cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and Electrochemical Comparison of NiII in an N2S2 Plane with Two, One and No Axial Ligands: Isolation and Characterization of a Five‐Coordinate Nickel(II) Complex

Addition of two equivalents of benzyl bromide to [N,N′-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctane]nickel(II) (Ni-1) produced the green dibenzyl dithioether complex [Ni-1-Bzl2Br2] structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography as a six-coordinate octahedral complex in a monoclinic crystal system and the P21/c space group. Benzylation of the methyl thioether/thiolate [(Ni-1-Me)+I– yielded the mixed benzyl/methyl dithioether [(Ni-1-BzlMe)Br]I, structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography as a five-coordinate square pyramidal nickel(II) complex with a Ni–Br distance of 2.451 A. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmca space group. The latter is the first nickel(II) pentacoordinate complex isolated for the N,N′-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-1,5-diazacyclooctane (daco) ligand. Structural comparison of these two complexes with the square-planar dimethyl compound [Ni-1-Me2]I2 found an expansion of the N2S2 plane upon addition of axial ligands. The five-coordinate nickel complex showed a displacement of the Ni ion from the N2S2 plane by 0.43 A toward the axial bromide ligand, a common observation of pentacoordinate complexes of this ligand with metals such as Zn and Fe. Electrochemical studies as well as the X-ray crystal structures for complex [Ni-1-Bzl2Br2] and [(Ni-1-BzlMe)Br]I are presented and discussed in detail.
Variation in frequencies of confined longitudinal-optical phonon modes due to changes in the effective force constants near heterojunction interfaces

Abstract A linear-chain model with variable force constants for the couplings at heterojunctions is used to calculate the spectrum of confined longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon frequencies in a short-period strained-layer superlattice. Even for the case of a superlattice with only two atomic monolayers in each superlattice layer, it is demonstrated that the frequencies of confined LO-phonon modes are only weakly dependent on variations in interfacial force constants.
Seasonal water use patterns of Juniperus ashei on the Edwards Plateau, Texas, based on stable isotopes in water

Summary Naturally occurring stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were used to determine the seasonal water sources of Juniperus ashei and its relationship with soil water content on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas, Honey Creek State Natural Area. The patchy nature of juniper stands rooting in the thin soils over karstified carbonate bedrock imparts large spatial heterogeneity in soil water content and isotopic composition largely by differential shading, but also by canopy interception. There is a seasonal decrease in the oxygen isotope composition of juniper xylem water by ∼2‰ during the transition from hot, dry summer conditions to the cool, moist winter. Prior to this shift, the xylem water isotope composition is similar to local springs, presumed to represent local groundwater; after this shift, the xylem water composition is similar to soil water below 10 cm. These results suggest a change in juniper water use from a dominantly deep water source during the summer to a dominantly soil source during the winter over the study period, but the timing of this transition will likely vary from year to year.
Seismic criteria for older plants: An illustration of decision analysis

Abstract This note shows how elementary decision theory can formally quantify the belief that older plants need not be reinforced to the same levels of seismic conservatism used in new plants.
Magnetic behavior of tetrahedral Cr4+ compounds: Sr2CrO4, Ba2CrO4, and Ba3CrO5

Abstract The preparation of the compounds Sr 2 CrO 4 , Ba 2 CrO 4 , and Ba 3 CrO 5 is described. The characterization of these three Cr 4+ compounds by X-ray and magnetic susceptibility experiments has been conducted. The magnetic moments for Sr 2 CrO 4 , Ba 2 CrO 4 , and Ba 3 CrO 5 were determined to be in good agreement with the calculated value expected for a tetrahedral Cr 4+ ion. Weak antiferromagnetic ordering for all three compounds is indicated from the small paramagnetic Weiss constants determined from the susceptibility data in the temperature region 80–300 K. Distortions of the tetrahedra from ideality, as determined from the structural features, further cause a reduction in the magnetic moments from the theoretical values.
The Evolution of Jealousy

effects of emotion on cognitive processes, social influences on emotional reactivity and specif ic emotions?particularly jeal ousy, embarrassment and humor. Address: Department of Psychology-0109, UCSD, La folia, CA 92093-0109. Internet: charris@ucsd.edu Love wasn't the only thing in the air on Valentine's Day 2003. A Texas jury had jus found C. Harris guilty of killing her husband in a "sudden passion." After encountering him at a hotel with a mistress, she had driven the car over his body again and again. As oth ers were exchanging tokens of love, the "Mer cedes murderer" was sentenced to spend 20 years in jail. Clara Harris was hardly the first woman to stand accused of murdering in a jealous rage. In various studies, jealousy is often ranked among the top three motives for nonaccidental homicides where motive is known?along with rage arising from a quarrel and murder during the commission of a crime. Across the ages the confounding power of sexual jeal ousy has inspired poetry, novels, drama, art and opera. It has also captured the attention of psychologists, who have used a variety of the oretical approaches in their pursuit of scien tific understanding. Early work focused on Freudian interpreta tions, the influence of which can still be seen in the psychiatric literature. As in other domains of psychology, however, recent research has followed a rather different direction. For some
The effect of thiouracil on the rate of tobacco mosaic virus biosynthesis.

Summary o 1. Low concentrations of thiouracil inhibit the rate of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) biosynthesis in isolated sterile disks of tobacco leaf tissue under continuous illumination and supply of nutrient. No virus is formed for 220 hr. after inoculation if the thiouracil concentration is 4×10−5M or greater. 2. The inhibitory effect of thiouracil is partially reversed by the simultaneous presence of an excess of uracil. 3. Inhibitory concentrations of thiouracil cause parallel reduction in the amount of TMV which can be isolated from the tissue, and in the infectivity of tissue extracts. 4. On the basis of the infectivity and electrophoretic mobility of TMV formed in the presence of partially inhibitory concentrations of thiouracil, the inhibitor appears to have no effect on the properties of the virus.
Insight in seasonal affective disorder

Lack of insight complicates the evaluation and treatment of patients with psychotic and affective disorders. No studies of insight in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) have been reported. Thirty patients with SAD diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R but no other axis I conditions were treated short-term with light-therapy. Insight was measured with the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) as modified by the authors to assess the self-report of insight into depressive symptoms. Increasing scores (1 to 5) indicated increasing unawareness of illness (i.e., less insight). SAD patients displayed a moderate amount of insight when depressed (mean SUMD score, 2.5). When recovered, they showed no significant change in insight into past depressive symptoms (mean SUMD score, 2.8). Greater insight into current depressive symptoms correlated with more depressive symptoms on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score ([HRSD] r = .35, P < .05). In conclusion, SAD patients possess a moderate amount of insight into depressive symptoms that does not change after recovery, a result in agreement with studies of insight in psychosis and mania. Further, in SAD, increased severity of illness may be associated with increased insight into depressive symptoms, consistent with the hypothesis of depressive realism.
The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-Short Form: Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure

We developed a 12-item, short form of the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) across 6 studies. In Study 1, we examined the reliability and factor structure of the measure. In Studies 2 and 3, we cross-validated the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the short form measure; whereas in Study 4, we examined test-retest reliability over a 1-month period. In Studies 5 and 6, we further assessed the reliability, factor structure, and validity of the short version of the ECR when administered as a stand-alone instrument. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that 2 factors, labeled Anxiety and Avoidance, provided a good fit to the data after removing the influence of response sets. We found validity to be equivalent for the short and the original versions of the ECR across studies. Finally, the results were comparable when we embedded the short form within the original version of the ECR and when we administered it as a stand-alone measure.
The appeal to the christian tradition in the debate about embryonic stem cell research

Abstract This paper focuses on an argument that has been invoked in the stem cell debate: appeal to the Christian tradition. Bishop Richard Harries has put forward the claim that the Christian tradition offers precedent that would give ethical justification for experimenting on human embryos. In contrast, Pope John Paul II claimed that the tradition unwaveringly supported the protection of the human embryo from deliberate harm. In favour of Pope John Paul's reading of the Christian tradition is the fact that Christianity was notable from the outset for its wholehearted opposition to abortion. Bishop Harries can point to three elements in the tradition that seem to qualify the absolute prohibition on abortion: (1) variable penalties for abortion; (2) belief in delayed ensoulment; and (3) abortion to save the mother's life. Nevertheless, detailed consideration of the tradition shows that these apparent qualifications do not provide precedent for destructive experiments on human embryos.
The Neutral in a Communication Network Under Conditions of Conflict

Two laboratory experiments are reported which describe the effects of the presence of a neutral in a communication network during the resolution of differences of opinion between two persons. The presence of a neutral was found to be associated with increased resistance to persuasion, increased number of messages between parties, and increased perception of difficulty in resolving the conflict. It was proposed that the neutral sustains conflict by prematurely rendering public the positions of the parties involved. Member tenure and power were found to be positively associated, suggesting that open groups in contrast to closed groups more readily incur conflict.
Monopoly rationing revisited

Abstract This paper establishes that, whenever a simple pricing strategy fails to attain to the rationing outcome, a more complex pure price strategy may yet do so. It is also shown that rising marginal cost with uncertain demand may make rationing beneficial.
The diffusion of hydrogen at low temperatures in PdErH ternary solutions

An electrolytic technique has been used to measure the temperature variation of the diffusivity of hydrogen in Pd-Er solid solutions containing up to 8 at.% Er. The diffusivities were measured in the temperature range 270-340K. The diffusion data for a given Pd-Er binary solvent conform to the Arrhenius representation. However the apparent activation energies Q[sub a] exhibit a non-linear variation wit Er content. The Q[sub a] values show an initial increase with Er content and then a decrease after a maximum at [approximately]5 at. % Er. This behavior has been interpreted in terms of a statistical model based upon classical jump theory.
Developing a dynamic model to predict the recruitment and early survival of black willow (Salix nigra) in response to different hydrologic conditions

Abstract Disruption of the natural flood regime in floodplain-river ecosystems can decrease plant diversity and lead to dominance by one or a few species that can tolerate the altered conditions. Restoration of native plant communities requires naturalization of the flood regime, to prevent dominance by one species and to promote germination and growth of a variety of native species. Black willow (Salix nigra), cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum) are native, flood-tolerant trees that often form monocultures and shade out moist-soil plants (e.g., millets) in waterfowl management areas and restoration sites on floodplains along the Illinois River and some portions of the Upper Mississippi River. Since the moist-soil plants provide ecological goods and services that are not provided by pioneering tree species alone, such as food for migratory waterfowl, wetland managers try to limit recruitment of these pioneering tree species with herbicides, disking and mowing. Other natural resource managers value the same species for reducing bank erosion or as potential sources of rapidly growing biomass for generation of electricity. From either perspective, it is important to identify characteristics of flooding regimes that might encourage these tree species or keep them in check. We developed a dynamic simulation model to predict the recruitment and seedling growth of one of these pioneering trees (black willow, Salix nigra) in response to flood timing and duration over three growing seasons following germination. Tree germination and survival respond to capillary water depth, flood duration, length of growing season and timing of seed dispersal. The model was tested over a range of elevations (132.3–132.9 m) that were observed on aerial photos as the tree line in the vicinity of River Km 201 along the Illinois River. The model was validated to the extent that it simulated establishment of black willow at the elevation of the observed tree line and variability of seedling growth in response to the flooding regime (i.e., poor or no survival or growth at elevations below the tree line where floods were longer-lasting and more frequent). Although more experimental or field-based information on seedling physiology should be gathered to refine the model, the prototype model is useful for exploring effects of alternative water level regimes. The model provides a framework for simulating any pioneering tree species that colonizes floodplains, if the required species-specific physiological information is available.
The evaluational consequences of topic reciprocity and self‐disclosure reciprocity

Although numerous studies have examined the evaluative consequences of topic‐ or self‐disclosure reciprocity, none has examined the combined consequences of topic‐and self‐disclosure reciprocity. This study focuses on the combined evaluative consequences. It was hypothesized that messages which reciprocated both topic and intimacy would be more positively evaluated than messages which reciprocated only topic or intimacy. In turn, messages which reciprocated only topic or intimacy would be more positively evaluated than those reciprocating neither. An experimental study supported the hypothesis for initial low intimacy messages, and partially supported it for initial high intimacy messages. The results are examined in terms of competing interactional goals in a self‐disclosure context.
Organizational Life Cycles and Shifting Criteria of Effectiveness: Some Preliminary Evidence

This paper discusses the relationships between stage of development in organizational life cycles and organizational effectiveness. We begin the paper by reviewing nine models of organizational life cycles that have been proposed in the literature. Each of these models identifies certain characteristics that typify organizations in different stages of development. A summary model of life cycle stages is derived that integrates each of these nine models. Next, a framework of organizational effectiveness developed by Quinn and Rohrbaugh is introduced. This framework organizes criteria of effectiveness into four models-rational goal, open systems, human relations, and internal processes models. We hypothesize that certain of the models are important in evaluating the effectiveness of organizations in particular life cycle stages but not in others. The analysis of a state agency's development over five years provides some evidence to support these hypothesized relationships between life cycle stages and criteria of effectiveness. We conclude that major criteria of effectiveness change in predictable ways as organizations develop through their life cycles. Some shifts in state of development are resisted by the organization much more than are others, and intervention into organizations may be needed to help make the transitions less painful and costly. We also discuss why the predictions of contingency theory often are not substantiated by research because the responses of organizations to the external environment vary in different life cycle stages.
Facilitating effects of pre- and posttrial amphetamine administration on discrimination learning in mice.

Two experiments investigated the effects ofd-amphetamine on food-rewarded visual discrimination learning in mice. The findings of Experiment 1 indicate that degree of facilitation learning obtained with posttrial i.p. injections varied with dose: Facilitation was obtained with doses ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 mg/kg, but not with a higher dose (2.5 mg/kg). The findings of Experiment 2 indicate that degree of facilitation varies with time of administration. With two doses (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg) facilitation was obtained with injections given up to 30 minutes before training or immediately after daily training. No significant effect was obtained with injection given 15 minutes after training. The findings are interpreted as providing further support for the view that amphetamine facilitates learning by affecting time-dependent memory storage processes.
Relationship between matrix pencil and state space based harmonic retrieval methods

The author studies the relationship between a state-space approach and the matrix-pencil method for the problem of estimating the parameters of damped and undamped sinusoids. It is shown that the methods are very similar in the exact data case and have minor difference in implementation in the noisy data case. >
Defining Akt actions in muscle differentiation

Muscle development in childhood and muscle regeneration in adults are highly regulated processes that are necessary for reaching and maintaining optimal muscle mass and strength throughout life. Muscle repair after injury relies on stem cells, termed satellite cells, whose activity is controlled by complex signals mediated by cell-cell contact, by growth factors, and by hormones, which interact with genetic programs controlled by myogenic transcription factors. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play key roles in muscle development and help coordinate muscle repair after injury, primarily by stimulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Akt kinase activity is critical for optimal muscle growth and regeneration. Here we find that of the two Akts expressed in muscle, Akt1 is essential for initiation of differentiation in culture and is required for normal myoblast motility, while Akt2 is dispensable. Although Akt2 deficiency did lead to diminished myotube maturation, as assessed by a decline in myofiber area and in fusion index, either Akt1 or Akt2 could restore these processes toward normal. Thus levels of Akt expression rather than distinct actions of individual Akt species are critical for normal myofiber development during the later stages of muscle differentiation.
The action of some CNS and local anesthetic drugs on the stimulated glycolysis of frog sartorius muscle.

Abstract An attempt was made to determine if a correlation exists between the psychotomimetic action of certain synthetic anticholinergics and their ability to antagonize the stimulated glycolysis of frog sartorius muscles incubated in either Ca-free EDTA or high-K Ringer's solution. This was accomplished by testing various CNS drugs, including the structurally related psychotomimetic PMCG (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidyl methyl cyclopentylphenyl glycolate HC1) and nonpsychotomimetics PPG (N-phenethyl-3-piperidylbenzilate HC1) and piperidolate. Several of the drugs tested antagonized the stimulated, but not the unstimulated, component of glycolysis at concentrations of 10 −6 –10 −4 M. No correlation was found between the psychotomimetic or other pharmacologic actions of the drugs tested and inhibition of the stimulated glycolysis. However, most of the drugs producing the greatest antagonism of stimulated glycolysis are known local anesthetics and it is concluded that the antagonism of the stimulated glycolysis by these drugs is most likely related to a nonspecific local anesthetic action.
Brightness induction and suprathreshold vision: effects of age and visual field

A variety of visual capacities show significant age-related alterations. We assessed suprathreshold contrast and brightness perception across the lifespan in a large sample of healthy participants (N=155; 142) ranging in age from 16 to 80 years. Experiment 1 used a quadrature-phase motion cancelation technique (Blakeslee & McCourt, 2008) to measure canceling contrast (in central vision) for induced gratings at two temporal frequencies (1 Hz and 4 Hz) at two test field heights (0.5° or 2°×38.7°; 0.052 c/d). There was a significant age-related reduction in canceling contrast at 4 Hz, but not at 1 Hz. We find no age-related change in induction magnitude in the 1 Hz condition. We interpret the age-related decline in grating induction magnitude at 4 Hz to reflect a diminished capacity for inhibitory processing at higher temporal frequencies. In Experiment 2 participants adjusted the contrast of a matching grating (0.5° or 2°×38.7°; 0.052 c/d) to equal that of both real (30% contrast, 0.052 c/d) and induced (McCourt, 1982) standard gratings (100% inducing grating contrast; 0.052 c/d). Matching gratings appeared in the upper visual field (UVF) and test gratings appeared in the lower visual field (LVF), and vice versa, at eccentricities of ±7.5°. Average induction magnitude was invariant with age for both test field heights. There was a significant age-related reduction in perceived contrast of stimuli in the LVF versus UVF for both real and induced gratings.
Validation of incorporating flurbiprofen into the Pittsburgh cocktail.

Background We have previously shown that flurbiprofen metabolism to 4′-hydroxyflurbiprofen provides an in vivo measure of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity. This study evaluated the possibility of incorporating flurbiprofen into the current 5-drug Pittsburgh cocktail. Methods In a randomized, 3-way, Latin-square, crossover-design study, 24 healthy subjects (mean age [±SD], 47.8 ± 15.1 years) received flurbiprofen (50 mg) and the Pittsburgh 5-drug cocktail (100 mg caffeine, 100 mg mephenytoin, 10 mg debrisoquin [INN, debrisoquine], 250 mg chlorzoxazone, and 100 mg dapsone) separately and in combination on 3 occasions over a period of 5 weeks. Urine was collected from 0 to 8 hours, and plasma was obtained at 4 and 8 hours after drug administration. Parent drug and metabolite concentrations were measured to determine phenotypic indices for each of the metabolizing enzymes. Results The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence interval of the phenotypic indices were included within the 80% to 125% bioequivalence range for each of the probe drugs. There were no statistically significant differences between the phenotypic indices determined after administration of the 5-drug and 6-drug cocktails. However, there was a small but statistically significant increase (7.5%, P = .03) in the 8-hour urinary flurbiprofen recovery ratio after administration of the 6-drug cocktail compared with that after administration of flurbiprofen alone. The 6-drug cocktail was well tolerated. Conclusion The results of this study show that caffeine (CYP1A2), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1), dapsone (N-acetyltransferase 2), debrisoquin (CYP2D6), flurbiprofen (CYP2C9), and mephenytoin (CYP2C19) can be simultaneously administered in low doses without metabolic interaction. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2006) 80, 257–263; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.06.005
Force control and disease severity in Parkinson's disease

Several measures of isometric contractions reflect motor impairments in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD), including long relaxation times and greater power in the 5 to 15 Hz electromyographic (EMG) bandwidth during the holding phase of contractions compared to those measures in healthy subjects. We sought to determine whether the impairments observed in subjects with PD in the performance of isometric contractions reflect disease severity. Twenty-eight subjects with PD performed isometric contractions at a torque level equal to 50% of the torque generated during a maximum voluntary contraction while off medication. Subjects were instructed to reach the target torque as fast as possible upon hearing the auditory "go" signal and to relax their muscles when a second auditory cue signaled the end of the hold phase. There was a significant positive correlation between torque relaxation time and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-Motor score. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the proportion of power in the 5 to 15 Hz frequency bin of the agonist EMG signal and UPDRS-Motor score, and a significant negative correlation between the proportion of power in the 15 to 30 Hz frequency bin and UPDRS-Motor score. These measures provide objective quantification of the severity of motor impairment that can be used to investigate the efficacy of different interventions in individuals with PD.
Comic books and graphic novels for libraries: What to buy

Abstract Comic books and libraries do not seem to get along, at least not in North American libraries. Aside from a few dozen specialized, noncirculating research collections, retrospective comic book holdings remain virtually unknown as a library resource.1 Browsing collections of current comic books are equally rare in public, school, and college libraries. In a 1984 article, comic book bibliographer Randall Scott observed, “In most communities, if you want to read or refer to a comic book, you have to buy it.” Librarian Doug Highsmith concurred, writing in 1992 that public libraries carrying the latest issues of popular comics titles are “still the exception rather than the rule.” Both statements remain fundamentally true today.
Differential laser-induced perturbation Raman spectroscopy: a comparison with Raman spectroscopy for analysis and classification of amino acids and dipeptides

Differential-laser induced perturbation spectroscopy (DLIPS) is a new spectral analysis technique for classification and identification, with key potential applications for analysis of complex biomolecular systems. DLIPS takes advantage of the complex ultraviolet (UV) laser–material interactions based on difference spectroscopy by coupling low intensity UV laser perturbation with a traditional spectroscopy probe. Here, we quantify the DLIPS performance using a Raman scattering probe in classification of basic constituents of collagenous tissues, namely, the amino acids glycine, L-proline, and L-alanine, and the dipeptides glycine–glycine, glycine–alanine and glycine–proline and compare the performance to a traditional Raman spectroscopy probe via several multivariate analyses. We find that the DLIPS approach yields an ~40% improvement in discrimination among these tissue building blocks. The effects of the 193-nm perturbation laser are further examined by assessing the photodestruction of targeted material molecular bonds. The DLIPS method with a Raman probe holds promise for future tissue diagnosis, either as a stand-alone technique or as part of an orthogonal biosensing scheme.
The Arts, Social Health, and the Development of Cultural Indicators

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between the arts and the growing research literature on social indicators in the United States. Building upon research and theory that identifies the need for indicators of “social health” that are broader than traditional measures of economic well‐being, this paper suggests that the arts are particularly useful terrain for conceptually extending quality of life research. After illustrating the broad range of thinkers who have argued that arts benefit society, the paper provides an overview of the various forms of arts data that are currently collected. Focusing on recent efforts to evaluate the quality of life within local communities and recent research on arts education, the paper suggests that scholars need to focus on building a clearer framework that connects arts data with the broader arguments about the social contribution of the arts. The paper concludes by identifying diversity, creativity, community, and participation as examples of concepts that ca...
Still “Learning Something of Legislation”: The Judiciary in the History of Labor Law

In the contemporary debate over the law's influence on the prospects of American labor, it seems to me that the naysayers have it. Labor lawyers will tell you that legal hostility to workers' collective action has for years sapped labor's strength,' and legal scholars agree;2 federal labor law bans outright many forms of collective action and makes union organizing enormously difficult. The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), an elaborate legal regime that was supposed to protect the working class from the vicissi-
Post-growth annealing of CdS crystals grown by physical vapor transport

Abstract In this study, the photoluminescent and electric properties of as-grown CdS crystals and the effects observed after post-growth annealing in a cadmium, sulphur, and selenium overpressure were investigated. Bulk CdS crystals were grown by physical vapor transport (PVT) from high-purity starting materials, and two types of as-grown crystals, one "dark" and the other "clear" were obtained both having a medium resistivity of 106-108 l)-cm. The "dark"-type crystals are cadmium rich, as evidenced by an emission peak centered around 2.07 eV, which may be attributed to sulphur vacancies, while in the "clear" crystals, this emission is less pronounced. Heat treatment under a cadmium-vapor atmosphere has the effect of decreasing the resistivity by approximately 5 orders of magnitude, while sulphur annealing at 500°C, increases the resistivity of the as-grown crystals by 4 orders of magnitude and creates a new emission peak centered around 620 nm (2 eV). 1. Introduction Cadmium sulphide (CdS) is an important and useful material for optoelectronic applications. The growth of CdS by physical vapor transport (PVT) has been intensively studied for many years [1-3]. A relatively high concentration of defects resulting from the high growth temperature required by previous methods led to a low reproducibility of the results. Recently, a modification of the PVT method was * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 615 329 8634; E-mail: aburger@dubois.fisk.edu. I Present address: Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama, USA. reported [4] which produces, at lower growth temper- atures, large crystals having both low dislocation density and second-phase inclusion density. Undoped CdS is always n-type, and the photoluminescent (PL) properties of CdS crystals were extensively studied in the past with respect to its conversion type. Most of the PL properties were studied in the context of intentionally doped crystals [5-7]. Other authors found [8-10] that post-growth heat and illumination treatments affect the general features of their lumi- nescence spectra. CdS, a good model material for the investigation of optical and electronic properties at high pressure, became the focus of several studies [11,12], and renewed interest has been triggered by recent reports on the development of electron-beam- pumped devices [13,14]. 0022-0248/96/$15.00 Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Clinical Experience with the Use of Aortic Valve Homografts for Reconstruction of the Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Valve, and Outflow Portion of the Right Ventricle

Four patients with ventricular septal defect, infundibular right ventricular obstruction, and associated abnormalities of the pulmonary valve or main pulmonary artery have been treated by a combination of ventricular septal defect closure, infundibular myomectomy, and insertion of an aortic homograft into the pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary valvular competence has been restored in all four cases. A single fatality has resulted, and was associated with bacterial destruction of the homograft. The hemodynamics of pulmonary valvular insufficiency are discussed, and indications for homograft replacement of the pulmonary valve are outlined.
Effects of Auxin and Abscisic Acid on Adventitious Gametophyte Formation by Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw.

Summary The inhibition of adventitious gametophyte formation in nonmeristematic, haploid explants of Anemia phyllitidis by abscisic acid (ABA), can be enhanced through the simultaneous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).It appears that auxin may regulate ABA activity and that these substances may interact to maintain the normal form of an intact gametophyte.However, if the apical meristematic zone of the gametophyte is excised, IAA, in the absence of exogenous ABA, has no inhibitory effects on adventitious gametophyte formation.This suggests that ABA synthesis is not mediated through IAA in these segments.
Synthesis and Solution Structure of Palladium Tris(o-tolyl)phosphine Mono(amine) Complexes

The complex(es) resulting from a 1:4 mixture of Pd2(DBA)3 and P(o-tol)3 react with aryl bromides or aryl iodides p-XC6H4R (X = Br, I; R = Me, t-Bu, OMe) to generate the corresponding halide dimers {Pd[P(o-tol)3](p-C6H4R)(μ-X)}2 (X = Br, R = t-Bu (1), Me (2), OMe (3); X = I, R = t-Bu (4), Me (5), OMe (6)) in 46−76% yield. Iodide dimer 5 reacts with AgOTf in acetonitrile to form the cationic bis(acetonitrile) complex {Pd[P(o-tol)3](p-C6H4Me)(CH3CN)2]}+OTf- (8) which was treated in situ with LiCl to form the chloride dimer {Pd[P(o-tol)3](p-C6H4Me)(μ-Cl)}2 (9) in 93% yield. The p-tolyl halide dimers 2, 5, and 9 react with N-benzylmethylamine to generate the corresponding 1:1 palladium amine adducts Pd[P(o-tol)3](p-C6H4Me)[HN(Me)Bn]X (X = Cl (12), 85%; X = Br (13), 72%; X = I (14), 77%). Reaction of a mixture of Pd2(DBA)3 and P(o-tol)3 with the haloamines 2-IC6H4(CH2)2N(H)Bn, 2-BrC6H4CH2N(H)(p-tolyl), and 2-BrC6H4(CH2)3N(H)Bn gave the chelated palladium amine complexes Pd[P(o-tol)3](2-C6H4(CH2)2N(H)Bn]I (18, 7...
Stimulation and inhibition of 1,3-BIS(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-induced strand breaks and interstrand cross-linking in col e1 plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by polyamines and inorganic cations

Abstract The influence of various polyamines and metallic cations on 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-induced DNA single-strand breaks and DNA interstrand cross-linking was studied in Col E 1 plasmid using electrophoretic techniques. Spermidine and spermine (0.4 to 1.5mM concentration range) markedly stimulated BCNU-induced DNA nicking, whereas putrescine had no effect on the nicking process. In contrast to the polyamines, BCNU-induced DNA nicking was decreased by the three inorganic cations, Na + (100 and 200 mM), Mg 2+ (0.5 and 1.5 mM), and Co 3+ (NH 3 ) 6 (0.2 and 0.4 mM), with the trivalent hexamminecobalt ions being most inhibitory. When the monofunctional N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU) was used (instead of the bifunctionally active BCNU) to alkylate Col E 1 DNA, nicking of the DNA was inhibited by spermidine. Furthermore, the ability of chloroethylated Col E 1 DNA to form interstrand cross-links after treatment with BCNU was inhibited by 0.5 mM spermidine and 0.5mM spermine, both concentrations within the intracellular range. Putrescine at 3–6 mM only marginally stimulated DNA cross-linking. In comparison, the inorganic cations all enhanced Col e 1 DNA cross-linking by BCNU, with the rank order of cross-link stimulation being Mg 2+ , Na 2+ and Co 3+ (NH 3 ) 6 . These results provide evidence that polyamines can interact with DNA to modulate chloroethylnitrosourea-induced DNA damage and that the interaction is not only a function of the charge on the polyamine molecule but also of the chemical structure of the polyamine.
The impact of police reform on communities of Trinidad and Tobago

Objectives Reforms were implemented at five selected police stations in Trinidad and Tobago. The reforms were designed to improve the services delivered by police stations, to reduce crime, and to increase public confidence in the police. The intervention involved improving police facilities, vehicles, and equipment, and enhancing station staffing, training, and technical assistance to improve basic police work and station management/supervision. It introduced service-oriented, problem-solving approaches to replace the traditional colonial and post-colonial models of policing.
Validity of self-reports of marital violence

The most commonly used and practiced method for assessing spouse abuse is the individual's self-report of engaging in or being a victim of physical aggression. However, the socially undesirable nature of relationship violence raises questions regarding the likelihood that it is accurately reported. The current investigation found that a socially desirable response set is related to willingness to report one's own aggression. However, it is not related to willingness to report a spouse's aggressive behavior. Social desirability was not related to reports of frequency or severity of one's own aggression for individuals admitting the use of any form of aggressive behavior.
A model for quality assurance in anesthesiology.

Until recently, medicine has paid little attention to the regular assurance of clinical performance and competence. Now hospital administrations and regulatory agencies require medical staffs to conduct quality-assurance programs. Proposals also have been made to base reimbursement and relicensing of hospitals on quality-assurance mechanisms designed to determine clinical competence. Physicians themselves agree that fair and effective quality-assurance systems benefit both patients and practitioners, but most existing efforts are largely pro forma record reviews capable of detecting only the most flagrant errors. While some programs meet the minimum requirements of accrediting agencies, most do not require impartial peer review and are too limited in scope to identify critical errors, clarify the genesis of those errors, and guide judgments about competence. This article describes the principles and processes of a quality-assurance system that monitors the clinical performance of anes-
The acrosomal protein Dickkopf-like 1 (DKKL1) facilitates sperm penetration of the zona pellucida

Objective To determine the role of Dkkl1 in mouse development, viability, and fertility. Design Prospective experimental study. Setting Government research institution. Animal(s) Mice of C57BL/6, B6D2F1/J, and 129X1/SvJ strains, as well as transgenic mice of mixed C57BL/6 and 129X1/SvJ strains were used for the studies. Intervention(s) Expression of the Dkkl1 gene was characterized during early mouse development, and the effects of Dkkl1 ablation on reproduction and fertility were characterized in vitro and in vivo. Main Outcome Measure(s) Dkkl1 RNA expression was determined by Northern blotting hybridization as well as quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. In vitro fertilization assays were used to assess fertility of sperm from male mice lacking functional Dkkl1 . Result(s) Dkkl1 is a gene unique to mammals that is expressed primarily in developing spermatocytes and its product localized in the acrosome of mature sperm. Here we show that Dkkl1 also is expressed in the trophectoderm/placental lineage. Surprisingly, embryos lacking DKKL1 protein developed into viable, fertile adults. Nevertheless, the ability of sperm that lacked DKKL1 protein to fertilize wild-type eggs was severely compromised in vitro. Because this defect could be overcome either by removal of the zona pellucida or by the presence of wild-type sperm, Dkkl1 , either directly or indirectly, facilitates the ability of sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida. Penetration of the zona pellucida by Dkkl1 − sperm was delayed in vivo as well as in vitro, but the delay in vivo was compensated by other factors during preimplantation development. Accordingly, Dkkl1 −/− males offer an in vitro fertilization model for identifying factors that may contribute to infertility. Conclusion(s) DKKL1 is a mammalian-specific, acrosomal protein that strongly affects in vitro fertilization, although the effect is attenuated in vivo.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PHF-9 RECOGNIZES PHOSPHORYLATED SERINE 404 OF TAU PROTEIN AND LABELS PAIRED HELICAL FILAMENTS

Paired helical filaments (PHFs) purified from Alzheimer's brain consist of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. In PHF, phosphorylation occurs at ser/thr tau residues. Several of these ser/thr phosphorylation sites lie immediately C-terminal to the tau tubulin binding domain. The C-terminal ser396 to thr413 tau region contains two or more phosphorylated residues and eight possible ser/thr phosphorylation sites. Immunologic studies and mass spectroscopy have identified ser396 as one of the phosphorylation sites but identification of more C-terminal phosphorylated residues has been hampered by the lack of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) that recognize defined epitopes in this region. We have raised Mabs against PHF purified from Alzheimer's brain. One of these Mabs, PHF-9, showed phosphorylation-dependent binding to purified PHF and recognized a phosphorylated epitope in the C-terminal portion of cyanogen bromide-digested PHF. Epitope mapping studies employing synthetic tau phosphopeptides indicated that PHF-9 labeled a 13-mer tau peptide phosphorylated at ser404 but not the corresponding non-phosphorylated peptide. PHF-9 demonstrated no immunoreactivity with a synthetic peptide phosphorylated at ser396 indicating that the PHF-9 epitope is C-terminal to ser396. In conclusion, the present study describes a Mab, PHF-9, which recognizes phosphorylated ser404 of tau independently of phosphorylated ser396 and indicates that tau ser404 is phosphorylated in PHF. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
InGaN: characterization and first photo-cathode results

We have made InGaN:Mg epitaxial layers and report for the first time the QE versus wavelength for a photo-cathode. The motivation for InGaN is to lower the band gap just enough to enable detection of nitrogen fluorescence 337 nm, 357 nm and 391nm for both Earth observing and for energetic cosmic ray studies. Homogeneous InGaN alloys are difficult to prepare as the indium rich alloy tends to coalesce into quantum dots. The transmission, X-ray, and photo-luminescence measurements of the films indicated a significant concentration of Mg acceptors was incorporated into the film and as such could be converted into a viable photo-cathode upon cessiation. We present our photo-luminescence, X-ray, and near-field scanning microscope (NSOM) and QE measurements of films and compare these with measurements of GaN:Mg. The spectral properties of the photo-cathodes will also be presented.
Epitaxial growth of (1 1 1)-oriented spinel CoCr2O4/Al2O3 heterostructures

High quality (1 1 1)-oriented CoCr2O4/Al2O3 heterostructures were synthesized on the sapphire (0 0 0 1) single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The structural properties are demonstrated by in-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy, X-ray reflectivity, and X-ray diffraction. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy confirms that the films possess the proper chemical stoichiometry. This work offers a pathway to fabricating spinel type artificial quasi-two-dimensional frustrated lattices by means of geometrical engineering.
Accounting systems as first order axiomatic models: consequences for information theory

This paper addresses some of the issues in the comparison of information systems in operational business environments. A large body of work has been done in the agency area using utility analysis and relying on the results of Blackwell's 'Comparison of Experiments'. As the title indicates, Blackwell's paper shows that if an experiment 'a' is a sufficient procedure for a different experiment 'b', then 'a' is more informative than 'b'. There are several differences between Blackwell's assumptions and business environments that are important in the present analysis. What follows is a reinterpretation of the problems of comparing information systems from a computer science and mathematical logic perspective. The results are informative in the domains of systems design and development as well as in areas of control and monitoring of business systems.
Recognition of gated words by children with specific language impairment: an examination of lexical mapping.

In this study we examined the lexical mapping stage of auditory word recognition in children with specific language impairment (SLI). Twenty-one children with SLI, 21 children matched for chronolog...
General quadrupole nuclear shapes. An algebraic perspective

Abstract Spherical, axial and non-axial quadrupole shapes are investigated within the algebraic interacting boson model. For each shape the hamiltonian is resolved into intrinsic and collective parts, normal modes are identified and intrinsic states are constructed. Special emphasis is paid to new features (e.g. rigid triaxiality and coexisting deformed shapes) that emerge in the presence of three-body interactions.
Predictions of Sound from Rough Wall Boundary Layers

The Unified Theory of Roughness Noise is examined for the first time by making predictions of far-field noise normalized on the single-point rough wall pressure spectrum for a 40 grit stochastic sandpaper roughness and a 1-mm hemispherical element deterministic roughness with conditions ranging from transitionally to fully rough. These predictions are compared to experimentally measured values of noise from these surfaces in a wall-jet flow. Predicted values are within approximately 6 dB of the measured noise from the stochastic and deterministic roughness showing that reliable predictions of roughness noise can be completed using the Unified Theory for even fully rough conditions, as long as the roughness height to boundary-layer thicknesses are relatively moderate. The spectral shape of normalized roughness noise was found to be a predictable function of the relationship between the roughness geometry and the wall pressure wavenumber-frequency spectrum. The effect of the form of the wall pressure wavenu...
BAK Alters Neuronal Excitability and Can Switch from Anti- to Pro-Death Function during Postnatal Development

BAK is a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family protein that localizes to mitochondria. Here we evaluate the function of BAK in several mouse models of neuronal injury including neuronotropic Sindbis virus infection, Parkinson's disease, ischemia/stroke, and seizure. BAK promotes or inhibits neuronal death depending on the specific death stimulus, neuron subtype, and stage of postnatal development. BAK protects neurons from excitotoxicity and virus infection in the hippocampus. As mice mature, BAK is converted from anti- to pro-death function in virus-infected spinal cord neurons. In addition to regulating cell death, BAK also protects mice from kainate-induced seizures, suggesting a possible role in regulating synaptic activity. BAK can alter neurotransmitter release in a direction consistent with its protective effects on neurons and mice. These findings suggest that BAK inhibits cell death by modifying neuronal excitability.