cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-Supervised Domain-Adversarial Training for Intrusion Detection against False Data Injection in the Smart Grid

The smart grid faces with increasingly sophisticated cyber-physical threats, against which machine learning (ML)-based intrusion detection systems have become a powerful and promising solution to smart grid security monitoring. However, many ML algorithms presume that training and testing data follow the same or similar data distributions, which may not hold in the dynamic time-varying systems like the smart grid. As operating points may change dramatically over time, the resulting data distribution shifts could lead to degraded detection performance and delayed incidence responses. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a semi-supervised framework based on domain-adversarial training to transfer the knowledge of known attack incidences to detect returning threats at different hours and load patterns. Using normal operation data of the ISO New England grids, the proposed framework leverages adversarial training to adapt learned models against new attacks launched at different times of the day. Effectiveness of the proposed detection framework is evaluated against the well-studied false data injection attacks synthesized on the IEEE 30-bus system, and the results demonstrated the superiority of the framework against persistent threats recurring in the highly dynamic smart grid.
A comprehensive modeling framework to evaluate soil erosion by water and tillage

Soil erosion is significantly increased and accelerated by unsustainable agricultural activities, resulting in one of the major threats to soil health and water quality worldwide. Quantifying soil erosion under different conservation practices is important for watershed management and a framework that can capture the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil erosion by water is required. In this paper, a modeling framework that coupled physically based models, Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) and MIKE SHE/MIKE 11, was presented. Daily soil loss at a grid-scale resolution was determined using WEPP and the transport processes were simulated using a generic advection dispersion equation in MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 models. The framework facilitated the physical simulation of sediment production at the field scale and transport processes across the watershed. The coupled model was tested using an intensively managed agricultural watershed in Illinois. The impacts of no-till practice on both sediment production and sediment yield were evaluated using scenario-based simulations with different fractions of no-till and conventional tillage combinations. The results showed that if no-till were implemented for all fields throughout the watershed, 76% and 72% reductions in total soil loss and sediment yield, respectively, can be achieved. In addition, if no-till practice were implemented in the most vulnerable areas to sediment production across the watershed, a 40% no-till implementation can achieve almost the same reduction as 100% no-till implementation. Based on the simulation results, the impacts of no-till practice are more prominent if implemented where it is most needed.
Dynamic properties of surfactant-enhanced laser-induced vapor bubbles for lithotripsy applications.

Significance Water is a primary absorber of infrared (IR) laser energy, and urinary stones are immersed in fluid in the urinary tract and irrigated with saline during IR laser lithotripsy. Laser-induced vapor bubbles, formed during lithotripsy, contribute to the stone ablation mechanism and stone retropulsion effects. Aim Introduction of a surfactant may enable manipulation of vapor bubble dimensions and duration, potentially for more efficient laser lithotripsy. Approach A surfactant with concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10% was tested. A single pulse from a thulium fiber laser with wavelength of 1940 nm was delivered to the surfactant through a 200-μm-core optical fiber, using a wide range of laser parameters, including energies of 0.05 to 0.5 J and pulse durations of 250 to 2500 μs. Results Bubble length, width, and duration with surfactant increased on average by 29%, 17%, and 120%, compared with water only. Conclusions Our study demonstrated successful manipulation of laser-induced vapor bubble dimensions and duration using a biocompatible and commercially available surfactant. With further study, use of a surfactant may potentially improve the "popcorn" technique of laser lithotripsy within the confined space of the kidney, enable non-contact laser lithotripsy at longer working distances, and provide more efficient laser lithotripsy.
Backlash's Travel

Sometimes the public greatly opposes the decisions of the Supreme Court; sometimes the Court seems to anticipate public backlash and even to respond to it when it occurs. Should a social planner want the Court to anticipate or to respond to backlash? No abstract answer is possible; the appropriate conclusion depends on assumptions about the capacities of courts and the capacities of those who engage in backlash. This point is demonstrated through an exploration of four imaginable worlds: Olympus, the Land of the Ancients, Lochnerland, and Athens. The four worlds reflect radically different assumptions about judicial and public capacities. The proper analysis of backlash depends, in large part, on the prevailing theory of constitutional interpretation, and on whether judges have privileged access to constitutional meaning. If judges lack such access, backlash is a healthy part of dialogue between judges and the public, and the judiciary should sometimes yield. If our world is Olympus, the argument for attention to backlash is severely weakened. Let us define “public backlash,” in the context of constitutional law, in the following way: Intense and sustained public disapproval of a judicial ruling, accompanied by aggressive steps to resist that ruling and to remove its legal force. It is easy to imagine cases in which a controversial judicial ruling is likely to produce public backlash. Perhaps the ruling involves property rights, presidential power in connection with the war on terror, the use of the words “under God” in the Pledge of Allegiance, the placement of the Ten Commandments on public property, or same-sex marriage. Let us simply stipulate that if the Court rules in a certain way in such cases, public outrage could significantly affect national politics and undermine the very cause that the ruling is attempting to promote. Perhaps the ruling would prove futile or * Karl N. Llewellyn Distinguished Service Professor, Law School and Department of Political Science, University of Chicago.
Voice Dosimetry in an Elementary Music Student Teacher

This study pilots a new voice dosimeter device applied to a music student teacher across five consecutive school days. The aim of this study was to measure voice use during instructional periods in...
IgLON 5 Antibody Syndrome: Isolated Case of a Patient With Indolent Disease Progression and Unusual MRI Findings

IgLON-5 antibody syndrome has a myriad of clinical presentations, including gait instability, movement disorders, abnormal eye movements, bulbar symptoms, sleep disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, dysautonomia, and peripheral neuropathy. Abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have also been reported such as leukoariotic changes and cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. We present a case of IgLON-5 antibody syndrome with a unique MRI finding of persistent leptomeningeal enhancement. A close follow-up would be warranted as the progression of the disease may be indolent.
Characterization of stem volume and form tradeoffs in a northern red oak (Quercus rubra) breeding population in early stages of selection

Quercus rubra half sib progenies (N = 93) expressed high levels of variance for both growth and stem form traits in three locations in Indiana, USA at age 11 or 12. Height, diameter, and volume were measured and sweep, branch angle, forking, and branch retention were rated using a (+ / −) system. Families selected for volume showed no unfavorable increases in sweep or branch angle and only a slight increase in branch retention. Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is the most planted hardwood in the central USA. Red oak seeds from sources with improved growth and form are unavailable in the Central Hardwood Region, in part because the absence of agreed methods for stem form evaluation diminishes the effectiveness of selection. To identify red oak families improved for growth and to determine if a simple + / − rating system could identify red oak families with improved form. We evaluated 93 open-pollinated families of 11 or 12-year-old red oak growing in three sites in central Indiana (USA) for height, diameter, volume, and four traits rated as + / − : sweep, branch angle, forking, and branch retention. Family × location effects were significant for all quantitative traits but not for any binary traits; differences among families were significant for all traits at all sites. Heritabilities for most traits were high. Selection of the top 20 families for volume at each site resulted in no change in population means for sweep or branch angle and only a small increase in the retention of large limbs. A + / − rating system to evaluate hardwood form can help breeders deliver improved red oak to landowners when more complex systems are impractical.
Trans-cervical thoracic duct embolization for post-surgical left Chylothorax in a patient with multifocal lymphatic malformations.

BACKGROUND Mediastinal and abdominal lymphatic malformations may not be diagnosed until adulthood. Radiologic and pathologic diagnosis is often challenging due to the rarity of the lesion. Surgical excision of these lesions may be curative but lymphatic leak is a known complication. Lymphatic duct embolization may then be required to treat the leak. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a patient with post-surgical chylothorax where thoracic duct lymphangiography and embolization was performed by catheterizing the thoracic duct at the venous angle where it drains into the subclavian vein. CONCLUSION Lymphatic duct embolization can be challenging in patients with lymphatic malformations. In these patients, if there is adequate visualization on ultrasound or fluoroscopy, terminal aspect of the thoracic duct can be accessed through the subclavian vein to perform the procedure.
Root-knot nematode management for pepper and squash rotations using plasticulture systems with fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides

Abstract Multi-cropping of vegetables on the same plastic mulch builds up the population of root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.), which can severely reduce crop growth and yield. Vegetable growers in the southeastern US usually fumigate soil while laying the plastic mulch in the spring. They then apply non-fumigant nematicides via drip irrigation systems for subsequent crops grown on the mulch. With the advent of new and emerging nematicides, this research was aimed to investigate the best chemical control practice for M. incognita in a pepper and squash plasticulture system. Field trials were conducted in the spring (pepper) and summer (squash) of 2019 and 2020. The spring treatments were soil fumigants of 1,3-dichloropropene, allyl isothiocyanate, and 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin (Pic60), a RKN-resistant cultivar (Carolina Wonder), and an untreated check. Summer treatments were the non-fumigant nematicides fluopyram, fluensulfone, fluazaindolizine, oxamyl, and Burkholderia spp. strain A396. All spring treatments, except allyl isothiocyanate, reduced (P
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Purgeable Organics by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography and Flame Ionization Detection

Recently, interest has been shown in the use of a purge and trap technique for the analysis of low molecular weight Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants. A procedure for analysis of halogen and nonhalogen priority pollutants in a single analysis in the less than microgram per litre (part per billion) concentration range is described. This is achieved by use of either high-resolution glass or steel gas chromatography capillary columns. Percent recoveries for various compounds ranged from 51 to 100 percent. Percent standard deviations as well as lower limits of detection for each compound investigated are reported. Problems encountered in the coupling of a commercially available purging and trapping device to glass capillary columns are described and solutions presented.
Positivisme Hukum Dan Pendekatan Hukum Dan Ekonomi -- Suatu Pembelaan (Legal Positivism and Law and Economics -- A Defense)

Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan kesalahpahaman yang seringkali terjadi dalam memahami Positivisme Hukum, yaitu menyamakannya dengan formalisme hukum atau bahkan lebih jauh lagi, metode interpretasi tekstual yang ketat. Padahal pada prinsipnya, Positivisme Hukum merupakan teori hukum yang bersifat deskriptif, yang melihat keberadaan sumber hukum dari praktek rill penerimaan masyarakat. Positivisme Hukum bukan merupakan metode interpretasi hukum (walaupun membuka kemungkinan penerimaan atas berbagai metode interpretasi), bukan pula teori hukum yang kaku yang melihat undang-undang sebagai satu-satunya sumber hukum. Makalah ini juga bermaksud untuk menunjukkan bagaimana Positivisme Hukum bisa bersanding dengan teori-teori hukum yang tidak menggunakan pendekatan murni hukum, khususnya pendekatan Hukum dan Ekonomi (Law & Economics). Alih-alih membatasi sumber hukum secara mutlak, Positivisme Hukum (apabila dipahami dengan tepat) sebenarnya justru membuka kesempatan yang lebih luas bagi persaingan berbagai pemikiran hukum untuk dapat menjadi sumber hukum yang diterima secara luas dalam suatu negara/masyarakatThis paper (which will be presented in the Third Indonesian National Conference of Legal Philosophy) is intended to describe the persistent misunderstanding concerning Legal Positivism, namely that Legal Positivism is equal to Legal Formalism, or even worse, a strict textual method of legal interpretation. Whereas in principle, Legal Positivism is a descriptive legal theory that analyzes the existence of law by way of focusing on the society practical acceptance of such law. Legal Positivism is not a method of legal interpretation (even though it opens the possibilities of accepting various methods of interpretation), or a rigid theory of law which sees regulations as the only valid source of law. The paper is also intended to show that Legal Positivism could work side by side with other theory of laws which are not pure from other sciences, especially law and economics. Rather than absolutely limiting the sources of law, Legal Positivism (with a correct understanding) opens a bigger possibility for competition of various legal thoughts in trying to become acceptable sources of law within a state/society.
Effect of pimaricin on the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to heat, freezing, and ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract Exposure of washed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae C-299 to inhibitory concentrations of pimaricin decreased resistance to lethal temperatures and to freezing and thawing. Varying the pH of the recovery medium had little effect on the decrease in heat resistance, but addition of peptone or yeast extract resulted in a partial recovery of apparent heat resistance. Addition of peptone or calcium ion to the heating menstruum did not affect the reduction in resistance caused by pimaricin. Varying the composition of the recovery medium similarly affected the resistance to freezing the thawing of pimaricin-exposed and unexposed cells. Sensitivity to ultraviolet light was apparently not affected by pimaricin either by preliminary exposure or when irradiated in the presence of pimaricin. It is suggested that pimaricin lowers the heat resistance of S. cerevisiae by depleting essential nutrients of the cells through a disruption of permeability, and that heat-damaged cells cannot resynthesize these nutrients. It is also suggested that spoilage of acid foods by S. cerevisiae may be retarded by a combination of mild heat treatment and the addition of pimaricin.
Study of the Ca 40 ( d , p ) Ca 41 Ground State Reaction at E d = 14.3 MeV

The proton polarization from the ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}(d,p){\mathrm{Ca}}^{41}$ ground-state (g.s.) reaction has been measured in the angular range from 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} at a mean deuteron energy of 14.3 MeV. The ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}(d,d){\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$ and the ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}(d,p){\mathrm{Ca}}^{41}$ g.s. differential cross sections were determined at the same bombarding energy and within the same angular range. A preliminary analysis of the data in terms of the distorted-wave Born approximamation theory is presented. Most calculations were performed in the zero-range approximation with local optical potentials, but including the effects of nonlocality in the approximation of Perey. The inclusion of finite range improved the fit to the ($d,p$) cross sections but had little effect on the polarization. Although a good fit to the polarization data has not been obtained, it is clear that a spin-orbit term is needed in the deuteron optical potential, and furthermore, the indications are that the imaginary part of the spin-orbit potential has to be positive or zero.
Enlargement of the submaxillary salivary glands in cystic fibrosis.

A survey for submaxillary enlargement was carried out in 106 children with cystic fibrosis and 300 normal children. Submaxillary enlargement was found in 2% of the normal children and 92% of the children with cystic fibrosis. Chronic enlargement of the submaxillary glands is one of the clinical findings frequently present in children with cystic fibrosis, and it may also have diagnostic value. Cystic fibrosis must be considered as an important cause of chronic enlargement of the submaxillary glands in the pediatric age group.
Metabolic causes of leg ulcers

Abstract Of all the causes of leg ulcers, metabolic reasons are very few. Diabetic ulcers are the most common manifestation of metabolic causes. It is a very rare occurrence that the ulcer will be the sole or initial manifestation of the underlying systemic disease. Much more common is the history of very poorly controlled diabetes treated by oral agents or insulin. The serum glucose as well as the glycosylated hemoglobin is often accompanied by glycosuria. The duration of the diabetes is not a hard and fast clue as to the course of the diabetes. Rather, the patient's history will often be full of multiple failures at tighter control of the diabetes.
Barriers to Work among Poor Families: Health Limitations, Family Structure, and Lack of Job Opportunities

The fact that poor families work fewer hours than the non-poor families has been a motivation for the U.S. government to establish a work-based welfare system to fight welfare dependency and poverty. Using the Current Population Survey of 2004, this study compared families' annual work hours and the major reasons for working such hours by their income status. The results revealed that, compared to the non-poor, poor families worked 2,600 fewer hours annually, but a significantly higher proportion of them faced work barriers such as health problems, lack of adults in the family, and inability to find work. These barriers were found to account for much of the difference in the total annual work hours of poor and nonpoor families—1,041 hours (health), 1,408 hours (family structure), and 1,315 hours (employment opportunity)—indicating that the work-first strategy is not likely to succeed without addressing these barriers first.
Deep brain stimulation for obesity—from theoretical foundations to designing the first human pilot study

Obesity is perhaps an evolutionary consequence of a species reared with intermittent caloric reward. Humans are hardwired to enjoy food, and our bodies voraciously extract and store energy from food as if each meal was the last. As an amalgam of behavioral and metabolic disturbance, obesity is an attractive target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) since neuromodulation may be able to influence both eating behavior and metabolism. The current pandemic proportions of obesity combined with the failures and morbidity of modern treatments remain the impetus behind the application of DBS to this complex disease. We review the rationale and scientific foundations for obesity DBS and explain how this preclinical evidence has helped sculpt the design of the first human pilot study.
Measurements of Sea Surface Height Variability in the Eastern South Atlantic from Pressure Sensor–Equipped Inverted Echo Sounders: Baroclinic and Barotropic Components

Abstract Variability in sea surface height (SSH) can be decomposed into two contributions: one from changes in mass in the water column (barotropic) and the other from purely steric changes (baroclinic). Both contributions can be determined from data recorded by a pressure sensor–equipped inverted echo sounder (PIES). PIES data from the Agulhas South Atlantic Thermohaline Experiment (ASTTEX) were used, collected in the Cape Basin off South Africa, along 1000 km of an eddy corridor where Agulhas eddies carry cores of warm, salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic. The paper presents in detail the method used to convert PIES measurements into barotropic, baroclinic, and total SSH, and discusses the error budget. The baroclinic contribution is geopotential height (reference 4500 dbar), which can be determined from the measured vertical acoustic travel time together with a lookup curve based on the regional hydrography. The main error source is scatter about this curve that depends on the extent to w...
Atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions: Three-dimensional wind effects

[1] This paper expands the one-dimensionally based CTP-HIlow framework for describing atmospheric controls on soil moisture-boundary layer interactions [Findell and Eltahir, 2003] to three dimensions by including low-level wind effects in the analysis. The framework is based on two measures of atmospheric thermodynamic properties: the convective triggering potential (CTP), a measure of the temperature lapse rate between approximately 1 and 3 km above the ground surface, and a low-level humidity index, HIlow. These two measures are used to distinguish between three types of early morning soundings: those favoring rainfall over dry soils, those favoring rainfall over wet soils, and those whose convective potential is unaffected by the partitioning of fluxes at the surface. The focus of this paper is the additional information gained by incorporating information about low-level winds into the CTP-HIlow framework. Three-dimensional simulations using MM5 and an analysis of observations from the FIFE experiment within this framework highlight the importance of the winds in determining the sensitivity of convection to fluxes from the land surface. A very important impact of the 3D winds is the potential for low-level backing or unidirectional winds with great shear to suppress convective potential. Because of this suppression of convection in certain wind conditions, far fewer simulations produced rain than would be anticipated based solely on the 1D framework of understanding. However, when the winds allowed, convection occurred in a manner consistent with the 1D-based expectations. Generally speaking, in the regime where dry soils were expected to have an advantage, convection was triggered over dry soils more often than over wet; in the regime where wet soils were expected to have an advantage, convection was more frequently triggered over wet soils than over dry. Additionally, when rainfall occurred in both simulations with wet soils and simulations with dry soils for a given day, rainfall depths were typically greater in the simulations with wet soils. Similarly, the FIFE data showed numerous days with convective potential but no rainfall: each of these days had low-level backing or strongly shearing winds. Four days with high humidity deficits and veering winds in the lowest 300 mbar did have rain, highlighting the enhanced buoyancy effects of low-level veering winds.
Mining Hardware Assertions With Guidance From Static Analysis

We present GoldMine, a methodology for generating assertions automatically in hardware. Our method involves a combination of data mining and static analysis of the register transfer level (RTL) design. The RTL design is first simulated to generate data about the design's dynamic behavior. The generated data is then mined for “candidate assertions” that are likely to be invariants. The data mining algorithm is a decision-tree-based supervised learning algorithm. These candidate assertions are then passed through a formal verification engine to filter out the spurious candidates. The assertions that are attested as true by the formal engine are system invariants. These are then evaluated by a process of designer ranking that is provided as feedback to the data mining engine. We demonstrate the scalability of GoldMine by showing assertion generation of the RTL of Sun's OpenSparc T2 many-threaded processor. Our results show that GoldMine can generate complex, high coverage assertions for sequential as well as combinational designs in RTL, thereby minimizing human effort in this process. GoldMine assertions distill the random input stimulus space and can be used for calibrating directed tests. They can be used in a regression test suite of an evolving RTL. They are also useful in providing differing perspectives from the designer, as well as hints to designers for manually writing assertions.
The effects of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

Abstract PURPOSE: Differences in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency may explain why the frequency of symptoms in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism varies geographically. This study was performed to determine the prevalence in the United States of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism, and the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D status on disease severity. METHODS: We studied 124 patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Biochemical, bone mineral density, and bone histomorphometric indices were compared among patients whose serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were in the lowest and highest tertiles. RESULTS: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (mean ± SD) were in the low range of normal (21 ± 11 ng/mL, normal 9 to 52 ng/mL). Levels were below normal in 9 (7%) patients, and below the level suggested for vitamin D "sufficiency" (20 ng/mL) in 66 (53%) patients. Those with lowest 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels had the highest parathyroid hormone levels (low tertile 158 ± 66 pg/mL versus high tertile 103 ± 62 pg/mL, P P P 2 versus 0.83 ± 0.03 g/cm 2 , P CONCLUSION: Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is common among patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. In these patients, the effects of primary hyperparathyroidism on biochemical, densitometric, and histomorphometric indices are more pronounced.
INTERFACIAL CRACK INITIATION UNDER QUASI‐STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING CONDITIONS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

— Interfacial fracture parameters under quasi-static and dynamic loading are examined in a large elastic mismatch bimatenal system. A wide range of remote field loading ratios of shear and tension are considered. The crack tip fields are mapped using the optical method of coherent gradient sensing or CGS and fracture parameters are quantified. Distinctly different crack initiation responses are observed for positive and negative shear stresses acting on the interface. Also, low velocity impact loading experiments are conducted to study the influence of dynamic loading on crack initiation parameters. Dynamic interfacial crack tip fields are recorded using high speed photography and fracture parameters for dynamically loaded stationary cracks are obtained. Measurements suggest significant crack initiation toughness reduction under dynamic loading conditions.
Larval sampling and instar determination in field populations of northern and western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Abstract Abundance and head capsule width were measured for northern (Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence) and western corn rootworm (D. virgifera virgifera LeConte) larvae recovered primarily from maize root systems but also from large soil cores each centered around a root system. Larvae for measurement derived from field populations under infestation and rotation regimes that allowed most specimens to be assigned to species. A frequency distribution of head capsule widths indicated three separate peaks for western corn rootworm, presumably representing frequency of the three larval instars, with no larvae measuring 280 or 420 μm in the valleys between peaks. Multiple normal curves fit to similar but partially overlapping peaks generated by northern corn rootworm suggested that division of first to second and second to third instar can best be made for this species at 267 and 406 μm, respectively (270 and 410 when measurements are made to the nearest 20 μm). These results implied that instar of individu...
Optical Depth Profiling by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Approach

A new analytical technique for depth profiling using multiple-angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been developed. The analysis does not require prior knowledge of the profile of the complex refractive indices with respect to depth from the surface for the depth profiling calculation. This depth profiling analysis consists of two steps. First, the estimated complex refractive index profile is obtained by solving a set of linear equations of absorptance. Second, the reflectances from experiment are nonlinearly fitted with those from exact optical theory. The estimated complex refractive index profile from the first step is used as a trial profile for the fitting. The converged complex refractive index profile from the fitting is then defined as the reconstructed complex refractive index profile of the film. The noise-added reflectances are used as experimental data to show the applicability of the new analytical approach.
Surface Transamination Reaction for Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium with NHX-Terminated Si(100) Surfaces

The adsorption of tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium, TDMAT, on ammonia-saturated Si(100) surfaces at 300 K is followed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and density functional calculations. Experimental observations suggest the occurrence of a surface transamination reaction, where an approaching TDMAT molecule reacts with a surface NHX site, eliminating dimethylamine and attaching Ti to the surface N atom. Density functional calculations show that the reaction is thermodynamically possible, and the comparison of predicted vibrational frequencies to spectroscopic features further supports a surface transamination process. The reaction of TDMAT with Si−H surface sites is not found experimentally in agreement with calculations predicting a process less favorable thermodynamically. Since the transamination reaction investigated here can be viewed as the first step in the atomic layer deposition of TiN on silicon, the conditions required for this first step toward the forma...
A Structural Model of High School Mathematics Outcomes

Abstract A recent structural model suggests that nine factors exert both indirect and direct effects on seventh-grade mathematics achievement and attitude. The model was further tested with a national probability sample of about 2,500 high school sophomore mathematics students. A three-wave longitudinal design incorporated data from students, teachers, and parents. The structural model, evolved and cross-validated with the younger sample, significantly and substantially accounted for variance in mathematics achievement and attitudes toward mathematics. Although the magnitude of effects differed in some cases from the previous model, all structural correlations of achievement and attitudes with the productivity factors, 15 of 15 total effects and 18 of 18 structural effects, conformed to theoretical expectations of the model. Corroborating previous findings, home environment and previous achievement had the largest effects on achievement, perhaps because they cumulate during the preschool and elementary sc...
Simple approach for extrapericardial placement of defibrillator patches via median sternotomy

The intrapericardial placement of implantable cardioverter defibrillator patches has been associated with a variety of complications due to the patch-epicardial interface. Extrapericardial placement of defibrillator patches minimizes these problems. We describe a simple and reproducible technique to achieve this goal whenever a median sternotomy approach is used.
Effects of mineral content on the fracture properties of equine cortical bone in double-notched beams.

Abstract We recently developed a method to measure cortical bone fracture initiation toughness using a double-notched beam in four-point bending. This method was used to test the hypothesis that mineralization around the two notch roots is correlated with fracture toughness and crack extension (physical damage). Total energy absorbed to failure negatively correlated with average mineralization of the beam (r2 = 0.62), but not with notch root mineralization. Fracture initiation toughness was positively correlated to mineralization at the broken notch root (r2 = 0.34). Crack length extension at the unbroken notch was strongly negatively correlated with the average mineralization of the notch roots (r2 = 0.81) whereas crack length extension at the broken notch did not correlate with any of the mineralization measurements. Mineralization at the notch roots and the average mineralization contributed independently to the mechanical and damage properties. The data are consistent with a hypothesis that a) high notch root mineralization results in less stable crack length extension but high force to initiate unstable crack propagation while b) higher average mineralization leads to low post-yield (and total) energy absorption to failure.
Universal laws for the control of global economic growth with nonlinear hereditary dynamics

In this paper, we show that the growth of isolated capital stock or national income can be described as a nonlinear hereditary system. When n such systems are linked up to others in the region by a solidarity function which may be taken to be the effect of government and other factors on the subsystem of n firms, we use investment, export, money holding, and consumption strategies as the firms' vector instruments to control the growth of capital stock. Government vector instruments include nominal value of money, taxation, and investment (for example, into innovation). The control problem is viewed as a game of pursuit between government and the firms. Proven theorems provide universal laws for the growth of capital stock from an initial endowment to a target. Though the control strategy constructed to reach the target may not be usable, except when linear or if nonlinear, under some exceptional circumstances because the fundamental matrix is too difficult to construct, the consequences nevertheless provide a solution to this century's burning problem of how much government intervention (compared with private firms) should be to ensure economic growth. For this alone, i.e., (6.8), (6.9), (6.10), the research here seems important. A very simple model of the Austrian economy is presented.
An Interstitial-Cell Tumor of the Testis with Hypergenitalism in a Child of Five Years

This report deals with a ease of interstitial-cell tumor of the testis in a child five years of age. We have been able to find in the literature only two reports of similar tumors in children, although several are recorded as developing after puberty. In the case here recorded the tumor was removed soon after it was recognized and before complete sexual maturity. Hyperplasia of the Interstitial Cells: In children interstitial cells are scarce, but in adults they are numerous. In old individuals, especially if the seminiferous tubules are atrophic, the interstitial cells may be notably increased. An increase in their number has frequently been observed in atrophic testes, especially in undescended testes. Fig. 1 shows a section of a small undescended testis removed from the inguinal canal of a man forty years of age. The seminiferous tubules are atrophic and the interstitial cells are prominent. Apparently the interstitial cells may increase when for any reason the seminiferous tubules fail to develop or become atrophic; but such hyperplasia does not occur in cases of orchitis with destruction of the tubules from inflammatory overgrowth of the intertubular connective tissue. Durck, in 1907, described four cases of diffuse hyperplasia of the interstitial cells in atrophic testes in adults. In one instance the testes were undescended and in 3 they were in the scrotum. In three cases the condition was bilateral.
Selectivity of the Oxidative Attack on a Model Ester Lubricant

The relative oxidative attack at the various carbon-hydrogen bonds of the model ester lubricant neopentyl hexanoate at temperatures 150–200 C was determined by GLC analysis of appropriate derivatives. Relative rates for single carbon-hydrogen bonds were: primary I,“normal” secondary 15, alpha-acyl secondary 2, and alpha-alcohol secondary 4. These results may furnish valuable insight in the development of more oxidatively stable esters for use in high-temperature jet engine lubricants. Presented at the 31st Annual Meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 10–13, 1976
Clinical relevance of fetal hemodynamic monitoring: Perinatal implications

Comprehensive assessment of fetal wellbeing involves monitoring of fetal growth, placental function, central venous pressure, and cardiac function. Ultrasound evaluation of the fetus using 2D, color Doppler, and pulse-wave Doppler techniques form the foundation of antenatal diagnosis of structural anomalies, rhythm abnormalities and altered fetal circulation. Accurate and timely prenatal identification of the fetus at risk is critical for appropriate parental counseling, antenatal diagnostic testing, consideration for fetal intervention, perinatal planning, and coordination of postnatal care delivery. Fetal hemodynamic monitoring and serial assessment are vital to ensuring fetal wellbeing, particularly in the setting of complex congenital anomalies. A complete hemodynamic evaluation of the fetus gives important information on the likelihood of a smooth postnatal transition and contributes to ensuring the best possible outcome for the neonate.
The Argonne ACWL, a potential accelerator-based neutron source for BNCT

The CWDD (Continuous Wave Deuterium Demonstrator) accelerator was designed to accelerate 80 mA cw of D{sup {minus}} to 7.5 MeV. Most of the hardware for the first 2 MeV was installed at Argonne and major subsystems had been commissioned when program funding from the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ended in October 1993. Renamed the Argonne Continuous Wave Linac (ACWL), we are proposing to complete it to accelerate either deuterons to 2 MeV or protons to 33.5 MeV. Equipped with a beryllium or other light-element target, it would make a potent source of neutrons (on the order of 10{sup 13} n/s) for BNCT and/or neutron radiography. Project status and proposals for turning ACWL into a neutron source are reviewed, including the results of a computational study that was carried out to design a target/moderator to produce an epithermal neutron beam for BNCT.
In rats, acute morphine dependence results in antagonist-induced response suppression of intracranial self-stimulation.

Lower (0.001–1.0 mg/kg) doses of the opioid antagonist naltrexone produce few behavioral effects in otherwise drug-free rats responding for ICSS, but reduce response rates by up to 75% after a single dose of morphine. The present study represents an effort to verify that other opioid antagonists produce this acute opioid dependence effect, and to characterize their relative pharmacological profiles. We implanted bipolar electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus of adult male rats, and then trained them to lever-press on an “autotitration” ICSS schedule, where responding on a “reset” lever allows the rat to control the frequency of stimulation; performance stabilized at approximately 1.5 responses/s. During twice-weekly test sessions, cumulative doses of five of seven opioid antagonists produced significant response rate decreases (30–80%) in saline-pretreated rats; nalorphine (ED25=15.6 mg/kg) > naltrexone (ED25=13.1 mg/kg)>naloxone (ED25=7.3 mg/kg)>levallorphan (ED25=13.96 mg/kg)>(−)cyclazocine (ED25=0.028 mg/kg). A single MOR pretreatment (10 mg/kg, 4 h) significantly enhanced the rate-decreasing effects of six of the seven agonists tested; by 10-fold (−) cyclazocine>13-fold (nalorphine)>93-fold (levallorphan)>972-fold (naloxone)>2190-fold (naltrexone). The pure non-selective antagonist diprenorphine potently decreased rates after MOR pretreatment (ED25=0.01 mg/kg), but did not after saline pretreatment. The mixed opioid agonist-antagonist drug nalbuphine (1.0–30 mg/kg) did not affect responding after either saline or MOR. Antagonists with a high affinity for, and a lack of intrinsic activity at, the μ-opioid receptor precipitate the greatest behavioral changes in rats acutely dependent on MOR.
Ion Hopping in Ethylene−Methacrylic Acid Ionomer Melts As Probed by Rheometry and Cation Diffusion Measurements

The dynamics of chain and ionic group motion were investigated in a series of ethylene−methacrylic acid (E/MAA) ionomers of varying cation type and neutralization level, all formed from the same E/MAA copolymer. Low-shear-rate rheological measurements were utilized to determine the terminal relaxation time (td) of the polymer chains. The much faster ion-hopping time (τ) was measured through the use of cation diffusion studies, in which a finite slab of one ionomer diffuses into a matrix of a second ionomer. For the Mg/Ca, Mg/Li, Na/Ca, and Na/Li diffusion couples studied, the diffusion coefficient follows inversely with melt viscosity, though τ extracted from the diffusion coefficients depends more weakly on cation type than does td obtained from melt rheometry. For the highly neutralized E/MAA ionomers, τ is 4 orders of magnitude shorter than td, but the two relaxation mechanisms have a similar dependence upon temperature, in agreement with current theories of ionomer dynamics.
Proximal tubule morphology after single nephron obstruction in the rat kidney.

Proximal tubule morphology after single nephron obstruction in the rat kidney. This study examined the effects on proximal tubule morphology of blocking single nephrons with paraffin wax for one day, one week, or one month in the rat. Proximal tubule lumens were blocked with a short column of wax using micropuncture. Chronically blocked and control (normal) tubules were fixed by either intravascular or intraluminal perfusion of glutaraldehyde solution. Proximal tubule segments down-stream to the wax block were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Intraluminal Alcian blue dye, serial sectioning, and nephron microdissection techniques were used to identify nephrons. One day after obstruction, all proximal tubule cells downstream to the block were injured. Some recovery was seen. S 1 and S 2 segments showed more severe damage than S 3 segments. Alcian blue, which normally is excluded from cells, entered the cytoplasm of some damaged S 1 -S 2 cells. After one week of obstruction, the tubule appeared to have reconstituted itself, but cells were less differentiated than normal. One month after obstruction, blocked tubules were atrophied. Tubule cells were simplified and were surrounded by a thickened basement membrane. The results suggest that prolonged proximal tubule blockade produces injury and atrophy of the proximal tubule probably due to ischemia and interruption of normal reabsorptive activity.
Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis.

This research focuses on the relationship between poverty and the migration of Hispanic youth [within the United States]. Individual- and county-level variables are incorporated into a logit analysis. An important finding is that Hispanic youth who are poor have higher ratios of migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. Also Hispanic youth residing in counties with higher rates of poverty are more likely to migrate than those living in more prosperous counties. However these relationships change when multilevel interactions between individual and contextual variables are considered. (EXCERPT)
The presence and possible ecological significance of mycorrhizae of the submersed macrophyte, Vallisneria americana

Atypical fungal vesicles and arbuscules were found within the roots of the submersed macrophyteVallisneria americana collected at the tidal fresh headwaters of the Chesapeake Bay (Susquehanna flats) in July 1991 and 1992, suggesting the presence of a myocrrhizal association. In order to determine whether the presence of the fungus facilitates phosphorus uptake and plant growth,V. americana cores were placed in separate pots in an aquatic greenhouse and were given one of the following treatments: control, fungicide (Captan) application, or fungicide plus phosphate enrichment. Fungicide addition resulted in significantly decreased shoot elongation rates and chlorophylla production; phosphate enrichment plus fungicide restored plant growth to control levels. Low nitrogen in plant tissues of fungicide treatment groups suggests nitrogen uptake may also be promoted by the fungal association. A second laboratory experiment withV. americana grown from turions demonstrated the negative effects of the fungicide are only evident on plant growth when fungal infection is present, indicating the fungicide was not directly toxic to the macrophyte, but acted by disrupting a mycorrhizal relationship. This study supports the hypothesis that mycorrhizae are important in nutrient acquisition and growth ofVallisneria in an estuarine environment.
Coordination mode for turn-based phosphine ligands: the origin of selectivity in Pd catalysis

Abstract A series of experiments was performed to determine the nature of the catalyst in peptide-derived phosphine ligands. The selectivity of the catalyst system was determined with four ligands that are diastereomeric at the phosphine containing amino acid. Additionally, a series of monophosphine ligands was synthesized and screened to determine if the active catalysts are derived from a phosphine–amide complex.
Time Use and Mathematics Achievement among American, Chinese, and Japanese High School Students

Cultural differences in the structure of adolescents' daily lives were examined by interviewing representative samples of 578 grade 11 students, aged 16–17 years, in Minneapolis, Taipei (Taiwan), and Sendai (Japan) about the amounts of time they spent in a wide variety of activities. Studying, interacting with peers, and watching television were the most frequent activities in all 3 locations, but the relative importance of each activity differed among the locations. Chinese students spent significantly more time than American students engaged in academic endeavors, such as attending school and after-school classes and studying. Japanese students did not spend significantly more time studying or attending after-school classes than American students, but they did spend more time attending school. American students, in turn, spent more time working and socializing with friends. Differences in adolescents' use of time were related to both cross-cultural and individual differences in mathematics achievement.