cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model adaptive dual control of MIMO stochastic systems

An adaptive dual control algorithm is presented for multiple-input, multiple output (MIMO) linear systems with input and output noise and unknown parameters. The system parameters are assumed to belong to a finite set on which a prior probability distribution is available. The difficulties in characterizing the future evolution if MIMO system information as required by the dynamic programming are overcome through a novel way of using preposterior analysis. This provides a probabilistic characterization of the future adaptation process and allows the controller to take advantage of the dual effect.
Displacement distribution and atomic jump direction in diffusion of Ir atoms on the Ir(001) surface.

On the Ir{001} surface an Ir adatom is surprisingly found to jump along the 〈001〉 direction instead of along the smoother closely packed 〈110〉 atomic channel of the substrate, probably by an atomic exchange mechanism. The sites visited by one diffusing adatom therefore form a c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) net of the substrate lattice. The displacement distributions derived are consistent with those expected from a discrete random walk with the atomic jump length of the nearest-neighbor distance of the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) net.
“Let the Youths Beware!”: The Sponsorship of Early 19th-Century Native American Literacy

This article explores literacy sponsorship at an early 19th-century academy that schooled young Native American men near Lexington, Kentucky. In doing so, it presents two case studies based on the correspondence of J. N. Bourassa (Potawatomi) and Adam Nail (Choctaw), both advanced students at the academy who turned their literacy lessons toward a critique of their living and learning conditions. In examining their letters to federal authorities, it is possible to discern how the students moved beyond the limited literacy sponsored by the academy to embrace liberatory practices reserved by the White elites who managed the institution.
Forking and Unusual Decay Out of Superdeformed Bands in 83Zr

Two superdeformed (SD) bands extending over eight to eleven transitions have been identified in Zr-83, The quadrupole moment of the more intense band was determined by the Residual Doppler Shift Method and is consistent with a quadrupole deformation of beta(2) approximate to 0.5. The large quadrupole moment and population intensity of the yrast SD band (approximate to 5%) in Zr isotopes relative to their isotones in Sr and Y nuclei suggest the presence of a large SD shell gap at proton number Z = 40, At the decay-out points, the Routhians of the SD bands reapproach that of the positive parity normally-deformed states which may be the reason why both of these bands feed mainly (approximate to 85%) into the positive-parity yrast band.
Helix Packing of Functionally Important Regions of the Cardiac Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger

Abstract In a revised topological model of the cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, there are nine transmembrane segments (TMSs) and two possible re-entrant loops (Nicoll, D. A., Ottolia, M., Lu, Y., Lu, L., and Philipson, K. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 910–917; Iwamoto, T., Nakamura, T. Y., Pan, Y., Uehara, A., Imanaga, I., and Shigekawa, M. (1999) FEBS Lett. 446, 264–268). The TMSs form two clusters separated by a large intracellular loop between TMS5 and TMS6. We have combined cysteine mutagenesis and oxidative cross-linking to study proximity relationships of TMSs in the exchanger. Pairs of cysteines were reintroduced into a cysteine-less exchanger, one in a TMS in the NH2-terminal cluster (TMSs 1–5) and the other in a TMS in the COOH-terminal cluster (TMSs 6–9). The mutant exchanger proteins were expressed in HEK293 cells, and disulfide bond formation between introduced cysteines was analyzed by gel mobility shifts. Western blots showed that S117C/V804C, A122C/Y892C, A151C/T815C, and A151C/A821C mutant proteins migrated at 120 kDa under reducing conditions and displayed a partial mobility shift to 160 kDa under nonreducing conditions. This shift indicates the formation of a disulfide bond between these paired cysteine residues. Copper phenanthroline and the cross-linkerN′,N′-o-phenylenedimaleimide enhanced the mobility shift to 160 kDa. Our data suggest that TMS7 is close to TMS3 near the intracellular side of the membrane and is in the vicinity of TMS2 near the extracellular surface. Also, TMS2 must adjoin TMS8. This initial packing model of the exchanger brings two functionally important domains in the exchanger, the α1 and α2 repeats, close to each other.
Attributions of Delinquency by Delinquent Minors, Their Families, and Probation Officers

In the juvenile justice system important decisions are based on how responsibility for the minor's behavior is perceived. A survey instrument was administered to delinquent minors, their families, and probation officers in order to compare their attributions of responsibility for the minors' delinquency. All three groups saw the minor, the family and friends as the three factors most responsibile for delinquency, but in varying degrees and combinations. This research demonstrates the importance of studying the perceptions of different groups involved in the juvenile justice system.
Systematic Multi-Path HMM Topology Design for Online Handwriting Recognition of East Asian Characters

This paper presents a systematic multi-path HMM topology design algorithm to better model online handwriting of East Asian characters. This data-driven algorithm solves three key problems in HMM topology design. First, HMM path number determination is formalized as a clustering problem using subsequence direction histogram vector (SDHV) as feature of both writing order and style. Second, curvature scale space-based (CSS-based) substroke segmentation is used to calculate the optimal state number and initial state parameters. Third, self-rotation restricted corner state and imaginary stroke state are designed to determine state connectivity and Gaussian mixture number in order to achieve better state alignment. Experiments on large character sets demonstrate both a significant relative error reduction rate and high recognition accuracy using the proposed algorithm.
A Comparison of the Nuclear Theories of Heisenberg and Wigner. I

The energy levels of Wigner's proposed equation for protons and neutrons in nuclei are compared with those of Heisenberg's equation, after the latter has been simplified by the omission of all interaction terms except those between protons and neutrons. It is assumed for the purpose of comparison, that Wigner's potential energy function is identical with Heisenberg's exchange energy $\ensuremath{-}J$. It is shown that the lowest energy level of Wigner's equation must be lower (more stable) than the lowest level of Heisenberg's equation, except in the case of ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$, for which they are the same. This does not exclude the possibility that Heisenberg's equation may give as good a value for the ratio of the mass defects of ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ as Wigner's equation, since the assumption above is not necessary except for the statement of the theorem. It is also shown that Heisenberg's equation probably predicts that the nuclei ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ are unstable.
Epilepsy, pregnancy and parenting--an American perspective.

Pregnancy for a woman with epilepsy is considered a high risk obstetric condition. However, 90% of women with epilepsy can have safe pregnancies and healthy babies. To achieve this goal several steps must be taken. The pregnancy should be planned and take place at a time when her seizures are well controlled with medications least harmful to the baby. Care during the pregnancy requires a collaborative effort between the neurologist managing her epilepsy and the obstetrician managing the pregnancy. Attention must be given to the effects of pregnancy on seizure control and the effects of the woman's seizures and their treatment on the pregnancy. Education and support assist the woman and other significant people through this process. After the baby arrives, the woman needs to continue to maintain the best possible seizure control and to plan for the safety of herself and her child if seizures occur. This is a family effort. Attention must also be given to the needs of a child growing up in a home where a parent has seizures.
Transhiatal herniation of intestine with circulatory collapse on anesthesia induction

Diaphragmatic herniation is known to create cardiorespiratory challenges for the anesthesiologist. With the increasing use of the transhiatal surgical approach for esophagectomy, the occurrence of transhiatal herniation of bowel is likely to be encountered. A case of circulatory collapse during induction of anesthesia in a patient with transhiatal herniation is presented.
An analysis of the Co2+-induced nuclear magnetic resonance perturbations of hen egg white lysozyme.

A general methodology is presented for analyzing dipolar shifts induced by paramagnetic ions in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of ligand molecules. The method is applied to the shift perturbations induced by Co2+ in the spectrum of hen egg white lysozyme. A hypothesis testing scheme is employed to evaluate statistically the relative precision with which the axially symmetric and non-axially symmetric forms of the dipolar shift equation fit the observed data. The assumption of axial symmetry for the magnetic susceptibility tensor of Co2+ is rejected at the confidence level of 99%. Since the results presented here are similar to those The well-documented success of proton nuclear magnetic resonance ('H NMR)' spectroscopy to provide configurational and conformational information about organic molecules led to the applications of this method to studies of the structures of proteins in solution (Dwek, 1973; James, 1975; Wiithrich, 1976). Such studies continue to be hampered by the fact that even with the development of high-field superconducting spectrometers, 'H NMR spectra of proteins are complex and only partially resolvable because of the large number of protons present in protein molecules. In 1969, a method was introduced which could potentially deal with this inherent problem. McDonald & Phillips (1969) showed that the addition of Co2+ to a solution of HEW lysozyme produced differential shifts in the upfield portion of the protein spectrum, leading to the resolution of previously overlapping peaks. Hinckley (I 969) found that the dipyridine adduct of europium(II1) tris(dipi- valomethane) produced stereospecific shifts in the protein spectrum of cholesterol. These two sets of observations stim- ulated a large number of reports dealing with "shift reagent" research (for reviews see: Cockerill et al., 1973; Reuben, 1973; Sievers, 1973), in which the specific electron-nuclear inter- actions produced by paramagnetic ions were used to alter the IH NMR spectra of organic molecules. In paramagnetic complexes, these electron-nuclear inter- actions are manifested in two changes in the NMR spectrum of the ligand molecule: chemical-shift perturbations and en- hanced relaxation rates (for reviews see: Eaton & Phillips, 1965; De Boer & van Willigan, 1967; Webb, 1970; La Mar et al., 1973). The total shift observed in the resonance of a given nucleus in the presence of paramagnetic ions can be expressed as:
Low-leakage superconducting tunnel junctions with a single-crystal Al2O3 barrier

We have developed a two-step growth scheme for single-crystal Al2O3 tunnel barriers. The barriers are epitaxially grown on single-crystal rhenium (Re) base electrodes that are grown epitaxially on a sapphire substrate, while polycrystalline Al is used as the top electrode. We show that by first growing an amorphous aluminium (Al) oxide layer at room temperature and crystallizing it at a high temperature in oxygen environment, a morphologically intact single-crystal Al2O3 layer is obtained. Tunnel junctions fabricated from these trilayers show very low subgap leakage current. This single-crystal Al2O3 junction may open a new venue for coherent quantum devices.
Religion and Child Health: Religious Affiliation, Importance, and Attendance and Health Status among American Youth

This study examines the relationship between religious affiliation, importance of religion, and frequency of church attendance and the reported overall health status and psychological health of children and adolescents by age group (6–11, 12–15, and 16–19 years old), using national data from the Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Controlling for child’s initial health, individual and family demographic characteristics, and socio-economic status, differences were found by age and measures of religion and health. Probit analysis revealed a generally positive and statistically significant association between religion and health, especially for the psychological health of children ages 12–15. Mitigating the issue of selection bias on observable characteristics, the Propensity Score Matching analysis generated similar positive associations between religion and child health. These findings are consistent with the corresponding literature on adults.
Multitrait-Multimethod Validation of Personality Traits Possessed by Industrial Personnel in Research and Development

Personality inventories are frequently used in applied research settings. Typically, these inventories are not validated in the situation, in which they are used. The purpose of the present study was to assess the validity of twenty-two personality trait scales taken from Jackson's Personality Research Form and Personality Inventory for the measurement of personality characteristics of research and development (R & D) specialists in industry. Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod technique was used to determine whether or not ratings by supervisors of the personality of their subordinates agree with the subordinates' personality scale scores of the same traits.
Primary malignant melanoma of the colon in an oculocutaneous albino.

We describe the case of an elderly albino man who presented with the typical features of a caecal malignancy and underwent a right hemi-colectomy. Histological assessment subsequently revealed the tumour to be a primary malignant melanoma of the colon. This unexpected diagnosis raises interesting questions regarding the embryology and aetiology of this rare tumour and the anticipated prognosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a primary colonic melanoma associated with oculocutaneous albinism
SU‐FF‐T‐146: Comparison of the Gliasite Radiation Therapy System (RTS) with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for Intracranial Tumors

Purpose: To compare the Gliasite Radiation Therapy System (RTS) to intensity modulated radiation treatment(IMRT) with respect to dose distribution to both the tumor bed and to critical structures. Method and Materials: At our institution, between January 2002 and January 2005, 30 patients were treated with the Gliasite RTS. A group of 20 patients for whom magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) studies were available was selected out of this sample. Patients were originally treated with the Gliasite RTS to a dose of 6000 cGy prescribed to 1 cm beyond the periphery of the balloon catheter and delivered over 6 days. Utilizing MRI studies with the balloon catheter in place, the same patient group was then planned for IMRT, and the dose distributions to the tumor bed and to critical structures were compared. Results: The range of Gliasite RTS balloon catheter sizes was 4–35 cc. The range of source activities was 154.2 – 418.8 mCi. The Gliasite RTS delivered significantly less dose to the 50% volumes of critical structures versus IMRT.IMRT delivered significantly more dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) at the 100% (4936 vs. 4351 cGy, p=0.02), 99% (5725 vs. 5083 cGy, p=0.001), and 95% target volumes (6052 vs. 5723 cGy, p=0.03) versus the Gliasite RTS. There was no significant difference between IMRT and the Gliasite RTS with respect to the dose delivered to the 90% volumes of the CTV. Conclusion: The Gliasite RTS consistently provided more sparing of critical structures compared to IMRT for intracranial tumors. However, IMRT delivered a higher dose to the CTV that more closely approximated the prescribed dose. The choice of treatment modality must be weighed between the desire to protect normal tissue and the need to maximize dose to target volumes.
DNA Restriction Enzyme from E. coli

An endonuclease which degrades foreign DNA has been isolated. The enzyme requires S-adenosylmethionine, ATP and Mg++.
Inhibition of the Epithelial Na+ Channel by Interaction of Nedd4 with a PY Motif Deleted in Liddle’s Syndrome

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in Na+ absorption in the kidney and other epithelia. Mutations in the C terminus of the beta or gammaENaC subunits increase renal Na+ absorption, causing Liddle's syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension. These mutations delete or disrupt a PY motif that was recently shown to interact with Nedd4, a ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in epithelia. We found that Nedd4 inhibited ENaC when they were coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes. Liddle's syndrome-associated mutations that prevent the interaction between Nedd4 and ENaC abolished inhibition, suggesting that a direct interaction is required for inhibition by Nedd4. Inhibition also required activity of a ubiquitin ligase domain within the C terminus of Nedd4. Nedd4 had no detectable effect on the single channel properties of ENaC. Rather, Nedd4 decreased cell surface expression of both ENaC and a chimeric protein containing the C terminus of the beta subunit. Decreased surface expression resulted from an increase in the rate of degradation of the channel complex. Thus, interaction of Nedd4 with the C terminus of ENaC inhibits Na+ absorption, and loss of this interaction may play a role in the pathogenesis of Liddle's syndrome and other forms of hypertension.
Aggregation of intramembrane particles in erythrocyte membranes treated with diamide.

Abstract Treatment of erythrocytes with diamide (diazene dicarboxylic acid bis-(N,N-dimethylamide) results in oxidation of sulfhydryl groups of the membrane, and cross-linking of membrane proteins into high molecular weight complexes. Concomitant freeze-etching studies show aggregation of intramembrane particles on the protoplasmic fracture face of erythrocyte ghost membranes treated with the oxidant. Furthermore, after a 3 h incubation of erythrocytes with 10 mM diamide at 37°C, cellular energy levels declined to about 70% of control values. The data suggest that disulfide cross-linking of the major membrane proteins releases the apparent physical occlusion of the band 3 proteins within the interstices of the cytoskeletal shell. This results in the translational mobility of band 3 proteins which is reflected ultra-structurally in the freeze-etch images.
The challenge to eliminate micronutrient malnutrition.

Objective: This paper takes a public health approach to examine briefly: (i) the global magnitude and consequences of deficiencies of iodine, vitamin A and iron; (ii) the intervention options for addressing the deficiencies and associated critical issues; (iii) roles of the main ‘players’ involved; (iv) current programs and results. Method: Analysis of the literature, especially that coming from the UN agencies; distillation of experience from the recently completed OMNI Project, and involvement in relevant international meetings. Results: More than one in three individuals throughout the world are at risk of the health and development consequences of iron, vitamin A and/or iodine deficiencies. There has been a 40% decline in the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency over the last 10 years. More than 60% of all salt is now fortified with iodine. Conclusions: Significant progress has been made, particularly with the iodine deficiency disorders and vitamin A deficiency. Little apparent progress has been made with iron deficiency anaemia. Implications: National governments, UN multilateral agencies, international consultative groups, bilateral agencies, global and national non-governmental organisations, and increasingly, the private sector need to work together in looking for innovative approaches, especially for iron, increasing awareness of the broader social and public health nutrition context, and supporting increased international funding.
Do Gender Stereotypes Transcend Party

Voters hold stereotypes about candidate gender and candidate party. Yet little is known about the intersection of gender and party stereotypes. In this article, we investigate whether gender stereotypes transcend party. We consider whether gender stereotypes affect woman politicians differently by party and examine the effect of partisan identification on gender stereotypes. We find that the public perceives gender differences within both political parties. Thus the presence of the party cue does not preclude a role for candidate gender. However, we also find that the implications of gender stereotypes are somewhat different for Democratic and Republican women.
A multichannel speech enhancement method for functional MRI systems using a distributed microphone array

Multichannel speech enhancement has been shown to be an effective method to decrease speech distortion introduced during speech enhancement, especially in environments like MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) which have a distributed noise source. However, these methods suffer from high computational complexity which makes them almost impractical. The use of subband filtering has been suggested to reduce this complexity but the performance of the existing subband methods deteriorate as the number of subbands increases. In this paper we introduce a new multichannel speech enhancement algorithm based on subband adaptive filtering that works for higher number of subbands at a lower complexity. The real-world experiments demonstrate the performance of the new scheme in an MRI room.
Detection and identification of single molecules in solution

We have extended our recent experiments in the detection of single fluorescent molecules in solution to the exploration of spectroscopy at the single-molecule level. As a first step we have developed a technique that can efficiently distinguish between two species of dye molecules on the basis of differences in their emission spectra. We have also demonstrated that another spectroscopic property, fluorescence lifetime, can be accurately determined at the single-molecule level. Spectroscopic properties can be used to identify fluorescent molecules and to reveal static or slowly varying aspects of the microenvironment of each molecule, thereby yielding information unavailable from bulk studies.
Testing for Environmentally Induced Bias in Phenotypic Estimates of Natural Selection: Theory and Practice

Abstract: Measuring natural selection has been a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology for more than a century, and techniques developed in the last 20 yr have provided relatively simple means for biologists to do so. Many of these techniques, however, share a common limitation: when applied to phenotypic data, environmentally induced covariances between traits and fitness can lead to biased estimates of selection and misleading predictions about evolutionary change. Utilizing estimates of breeding values instead of phenotypic data with these methods can eliminate environmentally induced bias, although this approach is more difficult to implement. Despite this potential limitation to phenotypic methods and the availability of a potential solution, little empirical evidence exists on the extent of environmentally induced bias in phenotypic estimates of selection. In this article, we present a method for detecting bias in phenotypic estimates of selection and demonstrate its use with three independent da...
Dietary Curcumin Significantly Improves Obesity-Associated Inflammation and Diabetes in Mouse Models of Diabesity

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, and both conditions are now recognized to possess significant inflammatory components underlying their pathophysiologies. We tested the hypothesis that the plant polyphenolic compound curcumin, which is known to exert potent antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects, would ameliorate diabetes and inflammation in murine models of insulin-resistant obesity. We found that dietary curcumin admixture ameliorated diabetes in high-fat diet-induced obese and leptin-deficient ob/ob male C57BL/6J mice as determined by glucose and insulin tolerance testing and hemoglobin A1c percentages. Curcumin treatment also significantly reduced macrophage infiltration of white adipose tissue, increased adipose tissue adiponectin production, and decreased hepatic nuclear factor-kappaB activity, hepatomegaly, and markers of hepatic inflammation. We therefore conclude that orally ingested curcumin reverses many of the inflammatory and metabolic derangements associated with obesity and improves glycemic control in mouse models of type 2 diabetes. This or related compounds warrant further investigation as novel adjunctive therapies for type 2 diabetes in man.
Mapping Clutter In Situ: Broadband Results from T-MAST 02 and Boundary 2004

This paper presents experimental results of applying two methods to help mitigate the seabed clutter problem by spatially isolating significant reverberant features in situ: (1) a "clutter mapping" technique applied to broadband (400 to 2500 Hz) acoustic data collected in the vicinity of the Stanton Banks off of Scotland during the T-MAST 02 experiment; and (2) the use of a cardioid receiver array on the Malta Plateau off of Sicily during the Boundary 2004 experiment. It is shown that while there are a number of correspondences between strong clutter events and the leading edges of known bathymetric features, there are also a number of clutter returns with no obvious corresponding bathymetric relief. The implications are that relying on archival bathymetric (and wreck) databases will in general be insufficient, and that in situ reverberation assessments need to be conducted that yield not just the mean (intensity) characteristics, but also the statistics
Quantifying software requirements for supporting archived office documents using emulation

This paper addresses the issues associated with building software images to support a collection of archived documents using machine emulators. Emulation has been proposed as a strategy for preservation of digital documents that require their original software for access. The creation of software images is a critical component in archiving documents via emulation. The software images include the operating system, application software, and supporting software artifacts such as fonts and Codecs (Compression-Decompression algorithm). A practical emulation environment to support a digital document requires both an emulator and a software image. This paper considers the issues associated with creating such software images to support Microsoft Office documents. In particular, we discuss a set of software tools and strategies that we developed to automatically analyze the dependencies of Microsoft Office documents on software resources and supporting files. As a proof of concept, the tools and strategies have been applied to establish dependencies of Office documents from a document library containing approximately 200,000 documents and to automatically collect missing resources such as fonts. The software tools are a first step toward an interactive system that aids in the construction of robust emulation environments for preserving digital artifacts. However, they may also be used in other contexts, for example, to support screening of documents for archiving and migration to new platforms to ensure correct visualization.
CD4 T Cells Contribute to Virus Control and Pathology following Central Nervous System Infection with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

Replication of the neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM (JHMV) is controlled primarily by CD8 + T-cell effectors utilizing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and perforin-mediated cytotoxicity. CD4 + T cells provide an auxiliary function(s) for CD8 + T-cell survival; however, their direct contribution to control of virus replication and pathology is unclear. To examine a direct role of CD4 + T cells in viral clearance and pathology, pathogenesis was compared in mice deficient in both perforin and IFN-γ that were selectively reconstituted for these functions via transfer of virus-specific memory CD4 + T cells. CD4 + T cells from immunized wild-type, perforin-deficient, and IFN-γ-deficient donors all initially reduced virus replication. However, prolonged viral control by IFN-γ-competent donors suggested that IFN-γ is important for sustained virus control. Local release of IFN-γ was evident by up-regulation of class II molecules on microglia in recipients of IFN-γ producing CD4 + T cells. CD4 + T-cell-mediated antiviral activity correlated with diminished clinical symptoms, pathology, and demyelination. Both wild-type donor CD90.1 and recipient CD90.2 CD4 + T cells trafficked into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma and localized to infected white matter, correlating with decreased numbers of virus-infected oligodendrocytes in the CNS. These data support a direct, if limited, antiviral role for CD4 + T cells early during acute JHMV encephalomyelitis. Although the antiviral effector mechanism is initially independent of IFN-γ secretion, sustained control of CNS virus replication by CD4 + T cells requires IFN-γ.
Numerical Simulation of Katabatic Flow with Changing Slope Angle

A large eddy simulation (LES) model and the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model, which does not resolve turbulent eddies, are used to study the effect of a slope angle decrease on the structure of katabatic slope flows. For a simple, uniform angle slope, simulations from both models produce turbulence kinetic energy and momentum budgets that are in good overall agreement. Simulations of a compound angle slope are compared to a uniform angle slope to demonstrate how a changing slope angle can strongly affect the strength of katabatic flows. Both ARPS and the LES model show that slopes with a steep upper slope followed by a shallower lower slope (concave shape) generate a rapid acceleration on the upper slope followed by a transition to a slower evolving structure characterized by an elevated jet over the lower slope. In contrast, the case with uniform slope (having the same total height change) yields a more uniform flow profile with stronger winds at the slope bottom. Higher average slope in the uniform slope angle case generates greater gravitational potential energy, which is converted to kinetic energy at the bottom of the slope. Analysis of the total energy budget of slope flows indicates a consistent structure where potential energy generated at the top of the slope is transported downslope and converted into kinetic energy near the slope base.
Feedback control for quadratic nonlinear systems

We propose two state feedback control strategies based on quadratic stability for quadratic nonlinear systems, specifically reduced order fluid flow models. Stabilizing linear controllers are designed at each operating point, but unlike traditional linear designs, the nonlinear dynamics are taken into account during the design process by representing them as elements of a bounding set. By solving a set of linear matrix inequalities an estimate of the region of attraction at each operating point of the closed loop system is presented. The overall design consists of a sequence of linear controllers that regionally stabilize and enlarge the region of attraction of the desired operating points. Under the assumption that the system admits a centered-e-cover, a switching strategy is proposed that achieves semiglobal stabilization of the nonlinear system.
Dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow and angiogenesis after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Evaluation with serial magnetic resonance imaging.

Background and Purpose— Angiogenesis occurs after cerebral ischemia, but the relationship between angiogenesis and cerebral hemodynamic change is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ischemia-induced angiogenesis and hemodynamics in a well-defined 3-vessel occlusion model of the rat by using diffusion- (DWI), perfusion-, and T2-weighted MRI (T2WI). Methods— Rats were subjected to 60 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham operation. DWI and T2WI were used to characterize the extent of the ischemic lesion from 4.5 hours to 14 days after reperfusion. A flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery method and dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI were used to evaluate the temporal changes in relative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV), respectively. Rats were randomly selected and killed at each time point for investigation of vascular density and for hematoxylin-eosin staining. Results— Ischemic lesions developed in the ...
Computer vision methods for visual MIMO optical system

Cameras have become commonplace in phones, laptops, music-players and handheld games. Similarly, light emitting displays are prevalent in the form of electronic billboards, televisions, computer monitors, and hand-held devices. The prevalence of cameras and displays in our society creates a novel opportunity to build camera-based optical wireless communication systems based on a concept called visual MIMO. We extend the common term MIMO from the field of communications (“multiple-input multiple-output”) that is typically used to describe multiple antenna, multiple transmitter radio frequency communications channel. In the visual MIMO communications paradigm, the transmitters are light-emitting devices such as electronic displays and cameras are the receivers. In this paper we discuss and address several challenges in creating a visual MIMO channel. These challenges include: (1) electronic display detection, (2) embedding the transmission signal in the display video, and (3) system characterization for electronic display appearance.
N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Pediatric Trichotillomania: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Add-On Trial

Abstract Objective To examine the efficacy of N -acetylcysteine (NAC) for the treatment of pediatric trichotillomania (TTM) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, add-on study. Method A total of 39 children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years with pediatric trichotillomania were randomly assigned to receive NAC or matching placebo for 12 weeks. Our primary outcome was change in severity of hairpulling as measured by the Massachusetts General Hospital–Hairpulling Scale (MGH-HPS). Secondary measures assessed hairpulling severity, automatic versus focused pulling, clinician-rated improvement, and comorbid anxiety and depression. Outcomes were examined using linear mixed models to test the treatment×time interaction in an intention-to-treat population. Results No significant difference between N -acetylcysteine and placebo was found on any of the primary or secondary outcome measures. On several measures of hairpulling, subjects significantly improved with time regardless of treatment assignment. In the NAC group, 25% of subjects were judged as treatment responders, compared to 21% in the placebo group. Conclusions We observed no benefit of NAC for the treatment of children with trichotillomania. Our findings stand in contrast to a previous, similarly designed trial in adults with TTM, which demonstrated a very large, statistically significant benefit of NAC. Based on the differing results of NAC in pediatric and adult TTM populations, the assumption that pharmacological interventions demonstrated to be effective in adults with TTM will be as effective in children, may be inaccurate. This trial highlights the importance of referring children with TTM to appropriate behavioral therapy before initiating pharmacological interventions, as behavioral therapy has demonstrated efficacy in both children and adults with trichotillomania.
Euler parameters kinetic singularity

Euler parameters do not suffer from the kinematic singularity associated with the three-parameter representation of the rotation. For this reason, the four Euler parameters are widely used in describing the motion of rigid bodies in space. These parameters are related by an algebraic equation which must be satisfied at the position, velocity, and acceleration levels. However, the constraint forces associated with Euler parameter constraints are always zero and lead to a kinetic singularity when a certain solution procedure is used to solve for the accelerations. It is shown in this paper that when the equations are formulated in terms of Euler parameters, the use of a solution procedure for the accelerations that requires the elimination of Lagrange multipliers leads to a singular coefficient matrix. Since Lagrange multipliers associated with Euler parameters constraints always define zero constraint forces, a nonsingular coefficient matrix can be identified and used to solve for Lagrange multipliers asso...
Psychosocial interventions for managing pain in older adults: outcomes and clinical implications†

Summary Interest in the use of psychosocial interventions to help older adults manage pain is growing. In this article, we review this approach. The first section reviews the conceptual background for psychosocial interventions with a special emphasis on the biopsychosocial model of pain. The second section highlights three psychosocial interventions used with older adults: cognitive behavioural therapy, emotional disclosure, and mind–body interventions (specifically mindfulness-based stress reduction and yoga). The final section of the paper highlights important future directions for work in this area.
Immediate and long-term impact of anti-graft antibodies in cardiac allografts

Abstract Heart transplantation has become an important therapeutic option for the treatment of end-stage heart disease. Over the past 40 years, much has been learned about the immunologic responses to the allograft heart, including elucidation of the mechanisms of acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). In AMR, damage to the allograft vasculature including capillaries and coronary arteries causes graft dysfunction and decreased survival. The recent recognition of AMR in cardiac transplantation has led to an evolution in the evaluation of the biopsy and graft surveillance. The use of serologic testing and both histologic and immunohistochemical criteria have improved the detection of AMR.
An algorithm for the computationally efficient deductive implementation of the Markov/Cell-to-Cell-Mapping Technique for risk significant scenario identification

A backtracking algorithm is proposed for the computationally efficient diagnostic/deductive implementation of the Markov/Cell-to-Cell-Mapping Technique (CCMT). Using a probabilistic mapping of the discretized system space onto itself in discrete time that can account for both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties on a phenomenologically consistent platform, Markov/CCMT allows quantification of probabilistic system evolution in time, as well as tracing of fault propagation throughout the system. The algorithm is illustrated using an example level control system and by identifying possible sequential pathways and risk significant scenarios for a given failure mode of the system. The algorithm allows incremental verification of the fidelity of the model used to represent the physics without increased memory requirements. The results show that the algorithm is scalable to larger systems.
Random Fractal Forgeries

Mandelbrot’s fractal geometry provides both a description and a mathematical model for many of the seemingly complex shapes found in nature. Such shapes often possess a remarkable invariance under changes of magnification. This statistical self-similarity may be characterized by a fractal dimension, a number that agrees with our intuitive notion of dimension but need not be an integer. In section I, a series of computer generated and rendered random fractal shapes provide a visual introduction to the concepts of fractal geometry. These complex images, with details on all scales, are the result of the simplest rules of fractal geometry. Their success as forgeries of the natural world has played an important role in the rapid establishment of fractal geometry as a new scientific discipline and exciting graphic technique. Section II presents a brief mathematical characterization of these forgeries, as variations on Mandelbrot’s fractional Brownian motion. The important concepts of fractal dimension and exact and statistical self-similarity and self-affinity will be reviewed. Finally, section III will discuss independent cuts, Fourier filtering, midpoint displacement, successive random additions, and the Weierstrass-Mandelbrot random function as specific generating algorithms.
A study of lipids in the Cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract An ultramicrototal lipid procedure is presented which is capable of determining 2 μg of lipids with a coefficient of variation of about 7 per cent. It is based on the oxidation of a suitable extract by a dichromate-sulfuric acid reagent and the colorimetric determination of the reduced chrome ion. Several tests for the validity of the proposed procedure on C.S.F. are presented. Calculations are presented for the derivation of neutral fats in C.S.F.
Identifying cognitive state from eye metrics.

INTRODUCTION: This paper describes a new approach for identifying cognitive state by using information obtained only from the eye. Data are collected from cameras mounted on a lightweight headband. A set of eye metrics captures essential eye information from the raw data of pupil size and point-of-gaze. The metrics are easily calculated every second, so that the entire set of metrics can be computed in real time. METHODS: Three studies provide empirical evidence to test whether the eye metrics are sufficient to discriminate between two different cognitive states. The first study examines the states of relaxed and engaged in the context of problem solving. The second study looks at the states of focused and distracted attention in the context of driving. The third study inspects the states of alert and fatigued in the context of visual search. Two statistical models are used to classify cognitive state for all three studies: linear discriminant function analysis and non-linear neural network analysis. Data for the models are eye metrics computed at 1-, 4-, and 10-s intervals. RESULTS: All discriminant function analyses are statistically significant, and classification rates are high. Neural network models have equal or better performance than discriminant function models across all three studies. DISCUSSION: The seven eye metrics successfully discriminate between the states in all studies. Models from individual participants as well as the aggregate model over all participants are successful in identifying cognitive states based on task condition. Classification rates compare favorably with similar studies. Language: en
Experiments on Purification of Bacteriophage, and a Respiratory Pigment in Escherichia Coli Communis

During a study of the bacteriolytic enzyme, lysozyme,1 we wished to compare its properties with those of bacteriophage. The method used for the purification of lysozyme was not applicable to bacteriophage because of the extreme sensitivity of phage to the common organic solvents.Previous efforts at purification of bacteriophage have usually employed physico-chemical methods: ultrafiltration through membranes of graded porosity,2 adsorption,3 and more lately centrifugation.4 In the present work the removal of undesired culture medium and bacterial components was attempted by chemical methods and the behavior of phage toward some chemical agents was observed.The phage and coli strains here used were obtained from Dr. M. Holden, of the Department of Bacteriology. The organism gives the sugar reactions of Escherichia coli Communis. The phage was isolated from a normal stool several years ago and has been propagated since on the coli strain.In obtaining phage for concentration an 18-hour culture was inoculated...
Non-unique Numerical Solutions and Their Stability of the Euler Equations for Transonic Flow over Airfoils

Multiple numerical solutions of inviscid transonic flow over several airfoils exist at certain Mach number and angle of attack. Global linear stability analysis of the multiple solutions is conducted in this paper. Linear perturbation equations of the Euler equations around a steady-state solution are formed, an eigenvalue problem is then constructed using the modal analysis approach, then it is discretized using a numerical scheme that is similar to the JST scheme for the Euler equations. Only a small portion of the eigen spectrum is needed and thus can be found efficiently by using implicit restarted Arnoldi’s algorithm. The eigenvalue that has the largest real part determines stability of the steady-state solution, the corresponding eigenmode can also be found. Multiple numerical solutions and their stability characteristics are studied for the Hafez airfoils with flat and wavy surfaces, original and modified NACA 0012 airfoil. For the Hafez airfoils, the numerical solutions and stability are consistent with previous studies in the literature, which suggest the validity of the present method. Analysis of the NACA 0012 airfoil indicates stability of symmetric solutions of the Euler equations at conditions where buffet is found from unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. Euler solutions of the same airfoil but modified to include the displacement thickness of the boundary layer computed from the Navier-Stokes equations, however, exhibit instability based on the present linear stability analysis. The asymmetry J78 airfoil exhibits different type of multiple solutions and stability mechanism.
Susceptibility of Friend erythroleukemia cells to natural cytotoxicity after in vitro treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide.

AbstractGrowth of a continuous cell line of Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) in medium containing 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) resulted in a marked increase in susceptibility to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by spleen cells from unimmunized mice. The transition of FLC to sensitive targets was not observed until 2 days after culture initiation in DMSO. Cytolytic reactivity was not restricted by products of the major histocompatability complex since both syngeneic and allogeneic effector cells responded similarly. Preincubation of effector cells in mouse fibroblast interferon augmented the cytotoxic reactivity in a dose-dependent manner against DMSO-grown FLC but had no influence on the ability of spleen cells to lyse untreated FLC. The adherence properties of effector cells on nylon wool, glass wool, and plastic surfaces were consistent with those of macrophages. Amphotericin Bseemed also to be required for the transition of FLC to sensitive targets. The increased susceptibility of the DMSO-treated ...