cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian Aid in Conflict Regions: Refocus and Re-Imagine Creating an Architecture for Impact

Over the last decade conflicts have contributed to national, regional and global issues resulting in human suffering, displacement and humanitarian crisis. As reported in OXFAM (2019: 9) In 2018, 2 billion people were living in fragile and conflict-affected contexts. By 2035 it is predicted that this will be the case for 85% of the world’s extremely poor people. Conflict is currently driving 80% of humanitarian need. As described in the Global Humanitarian Overview (2020) ‘Dozens of highly violent conflicts are causing widespread hunger, displacement, death and destruction around the world. Armed conflicts are killing and maiming a record number of children, forcing them to flee their homes and putting their lives on hold. Women and girls are at higher risk of sexual violence’. It is therefore incumbent on humanitarian and development actors, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of their engagement strategies in protracted crises and conflict-affected regions (Mowjee and Garrasi 2015: 8). Zurcher (2019: 839) argues that ‘Aid injected in highly insecure regions, where violence is a reality and insurgents retain some capacities, will increase, not dampen violence’. The complex threat and risk landscape in conflict regions such as Afghanistan points to the requirement for the realization of the ‘humanitarian-development-peace nexus’ rooted in understanding and addressing the vulnerabilities of populations before, during and after crises. This chapter explores the complexity associated with humanitarian aid in conflict regions (in particular Afghanistan) and presents a framework, rooted in a systems thinking paradigm, to support the humanitarian-development-peace nexus in order to facilitate successful intervention with sustainable outcomes. Anticipatory policy/intervention design and deployment figure prominently.
The Exodus and the Bible: What Was Known; What Was Remembered; What Was Forgotten?

This chapter offers an archaeological critique of the current model of the Hebrew Bible as “cultural memory” with particular reference to the exodus–conquest narrative. Instead of asking how these texts functioned socially, religiously, and culturally, this chapter asks “What Really Happened?” This approach will facilitate a critique of the literary tradition based on external rather than internal evidence, attempting to isolate a “core history.”
Welfare Rights and the Constitutional Ethic of Justice Thurgood Marshall

This paper is part of a large dialogue which the constitutional law scholar Michael Perry has described as “constitutional conversation.” This collaboration between ethics and law in service of law’s quest for justice is therefore, in the author's view, an effort then to secure expansion and elaboration of existing legal doctrine by bringing ethical analysis into the Constitutional conversation as a resource. It is emphatically not an effort to collapse Constitutional theory into ethics, nor is this paper an argument in support of a “Christian Constitutional Theory.” This effort is based on the assumption that ethical analysis has an important role to play in the constitutional conversation. It endeavors to bring a more disciplined kind of ethical analysis than the undisciplined and frequently unconscious kind seen in judicial opinions.
Postnatal synaptic potentiation: Delivery of GluR4-containing AMPA receptors by spontaneous activity

To examine how functional circuits are established in the brain, we studied excitatory transmission in early postnatal hippocampus. Spontaneous neural activity was sufficient to selectively deliver GluR4-containing AMPA receptors (AMPA-Rs) into synapses. This delivery allowed non-functional connections to transmit at resting potentials and required NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) but not CaMKII activation. Subsequently, these delivered receptors were exchanged with non-synaptic GluR2-containing AMPA-Rs in a manner requiring little neuronal activity. The enhanced transmission resulting from this delivery and subsequent exchange was maintained for at least several days and required an interaction between GluR2 and NSF. Thus, this sequence of subunit-specific trafficking events triggered by spontaneous activity in early postnatal development may be crucial for initial establishment of long-lasting functional circuitry.
Characterization of 3-Amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose from a Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide

Abstract Lipopolysaccharides were isolated from Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090 by 44% aqueous-phenol fractionation. The lipopolysaccharides were isolated from the phenol phase and phenol-water interphase fractions. Acid hydrolysis yielded glucosamine and a 3-amino sugar identified as 3-amino-3,6-dideoxyglucose by comparison with authentic 3-amino-3,6-dideoxyhexoses by ion exchange chromatography. Comparison of the 3-acetamido-1,2,4-tri-O-acetyl-3,6-dideoxyhexose with 3-acetamido-1,2,4-tri-O-acetyl-3,6-dideoxy-l-glucose was made. The infrared spectra were identical, while the optical rotatory dispersion curves were identical in shape but opposite in sign. The compound isolated from C. freundii was thus assigned the structure 3-amino-3,6-dideoxy-d-glucose.
Growth of Eubacterium limosum with Carbon Monoxide as the Energy Source

Eubacterium limosum grew with CO as the sole source of energy and formed acetate and CO2 as the major products. The generation time on CO was 7 h. Uninhibited growth occurred in cultures containing 50% CO or less, but growth occurred at all concentrations tested (i.e., up to 75% CO). The pH optimum for growth was 7.0 to 7.2, whereas growth was poor at a pH below 6.7. CO2 stimulated growth on CO. CO was preferentially utilized when both CO and H2 were present.
Student design projects using personal computers

An outline is given of a design-oriented course whose purpose is to involve students in the development of software tools implementing engineering and scientific computations using IBM personal computers. The goal of the course is to have the students develop software that can be used to improve the design content of other electrical engineering courses. An example is given of the use of the technique to generate computational tools that can be used in design studies for a typical course covering active and passive network synthesis and approximation. Short descriptions are given of 12 of the programs developed. >
Caught in the Intersection Between Public Policy and Practicality: A Survey of the Legal Treatment of Gambling-Related Obligations in the United States

This article offers a survey of the law and practice of gambling debt enforcement and recovery in the United States. Two historical sources of law influence modern gambling debt enforcement and recovery. The English common law interpretation of the Statute of Anne is the first historical source; the second tradition traces its roots to classical Rome. Both of these centuries-old traditions either severely limited or absolutely prohibited the enforcement of gambling debts. England’s Statute of Anne, enacted in 1710, prohibited the enforcement of gambling debts and provided for a recovery action by
Xenobiotic metabolism: a look from the past to the future.

The earliest history of xenobiotic metabolism is interwoven with the birth of organic chemistry. In the early 1800s, the belief prevailed that the composition of the human body and indeed, of all living things, was a result of a “vital force” or “internal flame” and that mere mortals were
Proline auxotrophic and catabolic mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain C1204b are unaffected in nitrogen fixation

Abstract The potential role of proline in bacteroid metabolism of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain C1204b was investigated. Proline auxotrophic, catabolic, and overproducing mutants were generated and used as inoculants of pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv Alaska). Cytosolic and bacteroid levels of glutamate and proline determined for the nodular tissue did not support the role of proline as a key metabolite supplied by the host. Furthermore, a R. leguminosarum proline catabolic mutant had a negligible impact on nitrogenase activity as evaluated by acetylene reduction.
Analysis of cardiac symptoms preceding cardiac arrest

Abstract Prodromal symptoms and cardiac history were examined in 227 patients with coronary artery disease who were successfully resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest was sudden—with either no symptoms or symptoms for less than 1 hour—in 71% of the patients. Nonsudden death—death occurring after more than 1 hour of symptoms—occurred in 29% of the patients. A history of cardiovascular disease was present in 85% of patients with sudden cardiac arrest and in 83% with nonsudden arrest. Cardiac arrest occurred without symptoms in 38% of the patients with sudden cardiac arrest and was the first expression of coronary artery disease in 4% of the entire study group. This study indicates that cardiac arrest usually occurs with symptoms and almost always in the setting of a history of cardiovascular disease.
A density functional theory study clarifying the reactions of conjugated ketenes with formaldimine. A plethora of pericyclic and pseudopericyclic pathways

The reactions of vinylketene (1a), imidoylketene (1b), and formylketene (1c) with formaldimine (2) were studied at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. For the cycloadditions of these conjugated ketenes with 2,...
9nm node wafer defect inspection using three-dimensional scanning, a 405nm diode laser, and a broadband source

We recently built a 405nm laser based optical interferometry system for 9nm node patterned wafer defect inspection. Defects with volumes smaller than 15nm by 90nm by 35nm have been detected. The success of defect detection relied on accurate mechanical scanning of the wafer and custom engineered image denoising post-processing. To further improve the detection sensitivity, we designed a higher precision XYZ scanning stage and replaced the laser source with an incoherent LED to remove the speckle noise. With these system modifications, we successfully detected both defects and surface contamination particles in bright-field imaging mode. Recently, we have upgraded this system for interferometric defect inspection.
Volatile leaf oil of the curry plant [Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don subsp. italicum] and dwarf curry plant [subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman] in the North American herb trade

Abstract The essential oil of the leaves and stems of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don subsp. italicum, examined by GC/MS, is dominated by neryl acetate (16.60±2.01%) and γ-curcumene (15.98±1.44%). The essential oil of the leaves and stems of H. italicum subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman is dominated by neryl acetate (38.60±15.11%), linalool (17.28±7.75%), nerol (14.55±8.71%), and limonene (10.73±4.56%).
Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness of Offenses Committed by Religious Leaders

In the present article, we extend a model of relational spirituality and forgiveness to the context of major offenses by clergy. In Study 1, undergraduate students (N = 208) described a major offense that they had experienced by a religious leader and then completed several questionnaires in relation to the offense and the religious leader. Appraisals of relational spirituality were significantly associated with forgiveness, after controlling for known predictors of forgiveness (i.e., hurtfulness, time since the offense, and commitment to God or another source of spirituality). In Study 2, we replicated and extended the findings from Study 1 using an independent sample of undergraduates (N = 365). In a series of structural equation models, we found that relational engagement of God (or another source of spirituality) partially mediated the relationship between anger toward God (or another source of spirituality) and unforgiving motivations. We conclude by discussing implications for future research.
Calcium channel 'agonist' BAY K 8644 inhibits calcium antagonist binding to brain and PC12 cell membranes.

Abstract BAY K 8644, a drug that elicits calcium-dependent muscle contraction, inhibits binding of the voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonist [3H]nitrendipine to brain and PC12 pheochromocytoma cell membranes. This effect is due to high-affinity (Ki = 4.5nM) competitive inhibition at the binding site for dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Allosteric sites that mediate calcium channel blockade by non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists are not similarly affected. Our findings indicate that BAY K 8644 is active at central, as well as peripheral, calcium channels and are compatible with a multi-state model of the voltage-dependent calcium channel in which antagonist drugs promote a closed state of the channel, while BAY K 8644 promotes an open state.
Pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant Guillain-Barré syndrome in a child

The pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome is uncommon but well recognized in the adult literature. Patients have weakness in a pharyngeal-cervical-brachial distribution with relative lower limb sparing. We describe a 12-year-old boy with predominantly pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness and subsequent respiratory failure. Owing to prominent bulbar symptoms, he was initially misdiagnosed as having epiglottitis. This case illustrates that the clinical spectrum of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children includes the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant, which is distinct from Miller-Fisher syndrome. Atypical Guillain-Barre syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child presenting with bulbar palsy and/or respiratory failure.
Prostate-specific antigen velocity accurately predicts response to salvage radiotherapy in men with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives To determine whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV), used as a selection criterion for salvage radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP), predicts the likelihood of response to RT in men with biochemical relapse. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 48 patients who had undergone salvage RT for biochemical relapse after RP. All men were followed up with serial PSA measurements for a minimum of 6 months from their initial PSA recurrence, and RT was only offered to those patients with a serum PSA level remaining at less than 1.0 ng/mL. The response to RT was defined as maintenance of a PSA level of less than 0.1 ng/mL. The pathologic and clinical parameters, including PSAV, were examined to determine their individual ability to predict the response to RT. Results Of the 48 patients, 30 had maintained a PSA level of less than 0.1 ng/mL at a median follow-up of 16 months. The PSAV was strongly predictive of the likelihood of a response to salvage RT. The median relapse-free survival time for patients with a PSAV of less than 0.035 ng/mL/mo was 28 months compared with 16 months for patients with a PSAV greater than 0.035 ng/mL/mo. All other parameters tested, including Gleason score, seminal vesicle invasion, extracapsular extension, and margin status, were not predictive of the likelihood of a response to RT. Conclusions In the present study, PSAV accurately predicted the likelihood of response to salvage RT in men with biochemical relapse after RP. No other pathologic parameters predicted the likelihood of response to RT. Using PSAV as a sole selection criterion for salvage RT after RP may allow improvement in the historically low rates of durable response.
Selection to sequence: opportunities in fungal genomics

Selection is a biological force, causing genotypic and phenotypic change over time. Whether environmental or human induced, selective pressures shape the genotypes and the phenotypes of organisms both in nature and in the laboratory. In nature, selective pressure is highly dynamic and the sum of the environment and other organisms. In the laboratory, selection is used in genetic studies and industrial strain development programs to isolate mutants affecting biological processes of interest to researchers. Selective pressures are important considerations for fungal biology. In the laboratory a number of fungi are used as experimental systems to study a wide range of biological processes and in nature fungi are important pathogens of plants and animals and play key roles in carbon and nitrogen cycling. The continued development of high throughput sequencing technologies makes it possible to characterize at the genomic level, the effect of selective pressures both in the lab and in nature for filamentous fungi as well as other organisms.
The counseling needs of foreign students

This paper reports the findings of three studies of the counseling needs of international students at a medium sized University in the Midwestern region of USA. The studies were conducted over a period of five years (1977–83), and provide an historical perspective on the changes in student needs as well as in the programs designed to respond to these needs.
Optogalvanic wavelength calibration in the 555–575 nm region using argon

Abstract Optogalvanic spectra of neutral atomic argon observed in a commercial hollow cathode lamp provide a convenient means of dye laser wavelength calibration in the Rhodamine 6G dye region (555–575 nm).
Effects of ageing on the biomechanical properties of rat articular cartilage.

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats experience age-related bone loss with the same characteristics as that in ageing men. As articular cartilage, like bone...
Lobster (Homarus americanus) striated muscle myosin.

Abstract 1. 1. Myosin from the thin-filament regulated flexor muscle of lobster contains 2 moles of each of 2 light chains. 2. 2. The Lb 1 light chain of 19,000 daltons which can be removed by DTNB is heavier than the DTNB light chain of chicken. The Lb 2 light chain of 17,000 daltons can be removed with urea. 3. 3. On electrophoresis in 8 M urea (pH 8.7) the Lb 2 light chain migrates with a mobility similar to that of chicken A2, but the Lb 1 migrates significantly faster than any of the chicken light chains. myosin. 4. 4. In lobster, the DTNB treatment destroys the Ca and K-EDTA ATPase activity of lobster myosin.
Transgenic mouse with human mutant p53 expression in the prostate epithelium.

Background Apoptosis is disrupted in prostate tumor cells, conferring a survival advantage. p53 is a nuclear protein believed to regulate cancer progression, in part by inducing apoptosis. To test this possibility in future studies, the objective of the present study was to generate a transgenic mouse model expressing mutant p53 in the prostate (PR). Methods Transgene incorporation was tested using Southern analysis. Expression of mutant p53 protein was examined using immunofluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis in the PR was evaluated using the Tunnel method. Results A construct, consisting of the rat probasin promoter and a mutant human p53 fragment, was prepared and used to generate transgenic mice. rPB-mutant p53 transgene incorporation, as well as nuclear accumulation of mutant human p53 protein, was demonstrated. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) III and IV were found in PR of 52-week old transgenic mice, whereas no pathological changes were found in the other organs examined. PR ability to undergo apoptosis following castration was reduced in rPB-mutant p53 mice as compared to non transgenic littermates. Conclusions Transgenic rPB-mutant p53 mice accumulate mutant p53 protein in PR, resulting in neoplastic lesions and reduced apoptotic potential in the PR. Breeding rPB-mutant p53 mice with mice expressing an oncogene in their PR will be useful in examining interactions of multiple genes that result in progression of slow growing prostate tumors expressing oncogenes alone to metastatic cancer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A phase I trial of trimetrexate glucuronate (NSC 352122) given every 3 weeks: clinical pharmacology and pharmacodynamics.

Trimetrexate glucuronate (TMTX), a non-classic folate antagonist, has been evaluated clinically on several schedules. We studied TMTX given as an i.v. bolus over 5–30 min every 3 weeks in 44 patients with advanced solid tumors; it was given at doses ranging from 20 to 275 mg/m2. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) on this schedule is 220 mg/m2, which we also recommend as a starting dose for phase II studies in patients without extensive prior therapy. Because of wide individual differences in drug tolerance, dose escalation in 25% increments is recommended for non-toxic patients. The principal dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression, although in some patients a flu-like syndrome precluded dose escalation. Significant rash and mucositis also frequently occurred in toxic patients. TMTX plasma concentrations were measured after the first dose and the data were fit by two-or three-compartment mammillary pharmacokinetic models. The TMTX clearance rate was 36.5±21 ml/min per m2 and did not change with dose; non-linearities with increasing dose were apparent in the steady-state volume of distribution (VSS) and in the terminal disposition half-life (t 1/2). The difference between pre-treatment and nadir leucocyte counts was correlated with TMTX dose (r=0.58; P=0.0006) and with the area under the concentration vs time curve (AUC) (r=0.41; P=0.02). Pre-treatment plasma albumin concentrations correlated weakly with the nadir white blood count (r=-0.36; P=0.047). Optimal schedules for the administration of TMTX have not been established and phase II trials using both bolus and daily x5 schedules are under way.
Application of Direct Newton’s Methods for Efficient Solution to Convective-Diffusive Transport Processes

Newton’s iterative technique is commonly used in solving a system of non-linear equations. The advantage of using Newton’s method is that it gives local quadratic convergence leading to high computational efficiency. Specifically, Newton’s method has been applied to finite volume formulation for convective-diffusive transport processes. A direct solution method is adopted. Development of sparse direct solvers has significantly reduced the computation time of direct solution methods. Here UMFPACK (Unsymmetric Multi-Frontal method), has been used to solve the resulting linear system obtained from Newton’s step. A simple damping strategy is applied to ensure the global convergence of the system of equations during the first few iterations. The efficiency of this method is compared to that of Picard’s iterative procedure and the SIMPLE procedure for convective-diffusive transport processes. A modified Newton technique is also analyzed which lead to significant reduction in total CPU time.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The role of natriuretic peptides as biomarkers for guiding the management of chronic heart failure.

The current standard treatment of chronic heart failure (HF) is based on clinical judgment, with the goal of achieving the maximally tolerated therapeutic program. The complexity of this approach may contribute to the well-established treatment gaps that exist in HF management; consequently, the risks for morbidity and mortality in this population remain extremely high. Alternative means are needed to improve the outcomes of patients with HF. Natriuretic peptides are biological markers for HF disease—its presence, severity, and prognosis—and show unique interactions with therapeutics known to have benefit in HF. Accordingly, interest has recently developed in “biomarker-guided” care for HF. This approach involves applying these assays to identify patients in need of therapy intensification and to provide an objective “monitor” of disease status. This review examines the biology of natriuretic peptides, discusses the rationale for their use in HF, and details the aggregate experience gained thus far in biomarker-guided care. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 93 1, 57–67. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.187
Convergent validity of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV alcohol dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey

The purpose of this study was to separately examine the associations between ethanol intake and alcohol dependence, as defined in the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, in conjunction with an identical set of external correlates, with a view toward assessing the convergent validity of the two diagnostic definitions of dependence. Although the sociodemographic, alcohol, drug and comorbid profiles of respondents classified as DSM-III-R and DSM-IV dependent were similar, the results of the linear logistic regression analyses differed for each of the diagnostic definitions. The risk of DSM-III-R dependence was reduced among blacks and increased among early onset drinkers. Given equivalent levels of ethanol intake, the risk of DSM-III-R dependence was greater for these respondents who had experienced a recent death of close relative compared to those who had not. In contrast, the risk of DSM-IV dependence was greatest among respondents with a current alcoholic spouse or partner relative to those without an alcoholic spouse or partner. Major differences in the content and structure of the two definitions of dependence were useful in predicting the observed discrepancies between the risk gradients associated with the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV classifications. Implications of these findings were discussed in terms of differential coverage of the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnostic categories and the impact of the absence of complete convergent validity on epidemiologic research.
LIQUID CRYSTAL MODELING: ELECTROSTATIC AND VAN DER WAALS INTERACTION ENERGIES FOR MOLECULAR BUILDING BLOCKS FROM BENZENE TO CHOLESTEROL

Intermolecular interaction energies for molecular dimers of benzene, indene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, cholesterol and glycyrrhetinic acid have been calculated according to the CVFF empirical force field of the DISCOVER program. The parallel orientations (side by-side) turned out to be the energetically most favourable ones, in agreement with the parametrization of Gay–Berne potentials. The energies of the T-shape and in-plane (end-to-end) orientations of the entirely asymmetric molecules cholesterol and glycyrrhetinic acid depend strongly on the actual atomic positions. This shows the extent to which the shape and charges of molecules determine all possible orientations and interaction energies in molecular ensembles.
Internalization and degradation of human chorionic gonadotropin in ovine luteal cells: effects of inhibitors of transglutaminase.

Suspensions of ovine luteal cells were used to study the effects of inhibitors of transglutaminase on the internalization of [125I]hCG. Ovine corpora lutea were collected from ewes during the midluteal phase of the estrous cycle, dissociated into cell suspensions with collagenase, incubated with [125I]hCG for 5–7 min, and washed five times to remove radioactivity which was not bound to receptor. The cells were then incubated for 6– 12 h in the presence of bacitracin (1 mM), ethylamine (1–5 DIM), methylamine (5–15 mM), or dansylcadaverine (100–500 μM) to determine the effects of these inhibitors of transglutaminase on the rates of internalization and degradation of the receptorbound [125I]hCG and/or progesterone secretion. None of the transglutaminase inhibitors tested inhibited the internalization of [125I]hCG significantly, while all of them inhibited the degradation of internalized hormone. In some cases, inhibition of the degradation of internalized hormone resulted in a buildup of radioactivity intrac...
Association of β-blocker use with mortality among patients with congestive heart failure in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS)

Background In clinical trials, β-blocker therapy reduces all-cause mortality among people with congestive heart failure (CHF) characterized by depressed systolic function, but few trials included large numbers of elderly participants. This study assessed the association between β-blocker therapy and mortality among community-dwelling older adults with CHF. Methods The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) is a longitudinal, population-based study of adults aged ≥65 years. Recruitment began in 1989 with follow-up extending through June 2000 or death. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the association between β-blocker therapy and all-cause mortality among 950 participants who developed new-onset CHF. Results β-Blocker users (n = 157) were more likely than nonusers (n = 793) to have treated hypertension, clinical coronary artery disease, and valvular disease at the time of CHF diagnosis. Death occurred in 67 users and 446 nonusers during a median follow-up of 2.3 years. Compared with nonuse, use of β-blockers was associated with a multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.74 (95% CI 0.56-0.98) for all-cause mortality. Among the 520 participants who had left ventricular ejection fraction assessed within 90 days after CHF diagnosis, the risk for all cause mortality associated with β-blocker use did not differ significantly between those with ejection fraction of P = .34). Conclusions This observational study suggests that β-blocker treatment is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older adults with CHF.
Between tower and street

This paper presents the outcomes of a multi-year community design project undertaken by the Temple University School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Horticulture in collaboration with a neighbourhood in postindustrial North Philadelphia. The process revealed the environmental design disciplines to be well suited, to initiate the important work of community building. It sought to engage the imagination and creative drive of non-academics, and to energize and more deeply inform the forum of professional education. In doing so, the project redefined the academic audience, its locus and pedagogic goals to reach beyond, and more deeply within, the institutional framework. Both process and outcomes have depended critically on the negotiations between the panoptic vision of a designer's map-world and ephemeral, labyrinthine experience of the real lived-world: between domains of the "tower" and the "street". Through this exchange of realities, both worlds were able to inform and participate in an authentic sustainable process of design thinking.
Unusual Routines: Organizational (Non)Sensemaking

Unusual routines are contradictory and frustrating subprocesses that inherently generate negative consequences for some organizations, system users, organizational representatives, customers, and clients while generating completely sensible and even effective outcomes for others. They embroil both customers and organizational members in work, delay, error, and blame subroutines. They may be caused by conflicting goals, poor feedback, symbolic uses and manipulation, and barriers to perception. They may be difficult to identify, overcome, or resolve through feedback due to inherent problems in communication and organizational feedback processes.
VALIDITY OF A MEASURE OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS

Summry.-Based on data from 343 subjects, results suggest that T h o m p son's Test of Critical Thinking Skills has reasonable item difficulty and discrimination coefficients and appears to be valid. Construct validity was investigated by administering the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Group Embedded Figures Test. Although conclusions must be considered tentative pending additional study, the results warrant continued inquiry regarding the measure's value.
Facets of Pavlovian temperament as correlates of communication apprehension

Recently, communication scholars have become interested in relationships between communication apprehension and the underlying biological predispositions for behavior called temperament. The resulting communibiological paradigm is said to account for individual differences in communicative behavior and adaptation to speaking situations. Because temperament is conceived as a multidimensional construct, the precise biologically determined predispositions influencing temperamental expression are yet to be discovered. In this research, Strelau's Pavlovian temperament theory is applied to this problem. Facets of the Pavlovian Temperament Survey were related to McCroskey's (1978) Personal Report of Communication Apprehension. Results suggest a moderate level of interdependence between communication apprehension and several facets of Pavlovian temperament.
CGS 10746B is able to attenuate the effects of amphetamine: further evidence for dopaminergic mediation.

Previous results indicate that agents which either decrease synthesis or block postsynaptic dopamine receptors will attenuate the discriminative stimulus produced by d-amphetamine. CGS 10746B has been reported to decrease dopamine release without changing its metabolism or occupying its receptors. In the present study, rats successfully trained to discriminate intraperitoneally administered (0.8 mg/kg) d-amphetamine in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task were observed to be unable to discriminate amphetamine when pretreated with 30 mg/kg CGS 10746B. This antagonism was shown to be dose-responsive and constitutes a third mechanism, i.e., dopamine release inhibition, that evidences the dopaminergic mediation of amphetamine in the discriminative paradigm. When both cathinone (0.8 mg/kg) and cocaine (10.0 mg/kg) were administered to the amphetamine-trained rats they each were recognized as amphetamine and are, thus, considered to generalize to the amphetamine discriminative stimulus. Coadministration of CGS 10746B and cathinone totally antagonized this generalization, whereas pretreatment with CGS 10746B prior to cocaine significantly reduced cocaine's effects. These results implicate dopamine mechanisms in the discriminative stimulus properties of the psychostimulants amphetamine, cathinone and cocaine.
Low-overhead call path profiling of unmodified, optimized code

Call path profiling associates resource consumption with the calling context in which resources were consumed. We describe the design and implementation of a low-overhead call path profiler based on stack sampling. The profiler uses a novel sample-driven strategy for collecting frequency counts for call graph edges without instrumenting every procedure's code to count them. The data structures and algorithms used are efficient enough to construct the complete calling context tree exposed during sampling. The profiler leverages information recorded by compilers for debugging or exception handling to record call path profiles even for highly-optimized code. We describe an implementation for the Tru64/Alpha platform. Experiments profiling the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite demonstrate the low (2%-7%) overhead of this profiler. A comparison with instrumentation-based profilers, such as gprof, shows that for call-intensive programs, our sampling-based strategy for call path profiling has over an order of magnitude lower overhead.
A Novel Approach to Accurate Timing Verification Using RTL Descriptions

Timing verification is a critical part of VLSI circuit design. A new approach to timing verification using Register Transfer Level (RTL) descriptions is presented, which eliminates false paths that occur due to (i) redundancy, (ii) reconvergent fanout or (iii) control signal constraints, and generates a test for the critical paths. High level instructions of the circuit are used to test for any timing violations. An algorithm to identify a minimal set of instructions that tests the circuit for all timing errors in valid paths is proposed. Results are presented based on an implementation of the algorithm in LISP programming language on a TI Explorer machine.
Study on key technology of metallographical image processing and recognition

The metallographical image analysis is the combination of the modern information technology and material science. This paper presents the structure of metallographical image processing and recognition system and studies on the key technology of the system from image preprocessing, image segmentation and grain-boundary reconstruction, feature extraction, pattern recognition and so on. The complex core problems and the research direction are also analyzed in this paper.
Sediment and Lower Water Column Oxygen Consumption in the Seasonally Hypoxic Region of the Louisiana Continental Shelf

We report integrated measurements of sediment oxygen consumption (SOC) and bottom water plankton community respiration rates (WR) during eight cruises from 2003 to 2007 on the Louisiana continental shelf (LCS) where hypoxia develops annually. Averaged by cruise, SOC ranged from 3.9 to 25.8 mmol O2 m−2 day−1, whereas WR ranged from 4.1 to 10.8 mmol O2 m−3 day−1. Total below-pycnocline respiration rates ranged from 46.4 to 104.5 mmol O2 m−2 day−1. In general, below-pycnocline respiration showed low variability over a large geographic and temporal range, and exhibited no clear spatial or inter-annual patterns. SOC was strongly limited by dissolved oxygen (DO) in the overlying water; whereas, WR was insensitive to low DO, a relationship that may be useful for parameterizing future models. The component measures, WR and SOC, were similar to most prior measurements, both from the LCS and from other shallow estuarine and coastal environments. The contribution of SOC to total below-pycnocline respiration averaged 20 ± 4%, a finding that differs from several prior LCS studies, but one that was well supported from the broader estuarine and oceanic literature. The data reported here add substantially to those available for the LCS, thus helping to better understand oxygen dynamics on the LCS.
Can antioxidant supplementation slow the aging process

The oxidative stress theory of aging is well supported by accumulated evidence from various aging intervention studies. Early antioxidant supplementation studies indicate life span extensions by antioxidant feeding in various experimental organisms. Data collected under tightly controlled conditions show that the feeding of 2-mercaptoethanol (0.25%) effectively prolonged both the median and maximum life spans of mice. Evidence has been obtained showing dietary vitamin E to protect against oxidative damage to DNA in human lymphocytes and white blood cells. Other clear evidence of vitamin E's protective effect has been seen in its suppressive action of LDL oxidation both in vitro and in vivo. New evidence on the physiological roles of antioxidants, in addition to their well-known role as free radical scavengers, is emerging from recent research. For instance, the beneficial effect of vitamin E in improving glucose transport and the insulin sensitivity and its putative role as a regulator of cell proliferation should open new research dimensions. This presentation will review some of the anti-aging aspects of dietary antioxidant supplementation, as well as the potential problems of its long-term administration that stem from our lack of knowledge about free radical metabolism and the regulation of endogenous defense mechanisms.
Design factors for parallel processing benchmarks

Abstract Performance benchmarks should be embedded in comprehensive frameworks that suitably set their context of use. One universal framework appears beyond reach, since distinct architectural clusters are emerging with separate emphases. Large application benchmarks are most successful when they run well on a machine, and thereby demonstrate the economic compatibility of job and architecture. The present value of smaller benchmarks is diagnostic, although sets of them would encourage the parametric study of architectures and applications; an extended example illustrates this last aspect.
Comparison of two preservation solutions for erythrocyte transfusions in newborn infants

To determine whether one of the newer preservation solutions for packed redblood cells (PRBC) is safe and effective in the transfusion of the very low birth weight infant, we conducted a randomized trial comparing PRBC preserved with the anticoagulant solution mannitol-adenine-dextrose (AS-1) and PRBC preserved with citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1). Sixteen infants (birth weight 863±218 gm) with a gestational age of 26±3 weeks received one to three small-volume replacement transfusions with PRBC, 17 ml/kg, preserved with either AS-1 or CPDA-1 in a double crossover design. Transfusion with AS-1-preserved PRBC resulted in an equivalent increase in hemoglobin concentration when adjustment was made for the difference in the hemoglobin concentration of the transfused PRBC. During the transfusion, the percentage decrease in serum glucose values was greater with the CPDA-1 preservative than with the AS-1 preservative (54%±13% vs 42%±11% at 1 hour; p
Mammalian CARMIL Inhibits Actin Filament Capping by Capping Protein

Actin polymerization in cells occurs via filament elongation at the barbed end. Proteins that cap the barbed end terminate this elongation. Heterodimeric capping protein (CP) is an abundant and ubiquitous protein that caps the barbed end. We find that the mouse homolog of the adaptor protein CARMIL (mCARMIL) binds CP with high affinity and decreases its affinity for the barbed end. Addition of mCARMIL to cell extracts increases the rate and extent of Arp2/3 or spectrin-actin seed-induced polymerization. In cells, GFP-mCARMIL concentrates in lamellipodia and increases the fraction of cells with large lamellipodia. Decreasing mCARMIL levels by siRNA transfection lowers the F-actin level and slows cell migration through a mechanism that includes decreased lamellipodia protrusion. This phenotype is reversed by full-length mCARMIL but not mCARMIL lacking the domain that binds CP. Thus, mCARMIL is a key regulator of CP and has profound effects on cell behavior.
Characterization of Open Volume Regions in a Simulated Cu-Zr Metallic Glass

Optimizing the structural reliability of bulk metallic glass (BMG) components demands a detailed understanding of the atomic structure of the glass, particularly the defects that control plastic flow. These defects are thought to be associated with regions of low atomic density, which facilitate the required diffusion-like atomic rearrangement processes. In the present article, the distribution of low-density regions in a simulated Cu-Zr glass is studied with two different techniques. Using a hard-sphere model, the interstitial volume distribution was obtained by constructing Voronoi polyhedra around each atom and inserting spheres into the unoccupied regions at the vertices. The volumes of touching spheres were summed and corrected for any overlap to obtain the size distribution of the unoccupied sites. The resulting distribution is in good agreement with Cohen and Turnbull’s free volume model and provides insight into how a single free volume site may be described. However, this model depends significantly on the somewhat arbitrary selection of the hard-sphere atomic radii and may not give a realistic indication of the shape or connectivity of the low atomic-density regions. Recent experimental studies of the open volume distribution using positron annihilation spectroscopy probe the electron and not the atomic density. We therefore propose a novel method to identify low-density regions from ab initio calculated radially averaged electron-density distributions, which allows a more physical and less ambiguous identification of low-density areas and, at the same time, connects atomic and electron distributions. Our results show that the qualitative volume distribution from the electron-density model agrees well with the hard-sphere model, while allowing a more physical quantitative analysis.
A Self-Reference Exercise for Teaching Life Expectancy

A group of volunteer general psychology students completed a self-reference exercise on life expectancy. The exercise involved adding or subtracting years from their life expectancy based on personal habits (e.g., smoking) and characteristics (e.g., being firstborn) that influence life expectancy. Prior work has shown that individuals remember items better when they are referenced to their personal lives. Students who completed this exercise performed significantly better on a later test than students who read about the same factors even though no prior performance difference between these 2 groups was evident. The results suggest further uses of self-reference exercises to improve student memory and test performance in other classes.
Complications in the surgical treatment of pediatric melanoma

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize the complications associated with surgical treatment of pediatric melanoma. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all pediatric patients who received surgical treatment for melanoma at our institution between 1992 and 2010. We compared complications between three groups: wide local excision only (WLE), WLE and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), and WLE and completion lymph node dissection (CLND). Results One hundred twenty-five patients were identified: 37 patients received WLE only, 47 received WLE and SLNB, and 41 patients had WLE and CLND. Complication rates differed between the three groups: 19% in WLE, 11% in WLE+SLNB, and 39% in WLE+CLND ( P =.006). The risk of complications was significantly lower among patients having WLE+SLNB versus WLE+CLND (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.06–0.57, P =.0032). Lymphedema was a common complication with a higher incidence in the CLND group compared to the SLNB group (19.5% vs. 2.1%, P =.01). Complications were more frequent in inguinal compared to axillary dissections (52.0% vs. 17.1%, P =.006). Conclusions In the surgical treatment of pediatric melanoma, the addition of a completion lymph node dissection significantly increases complication risk. Thus, it is critical to determine which patients truly benefit from this procedure.
Narrative Therapy for Adoption Issues in Families, Couples, and Individuals: Rationale and Approach

This article explores the application of narrative therapy to clinical work with clients’ adoption-related issues. The importance of therapist competency in addressing adoption-related issues is the primary focus for exploring the application of narrative therapy with individual, couple, and family clients experiencing adoption issues. The narrative method can be effective in exploring and understanding the diversity of experience and meanings adoption triad members report in regard to their adoption experiences (Baden & Wiley, 2007; Daniluk & Hurtig-Mitchell, 2003). Multiple realities and meanings emerge as a theme in the adoption literature and as core concepts in the narrative framework.
Spatial Optimization in Geography

This article discusses spatial optimization in geography, focusing on contributions of geographers in explicit geographical contexts. An overview of spatial optimization is given, as well as illustrative examples. Many of the individuals contributing to this area of the discipline are identified, demonstrating the breadth of academic institutions spanning the globe where spatial optimization is represented in the research and curriculum of geographers. The article provides a characterization of what a spatial optimization problem is, but also properties, relationships, and challenges behind this. The ultimate purpose of this article is to highlight the spatial optimization subspecialty within geography and in doing so, highlight the need for continued spatial model development and application in the discipline. Further, there is also a need for research focused on techniques to solve spatial optimization problems, particularly in the context of geographic information systems.