cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ethometric analysis in a zoological garden: Modification of ungulate behavior by the visual presence of a predator

Zoological gardens often juxtapose enclosures of predator and prey for educational purposes under the assumption that the predator and prey habituate to each other. To determine if prey are aware of the predator, we studied an exhibit with five species of African ungulates separated by a dry moat from their natural predator, the African lion. Using both focal and scan sampling, activity budgets of ungulates in response to various predator behaviors were quantified. Interindividual distances also were recorded as a measure of the degree of herding relative to predator behavior. Ungulates spent significantly less time in seven behaviors (Lying Down, Feeding, Drinking, Sniffing Ground, Sniffing Each Other, Defecating, Urinating) when the predator was visually present than when the predator was visually absent. Five of these behaviors (Drinking, Sniffing Ground, Sniffing Each Other, Defecating, Urinating) occurred at low frequencies and durations. Interindividual distances, on the other hand, varied little, although intraspecific distances were significantly shorter than interspecific distances. The changes in ungulate behavior indicate an awareness of the predator; for example, less time was spent with the head down (Feeding, Drinking, Sniffing Ground) when the predator was present, allowing more time for predator surveillance. These results indicate that the ungulates in this zoo exhibit modify their behavior when a lion is visually present. These modifications, though, seem to have no deleterious effects on ungulate behavior.
Maleated Polypropylene Film and Wood Fiber Handsheet Laminates

The grafting effect of maleic anhydride (MA) as an interfacial bonding agent and its influence on the tensile strength properties of thermomechanical pulp handsheet-isotactic polypropylene (iPP) film laminates was studied. For the MA treated with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator, tensile strength properties increased 76% with PP film over untreated laminates. The optimal strength properties were obtained with a MA and BPO ratio of 2:1. A strong correlation was observed between the number of fibers in the web and tensile strength properties for both handsheet drying conditions. The R 2 values were 0.95 for air-dry conditions and 0.94 from oven-dry conditions. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed the effectiveness of MA loading on the surface of thermomechanical pulp fibers due to increased fiber failure, which occurred without fiber being pulled out from the PP matrixes. Crystallinity and heat flow were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and increased as expected as the ratio of MA and BPO increased from 0:0 to 2:1. These results were also in accordance with the morphological observations at the fracture surface, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and thermal analysis. POLYM. COMPOS., 00:000–000, 2008. a 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stabilization and convertibility in the transition: the legacies of the twin deficits

Abstract To characterize the macroeconomic disequilibrium in a typical European transforming country we construct a simple one-sector open macroeconomic model with restrictions on capital account transactions. Using this model we analyse the medium-term effects of the transformation, with special reference to the implications of foreign direct investment on the real exchange rate and the possible incompatibility of trade liberalization and economic stabilization. In the model, we follow the absorption approach in characterizing external transactions and assume that inward foreign direct investment is the only allowable private capital account item. Two crucial aspects of the transformation from the Hungarian perspective, i.e. foreign direct investment and the legacy of foreign debt, are highlighted.
R.S.V.P.: A procedure to increase the personal mail and number of correspondents for nursing home residents

Training in successful letter writing may prevent some of the undesirable effects of institutionalization. In a multiple-baseline design, the effectiveness of a procedure to increase the amount of personal mail received, and the number of new correspondents was evaluated. This procedure consisted of (1) verbal prompts to the subjects to initiate and maintain correspondence with people, (2) instructions to write the type of letter which would elicit replies, and (3) the insertion of a stamped, self-addressed envelope with each letter sent. All three subjects increased both rates of receiving mail and of acquiring new correspondents
Ultrastructure of the developing tree shrew lateral geniculate nucleus

Abstract We examined the ultrastructural development of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in postnatal tree shrews to distinguish which features, if any, show a correlation with the development of cell layers. Our data indicate that synaptogenesis has begun at birth (P0) which is prior to the development of cell layers. At postnatal day 8 (P8), when laminar borders can be distinguished, the majority of synaptic profiles are still immature. Although some mature synaptic profiles can be identified at P8 and especially at P15, complex synaptic arrangements characteristic of adults are absent at that time. Growth cones are present at all 3 ages but are less prevalent at P8 and P15 than at birth and appear to be present in slightly higher concentrations in the interlaminar spaces. These results suggest that LGN cell layer formation does not correlate with the beginning of synaptogenesis but that it may correlate with an increase in growth cones in the interlaminar spaces.
Activities of cobra venom cytotoxins toward heart and leukemic T-cells depend on localized amino acid differences

Several studies have suggested that along the concave surface of cobra venom cytotoxins, a hydrophobic region flanked by positively charged amino acid side-chains, as well as by tyrosine and/or serine/threonine, allows these toxins to depolarize muscle or cause cytolysis. Comparison of biological activities among structurally homologous toxins, however, has revealed significant functional diversity. The objective of the present study was to examine several toxins purified from different cobra venoms with regard to their ability to bind to and kill human T-lymphocytes and rat heart cell myoblasts. The activities observed were then correlated with differences in amino acid residues which occur in restricted regions of the toxins. The absence of an aromatic residue at position 11 (Loop 1) resulted in a lower cytolytic response at every concentration tested. A simple inversion of two residues in the amino acid sequence of toxin Loop 3 selectively impaired heart cell binding and cytolysis, but had no effect on T-cells. Loss of a positively charged residue in the tip of Loop 2 minimally affected binding but significantly reduced cytolysis. Replacement of valine at positions 27 and 32, along with the introduction of a negative charge at the tip of Loop 2, interfered with binding to either cell type and caused a reduction in cytolysis. The results of this study suggest that no one loop or region is solely responsible for the toxin's biological activity. However, because the binding and cytolytic sites within these toxins are distinct, it may become possible to develop toxin derivatives in which only selected activities are enhanced.
Use of post-exercise laryngoscopy to evaluate exercise induced dyspnea

We present the case of a child with asthma who continued to have marked exercise induced dyspnea despite appropriate treatment, and in the face of adequate control of all other asthma symptoms. Spirometry showed a marked truncation of inspiratory flow, and laryngoscopy performed immediately after exercise showed laryngomalacia with dynamic, partial inspiratory obstruction. Exercise induced laryngomalacia (EIL) is a rare cause of exercise induced dyspnea which is diagnosed by post exercise flexible laryngoscopy and may require supraglottoplasty.
Steam-generator instrumentation for a nuclear power plant with analog computer verification of dynamic action

High-performance nuclear reactor designs of the pressurized-water type are used with smaller than conventional steam drums to convert from primary coolant heat to steam in a heat exchanger. ?Swell? caused by steam bubbles changing in size and raising the liquid level various amounts at different steam-generation levels poses an acute feed water control problem.
Statistical inference for calibration points in nonlinear mixed effects models

Many disciplines conduct studies in which the primary objectives depend on inference based on a nonlinear relationship between the treatment and response. In particular, interest often focuses on calibration—that is, estimating the best treatment level to achieve a particular result. Often, data for such calibration come from experiments with split-plots or other features that result in multiple error terms or other nontrivial error structures. One such example is the time-of-weed-removal study in weed science, designed to estimate the critical period of weed control. Calibration, or inverse prediction, is not a trivial problem with simple linear regression, and the complexities of experiments such as the time-of-weed-removal study further complicate the procedure. In this article, we extend existing calibration techniques to nonlinear mixed effects models, and illustrate the procedure using data from a time-of-weed-removal study.
Mashing and remixing: using the quadripartita ratio in the aesthetic public sphere

In this article, a remix produced by the artist Pogo and a mashup made by the artist Kutiman are examined as positioned within an aesthetic public sphere. Using the taxonomy afforded by the quadpartitia ratio , these mashups and remixes are pulled apart to reveal insights into how traces of authorship can be detected by juxtaposing original and mashed-up or remixed images. Ultimately, this article will show that locating traces of authorship in mashups and remixes not only adds depth to aesthetic appreciation but also illustrates the aesthetic dependence of mashups and remixes upon the media images that circulate within a given aesthetic public sphere. Keywords: rhetoric; aesthetics; mashups; remixes; public sphere; authorship (Published: 19 July 2013) Citation: Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, Vol. 5 , 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jac.v5i0.20350
A state‐to‐state statistical‐dynamical theory for large molecule collisional energy transfer

A statistical-dynamical theory of large molecule energy transfer based on state-to-state transition probabilities is derived and a demonstration calculation is presented for cyclopropane deactivation by helium. For demonstration purposes, the SSH(T) theory is used for calculating state-to-state transition probabilities, and thus the present calculations are expected to provide only general trends. Various tests for convergence of the calculations are described. The calculations are shown to be practical even for energies where the vibrational state densities exceed 10 10 states cm -1 . The results predict that energy transfer propensities persist even at very high vibrational energies. The predicted collision step size distributions resemble the exponential model, but with strong fluctuations about the mean. The predicted average energy transferred in deactivation collisions ( down ) depends on vibrational energy, due to the changing fraction of inelastic collisions; the shape of the distribution function remains nearly unchanged. In future calculations, the SSH(T) theory will be replaced by other theories in order to obtain more accurate predictions.
AUDITORY MISPERCEPTIONS OF WORD-ASSOCIATION STIMULI IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

This study examined whether auditory misperception of stimulus words on a word-association test can account for idiosyncratic responses of 37 schizophrenics. Results indicated performance comparable to 19 nonschizophrenics' under conditions of auditory and visual presentation, and thus did not support the position that mishearing of stimuli artifactually increased associative thought disturbance.
The Aura of Tobacco Smoke: Cigars and Cigarettes as Image Makers

Male and female college undergraduates evaluated the character traits of men and women who were seen smoking cigars, smoking cigarettes, or not smoking. The evaluated adults were about 10 years older than the students. Irrespective of the evaluated persons' gender, ratings of appeal were specific to the gender of the evaluator. Men and women agreed in their perception of cigarette smokers as being less appealing than nonsmokers. However, whereas men ascribed markedly less appeal to cigar smokers than to cigarette smokers, women perceived cigar smokers as being as appealing as nonsmokers. This pattern was observed for all positive aspects of appeal; the inverse pattern was apparent for all negative aspects of appeal. In contrast, men and women concurred in judging cigar smokers as being more confident and secure than either nonsmokers or cigarette smokers.
Detection of cross-reactive idiotypes in the serum of patients with bullous pemphigoid.

Abstract To further characterize the circulating antibasement membrane zone (antiBMZ) antibodies present in the sera of patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), we have generated a mouse monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (antiId3–17) specific for an IgG antiBMZ antibody, AntiId 3–17 is specific for an idiotype expressed on antiBMZ IgG in the serum of a patient with BP, and not expressed on pooled normal human IgG or IgG from patients with other autoimmune skin diseases. AntiId 3–17 binds to non-reduced, but not reduced, antiBMZ IgG on immunoblot, suggesting that the idiotype is composed of a conformational epitope expressed on native antibody. By a competitive inhibition ELISA, antiId 3–17 detects a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) expressed in 18 of 50 (36%) of the sera of patients with BP, but in the sera of only 1 of 50 (2%) normal blood bank controls (p
Systems thinking and management values in the microchip era: An action agenda for institutional transformation

This era of unprecedented acceleration in technological change is producing severe ‘institutional disarticulation’. The resulting turbulence in organizational environments generates seemingly intractable managerial problems, exacerbated by a growing cleavage between espoused and operative values. In the United States and elsewhere, the urgent need is for a comprehensive societal system design which will effectively integrate appropriate management values and practices with correspondingly optimal organization structures and processes, in a rearticulated (transformed) institutional framework. Microchip technologies are now providing potential for systemic implementation and cybernetic integration of such societal redesign. The crucial question is: Do we have the wit and the will to move toward realization of such a major and transforming undertaking?
Metallographic analysis of a steel plate which failed in service in a coal gasifier

Abstract A material sample containing a portion of the crack that caused failure of the inner shell of a coal gasifier was examined metallographically and compared with a sample of the same material far from the region of failure. Corrosion pitting was observed on the base metal but seemed to have had no catastrophic effect. However, limited observations indicated that corrosion pitting of weld filler metal produced the failure.
Calculating antenna radiation patterns

CALCULATIONS of the horizontal relative field patterns of antennas are long and laborious and increase in complexity with the number of antenna elements employed. Present calculating machines are useful only for antenna-beam arrays consisting of not over three elements. The system described herein will handle any number of antenna elements and can be used to solve problems in a fraction of the time normally required. Its advantages become more apparent as the number of antenna elements increases. The accuracy of these graphical solutions can be made comparable to slide-rule calculations.
Correction of Fixed Hammertoe Deformity with Resection of the Head of the Proximal Phalanx and Extensor Tendon Tenodesis

A method of surgical correction of a fixed hammertoe deformity is presented. It incorporates the resection of the head of the proximal phalanx with an extensor tendon tenodesis to the dorsum of the proximal phalanx. The controlled tension in the extensor tendon provides the necessary stability. It alleviates the use of K-wire fixation.
The energy levels of Dy160

A study of the gamma -ray transitions between levels of Dy/sup 160/ resulting from the decay of Tb/sup 160/ has been made using fastslow coincidence technique. The angular correlations of six gamma -ray cascades were measured. A decay scheme is suggested and assignments for the spins of excited levels and the multipolarities of the gamma radiations are made. The results support the suggestion that the 970 kev and 1050 kev levels should be interpreted as collective vibrational levels. (auth)
Transcriptional silencing in fission yeast.

In eukaryotes, epigenetic events govern diverse processes, ranging from gene expression to other aspects of global chromosome architecture essential for preserving the integrity of the genome. Transcriptional silencing at the mating-type locus, centromeres, and telomeres of the fission yeast is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic states are inherited in cis during mitosis and, remarkably, even through meiosis. Several trans-acting genes that affect silencing are found to encode either chromatin proteins such as chromodomain proteins Swi6 and Clr4 or the factors that affect chromatin assembly, including histone deacetylase homologs Clr3 and Clr6. A recent study showed that Swi6 is involved in imprinting at the mating-type locus and contributes to the cellular memory responsible for maintenance of the silenced state. The "gene" in this instance thus comprises DNA plus the associated Swi6-containing protein complex.
Protein kinase C isoform expression during the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes: Loss of protein kinase C‐α isoform correlates with loss of phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate activation of nuclear factor κB and acquisition of the adipocyte phenotype

The regulated expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms was examined during the differentiation program of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In a parallel analysis, differentiation was blocked by treatment of the cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) to determine differentiation-specific changes in isoform expression from growth or treatment-induced effects. This analysis revealed that the expression of the conventional PKC-alpha isoform was reduced by 85% as cells attained the adipocyte phenotype. PKC-beta expression was measurable only during the early stages of the differentiation process and was not detectable in fully differentiated cells. An upregulation of PKC-theta, a novel PKC isoform, occurred during the latter stage of differentiation. Expression of PKC-zeta an atypical PKC isoform suggested to participate in TNF signal transduction, occurred throughout the time course with similar levels of expression in both preadipocytes and adipocytes. Nuclear run-on analysis demonstrated an approximately 85% reduction in the transcription of the PKC-alpha gene during differentiation. The reduced expression of this isoform corresponded with the decreased ability to activate nuclear factor kapppaB (NF-kappaB) in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment in the adipocytes. These data suggest that PMA responsiveness in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is markedly diminished.
Remarks on the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation and the Painlevé tests

It is shown that the two-dimensional sine-Gordon equation does not satisfy the necessary conditions of the Painleve conjecture to be solvable by inverse scattering since it is reducible to an ordinary differential equation which has a movable logarithmic branch point and so is not of Painleve type.
Edible Medicines: An Ethnopharmacology of Food

Review of Edible Medicines: An Ethnopharmacology of Food . Nina Etkin. 2006. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Pp. 304. $24.95 (paper). ISBN 9780816527489.
The control of current across a spark gap by means of an external magnetic field

Abstract An experimental study was made of the electrical discharge between parallel plates when the pressure between the plates had been reduced to a value slightly less than the critical pressure—i.e. to the condition when a tube begins to harden. Under these conditions the application of a transverse magnetic field will produce a discharge between the electrodes for potentials less than the normal potential required. It is believed that this is due to the lengthening of the path traversed by the ions in crossing the gap. The results obtained may be harmonized by means of the values found by Carr (Proc. Roy. Soc. 1903) who made a study of Paschen's Law in the region of critical pressure. In general it is found possible, under the conditions studied, to start a discharge and control the value of the current through a circuit of which the gap is a part by means of varying the magnetic field superposed on the gap and without altering either the impressed E.M.F. or the ohmic resistance of the circuit.This control is effected by altering the effective length of the spark gap in the circuit by means of the external magnetic field.
Partitioning of regular computation on multiprocessor systems

Problem partitioning of regular computation over two dimensional meshes on multiprocessor systems is examined. The regular computation model considered involves repetitive evaluation of values at each mesh point with local communication. The computational workload and the communication pattern are the same at each mesh point. The regular computation model arises in numerical solutions of partial differential equations and simulations of cellular automata. Given a communication pattern, a systematic way to generate a family of partitions is presented. The influence of various partitioning schemes on performance is compared on the basis of computation to communication ratio.
Percutaneous absorption and tissue distribution of [3H]diacetoxyscirpenol (anguidine) in rats and mice

Acute toxicity, absorption, excretion, and tissue distribution of topically administered diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS, anguidine) were studied in Fischer rats and CD-1 mice. Mortality (75%) was observed in rats treated with a single dose of 2.625 mg of DAS to 1.44 cm2of skin, whereas the proportionate (0.75 mg to 0.42 cm2of skin) and even higher doses were not lethal to mice. Histopathological lesions induced in the rat were similar to those observed by administration through other routes, mainly involving lymphohematopoietic tissues and the gastrointestinal tract. Although lesions in internal organs were less severe, the skin of the mouse was more severely damaged at the application site than that of the rat. During the 90-min period after topical application of a single dose of [3H]DAS, the rat absorbed and retained more [3H]DAS and excreted less radioactivity through urine and feces than the mouse. By 24 hr after treatment, the rat had absorbed, excreted, and retained about twice as much [3H]DAS as had the mouse (p< 0.05 or < 0.005). At 7 days posttreatment, the rat had absorbed more than four times the amount of [3H]DAS than had the mouse (13.1 vs 57.5%;p< 0.005). However, tissues of the mouse retained a higher proportion of administered radioactivity (4.1%) than those of the rat (1.0%;p< 0.05). Total excretion of radiolabel by the rat was approximately sixfold higher than that of the mouse (56 to 9%;p< 0.005). The ratio of excretion in urine to that in feces in the rat was about 2 to 1 (37 to 18%) and in the mouse was about 3.5 to 1 (7 to 2%). Significant differences in the time course of tissue distribution of [3H]DAS in the rat and mouse were found when data were expressed as the percentage of absorbed dose present in tissues or as specific radioactivity (dpm) per gram tissue. These results demonstrated a significant interspecies difference in acute percutaneous toxicity of DAS and different patterns of absorption, excretion, and tissue distribution of topically administered [3H]DAS in rats and mice.
Spatiotemporally resolved plasma effect on two-color laser pumped terahertz generation

Spatiotemporally resolved measurements reveal how a plasma affects the terahertz generation from photoionized air in two-color optical fields.
Isobaric analog impurities from neutron capture and transmission by magnesium

Resonance neutron interactions with the stable isotopes of magnesium were measured at the Oak Ridge electron linear accelerator time-of-flight facility. The transmission of a natural metal sample (78.7% $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$) was measured at 200 m and capture by natural metal and by enriched isotope samples was measured at 40 m. Twenty-six resonances in $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}+n$ up to 1.8 MeV were fitted with Breit-Wigner multilevel parameters. The data were sufficient to assign spin and parity to 19 of these. The capture data were analyzed for resonances up to 850 keV for $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}+n$, 265 keV for $^{25}\mathrm{Mg}+n$ (${17}^{+}$ resonances), and 440 keV for $^{26}\mathrm{Mg}+n$ (4 resonances). Average capture at stellar interior temperatures was calculated. The $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}+n$ data serve to assess the isospin impurities in three isobaric analog states. Three other states exhibit reduced neutron widths each several percent of the Wigner limit which may be understood in terms of simple shell model configurations.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $\mathrm{Mg}(n,x)^{24,25,26}\mathrm{Mg}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=0.1\ensuremath{-}1800$ keV; measured $T(E)$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n,\ensuremath{\gamma}}(E)$; deduced $^{25,26,27}\mathrm{Mg}$ level parameters, isobaric analog isospin impurities, shell model configurations, average capture in stars as a function of temperature.
Merkel cell carcinoma associated with HIV: review of 14 patients.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine tumor that has a high propensity for early metastases and high rates of local recurrence after surgical excision. Most cases of MCC are associated with human polyomavirus (HPyV) infection, and immunosuppression is a known risk factor [1,2]. Indeed, the risk of developing MCC is 13 times greater in HIV patients compared with the general population [1–3]. We evaluated the demographic and clinical aspects of HIV-associated MCC (HIV-MCC) in three patients seen at a tertiary care specialty hospital and 11 other patients previously described in the medical literature, and compared these with the clinical aspects of MCC in immunocompetent patients (IC-MCC). All methods were previously approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC). A total of 14 HIV-MCC patients were identified for review, including 11 patients from the English language literature (references [4–14]) and three patients from the FHCRC database ‘Repository of Data and Specimens for MCC’ (W10, W137, and W162). We analyzed the average age at diagnosis, lesion location, duration of HIV diagnosis prior to MCC diagnosis, the relationship between CD4 cell counts and MCC diagnosis, and the average duration of survival after MCC diagnosis. The demographic and clinical characteristics of 14 patients with HIV-MCC are summarized in Table 1. This group comprises 11 men and three women. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 49 years. Five patients had head and neck lesions, whereas the remaining nine patients had lesions on other sites. In the six patients whose HIV was clearly diagnosed prior to their MCC diagnosis, the average duration from the time of HIV diagnosis to MCC diagnosis was 9.5 years. The average CD4 cell count was 256 cells/μl (normal range 500– 1500 cells/μl) in nine patients at the time of MCC diagnosis. Ten patients with HIV-MCC were treated with wide local excision (WLE), and six of these also received additional radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic agents included etoposide, cisplatinum, adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin. Two patients were treated with Mohs surgery, and one of these received additional radiation therapy. Two patients were treated with radiation therapy or chemotherapy alone. Five of the ten patients treated with WLE or Mohs surgery, either alone or in combination with radiation, survived for longer than 23 months. Two patients treated with chemotherapy or radiation alone had survival of at least 9 and 11 months, respectively.
An unconditionally stable Runge-Kutta method for unsteady flows

A quasi-three dimensional analysis was developed for unsteady rotor-stator interaction in turbomachinery. The analysis solves the unsteady Euler or thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations in a body fitted coordinate system. It accounts for the effects of rotation, radius change, and stream surface thickness. The Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model is used for turbulent flows. The equations are integrated in time using a four stage Runge-Kutta scheme with a constant time step. Implicit residual smoothing was employed to accelerate the solution of the time accurate computations. The scheme is described and accuracy analyses are given. Results are shown for a supersonic through-flow fan designed for NASA Lewis. The rotor:stator blade ratio was taken as 1:1. Results are also shown for the first stage of the Space Shuttle Main Engine high pressure fuel turbopump. Here the blade ratio is 2:3. Implicit residual smoothing was used to increase the time step limit of the unsmoothed scheme by a factor of six with negligible differences in the unsteady results. It is felt that the implicitly smoothed Runge-Kutta scheme is easily competitive with implicit schemes for unsteady flows while retaining the simplicity of an explicit scheme.
An infinite-stage production-smoothing process

Abstract We show that the minimum-cost function and optimal policy for an infinite-stage process may be obtained as the limits of the corresponding quantities for certain finite-stage processes. This result is applied to a quadratic-cost process.
Social Distrust as a Factor in Siting Hazardous Facilities and Communicating Risks

Conflicts regarding the siting of hazardous facilities in the U.S. have often led to an impasse due to numerous problems, particularly including social distrust. To address this situation, this article proposes a multidimensional conception of trust, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects, and involving themes of expectations about others, subjective perceptions of situations, and awareness of taking risks. Four key dimensions of trust are perceptions of commitment, competence, caring, and predictability. Distrust arises from violations of expectations that people have in social relations. Research has shown a broad loss of trust in leaders and in major social institutions in the U.S. since the 1960s, together with growing public concern over health, safety, and environmental protection. These trends combine to make hazardous-facility siting highly controversial. This article recommends key steps in risk communication and hazardous-facility siting that are aimed at dealing as effectively as possible with social distrust.
Kinetic and structural analysis of coxsackievirus B3 receptor interactions and formation of the A-particle

ABSTRACT The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) has been identified as the cellular receptor for group B coxsackieviruses, including serotype 3 (CVB3). CAR mediates infection by binding to CVB3 and catalyzing conformational changes in the virus that result in formation of the altered, noninfectious A-particle. Kinetic analyses show that the apparent first-order rate constant for the inactivation of CVB3 by soluble CAR (sCAR) at physiological temperatures varies nonlinearly with sCAR concentration. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstruction of the CVB3-CAR complex resulted in a 9.0-A resolution map that was interpreted with the four available crystal structures of CAR, providing a consensus footprint for the receptor binding site. The analysis of the cryo-EM structure identifies important virus-receptor interactions that are conserved across picornavirus species. These conserved interactions map to variable antigenic sites or structurally conserved regions, suggesting a combination of evolutionary mechanisms for receptor site preservation. The CAR-catalyzed A-particle structure was solved to a 6.6-A resolution and shows significant rearrangement of internal features and symmetric interactions with the RNA genome. IMPORTANCE This report presents new information about receptor use by picornaviruses and highlights the importance of attaining at least an ∼9-A resolution for the interpretation of cryo-EM complex maps. The analysis of receptor binding elucidates two complementary mechanisms for preservation of the low-affinity (initial) interaction of the receptor and defines the kinetics of receptor-catalyzed conformational change to the A-particle.
Warnings: a supplement not a substitute for other approaches to safety

Warnings in the workplace are analysed from the global perspective that they are not a substitute for, but rather a supplement to, good product design, employee selection, training, job design, supervision, and the provision of other forms of safety information including written procedures and checklists. An explanation is given for when and why these latter approaches will be more effective for reducing both errors and violations. Situations where warnings will be useful and further areas of research are also discussed.
Reticulum cell sarcoma of the heart simulating viral pericarditis.

Abstract A case of reticulum cell sarcoma involving the heart is reported. The presenting picture originally was that of a pericarditis with effusion, and apparently a cure was effected after a few weeks. One year later the pericardial effusion returned, in association with substernal pain. Rapid death followed.
A theory of stimulus-response compatibility applied to human-computer interaction

A GOMS theory of stimulus-response compatibility is presented and applied to remembering computer command abbreviations. Two abbreviation techniques, vowel-deletion and special-character-plus-first-letter, are compared in an encoding task. Significant differences are found in the time to type the first letter of the abbreviation, and in the time to complete the typing of the abbreviation. These differences are analyzed using the theory which produces an excellent quantitative fit to the data (r2 = 0.97).
Preparation and properties of glucagon analogs prepared by semi-synthesis from CNBr-glucagon

The semi-synthetic approach has been used to obtain new analogs of the peptide hormone glucagon. Using the highly purified 27 amino acid fragment of cyanogen bromide-treated glucagon, we have prepared, by nucleophilic addition to the lactone ring, the following derivatives: CNBr-Gly28-glucagon, CNBr-glucagon hydrazide, CNBr-glucagon n-butylamide and CNBr-glucagon biotinamide. Direct aminolysis of the lactone was successful only with sterically unhindered primary amines. Addition of an amino acid could be accomplished by formation of the peptide hydrazide followed by azide coupling. All these analogs were full agonists with decreased potency relative to the native hormone. Examination of the structure-function relationships of these new C-terminal glucagon derivatives suggests that the hydrophobic side-chain of methionine is important to the binding of glucagon to its receptor and that the C-terminal portion of glucagon is only involved in the binding of the hormone to the receptor and not in the transduction process.
Diagnostic accuracy and the observation option in acute otitis media: the Capital Region Otitis Project

Summary Objective: Studies of acute otitis media indicate that deferring antibiotics in selected patients is a valid option. This study sought to determine the effects of a multifaceted educational intervention on disease management and treatment attitudes in practitioners caring for acute otitis media (AOM). Methods: An expert committee composed of clinical and public health practitioners was convened which reviewed current evidence-based literature on diagnosis and treatment of AOM. A survey instrument to measure attitudes was fashioned and administered to 150 invited practitioners before and after a daylong educational intervention. The intervention was composed of two diagnostic otoscopy workshops; a lecture on an antibiotic-centered approach to treatment, followed by a lecture on the Dutch “observation without antibiotic option” (OWAO), which in 1998 involved withholding antibiotic prescription for selected patients over the age of 2 for up to 72 h; and a concluding “Miller Interactive Process” – small group sessions on five key clinical management questions. Results: Significant short-term changes occurred in practitioners’ attitudes in importance of ear pulling as a diagnostic symptom ( P = 0.034) and clinical findings in the tympanic membrane for the diagnosis of AOM ( P = 0.006). Significant changes towards increased comfort of practitioners’ management attitudes were found in managing selected patients without antibiotics ( P = 0.057), using shortened courses of antibiotics ( P = 0.001), and using high dose amoxicillin (80 mg/kg/day) as a second line drug ( P = 0.001). Conclusions: Practitioners’ attitudes about managing AOM can be modified in the short-term with an educational intervention combining didactic, hands-on, and interactive learning that incorporates evidence-based medicine.
Photoacoustic microscopy of myocardial sheet architecture in unfixed and unstained mammalian hearts

The laminar myocardial sheet architecture and its dynamic change play a key role in myocardial wall thickening. Histology, confocal optical microscopy (COM), and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) have been used to unveil the structures and functions of the myocardial sheets. However, histology and COM require fixation, sectioning, and staining processes, which dehydrate and deform the sheet architecture. Although DTI can delineate sheet architecture nondestructively in viable hearts, it cannot provide cellular-level resolution. Here we show that photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), with high resolution (~1 μm) and label-free detection, is appropriate for imaging 3D myocardial architecture. Perfused half-split mouse hearts were also imaged by PAM in vitro without fixation, dehydration, nor staining. The laminar myocardial sheet architecture was clearly visualized within a 0.15 mm depth range. Two populations of oppositely signed sheet angles were observed. Therefore, PAM promises to access dynamic changes of myocardial architectures in ex vivo perfused-viable hearts.
Chabazite in spodumene-bearing Alpine-type fissure veins from Hiddenite, North Carolina, USA

Alpine-type fissure vein mineralization in the Hiddenite area of western North Carolina, USA consists mostly of quartz, but locally contains Cr-bearing beryl (emerald) or Cr-bearing spodumene (hiddenite). These gem minerals occur in mineral-lined cavities and may be accompanied by euhedral crystals of quartz, calcite, muscovite, rutile, albite, pyrite, siderite and dolomite. Chabazite-Ca occurs as a late stage phase in spodumene-bearing veins, but is absent in emerald-bearing veins. Chabazite-Ca occurs as simple penetrating twins of pseudocubic rhombohedra and as the lens-shaped variety, phacolite. Chabazite-Ca from Hiddenite contains minor amounts of Na, Mg, Fe and K. Phacolitic chabazite-Ca shows Fe-enriched but Mg-depleted cores relative to the rims. Chemical zoning is absent in rhombohedral chabazite. The Hiddenite chabazite apparently precipitated under low temperature (< 250°C) and low pressure (< 2 kbar) conditions during the waning stages of crystallization of an alkaline hydrothermal fluid.
Stimulation of fatty acid uptake and triglyceride synthesis in human cultured skin fibroblasts and adipocytes by a serum protein.

Summary Lipoprotein deficient serum has been shown to enhance lipid synthesis in cultured normal human skin fibroblasts incubated in the presence of oleate-albumin. The factor responsible is nondialyzable and trypsin sensitive. The stimulation is proportional to the concentration of lipoprotein deficient serum in the media and is present at all oleate concentrations and incubation times assayed. The protein has been partially purified by column chromatography to yield a Peak II fraction which stimulates triglyceride synthesis in both fibroblasts and isolated human adipocytes. The stimulation is dependent on the concentration of protein fraction and increases to an apparent saturation level of 200% in fibroblasts. Triglyceride synthesis, however, increases to a much greater extent in adipocytes and did not demonstrate saturation at the maximum Peak II protein concentration assayed. These results suggest that human serum contains a protein which stimulates fatty acid uptake and esterification by adipose tissue.
Young hamsters are more resistant than adults to endotracheally instilled porcine pancreatic elastase.

We measured the physiologic and stereologic response to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg of porcine pancreatic elastase instilled in a volume of 0.25 ml 0.9% NaCl/100 g body weight into the trachea of groups of young and adult hamsters. The young hamsters averaged 50 g and the adult hamsters 116 g in initial body weight. Twenty-one days after administration of elastase, lung volumes, static lung compliance, maximum expiratory flow, the whole section mean linear interscepts (MLI) were measured. The degree of emphysema increased in all animals as a function of dose. Examination of the lung volume and compliance dose-response characteristics indicated that young hamsters developed less physiologic change with increasing elastase dose than did adult hamsters. Maximum expiratory flow and whole section MLI dose-response were similar in the young and adult elastase-treated groups. However, the MLI in young hamsters treated with the 0.4 μg elastase dose was decreased in the outer third of the lung compared to adult emphysema...
The Raman spectra of calf thymus and of salmon testes deoxyribonucleic acid

Abstract The Raman spectra of calf thymus and of salmon testes DNA as solid, aqueous gel, D 2 O gel and alkaline aqueous gel are presented. The spectra show features ascribable to the disordered helix B -helix transition. However, the spectra of the two DNA's agree neither with each other nor with the infrared spectra, in. the 1600–1700 cm −1 region. The spectra are quite insensitive to changes in state or environment, showing that the electronic structure of the double helix is very stable. Several Raman bands are assigned to the constituent bases.
Distinct hippocampal regions make unique contributions to relational memory

Neuroscientific research has shown that the hippocampus is important for binding or linking together the various components of a learning event into an integrated memory. In a prior study, we demonstrated that the anterior hippocampus is involved in memory for the relations among informational elements to a greater extent that it is involved in memory for individual elements (Giovanello et al., 2004. Hippocampus 14:5-8). In the current study, we extend those findings by further specifying the role of anterior hippocampus during relational memory retrieval. Specifically, anterior hippocampal activity was observed during flexible retrieval of learned associations, whereas posterior hippocampal activity was detected during reinstatement of study episodes. These findings suggest a functional dissociation across the long axis of human hippocampus based on the nature of the mnemonic process rather than the stage of memory processing or type of stimulus.
Quantifying biofilm structure

This article defines some quantitative parameters for describing the structure of a biofilm. The parameters can be calculated from a two-dimensional cross-sectional image on a plane parallel to the substratum within an in situ biofilm. Such images can be acquired using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). The parameters will eventually be used for eliciting relationships between the biofilm's structure and its biochemical function, and for computer model evaluation. The results shown here indicate that the structural parameters appear to be reaching steady-state conditions as the biofilm grows to a steady state.
Functional characterization of CYP2D6 enhancer polymorphisms

CYP2D6 metabolizes nearly 25% of clinically used drugs. Genetic polymorphisms cause large inter-individual variability in CYP2D6 enzyme activity and are currently used as biomarker to predict CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotype. Previously, we had identified a region 115 kb downstream of CYP2D6 as enhancer for CYP2D6, containing two completely linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs133333 and rs5758550, associated with enhanced transcription. However, the enhancer effect on CYP2D6 expression, and the causative variant, remained to be ascertained. To characterize the CYP2D6 enhancer element, we applied chromatin conformation capture combined with the next-generation sequencing (4C assays) and chromatin immunoprecipitation with P300 antibody, in HepG2 and human primary culture hepatocytes. The results confirmed the role of the previously identified enhancer region in CYP2D6 expression, expanding the number of candidate variants to three highly linked SNPs (rs133333, rs5758550 and rs4822082). Among these, only rs5758550 demonstrated regulating enhancer activity in a reporter gene assay. Use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats mediated genome editing in HepG2 cells targeting suspected enhancer regions decreased CYP2D6 mRNA expression by 70%, only upon deletion of the rs5758550 region. These results demonstrate robust effects of both the enhancer element and SNP rs5758550 on CYP2D6 expression, supporting consideration of rs5758550 for CYP2D6 genotyping panels to yield more accurate phenotype prediction.
Being bullied in childhood: correlations with borderline personality in adulthood

Abstract Objective This study was designed to explore correlations between a history of being bullied in childhood and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adulthood, several externalizing behaviors, and mental health care utilization. Method Using a cross-sectional consecutive sample of internal medicine outpatients (N = 414), we examined the relationship between history of being bullied in childhood and 2 measures of BPD: the borderline personality scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire–4 and the Self-Harm Inventory. We also explored whether having ever been bullied was related to a number of externalizing behaviors (eg, rage reactions, road rage, excessive spending, alcohol and substance misuse, binge eating) as well as greater mental health care utilization. Results In this study, a history of being bullied in childhood demonstrated statistically significant correlations with both measures of BPD as well as a number of externalizing behaviors and the measures for mental health care utilization. Conclusions A history of being bullied in childhood demonstrates a positive correlation with BPD in adulthood, externalizing behaviors, and mental health care utilization. Although this does not necessarily imply causality, the nature of this relationship warrants further investigation.