cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of Zeland's IE3D in the microwave and RF classroom

Recognizing the importance of imitation and visualization in emphasizing physical understanding, especially in view of the empiric nature of microwave and RF design, we decide to use electromagnetic simulation software as a tool in teaching microwave engineering. The electromagnetic simulation software adopted is Zeland's IE3D. IE3D is an integrated full-wave electromagnetic simulation and optimization package for the analysis and design of 3-D microstrip antennas, microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits, and high-speed printed circuit board. Zeland's IE3D will allow the student to be able to try many variations to the problems posed in class. This allows the student to gain an overall understanding of the theory used to incorporate the appropriate mathematical equations. The paper illustrates some actual problems posed and solved using Zeland's IE3D in a microwave and RF classroom.
Recombinant oxalate decarboxylase: enhancement of a hybrid catalytic cascade for the complete electro-oxidation of glycerol

The complete electro-oxidation of glycerol to CO2 is performed through an oxidation cascade using a hybrid catalytic system combining a recombinant enzyme, oxalate decarboxylase from Bacillus subtilis, and an organic oxidation catalyst, 4-amino-TEMPO. This system is capable of electrochemically oxidizing glycerol at a carbon electrode collecting all 14 electrons per molecule.
Hot Spotting and Judder Phenomena in Aluminum Drum Brakes

Hot spotting and judder phenomena were observed in automotive aluminum drum brakes. A vehicle judder test schedule was developed to determine the critical speed for thermoelastic instability (TEI). The brake material properties relevant to the TEI analysis were measured as a function of temperature. The critical speeds for the brake systems with different drum materials were determined by the judder schedule and they are compared with the analytical predictions of Lee (2000). The brake drums and linings were then modified and tested in order to investigate its effects on the hot spotting and judder propensity. The design modifications include brake linings with a different compound, stress-relieved drums, linings with a convex or concave surface finish, three-segmented linings, and linings with a circumferential groove. The linings with a circumferencial groove effectively reduce the size of hot spots and the best judder rating was achieved.
Nucleotide sequences of two newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 variants

The FGF receptor tyrosine kinase family consists of four members. We report the sequence of two newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) FGFR2 cDNAs which were isolated from a forelimb blastema cDNA library and represent the newt cognates of two different isoforms of FGFR2, one homologous to bek the other to the KGFR.
Epididymal cysts in childhood - conservative or surgical approach?

The aim of the study To decide on the accurate way of treatment and to establish criteria for operation in boys with pubertal epididymal cysts (ECs). Material and methods Results of scrotal ultrasound of 363 boys and adolescents, aged 2 months to 18 years, were reviewed retrospectively. Results Of all 363 patients with scrotal ultrasound 59 (16.2%) at mean age of 14.03 yrs had ECs. The EC incidence increased with age and 42 out of 124 boys (33.8%) older than 14 yrs had cysts (chi2=27.627, p=0.000). Out of 59 patients, in 30 (50.8%) cysts were diagnosed incidentally at the time of scrotal US, 29 boys (49.2%) presented with scrotal mass and/or pain. 31 patients with ECs (52.5%) underwent elective surgery and the remaining 28 boys (47.5%) received conservative treatment. The age of boys with ECs who underwent surgery ranged from 8 to 18 years (mean 14.32). The age range of patients treated conservatively was 7-18 (mean 13.71). There was no statistical difference in age between boys treated surgically and conservatively (t=0.924, p=0.36). ECs resolved in 17 patients out of 28 boys treated conservatively, in remaining 11 boys the size of cysts was stabile and they remain asymptomatic. Clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up were carried out from 11 months to 5 years. Conclusions ECs are more common in older boys (over 14 years). Management of ECs smaller than 10 mm should be conservative with clinical and ultrasound controls, leaving surgery for cysts increasing in size over 10 mm which did not involute with time.
Wittgenstein’s Nachlass

Etude des problemes methodologiques, exegetiques et analytiques que pose la publication du «Nachlass» de Wittgenstein pour la recherche sur sa pensee. Examinant l'introduction des «Wiener Ausgabe» de M. Nedo, l'A. montre que sa reponse au caractere fragmentaire, idiosyncratique et particulier des manuscrits de Wittgenstein consiste en un reamenagement des remarques de l'auteur dans le cadre d'une edition de ses oeuvres completes. Soulignant le souci de Wittgenstein pour la composition de ses ouvrages, l'A. montre que l'aspect fragmentaire, idiosyncratique et particulier de son ecriture reste le reflet de la prose et de la methode philosophiques de ses «Recherches logiques»
MAGNETIC FLUX CONSERVATION IN THE HELIOSHEATH INCLUDING SOLAR CYCLE VARIATIONS OF MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program Grant NNX14AO14H)
Adaptive Memory Remembering With a Stone-Age Brain

If memory evolved, sculpted by the processes of natural selection, then its operating characteristics likely bear the “footprints” of ancestral selection pressures. Psychologists rarely consider this possibility and generally ignore functional questions in their attempt to understand how human memory works. We propose that memory evolved to enhance reproductive fitness and, accordingly, its systems are tuned to retain information that is fitness-relevant. We present evidence consistent with this proposal, namely that processing information for its survival relevance leads to superior long-term retention—better, in fact, than most known memory-enhancement techniques. Even if one remains skeptical about evolutionary analyses, adopting a functional perspective can lead to the generation of new research ideas.
5-Hydroxytryptamine depolarizes neurons of cat pancreatic ganglia

Abstract Pancreatic ganglia contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive axons, some of which are extensions of myenteric neurons located in the pyloric antrum and proximal duodenum. The present study investigated the effect of 5-HT on the membrane potential of cat pancreatic ganglion neurons by means of intracellular recordings in vitro. Pressure application of 5-HT evoked a fast depolarization in 29 of 147 neurons and a slow depolarization in 89 of 147 neurons. A biphasic response was observed in 10 of 108 neurons. The 5-HT-induced slow depolarizing response was not altered in a low Ca 2+ (0.1 mM), high Mg 2+ (15 mM) solution nor by hexamethonium (10 −4 M) or atropine (10 −6 M). The fast depolarizing response was associated with a decrease of membrane input resistance (− 17.2%). The slow depolarizing response was associated with either a decrease (− 19.6%) in 24, an increase (+25.0%) in 20, or without a detectable change of membrane input resistance in 10 out of 54 neurons tested. Conditioning hyperpolarization increased the amplitude of both fast and slow depolarizing responses. A low Na + (68.5 mM) solution and a high K + (23.5 mM) solution significantly reduced the amplitude of the slow depolarizing response. A low Cl − (9.6 mM) solution had no significant effect on the slow depolarization. The 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist MDL 72222 (Bemesetron) blocked the 5-HT-evoked fast depolarizing response. BRL 24924 (Renzapride) and 5 HT-DP, antagonists for the putative 5-HT 1P receptor, blocked the slow depolarizing response. The 5-HT 3 receptor agonist 2-methyl-5-HT evoked a fast depolarizing response and MCPP, an agonist for the putative 5-HT 1P receptor, evoked a slow depolarizing response. Spiperone (a 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist) and mianserin (a 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist) had no effect on either depolarizing response to 5-HT. The results show that pancreatic ganglion neurons responded to 5-HT with fast and slow depolarizing responses. The data suggest that these responses were mediated by the 5-HT 3 receptor and the putative 5-HT 1P receptor, respectively.
High‐temperature containerless calorimeter

A high-temperature (greater than 1500 K) containerless calorimeter is described and its usefulness demonstrated. The calorimeter uses the technique of omnidirectional electron bombardment of pendant drops to achieve an isothermal test environment. The small heat input into the sample (i.e., 15-50 W) can be controlled and measured. The apparatus can be used to determine the total hemispherical emissivity, specific heat, heat of fusion, surface tension, and equilibrium melting temperature of small molten drops in the temperature range of 1500 to 3500 K. The total hemispherical emissivity and specific heat of pure niobium and two alloys of niobium-germanium have been measured in the temperature range of 1700 to 2400 K. As reported in the literature, the total hemispherical emissivity varied as a function of temperature. However, specific heat values for both the pure metal and alloys seem to be independent of temperature. Specific heat for the liquid alloy phase was also measured and compared to the solid phase.
Post laser hyperpigmentation and occupational ultraviolet radiation exposure

Hyperpigmentation is an occasional complication of laser therapy. Patients working in an environment with excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation may be at increased risk.
Cellophane as a biodegradable electroactive polymer actuator

Abstract We present a piezoelectric model and sensitivity analysis for the performance of a cantilevered unimorph cellophane actuator. The model adequately predicts the tip- displacement behavior as a function of the applied voltage. In the sensitivity analysis, the one-at-a-time parameter perturbation approach is used to assess sensitivity of the tip-displacement response to the range of variation of an input parameter. The thickness of the cellophane and the length of actuator are more sensitive than the thickness of elastic layer and the ratio of Young’s modulus. Calculations show the estimation of d31 and k31 coefficient values from the model to be 60 pC/N for d31 and 0.44 pC/N for k31. In addition, normalized sensitivity analysis is performed to rank the most influential design parameters. The results indicate that small variations in the cellophane thickness represent the most impact on the tip-displacement response, and the effect of Young’s modulus shows the least impact on model responses.
Tightly bound chromatin proteins with rapid metabolic turnover suppress antinucleoside immunoreactivity in HeLa cell nuclei.

Abstract A class of non-histone chromatin proteins that were bound tightly to DNA and could not be dissociated from the chromatin by high salt and urea was isolated from HeLa cell nuclei and separated from DNA by DNase digestion. These ‘tight’ proteins retained their ability to bind to single- and double-stranded DNA as assayed by nitrocellulose filter binding. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the most prominent proteins possessed molecular weights of about 60 000 D. In asynchronously growing HeLa cell cultures about 1 3 of the cell nuclei were immunoreactive to fluorescein-labeled antinucleoside antibodies. The immunoreactive cells were the fraction in S phase. Cycloheximide treatment of the cultures raised the fraction of immunoreactive nuclei to over sol2 3 . Exposure of the fixed cycloheximide-treated cell to tight proteins prior to staining with the antibody reduced the fraction of immunoreactive cells to the normal S phase level. Immuno-reactivity induced by X-irradiation or by the intercalating mutagen hycanthone was also suppressed by tight proteins. Cycloheximide treatment preferentially reduced the cellular content of tight proteins, suggesting that these proteins undergo a metabolic turnover with a half-life of about 5 h.
CFD simulations of particle mixing in a binary fluidized bed

Abstract It has long been known that fluidization of dissimilar materials can result in either a well-mixed bed or a segregated bed. In a fluidized bed, particle mixing and segregation phenomena are dominated by bubble activity. Depending on operating conditions, lighter or smaller particles (“flotsam”) tend to rise to the bed, and larger, heavier particles (“jetsam”) tend to sink to the bottom of the bed. A series of unsteady, three-fluid CFD simulations were performed using FLUENT™ 6.0. The solids consist of two dissimilar materials, coke and rutile, with different diameters and densities. Simulation parameters (solution technique, grid, maximum packing fraction, drag law) and operating conditions (gas velocity, bed makeup, nozzle location) were each investigated for the relative effects on bubbling and hence on particle mixing and segregation. From the simulations, it is possible to identify the solids wake trailing a rising gas bubble by looking at the vertical solids flux. The mixing mechanisms (particle exchange and circulation) are readily identified, also from the solids flux. A segregation mechanism is observed by watching the difference in the particle velocities (particle slip velocity) caused by a passing bubble. The simulations predict for all conditions investigated a well-mixed fluidized bed with modest localized segregation. However, a collapsed bed simulated by turning off the gas did predict a discernible segregation profile, similar to that measured in laboratory experiments.
Recorders of reef environment histories: stable isotopes in corals, giant clams, and calcareous algae

Time-series δ18O and δ13C records from cohabiting massive coralPorites australiensis and giant clamTridacna gigas from the Great Barrier Reed of Australia, and from calcareous green algae in a core through modernHalimeda bioherm accreting in the eastern Java Sea, provide insights into the complex links between environmental factors and stable isotopes imprinted in these reef skeletal materials. The aragonitic coral and giant clam offer 20 years and 15 years of growth history, respectively. The giant clam yields mean δ18O and δ13C values of-0.5±0.5‰ and 2.2±0.2‰ (n=67), which agree well with the predicted equilibrium values. The coral yields mean δ18O and δ13C values of-5.6±0.5‰ and-1.8±0.7‰ (n=84), offering a striking example of kinetic and metabolic fractionation effects. Although both the coral and giant clam harbor symbionts and were exposed to a uniform ambient environment during their growth histories, their distinct isotopic compositions demonstrate dissimilar calcification pathways. The δ18O records contain periodicities corresponding to the alternating annual density bands revealed by X-radiography and optical transmitted light. Attenuation of the δ18O seasonal amplitudes occurring in the giant clam record 8 years after skeletal growth commenced is attributed to a changeover from fast to slow growth rates. Extreme seasonal δ18O amplitudes of up to 2.2‰ discerned in both the coral and giant clam records exceed the equivalent seasonal temperature contrast in the reef environment, and are caused by the combined effect of rainfall and evaporation during the monsoon and dry seasons, respectively. Thus in addition of being useful temperature recorders, reef skeletal material of sufficient longevity, such asPorites andTridacna, may also indicate rainfall variations. Changing growth rates, determined from the annual growth bands, may exert a primary control on the coral δ13C record which shows a remarkable negative shift of 1.7‰ over its growth history, by comparison with only 0.15‰ negative shift in the contemporaneous giant clam record. Use of coral δ13C records as proxies of fossil fuel CO2 uptake by the ocean must be regarded with caution. The δ18O and δ13C records fromHalimeda are remarkably uniform over 1000 years of bioherm accretion history (δ18O=-1.7±0.2‰; δ13C=3.9±0.1‰,n=28), in spite of variable Mg-calcite cements present in the utricles. Most of the cement infilling is probably syndepositional, and both theHalimeda aragonite and the Mg-calcite cements containign 12.3 mole % MgCO3 are deposited in isotopic equilibrium. Therefore, in favorable circumstances these algal skeletal remains may act as the shallow water analogs of benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediments in recording ambient sea water isotopic composition and temperature.
Extending the capacity of ad hoc networks beyond network coding

The protocols used in ad hoc networks today are based on the assumption that the best way to approach multiple access interference (MAI) is to avoid it. Unfortunately, as the seminal work by Gupta and Kumar has shown, this approach does not scale. We demonstrate that protocol architectures that exploit multi-packet reception (MPR) do increase the order of the transport capacity of random wireless ad hoc networks for multi-pair unicast applications by a factor of Θ(log n) and Θ(log (log n)) under the protocol and physical models, respectively, where n is the number of nodes in the network. By contrast, Liu, Goeckel, and Towsley have shown that network coding (NC) does not increase the order capacity of wireless ad hoc networks under the protocol and physical models.
Atmospheric Attenuation Models for Satellite-To-Earth Links

In an earlier paper by the authors1 it was mentioned that atmospheric attenuation effects could be included by assuming that the attenuation is directly proportional to number of air masses. While this assumption is valid for the optical region, it is not true in the microwave region (1 to 40 GHz). For a clear atmosphere, the two constituents which absorb microwaves are oxygen and water vapor. An analysis of the atmospheric attenuation data for the microwave region has been made and some rather simple expressions for computing the attenuation as a function of zenith angle are developed with an accuracy suitable for satellite antenna footprint calculations.
A distribution-moment model of energetics in skeletal muscle

In this paper we develop a theory for calculating the chemical energy liberation and heat production of a skeletal muscle subjected to an arbitrary history of stimulation, loading, and length variation. This theory is based on and complements the distribution-moment (DM) model of muscle [Zahalak and Ma, J. biomech. Engng 112, 52-62 (1990)]. The DM model is a mathematical approximation of the A. F. Huxley cross-bridge theory and represents a muscle in terms of five (normalized) state variables: A, the muscle length, c, the sarcoplasmic free calcium concentration, and Q0, Q1, Q2, the first three moments of the actin-myosin bond-distribution function (which, respectively, have macroscopic interpretations as the muscle stiffness, force, and elastic energy stored in the contractile tissue). From this model are derived two equations which predict the chemical energy liberation and heat production rates in terms of the five DM state variables, and which take account of the following factors: (1) phosphocreatine hydrolysis associated with cross-bridge cycling; (2) phosphocreatine hydrolysis associated with sarcoplasmic-reticulum pumping of calcium; (3) passive calcium flux across the sarcoplasmic-reticulum membrane; (4) calcium-troponin bonding; (5) cross-bridge bonding at zero strain; (6) cross-bridge strain energy; (7) tendon strain energy; and (8) external work. Using estimated parameters appropriate for a frog sartorius at 0 degree C, the energy rates are calculated for several experiments reported in the literature, and reasonable agreement is found between our model and the measurements. (The selected experiments are confined to the plateau of the isometric length-tension curve, although our theory admits arbitrary length variations.) The two most important contributions to the energy rates are phosphocreatine hydrolysis associated with cross-bridge cycling and with sarcoplasmic-reticulum calcium pumping, and these two contributions are approximately equal under tetanic, isometric, steady-state conditions. The contribution of the calcium flux across the electrochemical potential gradient at the sarcoplasmic-reticulum membrane was found to be small under all conditions examined, and can be neglected. Long-term fatigue and oxidative recovery effects are not included in this theory. Also not included is the so-called 'unexplained energy' presumably associated with reactions which have not yet been identified. Within these limitations our model defines clear quantitative interrelations between the activation, mechanics, and energetics in muscle, and permits rational estimates of the energy production to be calculated for arbitrary programs of muscular work.
Harzburgite melting with and without H2O: Experimental data and predictive modeling

[1] The effect of H2O on harzburgite-saturated melts has been quantified with a series of hydrous and anhydrous melting experiments using a piston-cylinder device. Experimental conditions were 1.2–2.2 GPa and 1175–1500°C. Melt H2O contents range from 0 to 10 wt %. The effects of temperature, pressure, and bulk composition (including H2O) on the SiO2 content of the experimental melts have been evaluated using SiO2 activity coefficients. The results suggest a two-lattice-type model for the melt phase in which H2O mixes nearly ideally with other network modifiers (MgO, FeO, etc.) but does not mix on the network-forming lattice site and so has little effect on SiO2 activity coefficients. The effect of H2O on SiO2 activity is too small to produce the high SiO2 contents observed in mafic andesite magmas. It is proposed that the SiO2-rich character of hydrous, subduction-related magmas is the result of the low temperatures at which hydrous melting occurs relative to anhydrous melting. Partition coefficients for MgO and FeO increase at lower temperatures, while the partition coefficient for SiO2 is nearly constant and is buffered by olivine-orthopyroxene equilibria. Therefore the SiO2/(MgO + FeO) ratios of harzburgite saturated melts increase as temperature falls in both hydrous and anhydrous systems. The results suggest that H2O contents of andesitic magmas may be far higher (>7 wt %) than is generally accepted. Experimentally measured mineral/melt partition coefficients (this study and literature data) have been parameterized in terms of pressure, temperature, and melt H2O content. These expressions have been used to construct a Gibbs-Duhem-based numerical model that predicts the compositions of hydrous and anhydrous olivine-orthopyroxene-saturated melts. Comparisons with experimental data not included in the model indicate that it is the most accurate model available for predicting the compositions of high-degree mantle melts, with or without H2O.
The negative adsorption of anions by clay suspensions

A generalized expression for the negative adsorption of anions by clay suspensions has been derived using an extension of the procedure developed bySchofield. Negative adsorption of chloride by Na-montmorillonite has been measured in NaCl solutions from 0.1 M to 0.001 M. If the clay was purified by ultrafiltration, measured negative adsorption nearly equalled that calculated from diffuse double layer theory over the entire range of concentration. At very low electrolyte concentrations the measured negative adsorption was less than the calculated amount, probably as a result of the presence of positive charges. Polyanions such as those of metaphosphate or acrylic acid increased the negative adsorption in this region to the theoretical amount. At NaCl concentration between 0.05 and 0.005 M NaCl measured negative adsorption was a maximum of 20 per cent lower than that calculated. This probably represented the error of the approximations made in the theoretical calculations by neglecting the effect of activity corrections in the double layer.
TOADS go to New Jersey: Implications for Land Use and Public Health in Mid-sized and Large US Cities

Temporarily obsolete abandoned derelict sites (TOADS) are deserted commercial, industrial and housing properties and unbuilt sites that become toxic waste dumps, makeshift housing for the homeless and crack houses for drugs. TOADS and their associated problems often spread to adjacent neighbourhoods. Using a sample of 21 mid-sized cities in New Jersey, we show that communities with a poor real estate market, many poor, minority residents and a weak economic base are likely to have serious TOADS-related problems. Appropriate research and civic responses are suggested.
Authentic science apprenticeship for in-service science teachers: participant experiences, reflections, cognitive and affective outcomes, and connections to practice

The success of science education reform initiatives depends considerably on the teachers. Effective professional development opportunities have been shown to encourage and support teachers in their adoption of inquiry-based teaching practices. In particular, it has been argued that an effective means for science teachers to learn about science inquiry is through contextual learning experiences, which allow teachers to be immersed in the culture of science. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore professional development participants’ individual and collective experiences, thoughts, reflections and evolving beliefs, attitudes and knowledge within the context of a two-week summer research apprenticeship program for secondary science teachers. Four profiles of teachers emerged based on their type and level of involvement in the science laboratory in which they were placed. The findings allude to changes in participants’ attitudes and sense of self-confidence toward science as well as their knowl...
Investing in Natural Capital : A Financial Assessment of Social Forestry in Northern India

This study quantifies the tangible, economic benefits of a nongovernmental organization's social forestry project to local people and analyzes the potential return from this investment in natural capital. The analysis was conducted in the Kumaun hill region of Uttaranchal, India, using participatory rapid appraisal, household survey, avoided cost method, and present value investment analysis. The annual value (based on the ecosystem service of goods provision) of the forest resource to local people was estimated at 903,337 rupees, and the total return on 8 years of investment through 2021 was projected to be 883%. Quantitative and qualitative results show that social forestry is a solid investment in natural and human capital. Overall, this study serves as one example of how ecosystem service valuation can be employed to achieve conservation and development goals.
Symposium Federal Civil Service Reform: Another Legacy of 9/11?

In this post–September 11, 2001 era, it can be argued that civil service reform has increasingly taken on a sense of urgency. By any measure, the current reforms in process at the federal level are...
Chest Compression and Ventilation Rates during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The Effects of Audible Tone Guidance

Objectives: To determine: 1) whether chest compressions during CPR are being performed according to American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines during cardiac arrest; and 2) the effect of an audio prompt to guide chest compressions on compliance with AHA guidelines and hemodynamic parameters associated with successful resuscitation. Methods: An observational clinical report and laboratory study was conducted. A research observer responded to a convenience sample of cardiac arrests within a 300-bed hospital and counted the rate of chest compressions and ventilations during CPR. To evaluate the effect of an audio prompt on CPR, health care providers performed chest compression without guidance using a porcine cardiac arrest model for 1 minute, followed by a second minute in which audio guidance was added. Chest compression rates, arterial and venous blood pressures, end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) levels, and coronary perfusion pressures were measured and compared for the two periods. Results: Twelve in-hospital cardiac arrests were observed in the clinical part of the study. Only two of 12 patients had chest compressions performed within AHA guidelines. No patient had respirations performed within AHA guidelines. In the laboratory, 41 volunteers were tested, with 66% performing chest compressions outside the AHA standards for compression rate without audible tone guidance. With guided chest compressions, the mean (± SD) chest compression rate increased from 74 ± 22 to 100 ± 3/min (p < 0.01). End-tidal CO2 levels increased from 15 ± 7 to 17 ± 7 torr (p < 0.01). Coronary perfusion pressure increased minimally with audible tone-guided chest compressions. Conclusions: The majority of Basic Cardiac Life Support-certified health care professionals did not perform CPR according to AHA-recommended guidelines. The use of audible tones to guide chest compression resulted in significantly higher chest compression rates and ETCO2 levels.
Depression and New Deal in Virginia: The Enduring Dominion

Heinemann skillfully presents the dramatic opposition between the Byrd organization and the proponents of Roosevelt's New Deal. He explains why Virginia voters paradoxically endorsed both at the polls.This study is based on extensive research in the records of federal agencies, Virginia newspapers, and letters collections of prominent state politicians. It includes a fascinating survey of Virginians who lived during the Depression. The first substantial examination of Virginia during the thirties, Depression and New Deal in Virginia: The Enduring Dominion contributes to our understanding of an important period in our national history.
Structure-activity relationships for insect growth regulators derived from substituted di-tert-butyl phenols☆☆☆

Abstract Thirty-six para -substituted derivatives of 2,6-di- tert -butyl phenols were synthesized and tested for toxicity to fourth instar larvae of the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Toxicities of these compounds ranged from an LC 50 of 0.004 ppm to LC 50 > 10 ppm. Mosquitoes treated with toxic analogues characteristically died shortly after the pupal molt and appeared to be morphologically normal, untanned pupae. Correlations of insecticidal activity with physicochemical parameters of the para -substituent were analyzed by multiple regression analysis. The molecular volume ( V w ) of the substituent was found to explain 71.82% of the variation in insecticidal activity expressed as log LC 50 (m M ).
EDISON: An engineering design invention system operating naively

The goal of the EDISON project is to design a program capable of creating novel mechani-cal devices, by using knowledge of naive physical relationships, qualitative reasoning, plan-ning, and discovery/invention heuristics applied to abstract devices organized and indexed in an episodic memory. The EDISON program operates in two modes: brainstorming mode and problem-solving mode. In problem-solving mode, a goal specification is given as input and EDISON attempts to achieve the goal through plan selection and sub-goal satisfaction. A goal specification can be to alter or improve a device. Devices are represented symboli-cally, and are reasoned upon by EDISON without performing numerical computations. In brainstorming mode, EDISON starts with a device recalled from memory, and attempts to create novel devices through processes of mutation, generalization and analogical reason-ing. The devices EDISON manipulates consist of simple, everyday mechanisms, such as mousetraps, nail clippers, can openers and doors. A goal of the EDISON project is to gain computational insight into the processes of naive physical reasoning [Hayes 78] and inven-tion [Lenat 76] which people exhibit. To do so, we must address a number of issues, includ-ing: (a) how devices are represented and manipulated without detailed mathematical rea-soning, (b) how devices are organized, indexed, and retrieved from a personal, episodic memory of devices and experiences of device use, (c) how new devices are discovered or in-vented during problem solving and/or brainstorming, and (d) how the resulting inventions are assessed for their novelty and/or ingenuity.
The Relict Scorpionfly Family Meropeidae (Mecoptera) in Cretaceous Amber

Abstract The Meropeidae consists of only three rare, highly disjunct Recent species, Merope tuber Newman from eastern North America, Austromerope poultoni Killington from Western Australia, and the recently discovered A. brasiliensis Machado, Kawada, and Rafael from southeastern Brazil. A new genus and new species of meropeid scorpionfly, Burmomerope eureka Grimaldi and Engel, is described in 99 myo amber (mid-Cretaceous: Aptian/Cenomanian-aged) from northern Myanmar. It is one of only two fossils known for the family, the other (Boreomerope Novokshonov: mid-Jurassic of Siberia) known only as a compression fossil wing. Burmomerope shares with the three living species several distinctive, derived features of the antenna, wing, as well as the uniquely large, forcipate male terminalia. Burmomerope plesiomorphically possesses fewer crossveins (though this may be related to its small size), and possibly ocelli; its robust rostrum may be either plesiomorphic or apomorphic. Burmomerope appears to be a stem-group...
Pollination as a Research Field in Entomology

At first glance insects appear to playa more active role than flowers in insect-flower relationships. However, it doesn't take long to discover that they are merely the “unwitting tools” of flowers in the pollination process. They are bent to the “will” of flowers by offerings of food, perfume, and bright colors. The arrangement and mechanism of the floral parts usually force them to effect pollination and frequently limit the “clientele” to a few select visitors. It is small wonder that the early students of pollination were botanists. However, in the tradition of their times, pioneer botanists of the 18th and 19th centuries, such as Koelreuter, Sprengel, Darwin, Muller, and Knuth, were not afraid to tackle such distant scientific fields as entomology and ornithology for answers to pollination problems.
Constraints on R-parity violating couplings from CERN LEP and SLAC SLD hadronic observables

We analyze the one loop corrections to hadronic Z decays in an R-parity violating extension to the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Performing a global fit to all the hadronic observables at the Z peak, we obtain stringent constraints on the R-violating coupling constants ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{''}}.$ The presence of these couplings worsens the agreement with the data relative to the standard model. The strongest constraints come from the b asymmetry parameters ${A}_{b}$ and ${A}_{\mathrm{FB}}(b).$ From a classical statistical analysis we find that the couplings ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i31}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i32}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{321}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ are ruled out at the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level, and that ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{i33}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{33i}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ are ruled out at the $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level. A Bayesian statistical analysis weakens the bounds, but the corresponding ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}\mathrm{'}\mathrm{s}$ are uncomfortably large, rendering the relevance of the Bayesian bounds suspect.
Bombs for Peace: A Comparative Study of the Use of Air Power in the Balkans

For many decision-makers, precision guided weapons represent what the aerial bomber promised the early air power idealists in the 1930s-a technological solution to difficult wars without the risk of casualties. In 1995, NATO used its air power to bring an end to the war in Bosnia and tried again in 1999 to use bombs to end the conflict in Kosovo. The failure to bring about a quick cessation of the fighting using air power was in part due to misinterpreting the war in Bosnia, as well as misunderstanding, in general, when and where air power is effective.
Drug discovery: outside the box

The pharmaceutical industry, like so many industries today, is in a state of flux. Most of my graduate school colleagues, after completing their studies twenty-odd years ago, joined large pharmaceutical companies with plans to stay with those organizations for their entire career. It was the best, if not the only, option for conducting cutting-edge pharmaceutical discovery and development research during those years. Research and development programs in those corporations were very large and very well funded. Currently, the landscape is radically different. Much innovative research is being conducted in very small research and development operations, some with only a few workers, and some in larger organizations that qualify as mid-size, specialty pharmaceutical companies. These larger organizations are still far from the scope and size of traditional, large organizations. Drug Dev Res 68:145–146, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parametric study of minimum converter loss in an energy-storage DC-to-DC converter

Through a combination of analytical and numerical minimization procedures, a converter design that results in the minimum total converter loss – including core loss, winding loss, capacitor-ESR loss, and various losses in the semiconductor switches – is obtained. Because the initial phase involves analytical minimization, the computation time required by the subsequent phase of numerical minimization is considerably reduced in this combination approach. The effect of various loss parameters on the optimum values of the design variables is also examined.
Blood transfusion requirements in elective breast reconstruction surgery

Abstract Introduction Excess-ordering of cross-matched blood in preparation for elective surgery is expensive with associated blood shortages and time-expired wastage. Although, the maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) for breast reconstruction recommends pre-operative cross-match of 2–6 units of red cell concentrate, there is no data confirming whether this guideline is observed in practice or whether compliance results in improved outcome. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of this MSBOS in clinical practice by assessing its performance in a validation set of patients. Materials and Methods Over a three year period, 49 patients undergoing 50 consecutive elective breast reconstruction surgery were assessed for demographic data, surgical information and hematological/transfusion data to compare the number of units of blood cross-matched with those subsequently transfused for elective breast reconstruction surgery. This was in lieu of updating the current maximal surgical blood order schedule of cross-matching 2–6 units pre-operatively. Results Fifty elective operations were undertaken during the study period with a zero peri-operative blood transfusion requirement and a 8% post-operative blood transfusion requirement. Pre-operative cross-match to transfusion ratio was unacceptably high with a time-expired blood wastage of 8.7%. Discussion These data thus indicate that adoption of a type and screen policy is satisfactory for haemorrhage risk management of elective breast reconstruction. The MSBOS is not designed to predict post-surgery blood needs and a requirement based blood ordering protocol will optimise blood utilisation efficiency.
ALTERED BEHAVIOR AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN TYPE I ADENYLYL CYCLASE MUTANT MICE

Abstract The murine Ca(2+)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (type I) (EC 4.6.1.1), which is expressed predominantly in brain, was inactivated by targeted mutagenesis. Ca(2+)-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was reduced 40-60% in the hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum. Long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus from mutants was perturbed relative to controls. Both the initial slope and maximum extent of changes in synaptic response were reduced. Although mutant mice learned to find a hidden platform in the Morris water task normally, they did not display a preference for the region where the platform had been when it was removed. These results indicate that disruption of the gene for the type I adenylyl cyclase produces changes in behavior and that the cAMP signal transduction pathway may play an important role in synaptic plasticity.
Refining the critical period for methamphetamine-induced spatial deficits in the Morris water maze

Neonatal administration of methamphetamine (MA) to rats from postnatal day (P) 11 to 20, but not from P1 to P10, produces lasting deficits in spatial learning and memory. The preweaning period of development in the rat corresponds to human third trimester hippocampal development and because of the increased use of MA in women of childbearing age, there is a greater likelihood that fetuses will be exposed to this drug. Development of the hippocampus is dependent upon many factors, including an optimal level of corticosterone (CORT). We have demonstrated that the CORT response of animals on P11 to MA is protracted relative to administration on P15 or P20. Interestingly, the P11 animals are still in the stress hyporesponsive period. We postulated that because of the prolonged CORT response on P11, the effects of MA on spatial learning and memory may be confined to a shorter period of exposure. Neonatal rats were administered MA (10 mg/kg) 4 times daily from either P11 to P15 or from P16 to P20, raised to adulthood and tested against animals only administered saline (SAL) from P11 to P20 for anxiety, swimming ability, and spatial learning and memory. Animals exposed to MA, regardless of exposure period, tended to be less anxious in the Zero maze relative to SAL animals. No differences were noted for swimming ability. Only animals exposed to MA from P11 to P15 demonstrated deficits in spatial learning and memory during acquisition as well as during a shifted platform phase where learning a new position was required. The results demonstrate that spatial learning and memory deficits produced by MA administration are dependent upon when the exposure of the animal occurs and appears to be during the period of development in the rat when the response to threatening environments, stressors, is greatly reduced.
Approach and consummatory behavior in rats with hippocampal lesions

Approach and consummatory responses were measured in rats with hippocampal lesions. Compared to normal and neocortically damaged animals, rats with hippocampal lesions exhibited increased frequency of locomotor responses. These same animals, however, were identical to controls in consummatory responding. The results support the hypothesis of Murphy and Brown (1970), who suggested that hippocampal lesions may selectively release locomotor behavior in the rat.
Direct Measurements of Electron Beams in Symmetric and Asymmetric X pinches

Summary form only given. It is well known that X pinches produce very small, dense plasma micropinches that emit short bursts of 1.5-8 keV radiation. Immediately after the softer X-ray burst, higher energy emission in the range 8-100 keV is seen and attributed to energetic electrons accelerated in the gaps that are visible in the X pinch structure in the images recorded using X pinch point projection radiography. Electron beam parameters in the X pinches (current, average energy, and divergence) were not previously measured. Such measurements on symmetric X pinches are compromised by strong absorption and electron scattering that occurs between the X pinch crossing point and the anode. Cold, relatively high density plasma fills this space as a result of the ablation of the wire cores. An asymmetric X pinch scheme that decreases plasma density and size along the path of propagation of the electron beam has been tested. In this configuration, the anode side of the X pinch was made 4-7 times shorter than the cathode side and the angle between wires was almost 180 deg. Electron beam parameters were determined using two low impedance coaxial Faraday cups (with the filter of the inner cup working as the collector for the outer one). The filters on these cups enabled simultaneous measurements of the beam current in two energv bands. For two-wire. 17 mum, asymmetric, tungsten X pinches the electron current reached 5-10 kA with a pulse duration of 3-5 ns and a peak electron energy of more than 80 keV. These electrons were emitted in a solid angle of about 10-2 steradians. In symmetrically configured X pinches the measured electron beam current is much less and has much higher divergence. The asymmetric configuration may also be useful for ion beam studies by reversing the pulse polarity.
Atrial natriuretic peptide in renal development.

Although discovered little more than a decade ago, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been shown to play a significant role in the maintenance of sodium homeostasis. Immediately after birth, plasma ANP concentration is very high concurrent with right atrial dilatation and a high urinary excretion of cyclic GMP (cGMP), the second messenger for ANP. Following postnatal diuresis and natriuresis, atrial volume, plasma ANP concentration, and urinary cGMP excretion decrease to baseline levels. In the ensuling suckling period, the diuretic and natriuretic response to acute saline volume expansion are attenuated, an effect which is offset by the lower hematocrit at this age. Increase in hematocrit by isovolemic exchange transfusion results in a greater rise of plasma ANP concentration following volume expansion, but a reduced excretion of cGMP. Intravenous infusion of ANP results in greater plasma ANP concentration, and greater urinary excretion of cGMP and sodium, in adult than in young rats. This increased metabolic clearance of ANP during early development is due at least in part to increased activity of clearance receptors. In addition, neutral endopeptidase contributes to removal of circulating ANP in maturing as well as adult rats. Infusion of ANP in neonatal or adult rats results in accumulation of cGMP in glomerular podocytes, with a higher threshold for activation in immature animals. Despite the similar response of intracellular generation of cGMP following exposure to ANP in neonatal and adult rats, egression of ANP out of glomeruli is low in neonates, an effect that is due to immaturity of an organic acid transporter. It is possible that these maturational differences in the processing of cGMP account for the developmental changes in renal response to ANP or to acute volume expansion.
Relations Between the Size of the Group and the Behavior of “Superior” Leaders

(1950). Relations Between the Size of the Group and the Behavior of “Superior” Leaders. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 11-22.
On the Risk-Downside Risk Tradeoff

In the last decade, the literature has established the empirical importance of the tradeoff between risk and downside risk in a variety of economic settings. While the notions of risk and downside risk have been generalized in the theoretical literature, the literature has yet to provide a choice-theoretic characterization of their tradeoff. This paper provides an analytical characterization of the risk-downside risk tradeoff and shows its relevance in the analysis of optimal decisions under uncertainty, such as the precautionary savings decision.
Perspectives in the study of American Jewish Ethnicity

In this essay, the author reviews the major trends that have characterized the sociological study of American Jews since the early twentieth century. Originating in the structural emphasis of the Chicago school, the treatment of American Jewish ethnicity was dominated for several decades by the primarily cultural focus of melting pot and cultural pluralism theorists. More recently, there has been a shift back to a major consideration of structural factors which support the maintenance of the Jewish group in America. The author concludes that particular attention must be paid to both the cultural and structural dimensions of Jewish ethnicity and that the appropriate context for the study of American Jews must adequately take into account the interaction between these structural and cultural factors. This conceptual synthesis emerges as the suggested basis of future research on American Jews and other ethnic groups in American society.