cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Organizational Support on Police Effectiveness and Behavior: a Cross-cultural Comparison

Organizational support has received considerable attention in the academic literature. However, in policing, this area of research has received limited attention. The present study surveyed police officers from two countries to investigate how officers’ perception of organizational support influence their sense of effectiveness and behavior. Findings revealed significant cultural differences in the perception of organizational support and its impact on perceived effectiveness and behavior in the two countries. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.
A National Analysis of Public/Private Wage Differentials at the State and Local Levels by Race and Gender

This study examines pay differences between comparable workers in state and local governments and in private firms in the same state. Using a pooled sample of national census data (ACS 2001-2006), we test whether private/public pay differential exists at the state and local levels and whether such differentials are race and gender dependent. Additionally, using 1990 and 2000 PUMS data, we assess whether such differentials are increasing or decreasing over time. Economist generally find that public employees are paid more than comparable private-sector employees, but research on public/private pay differentials at the state level is scarce. We find that that most SLGs pay less than private firms in the same state for similar workers. This is especially true for white men and Asians. Blacks and Latinos earn more in the public than private sector. Suggested future research is discussed.
Soil model of iron phosphate solubility

Solutions containing iron (Fe) were reacted by oxidation or by base addition to form precipitates with various amounts of phosphate (P). The reactions were carried out to simulate the following three scenarios which may occur in soil systems: First, a soil undergoes reduction producing high concentrations of ferrous Fe and P, which are then co-precipitated due to aeration; second, Fe hydroxides are precipitated due to aeration of ferrous Fe after which the precipitate reacts with P; and third, Fe hydroxides formed by base addition to ferric nitrate are reacted with P.
Normal Violence: The Case of Fighting on a College Campus

ABSTRACTThis study examines the normalization of violence using the case of fighting on a college campus. Undergraduate participant observers witnessed 150 physical altercations (fights), and gave detailed descriptions of them. They also described their thoughts and feelings as they witnessed the fights. We identified seven distinct reactions to fighting. We then classified these reactions into one of three categories (normal, disturbed and other) and carried out a quantitative analysis. The results revealed the conditions under which some observers reported negative reactions to the fights (disturbed), while others offered non-negative responses (normal).
Physical and surface characterization for mineral processing

An overview of various physical and interfacial characterization methods for use in mineral processing is presented in this paper. The availability of a large number of characterization techniques and commercial instruments requires that the reliability and limitation of each be carefully examined. The choice of a method may depend upon the manner in which the information is to be used, for example, in development of new processes, plant and process design, plant control, problem solving, etc.
Nudt8 is a novel CoA diphosphohydrolase that resides in the mitochondria

CoA regulates energy metabolism and exists in separate pools in the cytosol, peroxisomes, and mitochondria. At the whole tissue level, the concentration of CoA changes with the nutritional state by balancing synthesis and degradation; however, it is currently unclear how individual subcellular CoA pools are regulated. Liver and kidney peroxisomes contain Nudt7 and Nudt19, respectively, enzymes that catalyze CoA degradation. We report that Nudt8 is a novel CoA-degrading enzyme that resides in the mitochondria. Nudt8 has a distinctive preference for manganese ions and exhibits a broader tissue distribution than Nudt7 and Nudt19. The existence of CoA-degrading enzymes in both peroxisomes and mitochondria suggests that degradation may be a key regulatory mechanism for modulating the intracellular CoA pools.
El Mito del Amor en “Wanda”, de Inés Arredondo

En “Wanda”, uno de los cuentos de la escritora mexicana Ines Arredondo (1928-1989), es posible localizar la reescritura del mito del amor propuesta por el romano Apuleyo, en El asno de oro. El conflicto amoroso representado por Eros y Psiquis encuentra un paralelismo en la historia de amor entre Raul y Wanda, paralelismo que puede leerse o comprenderse (hermeneuticamente hablando) bajo el principio de realidad y el principio de placer que plantea Herbert Marcuse en Eros y civilizacion, en dialogo con el concepto de lo sagrado y el erotismo de Georges Bataille (El erotismo) y Mircea Eliade (Tratado de historia de las religiones), entre otros teoricos. Finalmente, lo anterior centrara el analisis literario de “Wanda” en la reapropiacion de los cinco elementos constitutivos del amor establecidos por Octavio Paz en La llama doble.
Shape retention and infiltration height in complex WC-Co parts made via binder jet of WC with subsequent Co melt infiltration

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) of complex tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) parts was achieved using binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM) of WC powders followed by Co infiltration. The intent of the study is to explore the shape retention, infiltration height, and properties of parts made with this method. Using BJAM with infiltration of the metal phase can limit shrinkage and grain growth in ceramic-metal (cermet) composites compared to other additive manufacturing (AM) methods. Knowledge of previous infiltration studies was used to help process parts to imitate production of parts. The properties such as density, microstructure, grain size, and hardness of the parts are characterized along the infiltration height. Fracture toughness is measured where applicable. This approach has the potential to achieve highly dense WC-Co parts that are net-shaped with some ternary phase and z-direction distortion.
Numerical Investigation of Micro-Galvanic Corrosion in Mg Alloys: Role of the Cathodic Intermetallic Phase Size and Spatial Distributions

Magnesium alloys are of increasing interest in structural applications due to their low-density, moderate specific strength and stiffness, recyclability, and high damping among other properties. However, the wide-scale applicability of magnesium alloys in structural applications has been limited due to many factors including its poor corrosion resistance. In this work, a numerical investigation to simulate the micro-galvanic corrosion behavior was performed to examine the influence of the size and distribution of cathodic intermetallic phase (β–Mg17Al12) in a Mg matrix. The ratio of cathodic to anodic surface area was kept constant in each simulation condition to understand the effect of size and spacing distributions. In general, fragmentation of a larger intermetallic particle into smaller ones was determined to enhance the localized current density. However, the uniform distribution rather than clustered or non-uniform distribution of this small intermetallic phase throughout the matrix was found to reduce the overall dissolution current density and hence, pitting corrosion severity.
A Tale of Two Dauberts: Discriminatory Effects of Scientific Reliability Screening

Our research demonstrates that when the federal system adopted the stricter standard of Daubert in 1993, there was a disproportionate and negative impact on filings from African-American plaintiffs along with a corresponding rise in filings from white plaintiffs. This research shows that, in response to Daubert, black plaintiffs were less likely to file in federal court, and once they were pushed out of the civil justice system, they remained out.
A Toxic RNA Templates the Synthesis of Its Own Fluorogenic Inhibitor by Using a Bio-orthogonal Tetrazine Ligation in Cells and Tissues.

Expanded RNA repeats cause more than 30 incurable diseases. One approach to mitigate their toxicity is by using small molecules that assemble into potent, oligomeric species upon binding to the dis...
Basement membrane damage by ROS- and JNK-mediated Mmp2 activation drives macrophage recruitment to overgrown tissue

Macrophages are a major immune cell type infiltrating tumors and promoting tumor growth and metastasis. To elucidate the mechanism of macrophage recruitment, we utilize an overgrowth tumor model (“undead” model) in larval Drosophila imaginal discs that are attached by numerous macrophages. Here we report that changes to the microenvironment of the overgrown tissue are important for recruiting macrophages. First, we describe a correlation between generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage of the basement membrane (BM) in all neoplastic, but not hyperplastic, models examined. ROS and the stress kinase JNK mediate the accumulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2), damaging the BM, which recruits macrophages to the tissue. We propose a model where macrophage recruitment to and activation at overgrowing tissue is a multi-step process requiring ROS- and JNK-mediated Mmp2 upregulation and BM damage. These findings have implications for understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment for macrophage activation. The molecular mechanisms regulating macrophage recruitment to tumors are unclear. Here, the authors use a Drosophila overgrowth model to show how damaged basement membranes recruit macrophages to undead tissue, via an interdependent effect of reactive oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinase 2.
Growth differentiation factor 15 as a potential therapeutic for treating obesity.

Abstract Background Obesity is rapidly becoming one of the world's most critical health care concerns. Comorbidities accompanying excess weight include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. These comorbidities result in greater hospitalization and other health care-related costs. Economic impacts are likely to be felt more acutely in developing countries, where obesity rates continue to rise and health care resources are already insufficient. Some of the more effective treatments are invasive and expensive surgeries, which some economies in the world cannot afford to offer to a broad population. Pharmacological therapies are needed to supplement treatment options for patients who cannot, or will not, undergo surgical treatment. However, the few drug therapies currently available have either limited efficacy or safety concerns. A possible exception has been glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, although these have shown a number of adverse events. New drug therapies that are safe and produce robust weight loss are needed. Scope of review Herein, we review the role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in feeding behavior and obesity, summarize some of the new and exciting biological discoveries around signaling pathways and tissue sites of action, and highlight initial efforts to develop GDF15-based therapies suitable for inducing weight loss in humans. Major conclusions Within the last several years, great strides have been made in understanding the biology of GDF15. Recent developments include identification of an endogenous receptor, biological localization of the receptor system, impact on energy homeostasis, and identification of molecules suitable for administration to humans as anti-obesity treatments. New and exciting research on GDF15 suggests that it holds promise as a novel obesity treatment as new molecules progress toward clinical development.
Discerning critical hope in educational practices

Freire (1998) stated, ‘Hope, as an ontological need, demands an anchoring in practice.’ Part of the role of social work educators is to anchor and offer spaces of hope in response to students who a...
Post-COVID Brain Fog: A Patient Registry and Cross-disciplinary Approach to Characterization, Treatment, and Etiology. (4288)

Objective: We speculate that COVID-19 brain fog is a post-viral syndrome of chronic inflammation that overlaps in clinical characteristics and possibly etiology with similar syndromes in other fields. By studying this group with detailed clinical and research tools borrowed from other fields, we hope to further syndrome characterization, treatment modalities, and understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Background: There are emerging reports of a post-COVID-19 syndrome characterized by "brain fog" -- symptoms are diverse and include fatigue, poor concentration, worsened memory and receptive language, difficulty with executive function, insomnia, migraine, orthostasis, neuropathic symptoms, insomnia, among others. Post-COVID brain fog in critically ill COVID-19 patients may evolve from mechanisms such as deconditioning or PTSD. However, reports of COVID-19 brain fog after mild COVID-19 active infection are quickly emerging but remain poorly characterized. Design/Methods: A Clinical Patient Registry is in development. This registry intends to first clinically characterize the range of clinical phenotypes. The approach includes a cross-disciplinary collaboration with particular interest in reconciling some symptomatic and pathophysiological similarities with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (post-viral syndromes), dysautonomia, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, migraine, cognitive dysfunction in neuroinflammatory diseases, persistent post-concussive symptoms, Gulf War Illness, and migraine. Results: The Patient Registry approvals are in progress. Data accumulation is expected to begin November 2020. Collaboration has been established with ME/CFS, dysautonomia, sleep, and headache divisions, with further input from post-concussive syndrome. Clinical assessments include cross-disciplinary symptom inventories, exam techniques, and studies. Conclusions: With more than 7 million American survivors of COVID-19 infection, identifying the clinical characteristics and spectrum of post-COVID brain fog is a necessary and important first step towards defining its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and potential treatment paradigms. Aggregate data from the registry may justify future research funding and is a useful tool for academic and private practices to connect COVD-19 brain fog patients with future potential studies. Disclosure: The institution of Dr. Nordvig has received research support from National Institute on Aging. Dr. Noble has received stock or an ownership interest from NoMo Diagnostics. The institution of Dr. Noble has received research support from National Institute on Aging.
Abstract 17454: The Effect of Catheter Ablation on Coronary Sinus Cycle Length in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

Background: While pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) is successful in approximately 50%, acute termination of PeAF is rarely observed. Prolongatio...
Steam reforming of methane: Current states of catalyst design and process upgrading

Abstract Methane (CH4) is the major component of currently abundant natural gas and a prominent green-house gas. Steam reforming of methane (SRM) is an important technology for the conversion of CH4 into H2 and syngas. To improve the catalytic activity and coking resistance of SRM catalysts, great efforts (including the addition of promoters, development of advanced supports, and structural modification, etc.) have been made with considerable progress in the past decade. Meanwhile, a series of novel processes have been explored for more efficient and energy-saving SRM. In this scenario, a comprehensive review on the recent advances in SRM is necessary to provide a constructive insight into the development of SRM technology, however, is still lacking. Herein, the improvements in catalyst construction for conventional SRM and the newly developed SRM processes in the past decade are presented and analyzed. First, the critical issues of SRM catalysts are briefly introduced. Then, the recent research advances of the most popular Ni based catalysts and the catalysts based on the other non-noble metals (Co, Cu, Mo etc.) and the efficient but costly noble metals (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru etc.) are discussed. Furthermore, the development of the representative modified SRM processes, including thermo-photo hybrid SRM, sorbent enhanced SRM, oxidative SRM, chemical looping SRM, plasma and electrical-field enhanced SRM, is demonstrated, and their advantages and limits are compared. Finally, a critical perspective is provided to enlighten future work on this significant area.
Investigating the Effects that Alternative Turbine Engine Fuels have on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite

New commercial and military aircraft components are often manufactured using advanced composite materials. Fuel is stored in the wing and horizontal tail structures of aircraft for prolonged periods of time. The use of alternative turbine engine fuels as substitutes for such kerosene-based fuels as Jet-A is increasing steadily. However, the studies related to effects of the fuels on the composite structure of aircraft are limited in number. This research was meant to investigate the effects that contacting alternative turbine fuels might have on the mechanical properties of a composite structure. Three different test settings were prepared — 0 and 90° orientation tensile and a modified wedge ones. An IM7 8552 unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy prepreg was used to manufacture test specimens. They were soaked in various kinds of turbine engine fuels: neat Jet-A, 50/50 blend of Jet-A and hydroprocessed renewable jet (HRJ) (Jet-A/HRJ), Fischer-Tropsch (FT), 50/50 blend of synthetic jet fuel S8 and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) (S8/FT), hydrogenated esters and fatty acids (HEFA) fuels, and synthesized iso-paraffin fuels (SIP) for a period of 45 days and then tested. The test data obtained were analyzed to detect any significant degradation of the mechanical properties of test specimens.
Development of kiln drying schedule severity indices for degrade control

A previous article presented the theoretical development of analytical indices to rate the severity of kiln schedules used to dry wood. These indices take into account the dry and wet bulb temperatures used during a kiln schedule together with the points of application and duration of application of each combination of temperature and humidity used. Experimental data for several such indices are presented for collapse development during the kiln drying of incense cedar pencil slats. While promising, the results were inconclusive as to the use of a severity integral for prediction of the effect of different schedules or schedule changes on drying degrade. A lack of homogeneity in the test material confounded the results.
Structure of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor : multiple forms, primary structure, and glycosylation of the mature protein

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a newly described member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family that is mitogenic for BALB/c 3T3 cells, inhibits the binding of 125I-EGF to its receptor, and triggers autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor. HB-EGF was purified from the conditioned medium of U-937 cells using cation exchange, copper affinity, heparin affinity, and two rounds of C4 reversed phase liquid chromatography. The elution profile of the first round of C4 column chromatography contained four growth factor activity peaks with similar specific biological activities. N-terminal and tryptic fragment microsequencing demonstrated that these peaks contained different structural forms of the HB-EGF protein. Some of the differences in the various forms of HB-EGF were found to be due to N-terminal heterogeneity. Microsequencing of tryptic fragments indicated that the mature HB-EGF polypeptide can contain at least 86 of the 208 amino acids predicted by nucleotide sequence to be the HB-EGF precursor molecule. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the various forms of HB-EGF have apparent molecular masses of 19-23 kDa. Further analysis of the most predominant form of HB-EGF found in U-937 cell conditioned medium indicated that it has a pI of 7.2-7.8 and is O-glycosylated.
Strategic Trading with Naïve Noise Traders

We investigate a dynamic model of speculative trading in which a naive noise trader is born each period who uses a simple strategy, whereas a rational informed investor maximizes her profits by strategically exploiting the successive noise trading over time. The model shows that the two types of traders will soon hold opposite views on whether the current price is high or low relative to its fundamental value. The informed trader simultaneously submits an “information trade” to exploit asymmetric information and an “arbitrage trade” to exploit heterogeneous beliefs between the two types every period. The heterogeneous beliefs render a unique source of liquidity, thus magnifying informed profits and the total trading volume. It is shown that a monopolistic informed trader may ride on noise trading in early periods to push the price away from its fundamental value, only to reap greater profits by her later arbitrage trades. Such strategic behavior in arbitrage, however, disappears under imperfect competition. Unlike previous models with exogenous noise (liquidity) trading, our model with endogenous noise trading can better explain the high trading volume phenomenon and the familiar U-shaped pattern in intraday transaction costs and price volatility.
Software Construction and Analysis Tools for Future Space Missions

NASA and its international partners will increasingly depend on software-based systems to implement advanced functions for future space missions, such as Martian rovers that autonomously navigate long distances exploring geographic features formed by surface water early in the planet's history. The software-based functions for these missions will need to be robust and highly reliable, raising significant challenges in the context of recent Mars mission failures attributed to software faults. After reviewing these challenges, this paper describes tools that have been developed at NASA Ames that could contribute to meeting these challenges: 1) Program synthesis tools based on automated inference that generate documentation for manual review and annotations for automated certification. 2) Model-checking tools for concurrent object-oriented software that achieve scalability through synergy with program abstraction and static analysis tools.
Precise Interprocedural Dataflow Analysis with Applications to Constant Propagation

This paper concerns interprocedural dataflow-analysis problems in which the dataflow information at a program point is represented by an environment (i.e., a mapping from symbols to values), and the effect of a program operation is represented by a distributive environment transformer. We present an efficient dynamic-programming algorithm that produces precise solutions.
Silicon neurons that phase-lock

We present a silicon neuron with a dynamic, active leak that enables precise spike-timing with respect to a time-varying input signal. Our neuron models the mammalian bushy cell, which enhances the phase-locking of its acoustically driven inputs. Our model enhances phase-locking by up to 38% (quantified by vector strength) across a 60 dB range of acoustic intensities, and up to 22% over a passive leak. Its conductance-based log-domain design yields a compact and efficient circuit, fabricated in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS, that is an ideal timing-enhancing component for neuromorphic speech recognition systems.
The concept of 'IT artifact' has outlived its usefulness and should be retired now

Vastly inconsistent definitions of the term "the IT artifact" in leading journals and conferences demonstrate why it no longer means anything in particular and should be retired from the active IS lexicon. Examples from the literature show why artifact-cousins, such as the IS artifact, sociotechnical artifact, social artifact, and ensemble artifact should be used with great care, if not retired as well. Any void created by these retirements could be filled through the following approaches: i relabeling with simple terms that are immediately understandable; ii adopting guidelines for making sense of the whole X-artifact family; and iii sidestepping the IT artifact and focusing directly on IT-enabled work systems in organizations.
N-Body Simulations and the Value of ω

We have recently completed a series of N-body simulations of galaxy clustering in an expanding universe (Aarseth, Gott and Turner 1977). The initial conditions and our results concerning galaxy clustering will be summarized by Sverre Aarseth at this meeting. In this paper I would like to tell about the implications of these models for the value of Ω = 8πGρ0/3H 0 2 (where ρ0 is the present mean density of the universe and H0 = 50 tan s-1 Mpc-1 is Hubble’s constant). In the standard Friedmann models with Λ = 0, Ω > 1 implies that the universe will eventually recollapse while Ω < 1 implies the expansion will continue forever. As discussed in Gott, Gunn, Schramm, and Tinsley (1974), there are a number of theoretical arguments to suggest that even the unseen matter in the universe is clustered the way the galaxies are so that virial mass determinations from groups and clusters and statistical virial theorem methods can provide good estimates of the mean mass density in the universe. We can utilize our N-body simulations to check the accuracy of these techniques.
3-D vision technology applied to advanced minimally invasive surgery systems

Current-generation vision for laparoscopic surgery involves flat two-dimensional display on a video monitor; this approach makes it difficult to accurately place the tip of a surgical instrument in the three-dimensional real space of the patient. The surgeon must rely on motion parallax, monocular cues, and other indirect evidence of depth to judge accurately the correct spatial relationship of objects in the field of view. Stereoscopic video can return accuracy to the surgeon. Critical elements in creating stereovision are the biophysical laws governing field of view, focal point, depth of field, accommodation, and convergence. In addition, engineering constraints must be followed, such as fitting a 10-mm port, which are compatible with current systems and economic feasibility. There are two methods for 3-D vision under development which are variations on the same theme of modifying standard laparoscopes by using lenses, mirrors and prisms, and optical shuttering. One method uses two video cameras to simultaneous capture two separate images from a paired optical system. Each image is alternately transmitted to the video monitor (field sequential video) and viewed with electronic or polarizing glasses for a 3-D image. Another method uses a standard laparoscope, optically splits this one image into alternating right/left images, and reconstructs the image as above. A major challenge for both systems is that the distance between the optical elements in the laparoscope is not greater than 10 mm apart and fixed, whereas the human interpupillary distance is greater than 60 mm and can accommodate. The application of 3-D vision technology is critical to a new, minimally invasive surgical system under development: Telepresence surgery. Using remote, dexterous, force feedback manipulators; 3-D vision; and stereophonic sound, the image at the surgical site is projected to a “computer workstation” with such convincing realism that the surgeon feels as if he were actually at the operative site. The image could also be projected from a microscopic scale, allowing performance of procedures that are simply not possible today. Other 3-D visualization techniques under development involve CT scanning, MRI, and ultrasound, any of which could be projected over the real-time video image to enhance the surgeon's ability to perceive an operation. Methods of displaying 3-D vision beyond simple video monitors are high-definition TV (HDTV), head-mounded displays, and possibly holograms. Also, critical patient information (vital signs and intraabdominal pressure) can overlay the video image. The potential of 3-D vision technology has yet to be realized. In the future it will permit surgery with more accuracy, speed, dexterity, and safety than imaginable today.
Ocean Color Determination Through a Scattering Atmosphere

Measurements made of the surface level albedo for ocean water containing various concentrations of phytoplankton indicate a strong correlation between wavelength dependent albedo ratios and phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration. To sense surface level albedo ratios from space platforms it is necessary to correct for the scattering and absorption properties of the atmosphere for the wavelengths in question. Atmospheric scattering models were constructed to calculate corrections at two wavelengths, 0.46 and 0.54 millimicrons. Assuming a natural background uncertainty in the aerosol optical depth of 0.1, it is found that the chlorophyll concentration may be determined to within one standard deviation of from 0.5 to 2.5 milligrams per cubic meter. By remotely sensing the aerosol optical depth to a greater accuracy it appears feasible to detect chlorophyll concentrations to uncertainty approaching 0.1 milligram per cubic meter.
Cleavable complex formation in Leishmania chagasi treated with anilinoacridines

Anilinoacridines have recently been found to possess antiparasitic activity toward Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium species. These compounds have been examined for their ability to generate cleavable complex, the protein-associated DNA lesion characteristic of topoisomerase II involvement, in intact L. chagasi promastigotes. At cytotoxic concentrations, anilinoacridine compounds give cleavable complex in a whole cell assay which suggests that the drugs affect a nuclear topoisomerase II in the parasite. Linearization of kinetoplast DNA minicircles also occurs in parasites treated with anilinoacridines at similar concentrations. Exonuclease digestions reveal that the linearized minicircles are blocked at the 5' end but not at the 3' end, further implicating a kinetoplast topoisomerase II in the cleavage process. Interestingly, cytotoxic alkylaminoacridines did not stimulate the production of cleaved DNA in the same experiments. DNA binding experiments showed no apparent correlation between the affinity of the compounds for DNA and antileishmanial activity. Although multiple cytotoxic mechanisms are likely at work, these experiments suggest that topoisomerase II enzyme(s) are affected by antileishmanial anilinoacridines.
Stable isotopes provide new insights into vestimentiferan physiological ecology at Gulf of Mexico cold seeps.

On the otherwise low-biomass seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) continental slope, natural oil and gas seeps are oases of local primary production that support lush animal communities. Hundreds of seep communities have been documented on the continental slope, and nutrition derived from seeps could be an important link in the overall GoM food web. Here, we present a uniquely large and cohesive data set of δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S compositions of the vestimentiferan tubeworms Escarpia laminata and Lamellibrachia sp. 1, which dominate biomass at GoM seeps and provide habitat for hundreds of other species. Our sampling design encompassed an entire region of the GoM lower slope, allowing us for the first time to assess spatial variability in isotope compositions and to robustly address long-standing hypotheses about how vestimentiferans acquire and cycle nutrients over their long lifespan (200+ years). Tissue δ13C values provided strong evidence that larger adult vestimentiferans use their buried roots to take up dissolved inorganic carbon from sediment pore water, while very small individuals use their plume to take up carbon dioxide from the seawater. δ34S values were extremely variable among individuals of the same species within one location (<1 m2 area), indicating high variability in the inorganic sulfur pools on a very small spatial scale. This finding supports the hypothesis that vestimentiferans use their roots to cycle sulfate and sulfide between their symbionts and free-living consortia of sulfate-reducing archaea in the sediment. Finally, consistent differences in δ15N between two cooccurring vestimentiferan species provided the first strong evidence for partitioning of inorganic resources, which has significant implications for the ecology and evolution of this taxonomic group.
The skeletal effects of primary hyperparathyroidism

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder which occurs most frequently in post-menopausal women and is characterized by mild, stable, and often asymptomatic hypercalcaemia. Chronic parathyroid hormone excess stimulates bone remodelling by inducing production by osteoblasts of soluble factors which stimulate both bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Studies of bone mineral density (BMD) in PHPT suggest that bone loss is accelerated, leading to osteopenia, particularly at sites of cortical bone. Studies of fracture incidence in PHPT have produced conflicting results. Interventional studies have demonstrated that both parathyroid adenomectomy and estrogen replacement therapy increase BMD in patients with PHPT. Patients with PHPT should undergo BMD measurement, and receive treatment designed to stabilize bone mass if there is evidence of either osteopenia or accelerated bone loss.
The Categorical Imperative: Securities Analysts and the Illegitimacy Discount

This article explores the social processes that produce penalties for illegitimate role performance. It is proposed that such penalties are illuminated in markets that are significantly mediated by product critics. In particular, it is argued that failure to gain reviews by the critics who specialize in a product's intended category reflects confusion over the product's identity and that such illegitimacy should depress demand. The validity of this assertion is tested among public American firms in the stock market over the years 1985–94. It is shown that the stock price of an American firm was discounted to the extent that the firm was not covered by the securities analysts who specialized in its industries. This analysis holds implications for the study of role conformity in both market and nonmarket settings and adds sociological insight to the recent “behavioral” critique of the prevailing “efficient‐market” perspective on capital markets.
The participation of adenylate cyclase in lymphocyte capping

In this study, we have observed that cells increase their intracellular cAMP to relatively high levels during receptor capping induced by either ligand-dependent (anti-Thy-1 antibody) or ligand-independent (colchicine) treatment. In addition, we have found that under capping conditions, membrane-bound adenylate cyclase is induced to co-cap with independent membrane molecules such as Thy-1 antigens. These findings suggest that the binding of anti-Thy-1 to its receptors or treatment with colchicine induces the molecular reorganization of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase which may be responsible for activating the contractile machinery required for the collection of surface receptors into a cap structure.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of metal halides. IV. The envelopes of secondary cluster ion distributions

The relative secondary ion intensities of cluster ions of the type [M(MI)n]+ and [I(MI)n]− from the fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) of alkali iodides (MI) for n<100 are presented, and mass-resolved mass spectra of cesium iodide (CsI) clusters exceeding m/z 25 000 are reported. The FABMS spectra are qualitatively consistent with previously reported secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) spectra. The envelopes of the extended mass spectra are fitted to the distributions predicted by a model based on random bond breaking. The bond-breaking model (BBM) distributions fit well on the overall envelope of both the positive and negative ion sodium iodide (NaI, simple cubic) and CsI (body-centered cubic) cluster ion distributions, when Bethe lattices of the appropriate coordination number are used to approximate the true lattices. Ion abundance enhancements at certain “magic numbers” in the envelopes can be predicted by the BBM; however, these enhancements and the reduced ion abundance immediately following the “magic number” are consistent with experimentally observed unimolecular, or more appropriately, unicluster decompositions. Finally, we contrast secondary cluster ion distributions with those obtained using other cluster sources and we discuss in detail possible origins of the large cluster ions observed in these studies.
Workspace of planar cooperating robots with rolling contacts

In multifingered grippers and multiarm manipulation systems it is possible to manipulate a grasped object by rolling the object along the contacting links. This affords greater versatility, a potentially larger workspace and the ability to adapt to external loads without regrasping. The reachable workspace, or the set of points that can be reached by a reference point on the object, is an important measure of performance. The functional workspace, a subspace of the reachable workspace in which the object can be held in a force-closed grasp, is also an important design consideration. In this paper, the reachable and functional workspaces and methods to determine their boundaries are studied. The basic idea is to determine extreme configurations using screw system theory and obtain the locus of the reference point as the system is moved through these configurations. Although this procedure has been used in an earlier paper, the modeling of rolling contacts and consideration of joint limits require a differe...
Binning clones by hybridization with complex probes : Statistical refinement of an inner product mapping method

Molecular methods that use long-range information to solve genomics problems (i.e., top-down strategies) efficiently have become increasingly prominent in the genomics literature. One such method, an implementation of inner product mapping (IPM), uses noisy, long-range radiation hybrid (RH)/YAC overlap data and relatively noise-free RH/STS overlap data to localize clones to specific chromosomal regions. Because the molecular data are rarely noise-free, statistical models tailored to the top-down molecular methods make the methods far more effective. We develop two statistical models for IPM (or any other top-down strategy of similar form), a parametric logit model and a nonparametric order-restricted model, and show how these models can be implemented within a hierarchical Bayes framework. Using these models, we refine the chromosome 11 map reported in M. Perlin et al. (1995, Genomics 28: 315-327). Our analyses improve the IPM map, both in terms of successful localization of clones and in terms of the confidence with which they are localized.
Comparison of the Simplexa™ Flu A/B & RSV kit (nucleic acid extraction–dependent assay) and the Prodessa ProFlu+™ assay for detecting influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses

The relative performance of 2 widely used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, the Focus diagnostics Simplexa™ Flu A/B & RSV kit (nucleic acid extraction-dependent assay) and the Prodessa Proflu+™ assay, was evaluated using 735 prospectively and retrospectively collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Overall, the assays showed positive and negative agreements of 100% and 99.7% for influenza A, 98.1% and 99.9% for influenza B, and 99.3% and 99.5% for respiratory syncytial virus. The relative analytical sensitivity of the 2 assays was also similar.
The annular hematoma of the shrew yolk‐sac placenta

The annular hematoma of the shrew, Blarina brevicauda, is a specialized portion of the yolk-sac wall. In this study, we have examined the fine structure of the different cellular components of the annular hematoma. Small pieces of the gestation sacs from seven pregnant shrews were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and processed for transmission electron microscopy. In the area of the trophoblastic curtain, the maternal capillary endothelial cells were hypertrophied and syncytial trophoblast surrounded the capillaries. Cellular trophoblast covered part of the luminal surface of the curtain region, whereas masses of apparently degenerating syncytium were present on other areas of the surface. Maternal erythrocytes, released into the uterine lumen from the curtain region, were phagocytized and degraded by the columnar cells of the trophoblastic annulus. No evidence of iron or pigment accumulation was evident in the parietal endodermal cells underlying the annular trophoblast. Parietal endodermal cells were characterized by cuboidal shape, widely dilated intercellular spaces, and cytoplasm containing granular endoplasmic reticulum. Endodermal cells of the visceral yolk-sac accumulated large numbers of electron-dense granules as well as glycogen in their cytoplasm. Hemopoietic areas and vitelline capillaries were found subjacent to the visceral endoderm. The various portions of the yolk-sac wall of Blarina appear to perform complementary functions which are probably important in maternal-fetal iron transfer.
Local Prediction of a Spatio-Temporal Process with an Application to Wet Sulfate Deposition

Abstract A prediction method is given for a first- and second-order nonstationary spatio-temporal process. The predictor uses local data only and consists of a two-stage generalized regression estimate of the local drift at the prediction location added to a kriging prediction of the residual process at that location. This predictor is applied to observations on seasonal, rainfall-deposited sulfate over the conterminous United States between summer 1986 and summer 1992. Analyses suggest that predictions and estimated prediction standard errors have negligible to small biases, there is spatially heterogeneous temporal drift, and temporal covariance is negligible.
Electric field and ionization-gradient effects on inertial-confinement-fusion implosions

The generation of strong, self-generated electric fields (108–109 V m−1) in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion capsules has been reported (Li et al 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 225001). Various models are considered herein to explain the observed electric field evolution, including the potential roles of electron pressure gradients near the fuel–pusher interface and plasma polarization effects that are predicted to occur across shock fronts (Zel'dovich and Raizer 2002 Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (Mineola, NY: Dover) p 522). In the latter case, strong fields in excess of 1010 V m−1 and localized to 10–100 nm may be consistent with the data obtained from proton radiography. Such field strengths are similar in magnitude to the criterion for runaway electron generation that could lead to plasma kinetic effects and potential shock-front broadening. The observed electric field generation may also be partly due to plasma ionization gradients localized near the fuel–pusher interface. A model is proposed that allows for differing electron- and ion-density gradient scale lengths in the presence of ionization gradients while preserving overall charge neutrality. Such a redistribution of electrons compared with standard, charge-neutral, single-fluid radiation-hydrodynamics modelling may affect the interpretation of imploded-core x-ray diagnostics as well as alter alpha particle deposition in the thermonuclear fuel.
NGC 6212, 3C 345, and Other Quasi-stellar Objects Associated with Them

It is pointed out that the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 6212 is surrounded by a large number of quasi-stellar objects (QSOs), including the very active and rapidly varying radio QSO 3C 345, which lies only 47 away from the center of the galaxy. There are two pairs of QSOs with the same redshifts, including 3C 345, very close to the nucleus of NGC 6212, and the very high density of the QSOs falls off rapidly with distance from that galaxy. If 3C 345 lies at the distance of NGC 6212, the proper motions in the radio jet in 3C 345, which have been studied in detail, correspond to only mildly relativistic speeds, of about 0.33c.
Magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic S = 1 spin chain system [Ni(C4H12N2)2(μ-N3)]n(ClO4)n

Abstract The magnetic properties of powder and oriented single-crystal samples of [Ni(1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane) 2 (μ-N 3 )] n (ClO 4 ) n have been measured down to 2 K in fields up to 5 T. The data obtained with oriented crystals suggest an antiferromagnetic ordering occurs near 10 K. A theoretical fit of the data for T > 15K yields values for the nearest-neighbor spin exchange interaction J ≈ 24K, when the single-ion anisotropy D = 0.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia During Mechanical Ventilation

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is detected in lung tissues subjected to ventilator-induced injury and is involved in the process of lung injury. We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-9 in the bilateral lungs of newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) during mechanical ventilation and evaluated the degree of damage based on MMP-9 expression. Lung tissue samples were obtained during autopsy from six newborns with CDH. Control lung tissue samples were obtained from two of these newborns; one who died of persistent pulmonary hypertension after being ventilated for 2 days, but whose bilateral lungs were not subjected to the compressions of herniation, and one who died of bilateral diaphragmatic hernias soon after birth, but was not subjected to artificial ventilation. The other four newborns with CDH had unilateral Bochdalek hernias. Immunohistochemical detection of MMP-9 expression was done using a wet autoclave antigen retrieval method on sections from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung tissue. The reaction and distribution of MMP-9 was strongly positive in the alveolar macrophages in thickened alveolar septi and ducts, and in the inflammatory cells around the parenchymal hemorrhage and intra-alveolar spaces. Only the four patients with unilateral Bochdalek hernia had widely positive MMP-9 immunoreactivity in the unaffected side, as well as the affected side. Based on MMP-9 expression, the lungs of newborns with CDH were damaged bilaterally during mechanical ventilation.
Let's be Honest about the Attraction Effect:

Frederick, Lee, and Baskin (2014) and Yang and Lynn (2014) argue that the conditions for obtaining the attraction effect are so restrictive that the practical validity of the attraction effect should be questioned. In this commentary, the authors first ground the attraction (asymmetric dominance) effect in its historical context as a test of an important theoretical assumption from rational choice theory. Drawing on the research reported by scholars from many fields of study, the authors argue that the finding of an asymmetric dominance effect remains robust because it holds when the conditions of the study are essentially replicated. Next, the authors identify some of the factors that mitigate (and amplify) the attraction effect and then position the effect into a larger theoretical debate involving the extent to which preferences are constructed versus merely revealed. The authors conclude by arguing that researchers who try to measure values as well as choice architects who attempt to shape values must...