cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐E‐BRB‐01: Significant Improvement of Plan Quality, Delivery Efficiency and Plan Consistency by VMAT Combined with Automated Inverse Planning Algorithm for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Centrally/superiorly Located Stage I Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: SBRT has been reported to result in excellent local control in stage I non‐small‐cell lungcancer(NSCLC) using 3D‐CRT. However, toxicity could be significant for lesions located centrally/superiorly and the delivery time for each fraction takes about 35–40 minutes. In order to minimize the normal tissuedose and the risk of the intra‐fractional motion, VMAT plans generated by our in‐house developed automated inverse planning (AIP) method are studied and compared to 3D‐CRT plans for SBRT to treatNSCLC. Methods and materials:Treatment plans for 11 patients with central or superior stage I NSCLCtreated by 3D‐CRT SBRT were selected for this study. The central/superior tumors are those located within 2cm from the bronchial tree, esophagus, heart, major vessels, trachea or brachial plexus but 1cm away from the spinal cord. All the patients underwent 4D CT simulation, and daily CT‐on‐rail guided CT. The AIP algorithm was implemented as a plug‐in of Pinnacle (9.100) and therefore all the plans generated were deliverable plans which could be directly employed to treat patients. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy in 4 fractions to the target volume. Iso‐dose line distributions and dose volume histograms for both plans were compared also. Maximum tolerable dose (MTD) was defined as the preset critical‐structure dose‐volume constraints. Results: With the similar target coverage, the clinical plans for only 7 patients satisfied all the MTD constrains, whereas the AIP‐generated VMAT plans did for all the patients. The VMAT plans remarkably reduced the dose to nearly all the critical structures and resulted in approximately 37% more monitor units but could be delivered with 8 minutes. Conclusion: Compared to 3D‐CRT, VMAT with AIP method for SBRT has superior plan quality, excellent delivery efficiency and exceptional plan consistency. It is the preferred modality to treat the patients with NSCLC located centrally/superiorly.
Validity of an On-Line Panel Approach to Citizen Surveys

On-line panels of volunteer respondents have emerged as a new method of conducting surveys for market and public opinion research with substantial cost and logistical advantages over traditional mail or telephone surveys. However, because they are not based on probability sampling, the results from on-line panels raise serious concerns about their validity in terms of representing the characteristics or views of the population. With support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the CivilPanel (formerly eTownPanel) project was created to test the validity of an on-line panel approach to citizen surveys about government performance. This article reports on the development of the project, including the growth and composition of the panel, and on the validity of its on-line survey results as defined by comparisons with established, randomsample surveys of public opinion. Implications of the findings for the practice of citizen surveys as well as for the study of public opinion about local government performanc...
Double- and single-electron capture in He2+ + H2 collisions in the energy range from 50 eV to 2 keV

Double- and single-electron-capture processes have been studied theoretically in the energy range from 50 eV to 2 keV by using a molecular-orbital expansion method. Atomic-type electron-translation factors have been implemented to ensure that the scattering boundary conditions are correct. The cross sections for single- and double-electron capture were found to cross each other at 500 eV, with double-electron capture being dominant at the lower energies studied. This finding is consistent with recent experimental measurements.
HIV seroconversion among public sexually transmitted disease clinic patients: Analysis of risks to facilitate early identification

OBJECTIVES We identified risks for HIV seroconversion among public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic patients. DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study conducted January 1993 through October 2002 of STD clinic attendees aged > or =12 years in Baltimore, Maryland. METHODS A negative HIV enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test was required for staggered cohort entry. Observation time was 30 days to 3 years. The outcome for multivariate Poisson regression was HIV seroconversion (positive EIA and/or Western blot test) compared among patients with or without sexual risk behaviors, drug use, an STD diagnosis, and signs and symptoms at an initial HIV test. RESULTS One hundred twenty-five HIV seroconversions occurred among 10,535 individuals and 13,693 person-years of observation, for an incidence of 0.91 HIV seroconversions per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76 to 1.09). Median time to HIV seroconversion was 1.54 years (95% CI: 1.11 to 1.73). In multivariate analysis, increased HIV seroconversion risk was associated with older age, drug use, a sexual partner with syphilis or HIV, genital ulcers, and gonorrhea. HIV incidence per 100 person-years was 4.86 for subjects with an HIV-positive sexual partner, 3.06 for those with injection drug use, and 2.40 for those with genital ulcers. CONCLUSIONS We found a high rate of HIV seroconversion among STD clinic patients with specific risks. Algorithms with HIV RNA testing targeted to patients at the highest risk for seroconversion may optimize prevention and resource utilization.
Non-Abelian variation on the Savvidy vacuum of the Yang-Mills gauge theory.

As a prelude to a truly nonperturbative evaluation of the effective potential in terms of lattice QCD, the one loop effective potential for a non-Abelian gauge configuration is calculated using the background field method. Through a nontrivial correlation between the space and color orientations the new background field avoids the possible coordinate singularity, Det[ital B][sub [ital i]][sup [ital a]]=0, observed recently by Johnson and his collaborators in their Schroedinger functional study of the SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. In addition, since our ansatz generates a constant color magnetic field through the commutator terms rather than derivative terms, many of the technical drawbacks the Savvidy ansatz suffers on a lattice can be avoided. Our one loop study yields qualitatively the same result as that of Savvidy's. In particular, the main difficulty of the loop expansion in the presence of a constant chromomagnetic background field, i.e., the appearance of the imaginary part in the effective potential, is not removed by avoiding the singularity of Det[ital B][sub [ital i]][sup [ital a]]=0.
First-principles theory of short-range order, electronic excitations, and spin polarization in Ni-V and Pd-V alloys

The short-range order (SRO) and long-range order (LRO) of Ni-V and Pd-V alloys are studied theoretically by a combination of first-principles calculations of Ising-like interaction energies (${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{f}}$) with a Monte Carlo solution of the Ising Hamiltonian. We find the following: (i) There are several compositions in these alloys for which the dominant wave vectors of LRO and those of SRO do not coincide, indicating that the low-temperature (T) LRO may not always be inferred from the high-T SRO. (ii) In ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$V and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$V, the density of states at the Fermi level, n(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$), is much larger in L${1}_{2}$ than in the stable D${0}_{22}$ structure. This has two consequences: (a) thermal electron-hole excitations across ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathit{F}}$ are energetically more favorable in the L${1}_{2}$ structure and lead to a T dependence of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{f}}$, and (b) magnetization stabilization is larger in L${1}_{2}$, so spin polarization affects structural stability. As a result, (iii) calculations using T-dependent ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{f}}$'s are needed to obtain quantitative agreement with experimental measurements of LRO, SRO, and transition temperatures in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.75}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.25}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.67}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.33}$, and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{0.75}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.25}$.(iv) We provide predictions of the SRO patterns where there is currently no experimental evidence for ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{0.67}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.33}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.4}$, ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.4}$, and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{V}}_{0.5}$. (v) For ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$V and ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$V, discrepancies are found between the total-energy differences of the L${1}_{2}$ and D${0}_{22}$ structures as determined by T=0 first-principles calculations and those inferred from diffuse neutron scattering measurements at high T. By performing temperature-dependent self-consistent local-density-approximation calculations, we find that electronic excitations are responsible for reducing the discrepancy by \ensuremath{\sim}25% and the combination of spin polarization and electronic excitations reduce the discrepancy by \ensuremath{\sim}30--50 %. Thus, electronic excitations and spin polarization are not fully responsible for the T dependence of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{f}}$ used in the SRO calculations.
Defective DNA repair in Fanconi's anaemia.

FIBROBLASTS from patients with Fanconi's anaemia (FA) show increased susceptibility to transformation in vitro by SV40 virus1, as well as spontaneous chromosome breakage2. Chromosomal instability has also been observed in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes and in bone marrow cells3. More recently, Sasaki and Tonomura4 demonstrated an increased susceptibility of lymphocytes from patients with FA to chromosome breakage by DNA cross linking agents. These results were interpreted as an indication that FA cells are defective in some DNA repair mechanism.
Alkali ion migration mechanisms in silicate glasses probed by molecular dynamics simulations

The application of the molecular dynamics computer simulation technique to the problem of elucidating alkali ion migration mechanisms in alkali silicate glasses is reviewed. Some new results are presented that help to clarify the processes and their timing. In particular, it is shown that alkali ions jump into empty sites; that is, the mechanisms owe more in character to their crystalline vacancy counterpart rather than their interstitial cousins.
The effects of quercetin supplementation on cognitive functioning in a community sample: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Background:The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of quercetin supplementation on neurocognitive functioning.Methods:A large community sample (n = 941) completed a 12-week supp...
Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Decomposition of Methane

Traditionally, hydrogen is produced by reforming or partial oxidation of methane to produce synthesis gas, followed by the water-gas shift reaction to convert CO to CO2 and produce more hydrogen, followed in turn by a purification or separation procedure. This paper presents results for the catalytic decomposition of undiluted methane into hydrogen and carbon using nanoscale, binary, Fe−M (M = Pd, Mo, or Ni) catalysts supported on alumina. All of the supported Fe−M binary catalysts reduced methane decomposition temperature by 400−500 °C relative to noncatalytic thermal decomposition and exhibited significantly higher activity than Fe or any of the secondary metals (Pd, Mo, and Ni) supported on alumina alone. At reaction temperatures of approximately 700−800 °C and space velocities of 600 mL g-1 h-1, the product stream was comprised of over 80 volume % of hydrogen, with the balance being unconverted methane. No CO, CO2, or C2 and higher hydrocarbons were observed in the product gas. High-resolution SEM and...
Dissociation dynamics of phenetole cations by photoelectron photoion coincidence.

The dissociation rates of phenetole ions have been measured as a function of the ion internal energy by the method of photoelectron photoion coincidence spectrometry. The loss of ethylene to produce the phenol ion is the only dissociation pathway from its onset at 9.17 eV up to at least 12 eV. An activation energy of 1.64 ± 0.06 eV with an assumed activation entropy of + 18 ± 4 cal/mol-K is derived from fitting the statistical theory decay rates to the measured rates. The transition state energy lies ∼ 1 eV below the thermochemical dissociation limit to the C2H 5 + + C6H5O · products. It is thus unlikely that an ion-radical complex is involved in the production of the phenol ion.
Bicultural Literacy Curriculum

This article examines the literacy issues in public school in the United States, and points out that current programs do not have a meaningful cultural connection to bicultural and bilingual students. The findings indicate that literacy must become part of bicultural and bilingual students’ reality in order to empower them. The pedagogical content of literacy must acknowledge bicultural and bilingual students’ culture so they can make connections to learning literacy. In order to help bicultural and bilingual students acquire the necessary academic skills to succeed on high-stakes tests that are demanded by No Child Left Behind Law, public schools need to infuse home culture literacy as part of literacy programs and practices.
Electronic, steric, and temperature effects in the Pd(II)-biquinoline catalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols in water

Abstract The Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of various benzyl alcohol derivatives was investigated. Product selectivity is highly dependent on the nature and position of the substituents on the alcohol as well as the level of catalyst loading. Electron-donating substituents increase the reaction rate ( ρ = −0.37), which suggests a partial reduction of the palladium center coupled with alcohol oxidation in the rate-limiting step. The temperature dependence of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidation was also evaluated, providing activation parameters of Δ H ‡ = 7.4(4) kcal/mol and Δ S ‡ = −53(1) eu. Water is used as the only reaction solvent and air is used as the sole oxidant throughout these studies.
Concordant changes of plasma and kidney microRNA in the early stages of acute kidney injury: time course in a mouse model of bilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion.

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome characterized by the rapid loss of the kidney excretory function and is strongly associated with increased early and long-term patient morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis of AKI is challenging; therefore we profiled plasma microRNA in an effort to identify potential diagnostic circulating markers of renal failure. The goal of the present study was to investigate the dynamic relationship of circulating and renal microRNA profiles within the first 24 hours after bilateral ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury in mice.
Optically Responsive Gold Nanorod−Polypeptide Assemblies

Environmentally responsive nanoassemblies based on polypeptides and nanoparticles can have a number of promising biological/biomedical applications. We report the generation of gold nanorod (GNR)−elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) nanoassemblies whose optical response can be manipulated based on exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light. Cysteine-containing ELPs were self-assembled on GNRs mediated by gold-thiol bonds, leading to the generation of GNR−ELP nanoassemblies. Exposure of GNR−ELP assemblies to NIR light resulted in the heating of GNRs due to surface plasmon resonance. Heat transfer from the GNRs resulted in an increase in temperature of the self-assembled ELP above its transition temperature (Tt), which led to a phase transition and aggregation of the GNR−ELP assemblies. This phase transition was detected using an optical readout (increase in optical density); no change in optical behavior was observed in the case of either ELP alone or GNR alone. The optical response was reproducibele and reversible a...
Leukocytosis is a poor indicator of acute osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes mellitus

The purpose of this article is to describe the frequency of leukocytosis and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in a series of diabetics with acute foot infections and osteomyelitis due to neuropathic foot ulcerations. The authors reviewed the admission records of 28 type II diabetic patients admitted to University Hospital in San Antonio, Texas between January 1, 1990 and December 30, 1992 with acute osteomyelitis of the foot secondary to neuropathic ulceration. The mean white blood cell count on admission for all subjects studied was calculated at 11.9 ± 5.4 × 10 3 cells/mm. 3 Of all white blood cell counts collected for patients admitted with acute osteomyelitis of the foot, 54% were within normal limits. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in 96% of patients. Oral temperature was normal in 82% of patients. The authors conclude that a normal white cell count should not deter one from taking appropriate action to mitigate the propagation of a potentially limb-threatening foot infection.
Facts, Fiction, and the Pharmaceutical Industry

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry has long been forced to suffer unfavorable media coverage and intense Congressional scutiny. The recent success of three popular novels, the subject of which is the pharmaceutical industry, suggests that public interest in the industry remains strong. How the industry is characterized in these three novels is reviewed and conclusions about industry marketing strategies for the 1980's are drawn.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS IN HYPERCALCEMIC DOGS

Two hyperplastic parathyroid glands and three solitary parathyroid adenomas were identified using high-resolution ultrasonography in five adult dogs with persistent hypercalcemia. Ultrasonographic features of parathyroid adenomas included visualization of a round or oval, 5 mm or larger, hypoechoic mass in the cranial pole of one thyroid lobe. Each mass had well-defined margins between the thyroid gland and parathyroid adenoma, reduced echogenicity of the adenoma compared to surrounding thyroid parenchyma, and distal enhancement. Ultrasonographic features of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands included hypoechogenicity, compared to surrounding thyroid parenchyma, and a size of approximately 2 mm. Hyperplastic parathyroids were well marginated in one dog and poorly marginated in another dog.
Nearest neighbor analysis of point processes: Simulations and evaluations

Abstract Tversky, Rinott, and Newman (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1983 , 27, 000) examine the asymptotic behavior of a measure of the centrality of the nearest neighbor relation. The applicability of their conclusions when the number of dimensions (d) and the number of points (n) take on the small-to-moderate values commonly encountered in the analysis of proximity data is investigated. The results suggest that convergence is fast when n is large relative to d and slow when d is large relative to n.
Study of the Effect of DATEM. 3: Synthesis and Characterization of DATEM Components

Abstract Three major components of DATEM were synthesized and characterized by microscale rheological methods and a microscale baking test on the basis of 10 g of flour. In addition, a normal-scale baking test with 300 g of flour was performed. Both the microscale and the normal-scale baking test were in strong agreement and showed that DATEM components with one carboxyl group exhibited better baking performance than compounds with two carboxyl groups. The best results in baking were obtained with a concentration of 2 g of emulsifier per kg of flour in contrast to 3 g/kg with a commercial DATEM sample, because commercial samples may contain up to 40% of inactive components. The DATEM component with two carboxyl groups had the lowest baking activity, but it was most effective in dough and gluten rheology. This discrepancy between rheology and baking indicates that for DATEM different mechanisms of action have to be present in the dough phase and during baking.
Prototype closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems inspired by Norbert Wiener

Implantable neurostimulators have rapidly become established methods of treating a variety of neurological disorders. The development of implantable neural interfaces enable the testing of Norbert Wiener’s hypotheses regarding neural disorders and their relationship to ideas of cybernetics. However, currently deployed medical devices of this kind are open-loop. For example, DBS for treatment of tremor does not take into account the variable and intermittent nature of the tremor. Closing the loop through sensors and real-time communication to the implanted neurostimulator could result in lower average power dissipation and reduced side effects from unneeded stimulation. In this paper we present a closed-loop DBS platform for investigating control strategies for the management of essential tremor. We demonstrate a system capable using a variety of sensors including inertial measurements, electromyography and neurostimulator electrode readings. This sensed data is used to modify stimulation (within limits pre-set by a clinician), thus resulting in a closedloop system.
Intrahippocampal connections in the pigeon (Columba livia) as revealed by stimulation evoked field potentials

The hippocampal formation (HF) of mammals and birds is crucial for spatial learning and memory. However, although the underlying synaptic organization and connectivity of the mammalian HF are well characterized, comparatively little is known about the avian HF. Localized regions of the homing pigeon HF were stimulated at 400–600 μA while evoked field potentials (EFPs) were recorded from adjacent and more distant HF areas relative to the stimulation site. The shortest discernible EFP latency was 12.2 msec. The emerging connectivity profile (using the location of peak EFP amplitude after stimulation and making no determination of the number of intervening synapses) was characterized by projections from the dorsolateral (DL) HF to the dorsomedial (DM) HF (15-msec latency) at the same anterior/posterior (A/P) level, DM to ventrolateral (VL) and ventromedial (VM; 15 msec) HF across A/P levels, VM to VL (12 msec) and contralateral VM (15 msec) at the same A/P level, and VL to ventral DL (DLv; 15 msec) across A/P levels posterior to the stimulation site. Using these data as a first approximation, connectivity through the avian HF appears to be characterized by a discernible feed-forward network starting with a projection from DL to DM, DM to VL, VM, and contralateral VM, VM to VL, and VL to posterior ventral DLv. Although still speculative, the results suggest that the internal connectivity of the avian HF is similar to that of the mammalian HF, despite the large evolutionary divergence between the two taxa. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:297–309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dopaminergic Neuronal Sprouting and Behavioral Recovery in Hemi-Parkinsonian Rats after Implantation of Amnion Cells

Cells obtained from human, monkey, or rat term amnion membrane produce an activity which, in vitro, increases process outgrowth from rat sympathetic neurons and from dopaminergic neurons of the rat ventral mesencephalon. To determine if these cells could induce sprouting of dopaminergic nerve fibers in vivo, the substantia nigra of rats was lesioned unilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine and live-rat-term amnion cells, or killed-rat-term amnion cells were implanted into the denervated striata. A control group of rats received saline injections into the denervated striata. Rats implanted with live amnion cells had a significant decrease in turning in response to amphetamine. The lesioned and implanted striata of live-amnion-cell-implanted rats contained significantly greater areas of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers than the lesioned and implanted striatum of rats in the killed-amnion-cell or saline groups. Differences in the area of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the implanted striata or in amphetamine-induced rotation between killed amnion cell-implanted and saline-injected rats did not reach significance. Implants of live amnion cells into the striatum of a parkinsonian animal model can evoke the de novo appearance of dopaminergic fibers in the denervated striatum and behavioral recovery, most likely through a trophic mechanism.
Delta Methods in Enveloping Algebras of Lie Color Algebras

Abstract In recent papers J. Bergen and D. S. Passman have applied so-called "Delta methods" to enveloping algebras of Lie superalgebras. This paper generalizes their results to the class of Lie colour algebras. The methods and results in this paper are very similar to those of Bergen and Passman, and many of their proofs generalize easily. However, at some points there are serious difficulties to overcome. The results obtained show that if L is a Lie colour algebra then the join of all finite-dimensional ideals of L, denoted ΔL, controls certain properties of the universal enveloping algebra U(L). Specifically, we consider primeness, semiprimeness, constants, semi-invariants, almost constants, faithfulness of the adjoint action, the centre, almost centralizers, and the central closure.
Reply [to “Comments on “Which one is correct, 2000 or 2001? How about 1995?’”]

Reply to Randalls comment: The millennium argument occurs mostly because people ask different questions, one based on numerology (start from 1, add 2000 and get 2001), and the other based on measuring years from the time that Christ was born. The people who base their arguments on numerology invariably refer to the absence of a year zero. That suffices to get 2001. If that is the issue, then there is no arguing against 2001. But in my mind, that is not the issue. So John Randall and I are answering different questions. The arguments used by the numerologists are based on the assumption that the rest of us don't know how to count. They really ought to consider the fact that a different question may be more to the point.
Small-molecule inhibitors: viral fusion arrested.

A newly discovered small molecule with broad reactivity against diverse HIV-1 strains prevents the surface envelope glycoprotein from fusing with host cells and offers a potential new anti–HIV-1 target.
Transit-Time Distributions in a Global Ocean Model

Abstract Results from a simulation of the ocean “transit-time distribution” (“TTD”) for global and regional ocean surface boundary conditions are presented based on a 5000-yr integration using the Parallel Ocean Program ocean general circulation model. The TTD describes the probability that water at a given interior point in the ocean was at some point on the ocean surface a given amount of time ago. It is shown that the spatial distribution of ocean TTDs can be understood in terms of conventional wisdom regarding time scales and pathways of the ventilated thermocline and the thermohaline circulation–driven deep-ocean circulation. The true mean age from the model (the first moment of the TTD) is demonstrated to be very large everywhere, because of very long-tailed distributions. Regional TTD distributions are presented for distinct surface boundary subregions, and it is shown how these can help in the interpretation of the global TTD. The spatial structure of each regional TTD is shown to become essential...
Proportional and integral control of nonlinear systems

In this paper, the process of controller design for nonlinear systems, using linear synthesis techniques, is examined. Specifically, proportional and integral control of nonlinear systems is investigated. The crucial role of integral action in linearization-based controller design for nonlinear systems is highlighted.
Reversal of type 1 diabetes in mice.

A recent trio of studies involving mouse models of type 1 diabetes rules against the spleen as a potential source of therapeutic beta cells and refocuses attention on how best to cultivate the recovery of host beta cells.
Nitric Oxide Opposes Glucose-Induced Hypertension by Suppressing Sympathetic Activity

We have reported that glucose infusion in L-NAME–treated rats increased arterial pressure more than the additive responses to glucose and L-NAME alone. This suggested that nitric oxide synthesis inhibition potentiated the hypertensive response to chronic glucose infusion, and the heart rate data suggested an important role for the sympathetic nervous system. This study tested the role of the sympathetic nervous system by infusing glucose for 7 days in 4 groups of rats: L-NAME (L), L-NAME plus α- and β-adrenergic receptor blockade (LB), vehicle, or vehicle plus adrenergic receptor blockade (blockers). Mean arterial pressure (MAP, 24 hours per day) increased significantly in both the vehicle and blockers groups, confirming our previous reports. Likewise, MAP increased significantly more during glucose infusion in the L rats, from 120±3 mm Hg to 158±4 mm Hg by day 7, which was >3 times the increase in the vehicle rats. Heart rate also increased significantly in the L rats, from 391±4 to 426±8 bpm, and that increase was prevented completely in the LB rats. However, although the increase in MAP in the LB rats was significantly less than in the L rats, the hypertension was not prevented completely. The explanation for that partial inhibition is not clear, but the overall effectiveness of adrenergic receptor blockade to attenuate the potentiated hypertensive and tachycardic responses to glucose infusion in the L-NAME–treated rats versus the normal rats suggests that nitric oxide may help protect against hypertension during glucose infusion through suppression of sympathetic activity.
APOE genotype is associated with left-handedness and visuospatial skills in children

Abstract We sought to investigate whether apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is associated with unique profiles of cognitive functioning during early-life. School-aged children ( N = 147) received standardized achievement tests, the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Copy Condition; RCFT-CC), assessment of hand dominance for writing, and buccal swab testing to determine their APOE genotype. Significant differences were found on the RCFT-CC, with ɛ2-positive children performing worse on this measure relative to both ɛ3/3 ( p = 0.032) and ɛ4-positive children ( p = 0.018). Further, a higher prevalence of left-hand dominance for writing was observed among ɛ2-positive children (29.2%) relative to ɛ3/3 (8.9%) and ɛ4-positive children (6.1%; p = 0.012), although this finding did not account for the observed group differences on the RCFT-CC. Findings raise the possibility that in childhood, the ɛ2 allele may be associated with: (a) decreased functioning in certain cognitive domains; (b) factors associated with atypical hemispheric dominance. Results may be consistent with the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy, which suggests that APOE may have different protective effects at different developmental stages.
The role of melt in the uplift and exhumation of orogenic belts

Abstract In some orogenic belts, rapid pulses of uplift occur when melt is present. Detailed work on the relation of melt to structural and metamorphic features in several localities shows that hot metamorphic rocks, and especially anatectic migmatite, can be physically transported from the lower to middle crust on decollements. The decollements form in the lower crust because, even though the lower crust is structurally weak throughout due to thermally activated crystal plastic deformation mechanisms, the crust is substantially weakened where melt forms or is intruded; melt in the lower crust is present long enough to accomodate strain, whereas in the upper crust it crystallizes too fast to be a factor in strain localization. Following crustal loading due to thrusting, exhumation results in the formation of additional melt in the migmatites due to decompression melting. Support of this sequence of events includes: (1) evidence for near isothermal decompression of high temperature metamorphic rocks, with early high pressure minerals having formed pre or synchronous with penetrative deformation and with lower pressure minerals having formed after the deformation, (2) the occurrence of magma sheets that occur along decollements between high temperature metamorphic rocks and lower temperature metamorphic rocks (in either thrust or normal configurations), (3) nearly concordant KAr cooling dates for biotite and hornblende suggesting rapid cooling rates, and (4) “post-tectonic” intrusions of leucogranite or leucotonalite that may represent the products of decompression melting. The crystalline slabs of the high Himalaya, the compressional surges of the Coast orogen of British Columbia and Alaska, the Cordillera of southern British Columbia, and the southern belt of the Hercynian chain are examples where melt assisted rapid pulses of uplift appear to have occurred. During the terminal phases of uplift, and following uplift, these orogenic belts were exhumed during extension while melt was still present.
Abnormal expression of glutamate transporter and transporter interacting molecules in prefrontal cortex in elderly patients with schizophrenia

Glutamate cycling is critically important for neurotransmission, and may be altered in schizophrenia. The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) facilitate the reuptake of glutamate from the synaptic cleft and have a key role in glutamate cycling. We hypothesized that expression of the EAATs and the EAAT regulating proteins ARHGEF11, JWA, G-protein suppressor pathway 1 (GPS1), and KIAA0302 are altered in the brain in schizophrenia. To test this, we measured expression of EAAT1, EAAT2, EAAT3, and EAAT interacting proteins in postmortem tissue from the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of patients with schizophrenia and a comparison group using in situ hybridization and Western blot analysis. We found increased EAAT1 transcripts and decreased protein expression, increased EAAT3 transcripts and protein, and elevated protein expression of both GPS1 and KIAA0302 protein. We did not find any changes in expression of EAAT2. These data indicate that proteins involved in glutamate reuptake and cycling are altered in the cortex in schizophrenia, and may provide potential targets for future treatment strategies.
Generalized Lattice Square Designs

Abstract In connection with extending the analysis of variance to r replicates of a lattice square design for use in high speed computer programming, a relatively simple computational and analytical procedure has been set forth. The sums of squares, the expectation of the resulting mean squares in the analysis of variance, estimators for intrablock, inter-row, and inter-column information, the adjusted treatment means recovering inter-row and inter-column information, and the average variance of a difference between pairs of adjusted treatment means have been presented for r ≥2 replicates of a lattice square design for which all effects are unconfounded with rows and columns in at least one replicate. The results are illustrated with a numerical example involving k 2 = 9 treatments in r = 3 replicates of a lattice square design.
Rest and exercise hemodynamics in pulmonary stenosis: comparison of children and adults

To better understand the hemodynamics of pulmonary stenosis (PS), 24 adults and 53 children with similar degrees of PS who had undergone cardiac catheterization at rest and during supine exercise were retrospectively studied. Three groups were defined. Group I consisted of 9 adults and 18 children with a pulmonary valve area of less than 0.5 cm2/m2; group II, 6 adults and 25 children with a pulmonary valve area of 0.5 to 1.0 cm2/m2; and group III, 9 adults and 10 children with pulmonary valve area of more than 1.0 cm2/m2. The mean ages of the adults were 29, 26 and 22 years for groups I, II, and III, respectively. The mean ages of the children were 11, 10 and 9 years for groups I, II and III, respectively. The pertinent data collected from catheterization included oxygen consumption, cardiac rate and index, arterial venous oxygen difference, stroke index, right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure and RV end-diastolic pressure. Adults and children in groups II and III had an appropriate response to exercise. Group I children responded abnormally by increasing their RV end-diastolic pressure and decreasing their stroke index. In group I adults both of these variables increased. Group I adults exhibited a significantly lower cardiac index at rest and exercise secondary to a significantly lower absolute cardiac rate. Long-standing severe PS results in hemodynamic compromise. Hence, early relief of PS is recommended.
Short‐term productivity responses of algae and bacteria to zooplankton grazing in two freshwater lakes

SUMMARY. 1. The specific productivities of algae and bacteria were measured in short-term (4 day) experiments consisting of enclosures with natural or reduced zooplankton biomass. Experiments were repeated five times over a season in each of two lakes that differed in the background concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). 2. Algal biomass as estimated by chlorophyll a was suppressed in enclosures with ambient grazer levels in six of ten experiments and enhanced in one experiment. Distribution of chlorophyll among net and nanoplankton was not significantly affected by grazing. 3. Relative to enclosures with reduced zooplankton, normal grazer biomass (97–466μg 1−1 dry weight) enhanced specific algal productivity in only one of five experiments in the low DOC take and had no effect in all five experiments in the high DOC lake. The main effects of grazers on algae was through removal of biomass rather than through indirect changes in turnover rate. 4. Between experiments, bacterial density was either unaffected, or mildly enhanced (4–87%) in enclosures with ambient macrozooplankton compared to those with reduced levels. Bacterial productivity and turnover estimated by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA showed different responses across experiments; increasing, declining or remaining the same with grazer minipulation. This variability was not related to differences in dissolved primary production or to background DOC between lakes or experiments. Comparison of bacterial productivities based on thymidine incorporation rates with changes in cell densities indicated that control of bacterial loss processes by macrozooplankton is more important than control of growth rates.
Low-Temperature Specific Heat of Antimony

The specific heat of antimony has been measured from 0.54 to 4.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A least-squares fit to the data in the 0.54 to 1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K range gave $C=(0.105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002)T+(0.210\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002){T}^{3}+(0.0048\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004){T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mJ/mole \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and a Debye temperature of 210.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The uncertainties are rms deviations of the means. These results are in good agreement with specific-heat, Fermi-surface, and quadrupole-resonance data. Thermometer calibration in the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ range is discussed.
Anesthetic efficacy of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine in irreversible pulpitis

Abstract Objective. To determine the efficacy of a supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine in mandibular posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Intraosseous injection pain, subjective heart rate increase, and pain ratings during endodontic treatment were also assessed. Study Design. Forty-eight patients with irreversible pulpitis received conventional inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Electric pulp testing was used to determine pulpal anesthesia. Patients who were positive to the pulp testing, or negative to pulp testing but felt pain during endodontic treatment, received an intraosseous injection of 1.8 ml of 3% mepivacaine. A second intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine (1.8 ml) was given if the first injection was unsuccessful. Results. Seventy-five percent of patients required an initial intraosseous injection because of failure to gain pulpal anesthesia. The inferior alveolar block was 25% successful; the first intraosseous injection increased success to 80%. A second intraosseous injection further increased success to 98%. These differences were significant (p 4 48 ) of the initial intraosseous injections resulted in solution being expressed into the oral cavity; these were considered technique failures. Conclusions. For mandibular posterior teeth with irreversible pulpitis, a supplemental intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine increased anesthetic success. A second intraosseous injection, when necessary, further improved success.
Psychosocial Contributors to Delinquent Decision Making: Toward a Conceptual Framework for Adolescent Female Offending

The integration of psychosocial characteristics that play a critical role in delinquent decision making is crucial to conceptualizing adolescent female offending. This study found that adolescent female offenders (N = 213), despite making a delinquent decision, had high perceived decision-making competence. There was a significant negative association between delinquent decision making and the psychosocial characteristics of anger, substance abuse, and depression. This association was stronger for those with more exposure to trauma. Substance abuse appeared to provide a pathway between psychosocial characteristics and delinquent decision making. The results emphasize the fact that a conceptual framework for adolescent female offending should incorporate the complex interaction of psychosocial characteristics and their impact on delinquent decision making.
The Effect of the Level of Protein Intake on the Growth and Feed Utilization of Turkeys

Abstract A KNOWLEDGE of the range in the percentage of protein that can be used satisfactorily in the mash of turkeys fed mash and grain ad libitum is of importance to both the turkey grower and the research worker. The object of this paper is to present an analysis of some data on growth and feed consumption that were obtained with turkeys which were fed ad libitum grain and mashes that contained different percentages of protein varying from approximately 18.5 to 30.0 percent by increments of approximately 2 percent. Funk (1930) found that an all-mash diet containing 20 percent of protein produced satisfactory growth in turkeys reared in semi-confinement from hatching to 24 weeks of age. Brooks (1933) found that male turkeys ate more feed per week than female turkeys but that they required less feed per pound of gain than the females from 18 to 28 weeks of age. Mussehl . . .
Ski regulates Hippo and TAZ signaling to suppress breast cancer progression

Ski, the transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus, inhibits transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and displays both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic activities in human cancer. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling is likely responsible for the pro-oncogenic activity of Ski. We investigated the mechanism(s) underlying the tumor suppressor activity of Ski and found that Ski suppressed the activity of the Hippo signaling effectors TAZ and YAP to inhibit breast cancer progression. TAZ and YAP are transcriptional coactivators that can contribute to cancer by promoting proliferation, tumorigenesis, and cancer stem cell expansion. Hippo signaling activates the the Lats family of kinases, which phosphorylate TAZ and YAP, resulting in cytoplasmic retention and degradation and inhibition of their transcriptional activity. We showed that Ski interacted with multiple components of the Hippo pathway to facilitate activation of Lats2, resulting in increased phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of TAZ. Ski also promoted the degradation of a constitutively active TAZ mutant that is not phosphorylated by Lats, suggesting the existence of a Lats2-independent degradation pathway. Finally, we showed that Ski repressed the transcriptional activity of TAZ by binding to the TAZ partner TEAD and recruiting the transcriptional co-repressor NCoR1 to the TEAD-TAZ complex. Ski effectively reversed transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition in cultured breast cancer cells and metastasis in TAZ-expressing xenografted tumors. Thus, Ski inhibited the function of TAZ through multiple mechanisms in human cancer cells.
Pharmacotherapy of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder

This paper reviews the use of medication in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and of binge eating disorder. There is now compelling evidence from double blind, placebo-controlled studies that antidepressant medication is useful in the treatment of bulimia nervosa. What is less clear is which patients are most likely to benefit from antidepressant medications and how to best sequence the various therapeutic interventions available. The utility of antidepressant medications in bulimia nervosa has led to their evaluation in binge eating disorder. The limited information currently available suggests that antidepressant treatment may be associated with a reduction in binge frequency in obese patients with binge eating disorder, but does not lead to weight reduction. Additional studies of the use of medication in the treatment of binge eating disorder and of the role of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of bulimia nervosa are needed.
Major Ethical Considerations and Technological Challenges Related to Distance Professional Services

Counseling with the assistance of technology is becoming more widespread. The use of the internet in counseling and psychotherapy will likely increase in preval because of advanced technology and more internet users. Virtual counseling will be a reality and in the future, professional counseling sessions about personal and professional concerns may be accomplished as virtual counseling instead of during the traditional face-to-face meeting. Some counselors may see this trend as positive while, others may be concerned with ethical issues and quality. Counselors should present a professional identity on the Internet that is in line with our values, practices, and ethical standards. The authors describe the major ethical considerations and technological challenges related to distance proonal services with a special focus on the area of video-based professional counseling.
Upgrading the General Atomics Radio-Frequency Sources for Higher Power

Several years ago the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and General Atomics (G.A.) formed a collaboration to return the three G.A. radio-frequency (RF) sources to service, and to upgrade the two higher frequency range RF sources to have larger 2.5 megawatt power tubes for greater output power. To date, the 60 Mhz source is routinely operated into G.A.'s Doublet III D (DIIID) experiment at a power level up to 1 MW. The power tube upgrade for one of the higher frequency sources has been completed and has been tested to 1.4 MW into a test load and 750 kW into plasmas. Preparations for the tube upgrade for the other higher frequency source is now underway.