cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triple Modal Coherent Nonlinear Imaging With Vibrational Contrast

By combining spectroscopic contrast with imaging speed, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy techniques have reiterated the usefulness of vibrational microscopy. In the nonlinear optical (NLO) microscope, CRS is often combined with other nonlinear optical signals, such as two-photon excited fluorescence or second-harmonic generation, providing images with multimodal contrast. However, it is also possible to expand the vibrational capabilities of the NLO microscope, namely through incorporation of other vibrationally selective nonlinear optical signals beyond CRS. Recently, it has been shown that vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (SFG) microscopy can be integrated into the imaging platform as well, offering additional vibrational spectroscopic probing capabilities. In this contribution, we highlight the concept of triple-modal vibrational microscopy, which combines CRS, SFG, and third-order sum-frequency generation on a single laser-scanning microscope. These three vibrationally sensitive NLO imaging techniques provide complementary information about the sample, allowing for more detailed molecular spectroscopic studies of biological specimens. We review the principles of the three light-matter interactions that underlie the techniques and discuss some of the imaging properties of the triple-modal vibrational microscope. We provide several imaging examples and conclude with discussing some of the outstanding challenges.
Age and racial disparities in substance use and self-reported viral suppression among men who have sex with men with HIV.

HIV disproportionately affects men who have sex with men (MSM). Substance use is common among people living with HIV and may affect antiretroviral therapy adherence. Nevertheless, research examinin...
Somatic Gene Therapy

The initial social and political barriers preventing the use of gene therapy in humans have essentially been overcome by a variety of committees, and by both the NIH and the FDA. During the past year, at least two experiments have been approved for somatic gene therapy. In principle, gene therapy does not differ from any other form of therapy; e.g., giving a drug to a cancer patient or an antibiotic to a patient with infection. The requirements for ethical and scientifically valid gene therapy experiments, as in all other clinical research, involve an estimation of the risk:benefit ratio. If the risk is small and the benefit potentially great, then the experiment should be approved; if the risk is great and potential benefits small, the experiment should not be approved. In addition, if there is no appropriate way to evaluate the effects of an experiment, it should not be performed.
Abstract 4924: Evaluation of the efficacy of curcumin and Y15 in platinum resistant ovarian cancer cells

Curcumin, a compound derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), inhibits the proliferation of multiple cancer cell types, including ovarian, pulmonary, brain, and breast through various mechanisms. In advanced ovarian cancer, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and contributes to platinum resistance. The compound Y15 (1, 2, 4, 5-benzene tetra amine tetrahydrochloride) inhibits FAK phosphorylation and subsequent activation. Therefore, in the present study we evaluated the combined cytotoxic efficacy of Curcumin and Y15 in platinum resistant OVCAR3 ovarian cancer cells. Cells were initially treated with concentrations of Y15 (10-100 μM), and curcumin (0-20µM) to determine IC10 values. Cells were subsequently treated with Y15 (20 μM) and curcumin (5 µM) alone and in combination. The cytotoxic profile of each treatment was assessed using the MTT assay. DNA fragmentation and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage assays were performed to evaluate the mechanism of cell death. We further evaluated the expression of total FAK, phosphorylated FAK, p53, p21, and BAX in response to treatments using western blot. Y15 significantly increased the cytotoxic efficacy of curcumin when compared to the curcumin only treatment. Cell death by apoptosis was confirmed by PARP cleavage and the presence of DNA fragments in Y15, curcumin, and curcumin plus Y15 treatment groups. The curcumin plus Y15 combination significantly downregulated the expression of phosphorylated FAK when compared to the individual treatments and control. Reduced FAK phosphorylation also correlated with increased expression of P53, P21 and BAX in curcumin and Y15 treatment groups. These results indicate that Y15 significantly enhances the cytotoxic profile of curcumin in platinum resistant OVCAR-3 cells. This study is the first to report a FAK dependent cytotoxic mechanism of curcumin in ovarian cancer and in further work we will evaluate the signaling pathways involved. Citation Format: Arkene S. Levy, Appu Rathinavelu, Nicole Coelho, Amanda Ramnot, Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai, Olena Bracho, Robert Smith. Evaluation of the efficacy of curcumin and Y15 in platinum resistant ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4924.
PhD Forum: Tracking Disaster Response from Social Media with Wavelet Analysis

In the past few years, natural disasters have increased at an alarming rate. The traditional methods of disaster tracking are not adequeate and is in desperate need of modern, decentralized, end-to-end cyber physical systems. The ubiquitous connectivity of social media with the rest of the world makes it a valuable source in the IoT [1], [2]. The sensing through social-media can help accelerate the detection and monitoring of an event, its strength and impact on individual human life and the community [3], [4]. Despite the past efforts, the true potential of social media in disaster response was seen during Hurricane Harvey in Texas this year. Volunteer networks were built with the help of social media to draw attention for rescue request, finding safe shelters and relief inquiries when all the chanels of communication were obsolete [7]. People in need of immediate help posted on social media for themselves, their friends, families and neighbors addressing to the accounts and hash-tags that are coordinating the rescue and relief process (e.g.,@harveyrescue, #harveySOS, #harveypets, etc.). Having robust cyber-physical systems can help design effective governing policy for deploying the national guards, military personnel, rescue team and aid. This leads to the challenge of processing all the information from different sensing platforms and integrating them to build a network of systems. Addressing the limitations of traditional methods, we propose a scalable, wavelet based social sensing framework for making estimations and predictions about the aftermath of natural disasters when it starts without any prior knowledge.
The lipid phase preference of the adenosine A2A receptor depends on its ligand binding state

Giant unilamellar protein vesicles (GUPs) were formed with the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) incorporated in the lipid bilayer and protein partitioning into the liquid ordered and liquid disordered phases was observed. When no ligand is bound, A2AR partitions preferentially into the liquid disordered phase of GUPs, while ligand-bound A2AR partitions into the liquid ordered phase.
Abstract B21: Improved efficacy of mitochondrial disrupting agents upon inhibition of autophagy in a mouse model of BRCA1-deficient breast cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and stratification of patients is fundamental to the success of treatment modalities. Breast tumors deficient in BRCA1 are mostly associated with basal-like breast cancers, and targeted therapeutics for this disease subtype are still lacking. In order to address whether autophagy inhibition will be effective in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors, we generated mice with conditional deletion of an essential autophagy gene FIP200 along with Brca1 and Trp53, through utilization of the K14-Cre transgene. We found that FIP200 deletion suppressed tumorigenesis in the BRCA1-deficient model when compared to wild-type and heterozygous FIP200 controls. However, in contrast to previous studies in the MMTV-PyMT model, tumor growth and the distribution of histologic subtypes were not affected by loss of FIP200. Interestingly, loss of FIP200 decreased mitochondrial mass and oxidative respiratory capacity of these tumor cells, along with a decrease in the phosphorylation of mTOR substrates and transcript levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly, we observed an increased sensitivity to mitochondrial disrupting agents upon loss of FIP200. Consequently, our data showed that combination of an autophagy inhibitor, Spautin-1, along with a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, metformin, was more effective in limiting oxidative respiratory capacity, colony-forming ability, and tumor growth. Altogether, our results indicate that inhibition of autophagy can increase the benefits of metformin treatment in BRCA1-deficient breast cancers. Citation Format: Syn Kok Yeo, Ritama Paul, Michael Haas, Chenran Wang, Jun-Lin Guan. Improved efficacy of mitochondrial disrupting agents upon inhibition of autophagy in a mouse model of BRCA1-deficient breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2017 Oct 7-10; Hollywood, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2018;16(8_Suppl):Abstract nr B21.
Minimal Inpatient Narcotic Requirement and Immediate Complication Profile Supports Same Day Discharge Following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Insertion

AbstractIntroduction:With more than 3,500 artificial urinary sphincters placed annually in the United States a significant cost burden is associated with overnight observation following surgery. We...
Adversarial Attacks on Convolutional Neural Networks in Facial Recognition Domain.

Numerous recent studies have demonstrated how Deep Neural Network (DNN) classifiers can be fooled by adversarial examples, in which an attacker adds perturbations to an original sample, causing the classifier to misclassify the sample. Adversarial attacks that render DNNs vulnerable in real life represent a serious threat, given the consequences of improperly functioning autonomous vehicles, malware filters, or biometric authentication systems. In this paper, we apply Fast Gradient Sign Method to introduce perturbations to a facial image dataset and then test the output on a different classifier that we trained ourselves, to analyze transferability of this method. Next, we craft a variety of different attack algorithms on a facial image dataset, with the intention of developing untargeted black-box approaches assuming minimal adversarial knowledge, to further assess the robustness of DNNs in the facial recognition realm. We explore modifying single optimal pixels by a large amount, or modifying all pixels by a smaller amount, or combining these two attack approaches. While our single-pixel attacks achieved about a 15% average decrease in classifier confidence level for the actual class, the all-pixel attacks were more successful and achieved up to an 84% average decrease in confidence, along with an 81.6% misclassification rate, in the case of the attack that we tested with the highest levels of perturbation. Even with these high levels of perturbation, the face images remained fairly clearly identifiable to a human. We hope our research may help to advance the study of adversarial attacks on DNNs and defensive mechanisms to counteract them, particularly in the facial recognition domain.
Structural Evaluation of Protein/Metal Complexes via Native Electrospray Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry.

Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has emerged as a promising tool to characterize proteins with regard to not only their primary sequences and post-translational modifications, but also their te...
Effects of Social Influence and Perceived Enjoyment on Kiosk Acceptance: A Moderating Role of Gender

The rapid deployment of customer self-service kiosks in hotels leads to the need to better understand how to encourage guests to use this technology. The study expands the Technology Acceptance Mod...
A Cyber-Physical System to Detect IoT Security Threats of a Smart Home Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Node

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) allows the Cyber-Physical System (CPS) components to communicate with other devices, and to interact with safety-critical systems, posing new research challenges in security, privacy, and reliability. Efficient power measurement in smart IoT devices has become one of the key research topics. In this paper, we design and develop a CPS to detect IoT security threats via behavioral power profiling of a heterogeneous wireless sensor device using a Raspberry Pi and a smartphone. Experimentation and verification have been conducted on a group of smart IoT devices with different test scenarios, including the device in an idle and active state with distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) and a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack. We propose to use the device power consumption rate to predict and detect a security threat using statistical signal processing and multivariate regression model. The proposed system can detect a potential security threat with an average accuracy of 80% and a device high of 89%.
Songbird use of interior and edge floodplain forest sites along the Upper Mississippi River, USA, during spring migration and breeding seasons

Floodplain forests of large rivers in the midwestern United States are naturally fragmented by sloughs, backwaters, wetlands, and shrub carr. On the highly altered Upper Mississippi River (UMR), resource managers want to protect and manage floodplain forests to benefit forest “interior” bird species. To discover bird relations with interior and edge floodplain forest, we characterized bird assemblages during spring migration and breeding season in 3 forest types: habitat in the interior of forest areas > 100 m from an edge, edges associated with interior areas, and other areas of forest not associated with an interior area (random sites) on the UMR between Hastings and Red Wing, Minnesota. The random sites represent the majority of UMR floodplain forest area because only a small percentage of forest occurs >100 m from edge. Estimated habitat characteristics did not differ among interior, edge, and random sites. Bird relative abundance, species richness, diversity, assemblage composition, and detections of all but one species (in spring) did not differ among interior, edge, and random sites during both seasons. Our results suggest a homogeneous bird assemblage across UMR floodplain forest in the study area during spring migration and the breeding season, and that individual forest bird species do not seem to be more abundant in interior or edge areas as we defined them.
Value signals in orbitofrontal cortex predict economic decisions on a trial-to-trial basis

ABSTRACT Neuroeconomics seeks to explain how neural activity contributes to decision behavior. For value-based decisions, the primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is thought to have a key role; however, the mechanism by which single OFC cells contribute to choices is still unclear. Here, we show for the first time a trial-to-trial relationship between choices and population-level value representations in OFC, defined by the weighted sum of activity from many individual value-coding neurons.
Shock and Awe in the UNFSS

The unholy alliance between the UN and the World Economic Forum in staging a Food Systems Summit is the culmination of deepening public partnerships with the corporate food sector on an international scale. This article examines how the WEF has exploited this relationship to position its private constituency to oversee global food market governance at the expense of multilateral principles, and against China's expanding state-centered model of international self-reliance.
Ambulatory assessment of clinical anxiety

(From the chapter) Outlined some principal methodological complications in ambulatory anxiety research and presented a recent study of flying phobics to highlight the advancements we have made: the recording of electrodermal activity and calibrated respiration, the development of computer programs to eliminate artifacts in these channels, the control for speech activation, the application of a new method to derive additional HR (heart rate) in the field, and the representation of event data in clock time... data were collected as part of a treatment study to investigate the effects of combining the administration of the benzodiazepine alprazolam with cognitive-behavioral therapy; 28 Subjects (with flying phobia) and 15 control Subjects were included in the analysis; (Subjects were adult females)
Science Education for Young Emergent Bilinguals

Linguistic diversity among school-aged children in the United States has grown rapidly over the last 30 years, and this trend is expected to continue in the coming years. This chapter presents an overview of research on science education for young emergent bilinguals in preschool through third grade settings. This body of work provides important insights but also raises many questions about how science education unfolds and can be improved for children learning in a second or additional language in early childhood educational contexts. We begin with a brief discussion of the contexts in which (research on) science education for young emergent bilingual occurs. We then examine the empirical research, organizing our review along four dimensions that emerged as the main analytic foci across studies: curriculum development, teacher professional development, student outcomes, and classroom interaction. Across these four foci, hands-on and inquiry-based science education figures prominently, as does the integration of science education and English language development. We conclude by discussing implications of the research for educational practice, directions for future research, and the need for further integration of multiple perspectives on and methodological approaches in research on science educational processes and outcomes for emergent bilinguals and their teachers in early childhood educational contexts.
Progress and Hurdles for Follow-on Biologics

Thanks to a new regulatory pathway created by the 2010 Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act, the FDA has now approved its first biosimilar drug, filgrastim-sndz. The challenges to achieving savings from follow-on biologics are large but not insurmountable.
SU-C-213-01: 3D Printed Patient Specific Phantom Composed of Bone and Soft Tissue Substitute Plastics for Radiation Therapy

Purpose: 3D printed phantoms constructed of multiple tissue approximating materials could be useful in both clinical and research aspects of radiotherapy. This work describes a 3D printed phantom constructed with tissue substitute plastics for both bone and soft tissue; air cavities were included as well. Methods: 3D models of an anonymized nasopharynx patient were generated for air cavities, soft tissues, and bone, which were segmented by Hounsfield Unit (HU) thresholds. HU thresholds were chosen to define air-to-soft tissue boundaries of 0.65 g/cc and soft tissue-to-bone boundaries of 1.18 g/cc based on clinical HU to density tables. After evaluation of several composite plastics, a bone tissue substitute was identified as an acceptable material for typical radiotherapy x-ray energies, composed of iron and PLA plastic. PET plastic was determined to be an acceptable soft tissue substitute. 3D printing was performed on a consumer grade dual extrusion fused deposition model 3D printer. Results: MVCT scans of the 3D printed heterogeneous phantom were acquired. Rigid image registration of the patient and the 3D printed phantom scans was performed. The average physical density of the soft tissue and bone regions was 1.02 ± 0.08 g/cc and 1.39 ± 0.14 g/cc, respectively, for the patient kVCTmore » scan. In the 3D printed phantom MVCT scan, the average density of the soft tissue and bone was 1.01 ± 0.09 g/cc and 1.44 ± 0.12 g/cc, respectively. Conclusion: A patient specific phantom, constructed of heterogeneous tissue substitute materials was constructed by 3D printing. MVCT of the 3D printed phantom showed realistic tissue densities were recreated by the 3D printing materials. Funding provided by intra-department grant by University of Minnesota Department of Radiation Oncology.« less
Graph-Based Hierarchical Conceptual Clustering in Structural Databases

Cluster analysis has been studied and developed in many areas for a wide variety of applications. The purpose of applying clustering to a database is to gain better understanding of the data, in many cases through revealing hierarchical topologies. We are working on extending the Subdue structural knowledge discovery system with clustering functionalities. Past works related to ours are an incremental approach called Cobweb [Fis her 1987], and its extension, Labyrinth [Thompson & Langley 1991], that can represent structured objects using a probabilistic model.
Using inertia and referrals to facilitate satisficing distributions

We study the problem of distributed, self-interested agents searching for high-quality service providers where the performance of a service provider depends on its work load. Agents use referrals from peers to locate satisfactory providers. While stable environments may facilitate fast convergence to satisfying states, greedy and myopic behaviors by distributed agents can lead to poor and variable performances for the entire community. We present mechanisms for resource discovery that involve learning, over interactions, both the performance levels of different service providers as well as the quality of referrals provided by other agents. We study parameters controlling system performance to better comprehend the reasons behind the observed performances of the proposed coordination schemes.
A Resource-Based View of Three Forms of Business in the Startup Phase: Implications for Franchising

The decision to buy a franchise, start a new independent business, or buy an existing business is a critical decision faced by entrepreneurs. This study uses the Resource-Based View (RBV) of organizations to compare franchisees in the startup phase to both entrepreneurs who start new independent businesses and entrepreneurs who purchase established businesses. Our analysis of U.S. data from the Kauffman Firm Survey found similarities among those starting franchises and purchasing existing independent businesses. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
The Fas pathway in apoptosis.

Publisher Summary Recent investigations have clearly established that certain receptor–ligand interactions selectively initiate cell death. A critical role for this type of receptor-initiated apoptosis in the interaction of immune cells has been researched, and in a relatively short period of time, a very large amount of information has been generated identifying critical roles for Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in immune development and function. Specifically, cells bearing the transmembrane receptor Fas can rapidly undergo programmed cell death after binding cells expressing FasL. Depending on the cell types, this interaction can be involved in the development of the functional immune repertoire, the destruction of target cells during lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, or the downregulation of immune responses. The importance of Fas/FasL interactions is highlighted by the striking abnormalities seen in both animal strains and human patients bearing natural mutations in their Fas or FasL genes. This chapter describes how Fas/FasL interactions critically influence immune function and how their dysregulation can lead to specific pathologic consequences. Finally, the chapter discusses how the understanding of Fas and FasL can be used to guide specific therapeutic strategies for certain disease processes.
Museum Revolutions: How Museums Change and Are Changed

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2007 Publisher: Routledge ISBN: 978-0-415-44467-5 (soft cover).
Characteristics Of Underrepresented Self-Employed Groups

This paper covers concerns of self-employed individuals by looking at specific issues that are related to underrepresented sectors in the study area: women, racial minorities of both genders, and women in racial minority groups. It is necessary to focus on these areas due to their under-representation in thinly research areas, with not many empirical issues or statistical findings being addressed in these areas. This paper is mainly theoretical, and answers two critical questions: (1) What are the distinct characteristics of underrepresented self-employed groups compared to the dominant group—white males? (2) What are the key explanations and reasons for these groups having such characteristics? Trends in self-employment over the last six decades are examined, as well as the distinct characteristics of self-employed women, minorities, and minority women.
Every choice correspondence is backwards-induction rationalizable

Abstract We extend the result from Bossert and Sprumont (2013) that every single-valued choice function is backwards-induction rationalizable via strict preferences to the case of choice correspondences via weak preferences.
Chromic acid impregnation strengthening of porous alumina

Abstract Chromia impregnation of porous sintered alumina bodies by a chromic acid process was investigated. The process was monitored by porosity and density measurements, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Impregnated structures were characterized by measuring the strength in biaxial flexure and the hardness and toughness by indentation methods. The strength, hardness and the toughness of the bodies all increased with decreasing porosity in accordance with the Knudsen relationship. However, the exponential constant, b , was different for each of these properties. It was concluded that the strengthening is a dual mechanism process in which the reduction of the level of porosity in the alumina skeletal structure simultaneously increases the toughness of the material and also reduces the critical flaw size.
The synthesis of 3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl-vl-v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazines and substituted 3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1 -ylimidazo[4,5-d]pyridazines

The synthesis of 4-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine, 4-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)imid-azo[4,5-d]pyridazine and several S-substituted derivatives of 4-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyrid-azine-2-thiol is reported. These syntheses were carried out to provide a variety of interesting compounds for biological screening.
Spin Trapping Studies of Amine-Stabilized Trialkylborane Free Radical Initiator Systems: Kinetics and Mechanism

The free radical initiation chemistry of highly reactive trialkylboranes (R3B, R = n-butyl), stabilized by complexation to amines (A–R3B), has been investigated using spin trapping methods and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Protonation of A–R3B leads to release of R3B and its subsequent autooxidation in the presence of molecular oxygen. This reaction provides highly reactive alkyl and alkoxy radicals for initiation of α–olefin polymerization. Kinetic traces of the R3B autooxidation reaction were obtained by monitoring the relative concentrations of trapped radical species as a function of time for several different initial conditions (acid concentrations). Analysis of a representative kinetic run is discussed in terms of several proposed mechanisms from the literature.
Self-lubricated mantle convection: Two-dimensional models

We present results from convection models allowing for self-lubrication of downflows. Models impose a line source of chemically light, low viscosity material at the top of a convecting layer of temperature-dependent viscosity material. Low viscosity surface material serves as an analog to hydrated sediment/crust and the high viscosity upper portion of the convecting layer as an analog to mantle lithosphere. Slow near surface motion in the convecting layer entrains low viscosity material into zones of downflow, which has a lubricating effect. Once entrained lubricant is deeper than the cold high viscosity portion of the convecting layer, rapid upper boundary layer overturn occurs and system properties change (e.g., heat flux doubles). This marks transition to a lubricated state. Before and after transition, transport properties are dominantly determined by, respectively, the viscosity of mantle lithosphere and that of interior mantle. Lubricated and nonlubricated states appear as distinct regions in system output space suggesting that exchange between them is akin to a phase transition. That such exchange depends on a near surface lubricant implies that the geodynamics of planets lacking such lubricants may fundamentally differ from that of planets possessing them.
Integrating Sustainability Into Management Education A Dean's Perspective

The integration of sustainability and environmental ethics into management education has improved in the past decade. This is partly a response to external pressure, as societal concerns about sustainability grow and businesses have made greater efforts to green their processes and products. But it is also a response to internal pressure from faculty who have focused their research on the intersection of business and the natural environment. Academic administrators such as deans can encourage this integration in a number of ways, even if business school accreditors such as AACSB lag in their commitment to sustainability education.
An autonomous communications relay in GPS-denied environments via antenna diversity:

In this paper we present a motion planning scheme for enabling a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to serve as an autonomous communications relay in indoor or GPS-denied environments. Using antenna selection diversity, the quadrotor is able to optimize its location in the communication chain so as to maximize the link throughput. Measurements of the communications field drive a gradient descent algorithm that moves the quadrotor to an optimal location while avoiding obstacles, all without the use of positioning data. Numerical simulations and preliminary experimental results verify the validity of the proposed extremum-seeking approach.
On symmetry group properties and general similarity forms of the Benney equations in the Lagrangian variables

In the present study, we investigate the symmetry groups of Benney equations in Lagrangian variables in the form of the system of the nonlinear integro-differential equations. We obtain the Lie point symmetries by using the invariance criterion for a specific type of integro-differential equation and find some reduced forms that have fewer independent variables by using the symmetry groups.
Connection between strong and weak coupling in the mean spherical model in 1+1 dimensions☆

Abstract I extend the strong-coupling expansion obtained by Srednicki, for the β-function of the mean spherical model in 1+1 dimensions, in the hamiltonian formulation. I use ordinary and two-point Pade approximants to extrapolate this result to weak coupling. I find a reasonably smooth connection between strong and weak coupling, and good numerical agreement with the exact solution.
Young's Modulus Determined with Small Stresses

An interferometer method similar to that used by E. Gr\"uneisen was used to determine the extensions of metallic rods of brass, steel, copper, aluminum and nickel under small stresses. The largest stresses applied were considerably less than those usually used in commercial testing. For the substances examined Young's Modulus was found to increase very rapidly as the stress increased from zero, reach a maximum at a comparatively small stress, and then to decrease almost exponentially to the ordinary value. The annealing of the rod may be connected with this divergence from Hooke's law with small stresses, as slight differences were found on reannealing some of the rods used.
Intrastriatal injection of the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist MCPG attenuates acute amphetamine-stimulated neuropeptide mRNA expression in rat striatum

Abstract In chronically cannulated rats, microinjection of a competitive metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist, (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG), into the dorsal striatum at doses of 0.4, 2 and 10 μg/1 μl did not affect basal levels of preprodynorphin, substance P and preproenkephalin mRNAs in the dorsal striatum as revealed by quantitative in situ hybridization. However, intrastriatal MCPG (0.08, 0.4 and 2 μg/l μl) dose-dependently attenuated increases in the three mRNA expression induced by acute amphetamine injection (2 mg/kg, i.p.). MCPG had no significant effect on spontaneous, and amphetamine-stimulated, behavioral activities. These data indicate that activation of MCPG-sensitive mGluRs is necessary for upregulation of striatal neuropeptide mRNA expression in response to amphetamine exposure. However, the mGluR activity is not implicated in maintaining basal levels of the peptide gene expression in the striatum.
Untethered gesture acquisition and recognition for virtual world manipulation

Humans use a combination of gesture and speech to interact with objects and usually do so more naturally without holding a device or pointer. We present a system that incorporates user body-pose estimation, gesture recognition and speech recognition for interaction in virtual reality environments. We describe a vision-based method for tracking the pose of a user in real time and introduce a technique that provides parameterized gesture recognition. More precisely, we train a support vector classifier to model the boundary of the space of possible gestures, and train Hidden Markov Models (HMM) on specific gestures. Given a sequence, we can find the start and end of various gestures using a support vector classifier, and find gesture likelihoods and parameters with a HMM. A multimodal recognition process is performed using rank-order fusion to merge speech and vision hypotheses. Finally we describe the use of our multimodal framework in a virtual world application that allows users to interact using gestures and speech.
Observer-Based Intensity-Feedback Control for Laser Beam Pointing and Tracking

This paper presents an investigation of the control problem of aiming a laser beam under dynamic disturbances, using light intensity for feedback only. The idea is to steer the beam with a biaxial microelectromechanical mirror, which is driven by a control signal generated by processing the beam intensity sensed by a single photodiode. Since the pointing location of the beam is assumed to be unavailable for real-time control, a static nonlinear mapping from the 2-D beam location to the photodiode sensor measurement output is estimated with the use of the least-squares algorithm, treating data from a biaxial optical position sensor as inputs to the static mapping. This formulation results in a nonlinear Wiener-Hammerstein system composed of a linear subsystem connected in series to a nonlinear static output mapping. Conceptually, the controller design problem is addressed with the integration of an observer and a pair of linear time-invariant single-input/single-output controllers into one system. This approach motivates two research questions that are considered independently in this paper. The first is about the multiple-experiment observability of the considered nonlinear optical system. The second is about the search of an heuristic method, based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm, for estimating the state of the linear subsystem, necessary for implementing the proposed control approach. Here, we present a compelling answer for the first question and we propose a methodology to tackle the second. It is important to state that the problem considered in this article is very challenging, because the nonlinear static output map of the system is not one-to-one. In order to address this issue, we introduce the idea of integrating stable output disturbance models into the design of the proposed EKF-based observer. This is the main contribution of the paper, which could have an impact in the way other nonlinear control problems are addressed in the future. Evidence of the suitability of the proposed method is provided through experimental results from a case relevant to free-space optics for communications and directed energy applications.
Interactions between the seasonal cycle and the Southern Oscillation - Frequency entrainment and chaos in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model

Nonlinear interactions between the seasonal cycle and interannual variations in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system have recently been proposed as the cause of irregularity of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We investigated such a hypothesis using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model which allows coupling between total sea surface temperature (SST) and total surface winds. Numerical simulations indicate that the model is capable of capturing the essential SST variability on seasonal-to-interannual time scale. Furthermore, it is shown that, as the seasonal forcing amplitude is gradually increased from zero, the coupled model undergoes several transitions between periodic (frequency-locking) and chaotic states before it finally ‘gives up’ its intrinsic ENSO mode of oscillation entirely and acquires the frequency of the seasonal forcing. Chaotic response is found as the forcing amplitude approaches the observed value and the route to ENSO chaos is identified to be the period-doubling cascade. The study suggests that the response of a coupled system, coupled General Circulation Models of the ocean and atmosphere for example, can be very sensitive not only to changes in the internal model parameters but also to changes in the external forcing conditions.
Production of wire via friction extrusion of aluminum alloy machining chips

This paper describes the production of fully consolidated wires from aluminum alloy AA2050 and aluminum alloy AA2195 machining chips via the friction extrusion process. In this work, the extrusion rate was linearly related to the power input/die rotational speed. Hot crack and cold crack defects appeared on wires produced using either too high or too low a power input/die rotational speed. The extruded wire microstructure consisted of fully equiaxed, recrystallized grains. Average grain size in the wires generally increases with the increase of die rotational speed/extrusion power. Micro-hardness was homogeneous across the wire transverse cross-sections. Positive response to post-extrusion heat treatment was observed with increasing extrusion power indicating increasing temperature and in process solution heat treatment of the wire with sufficient extrusion power. The ductility of defect free wire was demonstrated by the absence of cracking in 5T bend tests.
New neptinium isotopes, 230Np and 229Np

Abstract Two new neptunium isotopes 230 Np and 229 Np were produced by bombarding enriched 233 U with protons at the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron. In the experiments, recoil nuclei ejected from the target were collected and then assayed with an α-particle spectrometer. The 230 Np and 229 Np isotopes were found to have respective α-particle energies and half-lives of 6.66±0.02 MeV and 4.6±0.3 min and 6.89±0.02 MeV and 4.0±0.2 min. The 226 Pa and 225 Pa collateral series from the decay of the neptunium parents were also seen. The α-particle energies found for the 225 Pa series are more precise than previously available values: 225 Pa, 7.25±0.02 MeV (new value); 221 Ac, 7.63±0.02 MeV; 217 Fr, 8.31±0.02 MeV.and 213 At, 9.06±0.02 MeV. Evidence for the possible decay of 221 Ac via emission of a 7.42 MeV α-particle to an excited state of 217 Fr is presented. The α-particle energies measured for 230 Np, 229 Np and 225 Pa verify the predictions of Viola and Seaborg from α-decay systematics.
Stereoselective reductions of chiral iminium ions

Abstract Chiral iminium ions derived from α-phenethylamine have been reduced stereoselectivey with NaBH4. Diastereoselection of the reduction ranged from 88:12 to 94:6. The sense of asymmetric induction has been unambiguously assigned by correlation of reduction products with S-(−)-salsolidine and S-(−)-nor-laudanosine.
Dogflesh eating by humans in sub-Saharan Africa

This paper describes the eating and rejection of dogflesh by native peoples in Africa south of the Sahara. Its focus is geographic and culture historical, and its principal concern is with sociocultural factors related to the practice of dog eating by humans (cynophagy): perceptions of the dog, role of the dog in human society and economy, social and ritual contexts of dog eating, and environmental, religious and other factors that have favored the practice, or acted against it and contributed to its decline in modern times.
Production of epibenthic salt marsh algae: Light and nutrient limitation1

Epibenthic algal production was measured in Great Sippewissett Marsh, Falmouth, Massachusetts, in plots treated with two levels of a mixed fertilizer and with urea or phosphate. Production, which followed a consistent seasonal pattern with short-lived peaks in spring and fall, was increased by the highest dosage of mixed fertilizer but not by the other treatments. Fertilization also increased production of the marsh grasses. Algal production at the marsh surface was limited due to shading by the grass canopy. The production rate decreased with increasing biomass of the grasses. To separate the effects of light and nutrients in the treated areas, additional small plots were enriched with three levels of nitrogen (suspected as the limiting nutrient) and provided with three levels of canopy cover cross-classified to the nitrogen treatments. Shading by the grasses reduced, while fertilization with nitrogen significantly increased, production. When the grasses were dormant, prediction from a model of epibenthic production based on limitation by light compared well with observed measurements. The predicted production rate was higher than that observed during the growing season of the grasses. In the plots receiving the highest doses of mixed fertilizer the added nutrients comoensated for the light limitation. since the discrepancy between predicted and observed valuis was smaller than in the control plots.
Baclofen inhibits with high affinity an L-type — like voltage-dependent calcium channel in cerebellar granule cell cultures

Abstract In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, D,L baclofen (p-chlorophenyl-GABA) inhibited appoximately 50% of the calcium-45 influx induced with cell depolarization. The half maximal effective concentration for baclofen was 4 nM. Basal calcium influx was not influenced by baclofen thus suggesting that its inhibitory action could be exerted via a voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC). Whole-cell recordings by patch-clamp technique showed a calcium current that appeared to be similar to the reported L-type VDCC. Nanomolar concentrations of baclofen also inhibited this calcium current by about 60%. However, in order for baclofen to be active, it needed to be placed into the incubation buffer at least five minutes before patching a cell raising the possibility that baclofen may be acting to inhibit the VDCC via a second messenger system.
Effects of ascorbic acid on the skeletal response of chicks to vitamin D deficiency.

1. The skeletal response of vitamin D-deficient chicks to dietary ascorbic acid was tested. 2. The epiphyseal cartilaginous plate width, which was increased by the vitamin D deficiency, was further increased when ascorbic acid was added and the effect appeared sooner. 3. Absence of vitamin D was associated with a reduction in the relative amount of cancellous to compact bone ash in the tibia. Dietary ascorbic acid intensified this effect to a significant degree. 4. Plasma ascorbic acid levels in rachitic chicks were approximately 25% less than in controls. This observation may explain the skeletal response to added vitamin C and suggests that avian bone tissue has a particularly high requirement for this vitamin.
Internal friction peaks in deuteron-irradiated tungsten

Abstract Tungsten polycrystalline wires and single crystal rods were irradiated near 80°K with 13 MeV deuterons. The effects of irradiation were observed by internal friction and dynamic Young's modulus measurements taken in the ranges 78–300°K and 0.8–10 kc. During irradiation apparent pinning of dislocations reduced the friction and increased the modulus. Prolonged irradiation produced a linear decrease in the modulus. On warmup to 300°K two thermally-activated relaxation peaks, I and II, appeared in the internal friction versus temperature spectra of the polycrystalline wires (99.8% purity). Reorientation activation energies were measured as 0.17 ± 0.03 eV and 0.40 ± 0.04 eV , respectively; frequency factors were both found to be approximately 10 13 sec −1 . The isothermal anneal of peak II followed first order kinetics with energy of 0.45 ± 0.12 eV and an average lifetime of 10 9 reorientation jumps. Both peak heights were observed to saturate with deuteron flux. Irradiation of high purity (99.999%) single crystals, whether unworked or heavily cold-worked, produced neither peak. It is concluded that the peaks were caused by irradiation-induced tungsten interstitials trapped at impurities.
You Have a Culture to Conserve Here, But We Have a Power Line to Stop: University/Community Study of Cultural Attachment to Place

Pedagogy, basic research, community service. These three phrases have rolled out of my pen time and time again, as 1 described successful and satisfying projects that have met all three goals. With this article we would like to discuss the limits of community-university collaboration in a certain kind of community service. Students and 1 have been engaged in various projects—collecting oral histories for a county's museum, interviewing retired coal miners to learn about the place of religion in their lives for a Coal Mining Heritage Association—that were very satisfying to all concerned. They were also innocuous from a power point of view. There was no power establishment fighting back.
The Social Management of Ambition

This study of “the social management of ambition” (Hopper 1968) analyzes the changes in occupational expectations that occur among a group of ambitious high school seniors during the seven years af...
Temperature Dependence of the UPS and HREELS of HN3 and DN3 on Si(110).

Abstract HN3 was used for the first time as a nitrogen source for nitridation of Si surfaces. Its interaction with Si(110) was studied with HREELS and UPS at temperatures between 120 and 1350 K. HN3 was found to adsorb molecularly on the Si surface at 120 K, as all molecular vibrational peaks, such as HN-NN stretching at 150 meV, HNN = N stretching at 265 meV and H-NNN stretching at 414 meV, were clearly observed in HREEL spectra. A similar HREELS study of DN3 was carried out to confirm some of the EELS assignments. Upon warming up to 220 K, HN3 started to dissociate into N2 and NH, which further dissociated to give N and H as the surface was annealed from 580 to 800 K. H adatoms were observed to desorb at T > 800 K, while N remained on the surface, forming Si3 N4 at T ≅ 1350 K.
Melting and the softening of the transverse phonon modes in solids

Abstract Using molecular dynamic techniques in solids, the long wave transverse modes are found to shear readily at high temperatures. A model for melting is developed based on shear instability.
Effects of dilution and temperature of analysis on blood serum values in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

Albumin, cholesterol, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and total protein analyses were not affected by temperatures between 20 and 38°C nor by dilution with either 0.65% or 0.85% NaCl. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen, calcium and creatinine were unaffected by dilution. Alkaline phosphotase, cholinesterase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, and phosphohexose isomerase were all affected by temperature. Results of dilution tests were generally inconclusive, while results of enzymatic reactions indicate that reaction temperatures must be closely controlled to produce comparable results.