cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cellulose Synthase (CesA) Genes in the Green Alga Mesotaenium caldariorum

Cellulose, a microfibrillar polysaccharide consisting of bundles of beta-1,4-glucan chains, is a major component of plant and most algal cell walls and is also synthesized by some prokaryotes. Seed plants and bacteria differ in the structures of their membrane terminal complexes that make cellulose and, in turn, control the dimensions of the microfibrils produced. They also differ in the domain structures of their CesA gene products (the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase), which have been localized to terminal complexes and appear to help maintain terminal complex structure. Terminal complex structures in algae range from rosettes (plant-like) to linear forms (bacterium-like). Thus, algal CesA genes may reveal domains that control terminal complex assembly and microfibril structure. The CesA genes from the alga Mesotaenium caldariorum, a member of the order Zygnematales, which have rosette terminal complexes, are remarkably similar to seed plant CesAs, with deduced amino acid sequence identities of up to 59%. In addition to the putative transmembrane helices and the D-D-D-QXXRW motif shared by all known CesA gene products, M. caldariorum and seed plant CesAs share a region conserved among plants, an N-terminal zinc-binding domain, and a variable or class-specific region. This indicates that the domains that characterize seed plant CesAs arose prior to the evolution of land plants and may play a role in maintaining the structures of rosette terminal complexes. The CesA genes identified in M. caldariorum are the first reported for any eukaryotic alga and will provide a basis for analyzing the CesA genes of algae with different types of terminal complexes.
An efficient and scalable loss-recovery scheme for video multicast

With the increased popularity of multimedia services on the Internet, efficient video multicast strategies that can scale easily are of critical importance. This paper addresses the issue of video multicast loss recovery and presents an efficient and scalable scheme: Active Injection Recovery (AIR). The proposed scheme has three distinguishing features: active injection of repair packets into loss regions, on-demand construction of loss-recovery structures, and unique rate control over repair traffic. All of these features can save considerable network resources in a large-scale video multicast session. In addition, the proposed scheme simultaneously meets the three well-known requirements for efficiency and scalability in multicast loss recovery: request suppression, local recovery, and retransmission scoping. Another important feature of the proposed scheme is its low recovery latency, which is essential for video multicast. Our results show that the proposed scheme achieves significantly better overall performance as compared to existing multicast loss recovery schemes.
Health Neuroscience Defining a New Field

Health neuroscience is a new field that is at the interface of health psychology and neuroscience. It is concerned with the interplay between the brain and physical health over the life span. A chief goal of health neuroscience is to characterize bidirectional and dynamic brain-behavior and brain-physiology relationships that are determinants, markers, and consequences of physical-health states across the life span. The motivation behind this goal is that a better understanding of these relationships will provide mechanistic insights into how the brain links multilevel genetic, biological, psychological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors with physical health—especially vulnerability to and resilience against clinical illnesses. This review provides a conceptual introduction to health neuroscience, focusing on its major themes, representative studies, methodologies, and future directions.
Crack interactions in laminar ceramics that exhibit a threshold strength

Laminar ceramic composites have been fabricated with thin compressive layers, containing a mixture of alumina and mullite, sandwiched between thicker alumina layers. It has previously been shown that a single crack that extends within a thicker alumina layer can be arrested by the compressive layers to produce a threshold strength, i.e., a strength below which the probability of failure is zero. The behavior of multiple cracks within the laminate has been investigated, to observe the mechanisms of crack interaction and measure their influence on the threshold strength. It was found that when the cracks in adjacent thick layers were offset by a distance less than the thickness of two thick layers, the cracks would interact and decrease the threshold strength. The number of interacting cracks, their orientation, and location can also have an effect on the threshold strength.
Women's Rights, Nationalist Anxiety, and the “Moral” Agenda in the Early Weimar Republic: Revisiting the “Black Horror” Campaign against France's African Occupation Troops

In the months and years following ratification of the Versailles Treaty, the Allied occupation of the Rhineland became a focal point of German nationalist propaganda. The campaign against the so-called “black shame on the Rhine” (schwarze Schmach am Rhein), a racist slogan referring to the stationing of soldiers from northern Africa, Senegal, and Madagascar in the French zone of occupation, was one of the ugliest outgrowths of German opposition to the peace treaty. Support for the movement against France's African troops was disquietingly broad. An interpellation to the Reich government of May 1920 launched by the Majority Social Democrats (SPD) and endorsed by all parties in the national assembly except the Independent Socialists (USPD) is illustrative of the racist fears motivating “black horror” protests: “Even after the armistice, the French and Belgians continue to use colored troops in the occupied territories. … For German women and children, men and boys, these savages pose a horrifying danger. Their honor, health and life, purity and innocence are being destroyed. … This situation is disgraceful, humiliating, and insufferable!”
Reliability testing of GaAs MMICs

GaAs MMICs were reliability life tested under accelerated high temperature conditions while operating under normal bias conditions under RF drive. These circuits (EG6010 power amplifiers) were standard evaluation circuit (SEC) deliverables on the US Department of Defense ARPA MIMIC Program. The median life, t50, was found to be 1/spl times/10/sup 7/ hours at a channel temperature of 140/spl deg/C, with an activation energy of 1.4 eV. Failure analysis revealed that circuit degradation and burnout were the result of failure of the field effect transistors (FETs). Hot spots were found to occur at the FET fingers that were covered by air bridges and could not be plated with gold for better heat dissipation. Excess leakage currents at the hot spots were found to be responsible for circuit degradation and burnout.
Shortening Dariworld Process of Making Cheese

Abstract The time required to make cheese by the Dariworld process from addition of 1% starter to hooping is about six hours. By using 2.5 or 4% starter, and adding rennet immediately after the starter, the total making time can be reduced 16 or 25%. The usual acidity of about pH 6.0 at dipping and pH 5.4 at second heating are observed. Curd making, cheese composition, and grades are not significantly altered by increased starter and rate of acid development.
2.5 Gb/s chaotic optical communication

Summary form only given. A digital signal at 2.5 Gb/s bit rate has been successfully transmitted in a chaotic communication system. The communication quality and capacity are both shown to be very high with this chaotic pulsing semiconductor laser system, which indicates that chaotic communication with several Gb/s bit rate is feasible with semiconductor lasers.
A new finite-difference time-domain formulation equivalent to the TLM symmetrical condensed node

A finite-difference-time-domain (FD-TD) formulation is shown to be exactly equivalent to the symmetrical condensed node model used in the transmission line matrix (TLM) method. The proposed FD-TD formulation results in a kind of condensed model where both electric and magnetic field components are defined at the center of a unit cell and at mid-points between adjacent nodes. Due to a better field resolution and fulfillment of continuity conditions, the FD-TD formulation or its TLM equivalent model is shown to have less dispersion and better accuracy than the traditional FD-TD method based on K.S. Yee's (1966) scheme. >
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Leukemias, Lymphomas and Myelomas of Young and Old

Glucocorticoids are well-known for their strong suppressive influence on certain cells of the immune system. These pharmacologic effects have long been taken advantage of to suppress immune responses and to treat leukemia and lymphomas. In recent years, a great deal has been learned of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids affect lymphoid and related cells, and this information now provides a basis for studying the varying susceptibility to glucocorticoid therapy of the leukemias, lymphomas and myelomas in young and older patients. Expression of glucocorticoid receptors themselves is sometimes used as one predictive variable (Bloomfield, 1984; Thompson et al., 1985; Iacobelli et al., 1987). In this brief overview, we will outline the general pattern of expression with age of these groups of malignancies, discuss the recently established principles of glucocorticoid action, and describe some of our own experience with glucocorticoid effects on certain malignant lymphoid cell lines in vitro.
Diet Quality and Physical Activity Outcome Improvements Resulting From a Church-Based Diet and Supervised Physical Activity Intervention for Rural, Southern, African American Adults Delta Body and Soul III

We assessed the effects of a 6-month, church-based, diet and supervised physical activity intervention, conducted between 2011 and 2012, on improving diet quality and increasing physical activity of Southern, African American adults. Using a quasi-experimental design, eight self-selected, eligible churches were assigned to intervention or control. Assessments included dietary, physical activity, anthropometric, and clinical measures. Mixed model regression analysis and McNemar's test were used to determine if within and between group differences were significant. Cohen's d effect sizes for selected outcomes also were computed and compared with an earlier, lower dose intervention. Retention rates were 84% (102/122) for control and 76% (219/287) for intervention participants. Diet quality components, including fruits, vegetables, discretionary calories, and total quality, improved significantly in the intervention group. Strength/flexibility physical activity also increased in the intervention group, while both aerobic and strength/flexibility physical activity significantly decreased in the control group. Effect sizes for selected health outcomes were larger in the current intervention as compared to an earlier, less intense iteration of the study. Results suggest that more frequent education sessions as well as supervised group physical activity may be key components to increasing the efficacy of behavioral lifestyle interventions in rural, Southern, African American adults.
Abstract B57: A natural plant-derived compound, Withaferin A, exploits the stress pathway to induce antitumor immunity.

Recent research involving chemotherapeutic drugs such as anthracyclines have aided in redefining the definition of apoptosis from a form of cell death that is immunologically silent to the one that can activate an anti-cancer immune response. This form of apoptosis has been characterized as immunogenic cell death (ICD) and possess certain hallmarks such as the cell surface expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) including HSP70 and HSP90 as well as ER-stress mediated pre-apoptotic expression of the ER chaperone calreticulin (CRT). One of the mechanisms by which ICD occurs is linked to the induction of an unfolded protein response (UPR) due to prolonged chemotherapeutic stress on cancer cells. Our research focuses on the development of Withaferin A (WA), a steroidal lactone derived from the Indian ayurvedic medicinal plant Withania somnifera as a chemoimmunotherapeutic agent. The benefit of using natural plant derived products is their low toxicity, multimodal action and potential ability to enhance the immune system. We initially screened the effect of Withaferin A by microarray analysis on breast cancer cells. WA induced significant alteration of 1160 genes (p-value 0.005). A pathway analysis determined that WA induces a robust heat shock response through up-regulation of several genes related to this pathway including response to unfolded proteins. The gene expression data was confirmed by the induction of intracellular HSP70, HSP40 as well as the UPR marker Bip78 by western blot. Furthermore we are able to demonstrate that WA treatment results in the translocation of known immunogenic HSPs HSP70, CRT and gp96 to the cell surface of several cancer cell lines. Additionally, WA treatment results in the induction of apoptosis and these WA mediated apoptotic cells can confer immunological protection against re-challenge with live tumor cells in vivo. Our long-term goal is to elucidate the anti-tumor immunomodulatory mechanisms of WA. Funded by: American Cancer Society (S.A.) Citation Format: Annalise R. Smith, Darlah Lopez, Samita Andreansky. A natural plant-derived compound, Withaferin A, exploits the stress pathway to induce antitumor immunity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology: Multidisciplinary Science Driving Basic and Clinical Advances; Dec 2-5, 2012; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B57.
A real time controller for human-machine cooperative telerobotics

In this paper, a methodology to integrate sensor and model based computer assistance into a class of human controlled teleoperator systems called human machine cooperative telerobotics (HMCTR) is presented. In this strategy, the human operator is retained at all phases of the operation, and is assisted, but never superseded, with sensor and model information. This strategy is presented along with the task planner that connects the system to the results of the task space scene modeling. A controller using this strategy in its three control modes: pure teleoperation, autonomous operation, and teleoperation with assistance, was built for use with a Titan II/spl trade/ manipulator that is often used in remote operations at radioactive sites. An experiment was performed that demonstrates the shorter execution times using HMCTR over standard teleoperation procedures are achievable.
Mergers and Acquisitions: Team Performance

Many mergers and acquisitions in high technology do not yield the expected results and acquired technologies fail to create value as planned. One explanation is the difficulty to transfer and integrate the tacit components of technological knowledge, when work groups and teams are disrupted. Mergers force work group and team members to redefine their roles, change their working approaches, and develop a shared vision and culture. The paper therefore researches high-tech mergers from a team perspective through an exploratory case study of two formerly separate quality assurance groups that were integrated into one. The case study identifies three factors that impact team performance after a merger: strong vision, clear communication, and operational synergy built on an open team culture and a common working approach.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste cellulose

Waste cellulose was a suitable carbon source for cellulose production by Trichoderma viride. The enzyme can be produced in submerged fermentation using newspaper as a growth substrate. A variety of pure and complex cellulosic materials were hydrolyzed by culture filtrates. Saccharification of 5% slurries after 48 hr ranged from 2–92%. The rate and extent of hydrolysis was controlled by degree of crystallinity, particle size, and presence of impurities. Newspaper was used to evaluate methods for the pretreatment of substrate. The best pretreatment was ball milling which gave good size reduction, maximum bulk density, and maximum susceptibility. Hammer milling, fluid energy milling, colloid milling, or alkali treatments were less satisfactory. Dissolving cellulose in cuprammonium, or carbon disulfide (Viscose) and then reprecipitating gave a susceptible, but low bulk density product. However the susceptibility was lost if the substrate was dried. Because of costs, low bulk density, necessity of keep ing the substrate wet, and generation of chemical waste streams dissolving cellulose to increase reactivity does not seem a practical approach. Cellulose fractions separated from municipal trash or agricultural residues such as milled fibres from bovine manure are promising substrates for conversion.
Surname Distributions and Their Association with Y-Chromosome Markers in the Aleutian Islands

Abstract We examine surname distribution, origin, and association with Y-chromosome haplogroups in native communities from the Aleutian archipelago. The underlying hypothesis is that surnames and Y-chromosome haplogroups should be associated because both are paternally inherited markers. We used Lasker's coefficient of relationship through isonymy (Rib ) to identify the distribution of 143 surnames in the Aleutian Islands. The geographic distribution of surnames was explored both through frequency distribution and through the use of Mantel tests. Multidimensional scaling, chi-square, and Mantel tests were used to examine the relationship between surname and Y-chromosome markers. Overall, we observed that the distribution of surnames in the Aleutian archipelago is culturally driven rather than being one of paternal inheritance. Surnames follow a gradient from east to west, with high frequencies of Russian surnames found in western Aleut communities and high levels of non-Russian surnames found in eastern A...
Correlates of Emotional Support and Negative Interaction Among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks

This study explores the relationship of family and demographic factors to the frequency of receiving emotional support and the frequency of engaging in negative interactions with family members (i.e., criticism, burden, and being taken advantage of). The study uses the ambivalence framework and data from the National Survey of American Life, a national sample of African Americans and Caribbean Blacks (Caribbean Blacks). Overall, no significant differences were found between African Americans and Caribbean Blacks in the frequency of emotional support or negative interaction; several significant correlates (e.g., age, family closeness) were found for both groups. However, a number of unique associations were also demonstrated (e.g., marital status, frequency of family contact), indicating differences in the ways that these variables operate within the two populations. These and other findings are discussed in relation to the ambivalence framework and subgroup differences in family phenomena within the Black population.
Failure of ragweed pollen extract to destroy white cells from ragweed-sensitive patients

Abstract 1.1. An attempt to confirm the previous observation that ragweed pollen extract destroys in-vitro white blood cells from ragweed-sensitive patients was unsuccessful. 2.2. In none of the thirteen tests on seven ragweed-sensitive patients did a greater destruction of cells occur upon addition of ragweed pollen extract than upon addition of saline.
Using Mortality Profiles to Infer Behavior in the Fossil Record

Mortality profiles can be used to investigate modes of accumulation of fossil assemblages, including predation by ancient nonhuman and human (Homo) hunters. Prey age at death reflects hunting decisions and opportunities in terms of calories returned for energy spent and risks taken. Nonhuman carnivores commonly harvest vulnerable individuals (young and old), whereas humans consistently can take prime adults. As an example of how mortality profiles can be used to illuminate predator behavior, this article examines when the ability to select prime-age animals emerged during human behavioral evolution. Although it would be expected that the appearance of this behavior coincided with the appearance of morphologically and archaeologically modern humans, analyses of archaeological assemblages from western Europe and South Africa suggest that this trait was already present in archaic people who preceded modern humans. Studying age distributions in fossil assemblages is not without its limitations, including the difficulty of estimating age at death in fossil specimens, pre- and postdepositional biases, and reconstructing the age structure and behavior of prey herds. Nevertheless, valuable behavioral information can be gained by using controlled comparisons of many assemblages.
Capturing and taming Earth’s wild microbes

Among the organisms of the biosphere, the diversity of the Bacteria and Archaea is the most poorly understood. Our lack of knowledge about microbial diversity is important because the majority of these organisms still remain undescribed and unclassified and the roles they perform in their environments, their geochemical activities and their biotechnological potential still need to be ascertained. For these reasons, this rich, unknown diversity comprises an enormous untapped resource for science and society. Only recently have microbiologists begun to more fully realise how great our ignorance of microbial diversity truly is. This paper discusses how technology, persistence and serendipity play important roles in unveiling the vast diversity of uncultivated microorganisms through their capture (isolation) and taming (cultivation, naming and description). Perhaps citizens can be recruited to become ‘microbe hunters’ to assist in efforts to characterise new microbial species. Their potential reward could be a trophy for the ‘smallest game’: the capture and naming of a novel bacterial species.
Nucleus of the solitary tract lesions enhance drinking, but not vasopressin release, induced by angiotensin

Rats with chronic nucleus of the solitary tract lesions (NTS-X) drink water and release vasopressin (VP) in response to reduced blood volume despite an absence of neural signals from cardiac and ar...
Extreme Risk of Public Timber REITs during the Global Financial Crisis

A conditional volatility model with extreme value statistics is employed to assess the time-varying risk inherent in three real estate investment trusts (REITs) that have specialized in owning or m...
Anisotropic spherical head model and its application to imaging electric activity of the brain

This study reports on a solution to Poisson's equation describing an electric potential and field generated by a dipolar current source positioned inside a set of concentric spherical shells characterized by a homogeneous anisotropic conductivity inside each shell. Formulas giving a unique continuation of potentials and fields between the shells are derived. The formulas are applied to a spherical model of the human head to show that (i) real human skulls comprising isotropic compact and cancellous bone layers can be closely approximated by a single shell with radial-tangential conductivity anisotropy ~1:2 and radial conductivity equal to 1/30 of the brain/scalp conductivity; (ii) errors due to the spherical approximation of the head shape are of the same magnitude as errors due to poorly known electrical properties of the modeled head tissues; (iii) commonly used electroencephalography (EEG) average reference contributes 15% of the signal (on the average) and, therefore, makes EEG measurements significantly nonlocal; and (iv) the surface Laplacian of EEG measurements closely approximates electric currents at the skull-scalp interface, providing a parameter-free (up to a constant factor) deblurring and dereferencing of EEG data. These results can be useful for localization of sources underlying electric activity of the brain.
Case Study Method Combined with Scene Simulation Applied to the Emergency Response Ability Training for Juniors Nurses in Operation Room

Objective To study the effect of case study method combined with scene simulation applied to the emergency response ability training for juniors nurses in operation room. Methods Case study method combined with scene simulation were applied to the emergency response ability training for junior nurses with working experience of 0 to 5 years in operation room based on years of experience of saving patients. And the training was strengthened repeatedly, each junior nurse was tested and evaluated monthly by the training team. Results Through the training, the first aid knowledge, first aid skills, clinical comprehensive emergency response ability of the junior nurses in operation room and doctors' satisfaction degree of surgery cooperation of junior nurses were improved significantly. Conclusion Case study method combined with scene simulation can improve the first aid consciousness of junior nurses in operation room, enhance their clinical response abilities, broaden their first aid knowledge, strengthen their communication ability and team cohesion, improve their self-confidence, relieve their psychological pressure, which is suitable for the operation room work's characteristics.
Unified metric calculation of sampling-based turbo-coded noncoherent MFSK for mobile channel

This paper is on the derivation of the soft decision metric of turbo codes for the Noncoherent (NC) M-ary FSK (M=2, 4 and 8) using punctured turbo code for the mobile applications whose channels are modeled by Rayleigh and Nakagami-m distribution. Initially we develop the method of unified metric calculation of turbo code suitable for the respective order of modulation M (of NC-MFSK). The results of computer simulation show that application of properly selected punctured turbo code can enhance the BER performance of the NCMFSK under the adverse effect of mobile channels.
The space between: Ceramic production and exchange in Roman-Parthian Period Oğlanqala, Azerbaijan

Abstract Roman-Parthian period pottery from the site of Oglanqala, Azerbaijan was analyzed using thin section petrography and surface treatment analysis to investigate manufacturing technology and origin of production. Results show that approximately half of the ceramics from this period were not produced locally, but were likely imported from the site of Artashat, the capital of the Artaxiad dynasty, a Roman vassal kingdom. The imported material was only made in a narrow range of red slipped bowls and plates, whereas the local pottery production included a greater variety of vessel forms and styles. Moreover, local ceramics were more common in domestic space, while most of the imported forms were found in public contexts. These results suggest that the inhabitants of Oglanqala maintained close relations with their Roman-influenced neighbors, but were selective about what material was imported and how it was used.
The docking of Arg2 of angiotensin II with Asp281 of AT1 receptor is essential for full agonism

The structural model of AT1 angiotensin receptor contains seven-transmembrane alpha-helices with three interhelical loops on either side of the membrane. The angiotensin II binding pocket within the receptor is not clearly defined. We showed earlier that Lys199 in transmembrane-helix-5 of the AT1 receptor binds the COOH-terminal alpha-carboxyl group of angiotensin II (Noda, K., Saad, Y., Kinoshita, A., Boyle, T. P., Graham, R. M., Husain, A., and Karnik, S. S. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2284-2289). We now show that His183 and Asp281, both located in the extracellular domain of the AT1 receptor, are involved in binding the NH2-terminal Asp1 and Arg2 residues of angiotensin II, respectively. The Asp1/His183 interaction appears to be weak and is unlikely to be important for agonism. But the loss of Arg2/Asp281 interaction leads to partial agonism of the receptor. The action of non-peptide agonists is not affected by Asp281 mutations. These results suggest that several independent interactions between angiotensin II and AT1 receptor are necessary for full agonism. Since L-162,313 the non-peptide agonist of the AT1 receptor is a partial agonist that does not make contact with Asp281, we speculate that the degree of agonism may be increased if it is redesigned to make contacts with Asp281.
Community-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Rural Population: Who Returns Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) Kits?

Purpose To determine the return rate of community-delivered fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kits in a rural population and to identify significant predictors of returning kits. Methods Residents were recruited in 8 rural Kentucky counties to enroll in the study and receive an FIT kit. Of 345 recruited, 82.0% returned an FIT kit from the point of distribution. These participants were compared to the remainder relative to age, sex, marital status, having an annual income below $15,000, not graduating from high school, not having a regular health care provider, not having health care coverage, being a current smoker, indicating current overweight or obese status, and a scale measure of fatalism pertaining to colorectal cancer. Predictors achieving significance at the bivariate level were entered into a stepwise logistic regression model to calculate adjusted OR and 95% CI. Findings The return rate was 82.0%. In adjusted analyses, those indicating an annual income of less than $15,000 were 2.85 times more likely to return their kits (95% CI: 1.56-5.24; P < .001). Also, those not perceiving themselves to be overweight/obese were 1.95 times more likely to return their kits (95% CI: 1.07-3.55; P = .029). Conclusions An outreach-based colorectal cancer screening program in a rural population may yield high return rates. People with annual incomes below $15,000 and those not having perceptions of being overweight/obese may be particularly likely to return FIT kits.
Selection of Optimal Augment Size for Various Degrees of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis

Background Total shoulder arthroplasty is technically demanding in regards to implantation of the glenoid component, especially in the setting of increased glenoid deformity and posterior glenoid wear. Augmented glenoid implants are an important and innovative option; however, there is little evidence accessible to surgeons to guide in the selection of the appropriate size augmented glenoid. Methods Solid computer models of a commercially available augmented glenoid components (+3, +5, +7) contained within the software allowed for placement of the best fit glenoid component within the 3D reconstruct of each patient9s scapula. Peg perforation, amount of bone reamed and amount of medialization were recorded for each augment size. Results There was strong correlation between the medialization of the joint line and the glenoid retroversion for each augmented component (R 2 of 0.785 for the +3 augment, an R 2 of 0.792 for the +5 component, and an R 2 of 0.701 for the +7 component). The range of retroversion that restored anatomic joint line using the +3 augmented glenoid was −3° to −17°, −5° to −24° using the +5 augmented glenoid, and −9° to −31° for a +7 augmented glenoid. Conclusions Our results provide a general guideline for clinicians to select an appropriate sized augmented glenoid implant based on range of glenoid retroversion that can be corrected to restore the native joint line and minimize peg perforation. There was a strong correlation between glenoid retroversion and medialization for all augment sizes supporting the recommendation for glenoid retroversion as the primary guide in selecting the amount of augmentation.
Emerging resilience techniques for embedded devices

This chapter presents a broad range of techniques for highly reliable and survivable field programmable gate array-based embedded computing systems operating in harsh environments. The notion of autonomous self-repair is essential for such systems as physical access to such platforms is often limited. In this regard, adaptable reconfiguration-based techniques are presented in this chapter, whereby an appropriate set of resources can be selected at runtime to achieve graceful performance degradation in the presence of multiple permanent and transient faults. Intermittent quality of repair (QoR) can be achieved by use of proposed genetic algorithm-based intelligent techniques for relatively compact circuits as compared to conventional approaches. Video encoder use cases are used as benchmarks, and significance driven resource allocation is utilized to demonstrate benefit in terms of recovery time, throughput degradation, and QoR. These metrics can be utilized as a gauge for evaluating the efficacy of multiple FH techniques. Finally, a discussion of real-time tradeoffs of resilience, quality, and energy for proposed approaches is presented.
An ansa cervicalis with vagohypoglossal anastomosis, absent inferior root and unusual C1 contribution

The authors present a unique and unreported variation of the ansa cervicalis, which was found during upper neck microdissection on an isolated cadaveric neck. The C1 contribution to the hypoglossal nerve was found to take its origin from the suboccipital nerve. This branch pierced the dura along with the vertebral artery to enter the intradural space and join the spinal accessory nerve. These fibers then left the spinal accessory nerve and entered the vagus nerve through an anastomosis at the level of the jugular foramen. Subsequently, they departed from the inferior vagal ganglion at the origin of its pharyngeal branch to transiently join the hypoglossal nerve before leaving it as the descendens hypoglossi. The descendens hypoglossi then fused with the vagus nerve to form a common nerve trunk approximately at the level of common carotid artery bifurcation and superior border of the thyroid cartilage. The common nerve trunk coursed anterior to the common carotid artery. The inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, which normally joins the descendens hypoglossi, was absent.
Effects of Affordable Care Act Marketplaces and Medicaid Eligibility Expansion on Access to Cancer Care.

Purpose The aim of this study was to inform oncologists about how repealing the Affordable Care Act (ACA) may affect their ability to provide cancer therapies for people with cancer enrolled in ACA health plans and why proposals to change Medicaid funding may make it even more difficult for Medicaid beneficiaries to access cancer treatments. Methods We examined the regulations and provisions of the ACA related to how health insurance impacts access to diagnostic testing and treatments for people with cancer, including access to clinical trials. Similarly, we examined federal and state rules affecting Medicaid beneficiaries' access to cancer treatments. Results Repealing various provisions of the ACA will restrict who has access to both current and new cancer treatments. Such changes also will impact oncology research that depends on having heterogeneous people in clinical trials. Conclusions Significant changes to the ACA will affect oncology treatment choices of everyone with health insurance-not only the 10 million people newly covered by ACA health plans and the 70 million people with Medicaid coverage.
What is political about political ethnography? On the context of discovery and the normalization of an emergent subfield

Despite recent interest in political ethnography, most of the reflection has been on the ethnographic aspect of the enterprise with much less emphasis on the question implicit in the first word of the couplet: What is actually political about political ethnography and how much should ethnographers pre-define it? The question is complicated because a central component of the definition of what is political is actually the struggle to define its jurisdiction and how it gets distinguished from what it is not. In this article we aim to show how ethnography can actually lead us out of this conundrum in which the political is paradoxically both predefined and, at the same time, the open question that leads the process of inquiry. We do so by advancing a formal and relational approach that provides us with procedural tools to define the nature and specificity of the political bond not ex ante, but rather during the process of research itself. In the first part of the article we historicize the development of political ethnography as a distinct avenue for inquiry and show what have been the challenges to its normalization. This is followed by the article’s main section, which focuses on the four ways in which what is political has been conceptualized in contemporary socio-ethnographical literature. In the conclusion of the article, we advance a lowest common denominator definition proposal, with examples from other scholars as well as from our own research to illustrate how this approach would work.
Clutter mitigation, multiple peaks, and high-order spectral moments in 35 GHz vertically pointing radar velocity spectra

Abstract. This study presents and applies three separate processing methods to improve high-order moments estimated from 35 GHz (Ka band) vertically pointing radar Doppler velocity spectra. The first processing method removes Doppler-shifted ground clutter from spectra collected by a US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program Ka-band zenith pointing radar (KAZR) deployed at Oliktok Point (OLI), Alaska. Ground clutter resulted from multiple pathways through antenna side lobes and reflections off a rotating scanning radar antenna located 2 m away from KAZR, which caused Doppler shifts in ground clutter returns from stationary targets 2.5 km away. After removing clutter in the recorded velocity spectra, the second processing method identifies multiple separate and sub-peaks in the spectra and estimates high-order moments for each peak. Multiple peaks and high-order moments were estimated for both original 2 and 15 s averaged spectra. The third processing step improves the spectrum variance, skewness, and kurtosis estimates by removing velocity variability due to turbulent broadening during 15 s averaging intervals. Applying the multiple peak processing to Doppler velocity spectra during liquid-only clouds can identify cloud and drizzle particles and during mixed-phase clouds can identify liquid cloud and frozen hydrometeors. Consistent with previous studies, this work found that spectrum skewness assuming only a single spectral peak was a good indicator of two hydrometeor populations (for example, cloud and drizzle particles) being present in the radar pulse volume. Yet, after dividing the spectrum into multiple peaks, velocity spectrum skewness for individual peaks is near zero, indicating nearly symmetric peaks. This suggests that future studies should use velocity skewness of single-peak spectra as an indicator of possible multiple hydrometeor populations and then use multiple-peak moments for quantitative studies. Three future activities will continue this work. First, KAZR spectra from several ARM sites have been processed and are available in the ARM archive as a principal investigator (PI) product. ARM programmers are evaluating these processing methods as part of future multiple-peak products generated by ARM. Third, MATLAB code generating the Oliktok Point products has been uploaded as supplemental material for public dissemination.
Effects of marbling and shear force on consumers' willingness to pay for beef strip loin steaks.

Experimental economic procedures were used to measure the effects of changes in marbling score and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) value on consumer purchasing behavior and willingness to pay for beef strip loin steaks (n = 541). Consumers were more likely to bid on a steak during the experimental auction if the steak had a high marbling score or low WBSF value. Averaging across all consumers in the study (n = 489), the predicted odds that consumers would submit a nonzero bid were favorable for steaks with a marbling score greater than Modest 50 or a WBSF value less than 3.9 kg. Bid prices for steaks were analyzed with respect to changes in steak marbling score, WBSF value, quality grade marketing category classification (Select, Low Choice, Premium Choice, and Prime), and WBSF marketing category classification (very tender, ≤3.4 kg; slightly tender, 3.41 to 4.40 kg; slightly tough, 4.41 to 5.40 kg; or very tough, >5.40 kg). The percentage of bids that were zero was highest (P < 0.05) for Select steaks, intermediate (P < 0.05) for Low Choice steaks, and lower (P < 0.05) for Premium Choice or Prime steaks. Steaks in the very tender category had the lowest (P < 0.05) percentage of zero bids, and steaks in the slightly tough and very tough categories had the highest (P < 0.05) percentage of zero bids submitted from buyers in the auction. Premium Choice and Prime steaks were valued higher (P <0.05) than Select steaks by consumers. On average, Premium Choice steaks received a $0.89/kg premium, and Prime steaks received a $2.47/kg premium over the mean bid price for Select steaks. Predicted mean bid prices for steaks decreased by $1.02/kg for each 1 kg increase in WBSF value. On average, steaks in the very tender marketing category received a higher (P < 0.05) bid price than the bid price for steaks in the slightly tender, slightly tough, and very tough categories (+$0.83/kg, +$2.09/kg, and +$2.55/kg, respectively). Mean bid prices for steaks from the slightly tough and very tough categories did not differ (P = 0.184). Compared with the mean bid price for steaks in the slightly tender category, steaks from the slightly tough and very tough categories were discounted (P < 0.05) by $1.26/kg and $1.72/kg, respectively. Results suggest that marbling score and WBSF influence both the probability that consumers will purchase and the price they are willing to pay for strip loin steaks.
Is Salmonella an Intracellular Pathogen

My assigned topic of presentation in this Workshop is to address the issue of whether Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen. The simple answer to that question is yes and no, depending on the host cells into which the pathogen has entered. There are many of us here in this Workshop who are studying the genetic factors governing the invasive or virulent properties of Salmonella in eukaryotic cells. The common experimental model is the growth of Salmonella typhimurium in cell cultures of epithelial cells or other mammalian cell lines (Finlay and Falkow, 1989). There seems to be reliable evidence that virulent S. typhimurium do replicate within these cultured cells. in contrast, I propose to examine this issue using the experimental model of mouse typhoid (Hsu, 1989). Based on direct visual observations in the pathogenic process of the disease, the following narrative is intended to show that virulent S. typhimurium do survive and proliferate at least within parenchymal cells, but are effectively killed by inflammatory phagocytes in vivo.
What We Hear

It is widely assumed (and only rarely argued) that the principal objects of hearing are sounds.
Effects of eye and head position on horizontal and vertical smooth pursuit.

Purpose To identify and explain the effects of eye and head position on smooth pursuit eye movements in normal humans. Methods Horizontal and vertical smooth pursuit were measured in different eye-in-orbit positions in normal subjects, using a magnetic search coil technique with sinusoidal and step-ramp stimuli. Pursuit also was tested in different horizontal head-on-trunk positions. Results Pursuit gain to sinusoidal targets averaged approximately 15% less with the eyes centered 30 degrees horizontally or vertically from the primary position than with the eyes near the orbital midline. In contrast, initial pursuit responses to step-ramp stimuli were similar regardless of eye position. For sinusoidal and step-ramp responses in eccentric eye positions, no significant differences were found between pursuit movements directed toward the orbital midposition and pursuit movements directed away from it. Changes in head position had no effect on smooth pursuit. Conclusions Sinusoidal smooth pursuit function decreases modestly for horizontal and vertical motion in eccentric eye positions. This effect is not caused by reductions in gain for centrifugal movements compared to centripetal movements, implying that the pursuit nonlinearities expected to arise from orbital mechanics are largely eliminated by central processing. Eye position-related differences in retinal or eye motion feedback or in predictive input may explain the influence of eye position on smooth pursuit maintenance. Changes in target position with respect to a trunk-centered frame of reference did not produce the orbital eccentricity effects that were documented because sinusoidal pursuit gain did not vary with head rotation.
A sustained small increase in NOD1 expression promotes ligand-independent oncogenic activity

Small genetically-determined differences in transcription (eQTLs) are implicated in complex disease but the mechanisms by which small changes in gene expression impact complex disease are unknown. Here we show that a persistent small increase in expression of the innate sensor NOD1 precipitates large cancer-promoting changes in cell state. A ~1.2-1.4 fold increase in NOD1 protein concentration by loss of miR-15b/16 regulation sensitizes cells to ligand-induced inflammation, with an additional slight increase leading to ligand-independent NOD1 activation that is linked to poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Our data show that tight expression regulation of NOD1 prevents this sensor from exceeding a physiological switching checkpoint that promotes persistent inflammation and oncogene expression and reveal the impact of a single small quantitative change in cell state on cancer.
How I treat refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease

Approximately 35% to 50% of patients otherwise cured of hematologic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation will develop the pleomorphic autoimmune-like syndrome known as chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Since in 2005, National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus panels have proposed definitions and classifications of disease to standardize treatment trials. Recently, the first agent was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for steroid-refractory cGVHD. Despite these advances, most individuals do not achieve durable resolution of disease activity with initial treatment. Moreover, standardized recommendations on how to best implement existing and novel immunomodulatory agents and taper salvage agents are often lacking. Given the potential life-threatening nature of cGVHD, we employ in our practice patient assessment templates at each clinic visit to elucidate known prognostic indicators and red flags. We find NIH scoring templates practical for ongoing assessments of these complex patient cases and determination of when changes in immunosuppressive therapy are warranted. Patients not eligible or suitable for clinical trials have systemic and organ-directed adjunctive treatments crafted in a multidisciplinary clinic. Herein, we review these treatment options and offer a management and monitoring scaffold for representative patients with cGVHD not responding to initial therapy.