cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between tumor size and stage in early versus advanced ovarian cancer

Background Ovarian cancer has a different prognosis between early (I and II) and advanced stage (III and IV). The mechanism of disease progression is unknown, but patients with advanced disease may have a higher propensity for seeding of the abdominal cavity early in the disease process than those with early stage. Theoretically if this is so, then patients with advanced stage should have smaller sized tumors than patients with early stage. Methods This was a retrospective chart review of patients in the tumor registry in 2003-2006. Patients had epithelial ovarian cancer, other cell types were excluded. Only cases with documentation of surgical and pathologic staging and measured dimensions on pathologic specimen were included. Patient stage and all available dimensions measured on diseased ovaries were recorded. The dimensions for each patient were averaged into a single dimension for that patient, and then these measurements were totaled and averaged. Results There were 110 patients analyzed: 85 with advanced disease, 25 with early stage. The average measurement was 4.8 cm in advanced disease, and was 10.7 cm in early stage disease. This difference was statistically significant (p Conclusions Overall, patients with early stage ovarian cancer have diseased ovaries that are more than twice as large as those found in advanced disease. This finding supports the fact that early versus advanced ovarian cancer are 2 separate disease processes. Early stage grows locally and does not disseminate, and advanced stage disseminates while the tumor is still relatively small. Theoretically there may be a factor that separates these 2 into different diseases, where advanced disease patients have a substance produced by their tumor that allows for early dissemination, and early stage lacks this substance and only grows locally. Basic science research comparing the tissue microarrays of early versus advanced stage disease may be able to identify this difference. If the difference is found, perhaps therapy can be targeted against this difference, and screening tests for advanced ovarian cancer can be improved.
Singular thermodynamic properties in random magnetic chains

The nearest-neighbor random-exchange Heisenberg antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain ($s=\frac{1}{2}$) is studied at low temperatures via an approximate renormalization-group method. This entails renormalization of the random-exchange coupling constant $J$ and of the probability law for $J$. ${P}_{0}(J)$. After $n$ iterations we find that the renormalized probability function ${P}_{n}({J}^{(n)})$, a function of the renormalized coupling ${J}^{(n)}$, develops singular behavior for small ${J}^{(n)}$, independent of the initial form of ${P}_{0}(J)$. This happens both for ${P}_{0}(J)$ that diverge or go to zero as $J\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. The singular form of ${P}_{n}({J}^{(n)})$ is such that it leads to a specific heat and susceptibility that behave like $C\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{C}(T)}$ and $\ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}(T)}$. ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{C}(T)$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}(T)$ are exponents weakly dependent on temperature ($T$) that go to one as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ and satisfy ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}(T)g{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{C}(T)$, for arbitrary initial probability laws. The classical $n$-vector models, and in particular the classical Heisenberg model are also studied using a renormalization-group approach and it is found that their behavior is different than that of the quantum model: singular behavior in the thermodynamic properties is only obtained if the starting ${P}_{0}(J)$ is singular. An explanation of these results in terms of the scaling theory of localization is suggested. The relevance of our results to the experimental findings on the magnetic properties of tetracyanoquinodimethanide complexes is also discussed.
The Type IV Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, Ro 20-1724 and Rolipram, Block the Initiation of Cocaine Self-Administration

The hypothesis that the selective activation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) signal transduction pathways will suppress the initiation of cocaine self-administration was examined in this investigation. To test this hypothesis, the effects of the administration of the cAMP-specific (type IV) phosphodiesterase inhibitors, rolipram and Ro 20-1724, on cocaine self-administration were determined. The effects of Ro 20-1724 treatment on operant responding for food also were examined. Both cocaine and food were delivered following a fixed-ratio 5 schedule. A significant increase in the latency for the delivery of the first cocaine infusion and a reduction in the number of infusions obtained per session were produced by treatment with either rolipram or Ro 20-1724. Similar effects on responding for food were seen with Ro 20-1724 administration. Responding after drug-induced delays tended to be at control levels. These results suggest that cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors may inhibit the initiation of operant responding for either cocaine or food. However, the extent to which these actions involve specific effects on central motivational systems as opposed to other mechanisms remains to be determined.
Partial resection of the PCL insertion site during tibial preparation in cruciate-retaining TKA

Based on the anatomy of the tibial PCL insertion site, we hypothesized that at least part of it is damaged while performing a standard tibial cut in a PCL-retaining total knee replacement. The purpose of this study was to determine and quantify the amount of resection of the tibial PCL attachment with a 9 mm tibial cut with 3 degrees of posterior slope. Twenty cadaver tibias were used. The borders of the PCL footprint were demarcated, and calibrated digital pictures were taken in order to determine the surface area. A standard tibial intramedullary guide was used to prepare and perform a tibial cut at a depth of 9 mm with 3 degrees posterior slope. After the tibial cut was made, a second digital picture was taken using the same methodology to measure the surface area of the remaining PCL insertion. The mean surface area of the intact tibial PCL footprint before the cut was 148.9 ± 25.8 mm2 and after the tibial cut 47.1 ± 28.0 mm2. On average, 68.8 ± 15.3 % of the surface area of the PCL insertion was removed. The results of this study, therefore, indicate that the conventional technique for tibial preparation in cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty can result in damage or removal of a significant part of the tibial PCL insertion.
Cloning of a Teleost Fish Glucocorticoid Receptor Shows That It Contains a Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Domain Different from That of Mammals*

In the teleost fish, physiological and biochemical studies suggest that glucocorticoids regulate both salt balance and metabolic activities. In mammals, however, these functions are divided between glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. In mammals, separate receptors for these two classes of steroid hormone have been cloned and sequenced. To begin to understand the regulation in fish of the vital processes ascribed to glucocorticoids, we have cloned, sequenced, expressed, and studied the steroid-binding and transcriptional activation capabilities of the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) glucocorticoid receptor. Northern blot analysis shows a single rainbow trout GR messenger RNA species of 7.5 kilobases expressed in gill, intestine, skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. The trout GR 2274-nucleotide coding sequence provides for a protein of 758 amino acids, with appropriate similarities to mammalian GR, with one striking exception. As in other members of the steroid/thyroid/retinoid receptor family, the ...
Designing compliant substrates to regulate the motion of vesicles.

By integrating mesoscale models for hydrodynamics and micromechanics, we examine fluid-driven motion of vesicles on compliant surfaces. The vesicles, modeled as fluid-filled elastic shells, represent biological cells or polymeric microcapsules. Focusing on nonspecific interactions between these vesicles and synthetic substrates, we isolate mechanically and topographically patterned surfaces that transmit stop and go instructions, causing the vesicles to halt at specific locations, and with an increase in the flow velocity, to resume moving. For surfaces containing arrays of compliant posts, the substrates also affect the vesicles' gait, causing them to ``crawl,'' ``walk,'' or ``jump.'' The latter behavior could promote the intermixing of reactants that are encapsulated within the microcapsules. Such control over vesicle dynamics can facilitate various biological assays and fabrication of arrays of mobile microreactors.
Transfection and overexpression of metallothionein-I in neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures and in astrocytoma cells increases their resistance to methylmercury-induced cytotoxicity.

Abstract Metallothionein-I (MT-I) was expressed in neonatal rat primary astrocyte cultures and an astrocytoma cell line by pGFAP-MT-I plasmid transfection under the control of the astrocyte-specific glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. Following transient transfection of the pGFAP-MT-I plasmid, MT-I mRNA and MT-I protein levels were determined by northern blot and immunoprecipitation analyses, respectively. The ability of cells over-expressing MT-I to withstand acute methylmercury (MeHg) treatment was measured by the release of preloaded Na 2 51 CrO 4 , an indicator of membrane integrity. Transfection with the pGFAP-MT-I plasmid led to increased mRNA (2.5-fold in astrocytes and 7.4-fold in astrocytomas) and MT-I protein (2.4-fold in astrocytes and 4.0-fold in astrocytomas) levels compared with their respective controls. Increased expression of MT-I was associated with attenuated release of Na 2 51 CrO 4 upon MeHg (5 μM) treatment. These results demonstrate that MT-I can be highly expressed both in primary astrocyte cultures and astrocytomas by pGFAP-MT-I plasmid transfection, and lend credence to the hypothesis that increased expression of MT-I affords protection against the cytotoxic effects of MeHg. Taken together, the data suggest that MT offer effective cellular adaptation to MeHg cytotoxicity.
Responses of the hamster chorda tympani nerve to binary component taste stimuli: evidence for peripheral gustatory mixture interactions

Abstract Studies of taste mixtures suggest that stimuli which elicit different perceptual taste qualities physiologically interact in the gustatory system and thus. are not independently processed. The present study addressed the role of the peripheral gustatory system in these physiological interactions by measuring the effects of three heterogeneous taste mixtures on responses of the chorda tympani (CT) nerve in the hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ). Binary taste stimuli were presented to the anterior tongue and multi-fiber neural responses were recorded from the whole CT. Stimuli consisted of a concentration series of quinine. HCI (QHCI: 1–30 mM), sodium chloride (NaCl: 10–250 mM). sucrose (50–500 mM) and binary combinations of the three different chemicals. Each mixture produced a unique pattern of results on CT response magnitudes measured 10 s into the response. Sucrose responses were inhibited by quinine in QHCI-sucrose mixtures. Neural activity did not increase when quinine was added to 50–250 mM NaCl in QHCI NaCl mixtures. However, the neural activity elicited by sucrose-NaCl mixtures was greater than the activity elicited by either component stimulus presented alone. The results demonstrate that gustatory mixture interactions are initiated at the level of the taste bud or peripheral nerve. Mechanisms for these interactions are unknown. The results are consistent with one component stimulus modifying the interaction of the other component stimulus with its respective transduction mechanism. Alternatively, peripheral inhibitory mechanisms may come into play when appetitive and aversive stimuli are simultaneously presented to the taste receptors.
Stereospecific and quantitative photodimerisation of terminal olefins in the solid state

Reaction of 4-vinylpyridine with AgClO3 yields a crystalline solid that supports a stereospecific and quantitative [2+2] photodimerisation of two terminal olefins. Structural dynamics of the −CHCH2 group, nature of the counterion, and extended packing influence the photoreactivity.
Particle distributions in collisionless magnetic reconnection: An implicit PIC description

Abstract Evidence from magnetospheric and solar flare research supports the belief that collisionless magnetic reconnection can proceed on the Alfven-wave crossing timescale. Reconnection behavior that occurs this rapidly in collisionless plasmas is not well understood because underlying mechanisms depend on the details of the ion and electron distributions in the vicinity of the emerging X-points. We use the direct implicit Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code AVANTI to study the details of these distributions as they evolve in the self-consistent E and B fields of magnetic reconnection. We first consider a new simple neutral sheet model and see reconnection that proceeds much more rapidly than reconnection from the Harris equilibrium. We observe rapid movement of the current-carrying electrons away from the emerging X-point. Later in time an oscillation of the trapped magnetic flux is found, superimposed upon continued linear growth due to plasma inflow at the ion sound speed. The addition of a current-aligned (east-west direction in the magnetosphere) and a normal (north-south in the magnetosphere) B field widen the scope of our studies.
A Modification of the Switch Function in the Elrod Cavitation Algorithm

The implementation of the mass-conservative cavitation algorithm, as derived by Elrod, requires an automatic setting of a binary switch function that delineates the full-film and cavitation zones. Abrupt changes associated with this function often causes convergence and instability issues. A method is that which improves numerical instability and overcomes the convergence issues caused by the conventional binary switch function. Two test cases are presented, which show that by using the new switching algorithm together with a successive over-relaxation solver, the Elrod cavitation algorithm converges up to 61% faster while it is less prone to numerical instabilities.
Interactions of cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine with alkyl xanthogenates: evidence for hydrophobic effects in the Merox process

Abstract Anaerobic complexation of cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine (CoTSPc) with alkyl xanthogenates [ROC(S)S−] has been studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy in aqueous and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) solutions. In aqueous solutions, lag periods are observed in the kinetic curves for all tested xanthogenates before the axial complex is formed. The duration of this lag period decreases with elongation of the ligand’s alkyl chain, thus indicating initial xanthogenate outer-sphere binding to CoTSPc. Rates of inner-sphere complexation, conversely, increase dramatically when using “longer” alkyl xanthogenates. CoTSPc–xanthogenate binding constants nearly double upon every increase of the ligand’s alkyl chain by two CH2 groups, from ethyl to n-octyl xanthogenate. In the aerobic Merox process (auto-oxidation of alkyl xanthogenates in the presence of CoTSPc in aqueous solutions), the rate also incrementally increases upon elongation of the substrate’s alkyl chain by two CH2 groups. The magnitude of this effect is similar to that observed for the CoTSPc–xanthogenate binding constants. In DMF, where hydrophobic interactions are not a factor, the alkyl xanthogenates display comparable kinetic and binding constants. Since the pKa values of alkyl xanthogenic acids are similar (2.5±0.1), the observed effects may be ascribed to hydrophobic interactions rather than electron donation.
Cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)-coated zirconia as a chiral stationary phase for HPLC.

In this work we explore the use of microparticulate porous zirconia coated with cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl- carbamate) (CDMPC) as a support for separation of chiral compounds by HPLC. The surface of zirconia, previously sintered but not rehydroxylated, provides a stable surface for depositing the chiral polymer. Zirconia's surface prior to coating was investigated by diffuse reflectance FT-IR. The spectra indicate the presence of residual hydroxyl groups even after treatment at 750 °C for 5 h. The amount of chiral polymer deposited was systematically varied, and the pore structure of the resulting particles was assessed by nitrogen sorptometry. Dynamic studies of columns packed with these stationary phases were also conducted. We found that columns packed with about 3−4% (w/w) CDMPC coated on 2.5-μm zirconia particles provide an excellent compromise between loading need to impart good chiral recognition ability to the stationary phase and column's chromatographic efficiency. Preliminary results sho...
Optimized sample-processing time and peptide recovery for the mass spectrometric analysis of protein digests.

Proteomics requires an optimized level of sample-processing, including a minimal sample-processing time and an optimal peptide recovery from protein digests, in order to maximize the percentage sequence coverage and to improve the accuracy of protein identification. The conventional methods of protein characterization from one-dimensional or two-dimensional gels include the destaining of an excised gel piece, followed by an overnight in-gel enzyme digestion. The aims of this study were to determine whether: (1) stained gels can be used without any destaining for trypsin digestion and mass spectrometry (MS); (2) tryptic peptides can be recovered from a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) target plate for a subsequent analysis with liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole ion trap MS; and (3) an overnight in-gel digestion is necessary for protein characterization with MS. These three strategies would significantly improve sample throughput. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was the model biological fluid used to develop these methods. CSF was desalted by gel filtration, and CSF proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE). Proteins were visualized with either silver, Coomassie, or Stains-All (counterstained with silver). None of the gels was destained. Protein spots were in-gel trypsin digested, the tryptic peptides were purified with ZipTip, and the peptides were analyzed with MALDI and ESI MS. Some of the samples that were spotted onto a wax-coated MALDI target plate were recovered and analyzed with ESI MS. All three types of stained gels were compatible with MALDI and ESI MS without any destaining. In-gel trypsin digestion can be performed in only 10–60 min for protein characterization with MS, the sample can be recovered from the MALDI target plate for use in ESI MS, and there was a 90% reduction in sample-processing time from overnight to ca. 3 h.
Suppression of void nucleation by injected interstitials during heavy ion bombardment

Abstract In a heavy ion irradiation the injected ions come to rest at the end of range as interstitials without a vacancy partner. These extra interstitials perturb the delicate balance of vacancy and interstitial flux to voids. It is shown that the void nucleation rate is drastically reduced by the injected interstitials whenever recombination is an important process. As a result, void nucleation is suppressed in ion-bombardment experiments below a characteristic threshold temperature in the region of the ion deposition. This leads to a void free zone near the end of range in low temperature ion-bombardment experiments. The results obtained are in qualitative agreement with earlier experimental observations.
Accuracy of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Distal and Celiac Axis Lymph Node Metastasis in Esophageal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Background Published data on the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for staging distant and celiac axis lymph node (CLN) metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer (ECA) has varied. Aim To evaluate the accuracy of EUS in diagnosing distal and CLN metastasis in ECA patients. Method Study selection: EUS studies confirmed by surgery were selected. Statistical method: Pooling was conducted by both fixed and random-effects models. Results Data were extracted from 25 studies (N = 2029) which met the inclusion criteria. In ECA patients, pooled sensitivity of EUS was 67.2% (95% CI: 62.6–71.6) in diagnosis of distal metastasis and 66.6% (95% CI: 61.9–71.1) in diagnosis of CLN metastasis. EUS had a pooled specificity of 97.9% (95% CI: 97.1–98.6) for distal metastasis and 98.1% (95% CI: 97.3–98.7) for CLN metastasis. Conclusions Although EUS has excellent specificity in accurately diagnosing distal and CLN metastasis in patients with ECA, the sensitivity is low.
Iterative active deformational methodology for tumor delineation: Evaluation across radiation treatment stage and volume.

Purpose To introduce, implement, and assess an iterative modification to the active deformational image segmentation method as applied to cervical cancer tumors. Materials and Methods A comparison by Jaccard similarity (JS) between this active deformational method and manual segmentation was performed on tumors of various sizes across preradiation, 3 weeks postradiation, and 6 weeks postradiation using a General Linear Mixed Model across 121 studies from 52 patients with Stage IIB-IV cervical cancers. Results The deformable segmentation method produced promising levels of agreement including JS factors of 0.71 ± 0.11 in the preradiation studies. The analysis illustrated a rate of improvement in JS with increasing tumor volume that differed between the preradiation and 6 weeks postradiation stage (P = 0.0474). In the large preradiated tumors each additional cm3 of volume was associated with an increase or improvement in JS of 0.0008 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0003, 0.0014). In the smaller postradiation tumors, each additional cm3 of volume was associated with a more robust improvement in JS of 0.0046 (95% CI: 0.0009, 0.0082). Conclusion Agreement was strongly affected by tumor volume, and its performance was most impacted across volume in the later stages of radiation therapy. The deformation-based segmentation method appears to demonstrate utility for delineating cervical cancer tumors, particularly in the earliest stages of radiation treatment, where agreement is greatest. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1188–1194. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Larynx motion associated with swallowing during radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose : A basis is presented for predicting the reduction in radiation dose to the larynx attributable to swallowing during radiation therapy treatment. Methods and Materials : Laryngeal movement associated with swallowing can occur during radiation therapy even when the patient's head is immobilized. Data on the extent and timing of laryngeal motions and the frequency of swallowing were used to predict the effect such motion would have on accuracy of radiation dose to the larynx. Results : In a nontrachestomized adult the larynx elevates approximately 2 cm during a swallow and moves anteriorly less than 1 cm. The normal frequency of swallowing in the supine position is once every 1–2 min. During therapy, the likelihood of a swallow occurring during an irradiation interval depended on the duration of the interval. For irradiation intervals less than 2 min long the ratio of number of swallows to number of intervals was 0.27. For irradiation intervals between 2–3 min long the ratio was 1.76. Based on conservative estimates of radiation field dimensions, larynx motion, and incidence of swallowing, the reduction in radiation dose attributable to swallowing during treatment would be approximately 0.5%. Conclusion : With small fields the total dose is only decreased by 0.5% with swallowing, so the change in the total dose is insignificant.
Studies of the metabolism of carbon disulfide by rat liver microsomes.

Abstract Carbon disulfide has been examined as a substrate for the hepatic mixed function oxidase enzyme system. These studies have revealed that carbonyl sulfide is formed when carbon disulfide is incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. No carbonyl sulfide is formed in the absence of NADPH. The formation of carbonyl sulfide is inhibited when the reaction is carried out in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide. The other product of the reaction leading to carbonyl sulfide formation appears to be a highly reactive form of sulfur which covalently binds to the microsomal membrane. A chemical mechanism for the mixed function oxidase catalyzed metabolism of carbon disulfide to carbonyl sulfide is proposed.
Reply to the letter by Filik and Biyikoglu regarding the hypothesis that changes in the extracellular matrix incurred by systemic hernia disease (herniosis) are hostile to the development of colon cancer

These gastrointestinal investigators from Turkey [1] are the first to provide evidence that this hypothesis [2] may actually be fact. Their data, obtained from 435 consecutive patients who in 2009 underwent total colonoscopy, showed that, whereas 35 had diverticulosis and 24 had cancer, only two had both. In the latter, neoplasms arose in the rectum. These patients were smokers, suffering an addiction known to induce malignancy. Further support for this hypothesis can be gleaned from research conducted by Ghajar and Bissell [3] on cancer of the breast, the most common malignancy in women. They point out that the ECM in the mammary gland, which comprises 80% of its tissue, was once thought only to provide infrastructure but is now known to be a key component of the cellular microenvironment that influences genetic expression. They maintain that in other organs (kidney, skin, lung, colon, and ovary), the genome is similarly influenced by the ECM.
Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion on cariogenic Streptococcus mutans

Abstract Objective To assess antimicrobial activities of nanoemulsion (NE) to control the adhesion and biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans by in vitro. Design In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of nanoemulsion was determined as per National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines and agar diffusion, serial dilution technique for the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC). Efficacy was tested by kinetics of killing, biofilm assay and scanning electron microscopy. Results : NE concentrations ranging from 1:100 to 1:10,000 dilutions were effective against S. mutans as shown through MIC/MBC assays. NE showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells at high dilutions, confirmed by time kill studies. 4-day-old S. mutans biofilms were treated with NE; subsequent reductions of bacterial cell counts were noticed with decreasing dilutions. Staining of NE-treated biofilms with LIVE/DEAD BacLight resulted in dead cell areas of up to 48% in 1 min, 84% at 1 h and significant ( S. mutans by NE was demonstrated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Conclusion These results suggest that nanoemulsion has effective antibacterial activity against S. mutans and may be a useful medication in the prevention of dental caries.
Determination of thermal diffusivity distribution for three types of materials by transient thermography

In many component applications knowledge of the two-dimensional distribution of material properties within the part is highly desirable as a quality assessment tool. The contour plotting of material properties allows identification of local regions of unacceptable variation for rejection, repair or further analysis. Transient thermography is a rapid, inexpensive, on-line, nondestructive technique that can be used to determine the two-dimensional distribution of material properties. In this paper the transient method of pulsed video thermography (PVT) is studied. Procedures for the parameter normalization and numerical method are combined with experimental data to accurately map the thermal diffusivity distribution over the entire surface of a specimen. Materials whose diffusivity ranged over three orders of magnitude were tested. The accuracy of the PVT results was evaluated by comparing local values with those obtained by standard laser flash diffusivity testing.
Pretunnel technology: applications and design methods

The Pretunnel technology allows the final or preliminary lining to be built ahead of a tunnel face. The paper shows how this technology has been used for mechanizing the full-face excavation of large tunnels in difficult ground conditions with minimum settlements. Analytical methods are presented for the analysis of the lining both in deep and shallow applications. Fields of applicability are established using results of parametric studies based on the methods proposed.
Observation of a Remanent Vortex-Line Density in Superfluid Helium

Sensitive ion-trapping measurements show that superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at rest contains a substantial number of quantized vortex lines, metastably pinned between the walls of the container. This remanent line density appears to be history independent, and is established upon going through the lambda point.
Federalism and Modernization: Canada and the United States

Since World War II, the federal systems in the United States and Canada have moved in opposite directions: the U.S. has become increasingly centralized, while the provinces in Canada have gained power at the expense of Ottawa. These divergences can be explained by such societal factors as economic structures, international commitments, and locations of minority populations; and by institutional factors, such as the number of constituent units, methods by which provincial authorities are represented in federal legislatures, and especially by the contrast between Canada's Westminster-type institutions and the U.S. separation of powers. These differences are illustrated by intergovernmental fiscal processes, energy policies, and federalmunicipal relations. They cannot be accounted for by modernization theories, but rather by economic structures, demographic distributions, and especially constitutional and institutional arrangements.
A multiphysics model for the in situ stress analysis of the separator in a lithium-ion battery cell

Abstract In lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, stresses arise as the results of the mechanical loading and constraint, the Li intercalation induced deformation in the active materials, and the thermal expansion mismatch between the battery components. Such stresses in the separator are of great concern for the safety and durability of the batteries. To assess the stress in the separator, a multiphysics model for a basic Li-ion battery cell including all three types of deformation has been developed. The time and temperature dependent constitutive behavior of a PP separator was characterized and modeled. The multiphysics model was used to analyze the stress in the PP separator. The results showed that the effects of Li intercalation, thermal mismatch and temperature on the stress in the separator are not a simple summation and hence must be considered concurrently. The Li intercalation induced dimensional change in the through-thickness direction can be minimized by design optimization.
Studies with an unclassified virus isolated from diarrheic calves.

Abstract A transmissible agent (Breda agent) was isolated from a calf with diarrhea and shown to be infectious by inoculation orally into gnotobiotic and conventionally reared calves. The “Breda” agent had the morphology of a virus and possessed a hemagglutinin. Antigenic studies showed the virus to be antigenically different from bovine coronavirus, parainfluenza 3 virus, bovine rotavirus, bovine parvovirus and bovine pestivirus (BVD). Attempts to culture the virus in cell or organ cultures or in embryonated eggs, were unsuccessful. The virus was either spherical or kidney shaped, with 7–9 nm peplomers on the surface. A few particles possessed coronavirus processes of 17–20 nm, but these were arranged irregularly and were thought to be tissue debris. Three out of eight experimental calves developed severe diarrhea and the lesions in the small and large intestines were similar to those reported for coronavirus. The virus replicated in the jejunal and ileal regions of the small intestine and in the spiral colon, as judged by immunofluorescence. The virus multiplied in all experimental calves and was excreted in the feces; excretion correlating with the onset of diarrhea or a change in the appearance of the feces. There was little or no malabsorption measured by the uptake of D-xylose and the fact that infection of both the crypt and villus epithelial cells was observed, suggests that the pathogenesis may be different from rotavirus and coronavirus. Fourteen of fortyseven calves in the outbreak were infected with the virus, virus was not identified in other farm outbreaks of the disease.
Adequacy of medical chart review to characterize emergency care for asthma: findings from the Illinois Emergency Department Asthma Collaborative.

Objectives: To assess the intermethod reliability of medical chart review compared with directly observed care in patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) for asthma care. Methods: ED care practices for persons with asthma were evaluated by comparing chart review with trained observers. Fifty-one patients from five EDs participating in the Illinois Emergency Department Asthma Collaborative were studied. Practices in assessment, treatment, education, and referral were measured. Eighteen elements of care were assessed. Concordance between chart and observation was measured by using the kappa statistic. Results: Of 51 subjects studied, nine were children. Kappa values varied depending on content. Kappa values ranged from 0.22 to 0.91 for items reflecting asthma assessment. Good concordances (κ= 0.50 to 0.82) were found for items reflecting treatment practices. The lowest concordances were for items assessing educational activities (κ= 0.04 to 0.34). Referral practices had fair to moderate concordances (κ= 0.21 to 0.45). Conclusions: Intermethod reliability of medical chart review and directly observed care varied depending on the element of care being measured. The use of chart review to measure quality of ED-based asthma care may only be appropriate for a limited number of care processes that are reliably and validly captured from chart review.
Prospects for Gene Therapy in Acute Lung Injury

Gene transfection is an extremely useful tool with which to explore mechanisms of gene regulation, to examine the molecular physiology of proteins in cultured cells, and to produce transgenic organisms. Several transfection techniques that employ viral and nonviral vectors have been used successfully to transfect functional genes into lung cells in vivo. This report reviews some of the gene transfection techniques that have been applied to the intact lung, an organ that offers unique challenges and opportunities. Results indicate that somatic cell gene therapy is feasible and that gene-based therapies can be developed for acute and chronic lung diseases.
Multiregime Approach for Microscopic Traffic Simulation

The purpose of this paper is to explore various traffic modeling aspects and theories that may overcome some of the limitations in existing microscopic simulation models. A multiregime microscopic traffic simulation approach has been formulated featuring realistic and comprehensive car-following and lane-changing logic. A prototype implementation of the multiregime approach was developed in C++ and extensively tested. The multiregime simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed models for a broad range of traffic scenarios. The test and validation results indicate that the model and program outperformed traditional methods and other existing traffic simulation programs. The validity and efficiency of the model is attributed to the fact that the regimes were added to the model incrementally to reflect increasing agreement with real-world traffic flow. The techniques and corresponding models will be used to improve existing microscopic traffic simulation models and programs.
Emergence of Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukemia in Breast Cancer Patients

The appearance of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in patients with other hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies is now a well recognized syndrome. These patients have an unusual form of leukemia with distinct clinical and morphological features. With improved therapy many cancer patients have experienced prolonged survival and cure. Some of these patients will develop ANLL as a consequence of their previous therapy, or for reasons associated with their primary tumor (host factors or common oncogenic virus). It is also possible that a fraction of these patients will develop the usual form of leukemia (de novo ANLL) that is unrelated to the underlying malignancy. Indeed, a statistical analysis assuming ANLL incidence rates to be unaffected by breast cancer or cancer therapy, predicted the occurrence of three new ANLL cases with a history of breast cancer in Wisconsin per year. Eleven patients with ANLL and a history of breast cancer were seen at the University Hospitals over a ten-year span (1969-1978). Clinical, morphological and cytogenetic features were examined and it was found that five of the eleven patients had features atypical for therapy related leukemia. Indeed, two of the patients had not received breast cancer therapy. The distinction between de novo and therapy related leukemia is important because remission and prolonged survival are more likely in the former and morbidity and mortality associated with therapy are more likely in the latter. We suggest that if features of de novo leukemia exist, despite previous therapy for underlying malignancy, intensive antileukemia therapy should be considered.
470 EFFECT OF DIET AND LIGHT ON INTESTINAL LACTASE IN NEONATES

Thirty newborns were divided into 3 groups of 10 each: Gp. A well, non-jaundiced, Gp. B jaundiced but not under phototherapy, Gp. C phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia. Each infant was assigned randomly either cow's milk formula or a soy milk formula (lactose-free). Stools were observed daily for character, pH, and reducing substances. Lactose Tolerance Tests were done daily for 3 days - in Gp. C prior to, during and after phototherapy. Birth wts. ranged from 2120 to 3870 gm (mean 3280 gm) Only infants with physiologic jaundice were included. Group A infants had normal stools, normal LTT, as did infants in Group B. In Gp. C, infants on cow's milk feeding had abnormal LTT, lowered stool pH and 3-4+ reducing substances, loose dark stools. Those in Gp. C on soy milk feeding had equivocal LTT, stools normal in color, consistency, pH, and no reducing substances. We conclude that hyperbilirubinemia itself does not affect lactase activity in the small intestine, but that phototherapy does cause lactase deficiency, either directly by radiation, or by the presence of bilirubin photoproducts or isomers. The use of a soy milk formula, containing sucrose rather than lactose, does not alter lactase activity significantly, but does correct CHO digestion by substituting sucrose, whose intestinal enzyme is unaffected by phototherapy.
Estimating the linkage between energy efficiency and productivity

Abstract Many analyses have referred to industrial productivity benefits associated with energy efficiency that are at least as great or larger than the energy benefits. If plants with higher energy intensity also tend to have lower productivity, then energy policy needs to consider this. This study examines this issue for two segments of the glass industry, using plant level data from the Census Bureau. Productivity is defined by the difference in `best practice’ production efficiency, as measured by data envelopment analysis (DEA). This study uses regression analysis to estimate how differences in plant level electricity and fossil fuel intensity, i.e. energy use per unit of production, are attributable to differences in plant level productivity and other economic variables, like energy prices and cumulative production. In every case, productivity differences between plants are statistically significant in explaining differences in plant energy intensity. The coefficient that links productivity to energy efficiency yields a less than proportional impact for only one industry and fuel type. For others the relationship is implies that a 1% increase in productivity increase energy efficiency by more than 1%. This effect is statistically significant for flat glass, but not container glass. The estimates of the price and learning-by-doing coefficients seem reasonable, but without imposing the assumption that all plants in the industry are equally productive. This lends further credence to a significant relationship between productivity and energy efficiency.
Alkyl hex-1-ynyl tellurides: Syntheses and multinuclear NMR (125Te-, 13C{1H}-, 1H-) studies

Abstract Alkyl hex-1-ynyl tellurides, n-C4H9CCTeR, where R=CH3, CH(CH3)2, cyclo-C6H11, CH2CH(CH3)2, CH2(CH2)6CH3, CH2(CH2)10CH3, CH2CH2CH(Br)CH3, CH2C6H5, 4-CH2C6H4NO2, CH2CH2C6H5 and CH2CH2OC6H5, have been prepared in good yields by the anaerobic reaction of lithium hex-1-ynyl tellurolate with the appropriate alkyl halides in the absence of light. While most of these reactions have been performed at −5 to −10°C the reaction with cyclo-hexyl halide has been conducted at lower temperature (−30°C). Alkyl chloro, bromo and iodo derivatives have provided the same products in the same yields. The reaction has produced n-C4H9CCTe(CH2)5TeCCC4H9-n when Br(CH2)5Br has been used as alkylating agent, while BrCH2CH2CH(Br)CH3 has produced only the monotelluride compound n-C4H9CCTeCH2CH2CH(Br)CH3 even when employing excess lithium hex-1-ynyl tellurolate. In contrast (n-C4H9CC)2Te has been the major tellurium-containing product when (C6H5)3CCl, 4-BrC6H4C(O)CH2Br, CH2CHCH2Br, ClCH2C(O)CH2Cl and ClCH2CCCH2Cl have been employed. The 1H-NMR spectra of alkyl hex-1-ynyl tellurides display deshielded resonances for the CHx (x=1, 2, 3) group directly bound to tellurium. In many cases, specific couplings between tellurium and hydrogen are observed around these resonances. Characteristic features in the 13C-NMR spectra include a shielding effect of the sp3 and sp carbons directly bound to tellurium, and a deshielding effect to the other sp carbon. Closer analysis of the 13C{1H}-NMR spectra reveals satellites due to coupling with tellurium. Nuclear magnetic resonances measurements of the 125Te nucleus show a correlation of 125Te chemical shift to the alkyl group of n-C4H9CCTeR. In addition, the 125Te-NMR spectra show a splitting of the 125Te nuclear magnetic resonances due to coupling through up to three bonds with 1H nuclei.
Road accidents--the immediate response: when, where, by whom, and how.

On the National Highways of Australia there has been a marked increase in the number of people seriously injured in road accidents happening in remote country areas. The author practises 50 miles from a hospital and he joins with a rescue team attending accidents on a dangerous stretch of the N1 highway. Injuries treated over a 7-year period are analysed, and methods of emergency care and the equipment needed are detailed. Practical measures to be followed by rescue parties in similar situations are suggested, and a national rescue organization for the future is discussed.
11β-Substituted 13β-ethyl gonane derivatives exhibit reversal of antiprogestational activity

Abstract The syntheses of three 17α-acetoxy-13β-ethyl-11β-aryl-18,19-dinorpregna-4,9-diene-3,20 diones from levonorgestrel are described. Despite their close structural similarity to the antiprogesterone CDB-2914, one of the compounds exhibits agonistic progestational activity, and the other two compounds are totally inactive.
Moisture-Dependent Crystallization of Amorphous Lamotrigine Mesylate

A commercially available computer-controlled vacuum moisture balance was used for determining moisture sorption isotherms of freeze-dried and spray-dried lamotrigine mesylate drug substance and freeze dried drug product containing mannitol. The presence or absence of desorption hysteresis and the characteristics of the weight-versus-time profile as a sample was exposed to a defined relative humidity ramp were sensitive indicators of moisture-induced crystallization. Combination of the moisture sorption data with polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray powder diffraction provided qualitative verification of the crystallization with < 50 mg of sample. The normalized water loss during crystallization was used to detect as little as 2% amorphous content in physical mixtures of amorphous and crystalline lamotrigine mesylate. Moisture sorption, water plasticization, and crystallization properties of amorphous forms prepared by spray drying and freeze drying were nearly identical. Cofreeze-drying lamotrigine mesylate with D-mannitol resulted in a mixture of amorphous lamotrigine mesylate with properties similar to those of spray-dried or freeze-dried materials and crystalline D-mannitol. The amount of water needed for crystallization over a time scale observable in the moisture balance was considerably more than the amount needed to lower the glass transition temperature of the sample to the operating temperature of the instrument. This result illustrated the importance of time scale effects in determining critical moisture levels for crystallization from the amorphous state.
Off resonance cross-polarization: A technique to reduce rf power requirements for magnetization transfer experiments in solids

Cross-polarization of nuclei (I) with a low magnetogyric ratio is one of the pillars of many modern solid state NMR experiments, enhancing the sensitivity often by an order of magnitude. Cross-polarization is based upon cross-relaxation in the rotating frame between different nuclides, and occurs when the Hartmann-Hahn condition (2) is met. For magnetization transfer from spin Z to spin S, this condition requires radiofrequency fields, HI and Hs, applied simultaneously close to resonance for spin Z and spin S, respectively. H, and Hs must have the relation r&Jr = rsfk
Tumor Suppression by p53 Is Mediated in Part by the Antiangiogenic Activity of Endostatin and Tumstatin

Recent research shows that p53 suppresses tumor angiogenesis by transcriptionally activating the α(II) collagen prolyl-4-hydroxylase gene. This results in the extracellular release of the potent endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors endostatin and tumstatin from collagens 18 and 4, respectively. The involvement of these inhibitors elucidates a molecular mechanism. By simultaneously repressing a multitude of proangiogenic pathways and by inducing antiangiogenic pathways, a tumor suppressor protein can prevent an incipient tumor from switching to the angiogenic phenotype. Thus, p53 guards the genome from cancer by controlling the three fundamental processes that are critical for growth of a primary tumor and its metastases—tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor angiogenesis.
Changing Needle Practices in Community Outreach and Methadone Treatment

Abstract Many applied researchers have focused on reducing the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) among injecting drug users (IDUs). This pre- and posttest design study used two samples of IDUs (one reached by street outreach and one by methadone treatment) to assess their drug-injecting practices and HIV risk behaviors and evaluate changes in risk-related injecting practices at posttest. Although their patterns of use differed, both samples included IDUs with long histories of injecting. Many IDUs from both the street and treatment samples practiced some HIV risk reduction behaviors at pretest. At posttest, both groups showed significant improvements in risk behaviors such as (a) cleaning needles more often, (b) renting or borrowing needles less often, and (c) sharing needles less frequently. Many, however, still shared other equipment. The speed with which these improvements occurred suggests that the intervention programs were the agents of change.