cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uptake and Transfer of Macromolecules by Cells with Special Reference to Growth and Development

Publisher Summary Soluble macromolecules are found mainly in such organs as liver, spleen, and bone marrow-centers of high phagocytic activity. The proteolytic hypothesis of protein absorption may not be applicable universally. However, if the processes of phagocytosis and protein uptake are dissociable, if cells capable of the one are incapable of the other, then the phagocytosis hypothesis is applicable to both types of phenomena. Whatever may be the mechanism by which soluble macromolecules are taken into cells, its dissociability from phagocytosis, and the association of foreign proteins with microsomes and mitochondria describes the proteolytic hypothesis. This chapter focuses on the uptake and transfer of macromolecules. When a protein is injected into the circulation and later identified within a cell, which is in direct contact with the circulation, it is logical and highly probable that the protein is passed directly into the cell.
Quantitative correlation of interfacial contamination and antiphase domain boundary density in GaAs on Si(100)

The role of interfacial contamination on antiphase domain boundary (APB) formation in GaAs grown epitaxially on Si(100) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition was investigated. The pre-growth cleaning of the Si substrate was varied to affect the relative amount of residual surface contamination across the wafer. APB density in the as-grown GaAs film was examined with the aid of a selective APB etchant. The interfacial oxygen and carbon concentrations were determined using secondary ion mass spectrometry. It was found that the APB density increased significantly from 0.14 to 3.2 μm−1 between the center and the edge of the wafer. Over this distance, the integrated carbon concentration at the GaAs/Si interface increased by an order of magnitude and the integrated oxygen concentration, although two orders of magnitude lower than carbon, also increased by a factor of six. Analysis of the GaAs/Si interface with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy showed a direct association of APBs with amorphous interfacial particles. The particles are likely carbon-based, possibly SiC, and thus residual carbon contamination is believed to be the primary contributor to increased APB formation.
On modeling directional dependence by using copulas

Understanding and modeling multivariate dependence structures depending upon the direction are challenging but an interest of theoretical and applied researchers. In this article, we introduce a way of looking at directional dependence by using a direction parameter, possibly random in Bayesian setting, expressed as an angle. This construction allows us to model and measure directional dependence in a meaningful way and leads to informative graphical displays. Our focus in this paper will be on the 3-dimensional case.
Patch Work: Picturing Vietnam

"Itself is what is on the page, but I read it as "herself. " The photographs that carry much of the meaning in this article, that do much to accomplish its mission of seduction, confirm my intuitive gendering: nearly all are of women, beautiful women. They welcome the viewer's gaze variously: with apparent indifference, or with inviting smiles, or with a frightening vulnerability. Above all and always, they are exotic; they are desirable. Vietnam opens herself up, and today's foot-soldiers of what the Times calls "Indo-Chic" are intoxicated with her intimate aroma. And then the other pictures, the old ones, resurface on the pool of memory, reconfigure themselves, forming and shifting like images in a kaleidoscope. It is a chill November Sunday morning, bleak but bright, the steel-grey sky arching high overhead as if to draw itself away from all that transpires on earth. But the clouds could descend at any moment, bringing snow. I am curled on the sofa by the window, caressing a cup of good coffee, reading the paper. This article, though, these particular images, unsettle my pleasure in the moment; I both succumb to and deplore what I see and read. It is a startlingly neo-colonialist vision. Inevitably, this "take" on Vietnam recalls another one; these romantic pictures bump rudely against those others stored inside my head, pictures distinctly lacking anything I would be tempted to call romance. The article means to re-tool Vietnam's image, recruiting readers of the Times to its project. The gentle watercolor "map" of Vietnam, surrounded by Laos, Cambodia, China, and by a soft blue wash of sea, is of a country unstained, unscarred, and undivided. Nothing awful could have happened there.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Estradiol in Regulating Follicular Progesterone Levels: Effects on cAMP Mediated Events and 3beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. (ovarian steroidogenesis/cAMP, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/progesterone/estradiol regulation/Rana pipiens)

Previous studies demonstrated that estradiol interferes with pituitary-induced progesterone production and oocyte maturation in cultured amphibian (Rana pipiens) ovarian follicles. To elucidate the mode of action of estradiol in modulating follicular progesterone accumulation we have examined its effects on cAMP-induced progesterone production and enzymatic conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). Follicular cAMP levels were manipulated with forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator), isobutyl methyl xanthine (IBMX-phosphodiesterase inhibitor) and exogenously added cAMP. Progesterone production induced by forskolin alone or forskolin in combination with frog pituitary homogenate (FPH) was inhibited by estrogen. Addition of estradiol to culture medium markedly inhibited follicular progesterone accumulation following treatment of follicles with cAMP and IBMX. In the presence of exogenous pregnenolone, non-FPH stimulated ovarian follicles effectively converted the 3β-HSD substrate to progesterone. Treatment of follicles with estradiol inhibited conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. The results indicate that estradiol acts, following FPH stimulation, at one or more steps subsequent to elevation of cAMP levels to regulate intrafollicular progesterone accumulation and oocyte maturation. Estrogen appears to directly influence the enzymatic (3β-HSD) conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone.
New foundations for practical reasoning

Practical reasoning aims at deciding what actions to perform in light of the goals a rational agent possesses. This has been a topic of interest in both philosophy and artificial intelligence, but these two disciplines have produced very different models of practical reasoning. The purpose of this paper is to examine each model in light of the other and produce a unified model adequate for the purposes of both disciplines and superior to the standard models employed by either. The philosophical (decision-theoretic) model directs activity by evaluating acts one at a time in terms of their expected utilities. It is argued that, except in certain special cases, this constitutes an inadequate theory of practical reasoning leading to intuitively incorrect action prescriptions. Acts must be viewed as parts of plans, and plans evaluated as coherent units rather than piecemenal in terms of the acts comprising them. Rationality dictates choosing acts by first choosing the plans prescribing them. Plans, in turn, are compared by looking at their expected values. However, because plans can be embedded in one another, we cannot select plans just by maximizing expected values. Instead, we must employ a more complex criterion here named ‘coextendability’.
Enabling Research or Unfair Competition? De Jure and De Facto Research Use Exceptions in Major Technology Countries

This Chapter considers the range of research use exceptions in use around the world in major technology oriented countries. While most of the countries considered have fairly robust R&D and regulatory review research use exceptions, the U.S. has no commercial R&D exception, an extremely limited de jure common law exception for dilettante experiments, and yet arguably the broadest regulatory review exception. At the same time, researchers employed by the federal or state governments, or funded by the federal government, can in many cases enjoy the protection of certain de facto research use exceptions. While some of these have analogues elsewhere - e.g., the 1498 government use clause and the Crown Right in the U.K. - these de facto exceptions may have more potential in the U.S. because of the extraordinary amount of research still conducted by or on behalf of the government. Further, it is not actually clear whether stronger or weaker research use exceptions are better for spurring innovation. The Chapter outlines the policy considerations raised by research use exceptions by focusing on whether the exceptions fairly enable research or instead provide a means for imitators to engage in unfair competition with patent owners and their assignees/licensees.
Reduction of Chromate by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Its c(3) Cytochrome.

Washed cell suspensions of Desulfovibrio vulgaris rapidly reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III) with H2 as the electron donor. The c3 cytochrome from this organism functioned as a Cr(VI) reductase. D. vulgaris may have advantages over previously described Cr(VI) reducers for the bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated waters.
Rationalizing Gukurahundi: Cold War and South African Foreign Relations with Zimbabwe, 1981-1983

This article examines the role of diplomatic relations during the first stages of the 1983 Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe. Based on a preliminary reading of South African Department of Foreign Affairs files for 1983, the article suggests that Cold War relations between Zimbabwe and the United Kingdom helped to provide cover for the Zimbabwean National Army’s Fifth Brigade’s campaign of terror. Similarly, American support for Mugabe’s claims to be a pro-Western leader committed to non-racialism helped provide international cover for the atrocities. At the same time, evidence shows high-ranking ZANU-PF officials negotiated with the South African Defense Forces in 1983 to cooperate in their efforts to keep ZAPU from supporting South African ANC operations in Zimbabwe. The 5th Brigade’s campaign therefore served the purposes of South Africa, even as ZANU-PF officials rationalized the Gukurahundi violence in international and anti-apartheid circles as a campaign against South African destabilization. The article suggests that the diplomatic history of the Gukurahundi can provide a useful lens for understanding the tragedy in both regional and international Cold War contexts.
State Violence and Oppositional Protest in High-Capacity Authoritarian Regimes

This examination of the mobilization-repression nexus in high-capacity authoritarian regimes draws on examples from China, Russia, Iran, and several Middle Eastern states to develop a framework for analyzing state violence and how political oppositions are organized. The study examines middle and low levels of state violence, the provincial and municipal organization of party and regime, and the police, private militias, and thugs as low-level enforcers, and focuses on: (1) the complexity of the state’s apparatus of repression and control and how different levels exercise different forms of violence against activists; (2) the creativity of the opposition’s actions to voice its demands and avoid repression and surveillance; and (3) the recursive relationship between the two, a dark dance between state and opposition with high stakes for both. Hierarchical analysis at national, provincial, and local levels, and lateral analysis across these levels, where elite interests frequently diverge, show that intersections and gaps on both axes can create lapses in social control and openings the opposition. These free spaces of speech and innovative action give rise to novel ways to keep oppositional sentiments in the public forum. The article offers several propositions for analyzing repression and state violence at various levels, and, similarly, the various ways that these free spaces occur.
The stability of cysteine and cystine during acid hydrolysis of proteins and peptides

Abstract When solutions of cystine and cysteine are treated with dithiothreitol and then with sodium tetrathionate, quantitative yields of S-sulfocysteine can be obtained. This reaction has been applied to protein hydrolysates and the resulting S-sulfocysteine has been determined by ion exchange chromatography on an amino acid analyzer. With ribonuclease and reduced glutathione this procedure has given accurate values for the cystine or cysteine content of the protein or peptide. When tryptophan is also present, the addition of a small amount of sodium tetrathionate to the 6 n HCl used for the hydrolysis has usually proved to be desirable; the function of the tetrathionate appears to be to react with the indole nucleus. With this modification, the procedure has given precise results for the cysteine plus cystine contents of streptococcal proteinase, lysozyme, and wool. The results indicate that, in terms of their primary structures, cysteine and cystine are not destroyed during acid hydrolysis under these conditions; treatment with dithiothreitol and tetrathionate serves to convert any altered forms of the amino acids in the hydrolysates to S-sulfocysteine and to permit quantitative recovery in the form of this derivative. This method for determining the half-cystine content of proteins provides an alternative to the determinations of the amino acids as cysteic acid or S-carboxymethylcysteine. The treatment does not affect the recoveries of other amino acids in the hydrolysate, with the possible exception of tyrosine.
Primary structure and functional properties of an epithelial K channel.

Expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes was used to identify a clone for a renal K channel. The clone, named ROMK2, was obtained from a cDNA library constructed in the plasmid vector pSPORT using size-selected poly(A)+ RNA from whole rat kidney. ROMK2 consists of 1,837 nucleotides, with an open reading frame of 1,116 bases predicted to code for a 372-amino acid peptide. The clone appears to be a splice variant of a recently reported K channel (ROMK1) from rat renal outer medulla (Ho, K.H., C.G. Nichols, W.J. Lederer, J. Lytton, P.M. Vassilev, M.V. Kanazirska, and S.C. Hebert. Nature Lond. 362: 31-37, 1993). Northern blot analysis indicates that ROMK2 is expressed in renal cortex, medulla, and papilla. Expression in other tissues appears to be much lower. The functional properties of the channel as measured in Xenopus oocytes indicate its close relationship to ROMK1 and more distant relationship to the inward rectifier K channel (IRK1) (Kubo, Y, T.J. Baldwin, Y. N. Jan, and L. Y. Jan. Nature Lond. 362: 127-133, 1993). The inward conductance of the channel is a saturable function of external K, with a half-maximal conductance at Rb > NH4 > Na, Li. The conductance to Rb was only one-half that to K. Extracellular Ba2+ and Cs+ blocked the channel in a voltage-dependent manner. The high sensitivity of Cs+ block to voltage is consistent with the channel's operating as a multi-ion pore. The channel was blocked by high concentrations (100 microM) of glibenclamide. It did not appear to be blocked by extracellular Na+ or tetraethyl-ammonium ion. Patch-clamp measurements indicated a single-channel conductance of 30 pS in the presence of 110 mM K and high open probability that was weakly dependent on voltage. This channel may be involved in maintaining the membrane potential of renal cells and/or mediating renal K secretion.
Carbon impurities at a Si-SiO 2 interface

Abstract During post-oxidation annealing of Si-SiO2 structures in inert ambients at elevated temperatures, an interfacial reaction occurs in which β-SiC is thermally oxidized at a Si-SiO2 interface. Precipitates of β-SiC are identified at the interface after adding molecular SiO to the anneal ambient. When SiO concentrations are reduced, oxidation occurs at SiC impurity sites. The reaction is detected from voids that form in the oxide film as SiO2 and interfacial β-SiC are consumed.. The annealing studies indicate that interfacial carbon impurities are oxidizable and will react in parallel with Si during thin SiO2 growth in O2. The role of carbon contamination during oxidation is reviewed with emphasis on those factors that affect accumulation and oxidation of SiC at the interface.
Diagnostic studies of the Zeeman effect for laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry in an electrothermal atomizer

Abstract Reported here are the effects of various theoretical and experimental parameters on the sensitivities and calibration ranges of Zeeman background corrected, electrothermal atomizer, laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The experimental arrangement included a pulsed excimer pumped dye laser, and a graphite tube electrothermal atomizer, with laser excitation occuring parallel to the field lines of an a.c. electromagnet. The influences of Zeeman splitting, applied field strength, laser excitation linewidth, and atomic spectral profile, on the detection limits and linear calibration ranges were studied for six elements (Ag, Co, Cu, In, Pb, Tl). At low analyte concentrations, when the magnetic field is on, overlap of the Zeeman sigma components with the laser emission profile can degrade the sensitivities. The linear ranges of calibration curves with, or without Zeeman background correction were similar for those elements that exhibited sufficient Zeeman splitting. At high concentrations (greater than 100 ng, or 10 μg ml ), broadening of the atomic spectral profile caused an increase in the sigma component overlap and some of the calibration curves became double valued (rollover).
Systemic fungal infection is associated with the development of retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants: a meta-review

To study the association between systemic fungal infection (SFI) and the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and severe ROP in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants by systematic review and meta-analysis. A meta-review was performed using a fixed effects model. The exposure and outcomes studied were SFI and all ROP/severe ROP, respectively in VLBW infants. Results and effect sizes analyzed with Review Manager 4.2 software are expressed as relative risk (RR), odds ratio (OR), risk difference (RD) and number needed to harm (NNH) with 95% confidence intervals. Data for severe ROP were available from eight studies and on all ROP from seven of those eight studies. Estimated gestational age ranged from 24.7±1.6 to 28.6±4 weeks and birth weight from 673 (median) (range 426 to 995) to 1108±266 g (mean±s.d.). A total of 261 of 303 babies with SFI had all ROP vs 1081 of 1648 babies without SFI (OR 3.4*, 2.34–4.95) and 118 of 330 babies with SFI had severe ROP vs 235 of 1951 babies without SFI (OR 4.06*, 3.05–5.42). The NNH was 5.56* (4.54–7.14) for all ROP and 4.54* (3.70 to 5.88) for severe ROP (*P<0.00001). SFIs are associated with the development of all degrees of ROP and severe ROP in VLBW infants.
Latino congressional staffers and policy responsiveness: an analysis of Latino interest agenda-setting

Surprisingly little research explores whether congressional staffers systematically influence legislative agendas, or whether the descriptive representation of groups like Latinos on congressional staffs shapes policy responsiveness to group interests. I address these questions through an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis of factors associated with the prevalence of Latino interests on legislative agendas during the 110th Congress (2007–2008). Results show the proportions of representatives' legislative agendas that represented Latino interests, especially through symbolic initiatives, were positively associated with the representation of Latinos on their legislative staffs. These findings suggest Latino representation on legislative staffs enhances congressional policy responsiveness to Latinos.
Addressing Disparity in Treatment Received

To the Editor .— Certainly, as a health care professional that has practiced in a poverty-stricken area her whole career, I could understand the importance of the February 2004 Pediatrics article “Unmet Need for Routine and Specialty Care: Data From the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs.”1 In my past experience as an obstetrics/gynecology/newborn nursery nurse, and in my current role as a pediatric nurse practitioner in training, I have seen first-hand medically underserved women and children and how their problems are aggravated by the lack of regular medical care. More often than not, the patients we see are nonwhite, uninsured, or on some type of entitlement program. This is in stark contrast to my peers in more affluent areas, many of whom rarely, if ever, are exposed to patients who have real issues in securing adequate health care, housing, and nutrition. Raising the awareness regarding the disparity in the treatment received by poor and nonwhite children, compared with more affluent ones, is very important. It is equally as important that all of the factors that affect health care access be addressed. Although a significant number of the children in my county, including those seen in my clinical site, are near or below national poverty levels, 2 we do have some patients from more affluent families come in for treatment. More often than not, the poor children are sicker when they come in than are the others and also lack in the routine preventive care that the more affluent children receive. A large number of the children we see are not only economically challenged …
Performance improvements of PCDs for measuring x-ray bang time

The National Ignition Facility South Pole Bang Time diagnostic uses polycrystalline diamond photoconductive detectors to measure x-ray bang time on capsule implosion shots. The original Laboratory for Laser Energetics PCD design was redesigned to eliminate ringing near the peak of the impulse response, and provide 30 picosecond resolution. The detector design, performance and x-ray laser impulse response tests used to characterize the detector are presented.
Atomic Configurations and Energetics of Arsenic Impurities in a Silicon Grain Boundary

We report direct atomic-resolution Z -contrast imaging of arsenic impurities segregated in specific atomic columns in a silicon grain boundary. Through a combination of image intensity analysis, first-principles calculations, and statistical mechanics, we establish that segregation occurs in the form of {ital isolated dimers.} The formation of As dimers in the boundary is shown to be favored over ordered chains by entropic considerations and kinetic constraints. The observed segregation is consistent with known solubilities. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Psychiatric Problems and Trauma Exposure in Nondetained Delinquent and Nondelinquent Adolescents

This study examined the prevalence of and associations between specific psychiatric disorders, substance use problems, and trauma exposure in a sample of delinquent and nondelinquent adolescents. A nationally representative sample of adolescents (n = 3,614; M age = 14.5 years, SD = 1.7; 51% male; 71% White, non-Hispanic, 13.3% African American, non-Hispanic, 10.7% Hispanic) was interviewed via telephone about engagement in delinquent acts and their experience of posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode, substance use, interpersonal violence, and other forms of trauma exposure. Delinquent adolescents were more likely than nondelinquent adolescents to experience trauma; they were also more likely to report past-year posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode, alcohol abuse, and nonexperimental drug use. After accounting for the effects of demographics and trauma exposure, delinquency was associated with increased likelihood of posttraumatic stress disorder and problematic substan...
THE STATE, THE PRESIDENCY, AND THE RESTORATION OF PRIVATISM

The economic, military, constitutional, organizational, and institutional “infrastructure” that provides the bases and limits of state activities and presidential power deservedly gets detailed and sophisticated research attention from presidency scholars. In this paper I argue that there is also an ideological and cultural infrastructure that undergirds the American state and presidency and that purportedly contributes to the smooth functioning of democratic capitalism. In the 1970s and 1980s there were many social analysts and politicians who argued that this ideological and cultural infrastructure was in disrepair and that its rundown condition was contributing to a crisis of governability that adversely affected the presidency. Among proposals to alleviate this “crisis” were those that advocated political efforts to restore the traditional values of “privatism” (i.e., hard work, moral discipline, self-reliance, thriftiness, meritocracy, possessive individualism, and political passivity). In this paper I assess those restoration efforts and argue that they are not likely to provide an adequate basis for easing various problems of the state or the presidency.
Conditioned taste aversions: Vagal and circulatory mediation of the toxic unconditioned stimulus

In these experiments we tested the hypothesis that the same afferent systems which mediate vomiting reflexes also participate in conditioned taste aversions which are formed when ingestion of a taste cue is paired with subsequent internal malaise. Borison and Wang have shown that emetic reflexes in dogs and cats are integrated in a brainstem center which responds to local gastric irritation mediated by the vagus or to bloodborne toxins monitored by brain stem chemoreceptors. This same afferent system may mediate taste-illness conditioning since the emetic center is anatomically associated with the relay nucleus for primary taste afferents. We have shown that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats disrupts the acquisition of a saccharin aversion induced by repeated conditioning trials with low doses of intragastric or intraperitoneal copper sulfate. In contrast, there is little effect on the aversion produced by a single, larger dose of copper sulfate injected directly into the blood via the tail vein, although vagotomized rats displayed an accelerated extinction pattern. These results parallel reports on the effect of vagotomy on vomiting reflexes in dogs and suggest a functional relationship between acute vomiting reflexes in dogs and suggest a functional relationship between acute vomiting reflexes which eject poison and chronic conditioned taste aversions which inhibit subsequent ingestion of poison; further, they provide evidence that these responses are subserved, at least in part, by similar neural mechanisms.
Statistical modeling and comparison with experimental data of tire–soil interaction for combined longitudinal and lateral slip

Abstract The interaction of a tire with a soft terrain has multiple sources of uncertainties such as the mechanical properties of the terrain, and the interfacial properties between the tire and the terrain. These uncertainties are best characterized using statistical methods such as the development of stochastic models of tire–soil interaction. The quality of the models can be assessed via statistical validation measures or metrics. Although validation of stochastic tire–soil interaction models has recently been reported with good results, it involves longitudinal slip only without considering lateral slip which can occur simultaneously with longitudinal motion. This paper presents results of the validation of a simple stochastic tire–soil interaction model for the more complicated case of combined slip. The statistical methods used for validation include the development of a Gaussian process metamodel, the calibration of model parameters using the approach of the maximum likelihood estimate in conjunction with new test data. The validation of the calibrated model, when compared with test data, is obtained using four validation metrics with good results.
Speech recognition: A current perspective: In spite of limitations, areas of application are growing, and voice communication with computers may well be commonplace by the 21st century

Work in the area of speech recognition by computer has been taking place for about 30 years — almost since the inception of the computer itself. The results of these efforts can be seen today in a number of products capable of various degrees of speech recognition. Although the systems used in these products exhibit limitations when compared to people's ability to recognize and respond to speech, the use of speech in our everyday work is so natural and desirable that these systems are finding numerous applications. Speech recognition has even become important on a global level, as can be seen by the integral role it will play in the proposed fifth-generation Japanese computer system. This system, which is designed to provide three major functions — intelligent interface, knowledge-base management, and problem solving — will provide communications with the computer in a form natural to humans, particularly via speech and graphics.
Changes in Obesity Prevalence Among Women Aged 50 Years and Older Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1990-2000

Obesity is an important public health issue facing Americans of all ages. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data are used to illustrate the change in body mass index distribution in just one decade (1990-2000) in women aged = 50. The sample size ranged from 18,474women = 50 in 1990 to 45,820 in 2000. Forwomen aged = 50, there is a slight decline in the prevalence of underweight (from 3.1% in 1990 to 2.4% in 2000) and a significant increase in obesity (from 14.4% to 21.7%). Not smoking, having less education, being in poor health, having diabetes, and not exercising are all associated with increased odds of being obese. Although factors significantly related to obesity in older women are consistent with those previously identified in younger women, the weight group distributions in olderwomen differ. The physical and social influences of age and gender need to be incorporated into health promotion programs.
Sync-TCP in high-speed environments

The congestion control mechanism in TCP was first introduced by Jacobson in [7], which was later developed into TCP Tahoe. Since then, various end-to-end congestion control protocols have been proposed, including Reno [2], NewReno [6], SACK [4], and Vegas [3]. Among these protocols, TCP Reno is the standard congestion control algorithm for TCP traffic, according to [2]. However, TCP Reno detects congestion only when a packet loss occurs, i.e., when the sender receives duplicate acknowledgements (ACKs) or experiences a timeout. Hence, there are no explicit congestion notifications to end systems.
Characterization of a normalized cDNA library from bovine intestinal muscle and epithelial tissues.

ABSTRACT Tissue-specific cDNA library sequences (expressed sequence tags, or EST) yield a detailed snapshot of gene expression and are useful in developing second-generation molecular resources (i.e., microarrays) for gene expression profiling. The objective of this study was to develop and characterize an intestine-specific cDNA library to examine the transcriptome of the bovine gut and identify expressed genes that influence ruminant nutrition and health. We describe BARC-8BOV, a normalized cDNA library developed from mRNA isolated from four distinct intestinal locations (duodenal, jejunal and ileal small intestine, colon) of Holstein dairy cattle resulting in 19,110 5′-EST deposited into the NCBI GenBank EST database. Assembly and clustering of these 19,110 clone sequences yielded 11,208 unique elements (3,419 contigs and 7,789 singletons) with an average length of 695 base pairs. Analysis strongly suggests normalization and tissue pooling were effective at increasing the discovery rate of new bovine s...
Operationally unsaturated pincer/rhenium complexes form metal carbenes from cycloalkenes and metal carbynes from alkanes.

Operationally unsaturated (i.e., 16/18-electron) (PNPR)Re(H)4, where PNPR is N(SiMe2CH2PR2)2, is reactive at 22 °C with cyclic olefins. The first observed products are generally (PNPR)Re(H)2(cycloa...
CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY LOSS OF ELECTRONS IN GRAPHITE

The problem of analyzing the characteristic energy loss of electrons in solids is discussed in some detail. Based on the general discussion developed in Secs. 1 and 2, the observed 7.5-ev loss line of graphite is tentatively identified as due to the collective excitation of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ electrons. The theoretical analysis gives results which strongly favor this identification. Furthermore, it has been shown that the present theory together with detailed experimental studies is very useful for the determination of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-electron band structure of graphite.
Predicted electrothermal deicing of aircraft blades

A finite difference method is presented for the transient two-dimensional simulation of an electrothermal de-icer pad of an aircraft wing or blade. The irregular geometry of the composite ice laden blade is handled by use of a body fitted coordinate transformation. By this approach the various blade layers are mapped into a set of stacked rectangular strips in which the numerical solution takes place. Several heat conduction examples are presented in order to demonstrate the accuracy of the numerical procedure. Ice melting time predictions are made and compared to earlier predictions where possible. Finally, a new graphical presentation of thermal results is shown.
Psychosocial influences on new born outcomes: a controlled prospective study.

Abstract This paper reports the results of a prospective investigation of 100 women during their pregnancies to test the hypothesis that social and psychological factors influence pregnancy outcome after controlling for demographic, biomedical, and lifestyle variables. Subjects completed questionnaires that assessed family social supports, life events, and anxiety. In addition, data were collected on general biomedical and pregnancy risk, lifestyle practices including smoking and drinking, as well as demographic information. Four infant outcomes, birthweight, gestational age, and 1 and 5 min Apgar scores, were studied via hierarchical multiple regression analyses for their relationship to the social and psychological variables, after controlling for all other sets of variables. The results of these analyses showed that life events stress accounted for significant variation in birthweight, and social supports and anxiety were associated with the two pediatric Apgar scores. Gestational age bore a simple relationship to anxiety, with higher anxiety predictive of lower gestational age. Further analyses revealed that women with either low social supports or high anxiety were, on the average, younger, more often single, of lower educational had less income, smoked more, and had higher general biomedical risk than women with adequate social supports or lower anxiety. This suggests the multiple ways in which social and psychological risk factors may be related to pregnancy outcome and emphasizes the need for well controlled studies in this area.
Morphological analysis for statistical machine translation

We present a novel morphological analysis technique which induces a morphological and syntactic symmetry between two languages with highly asymmetrical morphological structures to improve statistical machine translation qualities. The technique pre-supposes fine-grained segmentation of a word in the morphologically rich language into the sequence of prefix(es)-stem-suffix(es) and part-of-speech tagging of the parallel corpus. The algorithm identifies morphemes to be merged or deleted in the morphologically rich language to induce the desired morphological and syntactic symmetry. The technique improves Arabic-to-English translation qualities significantly when applied to IBM Model 1 and Phrase Translation Models trained on the training corpus size ranging from 3,500 to 3.3 million sentence pairs.
High-accuracy calculation of parity nonconservation in cesium and implications for particle physics.

High-precision measurements of atomic parity-nonconserving transitions in cesium when coupled with calculations of similar accuracy allow for a precise determination of {ital Q}{sub {ital W}}, the weak nuclear charge. When expressed in terms of the {ital Z} mass, radiative corrections to {ital Q}{sub {ital W}} are insensitive to the top-quark mass, so such a determination of {ital Q}{sub {ital W}} allows a particularly sensitive probe of radiative corrections depending on new physics. While the wave function of cesium, the atom in which the most accurate measurements have been made, is extremely complex, atomic theory has advanced to a point where predictions accurate to 1% can be made. This paper describes such a calculation with particular emphasis on the question of the reliability of the atomic theory. Particle-physics implications following from the present state of theory and experiment are discussed, and prospects for more accurate work described.
Why the cosmos has to be stochastic

It will be shown that the hypothesis of universal determinism fits poorly with the empirical realities of human life, and that no age of science (after 500BC) has embraced it. After tracing the history of universal determinism, we shall show how in the mid‐nineteenth century arose the idea of a stochastic cosmos, in which the laws of nature are probabilistic, and in which “possibilities”, in accord with natural law, are in excess of actualities.
Joint temporal-spatial quality enhancement for full frame-rate video playback

A joint temporal-spatial rate control scheme is investigated to optimize temporal and spatial rate-distortion (R-D) performances for full frame-rate video playback, where skipped frames are reconstructed via frame interpolation. The derived optimization problem is too complex to solve by using a straightforward Lagrangian multiplier method due to inter-frame coding dependency (e.g. I/P/B) and the frame-dependent reconstruction. To reduce the complexity, frames are adaptively grouped based on MAD (mean absolute difference) differentials, and iterative greedy search based on the R-D cost is applied to each group of frames to obtain a suboptimal solution. The performance of full frame-rate playback of the ITU-T H.263+/TMN8 codec is evaluated by reconstructing skipped frames with bidirectional motion-compensated interpolation. Experimental results show that the proposed solution has a gain of 0.2 - 1.0 dB over the traditional scheme with a fixed frame skip in average PSNR. Furthermore, the frame-by-frame PSNR variance is also reduced.
L.A.'s Hipster Cinema

Contrary to postmodernist clichee, avant-garde moving image culture is not dead; rather it is ubiquitous, although in intertwined utopian and dystopian forms. A plethora of independent exhibition venues in Los Angeles and indeed the urban fabric of the city sustain unprecedentedly vibrant and complex forms of popular cinema, according to this survey of 2008 events.
The elderly in rural environments

Abstract This paper provides a critical examination of the research available on the rural elderly in America. A detailed review of the many studies and topical areas investigated by rural gerontologists is not attempted. Rather, several ‘salient aspects’ of rurality (occupational, ecological and sociocultural) are identified as a basis for describing and explaining the status and experiences of older people in rural areas. The meaning of these dimensions as they relate to rural environments and the elderly is explored through both a general discussion and an application to two substantive issues — health status and life satisfaction. This examination illustrates the sizeable gaps that exist in what we currently know about the rural elderly and the problems/drawbacks of approaches traditionally used to study this topic. The paper concludes with a call for a more unified and conceptually based approach to future rural elderly research, that focuses on how and why the ‘salient aspects’ of rurality produce different circumstances and experiences for the elderly, and that emphasizes rural variation, not just ‘rural vs urban’ comparisons.
CMV Infection Attenuates the Disease Course in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Recent evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that active CMV infection may result in more benign clinical disease. The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether underlying murine CMV (MCMV) infection affects the course of the Theiler's murine encephalitis virus (TMEV) induced murine model of MS. A group of eight TMEV-infected mice were co-infected with MCMV at 2 weeks prior to TMEV infection while a second group of TMEV-infected mice received MCMV two weeks post TMEV. We also used 2 control groups, where at the above time points MCMV was replaced with PBS. Outcome measures included (1) monthly monitoring of disability via rotarod for 8 months; (2) in vivo MRI for brain atrophy studies and (3) FACS analysis of brain infiltrating lymphocytes at 8 months post TMEV infection. Co-infection with MCMV influenced the disease course in mice infected prior to TMEV infection. In this group, rotarod detectable motor performance was significantly improved starting 3 months post-infection and beyond (p≤0.024). In addition, their brain atrophy was close to 30% reduced at 8 months, but this was only present as a trend due to low power (p = 0.19). A significant reduction in the proportion of brain infiltrating CD3+ cells was detected in this group (p = 0.026), while the proportion of CD45+ Mac1+ cells significantly increased (p = 0.003). There was also a strong trend for a reduced proportion of CD4+ cells (p = 0.17) while CD8 and B220+ cell proportion did not change. These findings support an immunomodulatory effect of MCMV infection in this MS model. Future studies in this co-infection model will provide insight into mechanisms which modulate the development of demyelination and may be utilized for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Breaking the Cycle of Intergenerational Abuse: The Long-Term Impact of a Residential Care Program.

Objective: The number of youth in residential care programs who have been abused is high. The relationship between childhood abuse victimization and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) is well documented. This study compared the rates of IPV 16 years after individuals had participated in a long-term residential care program with individuals accepted to the program who did not participate. The IPV rates for these two groups were also compared to national normative data. Method: Information on adult functional outcomes was obtained from former residential care and comparison youth via a confidential survey that was administered either by telephone or by mail. Analysis was limited to respondents who were currently married or involved in a marriage-like relationship (n = 131; 92% male). Results: The IPV rates for the sample were 9.3% for those who stayed in the residential program less than 18 months and 6.5% for those who stayed more than 18 months, neither of which were significantly different from the national norm of 8.4%. The IPV rate for the comparison group was 26.1%, which was significantly higher than the national norm. Regardless of length of program stay, respondents who were maltreated in childhood had a 14.5% IPV rate, which was significantly lower than the estimated 36–42% rate projected for individuals with similar backgrounds. Conclusion: We conclude that time spent in a treatment-oriented residential care program was associated with lower adult IPV rates. Specifically, the skills taught in a long-term, treatment-based residential program (e.g., healthy interpersonal relationships, self-government) may have a long-term beneficial impact for adolescents at high risk of adult IPV. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ecgonine Methyl Ester, a Major Cocaine Metabolite, Causes Cerebral Vasodilation in Neonatal Sheep

Maternal cocaine abuse has been associated with fetal and neonatal neurologic abnormalities, including hemorrhagic cerebral infarctions, but the mechanisms for cocaine's cerebral effects are unknown. We previously showed that acute cocaine injection causes cerebral vasodilation in cats and immature sheep; others have shown that cocaine causes cerebral vasoconstriction in piglets and in pressurized neonatal sheep arteries. Although methodologic and species differences may explain these conflicting results, we tested another possibility; that is, that ecgonine methyl ester (EME), a major cocaine metabolite in sheep, causes cerebral vasodilation and may account, in part, for cocaine's vascular effects. We studied the cerebral effects of a single i.v. injection of EME (2.5 mg/kg) in eight chronically catheterized, unanesthetized neonatal sheep (4 ± 2 d old). We measured cerebral hemisphere blood flow (CBF) using radiolabeled microspheres, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and arteriovenous oxygen content, and we calculated cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRo2) and cerebrovascular resistance at baseline and 0.5, 2, 5, and 60 min after EME injection. EME injection had no systemic effects, including no changes in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, or arterial blood gases. Within 0.5 min of injection, EME caused a 21% decrease in cerebrovascular resistance, which remained decreased for 60 min. CBF increased by 20% at 0.5, 2, and 5 min. Blood flow to brain regions other than the cerebral hemispheres paralleled changes in CBF, with cerebellar flow remaining increased at 60 min. There was no change in CMRo2. There was a small, but physiologically insignificant, decrease in arterial oxygen content. We conclude that EME causes cerebral vasodilation in neonatal sheep and may account, in part, for cocaine's cerebral vascular effects.
Presidential address—The extrapolation problem: How can we learn from the experience of others?

I want to pose a very common but largely unrecognized problem of professional practice. It is also a problem of great intellectual complexity. I call it The Extrapolation Problem. It goes like this: Suppose you are a young policy analyst. Your boss calls you in and says, “We’ve got this problem here in Jackson County of big fire hazards building up in the rural-urban interface. Go find out what they’re doing about it over in Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties. See if anything they’re doing about it might make sense for us.” What methodology should you use in fulfilling this request? How do you conceptualize “what they’re doing,” and see which if any elements might “make sense”? As an additional challenge, you must assume that strict and faithful replication is not in the cards. That just isn’t the way of the world. For lots of very good reasons, if people wish somehow to borrow from the wisdom and practice of others, they want to adapt it, customize it, localize it. If you want to perform well for your boss—not to mention the public interest—you must think not only about what you do see, but also, to some extent, about what you don’t see. That is, you have to speculate about those modest variations that would show up, both by accident and by design, when some practice would move from those source sites in Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties to your target site, Jackson County. PREVALENCE