cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some cognitive aspects of figurative language: Association and metaphor

This study was designed to explore the relationship between some predictions generated by a cognitive-feature model of association and metaphor understanding. Several kinds of data were collected from University of Tennessee undergraduates on the two key nouns in each of 28 randomly selected metaphors—both in and out of metaphor context—as well as judged goodness and ease of writing interpretations for the metaphors themselves. Interword similarity, free association variability, and characteristics of common property distributions for key-noun pairs were highly intercorrelated (as predicted by the associative model) and also related to metaphor goodness and difficulty of metaphor interpretation (canonical r=0.78). These results provide indirect support for the associative model and also provide some insight into the cognitive processes underlying metaphor understanding.
Some properties of the bivariate lognormal distribution for reliability applications

In this paper, we study the bivariate lognormal distribution from a reliability point of view. The conditional distribution of X given Y > y is found to be log-skew normal. The monotonicity of the hazard rates of the univariate as well as the conditional distributions is discussed. Clayton's association measure is obtained in terms of the hazard gradient, and its value in the case of our model is derived. The probability distributions, in the case of series and parallel systems, are derived, and the monotonicity of their failure rates is discussed. Three real applications of the bivariate lognormal distribution are provided, two from financial economics and one from reliability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determinants of Satisfaction for Blacks and Whites

The study analyzes the determinants of satisfaction for blacks and whites with data from the Quality of American Life survey conducted in 1971 and replicated in 1978. A domain satisfaction scale is...
Reducing microbiological safety risk on blueberries through innovative washing technologies

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of novel home-use sanitizers (ozonated water, FIT solution, and EO water) in killing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on blueberries compared to common bleach solution and tap water. Blueberries samples (6 berries; ca. 10 ± 1 g) were spot-inoculated with 60 μl (10 μl/berry) of a mixture of 5 strains E. coli O157:H7 (ca. 8–9 log CFU/ml) and treated in sanitizers for 1–5 min. The greatest reductions of the pathogen (4.4–4.8 log CFU/g) were achieved by treating blueberries in bleach solutions (100 mg/l free chlorine), followed by EO water (30 mg/l free chlorine; 3.9–4.4 log CFU/g), FIT solution (3.3–4.6 log CFU/g), ozonated water (1.5 mg/l ozone; 2.3–3.5 log CFU/g), and tap water (1.9–2.7 log CFU/g). In general, increasing treatment time from 1 to 5 min significantly increased the reduction of the pathogen, except for the bleach solution. In most cases, FIT solution, EO water, and bleach solution inactivated E. coli O157:H7 in treatment solutions after use. Application of novel sanitizers to wash blueberries at home and food services could reduce the risk of E. coli O157:H7 that may attach to the berries and minimize cross-contamination during preparation of foods.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage in burn patients.

Abstract Gastrointestinal haemorrhage after burn injury remains a potentially lethal problem. A retrospective review of 3852 burn patients over 15 years revealed an incidence of gastrointestinal haemorrhage of 2·2 per cent and a mortality of 0·16 per cent. This low incidence of haemorrhage and mortality can be directly related to an aggressive prophylactic treatment with antacid and titration of the gastric pH to 5·5 or above. With this aggressive management programme, few operative procedures were required. A review of autopsy data showed that the site of haemorrhage was distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract with the predominant site being the stomach.
Solar wind and other gases in the regoliths of the Pesyanoe parent object and the moon

We report new data from Pesyanoe-90,1 (dark lithology) on the isotopic signature of solar wind (SW) Xe as recorded in this enstatite achondrite which represents a soil-breccia of an asteroidal regolith. The low temperature (≤800°C) steps define the Pesyanoe-S xenon component, which is isotopically consistent with SW Xe reported for the lunar regolith. This implies that the SW Xe isotopic signature was the same at two distinct solar system locations and, importantly, also at different times of solar irradiation. Further, we compare the calculated average solar wind “SW-Xe” signature to Chass-S Xe, the indigenous Xe observed in SNC (Mars) meteorites. Again, a close agreement between these compositions is observed, which implies that a mass-dependent differential fractionation of Xe between SW-Xe and Chass-S Xe is 1200°C). The Pesyanoe-F gas reveals Xe isotopic signatures that are consistent with lunar solar energetic particles (SEP) data and may indicate a distinct solar energetic particle radiation as was inferred for the moon. However, we cannot rule out fractionation processes due to parent body processes. We note that ratios 36 Ar/ 38 Ar ≤5 are also consistent with SEP data. Calculated abundances of the fission component correlate well with radiogenic 40 Ar concentrations, revealing rather constant 244 Pu/K ratios in Pesyanoe, and separates thereof, and indicate that both components were retained. We identify a nitrogen component (δ 15 N = 44‰) of non-solar origin with an isotopic signature distinct from indigenous N (δ 15 N = −33‰). While large excesses at 128 Xe and 129 Xe are observed in the lunar regolith samples, these excesses in Pesyanoe are small. On the other hand, significant 126 Xe isotopic excesses, comparable to relative excesses observed in lunar soils and breccias, are prominent in the intermediate temperature steps of Pesyanoe-90,1.
Isolation of major Venus thermospheric cooling mechanism and implications for earth and Mars

The additional cooling mechanism responsible for the unexpectedly cold dayside Venus thermosphere is isolated. Consideration is given not only to the condition that the calculated temperatures must be reduced to the observed dayside temperatures but also that the theoretical temperature variations must be in accord with the observed low amplitude of temperature variations associated with the 27-d variations of the sun. It is found that the low amplitude of the 27-d oscillations, combined with the cooling necessary for observed 300-K dayside temperatures, cannot be explained by eddy conduction cooling and can only be explained by very strong 15-micron cooling. Implications of the decrease in amplitude of the 11-yr Venus thermospheric variability due to the 15-micron thermostat effect are examined.
Effect of gravity balancing on biped stability

Gravity balancing is often used in industrial machines to decrease the actuator efforts during motion. Through the use of rehabilitation devices one can also partially balance the leg during motion with the goal to reduce net joint torque during motion. However, it is not clear as to what are the effects of such devices on legged locomotion. This paper aims to study the effect of such gravity balancing devices on the motion of bipeds during walking.
444 EFFECT OF T4 OR T3 ON MATERNAL (M)-FETAL (F) GLUCOSE (GLU)-GLYCOGEN (GLY) METABOLISM

A potential for T4 or T3 therapy in prevention of IRDS of the newborn has been recently proposed (J.C.I.74,898,1984). We explored the dose-responsiveness of F/M GLU-GLY metabolism to M administration of T4 or T3. T4 (150 or 250μg/kg), T3 (75,125,175 or 225μg/kg) or vehicle were administered IM on d 25 & 26 of pregnancy to rabbit doe. F & M plasma GLU, insulin (I), free T4 (FT4) & T3 concentration, cardiac (Ca) & hepatic (H) GLY content were quantitated on d 27. All data X±SEM (P*<0.05 vs control (c)). n = No. of litters. UD = undetectable.
Direct-Write Electron Beam Lithography For Integrated Circuits: Submicron Image Reversal Process Of Novolac-Diazo Resist And Its Stability Towards Composite Metallization In Bipolar Gate Arrays For Vlsi

Considerable effort has recently been directed at the development of direct write electron beam lithography techniques for the fabrication of custom gate arrays with the submicron design rules. Advantages include quick turn around time for prototype circuits as well as the elimination of the mask fabrication cost. In this paper, a lithographic technique for the patterning of submicron dimensions using an image reversal process and its process stability for the layered structures of TiW/A1-2% Cu interconnect metallization in a double metal technology for the prototyping of bipolar gate arrays, are described. This image reversal process for AZ1470 photoresist differs from that of Oldham and Heike (reference number 6) in that an extra edge exposure of electron dose is given to the resist to create electron density difference between exposed and unexposed areas and also to achieve vertical sidewall of the resist profile. The various processing parameters are optimized to obtain 90A‚Â° sidewall of the resist profile with 0.25pm gate metal features, with high contrast and high aspect ratio. Resolution between 1.0pm and 2.0pm (1.0pm lines and 1.5pm spaces) on TiW/A1-2% Cu electrode metallization patterns were obtained in lithographic evaluation of this image reversal process for the fabrication of bipolar gate arrays. Such resulting patterns have the following characteristics: no notching or necking of the pattern, reduced proximity effect with no feature biasing needed, higher etch resistance of novolac resist, higher speed of electron beam exposure, and compatibility of the resist and equipment for standard processing. Isolated gate features as small as 0.25pm and 1.0pm lines and 1.5pm spaces on metallization patterns in prototyping for bipolar gate arrays have been realized by this lithographic process using direct write electron beam technique.
Plasticity, Not Adaptation to Salt Level, Explains Variation Along a Salinity Gradient in a Salt Marsh Perennial

Evolutionary ecologists have long been intrigued by the fact that many plant species can inhabit a broad range of environmental conditions and that plants often exhibit dramatic differences in phenotype across environmental gradients. We investigated responses to salinity treatments in the salt marsh plant Borrichia frutescens to determine if the species is responding to variation in edaphic salt content through phenotypic plasticity or specialized trait response. We grew seedlings from fruits collected in high- and low-salt microhabitats, assigned seedlings to high- and low-salt treatments in a greenhouse, and measured traits related to salt tolerance. All traits were highly plastic in response to salinity. Plants from the two microhabitats did not differ in trait means or respond differently to the treatments. These results suggest that environmental differences between the two microhabitats are not creating genotypes adapted to high and low salt levels. In addition, despite evidence for variation in allozyme markers in this population, there was no significant genotypic variation (family effect) in any of the trait means measured across microhabitats. There was variation in plasticity for only leaf Na and leaf B concentration. The high degree of plasticity for all traits and the lack of differences among microhabitats across the salinity gradient suggest plasticity in many traits may be fixed for this species.
Late drug-eluting stent thrombosis in unprotected left main coronary artery lesions--sometimes possible, but rarely definite or probable.

Beyond relieving angina, revascularization strategies for coronary artery disease (CAD) have focused on the subsequent occurrence of death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and, more recently, stent thrombosis. Numerous trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have shown the long-term rates of death and myocardial infarction to be similar between these strategies, largely independently of the extent and location of CAD.1,2 The main outcome gap between percutaneous and surgical approaches has been the higher rate of repeat revascularization procedures for those initially undergoing PCI. At 5-year follow-up in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) trial,1 54% of patients initially undergoing multivessel balloon angioplasty required a repeat procedure vs. 8% among those assigned to bypass surgery. With the introduction of bare-metal stents (BMS), this gap between PCI and CABG was narrowed. The 5-year follow-up from the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS) trial2 demonstrated the need for repeat target vessel revascularization (TVR) for those undergoing multivessel stent placements vs. CABG to be 30 and 9%, respectively. Most recently, drug-eluting stents (DES) have reshaped the landscape of interventional cardiology by substantially reducing rates of restenosis, and this intuitively should narrow the repeat TVR gap between PCI and bypass surgery further. In particular, the 5-year data from randomized trials comparing BMS and DES3,4 have shown TVR rates to be additionally reduced by one-half to two-thirds with DES, such that the ∼10–15% need for repeat revascularization for the DES cohort at long-term follow-up should be nearing that associated with bypass surgery. Several important CAD subsets, such as chronic total occlusions, complex bifurcation lesions, and stenoses of unprotected left main coronary arteries (ULMCAD), have been considered unattractive or ‘verboten’ for PCI, but are being increasingly considered with the availability of DES. Large-scale trials comparing … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 859 323 5843, Fax: +1 859 257 3537, Email: Moliterno{at}uky.edu
FROM SHARED DEMOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES TO COMMON POLITICAL DESTINIES: Immigration and the Link from Racial Identity to Group Politics

Little controversy remains about the profound shifts in the demographic landscape of the United States since the mid-1960s. Far more controversial is whether this transformation will bring about a new politics of race. This paper argues that a key to settling this debate is a clearer specification of the “identity-to-politics” link: the nexus between a population defined by shared racial and ethnic labels and a collective group politics based on those definitions. The paper articulates some potential pitfalls in how this nexus is commonly specified in empirical research and proposes an approach that distinguishes five key processes that are typically lumped together in linking shared demographic categories to common political destinies: definition, identification, consciousness, venue selection, and choice. The paper describes an example of this approach (the case of ethnoracial classification and the empirical measurement of race) and concludes by discussing its potential utility and limitations.
The Space Simulator: Modeling the Universe from Supernovae to Cosmology

The Space Simulator is a 294-processor Beowulf cluster with theoretical peak performance just below 1.5 Teraflop/s. It is based on the Shuttle XPC SS51G mini chassis. Each node consists of a 2.53 GHz Pentium 4 processor, 1 Gb of 333 MHz DDR SDRAM, an 80 Gbyte Maxtor hard drive, and a 3Com 3C996B-T gigabit ethernet card. The network is made up of a Foundry FastIron 1500 and 800 Gigabit Ethernet switch. Each individual node cost less than $1000, and the entire system cost under $500,000. The cluster achieved Linpack performance of 665.1 Gflop/s on 288 processors in October 2002, making it the 85th fastest computer in the world according to the 20th TOP500 list. Performance has since improved to 757.1 Linpack Gflop/s, ranking at #88 on the 21st TOP500 list. This is the first machine in the TOP500 to surpass Linpack price/performance of 1 dollar per Mflop/s.
Expression of an insect (Dendroides canadensis) antifreeze protein in Arabidopsis thaliana results in a decrease in plant freezing temperature

Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants which express genes encoding insect, Dendroides canadensis, antifreeze proteins (AFP) were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The antifreeze protein genes, both with and without the signal peptide sequence (for protein secretion), were expressed in transformed plants. Thermal hysteresis activity (indicating the presence of active AFPs) was present in protein extracts from plants expressing both proteins and was also detected in leaf apoplast fluid from plants expressing AFPs with the signal peptide. Transgenic lines did not demonstrate improved ability to survive freezing when compared to wild-type. However, when cooled under four different regimes, transgenic lines with AFPs in the apoplast fluid froze at significantly lower temperatures than did wild-type, especially in the absence of extrinsic nucleation events.
‘Trigger‘ events precede calcium puffs in Xenopus oocytes

The liberation of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors/channels (IP3Rs) results in a spatiotemporal hierarchy of calcium signaling events that range from single-channel openings to local Ca2+ puffs believed to arise from several to tens of clustered IP3Rs to global calcium waves. Using high-resolution confocal linescan imaging and a sensitive Ca2+ indicator dye (fluo-4-dextran), we show that puffs are often preceded by small, transient Ca2+ elevations that we christen “trigger events”. The magnitude of triggers is consistent with their arising from the opening of a single IP3 receptor/channel, and we propose that they initiate puffs by recruiting neighboring IP3Rs within the cluster by a regenerative process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Puff amplitudes (fluorescence ratio change) are on average ∼6 times greater than that of the triggers, suggesting that at least six IP3Rs may simultaneously be open during a puff. Trigger events have average durations of ∼12 ms, as compared to 19 ms for the mean rise time of puffs, and their spatial extent is ∼3 times smaller than puffs (respective widths at half peak amplitude 0.6 and 1.6 μm). All these parameters were relatively independent of IP3 concentration, although the proportion of puffs showing resolved triggers was greatest (∼80%) at low [IP3]. Because Ca2+ puffs constitute the building blocks from which cellular IP3-mediated Ca2+ signals are constructed, the events that initiate them are likely to be of fundamental importance for cell signaling. Moreover, the trigger events provide a useful yardstick by which to derive information regarding the number and spatial arrangement of IP3Rs within clusters.
Recent Progress in Latin America Toward Eliminating Exchange Restrictions

AHEAVY RELIANCE upon exchange controls and restrictions played a prominent part, during the immediate postwar period, in the economic policies of many countries in Latin America. In recent years, most of these countries have moved a long way in the direction of freer trade and payments arrangements-a movement with which the International Monetary Fund has almost always been closely associated. However, memories of the era of arbitrary administrative interference with international transactions die hard, and the extent to which Latin America has progressed toward eliminating such restrictions is not always fully appreciated. Furthermore, some lessons of more general applicability are suggested by Latin America's extensive experience with devices intended to influence the internal economic situation through the exchange system, and by the fact that such devices are now being replaced rapidly by more basic economic policies. With these thoughts in mind, this paper is intended to outline the decline in the use of exchange restrictions in Latin America during recent years and to describe the position of relative freedom from discriminatory and restrictive practices which has now been reached. The Latin American countries which used to make extensive use of exchange restrictions are almost exclusively on the Southern Continent. The Central American and Caribbean Republics, with few exceptions, have had virtually no exchange restrictions during the postwar period. Four of these countries (El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama) accepted the obligations of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4, of the Fund Agreement as soon as they joined the Fund, and all but two of the remainder accepted these obligations in the early 1950's. Among the countries on the Southern Continent, only Peru has taken a similar formal step (on February 15, 1961). Particular significance attaches to the action of Peru, because this was the first country to institute (in 1954) a comprehensive stabilization program with technical and financial assistance from the Fund. Programs of the same type were subsequently put into effect in a number of other South American countries,
Critiquing Human Resource Development's Dominant Masculine Rationality and Evaluating Its Impact.

The purpose of this article is to critique human resource development's (HRD) dominant philosophy, practices, and research; illustrate how they negatively affect women HRD practitioners and recipie...
Evolution of gender-related differences in outcomes from two decades of endovascular aneurysm repair.

Objective Women have been under-represented in trials that set guidelines for the management of aortic aneurysms. Several studies reported inferior outcomes in women compared with men after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). We investigated the relationship between gender and outcomes after EVAR. Methods A total of 1380 consecutive patients underwent elective EVAR from 1992 to 2012. Baseline, intraoperative, and postoperative variables by gender were analyzed from a prospective database. Results The cohort comprised 214 women (15.5%) and 1166 men (84.5%). Women were older than men at repair (77.8 vs 74.5 years, P P = .005). They had shorter (19.8 ± 12.9 vs 26.3 ± 14.7 mm; P P P = .002). Women had more arterial reconstructions (iliac conduits, P = .006; thrombolysis and thrombectomy, P = .013; patch angioplasty, P P P = .001), and more in-hospital days (4.1 vs 3.4 days; P = .029). Perioperative mortality was equivalent (women: 2% vs men: 2.3%; P = .73). Mean follow-up was 30.9 months. Women and men experienced equivalent aneurysm-related deaths and overall survival. Survival curve analysis showed endoleaks were more likely to develop in women than men ( P = .005); however, there was no difference in rates of arterial reinterventions required for each gender during the follow-up period. Conclusions Female gender is associated with more periprocedural complications, adjunctive arterial procedures, and increased endoleaks but does not affect long-term reinterventions or survival. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the effect of gender on outcomes. These data should be considered when selecting EVAR for men and women.
Role of the Dietitian in Parenteral Nutrition Order Writing

Abstract Evolution of the role of the dietitian (RD) and advancements in parenteral nutrition (PN) have allowed RDs to assume greater responsibility. Governing agencies do not clearly define this role and clinical privileges range from making recommendations to writing orders. To identify the scope of current practice in Texas, 90 (≥ 200 beds) were surveyed. Fifty-four percent (n=45) of surveys were returned. Results by hospital size were as follows:Bed capacity200-500500-700>700Average # of PN patients/day61726Average # of CNSD FTEs0.422.8MD order * RD recommendation70%78%75%RD involvement in PN orders l=none 2=make recommendations 3=write ordersInitiation of PN222Rate/Advancement of PN222Concentrations of PN222Insulin addition122Electrolyte supplementation122Medication additionI22Vitamin/Mineral supplementation222Request labs222 This survey indicates that RDs in Texas ke recommendations for various parameters associated with PN. The lower number of PN patients and Certified Nutrition Support Dietitians (CNSDs) at hospitals less than 500 beds may explain why RDs do not recommend some additives in these institutions.
Grapes(Chk1) prevents nuclear CDK1 activation by delaying cyclin B nuclear accumulation

Entry into mitosis is characterized by a dramatic remodeling of nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. These changes are driven by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activity, yet how cytoplasmic and nuclear CDK1 activities are coordinated is unclear. We injected cyclin B (CycB) into Drosophila melanogaster embryos during interphase of syncytial cycles and monitored effects on cytoplasmic and nuclear mitotic events. In untreated embryos or embryos arrested in interphase with a protein synthesis inhibitor, injection of CycB accelerates nuclear envelope breakdown and mitotic remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Upon activation of the Grapes(checkpoint kinase 1) (Grp(Chk1))-dependent S-phase checkpoint, increased levels of CycB drives cytoplasmic but not nuclear mitotic events. Grp(Chk1) prevents nuclear CDK1 activation by delaying CycB nuclear accumulation through Wee1-dependent and independent mechanisms.
The Minnesota DARE PLUS Project: creating community partnerships to prevent drug use and violence.

The research community has criticized Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) because the extant literature indicates a lack of evidence that the elementary school program prevents drug use. Yet D.A.R.E. continues to be the most widely implemented drug use prevention program in the United States and has considerable community support. To date, the junior high D.A.R.E. program has not been evaluated. The Minnesota DARE PLUS Project is a randomized trial of 24 schools and communities. During 1999-2001, students in eight schools will receive the junior high D.A.R.E. curriculum in 7th grade; eight schools also will receive the curriculum as well as additional parent involvement, peer leadership, and community components in the 7th and 8th grades; and eight schools will serve as controls. This article describes the background and conceptualization, the curriculum and additional intervention components, and the evaluation methods of the DARE PLUS Project. Language: en
Multidatabase recoverability and recovery

To support global transactions in a multidatabase environment, one must coordinate the activities of multiple database management systems, that were designed for independent, stand-alone operation. The autonomy and heterogeneity of these systems present a major impediment to the direct adaptation of transaction management mechanisms developed for distributed database systems. This paper addresses the problems in multidatabase recovery. Most solutions proposed to provide multidatabase recovery are either allow incorrect results or place severe restrictions on global and local transactions. To assure that multidatabase recovery preserves the consistency of a multidatabase system. The author introduces a multidatabase recoverability requirement. He also describes a recovery mechanism that takes advantage of the local recovery in the participating database systems by minimizing the replication of recovery tasks. >
Glycerol Monolaurate Inhibits Induction of Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis

Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a surfactant that has been found to inhibit the post-exponential phase activation of virulence factor production and the induction of beta-lactamase in Staphylococcus aureus. It has been suggested that signal transduction is the most probable target for GML (S. J. Projan, S. Brown-Skrobot, P. M. Schlievert, F. Vandenesch, and R. P. Novick, J. Bacteriol. 176:4204-4209, 1994). We found that GML suppresses growth of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis on plates with vancomycin and blocks the induction of vancomycin resistance, which involves a membrane-associated signal transduction mechanism, either at or before initiation of transcription. Given the surfactant nature of GML and the results of previous experiments, we suggest that GML blocks signal transduction. In contrast, GML has no effect on the induction of erythromycin-inducible macrolide resistance in S. aureus, which does not involve signal transduction.
Generalized model learning for reinforcement learning in factored domains

Improving the sample efficiency of reinforcement learning algorithms to scale up to larger and more realistic domains is a current research challenge in machine learning. Model-based methods use experiential data more efficiently than model-free approaches but often require exhaustive exploration to learn an accurate model of the domain. We present an algorithm, Reinforcement Learning with Decision Trees (rl-dt), that uses supervised learning techniques to learn the model by generalizing the relative effect of actions across states. Specifically, rl-dt uses decision trees to model the relative effects of actions in the domain. The agent explores the environment exhaustively in early episodes when its model is inaccurate. Once it believes it has developed an accurate model, it exploits its model, taking the optimal action at each step. The combination of the learning approach with the targeted exploration policy enables fast learning of the model. The sample efficiency of the algorithm is evaluated empirically in comparison to five other algorithms across three domains. rl-dt consistently accrues high cumulative rewards in comparison with the other algorithms tested.
Modeled transport of winter flounder larvae spawned in coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from southern New England and the Gulf of Maine were historically considered to be obligate estuarine spawners. However, recent experiments and observations document that winter flounder in the Gulf of Maine also utilize coastal waters for spawning. An individual-based modeling approach was used to investigate the transport of winter flounder larvae from three hypothesized coastal spawning grounds in the Gulf of Maine. Transport success rates were greatest for larvae released from Ipswich Bay, intermediate for Stellwagen Bank and least successful for those released from Jeffreys Ledge. There was substantial interannual variability in larval transport and geographic patterns of potential connectivity. Furthermore, the date of spawning had an important influence on transport success. Model results suggest that certain coastal spawning grounds used by winter flounder may serve as an important source of larvae to estuaries and nearshore nursery areas. The potential influx of coastal spawned larvae could have implications for the resilience, productivity and gene flow in local populations. Model results provide further support for the conclusion that winter flounder in the Gulf of Maine may not be solely dependent upon estuaries for spawning. Results also suggest that coastal spawning groups should be considered explicitly in the management of winter flounder, and protected under Essential Fish Habitat regulations.
Product Labeling, Consumer Willingness to Pay, and the Supply Chain

In this chapter I focus on the nexus between the supply chain and what is known about consumer willingness to pay for social and eco-labels. I briefly discuss the market penetration of product labels and what this means for product supply chains. I then focus on what is currently known about how consumers value label information. I go on to discuss import design issues such as who is certifying the label and the amount and type of information presented on the product label.
On Decompositions of a Scalar Operator into a Sum of Self-Adjoint Operators with Finite Spectrum

We consider the problem of classification of nonequivalent representations of a scalar operator λI in the form of a sum of k self-adjoint operators with at most n 1 , . . . ,n k points in their spectra, respectively. It is shown that this problem is *-wild for some sets of spectra if (n 1 , . . . ,n k ) coincides with one of the following k -tuples: (2, . . . , 2) for k ≥ 5, (2, 2, 2, 3), (2, 11, 11), (5, 5, 5), or (4, 6, 6). It is demonstrated that, for the operators with points 0 and 1 in the spectra and k ≥ 5, the classification problems are *-wild for every rational λϵ 2 [2, 3].
Bisphenol A-Induced Ovotoxicity Involves DNA Damage Induction to Which the Ovary Mounts a Protective Response Indicated by Increased Expression of Proteins Involved in DNA Repair and Xenobiotic Biotransformation.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical with ubiquitous human exposure. BPA causes primordial follicle loss and DNA damage in germ cells, thus we hypothesized that BPA induces ovarian DNA damage, thereby precipitating follicle loss. We also anticipated that the ovary activates DNA repair and xenobiotic biotransformation to minimize oocyte damage and/or, activate cell death signaling to deplete follicles. Postnatal day 4 F344 rat ovaries were cultured in medium containing vehicle control (1% dimethylsulfoxide [DMSO]) ± BPA (440 µM) for 2-8 days. BPA reduced (P < 0.05) small primary, large primary and secondary follicle numbers after 2 days, followed by a reduction (P < .05) in primordial follicle numbers after 4 days. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) and Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), markers of DNA double-strand breaks, were increased (P < .05) in abundance prior to observed follicle loss. DNA repair genes (Atm, Prkdc, Xrcc6, Brca1, Mre11a, Rad50, and Smc1a) were increased (P < .05) after 1 day of BPA exposure. mRNA encoding Meh, Gstm, c-kit, Kitlg, and Akt were increased (P < .05), as was MEH, AKT, pAKT, Jun N-terminal kinase, and P53 protein abundance, while GST isoforms pi and Nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 proteins were decreased (P < .05) by BPA exposure. These data demonstrate the dynamic ovarian response to BPA exposure, which indicates that BPA, via biotransformation, may be converted to a DNA alkylating agent, causing ovarian DNA damage, to which the ovary mounts a protective response and further our knowledge on the biological impacts of BPA on the female germline.
Implementation of a Portable Electric Vehicle Solar Energy Charger

Aiming at the deficiency of electric vehicles,this paper introduces a portable solar charger design and implementation, the charger is based on a UC2843 Boost converter,it collects electrical energy from solar panels, through the Boost converter,it can realize to charge the electric vehicle batteries on continuous.The Boost control circuit is simple and reliable,low cost,less peripheral elements.The experimental results show that the charger is convenient and practical,which can effectively extend the electric vehicle mileage,increase the life of the electric vehicle battery,it has a broad application prospect.
Evaluating the nutritional status of beef cattle herds from four soil order regions of Florida. I. Macroelements, protein, carotene, vitamins A and E, hemoglobin and hematocrit.

The nutrient status of grazing beef cattle from four selected soil order regions of Florida was examined. Liver, blood, hair and feces samples from 14 heifers and 14 cows, plus forage samples, were collected during two periods of the year from nine ranches located in four different regions. Soil samples were collected during one period. The soil order regions were the Histosol (southeast), Spodosol (southwest), Entisol (central) and Ultisol (northwest). Mean forage P values were higher (P less than .05) in the wet season, while mean hair P levels were higher (P less than .05) during the dry season. Mean forage, plasma, liver and hair Mg values were higher (P less than .05) in the wet season. Plasma vitamin E, liver vitamin A and forage carotene levels were higher (P less than .05) during the wet season. Mean forage P content was deficient (less than .25%) during both seasons and varied from .10% in the dry season to .16% during the wet season. Mean forage Mg (less than .18%) and K (less than .60%) concentrations were deficient in the dry season. Forage protein was deficient (less than 7.0%) in five of seven ranches during the dry season. Extractable soil Ca, exchangeable soil Ca, Mn, Al, H+, soil organic matter and effective cation exchange capacity were higher (P less than .05) in the Histosol region. Extractable soil K was low (60 ppm) in all regions, except the northwest. Forage P was critical (less than .25%) during the dry season in all regions and varied from .08 to .15%, while plasma P was deficient (4.5 mg/100 ml) in animals from the southeast during the dry season only.
Conceptual Issues in the Estimation of the Marxian Variables

We have seen in Chapter 1 that according to Marx’s theory, the rate of profit depends on the composition of capital and the rate of surplus-value, and that these three variables are defined in terms of three fundamental magnitudes: constant capital, variable capital, and surplus-value. This chapter discusses the major conceptual issues involved in the estimation of these fundamental Marxian magnitudes. My interpretation of these issues will be contrasted with the interpretation of Weisskopf and Wolff in their earlier empirical studies of the Marxian variables. In Chapter 3, the effect of the different interpretations of these conceptual issues on the trends of the Marxian ratios will be examined.
Navigating Motherhood and the Role of the Head Athletic Trainer in the Collegiate Setting.

Context: Motherhood has been identified as a barrier to the head athletic trainer (AT) position. Role models have been cited as a possible facilitator for increasing the number of women who pursue ...
On the evolution of mobile computing software systems and C/C++ vulnerable code: Empirical investigation

A study is presented that examines the distribution and the usage of some unsafe functions that are known to cause security vulnerabilities in 15 software systems, written in C/C++. The systems are commonly used for mobile computing, and they comprise almost six million lines of code. A tool that uses a static analysis approach is applied to each system, and the number of calls to unsafe functions is determined and tabulated. The results show that vulnerable functions such as strcmp, strlen, and memcpy represent the vast majority of used unsafe functions that are banned by many companies (e.g., Microsoft) in the studied systems. This fact can help software trainers better design and plan training courses and materials on secure coding practices for software developers. Additionally, findings can help software engineers to conduct more effective refactoring processes that help to clean software systems from vulnerable code, and focus primarily on the removal of vulnerable code with higher usage for better outcomes. The historical data for a number of systems, subset, is presented over a five-year period. The data shows that few of the systems examined are increasing the number of unsafe function calls over time. This is somewhat contradictory to the literature, which claims that the use of vulnerable functions is decreasing in software systems. This fact demands that more attention and effort from software engineering and mobile computing communities be put towards addressing this phenomenon.
Mobilizations of Race, Place, and History in Santiago de Cuba's Carnivalesque

I offer a model of racialization, the ongoing process of making race meaningful, by proposing the concept of micro-mobilities: people's movements through immediate lived space. I examine how qualities of movement in an annual carnival procession normalize racialized bodies and places. In Santiago de Cuba's carnival, neighborhood-based conga societies participate in official competitive displays and grassroots neighborhood activities. The grassroots Invasion evokes Cuba's wars for independence. Thousands join the Conga de Los Hoyos to process through the “territories” of other congas. I examine the Invasion as a performed diagram of “routes of Blackness” mapped onto a reenactment of Cuba's national “roots” to argue that it mobilizes the racialization of bodies, cultural forms, and neighborhoods. My focus on bodies in motion challenges static mappings of identity, place, and history to instead show how Blackness and whiteness are constituted in the relation between race as embodied experience and object of discourse. [race, racialization, mobilization, festive performance, Cuba]
A new universal dynamic model to describe eating rate and cumulative intake curves

Background Attempts to model cumulative intake curves with quadratic functions have not simultaneously taken gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake into account. Objective Our aim was to develop a dynamic model for cumulative intake curves that captures gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake. Design We developed a first-principles model describing cumulative intake that universally describes gustatory stimulation, satiation, and maximal food intake using 3 key parameters: 1) the initial eating rate, 2) the effective duration of eating, and 3) the maximal food intake. These model parameters were estimated in a study (n = 49) where eating rates were deliberately changed. Baseline data was used to determine the quality of model's fit to data compared with the quadratic model. The 3 parameters were also calculated in a second study consisting of restrained and unrestrained eaters. Finally, we calculated when the gustatory stimulation phase is short or absent. Results The mean sum squared error for the first-principles model was 337.1 ± 240.4 compared with 581.6 ± 563.5 for the quadratic model, or a 43% improvement in fit. Individual comparison demonstrated lower errors for 94% of the subjects. Both sex (P = 0.002) and eating duration (P = 0.002) were associated with the initial eating rate (adjusted R2 = 0.23). Sex was also associated (P = 0.03 and P = 0.012) with the effective eating duration and maximum food intake (adjusted R2 = 0.06 and 0.11). In participants directed to eat as much as they could compared with as much as they felt comfortable with, the maximal intake parameter was approximately double the amount. The model found that certain parameter regions resulted in both stimulation and satiation phases, whereas others only produced a satiation phase. Conclusions The first-principles model better quantifies interindividual differences in food intake, shows how aspects of food intake differ across subpopulations, and can be applied to determine how eating behavior factors influence total food intake.
Arap1 Deficiency Causes Photoreceptor Degeneration in Mice.

Author(s): Moshiri, Ala; Humpal, Devin; Leonard, Brian C; Imai, Denise M; Tham, Addy; Bower, Lynette; Clary, Dave; Glaser, Thomas M; Lloyd, KC Kent; Murphy, Christopher J | Abstract: PurposeSmall guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs) regulate membrane traffic and actin reorganization under the control of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Arap1 is an Arf-directed GAP that inhibits the trafficking of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the early endosome, but the diversity of its functions is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Arap1 in the mammalian retina.MethodsGenetically engineered Arap1 knockout mice were screened for ocular abnormalities in the National Institutes of Health Knockout Mouse Production and Phenotyping (KOMP2) Project. Arap1 knockout and wild-type eyes were imaged using optical coherence tomography and fundus photography, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsArap1-/- mice develop a normal appearing retina, but undergo photoreceptor degeneration starting at 4 weeks postnatal age. The fundus appearance of mutants is notable for pigmentary changes, optic nerve pallor, vascular attenuation, and outer retinal thinning, reminiscent of retinitis pigmentosa in humans. Immunohistochemical studies suggest the cell death is predominantly in the outer nuclear layer. Functional evaluation of the retina by electroretinography reveals amplitudes are reduced. Arap1 is detected most notably in Muller glia, and not in photoreceptors, implicating a role for Muller glia in photoreceptor survival.ConclusionsArap1 is necessary for normal photoreceptor survival in mice, and may be a novel gene relevant to human retinal degenerative processes, although its mechanism is unknown. Further studies in this mouse model of retinal degeneration will give insights into the cellular functions and signaling pathways in which Arap1 participates.
Counterproductive behaviors: Relations across life domains, etiology, and implications for applied practice

Previous research on counterproductive work behavior (CWB) has shown that workplace deviance can be predicted from individual differences and environmental variables, but relatively little is known about CWBs’ relations with counterproductive behaviors in other domains of an individual's life. Data from 500 male twins were used to examine relations among counterproductive behaviors from several life domains, including school, non-work, substance use, and work. The results supported the hypotheses that counterproductivity in work and a variety of personal life domains, previous and contemporaneous, are strongly and positively related. A general counterproductivity factor, giving rise to rule- and norm-breaking behavioral repertoire of individuals, accounted for approximately half the variance across measures of counterproductivity in specific life domains. To inform theory and research, the etiology of inter-individual differences in counterproductivity was examined. Biometric analyses revealed that most of the variance in the counterproductivity domains examined, including CWB, is attributable to genetic and unique (nonshared) environmental factors. The general counterproductivity factor spanning different counterproductivity domains was most influenced by genetic factors (75.4%), but was also influenced by unique environmental factors (24.6%). Biometric analyses indicated that 27% of the variance in CWB is attributable to genetic influences arising from the general factor of counterproductivity and 20% from genetic factors specific to CWB. Unique environmental influences associated with the work domain explained 12% of the variance in CWB. For the CWB criterion, regression analyses explored the usefulness of information from other counterproductivity domains for prediction and employee selection. Counterproductivity from academic and non-work domains are potent predictors of counterproductivity at work (multiple Rs ranging between .50 and .54).
Examining Disability Counselors’ Health Information Use and Evaluation

ABSTRACTThis study employs qualitative analysis of interviews with 17 disability counselors to examine their health information behavior by identifying which health information sources they use, what their criteria are, and whether they consulted librarians for assistance. The results indicate that disability counselors rely on the Internet, colleagues, and print materials to facilitate disability services for students. The author, recommendations from colleagues, and comparison of content were identified as the primary methods for determining the credibility of health information sources. The findings provide insight into how disability counselors use health information sources and determine their credibility when assisting students with their accommodations needs.