cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring Options for CO2 Storage

This chapter provides an overview of various monitoring techniques for CO2 storage that is structured into three categories-instrumentation in a well (monitoring well); instrumentation at the (near) surface (surface geophysical methods); and sampling at the (near) surface measuring CO2 concentrations (geochemical sampling techniques). Monitoring in a well within the reservoir can be of great value for determining the CO2 distribution within the reservoir, monitoring the solution of CO2 in water and calibration of other monitoring techniques. Monitoring of wells in aquifers above the reservoir can provide information regarding seal integrity and leakage. The chapter discusses the features, events and processes (FEPs) of these techniques. The main categories of FEPs discussed include cap rock integrity (leakage), ground movements (uplift, earthquakes), lateral spreading of the CO2 plume, and verification of mass balance. For the geophysical methods the physically measurable parameters are provided and the effects of CO2 on these parameters are discussed and partially quantified. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Household structure and gender differences in travel time: spouse/partner presence, parenthood, and breadwinner status

Despite having more similar roles at work and home than ever before, US men and women continue to exhibit different travel behavior. An open question is whether the remaining gender differences in travel differ by traditional and emergent aspects of household structure such as spouse/partner presence, parenthood, and breadwinner status. Using data from the 2003–2010 American Time Use Survey, this study offers a unique, empirical travel time analysis of metropolitan workers stratified by household structure. Results show that gender differences in travel time respond to multiple aspects of household structure in complex and interactive ways. Gender difference in work travel time is only observable when spouse/partner presence and parenthood interact, i.e., in couple households with children. Gender difference in household support travel reacts to parenthood but not spouse/partner presence. Gender difference in travel time between employed females and employed males in single-breadwinner couples is no different from gender difference in double-breadwinner couples. The results call for policy initiatives and research inquiries that pay greater attention to the large gender disparities in work travel in couple households with children and the large gender disparities in household support travel in all households with children including single-parent households. Although incapable of ruling out the influences of internalized gender differences (e.g., preference theory) and gendered structural contexts (e.g., labor market segmentation), the findings provide clear evidence that traditional gender roles and relations remain operative in contemporary households in the US.
MIS‐MATCHED: TAKING A STATE APPROACH TO ENFORCING THE GROWING INTERNATIONAL MATCHMAKING INDUSTRY

Each year, hundreds of U.S. men and foreign women find their future spouses through international matchmaking agencies. Foreign women are attracted to the opportunity for a life in America and men are offered money-back guarantees to find the perfect wife. An alarming number of these unions however, have resulted in the abuse, exploitation and even death of foreign women at the hands of their U.S. citizen husbands. While the federal International Marriage Broker Regulation Act requires disclosure of a male client's criminal background history prior to communicating with a potential foreign bride, the Act does not impose any requirements for disclosure of information about the international marriage brokers themselves. Thus the peddlers behind the rapidly growing industry are largely unaccounted for, with no one really knowing who they are or where they are operating. This Note proposes that states fill the enforcement gap by adopting a statute requiring international marriage brokers to register and become certified to do business with state residents. This legislation will result in collecting much needed data on international marriage brokers, create more transparency in the international matchmaking industry and prevent potential violence and abuse of foreign women.
Long-term survivors in acute leukemia.

It is obvious from the many publications on the subject that long-term survivors, defined as those patients who survive either with or without evidence of the disease for more than 5 years from the diagnosis, do occur in acute leukemia [1–5]. Previous studies have shown that those patients surviving for 5 years have a 50% chance of surviving indefinitely [6]. Most of those who relapse will do so between the 5th and 8th years, and only a very few after the 9th year. For instance, of the 101 patients reported as 5-year survivors in 1964, 64 were living and well at that time with no evidence of the disease. In the ensuing 4 years, 6 of these had relapsed so that there were 58 out of 101 surviving with no evidence of the disease, or an annual drop-off of approximately 2.5% [7].
An azimuthal polarizer assures localization accuracy in single-molecule super-resolution fluorescence microscopy

Imaging only azimuthally-polarized light from single fluorescent molecules avoids emission from the z component of their transition dipole moments, resulting in accurate measurement of location regardless of emitter orientation and degree of objective lens misfocus.
Syndicalisme «parcellaire» et syndicalisme «collectif:» Une Interprétation socio-technique des conflits ouvriers dans deux industries québécoises, 1880-1914

CETTE ANALYSE CHERCHE a demontrer que plusieurs manifestations de «nouveau syndicalisme» semblables a celles observees en Angleterre et dans d'autres regions canadiennes, surgirent du mouvement ouvrier quebecois au tournant du vingtieme siecle. C'est en raison de leur position particuliere au sein du proces de travail que les tisseurs et les tisseuses, ainsi que d'autres ouvriers du coton «semi-qualifies» donnerent une dimension -multilaterale» a leurs greves, de sorte que les conflits de travail eurent tendance a se deployer au-dela d'une seule tâche productive ou des seuls travailleurs qualifies. Comparativement, les ouvriers en chaussures evoluerent dans une environnement productif beaucoup plus «parcellise» et leur lutte surgit et concerna essentiellement les ouvriers masculins les plus qualifies et leurs fraternites respectives, dans la tradition du syndicalisme de metiers de l'ere victorienne. THIS STUDY SEEKS to demonstrate that numerous manifestations of "new unionism" similar to those found in England and various regions in Canada, were noticeable in the Quebec labour movement at the turn of the twentieth century. Because of their peculiar socio-technical position in the labour process, male and female weavers, as well as other semiskilled cotton mill operatives, gave a multilateral orientation to their strikes, meaning that labour conflicts tended to spread beyond a single occupation or to the most skilled workers. In comparison, boot and shoe workers were confined by a much more fragmented labour process and most of their struggle was generated by and reflected the concerns of the most skilled male operatives and their respective brotherhoods, in the tradition of nineteenth-century craft unionism.
Fast convolution using generalized Fermat/Mersenne number transforms

Applications of fast convolution using Fermat and Mersenne number transforms to digital filtering are greatly limited by the short transform sequence-lengths of these transforms. The generalized modulo numbers M generated by the following equation: M=p/sup q/t/+or-(p-1), which include the Fermat and Mersenne numbers, are proposed: p, q, and r, are integers and p is always prime. By using the generalized modulus numbers in computing fast convolution, the transform sequence lengths can be much greater than those obtained by either Fermat numbers or Mersenne numbers. The removal of the sequence length constraint by using the generalized modulus numbers and m-valued logic arithmetic implementation makes the fast convolution more practically useful. >
Rapid extraction of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater and groundwater samples for radiocarbon dating

We designed and developed a system to efficiently extract dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from seawater and groundwater samples for radiocarbon dating. The Rapid Extraction of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon System (REDICS) utilizes a gas-permeable polymer membrane contactor to extract the DIC from an acidified water sample in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2), introduce it to a helium gas stream, cryogenically isolate it, and store it for stable and radiocarbon isotope analysis. The REDICS system offers multiple advantages to the DIC extraction method which has been used for the last several decades at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility (NOSAMS) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, including faster DIC extraction, streamlined analysis, and minimized set-up and prep time. The system was tested using sodium carbonate and seawater standards, duplicates of which were also processed on the water stripping line (WSL) at NOSAMS. The results demonstrate that the system successfully extracts, quantifies, and stores more than 99% of the DIC in less than 20 min. Stable and radiocarbon isotope analysis demonstrated system precision of 0.04‰ and 7.8‰, respectively. A Sargasso Sea depth profile was used to further validate the system. The results show high precision for both stable and radiocarbon analysis with pooled standard deviations of 0.02‰ and 5.6‰, respectively. A comparison between the REDICS and WSL analyses indicates a good accuracy for both stable and radio-isotope analysis.
ASIA AND LATIN AMERICA Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952 . Edited by Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. 458. $60.00.

In the great and complicated equation of modern Asian history, just how important was the variable of opium? This book argues, and in large measure demonstrates, that for China opium was a very large variable indeed. Opium lubricated Western penetration into Asia, especially for the British, and helped significantly to pay for the upkeep and administration of Western colonies there. It was the casus belli that opened imperial China's treaty ports and became the metaphor for the falling dynasty's weakness and disgrace. It was the cash crop that lifted millions of Chinese peasants to new prosperity, and that exposed them to heightened levels of scrutiny and harassment by the state. It was the revenue source indispensable to any number of China's secret societies, warlords, political movements, occupying armies, and â€œnationalâ€ governments; as such, it was integral to the power struggles among them. By the early twentieth century, few significant elements of Chinese life were untouched by opium in one way or another.
Characterization of genes in the cellulose-synthesizing operon (acs operon) of Acetobacter xylinum: implications for cellulose crystallization.

The synthesis of an extracellular ribbon of cellulose in the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum takes place from linearly arranged, membrane-localized, cellulose-synthesizing and extrusion complexes that direct the coupled steps of polymerization and crystallization. To identify the different components involved in this process, we isolated an Acetobacter cellulose-synthesizing (acs) operon from this bacterium. Analysis of DNA sequence shows the presence of three genes in the acs operon, in which the first gene (acsAB) codes for a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 168 kDa, which was identified as the cellulose synthase. A single base change in the previously reported DNA sequence of this gene, resulting in a frameshift and synthesis of a larger protein, is described in the present paper, along with the sequences of the other two genes (acsC and acsD). The requirement of the acs operon genes for cellulose production was determined using site-determined TnphoA/Kanr GenBlock insertion mutants. Mutant analysis showed that while the acsAB and acsC genes were essential for cellulose production in vivo, the acsD mutant produced reduced amounts of two cellulose allomorphs (cellulose I and cellulose II), suggesting that the acsD gene is involved in cellulose crystallization. The role of the acs operon genes in determining the linear array of intramembranous particles, which are believed to be sites of cellulose synthesis, was investigated for the different mutants; however, this arrangement was observed only in cells that actively produced cellulose microfibrils, suggesting that it may be influenced by the crystallization of the nascent glucan chains. Images
Predictors of intensive care unit length of stay and intracranial pressure in severe traumatic brain injury

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of intracranial pressure (ICP) with intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay in a large cohort of severe traumatic brain injury patients and identify factors associating with prolonged ICU course. Methods This was a single-center database review of de-identified research data that had been prospectively collected; setting: neurosurgical ICU, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, TX. Results In a cohort of 438 severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, 149 (34%) had a motor Glasgow Coma Scale score of 1 to 3 on admission and 284 (65%) had 4 to 5. Intracranial pressure during the ICU course was 19.8 ± 11.2 mm Hg. Favorable outcome was obtained in 148 (34%), and unfavorable, in 211 (48%) patients with a mortality of 28%. ICU length of stay (LOS) was 19.4 ± 13.9 days. Joint modeling of ICP and ICU LOS was undertaken, adjusted for the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI admission prognostic indicators. A higher ICP was not significantly associated with longer ICU LOS ( P = .4). However, presence of a mass lesion on admission head computed tomography was strongly correlated with a prolonged ICU LOS ( P = .0007). Diffuse injuries with basal cistern compression or midline shift were marginally associated with a longer ICU LOS ( P = .053). Conclusions ICP, as monitored and managed according to BTF guidelines, is not associated with ICU length of stay. Patients with severe TBI and a mass lesion on admission head computed tomography were found to have prolonged ICU LOS independently of other indicators of injury severity and intracranial pressure course.
Investigation of phosphorus/kieselguhr catalyst modified by addition of zeolite

It has been established that a phosphorus/kieselguhr catalyst modified with zeolite has a high mechanical strength, activity, selectivity, and stability in comparison with a conventional catalyst specimen
Preparation and characterization of PdO-MoO3/γ-Al2O3 catalysts

Abstract Three different procedures have been compared for the preparation of PdO-MoO3/ /gg-Al2O3 catalysts for the purpose of achieving close proximity of the palladium and molybdenum oxides. The methods are: 1. adsorption of [PdCl2(OH)2]2− anions on MoO3/γ-Al2O3; 2. coadsorption of [Pd(NH3)4]2+ cations and MoO42− anions on γ-Al2O3; 3. adsorption of Mo(CO)6 on PdO/γ-Al2O3. Twenty catalysts were prepared and characterized by temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray powder diffraction. In general, the first method resulted in large, weakly bou oxide, whereas the other two methods resulted in a strong interaction between finely divided palladium and molybdenum oxides.
Statistical analysis of non-stationary series of events in a data base system

Central problems in the performance evaluation of computer systems are the description of the behavior of the system and characterization of the workload. One approach to these problems comprises the interactive combination of data-analytic procedures with probability modeling. This paper describes methods, both old and new, for the statistical analysis of non-stationary univariate stochastic point processes and sequences of positive random variables. Such processes arefr equently encountered in computer systems. As an illustration of the methodology an analysis is given of the stochastic point process of transactions initiated in a running data base system. On theb asis of the statistical analysis, a non-homogeneous Poissonp rocess model for the transaction initiation process is postulated for periods of high system activity and found to be an adequate characterization of the data. For periods of lower system activity, the transaction initiation process has a complex structure, with more clustering evident. Overall models of this type have application to the validation of proposed data base subsystem models.
NMR of samples containing metal foils.

By using spool configurations of a sample containing aluminum foil, in which the axis of the spool is collinear with the RF coil axis, one can obtain high-quality 13C NMR spectra of static samples of organic material attached to the aluminum foil. By combining such a spool configuration (or, alternatively, analogous samples containing equivalent amounts of fine aluminum powder) with the magic-angle hopping (MAH) technique, one can achieve a high degree of isotropic averaging of the 13C spectrum. This opens to NMR techniques the study of a variety of samples containing macroscopic pieces of metal foils, e.g., thin films deposited on metal foils and electrochemical systems with species adsorbed on metal-foil electrodes.
Pathways of Enzymatic Phosphotransfer Reactions

Abstract Mevalonate 5-pyrophosphate (MVAPP) decarboxylase catalyzes the decarboxylation of MVAPP to isopentenyl pyro-phosphate, an ATP-dependent process in which 3-phospho-MVAPP is a transient intermediate that undergoes concomitant decarboxylation and elimination of phosphate. Reaction of (Sp)-adenosine 5′-0-3-thio [3-17O 2,180] triphosphate in place of ATP produces (R)-[17O,18O] thiophosphate in place of phosphate. Therefore, the phosphotransfer step producing 3-phospho-MVAPP proceeds with inversion of configuration at P. Gentamicin nucleotidyl-transferase catalyzes the reaction of ATP with the C-2″ hydroxyl group of aminoglycoside antibiotics to produce AMP-2″-aminoglycosides, thereby inactivating the drugs. Enzymatic reaction of (Sp)-2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-O[α-17O] triphosphate with tobramycin produces (Rp)-[α-17O]dAMP-2″-tobramycin. Therefore, transfer of the 2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-phosphoryl group proceeds with inversion of configuration. Since both reactions are uncomplicated bisubstrate processes and ...
Microbial Transformation of Manool and (12Z)-Labda-8(17), 12, 14-triene by Rhodococcus erythropolis JTS-131

Rhodococcus erythropolis JTS-131, a cis-abienol and sclareol transformable bacterium, converted manool and accumulated manoyl oxide in the culture broth. In the presence of metabolic inhibitors, 13β-hydroxylabda-8(17),14-dien-18-oic acid and its methylester (a new compound) were accumulated as the transformation products. This strain also transformed (12Z)-labda-8(17),12,14- triene and acqumulated (12Z)-labda-8(17),12,14-trien-18-al in the culture broth. In the presence of metabolic inhibitors, two compounds, (12Z)-labda-8(17),12,14-trien-18-ol and 4,18,19-trinor-3,4- seco-5-oxo-(12Z)-labda-8(17),12,14-trien-3-oic acid were accumulated. Based on the experiments on the degradation sequence, transformation pathways for these two labdanes by the bacterium are proposed.
Subsyndromal depression and anxiety in older adults: Health related, functional, cognitive and diagnostic implications

Subsyndromal depression in later life is common in primary care. Comorbid anxiety disorders could exacerbate the negative effect of subsyndromal depression on functioning, health-related quality of life, comorbidity and/or cognition. We examined anxiety disorders co-existing with subsyndromal depression in participants ≥ age 50 in an NIH trial of Problem Solving Therapy for Primary Care for indicated prevention of major depression. There were 247 participants, with Centers for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression scores ≥ 11. Participants could have multiple psychiatric diagnoses: 22% of the sample had no DSM IV diagnosis; 39% of the sample had only 1 DSM IV diagnosis; 28% had 2 diagnoses; 6% had 3 DSM IV diagnoses; 4% had 4 DSM IV diagnoses; and 1% had 5 diagnoses. Furthermore, 34% of participants had a current comorbid DSM IV diagnosis of a syndromal anxiety disorder. We hypothesized that those with subsyndromal depression, alone relative to those with co-existing anxiety disorders, would report better health-related quality of life, less disability, less medical comorbidity and less cognitive impairment. However, there were no differences in quality of life based on the SF 12 nor in disability based on Late Life Function and Disability Instrument scores. There were no differences in medical comorbidity based on the Cumulative Illness Scale-Geriatrics scale scores nor in cognitive function based on the Executive Interview (EXIT), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and Mini-Mental Status Exam. Our findings suggest that about one third of participants 50 years and older with subsyndromal depression have comorbid anxiety disorders; however, this does not appear to be associated with worse quality of life, functioning, disability, cognitive function or medical comorbidity.
Genetics, etiology, and human cancer.

Abstract Approximately 9% of the 2000 or more Mendelian inherited diseases of man have a cancer association. In the aggregate, these hereditary disorders account for perhaps 5–10% of all human cancer. However, myriad exogenous and endogenous factors influence the induction and promotion of both single gene and polygenically determined varieties of cancer. Cancer liability can be comprehended as a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure wherein the question becomes “What proportion of the variance in liability in a population can be attributed to the genetic component (heritability)?” It therefore is misleading to regard individual cases as being due to genetic or environmental factors, since these effects interplay in all patients. Typical clinical features of hereditary/familial cancer are early onset and multiple primary cancer. Predictability in such a setting relevant to specific target organs is of as high or higher an order of magnitude as the predictability of cancer in, for example, atomic bomb survivors, vinyl chloride and asbestos workers, or heavy cigarette smokers. This information can be utilized to great advantage through registries with management programs focusing on surveillance and prevention through avoidance of specific carcinogens, and in certain circumstances, prophylactic removal of high risk organs.
A scheduling decision aid in glass fiber manufacturing

Abstract A decision aid for scheduling production in glass fiber manufacturing industry is described. The methodology combines a linear programming (LP) optimization model with a heuristic model. The LP model determines production goals; the heuristic model then uses the LP output to incorporate system-specific constraints in developing processing sequences.
LAND USE AND VIOLENT CRIME

Although research has shown specific land uses to be related to crime, systematic investigation of land uses and violent crime has been less common. This study systematically examines links between land uses and violent crime and assesses whether such links are conditioned by socioeconomic disadvantage. We employ geocoded Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data from the Indianapolis police department and information on 30 categories of land use and demographic information from the 2000 U.S. Census. We use land use variables to predict violent crime counts in 1,000 × 1,000-feet grid cells using negative binomial regression models. Results indicate that, net of other variables, specific land uses predict variation in counts for individual violent crimes and aggregate rates. Some nonresidential land uses are associated with higher violent crime counts, whereas others are associated with lower counts. Specific land uses also condition the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on violent crime. The implications for routine activity/opportunity and social disorganization/collective efficacy theories of crime are discussed.
A Study of Liver Function in Experimental “Peptic” Ulcer

1. The quantitative bilirubin test and the blood lipase and bromsulphthalein retention determinations for liver function were applied to 31 dogs on which the Mann-Williamson operation was performed for the production of post-operative jejunal ulcer. It was found that the operationper se does not cause a detectable disturbance of liver function according to the tests used. When the body is much embarrassed by a loss of blood or threatened perforation in consequence of the development of an ulcer, liver function is deranged in some but not all cases. The liver was not detectably disturbed prior to the development of the ulcer. 2. The same tests were applied to 11 dogs which received daily 100 mg. of cinchophen, made priod to 1936, for 90 days along with 60 gin. of gastric mucin. None of the dogs developed ulcer, but evidence of liver damage was observed in six, which shows that liver damage may be produced by cinchophen without causing an ulcer. 3. These observations indicate that if liver injury has anything to do with the etiology of experimental ulcer in the dog, it must be a fairly specific type of injury.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Glycolipids and a Carbohydrate From the Secondary Granules and Plasma Membrane of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Chloroform/methanol extracts of the secondary granule and plasma membrane fractions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes have been shown to contain both non-polar and polar carbohydrate-containing materials. The ratio of the polar to the non-polar material was much higher in the plasma membrane than the secondary granule fraction. The non-polar material contains at least two ceramide-like glycolipids and accounts for most of the broad band of periodic acid/Schiff-positive material which migrates at the dye front in sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoretic gels of granule and plasma membrane extracts. The polar material appears to be a single substance containing no fatty acids or sialic acid and is composed of glucose, hexosamine and a carboxylic acid derivative of pentose. Expressed on a per mg of protein basis, the amount of carbohydrate associated with the polar material in the plasma membrane fraction was about five times that of the secondary granule fraction.
THEORY OF BAND-EDGE OPTICAL NONLINEARITIES IN TYPE-I AND TYPE-II QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES

A theoretical analysis of the many-body effects in the band-edge absorption spectra of highly excited type-I and type-II semiconductor quantum-well structures is presented. The situation of a homogeneous electron-hole plasma in a usual type-I structure is compared and contrasted to the situation in a type-II structure, where the electron and hole plasmas are spatially separated into adjacent layers. The plasma effects are determined through numerical solutions of a generalized Wannier equation, which accounts for dynamical exchange and screening effects as well as Pauli blocking. In the description of dynamical screening, an alternative to the so-called Shindo approximation is developed. The induced electric-field effects in the type-II systems are investigated by solving the coupled Schr\"odinger and Poisson equations for the charge carriers.
Fuzzy logic approach for computing the probability of target detection in cluttered scenes

A tremendous number of fuzzy system-based applications are currently available. A new application of fuzzy systems theory is presented to compute the probability of target detection in cluttered in- frared images. Both the Mamdani and Assilian and Sugeno's fuzzy- based models have been investigated. A data set for one vehicle has been used to model the relationships between three input parameters, the Der clutter metric, the probability of edge (POE) metric, the Schmieder variance-based clutter metric, and the experimental probabil- ity of detection value. Both fuzzy models have given excellent predictive probability of detection values that are highly correlated to the observed probability of detection values. The preliminary results obtained suggest the adequacy of fuzzy-based modeling techniques to model the percep- tion of targets in infrared and visual scenes. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Nest site selection and its survival value among laughing gulls

1. The nesting strategy as determined by nonrandom variation in environmental features at laughing gull (Larus atricilla) nests in a salt marsh was studied (Fig. 3). Gulls tended to nest on mats in tall grass that grows on low ground (just above high tides) near water (Figs. 4–7). Grass height was inversely related to ground elevation and distance to water (Fig. 8). Throughout the season, gulls selected nest sites in grass about 35 cm in height; due to continued grass growth, early breeders had taller grass around nests (Fig. 9). Pairs in the colony center nested earlier and in taller grass than pairs in a peripheral area. 2. Mats apparently stabilize nests during flooding, and by settling on mats gulls may conserve energy in the collection of nest material. Tall grass around nests afforded chicks protection from predators and weather, and held floating nests in place during flooding. 3. Gulls spend about 4 weeks (two spring tidal cycles) on the nesting grounds before egg laying. During this time they perform virtually no nest building and probably gain important information about nest site suitability. 4. Tidal flooding, the greatest threat to reproductive success—destroying 70–100% of the nests in the colony — occurred on average once every 2 years over 10 years. Floods occurred during spring tides accompanied by sustained NE winds. 5. Following a flood that destroyed 70% of the nests in the colony, it was shown that a significantly greater proportion of successful pairs nested on mats and in significantly taller grass than unsuccessful pairs. Grass height, especially that on the SW side of the nest, was the most important predictor of success during flooding. 6. More pairs in the central area were successful than those in the peripheral one: the result of nesting in taller grass and the greater protection of the central area from tides and winds. Though not differing among successful and unsuccessful nesters, females in the peripheral area laid smaller eggs and clutches, and laid later than females in the central area (over 3 years), suggesting that females in the peripheral area were on average younger than females in the central area. It was speculated that, on average, younger pairs will experience during flooding lower reproductive success as a result of nesting inexperience and nesting in suboptimal habitat. The smaller reproductive investments of younger pairs in eggs and clutches can be interpreted as an adaptation to conserve energy during a period of the life cycle when new behavioral adjustments and nesting areas are being explored.
Particle-Substrate Collisions, Particle Rebound and Removal

Recent progress in particle capture and rebound and its effect on the adhesion force is reviewed in this paper. Particles rebound when the incident velocity is greater than a characteristic critical velocity. Lower impaction velocity particles experience elastic and plastic deformation. Recent models for particle rebound and capture are discussed and evaluated in terms of their restrictive assumptions and results. Recent experimental data of particle rebound and capture is also discussed, as is the hydrodynamic removal of captured particles. The removal of particles occurs when the applied hydrodynamic removal force overcomes the adhesion force. The effect of adhesion-induced deformation on the removal of particles is introduced and discussed.
Neonatology consultations for preterm labour beyond the grey zone: reconceptualising our goals.

1.Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA2.Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USACorrespondenceTheophil A. Stokes, Department of Pediatrics, Walter ReedNational Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave.,Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.Tel.: +301-319-6428 |Fax: +301-295-6173 |Email: theophil.stokes@usuhs.eduReceived23 January 2015; accepted 27 January 2015DOI:10.1111/apa.12955
Overcoming Obstacles in the Search for the Site of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Emergence

The murine embryo has become a valuable tool to examine the ontogeny of hematopoiesis. However, the onset of the systemic circulation has long been a confounding developmental variable that may mask the site of blood cell emergence. This Minireview examines some approaches that have been applied to overcome this obstacle.
Lung transplant outcomes in cystic fibrosis patients with pre-operative Mycobacterium abscessus respiratory infections.

Background Mycobacterium abscessus in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is considered a contraindication to lung transplantation. We examine the post-transplant outcomes of CF patients with M. abscessus pre-transplant. Methods CF patients transplanted at the University of North Carolina from 1992 to 2012 were retrospectively examined. Patients with at least one respiratory sample positive for M. abscessus prior to transplantation were included. Data collected included age, FEV1, body mass index (BMI), systemic steroid use, diabetes mellitus, ventilatory assistance, co-existent CF pathogens, imaging, post-transplant complications, and survival. Results (n = 13) At transplant, mean age was 24.6 yr, mean BMI was 18.1 kg/m2, six had 3+ positive smears for M. abscessus, and three were ventilator dependent. All met American Thoracic Society microbiological criteria for disease pre-transplant. Three patients developed M. abscessus-related complications, with clearance of the organism following treatment. Survival post-transplant shows 77% alive at one yr, 64% at three yr, and 50% at five yr; none died of M. abscessus. The survival data showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.8) compared with a contemporaneously transplanted population of CF patients without M. abscessus (n = 154). Conclusion Lung transplantation, with favorable survival, is possible in CF patients with M. abscessus. Even if M. abscessus recurs, local control and clearance is possible.
The von economo neurons in apes and humans

The von Economo neurons (VENs) are large bipolar neurons located in frontoinsular (FI) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in great apes and humans but not other primates. We stereologically counted the VENs in FI and the limbic anterior (LA) area of ACC and found them to be more numerous in humans than in apes. In humans, VENs first appear in small numbers in the 36th week postconception are rare at birth and increase in number during the first 8 months after birth. There are significantly more VENs in the right hemisphere than the left in FI and LA in postnatal brains; this may be related to asymmetries in the autonomic nervous system. The activity of the inferior anterior insula, containing FI, is related to physiological changes in the body, decision-making, error recognition, and awareness. In a preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study of the connections of FI, we found that the VEN-containing regions connect with the frontal pole as well as with other parts of frontal and insular cortex, the septum, and the amygdala. The VENs and a related cell population, the fork cells, selectively express the bombesin peptides neuromedin B (NMB) and gastrin releasing pepide, which signal satiety. The loss of VENs and fork cells may be related to the loss of satiety signaling in patients with frontotemporal dementia who have damage to FI. These cells may be morphological specializations of an ancient population of neurons involved in the control of appetite present in the insular cortex in all mammals.
Ocular infection secondary to gemella

To report four cases of ocular infection caused by Gemella species. Microbial identification was carried out using the MicroScan Walkaway system (Dade Behring) and/or Vitek-2 (bioMerieux) and susceptibility testing with either Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion and/or Vitek-2. The paper is presented as an interventional case report. Four patients developed infection due to Gemella species. All responded to vancomycin or fortified aminoglycosides and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Gemella spp. can cause opportunistic infections in the eye.
R-2GAM stochastic volatility model: flexibility and calibration

This paper investigates the potential of the 2GAM stochastic volatility model for capturing varying properties of option prices represented by the implied volatility surface. The 2GAM model is shown to be a generalization of the Heston model. Then, taking the original Heston model as the benchmark, the paper explores the flexibility allowed by the 2GAM model. More precisely, the focus is on the restricted 2GAM (R-2GAM) model which builds upon the Heston model reproducing a given short-term implied volatility skew. Going from theory to practice, the paper suggests a numerically-feasible calibration procedure for the R-2GAM model. In an application to the valuation of the S&P 500 option contracts this paper addresses the challenges of calibrating the R-2GAM model to market prices and raises concerns of possible over-parameterization.
Understanding the Mechanism of Solvent-Mediated Adhesion of Vacuum Deposited Au and Pt Thin Films onto PMMA Substrates

The adhesion of 100 nm thick electron-beam deposited Au and Pt and magnetron sputtered Au thin films onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates can be significantly enhanced to over 90% adhesion by either spin-casting or vapor-exposure to hydrohalocarbon solvents prior to metal deposition compared to samples that are either cleaned in isopropyl alcohol or pre-treated with a remote O2 plasma. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and evolved gas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (EGA-FTIR) reveal the presence of residual halogenated solvent molecules at the PMMA surface which chemically activates the surface to produce a stable chemical interaction between the noble metal film and the PMMA. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the halogenated solvent molecules preferentially form a Lewis acid-base adduct with the oxygen atoms in the ester group in PMMA which is consistent with the measured enthalpy of desorption of chloroform (CHCl3) on PMMA determined by EGA-FTIR to be 36 kJ mol-1. The DFT model also supports the experimentally observed change in the high resolution XPS O 1s peak at 533.77 eV after metallization attributed to a change in the local bonding environment of the bridging O in the PMMA ester group. DFT also predicts that the deposited metal atom (M)more » inserts into the C-X bond where X is the halogen atom on either CHCl3 or bromoform (CHBr3) to form a O M X interaction that is observed by a M-X bond in the high resolution XPS Cl 2p3/2 peak at 198.03 eV and Br 3p3/2 peak at 182.06 eV. A range of solvents with differing polarities for PMMA pre-treatment have been used and it is proposed that non-complexing solvents result in significant metal adhesion improvement. The Gutmann acceptor number can be used to predict the effectiveness of solvent treatment for noble metal adhesion. A model is proposed in which the bond energy of the C-X bond of the solvent must be sufficiently low so that the C-X bond can be cleaved to form the M-X bond. Supporting this model, a negative control of vapor phase exposure to fluoroform (CHF3) is shown to have no effect on noble metal adhesion due to the higher bond dissociation energy of the C-F bond compared to the C-Cl and C-Br bond energy. The surface activation of vapor-phase exposed PMMA surfaces is technologically significant for the fabrication of polymer microdevices requiring Au or Pt metallization.« less
Directly measured net denitrification rates in offshore New England sediments

Abstract Continental shelf sediments are important locations for denitrification in the marine environment. Here, we report a robust, directly measured set of sediment net denitrification rates from five sites off the coast of southern Rhode Island (USA). Using the N2/Ar technique, we sampled three of these sites at an almost bimonthly rate from October 2009 to January 2011, and two additional sites during July 2010. Net denitrification ranged from approximately 20 to 75 N2–N μmol m−2 h−1 with a mean of 44±4 N2–N μmol m−2 h−1. These values are similar to other studies that report direct-measurements of sediment net N2 fluxes located along the East coast of the United States. Net sediment denitrification rates were not significantly different between sites, nor did the rates change over the sampled temperature range (5–17 °C). Net denitrification rates were weakly correlated, but exhibited significant relationships with sediment oxygen demand. Positive and negative fluxes of nitrate along the sediment–water interface suggest that both direct and coupled denitrification are occurring. Sediment molar C:N ratios were consistent temporally and spatially, indicating that sediment organic matter quality may be responsible for the similar rates of net denitrification at our sites. If we apply our rates to the 360,000 km2 North East United States shelf area, we calculate that 0.14 Tmol of N per year are removed, accounting for just over 5% of the total N entering the North Atlantic shelf region. Additionally, we predict a historical denitrification rate based on primary production estimates, which indicate that denitrification rates may have been three times higher in the past than our current measurements. Thus, as seen in a nearby coastal system, the nitrogen cycle in offshore New England regions could have changed during the last century.
Relationship between hypertension and admixture in post-menopausal African American and Hispanic American women

Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent in African-Americans (AFAs) and Hispanic-Americans (HAs) than in European-Americans. We assessed whether continental admixture was correlated with diabetes risk in these high-risk groups.
The Morrowan-Atokan (Pennsylvanian) boundary problem

Recognition of the Morrowan-Atokan Series boundary of the Pennsylvanian Subsystem in North America is complicated by the presence of unconformities succeeded by poorly fossiliferous lithologies at that level in both type regions. Abandonment of the name Atokan in favor of the alternatively used name Derryan would not resolve the problem. The appearance of the fusiform fusulinid Profusulinella has been taken to mark the base of the Atokan Series since its proposal, yet there is no evidence to support that conclusion. A competing definition based on the appearance of the primitive fusulinids Pseudostqffella and Eoschubertella seems to define better a boundary that is consistent with what is known of the Morrowan and Atokan type regions and of other faunal groups. A boundary stratotype is needed to fully resolve the problem.
Isolation and structure of palstatin from the amazon tree Hymeneae palustris

Bioassay (P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line and human cancer cell lines) guided separation of an extract prepared from the leaves of Hymenaea palustris Ducke led to the isolation of six cancer cell growth inhibitory flavonoids (1-6). The structures were elucidated by HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis. The new flavonolignan 1 designated palstatin proved to be a methoxy structural modification of 5'-methoxyhydnocarpin-D (2). Flavones 1-4 inhibited growth of the pathogenic bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and/or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Control of Ser2448 Phosphorylation in the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin by Insulin and Skeletal Muscle Load

We have investigated the effects of insulin, amino acids, and the degree of muscle loading on the phosphorylation of Ser(2448), a site in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylated by protein kinase B (PKB) in vitro. Phosphorylation was assessed by immunoblotting with a phosphospecific antibody (anti-Ser(P)(2448)) and with mTAb1, an activating antibody whose binding is inhibited by phosphorylation in the region of mTOR that contains Ser(2448). Incubating rat diaphragm muscles with insulin increased Ser(2448) phosphorylation but did not change the total amount of mTOR. Insulin, but not amino acids, activated PKB, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of both Ser(308) and Thr(473) in the kinase. Ser(2448) phosphorylation was also modulated by muscle-loading. Overloading the rat plantaris muscle by synergist muscle ablation, which promotes hypertrophy of the plantaris muscle, increased Ser(2448) phosphorylation. In contrast, unloading the gastrocnemius muscle by hindlimb suspension, which promotes atrophy of the muscle, decreased Ser(2448) phosphorylation, an effect that was fully reversible. Neither overloading nor hindlimb suspension significantly changed the total amount of mTOR. In summary, our results demonstrate that atrophy and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle are associated with decreases and increases in Ser(2448) phosphorylation, suggesting that modulation of this site may have an important role in the control of protein synthesis.
Oviposition by Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda) in vitro

Summary Oviposition by females of the ruminant nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis was influenced by in vitro conditions. Release of eggs declined linearly during incubation for 4.5 h. An average of 8.8 eggs was deposited by females during the first hour in vitro. Decreased pH, temperature, and osmolarity caused reduced production of eggs. Storage of females at 4°C had no effect on subsequent oviposition at 37°C. Oviposition was similar under light and dark conditions. Concomitant males or the female's age did not influence production of eggs in vitro. The release of eggs in vitro was significantly decreased by octapamine and GABA while serotonin elevated oviposition. Thus, environmental stimuli from the host may partially modulate helminth fecundity.
Quantum Monodromy and nonconcentration near a closed semi-hyperbolic orbit

For a large class of semiclassical operators P(h) ― z which includes Schrodinger operators on manifolds with boundary, we construct the Quantum Monodromy operator M(z) associated to a periodic orbit γ of the classical flow. Using estimates relating M(z) and P(h) — z, we prove semiclassical estimates for small complex perturbations of P(h) — z in the case γ is semi-hyperbolic. As our main application, we give logarithmic lower bounds on the mass of eigenfunctions away from semi-hyperbolic orbits of the associated classical flow. As a second application of the Monodromy Operator construction, we prove if γ is an elliptic orbit, then P(h) admits quasimodes which are well-localized near γ.
Doing double duty Paradigm repair and the Princess Diana what-a-story

This study draws on journalistic discourse about the death of Princess Diana to frame everyday newswork as cultural ritual, and show how some kinds of newswork serve to maintain and restore the core tenets of the culture's beliefs. The study focuses on the ritual of paradigm repair and its particular case employed in what-a-story newswork.
Caliban's Legacy

The burning of books, which can be traced from antiquity through the twentieth century, is tantamount to the destruction of individuals and the erasure of history. In this essay, Lowenthal focuses on the psychology and symbolism of book burning and reminds us of the need to prevent both the deliberate destruction of memory and its inadvertent neglect.
SCATTERING OF REAL PIONS ON EACH OTHER.

The feasibility of scattering real pions on each other is discussed. Estimates (based on machine parameters now realized or planned) are given for scattering in minirings, when the pion energies are low: for self clashing and head on colliding of pion beams when their laboratory energy is high. A pi-pi scattering experiment with a miniring, which may be performed at LAMPF, is described.