cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatricians, Antibiotics, and Office Practice

To the Editor.— I recently participated in a telephone conference call sponsored by an unidentified drug house on the subject of detailmen as seen by the private pediatric practitioner. There were seven of us (plus a nonphysician discussion leader); we were all from different states throughout the country and all of us were practicing pediatricians, except for one neonatologist. All were Board certified and all had been in private practice for a period of 10 to 25 years.
Interview with Catherine Jervey of LexisNexis

Abstract This interview with Catherine Jervey of LexisNexis Legislative &Historical Services group describes various products related to contemporary and historically-significant government information in digitized and microform formats including CIS Index, LexisNexis Congressional, and LexisNexis UPA Collections.
Layer‐by‐layer inorganic/polymeric nanoparticles for kinetically controlled multigene delivery

Nonviral gene delivery methods represent a potential safe and effective approach for treating myriad diseases. For many gene therapy applications, delivering multiple exogenous genes and controlling the time profile that these genes are expressed would be advantageous. Polymeric nonviral gene carriers are versatile and can be readily tailored for particular therapeutic applications, have the ability to carry multiple large genes within each particle, and can be more easily manufactured than viruses used for gene delivery. A layer-by-layer (LbL) theranostic-enabling nanoparticle was developed to incorporate two plasmid types which have differing expression time profiles. Temporally controlling the expression of exogenous DNA enables superior control over the microenvironment and could lead to better control over differentiation pathways and cell fate. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 707-713, 2016.
Relative merits of single-cell, multi-cell and foam-filled thin-walled structures in energy absorption

The axial crushing of hollow multi-cell columns were studied analytically and numerically. A theoretical solution for the mean crushing force of multi-cell sections were derived, and the solution was shown to compare very well with the numerical predictions. Numerical studies were also carried out on foam-filled double-cell and triple-cell columns. Based upon the numerical results, closed-form solutions were derived to calculate the mean crushing strength of these sections. It was found that the interaction effects between the foam core and the column wall contribute to the total crushing resistance by the amounts equal to 140% and 180% of the direct foam resistance for double cell and triple cell respectively. Finally, the relative merits of single-cell, multi-cell and foam-filled sections were discussed.
An opinion on regulating the assisted reproductive technologies.

The assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have made spectacular progress since their inception in the late 1970s with the birth of Louise Brown. Originated for the treatment of absolute tubal infertility, these technologies have since been expanded to include the routine treatment of male factors, even azoospermia, with intracytoplasmic sperm injection of testicular sperm, maternal age related conditions with donor egg, and certain genetic predispositions with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). In two decades, our ability to cope with infertility has improved to the degree that few conditions remain outside the realm of treatment. These accomplishments have been realized without substantial investment in preclinical trials or translational research in animal models. Indeed, from the perspective of ARTs in nonhuman primates, the human is the model for the monkey! Of course, there are also many activities that have been attempted or applied without reaching clinical, state-of-the-art status including embryo deselection, cytoplasmic transfer, and germinal vesicle transfer, along with “experiments” that never reached the light of day perhaps even including somatic cell nuclear transfer and the first cloned human (1). The latter all are good examples of the ARTs at their unregulated best or worst depending on your perspective, driven by what I will call a Wild West, anything goes, mentality! And while the motive of the health care professionals, or are they “cowboys,” may often be
Mechanisms of facilitation in primed perceptual identification.

We investigated the mechanism that produces priming in perceptual identification. In Experiment 1, subjects studied a series of compound words (e.g.,outdoor,sideline); in Experiment 2, subjects studied a series of pictures (photographs) of objects. All subjects later received perceptual identification tests in which old (primed) and new (unprimed) words (Experiment 1) or pictures (Experiment 2) were presented for varying durations and masked. In both experiments, performance for primed and unprimed stimuli was predicted essentially perfectly by a model that assumes that prior exposure to a stimulus results in increased visual information-acquisition rate when it is subsequently encountered. An ancillary purpose of Experiment 1 was to test whether or not priming occurs for recombined words (e.g.,outline); there was no evidence for such priming at any exposure duration.
Cadushi (Cereus repandus Mill.), a useful cactus of curacao

The cadushi is the more useful of the two columnar cacti which dominate the landscape throughout the island of Curacao. Its fluted stems furnish a staple foodstuff; when dry serve for torches, fuel and fences. Thick trunks of old specimens are useful in carpentry.
Interactive Specification of Structured Designs

In structured design a design is expressed in high-level components, which are defined in terms of lower-level components. Structured design combines design information of all levels in one consistent data structure. It promotes a top down design and a bottom-up implementation. High-level components are partitioned into more and more detailed components, whereas low-level components are used to build more and more complex building blocks.The components of a design communicate only through well defined interfaces and are otherwise isolated from each other. This increases the modularity of a design, and is a first step towards technology-independent design. A design can be recompiled as new design primitives become available. Capturing the structure of the design also facilitates machine processing, such as logic simulation and verification, automatic placement and layout.Structured design greatly improves the ability to understand and maintain a design. It increases the correctness of a design, it makes the designer more productive and shortens the design cycle. Finally, the design itself serves as accurate documentation.
Effects of Men's Physical Attractiveness on Interpersonal Attraction:

This study provided an explanation of selections by others to meet based on composites of qualities imputed to the others. 60 undergraduate men made attraction-responses to male targets consensuall...
Part I: Modeling of a One-Degree-of-Freedom Active Hydraulic Mount

There is a diverse range of applications for active hydraulic mounts such as vibration absorbers, flight simulators, and industrial test rigs. The purpose of the mount considered here is to make a mass that is driven by an external force and a hydraulic actuator behave as if it were a prescribed mechanical impedance driven solely by the external force. We develop a model of this mount that includes the effects of servovalve dynamics and fluid compressibility and will be used in the future design of robust control system. Then the conic sector bound method, which is readily amenable to the application of established robust control methodologies, is used to describe a family of linear time-varying plants that could be used to represent the nonlinear behavior of the system.
Lymphoid Proliferations Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Context.—Individuals who are immune deficient are at an increased risk for developing lymphoproliferative lesions and lymphomas. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is 1 of 4 clinical sett...
Confabulation, confidence, and introspection

Carruthers' arguments depend on a tenuous interpretation of cases from the confabulation literature. Specifically, Carruthers maintains that cases of confabulation are "subjectively indistinguishable" from cases of alleged introspection. However, in typical cases of confabulation, the self-attributions are characterized by low confidence, in contrast to cases of alleged introspection.
Site-Specific NMR Monitoring of cis−trans Isomerization in the Folding of the Proline-Rich Collagen Triple Helix†

Understanding the folding of the proline-rich collagen triple helix requires consideration of the effects of proline cis−trans isomerization and may shed light on the misfolding of collagen in connective tissue diseases. Folding was monitored in real time by heteronuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy for the 15N labeled positions in the triple-helical peptide T1−892 [GPAGPAGPVGPAGARGPAGPOGPOGPOGPOGV]. In the equilibrium unfolded monomer form, each labeled residue showed multiple peaks with interconversion rates consistent with cis−trans isomerization of Gly−Pro and Pro−Hyp bonds. Real-time NMR studies on the folding of T1−892 showed slow decay of monomer peaks and a concomitant increase in trimer peaks. Gly25 in the C-terminal rich (Gly-Pro-Hyp)4 domain folds first, consistent with its being a nucleation domain. Analysis of the kinetics indicates that the folding of Gly25 is biphasic and the slower step represents cis−trans isomerization of imino acids. This illustrates that nucleation is limited by cis−trans isom...
Cleaning Mammalian Skulls with Ammonium Hydroxide

The procedure for cleaning mammalian skulls with ammonium- hydroxide is given. Suitable for medium-sized rodents and marsupial or small but robust skulls, the process involves soaking the skull in concentrated ammonium-hydroxide for 24 hours and then boiling it in concentrated ammonium-hydroxide for 1 to 4 hours. Soft parts may be washed away and other tissue may be mechanically removed. Screens are useful for collecting separated bones and teeth.
Abscisic Acid Effects on Growth and Metabolism in the Roots ofLemna minor

The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on individual plants of Lemna minor L. were studied. The effects on growth and metabolism of the roots were the most noticeable and the most desirable to measure. Two mg/1 of ABA inhibited the root growth rate by 60% and this was accompanied by a 60% deceleration in the rate of uridine incorporation. The uptake of uridine and leucine and the incorporation of leucine were not affected by ABA. The latent period of root growth inhibition was 1 hour, whereas the inhibition of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis occurred 2 to 4 hours after application. The growth inhibition caused an accumulation of starch in the peripheral, differentiated cell layer of the cortex. Apparently, the growth inhibition by ABA was not entirely due to an inhibition of RNA synthesis, and other plausible mechanisms of growth inhibition are discussed.
Oxygen sites and network coordination in sodium germanate glasses and crystals: high-resolution oxygen-17 and sodium-23 NMR.

Sodium germanate glasses are well-studied materials in which, unlike silicates but analogous to borates, the major structural consequence of alkali addition is generally thought to involve a coordination number increase of the network-forming Ge cations. However, the nature of this change, in particular quantifying fractions of nonbridging oxygens and of five- and/or six-coordinated Ge, has remained unresolved. We present here high-resolution 17O results, including triple-quantum MAS NMR (3QMAS), on a series of crystalline model compounds that allow the definition of ranges of chemical shifts corresponding to oxygens bonded to various coordinations of Ge. These include quartz- and rutile-structured GeO2, Na4Ge9O20, Na2Ge4O9, and Na2GeO3 (germanium dioxide, sodium enneagermanate, sodium tetragermanate, and sodium metagermanate). 3QMAS spectra of Na-germanate glasses ranging from 0% to 27% Na2O clearly show the development of partially resolved peaks as alkali is added, corresponding to signals from nonbrid...
ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF POROSITY USING THE KRAMERS-KRONIG RELATIONS

A new algorithm is proposed to determine the volume fraction of pores in solids using the frequency dependent ultrasonic attenuation. The algorithm was developed by examining the Kramers-Kronig relation between the porosity induced ultrasonic attenuation and the change in sound velocity. The method is tested using data measured for several porous aluminum samples.
Development of a reliable method for determining sex for a primitive rodent, the Point Arena mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra)

The mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) is a primitive species of rodent, often considered a living fossil. The Point Arena mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa nigra) is an endangered subspecies that occurs in a very restricted range in northern California. Efforts to recover this taxon have been limited by the lack of knowledge on their demography, particularly sex and age-specific vital rates. Recent studies have employed non-invasive genetic sampling to conduct capture-mark-recaptures to estimate abundance, survival and recruitment. Here we report on the development of a method using restriction fragment length polymorphisms to determine sex from tissues, bone and non-invasively collected hair samples for the Point Arena mountain beaver.
Assessing the Validity, Legitimacy, and Functionality of Performance Measurement Systems in Municipal Governments

There is now great interest in the use of performance measurement and there have been a number of studies that focused on municipal governments. The findings to date tend to be descriptive. This analysis seeks to add to this discussion by comparing real world conditions with the criteria outlined in a prescriptive model. The authors look at the validity, legitimacy, and functionality of municipal performance measures. The data on the use of performance measures come from a detailed survey that was mailed to all municipalities with populations larger than 25,000. The analysis identifies weaknesses in all of the areas that were examined, though there are a number of municipal governments that have developed very sophisticated performance measurement systems. The authors also offer some thoughts on what can be done to enhance municipal performance measures.
Adolescent development of neuron structure in dentate gyrus granule cells of male Syrian hamsters.

Hippocampal function, including spatial cognition and stress responses, matures during adolescence. In addition, hippocampal neuron structure is modified by gonadal steroid hormones, which increase dramatically at this time. This study investigated pubertal changes in dendritic complexity of dentate gyrus neurons. Dendrites, spines, and cell bodies of Golgiimpregnated neurons from the granule cell layer were traced in pre-, mid-, and late pubertal male Syrian hamsters (21, 35, and 49 days of age). Sholl analysis determined the number of intersections and total dendritic length contained in concentric spheres set at 25 μm increments from the soma. Spine densities were quantified separately in proximal and distal segments of a subset of neurons used for Sholl analysis. We found that the structure of neurons in the lower, but not upper, blade of the dentate gyrus changed during adolescence. The lower, infrapyramidal blade showed pruning of dendrites close to the cell body and increases in distal dendritic spine densities across adolescence. These data demonstrate that dentate gyrus neurons undergo substantial structural remodeling during adolescence and that patterns of maturation are region specific. Furthermore, these changes in dendrite structure, which alter the electrophysiological properties of granule cells, are likely related to the adolescent development of hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions such as learning and memory, as well as hippocampus-mediated stress responsivity.
Measurement of resonant and nonresonant third-order nonlinear susceptibilities by coherent Raman spectroscopy.

A phase-modulation technique for coherent Raman spectroscopy is used to measure both the real and imaginary parts of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of gases. The Raman Q-branch resonance of ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ is calibrated by comparison to the Q-branch resonance of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. By using ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ as an internal standard, the nonresonant electronic susceptibility of Ar and the sum of the electronic and molecular reorientation contributions to the nonresonant susceptibility of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are determined. The results of these measurements are compared to published data on the Q-branch Raman cross section of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, to predictions from the theory of the optical (ac) Kerr effect, and to measurements of electronic hyperpolarizabilities. For the last-mentioned quantity, measurements from three-wave mixing, from field-induced second-harmonic generation, from third-harmonic generation, and from the electro-optic (dc) Kerr effect are intercompared and agreement at the 10% level is established. Formulas interrelating a number of different definitions of third-order susceptibilities found in the literature are presented.
Valproate prevents dysregulation of spinal glutamate and reduces the development of hypersensitivity in rats after peripheral nerve injury.

Abstract The present study examined whether the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproate prevents downregulation of glutamate transporters in the primary cultured astrocytes and in the spinal cord after L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and whether this action of valproate on spinal glutamate transporters prevents spinal glutamate dysregulation and development of hypersensitivity after SNL. In cultured astrocytes, valproate prevented downregulation of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamate-aspartate transporter in a concentration-dependent manner. Repeated oral administration of valproate reduced the development of hypersensitivity and prevented the downregulation of spinal GLT-1 and glutamate-aspartate transporter expression in rats after SNL, but did not affect mechanical nociception and expression of those transporters in normal rats. Valproate's effects on hypersensitivity and spinal GLT-1 expression in SNL rats were blocked by intrathecal administration of the selective GLT-1 blocker dihydrokainic acid or the GLT-1 selective small interfering RNA (siRNA). Extracellular glutamate concentration in the spinal cord, measured by microdialysis, was increased in animals with SNL or after GLT-1 selective siRNA treatment, and valproate prevented the SNL-induced glutamate increase. These results suggest that valproate reduces the development of chronic pain after nerve injury in part by preventing downregulation of glutamate transporters, especially GLT-1, to maintain normal extracellular glutamate concentrations in the spinal cord. Perspective This study demonstrates that valproate prevents the downregulation of glutamate transporters in the spinal cord, which contributes in part to the development of chronic pain after nerve injury. Given clinical availability and established safety profiles, perioperative use of valproate should be tested to prevent chronic pain after surgery.
A maximum expected covering location model with two types of servers

Designing emergency medical service systems that improve patient outcomes is a problem of national concern. This paper introduces the Maximum Expected Coverage Location Problem with Two Types of Servers (MEXCLP2) for determining how to optimally locate and use medical units (such as ambulances) in order to improve patient survivability and to provide insight into how to optimally coordinate multiple types of medical units. In MEXCLP2, there are two types of servers (medical units), and there are dependencies between the types of servers and between servers of the same type. A Hypercube queuing model is developed to quantify these dependencies when servicing multiple types of customers (patients). MEXCLP2 is formulated as an integer programming model, and the results of the Hypercube model provide its input parameters. MEXCLP2 is applied to emergency medical service systems with two types of medical units (ambulances and non-transport vehicles). Results are illustrated using real-world data collected from ...
One-step production of long-chain hydrocarbons from waste-biomass-derived chemicals using bi-functional heterogeneous catalysts

In this study, we demonstrate the production of long-chain hydrocarbons (C8+) from 2-methylfuran (2MF) and butanal in a single step reactive process by utilizing a bi-functional catalyst with both acid and metallic sites. Our approach utilizes a solid acid for the hydroalkylation function and as a support as well as a transition metal as hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. A series of solid acids was screened, among which MCM-41 demonstrated the best combination of activity and stability. Platinum nanoparticles were then incorporated into the MCM-41. The Pt/MCM-41 catalyst showed 96% yield for C8+ hydrocarbons and the catalytic performance was stable over four reaction cycles of 20 hour each. The reaction pathways for the production of long-chain hydrocarbons is probed with a combination of infrared spectroscopy and steady-state reaction experiments. It is proposed that 2MF and butanal go through hydroalkylation first on the acid site followed by hydrodeoxygenation to produce the hydrocarbon fuels.
Exploratory organometal-sulfur chemistry; syntheses and unusual properties of rhenium CH2SR, CHSRR′, and CHSR]+ complexes

Abstract The methylidene complex [(η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CH2)]+PF6−(I) yields kinetically labile sulfonium salts when treated with CH3SCH3, CH3SCH2C6H5, and (η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CH2SCH3) (V);the binuclear adduct formed in the latter case, [(η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)CH2]2S+CH3 (VI), is substantially more stable than the others and undergoes hydride transfer disproportionation to [(η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CHSCH3)]+PF6−(VII) and (η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(CH3) (VIII) when heated.
Nursing home costs and quality of care: is there a tradeoff?

Nursing homes are facing increased environmental pressures to improve quality of care. However, this increased emphasis on quality comes at a time when nursing homes are facing revenue constraints as a result of the repeal of the Boren amendment, increased reimbursement based on prospective payment systems and widespread cuts to state Medicaid funding. This represents a strong financial incentive to control costs and there are concerns that these cost-containment measures may lead to a lower quality of care in nursing homes. In this article, the scientific literature on the cost–quality relationship in the nursing home industry is reviewed.
The Predictive Relationship of ITBS and ITED to Measures of Academic Success

This study investigated the relationship between achievement test scores on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, the Iowa Tests of Educational Development, and academic success, as measured by high scho...
Counting on Working Memory in Simple Arithmetic When Counting is Used for Problem Solving

A concurrent-task methodology was used to investigate relations between the availability of aspects of working memory resources and both strategy selection and execution while simple addition equations (e.g., 4 + 3 = 8) were being verified. Consistent with prior research in which production trials have been used, undergraduates selected a variety of procedures other than retrieval. Availability of working memory resources did not generally affect strategy selection. Disrupting central executive and phonological aspects of memory affected strategy execution, but only when min counting was used to solve the problems. These and other features of the results suggest that availability of working memory resources does not contribute to individual differences in strategy selection and time to execute retrieval processes.
Potato Uptake and Recovery of Nitrogen-15-Enriched Ammonium Nitrate from Periodic Applications

There is a trend in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production to make repeated additions of N fertilizer in sprinkler irrigation water for an extended part of the season. More information is needed on scheduling (rate and timing) these N supplements. A 3-yr study on the use of frequent supplements of 15 NH 4 - 15 NO 3 by Russet Burbank' potato was conducted on Quincy loamy sand (mixed, mesic Xeric Torripsamment) The purpose of the experiment was to trace changes in the uptake and partitioning of 15 N in vines and tubers from starter and periodic additions totaling 336 kg N ha −1 (...)
Perceptions of parenting behavior and young women's gender role traits and preferences

This study examines the effect of perceptions of mothers' and fathers' parenting behavior on their college-aged daughter's gender role development. Unlike in previous studies, in this analysis we consider both the gender role traits of young females (their instrumentality and expressiveness) and their gender role preferences (modernity vs. traditionalism) simultaneously. Three alternative empirical models are tested with data from 163 randomly selected college-aged females using analysis of covariance structures in LISREL VII. Findings substantiated the hypothesis that perceptions of earlier parenting behavior exert a substantial influence on gender role developments of children, particularly regarding mothers' influence on the instrumentality and expressiveness of their daughters. Mothers' parenting, measured along the dimensions of encouragement and control, was generally more strongly related to their daughters' gender role traits than was fathers'. Little influence of parenting behavior on daughters' gender role preferences was found.
O-Methylation of 3H-norepinephrine by epididymal adipose tissue.

Abstract The presence of catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity in rat epididymal adipose tissue preparations was studied in vitro with 3H-norepinephrine as substrate. A radioactive metabolite which behaved chromatographically like normetanephrine (NM) was isolated from the incubation medium. It was possible to inhibit the formation of this metabolite by the addition of pyrogallol or of nonradioactive NM to the incubation medium. Whole epididymal adipose tissue had greater COMT activity than did isolated adipocytes containing an equivalent amount of triglyceride. Centrifugation of adipocyte homogenates revealed that twice as much COMT activity was in the 30,000 g particulate as in the supernatant fractions. This enzyme activity was further found to reside in preparations of adipocyte plasma membranes. These observations suggest that adipocyte COMT exists partially in a particle-bound form, probably associated with the cell membrane.
Integrin α2β1 affects mechano-transduction in slowly and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors in rat hairy skin

The role of a transmembrane protein, integrin alpha2beta1, to modulate the neural responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors to mechanical indentation was examined using an isolated skin-nerve preparation in a rat model. Skin and its intact innervation were harvested from the medial thigh of the hindlimb and placed in a dish containing synthetic interstitial fluid. Using a standard teased nerve preparation, the neural responses of single slowly or rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors (SA or RA, respectively) were identified and the afferents categorized according to standard protocols (i.e. response to constant stimuli). The most sensitive spot of a mechanoreceptor's receptive field was identified and then stimulated using controlled compressive stress (constant or dynamic loads between threshold and saturation load for SAs and RAs, respectively). Loads were applied before, during, and after passive diffusion into the skin of a function-blocking anti-integrin alpha2 monoclonal antibody (FBmAb) or one of two types of control antibodies (immunoglobulin G or a FBmAb conjugated with a secondary antibody). The sensitivities of both SA and RA mechanoreceptors were profoundly reduced in the presence of the FBmAb, while not changing the waveforms of their action potentials or their adaptation properties. Both control antibodies had no significant effect on mechanoreceptors' sensitivities. Following removal of the FBmAb, the effects in some neurons were partially reversible. Taken together, the data from this study support the hypothesis that integrin alpha2beta1 plays a significant role in modulating mechanoreceptive response to compressive indentation.
Kaplan-Meier Estimator under Association

Consider a long term study, where a series of possibly censored failure times is observed. Suppose the failure times have a common marginal distribution functionF, but they exhibit a mode of dependence characterized by positive or negative association. Under suitable regularity conditions, it is shown that the Kaplan?Meier estimatorFnofFis uniformly strongly consistent; rates for the convergence are also provided. Similar results are established for the empirical cumulative hazard rate function involved. Furthermore, a stochastic process generated byFnis shown to be weakly convergent to an appropriate Gaussian process. Finally, an estimator of the limiting variance of the Kaplan?Meier estimator is proposed and it is shown to be weakly convergent.
Exploring multiple radios and multiple channels in wireless mesh networks [Accepted from Open Call]

Much research has been performed investigating the challenging issue of efficiently utilizing the network-wide capacity available in the multihop wireless mesh networks with multiple radios and multiple channels. In this work, multihop routing and channel assignment are intertwined issues. In this article we present summaries of this work based on two broad categorizations in terms of algorithm features: centralized and distributed approaches. Due to the multiple dimensions of the topics, we subgroup the papers in terms of how the interactions between routing and channel assignments are treated. They include channel assignment based on the given connectivity graph, joint design of routing and channel assignment, routing with localized considerations on channel selection, and channel assignment with local channel usage and traffic load information. With the centralized approach, the schemes are able to target optimal channel assignment and joint design on both channel assignment and routing issues. In the distributed approach, the papers take steps focused on either route metrics or channel scheduling based on localized information about the links at each node. Comparisons and open research issues are given as the conclusion.
Influence of world fat and oil consumption on protein supply

Fat and oil consumption has influenced the world protein supply principally through the production of oilseeds among vegetable oil sources, fish oil among marine oils and butter among animal fats. In total amount, oilseed protein production is comparable to world production of protein in red meat and in milk. All oilseed and fish meal protein byproducts and some milk protein byproducts find their greatest use in animal and poultry products production. Increased demand for the latter products with concurrent demand for feed protein has shifted the relative values of oil and meal. Increasingly, oilseed production, like meat production, is producing oil as a coproduct, if not a byproduct, of protein production. Although food use of oilseed protein concentrates is increasing, both as fortificants of traditional foods and in newly developed meat analogs, this market appears unlikely to increase demand for protein concentrates as much as the world demand for increase in animal and poultry products.
Feeding rhythms in constant light and constant darkness: the role of the eyes and the effect of melatonin infusion

Exposure to constant light abolishes circadian behavioral rhythms of locomotion and feeding as well as circulating melatonin rhythms in pigeons (Columba livia). To determine if feeding rhythmicity could be maintained in pigeons exposed to constant light, periodic infusions; (10 h/day) of melatonin were administered to pinealectomized and bilaterally retinectomized/pinealectomized pigeons under conditions of both constant darkness and constant light. The infusions were sufficient to entrain rhythmicity in pinealectomized pigeons in constant darkness and to restore and maintain rhythmicity in bilaterally retinectomized/pinealectomized pigeons in constant darkness. On subsequent exposure to constant light, rhythmicity remained phase locked to the melatonin infusions in bilaterally retinectomized/pinealectomized pigeons but was abolished in sighted pinealectomized birds. These results suggest that while endogenous melatonin rhythms are both necessary and sufficient to maintain behavioral rhythms in DD, their effect can be overridden by constant light but only if perceived by the eyes. Thus, constant light may abolish behavioral rhythmicity in intact pigeons (and perhaps in other species) by a mechanism other than suppression of endogenous melatonin rhythmicity. Such a mechanism might involve direct stimulation of locomotor or feeding activity by retinally perceived (but not by extra-retinally perceived) light, or alternatively by suppression of a hypothalamic oscillator that receives its major light input from the retinae.
On a method of Holopainen and Rickman

There exists a quasiregular map on ℝn (n≥3) of finite order for which every ℝn is an asymptotic value.
Exploiting innovation options: an empirical analysis of R& D-intensive firms

Abstract This paper examines the mechanisms adopted by RD firms with high levels of development-related resources demonstrate a negative relationship between information asymmetry conditions and reliance on market exchange, while firms with low levels of such resources demonstrate a positive relationship.
Temperature and water regulation of gas exchange of Opuntia polyacantha.

Opuntia polyacantha was collected from the shortgrass prairie in Colorado. Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange was monitored in plants pretreated and analyzed under cool temperatures (20/15°C) and warm temperatures (35/15°C). Well watered plants under a 35/15 thermoperiod supported the fixation of atmospheric CO2 during the night, early morning, and late afternoon. Plants under a 20/15 thermoperiod exhibited CO2 uptake only during the afternoon. The fixation of CO2 at night could be stimulated or induced by decreasing the night temperature. Plants from which water was withheld two or four weeks showed a decline in CO2 fixation with the uptake at night exhibiting the greatest sensitivity. Under conditions of water stress the enhancement of CO2 uptake at night by cool night temperatures was largely lost. Plants water stressed for 4 weeks recovered rapidly upon rewatering under warm or cool temperatures. Rates of CO2 fixation were comparable to well watered plants within 24 h. The effects of temperature and water stress on gas exchange are compared to the in situ growth pattern of O. polyacantha and contrasted with the regulation of gas exchange observed in C3 and C4 grasses of the shortgrass prairie.
Bayes optimal metasearch: a probabilistic model for combining the results of multiple retrieval systems (poster session)

We introduce a new, probabilistic model for combining the outputs of an arbitrary number of query retrieval systems. By gathering simple statistics on the average performance of a given set of query retrieval systems, we construct a Bayes optimal mechanism for combining the outputs of these systems. Our construction yields a metasearch strategy whose empirical performance nearly always exceeds the performance of any of the constituent systems. Our construction is also robust in the sense that if “good” and “bad” systems are combined, the Performance of the composite is still on par with, or exceeds, that of the best constituent system. Finally, our model and theory provide theoretical and empirical avenues for the improvement of this metasearch strategy.
Age effects on urethral striated muscle. I. Changes in number and diameter of striated muscle fibers in the ventral urethra.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to test the null hypothesis that the number of striated muscle fibers in the ventral wall of the female urethra remains constant with increasing age. STUDY DESIGN: The urethra and surrounding tissues from 25 female cadavers, mean age 52 years (±SD 18, range 15-80 years), were selected for this study. Each specimen was divided along the midsagittal plane, and a Masson trichrome histologic section was prepared. A systematic count of striated muscle fibers in the ventral wall was then obtained at each decile of urethral length. RESULTS: A decrease in the total number of fibers within the sampled area was found with increasing age. The mean of the total fibers across all urethrae was 17,423 (±SD 9,624, range 4,788-35,867). Over the life span, an average of 364 fibers (2%) were lost per year (95% CI 197-531; P 2 and decreased by 13 fibers/mm 2 per year (95% CI 8-17; P P =.3). CONCLUSIONS: The number and density of urethral striated muscle fibers decline with age. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:351-5.)
A convenient preparation of long chain 4-(4-n-alkylphenylazo)phenols and their 4-pentylbenzoate esters

A homologous series of 4-(4-alkylphenylazo)phenols 1[n] (n = 2–22, even) was prepared in yields of 40–70% by Negishi coupling of alkylzinc chlorides with 4-(4-iodophenylazo)phenol (3). The phenols were converted to the corresponding 4-pentylbenzoates 2[n], which exhibit enantiotropic nematic phases even for 2[22].
System for non-disruptive high-capacity indexed data embedding and recovery using multimedia signal covers

Over the past several years there has been an apparent shift in research focus in the area of digital steganography and steganalysis - a shift from primarily image based methods to a new focus on broader multimedia techniques. More specifically the area of digital audio steganography is of prime interest. We introduce a new high capacity, covert channel data embedding and recovery system for digital audio carrier files using a key based encoding and decoding method. It will be shown that the added information file is interleaved within the carrier file and is fully indexed allowing for segmented extraction and recovery of data at chosen start and stop points in the sampled stream. The original audio quality is not affected by the addition of this covert data. The embedded information can also be secured by a binary key string or cryptographic algorithm and resists statistical analytic detection attempts. We will also describe how this new method can be used for data compression and expansion applications in the transfer and storage of digital multimedia to increase the overall data capacity and security.
Multipole analysis of resonance photoproduction

Abstract The single-quark-transition language of the Melosh transformation is used to extract reduced multipole matrix elements from three recent sets of photocouplings for nonstrange baryon resonances. Magnetic dipole excitation of 56 , L = 2 resonances is found to be suppressed, a result to be expected if spin-orbit effects are weak. Suggestions are made for further reduction of uncertainties in the data.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Negatively Regulates Nox4-dependent Activation of p53 and Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in Diabetes

Diabetes and high glucose (HG) increase the generation of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species and induce apoptosis of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes). Loss of podocytes contributes to albuminuria, a major risk factor for progression of kidney disease. Here, we show that HG inactivates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), up-regulates Nox4, enhances NADPH oxidase activity, and induces podocyte apoptosis. Activation of AMPK blocked HG-induced expression of Nox4, NADPH oxidase activity, and apoptosis. We also identified the tumor suppressor protein p53 as a mediator of podocyte apoptosis in cells exposed to HG. Inactivation of AMPK by HG up-regulated the expression and phosphorylation of p53, and p53 acted downstream of Nox4. To investigate the mechanism of podocyte apoptosis in vivo, we used OVE26 mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. Glomeruli isolated from these mice showed decreased phosphorylation of AMPK and enhanced expression of Nox4 and p53. Pharmacologic activation of AMPK by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-riboside in OVE26 mice attenuated Nox4 and p53 expression. Administration of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-riboside also prevented renal hypertrophy, glomerular basement thickening, foot process effacement, and podocyte loss, resulting in marked reduction in albuminuria. Our results uncover a novel function of AMPK that integrates metabolic input to Nox4 and provide new insight for activation of p53 to induce podocyte apoptosis. The data indicate the potential therapeutic utility of AMPK activators to block Nox4 and reactive oxygen species generation and to reduce urinary albumin excretion in type 1 diabetes.
Nonequilibrium dissociation rates behind strong shock waves: classical model

Abstract A model is suggested for the analytical calculation of dissociation rates behind shock waves where the vibrational temperature T v is less than the gas temperature T . The model is based on an analysis of the threshold translational energy for collision-induced dissociation as a function of initial vibrational and rotational energies. The threshold function method combined with a classical impulsive model for energy exchange yields explicit formulae for the rate coefficient k ( T v , T ) and the mean vibrational energy removed in dissociation. The mechanism of nonequilibrium dissociation is predicted to change during vibrational relaxation: dissociation from low vibrational levels dominates at low T v / T , while dissociation from all levels contributes almost equally as T v / T approaches unity. The formulae obtained exhibit an explicit dependence on the mass ratio of the dissociating molecule and its collision partner, the lighter mass of the partner making dissociation from high levels more favorable. Dissociation in a molecular gas at T > T v is demonstrated to occur predominantly via noncollinear collisions with simultaneous transfer of rotational and translational energy to the vibrational mode of the dissociating molecule.
Built-in generation of multi-cycle broadside tests

This paper describes a built-in test generation method for multi-cycle broadside tests. A multicycle broadside test consists of a scan-in state and a sequence of primary input vectors. The method described in this paper uses pseudo-random scan-in states. The paper focuses on the generation of primary input sequences. A fixed set of primary input subsequences is implemented on-chip using a small number of small finite-state machines. Primary input configurations, which are implemented using multiplexers, determine primary input sequences for multicycle broadside tests by selecting a subsequence from the set for every primary input. Experimental results show that high transition fault coverage can be achieved even with pseudo-random scan-in states.
The Structure of Complex Biological Reference Points and the Theory of Replacement

Abstract The percent spawning-stock biomass per recruit (PSSBR) is a commonly used biological reference point (BRP). Justification for using specific values of PSSBR as BRPs has largely been based upon graphical interrelations of (1) the dependence of recruitment on stock, (2) the dependence of stock on recruitment (i.e., replacement), and (3) the dependence of spawning-stock biomass on fishing mortality. This paper provides analytic solutions of these interdependencies. Analytic solutions are provided for equilibrium and nonequilibrium cases: (1) fixed recruitment and fixed mortality, (2) fixed recruitment and variable mortality, and (3) variable recruitment and variable mortality. The analysis is used to develop equations for both the “replacement line” and a full recruitment→stock→recruitment cycle. The analysis clarifies the connection between iteroparous and semelparous populations in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium settings. The analytic derivations provide the opportunity to conduct research on...
The pharmacokinetics and blood-brain barrier permeation of the chelators 1,2 dimethyl-, 1,2 diethyl-, and 1-[ethan-1′ ol]-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one in the rat

Abstract The 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones (HPs) are iron and aluminium chelators. Their ability to enter the brain had not previously been directly determined. To determine whether they cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), three HPs possessing a wide range of lipophilicity were examined: l-[ethan-l ′ ol]-2-methyl-HP (CP40), 1,2-dimethyl-HP (CP20, L1, deferiprone), and 1,2-diethyl-HP (CP94, ELlNEt). Their pharmacokinetics were determined in rats to establish dosing parameters for microdialysis studies of BBB permeation. Studies were then conducted with microdialysis probes in the blood, frontal cortex, and lateral ventricle to determine the rate and extent of HP BBB permeability. All three HPs were detectable in brain dialysate samples collected 0–7 min after HP injection, demonstrating rapid entry into the brain. The extent of unbound distribution (an indicator of the mechanism of BBB permeation) was 0.9 and 1.2 for the frontal cortex and lateral ventricle for CP20, and was 1.1 and 1.6 for CP94, suggesting diffusion across the BBB. The extent of unbound distribution of CP40 was 0.2 for both the frontal cortex and lateral ventricle, suggesting the presence of a transporter moving it out of brain extracellular fluid. Introduction of cyanide into the brain did not affect the brain to blood CP40 ratio, suggesting that the transporter is not energy-dependent. Both CP94 and CP40 caused death due to respiratory failure, whereas CP20 did not. The ability of less toxic bidentate HP chelators, such as CP20, to enter the brain may enable their use in the treatment of metal-induced diseases and iron-facilitated oxidative injury involving the central nervous system.
Managing minority religious and ethnic groups in Australia: Implications for social cohesion:

The author examines Australia’s growing religious pluralism and change within religious communities, including Muslim communities. The meaning of those developments for the concepts of social cohesion and citizenship is considered, as are the possible effects on social cohesion deriving from the lack of a federal bill of rights protecting minority individuals and groups in Australia. Also discussed are the aftereffects of the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York, with the attendant focusing of attention on Muslim communities in Australia and around the world. The passage of dozens of anti-terrorism laws in Australia, and the implications of those laws for limiting the personal and group freedoms of religious minorities, especially Muslims, are examined in terms of concerns about social cohesion. Finally, the debate over whether to allow the development of Shari’a law in Australia and its potential impact on social cohesion are discussed.