cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iterated Geostrophic Intermediate Models

Abstract Intermediate models contain physics between that in the primitive equations and that in the quasigeostrophic equations and are capable of representing subinertial frequency motion over O(1) topographic variations typical of the continental slope while filtering out high-frequency gravity-inertial waves. We present here a formulation for stratified flow of a set of new intermediate models, termed iterated geostrophic (IG) models, derived under the assumption that the Rossby number ϵ is small. We consider the emotion of a rotating, continuously stratified fluid governed by the hydrostatic, Boussinesq, adiabatic primitive equations (PE) with a spatially variable Coriolis parameter and with weak biharmonic momentum diffusion. The IG models utilize the pressure field as the basic variable [as in the quasigeostrophic (QG) approximation], are capable of providing solutions of formally increasing accuracy in powers of ϵ in a systematic manner, and are straightforward to solve numerically. The 10 models a...
Low‐temperature inhibition of antigen processing and iron uptake from transferrin: Deficits in endosome functions at 18 °C

Antigen processing involves endocytosis, proteolysis and denaturation of antigens to generate peptides that bind to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (Ia) in a complex recognized by CD4+ T cells. Ia and antigen are internalized and processed intracellularly, but the exact subcellular site of antigen degradation and formation of the Ia-peptide complex remains unclear. The present studies utilized low-temperature incubation in an attempt to functionally block certain steps in the processing of the antigen hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and TA3 B lymphoma cells. Ia endocytosis and uptake of HEL by PEC persisted at 18 degrees C, albeit at somewhat slower rates, but delivery of ligands to lysosomes was blocked. Under these conditions HEL catabolism and antigen processing were effectively blocked, although enough catabolism and antigen processing were effectively blocked, although enough HEL was internalized at 18 degrees C to provide effective presentation during a subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C. In TA3 cells transferrin endocytosis and recycling were notably slowed at 18 degrees C, and iron uptake from transferrin by TA3 cells was completely blocked, indicating that certain specifically endosomal functions were inhibited at 18 degrees C. Thus, intracellular steps in antigen processing were blocked at 18 degrees C, corresponding to deficits in endosomal processing and targeting. These results demonstrate that antigen endocytosis and certain temperature-sensitive endosomal and lysosomal processes are essential for antigen processing.
Early versus delayed right heart catheterization in evaluation of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

When pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is suspected by clinical signs and symptoms, screening echocardiography is recommended for initial evaluation of the disease. Because of the inherent inaccuracy of echocardiographic estimates of pulmonary pressures, right heart catheterization (RHC) is the standard of care for assessing pulmonary vascular hemodynamics and confirming PAH. However, current diagnostic algorithms for PAH do not stress the importance of confirmation of PAH with RHC. Guidelines recommend that a work-up for underlying causes be performed prior to confirmation of PAH by RHC. We conducted a retrospective review of patients referred for RHC based on echocardiographic findings to illustrate the importance of confirming PAH by RHC early in the diagnostic process. We retrospectively reviewed 190 patients with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PaSP) 440 mm Hg on transthoracic echocardiogram who also underwent RHC at Tampa General Hospital between January 2007 and October 2009. The average mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) at RHC was compared with the average PaSP by echocardiogram using Pearson’s correlation. World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 PAH was diagnosed if mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was 425 mm Hg with a pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PaWP) of r15 mm Hg, and WHO Group 2 PAH was diagnosed if mPAP was 425 mm Hg and PaWP was 415 mm Hg. The positive predictive value of echocardiography to predict a diagnosis of PAH at RHC was calculated. Institutional review board approval (No. 108617) for this study was obtained from the University of South Florida. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study population. There was a modest correlation between PaSP obtained by echocardiography and PaSP obtained at RHC (r 1⁄4 0.68, p o 0.001). The distribution of RHC results is shown in Fig. 1 Only 67 of 190 patients (35%) with elevated PaSP on echocardiogram met the criteria for the diagnosis of WHO Group 1 PAH. Seventy of 190 patients (37%) with elevated PaSP on echocardiogram had mPAP r25 mm Hg at RHC. Interestingly, 53 of 190 patients (28%) with elevated PASP on echocardiogram and mPAP 425 mm Hg on RHC were reclassified as WHO Group 2 PAH (pulmonary venous hypertension). In this study, only about one third of patients referred for RHC based on elevated PaSP on echocardiography actually had WHO Group 1 PAH. One third of patients were reclassified as WHO Group 2 PAH based on elevated PaWP, and one third had normal mPAP measured directly on RHC. Although there was a modest correlation between
Transport of impermeant substances in E. coli by way of oligopeptide permease.

The oligopeptide transport system of E. coli can be used to bring normally impermeant substances into the cell after linkage of the compound to a peptide.
Triumph of the right : the rise of the California conservative movement, 1945-1966

In this, the first book to deal exclusively with conservative politics in California, author Kurt Schuparra pinpoints the myriad factors that led to the formation and rise of the conservative movement in California after World War II, culminating in the election of Ronald Reagan as governor in 1966. While Schuparra is concerned with prominent figures such as Ronald Reagan, California senator William Knowland, Richard Nixon, and Arizona senator Barry Goldwater, his larger interest is in the principal players in the movement behind these individuals, the causes they espoused, and the movement's role in pivotal electoral contests. Schuparra also provides an assessment of how the struggle between liberals and conservatives - and those caught in the middle - in the Golden State both reflected and influenced the national debate over major governmental policies and social issues, particularly on racial matters.
Luminescence properties of “relatively” trap-free crystals of anhydrous salts containing divalent manganese

Abstract Crystals of RbMnCl3, Rb2MnCl4, CsMnCl3, RbMnBr3, CsMnBr3 and CsMnI3 which are grown from melts in contact with elemental manganese luminescence strongly throughout the 10K to 300K range. At room temperature the emission intensities from these crystals are larger by orders of magnitude than those observed from crystals of the same salts prepared without metallic manganese. Emission lifetime and intensity measurements made as a function of temperature are consistent with the view that the contact of the molten salt with metallic manganese during crystal growth yields materials which are relatively free of quenching traps. The effect appears to be quite general.
Ante up: reconsidering classroom management philosophies so every child is a winner

Anti‐social behaviors in children are on the rise, and many schools and classrooms are implementing pro‐social and anti‐violent curriculums to combat these behaviors. However, before they implement new curricula, schools and teachers should first examine their classroom management strategies, for a change in paradigms of classroom management must be the first step in promoting pro‐social behaviors. This paper uses a gambling metaphor to examine the link between assertive discipline and anti‐social behaviors, and provides alternatives to a classroom management approach that controls and marginalizes children.
A VLSI implementation of an architecture for applicative programming

Abstract The Applicative Programming System Architecture contains a novel Data Structure Memory (DSM) which supports fast access operations on compact linear data structures. Several problems that arise in implementations of applicative and functional programming languages can be solved efficiently using special data representations on the DSM. Each memory word in the DSM contains a very small local processor, and there is also a tree-structured communications network within the DSM. Therefore the DSM is a massively parallel SIMD machine. This paper describes a VLSI implementation of the DSM architecture and compares its performance with implementations on a conventional sequential computer and the NASA Massively Parallel Processor.
Data modeling for software development

One of the motivations for the use of a facility such as the Repository Manager™ in an information processing system is to centralize the information needed for the development of software. What this information is and how it is interrelated is defined in the underlying data model. This paper discusses the kinds of information required for software development and offers some suggestions on how the data model should be organized and implemented.
Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation

Abstract Smoldering combustion of various natural and synthetic solid materials constitutes a substantial fire hazard; the process itself produces copious toxic gases and it can lead to flaming combustion. This review focuses on the coupled chemical and physical processes involved in self-sustained propagation of smoldering. The potential heat sources (gas-phase oxidation, oxidative polymer degradation. char oxidation) are examined, along with the heat sinks (polymer pyrolysis, water vaporization). It is concluded that, even for the most-studied case of cellulose, the chemical mechanisms involved in these processes are both too complex and too poorly understood to be included in a smolder propagation model. Greatly simplified kinetic schemes are currently inevitable; the kinetic parameters are empirical and of restricted usefulness. A general model of the thermophysics of propagation (for arbitrary chemistry) is presented as a benchmark against which to compare existing models. The general case, with gradients both on the scale of the particles that comprise the fuel and on the scale of the overall combustion wave moving through the fuel bed, is too complex to be tractable. The general model equations are non-dimensionalized: simplifications are noted in the limit of small or large values for certain dimensionless groups. Existing smolder propagation models in the literature are reviewed; all represent great simplifications of the general case and none closely describes a realistic smoldering fire hazard. The principal usefulness of existing models is in rationalizing certain experimentally-observed trends. Truly useful predictive models of realistic hazard situations remain to be developed.
Job Access and Commute Penalties: Balancing work and Residence in Los Angeles

There is an ongoing debate about whether minorities and women pay a commute penalty—that is, do these groups commute farther for lower wages than White males? Research based on commuting time has suggested that minority women bear the multiple jeopardy of race and gender in their journey-to-work behavior. The present study re-examines those findings. We show that minority women who commute longer distances have higher earnings. There is a positive or in some cases neutral relationship between distance and earnings. This suggests that we treat the notion of a commute penalty with some caution. However, women still do not earn as much as men and they are relatively if not absolutely disadvantaged in the commuting process. As expected, for women as for men, skill is a major factor in earnings gains, and relying on public transportation negatively affects earnings. In the past decade it has been fashionable to focus on the negative impacts of commuting on women, but the evidence from this study suggests that ...
Transport of Biologically Important Nutrients by Wind in an Eroding Cold Desert

Abstract Wind erosion following fire is an important landscape process that can result in the redistribution of ecologically important soil resources. In this study we evaluated the potential for a fire patch in a desert shrubland to serve as a source of biologically important nutrients to the adjacent, downwind, unburned ecosystem. We analyzed nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Al) in wind-transported sediments, and soils from burned and adjacent unburned surfaces, collected during the first to second growing seasons after a wildfire that burned in 2007 in Idaho, USA in sagebrush steppe; a type of cold desert shrubland. We also evaluated the timing of potential wind erosion events and weather conditions that might have contributed to nutrient availability in downwind shrubland. Findings indicated that post-fire wind erosion resulted in an important, but transient, addition of nutrients on the downwind shrubland. Aeolian sediments from the burned area were enriched relative to both the up- and down-wind soil and indicated the potential for a fertilization effect through the deposition of the nutrient-enriched sediment during the first, but not second, summer after wildfire. Weather conditions that could have produced nutrient transport events might have provided increased soil moisture necessary to make nutrients accessible for plants in the desert environment. Wind transport of nutrients following fire is likely important in the sagebrush steppe as it could contribute to pulses of resource availability that might, for example, affect plant species differently depending on their phenology, and nutrient- and water-use requirements.
Collaborative interventions for physically injured trauma survivors: a pilot randomized effectiveness trial

Posttraumatic behavioral and emotional disturbances occur frequently among physically injured hospitalized trauma survivors. This investigation was a pilot randomized effectiveness trial of a 4-month collaborative care intervention for injured motor vehicle crash and assault victims. As surgical inpatients, intervention subjects (N=16) were assigned to a trauma support specialist who provided counseling, consulted with surgical and primary care providers, and attempted postdischarge care coordination. Control subjects (N=18) received usual posttraumatic care. For all participants, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms, episodic alcohol intoxication, and functional limitations were evaluated during the hospitalization and 1 and 4 months postinjury. Study logs and field notes revealed that over 75% of intervention activity occurred in the first month after the trauma. One-month post-trauma intervention subjects when compared to controls demonstrated statistically significant decreases in PTSD symptoms as well as a reduction in depressive symptoms. However, at the 4-month assessment, intervention subjects evidenced no significant improvements in PTSD and depressive symptoms, episodic alcohol intoxication, or functional limitations. Future larger scale trials of stepped collaborative care interventions for physically injured trauma survivors are recommended.
Functional characterization of two distinct Mg 2+ extrusion mechanisms in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles

Cardiac ventricular myocytes extrude a sizeable amount of their total Mg(2+) content upon stimulation by beta-adrenergic agonists. This extrusion occurs within a few minutes from the application of the agonist, suggesting the operation of rapid and abundantly represented Mg(2+) transport mechanisms in the cardiac sarcolemma. The present study was aimed at characterizing the operation of these transport mechanisms under well defined conditions. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to purify a biochemical standardized preparation of sealed rat cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles. This experimental model has the advantage that trans-sarcolemmal cation transport can be studied under specific extra- and intra-vesicular ionic conditions, in the absence of intracellular organelles, and buffering or signaling components. Magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) transport was assessed by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. The results reported here indicate that: (1) sarcolemma vesicles retained trapped intravesicular Mg(2+) in the absence of extravesicular counter-ions; (2) the addition of Na(+) or Ca(2+) induced a rapid and concentration-dependent Mg(2+) extrusion from the vesicles; (3) co-addition of maximal concentrations of Na(+) and Ca(2+) resulted in an additive Mg(2+) extrusion; (4) Mg(2+ )extrusion was blocked by addition of amiloride or imipramine; (5) pre-treatment of sarcolemma vesicles with alkaline phosphatase at the time of preparation completely abolished Na(+)- but not Ca(2+)-induced Mg(2+) extrusion; (6) Na(+)-dependent Mg(2+) transport could be restored by stimulating vesicles loaded with protein kinase A catalytic subunit and ATP with membrane-permeant cyclic-AMP analog; (7) extra-vesicular Mg(2+) could be accumulated in exchange for intravesicular Na(+) via a mechanism inhibited by amiloride or alkaline phosphatase treatment; (8) Mg(2+) accumulation could be restored via cAMP/protein kinase A protocol. Overall, these data provide compelling evidence for the operation of distinct Na(+)- and Ca(2+)-dependent Mg(2+) extrusion mechanisms in sarcolemma vesicles. The Na(+)-dependent mechanism appears to be specifically activated via protein kinase A/cAMP-dependent phosphorylation process, and can operate in either direction based upon the cation concentration gradient across the sarcolemma. The Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism, instead, only mediates Mg(2+) extrusion in a cAMP-independent manner.
Acoustic-phonon runaway and impact ionization by hot electrons in silicon dioxide.

We present model calculations for high-field electron transport in silicon dioxide based on recently measured energy-dependent electron-phonon scattering rates and impact ionization rates. We find a hot-electron runaway phenomenon in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$, ``acoustic-phonon runaway.'' This phenomenon occurs at electric fields exceeding 7 MV/cm, when acoustic-phonon scattering can no longer stabilize the hot electrons. A fraction of the electrons are accelerated in the electric field to energies high enough to generate electron-hole pairs by impact ionization. Simulated hole currents due to high-field impact ionization in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ gate oxides with thicknesses greater than 200 A\r{} agree well with measured substrate hole currents in n-channel field-effect transistors. This suggests that these currents are due to holes generated by hot-electron impacts in the gate oxide.
Powder and fiber filled interpenetrating network of metal polymer composites (INMPC) of polypropylene

The mechanical properties of conductive powder and fiber-filled interpenetrating network of polymer metal composites (INMPC) of polypropylene with metal alloys based on Sn, Zn, Mo, Al, Cu, Ag, and Sb are reported. New nomenclature, terminologies, and definitions are presented. New models are also discussed.
Effects of fluoxetine on the rat brain in the forced swimming test : A [F-18]FDG micro-PET imaging study

We used the [F-18]FDG micro-PET neuroimaging to examine the effects of fluoxetine on brain activity in rats and on their behavioral response in the forced swimming test (FST). In the first experiment, the rats were administered doses of fluoxetine (10 or 20mg/kg) 24, 19 and 1h before the rat brains were scanned. Fluoxetine induced strong activation of the dorsal hippocampus and the deactivation of the inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, and prelimbic cortex in a dose-dependent manner. These results seemed to be related with the changes in 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin) levels after selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitor treatments. In the second experiment, the changes in glucose metabolism in the test session were measured after fluoxetine was given between pre-test and test sessions of the FST. Fluoxetine administration significantly decreased immobility behavior compared with saline administration. At the same time, the activity of the insular/piriform cortex decreased significantly. In contrast, the extent of cerebellar activation increased. The glucose metabolism of the dorsal hippocampus also increased, which suggests that post-stress changes in the facilitation of hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission lead to decreased immobilization in the FST.
Comparison of Radiography and Computed Tomography to Evaluate Metacarpo/Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pathology of Paired Limbs of Thoroughbred Racehorses with Severe Condylar Fracture

Objective— To compare the orthogonal radiographic (OR) and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of paired Thoroughbred racehorse limbs with severe condylar fracture. Study Design— In vitro study. Sample Population— Cadaveric paired limbs with severe condylar fracture (n=11 horses). Methods— Four standard radiographic and multiple transverse CT images were obtained of the fractured and contralateral limbs centering on the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints. Radiographs and CT images were graded by 4 raters, and interobserver agreement was calculated. Imaging evaluations were supplemented by fetlock joint dissection. A consensus description of actual injury and the detection accuracy of OR and CT for that injury was determined. Results— Rater agreement for OR and CT for most pathologic features was good or excellent. OR was similar to CT for the detection of condylar and diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal (MC/MT3) fractures, diaphyseal fractures of the first phalanx (P1), and fracture location on the condyle. CT was superior to OR for detection of MC/MT3 proximal fissures and articular comminution, condylar small cracks and lucencies, and proximal sesamoid fractures. OR was superior to CT for detection of proximal P1 dorsal fractures. Both OR and CT were poor at detecting palmar/planter proximal P1 fractures and coalescing cracks in the subchondral bone of MC/MT3. Conclusions— CT is better than OR for detection of pathology in limbs with condylar fractures, but does not detect every pathologic feature. Clinical Relevance— CT provides superior information of pathology in Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fractures.
Analysis of ore samples employing photon activation of the metastable states of gold and silver

Abstract The analytical method described here uses inelastic gamma scattering to produce 197 m Au (T 1/2 =7.8 s ), 107 m Ag (T 1/2 =44.2 s ) and 109 m Ag (T 1/2 =39.8 s ) with the subsequent measurement of residual activity. Bremsstrahlung radiation from linear electron accelerator with maximum γ quanta of 6 to 9 MeV is optimum for this purpose. Induced activity from gold and silver was measured with a HPGe. To obtain maximum sensitivity for detection, it is advantageous to measure both gamma and X-ray activity. Possible interferences were studied in detail, using the pure element spectra and also literature data. The most evident advantage of the method is its rapidity and relatively low cost of analysis.
Description of the postcloacal glands of Plethodon cinereus, the red-backed salamander, during bouts of scent marking.

Plethodon cinereus, the red-backed salamander, is a small territorial vertebrate that defends refugia located on the forest floor. As a component of territorial defense, these animals use scent marks to advertise their refugia. Behavioral evidence indicates that scent marks are produced by the postcloacal glands located on the ventral surface of the tail just posterior to the cloaca. We placed animals on unmarked substrates and recorded changes in serous acini from the postcloacal and shoulder region over a 48-h period. Within the first hour there was an increase in the number of acini filled with secretory product in the postcloacal region. At 12 h the number of full acini decreased and the number of empty acini increased. By 24 h the number of empty acini had decreased and the number of renewing acini containing secretory cells producing product had increased. By 48 h the ratio of full to empty to renewing acini was similar to those observed at the start of the study. In the shoulder region, no significant changes in the ratio of full to empty to renewing acini were observed. Observations of the serous acini within the postcloacal region and the shoulder region indicate that the mode of secretory production is holocrine. These findings are additional evidence that the postcloacal glands are the site of scent mark production.
Selective Growth of CdTe on Nano-patterned CdS via Close-Space Sublimation

Selective-area deposition of CdTe on CdS via close-space sublimation is used to study the effect of window size (2 μm and 300 nm) on grain growth. The basic fabrication procedures for each of the layers (CdS, SiO2, and CdTe) and for achieving selective-area growth are presented. Selective-area growth of both micro- and nano-scale CdTe islands on CdS substrates using close-spaced sublimation is demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction microstructure analysis show that the micro-scale CdTe islands remain polycrystalline. However, when the island size is reduced to 300 nm, single crystal CdTe can be achieved within the windows. The CdTe grains were most often in the (101) orientation for both the micro- and nano-sized CdTe islands.
Probability Concepts in Quality Risk Management

Essentially any concept of risk is built on fundamental concepts of chance, likelihood, or probability. Although risk is generally a probability of loss of something of value, given that a risk-generating event will occur or has occurred, it is ironic that the quality risk management literature and guidelines on quality risk management tools are relatively silent on the meaning and uses of “probability.” The probability concept is typically applied by risk managers as a combination of frequency-based calculation and a “degree of belief” meaning of probability. Probability as a concept that is crucial for understanding and managing risk is discussed through examples from the most general, scenario-defining and ranking tools that use probability implicitly to more specific probabilistic tools in risk management. A rich history of probability in risk management applied to other fields suggests that high-quality risk management decisions benefit from the implementation of more thoughtful probability concepts in both risk modeling and risk management. LAY ABSTRACT: Essentially any concept of risk is built on fundamental concepts of chance, likelihood, or probability. Although “risk” generally describes a probability of loss of something of value, given that a risk-generating event will occur or has occurred, it is ironic that the quality risk management literature and guidelines on quality risk management methodologies and respective tools focus on managing severity but are relatively silent on the in-depth meaning and uses of “probability.” Pharmaceutical manufacturers are expanding their use of quality risk management to identify and manage risks to the patient that might occur in phases of the pharmaceutical life cycle from drug development to manufacture, marketing to product discontinuation. A probability concept is typically applied by risk managers as a combination of data-based measures of probability and a subjective “degree of belief” meaning of probability. Probability as a concept that is crucial for understanding and managing risk is discussed through examples from the most general, scenario-defining and ranking tools that use probability implicitly to more specific probabilistic tools in risk management.
Psychological Assessment of Homosexual Tendencies in Potential Candidates for the Roman Catholic Priesthood

While the recent Instruction by the Congregation for Catholic Education concerning the criteria for the discernment of vocations with regard to persons with homosexual tendencies has offered a clear direction to bishops and religious superiors in screening candidates, a discussion by psychologists on methods of assessing the presence of such tendencies within individuals is necessary. This paper will review relevant assessment techniques and suggest how psychologists can address this issue in evaluation reports, including making specific recommendations relevant to the issue of homosexual tendencies.
INHIBITION OF IRON-CATALYZED NEOPENTYL POLYOL ESTER THERMAL DEGRADATION THROUGH PASSIVATION OF THE ACTIVE METAL SURFACE BY TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE

To investigate the role of tricresyl phosphate (TCP) in inhibiting the iron-catalyzed thermal degradation of a neopentyl polyol ester gas turbine lubricant base stock, various TCP/ester combinations were encapsulated in mild steel tubing and heated at 500 F up to 96 hours. The relative degradation rates of the individual mixtures were measured by monitoring the effusion site of hydrogen (a degradation byproduct) through the capsule all. The capsule interiors were then examined by electron microscopy and diffraction to determine whether correlation assisted between the features of the surface films formed and the reserved degradation rates. Distinctive films were produced in each test mixture. When ester degradation was inhibited by the addition of 2–10% TCP, characteristic iron oxide layer was always found at the ester/steel interface. It was postulated that TCP induces the formation of this film, that the film is the agency of inhibition, and that it is similar in action and genesis to the iron oxide pas...
Edging Women Out: Victorian Novelists, Publishers and Social Change

"Edging Women Out" documents how Victorian men, by re-defining the novel, converted their emerging role as 'men of letters' into dominance over the high-culture novel. This book should be of interest to students and teachers in women's studies, literature, sociology and social history.
Laparoscopic aortic reinforcement and endovascular graft placement in swine: a new external wrap.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and histological response of laparoscopic external aortic wrap implantation in conjunction with an endovascular stent/stent-graft placement in the infrarenal aorta in a porcine model. Methods Seven swine underwent laparoscopic retroperitoneal placement of a custom-made Dacron fabric wrap placed around the infrarenal aorta to create a landing zone for an endovascularly placed aortic stent/stent-graft. Results Technical success was achieved in all animals without any major complications. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 4 weeks. At necropsy, the external wraps were well incorporated into the adventitia, and the stents/stent-grafts were well incorporated into the intima. Small patches of medial necrosis of the aortic wall were observed in one animal in the stent model and in two animals in the stent-graft model. There was no transmural necrosis observed. Conclusions This adjunct technique, an external wrap around the infrarenal aorta combined with endovascular grafting, is feasible and deserves further studies into how it may be used to facilitate endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms. Clinical Relevance We hypothesize that our new device could provide capability of altering the proximal neck morphology of abdominal aortic aneurysm and reinforcement to the aortic wall. This, in turn, could improve eligibility for endovascular aneurysm repair and prevent or treat type I endoleak and graft migration. Future investigations will involve evaluation of the long-term effect of the external aortic wrap on the integrity of the aortic wall in an animal model and testing the clinical usefulness of this new technique.
Die thermische Umlagerung des Ergosterinperoxyds

Es wird gezeigt, das Ergosterinperoxyd sich in der Hitze in ein Keton und in ein Diol umlagert: in 3β-Hydroxy-5.6α-epoxy-Δ22-ergosten-7-on (Va) und 3β.7α-Dihydroxy-5.6α-epoxy-Δ9.22-ergostadien (VIa). Hieran werden Betrachtungen uber die Bildung sauerstoffhaltiger Naturstoffe aus Kohlenwasserstoffen bei Terpenen und Carotinoiden geknupft.
A Process Model for Laser Surface Treatment of Plasma Sprayed Coatings

Advanced ceramics are not easily fabricated and consolidated by the plasma spray technique because of their extremely high melting temperature. Zirconium diboride (ZrB2 ) has been successfully plasma sprayed, but the coatings are quite porous. The high levels of porosity are usually a result of unmelted ZrB2 particles that have been incorporated into the coating during deposition. Applying a laser surface treatment to reduce both the porosity and the coating surface roughness, and to improve the coating quality, is of great interest. A laser based surface treatment technique provides a well-controlled heat input, with minimal or no distortion. In this study, a two dimensional mathematical model is developed to investigate the effects of laser power, beam diameter and level of porosity on the coating quality, incorporating melting, solidification, and evaporation phenomena. A continuum model is used to solve Navier-Stokes equations for both solid and liquid phases. Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) is incorporated to track the free surface. The surface force is incorporated as a body force instead of a boundary condition. The porosity level and surface roughness before and after the laser surface treatment are simulated and compared with experimental results.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The one-sample problem from eradication studies of chronic viral infections.

Summary. In studies of chronic viral infections, the objective is to estimate probabilities of developing viral eradication and resistance. Complications arise as the laboratory methods used to assess eradication status result in unusual types of censored observations. This paper proposes nonparametric methods for the one-sample analysis of viral eradication/resistance data. We show that the unconstrained nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator of the subdistributions of eradication and resistance are obtainable in closed form. In small samples, these estimators may be inadmissible; thus, we also present an algorithm for obtaining the constrained MLEs based on an isotonic regression of the unconstrained MLEs. Estimators of several functionals of the eradication and resistance subdistributions are also developed and discussed. The methods are illustrated with results from recent hepatitis C clinical trials.
Applied Roles and the Future of Community Psychology

The roles for community psychologists have changed over the past several decades. These changes have implications for training, traditional academic roles, and the capacity of the field to maintain its integrity and further development. Changes in the scope of community psychology as a field as well as the roles of community psychologists are described with consideration of how they may affect participation in the field, retention of membership in SCRA, and potential directions for training.
Ambiguity and Human Versus Technological Sources of Information in Judgments Involving Base Rate and Individuating Information1

This experiment examined the role that ambiguity and uncertainty play in the use of base rate and individuating information in probability judgments. Subjects responded to a number of inference problems that varied in terms of base rates and the accuracy of the source of the individuating information. The ambiguity in the decision situation was also manipulated by varying the human or technological nature of the source of the individuating information and the causal relevance of the base rate information. The results provide substantial support for the predictions derived from the ambiguity conceptualization. Several interactions were uncovered involving attributes of the base rate and individuating information suggesting complex judgmental processes similar to anchoring and adjustment. Discussion focused on the role that human versus technological sources of information may play in judgment and decision making, and the utility of the ambiguity notion for understanding the use of base rate and individuating information in probabilistic inference problems.
Hemodynamic effects of muscle relaxant drugs during anesthetic induction in patients with mitral or aortic valvular heart disease

The hemodynamic effects of three nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant drug regimens were compared during the induction of general anesthesia in 64 patients with valvular heart disease using a double-blind protocol. Patients were first stratified according to primary valvular defect (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, or mitral regurgitation). Next, patients were randomly allocated to a drug group, either group A (atracurium), group V (vecuronium), or group MP (metocurine plus pancuronium). Data were collected during three periods: awake, postanesthetic induction, and posttracheal intubation. Four cardiovascular variables were designated a priori as primary variables of interest. These were heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac index (CI), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). Patients with mitral stenosis showed two significant hemodynamic differences among muscle relaxant drug groups: (1) CI increased in group A but decreased in group MP between the awake and postinduction measurements (P = 0.032); and (2) SVRI decreased in group A but increased in group MP between the awake and postintubation periods (P = 0.034). In contrast, patients with aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or mitral regurgitation demonstrated no statistically significant difference in cardiovascular responses among drug groups. Further analysis was performed using the following data: (1) other hemodynamic variables; (2) incidence of deviations from cardiovascular stability; and (3) the frequency of cardiovascular drug use. This examination showed no important differences among the muscle relaxant drug groups. The small but significant hemodynamic changes observed in mitral stenosis patients in drug groups A and MP were not noted with vecuronium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Periodic Alteration of Consciousness in the Pickwickian Syndrome

Introduction The association of obesity with hypersomnolence, hypoventilation, and polycythemia has become widely known during the past 5 years by the name "pickwickian syndrome."1A number of recent reports have described, in addition, twitching movements, cyanosis, periodic respirations, and congestive heart failure. Laboratory studies commonly reveal arterial hypoxia and hypercapnia and rightward deviation of the electrocardiographic axis.2-5 There are many problems of pathophysiology yet to be solved in the pickwickian syndrome. In this case study we have directed our attention to the phenomenon of periodic somnolence. The patient seemed particularly favorable for this investigation, since She showed strikingly regular cycles of sleep and arousal. Continuous simultaneous recordings of the electroencephalogram and of several parameters of blood gas levels and of respiratory function were made. An analysis of these tracings suggests certain relationships between respiration, blood gases, sleep, and wakefulness in the obese-somnolent patient. Report of a Case
Spectral modification of Beer's law and relation to the humidity attenuation coefficient in atmospheric maritime mist

Similarity theory and dimensional analysis are applied to the construction of a relationship for the spectral aerosol extinction coefficient in the visible atmospheric window 0.48 (DOT) 10-4 cm < (lambda) < 0.76 (DOT) 10-4 cm. For maritime mist the results allow one to compare the dependence of the spectral extinction coefficient on humidity as determined in situ with known laboratory observations on the variation in the radius of aerosol particle in moist air. Raoult's modified law is used to show that the variation in the optical properties of soluble aerosol is entirely determined by the variation in the average radius of particles depending on humidity.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
STUDIES IN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS : I. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE REACTION OF THE KIDNEY TO DIPHTHERIA TOXIN.

1. Diphtheria toxin of known strength, injected intravenously into rabbits in single doses, produces lesions which are first evident in the endothelium of the tufts, and possibly in the intertubular capillaries. 2. The lesions of greatest severity with medium doses are also found in the tufts. 3. Evidence is presented to show that epithelial damage in the tufts and especially in the tubules is secondary to the vascular injury. 4. The severity of the lesions was roughly proportional to the amount of toxin injected. Hemorrhages did not occur with doses of less than 0.0023 cc. of toxin per kilo of body weight and were not extensive with doses of less than 0.004 cc. per kilo. 5. It is suggested that the localization of lesions in the tufts is due to the concentration of toxin in the blood that follows the loss of water at this point. 6. It is further suggested that this inference may be extended to explain the pathogenesis of the so called intracapillary form of glomerulonephritis.
Animal models of CNS disorders

There is intense interest in the development and application of animal models of CNS disorders to explore pathology and molecular mechanisms, identify potential biomarkers, and to assess the therapeutic utility, estimate safety margins and establish pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of new chemical entities (NCEs). This is a daunting undertaking, due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of these disorders, the subjective and sometimes contradictory nature of the clinical endpoints and the paucity of information regarding underlying molecular mechanisms. Historically, these models have been invaluable in the discovery of therapeutics for a range of disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Recently, however, they have been increasingly criticized in the wake of numerous clinical trial failures of NCEs with promising preclinical profiles. These failures have resulted from a number of factors including inherent limitations of the models, over-interpretation of preclinical results and the complex nature of clinical trials for CNS disorders. This review discusses the rationale, strengths, weaknesses and predictive validity of the most commonly used models for psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurological disorders as well as critical factors that affect the variability and reproducibility of these models. It also addresses how progress in molecular genetics and the development of transgenic animals has fundamentally changed the approach to neurodegenerative disorder research. To date, transgenic animal models\have not been the panacea for drug discovery that many had hoped for. However continual refinement of these models is leading to steady progress with the promise of eventual therapeutic breakthroughs.
THE 30,000‐DALTON COMPONENT OF TENDER BOVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE

Eight tender and eight tough bovine longissimus samples were selected on the basis of significant differences in sensory tenderness score, Warner-Bratzler shear force value and myofibril fragmentation index. Longissimus samples were removed from carcasses at 1 day postmortem storage (2°C). These samples were subsequently analyzed for sarcomere length, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein concentration, collagen concentration, pH values, fat and moisture content. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to further characterize the KC1 soluble myofibrillar proteins. No significant differences between groups were found for sarcomere length and chemical properties. A major difference, however, was detected between tough and tender muscle with SDS-polyacrylamide gels. That is, the 30,000-dalton component was present in tender longissimus, but it was absent in tough longissimus muscle. These results show that (1) the 30,000-dalton component is closely associated with tender steak and high myofibril fragmentation; (2) tenderness can be objectively detected early during postmortem aging; and (3) the presence, or absence, of the 30,000-dalton component offers the potential, after further investigations, of being useful as an index of tender or tough longissimus muscle.
Laparoscopically assisted intestinal resection in 88 patients with Crohn’s disease

Background: Experience with 94 resections in 88 patients with Crohn’s disease using advanced laparoscopic techniques is reported. Records of patients who underwent intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease between August, 1993 and November, 1998 were reviewed. Indications, operative findings, clinicopathologic, and postoperative data were recorded.
Upward cascading effects of nutrients: shifts in a benthic microalgal community and a negative herbivore response.

We evaluated the effects of nutrient addition on interactions between the benthic microalgal community and a dominant herbivorous gastropod, Cerithidea californica (California horn snail), on tidal flats in Mugu Lagoon, southern California, USA. We crossed snail and nutrient (N and P) addition treatments in enclosures on two tidal flats varying from 71 to 92% sand content in a temporally replicated experiment (summer 2000, fall 2000, spring 2001). Diatom biomass increased slightly (~30%) in response to nutrient treatments but was not affected by snails. Blooms of cyanobacteria (up to 200%) and purple sulfur bacteria (up to 400%) occurred in response to nutrient enrichment, particularly in the sandier site, but only cyanobacterial biomass decreased in response to snail grazing. Snail mortality was 2–5 times higher in response to nutrient addition, especially in the sandier site, corresponding to a relative increase in cyanobacterial biomass. Nutrient-related snail mortality occurred only in the spring and summer, when the snails were most actively feeding on the microalgal community. Inactive snails in the fall showed no response to nutrient-induced cyanobacterial growths. This study demonstrated strongly negative upward cascading effects of nutrient enrichment through the food chain. The strength of this upward cascade was closely linked to sediment type and microalgal community composition.
Joints formed by RecA protein from oligonucleotides and duplex DNA block initiation and elongation of transcription

In the presence of the non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP, ATP gamma S, RecA protein can polymerize on an oligodeoxy-ribonucleotide to form a stable oligonucleoprotein filament that can find its homologous sequence in double-stranded DNA. The homologous joint formed by the oligonucleotide and duplex DNA is stable only if RecA protein is not removed. Such a nucleoprotein joint, covering a part or all of the promoter region of T3 or T7 phage RNA polymerase, blocked transcription directed by those polymerases. The same kind of joint, located downstream of the RNA polymerase promoter, also inhibited elongation of transcription and caused accumulation of truncated transcripts. These observations suggest that RecA protein can be used to shut off transcription from any promoter of known sequence.
Utility of Alligator Gar Age Estimates from Otoliths, Pectoral Fin Rays, and Scales

Abstract We evaluated annulus formation and readers’ ability to recognize known annuli from otoliths, pectoral fin rays, and scales of alligator gar Atractosteus spatula using known-age (0 and 1 years) and chemically marked fish. Chemical marks were generally associated with annuli, and confirmed annulus formation occurred around May. In all bony structures, annuli appeared as narrow translucent lines that immediately preceded wider opaque bands; however, annuli in pectoral fin rays and scales were more variable in appearance than otoliths. In otoliths, the number of observed annuli corresponded with the number of years fish were at large for 96% of the fish. In contrast, periodicity of annuli in pectoral fin rays and scales only corresponded with the number of years fish were at large in 19% and 12% of the fish, respectively. Precision of age estimates was initially poor for all structures; percent agreement between two independent readers was only 49% for otoliths, 43% for pectoral fin rays, and 37% for...