cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Functional Roles of Dentin Matrix Protein 1 IMPLICATIONS IN BIOMINERALIZATION AND GENE TRANSCRIPTION BY ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR Ca2+ STORE

Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is a bone- and teeth-specific protein initially identified from mineralized dentin. Here we report that DMP1 is primarily localized in the nuclear compartment of undifferentiated osteoblasts. In the nucleus, DMP1 acts as a transcriptional component for activation of osteoblast-specific genes like osteocalcin. During the early phase of osteoblast maturation, Ca2+ surges into the nucleus from the cytoplasm, triggering the phosphorylation of DMP1 by a nuclear isoform of casein kinase II. This phosphorylated DMP1 is then exported out into the extracellular matrix, where it regulates nucleation of hydroxyapatite. Thus, DMP1 is a unique molecule that initiates osteoblast differentiation by transcription in the nucleus and orchestrates mineralized matrix formation extracellularly, at later stages of osteoblast maturation. The data presented here represent a paradigm shift in the understanding of DMP1 function. This information is crucial in understanding normal bone formation, remodeling, fracture healing, and skeletal tissue repair.
Expedited Management of Deep Vein Thrombosis and Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are common diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical probability assessment reliably identifies low-risk patients, and when paired with a negative D-dimer test, safely excludes venous thromboembolism. Compression ultrasonography confirms the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis, whereas computed tomography pulmonary angiography is typically used to confirm pulmonary embolism. Risk assessment of acute pulmonary embolism stratifies low-risk patients for outpatient treatment, and high-risk patients for consideration of thrombolytic therapy. The recent approval of rivaroxaban, a novel oral anticoagulant, can simplify and expedite treatment in select patients. Ongoing clinical trials may uncover methods to prevent postthrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. In this report, we review current diagnostic and management methods for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Thin films of coordination polymer magnets

Many applications of molecule based magnets, whether they are in information storage, displays, or as components in electronic or spintronic devices, will require putting the active materials on a surface or interfacing them with other components. Although there are many examples of molecule-based magnets, the families of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) based magnets and Prussian-blue analogs possess materials properties that are close to those required for practical applications, and are the most advanced with respect to studies as thin films. This critical review focuses on fabrication and characterization of thin films of TCNE and Prussian-blue analog coordination polymer magnets. Emphasis is on current developments in thin film heterostructures and potential spintronics applications (135 references).
In vitro methods for studying the accuracy of velocity determination and spatial resolution of a color Doppler flow mapping system

Abstract We tested a color Doppler flow mapping system (Aloka 880, 3.5 mHz) to image the steady flow of a suspension of cornstarch (0.1% to 1.75%) in water, flowing at known velocities through a series of Tygon tubing with internal diameters of 1.6 to 4.8 mm and latex rubber tubing (7.9 to 15.9 mm) in a water tank. Flow through the tubes was imaged at 2 to 12 cm and 2 to 18 cm distances from the transducer, by the use of the near and far focus settings of the instrument. First, the color flow diameters were compared to the known internal diameters of the tubing oriented at a 30- to 70- degree flow angle to the direction of interrogation to test axial resolution as well as laterel resolution. For the near transmit focus setting, the color diameters increasingly overestimated the actual flow diameters as the distance from the transducer increased progressively beyond 6 cm (i.e., overestimation of up to 25 mm or 500% for the 4.8 mm tubing and 250% for the 9.5 mm tubing at 16 cm from the transducer). For the far transmit focus setting and for distances within 10 cm, the color diameters did not differ significantly (i.e., more than 1 mm) from the actual diameter. The lowest velocity color encoded by the instrument was 3 cm/sec for a pulse repetition frequency of 4 kHz. At a flow velocity of about 50 cm/sec, 6 cm distance from the transducer and mid gain settings, flow through the 1.6 mm tube barely color coded, while flow thorugh 2.4, 3.2, and 4.8 mm tubes was easily imaged. These results have direct implications in clinical studies for imaging small septal defects, small orifices, or when measuring color flow Doppler diameters of vessels or valves for volume flow calculations. They also established a method for objectively evaluating the evolving capabilities of this new imaging technology.
Characterization of biological macromolecules by electrophoresis and neutron activation

As analytical techniques have become more sensitive, the role of trace elements associated with biological macromolecules has become the subject of many studies in the past twenty years. Many biologically significant macromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, have trace elements essential to their function and structure. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) contributes useful information in such studies. A procedure combining polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) with INAA and autoradiography has been developed to study biological macromolecules and their associated trace elements. Results from the application of this method to several metalloproteins are presented.
pH and Calcium Regulate the Water Permeability of Aquaporin 0

Aquaporins increase the water permeability in many cell types across many species. We investigated the effects of external pH and Ca2+ on water permeability ofXenopus oocytes injected with aquaporin cRNA by measuring the rate of swelling in hypotonic solutions. Lowering pH to 6.5 increased the water permeability of aquaporin (AQP0) 3.4 ± 0.4-fold. Diethylpyrocarbonate pretreatment increased water permeability 4.2 ± 0.5-fold and abolished pH sensitivity, suggesting that the pH regulation is mediated by an external histidine. Lowering Ca2+ increased water permeability 4.1 ± 0.4-fold. The effects of Ca2+ and pH each required the presence of histidine 40, indicating a critical role of this amino acid in facilitating the modulation of water permeability. Clamping intracellular Ca2+ at high or low values abolished sensitivity to external Ca2+, suggesting that Ca2+ acts at an internal site. Three different calmodulin inhibitors each increased AQP0 water permeability, suggesting that Ca2+ may act through calmodulin. None of the above altered the water permeability induced by AQP1 or AQP4. Because the greatest change in AQP0 water permeability is in the normal pH range found in the lens (7.2–6.5), this paper provides evidence for regulation of an aquaporin by pH under physiological conditions.
Simple self-reproducing universal automata

von Neumann and Thatcher have shown that one may construct self-reproducing universal arrays using as basic cells finite automata with only 29 states. The simplicity of the components necessitates complex programming. We present a self-reproducing universal array with simple programming. This is made possible by using as basic unit a finite automaton which can execute an internal program of up to 20 instructions.
RAFT-mediated control of nanogel structure and reactivity: chemical, physical and mechanical properties of monomer-dispersed nanogel compositions.

Abstract Objective This study examines how nanogel structure correlates with photopolymerization and key polymer properties upon addition of nanogels with latent reactivity into a monomer dispersant to produce polymer/polymer composites. Methods Two nanogels that retained RAFT functionality based on the synthetic approach were prepared to have different branching densities. These reactive nanogels were dispersed in triethylene glycol dimethacrylate at 0–40 wt%. Reaction kinetics, volumetric shrinkage and shrinkage stress associated with the photopolymerization of nanogel-modified formulations were measured in real time with mechanical properties of the polymers also evaluated. The basic structure of RAFT-derived nanogel particles was examined by the preparation of a separate nanogel constructed with degradable disulfide crosslinking groups. The model nanogel molecular weight and polydispersity were compared before and after degradation. Results Despite the controlled radical synthetic approach, the nanogels, which are composed of multiple interconnected, short primary chains, presented relatively high polydispersity. Through addition of the reactive nanogels to a monomer that both infiltrates and disperses the nanogels, the photopolymerization rate was moderately reduced with the increase of nanogel loading levels. Volumetric shrinkage decreased proportionally with nanogel concentration; however, a greater than proportional reduction of polymerization-induced stress was observed. Mechanical properties, such as flexural strength, storage modulus were maintained at the same levels as the control resin for nanogel systems up to 40 wt%. Significance This study demonstrated that beyond the use of RAFT functionality to produce discrete nano-polymeric structures, the residual chain end groups are important to maintain reactivity and mechanical properties of nanogel-modified resin materials.
Lasting neurobehavioral abnormalities in rats after neonatal activation of serotonin 1A and 1B receptors: possible mechanisms for serotonin dysfunction in autistic spectrum disorders

Perinatal exposure of rats to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) produces sensory and social abnormalities paralleling those seen in autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, the possible mechanism(s) by which this exposure produces behavioral abnormalities is unclear. We hypothesized that the lasting effects of neonatal SSRI exposure are a consequence of abnormal stimulation of 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT1B receptors during brain development. We examined whether such stimulation would result in lasting sensory and social deficits in rats in a manner similar to SSRIs using both direct agonist stimulation of receptors as well as selective antagonism of these receptors during SSRI exposure. Male and female rat pups were treated from postnatal days 8 to 21. In Experiment 1, pups received citalopram (20 mg/kg/day), saline, (±)-8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT; 0.5 mg/kg/day) or 7-trifluoromethyl-4(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline dimaleate (CGS-12066B; 10 mg/kg/day). In Experiment 2, a separate cohort of pups received citalopram (20 mg/kg/day), or saline which was combined with either N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridinylcyclo-hexanecarboxamide maleate (WAY-100635; 0.6 mg/kg/day) or N-[4-methoxy-3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)phenyl]-2′-methyl-4′-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1-1′-biphenyl-4-carboxamide (GR-127935; 6 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Rats were then tested in paradigms designed to assess sensory and social response behaviors at different time points during development. Direct and indirect neonatal stimulation of 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors disrupts sensory processing, produces neophobia, increases stereotypic activity, and impairs social interactions in manner analogous to that observed in ASD. Increased stimulation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors plays a significant role in the production of lasting social and sensory deficits in adult animals exposed as neonates to SSRIs.
Evaluating Options for CRT Display of Process Trend Data

Effectiveness of colorgraphics CRT-based process trend display formats was evaluated by manipulating time scale orientation and time directionality. Performance was assessed in terms of reaction time and accuracy in responding to questions representative of process control task scenarios. Reaction time analyses reveal no main effects of time orientation or directionality, but a reliable orientation-directionality interaction effect is present. This interaction supports the conclusion that more rapid interpretation of trend is associated with x-axis time orientation progressing away from the origin and with y-axis time orientation progressing toward the origin. Error rates were nearly equivalent among the format types and supported no further discrimination among them. The findings have implications for the design of trend displays in applications such as nuclear control room, petrochemical processing, and load management.
Urethral-sparing histotripsy of the prostate in a canine model.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and healing response to urethral-sparing prostate histotripsy using a canine model of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Methods Histotripsy was performed on 10 canines using a 750-kHz piezoelectric ultrasound transducer targeting the prostatic parenchyma while avoiding the urethra. Periprocedure prostatic urethral integrity was evaluated with serial cystourethroscopy. Evolution of histotripsy treatment effect and subjects' response to urethral sparing was evaluated with serial ultrasound and laboratory evaluation, respectively. The dogs were euthanized acutely or chronically and findings were confirmed histologically. Results Bilateral treatment was possible in 8/10 subjects, whereas unilateral treatment was performed in 2/10. Failure to spare the urethra was observed in 2/18 treatments—one acutely and one chronically, despite normal cystourethroscopy for the first week. Modest prostatic volume reduction was seen in subjects survived to 8 weeks post histotripsy. Laboratory studies revealed transient perioperative increases in mean white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase. On histology, 80% of successful urethral sparing treatment cavities were completely epithelialized, containing simple fluid with minimal cellular debris at 8 weeks despite no communication with the urethra. Conclusion Urethral-sparing histotripsy of the prostate is feasible and well tolerated in a canine model, resulting in modest volume reduction and prompt resorption of homogenized tissue debris. Human studies to evaluate the clinical utility and symptomatic response of urethral sparing are needed.
An elastography framework for use in dermoscopy

Multiple skin conditions exist which involve clinically significant changes in elastic properties. Early detection of such changes may prove critical in formulating a proper treatment plan. However, most diagnoses still rely primarily on visual inspection followed by biopsy for histological analysis. As a result, there would be considerable clinical benefit if a noninvasive technology to study the skin were available. The primary hypothesis of this work is that skin elasticity may serve as an important method for assisting diagnosis and treatment. Perhaps the most apparent application would be for the differentiation of skin cancers, which are a growing health concern in the United States as total annual cases are now being reported in the millions by the American Cancer Society. In this paper, we use our novel modality independent elastography (MIE) method to perform dermoscopic skin elasticity evaluation. The framework involves applying a lateral stretching to the skin in which dermoscopic images are acquired before and after mechanical excitation. Once collected, an iterative elastographic reconstruction method is used to generate images of tissue elastic properties and is based on a twodimensional (2-D) membrane model framework. Simulation studies are performed that show the effects of three-dimensional data, varying subdermal tissue thickness, and nonlinear large deformations on the framework. In addition, a preliminary in vivo reconstruction is demonstrated. The results are encouraging and indicate good localization with satisfactory degrees of elastic contrast resolution.
The survival of basic biological research in National Socialist Germany

Virtually no one outside Germany, however, thought that Schramm's story was right. This was because of the war. It was inconceivable to most people that the German beasts would have permitted the extensive experiments underlying his claims to be routinely carried out during the last years of a war they were so badly losing. It was all too easy to image that the work had direct Nazi support and that his experiments were incorrectly analyzed. Wasting time to disprove Schramm was not to most biochemists' liking.
Chinook salmon spawning surveys in deep waters of a large, regulated river

In 1986 research divers surveyed and mapped deep-water spawning redds of fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in selected sites within an impounded segment of the main-stem Columbia River, Washington State, U.S.A. In velocities over 3 m s-' and depths up to 11 m, two divers riding a manoeuvrable sled made cross-current transects communicating observations of substrate materials and deep-water spawning sites. Surface personnel tracked the position of the sled with a laser locating system that logged the information into data storage. Subsequently, the computerized data were translated into overlaying maps depicting location of redds, substrate materials, and depth contours. Deep-water spawning (>3 m) occurred at most survey sites in velocities between 0.6 and 0.8 m s-l. The average depth of spawning was 6.5 m, and the maximum was 9.1 m-deeper than the depth redds can normally be detected by aerial observation (Sm). Deep-water spawning ranged from none to substantial in areas of near identical physical characteristics. A method for estimating abundance and density of deep-water redds, based upon the data collected with this mapping technique, is presented. This study combined with current limited information concerning deepwater spawning suggests that up to 80 per cent of the escapement of fall chinook salmon in this reach may spawn in deep water.
Low-energy hadron physics from effective chiral Lagrangians with vector mesons

Abstract We review the use of effective chiral Lagrangians with vector mesons in the description of low-energy hadron physics. The massive Yang-Mills approach (vector mesons as heavy gauge particles of the Yang-Mills type) and the hidden symmetry scheme (vector mesons as dynamical gauge bosons) used to enlarge the field space beyond the Goldstone pions are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on the gauged Wess-Zumino action and Vector Meson Dominance. It is demonstrated how all parameters can be fixed in the meson sector, and in particular, that there are only a few. The equivalence of these two seemingly different approaches is proven. The QCD generating functional is investigated and its connection to effective theories of spin-0 and spin-1 mesons is shown. Baryons arise as topological solitons, with all parameters fixed in the meson sector. We present in great detail the phenomenological aspects of nucleons such as their static properties, electromagnetic, axial and strong form factors. The close connection to boson-exchange is elucidated, and the application to N N -physics is stressed. We furthermore discuss the inclusion of scalar particles and their relevance to QCD as well as the problem of nuclear binding. Further developments are sketched.
Community College Roles in Teacher Education: Current Approaches and Future Possibilities.

This chapter examines the current role of community colleges in preservice and in-service teacher education, including the development of the associate of arts degree in teacher education, the community college baccalaureate in teacher education, and alternative certification programs. Factors influencing future trends and predictions and recommendations about the community college's future role are also discussed.
Two extensions of Lubinsky’s universality theorem

We extend some remarkable recent results of Lubinsky and Levin–Lubinsky from [−1, 1] to allow discrete eigenvalues outside σess and to allow σess first to be a finite union of closed intervals and then a fairly general compact set in R (one which is regular for the Dirichlet problem).
Structural Evidence for Common Ancestry of the Nuclear Pore Complex and Vesicle Coats

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport. These massive assemblies comprise an eightfold symmetric scaffold of architectural proteins and central-channel phenylalanine-glycine-repeat proteins forming the transport barrier. We determined the nucleoporin 85 (Nup85)*Seh1 structure, a module in the heptameric Nup84 complex, at 3.5 angstroms resolution. Structural, biochemical, and genetic analyses position the Nup84 complex in two peripheral NPC rings. We establish a conserved tripartite element, the ancestral coatomer element ACE1, that reoccurs in several nucleoporins and vesicle coat proteins, providing structural evidence of coevolution from a common ancestor. We identified interactions that define the organization of the Nup84 complex on the basis of comparison with vesicle coats and confirmed the sites by mutagenesis. We propose that the NPC scaffold, like vesicle coats, is composed of polygons with vertices and edges forming a membrane-proximal lattice that provides docking sites for additional nucleoporins.
Xe-containing fast gas mixtures for gas-filled detectors

Abstract Electron drift velocities are reported for XeCF4, XeC2H2 and XeCF4C2H2 mixtures. For a number of these mixtures the drift velocities are large (4 to 10 × 106 cm s−1) over a range of E P values below 3.5 V cm−1 Torr−1. Such mixtures may find application in gas-filled detectors, especially those involving electromagnetic ionizing radiation.
Note on a paper by D. R. Caldwell, C. W. Van Atta And K. N. Helland

Abstract In comparing their laboratory findings with those of other investigators, the authors incorrectly ascribed an eddy coefficient and mixing length too large by a factor of 2.2 to the results from a numerical model. An explanation is offered for the apparently small magnitude of dimensionless velocity deficit from the laboratory study.
Small apomorphine-induced increase in the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors in female rat hypothalamus and pituitary

Abstract A series of experiments was performed to investigate the previously-reported modulation of estradiol binding in female rat brain and pituitary gland by drugs that influence the dopaminergic system. Injection of the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, at minimum doses of 1–2 mg/kg body weight caused slight increases (in most cases, less than 10%) in the concentration ofcytosol estrogen receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland without influencing the concentration in the preoptic area. However, after subsequent injection of a saturating dose of estradiol, the level of nuclear estrogen receptors accumulating did not differ significantly between apomorphine-treated animals and vehicle-injected controls. These results extend, in part, previous reports that have shown an apomorphine-induced increase in the concentration of [3H]estradiol in brain and pituitary cell nuclei after an injection of [3H]estradiol. However, we failed to observe differences in the concentration of cytosol estrogen receptors as large as would be expected by previous work, and we failed to observe differences in the concentration of nuclear estrogen receptors after estradiol injection.
Non-monotonic chemical and O, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope zonations and heterogeneity in the mafic- to silicic-composition magma chamber of the Grizzly Peak Tuff, Colorado

Strong compositional zonation of the 34 Ma Grizzly Peak Tuff in west-central Colorado is attended by non-monotonic trends in O, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios. Fiamme from the tuff cluster in chemical compositions and petrographic characteristics, indicating the magma chamber was not continuously zoned but consisted of at least seven compositional layers. The most mafic magma erupted (57 wt% SiO2, fiamme group 7) had δ18O= +8.5, initial 87Sr/86Sr=0.7099, eNd, and 206Pb/204Pb=17.80, suggesting that the magma was produced by ∼50% fractional crystallization of basaltic magma that assimilated 20 to 40 wt% Proterozoic crust. Isotopic compositions of more evolved parts of the chamber (up to 77 wt% SiO2, fiamme group 1) depart from the mafic “base-level” composition of fiamme group 7, and reflect late-stage assimilation that occurred largely after compositional layering was established. δ18O values decrease by as much as 1.5‰ from fiamme groups 7 through 4, indicating assimilation of hydrothermally altered roof rocks. δ18O values abruptly inerease by up to 1.5‰ between fiamme groups 4 and 3. This discontinuity is interpreted to reflect evolution in an asymmetric chamber that had a split-level roof, allowing assimilation of wall rocks that varied vertically in degree of hydrothermal alteration. This chamber geometry is also supported by collapse structures in the caldera. Late-stage assimilation of heterogeneous wall rocks is also indicated by variations in Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios. Large Sr isotope disequilibrium exists between some phenocrysts and whole-rock fiamme, and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios in phenocrysts are as high as 0.7170. e values regularly increase from-13.0 in fiamme group 7 to-11.3 in fiamme group 3, and then decrease to-12.2 in fiamme group 1. 206Pb/204Pb ratios generally increase from 17.80 to 17.94 for fiamme groups 7 through 1. The rhyolitic parts of the Grizzly Peak Tuff have isotopic compositions that could be attributed to a purely crustal melt. It is unlikely, however, that the mafic parts of the tuff were generated by crustal melting, and the compositional and isotopic variations across the entire zonation of the tuff are best explained by fractional crystallization of mantle-derived magmas, accompanied by extensive assimilation of Proterozoic crust.
Entry of parainfluenza virus into cells as a target for interrupting childhood respiratory disease

Human parainfluenza viruses cause several serious respiratory diseases in children for which there is no effective prevention or therapy. Parainfluenza viruses initiate infection by binding to cell surface receptors and then, via coordinated action of the 2 viral surface glycoproteins, fuse directly with the cell membrane to release the viral replication machinery into the host cell's cytoplasm. During this process, the receptor-binding molecule must trigger the viral fusion protein to mediate fusion and entry of the virus into a cell. This review explores the binding and entry into cells of parainfluenza virus type 3, focusing on how the receptor-binding molecule triggers the fusion process. There are several steps during the process of binding, triggering, and fusion that are now understood at the molecular level, and each of these steps represents potential targets for interrupting infection.
Forced Convection in a Polygonal Duct With a Circular Core

The HI forced convection through a regular polygonal duct with a centered core is studied using eigenfunction expansions and point match. Accurate Nusselt numbers for the full range of core radii are presented.
Temporary lobulation in cartilagenous models of long bones.

Vascular patterns and the vertical zones of maturing cartilage cells are arranged in geometric radiations. This lobular arrangement reflects a distribution of cells and matrix of differing maturity; those cells and matrix closest to the collagenous wall of the vascularized canal are maintained in an immature state longer than those located toward the periphery of the lobule. This configuration suggests a relationship between the oxygenation of cartilage, its maturity, and its ossification. Arteries in the cartilage canal frequently are destined to become the arteries located within themarrow cavity of mature bones.
Time, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure-dependent surface reconstructions on SrTiO3(1 1 1): A systematic study of oxygen-rich conditions

Abstract The formation of surface reconstructions on the (1 1 1) surface of SrTiO 3 following Ar + ion bombardment and annealing in oxygen-rich (0.2 ⩽ p O 2 ⩽ 1.0) environments is systematically investigated using transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction. A series of air stable and highly reproducible reconstructions are observed whose periodicity depends on the combination of annealing time, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure. Approximate phase maps can be constructed for each annealing time investigated, and these reveal that for short annealing times (0.5 h) the periodicity of the observed reconstruction is a primarily function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the annealing environment while for long annealing times (10 h) the observed periodicity is primarily a function of the annealing temperature. For intermediate annealing times (5 h), three coexisting reconstructions are observed to exist on a single specimen.
Advanced Accelerator Test Facility (AATF) upgrade plan

The principles of wakefield acceleration employing structures (cavity, dielectric) and plasmas as wakefield devices have been successfully demonstrated using the AATF at Argonne National Laboratory. Due to the limited driver electron pulse intensity and relatively long pulse length, only modest accelerating gradients were observed. In order to study the wakefield effects in much greater detail and demonstrate the feasibility of a wakefield accelerator for high energy physics, construction of a laser photocathode injector on the existing 20-MeV Chem-Linac to produce very intense and short electron pulses is being considered. The laser photocathode design and computer simulation of its performance are described. The experiments performed using the upgraded facility are discussed. >
Specific Psychiatric Correlates of Acute Care Utilization among Unstably Housed HIV-Positive Adults

The role of specific psychiatric diagnoses in emergency department use and/or inpatient hospitalizations (acute care) has not been extensively examined among HIV-infected, unstably housed persons. A community-recruited sample of 284 HIV-infected, unstably housed adults completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. One-third of participants screened positive for major depression and stimulant use disorders. Sleeping on the street [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.21], major depression (AOR = 2.88) and stimulant use disorders (AOR = 4.45) were associated with greater odds of acute care use. Housing and effective treatment of depression and stimulant use disorders may decrease use of acute care services in this population.
A Reactive Ion Milling Process For Patterning Narrow Track Iron Nitride Recording Head Poles At The Wafer Level

A thin metal mask is desirable when defining narrow structures by ion milling. This article explores the definition of narrow high moment iron nitride inductive head pole structures by ion milling in Ar/O/sub 2/ and Ar/N/sub 2/ gas environments through a Ti mask. Modest ion milling selectivities between Ti and the iron nitrides (FeAlN and FeTaN) were achieved by ion milling in Ar/O/sub 2/, although the mill rate of the iron nitrides was reduced dramatically. Selectivities of over 4 were achieved by ion milling in Ar/N/sub 2/ ambient, without severely reducing the ion milling rates of the iron nitrides. Hence this reactive mill process is a viable method for defining narrow iron nitride poles by ion milling at the wafer level.
Sensitivity of hyperspectral classification algorithms to training sample size

Algorithms that exploit hyperspectral imagery often encounter problems related to the high dimensionality of the data, particularly when the amount of training data is limited. Recently, two algorithms were proposed to alleviate the small sample size problem - one is based on employing a Multi-Classifier Decision Fusion (MCDF) in the raw reflectance domain, and the other employed the MCDF framework in the Discrete Wavelet Transform domain (DWT-MCDF). This paper investigates the sensitivity of conventional single classifier based classification approaches, as well as MCDF and DWT-MCDF to variations in the amount of data employed for training the classification system. The hyperspectral data in this experiment was obtained using an airborne hyperspectral imager used by SpecTIR™. The results of the experimental analysis show that for the given application, the MCDF and DWT-MCDF algorithms are significantly less sensitive than the conventional algorithms to limited training data. PCA consistently results in overall accuracies of about 35%. LDA accuracies are very high, about 75%, when there is an abundance of training data - about 10X (i.e. number of training samples is 10 times the number of spectral bands); remains above 60% for training data abundances of 2X and higher; but dramatically decreases to ∼20% for abundances of 1X. MCDF results in accuracies ranging between 65% and 75% for training data abundance of 3X and higher, but the accuracies drop to ∼60% for 2X and ∼55% for 1X. DWT-MCDF results in high accuracies with the least sensitivity to training data abundance. Its accuracies range between ∼60–65% for abundances of 1X to 10X.
A conversation with Timothy Mo: A conversation with Timothy Mo

: Timothy Mo is author of six internationally acclaimed novels, The Monkey King (1978), Sour Sweet (1982), An Insular Possession (1986), The Redundancy of Courage (1991), Brownout on Breadfruit Boulevard (1995), Renegade or Halo2 (2000). His novels have received numerous accolades, among them the 1979 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for The Monkey King; the1982 Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist) for Sour Sweet; the 1982 Hawthornden Prize for Sour Sweet; the 1986 Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist) for An Insular Possession; the 1991 Booker Prize for Fiction (shortlist) for The Redundancy of Courage; the 1992 E. M. Forster Award; and in 1999 the James Tait Black Memorial Prize (for fiction) for Renegade or Halo2. Mo spoke on his work at City University, Hong Kong, on the occasion of the conference, Discourse and Creativity, in May 2009.
A Novel Splitting-Beam Laser Extensometer Technique for Kolsky Tension Bar Experiment

A modified laser occlusive extensometer technique was developed to measure the specimen strain with reasonably high and tunable resolutions in Kolsky tension bar experiments. This new technique used a novel concept where a laser beam was split into two independent sections to track the displacement histories of the incident and transmission bar ends, respectively, with independent resolutions. This technique ensures highly precise small strain measurements without sacrificing the capacity for large strain measurement. The uncertainty caused by rigid body motion of the specimen during dynamic strain measurement, which is induced by slight variation of laser intensity along the gage length, was also minimized in this technique. The validation test on Vascomax® maraging C250 alloy demonstrated that the new technique was capable of making both small and large strain measurements in Kolsky tension bar experiments, which is also applicable to Kolsky compression bar experiments.
Current modalities for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: Implications for nurses

Background Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a significant health problem in the United States as more than 1 million people are afflicted and the prevalence is only expected to increase. Given that AAA rupture carries a high mortality rate, there is interest in repairing the aneurysm electively before aneurysm rupture. Two approaches to aneurysm repair are open repair and endovascular repair. However, limited data comparing the outcomes of these different methods exist. Objective A systematic review of recent clinical trials was conducted to identify and compare the short- and long-term clinical outcomes between open and endovascular repair. Methods Prospective, controlled trials published in the last 5 years were acquired using PubMed, Ovid, and Scopus databases. Results Four studies were identified during the search. Study trends suggest a perioperative advantage using endovascular repair. However, this advantage does not appear to be maintained in the long term. Conclusions Each type of repair carries its own risk profile that is likely influenced by additional factors, such as the patient's age and comorbidities. It is critical that healthcare providers are aware of the risks associated with each approach in order to provide optimal patient care.
Pharmacology of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A.

PURPOSE: An historical perspective on the discovery and development of botulinum neurotoxin for commercial use, the differences between various botulinum toxin serotypes and commercially available products, and the structure, mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, and immunogenicity of botulinum toxin type A are discussed. SUMMARY: Botulinum toxin was discovered several centuries ago, but its medical uses have only recently been explored. There are several botulinum toxin serotypes that differ in composition and molecular weight. The protein component of the macromolecular structure that has pharmacologic activity requires enzymatic activation, and the required enzyme varies by serotype. All serotypes interfere with muscle contraction by inhibiting acetylcholine release into the synaptic space at the neuromuscular junction, although the intracellular target varies by serotype. An antinociceptive effect may be mediated by a similar mechanism involving inhibition of pain mediator release. The effects of botulinum toxin usually are only temporary because collateral axonal sprouts that can release acetylcholine develop. The protein load and immunogenicity vary among the commercially available botulinum toxin products. The smallest protein load and longest dosing interval should be used to minimize resistance. Alternating among different serotypes is not an effective strategy for preventing or overcoming resistance because cross-resistance can occur. CONCLUSION: All botulinum toxin serotypes and products cause temporary muscle paralysis, yet vary in important ways that may affect their clinical use.
Cardiac Mortality in Children and Adolescents with Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of cardiac death in pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) survivors and identify high-risk groups that may need additional surveillance. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program database was queried to analyze the rates of radiation therapy (RT) use and cardiac-specific mortality (CSM) in HL patients, aged 0–21 years, treated from 1973 to 2007. Primary endpoint was cardiac mortality. Results: A total of 6552 patients were included. Median follow-up was 12 years (range, 0–40). Median age at diagnosis was 17 years (range, 0–21). The majority were white (85.5%), from western states (41.2%), had nodular sclerosis HL (73.2%), presented with stage I or II disease (51.5%), and received RT (56.1%). Death from cardiac disease occurred in 114 patients (9.2% of all deaths). CSM for the entire cohort at 10-, 20-, and 30-year time points was 0.3%, 1.6%, and 5.0%, respectively. Median age at the time of cardiac death was 39 years (range, 18–...
New Species of Ribes (Grossulariaceae) from South America

Two new Andean species from Ecua- dor and Colombia are described in the genus Ribes. Ribes erectum is a shrubby species characterized by elliptic and mostly unlobed leaves, sessile glands, erect inflorescences, cup-shaped flowers, and ova- ries with only sessile glands. Ribes austroecuador- ense is characterized by ovate and 3-lobed to 3- cleft leaves, erect inflorescences, cup-shaped flow- ers, and pubescent ovaries. Both species are illus- trated and discussed in a systematic context. RESUMEN. Se describen dos especies nuevas an- dinas del g6nero cosmopolita Ribes provenientes de Ecuador y Colombia. Ribes erectum es una especie arbustiva que se caracteriza por sus hojas elfpticas y enteras, glhndulas sisiles, inflorescencias erectas, flores cupuliformes y ovario inicamente con glin- dulas sisiles. Ribes austroecuadorense se caracter- iza por sus hojas ovadas y 3-lobadas a 3-divididas, inflorescencias erectas, flores cupuliformes y ova- rios densamente pubescentes. Ambas especies son ilustradas y discutidas en un contexto sistemitico. The genus Ribes includes seven subgenera and 150 species (Janczewski, 1907; Valsecchi, 1977). During work on the Saxifragaceae for the Flora of Ecuador (Freire-Fierro, in prep.), at least two new species were discovered. Ribes erectum and Ribes austroecuadorense belong to the subgenus Parrilla, which comprises representatives with functionally dioecious flowers arranged in pendulous or erect inflorescences. Ribes subg. Parrilla is most diverse in the Neotropics and includes approximately 45 species that occur in the Andean highlands at 2750 to 4267 m. While R. austroecuadorense is endemic to the south of Ecuador, R. erectum also occurs in Colombia.
Preferences of Patients With Parkinson’s Disease for Communication About Advanced Care Planning

Background:Despite shortening life, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is often not considered “terminal.” Uncertainty exists about when to discuss end-of-life planning.Methods:A survey was sent to patients with PD assessing attitudes toward the timing and initiation of discussions regarding their disease. Data were analyzed for patient preferences regarding communication.Results:Of 585 surveys, 267 were returned. Ninety-four percent of patients wanted prognosis and treatment information early. Half of the patients wanted to discuss advanced care documents early. Some wanted early discussions about end-of-life care planning (27%) or end-of-life care options such as hospice (21%). The majority felt shared responsibility for initiating discussions about life expectancy, advance care documents, and end-of-life care planning.Conclusions:Preferences regarding end-of-life discussions vary. Consequently, neurologists should ask patients about their preferences for this information and offer discussion periodically.
Influence on the European Corn Borer of Nosema pyrausta and Resistance in Maize to Leaf Feeding

The interaction between the protozoan parasite Nosema pyrausta Paillot and maize that was susceptible, intermediate in resistance, and resistant to leaf feeding by the European corn borer Ostrinia nubialis (Hubner) (inbred lines WF9, W22, and Oh43, respectively) was evaluated by artificially infesting plants with corn borer egg masses infected or uninfected with N. pyrausta . Both N. pyrausta and resistance factors reduced the number of larvae/plant, and the interaction of host plant resistance × N. pyrausta reduced populations significantly in 2 of 3 yr. Also, both N. pyrausta and resistance contributed to a reduction in the weight of the larvae. The incidence and degree of infection were dependent only on N. pyrausta (egg mass source); resistance had no effect. A wide distribution of N. pyrausta could have an impact on natural populations of corn borers.
Short-Pulse Carbon Dioxide Laser Resurfacing in the Treatment of Rhytides and Scars - A Clinical and Histopathological Study

background. Previous studies have shown the efficacy of short-pulse carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers in the treatment of rhytides and scars. To date, there have been few studies examining the histological aspects of these treatments. objective. The purpose of this study was to perform a prospective clinical and histopathological study of CO2 laser resurfacing for improvement of facial rhytides and scars. methods. A total of 23 patients were studied. Clinical improvement was evaluated both pre- and postoperatively using photographs and optical profilometry. Skin biopsies of rhytides were also obtained. results. Postoperatively, rhytides and scars both demonstrated significant increases in clinical improvement scores. Results from optical profilometry studies reflected these results. Skin biopsies from rhytides posttreatment demonstrated increases in collagen layer thickness. Improvement was sustained as late as 1 year following treatment. conclusions. Histopathological studies suggest improvement of rhytides and scars by CO2 laser resurfacing may be attributed to new collagen formation following treatment.
Improvement and optimization of titanium alloys countersink drill

After an in-depth study on material characteristic and cutting capability of titanium alloy.Some improvements and optimization methods are suggested to solve the typical problems of titanium alloys countersink,which have been proved by some validation tests great contributing to the machining efficiency of a kind of titanium alloy component in a certain national key project and provided basic theories for the research and design of other titanium alloys cutting tools.
Case 84: Rusty Material in an Oxygen Flowmeter

You are visiting a very good friend who is also an anesthesiologist. He lives in a part of the world where there is a yearly heavy rainfall. Your friend is on call and of course he gets called in. You accompany him to do a case late in the afternoon.
Churchill’s Realignment

Eden continued to try and produce a coherent direction for British foreign policy that would protect Britain’s national interests. Part of this policy was to restore France to a position of strength within Europe and therefore, by association, re-establish the French Empire. Paris had been liberated in 1944 and the de Gaulle administration had been recognised by the Allies as the legitimate Provisional Government of France in October 1944. It was intended for France to be rejuvenated as a Great Power. France was already a member of the Allied European Advisory Commission. The Allies had by now agreed that France would also administer one of the post-war occupation zones within Germany. Similarly, France would have to hold one permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. Therefore it appeared logical to Eden that de Gaulle should attend the forthcoming Allied conference at Yalta in February 1945. Yet Churchill remained sceptical about post-war planning issues. He believed that too much effort could be expended in this direction. Churchill considered it appropriate to delay planning until the cold light of day of the post-war world had finally dawned.1
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism

Abstract In this chapter, common genetic polymorphisms affecting pharmacokinetics via effects on drug metabolism are outlined, and their clinical relevance is discussed. The goal of effective and safe therapy of many drugs is made difficult by large interpatient variability in response and toxicity, and this problem is a substantial burden for patients, their caretakers, and the health-care system. For many drugs, the response to chronic administration is determined by the area under the plasma concentration time curve, during a dosing interval at steady state, a measure of drug exposure. An increasing number of drug-metabolizing enzymes have been shown to result in large pharmacokinetic changes through a variety of different mechanisms. Drugs that are most affected are those that have a dominant route of clearance by a genetically polymorphic enzyme. The effects of such pharmacokinetic changes are most important in settings where clinically important pharmacodynamic change ensues. Pharmacogenetic tests that are most valuable are those for specific drugs for which the prediction of activity or adverse effects is important and difficult to anticipate given our current clinical tools and technologic capability. Although data from a variety of platforms documenting a wide range of genetic variability are being accumulated rapidly and clinical genetic tests have been recommended or implemented for drugs such as mercaptopurine, azathioprine, clopidogrel, warfarin, and irinotecan, there is still a great need for well-designed, prospective clinical trials that test pharmacogenetic approaches versus standard practice.