cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Density of Strebel Differentials

w 1. Statement of the Main Result Let X be a compact Riemann surface of genus g > 2 and denote by O the sheaf of germs of holomorphic differential 1-forms on X. Let q~H~ ~| be a nonzero holomorphic quadratic form on X, i.e. a form which can be expressed in a local coordinate z as f(z)dz 2, with f holomorphic. Denote by Xq the normalization of the complex curve defined in the total space of the cotangent bundle of X by the equation y2 =q(x), where x~X and yeT*. The surface Xq is the "Riemann surface of q~", i.e. under the projection 7r: (x,y)~-~x, the surface ~'q is a double cover of X ramified at the odd zeroes of q, and there is a canonical form __ 2 % ~ H~ O) such that 7r* q - ~oq.
Bibliographic instruction in government publications: Lecture programs and their evaluation in American academic depository libraries

Abstract Library class lectures are seen as one means of instructing students about government publications. Based upon a survey of academic depository libraries, this article relates the opinions of ninety-seven librarians concerning the role such lectures play in their outreach programs. The survey also documents the interest of librarians in evaluation and shows the types of evaluation commonly employed to gauge lecture effectiveness.
Process engineering aspects of the bioleaching of copper ores

The bioleaching of minerals is a complex process that is affected by a number of biological, mineralogical, electrochemical and engineering factors. This work presents and discusses the most significant process engineering aspects involved in the bacterial leaching of copper ores, i.e. bacterial population, type of mineral and particle size, nutrients and inhibitors, oxygen and carbon dioxide, temperature and pH, leaching kinetics and operation mode.
Caregivers' perspectives on decision making about lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis.

Context—Lung transplantation extends survival for some patients with advanced cystic fibrosis, but it is complicated, has many potential risks, and its outcomes are difficult to predict. No standards exist for informed decision making about transplantation. Objective—To assess decision making from the perspective of caregivers of patients who faced the transplant decision before dying of cystic fibrosis or trans- plant complications. Design—Semistructured interviews with descriptive and qualitative content analysis. Participants—Twenty-eight caregivers of patients with cystic fibrosis who received care at our center and died between 1996 and 2006. Results—Of 28 patients who considered lung transplantation, 19 (68%) received transplants, 6 (21%) died while waiting for transplant, and 3 (11%) declined trans- plant. Three caregivers (11%) thought that the patient did not fully understand the reason for transplant referral. Five (18%) thought that the patient did not fully understand potential risks. Ten (36%) thought that alternatives were not fully understood. The only alternatives to transplant identified, progressive illness and the possibility of earlier death without transplant, were unacceptable to most. Thirteen caregivers (46%) reported that the patient thought that declining trans- plant was not an option. Caregivers described the decision as "easy" for 19 (68%), often expressing a sentiment of "do or die." Those who described the decision as "easy" recalled fewer elements of informed decision making. Conclusions—From caregivers' reports, patients with cystic fibrosis may not fully understand risks of and alternatives to lung transplantation. Because a strong desire to prolong life necessitates honest communication about potential outcomes, inter- ventions are needed to facilitate high-quality decision making. (Progress in Trans- plantation. 2009;19:318-325)
Role of pars compacta of the substantia nigra in circling behavior.

Abstract The significance of pars compacta of the substantia nigra in the mediation of ci circling behavior was assessed by placing unilateral radio-frequency lesions in that neural region, in adjoining tegmental areas, or in the median raphe and adjacent reticular formation; additional ablations were made by infusing 8 μg/4 μl 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the ventral mesencephalon. Rotational behavior was recorded in a photocell apparatus during 15 min sessions. Precise and virtually complete lesions of pars compacta, as evidenced by histological and histochemical analyses, resulted in spontaneous contralateral circling for a postoperative period of 5 days. More vigorous and sustained contralateral rotations were observed in animals with lesions in the region of the median raphe. Other thermal or 6-OHDA mesencephalic lesions did not produce spontaneous circling. On postoperative days 9–23, the animals were administered in random sequence d-amphetamine (1.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) and apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg). At least 48 hr separated each drug test. Amphetamine (1) facilitated contralateral turning in animals with damage to the median raphe and adjacent regions but induced ipsilateral circling in animals sustaining variable degrees of pars compacta damage as a result of midbrain 6-OHDA injections, (2) produced ipsilateral turning in rats with lesions involving portions of pars compacta in addition to the medial lemniscus (at 1.5 but not 5.0 mg/kg drug), pars reticulata (at 5.0 but not 1.5 mg/kg drug), or the ventromedial tegmentum and, in some cases, subthalamic regions (at 5.0 but not 1.5 mg/kg drug), and (3) had no effect upon circling in animals with discrete pars compacta lesions in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg but produced ipsiversive circling after 5.0 mg/kg. Apomorphine did not elicit turning in animals with relatively precise lesions of pars compacta but did produce turning in experimental groups that sustained simultaneous damage to pars compacta and additional systems including portions of the ventromedial tegmentum, pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, or medial lemniscus. The contralateral turning induced by apomorphine in rats with 6-OHDA or radio-frequency lesions of the ventral mesencephalon suggests that mechanisms mediating this drug-induced behavior, although previously attributed almost exclusively to dysfunctions in nigral function, probably include systems involving extra-nigral regions as well. Coupling this consideration with the finding that lesions in the median raphe and contiguous areas elicited more intense circling than nigral ablations suggests that the role of pars compacta in rotational behavior may be less significant than previously believed.
Extracting V(ub) without recourse to structure functions

We present a closed form expression for $|{V}_{\mathrm{ub}}{|}^{2}/|{V}_{\mathrm{tb}}{V}_{\mathrm{ts}}^{*}{|}^{2}$ in terms of the end point photon and lepton spectra from the inclusive decays $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{X}_{s}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}{X}_{u}\mathcal{l}\ensuremath{\nu},$ respectively, which includes the resummation of the end point logarithms at next to leading order and is completely independent of the B meson structure function. The use of this expression for extracting ${V}_{\mathrm{ub}}$ would eliminate the large systematic errors usually incurred due to the modeling of the heavy quarks' Fermi motion.
Position of the vibroacoustic stimulator does not affect fetal response.

Abstract OBJECTIVE : This study was designed to compare the fetal response to the vibroacoustic stimulation test when applied alternately over the fetal vertex or breech. STUDY DESIGN : Two hundred five patients with a nonreactive nonstress test after 10 minutes were prospectively randomzied to receive the vibroacoustic stimulation test over the fetal vertex ( n = 115) or the fetal breech ( n = 90). Fetal heart rate reactivity was evaluated. Two patient subsets were evaluated for fetal movement ( n = 37) and the fetal startle response ( n = 20) after the vibroacoustic stimulation test. RESULTS : Virtually identical fetal heart rate responses and increases in fetal movement were observed after vibroacoustic stimulation over the fetal vertex or breech. The fetal startle response was uniformly observed in both groups. CONCLUSION : Vibroacoustic stimulation over the fetal breech elicits an identical short-term fetal response compared with stimulation over the fetal vertex, potentially reducing the intensity of sound exposure at the fetal ear. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1137–9.)
Some Neglected Variables in Contemporary Conceptions of Decision and Performance

Contemporary conceptions of the determinants of a tendency to perform a particular response are reviewed and found to be stimulus bound. They tend to attribute instigation to act in a certain way to the occurrence of a stimulus (external or internal) which serves to excite an otherwise latent associative mechanism like Habit or Expectancy in an organism implicitly assumed to be at rest. It is proposed that activity already in progress (initial activity) and the persistent effect of previously aroused but unsatisfied behavioral tendencies (inertial tendencies) be included in formal conceptions of the contemporaneous determinants of decision and performance. These suggestions follow from the premise that a living organism is constantly active and the assumption of inertia applied to behavioral tendencies.
Transcriptional regulation of the human Runx2/Cbfa1 gene promoter by bone morphogenetic protein-7

It is well established that core binding factor Runx2/Cbfa1 is required for osteoblast recruitment and differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells. Transcriptional regulation of the Runx2/Cbfa1 gene by osteogenic factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) plays an important role in the stimulation of bone formation by these cytokines. BMP7 (also termed OP-1) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and induces osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal precursor stem cells in vitro as well as bone formation in vivo. This study examines the effects of BMP7 on markers of osteoblast differentiation and specifically on human Runx2/Cbfa1 gene transcription in a mouse C2C12 myoblast cell line where it induces expression of both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and endogenous Runx2/Cbfa1. To further understand the mechanisms of human Runx2/Cbfa1 transcriptional regulation by BMP7, we cloned 3.0 kb of the human Runx2/Cbfa1 gene 5'-upstream flanking region and created a series of promoter deletions cloned into luciferase-based reporter vectors (Runx2/Cbfa1/Luc). Sequence data revealed six copies of the osteoblastic cis-acting element (OSE2) in the proximal promoter region. In C2C12 cells transiently transfected with Runx2/Cbfa1/Luc deletion constructs, transcriptional activity of Runx2/Cbfa1 was upregulated up to 2-fold after 24 h of BMP7 treatment. Mutational analysis demonstrated that the minimal responsive promoter region for BMP7-regulated transcription maps to a proximal -74 OSE2 site. Electromobility shift assays with C2C12 cellular extracts indicate that BMP7 increases binding of OSE2 promoter sequences, and supershift assays with anti-Runx2/Cbfa1 antibodies demonstrate that Runx2/Cbfa1 is part of the nucleoprotein complex binding OSE2. Together, these data indicate BMP7 can upregulate Runx2/Cbfa1 gene expression in C2C12 myoblast cells, and suggest that Runx2/Cbfa1 may bind to OSE2 elements within its own promoter to autoregulate gene transcription in differentiating osteoblasts.
Usefulness of M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of valvular aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral annular calcium in older patients.

OBJECTIVE: To review the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of valvular aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and mitral annular calcium (MAC) with emphasis on older persons. DATA SOURCES: A computer-assisted search of the English-language literature (MEDLINE database) followed by a manual search of the bibliographies of pertinent articles. STUDY SELECTION: Studies on the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of valvular aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and MAC were screened for review. Studies in older persons and recent studies were emphasized. DATA EXTRACTION: Pertinent data were extracted from the reviewed articles. Emphasis was on studies involving older persons. Relevant articles were reviewed in depth. DATA SYNTHESIS: Available data about the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of valvular aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and MAC with emphasis on studies involving older persons were summarized. CONCLUSIONS: Valvular aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and MAC are degenerative cardiac disorders which are common in older people. The presence and severity of these cardiac disorders are diagnosed by M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography. M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiographic techniques are also very useful in the prognosis and management of these cardiac disorders in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 43: 295–300, 1995.
An improved autonomous Cross-Layer Optimization framework for wireless multimedia communication

Cross-Layer Optimization has been widely studied by researchers in recent years. Various design schemes have been proposed for the purpose of enhancing performance of the resource restricted, error-prone wireless networks. F. Fu and M. van der Schaar proposed an autonomous cross-layer design in which each Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer manages the optimization locally with very little message exchange between adjacent layers. This method avoids violating the layered network architecture of the OSI model protocol stack. In this paper, we present an improved version of the autonomous cross-layer optimization to fit modern mobile communication networks. With the rapid development of electronic devices, people retrieve various information from different sources. In our design, we take into consideration of different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for different information when selecting the optimal modulation scheme and retransmission limit. After applying this modification, the system processing duration is reduced to a half of the original design while the overall performance is well preserved. This new system saves considerable computation resources of the resource constrained wireless devices and adapts to various data sources quickly.
Effects of dissipation on quantum phase transitions

We discuss the effect of dissipation on quantum phase transitions. In particular, we concentrate on the superconductor to insulator and quantum Hall to insulator transitions. By invoking a phenomenological parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to describe the coupling of the system to a continuum of degrees of freedom representing the dissipative bath, we obtain phase diagrams for the quantum Hall and superconductor-insulator problems. Our main result is that, in two dimensions, the metallic phases observed in finite magnetic fields (possibly also strictly zero field) are adiabatically deformable from one to the other. This is plausible, as there is no broken symmetry that differentiates them.
Maximal motion aftereffects in spite of diverted awareness.

This study attempts to isolate the underlying processing resources of visual attention from the ‘cognitive supervision’—working memory, decision processes, but especially awareness—that typically accompanies their allocation. To decouple them, we used the motion aftereffect (MAE) as a passive assay of resource allocation. In our main condition, observers were presented with an adapting field, but did not attend to it. Instead their effort was directed to an engrossing auditory two-back memory task. Consequently, observers had no consistent awareness of the adaptor, nor were able to make accurate judgements about its luminance, but nonetheless had MAE’s no smaller than those induced when the adaptor was ‘fully attended’. Similarly to when object- or feature-based attention spreads unwittingly, attention was allocated automatically to the adaptor, without requiring nor engaging executive control or awareness.
Enhanced phospholipase A2 activity in rat plasma, liver, and intestinal mucosa following endotoxin treatment: a possible explanation for the protective effect of indomethacin in endotoxic shock

Abstract Endotoxin administration in rats produced a significant increase in plasma, hepatic, and intestinal phospholipase A 2 activity within three minutes after injection. The elevated phospholipase A 2 activity seen in these tissues returned to normal levels six minutes after injection. The changes in phospholipase A 2 activity were dose-dependent within the 0, 10, and 20 mg/kg range of treatment with Escherichia coli endotoxin. This increase in plasma, hepatic, and intestinal phospholipase A 2 was abolished by prior treatment of the rats with 3 mg/kg indomethacin, a drug known to improve survival in endotoxic shock. The fact that the change in phospholipase A 2 occurs soon after endotoxin administration and that the change in phospholipase is blocked by protective doses of indomethacin suggests that phospholipase A 2 activation may be an important initial event in the lethal action of endotoxin, and that the protective effects of indomethacin may be directly related to inhibition of phospholipase A 2 activity. Further, in vitro studies of the effects of indomethacin on hepatic phospholipase A 2 activity showed that indomethacin significantly inhibited this enzyme. Indomethacin (25 μmol/L) produced 56% inhibition in phospholipase A 2 activity and the apparent K i for indomethacin was 9.2 μmol/L. Kinetic analysis using the Lineweaver-Burk method showed that the indomethacin inhibition was of the noncompetitive type.
After‐costs of library construction: a case study of Lied Library at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas

All library construction or renovation projects are complete when contractors leave the site, staff and library users occupy the new space, and the accounts funding the project are expended and closed. Typically, additional necessary expenses after occupancy are borne by the library’s operating budget, and in this paper are referred to as “after‐costs”. This paper documents the after‐costs of one construction project, Lied Library at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, to serve as a planning tool for others who are currently involved in, or are considering library construction or renovation projects. Identifying the specific after‐costs of one library construction project can also serve as an example for estimating or avoiding some of the after‐costs of other library construction projects, and perhaps as a basis for justifying requests for reasonable increases in a library’s operating budget after new library construction or renovation projects have been completed.
A retrospective job exposure matrix for estimating exposure to 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Background A job exposure matrix was developed to estimate the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure of 3,538 workers who produced 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and its derivatives. Methods Daily TCDD exposure scores that were plant, process, and period specific were estimated for each job title as the product of 1) the concentration of TCDD (μg/g); 2) a qualitative factor to account for the extent of worker contact and 3) time exposed to TCDD contamination. Daily scores were summed to compute individual cumulative TCDD exposure scores. Results Daily TCDD exposure scores ranged from 0.001 to 1,250. Cumulative TCDD scores ranged from 0.002 to 1,559,430. The 393 workers with records of chloracne in the TCDD exposure cohort (11%) had markedly higher cumulative scores than those with no record of chloracne (a median score of 11,546 vs. 77). Conclusions The cumulative TCDD exposure scores incorporate both duration and level of exposure, and permit the relative ranking of worker exposures for the evaluation of exposure–response relationships between TCDD exposure and mortality in an updated cohort study analysis. Am. J. Ind. Med. 38:28–39, 2000. © Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The hemodynamic effects of intravenous infusions of serotonin in conscious dogs

Abstract The effects of exogenously infused serotonin on central and regional hemodynamics were investigated in 14 dogs. Using intravenous doses that mimic postprandial levels of serotonin, we were able to demonstrate no changes in cardiac output or mean arterial pressure. However, there were region-specific changes in blood flow. Blood flow to the fundus, antrum, brain, heart, and skeletal muscle were increased by both the low-dose (4 μ/kg-min) and the high-dose (10 μg/kg-min) infusions. In contrast, blood flow to the kidney, spleen, and liver decreased. Whole blood 5-HT levels were measured in mixed venous blood and systemic arterial blood. Based on the differences between serotonin levels in these two circulations, pulmonary inactivation of exogenously infused serotonin was calculated to be 44%. The half-life of exogenous serotonin was measured at 1.2 min. The data thus suggest that at doses which mimic those released from the intestinal enterochromaffin cells, serotonin may play a role in mediating postprandial hemodynamic responses.
Prognostics-Based Replacement and Competition in Service Part Procurement

Timely maintenance of degrading components is critical to the continuing operation of a system. By implementing prognostics, it is possible for the operator to maintain the system in the right place at the right time. However, the complexity of real-world operating environment makes near-zero downtime difficult to achieve, partly because of a possible shortage of required service parts. To coordinate with a prognostics-based maintenance schedule, it is necessary for the operator to decide when to order the service parts and how to compete with other operators in service part procurement. In this paper, we investigate a situation where two operators are to make prognostics-based replacement decisions and strategically compete for a service part that both operators need at around the same time. A Stackelberg game is formulated in this context. A sequential, constrained maximin space-filling experimental-design approach is developed to facilitate the implementation of backward induction. This approach is efficient in searching the Nash equilibrium when the follower’s best response to the leader’s strategies has no closed-form expression. A numerical study on wind turbine operation is provided to demonstrate the use of the joint decision-making tool in solving such complex, yet realistic maintenance and service part logistic problems.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Determining curriculum content for the gifted

Missing from current literature are serious attempts to design a broad knowledge‐centered curriculum framework to aid the teacher for the gifted in selecting and developing content material. Re‐organizing the traditional disciplines in a more contemporary fashion can provide structure for the gifted learner in which the instructional content is relevant to today's needs.
Composition and biological activity of chromium-pyridine carboxylate complexes

Abstract Coordination complexes of chromium (Cr) and two pyridine carbonate isomers, nicotinate (nic) and picolinate (pic) were synthesized and analyzed. Cr mono and dinicotinate complexes were formed with 1:1 and 1:2 ratios of Cr 3+ and nic at pH 7.5. Cr dinicotinate was the only complex formed from a 1:3 ratio of Cr 3+ and nic. Mono, di, and tri picolinate complexes were formed with 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios of Cr 3+ and pic at pH 7.5. Cr is coordinated with nic through the carboxyl carbon while Cr is coordinated with pic through both the pyridine nitrogen and the carboxyl carbon. Cr dinicotinate enhanced insulin activity in isolated adipose tissue. None of the other complexes were active in this assay system. In contrast, Cr tripicolinate, which is lipophilic, increased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cultures but none of the other complexes were effective. In addition, dietary supplements of Cr tripicolinate increased rate of lean body mass development in humans and decreased hemoglobin glycation in aging rats. None of the other complexes was effective in these in vivo assays. The results of this investigation prove that the chemical properties of Cr nic and Cr pic complexes differ markedly. The chemical differences result in a vast difference in the biological action of the complexes.
Status of the New Initiative Task Force work

The proposal for a [open quotes]New Initiatives Task Force[close quotes] emerged from discussions in the scientific community on how to proceed following the demise of the Burning Plasma Experiment (BPX). In particular, the action of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB), which made the following recommendation in 1991, prompted the initiative: [open quotes]Concept exploration should begin to define a new experiment in the $500 million class for the purpose of scientific study of tokomak improvements (e.g., second stability, steady state, bootstrap current) that could suggest new operating modes for ITER and permit the design of more reactor-desirable follow-ons to ITER.[close quotes] A New Initiative Task force, was chartered by Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in October 1991 to provide oversight in the development of a new experimental initiative and to provide guidance to advocate groups in the following areas: programmatic mission and technical objectives, critical issues of physics, engineering, and technology, design criteria, costing, and modes of operation. The guidance was designed to be based on broad community involvement. In addition, the Task Force was asked to identify the preferred options which could proceed to the design stage. Three primary machine designs have emerged from the work of this group,more » and they are briefly described. 4 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Realizing the Value Proposition: A Longitudinal Assessment of Hospitals’ Total Factor Productivity

U. S. hospitals are under continual pressure both to increase productivity and to improve quality through the use of Health Information Technology. This paper analyzes 3,187 US hospitals, using data reported to the American Hospital Association, to assess changes in productivity over a five-year period (2002-2006). The Malmquist Indices derived indicate that Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and Efficiency Change (EFFCH) both increased during that timeframe. The low Technological Change (TC) index indicates that improvements to organizational processes did not contribute substantially to productivity. A secondary analysis examined the use of Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) in relationship to the three indices. TFP trended positively for those hospitals further into the CPOE implementation process.
How to make a long forehead more aesthetic.

Background Aesthetic analysis of the face is best accomplished by dividing the face into equal thirds. A long forehead may lend the appearance of a less attractive, disproportionate, and senescent face. Objective To provide data regarding options for surgical correction of the long forehead. Methods Patients complaining of excess forehead length were divided into 3 groups on the basis of forehead length in relation to other facial proportions. Patients with mild elongation underwent an endoscopic forehead lift, those with moderate elongation underwent an open forehead lift, and those with severe forehead elongation underwent open forehead shortening. Results A total of 755 patients were evaluated, including 702 women and 53 men undergoing forehead surgery since 1998. Follow-up ranged from 12 months to 8 years. Four hundred thirty-eight patients underwent endoscopic forehead lift for mild forehead elongation, 297 patients underwent pretrichial forehead lift for moderate elongation, and 20 patients underwent major scalp advancement for severe forehead elongation. Successful forehead rejuvenation was achieved in all groups. Complications were minor and included alopecia and delayed wound healing. Conclusions An optimally proportioned forehead may be achieved by use of a variety of elective operations on the basis of severity of forehead excess and geared to reducing forehead length.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992

Abstract The 1992 hurricane season is summarized, including accounts of individual storms. Six tropical storms were tracked, of which four became hurricanes. In addition, one subtropical storm formed during the year. The season will be remembered most, however, for Hurricane Andrew. Although Andrew was the only hurricane to make landfall in the contiguous United States during 1992, it earned the distinction of becoming the most expensive natural disaster in United States history.
Prerequisites for explosive cryovolcanism on dwarf planet-class Kuiper belt objects

Explosive extrusion of cold material from the interior of icy bodies, or cryovolcanism, has been observed on Enceladus and, perhaps, Europa, Triton, and Ceres. It may explain the observed evidence for a young surface on Charon (Pluto’s surface is masked by frosts). Here, we evaluate prerequisites for cryovolcanism on dwarf planet-class Kuiper belt objects (KBOs). We first review the likely spatial and temporal extent of subsurface liquid, proposed mechanisms to overcome the negative buoyancy of liquid water in ice, and the volatile inventory of KBOs. We then present a new geochemical equilibrium model for volatile exsolution and its ability to drive upward crack propagation. This novel approach bridges geophysics and geochemistry, and extends geochemical modeling to the seldom-explored realm of liquid water at subzero temperatures. We show that carbon monoxide (CO) is a key volatile for gas-driven fluid ascent; whereas CO_2 and sulfur gases only play a minor role. N_2, CH_4, and H_2 exsolution may also drive explosive cryovolcanism if hydrothermal activity produces these species in large amounts (a few percent with respect to water). Another important control on crack propagation is the internal structure: a hydrated core makes explosive cryovolcanism easier, but an undifferentiated crust does not. We briefly discuss other controls on ascent such as fluid freezing on crack walls, and outline theoretical advances necessary to better understand cryovolcanic processes. Finally, we make testable predictions for the 2015 New Horizons flyby of the Pluto-Charon system.
Comparative evaluation of iron management in plants, animals, and humans: Possible mechanism for iron use by cancer cells independent of their host

The mechanism of iron management in plants, animals, and humans is fundamentally similar. The living organism must provide for metal management, otherwise limited or excess metal may destroy the growing cell. The universal need of in cells suggests a need for its management in all cells, even tumorous cells, which grow independent of any control by their host. In the past few decades, iron has been observed to favor the growth of tumor cells in animals, humans and, more recently, in plants. However, the controlling or causative factors of this type of growth remain unknown and need to be established. It appears possible in plants that uncontrolled tumorous cancer cells can be reorganized genetically with a mechanism that makes iron available to them which promotes tumor cell growth independent of any control by the host. This possibility remains unanswered for cancer cells growing in animals and humans.
Rare presentation of pancreatitis secondary to intussusception of duodenal duplication cyst, a pediatric case report

Duodenal duplication cysts are rare congenital malformations of which there is limited literature in the pediatric population. The most common presentation in symptomatic patients is abdominal pain and pancreatitis. We present a case of a 14 year old female that presented with emesis, abdominal pain, weight loss, and admission biochemical profile concerning for acute pancreatitis in conjunction with severe hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Further imaging was highly suggestive of duodeno-duodenal intussusception causing obstruction of the pancreatic duct. Patient was taken emergently to the operating room for exploration. Patient underwent laparoscopic assisted reduction of intussusception and resection of duodenal duplication cyst. Patient tolerated the surgery well, and was able to be discharged home in stable condition soon after. There have been no cases reported in the literature that describe pancreatitis secondary to intussusception of duodenal duplication cyst. When diagnosed early, these patients can be safely managed laparoscopically even in emergent settings.
Secondary and tertiary excitation of three-dimensional patterns on a falling film

The primary instability of a falling film selectively amplifies two-dimensional noise down-stream over three-dimensional modes with transverse variation. If the initial three-dimensional noise is weak or if it has short wavelengths such that they are effectively damped by the capillary mechanism of the primary instability, our earlier study (Chang et al. 1993a) showed that the primary instability leads to a weakly nonlinear, nearly sinusoidal γ1 stationary wave which then undergoes a secondary transition to a strongly nonlinear γ2 wave with a solitary wave structure. We show here that the primary transition remains in the presence of significant three-dimensional noise but the secondary transition can be replaced by a selective excitation of oblique triad waves which can even include stable primary disturbances. The resulting secondary checkerboard pattern is associated with a subharmonic mode in the streamwise direction. If the initial transverse noise level is low, a secondary transition to a two-dimensional γ2 solitary wave is followed by a tertiary ‘phase instability’ dominated by transverse wave crest modulations.
Nexat: a history-based approach to predict attacker actions

Computer networks are constantly being targeted by different attacks. Since not all attacks are created equal, it is of paramount importance for network administrators to be aware of the status of the network infrastructure, the relevance of each attack with respect to the goals of the organization under attack, and also the most likely next steps of the attackers. In particular, the last capability, attack prediction, is of the most importance and value to the network administrators, as it enables them to provision the required actions to stop the attack and/or minimize its damage to the network's assets. Unfortunately, the existing approaches to attack prediction either provide limited useful information or are too complex to scale to the real-world scenarios. In this paper, we present a novel approach to the prediction of the actions of the attackers. Our approach uses machine learning techniques to learn the historical behavior of attackers and then, at the run time, leverages this knowledge in order to produce an estimate of the likely future actions of the attackers. We implemented our approach in a prototype tool, called Nexat, and validated its accuracy leveraging a dataset from a hacking competition. The evaluations show that Nexat is able to predict the next steps of attackers with very high accuracy. In particular, Nexat achieves a 94% accuracy in predicting the next actions of the attackers in our prototype implementation. In addition, Nexat requires little computational resources and can be run in real-time for instant prediction of the attacks.
An extreme event of sea-level rise along the Northeast coast of North America in 2009–2010

Extreme sea level rises are a threat to coastal communities, but their cause, in terms of seasonal or interannual time scales, has received little attention. Here, the authors combine observational and model data to show that one such rise in 2009–10 was caused by a 30% downturn in the Atlantic overturning circulation.
The trigonometric parallax of the neutron star Geminga

We obtained a series of four observations of the isolated neutron star Geminga over an 18 month period using the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Wide Field Camera (WFC) on the Hubble Space Telescope in order to determine its trigonometric parallax. We find the parallax π=4.0±1.3 mas, corresponding to a distance to Geminga of 250 −62 +120 pc, a result 60% larger than the previously published value. The proper motion is 178.2±1.8 mas/year. In this paper, we describe the analysis techniques in detail since the amplitude of the parallactic shift is smaller than the camera’s pixel size. We fit each star in the images with an appropriate effective PSF and applied a distortion correction to generate stellar positions accurate to 0.01 pixels (∼0.5 mas). The 134 stars common to all images serve to establish a reference frame for alignment of the image series. Our observations were made around the times of maximum parallactic shift. We discuss the implications of this new distance measurement for the inferred radius of Geminga, and the neutron star equation of state.
Introductory computer science courses

Many colleges and universities offer an introductory computer science course based on a specific programming language. The Department of Computer Science at the University of Kansas has recently reorganized its introductory computer science course to include such topics as algorithms, top-down algorithmic design, elementary programming techniques, and introduction to time-sharing. Besides the discussion of this transition, the paper discusses a questionaire that was developed and utilized during this transition. It is hoped that others will benefit from our experiences.
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Curvilinear Effect of Leader-Member Exchange on Stress

Organizational researchers have given considerable attention to the construct of leader-member exchange (LMX). Numerous studies have empirically supported the negative correlations between LMX relationships and unwanted individual outcomes, including stress. However, in the present study, the authors investigated whether the relationship is best represented as linear or curvilinear. The authors tested their research hypothesis in two organizational samples of 120 and 402 employees, respectively, and found support for the nonlinear relationship in both samples. The authors described strengths, limitations, practical implications, and directions for future research.
Activation of Rb and decline in androgen receptor protein precede retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells and their androgen-independent derivative.

Androgen ablation-induced prostate cancer regression is transient and ends with the regrowth of androgen-independent (AI) tumors. To mimic this evolution in culture, we chronically deprived an androgen-dependent (AD) prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) of androgen, generating an AI derivative which retained limited hormone proliferative responsiveness and a barely detectable prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA level. While the cytokeratin 8 (CK8) level was low, the androgen receptor (AR) protein in AI cells was on average tenfold greater than in AD cells. When challenged for susceptibility to undergo apoptosis, the AI cells were more resistant than AD cells to all-trans retinoic acid (tRA) and two chemotherapeutic agents, Taxol and Adriamycin, requiring higher doses and longer periods of treatment to achieve similar effects. Compared to AD cells, the partially apoptosis-resistant AI cells expressed four times more Bcl-2 protein and undetectable levels of p21/WAF1. Induction of apoptosis by tRA in both cell types did not affect their expression but was preceded by the activation of Rb and a pronounced reduction of AR protein level. The kinetics of the Rb activation and AR downmodulation in both cell types matched their tRA sensitivity, suggesting that these events may be required for tRA-induced apoptosis. The results show that the apoptotic pathway in AI cells, although more difficult to induce, is not irrevocably lost and that targeted reduction of the AR protein level with retinoids in combination with androgen ablation therapy may prolong remissions in advanced prostate cancer patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 179:336–346, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An assessment of certain medical aspects of death certificate data for epidemiologic study of arteriosclerotic heart disease

Abstract An assessment was undertaken of the adequacy of death certificate data as a means of identifying cases (and ‘non-cases') of arteriosclerotic heart disease for use in epidemiologic studies of the disease. As a first step in such an evaluation, this study attempted to measure in a series of consecutively autopsied deaths occurring at the Albany Medical Center Hospital the agreement between two sets of data: (1) the cause of death as coded on the death certificate and (2) certain relatively welldefined lesions, myocardial infarction and coronary thrombosis as determined at autopsy. The degree of agreement found between these two sources with respect to arteriosclerotic heart disease was then compared with that for cancer. The death certificate data were found to be somewhat inadequate in sensitivity for identifying cases of arteriosclerotic heart disease, according to the criteria employed, since in only 50 per cent of the individuals with infarction or coronary thrombosis at autopsy was arteriosclerotic heart disease coded on the death certificate. The death data were, however, more specific in regard to arteriosclerotic heart disease: 82 per cent of the death certificates reporting arteriosclerotic heart disease as the cause of death were confirmed as cases by autopsy findings. On the other hand, for cancer, death certificate data were considerably more specific and sensitive. It is concluded from this comparison that death data employed in epidemiologic studies of cancer probably have a level of validity, and therefore of usefulness, which, upon demonstration of a significant association, would supply highly persuasive support to an inference. However, similar support cannot be expected from associations based upon death data relating to arteriosclerotic heart disease due to its low level of sensitivity. It is suggested that problems in disease definition, diagnostic techniques, and procedures for certifying cause of death may be chiefly responsible for this difference between the two diseases.
A DISCRETE PRODUCTION SWITCHING RULE FOR AGGREGATE PLANNING

Aggregate planning (AP) is a necessary activity for manufacturing and services alike. A shift toward high-volume batch and continuous flow processes within American manufacturing has given rise to increasing numbers of crew-loaded facilities. A majority of AP approaches incorporate continuous decision variables and require frequent adjustments to both production and work-force settings. Despite the availability and diversity of these approaches, few significant applications have been reported. This paper presents the detailed development of a discrete AP switching rule that can be applied to a variety of cost environments. Inventory costs are estimated using an interval approach rather than traditional point estimates. The model allows incorporation of overtime options and is interactive in nature. Decision variables from the model can be disaggregated and linked directly to lower-level planning activities. Actual results of model implementation are reported. An overview of the model's incorporation into the larger context of hierarchical production planning is found in [21].
The ultrastructure and source of nerve endings in the carotid body.

The fine structure of nerve endings in the cat carotid body was analyzed by serial section electron microscopy. In the normal animal, three types of intralobular endings can be recognized. The first type consists of large, calyciform endings which surround glomus cells. The second type includes small calyciform endings which arise from a thin axon and also contact glomus cells. Interstitial enlargements enveloped by sustentacular cells having no direct contact with glomus cells constitute a third type of nerve ending. Intracranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve caused no change in the number or appearance of intralobular endings, indicating that they are afferent terminals. Stromal axons in the connective tissue of the carotid body may be autonomicfibers as indicated by their degeneration following removal of the superior cervical ganglion.
Alterations in cardiac cytochrome C oxidase, but not in laminin and fibronectin, are observed within three weeks of copper restriction in rats: Implications for cardiac hypertrophy

Abstract Weekly cardiac laminin, fibronectin, and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) levels and cardiac hypertrophy were assessed over a period of five weeks in male Long Evans rats fed copper restricted (
Phosphoenolpyruvate:Fructose phosphotransferase activity in whole cells and membrane vesicles of Arthrobacter pyridinolis

Abstract Mutants of Arthrobacter pyridiolis which were deficient in phosphoenol-pyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase activity were studied using in vitro complementation assays. In this way the strains were divided into those deficient in the inducible membrane-bound component and into thre groups which were deficient in different soluble components. One of the soluble components was inducible. Phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose phosphotransferase activity was also demonstrated in membrane vesicles prepared from fructose-grown A . pyridinolis . The activity was correlated with transport of fructose into the vesicles. Some kinetics parameters and temperature optima for the transport process in vesicles were studied.
Predictive value of the analogy between hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase and light-sensitive photoreceptor cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase: a specific role for a light-sensitive GTPase as a component in the activation sequence.

We report experiments which involve a light sensitive GTPase in the light dependent activation of retinal rod 3′5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE). The data suggest that the light activated GTPase is intermediate between rhodopsin and PDE in the light-dependent activation sequence. We list the many striking similarities between hormone sensitive adenylate cyclase and light activated PDE in order to emphasize that the findings presented herein may have predictive value for ongoing studies of the hormone sensitive adenylate cyclase specifically regarding the role of the hormone activated GTPase in the activation sequence.
Multiphase transport based on compact distributions

Many multiphase transport problems are characterized by a random mixing of the phases (e.g., transport in porous media). In general, because of this randomness, instrumentation windows are designed such that only averages of field properties over the various phases are measured. In this article we identify an instrument window with a compact distribution. If the field property being filtered lies in the space of tempered distributions, then constraints may be derived on the structure of the filter. Distributional equations are derived which represent transport of a filtered property. The equations are general enough to allow for the use of different instruments to measure different properties. An equation representing the relationship between phase properties and filtered properties is derived when the filter is given by a measure with compact support.
Use of fine-scale current refuges by fishes in a temperate warm-water stream

Laboratory studies suggest that fishes are capable of using fine-scale structures to avoid swimming. Similar structures occur as dips, ripples, and eroded areas behind protruding rocky materials, w...
Impact of interconnect technology scaling on SOC design methodologies

The impact of interconnect technology scaling on RC delay is a well-researched topic. This paper provides a fresh perspective on the impact of interconnect technology scaling on SOC designs. The impact of intra-cell RC parameters on circuit performance is described. The importance of managing the intra-cell RC scaling for low power designs is emphasized. The impact of fill metal and CMP on analog circuits is illustrated. The significance of accurate RC extraction for validating the performance and signal integrity of SOC designs is discussed. Using a 64M transistor SOC design, the effects of noise and EM reliability are highlighted. The impact of inductance on clock skew, noise and reliability are discussed.