cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the genetic marker diversity algorithm for genetic programming

Many diversity techniques have been developed for addressing premature convergence, which is a serious problem that stifles the search effectiveness of evolutionary algorithms. However, approaches that aim to avoid premature convergence can often take longer to discover a solution. The Genetic Marker Diversity algorithm is a new technique that has been shown to find solutions significantly faster than other approaches while maintaining diversity in genetic programming. This study provides a more in-depth analysis of the search behavior of this technique compared to other state-of-the-art methods, as well as a comparison of the performance of these techniques on a larger and more modern set of test problems.
MYOMELANOCYTIC CHOROIDAL TUMOR: Cytopathologic Diagnosis.

Purpose Establishing the correct diagnosis of a growing choroidal tumor can be difficult. Methods Clinical examination and ultrasound of a patient followed for what was thought to be a uveal melanoma. Fine-needle biopsy established the correct diagnosis. Results We demonstrate that fine-needle biopsy can correctly identify a very rare tumor, a myomelanocytic neoplasm. Conclusion Myomelanocytic choroidal tumors can be diagnosed on fine-needle biopsy.
Addressing postmodern concerns on the border: globalization, the nation-state, hybridity, and social change

Many transnational scholars agree that the nation-state is not disappearing because of globalization, but rather is being reorganized, in part, to reflect the interests of a global marketplace. Postmodern perspectives on borders have been critiqued for ignoring, if not obscuring, this point. The idea is that postmodernism's emphasis on hybridity makes the notion of boundaries defunct and leads to the conclusion that the nation-state is irrelevant as a unit of analysis. This is problematic for those who now see any discussion of power and violence regarding the border as impossible to formulate. This paper aims to assuage some deep concerns regarding a postmodern analysis of globalization, the nation-state, and the border. In addition, the shortcomings of both critics and recent "reformers" of hybridity are examined, along with the far reaching value of using a postmodern approach in U.S.-Mexico border studies. Finally, the implications of postmodernism with regards to social change in this era of globalization are discussed.
Parallel Computations of Unsteady Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics of Projectiles

Publisher Summary The chapter describes a new coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/RBD computational study undertaken to determine the flight aerodynamics of both a spinning projectile and a finned projectile, using a scalable unstructured flow solver on various parallel computers, such as IBM and Linux Cluster. Advanced scalable Navier–Stokes computational techniques were employed to compute the time-accurate aerodynamics associated with the free flight of a finned projectile at supersonic velocities and a spinning projectile at subsonic speeds, both with and without flow control. High parallel efficiency was achieved for the real time-accurate unsteady computations. In the coupled CFD/RBD calculations for the spinning projectile, the hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes/Large Eddy Simulation (RANS/LES) results are found to be more unsteady than the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) predictions. The hybrid RANS/LES approach predicted a larger increase in the side force and hence a larger increase in the side distance when the jet was applied in that direction. For the finned configuration, computed positions and orientations of the projectile obtained from the coupled CFD/RBD calculations have been compared with actual data measured from free flight tests and are found to be generally in very good agreement.
The Future of Biosimilars

Biosimilars are to Biologic products what generic drugs are to chemical products, a more affordable solution to the increasing drug pricing without sacrificing the quality of the treatment.There is much debate in the health care industry as to whether Biosimilars will deliver on the same success achieved by the generic products, which can amount to up to 80% in some cases. It is my view though that Biosimilars provide a viable path to cost reduction, quality improvement and affordable accessibility to medication. In fact, the introduction of lower costs Biologics as intended by the Biosimilar market will force competition within the therapeutics treatment market that will both exertpricing pressure as well as inspire innovation in the entire ecosystem.
Communication method for manufacturing services in a cyber–physical manufacturing cloud

The integration of cyber–physical systems and cloud manufacturing has potential to change manufacturing processes for better manufacturing accessibility, agility, and efficiency. To achieve this, i...
Diffusion Of Innovations Theory, Principles, And Practice

Aspects of the research and practice paradigm known as the diffusion of innovations are applicable to the complex context of health care, for both explanatory and interventionist purposes. This article answers the question, “What is diffusion?” by identifying the parameters of diffusion processes: what they are, how they operate, and why worthy innovations in health care do not spread more rapidly. We clarify how the diffusion of innovations is related to processes of dissemination and implementation, sustainability, improvement activity, and scale-up, and we suggest the diffusion principles that can be readily used in the design of interventions.
Application-based perioperative management of the radical cystectomy patient.

480Background: Radical cystectomy patients are a vulnerable population, with up to 65% suffering complications and 26% readmitted within 90 days. Perioperative education, early identification of patients at risk, and discharge transitions remain central to improving outcomes. This project aimed to examine the feasibility of using LifeScience Technologies tablet-based application (LST app) for perioperative patient education, transition care communications, and post-discharge monitoring. Methods: We initiated a prospective feasibility pilot trial (NCT NCT02942121) in 20 patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Participants were provided an iPad preloaded with the LST app and equipment to measure vital signs during the study. Patient education videos tailored to each individual based on gender and diversion type were sent via the app for viewing preoperatively. Postoperatively participants were asked to log medication compliance and vital signs. Vital equipment was wirelessly transmittable, and the study tea...
Porphyromonas gingivalis induces exacerbated periodontal disease during pregnancy

Although pregnant women are prone to gingival inflammation, its mechanism remains unclear. Animal models are ideal for investigating immunological mechanisms in the periodontal disease. A murine model for ligature-induced periodontal disease has been modified and utilized to determine the susceptibility to periodontal inflammation and tissue damage in pregnant mice. Expression of different inflammatory mediators in the gingivae was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Inflammatory bone loss was determined by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC). Oral bacterial number was determined by the CFU (Colony Forming Units) count from anaerobic culture of oral swabs. In our experiments, ligation itself did not cause higher gingival inflammation and bone loss in pregnant mice than non-pregnant mice, while ligation combined with P. gingivalis infection led to increased gingival inflammation and periodontal bone loss, accompanied by lower gingival expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in pregnant mice. Our results indicated that P. gingivalis infection was important in inducing more severe periodontal diseases during pregnancy, which might be attributed to the down-regulated anti-inflammatory mechanisms, but not be associated with higher oral bacterial burden.
First-Line Therapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Operation Versus Medical Management

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a highly lethal disease. First-line therapy for a patient diagnosed with this disease includes surgical resection or chemoradiation. Due to variable treatment and its rarity, there is a paucity of prospective and/or randomized controlled literature studying the initial therapy for patients diagnosed with ATC. To understand which therapy is more appropriate in terms of survival and quality of life, we evaluated the available literature and our own institutional experience with the management of ATC for recommendations regarding this topic. This chapter provides a summary of the pertaining literature and offers recommendations based on these sources for first-line management of a patient with newly diagnosed ATC.
Generic Promotion of Sorghum for Food and Industrial Uses

Globally, over half of all sorghum is used for human consumption. Yet sorghum is largely unknown as a food in the United States and other developed countries. Recently, the U.S. demand for sorghum ...
Production of X (3872 ) accompanied by a soft pion at hadron colliders

If the $X(3872)$ is a weakly bound charm-meson molecule, it can be produced by the creation of ${D}^{*0}{\overline{D}}^{0}$ or ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ at short distances followed by the formation of the bound state from the charm-meson pair. The $X$ can also be produced by the creation of ${D}^{*}{\overline{D}}^{*}$ at short distances followed by the rescattering of the charm-meson pair into $X\ensuremath{\pi}$. At a high-energy hadron collider, the prompt cross section from this mechanism has a narrow peak in the $X\ensuremath{\pi}$ invariant mass distribution near the ${D}^{*}{\overline{D}}^{*}$ threshold from a charm-meson triangle singularity. An order-of-magnitude estimate of the ratio of the cross section for producing the peak in the $X{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ distribution to the cross section for producing $X$ without an accompanying pion suggests that the peak may be observable at the LHC.
INSTANTON REPRESENTATION OF PLEBANSKI GRAVITY: APPLICATION TO GRAVITONS ABOUT de SITTER SPACETIME

Using the instanton representation method, we re-construct graviton solutions about de Sitter spacetime. We have used this example as a testing arena to expose the internal structure of the method and to establish that it works for known solutions. This paper is a precursor for its application to the construction of new General Relativity solutions in future work.
Using Gradient as a New Metric for Dynamic Connectivity Estimation from Resting fMRI Data

The study of time varying functional connectivity between different parts of the brain (the functional connectome) has emerged as an important aspect of brain imaging studies. The most widely used approach to estimate these time varying connectivities uses sliding window Pearson correlation to estimate connectivity between different parts of brain. The choice of the window length can impact the results and interesting information might go undetected. Here we propose a new approach that evaluates the gradient (both its magnitude and phase) defined in a new space as a metric for connectivity. Using a very small window, weighted average phase of these gradient values are calculated. Here using simulation, we show that our metric is capable of estimating even very short connectivity states and also provide additional information unavailable to a sliding-window approach. In addition the proposed method is utilized to analyze a real dataset.
Fertility Transition: Sub-Saharan Africa

Fertility transition – the decline of fertility from high levels – emerged in the Third World following World War II. In sub-Saharan Africa the onset of fertility transition was delayed, and the pace of transition has also been distinctly slower than elsewhere in the developing world. Limited economic growth and development, low educational attainment, high infant and child mortality, and a strong cultural emphasis on the extended family all appear to have contributed to the delayed and slow fertility decline in the region. There is considerable diversity of experience with fertility decline among countries in the region, and stalling of fertility decline has been common.
1/f Noise Modelling and Characterization for CMOS Quanta Image Sensors.

This work fits the measured in-pixel source-follower noise in a CMOS Quanta Image Sensor (QIS) prototype chip using physics-based 1/f noise models, rather than the widely-used fitting model for analog designers. This paper discusses the different origins of 1/f noise in QIS devices and includes correlated double sampling (CDS). The modelling results based on the Hooge mobility fluctuation, which uses one adjustable parameter, match the experimental measurements, including the variation in noise from room temperature to –70 °C. This work provides useful information for the implementation of QIS in scientific applications and suggests that even lower read noise is attainable by further cooling and may be applicable to other CMOS analog circuits and CMOS image sensors.
Nonmedical Masks in Public for Respiratory Pandemics: Droplet Retention by Two-Layer Textile Barrier Fully Protects Germ-free Mice from Bacteria in Droplets

ABSTRACT Due to the shortage of masks during the pandemic, we recently demonstrated that household textiles are effective environmental droplet barriers (EDBs) with identical droplet retention potential as medical masks. To further promote the implementation of a universal community droplet reduction solution based on a synchronized encouragement/enforcement of mask utilization by the public based on widely available textiles (mask fabrication without the need for sewing machines), here we conducted a study using germ-free mice to determine to what extent textiles were effective in vivo. Using a bacterial-suspension spray simulation model of droplet ejection (mimicking a sneeze), we quantified the extent by which 100% cotton textile prevented the contamination of germ-free animals on the other side of the textile-barrier (simulating a properly worn mask). Of relevance, all mice protected with textiles remained germ-free after two sprays (inoculation dose: >600 bacterial droplet units per 56.75cm2) compared to the contamination of mice not protected by a textile (0/12 vs 6/6, Fisher’s exact, p
Active Plasmonics and Active Chiral Plasmonics through Orientation-Dependent Multipolar Interactions

While most active plasmonic efforts focus on responsive metamaterials to modulate optical response, we present a simple alternative based on applied orientation control that can likely be implement...
Seductive Events: A Critical Examination of Youth Sexting

The social impact of technologies is evident among both teenagers and young people. Youth now experience and engage in most aspects of daily life “online” through the use of social media, mobile phones, and the Internet. This has led to a host of concerns, from parents, educators, advocates, and law enforcement regarding the ways in which this technology is being used, with the debate focused primarily on the issue of “sexting” or sharing of naked and semi-naked selfies. This paper explores sexting behavior from a critical perspective, examining the individual and institutional narratives that continue to shape and influence opinion and policy. Drawing from narrative criminology I argue that there are competing narratives surrounding the sexting debate that serve to amplify the deviance associated with these behaviors, resulting in the criminalization of youth and masking the more insidious social problems, such as gender-based violence.
Pathways linking activity, adiposity, and inflammation to bone mineral density in women and men from NHANES 2007 to 2010

Objectives Age, sedentary activity, central adiposity, and inflammation have all been independently associated with bone mineral density (BMD). We assessed how the effects of sedentary activity and central adiposity on BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck change across early to late adulthood and whether these relationships are mediated by inflammation. Methods We analyzed data from 7135 women and men 20 years of age and older from NHANES 2007 to 2010. Anthropometrics, sedentary activity (min/day), serum CRP (mg/dl), and BMD (gm/cm2 measured by DXA scans) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Data were compared by age and sex groups and through causal mediation analysis. Results The effect of waist circumference on BMD was significantly mediated by serum CRP at both skeletal sites in men and at the femoral neck in women. Sedentary activity did not have a direct relationship to BMD but was mediated by waist circumference in men. Least square means differed significantly by sex and age groups with a general age-related decline in BMD at both skeletal sites. Conclusions We found that central adiposity, independent of overall body size and composition as measured through BMI, has an inverse relationship with BMD that is mediated by serum CRP. In addition, the negative impact of increased sedentism acted through changes in central adiposity (waist circumference) but only in men. Although low bone density and osteoporosis are often considered degenerative diseases that primarily impact postmenopausal women, our findings show that sedentary activity and central adiposity impact bone density beginning in early adulthood in both women and men.
Comparison of Post-Heart Transplant Survival between Status 1A versus Status 1-3 Recipients before and after the UNOS Allocation Policy Change

Purpose The October 2018 UNOS heart allocation policy change was implemented in an effort to better prioritize heart transplants for the most critically ill patients. We compare six-month post-transplant survival of HT patients listed at status 1A one year before (PRE) vs. status 1-3 one year after (POST) the allocation policy change. Methods We identified patients (N = 2926) listed at the highest status levels (status 1A vs. status 1-3) that underwent HT between 10/18/2017 to 10/17/2019. There were 1242 status 1A patients in the PRE group and 1684 status 1-3 patients in the POST group. Baseline clinical characteristics were compared using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-Square test as appropriate. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards (PH) regression analysis was adjusted for policy change, recipient age, donor age, bilirubin, creatinine, dialysis use, ischemic time, ventilator use, and ECMO use. Results There was no significant change in six-month survival in the POST vs. PRE groups (92% vs 93%, p=0.13). Furthermore, the policy change was not a significant predictor of mortality on both univariate Cox PH (HR: 1.24 [0.94-1.63, p=0.13]) and multivariate (HR: 1.13 [0.85-1.50, p=0.40]) analyses. Ischemic time (median and interquartile range: 3.5h [2.9, 4.1] vs. 3.1h [2.4, 3.7], p Conclusion Among patients in the highest acuity status groups, there was no difference in six-month post-HT survival following implementation of the policy change. This outcome was seen despite longer ischemic times, greater distance from donor recipient hospitals, and shorter total waitlist times. Further investigation is warranted to assess longer term outcomes.
Impaired Performance on a Cognitively-Based Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Task, the 10-Item Weekly Calendar Planning Activity, in Individuals With Stroke Undergoing Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation

Performance-based, functionally relevant, and standardized measures of cognitive-instrumental activities of daily living (C-IADL) can complement neuropsychological tests of cognitive impairment and provide valuable clinical information to inform rehabilitation planning. Existing measures have been validated in the outpatient setting. Here, we sought to evaluate a 10-item, short-form of a C-IADL measure, Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA-10), in inpatients with stroke undergoing acute rehabilitation. The specific goal was to determine if the WCPA-10 could differentiate between stroke patients undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation and healthy control individuals. We also explored whether the WCPA-10 would identify C-IADL limitations in stroke patients screened as having intact cognition. Seventy-seven stroke inpatients undergoing rehabilitation and 77 healthy control participants completed the WCPA-10, which involves entering a list of simulated, fictional appointments into a weekly schedule while keeping track of and adhering to multiple task rules and ignoring built-in obstacles and distractions. Compared to the control group, stroke patients had significantly worse accuracy, made more errors, used fewer cognitive strategies, followed fewer rules, took more time to complete the task, and were less efficient. 83% of stroke patients were less accurate than predicted by their age, and 64% used less strategies than their age prediction. Among 28 participants who screened as having "normal" cognitive function on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the majority had deficits on the WCPA-10. Our results provide initial support for use of a brief C-IADL assessment, WCPA-10, for individuals with stroke undergoing inpatient rehabilitation. They indicate that stroke patients have deficits in C-IADL accuracy, efficiency, and strategy use at this stage of stroke recovery. Results highlight the need to use performance based, functional cognitive assessments, even for those who perform well on cognitive screening tools.
Market Imperfections, Investment Optionality and Default Spreads

This paper develops a structural model that determines default spreads on risky debt. In contrast to previous research, the value of the debt's collateral is endogenously determined by the borrower's investment choice, as well as by a market demand variable that has permanent as well as temporary components. The model also considers market imperfections that limit the borrower's ability to contract to undertake the value-maximizing investment choice, and which may in addition limit the borrower's ability to raise external capital. The model is calibrated with data on commercial mortgages, and based on our calibration, we present numerical simulations that quantify the extent to which investment flexibility, incentive problems and credit constraints affect default spreads.
A comparison of algorithms for solving the multiagent simple temporal problem

The Simple Temporal Problem (STP) is a popular representation for solving centralized scheduling and planning problems. When scheduling agents are associated with different users who need to coordinate some of their activities, however, considerations such as privacy and scalability suggest solving the joint STP in a more distributed manner. Building on recent advances in STP algorithms that exploit loosely-coupled problem structure, this paper develops and evaluates algorithms for solving the multiagent STP. We define a partitioning of the multiagent STP with provable privacy guarantees, and show that our algorithms can exploit this partitioning while still finding the tightest consistent bounds on timepoints that must be coordinated across agents. We also demonstrate empirically that our algorithms can exploit concurrent computation, leading to solution time speed-ups over state-of-the-art centralized approaches, and enabling scalability to problems involving larger numbers of loosely-coupled agents.
Treatment Choice and Placebo Expectation Effects

Placebo expectations can have a strong influence on physical and mental health outcomes. In prior research examining placebo expectation effects, participants have been assigned placebo treatments rather than being actively involved in selecting their treatment. In modern health care, however, individuals are often involved in health care decisions. We review relevant literature regarding choice and placebo expectation effects and conclude that exercising choice over a treatment should strengthen placebo effects. Data relevant to this hypothesis is reviewed. Next, we provide a framework for understanding the key variables involved in mediating and moderating the influence of treatment choice on placebo expectation effects. Finally, theoretical and practical issues revolving around treatment choice in the context of placebo effects are raised.
Heating of the Outer Solar Atmosphere II

In the previous lecture we discussed dynamo effects which seem to provide the origin of magnetic fields beneath the surface of the sun. The observations, of course, are limited to the surface, but through the surface there continually emerges fresh magnetic fields. This leads to the idea that there must be a source somewhere below. We can start by considering present day ideas about the sun’s internal structure. The sun has a radius of approximately 700,000 km, of which the outer 100,000 km or so is the convective zone, according to mixing- length models. In the convective zone the material is so opaque that it does not let heat pass easily so that the_temperature gradient becomes steeper than the adiabatic gradient, which leads to convective, rather than radiative, transport of heat.
Low-Area and High-Speed Approximate Matrix-Vector Multiplier

Matrix multiplication is a high-cost operation that can benefit from efficient hardware implementation. Approximate computing offers a promising way to lower the hardware costs and to speed up the computation by leveraging the error tolerance of applications like image processing. This work proposes a novel approximate matrix-vector multiplier which features low area and high speed. Moreover, its accuracy is dynamically reconfigurable, allowing the user to trade small errors for increased speed. Compared to previous designs, our approach reduces the area cost up to 70% with a 5% average error. With a more relaxed 10% error constraint, it achieves a speedup of 2x. We apply the proposed design to color transformation, a basic operation in face-detection algorithms. The approximate transformed images exhibit only a small decrease in detection accuracy.
Libckpt: transparent checkpointing under Unix

Checkpointing is a simple technique for rollback recovery: the state of an executing program is periodically saved to a disk file from which it can be recovered after a failure. While recent research has developed a collection of powerful techniques for minimizing the overhead of writing checkpoint files, checkpointing remains unavailable to most application developers. In this paper we describe libckpt, a portable checkpointing tool for Unix that implements all applicable performance optimizations which are reported in the literature. While libckpt can be used in a mode which is almost totally transparent to the programmer, it also supports the incorporation of user directives into the creation of checkpoints. This user-directed checkpointing is an innovation which is unique to our work.
Not All Fragmentation is Equal: Insurgent Organizational Structure and Control of Collective Violence

Expanding on a growing literature addressing the causes and consequences of fragmentation within insurgent organizations and across insurgent movements, this paper argues that different degrees and types of fragmentation have varying implications for insurgent organizational outcomes. In particular, I seek to identify the aspects of fragmentation which determine the extent to which the leaders of formal insurgent organizations can control when violence is employed. Such control includes ensuring insurgents fight when ordered and abide by agreements to cease violence. I contend that the extent of this control within individual formal organizations is related to two dimensions of fragmentation: (1) leadership embeddedness, or the extent to which leaders are rooted in strong underlying community and social structures — and (2) resource centralization, or the extent to which leaders directly, and exclusively, distribute both material and social resources. Moreover, these dimensions of fragmentation uniquely enhance the explanatory power of extant theories which, as I suggest, operate at different points along the causal pathways that connect organizational attributes with the control of when violence is employed. To develop the theory, I study how these dimensions of fragmentation affected the ability of Jaysh al-Mahdi in Iraq to regulate when violence was employed from 2003-2008.
The Epidemiology of Injury in ATV and Motocross Sports

Off-road motorsports are popular in rural and suburban areas, and allow for racing, recreation, and easy access to backcountry destinations. This chapter will review the incidence and types of injuries sustained in off-road motorsports. We completed a structured review of motocross and all-terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries, assessing for injury rates, risk factors, and mortality figures. Information for this study was obtained from a PubMed search under the terms 'motocross', 'motorcross', 'all-terrain vehicles', 'injury', 'motorcycle', 'ATV'. Abstracts and articles in the English language from 1980 onward were reviewed. Further statistics were obtained from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission publications. Operating vehicles off-road requires coordination, experience, and training. Motocross is an organized sport with national associations governing the competition of highly trained athletes. ATVs are used both recreationally and commercially, typically for farming and ranching. ATV use appears more dangerous that motocross, with a higher mortality rate, disproportionately for children. Both sports continue to have high rates of head, spinal cord, and extremity injury. Future prospective studies in off-road motorsports should evaluate the risk factors for injury and target specific areas for injury prevention. Improved training programs, use and improvement of safety helmets, and for ATV use, limiting access to minors, may improve the overall safety of off-road motorsports.
Rough Set Feature Selection and Diagnostic Rule Generation for Industrial Applications

Diagnosis or Fault Detection and Identification is a crucial part of industrial process maintenance systems. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for fault feature selection that includes (1) feature preparation to obtain potential features from raw data, (2) multi-dimensional feature selection based on rough set theory, and (3) diagnostic rule generation to identify impending failures of an industrial system and to provide the causal relationships between the input conditions and related abnormalities.
IPsec/VPN security policy correctness and assurance

With IPsec/VPN policies being widely deployed, how to correctly specify and configure them is critical in enforcing security requirements, especially among different administrative domains across the Internet. Under current practice, IPsec/VPN policies are specified individually by system administrators from different organizations without any formal coordination. This practice implies unintentional errors due to inconsistent IPsec/VPN policies. Furthermore, Internet routing dynamics may possibly interfere with IPsec/VPN policies such that unexpected conflicts occur due to a mismatch between the routing and IPsec/VPN layers. To deal with these problems, we formally define IPsec security requirements, policies, and their correctness criteria. Based on these definitions, we present an inter-domain architecture to automatically generate correct and efficient security policies. Our approach works when we are given a set of security requirements for a single end-to-end traffic flow. We can also deal with changes when new security requirements are added. Finally, we present simulation results which evaluate the performance of our solutions.
Chromosomal DNA replication initiates at the same origins in meiosis and mitosis.

Abstract Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements are identified by their ability to promote high-frequency transformation and extrachromosomal replication of plasmids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Six of the 14 ARS elements present in a 200-kb region of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome III are mitotic chromosomal replication origins. The unexpected observation that eight ARS elements do not function at detectable levels as chromosomal replication origins during mitotic growth suggested that these ARS elements may function as chromosomal origins during premeiotic S phase. Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis was used to map premeiotic replication origins in a 100-kb segment of chromosome III between HML and CEN3. The pattern of origin usage in premeiotic S phase was identical to that in mitotic S phase, with the possible exception of ARS308, which is an inefficient mitotic origin associated with CEN3. CEN3 was found to replicate during premeiotic S phase, demonstrating that the failure of sister chromatids to disjoin during the meiosis I division is not due to unreplicated centromeres. No origins were found in the DNA fragments without ARS function. Thus, in both mitosis and meiosis, chromosomal replication origins are coincident with ARS elements but not all ARS elements have chromosomal origin function. The efficiency of origin use and the patterns of replication termination are similar in meiosis and in mitosis. DNA replication termination occurs over a broad distance between active origins.
Cloning and sequencing of the petBD operon from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002

The genes encoding the photosynthetic cytochrome b6 (petB) and subunit 4 (petD) have been cloned and sequenced from the unicellular, photoheterotrophic, transformable cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, formerly designated Agmenellum quadruplicatum. The gene arrangement was found to be similar to that reported in the cyanobacterium Nostoc PCC 7906. The DNA and derived protein sequences were compared to chloroplast and the other cyanobacterial sequences. By pulsed-field electrophoresis, the petBD operon and the petCA operon, encoding the Rieske iron-sulfur protein and cytochrome f, were found to be located on separate, unlinked,Not I-digested DNA fragments. ThepetBD operon was found on the third largest Not I fragment (NC-325) while the petCA operon was found on the second largest Not I fragment (NB-370). These results suggest the two operons are not in proximity. The 1.35 kb transcript was shown to be light-regulated. Transcripts from cells grown under constant illumination showed a decrease in petB transcript levels to undetectable levels within 2 h after the cells were placed in the dark. Upon reillumination, transcript levels rose to three-fold over that seen initially under constant illumination.
Studies of muscle fibers of the tensor tympani of the cat

The tensor tympani muscle of the cat has been studied using histological and electrophysiological techniques. Histological studies revealed the presence of striated and smooth muscle fibers. The striated muscle fibers could be classified structurally as “Fibrillenstruktur” and “Felderstruktur” fibers, suggesting that both “fast” phasic and “slow” tonic fibers were present. Histochemical studies showed that some of the smaller (25–40 μ) Fibrillenstruktur fibers possessed relatively large end-plate receptor areas which stained heavily for acetylcholinesterase. The membranes and cytoplasm of even smaller diameter fibers (9–25 μ) stained for acetylcholinesterase, similar to its distribution in muscle spindles of other muscles. Intracellular recordings showed that there were two distribution peaks of the resting membrane potentials — one at 40–50 mV, the other at 70–80 mV. When the nerve to the tensor tympani was stimulated by single square wave pulses, small junctional potentials (40 mV) followed by an after-hyperpolarization, were recorded only from fibers with low resting membrane potentials — presumably slow Felderstruktur fibers. Large (70–90 mV) potentials which showed overshoot of zero potential, and which were preceded by initial long depolrizing potentials, were recorded from fibers with large resting membrane potentials. These fibers, which showed occasional spontaneous activity were presumably smooth muscle fibers. Potentials similar to those recorded from fast muscle fibers in other muscles were also occasionally recorded. It was concluded that the cat tensor tympani possessed slow and fast striated muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and possible some embryonic type muscle fibers.
Propagation of errors in spectrophotometric colorimetry.

An important part of the basis of instrumental colorimetry, namely, the uncertainty of spectrophotometric data, has been neglected in the investigations of color and color specification. The uncertainty of measurement of spectral data results from recurrent and random fluctuations such as slit-width and stray-energy effects and photometric-scale and wavelength-scale effects. By means of the theory of propagation of errors in a computed result the variances in each of the CIE chromaticity coordinates are determined. As the chromaticity coordinates are correlated, the covariance between x and y is also determined. Uncertainty ellipses are formed by assuming that the variates have normal distributions about their mean values with the determined covariance matrix. These ellipses have been computed for a representative series of colors for the special case of constant spectral uncertainty. These ellipses are compared with the perceptibility ellipses of MacAdam. As in visual colorimetry, an instrumental measurement of chromaticity coordinates does not establish a single point on the chromaticity diagram, but rather indicates that the true chromaticity point probably lies within an elliptical area surrounding this point.
Native and non-native intermediates in the BPTI folding pathway

Recent studies of the disulfide-bonded intermediates in the refolding of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) indicate that the most stable intermediates can take on much or all of the structure of the fully folded protein. Native-like structure in the intermediates probably causes steric inhibition of direct sequential formation of the three disulfides found in the native protein, thus accounting for the role of intramolecular rearrangements in the folding mechanism of this small protein.
A Review of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Therapeutic Potential as Anti-Infective Drugs

Purpose: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential part of innate immunity that evolved in most living organisms over 2.6 billion years to combat microbial challenge. These small cationic peptides are multifunctional as effectors of innate immunity on skin and mucosal surfaces and have demonstrated direct antimicrobial activity against various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This review summarizes their progress to date as commercial antimicrobial drugs for topical and systemic indications. Methods: Literature review. Results: Despite numerous clinical trials, no modified AMP has obtained Food & Drug Administration approval yet for any topical or systemic medical indications. Conclusions: While AMPs are recognized as essential components of natural host innate immunity against microbial challenge, their usefulness as a new class of antimicrobial drugs still remains to be proven.
Molecular interdiction of Src-family kinase signaling in hematopoietic cells

The ability of Src-family kinases (SFKs) to mediate signaling from cell surface receptors in hematopoietic cells is a function of their catalytic activity, location and binding partners. Kinase activity is regulated in the cell by kinases and phosphatases that alter the state of phosphorylation of key tyrosine residues and by protein binding partners that stabilize the kinase in active or inactive conformations or localize the enzyme to specific subcellular or submembrane domains. Kinase activity and function can be modulated experimentally through the use of small molecule inhibitors designed to directly target catalytic or binding domains or regulate the location of the protein by altering its state of acylation.
'Roid rage in rats? Testosterone effects on aggressive motivation, impulsivity and tyrosine hydroxylase.

In humans and animals, anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) increase aggression, but the underlying behavioral mechanisms are unclear. AAS may increase the motivation to fight. Alternatively, AAS may increase impulsive behavior, consistent with the popular image of ‘roid rage. To test this, adolescent male rats were treated chronically with testosterone (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle and tested for aggressive motivation and impulsivity. Rats were trained to respond on a nose-poke on a 10 min fixed-interval schedule for the opportunity to fight in their home cage with an unfamiliar rat. Although testosterone increased aggression (6.3±1.3 fights/5 min vs 2.4±0.8 for controls, p<0.05), there was no difference in operant responding (28.4±1.6 nose-pokes/ 10 min for testosterone, 32.4±7.0 for vehicle). This suggests that testosterone does not enhance motivation for aggression. To test for impulsivity, rats were trained to respond for food in a delay-discounting procedure. In an operant chamber, one lever delivered one food pellet immediately, the other lever gave 4 pellets after a delay (0, 15, 30 or 45 s). In testosterone- and vehicle-treated rats, body weights and food intake did not differ. However, testosterone-treated rats chose the larger, delayed reward more often (4.5±0.7 times in 10 trials with 45 s delay) than vehicle controls (2.5±0.5 times, p<0.05), consistent with a reduction in impulsive choice. Thus, although chronic high-dose testosterone enhances aggression, this does not include an increase in impulsive behavior or motivation to fight. This is further supported by measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by Western immunoblot analysis in brain regions important for motivation (nucleus accumbens, Acb) and executive function (medial prefrontal cortex, PFC). There were no differences in TH between testosterone- and vehicle-treated rats in Acb or PFC. However, testosterone significantly reduced TH (to 76.9±3.1% of controls, p<0.05) in the caudate-putamen, a brain area important for behavioral inhibition, motor control and habit learning.
Techniques and parameters for estimating radiation exposure and dose in cardiac computed tomography

With increasing clinical use of cardiac CT imaging it is important that all health care providers referring for or administering such examinations are familiar with the concepts and values of radiation dosimetry in CT as well as with the basic principles of radiation protection. There are important technical differences pertinent to radiation dose between the CT scanner types that are currently being used for imaging of the heart and coronary arteries. As a result of these differences, the radiation dose typically is higher when a cardiac examination is performed with multidetector-row CT (MDCT) than when it is performed with electron beam CT. Several techniques have been described to reduce radiation dose of MDCT imaging by varying the X-ray tube current during a CT examination. The volume computed tomographic dose index (CTDIvol), the dose length product (DLP), and the effective dose (E) are the most useful parameters to describe and compare radiation doses received from cardiac CT examinations. When comparing radiation doses between scanning protocols and scanner types, the degree of image noise must be considered. Diagnostic, rather than aesthetic, quality of images should be the most important factor guiding the development of scanning protocols for cardiac CT imaging. Cardiac CT examinations should be ordered only by qualified health care providers, and the ordering clinicians should be aware of their responsibility of weighing risks of the radiation exposure against the expected benefits.
The influence of short saturated barriers on electron transfer between metal ions

Abstract Although the metal-ion-containing prosthetic groups of many electron-transport proteins lie at or very near the protein surface, some appear to be relatively inaccessible. Also, it is difficult to image how metalloproteins that are intermediate in the reaction sequence for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation could be attached to both sequence neighbors to allow direct-contact electron transfer. Hence, it has been reasonably assumed that electron transport metalloproteins are separated from each other by some distance along the membrane surface [1]. It is of interest to determine how the rate of electron transfer varies with separation distance of redox partners. In this presentation, we will discuss complexes formed from two bridging ligands that separate the metal atoms (Ru(II) and Co(III)) so that direct contact is not possible. One of these ligands, 1,4-dicyano-(2,2.2)-bicyclooctane, is rigid and provides a shortest-distance-beyond-the-first-coordination-sphere of 4 A, while the other, trans-1,4-dicyanocyclohexane, is flexible and provides a shortest distance of 2 A (Fig. 1). The general scheme for the electron transfer reaction sequence we have used, involving initial reduction of Ru(III) to Ru(II) by a rapid reaction followed by the slow and irreversible reduction of Co(III) to Co(II), has been developed by Taube and coworkers [2]. The synthesis of the complexes, I and II, was accomplished by use of a labile Ru(III)-trifluoromethanesulfonate intermediate [3] using a method described by Sargeson and coworkers for Co(III) complexes [4] and by the in situ removal of Cl− from Co(III) using (CF3SO2)2O. Estimates for the expected rate of intramolecular electron transfer were made using Marcus' theory as described for ruthenium complexes by Brown and Sutin [5], with a statistical factor to account for the effective concentration of an intramolecular reaction [6]. The results are simple, but interesting nonetheless. Upon reduction of I or II by a stoichiometric or substoichiometric amount of Ru(NH3)2+6 (in 0.10 M aqueous trifluoromethanesulfonic acid at 25 °C) the Ru(III) nitrile site is reduced to Ru(II) but not reduction of Co(III) to Co(II) is evident even after 20 hours (with concentrations of I or II less than 10−4M, so that intermolecular reactions are slow). Addition of excess Ru(NH3)2+6 leads to formation of Co(H2O)2+6 at expected rates. Based on a rate reduction of exp{−0.72(Δr)} [7], one would predict rate reductions of 18 and 4, for I and II, respectively, rather than the observed factors of 103 and 104 (the E 1 2 values of I and II are different, leading to different predicted rates). The barrier due to a saturated bridge, whether rigid with the shortest distance through the organic structure, as in I, or flexible with the shortest possible distance through the solvent, as in II, is much higher than might have been expected.
Determination of distributed fixed charge in CVD-oxide and its virtual elimination by use of HCl

The fixed flat-band charge in CVD-oxides is shown to be a sum of the fixed interface and the fixed distributed charge. The distributed charge density is apparently a constant through the bulk of the CVD-oxides deposited without HCl. It is proposed that the SiH4 cracking reaction proceeding in parallel with its oxidation is responsible for the distributed charge density. It is shown that the presence of HCl during CVD-oxide deposition not only eliminates the distributed charge—but also reduces the interface charge. The effect of atomic hydrogen chemisorption at a Si-SiO2 interface and on φms∗ is also discussed.