cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal overcomplete subband expansions for multiple description coding

We study the use of overcomplete subband expansions for multiple description coding. The system proposed uses an overcomplete subband expansion followed by independent coding of each of the subbands. The entire coding of each of the subbands is entirely contained within a single description. Using analysis in the polyphase domain, we study finding frequency response of optimal filterbanks and the rate allocation across the subbands to minimize the end- to-end reconstruction error subject to a transmission rate constraint when a distribution over channel states is known. A general analysis of the problem is given and results are shown for a 3 by 2 expansion of a first-order autoregressive process.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Degeneration and regeneration of autonomic nerve endings in the anterior part of rhesus monkey ciliary muscle.

The autonomic nerve plexus of the ciliary muscle was examined with the electron microscope in normal rhesus monkeys of different ages. In the anterior region of the muscle, at the boundary with the poorly innervated scierai spur and trabecular meshwork, 3.8–7.1% of the axons exhibit either degenerative or regenerative features. The cytoplasm of degenerating axons contains lamellated, dense and multivesicular bodies, vesicles, whorls of filaments, and membranous debris. The plasma membrane is often discontinuous and, on occasion, axonal debris and degenerative organelles are freely dispersed in the connective tissue spaces of the muscle. Degenerating axons contain a granular reaction product when stained for acid phosphatase activity. Regenerating axons are characterized by tightly packed mitochondria, glycogen particles, and aggregates of synaptic vesicles; they synapse with muscle cells and are negative to the acid phosphatase reaction.
A Study of the Incidence of an Increment Value Land Tax

I. General considerations, 487. — Taxation conditions in Europe and the United States, 489. — II. Analysis of the effects of an increment tax of the British type, 490. — III. Numerical illustrations of the results of this type of increment tax, 497. — IV. Comparison with the results of the general property tax in the United States, 504.
Alexia and agraphia after Luria

Abstract Luria investigated the acquisition of reading and writing in children tracing the emergence of these abilities through several stages. In addition to his interests in the ontogeny and anthropology of these skills, he applied his neurodynamic approach to the breakdown of reading and writing in brain damaged adults and described five types of agraphias and eight types of alexias. Each alexic and agraphic syndrome is clinically distinguishable on the basis of a unique pattern of disrupted and preserved skills. Restoration of reading and writing is accomplished according to syndrome-specific strategies. Luria's approach presaged many current theories of alexia and agraphia.
Does Parolee Drug Testing Influence Employment and Education Outcomes? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment with Noncompliance

Despite the ubiquity of drug testing in criminal justice settings, there is little experimental evidence suggesting that testing reduces drug use or engenders pro-social behavior. This paper estimates the effect of parolee drug testing on labor and education outcomes with data from a randomized experiment involving 1,958 young parolees. It provides the first estimates in the literature suggesting that drug testing with graduated sanctions can improve short-run employment and education outcomes for parolees. After controlling for parole office fixed effects, juvenile criminal history, and a host of other covariates, the analyses suggest that parolees randomly assigned to testing are 6–8 percentage points (∼11%) less likely to be unemployed and not in school for the month following release to parole when compared to those assigned to the no-testing condition. Racially- and ethnically-stratified analyses find that Hispanics assigned to testing are 10–13 percentage points (∼22%) less likely to be unemployed and not in school, while the estimated coefficient for Blacks is statistically insignificant and hovers around zero. Analyses that use instrumental variable techniques to account for noncompliance by parole officers yield local average treatment effects that are almost twice as large as the intention-to-treat effects.
Portfolio Claustrophobia: Asset Pricing in Markets with Illiquid Assets

Many classes of assets are illiquid or nonmarketable in that they cannot always be traded immediately. Thus, a portfolio position in these becomes at least tem porarily irreversible. We study the asset-pricing implications of this type of illiquidity in an exchange economy with heterogeneous agents. In this market, one asset is always liquid. The other asset can be traded initially, but then not again until after a "blackout" period. Illiquidity has a dramatic effect. Agents abandon diversification and choose polarized portfolios instead. The value of liquidity can represent a large portion of the equilibrium price of an asset. (JEL G11,G12)
Treatment of stroke with marrow stromal cells

Abstract We describe a method to treat neural injury from stroke using bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) from humans and rodents. These cells, when injected intravenously into the rat or mouse, find their way to injured tissue, enter the tissue and evoke production of an array of neurotrophic factors. Highly significant reduction of neurological deficit results from this therapy as measured from a battery of neurological tests. The benefits of therapy persist for at least 3 months after treatment. Bone marrow cell therapy may show promise for the treatment of stroke, neural injury and neurodegenerative disease.
Screening for neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury with the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI): A preliminary validation study

Cross-sectional. To preliminarily evaluate the validity of an interview-based spinal cord injury (SCI) neuropathic pain screening instrument. Six university-based SCI centers in the United States. Clinician diagnoses of neuropathic pain (NP) and non-neuropathic pain subtypes were collected independently of descriptions of the pain characteristics provided by the persons with SCI by using the Spinal Cord Injury Pain Instrument (SCIPI); SCIPI information and physician diagnoses for 82 pain sites of which they were most confident were subsequently compared. Four of the SCIPI items correlated significantly with the NP subtype as determined by the clinician. The best cutoff score for identifying NP was an endorsement of two or more of these four items. Using this cutoff, sensitivity of the SCIPI was 78%, specificity was 73% and overall diagnostic accuracy was 76%. In this preliminary study, the SCIPI, which can be administered by a nonclinician, appears to have good sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy in a SCI population; it may have a role as a screening tool for NP after SCI. Further study is needed.
Implications of Biglan Model Research for the Process of Faculty Advancement.

The Biglan model is a three dimensional classification scheme wherein 35 academic subject areas are categorized into one of eight categories: soft-nonlife-pure; soft-life-pure; soft-nonlife-applied; soft-life-applied; hard-life-applied; hard-life-pure; hard-nonlife-pure; or hard-nonlife-applied. A basic assumption of the Biglan model research is that the types of faculty productivity differ in accord with academic subject areas. Though research studies report the importance of recognizing performance differences among faculty in different disciplines and subject areas during the faculty evaluation process, they do not present means by which this knowledge can be applied. This study discusses the practical implications of Biglan model research and the importance of university-level administrators recognizing differences in faculty productivity whenever faculty credentials are reviewed for advancement. This study also examines Biglan's original research and his model, as well as the major studies conducted to test the model. Also, the model is presented and explained as a conceptual framework for assisting administrators in the faculty evaluation process. Lastly, the reasons for employing subject area standards, as opposed to university-wide or single discipline standards, are argued.
The Effect of 2-Br-α-Ergocryptine on Mammary Blood Flow and Endocrine Changes at the Time of Parturition in the Ewe*

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of maternal prolactin concentrations on the changes in maternal mammary blood flow (MBF), and progesterone and estradiol concentrations which occur at the time of parturition in the ewe. In six sheep, premature labor was induced by the administration of dexamethasone (1 mg/24 h) to the fetus. The drug, 2- Br-α-ergocryptine was administered (1 mg/6 h) to three ewes to prevent the increase in maternal prolactin concentration which occurs at this time. When premature parturition was induced in three control animals, prolactin increased from 92.8 ± 8-330 ± 76 (se) ng/ml. MBF, measured with electromagnetic flow probes chronically implanted around the mammary arteries increased from 61 ± 12-215 ± 10 ml/min, uterine venous progesterone decreased from 35 ± 16-4 ± 1.5 ng/ml, and estradiol increased from 42 ± 9-214 ± 33 pg/ml. Labor and delivery occurred 41 ± 3 and 52 ± 2 h, respectively, after the start of fetal dexamethasone infusion. In the group of animals ...
Outcomes of spinal fusion in children with congenital heart disease.

Background The children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have an increased risk of developing scoliosis. Many children with CHD may benefit from surgical intervention for scoliosis. However, there is uncertainty about the safety of spinal fusion in children with heart disease. The purpose of this study is to assess whether spinal fusion is safe and effective for children who have CHD. Methods We reviewed all the cases of children with CHD undergoing first-time spinal fusion for spinal deformity at Mayo Clinic between August 1976 and June 2008. Data were abstracted regarding cardiac history, major Cobb angle, type of spinal fusion (anterior, posterior, or both), intraoperative and postoperative complications, mortality, and follow-up. Results Sixty-four children under the age of 18 (64% female patients; mean age=11.5 y) were included in the study. The most common types of CHD were pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot. Sixty-three percent of all patients had had prior cardiac surgery; 22% were cyanotic at the time of spinal fusion. Nine patients had single-ventricle physiology; 5 of whom had had Fontan palliation. Nine patients had pulmonary hypertension. Posterior fusion alone was carried out for 69% of the patients. Spinal instrumentation was used in 70% of cases. Average anesthesia time was 7.3 hours. Mean hospital stay was 9 days. Eighteen children (30%) required prolonged intubation of 1 day or longer. Prolonged intubation was more common in patients with a larger Cobb angle and in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Postoperative complications occurred in 27% of all patients and were more common in the patients with pulmonary hypertension. One child died postoperatively from a hemorrhage because of an arterial-esophageal fistula unrelated to her spinal fusion. Conclusions Spinal fusion in children with CHD is generally safe and effective. Children with pulmonary hypertension are at higher risk for complications from spinal fusion. Level of evidence Level IV--Case Series.
The multiphoton ionization spectrum of benzene

A resonance seen in the multiphoton ionization spectrum of benzene at 391.4 nm is identified as a two‐photon resonance with a bound state at 51 085 cm−1. This state has probable symmetry 1E1g or 1E2g as indicated by an active e2g vibration. No other allowed two‐photon transitions are seen below this energy. Three‐photon resonances with the Rydberg states of benzene are seen and compared to the one‐photon absorption spectrum. The great similarity indicates a strong 1A1g component in the two‐photon virtual state. Two‐photon resonances with the 1B2u state agree with two‐photon fluorescence excitation spectra but show no diminution above the energy where fluorescence is quenched.
P-N COMPOUNDS 29. PHOSPHAMINIMIDES 4. SYNTHESIS COMPARISONS WITH CARBONYL AND SULFONYL COMPOUNDS

Abstract General preparatory methods for carbonyl and sulfonylaminimides were examined for application to phosphaminimides. Three routes to these agents were investigated and one, the reaction between phosphoric or phosphinic chlorides and aminopyridinium salts, was successful. A further anomaly involving the hydrazinium salt dehydrohalogenation procedure was also found.
Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood: respiratory cytology

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) of childhood is a rare inherited disease in which phagocytic cells fail to produce the normal respiratory burst in response to infectious stimuli, leaving the patient particularly susceptible to infections with bacteria and fungi that produce catalase. Between 1988 and 1993 at the NIH, 58 pulmonary cytology specimens were obtained on 24 CGD patients. The number of specimens per patient ranged from one to 13 with an average 2.4. The 58 specimens included: 33 bronchoalveolar lavages; one bronchial brushing; 20 lung or pleural mass fine-needle aspirates; three pleural fluids, and one sputum. Two lung aspirates with insufficient material, five bronchoalveolar lavages performed post-treatment to confirm clinical resolution of disease, and two bronchoalveolar lavages not submitted for culture were excluded from further analysis. Of the 49 remaining specimens obtained from patients clinically suspected of having a pulmonary infection, cytology demonstrated a pathogenic organism in nine (18%). Microbiologic cultures were positive in 19/49 (39%). Cytology identified fungus in 8/13 (62%) of documented fungal infections, including four cases where microbiology was negative. Bacterial and mixed bacterial/fungal infections were usually not detected by cytology even with appropriate strains. No organisms were identified by cytology in the four cases of nocardia or the three cases of pseudomonas infection. The combination of cytology and microbiology provided the greatest diagnostic sensitivity, yielding a diagnosis in 22/49 cases (45%). Of the 27 cases with negative cytology and microbiology, an infectious agent was identified in eight upon submission of additional material: three cytology specimens and five tissue specimens. In the remaining 19 cases, no organisms were identified, however, the patients were treated presumptively. Characteristic pathologic features of granulomatous inflammation, necrosis, and giant cells were present in fine-needle aspirates, often when on organisms could be identified, but were not seen in other types of respiratory specimens.
Study of stability of sulfadiazine sodium injection I. Determination of solubility of sulfadiazine sodium as a function of pH in several parenteral solvent systems

An investigation was conducted to stabilize sulfadiazine sodium injection when exposed to various storage conditions. Prolonged storage of sulfadiazine sodium injection U. S. P. has been known to result in coloration due to oxidation and formation of a precipitate. This study deals with the relationship of sulfadiazine sodium solubility with the hydrogen ion concentration in several solvent systems which have been employed in injectable products. Solubility curves were determined for a number of solvents and from these results their usefulness was ascertained.
Autonomic Responsively to Sensory Stimulation in Drug Addicts

Skin conductance responses (SCRs), heart rate (HR). arterial blood pressure (BP), and respiration were recorded under rest and sensory stimulation (11 Hz strobe light, 100 dB while noise) in former drug addicts (DC) and in controls (CG) matched for sex and age in a repeated measures design, DC consisted of long-term users of barbiturates and narcotic analgesics and had been free of drugs for 11 period of 3 wks prior to the first session. The hypothesis was tested that autonomic functions art decreased in DG due to the drug effects. In various ANOVAs significant main effects for all factors were found. The results in DG compared to CG were: (1) diastolic hut not systolic BP was significantly lower: (2) SCR magnitudes were. Significantly smaller during rest periods; (3) SCR magnitudes and SCR recruitment latencies were significantly smaller in both sessions to visual and auditory stimuli; i4 the habituation rates of SCR magnitudes and SCR recruitment latencies were significantly greater at stimulus offset. The results of SCRs and diastolic BP indicated a decreased autonomic activity in the drug dependents compared to the controls.
Turbulence-Chemistry Interactions in Spray Combustion

A prediction methodology based on Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) has been used to study turbulence-chemistry interactions in spray combustion. The unsteady interactions between spray dispersion and vaporization, fuel-air mixing and heat release has been investigated using a Stochastic Separated Flow model for spray within the LES formulation. The effects of swirl intensity and heat release are investigated here. Results show that the central toroidal recirculation zone (CTRZ), which is a manifestation of the vortex breakdown process, occurs only under high swirl conditions. Under non-reacting condition, droplets tend to concentrate in regions of low vorticity and increase in swirl increases the dispersion of the droplets. Mixing efficiency is enhanced and the size of the corner recirculation zone is decreased with increase in swirl. Increase in swirl also enhances the combustion processes for cases with heat release.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Stream of Consciousness: XXI. Blindsight and States of Consciousness

Blindsight research provides an opportunity to place James's account of consciousness in an empirical context that is attracting much comment from psychologists. Recently, I briefly indicated some lines along which the neurological phenomenon of blindsight—which results from visual-cortical lesions—is interpretable in keeping with James's conception of the stream in The Principles of Psychology. Although this Jamesian interpretation includes certain theses with which I disagree, I spell it out here in greater detail than I could in my previous article. I do so for the light that it sheds on the kind of conception of consciousness that James was developing. Consistently with James's general theory, no role is assigned to unconscious mental occurrences in this Jamesian interpretation of blindsight. Accordingly, the special deficiency of blindsight consists in the total brain process's bringing states of consciousness into existence whose intrinsic visual-perceptual dimension is inaccessible or unreliably ac...
A conceptual model of the variation in parental attendance in response to environmental fluctuation : foraging energetics of lactating sea lions and fur seals

1. A conceptual model is described and tested using empirical data that predicts how air-breathing marine vertebrates that are tied to shore for reproduction, but feed at sea, should respond to changes in prey availability. 2. The model examines the trade-off between changes in trip duration and foraging intensity as measured by field metabolic rate. It predicts that parents should increase the intensity of effort, and hence metabolic rate, prior to increasing the duration of foraging trips to maintain nutrient delivery to the young. 3. The model was tested with data on the foraging energetics and trip duration of four species, northern and Antarctic fur seals and California and Australian sea lions, each studied over two contrasting seasons. 4. The response of these marine predators to changes in prey availability due to climate driven environmental perturbation was found to support the conceptual model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second messengers regulate RGS2 expression which is targeted to the nucleus.

Abstract R egulators of G -protein S ignaling (RGS) proteins attenuate signaling activities of G proteins, and modulation of expression appears to be a primary mechanism for regulating RGS proteins. In human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells RGS2 expression was increased by activation of muscarinic receptors coupled to phosphoinositide signaling with carbachol, or by increased cyclic AMP production, demonstrating that both signaling systems can increase the expression of a RGS family member in a single cell type. Carbachol-stimulated increases in endogenous RGS2 protein levels appeared by immunocytochemical analysis to be largely confined to the nucleus, and this localization was confirmed by Western blot analysis which showed increased nuclear, but not cytosolic, RGS2 after carbachol treatment. Additionally, transiently expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged, 6×His-tagged, or unmodified RGS2 resulted in a predominant nuclear localization, as well as a distinct accumulation of RGS2 along the plasma membrane. The intranuclear localization of GFP-RGS2 was confirmed with confocal microscopy. Thus, RGS2 expression is rapidly and transiently increased by phosphoinositide signaling and by cyclic AMP, and endogenous and transfected RGS2 is largely, although not entirely, localized in the nucleus.
Relationship of organ lipoprotein lipase activity and ketonuria to hypertriglyceridemia in starved and streptozocin-induced diabetic rats.

Although lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is believed to be rate limiting in the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, LPL activity has not correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations in experimental rat diabetes. To gather more information about this enzyme system in diabetes, LPL activities were measured in representative tissues from control and streptozocin-induced diabetic rats fed fat-free chow and in 48-h-starved animals. The DNA content of each tissue was determined so that LPL activity could be expressed in a way that was unaffected by tissue wasting. Diabetic animals lost approximately 20% of their body mass. Adipose tissue and soleus muscle cell masses were reduced, and there was marked fat atrophy at necropsy. Adipose tissue LPL was decreased in both starved and diabetic animals, whereas skeletal muscle activities were variably affected. Lipase content and distribution among the individual organs were calculated with published data for rat carcass composition. In diabetic rats, total LPL (adipose tissue, muscle, and parenchymal organs) was reduced by nearly two-thirds so that skeletal muscle became the predominant source of LPL. Ketonuria was less frequent in diabetic than in starved rats (P less than .018) despite their severe wasting. Serum triglyceride concentrations were higher in ketonuric than nonketonuric diabetic animals, and severe hypertriglyceridemia was seen exclusively in heavily ketonuric animals. These observations together with published information suggest that plasma triglyceride concentrations in the rat model are determined by a complex interplay between very-low-density lipoprotein synthesis, the capacity of the LPL removal system, properties of the lipoprotein substrate, and other unidentified factors.
The inhibition of RNA and DNA polymerases by hedamycin

Abstract 1. The interaction of hedamycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces griseoruber with polynucleotides and the effect of this interaction on their template capacity in nucleic acid synthesis have been studied. A peak at 430 mμ in the spectrum of hedamycin is depressed and shifted to higher wave lengths in the presence of calf thymus DNA. The maximum change occurs with a hedamycin to DNA-P ratio of 1:5 and is decreased by half at high ionic strength. The presence of hedamycin increases the thermal transition temperature of calf thymus DNA and the strictly alternating deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidylate copolymer (d(A-Tn) decreases the buoyant density of d(A-T)n and increases the viscosity of calf thymus DNA. 2. Hedamycin is a potent inhibitor of calf thymus DNA- and d(A-T)n-directed synthesis of RNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. DNA synthesis by E. coli DNA polymerase with the same templates is also inhibited by hedamycin, but requires 3–5-fold greater concentrations of antibiotic for comparable inhibition. The degree of inhibition of RNA synthesis by the antibiotic is only slightly dependent on the DNA concentration and is independent of RNA polymerase concentration. Hedamycin is able to block RNA polymerization even after its initiation. A comparison of the effect of hedamycin on RNA synthesis using a variety of polynucleotides as templates suggests there is no strict base specificity in the interaction of hedamycin and polynucleotides. The inhibition of RNA synthesis by hedamycin, however, is greater when the template is double-stranded rather than single-stranded.
Localization of decay accelerating factor in normal and diseased kidneys.

Localization of decay accelerating factor in normal and diseased kidneys. Decay accelerating factor (DAF) is a cell membrane associated glycoprotein that inhibits C3 activation. In the present study we evaluated the presence of DAF in normal (N = 15) and diseased human kidneys (N = 76). Sections of frozen tissue were stained for DAF by immunoperoxidase, utilizing three mouse monoclonal anti-DAF antibodies. In normal kidneys, DAF was localized in the glomerular vascular pole, apparently in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). All other structures were negative for DAF. By contrast, in diseased kidneys, two types of abnormalities were detected. First, JGA-DAF was significantly decreased and this abnormality correlated with the pathologic diagnosis and with the presence of C3, IgM and/or fibrinogen in the glomeruli. Second, DAF was present in the glomerular mesan-gium (67%), renal interstitium (68%) and/or blood vessels (38%). The presence of DAF in the mesangium and interstitium of the kidney correlated with each other and correlated with Clq and C3 deposition in the glomerulus. Finally, vascular DAF was significantly more common in patients with electron dense deposits in the glomeruli. In summary, DAF is present in the normal kidney and is located exclusively in the glomerular vascular pole. In diseased kidneys, DAF tends to be lost from the JGA but is often present in glomerular mesangium, interstitium and blood vessels. This pattern is specially prominent in patients demonstrating complement deposition in the glomerulus. We speculate that kidney DAF may play a role in protecting the kidney against the products of complement activation.
Lost in translation: quantifying the overlap of popular media and non‐majors science course assessment vocabulary

Earth's climate is rapidly changing, and citizens of the 21st century will need to act based on informed decisions about climate change. A liberal education should contribute to an informed and responsible citizenry who can think independently, reason analytically, and communicate effectively. Following college graduation, typical Americans will gain most of their science information through the media. How well are students prepared to be effective, critical consumers of media-reported science? We broach this subject by comparing the climate change vocabulary of undergraduate science courses for non-science majors with multiple popular media sources. Using PASW Text Analytics for Surveys, we objectively identified key terms from both classroom and media sources, and grouped these terms into major reservoirs and fluxes of the carbon cycle. Our classroom data include exams and quizzes from biology and physical science courses taught at a large, research intensive university. Media reports were collected the week before, after, and during COP15 from daily, weekly, and monthly media sources. Of the 253 items analyzed (183 media responses, 40 assessment responses), we extracted 310 relevant terms and grouped those into 19 categories based on the carbon cycle. The most frequently used terms in assessments included CO2 and reservoirs such as the atmosphere, ocean, tree, and one flux, photosynthesis. Within the media, the most frequently used terms were socio-political in nature (e.g., country, Obama). Between the media and assessments, seven of the top 20 words overlapped and focused primarily on carbon reservoirs. Media and assessments differ substantially in the usage of terms associated with carbon fluxes. Many courses for non-science majors have a goal to improve students' abilities to apply scientifically sound reasoning and knowledge within their everyday lives. Our analysis reveals a discrepancy between the vocabulary used in media sources and in course assessments surrounding the topic of climate change. We suggest non-major science courses should do more to explicitly tie scientific processes to current political, economic, and social discussions. For many students, these courses represent the only science class they will take. The vocabulary they learn today should prepare them to make informed decisions tomorrow.
Band selection using independent component analysis for hyperspectral image processing

Although hyperspectral images provide abundant information about objects, their high dimensionality also substantially increases computational burden. Dimensionality reduction offers one approach to Hyperspectral Image (HSI) analysis. Currently, there are two methods to reduce the dimension, band selection and feature extraction. In this paper, we present a band selection method based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA). This method, instead of transforming the original hyperspectral images, evaluates the weight matrix to observe how each band contributes to the ICA unmixing procedure. It compares the average absolute weight coefficients of individual spectral bands and selects bands that contain more information. As a significant benefit, the ICA-based band selection retains most physical features of the spectral profiles given only the observations of hyperspectral images. We compare this method with ICA transformation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) transformation on classification accuracy. The experimental results show that ICA-based band selection is more effective in dimensionality reduction for HSI analysis.
Development of the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in Relation to Temperature

The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens L., was reared on a grain-based diet at 27, 30, and 36°C. Survival of 4- to 6-d-old larvae to adults averaged 74–97% at 27 and 30°C but was only 0.1% at 36°C. Flies required a mean of ≈4 d (11%) longer to complete larval and pupal development at 27°C than at 30°C. At 27 and 30°C, females weighed an average of 17–19% more than males but required an average of 0.6–0.8 d (3.0–4.3%) longer to complete larval development. At both temperatures, adult females lived an average of ≈3.5 d less than adult males. The duration of larval development was a significant predictor of adult longevity. Temperature differences of even 3°C produce significant fitness tradeoffs for males and females, influencing life history attributes and having practical applications for forensic entomology.
Karhunen-Loeve Expansion of Non-Gaussian Random Process

Karhunen-Loeve(KL) expansion of auto-covariance of input Gaussian random process is carried out using standard normal variables as the basis of KL expansion. Input random processes for many practicle problems have non-Gaussian random process description, so an algorithm is developed to find the basis random variables of KL expansion for non-Gaussian processes. The basis random variables of KL expansion are obtained via nonlinear transformation of marginal cumulative distribution function using standard deviation. Results are obtained for three known skewed distributions, Log-Normal, Beta, and Exponential. In all the cases, it is found that the proposed algorithm matches very well with the known solutions and can be applied to solve non-Gaussian process using Spectral Stochastic Finite Element Method.
Evaluation of corn hybrids expressing Cry1F, cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1, and Cry3Bb1 against southern United States insect pests.

Studies were conducted across the southern United States to characterize the efficacy of multiple Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) events in a field corn, Zea mays L., hybrid for control of common lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. Cry1F protein in event TC1507 and Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 proteins in event MON 89034 were evaluated against pests infesting corn on above-ground plant tissue including foliage, stalks, and ears. Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins in event DAS-59122-7 and Cry3Bb1 in event MON 88017 were evaluated against the larvae of Mexican corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan and Smith, which occur below-ground. Field corn hybrids containing Cry1F, Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1, and Cry3Bb1 insecticidal proteins (SmartStax) consistently demonstrated reductions in plant injury and/or reduced larval survivorship as compared with a non-Bt field corn hybrid. Efficacy provided by a field corn hybrid with multiple Bt proteins was statistically equal to or significantly better than corn hybrids containing a single event active against target pests. Single event field corn hybrids provided very high levels of control of southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and were not significantly different than field corn hybrids with multiple events. Significant increases in efficacy were observed for a field corn hybrid with multiple Bt events for sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.), beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Mexican corn rootworm. Utilization of field corn hybrids containing multiple Bt events provides a means for managing insect resistance to Bt proteins and reduces non-Bt corn refuge requirements.
A simple roadway control system for freeway traffic

In this paper, a roadway control system that regulates variable speed limits along the freeway in addition to ramp metering is proposed to counteract traffic congestion and improve freeway efficiency. It treats the speed limit for one freeway section as a virtual ramp meter for the downstream freeway section. The control design is only based on the fundamental flow density relationship and can be easily implemented in real-time applications. Compared with the previous roadway control systems, the proposed control system requires less modeling information and computational effort. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed roadway control system.
Bilingual Education and Quechua Language Maintenance in Highland Puno, Peru

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between bilingual education and language maintenance for a particular case—highland Puno, Peru—in order to inform language and education policy decisions both for that case and for other similar cases. The study explored the relationship between statements at the policy level and patterns of Quechua/Spanish language use in two communities, one in which that policy was implemented and the other in which it was not. By means of a two-year ethnographic and sociolinguistic investigation in the two communities and their schools, the study found evidence that: (1) the bilingual education project (Proyecto Experimental de Educacion Bilingue-Puno) experienced classroom success but is nevertheless an instance of policy failure; and (2) the use of a minority language in school is not in itself sufficient to promote maintenance of that language, but in certain specified circumstances may contribute to it.
Biogenic methanol and its impacts on tropospheric oxidants

[1] We use a global chemical transport model (MOZART-2) to estimate the effects of surface emissions of methanol on tropospheric oxidants. The importance of methanol in tropospheric chemistry is two fold. First, methanol has a relatively large surface emission with an estimated global emission of 70 to 350 Tg methanol/year. The estimated methanol flux is comparable to other major hydrocarbon surface emissions such as isoprene and total monoterpenes, but the chemical lifetime of methanol is several days (in the boundary layer) to a few weeks (in the upper troposphere), which is much longer than the chemical lifetime of isoprene or monoterpenes (For example, the chemical lifetime of isoprene is about 2 hours). With a surface emission of 104 to 312 Tg methanol/year (encompasses estimated uncertainty in methanol emissions), the calculation shows that on average, the inclusion of methanol emission produces approximately 1–2% increase in O3, 1–3% decrease in OH, 3–5% increase in HO2, and 3–9% increase in CH2O globally. The maximum perturbation to the oxidants occurs in the tropical upper troposphere. However, the uncertainty associated with current methanol emission estimates produces significantly different model predictions of tropospheric oxidant distributions.
Gesture studio: authoring multi-touch interactions through demonstration and declaration

The prevalence of multi-touch devices opens the space for rich interactions. However, the complexity for creating multi-touch interactions hinders this potential. In this paper, we present Gesture Studio, a tool for creating multi-touch interaction behaviors by combining the strength of two distinct but complementary approaches: programming by demonstration and declaration. We employ an intuitive video-authoring metaphor for developers to demonstrate touch gestures, compose complicated behaviors, test these behaviors in the tool and export them as source code that can be integrated into the developers' project.
Exposure of Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae) to low pressures: Effects on adults

Adults of Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) were exposed to pressures of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 760 mm Hg at 26 f 1°C and 70 f 5% r.h., in a specially designed apparatus in which a controlled atmospheric gas composition was maintained. Adult life was shortened at all reduced pressures; at 100 mm Hg all adults died in 14 hr. Oviposition was affected at reduced pressures resulting in a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid. At 100 mm Hg oviposition was negligible. A hypothesis to explain these observations is mentioned.
May’s Theorem with an infinite population

In this paper, we investigate majority rule with an infinite number of voters. We use an axiomatic approach and attempt to extend May’s Theorem characterizing majority rule to an infinite population. The analysis hinges on correctly generalizing the anonymity condition and we consider three different versions. We settle on bounded anonymity as the appropriate form for this condition and are able to use the notion of asymptotic density to measure the size of almost all sets of voters. With this technique, we define density q-rules and show that these rules are characterized by neutrality, monotonicity, and bounded anonymity on almost all sets. Although we are unable to provide a complete characterization applying to all possible sets of voters, we construct an example showing that our result is the best possible. Finally, we show that strengthening monotonicity to density positive responsiveness characterizes density majority rule on almost all sets.
Influence of thermal history on the response of Montastraea annularis to short-term temperature exposure

Acclimation of reef corals to environmental conditions has been related to metabolic response at large geographic scales, but regional relationships have rarely been described. Physiological responses to temperature increases of Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander 1786) from an inner lagoon and an outer barrier reef in the Gulf of Honduras, southern Belize, were compared in May 2003. The hypothesis that inferred differences in thermal history would result in contrasting responses to elevated temperature was tested. Ambient seawater temperatures adjacent to corals at 4–5 m depth were measured every 15 min at inner lagoon and outer barrier reef collection sites for 1 year (June 2002–May 2003). Monthly averages and 3-day running averages (warmest period, July–October 2002) of daily maximum seawater temperatures were significantly higher (by ∼0.5°C) at inner lagoon reef compared to outer barrier reef sites. M. annularis photosynthesis (P) and respiration (R) rates were measured in respirometers at six temperatures between 29°C and 35°C approximately every hour, with repeated measurements over 3 h. P and R were significantly lower across most temperature treatments for samples collected from the inner lagoon compared to outer barrier reef. Both inner and outer reef M. annularis displayed an increase in P and R with increasing temperature between 29°C and 32°C, but above 32°C P and R sharply declined. P/R ratio versus temperature showed a significant difference between the elevations of the regression lines suggesting that M. annularis from the outer barrier reefs may have been more physiologically stressed than those from the inner lagoon reefs when exposed to acute temperature changes. These results emphasize that thermal stress must be considered within the context of acclimation temperature, and that short-term exposures may have physiologically important effects on this species.
THE POLICY TERMINATION PROCESS

The purposes of this article are twofold. First, from a review of the extant literature on termination of policies, programs, and organizations, we identify the “crucial variables” that are believed to affect termination. In doing so, we develop a descriptive model of program termination. Then, we utilize this model as a hueristic device to examine the termination of federal revenue-sharing programs in 1986. After reviewing the available literature on this topic and analyzing the case of revenue-sharing, the article concludes that program termination is affected by three categories of variables: 1) inherent characteristics of the program in question; 2) the political environment within which termination takes place; and 3)
Mall technology: Use of academic podcasting in the foreign language classroom

Integrating Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) technology (personal multimedia players, cell phones, and handheld devices) into the foreign language curriculum is becoming commonplace in many secondary and higher education institutions. Current research has identified both pedagogically sound applications and important benefits to students. In this paper, we present the results of an initial study which compares the academic benefits of integrating podcasts into the curriculum against using them as a supplemental/review tool. The study’s findings indicate that when instructors use podcasts for multiple instructional purposes (e.g., to critique student projects and exams, for student video presentations, for student paired interviews, to complete specific assignments, dictations, in roundtable discussions, or for guest lectures), students are more likely to use this technology and to report academic benefits. While the study is limited by small sample sizes and by some within-group variation in instructional techniques, the study provides initial evidence that podcast technology has the potential to provide greater benefits if it is used more than simply as a tool for reviewing. The study’s positive findings indicate that additional research to examine the effects of specific instructional uses of podcast technology is merited.
Horses naturally infected with EIAV harbor 2 distinct SU populations but are monophyletic with respect to IN

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) causes lifelong infections ranging from acutely fatal, to chronic, to asymptomatic. Within infected animals, EIAV is found as a quasispecies. Many experimental studies on EIAV, carried out in the U.S. over the past 70 years, have used either the highly virulent Wyoming (EIAVWYO) field strain or various derivatives of that strain. These infections have provided insights into the variety of genetic changes that accumulate in the env gene and LTR in experimentally infected horses. In the current study, we obtained EIAV sequences from blood samples collected from naturally infected Texas horses between 2000 and 2002. We found surface (SU) and long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences clearly related to EIAVWYO and its cell culture-adapted derivatives. Some blood samples yielded SU or LTR sequences belonging to 2 discrete clusters. In these cases, SU and LTR variation between animals was no greater than sequence variation within animals. In contrast, a portion of integrase (IN) was more homogeneous within animals than between animals. These results suggest that specific selective pressures are applied to SU and LTR sequences, potentially driving generation of two distinct sequence clusters within a horse. We speculate that viruses in one cluster may be more highly expressed and easily transmitted while those in the second cluster support long-term inapparent infection. The presence of homogeneous IN sequences within a horse supports the hypothesis that SU and LTR sequences diverged after the initial infection.
Ground Data System Analysis Tools to Track Flight System State Parameters for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and Beyond

Flight software parameters enable space mission operators fine-tuned control over flight system configurations, enabling rapid and dynamic changes to ongoing science activities in a much more flexible manner than can be accomplished with (otherwise broadly used) configuration file based approaches. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Curiosity, makes extensive use of parameters to support complex, daily activities via commanded changes to said parameters in memory. However, as the loss of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) in 2006 demonstrated, flight system management by parameters brings with it risks, including the possibility of losing track of the flight system configuration and the threat of invalid command executions. To mitigate this risk a growing number of missions have funded efforts to implement parameter tracking parameter state software tools and services including MSL and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission. This paper will discuss the engineering challenges and resulting software architecture of MSL's onboard parameter state tracking software and discuss the road forward to make parameter management tools suitable for use on multiple missions.
Site-specific characterization of (D)-amino acid containing peptide epimers by ion mobility spectrometry.

Traditionally, the d-amino acid containing peptide (DAACP) candidate can be discovered by observing the differences of biological activity and chromatographic retention time between the synthetic peptides and naturally occurring peptides. However, it is difficult to determine the exact position of d-amino acid in the DAACP candidates. Herein, we developed a novel site-specific strategy to rapidly and precisely localize d-amino acids in peptides by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) analysis of mass spectrometry (MS)-generated epimeric fragment ions. Briefly, the d/l-peptide epimers were separated by online reversed-phase liquid chromatography and fragmented by collision-induced dissociation (CID), followed by IMS analysis. The epimeric fragment ions resulting from d/l-peptide epimers exhibit conformational differences, thus showing different mobilities in IMS. The arrival time shift between the epimeric fragment ions was used as criteria to localize the d-amino acid substitution. The utility of this strategy...