cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Evolution of the Sun's Magnetic Field: A Historical Review of the Flux-Transport Mechanism

This paper reviews our attempts to understand the transport of magnetic flux on the Sun from the Babcock and Leighton models to the recent revisions that are being used to simulate the field over many sunspot cycles. In these models, the flux originates in sunspot groups and spreads outward on the surface via supergranular diffusion; the expanding patterns become sheared by differential rotation, and the remnants are carried poleward by meridional flow. The net result of all of the flux eruptions during a sunspot cycle is to replace the initial polar fields with new fields of opposite polarity. A central issue in this process is the role of meridional flow, whose relatively low speed is near the limit of detection with Doppler techniques. A compelling feature of Leighton’s original model was that it reversed the polar fields without the need for meridional flow. Now, we think that meridional flow is central to the reversal and to the dynamo itself.
QUATOS: A University-Scale Test of the Quasi-Toroidal Stellarator Concept

A university-scale concept exploration experiment is proposed to investigate the improved confinement properties of the quasi-toroidal stellarator. The experiment would investigate three issues ger...
Evidence for the Latent Factor Structure of the MSLQ

1. Jonathan C. Hilpert[1][1] 2. Jennifer Stempien[2][2] 3. Katrien J. van der Hoeven Kraft[3][3] 4. Jenefer Husman[4][4] 1. 1Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA 2. 2University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA 3. 3Mesa Community College, Mesa, AZ, USA 4. 4Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA 1. Jonathan C. Hilpert, College of Education, Georgia Southern University, 1132 Southern Drive, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA. Email: jhilpert{at}georgiasouthern.edu The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) has a long history of use in educational psychology, yet few studies have examined the latent factor structure of the entire scale using data from a single administration of the instrument. Although using the subscales individually was encouraged by the creators of the instrument, the practice has produced piecemeal evidence for the latent factor structure. In the current study, we administered all 15 subscales of the MSLQ to a large population of postsecondary students enrolled in introductory geoscience courses and used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the latent factor structures described in previous MSLQ literature. Faced with unsatisfactory evidence for the hypothesized structures, we describe our respecification process and provide some commentary on a more parsimonious latent factor structure that may be of use in similar research projects. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #aff-2 [3]: #aff-3 [4]: #aff-4
Low-latency streaming of pre-encoded video using channel-adaptive bitstream assembly

Today's Internet video streaming systems employ buffering and retransmission to guarantee the correct reception of each packet. This leads to high latency in media delivery. In this paper, we present an efficient low-latency Internet video streaming system that does not require retransmission of lost packets. We pre-store multiple representations of certain frames on the server such that a representation using a more reliable reference frame will be selected and sent during transmission. The potential mismatch error during bitstream assembly at transmission is avoided by using a novel layered coding structure with coding restrictions. The optimal picture type is determined within a rate-distortion framework during pre-encoding and transmission, adapting to the channel, so that the expected end-to-end distortion is minimized under the given rate constraint. The expected distortion is calculated based on an accurate binary tree modeling with the effects of channel loss and error concealment taken into account. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides significant performance gains over a simple INTRA-insertion scheme. The increased error-resilience eliminates the need for retransmission, which allows to reduce the latency of streaming from 10-15 seconds to a few hundred milliseconds, with good video quality maintained.
The impact of type II diabetes mellitus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Background. The epidemic of obesity and diabetes is increasing within the USA and worldwide. We have previously shown that body mass index has increased significantly in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) subjects seen at our center in more recent years. However, the impact of Type II diabetes in ADPKD patients has not been well studied. Methods. This retrospective cohort study compared clinical characteristics in 44 pre-renal transplant patients with ADPKD and diabetes and 88 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic patients with ADPKD who were seen at the University of Colorado between 1977 and 2008. The primary outcomes in this study were renal volume determined by renal ultrasonography, renal function assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate and time to onset of end-stage renal disease or death by Kaplan–Meier analyses. Results. Diabetic patients had significantly larger kidney volumes than those with ADPKD alone [geometric mean (95% confidence interval (CI)]: 2456 (1510–3992) versus 1358 (1186–1556) cm 3 , P = 0.02. Among those whose age at hypertension diagnosis was known, the diabetic ADPKD patients had earlier median (95% CI) age at onset of hypertension compared to those with ADPKD alone: 32.5 (28–40) versus 38 (35–42) years, P = 0.04. Diabetic ADPKD patients tended to have an earlier median age of death than those with ADPKD alone. Conclusions. Patients with ADPKD and type II diabetes have larger renal volumes, earlier age at diagnosis of hypertension and may die at a younger age compared to those patients with ADPKD alone. This study emphasizes the importance of diabetes risk management in ADPKD.
Modeling Refractory Material Production by Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis (SHS)

Self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) can be used to prepare near net refractory shapes which are difficult to produce by other methods. In SHS, green compacts capable of strong exothermal reaction are ignited at one end and transformed into the desired products by a self-propagating reaction. Physical processes involved in SHS include chemical kinetics, macroscopic transport phenomena and phase transformations. This paper describes a simplified mathematical model of the SHS process derived by combining the heat equation with the chemical reaction rate equation. The model equations are solved numerically to obtain representation of the SHS process. Parametric studies have been performed to investigate the relative importance of the physical parameters in the model.
On a mixed-mode Dugdale model

A model attributed to Dugdale provides a correction for plasticity effects at crack tips in Mode I, under the assumption of small-scale yielding. Similar models have been proposed for Modes II and III, the former fairly recently. In the present study, the Dugdale model is extended to cases combining Modes I, II and III, based on the von Mises yield criterion. The combined model provides an a posteriori estimate for plasticity effects, based only on the stress intensity factors from the elasticity solution. It also provides an estimate for the crack-opening displacement and theJ-integral value. In the limit of small loads, the corresponding elastic results are recovered.
Mechanical properties of thin glassy polymer films filled with spherical polymer-grafted nanoparticles

It is commonly accepted that the addition of spherical nanoparticles (NPs) cannot simultaneously improve the elastic modulus, the yield stress, and the ductility of an amorphous glassy polymer matrix. In contrast to this conventional wisdom, we show that ductility can be substantially increased, while maintaining gains in the elastic modulus and yield stress, in glassy nanocomposite films composed of spherical silica NPs grafted with polystyrene (PS) chains in a PS matrix. The key to these improvements are (i) uniform NP spatial dispersion and (ii) strong interfacial binding between NPs and the matrix, by making the grafted chains sufficiently long relative to the matrix. Strikingly, the optimal conditions for the mechanical reinforcement of the same nanocomposite material in the melt state is completely different, requiring the presence of spatially extended NP clusters. Evidently, NP spatial dispersions that optimize material properties are crucially sensitive to the state (melt versus glass) of the polymeric material.
SHELL MICROSTRUCTURE OF GASTROPODS FROM LAKE TANGANYIKA, AFRICA: ADAPTATION, CONVERGENT EVOLUTION, AND ESCALATION

Gastropod shells from Lake Tanganyika, with their heavy calcification, coarse noded ribbing, spines, apertural lip thickening and repair scars, resemble marine shells more closely than they resemble other lacustrine shells. This convergence between Tanganyikan and marine gastropod shells, however, is not just superficial. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies reveal that the Tanganyikan shells are primarily layers of crossed-lamellar crystal architecture (that is, needle-like aragonite crystals arranged into laths that are packed into sheets such that the aragonite needles of adjacent laths are never parallel). The number of crossed-lamellar layers can vary from one to four between different Tanganyikan gastropod species. In species with two or more crossed-lamellar layers, the orientation of the lamellae is offset by approximately 90° between the different layers. The number of crossed-lamellar layers in the shell wall is positively correlated with shell strength and with predation resistance. Three and four crossed-lamellar layers in the shell wall evolved several times independently within the endemic thiarid gastropod radiation in Lake Tanganyika. Repeated origins of three and four crossed-lamellar layers suggest that they may be specific adaptations by Tanganyikan gastropods to strengthen their shells as a defense against shell-crushing predators.
Hand-foot-mouth Disease in Shuangliu County,2008-2011

Objective To investigate the epidemic features of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD),thus to provide evidence for future prevention and control measures.Methods Epidemic data of HFMD in Shuangliu county from 2008 to 2011 was conducted according to the China Information System for Disease Control and prevention of HFMD morbidity statistics.Results A total of 4517 cases of HFMD were reported from 2008 to2011,with an average annual incidence of 123.21/10~5.The annual incidence was 26.77/10~5 in 2008,102.52/10~5 in 2009,172.51/10~5 in 2010 and 188.70/10~5 in 2011.Among all the patients,1 case died,resulted in a fatality rate of 0.22 per thousand.April to July was the peak period for HFMD onset,with a total of2384 cases and accounting for 52.78%of all.Over the county,24 villages and towns(street) reported cases of the disease,among which the highest incidence was 242.32/10~5 in Xihanggang streets,and the lowest incidence was 41.17/10~5 in Dalin town.Patients were mainly children no more than 5 years old,with a total of4387 cases of disease,which was 97.12%of the total.In occupational distribution scattered children took a large proportion,with a total of 2306 cases of disease,accounted for 51.05%.Conclusion In Shuangliu county,HFMD is on the rise with obvious difference among different seasons and populations.Pertinent andspecific measures should be adopted timely to strengthen the prevention and control work.
Bicycles and human riders backscattering at 77 GHz for automotive radar

Rapidly developing autonomous vehicle technologies aim to reduce roadway fatalities and promote driver comfort. Such autonomous vehicle are mostly empowered by optical and radar sensors. Collision avoidance systems are becoming a common a standard safety feature in newer or future cars. Some automotive radar sensors have been successfully used in parking, lane changing, and blind spot detection. Newer 76–78 GHz radars are being developed and tested by car makers for extending these safety features to pedestrian and bicyclist detection. However, using cost effective vehicular radars in reliably detecting pedestrian and bicyclist with low false alarm rate still poses challenging due to many possible variations of these targets as well as the presence of other road objects. To improve detection methods, real scenario testing in currently being implemented where hundreds of tests can be performed on mannequins which mimic pedestrians and bicyclists both optically and to and radar. To accomplish this task, the backscattering of targets must be studied and understood. This paper presents experimental study findings of radar characteristics of bicycles with and without riders at 77 GHz. The measured RCS patterns of common bicycles with and without riders are compared and analyzed.
The mRNA-bound proteome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.

Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including transcription, stability, translation, and degradation. Over the years, it has become apparent that Plasmodium falciparum exerts limited transcriptional control of gene expression, while at least part of Plasmodium’s genome is controlled by post-transcriptional mechanisms. To generate insights into the mechanisms that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, we undertook complementary computational, comparative genomics, and experimental approaches to identify and characterize mRNA-binding proteins (mRBPs) in P. falciparum. Close to 1000 RNA-binding proteins are identified by hidden Markov model searches, of which mRBPs encompass a relatively large proportion of the parasite proteome as compared to other eukaryotes. Several abundant mRNA-binding domains are enriched in apicomplexan parasites, while strong depletion of mRNA-binding domains involved in RNA degradation is observed. Next, we experimentally capture 199 proteins that interact with mRNA during the blood stages, 64 of which with high confidence. These captured mRBPs show a significant overlap with the in silico identified candidate RBPs (p < 0.0001). Among the experimentally validated mRBPs are many known translational regulators active in other stages of the parasite’s life cycle, such as DOZI, CITH, PfCELF2, Musashi, and PfAlba1–4. Finally, we also detect several proteins with an RNA-binding domain abundant in Apicomplexans (RAP domain) that is almost exclusively found in apicomplexan parasites. Collectively, our results provide the most complete comparative genomics and experimental analysis of mRBPs in P. falciparum. A better understanding of these regulatory proteins will not only give insight into the intricate parasite life cycle but may also provide targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
Dynamical analysis in an exploited two-species competition model with double time delays

In this paper, a mathematical model is established to investigate interaction and coexistence mechanism of two-species competition ecosystem with nonlinear intraspecific regulation. The combined dynamic effects of maturation delay and harvest effort on population dynamics are discussed. Conditions for existence of unique interior equilibrium are investigated. Positivity and boundedness of solutions are analytically studied. By analyzing associated characteristic equation, local stability of the proposed model around the interior equilibrium is discussed. Furthermore, by constructing an appropriate Lyapunov functional, global stability of the unique interior equilibrium is discussed. Numerical simulations are carried out to show consistency with theoretical analysis.
Uncertainty, Innovation, and Dynamic Capabilities: An Introduction:

This special issue draws on a range of intellectual roots—ranging from financial economics to organization theory, to design theory, and to human cognition. The goal of this special issue is to bring scholars from different disciplines together with practitioners who have had success applying the framework so as to help other managers lead their organizations to higher levels of performance.
Innovation-Innovation Tradeoffs in Drug Pricing.

A common concern about drug pricing is that proposed regulation of drug markets may reduce the rate of drug innovation. Another important consideration is discussed in this commentary: How could po...
Why Explicit Knowledge Cannot Become Implicit Knowledge

In this essay, I review one of the conclusions in Lindseth (2016) published in Foreign Language Annals. That conclusion suggests that explicit learning and practice (what she called form-focused instruction) somehow help the development of implicit knowledge (or might even become implicit knowledge). I argue for a different interpretation of the results based on the nature of language as mental representation and the nature of acquisition. I argue that explicit knowledge cannot become implicit knowledge or help its development as characterized by Lindseth. Instead, the results can be interpreted as learners simply getting faster with explicit knowledge.
The Humanity of the Zombie: A Case Study of a Korean Zombie Comic

Originally defined as an undead human body by Haitian and Northern African voodoo culture, the zombie has become a popular cultural product. However, in most entertainment media, the zombie has been standardized as a frightful enemy to humans. The dominance of zombie-related Western media content has led to a number of variations in other cultures. In Korea, the concept of the zombie has evolved into the “ghost” concept of han (한, 恨), a unique emotional concept in Korean culture that stems from the country’s historical and geopolitical situation. Analyzing the narrative of the Korean online comic (“webtoon”) series Every Moment of Your Life (당신의 모든 순간), this paper discusses how the Western conception of the zombie has evolved in han, motivating audiences to reflect on the meaningfulness of human life.
Author’s reply to McHugh

McHugh is correct that MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is preferred for neuroblastoma with suspected spinal cord involvement because it offers better visualisation of the spinal canal.12345 Both CT (computed tomography) and MRI are widely used for neuroblastoma, and …
Two-photon absorption and two-photon circular dichroism of L-tryptophan in the near to far UV region

Abstract Herein we report on the first measurements of the two-photon absorption (TPA) spectrum of l -tryptophan in DMSO solution in the near to far UV region and the two-photon circular dichroism (TPCD) signal corresponding to a transition at 200 nm. We demonstrate the application of the Double L-scan technique in the near to far UV region to perform polarization dependent TPA measurements of chiral molecules. TPCD measurements below 400 nm reveal that chiral molecules in solution, such as tryptophan/DMSO, can undergo photochemical reactions in front of prolonged exposure to UV radiation.
Large scale structures in LES of an oscillating open channel flow under the influence of surface cooling

Abstract Large-eddy simulation (LES) of open channel flow driven by an oscillating pressure gradient with zero surface shear stress was performed. The flow is representative of a tidal boundary layer in the coastal ocean under weak or no wind forcing. For a neutrally stratified water column, during peak pressure gradient forcing or peak tide, the flow develops large scale structures secondary to the mean flow consisting of streamwise-elongated, counter-rotating cells engulfing the bulk of the water column. These structures are similar to the classical Couette cells found in turbulent Couette flow driven by parallel no-slip plates moving in opposite direction. Application of a constant cooling flux of 200 W m−2 at the surface of the open channel flow with an adiabatic bottom wall leads to what we term convective supercells consisting of streamwise-elongated cells of greater intensity and cross-stream width than Couette cells. The signature of the convective supercells is observed even during times when the oscillating mean flow is decelerating, unlike the signature of Couette cells in the case without surface cooling. The signature of the cells is visualized and quantified in terms of instantaneous fields such as streamwise-averaged velocity fluctuations, streamwise velocity averaged over streamwise and cross-stream directions and turbulent structure revealed through depth trajectories of Lumley invariant maps. Investigation of these convective supercells is deemed important due to their strong influence on vertical mixing of momentum and scalars and their potential role in determining the wake behind turbines in tidal flows.
Photochemical vapor generation: a radical approach to analyte introduction for atomic spectrometry

Photochemical vapor generation (PVG) is the newest subset of widely used vapor generation techniques to be coupled to atomic and mass spectrometries to provide enhanced analyte introduction efficiency. Improved detection power, minimization of potential spectral interferences and the promise of green chemistry serve as additional drivers. PVG has been successfully applied to the conventional suite of elements typically amenable to chemical vapor generation, such as As, Sb, Sn, Bi, Se, Te, Hg and Pb, as well as transition metals (Cd, Fe, Co, Ni and Os) and non-metals (I and Br). This tutorial provides an overview of developments and applications since its inception in 2003, including consideration of needed hardware (UV photochemical reactor and phase separator designs), reaction mechanisms and products, interferences, as well as benefits and short-comings. While significant advances have been made over the past decade in expanding the scope of elements amenable to PVG, the way forward demands elucidation of reaction mechanisms to support optimization, enhance prediction power and provide comprehension and control of potential interferences. In this connection, speculations on ultimate limitations, needed developments and future outlook are also presented. More applications to real-world samples are needed to sustain interest in the field and elicit further investment of research.
Slack and sourcing: A dynamic capabilities perspective

Resources do not exploit themselves. They need the human touch. Adopting a dynamic capabilities perspective, we investigate how firms increase performance by orchestrating the capabilities develope...
Disrupted copresence: Older adults’ views on mobile phone use during face-to-face interactions

This study investigates older adults’ perceptions of mobile phone use during face-to-face interactions and social gatherings. Data were derived from 9 semistructured focus group interviews. Study p...
Characterization of Soot Particles Produced from the Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels in a Shock-Tube

Soot as a byproduct of hydrocarbon combustion has been studied extensively because of its contribution to pollution, on the order of 12-24 Teragrams annually[1]. The composition and morphology of highly agglomerated soot particles is very much dependent on the combustion conditions and may change significantly during atmospheric aging, which occurs through condensation of low-volatile gaseous species (e.g. sulfuric acid and organics), coagulation with existing aerosols, and oxidation by OH and O3[2]. Therefore, better understanding of soot’s fundamental characteristics and formation pathways is critical to minimizing its adverse impact on the environment and human health. An experimental technique has been established for analyzing soot generated in a shock tube using a suite of instruments with particular emphasis on soot yield, particle composition, morphology, optical properties and mass fraction of elemental carbon (EC). The shock tube is useful for creating precise and repeatable temperature and pressure conditions for combusting test mixtures. This precise and individual control over the test conditions allows for studying the effects small temperature and pressure changes have on fundamental soot properties. In the present study, soot is examined from its initiation, through its growth, and at various time increments. The following describes the equipment and techniques used to produce and analyze soot from the combustion of high-equivalence ratio propane and oxygen mixtures, and the results of the analysis are presented.
Reteplase Infusion in the Treatment of Acute Lower Extremity Occlusions

Purpose: Reteplase, a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, has been used in the treatment of acute coronary occlusion. Experience is accumulating regarding its use in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Increased experience with this thrombolytic agent may show that it can be an appropriate alternative agent to currently employed plasminogen activators.
Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies massiliense infection after skin graft and cholecystectomy in a burn patient

Diagnosing skin and soft tissue infections due to rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) can often prove difficult, leading to delays in treatment. Postoperative infections caused by RGM are increasingly recognized both within and outside the USA, but are rarely encountered in burn units. We report a case of postoperative skin and soft tissue infection along a cholecystectomy incision in a burn patient caused by Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense. Postoperative infections caused by RGM require a high index of suspicion, often necessitating biopsy for definitive diagnosis. Physicians should consider this diagnosis when postoperative infections arise later than typically seen for routine bacterial infections and fail to respond to first-line therapy.
Please browse responsibly: A correlational examination of technology access and time spent online in the Barlett Gentile Cyberbullying Model

Abstract The current research examined the plausibility of adding participant age, time spent online and perceptions of country technology access to the Barlett Gentile Cyberbullying Model (BGCM) – a theoretical model used to predict cyberbullying perpetration. One hundred and sixty-four US adults completed questionnaires that assessed the aforementioned variables and measures for cyberbullying behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions. Path modeling results showed that the postulates of the original derivation of the BGCM were supported. Possibly extending the model, additional results showed that cyberbullying attitudes and perpetration were both negatively correlated with perceptions of country technology access and positively correlated with time online. We discuss these results in terms of theory development.
Analysis of Anemotactic Flight Tendencies of the Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) during the 2017 Mass Dispersal Flights in Pennsylvania

Video-recordings were made of adult spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula, taking flight from apple trees in an orchard in northeast Pennsylvania in September, 2017 during a mass dispersal flight event involving thousands of adults. The trajectories of adults flying upwind in straight and level or gradually descending flight allowed them to traverse only up to ca. 40 m in a single flight-bout. Many did not make it to trees or bushes that were at even shorter distances than this and they landed in the grass. Flight tracks of 162 adults launching themselves into the wind from the upper branches of apple trees were video-recorded in plan view from below by a camera placed on the ground aimed straight up at the sky. The tracks were then digitized and analyzed using a triangle of velocities technique to determine the degree to which the adults were progressing in a directly upwind flight track, with the wind vector experienced by each adult calculated from the adults’ flight track itself. Average airspeeds of upwind-flying L. delicatula had been previously measured in another group of adults and shown to not vary with wind speed. The headings (direction of thrust) of adults in the video frames were determined by matching the image of the adult in each video frame with a template image of a pinned adult of a known distance from the camera and heading. Matching the body axis in this way works for this species because the adults flying in these elongated fairly straight flight paths did so with forewings spread out flat to the ground with little discernable roll. Having determined airspeed and heading plus ground speed and track for each set of images allowed the third side of the triangle of velocities — the wind velocity vector — to be calculated for each flying adult at whatever altitude or lateral location in the camera’s field of view it was flying. Adult L. delicatula were found to head upwind in flight at 10.7° off the wind line to produce resulting track angles of progression over the ground averaging 30.9° off the wind line due to this discrepancy between their headings and the wind velocities into which they were flying. The wind velocity vectors provided by a ground-based anemometer during the periods each adult was flying through the video frames deviated from the wind velocity vectors calculated using the triangle of velocities technique by nearly 22° and were 50% lower in wind speed than the calculated vectors taken at the higher altitudes and locations each adult was flying. The triangle of velocities technique might provide a new way of using certain species of insects as free-flying anemometers to take wind velocity readings at different heights and spatial locations that are not attainable through the use of ground-based anemometers.
Untangling intelligence, psychopathy, personality disorders, & conduct problems: A meta-analytic review

Across the last several decades, a growing body of research has accumulated concerning the relationship between indicators of general intelligence and the personality construct known as psychopathy. Both traits represent key correlates of life outcomes, predicting everything from occupational and economic success, to various indicators of prosocial and antisocial behaviour. The findings to date regarding the association of the two traits, however, have been somewhat inconsistent. Moreover, there has been a tendency to confuse psychopathy with other clinically significant disorders, which also predict antisocial behaviour. Thus, there remains a need for a more systematic investigation of the extant empirical literature. The current study represents a meta-analysis conducted to evaluate the direction and overall effect size between these traits: intelligence, psychopathy, and antisocial or conduct-related disorders. In a pooled sample of 27,094 participants from 105 correlations, our analyses revealed a small, statistically significant, relationship between intelligence and psychopathy (r = -.07, p = .001). Furthermore, we analysed the relationship between intelligence and antisocial disorders, finding a modest, inverse relationship for Antisocial Personality Disorder (r = -.13, p = .001; n = 2,151; k = 14) and Conduct Disorder (r = -.11; n = 23,171; k = 23), but a small, positive association for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (r = .06, p = .001; n = 10,362; k = 3).
Finding categories through words: More nameable features improve category learning.

Abstract What are the cognitive consequences of having a name for something? Having a word for a feature makes it easier to communicate about a set of exemplars belonging to the same category (e.g., “the red things”). But might it also make it easier to learn the category itself? Here, we provide evidence that the ease of learning category distinctions based on simple visual features is predicted from the ease of naming those features. Across seven experiments, participants learned categories composed of colors or shapes that were either easy or more difficult to name in English. Holding the category structure constant, when the underlying features of the category were easy to name, participants were faster and more accurate in learning the novel category. These results suggest that compact verbal labels may facilitate hypothesis formation during learning: it is easier to pose the hypothesis “it is about redness” than “it is about that pinkish-purplish color”. Our results have consequences for understanding how developmental and cross-linguistic differences in a language's vocabulary affect category learning and conceptual development.
Psychological Distress in Solitary Confinement: Symptoms, Severity, and Prevalence in the United States, 2017-2018

Objectives. To specify symptoms and measure prevalence of psychological distress among incarcerated people in long-term solitary confinement.Methods. We gathered data via semistructured, in-depth interviews; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) assessments; and systematic reviews of medical and disciplinary files for 106 randomly selected people in solitary confinement in the Washington State Department of Corrections in 2017. We performed 1-year follow-up interviews and BPRS assessments with 80 of these incarcerated people, and we present the results of our qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics.Results. BPRS results showed clinically significant symptoms of depression, anxiety, or guilt among half of our research sample. Administrative data showed disproportionately high rates of serious mental illness and self-harming behavior compared with general prison populations. Interview content analysis revealed additional symptoms, including social isolation, loss of identity, and sensory hypersensitivity.Conclusions. Our coordinated study of rating scale, interview, and administrative data illustrates the public health crisis of solitary confinement. Because 95% or more of all incarcerated people, including those who experienced solitary confinement, are eventually released, understanding disproportionate psychopathology matters for developing prevention policies and addressing the unique needs of people who have experienced solitary confinement, an extreme element of mass incarceration.
Fungal volatiles mediate cheese rind microbiome assembly

In vitro studies in plant, soil, and human systems have shown that microbial volatiles can mediate microbe-microbe or microbe-host interactions. These previous studies have often used artificially high concentrations of volatiles compared to in situ systems and have not demonstrated the roles volatiles play in mediating community-level dynamics. We used the notoriously volatile cheese rind microbiome to identify bacteria responsive to volatiles produced by five widespread cheese fungi. Vibrio casei had the strongest growth stimulation when exposed to all fungi. In multispecies community experiments, fungal volatiles caused a shift to a Vibrio-dominated community, potentially explaining the widespread occurrence of Vibrio in surface-ripened cheeses. RNA sequencing identified activation of the glyoxylate shunt as a possible mechanism underlying volatile-mediated growth promotion and community assembly. Our study demonstrates how airborne chemicals could be used to control the composition of microbiomes and illustrates how volatiles may impact the development of cheese rinds.
Defect annihilation in heavy ion irradiated polycrystalline gold

Abstract In this study, we explore the interaction of electron wind force (EWF) with defects originating from ion irradiation in-situ inside a transmission electron microscope. Nanocrystalline gold specimens were self-ion irradiated to a dose of 5 × 1015 ions/cm2 (45 displacement per atom) to generate a high density of displacement damage. We also developed a molecular dynamics simulation model to understand the associated atomic scale mechanisms. Both experiments and simulations show that the EWF can impart significant defect mobility even at low temperatures, resulting in the migration and elimination of defects in a few minutes. We propose that the EWF interacts with defects to create highly glissile Shockley partial dislocations, which makes the fast and low temperature defect annihilation possible.
A Simultaneous Bidirectional Single-Ended Coaxial Link With 24-Gb/s Forward and 312.5-Mb/s Back Channels

A simultaneous bidirectional single-ended link is realized in TI’s 130-nm BiCMOS technology without any replica drivers. We measure a jitter tolerance of about 0.7 UIpp at 10 MHz for the 24-Gb/s forward channel with 18.3-dB loss at a bit error rate (BER) < 10−12, while consuming 141.25 mW in the bidirectional drivers and receiver front-ends. Furthermore, the architecture has been extended to support transfer of dc power over coax in addition to high-speed signaling.
Rate of resident recognition of nonaccidental trauma: how well do residents perform?

A resident working under the entrustable professional activity of a graduated independent coverage model must identify nonaccidental trauma and notify clinicians of this concern to facilitate potential removal of the child from harm. The resident’s role in identifying child abuse has not previously been studied. The purpose of this study was to assess radiology residents’ ability to identify radiographic imaging findings of nonaccidental trauma in a simulated call environment. The Wisdom in Diagnostic Imaging Emergent/Critical Care Radiology Simulation (WIDI SIM) is a strategically designed computer-aided simulation of an emergency imaging experience that has been rigorously tested and proven to be a reliable means for assessing resident preparedness to competently and independently cover radiology call. The residents are provided with 65 cases of varying difficulty, including normal studies. Those cases include ones that require the resident to accurately identify skeletal findings of nonaccidental trauma. The residents respond using free text that is then scored manually by faculty members utilizing a robust grading rubric. Missed cases are then categorized by observation error and/or interpretative errors. A total of 675 radiology residents were given a case of nonaccidental trauma using the WIDI simulation web-based test platform between 2014 and 2017. Child abuse was consistently underdiagnosed by radiology residents being tested for call readiness irrespective of the numbers of years in training. Correct diagnostic score averages per year ranged from 10% to 79%. In year 1, 71% of residents correctly diagnosed nonaccidental trauma with a total of 101 participants. In year 2, 130 residents participated with only 20% answering correctly. In year 3, there were 201 participants with 79% correctly diagnosing nonaccidental trauma. In year 4, only 10% of 243 residents accurately diagnosed nonaccidental trauma. Residents from various stages of training were tested. Cases used with leading histories provided, accounted for a higher correct call rate. Radiology residency programs may be deficient in teaching residents to accurately recognize and report child abuse. This deficiency has potential implications for programs where a radiology attending is not present after hours as it raises the concern that child abuse may be missed by residents taking independent call. These data further question whether graduating radiologists are competent to recognize nonaccidental trauma and demonstrates the need for additional mandatory training during radiology residency.
Food allergy to proteins.

Food allergy is defined as an immune system-mediated adverse reaction to food proteins. Class 1 food allergens are represented by peanut, egg white, and cow’s milk; they are heat- and acid-stable gl
Qualitative Species Differences and Quantitative Tissue Differences in the Distribution of Lysine-rich Histones

Abstract Species-specific differences in the distribution of lysine-rich histones were investigated in spleen tissue of three mammalian (calf, cat, and rat) and one avian (chicken) species. Tissue-specific differences in the distribution of the lysine-rich histones were studied in liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus tissues of the rat; liver, spleen, and thymus of the calf; and liver, spleen, and erythrocytes of the chicken. The lysine-rich histone fractions were extracted with aqueous trichloracetic acid from 0.14 m NaCl-washed tissue homogenates and isolated nuclei. The extracts were fractionated by gradient elution chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 with a linear gradient of guanidinium chloride. Species-specific lysine-rich histone components were observed in the elution profiles for the spleen of calf, rat, cat, and chicken which showed three, five, four, and five distinct components, respectively. Studies on the electrophoretic mobility of the whole lysine-rich histone fractions in polyacrylamide gels showed that the rat spleen fraction contained a component not found in either calf spleen or chicken spleen. In addition, the chicken spleen fraction contained a component not found in the calf spleen fraction. Amino acid analysis of the individual chromatographic components of four different species showed that the over-all compositions were remarkably similar except for a single component found in four tissues of the rat. Treatment of this component with cyanogen bromide indicated that methionine was an integral part of the primary structure. This is the first report of the presence of methionine in a purified lysine-rich histone from any source. Quantitative differences were found between a number of corresponding lysine-rich histones of different tissues of the same species, both mammalian and avian, but the complement of histones for a given species was identical in all tissues studied. Planimetric analysis of duplicate chromatographic profiles of three separate preparations of the rat thymus, spleen, liver, and kidney fractions showed that the thymus fraction contained a 4- to 7-fold greater amount of Component 1 compared to the liver, spleen, and kidney fractions. The kidney fraction contained about one-half the amount of both Components 2 and 5 compared to the thymus, liver, and spleen fractions. All four tissues contained similar relative proportions of Component 3, but the kidney fraction contained approximately twice as much of Component 4 compared to the other three fractions. Absorbance profiles of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of the lysine-rich histone fractions of rat thymus, spleen, and liver provided similar results. However, precise quantitative determination of minor components was not possible because of the relatively small differences in mobility between certain components.
Regulation of phospholipase C‐β1 GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) function and relationship to Gq efficacy

How cells regulate Gq efficacy (initiation and termination of Gq signaling) to effect response remains a central question in pharmacology and drug discovery. Phospholipase C-β1 (PLC-β1) is an effector and a GTPase activating protein (GAP) specific to Gαq. The physiological function of PLC-β1 GAP remains unclear and controversial. GAPs are generally thought to function in deactivation of Gq signaling. However, PLC-β1 GAP has also been shown to increase signaling efficiency through kinetic coupling with the ligand-activated GPCR. GPCRs function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) on the G protein activation cycle. This article sets forth a new hypothesis that could unify these conflicting paradigms as it pertains to physiological signaling and native levels of protein. It is proposed that the physiological function of PLC-β1 GAP is context-dependent and regulated by phosphatidic acid (PA). PA stimulates PLC-β1 GAP activity. In the absence of ligand, PLC-β1 GAP does indeed deactivate Gq signaling, limiting leaky activation to set the threshold for stimulation to sharpen signal kinetics. However in the presence of activating ligand, the increase in levels of PA would stimulate PLC-β1 GAP to kinetically couple with GPCR GEF to increase signaling efficiency. We found that PA-increased Gq efficiency is dependent on signaling via the unique PLC-β1 PA binding domain.
Straight-line drawings of general trees with linear area and arbitrary aspect ratio

Trees are usually drawn planar, i.e. without any crossings. In this paper we investigate the area requirement of planar straight-line drawings of trees. A degree-d tree is one in which each node has at most d edges incident on it. Let T be a degree-d tree with n nodes, such that d = O(nδ), where δ < 1/2 is a constant. We show that T admits a planar straight-line grid drawing with area O(n) and with any prespecified aspect ratio in the range [1, nα], where α is a constant such that 0 ≤ α < 1. We also show that such a drawing can be constructed in O(n log n) time.
The application of robotics to microlaryngeal laser surgery.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the performance of human subjects, using a prototype robotic micromanipulator controller in a simulated, microlaryngeal operative setting. Study Design Observational cross-sectional study. Methods Twenty-two human subjects with varying degrees of laser experience performed CO2 laser surgical tasks within a simulated microlaryngeal operative setting using an industry standard manual micromanipulator (MMM) and a prototype robotic micromanipulator controller (RMC). Accuracy, repeatability, and ablation consistency measures were obtained for each human subject across both conditions and for the preprogrammed RMC device. Results Using the standard MMM, surgeons with >10 previous laser cases performed superior to subjects with fewer cases on measures of error percentage and cumulative error (P = .045 and .03, respectively). No significant differences in performance were observed between subjects using the RMC device. In the programmed (P/A) mode, the RMC performed equivalently or superiorly to experienced human subjects on accuracy and repeatability measures, and nearly an order of magnitude better on measures of ablation consistency. The programmed RMC performed significantly better for repetition error when compared to human subjects with <100 previous laser cases (P = .04). Conclusions Experienced laser surgeons perform better than novice surgeons on tasks of accuracy and repeatability using the MMM device but roughly equivalently using the novel RMC. Operated in the P/A mode, the RMC performs equivalently or superior to experienced laser surgeons using the industry standard MMM for all measured parameters, and delivers an ablation consistency nearly an order of magnitude better than human laser operators. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 125:1393–1400, 2015