cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National Chemistry Week: A Platform for Scholarship

National Chemistry Week (NCW) is an annual centerpiece for chemistry outreach orchestrated by the American Chemical Society. During this week, chemical educators promote chemistry through public lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on experiments. These exhibits inspire and motivate students, young and old, to study and appreciate chemistry more deeply. Chemical educators also benefit through participation in NCW, because doing so has great potential to initiate and advance scholarly efforts. How outreach efforts such as those associated with NCW can stimulate and support scholarship in chemistry is described.
A Methodology for Identifying Factors That Contribute to the Sustainability of Bioinspired Engineered Systems

Within the bodies of living organisms are multitudes of sustainable design solutions that scientists have yet to discover and engineers have yet to master. Living organisms employ novel methods of harvesting energy from ambient sources, producing materials at low temperatures, and optimizing shapes to achieve energy efficiency, among many other sustainability-enhancing techniques. Through sustainable bioinspired design, engineers can apply this body of knowledge to engineered products and systems. In order to do this, a better understanding is needed of the types of sustainability solutions present in biology and readily available to engineers. One approach to this problem is to analyze existing bioinspired designs with an environmental advantage over alternatives and find trends in the types of sustainable solutions present in these designs. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for identifying trends embodied in existing, sustainable, bioinspired designs. For this study, a broad and representative list of currently available bioinspired designs was compiled including gecko robots, lotus leaf-inspired self-cleaning surfaces, termite-inspired buildings, and kingfisher-inspired trains. Three criteria were used to determine which designs should be studied in detail: (1) verification that the design was actually bioinspired, (2) evidence that the design is or was physically embodied, either as a functional prototype or as a commercial product, and (3) literature-based demonstration of environmentally beneficial characteristics. Due to time limitations, a fourth criterion was also used: (4) literature-based demonstration of environmentally beneficial characteristics in the use phase of the design; however, the procedure presented is valid for designs offering sustainability advantages in any life cycle phase. The bioinspired designs meeting the selection criteria were analyzed in detail, along with their functionally-equivalent alternatives. The sustainability advantages of the bioinspired designs, relative to their alternatives, were identified using a list of 65 published green design guidelines. This paper presents the methodology for each of these steps, including the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, a detailed explanation is provided for each step using bioinspired examples.© 2011 ASME
The Metabolism of 14C Aflatoxins in Laying Hens

Abstract Sodium acetate-1-14 C labeled aflatoxins were produced by growing Aspergillus flavus strain NRRL-2999 on rice. A single 0.29 μ Ci. oral dose of aflatoxins was administered to laying White Leghorn hens. The radioactivity distribution and its equivalents in various tissues, at one, four and seven days after the administration of the dose were determined. Seven days after treatment, 70.61% of the dose was recovered in the excrement. The excretion of aflatoxins or their metabolites into the intestine via the bile seemed to be the major pathway by which absorbed aflatoxins were excreted. All the components of eggs laid at various intervals showed 14 C activity. Edible parts of the carcass showed varied amounts of 14 C aflatoxins and/or their metabolites at all the periods studied. The time necessary to eliminate one-half of the radioactive aflatoxins from the body was found to be 66.82 hours. The liver, crop, gizzard and fecal material when fed in the diets were toxic to the duckling.
The problem analysis and solution schemes of the power energy quality in Hongdongzi Substation

Analyzes the power energy quality problem existing in Hongdongzi 35kV Substation of Ningdong Power Supply Bureau,puts forward the schemes of solving the problem of operating voltage high,prepares for the power supply enterprise further improving the power energy quality.
Analysis of Prevalence of Infectious Diseases in Anyang City in 2007

[Objective]To understand the prevalence of infectious diseases in Anyang,and provide evidence for developing control measures and strategies.[Methods]The data were collected,collated and analyzed through "Diseases Reporting Information System".[Results]The incidence of infectious disease in Anyang in 2007 was 322.17/100 000,the top five diseases of category B infectious diseases were tuberculosis,viral hepatitis,dysentery,measles and gonorrhea.[Conclusion]AIDS is the first cause of death among infectious diseases in Anyang City.The prevention and control of blood and sexually transmitted diseases should be emphasized by taking comprehensive control measures.
On the Difference between the Criticism of Artistic Design and Criticism of Art Design

The problem of how artistic design constructs its own critic paradigm of the study and conducts the future of artistic design scientifically is needed to solve in time.However,before taking any further steps,we must be clear of the essence and tasks of artistic design,and to find out the difference between the two methods of art criticism.In this article,emphasizing on the object,understanding approaches,tasks and criterion of criticism,the author demonstrates that the artistic design criticism has always been focusing on the hypostasis of a real world,argues the different paradigm of the study of the criticism of art and artistic design.
Are There Any Gender Gaps on Women's Issues? The Case of Abortion Labels

Social scientists studying public opinion on abortion concentrate their research on questions that ask about conditions under which abortion should be legal. Rarely, do social scientist investigate the labels of pro-life versus pro-choice. Yet, this is the language of the public debate on the issue, with politicians, interest groups and activists proclaiming allegiance to one side or the other. This paper examines the public’s adoption of the pro-life and pro-choice labels. While these self-identifications are shaped by individual’s preferences on specific abortion issues, they also are influenced by the broader political orientations of partisanship and ideology. A gender gap in pro-life self-identification exists because men have become more likely to adopt this label in recent years. The public’s use of the pro-choice and pro-life labels appears to be an extension of partisan sorting.
Cross-Cultural Marketing Methodology: An Empirical Investigation of Extreme Response Style

Through an international application of the Greenleaf ERS measure, the author finds that significant differences in the proportional use of the extreme categories can be found between culture. Evidence is provided for the use of 5 to 7-point response formats for cross-cultural research. Implications for cross-cultural research are discussed.
Snapshots of CD4+ T cell plasticity in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.

Allergic asthma is one of the well-known type 2 inflammatory diseases and is mainly mediated by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells (1). Environmental allergens such as house dust mite (HDM) causes lung eosinophilia (2). Followed by activation of lung epithelial cells and subsequent release of alarmins such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25 and IL-33 (3,4), dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells participate to prime naive CD4 T cells to differentiate them into Th2 effector cells to secrete Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) and to produce B cell-mediated humoral immune responses by Ig (immunoglobulin)-E (5,6).
Cooperative Federalism and Visibility Protection Under the Clean Air Act

In 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued regulations pursuant to the Clean Air Act requiring states to submit plans to address visibility impairment due to air pollution. The regulations directed states to consider installing emissions controls at certain stationary sources according to five factors, including the cost of compliance. In Oklahoma v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held that EPA lawfully rejected Oklahoma’s plan because the state plan failed to follow EPA-promulgated guidelines when determining the cost of compliance factor. This Comment argues that the outcome in Oklahoma was correct, however, the court did not apply the appropriate standard of review. The appropriate standard of review was to determine whether the state plan was reasonable and in compliance with the statute and EPA guidelines. EPA rightly rejected Oklahoma’s plan because the plan failed to comply with the EPA regulations on cost of compliance calculations.
Lessons Learned in Predicting Launch Vehicle Vibroacoustic Environments

Lessons learned in predicting the vibroacoustic environments for launch vehicles are reviewed. Elements cover prediction methods, ground test experiences, use of flight data in extrapolating environments, and flight data results for DoD launch vehicle systems.
Estimating regimen-specific costs of chemotherapy for breast cancer: Observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND One goal for high-quality patient care is communicating treatment costs to patients, yet cost information can be elusive. This is especially relevant for breast cancer care, for which numerous guideline-concordant adjuvant chemotherapy regimens exist. The objective of the current study was to generate cost estimates for such regimens from payers’ and patients’ perspectives in a large, insured US population. METHODS Adult women who had incident breast cancer diagnosed between 2008 and 2012 (from the MarketScan database), had no secondary malignancy within 1 year of diagnosis, and received chemotherapy within 3 months of diagnosis were included (n = 14,643). Total and out-of-pocket costs were calculated using all claims within 18 months of diagnosis and were normalized to 2013 US dollars. The extended estimating equations method was used to assess cost by regimen adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS Among patients who did and did not receive trastuzumab, the median insurance payments were $160,590 and $82,260, respectively, and the median out-of-pocket payments were $3381 and $2724, respectively. Among patients who did not receive trastuzumab, 25% paid more than $4712, and 10% of patients paid more than $7041. For patients who did receive trastuzumab, 25% paid more than $5604, and 10% paid more than $8384. Among patients who were covered by high-deductible health plans, the median out-of-pocket cost was $5158, 25% paid at least $8128, and 10% paid ≥ $11,344. CONCLUSIONS The costs of breast cancer chemotherapy vary widely across regimens, and patients bear a substantial out-of-pocket burden. Cancer 2016;122:3447–3455. © 2016 American Cancer Society
A model for titanium silicide film growth

A physical model has been developed that describes the formation of titanium silicide from deposited titanium films on silicon substrates during furnace annealing. The model for TiSi/sub 2/ formation consists of set of diffusion-reaction equations and a set of equations for the mechanical behavior of the materials present. Some of the parameters for the model have been obtained from data in the literature. A one-dimensional computer implementation of the model has been developed that shows the time evolution of the growing layers and their constituents. This is useful for understanding the mechanisms that determine the relative thicknesses of various layers, like TiSi/sub 2/ and TiN, that grow at different temperatures during N/sub 2/ annealing. >
Computational Methods For Linear Programming

The paper examines two methods for the solution of linear programming problems, the simplex method and interior point methods derived from logarithmic barrier methods. Recent improvements to the simplex algorithm, including primal and dual steepest edge algorithms, better degeneracy resolution, better initial bases and improved linear algebra are documented. Logarithmic barrier methods are used to develop primal, dual, and primal-dual interior point methods for linear programming. The primal-dual predictor-corrector algorithm is fully developed. Basis recovery from an optimal interior point is discussed, and computational results are given to document both vast recent improvement in the simplex method and the necessity for both interior point and simplex methods to solve a significant spectrum of large problems
Making Others Conditions Our Own: Faith-Based Initiatives and Other Mediating Structures as Public Policy

This paper will briefly examine efforts by the state to address social welfare problems and will subsequently argue that mediating structures, specifically faith-based organizations, do a better job of addressing these problems by creating and sustaining social capital, and therefore ought to be encouraged and employed as public policy. Specifically the Peter Berger and Richard Neuhaus article, To Empower People: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy, has provided a valuable framework for much of this analysis.
Borrow, Trade, Regroup, or Unpack? Revealing How Instructional Metaphors Portray Base-Ten Number

This chapter uses embodied cognition to reveal unintended consequences for learning due to the processes that students enact with manipulatives. Base-ten block manipulatives and terms educators used for whole number arithmetic and place value are examples of ubiquitous “hands-on” instructional and assessment practices. Yet, the theoretical perspectives used to research this learning have not considered how students’ actual physical movements represent intended ideas of arithmetic. The students whom educational researchers serve need us to better understand these practices in order to select and improve the design of such tools. Thus, this chapter examines how the language that educators use in combination with manipulatives influences students’ understanding of addition and subtraction. This is the focus of the chapter for at least two reasons. First, it is crucial for elementary students to build procedural fluency and conceptual understanding of the base-ten number system. Second, these specific examples reveal the broader implications for any manipulative-based learning experiences for any topic across preK-16+ mathematics. Due to the physical motions students make during “hands-on” learning, it is critical to investigate these common practices through a lens of embodied mathematics learning. That is, research must attend to implications of how students move during instruction with “hands-on” materials as well as any metaphors educators orally express that imply motions even when students do not put their hands on materials.
Making Sense of Foreign Language Posts in Social Media

Many people's social media feeds include posts in languages they do not understand. While previous research has examined bilingual social media users' language choices, little research has focused on how people make sense of foreign language posts. In the present study, we interviewed 23 undergraduate social media users about how they consume and make sense of posts in other languages. Interviewees reported that they often did not pay attention to or engage with foreign language posts, due to a lack of relevance and contextual knowledge. When they did actively engage with foreign language posts, interviewees did not rely solely on machine translation output but instead actively collected and combined various cues from within and outside the post in order to understand what it was about. Interviewees further reported different types of goals for trying to make sense of foreign language posts; some focused on simply extracting and understanding the emotional components of a post while others tried to gain a fuller understanding of a post, including its contextual and cultural meanings. Based on these findings, we suggest design possibilities that could better aid multilingual communication in social media.
Screening policies for control of an infectious disease

Utilizing Lyapunov stability theory constructively we deduce constant screening policies for use by a public health authority in the control of an infectious disease such as gonorrhea.
Changing Family Identity Through the Quinceañera Ritual

Prior research has examined the quinceanera’s role in Hispanic female adolescents’ identity development processes, but few have examined the quinceanera as a site of group-level continuity and chan...
Multifactorial exercise and dance-based interventions are effective in reducing falls risk in community-dwelling older adults: A comparison study.

Abstract Background Falls and injuries related to falls in older adults are a significant health care issue that affects the elderly population. Research suggests that exercise interventions can be effective in improving falls risk factors. Research question Are there differences in falls risk reduction between two exercise interventions (The Lebed Method - TLM and Stay Active and Independent for Life – SAIL) for community-dwelling older adults? Methods A quasi-experimental pre- and post-test design was used for this study. One hundred and sixty-three older individuals aged between 60–79 years of age participated in the study. Assessments of falls risk (using the physiological profile assessment), simple reaction time, bilateral knee extension strength, proprioception, balance, visual acuity, and mobility (using timed-up-and-go, TUG) were performed. Analysis of covariance was conducted to compare the differences between the two interventions. Pre-intervention assessments were used as the covariate. Results SAIL participants’ falls risk were reduced more than TLM. Reaction and TUG times were faster for SAIL participants. However, those individuals who participated in TLM had greater knee extension strength for both legs compared to SAIL participants. Significance Overall, both interventions were effective in reducing falls risk for older adults. The greater number of improved falls risk factors attained with the SAIL program suggests that multifactorial interventions may be more effective at reducing falls risk. However, since TLM also showed better improved strength, both dance-based and multifactorial interventions can be effective at reducing falls risk factors for older adults.
Quantification of PET infusion studies without true equilibrium: A tissue clearance correction.

In some positron emission tomography (PET) studies, a reversibly binding radioligand is administered as a constant infusion to establish true equilibrium for quantification. This approach reduces s...
Performance, Clinical Chemistry, and Carcass Responses of Finishing Lambs to Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin and Bovine Placental Lactogen

Bovine placental lactogen (PL) is a partial somatotropin agonist in the cow and decreases urea nitrogen, indicating increased nitrogen retention. In the present study, the somatogenic effects of bovine PL (bPL; 4 and 8 mg/d) were compared with those of bovine somatotropin (bST; 4 and 8 mg/d) in finishing lambs. Measures of comparison included growth per- formance, carcass composition, and growth-related clinical chemistry traits. Although feed efficiency during the first 3 wk of treatment with bPL was improved by 14% (P < .05), feed efficiency for the full 6-wk treatment period did not differ from that of control lambs. Responsiveness to bPL may have been attenuated by high titer antibodies present after 2 wk of treatment. However, bPL also did not influence growth-related clinical chemistry traits during short- term (7 d) treatment, strongly suggesting that bPL was ineffective in finishing lambs at the doses tested. In contrast, bST improved 6-wk feed efficiency by an average of 17% (P < .05) and decreased feed intake by an average of 12% (P < .05). In addition, measures of carcass composition including longissimus muscle area, specific gravity of the rack, kidney and pelvic fat, and fat thickness demonstrated that bST, but not bPL, treatment decreased carcass fatness and increased carcass leanness. Treatment with bST, but not with bPL, affected IGF-I, insulin, glucose, and urea nitro- gen in a dose-related manner. Thus, daily injections of bPL did not affect either performance or carcass quality, whereas performance and carcass responses of finishing lambs to bST were consistent with those reported by others.
Development and Piloting Testing of an Experimental Tobacco and Nicotine Product Marketplace

Author(s): Carroll, Dana Mowls; Strayer, Lori; Nardone, Natalie; Pacek, Lauren R; Kozink, Rachel V; Tessier, Katelyn; McClernon, Joseph; Benowitz, Neal; Bickel, Warren K; Hatsukami, Dorothy | Abstract: IntroductionWe describe the development and pilot testing of the experimental tobacco and nicotine product marketplace (ETM)-a method for studying tobacco and nicotine product (TNP) choices and use behavior in a standardized way.Aims and methodsThe ETM resembles an online store populated with TNPs. Surveillance activities and data from a US representative survey and consumer reports were used to determine the most popular TNPs for inclusion in the ETM. Standardized information and videos demonstrating how to use the TNPs were provided. To test the feasibility of using the ETM, smokers (n = 119) underwent monitoring of usual brand cigarette smoking and other TNP use (Baseline Phase) followed by access to the ETM (ETM Phase) that included their usual brand cigarettes, e-cigarettes, moist snuff, snus, and nicotine replacement therapy. During the ETM Phase, participants were provided points based on their baseline TNP consumption to exchange for TNPs in the ETM. Participants were advised to exchange points for enough TNPs to last until their next visit and to refrain from using TNPs not obtained in the ETM. A subset of the participants (n = 62) completed a survey on their experience with the ETM.ResultsThe majority of the participants stated they were comfortable with navigating the ETM (97%), it was easy to determine product characteristics (89%), and they were satisfied with the products included in the marketplace (85%).ConclusionsThe ETM was well received by the vast majority of the participants and can be utilized by researchers to investigate a variety of TNP policy and regulatory science research questions.ImplicationsPatterns of TNP use are complex due to greater availability, marketing, and promotion of a diverse array of TNPs. Innovative methods are needed to experimentally study TNP choices and patterns. Through describing the development of the ETM, we provide researchers with a tool that can be readily adapted to studying a variety of phenomena challenging public health.
Gastric artery embolization: studying the effects of catheter type and injection method on microsphere distributions within a benchtop arterial model

The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of catheter type and injection method on microsphere distributions, specifically vessel targeting accuracy. The study utilized three catheter types (a standard end-hole micro-catheter, a Surefire anti-reflux catheter, and an Endobar occlusion balloon catheter) and both manual and computer-controlled injection schemes. A closed-loop, dynamically pressurized surrogate arterial system was assembled to replicate arterial flow for bariatric embolization procedures. Four vessel branches immediately distal to the injection site were targeted for embolization. Embolic microspheres were injected into the model using these three catheter types and both manual and computer-controlled injections. Across all injection methods, the catheter effect on the proportion of microspheres to target vessels (vs. non-target vessels) was significant (p = 0.005). The catheter effect on the number of non-target vessels embolized was nearly significant (p = 0.059). Across all catheter types, the injection method effect was not statistically significant for either of two outcome measures (percent microspheres to target vessels: p = 0.265, number of non-target vessels embolized: p = 0.148). Catheter type had a significant effect on targeting accuracy across all injection methods. The Endobar catheter exhibited a higher targeting accuracy in pairwise comparisons with the other two injection catheters across all injection schemes and when considering the Endobar catheter with the manifold injection method vs. each of the catheters with the manual injection method; the differences were significant in three of four analyses. The injection method effect was not statistically significant across all catheter types and when considering the Endobar catheter/Endobar manifold combination vs. Endobar catheter injections with manual and pressure-replicated methods.
“Friday Night is their Super Bowl”: A Relational Investigation Regarding Occupational Stress Among American High School Football Officials:

This interpretive research explores American high school football officials’ perceptions of occupational stress experienced both on and off the field. Within the United States, there is a current s...
The Role of Plastic Surgeons in Female Genital Mutilation Reconstructive Surgery

The World Health Organization defines female genital mutilation (FGM) as any procedure involving partial or total removal of female external genitalia or other injury to genital organs for non-medical indications. Despite prohibitory legislation in the United States and significant morbidity related to FGM procedures, the practice continues throughout the globe with three million women at risk annually. Surgical care for women with FGM has historically been in the hands of obstetrician and Gynaecologists (OB GYNs), and mainly focused to help safe labor and delivery. Recent awareness of the need for improved reconstructive surgical care for FGM has developed in the plastic surgical literature. This Current Opinion article highlights the historical surgical care for FGM and the opportunity for plastic surgeons to get more involved in the multidisciplinary care of these patients.
Emergency design and production of level 1 hospital gowns during the COVID-19 pandemic

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has induced a massive shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) across the United States. To alleviate the crisis, efforts to develop rapidly-producible PPE should be explored. Herein, we present the rapid design and production process of level 1 hospital gowns to address this dire shortage at a large academic healthcare organization taken by a team of student engineers at the University of Minnesota. We detail the collaborative process of gown design, considering its constraints (time, cost, material, rapid producibility, volume, and delivery), in addition to how material manufacturers and converters were identified to alleviate this crisis. © 2021 by ASME.
Enrollment with and without exception from informed consent in a pilot trial of tranexamic acid in children with hemorrhagic injuries.

Background Federal exception from informed consent (EFIC) procedures allow studies to enroll patients with time-sensitive, life-threatening conditions when written consent is not feasible. Our objective was to compare enrollment rates with and without EFIC in a trial of tranexamic acid (TXA) for children with hemorrhagic injuries. Methods We conducted a four-center randomized controlled pilot and feasibility trial evaluating TXA in children with severe hemorrhagic brain and/or torso injuries. We initiated the trial enrolling patients without EFIC. After 3 months of enrollment, we met our a priori futility threshold and paused the trial to incorporate EFIC procedures and obtain regulatory approval. We then restarted the trial allowing EFIC if the guardian was unable to provide timely written consent. We used descriptive statistics to compare characteristics of eligible patients approached with and without EFIC procedures. We also calculated the time delay to restart the trial using EFIC. Results We enrolled 1 of 15 (6.7%) eligible patients (0.17 per site per month) prior to using EFIC procedures. Of the 14 missed eligible patients, 7 (50%) were not enrolled because guardians were not present or were injured and unable to provide written consent. After obtaining approval for EFIC, we enrolled 30 of 48 (62.5%) eligible patients (1.34 per site per month). Of these 30 patients, 22 (73.3%) were enrolled with EFIC. Of the 22, no guardians refused written consent after randomization. There were no significant differences in the eligibility rate and patient characteristics enrolled with and without EFIC procedures. Across all sites, the mean delay to restart the trial using EFIC procedures was 12 months. Conclusions In a multicenter trial of severely injured children, the use of EFIC procedures greatly increased the enrollment rate and was well accepted by guardians. Initiating the trial without EFIC procedures led to a significant delay in enrollment.
Novel role for caspase recruitment domain family member 14 and its genetic variant rs11652075 in skin filaggrin homeostasis.

Background Low epidermal filaggrin (FLG) is a risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic comorbidity. FLG mutations do not fully explain the variation in epidermal FLG levels, highlighting that other genetic loci may also regulate FLG expression. Objective We sought to identify genetic loci that regulate FLG expression and elucidate their functional and mechanistic consequences. Methods A genome-wide association study of quantified skin FLG expression in lesional and baseline non(never)-lesional skin of children with AD in the Mechanisms of Progression of Atopic Dermatitis to Asthma in Children cohort was conducted. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat approaches were used to create isogenic human keratinocytes differing only at the identified variant rs11652075, and caspase recruitment domain family member 14 (CARD14)-deficient keratinocytes for subsequent mechanistic studies. Results The genome-wide association study identified the CARD14 rs11652075 variant to be associated with FLG expression in non(never)-lesional skin of children with AD. Rs11652075 is a CARD14 expression quantitative trait locus in human skin and primary human keratinocytes. The T variant destroys a functional cytosine-phosphate-guanine site, resulting in reduced cytosine-phosphate-guanine methylation at this site (but not neighboring sites) in TT and CT compared with CC primary human keratinocytes and Mechanisms of Progression of Atopic Dermatitis to Asthma in Children children's skin samples, and rs11652075 increases CARD14 expression in an allele-specific fashion. Furthermore, studies in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-generated CC and TT isogenic keratinocytes, as well as CARD14-haplosufficient and deficient keratinocytes, reveal that IL-17A regulates FLG expression via CARD14, and that the underlying mechanisms are dependent on the rs11652075 genotype. Conclusions Our study identifies CARD14 as a novel regulator of FLG expression in the skin of children with AD. Furthermore, CARD14 regulates skin FLG homeostasis in an rs11652075-dependent fashion.
Theory of a P-Wave π-Λ Resonance

It is shown that a ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ resonance can conceivably occur as a consequence of the ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ pion-nucleon resonance and the fact that the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperon can dissociate virtually into a $\overline{K}$ meson and a nucleon. Specific pion-hyperon interactions are not considered.
Problems in the Organization of Organization Theory: An Essay in Honour of Todd LaPorte

This essay examines a peculiar problem in organization theory – its failure to achieve useful research-based prescriptions for organizational design and practice in the face of challenges posed by new technology and evolving social problems. It is argued that an important part of this problem in organization theory is the under-specification of its major concepts. Three under-specified concepts in particular are examined – complexity, interdependence and scale. The analysis of these concepts is undertaken in the context of Todd LaPorte's work to promote, through well-posed questions, clearer and more specific formulations of these and other concepts as independent variables in organizational analysis. The essay concludes with suggestions for continuing the specification of major concepts in organization theory in ways inspired by LaPorte.
Human Capital Management: What are Boards Doing?

Corporate boards are poorly equipped to deal with human capital management issues. Data from 116 firms show they lack expertise in human resources management and do not get information on the condition of their firms human capital.
Near Ultraviolet Circular Dichroism and Absorption Spectra of Chicken Ovomucoid and Acetylated Derivatives at 297 and 77°K

Abstract The spectral properties of tyrosyl side chains were investigated in chicken ovomucoid and derivatives produced by acetylating with N-acetylimidazole. Cooling ovomucoid to 77°K brings out the tyrosyl fine structure. Absorption spectra at 77°K reveal 2 different kinds of tyrosyl sites. About 4 tyrosyls have their longest wavelength absorption band at 284 nm and are relatively well shielded from the solvent. Approximately 2 tyrosyls, having their longest wavelength band near 282 nm, may be exposed to the solvent. These 2 tyrosyls are most easily O-acetylated. Among the 4 tyrosyls that are shielded from the solvent, 2 are especially difficult to acetylate. These 2 tyrosyls are O-acetylated only in the presence of 7 m guanidine hydrochloride. Completely acetylating all 6 tyrosyls in ovomucoid revealed that their molar absorptivity is about 20% greater than that of tyrosyls dissolved in water. If this hyperchromism is not taken into account, the number of acetylated tyrosyls calculated from spectral data will be inaccurate. Both acetylation experiments and 77°K spectra indicated that the near ultraviolet CD spectrum of native ovomucoid is contributed by tyrosyl, cystinyl, and phenylalanyl side chains. Positive tyrosyl CD bands at 284 and 277 nm are superimposed upon a broad, intense negative disulfide CD band. Acetylating the first 2 tyrosyls intensifies the tyrosyl CD fine structure by 25%. The tyrosyl CD bands disappear as the last 3 tyrosyls are acetylated and reappear upon deacetylating the O-acetyltyrosyls with hydroxylamine. The intense disulfide CD band with a maximum near 265 nm is not much affected by acetylating ovomucoid. Cooling the native protein to 77°K increases the disulfide rotatory strength about 30%. Reducing native ovomucoid with dithiothreitol abolishes both the disulfide and the tyrosyl CD bands.
Globalisation and Educational Policy Shifts

This chapter examines the nexus between globalisation and educational policy. The chapter critiques the contemporary educational reform debate, which has been taken over by so-called neoliberal groups that popularise a special language not found in conventional education discourse. This language is based on a free-enterprise economic metaphor. According to this metaphor, a productive society and system of education are based on individual interest, where people are able to ‘exchange goods and services’ in an ‘open marketplace’, to the mutual advantage of all.
Promoting coordination for disaster relief: from crowdsourcing to coordination

The efficiency at which governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are able to respond to a crisis and provide relief to victims has gained increased attention. This emphasis coincides with significant events such as tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes, and environmental disasters occuring during the last decade. Crowdsourcing applications such as Twitter, Ushahidi, and Sahana have proven useful for gathering information about a crisis yet have limited utility for response coordination. In this paper, we briefly describe the shortfalls of current crowdsourcing applications applied to disaster relief coordination and discuss one approach aimed at facilitating efficient collaborations amongst disparate organizations responding to a crisis.
Frequency of nonsentinel lymph node metastasis in melanoma

Completion lymph node dissection (CLND) may not be necessary for some patients because nodal metastasis is rarely detected beyond the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). This analysis was performed to determine, among patients with positive SLNs, the rate of nodal metastasis found in nonsentinel nodes (NSNs). This analysis includes patients with positive sentinel nodes, detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining or immunohistochemistry (IHC), who then underwent CLND. This analysis included 274 patients with at least one positive SLN who underwent CLND of 282 involved regional nodal basins. Of the 282 SLN-positive nodal basins, 45 (16%) were found to have positive NSNs in the CLND specimen. Breslow thickness. Clark level, presence of ulceration, histological subtype, presence of vertical growth phase, evidence of regression, presence of lymphovascular invasion, number of positive SLNs, age, sex, and presence of multiple draining nodal basins were not predictive of positive nodes in the CLND specimen. Patients with SLN metastases detected only by IHC had an equal likelihood of having positive NSNs as those patients with positive SLNs on H&E examination. No patient population could be identified with minimal risk of non-SLN metastasis. When a positive SLN is identified on either H&E staining or IHC, CLND should be performed routinely.
Effect of forging strain rate and deformation temperature on the mechanical properties of warm-worked 304L stainless steel

Abstract Stainless steel 304L forgings were produced with four different types of production forging equipment – hydraulic press, mechanical press, screw press, and high-energy rate forging (HERF). Each machine imparted a different nominal strain rate during the deformation. The final forgings were done at the warm working (low hot working) temperatures of 816 °C, 843 °C, and 871 °C. The objectives of the study were to characterize and understand the effect of industrial strain rates (i.e. processing equipment), and deformation temperature on the mechanical properties for the final component. Some of the components were produced with an anneal prior to the final forging while others were deformed without the anneal. The results indicate that lower strain rates produced lower strength and higher ductility components, but the lower strain rate processes were more sensitive to deformation temperature variation and resulted in more within-part property variation. The highest strain rate process, HERF, resulted in slightly lower yield strength due to internal heating. Lower processing temperatures increased strength, decreased ductility but decreased within-part property variation. The anneal prior to the final forging produced a decrease in strength, a small increase in ductility, and a small decrease of within-part property variation.
Decoding astronomical concepts

Two astronomy professors, using the Decoding the Disciplines process, help their students use abstract theories to analyze light and to visualize the enormous scale of astronomical concepts.
Major adverse cardiac events in patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency treated with first-generation drug-eluting stents.

No data are available comparing the long-term outcome of sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) versus paclitaxel-eluting stents (PESs) in patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency. The incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization, during long-term follow-up were studied in patients with a glomerular filtration rate of 2 , as measured by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation, who also underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Of 428 patients studied, PESs were placed in 287 patients and SESs in 141 patients. Stepwise Cox regression analyses were performed to identify significant independent risk factors for MACE. At 47 ± 19 months of follow-up, MACE had occurred in 49 (17%) of 287 patients in the PES group (mean age 71 ± 11 years, 55% men) and in 31 (22%) of 141 patients in the SES group (mean age 71 ± 12 years, 53% men). No significant difference was found in the MACE rate between the PES and SES groups. This persisted even after controlling for stent length, lesion complexity, and other co-morbidities. Also, all-cause mortality was not significantly different between the PES and SES groups (7.1% vs 8.5%, respectively). In conclusion, during long-term follow-up of patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency, the rates of MACE and all-cause mortality were similar in the PES and SES groups.
Safety and efficacy of the electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer in trauma

The electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer (EBVS) was developed as an alternative to sutures, clips, and the ultrasonic scalpel for haemostasis during open and laparoscopic surgery. The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to objectively evaluate the performance of the EBVS during trauma surgery. Data from trauma cases, in which the EBVS was used, was collected prospectively for 19 consecutive months. Data collected included: total number of EBVS applications, need for additional haemostatic devices after application, calculated time savings or loss, and hemorrhagic complications. The EBVS was used in 23 trauma cases consisting of 13 small bowel resections, 4 ileocolectomies, 2 left hemicolectomies, 1 transverse colectomy, 1 right hemicolectomy with roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy and duodenostomy, 1 Hartmann's procedure, and 1 splenorrhaphy with omental injury repair. A total of 631 applications of the device were used, averaging 27.4 applications per case. An additional suture ligature or clip placed for an inadequate EBVS seal (failure) was needed in only 1.5% of the total EBVS applications. All of these (10) occurred in one patient undergoing Hartmann's procedure for massive colonic injury. An additional 45 sutures or clips for non-EBVS failure were used in 5 cases due to proximity of bleeding to critical vascular, biliary, or bowel structures. In 17 trauma cases (74%) with intestinal resection no other means of hemostasis (sutures or clips) was required except the EBVS. The mean calculated time savings using the EBVS was 26.8 min (range 9.8-48) per case. There were no haemorrhagic complications. The EBVS is safe and effective for intestinal resections and haemostasis in trauma surgery. This novel energy source reliably seals major mesenteric vessels with little need for sutures or clips. Using the EBVS can substantially shorten operative time.
Color transparency and high-energy (p,2p) nuclear reactions.

Predictions relevant for exploring color transparency in ({ital p},2{ital p}) nuclear reactions are often made by using simplified treatments of nuclear dynamics. We examine the extent to which the earlier predictions are valid by carrying out calculations using an improved treatment of the proton scattering wave functions, nucleon Fermi motion, and the effects of long- and short-range nuclear correlations. The consequences of two existing models of color transparency are also presented.
Protective and damaging effects of mediators of stress. Elaborating and testing the concepts of allostasis and allostatic load.

Stress is a condition of human existence and a factor in the expression of disease. A broader view of stress is that it is not just the dramatic stressful events that exact their toll but rather the many events of daily life that elevate activities of physiological systems to cause some measure of wear and tear. We call this wear and tear "allostatic load," and it reflects not only the impact of life experiences but also of genetic load; individual habits reflecting items such as diet, exercise, and substance abuse; and developmental experiences that set life-long patterns of behavior and physiological reactivity (see McEwen). Hormones associated with stress and allostatic load protect the body in the short run and promote adaptation, but in the long run allostatic load causes changes in the body that lead to disease. This will be illustrated for the immune system and brain. Among the most potent of stressors are those arising from competitive interactions between animals of the same species, leading to the formation of dominance hierarchies. Psychosocial stress of this type not only impairs cognitive function of lower ranking animals, but it can also promote disease (e.g. atherosclerosis) among those vying for the dominant position. Social ordering in human society is also associated with gradients of disease, with an increasing frequency of mortality and morbidity as one descends the scale of socioeconomic status that reflects both income and education. Although the causes of these gradients of health are very complex, they are likely to reflect, with increasing frequency at the lower end of the scale, the cumulative burden of coping with limited resources and negative life events and the allostatic load that this burden places on the physiological systems involved in coping and adaptation.
A new look at one‐stop shopping: a TIMES model approach to matching store hours and shopper schedules

One‐stop shopping has been identified as a major goal of many contemporary shoppers in today’s society. One‐stop shopping tends to imply that all of a shopper’s needs can be filled in one step, all at one time, suggesting that the proper assortment in each store is a must, and a desirable mix of stores should be assembled at one convenient location. A recent study conducted for the International Council of Shopping Centers revealed that the concept of one‐stop shopping is also related directly to the match of store hours with shopper schedules. Examines the hours and schedule matching aspect of one‐stop shopping within a framework called the TIMES model, which considers specifically the relation between shoppers’ resources and their choice of shopping centers. Presents the results of a study of perceived shopping‐center problems and gives managerial recommendations for targeting consumers who seek one‐stop shopping opportunities.
Selective local anesthetic placement using ultrasound guidance and neurostimulation for infraclavicular brachial plexus block.

BACKGROUND In this study, we performed the infraclavicular block with combined ultrasound guidance and neurostimulation to selectively target cords to compare the success rates of placing a single injection of local anesthetic either in a central or peripheral location. METHODS Two hundred eighteen patients were enrolled in a consecutive, prospective study. Patients were randomized to injection of local anesthetic either centrally (posterior cord) or peripherally (medial or lateral cord) using ultrasound guidance and neurostimulation. Supervised senior anesthesiology residents or attending anesthesiologists performed the blocks. Both intent-to-treat and treatment-received analyses were used to compare central and peripheral placement efficacy. RESULTS The overall success rate was significantly higher for the central placements than peripheral placements (96% vs 85%, P = 0.004). Individual cord success rates were as follows: posterior 99%, lateral 92%, and medial 84% (P = 0.001). The central group required attending physician intervention more frequently (27% vs 6%, P < 0.001). Postoperative pain scores of < or =3 were more likely with central placement (100% vs 94%, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Central placement of a single injection of local anesthetic targeted at the posterior cord resulted in a higher success rate for infraclavicular block.