cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on Histoplasma capsulatum and similar form-species. II. Effect of temperature.

In a preceding paper (3) the writer has shown that Histoplasma capsulatum Darling and Sepedonium chrysospermumi (Bull.) Link resembled each other in their methods of spore formation and in the morphology of the aleuriospores, but that at the same time they differed in that Sepedoniumn chrysospermulium produced phialospores, whereas Histoplasma capsulatum did not. Because of the fact that they seemed so strikingly alike on a morphological basis, and yet differed in the number of types of reproductive bodies formed, it became desirable to study the biology of these species. Histoplasma capsulatum Darling, which is parasitic on man, Sepedonium chrysospermum (Bull.) Link and Stephanoma tetracocculmt van Zinderen-Bakker, which are parasitic on other fungi, and Sepedonium xylogenumn Sacc., saprophytic on decayed wood were compared and differences in their responses to environment noted. The first series of experiments is intended to determine the effect of temperature on the growth and sporulation of these fungi. In these experiments the fungi were grown on potato maltose agar made up according to the formula given in a previous paper (3). To insure uniformity of the medium, four liters of the potato decoction were made up at one time, and in order to obviate any
Metabolism of dihalomethanes to carbon monoxide: IV. Studies in isolated rat hepatocytes

Abstract The effects of SKF 525-A, phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene on dihalomethane metabolism were studied in intact animals as well as in isolated rat hepatocytes (IRH). Treatment of rats with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene resulted in increased metabolism of dibromomethane to carbon monoxide in vivo . Treatment of rats with SKF 525-A or diethyl maleate prior to dibromomethane administration resulted in decreased blood carbon monoxide levels in vivo . The biotransformation of dibromomethane to carbon monoxide was also studied in IRH and was characterized with respect to time, number of cells, substrate concentration and effects of inhibitors and inducers of drug metabolism. Carbon monoxide production was linear for about 30 min and increased with increasing cell concentration. The apparent K m and V max for dibromomethane were 15.9 ± 2.0 mM and 1.14 ± 0.25 nmoles carbon monoxide/1 × 10 6 cells/min, respectively, in IRH from control rats, while the values in IRH from phenobarbital treated animals were 18.5 ± 9.6 mM and 1.77 ± 0.10 nmoles carbon monoxide/1 × 10 6 cells/min, respectively. SKF 525-A, diethyl maleate and ethanol inhibited the biotransformation of dibromomethane to carbon monoxide in IRH. The rate of metabolism of various dihalomethanes in IRH was found to be diiodomethane > dibromomethane > bromochloromethane = dichloromethane suggesting a relationship between decreased electronegativity of the halogen and increased metabolism. These studies demonstrate that dibromomethane metabolism is increased in vivo by treatment with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene as well as in IRH from phenobarbital treated animals. Dibromomethane metabolism can be decreased by a variety of inhibitors in both systems.
Force propagation in isostatic granular packs

We investigate how forces spread through frictionless granular packs at the jamming transition. Previous work has indicated that such packs are isostatic, and thus obey a null stress law which, independent of the packing history, causes rays of stress to propagate away from a point force at oblique angles. Prior verifications of the null stress law have used a sequential packing method which yields packs with anisotropic packing histories. We create packs without this anisotropy, and then later break the symmetry by adding a boundary. Our isotropic packs are very sensitive, and their responses to point forces diverge wildly, indicating that they cannot be described by any continuum stress model. We stabilize the packs by supplying an additional boundary, which makes the response much more regular. The response of the stabilized packs resembles what one would expect in a hyperstatic pack, despite the isostatic bulk. The expected stress rays characteristic of null stress behavior are not present. This suggests that isostatic packs do not need to obey a null stress condition. We argue that the rays may arise instead from more simple geometric considerations, such as preferred contact angles between beads.
Inaugural Christianson Syndrome Association conference: families meeting for the first time

Christianson syndrome (CS) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deleterious mutations in SLC9A6. Affected families organized the inaugural Christianson Syndrome Association conference to advance CS knowledge and develop questions that may be prioritized in future research.
Testing a measure of instigated workplace incivility

Using a sample of 211 working adults, an instigated workplace incivility measure, distinct from an experienced workplace incivility and general interpersonal deviance measures, was developed. Correlates of instigated workplace incivility were then tested using 162 medical technologists over a 4-year time frame. Results indicated that Time 1 measures of distributive justice and job satisfaction were negatively related to instigated workplace incivility, while a Time 1 measure of work exhaustion was positively related to such incivility. Furthermore, these three antecedents contributed significantly to explaining instigated workplace incivility, beyond Time 2 measures of these three variables. Future research issues, as well as study limitations, are discussed.
Mining global constraints for improving bounded sequential equivalence checking

In this paper, we propose a novel technique on mining relationships in a sequential circuit to discover global constraints. In contrast to the traditional learning methods, our mining algorithm can find important relationships among several nodes efficiently. The nodes involved may often span several time-frames, thus improving the deductibility of the problem instance. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of these global constraints to SAT-based bounded sequential equivalence checking can achieve one to two orders of magnitude speedup. In addition, because it is orthogonal to the underlying SAT solver, it can help to enhance the efficacy of typical SAT based verification flows.
CTLA-4 Engagement Acts as a Brake on CD4+ T Cell Proliferation and Cytokine Production but Is Not Required for Tuning T Cell Reactivity in Adaptive Tolerance

Adaptive tolerance is the physiologic down-regulation of T cell responsiveness in the face of persistent antigenic stimulation. In this study, we examined the role of CTLA-4 in this process using CTLA-4-deficient and wild-type TCR transgenic, Rag2(-/-), CD4(+) T cells transferred into a T cell-deficient, Ag-expressing host. Surprisingly, we found that the tuning process of adoptively transferred T cells could be induced and the hyporesponsive state maintained in the absence of CTLA-4. Furthermore, movement to a deeper state of anergy following restimulation in vivo in a second Ag-bearing host was also unaffected. In contrast, CTLA-4 profoundly inhibited late T cell expansion in vivo following both primary and secondary transfers, and curtailed IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. Removal of this braking function in CTLA-4-deficient mice following Ag stimulation may explain their lymphoproliferative dysregulation.
Papatuka alamunyiga Deans, a new genus and species of apterous ensign wasp (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) from Kenya

An apterous ensign wasp, Papatuka alamunyiga Deans gen. nov., sp. nov., from Kenya is described and illustrated. A diagnosis differentiating P. alamunyiga from other apterous ensign wasps is provided as well as a discussion of its potential relationship to other evaniid genera.
PROGRESS IN PSYCHOMETRICS: CAN INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY CATCH UP?

Murphy and DeShon (2000) show that interrater correlations do not provide reasonable estimates of the reliability of job performance ratings, and suggest that better estimates can be obtained by applying the methods of generalizability theory. Schmidt, Viswesvaran, and Ones (2000) criticize our suggestions as radical, and argue that: (a) the reliability of ratings should be evaluated using the parallel test model rather than the more general and more realistic generalizability model, (b) reliability and validity are distinct concepts that should not be confused, and (c) measurement models have little to do with substantive models of the processes that generate scores on a test or measure. All three of these ideas were once part of the psychometric mainstream, but progress in psychometrics over the last 3 decades has moved the field well beyond these assumptions and approaches. Modern psychometric theory calls for close linkages between measurement models and substantive models of the phenomena being measured.
BGP-lens: patterns and anomalies in internet routing updates

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is one of the fundamental computer communication protocols. Monitoring and mining BGP update messages can directly reveal the health and stability of Internet routing. Here we make two contributions: firstly we find patterns in BGP updates, like self-similarity, power-law and lognormal marginals; secondly using these patterns, we find anomalies. Specifically, we develop BGP-lens, an automated BGP updates analysis tool, that has three desirable properties: (a) It is effective, able to identify phenomena that would otherwise go unnoticed, such as a peculiar 'clothesline' behavior or prolonged 'spikes' that last as long as 8 hours; (b) It is scalable, using algorithms are all linear on the number of time-ticks; and (c) It is admin-friendly, giving useful leads for phenomenon of interest.We showcase the capabilities of BGP-lens by identifying surprising phenomena verified by syadmins, over a massive trace of BGP updates spanning 2 years, from the publicly available site datapository.net.
Rad52 promotes second-end DNA capture in double-stranded break repair to form complement-stabilized joint molecules

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad52 performs multiple functions during the recombinational repair of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) breaks (DSBs). It mediates assembly of Rad51 onto single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) that is complexed with replication protein A (RPA); the resulting nucleoprotein filament pairs with homologous dsDNA to form joint molecules. Rad52 also catalyzes the annealing of complementary strands of ssDNA, even when they are complexed with RPA. Both Rad51 and Rad52 can be envisioned to promote "second-end capture," a step that pairs the ssDNA generated by processing of the second end of a DSB to the joint molecule formed by invasion of the target dsDNA by the first processed end. Here, we show that Rad52 promotes annealing of complementary ssDNA that is complexed with RPA to the displaced strand of a joint molecule, to form a complement-stabilized joint molecule. RecO, a prokaryotic homolog of Rad52, cannot form complement-stabilized joint molecules with RPA-ssDNA complexes, nor can Rad52 promote second-end capture when the ssDNA is bound with either human RPA or the prokaryotic ssDNA-binding protein, SSB, indicating a species-specific process. We conclude that Rad52 participates in second-end capture by annealing a resected DNA break, complexed with RPA, to the joint molecule product of single-end invasion event. These studies support a role for Rad52-promoted annealing in the formation of Holliday junctions in DSB repair.
Reduction of Short-Interval GPS Data for Construction Operations Analysis

The systems that historically have been used to collect data for time studies of construction operations are manual in nature and limited to the observer’s field of view. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology incorporated into an onboard instrumentation system can be used to autonomously collect position and velocity data without the field of view limitation. Data must be collected at a short time interval to provide the level of detail necessary for operations analysis. Thus the issue becomes managing the data and identifying the relatively key records that mark the start and stop of activities. A field observer identifies the key times in real time with instantaneous decisions of when one activity stops and the next starts based on enormous volumes of visual information. This work developed a methodology for making equivalent decisions based on GPS data and presents the procedures developed to identify the key records necessary to calculate activity durations. A case study is used to illustrate app...
Talking health, a pragmatic randomized-controlled health literacy trial targeting sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adults: rationale, design & methods.

Abstract High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) contributes to a wide range of poor health outcomes. Further, few US adults drink less than the recommended ≤ 8 oz per day; and individuals with low socioeconomic, low health literacy status, and in rural areas are even less likely to meet recommendations. Unfortunately, few SSB behavioral interventions exist targeting adults, and none focus on low health literacy in rural areas. Talking Health, a type 1 effectiveness-implementation hybrid trial targeting adults in rural southwest Virginia, was developed using the RE-AIM planning and evaluation framework (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance). The primary aim of this pragmatic randomized-controlled trial was to determine the effectiveness of a scalable 6-month intervention aimed at decreasing SSB consumption (SIP smart ER) when compared to a matched contact physical activity promotion control group (MoveMore). SIP smart ER was developed based upon the Theory of Planned Behavior and uses health literacy strategies to improve comprehension of the intervention content among participants. MoveMore is based on a research-tested intervention that was adapted to address all theory of planned behavior constructs and health literacy principles. Secondary aims include additional health outcomes (e.g., physical activity, weight) and reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance indicators. This paper highlights the opportunities and considerations for developing health behavior trials that aim to determine intervention effectiveness, provide all study participants an opportunity to benefit from research participation, and collect key information on reach and the potential for organizational adoption, implementation, and maintenance with the longer-term goal of speeding translation into practice settings.
Open techniques for arch vessel reconstruction during thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR)

Over the past several years, the use and applications of thoracic endovascular grafts have increased significantly. There are now three FDA approved devices for thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) available in the United States. These new devices have allowed us to expand the number of patients as well as the conditions we treat with this technology. However, many patients are not candidates for traditional endovascular repair because of unsuitable anatomy for use of these devices. Commonly, this is due to an inadequate proximal landing zone on the aortic arch. The recommended proximal landing zone for thoracic endograft devices is typically 2 to 3 cm of seal. To achieve this proximal landing zone, up to 40% of thoracic aneurysmsmayrequirecoverageofcriticalsupra-aorticarch vessels including or proximal to the left subclavian artery. 1 In this article, we will discuss the open surgical alternatives and techniques available in managing the proximal arch vessels in patients who have complex thoracic aortic anatomy.
Defecography in healthy subjects: comparison of three contrast media.

PURPOSE: To determine if differences in the viscosity of defecographic contrast media influence radiographic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty asymptomatic volunteers underwent defecography three times with a different contrast medium used for each examination. The contrast media varied in viscosity from a thin barium liquid to a commercial barium paste formulated for defecography and to an extremely thick, specially prepared barium contrast paste. RESULTS: Significant differences (P .05). Rectoceles occurred in 14 subjects and were demonstrated with all media. Low-grade intussusceptions were more prevalent with the liquid medium, but their occurrence was not statistically significantly more frequent (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Altering the viscosity of the barium contrast medium used for defec...
Joint iterative channel estimation and decoding for bit-interleaved coded modulation over correlated fading channels

We design and evaluate a novel and highly efficient algorithm, named sparsely interleaved estimation and decoding (SIED), for joint iterative channel estimation and decoding for bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) over flat correlated fading channels. In SIED, in order to effectively prevent error propagation, the decoding proceeds until the current decoder stage converges, and only then feeds back the best achievable decoding results to refine channel estimates. The on-line convergence is detected through the soft decoding metrics (SDMs). Further, we provide a unified analytic framework for both the choice of filter length and an asymptotic bit error rate (BER) analysis, where the key parameter is the power correlation coefficient between the fading and its estimate. Simulation results verify that our SIED algorithm can successfully break the barrier of the channel estimation error caused by conventional pilot symbol-assisted modulation (PSAM), and lead the BER to approach the ideal asymptotic performance. Compared to the classical iteratively filtered PSAM (IF-PSAM) algorithm, our proposed SIED algorithm has more than 0.5-dB improvement in E/sub b//N/sub 0/ for the normalized fade rate f/sub d/T/sub s/=0.05 with much lower complexity.
Studies of the Metabolic Effects of Acute Insulin Deficiency: I. Mechanism of Impairment of Hepatic Fatty Acid and Protein Synthesis

(1) Acute insulin deficiency was produced in rats by the intravenous administration of potent anti-insulin guinea pig serum. Plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels rapidly increased to an excess of 350 mg. per cent and 1,200 μEq/L. respectively, and were kept elevated by repeated injections of anti-insulin serum. (2) Hepatic fatty acid synthesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of acetate-1-C-14, acetyl-1-C-14 CoA, and malonyl-1,3-C-14 CoA into fatty acid by cell-free liver homogenates. Within 90 min. after the induction of acute insulin deficiency, acetate and acetyl CoA incorporation were markedly decreased, but malonyl CoA conversion to fatty acids was unaffected, indicating a block in lipogenesis at the acetyl CoA carboxylase step. (3) The acute inhibition of carboxylase appeared to be a feedback mechanism since significant increases in hepatic tissue NEFA were observed when fatty acid synthesis decreased, and similar patterns of inhibition could be reproduced in normal rat liver homogenates by addition of either palmitate or palmityl CoA. (4) Hepatic protein synthesis, measured by the incorporation of lysine-U-C-14 did not become impaired until three hours after the induction of acute insulin deficiency. The delayed onset of inhibition and the failure to observe impairment of protein synthesis following the in vitro addition of palmitate, suggest that the factor(s) responsible for impaired hepatic protein synthesis following acute insulin deprivation differ from those causing impaired lipogenesis under similar conditions. (5) In contrast to previous reports using chronically insulin deprived animals (alloxan diabetes), the protein synthesizing activity of both soluble and microsomal fractions was impaired following acute insulin deprivation.
Varix involving the tibia.

The second case of a varix involving the tibia is reported. It is theorized that it arised from post-traumatic dilation of pre-existing transcortical veins.
Certification of Safety-Critical Software Under DO-178C and DO-278A

The RTCA has recently released DO-178C and DO-278A as new certification guidance for the production of airborne and ground-based air traffic management software, respectively. Additionally, RTCA special committee SC-205 has also produced, at the same time, five other companion documents. These documents are RTCA DO-248C, DO-330, DO-331, DO- 332, and DO-333. These supplements address frequently asked questions about software certification, provide guidance on tool qualification requirements, and illustrate the modifications recommended to DO-178C when using model-based software design, object oriented programming, and formal methods. The objective of this paper is to first explain the relationship of DO-178C to the former DO-178B in order to give those familiar with DO- 178B an indication of what has been changed and what has not been changed. With this background, the relationship of DO-178C and DO-278 to the new DO-278A document for ground-based software development is shown. Last, an overview of the new guidance contained in the tool qualification document and the three new supplements to DO-178C and DO-278A is presented. For those unfamiliar with DO-178B, this paper serves to provide an entry point to this new certification guidance for airborne and ground-based CNS/ATM software certification.
The cross-cultural adjustment process of expatriate families in a multinational organization: a family system theory perspective

This case study examined the relationship between the family flexibility of expatriates in a multinational corporation and their cross-cultural adjustment, as well as the stressors experienced by the expatriate, spouse, and children during the international transition. Family flexibility was negatively correlated with cross-cultural adjustment as perceived by the participating expatriates. All five cross-cultural adjustment dimensions (cultural, psychological, organizational, personal and relational) had a statistically significant relationship with family flexibility. Expatriate families identified cultural, relational, and psychological stressors as having the greatest impact on their cross-cultural adjustment. The components of family flexibility (roles, rules, assertiveness and leadership) played a key role in the cross-cultural adjustment of the expatriate, spouse and children. These findings provide insights to organizations and their human resource development professionals as well as to expatriate...
Induced Gravity Inflation

In a Ginzburg-Landau model of induced gravity based on the Lagrangian density L = -epsilonphi/sup 2/R/2-partial/sup ..mu../phipartial/sub ..mu../phi/2 -lambda(phi/sup 2/-v/sup 2/)/sup 2//8, we investigate the semiclassical evolution of phi from phinot =v to the spontaneous-symmetry-breaking minimum phi = v (vequivalentepsilon/sup -1/2/(8..pi..G)/sup -1/2/). We show that for epsilon, lambda >v (Linde's ''chaotic'' inflation). The value of lambda required to ensure density inhomogeneities of the proper size is epsilon dependent and typically < or =10/sup -12/.
The Empirical Literature on Target Zones as a Test of ERM Asymmetry: A Theoretical Note

In this paper we claim that the empirical literature on target zones which is usuallay interpreted as having overwhelmingly tested and falsified Krugman's model is really a test of ERM asymmetry. Its massive empirical rejection thus means that the ERM never operated as a fully symmetrical system.
Modeling Different Groups of Pedestrians With Physical Disability, Using the Social Force Model and Fractional Order Potential Fields

Modeling individuals with physical disabilities in a crowd has previously been in the form of a pure adjustment to velocity representing an entire group. However, current research involving individuals with various types of disability has shown interactions are far more complex and varying. These types comprised of mechanical and electric wheelchair, vision impaired, and various other mobility-related disabilities. Preliminary results have shown that each group varies not only in velocity, but also in composition of their environment. Further results show other differences in interaction within a crowd. This paper provides for some preliminary differences found in the study of individuals with disabilities within a crowd and how those differences change pedestrian interaction. Using the nature of Fractional Order Potential Fields (FOPF), this paper will provide some results for how pedestrian interaction can be adjusted to fit the varying differences found within each disability group.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BIOMASS OF STRAIN STREPTOMYCES CANOSUS CNMN-71 AND ITS VARIANT

The article presents the information about the modification in composition of amino acids of biomass of strain Streptomyces canosus CNMN-71 and its variant, after long storage under laboratory conditions
Statistical Texture Analysis of Microscopy Images for the Purpose of Surface Characterization

This study focuses on the application of an image processing technique known as texture analysis to provide a complementary method to process non-contact atomic force microscopy data. For the current study, SrBi2Ta9O9 (SBT) thin films (∼200nm) on silicon samples were prepared via MOD and imaged via nc-AFM. Previous studies have qualitatively chosen grain size or grain density to quantify the surface characteristics of SBT but for this study texture analysis was used. Results obtained from the texture analysis and the subsequent stepwise discriminant analysis illustrated the importance of grain density and its effect on the statistics obtained from the gray scale cooccurrence matrix.
In Vitro Determination of Bulk Tissue Optical Parameters of Porcine Skin Dermis

Determination of bulk optical parameters of biological tissues is fundamentally important in understanding tissue optics and developing optical instrument for clinics. We developed an inverse method to determine the bulk values of these parameters in vitro from slab tissue samples from 400 to 1600nm.
BERNARDO BERTOLUCCI'S LA STRATEGIA DEL RAGNO: HISTORICIZING OEDIPUS AT THE DAWN OF ITALY'S ‘STRATEGIA DELLA TENSIONE’

As is the case of many of Bernardo Bertolucci's films of the 1960s and 1970s, La strategia del ragno (1970) has elicited a number of readings from the framework of auteur-theory at the expense of a...
Gynandromorphs of Byrsotria Fumigata (GuÉrin) (Blattaria: Blaberinae)

An individual, remarkable in displaying gynandromorphism in its external morphology as well as in its primary sex organs, is described in detail. On its left side the head was larger; the legs stouter; the base of the pronotum angular; the tegmen brachypterous and the wing greatly reduced; the abdomen, cerci, and external and internal genitalia characteristically female. On its right side the head and legs were smaller; the base of the pronotum rounded; the tegmen macropterous and the wing relatively large; the abdomen, cerci, and external and internal genitalia characteristically male. Comparisons with normal insects are made and illustrated. An addendum describes a second gynandromorph, discovered after the account of the first one was in press.
Resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus Say Larvae and Pupae to experimental Drought.

Studies on mosquito sex ratios and the resistance of their aquatic stages to desiccation have nearly always been recorded as incidental to life history studies, rearing techniques, etc. Since specific papers on these subjects are scarce an attempt is made to assemble a few of the scattered references.
High-Mobility n-Type Conjugated Polymers Based on Electron-Deficient Tetraazabenzodifluoranthene Diimide for Organic Electronics

High-mobility p-type and ambipolar conjugated polymers have been widely reported. However, high-mobility n-type conjugated polymers are still rare. Herein we present poly(tetraazabenzodifluoranthene diimide)s, PBFI-T and PBFI-BT, which exhibit a novel two-dimensional (2D) π-conjugation along the main chain and in the lateral direction, leading to high-mobility unipolar n-channel transport in field-effect transistors. The n-type polymers exhibit electron mobilities of up to 0.30 cm2/(V s), which is among the highest values for unipolar n-type conjugated polymers. Complementary inverters incorporating n-channel PBFI-T transistors produced nearly perfect switching characteristics with a high gain of 107.
Effects of Two CS-US Intervals on Conditioning and Response Decay in Electrodermal Audiometry

Electrodermal responses to low level, intermittently reinforced pure tones were obtained on 60 normal-hearing subjects. Thirty subjects received shock reinforcement 0.5 sec following onset of tone,...
Treating those who fail to take themselves seriously: pathological aspects of humor.

In cases where smiling, laughter, and a humorous attitude are salient aspects of a patient’s presentation, analysis and correction of attendant dysfunctional thoughts may lead to an improvement in ...
Does a New Wave of Filesharing Lawsuits Represent a New Business Model for Copyright Owners

For those of you who haven’t received a letter from your Internet access provider (IAP) in the mail yet, there is a new wave of filesharing cases targeting alleged individual downloaders of copyrighted audiovisual works. Reminiscent of the Recording Industry Association of America’s (RIAA) campaign against individuals, these cases present many of the issues that arose in those campaigns against individual filesharers. They also may represent a watershed moment, where content companies again have a choice as to how to deal with infringement onthe Internet. How much time and money should be spent to attempt to stem the tide of illegal filesharing through mass lawsuits against Internet users? Could resources be better used elsewhere, such as discovering alternative business models that better embrace the new distribution capabilites? When the smoke clears from this current round of lawsuits, will copyright owners have a new businessmodel, or will this just be another misstep of copyright owners trying to stem the tide of infringement through litigation? This article offers a closer look at ongoing filesharing litigation, surveying what has become a vast battlefield where the only clear winner thus far is the attorneys paid to litigate these cases.
Control of Recurrent Lower Urinary Tract Infection in the Postmenopausal Woman

AbstractThere were 5 postmenopausal women with severe recurrent cystitis who were placed on a protocol of intravaginal estrogen in an effort to control infection. Before therapy all patients had colonization of the vagina by 1 or more species of Enterobacteriaceae and an associated elevation of vaginal pH greater than 5.2 (normal range 4.0 to 4.5). After acute antibiotic treatment and continuous low dose intravaginal estrogen all 5 patients showed a return of vaginal pH to the normal range and disappearance of vaginal bacterial pathogens. Of the 5 women 4 have had no further urinary tract infection off antibiotics and on low dose intravaginal estrogen. One patient had a urinary tract infection in association with a flare in colitis, which was controlled with reinstitution of antibiotics and high dose intravaginal estrogen therapy.
Evaluation of Appropriate Material Models in LS-DYNA for MM-ALE Finite Element Simulations of Small-Scale Explosive Airblast Tests on Clay Soils

This study conducted finite element simulations of a small scale, explosive airblast on clay soil in LS-DYNA using multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian methods. An explosive mass of 100.9 g with a 7.6 cm blast height was simulated in this study under two-dimensional conditions. The study compared four different material models to evaluate their ability to simulate explosively-induced airblast loads on cohesive soils. Material models included the Soil and Foam pressure dependent strength model, the Pseudo Tensor pressure dependent strength model, the FHWA Drucker–Prager model and the Two-Invariant Geologic Cap model. Crater dimensions were measured from the simulations and compared to the results of airblast experiments performed in another study. Three material models ran to completion with the exception of the Geologic Cap model, which terminated early in the calculation due to plasticity algorithm errors caused by the large strain increments. While the remaining three models somewhat over-predicted crater depth, the diameter dimensions and crater volumes from the Soil and Foam and particularly the Pseudo Tensor model compared very well to the experimental data. The crater shape from the FHWA model did not match particularly well with experimental results and was larger than the experimental crater. A simplified, pressure dependent strength model such as Soil and Foam model or the Pseudo Tensor model is therefore recommended for modeling small-scale airblast events on cohesive soils. The Pseudo Tensor model compared particularly well to experimental results and predicted crater dimensions very well. Additional studies with the Geologic Cap model implementing smoothed particle hydrodynamics are recommended which may resolve the errors associated with large strain increments.
Causal mediation analysis on failure time outcome without sequential ignorability

Mediation analysis is an important topic as it helps researchers to understand why an intervention works. Most previous mediation analyses define effects in the mean scale and require a binary or continuous outcome. Recently, possible ways to define direct and indirect effects for causal mediation analysis with survival outcome were proposed. However, these methods mainly rely on the assumption of sequential ignorability, which implies no unmeasured confounding. To handle the potential confounding between the mediator and the outcome, in this article, we proposed a structural additive hazard model for mediation analysis with failure time outcome and derived estimators for controlled direct effects and controlled mediator effects. Our methods allow time-varying effects. Simulations showed that our proposed estimator is consistent in the presence of unmeasured confounding while the traditional additive hazard regression ignoring unmeasured confounding produces biased results. We applied our method to the Women's Health Initiative data to study whether the dietary intervention affects breast cancer risk through changing body weight.
Locomotor deficits in recently concussed athletes and matched controls during single and dual-task turning gait: preliminary results

There is growing evidence that mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) can affect locomotor characteristics for prolonged periods of time even when physical signs and symptoms are absent. While most locomotor deficits post-concussion have involved straight walking, turning gait has received little attention despite its pervasiveness in everyday locomotion and athletic competition. This study longitudinally examined kinematic characteristics during preplanned turning in a small sample of recently concussed athletes (n = 4) and healthy matched control athletes (n = 4) to examine potential deficits during single and dual-task turning gait over the initial 6 weeks post-injury, with a one-year follow-up. Turning path kinematics (curvature, obstacle clearance, path length), stride kinematics (stride length, stride width, stride time), and inclination angles were calculated from motion capture of participants walking around an obstacle. Concussed athletes had larger dual-task costs in turning speed and stride time compared to healthy controls. After controlling for speed and turn curvature, recently concussed athletes increased their inclination towards the inside of the turn over time and decreased their stride time compared to controls indicating a prolonged recovery. Kinematic differences between groups were estimated to recover to healthy levels between 100 and 300 days post-injury, suggesting future prospective longitudinal studies should span 6–12 months post-injury. Turning gait should be included in future studies of concussion and may be a clinically useful tool. Future longitudinal studies should consider examining gait changes for up to 6–12 months post-injury.
Effects of Recycled Shingle and Virgin Asphalt Binder Mixing on Mixture Performance

The use of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in asphalt concrete leads to questions regarding the mixing of recycled and virgin asphalt binders. These questions concentrate on: the degree of mixing, whether mixing or blending of the asphalt binders occurs, and how the degree of mixing affects performance. Researchers to date have focused efforts on vetting out the degree of blending through various asphalt binder and mixture tests. Research at the University of Illinois used mixture performance tests to evaluate blending. Mixture designs were developed using traditional Superpave methods with 2.5 and 5.0 % RAS. Then, samples with the same virgin aggregate structure and RAS pulp (material remaining post-extraction) and completely mixed asphalt binder were created for high and low temperature evaluation using Hamburg wheel and Disk-Shaped Compact Tension (DCT) tests. In addition, the recently developed Hamburg-DCT Performance Space Diagram was employed to consider mixture property shifts. Research findings demonstrated that up to 20 % asphalt binder replacement met volumetric and performance specifications for both high and low temperature tests. Furthermore, the completely mixed asphalt binder and RAS pulp mixtures performed approximately similar to the traditionally mixed samples at both high and low temperatures.
Maximizing Return to Activity Post Cuff and Instability Surgery

Designing a rehabilitation program after a patient has had surgical intervention should take several factors into account: the degree and type of mechanical disruption, the type and strength of the surgical procedure, the chronicity of the problem, the strength and endurance of the rotator cuff and the scapular musculature, the flexibility of the soft tissues around the shoulder, and the patient’s anticipated level and type of activity post-rehabilitation. Postoperative guidelines which respect tissue healing timelines should be followed; at the same time, the patient should be progressed through the phases of rehabilitation only when the criteria of each phase are met.
The Indian Gothic

The word Gothic usually brings to mind haunted castles, werewolves, isolated mansions, and a certain forbidding architecture, among a host of other associations. The term Gothic has usually been seen as confined mainly to places far away from the Indian subcontinent. Yet it is important to recall that the Gothic occurs in literature other than from the cultures of Europe or the United States. Outside of the USA, yet still on the North American continent, is found Southern Ontario Gothic, a subgenre of the Gothic novel that employs the use of the bizarre and the grotesque typical of Gothic tales. Similarly, literature from twentieth century South Africa displays Gothic traits. This literature was born of the anxiety of political, social, and cultural upheavals the country went through, resulting in the triumph of democracy over oppression in 1994. However, it is interesting to see that old bungalows of the British Raj in India also carry a Gothic feel. The sahibs, or Englishmen, who traveled across the plains and the hills of the Indian subcontinent often stayed at these dak bungalows, as they were called, and many a tale is told of the eerie happenings within. Many writers of the Raj have made reference to these bungalows, which also find a place in local folklore. This chapter looks at the dak bungalow as one of the spaces that is essentially the Indian Gothic. It draws on literary as well as historical accounts of this space and sees how it is simultaneously Indian and British. Furthermore, the essay examines the presence and role played by women in the context of the dak bungalow. Thus, the essential aim of this chapter is to show the place that the Indian Gothic occupies in both literary and real-life accounts of the writers of the Raj.
Molecular dynamics simulations of substitutional diffusion

Abstract In atomistic simulations, diffusion energy barriers are usually calculated for each atomic jump path using a nudged elastic band method. Practical materials often involve thousands of distinct atomic jump paths that are not known a priori. Hence, it is often preferred to determine an overall diffusion energy barrier and an overall pre-exponential factor from the Arrhenius equation constructed through molecular dynamics simulations of mean square displacement of the diffusion species at different temperatures. This approach has been well established for interstitial diffusion, but not for substitutional diffusion at the same confidence. Using In0.1Ga0.9N as an example, we have identified conditions where molecular dynamics simulations can be used to calculate highly converged Arrhenius plots for substitutional alloys. This may enable many complex diffusion problems to be easily and reliably studied in the future using molecular dynamics, provided that moderate computing resources are available.
525. CD8+ T Cell Tolerance To Epitopes Downstream of Non-Sense Mutations

Recent success in gene therapy clinical trials have shown great promise towards developing efficacious treatments, however immune responses to the therapeutic protein resulting in transgene expression attenuation or loss still remains a concern. Expression can elicit a CD8+ T cell response against “non-self” regions of the protein as they were not presented during the process of central tolerance. Individuals with genes containing non-sense mutations could be at increased risk of developing a CD8+ T cell response following gene therapy as peptide sequences downstream of the mutation would not have previously been presented to the immune system. The effect of nonsense and missense mutations on the immune response to corrected gene expression was studied using the OTC gene, which is mutated in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The immunodominant epitope SIINFEKL was fused to the C-terminus of OTC to evaluate the effect of mutations on the ability to elicit a transgene-specific immune response, as a surrogate for expression and presentation of SIINFEKL to CD8+ T cells. Using an ex-vivo stimulation assay, CD8+ T cells from OT-1 mice were mixed with fibroblasts transiently transfected with a panel of mutant or wild-type human hOTC-SIINFEKL constructs. T cell activation was determined by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. Surprisingly, activation of T cells occurred to epitopes in the C-terminal region of genes containing non-sense mutations upstream of the SIINFEKL epitope. The most immunogenic nonsense mutant was selected for further studies in C57BL/6 mice. Packaging of this mutant hOTC-SIINFEKL transgene into highly immunogenic adenovirus 5 (Ad5) elicited an immune response in vivo to the downstream SIINFEKL epitope. To study if expression and presentation of epitopes downstream non-sense mutations to CD8+ T cells could result in tolerance induction all of the non-sense mutant constructs were used to generate AAV8 vectors. C57BL/6 mice were administered the non-immunogenic AAV8 vectors and then subsequently challenged the mice with Ad5 hOTC-SIINFEKL or Ad5 OVA. Mice pre-treated with AAV8 had a drastically reduced CD8+ T cell activation to the SIINFEKL epitope compared to no treatment as measured by flow cytometry and IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. These results suggest that patients with non-sense mutations could have immunological tolerance to the therapeutic protein decreasing the risk of a transgene specific immunologic response.
An examination of research data sharing and re-use: implications for data citation practice

This study examines characteristics of data sharing and data re-use in Genetics and Heredity, where data citation is most common. This study applies an exploratory method because data citation is a relatively new area. The Data Citation Index (DCI) on the Web of Science was selected because DCI provides a single access point to over 500 data repositories worldwide and to over two million data studies and datasets across multiple disciplines and monitors quality research data through a peer review process. We explore data citations for Genetics and Heredity, as a case study by examining formal citations recorded in the DCI and informally by sampling a selection of papers for implicit data citations within publications. Citer-based analysis is conducted in order to remedy self-citation in the data citation phenomena. We explore 148 sampled citing articles in order to identify factors that influence data sharing and data re-use, including references, main text, supplementary data/information, acknowledgments, funding information, author information, and web/author resources. This study is unique in that it relies on a citer-based analysis approach and by analyzing peer-reviewed and published data, data repositories, and citing articles of highly productive authors where data sharing is most prevalent. This research is intended to provide a methodological and practical contribution to the study of data citation.
The Role of Chemotherapy in the Management of Sinonasal and Ventral Skull Base Malignancies

In most cases of advanced sinonasal and ventral skull base cancer, a multimodal treatment approach provides the best chance for improved outcomes. Depending on the tumor type and extent of disease, systemic chemotherapy has been shown to play an important role in neoadjuvant, concomitant, and adjuvant settings. The lack of randomized trials continues to limit its indications. Further high-quality studies are needed to understand ideal chemotherapeutic regimens and their role and sequential timing in sinonasal and ventral skull base cancer.
Invited) Overcoming Catalytic Material Challenges for Advanced Water Splitting Technologies

The emergence of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies offers the world important and potentially transformative environmental and energy security benefits. In recent years, research sponsored by the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) has made significant contributions to the development of these technologies. With fuel cell electric vehicles beginning to be introduced to the market, enabling technologies for the widespread production of affordable hydrogen are becoming increasingly important. One of the more versatile hydrogen production pathways is based on splitting water via either electrolytic, photoelectrochemical, or thermochemical routes. For these advanced water splitting (AWS) technologies, there are tradeoffs amongst efficiency, durability, and cost at the materials, device, and system levels that need to be balanced for low cost hydrogen production. Recent advances have been made in catalytic materials for AWS to improve these attributes; however, further developments, from new materials to scale-up of state-of-the-art (SOA) materials, are required to reach large scale technoeconomic viability. Research innovations to advance the SOA in AWS materials are being facilitated by the DOE "HydroGEN" Energy Materials Network (EMN) consortium. An overview of FCTO's Hydrogen Production Program activities with a focus on catalysts for advanced water splitting technologies and the HydroGEN consortium will be provided.