cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and prediction of scaling mechanism of the CaCO_3 from oilfield injection waters

The CaCO_3 scaling is the main scaling type of oilfield injection waters, which seriously affects the oilfield development effectiveness. By means of scaling experiments and core flooding under the different temperatures for four types of water, scaling mechanism of CaCO_3 is studied and predicted theoretically. The results show that: (1) The scale is serious for oilfield injection water, which rises with the temperature but turns worse, when Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ descent rates amount to 52.3% at 90℃; (2) Core flooding experiments show that CaCO_3 crystal can precipate in core pores and at the surface of pore throat; (3) The treated water is in the steady area of CaCO_3 solubility, the water quality is stable, so this water can't produce the CaCO_3 scale and (4) Theoretical prediction is consistent with experiment result.
An Elementary Study of the Ecological Feature of Tetracentron sinense in Wolong Nature Reserve

This paper deals with the distribution,environment,community composition,community structures and ecological features of Tetracentron sinense in Wolong National Nature Reserve on the basis of investigation by the quadrat method.
Minimal requirements for hematologic cytochemistry in the community hospital laboratory.

The minimal cytochemical requirements for hematopathologic diagnosis in a community hospital setting are presented. Basic staining procedures with technical precautions are given. Guidelines for choosing cases to be sent to a reference laboratory for more specialized stains are discussed. Specimen handling requirements for some specialized stains are presented.
Power Management and Event Verification in PAPI

For more than a decade, the PAPI performance monitoring library has helped to implement the familiar maxim attributed to Lord Kelvin: “If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.” Widely deployed and widely used, PAPI provides a generic, portable interface for the hardware performance counters available on all modern CPUs and some other components of interest that are scattered across the chip and system. Recent and radical changes in processor and system design—systems that combine multicore CPUs and accelerators, shared and distributed memory, PCI-express and other interconnects—as well as the emergence of power efficiency as a primary design constraint, and reduced data movement as a primary programming goal, pose new challenges and bring new opportunities to PAPI. We discuss new developments of PAPI that allow for multiple sources of performance data to be measured simultaneously via a common software interface. Specifically, a new PAPI component that controls power is discussed. We explore the challenges of shared hardware counters that include system-wide measurements in existing multicore architectures. We conclude with an exploration of future directions for the PAPI interface.
A Peer Mentorship Program for Mental Health Professionals in Veterans Health Administration Home-Based Primary Care.

Objectives Mental health professionals working in integrated, interdisciplinary primary or geriatric care settings may have limited training for this growing model of care. Peer mentorship is one avenue of professional development support. We describe the development and evaluation of a peer mentorship program for mental health professionals working within Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Home Based Primary Care (HBPC) programs. Methods Electronic surveys were administered to 57 peer mentorship pairs matched for program participation. The survey examined program utilization characteristics, nature of peer contact, and benefits and challenges reported by participants. Results Overall, mentor and mentee respondents (N = 58) cited numerous benefits of engaging in the program. Mentees reported their peer mentorship relationships provided acceptance, support, encouragement and positive role modeling. Conclusions Findings suggest peer mentoring can be an important professional resource to offer mental health professionals new to working in integrated, geriatric care settings. Clinical implications Mental health professionals new to working in geriatric and/or integrated care settings may have limited training to meet specialized needs of patients, families, and interdisciplinary care teams. Peer mentorship following formal academic training may be an important option for professional development, supporting enhanced competence and, ultimately, improved patient care and team functioning.
Poor outcomes despite aspirin or statin use in high-risk patients with retinal vein occlusion.

Since atherosclerosis contributes to the pathophysiology of retinal vein occlusion (RVO), we aimed to assess the effects of aspirin and statins on the visual outcomes of RVO in high-risk patients, whom we define to have hypertension and open-angle glaucoma prior to RVO. We conducted a retrospective case–control study of adults diagnosed with RVO between 2006 and 2014. To evaluate for a preventive effect of these medications, we compared the prevalence of aspirin or statin use (either separately or concomitantly) among high-risk patients who developed RVO and among those who did not during at least 2 years of follow-up. To evaluate for a therapeutic effect, we then compared the final follow-up visual acuity (VA) of high-risk RVO patients who had and who had not been taking a statin prior to the RVO. We analyzed 43 eyes [23 central RVOs (CRVOs), 16 branch RVOs (BRVOs), and 4 hemi-RVOs (HRVOs)] from 42 high-risk patients, along with 129 high-risk controls. There was no significant difference (p = 0.47) in aspirin exposure between the control (60%) and RVO (67%) groups, and the increased statin exposure among controls (72% vs. 53% for the cases; p = 0.03) paralleled their higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia. The non-statin and statin RVO groups each had a mean VA of 20/800 at a mean 30 and 43 months of follow-up, respectively. No preventive benefit of aspirin or statins, and no therapeutic benefit of statins, was found for RVO in high-risk patients. High-risk RVO patients suffer substantially worse outcomes than those reported in other studies not limited to such patients.
Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents

The rodent superfamily Geomyoidea is an old, undoubtedly monophyletic lineage having only obscure affinities with other rodent groups. Geomyoid rodents, autochthonous in North America, experienced major evolutionary diversification in the Mio-Pliocene coincident with the development of the Madro-Tertiary Geoflora and the climatic trend toward increasing aridity and coolness. Extant geomyoids are divisible into two groups: (1) the Geomyidae, all members of which are fossorial, and (2) the Heteromyidae, whose members display an adaptive continuum from bipedal, xeric-adapted forms to scansorial, mesic-adapted forms. These moieties, although recognizable on biochemical criteria, become particularly difficult to distinguish when paleontological data are considered. Nevertheless, most lines of evidence indicate that the families Heteromyidae and Geomyidae are distinct, monophyletic lineages. The extant heteromyids comprise three main lineages (including six genera) that diverged during the Eocene: (1) subfamily Perognathinae ( Chaetodipus and Perognathus ); (2) subfamily Dipodomyinae ( Dipodomys and Microdipodops ); and (3) subfamily Heteromyinae ( Liomys and Heteromys ). Protein differentiation has occured at heterogeneous rates among these major lineages. Based on available karyotypic data, the main direction of chromosomal evolution in the Heteromyuidae appears to be toward increasing chromosome number. Cladistic analysis of morphological characters used in previous studies aupports biochemical evidence allying Microdipodops with Dipodomys . A model is introduced to describe how heterochronic changes in ontogeny may explain the great breadth of morphological diversification within the superfamily. Taxonomic recommendations at the subfamilial, generic, and sub-generic levels are provided.
Foreshock Seismicity Suggests Gradual Differential Stress Increase in the Months Prior to the 3 September 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee Earthquake

ABSTRACT The 3 September 2016 M w 5.8 Pawnee earthquake was the largest earthquake in Oklahoma history. To determine the relationship with nearby seismic activity and whether there were any precursory foreshocks to the event, we analyze a dataset comprising regional seismometers throughout Oklahoma, including the Oklahoma Geological Survey statewide network. We use a matched‐filter technique to identify potential missing earthquakes before and after the mainshock. This technique utilizes cataloged waveforms as templates that, when correlated against continuous waveforms, are able to identify repeating or nearby earthquakes. As shown in other studies, the aftershocks roughly fall along an east‐southeast‐trending linear belt that illuminates a previously unknown fault. We utilize the augmented seismicity catalog to draw two main conclusions. From standard statistical seismological methods, we deduce that the b ‐value decreased prior to the Pawnee mainshock; previous work suggests that b ‐value and differential stress are anticorrelated. The b ‐value result suggests the differential stress along the fault that eventually ruptured was gradually increasing in the few months leading up to the mainshock. During the aftershock period, we infer an Omori–Utsu p ‐value close to 1, typical for most tectonic events. Although the prolonged seismicity in the months leading up to the event may be a hallmark of induced earthquakes and may help decipher induced earthquakes from natural earthquakes, the rate of aftershocks is indistinguishable from natural tectonic earthquakes though deficient in larger aftershocks.
Guns Automatically Prime Aggressive Thoughts, Regardless of Whether a “Good Guy” or “Bad Guy” Holds the Gun:

The mere presence of weapons can increase aggression—called the “weapons effect.” Weapons are theorized to increase aggression by priming aggressive thoughts. This research tested the robustness of...
Self-trapping of g-mode oscillations in relativistic thin discs, revisited – II. Revision of boundary condition

In a previous paper (Kato 2017a) we have examined how the self-trapping of g-mode oscillations in geometrically thin relativistic disks is affected by the presence of uniform vertical magnetic fields. Disks considered are isothermal in the vertical direction and are truncated at a certain height by presence of hot corona. After a correction of simple analytical error, we showed (Kato 2017b) that the self-trapping of axisymmetric g-mode oscillations in non-magnetized disks is destroyed by weak magnetic fields as Fu and Lai (2009) showed. In this paper, however, we re-examine the same problem by imposing a different more relevant boundary condition on the disk-corona surface and find that the self-trapping of axisymmetric g-mode oscillations seems to still exist like the case of non-magnetized disks.
Toward an urban political ecology of energy justice: the case of rooftop solar in Tucson, AZ

The rapid deployment of rooftop solar panels in many US cities has raised new concerns about the fair distribution of electricity costs through rates. Electric utilities argue that existing rate structures shift costs from solar owners to lower-income ratepayers, while critics say rooftop solar benefits all ratepayers and helps address environmental injustice. In light of these competing justice claims, this article asks: what are the implications of rooftop solar for energy justice? Drawing on a case study from southern Arizona, we use urban political ecology (UPE) to analyze debates about rooftop solar that speak to three types of justice: distributive, procedural, and recognition. While dominant justice claims revolve around the distribution of costs through rates, competing claims emphasize procedural and recognition (in)justice. Focusing on political economy, power relations, and the materiality of the grid, we reframe the utility company's cost shift argument as a strategic narrative and explain why this understanding of justice is recognized as legitimate while others are not. We propose that UPE can further an energy justice analysis by understanding procedural and recognition injustice as systemic products of rate of return regulation, and the material configuration of the electric grid. Keywords: urban political ecology, energy justice, rooftop solar, decentralized energy, electric utility regulation
Reconfiguring Oldenburg and van Bruggen’s Free Stamp (1982–1991)

Commissioned in 1982 by SOHIO for its corporate headquarters in Cleveland, the Oldenburg’s Free Stamp was to stand on a pink granite ink pad, echoing the shape of the monument across the street and Terminal Tower on the other side of the square. This article relates what happened after SOHIO was bought by BP and that corporation’s rejection of Free Stamp along with the ongoing media furor about the sculpture. Aesthetic issues and legal ones (including artist’s rights) form the core of the study. The resolution, including a new location for Free Stamp at Cleveland’s City Hall, has bearing on two controversial public site-specific sculptures of the 1980s: Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial (Washington, DC) and Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc (New York).
Forced Migration and Refugee Policy

This chapter focuses on international, regional and national legal norms, policies, organizational roles and relations and good practices that are applicable to a broad range of humanitarian crises that have migration consequences. These crises and the resulting displacement differ by their causes, intensity, geography, phases and affected populations. The chapter examines movements stemming directly and indirectly from: persecution, armed conflict, extreme natural hazards that cause extensive destruction of lives and infrastructure; slower onset environmental degradation, such as drought and desertification, which undermine livelihoods; manmade environmental disasters, such as nuclear accidents, which destroy habitat and livelihoods; communal violence, civil strife and political instability; and global pandemics that cause high levels of mortality and morbidity. Demographic trends are themselves drivers of displacement in conjunction with other factors. This can play out in two ways—demography as a macro-level factor and demographic composition as a micro-level driver of movement. The chapter compares the paucity of legal, policy and institutional frameworks for addressing crisis-related movements with the more abundant frameworks for addressing the consequences of refugee movements. The chapter discusses the policy implications of the findings, positing that State-led initiatives such as the Nansen and Migrants in Countries in Crisis initiatives are useful mechanisms to fill protection gaps in the absence of political will to adopt and implement more binding legal frameworks. It also argues that, in the context of slow onset climate change, in particular, there is a need for better understanding of how population density, distribution and growth as well as household composition affect vulnerability and resilience to the drivers of displacement.
Alcohol Solvent Effects in the Synthesis of Co3O4 Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles: Disproof of a Surface-Ligand Thermodynamic Effect en Route to Alternative Kinetic and Thermodynamic Explanations.

The synthesis of Co3O4 core nanoparticles from cobalt acetate is explored in alcohol solvents plus limited water using O2 as oxidant and NH4OH as the base, all in comparison to controls in water alone employing the otherwise identical synthetic procedure. Syntheses in EtOH or t-BuOH cosolvents with limited water yield phase-pure and size-controlled (3 ± 1 nm) Co3O4-core nanoparticles. In marked contrast, the synthesis in water alone yields mixed phases of Co3O4 and β-Co(OH)2 with a very large particle-size range (14–400 nm). Importantly, acidic reductive digestion of the Co3O4 particles followed by 1H NMR on the resultant solution yields no detectable EtOH in nanoparticles prepared in EtOH, nor any detectable t-BuOH in nanoparticles prepared in t-BuOH (∼5% detection limits for each alcohol), despite the dramatic effect of each alcohol cosolvent on the resultant cobalt-oxide product. Instead, in both cases HOAc is detected and quantified, indicative of OAc– as a surface ligand—and not EtO– or t-BuO– as the...
Residents’ Structured Versus Nonstructured Assessment of Cognitive Function

We evaluated whether psychiatric residents assigned to the emergency room and consultation services, at comparable stages in their training, would more carefully consider cognitive dysfunction in presenting patients by employing a structured questionnaire rather than the more traditional method of mental status assessment. No significant difference in the frequency of suspected diagnosis of organic mental disorder was noted among 231 patients who were assessed using the Cognitive Capacity Screening Exam versus 281 patients screened by the more traditional clinical mental status examination. Thus, psychiatric residents who utilize a methodical and careful mental status examination remain highly effective in evaluating for the presence of organic psychiatric disorder.
Techniques for Ontology Visualization

Ontology engineering demands clear communication between humans and machines. This process is often impeded by the orientation chasm between their respective language formalisms. This article discusses how to bridge this disconnect by using visual techniques to augment the human comprehension of ontology, which is typically encoded in a machine friendly formalism. Support for ontology visualization comes from research in two interrelated but distinct areas. In ontology visualization techniques (OVT), the focus is on presenting the best visual structure, often interactively, of a targeted ontology for the sake of explorative analysis and comprehension. In visual ontology language (VOL), the focus is on defining the unambiguous, pictorial representation of ontological concepts. Graphs, instead of texts, can then be used in ontology development for the purpose of design, discussion and documentation. There is much contemporary research in the area of OVT, yet the focus directed toward VOL is minimal. By using a fragment of the gene ontology as an example use case, this article surveys the field of OVT by illustrating the different visual effects of various OVT applications. The same gene ontology example is then used to introduce the design and application of a VOL named DLG2, specifically targeted at the RDF-based ontology formalism. The different approach and emphasis between the two types of visual techniques is contrasted.
Temporal scope of assertions and window cutoff

In a temporal planning and reasoning system, many logical assertions will have a limited life span: they are "terminated" by later, contradictory assertions. By observing assertion terminators, the lifetime of an assertion can be bounded within an interval called the scope. Assertion scopes can greatly reduce the number of relevant matches returned from an assertion database. Scopes and terminators also permit the more efficient determination of contemporaneous assertions for forward chaining of event rules. Window cutoff is an execution time accelerator for determining if two activities are ordered in a plan, a high frequency, utility operation in plan synthesis. The acceleration is accomplished by doing an early cutoff of search paths to the "lower" activity based on time constraints. These mechanisms reduced the execution time of a temporal planner called DEVISER by four orders of magnitude for 70 goals, allowing very long planning problems to be solved. The mechanisms described employ time constraints to accelerate planning, and are not applicable to precedence planners. DEVISER is a performance planner which has been applied experimentally in planning activities for the Voyager spacecraft in its encounter with Uranus in 1986.
Adsorbed Proteins on Biomaterials

Abstract When a synthetic biomaterial comes in contact with a protein-containing biological fluid (e.g., blood plasma or interstitial fluid), proteins rapidly adsorb to the exposed surfaces of the biomaterial to form a complete monolayer of adsorbed protein within a matter of seconds. Cells that subsequently come in contact with the biomaterial surface thus do not actually directly interact with the biomaterial itself, but rather they interact with this adsorbed layer of protein. Thus the bioactivity of the biomaterial surface, and the resulting cellular response, is not directly mediated by the biomaterial itself, but by how the biomaterial surface influences the types of proteins that adsorb onto the biomaterial surface as well as their orientation and conformation on the surface. This chapter presents an overview of the important principles that influence protein adsorption to biomaterial surfaces and how this in turn influences cellular response, with numerous examples from both experimental and theoretical studies that demonstrate these types of interactions.
Canonical Stress Functions For Isotropic Materials

Useful canonical forms for stress constitutive functions can be derived for various classes of isotropic simple materials, as illustrated here for the isotropic elastic solid, the isotropic incompressible elastic material, the elastic fluid, and the Reiner/Rivlin (viscous) fluid.
Abstract 1625: Mutational Analysis of CRYAB-Encoded Crystallin Alpha-B in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background: Mutations in CRYAB- encoded crystallin alpha-B, a molecular chaperone, have been associated with desmin-related cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and most recently hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This cardiac/skeletal muscle heat shock protein binds to titin and desmin myofilaments during ischemia to prevent stress-induced unfolding or aggregation. We sought to determine the prevalence and spectrum of CRYAB mutations in a large HCM cohort. Methods: 1025 unrelated patients (61% male, age at diagnosis 49 ± 18 years, maximum left ventricular wall thickness (MLVWT) 22 ± 7 mm, and mean left ventricular outflow tract gradient (MLVOT) 44 ± 44 mmHg) were analyzed for mutations in the 3 translated exons of CRYAB by polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and direct DNA sequencing. Genotype data was blinded to the phenotype. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Overall, two CRYAB missense mutations, R11H (arginine, R, to histidine, H) and G154S (glycine, G, to serine, S), were detected in 9/1025 patients ( Conclusion: Mutations in CRYAB provide a putative pathogenic mechanism for HCM in CRYAB mutations than with actin-HCM, a gene for which commercial HCM genetic testing is available. Moreover, G154S-CRYAB provides the second example of phenotypic plasticity whereby a specific missense mutation appears to confer susceptibility for distinct and seemingly divergent cardiomyopathic phenotypes, DCM and HCM.
Will CRISPR Germline Engineering Close the Door to an Open Future

The bioethical principle of autonomy is problematic regarding the future of the embryo who lacks the ability to self-advocate but will develop this defining human capacity in time. Recent experiments explore the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 for germline engineering in the embryo, which alters future generations. The embryo's inability to express an autonomous decision is an obvious bioethical challenge of germline engineering. The philosopher Joel Feinberg acknowledged that autonomy is developing in children. He advocated that to reserve this future autonomy, parents should be guided to make ethical decisions that provide children with open futures. Here, Feinberg's 1980 open future theory is extended to the human embryo in the context of CRISPR germline engineering. Although the embryo does not possess the autonomous decision-making capacity at the time of germline engineering, the parental decision to permanently change the unique genetic fabric of the embryo and subsequent generations disregards future autonomy. Therefore, germline engineering in many instances is objectionable considering Feinberg's open future theory.
species2vec: A novel method for species representation

Word embeddings are omnipresent in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The same technology which defines words by their context can also define biological species. This study showcases this new method - species embedding (species2vec). By proximity sorting of 6761594 mammal observations from the whole world (2862 different species), we are able to create a training corpus for the skip-gram model. The resulting species embeddings are tested in an environmental classification task. The classifier performance confirms the utility of those embeddings in preserving the relationships between species, and also being representative of species consortia in an environment.
Citizen science: Case studies of public involvement in archaeology at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

While the citizen science concept has been around for decades, its definition remains fluid in a voluminous literature on the subject. In archaeology, where the concept has had little traction, are...
Men’s Overpersistence and the Gender Gap in Science and Mathematics:

Large and long-standing gaps exist in the gender composition of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Abundant research has sought to explain these gaps, typically focusi...
Solubility and activity of a phosphinosulfonate palladium catalyst in water with different surfactants

Water-soluble phosphinosulfonate palladium complexes were synthesized by coordination of a surfactant to the metal center. The ethylene polymerization activity of the corresponding catalyst was probed. The surfactant and pH of the solution are shown to influence the activity. A phosphated surfactant resulted in polymerization with the highest activity and stability.
Monitoring Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) Populations in the Rolling Plains of Texas: Parasitic Infection Implications

Abstract The Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is an important gamebird among hunters that has been experiencing a nationwide decline for > 50 yr. In West Texas, one of the last regions to experience this downward trend, research on bobwhite populations has focused on habitat variables and, increasingly, on parasitic infection. In bobwhite, two of the most common parasites are the caecal worm (Aulonocephalus pennula) and eyeworm (Oxyspirura petrowi). To better document the state of bobwhite populations in the Rolling Plains Ecoregion, trapping, summer rooster counts, fall covey counts, and parasitic infection assessments were conducted in three counties during 2018. These efforts were compared with previous years for a longitudinal perspective. In 2018, bobwhite populations experienced a widespread decline, although some counties surveyed fared slightly better than others. More effort was required to trap fewer total bobwhite, and fewer roosters and coveys were counted than in previous years. In addition, in 2018, parasitic infection levels of caecal and eyeworms were higher than or similar to levels in previous years. Additional research is necessary to understand which factors influence bobwhite populations in allopatric locations and over time.
Ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for patients with POEMS syndrome.

8019Background: POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome caused by an underlying plasma cell disorder. Most of the information regarding treatment has been gleaned from retrospective data. ...
Measuring Content Through Textbooks: The Cumulative Effect of Middle-School Tracking

This chapter demonstrates a method to summarise instructional materials that can be used to distinguish different types of curriculum. Using a U.S. national longitudinal sample, indices derived from textbook content coverage were used in quantitative analyses to illustrate curricular differences. Textbook data collected from mathematics teachers of public school students from grades 7 through 12 were coded to capture content and performance expectation intended by the textbooks. Different approaches were examined to quantitatively summarise the data to characterise students’ exposure to mathematics content. The results were tested against the expectation of the long-term effects of tracking in the American middle schools. By grouping students by the type of courses they took in seventh and eighth grades, different approaches to defining the “amount” of mathematics exposure in the subsequent years were compared, each capturing different characteristics of the mathematics contents represented in the textbooks. The results showed that students who enrolled in Algebra prior to ninth grade were exposed to almost three times as much of mathematics contents as students when did not take algebra in secondary school. The gap in exposure persisted when contrasting these students with other students who had algebra in high school though to a smaller extent. As it is broadly accepted that textbooks are a good reflection of the implemented curriculum in most countries and a particularly accurate reflection in the United States, the chapter concluded with an a path-analytic model showing that exposure to demanding curricular coverage in mathematics strongly predicted the mathematics achievement.
Role of water in cyclopentanone self-condensation reaction catalyzed by MCM-41 functionalized with sulfonic acid groups

Abstract Water is ubiquitous in many catalytic reactions used in the upgrading of biomass. Therefore, quantifying and controlling the influence of water in activity, selectivity, and catalyst deactivation is essential for advancing this technology. Here, we report a kinetic study of the cyclopentanone self-condensation over functionalized MCM-41 catalysts with varying acid densities and in the presence of controlled amounts of water. It is observed that small amounts of water enhance the activity of these catalysts. A detailed analysis of the experimental data indicates that the rate limiting step is the enol formed via protonation and tautomerization of a cyclopentanone molecule attacks the electrophilic carbon of a second carbonyl. On catalyst with high density of sulfonic acid groups, the best fitting of the experimental data is obtained with a kinetic model in which the C C bond forming step mostly occurs with the second carbonyl molecule adsorbed (and polarized) by an adjacent acid site (Langmuir-Hinshelwood, L-H). By contrast, at a lower density of sulfonic acid groups, the number of active sites with enough proximity greatly decreases and the C C bond forming occurs with the second carbonyl in the liquid phase (Eley-Rideal, E-R). In this case, it is observed that when water is added to the reaction mixture, the best description of the kinetics switches from E-R to L-H. Evidently, the water can help bridging active sites remotely located on the surface, extending the polarizing effect of the second acid site.
Palliative Wound Care: Less Is More

Palliative wound care is a philosophy of wound management that prioritizes comfort over healing and attends to the emotional distress these wounds can cause. Intervention strategies focus on management of symptoms such as pain, odor, bleeding, and exudate. Historic treatments such as honey, chlorine, and vinegar have gained renewed interest, and although well suited to the palliative setting, there is an increasing amount of research exploring their efficacy in other contexts. The lived experience of patients and caregivers facing these wounds is often stressful and isolating, and any treatment plan must address these issues along with the physical aspects of care.
Targeted mobilization of Lrig1+ gastric epithelial stem cell populations by a carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion system.

Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis is the strongest risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma, a malignancy preceded by a series of well-defined histological stages, including metaplasia. One microbial constituent that augments cancer risk is the cag type 4 secretion system (T4SS), which translocates the oncoprotein CagA into host cells. Aberrant stem cell activation is linked to carcinogenesis, and Lrig1 (leucine-rich repeats and Ig-like domains 1) marks a distinct population of progenitor cells. We investigated whether microbial effectors with carcinogenic potential influence Lrig1 progenitor cells ex vivo and via lineage expansion within H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Lineage tracing was induced in Lrig1-CreERT2/+;R26R-YFP/+ (Lrig1/YFP) mice that were uninfected or subsequently infected with cag+H. pylori or an isogenic cagE− mutant (nonfunctional T4SS). In contrast to infection with wild-type (WT) H. pylori for 2 wk, infection for 8 wk resulted in significantly increased inflammation and proliferation in the corpus and antrum compared with uninfected or mice infected with the cagE− mutant. WT H. pylori-infected mice harbored significantly higher numbers of Lrig1/YFP epithelial cells that coexpressed UEA1 (surface cell marker). The number of cells coexpressing intrinsic factor (chief cell marker), YFP (lineage marker), and GSII lectin (spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia marker) were increased only by WT H. pylori. In human samples, Lrig1 expression was significantly increased in lesions with premalignant potential compared with normal mucosa or nonatrophic gastritis. In conclusion, chronic H. pylori infection stimulates Lrig1-expressing progenitor cells in a cag-dependent manner, and these reprogrammed cells give rise to a full spectrum of differentiated cells.
MoTe2 Based Electro-optic Modulator on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

Here we have demonstrated MoTe2 based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) on Silicon photonics in plasmonic mode by placing 2D heterostructures on top of Si photonic chip by using our 2D printer technique.
Perioperative adverse events in women over age 65 undergoing robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy

Pelvic floor disorders are common among and disproportionately affect older women. There are limited data regarding perioperative adverse events in older women undergoing robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy (RASC) specifically. The aim of this study was to compare the rate of perioperative adverse events in younger (age 65 years) women who underwent RASC. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women who underwent RASC between 2013 and 2018. Postoperative adverse events were categorized according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Our primary outcome was the rate of intraoperative adverse events and postoperative adverse events with Clavien–Dindo grade II or greater. Outcomes were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis. Of the 327 patients included in the study, 227 were <65 years of age and 100 were ≥65 years of age. Women ≥65 years of age had higher rates of hypertension, higher American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class, and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores compared with women <65 years of age; these were not associated with increased likelihood of adverse events. The overall rate of any perioperative adverse event was 18.3%. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall rate of perioperative adverse events between younger and older women (18.5% vs 18.0%, p = 0.91). There is no difference in rate of adverse events between women ≥65 years of age undergoing RASC and their younger counterparts.
Assessing the Continuation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists When Weight and HBA1C Are Not Reduced

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1) reportedly lower HbA1c and promote weight reduction and improve cardiovascular outcomes. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the...
Use of isotonic contrast solution in the artificial urinary sphincter does not impact device longevity.

Aims The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), the gold standard for treatment of male stress urinary incontinence, can be filled with normal saline (NS) or isotonic contrast solution. Surgeons have voiced concerns about the impact on device malfunction and longevity, but no studies address this issue. We used industry data to identify differences in outcomes between NS and contrast-filled AUS. Methods Our analysis included all men patients in the industry who maintained the AUS database (Boston Scientific) from 2001 to 2016. Patients were divided into two groups: AUS filled with NS or contrast. Patient demographics and device characteristics were compared. Device survival was defined as time to the need for reoperation. We compared device survival between AUS filled with NS versus contrast using a Kaplan-Meier curve adjusted for age, cuff size, and pressure regulating balloon (PRB) size. Results A total of 39,363 patients were included. 34,674 (88.1%) devices were filled with NS. The reoperation rate overall was 24.5%, with no difference between groups. The mean time to reoperation overall was 3 years (±3.0). After adjustment for age, cuff size, and PRB size, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a similar time to reoperation between the two groups. Conclusion The use of contrast in the AUS does not appear to change rates of the device malfunction, fluid loss, or need for reoperation. Since filling the device with contrast does not appear inferior to saline in terms of longevity, we feel this should be considered a safe tool for the implanting surgeon.
Simultaneous Thermo-Magnetorheological Response of Magnetorheological Fluids: Effect of Concentration and Composition

The rheological behavior of magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) is greatly influenced by many key parameters such as concentration, composition, temperature, and magnetic field. As magnetic particles are dispersed in a non-magnetic liquid, MRFs exhibit an increase in viscosity with increasing magnetic fields due to the formation of chain-like structures. However, this viscosity change has often been studied as a function of any one or two of the key parameters. Herein, we studied the simultaneous effect of temperature, magnetic field, concentration of dispersed phase, and MRF composition on the viscosity of MRFs. Understanding the simultaneous effect of tunable parameters such as temperature and magnetic field allows for optimization of MRF performance and enhanced viscosity in commercial applications. Rheological experiments were performed on MRFs over a wide range of temperatures (15–65 °C) under magnetic fields between 0.1 and 1 T. The thermo-magnetorheological response was also studied with varying magnetic particle concentration (1 vol%–25 vol%) and MRF composition (both dispersed phase and carrier liquid). The results demonstrated a strong influence of magnetic particle composition and concentration on the MRF viscosity along with temperature while the carrier liquid composition had relatively negligible influence.
Visconti–Delbrück Hypothesis

In 1953, Max Delbruck and Nicoli Visconti proposed that bacteriophages infecting the same cell ‘mated’ with each other pairwise and repeatedly, with their chromosomes undergoing break–join recombination. Although the model successfully rationalized phage-linkage data, it was subsequently shown to be wrong in essentially every respect.
An enzymatic assay for detection of viral entry.

This unit describes a viral entry assay where a beta-lactamase reporter protein fused to the matrix protein of either influenza (BlaM1) or ebola virus (BlaVP40) is packaged as a structural component into virus-like particles (VLPs). The Bla reporter is released upon fusion with target cells and can be detected in live cells by flow cytometry, microscopy, or a fluorometric plate reader for utility in high-throughput screening approaches. The transfer of Bla to a target cell by BlaM1 or BlaVP40 VLPs requires the presence of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) or EboV glycoprotein (GP), respectively. This straightforward assay has broad application for studying the entry steps of enveloped viruses, especially those that require high levels of biosafety containment. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 51:26.12.1-26.12.10. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: virus entry; influenza virus; ebola virus; Marburg virus; flow cytometry; microscopy
Evidence-Based Medicine for Neurosurgeons: Introduction and Methodology

Evidence-based medicine is a tool of considerable value for medicine and neurosurgery that provides a secure base for clinical practice and practice improvement, but is not without inherent drawback
Studies on the Thermophilic Actinomycetes: I. Methods of Cultivation

A total of 1,000 isolates of thermophilic actinomycetes representing two genera, Streptomyces and Thermoactinomyces, were studied. Media for cultivation and for physiological studies were designed. Differences between the two genera are noted and taxonomic criteria for the genus Thermoactinomyces are suggested. The importance of the nutritional environment to the thermophilic habit is noted.
Modeling of the input-interface between an assistive device and an individual with disabilities

Discusses the potential development and use of mathematical models in the design of assistive devices for individuals with disabilities. The man-machine or input interface between an individual with a disability and an assistive device was explored and modeled. An empirical lumped model used in the design of aircraft and automotive control systems was examined as an approach to the input-interface model. Advantages of this type of model along with an example of its application to a set of experimental data are discussed. Limitations of the present model, other types of models, and future directions as applied to rehabilitation engineering design are presented. In conclusion, the ability to utilize models in rehabilitation design can aid in the design process resulting in better, more efficient devices.
Praxisabstecher zur Einstimmung

Zunachst einige Lebensbeispiele, in denen wir auf Computer treffen. Wir arbeiten mit ihnen und fur sie oder sie wollen etwas von uns. Ich schreibe aus dem Alltag, wie Computer eben sind. Es sind nicht die Computer, die wir uns am Ende des Buches idealerweise vorstellen konnen. Es folgen Beispiele, wie wir Menschen auf Technik und Ahnliches verschieden reagieren. Daraus ergibt sich spater im Buch die Forderung nach Verschiedenbehandlung.
D″ discontinuity structure beneath the North Atlantic from Scd observations

We analyzed transverse and radial component recordings from the 2010 M6.3 southern Spain earthquake (depth = 620 km) recorded on 370 broadband stations in North America. We grouped these seismograms into subarrays and applied fourth root vespa processing (vespagram analysis) in order to enhance low-amplitude arrivals. These vespagrams show clear Scd arrivals which indicate the existence of the D″ discontinuity beneath the North Atlantic Ocean (45–60°N, 45–55°W). These observations are best fit with a +2–4% velocity increase at the top of the D″ discontinuity at a height above the core-mantle boundary of 304 ± 14 km. We do not observe Scd arrivals at the eastern end of our study region which is consistent with the presence of the easternmost edge of the ancient Farallon plate.
Neuropsychologic Impairment in Children With Sickle Cell Anemia

In this study, the neuropsychologic functioning of 21 children with sickle cell anemia and 21 sibling controls, age range 7 through 16 years, with no history of neurologic disease, was examined. Outcome measures included tests of intelligence, constructional praxis, memory, and academic learning. On the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, the sickle cell group had a mean Full Scale IQ of 77.7 (SD 12.4) compared with 94.3 (SD 11.0) for the control group. The profile of test scores was similar for the two groups, with the sickle cell group scoring significantly lower than the control group on almost all cognitive measures. Both groups showed academic achievement to be commensurate with their measured intellectual ability. These results suggest that subtle but significant and widespread neuropsychologic deficits are associated with sickle cell anemia even in the absence of neurologic complications. When and by what process this neuropsychologic impairment is caused needs to be determined.
Stoffbilder: On Capitalist Realisms

This essay critically examines the exhibition Leben mit Pop: Eine Reproduktion des Kapitalistischen Realismus, which was first staged in 2013 at the Kunsthalle Dusseldorf. This exhibition surveyed ...
Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women’s sexual scripts

The development of a sexual self is based in an understanding of the messages and meanings an individual is given about sexual roles and behaviors. To understand how meanings become scripts unique to adolescent African American women’s experiences, it is important to look at how their images have been framed within a racialized and sexualized sociohistorical context. The remnants of the foundational Jezebel, Mammy, Matriarch, and Welfare. Mother images of African American womanhood remain today, as exemplified by similar, yet more sexually explicit scripts that include the Freak, Gold Digger, Diva, and Dyke. This paper explores the sociohistorical development of current sexual scripts for African American female adolescents through an interpretation of Hip Hop culture documents, and the available empirical research. The relevance of these current sexual scripts to sexual identity development, sexual risk-taking behaviors, and interpersonal relationship dynamics are also addressed.
Rice farming and pottery production among the Kalinga: New ethnoarchaeological data from the Philippines

Abstract We seek to expand ceramic ethnoarchaeology by factoring in subsistence behaviors in a holistic approach to household economies. With never before published data from the Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Project, we analyze the relationship between household rice farming and pottery exchange in Dangtalan from 1975 to 1976. We show that inequalities in rice landholdings and yields were ameliorated through household exchange of pottery. Households with the highest rice productivities (rice yield divided by field area) received pots from households with lower productivities. There is a clear inverse relationship between household investment in rice farming and ceramic exchange to other community households. By tracing out the exchange networks, we find that village divisions have influence on who exchanges with whom. The fact that women manage a household’s pottery production and rice farming and that village divisions play a role in the socialization of young men suggests that subsistence and craft production cross-cut gendered cultural traditions. This pattern may be the product of a complex-adaptive system undergoing change.