cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of heat treatment on the activity of inhibitors of plasmin and plasminogen activators in milk

Abstract The effect of heat treatment on inhibitors of both plasminogen activator and plasmin was studied. Fractions of milk with inhibitory activities against plasminogen activator and plasmin were isolated. Different approaches were followed to study the thermal stability of the inhibitors. The inhibitors activities were measured after heat treating fractions isolated from raw milk; and after isolating fractions from pasteurized milk. Also plasmin activity was measured in heat-treated milk samples. Thermal inactivation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (81.1%) was considerably different from that of plasmin inhibitor (35.8%) in milk after heat treatment at 75 ∘ C for 15 s. The plasmin inhibitor in the isolated fractions was suggested to be α -2-antiplasmin, since it reacted immunochemically with polyclonal goat anti-human α -2-antiplasmin and competitively inhibited plasmin. Results showed that plasminogen activator inhibitor is less heat-stable than plasmin inhibitor, indicating that plasminogen activation could overcome any inhibition of plasmin resulting after milk pasteurization.
Use of Frequency-Conversion Diagrams

The mathematical difficulties involved in analytical treatment of single-mesh mixer circuits with diodes and crystals lead us to consider other methods for the determination of important mixer characteristics. This paper briefly reviews the rectification-diagram method as applied to large-signal detectors, and presents for consideration the Chaffee conversion-diagram method, which treats mixer circuits in the same way as large-signal detector circuits. To demonstrate this method, the rectification diagram for a large-signal detector is used to illustrate conditions when two voltages of different frequencies are applied to the nonlinear element; and it is shown how this rectification diagram may be given a more suitable form, describing the frequency-conversion properties of the nonlinear element. The path of operation in this new so-called frequency-conversion diagram yields numerical values for the output (intermediate-frequency) voltage and current. The equations for the diagram are given as well, and may be used for calculations pertaining to the modulation envelope of the produced intermediate-frequency wave. The measurement setup used to investigate the possibilities of the conversion-diagram method is briefly described, and the frequency-conversion diagrams obtained for ultra-high-frequency diodes and crystals are reproduced in the text. Some of the quantities that can be read off from frequency-conversion diagrams are illustrated by graphs and are discussed further in the paper.
Predictors for use of temporary epicardial pacing wires after pediatric cardiac surgery

Objective The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the use of temporary epicardial pacing wires to diagnose and treat early postoperative arrhythmias in pediatric cardiac surgical patients and (2) to determine the predictive factors for the need of pacing wires for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Methods We collected preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data in a prospective, observational format from patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery between August 2010 and January 2011 at a single academic children's hospital. Results A total of 157 patients met the inclusion criteria during the study period. Of these 157 patients, pacing wires were placed in 127 (81%). Pacing wires were used in 25 patients (19.6%) for diagnostic purposes, 26 patients (20.4%) for therapeutic purposes, 15 patients (11.8%) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and 36 patients (28.3%) for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Need for cardioversion in the operating room, presence of 2 or more intracardiac catheters, severely reduced ventricular ejection fraction, and elevated serum lactate level at the time of operating room discharge were found to be independent predictors for the use of pacing wires. The only complication noted in the cohort was a skin infection at a pacing wire insertion site in 1 patient. A permanent pacemaker was required in 8 (6.2%) of all patients with temporary pacing wires. Conclusions Our data support the use of temporary epicardial pacing wires in approximately 30% of children after congenital heart surgery. We found the need for cardioversion in the operating room, presence of 2 or more intracardiac catheters, severely reduced ventricular ejection fraction, and high serum lactate level at the time of discharge from the operating room to be independent predictors of the use of pacing wires in the early postoperative period.
Chemistry of thiophene on Mo(110), MoCx and MoSx surfaces: photoemission studies

Abstract Synchrotron-based high resolution photoemission has been used to study the adsorption and decomposition of thiophene on clean Mo(110) and carbide- or sulfide-modified molybdenum (MoC x and MoS x , respectively). Thiophene adsorbs molecularly on Mo(110) at 100 K. By 180 K, upon desorption of the thiophene multilayer, chemisorbed thiophene and its decomposition products (S and C x H y fragments) coexist on the Mo(110) surface. At 250 K, no CS bonds are left. There is a continuous transformation of the C x H y species into atomic C at temperatures between 300 and 600 K. The chemistry of thiophene on clean and carbide-modified molybdenum is very similar. In contrast, MoS x is less reactive than Mo(110) or MoC x , even after introducing a large number of sulfur vacancies in the sulfide or after promoting it with nickel. Thiophene does not dissociate on MoS x or Ni/MoS x . The differences in chemical reactivity between MoS x and MoC x correlate well with changes in the electronic properties of Mo in these systems.
Biology of Langerhans cells: Analysis by experiments to deplete Langerhans cells from human skin

In vivo studies have demonstrated that various treatments of skin, e.g., UV irradiation, topical corticosteroids, and tape-stripping, will temporarily deplete the epidermis of Langerhans cells (LC). Whether this loss represents simply a loss of cell surface markers unique to LC, or actual depletion of cells, is unknown. By design, normal human skin transplanted to the congenitally athymic (nude) mouse is a system devoid of circulating precursors for human LC. Because LC have been shown to be of bone marrow origin, any depletion of these cells in this system should be permanent. Treatments to deplete LC from human skin grafts on nude mice after grafting included: (a) large doses of UV radiation (400 mJ/cm 2 every 48 h, × 3), (b) potent high-dose topical corticosteroids (2.5 mg betamethasone valerate/cm 2 every day, × 5), (c) tape-stripping (× 20). Treatments before grafting included: (a) treating donor skin with 900 R of gamma irradiation, (b) complement fixing monoclonal antibody to Ia-like antigens of LC, followed by fresh complement, (c) monoclonal antibody conjugated to toxins. Quantitation of the number of LC was analyzed on control and treated epidermal sheets using immunodiagnostic reagents, anti-HLA-DR, and surface ectoenzymes, ATPase. Results show that both UV irradiation and topical corticosteroids reduce the number of LC by these analyses. However, within 3 weeks, recovery to pretreatment levels has occurred. X-irradiation and tape-stripping were without effect. Despite evidence that the monoclonal antibody, complement, and toxic systems were delivered to the LC within the epidermis, there is no evidence that these treatments resulted in a decrease in LC. It appears that LC are currently either long-lived or replaced locally from a proliferative pool and that certain cell membrane determinants of human LC are somewhat differentially sensitive to UV radiation and corticosteroids.
Unofficial FTC judgments of deception Vs. Adults' and students' judgments of deception

Ninety-six adults and one hundred seventy-eight students rated five experimental television advertisements for their deceptiveness. These ratings were then compared with the ratings of four attorneys, active in the evaluation of actual advertisements at the Federal Trade Commission. Both students and adults did not agree with the unofficial deception ratings made by the attorneys at the Federal Trade Commission. Although there was major disagreement between the subject groups and the FTC, it was difficult to determine whether subjects had been literally deceived by the ads or whether true disagreement existed.
Altered antigen receptor signaling in anergic T cells from self-tolerant T-cell receptor beta-chain transgenic mice

Abstract T-cell tolerance to the minor lymphocyte-stimulating antigen Mls-1a in a T-cell receptor (TcR) V beta 8.1 transgenic line of mice is maintained by both clonal deletion and clonal anergy. Approximately 20-50% of peripheral CD4+ (but not CD8+) T cells isolated from these mice are anergic and fail to proliferate following TcR ligation. We have examined key events in T-cell signaling in peripheral T cells isolated from these mice. In this report, we show that the anergic CD4+ T cells did not mobilize calcium or express receptors for interleukin 2 (IL-2) following TcR ligation. However, the cells retained viability and functional potential because stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin bypassed the block in receptor-mediated signaling and induced IL-2 receptor expression and proliferation of the anergic cells.
Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbouring the multi-resistance plasmid Rip64 to high levels of mercury chloride, carbenicillin and gentamicin

In order to study phenotypic and genotypic alterations in response to selected conditions of stress, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PU21, harboring the multi-resistance plasmid, Rip64 (142.5 kb), was adapted by serial subcultivation on selective agar plates, amended with either Hg2+, carbenicillin, or gentamicin. Concentrations of the selective agents, to which P. aeruginosa PU21 Rip64 carried plasmid-encoded resistance genes, were close to or slightly above the respective minimal inhibitory concentration. Three different substrains were obtained: R64-M was adapted to Hg2+, R64-C to carbenicillin, and R64-G to geneamicin. All three substrains showed elevated levels of Hg2+ and carbenicillin resistance. Resistance to other antibiotics was either increased, decreased or unaffected. Increased Hg2+ resistance in all adapted substrains was accompanied by higher activity and less stringent induction of mercury reductase, as determined by Hg-volatilization assays with resting cells. No plasmid alterations compared to the non-adapted strain were detected in R64-C, but in R64-M and R64-G plasmid sizes increased by approx. 23 kb, as detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and the occurrence of additional DNA fragments after digestions with several restriction endonucleases. The plasmid localized gene rearrangements were accompanied by additional DNA fragments hybridizing with a merA gene probe.
Assessment of the “fish tumors or other deformities” beneficial use impairment in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus): II. Liver neoplasia

ABSTRACT Liver pathology of fishes, including neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions, is widely used as an indicator of exposure to anthropogenic contaminants. By definition, the “fish tumor or other deformities” beneficial use impairment (BUI) at Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC) includes neoplastic and preneoplastic liver lesions in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) or suckers. Unfortunately, adequate guidelines for defining neoplastic and preneoplastic liver lesions or determining rates at unimpacted control sites were not provided and different criteria have been used. In some cases, only neoplastic changes were used to calculate tumor prevalence, in some both neoplastic and preneoplastic changes and in some it is difficult to determine which changes were included. Using standardized criteria, the prevalence of liver neoplasia was compared at eight AOC during 1998–2000. The Cuyahoga River had the highest prevalence (25.0%), while the Maumee River had the lowest (3.9%). The Buffalo (4.8%), Detroit (5....
Teratogenic effects of hyperthermia in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).

Seventeen timed-mated bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) were exposed to hyperthermia in a forced-draft incubator for a duration of one, three, four or eight days between 21 and 46 days of gestation. On each day of exposure the core temperature of the pregnant animal was elevated 2.4 to 5.4°C above the reference temperature recorded before heat exposure. Malformations occurred following a one-hour daily elevation of the core temperature above the reference temperature under the following exposure conditions: 3.8°C, days 23 to 26; 3.9°C, days 24 to 27; 2.4°C, days 27, 28 and 30; and 4.1°C, day 26 of gestation. Five resorptions occurred following exposure for one, three or four days between days 24 and 29 of gestation after core temperature elevation of 3.7 to 4.4°C and three abortions occurred following exposure for four days between days 24 and 35 of gestation after core temperature elevation of 2.6 to 3.9°C. The results clearly indicate that the teratogenic sensitive period is from 23 to 30 days gestation following elevations of the core temperature from 2.4 to 4.1°C. No distinct pattern of malformations was observed although skeletal and umbilical cord malformations were the most common. Pathological changes in placental structure, expecially maternal surface infarctions and intervillous thrombi, were associated with three of the four abnormal fetuses, suggesting a relationship between pathological placental characteristics and fetal malformations in this study. The degree of core temperature elevation which resulted in malformations in the present study are similar to those applied to other mammalian species, and the specific anomalies observed in the bonnet monkey resemble those observed in other mammalian species, including man.
Structure and scintillation of Eu2+-activated calcium bromide iodide

Abstract We report the structure and scintillation properties of Eu2+-activated calcium bromide iodide. CaBr0.7I1.3 was the only composition that could be synthesized in the CaBr2–CaI2 system. The compound has an effective atomic number of 47 and crystallizes in a trigonal crystal system with the R-3 space group and a density of 3.93 g/cc. The structure is layered and contains Ca in an octahedral environment with the Br/I anions jointly occupying a single site. Eu2+-activated samples show an intense narrow emission, characteristic of the 5d–4f transition of Eu2+, when excited with UV or X-rays. The sample with 0.5% Eu shows a light output of 63,000 ph/MeV at 662 keV with 96% of the light emitted with a monoexponential decay time of 1332 ns. An energy resolution of 10.4% full width at half maximum (FWHM) has been achieved for 662 keV gamma rays at room temperature.
Wildlife Crime: Conservation Officers' Perceptions of Elusive Poachers

State conservation officers are law-enforcement agents responsible for enforcing fish and wildlife laws. An important aspect of their job is the identification and apprehension of poachers. This descriptive study sought to identify, from the perspective of conservation officers, the most elusive poachers. In order to elucidate the vagaries surrounding this type of illegal activity, Kentucky state conservation officers were asked to identify the most difficult type of poacher to apprehend, and a categorization of elusive poachers was created based on their responses. Categories included the back door hunter/poacher, the experienced/habitual poacher, the opportunist poacher, the trophy poacher, the poacher who mixes up his schedule, and the quiet one.
Pseudorandom Noise Code-Based Technique for Cloud and Aerosol Discrimination Applications

NASA Langley Research Center is working on a continuous wave (CW) laser based remote sensing scheme for the detection of CO2 and O2 from space based platforms suitable for ACTIVE SENSING OF CO2 EMISSIONS OVER NIGHTS, DAYS, AND SEASONS (ASCENDS) mission. ASCENDS is a future space-based mission to determine the global distribution of sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). A unique, multi-frequency, intensity modulated CW (IMCW) laser absorption spectrometer (LAS) operating at 1.57 micron for CO2 sensing has been developed. Effective aerosol and cloud discrimination techniques are being investigated in order to determine concentration values with accuracies less than 0.3%. In this paper, we discuss the demonstration of a PN code based technique for cloud and aerosol discrimination applications. The possibility of using maximum length (ML)-sequences for range and absorption measurements is investigated. A simple model for accomplishing this objective is formulated, Proof-of-concept experiments carried out using SONAR based LIDAR simulator that was built using simple audio hardware provided promising results for extension into optical wavelengths. Keywords: ASCENDS, CO2 sensing, O2 sensing, PN codes, CW lidar
Medical rehabilitation: The clinical management of disability

IN RECENT years there has been increasing recognition by the medical profession of the fact that it has a responsibility to the disabled patient beyond the identification of the underlying cause and the estimation of the degree of handicap. This recognition has culminated in the development of a specialized medical area primarily concerned with disability. Until this specialty clearly delineates its responsibilities, areas of competence, and special techniques, confusion will exist which can obscure the necessary and important function that it performs in the treatment of the sick. It is germane to consider the nature of illness. There is generally an underlying disease process or an abnormality resulting from birth defect or accident. As a result of this disturbance of structure or organic function, there may be two significant consequences. The first of these is a diminution or loss of the individual’s capacity to cope with his environment, as a result of the disease or abnormality, which we term a disability. The second consequence (and the third component of illness) stems directly from the disability and manifests itself as a deterioration of the individual within his social milieu. By this is meant incapacity to carry on within his family, community or place of work as he did prior to his disability. Generally all three factorsdisease, disability, and social deterioration-operate in any instance of illness. The relative importance of each factor will depend in large measure on the nature of the disease process and upon the stage or phase of that process. The relationship of these three factors of illness is not static and their relative significance may fluctuate as the state of the disease ffuctuates and changes. Thus, for example, in acute bacterial pneumonia, although all three factors operate, the problem of the disease process per se is by far the most important one. Should it be successfully cured, one would expect that the patient would suffer neither disability nor dislocation, since he would be in essentially the same condition that he was prior to the onset of the disease.
High-order solutions of three-dimensional rough-surface scattering problems at high-frequencies. Part II: The vector electromagnetic case

We introduce a new numerical scheme for three-dimensional electromagnetic rough-surface scattering simulations with the capability of delivering very accurate results from low to high frequencies at a cost that is independent of the wavelength of radiation. The method is an extension of the ideas and techniques introduced in the first paper of this series (Waves in Random and Complex Media, 15 (2005), pp. 1–16) to the vector electromagnetic case, and it is based on the solution of an integral equation formulation of the scattering problem. As in the scalar case, the solution of the integral equation (i.e. the current) is expressed as a slow modulation of an oscillatory exponential of known phase, and explicit recursive formulae are derived for the successive terms in a series expansion of the slow envelope in inverse powers of the wavenumber. As we show, and in spite of the considerably more involved nature of the derivations and resulting formulae, the performance of the method retains the favourable cha...
Radial quantization of the Ising model in the scaling regime, and integrals of the motion

Abstract Radial quantization of the massive Majorana fermion representation of the Ising model is developed to study the connection between integrals of the motion due to two-dimensional kinematics and non-critical Virasoro algebras. In this path integral approach to quantization, conserved charges arise as line integrals of fixed radius over the radial component of conserved currents. This formulation reduces to the analytic conformal field theory in the zero mass limit. Virasoro algebras constructed as bilinears of the fermion mode operators are spectrum generating with c = 1 2 ; however they are associated with non-local current densities. Virasoro charges with associated local current densities are constructed; they are similar to the scaling regime lattice Virasoro algebra current densities of Itoyama and Thacker constructed for the (Ising)2/XY model, however they are not spectrum generating, i.e. they have central charge c = 0. The Virasoro charges with local currents are imbedded in a larger algebraic structure which includes the integrals of the motion constructed by Zamolodchikov for this model. The physical origin of this algebraic structure is the conservation of the entire momentum distribution, including the “angular momentum” associated with the euclidean angular rotation operator. Further applications of this technology are discussed.
Mass difference of neutral K mesons

The mass difference ΔM between the K 1 0 and K 2 0 mesons has been investigated by producing K0 mesons and observing the K0 component of the K0-K0 admixture as a function of time. The K0’s were sampled by using the charge exchange process and detecting the resulting K- mesons. The best value for the mass difference is ΔM=1.9 ± 0.3ħ/τ1c2 where τ1 is the mean life of the K 1 0 . However, selected high mass-differences (ΔM > 10) are also consistent with the data.
OH time-histories during oxidation of n-heptane and methylcyclohexane at high pressures and temperatures

Abstract OH concentration time-histories during n-heptane and methylcyclohexane (MCH) oxidation were measured behind reflected shock waves in a heated, high-pressure shock tube. Experimental conditions covered temperatures of 1121 to 1332 K, pressures near 15 atm, and initial fuel concentrations of 750 and 1000 ppm (by volume), and an equivalence ratio of 0.5 with O2 as the oxidizer and argon as the bath gas. OH concentrations were measured using narrow-linewidth ring-dye laser absorption near the R-branchhead of the OH A – X ( 0 , 0 ) system at 306.47 nm. These current measurements together with our recent results for n-dodecane oxidation [S.S. Vasu, D.F. Davidson, Z. Hong, V. Vasudevan, R.K. Hanson, Proc. Combust. Inst. 32 (2009), doi:10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.006 ] provide critically needed validation targets for jet fuel surrogate kinetic mechanisms and further improve understanding of high-pressure, high-temperature oxidation chemistry. Detailed comparisons of these OH time-histories with the predictions of various kinetic mechanisms were made. Sensitivity and pathway analyses for these reference fuel components were performed, leading to reaction rate recommendations with improved model performance. Current results are the first quantitative measurements of OH time-histories during high-pressure oxidation of these fuels, and hence are a critical step toward development of accurate reaction models for jet fuel surrogates.
Detection of bone marrow-derived lung epithelial cells.

Studies on the ability of bone marrow−derived cells to adopt the morphology and protein expression pattern of epithelial cells in vivo have expanded rapidly during the last decade, and hundreds of publications report that bone marrow−derived cells can become epithelial cells of multiple organs, including lung, liver, gastrointestinal tract, skin, pancreas, and others. In this review, we critically evaluate the literature related to engraftment of bone marrow–derived cells as epithelial cells in the lung. More than 40 articles focused on whether bone marrow cells can differentiate into lung epithelial cells have been published, nearly all of which claim to identify marrow-derived epithelial cells. A few investigations have concluded that no such cells are present and that the phenomenon of marrow-derived epithelial cells is based on detection artifacts. Here we discuss the problems that exist in published articles identifying marrow-derived epithelial cells, and propose standards for detection methods that provide the most definitive data. Identification of bone marrow−derived epithelial cells requires reliable and sensitive techniques for their detection, which must include cell identification based on the presence of an epithelial marker and the absence of blood cell markers as well as a marker for donor bone marrow origin. In order for these studies to be rigorous, they must also use approaches to rule out cell overlap by microscopy or single-cell isolation. Once these stringent criteria for identification of marrow-derived epithelial cells are used universally, then the field can move forward to address the critical questions about which bone marrow−derived cells are responsible for engraftment as epithelial cells, the mechanisms by which this occurs, whether these cells play a role in normal tissue repair, and whether specific cell subsets can be used for therapeutic benefit.
Gremlin is Overexpressed in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Increases Cell Growth and Proliferation in Normal Lung Cells

Background: Gremlin, a member of the Dan family of BMP antagonists, is a glycosylated extracellular protein. Previously Gremlin has been shown to play a role in dorsal-ventral patterning, in tissue remodeling, and recently in angiogenesis. Evidence has previously been presented showing both over- and under-expression of Gremlin in different tumor tissues. Here, we sought to quantify expression of Gremlin in cancers of the lung and performed in vitro experiments to check whether Gremlin promotes cell growth and proliferation. Methodology/Principal Findings: Expression of Gremlin in 161 matched tumor and normal lung cancer specimens is quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and protein level is measured by immunohistochemistry. GREM1 was transfected into lung fibroblast and epithelial cell lines to assess the impact of overexpression of Gremlin in vitro. Results: Lung adenocarcinoma but not squamous cell carcinoma shows a significant increase in Gremlin expression by mRNA and protein level. Lung fibroblast and epithelial cell lines transfected with GREM1 show significantly increased cell proliferation. Conclusions/Significance: Our data suggest that Gremlin acts in an oncogenic manner in lung adenocarcinoma and could hold promise as a new diagnostic marker or potential therapeutic target in lung AD or general thoracic malignancies.
The Extraction and Hydrolysis of the Androgens of Cow Manure

Riley and Hammond (~) discovered that the feeding of dried cow manure to day-old chicks caused marked stimulation of comb growth. Evidence was presented indicating that the factor present was an androgenic rather than a gonadotrophic substance. Turner (4, 5, 6) confirmed the report of the presence of orally-active androgens in the feces of dairy cows and heifers when dried at 45 ° C. Some information is available as to the properties of these androgenic substances. Hammond (1) demonstrated that the fecal androgens were destroyed by high4emperature drying of the feces, and Turner (6) reported that in cow manure the activity was an inverse function of the drying temperature above 45 ° C. Using 50 to 60 per cent ethanol, Riley and Hammond (3) reported that they obtained biologically active extracts of dried cow manure. Their w.ork also indicated the solubility of fecal androgens in chloroform. Longwell and Gassner (2) have reported the solubility of fecal androgens in ethanol, presumably in the commercial concentratiQn of 95 per cent, but reported the androgens only slightly soluble in chloroform. The evolution of a successful method of purification and isolation of the androgenic substances in feces depends largely on the determination of the state in which the hormones exist, i.e., free or bound, for their physical and chemical properties naturally depend on the state in which they may exist. The present paper presents the results of a series of experiments in which cow manure dried at 45 ° C. was extracted with a number of Solvents of various types. The results of these studies are believed to throw light on the nature of the state of conjugation of the hormones.
A coupled finite element-boundary element method for modeling Diffusion equation in 3D multi-modality optical imaging

Three dimensional image reconstruction for multi-modality optical spectroscopy systems needs computationally efficient forward solvers with minimum meshing complexity, while allowing the flexibility to apply spatial constraints. Existing models based on the finite element method (FEM) require full 3D volume meshing to incorporate constraints related to anatomical structure via techniques such as regularization. Alternate approaches such as the boundary element method (BEM) require only surface discretization but assume homogeneous or piece-wise constant domains that can be limiting. Here, a coupled finite element-boundary element method (coupled FE-BEM) approach is demonstrated for modeling light diffusion in 3D, which uses surfaces to model exterior tissues with BEM and a small number of volume nodes to model interior tissues with FEM. Such a coupled FE-BEM technique combines strengths of FEM and BEM by assuming homogeneous outer tissue regions and heterogeneous inner tissue regions. Results with FE-BEM show agreement with existing numerical models, having RMS differences of less than 0.5 for the logarithm of intensity and 2.5 degrees for phase of frequency domain boundary data. The coupled FE-BEM approach can model heterogeneity using a fraction of the volume nodes (4-22%) required by conventional FEM techniques. Comparisons of computational times showed that the coupled FE-BEM was faster than stand-alone FEM when the ratio of the number of surface to volume nodes in the mesh (Ns/Nv) was less than 20% and was comparable to stand-alone BEM ( ± 10%).
A modified form of Hill's orientationdashdependent yield criterion for orthotropic sheet metals

Abstract In the current study, Hill's yield criterion [Hill, R. (1990) J. Mech. Phys. Solids 38, 405–417] for anisotropic sheet metals is evaluated based on both experimentally measured and micromechanically simulated material data. The simulation is carried out with the Taylor-type model for three-dimensional polycrystals. The investigation identifies some possible deficiencies of the criterion. A modified form is then suggested. It is demonstrated that the modified form provides a significant improvement over Hill's 1990 yield criterion without imposing additional mathematical complexities in the characterization of material parameters.
Analysis of spectral radiative heat transfer using discrete exchangefactor method

in the Graetz problem. On one hand, an increase in the Reynolds number results in a decrease of the boundary-layer thickness along the wall, and a tendency for increased heat transfer rates. On the other hand, an increase in Reynolds number results in longer regions of very low favorable pressure gradients next to the wall. Such regions suppress the heat transfer process, therefore, resulting in lower Nusselt numbers. The combined result of these two opposing mechanisms is the behavior observed in Fig. 4. In summary, the results demonstrate the fundamental differences between this flow and those of a simple confined jet, and of a confined jet in a single coflowing environment. Very substantial reductions in the entrance length are observed due to the addition of the third stream. Substantially higher Nusselt numbers are obtained in the three-stream case compared to the twoand single-stream cases. The distance of the intermediate stream from the pipe wall has a profound effect on the Nusselt number. The closer this stream is to the wall, the larger the Nusselt number becomes. In addition, the relative strength of the streams plays a major role in the thermal field. As the relative velocity of the middle coflowing stream is increased, the Nusselt number increases.
Improvements in liquid chromatography column life and method flexibility by saturating the mobile phase with silica

Abstract We describe a technique which may expand the opportunities for liquid chromatography (LC) methods development. It has not been feasible to use high pH water-based mobile phases with silica packings, even those coated with octadecylsilane. A principal failure mode of such packings with both high pH and high temperature mobile phase is the dissolution of silica. We show that this can be controlled by equilibrating the mobile phase with silica using an appropriate column mouted in the oven ahead of the analytical column. We describe some early results of this technique for determining tricyclic antidepressant drugs at a mobile phase pH of 10.7 on uncoated 5-μm silica particles. Using an inorganic instead of an organic base also permits UV detection closer to 200 nm where most organic bases have become opaque. We measured the silicon dissolved in the column effluent by atomic absorption (AA). We used an injection procedure which permits the AA burner to take up solution at its optimum rate while the LC is used at any lower mobile phase flow-rate.
Investigation of bacterial chemotaxis in flow-based microfluidic devices

The plug-in-pond and capillary assays are convenient methods for measuring attractant and repellent bacterial chemotaxis. However, these assays do not provide quantitative information on the extent of migration and are not well-suited for investigating repellent taxis. Here, we describe a protocol for a flow-based microfluidic system (microFlow) to quantitatively investigate chemotaxis in response to concentration gradients of attractants and repellents. The microFlow device uses diffusive mixing to generate concentration gradients that are stable throughout the chemotaxis chamber and for the duration of the experiment. The gradients may be of any desired absolute concentration and gradient strength. GFP-expressing bacteria immediately encounter a stable concentration gradient when they enter the chemotaxis chamber, and the migration in response to the gradient is monitored by microscopy. The effects of different parameters that influence the extent of migration in the microFlow device-preparation of the motile bacterial population preparation, strength of the concentration gradient and duration of exposure to the gradient-are discussed in the context of repellent taxis of chemotactically wild-type Escherichia coli cells in a gradient of NiSO(4). Fabrication of the microfluidic device takes 1 d while preparing motile cells and carrying out the chemotaxis experiment takes 4-6 h to complete.
“Dan blijf ik gewoon stil”: ervaringen van allochtone studenten met interculturalisatie tijdens de opleiding Geneeskunde

Inleiding: in een in toenemende mate cultureel en etnisch diverse samenleving krijgen stu- denten geneeskunde interculturalisatie-onderwijs tijdens hun opleiding. Aandacht voor in- terculturalisatie is noodzakelijk om culturele kennis en sensitiviteit onder studenten te ver- groten. Er is weinig bekend over de beleving van allochtone studenten geneeskunde (AMS'en) van dit type onderwijs. Doel van deze studie is het interculturalisatie-onderwijs vanuit het perspectief van allochtone studenten geneeskunde te evalueren. Methoden: in de periode maart-mei 2010 zijn ervaringen van AMS'en (n=20) met intercul- turalisatie binnen de opleiding geneeskunde van de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam geevalu- eerd; dit gebeurde door middel van semi-gestructureerde interviews en een focusgroep. Bevindingen: ondanks de aandacht voor interculturalisatie in de hele opleiding, geven AMS'en aan zowel in het curriculum als op de campus een gebrek aan respect in bejegening te ervaren. Hier wordt bijvoorbeeld het onbegrip tijdens onderwijs in lichamelijk onderzoek genoemd. Ook casuistiek in het onderwijs wordt als stereotyperend en stigmatiserend erva- ren. Door de opzet en inhoud van het huidige interculturalisatie-onderwijs en verder ook door een gebrekkige sociale cohesie tussen allochtone en autochtone studenten, is groei en uitwisseling van interculturele kennis en sensitiviteit beperkt. Discussie/conclusie: AMS'en ervaren in de opleiding geneeskunde weinig begrip voor hun etnische/culturele achtergrond en religieuze overtuigingen. Ervaringskennis van AMS'en kan de basis voor aanpassing van interculturalisatie-onderwijs vormen, zodat de doelstellingen van groei en uitwisseling van (inter)culturele kennis en sensitiviteit worden behaald. (Tjitra JJ, Leyerzapf H, Abma TA. "Dan blijf ik gewoon stil". Ervaringen van allochtone studenten met interculturalisatie tijdens de opleiding Geneeskunde. Tijdschrift voor Medisch Onderwijs
Spatial mechanisms for coexistence of species sharing a common natural enemy

We examine the conditions under which spatial structure can mediate coexistence of apparent competitors. We use a spatially explicit, host-parasitoid metapopulation model incorporating local dynamics of Nicholson-Bailey type and global dispersal. Depending on the model parameters, the resulting system displays a plethora of asynchronous dynamical behaviors for which permanent or transient coexistence is observed. We identify a number of spatially mediated tradeoffs which apparent competitors can utilize and demonstrate that the dynamics of spatial coexistence can typically be understood from consideration of two and three patch systems. The phase relationships of species abundances are different for our model than for some other mechanisms of spatial coexistence. We discuss the implications of our findings relative to issues of community organization and biological conservation.
An actor-based computer animation language

This paper describes a computer language based upon actor semantics designed especially for computer graphics and animation. The thesis that animation is best facilitated by considering each entity on the display screen as an independent process is discussed and demonstrated by examples. The system is built upon MacLisp and is compatible with Lisp-Logo. The language is designed to be used by both very sophisticated programmers and by school children.
Mathematics Tutoring and Student Success

Abstract Courses in tertiary level Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) are perceived by some students as time-consuming, tedious and difficult. The increasing “attrition rate” of this cohort of college students is usually attributed to several factors. Retention and intervention programs under the umbrella of student support services can be put in place to mitigate the worsening situation. Most universities and colleges offer tutoring as part of academic support. In this pilot study, we collected tutoring-related data. We focused mainly on mathematics majors and found unexpectedly that there is no difference in grades for mathematics majors who visited and did not visit the tutoring centre, i.e., there is no strong correlation between the number of hours spent in the tutoring centre and grades in the courses tutored in.
The Art of Recruitment: The Foundation of Family and Linkage Studies of Psychiatric Illness

Family and linkage studies of psychiatric illness involve special benefits and challenges in the field of scientific investigation. The success of a family or linkage study is dependent on the recruitment process. The most informative and reliable method of data collection in this field of investigation is through direct interviews with as many family members as possible. Although there are circumstances when direct interviewing is not possible, there are other circumstances, such as refusal of relatives to participate, that deserve closer scrutiny. The complexities involved in the recruitment process while conducting medical investigations have been explored in the literature. However, special issues relevant to the recruitment process merit further exploration for working with families in the context of family and linkage studies of psychiatric illness. Careful understanding of this psychiatric illness. Careful understanding of this critical topic may minimize the incidence of family nonparticipation in such research endeavors. This article addresses these issues as they relate to recruiting individuals and their families in this field of investigation. These issues include the role of attitudes, values and beliefs, family interaction and the identification of influential members, informal communication networking, informed consent while promoting the research, and ethical concerns.
Mapping non-native invasive species and accessibility in an urban forest: A case study of participatory mapping and citizen science in Atlanta, Georgia

Abstract We present a participatory methodology for mapping and analyzing urban forests and greenspaces with a particular emphasis on identifying the location and intensity of non-native invasive plant species in a 180-acre nature preserve in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The research uses smart phone and tablet data collection techniques with GPS to understand the extent and intensity of non-native invasive species distributions. Inverse Distance Weighted spatial interpolation techniques are used in GIS to analyze the data. Results are field validated and presented in a series of GIS maps. Chinese Privet covered 454,639 m2 of the mapped area. The species was found in close proximity to many small streams and a major creek. English Ivy occupied the second largest amount of total ground cover, canvassing more than 244,452 m2. The species was generally found near residential edges of the nature preserve. As a contribution to the Public Participation GIS literature, the methodology presented in this article has practical and methodological implications for GIS and urban researchers and practitioners interested in utilizing participatory methodologies for urban forest and greenspace management, restoration efforts, and non-native invasive species monitoring.
Giant choledochal cyst mimicking massive gallbladder hydrops in an adult patient: multi detector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings correlated to gross and histopathological findings.

Choledochal cysts are uncommon congenital anomalies of the biliary tree, commonly presenting in infancy, generally in the 1st year of life. Presentation in adult life is less common, accounting for 20% of cases. A 19-year-old female patient presented to the Emergency Department with severe abdominal distension, a palpable abdominal mass, mild jaundice and low grade fever. Ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed a massive septated cystic lesion filling the entire abdomen with a significant mass effect on surrounding structures. Origin of the lesion was unclear and diagnosis included a giant mesenteric or duplication cyst, massive gallbladder with hydrops, biliary cystadenoma and giant choledochal cyst, among others. Final diagnosis was a Type IA choledochal cyst with massive asymmetric cystic dilatation of the extra-hepatic segments of the left hepatic duct with asymmetric dilatation of the right hepatic duct. Patient had an uneventful recovery after resection of the entire extrahepatic cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy at the level of the hilum. In this article, we correlate CT and MRI findings to gross and histopathological findings of this giant Todani's Type IA choledochal cyst.
Roughness evolution of metallic implant surfaces under contact loading and nanometer-scale chemical etching.

Abstract Surface damage of metallic implant surface at taper lock and clamped interfaces may take place through synergistic interactions between repeated contact loading and corrosion. In the present research, we investigated the influence of surface roughness and contact loading on the mechanical and chemical damage phenomena. Cobalt–chromium (CoCrMo) specimens with two different roughness configurations created by milling and grinding process were subjected to normal and inclined contact loading. During repeated contact loading, amplitude of surface roughness reached a steady value after decreasing during the first few cycles. During the second phase, the alternating experiment of rough surface contact and micro-etching was conducted to characterize surface evolution behavior. As a result, surface roughness amplitude continuously evolved—decreasing during contact loading due to plastic deformation of contacting asperities and increasing on exposure to corrosive environment by the preferential corrosion attack on stressed area. Two different instabilities could be identified in the surface roughness evolution during etching of contact loaded surfaces: increase in the amplitude of dominant wavenumber and increase in amplitude of a small group of roughness modes. A damage mechanism that incorporates contact-induced residual stress development and stress-assisted dissolution is proposed to elucidate the measured instabilities in surface roughness evolution.
Activation requirements for metabotropic glutamate receptors.

Abstract It has been common experimentally to use high frequency, tetanic, stimulation to activate metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in cortex and thalamus. To determine what type of stimulation is actually necessary to activate mGluRs we examined the effects of varying stimulation duration and intensity on activating mGluR responses. We used a thalamocortical and an intracortical slice preparation from mice and performed whole cell recordings from neurons in the ventral posterior medial nucleus or in layer 4 of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) while electrically stimulating in layer 6 of S1. Extracellular ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists and GABA A receptor antagonists were used to isolate Group I or Group II mGluR responses. We observed that high frequency stimulation is not necessary for the activation of either Group I or Group II mGluRs. Either could be activated with as few as 2–3 pulses at stimulation frequencies around 15–20 Hz. Additionally, increasing the number of pulses, intensity of stimulation, or stimulation frequency increased amplitude and duration of the mGluR response.
Relationships, Roles, and Consumer Identity in Services Marketing

Consumers form complex relationships with service entities. While relationship marketing theory is one means of exploring these relationships, other theoretical areas can also yield useful insights. An examination of customers' perceptions of one retail service provider across a 15-year span reveals the multifaceted yet consistent roles the provider plays as these consumers make use of the site to instantiate and express their identities.
Creating Advocates: Building Preservice Teachers' Confidence Using an Integrated, Spiral-Based, Inquiry Approach in Mathematics and Science Methods Instruction

Abstract This study compared elementary level preservice teachers' beliefs about mathematics and science teaching prior to and following their immersion in an integrated, spiral-based, inquiry approach in a mathematics and science methods course. Eighty-three teachers, including 12 males and 71 females, participated. The primary measure was a 20-item pre- and posttest which focused on a number of teaching factors; in addition, teachers were interviewed and observed in classroom settings. Using a paired samples t-test statistical analysis, results revealed several areas of statistical significance, including the importance of the teacher's role; use of methods, strategies, and styles; use of manipulatives and materials; integration of disciplines; and overall confidence levels in teaching mathematics and science classes.