cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic DNS of flow-structure interaction problems

Spectral methods have been used with great success in numerical simulations of turbulent flows in simple computational domains. In this paper we present the next generation of spectral methods on unstructured and polymorphic domains suitable for addressing the geometric complexity of industrial applications. These new methods are hierarchical and are well suited for computational steering and dynamic Direct Numerical Simulation (dDNS).
Quality vs. Quantity in Versions of CINAHL

EBSCOhost sells subscriptions to five different versions of the CINAHL database. On its CINAHL web pages, EBSCOhost provides a link to a chart which shows differences among these products in terms of numbers of journals indexed and numbers of journals in full text. This chart does not, however, address the quality of journals within each of the versions of the database. This article compares indexing and full text coverage of core Nursing and Allied Health journals among the five versions of CINAHL. For core nursing journals, the most current NAHRS list was consulted. For core allied health journals, the 1996 Brandon Hill list was consulted. In addition to these resources, Web of Science titles for each field were also used. Most core nursing journals were indexed in all versions of CINAHL while full text coverage varied significantly. In contrast, core allied health journals were significantly better covered in some versions of CINAHL than in others, in both indexing and full text coverage. However, core...
Imagining the digital library in a commercialized Internet

Abstract Internet commerce is fueling technological innovation in marketing and customer relations, and transforming user expectations about Web sites that offer products and services. Digital library planning must address these trends in ways that effectively use changing technology, but also respect professional values of privacy, fairness, and disinterestedness.
Synthesis and reactivity of rhodium and iridium alkene, alkyl and silyl complexes supported by a phenyl-substituted PNP pincer ligand

New rhodium and iridium complexes supported by the phenyl-substituted PNP pincer ligand PNPPhH (HN(2-PPh2-4-Me-C6H3)2) (1) were synthesized. The reaction of 2 equiv. of 1 with [(COD)IrCl]2 afforded the coordination complex [(PNPPhH)Ir(COD)]Cl (2) featuring hydrogen bonding between the N–H group and the chloride anion, as characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Reaction of 1 with [(COE)2IrCl]2 or [(COE)2RhCl]2 in benzene provided a mixture of complexes including (PNPPhH)MHCl2 (M = Ir (4), M = Rh (7)) and (PNP)M(COE) (M = Ir (5), M = Rh (8)). Alkene complexes of the type (PNPPh)M(L) (M = Ir, L = COD (3) and COE (5); M = Rh, L = COE (8) and L = ethylene (9)) were synthesized by reaction of (PNPPh)Li with the appropriate alkene chloride complexes. Reactions of silanes with 5, 8 or 9 produced silyl hydride complexes (PNPPh)MH(SiR3) (M = Ir, R = Ph (16) and R = Et (17); M = Rh, R = Ph (18), Et (19) and Ph2Cl (20)) via Si–H oxidative addition. The JSiH coupling constants for rhodium complexes 18, 19 and 20 were determined to be ca. 35 Hz, while iridium complexes 16 and 17 exhibited coupling constants less than 10 Hz. X-Ray crystal structures of 16 and 18 reveal isostructural complexes featuring a trigonal bipyramidal geometry about iridium with a mer binding of the PNPPh ligand. A hydride ligand, located from the Fourier map for 18, has a short contact of 1.83(3) A with the silicon atom. Oxidative addition of iodomethane to 5 and 8 afforded (PNPPh)M(Me)(I)(THF) (M = Rh (14), M = Ir (12)), respectively. Arene C–H activation upon thermolysis of 12 in benzene produced (PNPPh)M(Ph)(I)(THF). Iridium silyl iodide complexes (PNPPh)IrI(SiR3) (SiR3 = SiPh3 (21), SiH2Mes (22) and SiH2Xyl (23)) resulted from addition of organosilanes to 12, via elimination of CH4.
Discrete intracellular signaling domains of soluble adenylyl cyclase: camps of cAMP?

Soluble adenylyl cyclase can function in the nucleus, defining a nuclear microdomain of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Bundey and Insel discuss the evidence for discrete signaling microdomains of cAMP, including the nucleus and caveolae, and conclude that such microdomains may be defined by the localized, subcellular expression of adenylyl cyclase isoforms.
Performance measures for summarizing confusion matrices: the AFRL COMPASE approach

The AFRL COMPASE Center has developed and applied a disciplined methodology for the evaluation of recognition systems. This paper explores an element of that methodology related to the confusion matrix as a tabulation of experiment outcomes and its corresponding summary performance measures. To this end, the paper introduces terminology and the confusion matrix structure for experiment results. It provides several examples - from current Air Force programs - of summary performance measures and their relationship to the confusion matrix. Finally it considers the advantages and disadvantages of these summary performance measures and points to effective strategies for selecting such measures.
Bacterial gene neighborhood investigation environment: A large-scale genome visualization for big displays

Improvements in genome sequencing technology over the past decade have driven down sequencing costs faster than Moore's Law producing a genome sequencing boom [9]. Accelerated rates of complete genome sequence production are particularly evident in bacterial genomics, where small genome sizes enable rapid and inexpensive sequencing. These large volumes of complete genome sequences have given researchers a new approach to the longstanding challenge of identifying and characterizing novel bacterial genes: comparative gene neighborhood analysis. Due to unique properties in bacterial genome organization, researchers believe that it is possible to generate hypotheses around the function and pathway membership of novel genes by examining the neighborhood around gene orthologs, or genes with highly similar sequences. Visual approaches to this problem are necessary, since subtle patterns and relationships can be missed through automated approaches, but current comparative gene neighborhood visualizations are only designed to accomodate comparisons across 2–9 genomes in a single view ( [8, 4, 6, 5, 2, 7, 3]).
Perception-Action Icons: An Interface Design Strategy for Intermediate Domains

OBJECTIVE: A prototype interface was developed to support decision making during tactical operations; a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the capability of this interface to support a critical activity (i.e., obtaining the status of friendly combat resources). BACKGROUND: Effective interface design strategies have been developed for domains that have primarily law-driven (e.g., process control) or intent-driven (e.g., information retrieval) constraints. However, design strategies for intermediate domains in which both types of constraints are equally critical, such as military command and control, have not been explored as extensively. The principles of direct perception, direct manipulation, and perception-action loops were used to develop a hybrid interface design strategy ("perception-action icons") that was incorporated into the prototype interface. METHODS: A qualitative tactical simulation and an alternative interface (an experimental version of an existing U.S. Army interface) were developed. Participants used both interfaces to provide estimates of friendly combat resources for three different categories of information at three different echelon levels. RESULTS: The results were unequivocal, indicating that the interface with perception-action icons produced significantly better performance. CONCLUSION: The perception-action icon design strategy was very effective in this experimental context. The potential for this design strategy to be useful for other intermediate domains is explored. APPLICATION: Actual or potential applications of this research include both specific interface design strategies for military command and control and general interface design principles for intermediate work domains. Language: en
Contributing Factors to Preschool Unintentional Injury

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability for preschoolers in the United States. Young children suffer disproportionate morbidity and mortality when injured. Pediatric nurses modify injury risk through injury prevention strategies and child and family education. Effective injury prevention programs cannot be designed, implemented, or evaluated without a fundamental understanding of the factors that contribute to the phenomenon of preschool unintentional injury. This article includes a discussion of the factors that contribute to preschool unintentional injury occurrence and is based on a combination of epidemiology theory and the health belief model. Evidence-based suggestions for modification of nursing practice are provided.
Advanced image registration techniques and applications

Accurate image registration (with subpixel accuracy) techniques are critical components for many advanced image processing systems such as the time-differencing system and the super-resolution imaging system. In this paper, several image registration methods are compared and evaluated. Performance of registration accuracy is evaluated using several LWIR and CCD video imagery by two metrics: RMSE (root mean square error) and SCNR (signal-to-clutter noise-ratio) gain (improvement of SCNR). Promising applications for iris biometric identification, super-resolution image enhancements, heavy background clutter suppression for improving moving target detection have been presented in this paper.
Religiosity, Meaning in Life, and Clinical Symptomology: A Comparison of African-American and European-American College Students.

This study examined whether religiosity is subsumed under the broader construct of meaning in life as a predictor of psychological symptomology in college students from two ethnic groups. Data from 299 undergraduates indicated that among European-American students, religiosity predicted little variance in psychological symptomology and was subsumed by general meaning in life. Conversely, for African-American students, perceived meaning in life predicted little variance in symptomology and was subsumed by religiosity. The findings demonstrate that the link between religiosity and mental health among college students differs as a function of ethnic group membership and illustrate the perils of neglecting ethnicity when examining predictors of mental health variables.
Coupling of a core post-translational pacemaker to a slave transcription/translation feedback loop in a circadian system.

Cyanobacteria are the only model circadian clock system in which a circadian oscillator can be reconstituted in vitro. The underlying circadian mechanism appears to comprise two subcomponents: a post-translational oscillator (PTO) and a transcriptional/translational feedback loop (TTFL). The PTO and TTFL have been hypothesized to operate as dual oscillator systems in cyanobacteria. However, we find that they have a definite hierarchical interdependency—the PTO is the core pacemaker while the TTFL is a slave oscillator that quickly damps when the PTO stops. By analysis of overexpression experiments and mutant clock proteins, we find that the circadian system is dependent upon the PTO and that suppression of the PTO leads to damped TTFL-based oscillations whose temperature compensation is not stable under different metabolic conditions. Mathematical modeling indicates that the experimental data are compatible with a core PTO driving the TTFL; the combined PTO/TTFL system is resilient to noise. Moreover, the modeling indicates a mechanism by which the TTFL can feed into the PTO such that new synthesis of clock proteins can phase-shift or entrain the core PTO pacemaker. This prediction was experimentally tested and confirmed by entraining the in vivo circadian system with cycles of new clock protein synthesis that modulate the phosphorylation status of the clock proteins in the PTO. In cyanobacteria, the PTO is the self-sustained core pacemaker that can operate independently of the TTFL, but the TTFL damps when the phosphorylation status of the PTO is clamped. However, the TTFL can provide entraining input into the PTO. This study is the first to our knowledge to experimentally and theoretically investigate the dynamics of a circadian clock in which a PTO is coupled to a TTFL. These results have important implications for eukaryotic clock systems in that they can explain how a TTFL could appear to be a core circadian clockwork when in fact the true pacemaker is an embedded biochemical oscillator.
Whose Line Is It Anyway

In this issue, Chopra and colleagues determined that clinicians are often unaware of the presence of central venous catheters in hospitalized patients. The editorialist discusses the complications ...
A Review of Transmutation Doping in Silicon

The neutron transmutation doping (NTD) process in silicon is based upon nuclear reactor thermal neutron irradiation which induces the neutron capture reaction 30Si (n,?) 31Si ? 31P + s-. The transmutation product, phosphorus, becomes electrically active after suitable annealing of the accompanying radiation damage which is caused by a number of displacement processes. Because of the superior doping homogeneity which results from the NTD process, a number of device applications have evolved resulting in a significant fraction of the world's float zone being neutron doped. This paper will present a review of basic research and production techniques which have evolved at MURR as a result of work associated with this new radiation effects technology.
Flashback Propensity in Swirl Stabilized Burner With Syngas Fuels

In swirl stabilized burner, combustion induced vortex breakdown (CIVB) flashback is a significant phenomenon. This paper presents experimental measurements of CIVB flashback propensity for hydrogen (H2 )-carbon monoxide (CO) flames. The effects of H2 concentration, and swirl number on the flashback propensity of H2 -CO flames are discussed. For a given air mass flow rate, the stoichiometric ratio (%F) at which the CIVB flashback occurs decreases with the increase in H2 concentration in fuel mixtures. However it appears that near the CIVB flashback limit, the swirl strength plays a more dominating role over the H2 concentration in the fuel mixture. The flashback propensity decreases with the increase in swirl number. An analysis of the nonreacting flow field (Air 6 g/s) as well as reacting (CH4 -Air and H2 -CO-Air) flame near the CIVB transient velocity field was conducted. The analysis revealed that a complex vortex-chemistry interaction leading to vortex breakdown and flashback occurred. The vector flow field showed that the high swirling flow generates a more stabilized and wider recirculation zone. It also showed that the presence of H2 dictates the intensity of the flashback process.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
An iPod (MP3) Library Tour for First-Year Students

This article describes the creation and evolution of an iPod (MP3) Library Tour and Assignment at the University of South Carolina (USC) Upstate. Designed as an integral part of the First-Year Information Literacy Program, the tour functions as an orientation to the layout of the physical library, including its collections and major service points. Issues addressed are the collaboration that led to the adoption of the tour, the results of a student survey that led to significant revisions, and the unique place of the tour's being required for a first-year program.
A simplified assay of furosemide in plasma and urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract A simplified high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for determination of furose-mide in plasma and urine has been developed using a fluorometric detector directly coupled to the column effluent. The method includes an ether extraction from acidified biologic samples. The mobile phase used for chromatography on a reversed-phase column (C18 hydro-carbon permanently bonded to silica particles) is sufficiently acidic to induce fluorescence of furosemide. The methylester of furosemide is employed as an internal standard. The sensitivity is 0.1 and 0.25 μg per ml plasma and urine, respectively. The applicability to pharmacokinetic studies of furosemide is shown.
Ego deficits in anorexia nervosa patients and incest victims: an MMPI comparative analysis.

Ego deficit is a frequent theme in the clinical literature for both patients of anorexia nervosa and victims of incest, but no previous study has analyzed, compared or contrasted the dynamics of th...
Computation of heat capacities of solid state benzene,p-oligophenylenes and poly-p-phenylene

Heat capacities (Cp) of solid benzene, biphenyl,p-terphenyl,p-quaterphenyl, and poly-p-phenylene were analyzed using the ATHAS Scheme of computation. The calculated heat capacities based on approximate vibrational spectra of solid benzene and the series of oligomers containing additional phenylene groups were compared to experimental data newly measured and from the literature to identify possible additional large-amplitude motion. The skeletal heat capacity was fitted to the Tarasov equation to obtain the one- and three-dimensional vibration frequencies Θ1 and Θ3 using a new optimization approach. Their relationship to the number of phenylene groupsn is: Θ1=426.0−150.3/n; and Θ3=55.4+81.8/n. Except for benzene, the quantitative thermal analyses do not show significant contributions from large-amplitude motion below the melting temperatures.
Political influences on the costs of banking crises in emerging market economies: testing the U-shaped veto player hypothesis

While there has been considerable research on the consequences of financial crises, there has been little empirical research on the possible effects of the role of domestic political institutions that influence a government's ability to implement crisis management policies. This paper investigates the impact of domestic institutions, characterized by a U-shaped veto player framework, on the output costs of banking crises. The analysis extends MacIntyre's qualitative study (2001) of the relationship between veto players and policy risks in the Asian financial crises. For a large sample of emerging market economies, we find support for McIntyre's hypotheses that both too few and too many veto players are associated with greater costs of banking crises.
Analyzing Vehicle Fuel Saving Opportunities through Intelligent Driver Feedback

Driving style changes, e.g., improving driver efficiency and motivating driver behavior changes, could deliver significant petroleum savings. This project examines eliminating stop-and-go driving and unnecessary idling, and also adjusting acceleration rates and cruising speeds to ideal levels to quantify fuel savings. Such extreme adjustments can result in dramatic fuel savings of over 30%, but would in reality only be achievable through automated control of vehicles and traffic flow. In real-world driving, efficient driving behaviors could reduce fuel use by 20% on aggressively driven cycles and by 5-10% on more moderately driven trips. A literature survey was conducted of driver behavior influences, and pertinent factors from on-road experiments with different driving styles were observed. This effort highlighted important driver influences such as surrounding vehicle behavior, anxiety over trying to get somewhere quickly, and the power/torque available from the vehicle. Existing feedback approaches often deliver efficiency information and instruction. Three recommendations for maximizing fuel savings from potential drive cycle improvement are: (1) leveraging applications with enhanced incentives, (2) using an approach that is easy and widely deployable to motivate drivers, and (3) utilizing connected vehicle and automation technologies to achieve large and widespread efficiency improvements.
Tolerance and sensitization to the behavioral effects of cocaine in rats : Relationship to benzodiazepine receptors

Tolerance and sensitization to the behavioral effects of cocaine were investigated in rats responding under a fixed-consecutive-number eight schedule of food reinforcement. The development of tolerance or sensitization was induced by delivering the drug either immediately before or after each behavioral session during chronic administration. Chronic cocaine administered before each session resulted in tolerance, as indicated by the shift to the right in the cocaine dose response curve. This tolerance was more likely to develop in the presence of an external discriminative stimulus. On the other hand, when cocaine was delivered after each session, the injections did not disrupt responding and sensitization or increased sensitivity rather than tolerance developed. This sensitization was more likely to occur when the external discriminative stimulus was not present. These data suggest that either tolerance or sensitization to the behavioral effects of cocaine can occur following the same number of chronic injections, with the effect dependent on the context under which the drug is delivered. Significant differences in benzodiazepine receptor binding measured autoradiographically using [3H]flumazenil were observed between rats that received cocaine before or after each session, suggesting that the development of tolerance and sensitization may be mediated through changes in benzodiazepine receptors in discrete brain regions.
Urinary 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid as a Biological Indicator of Exposure to Carbon Disulfide: Derivation of a Biological Exposure Index

Abstract The current American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Biological Exposure Index (BEI) for carbon disulfide (CS2) is 5 mg of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA)/g creatinine in a urine sample collected at the end of the workshift. The BEI, based on studies of viscose rayon workers, corresponds to an 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) inhalation exposure at the 1991–1992 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (ACGIH, Cincinnati, Ohio) of 10 ppm CS2. Reduction of the CS2 airborne permissible exposure limit (PEL) from 20 ppm to 4 ppm in 1989 by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, coupled with new experimental human-exposure studies from the published literature, prompted us to reexamine the literature and derive a new BEI. This reexamination led to the following observations: (1) Inhalation exposures of humans at rest, under laboratory conditions, to 10 and 4 ppm CS2 8-h TWA, produced urinary increases of 2.7 and 1.1 mg TTCA/g creatinine, respectively. (2) Viscose ray...
Chemical and biological evaluation of soya-bean flakes autoclaved for different durations

Abstract Solvent-extracted soya-bean flakes were autoclaved for 0–180 min at 121°C and evaluated by three chick feeding trials and several tests in vitro. Improvement in growth from short periods of heating was related to reduced trypsin inhibitor or urease activity which were highly correlated ( r = 0.96). After extraction with 0.2% KOH, protein solubility determined by the Kjeldahl nitrogen method was highly correlated ( r = 0.99) with that determined by the Coomassie Blue dye-binding method. Protein solubility decreased as the heating duration was increased. A high correlation was also found between Orange G binding and protein solubility ( r = 0.97); and between Coomassie Blue dye-binding and Orange G binding ( r = 0.98). Beyond the initial improvement in growth caused by the destruction of growth inhibitors, the degree of overheating measured by protein solubility, Orange G binding, or formol titration agreed well with decreased growth of chicks. Pancreas weight of −1 body weight is a relatively sensitive test of properly processed soya-bean meal. The effect of overheating soya-bean meal in reducing the growth of chickens was greater in a diet containing 1.2% lysine than when lysine was increased to 1.4%. Coomassie Blue dye-binding and either trypsin inhibitor or urease activity are rapid and convenient methods for evaluating soya-bean meal.
Glucose Catabolism in Cancer Cells.: ISOLATION, SEQUENCE, AND ACTIVITY OF THE PROMOTER FOR TYPE II HEXOKINASE *

One of the most characteristic phenotypes of rapidly growing cancer cells is their propensity to catabolize glucose at high rates. Type II hexokinase, which is expressed at high levels in such cells and bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane, has been implicated as a major player in this aberrant metabolism. Here we report the isolation and sequence of a 4.3-kilobase pair proximal promoter region of the Type II hexokinase gene from a rapidly growing, highly glycolytic hepatoma cell line (AS-30D). Analysis of the sequence enabled the identification of putative promoter elements, including a TATA box, a CAAT element, several Sp-1 sites, and response elements for glucose, insulin, cAMP, Ap-1, and a number of other factors. Transfection experiments with AS-30D cells showed that promoter activity was enhanced 3.4-, 3.3-, 2.4-, 2.1-, and 1.3-fold, respectively, by glucose, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (a phorbol ester), insulin, cAMP, and glucagon. In transfected hepatocytes, these same agents produced little or no effect. The results emphasize normal versus tumor cell differences in the regulation of Type II hexokinase and indicate that transcription of the Type II tumor gene may occur independent of metabolic state, thus, providing the cancer cell with a selective advantage over its cell of origin.
Thermo/Opto/Mechanical Analysis of Large Apertures for Exoplanet Detection Using Cielo

The next generation of space telescopes will be designed to meet increasingly challenging science goals. The operating environment and required precision of these telescopes will make complete verification via ground tests impossible, and will place a greater reliance on numerical simulation. The current state of the art in thermal, mechanical and optical modeling involves three disparate computational models, several analysis codes and tools to transition results between these models. However, the active controls necessary to meet the next generation of requirements for space telescopes will require integrated thermal, structural, optical and controls analysis. To meet these challenges, JPL has developed Cielo, an in-house finite element tool capable of multi-physics simulations using a common finite element model, for thermal, structural and optical aberration analysis. In this paper, we will discuss the use of Cielo for analysis of a coronagraph and an occulter designed to observe Earth-like planets around nearby stars. We will compare thermal and structural results from Cielo with results from commercial off the shelf (COTS) tools to verify the new approach. We will perform variations of key parameters to demonstrate how margins and uncertainties can be quantified using the new approach.
A comparison of 1H-13C cross polarization and magic angle spinning dynamics of the α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of benzaldehyde

Abstract The solid state inclusion complexes of benzaldehyde with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins have been studied by cross-polarization and magic angle spinning solid state NMR techniques (CPMAS-NMR). The effects of complexation on the mobility of the guest have been analyzed in terms of nuclear relaxation parameters such as 13C spin-lattice relaxation (T1), 1H spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1ρ(H)), and cross polarization transfer (TCH). It is proposed that large variations observed in the TCH values of the guest in the three complexes may be interpreted in terms of motion with correlation times in the range between ca. 0.1–5.0 msec. These motions may strongly affect the extent of the heteronuclear dipolar coupling partially responsible in determining the rates of cross polarization.
l-Canavanine synthesis by zinc-mediated guanidination of l-canaline with cyanamide

Abstract A novel procedure is described for the synthesis of l -canavanine, 2-amino-4-(guanidinooxy)butyric acid, using cyanamide in the presence of zinc cations for guanidination of the copper salt of l -canaline in nearly quantitative yield. [ 14 C]Cyanamide-zinc(II), obtained from the barium salt, is used to prepare l -[ guanidinooxy - 14 C]canavanine in high yield. Application of cyanamide-zinc(II) to the synthesis of isotopically labeled canavanine derivatives is discussed. Improvements are reported in the procedure for guanidination of l -canaline with O -methylisourea.
Discretizors and Interpolators for Five-Axis CNC Machines

Discretization and interpolation of curves are two frequently adopted practices when machining complex curves using computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines. Both practices stem from the need to sample curves at discrete time intervals corresponding to the sampling period of the CNC machine, This paper proposes new techniques for discretization and interpolation that account for the change of tool orientations in five-axis machining First, the method for discretization proposed in this paper is based on sampling the curves such that specified contour, feedrate, and orientation errors are not exceeded. Second, the interpolator proposed in this paper will be able to avoid excessive angular speeds arising from sampling the curves based on the feedrate alone.
Intramolecular exchange coupling of arylnitrenes by OXYGEN

A series of m,n′-diazidodiphenyl ethers (m ≤ n, m = 3,4; n = 3,4) was photolyzed at 77 K in frozen, glassy 2-methyltetrahydrofuran matrices to generate the corresponding diphenyl ether m,n′-dinitrenes for study by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. 3,4′-Diazidodiphenyl ether gave an ESR spectrum dominated by a mononitrene peak with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·972 cm−1, and also showed a weak dinitrene quintet spectrum with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·162 cm−1 having ESR spectral intensity vs temperature dependence (Curie law) consistent with either a high-spin ground state or a very small singlet–quintet gap. Di(3-azidophenyl) ether gave a strong mononitrene peak with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·996 cm−1 and a quintet dinitrene ESR spectrum (∣D/hc∣ = 0·162 cm−1) which exhibited non-linear Curie law intensity behavior consistent with the quintet being a thermally populated excited state 40 cal mol−1 above a singlet ground state. Di(4-azidophenyl) ether gave a strong mononitrene peak with ∣D/hc∣ = 0·961 cm−1, but no observable spectrum related to a high-spin open-shell dinitrene. The results are consistent with oxygen being a weak exchange coupling linker in pi-conjugated open-shell molecules. The observed ground-state spin multiplicities are in accord with qualitative superexchange and connectivity models, despite any perturbations due to resonance effects between the oxygen linker and p-nitrene sites.
The effects of the α/β phase proportion on the superplasticity of Ti-6Al-4V and iron-modified Ti-6Al-4V

Abstract The effect of the α/β phase ratio on the superplasticity of iron-modified Ti6Al4V has been studied using elevated temperature stepped-strain rate tests and stepped-temperature tensile tests. The behavior of these alloys was found to be consistent with the models proposed by Suery and Baudelet (Res. Mechanica, 2 (1981) 163–173) and Chen (B. Baudelet and M. Suery (eds.), International Conference on Superplasticity, Editions du Centre de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1985, pp. 5.1–5.20) with regard to the rheological hardening of the softer β phase due to the presence of the harder α phase. The effect of alloy composition on the deformation resistance of the β phase could be accounted for by considering alloy element partitioning when estimating the diffusivity. The effect of phase hardening on the strain rate was found to be a function of fβq where fβ is the proportion of the β phase and q is a constant equal to 1.3 for fβ above a critical value (fcr) and to −1.6 below fcr. cr is the point at which a reversal in the role of the phases occurs and was found to be moderately sensitive to the concentration of iron.
A fully sequential procedure for indifference-zone selection in simulation

We present procedures for selecting the best or near-best of a finite number of simulated systems when best is defined by maximum or minimum expected performance. The procedures are appropriate when it is possible to repeatedly obtain small, incremental samples from each simulated system. The goal of such a sequential procedure is to eliminate, at an early stage of experimentation, those simulated systems that are apparently inferior, and thereby reduce the overall computational effort required to find the best. The procedures we present accommodate unequal variances across systems and the use of common random numbers. However, they are based on the assumption of normally distributed data, so we analyze the impact of batching (to achieve approximate normality or independence) on the performance of the procedures. Comparisons with some existing indifference-zone procedures are also provided.
Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Measures of Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema: Area Under the Curve

Abstract Smoot BJ, Wong JF, Dodd MJ. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of clinical measures of breast cancer–related lymphedema: area under the curve. Objective To compare diagnostic accuracy of measures of breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL). Design Cross-sectional design comparing clinical measures with the criterion standard of previous diagnosis of BCRL. Setting University of California San Francisco Translational Science Clinical Research Center. Participants Women older than 18 years and more than 6 months posttreatment for breast cancer (n=141; 70 with BCRL, 71 without BCRL). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Sensitivity, specificity, receiver operator characteristic curve, and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate accuracy. Results A total of 141 women were categorized as having (n=70) or not having (n=71) BCRL based on past diagnosis by a health care provider, which was used as the reference standard. Analyses of ROC curves for the continuous outcomes yielded AUC of .68 to .88 ( P Conclusions Our findings support the use of bioimpedance spectroscopy in the assessment of existing BCRL. Refining diagnostic cutoff values may improve accuracy of diagnosis and warrant further investigation.
Bag-model nuclear equation of state in the Wigner-Seitz approximation

The nuclear equation of state is calculated using the soliton bag model and the Wigner-Seitz approximation for baglike states on a lattice. Since the Wigner-Seitz treatment averages over lattice structure, it is more realistic for a fluid like nuclear matter than is a periodic crystal model. A crucial feature of the model presented here is the manner of filling the Bloch band of independent particle states: We argue for a dilute filling of the entire band. Quark wave functions sigma field configurations, and energies are calculated as a function of baryon density. The energies are only qualitatively similar to semiempirical nuclear energies. Within the context of this crude model, we find a first-order phase transition corresponding to a nuclear matter phase which sets in at about six times normal density and a plasma phase at roughly 12 times normal nuclear density.
Virtual documents — the past, the present and some standards for the future

Virtual documents have become a reality with the widespread use of the technology available. This paper considers the impact of the concepts involved in virtual documents in the commercial arena. By reference to practical examples where companies have implemented virtual document systems in order to achieve profit and/or corporate advantage the paper considers the significance of standards and the direction they will need to take.
Hypersonic Propulsion-breaking the Thermal Barrier

The challenges of hypersonic propulsion impose unique features on the hypersonic vehicle - from large volume requirements to contain cryogenic fuel to airframe-integrated propulsion required to process sufficient quantities of air. Additional challenges exist in the design of the propulsion module that must be capable of efficiently processing air at very high enthalpies, adding and mixing fuel at supersonic speeds and expanding the exhaust products to generate thrust greater than drag. The paper explores the unique challenges of the integrated hypersonic propulsion system, addresses propulsion cycle selection to cope with the severe thermal environment and reviews the direction of propulsion research at hypervelocity speeds.
Preparation of Artificial Plasma Membrane Mimicking Vesicles with Lipid Asymmetry

Lipid asymmetry, the difference in lipid distribution across the lipid bilayer, is one of the most important features of eukaryotic cellular membranes. However, commonly used model membrane vesicles cannot provide control of lipid distribution between inner and outer leaflets. We recently developed methods to prepare asymmetric model membrane vesicles, but facile incorporation of a highly controlled level of cholesterol was not possible. In this study, using hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin based lipid exchange, a simple method was devised to prepare large unilamellar model membrane vesicles that closely resemble mammalian plasma membranes in terms of their lipid composition and asymmetry (sphingomyelin (SM) and/or phosphatidylcholine (PC) outside/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) inside), and in which cholesterol content can be readily varied between 0 and 50 mol%. We call these model membranes “artificial plasma membrane mimicking” (“PMm”) vesicles. Asymmetry was confirmed by both chemical labeling and measurement of the amount of externally-exposed anionic lipid. These vesicles should be superior and more realistic model membranes for studies of lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interaction in a lipid environment that resembles that of mammalian plasma membranes.
Intermittent Claudication Current Results of Nonoperative Management

• We reviewed the clinical course of 91 men with mild Intermittent claudication who had been followed up for at least six months without operation. During 2.5 years' mean follow-up, 60% of the patients had more severe claudication. Actuarial analysis revealed an annual mortality of 4.5% and an annual operation rate of 9%. Historical factors, including age, race, smoking, exercise, diabetes, hypertension, and the ankle-brachial index (ABI), were analyzed to determine if these variables could predict clinical outcome. Only cigarette smoking, exercise, and the ABI were significant in this regard. Patients who had smoked at least 40 pack-years had an operation rate 3.3 times higher than those who smoked less. Major daily exercise was associated with stable claudication. The initial ABI did not correlate with clinical outcome. A subsequent decrease in the ABI of at least 0.15, however, was associated with an operation rate 2.5 times higher and a symptom progression rate 1.8 times higher than patients without this change in the ABI. When regression analysis was used, the preceding variables were only 63% to 79% accurate in predicting the clinical outcome of individual patients. Careful follow-up of patients with intermittent claudication is therefore recommended to allow timely operative intervention when required. (Arch Surg1984;119:430-436)
Congenital abdominal aortic aneurysms in the young. Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Aneurysms of the aorta are rare in children and young adults. We report a case of a 19-year-old man with a saccular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). No associated disorders were discovered in this patient. The aneurysm was resected and a Dacron aortic graft was implanted. Nine years after operation the patient was in good health without evidence of other aneurysms. Thirty-two cases of probable congenital abdominal aortic aneurysms were collected from the literature. In 19 cases, the cause of the aneurysm was not ascertained. We identified two groups of patients with probably congenital AAAs: type I congenital AAA, in which there is a generalized disorder of the arterial tissue and usually aneurysms are present in other areas and type II congenital AAA, in which there is a localized defect of the abdominal aorta, without aneurysms in other areas. We speculate that a congenital defect localized to the wall of the abdominal aorta was the cause of the aneurysm in this patient (type II congenital AAA).
Admixture in Hispanic Americans: its impact on ITGAM association and implications for admixture mapping in SLE

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) disproportionately affects minorities, such as Hispanic Americans (HA). Prevalence of SLE is 3-5 times higher in HA than in European-derived populations and have more active disease at the time of diagnosis, with more serious organ system involvement. HA is an admixed population, it is possible that there is an effect of admixture on the relative risk of the disease. This admixture can create substantial increase of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in both magnitude and range, which can provide a unique opportunity for admixture mapping. The main objectives of this study are to (a) estimate hidden population structure in HA individuals; (b) estimate individual ancestry proportions and its impact on SLE risk; (c) assess impact of admixture on ITGAM association, a recently identified SLE susceptibility gene; and (d) estimate power of admixture mapping in HA. Our dataset contained 1125 individuals, of whom 884 (657 SLE cases and 227 controls) were self-classified as HA. Using 107 unlinked ancestry informative markers (AIMs), we estimated hidden population structure and individual ancestry in HA. Out of 5671 possible pairwise LD, 54% were statistically significant, indicating recent population admixture. The best-fitted model for HA was a four-population model with average ancestry of European (48%), American-Indian (AI) (40%), African (8%) and a fourth population (4%) with unknown ancestry. We also identified significant higher risk associated with AI ancestry (odds ratio (OR)=4.84, P=0.0001, 95% CI (confidence interval)=2.14-10.95) on overall SLE. We showed that ITGAM is associated as a risk factor for SLE (OR=2.06, P=8.74 x 10(-5), 95% CI=1.44-2.97). This association is not affected by population substructure or admixture. We have shown that HA have great potential and are an appropriate population for admixture mapping. As expected, the case-only design is more powerful than case-control design, for any given admixture proportion or ancestry risk ratio.
Elevated ghrelin level in women of normal weight with amenorrhea is related to disordered eating.

Objective To determine whether women of normal weight with hypothalamic amenorrhea have elevated ghrelin levels when compared with controls matched for metabolic parameters and whether this elevation is related to disordered eating patterns. Design Controlled clinical study. Setting Healthy volunteers in an academic research environment. Patient(s) Twelve subjects of normal weight with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, 22 exercising controls, and 5 sedentary controls. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Ghrelin level and eating behavior. Result(s) The group with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea did not differ from the exercising control group or the sedentary control group with respect to body weight, body fat, and leptin levels. However, ghrelin level showed a significant positive correlation with Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-40 scores ( r = 0.475) at an EAT score ≥10 in all three groups. Eighty-three percent of patients with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea had EAT-40 levels >10. Conclusion(s) Elevated EAT scores associated with high ghrelin level may represent dietary behaviors that perpetuate reproductive dysfunction. Thus ghrelin may act as a restraining metabolic signal preventing a return to cyclicity in women with disordered eating and of normal weight and body fat.
Production and Evaluation of Somatic Hybrids Derived from Monoploid Potato

Biotechnological approaches to hasten hybrid plant breeding are available, including anther culture to halve the genome and protoplast fusion to create hybrids between incompatible partners. We applied these techniques to potato to evaluate their potential for breeding a highly heterozygous, cross-pollinating species. Four families of monoploids (2n=1x=12), developed from diploid hybrids with various genomic constitutions favoringSolarium phureja, an ancestral cultivated potato subsequently selected for tuberization under long photoperiod, were used in electrofusion experiments to create intermonoploid somatic hybrids. The “monoploid sieve” results in the survival of only those gametes free of lethal and deleterious genes, but it generates sterile sporophytes, necessitating protoplast fusion for developing hybrids from differentially derived monoploids. From six intermonoploid electrofusion combinations, 178 plants, including both somaclones and somatic hybrids confirmed by microsatellite analysis, were regenerated over six to nine months. Fusion conditions of 8 V for 45 sec with two pulses and 12 V for 30 sec and one pulse were optimum. Ploidy of the fusion products as determined by flow cytometry ranged from 2x to 8x with only somaclones at the 2x level and both 4x and 6x somatic hybrids. Field evaluations over three years revealed that intermonoploid somatic hybrids were inferior toSolarium tuberosum cultivars. Dihaploids derived by anther culture of a tetraploid intermonoploid somatic hybrid were reduced in vigor with the increase in homozygosity, while 2x X 2x sexually derived populations were similar in yield to the somatic hybrids. The biotechnological breeding scheme to reduce generation time will require selection for horticultural traits during inbreeding in order to produce potatoes more similar to cultivars. The elimination of epistatic and/or intra-allelic interactions through reduc-tion of ploidy may underlie the poor performance of monoploids, doubled monoploids and dihaploids as well as most somatic hybrids compared to conventionally bred potato germplasm.
RATINGS BY HIGH- AND LOW-ACHIEVING STUDENTS OF TEACHING QUALITIES OF COLLEGE PROFESSORS

Qualities of college professors on 10 statements as viewed by 270 high-achieving and 210 low-achieving students were described. Most of the students attribute greatest importance to the teaching role of their professors. The high-achieving students would like their professors to guide them toward independent thinking whereas the low achievers seem to be more concerned with the course organization, presentation of subject matter, and the grading procedures of their professors.
Analysis of Linear Prediction for Soil Characterization in GPR Data for Countermine Applications

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a versatile technology for subsurface sensing, and has shown promise in countermine applications when a target detection algorithm is employed. Because the soil environment is naturally heterogeneous and nonstationary, many detection algorithms have taken the form of adaptive filters operating on the real-aperture radar data. In particular, linear prediction techniques have received much attention for their ability to screen for anomalous signals that differ from the background. In this work, we demonstrate that linear prediction may provide a low-dimensional feature set that is indicative of various soil properties. Experiments were performed with simulated and field-collected GPR data, and results provide greater understanding of how linear predictors might be useful in landmine detection over varying terrain.
The use of budgetary symbols in the political arena: An historically informed field study☆

Abstract Within accounting, an emerging perspective has held that budgeting is complicit in the creation of a social reality. Seen in such terms, budgetary dialogue is one manner in which societal expectations are expressed, thereby transforming contemporary organizations. Further, it is argued that organizational practice must specifically embody and reproduce these societal expectations in order for the organization to exist. This paper describes a field study directed at assessing the usefulness of such a perspective on budgeting by examining the nature of the budgetary process between a major state university and its state government.