cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law enforcement suicide: The depth of the problem and best practices for suicide prevention strategies

Abstract The purpose of this research study was to review the current literature on the prevalence of suicide deaths, attempts, and ideation, and resistance for seeking help among law enforcement officers by examining current suicide prevention programs among those that support the country's police officers. The exact number of law enforcement officer deaths by suicide is unknown due to inconsistent data collection practices. Approximate estimates range from being at or significantly above the national average; one study reported the rate of suicide to be twice the rate of officers who die in the line of duty, another study reported three times the rate and another reported to be eight times that of the general population. The inconclusive nature of the literature has made obtaining the number of officer suicide deaths challenging. A comprehensive examination of the law enforcement mental health and suicide prevention literature revealed a lack of consistency in reporting; a multitude of maladaptive behaviors; and a lack of adequate suicide prevention programing for this profession.
Infant Ross-Konno, Endocardial Fibroelastosis Resection and Mitral Valve Repair.

Optimal management of critical aortic stenosis (AS) in infants depends on the left ventricle's (LV's) ability to maintain adequate output. Determining feasibility of biventricular repair may be dif...
Single-molecule fluorescence detection of green fluorescence protein and application to single-protein dynamics.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the features of fluorescence microscopes for single molecule detection and describes the design and construction of the low background total internal reflection fluorescence microscope that are used in experiments. In addition, the unusual properties of green fluorescent protein (GFP) compared to small organic fluorophores have been discussed, with particular attention to its behavior under single molecule imaging conditions. The chapter also summarizes the applications of single-molecule GFP imaging. It utilizes single-molecule detection of kinesin-GFP, expressed by conventional means or by in vitro translation, to develop an assay for visualizing single-molecule motility of this motor protein. GFP fusions of many molecules of interest are already available, and more appear on a daily basis. Thus, it should be possible to extend these studies to other moving-enzyme systems such as helicases, polymerases, and ribosomes, and more generally to the quantitation of affinities and rate parameters of protein–protein interactions. Preliminary evidence suggests that, in some circumstances, single-molecule imaging of GFP fusion proteins in living cells may be possible.
Vocabulary Profile as a Measure of Vocabulary Sophistication

This study presents a method that assesses ESL learners' vocabulary usage to improve an automated scoring system of spontaneous speech responses by non-native English speakers. Focusing on vocabulary sophistication, we estimate the difficulty of each word in the vocabulary based on its frequency in a reference corpus and assess the mean difficulty level of the vocabulary usage across the responses (vocabulary profile). Three different classes of features were generated based on the words in a spoken response: coverage-related, average word rank and the average word frequency and the extent to which they influence human-assigned language proficiency scores was studied. Among these three types of features, the average word frequency showed the most predictive power. We then explored the impact of vocabulary profile features in an automated speech scoring context, with particular focus on the impact of two factors: genre of reference corpora and the characteristics of item-types. The contribution of the current study lies in the use of vocabulary profile as a measure of lexical sophistication for spoken language assessment, an aspect heretofore unexplored in the context of automated speech scoring.
Lipolysis of Milk Fat by Pregastric Esterase in Vivo

Abstract Three male Holstein calves, surgically fitted with rumen fistulas, were fed milk by nipple pail and by direct infusion into the abomasum. Samples withdrawn from the abomasum at .5, 1 and 2 hr postfeeding were analyzed for glyceride and fatty acid composition. The molar percentages of tri-, di- and monoglycerides for calves fed by nipple pail were 57.5, 30.8 and 11.5; 53.3, 32.9 and 13.8; and 49.4, 35.0 and 15.6 at .5, one and two hours, respectively. For calves given milk directly into the abomasum, the molar percentages were 88.7, 8.9 and 2.4; 84.9, 11.2 and 3.9; and 75.0, 17.5 and 7.5, respectively. Fatty acid composition analysis of abomasal glycerides from orally fed calves revealed no butyric or caproic acids in monoglycerides. Smaller quantities of caprylic, capric, lauric and oleic acids were found in monoglycerides than in di- or triglycerides. Palmitic acid was present in greatest amounts in monoglycerides. Butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric and lauric acids were present in the free fatty acid fraction of samples from orally fed calves.
La Divina Commedia della Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio: un viaggio labirintico nell'“inferno” della contemporaneità

L’argomento di questo saggio e la riscrittura della Divina Commedia proposta nel 2008 dalla Societas Raffaello Sanzio, compagnia di teatro sperimentale conosciuta in ambito internazionale per l’estetica postdrammatica e iconoclasta. Questo studio vuole mettere in risalto le connessioni con il poema dantesco e, allo stesso tempo, la rottura e la radicalita della riscrittura della Societas basata sulla tragicita, sulla frammentarieta e sulla decostruzione. Sulla scena postdrammatica, l’ Inferno , il Purgatorio e il Paradiso generano potenti figurazioni che riproducono le tappe di un viaggio labirintico e fisico nei meandri dell’esistenza e dell’arte. The topic of this paper is the rewriting of the Divine Comedy proposed in 2008 by the Societas Raffaello Sanzio, company of experimental theater known in the international sphere for postdramatic and iconoclastic aesthetic. This study aims to highlight connections with Dante's poem and, at the same time, the break up and the radicality of rewriting by the Societas based on the tragicalness, the fragmentary and the deconstruction. On postdramatic stage, Inferno , Purgatorio and Paradiso generate powerful figurations that reproduce the stages of a labyrinthine and physical journey through the meanders of life and art.
Particle Acceleration in the Inner Magnetosphere

Particle acceleration is an important consequence of eruptive or catastrophic configuration changes in space plasmas. It is also a feature associated with more persistent structures, such as thin boundary layers, which exhibit strong gradients, instabilities, and turbulence. The most important acceleration regions in or near the magnetosphere are the bow shock, the magnetotail, the magnetopause, and the inner magnetosphere. The spatial and temporal properties of accelerated particles are the consequences of motion within the extant magnetic and electric fields. The characteristics of accelerated particles can provide insight into the underlying processes that shape the geomagnetic fields (for instance, magnetic reconnection). On the other hand, identifying the properties of the electric field combined with the magnetic field is a crucial complement to the study of the energetic particles themselves. The electric fields may be quasi-static, induced by magnetic field collapse, or the result of fluctuations related to plasma instabilities. The acceleration may produce suprathermal as well as very energetic particle populations. Highly energetic particles can be detrimental to satellite instrumentation and subsystems. The identification and modeling of acceleration mechanisms is therefore a crucial element in the prediction of energetic particle flux increases and the potential prevention of detrimental space weather effects. This review focuses on inner magnetospheric acceleration processes. We address several fundamental questions; (1) What are the main acceleration mechanisms?; (2) What are the particle source populations?; and (3) What determines the spatial and temporal characteristics of the energetic particles?
Glutamatergic synaptic dysregulation in schizophrenia: Therapeutic implications

Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population and continues to be associated with poor outcome because of the limited efficacy of and noncompliance with existing antipsychotic medications. An alternative hypothesis invoking the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, arose out of clinical observations that NMDA receptor antagonists, the dissociative anesthetics like ketamine, can replicate in normal individuals the full range of symptoms of schizophrenia including psychosis, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairments. Low dose ketamine can also re-create a number of physiologic abnormalities characteristic of schizophrenia. Postmortem studies have revealed abnormalities in endogenous modulators of NMDA receptors in schizophrenia as well as components of a postsynaptic density where NMDA receptors are localized. Gene association studies have revealed several genes that affect NMDA receptor function whose allelic variants are associated with increased risk for schizophrenia including genes encoding d-amino acid oxidase, its modulator G72, dysbindin, and neuregulin. The parvalbumin-positive, fast-firing GABAergic interneurons that provide recurrent inhibition to cortical-limbic pyramidal neurons seem to be most sensitive to NMDA receptor hypofunction. As a consequence, disinhibition of glutamatergic efferents disrupts cortical processing, causing cognitive impairments and negative symptoms, and drives subcortical dopamine release, resulting in psychosis. Drugs designed to correct the cortical-limbic dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission show promise for reducing negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia as well as its positive symptoms.
Development of cardiac beat rate in early chick embryos is regulated by regional cues

The mesoderm of each of the paired lateral heart-forming regions (HFRs) in the stage 5-7 chick embryo includes prospective conus (pre-C), ventricle (pre-V), and sinoatrial (pre-SA) cells, arranged in a rostrocaudal sequence (C-V-SA). With microsurgery we divided each HFR into three rostrocaudally arranged segments. After 24 hr of further incubation, each segment differentiated into a spontaneously beating vesicle of heart tissue to form a multiheart embryo. The cardiac vesicles in these embryos expressed left-right and rostrocaudal beat rate gradients: the left caudal pre-SA mesoderm produced tissue with the fastest beat rate of the six while the rostral vesicle formed from right pre-C was the slowest. In another operation, we prevented the HFRs from fusing in the midline by cutting through the anterior intestinal portal at stage 8, to produce cardia bifida (CB) embryos with an independently beating half-heart on each side. In these cases, the left half-heart of 87.2% of CB embryos beat faster than the right, confirming the left-right difference in intrinsic beat rate. To assess whether the future beat rate of each region is already determined in the st 5-7 HFR, we exchanged rectangular fragments of left pre-SA mesoderm and attached endoderm with right pre-C fragments to yield a left HFR with the sequence C-V-C and a right HFR with the sequence SA-V-SA. A CB operation was subsequently performed on these exchange embryos to prevent fusion of the lateral HFRs. Preconus mesoderm, transplanted to the pre-SA region, differentiated into tissue with a rapid beat rate, while pre-SA mesoderm relocated to the preconus region formed heart tissue with a slow spontaneous rate typical of the conus. In 73% of the exchange CB embryos, the left half-heart beat faster than the right, despite the origins of its mesoderm. The exchanged mesoderm developed a rate that was appropriate for its new location rather than the site of origin of the mesodermal fragment. In a third set of operations, we implanted a fragment of st 15 differentiated conus tissue into a site lateral to the left caudal HFR in st 5, 6, and 7 embryos, and subsequently performed CB operations on them. The implant caused the adjacent half-heart to develop with a slower beat rate than in unoperated or sham-operated controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
SPATIAL TRUNCATION IN MODELS OF NON-LINEAR VIBRATING SYSTEMS

Abstract Vibrating systems usually have an infinite number of degrees of freedom (d.o.f.). Since a finite number of measurement d.o.f. can only capture certain deformation patterns, the spatial characteristics of vibrating systems are only partially observed experimentally. This research examines the effects of spatial truncation on non-linear system identification. It is demonstrated that truncation produces frequency correlated noise, which cannot be extracted completely with traditional techniques. The goal of this article is to provide insight and practical recommendations for diagnosing and/or compensating for errors due to spatial truncation in multiple-d.o.f systems. The article demonstrates that non-linear dynamic systems should be instrumented with sufficient sensors; model properties should be used in addition to the input–output data; and additional temporal data should be collected to help diagnose errors due to spatial truncation.
Localization in disordered superconducting wires with broken spin-rotation symmetry

Localization and delocalization of noninteracting quasiparticle states in a superconducting wire are reconsidered, for the cases in which spin-rotation symmetry is absent, and time-reversal symmetry is either broken or unbroken; these are referred to as symmetry classes BD and DIII, respectively. We show that, if a continuum limit is taken to obtain a Fokker-Planck (FP) equation for the transfer matrix, as in some previous work, then when there are more than two scattering channels, all terms that break a certain symmetry are lost. It was already known that the resulting FP equation exhibits critical behavior. The additional symmetry is not required by the definition of the symmetry classes; terms that break it arise from non-Gaussian probability distributions, and may be kept in a generalized FP equation. We show that they lead to localization in a long wire. When the wire has more than two scattering channels, these terms are irrelevant at the short distance (diffusive or ballistic) fixed point, but as they are relevant at the long-distance critical fixed point, they are termed dangerously irrelevant. We confirm the results in a supersymmetry approach for class BD, where the additional terms correspond to jumps between the two components of the sigma model target space. We consider the effect of random $\ensuremath{\pi}$ fluxes, which prevent the system localizing. We show that in one dimension the transitions in these two symmetry classes, and also those in the three chiral symmetry classes, all lie in the same universality class.
Mono-Derivatives of Methylene Citric Acid*

The synthesis of selected mono-amides and mono-esters of this dibasic acid is reported. Various condensing methods were tried in the preparation of the dioxo-lone ring in the methylene citric acid. The anhydride, prepared by using phosphorus pentachloride or phosphorus oxychloride, was reacted with the alcohol or the amine in order to obtain the desired mono-derivative. An evaluation of the activity of these compounds will be reported.
Diffusion studies in Cr-Pt thin films using Auger electron spectroscopy☆

The diffusion of Cr through a thin film of Pt has been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy. The diffusion couples were prepared by the evaporation of 1400 A of Cr onto Si(111) substrates followed by the deposition of 2000 A of Pt. The substrates were not heated intentionally during the film depositions. Diffusion anneals in the temperature range 700°–850°K were carried out in an ultrahigh vacuum system in situ while Auger spectra were being recorded. Auger spectra from the Pt surface were taken periodically while the sample was held at a constant temperature and the signal from the Cr impurity was recorded as a function of time. The reciprocal of the times t resulting in equal peak-to-peak height ratios of the chromium 529 eV Auger transition to the platinum 64 eV Auger transition were plotted against the reciprocal of the temperatures T of the anneals. These results yielded an effective diffusion coefficient of Cr through Pt which is described by D′ = 1.02 × 10-2 exp (-1.69 eV/kT)
Relaxation Neural Network For Complete Discrete 2-D Gabor Transforms

It is often desirable in image processing to represent image structure in terms of a set of coefficients on a family of expansion functions. For example, familiar approaches to image coding, feature extraction, image segmentation, statistical and spectral analysis, and compression, involve such methods. It has invariably been necessary that the expansion functions employed comprise an orthogonal basis for the image space, because the problem of obtaining the correct coefficients on a non-orthogonal set of expansion functions is usually arduous if not impossible. Oddly enough, image coding in biological visual systems clearly involves non-orthogonal expansion functions. The receptive field profiles of visual neu-rons with linear response properties have large overlaps and large inner products, and are suggestive of a conjoint (spatial and spectral) "2-D Gabor representation" (Daugman 1980, 1985). The 2-D Gabor transform has useful decorrelating properties and provides a conjoint image description resembling a speech spectrogram, in which local 2-D image regions are analyzed for orientation and spatial frequency content, but its expansion functions are non-orthogonal. This paper describes a three-layered relaxation "neural network" that efficiently computes the correct coefficients for this and other, non-orthogonal, image transforms. Examples of applications which are illustrated include: (1) image compression to below 1.0 bit/pixel, and (2) textural image segmentation based upon the statistics of the 2-D Gabor coefficients found by the relaxation network.
Synchronization in On-Off Stochastic Networks: Windows of Opportunity

We study dynamical networks whose topology and intrinsic parameters stochastically change, on a time scale that ranges from fast to slow. When switching is fast, the stochastic network synchronizes as long as synchronization in the averaged network, obtained by replacing the random variables by their mean, becomes stable. We apply a recently developed general theory of blinking systems to prove global stability of synchronization in the fast switching limit. We use a network of Lorenz systems to derive explicit probabilistic bounds on the switching frequency sufficient for the network to synchronize almost surely and globally. Going beyond fast switching, we consider networks of Rossler and Duffing oscillators and reveal unexpected windows of intermediate switching frequencies in which synchronization in the switching network becomes stable even though it is unstable in the averaged/fast-switching network.
Interaction between Aldolase and Vacuolar H+-ATPase EVIDENCE FOR DIRECT COUPLING OF GLYCOLYSIS TO THE ATP-HYDROLYZING PROTON PUMP

Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are essential for acidification of intracellular compartments and for proton secretion from the plasma membrane in kidney epithelial cells and osteoclasts. The cellular proteins that regulate V-ATPases remain largely unknown. A screen for proteins that bind the V-ATPase E subunit using the yeast two-hybrid assay identified the cDNA clone coded for aldolase, an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. The interaction between E subunit and aldolase was confirmedin vitro by precipitation assays using E subunit-glutathione S-transferase chimeric fusion proteins and metabolically labeled aldolase. Aldolase was isolated associated with intact V-ATPase from bovine kidney microsomes and osteoclast-containing mouse marrow cultures in co-immunoprecipitation studies performed using an anti-E subunit monoclonal antibody. The interaction was not affected by incubation with aldolase substrates or products. In immunocytochemical assays, aldolase was found to colocalize with V-ATPase in the renal proximal tubule. In osteoclasts, the aldolase-V-ATPase complex appeared to undergo a subcellular redistribution from perinuclear compartments to the ruffled membranes following activation of resorption. In yeast cells deficient in aldolase, the peripheral V1 domain of V-ATPase was found to dissociate from the integral membrane V0 domain, indicating direct coupling of glycolysis to the proton pump. The direct binding interaction between V-ATPase and aldolase may be a new mechanism for the regulation of the V-ATPase and may underlie the proximal tubule acidification defect in hereditary fructose intolerance.
Medication quantification scores and evaluation of patient pharmacology profiles

Using new detriment weights, the Medication Quantification Scale (MQS) detected a significant reduction in medication use among chronic pain patients pre- and posttreatment at a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. These reduced medication levels were maintained at 1 and 3 months postdischarge. An interaction between MQS scores and treatment format (inpatient versus outpatient) also occurred, with inpatients accounting solely for significant changes in medication use.The implications of these findings are discussed with an emphasis on the utility of the MQS as a measure for research and clinical applications.
Pregnancy in a patient with a history of myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass grafting.

Abstract A 37-year-old woman conceived after experiencing a myocardial infarction and undergoing three-vessel aortocoronary artery bypass grafting. Pregnancy was complicated by angina, which was successfully treated with propranolol and bed rest. At term the patient underwent vaginal delivery, without evidence of intrapartum myocardial ischemia or fallure.
Fractional bandwidth normalization for optical spectra with application to the solar blackbody spectrum

Optical spectra are typically normalized per unit wavelength or per unit photon energy, yielding two different expressions or curves. It is advantageous instead to normalize a spectrum to a constant fractional bandwidth, providing a unique expression independent of whether the bandwidth is in dimensions of wavelength or of photon energy. For the Sun, whereas a per-unit-wavelength spectrum peaks in the green and a per-unit-photon-energy spectrum peaks in the IR, when the proposed normalization is used, the output peaks in the red. This approach applies to any spectral source and provides curves of constant spectral resolving power, as produced by many spectrometers.
Climatology of Non-Gaussian Atmospheric Statistics

AbstractA common assumption in the earth sciences is the Gaussianity of data over time. However, several independent studies in the past few decades have shown this assumption to be mostly false. To be able to study non-Gaussian climate statistics, one must first compile a systematic climatology of the higher statistical moments (skewness and kurtosis; the third and fourth central statistical moments, respectively). Sixty-two years of daily data from the NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis I project are analyzed. The skewness and kurtosis of the data are found at each spatial grid point for the entire time domain. Nine atmospheric variables were chosen for their physical and dynamical relevance in the climate system: geopotential height, relative vorticity, quasigeostrophic potential vorticity, zonal wind, meridional wind, horizontal wind speed, vertical velocity in pressure coordinates, air temperature, and specific humidity. For each variable, plots of significant global skewness and kurtosis are shown for December–Fe...
Kinetics and equilibria of proton-transfer reactions of weak bases in the lowest excited singlet state

Abstract For weak bases, the rate constants for the protonation of the excited base and deprotonation of the excited conjugate acid may be determined from a series of fluorimetric titrations done in moderately concentrated acid media in the presence of various concentrations of a quencher.
IMPURITY ION TRANSPORT STUDIES ON THE PLT TOKAMAK DURING NEUTRAL-BEAM INJECTION.

Radial transport of medium- and high-Z ions during co- and counter-neutral-beam heating in the PLT tokamak is studied, using molybdenum and scandium ions as tracer elements. The time evolution of the radial profiles of several ionization stages of both elements, injected by laser blowoff during the neutral-beam heating, is measured under three significantly different beam-plasma combinations. No noticeable differences in the radial profiles attributable to the beam direction are observed. However, a given injected amount resulted in considerably larger interior concentrations of the tracer element in the counter-beam heating cases, suggesting larger penetration of the plasma periphery. Computer simulation with the MIST code suggests a net inward drift of the order 103 cms−1 superposed to a diffusion coefficient of the order 104 cm2s−1 for both scandium and molybdenum ions. Injection of larger amounts of the tracer element, sufficient to cause measurable central electron temperature changes, resulted in dramatic changes in ion-state distributions, making some appear peaked in the centre while others disappeared. This effect could be produced with both co- and counter-beam heating, but with lesser amounts in the latter case. It is interpreted as rearrangement of the ionization balance, rather than any preferential accumulation of the injected element.
A self-reorganizing digital flight control system for aircraft

This paper presents a design method for digital self-reorganizing control systems which is optimally tolerant of failures in aircraft sensors. The functions of this system are accomplished with software instead of the popular and costly technique of hardware duplication. The theoretical development, based on M-ary hypothesis testing, results in a bank of M Kalman filters operating in parallel in the failure detection logic. A moving window of the innovations of each Kalman filter drives the detection logic to decide the failure state of the system. The detection logic also selects the optimal state estimate (for control logic) from the bank of Kalman filters. The design process is applied to the design of a self-reorganizing control system for a current configuration of the space shuttle orbiter at Mach 5 and 120,000 feet. The failure detection capabilities of the system are demonstrated using a real-time simulation of the system with noisy sensors.
SU-E-T-893: A Standardized 11-Field Treatment Plan for Radiosurgery to Spinal Lesions

Purpose: A single high radiation dose is effective to reduce pain caused by tumors adjacent to the spine. This study was to investigate optimal treatment angles and field numbers to create a standardized treatment for spine radiosurgery. Methods: 20 patients with thoracic and lumbar lesions treated in the past two years were redesigned. IMRS treatment plans were performed using iPlan planning system and patients were treated with 18 Gy. Dose constraints were: less than 10% of spinal cord volume received 10 Gy; mean kidneydose less than 7 Gy, and <10 Gy for esophagus. Field number of 7, 9, and 11 were used for the comparisons. Gantry angle from various arrangements were studied. Results: Excellent clinical outcomes were observed without any normal tissue complication. With the same cord dose constraint (i.e., 10 Gy to less than 10% cord volume), the PTV received better dose coverage in 11‐field's plans compared with the 9‐field's, and PTV coverage was better in 9‐field's plans than in the 7‐field's. Using 11‐field treatments, the effect of gantry angle is not significant. In our standardized 11‐filed IMRS plans, 18 Gy covers 85 to 95 % of the PTV volume, 16 Gy covers 96–100%, and 13 Gy covers 100% of PTV. The under dose regions were found at the interface between cord and lesions, which is necessary for safety margin. The range of total MU was around 10000 and the planning time was about 1.5 hours for the 11‐field standardized plan. Conclusions: Spinal lesions require urgent treatments; usually within 2–4 days including QA. With large field numbers (e.g., 11 fields), the selection of gantry angle is not important and plan can be designed in 1.5 hours. It may be relatively difficult to design a good plan if field number is less than 7 for the spine radiosurgery.
XPS a database server for data warehousing

A database server used for implementing a data warehouse must support other features than a database server used for OLTP. Therefore, in this paper we will look specifically at features necessary for efficiently processing queries on a database with a star schema model, a database scheme which is used very often in data warehousing. We will especially analyze the features provided for this by the IBM Extended Parallel Server (XPS). There are special star join methods like the Push-Down Hash Semi Join, new access methos like Generalized Key (GK) indices, and specific index usages like multi-index scans for supporting the efficient processing of star schema queries.
Technological and information transfer: How do some nations learn what other nations know? Japan's experience

Abstract The returns to the rapid acceleration in the growth of gross global product per capita in the past century and a quarter have been very inequitably distributed across nations. Nations that were already relatively wealthy in 1870 have received most of the benefits of this increase in material well‐being. Japan is thus far the only major example of a country that has been able to fully traverse the vast gulf that separates poorer from wealthier nations. Lately other economies in East Asia have experienced such sustained high rates of growth in gross domestic product per capita as to suggest they too will join Japan as non‐Western examples of the world's wealthiest nations. Some doubt has been cast on these optimistic projections by findings that economies such as Taiwan and Korea have grown rapidly, seemingly Soviet‐bloc style, without the benefit of rapid growth in total factor productivity change. Characterizing growth without total factor productivity change as Stalinist, however, is ahistorical...
An enriched multiple scales method for harmonically forced nonlinear systems

This article explores enrichment to the method of Multiple Scales, in some cases extending its applicability to periodic solutions of harmonically forced, strongly nonlinear systems. The enrichment follows from an introduced homotopy parameter in the system governing equation, which transitions it from linear to nonlinear behavior as the value varies from zero to one. This same parameter serves as a perturbation quantity in both the asymptotic expansion and the multiple time scales assumed solution form. Two prototypical nonlinear systems are explored. The first considered is a classical forced Duffing oscillator for which periodic solutions near primary resonance are analyzed, and their stability is assessed, as the strengths of the cubic term, the forcing, and a system scaling factor are increased. The second is a classical forced van der Pol oscillator for which quasiperiodic and subharmonic solutions are analyzed. For both systems, comparisons are made between solutions generated using (a) the enriched Multiple Scales approach, (b) the conventional Multiple Scales approach, and (c) numerical simulations. For the Duffing system, important qualitative and quantitative differences are noted between solutions predicted by the enriched and conventional Multiple Scales. For the van der Pol system, increased solution flexibility is noted with the enriched Multiple Scales approach, including the ability to seek subharmonic (and superharmonic) solutions not necessarily close to the linear natural frequency. In both nonlinear systems, comparisons to numerical simulations show strong agreement with results from the enriched technique, and for the Duffing case in particular, even when the system is strongly nonlinear.
A comparison of isoprene nitrate concentrations at two forest-impacted sites

[1] We report measurements of isoprene nitrates as part of the Southern Oxidants Study during the summer of 1999 at a rural/forest site in Tennessee. Average midday concentrations of the isoprene nitrates were ∼115 ppt. This is ∼10 times greater than the previously reported concentrations during the Program for Research on Oxidants: Photochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) study in 1998 at Pellston, Michigan, representing as much as 5% of NOy. Here we investigate the possible factors for the large difference in concentrations. To investigate the role of the NOx concentration on the isoprene nitrate production chemistry at the two sites, [OH] was calculated using a simple steady state model. The results of this calculation help explain the difference in magnitude of the isoprene nitrate concentrations between the two field sites in terms of the [NOx]-dependent behavior of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene and the subsequent isoprene peroxy radical reactions with NOx. However, it is also clear that the large apparent differences in the photochemical ages of the air masses sampled at the two sites significantly impacted the observed concentrations.
The WFIRST-AFTA Coronagraph design update

The most recent concept for the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) flight mission features a secondary, descopable, instrument that will perform exoplanet detection via coronagraphy of the host star. This observatory is based on the existing Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets (AFTA) 2.4-meter telescope. The mission will study exoplanets via coronagraphy and gravitational microlensing, probe dark energy, and survey the near infrared sky. Over the past year, the engineering team has been working with the science definition team to refine the mission and payload concepts. We present the current design of the coronagraph instrument point design.
Instance chains: type class programming without overlapping instances

Type classes have found a wide variety of uses in Haskell programs, from simple overloading of operators (such as equality or ordering) to complex invariants used to implement type-safe heterogeneous lists or limited subtyping. Unfortunately, many of the richer uses of type classes require extensions to the class system that have been incompletely described in the research literature and are not universally accepted within the Haskell community.This paper describes a new type class system, implemented in a prototype tool called ilab, that simplifies and enhances Haskell-style type-class programming. In ilab, we replace overlapping instances with a new feature, instance chains, allowing explicit alternation and failure in instance declarations. We describe a technique for ascribing semantics to type class systems, relating classes, instances, and class constraints (such as kind signatures or functional dependencies) directly to a set-theoretic model of relations on types. Finally, we give a semantics for ilab and describe its implementation.
Modeling Selected Properties of Extruded Waxy Maize Cross‐Linked Starches with Neural Networks

ABSTRACT: Extrusion process is described as a complex multiple input, multiple output system. Various cross-linked waxy maize starches were extruded at initial moisture contents of 20, 24, and 28% (dry basis) and screw speeds of 110, 150, and 190 rpm. Multiple Input, Single Output neural network models were developed for predicting individual product properties, and Multiple Input, Multiple Output models were developed for predicting selected product properties at 1 time from selected input process parameters. Models varied only in the number of hidden neurons, ranging between 8 and 14. Models had R2 values of 0.89 and greater. Models explained the process and the influence of selected process parameters on selected product properties.
The epidemiology of DSM-IV specific phobia in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Background. There is a lack of current detailed national data on the prevalence, correlates, disability and co-morbidity of DSM-IV specific phobia (SP), the prevalence of specific objects and situations feared, and associations between impairment, treatment and co-morbidity and the number of specific situations and objects feared, among adults in the USA.Method. The data were derived from a large (43093) representative sample of the adult population in the USA.Results. Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV SP were 7·1% and 9·4% respectively. Being female, young, and low income increased risk, while being Asian or Hispanic decreased risk (p<0·05). The mean age at onset of SP was 9·7 years, the mean duration of episode was 20·1 years and only 8·0% reported treatment specifically for SP. Most specific phobias involved multiple fears, and an increasing number of fears, regardless of content, was associated with greater disability and impairment, treatment seeking and co-morbidity with other Axis I and II disorders.Conclusions. SP is a highly prevalent, disabling and co-morbid disorder in the US adult population. The early onset of SP and the disorders most strongly associated with it highlights the need for longitudinal studies beginning in early childhood. Results suggest the existence of a generalized subtype of SP much like social phobia, which, once revealed, may lead to a classification of SP that is more etiologically and therapeutically meaningful.
HIV and aging: implications for patient management.

Between 2001 and 2004, the percentage of all HIV cases in patients aged ≥50 years increased from 17% to 23%. This concerning increase is expected to continue over the next decade. The increasing prevalence of HIV in these patients is a result of increased longevity in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as well as new primary infections in older patients. While older patients may achieve virological suppression at the same rate as younger patients, the immunological benefit of HAART in older patients may be reduced compared with younger patients. In addition, the toxicities associated with HAART may be worse in older HIV patients, particularly those with underlying renal or hepatic insufficiency. All previous studies evaluating the virological and immunological benefits of HAART in older patients have had relatively small sample sizes and none has compared efficacy or rates of toxicity by HAART treatment class. Co-morbidities are more common in older than in younger patients and can impact on the management of HIV in these patients. Providers must be cognisant of drug-drug interactions and potential adverse effects of HAART regimens when selecting an ideal antiretroviral regimen for older HIV patients. Given the increased longevity and rates of malignancies in HIV-infected patients, providers should also be particularly vigilant in maintaining routine health screening in older HIV patients. Controlled trials on HIV epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic and clinical outcomes are also needed in older patients. As the HIV-infected population ages, there is a growing need to better determine the effectiveness of HAART in older patients, and to investigate factors associated with a more rapid course of HIV infection in patients aged >50 years.
Semi-Empirical Satellite Accommodation Model for Spherical and Randomly Tumbling Objects

Orbits of launch-vehicle upper stages and spheres were observed by U.S. Air Force Space Command, and the resulting observations were converted by the Space Analysis Office to fitted ballistic coefficients by comparing the observed orbit with an orbit predicted by an atmospheric-drag model. The ballistic coefficients contain signals that result from atmospheric variability not captured by the model as well as signals that correspond to changes in the satellite-drag coefficient. For objects in highly elliptical orbits with perigee altitudes below 200 km a 50% change in ballistic coefficient can be observed. This drastic change is associated with both changes in the energy accommodation coefficient driven by atomic-oxygen adsorption and entry into a transition flow region where a diffuse shock forms ahead of the satellite near perigee. Furthermore, the observed ballistic coefficients for objects in near-circular orbits (7.5 km/s speeds) do not match those of objects in highly eccentric orbits (10 km/s spee...
ADDING REGRESSORS TO OBTAIN EFFICIENCY

It is well known that in standard linear regression models with independent and iden tically distributed data and homoskedasticity, adding "irrelevant regressors" hurts (asymptotic) efficiency unless such irrelevant regressors are orthogonal to the re maining regressors. But we have found that under (conditional) heteroskedasticity "irrelevant regressors" can always be found such that one can achieve the asymp totic variance of the generalized least squares estimator by adding the "irrelevant regressors" to the model.
A Computer‐Based Record System for A Hospital Transfusion Service

An on-line, real-time system for recording transfusion service activities was added to an existing LABCOM® general laboratory computing system. The new programs monitor the blood inventory, crossmatches performed, units issued and final disposition of all units of blood. The computer prints the final patient record of units crossmatched and transfused, generates the patient bill, and tallies the workload. The system has reduced the manual clerical operations from 12 to 14 man-hours per day to eight or less. Acceptance by the medical technologists has been excellent.
Cortical connections of the dorsomedial visual area in prosimian primates

The dorsomedial visual area (DM) was originally identified in New World owl monkeys as an area rostral to dorsomedial visual area 2 (V2) that is heavily myelinated, contains a complete representation of the visual field, and has a unique distribution of connections with other visual areas. A DM homologue has been proposed in prosimian galagos on the basis of physiological mapping. We determined the pattern of connections of the proposed DM with other cortical visual areas in galagos by placing injections of several different neuroanatomical tracers into DM and locating the resulting label in relation to areal boundaries and modules by using architecture from cytochrome oxidase and myelin preparations. We found that DM is connected with V1, V2, the middle temporal area, and regions of the medial area, the middle superior temporal area, the dorsointermediate area, the ventral posterior area, and the ventral posterior parietal area. Following some injections, label was also found in the fundal superior temporal sulcus area and in the frontal eye field. Connections with V1 were patchy. Although the majority of labeled neurons were in cytochrome oxidase blobs of V1, many labeled neurons were located in interblob regions as well. Similarities in the connections and the architecture of DM of galagos and owl monkeys suggest that the same area has been identified in both groups of primates.
Cells lacking Pcp1p/Ugo2p, a rhomboid-like protease required for Mgm1p processing, lose mtDNA and mitochondrial structure in a Dnm1p-dependent manner, but remain competent for mitochondrial fusion.

Abstract The dynamin-related GTPase, Mgm1p, is critical for the fusion of the mitochondrial outer membrane, maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), formation of normal inner membrane structures, and inheritance of mitochondria. Although there are two forms of Mgm1p, 100 and 90 kDa, their respective functions and the mechanism by which these two forms are produced are not clear. We previously isolated ugo2 mutants in a genetic screen to identify components involved in mitochondrial fusion [J. Cell Biol. 152 (2001) 1123]. In this paper, we show that ugo2 mutants are defective in PCP1, a gene encoding a rhomboid-related serine protease. Cells lacking Pcp1p are defective in the processing of Mgm1p and produce only the larger (100 kDa) form of Mgm1p. Similar to mgm1Δ cells, pcp1Δ cells contain partially fragmented mitochondria, instead of the long tubular branched mitochondria of wild-type cells. In addition, pcp1Δ cells, like mgm1Δ cells, lack mtDNA and therefore are unable to grow on nonfermentable medium. Mutations in the catalytic domain lead to complete loss of Pcp1p function. Similar to mgm1Δ cells, the fragmentation of mitochondria and loss of mtDNA of pcp1Δ cells were rescued when mitochondrial division was blocked by inactivating Dnm1p, a dynamin-related GTPase. Surprisingly, in contrast to mgm1Δ cells, which are completely defective in mitochondrial fusion, pcp1Δ cells can fuse their mitochondria after yeast cell mating. Our study demonstrates that Pcp1p is required for the processing of Mgm1p and controls normal mitochondrial shape and mtDNA maintenance by producing the 90 kDa form of Mgm1p. However, the processing of Mgm1p is not strictly required for mitochondrial fusion, indicating that the 100 kDa form is sufficient to promote fusion.
SEC09-033 three dimensional least squares estimation scheme

A common method for representing a set of data as a curve is the well known least squares approximation. This method is used to generate equations which represent a variable in terms of coefficients generated by the method and the other known variable. A new method is proposed which uses a similar derivation to create equations which represent the three dimensional data. This algorithm, the Three Dimensional Least Squares Estimation Method, is then used to predict future coordinate values from past data measurements.
Determination of L- and D-glutamic acids by combined microbiological method and racemization procedure

Summary1. An improved microbiological procedure, specific for the L- form of glutamic acid, was developed and shown to yield reproducible and accurate values for this amino acid in protein hydrolysates. 2. A sample treatment resulting in complete racemization of glutamic acid was developed to permit estimation of total (L- plus D-) glutamic acids from the L-glutamic acid content of treated materials. 3. L-Glutamic acid and total glutamic acids were determined in casein, 3 lactic acid bacteria, and 4 mycobacteria. D-Glutamic acid was negligible in casein hydrolysate but appeared to constitute 10% to 15% of the total glutamic acid in hydrolysates of mycobacteria and 20% to 44% in hydrolysates of lactic acid bacteria.
‘Corralling the Virus’: Migratory Sexualities and the ‘Spread of AIDS’ in the US Media:

In this paper I examine the emergence of a popular geography of AIDS in the US mass media in the 1980s, exploring the role of global mobility in the construction of AIDS as a national threat. Effor...
On some results concerning the reciprocal formulation for the Signorini's problem

Abstract In the paper the relationship between two formulations of the Signorini's Problem is investigated. The first one is based on the minimum-potential energy theorem, and is expressed in terms of displacements. In the second one, the so called “reciprocal formulation”, the unknown function appears to be a contact pressure. Based on Ekeland-Temam's results concerning the duality theory the equivalance of both formulations is shown. For the sake of some numerical experience the simple example of a beam supported on elastic supports is considered. Numerical results fully confirm the theoretical investigations.