cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electromechanical nonlinearity of ferroelectric ceramics and related non-180 domain wall motions

Abstract Using an optical interferometer and other experimental techniques, the mechanical and dielectric response of lead zirconate titanate Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 ceramics to an a.c. electric field have been investigated directly. The experimental results demonstrate the importance of the domain wall motion in generating the electromechanical nonlinearities in ferroelectric ceramics. It has been verified that the couplings between the acoustic vibrations and the movement of domain walls is an important factor in terms of extrinsic properties of ferroelectric polycrystalline materials. A phenomenological theory has been extended to describe the extrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric, elastic and dielectric properties. These effects can be attributed to both the linear and nonlinear vibrations of non-180° domain walls in ferroelectric ceramics. The proposed theory shows qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Partial difference sets and amorphic group schemes from pseudo-quadratic bent functions

We present new abelian partial difference sets and amorphic group schemes of both Latin square type and negative Latin square type in certain abelian p-groups. Our method is to construct what we call pseudo-quadratic bent functions and use them in place of quadratic forms. We also discuss a connection between strongly regular bent functions and amorphic group schemes.
Electro-Pneumatic Exhaust Valve Modeling and Control for an Internal Combustion Engine

Variable valve actuation of Internal Combustion (IC) engines is capable of significantly improving their performance. It can be divided into two main categories: variable valve timing with cam shaft(s) and camless valve actuation. For camless valve actuation, research has been centered in electro-magnetic, electro-hydraulic, and electro-pneumatic valve actuators. This research studies the control of the electro-pneumatic valve actuator. The modeling and control of intake valves for the Electro-Pneumatic Valve Actuators (EPVA) was shown in early publications and this paper extends the EPVA modeling and control development to exhaust valves for the lift control which is the key to the exhaust valve control since an accurate and repeatable lift control guarantees a satisfactory valve closing timing control. Note that exhaust valve closing timing is a key parameter for controlling engine residual gas recirculation. The exhaust valve lift control challenge is the disturbance from the randomly varying in-cylinder pressure against which the exhaust valve opens. The developed strategy utilizes model based predictive techniques to overcome this disturbance. This exhaust valve lift control algorithm was validated on a 5.4 Liter 3 valve V8 engine head with a pressurized chamber to imitate the in-cylinder pressure. The experimental results demonstrated that the exhaust valve lift tracked the step reference in one cycle with the lift error under 1mm and the steady state lift error was kept below 1mm.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
In situ patch-clamp recording of calcium-activated potassium channels from an identified leech neuron

Abstract The paired anterior lateral giant of the leech Haementeria have only tow active gated ionic currents. We took advantage of this simple complement of ionic currents to investigate the single channel properties of this cells' calcium-activated K + current ( I (K, Ca) ) in situ. Cell-attached patch recordings showed large, bursting events with a conductance of appriximately 90–100 pS which had extrapolated reversal potentials consistenst with K + events. The channel open time distribution was well described by a single exponential process while the channel closed times were bi-exponentially distributed. The results show that the single channel properties of ( I (K, Ca) ) in annelids closely resemble those of similar currents described in vertebrates.
Phase transition in RbC 60 : Vibrational and electronic properties

In situ Raman scattering, ultraviolet-photoemission-spectroscopy (UPS), and electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy (EELS) measurements have been performed on crystalline films of ${\mathrm{RbC}}_{60}$ through the fcc-to-orthorhombic structural phase transition. The Raman spectra exhibit large changes in intensity of modes not active for isolated icosahedra, including ungerade vibrations. This is attributed to a substantial increase in interfullerene coupling in the presence of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ merohedral disorder. UPS measurements indicate a finite density of states at the Fermi energy for both phases with small changes in the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ derived states through the transition. Low-energy metalliclike excitations are observed in EELS.
Antibody testing for ulcerative colitis--more letters?

Abstract The presence of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (P-ANCAs) and antibodies against cathepsin G, a target antigen for P-ANCAs, was determined in the sera of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), relative to endoscopic severity and disease activity. P-ANCAs were detected by indirect immunofluorescent assay on ethanol-fixed human neutrophils. Antibodies to cathepsin G were detected by ELISA and Western blotting. P-ANCAs were detected by immunofluorescent assay in 62.5% of 32 patients with active UC. Anti–cathepsin G antibodies were detected in 40.6% of 32 patients with active UC, and their prevalence was significantly higher in patients with severe colitis, as determined by endoscopy, than in those with mild or moderate colitis. The prevalence and titers of anti–cathepsin G antibodies were significantly higher during the active phase of the disease than during the inactive phase.
Chiron and the Centaurs: escapees from the Kuiper belt

The outer Solar System has long appeared to be a largely empty place, inhabited only by the four giant planets, Pluto and a transient population of comets. In 1977 however, a faint and enigmatic object - 2060 Chiron - was discovered moving on a moderately inclined, strongly chaotic 51-year orbit which takes it from just inside Saturn's orbit out almost as far as that of Uranus. It was not initially clear from where Chiron originated. these objects become temporarily trapped on Centaur-like orbits Following Chiron's discovery, almost 15 years elapsed before other similar objects were discovered; five more have now been identified. Based on the detection statistics implied by these discoveries, it has become clear that these objects belong to a significant population of several hundred (or possibly several thousand) large icy bodies moving on relatively short-lived orbits between the giant planets. This new class of objects, known collectively as the Centaurs, are intermediate in diameter between typical comets (1-20 km) and small icy planets such as Pluto (approx. 2,300 km) and Triton (approx. 2,700 km). Although the Centaurs are interesting in their own right, they have taken on added significance following the recognition that they most probably originated in the ancient reservoir of comets and larger objects located beyond the orbit of Neptune known as the Kuiper belt.
Two-Way Text Messaging for Health Behavior Change Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Individuals

Background: Text-messaging systems have been used to promote a range of health behaviors, including medication adherence among human immunodeficiency virus–positive individuals. However, little is currently known about the specific characteristics of messaging systems that promote user engagement. Objective: Using data from a randomized controlled trial involving a pager-based text messaging system, this study sought to examine the overall usability of the system, user evaluation of the system, demographic and psychosocial correlates of usability, and its performance as an adherence assessment tool. Materials and Methods: The messaging system consisted of an alphanumeric pager capable of sending and receiving individualized text messages and the software necessary to program and track communication. The system was evaluated using behavioral outcomes (pager message response rate), self-report survey responses, focus group discussions, and data from electronic medication monitoring pill bottles. Results: Although the majority of participants reported that the system was effective in reminding them to take medication doses, the overall response rate to system messages was relatively low (42.8%) and dropped significantly over the course of the 3-month intervention period. In addition, user engagement did not differ significantly by most demographic and psychosocial variables. Conclusions: The pager-based text messaging system was received well by participants and appears to be applicable to a broad population; however, the system did not actively engage all participants over the course of the trial. Future research should determine whether systems customized to personal preference in notification style, frequency, and user device can increase use and provide further assistance to achieve optimal medication adherence.
An omnidirectional circular antenna array

THERE IS a continuing practical need for antennas which radiate a pattern that is omnidirectional in azimuth, but which have a specified vertical pattern. Page1 proposed that a circular array with a central element be used for this purpose, but his design requires that all of the elements of the array be driven. Here a method will be described of exciting such an array by means of only one driven element.
Directed Self‐Assembly of Hybrid Oxide/Polymer Core/Shell Nanowires with Transport Optimized Morphology for Photovoltaics

Hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells are promising for the development of next generation low-cost, high efficiency photovoltaics (PVs). They combine the facile solution processability, large optical extinction coefficients, and good hole mobility of conjugated polymers with the high electron affinity and electron mobility of inorganic nanoparticles.[1] The most common configuration for effectively generating photocurrent with these materials is the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) device where intimate mixing of the polymer with inorganic nanoparticles generates a random bicontinuous morphology with nanometerscale dimensions. The morphology and ultimately the performance of this photoactive layer depend on a complex interplay of materials parameters and processing conditions such as temperature, polymer-solvent and particle-solvent interactions, solvent evaporation rate, solution composition (polymer volume fraction), and post-deposition treatments.[2] In particular, the role of polymer–particle miscibility has been well highlighted by recent reports.[3] Although there has been steady progress in improving device efficiency, the inherently disordered and kinetically-dictated structure of BHJ devices is suboptimal, particularly in terms of charge transport, but also in exciton utilization.[1a,4] An ideal hybrid device is one in which donor and acceptor materials are arranged in a densely packed vertical array. Nanometer-scale periodicity would minimize radiative decay of excitons, and the vertical alignment of the materials ensures a non-tortuous path for charge transport.[1a,4a,5] Such an ordered BHJ motif (OBHJ) has thus been the focus of recent interest,[6] but its realization, particularly in a manner compatible with low-cost fabrication of devices, remains elusive. A further refinement of the OBHJ entails atomic and molecularscale control of the donor and acceptor materials such that their
CAN TEACHING BE SAVED

ABSTRACT Future generations of professors may be harder to recruit and to retain compared to the current generation of nearly-retired senior faculty. This is especially the case in public colleges and universities. The condition of academic life in public higher education at the beginning of the twenty-first century was not enviable. Decades of sacking and pillaging by external and internal forces have left the professoriat stranded in purgatory, overrun by larger numbers of under prepared students and evaluated by pseudo processes. The professoriat has also contributed to the demise of liberal learning by substituting escapism for scholarship and by rolling over for various forms of coercion and financial seduction. This essay discusses one person's teaching experience in the context of evolving cultural norms about learning, of professional standards pertinent to teaching, and of the psycho-social consequences for college teachers of the secular anti-intellectual drift in post-literate society. Public c...
Recent developments in philosophy of mind and psychopathology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review covers recent books and articles on the perennial problem of how mind and brain work together to produce psychiatric symptoms. RECENT FINDINGS Discussed in this article are research on predictors of anxiety disorders, evidence relating to agency and sense of self-ownership, the extended mind hypothesis, and brain differences in genders of moral sensitivity. SUMMARY Advances in brain sciences continue, but psychiatry would do well to work with philosophers in the field of philosophy of mind.
Radiosynthesis of [18F] N-(3-Fluoropropyl)-2-β-Carbomethoxy-3-β-(4-Bromophenyl) Nortropane and the regional brain uptake in non human primate using PET

Abstract A synthetic procedure for the preparation of [ 18 F]FPCBT, an imaging agent for the dopamine transporter (DAT), has been developed. The radiosynthesis was carried out in a two step procedure. Even though the yield was low, we were able to prepare 20 to 30mCi of the product, which was enough for two or three studies. The radiochemical purity was greater than 96%. The in vivo properties of this radiotracer were evaluated using baboon and it showed highest uptake in the striatum. The studies also revealed that the maximum uptake was reached within 7 to 10 minutes post injection. Plasma metabolite analysis indicated that there is only one metabolite and it is less lipophilic than the parent compound. [ 18 F]FPCBT displayed good brain uptake and its high target to non target ratio indicate that it is a potential candidate for DAT imaging.
Experimental Techniques for the Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients

This paper describes techniques for the measurement of diffusion coefficients in solids. The focus is on depth profiling by various ion beam techniques, especially secondary ion mass spectrometry, Rutherford backscattering, and nuclear reaction analysis.
Distribution of paralichthid flounders (bothidae:Paralichthys) in North Carolina estuaries

Summer flounder,Paralichthys dentatus, and southern flouder,P. lethostigma, extensively use Pamilco Sound and adjacent estuaries as nursery areas. Young gulf flounder,P. albiguta, are rarely found. Flounders remain in the estuaries for the first 18–20 months of their life before moving into ocean waters. Benthic substrate and salinity are the two most important factors governing distribution. Southern flounder are most abundant in areas of low salinity and clayey silt or organic rich mud bottoms. Summer flounder are most abundant in areas of moderate to high salinities and sandy bottom.
Microwave applications of soft ferrites

Signal processing requires broadband, low-loss, low-cost microwave devices (circulators, isolators, phase shifters, absorbers). Soft ferrites (garnets, spinels, hexaferrites), applied in planar microwave devices, are reviewed from the point of view of device requirements. Magnetic properties, specific to operation in high-frequency electromagnetic fields, are discussed. Recent developments in thick film ferrite technology and device design are reviewed. Magnetic losses related to planar shape and inhomogeneous internal fields are analyzed.
Innovational radiation sensor by integrating AL2O3:C optically stimulated luminescent dosemeter and GaN detectors

We report a new dosimetry concept that is built on an earlier integrated sensor concept by our group at University of Washington to integrate a radiation-dosimetry-quality Al 2 O 3 :C and a high quantum-efficiency GaN-based p-i-n photodiode on one side, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the opposite side as the stimulation source. The performance of the sensor has been evaluated by computer simulation, the performance of GaN photodiodes and studying the GaN films. The absorption spectrum of the GaN film was measured and indicated that the GaN photodiodes would not respond to the output wavelengths of the stimulating LEDs. The electrical properties and the performance of GaN p-i-n photodiode under irradiation were simulated. The results showed that the sensor offered comparable radiation sensitivity to current technologies and could be operated in active mode.
Cognitive constraints on constituent order: Evidence from elicited pantomime

Abstract To what extent does human cognition influence the structure of human language? Recent experiments using elicited pantomime suggest that the prevalence of Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order across the world’s languages may arise in part because SOV order is most compatible with how we conceptually represent transitive events ( Goldin-Meadow, So, Ozyurek, & Mylander, 2008 ). However, this raises the question as to why non-SOV orders exist. Two recent studies ( Meir et al., 2010 , Gibson et al., 2013 ) suggest that SOV might be suboptimal for describing events in which both the agent and patient are plausible agents (e.g. a woman pushing a boy); we call these “reversible” events. We replicate these findings using elicited pantomime and offer a new interpretation. Meir et al.’s (2010) account is framed largely in terms of constraints on comprehension, while Gibson et al.’s (2013) account involves minimizing the risk of information loss or memory degradation. We offer an alternative hypothesis that is grounded in constraints on production. We consider the implications of these findings for the distribution of constituent order in the world’s spoken languages and for the structure of emerging sign languages.
Virtual multimedia libraries built from the web

We have developed a tool MARIE-4 for building virtual libraries of multimedia (images, video, and audio) by automatically exploring (crawling) a specified subdomain of the World Wide Web to create an index based on caption keywords. Our approach uses carefully-researched criteria to identify and rate caption text, and employs both an expert system and a neural network. We have used it to create a keyword-based interface to nearly all nontrivial captioned publicly-accessible U.S. Navy images (667,573), video (8,290), and audio (2,499), called the Navy Virtual Multimedia Library (NAVMULIB).
Determination of the anisotropic elastic moduli of coal

Abstract A method that determines the two, mutually orthogonal, effective elastic moduli in the plane perpendicular to a borehole has been developed. The theory relates the radial displacements in a cylindrical borehole to an elastically orthotropic material. A triaxial compression cell capable of loading 300 mm coal cubes by means of six steel flatjacks was used. Measurement of surface displacements of a centrally drilled borehole when taken using a USBM deformation gauge. The influence of the principal structural features of coal on the elastic behaviour and other deformational characteristics is discussed.
ATTITUDES OF PARENTS OF NONDISABLED STUDENTS REGARDING INCLUSION OF DISABLED STUDENTS IN NEVADA'S PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Opinions of 370 parents of students without disabilities about inclusive programming were compared with those obtained from a previous study of 65 parents of students with disabilities. Both groups of parents positively rated opinion statements favoring inclusion; however, parents of students with disabilities consistently rated inclusion-focused statements more positively than parents of nondisabled students.
Electron spin resonance studies of the triplet states of monoanionic thymine.

— Ultraviolet irradiation of the thymine anion tautomers 1-HT- and 3-HT- at -196°C generates excited triplet states having δm=±2 resonances at 1067 and 1260 G respectively (with v= 9.0 GHz). Excitation at 270nm gave predominantly the low field signal while excitation at 300 nm produced only the high field resonance. These results when compared with the absorbance properties of the monoanions are consistent with the low field resonance being due to 1-HT- and the high field resonance being due to 3-HT-.
Functionalization of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with Metallic Nanoparticles: Implications for Doping and Gas-Sensing

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), belonging to the class of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, have instigated a lot of interest in diverse application fields due to their unique electrical, mechanical, magnetic, and optical properties. Tuning the electrical properties of TMDs through charge transfer or doping is necessary for various optoelectronic applications. This paper presents the experimental investigation of the doping effect on TMDs, mainly focusing on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), by metallic nanoparticles (NPs), exploring noble metals such as silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt) as well as the low workfunction metals such as scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) for the first time. The dependence of the doping behavior of MoS2 on the metal workfunction is demonstrated and it is shown that Pt nanoparticles can lead to as large as 137 V shift in threshold voltage of a back-gated monolayered MoS2 FET. Variation of the MoS2 FET transfer curves with the increase in the dose of NPs as we...
‘Liquid litmus’: chemosensory pH-responsive photonic ionic liquids

We report on the founding member of a unique class of luminescent ionic liquids integrating a photoacidic anion that responds to the presence of both condensed- and gas-phase basicity; the analytical response is ratiometric in nature, visible to the naked eye, and offers fascinating prospects in smart photofluids, liquid logic gates, electronic noses, and sensory inks.
Composition and synthesis of three higher ganglioside homologs in bovine mammary tissue

Three higher gangliosides were identified as constituents of bovine mammary gland. The structures of these three gangliosides were shown to be ceramide-glucose-galactose-(sialic acid)-N-acetylgalactosamine-galactose, ceramide-glucose-galactose-(sialic acid)2-N-acetylgalactosamine, and ceramide-glucose-galactose-(sialic acid)2-N-acetylgalactosamine-galactose These gangliosides accounted for only a small fraction (<20%) of the lipid-bound sialic acid in mammary gland. While fatty acids with even carbon numbers from C14 to C26 were predominant in these gangliosides, they also contained C23 and C25 fatty acids. Mammary gland Golgi apparatus-rich fractions had all glycosyltransferases required for synthesis of these gangliosides starting with ceramide.
The Origin and Fate of Polyovular Follicles in the Striped Skunk

Polyovular follicles develop from primary sex cords in the ovarian medulla of the juvenile striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis . These PF are homologous with the seminiferous tubules of the male. The PF degenerate during the first summer after birth in the young skunk. The ova may degenerate without degeneration of the follicular granulosa cells which remain as anovular medullary cords. When the entire follicle degenerates, a thecal interstitial gland forms and contributes to the mass of medullary interstitial tissue. PF may be induced to ovulate by injections of exogenous gonadotropins but it appears that in the untreated animal degeneration typically occurs rather than ovulation.
Patterns of fracture among the United States elderly: Geographic and fluoride effects

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether geographic area or water fluoride were related to the occurrence of fractures among the elderly in the United States. We used a 5% sample of the white U.S. Medicare population, aged 65 to 89 years during the period 1986–1990, to identify fractures of the hip, proximal humerus, distal forearm, and ankle. The association of geographic region and fluoridation status with fracture rates was assessed using Poisson regression. We found that rates of hip fracture were generally lower in the northern regions of the United States and higher in the southern regions. For fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus, lower rates were found in the Western states, and higher rates in the East. No discernible geographic pattern was found for ankle fractures. Adjustment for water fluoridation did not influence these results. Independent of geographic effects, men in fluoridated areas had modestly higher rates of fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus than did men in nonfluoridated areas; no such differences were observed among women, nor for fractures of the hip or ankle among either men or women. In conclusion, our data suggest that fractures of the distal forearm and proximal humerus have etiologic determinants distinct from those of fractures of the hip or ankle.
Detection of Bacillus subtilis spores using peptide-functionalized cantilever arrays.

We move beyond antibody−antigen binding systems and demonstrate that short peptide ligands can be used to efficiently capture Bacillus subtilis (a simulant of Bacillus anthracis) spores in liquids. On an eight-cantilever array chip, four cantilevers were coated with binding peptide (NHFLPKV-GGGC) and the other four were coated with control peptide (LFNKHVP-GGGC) for reagentless detection of whole B. subtilis spores in liquids. The peptide-ligand-functionalized microcantilever chip was mounted onto a fluid cell filled with a B. subtilis spore suspension for ∼40 min; a 40 nm net differential deflection was observed. Fifth-mode resonant frequency measurements were also performed before and after dipping microcantilever arrays into a static B. subtilis solution showing a substantial decrease in frequency for binding-peptide-coated microcantilevers as compared to that for control peptide cantilevers. Further confirmation was obtained by subsequent examination of the microcantilever arrays under a dark-field mi...
Crystallography of aligned copper-aluminum eutectoid

Abstract Orientation relations between the phases of aligned Cu-Al eutectoid were studied by transmission electron diffraction. The α-phase (Cu-rich solid solution, f.c.c.) and γ-phase (Cu2Al4, approximately b.c.c.) were found to have the Kurdjumow-Sachs relationship. The lamellar interface was near (533)α and (431)γ. Abrupt changes in lamellar orientation were associated with twin boundaries in the α-phase, parallel to the common close-packed planes. Observations were interpreted in terms of a stepped-interface model previously outlined by Hall et al, and compared with results on various f.c.c./b.c.c. systems.
Issues in treatment process and services research.

(1995). Issues in Treatment Process and Services Research. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 30, No. 7, pp. 875-879.
Abstract 4200: EXO1 is required for normal SN1 methylator-induced DNA damage response

The mismatch repair (MMR) system plays an important role in mutation avoidance and its inactivation, which is commonly seen in both hereditary and sporadic cancers, results in genomic instability and increased cancer risk. SN1 DNA methylating agents are potent chemotherapeutics that can methylate the O6 position of guanine. This O6meG adduct subsequently mispairs with thymine during DNA replication, MMR recognizes these O6meG/T mispairs, and consequently activates DNA damage response (DDR). While the exact mechanism by which MMR activates DDR signaling remains unresolved, the DNA repair activity of MMR has been implicated as important in this process. Exonuclease I (EXO1) plays a crucial role in eukaryotic MMR by removing the strand containing the mismatched base. Several studies describe direct association between EXO1 and several MMR proteins (ie, MSH2, MLH1) and that EXO1 is activated during MMR processing of O6meG lesions. However, whether EXO1 is required to activate MMR-dependent response to O6meG remains unknown. Here we show that Lentiviral shRNA-mediated EXO1 knockdown in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) results in decreased G2/M arrest in response to treatment with the SN1 methylator MNNG. Accordingly, we observed reduced phosphorylation of the checkpoint proteins Cdc2 and Chk1, consistent with reduced MMR-dependent signaling in response to MNNG. We also found that EXO1 knockdown resulted in a limited effect on cell proliferation and loss of viability while MEFs transduced with control virus displayed clear growth arrest and a heightened cytotoxic response following MNNG exposure. Taken together, these data support our interpretation that reduced EXO1 activity results in an alkylation-tolerant phenotype similar to documented defects stemming from loss of MMR. Moreover, these findings seemingly strengthen the hypothesis that MMR-associated DNA repair activity is required for response to O6meG lesions. However, several lines of evidence suggest that EXO1 may function in both a catalytic and a structural manner during MMR-mediated mutation avoidance. Therefore, we are currently testing if EXO1 is required for MMR complex assembly at sites of mismatches within duplex DNA, and if exonuclease activity is required for normal response to SN1 methylators. Our long-term goal is to better understand the mechanisms that guide response to SN1 alkylators since deducing MMR-mediated DNA damage response will yield essential insights for designing drugs targeting these pathways, and predicting drug response in cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4200. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4200
Multisensory regulation of maternal behavior and masculine sexual behavior: A revised view

Frank Beach's view of the multisensory regulation in Norway rats of copulation in males (12) and of pup retrieval in females (23) is critically analyzed and revised in terms of Lashley's influence, Beach's other work, and current neurobiological knowledge. Beach's view was that no single sensory stimulus is essential to elicit these behaviors, but that all relevant stimuli available summate in the neocortex; consequently, (a) sexual “arousal” is increased in males, leading to copulation, and (b) the “efficiency,” or likelihood, of retrieval is increased in postpartum mothers. The revised view is based on a component analysis in which each of these behaviors consists of a chain of motoric responses elicited by somatosensory stimulation. Distal stimuli emanating from the female or pups induce proximity by provoking orientation, attention and arousal; the meaning of these stimuli is largely learned by conditioned associations during the initial executions of the behavior, although odors may have a prepotent influence for some individuals. Stimuli are integrated in a multisensory manner by both subcortical and neocortical mechanisms. Generalizations concerning the reproductive behavior of other mammalian species are suggested.
Overview: The Future of the Urban Community College

We view this New Directions for Community Colleges sourcebook as a call to action for America's urban community colleges to become leaders on the frontier of a genuine multiracial democracy. It is a call to redress massive and persistent disparities that have created what Cornel West refers to as the “pathology of despair” in our inner cities. Leaders are challenged to transform the very nature of the urban community college just as those who came before us responded to the social revolution of the 1950s and 1960s amid the civil rights movement of that era. Today's urban college is at the front line of the next phase in this revolution, leading efforts to overcome the persistent and entrenched racial, educational, economic, and social inequities that threaten the vitality of our cities and our nation's democratic principles. Suburban and rural community colleges have a stake in this same experience, as they also serve areas of increasing diversity and poverty.
Improvement of efficiency in a quadriplegic individual using an FES-RGO system

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) when interfaced with a reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) resulted in walking exercise for a C-7-level quadriplegic subject. Cardiopulmonary measurements were made and efficiencies calculated on the subjects during progressive velocity walking with the FES-RGO and the RGO alone (without FES). Results for the quadriplegic individual indicates that overall external mechanical efficiency was increased two to two and a half times with the FES-RGO versus the RGO alone. >
Prediction of jet mean flow structure in support of HSCT noise suppression concepts

The paper describes the application of techniques based on computational fluid dynamics to the simulation of jet flowfields. A solution code for the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations is supplemented by conventional two-equation turbulence models based on the Boussinesq approximation. The axisymmetric SCIPVIS code is enhanced with the PARCH and CRAFT codes to examine plug-jet flowfields and imperfectly expanded axisymmetric free round jets. The sensitivity of shock/boundary layer interactions is observed in simulations of the plug case, and the adaptive gridding in the disk region and turbulence levels generated at the triple point are identified as areas in the Mach case that require improvement. Jet-wave structure in the region beyond the first several shock cells can be predicted, and turbulence modeling can be undertaken with respect to improving compressibility, length scale, vorticity, and energy budget. The mean flow structure of imperfectly expanded jets can be studied to develop related noise suppression concepts for the High-Speed Civilian Transport (HSCT).
Evaluation of Fluocinolone Acetonide Sustained Release Implant (Retisert) Dissociation during Implant Removal and Exchange Surgery

Purpose To characterize the phenomenon of dissociation of the 2 components of the sustained-release fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert; Bausch & Lomb) during removal or exchange procedures, or both, and to evaluate outcomes after these events. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods Retrospective review of 27 consecutive sustained-release fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) exchanges or removals between 2001 and 2010 at the Cole Eye Institute. All patients had received the implant as treatment for noninfectious uveitis. Preoperative and postoperative characteristics were analyzed, and operative reports were reviewed to characterize the effects of intraoperative implant dissociation. Results Twenty-seven sustained-release fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) exchange or removal surgeries were performed by 3 surgeons in 20 eyes of 19 patients. Of these 27 procedures, dissociation of the implant strut from the drug-containing cup occurred in 11 eyes (40.7%). Retrieval of the dislocated cup led to intraoperative complications, including posterior retinal tear (n = 1) and limited suprachoroidal hemorrhage (n = 1). The length of time that the implant resided in the eye correlated significantly with cup dissociation. Dissociated implants resided a mean of 47.4 months, whereas intact implants resided a mean of 32.5 months ( P = .0032). There was no long-term or short-term vision loss attributed to intraoperative implant dissociation. Conclusions Sustained-release fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) dissociation is a common occurrence in exchange or removal procedures, or both. The longer an implant resided in the eye, the greater the tendency toward dissociation. Preparation for this complication should be contemplated in any implant removal or exchange procedure.
Pair-density-wave superconducting states and electronic liquid-crystal phases

In conventional superconductors the Cooper pairs have a zero center-of-mass momentum. In this paper we present a theory of superconducting states where the Cooper pairs have a nonzero center-of-mass momentum, inhomogeneous superconducting states known as a pair-density-waves (PDWs) states. We show that in a system of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ fermions in two dimensions in an electronic nematic spin-triplet phase where rotational symmetry is broken in both real- and spin-space PDW phases arise naturally in a theory that can be analyzed using controlled approximations. We show that several superfluid phases that may arise in this phase can be treated within a controlled BCS mean-field theory, with the strength of the spin-triplet nematic order parameter playing the role of the small parameter of this theory. We find that in a spin-triplet nematic phase, in addition to a triplet $p$-wave and spin-singlet $d$-wave (or $s$ depending on the nematic phase) uniform superconducting states, it is also possible to have a $d$-wave (or $s$) PDW superconductor. The PDW phases found here can be either unidirectional, bidirectional, or tridirectional depending on the spin-triplet nematic phase and which superconducting channel is dominant. In addition, a triple-helix state is found in a particular channel. We show that these PDW phases are present in the weak-coupling limit, in contrast to the usual Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phases, which require strong coupling physics in addition to a large magnetic field (and often both).
The effect of diesel exhaust on sperm-shape abnormalities in mice

Abstract The sperm-shape abnormality bioassay in mice was used to determine whether chemical mutagens in diesel exhaust reach the testes. Strain A male mice (30 per group from 4 to 6 weeks of age) were exposed for 31 or 39 weeks to either diesel exhaust or clean air. After exposure, Eosin Y-stained, air-dried smears of cauda epididymal sperm were scored for changes in sperm-head abnormalities in three different laboratories. There was no difference in the proportion of abnormally shaped sperm in controls and mice exposed to diesel exhaust.
A Vault Nanoparticle Vaccine Induces Protective Mucosal Immunity

Author(s): Champion, Cheryl I; Kickhoefer, Valerie A; Liu, Guangchao; Moniz, Raymond J; Freed, Amanda S; Bergmann, Liisa L; Vaccari, Dana; Raval-Fernandes, Sujna; Chan, Ann M; Rome, Leonard H; Kelly, Kathleen A | Abstract: BackgroundGeneration of robust cell-mediated immune responses at mucosal surfaces while reducing overall inflammation is a primary goal for vaccination. Here we report the use of a recombinant nanoparticle as a vaccine delivery platform against mucosal infections requiring T cell-mediated immunity for eradication.Methodology/principal findingsWe encapsulated an immunogenic protein, the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia muridarum, within hollow, vault nanocapsules (MOMP-vaults) that were engineered to bind IgG for enhanced immunity. Intranasal immunization (i.n) with MOMP-vaults induced anti-chlamydial immunity plus significantly attenuated bacterial burden following challenge infection. Vault immunization induced anti-chlamydial immune responses and inflammasome formation but did not activate toll-like receptors. Moreover, MOMP-vault immunization enhanced microbial eradication without the inflammation usually associated with adjuvants.Conclusions/significanceVault nanoparticles containing immunogenic proteins delivered to the respiratory tract by the i.n. route can act as "smart adjuvants" for inducing protective immunity at distant mucosal surfaces while avoiding destructive inflammation.
Analysis of spin-dependent fission anisotropy

Abstract Several explanations of the anomalous increase of observed fission anisotropy with increasing target spin are examined. The Bohr theory that the fragment direction is along the K projection of the total angular momentum I is used in the classical limit. The sign and magnitude of the calculated effect of target spin are shown to vary with the form of the distribution in K , but the several different distributions used do not remove the anomaly. The calculated changes of moments of inertia, and thus of the width of the distribution in K , with the nuclear species undergoing fission also appear to be inadequate to explain the target spin effect. The effects of including in the method both nuclear deformation and an angular-momentum-dependent probability of the compound-nucleus transition to fission are calculated with the statistically-expected Gaussian distribution in K . The calculated effect of deformation is much less than the observed target spin effect. With the use of an adequate angular-momentum-dependent transition probability, agreement is reached between the calculated and observed anisotropy change with target spin. The magnitude of this required dependence represents an exponential decrease in the statistical level density with angular momentum that is an order of magnitude greater than expected from rigid moments of inertia. This result is qualitatively in agreement with other analyses of experimental data.
Synthesize multi-level composite filter for synthetic-aperture radar image identification

A novel optical correlator system to identify the Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) image based on multilevel composite function (MCF) filters, constructed in input domain, is presented. The MCFs are synthesized by the simulated annealing algorithm, which are suitable to current spatial light modulators because of their limited dynamic range requirement of the MCFs. In this paper, we focus our investigation on the MCFs for the SAR image identification, including the impact of number of levels on discriminability and noise performance. In addition, a unique position encoding technique is also added in the optical system so that MCF can be implemented easily. The simulated and experimental results are presented, which are quite consistent.
Improving evapotranspiration simulations in the CERES-Maize model under limited irrigation

Abstract Limitations on water resources for agriculture in places such as Colorado, USA, have caused farmers to consider limited irrigation as an alternative to full irrigation practices, where the crop is intentionally stressed during specific growth stages in an effort to maximize yield per unit water consumed, or evapotranspiration (ET). While crop growth models such as CERES-Maize provide the ability to evaluate numerous management scenarios without the costs associated with multiyear field experiments, recent studies have shown that CERES-Maize performs well under full irrigation but overestimates ET of corn under limited irrigation management. The primary objective of this study was to improve CERES-Maize ET simulation under limited irrigation management while maintaining accuracy of other important model output responses. Field experiments with corn were performed in northern Colorado, USA from 2006 to 2010, where four replicates each of full (ET requirement supplied by irrigation throughout the season) and limited (no irrigation before the V12 growth stage unless necessary for emergence, then full irrigation afterwards) irrigation treatments were analyzed. The local sensitivity of model input parameters affecting ET was evaluated, prompting changes to the model code with a new dynamic crop coefficient ( K CD ) as a function of the crop leaf area index. The modified CERES-Maize model more accurately represented ET under full and limited irrigation, for example reducing late-season ET potential from a plant with reduced canopy and more closely matched FAO-56 crop coefficient curves under full irrigation. Using the limited irrigation data for evaluation, the modified model showed significant decreases in model error for seasonal cumulative ET (root mean square deviation RMSD from 80.9 mm to 49.9 mm) and water productivity (RMSD from 5.97 kg ha −1 mm −1 to 2.86 kg ha −1 mm −1 ) as compared to the original model. The modified model was subsequently applied to several hypothetical irrigation management strategies, indicating that reducing weekly vegetative stage water applications from 20 mm to 2.5 mm can increase simulated water productivity by over 15%. While these synthetic water production functions may not be feasible in a production field with natural climate variability, the modified ET model indicates promise for limited irrigation management increasing water productivity.
Environmental influences on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans biofilm formation

Fresh clinical isolates of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans have an adherent, rough colony morphology that transforms into a minimally adherent, smooth colony phenotype during successive in vitro passage. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare biofilm formation of the rough (RVs) and smooth variants (SVs) of several strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans grown under various environmental conditions and (2) to examine the dynamics of biofilm formation. A microtitre plate biofilm assay was used to evaluate biofilm formation of strains grown in broth with modified salt concentration and pH, and to evaluate the effect of pre-conditioning films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to monitor microscopic changes in morphology. Dynamics of biofilm formation were measured in a flowcell monitored by confocal microscopy. The RVs generally produced greater biofilm than the SVs. However, medium-dependent differences in biofilm formation were evident for some rough/smooth pairs. The RVs were more tolerant to changes in salt and pH, and more resistant to chlorhexidine than the SVs. Horse serum virtually eliminated, and saliva significantly reduced, biofilm formation by the SVs in contrast to the RVs. SEM revealed no alteration in morphology with change of environment. In a flowcell, the RVs produced towers of microcolonies anchored by a small contact area, whereas the SVs produced an open architecture of reduced height. After 7 days in a flowcell, the rough to smooth phenotype transition could be demonstrated. In conclusion, strain, growth medium and conditioning film all affect biofilm formation. The RVs produce biofilms of unique architecture that may serve to protect the bacterium from environmental perturbations.
Electrospray Propulsion Based on Emitters Microfabricated in Porous Metals

indicating that the thrust density can be increased with emitter miniaturization and clustering. A two-dimensional emitter array is constructed from three linear arrays and experiments show that the device produces an average current of around 1 �A per emitter at the highest voltages. Direct thrust measurements using a torsional balance show that the test fixture produces between 0.05 to 0:1 � N of thrust per emitter, as anticipated by theoretical estimates.
An Optimized Pyrimidinol Multifunctional Radical Quencher

A series of aza analogues (4–9) of the experimental neuroprotective drug idebenone (1) have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to attenuate oxidative stress induced by glutathione depletion and to compensate for the decrease in oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in cultured Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) fibroblasts and lymphocytes and also coenzyme Q10-deficient lymphocytes. Modification of the redox core of the previously reported 3 improved its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Compounds 4–9, having the same redox core, exhibited a range of antioxidant activities, reflecting side chain differences. Compounds having side chains extending 14–16 atoms from the pyrimidinol ring (6, 7, and 9) were potent antioxidants. They were superior to idebenone and more active than 3, 4, 5, and 8. Optimized analogue 7 and its acetate (7a) are of interest in defining potential therapeutic agents capable of blocking oxidative stress, maintaining mitochondrial membrane integrity, and augmenting ATP level...