomic landmarks alone may not always be sufficient to accurately guide electromyography (EMG) electrode needle placement. Methods Senior residents and fellows (n = 11) targeted 4 forearm muscles with anatomic landmarks alone versus with audiovisual EMG feedback. Accuracy of EMG needle placement was verified using neuromuscular ultrasound imaging. Results While relatively large and superficial FCR muscle was sampled at a rate of 100% with and without audiovisual EMG feedback, accuracy of deeper and/or smaller forearm muscles (FPL, EIP, and SUP) diminished significantly without audiovisual EMG feedback. Discussion Our study suggests that in clinical scenarios in which an electrodiagnostician relies on anatomic landmarks alone to target small and deep muscles, the risk of misplacement of needle electrode is increased. Consideration for neuromuscular ultrasound to augment training and/or real time guidance in EMG practice may be appropriate.
Leveraging for Regression

In this paper we examine master regression algorithms that leverage base regressors by iteratively calling them on modified samples. The most successful leveraging algorithm for classification is AdaBoost, an algorithm that requires only modest assumptions on the base learning method for its good theoretical bounds. We present three gradient descent leveraging algorithms for regression and prove AdaBoost-style bounds on their sample error using intuitive assumptions on the base learners. We derive bounds on the size of the master functions that lead to PAC-style bounds on the generalization error.
Inexplicable Law: Legality's Adventure in Europe

European Union law regulates how it is to be known by national judicial tribunals in Europe. The process most relevant to such a knowledge determination is the so-called "preliminary reference procedure" (Art. 234 EC Treaty), which has been praised for having been indispensable for the creation of a uniform European legal system. Roughly stated, this procedure puts the European Court of Justice in the position vis-a-vis national courts to answer authoritatively questions of interpretation where European Union law appears to be unclear. In a more recent case, which is discussed in the paper below, the question arose whether the jurisdiction of the European court also extends to cases where European Union law is, despite ostensible clarity, in fact unclear and hence in need of clarification. This question gave rise to another one: what is the appropriate legal consequence for a national court's failure to refer a matter to the European Court when the national court believed that the law was clear, indeed, and, hence, not in need of clarification at all. The paper begins by reminding the reader of how important the co-operative partnership is between the European Court of Justice on the one hand and national courts on the other for the implementation of the Community's legal system. It then turns to two different modes of dealing with bad court decisions against which there is no further appeal. After a short sketch of the European Court of Justice's jurisprudence on state liability it will offer a reconstruction of how the Court dealt with an instances of purported misinterpretation by a Member State Court deciding at last instance. It will be seen that the Court's precedent, even though firm in principle, is necessarily self-effacing in practice.
Wind feed-forward control of a USV

Since Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are relatively light weight and have a large windage area, they are sensitive to wind disturbances, especially during station-keeping operations. While robust feedback controllers can be used to attenuate slowly changing wind disturbances, they have difficulty compensating for the rapid variation of wind speed and direction. Control and sensing strategies were developed to mitigate wind effects on a 4.9 meter long, 180 kg USV. A wind feed-forward controller was designed using an anemometer to measure the apparent wind speed/direction and a wind model to estimate the wind-induced forces and moments on the USV in real-time. Freely drifting tests were performed to evaluate the impact of the wind on an unpowered USV. The vehicle was blown more than 20 meters off station in 5 minutes in mean wind speeds of about 2m/s. Experiments also showed that the response time of the USV to wind gusts is about 5 seconds. The wind feedforward feature was added to different station-keeping feedback controllers, namely a PD controller, a robust backstepping controller, and a sliding mode controller. Station keeping tests of those controllers without/ with wind feedforward controller were conducted and repeated for 5 times. The experimental results showed that the small size of USV can gain significant benefits from the inclusion of wind feedforward feature in both position and heading by an average of 75%, and 46% respectively in 5 sets of station keeping experiments.
Alkylpyrazines from hymenoptera: Isolation, identification and synthesis of 5-methyl-3- n-propyl-2-(1-butenyl)pyrazine from Aphaenogaster ants (formicidae)

Abstract Mandibular glands of Aphaenogaster rudis workers contain 5 - methyl - 3- n - propyl - 2 -(1 -butenyl)pyrazine, a new natural product. This pyrazine and several of its isomers have been synthesized from the corresponding 2,3-, 2,5- or 2,6-dimethylpyrazines. Marked differences in the mass spectra of these multialkylated pyrazines are discussed. In addition, dimethylalkylpyrazines are reported from a variety of aculeate wasps.
Chapter 5 - Surface alloying and de-alloying of Pb on single-crystal Cu surfaces

This chapter discusses surface alloying and dealloying of Pb on single-crystal Cu surfaces. In the chapter, the static and dynamic properties of Pb overlayers on single crystal surfaces of Cu are reviewed. A brief description of the experimental and theoretical probes used to obtain this information is given. Properties of the overlayers are also discussed in the chapter. A strong emphasis is placed on the atomic structures of the overlayers and the changes that take place as the Pb coverage is changed. It is remarkable how small changes in coverage cause dramatic changes in atomic structure—often transforming the surface from alloy to overlayer phases even at room temperature. In addition, a tabulation of the overlayer structures is presented in the chapter. The chapter also contains discussion of the dynamic properties of the films, including the nature of transitions between the phases and the order–disorder (melting) transitions that occur at elevated temperatures. The chapter ends with energetic and kinetic considerations on why surface alloying and dealloying takes place for the Pb or Cu system.
Comparison of surface H-field measurements using Hall sensors and a novel multiple sense coil approach

Resulting from the magnetoelastic phenomena, measurement of magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials has found many applications in evaluation of stress and force. Therefore a reliable way of measuring magnetic field is imperative. Measurements of initial magnetization curve and hysteretic curve using three Hall sensors placed at different distances from the surface of the material are compared with a three point quadratic fit which was used to find the magnetic intensity at the surface of the material. The thus obtained hysteretic curve is in excellent agreement with the reference data obtained by a coil with an iron yoke. Two concentric coils are presently used in solenoid-type sensors for estimation of magnetic characteristics. The measured hysteresis curve is compared with the more precise technique employing Hall effect sensors. This work is considered to be an important step in the experimental investigation of magnetoelastic phenomena and for further development of stress sensors.
m‐Chloroperbenzoic Acid–2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine Hydrochloride

[937-14-4] C7H5ClO3 (MW 172.57) InChI = 1S/C7H5ClO3/c8-6-3-1-2-5(4-6)7(9)11-10/h1-4,10H InChIKey = NHQDETIJWKXCTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [935-22-8] C9H20ClN (MW 177.75) InChI = 1S/C9H19N.ClH/c1-8(2)6-5-7-9(3,4)10-8;/h10H,5-7H2,1-4H3;1H InChIKey = GCZDACZURJFILX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the oxidation of alcohols at rt;1 when used in combination with other oxidizing properties of m-CPBA this reagent can effect conversion of alkenic alcohols to epoxy ketones or secondary alcohols to esters or lactones2) Solubility: sol CH2Cl2, CHCl3, diethyl ether, THF. Form Supplied in: for m-CPBA, see m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl is a red solid, mp 36–38 °C and is available commercially. Preparative Method: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine hydrochloride is prepared by passing dry HCl into a cold solution of 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine in ether.
Benchmarking the completely renormalised equation-of-motion coupled-cluster approaches for vertical excitation energies

The vertical excitation energies for a comprehensive test set of about 150 singlet excited states of 28 medium-sized organic molecules computed using two variants of the completely renormalised (CR) equation-of-motion (EOM) coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples, abbreviated as δ-CR-EOMCCSD(T), and the analogous two variants of the newer, left-eigenstate δ-CR-EOMCC(2,3) approach are benchmarked against the previously published CASPT2, CC3, and EOMCCSDT-3 results, as well as the suggested theoretical best estimate (TBE) values. The δ-CR-EOMCC approaches are also used to identify and characterise about 50 additional excited states, including several states having substantial two-electron excitation components, which have not been found in the previous work and which can be used in future benchmark studies. It is demonstrated that the non-iterative triples corrections to the EOMCCSD excitation energies defining the relatively inexpensive, single-reference, black-box δ-CR...
Purkinje cell axon collaterals terminate on Cat-301+ neurons in Macaca monkey cerebellum.

Abstract The monoclonal antibody Cat-301 identifies perineuronal nets around specific neuronal types, including those in the cerebellum. This report finds in adult Macaca monkey that basket cells in the deep molecular layer; granule cell layer (GCL) interneurons including Lugaro cells; large neurons in the foliar white matter (WM); and deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) neurons contain subsets of Cat-301 positive (+) cells. Most Cat-301+ GCL interneurons are glycine+ and all are densely innervated by a meshwork of calbindin+/glutamic acid decarboxylase+ Purkinje cell collaterals and their synapses. DCN and WM Cat-301+ neurons also receive a similar but less dense innervation. Due to the heavy labeling of adjacent Purkinje cell dendrites, the innervation of Cat-301+ basket cells was less certain. These findings suggest that several complex feedback circuits from Purkinje cell to cerebellar interneurons exist in primate cerebellum whose function needs to be investigated. Cat-301 labeling begins postnatally in WM and DCN, but remains sparse until at least 3 months of age. Because the appearance of perineuronal nets is associated with maturation of synaptic circuits, this suggests that the Purkinje cell feedback circuits develop for some time after birth.
Disordered nanoparticle interfaces for directed self-assembly

Self-assembly is a promising route for controlling the nanoscale structure and material properties of coatings, yet it remains difficult to control the microstructure of these systems. In particular, self-assembling materials typically have complex and delicate energy landscapes, which are sensitive to defects, making it difficult to control morphology or orientation. We present a simple and robust strategy for modulating the film-substrate interaction, which can bias the self-assembly energy landscape and thus enforce a desired microstructure. The technique uses nanoparticles with tunable surface energy to generate a rough interface with controlled properties. The intentionally disordered interface is tolerant to variation in substrate preparation. We apply this technique to block-copolymer lamellae, and demonstrate a remarkable thickness-dependence of the induced orientation, consistent with theoretical predictions. The simultaneous control of substrate energy and topography enables expression of the vertical lamellae state without rigorous control of the preparation conditions. We measure an 8-fold increase in surface energy tolerance compared to flat substrates.
The construction of family values in geopolitical discourse: the ongoing legacy of Adolf Hitler and Britain's ‘supreme emergency’

The use of the philosophical axioms of just war theory by political leaders justifying their participation in war is examined. Especially, the just war themes of ‘supreme emergency’ and ‘emergency ethics’ are investigated as a means of justifying extra-territorial wars, or wars that are far away from a state’s borders and where no imminent threat of invasion is present. The practice of equating geopolitical situations to the actions of Hitler and Nazi Germany is seen as a consequence of the mobilisation of the language of ‘emergency ethics’. The rhetoric justifying extra-territorial warfare uses an idealised sense of the home that is reinforced by the practices of soldiers. Furthermore, the importance of values in the ‘emergency ethics’ logic is investigated by exploring the memoirs of a British Army chaplain serving in the Korean War. The contemporary relevance of the article lies in the extra-territorial nature of the War on Terror and the persistent use of reference to values to justify immoral and illegal acts of war.
A minimally invasive cox-maze procedure: operative technique and results.

ObjectiveThe Cox-Maze procedure (CMP) for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) traditionally has required a median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass. This study describes a method...
Maximizing the luminosity of eloisatron, a hadron supercollider at 100 TeV per beam

In general as one raises the energy of a collider one must simultaneously increase the luminosity to compensate for decreasing cross sections. Applying the presently available accelerator technology embodied in the designs of the LHC (8 TeV per beam at 1034 cm-2 s-1) and the SSC (20 TeV per beam at 1033 cm2 s-1) to the ELOISATRON, a proton collider operating at 100 TeV per beam yields a collider design with a luminosity of 1034 cm-2 s-1. To extend the physics reach of supercolliders to the maximum possible extent will require designing the collider to achieve luminosities > 1035 cm-2 s-1.
Biplane correlation imaging for lung nodule detection: initial human subject results

In this paper, we present performance of biplane correlation imaging (BCI) on set of chest x-ray projections of human data. BCI significantly minimizes the number of false positives (FPs) when used in conjunction with computer aided detection (CAD) by eliminating non-correlated nodule candidates. Sixty-one low exposure posterior projections were acquired from more than 20 human subjects with small angular separations (0.32 degree) over a range of 20 degrees along the vertical axis. All patients were previously diagnosed for the presence of lung nodules based on computed tomography (CT) examination. Images were processed following two steps. First, all images were analyzed using our CAD routine for chest radiography. This process proceeded with a BCI processing in which the results of CAD on each single projection were examined in terms of their geometrical correlation with those found in the other 60 projections based on the predetermined shift of possible nodule locations in each projection. The suspect entities with a geometrical correlation that coincided with the known location of the lesions were selected as nodules; otherwise they were ignored. An expert radiologist with reference to the associated CT dataset determined the truth regarding nodule location and sizes, which were then used to determine if the found nodules are true positive or false positive. The preliminary results indicated that the best performance was obtained when the angular separation of the projection pair was greater than about 6.7 degrees. Within the range of optimum angular separation, the number of FPs per image was 0-1 without impacting the number of true positives (TPs), averaged around 92%.
Nuclear DNA amounts in crustacea

Abstract 1. 1. Nuclear DNA amounts of thirty-eight species of crustaceans, belonging to three subclasses and seven orders, were determined by cytophotometry or by fluorometric assay. 2. 2. DNA contents vary over a wide range (0·7–22·6 pg haploid). A modal value of about 2·5 pg is typical for many groups. 3. 3. The extreme values are found in groups with peculiar morphological adaptations, and the correlation between specialized morphology and low amounts of DNA in barnacles parallels a comparable trend in other invertebrate groups and in vertebrates.
Allelic variants of human TCR BV17S1 defined by restriction fragment length polymorphism, single strand conformation polymorphism, and amplification refractory mutation system analyses

Several human TCR BV gene subfamilies, including BV3, BV14, and BV17S1, are single member genes but are overutilized among activated CD4+ synovial T cells in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To define the role of these TCR BV genes in the pathogenesis of disease, it is critical to characterize the genomic organization and the allelic variations of these genes. In this study we describe allelic variations of BV17S1 defined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) analyses. A single nucleotide replacement (C/T) results in an amino acid substitution (F/L) in the leader and distinguishes BV17S1*1 from BV17S1*2. This nucleotide substitution was found to create a BsmAI restriction enzyme recognition site in BV17S1*2. Therefore genotypic analyses can be performed either by the SSCP or RFLP method. The analyses of 75 unrelated individuals show that the frequency for allele BV17S1*1 is 52.7% and for allele BV17S1*2 is 47.3%. Both alleles are functionally expressed and are distributed within CD4+/CD8+ T cell subsets. Another point mutation in the CDR2 region of BV17S1, which results in the amino acid replacement of Gln by His, originally identified form a cDNA clone, has now been confirmed as an allele by ARMS analysis using genomic DNA preparations and designated to as BV17S1*3. Screening of this CDR2 related variant among normal populations indicates that this is a rare allele (1 of 75). Although this variant may be of functional significance, the genotypic analysis and functional studies are difficult due to the low frequency of BV17S1*3. In an attempt to define a correlation between BV17S1 allelic usage and susceptibility to RA, the germline distribution of BV17S1 alleles *1 and *2 has been examined in a small number of RA patients and no skewed usage has been identified.
Ground-based vapor crystal growth experiments

We report on a novel computer-controlled experiment set-up for growing organic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals by effusive- ampoule physical vapor transport (EAPVT). In this approach, incongruent or impurity vapor components are continuously removed from the vicinity of the growing crystal to vacuum. This results in considerably higher transport rates than are obtained in closed ampoule arrangements. As a consequence, crystal growth can be conducted with reduced temperature gradients, which is important for the growth of structurally perfect crystals. We present design considerations for an EAPVT apparatus, its construction, and its application to the growth of single crystals of 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3- acetamidonitrobenzene (DAN), an organic NLO material. The insight gained from this ground-based experimental work was used for the design of the flight hardware used aboard the U.S. Space Shuttle.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Utopianism of Children: An Empirical Study of Children's Neighborhood Design Preferences

Little is known about the environmental preferences of children. While planners have taught children about planning, relatively little academic research has been conducted on what children can teac...
Relative value of prostate-specific antigen and prosttic acid phosphatase in diagnosis and management of adenocarcinoma of prostate Ohio State University Experience

Abstract Serum concentrations of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific acid phosphatasc (PAP), and transrectal prostatic ultrasound were utilized in the evaluationof 193 men with various urologic disorders. Of the 193 patients, 48 had prostate cancer, and the other 145 included 5 with genitourinary neoplasms, 69 with benign prostatic hypertrophy, and 71 with other non-neoplastic genitourinary disease. PSA levels were elevated in 35 patients with prostate cancer and in 25 of the 145 without prostate cancer. PAP levels were elevated in 15 with prostate: cancer and in 2 of the 145 without prostate cancer. The data indicate that PSA is a more sensitive but less specific tumor marker than PAP in the detection of prostate cancer. PSA appears to be more sensitive than PAP in monitoring the response to treatment. The use of PSA and PAP jointly to detect and to monitor prostate cancer did not appear to enhance the clinical utility over that of PSA alone.
Renal conservation of antifreeze peptide in Antarctic eelpout, Rhigophila dearborni

In Antarctic notothenioid fishes large amounts (3% w/v) of small molecular weights of 2,600-23,500 and would be expected to be filtered into the urine, they remain in the blood because the kidneys of these fishes contain only aglomerular nephrons. Unlike the situation in most fishes, urine formation is the result of secretion rather than filtration and reabsorption. On the other hand, the peptide antifreezes in Northern Hemisphere fishes such as the winter flounder. Pseudopleuronectes americanus, are retained by the glomerular kidney even though inulin, of comparable weight, is rapidly filtered from the blood into the urine. The Antarctic eelpout (zoarcid), Rhigophila dearborni, which is unrelated to either the Antarctic notothenioids or P. americanus, also uses a peptide antifreeze (molecular weight 6,000) which is maintained at a concentration of 3% (w/v) in the blood plasma. We report here that the lack of antifreeze in the urine of R. dearborni probably reflects the fact that the glomeruli are not functional and cannot filter. We support this conclusion with morphological and physiological evidence and relate our findings to the conservation of biological antifreeze necessary for life in ice-laden polar waters.
Growth mechanism of thin silicon oxide films on Si(100) studied by medium-energy ion scattering.

The growth of ultrathin oxide films by the thermal oxidation of Si(100) at 1020--1170 K and in ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$--${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ Torr ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ pressure has been studied by high-resolution medium-energy ion-scattering spectroscopy (MEIS). To develop a fundamental understanding of very thin oxide film growth, we utilize sequential isotopic exposures ${(}^{18}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ followed by $^{16}\mathrm{O}_{2}$). MEIS readily distinguishes $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ from $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ and the depth distribution for both species can be determined quantitatively with high accuracy. Our results show that the traditional phenomenological models for silicon oxidation cannot be applied to the initial oxidation. For very thin oxide films (15--25 \AA{}), we find overlapping isotope depth profiles in the film. For thicker films (g40 \AA{}), we find that several key aspects of the Deal-Grove model (oxygen diffusion to the Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface and oxide formation at and/or near that interface) are consistent with our results. We also observe $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ loss from the surface after reoxidation in $^{16}\mathrm{O}_{2}$. The complex oxidation behavior during the initial oxidation is likely to be a combination of interfacial, near-interfacial, and surface reactions.
A Phenotypic Mouse Model of Basaloid Breast Tumors

Chemotherapeutic strategies that target basal-like breast tumors are difficult to design without understanding their cellular and molecular basis. Here, we induce tumors in mice by carcinogen administration, creating a phenocopy of tumors with the diagnostic and functional aspects of human triple negative disease (including EGFR expression/lack of erbB, estrogen-independent growth and co-clustering of the transcriptome with other basaloid models). These tumor strains are a complement to established mouse models that are based on mutations in Brca1 and/or p53. Tumors comprise two distinct cell subpopulations, basal and luminal epithelial cells. These cell fractions were purified by flow cytometry, and only basal cell fractions found to have tumor initiating activity (cancer stem cells). The phenotype of serially regenerated tumors was stable, and irrespective of tumor precursor cell. Tumors were passaged entirely in vivo and serial generations tested for their phenotypic stability. The relative chemo-sensitivity of basal and luminal cells were evaluated. Upon treatment with anthracycline, tumors were effectively de-bulked, but recurred; this correlated with maintenance of a high rate of basal cell division throughout the treatment period. Thus, these tumors grow as robust cell mixtures of basal bipotential tumor initiating cells alongside a luminal majority, and the cellular response to drug administration is dominated by the distinct biology of the two cell types. Given the ability to separate basal and luminal cells, and the discovery potential of this approach, we propose that this mouse model could be a convenient one for preclinical studies.
A Multiple Objective Search Process for Management Using a Transfer Pricing Example

Accounting managers of the multinational enterprise are responsible for budgeting and planning for a wide arrayof often conflicting objectives and constraints. Effective decision tools that support management inunderstanding tradeoffs between objectives of the budget process are invaluable. We explain the background ofand then illustrate an interactive search process for solving complex multiple objective problems. Themethodology we employ is a variant of multiple objective linear programming (MOLP) called the CombinedTchebycheff/Aspiration method. This method enables management to direct their search for a satisfactory oroptimal solution set as they discover what is feasible and tradeoffs among conflicting objectives. This is incontrast to goal programming where weights on objectives are determined beforehand. We illustrate the solutionmethod on the transfer pricing problem. The result is a search process that uses a mathematically rigorousprocedure to structure a complex problem, while including management feedback throughout the solutionprocess.
Advanced thin-film materials processing in the ultra-vacuum of space

Abstract The utilization of the vacuum of space for thin-film materials development has been pioneered by the Wake Shield Facility (WSF) program. The WSF is a 4 m diameter disc-shaped free-flying platform designed to generate an ultra-vacuum in low earth orbit (LEO) space, and to utilize that ultra-vacuum for the fabrication of thin-film materials by epitaxial growth. In the three flights of WSF, high-quality GaAs-based epitaxial thin films were grown, vacuum quality was assessed, and cooperative experiments were activated. The promising results on high-purity film growth indicate future benefits of thin-film materials fabrication in LEO for terrestrial applications in high-performance electronic devices.
Evidence that chemical signals promote fighting between intact male hooded rats

Male members of mixed-sex colonies of hooded rats were exposed to three types of same-age conspecific intruders: intact male (M), castrated male (C), and ovariectomized female (OVX). During the first 20 min after intruder introduction, colony males sniffed the anogenital region of C or OVX intruders more frequently and for longer durations than they sniffed that of M intruders. Twenty-one hours later, fewer C and OVX intruders had suffered wounds than M counterparts, and their wound scores were lower. OVX intruders were not rendered more susceptible to attack by painting their anogenital region with fresh M urine. These findings have implications for Adams’ model of intermale fighting, and they indicate that onset of attack by male hooded rats is promoted by testosterone-related anogenital substance(s).
Clinical and Laboratory Indices That Enhance the Diagnosis of Postural Tachycardia Syndrome

Objective To identify clinical and laboratory indices that improve the diagnosis of the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS). Design We assessed associations of orthostatic intolerance by using multivariate regression analysis. Material and Methods We evaluated autonomic symptoms and autonomic function in 30 patients with POTS, 30 patients with mild orthostatic intolerance, and 19 age- and gender-matched control subjects. Indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic functions were analyzed on the basis of (1) autonomic function tests (head-up tilt), (2) oscillations at respiratory and nonrespiratory frequencies (0.01 to 0.09 Hz) in R-R interval and blood pressure (Wigner distribution), and (3) deterministic component (rescaled range analysis). Results The four clinical and laboratory indices that independently supported the diagnosis of POTS are as follows: (1) orthostatic heart rate during the first minute of head-up tilt, (2) autonomic deficit (adrenergic autonomic score), (3) loss of spectral powers in R-R interval during head-up tilt at the fifth minute, and (4) severity of orthostatic dizziness, fatigue, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Conclusion Enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of POTS should be possible by using these four indices. A hyperadrenergic state and distal neuropathy, affecting adrenergic sympathetic cardiovagal fibers, seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of POTS. Certain features suggest brain-stem dysregulation.