cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wintertime Northern Hemisphere Response in the Stratosphere to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

AbstractThe response of the Northern Hemisphere winter stratosphere to the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is examined using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. A 200-yr preindustrial control simulation that includes fully interactive chemistry, ocean and sea ice, constant solar forcing, and greenhouse gases fixed to 1850 levels is analyzed. Based on principal component analysis, the PDO spatial pattern, frequency, and amplitude agree well with the observed PDO over the period 1900–2014. Consistent with previous studies, the positive phase of the PDO is marked by a strengthened Aleutian low and a wave train of geopotential height anomalies reminiscent of the Pacific–North American pattern in the troposphere. In addition to a tropospheric signal, a zonal-mean warming of about 2 K in the northern polar stratosphere and a zonal-mean zonal wind decrease of about 4 m s−1 in the PDO positive phase are found. When compositing PDO positive or negative winters during neutral El Nino years, the magnitud...
Synthesis and Characterization of Decahydronaphthalene-Containing Polyesters

Melt polycondensation of decahydronaphthalate dimethyl ester with various diols enabled the synthesis of novel polyesters containing hydrogenated naphthalene rings. Decahydronaphthalene-containing polyesters demonstrated thermal stabilities above 350 °C, and compression molding provided ductile, optically clear films. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed transesterification, and intrinsic viscosity measurements verified high molecular weights. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed structure–property relationships for glass transition temperatures (Tg) and β-relaxations. Melt rheology examined the effect of chemical structure on flow behavior, and time–temperature superposition revealed two distinct transitions, which correlated to the Tg and chain disentanglement. Furthermore, evaluation of the fractional free volume and flow activation energies suggested a structural dependence associated with regularity along the polymer backbone.
Protocol: simulation training to improve 9-1-1 dispatcher identification of cardiac arrest.

9-1-1 dispatchers are often the first contact for bystanders witnessing an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In the time before Emergency Medical Services arrives, dispatcher identification of the need for, and provision of Telephone-CPR (T-CPR) can improve survival. Our study aims to evaluate the use of phone-based standardized patient simulation training to improve identification of the need for T-CPR and shorten time to start of T-CPR instructions. The STAT-911 study is a randomized controlled trial. We will recruit 160 dispatchers from 9-1-1 call-centers in the Pacific Northwest; they are randomized to an intervention or control group. Intervention participants complete four telephone simulation training sessions over 6–8 months. Training sessions consist of three mock 9-1-1 calls, with a standardized patient playing a caller witnessing a medical emergency. After the mock calls, an instructor who has been listening in and scoring the dispatcher’s call management, connects to the dispatcher and provides feedback on select call processing skills. After the last training session, all participants complete the simulation test: a call session that includes two mock 9-1-1 calls of medium complexity. During the study, audio from all actual cardiac arrest calls handled by the dispatchers will be collected. All dispatchers complete a baseline survey, and after the intervention, a follow-up survey to measure confidence. Primary outcomes are proportion of calls where dispatchers identify the need for T-CPR, and time to start of T-CPR, assessed by comparing performance on two calls in the simulation test. Secondary outcomes are proportion of actual cardiac arrest calls in which dispatchers identify the need for T-CPR and time to start of T-CPR; performance on call-taking skills during the simulation test; self-reported confidence in the baseline and follow-up surveys; and calculated costs of the intervention training sessions and projected costs for field implementation of training sessions. The STAT-911 study will evaluate if over-the-phone simulation training with standardized patients can improve 9-1-1 dispatchers’ ability identify the need for, and promptly begin T-CPR. Furthermore, it will advance knowledge on the effectiveness of simulation training for health services phone-operators interacting with clients, patients, or bystanders in diagnosis, triage, and treatment decisions. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT01972087 . Registered 23 October 2013.
Fluoresecent Antibody Stain and Disc Electrophoresis Analysis of Representative Mating Strains in Physarum polycephalum and Didymium iridis

Antigenic differences associated with myxamoebal clones of different mating types in Didymium iridis and Physarum polycephalum were examined using fluorescent antibodies and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel eleetrophoresis. Immunofluorescenee of heteroadsorbed anti-myxamoebal sera showed there is no mating strain-speeific activity in either species but the sera were shown to be genus-specific. Intergeneric differences and similarities were revealed in the electrophoretic patterns of the myxamoebal protein extracts from P. polycephalum, D. iridis, and Dictyostelium discoideum. Intraspecific differences were noted in D. iridis.
Questions and Answers on the Activation Strain

The activation strain tensor describes the effect of nonhydrostatic stresses on atomic or interfacial mobilities. It has been measured for solid phase epitaxial growth of crystalline Si (001) into amorphous Si. The activation strain concept is explained and some subtle points are discussed. Implications for proposed mechanisms of solid phase epitaxy are reviewed, and new implications for combined bulk and interfacial control are presented. Questions raised during the oral presentation are answered.
A four-year review of patients with hepatitis C antibody in Department of Veterans Affairs facilities.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has recently been recognized as an emerging pathogen of surprising proportions. The clinical liver illness associated with HCV infection can be minimal or none, but in a notable number of persons it can ultimately cause debilitating chronic liver disease, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatic failure, and it is likely related to an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. From 1991 to 1994, an annual electronic census was sent to 168 Veterans Health Administration facilities requesting serologic data on HCV in patients seen in Department of Veterans Affairs facilities. Response rate to the mandatory survey was 100%. In 1991, 6,612 individual patients were reported as positive for HCV antibody in the Department of Veterans Affairs system. This increased yearly from 1992 to 1994 with 8,365, 14,097, and finally 18,854 persons, respectively. This represents an increase of more than 285% during the 4-year period. Increases in HCV antibody for the same period were seen in all major regions of the United States and in the specified large metropolitan areas. In the New York area and in coastal California, this trend of new case identification may have plateaued during 1993 and 1994. Overall, total patients seen nationally in the Veterans Health Administration increased by only 4.87% during the same period, 1991 to 1994. Thus, the increase in persons positive for HCV antibody is not based on work load alone. The impact of HCV disease on patient well-being and health care costs cannot be overestimated.
The Role of Business in Fostering Peaceful Societies: The role of business in fostering sustainable peace

On May 20, 2001, a front-page New York Times news story reported that Hindus in scattered areas of the world protested McDonald's decision to cook its French fries in beef fat, despite announcing in 1990 that it would cook its fries only in vegetable oil. As a result, “[T]he news ricocheted to India, where restaurant windows were smashed, statues of Ronald McDonald were smeared with cow dung, and Hindu nationalist politicians called for the chain to be evicted from the country.” The controversy is not the first McDonald's has faced. A well-toned Prince Philip of Great Britain stated, “You people [McDonald's] are destroying the rainforests of the world by grazing your cheap cattle.” And even as McDonald's CEO, Jack Greenberg, acknowledged and defended McDonald's record, the company faces challenges on issues from undermining local farmers, threatening local culture, using genetically modified organisms in its food, relying on hormonally treated beef, opposing local unionization, distributing unsafe toys to children, and employing child labor. Such a seemingly ubiquitous problem-causing image may be why another journal not known for its left-leaning views, The Economist , jokingly began a recent story with “Scientists at the McDonald's Centre for Obesity Research suggest that eating a hamburger a day actually reduces cholesterol levels.” This appeared in a story suggesting that the scientific community is beholden to the corporations funding its research.
Visible luminescence of silicon microstructures fabricated with femtosecond-laser irradiation

We reported visible luminescence from SiOx formed by microstructuring silicon with femtosecond laser pulses in air. Incorporation of oxygen into the silicon lattice occurs only where the laser beam strikes the surface. Laser-structuring therefore offers the possibility to write luminescent submicron features without the use of masks. The amount of oxygen incorporated depends on the laser fluence used for microstructuring. The peak wavelength of the primary luminescence band varies between 540 and 630 nm and depends on the number of laser shots used for microstructuring. Upon annealing, the intensity of the primary luminescence band increases significantly without any change in the luminescence peak wavelength, suggesting that the luminescence is not related to recombination of quantum-confined excitons.
Day-5 protocol liver allograft biopsies document early rejection episodes and are predictive of recurrent rejection.

METHODS The day-5 posttransplant protocol biopsy specimens and clinical courses of 27 consecutive orthotopic liver transplant recipients followed up at least 6 months were reviewed. RESULTS Twelve (44%) of 27 patients had histologic evidence of rejection on the day-5 biopsy; 8 (67%) of these 12 patients required OKT3 for reversal of the rejection. No significant differences in biochemical liver test results, bile output, or cyclosporine levels were observed between this group and the 15 patients (56%) without histologic evidence of rejection on day 5. Eight (67%) of the 12 patients with rejection had recurrent rejection episodes, with one recurrence each in six patients, two recurrences in one patient, and three recurrences in one patient. Of the 15 patients without rejection on day 5, nine (60%) subsequently had rejection at 10 days, 14 days, and 1 1/2, 3 1/2, 4, 5, and 11 months after transplantation. Only one (11%) of these nine patients had a recurrent rejection episode. There were no differences in the incidence of posttransplant cytomegalovirus infections between the two groups. Two cases of posttransplant lymphoma were seen; they developed in two patients without rejection on the day-5 biopsy. No patients or allografts were lost to acute or chronic rejection. No complications occurred as a result of the day-5 protocol biopsy. CONCLUSION The day-5 protocol biopsy is useful in detecting rejection episodes that may not otherwise be clinically apparent.
Two-Dimensionally Periodic Gratings: Pulsed and Steady-State Waves in an Irregular Floquet Channel

This chapter presents a series of analytical results that serves as theoretical basis for numerical study of electromagnetic wave transformations in two-dimensionally periodic structures. Among them is the solution of the important problem of truncation of the computational space by artificial boundaries. The author establishes and analyzes fundamental characteristics of transient and steady-state fields in the regular part of the rectangular Floquet channel. For the first time, strict corollaries of Poynting’s complex power theorem and Lorentz’s lemma (the energy-balance equations and reciprocity relations) is presented for two-dimensionally periodic gratings of finite thickness illuminated by transverse-electric or transverse-magnetic plane waves. The method of transport operators (a space-time analogue of the generalized scattering matrices), developed in the chapter, can significantly reduce the computational resources required for calculation of wave scattering by multilayer periodic structures or by the structures on thick substrates. A number of questions concerning the spectral theory of two-dimensionally periodic gratings is answered—it is the result, which is essential for a reliable physical analysis of the resonant scattering of pulsed and monochromatic waves.
Transplantation: Kidney, Kidney–Pancreas Transplant

With in-depth understanding of transplant immunology, more sensitive assays have been developed for immunological risk assessment, crossmatch, and detection of donor-specific antibodies. The discovery of potent immunosuppressive drugs has successfully reduced the risk of acute rejection and graft loss from rejection. Kidney transplant has become the preferred therapy for treating patient with ESRD. It not only improves the quality of life but also prolongs life. Living donor kidney transplant provides better allograft and patient survival than deceased donor kidney transplant. Novel approaches of living donor exchange and desensitization protocol have been increasingly used to facilitate ABO and/or HLA incompatible kidney transplant. Pancreas transplant, either simultaneously with a deceased donor kidney or after a living donor kidney transplant, has benefited many ESRD patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Pancreas transplant alone can also be considered for Type 1 diabetes suffering life-threatening metabolic complication despite of insulin therapy. Modern immunosuppressive protocol typically includes an initial induction therapy with T-cell depleting antibody or IL-2 receptor antibody and a long-term maintenance. Maintenance regimen usually consists of two to three drugs of steroids, calcineurin inhibitor, antimetabolite, target-of-rapamycin inhibitor, or costimulation blocker. Careful monitoring and appropriate management of surgical and medical complications are the crucial part in post-transplant patient care, especially rejection, infection, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy.
Excellence in Promoting Participation: Striving for the 10 Cs—Client-Centered Care, Consideration of Complexity, Collaboration, Coaching, Capacity Building, Contextualization, Creativity, Community, Curricular Changes, and Curiosity

Participation of children with physical disabilities is critical to optimizing their life roles and lived experiences. This perspective explores the complex and multidimensional construct of participation and presents recommendations for practice, education, and research to transform pediatric physical therapy service delivery. Two models are reviewed of participation-based service delivery grounded in client-centered care and the principles of coaching to engage clients in their rehabilitation. The roles and responsibilities of the physical therapist and the importance of team collaboration are emphasized. Considerations are presented for ecological measurements and interventions to support client participation goals for children of all ages in home and community settings. Practitioners, educators, and researchers are encouraged to be advocates and change agents to ensure that services support meaningful participation for children in real-life contexts.
Sustainability initiatives in zoos and aquariums: looking in to reach out

As leisure destinations, Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited institutions provide opportunities to interact and potentially inspire long-term sustainable behaviours of millions of an...
The Status of the Geological Sciences Circa 1800

In her 1852 volume Outlines of Geology for Families and Schools, Rosina Zornlin explains that “Geology consists of an inquiry into the structure of the earth, and the nature and arrangement of the materials of which it is composed” (Zornlin 1852: 1). Such a definition would not seem out of place in a similar volume today, with the caveat that it does not mention the processes that shape the earth. However, it is important to note that geology as a science had undergone an, at times, particularly difficult and painful birthing process between1780 and 1830, one rife with tensions between science and religion as well as sometimes vociferous political debates between different theoretical schools (Laudan 1987). It is also important to understand that the fundamental vocabulary by which geology and other sciences are described today was not universally agreed upon in the first half of the nineteenth century. For example, before 1900 the term natural history roughly covered what today would include the biological and geological sciences, while natural philosophy encompassed the topics of physics and chemistry. It is also essential to recognize that not only was geological knowledge limited at the turn of the nineteenth century, but also the general understanding of chemistry and physics. For example, less than 40 chemical elements had been observed in nature by 1800. Dalton’s atomic theory of matter debuted in the first decade of that century, but Maxwell’s unified theory of electromagnetism would have to wait another five decades to be codified, and radioactivity only entered the scientific imagination in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
Reduction reactions and densification during in situ TEM heating of iron oxide nanochains

The reduction reactions and densification of nanochains assembled from γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Morphological changes and reduction of the metal oxide nanochains were observed during in situ TEM annealing through simultaneous imaging and quantitative analysis of the near-edge fine structures of Fe L2,3 absorption edges acquired by spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy. A change in the oxidation states during annealing of the iron oxide nanochains was observed with phase transformations due to continuous reduction from Fe2O3 over Fe3O4, FeO to metallic Fe. Phase transitions during the in situ heating experiments were accompanied with morphological changes in the nanochains, specifically rough-to-smooth surface transitions below 500 °C, neck formation between adjacent particles around 500 °C, and subsequent neck growth. At higher temperatures, coalescence of FeO particles was observed, representing densification.
Classroom to Communities of Practice: Benefits for English Learners and Teacher Candidates Through Partnerships

This study investigates a service-learning program for university students seeking teacher certification examined through the lens of sociocultural theory. Data was collected from teacher candidate...
Risk for Lower Extremity Injury After Concussion: A Matched Cohort Study in Soldiers

Background Rates of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury are reportedly higher in professional and collegiate athletes following concussions. However, there is a paucity of evidence on this relationship in individuals who are not high-level athletes. Objectives To examine the risk of acute lower extremity musculoskeletal injury in soldiers within 2 years of an incident concussion, compared to matched nonconcussed soldiers. Methods This was a matched-cohort study that used the medical encounter and personnel data of active-duty US Army soldiers from 2005 to 2011. Incident concussions were identified using International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision codes in medical encounter data of all soldiers from 2005 to 2009. One nonconcussed soldier in the US Army during the same month was matched by age, sex, rank, length of service, deployment status, and military career field to each concussed soldier. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for the risk of lower extremity injury within 2 years of the incident concussion. Monthly HRs were compared to identify differences in injury rates between the groups, and an HR for the period of greatest difference was also calculated. Results A total of 23 044 individuals (11 522 concussed and 11 522 nonconcussed) were included in the study. Within 2 years of concussion, the hazard of lower extremity injury was 38% greater in concussed compared to nonconcussed soldiers (HR, 1.38; 95% CI: 1.30, 1.46), while the 15-month hazard was 45% greater (HR, 1.45; 95% CI: 1.36, 1.56). Conclusion The rate of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury among this population of physically active adults is higher following concussion, and the risk remains elevated for more than a year following injury. Level of Evidence Prognosis, level 2b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018;48(7):533-540. Epub 8 May 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.8053.
THE DAILY FLUCTUATION OF STRIATAL DOPAMINE CONTENT AND d-AMPHETAMINE AND APOMORPHINE INDUCED STEREOTYPIC BEHAVIOR

The daily fluctuation of striatal dopamine content and d-amphetamine and apomorphine induced stereotypic behavior was studied over a 24 hour day. The behavioral response to amphetamine (3,4, and 5 mg/kg) and apomorphine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) varied significantly over the day. The rhythms were similar in pattern but not significantly correlated. Stiatal dopamine content also varied significantly through the day and although visually similar, was not significantly correlated with the behavioral response. This suggest that stereotypic behaviors are influenced by dopamine, but that other neuro-transmitter substances are involved as well. Since both behavioral response variations were similar pre and post-synaptic events may be important in daily variation.
Lemierre's syndrome and 2016 American College of Physician guidelines for pharyngitis: no to empiric coverage for bacterial pharyngitis. While no role for routine Fusobacterium PCR, keep suspicion for this pathogen.

An 18-year-old woman presented to clinic with acute pharyngitis with 4/4 Centor criteria. Rapid streptococcal antigen test was negative. The patient, who was allergic to penicillin, was prescribed azithromycin. Ultimately, after 5 days and without any corticosteroids, she presented to the emergency department with 10/10 chest pain and was admitted to the intensive care unit. CT showed nodular lung disease and blood cultures on admission grew Fusobacterium, likely Fusobacterium nucleatum. She sustained two cardiac arrests, three tube thoracostomies, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis and ventilatory failure requiring tracheostomy. After 16 days in hospital and 18 days in long-term acute care, the patient was discharged home. It is unclear how much of this could have been prevented by prescribing an antimicrobial that had activity against Fusobacterium. When severe pharyngitis occurs, Fusobacterium needs to be considered as an underlying cause. In vitro macrolides have marginal activity against most anaerobes, such as this pathogen, and should be avoided.
Quantification of avian hazards to military aircraft and implications for wildlife management

Collisions between birds and military aircraft are common and can have catastrophic effects. Knowledge of relative wildlife hazards to aircraft (the likelihood of aircraft damage when a species is struck) is needed before estimating wildlife strike risk (combined frequency and severity component) at military airfields. Despite annual reviews of wildlife strike trends with civil aviation since the 1990s, little is known about wildlife strike trends for military aircraft. We hypothesized that species relative hazard scores would correlate positively with aircraft type and avian body mass. Only strike records identified to species that occurred within the U.S. (n = 36,979) and involved United States Navy or United States Air Force aircraft were used to calculate relative hazard scores. The most hazardous species to military aircraft was the snow goose (Anser caerulescens), followed by the common loon (Gavia immer), and a tie between Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and black vulture (Coragyps atratus). We found an association between avian body mass and relative hazard score (r2 = 0.76) for all military airframes. In general, relative hazard scores per species were higher for military than civil airframes. An important consideration is that hazard scores can vary depending on aircraft type. We found that avian body mass affected the probability of damage differentially per airframe. In the development of an airfield wildlife management plan, and absent estimates of species strike risk, airport wildlife biologists should prioritize management of species with high relative hazard scores.
Infundibular Dilations and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: to Treat or Not to Treat?

Background Infundibular dilations are funnel-shaped widenings at the origin of a cerebral artery, most commonly the posterior communicating artery. Controversy exists as to whether an infundibulum represents a normal anatomic variant or a lesion with the potential for rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods We reviewed all reported cases of infundibular dilations and SAH in the world literature and present an illustrative case. Results Most infundibula in the context of SAH were associated with an aneurysm either on or near an infundibulum. However, there have been 7 reports in which the infundibulum could have been the primary site of rupture and no associated aneurysm was identified. Close review reveals significant limitations of those 7 reports. Conclusions The literature, and our own experience, do not support the treatment of infundibula, even in SAH patients. Treatment should be directed toward an associated aneurysm, not the infundibulum.
Analytical bias accounts for some of the reported effects of tACS on auditory perception

Abstract Background Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been shown to modulate auditory, visual, cognitive and motor function. However, tACS effects can often be small and difficult to reproduce. Thus, the establishment of robust experimental and analysis procedures is of high importance. We reviewed the analysis used in six studies that investigated if tACS can phase-modulate auditory perception. All studies used analytical methods that introduce bias and could produce false positive results. Four studies corrected for this bias but two did not. Objective Our objectives were two-fold: 1) Use simulated null hypothesis datasets, where no tACS effect is present, to determine if uncorrected analytical bias could account for some of the reported effects on auditory perception. 2) Help establish best practices to correct for bias when analyzing tACS phase-effects on perception. Methods We simulated null hypothesis datasets (i.e. no tACS effect) by drawing samples for all tACS and sham conditions from the same normal distribution. We then applied the reported analyses to the null hypothesis datasets. Results Reported results from studies that did not correct for analytical bias could be reproduced from the null hypothesis datasets. However, results for studies that did correct for analytical bias could not be reproduced from the null hypothesis datasets. Conclusion True effects of tACS on auditory perception can be detected if analytical bias is accounted for by using correction procedures. However, to fully establish the effects of tACS on auditory perception a reanalysis of the data for the studies that used biased analysis without correction procedures is needed.
Next-Generation Complex Metal Oxide Nanomaterials Negatively Impact Growth and Development in the Benthic Invertebrate Chironomus riparius upon Settling.

Most studies of nanomaterial environmental impacts have focused on relatively simple first-generation nanomaterials, including metals or metal oxides (e.g., Ag, ZnO) for which dissolution largely a...
Legitimacy of authoritarian law: Legal compliance in China:

Very few studies of legal compliance have been conducted outside the context of liberal democracies. This study tests and expands theoretical expectations regarding legitimacy and its effect on leg...
Country Music—A Film by Ken Burns: The Soundtrack: 2019, Various Artists, 5 CDs, Legacy/Sony/Universal Music LC02361-19075934122

Documentary filmmaker Ken Burns assembled 16 hours of personal interviews, celebrity photographs, stage performance shots, and cuts from sound recordings to create his enthralling PBS special Count...
Evaluation of skid resistance of pervious concrete slabs under various winter conditions for driver and pedestrian users

Skid resistance of pervious concrete (PC) in comparison with traditional portland cement concrete (PCC) was investigated in the laboratory and in the field. Dry, wet, and iced PC surfaces were test...
Botulism: “I don’t need to talk, but I do need to swallow!”

Botulism is a rare, toxin-mediated neurological illness characterized by acute descending flaccid paralysis affecting motor and autonomic function without sensory involvement. Common initial presenting symptoms in adults include the “four D’s” (diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dry mouth). Cranial nerve paralysis can lead to difficulty swallowing and handling secretions. Ultimately, motor paralysis can lead to respiratory failure and the need for mechanical ventilation. Infants and children may present with more subtle features, especially in the very young patient who may only present with constipation or difficulty feeding. As noted, clusters can arise in conjunction with foodborne outbreaks; hence, a high clinical suspicion is needed when multiple individuals are affected. Diagnosis is presumptive while awaiting definitive toxin assay results, though often times, the assay may be negative regardless. EMG may also be helpful. In the meantime, however, attention needs to be given to identification of airway compromise from bulbar dysfunction/paralysis and respiratory fatigue requiring mechanical ventilation.
Characterization of 17-4 PH Processed via Bound Metal Deposition (BMD)

Advancements in selective laser sintering (SLS) and electron beam melting (EBM) additive manufacturing (AM) of metals have led to reduced lead times, increased geometric freedom, and enhanced part functionality; however, SLS and EBM are plagued by relatively high capital and operational costs. With costs approximately 60–80% less than SLS or EBM, bound metal deposition (BMD) is a new AM process in which a metal powder-binder composite material is printed sequentially in layers, debound, and sintered to form a 96–99%-dense part. This work characterizes the microstructures and mechanical properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel material within a BMD process. Microstructure characterization includes scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of printed, debound, thermally debound, and as-sintered specimens, and porosity analysis of a cross section excised perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a tensile coupon. Mechanical characterization includes monotonic, quasi-static tensile data (e.g., modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility) and hardness testing. This work is significant in that characterization studies are required to understand BMD process-structure-properties relations prior to realizing commercial opportunities.
Functional refolding of the penetration protein on a non-enveloped virus.

A non-enveloped virus requires a membrane lesion to deliver its genome into a target cell1. For rotaviruses, membrane perforation is a principal function of the viral outer-layer protein, VP42,3. Here we describe the use of electron cryomicroscopy to determine how VP4 performs this function and show that when activated by cleavage to VP8* and VP5*, VP4 can rearrange on the virion surface from an ‘upright’ to a ‘reversed’ conformation. The reversed structure projects a previously buried ‘foot’ domain outwards into the membrane of the host cell to which the virion has attached. Electron cryotomograms of virus particles entering cells are consistent with this picture. Using a disulfide mutant of VP4, we have also stabilized a probable intermediate in the transition between the two conformations. Our results define molecular mechanisms for the first steps of the penetration of rotaviruses into the membranes of target cells and suggest similarities with mechanisms postulated for other viruses. Electron cryomicroscopy and cryotomography studies reveal that rotaviruses attach to a target cell through the outer-layer protein VP4, which—following cleavage—rearranges to enable perforation of the membrane and delivery of the viral genome into the host cell.
Interval Estimation of Item Response Probabilities Along Studied Latent Dimensions

An interval estimation procedure is discussed that can be used to evaluate the probability of a particular response for a binary or binary scored item at a pre-specified point along an underlying l...
Foreign and Domestic Investment in Argentina: The Politics of Privatized Infrastructure

Introduction 1. Informal contractual supports in weak institutional environments 2. An overview of the Argentine privatizations 3. The fragility of nonlocal contracts prior to the crisis 4. Smoother sailing for all investors in less competitive provinces 5. Home court advantages magnify after the crisis 6. Diverse local holdings also prevail in calm political contexts 7. Explaining contractual resilience in low- and middle-income countries 8. Conclusion.
NT-113, A Novel, High CNS Penetrance pan-ERBB Inhibitor for Glioma Therapy

We reported a novel, high CNS (central nervous system) penetrance pan-ERBB inhibitor, NT-113, for anti-glioma therapy. Using five intracranial glioblastoma (GBM) models, we found that NT-113 significantly suppresses growth of tumors overexpressing wild-type EGFR or the EGFRvIII mutant, resulting in improved animal survival. NT-113 inhibits ERBB activity at low nanomolar (< 5 nM) concentrations, and suppresses its downstream signaling through Akt, leading to reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. When compared with previous generations of EGFR small tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), erlotinib and lapatanib, NT-113 shows the most substantial effect on tumor growth inhibition and animal survival. The superior anti-glioma activity of NT-113 can be explained by broader spectrum of ERBB inhibition, efficient brain penetrance, and superior tumor uptake. Our data support clinical investigation of NT-113 in glioma over-expressing wild type or vIII forms of EGFR.
The KANTOO Machine Translation Environment

In this paper we describe the KANTOO machine translation environment, a set of software services and tools for multilingual document Production. KANTOO includes modules for source language analysis, target language generation, source terminology management, target terminology management, and knowledge source development. The KANTOO system represents a complete re-design and re-implementation of the KANT machine translation system.
Slope Failures and Timing of Turbidity Flows North of Puerto Rico

The submerged carbonate platform north of Puerto Rico terminates in a high (3,000–4,000 m) and in places steep (>45°) slope characterized by numerous landslide scarps including two 30–50 km-wide amphitheater-shaped features. The origin of the steep platform edge and the amphitheaters has been attributed to: (1) catastrophic failure, or (2) localized failures and progressive erosion. Determining which of the two mechanisms has shaped the platform edge is critically important in understanding landslide-generated tsunami hazards in the region. Multibeam bathymetry, seismic reflection profiles, and a suite sediment cores from the Puerto Rico Trench and the slope between the trench and the platform edge were used to test these two hypotheses. Deposits within trench axis and at the base of the slope are predominantly composed of sandy carbonate turbidites and pelagic sediment with inter-fingering of chaotic debris units. Regionally-correlated turbidites within the upper 10 m of the trench sediments were dated between ∼25 and 22 kyrs and ∼18–19 kyrs for the penultimate and most recent events, respectively. Deposits on the slope are laterally discontinuous and vary from thin layers of fragmented carbonate platform material to thick pelagic layers. Large debris blocks or lobes are absent within the near-surface deposits at the trench axis and the base of slope basins. Progressive small-scale scalloping and self-erosion of the carbonate platform and underlying stratigraphy appears to be the most likely mechanism for recent development of the amphitheaters. These smaller scale failures may lead to the generation of tsunamis with local, rather than regional, impact.
On the construction of efficient multilevel coded modulations

The methodology of multi-stage iterative decoding with exchange of soft information has previously been applied to a wide range of error-controlling codes with remarkable success, including parallel/serial concatenated convolutional/block codes (Berrou et al., 1993) and generalized concatenated convolutional codes (Cheng). A theoretical explanation of this decoding mechanism has been proposed (MacKay et al.) via the belief propagation algorithm (BPA) (Pearl 1988). It is shown that, by representing a turbo code with a Bayesian belief network, the application of BPA directly leads to the turbo decoding algorithm. In fact, it is argued that the decoding algorithms for all the aforementioned variations of the turbo coding construction as well as a wide range of low-density parity check codes can be explained by this principle. The author goes on to discuss low density generator matrix codes.
Energy Criteria for Water Use

The theory that water resources can be evaluated by their embodied energy is applied to examples. The energy effect of water is calculated as the energy flow of one type is produces in a specific use. Energy analysis is applied as an inclusive overview method for managing land and water resources. The analysis employs the conceptual tools of energy quality, embodied energy, and energy amplifer effect. A simple land-use model representative of the major land-use systems is formulated. The theory of selection for maximum power is applied and coupled with linear programming techniques to suggest an optimal method determining best use of water for combined economics of humanity and nature. The objective function is structured in terms of the total energy productivity of all the subsystems. The maximum power principle is employed as a more inclusive criterion than the usual profit or utility maximization. In the example applied to Lee County, Fla., the results are within the range of its current land distribution.
Family, Kinship, and Sympathy in Nineteenth-Century American Literature

In Family, Kinship, and Sympathy in Nineteenth-Century American Literature Cindy Weinstein radically revises our understanding of nineteenth-century sentimental literature in the United States. She argues that these novels are far more complex than critics have suggested. Rather than confirming the power of the bourgeois family, Weinstein argues, sentimental fiction used the destruction of the biological family as an opportunity to reconfigure the family in terms of love rather than consanguinity. Their texts intervened in debates about slavery, domestic reform and other social issues of the time. Weinstein shows how canonical texts, such as Melville's Pierre and works by Stowe and Twain, can take on new meaning when read in the context of nineteenth-century sentimental fiction. Through intensive close readings of a wide range of novels, this groundbreaking study demonstrates the aesthetic and political complexities in this important and influential genre.
Visualizing textual redundancy in legacy source

As a result of maintenance activity legacy systems contain repeated text in the form of large and small blocks that appear in more or less the same form in several places. These repetitions define a structure that can contribute information about the development history of the source different from the documented version or the current directory structure.A strategy based on fingerprinting is used to obtain raw matches indicating where repetitions occur. The information inherent in these matches is then reorganized for easier processing, leading to a natural clustering of substrings. Suppression of detail is usually necessary to make further progress and can be done in several different ways.For example, matches of blocks of text identify associations within groups of files. In cases with complex clusters of files involving multiple overlapping subsets of files, Hasse diagrams can support visualization. Techniques useful for understanding such graphs can then be employed to provide significant insights into the structure of the redundancy and hence the source.The paper discusses this approach and shows results obtained from an example of reasonable size (40 Mbytes of source based on two releases of the GNU gcc compiler).
Organizational failures and wage determination: A historical case study

Abstract In large U.S. firms during the first half of the twentieth century, bureaucratic, centrally administered wage determination began to replace delegation of wage setting to lower-level managers. This transition was in part caused by internal organizational problems firms confronted as they attempted to manage the principal-agent problem inherent in delegating wage determination. A single-firm case study examines the events surrounding one firm's adoption of centrally administered wage setting and documents the increased cross-plant uniformity in wage rates and decreased wage-rate flexibility that were the result of the new system.
Opsonizing and Bactericidal Activity of Antibodies Against Common Antigen of Enterobacteriaceae

Domingue, Gerald J. (State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.), and Erwin Neter. Opsonizing and bactericidal activity of antibodies against common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 91:129–133. 1966.—In addition to the well-known O, H, K, and Vi antigens, Enterobacteriaceae produce a common antigen, which was first identified by hemagglutination tests with Escherichia coli O14 antiserum. Studies on the biological significance of this antigen by in vitro phagocytic experiments have revealed that opsonization is markedly enhanced in the presence of the corresponding antibody, rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and normal rabbit serum. This effect is specific, because Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is devoid of this antigen, is not opsonized under these conditions, and removal of the antibody by absorption markedly reduces the uptake of enteric bacteria containing the antigen. Opsonization thus represents another method for the study of this antigen-antibody system. Bactericidal tests have revealed that antibodies against this antigen, engendered in rabbits by different strains of enteric bacteria and various procedures, are bactericidal for E. coli O14 but not for other enteric bacteria, possibly due to previously demonstrated differences between the antigen moieties obtained from these microorganisms.
Catecholamines and their blockade in congestive heart failure

The hemodynamic effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation and the benefits of catecholamine blockade in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) are discussed. Prolonged stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system promotes disease progression in patients with CHF. The level of circulating norepinephrine is the factor most closely correlated with prognosis. Long-term catecholamine stimulation of beta-receptors in the myocardium reduces the ability of catecholamines to improve cardiac contractility. CHF patients have higher vascular resistance (afterload) than healthy persons, increasing the strain on the heart. Also, beta 1-adrenergic activity stimulates renin release, which is deleterious in CHF. Clinical trials suggest that long-term (greater than one month), carefully dose-adjusted therapy with beta-blockers improves symptoms, ventricular ejection fraction, exercise time, and quality of life in patients with CHF, but it is unclear whether beta-blockers reduce mortality. Some patients cannot tolerate even the lowest starting dosages of beta-blockers, and withdrawal of these agents may result in clinical and hemodynamic deterioration. Carvedilol, which has beta-blocking, alpha-blocking, and antioxidant properties, is associated with a reduction in hospitalizations and symptoms and improvements in ejection fraction it also appears to reduce mortality, although confirmatory studies are needed. Initiation of carvedilol therapy can cause symptomatic and hemodynamic worsening in the short term, and some patients cannot tolerate it. Adrenergic blocking agents are important components of therapy for CHF. Carvedilol may prove useful in reducing symptoms and improving survival in these patients.
Energy and information processing in biological and silicon sensory systems

A theoretical framework based on information theory is presented to compare the energetic efficiency of processing information in biological sensory and neuromorphic silicon systems.
Concomitant unilateral idiopathic atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini (IAPP) and morphea. Observations supporting IAPP as a variant of morphea.

: A 17-year-old black man suddenly developed an unilateral eruption of clinically apparent lesions of Idiopathic atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini (IAPP) and concomitant lesions of morphea. Histologially the lesions are indistinguishable. IAPP appears to be a variant of morphea.
The synthesis of O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. part II

Abstract Allyl 2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-(2-butenyl)-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranoside was prepared, and coupled with 2-methyl-(4-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl-1,2-dideoxy-α- D -glucopyrano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline. The resulting, protected disaccharide allyl 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-acetamido-4-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-3,6-di-O-(2-butenyl)-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranoside was O-deacetylated and the product coupled with 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl bromide in the presence of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and 1, 1,3,3-tetramethylurea, to give the trisaccharide, allyl O-(2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-(2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-(2-butenyl)-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranoside. O-Deacetylation, oxidation with acetic anhydride-dimethyl sulfoxide, and stereoselective reduction with sodium borohydride gave mainly allyl O-(3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-β- D -mannopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-(2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2-acetamido-3,6-di-O-(2-butenyl)-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranoside. Removal of the 2-butenyl groups was performed by treatment with potassium tert-butoxide in dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by isomerization of the allyl to a 1-propenyl group with tris(triphenyl-phosphine)rhodium chloride. Mild, acid treatment, and catalytic hydrogenation, gave the title trisaccharide.