cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical study on thermal hydraulic performance of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger

Abstract Very High Temperature Reactors (VHTRs) require a high-temperature and high integrity Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) with high effectiveness to efficiently transfer the core thermal output to a secondary fluid for electricity generation, hydrogen production, and/or other industrial process heat applications. A class of compact plate-type heat exchanger, namely, Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE), is one of the leading candidate IHX configuration being considered for VHTR applications. In the current study, simplified computational models of PCHE are investigated using Fluent™ software. The geometry of the models considered in the study replicate the PCHEs that were fabricated using Alloy 617 plates for use in a High-Temperature Helium Facility (HTHF) at The Ohio State University. The computational cases investigated are based on the design conditions of the HTHF, i.e., a maximum operating pressure of 3 MPa, hot and cold side inlet temperatures of 1173 K and 813 K, respectively, and mass flow rates varying from 10 to 80 kg/h. This range of mass flow rates correspond to laminar and laminar-to-turbulent transition flows in the PCHE flow channel passages. The laminar-to-turbulent transition behavior has been numerically investigated for the semicircular and circular channel geometries. The numerical study showed that the transition is observed at Reynolds numbers of 2300 and 3100 for the circular and semicircular channels, respectively. Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are evaluated to provide preliminary performance data for the PCHEs fabricated at operating temperatures similar to those of the VHTRs. Local convective heat transfer coefficients are calculated for the hot and cold sides and compared with the available correlations for the circular and semicircular ducts. Overall performance characteristics of the PCHE computational model are computed and described in terms of the thermal effectiveness, number of transfer units, and overall heat transfer coefficient.
Cellular changes during hypertension: A quantitative study of the rat aorta☆

Using rats made hypertensive by aortic ligation or by the one kidney--one clip method, we searched the aorta for morphologic clues that could explain why hypertension aggravates atherosclerosis. Both atherosclerosis and hypertension are characterized by an increased migration of mononuclear cells into the aortic intima; we therefore quantitated this phenomenon and studied its time course. In the thoracic aorta of hypertensive rats intimal cells (emigrated mononuclear cells) increased up to 15 times 2 weeks after surgery and remained stationary thereafter. In both control and experimental rats, leukocyte emigration was heavier in the thoracic aorta than in the abdominal region. A two- to threefold increase in medial smooth muscle herniae into the intima (myointimal herniae) was also found at 8 weeks, indicating a smooth muscle cell dysfunction. Electron microscopic study of the intima showed that its thickening was due to blood-borne material and also to extracellular matrix synthesized by the endothelium. Heightened secretion reflects cell activation, a condition that (in the endothelium) leads also to leukocyte adhesion. These data suggest that, in renovascular hypertension, the aortic endothelium is in an activated state, possibly through a hormonal stimulus.
Profile: Children's favorite television families: A descriptive analysis of role interactions

This study compares the interaction behaviors of television families from the 1989‐1990 season with those of an earlier analysis of interactions of families in the late 1970s. An analysis of six episodes of the five family prime‐time programs selected most often as favorites by 381 elementary school children reveals that conflictual interactions occur twice as much as in the past, although one program in the sample (Married. . .with Children) accounts for almost half of all conflicts. Conflictual interactions occur most often between spouses and in dyads containing a male child.
Unified Physics of Stretched Exponential Relaxation and Weibull Fracture Statistics

Abstract The complicated nature of materials often necessitates a statistical approach to understanding and predicting their underlying physics. One such example is the empirical Weibull distribution used to describe the fracture statistics of brittle materials such as glass and ceramics. The Weibull distribution adopts the same mathematical form as proposed by Kohlrausch for stretched exponential relaxation. Although it was also originally proposed as a strictly empirical expression, stretched exponential decay has more recently been derived from the Phillips diffusion-trap model, which links the dimensionless stretching exponent to the topology of excitations in a glassy network. In this paper we propose an analogous explanation as a physical basis for the Weibull distribution, with an ensemble of flaws in the brittle material serving as a substitute for the traps in the Phillips model. One key difference between stretched exponential relaxation and Weibull fracture statistics is the effective dimensionality of the system. We argue that the stochastic description of the flaw space in the Weibull distribution results in a negative dimensionality, which explains the difference in magnitude of the dimensionless Weibull modulus compared to the stretching relaxation exponent.
Simple, high-yield methods for the synthesis of aldehydes directly from o-, m-, and p-carborane and their further conversions.

Aldehydes have long served as important building blocks for synthetic chemists, and carboranyl aldehydes are no exception. Recent literature reports, for example, illustrate their application as intermediates in biomedicine, materials science, and basic organic chemistry. We report here new methods for the single-step preparation of C-monoformyl and C,C-diformyl derivatives directly from o-, m-, and p-carborane, as well as improved synthetic routes to homologated carboranyl aldehydes. Additionally, reductive amination is used to transform these aldehydes into a series of 2° amines of α-amino acid esters.
Molecular Basis for Modulation of Recombinant α1β2γ2 GABAA Receptors by Protons

We have previously shown that extracellular protons inhibit recombinant and native GABAA receptors. In this report, we studied the site(s) and mechanism by which protons modulate the GABAA receptor...
The Internal Pressure of Pure and Mixed Liquids

Measurement of internal pressures. Defining internal pressure as $T{(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}p}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{v}$, designated $T\ensuremath{\gamma}$, it can be measured on the principle of a constant volume thermometer. This was done for 8 pure liquids and 12 mixtures of 50 mole percent composition. Values for the former are given at 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and for the latter at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in atmospheres per degree at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} are as follows: 1 heptane, 8.66; 2 acetone, 11.22; 3 carbon tetrachloride, 11.47; 4 benzene, 12.58; 5 carbon disulfide, 12.67; 6 ethylene chloride, 14.17; 7 ethylene bromide, 15.20; 8 bromoform, 15.32. The values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ for the mixtures at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} are, designating the components by the foregoing numbers, 1-2, 9.27; 1-3, 9.68; 1-4, 9.86; 1-5, 9.84; 1-7, 10.66; 1-8, 10.86; 3-4, 12.19; 4-5, 12.32; 4-6, 12.92; 4-8, 14.05; 2-5, 11.77; 5-7, 13.98.Relations satisfied by ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}p}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{v}$.---It was found, further, (1) that $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a function of the specific or molal volume only; (2) that for each pure liquid ${\mathrm{v}}^{2}{T}_{1}$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a constant, $a$, v being the molal volume, and ${T}_{1}$ the temperature at which the pressure is 1 atmosphere (a function of molal volume); (3) that the values for the mixtures are less than additive, less than those calculated from the equation of Biron, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}}{({\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}{\mathrm{N}}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2})}$ where ${\mathrm{N}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ are the mole fractions of the components, here 0.5; (4) that they are given within 1 or 2 percent by the relation $a={({a}_{1}{a}_{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ except in some of the mixtures of carbon disulfide, acetone and ethylene chloride---the first of these is in other respects irregular, and the last two are polar; and (5) that a still better agreement is given by considering that $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{v}$ is additive.Indirect determination of compressibility.---The compressibility, $\ensuremath{\beta}$, can be calculated by combining $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ with the coefficient of expansion, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}$. In most instances, the agreement with the directly determined values is satisfactory.
MO‐D‐220‐01: In Vivo Quantitative Vascular Imaging of Tumors Using 3D Photoacoustic Imaging

Purpose: Employ volumetric photoacousticcomputed tomography (PA‐CT) imaging to monitor key indices of tumor biology in tumor bearing mice without the use of exogenous contrast. In this study we describe the scanning system and its use in tracking in vivo tumor vasculature and tumor volume, through tumor growth and following treatment by anti‐angiogenic therapy, in both control and treated animals. Methods: A PA‐CT scanner, specifically designed for mouse imaging, employs a sparse array of 128 discrete transducer elements (3mm in diameter, 5MHz center frequency) arranged on a hemispherical surface, a tunable NIRpulsed laser (680– 950nm), and a digital acquisition system with 128 channels. The tissue being imaged is illuminated directly by pulses of laser light and the resulting photoacoustic signals are recorded. The photoacoustic data is reconstructed using a modified 3‐D Radon transform to produce a spherical volume 25mm in diameter. EGFR+ MCF‐7 breast cancer cells were injected into two groups (control and treatment) of mice (n=6). The tumors were allowed to grow to approx. 10mm in size at which point the treatment group was injected with a single dose of Avastin (40mg/kg). The mice were scanned at 17, 27, and 34 days post‐implantation. Results: The tumor vascularity was quantified by measurement of hemoglobin (Hb) content in the tumor. The Avastin treated mice showed an average decrease of 65% in hemoglobin content following treatment while the control group had an average increase in tumor Hb content of 33%. Conclusions: The strong absorption of NIR light by oxy‐hemoglobin and deoxy‐hemoglobin provides a useful contrast mechanism for photoacoustic imaging without the use of exogenous contrast agents. Photoacoustic imaging is well suited to in vivo studies of cancer therapies where the tumor vasculature is a marker of the efficacy of the therapy or intervention. Funding Support, Disclosures, and Conflict of Interest: M. Thornton is an employee of Endra Inc.
Changes in the redox state of the alternative oxidase regulatory sulfhydryl/disulfide system during mitochondrial isolation: implications for inferences of activity in vivo

Abstract The cyanide-resistant alternative oxidase of plants exists as a homodimer in the inner mitochondrial membrane. When the subunits of the dimer are connected by an intermolecular disulfide bond, the enzyme is relatively inactive. When this bond is reduced to its constituent sulfhydryls, the enzyme becomes more active and can be further activated by α-keto acids. We have attempted to correlate the proportions of oxidized and reduced alternative oxidase with the physiological state of the plant by using immunoblots to visualize the ratio of alternative oxidase species present. However, during the process of mitochondrial isolation from Sauromatum guttatum and Glycine max, the alternative oxidase underwent oxidation of the intermolecular sulfhydryl/disulfide system with the result that the proportion of oxidized and reduced alternative oxidase species in isolated mitochondria differed from that of the starting plant material. The presence of the sulfhydryl reagents, N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetate, during mitochondrial isolation prevented alternative oxidase sulfhydryl/disulfide oxidation, but also led to reduction of the oxidized protein species. Thus, it appears not possible to determine the redox state of the alternative oxidase sulfhydryl/disulfide system in vivo. Further, due to the spontaneous formation of the oxidized alternative oxidase species during isolation, alternative oxidase activity will be less in isolated mitochondria than in the plant tissue from which the mitochondria were derived.
Near-threshold photoabsorption cross sections for nonhydrogenic ions.

Nonhydrogenic photoabsorption cross sections near threshold are well approximated by radial dipole-matrix elements between phase-shift-modulated regular and irregular Coulomb continuum and quantum-defect bound-state wave functions. Results based upon numerical quadratures are inaccurate for high-Rydberg transitions, while previous analytical formulas are difficult to evaluate near threshold. A simple analytic algorithm for the near-threshold region based on the analytic properties of the Coulomb functions in the complex energy plane is presented.
Synthesis and Voltammetry of a Tetrathiafulvalene Polymer Electrolyte Melt

Abstract The synthesis and electrochemical properties are described for a tetrathiafulvalene derivative with −S(CH 2 CH 2 O) 3 CH 3 oligomers attached at each of its four corners (TTF[E 3 M] 4 ). This material is a molecular melt at room temperature and will dissolve LiClO 4 as a polymer electrolyte. Its radical cation salt, {TTF[E 3 M]} 4 + {(CF 3 SO − 3 )}, is also a room temperature melt in which LiClO 4 is soluble. Microelectrode voltammetry in LiClO 4 +TTF[E 3 M] 4 and in {TTF[E 3 M] 4 + }{CF 3 SO − 3 } shows that the self-diffusivities of these TTF derivatives in their melts are quite small and have room temperature values ranging from 8 × 10 −9 to 5 × 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 depending on the LiClO 4 content. The experimental diffusion coefficients derived from voltammetric waves for the TTF[E 3 M] 0/+ 4 couple are larger than those for the TTF[E 3 M] +/2+ 4 couple by factors ranging from 2.5 to 13, a difference not understandable by migration effects alone. Consideration of coupling of homogeneous TTF[E 3 M] 0/+ 4 electron self-exchange to diffusion during TTF[E 3 M] + 4 reduction or TTF[E 3 M] 4 oxidation leads to estimation of k EX,10 values in the 10 5 M −1 s −1 range and which increase with temperature and decrease with the addition of LiClO 4 electrolyte.
Purification of Drosophila Acidic Ribosomal Proteins

The relatively acidic proteins (group A80) of Drosophila melanogaster ribosomes were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. Fractions containing one or more acidic proteins were combined into thirteen pools. The criterion for the combination was the migration pattern in one-dimensional polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulphate. Five proteins (7/8, S25/S27, S14, L1/L2 and L5/L6) required no further purification. The others were further purified as follows: proteins S7, and S9 by preparative gel electrophoresis: and protein 13 (to newly identified protein) by adsorption with conconavalin-A--agarose. Four proteins had no detectable contamination, and in each of the others the impurities were no greater than 3%. The amount of purified protein recovered from a starting amount of 2.63 g total 80-S ribosomal protein and a starting amount of 105 mg group A80 varied from 0.4 mg to 8.8 mg. The molecular weight of the proteins was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. The amino acid composition of the individual purified proteins was determined. Several phosphorylated proteins were identified. Proteins 13b and 13c are phosphorylated derivatives of 13a; 7b/8b and 7c/8c are phosphorylated derivatives of 7a and/or 8a. Proteins 7/8 and 13 are distinct proteins but are very similar in amino acid composition.
Exchange Enhancement of Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Antiferromagnets

The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate in an antiferromagnetic insulator at low temperature is calculated to lowest order in 1/z. The effects of anisotropy are included but correctly vanish for spin 1⁄2. Instead of a divergence in the limit of zero anisotropy as found by Beeman and Pincus, we obtain results similar to those for a ferromagnet. Disciplines Physics | Quantum Physics This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/physics_papers/421 PHYSICAL REVIEW VOLUME 183, NUMBER 2 f 0 J ULY 1969 Exchange Enhancement of Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Antiferromagnets* A. BRooxs HARRIS f Department of Physics, University of I'ennsylvania, Ehi7ade/phia, I'ennsyleania D'104 (Received 1/ January 1969) The nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate in an antiferromagnetic insulator at low temperature is calculated to lowest order in 1/s. The effects of anisotropy are included but correctly vanish for spin q. Instead of a divergence in the limit of zero anisotropy as found by Beeman and Pincus, we obtain results similar to those for a ferromagnet.
Tetrahedral nickel nitrosyl complexes with tripodal [N3] and [Se3] donor ancillary ligands: structural and computational evidence that a linear nitrosyl is a trivalent ligand

Linear nickel nitrosyl compounds supported by tridentate nitrogen and selenium ligands, namely the tris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)hydroborato and tris(2-seleno-1-mesitylimidazolyl)hydroborato complexes, [TpMe2]NiNO and [TseMes]NiNO, have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. Computational studies demonstrate that the linear nitrosyl ligand behaves as a trivalent 3 ligand such that the Ni–N interaction has multiple bond character.
Low-Dose Valganciclovir for CMV Prophylaxis after Lung Transplantation

Purpose. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains an important pathogen following solid organ transplantation (SOT). Universal prophylaxis for CMV is adopted by most centers after lung transplantation. Various combinations studied for CMV prophylaxis include intravenous and oral ganciclovirs, oral valganciclovir, and CMV immunoglobulins. We present our experience with a low-dose of oral valganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis following lung transplantation. Methods and Materials. Our center started using 450 mg of daily oral valganciclovir for CMV prophylaxis in lung transplant recipients in Jan, 2001. A retrospective chart analysis of patients who underwent lung transplantation from January 2001 to December 2006 was done. Of 46 patients, 4 were excluded as they died within 30 days of transplant from postop complications. The mean age at transplant was 64 years, mostly single lung transplants (36/6) with a male-to-female ratio of 25/17. COPD was the most common reason for transplant (65%), and the serological CMV status of donors (D) and recipients (R) was as follows: D
The Mythos of Progress and Neo-Orthodoxy

INCE the end of the first World War, religionists of revitalized traditionalism, variously called neo-fundamentalism, neo-orthodoxy, neo-supernaturalism, neo-traditionalism, and crisis or dialectical theology,' have endeavored to adjust their religious conceptions to those modern scientific views which present a serious encroachment upon the Protestant ecclesiastical position.2 Recognizing the increasing influence of scientific inquiry and the evolution of a critical intelligent world, these reformists have hoped through erudite reconstructions to enhance their received mythological expressions so as to allure minds not so susceptible to a less scientific and more naive fundamentalism. It must be observed, however, that this proposed adjustment is not in any way a relinquishing of basic tenets of revealed theology in favor of rational, scientific determinations. Rather, it is more of an obscuring of the fundamental dichotomy between the two, a slithering around the apparent contradictions by means of an intricately reconstructed biblical symbolism. This refurbishment, Hudson asserts,3 has made neo-orthodoxy "a pleasant little Protestant Jesuit," appealing temporarily to those who want religion, but who have not the necessary logic or determination to analyze and to understand what this ecclesiastical position really entails. In short, it offers a bit of intellectual jugglery designed to obscure the underlying contradictions and to convince the unsuspecting religious sophisticate. Those, however, who are not bound by emotional ties and convinced by learned persuasion see clearly that this religious resurgence is an elaborate modification of authoritarian supernaturalism which is inherently and diametrically opposed to scientific expression. It is the old confrontation of contradictory positions: revealed religion contra science, faith contra
1427 ISOLATED CEREBRAL VENTRICULAR DILATATION (VD) OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) NEONATE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

VD is not an infrequent observation during an ultrasound (US) examination of the head in LBW newborns. Very little information is available with regard to its pathogenesis, evolution and significance. We studied 59 LBW infants who were identified as having VD [VD(+)] by the first cranial US examination (US #1) which was done during the immediate neonatal period (mean age 3.03 days) and compared with 59 wt and gestation matched controls without VD [VD(-)] who were selected with no knowledge of the result of US findings. US follow-up of the study and control infants are shown in the following tables (#, X+SEM): The isolated VD seems to have a relatively benign neonatal course. The higher incidence in white infants was unexpected and needs to be confirmed in a larger study.
Features of DNA recognition for oriented binding and cleavage by calicheamicin

Abstract The cleavage by calicheamicin γ 1 I of duplex DNA containing four or more contiguous adenines on one strand proceeds through C5′ hydrogen abs
An Instrument for Recording ULF-ELF Geomagnetic Fluctuations Measured by Optically Pumped Magnetometers

A small, low-cost, highly sensitive system to record geomagnetic fluctuations on the ocean floor is described. The technique employed is to amplify the effective sensitivity of the Cs-vapor magnetometer with an intermediate stage discriminator amplifier voltagecontrolled oscillator prior to magnetic recording. The resultant overall electronic system noise level obtained is well below the inherent noise level of the sensor, permitting accurate measurement of undersea magnetic fluctuations up to 5 Hz.
Multiplexed Detection of Anthrax Sequences with Quantum Dot Nanoprobes

We demonstrate a bio-agent detection scheme using colocalization of target-selective quantum dot nanoprobes. The presence of a target is shown through the colocalized emissions of bound events and easily distinguished with colorimetric measurements, negating an additional step for separation of unbound probes. Multiplexed detection can be achieved by multiple quantum dots with spectrally separable emissions. Genetic analysis of anthrax pathogenicity-relevant sequences serves as a multiplexed example of this approach. Furthermore, this method shares characteristics with a homogeneous format which leads to better reaction kinetics and faster detection compared with conventional solid-phase approaches.
Insights from parity status life tables for the 20th century U.S.

Abstract Parity status life table (PSLT) models show the implications of a set of age–parity-specific birth rates, and describe how women move through successive parities as they progress through their childbearing years. Here PSLT values for the U.S. are presented for the years 1917–1997 and for cohorts born 1902–1963. Cohort PSLTs show fertility levels similar to cohort TFRs, while period PSLTs generally track the conventional period TFR. Nonetheless, using rates specific to parity can increase the susceptibility of period rates to timing influences. Period PSLTs for the Baby Boom years show over 40% of women ultimately having 5 or more children, while cohort PSLTs show that no birth cohort ever had 30% of its members at those parities. The approximate regularity that has characterized the level of American fertility since the 1970s extends to patterns of children ever born as well. Two children are by far the most common family size, with about one-third of all women having that number. About one-sixth of all women ended childbearing at each of parities 0, 1, and 3. The remaining sixth of women have attained parity 4 or higher, with very few women having more than 6 children.
The Ergonomics of Torture: The Moral Dimension of Evolving Human-Machine Technology

No intelligent human activity is devoid of purpose. This is as true for science as for any other pursuit. The abdication of science from the realm of purpose - the propositional divorce of ‘what is’ from ‘what should be’ is a widely-perpetuated but fatal fallacy. As much as purpose predicates process, process promotes purpose. Purpose and process are locked in a symbiotic circle in which their independent existence is essentially meaningless. Unlike those who simply study the world as it is, we in human factors, as agents of change, must contemplate the world as it can be, in both its proximate and more distal forms. In seeking to change the world, as opposed to merely studying it, we cannot avoid the moral dimension of action. Here I examine our nascent approach to such issues using a pointed exemplar to trigger both visceral and cerebral response. The work is part of a continuing effort to found a new philosophy based upon perception-action mediated through our technological extensions to all human capacities.
Evaluating technologies for providing health services at a distance: outcome-driven quality improvement

A variety of technologies has been developed to allow remote providers to deliver health services. For most of these applications, there are limited data regarding effects on health status, costs of providing care, or patterns of utilization. Establishment of any application of clinical telemedicine should proceed concurrently with an outcome-based program of continuous quality improvement (OBQI). OBQI involves the ongoing collection and analysis of patient outcome data. Risk-adjusted outcomes can be compared with a reference standard, and change in an institution's outcomes may be monitored. Used in conjunction with data regarding specific processes of care, outcome data can identify both exemplary and deficient health services. Such services may be modified and the results of those modifications tracked over time for comparison with previous periods. The implementation of OBQI is illustrated in the context of a chronic disease management program.
Routing in virtual path based ATM networks

The issue of routing requests for virtual circuits in a virtual path (VP) based asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network is addressed. It is supposed that the VPs are partitioned in a manner such that all the virtual circuits (VCs) making use of any given VP have the same traffic characteristics and quality of service demands. A virtual circuit request can be accepted in the network only if the specified loss and delay bounds can be guaranteed for the cells belonging to it. After suitable simplifying assumptions about the operation of the network are made, simple admission rules for virtual circuit requests are proposed. Routing policies are then proposed that try to minimize the fraction of virtual circuit requests denied. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the proposed routing policies. >
GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE SUITABILITY OF SPATIAL CLIMATE DATA SETS

Spatial climate data are often key drivers of computer models and statistical analyses, which form the basis for scientific conclusions, management decisions, and other important outcomes. The recent availability of very high-resolution climate data sets raises important questions about the tendency to equate resolution with realism. This paper discusses the relationship between scale and spatial climate-forcing factors, and provides background and advice on assessing the suitability of data sets. Spatial climate patterns are most affected by terrain and water bodies, primarily through the direct effects of elevation, terrain-induced climate transitions, cold air drainage and inversions, and coastal effects. The importance of these factors is generally lowest at scales of 100 km and greater, and becomes greatest at less than 10 km. Except in densely populated regions of developed countries, typical station spacing is on the order of 100 km. Regions without major terrain features and which are at least 100 km from climatically important coastlines can be handled adequately by most interpolation techniques. Situations characterized by significant terrain features, but with no climatically important coastlines, no rain shadows, and a well-mixed atmosphere can be reasonably handled by methods that explicitly account for elevation effects. Regions having significant terrain features, and also significant coastal effects, rain shadows, or cold air drainage and inversions are best handled by sophisticated systems that are configured and evaluated by experienced climatologists. There is no one satisfactory method for quantitatively estimating errors in spatial climate data sets, because the field that is being estimated is unknown between data points. Perhaps the best overall way to assess errors is to use a combination of approaches, involve data that are as independent from those used in the analysis as possible, and use common sense in the interpretation of results. Data set developers are encouraged to conduct expert reviews of their draft data sets, which is probably the single most effective way to improve data set quality. Copyright  2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Biochemical and behavioral characterization of a novel cholinergic agonist, SR 95639.

Abstract Selective M1 cholinergic agonists may be useful in treating dementias due to cholinergic hypofunction. SR 95639 has recently been described as such a compound. We found the compound to have affinity for M1 sites ( K i = 2.1 μM ) which was approximately 3-fold higher than its affinity for M2 sites. Functional partial agonism was suggested by an inconsistent increase in phosphoinositide (PI) turnover in rat hippocampal slices, combined with blockade of carbachol-stimulated PI turnover. In vivo M2-mediated effects were absent. Scopolamine-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by SR 95639 and scopolamine-impaired inhibitory avoidance and radial maze performance were improved. The compound appears to be a weakly selective M1 partial agonist with potential advantages over existing compounds.
Methane bond activation by Pt and Pd subnanometer clusters supported on graphene and carbon nanotubes

Activation of the C–H bond is important for hydrocarbon catalysis with applications in energy technology such as production of synthetic fuels. Subnanometer clusters such as Pt4 show great promise for catalytic activities potentially much greater than monolith. Using density functional theory, we investigated C–H bond breaking, an important step of the conversion reaction of methane to liquid fuels, on Pt and Pd subnanometer clusters with graphene and carbon nanotubes as supports. Our results show that CNT supports can be selected by size and chirality to provide stable support for subnanometer Pt and Pd clusters and tailor their catalytic activity.
Directions of influence in first and second language acquisition research

This article explores ways in which studies in second language acquisition (SLA) research can illuminate first language acquisition research. The discussion revolves around the issues of learner strategies, individual variation, the acquisition of late learned structures, bilingualism, the role of Universal Grammar (UG) and the fate of obsolete knowledge in acquisition. It is argued that second language research in these (and other) areas can provide fresh insights into familiar problems and raise issues not commonly given consideration in first language acquisition studies.
Effect of Ambrotose AO® on resting and exercise-induced antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in healthy adults

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a dietary supplement (Ambrotose AO®) on resting and exercise-induced blood antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in exercise-trained and untrained men and women. Methods: 25 individuals (7 trained and 5 untrained men; 7 trained and 6 untrained women) received Ambrotose AO® (4 capsules per day = 2 grams per day) or a placebo for 3 weeks in a random order, double blind cross-over design (with a 3 week washout period). Blood samples were collected at rest, and at 0 and 30 minutes following a graded exercise treadmill test (GXT) performed to exhaustion, both before and after each 3 week supplementation period. Samples were analyzed for Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitrate/nitrite (NOx). Quality of life was assessed using the SF-12 form and exercise time to exhaustion was recorded. Resting blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count (CBC), metabolic panel, and lipid panel before and after each 3 week supplementation period. Dietary intake during the week before each exercise test was recorded. Results: No condition effects were noted for SF-12 data, for GXT time to exhaustion, or for any variable within the CBC, metabolic panel, or lipid panel (p > 0.05). Treatment with Ambrotose AO® resulted in an increase in resting levels of TEAC (p = 0.02) and ORAC (p 0.05). Exercise resulted in an acute increase in TEAC, MDA, and H2O2 (p 0.05), with the exception of ORAC (p = 0.0005) which was greater at 30 minutes post exercise for Ambrotose AO® compared to placebo. Conclusion: Ambrotose AO® at a daily dosage of 4 capsules per day increases resting blood antioxidant capacity and may enhance post exercise antioxidant capacity. However, no statistically detected difference is observed in resting or exercise-induced oxidative stress biomarkers, in quality of life, or in GXT time to exhaustion.
Riparian zones in southern Appalachian headwater catchments: Carbon and nitrogen responses to forest cutting

There is little understanding about the role eastern US forested headwater riparian areas play in protecting aquatic habitats and water quality from impacts of side slope forest harvest. To better understand this important riparian area function, we selected three sites from management units with a 2-age regeneration silvicultural prescription located on the Nantahala National Forest, North Carolina, USA. Each site was harvested and a riparian buffer was left uncut along the stream. Buffer widths were 10 m and 30 m; we included a 0 m buffer to experimentally determine nutrient and riparian zone responses to forest cutting under extreme conditions. A fourth site was selected to serve as an uncut reference. Transects were established perpendicular to a 200 m stream reach, from streamside to 50 m upslope for intensive study. Forest cutting increased extractable NO3 � at both 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm
A Clinical Prediction Rule for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Healthcare-Acquired Gram-Negative Urinary Tract Infection

Data from a case-control study were used to derive and internally validate a prediction rule for identifying fluoroquinolone resistance in healthcare-acquired gram-negative urinary tract infection. This prediction rule has an excellent sensitivity and specificity (C-statistic, 0.816). External validation is necessary before implementing this rule to optimize empirical antibiotic use in clinical practice.
Chemistry of Guareschi imides II. Enolic character of β-aryl guareschi imides

The bicyclization and methylation reactions of β-aryl Guareschi-like imides were studied and the results indicate a favoring enolic structure that hindered these reactions in alkaline media.
Minimality, Reconstruction, and PF Movement

We investigate the interaction of clitic left-dislocation (CLLD), wh-interrogatives, and topicalization in Lebanese Arabic. A wh-phrase or a topicalized phrase can be fronted across a CLLDed element derived by movement but not across a base-generated one. A CLLDed element cannot be fronted across another CLLDed element, a wh-phrase, or a topicalized phrase. These interception effects are accounted for only if Minimality is construed as a constraint on derivations rather than representations and if fronting of the CLLDed elements is seen to apply in the PF component. It is thus suggested that the mapping between overt Syntax and the Articulatory-Perceptual level is not trivial.
Does This Patient Have Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia?

ContextVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and serious nosocomial infection. Accurate, timely diagnosis enables affected patients to receive appropriate therapy and avoids mistreatment of patients having other conditions.ObjectiveTo review the published medical literature describing the precision and accuracy of clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data to diagnose bacterial VAP relative to a histological gold standard.Data SourcesEnglish-language articles identified by a structured search strategy using MEDLINE (January 1966-October 31, 2006) and Google Scholar. Additional articles were identified through the reference lists of studies and review papers identified by the search strategy.Study SelectionIncluded studies described clinical findings associated with VAP in 25 or more patients receiving mechanical ventilation who subsequently underwent pulmonary biopsy or autopsy. Fourteen studies describing clinical findings in 655 patients met inclusion criteria.Data ExtractionData were abstracted onto a structured form, allowing calculation of the likelihood ratios (LRs) for each sign or combination of findings.Data SynthesisThe presence or absence of fever, abnormal white blood cell count, or purulent pulmonary secretions do not substantively alter the probability of VAP. However, the combination of a new radiographic infiltrate with at least 2 of fever, leukocytosis, or purulent sputum increases the likelihood of VAP (summary LR, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-7.9). The absence of a new infiltrate on a plain chest radiograph lowers the likelihood of VAP (summary LR, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.87). Fewer than 50% neutrophils on cell count analysis of lower pulmonary secretions makes VAP unlikely (LR range, 0.05-0.10).ConclusionsRoutine bedside evaluation coupled with radiographic information provides suggestive but not definitive evidence that VAP is present or absent. Given the severity of VAP and the frequency of serious conditions that can mimic VAP, clinicians should be ready to consider additional tests that provide further evidence for VAP or that establish another diagnosis.
Hierarchical micro/nano structures for super-hydrophobic surfaces and super-lyophobic surface against liquid metal

Non-wetting super-hydrophobic or super-lyophobic surfaces are of great interest in a variety of applications. Natural water repelling surfaces show micro-/nano- combined hierarchical structure which shows extremely low wettability and self-cleaning characteristics. Inspired by such natural wonders, there have been tremendous efforts to create artificial non-wetting super-hydrophobic or super-lyophobic surfaces. In this paper, recent progress in artificial super-hydrophobic surfaces based on hierarchical micro-/nano- dual-scale structure is reviewed. In addition, application of hierarchical micro-/nano- dual-scale structure as super-lyophobic surfaces against gallium-based liquid metal alloy is also reviewed.
Induced hydrophobic recovery of oxygen plasma-treated surfaces

Plasma treatment is a widely used method in microfabrication laboratories and the plasticware industry to functionalize surfaces for device bonding and preparation for mammalian cell culture. However, spatial control of plasma treatment is challenging because it typically requires a tedious masking step that is prone to alignment errors. Currently, there are no available methods to actively revert a surface from a treated hydrophilic state to its original hydrophobic state. Here, we describe a method that relies on physical contact treatment (PCT) to actively induce hydrophobic recovery of plasma-treated surfaces. PCT involves applying brushing and peeling processes with common wipers and tapes to reverse the wettability of hydrophilized surfaces while simultaneously preserving hydrophilicity of non-contacted surfaces. We demonstrate that PCT is a user-friendly method that allows 2D and 3D surface patterning of hydrophobic regions, and the protection of hydrophilic surfaces from unwanted PCT-induced recovery. This method will be useful in academic and industrial settings where plasma treatment is frequently used.
Index assignment for beamforming with limited-rate imperfect feedback

Beamforming in most multiple-antenna systems often requires channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter through feedback. In practice, CSI must be quantized into a finite set of vectors and feedback only sends the index representing the desired vector. In addition to quantization error of the channel coefficients, feedback errors, which lead to incorrect beam- forming vectors to be applied at the transmitter, also degrade beamforming performance. We present an index-assignment algorithm that minimizes the impact of feedback errors. The proposed algorithm requires exhaustive search to find the best mapping. When the codebook size is large, the complexity of the algorithm becomes prohibitive. We thus propose a group-based index assignment (GIA) that has a low computational load while, still performing better than random index assignments.
NOZICK AND LOCKE: FILLING THE SPACE OF RIGHTS

Do property entitlements define the moral environment in which rights to well-being are defined, or do rights to well-being define the moral environment in which property entitlements are defined? Robert Nozick argued for the former alternative and he denied that any serious attempt had been made to state the latter alternative (what he called “the ‘reverse’ theory”). I actually think John Locke's approach to property can be seen as an instance of the “reverse” theory. And Nozick's can too, inasmuch as it shares a number of features with the Lockean approach. But my paper is not intended as a criticism of Nozick; on the contrary, it acknowledges the integrity and the importance of his insistence that welfare, property, and justice be integrated into a single theory with clearly established priorities.
THE REACTIONS BETWEEN BACTERIA AND ANIMAL TISSUES UNDER CONDITIONS OF ARTIFICIAL CULTIVATION : II. BACTERICIDAL ACTION IN TISSUE CULTURES.

The results here reported confirm those of the former papers and strengthen the conclusions drawn therefrom. They may be summarized as follows: Chicken plasma has a marked bactericidal action on Bacillus typhosus, which may be in some slight degree overcome by the presence of growing tissue, especially splenic tissue, in the cultures. On Bacillus dysenterioe this bactericidal action of chicken plasma is present, but much less marked, and the same counteracting action of tissue, especially splenic tissue, is evident. On Bacillus coli verus chicken plasma has little or no bactericidal action. On Bacterium diphtheriticum chicken plasma has a very strong bactericidal action which may be strongly counteracted by the presence of growing tissue in the cultures. In all cases the bactericidal action of the plasma is decidedly diminished by dilution, as shown by the comparative results of these and the cultures formerly reported. The migrating white cells from splenic cultures, or substances closely associated with these cells, have a distinctly bactericidal influence on all organisms tested except Bacillus coli verus. Murphy states that lymphocytes first appear in the general circulation of the chick embryo on the 18th to 20th day, but in my cultures of splenic tissue cells resembling lymphocytes in morphology and behavior begin to appear in cultures of 11 or 12 day spleen and are abundant in cultures of spleen from 14 day or older embryos.
Somatic Hybridization in Tomato

The reasons for subjecting the tomato eultivar, Lycopersicon esculentum, to numerous cell and tissue culture studies have been twofold: agronomic improvement of this important crop species and exploitation of tomatO’s abundant classical genetics for basic research purposes. Several years ago we began experiments utilizing protoplasts of Lycopersicon species, with the goals of developing methods to culture and regenerate plants, influencing transmission of genomes following cell fusion, and genetically analyzing plants resulting from protoplast or fusion product regeneration. At the time, little information was available about the requirements for successful culture and regeneration of members of the tomato genus. We looked to the facile protoplast culture and fusion of other Solanaceous species, Nicotiana and Petunia, as guides, as well as the arduous but effective methods for potato protoplasts developed by Shepard et al. (1980). Here we will summarize our knowledge of Lycopersicon protoplast culture and fusion and the analysis of regenerated plants.
Parallel 3D Finite Element Computation of Unsteady Flows Past a Sphere

In this article we present parallel 3D finite element computation of unsteady incompressible flows past a sphere. The Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible flows are solved on the Thinking Machine СМ-5 using stabilized finite element formulations. An implicit time integration scheme, together with an element-vector based (matrix-free) iteration technique is used to solve the coupled, nonlinear equations generated every time step. Simulations use both hexahedral and tetrahedral meshes. Whereas the shape of the computational boundaries selected for the hexahedral mesh biases the shedding mechanisms, the boundary shape selected for the unstructured tetrahedral mesh does not result in a similar affect. In both cases, the primary frequency corresponding to vortex shedding is in close agreement with experimental measurements. A measurement of a secondary frequency, corresponding to the rotation of the shedding plane, is also reported.