cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pet in child psychiatry: The risks and benefits of studying normal healthy children monique ernst ☆

Abstract 1. 1. Inclusion of children, particularly healthy control children, is a continuing debate. 2. 2. Why involve children in PET research? The assumption is that the knowledge gained from such studies is critical for the advance of prevention and treatment of psychiatric illnesses. 3. 3. What are the risks of PET procedures? Radiation exposure poses the most difficult problem. The assessment of this risk needs to separate the emotional reaction at the mention of “radiation” from the consideration of objective data of large studies of health hazards associated with low-level radiation exposure. 4. 4. The assessment of the benefit/risk ratio is critical to the conduct of research, and requires the evaluation of risks according to the ambiguous definition of “minimal risk”.
A Nationwide Survey of Practicing Urologists: Current Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: Our aim was to define the spectrum of urological care for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and clinically localized prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: In 1995 a random sample of 394 American urologists was surveyed with a response rate of 67%.Results: Respondents reported seeing a median of 240 BPH patients during the preceding 12 months, and they had prescribed alpha-blockers for 70 and finasteride for 15. They had performed a median of 25 transurethral prostatectomies but few other operations for BPH. Almost all urologists routinely used digital rectal examinations and prostate specific antigen tests for BPH diagnosis. The next most common studies were American Urological Association symptom scores and uroflowmetry. Pressure-flow studies were rarely done. Respondents reported seeing a median of 35 new patients with prostate cancer during the last year, and performing a median of 90 prostate biopsies and 13 radical prostatectomies. Respondents had referred a median of 10 patients f...
Genetic variation within Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) and Littorina neglecta bean: is L. neglecta a good species?

Genetic variation was compared within- and between-samples of Littorina saxatilis and L. neglecta from five geographic regions of western Europe (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Isle of Man and Anglesey). The variation at five highly polymorphic enzymes (Aat-1, Pgm-1, Pgi, Mpi and Np) were revealed in samples from eleven vertical transects extending upshore from the barnacle zone to the upper littoral fringe. Both morphological types, L. saxatilis and L. neglecta, were present in all geographic regions except in Sweden.
Interscalene brachial plexus block anesthesia for the modified Bristow procedure

Administration of local anesthetic agents into the in terscalene space usually provides adequate anesthe sia for surgical procedures on the glenohumeral joint. The anatomic basis and anesthetic technique of inter scalene brachial plexus block are described. A retro spective evaluation of 65 modified Bristow procedures is presented, in which 46 procedures performed under this form of regional anesthesia were compared with the 19 that had primary administration of general anesthesia. Those patients who had regional anesthe sia had, on the average, a shorter hospital stay, sig nificantly less blood loss, and presumably the advan tages of local anesthesia. It is suggested that inter scalene brachial plexus block be considered as a viable alternative to general anesthesia for the modi fied Bristow procedure.
Time-resolved phosphorescence anisotropy and photobleaching recovery characterization of protein aggregation induced by paraformaldehyde fixation of cells

Antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules can be enhanced by paraformaldehyde fixation of antigen-presenting cells prior to assay. This treatment might be expected to aggregate membrane proteins and thus stabilize and strengthen transient protein-protein interactions involved in intercellular cooperation. Rotational and lateral dynamics of the MHC class II antigen I-A d on A20 cells fixed with various concentrations of paraformaldehyde were examined by time- resolved phosphorescence anisotropy and fluorescence photobleaching recovery, respectively. Probes were erythrosin and tetramethylrhodamine conjugates of MKD6 Fab fragments. Increasing concentrations of paraformaldehyde progressively increased I-A d 's limiting anisotropy at 4 degrees Celsius above the value of 0.042 seen in untreated cells while leaving the rotational correlation time of 22 microsecond unchanged. On the other hand, translational diffusion coefficients decreased from about 2 X 10 -10 cm 2 sec -1 while recovery remained unchanged at 40 - 50%. Together these results suggest that fixation crosslinks class II molecules with each other or with other membrane proteins into structures large enough (greater than 500,000 kDa) to appear rotationally immobile but small enough to diffuse translationally with size-dependent rates. Fixation effects on both class II rotation and lateral diffusion are half-maximal at paraformaldehyde concentrations of approximately 0.2%. Possible relations between biology of class II effector functions and physical sizes of fixation-induced aggregates are discussed.
NUCLEAR REACTIONS RESULTING FROM THE PROTON BOMBARDMENT OF ALUMINUM

The energy dependence of reaction product yields from aluminum bombarded by protons has been measured in the energy range from 1.4 Mev to 4 Mev with fairly high energy resolution. Yield curves are shown for elastically scattered protons, alpha-particles (both full energy and those leaving the residual nucleus ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{24}$ in the first excited state), gamma-radiation, and, over a limited range, inelastically scattered protons leaving the residual nucleus ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ in the first two excited states. The gamma-ray yield at proton energies above 2 Mev is shown to be principally from the excited residual nuclei. All reactions show a pronounced resonance structure.
Influence of Structural and Topological Constraints on the Crystallization and Melting Behavior of Polymers. 2. Poly(arylene ether ether ketone)

The secondary crystallization and its influence on the glass transition are studied as a function of crystallization temperature and time by differential scanning calorimetry for PEEK. The multiple melting behavior resulting from isothermal annealing from the glass or crystallization from the melt is discussed in the context of models considering either a melting−recrystallization−remelting process or a bimodal population of primary and secondary crystals. The heating rate dependence of the multiple melting behavior indicates that reorganization of primary crystals occurs during heating for samples annealed from the glassy state but is insignificant for those crystallized from the melt. For either mode of crystallization, the high- and low-temperature endothermic regions are associated with the melting of primary and secondary crystals, respectively. Investigations of the low endotherm transition temperature and heat of fusion as a function of crystallization time and temperature lead to the following con...
Nonengraftment haploidentical cellular immunotherapy for refractory malignancies: tumor responses without chimerism.

Abstract Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation relies on immunosuppression, which controls graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and allows engraftment at the expense of diminished graft versus-tumor (GVT) activity. Advances in hematologic transplantation have prompted the development of effective, less-toxic regimens that attempt to balance GVH and GVT immunoreactions. We analyzed the safety and efficacy of haploidentical transplantation in a Phase I/II nonimmunosuppressive, nonmyeloablative setting. A total of 41 patients with relapsed refractory cancer received 100 cGy of total body irradiation (TBI), along with an infusion of 1 × 106 to 2 × 108 CD3+ cells/kg; 29 patients received the highest dose. A postinfusional cellular graft rejection syndrome resembling engraftment syndrome was noted at the 2 highest CD3+ infusion cohorts. There were 26 patients with hematologic malignancies with 14 responses, 9 of which were major. Two of 6 patients with lymphoma remained free of disease at 76 months and 82 months, respectively; there were 5 durable complete responses and 4 partial responses in 13 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). All responses occurred outside of donor chimerism. TBI at 100 cGy followed by HLA-haploidentical immunotherapy is a biologically active therapy for patients with refractory AML and lymphoma. Possible mechanisms contributing to its effectiveness include initial GVT kill, breaking of host tolerance to tumor through cross-reactive alloreactive responses, persistent nondetectable microchimerism, or some combination of these.
Imperfection for Realistic Image Synthesis

Creating objects with surface imperfections is accomplished through texture specification and generation techniques. Based on fractal subdivision techniques and relatively simple distribution models, a wide class of surface imperfections may be generated, combined and rendered. The surface effects include scratches, splotches, smudges, corrosion, mould, stains and rust. A rule-based system is used to position the various surface imperfections on the texture map, and a simple natural language interface is used to specify the kinds of imperfections and their generative parameters through adverbs and prepositional phrases. Results along some of the imperfection dimensions are illustrated.
Ecological observations on the colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. in a New England tide pool habitat

Abstract The colonial ascidian Didemnum sp. has colonized northwestern Atlantic coastal habitats from southern Long Island, New York, to Eastport, Maine. It is also present in offshore habitats of the Georges Bank fishing grounds. It threatens to alter fisheries habitats and shellfish aquacultures. Observations in a tide pool at Sandwich, MA from December 2003 to February 2006 show that Didemnum sp. tolerates water temperatures ranging from ≤ 1 to > 24°C, with daily changes of up to 11 °C. It attaches to pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, and it overgrows other tunicates, seaweeds, sponges, and bivalves. From May to mid July, colonies appear as small patches on the bottoms of rocks. Colonies grow rapidly from July to September, with some growth into December, and they range in color from pink to pale yellow to pale orange. Colony health declines from October through April, presumably in response to changes in water temperatures, and this degenerative process is manifested by color changes, by the appearance of small dark brown spots that represent clumps of fecal pellets in the colony, by scavenging by periwinkles, and by a peeling-away of colonies from the sides of cobbles and boulders. At Sandwich, colonies died that were exposed to air at low tide. The species does not exhibit this seasonal cycle of growth and decline in subtidal habitats (40–65 m) on the Georges Bank fishing grounds where the daily climate is relatively stable and annual water temperatures range from 4 to 15 °C. Experiments in the tide pool with small colony fragments (5 to 9 cm2) show they re-attach and grow rapidly by asexual budding, increasing in size 6- to 11-fold in the first 15 days. Didemnum sp. at Sandwich has no known predators except for common periwinkles (Littorina littorea) that graze on degenerating colonies in the October to April time period and whenever colonies are stressed by desiccation. The tendencies of the ascidian (1) to attach to firm substrates, (2) to rapidly overgrow other species, (3) to tolerate a wide temperature range, (4) to be free from predation, and (5) to spread by colony fragmentation combine to make it a potential threat to benthic marine habitats and aquacultures. Didemnum sp. is known to overgrow mussels, oysters, and sea scallops, and it likely envelops other bivalves too.
Effect of some citrus juice constituents on taste thresholds for limonin and naringin bitterness

A panel of 20 to 27 screened judges was used to determine the threshold of pure limonin and naringin in distilled water, sucrose solutions, citric acid solutions adjusted to various pH values and in citrus juice model systems. Thresholds in distilled water were 1 and 20 mg/l for limonin and naringin, respectively. Sucrose, citric acid and combinations of these constituents in a model system increased the threshold of limonin and naringin several fold. The highest thresholds were obtained at low pH values in the absence of sugar. In a 1.2% citric acid solution containing 5% sucrose, 2.5% dextrose and 2.5% fructose the maximum limonin threshold of 11 mg/kg was obtained at pH 3.8. The maximum difference threshold for limonin in orange juice was 6.5 mg/kg and also occurred at pH 3.8. The optimum pH for limonin bitterness suppression (maximum threshold) was 3.8 in both model systems and natural orange juice. Thresholds on either side of this value were lower and limonin bitterness was more noticeable. No pH optimum was observed for naringin threshold in model systems. Individual thresholds showed a wide range of sensitivity to both limonin and naringin bitterness.
Local structure of La1-xSrxCoO3 determined from EXAFS and neutron pair distribution function studies.

The combined local structure techniques, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and neutron pair distribution function analysis, have been used for temperatures 4<= T<= 330 K to rule out a large Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion of the Co-O bond in La1?xSrxCoO3 for a significant fraction of Co sites (x<= 0.35), indicating few, if any, JT-active, singly occupied eg Co sites exist.
Lunar Occultation of 3C 132

Diameter and position of radio source 3C 132 determined by lunar occultation, confirming identification with red galaxy
Endocarditis due to Eikenella Corrodens in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia

A patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia in relapse and bacterial endocarditis due to Eikenella corrodens is described. After appropriate treatment was instituted, blood cultures became negative, but the patient died of intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to thrombocytopenia. The role of Eikenella corrodens as a pathogenic bacterium in immunocompromised hosts is described.
The elusive baseline of marine disease: are diseases in ocean ecosystems increasing?

Disease outbreaks alter the structure and function of marine ecosystems, directly affecting vertebrates (mammals, turtles, fish), invertebrates (corals, crustaceans, echinoderms), and plants (seagrasses). Previous studies suggest a recent increase in marine disease. However, lack of baseline data in most communities prevents a direct test of this hypothesis. We developed a proxy to evaluate a prediction of the increasing disease hypothesis: the proportion of scientific publications reporting disease increased in recent decades. This represents, to our knowledge, the first quantitative use of normalized trends in the literature to investigate an ecological hypothesis. We searched a literature database for reports of parasites and disease (hereafter “disease”) in nine marine taxonomic groups from 1970 to 2001. Reports, normalized for research effort, increased in turtles, corals, mammals, urchins, and molluscs. No significant trends were detected for seagrasses, decapods, or sharks/rays (though disease occurred in these groups). Counter to the prediction, disease reports decreased in fishes. Formulating effective resource management policy requires understanding the basis and timing of marine disease events. Why disease outbreaks increased in some groups but not in others should be a priority for future investigation. The increase in several groups lends urgency to understanding disease dynamics, particularly since few viable options currently exist to mitigate disease in the oceans.
Adaptive Backstepping Design for a Longitudinal UAV Model Utilizing a Fully Tuned Growing Radial Basis Function Network

Classical Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network controller designs typically fix the number of basis functions and tune only the weights. In this paper we present a backstepping neural network controller algorithm in which all RBF parameters, including centers, variances and weight matrices are tuned online. By using a Lyapunov approach, tuning rules for updating the RBF parameters are derived and a stability and robustness analysis is presented. Additionally, we incorporate the ability to append RBF neurons such that both tracking performance and computational cost can be optimized. The condition for adding a neuron is based on a sliding RMS error window. In addition to the theoretical results, we present the controller implemented in several simulations of an auto landing sequence for a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) model.
Antibiotic administration in patients undergoing common surgical procedures in a community teaching hospital: the chaos continues.

The influence of recently published guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society (SIS) on current surgical practice are not well documented. The appropriateness of antibiotic administration in a cohort of surgical patients undergoing elective and emergency surgery in a department of surgery in an urban, community-based, private, 560-bed teaching hospital was retrospectively reviewed. The following were the criteria defining administration as appropriate as modified from SIS guidelines: Prophylactic use: (1) started prior to operation; (2) spectrum appropriate to the specific operation; (3) duration ≤ 24 hours. Therapeutic use: (1) started prior to operation; (2) spectrum appropriate to pathology; (3) Duration ≤ 24 hours for contamination or “resectable” infection and ≤ 5 days for established infection in the absence of clinical evidence of persisting infection. Any switchover from an appropriate agent to another appropriate or inappropriate agent in the same patient in the absence of microbiologic or clinical indication was considered inappropriate administration. We reviewed the charts of 211 randomly selected patients who underwent elective (n= 132) or emergency (n= 79) procedures during 1996. The operations included gastrectomy (n= 22), appendectomy (n= 27), open (n= 5) or laparoscopic (n= 27) cholecystectomy, colectomy (n= 28), hysterectomy (n= 8), laparotomy for intestinal obstruction (n= 11), mastectomy (n= 26), and ventral hernia repair (n= 37). A total of 17 antibiotics were used for prophylaxis and 21 for therapy. In 156 patients (74%) the administration was considered inappropriate. Eight patients in the inappropriate group developed diarrhea (two cases of Clostridium difficile-induced colitis) compared to two cases of diarrhea in the appropriate group (nonsignificant). The average duration of administration after elective and emergency operations was 3.3 and 5.7 days, respectively. The total expense for excessive duration of administration was $18,533. Many surgeons are not familiar with the spectrum of antimicrobials and often do not distinguish between prophylactic and therapeutic administration. Antibiotic usage in current surgical practice is often inappropriate, excessive, and chaotic.
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Using Si Microwire Arrays

Arrays of B-doped p-Si microwires, diffusion-doped with P to form a radial n+ emitter and subsequently coated with a 1.5-nm-thick discontinuous film of evaporated Pt, were used as photocathodes for H2 evolution from water. These electrodes yielded thermodynamically based energy-conversion efficiencies >5% under 1 sun solar simulation, despite absorbing less than 50% of the above-band-gap incident photons. Analogous p-Si wire-array electrodes yielded efficiencies <0.2%, largely limited by the low photovoltage generated at the p-Si/H2O junction.
Overcoming Remoteness in CME Videoteleconferencing: "I Want My MD TV.".

Videoteleconferencing in continuing medical education (CME) is here to stay. In the growing health care climate, with increased mergers of institutions and facilities, education's reliance on this medium promises to grow. This project summary describes one large metropolitan institution's effort to improve the commitment to, use in, and effectiveness of videoteleconferencing in its multisite delivery of CME programs. The institution is a nationally renowned interdisciplinary teaching and research hospital health center, with more than 1000 beds. The medical staff numbers more than 1100. The CME program, accredited by the Medical Society of the State of New York, sponsors more than 44 activities a year, awarding over 13,000 certified category 1 CME credits and serving a combined total of over 806 participating MDs and DOs. A study team comprised of the Medical Board Education Committee's Chair-director of CME, an adult education consultant-professor of adult education, and a visual literacy consultant undertook a year-long qualitative research project to explore issues, unearth dilemmas in practice, and generate recommendations for future policy and practice related to videoteleconferencing. The primary objective was to derive strategies for enhancing the educational effectiveness and community building potential of videoteleconferencing at the hospital-health center.
Aging of central endocrine neurons and their aminergic afferents

Abstract Characteristics of central endocrine neurons and their catecholaminergic afferent innervation patterns during the aging process were examined in the Fischer 344 rat using a combined histofluorescence-immunocytochemical approach. Staining of peptidergic target neurons remained strong and largely unchanged with age for neurophysin, LHRH and somatostatin-containing perikarya. A sharp decline was seen in the noradrenergic innervation patterns of the supraoptic nucleus; as much as a 50% drop in varicosity-perikaryal juxtapositions occured with age. This terminal field decline was paralleled by similar changes in LHRH and somatostatin staining of fibers in the median eminence. An hypothesis that target neuron peptide may be essential for the maintenance of catecholaminergic afferent fibers was tested in the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat wherein catecholamine fiber density appeared reduced in the vasopressin deficient portions of the supraoptic nucleus.
On the use of better measured proxies in regression analysis

Abstract Improving the measurement of mismeasured regressors may cause the inconsistency in least-square coefficient estimators to rise. An explanation for this result is provided and a more comprehensive summary of the data that is free of this problem is proposed.
Street Harassment: The Language of Sexual Terrorism:

In this article I analyze the social meanings of men's public harassment of women unknown to them. I consider various interpretations of street harassment, such as the harmless girl-watching some men claim to engage in or the invasions of privacy many women perceive in such behavior. Next I discuss multiple social functions of such harassment, and argue that all of these functions can be seen to work together to produce an environment of sexual terrorism. I also include a brief discussion of the importance of women naming their experiences of street harassment and suggestions for future communication research on this and other social issues of concern to women.
Risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus requiring treatment in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of possible modifiable risk factors, including obesity, physical activity level, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and thiazide diuretic use with the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) requiring treatment among a large cohort of community-dwelling elderly. SETTING: The East Boston Senior Health Project, one of four components of the National Institute on Aging-sponsored Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (EPESE). PARTICIPANTS: Residents of East Boston who were 65 years of age or older. MEASUREMENTS: We performed a prospective cohort study with follow-up over two consecutive 3-year time periods beginning in 1982–1983. The main outcome measure was the occurrence of NIDDM, defined as new treatment with a hypoglycemic agent. A total of 2737 study participants contributed 4682 3-year intervals for analysis. MAIN RESULTS: NIDDM requiring hypoglycemic therapy occurred in 185 participants over the duration of the study. High body mass index (>26 kg/m22) (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.3–4.4) and low physical activity level (adjusted odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.0–2.1) were significant predictors of NIDDM in a multiple logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, blood pressure, and self-report of “high blood sugar”; moderate alcohol consumption (0.5-< l ounce per day) had an inverse relation to NIDDM of borderline significance (adjusted odds ratio 0.4, 95% confidence interval 0.2–1.0). Those receiving one or more non-thiazide antihypertensive agents had a higher risk of developing NIDDM in a model including age, sex, body mass index, various antihypertensive regimens, physical activity level, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and self-report of “high blood sugar.” Thiazide diuretic therapy alone or in combination with another antihypertensive was not associated with NIDDM. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a positive relationship of obesity and low physical activity level with the development of NIDDM requiring treatment in elderly persons. The inverse association of borderline significance between moderate alcohol use and NIDDM deserves further study. Thiazide diuretic therapy conferred no excess risk for developing NIDDM in this older population although selection factors in the choice of antihypertensive therapy may partially explain the absence of a thiazide effect.
Nanoscale elastic imaging of micro-electro-mechanical system based micromirrors

We present measurements of the nanoscale elastic properties of hinge structures supporting micro-mirror arrays using a new characterization technique called Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM). This technique is based on Atomic Force Microscopy with ultrasonic excitation which provides a means of testing the elastic response at MHz frequencies. The simultaneous recording of topography with elastic imaging allows the elimination of any artifacts. In this report, we demonstrate that UFM can achieve nano-scale elastic resolution to reveal mechanical stress induced changes as well as process induced material fatigue in the micro-mirror devices. The main aim of this study is polysilicon-based hinge structures that support the micro-mirror because they show the highest stress during mirror switching. Our results indicate that no significant structural and mechanical change of the polysilicon-based hinge support structure occurs even after more than 1,000,000,000 switching cycles. This method offers a non-destructive way to perform reliability characterization on MEMS devices. This technique developed will offer new opportunities for the evaluation of structural and mechanical integrity of MEMS devices.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Startle epileptic seizures: Clinical and imaging findings

Abstract Twenty-six cases of startle epileptic seizures (SES) were studied. The mean age at seizure onset was 5.1 years, with six patients starting immediately after birth. Severe brain damage was observed in 17 patients (65%). Epilepsy was severe and intractable in 21 patients (80.7%). Imaging studies (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) were abnormal in 17 cases, although no single pattern of lesion was found. Most of these patients had large brain lesions, either unilateral (n = 7) or bilateral (n = 10). The corpus callosum was affected in five cases (19.2%). We conclude that SES is a heterogeneous entity that could be associated with different types of seizures and epilepsies. SES is more frequently associated with severe brain damage and intractable epilepsy. No clear-cut imaging pattern was found in association with SES.
Productive and Unproductive Labor and Marx's Theory of Class:

This paper attempts to clarify some of the confusion surrounding Marx's discussion of productive and un productive labor. It begins with a brief exposition of Marx's definitions of these concepts a...
Frequency conversion interface to the telecom band via four-wave mixing Bragg scattering in a silicon nitride chip

We demonstrate frequency upconversion and downconversion of photons between the 980 nm and 1550 nm bands using four-wave-mixing Bragg scattering in a chip-scale silicon nitride waveguide.
Making a technopolis in Hyderabad, India: The role of government IT policy

Abstract This paper studies the unusual growth of the information technology (IT) industry in the Indian city of Hyderabad during the last 15 years. It examines the high-technology industry in Hyderabad using registration data from the Software Technology Park (STP) of India and the state's IT policies meant to enhance the growth of regional industry. The paper outlines factors that are required for sustained growth of IT regions and evaluates the Hyderabad IT industry and the state government's IT policy against them.
Outcomes of Knowledge Management Initiatives

Establishing criteria for knowledge management (KM) is important because criteria help to establish a basis for assessing the value and evaluating its results. Literature review has revealed that widely accepted criteria and performance measures have not been developed for KM. Delphi Technique and survey-based research, using a questionnaire targeting KM professionals as respondents, were aimed at establishing criteria for assessing KM success for different types of organizations. The results show what organizations consider important outcomes of a KM initiative. Contributions from this research effort should support government, non-profit, and for-profit organizations in making decisions about KM initiatives and measuring KM efforts. Future research efforts can focus on developing these KM outcomes into detailed measures.
Spatial and temporal control of surfactant systems

This paper reviews some recent progress on approaches leading to spatial and temporal control of surfactant systems. The approaches revolve around the use of redox-active and light-sensitive surfactants. Perspectives are presented on experiments that have realized approaches for active control of interfacial properties of aqueous surfactant systems, reversible control of microstructures and nanostructures formed within bulk solutions, and in situ manipulation of the interactions of surfactants with polymers, DNA and proteins. A particular focus of this review is devoted to studies of amphiphiles that contain the redox-active group ferrocene - reversible control of the oxidation state of ferrocene leads to changes in the charge/hydrophobicity of these amphiphiles, resulting in substantial changes in their self-assembly. Light-sensitive surfactants containing azobenzene, which undergo changes in shape/polarity upon illumination with light, are a second focus of this review. Examples of both redox-active and light-sensitive surfactants that lead to large (>20mN/m) and spatially localized ( approximately mm) changes in surface tensions on a time scale of seconds are presented. Systems that permit reversible transformations of bulk solution nanostructures - such as micelle-to-vesicle transitions or monomer-to-micelle transitions - are also described. The broad potential utility of these emerging classes of amphiphiles are illustrated by the ability to drive changes in functional properties of surfactant systems, such as rheological properties and reversible solubilization of oils, as well as the ability to control interactions of surfactants with biomolecules to modulate their transport into cells.
Evaporation and Viscous Flow in Triangular Grooves in Micro Heat Pipes

We develop a lubrication type model of a liquid flow in a wedge in the limit of small capillary numbers and negligible gravity. The model incorporates the effects of capillary pressure gradients and evaporation. Steady vapor-liquid interface shapes are found for a range of parameters. In the limit of weak evaporation the flow is the same in all cross-sections and can be controlled by changing the wedge angle. We find the wedge angle that results in the maximum value of the flow rate for a given contact angle. For high evaporation rates, both the flow rate and the amount of liquid in each cross-section along the wedge decrease until the point of dry-out is reached. The location of the dry-out point is studied as a function of evaporation. Practical suggestions about optimization of micro heat pipes are given.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sidewall differentiation in an alkalic magma chamber: evidence from syenite xenoliths in tuffs of the Latera caldera, Italy

Feldspathoidal and quartz-bearing syenite xenoliths in c. 235 to 155 ka tuffs surrounding the Latera caldera have textures and mineral assemblages that indicate an origin from the crystalline margins of a shallow magma chamber. This lithic suite exhibits a diversity of plutonic fabrics; unaltered, glass-bearing nodules with undeformed sanidine frameworks coexist with completely crystallized clasts, many of which show evidence of subsolidus modification. The syenites comprise eutectic mineral assemblages with high percentages of titanite, apatite, and melanite garnet as accessory minerals. Ubiquitous reaction textures in syenite accompany progressive changes in mineral assemblages, and they show the decreasing influence of limestone contamination with distance from the contact of syenite and skarn wallrock. Diagnostic mineral assemblages include nepheline rich in calcite inclusions, coexisting titanite and metamorphic perovskite, zircon with baddeleyite inclusions, fluorapatite mantled by a possible carbonate-bearing apatite (francolite), melanite garnet intergrown with clinopyroxene, and interstitial hauyne rich in pyrrhotite inclusions.At Latera, pumice fragments in the same deposit can exhibit up to ten-fold differences in vesicularity and crystal content (from 50 vol. % phenocrysts). These clasts, in conjunction with glass-bearing syenite and skarn xenoliths, may represent a range of progressively crystallized magmas that were quenched at the instant of their eruptive entrainment. The major element abundances of pumices and syenite reflect the fractionation of plagioclase and sanidine, with lesser amounts of fassaitic diopside, leucite, biotite, apatite, and alkali amphibole. Trace element ratios (e.g. Rb/Sr, Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, LREE/HREE), on the other hand, are highly variable for crystalline and pumiceous ejecta, and some element variations (e.g. Li, Ta, Nb, Th) cannot be entirely reconciled with simple crystal-liquid fractionation. The syenite clasts span a range of compositions from strongly fractionated assemblages rich in accessory minerals to compositions that more closely approximate quenched reservoir liquids. These features reflect processes that range from pure fractional crystallization to in situ crystallization where fractionated liquid was trapped in the pores of sidewall cumulates along the chamber roof and walls.
Economics at the FTC: Physician Acquisitions, Standard Essential Patents, and Accuracy of Credit Reporting

Economists at the Federal Trade Commission pursue the agency’s competition and consumer protection missions. In this year’s essay, with respect to antitrust we discuss the analysis that is used in two areas where the Commission has recently been active: physician combinations and standard essential patents. In consumer protection, we discuss the FTC’s recently released national study of the accuracy of consumer credit reports.
Isolation and partial characterization of the photochemical reaction center of Chromatium vinosum (strain D).

— –A preparation of the photochemical reaction center of Chromatiwn has been obtained by chromatography of lauryldimethylamineoxide-solubilized chromatophores on hydroxylapatite and Sepharose columns. The procedure has yielded a reaction center preparation from both carotenoid-containing and carotenoid-deficient Chromatium cells. Preliminary analysis of the isolated component indicates that the photochemical reaction center of the Thiorhodaceae is homologous to that of the Athiorhodaceae. In particular, the near infrared absorption spectrum of the Chromatium reaction center preparation shows the same triple-peaked spectrum observed for reaction center preparations from the Athiorhodaceae. The Chromatium preparation undergoes a rapid light-induced oxidation and dark reduction of the reaction center. The ratio of the reaction center to the two membrane-bound cytochromes (cytochrome c552 and c555) is greatly increased over the ratio observed in chromatophores or in other previously isolated, reaction center-enriched subchromatophore fractions of this organism.
Neighbour state transition method for VLSI optimization problems

A novel technique, called the neighbor state transition method, is introduced for solving a class of optimization problems often found in VLSI designs. The method utilizes the powerful means that have been developed for optimization in continuous space in order to solve optimization problems confined to discrete points. For two NP-hard problems, gate array placement and graph partitioning, the method produces an asymptotically global optimal solution in polynomial time. >
Level of Evidence: Does It Change the Rate of Publication and Time to Publication of American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Presentations?

Background: Presentations at the Annual Meetings of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) are often used to guide clinical practice, although many corresponding manuscripts are not published. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between level of evidence, rate of publication, and time to publication of presentations from an AAOS Annual Meeting. Methods: A comprehensive literature search for all 756 studies (288 papers and 468 posters) presented at the 2001 AAOS Annual Meeting was performed to determine which of these studies were ultimately published in the peer-reviewed literature. The corresponding AAOS abstracts were each assigned a level of evidence (LOE) with use of a consensus approach and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (JBJS)/AAOS LOE classification system. The rate of publication and mean time to publication for each LOE was then calculated and compared. Results: The overall publication rate for the 2001 AAOS paper and poster presentations was 49% after five years, and 58% after ten years. At five and ten-year intervals, respectively, 77% and 85% of Level I presentations were published; 69% and 74% of Level II presentations were published; 58% and 66% of Level III presentations were published; and 39% and 51% of Level IV presentations were published. Overall, there was a significant nonrandom difference in publication rates at both five and ten years by LOE (p values of ≤0.001). Level I and II presentations were 2.9 times more likely than Level III and IV presentations to be published after five years (95% confidence interval 1.9 to 4.5), and 2.5 times more likely to be published after ten years (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 4.0). A similar association between LOE and five and ten-year publication rates was observed for both the paper and poster subgroups. The mean time to publication was 0.9 years for Level I studies, 1.4 years for Level II studies, 2.1 years for Level III studies, and 2.7 years for Level IV studies. Conclusions: The LOE of AAOS presentations is positively related to rate of publication and inversely related to time to publication. Presentations with higher levels of evidence are published in the peer-reviewed literature at a greater and faster rate than those with lower levels of evidence.
An Intervention Based on Schachter’s Externality Theory for Overweight Children: The Regulation of Cues Pilot

Objective This study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of an intervention based on Schachter’s externality theory; the Regulation of Cues (ROC) program. Methods 44 overweight and obese 8–12-year-old children and their parents were randomly assigned to a 4-month ROC program or the control group. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and 4 months posttreatment and included acceptability and feasibility, body weight, and eating behaviors. Results The ROC program had moderate to high acceptability ratings. Significant improvements were found for the ROC group compared with the control group on child food responsiveness at posttreatment and eating in the absence of hunger at 4 months posttreatment. Improvements were seen for the ROC group compared with the control group on body weight measures and food responsiveness, although these only approached significance. Conclusion The ROC intervention may be useful with overweight and obese children. Larger, fully powered studies are needed to further evaluate the efficacy of this model.
Does hybridization between divergent progenitors drive whole‐genome duplication?

Hybridization and whole-genome duplication are both potential mechanisms of rapid speciation which sometimes act in concert. Recent surveys, showing that homoploid hybrid species tend to be derived from parents that are less evolutionarily divergent than parents of polyploid hybrid species (allopolyploids), have been interpreted as supporting a hypothesis that high divergence between hybridizing species drives whole-genome duplication. Here, we argue that such conclusions stem from problems in sampling (especially the omission of autopolyploids) and null model selection, and underestimate the importance of selection. The data simply demonstrate that hybridization between divergent parents has a higher probability of successfully producing a species if followed by polyploidization.
An empirical evaluation of private landowner participation in voluntary forest conservation programs.

The use of voluntary programs targeting resource conservation on private land has become increasingly prevalent in environmental policy. Voluntary programs potentially offer significant benefits over regulatory and market-based approaches. This article examines the factors affecting landowner participation in voluntary forest conservation programs using a combination of parcel-level GIS and remotely sensed data and semi-structured interviews of landowners in Monroe County, Indiana. A logistic regression model is applied to determine the probability of participation based on landowner education, membership in other non-forest voluntary programs, dominant land use activity, parcel size, distance from urban center, land resource portfolios, and forest cover. Both land use activity and the spatial configuration of a landholder’s resource portfolio are found to be statistically significant with important implications for the design and implementation of voluntary programs.
Misidentification Syndromes in Schizophrenia: Case Reviews with Implications for Classification and Prevalence:

Misidentification syndromes represent false, delusionally-based identification of self and/or others. These are variants of the Capgras Syndrome. Although the frequency of misidentification syndromes in schizophrenic populations has not yet been established, the authors believe this syndrome is more prevalent than previously described. Seven of twenty-five (28%) consecutive patients admitted to a chronic clozapine unit with a variant of misidentification syndrome will be described. Their symptoms are categorised according to traditional classification, and Silva's proposed nomenclature. Problems inherent in these classifications are discussed. The need for a more systematic classification of misidentification syndromes is emphasised. Longitudinal studies of misidentification syndrome, and the development of a standardised assessment tool for clinicians who treat chronically psychotic patients, are encouraged.
Range finding using frequency-modulated laser diode.

A coherent-optical time-of-flight range-finding technique is proposed which uses a simple inexpensive device. Target range is determined by modulating a laser diode's optical frequency and measuring the change in the phase of the light reflected back into the laser. Target velocity as well as range can be measured using this approach. The device is described, and experimental evidence is presented to show the feasibility of measuring distance with subcentimeter resolution over a 1.5-m range.
After 70 years of fruitful research, why is there still a retirement crisis?

Surveying the contents of this special retrospective issue on retirement, the author finds that we have both the intellectual tools to avoid a retirement crisis and many of the needed institutional arrangements. In a free society, different people will want, and should have access to, different retirement solutions or combinations of solutions. Retirees should seek to build income guarantees by choosing the particular pension plan (defined benefit, defined contribution, both, or a single plan with blended characteristics) that meets their needs.
Involvement of Insulin/Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signal Pathway in 17β-Estradiol-mediated Neuroprotection

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that 17beta-estradiol (betaE2) is a neuroprotectant in the retina, using two experimental approaches: 1) hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced retinal neuron degeneration in vitro, and 2) light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in vivo. We demonstrated that both betaE2 and 17alpha-estradiol (alphaE2) significantly protected against H(2)O(2)-induced retinal neuron degeneration; however, progesterone had no effect. betaE2 transiently increased the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, when phosphoinositide 4,5-bisphosphate and [(32)gammaATP] were used as substrate. Phospho-Akt levels were also transiently increased by betaE2 treatment. Addition of the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen did not reverse the protective effect of betaE2, whereas the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the protective effect of betaE2, suggesting that betaE2 mediates its effect through some PI3K-dependent pathway, independent of the estrogen receptor. Pull-down experiments with glutathione S-transferase fused to the N-Src homology 2 domain of p85, the regulatory subunit of PI3K, indicated that betaE2 and alphaE2, but not progesterone, identified phosphorylated insulin receptor beta-subunit (IRbeta) as a binding partner. Pretreatment with insulin receptor inhibitor, HNMPA, inhibited IRbeta activation of PI3K. Systemic administration of betaE2 significantly protected the structure and function of rat retinas against light-induced photoreceptor cell degeneration and inhibited photoreceptor apoptosis. In addition, systemic administration of betaE2 activated retinal IRbeta, but not the insulin-like growth factor receptor-1, and produced a transient increase in PI3K activity and phosphorylation of Akt in rat retinas. The results show that estrogen has retinal neuroprotective properties in vivo and in vitro and suggest that the insulin receptor/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in estrogen-mediated retinal neuroprotection.
Lung Defenses Against Opportunistic Infections

This review has examined the possible role of CMI in providing protection against three pathogens that can be opportunists in the lung. Monoclonal antibodies that identify the cellular components of the immune response and recombinant cytokines are important tools to better understand how pulmonary immunity is regulated. Although not discussed in detail, recombinant microbial antigens are useful for understanding various aspects of protective immunity and immunosuppression as well as for advancing vaccine development. There are important problems to address in order to continue steady progress in understanding pulmonary defenses, including some of those mentioned in this brief review. There should be an increased use of infectious models that more closely mimic naturally occurring infections, and comparisons should be made between results obtained with parenteral versus intrapulmonary routes of infection.