cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiac screening before noncardiac surgery.

Cardiovascular complications are responsible for roughly one-half of all the mortality experienced by patients undergoing noncardiac surgical procedures and occur in 1% to 5% of unselected patients undergoing vascular surgery. 1,2 Of the cardiovascular complications experienced during the perioperative period, 5% to 10% are myocardial infarctions (MI), with most of the events occurring within the first 3 days following surgery. 3–6 Those patients suffering a perioperative MI have too high a mortality rate, ranging from 32% to 69%. 5,7–13 This is due to the increased hemodynamic stress caused by surgery and the difficulty in establishing reperfusion in the coronary arteries, due to the potential for bleeding complications in a newly operated patient. Cardiac risk also remains high in the subsequent months for patients suffering a perioperative event. In a prospective study of 173 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) or at high-risk of CAD undergoing major noncardiac surgery, patients with elevated cardiac troponin I had an odds ratio (OR) of 9.8 (95% CI 3.0–32) for death within 1 year. 14 Mangano and colleagues 15 found that patients surviving a postoperative in-hospital MI had a 28-fold increase in the rate of subsequent cardiac complications within 6 months following surgery.
Point-connected rigid bodies in a topological tree

The purpose of the present paper is to explore the applicability of several methods of analytical mechanics to the modern problem of formulating generic equations of motion of a point-connected set of rigid bodies in a topological tree, in order to compare the results of the previously published Hooker-Margulies/Hooker equations. The unexpected result of the inquiry is the discovery that with the substitution of a key kinematical identity from the Hooker and Margulies vector-dyadic equations for the multiple-rigid-body tree, identical equations emerge from each of four quite different derivation procedures.
Neurotensin agonists as an alternative to antipsychotics.

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is found in the central nervous system and in the gastrointestinal tract. In brain, this peptide is prominently associated anatomically with dopaminergic, as well as other neurotransmitter systems. Based on animal studies, already decades old, researchers have hypothesised that NT receptor agonists will have antipsychotic properties in patients. However, to date no one has obtained a non-peptide NT receptor agonist. Therefore, there has been great interest in obtaining peptide analogues of NT, that, unlike NT resist degradation by peptidases and cross the blood–brain barrier, yet have the pharmacological characteristics of native NT, for therapeutic use in the treatment of schizophrenia, as well as other neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease and addiction to psychostimulants. In this review, we present the rationale for development of NT receptor agonists for treatment of certain central nervous system diseases, as well as a review of t...
Enhanced flux through double-sided zeolite membranes

Maxwell-Stefan models indicate that, under some conditions, fluxes through supported zeolite membranes can be significantly higher when zeolite films are on both sides of the porous support than for a single supported film. Partial pressure drops across the support make loadings higher on the downstream side of the zeolite in the presence of a support, and the lower driving forces result in lower fluxes. Depositing films on both sides of the support can reduce the effect of the support when the loading is high (not in the Henry regime). When a non-adsorbing sweep gas is used, the permeate-side zeolite layer can keep the sweep gas out of the support, and thus further reduce the support resistance. The permeance can be higher through a double-sided membrane (called FSF here, indicating the permeant passes through a film, then a support, then a film), even if the total thickness of the two films is greater than the thickness of a single film. For separations in which selectivity increases with increasing zeolite thickness, a FSF can yield higher flux and selectivity than a single supported film. The support resistance reduces the flux of stronger adsorbing components more than that of weaker adsorbing components, so a FSF can have higher flux and selectivity for binary mixtures in which the more strongly adsorbed component preferentially permeates. Calculations are presented here for butane in MFI-type zeolite films, though the concepts can be applied to different supported film types and permeating components.
Noise suppression and optical sectioning by non-phase-recording interferometry

It has long been known that image plane holography with low-coherence illumination achieves optical sectioning of a volume object. A method is analyzed that is similar to image plane holography, but the interferometric arrangement utilizes the interference between two object-bearing beams instead of the basic object and reference beams.
On the axisymmetric progressive crushing of circular tubes under axial compression

Moderately thick circular tubes under compression crush progressively by axisymmetric folding. The paper presents a combined experimental analytical study of the onset of collapse, its localization and the subsequent progressive folding. Results from four displacement controlled crushing experiments are presented on tubes of various radius-to-thickness ratios made of different metal alloys. The experimental results include the crushing response, careful measurements of the geometric characteristics of the folds and the mechanical properties of the alloys. A finite element model of the crushing process has been developed and results from simulations are directly compared with the experiments. The model is found to reproduce the crushing response to a significant degree of accuracy. The mean crushing load is essentially the same as in the experiments; the calculated wavelength of the folds are within a few percent from measured values as are other geometric variables considered. Thus, the crushing energy per unit length of tube is predicted to a very good accuracy. In addition, the model was used to demonstrate that changes in the loading cycles which take place as the number of folds increases, are due to small differences between the inner and outer folds which in turn affect the self contact of the fold walls. Three simpler models taken from the literature in which steady-state folding is modeled by kinematically admissible collapse mechanisms are critically reviewed by comparing predictions of key variables to measured values.
“Adderall is Definitely Not a Drug”: Justifications for the Illegal Use of ADHD Stimulants

In-depth interviews were conducted in 2007 with 175 undergraduate students (94 males, 81 females, 13 non-Caucasian) at a large, public southeastern research university located in an urban area in the United States. Our primary goal was to identify how these students conceive of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) stimulants and their illegal use. We discovered that these students frame stimulant use as both physically harmless and morally acceptable. Specifically, these students justify their drug use through the use of four recurring prostimulant arguments: 1) comparison-and-contrast, 2) all-things-in-moderation, 3) self-medicating, and 4) minimization arguments. We discuss limitations to the study and conclude by suggesting five strategies for prevention researchers that would directly target these four arguments.
Intestinal Calcium Absorption: Nature of Defect in Chronic Renal Disease

When compared to that of normal animals, calcium-binding protein activity of duodenal mucosa obtained from uremic rats was decreased. There was no change in this activity after vitamin D(3), therapy. In contrast, prior treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalcijerol resulted in increased transport of calcium-45 and calcium-binding protein activity in the intestine.
Chloroplast Envelopes of Spinacia oleracea L. II. Ultrastructure of Chloroplast Envelopes and Lamellae

Summary Isolated spinach chloroplasts were osmotically disrupted and fractioned by centrifugation in two discontinuous sucrose gradients. Ultrastructural investigation of the different fractions in the first gradient showed the presence of chloroplast envelopes and plastoglobules in fraction 1, enriched stroma thylakoids in fraction 2 and fraction 3 contained stacks of grana thylakoids. Stroma thylakoids coherent with grana thylakoids were typical for the sediment fraction. Further purification of the envelope membranes (fraction 1) in a second continuous sucrose gradient resulted in one pure envelope fraction (fraction 1 b) with a buoyant density of 1.12 g/cm 3 . It could be demonstrated by comparison of membrane lengths from different fractions that the length distribution of isolated envelope membranes is different from grana or stroma thylakoids.
Response of the lower esophageal sphincter to gastric distention by carbonated beverages

Gastroesophageal reflux disease often occurs in patients with normal resting pressure and length of the lower esophageal sphincter. Such patients often have postprandial reflux. The mechanism of postprandial reflux remains controversial. To further clarify this, we studied the effect of carbonated beverages on the resting parameters of the lower esophageal sphincter. Nine asymptomatic healthy volunteers underwent lower esophageal sphincter manometry using a slow motorized pull through technique after ingestion of tap water and carbonated beverages. Resting pressure, overall length, and abdominal length of the lower esophageal sphincter were measured. All carbonated beverages produced sustained (20 minutes) reduction of 30-50% in all three parameters of the lower esophageal sphincter. In 62%, the reduction was of sufficient magnitude to cause the lower esophageal sphincter to reach a level normally diagnostic of incompetence. Tap water caused no reduction in sphincter parameters. Carbonated beverages, but not tap water, reduce the strength of the lower esophageal sphincter. This may be relevant to the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, especially in Western society.
Asthenospheric flow and lithospheric evolution near the Mendocino Triple Junction

Abstract The migration of the Mendocino Triple Junction in northern California creates a complicated lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary system at shallow depths ( 75 km) low-Vs anomaly. These two mantle flows appear to begin mixing ~ 100 km south of the southern edge of the Gorda plate in the slab window region. We speculate that the latter provides the wedge-type geochemical signature seen in the Coast Range volcanic rocks, reconciling slab window models and volcanic geochemistry. This ‘staggered’ upwelling model proposed here also explains the ~ 3 Myr delay in onset of volcanism after triple junction migration.
A framework for design problem-solving

We develop atask-structure for design problem-solving. The task-structure of a complex problemsolving activity such as design is a hierarchical organization of subtasks. For each task in the task-structure, we can then proceed to investigate whatmethods may be available, and what knowledge and inference requirements each of these methods have. Some of the methods may be domain-specific, some of them more generic in character, some may involve traditional computational techniques, and some others may involve searching in a problem space for solutions to the task. However, this systematic process of identifying tasks, methods, and subtasks will help us to see how design as a general problem is solved not by one method or technique but by an opportunistic exploitation of whatever methods are available (i.e., theknowledge required for using a method is available) to help accomplish a subtask. Thus, in principle, very different methods and knowledge can be brought into play in as flexible a way as applicable. For design problem-solving, we provide such an analysis for a family of design methods that we callpropose-verify-critique-modify methods. We end with remarks about how these methods can be flexibly integrated in a control structure that matches the subtasks with methods for which knowledge is available.
Platelet Pl(A2) allele and incidence of coronary heart disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study.

Background—The major platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb-IIIa plays a primary role in platelet aggregation and acute thrombus formation at the site of vascular injury. A genetic polymorphism of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (PlA) has recently been proposed as a potential genetic factor linking to platelet hyperaggregability and increased risk of myocardial infarction. Despite numerous, mostly nonprospective studies, the role of this polymorphism as a clinically relevant, inherited risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PlA2 is a risk factor for incident CHD and whether it is correlated with increased platelet activation in a case-cohort study nested within a prospective epidemiologic investigation. Methods and Results—Blood samples were collected and processed from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort at the baseline examination (1987 to 1989). They were stored at −80°C. PlA1/A2 genotype and plasma β-thromboglobulin le...
Classifying spatial patterns of brain activity with machine learning methods: Application to lie detection

Patterns of brain activity during deception have recently been characterized with fMRI on the multi-subject average group level. The clinical value of fMRI in lie detection will be determined by the ability to detect deception in individual subjects, rather than group averages. High-dimensional non-linear pattern classification methods applied to functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) images were used to discriminate between the spatial patterns of brain activity associated with lie and truth. In 22 participants performing a forced-choice deception task, 99% of the true and false responses were discriminated correctly. Predictive accuracy, assessed by cross-validation in participants not included in training, was 88%. The results demonstrate the potential of non-linear machine learning techniques in lie detection and other possible clinical applications of fMRI in individual subjects, and indicate that accurate clinical tests could be based on measurements of brain function with fMRI.
Simultaneous Correction of Spherical and Chromatic Aberrations with an Electron Mirror: An Electron Optical Achromat

Abstract: All lenses, whether for light or for electrons, have aberrations that limit their performance. In light optics the invention of the achromat over 200 years ago solved the problem of correcting spherical and chromatic aberrations; however, correcting aberrations of electron lenses remains a challenge. Spherical and chromatic aberrations constitute a fundamental barrier to improving resolution and reducing probe size in various types of electron-optical instruments. Recently, efforts have intensified to reduce probe size in microanalysis and lithography, and to improve resolution in the new emission microscopes being built for synchrotron light sources. The experiments described in this report show how an electron mirror can achieve simultaneous correction of spherical and chromatic aberrations.
Shoulder MRI: the subacromial/subdeltoid bursa fat stripe in healthy and pathologic conditions

The MRI appearance of the subacromial/subdeltoid (SA-SD) bursa is described here in both healthy and pathological conditions. Based on one case of rotator cuff tear and intrabursal fluid outlined by two adjacent fat stripes we reviewed 20 shoulder MR examinations to define the normal and abnormal appearance of the peribursal fat. We found four pathological patterns: lateral displacement, tear-drop configuration, obliteration and double fat stripe.
Magnetic field configuration of the Theta aurora

A magnetic configuration of the open magnetosphere is described which is conducive to the formation of the theta aurora when the IMF has a significant northward component. A magnetic field topology and polar cap configuration, derived from a quantitative model of the open magnetosphere that incorporates Crooker's antiparallel merging hypothesis, are presented. Under this hypothesis, when the IMF has a northward component, the dayside merging line bifurcates, leaving a large fraction of the subsolar magnetopause untouched by the merging process. The polar cap, defined by tracing magnetic field lines that connect from the solar wind to the earth, is similarly bifurcated, leaving a sun-aligned stagnation region that is not magnetically connected to the solar wind and may plausibly be associated with the sun-aligned 'bar' of the theta aurora. The model provides testable predictions with regard to the position of this 'convection gap' in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres as functions of IMF direction.
Laminar hydathodes in Urticaceae : survey of tribes and anatomical observations on Pilea pumila and Urtica dioica

Laminar hydathodes are known from only three dicot families. InUrticaceae they are associated with minor vein junctions in all five tribes, as surveyed from cleared leaves of 43 species in 30 genera. Only one species lacked hydathodes. Exclusively adaxial hydathodes were found in 28 genera. In tribeElatostemeae, laminar hydathodes inPilea andPellionia species are abaxial, adaxial, or on both surfaces. Guttation was observed in four species.Urtica dioica (adaxial) andPilea pumila (abaxial) were studied anatomically in detail. Hydathodes in the former have normal bundle structure but xylem gaps sometimes occur. In the latter, phloem is displaced in three previously undescribed ways: 1) ends abruptly near hydathode, 2) curves into connecting vein at adjacent junction, or 3) departs xylem, skirts hydathode independently, and rejoins adjacent xylem strand. Laminar hydathodes are a unifying character of theUrticaceae, and they also strengthen its close relationship to theMoraceae.
Mechanism of interaction between the general anesthetic halothane and a model ion channel protein, I: Structural investigations via X-ray reflectivity from Langmuir monolayers.

We previously reported the synthesis and structural characterization of a model membrane protein comprised of an amphiphilic 4-helix bundle peptide with a hydrophobic domain based on a synthetic ion channel and a hydrophilic domain with designed cavities for binding the general anesthetic halothane. In this work, we synthesized an improved version of this halothane-binding amphiphilic peptide with only a single cavity and an otherwise identical control peptide with no such cavity, and applied x-ray reflectivity to monolayers of these peptides to probe the distribution of halothane along the length of the core of the 4-helix bundle as a function of the concentration of halothane. At the moderate concentrations achieved in this study, approximately three molecules of halothane were found to be localized within a broad symmetric unimodal distribution centered about the designed cavity. At the lowest concentration achieved, of approximately one molecule per bundle, the halothane distribution became narrower and more peaked due to a component of ∼19A width centered about the designed cavity. At higher concentrations, approximately six to seven molecules were found to be uniformly distributed along the length of the bundle, corresponding to approximately one molecule per heptad. Monolayers of the control peptide showed only the latter behavior, namely a uniform distribution along the length of the bundle irrespective of the halothane concentration over this range. The results provide insight into the nature of such weak binding when the dissociation constant is in the mM regime, relevant for clinical applications of anesthesia. They also demonstrate the suitability of both the model system and the experimental technique for additional work on the mechanism of general anesthesia, some of it presented in the companion parts II and III under this title.
An Attenuated Total Reflectance Sensor for Copper: An Experiment for Analytical or Physical Chemistry

This article describes an optical reagent-mediated sensor for copper, where the ligand 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) is immobilized in a sensor cation-selective Nafion film. Cu2+ is detected optically by partitioning into the film and complexing with the film-immobilized PAN to form the intensely colored complex ion CuPAN+. While most optical sensors rely on a conventional transmittance configuration to measure absorbance, we employ attenuated total reflectance (ATR) at 550 nm to detect CuPAN+ formed in situ in the Nafion film. This experiment offers students exposure to the cutting edge analytical technique of optical ATR sensing, as well as to classical topics such as generation of a standard curve, UV–vis spectroscopy, volumetric characterization of inorganic complex ion stoichiometry via microtitration, determination of isosbestic point, and manipulation of thin films.
Distribution laws for the roots of a random antisymmetric hermitian matrix

Abstract In conjunction with the study of the perturbations of the statistical properties of nuclear spectra produced by interactions which are odd under time reversal, it was found that the case in which the odd part is very large can be treated analytically. While of no immediate physical interest, the precise results obtained serve as a check on the adequacy of the Monte-Carlo calculations reported in the preceding paper. With the help of the theory of random matrices, analytical results are obtained for the distribution of widths, the level density, two-level cluster function and the distribution of the spacing between adjacent energy levels.
Common property and collective action in economic development

Abstract A fundamental issue in many LDCs is the degree to which natural resource mismanagement is caused by common property arrangements. This view has led to widespread attempts to “privatize” forests, rangelands and water resources. Many of these efforts have failed to stop overuse, and have contributed to inequality in resource distribution. This paper seriously questions this approach, and describes a number of reasons why common property may continue to be both efficient and equitable, complementing and combining with private rights in a way consistent with the resource endowments of village economies. A theoretical approach is outlined, showing that the “Tragedy of the Commons” is an unsatisfactory model of common property. An alternative model is presented, together with a call for research into institutional alternatives in resource management.
Effects of a Prolonged 3-Hour Sleep-Wake Cycle on Sleep Stages, Plasma Cortisol, Growth Hormone and Body Temperature in Man

ABSTRACT After 1 week of a normal control (baseline) period, 7 healthy young adult subjects were subjected to a 3-hr sleep-wake schedule, (ultradian) which was adhered to for 10 days. They were allowed eight 1 hr sleep times, equally spaced throughout each 24 hr period. They were then allowed a normal nocturnal 8-hr sleep time for 7 days. During all lights-out sleep periods, poly-graphic definition of sleep stages and waking time was made. On the sixth 24-hr period of the first week (baseline) and on the eighth 24-hr period of the ultradian period, sequential 20-min plasma samples were obtained by means of an indwelling intravenous catheter. Rectal temperature was obtained at regularly spaced frequent intervals. Despite significant sleep deprivation, a circadian pattern of total sleep time persisted throughout the 10-day ultradian condition. The distribution and amount of REM sleep time was most affected with stages 3–4 sleep least affected. The time of maximum sleep was delayed by approximately 6 hr. The...
Genomic View of Bipolar Disorder Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing in a Genetic Isolate

Bipolar disorder is a common, heritable mental illness characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Despite considerable effort to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder, causative genetic risk factors remain elusive. We conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of bipolar disorder in a large Old Order Amish pedigree. Microsatellite genotypes and high-density SNP-array genotypes of 388 family members were combined with whole genome sequence data for 50 of these subjects, comprising 18 parent-child trios. This study design permitted evaluation of candidate variants within the context of haplotype structure by resolving the phase in sequenced parent-child trios and by imputation of variants into multiple unsequenced siblings. Non-parametric and parametric linkage analysis of the entire pedigree as well as on smaller clusters of families identified several nominally significant linkage peaks, each of which included dozens of predicted deleterious variants. Close inspection of exonic and regulatory variants in genes under the linkage peaks using family-based association tests revealed additional credible candidate genes for functional studies and further replication in population-based cohorts. However, despite the in-depth genomic characterization of this unique, large and multigenerational pedigree from a genetic isolate, there was no convergence of evidence implicating a particular set of risk loci or common pathways. The striking haplotype and locus heterogeneity we observed has profound implications for the design of studies of bipolar and other related disorders.
Emergency care for tear gas victims

Although used infrequently, tear gas is available to most local law enforcement agencies. The clinical effects, first aid considerations, management and decontamination of CN, CS, CR and DM, the four most frequently used lacrimator agents, are described. An ideal treatment center has a shower, ventilation to the outside, and surgical gowns, caps, gloves, boots and masks stocked outside the treatment area for personnel treating the contaminated patient. Police should not bring tear gas victims into the emergency department without prior notification.
Large-scale motions in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer on a curved surface

This paper presents measurements in a Mach 3 turbulent boundary layer which was subjected to a short region of concave surface curvature. Mean velocity and time-averaged turbulence measurements are presented to indicate the severity of the distortion, although the focus of this study is on how the large-scale organized motions are affected by the distortion. A 12 deg increase in the inclination angle of organized motions is observed, and correlation measurements indicate an increase in the streamwise length scale. VITA conditional sampling is used to identify strong positive streamwise mass-flux gradients as the large-scale structure responsible for the measured structure angle and to determine the ensemble-averaged flowfield associated with the mass-flux gradient structures.
Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti

Abstract The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenalin, adrenalin, octopamine and dopamine on the transepithelial voltage and fluid secretion of Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti were studied. Of these biogenic amines, only 5-hydroxytryptamine altered the transepithelial voltage. When applied in short pulses to superfused tubules, the transepithelial voltage depolarized rapidly and then hyperpolarized. The transepithelial resistance was reduced during both the depolarizing and hyperpolarizing phases of the response to 5-hydroxytryptamine. When added to the bathing saline at a concentration of 10−6 M, the transepithelial voltage showed a more complex response with both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing elements. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was also the only biogenic amine tested that increased fluid secretion. The maximal increase of fluid secretion in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine was small compared to that of crude head extract, containing the putative diuretic hormones of this species. The concentration of potassium in secreted fluid of Malpighian tubules stimulated by 5-hydroxytryptamine was decreased by 20mM, while the sodium concentration showed an increase of similar magnitude.
Theory of the Galvanomagnetic Effects in Metals with Magnetic Breakdown: Semiclassical Approach

A new semiclassical method for calculating the galvanomagnetic tensor is presented; it allows for the inclusion of magnetic-breakdown effects, i.e., the possibility of coupled orbits is explicitly taken into account. Results of calculations for several cases based on various models of the Fermi-surface topology are given; they include most of the cases of physical interest regarding changes in the connectivity of the orbits. It is shown that in the very high-field region there exists an extra relaxation mechanism due to magnetic breakdown, which is a function of the energy gap.
Synthetic studies on ophiobolins

Abstract The tricyclic ketone 14, an ophiobolin analogue lacking only the C-ring side chain, was synthesized in optically active form; the key step was the intramolecular NiCl2/CrCl2 mediated coupling of 10 to yield 11.
Development of superconducting bandpass delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter

Abstract This paper recounts the development of a superconducting bandpass delta-sigma (ΔΣ) modulator for direct analog-to-digital conversion of radio frequency signals in the GHz range. The modulator design benefits from several advantages of superconducting electronics: high-Q resonators, fast Josephson comparators, naturally quantized single flux quantum pulses, and high circuit sensitivity. The measured center frequency (2.23 GHz), sampling rate (up to 45 GHz), dynamic range (greater than 57 dB over a 19.6 MHz bandwidth), and input sensitivity (−17.4 dBm full-scale) of the bandpass modulator are the highest reported to date in any technology. The SNR (49 dB over a 20.8 MHz bandwidth) is limited by the frequency resolution of the measurement but still exceeds the SNRs of semiconductor modulators with comparable center frequencies. The design of the modulator test chip and the high speed testing methodology are reviewed. Finally, the paper examines the prospects for improved performance with more advanced modulator architectures.
A Preface to the Economic Analysis of Disease Transmission

Infectious diseases are transmitted from person to person or from vectors such as mosquitos to people. The uninfected take precautions against these diseases and the infected try to mitigate their symptoms and to get cured. In doing so, people may weigh the costs of illness, prevention and therapy. They may also (altruistically) weigh the costs of people whom their own behavior puts at risk, for instance their sexual partners, or they may act entirely selfishly. Some of these behaviours may therefore lead to externalities and a corresponding rationale for government interventions. A recent literature uses economics to investigate the implications of rational choice by individuals about their response to infectious diseases. It analyzes decisions about prevention, vaccination, testing, therapies and government intervention. This paper reviews this literature with an emphasis on examples from the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Do Foreign Investors Cause Noise in an Emerging Stock Market

The problematic point of the noise trader model is the difficulty of measuring noise and testing theories based on noise trading. We investigate the relationship between the trading volume and the stock returns, using the Granger-causality type of methodology, as a means of testing the noise trader model. Taking four variables into consideration-three variables ofbuying, selling and netpurchases by foreign investors for the trading volume, and one variable of returns on an index for the stock returns-we examine whether foreign investors have played roles as noise traders in the Korean stock market during the recent financial turmoil, and conclude that they have transacted informed trading. The conclusion is sharply contrasted with some criticism that foreign investors, acting like noise traders, caused the stock market crash, which exacerbated the financial crisis of Korea.
Patterned Grafted Lewis-Acid Sites on Surfaces: Olefin Epoxidation Catalysis Using Tetrameric Ti(IV)–Calix[4]arene Complexes

Tetrameric Ti(IV)–calix[4]arene complexes were synthesized and characterized as well as grafted on a hydroxylated SiO2 inorganic support as an example of patterned Lewis-acid sites on an inorganic oxide surface. These complexes consist of a novel calixarene organic ligand with varying lengths of tethers to a central aromatic core, and with the calixarene coordinating four titanium(IV)-cations via tetrahedral recognition on the lower rim. Catalysis of these materials was investigated with a probe reaction consisting of the epoxidation 1-octene with tert-butylhydroperoxide as the oxidant, and a comparison of their hydrolytic stability was performed. The oligomeric calix[4]arenes showed similar behavior in catalysis to the monomeric control, with the exception of the material with the shortest tether length, which shows a 1.3-fold higher activity that may be due to a modest cooperativity effect. In hydrolytic leaching tests, the oligomeric complexes showed higher stability compared to the monomeric complex, and this stability appeared to be more thermodynamic rather than kinetic in nature. We hypothesize that encapsulatation of the tetrameric active site within a silica mesopore of the support contributes to this stability.
Optical, electrical and electrochemical properties of heteroaromatic copolymers

Abstract Three-ring monomers based on α-terthienyl in which the heteroatom of the central ring is varied between S, O, N or NCH 3 were electropolymerized to produce films on either transparent conducting electrodes or Pt. The former were characterized by in situ Vis/n.i.r. absorption spectroscopy as a function of oxidation level, and as free-standing films by FT i.r. and four-probe d.c. electrical conductivity measurements. The latter were characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The effect of heteroatom composition and film growth conditions on the redox and optical properties of the copolymers is discussed. A qualitative energy level diagram for the copolymers is presented.
Relict Sediments on Continental Shelves of World

The sediments that were deposited on the continental shelves during and immediately after the latest glacial stage of the Pleistocene Epoch are unrelated to their present environments. The rise of sea level during the past 19,000 yrs has caused previously deposited subaerial, lacustrine, and paludal sediments to become submerged in shallow-marine waters, and later to become deeply submerged. Land-laid or shallow-marine sediments which occur in deep water, such as those near the seaward edge of the continental shelf, are properly termed "relict." At present, the sediments exposed atop about 70 percent of the area of the continental shelves of the world can be identified as relict. Eventually, new detrital sediments that are contributed to the ocean by streams or shore eros on should prograde entirely across the continental shelf and bury the relict sediments. This burial should be hastened if the rise of sea level remains as slow as it has been during the past few thousand years; nevertheless, several tens of thousands of years probably will be required before most of the relict sediment becomes buried.
Paramagnetic 1H‐NMR relaxation probes of stereoselectivity in metalloporphyrin catalyzed olefin epoxidation

Enantioselective catalytic epoxidation of olefins is an important problem from both practical and mechanistic points of view. The origins of chiral induction by asymmetric porphyrin and salen complexes were investigated by FT-NMR T1 relaxation techniques. A new chiral vaulted porphyrin (1) that carries (S)-binaphthyl-L-alanine straps across both faces of the porphyrin macrocycle was synthesized and characterized. (R)-styrene oxide was obtained in >90% ee in the initial stages of styrene epoxidation with F5PhIO catalyzed by 1-Fe(III)Cl. The transition state for olefin epoxidation with high-valent metal-oxo species was modeled by coordinating epoxides to paramagnetic copper complexes of the corresponding ligands. The epoxide enantiomer that better fit the chiral cavity of the catalyst, as revealed by T1 relaxation measurements, was also the major product of catalytic olefin epoxidation. These results are consistent with the “lock-and-key” mechanism of asymmetric catalysis by metalloporphyrins. The copper complex of a chiral salen ligand showed no differentiation in terms of T1 relaxation rates between the enantiomers of cis-β-methylstyrene oxide in contrast to the high enantioselectivity observed for catalytic epoxidation. Chirality 10:106–119, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss,Inc.
What’s New About the New US Obesity Guidelines?

The health care industry in the US is awakening to the threat of a new most common cause of preventable death in the country being obesity, potentially overcoming deaths from tobacco at some point in the near future, although these statistics and their conclusions are hotly debated [1]. Obesity prevalence has risen over the past 30 years purportedly due to excessive calorie intake and lack of physical activity. Part of the effort to combat this threat has been a call to arms by the American Medical Association who proclaimed obesity to be a disease in 2013 in part due to arguments and evidence summarized in the TOS White Paper published in 2008 [2]. The simple outcome that ultimately was arrived upon after tackling a very difficult conceptual idea of disease is that obesity is a disease because it causes harm to the body. A disease should be treated and current treatment guidelines have been recently released in 2014 nicknamed the Obesity 2 Guidelines [3]. These guidelines were developed by experts in the field under the direction of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and published by the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC). The Obesity 2 Guidelines Expert Panel was tasked with updating Obesity 1, the 1998 “Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults – The Evidence Report” [4]. This is a very important point to remember as you read through Obesity 2 as the information in Obesity 2 was meant to add to the 1998 guidelines that preceded them. Much has been added to the literature on behavioral treatment of obesity, diet treatment of obesity, and surgical treatment options between 1998 and 2011. The aim was to add to the guidelines based on this new evidenced based information gleaned from controlled clinical trials encompassing sufficient periods of time with sufficient numbers of subjects. Obesity 2 was summarized as five recommendations with accompanying evidence statements based on the literature, based on five critical questions that were asked of the expert panel to answer with the evidence from this literature. The recommendations assist in identifying patients who need to lose weight, matching the treatment with risk profiles, prescribing diets for weight loss, and when to recommend surgery for weight loss. A synopsis of the five recommendations is [5] presented below. Providers are advised to:
Knudsen Cell Studies of the Reaction of Gaseous HNO3 with NaCl Using Less than a Single Layer of Particles at 298 K: A Modified Mechanism

The uptake and reaction of HNO3 with NaCl was studied at 298 K using a Knudsen cell coupled to a quadrupole electron impact mass spectrometer. Experiments were conducted using less than one layer of particles to clearly define the available reactive surface area. The uptake of HNO3 was observed to be faster initially than at longer reaction times. A new model is proposed that incorporates reactions at two different types of sites: (1) steps and edges on the NaCl surface holding surface adsorbed water (SAW) and (2) dry terrace sites. The initial, more rapid uptake is attributed to reaction with both types of sites on a fresh NaCl surface, while the slower uptake at longer reaction times is due only to reaction at the steps and edges where new reaction sites are generated by the SAW-assisted recrystallization of the NaNO3 product. The initial uptake coefficient based on data at short reaction times is γ0 = (2.3 ± 1.9) × 10-3, in agreement within the experimental errors with a value of γ0 = (1.1 ± 0.4) × 10...
Gastrostomy button conversion into a combined gastric and jejunal access device.

Abstract Purpose : The aim of this report is to describe the conversion of a gastrostomy button into a combined gastric decompression and jejunal feeding device. Methods : In this technique two 9.6F single-lumen central venous silicone rubber catheters are threaded through the shaft of a 24F gastrostomy button. The longer limb is guided into the jejunum, and the shorter one rests in the stomach. The remaining space in the shaft is filled with silicone rubber paste. Results : The approach was successfully used in seven neurologically impaired children. Conclusion : This arrangement provides effective palliative gastric and jejunal access.
Simulating the Main Thermocline in the North Atlantic with an Ideal-Fluid Model

Abstract Using an ideal-fluid model, the main thermocline in the North Atlantic is reconstructed. The new feature in the model is the use of a nonlinear background stratification calculated from the hydrographic measurements collected on the Discovery cruise along 46–49°N. The basic stratification is assumed to be set up by an external thermohaline circulation and modified by a wind-driven circulation superimposed upon it. The numerical results of the model distinctly show the three-dimensional structure of the main thermocline in the ocean. In addition, the wind-driven gyre reaches a great depth (≈4.5 km), thus topographic effects on the gyre-scale circulation must be considered in further models. The model confirms the classical notion that the basic structure of the main thermocline and the three-dimensional density and velocity fields in the upper ocean can be simulated very well without explicitly including friction in the model.
GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY AND MANAGED CARE

The elderly with late-life psychiatric disorders have been ill served by all sectors of the American mental health care system. The track records of both the public mental health system and the private fee-for-service sector have been dismal. Managed care organizations (MCOs) bring approaches to service delivery that offer a potential for improved outcomes in mental health care for elderly. 7,8,14 Unfortunately, psychiatric treatment of the elderly under managed care has not realized this promise and has been fraught with its own limitations. 2,3,12,13 MCOs face daunting challenges in attempting to provide better care to elderly members. They must manage the high cost of care for frail patients with multiple problems in a world of shrinking reimbursement while creating innovative service delivery systems that overcome barriers elderly patients face to receive quality care. This article reviews the current status of mental health care of the elderly under managed care and describes the unique problems and opportunities facing managed mental health care systems.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Dragmacidin E

The bis indole sponge alkaloid dragmacidin E was synthesized in racemic form over 25 steps starting from 7-benzhydroxyindole. Key steps include (a) a Witkop cyclization to facilitate construction of the indole-spanning seven-membered ring and (b) a cyclodehydrative pyrazinone synthesis that unites the two indole-containing sectors.
Coupling of biological and physical regimes across the Antarctic Polar Front as reflected by nitrogen production and recycling

Abstract Oceanographic samples were collected across the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) region in the vicinity of ∼60°S, 170°W during the US JGOFS program from December 1997 to March 1998. This paper reports the uptake rates of new (nitrate) and regenerated (ammonium and urea) nitrogen measured by 15N tracer techniques together with the levels of ammonium, urea-N and dissolved free amino acids (DFAAs) during December and mid-February–March. The APF was an important biological boundary, and in December rates of new (nitrate) uptake were greatest south of the APF, exceeding 10 mmol m−2 d−1 near the retreating ice edge. In February, nitrate uptake rates were an order of magnitude lower. Rates of ammonium uptake in both periods were greater in the warmer water north of the front. Nitrogen f-ratios varied from 0.50 to less than 0.05, with larger values associated with the >5 μm size fraction at the ice edge and generally lower values north of the APF. Urea was an important nitrogen source north of the APF, and lowered f-ratios there by 22% on average when included as part of total nitrogen uptake. Urea uptake was less important south of the APF. Ammonium concentrations increased dramatically south of the APF later in the season, suggesting a system dominated by regeneration. Seasonal changes in the concentrations of regenerated organic compounds such as urea and DFAAs were less obvious, although DFAAs exhibited consistent maxima in the high flow regions of the APF. A mass balance based of ammonium fluxes suggests that nitrification was significant at locations south of the APF in February. In these nitrate-replete waters, light/mixing conditions in the surface water (the Sverdrup criterion) accounted for over 50% of the variance in nitrate uptake rates. The stability responsible for higher new production south of the APF is due both to the separation of this region from the maximum zonal wind field to the north as well as to melt-water contribution from the retreating ice field. Estimated new production and exportable carbon production exceeded 500 mmol nitrate m−2 yr−1 and 40 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively, south of the APF. Thus, new production in the marginal ice zone of the Southern Ocean rivals that in coastal systems and indicates that this is an important region for export production.
‘My Mom Makes Me So Angry!’ Adolescent Perceptions of Mother–Child Interactions as Correlates of Adolescent Emotions

The purpose of the current study was to examine adolescents’ perceptions of mother–child interactions as correlates of adolescents’ positive, negative, and guilt emotions. Two hundred thirty-four adolescents (M age = 16.39, SD = 1.17) completed measures assessing parenting practices in response to typical mother–child interactions in both positive and negative contexts. Adolescents also reported on the appropriateness of parenting practices, their parents’ intentions, and their own emotional responses. Multiple regression analyses suggested that in positive contexts, parenting practices, appropriateness, and parental intent were related to adolescent emotions; but in negative contexts, only parental appropriateness was related to adolescent emotions. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering aspects of socialization other than parental discipline when studying adolescent emotions, and it highlights the importance of positive socialization contexts.