cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient quantum computing simulation through dynamic matrix restructuring and distributed evaluation

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize the field of computing, but with hardware and algorithms unlike any in use today. Due to the primitive state of existing quantum hardware, simulation is one of the most effective methods for studying quantum computing issues. Our team previously developed a general-purpose simulator capable of modeling arbitrary quantum algorithms executing on any hardware device. The simulator performs over a thousand matrix multiplications per step as part of its operations. To improve the simulator performance, optimizations were designed to dynamically restructure the problem. The resulting calculations were then distributed across a cluster. These enhancements reduced both the order of the simulator operations and the memory overhead, achieving an overall performance improvement of 99.94% from the initial implementation of a key quantum algorithm, reducing the simulator run time for this algorithm from two days on a single processor to under two minutes on a cluster.
African- and Euro-American Samples Differ Little in Scores on Death Anxiety

Samples of 293 students of European heritage and 102 students of African heritage completed the Revised Death Anxiety Scale. Euro-Americans were more concerned with the uncertainty associated with death and with the loss of being, while African Americans expressed greater anxiety over the pain associated with dying, but there was no significant mean difference in total scores for the groups.
Therapeutic use of mini-scleral lenses in a patient with Graves’ ophthalmopathy

Patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy can be very challenging to manage secondary to the complex nature of their disease presentation. Patients may present with a variety of ocular findings including: lid retraction, periorbital and lid swelling, chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, proptosis, optic neuropathy, restrictive myopathy, exposure keratopathy and/or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Mini-scleral and scleral lens designs have been important in the management of irregular and regular corneas, and in the therapy of ocular surface diseases. We present here the case of a 48-year-old Caucasian male who had been diagnosed with Graves’ ophthalmopathy 13 years earlier. With significant ocular surface staining and over ten diopters of astigmatism, the patient had never been able to wear contact lenses comfortably. After being fit with the Mini-Scleral Design™ lenses, his vision improved to 20/25 OU, his ocular surface improved, and overall quality of vision increased.
EVALUATION OF COMBINED-ANTECEDENT VARIABLES ON FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS RESULTS AND TREATMENT OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR IN A SCHOOL SETTING

Call, Wacker, Ringdahl, and Boelter (2005) conducted an analysis in which a single-antecedent condition was compared to a multiple-antecedent condition. The present study extended Call et al. by conducting a structured descriptive assessment (SDA) to identify the antecedent variables most associated with problem behavior in a student with traumatic brain injury and intellectual disabilities. Results indicated that the SDA was effective in identifying relevant antecedent variables that led to the development of an effective intervention in the classroom.
Assignment of a Human Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel α-Subunit Gene (SCN6A) to 2q21-q23

Voltage-dependent sodium (Na[sup +]) channels are responsible for the initial membrane depolarization that occurs during action potential generation in most electrically excitable cells. These ion channel proteins exist as heteromultimeric complexes of a large ([approximately]260 kDa) [alpha]-subunit and one or two smaller ([approximately]33-38 kDa) [beta]-subunits. A multigene family consisting of at least five structurally related Na[sup +] channel [alpha]-subunit isoforms has been defined. Three brain Na[sup +] channel isoform genes are clustered together on proximal mouse chromosome 2 and compose part of a linkage group that exhibits synteny with a region of human 2q. We now have localized the gene encoding the hNa 2.1 Na[sup +] channel isoform to this same general region of chromosome 2 (2q21-q23) by a combination somatic cell hybrid mapping and chromosome microdissection-polymerase chain reaction. This information may facilitate the identification of inherited diseases affecting Na[sup +] channel function. 10 refs., 1 tab.
Time-temperature dependent fracture toughness of PMMA

Some observations are made on the fractography of surfaces obtained by cracking “compact tension” profile testpieces of PMMA over a range of temperatures and crack speeds, both stably and unstably. To a first approximation, it was possible to group and “shift” (as in visco-elastic transformations) characteristic surface markings at various fracture toughness/temperature/crack velocity combinations, particularly in the range where a toughness-biased Ree-Eyring relationship described the experimental toughness data.
Experiences in scaling scientific applications on current-generation quad-core processors

In this work we present an initial performance evaluation of AMD and Intel's first quad-core processor offerings: the AMD Barcelona and the Intel Xeon X7350. We examine the suitability of these processors in quad-socket compute nodes as building blocks for large-scale scientific computing clusters. Our analysis of intra-processor and intra-node scalability of microbenchmarks and a range of large- scale scientific applications indicates that quad-core processors can deliver an improvement in performance of up to 4x per processor but is heavily dependent on the workload being processed. While the Intel processor has a higher clock rate and peak performance, the AMD processor has higher memory bandwidth and intra-node scalability. The scientific applications we analyzed exhibit a range of performance improvements from only 3x up to the full 16x speed-up over a single core. Also, we note that the maximum node performance is not necessarily achieved by using all 16 cores.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of [Zr6Cl18H5]2-, the First Paramagnetic Species of Its Class

Reaction of [Zr(6)Cl(18)H(5)](3)(-) (1) with 1 equiv of TiCl(4) yields a new cluster anion, [Zr(6)Cl(18)H(5)](2)(-) (2), which can be converted back into [Zr(6)Cl(18)H(5)](3)(-) (1) upon addition of 1 equiv of Na/Hg. Cluster 2 is paramagnetic and unstable in the presence of donor molecules. It undergoes a disproportionation reaction to form 1, some Zr(IV) compounds, and H(2). It also reacts with TiCl(4) to form [Zr(2)Cl(9)](-) (4) and a tetranuclear mixed-metal species, [Zr(2)Ti(2)Cl(16)](2)(-) (3). The oxidation reaction of 1 with TiCl(4) is unique. Oxidation of 1 with H(+) in CH(2)Cl(2) solution results in the formation of [ZrCl(6)](2)(-) (5) and H(2), while in py solution the oxidation product is [ZrCl(5)(py)](-) (6). There is no reaction between 1 and TiI(4), ZrCl(4), [TiCl(6)](2)(-), [ZrCl(6)](2)(-), or CrCl(3). Compounds [Ph(4)P](2)[Zr(6)Cl(18)H(5)] (2a), [Ph(4)P](2)[Zr(2)Ti(2)Cl(16)] (3a), [Ph(4)P](2)[Zr(2)Cl(9)] (4a), [Ph(4)P](2)[ZrCl(6)].4MeCN (5a.4MeCN), and [Ph(4)P][ZrCl(5)(py)] (6a) were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Compound 2a crystallized in the trigonal space group Rt with cell dimensions (20 degrees C) of a = 28.546(3) A, b = 28.546(3) A, c = 27.679(2) A, V = 19533(3) A(3), and Z = 12. Compound 3a crystallized in the triclinic space group Po with cell dimensions (-60 degrees C) of a = 11.375(3) A, b = 13.357(3) A, c = 11.336(3) A, alpha = 106.07(1) degrees, beta = 114.77(1) degrees, gamma = 88.50(1) degrees, V = 1494.8(7) A(3), and Z = 1. Compound 4a crystallized in the triclinic space group Po with cell dimensions (-60 degrees C) of a = 12.380(5) A, b = 12.883(5) A, c = 11.000(4) A, alpha = 110.39(7) degrees, beta = 98.29(7) degrees, gamma = 73.12(4) degrees, V = 1572(1) A(3), and Z = 2. Compound 5a.4MeCN crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with cell dimensions (-60 degrees C) of a = 9.595(1) A, b = 19.566(3) A, c = 15.049(1) A, beta = 98.50(1) degrees, V = 2794.2(6) A(3), and Z = 2. Compound 6a crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with cell dimensions (20 degrees C) of a = 10.3390(7) A, b = 16.491(2) A, c = 17.654(2) A, beta = 91.542(6) degrees, V = 3026.4(5) A(3), and Z = 4.
The erbB2 gene is required for the development of terminally differentiated spinal cord oligodendrocytes.

Development of oligodendrocytes and the generation of myelin internodes within the spinal cord depends on regional signals derived from the notochord and axonally derived signals. Neuregulin 1 (NRG)-1, localized in the floor plate as well as in motor and sensory neurons, is necessary for normal oligodendrocyte development. Oligodendrocytes respond to NRGs by activating members of the erbB receptor tyrosine kinase family. Here, we show that erbB2 is not necessary for the early stages of oligodendrocyte precursor development, but is essential for proligodendroblasts to differentiate into galactosylcerebroside-positive (GalC+) oligodendrocytes. In the presence of erbB2, oligodendrocyte development is normal. In the absence of erbB2 (erbB2−/−), however, oligodendrocyte development is halted at the proligodendroblast stage with a >10-fold reduction in the number of GalC+ oligodendrocytes. ErbB2 appears to function in the transition of proligodendroblast to oligodendrocyte by transducing a terminal differentiation signal, since there is no evidence of increased oligodendrocyte death in the absence of erbB2. Furthermore, known survival signals for oligodendrocytes increase oligodendrocyte numbers in the presence of erbB2, but fail to do so in the absence of erbB2. Of the erbB2−/− oligodendrocytes that do differentiate, all fail to ensheath neurites. These data suggest that erbB2 is required for the terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes and for development of myelin.
Decomposition of 14C-labeled organic substances in marine sediments†

The depth variation of total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter composition, and porewater composition in marine sediments suggests that different components of the organic matter undergo decomposition at widely different rates. The decomposition of 14C-labeled organic substances was followed in sediment microcosms in the laboratory. The substances used were chosen to simulate a portion of material settling to the sediment-water interface (a marine diatom) or hypothesized components of refractory sediment organic matter (melanoidins and a bacterial polymer). The microcosms were found to be good models of the sediment-water interface in terms of how well they mimicked sediment decomposition rates and processes. The decomposition of the labeled material and the natural sediment TOC were monitored over 1 month: the water overlying the sediment remained oxic, and net consumption of nitrate was small. There was no detectable sulfate reduction. The algae and the bacterial polymer were decomposed on average 9 x faster than the melanoidins and 90 x faster than the natural sediment TOC. The soluble fraction of the algae was decomposed more rapidly than the particulate material.
Instrumental or Expressive? Heterosexual Men’s Expectations of Women in Two Contexts

Contextualized studies of gender have been published, but these studies typically compare men and women in a single context. In this study, we examined men’s expectations for women across two inter...
Improving efficacy of diabetes management using treatment algorithms in a mainly hispanic population

OBJECTIVE —To compare clinical outcomes obtained using treatment algorithms versus standard “usual care” to treat patients with type 2 diabetes in a community setting. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —An observational group comparison was implemented in three community-based clinics in San Antonio, Texas: 1 ) a community clinic following treatment algorithms (CC-TA), 2 ) university clinic following treatment algorithms (UC-TA), and 3 ) a community clinic following standard “usual care” practices (CC-SC). Three hundred fifty-eight recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients (90% Mexican American, from low-income neighborhoods) who were consecutively identified at the three clinics were recruited. Following medical and laboratory evaluation, participants were started on treatment for hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and followed for 12 months. RESULTS —Decrements in HbA 1c at 12 months in the CC-TA and UC-TA were 3.1 and 3.3%, respectively, compared to 1.3% in the CC-SC ( P P P CONCLUSIONS —Adherence to the treatment algorithms improved metabolic outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients to a greater extent than standard care practices. These results have important clinical implications for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients.
LINEARIZED TOMOGRAPHIC INVERSION OF FIRST-ARRIVAL TIMES

A linearized tomographic‐inversion algorithm estimates the near‐surface slowness anomalies present in a conventional, shallow‐marine seismic reflection data set. First‐arrival time residuals are the data to be inverted. The anomalies are treated as perturbations relative to a known, laterally‐invariant reference velocity model. Below the sea floor the reference model varies smoothly with depth; consequently the first arrivals are considered to be diving waves. In the offset‐midpoint domain the geometric patterns of traveltime perturbations produced by the anomalies resemble hyperbolas. Based on simple ray theory, these geometric patterns are predictable and can be used to relate the unknown model to the data. The assumption of a laterally‐invariant reference model permits an efficient solution in the offset‐wavenumber domain which is obtained in a single step using conventional least squares. The tomographic image shows the vertical‐traveltime perturbations associated with the anomalies as a function of m...
Spontaneous Breaking of Global $B^-$l Symmetry and Matter - Antimatter Oscillations in Grand Unified Theories

We explore the consequences of the hypothesis that $B\ensuremath{-}L$ symmetry, which is exact in the standard model based on the $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{c}$ gauge group and its extension to the minimal SU(5) theory, is a spontaneously broken global symmetry. This results in possibly observable rates for $\ensuremath{\Delta}(B\ensuremath{-}L)=0$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}B=2$ hydrogen-antihydrogen transitions and double proton decay $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{+}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+})$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}(B\ensuremath{-}L)\ensuremath{\ne}0$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}B=2$ neutron-antineutron mixing and $p+n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}'\mathrm{s}$; furthermore, a relation between the transition times ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{-}\overline{\mathrm{H}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{n\ensuremath{-}\overline{n}}$, Majorana neutrino mass, and the mass of a doubly charged Higgs particle ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ emerges. At the level of $\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{c}$, for ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{n\ensuremath{-}\overline{n}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{7}$ sec and ${m}_{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}}\ensuremath{\simeq}20$ GeV, we predict ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{-}\overline{\mathrm{H}}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{3}$ yr and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{pp}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{31}$ yr, both of which are experimentally testable numbers. The embedding of our model in SU(5) is discussed in detail, with the analysis of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{p}$ and ${{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}$ besides matter oscillations.
Superoxide contributes to vascular dysfunction in mice that express human renin and angiotensinogen

This study examined vascular function and the role of superoxide in mice that chronically express human renin (R+) and human angiotensinogen (A+). Responses of aortas from R+/A+ mice and from their...
Limited Angle Reconstruction Problems In X-Ray And NMR Tomography

The problem of estimating an unknown density from its lower dimensional projections in a limited range of views can be put in the framework of "time and band limited functions." In some instances this leads to a highly favorable and exceptional situation: the singular value decomposition of the corresponding "Finite Radon Transform" can be accomplished and the degree of illconditioning fully analyzed. The reason for this accident is poorly understood; we give a number of examples which include the cases of X-ray as well as NMR tomography.
0-1 LAWS FOR FRAGMENTS OF SECOND-ORDER LOGIC: AN OVERVIEW

The probability of a property on the collection of all finite relational structures is the limit as n --< infinity of the fraction of structures with n elements satisfying the property, provided the limit exists. It is known that the 0-1 law holds for any property expressible in first-order logic, i.e., the probability of any such property exists and is either 0 or 1. Moreover, the associated decision problem for the probabilities is solvable. We investigate here fragments of existential second-order logic in which we restrict the patterns of first-order quantifiers. We focus on fragments in which the first-order part belongs to a prefix class. We show that the classifications of prefix classes of first-order logic with equality according to the solvability of the finite satisfiability problem and according to the 0-1 law for the corresponding Sigma_1^1 fragment are identical.
Beneficial Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins on the Stenotic Kidney

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) may lead to renal injury, partly mediated through increased oxidative stress. However, the potential effects of chronic oral antioxidant intervention on the stenotic kidney remain unknown. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that chronic antioxidant vitamin supplementation in RAS would preserve renal function and structure. Single-kidney hemodynamics and function were quantified in vivo in pigs using electron-beam CT after 12 weeks of unilateral RAS (n=7), a similar degree of RAS orally supplemented with vitamins C (1 g) and E (100 IU/kg) (RAS+Vitamins, n=7), or controls (normal, n=7). Renal tissue was studied ex vivo using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Mean arterial pressure was similarly elevated in both RAS groups, while ischemic renal volume and glomerular filtration rate were similarly reduced. Renal blood flow was decreased in RAS compared with normal (326.5±99.9 versus 553.4±48.7 mL/min, respectively, P =0.01), but preserved in RAS+Vitamins (485.2±104.1 mL/min, P =0.3 versus normal). The marked increase in the expression of the NADPH-oxidase subunits p47phox and p67phox, nitrotyrosine, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor-κB observed in RAS ( P 0.1). Furthermore, trichrome staining and the expression of transforming growth factor-β and tissue inhibitor of matrix-metalloproteinase-1 were also decreased in RAS+Vitamins. In conclusion, chronic blockade of the oxidative stress pathway in RAS using antioxidant vitamins improved renal hemodynamics and decreased oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the ischemic kidney. These observations underscore the involvement of oxidative stress in renal injury in RAS and support a role for antioxidant vitamins in preserving the ischemic kidney.
Tackling Science Communication with REU Students: A Formative Evaluation of a Collaborative Approach

This paper reports on a multi-faceted evaluation of science communication workshops conducted during the summer of 2009 with Research Experience for Undergraduate (REU) students from the Center for High-rate Nanomanufacturing and the Harvard University School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, in a partnership between the Museum of Science, Boston Strategic Projects department and faculty from the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Centers headquartered at Harvard and at Northeastern Universities. The workshops were shown to (1) increase student interest in exploring and understanding the broader impacts of research, and (2) increase student knowledge, confidence and practice of communication skills for both professional and non-professional audiences.
Optimization of the Delivery of Heterologous Proteins by the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Type III Secretion System for Vaccine Development

Type III protein secretion systems, which are organelles with the capacity to deliver bacterial proteins into host cells, have been adapted to deliver heterologous antigens for vaccine development. A limitation of these antigen delivery systems is that some proteins are not amenable to secretion through this pathway. We show here that proteins from the simian and human immunodeficiency viruses that are not permissive for secretion through a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium type III secretion system can be modified to travel this secretion pathway by introduction of discrete mutations. Proteins optimized for secretion were presented more efficiently via the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway and were able to induce a better immune response.
A Stochastic Program for Optimizing Military Sealift Subject to Attack

We describe a stochastic program for planning the wartime, sealift deployment of military cargo subject to attack. The cargo moves on ships from US or allied seaports of embarkation through seaports of debarkation (SPODs) near the theater of war where it is unloaded and sent on to final, in-theater destinations. The question we ask is: Can a deployment-planning model, with probabilistic knowledge of the time and location of potential enemy attacks on SPODs, successfully hedge against those attacks? That is, can this knowledge be used to reduce the expected disruption caused by such attacks? A specialized, multi-stage stochastic mixed-integer program is developed and answers that question in the affirmative. Furthermore, little penalty is incurred with the stochastic solution when no attack occurs, and worst-case scenarios are better. In the short term, insight gained from the stochastic-programming approach also enables better scheduling using current rule-based methods.
Breast cancer risk factor associations differ for pure versus invasive carcinoma with an in situ component in case-control and case-case analyses.

Purpose Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is diagnosed with or without a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component. Previous analyses have found significant differences in tumor characteristics between pure IDC lacking DCIS and mixed IDC with DCIS. We will test our hypothesis that pure IDC represents a form of breast cancer with etiology and risk factors distinct from mixed IDC/DCIS.
Conclusion, and Afterthoughts

The development of Cleopatra is just the first step towards our ultimate goal of developing a natural language interface for the entire CAD domain. The generality and power of the approach embodied in Cleopatra provide grounds for optimism that our ultimate goal is achievable, particularly at the “parsing” level. We have had little trouble handling constructions that many natural language interfaces forbear.
Erratum for Erill and Caruso, Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus cereus Group Phage TsarBomba

Volume 3, no. 5, [e01178-15][1], 2015. Page 1: The byline should read as given above. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1128/genomeA.01178-15
Colonial Trajectories from Algeria to West Africa: French Administration, Institutions, and Ideologies in Trans-Saharan Context

Most historians of colonialism in Africa agree the foundations for French expansion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were laid in Algeria following the 1830 conquest of Algiers. However, few scholars have investigated the specific and explicit ways in which the French colonial project in West Africa grew out of that Algerian experience. Ideologies and institutions established in Algeria, particularly those regarding la politique musulmane, or Muslim policy, were implemented explicitly in French West Africa. Colonial administrators such as Louis Faidherbe and Xavier Coppolani began their careers in Algeria before arriving in West Africa. Colonial scholars followed a similar path. Paul Marty, for example, studied Algerian Islam before being sent to Senegal to describe what he called islam noir (black Islam), an idea which defined French Muslim policy in sub-Saharan Africa throughout the colonial period. Africanist historiography typically divides regionally at the Sahara. Based on research in French colonial archives in Aix-en-Provence, I argue that the regular flow of colonial administrators resulted in parallel institutional and ideological structures across the desert. This multi-layered trajectory reveals the trans-colonial, trans-Saharan nature of French colonial approaches to Islam in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Understandings of French colonialism, and of contemporary politics in northwestern Africa, are incomplete without acknowledging this trans-regional movement.
Boston: The Unfinished Agenda

In January 1986 Bruce Boiling, a member of the Boston City Council, became the first black president in the council's 166-year history. Boiling's presidency marks the culmination of the slow, but steadily growing empowerment of blacks in Boston politics. While blacks have always been present in Boston politics they have more often been observers, rather than participants as the Yankees and the Irish have dominated the political stage. In order to understand the role of blacks in Boston it is necessary to have some background knowledge of how Yankee paternalism retarded black political development and how Irish displacement of the Yankees resulted in the exclusion of blacks from Democratic party politics.Historical AntecedentsBoston politics has its roots in the historical relationships among the Yankees, the Irish, and the blacks. Under Yankee domination colonial and pre-Civil War blacks experienced racial harmony in an atmosphere where they could enjoy civil and political rights. Wealthy Yankee traders viewed free blacks paternalistically, as a low income class of people (Lupo, 1977, p. 124). Since Yankees were members of the political and cultural elite they did not perceive blacks as an economic threat to their position. Consequently, blacks could freely operate businesses, buy property, and run for office (Horton, 1979).As slavery became an increasingly important issue in the 1850s free blacks and Yankee abolitionists formed integrated organizations to end slavery. Abolitionist organizations provided an opportunity for free blacks to learn organizational and political skills. Yet, blacks often found that their efforts to become leaders were thwarted by white patrons who expected blacks to work only as obedient followers. A notable case among many was the conflict between white abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, a former slave, over the crucial issue of the future role of blacks in electoral politics (Quarles, 1969). Frederick Douglass broke with Garrison who felt that blacks should not be encouraged to vote in a political system where the Constitution protected the rights of slaveholders (Horton, 1979, p. 86). Douglass adamantly advocated electoral participation and pulled some black abolitionists from Garrison's ranks. Douglass felt that participation in the electoral process was a necessary step in the political development of blacks. To affirm his convictions Douglass ran on the Liberal ticket for an office in New York state.
The United Nations Operation in the Congo, 1960-1964

This study illustrates the growing political role of the United Nations in the 1960s, and also the difficulty of implementing decisions on the spot when faced with unexpected developments and obstacles which appeared insurmountable. The work also traces the role of law in influencing the decisions taken in a situation of tremendous complexity.
A two-armed embrace: The panentheistic trinitarianism of Rahner and Edwards

Denis Edwards relies heavily on Karl Rahner’s conception of the Trinity in his own construction of an ecological Trinitarian theology. However, he breaks from Rahner in the specific roles of each person of the Trinity. For Edwards, the Spirit is the immanent presence of God, while the Son is the exemplar for the unique identity of each creature. Conversely, for Rahner, the Son is categorical revelation and the Spirit is transcendental revelation. Thus, Rahner’s thought allows for an immanent Christ in a way that Edwards does not. Edwards’ ecological theology is weakened by this shift. By removing the imminent presence of Christ, he weakens the ability of the Trinitarian God to communicate about the here and now of creation.
Serotonin and feeding responses of rats to amino acid imbalance: initial phase

The role of serotonin in the anorexic response of rats to an amino acid-imbalanced diet was investigated. After chronic depletion of serotonin with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg) or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT, 200 micrograms/rat, intracisternally), initial intake of a mild isoleucine-imbalanced diet was reduced by 60% vs. a 17% reduction after saline injection. After acute treatment with the agonist, quipazine (quip, 5 mg/kg ip) or the precursor, tryptophan (TRP, 1% added to the diet), imbalanced diet intake was also exacerbated. PCPA and DHT may have caused receptor supersensitivity, such that the food intake depression after serotonin depletion was similar to that seen with the quip and TRP treatments. Injection of the autoreceptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 500 micrograms/kg sc), to reduce transmission in the serotonergic systems resulted in an attenuation of the usual food intake depression of the amino acid-imbalanced diet (only a 7%, nonsignificant reduction). Also measurements made in the absence of pharmacological treatment showed that the ratio 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid-to-serotonin, a putative index of serotonin turnover, was increased 155% in the raphe nuclei and 140% in the hippocampus 3.5 h after ingestion of the mild isoleucine-imbalanced diet. Therefore increased serotonergic activity in some brain areas may be associated with the initial depression of food intake in rats fed an imbalanced amino acid diet.
Pulmonary arterial hypoxic contraction: signal transduction

The response of isolated rat pulmonary arteries to acute hypoxia has previously been reported to be biphasic, consisting of an initial rapid contraction of short duration, followed by partial relaxation (phase 1) and then a second slowly developed but sustained contraction (phase 2). The purpose of this study was to determine the following: 1) whether products from the endothelium might be required, 2) whether extra- and/or intracellular calcium or protein kinase C might be second messengers in mediating the pulmonary arterial hypoxic contraction, and 3) whether or not guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) or A2 adenosine receptor activation is involved in phase 1 relaxation. Neither Ca(2+)-free media nor verapamil (a Ca2+ channel blocker) altered the phase 1 contraction, but the phase 2 contraction was abolished by either of these treatments. Ryanodine (a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ depleter) had no effect on phase 1 contraction. H-7 (a PKC inhibitor) inhibited the phase 2 contraction, whereas it had no effect on phase 1 contraction. Removal of the endothelium abolished phase 1 contraction in either Ca(2+)-free media or normal Ca2+ media but did not alter phase 2 contraction or phase 1 relaxation. Neither methylene blue (guanylate cyclase inhibitor), N omega-nitro-L-arginine, (EDRF blocker), acetylsalicylic acid (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), xanthine amino congener (adenosine receptor blocker), nor glybenclamide blocked the phase 1 relaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exploring Instructional Practices in a Spanish/English Bilingual Classroom through "Sitios y Lenguas" and "Testimonio".

Drawing from Chicana feminist perspectives and Perez (Living Chicana theory. Third Woman Press, Berkeley, pp 87–101, 1998) theories of sitios y lenguas (space and discourses) the authors reposition understandings of teaching and learning through a qualitative case study of a first grade Spanish/English bilingual classroom. Through analysis of field notes, interviews, and the teacher’s testimonio, the authors examine how sitios y lenguas functions as a tool to identify ways that home languages and cultural backgrounds are valued resources for learning in one bilingual classroom. Findings show how theorizing classroom spaces (sitios) and the interchange of languages (lenguas) counters hegemonic discourses by providing a narrative that reclaims knowledge production of bilingual and bicultural communities (Anzaldua in Borderlands/La frontera: the new mestizo. Aunt Lute Press, San Francisco, 1987: Darder in Latinos and education: a critical reader. Routledge, New York, pp 331–350, 1997; Villenas in Chicana/Latina education in everyday life: feminista perspectives on pedagogy and epistemology. State University Press, New York, pp 1–10, 2006).
Commentary on pO2 and pCO2 electrode calibrations.

Procedures for the calibration of the pO2 and pCO2 electrodes used in blood-gas analysis are described. For the pO2 electrode, water is equilibrated with room air at various temperatures, providing a range of pO2 values by which electrode linearity and response can be verified without special gases. For the pCO2 electrode, liquids of known pCO2 are prepared by acidifying carbonate solutions of known molarity. These can be used to check electrode responses and the values of calibrating gases.
Comparing early and delayed repair of common bile duct injury to identify clinical drivers of outcome and morbidity

Abstract Background Outcomes following repair of common bile duct injury (CBDI) are influenced by center and surgeon experience. Determinants of morbidity related to timing of repair are not fully described in this population. Methods Patients with CBDI managed surgically at a single center from January 2008 to June 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes of patients undergoing early (≤48 h from injury) and delayed (>48 h) repair were compared. Predictive modeling for readmission was performed for patients undergoing delayed repair. Results In total, 61 patients underwent surgical biliary reconstruction. Between the early and delayed repair groups, no differences were found in patient demographics, injury classification subtype, vasculobiliary injury (VBI) incidence, hospital length of stay, 30-day readmission rate, or 90-day mortality rate. Patients undergoing delayed repair exhibited increased chance of readmission if VBI was present or if multiple endoscopic procedures were performed prior to repair. A predictive model was constructed with these variables (ROC 0.681). Conclusion When managed by a tertiary hepatopancreatobiliary center, equivalent outcomes can be realized for patients undergoing early and delayed repair of CBDI. Establishment of evidence-based consensus guidelines for evaluation and treatment of CBDI may allow identification of factors that drive morbidity and predict clinical outcomes in this population.
Herpes Simplex Virus as a Therapy for Cancer

Inspired by reports that viral infection might be capable of promoting tumor regression published in the early 20th century, investigators have struggled to identify a suitable virus, which though unable to cause disease, retained the capability to replicate in cancer cells. In principal, the productive growth of the virus would kill or lyse malignant cells and the newly minted viral progeny would spread the infection, resulting ultimately in the destruction of the tumor by a process termed viral oncolysis. Fueled by revolutionary advances in molecular biology that enabled a new understanding of viral virulence at the genetic level, nonpathogenic strains of human viruses have been engineered in the laboratory and their oncolytic ability evaluated in animal models of human cancer. This chapter chronicles the milestones in engineering oncolytic strains of herpes simplex virus type 1, highlighting different stages of development beginning with the pioneering use of recombinant viruses produced in the laboratory, accompanied by a discussion of key design innovations which upon incorporation into HSV-1 oncolytic strains, substantially improved both their safety and efficacy, and summarizes recent experiences in phase I clinical trials.
Telehealth Versus In-Person Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial

Abstract The purpose of this randomized noninferiority trial was to compare video teleconferencing (VTC) versus in-person (IP) delivery of an 8-week acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) intervention among veterans with chronic pain (N = 128) at post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome was the pain interference subscale of the Brief Pain Inventory. Secondary outcomes included measures of pain severity, mental and physical health-related quality of life, pain acceptance, activity level, depression, pain-related anxiety, and sleep quality. In intent to treat analyses using mixed linear effects modeling, both groups exhibited significant improvements on primary and secondary outcomes, with the exception of sleep quality. Further, improvements in activity level at 6-month follow-up were significantly greater in the IP group. The noninferiority hypothesis was supported for the primary outcome and several secondary outcomes. Treatment satisfaction was similar between groups; however, significantly more participants withdrew during treatment in the VTC group compared with the IP group, which was moderated by activity level at baseline. These findings generally suggest that ACT delivered via VTC can be as effective and acceptable as IP delivery for chronic pain. Future studies should examine the optimal delivery of ACT for patients with chronic pain who report low levels of activity. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01055639 ). Perspective This study suggests that ACT for chronic pain can be implemented via VTC with reductions in pain interference comparable with IP delivery. This article contains potentially important information for clinicians using telehealth technology to deliver psychosocial interventions to individuals with chronic pain.
Improving Therapeutic Odyssey: Preemptive Pharmacogenomics Utility in Patient Care

Pharmacogenomics, studying genetic variation related to drug response, was established decades ago. Today, performing clinical pharmacogenomics testing has increased, creating great potential to improve patient care. Yet widespread implementation of pharmacogenomics in practice is currently limited, resulting in the "therapeutic odyssey" of patients. Preemptive clinical pharmacogenomics testing prior to the time of prescribing is now emerging as an option that could tailor the pharmacotherapy of patients by increasing drug effectiveness while reducing adverse drug reaction risk.
Towards real-time underwater 3D reconstruction with plenoptic cameras

Achieving real-time perception is critical to developing a fully autonomous system that can sense, navigate, and interact with its environment. Perception tasks such as online 3D reconstruction and mapping have been intensely studied for terrestrial robotics applications. However, characteristics of the underwater domain such as light attenuation and light scattering violate the brightness constancy constraint, which is an underlying assumption in methods developed for land-based applications. Furthermore, the complex nature of light propagation underwater limits or even prevents subsea use of real-time depth sensors used in state-of-the-art terrestrial mapping techniques. There have been recent advances in the development of plenoptic (also known as light field) cameras, which use an array of micro lenses capturing both intensity and ray direction to enable color and depth measurement from a single passive sensor. This paper presents an end-to-end system to harness these cameras to produce real-time 3D reconstructions underwater. Our system builds upon the state-of-the-art in online terrestrial 3D reconstruction, transferring these approaches to the underwater domain by gathering real-time color and depth (RGB-D) data underwater using a plenoptic camera, and performing dense 3D reconstruction while compensating for attenuation effects of the underwater environment simultaneously, using a graphics processing unit (GPU) to achieve real-time performance. Results are presented for data gathered in a water tank and the proposed technique is validated quantitatively through comparison with a ground truth 3D model gathered in air to demonstrate that the proposed approach can generate accurate 3D models of objects underwater in real-time.
Can Comprehensive Imaging Analysis with Analytic Morphomics and Geriatric Assessment Predict Serious Complications in Patients Undergoing Pancreatic Surgery

We aimed to determine whether comprehensive imaging analysis with analytic morphomics (AM) enhances or replaces geriatric assessment (GA) in risk-stratifying pancreatic surgery patients. One hundred thirty-four pancreatic surgery patients were identified from a prospective cohort. Sixty-three patients in the cohort had preoperative CT scans in addition to comprehensive geriatric assessments. CT scans were processed using AM. Associations with National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) serious complications were evaluated using univariate analysis and robust elastic net modeling to obtain AUROC curves by adding AM and GA measures to our previously defined clinical base risk model (age, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and Charlson comorbidity index). NSQIP serious complications were associated with low psoas Hounsfield units (HUs) (p = 0.002), low-density (0 to 30 HU) psoas area (p = 0.01), visceral fat HU (p ≤ 0.001), visceral fat area (p = 0.009), subcutaneous fat HU (p = 0.023), and total body area (p = 0.012) on univariate analysis. Elastic net models incorporating the base model with geriatric assessment and psoas HU (AUC = 0.751), and AM alone (AUC = 0.739) have greater predictive value than the base model alone (AUC = 0.601). The model utilizing AM and GA in combination had the highest predictive value (AUC = 0.841). When combined, AM and GA improve prediction of NSQIP serious complications compared to either technique alone. The additive nature of these two modalities suggests they likely capture unique aspects of a patient’s fitness for surgery.
Majority Rules: Gender Composition and Sexual Norms and Behavior in High Schools

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the relationship between the gender composition of high schools and sexual ideals, attitudes, and behaviors reported by 12,617 students. Theory predicts that a surplus of females in a dating market gives males greater bargaining power to achieve their underlying preference for avoiding committed relationships and engaging in casual sex. We find relationships between the gender composition of a high school and sexual norms and behaviors that depart from this theoretical prediction: In high schools in which girls outnumber boys, students report a less sexually permissive normative climate and girls report less casual sex compared with their counterparts at schools in which boys outnumber girls. Our results inform predictions about social consequences following from the feminization of school institutions.
Use of antibiotic beads to salvage infected breast implants

Summary Purpose When an implant becomes infected, implant salvage is often performed where the implant is removed, capsulectomy is performed, and a new implant is inserted. The patient is discharged with a PICC line and 6–8 weeks of intravenous (IV) antibiotics. This method has variable success and subjects the patient to long-term systemic antibiotics. In the 1960s, the use of antibiotic-impregnated beads for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis was described. These beads deliver antibiotic directly to the site of the infection, thereby eliminating the complications of systemic IV antibiotics. This study aimed to present a case series illustrating the use of STIMULAN calcium sulfate beads loaded with vancomycin and tobramycin to increase the rate of salvage of the infected implant and forgo IV antibiotics. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who were treated at Mount Sinai Hospital for implant infection with salvage and antibiotic beads. Results Twelve patients were identified, 10 of whom had breast cancer. Comorbidities included hypertension, smoking, and immunocompromised status. Infections were noted anywhere from 5 days to 8 years postoperatively. Salvage was successful in 9 out of the 12 infected implants using antibiotic bead therapy without home IV antibiotics. Conclusions The use of antibiotic beads is promising for salvaging infected breast implants without IV antibiotics. Seventy-five percent of the implants were successfully salvaged. Of the three patients who had unsalvageable implants, one was infected with antibiotic-resistant Rhodococcus that was refractory to bead therapy and one was noncompliant with postoperative instructions.
Crowd learning: improving online decision making using crowdsourced data

We analyze an online learning problem that arises in crowdsourcing systems for users facing crowd-sourced data: a user at each discrete time step t can choose K out of a total of N options (bandits), and receives randomly generated rewards dependent on user-specific and option-specific statistics unknown to the user. Each user aims to maximize her expected total rewards over a certain time horizon through a sequence of exploration and exploitation steps. Different from the typical regret/bandit learning setting, in this case a user may also exploit crowdsourced information to augment her learning process, i.e., other users' choices or rewards from using these options. We consider two scenarios, one in which only their choices are shared, and the other in which users share full information including their choices and subsequent rewards. In both cases we derive bounds on the weak regret, the difference between the user's expected total reward and the reward from a user-specific best single-action policy; and show how they improve over their individual-learning counterpart. We also evaluate the performance of our algorithms using simulated data as well as the real-world movie ratings dataset MovieLens.
Plate-Based Phenotypic Screening for Pain Using Human iPSC-Derived Sensory Neurons:

Screening against a disease-relevant phenotype to identify compounds that change the outcome of biological pathways, rather than just the activity of specific targets, offers an alternative approach to find modulators of disease characteristics. However, in pain research, use of in vitro phenotypic screens has been impeded by the challenge of sourcing relevant neuronal cell types in sufficient quantity and developing functional end-point measurements with a direct disease link. To overcome these hurdles, we have generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived sensory neurons at a robust production scale using the concept of cryopreserved "near-assay-ready" cells to decouple complex cell production from assay development and screening. hiPSC sensory neurons have then been used for development of a 384-well veratridine-evoked calcium flux assay. This functional assay of neuronal excitability was validated for phenotypic relevance to pain and other hyperexcitability disorders through screening a small targeted validation compound subset. A 2700-compound chemogenomics screen was then conducted to profile the range of target-based mechanisms able to inhibit veratridine-evoked excitability. This report presents the assay development, validation, and screening data. We conclude that high-throughput-compatible pain-relevant phenotypic screening with hiPSC sensory neurons is feasible and ready for application for the identification of new targets, pathways, mechanisms of action, and compounds for modulating neuronal excitability.