cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color Centers in Cesium Halide Single Crystals

Color centers have been investigated in the CsCl-type alkali halides. Cesium chloride, bromide, and iodide single crystals were grown from the melt and CsCl crystals also from solution. Coloration was produced by 130-kv x rays, 3.0-Mev electrons, and by electrolysis. In CsI coloration resulted from electrolysis only. The absorption of uncolored and colored crystals has been measured from 0.175 to 3.5 \ensuremath{\mu} at 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, -78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and -190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. After coloration all three crystals show one strong band in the visible (near infrared for CsI) and several weaker bands at shorter and longer wavelengths, which shift with temperature change. The spectral positions in m\ensuremath{\mu} for a number of the bands at -190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C are: The strongest band (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{6}$)behaves similarly to the $F$ band in the NaCl-type alkali halides. The half-width of the band (0.20 to 0.23 ev at -190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) and its increase with temperature, the shifting of the band maximum toward longer wavelengths upon warming to room temperature (by \ensuremath{\sim}0.08 ev), and the conversion by bleaching with light into other bands support the assignment of this band as the $F$ band. The spectral position of the band maximum approximately follows the Mollwo relation (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{max}=\mathrm{const}{d}^{n}$, where $d=\mathrm{interionic}\mathrm{distance}$ and $n=2.5$).Bleaching experiments suggest the assignment of the band ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{10}$ as the $M$ band and the bands between the $F$ and $M$ bands as $R$ bands. The origin of the ultraviolet bands is still uncertain.
Effect of Mn Doping on the Properties of Sol-gel Derived Pb0.3Sr0.7TiO3 Thin Films

Thin films of Pb0.3Sr0.7TiO3 (PST) and 2 mol% Mn-doped PST (Pb0.3Sr0.7Ti0.98Mn0.02O3 or PSMT2) were fabricated on (001)-oriented LaAlO3 substrates using sol-gel and spin-coating techniques. The ferroelectric transition temperature did not change with Mn doping. However, dielectric constant and figure of merit (K) were found to increase with Mn doping in PST film. At room temperature and 20 kV/cm applied field, a maximum K value of pure PST film was found to be merely 0.887, which improved to 22.36 and 29.85 at 20 kV/cm and 40 kV/cm, respectively for the 2% Mn doped PST film.
Engineering for the Customer: Combining Preference and Physical System Models. Part I—Theory

SUMMARY Engineering products for the customer is difficult. The criteria may be subjective, and often quality and cost are competing objectives which must be balanced. This paper proposes a model which structures the design process, and a methodology to engineer for customer preference. The model links design variables—tangible features of the design concept which can be manipulated by the designer—to multi-attribute value, a number indicating customer preference. Intermediate transfer functions within the model link design variables to system responses, and link specific system responses to value. Thus, customer expectations can be met more effectively, as design variables are related to customer preference in a quantitative way. An iterative design improvement method is considered in which a current design and a new design are compared. The comparison is made by mapping the designs into customer value space, and applying a measure of overall customer preference which considers both cost and a quality at...
Liposomal anthracycline administration and toxicity management: A nursing perspective

Nursing care of the patient receiving chemotherapy includes patient education and drug administration, as well as ongoing assessment, early identification, and intervention for side effects. Two liposomal anthracyclines are available in the United States, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx [PLD]) and liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome [DNX]). Because of their unique liposomal formulations, the administration and toxicity profiles of these agents are different from those of conventional anthracyclines, as well as each other. Common severe toxicities of conventional anthracycline treatment such as nausea/vomiting, alopecia, and neutropenia are less frequent and less severe during liposomal anthracycline treatment, and cumulative-dose cardiotoxicity is rare, particularly with PLD therapy. Dose-related adverse events with liposomal anthracycline therapy include stomatitis and neutropenia, and more frequent doses of PLD are associated with hand-foot syndrome. Ongoing nursing assessment, patient education, and adjustments to the dose or dose-schedule can reduce the severity or frequency of these toxicities. Nurses must be aware of the unique characteristics of liposomal anthracycline therapy to provide optimal patient education and nursing care.
The serine acetyltransferase reaction: acetyl transfer from an acylpantothenyl donor to an alcohol

Serine acetyltransferase is a member of the left-handed parallel beta-helix family of enzymes that catalyzes the committed step in the de novo synthesis of l-cysteine in bacteria and plants. The enzyme has an ordered kinetic mechanism with acetyl CoA bound prior to l-serine and O-acetyl-l-serine released prior to CoA. The rate-limiting step along the reaction pathway is the nucleophilic attack of the serine hydroxyl on the thioester of acetyl CoA. Product release contributes to rate-limitation at saturating concentrations of reactants. The reaction is catalyzed by an active site general base with a pK of 7, which accepts a proton from the serine hydroxyl as a tetrahedral intermediate is formed between the reactants, and donates it to the thiol of CoA as the intermediate collapses to give products. This mechanism is likely the same for all O-acyltransferases that catalyze their reaction by direct attack of the alcohol on the acyl donor, using an active-site histidine as the general base. Serine acetyltransferase is regulated by feedback inhibition by the end product l-cysteine, which acts by binding to the serine site in the active site and inducing a conformational change that prevents reactant binding. The enzyme also associates with O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, the final enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway, which contributes to stabilizing the acetyltransferase.
The importance of rough approximation for information retrieval

Abstract The objective here is to present the results of our study which show that rough approximations contribute to the improvement of recall in information retrieval (IR). The information retrieval literature provides ample evidence of situations in which less than 40% of the relevant documents are retrieved. A major reason for this is the problem of search vocabulary and the burden it imposes on the user who is expected to specify all possible terms that refer to the subject of interest. The theory of rough sets provides a framework for organizing the vocabulary in such a way that this constraint is reduced. The model also provides a set of search strategies that are flexible and user oriented. These strategies are based on approximate descriptions of objects such as queries and documents. This study concludes that retrieval strategies within the rough set model perform significantly better than retrieval within the vector model using the cosine formula, in document ranking as well as in recall. The paper concludes by demonstrating a methodology for document clustering using rough sets. This work is a continuation of earlier work by the author on the application of rough sets to information retrieval.
Cognitive tendencies of focusing on positive and negative information

Abstract We hypothesized individual differences in the tendency to attend to, think about, and focus on positive (or negative) information. A scale measuring these individual differences was constructed and its validity and reliability were examined in three studies. Attention to positive information was related to positive affectivity, extraversion, BAS, optimism. Attention to negative information was related to negative affectivity, neuroticism, BIS, and optimism (inversely). Validity was partially confirmed by a person perception task: individuals high in attention to positive information perceived the character in a story as happy. Attention to positive information was a partial mediator of the relation between extraversion and positive affect and attention to negative information was a partial mediator of the relation between neuroticism and negative affect.
A fuzzy logic-based adaptive power system stabilizer for multi-machine systems

Abstract This paper presents an approach for designing fuzzy logic based adaptive power system stabilizers (PSS) for multi-machine power systems. The approach is based on the traditional frequency domain method. In addition, a fuzzy signal synthesizer is introduced to achieve adaptiveness. In this approach, two linear stablizers are designed to accommodate two extreme loading cases. A fuzzy logic mechanism is used to generate one single control signal by properly combining the outputs of the linear stablizers. The fuzzy controller is optimized using a least squares error criterion. Simulation studies of a one-machine infinite-bus and two multi-machine systems show that the proposed stabilizer provides satisfactory damping against low frequency oscillations under different operating conditions.
Blood urea levels and erythrocyte fragility to isosmotic urea during hibernation and activity of Spermophilus tridecimlineatus

Abstract 1. 1. Hibernating and active thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecimlineatus , showed no differences in serum urea levels and total osmolality. 2. 2. Erythrocytes of hibernating S. tridecimlineatus contained less than one-tenth the concentration of urea found in erythrocytes of active animals. 3. 3. Erythrocyte fragility in an isosmotic urea solution showed that erythrocytes of hibernating animals were much less permeable to urea than erythrocytes from active animals.
Fourier analysis of the focused plenoptic camera

The focused plenoptic camera is a recently developed approach to lightfield capture that uses the microlens array as an imaging system focused on the focal plane of the main camera lens. Since lightfields can be captured with significantly higher spatial resolution than with the traditional approach, images can be rendered at resolutions that meet the expectations of modern photographers. The focused plenoptic camera captures lightfields with a different tradeoff between spatial and angular information than with the traditional approach. To more rigorously characterize these tradeoffs, including the limits of this new approach, this paper presents a Fourier analysis of the focused plenoptic camera. Based on this analysis, we also present an extended Fourier-slice rendering algorithm that can be used to render high-resolution images from lightfields.
Chronic Sclerosing Glomerulopathy (Heroin-Associated Nephropathy) in Intravenous T's and Blues Abusers

The intravenous (IV) use of pentazocine (Talwin) and tripelennamine (pyribenzamine) has become a major form of drug abuse seen in the midwestern United States. Complications of this abuse have included psychotic reactions, acute pulmonary insufficiency, convulsions, and various infections. We have observed three patients in whom the IV use of these agents was associated with the nephrotic syndrome and renal histopathologic findings similar to that reported in heroin addicts with the so-called "heroin-associated nephropathy." Percutaneous renal biopsy demonstrated focal to diffuse segmental or global glomerulosclerosis by light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed glomerular visceral epithelial cell foot process effacement and microvillus formation. Immunofluorescent studies were negative in the two patients studied. One patient presented in renal failure, and two others progressed to renal failure within 3 years of diagnosis. We suggest the term opiate nephropathy for this lesion in narcotics users, indicating its potential occurrence in non-heroin-using drug addicts.
Gads regulates the expansion phase of CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity.

The Gads adaptor protein is critical for TCR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization. We investigated the effect of Gads deficiency on the proliferation of CD8+ T cells following peptide stimulation and in the context of infection with an intracellular pathogen. We stimulated CD8+ T cells from Gads+/+ OT-I and Gads−/− OT-I mice with cognate Ag (SIINFEKL) or altered peptide ligand. In vitro experiments revealed that Gads was required for optimal proliferation of CD8+ T cells. This defect was most evident at the early time points of proliferation and when low doses of Ag were used as stimuli. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that Gads−/− CD8+ T cells had impaired TCR-mediated exit from the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, Gads−/− CD8+ T cells had delayed expression of c-myc and CD69 upon the stimulation with SIINFEKL. We then investigated how Gads deficiency would impact CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity in the context of infection with an intracellular pathogen. At early time points, Gads+/+ and Gads−/− CD8+ T cells proliferated to a similar extent, despite the fact that expression of CD69 and CD25 was reduced in the absence of Gads. After 5 d postinfection, Gads was required to sustain the expansion phase of the immune response; the peak response of Gads−/− cells was significantly lower than for Gads+/+ cells. However, Gads was not required for the differentiation of naive CD8+ T cells into memory cells. We conclude that the primary function of Gads is to regulate the sensitivity of the TCR to Ag ligation.
Canine Prostate Carcinomas Express Markers of Urothelial and Prostatic Differentiation

Prostate carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) occur in the prostate gland of older dogs and have morphologic similarities when evaluated by light microscopy. The dog is a commonly used animal model for studying human prostate carcinoma; therefore, it is important to accurately differentiate canine prostate carcinomas from TCCs. We investigated whether keratin 7 (K7) and arginine esterase (AE) would aid differentiation of canine prostate carcinoma from TCC. K7 expression was evaluated in normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder tissues using immunohistochemistry. The expression of AE messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder was detected using northern blots and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, AE enzyme activity was measured in normal and neoplastic canine prostate and bladder tissues. We found marked similarities in K7 expression in prostate carcinomas and TCCs. AE mRNA was present in high levels in normal prostatic tissue but was reduced in prostate carcinoma by northern blot assay. Nested RT-PCR detected AE mRNA both in TCCs (13 of 15) and in prostate carcinomas (13 of 13). Enzymatic activity of AE was high in normal prostate gland and in some prostate carcinomas, whereas normal bladder and TCCs produced lower levels of AE. In conclusion, K7 and AE cannot be used to differentiate TCC from prostate carcinoma in dogs.
Parlor Illusions: Stereoscopic Views of Sub-Saharan Africa

From its beginnings as a commercial medium in the 1850s to its virtual disappearance in the 1930s, the stereograph was, foremost, a means of reproducing the world and bringing it into the parlors—and, later, the schools and libraries—of the growing middle class of Europe and the Americas. Before the advent of the halftone allowed books and magazines to employ photographic illustrations on a wide scale, stereographs of Grand Tour destinations and other sites of historic or natural note were printed and sold by the thousands. Often, especially after the turn of the century, images were accompanied by text that gave customers direction on interpreting what they saw. These texts were printed on the reverse side of stereograph cards or in accompanying books; catalogs for Underwood & Underwood boasted that this text was written by “writers who are authorities on the subjects or countries visited” (Underwood & Underwood 1909:10). In some cases these “authorities” were named, but not in the case of the 1909 Africa tour. As perfected by later companies, particularly in the United States, stereographic tour sets (sometimes 100 views or more) were not merely a substitute for actual, physical travel, purveyors assured customers; they were its equal or better. The “guides” were of impeccable credentials; there were no distractions, no time constraints, none of the physical exhaustion or ailments of travel. “The Underwood Travel System is largely mental,” one early 1900s stereographic view catalog explained.
An N,N′-chelated phosphenium cation supported by a β-diketiminate ligand

The first example of a phosphenium cation supported by N,N′-chelation of a β-diketiminate ligand has been prepared and structurally characterized.
High resolution Z-contrast imaging and lattice location analysis of dopants in ion-implanted silicon

Two new electron microscopy techniques have been developed which greatly extend the capabilities for the micro-characterization of semiconductors. The first is a technique for the direct imaging of dopants in semiconductors, whether or not they are in solution, using Z-contrast, and the second is a technique for determining the substitutional fraction of dopant. Both techniques are capable of nanometer spatial resolution and allow the detailed study of dopant segregation, precipitation, and clustering effects.
The effect of joint elasticity on bilateral teleoperation

In applications such as space and surgical robotics, the use of thin, lightweight manipulators and cable-driven end- effectors results in flexibility of the manipulator. In bilateral teleoperation, however, any flexibility in a link or joint of the robot reduces the transparency of teleoperation. In this paper, we analyze master-slave teleoperation transparency under slave robot joint elasticity and evaluate the added benefits of using extra sensors at the end-effector of the elastic-joint robot. It is shown that velocity (or position) feedback from the output shaft of the elastic joint improves free-space position tracking performance, which in the absence of such feedback is hampered by the joint's anti-resonance. Also, when the interaction forces with an environment are measured by a force sensor and fed back to the user, end-effector velocity feedback improves hard-contact force tracking performance. If the operating trajectories correspond to low frequencies, both free-space position tracking and hard-contact force tracking are satisfactory regardless of end-effector feedback, yet the elasticity in the joint will be transmitted to the user during a hard contact task unless end-effector velocity feedback is used.
In vitro and in vivo transcription initiation sites on the TK-encoding BamHI Q fragment of HSV-1 DNA.

Abstract The sites of in vitro transcription initiation on the BamHI Q fragment of herpes simplex virus DNA have been compared with the sites of 5′ ends of RNAs made in vivo after virus infection. S1-nuclease protection analysis of these RNAs shows that there are in vivo counterparts for each of the five previously identified in vitro transcripts. The whole-cell-extract RNA polymerase II transcription system faithfully initiates RNAs predominantly at bona fide in vivo start sites and gives few, if any, false positive start sites. Further, antiparallel, self-complementary transcripts from the BamHI Q fragment were observed in the coding region of the HSV thymidine kinase gene.
A structure-based mechanism for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase.

A reaction cycle is proposed for the mechanism of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) that involves inner sphere electron transfer from superoxide to Cu(II) in one portion of the cycle and outer sphere electron transfer from Cu(I) to superoxide in the other portion of the cycle. This mechanism is based on three yeast CuZnSOD structures determined by X-ray crystallography together with many other observations. The new structures reported here are (1) wild type under 15 atm of oxygen pressure, (2) wild type in the presence of azide, and (3) the His48Cys mutant. Final R-values for the three structures are respectively 20.0%, 17.3%, and 20.9%. Comparison of these three new structures to the wild-type yeast Cu(I)ZnSOD model, which has a broken imidazolate bridge, reveals the following: (i) The protein backbones (the "SOD rack") remain essentially unchanged. (ii) A pressure of 15 atm of oxygen causes a displacement of the copper ion 0.37 A from its Cu(I) position in the trigonal plane formed by His46, His48, and His120. The displacement is perpendicular to this plane and toward the NE2 atom of His63 and is accompanied by elongated copper electron density in the direction of the displacement suggestive of two copper positions in the crystal. The copper geometry remains three coordinate, but the His48-Cu bond distance increases by 0.18 A. (iii) Azide binding also causes a displacement of the copper toward His63 such that it moves 1.28 A from the wild-type Cu(I) position, but unlike the effect of 15 atm of oxygen, there is no two-state character. The geometry becomes five- coordinate square pyramidal, and the His63 imidazolate bridge re-forms. The His48-Cu distance increases by 0.70 A, suggesting that His48 becomes an axial ligand. (iv) The His63 imidazole ring tilts upon 15 atm of oxygen treatment and azide binding. Its NE2 atom moves toward the trigonal plane by 0.28 and 0.66 A, respectively, in these structures. (v) The replacement of His48 by Cys, which does not bind copper, results in a five-coordinate square pyramidal, bridge-intact copper geometry with a novel chloride ligand. Combining results from these and other CuZnSOD crystal structures, we offer the outlines of a structure-based cyclic mechanism.
Strong words: The creative writing of engineers

A number of contemporary engineers who have authored books of poetry, award-winning short fiction, highly-acclaimed creative non-fiction, and best-selling novels are introduced. Their thoughts on engineering, engineering education, the engineering workplace and technical and creative writing are presented. Implications for engineering education and creativity are discussed.
Facilitating Mixed Language Programming in Distrbuted Systems

An approach for facilitating mixed language programming in distributed systems is presented. It is based on adding a generic remote procedure call facility to each language, and the use of a type system to describe procedural interfaces, as well as data to be transferred between procedures. This type scheme also specifies a machine-independent representation for all data. By defining standard mappings for each programming language, the data conversions required for cross-langauge calls may be performed, automatically in most cases, by active agents that provide the interface between program components written in different languages. When necessary, explicit control of the conversation is possible. A prototype implementation of a system based on this approach has been constructed on a collection of machines running Berkeley UNIX®.
Reduction of uncertainties in remote measurement of greenhouse gas fluxes

As the U.S. and the International Community come to grips with anthropogenic climate change, it will be necessary to develop accurate techniques with global span for remote measurement of emissions and uptake of greenhouse gases (GHGs), with special emphasis on carbon dioxide.1 2 Presently, techniques exist for in situ and local remote measurements. The first steps towards expansion of these techniques to span the world are only now being taken with the launch of satellites with the capability to accurately measure column abundances of selected GHGs, including carbon dioxide. These satellite sensors do not directly measure emissions and uptake. The satellite data, appropriately filtered and processed, provide only one necessary, but not sufficient, input for the determination of emission and uptake rates. Optimal filtering and processing is a challenge in itself. But these data must be further combined with output from data-assimilation models of atmospheric structure and flows in order to infer emission and uptake rates for relevant points and regions. In addition, it is likely that substantially more accurate determinations would be possible given the addition of data from a sparse network of in situ and/or upward-looking remote GHG sensors. We will present the most promising approaches we've found for combining satellite, in situ, fixed remote sensing, and other potentially available data with atmospheric data-assimilation and backward-dispersion models for the purpose of determination of point and regional GHG emission and uptake rates. We anticipate that the first application of these techniques will be to GHG management for the U.S. Subsequent application may be to confirmation of compliance of other nations with future international GHG agreements.
Effect of Anticoagulants on Binding and Neutralization of Lipopolysaccharide by the Peptide Immunoglobulin Conjugate CAP18 106-138 -Immunoglobulin G in Whole Blood

The 18-kDa cationic protein CAP18 is an antimicrobial protein isolated from rabbit granulocytes that binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inhibits many of its biological activities. We covalently coupled a synthetic peptide representing amino acids 106 to 138 of CAP18 to human immunoglobulin G (IgG) by using the heterobifunctional linker N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyidithio)propionate. The ability of CAP18(106-138)-IgG to bind and neutralize LPS in whole blood in the presence and absence of anticoagulants was studied. Both CAP18(106-138) and CAP18(106-138)-IgG significantly suppressed LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in whole blood in the absence of anticoagulants. EDTA potentiated the ability of CAP18(106-138) and CAP18(106-138)-IgG to decrease LPS-induced TNF production in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, heparin inhibited the ability of CAP18(106-138) and CAP18(106-138)-IgG to suppress LPS-induced TNF production. EDTA also enhanced LPS capture in a fluid-phase binding assay that utilizes magnetic anti-IgG beads to capture CAP18(106-138)-IgG (and bound [3H]LPS) in whole blood. In contrast, heparin inhibited the binding dose dependently. We conclude that CAP18(106-138)-IgG binds to and neutralizes LPS in whole blood in the absence of anticoagulants. Further studies of its protective efficacy in animal models are warranted. Caution should be used in interpreting assays that measure the binding and neutralization of LPS in whole blood in the presence of calcium-binding anticoagulants or heparin.
An optical cloak made of dielectrics

Invisibility devices have captured the human imagination for many years. Recent theories have proposed schemes for cloaking devices using transformation optics and conformal mapping. Metamaterials, with spatially tailored properties, have provided the necessary medium by enabling precise control over the flow of electromagnetic waves. Using metamaterials, the first microwave cloaking has been achieved but the realization of cloaking at optical frequencies, a key step towards achieving actual invisibility, has remained elusive. Here, we report the first experimental demonstration of optical cloaking. The optical 'carpet' cloak is designed using quasi-conformal mapping to conceal an object that is placed under a curved reflecting surface by imitating the reflection of a flat surface. The cloak consists only of isotropic dielectric materials, which enables broadband and low-loss invisibility at a wavelength range of 1,400-1,800 nm.
Strain Limit States for Circular RC Bridge Columns

Described in this paper are strain limit states for reinforced concrete bridge columns. A total of 30 large scale reinforced concrete bridge columns were subjected to either reversed cyclic loading...
Selective induction of human heat shock gene transcription by the adenovirus E1A gene products, including the 12S E1A product.

Abstract We have previously shown that the human 70-kilodalton heat shock protein gene (hsp70) is induced by the adenovirus E1A gene product and during the S-G2 phase of the cell cycle. In this study, we investigated the effect of E1A on the expression of other human hsp genes. A gene encoding one form of the hsp89 protein (hsp89 alpha) was activated during an adenovirus infection with kinetics similar to those of activation of hsp70. The induction required a functional E1A gene. However, the hsp89 transcript was not cell cycle regulated. Genes encoding another form of hsp89 and the hsp27 protein were not induced by E1A or during the cell cycle. Further examination of hsp70 expression revealed a greater complexity than previously seen. S1 nuclease analysis using an hsp70 cDNA as well as a distinct hsp70 genomic clone demonstrated three related hsp70 transcripts; two were induced by E1A, and one was not. Both of the E1A-inducible genes were regulated during the cell cycle. All three were induced by heat shock. These results suggest common aspects of control among certain members of this family of cellular genes distinct from heat shock control. Finally, using viruses that express the individual E1A proteins, we found that the hsp70 gene is induced by the 12S and the 13S E1A products. The efficiency of induction by the 12S product was somewhat less than that by the 13S product but only by a factor of less than 2. This is in contrast to the induction of early viral genes, for which the 13S product is considerably more efficient than the 12S product.
10.2 A 38mW 40Gb/s 4-lane tri-band PAM-4 / 16-QAM transceiver in 28nm CMOS for high-speed Memory interface

The continuous scaling of CMOS technology increases processor performance and memory capacity, requiring the CPU/Memory interface to have ever-higher bandwidth and energy efficiency over the past few years. Among those cutting-edge interface technologies, multi-band (multi-tone) signaling has shown great potential because of its high data-rate capability along with its low energy consumption [3]–[5]. With spectrally divided signaling, the multi-band transceiver can be designed to avoid spectral notches with extended communication bandwidth of multi-drop buses [4]. Also, its unique self-equalized double-sideband signaling renders the multi-band transceiver immune to inter-symbol interference caused by channel attenuation without additional equalization circuitry [5]. To further improve the capability and validate the scalability of multi-band signaling, we have realized a tri-band transceiver with four parallel lanes and achieved a total data rate of 40Gb/s, with total power consumption of 38mW in 28nm CMOS technology.
Particle on a Ring Spectroscopic Selection Rules Determined by Group Theory

Early introduction of symmetry concepts in the Physical Chemistry curriculum has been shown to help students understand the relative simplicity of spectroscopic selection rules. Most Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy textbooks begin with various one-dimensional problems. Application of symmetry arguments to the particle-in-a-box problem is presented in some books, but no sources have been found where symmetry arguments are used to determine the selection rules for particle-on-a-ring spectroscopic transitions. This hinders the early introduction of symmetry concepts. This article removes this hindrance by deriving the particle-on-a-ring rotational selection rules using group theory symmetry arguments. The D∞h character table is used to define rotational wave function symmetry, and the D∞h direct product table is used to determine the nonzero behavior of the transition dipole moment integral. A survey of the symmetry of allowed transitions leads to the well-known rotational selection rules of Δm = 0 for Ra...
Digital identity

The lack of conceptual clarity reflected by the overload of the word is confounding the ubiquitous practice of risk management via identity management. Thus we clarifies the nature of identification in a digital networked world, as opposed to a paper-based world. The examples and the context are identification as used in law enforcement in the United States. Together the definitions and the examples illustrate the importance of developing policies with recognition of the social implications of technical change.
Exemplary Writing from 2015 & Rules for 2016

Here is a list of our “exemplary legal writing” honorees for 2015. Most can be found on the web. Green Bag subscribers will find all of them (except the books) in the 2016 Almanac & Reader, which will be in mailboxes worldwide later this month. Congratulations to all. Also included: new and perhaps improved rules for selection of “exemplary legal writing” honorees for 2016.
Turbulent Operation of a Continuous Reactor for Gasification of Alcohols in Supercritical Water

Supercritical water gasification of ethanol and butanol in a continuous supercritical water gasification reactor was explored over a range of residence times from 0.7 to 34 s. Residence time was decreased until turbulence was achieved (τ ≤ 1.2 s). As fluid transitioned from laminar to turbulent flow, the gasification rate was maximized while gasification efficiency was reduced. Gasification rates up to 107 g/L s were observed; this is nearly an order of magnitude higher than previously reported. Arrhenius parameters were estimated to model the intrinsic kinetics of gasification of model compounds in supercritical water without any transport limitations (i.e., turbulence); this technique has never before been applied to supercritical water gasification. The effects of feed, enthalpy of gasification, and residence time on product composition were also explored.
Nursing home acquired pneumonia: approach to management.

Purpose of reviewPneumonia is among the leading causes of mortality in nursing home residents and a primary reason for transfer to acute care facilities. Compared with community-dwelling individuals, residents of long-term care facilities have extensive underlying medical illnesses and more function
Wavelength-dependent Second Harmonic Generation Circular Dichroism for Differentiation of Col I and Col III Isoforms in Stromal Models of Ovarian Cancer

Multi-wavelength excitation SHG microscopy with circular dichroism probes decreasing chirality in fibrillary models of ovarian stroma comprised of collagen I and III isoforms. Results show increased sensitivity with shorter excitation wavelength.
Enhanced efficacy associated with early treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with pegaptanib sodium: an exploratory analysis.

Purpose To assess the vision benefit of treating early subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with pegaptanib sodium. Methods Exploratory analyses of week 54 vision outcomes (VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularization study) of subject subgroups with early disease who received 0.3 mg of pegaptanib (Groups 1 [n = 34] and 2 [n = 30]) or sham injections (usual care). Two sets of clinical characteristics typical of early disease defined the subgroups. Results Baseline characteristics were generally well balanced between treatment arms. Pegaptanib responder rates (loss of or =15 letters of visual acuity versus 4% receiving usual care; 20% of Group 2 pegaptanib-treated subjects gained > or =15 letters of visual acuity versus none of the usual care subjects. Conclusion Early detection and treatment with pegaptanib may result in superior vision outcomes in patients with neovascular AMD.
SU-C-204-01: A Dosimetric Investigation Into the Effects of Yttrium-90 Radioembolization On the GI Tract: In-Vivo and Histological Analysis in An Animal Model

Purpose: In Yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization, non-target embolization (NTE) to the stomach or small bowel can result in ulceration, a rare but difficult to manage clinical complication. However, dosimetric thresholds for toxicity to these tissues from radioembolization have never been evaluated in a controlled setting. We performed an analysis of the effect of 90Y radioembolization in a porcine model at different absorbed-dose endpoints. Methods: Under approval of the University of Tennessee IACUC, 6 female pigs were included in this study. Animals underwent transfemoral angiography and infusion of calibrated dosages of 90Y resin microspheres into arteries supplying part of the gastric wall. A 99mTc-MAA simulation study was performed first to determine perfused tissue volume for treatment planning along with contrast-enhanced CT. The pigs were monitored for side effects for 9 weeks, after which time they were euthanized and their upper gastrointestinal tracts were harvested for analysis. Results: 90Y radioembolization was infused resulting in average absorbed doses of between 35.5 and 91.9 Gy to the gastric wall. No animal exhibited any signs of pain or gastrointestinal distress through the duration of the study. Excised tissue showed 1–2 small (<3.0 cm2) healed or healing superficial gastric lesions in 5 out of 6 animals. Histologic analysis demonstrated that lesion location was superficial to areas of abnormally high microsphere deposition. An analysis of microsphere deposition patterns within the gastric wall indicated a high preference for submucosal deposition. Dosimetric evaluation at the luminal mucosa performed based on microsphere deposition patterns confirmed that 90Y dosimetry techniques conventionally used in hepatic dosimetry provide a reasonable estimate of absorbed dose. Conclusion: The upper gastrointestinal tract may be less sensitive to 90Y radioembolization than previously thought. Lack of charged-particle equilibrium at the luminal mucosa may contribute to decreased toxicity of 90Y radioembolization compared to external-beam radiation therapy in gastrointestinal tissue. This project was supported by SIRTex Medical Ltd
Specific Pericardial Disorders

The first description of this entity has been ascribed to Realdo Columbus, a contemporary of William Harvey, whose theory of circulation of the blood Columbus did not accept. Nasser, who studied this malformation quite intensively over thirty years ago (Nasser 1970), is more confident that the first unquestionable description was that of BailIe, “On the want of a pericardium in the human body”(Baille 1793).
Heterogeneity among Isolates Reveals that Fitness in Low Oxygen Correlates with Aspergillus fumigatus Virulence

ABSTRACT Previous work has shown that environmental and clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus represent a diverse population that occupies a variety of niches, has extensive genetic diversity, and exhibits virulence heterogeneity in a number of animal models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). However, mechanisms explaining differences in virulence among A. fumigatus isolates remain enigmatic. Here, we report a significant difference in virulence of two common lab strains, CEA10 and AF293, in the murine triamcinolone immunosuppression model of IPA, in which we previously identified severe low oxygen microenvironments surrounding fungal lesions. Therefore, we hypothesize that the ability to thrive within these lesions of low oxygen promotes virulence of A. fumigatus in this model. To test this hypothesis, we performed in vitro fitness and in vivo virulence analyses in the triamcinolone murine model of IPA with 14 environmental and clinical isolates of A. fumigatus. Among these isolates, we observed a strong correlation between fitness in low oxygen in vitro and virulence. In further support of our hypothesis, experimental evolution of AF293, a strain that exhibits reduced fitness in low oxygen and reduced virulence in the triamcinolone model of IPA, results in a strain (EVOL20) that has increased hypoxia fitness and a corresponding increase in virulence. Thus, the ability to thrive in low oxygen correlates with virulence of A. fumigatus isolates in the context of steroid-mediated murine immunosuppression. IMPORTANCEAspergillus fumigatus occupies multiple environmental niches, likely contributing to the genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among isolates. Despite reports of virulence heterogeneity, pathogenesis studies often utilize a single strain for the identification and characterization of virulence and immunity factors. Here, we describe significant variation between A. fumigatus isolates in hypoxia fitness and virulence, highlighting the advantage of including multiple strains in future studies. We also illustrate that hypoxia fitness correlates strongly with increased virulence exclusively in the nonleukopenic murine triamcinolone immunosuppression model of IPA. Through an experimental evolution experiment, we observe that chronic hypoxia exposure results in increased virulence of A. fumigatus. We describe here the first observation of a model-specific virulence phenotype correlative with in vitro fitness in hypoxia and pave the way for identification of hypoxia-mediated mechanisms of virulence in the fungal pathogen A. fumigatus.
Effective magnetic interactions in spin-orbit coupled d 4 Mott insulators

Transition metal compounds with the ${({t}_{2g})}^{4}$ electronic configuration are expected to be nonmagnetic atomic singlets both in the weakly interacting regime due to spin-orbit coupling, as well as in the Coulomb dominated regime with oppositely aligned $L=1$ and $S=1$ angular momenta. However, starting with the full multiorbital electronic Hamiltonian, we show the low-energy effective magnetic Hamiltonian contains isotropic superexchange spin interactions but anisotropic orbital interactions. By tuning the ratio of superexchange to spin-orbit coupling ${J}_{\mathrm{SE}}/\ensuremath{\lambda}$, we obtain a phase transition from nonmagnetic atomic singlets to novel magnetic phases depending on the strength of Hund's coupling, the crystal structure and the number of active orbitals. Spin-orbit coupling plays a non-trivial role in generating a triplon condensate of weakly interacting excitations at antiferromagnetic ordering vector $\stackrel{P\vec}{k}=\stackrel{P\vec}{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, regardless of whether the local spin interactions are ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic. In the large ${J}_{\mathrm{SE}}/\ensuremath{\lambda}$ regime, the localized spin and orbital moments produce anisotropic orbital interactions that are frustrated or constrained even in the absence of geometric frustration. Orbital frustration leads to frustration in the spin channel opening up the possibility of spin-orbital liquids with both spin and orbital entanglement.
Predominant Psychrotrophic Bacteria on Fresh and Aged Ground Beef and Antelope

Predominant psychrotrophic bacteria on fresh and aged ground beef and antelope were identified. In addition, psychrotrophic bacteria were enumerated. The predominant bacteria on ground beef and antelope were similar. A change in the predominant bacteria before and after aging was noted.
Sensitivity of run-to-detonation distance in practical explosives

The dynamics of detonation in a granular explosive following a piston impact is examined computationally for a two-phase model. Different choices are considered for equations of state and reaction rate. Of special interest is the behaviour of the run-to-detonation distance as a function of the initial porosity of the explosive, for which new experimental information has recently become available. It is found that this response can vary both qualitatively and quantitatively depending upon the constitutive input to the model. Computations based upon up-to-date equation-of-state and reaction-rate information for the explosive PBX-9501 show that the response of the run-to-detonation distance as a function of the initial porosity is in the shape of an inverted U, which is in qualitative agreement with the latest experiments. Mechanisms responsible for this behaviour are identified.
Mule Drivers in Nineteenth-Century Lebanon: from local social history towards Global History

Abstract: This article makes the case for a project in the making: a study of the social transformation of the countryside as it joins the global market over the long nineteenth century, told as a collective biography of the mule drivers of Ottoman Lebanon - those obscure peasants who, owning one or a few mules, made their livelihood in the transport of goods and persons rather than work the land. Over the first half of the century, these actors mobilized for revolts while a village-based economy turned to cash-crop agriculture and the central government built a new state apparatus that would insure its survival within global capitalism, rendering the peasants' situation ever more precarious. From the 1860s to the First World War, as local resources were diverted to feed European industry and local petty-trade networks came undone, when elites at all levels struggled to assert their control over labor and resources, these same muleteers turned into social bandits - smugglers who defended the peasant against the state's taxation and the capitalists' extraction. Some of them accumulated wealth and ultimately integrated an emerging middle class. The projected account makes two historiographical interventions. (a) Within the history of the modern Middle East, it argues that the region's confessional tensions are tied to developments that are characteristic of capitalism over the period - namely, the rise of a new kind of state and the loss of control over resources by local actors at the margins. This approach pushes against purely culturalist explanations, attempting to wed culturalist and materialist stances. (b) Conversely, by drawing parallels with other mounted rural bandits in the Anatolian and Romanian hinterlands of the Ottoman Empire, as well as with the gauchos in Latin America, ox-cart drivers in India, and rickshaw pullers in China, this local history speaks to a global history of capitalism. Reducing the scale of analysis to reveal the subjectivity of local actors, and linking the cultural norms that shape agency to objective structural transformation that can be compared across contexts, this project challenges histories of capitalism that ignore the countryside or the global South and thereby produce a sanitized account characterized by secular politics and a liberal culture.
Nurse practitioner perceptions of barriers and facilitators in providing health care for deaf American Sign Language users: A qualitative socio-ecological approach.

Background and purpose Nurse practitioners (NPs), as well as all healthcare clinicians, have a legal and ethical responsibility to provide health care for deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users equal to that of other patients, including effective communication, autonomy, and confidentiality. However, very little is known about the feasibility to provide equitable health care. The purpose of this study was to examine NP perceptions of barriers and facilitators in providing health care for deaf ASL users. Data sources Semistructured interviews in a qualitative design using a socio-ecological model (SEM). Conclusions Barriers were identified at all levels of the SEM. NPs preferred interpreters to facilitate the visit, but were unaware of their role in assuring effective communication is achieved. A professional sign language interpreter was considered a last resort when all other means of communication failed. Gesturing, note-writing, lip-reading, and use of a familial interpreter were all considered facilitators. Implications for practice Interventions are needed at all levels of the SEM. Resources are needed to provide awareness of deaf communication issues and legal requirements for caring for deaf signers for practicing and student NPs. Protocols need to be developed and present in all healthcare facilities for hiring interpreters as well as quick access to contact information for these interpreters.
Trends in undergraduate economics degrees, 1991–2016

ABSTRACTUndergraduate degrees awarded in economics by U.S. colleges and universities were stagnant from 2009–10 through 2012–13, increased rapidly (almost 15 percent) over the two years from 2012–13 through 2014–15, but have again leveled off in 2015–16.