cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partisan Change Among Native White Southerners: 1965-1982

In this article a unique three-wave parent-youth panel study is used to examine partisanship change among native white Southerners from 1965 to 1982. The data suggest that Southerners have not moved away from the Democratic Party slowly and methodically as most cross-sectional studies suggest. Many of the respondents in the panel demonstrated substantial volatility on the party identification scale across the three panel waves.
Assessment of physician responses to abnormal results of bone densitometry studies.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess how physicians who have ordered bone densitometry studies respond to abnormal results. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of cases from physicians affiliated with a community teaching hospital. The study sample consisted of 142 female patients with abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) who had been referred by 50 physicians (internists or gynecologists). A questionnaire was completed for each patient, providing data about further investigations, treatment interventions, and frequency of referral to a specialist in bone diseases. Results Of the patients diagnosed with osteoporosis on the basis of BMD studies, 20.4% had no further investigations, and 27.8% underwent only mammography. Of all the patients with osteoporosis, 10.6% received no therapy (calcium and vitamin D excluded). The majority of all patients (71.8%) received a combination of calcium and vitamin D. The most common treatment modality was hormone replacement therapy. The second most common treatment strategy was bisphosphonates. The percentage of all referrals to specialists in metabolic bone diseases was low—11.3% in the patients of internists and 14.5% in the patients of gynecologists. Conclusion In this study, the information provided by bone densitometry did not affect management in a substantial percentage of patients. A considerable percentage of patients underwent no further investigations to rule out secondary causes of osteoporosis. (Endocr Pract. 2000;6:351-356)
Political choice and the child labor statute of 1938: Public interest or interest group legislation?

Federal regulation of child labor (unlike that passed in early nineteenth century England) did not materialize until the New Deal of the 1930s. The present paper examines, using anecdotal and empirical evidence, the motives underlying the passage of depression-based child labor legislation embodied in the Senate vote on the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Our study, which utilizes both dichotomous and trichotomous probit models of the vote, finds evidence that there were critical and dominantprivate as opposed to public interests behind the restrictions that the FLSA placed on child labor and the exemptions that it established.
Lewis acid-base interactions enhance explosives sensing in silacycle polymers.

The high sensitivity of silole- and silafluorene-containing polymers for detecting organic nitro, nitrate, and nitramine explosives cannot be solely attributed to favorable analyte–polymer hydrophobic interactions and amplified fluorescence quenching due to delocalization along the polymer chain. The Lewis acidity of silicon in conjugated poly(silafluorene-vinylene)s is shown to be important. This was established by examining the 29Si NMR chemical shifts (Δ) for the model trimer fragment of the polymer CH3–silafluorene–(trans-C2H2)–silafluorene–(trans-C2H2)–silafluorene–CH3. The peripheral and central silicon resonances are up-field from a TMS reference at −9.50 and −18.9 ppm, respectively. Both resonances shift down-field in the presence of donor analytes and the observed shifts (0 to 1 ppm) correlate with the basicity of a variety of added Lewis bases, including TNT. The most basic analyte studied was acetonitrile and an association constant (K a) of 0.12 M−1 was calculated its binding to the peripheral silicon centers using the Scatchard method. Spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1) of 5.86(3) and 4.83(4) s were measured for the methyl protons of acetonitrile in benzene-d 6 at 20 °C in the absence and presence of the silafluorene trimer, respectively. The significant change in T 1 values further supports a binding event between acetonitrile and the silafluorene trimer. These studies as well as significant changes and shifts observed in the characteristic UV–Vis absorption of the silafluorene group support an important role for the Lewis acid character of Si in polymer sensors that incorporate strained silacycles. The nitro groups of high explosives may act as weak Lewis-base donors to silacycles. This provides a donor–acceptor interaction that may be crucial for orienting the explosive analyte in the polymer film to provide an efficient pathway for inner-sphere electron transfer during the electron-transfer quenching process. Figure
The anatomy and chemistry of hallucinations and a rational surgical approach to the treatment of some schizophrenic syndromes

The hallucinations of schizophrenia and delirium tremens are suggested to be caused by the intrusion of the chemistry of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep into the wake period. Hippocampal and temporal lobe sites seem to contain the substrate for hallucinations. Elimination of the sympathetic nerve supply to the pineal gland could be curative in some schizophrenic syndromes.
Cold trapping of volatile organic compounds on fused silica capillary columns

A 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, fused silica capillary column at temperatures from –60 to –100°C has been shown to be a quantitative trap for organic compounds with volatilities ranging from that of 1, 1 -dichloroethene that of chlorobenzene. This type of “whole column cryotrapping” provided sharp peaks (peak width approximately 4–7 seconds) for all compounds at a trapping temperature of –80°C and with high carrier gas pressures and linear velocities (30 psi and 110 cm/s, respectively). Whole column cryotrapping possesses great simplicity, chromatographic efficiency (no trapping loop connections), and a built-in indicator of quality assurance for trapping efficiency (i.e., peak shape). These advantages are extremely attractive and are indicative of the fact that the potential of this approach has not yet been fully appreciated.
AN INFLUENZA HEMAGGLUTININ A PEPTIDE ASSAY BASED ON THE ENZYME-MULTIPLIED IMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUE

A practical approach for constructing enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)-based protein/peptide assays is described. Normally used in small-molecule drug testing, EMIT is a homogeneous assay method that is attractive for its simplicity, sensitivity, and rapidity. The EMIT-based peptide/protein assay was developed by conjugating a cysteine-modified HA peptide (from influenza hemagglutinin A) to the reporter enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The 13-min assay gave a free HA limit of detection of 10 nM and proved effective for detection of a high-molecular-weight model protein tagged with HA. Similar EMIT-based assay approaches may be developed for applications in biotoxin and infectious disease detection.
Development and application of a coupled-process parameter inversion model based on the maximum likelihood estimation method

The coupled flow-mass transport inverse problem is formulated using the maximum likelihood estimation concept. An evolutionary computational algorithm, the genetic algorithm, is applied to search for a global or near-global solution. The resulting inverse model allows for flow and transport parameter estimation, based on inversion of spatial and temporal distributions of head and concentration measurements. Numerical experiments using a subset of the three-dimensional tracer tests conducted at the Columbus, Mississippi site are presented to test the model's ability to identify a wide range of parameters and parametrization schemes. The results indicate that the model can be applied to identify zoned parameters of hydraulic conductivity, geostatistical parameters of the hydraulic conductivity field, angle of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy, solute hydrodynamic dispersivity, and sorption parameters. The identification criterion, or objective function residual, is shown to decrease significantly as the complexity of the hydraulic conductivity parametrization is increased. Predictive modeling using the estimated parameters indicated that the geostatistical hydraulic conductivity distribution scheme produced good agreement between simulated and observed heads and concentrations. The genetic algorithm, while providing apparently robust solutions, is found to be considerably less efficient computationally than a quasi-Newton algorithm.
Endogenous Angiogenesis Inhibitor Blocks Tumor Growth via Direct and Indirect Effects on Tumor Microenvironment

Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase–2 (TIMP-2) belongs to a small family of endogenous proteins that inhibits a group of enzymes, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). TIMP-2 inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo, through MMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However, little is known regarding the contribution of these mechanisms to the antitumor effects of TIMP-2. Using a retroviral delivery system, we stably overexpressed TIMP-2 and its mutant Ala+TIMP-2 (devoid of MMP inhibitory activity) in human adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Using real time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we confirmed enhanced TIMP-2 expression and its MMP inhibitory activity by reverse zymography. In vitro, growth assays suggested that TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 did not alter basal cell proliferation rates, however, tumor cell migration and invasion were inhibited. In vivo, both TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 A549 xenografts exhibited reduced growth rate, CD31 immunostaining indicated decreased intratumoral microvascular density, and TUNEL demonstrated enhanced tumor cell apoptosis. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses of A549 xenograft tissues with either phospho-FAK (Tyr397) or phospho-AKT (Ser473) showed decreased activation in both TIMP-2 and Ala+TIMP-2 tumor cells. We conclude that TIMP-2-mediated inhibition of tumor growth occurs, at least in part, independently of MMP inhibition, and is a consequence of both direct effects of TIMP-2 on tumor cells and modulation of the tumor microenvironment.
What are the advantages of variable stiffness control

Summary form only given. The role of stiffness modulation in limb movement control is discussed in light of recent measurements of the stiffness of the human elbow joint during free movement. The stiffness is found to be low during movement, in comparison to the stiffness measured under isometric conditions. Since reflexes and muscle co-activation determine the total stiffness, utilizing a low stiffness minimizes the danger of instability arising from feedback delays and the energy required for co-activation. >
Expanded dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping reveals spurious class II associations

The dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) system contains many of the functional genes of the immune system, thereby making it a candidate region for involvement in immune-mediated disorders. A number of studies have identified associations between specific DLA class II haplotypes and canine immune hemolytic anemia, thyroiditis, immune polyarthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, hypoadrenocorticism, systemic lupus erythematosus-related disease complex, necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) and anal furunculosis. These studies have relied on sequencing approximately 300 bases of exon 2 of each of the DLA class II genes: DLA-DRB1, DLA-DQA1 and DLA-DQB1. In the present study, an association (odds ratio=4.29) was identified by this method between Weimaraner dogs with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) and DLA-DRB1∗01501. To fine map the association with HOD, a genotyping assay of 126 coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from across the entire DLA, spanning a region of 2.5 Mb (3,320,000-5,830,000) on CFA12, was developed and tested on Weimaraners with HOD, as well as two additional breeds with diseases associated with DLA class II: Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers with hypoadrenocorticism and Pug dogs with NME. No significant associations were found between Weimaraners with HOD or Nova Scotia duck tolling retrievers with hypoadrenocorticism and SNPs spanning the DLA region. In contrast, significant associations were found with NME in Pug dogs, although the associated region extended beyond the class II genes. By including a larger number of genes from a larger genomic region, a SNP genotyping assay was generated that provides coverage of the extended DLA region and may be useful in identifying and fine mapping DLA associations in dogs.
Soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes as longboat delivery systems for platinum(IV) anticancer drug design

Amine-functionalized soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were derivatized with cisplatin prodrug conjugates as a delivery system by which to internalize multiple prodrug centers. The platinum(IV) complex, c,c,t-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(OEt)(O2CCH2CH2CO2H)], was tethered to the surface of the carbon nanotubes through peptide linkages formed by the reaction of the SWNT-tethered amines with the carboxylate moiety. The SWNTs were taken into testicular cancer cells by endocytosis, where the drop in pH facilitates reductive release of the platinum(II) core complex, which then readily diffuses throughout the cell, as determined by platinum atomic absorption spectroscopy. The entrapment of the SWNTs within the endosomes was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy of SWNTs containing both tethered fluorescein and platinum units. The cytotoxicity of the free platinum(IV) complex increases by >100-fold when the complex is attached to the surface of the functionalized SWNTs.
Taxonomic Observations on Extant Species and Subspecies of Slider Turtles, Genus Trachemys

tope analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 227:137-144. CACCONE, A., G. AMATO, 0. C. GRATRY, J. BEHLER, AND J. R. POWELL. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of four endangered Madagascar tortoises based on mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12:1-9. CHEKE, A. S. 1987. An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In A. W. Diamond (ed.), Studies of Mascarene Island Birds, pp. 5-89. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. COOPER, A. 1994. DNA from museum specimens. In B. Herrmann and S. Hummel (eds.), Ancient DNA, pp. 149-165. Springer-Verlag, New York. FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783-791. FROIDEVAUX, H. 1899. Textes historiques inedits ou peu connus relatifs aux tortues de terre de l'ile Bourbon.). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 5:214-218. GADOW, H. 1894. On the remains of some gigantic land-tortoises, and of an extinct lizard, recently discovered in Mauritius. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 13:313-324. GOODYEAR, P. D., S. MACLAUGHLIN-BLACK, AND I. J. MASON. 1994. A reliable method for the removal of co-purifying PCR inhibitors from ancient DNA. BioTechniques 16:232-235. GUNTHER, A. C. L. G. 1877. The Gigantic Land-Tortoises (Living and Extinct) in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum, London. KOCHER, T. D., W. K. THOMAS, A. MEYER, S. V. EDWARDS, S. PAABO, E X. VILLABLANCA, AND A. C. WILSON. 1989. Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A 86:6196-6200. MOMONT, L. 1998. Les tortues des Mascareignes: analyse phylogenetique fondee sur le s6quencage du cytochrome b. Unpubl. thesis, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. MOURER-CHAUVIRE, C., R. BOUR, S. RIBES, AND E MOUTOU. 1999. The avifauna of Reunion island (Mascarene Islands) at the time of the arrival of the first Europeans. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleontology 89:1-38. NORTH-COOMBES, A. 1986. Histoire des tortues de terre de Rodrigues et le mouvement maritime de l'ile de 1601 a 1808. Service Bureau, Port-Louis, Mauritius.
Analysis of a method for measuring optical constants using transmission gratings: Application to gold in the 100–1000 eV energy range

Abstract This paper describes an analytical study of the intensity distribution through a transmission grating. It is shown that by choosing two gratings with large aspect ratios the influence of irregularities in the grating structures is small and the transmitted intensity distributions can be used to extract the optical constants. The measured intensity ratios are independent of the absolute intensities falling on the gratings.
Cigarette smoking and the risk for cartilage loss and knee pain in men with knee osteoarthritis

Objective: To examine the effects of smoking on cartilage loss and pain at the knee in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: 159 men with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis who participated in a 30-month, prospective, natural history study of knee osteoarthritis were examined. The more symptomatic knee was imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline, and again at 15 and 30 months of follow-up. Cartilage was scored using the Whole-Organ MRI Score semiquantitative method at the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joints and at the patellofemoral joint. At baseline and follow-up visits, the severity of knee pain was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale pain score (0–100 mm). Results: Among the 159 men, 19 (12%) were current smokers at baseline. Current smokers were younger (mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 62 (9) v 69 (9) years) and leaner (mean (SD) body mass index (BMI): 28.9 (3.2) v 31.3 (4.8) kg/m 2 ) than men who were not current smokers. When adjusted for age, BMI and baseline cartilage scores, men who were current smokers were found to have an increased risk for cartilage loss at the medial tibiofemoral joint (odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0 to 5.4) and the patellofemoral joint (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.7). Current smokers also had higher adjusted pain scores at baseline (60.5 v 45.0, p v 44.3, p Conclusions: Men with knee osteoarthritis who smoke sustain greater cartilage loss and have more severe knee pain than men who do not smoke.
Selected Letters of Charlotte Brontë

Selected Letters of Charlotte Bronte MARGARET SMITH, ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007 xliv + 259 pp., ISBN 978 019 920587 5, £19.99 In 1995, 2000, and 2004 Margaret Smith published, with O...
Effect of quipazine on rat plasma prolactin levels.

Abstract Quipazine (2-(1-piperazinyl) quinoline maleate), a serotonin agonist which also has other effects on serotonin metabolism, in doses from 2.5 – 20 mg/kg, i.p., was found to markedly increase plasma prolactin levels in male rats. This increase was blocked by the serotonin antagonists methysergide and brom-lysergic acid diethylamide and potentiated by para-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis. These findings suggest that the increase in plasma prolactin levels is due to the serotonin agonist properties of quipazine. Apomorphine and 2-Br-α-ergocryptine pretreatment blocked the effect on plasma prolactin of quipazine, while apomorphine given 15 min after quipazine brought about a rapid decline in the elevated plasma prolactin levels produced by quipazine.
ALTERATIONS OF GLUCONEOGENESIS IN VIVO BY GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE: EFFECTS OF EARLY MALNUTRITION

The in vivo effects of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) on gluconeogenesis from alanine (Ala) were investigated in well (C) and malnourished (M) rats. Sixty to 80 g Wistar rats were made M by feeding a 4% protein (Prt), 54% carbohydrate (Cho) diet for 4 weeks. C were fed a diet with 23% Prt and 63% Cho. Both groups received equal amounts of fat, vitamins and minerals. After an overnight fast the rats received a single i.p. dose of Ala (1 g/kg), with or without prior priming with 2 g/kg G3P, 30 min before Ala. Blood glucose (Glc) levels were monitored for 2 hr and noted as changes over baseline. The results indicate: (1) Both groups of rats produced Glc from Ala at the same rate (F=2.89; df=1,60; NS). (2) When G3P was injected before Ala, blood Glc declined in M rats to levels below baseline beginning 60 min after Ala administration (F=69.8; df=1,60; P<0.001, compared to Ala alone). C rats had no inhibition of Glc formation by G3P. Conclusions: in M rats, G3P administration inhibits normal gluconeogenesis from Ala, in contrast to C rats, in which both substrates show no interaction. Therefore, these data support the view that nutritional status may play a role in tolerance to glycerol, the metabolic precursor of G3P, especially early in life.
The Adoption of State Growth Management Regulation (SGMR): Regarding Institutional Analysis And Development (IAD) Framework and Event History Analysis

Growth management means specific regulatory policies aimed at influencing future growth so that it occurs in a more rational manner than would occur without any overall planning. Currently, thirteen U.S. states have adopted state growth management regulation (SGMR). The contemporary SGMR provides the statewide planning programs and goals that reduce negative externality and spillover effects and emphasize balanced sustainable development. The mediating role of SGMR is well matched with the explanatory framework of institutional analysis and development (IAD) in terms of solving social dilemmas in social contextual circumstances. This paper seeks to explain what factors account for the adoption of SGMR. By applying the IAD framework, the authors analyze the impact of political party ideology, community characteristics, and physical conditions. Through event history analysis, the authors found influencing important factors: political party ideology and citizen liberalism, real estate interest, and growth pressure.
Geometric enclosures: a new notation for chemical symbols

Abstract The study of introductory chemistry is, to a large extent, a process of learning a new language along with its alphabet . A detailed examination of a standard introductory chemistry textbook revealed that a first-year chemistry student has to memorize the names and symbols of approximately 200 entities which comprise the alphabet of chemistry (14 SI prefixes, 35 SI units, 50 chemical elements, 10 operational symbols, 12 physical constants and 80 computational variables). All this is in addition to studying the systematic nomenclature of the chemical compounds and memorizing many mathematical formulas. This formidable task must be accomplished while the student is mastering the fundamental concepts represented by these symbols and learning how to manipulate them in a quantitative fashion. A simple notation system, with basically unlimited potential of expansion and great ease of systematization and recognition, is proposed as follows: Geometric Enclosures, such as ○, □, or ▵, would be used to enclose one- or two-letter symbols and groups of related symbols would utilize the same enclosure geometry. One of the primary advantages of this notational system is the immensely helpful pedagogical feature that allows the immediate identification of the class to which a variable belongs by the noting the shape of its enclosure. The possibility of adapting this notation for introductory courses in other subjects should be explored.
Factors that cause seasonal variations in beryllium-7 concentrations in surface air

Abstract Seasonal variations in the concentration of 7Be in surface air appear to show the effects of at least four factors. The influences of variations both in the rate of exchange between the stratosphere and the troposphere and in the rate of vertical mixing within the troposphere are evident in concentrations at most sites in middle latitudes. Concentrations at high latitude sampling sites show the effect of seasonal variations in the transport of air masses from middle latitudes into the high latitudes. Several sites located in regions where there are strong seasonal variations in the rainfall rate show an inverse correlation between the 7Be concentrations and the rainfall rates, indicating the importance of washout of the atmospheric aerosol that carries the 7Be.
Preliminary Performance Characterization Of The DESIRE Process

The performance benefits of multilayer resist processes are well known, but because of the additional processing complexity their use has been restricted mainly to lab scale or pilot line environments. More recently a surface sensitive scheme [1], the so-called DESIRE process, has been developed. It has the potential of reaping the benefits of multilayer resist processes without their process complexity. In this paper a preliminary characterization of the lithographic performance of this process is described. In particular the issues of resolution, focus latitude, exposure latitude and uniformity are examined. When the appropriate silylation and development conditions are used, the data clearly show that a significant improvement in the working stepper resolution can be achieved while maintaining the uniformity across the wafer. In a 0.28 numerical aperture lens stepper, the exposure latitude first becomes the resolution limitation. Using the DESIRE process a five-fold increase in the exposure latitude is achieved as compared to an optimized process using conventional development. As the stepper numerical aperture increases, the focus latitude becomes the limiting factor to resolution. Using the DESIRE process the focus latitude increases nearly two-fold in a 0.35 numerical aperture stepper as compared to conventional processing. This preliminary characterization study shows that the DESIRE process has the potential of extending the useful life of optical projection printers.
The aerogel radiator of the HERMES RICH

Abstract Using aerogel as a RICH radiator is a novel technique requiring a detailed understanding of its optical properties. A comprehensive series of measurements aimed at characterizing light propagation in HERMES RICH aerogel is presented and contributions to the ring resolution are discussed.
Computational models and methods for continuous gaseous turbulent combustion

Abstract Computational methods used to simulate turbulent reacting flow in combustors of complex shape are presented. The physical sub-models include either chemically equilibrated or partially-equilibrated (radical pool) models of varying complexity and laminar flamelet models. Limitations of turbulence models are discussed. Some results in non-premixed jet flames are reviewed showing the effects of non-equilibrium phenomena on major and minor species, temperature and pollutants. An algorithm applicable to recirculating flow in bodies with arbitrarily contoured boundaries is developed. Issues governing the choice of grid systems, discretization operators, and numerical solution procedures for recirculating flows are emphasized. Numerical results illustrate these issues. The method is demonstrated by application to a modern annular gas-turbine combustor.
Circumferential axisymmetric free oscillations of thick hollowed tori.

Abstract In this article, the effects of thickness and torus radii ratio on the axisymmetric circumferential natural vibrations of freely supported, hollowed tori are determined. The solutions for eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes are effected by finite difference approximations of the basic equations of elastic motion, written in terms of a set of toroidal coordinates. The results agree quite well with the special cases of toroidal membranes and infinite circular cylinders.
Health care incentives in immunisation.

Background: Australia has Introduced a nationwide immunisation incentive scheme. This yet to be evaluated two-year program offers financial rewards to providers and parents to encourage childhood immunisations. Objectives: To review the use of incentives in immunisation uptake, identify issues in developing an incentive program for childhood immunisation and examine the findings within the context of the Australian scheme. Method: Medline was searched under ‘immunization and financial incentive’ and ‘immunization and incentive’ in English 1966 to 1998. Results: The search identified six and 93 articles respectively, of which six examined the role of material incentives influencing coverage of immunisation. References and reviews identified a further three studies. Among these nine studies (two British, six American, one Nicaraguan), two reported the same intervention. Of the eight incentives examined, four referred to non-financial incentives such as food vouchers and four to monetary incentives for parents (1) or providers (3). Groups receiving the incentives were up to three times more likely to be immunised and had overall immunisation rates up to 17% higher than comparison groups. Conclusions: Effective incentives require collaboration of key players, using a program appropriate to the characteristics of the population. Although varying in cost-effectiveness, both monetary and nonmonetary incentives can improve childhood immunisation uptake. Evaluation of current programs including the Australian ones will assist future allocation of resources.
Studies of higher alcohol formation by yeasts through gas chromatography

The methods of gas chromatography have made possible significant advances in understanding the pathways of formation of higher alcohols during alcoholic fermentation. The higher alcohols in wines of fermented media were quantitatively concentrated by close fractional distillation coupled with drying and extraction with diethyl ether. Gas-liquid chromatography was employed for determining the percentage of the individual alcohol components as well as for separation and collection of specific alcohols by condensation of the effluent gases in order to measure radioactive carbon-14 activities incorporated from C-14 intermediates and for degradation studies. The principal results of recent studies of the pathways of higher alcohol formation indicate that they are formed by reactions closely related to the synthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine. However, the amounts of higher alcohols formed by the Ehrlich pathway of direct breakdown of endogenous amino acids are often negliglible or non-existent. Evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that 2-ketobutyric acid is the intermediate from which bothn-propanol andn-butanol are found in fermentations by mutant strains of yeast.
GPS Constraints on M 7-8 Earthquake Recurrence Times for the New Madrid Seismic Zone

Newman et al. (1999) estimate the time interval between the 1811–1812 earthquake sequence near New Madrid, Missouri and a future similar sequence to be at least 2,500 years, an interval significantly longer than other recently published estimates. To calculate the recurrence time, they assume that slip on a vertical half-plane at depth contributes to the current interseismic motion of GPS benchmarks. Compared to other plausible fault models, the half-plane model gives nearly the maximum rate of ground motion for the same interseismic slip rate. Alternative models with smaller interseismic fault slip area can satisfy the present GPS data by having higher slip rate and thus can have earthquake recurrence times much less than 2,500 years.
Cosmology and unstable nuclei

Abstract Primordial nucleosynthesis has established itself as one of the three pillars of Big Bang cosmology. Many of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis reactions involve unstable nuclei. Hence, there is a tight relationship between the subject of this conference and cosmology. The prime role of unstable nuclei in cosmology is related to lithium synthesis and the lack of cosmological synthesis of Be and B. These nuclei will thus be focused upon. Nucleosynthesis involves comparing calculated abundances with observed abundances. In general, abundance determinations are dominated by systematic rather than statistical errors, and work on bounding systematics is crucial. The quark-hadron inspired inhomogeneous calculations now nnanimously agree that only relatively small variations in Ω b are possible vis-a-vis the homogeneons model: hence, the robustness of Ω b ∼ 0.05 is now apparent. (These calculations depend critically on unstable nuclei.) The above argues that the bulk of the baryons in the universe are not producing visible light. A comparison with the ROSAT cluster data is also shown to be consistent with the standard BBN model. Ω b ∼ 1 seems to be definitely excluded, so, if Ω TOTAL = 1 , as some recent observations may hint, then non-baryonic dark matter is required. The implications of the recently reported halo microlensing events are discussed. In summary, it is argued that the physics of unstable nuclei affects the fundamental dark matter argument.
He/N2 reactive gas composition and the structural and electrical properties of InN thin films grown on A1N-nucleated (00.1) sapphire by planar magnetron sputtering

Abstract The effects of He/N 2 reactive gas composition on the structural and electrical properties of InN thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering on A1N-nucleated (00.1) sapphire substrates have been investigated. X-ray scattering studies demonstrate that the films are an aggregate of strained heteroepitaxial domains and highly relaxed textured domains and that their apportionment is strongly tied to the reactive gas composition. The sputtering rate, as evidenced by film thickness, nominally increases with increasing volume fraction of N 2 , but enhanced growth and epitaxial volume are observed at concentrations of N 2 near 60%. The variation in electrical transport properties with increasing N 2 fraction in the gas mixture is smoother, with the n-type Hall mobility rising monotonically from 35 cm 2 V −1 s −1 for films deposited in a 30% N 2 volume fraction to 55 cm 2 V −1 s −1 for growth in pure N 2 , largel y due to an increase in the volume of heteroepitaxial domains, the consequent reduction in the density of high-angle grain boundaries, and the resulting decrease in intergrain resistance and film resistivity.
Examining the Goals of US Foreign Assistance in the Post-cold War Period, 1991-96

The current literature examining US foreign assistance goals in the post-Cold War period has found that security is declining in importance and that the USA is aiding democracies while also support...
Postoperative therapy with infliximab prevents long-term Crohn's disease recurrence.

Background & Aims A previous randomized, placebo-controlled study showed that infliximab maintenance therapy prevented recurrence of Crohn's disease 1 year after an ileocolonic resection. We evaluated recurrence of Crohn's disease, on the basis of endoscopic examination and/or the need for additional surgical resection, beyond the first postoperative year. Methods In a prospective, open-label, long-term follow-up study, 24 patients previously randomly assigned to receive infliximab for 1 year after an ileocolonic resection were given the option to continue, stop, or start infliximab therapy. The primary end point was the time to recurrence of Crohn's disease, on the basis of endoscopic evidence (endoscopic recurrence), from the initial assignment to postoperative infliximab or placebo. Secondary end points were rate of endoscopic recurrence, time to reoperation, and rate of surgical recurrence in relation to the total time on infliximab. Results All patients were followed for at least 5 years after surgery. Patients assigned to the infliximab group in the first year after surgery had a longer mean time to first endoscopic recurrence (1231 ± 747 days) than patients originally assigned to the placebo group (460 ± 121 days, P = .003). Colonoscopies identified Crohn's disease recurrence in 22.2% of patients who received long-term infliximab and in 93.9% of those not on infliximab (P Conclusions Postoperative infliximab maintenance beyond 1 year prevents recurrence of Crohn's disease.
EFFECT OF ACUTE ETHANOL ON ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY IN CAT

In man, acute ethanol administration decreases lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), prolongs the duration, and lowers the amplitude of esophageal contractions. These changes may contribute to gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis. To evaluate the underlying mechanisms of these changes an animal model is needed. Hence, we studied the effect of various doses of ethanol on esophageal motility in cats, an animal with an esophagus similar to man's. Similar to man, intravenous administration of ethanol significantly decreased LESP and amplitude of lower (smooth muscle portion) esophageal contractions. It also prolonged the duration of lower esophageal contractions, even through it had no effect on contraction velocity. The effect of ethanol on upper (striated muscle portion) esophagus was different. Ethanol had no effect on the amplitude of contractions, whereas it prolonged their duration and decreased their velocity. The effect of acute ethanol on LESP in four withdrawing alcoholic cats was similar to controls. However, the acute effect of ethanol on the esophageal contractions was less marked in alcoholics. Bilateral cervical vagotomy and intravenous injection of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin before the administration of ethanol did not prevent the effect of ethanol on LESP. This data suggests that cat esophagus is a good model for studying the underlying mechanisms of the effects of acute ethanol because its response is similar to the esophagus of man, and the acute effect of ethanol on LESP is not neurally mediated but is the result of its direct effect on muscle.
Selecting the amount of smoothing in nonparametric regression estimation for complex surveys

Model-assisted estimation is a common technique to improve the precision of finite population survey estimators by taking advantage of relationships between the survey variables and the available auxiliary information. Breidt and Opsomer introduced a nonparametric model-assisted estimator based on local polynomial regression, which allows these relationships to be modeled nonparametrically. In this article, we address the issue of how to select the amount of smoothing for the nonparametric regression component of the model-assisted estimator. The proposed smoothing parameter selection method is based on minimizing a type of cross-validation criterion, suitably adjusted for the effect of the finite population setting and the survey design. Asymptotic properties of the method are derived, and simulation experiments show that it works well in practical settings as well.
Theory of diffraction and defocus effects in spatial frequency-modulated imaging

Experimental and simulational validation of theory developed for diffraction and defocus effects on a novel single-pixel method that encodes spatial information using chirped amplitude modulation are presented.
Analyzing Determinations: Understanding and Evaluating the Production of Social Outcomes in Schools

Both Basil Bernstein (1977) and Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu and Passeron 1977), among others, have argued that the organization of knowledge, the form of its transmission, and the assessment of its acquisition are crucial factors in the cultural reproduction of class relationships in industrial societies. That is, curriculum, pedagogy, and evaluation are not to be seen as neutral artifacts or activities. Instead, they need to be interpreted as in part resulting from the interaction between class and economic and cultural power. In essence, while schools and what happens within them have some degree of what might be called "relative autonomy" (Bernstein 1977, especially chapter 8; Althusser 1971), we miss a good deal of the latent effects of these institutions if we conceive of them in technical, rather than ethical and political, terms. This has an important bearing on our own research and evaluative work, clearly, since if Bourdieu and Bernstein are even partly correct (as I believe they are), then evaluation of the social and educational outcomes of schooling itself must be seen as having ties to unequal cultural and economic power. Notice what this perspective asks us to do. It asks us to place our own activity as educators and researchers, and the activity that goes on in schools, within a wider social context. Situate it within the question of "Who benefits?" (Paulston 1977, p. 285). Above all, don't assume that because all of us are well-motivated individuals who struggle mightily to help students become more knowledgeable and make programs more
IRM corps entier dans le diagnostic de l’ostéomyélite chronique multifocale récidivante

Summary Chronic recurrent mutifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a diagnosis of exclusion primarily in children and adolescents. As part of the essential criteria for the diagnosis of CRMO, multifocal lesions must be identified. We present the case of an 11-year-old boy with CRMO, whose diagnosis was facilitated by the use of whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMR), but not isotope bone scanning.
An evaluation of a private alternative probation and counseling program: Predicting program outcomes from client characteristics

The purpose of this evaluation was to determine if client characteristics affected selected program outcomes. The sample consisted of 475 clients admitted into a for-profit, private alternative probation and counseling program between November 1, 1998 and February 28, 1999. Multiple regression analyses identified race, previous alcohol and drug treatment, and employment status as significant predictor variables of client compliance. Being able to target client characteristics that are associated with successful program outcomes can help programs fulfill their goals of diversion and costeffectiveness, thus making the most effective use of scarce resources.
Chemistry and distribution of phases produced by solid state sic/nicrai reaction

Aspects of the solid state reaction between SiC and a model superalloy consisting of Ni-20 at. pct Cr-10 at. pct Al at 1150 °C are studied in detail using analytical electron microscopy. The metal reaction zone formed on the metal side of the original metal/ceramic interface is found to consist of a complex mixture of four phases: γ′-Ni3Al, β-NiAl, α-Cr, and Ξ, a ternary Ni-Si-Al phase. The chemistry of each phase is determined using X-ray spectroscopy in the analytical electron microscope. The effect of silicon on the γ —γ′ microstructure of the model superalloy is described, and is shown to alter the chemistry, morphology, and size of the γ′ phase. The γ-γ′ lattice parameter mismatch is calculated from the chemistry data, and changes in this mismatch caused by silicon correlate well with γ′ morphology changes. Finally, phase equilibria concepts are used to explain the presence and distribution of phases in the metal reaction zone.
Legislative Cooperation among Impatient Legislators

Sufficient conditions for legislative cooperation are identified within the context of a model of repeated legislative interaction. We show that in many environments, cooperation is sustainable even among impatient legislators. Special attention is given to the case of repeated spatial bargaining; we find that when the dimensionality of the policy space is sufficiently large, parameterizations of the model which do not admit cooperation are rare and atypical. Furthermore, contrary to conventional wisdom, we demonstrate that legislative cooperation is possible in a one-dimensional policy space. The developed theory is applied to address various claims in the substantive literature on legislative parties.
inside looking around: studies of American culture

Local Success and Federal Failure: A Study of Community Development and Educational Change in the Rural South. CHARLES A. CLINTON. Good Company. DOUGLAS A. HARPER. Poker Faces: The Life and Work of Professional Card Players. DAVID M. HAYANO. Texas Graveyards: A Cultural Legacy. TERRY G. JORDAN. The Greek American Community in Transition. HARRY J. PSOMIADES and ALICE SCOURBY, eds. The Code of the West. BRUCE A. ROSENBERG. Norman Street: Poverty and Politics in an Urban Neighborhood. IDA SUSSER. Sex Roles in Contemporary American Communes. JON WAGNER, ed.
RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN OFFSHORE PLATFORM CRITERIA

A fundamental objective of offshore platform design is to configure and construct a structure that will have utility, desirable performance, adequate reliability, and reasonable cost. This paper examines reliability considerations involved in development of environmental criteria for offshore platforms. For a given structural criteria, a simple reliability formulation is developed to determine design wave heights or design ground accelerations and their return intervals. Three examples are developed: design wave heights and return intervals for conventional template-type, deep water platforms in the Gulf of Mexico and Baltimore Canyon, and design wave heights and effective ground accelerations for similar platforms in the Gulf of Alaska. Return interval is found to be a highly sensitive parameter for specifying design environmental conditions. The use of a range of target Safety Indices is proposed in lieu of return period.
A note on the thermodynamics of dimanganese and dirhenium decacarbonyls

Abstract The results of low temperature heat capacity studies on Mn2(CO)10(s) and Re2(CO)10(s) are compared with literature reports. It is shown that the values of vaporization enthalpies and entropies correspond with those of the low temperature stable phase.
Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lime Spray Dryer Ash

Four lime spray dryer (LSD) ash samples were collected from a spreader stoker boiler and measured for their concentrations of 16 U.S. EPA specified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Results showed that the total measured PAH concentration correlated with the organic carbon content of the LSD ash. Each LSD ash sample was then separated using a 140 mesh sieve into two fractions: a carbon-enriched fraction (>140 mesh) and a lime-enriched fraction (<140 mesh). Unburned carbon was further separated from the carbon-enriched fraction with a lithiumheteropolytungstate (LST) solution. PAH measurements on these different fractions showed that unburned carbon had the highest PAH concentrations followed by the carbon-enriched fraction, indicating that PAHs were primarily associated with the carbonaceous material in LSD ash. However, detectable levels of PAHs were also found in the lime-enriched fraction, suggesting that the fine spray of slaked lime may sorb PAH compounds from the flue gas in the LSD process.
Anordnung zum Messen periodischer potentiodynamischer Stromspannungskurven

Es wird eine Mesanordnung zur Aufnahme periodischer Stromspannungskurven nach der potentiostatischen Dreieckspannungsmethode beschrieben, mit der das elektrochemische Verhalten auch von porosen Elektroden untersucht werden kann, da sie relativ kleine Spannungsgeschwindigkeiten von 2 bis 2000 mV/min unabhangig von der Wahl der Spannungsumkehrpunkte zulast. Als Anwendungsmoglichkeiten dieser Methode werden das elektrochemische Verhalten von Platin in Schwefelsaure und Kaliumhydroxid-Losung, die elektrochemische Oberflachenbestimmung von Platin-Elektroden und die Bestimmung der Aktivitat von Brennstoffzellen-Elektroden beschrieben. Auch fur die elektrochemische Korrosionsmessung ist die Methode gut geeignet.