cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An adaptive reconstruction for Lagrangian, direct-forcing, immersed-boundary methods

Abstract Lagrangian, direct-forcing, immersed boundary (IB) methods have been receiving increased attention due to their robustness in complex fluid-structure interaction problems. They are very sensitive, however, on the selection of the Lagrangian grid, which is typically used to define a solid or flexible body immersed in a fluid flow. In the present work we propose a cost-efficient solution to this problem without compromising accuracy. Central to our approach is the use of isoparametric mapping to bridge the relative resolution requirements of Lagrangian IB, and Eulerian grids. With this approach, the density of surface Lagrangian markers, which is essential to properly enforce boundary conditions, is adapted dynamically based on the characteristics of the underlying Eulerian grid. The markers are not stored and the Lagrangian data-structure is not modified. The proposed scheme is implemented in the framework of a moving least squares reconstruction formulation, but it can be adapted to any Lagrangian, direct-forcing formulation. The accuracy and robustness of the approach is demonstrated in a variety of test cases of increasing complexity.
Moving beyond the theoretical: Medical students' desire for practical, role-specific ethics training.

Background: It has been widely reported that medical trainees experience situations with profound ethical implications during their clinical rotations. To address this, most U.S. medical schools in...
Considerations for switching: exploring factors behind CS students' desire to leave a CS major

Understanding undergraduate students’ academic, professional and social experiences in computer science (CS) degree programs is critical to retaining students in these programs. This paper presents findings from an exploratory study aimed at empirically investigating the academic, social, and professional experiences that influence CS students to consider switching out of their major. We surveyed 96 CS undergraduate students at the University of Florida and examined their experiences during their degree program. The data were categorically analyzed to identify factors that influenced students to consider switching out of a CS major. We found that students who considered switching out of a CS major experienced gender biases in the classroom, had negative or neutral satisfaction with computing courses, and felt that the assignments and projects were not relevant to the coursework. We also found that females were twice as likely to consider leaving a CS major as compared to males. Several factors significantly affected female students: perception of the presence of gender biases in the classroom, not receiving timely feedback, negative satisfaction in coursework, and negative team experiences. We conclude by discussing these findings in light of retention theories and literature.
Compact ensemble trees for imbalanced data

This paper introduces a novel splitting criterion parametrized by a scalar 'α' to build a class-imbalance resistant ensemble of decision trees. The proposed splitting criterion generalizes information gain in C4.5, and its extended form encompasses Gini(CART) and DKM splitting criteria as well. Each decision tree in the ensemble is based on a different splitting criterion enforced by a distinct a. The resultant ensemble, when compared with other ensemble methods, exhibits improved performance over a variety of imbalanced datasets even with small numbers of trees.
PURINERGIC FEEDBACK REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE

ATP or a related adenine nucleoside or nucleotide is released upon adrenergic nerve stimulation from the nerve terminal and possibly also from postsynaptic structures. Such a purine compound diminishes the nerve stimulation-induced release of adrenergic transmitter, norepinephrine. These and related findings suggest that a purine-mediated mechanism subserves feedback inhibition of adrenergic transmitter release.
Single-Channel Currents and Postsynaptic Drug Actions

In single-channel recordings, the gating transitions of individual ionic channels appear as a stochastic process. The description of the random transitions of a channel between its discrete conductance states complements the kinetic picture of the gating process derived from macroscopic experiments such as voltage clamp, noise analysis, or gating current. The goals of kinetic measurements are to derive unique reaction schemes for modeling macroscopic excitation phenomena and perhaps to obtain some insights about the molecular motions involved in the conformation changes attendant to gating. In this chapter, I show how the rates of a kinetic process are inferred from single-channel data and how such analysis can be applied to the study of drug action on postsynaptic channels.
Interface pressure characteristics of alternating air cell mattresses in persons with spinal cord injury.

Objectives: To examine interface pressure characteristics for two alternating air cell mattresses used for pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in a spinal cord injury population.Design: Prospec...
Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascular Membranes Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review

Age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of blindness in the Western world. The two forms of this condition are an atrophic type and an exudative or neovascular type. While only 10% of AMD patients have the exudative form, 88% of the severe vision loss (legal blindness or worse) attributable to this disease is due to this type.1 This neovascular maculopathy is characterized by the presence of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) which are proliferations of the choriocapillaris through a defect in Bruch’s membrane. These CNVM leak blood and lipid, which leads to the development of disciform scars. CNVM can be subdivided according to location. Extrafoveal CNVM are located 200–2500 microns from the center of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) (Figure 1). The efficacy of laser photocoagulation for extrafoveal CNVM has been demonstrated by the Macular Photocoagulation Study Group (MPS). 2 Juxtafoveal CNVM are found 1–200 microns from the FAZ (Figure 1). The possible beneficial role of laser photocoagulation for juxtafoveal membranes is presently being evaluated by the Krypton Photocoagulation Study (KPS), a multi-center prospective randomized controlled clinical trial supported by the National Eye Institute. Finally, CNVM directly under the center of the FAZ are termed subfoveal (Figure 1). The purpose of this article is to review the natural history, treatment, and pathology of subfoveal CNVM secondary to AMD.
Let’s not agree to disagree: the role of strategic disagreement in science

Supposedly, stubbornness on the part of scientists—an unwillingness to change one’s position on a scientific issue even in the face of countervailing evidence—helps efficiently divide scientific labor. Maintaining disagreement is important because it keeps scientists pursuing a diversity of leads rather than all working on the most promising, and stubbornness helps preserve this disagreement. Planck’s observation that “Science progresses one funeral at a time” might therefore be an insight into epistemically beneficial stubbornness on the part of researchers. In conversation with extant formal models, recent empirical research, and a novel agent-based model of my own I explore whether the epistemic goods which stubbornness can secure—disagreement and diversity—are attainable through less-costly methods. I make the case that they are, at least in part, and also use my modeling results to show that if stubbornness is scientifically valuable, it still involves a willingness to change one’s mind.
Evaluating the performance of the SuRE method for inspection of bonding using the COMSOL finite element analysis package

The Surface Response to Excitation (SuRE) method is a guided-wave based Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technique. Up to date, no analytical model has been developed and validated for the SuRE method. This paper experimentally and analytically investigates the delamination between two plates using the SuRE method in conjunction with the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Simulation results are validated by experimental results. The results showed that the findings from the analytical approach correspond with the experimental results and can be effectively used for studying delamination. This approach can be utilized for different types of structures with similar conditions.
Mercury in organic chemistry

Abstract Tri-sec-alkylboranes, readily available from internal olefins via hydroboration, undergo a facile reaction with mercury(I) alkoxides in alcohol transfer two of the three alkyl groups from boron to mercury. Mercury(I) tert-butoxide in tert-butanol appears to be the reagent of choice for these reactions. The alkoxide and solvent employed are critical and exhibit effects exactly opposite to those observed previously with mercury(II) alkoxides.
Generalized gratitude and prayers of gratitude in marriage

Although gratitude research has begun to examine how gratitude to God or a divine being relates to human behavior research on gratitude in romantic relationships has not yet addressed this type of ...
Determination and Utilization of Dilemma Zone Length and Location for Safety Assessment of Rural High-Speed Signalized Intersections:

The objective of the present study is to see how the dilemma zone length and location are related to intersection safety at rural high-speed signalized intersections. For that, dilemma zones at 30 ...
Laparoscope-assisted diagnosis and treatment for Amyand's hernia in children-a report of 6 cases

Objective Laparoscope-assisted diagnosis and treatment for Amyand's hernia in children is rarely reported in literature.We report our preliminary experience to emphasize the advantages and feasibility of this procedure in 6 cases.Methods A retrospective review of laparoscopic-assisted method for Amyand 's hernias in 6 children from October 2010-December 2012 was performed.The mean age of patients was 234 days (ranged from 40 days-13 months),1 case was on the left,5 on the right.4 cases were operated with laparoscopic-assisted method urgently due to incarceration and inflamed appendix.Upon entry into the peritoneal cavity with the laparoscopy,we applied gentle traction on the appendix near the internal ring and applied pressure externally using the surgeon's finger to manipulate the appendix back into the peritoneum. The appendix was exteriorized through the umbilical port site,and appendectomy performed in open fasion while laparoscope-assisted herniorrhaphy was then performed.Results The overall incidence of a patent processus vaginalis on contralateral examination was 4 in the 6 cases. In the 4 urgent cases,appendectomy and laparoscopic -assisted herniorrhsphy were accomplished in 3 cases.The operation time was 50-75 min.(mean 65 min).Patients were discharged from hospital between postoperative day 5 and 9 (mean 6.5 d),and 1 case transferred.In the 2 cases with normal appendix,only herniorrhaphy was performed after reduction.the operation time was 15-25 min (mean 20 min),discharge from hospital was on postoperative day 3.Average follow-up was 6.4 months(1-17 months),and no complications of testicular atrophy,cryptorchidism,wound infection,incisional hernia was seen.Conclusions Diagnosis for Amyand's hernia before operation is difficult,and laparoscopic method is safe and effective in these cases with good outcomes,and worth introduced. Key words: Laparoscopes; Amyand's hernia; Infants
A review on recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients with COVID-19 infection

For the last few months, various geographical regions and health sectors have been facing challenges posed by the current COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 has led to significant disruption in the normal functioning of potentially life-saving therapies of hematopoietic cell transplant and chimeric antigen receptor therapy. As transplant physicians are gaining more information and experience regarding the undertaking of these complex procedures during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we believe it is important to discuss the challenges faced, prognostic risk factors, and outcomes of COVID-19 in post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients based on the available real-world data.
Relations with the Vatican

The question of the official relations between the Netherlands and the Vatican long vexed Dutch politics. The peculiar nature of the controversies over relations with the papacy are chiefly the result of three factors: (1) the strongly Protestant traditions of the country, (2) the presence of a large body of Catholics whose proportion of the total church affiliated population has been steadily increasing,1 and (3) the peculiar division of Dutch political party life along both socio-economic and religious Unes. Although in a minority, the Catholics have controlled enough seats in parliament to hold the balance of power. During the last few decades before World War II, the Catholic Party was the largest party in the States-General, commanding about a third of its membership.
A method for safekeeping cryptographic keys from memory disclosure attacks

Security of cryptographic mechanisms is ultimately based on the assumption that cryptographic keys are kept (absolutely) secret. This assumption is very difficult to accommodate in real-world systems without special hardware. In this paper, we consider memory disclosure attacks that disclose RAM content and then compromise a cryptographic key appearing in it. Our experience shows that such attacks, if successful, will expose the whole cryptographic key in question (rather than a portion of it). Previously it was shown how to mitigate the damage by ensuring only one copy of a key appears in RAM. However, this leaves attack success probability roughly proportional to the amount of memory disclosed. Motivated by this observation, here we show how to ensure that “zero” copies of a key appear in RAM while allowing efficient cryptographic computations. As demonstrated in our prototype system, this can be achieved by exploiting the x86 SSE XMM registers so that an RSA key appears in its entirety only when loaded into these registers for cryptographic computations.
A Dynamic Interdomain Communication Path Setup in Active Network

An internetwork is composed of many administrative domains (ADs) with different administrative and security policies for protecting their own valuable resources. A network traffic flow between end-to-end stub ADs through intermediate transit ADs must not violate any stub or transit domain policies. Packets may be dropped by routers that detect a policy violation. Therefore, it is necessary for a communication session to set up a communication path in which all constituent routers are willing to serve for the session so that data packets can be delivered safely without being discarded. Moreover, such a communication path cannot always guarantee successful packet delivery if the intermediate routers or links are prone to failure or congestion. This paper proposes a dynamic interdomain communication path setup protocol to address these issues.
Recipe for Hypoxia: Playing the Dead Zone Game.

Dead zones—areas experiencing low levels of dissolved oxygen—are growing in shallow ocean waters around the world. Research has shown that dead zones form as a result of a specific type of pollution, called nutrient enrichment or eutrophication, and are found in almost every coastal zone where humans have large populations. Concepts related to eutrophication are not complicated individually, but they frequently confuse students. The activity presented in this article is a game designed to help middle and high school students understand the processes that encourage formation of dead zones. Postgame discussions encourage students to consider natural and human causes of dead zone formation, as well as ways in which human contributions to it can be reduced.
Is information a selectable trait

There is little doubt in scientific circles that--counting from the origin of life towards today--evolution has led to an increase in the amount of information stored within the genomes of the biosphere. This trend of increasing information on average likely holds for every successful line of descent, but it is not clear whether this increase is due to a general law, or whether it is a secondary effect linked to an overall increase in fitness. Here, we use "digital life" evolution experiments to study whether information is under selection if treated as an organismal trait, using the Price equation. By measuring both sides of the equation individually in an adapting population, the strength of selection on a trait appears as a "gap" between the two terms of the right-hand-side of the Price equation. We find that information is strongly selected (as it encodes all fitness-producing traits) by comparing the strength of selection on information to a weakly selected trait (sequence length), as well as to a neutral marker. We observe that while strength of selection on arbitrary traits can vary during an experiment (including reversing sign), information is a selectable trait that must increase in a fixed environment.
Cerebral metabolic recovery from deep hypothermic circulatory arrest after treatment with arginine and nitro-arginine methyl ester.

Abstract Background: Recent studies suggest that nitric oxide is important in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury and also has a role in controlling cerebrovascular tone. This study examines the net effects of nitric oxide on cerebral metabolic recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: Two-week-old piglets were supported by cardiopulmonary bypass and cooled to 15o C followed by 1 hour of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, 45 minutes of reperfusion and rewarming, and then 3 hours of normothermic perfusion. Groups of 10 piglets received one of four treatments before bypass: l-nitro-arginine methyl ester, inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, 10 mg/kg intravenously; l-arginine, to enhance nitric oxide synthesis, 30 mg/kg intravenously before bypass and then 10 mg/kg per minute during the first hour of reperfusion; a combination of l-nitro-arginine methyl ester plus l-arginine at these same doses; and no pretreatment (controls). Cerebral high-energy phosphates and pH were measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in half the animals. Cerebral blood flow, metabolic rates for oxygen and glucose, and the oxidation/reduction state of cytochrome aa3 and oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin measured by near-infrared spectroscopy were assessed in the other half of the piglets. Results: l-nitro-arginine methyl ester significantly increased cerebral vascular resistance and markedly reduced recovery of high-energy phosphates, pH, and oxidation state of cytochrome aa3. l-arginine increased cerebral blood flow, cerebral glucose and oxygen consumption, and recovery of cytochrome aa3 oxidation and high-energy phosphates. l-Arginine did not reverse completely the effects of l-nitro-arginine methyl ester on cerebral metabolic recovery. Conclusion: In a piglet model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, l-nitro-arginine methyl ester has a deleterious effect and l-arginine has a beneficial effect on cerebral metabolic recovery. The deleterious metabolic effects of l-nitro-arginine methyl ester are only partially reversed by l-arginine. This fact suggests that there may be mechanisms in addition to inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis contributing to the neurotoxicity of l-nitro-arginine methyl ester in this model. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1996;112:698-707)
Rise and fall of endrin usage in Washington state fruit orchards: Effects on wildlife

Abstract A study of the effects of endrin on wildlife was conducted from 1981 to 1983 in fruit orchards in central Washington State. The single post-harvest application of endrin as a rodenticide resulted in both acute and chronic toxicity to a variety of avian species. Of 194 birds found dead, brains of 125 were analysed; endrin toxicosis accounted for >24% of the total and 37% of those analysed. Most mortality occurred soon after application, but several raptors died during the spring and summer. Most wildlife sampled in the orchard system contained residues of endrin. There was no evidence that endrin depressed reproductive success. Use of endrin abruptly declined during this study and its use is currently limited to emergency situations. Wildlife mortality from endrin also decreased; only six endrin-related mortalities were detected the last year of the study and there have been no reports of die-offs since the study ended.
Inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase by malathion and malaoxon.

The inhibition of lysyl hydroxylation in newly synthesized collagen by malathion and its oxidation product malaoxon were studied with cultured rat fetal lung fibroblasts. Exposure of these cells to 125 microM malathion or malaoxon for 96 h resulted in a 25 and a 30% decrease in the ratio of hydroxylated lysine/lysine residues, respectively, in acid hydrolyzed cell lysates compared to control values. This relative decrease in hydroxylysine was not caused by cytotoxicity or changes in total collagen content, which were found to remain constant as measured by Alamar Blue metabolism and Sircol dye binding assays. Direct inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase by malathion and malaoxon was observed using an in vitro enzyme assay with recombinant lysyl hydroxylase with a baculoviral system. The IC50 values for malathion and malaoxon were estimated to be approximately 60 and 45 microM, respectively. These observed IC50 values are consistent with calculated values for the intracellular concentration of malathion in the cell culture experiments. These results support a significant role for inhibition of lysyl hydroxylase activity as causing, or contributing to, the teratogenic effects of malathion and malaoxon.
Social closeness and feedback modulate susceptibility to the framing effect

Although we often seek social feedback (SFB) from others to help us make decisions, little is known about how SFB affects decisions under risk, particularly from a close peer. We conducted two experiments using an established framing task to probe how decision-making is modulated by SFB valence (positive, negative) and the level of closeness with feedback provider (friend, confederate). Participants faced mathematically equivalent decisions framed as either an opportunity to keep (gain frame) or lose (loss frame) part of an initial endowment. Periodically, participants were provided with positive (e.g., “Nice!”) or negative (e.g., “Lame!”) feedback about their choices. Such feedback was provided by either a confederate (Experiment 1) or a gender-matched close friend (Experiment 2). As expected, the framing effect was observed in both experiments. Critically, an individual's susceptibility to the framing effect was modulated by the valence of the SFB, but only when the feedback provider was a close friend....
A subtracted probe derived from lymphocytes of twins discordant for schizophrenia hybridizes to selective areas of rat brain.

Using subtractive hybridization, it is possible to identify differences in gene activity between discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins (Travis et al 1987; Plomin 1990). There are, however, significant difficulties in finding discordant twins who are suitable for this process. Neither twin should have or have had significant adventitious illness. Neither twin should be taking medication or have ever taken more than minimal amounts of drugs. If the twins are discordant for a specific mental illness which is the subject of investigation, the "mentally ill" twin must have a clear diagnosis, and the "well" twin must be unambiguously clear of illness. In addition, both must be willing to volunteer to spend several days engaged in the study. Needless to say, such twins are very rare. If such volunteers are available, however, through subtractive hybridization, transcripts that are common to both twins can be removed, leaving for further analysis those that are unique to the sick twin or to the well twin. To carry out the present study, we conducted a national search and finally identified a set of MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia who met the criteria. The twin with the diagnosis of schizophrenia had continually resisted taking drug treatment and had not taken neuroleptics for nearly 40 years. During most of that time she was not a behavior problem, but she had, and still has, auditory hallucinations and a thought disorder with paranoid ideation. The normal twin had no evidence of psychiatric disorder. Through the subtractive process, an enriched pool of differentially expressed gene products was produced from which 10 clones
Endostatin binds biglycan and LDL and interferes with LDL retention to the subendothelial matrix during atherosclerosis

Retention of lipoproteins to proteoglycans in the subendothelial matrix (SEM) is an early event in atherosclerosis. We recently reported that collagen XVIII and its proteolytically released fragment endostatin (ES) are differentially depleted in blood vessels affected by atherosclerosis. Loss of collagen XVIII/ES in atherosclerosis-prone mice enhanced plaque neovascularization and increased the vascular permeability to lipids by distinct mechanisms. Impaired endothelial barrier function increased the influx of lipoproteins across the endothelium; however, we hypothesized that enhanced retention might be a second mechanism leading to the increased lipid content in atheromas lacking collagen XVIII. We now demonstrate a novel property of ES that binds both the matrix proteoglycan biglycan and LDL and interferes with LDL retention to biglycan and to SEM. A peptide encompassing the alpha coil in the ES crystal structure mediates the major blocking effect of ES on LDL retention. ES inhibits the macrophage uptake of biglycan-associated LDL indirectly by interfering with LDL retention to biglycan, but it has no direct effect on the macrophage uptake of native or modified lipoproteins. Thus, loss of ES in advanced atheromas enhances lipoprotein retention in SEM. Our data reveal a third protective role of this vascular basement membrane component during atherosclerosis.
On theoretical and practical acceleration of randomized computation of the determinant of an integer matrix

We reexamine the Wiedemann—Coppersmith—Kaltofen—Villard algorithm for randomized computation of the determinant of an integer matrix and substantially simplify and accelerate its bottleneck stage of computing the minimum generating matrix polynomial, to make the algorithm practically promising while keeping it asymptotically fast. Bibliography: 58 titles.
Influence of Cell Shape Anisotropy on the Compressive Property of Closed-Cell Al-Si Alloy Foam

Closed-cell Al-Si alloy foams have been prepared by melt route. The cell shape anisotropy ratio of Al-Si alloy foams specimens in relative density range of 0.11-0.39 were measured. The quasi-static compressive tests show that Al-Si alloy foams have higher plastic collapse stress in the longitudinal direction (LD) than in the transverse direction (TD). The plastic collapse stress ratio increases with cell shape anisotropy ratio, which is basically in agreement with Gibson and Ashby model. Moreover, energy absorption capacity of Al-Si alloy foams was investigated. The results show that the energy absorption capacity in the LD is higher than that in the TD.
I/o paravirtualization at the device file boundary

Paravirtualization is an important I/O virtualization technology since it uniquely provides all of the following benefits: the ability to share the device between multiple VMs, support for legacy devices without virtualization hardware, and high performance. However, existing paravirtualization solutions have one main limitation: they only support one I/O device class, and would require significant engineering effort to support new device classes and features. In this paper, we present Paradice, a solution that vastly simplifies I/O paravirtualization by using a common paravirtualization boundary for various I/O device classes: Unix device files. Using this boundary, the paravirtual drivers simply act as a class-agnostic indirection layer between the application and the actual device driver. We address two fundamental challenges: supporting cross-VM driver memory operations without changes to applications or device drivers and providing fault and device data isolation between guest VMs despite device driver bugs. We implement Paradice for x86, the Xen hypervisor, and the Linux and FreeBSD OSes. Our implementation paravirtualizes various GPUs, input devices, cameras, an audio device, and an Ethernet card for the netmap framework with ~7700 LoC, of which only ~900 are device class-specific. Our measurements show that Paradice achieves performance close to native for different devices and applications including netmap, 3D HD games, and OpenCL applications.
Design of a instrumentation module for monitoring ingestive behavior in laboratory studies

The development of accurate and objective tools for monitoring of ingestive behavior (MIB) is one of the most important needs facing studies of obesity and eating disorders. This paper presents the design of an instrumentation module for non-invasive monitoring of food ingestion in laboratory studies. The system can capture signals from a variety of sensors that characterize ingestion process (such as acoustical and other swallowing sensors, strain sensor for chewing detection and self-report buttons). In addition to the sensors, the data collection system integrates time-synchronous video footage that can be used for annotation of subject's activity. Both data and video are simultaneously and synchronously acquired and stored by a LabVIEW-based interface specifically developed for this application. This instrumentation module improves a previously developed system by eliminating the post-processing stage of data synchronization and by reducing the risks of operator's error.
Flux reversal in a two-state symmetric optical thermal ratchet

A Brownian particle's random motions can be rectified by a periodic potential-energy landscape that alternates between two states, even if both states are spatially symmetric. If the two states differ only by a discrete translation, the direction of the ratchet-driven current can be reversed by changing their relative durations. We experimentally demonstrate flux reversal in a symmetric two-state ratchet by tracking the motions of colloidal spheres moving through large arrays of discrete potential-energy wells created with dynamic holographic optical tweezers. The model's simplicity and high degree of symmetry suggest possible applications in molecular-scale motors.
Discovery of X-ray emission lines from the RS CVn binary sigma CrB

X-ray observations of the RS CVn binary sigma CrB were carried out with a solid state spectrometer on board the Einstein Observatory in 1979. X-ray emission lines due to Mg XI, Si XIII, S XV and a blend of L-transition lines due to Fe XVII and Fe XVIII were detected in the sigma CrB spectrum. The observed X-ray spectrum is described by a two-temperature coronal X-ray emission model: the dominant low temperature component originates in a plasma at a temperature of 5.9 + or 0.5 x 10 to the 6th K; the weaker higher temperature arises from a plasma of not less than 35 x 10 to the 6th K. Intensity variations over a period of a few hours are also recorded and thought to be due to a variation in the number of loops concentrated around active regions on the star surface. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of the constant-pressure coronal loop model (Rosner, Tucker, Vaiana, 1978).
Curtailing transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome within a community and its hospital

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been transmitted extensively within hospitals, and healthcare workers (HCWs) have comprised a large proportion of SARS cases worldwide. We present a stochastic model of a SARS outbreak in a community and its hospital. For a range of basic reproductive numbers (R(0)) corresponding to conditions in different cities (but with emphasis on R(0) approximately 3 as reported for Hong Kong and Singapore), we evaluate contact precautions and case management (quarantine and isolation) as containment measures. Hospital-based contact precautions emerge as the most potent measures, with hospital-wide measures being particularly important if screening of HCWs is inadequate. For R(0) = 3, case isolation alone can control a SARS outbreak only if isolation reduces transmission by at least a factor of four and the mean symptom-onset-to-isolation time is less than 3 days. Delays of a few days in contact tracing and case identification severely degrade the utility of quarantine and isolation, particularly in high-transmission settings. Still more detrimental are delays between the onset of an outbreak and the implementation of control measures; for given control scenarios, our model identifies windows of opportunity beyond which the efficacy of containment efforts is reduced greatly. By considering pathways of transmission in our system, we show that if hospital-based transmission is not halted, measures that reduce community-HCW contact are vital to preventing a widespread epidemic. The implications of our results for future emerging pathogens are discussed.
Stability of amorphous Fe-W alloys in multilayer metallizations on silicon

Abstract Co-sputtered amorphous Fe 0.37 W 0.63 alloys were investigated for applications as diffusion barriers in multilayer metallizations on silicon. Interface reactions and recrystallization during thermal annealing at 400–800°C were studied by back-scattering spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. On SiO 2 substrates the recrystallization of these films occurs at approximately 700°C. On silicon the recrystallization is accompanied by the formation of a silicide layer containing FeSi 2 and WSi 2 phases. No detectable reaction is observed when the alloy film is amorphous. In contact with an overlay metal such as aluminum, copper, nickel or platinum the amorphous Fe 0.37 W 0.63 layer prevents direct interaction between the silicon substrate and an overlay metal film 1000 A thick during thermal annealing for 30 min at 650°C. The lifetime of the barrier is limited by dissolution and compound formation at the interface and at grain boundaries of the overlay metal.
A new algorithm for the automation of phase diagram calculation

We propose a new algorithm for minimizing the Gibbs energy functional and constructing phase diagrams through utilizing geometric properties of the energy surfaces together with effective sampling techniques to improve on the starting points for the minimization. The new method possesses advantages over existing methods in terms of computational complexity and can be used to automate the calculation of phase equilibria in complex systems. Numerical results for binary and ternary systems are presented. Generalizations to higher dimensions are discussed.
Forming Partnerships With Tribal Colleges to Meet Early Childhood Personnel Preparation Needs

Having enough well-trained early intervention personnel continues to be a challenge on the reservations of our country. The Higher Education Partnership Project was designed to help address this challenge by providing a model of outreach training for reservation sites. The project involved collaboration with two tribal colleges, offering courses to students and professionals working with children with disabilities and their families. The program was successful in teaching critical competencies and building a local capacity for teacher training. Factors that led to this success were the involvement and support of personnel from the reservation in all phases of the project, making the courses sensitive and relevant to students' needs and cultures, and planning for the long-range continuation of the courses.
Physical Activity and Fitness in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease and Associated Risk Factors

Less than half of the adult population in the United States meet the minimum physical activity recommendations of the 1996 surgeon general's report: 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most if not all days of the week. There is strong evidence that following these recommendations could potentially reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease and mortality. The benefits of more vigorous exercise are less clear, especially for women. Physical fitness demonstrates an even stronger negative association with coronary heart disease and mortality with a 17% to 20% reduction in mortality for every 1 metabolic equivalent (3.5 mL/kg/min) increase in aerobic power (VO2max). For prevention or management of diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends 150 minutes per week or more of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and/or 90 minutes per week or more of vigorous aerobic exercise. Weight loss may require 60 to 90 minutes of moderate exercise per day. Regular moderate, but not vigorous, e...
Incorporating Mortality from Catch and Release into Yield-per-Recruit Analyses of Minimum-Size Limits

Abstract We evaluated the effect on yield per recruit of mortality from catch and release of fish smaller than a legal minimum length. Catch-and-release mortality reduces the potential effectiveness of minimum size limits for increasing yield per recruit by an amount that depends on the fishing mortality coefficient, the minimum size limit, and the probability that undersized fish survive if released. For a given probability of survival, catch-and-release mortality has its greatest influence when fishing mortality and the minimum size limit are large, because these factors determine the number of undersized fish that are caught and released. As the survival probability declines, minimum size limits become less effective for increasing yield per recruit because greater numbers of undersized fish die and cannot contribute to future catches. With low survival probabilities, minimum size limits may actually reduce yield per recruit. We calculated yield per recruit for red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the...
Paths to Reducing Medical Injury: Professional Liability and Discipline vs. Patient Safety?and the Need for a Third Way

Two influential camps are at loggerheads over how to address the large social problem of medical injury, as shown by case studies and literature review. Litigators and regulators blame injuries on incompetence or carelessness, and urge more and stronger external rules, investigations, litigation, and sanctions. In contrast, a growing patient safety movement blames errors not on individuals but rather on their complex, high-stress, and poorly organized work environment that cannot learn from mistakes. It wants practitioners to report errors without fear of retribution, investigate contributing factors, and continuously improve. Each approach has some merit, but neither is sufficient on its own, and the two are inconsistent when applied together. A better, third way would emphasize the interests of patients, not those of lawyers or doctors. External legal interventions should be toned down, but patients and payers should be far more demanding of enhanced safety information and better safety management inside medical institutions. Legal reform could provide compensation on a non-fault basis that would cover far more injuries, faster and more consistently, while removing the stigma of reporting and investigating problems. (Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 2001 Fall and Winter; 29(3/4): 369-380).
Vitreous hemorrhage after intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and pneumatic displacement of submacular hemorrhage

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the immediate complication of dense vitreous hemorrhage after intravitreal injection of tissue plasminogen activator and gas for treatment of two cases of sudden submacular hemorrhage associated with retinal arterial macroaneurysm. METHODS: Case reports. RESULTS: Two patients, a 67-year-old woman and a 92-year-old man, presented with sudden vision loss related to submacular hemorrhage from a retinal macroaneurysm. Tissue plasminogen activator at a dose of 50 μg to 75 μg and a sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) gas bubble were injected intravitreally under local anesthesia. Dense vitreous hemorrhage was noted on the first postoperative day in both cases, which subsequently required pars plana vitrectomy removal. CONCLUSION: Sudden severe vitreous hemorrhage may be an immediate complication after intravitreal injection of tissue plasminogen activator and gas for treatment of submacular hemorrhage associated with retinal arterial macroaneurysm.
Reduced somaclonal variation in barley is associated with culturing highly differentiated, meristematic tissues

Modern plant breeding programs depend heavily on germplasm resources composed of closely related breeding lines and cultivars. Asexual introduction of recombinant DNA offers novel opportunities for crop improvement, but most transformation methods rely on tissue culture systems which are mutagenic. The resultant transgenic plants frequently contain undesirable genetic changes (somaclonal variation), in addition to the introduced transgene. Such plants may have reduced agronomic performance, which complicates their use as parents in a breeding program. The development of tissue culture systems that are less mutagenic should enable the production of transgenic plants with superior performance. In this study, agronomic traits were measured for plants regenerated from cultures of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes, using three different tissue culture systems, and compared with the performance of uncultured controls. Plants derived from all three systems were shown to have reduced performance for one or more agronomic traits, but there were clear differences attributable to the culture system. Plants derived from standard embryogenic callus tissues were shown to have the greatest reductions in agronomic performance. Two other tissue culture systems, which had been developed for increased regenerability, showed better performance. Plants derived from highly differentiated, meristematic tissues showed the least reductions in agronomic performance. Plants derived from a modification of the embryogenic callus system-which is characterized by an intermediate level of differentiation-showed intermediate levels of agronomic performance. These results demonstrate that modifications of methodology, in addition to improving plant regenerability, can reduce the level of somaclonal variation in regenerated plants.
Ovine modeling of dietary induced metabolic acidosis and bone loss

Abstract A challenge in studying the development of osteoporosis is controlling all of the varying factors that contribute to its development. Such factors include genetic predisposition, age at the onset of menopause, surgically induced menopause, lifestyle choices such as alcohol consumption and smoking and dietary influences. An ideal animal model would be one in which many of the aforementioned factors could be controlled in addition to having the osteopenia develop in a practically short period of time with the resulting bone having similar quality as human bone with osteoporosis. No single animal model fulfills all of these criteria. This paper provides a brief review of our laboratories investigations into the use of dietary induced metabolic acidosis in an ovine model of osteopenia that shows promise in providing a model for high turnover bone loss.
Transitions to Academic Libraries for Business Librarians and Librarians' Response to Adjunct Teaching

ABSTRACT This article weaves together two areas of focus regarding business librarians and those who practice business librarianship at least 20% of the time. Based on survey data of 97 U.S. librarians, the article explores the job transition experience among librarians who move into academic business librarianship, examining their preparation, attitudes toward public service, characterization of patron relations, and perceptions of the differences between their former and present work environments. The same set of librarians was surveyed for their attitudes toward adjunct teaching and for information about their library school preparation for business librarianship. The survey data helped to draw several conclusions. Although work environments can vary greatly, transitioning between different types of libraries is not as difficult as may be perceived. Many business librarians feel underprepared for business librarianship, requiring on-the-job training or extensive self-teaching. Other conclusions involve...
Regularization and renormalization of nonlinear pion-pion couplings

The fourth-order $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering resulting from nonlinear pion-pion couplings is investigated to show how such couplings can be regularized by the method of auxiliary fields. Special care is required in the choice of coupling terms involving the auxiliary fields to ensure that all quartic divergences are canceled by the $\ensuremath{\delta}(0)$ terms in the regularized effective interaction. It is found that four counterterms are necessary for the elimination of divergences in the process under consideration. In the limiting case of massless pions, the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering result is free from infrared divergence, satisfies Adler's condition, and requires only two counterterms for renormalization.
SERVICE SECTOR GROWTH, EDUCATIONAL ELITES, AND INEQUALITY: UNANTICIPATED CONSEQUENCES OF THE POST‐INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

Educated elites are making their mark on the stratification structure of the metropolitan US. Educated elites are proportionally greater whenever the economy is service dominated, and furthermore, these elites are the key factor in explaining why disparities resulting from high earners are present in service dominated areas. The resulting inequality in earnings is one of the unanticipated consequences of the growth of an educated elite, at least among males. It remains to be seen whether female elites will resemble males in their influence on inequality if sex differences in earnings disappear. The elite is a professional cadre rather than an aristocracy based solely on inherited wealth, placed just beyond an upper middle class. Given their background, education, affluence and numbers, the choices this elite makes on issues will influence the course of society.
The postulate of adequacy: Phenomenological sociology and the paradox of science and sociality

Alfred Schutz's postulate of adequacy has become a focal point of discussions of phenomenological sociology. For its proponents (e.g., Filmer et al., 1972; Zijderveld, 1972; Winter, 1966), the postulate of adequacy represents a radical, perhaps revolutionary, methodological requirement that distinguishes the phenomenological approach from positivistic theoretical orientations and entails a reconceptualization of the very idea of social science. Critics of Schutz's phenomenological framework view this postulate as inadequately formulated, inconsistent with Schutz's general theoretical position, and irrelevant or harmful to what they take to be the central concerns of sociological theory. The following analysis is an attempt to clarify and interpret the nature and implications ofthe postulate of adequacy. While the analysis is inspired and guided by Schutz's theoretical framework, it clearly goes beyond the context and presuppositions in terms of which his postulate is formulated, and the claims made here are based more on critical interpretation than on exposition.2 This analysis argues that, despite certain
Mafic crustal xenoliths and the origin of the lower continental crust

Abstract The La/Nb ratio ( 30 ppm at a Mg number of 40) in oceanic plateau basalts and MORB provide a useful index to distinguish them from arc basalts. MORB can generally be distinguished from plateau basalts by their lower Nb contents (