cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flux equivalences among Rayleigh, isotropic, and other scattering models

The mathematical treatment of multiple scattering processes leads to formidable functional equations. It is of great importance to find simple analytical expressions which provide useful approximations to the exact solutions. H. C. van de Hulst has done much along these lines. This paper provides several such approximations for the cases of conservative isotropic and Rayleigh scattering in slabs. The approach is to find the transmitted and reflected fluxes for these cases for a wide range of slab thicknesses using high-precision numerical methods. Then simple analytical expressions are derived using idealized models. These are evaluated numerically, and the results are compared against the earlier calculations. One of the interesting results is that, so far as reflected and transmitted fluxes are concerned, there is little difference between conservative isotropic scattering and Rayleigh scattering. This paper raises an interesting mathematical question: What is the underlying reason for all of these flux equivalences, and how far does this equivalence extend to other situations?
Inhibitory effect of green and black tea on tumor growth

The administration of green tea, black tea, or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibited the growth of established nonmalignant and malignant tumors in tumor-bearing mice. In experiments with black tea, we found that its oral administration inhibited DNA synthesis and enhanced apoptosis in both nonmalignant and malignant tumors in tumor-bearing mice.
Isolation and analysis of rare cells in the blood of cancer patients using a negative depletion methodology

A variety of enrichment/isolation technologies exist for the characterization of rare cells in the blood of cancer patients. In this article, a negative depletion process is presented and discussed which consists of red blood cell (RBC) lysis and the subsequent removal of CD45 expressing cells through immunomagnetic depletion. Using this optimized assembly on 120 whole blood specimens, from 71 metastatic breast cancer patients, after RBC lysis, the average nucleated cell log depletion was 2.56 with a 77% recovery of the nucleated cells. The necessity of exploring different anti-CD45 antibody clones to label CD45 expressing cells in this enrichment scheme is also presented and discussed. An optimized, four-color immunofluorescence staining is conducted on the cells retained after the CD45-based immunomagnetic depletion process. Different types of rare non-hematopoietic cells are found in these enriched peripheral blood samples and a wide range of external and internal markers have been characterized, which demonstrates the range and heterogeneity of the rare cells.
GOVERNMENT WITHOUT EXPERTISE? COMPETENCE, CAPACITY, AND CIVIL-SERVICE PRACTICE IN GAZA, 1917–67

The expert is a quintessential figure of modern bureaucratic rule, offering a “protean image of authority and rational knowledge.” Tracing the development of modern rule, Max Weber describes the emergence in European government of a “professional labor force, specialized in expertness through long years of preparatory training…[and] based on the division of labor” as a “gradual development of half a thousand years.” Different fields, Weber suggests, demanded experts at different moments, but in three areas—finance, war, and law—“expert officialdom in the more advanced states was definitely triumphant during the sixteenth century.” For the British civil service, the triumph of the expert has been located in “the nineteenth-century revolution in government” such that the “modern image of the expert, canonised and criticised, was well established by the 1920s.” With this consolidation of the expert's place in modern rule, it has been generally agreed that, whether for good or for ill, “the expert in the civil service is here to stay.”
Photoinduced ligand exchange and DNA binding of cis-[Ru(phpy)(phen)(CH3CN)2]+ with long wavelength visible light.

Abstract The complex cis-[Ru(phpy)(phen)(CH3CN)2]+ (phpy = 2-phenylpyridine, phen = 1,10–phenanthroline) was investigated as a potential photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent. This complex presents desirable photochemical characteristics including a low energy absorption tail extending into the PDT window (600–850 nm) and photoinduced exchange of the CH3CN ligands, generating a species analogous to the chemotherapy drug cisplatin. Furthermore, photochemical reactivity can be controlled through selective irradiation into the Ru-phen singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) band (λirr = 500 nm) of [Ru(phpy)(phen)(CH3CN)2]+ in the presence of excess t-butylammonium chloride (TBACl) resulting in efficient photoinduced production of [Ru(phpy)(phen)(CH3CN)Cl] (Φ = 0.25). This lower energy irradiation resulted in greater quantum yield of photosubstitution when compared to direct irradiation into the Ru-phpy 1MLCT peak (λirr = 450 nm; Φ = 0.08) in CH2Cl2. It was found that the lower quantum yield observed for irradiation into the Ru→phpy− 1MLCT band results from significant orbital mixing of the phpy− ligand with the t2g-type filled set in the metal, giving this state significant ligand-centered character. Lastly, this complex produced a decrease in the mobility of linearized ds-DNA when irradiated with λirr ≥ 420 nm, indicative of covalent binding by the transition metal complex similar to that observed for cisplatin. No change in mobility was found for the same samples kept in the dark indicating, unlike cisplatin, DNA binding of cis-[Ru(phpy)(phen)(CH3CN)2]+ only occurs with the activation of light. These observations support the use of cis-[Ru(phpy)(phen)(CH3CN)2]+ as a potential PDT agent by the photoinduced generation of a cisplatin analog.
Enhancement of oil recovery in the combustion retorting of oil shale by the addition of coal

Abstract The effect of coal addition in the combustion retorting of oil shale has been studied for various flow rates of air and grades of oil shale. The results indicate that oil yield is increased with coal addition, for example, by as much as 40% with 4 wt.% of coal in the retorting of 0.059 dm3/kg (14 gallons per short ton) oil shale. The distance between the combustion and the retorting zone is separated farther with the addition of coal. This makes it possible to operate the combustion retorting process at an increased rate without an increased oil loss. It is thus possible to increase the oil yield as well as the rate of retorting with a relatively small addition of solid fuel.
The Effect of Social Control on Delinquent Behavior: A Longitudinal Test

Abstract One of the central propositions of labeing theory is that an increase in the severity of societal reaction will lead to an increase in the rate of deviant behavior. This proposition contrasts both with the deterrence approach, which predicts that a stronger societal reaction will reduce the rate of deviant behavior, and with the motivational approach, which predicts that official intervention will have little or no effect on criminal behavior. A model that incorporates these three approaches is tested using a sample of480 fourteen and fifteen y ear old juveniles who were arrested in 1973 and followed for a two-year period. The results of the analysis indicate that indicators of criminal motivation best predict the rate of subsequent arrests in this sample. Except for first offenders, the severity of societal reaction has little impact on the number of subsequent arrests. For first offenders, an increase in the amount of social control results in an increase in the number of subsequent arrests, co...
Gradients in the liver's extracellular matrix chemistry from periportal to pericentral zones: influence on human hepatic progenitors

Embryonic mesenchymal feeders produce paracrine signals requisite for ex vivo survival and expansion of hepatic progenitors. The signals consist of a subset of soluble factors found in conditioned medium, and a subset of insoluble factors found in extracellular matrix that include collagens and basal adhesion molecules. We have identified key matrix components required for ex vivo maintenance of human hepatic progenitors produced by biologically active feeders. These components are similar to those found in zone 1 of the liver acinus (e.g., space of Disse) between layers of parenchyma and endothelia. Within these layers are transition chemistry matrix gradients, from zone 1 to zone 3. Use of purified zone 1 matrix components enables attachment and expansion of human hepatic progenitors independent of feeders. Cells aggregated into spheroid-like structures on laminin or spread into monolayers on type III or IV collagens. Contrastingly, a zone 3 matrix component, type I collagen, elicited growth arrest and differentiation. Another zone 3 matrix component, fibronectin, inhibited attachment. Use of specific matrix components, along with soluble paracrine signals from feeders, should enable one to maintain hepatic progenitors ex vivo without feeders and under wholly defined conditions.
The distribution of cholinergic perikarya with respect to enkephalin-rich patches in the caudate nucleus of the adult cat

The distribution of cholinergic interneurons with respect to enkephalin-rich patches in the caudate nucleus of the cat was examined using both computer-assisted 3-D reconstruction and immunocytochemical techniques. Examination of the 3-D distribution of perikarya staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed that these cells were not evenly distributed within the caudate nucleus but exhibited areas of increased and decreased density. Comparison of the 3-D distribution of cholinergic perikarya to that of the enkephalin-rich patches indicated that areas of increased ChAT+ cell density often corresponded to the positions of enkephalin-rich patches within the dorsal-lateral caudate nucleus. At more ventral regions, there was no clear correspondence between areas of increased ChAT+ cell density and enkephalin-rich patches. In agreement with these observations, a quantitative analysis of sections double-labeled for ChAT and enkephalin revealed that the density of cholinergic neurons within enkephalin-rich patches was twice that in the surrounding tissue in the dorsal region of the caudate nucleus. In contrast at more ventral levels, the difference in the density of ChAT+ cells in enkephalin-rich patches did not significantly differ from that in the surrounding striatal tissue. Both the results of the 3-D and the double-labeling analysis suggest that cholinergic neurons are not evenly distributed within the caudate nucleus of the cat but form loose clusters which are associated dorsally with the enkephalin-rich patches. These results also provide further evidence of heterogeneity within the striosomal compartment in the cat.
RNA-mediated control of metal nanoparticle shape.

RNA sequences previously isolated by in vitro selection were further characterized for their ability to control palladium particle growth. Five pyridyl-modified RNA sequences (Pdases) representing each of the different evolved families were found to form hexagonal plates with a high degree of shape specificity. However, a sixth nonrelated pyridyl-modified RNA sequence was found to form exclusively cubic particles under identical conditions. Replacing pyridyl-modified RNA with native RNA resulted in a complete loss of RNA function. Removing the 3‘-fixed sequence region from the Pdase had little effect on particle growth; however, further truncations into the variable region resulted in a significant loss of activity and particle shape control. These Pdases were selected using the organometallic precursor complex tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0) ([Pd2(DBA)3]). Changing the metal center and ligand of the group VIII organometallic precursor complex revealed a strong dependence of particle growth and ...
Symposium Summary: Evolutionary Patterns in Actinopterygian Fishes

SYNOPSIS. The actinopterygian fishes are an exemplary clade for the study of structural and functional evolutionary patterns. With over half of all vertebrate species, ray-finned fishes have diversified into a wide variety of habitats, and considerable progress has been made over the last fifteen years in understanding the genealogical relationships of actinopterygians. This symposium has contributed to our understanding of phylogenetic patterns in actinopterygians and to knowledge of the major structural and functional patterns in locomotor, auditory, trophic, and neural systems. A number of key areas for future research have been identified. (1) The relationships of “palaeonisciform“ fishes, (2) the study of trends in feeding and locomotor systems within a phylogenetic context, (3) the identification of primitive patterns of pharyngeal jaw movement and steady and unsteady locomotor patterns in actinopterygians, (4) the homologies, identification, and functional significance of neural pathways in the telencephalon, and (5) the comparative study of form-function relations in the auditory system. The study of teleost fish biology has proceeded at the expense of data on primitive actinopterygians ( e.g., Polypterus, Polyodon, Aapenser, Lepisosteus, Amia ) which are especially important in the analysis of structural and functional patterns in ray-finned fishes.
Sn2+ transferred hyperfine fields in the Europium monochalcogenides doped with tin monochalcogenides

Abstract EuS, EuSe, and EuTe (but not EuO) are found to form solid solutions with the corresponding tin monochalcogenides. Transferred hyperfine fields (≈ 50 kOe) observed at the tin nuclei in dilute solid solutions using Mossbauer spectroscopy are shown to be supertransferred from the 2nd Eu neighbors. Experiments are indicated in which the Sn2+ fields can be utilized for testing zero-point spin deviation predictions and the theory of the Heisenberg non-magnetic impurity problem.
Fabrication of nano-macroporous glass–ceramic bioscaffold with a water soluble pore former

Recently, several methods have been reported for fabricating tailored amorphous multi porosity bioscaffolds for bone regeneration and tissue engineering. In particular, the melt-quench-heat-etch method appears attractive for making large and/or complex shape structures or fibers for flexible products. However, often the macropore size has been limited to <100 μm. In this paper we report an improved method for fabricating nano-macroporous soda lime phosphosilicate glass using sucrose as a macropore former. The composite compact consisting of soda lime phosphosilicate glass and sucrose powders is pressed in a die at room temperature. 3D interconnected macroporous structure is formed first by dissolving the sucrose part in water at room temperature, and then sintering the compact at temperatures above the glass transition temperature. Thus, interconnected macropores with controlled size (≥100 microns) are formed readily. The sintering heat-treatment also induces nanoscale phase separation, which is then exploited for introducing nanoscale porosity. For the latter goal, the sample is leached in HCl under optimized conditions to yield desired nano-macroporous glass for bone scaffold or other applications.
Noisy sort, a memory-intensive sorting algorithm

Abstract A table-lookup technique for sorting is developed. It is a highly parallel method which develops an approximation to the sort through a single access to an associative memory. A postprocessing step is intended to complete the sort. The scheme is most effective for special data classes.
Instability of the maize B chromosome.

The B 9 chromosome of maize exhibits a very ordered type of instability at the second pollen mitosis, when nondisjunction may reach a level of 95%. Much less commonly the chromosome is unstable during early development of the kernel. Instability in the kernel produces recessive sectors in either the endosperm or the sporophyte, reflecting the absence of dominant markers carried by the B 9. The causes of B 9 loss in the endosperm and the sporophyte were investigated for the two observable classes of sectoring: fractional loss (single event) and multiple loss (mosaic pattern). The fractional class represents isochromosome formation by the B 9 (Carlson, 1970, 1971). Data presented here suggest that the isochromosome is a by-product of telocentric formation at the second pollen mitosis, and does not arise directly from the B 9 chromosome. The chromosomal basis for the mosaic pattern of B 9 loss is not completely known. However, one class of mosaic kernels displays a heritable instability of the B 9 chromosome which apparently results from ring chromosome formation by the B 9. The time of origin of the ring B 9 chromosome is prior to the second pollen mitosis, since the unstable chromosome generated in the male parent is transmitted to both the endosperm and the sporophyte. Finally, a genetic factor controlling B 9 stability in the developing endosperm has been found. A single plant (1818-1), crossed as a female parent to a B 9-containing stock, induced a mosaic pattern of B 9 loss in the endosperm at a very high rate. The characteristics of this plant are being investigated.
Organ-Based Dose Current Modulation and Thyroid Shields: Techniques of Radiation Dose Reduction for Neck CT

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the difference in absorbed organ dose and image quality for MDCT neck protocols using automatic tube current modulation alone compared with organ-based dose modulation and in-plane thyroid bismuth shielding. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An anthropomorphic female phantom with metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) detectors was scanned on a 64-MDCT scanner. The protocols included a reference neck CT protocol using automatic tube current modulation and three modified protocols: organ-based dose modulation, automatic tube current modulation with thyroid shield, and organ-based dose modulation with thyroid shield. Image noise was evaluated quantitatively with the SD of the attenuation value, and subjectively by two neuroradiologists. RESULTS. Organ-based dose modulation, automatic tube current modulation with thyroid shield, and organ-based dose modulation with thyroid shield protocols reduced the thyroid dose by 28%, 33%, and 45%, respectively,...
A simple isentropic model of electron transport in Hall thrusters

A simple model is presented for the time-averaged electron mobility within a Hall thruster. The model is predicated on the experimental evidence for isentropic electron flow and, when used in a one-dimensional simulation, captures plasma properties that are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Optimum wireless power transmission from air to lossy media

Wireless communications for sensors embedded in lossy media are studied here. Our analytical formulations rely on the plane wave propagation models, and focus on calculating the transmission loss and propagation loss of RF waves penetrating various media. Our results illustrate the existence of optimum frequencies for RF communications with sensors inside fresh water, soil and concrete, while providing minimum power transmission attenuation and the maximum propagation depth.
Worldwide nanotechnology development: a comparative study of USPTO, EPO, and JPO patents (1976–2004)

To assess worldwide development of nanotechnology, this paper compares the numbers and contents of nanotechnology patents in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), European Patent Office (EPO), and Japan Patent Office (JPO). It uses the patent databases as indicators of nanotechnology trends via bibliographic analysis, content map analysis, and citation network analysis on nanotechnology patents per country, institution, and technology field. The numbers of nanotechnology patents published in USPTO and EPO have continued to increase quasi-exponentially since 1980, while those published in JPO stabilized after 1993. Institutions and individuals located in the same region as a repository’s patent office have a higher contribution to the nanotechnology patent publication in that repository (“home advantage” effect). The USPTO and EPO databases had similar high-productivity contributing countries and technology fields with large number of patents, but quite different high-impact countries and technology fields after the average number of received cites. Bibliographic analysis on USPTO and EPO patents shows that researchers in the United States and Japan published larger numbers of patents than other countries, and that their patents were more frequently cited by other patents. Nanotechnology patents covered physics research topics in all three repositories. In addition, USPTO showed the broadest representation in coverage in biomedical and electronics areas. The analysis of citations by technology field indicates that USPTO had a clear pattern of knowledge diffusion from highly cited fields to less cited fields, while EPO showed knowledge exchange mainly occurred among highly cited fields.
Accurate one-dimensional inverse scattering using a nonlinear renormalization technique

A nonlinear method based on the inversion of the Riccati equation is presented here for the one-dimensional nondispersive inverse-scattering problem. This method avoids the significant errors in both amplitude and phase that plague most linearized (e.g., Born or its varients) inversion schemes. Instead, a nonlinear approximation to the Riccati equation is used for the accurate determination of the refractive-index amplitude from reflection data. This information is subsequently used to stretch the coordinates so as to remove the phase-accumulation error. The resulting refractive-index reconstructions are therefore accurate both in amplitude and in longitudinal placement as evidenced by the excellent comparison with exact theory. The method is applicable to both continuous and discontinuous refractive profiles and is supported by experimental measurements.
Review of Towards Sustainable Use of Rangelands in North-West China

Squires, V, Hua, L, Zhang, D and Li, G (eds.) Towards Sustainable Use of Rangelands in North-West China. New York: Springer, 2010. xxxi, 353 pages, ISBN 978-90-481-9621-0 e-ISBN 978-90-481-9622-7, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9622-7
Alcoholics Anonymous and the Recovering Alcoholic: An Exploratory Study

Alcoholics Anonymous as a treatment modality for alcoholism has been widely accepted by both the public and mental health professionals. Evidence cited in this exploratory study of Alcoholics Anony...
Low-power non-volatile spintronic memory: STT-RAM and beyond

The quest for novel low-dissipation devices is one of the most critical for the future of semiconductor technology and nano-systems. The development of a low-power, universal memory will enable a new paradigm of non-volatile computation. Here we consider STT-RAM as one of the emerging candidates for low-power non-volatile memory. We show different configurations for STT memory and demonstrate strategies to optimize key performance parameters such as switching current and energy. The energy and scaling limits of STT-RAM are discussed, leading us to argue that alternative writing mechanisms may be required to achieve ultralow power dissipation, a necessary condition for direct integration with CMOS at the gate level for non-volatile logic purposes. As an example, we discuss the use of the giant spin Hall effect as a possible alternative to induce magnetization reversal in magnetic tunnel junctions using pure spin currents. Further, we concentrate on magnetoelectric effects, where electric fields are used instead of spin-polarized currents to manipulate the nanomagnets, as another candidate solution to address the challenges of energy efficiency and density. The possibility of an electric-field-controlled magnetoelectric RAM as a promising candidate for ultralow-power non-volatile memory is discussed in the light of experimental data demonstrating voltage-induced switching of the magnetization and reorientation of the magnetic easy axis by electric fields in nanomagnets.
Dynamic look at DNA unwinding by a replicative helicase

A prerequisite for DNA replication is the unwinding of duplex DNA catalyzed by a replicative hexameric helicase. Despite a growing body of research, key elements of helicase mechanism remain under substantial debate. In particular, the number of DNA strands encircled by the helicase ring during unwinding and the ring orientation at the replication fork completely contrast in contemporary mechanistic models. Here we use single-molecule and ensemble assays to address these questions for the papillomavirus E1 helicase. We find that E1 unwinds DNA with a strand-exclusion mechanism, with the N-terminal side of the helicase ring facing the replication fork. We show that E1 generates strikingly heterogeneous unwinding patterns stemming from varying degrees of repetitive movements, which is modulated by the DNA-binding domain. Together, our studies reveal previously unrecognized dynamic facets of replicative helicase unwinding mechanisms.
ON THREE OSCILLATOR UNIVERSAL PROBES FOR DETERMINING SYNCHRONIZATION IN ARRAYS OF COUPLED OSCILLATORS

In a recent paper, Fink et al. described how a coupled array of three oscillators can serve as a universal probe of the synchronization properties in general coupled arrays of oscillators. However, the coupling topology in this probe is not optimal in experimental implementations. For instance, every oscillator is coupled to every other oscillator resulting in many coupling terms. Furthermore, the variable coupling weights at several coupling terms need to be set equal to each other. This means that some component values need to be varied over a range and be perfectly matched to each other in the experimental setup. We present simpler universal probes by utilizing the minimal number of coupling terms and by minimizing the constraint of having the coupling weights matched.
Conophthorin from Almond Host Plant and Fungal Spores and Its Ecological Relation to Navel Orangeworm: a Natural Products Chemist's Perspective

The navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) is a major insect pest that brings about significant monetary damage to Cali- fornia tree nuts - almonds, pistachios, and walnuts. During their de- velopment, larvae of navel orangeworm feed upon the meat of these nuts causing physical damage and ultimately lowering kernel quality. Moreover, the larvae have been purported to vector aflatoxigenic fungi into the food product and thus represent a serious food safety concern. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain aspergilli - spe- cifically for California tree nuts, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Volatiles have played a large role in efforts to control or monitor navel orangeworm moths. For instance, a blend of almond host plant volatiles has recently been found to attract both male and female navel orangeworm moths during field trapping studies. The origin of many of the components within this host plant blend ap- pears to be from the almond host. However, new reports regarding the blend component, conophthorin, imply a fungal origin for this particular volatile. This perspective discusses current investigations directly related to the production of conophthorin, and proposes a new relationship among navel orangeworm, the almond host plant, and ubiquitous tree nut orchard fungi.
The convex hull of a random set of points

SUMMARY Various expectations concerning the convex hull of N independently and identically distributed random points in the plane or in space are evaluated. Integral expressions are given for the expected area, expected perimeter, expected probability content and expected number of sides. These integrals are shown to be particularly simple when the underlying distribution is normal or uniform over a disk or sphere. In two recent papers Renyi & Sulanki (1963, 1964) have given expressions for the expected area, perimeter, and number of vertices of the convex hull of N independently and identically selected random points in the plane. In these papers, limit theorems for asymptotically large N receive the greatest attention. Here the emphasis will be on the development of convenient formulae for fixed values of N. Some new results for random convex hulls in the plane are derived, such as the expected probability content, and also various expectations concerned with random convex hulls in three and higher dimensions. Special attention is given to the case of normally distributed points and also to the case of points drawn uniformly from an ellipse or an ellipsoid. Historically, calculating the expected probability content of three random points in two dimensions is known as 'Sylvester's problem', and has been solved explicitly for many different distributions by Deltheil (1926, p. 42). The corresponding problem of four points in three dimensions is connected with the name of Hostinsky (1925). A discussion of Sylvester's problem is given in Kendall & Moran's monograph, Geometrical Probability (1963). 2. THE EXPECTED NUMBER OF VERTICES, FACES, AND EDGES
Multiple Processes Underlie Benzodiazepine-Mediated Increases in the Consumption of Accepted and Avoided Stimuli

Hyperphagia is a reported side effect of anxiolytic benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide (CDP). Prior research has focused primarily on the ingestive responses to sweet or solid foods. We examined CDP effects on licking for normally accepted and avoided taste solutions across a range of concentrations. The effect of CDP (10 mg/kg) versus saline on the licking patterns of water-restricted rats for water and 3 concentrations of sucrose, saccharin, NaCl, monosodium glutamate (MSG), citric acid, and quinine (Q-HCl) solutions was evaluated during 1 h tests. CDP increased meal size for all tastants except citric acid. Analysis of licking microstructure revealed 3 dissociable effects of CDP. CDP affected oromotor coordination as indicated by a uniform increase in the modal interlick interval for all stimuli. CDP increased meal size as indicated by shorter pauses during consumption of water, MSG, and weaker saccharin concentrations, and by fewer long interlick intervals (250–2000 ms) for normally avoided tastants. CDP also increased meal size by increasing burst size, burst duration, and the initial rate of licking for most solutions, suggesting increased hedonic taste evaluation. CDP did not affect variables associated with postingestive feedback such as meal duration or number of bursts, and the results also suggest that CDP did not enhance the perceived taste intensity. We hypothesize that the reduction of pause duration is consistent with an increased motivation to sample the stimulus that synergizes with changes in taste-mediated responsiveness to some but not all stimuli to yield increases in the consumption of both normally accepted and avoided taste stimuli.
Advanced device technologies for defense systems

The performance requirements of defense systems to detect small signals in the presence of clutter or large interferers, to see further than the adversary, and discriminate between targets in a complex environment, has driven the need for ever more capable device technologies for focal plane arrays (FPAs) and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). This paper discusses the history, and current state, of several key technologies developed at Raytheon to enable our systems to meet mission needs. The technologies include Gallium Nitride (GaN) MMICs and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) Infrared Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs). Emerging technologies for heterogeneous integration and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) FPAs are also discussed.
Electrical Properties and Defect Structures of CoO and MnO at High Defect Content

Defect studies at high defect content in transition metal monoxides allow for the conduction mechanisms to be established and the nature of defect interactions to be studied. Conductivity and thermopower results in p-type, highly defective MnO are reported and analyzed with a combination of point defects and clusters. A high pressure oxygen apparatus to achieve defect contents up to 5 percent in CoO has been designed and constructed.
Habitat suitability models for desert amphibians

Abstract A fundamental step in conserving biodiversity is identification of quality habitat needed to sustain populations of target species. We used coarse scale environmental features (soil water holding capacity, soil texture, slope, elevation, and proximity to drainage channels) to predict habitat suitability for four species of desert amphibians in Big Bend National Park, USA: Scaphiopus couchii, Bufo debilis, Bufo punctatus, and Gastrophryne olivacea. Habitat suitability models were evaluated using data from 7 years of breeding site surveys. Overall our models provide quantitative measures of reliability for where species are likely to occur; however, results varied among species. Suitable habitat for B. punctatus and G. olivacea extended over greater proportions of the study area and encompassed a wider variety of habitats compared to suitable habitat for S. couchii and B. debilis. Our models performed better at predicting where S. couchii and B. debilis were likely to occur compared to B. punctatus and G. olivacea. The variation in the predicted suitable habitat among these species, as well as the agreement between model output and breeding site use, elucidates the fact that developing single species habitat suitability models may be a more appropriate approach than trying to develop multi-species models. Our study provides the first habitat suitability models for desert amphibians and provides important information for conservation biologists and land managers concerned with preserving amphibian diversity in xeric landscapes.
Stacked patch antenna miniaturization using metamaterials

In this paper we present results on miniaturization of a wideband stacked patch antenna. In particular, using numerical simulation we demonstrate that a thirteen percent in physical size reduction can be achieved in a wideband stacked patch antenna using synthetic reactive elements namely the split-rings resonators (SRRs) while maintaining a relatively large bandwidth of eighteen percent. The calculated gain and the radiation pattern of the miniaturized antenna were in accord with the results of traditional wideband double patch antennas.
Planetary landscape systems: A limitless frontier

If it is to be a complete science of landforms and landscapes, geomorphology is not appropriately limited geographically to the terrestrial portions of Earth's surface. Various systems of landforms and their generative processes are best understood in a full planetary context. Moreover, by extending its purview to include the nature of landscapes on Earth-like planets, geomorphological inquiry is not appropriately limited in its philosophical presumptions to the reductionist views that have so successfully guided much of physics. Holistic thinking, exemplified by some aspects of evolutionary biology, and a systems framework may prove to be particularly fruitful for understanding future extraterrestrial discoveries and the general nature of landforms and landscapes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential regulation of androgen receptors in the separate rat prostate lobes: androgen independent expression in the lateral lobe.

Abstract In order to understand the hormonal regulation of androgen receptors (AR) in the separate lobes of the rat prostate gland, the present study examined AR levels in the ventral, dorsal and lateral prostate lobes as a function of androgen withdrawal to complete prostatic regression and subsequent testosterone replacement. In the intact rat, the 3 prostate lobes contained significantly different amounts of androgen binding sites. Mean number of total cellular AR in the ventral, dorsal and lateral lobes was 7370, 1690, and 1015 fm/mg DNA, respectively. These receptors were primarily localized within the nuclear fraction of homogenized tissue: ventral, 86%; dorsal, 83%; and lateral, 100% nuclear localization. Androgen withdrawal was initiated via castration and rats were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days thereafter. Nuclear AR levels fell rapidly to 5, 24 and 30% of intact values by 48 h in the ventral, dorsal and lateral lobes, respectively. Levels of nuclear AR continued to decline in the ventral and dorsal lobes to undetectable levels by Day 10. In marked contrast, lateral lobe nuclear AR began to increase on Day 3 postcastration, reaching intact values by Day 7 and 133% intact levels by Day 14. Cytosolic AR in the ventral and dorsal lobes initially increased following castration, but subsequently declined to low levels by Day 14. Cytosolic AR were not detectable in the lateral prostate at any time point following castration. To determine the nuclear AR response to testosterone at this time, 14 day castrate rats were given 2 cm testosterone implants and sacrificed 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days thereafter. As expected, nuclear AR rapidly returned in the ventral and dorsal lobes by Day 1 and reached a plateau by Day 5. A short term response to androgen exposure occurred in the lateral lobe where an immediate 9-fold increase in nuclear AR quantity was observed; however, these levels rapidly declined to pre-implant values by Day 5 and remained at that level despite continued exposure to testosterone. These findings indicate that while nuclear AR levels in the ventral and dorsal prostate are primarily regulated by androgens, a testosterone-independent component exists within the lateral lobe.
Autologous nitric oxide protects mouse and human keratinocytes from ultraviolet B radiation-induced apoptosis.

Nitric oxide (NO) can either prevent or promote apoptosis, depending on cell type. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NO suppresses ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)-induced keratinocy...
Extending the Peters–Belson approach for assessing disparities to right censored time-to-event outcomes

The Peters–Belson (PB) method was developed for quantifying and testing disparities between groups in an outcome by using linear regression to compute group-specific observed and expected outcomes. It has since been extended to generalized linear models for binary and other outcomes and to analyses with probability-based sample weighting. In this work, we extend the PB approach to right-censored survival analysis, including stratification if needed. The extension uses the theory and methods of expected survival on the basis of Cox regression in a reference population. Within the PB framework, among the groups to be compared, one group is chosen as the reference group, and outcomes in that group are modeled as a function of available predictors. By using this fitted model's estimated parameters, and the predictor values for a comparator group, the comparator group's expected outcomes are then calculated and compared, formally with testing and informally with graphics, with their observed outcomes. We derive the extension, show how we applied it in a study of incontinence in nursing home elderly, and discuss issues in implementing it. We used the ‘survival’ package in the R system to do computations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A man with pain and a large nevus on his thigh.

CLINICAL HISTORY A 17-year-old male student was admitted for evaluation of left upper limb and back pain with fever of 5 months’ duration. He was well until February before his admission, when he first experienced mild, intermittent right anterior thigh pain gradually increasing in frequency and severity. After 1 month, he experienced lower back pain and tenderness, especially about the sacroiliac joints. By June of the same year, he had developed similar pains in the left anterior thigh, both calves, and biceps muscles. He complained additionally of persistent headache, nausea, and fatigue. He had fevers and sweats the month before hospitalization and a 2.27-kg weight loss over the week prior to his admission.
A Closet Realist

I first met Bob Cohen at Wesleyan University in the fall of my freshman year in 1956. I had entered Wesleyan with the intention of majoring in physics as part of a pre-med program. While I had always enjoyed history and geography, mathematics and the hard sciences were clearly my first love, due probably in no small way to the fact that I was fairly dyslexic.1 Wesleyan, in pursuit of its historical emphasis on a critical liberal arts education, had organized a special integrated program of English and philosophy to run with our intensive accelerated mathematics and physics courses. It was clear to all of us, that there was considerable concern that we young scientists not become intellectually overspecialized too soon.
Genetic Etiology of Illness

This chapter begins with definitions of important concepts in genetics and continues with summaries of genetic influences on personality and behavior. Interactions between heredity and environment are described within the context of the Pathways Model. Genetic factors that create necessary and/or sufficient contributions to the physical and psychiatric disorders that are the focus of this text are emphasized.
Dynamic Range Consideration for Digital Secondary Ion Image Depth Profiling

Digital imaging systems, capable of on-line acquisition of digital image depth profiles (IDP) using ion microscopes [1–3] and ion microprobes [4], have fostered the recent development of SIMS for 3-dimensional analysis. The series of digital images which result from.an IDP may represent several thousand individual small area depth profiles acquired in parallel. A local area depth profile (LADP) may be generated from any selected area within the image field by simply summing the intensities of pixels within the selected area for each image of the IDP [5–7]. The main disadvantage of image depth profiling with a direct imaging ion microscope (Cameca IMS-3F), however, has been dynamic range limitations. As a result of the high speed of data acquisition required for real-time (30 frames/s) digital imaging, many framebuffers are only 8-bits deep. Therefore, under a given acquisition time and microchannel plate gain, the intensity of any given pixel can only vary from 0 to 255 over the course of the IDP.
Endoscopic sphincterotomy for stones by experts is safe, even in younger patients with normal ducts

ObjectiveTo provide current information on the risks of endoscopic sphincterotomy for stone.Summary Background DataIn recent years (since the popularity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy), endoscopic sphincterotomy has been used increasingly for the management of bile duct stones in relatively young a
Solution of Certain Linear Boundary Value Problems by Use of Finite Transforms

BY USE OF FINITE TRANSFORMS JOHN W. CELL, North Carolina State University Methods of finite transforms apply to the same group of problems as does ordinary separation of variables. However, use of finite transform methods expedites the solution, particularly where tables of transforms are available. References for explanation of finite transform methods are given in the bibliography at the end of this note and include the books by Churchill [I], Sneddon [2 ], and Tranter [3 ]. The more commonly used finite transforms are listed below. In three cases we also supply the basic transform relation. I. Finite sine transform:
Existing problems and countermeasures in child hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Objective:To study the security and complications of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for providing effective countermeasures.Methods:To randomly select 200 children cases of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.The corresponding countermeasures for solving the existing problems were adopted.Results:The countermeasures significantly reduced the adverse reactions and complications,ensured the smooth progress of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.Conclusion:By taking effective measures,the hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a safe and effective rehabilitation method,which is worth promoting.
The Thermal Shrinkage of an Oriented Polyester Yarn as a Function of Time, Temperature, and Stress:

Measurements have been made with a linear variable-displacement transducer of the thermal shrinkage of an oriented polyester yarn in dry nitrogen as a function of time, temperature, and stress. The...
Food intake diet and sperm characteristics in a blue zone: a Loma Linda Study

Abstract Objectives The study examined the effect the life-long vegetarian diet on male fertility and focused on vegetarians living in the Loma Linda blue zone, a demographic area known for life longevity. The objective was to compare sperm characteristics of vegetarian with non-vegetarian males. Study design The cross-sectional observational study was based on semen analyses of 474 males from 2009 to 2013. Patients categorized themselves as either life-long lacto-ovo vegetarians ( N =26; vegetable diet with dairy and egg products), vegans ( N =5; strictly vegetables with no animal products) or non-vegetarians ( N =443; no diet restrictions). Sperm quality was assessed using a computer-aided sperm analyzer and strict morphology and chromatin integrity were manually evaluated. Results Lacto-ovo vegetarians had lower sperm concentration (50.7±7.4M/mL versus non-vegetarians 69.6±3.2M/mL, mean±S.E.M.). Total motility was lower in the lacto-ovo and vegan groups (33.2±3.8% and 51.8±13.4% respectively) versus non-vegetarians (58.2±1.0%). Vegans had lowest hyperactive motility (0.8±0.7% versus lacto-ovo 5.2±1.2 and non-vegetarians 4.8±0.3%). Sperm strict morphologies were similar for the 3 groups. There were no differences in rapid progression and chromatin integrity. Conclusions The study showed that the vegetables-based food intake decreased sperm quality. In particular, a reduction in sperm quality in male factor patients would be clinically significant and would require review. Furthermore, inadequate sperm hyperactivation in vegans suggested compromised membrane calcium selective channels. However, the study results are cautiously interpreted and more corroborative studies are needed.
Atrial natriuretic peptide augments forearm capillary filtration in humans.

Low-dose infusions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) into humans reduce cardiac filling pressures without enhancing renal excretion or producing vasodilation. The present human study was undertaken to seek an effect of ANP on capillary filtration in humans and to determine its relationship to reductions in cardiac filling pressures. Heart rate (electrocardiogram), blood pressure (cuff method), and renal excretion of salt and water were determined, and central venous pressure (jugular vein cannulation, strain-gauge transducer) and forearm venous compliance and capillary filtration coefficient (strain-gauge plethysmography) were derived by computer. Forearm girth and venous pressure (peripheral vein catheter) measurements were obtained while the arm was elevated above heart level, and an upper arm blood pressure cuff was intermittently inflated to venous occluding pressures of 20, 30, and 40 mmHg. Forearm measurements, hematocrit, plasma proteins, albumin and plasma levels of ANP were determined from euvolemic volunteers before and during 60 min intravenous infusions of ANP (5 ng.kg-1.min-1, n = 9) or placebo (isotonic saline, n = 7). ANP infusions produced physiological increases (4- to 5-fold) in plasma ANP (from a base line 35 +/- 6 pg/ml) (P less than 0.05). Hemodynamic responses to ANP consisted of a reduction in central venous pressure (P less than 0.05) and no change in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, or renal excretory parameters. ANP increased forearm capillary filtration between 37 and 63% (P less than 0.05) from base line but did not significantly alter forearm compliance measurements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)