cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory acquisition in active sensing systems

A defining feature of active sensing is the use of self-generated energy to probe the environment. Familiar biological examples include echolocation in bats and dolphins and active electrolocation in weakly electric fish. Organisms that utilize active sensing systems can potentially exert control over the characteristics of the probe energy, such as its intensity, direction, timing, and spectral characteristics. This is in contrast to passive sensing systems, which rely on extrinsic energy sources that are not directly controllable by the organism. The ability to control the probe energy adds a new dimension to the task of acquiring relevant information about the environment. Physical and ecological constraints confronted by active sensing systems include issues of signal propagation, attenuation, speed, energetics, and conspicuousness. These constraints influence the type of energy that organisms use to probe the environment, the amount of energy devoted to the process, and the way in which the nervous system integrates sensory and motor functions for optimizing sensory acquisition performance.
13C-Pyruvate Imaging Reveals Alterations in Glycolysis that Precede c-Myc-Induced Tumor Formation and Regression

Summary Tumor cells have an altered metabolic phenotype characterized by increased glycolysis and diminished oxidative phosphorylation. Despite the suspected importance of glycolysis in tumorigenesis, the temporal relationship between oncogene signaling, in vivo tumor formation, and glycolytic pathway activity is poorly understood. Moreover, how glycolytic pathways are altered as tumors regress remains unknown. Here, we use a switchable model of Myc -driven liver cancer, along with hyperpolarized 13 C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to visualize glycolysis in de novo tumor formation and regression. LDHA abundance and activity in tumors is tightly correlated to in vivo pyruvate conversion to lactate and is rapidly inhibited as tumors begin to regress, as are numerous glycolysis pathway genes. Conversion of pyruvate to alanine predominates in precancerous tissues prior to observable morphologic or histological changes. These results demonstrate that metabolic changes precede tumor formation and regression and are directly linked to the activity of a single oncogene.
Strategies for distributed query optimization

Abstract This paper discusses query optimization strategies in distributed relational database management systems. It analyzes semijoin and join strategies (rather than specific algorithms) and how they are effected by processing and communication costs. The relative advantage of a strategy is dependent on the various parameters of the problem, which are identified in this paper. The behavior of the strategies in the case of unlimited buffer capacity was tested in simulation experiments. In order to concentrate on the effectiveness of a strategy rather than a particular algorithm, we solved all problems to optimality by enumerating the solution space. It is shown that no one strategy always dominates the others, and consequently, it is important to develop sophisticated optimizers that will adapt to changes in the environment.
Ten pi-Electron Nitrogen Heterocyclic Compounds: X The Syntheses and Structure Determinations of Some 1,2,4-Triazolopyrimidines

It has been shown that the reaction of 2-hydrazinopyrimidines with ethyl orthoesters yields 1,2,4 -triazolo[4,3 -a]pyrimidines as well as 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. The structures of the parent compounds and of some methyl derivatives have been established by NMR spectroscopy.
Note on Systematic Sampling

In the use of systematic sampling in surveys it is known that the effect of negative correlations (=ϱwst) between deviations from stratum means of pairs of items in the same systematic sample is such that the resulting variance V(ȳst) can be zero for systematic sample means ȳst (e.g., Cochran, 1977, ch. 8). For such populations systematic sampling is then superior both to stratified sampling (one unit per stratum) and to simple random sampling. Cochran (loc. cit.) does not identify special types of finite populations for which ϱwst = −1/(n -1) and hence V(ȳst) =0. It is the purpose of this paper to present one type of population for which this condition is satisfied.
An unusual presentation of incontinentia pigmenti in a 4-month-old girl

A four month old girl initially presented with a crusted nodule on her right index finger. Evaluation was unremarkable for infectious causes or malignancy. She ultimately developed similar hyperkeratotic plaques and papules of the right hand and ultimately linear hyperpigmented patches of her arms and legs. The diagnosis of Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) was then made. The diagnosis of IP and the differential diagnosis of IP-like lesions is presented.
Evaluation of anthropogenic atmospheric inputs on US national park ecosystems

It is estimated that more than half the threats to national park resources originate outside park boundaries, and most threats are attributable to degradation of air and water quality. Atmospheric contaminants are the principal source of external threats to national park ecosystems. This article examines the potential impact to national park resources by anthropic atmospheric inputs and summarizes present research methods and results regarding impacts. Air quality monitoring currently receives much more emphasis and support than effects research. Present research on effects focuses on vegetation impact, biomonitoring, and acid rain. This research and that of other investigators suggest that the most likely impacts will not be direct cause-effect situations, but indirect, incremental, and possibly synergistic effects on the interactions of ecosystem components. Conceptually, such alteration of interactions can be measured through long-term observation of biogeochemical cycles, energy transfer, and community structure and function. But traditional Park Service research has not emphasized the ecosystem and especially ecosystem processes and component interactions. Most research on effects, then, must begin with baseline data acquisition. A research program to mitigate present national data base deficiencies would require a fundamental change in present research priorities, administration, and funding.
Vascular stiffening in pulmonary hypertension: cause or consequence? (2013 Grover Conference series)

Recent studies have indicated that systemic arterial stiffening is a precursor to hypertension and that hypertension, in turn, can perpetuate arterial stiffening. Pulmonary artery (PA) stiffening is also well documented to occur in pulmonary hypertension (PH), and there is evidence that pulmonary vascular stiffness (PVS) may be a better predictor of outcome than pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). We have hypothesized that the decreased flow-damping function of elastic PAs in PH likely initiates and/or perpetuates dysfunction of pulmonary microvasculature. Recent studies have shown that large-vessel stiffening increases flow pulsatility in the distal pulmonary vasculature, leading to endothelial dysfunction within a proinflammatory, vasoconstricting, and profibrogenic environment. The intricate role of stiffening-stimulated high pulsatile flow in endothelial cell dysfunction includes stepwise molecular events underlying PA hypertrophy, inflammation, endothelial-mesenchymal transition, and fibrosis. In addition to contributing to microenvironmental alterations of the distal vasculature, disordered proximal-distal PA coupling likely also plays a role in increasing ventricular afterload, ultimately causing right ventricle (RV) dysfunction and death. Current therapeutic treatments do not provide a realistic approach to destiffening arteries and, thus, to potentially abrogating the effects of high pulsatile flow on the distal pulmonary vasculature or the increased work imposed by stiffening on the RV. Scrutinizing the effect of PA stiffening on high pulsatile flow–induced cellular and molecular changes, and vice versa, might lead to important new therapeutic options that abrogate PA remodeling and PH development. With a clear understanding that PA stiffening may contribute to the progression of PH to an irreversible state by contributing to chronic microvascular damage in lungs, future studies should be aimed first at defining the underlying mechanisms leading to PA stiffening and then at improved treatment approaches based on these findings.
Comprehensive analysis of genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 promoter: implications for immune regulation in specific ethnic populations.

The association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as risk factors for certain inflammatory diseases, viral infections, cancers, and transplant rejection have...
Certification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mussel Tissue and Air Particulate Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)

Abstract Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1974a, Organics in Mussel Tissue (Mytilus edulis), has been issued with certified and noncertified concentrations for 33 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). SRM 1649, Urban Dust/Organics, which was issued in 1982, has been reanalyzed to provide certified and noncertified concentrations for 35 PAHs. Both materials were analyzed using four different analytical techniques based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry on different stationary phases and on reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Adiabatic pressure dependence of the 2.7 and 1.9 micron water vapor bands

An acoustic excitation technique is used to determine the adiabatic pressure derivative of the spectral absorptance of the 2.7 and 1.9 micron water vapor bands, and the 3.5 micron HCl band. The dependence of this derivative on thermodynamic parameters such as temperature, concentration, and pressure is evaluated. A cross-flow water vapor system is used to measure spectral absorptance. Taking F as the ratio of nonrigid to rotor line strengths, it is found that an F factor correction is needed for the 2.7 micron band. The F factor for the 1.9 micron band is also determined. In the wings of each band a wavelength can be found where the concentration dependence is predominant. Farther out in the wings a local maximum occurs for the temperature derivative. It is suggested that the pressure derivative is significant in the core of the band.
Rational strategy for shaped nanomaterial synthesis in reverse micelle reactors

The shape-controlled synthesis of nanoparticles was established in single-phase solutions by controlling growth directions of crystalline facets on seed nanocrystals kinetically; however, it was difficult to rationally predict and design nanoparticle shapes. Here we introduce a methodology to fabricate nanoparticles in smaller sizes by evolving shapes thermodynamically. This strategy enables a more rational approach to fabricate shaped nanoparticles by etching specific positions of atoms on facets of seed nanocrystals in reverse micelle reactors where the surface energy gradient induces desorption of atoms on specific locations on the seed surfaces. From seeds of 12-nm palladium nanocubes, the shape is evolved to concave nanocubes and finally hollow nanocages in the size ~10 nm by etching the centre of {200} facets. The high surface area-to-volume ratio and the exposure of a large number of palladium atoms on ledge and kink sites of hollow nanocages are advantageous to enhance catalytic activity and recyclability.
Influence of acid-base exposure on the long-term properties of ion-controlled diodes

Abstract A thermal HCl oxide 150 nm thick was used as a pH sensor membrane on an ion-controlled diode (ICD). The source-substrate admittance and reverse bias current were measured as functions of the liquid gate potential. The effects of these solutions on aging as measured by the turn-on voltage and the corresponding surface state density for the two crystallographic orientations are discussed.
Ideal composition in quadratic fields: from Bhargava to Gauss

Recent work of Bhargava has described higher composition laws that, among other things, subsume the composition of binary quadratic forms first given by Gauss. Bhargava’s presentation, however, does not provide an algorithmic method for compounding forms in the manner of Arndt’s classical composition method. In this paper, we will show, given two binary quadratic forms, how to find the Bhargava cube that represents their composition, and we will show that this can be done by what is essentially Arndt’s classical method.
Histocompatibility antigens in progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS; scleroderma)

Patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS; scleroderma) were typed for the HLA-A, -B, and -DR antigens. No significant differences in the frequencies of any HLA-A or -B antigen were found. In the subgroup of patients with PSS and diffuse scleroderma (PSS-DS), the frequency of Bw35 was increased (0.30 vs 0.17 in controls;P 0.2). Although patients with PSS-DS also had an increased frequency of DR1 antigen (0.27 vs 0.12 in local controls;P<0.005, correctedP<0.05), no association between Bw35 and DR1 antigens could be detected. We found no increase in the frequencies of the DR3 or DR5 antigens in patients with PSS. However, in a subset of PSS patients with pulmonary fibrosis, an increase in DR3 and a decrease in DR4 antigens (P<0.005) were observed. Serum antibodies to centromere occurred more frequently in DR1-positive than DR1-negative patients (0.46 vs 0.18;P<0.005). This study of a large number of patients with PSS failed to confirm previously reported associations of PSS with the HLA-B8/DR3 haplotype or HLA-DR5 antigen.
The exterior ballistics of the cosmic radiation

The problem of the origin of cosrnic rays has been affected in recent years by the necessity of admitting that the most energetic part of cosrnic rays on the eaath come from outside the galaxy and also by the fact that inside and outside the galaxy there exist peculiar regions where particles are accelerated to relativistic energies. Estimates of the energy output of these sources show that supernovae and novae in our galaxy flare with sufficient frequency to supply all the energy we observe in cosmic rays. The same is probably true for the supply of cosmic rays in the inter-galactic spaces from obf ects like f et nebulae and colliding galaxies. These observations make it necessary to change the principal hypothesis on which most of the models of the origin of cosmic rays is based. It appears that for the purpose of studying interior ballistics more information can be obtained from the analysis of the phenomena occurring on the sun, where particles up to lO/sup 12/ ev are occasionally created, than from the analysis of the incdnerert particles that form the bulk of cosmic radiation. (A.C.)
The provocation of an early step of induction by thymine deprivation

Abstract The temperate bacteriophage P1 b lacks the ability to restore DNA synthesis in thymineless host cells. Thymineless Escherichia coli strain B3 lysogenic for P1 b undergo massive induction in response to transient thymine deprivation. Since there is no indication of DNA synthesis during the critical period of thymine deprivation, the cells during this period have probably undergone only a first phase of induction which predisposes the phage DNA to vegetative replication. A critical condition for the triggered step (here called prophage diversion ) is that protein synthesis must accompany the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Approximately a twofold increase of protein, relative to DNA, appears to be sufficient, suggesting that prophage diversion consists of the upset of a delicate balance. It is hypothesized that thymine deprivation, as well as other inducing procedures, act by uncoupling a protein bond between phage and bacterial DNA which is distinct, in some systems at least, from the gentically demonstrable map attachment.
Student USMLE step 1 preparation and performance.

Objectives: Many medical students take commercial preparation courses to prepare for the USMLE Step 1. This investigation examined the relationships among Step 1 performance, preparation method, and academic achievement in medical school. Method: A survey was conducted on 148 junior students at a medical school in July 2000 regarding their preparation methods for Step 1. Additional data was collected on student Step 1 scores, attendance record on preparation courses, and course grades in medical school. Results: One hundred students (68%) responded to the survey including 32 preparation course participants. Course participants had significantly lower Step 1 scores and second-year GPAs than those of the non-participants (p < 0.05). However, the effect of preparation method was not significant by using ANCOVA when the second-year GPA was used as a covariate (p = 0.71). Conclusion: Performance on Step 1 is related to academic performance in medical school and not the type of preparation methods.
Neurohistological and enzyme histochemical staining of adjacent sections in series cut from normal and traumatized spinal cords

A major limitation to the use of frozen sections for histological investigations is the poor structural preservation that often results when tissues are frozen without prior fixation. This is especially serious for neural tissues frozen at dry-ice temperature (−60°C); when pieces of unfixed frozen spinal cord are sectioned, the cells and their nuclei appear so distorted as to preclude meaningful cytological examination. This technical problem prevents the general application of enzyme histochemical methods to tissues of the central nervous system because the activity of many enzymes is inhibited by the commonly employed fixatives. The appearance of the cells in unfixed frozen sections indicated to us that postmortem intracellular edema and icecrystal formation might be responsible for the tissue deformation. We therefore attempted to prevent the development of edema by perfusing the vascular system with an inert substance whose molecular weight would be sufficiently high to retain fluid in the vascular compartment. Successful results were obtained with a solution containing 12% polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW 40,000), 1.8 mm CaCl2, and 100 mm histidine-KOH buffer (pH 7.35). The solution was perfused via the ascending aorta; then the spinal cord was removed, frozen at −60°C, and sectioned at 8 μm in a cryostat. Methods are described for staining the unfixed frozen sections histologically (hematoxylin and eosin, thionine, trichrome, silver impregnation) and histochemically [(sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, acetylcholine esterase, choline acetyltransferase]. To illustrate the value of this approach to experimental neurological investigations, the spinal cords of several rats and guinea pigs were hemisected and examined microscopically 3 weeks postoperatively. Illustrations are presented of adjacent serial sections that were stained histologically for neuronal perikarya, nerve fibers, and fibrous astrocytes, and histochemically for enzymatic activity and localization. This approach is especially useful in experimental studies because the histological and histochemical preparations can be completed within 2 days after autopsy.
Evaluation of updated nitric acid chemistry on ozone precursors and radiative effects

Abstract. This study shows that revising the reaction rate of NO2 + HO· → HNO3 improves simulated nitrogen partitioning and changes the simulated radiative effects of several short-lived climate forcers (SLCF). Both laboratory and field study analyses have found that the reaction rate should be reduced by 13–30% from current recommendations. We evaluate the GEOS-Chem model over North America with and without the recommended update using observations from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment – North America (INTEX-NA) Phase A campaign. Revising the NO2 + HO· → HNO3 rate coefficient improves model performance of oxidized nitrogen partitioning by increasing NOx concentrations in the upper troposphere and decreasing HNO3 throughout the troposphere. The increase in NOx concentrations has a corresponding global increase in O3 concentrations and local increases in sulfate aerosols, causing a perturbation in simulated radiative effects. These findings demonstrate the positive influence the mechanism update has on the partitioning of oxidized nitrogen species, the benefits it provides when compared to aircraft observations, and the simulated radiative effects that the reduction induces.
Ethical Issues in Conducting and Reporting Research: A Reaction to Kroll, Matt, and Safrit

(1993). Ethical Issues in Conducting and Reporting Research: A Reaction to Kroll, Matt, and Safrit. Quest: Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 62-68.
The effect of Cr3+ on the glucose utilization of isolated lenses

The effects of trivalent chromium and insulin upon the glucose utilization of isolated rat lenses were studied. It was found that trace amounts of trivalent chromium are essential for the stimulatory effect that insulin exerts upon glucose metabolism of the lens. The significance of the findings is discussed.
Differential Stress-Induced Regulation of Two Quinone Reductases in the Brown Rot Basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum

Quinone reductases (QRDs) have two important functions in the basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum, which causes brown rot of wood. First, a QRD is required to generate biodegradative hydroxyl radicals via redox cycling between two G. trabeum extracellular metabolites, 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone (2,5-DMHQ) and 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DMBQ). Second, because 2,5-DMBQ is cytotoxic and 2,5-DMHQ is not, a QRD is needed to maintain the intracellular pool of these metabolites in the reduced form. Given their importance in G. trabeum metabolism, QRDs could prove useful targets for new wood preservatives. We have identified two G. trabeum genes, each existing in two closely related, perhaps allelic variants, that encode QRDs in the flavodoxin family. Past work with QRD1 and heterologous expression of QRD2 in this study confirmed that both genes encode NADH-dependent, flavin-containing QRDs. Real-time reverse transcription PCR analyses of liquid- and wood-grown cultures showed that qrd1 expression was maximal during secondary metabolism, coincided with the production of 2,5-DMBQ, and was moderately up-regulated by chemical stressors such as quinones. By contrast, qrd2 expression was maximal during fungal growth when 2,5-DMBQ levels were low, yet was markedly up-regulated by chemical stress or heat shock. The total QRD activity in lysates of G. trabeum mycelium was significantly enhanced by induction beforehand with a cytotoxic quinone. The promoter of qrd2 contains likely antioxidant, xenobiotic, and heat shock elements, absent in qrd1, that probably explain the greater response of qrd2 transcription to stress. We conclude from these results that QRD1 is the enzyme G. trabeum routinely uses to detoxify quinones during incipient wood decay and that it could also drive the biodegradative quinone redox cycle. However, QRD2 assumes a more important role when the mycelium is stressed.
Effects of Riprap Bank Reinforcement on Juvenile Salmonids in Four Western Washington Streams

Abstract Summer and fall juvenile salmonid populations in five pairs of stream sections were estimated shortly before and after construction of flood and erosion control projects. All five projects included bank reinforcement with rock riprap and three included streambed alterations. Juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, juvenile steelhead Salmo gairdneri, and cutthroat trout Salmo clarki were apparently adversely affected by construction in the three smaller, and most severely altered, stream sections. Numbers of juvenile coho salmon and young-of-the-year trout were reduced somewhat, but those of yearling steelhead and cutthroat trout apparently increased, in the two newly riprapped sections of larger streams. Negative short-term effects of construction appeared to increase with severity of habitat alteration, to decrease with increase in stream size, and to decrease with increasing fish size.
OS062. Oxidative stress mediates podocyte injury in preeclampsia.

Introduction Emerging evidence has shown that other than glomerular endotheliosis, podocyte injury plays a key role in kidney dysfunction in preeclampsia (PE). Podocyte shedding has been demonstrated in patients with PE, and proteinuria is signature of podocyte injury. We previously found altered distribution and reduced expression of podocyte protein nephrin and podoplanin in shed podocytes in PE. However, the mechanism of podocyte shedding and altered podocyte functional protein expression in shed podocytes in PE is not known. Objectives To investigate if oxidative stress could induce podocyte injury in PE. Methods Kidney podocytes were isolated from urinary specimen from women with PE. Urinary podocytes were cultured with RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and ITS liquid media. Podocyte expression and distribution of nephrin and superoxide dismutase-1 (CuZn-SOD) were determined by immunofluorescent staining. Images were captured by Apotome Observer and were reconstructed with Axiovision software. CuZn-SOD expression was used as an indicator of podocyte oxidative stress. Immortalized human podocytes (AB 8/13 cells) were used as control. Effects of oxidative stress on podocyte nephrin and CuZn-SOD expressions were induced by treating AB 8/13 cells with or without exposure to the hypoxic mimetic agent cobalt chloride. Protein expressions and distributions for nephrin and CuZn-SOD were determined by immunofluorescent staining and by Western blot. Results In differentiated podocytes (AB 8/13 cells), nephrin and CuZn-SOD were co-localized and expressed in the peripheral region of the foot process area. In contrast, nephrin and CuZn-SOD expressions were markedly reduced or lost in the foot process area in shed podocytes from PE patients. When AB 8/13 cells were treated with cobalt chloride, the patterns of nephrin and CuZn-SOD expressions and distributions were similar to that seen in shed podocytes from PE. Nephrin and CuZn-SOD expression and distribution were time-dependently decreased in AB 8/13 cells treated with cobalt chloride. We further found that after prolonged culture, shed podocytes differentiated into mature podocytes in vitro evidenced by the expression of nephrin and CuZn-SOD at the foot process area of the cells. Conclusion Nephrin is a specific podocyte slit diaphragm protein. The findings of the co-localization of nephrin and CuZn-SOD in differentiated podocytes and a lack of nephrin and CuZn-SOD expressions in shed podocytes from PE suggest that sufficient antioxidant activity is required for maintaining the functional integrity of glomerular podocytes. The differentiation process was associated with functional protein rejuvenation including nephrin, podoplanin, and CuZn-SOD in shed podocytes from PE. The phenomenon of oxidative stress-induced reduced and altered nephrin and CuZn-SOD expression and distribution further suggests that increased oxidative stress contributes to podocyte injury in PE.
A quantitative in vitro study of fibroblast and endothelial cell migration in response to serum and wound fluid

Chemoattractant activity for irradiated and nonirradiated rabbit skin fibroblast and bovine aortic arch endothelial cells was assayed in rabbit wound fluid and sera using a modification of the agarose well method originally described for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Both serum and wound fluid contained chemoattractants for fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Fibroblast migration was decreased by 70 to 80% when the serum or wound fluid was heated to 56 degrees C for 30 min while endothelial cell migration was reduced by 50 to 60%. Platelet-poor plasma-derived serum had no directive effect on the migration of either cell type.
Use of pharmacotherapy for insomnia in child psychiatry practice: A national survey.

Abstract Objective To examine clinical practice patterns regarding non-prescription and prescription medication use for insomnia by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Methods Survey mailed to 6018 members of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Results The final sample ( N =1273) reported that insomnia was a major problem in almost a third of their school-aged and adolescent patients and endorsed using medication to treat the insomnia in at least a quarter of these patients. Overall, 96% of respondents recommended at least one of the listed prescription medications in a typical month, and 88% recommended an over-the-counter medication. Alpha agonists were the most commonly prescribed insomnia medication for ADHD (81%), significantly higher than in MR/DD (67%), mood (40%), or anxiety disorders (31%). Trazodone was the most commonly prescribed insomnia medication for children with mood (78%) and anxiety disorders (72%). Antidepressants as a class were also commonly used for children in these diagnostic groups. Atypical antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and short-acting hypnotics were also more likely to be used in children with mood disorders. Melatonin was recommended by more than one-third of respondents. Mitigation of the effects of sleep disruption on daytime functioning was endorsed as an important rationale for the use of sleep medication; concerns about side effects and the lack of empirical support regarding efficacy were cited as significant barriers to their use. Conclusions Insomnia is a significant clinical problem in children treated by child psychiatrists for a variety of behavioral, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric conditions. Management with a broad array of psychotropic medications is common and indicates a highly variable clinical approach to insomnia in this pediatric population.
Results of an investigation to detect an inter‐solar cloud of charged particles during magnetic storms

Although it is commonly assumed that terrestrial magnetic storms are caused by streams of charged particles ejected from sunspots passing across the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field, actually no direct observational evidence for such phenomenon exists. The suggestion was first made by S. CHAPMAN [Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc, v. 89, p. 456, 1929; see also Geomagnetism, v. 2, p. 804, 1940] 15 years ago and discussed again more recently that such a stream might be detected by comparing selected regions of the solar spectrum during magnetic disturbance with the same region during magnetic calm. For if the atoms composing the stream are of the same kind and in the same state of excitation as those that produce the FRAUNHOFER lines, after ejection they should continue to absorb but on the violet side of the normal lines. This absorption will depend upon the intensity of the stream, the velocities of the particles, the geometrical relationship among the Earth, Sun, and stream at the time, and would doubtless be different for different storms.
Use of specimen mammography-guided FNA (fine-needle aspirates) for flow cytometric multiple marker analysis and immunophenotyping in breast cancer.

A pilot study of a novel translational research method to simultaneously assay multiple molecular markers and DNA in fine-needle aspirates (FNA) of mammographically detected breast lesions is described. Specimen mammography-guided 20-gauge FNAs obtained from 86 lesions and 22 areas of normal tissue were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry for DNA content, her2/neu, transforming growth factor α (TGFα), and the epithelial marker cytokeratin (CK) simultaneously. Epithelial cell her2/neu positivity was detected in 12 of 44 (27%) of invasive ductal carcinomas and 3 of 9 (33%) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 10 of 30 (33%) benign lesions, and 4 of 22 (18%) normal tissue aspirates. All lesions and normal tissue showed a similar positive rate for TGFα ranging from 61 to 76%. The CK+TGFα−her2/neu+ immunophenotype was more frequently positive in aneuploid tumors (22%) than all other lesions (7%) (P < 0.05). Specimen mammography-guided FNAs provide fresh cells for flow cytometric multiple marker analysis and immunophenotyping of clinically occult breast lesions and normal tissue. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 42:165–173, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Economic Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Columns Reinforced with Prefabricated Cage System

A new reinforcement system termed the prefabricated cage system (PCS) that can be used as an alternative to the rebar reinforcement cage is economically evaluated. PCS is a prefabricated reinforcement that enables easier, faster, and more reliable construction. Use of PCS shortens the construction schedule time and lowers total construction cost. This is important to both owners and construction contractors. The engineering economics methods presented in this paper would also be of interest to researchers. Reinforced concrete structures with PCS reinforced columns have been considered in this research, as it is one of the major applications of PCS. Various parameters affecting the economics of PCS are reviewed and a case study structure is analyzed comparing the costs of the structure with rebar reinforced columns to costs of the structure with PCS reinforced columns. The investigation shows that using PCS results in a 33.3% time savings and a 7.1% cost savings over rebar for each column. This results in an average of 3.6% savings on total project cost; an average of 22.2% savings on total column costs; 20.4% savings on total project time period, and 33.3% savings on columns construction time period. The cost savings are estimated based on production of small quantities of PCS reinforcement. Mass production of PCS reinforcement would result in even higher cost savings.
Effects of Dietary Nitrates on Systemic and Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics

Cerebral blood flow dysregulation is often associated with hypertension. We hypothesized that a beetroot juice (BRJ) treatment could decrease blood pressure and cerebrovascular resistance (CVR). We subjected 12 healthy females to control and BRJ treatments. Cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), total vascular resistance (TVR), and the heart rate-systolic pressure product (RPP) measured at rest and at two exercise workloads were lower after the BRJ treatment. CVRI, SBP, and RPP were lower without a lower TVR at the highest exercise level. These findings suggest improved systemic and cerebral hemodynamics that could translate into a dietary treatment for hypertension.
The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radar: Measurements at high latitudes and of surface freeze/thaw state

The Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission is scheduled for a late 2014 launch date. The mission will use both active radar and passive radiometer instruments at L-Band in order to achieve the science objectives of measuring soil moisture and land surface freeze-thaw state. To achieve requirements for a wide swath at sufficiently high resolution for both active and passive channels, an instrument architecture that uses a large rotating reflector is employed. In this paper, focus will be placed on the radar design. The radar will employ synthetic-aperture processing to achieve a “moderate” resolution dual-pol product over a 1000 km swath. Because the radar is operating continuously, very frequent temporal coverage will be achieved at high latitudes. This data will be used to produce a surface freeze/thaw state data product.
A meta-analysis of the effects of wildfire, clearcutting, and partial harvest on the abundance of North American small mammals

Abstract Wildfires and timber harvest are two of the most prevalent disturbances in North American forests. To evaluate and compare their impact on small mammals, I conducted meta-analyses on (1) the effect of stand-replacement wildfires and several types of forest harvest (clearcutting followed by burning, clearcutting, and uniform partial harvest) on the abundance of deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) and red-backed voles ( Myodes gapperi ), (2) the impact of clearcutting and partial harvest on a broader array of small mammal species, and (3) the responses of small mammals to recent and older clearcuts (i.e. less than 10 years vs. 10–20 years after harvest). In coniferous and mixed forest, all disturbances except for partial harvest triggered significant increases in the abundance of deer mice and declines in red-backed voles. The increase in deer mice after wildfire was stronger than after clearcutting and marginally stronger than after clearcutting and burning. The abundance of red-backed voles was greatest in undisturbed or partially harvested stands, intermediate after clearcutting, and lowest after wildfire or clearcutting and burning. While the positive effect of clearcutting on deer mice did not persist beyond 10 years after disturbance, the negative effect on red-backed voles was similar between recent and older clearcuts. In deciduous forest, clearcutting did not result in a consistent change in abundance of deer mice and red-backed voles. For other small mammals, recent clearcutting tended to increase the abundance of yellow-pine chipmunks ( Tamias amoenus ), and meadow and long-tailed voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus longicaudus ). Woodland jumping mouse ( Neozapus insignis ), masked shrew ( Sorex cinereus ), and short-tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ) did not show consistent response to timber harvest. Overall, the impact of different disturbances on the abundance of small mammals (i.e. positive or negative) appears to be species-specific, but disturbance type may influence the magnitude of this effect. Disturbance types can be ranked from severe to mild in terms of small mammal responses. The effects of forest harvest on small mammals are not equivalent to those of wildfire.
In vivo Characterization of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Cotton

The in vivo nitrate reductase activity in leaf tissue of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was characterized. Enzymatic activity was linear with time up to 60 min. The assay for nitrate reductase activity was optimized in leaf slices 400 μm wide incubated in an anaerobic system at 30°C, in a 0.02 M KNO3 medium at pH 7.0 with 1 % propanol. In vivo activity was highest in recently matured leaves at the top of the plant. Both light and nitrate enhanced in vivo enzymatic activity. The activity was highest after 9 hours in the light and then decreased steadily for several more hours even in the presence of light. The nitrate reductase activity was more strongly correlated to the levels of NO3-N in the culture solution than to the NO3-N level in the tissue. The utility of this technique in nitrate reductase assay in a tissue containing large amounts of phenolic compounds is discussed.
Interferometric modulators for an adaptive nulling system

Optical intensity modulators with closely matched frequency responses are required for the realization of an optical adaptive nulling system for microwave/millimeter-wave multi-element antenna systems. Traveling-wave interferometric modulators fabricated in lithium niobate have been demonstrated that track to within 0.03 dB and 0.22 deg in amplitude and phase, respectively, over the 5- to 7-GHz frequency band.
Global scaling properties of the spectrum for a quasiperiodic Schrödinger equation.

A tight-binding model in one dimension with an incommensurate potential ${V}_{n}=\ensuremath{\lambda}cos(2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\sigma}n)$ is investigated. It is found that at the critical point of the localization transition $\ensuremath{\lambda}=2$, there is a finite range of scaling indices ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{min}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{max}$ each of which is associated with a fractal dimension $\mathcal{f}(\ensuremath{\alpha})$. In the extended region $0l\ensuremath{\lambda}l2$, scaling is "trivial" with a single index $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1$ almost everywhere in the spectrum, while in the localized region $\ensuremath{\lambda}g2$, there is no scaling.
Treatment Options for Patients Who Have Antiphospholipid Syndromes

The antiphospholipid thrombosis syndrome, associated with anticardiolipin (aCL) or subgroup antibodies, can be divided into one of six subgroups (I-VI). There is little overlap (about 10% or less) between these subtypes, and patients usually conveniently fit into only one of these clinical types. Although there appears to be no correlation with the type, or titer, of aCL antibody and type of syndrome, the subclassification of thrombosis and aCL antibody patients into these groups is important from the therapy standpoint. This article also reviews the clinical presentations associated with each of these six subgroups.
Cyclin D1 amplification and p16(MTS1/CDK4I) deletion correlate with poor prognosis in head and neck tumors.

Objectives/Hypothesis Cyclin D1, a cell cycle regulator localized to chromosome 11q13, is amplified in several human tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Amplification and/or overexpression of cyclin D1 have been correlated to a poor prognosis. Deletion of the p16 gene, localized to 9p21, has also been observed in a significant proportion of HNSCC. The p16 gene regulates cyclin D1-CDK4 activity and prevents retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene phosphorylation, thereby downregulating cellular proliferation. Detection of cyclin D1 amplification and p16 deletion using a simple and sensitive method will be valuable for the development of effective treatment modalities for head and neck cancer. Study Design We have used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to study cyclin D1 amplification and p16 gene deletion in head and neck tumors. Both single- and dual-color FISH were performed. Methods Paraffin-embedded tissues from 103 patients with HNSCC were analyzed using genomic DNA probes for cyclin D1 and p16. Dual-color FISH was performed with chromosome 11 or 9 centromeric probes as a control. Twenty-eight of these samples were analyzed for p16 expression by immunohistochemistry. Results Cyclin D1 amplification was observed in 30% (31/103) of patients, and p16 deletion in 52% (54/103). Lack of p16 expression was observed in 64% (18/28) of patients. There was a good correlation between the deletion of p16 sequences and the loss of p16 expression (P = .008). Amplification of cyclin D1 had a statistically significant association with recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival at 36 months. There was a significant association between p16 deletion and the development of distant metastases. Cyclin D1 amplification and p16 deletion together correlated with recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival. Conclusions We demonstrate that FISH is a simple and sensitive method for detecting cyclin D1 amplification and p16 deletion in head and neck cancer. Our results suggest that these two genetic aberrations together portend a poorer outcome than either of the abnormalities alone in head and neck cancer.
RetroSkeleton: retrofitting android apps

An obvious asset of the Android platform is the tremendous number and variety of available apps. There is a less obvious, but potentially even more important, benefit to the fact that nearly all apps are developed using a common platform. We can leverage the relatively uniform nature of Android apps to allow users to tweak applications for improved security, usability, and functionality with relative ease (compared to desktop applications). We design and implement an Android app rewriting framework for customizing behavior of existing applications without requiring source code or app-specific guidance. Following app-agnostic transformation policies, our system rewrites applications to insert, remove, or modify behavior. The rewritten application can run on any unmodified Android device, without requiring rooting or other custom software. This paper describes RetroSkeleton, our app rewriting framework, including static and dynamic interception of method invocations, and creating policies that integrate with each target app. We show that our system is capable of supporting a variety of useful policies, including providing flexible fine-grained network access control, building HTTPS-Everywhere functionality into apps, implementing automatic app localization, informing users of hidden behavior in apps, and updating apps depending on outdated APIs. We evaluate these policies by rewriting and testing more than one thousand real-world apps from Google Play.
Perception of depth in the profoundly retarded

Profoundly mentally retarded male Ss, having a M social age of 1.65 and a M social quotient of 6.63, were tested for depth perception on the “visual cliff” (Gibson & Walk, 1960). Thirty-nine percent of those tested clearly perceived this illusion of depth. The theoretical and practical implications of this experiment, and further experiments to be carried out in the future, are discussed.
Searches for pentaquarks at CDF

Recently there has been revival of interest in exotic baryon spectroscopy triggered by experimental evidence for pentaquarks containing u, d, s and c-quarks. We report results of the searches for pentaquark states in decays Θ−π± and D*−p, D−p and 0p performed at CDF detector using 220 pb−1 sample of p interactions at √s of 1.96 TeV. No evidence for narrow resonances were found in either mode.
Environmental factors in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease more commonly found in women (with most cases being diagnosed in the fourth to fifth decades of life) that share peculiar features. Among these, serum antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA), serum hyper-immunoglobulin M, and progressive destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts are the most common clinical findings. The pathogenesis of the selective destruction of small-duct biliary epithelial cells is still unknown, although an autoimmune mechanism appears likely due to the detection of autoreactive T and B cells. Genetic background is critical in determining susceptibility to the disease, despite the limited associations with alleles within the major histocompatibility complex. However, among other observations, incomplete concordance of the disease in monozygotic twins and epidemiology strongly support a role for environmental factors in PBC onset. Molecular mimicry by either infectious agents or chemicals has been proposed to induce breakdown of immune tolerance in genetically predisposed individuals. This hypothesis is further supported by clinical (risk factors) and experimental evidence obtained also in animal models.
Infection and atherosclerosis: emerging mechanistic paradigms.

Abstract—Although definitive proof of a causal role of infection contributing to atherogenesis is lacking, multiple investigations have demonstrated that infectious agents evoke cellular and molecu...
Henry the Nurse is a Doctor Too: Implicitly Examining Children’s Gender Stereotypes for Male and Female Occupational Roles

Eagly’s social role theory (Eagly and Steffen 1984) was tested examining children’s gender role stereotypes via implicit information processing and memory measures. We explored whether children’s occupational stereotypes were less restrictive for females who engaged in counterstereotypic occupations (Mary-Doctor) compared to males who engaged in counterstereotypic occupations (Henry-Nurse). Fifty-seven American eight- and nine-year-olds from a southwestern city were orally presented with stereotypic male and female names paired with masculine and feminine occupations and asked to create sentences using the name-occupation pairs. We conducted analyses of the created sentences as well as tested children’s memories for the various pairings. Consistent with social role theory, the findings revealed that children’s gender role stereotypes were more restrictive for males, than for females.