cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The HLA gene complex and genetic susceptibility to disease.

In the past year, the analysis of HLA genes and their associations with disease has concentrated on refining the mapping of disease-susceptibility genes and dissecting the possible genetic mechanisms underlying disease associations.
Slow Neutron Resonances in Holmium, Thulium, and Lutetium

The total cross sections of holmium, thulium, and lutetium have been measured over the neutron energy range from 0.1 to \ensuremath{\sim}30 ev. Resonances were found in ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$ at 3.96, 12.8, 19, 22, and 39 ev; in ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{169}$ at 3.92 14.8, and 17.6 ev. Of the many resonances found in lutetium, the following tentative isotopic assignments have been made: ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$---resonances at 5.30, 11.4, 14.4, 20.6, 24, and 31 ev; ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{176}$---resonances at 0.142, 1.57 2.62, and 4.80. It is probable that many additional resonances are present at higher energies in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{176}$ but were not observed. The average spacing between resonances in ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{165}$, ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{169}$, and ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{175}$ (odd-even isotopes) is estimated to be of the same order of magnitude; i.e., respectively 10, 10, and 6 ev; while the spacing in ${\mathrm{Lu}}^{176}$ (odd-odd) appears to be much smaller, of the order of 1 to 2 ev. Parameters for several of the resonances have been obtained.
Power calculations for genetic association studies using estimated probability distributions.

The determination of the power of-or of an appropriate sample size for-genetic association studies that exploit linkage disequilibrium requires many assumptions. Some of the more important assumptions include the linkage-disequilibrium strength among alleles at the observed marker-locus sites and a potential trait-influencing locus, the frequencies of the marker locus and trait-influencing alleles, and the ultimate density of the marker locus "map" (i.e., the number of bases between marker loci) necessary in order to identify, with some confidence, trait-influencing alleles. I consider an approach to assessment of the power and sample-size requirements of genetic case-control association study designs that makes use of empirically derived estimates of the distributions of important parameters often assumed to take on arbitrary values. My proposed methodology is extremely general and flexible and ultimately can provide realistic answers to questions such as "How many markers and/or how many individuals might it take to identify, with confidence, a disease gene, via linkage-disequilibrium and association methods from a candidate region or whole genome perspective?" I showcase aspects of the proposed methodology, using information abstracted from the literature.
Origin of Sands on the East Side of the Las Bela Valley, West Pakistan

The large sand complex on the east side of the Las Bela Valley, West Pakistan, is thought to have been derived from the nearby mountain ranges rather than from an exposed continental shelf. Sea level changes and Recent tectonism complicate the sequence of events.
Supply chain consortia: the rise of transcendental buyer–supplier relationships

Abstract A theoretical, cross-disciplinary model for cooperative buyer–supplier relationships is proposed which integrates information obtained from prior research on organizational culture and transaction cost analysis (TCA). The authors describe key elements of TCA and review the three types of transaction governance structures commonly used to explain relationships within an organization. The authors extend this by applying structure type to buyer–supplier relationships. The researchers propose several types of interorganizational relationships and conclude with an in-depth discussion of a successful supply chain consortium used by Boeing Aircraft Company and several key suppliers.
Marine complex effluent toxicity program: test sensitivity, repeatability and relevance to receiving water toxicity

In March 1984, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a significant change in procedures regulating toxic materials in effluents through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Concurrent with this toxicity-based effluent control policy, the EPA established the marine/estuarine component of the Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program (CETTP). The CETTP was established to provide reliable, sensitive and environmentally meaningful test protocols that could be used to detect toxic industrial and municipal effluents within the NPDES. Five toxicity test methods have been developed and validated for the program since 1984 using a marine plant (Champia parvula), two invertebrate species (Arbacia punctulata and Mysidopsis bahia) and two fish species (Cyprinodon variegatus and Menidia beryllina). The laboratory precision test results for the methods were acceptable; coefficients of variation for all methods were less than 54%, averaging 34%. Numerous field tests were conducted using these methods and the results indicate that tests on receiving waters (in which effluent concentrations could be estimated through controlled dye studies) accurately reflect the toxicity of the effluents measured directly. Receiving water impacts, when observed, were generally near-field in nature. The test methods developed are sensitive, efficient, reliable and environmentally relevant measures of effluent toxicity and offer promise for reducing adverse impacts from point-source discharges in near-coastal waters.
Isolation of tetra-acyl sucrose esters from turkish tobacco using supercritical fluid CO2 and comparison with conventional solvent extraction.

Pure supercritical CO2 at various pressures and temperatures was used to effect the fractionation of tetra-acyl sucrose esters (SE) from dried, ground Turkish tobacco without any further pretreatment of the matrix. It was determined that SE cannot be extracted using low density CO2 (150 atm, 60 °C, and 0.62 gm/mL or 200 atm, 100 °C, and 0.49 gm/mL), whereas other analytes, which strongly interfere with the conventional solvent extraction of SE, can be easily removed under the same conditions. At the higher temperature (100 °C), these same analytes that interfere with the conventional solvent extraction of SE are even more readily removed, while the very poor extractability of SE is not affected. It was demonstrated, however, that SE can be removed from the pre-extracted tobacco with supercritical CO2 if the density is greater than (or equal to) 0.73 gm/mL. The supercritical fluid extraction method has been compared with other previous extraction methods that employ conventional solvents. This study provid...
Microbiology, infection control, immunizations, and infectious disease exposure: education and practices in United States nursing schools.

Background: Previous data suggest that nursing students in the United States are inadequately protected against hepatitis B. This survey focused on the immunization and education practices, infection control knowledge, and follow-up to infectious disease exposure by U.S. nursing schools. Methods: To ascertain education requirements, immunization practices, and infectious disease postexposure follow up, a survey was sent to the director or dean of 1164 U.S. nursing schools. Results: Seven hundred sixty-five schools (65.7%) responded to the survey. A microbiology course was required before clinical experience by 49% of schools. Clinical experience in the operating room was given by 16%, 65% of schools offered infectious and communicable disease courses, and 98% offered universal precaution instructions. The hepatitis B vaccine was required by 11%; 2% required yearly influenza vaccination. In a comparison of programs, the diploma schools were more likely to have written policies for infectious disease exposure follow-up and to use appropriate agencies for exposure follow-up ( p = 0.0001). Conclusions: A microbiology course before clinical experience should be encouraged. Immunization policies and infectious disease exposure follow-up are currently inadequate in U.S. associate degree and baccalaureate nursing programs.
The early days of nephrology in Colombia.

In 1951, Dr Jaime Borrero Ramirez, an intern in medicine at the old Hospital San Vincente de Paul in Medellin, Colombia, was attending rounds with his professor. They stopped by the bed of a patient exhibiting signs of advanced kidney disease, including uremic frost. In Colombia, in those early years, there was no treatment for this disease. It was only in 1950 that renal biopsies had first been performed in Cali by the Bolivian urologist Lupi Mendoza. That patient examined by Dr Borrero ultimately died. The findings on autopsy revealed sclerotic kidneys and dilated tubules.
Structure–property relationship of polyimides based on pyromellitic dianhydride and short‐chain aliphatic diamines for dielectric material applications

Most polyolefins that are used for dielectric materials exhibit a low dielectric constant and operating temperatures up to 70 � C. Polyimides offer a means to a higher dielectric constant material by the introduction of a polar group in the polymer backbone and are thermally stable at temperatures exceeding 250 � C. A common dianhydride, pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), is reacted with various short-chain diamines to produce polymers with high imide density. Homopolymers and copolymers synthesized had dielectric constants ranging from 3.96 to 6.57. These materials exhibit a dielectric constant twice that of biaxially oriented polypropylene and therefore a twofold increase in capacitance as well as maintaining low dissipation factors that are acceptable for this application. The experimental dielectric constants of these materials are also compared to density functional theory calculations and exhibit a close relationship. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 000: 000-000, 2013
Developmental services in primary care for low-income children: Clinicians’ perceptions of the healthy steps for young children program

Difficulties with providing quality primary health care for low-income Americans have been well documented. Few studies have addressed the challenges faced by pediatric clinicians serving low-income families or whether practice-based interventions improve clinicians’ ability to provide quality preventive health services. We investigated if, over time, the Healthy Steps for Young Children program affected the practices and perceptions of clinicians in pediatric primary care practices serving low-income families compared to practices serving more affluent families. Self-administered questionnaires were completed at baseline (N=104) and at 30 months (N=91) by clinicians at 20 pediatric practices participating in the Healthy Steps program. Practices were divided into three groups: those serving families with low, middle, and high incomes. Barriers to providing care, provision of preventive developmental services, and perceptions of care were assessed at baseline and at 30 months after introducing the program. Across all income groups and over time, clinicians were more likely to report the provision of preventive developmental health services. Clinicians in low-income practices reported increased problems with both reimbursement and time barriers; clinicians in high-income practices reported increased problems with reim-bursement. At 30 months, clinicians serving low-income families reported the greatest positive changes in their perceptions about the quality of care provided by their practices. They also were more likely to strongly agree that they gave support to families and to be very satisfied with the ability of their clinical staff to meet the developmental needs of children. We found that Healthy Steps was successful in universally increasing developmental services despite the reported practice barriers for both low- and high-income practices. The Healthy Steps program enabled low-income practices to achieve similar levels of clinician satisfaction as middle- and high-income practices despite having reported lower levels at the beginning months of the program.
Inhibition Performance Study of Vanadate on AA2024-T3 at High Temperature by SEM, FIB, Raman and XPS

Research was sponsored by the Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF- 14-2-0004. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Army Research Laboratory or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation herein. Purchase of the Raman microprobe was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0639163.
Two aerodynamic roughness maps derived from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data and their effects on boundary layer properties in a Mars general circulation model (GCM)

[1] Mechanical (forced convective) and free convective turbulent heat and momentum transfer in the lower atmosphere of a terrestrial planet has some dependence on the roughness characteristics of the surface, often quantified in terms of a single roughness parameter which is then used to calculate the coefficients that govern heat and momentum transport between the surface and the boundary layer. We take two different approaches for deriving this aerodynamic roughness parameter for Martian surfaces using data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. We then use these two different roughness maps to force the boundary layer in a Mars general circulation model, primarily investigating differences in temperatures and the pressure cycle between the two simulations. While the pressure cycle does not vary significantly, spring and summer high-latitude temperatures are somewhat sensitive to the input roughness conditions. Daytime temperatures may vary up to 10 K seasonally, though zonally and annually averaged daytime temperatures vary only by � 1 K. Our results can be explained by the dominance of mechanical over convective turbulent heat transfer processes on Mars. These simulations, however, use a prescribed atmospheric dust distribution and thus only provide a minimum estimate of the uncertainty in boundary layer temperatures because of this plausible range of aerodynamic roughness parameters. Since surface roughness determines the threshold wind velocity for dust lifting we anticipate a much larger effect of the aerodynamic roughness parameter on temperatures when the dust distribution is allowed to vary according to predicted lifting and transport.
COMPUTERIZED PERSONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY MANAGEMENT

As practitioners of an integrative discipline, geographers may experience difficulty keeping abreast of current literature in several interest areas simultaneously. The problem is exacerbated by a high level of error in many citation lists, much of which may be attributable to manual transcription of references. Sophisticated bibliographic software packages available for microcomputers can help researchers maintain up-to-date, relatively error-free bibliographies. These tools are also effective for teaching the basics of on-line searching. The utility of such software is illustrated in a discussion of an inexpensive personal bibliographic package with capabilities in three broad areas: information management, data acquisition, and printing formatted reference lists.
Nonlinear Stationary Wave Maintenance and Seasonal Cycle in the GFDL R30 GCM

Abstract In this study, the climatological stationary wave maintenance is examined from nonlinear perspective using the GFDL R30 GCM outputs, a fully nonlinear stationary wave model, and a linear stationary wave model. The primary focus of the study is on the nature of the stationary nonlinearity and relative contribution to the total nonlinearity by various factors, such as heating, orography, and the interaction between flows forced by heating and orography. It is found that both the nonlinear effect of the diabatic heating and the nonlinear interaction between flows forced by orography and diabatic heating are important contributors toward the total stationary nonlinearity in northern winter and summer. Some regional features, such as the anticyclone off the northwest coast of North America in winter and the southwestern U.S. summer anticyclone, are entirely due to the nonlinear interaction between flows forced by heating and orography. Consistent with the linear stationary wave maintenance, the diabat...
A phage P1b Function needed for DNA replication in a lytic cycle, but not in the prophage ☆

Abstract The characteristics of phages P1b and P1b ts 21 lysogens have been studied. No difference is observed between the temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant and its parental type with respect to prophage commitment to thermal induction. Unlike the lysogen of the parental type, the ts 21 lysogen fails to resume DNA synthesis after the prophage is committed to induction at high temperature. Incubation of the lysogen at high temperature does not result in the segregation of P1-sensitive cells. It is concluded that the function in which ts 21 is deficient at high temperature is not needed for prophage replication.
Acceleration of runaway electrons in solar flares

The dc electric field acceleration of electrons out of a thermal plasma and the evolution of the runaway tail are studied numerically, using a relativistic quasi-linear code based on the Ritz-Galerkin method and finite elements. A small field-aligned electric field is turned on at a certain time. The resulting distribution function from the runaway process is used to calculate the synchrotron emission during the evolution of the runaway tail. It is found that, during the runaway tail formation, which lasts a few tens of seconds for typical solar flare conditions, the synchrotron emission level is low, almost ot the same order as the emission from the thermal plasma, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum. However, the emission is enhanced explosively in a few microseconds by several orders of magnitude at the time the runaway tail stops growing along the magnetic field and tends toward isotropy due to the pitch-angle scattering of the fast particles. Results indicate that, in order to account for the observed synchrotron emission spectrum of a typical solar flare, the electric field acceleration phase must be accompanied or preceded by a heating phase which yields an enhanced electron temperature of about 2-15 keV in the flare region if the electric field is 0.1-0.2 times the Dreicer field and cyclotron-to-plasma frequency ratios are of order 1-2.
Solution structure of an oligodeoxynucleotide containing the human N-ras codon 12 sequence refined from 1H NMR using molecular dynamics restrained by nuclear Overhauser effects.

The structure of d(GGCAGGTGGTG).d(CACCACCTGCC), consisting of codons 11, 12 (underlined), and 13 of the human n-ras protooncogene, was refined from 1H NMR data. Patterns of internucleotide NOEs consistent with a B-form helix were observed for each strand. NOE intensities between purine H8 and H1' protons were small compared to intensities between cytosine H5 and H6 protons, indicative of glycosyl torsion angles in the anti range. Cross-peaks were observed between purine H8 and pyrimidine H5 and CH3 protons on adjacent bases in the direction of purine (5'-->3')pyrimidine, but not in the direction pyrimidine(5'-->3')purine. Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding between bases was intact. A total of 232 experimental distance restraints were obtained. Of these, 143 were intra-residue restraints and 89 were inter-residue restraints. A restrained molecular dynamics/simulated annealing approach yielded 6 MD structures calculated from a B-form starting structure and 6 MD structures from an A-form starting structure. These refined to an average pairwise rms difference of 0.92 angstrom, with maximum pairwise rmsd of 1.35 angstroms. Accuracy of emergent structures was assessed by relaxation matrix back-calculation. The sixth-root residual index of 7.0 x 10(-2) measured between the refined structures and the NOE intensity data suggested that the former were in reasonable agreement with the NOE data. The refined solution structures were in the B-family. Similar to the human n-ras codon 61 sequence [Feng, B., & Stone, M.P. (1995) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8, 821-832], the ras12 sequence contained local variations in B-like conformation which did not confer large structural alterations upon the duplex, but perhaps modulated the reactivity of the first as compared to the second guanine in codon 12.
National Context, Family Satisfaction, and Fairness in the Division of Household Labor

This study uses data from married women in 30 nations to examine justice processes involving perceptions of fairness of the division of household labor and satisfaction with family life. Relative deprivation theory suggests that national context—operationalized here as nation-level gender equity—might serve as a comparative referent used by married women when making determinations of the fairness of the division of household labor. Multilevel analyses confirm that the effect of inequalities in the division of household labor on perceptions of fairness is moderated by national context, as is the effect of perceptions of fairness on satisfaction with family life. The effects are strongest in nations with high levels of gender equity, confirming two hypotheses suggested by relative deprivation theory.
Psychological Problems Associated With Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Deployment

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) are the longest sustained ground combat operations involving American forces since the Vietnam era. Our continued involvement in t...
Cognitive Mediators of Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder: Comparing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Objective: To assess the relationship between session-bysession mediators and treatment outcomes in traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for social anxiety disorder. Method: Session-by-session changes in negative cognitions (a theorized mediator of CBT) and experiential avoidance (a theorized mediator of ACT) were assessed in 50 adult outpatientsrandomizedtoCBT(n = 25)orACT(n = 25)for DSM-IV socialanxiety disorder. Results:Multilevel modeling analyses revealed significant nonlinear decreases in the proposed mediators in both treatments, with ACT showing steeper decline than CBT at the beginning of treatment and CBT showing steeper decline than ACT at the end of treatment. Curvature (or the nonlinear effect) of experiential avoidance during treatment significantly mediated posttreatment social anxiety symptoms and anhedonic depression in ACT, but not in CBT, with steeper decline of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire at the beginning of treatment predicting fewer symptoms in ACT only. Curvature of negative cognitions during both treatments predicted outcome, with steeper decline of negative cognitions at the beginning of treatment predicting lower posttreatment social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Rate of change in negative cognitions at the beginning of treatment is an important predictor of change across both ACT and CBT, whereas rate of change in experiential avoidance at the beginning of treatment is a mechanism specific to ACT.
Palynology of Four Bog Sections From the Western Olympic Peninsula, Washington

Buttrick, P. L. 1914. The probable origin of the forests of the Black Hills of South Dakota. Forestry Quart. 12: 223-227. Cox, Wm. T. 1911. Reforestation on the national forests. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. Bull. 98, 57 p. Curtis, J. D., and D. W. Lynch. 1957. Silvics of ponderosa pine. Intermountain Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Misc. Publ. 12, 37 p. Daubenmire, R. F. 1943. Soil temperature versus drouth as a factor determining lower altitudinal limits of trees in the Rocky Mountains. Botan. Gaz. 105: 1-13. Green, Joanne. 1960. The Dakota National Forest. M.S. Thesis. North Dakota State Univ.. Fargo, N. Dak. 64 p. Times, R. 1908. Report on a proposed national forest in Billings County, N. Dak. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv., 16 p. Leonard, A. G. 1916. The Pleistocene drainage changes in western North Dakota. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 27: 295-304. . 1917. Geological history of North Dakota. North Dakota Univ. Quart. J. 7: 228-235. Mogren, E. W. 1957. Slope and aspect as indicators of site for ponderosa pine in the Black Hills. Colorado State Univ., Res. Note 11, 2 p. Noyce, Nellie B. 1959. My version of western North Dakota. Dohertv Printers, Dickinson, N. Dak. 78 p. Pearson, G. A. 1950. Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. Agr. Monogr. 6, 218 p. Penfound, W. T., and E. L. Rice. 1957. An evaluation of the arms-length rectangle method in forest sampling. Ecology 38: 660-661. Potter, L. D. 1952. North Dakota's heritage of pine. State Hist. Soc. of North Dakota 19: 1-12. Rudd, Velva E. 1951. Geographical affinities of the flora of North Dakota. Am. Midland Naturalist 45: 722-739. Stevens, 0. A. 1950. Handbook of North Dakota plants. North Dakota Inst. for Regional Studies, N. Dak. State Univ., Fargo. 324 p. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agr. Handb. 60, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington. U.S. Weather Bureau. 1930. Climatic summary of the U.S.-From establishment of station to 1930, Sec. 34, Western N. Dak. . 1952. Climatic summary of the U.S.-Supplement for 1931-1952, N. Dak., 28. Wagar, J. A., and C. A. Meyers. 1958. Some factors affecting the results of direct seeding ponderosa pine in the Black Hills. Colorado State Univ. Res. Note 33, 6 p. Will, G. F. 1946. Tree ring studies in North Dakota. North Dakota Agr. Coll. Ext. Sta. Bull. 338, 24 p.
Validation of Cooling Curves Prediction Model for Nonconventional Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

Asphalt concrete (AC) cooling rates provide important information that can help with planning operations and field decisions made during construction. An increased cooling rate reduces the time available for compaction; as the mix cools down, the asphalt binder becomes stiff and makes it more difficult to achieve proper compaction, which can affect pavement performance. MultiCool is a computer program that predicts the rate of cooling in a hot-mix asphalt mat during construction on the basis of information related to the start time of the paving operation, environmental conditions, existing surface, and mix specifications. The software was originally developed and validated for conventional AC mixes. The objective of this study was to validate the cooling rates calculated by MultiCool for nonconventional mixes such as warm-mix asphalt (WMA), mixtures containing high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and mixtures containing modified and alternative binders. The validation was performed by us...
Should High Lipid Levels in Very Old Patients Be Lowered

Not long ago the notion of the prevention of atherosclerosis in the elderly would almost have been regarded as a non sequitur. Atherosclerosis was viewed as an inevitable consequence of the aging process; it is not, however. Factors that predict atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in younger individuals, moreover, also predict risk in older people. Because cardiovascular disease (CYD) is the most common cause of death in those over 65 years of age, these issues are of major consequence. Indeed, most of the gains in lifespan in Western societies in the 20th century have been from the elimination of childhood diseases, not from the prevention of atherosclerotic disease and cancer in older individuals.l l1
Progress report on diffusion pump development

Abstract Brief historical comments regarding pump development for the Controlled Thermonuclear Research Programme at Livermore are given. These, together with comments on the limitations of cryogenic, getter, ionic and momentum transfer pumping methods provide an explanation for the continuing interest in diffusion pumps. In order to understand the relative merits of pumps a definition of pumping speed efficiency is quoted. This definition assumes that the business of any pump is to take gas away from a chamber. Any vacuum pump therefore begins its existence in the plane of a chamber wall by utilizing wall area. Speed efficiency is then the ratio of two rates: the observed rate at which gas is removed from a chamber divided by the calculated rate gas arrives at the projected area occupied by the pump. A design criteria for diffusion pump sets is outlined. Optimized valve-trap-vapor jet designs are discussed. Separate test results of blocking plate stainless steel valves, ribbon heaters, jet designs and pump working fluids are given. In conclusion, the future operation of a complete pump set is outlined.
Proteasome Inhibition in Neuronal Cells Induces a Proinflammatory Response Manifested by Upregulation of Cyclooxygenase-2, Its Accumulation as Ubiquitin Conjugates, and Production of the Prostaglandin PGE2

Inclusions containing ubiquitin-protein aggregates appear in neurons of patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The relationship between inclusion production and cell viability is not understood. To address this issue, we investigated the response of an established mouse neuronal cell line and of embryonic rat mesencephalic cultures to inhibition of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Two proteasome inhibitors, a peptidyl aldehyde and an epoxy ketone, which cause accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, were found to enhance expression of stress-inducible genes, including HSP70i and the polyubiquitin genes UbB and UbC. Under these conditions, mRNA and protein levels of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were upregulated together with its product, PGE2, a proinflammatory prostaglandin. Proteasomal inhibition also led to stabilization of COX-2 as ubiquitin conjugates, suggesting that the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway contributes to the regulation of COX-2 protein levels. Treatment with antioxidants known to inhibit NFκB and AP-1 transcriptional activation failed to abrogate COX-2 upregulation. Instead, these inhibitors exacerbated the stress response by potentiating HSP70i levels while eliciting a decrease in PGE2 production. These findings suggest that the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins resulting from proteasome inhibition in neuronal cells is associated with a proinflammatory response that may be an important contributor to neurodegeneration.
Clinical validation and applications for CT-based atlas for contouring the lower cranial nerves for head and neck cancer radiation therapy

summary Objectives: Radiation induced cranial nerve palsy (RICNP) involving the lower cranial nerves (CNs) is a serious complication of head and neck radiotherapy (RT). Recommendations for delineating the lower CNs on RT planning studies do not exist. The aim of the current study is to develop a standardized methodology for contouring CNs IX–XII, which would help in establishing RT limiting doses for organs at risk (OAR). Methods: Using anatomic texts, radiologic data, and guidance from experts in head and neck anatomy, we developed step-by-step instructions for delineating CNs IX–XII on computed tomography (CT) imaging. These structures were then contoured on five consecutive patients who underwent definitive RT for locally-advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC). RT doses delivered to the lower CNs were calculated. Results: We successfully developed a contouring atlas for CNs IX–XII. The median total dose to the planning target volume (PTV) was 70 Gy (range: 66–70 Gy). The median CN (IX–XI) and (XII) volumes were 10 c.c (range: 8–12 c.c) and 8 c.c (range: 7–10 c.c), respectively. The median V50, V60, V66, and V70 of the CN (IX–XI) and (XII) volumes were (85, 77, 71, 65) and (88, 80, 74, 64) respectively. The median maximal dose to the CN (IX–XI) and (XII) were 72 Gy (range: 66–77) and 71 Gy (range: 64–78), respectively. Conclusions: We have generated simple instructions for delineating the lower CNs on RT planning imaging. Further analyses to explore the relationship between lower CN dosing and the risk of RICNP are recommended in order to establish limiting doses for these OARs.
Use of the “Triple Test” for palpable breast lesions yields high diagnostic accuracy and cost savings

Background The “triple test” for palpable breast lesions consists of physical examination, mammography, and fine-needle aspiration. Methods Forty-six lesions in 43 patients were subjected to all three components of the triple test, followed by confirmatory open biopsy. Results In all 21 cases where the triple test was concordant (elements had either all malignant or all benign results), pathologic analysis of open biopsy samples was confirmatory (predictive value and sensitivity 100%). Fine-needle aspiration was the most reliable element of the triple test in cases where the elements of the test were nonconcordant (negative predictive value and sensitivity of 95% and 96%, respectively). Conclusions The triple test was 100% accurate in the diagnosis of palpable breast lesions when all three elements were concordant. Cost analysis revealed that elimination of confirmatory open biopsy in such cases and also in cases in which the fine-needle aspiration and one other element of the test had a suspicious or malignant result, could yield an average per-case cost savings of up to $1,412 compared to triple test followed by routine confirmatory open biopsy.
Effects of Adding Dual-Logo Panels to Specific Service Signs: A Human Factors Study

Currently, FHWA's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways allows only one business logo to be placed on a logo panel. Dual-logo panels were proposed by business owners as a solution to the complaint that single locations operating two or more business brands are ignored and unduly restricted to limited Highway signing. Business owners are concerned that separate logos do not convey to the public that two brands are available at the same location; they believe that dual logos provide a means of linking services that are combined under the same roof. However, the use of dual logos raises concerns related to category placement, dual-logo recognition and legibility, and information overload. This research effort addressed several of these issues through the use of a timed survey in which subjects were asked to indicate whether various business logos were present in a series of photographs that included both single- and dual-logo panels. The objective was to gain some understanding o...
Comparative growth of triploid and diploid juvenile hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria notata under controlled laboratory conditions

article i nfo Induced triploidy has been used in oyster culture to improve growth, but has not been fully explored for the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria notata. Therefore, growth was examined in approximately 14 week-old (Exp I) and 15-18 week-old (Exp II) triploid juvenile hard clams in two 3-week experiments. Triploidy was induced chemically (cytochalasin B, 1.0 mg/l) by inhibiting polar body I (PBI) or polar body II (PBII). Growth, as a percentage change in live weight (LW), of triploids was significantly (Pb0.001) less compared to diploids in both experiments. In Experiment I, LW increased 250% and 269% for PBI and PBII triploids (initial average LW 93.6±19.0 and 59.5±11.7 mg/clam), respectively, and 341% for diploids (initial average LW 72.0±16.7). Additionally, diploids within triploid groups of Experiment I had lower LW increase (218-296%) as compared to untreated control diploids (341%). In Experiment II, LW increased 422% for PBII triploids (initial avg. LW 11.8±1.6 mg/clam) and 549% for diploids (initial average LW 11.7±1.9 mg/clam). Juvenile triploid clams did not exhibit better growth than diploids in these laboratory trials, but triploid clams may have a growth advantage during stressful conditions or as adults during reproduction as triploids are virtually sterile, which would allow for somatic growth during a time when diploids are spawning and losing mass. Additionally, the use of untreated control diploids is recommended for ploidy experiments rather than diploids found within triploid groups.
Strong Carmichael numbers

A composite number N is called a pseudoprime for the base a in case . An odd pseudoprime N is called strong for the base a.
The synthesis and structural characterization of both diastereomers of 5′-(hydroxymethyl)-6,5′-cyclo-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine cyclonucleosides

A concise synthesis of both C5′ diastereomers of 5′-(hydroxymethyl)-6,5′-cyclo-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine is presented. Individual crystal structures of the fully deprotected S- and R-stereoisomers indicate that the addition of a methylene group between the C5′ and O5′ positions of 6,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyuridine increases the distance between the nucleobase and backbone. The resulting nucleosides adopt a conformation that more closely mimics A-form rather than B-form nucleotides. Nucleotides of 5′(R)-(hydroxymethyl)-6,5′-cyclo-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine were successfully incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides during automated synthesis, but full-length oligonucleotides were not obtained after post-synthetic cleavage from the solid support due to a base-catalyzed strand cleavage at the site of insertion.
Channel Catfish Virus: a New Herpesvirus of Ictalurid Fish

Channel catfish virus was studied in ictalurid fish cell culture, the only system of fish, amphibian, avian, and mammalian cells found to be susceptible. Channel catfish virus infection resulted in intranuclear inclusions and extensive syncytium formation. Replication occurred from 10 to 33 C, but not higher. Best growth was from 25 to 33 C, and the amount of virus released nearly equalled the amount which remained cell-associated. The virus was labile to lipid solvents, and indirect determinations with labeled precursors and a metabolic inhibitor showed evidence of deoxyribonucleic acid. Electron microscopy showed progeny virus, about 100 nm in diameter, in various stages of development in cell nuclei by 4 hr. Present also were nuclear masses of exceptionally electron-dense lamellar material, with a unit dimension of 10 to 15 nm. Virus was enveloped at the nuclear membrane and in cytoplasmic vacuoles, resulting in virions having a diameter of 175 to 200 nm. Negative staining demonstrated icosehedral symmetry and 162 capsomeres. Our data indicate that channel catfish virus is a herpesvirus.
6.8 mW 2.5 Gb/s and 42.5 mW 5 Gb/s 1:8 CMOS demultiplexers

This paper presents two low-power demultiplexers working at 2.5 Gbps and 5 Gbps input data rate respectively. The 2.5 Gbps demultiplexer consumes only 6.8 mW power dissipation. The 5 Gbps demultiplexer consumes 42.5 mW power dissipation. The two demultiplexers are implemented in TSMC 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. They are built on the same chip sharing input and output ports. The power supply of the chip is 2.5 V. The demultiplexers are designed to be modules for optical communication receiver systems.
On modeling and tolerating incorrect software

Distributed systems have to deal with the following scenarios in practice: bugs in components; incorrect specifications of components and, therefore, incorrect use of components; unanticipated faults due to complex interactions or to not containing the effects of faults in lower-level components; and evolution of components. Extant fault tolerance models deal with such scenarios in only a limited manner. In particular, we point out that state corruption is inevitable in practice and that therefore one must accept it and seek to correct it. The well-known concepts of detectors and correctors can be used to find and repair state corruption. However, these concepts have traditionally been employed to immediately detect and correct errors caused by misbehaving system components. Immediate detection and correction is often too expensive to perform and hence we consider the implications of running detectors and correctors only intermittently. More specifically, we address issues that must be dealt with when state corruption may persist within a system for a period of time. We show how to both detect and correct state corruption caused by infrequently occurring “transient” errors despite the ability for it to actively spread to other parts of the system. We also show how to eventually detect all state corruption, even in cases where continually recurring errors are constantly introducing new state corruption. Finally, we discuss the minimum set of capabilities needed from a trusted base of software in order to guarantee the correctness of our algorithms.
Reconfigurable quasi-fractal transmission line structures

Several transmission line structures bearing fractal-like characteristics are presented. Using pin-diode switches, the transmission line structures can be reconfigured into quasi-fractal self-similar structures. The reconfigured structures closely resemble the pre-reconfigured transmission line structures both physically and electromagnetically, with the frequency response inversely proportional to the number of segments involved. Proposed quasi-fractal transmission fine structures for both microstrip and coplanar waveguide are presented and biasing issues are discussed.
On Frieze's z(3) limit for lengths of minimal spanning trees

Abstract The length of the minimal spanning tree on the complete graph on n vertices with edge weights determined by independent non-negative random variables with distribution F is proved to converge in probability to χ(3)/F′(0) , provided only that F have a non-zero derivative at the origin. In particular, no other smoothness or moment conditions are placed on F . This augments the result of Frieze for random variables with finite variances and differentiable distribution.
THE EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF AN ANALYSIS OF FIELD DISTRIBUTIONS: COMPETITION IN TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS'

Experimental removal of the terrestrial salamander Plethodon jordani from marked plots in the Great Smoky Mountains and the Balsam Mountains of North Carolina, USA resulted in statistically significant increases in the abundance of P. glutinosus in both areas. The increase ap- peared earlier in the Smokies, where the two species overlap by only 70-120 m. Removal of P. glutinosus, the less abundant species, did not result in a statistically significant increase in P. jordani, but did increase the proportion of young in that species. Again, the effect was more pronounced in the Smokies than in the Balsams, where the altitudinal overlap is 1220 m (4000 ft). Stronger compe- tition in the narrow zone of overlap had been predicted on the basis of field distributions, but a measurable level of competition in the wide zone of overlap was surprising. The experiments permitted the direct calculation of coefficients of competition and carrying capacities for both species in both areas. Competition coefficients were higher in the Smokies, but carrying capacities were very similar in the two areas. The experimental approach eliminated the assumptions required for calculating competition coefficients by resource partitioning, and since the experimental design was published before the experiments were begun, the circularity implicit in retrospective analyses was avoided.
Factors influencing partner selection in strategic alliances: the moderating role of alliance context

The growth of alliances has generated considerable interest in this topic among both academics and practitioners. While multiple factors may affect alliance success, partner selection emerges as one of the most influential. Previous studies on alliances present general models that assume the factors (e.g., trust, commitment, complementarity, financial payoff) that drive partner attractiveness and, in turn, the likelihood of selection, are consistent across varying alliance projects and situations. In contrast, the present study proposes a contingency approach grounded in management control theory that suggests the criteria managers use in choosing alliance partners will vary by alliance project type. Specifically, it introduces a framework that addresses when and why managers select partners with certain, specific characteristics. The results of the present study strongly support hypotheses that the critical criteria for assessing alliance partner attractiveness and selection vary depending on the differential levels of process manageability and outcome interpretability inherent in a strategic alliance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a microstrip patch antenna including a coplanar feed

A rectangular microstrip patch antenna with coplanar feed is analyzed by the spectral domain method. The radiation patterns calculated from the current distribution are compared with measurement data and presented. Both theory and measurement predict the same input impedance match at 7.6 GHz and 18.475 GHz. The current distribution on the feed line is shown to have a strong influence on the cross-polarized field. >
Measurement of micromotor dynamics in lubricating fluids

Results from step transient measurements of salient-pole, side-drive, polysilicon micromotors operated in different viscosity silicon lubricating oils under different temperatures and excitation voltages are presented. A preliminary dynamic model has been used to estimate the electrostatic motive torque, the velocity-dependent viscous drag torque, and friction torque. The results indicate that the total frictional torque may be an order of magnitude smaller in silicon oil than in gaseous environments in which no liquid lubricant is used. In oil, voltages as low as 12 V across 2.5- mu m roto/stator gaps have been sufficient to operate the micromotors. Micromotor speeds up to 12500 rpm have been achieved with 110-V excitations across 1.5- mu m rotor/stator gaps. >
Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke.

Observational data from prospective and retrospective trials indicate that a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. The mechanism involved is presumed to be paradoxical embolism from a venous thrombus that travels via the PFO to the systemic circulation causing an ischemic stroke. Primary stroke prevention data for patients with a PFO are nonexistent. Given the substantial prevalence of PFO in the total population (≈25% to 30%), a primary prevention study may not be feasible. However, whether targeted primary prevention for patients with PFOs of certain morphologic characteristics (eg, larger size, greater degree of shunt) would be possible remains undefined. Given the large number of asymptomatic subjects, no therapy is currently recommended. The best treatment modality to prevent recurrent stroke in patients with PFO has not been defined. There are four major treatment choices: surgical closure, percutaneous device closure, medical therapy with anticoagulants, and medical therapy with antiplatelet agents. Regarding medical therapy, the Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study has demonstrated that antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies are of equal benefit in preventing recurrent adverse events. Although closure of the PFO, either surgical or percutaneous, may further reduce the event rates, this remains to be demonstrated because no randomized trial to date has compared PFO closure with medical therapy.
Distinguishing representation deficits and processing deficits in a case of acquired dysgraphia

The same acquired disorder of spelling may be due to deficits affecting lexical representations of word spelling or deficits affecting the mechanisms that process those representations. This study ...
A Forward to the Special Issue on Neoliberalism in Education The Long Road to Redemption: Critical Pedagogy and the Struggle for the Future

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