cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-Black Futures

: In this essay I look at the contemporary production of surplus life in liberal democracies, and how it manifests a new type of sovereign spatial power. This power operates through the capacity to exile individuals and populations who are defined—in advance—as risk failures. I investigate further the ways that these pre-known risk failures are determined through historical and geographical processes of racial formation, arguing that certain kinds of bodies have become vessels for concepts of risk formed in anticipation of an inevitable future. This “inevitable future” involves the formation of populations, which I term Pre-Black, who are projected as outside of the enabling web of pastoral power. Moreover, as a consequence of this pre-failure, individuals and populations can be forcefully and, more importantly, “justifiably” removed from commonly held spaces and resources in a contemporary liberal form of sovereign dispossession.
Microhole Coiled Tubing Drilling: A Low Cost Reservoir Access Technology

Although The Microhole Coiled Tubing Drilling rigs have been used extensively in Canada, their application in the U.S. has been very limited. In an effort to introduce this technology to the U.S. operators; GTI, with the support of DOE/NETL has completed successful field testing of coiled tubing microhole drilling technology. In this paper we report results of field testing of the system in 25 wells drilled in the Niobrara unconventional gas play of Kansas and Colorado. The objective of the field test was to measure and document the rig performance under actual drilling conditions. In these tests, a coiled tubing drilling rig (designed and bulit by Tom Gipson with Advanced Drilling Technologies Inc. (ADT)) was utilized. The rig operations have continued to improve to the point where it now drills a 3,100-foot well in a single day. Well cost savings of approximately 30% over conventional rotary well drilling have been documented. A description of the rig and a summary of its performance in the Niobrara unconventional gas play are included. In addition, an estimate of economic advantages of widespread application of microhole drilling technology in the Lower 48 States is presented.
Remote Phase Control of Radio Station WWVL

THE standard very-low-frequency 20-kc. emission from the National Bureau of Standards radio station WWVL at Sunset, Colorado, has been synchronized with the frequency of a working atomic standard located at the National Bureau of Standards Laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, eleven miles from the transmitter site. The phase-lock loop for this purpose uses a servosystem similar to that described by Looney1, with the system elements necessarily divided between the two locations. At Boulder Laboratories is located a 20-kc./s. receiver, phase detector, atomic standard and a 50 Mc./s. F.M. auxiliary transmitter for returning error and reference phase signals, by means of duplexing, to a 400 c.p.s. two-phase servomotor with gear reduction which drives a resolver at the transmitter site. The resolver, which is located electrically between the local crystal oscillator and transmitter input, thus corrects the transmitter input phase so as to maintain the transmitted output phase, as received at Boulder Laboratories, in synchronism with the phase of the controlling atomic oscillator. This system therefore corrects for frequency drift of the transmitter control oscillator as well as for changes in phase which in general are known to occur in the transmitter and antenna system (ref. 2 and Watt, A. D., private communication). Comparisons made on a very-low-frequency monitor between the phase of the received 20-kc./s. signal at Boulder Laboratories and that derived from the working atomic standard oscillator show that any uncorrected random phase variations may amount to no more than 0.05 µsec. phase shift so that transmitted phase stability is essentially that of the working atomic oscillator.
Finite coulomb crystal formation

Abstract Dust particles immersed within a plasma environment, such as those found in planetary rings or comets, will acquire an electric charge. If the ratio of the inter-particle potential energy to average kinetic energy is large enough the particles will form either a “liquid” structure with short-range ordering or a crystalline structure with long-range ordering. Since their discovery in laboratory environments in 1994, such crystals have been the subject of a variety of experimental, theoretical and numerical investigations. Most numerical and theoretical investigations have examined infinite systems assuming periodic boundary conditions. Since experimentally observed crystals can be comprised of a few hundred particles, this often leads to discrepancies between predicted theoretical results and experimental data. In addition, recent studies have concentrated on the importance of random charge variations between individual dust particles, but very little on the importance of size variations between the grains. Such size variations naturally lead to inter-grain charge variations which can easily become more important than those due to random charge fluctuations (which are typically less than one percent). Although such size variations can be largely eliminated experimentally by introducing mono-dispersive particles, many laboratory systems and all astrophysical environments contain significant size distributions. This study utilizes a program to find the equilibrium positions of a dusty plasma system as well as a modified Barnes–Hut code to model the dynamic behavior of such systems. It is shown that in terms of inter-particle spacing and ordering, finite systems are significantly different than infinite ones, particularly for the most-highly ordered states.
Changing global patterns of urban exposure to flood and drought hazards

Abstract The studies that quantify the human and economic costs of increasing exposure of cities to various natural hazards consider climate change together with increasing levels of population and economic activity, but assume constant urban extent. Accurate estimates of the potential losses due to changing exposure of cities, however, require that we know where they will grow in the future. Here, we present the first-ever estimates of the changing exposure of urban infrastructure to floods and droughts due to urban land expansion from 2000 to 2030. The percentage of the global urban land that lies within the low elevation coastal zone (LECZ) increases only slightly to 13% by 2030; nonetheless, this corresponds to a 230% increase in the amount of urban land within the LECZ (from 71,000 km 2 to 234,000 km 2 ). In 2000, about 30% of the global urban land (i.e., nearly 200,000 km 2 ) was located in the high-frequency flood zones; by 2030, this will reach 40% (i.e., over 700,000 km 2 ). The emerging coastal metropolitan regions in Africa and Asia will be larger than those in the developed countries and will have larger areas exposed to flooding. The urban extent in drylands will increase by nearly 300,000 km 2 , reaching almost 500,000 km 2 . Overall, without factoring in the potential impacts from climate change, the extent of urban areas exposed to flood and drought hazards will increase, respectively, 2.7 and almost 2 times by 2030. Globally, urban land exposed to both floods and droughts is expected to increase over 250%. There are significant geographical variations in the rates and magnitudes of urban expansion exposed to floods or droughts or both. Several policy options exist to safeguard urban infrastructure from flood and drought hazards. These range from directing development away from flood- or drought-prone zones to large-scale adoption of “green infrastructure” (or “eco-efficient infrastructure”). Decisions, taken today on managing urban growth in locations exposed to these hazards, can make a big difference in mitigating likely losses due to floods and droughts in the near future.
Clustering rule bases using ontology-based similarity measures

Abstract Rules are increasingly becoming an important form of knowledge representation on the Semantic Web. There are currently few methods that can ensure that the acquisition and management of rules can scale to the size of the Web. We previously developed methods to help manage large rule bases using syntactical analyses of rules. This approach did not incorporate semantics. As a result, rule categorization based on syntactic features may not be effective. In this paper, we present a novel approach for grouping rules based on whether the rule elements share relationships within a domain ontology. We have developed our method for rules specified in the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL), which is based on the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and shares its formal underpinnings. Our method uses vector space modeling of rule atoms and an ontology-based semantic similarity measure. We apply a clustering method to detect rule relatedness, and we use a statistical model selection method to find the optimal number of clusters within a rule base. Using three different SWRL rule bases, we evaluated the results of our semantic clustering method against those of our syntactic approach. We have found that our new approach creates clusters that better match the rule bases’ logical structures. Semantic clustering of rule bases may help users to more rapidly comprehend, acquire, and manage the growing numbers of rules on the Semantic Web.
Converging Structural and Functional Connectivity of Orbitofrontal, Dorsolateral Prefrontal, and Posterior Parietal Cortex in the Human Striatum

Modification of spatial attention via reinforcement learning (Lee and Shomstein, 2013) requires the integration of reward, attention, and executive processes. Corticostriatal pathways are an ideal neural substrate for this integration because these projections exhibit a globally parallel (Alexander et al., 1986), but locally overlapping (Haber, 2003), topographical organization. Here we explore whether there are unique striatal regions that exhibit convergent anatomical connections from orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Deterministic fiber tractography on diffusion spectrum imaging data from neurologically healthy adults (N = 60) was used to map frontostriatal and parietostriatal projections. In general, projections from cortex were organized according to both a medial–lateral and a rostral–caudal gradient along the striatal nuclei. Within rostral aspects of the striatum, we identified two bilateral convergence zones (one in the caudate nucleus and another in the putamen) that consisted of voxels with unique projections from orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal regions. The distributed cortical connectivity of these striatal convergence zones was confirmed with follow-up functional connectivity analysis from resting state fMRI data, in which a high percentage of structurally connected voxels also showed significant functional connectivity. The specificity of this convergent architecture to these regions of the rostral striatum was validated against control analysis of connectivity within the motor putamen. These results delineate a neurologically plausible network of converging corticostriatal projections that may support the integration of reward, executive control, and spatial attention that occurs during spatial reinforcement learning.
Directions in Turbulence Modeling for In-Cylinder Flows in Reciprocating Engines

Turbulence modeling is an essential aspect of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for applications of interest in the automotive industry. In this paper, turbulence models are reviewed in the context of in-cylinder flows in reciprocating engines. While the ubiquitous k — e remains the model of choice in most applications, higherorder statistical closures and large-eddy simulation have been brought to bear in an effort to increase the predictive capability of multidimensional simulations for these complex flows. The performance of several models in simple engine-like configurations is reviewed and applications to flows of more practical interest are summarized. An assessment of the demonstrated and/or anticipated performance of different modeling approaches is given and suggestions of fruitful paths for further improvement are offered. The nature of turbulence in engines and numerical accuracy are two issues that are identified as being critical in multidimensional modeling of turbulent in-cylinder flows. Probability density function methods and large-eddy simulation are proposed as candidates for next-generation "turbulence models" that have the potential for significant improvements over today's k — £ based approaches.
A total synthesis of (-)-hemiasterlin using N-Bts methodology.

A total synthesis of (−)-hemiasterlin has been accomplished in nine steps from 258 (>35% yield overall). An improved enantiocontrolled route to the tetramethyltryptophan subunit 32 was developed using an asymmetric Strecker synthesis (five steps, 50% yield from 25), and the dipeptide 22 was prepared in seven steps, 37% yield from valinol. The synthesis exploits the high reactivity of a Bts-protected amino acid chloride in the difficult peptide coupling of sterically hindered amino acid residues 18 and 20 to form 21 (70%, recrystallized) and also uses N-Bts intermediates for the high-yielding N-methylations of 14 and 31. In addition, the Bts-protected di-tert-butyl N-acylimidodicarbonate 33 is shown to undergo efficient coupling with 22 to form 34 (97% in the coupling step; 79% over the activation; coupling sequence from 32).
String Matching under a General Matching Relation

In standard string matching, each symbol matches only itself, In other string matching problems, e.g., the string matching with "don?t-cares" problem, a symbol may match several symbols. In general, an arbitrary many-to-many matching relation might hold between symbols. We consider a general string matching problem in which such a matching relation is specified and those positions in a text t, of length n, are sought at which the pattern p, of length m, matches under this relation. Depending upon the existence of a simple and easily recognizable property in the given matching relation, we show that string matching either requires linear (i.e., O(n + m)) time or is at least as hard as boolean convolution. As an application, we show that the matching relations of several independently studied string matching problems do indeed fall into the latter (hard) category. We also give a generic string matching algorithm that works far any matching relation and has complexity o(nm) except for very "large" matching relations.
Lefschetz coincidence theory for maps between spaces of different dimensions

Abstract For a given pair of maps f,g :X→M from an arbitrary topological space to an n -manifold, the Lefschetz homomorphism is a certain graded homomorphism Λ fg :H(X)→H(M) of degree (−n) . We prove a Lefschetz-type coincidence theorem: if the Lefschetz homomorphism is nontrivial then there is an x∈X such that f(x)=g(x) .
Fluid flow and chemical alteration in carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies

Abstract Carbonaceous chondrites are a class of primitive meteorites that likely represent early solar system materials, thus providing critical insights about planetary evolution. However, evidence shows that they have undergone considerable processing. Elucidating the complex formation history of aqueously altered chondrite groups has been a principal objective of cosmochemistry. Fulfilling this objective requires understanding the nature of the water–rock interactions involved. Many current alteration models are generally founded upon an assumption of uniform alteration in a closed system. In these models, different chondrite groups must originate on separate parent bodies. Contrary to this common view, we show that chondrite data are consistent with non-uniform alteration in a convecting system so that multiple chondrite groups can form within a single body.
Dihydrotestosterone Prevents Spontaneous Adenocarcinomas in the Prostate-Seminal Vesicle in Aging L-W Rats

Background Gene-regulated mechanisms govern tumor development, but the actual development of tumors can be suppressed or promoted by epigenetic factors. Lobund-Wistar (L-W) rats are genetically predisposed to development of spontaneous and induced metastasizing moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas in the prostate-seminal vesicle (P-SV) complex. In L-W rats with one slow-release subcutaneous implant of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (5alpha-Androstan-17beta-ol-3-one), the development of induced P-SV tumors 14 months later was significantly suppressed, with involution of testes, aspermia, and absence of detectable serum testosterone. The tumor-suppressive effect of DHT was confirmed. Spontaneous P-SV tumors developed in 57 of 220 control L-W rats (26%) at an average age 20 months. Methods At age 12 months, 70 L-W rats were administered an implant of 40 mg of DHT, and 75 untreated rats served as controls. All rats that developed palpable P-SV tumors were autopsied, and surviving rats were autopsied at age 24 months. Results At age 24 months, 9 of 70 DHT-treated rats (12.8%) and 20 of 75 DHT-free control rats (26.6%) had developed P-SV tumors spontaneously at average age 20.5 and 20 months, respectively. Conclusions Slow-release implants of DHT administered to L-W rats at age 12 months reduced by 50% the development of spontaneous P-SV tumors by age 24 months.
Convexity and the separability problem of quantum mechanical density matrices

Abstract A finite-dimensional quantum mechanical system is modelled by a density ρ, a trace one, positive semi-definite matrix on a suitable tensor product space H[N]. For the system to demonstrate experimentally certain non-classical behavior, ρ cannot be in S, a closed convex set of densities whose extreme points have a specificed tensor product form. Two mathematical problems in the quantum computing literature arise from this context: 1. the determination whether a given ρ is in S, and 2. a measure of the “entanglement” of such a ρ in terms of its distance from S. In this paper we describe these two problems in detail for a linear algebra audience, discuss some recent results from the quantum computing literature, and prove some new results. We emphasize the roles of densities ρ as both operators on the Hilbert space H[N] and also as points in a real Hilbert space M. We are able to compute the nearest separable densities τ0 to ρ0 in particular classes of inseparable densities and we use the Euclidean distance between the two in M to quantify the entanglement of ρ0. We also show the role of τ0 in the construction of separating hyperplanes, so-called entanglement witnesses in the quantum computing literature.
Banking Competition and Market Efficiency

This paper analyses competition among financial intermediaries in a set-up where financial intermediaries economize on duplicated monitoring (Diamond (1984)). We analyse two different games in which both direct trade and indirect trade are available. We show that in general equilibrium outcomes are inefficient, so that Diamond's efficiency result is fragile. Intermediation may increase rather than decrease transaction costs. Disintermediation may also be an equilibrium. We discuss the role played by the nonconvexities of banks' technology and that played by competition for deposits and loans.
Regiospecific Carboalkoxylation of 2,5-Dibromopyridine

Abstract Carboalkoxylation of 2,5-dibromopyridine with carbon monoxide and an alcohol in the presence of palladium acetate and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (dppf) occurs regiospecifically to afford esters of 5-bromo-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid in good yield.
Commensurate and incommensurate structure of the neutron cross section in LaSrCuO and YBaCuO

Abstract We study the evolution of the d -wave neutron cross-section with variable frequency ω and fixed T (below and above T c ) in two different cuprate families. The evolution from incommensurate to commensurate to incommensurate peaks is rather generic within an RPA-like scheme. This behavior seems to be in reasonable accord with experiments, and may help distinguish between this and the “stripe” scenario.
Baire and weakly Namioka spaces

Abstract Recall that a Hausdorff space X is said to be Namioka if for every compact (Hausdorff) space Y and every metric space Z, every separately continuous function f : X × Y → Z is continuous on D × Y for some dense G δ subset D of X. It is well known that in the class of all metrizable spaces, Namioka and Baire spaces coincide (Saint-Raymond, 1983) [23] . Further it is known that every completely regular Namioka space is Baire and that every separable Baire space is Namioka (Saint-Raymond, 1983) [23] . In our paper we study spaces X, we call them weakly Namioka, for which the conclusion of the theorem for Namioka spaces holds provided that the assumption of compactness of Y is replaced by second countability of Y. We will prove that in the class of all completely regular separable spaces and in the class of all perfectly normal spaces, X is Baire if and only if it is weakly Namioka.
An efficient method for the preparation of N,N-disubstituted 1,2-diamines

C2-Symmetric 1,2-diamines are useful precursors to numerous reagents used in asymmetric synthesis and catalysis. We report here an efficient protocol for converting the two most commonly used trans-1,2-diamines to N,N-disubstituted derivatives, a transformation that simplifies the preparation of non-C2-symmetric diamines. Central to the method is the high-yielding conversion of the diamines to the corresponding monoacetylated derivatives via imidazoline intermediates.
Colloidal ZnSe, ZnSe/ZnS, and ZnSe/ZnSeS Quantum Dots Synthesized from ZnO

Colloidal ZnSe quantum dots were successfully synthesized from ZnO in a lauric acid/hexadecylamine mixture. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the ZnSe quantum dots possess a wurtzite structure. Transmission electron microscope images of the quantum dots showed that the average diameter are in the range of 25∼60 A. The size-dependent photoluminescence was controlled from 400 to 440 nm with the quantum yields of 6∼10% at room temperature. After passivation with 1.8 monolayer of ZnS overcoat by a traditional two-step method, the quantum yields of ZnSe/ZnS QDs are increased ∼4.5-fold (quantum yield ∼32%). An in-situ method of overcoating was done by directly injecting TOPS into the flask containing ZnSe, ZnO/lauric acid/hexadecylamine, and TOPSe. The photoluminescence quantum yields were improved ∼3.8-fold after introduction of 1.6 monolayer ZnSeS overcoat to the ZnSe QDs.
Taxation of Couples under Assortative Mating

As well-off men become increasingly likely to marry well-off women, inequality across couples goes up. This relationship between assortative mating and income inequality has been discussed by Burtless (1999), Cancian and Reed (1999), Schwartz (2010), and others. Moreover, as documented by Schwartz and Mare (2005), assortative mating is prominent in the United States and has been increasing in recent decades. Surprisingly enough, very little attention has been paid to the interaction of assortative mating with the natural policy response to inequality: redistributive taxation and transfers. I consider a simple model of optimal couples taxation in order to study this inter action. A population of couples is determined; the government sets a tax and transfer schedule; individuals then choose how much to earn. Taxes may be an arbitrary function of the output of each individual in the couple. The key simplifying assumption of the model is that men and women in a couple each have a binary productivity type, either high or low. So mating becomes more assortative as we reduce the number of mixed high-low and low-high couples, and replace them with matched high-high and low-low couples. The government has a preference for redistributing money to the worst-off couples, the ones with men and women who are both of low types. This stripped-down model of taxation is quite tractable. I show that the government’s problem can be transformed into the monopoly regulation problem of Armstrong and Rochet (1999). The results of Armstrong and Rochet (1999) imply output levels of each individual under the optimal tax schedule. These output levels
Saving Behaviour Under Imperfect Financial Markets and the Current Account Consequences

The authors seek to establish the general empirical importance of investment-motivated saving. Their hypothesis is that inadequate financial intermediation will induce agents to save more in order to undertake lumpy physical investment in the future. The result is a positive relationship between the degree of capital market imperfection and the size of the private saving rate. A simulation exercise calibrated on Taiwan found a close match between the simulated and actual data. Regression analysis established that the private saving rate was negatively related to the level of financial market sophistication. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.
Current sheets in the heliosheath: Voyager 1, 2009

We identified all of the current sheets for which we have relatively complete and accurate magnetic field (B) data from Voyager 1 (V1) from days of year (DOYs) 1 to 331, 2009, which were obtained deep in the heliosheath between 108.5 and 111.8 AU. Three types of current sheets were found: (1) 15 proton boundary layers (PBLs), (2) 10 and 3 magnetic holes and magnetic humps, respectively, and (3) 3 sector boundaries. The magnetic field strength changes across PBL, and the profile B(t) is linearly related to the hyperbolic tangent function, but the direction of B does not change. For each of the three sector boundaries, B rotated in a plane normal to the minimum variance direction, and the component of B along the minimum variance direction was zero within the uncertainties, indicating that the sector boundaries were tangential discontinuities. The structure of the sector boundaries was not as simple as that for PBLs. The average thickness of magnetic holes and humps (approx.30 RL) was twice that of the PBLs (approx.15 RL). The average thickness of the current sheets associated with sector boundaries was close to the thickness of the PBLs. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that magnetic holes and humps are solitons, which are initiated by the mirror mode instability, and evolve by nonlinear kinetic plasma processes to pressure balanced structures maintained by magnetization currents and proton drift currents in the gradients of B.
Dynamic Elasticities and Flexibilities in a Quarterly Model of the U.S. Pork Sector

It has long been recognized that usual elasticity and flexibility concepts are of limited value in a multi-equation setting. This is because the response caused by a change in an exogenous variable will have feedback effects as the system obtains a new equilibrium. Consequently, it is necessary to examine total response measures in a system framework. In spite of this recognition there has been no known attempt to examine the structural implications of an econometric model by using total elasticities and flexibilities. This paper extends the results from Cavas, Hassan, and Johnson (1981) to obtain total elasticity and flexibility measures in a general dynamic model, using a quarterly model of the U.S. pork sector. The results indicate that supply elasticities are generally smaller than those reported previously.
Innate immune responses and health of individually reared Holstein calves after placement into transition-pens 23 d after weaning.

Sixty-four Holstein dairy bull calves were all reared in individual calf-hutches and pens until they were randomly assigned to treatments of Grouped (pens of 3, n=36 calves) or Control (left in home hutch, n=8 calves) at age 68±2·3 d (body weight 74·9±1·5 kg). Blood was drawn at age 66, 70, 74 and 88 d for ex-vivo immunological and biochemical analyses. Calf starter intake was measured daily and individual body weights were measured at age 68, 78, and 89 (±2·3 sd) d. Grouped-calves consumed less starter (P<0·05), and weighed 6·4±1·99 kg less (P<0·05) than Control-calves by age 89 d. Group housing was a mild stressor, as evident by a transient suppression in neutrophil oxidative burst at age 70 d, but there was a lack of difference in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio of peripheral leucocytes and neutrophil expression of l-selectin at age 70 and 74 d. However, grouped-calves had elevated total peripheral leukocyte counts at age 70 d (P<0·05) and tended (P<0·10) to be greater at age 74 and 88 d. In addition, neutrophil phagocytosis of Escherichia coli increased (P<0·05) at age 74 d in Grouped-calves. These data indicate that moving calves into transition-pens with 3 calves per group decreases performance, but this may not be due primarily to extreme stress or disease. These data do indicate that it is important that calves have a competent immune system and any potential stressors are limited when they are moved into transition-pens because they are exposed to a wider diversity and (or) load of pathogens.
Implementation of Diversity Management Programs in Public Organizations: Lessons from Policy Implementation Research

Abstract The U.S. workforce is becoming more diverse, particularly in the public sector. As a result, a number of public-sector employers have initiated diversity management programs aimed to assist different types of employees in their needs at work. While much of the public administration literature has focused on these programs and what makes them work, it has largely ignored a cognate area of study that has much to say about the success of such programs: the policy implementation literature. This article uses policy implementation research to develop five guidelines for public managers who wish to develop a successful diversity management initiative.
`Tail-end' Bondi-Hoyle accretion in young star clusters: Implications for disks, planets, and stars

Young stars orbiting in the gravitational potential well of forming star clusters pass through the cluster's dense molecular gas and can experience Bondi-Hoyle accretion from reservoirs outside their individual protostellar cloud cores. Accretion can occur for several million years after the stars form, but before the cluster disperses. This accretion is predominantly onto the disk and not the star. N-body simulations of stars orbiting in three young model clusters containing 30, 300, and 3000 stars are presented. The simulations include the gravitational potential of the molecular gas which smoothly disperses over time. The clusters have a star-formation efficiency of 33% and a radius of 0.22 pc. We find that the disks surrounding solar-mass stars in the N = 30 cluster accretes ~0.01 M ☉ (1 minimum-mass solar nebula, MMSN) per Myr, with a 1σ width of 50 times due to variations in initial stellar positions and velocities within the cluster. The accretion rate scales as M 2.1±0.1 for stars of mass M. The accretion rate is ~5 times lower for the N = 3000 cluster, due to its higher stellar velocities and higher temperature. The Bondi-Hoyle accretion rates onto the disks are several times lower than accretion rates observed directly onto young stars (e.g., Muzerolle et al. 2005): these two accretion rates follow the same M 2 behavior and may be related. The accreted disk mass is large enough that it may have a substantial and unappreciated effect on disk structure and the formation of planetary systems. We discuss a variety of implications of this process, including its effect on metallicity differences between cluster stars, compositional differences between a star and its disk, the formation of terrestrial and gas-giant planets, and isotopic anomalies observed in our solar system.
An extension to a cohesive zone solution for adhesive cylinders

When adhesive forces are taken into consideration, contacting asperities can still interact after intimate contact is broken. Current theories that predict the contact behavior of adhesive cylindrical asperities fail to capture the forces in this regime. In the present investigation, prior solutions for adhesive cylindrical asperities will be extended to include the condition where the asperities are not in physical contact but are still interacting through adhesive forces. In the extended results, relationships between the adhesive contact radius and the applied normal load will be developed and discussed with respect to the design of micro-scale components.
Conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, and vibrational assignment of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-propanone

Abstract The Raman (3200−10 cm−1) and infrared (3500−20 cm−1) spectra have been recorded for the gaseous and solid states of 1-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-propanone, CH2BrC(O)CF3. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis that the molecule exists exclusively in the trans (bromine atom oriented trans to the perfluoromethyl group) conformation in the crystalline solid. In the vapor and liquid, a second conformer in which the oxygen and bromine atoms are gauche is also present. From a study of the Raman spectra of the gas and liquid, the trans conformer has been determined to be more stable than the gauche by 81 ± 42 cm−1 (232 ± 120 cal mol−1) in the vapor and by 223 ± 7 cm−1 (638 ± 20 cal mol−1) in the liquid. The perfluoromethyl torsion has been observed in the far infrared spectrum of the gas at 43 cm−1, and from this frequency the periodic barrier to internal rotation of the CF3 rotor of the trans conformer has been calculated to be 415 cm−1 (1.19 kcal mol−1). Conformational energy differences and optimized geometries of both conformers have been obtained from ab initio calculations at the STO-3G* level. A normal coordinate analysis has also been performed with the force fields determined from the ab initio calculation. All of these results are compared to the corresponding quantities obtained for some similar molecules.
Aging of Hermetic Motor Insulation

A different approach in thermal evaluation of hermetic insulation is presented. A random-wound bifilar coil of enameled wire, with or without varnish, is aged at a series of elevated temperatures while in a refrigerant atmosphere. Dielectric properties are measured repeatedly at each aging temperature and aging rates are calculated. From rate data at various aging temperatures, energies associated with the aging process are determined by the Arrhenius equation.
Fast Transient Analysis for Locally Nonlinear Structures by Recursive Block Convolution

The transient analysis of large structural systems with localized nonlinearities is a computationally demanding process, inhibiting dynamic redesign and optimization. A previously developed integral equation formulation for transient structural synthesis has demonstrated the ability to solve large locally nonlinear transient problems in a fraction of the time required by traditional direct integration methods, with equivalent or better accuracy. A recursive block-by-block convolution algorithm is developed for the solution of the governing integral equation that further reduces the solution time required. A computing time comparison of single-block versus multiple-block solutions is provided.
Justice and Union Participation: An Extension and Test of Mobilization Theory

Heeding John Kelly’s call to reorient the field of industrial relations towards the study of injustice, we employ mobilization, social exchange and organizational justice theories to specify and test a model of union participation. Using individual-level survey data from public-sector union members to test our model, we find that differences in worker perceptions of workplace injustice and union justice explain slightly more variation in members’ union participation than more traditional measures of job satisfaction and union instrumentality perceptions. The implications of our analysis for researchers and union practitioners are also discussed.
Liquidity Risk and Banks' Asset Composition: Implications for Monetary Policy

Monetary growth models in which the government is a net debtor demonstrate that inflation adversely affects capital formation through the crowding out effect. Interestingly, the results are at odds with empirical evidence. In particular, recent studies point to an asymmetric relationship between inflation and the real economy across countries. Specifically, inflation and output are negatively correlated in poor countries. In contrast, inflation is associated with higher levels of economic activity in advanced economies. I present a monetary growth model with public debt, where the exposure to risk is inversely related to the level of income. In this setting, I demonstrate that the effects of monetary policy depend on the level of capital of the economy. In poor countries, banks' portfolios consist primarily of government liabilities. Therefore, a higher rate of money creation inhibits capital formation in these economies. In contrast, banks devote more resources toward productive uses in advanced countries. Consequently, monetary policy generates a Tobin effect.
Approximate convex decomposition of polyhedra

Decomposition is a technique commonly used to partition complex models into simpler components. While decomposition into convex components results in pieces that are easy to process, such decompositions can be costly to construct and can result in representations with an unmanageable number of components. In this paper we explore an alternative partitioning strategy that decomposes a given model into "approximately convex" pieces that may provide similar benefits as convex components, while the resulting decomposition is both significantly smaller (typically by orders of magnitude) and can be computed more efficiently. Indeed, for many applications, an approximate convex decomposition (ACD) can more accurately represent the important structural features of the model by providing a mechanism for ignoring less significant features, such as surface texture. We describe a technique for computing ACDs of three-dimensional polyhedral solids and surfaces of arbitrary genus. We provide results illustrating that our approach results in high quality decompositions with very few components and applications showing that comparable or better results can be obtained using ACD decompositions in place of exact convex decompositions (ECD) that are several orders of magnitude larger.
Equivalence principle tests in earth orbit

Abstract An analysis of experiments which test the uniqueness of the ratio of inertial and passive gravitational mass has been made. The analysis shows that an improvement in sensitivity of at least six orders of magnitude is possible in Earth orbit. The optimum experiment compares the rate of fall of two independent test bodies in a cryogenic environment aboard a drag-free satellite; this “free fall” experiment is very much less sensitive to gravity gradient than is a torsion balance. The dominant noise sources for such an experiment are expected to be gravity gradients, tracking errors, and gas pressure effects; thermal noise is not a limiting factor. A laboratory version of the experiment is under test; preliminary results are described.
ISSUES IN SPORTS FORECASTING

Abstract A large amount of effort is spent on forecasting the outcomes of sporting events, but few papers have focused exclusively on the characteristics of sports forecasts. Instead, many papers have been written about the efficiency of sports betting markets. As it turns out, it is possible to derive a considerable amount of information about the forecasts and the forecasting process from studies that have tested the markets for economic efficiency. Moreover, the huge number of observations provided by betting markets makes it possible to obtain robust tests of various forecasting hypotheses. This paper is concerned with a number of forecasting topics in horse racing and several team sports. The first topic involves the type of forecast that is made: picking a winner or predicting whether a particular team will beat the point spread. Different evaluation procedures will be examined and alternative forecasting methods (models, experts, and the market) compared. The paper also examines the evidence with regard to the existence of biases in the forecasts, and concludes by discussing the applicability of these results to forecasting in general.
Ranks of Indecomposable Modules over Rings of Infinite Cohen-Macaulay Type

Let (R, &#x1d52a;, k) be a one-dimensional analytically unramified local ring with minimal prime ideals P 1, …, P s . Our ultimate goal is to study the direct-sum behavior of maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules over R. Such behavior is encoded by the monoid ℭ(R) of isomorphism classes of maximal Cohen-Macaulay R-modules: the structure of this monoid reveals, for example, whether or not every maximal Cohen-Macaulay module is uniquely a direct sum of indecomposable modules; when uniqueness does not hold, invariants of this monoid give a measure of how badly this property fails. The key to understanding the monoid ℭ(R) is determining the ranks of indecomposable maximal Cohen-Macaulay modules. Our main technical result shows that if R/P 1 has infinite Cohen-Macaulay type and the residue field k is infinite, then there exist |k| pairwise non-isomorphic indecomposable maximal Cohen-Macaulay R-modules of rank (r 1, ⋅, r s ) provided r 1 ≥ r i for all i ∈ {1,…, s}. This result allows us to describe the monoid ℭ(R) when has in...
The One or the Many

The following Review Essay, inspired by Tracy Isaacs’ new book, Moral Responsibility in Collective Contexts, connects the philosophical literature on group agency with recent trends in international criminal law. Part I of the Essay sketches out the relevant philosophical positions, including collectivist and individualist accounts of group agency. Particular attention is paid to Kornhauser and Sager’s development of the doctrinal paradox, Philip Pettit’s deployment of the paradox towards a general argument for group rationality, and Michael Bratman’s account of shared or joint intentions. Part II then analyzes, with cautious support, Isaacs’ two-level solution, which entails both individual and collective moral responsibility. Under this view, collective moral agency is a real phenomenon, though the existence of the collective neither obviates nor eliminates the moral responsibility of the individuals from which it is composed. My own evaluation of the proposed solution concentrates on Davidson’s Principle of Charity and whether behavior interpretation requires viewing such agents in particular ways so as to maximize rationality. By analogy to the distinctive rationality of long-term plans, where the rationality of an individual act can only be understood relative to its place in the rationally justified long-term plan of a single individual, I also consider the rationality of individual acts whose rationality can only be understood relative to the group endeavors of which they are a part. Finally, Part III traces some implications of the two-level solution for legal doctrine, in particular the role of collective organizations in the recent jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court. For example, I note that the ICC has recently become more and more focused on the role played by goal-oriented collectives, especially with regard to the plan or policy requirement for crimes against humanity and, in the context of modes of liability, indirect liability for crimes committed through an organization (Organisationsherrschaft).
The lotus-eater attack

Many current distributed systems users that will are satiable; users will stop providing service to others if they are themselves receiving a sufficient quantity of service. This is often the product of "tit-for-tat-like" designs, which attempt to combat free riding by denying service to those who are not providing it. While this approach provides an incentive for cooperation, it has the unfortunate side effect that if there is no service for a peer to provide, then he will generally receive reduced or no service. Ironically, this opens the systems up to an attack that we call the lotus-eater attack: the attacker supplies the service to some peers, thus satiating them. Once those peers are satiated, they stop providing service to others. The peers not being satiated by the attacker then receive reduced or no service.A wide range of systems are satiable and thus potentially vulnerable to this attack. In BitTorrent, peers restrict trade to the best partners they can find. Similarly, in BAR Gossip peers stop trading when there is nothing they want. In scrip systems, peers need to perform service for others often enough to maintain a supply of money and will stop once their supply is adequate. Even systems not designed to be tit-for-tat-like may be satiable. For example, a node in a sensor network might shut down to save power if it has received all the updates it needs.
The Cross-Correlation of High-Redshift 21 cm and Galaxy Surveys

We study the detectability of the cross-correlation between 21 cm emission from the intergalactic medium and the galaxy distribution during (and before) reionization. We show that first-generation 21 cm experiments, such as the Mileura Widefield Array (MWA), can measure the cross-correlation to a precision of several percent on scales k ~ 0.1 Mpc-1 if combined with a deep galaxy survey detecting all galaxies with m > 1010 M☉ over the entire ~800 deg2 field of view of the MWA. LOFAR can attain even better limits with galaxy surveys covering its ~50 deg2 field of view. The errors on the cross power spectrum scale with the square root of the overlap volume, so even reasonably modest surveys of several square degrees should yield a positive detection with either instrument. In addition to the obvious scientific value, the cross-correlation has four key advantages over the 21 cm signal alone: (1) its signal-to-noise ratio exceeds that of the 21 cm power spectrum by a factor of several, allowing it to probe smaller spatial scales and perhaps to detect inhomogeneous reionization more efficiently; (2) it allows a cleaner division of the redshift-space distortions (although only if the galaxy redshifts are known precisely); (3) by correlating with the high-redshift galaxy population, the cosmological nature of the 21 cm fluctuations can be determined unambiguously; and (4) the required level of foreground cleaning for the 21 cm signal is vastly reduced.
Transport of Brownian particles in a narrow, slowly varying serpentine channel

We study the transport of Brownian particles under a constant driving force and moving in channels that present a varying centerline but have constant aperture width (serpentine channels). We investigate two types of channels, solid channels, in which the particles are geometrically confined between solid walls and soft channels, in which the particles are confined by the potential energy landscape. We consider the limit of narrow, slowly varying channels, i.e., when the aperture and the variation in the position of the centerline are small compared to the length of a unit cell in the channel (wavelength). We use the method of asymptotic expansions to determine both the average velocity (or mobility) and the effective dispersion coefficient of the particles. We show that both solid and soft-channels have the same effects on the transport properties up to leading order correction. Including the next order correction, we obtain that the mobility in a solid-channel is smaller than that in a soft-channel. However, we discuss an alternative definition of the effective width of a soft channel that leads to equal mobilities up to second order terms. Interestingly, in both cases, the corrections to the mobility of the particles are independent of the Peclet number, and the Einstein-Smoluchowski relation is satisfied.