cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Short-Range Chemical Ordering in (GaN)1–x(ZnO)x for Photodriven Oxygen Evolution

(GaN)1–x(ZnO)x (GZNO) is capable of visible-light driven water splitting, but its bandgap at x ≤ 0.15 (>2.7 eV) results in poor visible-light absorption. Unfortunately, methods to narrow its bandgap by incorporating higher ZnO concentrations are accompanied by extensive Urbach tailing near the absorption-edge, which is indicative of structural disorder or chemical inhomogeneities. We evaluated whether this disorder is intrinsic to the bond-length distribution in GZNO or is a result of defects introduced from the loss of Zn during nitridation. Here, the synthesis of GZNO derived from layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors is described which minimizes Zn loss and chemical inhomogeneities and enhances visible-light absorption. The average and local atomic structures of LDH-derived GZNO were investigated using X-ray and neutron scattering and are correlated with their oxygen evolution rates. An isotope-contrasted neutron-scattering experiment was conducted in conjunction with reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simu...
New opportunities for managing acute and chronic lung infections

Traditional strategies to treat lung infections are based on the premise that the lung is sterile; however, it is now thought that the lung contains a resident microbiota. Here, Cooksonet al. propose that concepts flowing from the Human Microbiome Project can transform the treatment of lung infections. Lung diseases caused by microbial infections affect hundreds of millions of children and adults throughout the world. In Western populations, the treatment of lung infections is a primary driver of antibiotic resistance. Traditional therapeutic strategies have been based on the premise that the healthy lung is sterile and that infections grow in a pristine environment. As a consequence, rapid advances in our understanding of the composition of the microbiota of the skin and bowel have not yet been matched by studies of the respiratory tree. The recognition that the lungs are as populated with microorganisms as other mucosal surfaces provides the opportunity to reconsider the mechanisms and management of lung infections. Molecular analyses of the lung microbiota are revealing profound adverse responses to widespread antibiotic use, urbanization and globalization. This Opinion article proposes how technologies and concepts flowing from the Human Microbiome Project can transform the diagnosis and treatment of common lung diseases.
Nuclear Pore Complexes in the Organization and Regulation of the Mammalian Genome

In the last decade, the nuclear envelope (NE) has emerged as an important regulator of genome architecture and a central player in gene expression regulation. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), the channels that penetrate the NE connecting the nucleus to the cytoplasm, are the largest protein complexes of the NE. Built by multiple copies of roughly 30 different proteins, NPCs were traditionally studied for their role in controlling nucleocytoplasmic transport. But accumulating evidence shows that these massive molecular structures play multiple transport-independent roles that are key for the maintenance of cellular physiology and tissue homeostasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the current knowledge of the role of mammalian NPCs in the regulation of genome organization and gene expression. The recent findings showing that NPCs regulate the activity of specific genes either at the nuclear periphery or inside the nucleus point towards these structures as critical controllers of genome function. Deciphering the molecular mechanism employed by NPCs to modulate specific gene expression programs and to maintain genome integrity are our main challenges for the next decade.
How to Develop Professional Relationships

The physician who has just accepted an academic appointment following residency and/or fellowship training is often overwhelmed and stressed by the incurred greater responsibilities, obligations, and expectations that span the broad spectrum of patient care, research, teaching, and varying administrative activities. Stress is also commonplace amongst medical students as they tackle expanding medical school curricula that reflect the current explosion of medical knowledge. In addition, medical students are confronted with an increasing competitiveness for residency training positions. The ultimate overall long-term career goal for the young physician is to have meaningful favorable impact on improving the human health condition. However, accomplishing this goal appears to be slowly becoming somewhat more difficult with passing years. Looking back on the 50 years following my medical school graduation, I have found that there are certain distinguishable key elements that tend to facilitate and provide helpful positive influence not only in the critical early phases of a career, but also throughout one’s career. I consider the following five key elements as having the greatest potential for ensuring success and happiness in one’s career: (1) Recognizing and living out the concept that Life Is About People, (2) Mentorship, (3) Focus, (4) Organization and Time Management, and (5) Discipline.
Risk Assessment and Climate Change: The in-built Problems of Commission Policy:

This article provides an analysis of institutional biases - in other words, ‘parallax fallacies’ - in the European Commission’s risk management system. Building on sociological understandings of risk and the recent EU timescape approach in EU studies, we identify six potential fallacies: 1) a misrepresentation or underestimation of risk, 2) an unrepresentative estimation of risks, 3) normatively contestable estimations of risk, 4) an institutionally or functionally limited view on risk, 5) a blurred focus on the political aspect of the risk due to risk transformation, 6) a time-lagged risk assessment. These fallacies are evaluated with regard to the 2° Celsius target of the Commission’s climate change policy.
Histone acetylation increases in response to ferulic, gallic, and sinapic acids acting synergistically in vitro to inhibit Candida albicans yeast-to-hyphae transition.

Novel treatments are needed to prevent candidiasis/candidemia infection due to the emergence of Candida species resistant to current antifungals. Considering the yeast-to-hyphae switch is a critical factor to Candida albicans virulence, phenols common in plant sources have been reported to demonstrating their ability to prevent dimorphism. Therefore, phenols present in many agricultural waste stress (ferulic (FA) and gallic (GA) acid) were initially screened in isolation for their yeast-to-hyphae inhibitory properties at times 3, 6, and 24 hr. Both FA and GA inhibited 50% of hyphae formation inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) but at a concentration of 8.0 ± 0.09 and 90.6 ± 1.05 mM, respectively, at 24 hr. However, the inhibitory effect of FA increased by 1.9-2.6 fold when combined with different GA concentrations. GA and FA values decreased even lower when sinapic acid (SA) was added as a third component. As evidenced by concave isobolograms and combination indexes less than 1, both GA:F A and GA:FA:SA combinations acted synergistically to inhibit 50% hyphae formation at 24 hr. Lastly, acetylation of histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56) was higher in response to the triple phenolic cocktail (using the IC50 24 hr inhibitory concentration level) comparable with the nontreated samples, indicating that the phenols inhibited hyphal growth in part by targeting H3K56 acetylation.
Understanding of and barriers to electronic health record patient portal access in a culturally diverse pediatric population

Background: Electronic health records (EHRs) have become a standard in the health care setting. In an effort to improve health literacy, foster doctor-patient communication, and ease the transition from adolescent to adult care, our institution created a policy that allows patients aged between 13 and 17 years to have EHR portal access. A literature review revealed predictable differences in portal registration among different ethnicities and socioeconomic statuses. Consequently, a cross-sectional survey was developed to investigate barriers to EHR portal access in a sample of culturally diverse adolescents. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess for barriers to EHR portal access in a culturally diverse adolescent population. Methods: A 42-item anonymous survey was completed by 97 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years, attending general pediatrics clinics. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t tests. Results: The average participant age was 15.5 (SD 1.5) years with 60% (58/97) male and 40% (39/97) female. Participants were 44% (43/97) black, 41% (40/97) Hispanic, 9% (9/97) Caucasian, 3% (3/97) Asian, and 2% (2/97) others. There were statistically significant differences in perceptions of confidentiality in age (13 to 15 years vs 16 to 18 years; P=.001) and insurance status (government vs private; P=.012) but not in gender, ethnicity, or parental education level. Younger adolescents with governmental insurance were more confident in the level of confidentiality with their physician. A total of 94% of participants had heard of the term EHR, but only 55% were familiar with its function. Furthermore, 77% of patients primarily accessed the internet through phones, and 50% of participants knew that patients aged under 18 years could obtain care for mental health, substance abuse, sexual health, and pregnancy. Conclusions: This research has identified gaps in EHR technology with regard to the pediatric patient population. The results of our survey show that adolescents may have misconceptions regarding the doctor-patient relationship, their ability to obtain care, and the modalities present in an EHR. As technology progresses, it is essential to have a deeper understanding of adolescents’ perceptions of confidentiality, technology, and available resources to design an EHR system that encourages patient education and communication while limiting barriers to care.
History vs. equilibrium one more time: how Keynes’s General Theory foundered on the rocks of comparative statics*

Keynes’s message, that full employment was an unlikely outcome for a capitalist economy, did not survive scrutiny in a comparative-statics framework. But this was the fault of the framework, not th...
Hepatoblastoma and Pediatric Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Update.

Hepatoblastomas (HBs) and pediatric hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) together account for almost 80% of primary malignant liver tumors in children and adolescents/young adults. Children's Hepatic International Collaboration (CHIC), Children's Oncology Group (COG), SocieteInternationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique (SIOP), and International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group trials have contributed to define prognostic factors and risk stratification in these tumors. The recently proposed histologic International Consensus classification of HB and HCC in children based on retrospective analysis from CHIC cases represents the base to define entities with homogeneous clinicopathologic and molecular features. This review will provide a morphologic guide for the upcoming International Liver Tumor treatment trial (Pediatric Hepatic International Tumour Trial) to be conducted through several continents. There will be an emphasis on molecular features and immunohistochemical markers for the definition of the individual histologic subtypes of HB and to better characterize the group of liver tumors in the provisional category of hepatocellular neoplasm-not otherwise specified. A brief overview of HCC in children will also be provided.
Systems considerations and transition scenarios for the hydrogen economy

Abstract System descriptors are given for key hydrogen economy components. Hypothetical transition scenarios are given for three generalized social climates with regard to hydrogen: strong government intervention, optimistic and realistic. All transition scenarios are characterized by five eras related to the density of the hydrogen distribution network.
Synthesis and Li-ion electrode properties of layered MAB phases Nin+1ZnBn (n = 1, 2)

Ternary MAB phases (layered transition metal borides) have recently attracted interest due to their exfoliation potential toward MBenes (analogous to MXenes), which are predicted to have excellent Li-ion battery performance. We have achieved single-phase synthesis of two MAB phases with general composition Nin+1ZnBn (n = 1, 2), the crystal structures of which contain zinc layers sandwiched between thin (n = 1) and thick (n = 2) Ni–B slabs. Highly stacked MAB sheets were confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy for both materials. Exposing Nin+1ZnBn to diluted hydrochloric acid led to the creation of crystalline microporous structures for n = 1 and non-porous detached sheets for n = 2. Both morphologies transformed the inactive bulk materials into highly active Li-ion battery anodes with capacities of ∼90 mA h g−1 (n = 1) and ∼70 mA h g−1 (n = 2) at a 100 mA g−1 lithiation–delithiation rate. The XPS analysis and BET surface area measurements reveal that the increased surface area and the reversible redox reaction of oxidized nickel species are responsible for this drastic increase of the lithiation–delithiation capacity. This proof of concept opens new avenues for the development of porous MAB, MAB nanosheets, MBenes and their composites for metal-ion battery applications.
Ruxolitinib: a potential treatment for corticosteroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease.

Allogeneic transplantation represents a potentially curative procedure for various lethal conditions; however, it is associated with serious immune mediated complications. The most serious complica...
“And you will wait …”: Carceral transportation in electronic monitoring as part of the punishment process:

Electronic monitoring, often accompanied with house arrest, is used extensively across the United States as a means of pretrial supervision and as a condition of probation and parole. In this artic...
Cardiac computed tomography improves the identification of cardiomechanical complications among patients with suspected left ventricular assist device malfunction

Abstract Background Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are increasingly used for durable mechanical circulatory support in advanced heart failure. While LVAD therapy provides substantial improvement in mortality and quality of life, long-term therapy confers increased risk for device complications. We evaluated if cardiac computed tomography (CCT) improves the detection of cardiomechanical complications among patients with LVAD and suspected device malfunction. Methods In this study, we compared the diagnostic performance of CCT and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) for the identification of cardiomechanical LVAD complications, including thrombus or neointimal hyperplasia, inflow cannula malposition with dynamic obstruction, fixed outflow obstruction, device infection, and severe aortic regurgitation. Complications were confirmed with surgical evaluation, pathologic assessment, or response to therapeutic intervention. Results Among 58 LVAD patients, who underwent CCT and TTE for suspected LVAD dysfunction, there were 49 confirmed cardiomechanical LVAD complications among 43 (74.1%) patients. The most common LVAD complication was thrombus or neointimal hyperplasia (65.3%), followed by dynamic obstruction (26.5%). Individually, CCT identified 29 of the 49 (59.2%) confirmed LVAD cardiomechanical complications, whereas TTE alone identified a complication in 11 cases (22.4%). However, diagnostic performance was greatest when the two modalities were used in combination, yielding a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 93%, PPV of 97%, NPV of 47% and diagnostic accuracy of 73%. Conclusion The novel and complementary use of CCT with TTE for the evaluation of suspected device malfunction improves the accurate identification of cardiomechanical LVAD complication compared to either modality alone.
Maggot Wound Therapy Associated with Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Blood Infection.

Maggot therapy is the intentional application of live, disinfected fly larvae to wounds for debridement and wound care. Although some studies suggest possible beneficial applications for wound healing, subsequent infection is a potential risk of treatment. We present a case of a 70-year-old male with chronic left temporal wound from squamous cell carcinoma treated with maggot therapy complicated by bacteremia with Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica (W. chitiniclastica). This case illustrates the risk for W. chitiniclastica infection associated with maggots used in medical wound therapy of chronic wounds.
Reduction in Opiate Use, Pain, Nausea, and Length of Stay After Implementation of a Bariatric Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol

Evaluate adherence to bariatric surgery enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in pre-operative, operative, and post-operative phases, and to compare opiate use, nausea control, and length of stay (LOS) versus historical controls. A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted to evaluate adherence to ERAS protocols and compare opiate and antiemetic use, pain intensity, and LOS versus those of traditional care (TC) patients preceding protocol implementation at Erie County Medical Center, a community-based hospital in Buffalo, NY, USA. One hundred ERAS and TC patients were compared. Patients were similar in age (42.5 years), gender (female, ~ 80%), race (~ 80 white), and BMI (47 kg/m2). The primary procedure performed was sleeve gastrectomy (89% ERAS, 86% TC). Protocol adherence was high for ERAS phases: prior to admission (85–98%), pre-operative (96–100%), operative (93–99%), post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (55–61%), and floor (86–98%). Opiate morphine milligram equivalent (MME) was reduced in ERAS vs. TC in hospital by 73% (43.5 ± 42.4 vs. 160 ± 116; p < 0.001), discharge prescribing by 53% (34.8 ± 38.2 vs. 74 ± 125 MME; p = 0.003), and in total by 69% (78.3 ± 67.5 vs. 252 ± 160; p < 0.001). Despite lower opiate use, ERAS had lower pain intensity entering PACU (1.1 ± 1.8 vs. 1.9 ± 2.6; p < 0.011), leaving PACU (1.7 ± 1.5 vs. 2.9 ± 1.5; p < 0.001), and floor day 0 (5.0 ± 2.1 vs. 5.9 ± 1.8; p < 0.001). Fewer ERAS required antiemetic day 0 (63% vs. 94%; p < 0.001). ERAS were discharged in fewer hours than TC (41.1 ± 15.5 vs. 52.1 ± 18.9 h; p < 0.001). Bariatric surgery ERAS protocols were implemented with a high rate of adherence and yielded profound reduction in operative and post-operative opiate use while improving pain control and nausea management in hospital and decreasing LOS.
The ABC's of Stroke Prevention: Reduction in Stroke Frequency Following a Quality Improvement Intervention by the Action Learning Network

Purpose To assess the frequency of stroke among ventricular assist device patients following a quality improvement bundled intervention (the “ABCs of Stroke Prevention” [ABCs] which focused on Anticoagulation, Blood pressure, and Communication) within the Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION). The bundle intervention comprised 3 interventions. These were: a document harmonizing how to implement and maintain bivalirudin infusion, a blood pressure management protocol and a daily stroke prevention checklist. Methods Baseline stroke outcomes prior to the formation of ACTION (Q3 2014 - Q2 2017) were obtained from Pediatric Interagency Registry for Mechanical Circulatory Support (Pedimacs). The CVA adverse event definition was used to assess stroke from Pedimacs. Stroke outcomes following implementation of the ABCs were obtained from the ACTION Outcome Registry Q1 2018-9/18/2020. Results A total of 693 patients (350 Pedimacs, 343 ACTION) and 887 devices (472 Pedimacs, 415 ACTION) were included. The overall stroke rate decreased following implementation of the ABCs from 14.6% to 10.4% (p=0.03) (Figure 1). The paracorporeal pulsatile pump stroke rate decreased from 30.1% to 8.2% (p Conclusion Stroke frequency has decreased following implementation of the ABCs. The most notable reduction has occurred in pulsatile paracorporeal pump patients where the stroke frequency has decreased more than 20%. Follow-up interventions are focused on further improving other device specific stroke outcomes and understanding patient specific risk factors.
Percutaneous Lung Biopsy with Pleural and Parenchymal Blood Patching: Results and Complications from 1,112 Core Biopsies.

PURPOSE: To evaluate outcomes of CT fluoroscopy-guided core lung biopsies with emphasis on diagnostic yield, complications, and efficacy of parenchymal and pleural blood patching to avoid chest tube placement. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective analysis of CT fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous core lung biopsies between 2006 and 2020. Parenchymal blood patching during introducer needle withdrawal was performed in 74% of cases as a preventative measure, and pleural blood patching was the primary salvage maneuver for symptomatic or growing pneumothorax in 60/83 (72.2%) of applicable cases. RESULTS: A total of 1029 patients underwent 1112 biopsies (532 men, mean age 66 years, 38.6% history of emphysema, lesion size=16.7 mm). The diagnostic yield was 93.6% (1032/1103). Fewer complications requiring intervention were observed in patients who had undergone parenchymal blood patching (5.7 vs. 14.2%, p<0.001). Further intervention was required in 83/182 pneumothorax cases including: 1) Pleural blood patch (5.4%, 60/1112), 2) chest tube placement without a pleural blood patch attempt (1.5%, 17/1112), and 3) simple aspiration (0.5%, 6/1112). Pleural blood patch as monotherapy was successful in 83.3% (50/60) without need for further intervention. The overall chest tube rate was 2.6% (29/1112). Emphysema was the only significant risk factor for complications requiring intervention (p=<0.001). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous CT fluoroscopy-guided core lung biopsies performed with standardized techniques provide excellent diagnostic yield and few serious complications. Parenchymal blood patching during introducer needle withdrawal decreased complications requiring intervention. Salvage pleural blood patching reduced the frequency of chest tube placement for pneumothorax.
The effect of early vs late pairing on measures of dairy calf health, performance, and behavior through weaning

Pair housing of dairy calves during the preweaning period improves some measures of performance and socialization as compared to calves housed individually. However, there is little evidence to guide producers and veterinarians as to when to pair preweaned calves to maximize social and performance effects while minimizing potential detrimental health effects. The objective of this randomized trial was to investigate the effect of pairing at birth vs pairing at 30d of age on measures of calf health, performance, and behavior.
French Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials

French Constitutional Law includes extracts from decisions of the Constitutional Council and Council of State, significant laws, important reports, and a variety of French legal writings (many translated into English for the first time). These materials are accompanied by commentary, notes, and readings from secondary sources, including a generous sampling of extracts from historical and philosophical texts, to permit an understanding of the French constitutional system in context. The aim of the book is to present French constitutional law from a French perspective - to understand how the French think about constitutional law and its practice. Dynamics of constitutional evolution in France are stressed, and special attention is devoted to the extensive and significant constitutional amendments of July 2008. The book deals in depth with the following matters: separation of powers and the structure and functioning of government, the evolution and practice of judicial review by the Constitutional Council, the role of the Council of State in the French constitutional system, sources of French constitutional law and their interpretation, the Republican tradition (liberty and human rights, democracy and national sovereignty, secularism, equality, social solidarity, and the indivisibility of the Republic), and the application of supranational law (international law, European Union law, and European human rights law) in the French constitutional system. This book is well suited for use in law school, as the materials are structured to provide the basis for class discussion of legal issues. It is also well suited for use in undergraduate and graduate courses in French, European, or comparative politics or history.
Singularities of the minimal model program

Preface Introduction 1. Preliminaries 2. Canonical and log canonical singularities 3. Examples 4. Adjunction and residues 5. Semi-log-canonical pairs 6. Du Bois property 7. Log centers and depth 8. Survey of further results and applications 9. Finite equivalence relations 10. Appendices References Index.
READ-ONLY OBJECT IN OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Object-oriented programming (OOP) has become the dominant programming paradigm by its promise of easy code maintenance, code reuse, and code evolution. The central dogma in OOP is to model a concept as an object that has its own internal state and behavior. How to limit the access to the internal state of an object is always a tricky question to new OOP programmers. Though OOP languages have various ways of limiting the access to an object’s internal state, a call for read-only objects emerges as the protection of data authenticity in information flow becomes more and more critical. Since the existing approaches to achieve read-only concept in programming languages cannot dynamically create read-only objects, this article presents the definition of the keyword “readonly” and demonstrates how to use it to dynamically generate read-only objects via two case studies.
Estimation of Nutrient Requirements from Growth Data

Two least squares methods of estimating nutrient requirements from growth data were compared. One method involved fitting a broken line by the method of least squares. The requirement was taken as the abscissa of the breakpoint in the curve. The other method involved fitting an appropriate exponential function to the growth data and estimating the requirement as the abscissa of the point on the fitted curve whose ordinate was 95% of the upper asymptote. For the nine sets of data studied, the broken line provided adequate fits for only six. The nonlinear models provided adequate fits for all the data studied. When both the broken line and the chosen nonlinear model provided adequate fits, the estimated requirements were nearly the same. However, the consistently good fits obtained with the nonlinear models suggest that this approach may generally be more useful.
Requirements Management for Dependable Software Systems

Abstract Achieving dependable behavior from complex software systems requires careful adherence to best software practice. Experience gained over years of both failed development and successful efforts has clearly demonstrated that one essential key to developing systems is proper engineering of the requirements for that system. Systems that are mission and/or safety critical are especially vulnerable to shortcomings in the requirements specifications. What may be acceptable anomalies in the behaviors of non-critical systems become unacceptable and dangerous for systems on which high levels of trust are placed. Just as a good foundation is important for a building, requirements are important for software systems. This chapter provides an overview of the nature of requirements, presents some typical challenges that are frequently encountered, and provide some recommendations for how to avoid or overcome problems that may occur.
Flexible Sliding Windows for Kernel Regression Based Bus Arrival Time Prediction

Given a set of historical bus trajectories D and a partially observed bus trajectory S up to position l on the bus route, kernel regression KR is a non-parametric approach which predicts the arrival time of the bus at location $$l+h$$$$h>0$$ by averaging the arrival times observed at same location in the past. The KR method does not weights the historical data equally but it gives more preference to the more similar trajectories in the historical data. This method has been shown to outperform the baseline methods such as linear regression or k-nearest neighbour algorithms for bus arrival time prediction problems [9]. However, the performance of the KR approach is very sensitive to the method of evaluating similarity between trajectories. General kernel regression algorithm looks back to the entire trajectory for evaluating similarity. In the case of bus arrival time prediction, this approach does not work well when outdated part of the trajectories does not reflect the most recent behaviour of the buses. In order to solve this issue, we propose an approach that considers only recent part of the trajectories in a sliding window for evaluating the similarity between them. The approach introduces a set of parameters corresponding to the window lengths at every position along the bus route determining how long we should look back into the past for evaluating the similarity between trajectories. These parameters are automatically learned from training data. Nevertheless, parameter learning is a time-consuming process given large training data at least quadratic in the training size. Therefore, we proposed an approximation algorithm with guarantees on error bounds to learn the parameters efficiently. The approximation algorithm is an order of magnitude faster than the exact algorithm. In an experiment with a real-world application deployed for Dublin city, our approach significantly reduced the prediction error compared to the state of the art kernel regression algorithm.
The labor supply of the early Roman Empire

I argue that it makes sense to speak of a functioning labor market in the early Roman Empire where the supply and demand for labor were equilibrated by wages and other payments to workers, albeit in a rough way. The economy of the early Roman Empire therefore had a market in this critical factor of production that resembles the labor market in more recent market economies. Slaves were included in the general labor market because Roman slavery was very different from modern slavery in the Americas. In the early Roman Empire, frequent manumission provided incentives for slaves to cooperate with their owners and act like free laborers.
Effects of oral 5-hydroxytryptophan on a standardized planning task: insight into possible dopamine/serotonin interactions in the forebrain.

Objective Several studies have suggested that exogenous administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) can result in the ectopic production of serotonin in dopaminergic neurons and a concomitant reduction in dopamine release. This study tested this hypothesis using the Tower of London (TOL), a test of planning and executive control that is sensitive to changes in forebrain dopamine activity, but insensitive to alterations in serotonin. Methods A sample of 68 undergraduates participated, and each received either three 50-mg 5-HTP capsules or placebos, and completed the TOL following a set absorption period. Results 5-HTP significantly lengthened the average time needed to complete each of the 10 trials of the TOL. 5-HTP did not affect accuracy on this task. Conclusions Oral exogenous 5-HTP disrupts dopaminergic function in the human forebrain. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RF FET layout and modeling for design success in RFCMOS technologies

This paper presents challenges in creating high quality RF FET layouts and models in CMOS technologies spanning 0.25 /spl mu/m to 90 nm nodes. The focus is on developing a comprehensive methodology to provide robust, high performance parameterized RF FET layout cells and corresponding scalable RF models to enable RF designs that fully leverage the cost benefit potential of CMOS technology.
Reported multiple victim poisonings of children

Review of the Duke Poison Control Center records for 1977 revealed that 5.3% of poisoned children were involved in multiple victim incidents. Most of the multiple victim poisonings were composed of two children and none included more than four children. Multiple victim poisonings tended to occur in older children and preferentially involved plants, foods, and pesticides when compared with single victim episodes. The multiple victim poisonings were also more likely to occur during the spring and autumn of the year.
Immunocytochemical localization of H(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the rat colon.

The presence and distribution of gastric-type H+−K+-ATPase were investigated in the rat colon using a monoclonal antibody raised against hog gastric H+−K+-ATPase. Rat stomach was used as positive control. Rat kidney and ileum, in both of which H+−K+-ATPase has been reported in the past, were also studied.
Exercise-induced Anaphylaxis as a Cause of Syncope

Abstract Background Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is an under-recognized condition that is a distinct physical allergy. Triggers include varying amounts of exercise, alone or in combination with certain foods or medications (food-dependent EIA, or FDEIA). Therapy is identical to that of any immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic reaction. Objectives This case is reported to increase awareness among emergency physicians of EIA and FDEIA. Case Report A 57-year-old man was found with a diffuse erythematous rash after eating a wheat bagel and walking up five flights of stairs. Emergency medical services found him hypotensive and combative. In the Emergency Department, the patient’s blood pressure was 72/27 mm Hg, with an oxygen saturation of 97% on non-rebreather mask. The physical examination was notable for bilateral inspiratory crackles in the lower one-third of the lungs. He received intravenous (i.v.) diphenhydramine 25 mg, i.v. methylprednisolone 125 mg, and 1 L of normal saline, after which his blood pressure improved to 110/54 mm Hg. He was admitted to the hospital where his recovery was uneventful. Conclusion EIA and FDEIA are uncommon forms of physical allergy, but they represent important entities for emergency physicians to consider. Recognition of the association with exercise is key, as recurrences can be prevented by avoiding triggers.
Dimethylchalkogenide als liganden in kationischen cyclopentadienyleisen-bis(phosphin)-komplexen: synthese, reaktivität und kristallstruktur von [C5H5Fe(P(OCH3)3)2(S(CH3)2)]PF6

Abstract Thermal displacement of coordinated nitriles RCN (R = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 or n-C 3 H 7 ) in [C 5 H 5 Fe(L 2 )(NCR)]X complexes (L 2 = P(OCH 3 ) 3 ) 2 , (P(OC 6 H 5 ) 3 ) 2 or (C 6 H 5 ) 2 PC 2 H 4 P(C 6 H 5 ) 2 (DPPE)) by E(CH 3 ) 2 affords high yields of [C 5 H 5 Fe(L 2 )(E(CH 3 ) 2 )]X compounds (E = S, Se and Te; X = BF 4 or PF 6 ). Spectroscopic data and ligand displacement reactions are presented and discussed together with related observations on [C 5 H 5 Fe(CO) 2 (E(CH 3 ) 2 )]BF 4 compounds. The molecular structure of [C 5 H 5 Fe(P(OCH 3 ) 3 ) 2 (S(CH 3 ) 2 )]PF 6 was determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study: monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / n - C 5 2 h (No. 14) with a = 8.4064(12), b = 11.183(2), c = 50.726(8) A, β = 90.672(13)° and Z = 8 molecules per unit cell. The coordination sphere of the iron atom is pseudo-tetrahedral with an FeS bond distance of 2.238 A.
Interpreting sustainable yield of an aquifer using a fuzzy framework

Reliable estimates for how much water can be safely withdrawn from aquifers without harming the environment is crucial for identifying new water supply sources and fostering sustainable growth. Methodologies to estimate groundwater availability that are rooted in science and yet accomplishable with minimal data are particularly useful for effectual aquifer management. Also, as groundwater management is increasingly becoming a participatory process, these methodologies must be transparent and easily understood by a wide range of audiences. In addition, proposed approaches must also reconcile imprecision and uncertainties arising from lack of data, differences in stakeholders’ perceptions and limitations associated with incomplete aquifer characterization. In this study, the fundamental concept of water balance is coupled with fuzzy regression to develop a scheme for assessing regional-scale groundwater availability. Using the mass-balance approach, anthropogenic water demands (municipal, industrial and agricultural) and ecological demands (baseflows to rivers) can be incorporated into the availability estimation process. The use of fuzzy regression enables the specification of decision makers’ preferences to the adopted procedure and renders the parameter estimation to be more robust in the presence of extreme values. The methodology is illustrated by using it to estimate groundwater availability in the Gulf coast aquifer, underlying Refugio County, TX, USA.
Spoken Language Parsing Using Phrase-Level Grammars and Trainable Classifiers

In this paper, we describe a novel approach to spoken language analysis for translation, which uses a combination of grammar-based phrase-level parsing and automatic classification. The job of the analyzer is to produce a shallow semantic interlingua representation for spoken task-oriented utterances. The goal of our hybrid approach is to provide accurate real-time analyses while improving robustness and portability to new domains and languages.
Sociological Criteria for a Viable Global Group

Abstract Although global education has been enthusiastically advocated, a thorough intellectual foundation for the movement is assumed rather than apparent in global education literature. This article analyzes one frequently implied theme, viable existence of a social group which encompasses the globe. The proposed global group is analyzed by application of three criteria which define the viability of other social groups. One is group justification through comparison with other existing groups. The second is the psychosocial development of individual group consciousness of membership. Third is the structural features which unify inhabitants in national groups. These sociological criteria do not support the existence of the hypothesized global group. A clear intellectual rationale for the global group concept of global education literature appears to be lacking. The assumption that consciousness of a social group on a global scale is intellectually sound and constitutes a viable supporting rationale for gl...
RETRIEVAL OF FAMOUS NAMES ON A REBUS RIDDLE TASK BY MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER SUBJECTS

This study compared the performances of 20 middle-aged and 20 older subjects on a Rebus Riddle task that required they retrieve the names of famous persons. Older subjects solved significantly more riddles and responded to prompts designed to aid riddle-solving efforts with significantly greater success than middle-aged subjects. Older subjects also had nonsignificantly faster riddle-solving times than middle-aged subjects. Similar riddles were difficult or easy for both groups. Superior performance of the older group appeared to be related to the age of the subject at the time the persons in the riddles had become famous.
Interface Properties of Synthetic Rock Specimens: Experimental and Numerical Investigation

To support the development of centrifuge models to simulate seismic rock slope failures, potential model materials were subjected to direct shear tests to characterize the properties of the interfaces. Three synthetic rock materials were investigated: blocks cast out of a commercially available gypsum cement, blocks cast out of a Nevada sand/gypsum mix, and rock blocks with sandpaper glued to the shear surfaces. The materials were evaluated primarily on the consistency of the measured properties and the observed shear failure behavior. The laboratory direct shear tests were modeled numerically with the software package UDEC to observe how well the numerical results using joint constitutive models available in the software compare to the experimental results. The Coulomb slip joint model predicts the interface behavior well for the gypsum and sand/gypsum materials, which displayed basic elastic-plastic behavior during shear, and the Coulomb slip with residual strength model captured the peak to residual behavior observed in the tests on the sandpaper interfaces. The use of a different joint shear stiffness value for each simulation, corresponding to the measured laboratory value associated with each applied normal stress, clearly contributed to this excellent match; more general models utilizing a constant joint shear stiffness value applied to blocks that are subjected to different normal stresses may not display such close agreement with observed behavior.
Blood volume in sympathectomized-splenectomized dogs.

SummaryWith the use of Cr31 and T-1824, cell and plasma volumes are measured in sympathectomized - splenectomized dogs. Average cell volume, plasma volume, and blood volume are 32.2 ml/kg, 54.8 ml/kg. and 87.0 ml/kg respectively for the male dogs; and 30.2 ml/kg, 52.5 ml/kg, and 82.7 ml/kg respectively for the females. These sex differences are not statistically significant. A comparison between sympathectomized-splenectomized dogs and splenectomized dogs shows higher cell and blood volumes (significant at the 5% level) for the former group. Analysis of variance demonstrates significant individual differences in blood volume among the male sympathectomized-splenectomized dogs. The Fcells factor shows neither significant individual difference nor sex difference, and is unchanged by sympathectomy.
Hubble space telescope observations of AGN's in the ultraviolet: BL Lac and Q2345+007

We report the first polarimetric observations in the ultraviolet of two AGN's, the blazar BL Lac and the gravitational lens candidate Q2345+007. We find strong (p>3%) and variable UV polarization in BL Lac, two of the characteristics exhibited by blazars in the visible. The polarization of BL Lac in the UV decreased significantly (from 18% to <5%) over a timescale of days. The flux density in the polarimetric bandpass showed changes which were not correlated with the polarimetric changes. The behavior of BL Lac in the UV is consistent with the two-component model of its polarized flux proposed by Brindleet al. (1985). The UV properties of the images in the Q2345+007 system are consistent with a gravitational lens interpretation. The QSO imaged in Q2345+007A is an excellent candidate to monitor for variable polarization on a timescale of weeks. Detecting the same polarimetric variation in each image of a gravitational lens may be the most effective method of determining the time-of-flight difference between the two image paths.
Accumulation of p53 in infectious mononucleosis tissues

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes, where it persists indefinitely for the life of the host; whether the virus interacts with p53 to maintain itself in these cells is unknown. Lymphoid biopsy samples from 10 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) were examined for expression of p53 by immunobistochemistry. Accumulation of p53 was detected in all 10 cases, primarily in large lymphocytes of the expanded paracortex. The presence of EBV was confirmed in all 10 cases by EBER1 (EBV-encoded RNA) in situ hybridization, whereas 11 non-IM control samples lacked significant EBER1 and did not express p53 in paracortical lymphocytes. Interestingly, EBV infection alone does not cause accumulation of intracellular p53, because many more cells expressed EBER1 than p53 in the IM tissues. To determine whether p53 was confined to the subset of infected cells in which viral replication was occurring, BZLF1 immunostains were performed. Viral BZLF1 was detected in 8 of 10 IM tissues; however, the paucity and small size of the BZLFI-expressing lymphocytes suggests that they are not the same cells overexpressing p53. To further examine the relationship between p53 and EBV gene expression, the tissues were studied for latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) expression by immunohistochemistry. Viral LMP1 was observed in the large paracortical lymphocytes of all 10 cases of IM, indicating co4ocalization of p53 and LMP1 in these cells. Our findings confirm that p53 overexpression is not specific for nodal malignancy and that p53 accumulation is characteristic of IM. Because p53 was not coexpressed in the same cells as BZLFI, it appears that BZLF1 is not directly responsible for p53 accumulation. Never-theless, co-localization of p53 and LMPI in activated-appearing lymphocytes suggests that EBV infection is responsible for p53 accumulation.
Kick‐off symposium series to help New Ph.D.s is a success

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) recently sponsored the first of what is expected to be many symposia to be held every couple of years to help new scientists begin their research careers. The inaugural dissertation symposium, Physical Oceanography Dissertation Symposium I (PODS I), provided a forum for new Ph.D.s and doctoral candidates soon to receive their degrees in physical oceanography or a related field, to discuss science and forge future professional relationships. The next symposium is expected to be in October 2003, in Hawaii, in concert with the Dissertation Symposium for Chemical Oceanographers (DISCO); information to be posted at http://spars.aibs.org/pods/. Applications from prospective participants were sought internationally, with the sponsoring agencies and coordinators advertising by e-mail, through personal communication with established researchers, and by informing degree-granting institutions in the related fields.
Bis(alkynyl) PTA and DAPTA complexes of Pt(II) and Pd(II)

Abstract Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes containing two substituted alkynyl groups and two PTA or DAPTA ligands (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane; DAPTA = 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) with the general formulas cis- or trans-M(PR3)2(C CR)2 (PR3 = PTA or DAPTA) were prepared by a ligand displacement reaction starting from M(C CR)2(COD) precursors or by a metathesis reaction utilizing MCl2(PR3)2 precursors in yields ranging from 68% to 89%. The substituted alkynyl groups employed were (C CR) (R = p-tolyl, o-pyridyl, m-pyridyl, m-C6H4NH2, and CH2Ph). The new complexes were characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, MS and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of the complexes, cis-Pt(PTA)2(C C-p-tol)2 (cis-1), trans-Pt(PTA)2(C C-o-py)2 (trans-3), and trans-Pd(PTA)2(C C-o-py)2 (trans-4) were confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography.
Recovery of fatty acid from a solvated hydrocarbon mixture applicable to the Beaver-Herter solvent extraction process

Abstract The Herter process is a patented enhanced oil recovery process that proposes the use of a fatty acid as a solvent to recover petroleum from an oil reservoir or a tar sand. The fatty acid solvent is injected into a reservoir formation or mixed with a tar sand in order to reduce the viscosity and increase the mobility of the petroleum. The recovery and recycle of the fatty acid solvent are fundamental parts of the process. The Herter process proposes to recover the fatty acid by saponification, migration of the soap to the aqueous phase, and desaponification of the resulting soap phase. However, the formation of a hydrocarbon-soap-water emulsion severely limits the proposed process. Addition of methanol limits emulsification to allow a meaningful separation to be accomplished. An evaluation of two proposed revisions to the Herter process was made based on batch experiments involving the recovery of oleic acid, linolenic acid, and Georgia Pacific XTOL™304 fatty acid from solvated mixtures with n-hep...