cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer of the Urinary Tract and Genital Organs: Female and Male

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among male patients, accounting for 21% of all new cancer diagnoses in men. However, it accounts for only 8% of cancer deaths annually despite its high prevalence. Decreased bone mineral density is a side effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) that may be underestimated on Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scans in this population. Prostate cancer has a high affinity for metastasizing to bone and is unique in that it characteristically produces osteoblastic bone lesions, although osteolytic lesions may also occur. Multimodal exercise can improve overall physical function in patients with a history of prostate cancer, even those with advanced disease. Pelvic floor and erectile dysfunction frequently occur after surgery or radiation for prostate cancer, with urinary and bowel incontinence being the most common side effects.
Fabrication of mechanically enhanced superhydrophobic surface using nanosecond laser-based high-throughput surface nanostructuring (nHSN)

Abstract In this work, we conduct a systematic experimental investigation of surface integrity for steel and aluminum alloys processed via nanosecond laser-based high-throughput surface nanostructuring (nHSN) process. nHSN surface morphology and surface chemistry are first experimentally characterized, and the results show that surface nanostructure with proper surface chemistry is generated due to the combined effect of chemical etching and attachment of functional groups of low surface energy. Desired surface wetting behavior is achieved using a proper silane reagent during the nHSN chemical immersion treatment phase, while surface nanostructure can be finely modulated by adjusting the laser processing parameters. nHSN nanostructures with fluorosilane chemistry exhibit strong capability to repel water, leading to superhydrophobicity achieved on two important engineering metal alloys, namely steel and aluminium alloys. It is further experimentally demonstrated that the microhardness and anti-corrosion performance of the nHSN surface can be significantly enhanced compared with the untreated surface, indicating that the nHSN process is very effective for enhancing the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of these important metal alloys. These results show that nHSN simultaneously creates random nanostructures, attains desirable surface chemistry and enhances surface integrity over large-area metal alloy surfaces.
A gender-sensitive approach to U.S. crisis communication for COVID-19 and beyond

Abstract Examining the COVID-19 pandemic communication from a gender perspective is ethically critical and socially timely Combined with class, it helps us to identify how effective communication has been during this pandemic This Forum contribution takes a gender-sensitive approach with the premise that all public health crises are inherently gendered phenomena Two global initiatives are crucial for our purposes: The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) and the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda Based on the four strategic pillars (prevention, participation, protection, and relief and recovery) we ask the following: ?Who (a) is prevented from harm by the COVID-19 recovery efforts, who (b) is participating in, who (c) receives protection from and who (d) will receive assistance through the COVID-19 recovery efforts?' We conclude that the COVID-19 crisis has had its worst effects on the poorest and most vulnerable During the pandemic, there was a strong military-style communication limited to government and health professionals that lacked empathy The gender-sensitive perspective reflected by UNSCR 1325 and the WPS requires us to give up military masculinity in communication, include more empathy and dialog (mutuality and cooperation), and extend women's participation to reduce the damaging effects of any given crisis on all people
Children are more forgiving of accidental harms across development.

Abstract Forgiveness is a powerful feature of human social life, allowing for the restoration of positive cooperative relationships. Despite its importance, we know relatively little about how forgiveness develops during early life and the features that shape forgiveness decisions. Here, we investigated forgiveness behavior in children aged 5–10 years (N = 257) from the United States, varying transgressor intent and remorse in a behavioral task that pitted punishment against forgiveness. We found that baseline levels of forgiveness are high, suggesting that children assume the best of transgressors in the absence of information about intent and remorse. We also found age-related increases in sensitivity to intent but not remorse, such that older children are more likely to forgive accidental transgressions. Because forgiveness is an important tool in the human social toolkit, exploring the ways in which this ability develops across age can help us to better understand the early roots of human cooperation.
White Property Interests in College Athletic Admissions

Dominant cultural narratives position college sports as engines of racial integration and upward mobility. Previous studies examined the chances for low-income men of color becoming athletes in two...
A Simple Free-Fold Test to Measure Bending Stiffness of Slender Soft Actuators

A reliable estimate for bending stiffness is critical to many soft robot models when predicting everything from robot-environment contact to buckling resistance. Current methods for predicting actuator bending stiffness rely on highly accurate knowledge of material characteristics, which are not trivial to obtain for composite actuators. Additionally, current models for fluidic actuators often depend on a pressure-independent bending stiffness despite pressure playing a non-negligible role in bending stiffness behavior. Methods to measure actuator stiffness often require costly instrumentation to measure or perturb the motions and forces required to measure actual bending stiffness. We introduce a simple free-fold test to empirically estimate the bending stiffness of slender soft actuators—pressurized or unpressurized and composite or homogeneous—which requires the measurement of one distance from a single image of a specific robot pose. The resulting model also shows that the change in actuator weight per unit length can be used to determine the dependence of bending stiffness on actuation pressure.
Two Standards of Repair: Restoration and Resilience

Compensatory damages are often understood through the lens of repair. Tort theorists differ about what the fundamental *object of repair* should be—e.g., bodies, property, interpersonal relationships, normative relationships, or something else. But repair can also be distinguished by the applicable *standard of repair* governing it—i.e., which of several reparative ideals should govern an object’s repair. Courts typically presuppose a restorative standard, which seeks to undo destructive forces as though they never happened. But this paper argues that there is an overlooked standard—i.e., resilient repair—that appears in ordinary thinking about how to appropriately respond to setbacks. Roughly, this ideal encourages repair that makes its object in some significant way better than before a given setback, without seeking to erase all evidence of past injuries. After explaining the ideal and its normative underpinnings, this paper offers resilient repair as an evaluative resource to help us rethink compensatory damages. To illustrate the ideal’s utility, the paper argues that resilient repair allows us to reinterpret hedonic damages in the face of otherwise withering criticisms, including the objection that hedonic damages denigrate disabled persons. Although more might be said for and against understanding tort law through the lens of resilient repair, this paper aims to generate interest in resilience as an ideal for evaluating private law.
Multiplexed detection of bacterial nucleic acids using Cas13 in droplet microarrays

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of infections is fundamental to individual patient care and public health management. Nucleic acid detection methods are critical to this effort, but are limited either in the breadth of pathogens targeted or by the expertise and infrastructure required. We present here a high-throughput system that enables rapid identification of bacterial pathogens, bCARMEN, which utilizes: (1) modular CRISPR-Cas13-based nucleic acid detection with enhanced sensitivity and specificity; and (2) a droplet microfluidic system that enables thousands of simultaneous, spatially multiplexed detection reactions at nanoliter volumes; and (3) a novel pre-amplification strategy that further enhances sensitivity and specificity. We demonstrate bCARMEN is capable of detecting and discriminating 52 clinically relevant bacterial species and several key antibiotic resistance genes. We further develop a proof of principle system for use with stabilized reagents and a simple workflow with optical readout using a cell phone camera, opening up the possibility of a rapid point-of-care multiplexed bacterial pathogen identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Biological activity of the nucleic acids extracted from two aerosolized bacterial viruses.

The infectivity of the nucleic acids of πX-174 and MS-2 was examined after aerosolization. It was found that the nucleic acids were undamaged by aerosolization.
Regulation of sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae by Dietary Ethanol and Sucrose

Dietary sucrose and ethanol are potent modulators of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) in the third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. When added to modified Sang's medium C, 428 mM ethanol and 146 mM sucrose each increased the GPDH tissue activity more than 90% and GPDH cross-reacting material (CRM) more than 50% over the levels found in larvae fed the 14.6 mM sucrose control diet. When fed together, ethanol and sucrose exerted synergetic effects on GPDH activity and CRM. The activity of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase was also stimulated by dietary ethanol and sucrose, indicating that the glycerol-3-phosphate cycle was operating in the larvae. Dietary ethanol caused similar shifts in the NADH:NAD+ ratio in wild-type and Gpdh null larvae, suggesting that the maintenance of the cofactor equilibrium is not the primary function of GPDH in larvae. Increases in triacylglycerol content associated with the administration of ethanol and sucrose to larvae suggested that the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate for use in lipid synthesis is an important function of GPDH in larvae. Because ethanol is a constituent of the natural diet of D. melanogaster, nutritional modulation of GPDH is postulated to be an important aspect of the adaptation of the species to its environment.
Implications of Scales in Processing of Information

Memory and logic devices in processing of information employ deterministically correct binary manipulation by a large ensemble of small devices. Smallest critical dimensions on a chip are in nanometers and the largest are in centimeters. Within the device themselves, 3-D, 2-D, 1-D, or even 0-D effects and their properties may be employed. This integrated circuit ensemble in its present form manipulates the information for an informational objective under constraints, among many, of energy, time, and absolute correctness. Four example sets illustrating the consequences of this approach arising from statistical, thermodynamic, quantum-mechanic, and information mechanic considerations are analyzed. The first illustrates the implication on a minimum in energy in any binary state change of $>250k_{B} T$ . The second illustrates the connection between the nature of memory mechanism to the fluctuations and their guiding statistics that lead to the variability and errors. The third illustrates the limits arising in dissipative access due to dimensionality change. The fourth illustrates the interaction between fluctuations and on-chip signal transmission and manipulation with their resultant constraints. We tie this analysis to devices aimed at subthreshold conduction control, the change to on -state and low voltage operations. These examples illustrate the constraints placed on the reductive march through the connections of scales that leave the electronic ensemble nearly nine orders of magnitude off the thermodynamic capacity in information efficiency. A naturally probabilistic Bayesian computation example is provided as an alternative toward achieving efficiency.
How Brown Is Goodridge ?: The Appropriation of a Legal Icon

This article compares the two cases, Brown and Goodridge, to see in what ways they are alike and in what ways they are dissimilar – to judge how Brown Goodridge actually is. Much rides on this comparison. Brown is the most famous and most acclaimed court decision in American history. The abolition of “separate but equal” was the plain meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment’s promise of “equal protection of the laws,” and thus correct in the legal sense. However, above all, abolishing “separate but equal” was the right thing to do morally. That doctrine’s abolition played a crucial role in helping rid the country of the scourge of racism. If the Goodridge decision can wrap itself in the mantle of Brown successfully, Goodridge will go a long way towards achieving public acceptance of gay marriage by a skeptical public and repudiating a legal tradition that had been unanimous in its understanding that marriage is only between a man and a woman.
Hydroxyapatite implants with designed internal architecture.

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) has been used as a bone graft material in the clinics for decades. Traditionally, the pores in these HAs are either obtained from the coralline exoskeletal patterns or from the embedded organic particles in the starting HA powder. Both processes offer very limited control on the pore structure. A new method for manufacturing porous HA with designed pore channels has been developed. This method is essentially a lost-mold technique with negative molds made with Stereolithography and a highly loaded curable HA suspension as the ceramic carrier. Implants with designed channels and connection patterns were first generated from a Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) software and Computer Tomography (CT) data. The negative images of the designs were used to build the molds on a stereolithography apparatus with epoxy resins. A 40 vol% HA suspension in propoxylated neopentyl glycol diacrylate (PNPGDA) and iso-bornyl acrylate (IBA) was formulated. HA suspension was cast into the epoxy molds and cured into solid at 85 °C. The molds and acrylate binders were removed by pyrolysis, followed by HA green body sintering. With this method, implants with six different channel designs were built successfully and the designed channels were reproduced in the sintered HA implants. The channels created in the sintered HA implants were between 366 μm and 968 μm in diameter with standard deviations of 50 μm or less. The porosity created by the channels were between 26% and 52%. The results show that HA implants with designed connection pattern and well controled channel size can be built with the technique developed in this study. © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Advising parents on discipline: what works.

Discipline for children is one of the most common behavioral issues encountered when providing health care for children, and 90% of pediatricians report that they include advice about discipline most of the time when providing anticipatory guidance to families.1 Although we should provide advice for discipline strategies that have evidence of being effective, this goal is quite complex because of the broad scope of what constitutes discipline and the multifactorial etiology of behavior problems. THE BROAD SCOPE OF DISCIPLINE Discipline refers to systems of teaching, learning, and nurturing that are used in child rearing. These systems include procedures that encourage appropriate behavior and deter misbehavior according to the child9s developmental abilities. The systems9 ultimate goals are for the child to achieve competence, self-control, and self-direction.2 Some children make these teaching tasks more difficult than others, often due to differences in temperament.3 Children who have aspects of their personality defined as "difficult" are both more likely to have behavior problems and to present a challenge for caregivers trying to be consistent and positive in their discipline teaching. Children with diagnosable mental health problems or developmental disabilities, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, often have their own additional special difficulties with socialization and learning. Conversely, children with higher intelligence and better language skills are more resilient to stress, have fewer behavior problems, and respond better to parent-mediated behavior training and therefore are easier to discipline. Many other factors affect a caregiver9s ability to conceive of, establish, and maintain a system of discipline. Many of the same parental factors that interfere with establishing optimal discipline and responding to parent intervention programs are the ones that make it more likely that the child will have problematic behaviors.
Activation of brain calcineurin (Cn) by Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) depends on direct SOD1-Cn protein interactions occurring in vitro and in vivo.

Cn (calcineurin) activity is stabilized by SOD1 (Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase), a phenomenon attributed to protection from superoxide (O2•−). The effects of O2•− on Cn are still controversial. We found that O2•−, generated either in vitro or in vivo did not affect Cn activity. Yet native bovine, recombinant human or rat, and two chimaeras of human SOD1–rat SOD1, all activated Cn, but SOD2 (Mn-superoxide dismutase) did not affect Cn activity. There was also a poor correlation between SOD1 dismutase activity and Cn activation. A chimaera of human N-terminal SOD1 and rat C-terminal SOD1 had little detectable dismutase activity, yet stimulated Cn activity the same as full-length human or rat SOD1. Nevertheless, there was evidence that the active site of SOD1 was involved in Cn activation based on the loss of activation following chelation of Cu from the active site of SOD1. Also, SOD1 engaged in the catalysis of O2•− dismutation was ineffective in activating Cn. SOD1 activation of Cn resulted from a 90-fold decrease in phosphatase Km without a change in Vmax. A possible mechanism for the activation of Cn was identified in our studies as the prevention of Fe and Zn losses from the active site of Cn, suggesting a conformation-dependent SOD1–Cn interaction. In neurons, SOD1 and Cn were co-localized in cytoplasm and membranes, and SOD1 co-immunoprecipitated with Cn from homogenates of brain hippocampus and was present in immunoprecipitates as large multimers. Pre-incubation of pure SOD1 with Cn caused SOD1 multimer formation, an indication of an altered conformational state in SOD1 upon interaction with Cn.
EFFICACY AND FIELD PERSISTENCE OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AFTER GROUND APPLICATION TO BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE IN WISCONSIN

B. t. a ete applique a 3 doses (1,0 Biu/arbre; 0,1 Biu/arbre et 0,01 Biu/arbre) sur le sapin et l'epinette blanche, a l'aide de brumisateurs. Detection de cristaux proteiques sur le feuillage pendant 16 j apres l'application de 1,0 Biu, et d'endospores viables de B. t. apres 1 an de traitement
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is present in human placenta and semen, but undetectable in normal and Paget's disease blood: measurements with an anti-mouse-NGF enzyme immunoassay using a recombinant human NGF reference.

An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) originally developed for mouse β-nerve growth factor (NGF) and commercially available was validated for human NGF. Cell culture medium containing bioactive recombinant human NGF was used as a reference, and mouse 2.5S β-NGF as a standard. One of three human placentas contained measurable NGF (70 pg/g of tissue of mouse β-NGF equivalents), a second detectable, and a third undetectable NGF. In three human semen samples NGF content ranged from 0.13 – 1.4 ng/ml. NGF could not be detected in normal human serum and in plasma from patients with Paget's disease, although mouse 2.5S β-NGF added to human blood could be completely recovered from the serum.
Biotic contexts alter metal sequestration and AMF effects on plant growth in soils polluted with heavy metals

Investigating how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-plant interactions vary with edaphic conditions provides an opportunity to test the context-dependency of interspecific interactions. The relationship between AMF and their host plants in the context of other soil microbes was studied along a gradient of heavy metal contamination originating at the site of zinc smelters that operated for a century. The site is currently under restoration. Native C3 grasses have reestablished, and C4 grasses native to the region but not the site were introduced. Interactions involving the native mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal soil microbes, soil, one C3 grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), and one C4 grass (Sorghastrum nutans) were investigated using soils from the two extremes of the contamination gradient in a full factorial greenhouse experiment. After 12 weeks, plant biomass and root colonization by AMF and non-mycorrhizal microbes were measured. Plants from both species grew much larger in soil from low-contaminated (LC) origin than high-contaminated (HC) origin. For S. nutans, the addition of a non-AMF soil microbial wash of either origin increased the efficacy of AMF from LC soils but decreased the efficacy of AMF from HC soils in promoting plant growth. Furthermore, there was high mortality of S. nutans in HC soil, where plants with AMF from HC died sooner. For D. flexuosa, plant biomass did not vary with AMF source or the microbial wash treatment or their interaction. While AMF origin did not affect root colonization of D. flexuosa by AMF, the presence and origin of AMF did affect the number of non-mycorrhizal (NMF) morphotypes and NMF root colonization. Adding non-AMF soil biota reduced Zn concentrations in shoots of D. flexuosa. Thus the non-AMF biotic context affected heavy metal sequestration and associated NMF in D. flexuosa, and it interacted with AMF to affect plant biomass in S. nutans. Our results should be useful for improving our basic ecological understanding of the context-dependency of plant-soil interactions and are potentially important in restoration of heavy-metal-contaminated sites.
Photofermentation of malate for biohydrogen production— A modeling approach

Abstract A kinetic model for photofermentative biohydrogen production is developed in this study to predict the dynamics of the process. The proposed model contains 17 parameters to describe cell growth, substrate consumption, and hydrogen evolution as well as inhibition of the process by biomass, light intensity, and substrate. Batch experimental results from the literature were used to calibrate and validate the model with malic acid as a model substrate, using Rhodobacter sphaeroides as a model biomass. Temporal hydrogen evolution and cell growth predicted by the proposed model agreed well with the experimentally measured data obtained from four literature reports, with statistically significant correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9. Based on sensitivity analysis performed with the validated model, only six of the 17 parameters were found to be significant. Model simulations indicated that the range of optimal light intensity for maximum hydrogen yield from malate by R. sphaeroides was 150–250 W/m2.
Analysis and Simulation of Velocity and Acceleration Based on Three-Translational Parallel Mechanism

Aimed at three-translational parallel mechanism, the velocity Jacobian matrix is formulated on the basis of analytical method, so the velocity and acceleration of the moving platform is calculated. Then the velocity and acceleration formulas of all components’ centroids are deduced based on the vector method. The above formulas are very simple and easy to solve. Kinematic simulation is carried out by ADAMS virtual prototyping software. The operating data is obtained, it verifies the correctness of the theoretical calculation.
Assessing long‐term risk with short‐term data

Keep on taking the tablets – but for how long? New drugs can be tested for only a short time, but Vioxx and Avandia proved dangerous over the long term, and patients may take such drugs for years. So how can we establish the safety of long-term use?Howard Wainer finds that makers of light bulbs and door hinges can guide us.
Regeneration of passive helium pumping

Abstract In a tokamak, the applicability of passive pumping of helium ions accelerated across the plasma sheath is dependent on the ability to regenerate pumping surfaces. The regeneration of passive trapping of 4 keV He ions normally incident on Ni has been studied via thermal and laser annealing. It was found that He can be trapped up to a fluence of ∼1 × 10 17 He/cm 2 at room temperature after annealing treatments above 675–925K. Annealing treatments at 675K between bombardment runs resulted in very little degradation of trapping capacity for seven successive runs. Trapping capacity was also successfully restored after a single 1.5 μs laser pulse of 3 J/cm 2 at a wavelength of 580 nm. It appears that a number of simple surface treatments can be used to regenerate He pumping and hence extend the attainable tokamak discharge length in early DT fusion devices.
Efficiency, Accountability, and Private Government: The Impact of Residential Community Associations on Residential Property Values*

Objective. This study evaluates the impact of residential community associations (RCAs) on RCA property values by testing competing theoretical expectations about the efficiency and accountability of RCAs with empirical evidence. Method. We use pooled data on 195 units in six RCAs in one city, regressing sales price on RCA fees, a proxy for the importance of professional management compared to community involvement, previous property values, and other variables. Results. We find that increases in RCA fees (and services) depress average property values over what they would be otherwise, and that professional management somewhat mitigates this effect by raising property values. Conclusion. RCAs with horizontal, community controls act as if they are governed by a high-demand, volunteer, review group by producing and charging too much, while professional management (i.e., hierarchical control) slightly reduces the tendency of RCAs to produce and charge too much. RCAs may not be the model of efficiency that proponents of private governments expect.
Changes in the distribution of platelet membrane proteins revealed by energy transfer

The redistribution of platelet membrane proteins in response to platelet activation was studied. To investigate this process we prepared a variety of platelet ligands, including di- and tetrameric concanavalin A, IgG, thrombin, wheat-germ agglutinin and other lectins. These ligands were conjugated either with acceptor (rhodamine isothiocyanate) or donor (fluoresceine isothiocyanate) fluorophore. Platelets exposed to various combinations of ligand species were stimulated with different aggregating agents, and changes in sensitized fluorescence emission or donor quenching were recorded. Energy transfer was observed with thrombin, dimeric concanavalin A after addition of thrombin and various combinations of dimeric concanavalin A with other membrane ligands. The preincubation of platelets with colchicine prevented energy transfer between appropriate ligand pairs and platelet activator. Our studies show that nonradiative energy transfer can be used to analyze redistribution of membrane receptor sites in platelets.
A new fluorimetric procedure for the detection and quantitation of organic compounds in thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A new procedure for the detection and quantitation of organic compounds in thin-layer chromatography is described in which the formation of fluorescent derivatives is induced by thermal treatment of the chromatoplates in the presence of ammonium hydrogen carbonate, and the fluorophores formed are quantitated on the plate by spectrofluorimetry. By using the detecting agent in the vapor phase, a complete, uniform reaction and a regular background are obtained. This procedure offers the advantages of convenience, sensitivity, versatility, stability of the fluorophores and of using an inexpensive, non-toxic reagent that is easy to handle.
Antecedents of emotional display rule commitment.

This study examined the antecedents of commitment to emotional display rules for customer service employees in typical and incivility customer service interactions. Results showed that expectancy and valence were unique predictors of the commitment to display positive emotions to customers in typical customer interaction scenarios, whereas expectancy and motivational force (i.e., the product of expectancy and valence) were unique predictors of commitment in incivility interaction scenarios. Further, in both situations, agreeableness and reward structure were significant predictors of expectancy, valence, and motivational force and had indirect effects on display rule commitment. Finally, expectancy, valence, motivational force, and display rule commitment were lower in the incivility customer interaction condition compared to the typical interaction condition, suggesting that individuals had less motivation to display positive emotions when dealing with an uncivil customer.
Dual neutral particle induced transmutation in CINDER2008

Abstract Although nuclear transmutation methods for fission have existed for decades, the focus has been on neutron-induced reactions. Recent novel concepts have sought to use both neutrons and photons for purposes such as active interrogation of cargo to detect the smuggling of highly enriched uranium, a concept that would require modeling the transmutation caused by both incident particles. As photonuclear transmutation has yet to be modeled alongside neutron-induced transmutation in a production code, new methods need to be developed. The CINDER2008 nuclear transmutation code from Los Alamos National Laboratory is extended from neutron applications to dual neutral particle applications, allowing both neutron- and photon-induced reactions for this modeling with a focus on fission. Following standard reaction modeling, the induced fission reaction is understood as a two-part reaction, with an entrance channel to the excited compound nucleus, and an exit channel from the excited compound nucleus to the fission fragmentation. Because photofission yield data—the exit channel from the compound nucleus—are sparse, neutron fission yield data are used in this work. With a different compound nucleus and excitation, the translation to the excited compound state is modified, as appropriate. A verification and validation of these methods and data has been performed. This has shown that the translation of neutron-induced fission product yield sets, and their use in photonuclear applications, is appropriate, and that the code has been extended correctly.
A Bacterial Virulence Protein Promotes Pathogenicity by Inhibiting the Bacterium’s Own F1Fo ATP Synthase

Several intracellular pathogens, including Salmonella enterica and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, require the virulence protein MgtC to survive within macrophages and to cause a lethal infection in mice. We now report that, unlike secreted virulence factors that target the host vacuolar ATPase to withstand phagosomal acidity, the MgtC protein acts on Salmonella's own F1Fo ATP synthase. This complex couples proton translocation to ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and is required for virulence. We establish that MgtC interacts with the a subunit of the F1Fo ATP synthase, hindering ATP-driven proton translocation and NADH-driven ATP synthesis in inverted vesicles. An mgtC null mutant displays heightened ATP levels and an acidic cytoplasm, whereas mgtC overexpression decreases ATP levels. A single amino acid substitution in MgtC that prevents binding to the F1Fo ATP synthase abolishes control of ATP levels and attenuates pathogenicity. MgtC provides a singular example of a virulence protein that promotes pathogenicity by interfering with another virulence protein.
Enzymatic removal of O6-methylguanine from DNA by mammalian cell extracts

Abstract Extracts from various rat tissues were incubated with [ 3 H]methylated DNA or chromatin in order to compare their abilities to catalyze the removal of labeled O 6 -methylguanine from acid precipitable DNA. Liver extracts had the greatest activity. Kidney extracts had about 35% of the activity in liver and extracts from lung, colon, small intestine and brain were much less active. The enzyme responsible for this reaction does not appear to be an N -glycosidase because no labeled O 6 -methylguanine could be detected in the supernatant fraction even though more than 50% of this base was lost from the DNA. The released radioactivity was present as methanol which is consistent with the possibility that the reaction may involve a demethylase action on either the DNA substrate or an oligonucleotide derived from it.
Redo Sternotomy for Cardiac Reoperations Using Peripheral Heparin-Bonded Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuits Without Systemic Heparinization: Technique and Results

Objective Cardiac reoperations are challenging and time-consuming and incur a high incidence of perioperative complications because of injuries to cardiac structures, bleeding, and hemodynamic instability. Some centers are using extracorporeal circulation with heparinization at the time of resternotomy, but it leads to prolonged anticoagulation, platelet dysfunction, fibrinolysis, coagulopathy, and morbidity. The authors routinely perform resternotomy in complex surgery with the support of heparinless cardiopulmonary bypass with heparin-bonded circuits (HBCs). The authors describe their technique, indication, and results. Methods The femoral artery or axillary artery and femoral veins are cannulated before sternotomy, and cardiopulmonary bypass is instituted using an HBC without systemic heparinization. Systemic heparin (200-300 U/kg) is administered when all structures are isolated before aortic cross-clamping (activated coagulation time >400 seconds). Results Between 1996 and 2008, 336 patients underwent redo sternotomy using the HBC for complex cardiac procedures, with 29 deaths (8.6% deaths within 30 days). Only 5 (1.5%) of 336 patients sustained injury to the right ventricle, aorta, bypass grafts, or ventricular fibrillation during re-entry without hemodynamic deterioration; and underwent uneventful repair and outcomes. There was no online HBC thrombosis. Conclusions This study shows that HBC without systemic heparinization during resternotomy can be used safely in complex redo cardiac surgery. The heart is completely decompressed during the resternotomy, allowing easy dissection, less likely injury to vital structures, and less bleeding without compromising the hemodynamics.
A Three‐Dimensional Finite Element Stress Analysis of Angled Abutments for an Implant Placed in the Anterior Maxilla

Purpose A three-dimensional mathematical model of the maxilla was developed that was used to analyze the stresses and strains produced by an abutment system capable of three abutment angulations. Materials and Methods Computed tomography was used to derive the geometry and density values used for the maxillary model. A 3.8 × 10–mm cylindrical implant was embedded in the right central incisor position at a 35° angle to the horizontal plane and parallel to the angulation of the bone site. All geometric and elastic properties for the fixture and the surrounding bone were included in the model. A simulated occlusal load of 178 N was applied along the long axis of 0°, 15°, and 20° abutments. The mathematical models were solved by the Cray Y/MP Ohio Supercomputer (Cray, Eagan, MN) using the ABAQUS software program (Hibbitt, Karlsson, and Sorenson, Providence, RI). Results Numerical and graphic results were generated for the maximum (tensile) and minimum (compressive) stresses and strains. Principal stresses occurred predominantly in the cortical bone layers, whereas strains occurred mostly in the cancellous bone. Conclusions In general, there was an increase in the magnitude of stress and strain as the abutment angulation increased. Reported stresses and strains for all three angles were within or slightly above the physiological zone derived from animal studies. A need to investigate the response of human bone to stress and strain was indicated.
Patterns of Potential Methanogenesis Along Soil Moisture Gradients Following Drying and Rewetting in Midwestern Prairie Pothole Wetlands

Current models predict more intense rainstorms and extreme drought events in response to global climate change. In wetlands, greater variation in precipitation may increase fluctuation in wetland size, expanding the area of soil exposed to drying/rewetting cycles and periodic inundation. We investigated the potential impact of these changes on rates of methane (CH4) production from wetland soils along a moisture gradient encompassing open water through a zone of seasonal saturation to dry prairie. We used short (2 day) and long term (7 week) anoxic incubations of soils collected along our gradients to assess how soils exposed to varying levels of saturation would respond to drying/rewetting cycles and inundation. In both incubations, permanently-saturated soils showed the highest initial CH4 production potential. Seasonally-saturated (ephemeral) soils, however, generally produced more CH4 after short term drying and rewetting and after several weeks of anoxic incubation. Observed temporal delays in the onset of rapid CH4 production ranged from 5 to 30 days and were longer in ephemeral than in permanently wet soils. In addition, ephemeral soils showed larger increases in rates of CH4 production following temporal delays, suggesting increased CH4 production as wetlands become more hydrologically dynamic.
Foreign Introductions of North American Fishes: Inadvisability of Recommending North American Fishes without Careful Appraisal of Foreign Fishes and Ecology

(1947). Foreign Introductions of North American Fishes: Inadvisability of Recommending North American Fishes without Careful Appraisal of Foreign Fishes and Ecology. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 177-180.
Analysis of enzyme kinetic data for mtDNA replication

A significant amount of experimental data on the reaction kinetics for the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma exist, but interpreting that data is difficult due to the complex nature of the function of the polymerase. In order to model how these measured kinetics values for polymerase gamma affect the final function of the polymerase, the replication of an entire strand of mitochondrial DNA, we implement a stochastic simulation of the series of reaction events that the polymerase carries out. These reactions include the correct and incorrect polymerization events, exonuclease events which may remove both incorrectly and correctly matched base pairs, and the disassociation of the polymerase from the mitochondrial DNA template. We also describe other reactions which may be included, such as the addition of nucleoside analog tri-phosphates as substrates. The simulation analysis of the kinetics data is implemented through a standard Gillespie algorithm. We describe the methods necessary to define, code and test this algorithm, as well as describing the hardware and software options that are available.
Gene targeting and behaviour: a genetic problem requires a genetic solution

Gerlai1xGerlai, R. Trends Neurosci. 1996; 19: 177–181Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (716)See all References1 pointed out that the interpretation of behavioural phenotypes in mice generated by gene targeting might be clouded by problems associated with the genetic background of the parental mouse strains. He indicated correctly that most targeted mutations are studied in a typical F2 analysis, that is, heterozygous mutant F1 animals are inter-mated to produce homozygous F2 mutants and wild-type F2 control animals. This breeding scheme will result in a disequilibrium of genes that are linked to the mutation (Fig. 1AFig. 1A). Assume that in a certain task we measure a poor performance in knockout animals, an intermediate level of performance in heterozygous animals and an excellent performance in wild-type animals (Fig. 1BFig. 1B). One cannot be sure whether the behavioural alteration is due to the targeted mutation or caused by one or more of the genes linked to the mutation. I suggest that this question can be addressed by comparing the F2 animals from heterozygous mutant F1 inter-breedings with the offspring of wild-type F1 inter-breedings. The offspring of this breeding will all be wild type with respect to the targeted mutation, and should have a distribution of linked genes similar to that in the original F2 population (Fig. 1AFig. 1A). Two possibilities now exist. We might find the same distribution of behavioural alterations as seen in F2 mice from heterozygous matings (Fig. 1CFig. 1C). In this case, it is obvious that the behavioural phenotype was not caused by the mutation. On the other hand, if all animals perform equally well the targeted mutation must be responsible for the performance deficit. In most cases it should be fairly simple to find polymorphic markers close to the targeted gene. This would permit the parental origin of the chromosomal region close to the targeted mutation to be determined in wild-type F2 animals and homozygous mutant animals. Subsequently, the behaviours of homozygous mutant and wild-type F2 mice with similar genetic make-ups would be compared. In this case it might be possible to detect a significant contribution of a mutation for a behavioural performance even when closely linked alleles also contribute to the behavioural trait.Fig. 1View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Acousto-electro-optic demultiplexers in high data-rate optical communication systems

Abstract Acousto-electro-optic scanners are introduced as time-division demultiplexing devices in optical fibre communication systems. These devices can time-demultiplex digital signals with multiple Gb s −1 data rates into a large number of channels. Acousto-electro-optic scanners combine the advantages of the large throughputs of acousto-optic scanners and the wide bandwidth of electro-optic scanners. Two-cell scanners are also introduced as a mean of increasing the time resolution by a factor of two compared with one-cell scanners.
Simulation of springback variation in forming of advanced high strength steels

Abstract Variations in the mechanical and dimensional properties of the incoming material, lubrication and other forming process parameters are the main causes of springback variation. Variation of springback prevents the applicability of the springback prediction and compensation techniques. Hence, it leads to amplified variations and problems during assembly of the stamped components, in turn, resulting in quality issues. To predict the variation of springback and to improve the robustness of the forming process, variation simulation analysis could be adopted in the early design stage. Design of experiment (DOE) and finite element analysis (FEA) approach was used for the variation simulation and analysis of the springback for advanced high strength steel (AHSS) parts. To avoid the issues caused by the deterministic FEA simulation, random number generation was used to introduce uncertainties in DOE. This approach was, then, applied to investigate the effects of variations in material, blank holder force and friction on the springback variation for an open-channel shaped part made of dual phase (DP) steel. This approach provides a rapid and accurate understanding of the influence of the random process variations on the springback variation of the formed part using FEA techniques eliminating the need for lengthy and costly physical experiments.
Novel Noncontact Catheter System for Endocardial Electrical and Anatomical Imaging

The study objective was to integrate noncontact mapping and intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in a single catheter system that enables both electrical and anatomical imaging of the endocardium. We developed a catheter system on the basis of a 9-F sheath that carried a coaxial 64-electrode lumen-probe on the outside and a central ICE catheter (9 F, 9 MHz) on the inside. The sheath was placed in the right atrium (RA) of 3 dogs, and in the left ventricle (LV) of 3 other dogs. To construct cardiac anatomy, the ICE catheter was pulled back over several beats inside the sheath starting from the tip and two-dimensional tomographic images were continuously acquired. To recover endocardial electrograms, the probe was advanced over the sheath and single-beat noncontact electrograms were simultaneously recorded. Endocardial contact electrodes were placed at select sites for validation as well as for pacing. Three-dimensional electrical–anatomical images reconstructed during sinus and paced rhythms correctly associated RA and LV activation sequences with underlying endocardial anatomy (overall activation error = 3.4±3.2 ms; overall spatial error = 8.0±3.5 mm). Therefore, accurate fusion of electrical imaging with anatomical imaging during catheterization is feasible. Integrating single-beat noncontact mapping with ICE provides detailed, three-dimensional electrical–anatomical images of the endocardium, which may facilitate management of arrhythmias.
Temporal dynamics of repetitions during the early stage of childhood stuttering: an acoustic study.

The purpose of this study was to compare duration characteristics of single-syllable whole-word repetitions (with one and two repeated units) and part-word repetitions (with one repeated unit) in t...
A Reconfigurable 3D Engineering Shape Search System: Part I — Shape Representation

This paper presents an approach for a reconfigurable shape search system for 3D engineering models using a client-serverdatabase architecture. The current paper focuses on the server functionality, while a subsequent paper will focus on the database issues. The server takes the shape query as input from the client and converts it into feature vectors and a new skeletal graph representation which we have developed. The algorithms such as voxelization, skeletonization, and skeletal graph extraction for accomplishing these are described in detail. The principal advantages of the skeletal graph representation are that (i) it preserves the geometry and topology of the query model, (ii) it is considerably smaller than the B-Rep graph, and (iii) it is insensitive to minor perturbations in shape, while sensitive enough to capture the major features of a shape. Our representation is also synergistic with the human cognitive representation of shape. The results indicate that the skeletal graph is considerably smaller than the B-Rep graph even for complicated shapes.Copyright © 2003 by ASME