cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collaboration and Institutional Endurance in U.S. Water Policy

C ollaborative institutions, which involve the collective decision-making by multiple political agencies, communities, and stakeholders, are becoming increasingly important for addressing policy dilemmas that are not bound within a single jurisdiction. This is especially true in the environmental arena ~Wondolleck and Yaffee 2000; Karkkainen 2002; Koontz et al. 2004; Lubell 2004; McKinney and Harmon 2004; Brick et al. 2001; Sabel et al. 2000!. In the water management field, for instance, Sabatier, Weible, and Ficker ~2005! have argued that the growth of collaborative efforts among small watersheds is so widespread that it has become a new paradigm of management. A considerable body of policy research, particularly on watershed management, has begun to examine the factors that support the emergence of collaborative environmental governance ~Lubell et al. 2002; Blomquist 1992; Ostrom 1990!. Understanding what factors affect the performance of collaborative institutions has also become an emerging theme in this scholarship ~Sabatier, Leach, Lubell, and Pelkey 2005; Leach, Pelkey, and Sabatier 2002; Conley and Moote 2003; Innes and Booher 1999!. Empirically and methodologically however, what is often missing from research on collaborative institutions is a clearer picture of what factors support the endurance of collaborative institutions over time.1 Institutional endurance, at a basic level, can be defined as the capacity of an institutional arrangement to persist over time. Here we are concerned not with the endurance of institutions broadly conceived, but rather with the endurance of collaborative institutions and those mechanisms that keep collaborative actors at the table and working together. We suggest that many of the factors that bring actors together in the first place are also those that keep them together. Yet, as a wide body of literature on institutions and collaboration suggests, the role of learning and adaptation over time also plays a critical role in this process. To help illuminate how this theory can be supported, this paper introduces examples from four largescale collaborative watershed management programs in the U.S., including efforts along the Columbia River and Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers, and in the Chesapeake Bay and Florida Everglades. In concluding, we discuss the role of endurance in assessing the performance of collaborative watershed management institutions.
A finite element Poisson solver for gyrokinetic particle simulations in a global field aligned mesh

A new finite element Poisson solver is developed and applied to a global gyrokinetic toroidal code (GTC) which employs the field aligned mesh and thus a logically non-rectangular grid in a general geometry. Employing test cases where the analytical solutions are known, the finite element solver has been verified. The CPU time scaling versus the matrix size employing portable, extensible toolkit for scientific computation (PETSc) to solve the sparse matrix is promising. Taking the ion temperature gradient modes (ITG) as an example, the solution from the new finite element solver has been compared to the solution from the original GTC's iterative solver which is only efficient for adiabatic electrons. Linear and nonlinear simulation results from the two different forms of the gyrokinetic Poisson equation (integral form and the differential form) coincide each other. The new finite element solver enables the implementation of advanced kinetic electron models for global electromagnetic simulations.
Analysis of robustness for shipboard power system with non-radial power flow

In an all electric ship, the intelligent and integrated power system (IPS) that allows for reconfiguration offers better fight-through and survivability capabilities compared to manual service restoration. Automated reconfiguration involves optimizing the status of switches (ON/OFF) such that power delivered to loads is maximized after the occurrence of a fault. The priority is given to vital loads over semi-vital and non-vital loads while maximizing the power delivered. The novelty of the formulation presented in this paper is the consideration of non-radial power flow in a balanced hybrid (AC & DC) shipboard power system (SPS). Analysis of the original mixed-integer non-convex reconfiguration optimization is done by formulating appropriate low complexity convex form to reduce computation time. Comparative studies of cumulative distribution frequency (CDF) of the power delivered to loads for non-radial and radial configurations are presented to demonstrate the robustness of non-radial topology in case of multiple simultaneous faults.
ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CIPROFLOXACIN INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN BLADDER CANCER CELLS

Purpose: In our earlier series we showed that ciprofloxacin inhibits bladder tumor cell growth with concomitant S/G2M cell cycle arrest and reported an increased Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio in cells undergoing cell death. In the current series we elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which ciprofloxacin induces apoptotic processes.Materials and Methods: Ciprofloxacin mediated mitochondrial depolarization was detected by flow cytometry in HTB9 cells. Mitochondrial permeability transition was measured by spectrophotometry in isolated mitochondria treated with ciprofloxacin in the presence and absence of cyclosporin. The consequential decrease in mitochondrial calcium, cytochrome c release and Bax translocation to mitochondria, which resulted in the activation of caspase 3 leading to apoptotic cell death, was measured by biochemical and confocal microscopy.Results: Mitochondrial depolarization was observed during ciprofloxacin induced apoptotic processes. Cyclosporin A, a known inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeab...
Landscape perception: Research, application and theory

Abstract Landscape perception research during the past two decades has responded to legislative mandates and landscape management, planning and design issues in a number of countries. It has also engaged the interests of individuals from a variety of disciplines and professions. This paper presents an analysis of the paradigms that have been followed in assessing perceived landscape values, and identifies the theoretical or conceptual bases which underlie these approaches. Four paradigms are identified from review of over 160 articles published in 20 journals during the period 1965–1980. Publications in each paradigm (expert, psychophysical, cognitive and experiential) are reviewed with reference to contributions to pragmatic landscape planning and management issues and to the evolution of a general theory of landscape perception. Trends in publications within the paradigms are indicated over time and by professional-disciplinary orientation. Overall, the absence of an explicit theoretical foundation is noted. Arguments in support of the development of a theoretical framework for landscape perception research are advanced and a proposed framework based on an interactive perception process is presented.
Miniature free-piston homogeneous charge compression ignition engine-compressor concept—Part II: modeling HCCI combustion in small scales with detailed homogeneous gas phase chemical kinetics

Operational maps for crankshaft-equipped miniature homogeneous charge compression ignition engines are established using performance estimation, detailed chemical kinetics, and di;usion models for heat transfer and radical loss. In this study, radical loss was found to be insigni<cant. In contrast, heat transfer was found to be increasingly signi<cant for 10, 1, and 0 :1 W engines, respectively. Also, temperature–pressure trajectories and ignition delay time maps are used to explore relationships between engine operational parameters and HCCI. Lastly, e;ects of engine operating conditions and design on the indicated fuel conversion eAciency are investigated. ? 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Some Prerequisites for Interpreting Results from Reading Level Matched Designs

The present paper discusses conflicting interpretations of specific patterns of results from contrasts of poor and normal readers matched either for chronological age (CA) or reading level (RL). Of general concern is the ambiguity inherent in interpreting results comparing CA- and RL-matched groups on cognitive tasks that could be affected by reading ability. It is argued that causal inferences that might be prompted by a given pattern of results are permissible only when (a) that pattern is observed with a high degree of consistency on a wide variety of relevant cognitive tasks; at least some of which are not readily influenced by experience in reading, (b) if the data are organized by a reasonably plausible theory of reading disability; and (c) if the hypotheses generated by this theory are supported by independent research.
The Reverse Favorite-Longshot Bias in the National Hockey League: Do Bettors Still Score on Longshots?:

The favorite—longshot bias, the tendency of bettors to underbet favorites and overbet longshots (underdogs), has received considerable attention in the economics and finance literature. Although the bias is prevalent in racetrack betting, with pari-mutuel odds, researchers have detected a reverse bias in two fixed-odds betting markets in the United States. A weak bias was documented for Major League Baseball for 22 seasons. It was also found to be present in the National Hockey League betting market and was of sufficient strength to allow for profitable wagering opportunities. This article analyzes 10 additional seasons of hockey wagering. The bias is sustained for the first three seasons but disappears in the last seven seasons as the market converges to efficiency. This contrasts with the baseball betting market, where the bias persists.
The neuroscientific study of spiritual practices.

The purpose of this paper will be to provide a perspective on the current state of the research evaluating the neurobiological correlates of spiritual practices and review the methodological issues that confront this research field. There are many types of spiritual practices that might be studied including prayer and meditation, as well as unusual practices such as mediumistic trance states, speaking in tongues, and also drug induced experiences. Current studies have utilized neuroimaging techniques including functional magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. These studies have helped elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms associated with spiritual practices. Such studies confront unique challenges for scientific methodology including determining the most appropriate objective measures such as neuroimaging studies and physiological parameters, and correlating them with subjective measures that help capture states of spiritual significance. Overall, a neuroscientific study of spiritual practices and experiences has the potential to provide fascinating data to further our understanding of the relationship between the brain and such phenomena.
Bilateral renal agenesis.

Summary Twenty instances of complete renal agenesis have been observed during a ten-year period among approximately 5,000 infants who were subjected to postmortem examination following intrauterine death or death in the neonatal period. There was no relation to maternal age or parity, method of delivery, or to complications of pregnancy. The infants were predominately males. The three female infants exhibited a complete absence of uterus and vagina. The lungs of all infants were hypoplastic and the faces of all infants showed a characteristic expression. Prior to post-mortem examination only eight infants were believed to have died because of malformations. The number of infants observed in this group of necropsies indicates that complete renal agenesis is not as rare as the small number of cases previously reported would indicate.
On the Secrecy Capabilities of ITU Channels

We consider the secrecy inherent in the reciprocal nature of multipath fading channels and present a technique to generate a shared perfectly secret key by two terminals observing a multipath fading channel. Using this technique we quantify the secrecy that can be generated from ITU cellular channels for the 2 GHz frequency range.
An Explorative Study of Korean Consumer Participation in Virtual Brand Communities in Social Network Sites

ABSTRACT The importance of virtual brand communities in social network sites has received increasing attention from both academia and industry. In surveying a sample of 333 virtual brand community members in Korean social network sites, the current study provides a baseline understanding of the antecedents and consequences of virtual brand communities. The findings here suggest that members of brand communities have six primary social and psychological motives for engaging in virtual community activities: interpersonal utility, brand loyalty, entertainment seeking, information seeking, incentive seeking, and convenience seeking. Our findings also indicate that members of consumer versus marketer-generated brand communities show both similarities and differences in terms of the extent of community participation and the levels of community commitment, satisfaction, and future intention. Our findings provide useful managerial implications for marketers who want to tap into the huge communication potential of...
Final remnant of binary black hole mergers: Multipolar analysis

Methods are presented to define and compute source multipoles of dynamical horizons in numerical relativity codes, extending previous work in the isolated and dynamical horizon formalisms to allow for horizons that are not axisymmetric. These methods are then applied to a binary black hole merger simulation, providing evidence that the final remnant is a Kerr black hole, both through the (spatially) gauge-invariant recovery of the geometry of the apparent horizon, and through a detailed extraction of quasinormal ringing modes directly from the strong-field region.
Evaluation of 2D ROI Image Reconstruction Using ML-EM Method from Truncated Projections

Recently new analytical sufficient conditions and inversion formulas have been found for exact reconstruction of a region of interest (ROI) from truncated projections. However, it remains unknown whether these results can be applied to iterative reconstruction methods which are based discrete-discrete imaging models. In this paper, we explore the behavior of iterative reconstruction methods for truncated data. We evaluate the maximum-likelihood (ML) expectation-maximization (EM) method under three data truncation cases, namely, the classical interior and exterior tomography problems, and a new type of peripheral ROIs which satisfy the data sufficiency condition for the two-step Hilbert transform method [Noo et al., 2004]. The simulation results show that the peripheral ROIs can be reconstructed by ML-EM method regardless of truncation, but the interior and exterior problem suffer from different degrees of artifacts. These results are consistent with existing analytical data sufficiency conditions. We also numerically calculate the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the truncated system matrix, which shows that when the analytical sufficient condition for an ROI is satisfied, the singular vectors associated with very small singular values have little intersection with the ROI.
Varieties generated by languages with poset operations

A V-labelled poset P can induce an operation on the languages on any fixed alphabet, as well as an operation on labelled posets (as noticed by Pratt and Gischer (Pratt 1986; Gischer 1988)). For any collection X of V-labelled posets and any alphabet Σ we obtain an X-algebra Σ X of languages on Σ. We consider the variety Lang(X) generated by these algebras when X is a collection of nonempty ‘traceable posets’. The current paper contains several observations about this variety. First, we use one of the basic results in Bloom and Esik (1996) to show that a concrete description of the A-generated free algebra in Lang(X) is the X-subalgebra generated by the singletons (labelled a∈A) in the X-algebra of all A-labelled posets. Equipped with an appropriate ordering, these same algebras are the free ordered algebras in the variety Lang(X) l of ordered language X-algebras. Further, if one enriches the language algebras by adding either a binary or infinitary union operation, the free algebras in the resulting variety are described by certain ‘closed’ subsets of the original free algebras. Second, we show that for ‘reasonable sets’ X, the variety Lang(X) has the property that for each ng2, the n-generated free algebra is a subalgebra of the 1-generated free algebra. Third, knowing the free algebras enables us to show that these varieties are generated by the finite languages on a two-letter alphabet.
The influence of choline chloride on murine hematopoiesis in vivo and in vitro.

We report here studies to further document the ability of cholinergic agonists to influence murine hematopoiesis. B6C3F1 mice were administered ultrapure choline (0.14, 1.4, and 7.0 mg/animal) i.p. for three days, then randomly sacrificed for assessment of hematological parameters. No significant change was observed in the packed red cell volume; however, the WBC was elevated significantly (85-400%) over noncholine administered controls during all days examined [1-12]. In vitro choline (10 mM) increased heterogeneous marrow-derived CFU-GM colony formation 210% above controls. Nonadherent marrow cell-derived CFU-GM produced a significant elevation in colony formation (36%), suggesting choline may influence directly a portion of the CFU-GM population. A twofold increase in the CFU-GM kill after 16 mM hydroxyurea exposure suggests choline can stimulate a subpopulation of CFU-GM not normally in cell cycle. In addition, choline (10 mM) was effective in stimulating CSF activity from marrow-derived conditioned medium. Dose-response studies demonstrated that choline was also stimulatory for megakaryocyte colony formation (CFU-Mk), 26% at 5 mM. Erythroid precursor stem cells, CFU-E/BFU-E, were reduced significantly (10-50%) at all choline concentrations tested (1-50 mM). These studies document the ability of choline to influence hematopoiesis, and provide further evidence that cholinergic mechanisms may be important in the control of steady-state hematopoiesis.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Hybrid CMOS/PDMS Microsystem for Cell Culture and Incubation

We discuss the design, fabrication, and testing of a hybrid microsystem for stand-alone cell culture and incubation. The micro-incubator is engineered through the integration of a silicon CMOS die for the heater and temperature sensor, with multilayer silicone (PDMS) structures namely, fluidic channels and a 1.5-mm diameter 12-muL culture well. A 90-mum-thick PDMS membrane covers the top of the culture well, acting as barrier to contaminants while at the same time allowing the cells to breath and exchange gases with the ambient environment. The packaging for the microsystem includes a flexible polyimide electronic ribbon cable and four fluidic ports that provide external interfaces to electrical energy, closed-loop sensing and electronic control as well as solid and liquid supplies. The complete structure has a size of (2.5times2.5times0.6) cm3. We have employed the device to successfully culture BHK-21 cells autonomously over a three day period in ambient environment
Composition optimization of tellurite glass for low-loss and robust fiber fabrication

Tellurite glass with composition of 80TeO 2 -10ZnO-10Na 2 O (TZN-80) was made by melting and quenching techniques. This glass shows high transmission (≥80%) at 0.87∼3.00 µm and good IR transmission up to 6 µm, and exhibits excellent physical properties against surface crystallization during fiber drawing.
Poly(A) polymerase modification and reverse transcriptase PCR amplification of environmental RNA.

We describe a combination of two established techniques for a novel application for constructing full-length cDNA clone libraries from environmental RNA. The cDNA was cloned without the use of prescribed primers that target specific genes, and the procedure did not involve random priming. Purified RNA was first modified by addition of a poly(A) tail and then was amplified by using a commercially available reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) cDNA synthesis kit. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, a cDNA clone library was constructed from size-fractionated RNA (targeting 16S rRNA) purified from a geothermally heated soil in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The resulting cDNA library contained clones representing Bacteria and Eukarya taxa and several mRNAs. There was no exact clone match between this library and a separate cDNA library generated from an RT-PCR performed with unmodified rRNA and Bacteria-specific forward and universal reverse primers that were designed from cultivated organisms; however, both libraries contained representatives of the Firmicutes and the α-Proteobacteria. Unexpectedly, there were no Archaea clones in the library generated from poly(A)-modified RNA. Additional RT-PCRs performed with universal and Archaea-biased primers and unmodified RNA demonstrated the presence of novel Archaea in the soil. Experiments with pure cultures of Sulfolobus solfataricus and Halobacterium halobium revealed that some Archaea rRNA may not be a suitable substrate for the poly(A) tail modification step. The protocol described here demonstrates the feasibility of directly accessing prokaryote RNA (rRNA and/or mRNA) in environmental samples, but the results also illustrate potentially important problems.
Economic Analysis of Investing in Open-field or High Tunnel Primocane-fruiting Blackberry Production in Northwestern Arkansas

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Prime-Jan, break-even probability, present value, simulation SUMMARY. Extending the production season of blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) cultivars allows producers the opportunity to potentially receive better prices. Producers could benefit from out-of-season production by sustaining cash flow during more of the year and thereby expanding their market. The objective of this study was to compare the present value (PV) probabilities of being able to cover the total cost (TC) of production (break-even) for open-field and high tunnel production systems for the primocane-fruiting blackberry cultivar Prime-Jan in northwestern Arkansas. (PVs) of gross revenues (GRs) of each production system were simulated 500 times. Total yields were higher in the open-field system in the first 2 years of production and consistently higher in weeks 33 to 34 and 36 to 37 than high tunnel production. It seems that there are no yield benefits from the high tunnel system early in the harvest season, except in the first year of primocanefruiting production. The break-even probability was sensitive to the different percentage of yield sold, the percentage of the retail price received by the producer, and the production system analyzed. Even though the potential gross returns obtained with the high tunnel system are high (when compared with open-field production), the PV distributions of the gross returns do not offset the high tunnel TC in half of the simulations. Conversely, open-field production proves to be more profitable both in magnitude and in terms of the likelihood of exceeding the breakeven threshold over the productive life of the enterprise.
Blooming history of the costa rican bamboos

This paper lists the eight genera and 37 species of known wild ligneous bamboos of Costa Rica and six genera of cultivated foreign bamboos. The account is based upon herbarium specimens and the author's field experiences over 24 years. Localities and dates of herbarium collections are indicated, along with the dates of vegetative and blooming collections. Successive blooming dates are known for colonies of Rhipidocladum pittieri along the Rio Virilla are 1891, 1973, and 1989. Successive dates of bloom for an individual colony of R. racemiflorum at Rio Chiquito are 1973 and 1989.
Modal Parameter Estimation Using Acoustic Modal Analysis

Acoustic modal analysis (AMA) is of interest in cases where accelerometer measurements are limited by mounting techniques and where the mass of sensors affects the system dynamics. Major problems in performing AMA are time delay adjustment and the inability of obtaining true driving point measurements. For an impact test, the former problem causes difficulties because each measured acoustic frequency response function (AFRF) will have its own time delay as a function of the position of the reference microphone with respect to the structure. Thus, obtaining consistent modal parameters conventional multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) modal parameter estimation methods utilizing several microphones (MIMO AFRFs) becomes rather difficult. The latter problem complicates the computation of modal scaling which is frequently required in model validation. As an example, both microphone measurements and accelerometer measurements are utilized in an impact test for a heavy ringdisc structure. The results from each method are compared to study the effectiveness of estimating modal parameters from AFRFs compared to conventional FRFs. While some conventional modal parameter estimation tools such as the consistency diagram and the complex mode indicator function (CMIF) look slightly different, the frequencies, damping and mode shapes estimated using AFRFs are consistent with those of standard modal analysis.
Cerebral Vascular Responses to Changes in the Ionic Osmolar Composition of Blood

Previous studies on the effect of changes in blood osmolality on the cerebral vasculature have been made by observing the pial or cortical vessels, or by indirect methods of estimating flow. In these studies the hyperosmotic solutions were injected intravenously or intraperitoneally; the results obtained were at variance though a dilator effect followed by delayed constriction seemed to be the most frequent response reported [5, 8]. Interpretations of the mechanisms of the hyperosmotic response were also at variance; most workers considered the hyperosmolar response as secondary to cerebrospinal fluid or arterial blood pressure changes. Intravenous infusions of hyperosmolar solutions have been used in the treatment of increased cerebrospinal pressure [3], and induced hyperosmolality has been reported to reduce the histological damage resulting from a period of cerebral ischemia [2]. Until recently, the osmolality of the immediate environment surrounding vascular smooth muscle has not been considered as a variable likely to regulate the “tone” of blood vessels. Mellander [6], and Johansson [4] have postulated, respectively, that hyperosmolality may play a role in exercise hyperemia of skeletal muscle and in the electrical and mechanical events of vascular smooth muscle in vitro. We have been studying the effects of hyperosmolar solutions [1] by means of a direct method to measure cerebral venous blood flow in the dog [7]. The confluence of the cerebral sinuses was cannulated and, with the lateral sinuses occluded, the cerebral venous outflow was passed through an electromagnetic flowmeter. Brain perfusion pressure was taken as the mean between common carotid and wedged vertebral artery pressures. Cerebral venous outflow osmolality and hematocrit were measured during induced changes of blood osmolality produced by rapid intracarotid injection of hyperosmolar solutions in volumes not producing marked changes in mean arterial pressure or systemic blood osmolality.
Abstract 3979: Ethnic polymorphisms in the GGAA microsatellite response element of key Ewing's sarcoma EWS/FLI-target genes

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Study Rationale: Unlike other cancer models, the risk factors predisposing patients to the development of Ewing's sarcoma and predicting subsequent disease behavior are largely unknown. Interestingly, the incidence of Ewing's sarcoma is highest in populations of European descent, which is 10X higher than the incidence observed in those of African descent. Furthermore, cure rates and overall survival are significantly worse in patients of African descent. Recently, it has been shown that the EWS/FLI fusion product selectively binds to a (GGAA)n microsatellite response element embedded within the promoter region of key EWS/FLI-target oncogenes. An increasing number of these repeats also appears to positively affect DNA binding and gene activation. We hypothesize that differences in polymorphic GGAA microsatellites within the promoter regions of key EWS/FLI-target genes may exist in African and European populations, contributing to observed differences in Ewing's sarcoma incidence and outcomes. Methods: Genomic DNA samples were obtained from 100 subjects each of African and European descent. The microsatellite regions within the promoter elements of two key EWS/FLI target genes (NR0B1 and CAV1) were PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Microsatellite sequences were analyzed and the overall length of the microsatellite, the total number of GGAA repeats and the maximal number of consecutive repeats were quantified. Data was statistically interpreted using a comparative two-tailed t-test. Results: Measurements of the CAV1 microsatellite response element were quite similar for both African and European subjects. In sharp contrast, marked inter-ethnic variation was observed for the NR0B1 GGAA microsatellite response element. African samples had a significantly longer GGAA microsatellite, a greater number of total (GGAA)n repeats and longer consecutive (GGAA)n repeats (p<0.0001). Conclusions: These data demonstrate a marked inter-ethnic variation in the genetic constitution of the Ewing's sarcoma EWS/FLI-response element within the NR0B1 promoter. Given the epidemiological differences of Ewing's sarcoma susceptibility and disease outcome in these divergent populations and the importance of NR0B1 dysregulation in Ewing's sarcoma oncogenesis, this novel finding warrants further functional investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3979. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3979
A random matrix approach for quantifying model-form uncertainties in turbulence modeling

Abstract With the ever-increasing use of Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations in mission-critical applications, the quantification of model-form uncertainty in RANS models has attracted attention in the turbulence modeling community. Recently, a physics-based nonparametric approach for quantifying model-form uncertainty in RANS simulations has been proposed, where Reynolds stresses are projected to physically meaningful dimensions and perturbations are introduced only in the physically realizable limits (Xiao et al., 2016). However, a challenge associated with this approach is to assess the amount of information introduced in the prior distribution and to avoid imposing unwarranted constraints. In this work we propose a random matrix approach for quantifying model-form uncertainties in RANS simulations with the realizability of the Reynolds stress guaranteed, which is achieved by construction from the Cholesky factorization of the normalized Reynolds stress tensor. Furthermore, the maximum entropy principle is used to identify the probability distribution that satisfies the constraints from available information but without introducing artificial constraints. We demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to ensure the realizability of the Reynolds stress, albeit in a different manner from the physics-based approach. Monte Carlo sampling of the obtained probability distribution is achieved by using polynomial chaos expansion to map independent Gaussian random fields to the Reynolds stress random field with the marginal distributions and correlation structures as specified. Numerical simulations on a typical flow with separation have shown physically reasonable results, which verify the proposed approach. Therefore, the proposed method is a promising alternative to the physics-based approach for model-form uncertainty quantification of RANS simulations. The method explored in this work is general and can be extended to other complex physical systems in applied mechanics and engineering.
Water Reclamation From High Moisture Content Waste Heat Streams

A new waste heat and water recovery technology based on a nanoporous ceramic membrane water vapor separation mechanism was developed, to extract the water vapor and its latent heat from low temperature high moisture content waste gas streams. For the water reclamation process, water vapor condenses inside the membrane pores and passes through to the permeate side which is in direct contact with a low-temperature water stream. Contaminants such as CO2 , O2 , NOx, and SO2 are inhibited from passing through the membrane by its high selectivity. The recovered water is of high quality and mineral free, therefore can be used as supplemental makeup water for almost all industrial processes. The membrane based technology has been first developed and demonstrated for industrial boiler flue gas heat and water recovery. Now it is being developed for wider applications, from residential humidification, commercial laundry, biomass production to utility boilers. The increased application areas will greatly enhance waste heat and water recovery potentials worldwide, to save both energy and water, and benefit the global environment. In this paper, the technology development process, and several demonstrations for different applications are discussed in details.© 2011 ASME
Mineralization during long-term cultivation of chick embryos in vitro.

SummaryAn experimental model is described which permitted the long-term and continuous cultivation of shell-less chick embryos in petri dishes from 0 to 19 days in vitro. This procedure permits the study of development, skeletal morphogenesis and mineralization during embryogenesis in the absence of the egg shell. Embryos cultivated in Dulbecco's (calcium-magnesium-free) phosphate-buffered saline developed in petri dishes were similar to normal chick embryos incubated in situ, albeit somewhat smaller in overall size. Congenital malformations of the beak, limbs, or cranium were rarely detected in embryos cultured in vitro. Light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis among developmentally staged, shell-less embryos and controls were remarkably similar. In situ and in vitro mineralization of femur bone development was initially detected in stage-34 embryos and examined until embryos reached stage 42 (19 days of incubation). The calcium in the chick embryo has a du...
Legal Briefs: In Utero Cerebral Hemorrhage and Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia: Was It Preventable?

A 3,425-g, 39-week-gestation male infant was born to a 24-year-old gravida 1 para 0 woman via cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracing. Apgar scores were 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. He was admitted to the normal newborn nursery, where the nurse noted that he had generalized petechiae. The complete blood cell count was normal, except for a platelet count of 7 × 103/μL (7 × 109/L). He was admitted to the NICU at 27 hours of age for evaluation and care. He was alert and active, with normal blood pressure and vital signs. The neonatologist ruled out autoimmune thromobocytopenia after determining that the mother's platelet count was normal. He asked the obstetrician to order an antiplatelet antibody test on the mother to determine if alloimmune thrombocytopenia was the diagnosis. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was given, as well as 2 random donor platelet transfusions, which moderately elevated the platelet count. Because a heart murmur was noted, cardiac ultrasonography was performed, which showed the infant to have a hypoplastic right ventricle, tricuspid atresia, a ventricular septal defect, and a patent foramen ovale. Prostaglandins were started and the infant was sent to a referral center, where a balloon septostomy was performed. The neonatologist at the referral hospital requested a hematology consultation and ordered a platelet antibody test; however, because it was the weekend, the test was deferred until the following Monday. By Monday, the platelet count was normal, and the hematologist wrote a note that alloimmune thrombocytopenia was probably not the cause and the test was never performed. The parents were told that the low platelet count was idiopathic, and because it resolved, nothing further needed to be done. The complex cardiac defect was subsequently repaired, with excellent results. The mother shared …
Neurochemical and Hormonal Changes in Lean and Obese Zucker Rats During 48 Hours of Calorie Deprivation. Are They related

Lean and obese Zucker rats were deprived of food for 12, 24, and 48 h. After sacrifice, plasma and brain tissue were saved for hormone and regional hypothalamic monoamine analysis. An ad libitum group was killed at time 0 for comparison to the food deprived groups. Insulin (I), C-peptide (CP), glucose, and the CP/I ratio were dramatically different across phenotype. Glucagon was only different at 12 h of caloric deprivation. Insulin secretion dropped substantially with fasting as reflected by the decrease in C-peptide plasma levels in both lean and obese rats. The CP/I ratio, which indicates clearance of insulin, increased in lean rats across time of fasting but did not significantly change in obese rats. Several distinct changes occurred between phenotypes in the hypothalamus across food deprivation. Lateral hypothalamic 5HT content and 5HT turnover (5HIAA/5HT) increased in lean but not obese rats during the period of fasting. Likewise ventromedial hypothalamic dopamine turnover (NE/DA) decreased during caloric deprivation in lean rats but not in the obese rats. This same turnover was increased in the PVNA of obese but not lean rats during caloric deprivation. Individual measurements of both C-peptide and insulin correlated significantly with LH 5HT turnover and VMH dopamine turnover in lean rats but not obese rats. These data suggest that obese rat's hypothalami may possibly be insensitive to insulin or some factor such as leptin that insulin may regulate. Because obese rats cannot change their levels of hypothalamic neurotransmitters when insulin or some other insulin induced factor changes, may suggest clues as to why these rats became obese. Perhaps these data may help explain the altered body weight set-point, increased adiposity, and hyperphagia in these animals.
The density of inflows to Onondaga Lake, U.S.A., 1980 and 1981

The temporal distributions of the densities of inflows to Onondaga Lake were calculated for the spring to fall period of 1980 and 1981, and compared to the attendant density stratification in ion enriched Onondaga Lake. The industrial utilization of the lake resulted in substantial density differences between the inflows and the lake. Inflows carrying substantial fractions of industrial ionic waste were more dense than the lake, and at times plunged to stratified layers. Water withdrawn from the lower layers of the lake for industrial cooling was displaced to the upper layers as a result of heating. Dilute fluvial inflows were substantially less dense than the lake. The density differences between the inflows and the lake were largely responsible for the rather unique features of density stratification documented for the lake in 1980, and are probably of further importance in nutrient loading to, and cycling in, Onondaga Lake.
Childhood Neuropsychiatric Risk

Neuropsychiatric disorders affecting children, such as attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and autism are considered familial with estimated heritability rates of 75, 78, 84, and 93%, respectively (Tsuang, Glatt, & Faraone, 2006), suggesting that genes confer the major risk susceptibility.
ICU futility in advanced cancer patients.

e17586 Background: Large data bases have been analyzed to evaluate the number of cancer patients who die in intensive care (ICU) settings. Little information regarding details of care of these (ret...
Teachers' Talk about the Mathematical Practice of Attending to Precision.

The discipline of mathematics values precision and teachers are accountable for promoting and supporting their students in attending to precision (ATP), which in the USA is an explicit standard for mathematical practice included in the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. This study used thematic discourse analysis to examine how eight middle and high school teachers understand and interpret the mathematical practice of ATP through discussion within a teacher learning community. Findings suggest that teachers’ talk prioritized the themes of precision with numerical quantities, precision with vocabulary, and precision with symbols. In many cases, these themes were discussed through examples from the teachers’ experiences with students and the focus was on being precise (or not) rather than attending to issues of precision. Their discourse also highlighted the teachers’ influential role in engaging their students in ATP and the relationship between ATP and student learning, with some teachers articulating a direct relationship of teachers explaining ATP to students and other teachers articulating a complex relationship of experiences via ATP. Overall, teachers’ perspectives on ATP provide insight into how they create opportunities for students to engage in ATP in their classrooms and may inform the development of shared meaning about ATP across the field.
Unanswered Questions in Contemporary Heart Failure.

Abstract Objective The epidemiology of heart failure (HF) is changing. This study aimed to describe questions that arise during the routine care of HF patients that are unanswered by the current literature and describe how the type and focus of these questions has changed over time. Methods Investigators from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored Heart Failure Apprentice Network collected and categorized questions from 5 academic hospitals over 12 months. A total of 174 unanswered questions were collected and analyzed. Results Compared with 2004, there were more unanswered questions about “whether” to use therapies and fewer about “how” to use therapies. There were fewer questions about what therapeutic targets, therapy adjustment, and combination therapies. There were more questions about whether or how to stop therapies and how to add therapies back. Newly prominent topics, not observed in 2004, including novel therapeutics, refractory ventricular tachycardia, right heart failure, and nutrition/frailty, accounted for 24% of questions. Conclusions Compared with 2004, there are fewer unanswered questions about how to use, adjust, and combine therapies. There were more unanswered questions about whether and how to stop therapies. Almost 25% of unanswered questions dealt with topics indicative of more advanced disease which were not observed in 2004.
The Importance of Patient Registries in Skin of Color.

Patient registries serve as powerful and cost-effective research tools that can help improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and treatment. Although patient registries for various dermatologic diseases currently exist, few address diseases affecting primarily skin of color. Establishing patient registries for diseases that affect skin of color is one potential solution to overcoming some of the limitations researchers face when studying these disorders. Here, we present two patient registries in dermatology that may serve as examples of how patient registries can contribute to advancing our understanding of dermatologic diseases. We also address some of the potential benefits and limitations of patient registries.
Abstract WMP72: Peptide Composition of Stroke Causing Emboli Correlate With Serum Predictors of Atherosclerosis

Introduction: The specific protein composition of stroke-causing emboli is unknown. Because ischemic stroke has a varied etiology, it is possible that the composition of the thrombus from which an ...
Insights into an Ancient Atypical Kinase Essential for Biosynthesis of Coenzyme Q.

COQ8 proteins are homologs of atypical protein kinases required for the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (CoQ). In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Reidenbach et al. (2018) show that COQ8 has an ATPase activity, required for CoQ biosynthesis, that is strongly activated by cardiolipin and small molecule mimics of early CoQ intermediates.
Histology significantly affects recurrence and survival following SBRT for early stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background Contrary to prevailing notions of uniform efficacy regarding stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a recent report has indicated increased risk of local failure for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). As those data have not been corroborated by other studies, we performed a multi-institutional analysis to evaluate the influence of histology on post-SBRT outcomes. Materials and methods Records from 152 consecutive patients who received SBRT for primary early-stage NSCLC at two academic medical centers were retrospectively assessed. Primary comparison was between SCC and adenocarcinoma. Patient outcomes including actuarial recurrences and overall survival were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses addressed associated factors. Results At a median follow-up of 44 months, patients with SCC had an increased risk of local, (hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.69 (1.05–2.73), p = 0.032), regional (HR (95% CI): 2.03 (1.24–3.33), p = 0.005), and distant failure (HR (95% CI): 1.71 (1.06–2.77), p = 0.036). Median times to local (32 m vs 50m, p = 0.023), regional (26 m vs 50 m, p = 0.011), and distant (26 m vs 50 m, p = 0.024) failure were all significantly reduced in SCC histology. SCC histology was also independently associated with an increased risk for death (HR: 1.80 (1.10–2.94), p = 0.019) and had a 5-yr overall survival of 26%, versus 41% for adenocarcinoma (p = 0.016). Conclusions This multi-institutional analysis corroborates that SCC histology is independently predictive for local, regional, and distant recurrence and worse overall survival. Future data are needed to determine if treatment paradigms should differ by histology for early stage NSCLC.
Final Digit Strings of Cubes

Let s be the string of decimal digits 31415926535 . . . 5275045519 formed by the first billion digits of zz. You have probably wondered idly whether there is an integer n such that n3 ends in s. Or, to take another example, let s be formed by concatenating the decimal digits of 9993, 9983, . . ., 23, 13, and ask the same question. The fourth annual North Central Section/MAA Team Contest [1] of November 2000, contained the following problem: Is there an integer n such that n3, in decimal form, ends in 2000 ones? The answer to all three of the above questions is affirmative. Indeed, if s is any string of decimal digits ending in 1, 3, 7, or 9, there is an integer n such that n3 ends in s, as we'll see in the next section. What about other final digit strings? If the last digit of s is anything other than 1, 3, 7, or 9, there may or may not be a cube ending in s. The precise conditions under which there is such a cube are rather interesting, and are given in three subsequent sections. From the material there you can conclude that there are cubes ending VOL. 77, NO. 2, APRIL 2004 149
Mediation and Minority Members of Academe

Focus groups are used to gather information from minorities in a university setting. Minority members of three campus groups (students, staff, and faculty) identified issues that could lead to relational conflicts. Alternative methods of dispute resolution are discussed in terms of their suitability and viability for use by minorities in academe. Mediation is presented as the preferred process for conflict resolution on an increasing number of college and university campuses. Mediation as a form of sociological practice in academia is a wide-open field of opportunity.