cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Properties of a Mixed Culture Biofilm from Rheometer Creep Analysis

The mechanical properties of mixed culture biofilms were determined by creep analysis using an AR1000 rotating disk rheometer. The biofilms were grown directly on the rheometer disks which were rotated in a chemostat for 12 d. The resulting biofilms were heterogeneous and ranged from 35 microns to 50 microns in thickness. The creep curves were all viscoelastic in nature. The close agreement between stress and strain ratio of a sample tested at 0.1 and 0.5 Pa suggested that the biofilms were tested in the linear viscoelastic range and supported the use of linear viscoelastic theory in the development of a constitutive law. The experimental data was fit to a 4-element Burger spring and dashpot model. The shear modulus (G) ranged from 0.2 to 24 Pa and the viscous coefficient (eta) from 10 to 3000 Pa. These values were in the same range as those previously estimated from fluid shear deformation of biofilms in flow cells. A viscoelastic biofilm model will help to predict shear related biofilm phenomena such as elevated pressure drop, detachment, and the flow of biofilms over solid surfaces.
Drugs in search of diseases.

Drug repurposing is in vogue, but stakeholders must address seminal challenges before this approach provides a reliable source of new medicines.
Verbal Learning and Memory in Older Adults with Minor and Major Depression

Late-life minor depression (miD) is a prevalent but poorly understood illness. Verbal learning and memory profiles have commonly been used to characterize neuropsychiatric disorders. This study compared the performance of 27 older adults with miD on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) with 26 age-matched individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 36 non-depressed controls. Results revealed that the miD group performed comparably with controls and significantly better than the MDD group on several CVLT indices. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups, consistent with theoretical representations of "normal," "subcortical," and "cortical" verbal learning and memory profiles. The majority of the miD group showed "normal" profiles (74%), whereas most individuals with MDD displayed "subcortical" profiles (54%). The findings suggest that depression in the elderly is a heterogeneous entity and that the CVLT may be a useful tool for characterizing learning and memory in late-onset depressive disorders.
On some problems of random nets

The probability problems connected with random nets are restated as probabilities of drawings from an urn containing black and white balls. A partial difference equation is obtained and its solution is given. For large nets a series expression is obtained for the connectivity γ, and this is shown to be equivalent to the transcendental equation obtained by R. Solomonoff and A. Rapport (1951).
Acute and chronic effects of pentobarbital on 5-hydroxytryptamine in mouse brain

Abstract 1. 1. The influence of acute and chronic administration of pentobarbital on the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine systems was investigated in mice. 2. 2. Treatment of the animals with sodium pentobarbital, 75 mg/kg, i.p., resulted in an increase of 5-hydroxytryptamine and a decrease of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels. 3. 3. Acute pentobarbital treatment also caused the reduction of 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover without an equivalent decrease in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis. However, the 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis was significantly decreased in animals which have developed tolerance to pentobarbital. 4. 4. The pretreatment of animals with p-chlorophenylalanine attenuated the development of tolerance to pentobarbital without altering the response of the animal to acute administration pentobarbital. 5. 5. On the other hand, no significant change was observed in 5-hydroxytryptamine systems in pentobarbital-withdrawal groups. 6. 6. These results strongly suggest that functional states of brain serotonergic systems may be involved in barbiturate action.
Structure-based design of conformation- and sequence-specific antibodies against amyloid β

Conformation-specific antibodies that recognize aggregated proteins associated with several conformational disorders (e.g., Parkinson and prion diseases) are invaluable for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, no systematic strategy exists for generating conformation-specific antibodies that target linear sequence epitopes within misfolded proteins. Here we report a strategy for designing conformation- and sequence-specific antibodies against misfolded proteins that is inspired by the molecular interactions governing protein aggregation. We find that grafting small amyloidogenic peptides (6–10 residues) from the Aβ42 peptide associated with Alzheimer’s disease into the complementarity determining regions of a domain (VH) antibody generates antibody variants that recognize Aβ soluble oligomers and amyloid fibrils with nanomolar affinity. We refer to these antibodies as gammabodies for grafted amyloid-motif antibodies. Gammabodies displaying the central amyloidogenic Aβ motif () are reactive with Aβ fibrils, whereas those displaying the amyloidogenic C terminus () are reactive with Aβ fibrils and oligomers (and weakly reactive with Aβ monomers). Importantly, we find that the grafted motifs target the corresponding peptide segments within misfolded Aβ conformers. Aβ gammabodies fail to cross-react with other amyloidogenic proteins and scrambling their grafted sequences eliminates antibody reactivity. Finally, gammabodies that recognize Aβ soluble oligomers and fibrils also neutralize the toxicity of each Aβ conformer. We expect that our antibody design strategy is not limited to Aβ and can be used to readily generate gammabodies against other toxic misfolded proteins.
Intensity interferometry for observation of dark objects

We analyze an intensity interferometry measurement carried out with two pointlike detectors facing a distant source (e.g., a star) that may be partially occluded by an absorptive object (e.g., a planet). Such a measurement, based on the perturbation of the observed covariance function due to the object's presence, can provide information of the object complementary to a direct optical intensity measurement. In particular, one can infer the orientation of the object's transient trajectory. We identify the key parameters that impact this perturbation and show that its magnitude is equal to the magnitude of the intensity variation caused by the same object. In astronomy applications, this value may be very small, so a differential measurement may be necessary. Finally, we discuss the signal-to-noise ratio that may be expected in this type of measurement.
A study of erythropoietin in two types of hemolytic anemia—erythroblastosis fetalis and sickle cell anemia

Summary Plasma erythropoietin has been demonstrated in two types of human hemolytic processes—erythroblastosis fetalis and sickle cell anemia. It was demonstrated in the plasma of 27 of the 46 infants tested with erythroblastosis fetalis. There was no direct correlation between the severity of the anemia in these infants and the potency of the erythropoietic activity of the plasma. Erythropoietin was also demonstrated in 12 of the 16 plasma samples from patients with sickle cell anemia. Possible explanations are discussed for the finding of erythropoietin in the plasma of some patients with hemolytic anemia and not in others.
Initial calibration and correlation of inorganic‐phosphorus soil test methods with a bahiagrass field trial

Abstract In recent field studies, bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum L.), a major forage crop in Florida, did not respond to added P fertilizer even though preplant Mehlich‐1 (M‐1) soil test indicated very low extractable P (<10 mg/kg). Selected extractants for soil P were statistically compared to improve the predicted need for P fertilization. A separate field study was used to provide yield and nutrient uptake data. The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications on a Myakka fine sand (hyperthermic aeric Haplaquod). Plots were fertilized in March of 1989 and 1990 with 0,17, 34, 51, and 68 kgP/ha. Soil samples were taken from the Ap horizon (0 to 15 cm) in January, 1990. Extractants included iron hydroxide impregnated filter paper (Pi), anion exchange resin (trimethyl benzyl ammonium active group), M‐1, Mehlich‐3 (M‐3), and water. There was a high correlation between Pi and the resin procedures (r2 = 0.96). These methods gave higher extractable P values compared ...
Current approaches to the molecular and physiological basis of cystic fibrosis.

ABSTRACT Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common disease caused by a single gene abnormality within the Caucasian population. Its severity of expression in homozygotes varies widely, and the disease involves multiple organ systems. During the past few years, major advances in CF research have been made. These advances have occurred primarily in the fields of physiology and molecular genetics. As a result of these advances, it is now generally accepted that the basic defect in CF is the inability of an epithelial chloride channel to respond to adrenergic stimulation in affected organs. The recent major breakthrough in CF research is the localization of the CF gene and identification of the mutation responsible for the majority of cases of CF. In this article, the evidence which has led to this conclusion, as well as possible mechanisms by which a mutation in a single codon can produce the CF defects are reviewed. Finally, new approaches to the characterization of the CF gene by complementation of the defect in immortal cell lines displaying the transport phenotype associated with CF are discussed.
Electron-ion pseudopotentials in metals☆

Abstract Pseudopotential form-factors for Al, Pb, Na and K are plotted for a simple model potential which is justified in the text. They are in good agreement with potentials of Heine and Abarenkov.
A new interpretation of time reversal

A new interpretation of the time-reversal invariance principle is given. As a result, it is shown that microscopic dynamic reversibility has no basis in physics. The existing contradiction between one-way time and two-way time is reconciled. It is also pointed out that the common notion that clocks run backwards when time is reversed is wrong.
Enacting a Culturally Responsive Curriculum in a Novice Teacher's Classroom Encountering Disequilibrium

Many educators suggest that novice teachers lack the preparation necessary to be successful in today's urban classrooms, particularly when the experiences of those novices are vastly different from their students. However, it can also be suggested that culturally responsive practices have the potential to counteract the “cultural disequilibrium” that many novices encounter. In this narrative case study, the author traces one novice teacher's journey within a diverse, urban classroom. Data from this study suggest that a novice teacher's support systems, administrator, professional development, and the capacity to take risks contribute to his or her effectiveness in the classroom. Implications for teacher educators include providing instructional and experiential modeling of culturally responsive practices, informing preservice teachers of current educational policies and strategies for becoming student advocates, and becoming engaged within schools to support the implementation of induction programs that a...
Preventing aggressive behavior and drug use in elementary school: Six family-oriented programs

Abstract For many youths, aggressive behavior and drug use have roots in conduct problems that begin in early childhood. Many preventive interventions—universal, selective, and indicated—are based on this finding. These programs are designed to interrupt developmental trajectories that lead to delinquency, drug abuse, and other serious social problems. A number of prevention programs have been developed and tested in public schools. Surprisingly, although family risk factors loom large in the etiology of conduct problems, few school-based programs have involved families. This study reviews six family-oriented, school-based programs that have produced promising findings in rigorous evaluations. The purpose of this paper is to describe these programs and distill from them core family-oriented prevention strategies for use in public school settings. Based on our review, these include: (a) strengthening the skills of both children and parents; (b) creating opportunities for parents and teachers to communicate more readily; (c) promoting bonds of attachment between children and parents and between parents and teachers; and (d) involving teachers in training on managing classroom disruptions, understanding peer dynamics, and promoting positive learning environments in their classrooms.
Choosing partners for a manned mission to Mars

Abstract Who are the best partners for a US manned mission to Mars? Arguments have been made for a joint US-Soviet manned mission which would improve relations between the superpowers and prevent the weaponization of space. However, from the viewpoint of the US space advocate, the issue is which is the most expeditious way to get humans to Mars. Let's go to Mars, the author argues, but with allies and friends rather than the USA's primary competitor on Earth.
Transcriptional Analysis of Reciprocal Tumor-Microenvironment Interactions in Glioblastoma

vi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 1 References 18 Chapter 2: Hitting Them Where They Live: Targeting the Glioblastoma Perivascular Stem Cell Niche 24 Chapter 2 References 42 Chapter 3: Methods of Transcriptional Analysis 50 Chapter 3 References 67 Chapter 4: Discovery of PDE7B as a novel effector of GBM growth by computational deconvolution of an in vitro physical 71 coculture system. Chapter 4 References 99 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Future Directions 104 Chapter 5 References 110
Confidence-Aware Join Algorithms

In uncertain and probabilistic databases, confidence values (or probabilities) are associated with each data item. Confidence values are assigned to query results based on combining confidences from the input data. Users may wish to apply a threshold on result confidence values, ask for the "top-$k$'' results by confidence, or obtain results sorted by confidence. Efficient algorithms for these types of queries can be devised by exploiting properties of the input data and the combining functions for result confidences. Previous algorithms for these problems assumed sufficient memory was available for processing. In this paper, we address the problem of processing all three types of queries when sufficient memory is not available, minimizing retrieval cost. We present algorithms, theoretical guarantees, and experimental evaluation.
Effect of resolution on the shape of mass spectra of proteins: Some theoretical considerations

A small computer program has been written to investigate the effect of increasing the mass resolution to very high values (106) on the shape of mass spectral peaks of small to medium-sized proteins. Previous work in this area has generally limited discussion to mass resolutions of a few thousand. Now that mass spectra of proteins are obtainable with a mass resolution exceeding one million, it is important to be able to conveniently generate theoretical spectra at the same resolution.
Evolution of marine terraces and sea level in the last interglacial, Cave Hill, Barbados

The uplifted marine terrace of last interglacial (stage 5e) age at Cave Hill, Barbados, has been investigated with views toward terrace architecture, developmental processes, and sea level history. Methods include stratigraphic analysis of new deep exposures, precise 230Th geochronology, and geomorphic mapping. Cave Hill was central to earlier studies that led to important ideas on reef and terrace evolution but with which we find significant disagreement. We present a new model of terrace evolution that emphasizes the role of marine erosion, deposition of carbonate cover during the full eustatic cycle rather than only at highstand, and principal reef development during transgression rather than at highstand by keep-up rather than catch-up growth. The new model and geochronology contribute to an improved understanding of surficial processes during emergence of uplifting coral coasts and of global sea level changes in the last interglacial. Transgression in stage 5e at Cave Hill was accompanied by progressive marine erosion of a terrace floor and receding seacliff and deposition of a seaward-thickening reefal wedge on the floor and above limestones of stage 6 and 7 ages. The wedge contains a diachronous basal Acropora palmata fringe reef. This is overlain by an in-place A. cervicornis reef that aggraded progressively during sea level rise. The transgressive phase took place between 136 ka (or earlier) and ca. 128 ka. During highstand between ca. 127 and 120 ka, the floor and seacliff continued to recede landward. Re gression began at or after ca. 120 ka, and sea level fell ≥37 m below the highstand level by ca. 115 ka. In stage 5c, the seaward front of the last interglacial terrace was eroded landward an uncertain distance. The sea level record at Cave Hill has implications for timing and constituent events of the penultimate glacial, the last interglacial highstand, and the fall in sea level at the transition from stage 5e to stage 5d. Shoreline angles, which are isochronous linear geomorphic features, are the most accurate markers of sustained highstand levels. Highstand levels and uplift rates interpreted from A. palmata in Barbados are less accurate and lower because the coral grew mainly in transgression. The coral-derived data therefore include uncertainties of depths of growth and collapse.
Flexible Prior Model, four dimensional electron density, Total Electron Content (TEC) and applications to radar tracking in real time

Ionospheric error correction is an important aspect of radar tracking. The ionosphere is usually not considered an issue at higher frequencies because of the dispersive nature of its effects on radar metrics accuracy. Although there is some discussion about potential ionospheric effects even at X band and above, it is well known that ionospheric effects can be considerably disruptive at UHF and VHF. Consequently, there is a need to assess ionospheric effects for radars running at these frequencies and if necessary to develop mitigation techniques and algorithms that will eliminate and/or minimize these effects. Several techniques were developed to accomplish the above stated purposes. These techniques include: real time error correction using the Global Positioning System (GPS) such as the wide area augmentation system (WAAS) used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), or real time error correction using the two-frequency measurement systems used by the long range tracking and instrumentation radar (ALTAIR) radar at the Kwajalein missile range (KMR). It is known that the errors in radar metrics accuracy are directly related to the radar range and phase delays, which are in turn related to the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere along the radar line of sight. In this paper, a new method will be presented which will discuss real time ionospheric error correction using a flexible prior model based on state of the art prior models such as the parameterized ionospheric model (PIM). The proposed method is based on both, a technique commonly known as ionospheric tomography and a prior model that is flexible as opposed to the traditional fixed Bayesian model, which provides means for evaluating ionospheric effects along the radar lines of sight of interest. The technique also allows for a systematic means of generating monthly mean TEC maps. In addition, the technique allows for first order TEC solutions, in the case where radar resource is an issue, and for higher order TEC solutions, when radar resources are readily available. This new technique's ultimate goal is to create a four-dimensional adaptive ionospheric electron density reconstruction system that makes it possible to generate real-time TEC maps. Such maps would be of significant utility in predicting and correcting the impact of TEC gradients and irregularities on radio and radar waves.
Insulin resistant syndromes in humans.

Clinical states of insulin resistance are characterized by elevated circulating levels of insulin and resistance to the action of exogenous insulin (Berson and Yalow, 1970). In some states of insulin resistance, delivery of insulin to target tissues is impaired; however, in most, the delivery of insulin to its peripheral target tissues is normal and the resistance results from peripheral antagonism to the action of insulin. Several recent studies have examined the interaction of insulin with its target cell receptors in clinical conditions of diminished sensitivity to insulin (Bar and Roth, 1977; Kahn, Megyesi, Bar, Eastman, and Flier, 1977). These studies have demonstrated that both the concentration and the affinity of the insulin receptors undergo wide fluctuation under numerous biologically relevant conditions. Several conditions were characterized by decreases in the concentration of receptors, with the decrease in receptor concentration related to the severity of the insulin resistance. In other conditions, changes in receptor affinity were predominant and were unrelated to the environmental insulin concentration. Taken together, these studies indicate that the insulin receptor is a major site for the regulation of target cell responsiveness in vivo.
PMR6, a Pectate Lyase–Like Gene Required for Powdery Mildew Susceptibility in Arabidopsis

The plant genes required for the growth and reproduction of plant pathogens are largely unknown. In an effort to identify these genes, we isolated Arabidopsis mutants that do not support the normal growth of the powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum . Here, we report on the cloning and characterization of one of these genes, PMR6 . PMR6 encodes a pectate lyase–like protein with a novel C-terminal domain. Consistent with its predicted gene function, mutations in PMR6 alter the composition of the plant cell wall, as shown by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. pmr6 -mediated resistance requires neither salicylic acid nor the ability to perceive jasmonic acid or ethylene, indicating that the resistance mechanism does not require the activation of well-described defense pathways. Thus, pmr6 resistance represents a novel form of disease resistance based on the loss of a gene required during a compatible interaction rather than the activation of known host defense pathways.
Distributed syntactic representations with an application to part-of-speech tagging

The syntactic category of words is represented in a distributed manner by deriving part-of-speech representations from a text corpus by means of a large scale singular value decomposition. The representations are input to an artificial neural network, which is trained on two days of the New York Times News Service, attaining an accuracy of 92%-98% in tagging ambiguous lexical items. >
Effect of orally administered L-carnitine on blood ammonia and L-carnitine concentrations in portacaval-shunted rats.

L-Carnitine (16 mmoles per kg, injected intraperitoneally) is reported to protect mice against subsequent injection of ammonium acetate given at the unprotected LD100. The present studies in rats show a variable protective effect of L-carnitine (16 mmoles per kg) administered 1 hr prior to an LD100 dose of ammonium acetate. Survival ranged from 100% to 35%. In two experiments, protection was highly significant; in a third experiment, L-carnitine did not protect against death but did significantly prolong time to death. Although the cause of this variability is not known, the data establish the protective effect in rats of L-carnitine given 1 hr before ammonium acetate. D-Carnitine and deoxycarnitine, chemically related analogs unable to substitute for L-carnitine metabolically, are without protective effect. The protective effect of L-carnitine is short-lived and is, for example, completely lost if ammonium acetate is given 24 hr after L-carnitine administration. In contrast, the free carnitine content of brain rises slowly but continuously for at least 24 hr following a single dose of L-carnitine. The observation that protection from ammonia toxicity is not correlated with brain carnitine levels strongly suggests a major peripheral component to the protective effect. Chronically hyperammonemic (portacaval-shunted) rats were found to have significantly depressed total and free carnitine levels in blood compared to normal and sham-operated controls. The hypocarnitinemia, but not the hyperammonemia, was completely reversed in portacaval-shunted rats given drinking water containing 10 mM L-carnitine. No abnormal behavioral effects were noted in portacaval-shunted or control rats given L-carnitine for 16 weeks, and carnitine did not affect growth or fluid intake. Since carnitine levels are decreased in the serum of some patients with a variety of hyperammonemic syndromes, the present findings may be of clinical relevance to the long-term treatment of these diseases.
A parallel implementation of fault simulation on a cluster of workstations

A cluster of workstations may be employed for reducing fault simulation time greatly. Fault simulation can be parallelized by partitioning fault list, the test vector or both. In this study, parallel fault simulation algorithm called PAUSIM has been developed by parallelizing AUSUM which consists of logic simulation and two steps of fault simulation for sequential logic circuits. Compared to other algorithms, PAUSIM-CY avoids redundant work by a judicious task decomposition. Also, it adopts a cyclic fault partitioning method based on the LOG partitioning and local redistribution, resulting in a well-balanced load distribution. The results from the parallel implementation using MPI show a significant speed-up by PAUSIM-CY over other existing parallel algorithms.
The Demise and Rebirth of Polio—A Modern Phoenix?

In 1991, one of us wrote in a commentary that "The eradication of polio by the year 2000 would be a magnificent gift from the 20th century to future generations of children" [1]. That remains no less true today. However, although the burden ofpolio has been dramatically lowered by the intense effort to enact its ultimate demise, the goal of eradication has not yet been achieved. The polio-eradication effort is led by a dedicated team at the World Health Organization that has repeatedly examined the reasons for the delay in achieving the eradication goal and modified its operational strategies-although the primary tool remains repeated mass immunization with live Sabin strain oral
Melatonin, Breast Cancer, and Magnetic Fields: Replication Studies

The melatonin hypothesis was proposed by Dr. Richard Stevens and postulates that magnetic fields may increase the risk of breast cancer1–5. A number of in vitro laboratory studies, in vivo animal laboratory studies, and human epidemiological studies support this hypothesis1–6. At present, no working hypothesis linking EMF with human health risk has such a broad base of experimental support.
Absence of evidence and evidence of absence: evidential transitivity in connection with fossils, fishing, fine-tuning, and firing squads

“Absence of evidence isn’t evidence of absence” is a slogan that is popular among scientists and nonscientists alike. This article assesses its truth by using a probabilistic tool, the Law of Likelihood. Qualitative questions (“Is E evidence about H?”) and quantitative questions (“How much evidence does E provide about H?”) are both considered. The article discusses the example of fossil intermediates. If finding a fossil that is phenotypically intermediate between two extant species provides evidence that those species have a common ancestor, does failing to find such a fossil constitute evidence that there was no common ancestor? Or should the failure merely be chalked up to the imperfection of the fossil record? The transitivity of the evidence relation in simple causal chains provides a broader context, which leads to discussion of the fine-tuning argument, the anthropic principle, and observation selection effects.
A 5Gb/s 7-channel current-mode imaging receiver front-end for free-space optical MIMO

A 7-channel diversity receiver front-end based on current-summing for broadband free-space optical (FSO) MIMO communication is presented in this paper. This diversity receiver is designed for flip-chip bonding to a custom InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector array. Each channel employs a low input-impedance current mirror (CM) as the input stage, which allows the implementation of direct current-summing for equal-gain combining (EGC). The summed-up current signal drives a second stage transimpedance amplifier (TIA) to generate the output voltage. Implemented in an 180 nm CMOS technology, a total gain of 58.5 dBΩ, and −3dB bandwidth of 3.7 GHz for 0.25 pF photodiode capacitance is achieved. The power consumption for a single front-end amplifier circuit is 4.2 mW, and for the second stage TIA is 10.3mW with a single 1.8V supply.
Fluorescence characteristics and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in forest and wetland soils from coastal temperate watersheds in southeast Alaska

Understanding how the concentration and chemical quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) varies in soils is critical because DOM influences an array of biological, chemical, and physical processes. We used PARAFAC modeling of excitation–emission fluorescence spectroscopy, specific UV absorbance (SUVA254) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) incubations to investigate the chemical quality of DOM in soil water collected from 25 cm piezometers in four different wetland and forest soils: bog, forested wetland, fen and upland forest. There were significant differences in soil solution concentrations of dissolved organic C, N, and P, DOC:DON ratios, SUVA254 and BDOC among the four soil types. Throughout the sampling period, average DOC concentrations in the four soil types ranged from 9–32 mg C l−1 and between 23–42% of the DOC was biodegradable. Seasonal patterns in dissolved nutrient concentrations and BDOC were observed in the three wetland types suggesting strong biotic controls over DOM concentrations in wetland soils. PARAFAC modeling of excitation–emission fluorescence spectroscopy showed that protein-like fluorescence was positively correlated (r2 = 0.82; P < 0.001) with BDOC for all soil types taken together. This finding indicates that PARAFAC modeling may substantially improve the ability to predict BDOC in natural environments. Coincident measurements of DOM concentrations, BDOC and PARAFAC modeling confirmed that the four soil types contain DOM with distinct chemical properties and have unique fluorescent fingerprints. DOM inputs to streams from the four soil types therefore have the potential to alter stream biogeochemical processes differently by influencing temporal patterns in stream heterotrophic productivity.
OPTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INVERTING PAPILLOMA INVOLVING THE FRONTAL SINUS

Inverting papilloma (IP) is a benign epithelial growth in the underlying stroma of the sinonasal cavity. The incidence of IP is 0.5% to 7% of all nose and sinus tumors. 2 They tend to arise from the lateral nasal wall or middle meatus and extend to adjacent paranasal sinuses or other adjacent structures. Although they are benign, IPs are associated with a high recurrence rate and with squamous cell carcinoma in 5% to 15% of cases. 1,2 The surgical management of IP has included transnasal excision without endoscopy, open procedures such as lateral rhinotomy or midfacial degloving with medial maxillectomy, and transnasal endoscopic excision. 3-6 The transnasal approach fell into disfavor because of high recurrence rates (40-80%), which led to the recommendation of lateral rhinotomy and medial maxillectomy, with reported recurrence rates ranging from 0% to 50%. More recently, with the introduction of endoscopes for paranasal sinus surgery, several authors have published their experience in selected cases with recurrence rates ranging from 0% to 17%. The success rate reported with endoscopic excision may be a result of improved illumination and visualization with endoscopic instruments, as well as improved radiographic imaging. Another factor associated with the low recurrence rate may be the criteria developed for endoscopic excision. 7,8
Topological complexes in analysis and design of large scale system-factorization methodology

Large-scale management information systems, knowledge-based systems, neural systems, control systems and others are becoming extremely sophisticated. In order to investigate their hierarchical structure the author considers such systems as topological spaces. These systems are partitioned into numerous subsystems, cells or elements in the process of their analysis and design. Such decomposition is equivalent to representation of the corresponding topological space as a disjoint union of cells. A topological cell complex of some space X is built as a quotient space of X, which is constructed by representation of each cell as one point. Thus cell complexes and CW-complexes of topological spaces are considered as topological spaces with quotient topology. Such topological complexes contain fewer points than corresponding spaces, and preserve their structure. This feature makes them useful for structural systems analysis and design. >
Dechlorination of pentachloroethane by commercial Fe and ferruginous smectite

Short-term experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of a commercial Fe and an iron-bearing clay mineral, ferruginuous smectite (SWa-1), on the degradation of pentachloroethane (PCA). After 3 h of contact time, SWa-1 catalyzed PCA dehydrochlorination to tetrachloroethene (PCE, 65% conversion), whereas commercial Fe promoted PCA stepwise dechlorination via dehydrochlorination (� 40% conversion) and subsequent PCE hydrogenolysis to trichloroethene (TCE). The addition of unaltered SWa-1 to commercial Fe led to a complete inhibition on TCE production, whereas the addition of reduced SWa-1 barely resulted in a 30% decrease. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transcriptional control of several aerobically induced cytochrome structural genes in Rhodobacter sphaeroides

To decipher how the synthesis of energy-transducing enzymes responds to environmental cues, the response of three Rhodobacter sphaeroides aerobic cytochrome gene promoters was analysed under different conditions. Two of these promoters are upstream of structural genes (ctaD and coxII) for individual subunits of the cytochrome aa 3 respiratory complex. The third promoter is that for the cycFG operon, which encodes two c-type cytochromes of unknown function, cytochrome c 554 and CycG. Primer extension analysis identified a single oxygen-responsive transcription start site for each gene. Utilizing operon fusions to Escherichia coli lacZ as a measure of promoter activity, transcription from the ctaD, coxII and cycFG promoters was approximately twofold higher when cells were grown at high (30%) oxygen tensions than under low (2%) oxygen or anaerobic (photosynthetic) conditions. Analysis of promoter function using specific host mutations indicated that loss of the R. sphaeroides FNR homologue, FnrL, causes a small, but reproducible, increase in cycFG and coxII transcription when cells are grown at 2% oxygen. However, neither the ΔFnrL mutation nor alterations in sequences related to a consensus target site for the E. coli FNR protein increased function of any of these three promoters to that seen under aerobic conditions in wild-type cells. From this we conclude that FnrL is not solely responsible for reduced transcription of these three aerobic cytochrome genes under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions. When activity of these three promoters was monitored after cells were shifted from anaerobic (photosynthetic) conditions to a 30% oxygen atmosphere, it took several cell doublings for LacZ levels to increase to those found in steady-state 30% oxygen cultures. From these results, it appears that activity of these promoters is also regulated by a stable molecule whose synthesis or function responds slowly to the presence of high oxygen tensions.
Utility of the Serum Osmol Gap in the Diagnosis of Methanol or Ethylene Glycol Ingestion

Ingestion of methanol or ethylene glycol is a toxicologic emergency. The osmolal gap has been widely advocated as a screen for serum methanol or ethylene glycol. Unfortunately, for several reasons the osmolal gap fails in this capacity. First, an accurate serum osmolality can often not be obtained. Second, the calculated serum osmolarity will vary greatly, depending on the formula used to estimate it. Third, ethylene glycol has such a large molecular weight that even toxic amounts may contribute minimally to a patient's overall osmolality. Finally, because of metabolism, little ethylene glycol or methanol may be present when a patient presents with toxicity. These limitations invalidate the osmolal gap as a screen for ethylene glycol or methanol ingestion.
Ion exchange voltammetry with electroactive ionomers

Ion exchange voltammetry is a newly proposed electroanalytical technique that uses an ionomer film coated onto an electrode surface to separate and preconcentrate an analyte ion prior to electrochemical determination at the substrate-electrode surface. One problem with this proposed technique is that after analysis, the ionomer film is loaded with the analyte ion, and this ion must be removed prior to subsequent analyses. In this paper, we show that this film regeneration step can be accomplished electrochemically using a new type of electroreleasing polymer called an electroactive ionomer. Furthermore, we show that these electroactive ionomer film-coated electrodes can preconcentrate an analyte cation at the substrate-electrode surface, thus producing markedly better detection limits than analogous uncoated electrodes.
Immune modulation of IgE and T regulatory cells in horses vaccinated with viral vaccines. (VET1P.1117)

West Nile virus (WNV) a neurotropic flavivirus is the leading cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis in the United States. While there is no current WNV vaccine for humans there are several vaccines for horses. These vaccines are designed to protect against this deadly virus; however, many are causing type-1 hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergic responses that include local and severe systemic anaphylaxis. Many viral vaccines share contaminating non-target proteins that can act as antigen to elicit IgE. We compared IgE levels to those of T regulatory cell populations’ pre and post vaccination, which showed a significant inverse correlation. We hypothesize the addition of CpG oligonucleotides administered with vaccines will modulate the immune system, driving it towards protective immunity, through up-regulation of T helper 1 cells. Thirty horses were evaluated pre and 7 days post vaccination for T regulatory cell production and specific IgE. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated pre and post vaccination were analyzed for expression of CD4, CD25 and intracellular Foxp3 with multicolor flow cytometry. Antigen specific IgE and cytokine supernatants were evaluated by ELISA. The addition of the CpG oligonucleotide significantly increased the production of T regulatory cells in response to antigen in-vitro and in-vivo; with this we can hope to provide a safer alternate vaccination strategy, particularly for horses that have demonstrated a pro-allergic phenotype.
Cardiovascular and Mortality Outcomes in the Elderly With Impaired Cardiac and Pulmonary Function: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)

Background Impaired pulmonary function (IPF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) are prevalent in the elderly and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The main objectives of this study were to examine the relative impact and joint association of IPF and LVSD with heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality, and their impact on risk classification using a continuous net reclassification index. Methods and Results We followed 2342 adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease (mean age, 76 years) from the Cardiovascular Health Study for a median of 12.6 years. LVSD was defined as LV ejection fraction <55%. IPF was defined as: forced expiratory volume in 1 second:forced vital capacity <70%, and predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second <80%. Outcomes included heart failure hospitalization, cardiovascular mortality, all‐cause mortality, and composite outcome. LVSD was detected in 128 subjects (6%), IPF in 441 (19%) and both in 38 (2%). Compared to those without LVSD or IPF, there was a significantly increased cardiovascular risk for groups of LVSD only, IPF only, and LVSD plus IPF, adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) 2.1 (1.5–3.0), 1.7 (1.4–2.1), and 3.2 (2.0–5.1) for HF; 1.8 (1.2–2.6), 1.4 (1.1–1.8), and 2.8 (1.7–4.7) for cardiovascular mortality; 1.3 (1.0–1.8), 1.7 (1.4–1.9), and 2.1 (1.5–3.0) for all‐cause mortality, and 1.6 (1.3–2.1), 1.7 (1.5–1.9), and 2.4 (1.7–3.3) for composite outcome, respectively. Risk classification improved significantly for all outcomes when IPF was added to the adjusted model with LVSD or LVSD to IPF. Conclusions While risk of cardiovascular outcomes was the highest among elderly with both LVSD and IPF, risk was comparable between subjects with IPF alone and those with LVSD alone. This observation, combined with improved risk classification by adding IPF to LVSD or LVSD to IPF, underscore the importance of comprehensive heart and lung evaluation in cardiovascular outcome assessment.
Imaging of Airway Disease

Airway diseases are broadly classified into those affecting the trachea, the bronchi, and the bronchioles. This chapter will discuss imaging of diseases affecting the airway with relevance to clinical care providers. Elaborate tables and figures in this chapter provide a simplistic overview of approach to imaging the trachea, bronchi, and the bronchioles.
Order-to-disorder transformation in δ-phase Sc4Zr3O12 induced by light ion irradiation

Polycrystalline d-phase Sc4Zr3O12 was irradiated with 200 keV Ne+ ions at cryogenic temperature to fluences ranging from 2 × 1018 to 1 × 1021 Ne/m2. Irradiation-induced structural evolution was examined by using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. An order-to-disorder (O-D) crystal structure transformation (from an ordered d-phase to a disordered, fluorite phase) was observed to initiate by a fluence of 2 × 1018 Ne/m2, corresponding to a peak ballistic damage dose of ~0.075 displacements per atom. This displacement damage dose is much lower than the O-D transformation dose threshold found in previous heavy ion irradiation experiments on d-Sc4Zr3O12 [J.A. Valdez et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods B250, 148 (2006); K.E. Sickafus et al., Nat. Mater.6, 217 (2007)]. In this study, we contrast the O-D transformation efficiency of the light Ne ions used in these experiments, to the heavy (Kr) ions used previously, and interpret the differences in terms of enhanced damage efficiency for light ions (greater fraction of surviving defects per defect produced). To better quantify this surviving defect phenomenon, we also present new, additional ion irradiation results on d-Sc4Zr3O12, obtained from 300 keV Kr2+ and 100 keV He+ ion irradiation experiments.
A novel role for alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in extracellular matrix assembly

To study the biological role of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in cell adhesion, migration, and in the deposition of extracellular matrix, we stably expressed the human alpha 3 integrin subunit in the alpha 4, alpha 5 integrin deficient CHO cell line B2. The expression of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins enhanced cell adhesion on entactin (also known as nidogen), but not on fibronectin. Using recombinant GST-fusion proteins that span the entire length of the entactin molecule, we located cell adhesive activity to the G2 domain of entactin. These results suggest that the alpha 3 beta 1 integrin functions as an adhesion receptor interacting with the G2 domain of entactin. On the other hand, the expression of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins did not confer the ability to migrate on entactin. Strikingly, the expression of alpha 3 beta 1 dramatically increased the deposition of entactin and fibronectin into the pericellular matrix. This was accompanied by increased binding activity of the 29 kDa amino-terminal domain of fibronectin. Thus, similar to alpha 5 beta 1 integrins, alpha 3 beta 1 integrins can play an important role in modulating the assembly of pericellular matrices. However, unlike fibronectin deposition supported by alpha 5 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 supported fibronectin deposition into pericellular matrix was not inhibited by antibodies binding to the RGD containing cell adhesion domain of fibronectin, demonstrating that the two processes are mechanistically distinct. The role of alpha 3 beta 1 in pericellular matrix assembly potentially implicates this receptor in the assembly and/or recognition of entactin-containing pericellular matrices, an observation consistent with its apparent role in the renal glomerulus of the mammalian kidney.
GW572016, gemcitabine and GW572016, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, a two-stage, phase I study for advanced pancreaticobiliary cancer

4002 Background: GW572016 is an orally active small molecule that reversibly inhibits ErbB1 and ErbB2 tyrosine kinases. ErbB1 is commonly expressed in pancreaticobiliary cancers. ErbB2 is the prefe...
The effect of dietary zinc status on biliary metal excretion of rats.

The effect of dietary zinc status on biliary excretion of zinc, cadmium and mercury administered as a bolus of metal chloride (1 mg metal/kg body weight i.v.) was studied. Female rats were fed a purified diet containing either 9 micrograms/g (low), 45 micrograms/g (adequate) or 1150 micrograms/g (high) zinc for 8 d. Hepatic metallothionein (MT) was similar in low- and adequate-zinc groups, but was 18-fold higher in the high-zinc group than in the other two groups. Liver zinc content varied in relation to dietary zinc level. Biliary excretion of all metals studied was significantly lower in the high-zinc group than in the low-zinc group. The cumulative excretion of zinc, cadmium and mercury over 2.5 h in rats fed these two diets was 6.2 +/- 1.4 vs. 33.5 +/- 7.7, 0.006 +/- 0.02 vs. 22.8 +/- 8.4 and 1.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 14.9 +/- 5.3 micrograms/kg body weight, respectively. A relationship was found between the disposition of metal in liver and the extent of biliary metal excretion. Biliary metal excretion was highly correlated with liver cytosolic non-MT-bound metal; r = 0.999, 0.998 and 0.993 for endogenous + exogenous zinc, cadmium and mercury, respectively.
Augmentation by thyroxine of human granulosa cell gonadotrophin-induced steroidogenesis

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of thyroid hormone on gonadotrophin-induced oestradiol and progesterone secretion by human granulosa cells maintained in vitro. Granulosa cells were obtained by aspiration of pre-ovulatory follicles from women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Ovulation induction was performed with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, human menopausal gonadotrophin and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Granulosa cells were maintained in vitro in a defined medium with added insulin. Between 48 and 72 h after the initiation of cell culture, oestradiol and progesterone secretion into the medium was determined for granulosa cells growing in serum-free medium with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)/luteinizing hormone (LH) and in serum-free medium with FSH/LH and thyroxine added in a concentration range of 10(-10)-10(-7) M. All concentrations of thyroxine used produced a statistically significant increase in oestradiol (range 1.18-1.37 times the amount with FSH/LH alone) and progesterone (range 1.29-1.51 times the amount with FSH/LH alone) secretion.