cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoccupation in an Early‐Romantic Relationship Predicts Experimental Pain Relief

Objective Individuals involved in the early stages of a passionate romantic relationship can be consumed by the experience and report emotional dependence and constant focus on their romantic partner. A few studies have shown that viewing pictures of a romantic partner can significantly reduce experimental pain. The strength of the effect, however, varies substantially between individuals. To study why some individuals experience significant pain reduction when looking at a picture of their partner, we examined partner preoccupation. We hypothesized that a greater degree of preoccupation in the early stages of a romantic relationship would be associated with greater analgesia during a pain induction task.
14.2: Visible Motion Blur: A Perceptual Metric for Display Motion Blur

We propose a perceptual metric of display motion blur that corresponds to the visibility of the artifact. It incorporates the visual sensitivity to contrast and spatial frequency, as well as masking effects. 1. Objective and Background Motion blur is a significant defect of most current display technologies. Motion blur arises when the display presents individual frames that persist for significant fractions of a frame duration. When the eye smoothly tracks a moving image, the image is smeared across the retina during the frame duration. Although motion blur may be manifest in any moving image, one widely used test pattern is a moving edge. This pattern gives rise to measurements of what is called moving-edge blur. A number of methods have been developed to measure moving edge blur, among them pursuit cameras, so-called digital pursuit cameras, and calculations starting from the step response of the display. These methods generally yield a waveform — the moving edge temporal profile, or METP — that describes the crosssectional profile of the blur [1]. Several methods have also been developed to convert this waveform to a single-number metric of motion blur. Examples are the Blur Edge Time (BET), Gaussian Edge Time (GET), and Perceptual Blur Edge Time (PBET) [1]. However, none of these metrics attempts to provide a perceptual measure of the amount of motion blur. First, none of the metrics takes into account the contrast of the edge, and its effect upon perceived blur. In general, blur becomes less visible when contrast decreases [2, 3], and the apparent width of motion blur declines with reduced contrast [4].
Expansion of a cold bubble suddenly formed in a hot liquid

Abstract The behavior of a cold inert-gas bubble suddenly formed in an infinite volume of hot liquid was analyzed employing the integral method. Two limiting cases were considered. In Case I, the heat-transfer process was controlled by the bubble phase; in Case II, the process was controlled by the surrounding liquid medium. The results show that unless the liquid viscosity is extremely high, the bubble pressure and the bubble radius approach the equilibrium values in an oscillatory manner. Approximate solutions valid for small times were derived and used to obtain certain criteria concerning the mode of bubble pressure rise and growth. As a specific example, the expansion of a cold air bubble suddenly formed in molten glass was examined.
Laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hiatal hernia

Abstract Background . The objective of this study was to analyze our initial results after laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hiatal hernias. Methods . Between October 1997 and May 2000, 37 patients (23 women, 14 men) underwent laparoscopic repair of a large type II (pure paraesophageal) or type III (combined sliding and paraesophageal) hiatal hernia with more than 50% of the stomach herniated into the chest. Median age was 72 years (range 52 to 92 years). Data related to patient demographics, esophageal function, operative techniques, postoperative symptomatology, and complications were analyzed. Results . Laparoscopic hernia repair and Nissen fundoplication was possible in 35 of 37 patients (95.0%). Median hospitalization was 4 days (range 2 to 20 days). Intraoperative complications occurred in 6 patients (16.2%) and included pneumothorax in 3 patients, splenic injury in 2, and crural tear in 1. Early postoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (13.5%) and included esophageal leak in 2, severe bloating in 2, and a small bowel obstruction in 1. Two patients died within 30 days (5.4%), 1 from delayed splenic bleeding and 1 from adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to a recurrent strangulated hiatal hernia. Follow-up was complete in 31 patients (94.0%) and ranged from 3 to 34 months (median 15 months). Twenty-seven patients (87.1%) were improved. Four patients (12.9%) required early postoperative dilatation. Recurrent paraesophageal hiatal hernia occurred in 4 patients (12.9%). Functional results were classified as excellent in 17 patients (54.9%), good in 9 (29.0%), fair in 1 (3.2%), and poor in 4 (12.9%). Conclusions . Laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hiatal hernias is a challenging operation associated with significant morbidity and mortality. More experience, longer follow-up, and further refinement of the operative technique is indicated before it can be recommended as the standard approach.
Steric effects in peptide and protein exchange with activated disulfides.

Disulfide exchange is an important bioconjugation tool, enabling chemical modification of peptides and proteins containing free cysteines. We previously reported the synthesis of a macromer bearing an activated disulfide and its incorporation into hydrogels. Despite their ability to diffuse freely into hydrogels, larger proteins were unable to undergo in-gel disulfide exchange. In order to understand this phenomenon, we synthesized four different activated disulfide-bearing model compounds (Mn = 300 Da to 10 kDa) and quantified their rate of disulfide exchange with a small peptide (glutathione), a moderate-sized protein (β-lactoglobulin), and a large protein (bovine serum albumin) in four different pH solutions (6.0, 7.0, 7.4, and 8.0) to mimic biological systems. Rate constants of exchange depend significantly on the size and accessibility of the thiolate. pH also significantly affects the rate of reaction, with the faster reactions occurring at higher pH. Surprisingly, little difference in exchange rate...
Charge exchange (p,n) reactions to the isobaric analog states of high Z nuclei: 73 ≤ Z ≤ 92

Differential cross sections have been measured for the (p,n) reaction to the isobaric analog states of $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ at an incident energy of 27 MeV. Because of the importance of collective effects in this mass region, coupled-channel calculations have been carried out in the analysis of the data. Optical potentials obtained from the Lane model for the charge exchange reaction have been used in the simultaneous analysis of coupled proton and neutron channels. The sensitivity of the calculations to the different couplings between the levels and to the magnitude of the isovector potentials, ${V}_{1}$ and ${W}_{1}$, is discussed. The good agreement obtained between the measured and calculated (p,n) angular distributions to the analog state confirms the validity of the Lane formalism for high-$Z$ nuclei ($Z\ensuremath{\ge}50$). Elastic neutron differential cross sections inferred from the coupled-channel analysis are compared with measurements available in the literature in the energy range 7-8 MeV. The results of these calculations agree with the measured values as well as the results of calculations made using global neutron optical potential parameters optimized to fit neutron data.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$, $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$, $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$, $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$, $^{238}\mathrm{U}$(p,n)IAS; $E=27$ MeV; Measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ for ground-state analog transition; deduced (n,n)$\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, $E=7\ensuremath{-}8$ MeV; coupled-channel analysis.
Defect- and electron-enhanced chemistry at silicon surfaces: Reactivity and thermal desorption of propylene on Si(100)-(2 × 1)

Abstract The reaction of Si(100) with c3h6 from a molecular beam source has been studied by Auger spectroscopy and thermal desorption methods. For a thermally annealed and ordered Si(100) surface, 35% of the propylene bonds to the surface as an undissociated molecule which desorbs intact at 550 K. The remainder of the propylene dissociates. Reactivity is enhanced by prebombarding the surface with Ar+ ions. Adsorption of C3H6 to a disordered, ion-bombarded surface results in nearly complete dissociation of C3H6 for Ar+ fluences greater than 9 × 1014 ions cm 2 . By performing the ion irradiation before, rather than during, adsorption, it is possible to conclude that the enhancement in reactivity is due to an increase in dissociative chemisorption, which occurs at defect sites produced by ion bombardment. The increase in reactivity is also independent of gas phase radical processes and other proposed mechanisms which depend on simultaneous action of the ion beam with the chemisorbed layer. Studies of electron-stimulated chemistry of the chemisorbed overlayer showed that decomposition of adsorbed propylene occurs for electron fluences greater than 1 × 1017 electrons cm 2 . The cross section for the process was calculated to be 4 × 10−18 cm2. The effect of preadsorbed hydrogen on silicon surface chemistry was also investigated. Hydrogen passivates the Si(100) surface by occupation of silicon dangling bond sites, which prevents adsorption of C3H6. These results have fundamental implications for studies of chemical and plasma vapor deposition and reactive ion etching of semiconductor surfaces.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography for quantitation of sodium borocaptate and application to pharmacokinetic analysis.

We have developed a quantitative assay using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography (LC/MS) for quantitation of sodium borocaptate (BSH) in human plasma. The assay was developed using a Micromass Q-TOF II mass spectrometer equipped with an orthogonal electrospray source. The mobile phase was a 1:1 solution of methanol and 5 mM aqueous tetrabutylammonium acetate flowing at 0.2 mL/min, and the chromatography was performed using a Machery-Nagel Nucleosil C18 column. Plasma samples from patients who had received an intravenous infusion of sodium borocaptate (Na2B12H11SH), frequently referred to as BSH, were prepared for analysis by precipitation with acetonitrile. Following this, the supernatants were collected, and 40 μL was injected onto the column for analysis. The LC/MS assay was linear over a BSH plasma concentration range of 20−0.5 μg/mL with acceptable variability for both intra- and interassay precision. The LC/MS assay was used to generate p...
A review of methods for automatic individual tree-crown detection and delineation from passive remote sensing

Efficient forest management demands detailed, timely information. As high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery becomes more available, there is a great potential for conducting high accuracy ...
SOHO/EIT observations of an Earth-directed coronal mass ejection on May 12, 1997

An earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME) was observed on May 12, 1997 by the SOHO Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT). The CME, originating north of the central solar meridian, was later observed by the Large Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) as a “halo” CME: a bright expanding ring centered about the occulting disk. Beginning at about 04:35 UT, EIT recorded several CME signatures, including dimming regions close to the eruption, post-eruption arcade formation, and a bright wavefront propagating quasi-radially from the source region. Each of these phenomena appear to be associated with the same eruption, and the onset time of these features corresponds with the estimated onset time observed in LASCO. We discuss the correspondence of these features as observed by EIT with the structure of the CME in the LASCO data.
Transient D1 Dopamine Receptor Expression on Prefrontal Cortex Projection Neurons: Relationship to Enhanced Motivational Salience of Drug Cues in Adolescence

Adolescence is a transitional period during development that is associated with a greater likelihood of addiction to drugs than any other age. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), D(1) dopamine receptors mediate motivational salience attribution, which plays a role in addiction. Here, we investigated the relationship of age-related D(1) dopamine receptor expression in the PFC with the maturation of cocaine place conditioning. Confocal microscopy revealed that retrogradely traced cortical output neurons to the nucleus accumbens express higher levels of D(1) receptors during adolescence compared with younger and older ages. D(1) expression does not change on GABAergic interneurons across age. Adolescent differences in D(1) expression occur independently of cortical-accumbens connectivity, which proliferates through adulthood. Behaviorally, adolescent rats are more sensitive to cocaine place conditioning than younger and older rats. However, microinjections of the D(1) antagonist SCH23390 into the PFC blocked adolescent place preferences, whereas microinjections of D(1) agonists dose-dependently increased preferences for cocaine-associated environments previously not preferred by juveniles. These results suggest that the heightened expression of D(1) receptors on cortical-accumbens projections may help explain increased sensitivity to environmental events and addictive behaviors during adolescence, whereas the paucity of D(1)-expressing projections may reduce risk in juveniles.
Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population

Mental health problems are endemic across the globe, and suicide, a strong corollary of poor mental health, is a leading cause of death. Classic psychedelic use may occasion lasting improvements in...
A CWIS In Time: It Should Be User Irresistible

Some time ago I was invited to be a judge at an elementary school science fair. Before the judging took place, the other judges and I had a chance to meet with the budding scientists, engineers, sociologists, and other fifth and sixth graders who were doing their best to convince us that their projects were Nobel Prize material. One student, skeptical of my qualifications as a judge of his project, asked me, “What's your job when you are not being a judge?” “Why,” I said, “I'm the manager of advanced applications at Princeton University,” knowing that this would have him cowering in awe at my exemplary qualifications to judge sixth‐grade science projects.
Fatigue behaviors of the Cu47.5Zr47.5Al5 bulk-metallic glass (BMG) and Cu47.5Zr38Hf9.5Al5 BMG composite

Abstract Based on the Cu 47.5 Zr 47.5 Al 5 bulk-metallic glass (BMG), the Cu 47.5 Zr 38 Hf 9.5 Al 5 BMG composite with a CuZr phase is fabricated successfully. The four-point-bend fatigue behaviors are investigated. The fatigue-endurance limit of the BMG composite is 378 MPa, based on the stress range ( σ r = σ max − σ min , where σ max and σ min are the applied maximum and minimum stresses, respectively). This value is much higher than that (224 MPa) of the BMG. The fatigue ratios (= the maximum stress range/yield strength corresponding to the fatigue cycles equal to 10 7 ) of the BMG composite and the BMG are 0.23 and 0.12, respectively. The different fatigue-fracture surfaces of the BMG and BMG composite show somewhat different fracture mechanisms, which could be rationalized in terms of the effects of the second phase in the composite.
Alcohol Use in Late Life: Disability and Comorbidity

Alcohol use by older adults is common, yet the risks and/or benefits of drinking, especially moderate drinking, are not well understood. Heavy drinking is a well-established factor in causing disability and excessive mortality among all age groups, including the elderly. However, literature is emerging that suggests that among elders with chronic medical and emotional health disorders, even modest alcohol consumption can lead to excessive disability and poorer perceived health. This article reviews the current literature on alcohol use and the relationship to common health problems in late life and suggests a model for examining the interaction of alcohol use and disability. Implications for intervention development are also discussed.
A flow cytometric method for determining the binding of coagulation factor X to monocytes in whole human blood.

Abstract It is known that inflammation affects the coagulation pathway, but the mechanisms are not clear. Because a persistent inflammatory condition is associated with several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, there is intense interest in determining if and how chronic inflammation contributes to a hypercoagulable state. One pathway by which inflammation interacts with coagulation is via monocyte binding and activation of coagulation Factor X (FX). Upon activation, monocytes express the αMβ2 integrin CD11b/CD18, which has a binding site for the plasma protein FX. Binding is followed by the cleavage of FX into its activated form Xa(FXa) which, in turn, is responsible for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. To assess the contribution of this pathway, a straightforward assay in whole blood is needed for studies of inflammation-induced coagulation and thrombosis. The current assay for FXa binding requires isolation of the monocytes and measurement of bound FXa activity with a chromogenic substrate. Harvesting a sufficient number of monocytes for analysis requires a relatively large blood sample. In addition, it is known that the process of isolating neutrophils and monocytes from whole blood induces an upregulation of CD11b. Thus, the measurement process itself causes an artifact in receptor expression resulting in an overestimate of true state of monocyte activation and FX binding. To address these limitations, we developed a flow cytometric assay to directly measure the binding of FX to monocytes in whole blood. In this report we describe the methods of the procedure in detail and apply the procedure to demonstrate a significant increase of both monocyte CD11b expression and FXa binding when human blood samples were activated with the endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide in-vitro.
The restrictive pharyngeal flap

Summary Five patients with hypernasal speech resulting from low lying restrictive pharyngeal flaps have been observed in this clinic. Two of these were improved by dividing the flaps and constructing a superiorly based flap in conjunction with the palatal pushback. Normal palatal closure has been discussed and a mechanical explanation of the restrictive flap suggested. An argument is presented to stress the importance of two points of surgical technique to achieve maximum velopharyngeal competence : (1) raising the flap high on the posterior pharyngeal wall and (2) attaching it to the superior aspect of the soft palate near the insertion of the levators.
Sex differences in the patterning of adult roles as a determinant of sex differences in occupational achievement

A sample of 4,035 men and women from the Project TALENT high school class of 1963 cohort was examined to determine the extent to which sex differences in the patterning of adult roles contribute to observed sex differences in occupational achievement. Men and women were found to differ in the comparative timing, ordering, and continuity of educational, occupational, marital, and procreational roles in early adulthood. These differences in role patterns explained only a small portion of the observed sex differences in occupational attainment, as sex appeared to be a strong direct determinant of both role patterns and attainment. However, some aspects of the patterning of these roles appeared to have an independent influence on occupational attainment; in these instances, the patterns associated with lower earnings were more likely to have been followed by women. Further investigation of the impact of variations in the patterning of adult roles on women's (and men's) occupational achievement is recommended.
Self-consistent β functions in asymptotically free massless field theory

Abstract In massless field theory with asymptotic freedom a spontaneous mass may be generated through renormalization. This mass is non-analytic in the coupling and via the renormalization group is connected with the usual β function. The development of the β function itself in renormalized perturbation theory provides another connection with the spontaneous mass. In a two-dimensional field theory of four-fermion coupling which is asymptotically free, these connections are exploited to find the infrared behavior of the theory. An argument is made on how the results carry over to all orders of perturbation theory.
Response of a Semi-Infinite Elastic Solid to an Arbitrary Line Load Along the Axis

The axisymmetric problem of a line load acting along the axis of a semiinfinite elastic solid is solved using Hankel transforms. In this solution the line load is interpreted as a body force loading and by assuming the line load to be of the form of a Dirac delta function the solution of Mindlin's problem of a point load within the interior of the half space is obtained. Solutions of this problem presented in the literature have been obtained using semiinverse techniques whereas the solution given here is obtained in a systematic step-by-step manner.
Vascular analysis as a proxy for mechanostransduction response in an isogenic, irradiated murine model of mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

Introduction Head and neck cancer is a debilitating and disfiguring disease. Although numerous treatment options exist, an array of debilitating side effects accompany them, causing physiological and social problems. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) can avoid many of the pathologies of current reconstructive strategies; however, due to the deleterious effects of radiation on bone vascularity, DO is generally ineffective. This makes investigating the effects of radiation on neovasculature during DO and creating quantifiable metrics to gauge the success of future therapies vital. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel isogenic rat model of impaired vasculogenesis of the regenerate mandible in order to determine quantifiable metrics of vascular injury and associated damage.
On the isotonic change-point problem

This work provides a new nonparametric test with a flavour of the classical Mann–Whitney test for the isotonic change-point problem on correlated data with short-range dependence. The test statistic has a normal null limiting distribution and asymptotic test power 1 under the local alternative. Numerical study indicates that it has a similar or slightly better performance than the oracle form of the existing tests on independent data and works very well on moderate-sized correlated data where the existing tests usually fail. Its application to the global temperature data is presented.
The exchange and maximal net flux of glucose across the human erythrocyte. II. The effect of two sulphydryl enzyme inhibitors, chlormerodrin and p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid.

Abstract The exchange and maximal net fluxes of [14C]glucose across the membrane of the human red cell were measured. The effects of p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid and chlormerodrin on these two parameters of glucose transport were determined. At low concentrations p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid (a non-penetrating organic mercurial) was found to readily inhibit the exchange flux but not the net efflux. At extremely high concentrations of p- chloromercuribenzne sulfonic acid the maximal net efflux showed some degree of inhibition. Chlormerodrin (a penetrating organic mercurial) inhibited both the exchange and net fluxes in the same manner. The addition of insulin in certain instances reduced the degree of inhibition caused by the organic mercurials. Insulin had no effect on the amount of either p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid or chlormerodrin which bound to the red cell. From the results obtained, it is suggested that there exist glucose-reactive sites on both the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane. The results also suggest a carrier system possessing different sites or molecular arrangements for glucose egrees and for glucose entry.
Put a Cork in it: Attitudes Toward Corkage Fees in BYOB Situation Restaurants

A complicated situation has been developing with the growth of wine-knowledgeable consumers and the wine offerings of restaurants. Simply put, some consumers desire to bring their own wines to restaurants and some restaurants allow this but charge a corkage fee. However, there has been no research to date that addresses consumer attitudes towards this practice. This study will help fill the gap in understanding consumer acceptance of corkage fees in the context of consumers bringing their own wine (BYOB) to restaurants.
Permanent neurological deficits due to lithium toxicity

Two patients exhibited permanent neurological deficits following relatively uncomplicated episodes of lithium intoxication. Lithium toxicity alone appears to result in a fairly consistent combination of neurological findings, including deficits in recent memory, limb and truncal ataxia, and choreoathetosis or parkinsonism. The potential role of early hemodialysis in preventing these permanent deficits is discussed.
State-building and the armed forces in modern Afghanistan: A structural analysis

NATO’s ISAF mission in Afghanistan ended on 31 December 2014. The future of Afghanistan is now largely in the hands of the Afghan National Army (ANA). NATO countries have invested billions of dollars in the ANA to create an actor that can provide stability and partner with the Afghan government to further state development. But civil-military relations in Afghanistan have proven historically difficult. NATO allies believe that the ANA will be a partner for the government, but the military might also intervene in governance, and become a destabilizing force. Using the unique timing of the ANA’s development and NATO handover, this article applies the Stepan-Desch’s structural theory of civil-military relations to the case of Afghanistan to hypothesize about the future of Afghan civil-military relations. It argues that, given the dominance of internal threats in Afghanistan, it is highly likely that the military will intervene directly in Afghan governance, rather than maintain a western standard of military non-involvement in governance.
Blood pressure control and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women at risk for coronary heart disease

Background Coronary heart disease (CHD) in women is strongly associated with estrogen deprivation. For example, risk for CHD increases dramatically after menopause. However, the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in CHD prevention currently is unresolved. To better understand CHD in women, the precise mechanisms by which estrogen affects circulatory function require clarification. Evidence suggests that exogenous estrogen may affect blood pressure (BP) control, but its interaction with other CHD risk factors has not been systematically characterized. The present study examines the role of mildly elevated resting BP, family history of CHD, and HRT on BP responses to stress in postmenopausal women. Methods Postmenopausal women on long-term HRT were recruited along with a control group of postmenopausal women not on HRT. These women were divided into higher versus lower risk for CHD on the basis of resting BP and family history of CHD. BP control mechanisms were assessed before, during, and after a computer-controlled laboratory stressor. Results Results indicate that women with elevated resting BP and positive family history of CHD have exaggerated BP reactivity to stress and that HRT inhibits this effect. Conclusions This study suggests that unmedicated postmenopausal women with mildly elevated resting BP and positive family history of CHD have altered BP control as indicated by exaggerated BP responses to stress. HRT eliminates the cumulative effect of resting BP and family history on BP reactivity, suggesting that the circulatory effects of estrogen replacement may operate, at least in part, through normalization of BP reactivity in higher-risk postmenopausal women. (Am Heart J 2002;143:711-7.)
Manufacturing of representative axial stress corrosion cracks in tube specimens for eddy current testing

Abstract A crack manufacturing method is proposed for producing axial outer-diameter stress corrosion cracking (ODSCC) in Alloy 600 steam generator tube specimens. The process can be conducted at ambient conditions and, unlike conventional methods, it does not require complicated facilities. Eddy current testing and destructive examination data for the axial ODSCC specimens were compared with the available field crack data to determine whether those SCC specimens are representative in accordance with an existing industry guideline. Based on the results of our investigations, it was determined that the proposed method could be used to manufacture representative axial ODSCC in Alloy 600 tube specimens.
Online Activity, Alcohol Use, and Internet Delinquency Among Korean Youth: A Multilevel Approach

This study examined the effects of online activity and alcohol use on Internet delinquency using data sets from the Korea Youth Panel Survey and focusing on adolescents in their 10th grade in high school (Wave 3). The current study investigated differences in Internet delinquency at Level 1 and Level 2. The units of Level 1 were students and those of Level 2 were schools. The total sample size for this study was 2,854 students at Level 1 and 166 schools at Level 2. Given the hierarchical nature of this data set, this study used hierarchical generalized linear modeling to determine that those youth who drank, used computer games, and used mobile phones were more likely to engage in Internet delinquency compared to nondrinkers, non–computer users, and non–mobile phone users.
Advanced smart structures flight experiments for precision spacecraft

Abstract This paper presents an overview as well as data from four smart structures flight experiments directed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The Middeck Active Control Experiment $ Flight II (MACE II) is a space shuttle flight experiment designed to investigate modeling and control issues for achieving high precision pointing and vibration control of future spacecraft. The Advanced Controls Technology Experiment (ACTEX-I) is an experiment that has demonstrated active vibration suppression using smart composite structures with embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators. The Satellite Ultraquiet Isolation Technology Experiment (SUITE) is an isolation platform that uses active piezoelectric actuators as well as damped mechanical flexures to achieve hybrid passive/active isolation. The Vibration Isolation, Suppression, and Steering Experiment (VISS) is another isolation platform that uses viscous dampers in conjunction with electromagnetic voice coil actuators to achieve isolation as well as a steering capability for an infra-red telescope.
The effect of a psychosocial intervention and quality of life after acute myocardial infarction: the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) clinical trial.

Purpose The Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients (ENRICHD) clinical trial was designed to test whether intervening on depression or low perceived social support reduces mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). This report analyzes the effect of the intervention on quality of life (QOL), which was an important secondary outcome. Methods ENRICHD was a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing a psychosocial intervention based on cognitive behavioral therapy to usual medical care in 2,481 patients from 8 clinical centers. Patients with acute MI were included if they met criteria for depression, low perceived social support, or both. QOL was assessed at the 6-month clinic visit in the first 1,296 patients. QOL measures included the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form summary measures of physical functioning (SF12-PCS) and mental functioning (SF12-MCS), a Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS), and a measure of overall QOL based on the ladder of life (LOL) technique. Results There were significant treatment differences on the SF12-MCS (difference 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.2), the LSS (difference 1.0, 95% CI 0.5-1.5), and the LOL (difference 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.6), but not on the SF12-PCS (difference 0.8; 95% CI = -0.5-2.0). Effect sizes for the intervention on QOL outcomes were modest. Conclusions Psychosocial interventions of limited duration confer modest QOL benefits in post-MI patients who are depressed or have low perceived social support. Interventions of longer duration or greater intensity may be required to produce more substantial improvements in QOL in these patients.
Effect of plasma shape on particle flux and particle removal in DIII-D

Abstract Measurements from balanced or slightly unbalanced, double-null, ELMing H-mode plasmas show that the upper, more closed, divertor strike point particle fluxes are larger than the lower, more open, divertor strike point particle fluxes for comparable conditions. Comparison of the upper and lower outer strike point peak particle fluxes measured with Langmuir probes during scans of the magnetic balance shows an asymmetry around the magnetic balance point which is consistent with both the enhanced upper recycling and the expected direction of private region E × B drifts. Comparison of the inner and outer peak particle fluxes in the upper divertor shows a dependence on magnetic field direction that is also consistent with the private region E × B drift direction.
A simple and sensitive LC-ICP-MS method for the accurate determination of vitamin B12 in fortified breakfast cereals and multivitamin tablets

A sensitive liquid chromatographic (LC) method coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed for the determination of vitamin B12. The method was based on efficient isocratic separation with a mobile phase consisting of 20 mmol L−1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in 25/75 methanol–water mixture (volume fractions) operating at a flow rate of 0.2 mL min−1. After LC separation, ionic cobalt (Co), cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and hydroxocobalamin were measured as 59Co by ICP-MS. For Co as cyanocobalamin, the analyte of interest of this work, the method has shown good repeatability with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3% for ten measurements and excellent linearity between 0.1 ng g−1 and 100 ng g−1 (linear regression, r2 > 0.999). The limit of detection (LOD) for cyanocobalamin was found to be less than 1 ng g−1, which permits the method to be employed for the determination of ultra-trace concentrations of vitamin B12 in various types of dietary supplements and fortified food products. Cyanocobalamin in aqueous solution was found to decompose under the ambient light of the laboratory; therefore, dark room conditions are required for the determination of vitamin B12 in the form of cyanocobalamin to minimize the photon-induced decomposition. To determine total Co in a commercial high-purity cyanocobalamin using direct ICP-MS measurement as part of an effort to characterize the chemical for use as a calibrant, it was observed that quantitative measurement of Co was achieved only through a complete acid digestion. The method was applied to the determination of vitamin B12 in Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3233 Fortified Breakfast Cereal. SRM 3280 Multivitamin/Multielement Tablet was used for quality assurance of the cereal sample measurements. The vitamin B12 value of (0.187 ± 0.016) mg kg−1 found in SRM 3233 was comparable to (0.219 ± 0.066) mg kg−1 obtained by Grocery Manufacturers Association's Food Industry Analytical Chemists Committee (FIACC) using microbiological assay. The (4.38 ± 0.05) mg kg−1 of vitamin B12 found in quality assurance samples of SRM 3280 was in good agreement with the certified values of (4.8 ± 1.0) mg kg−1.
Trust in the Balance: Asymmetric Information, Commitment Problems and Balancing Behavior

Realists argue that balancing occurs in response to changes to the balance of power. Recent informational approaches have focused primarily on informational asymmetries or commitment problems. The ...
Use, Misuse, and Abuse of Content Analysis for Research on the Consumer Interest

While possessing a long and respected history as a research method, content analysis studies attempting to address issues of the consumers’ interests often are published with invalid conclusions or implications. This essay offers that the source of these problems is rooted in inferring causal relations from what is nothing more than descriptive data.
Four wave mixing spectroscopy of mixed crystals using three input frequencies

Abstract Unambiguous three input frequency scanning methods are described for pentacene in several host crystals, specifically defining ground or excited state vibrations. Implications for site selective experiments are discussed.
The missing dimension of specialization

This paper suggests that the contrast between specialization and socialization may oversimplify the operation of social systems. It proposes instead a three-factor developmental model in which socialization remains as the second stage (identity), and specialization is split into two, status (the first stage) and diversity (the third stage). One feature of such a model is that the diversity relation implies greater system-consciousness than does the status relation.
Invasive Coronary Physiology for Assessing Intermediate Lesions

Atherosclerotic coronary artery narrowings, which provoke myocardial ischemia are the most common cause of angina pectoris and lead to adverse cardiac events.1 Removing the ischemic potential of a stenosis decreases symptoms and improves outcomes.2 Invasive coronary angiography remains the primary method for identifying coronary artery stenoses, but its inability to diagnose lesions responsible for inducing myocardial ischemia, particularly those of intermediate diameter stenosis remains a major limitation.3,4 To address this issue, there has been a long-standing interest in coronary wire-based methods for assessing coronary artery physiology. The goal of this review is to describe past efforts, define current standards, and address remaining controversy in the area of the invasive functional assessment of intermediate coronary artery stenosis. In the early 1970s, Gould et al5 performed seminal laboratory studies demonstrating that resting coronary flow remains unchanged with increasing epicardial coronary stenosis until the vessel lumen is >85% narrowed. They described the importance of inducing hyperemia to bring out the ischemic potential of more moderate coronary stenoses by measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR), defined as maximal coronary flow divided by resting flow. They showed that CFR had an inverse relationship to progressive coronary stenosis. However, it was not until the early 1990s, when a suitable Doppler wire became available to measure distal coronary flow velocity that invasive CFR and other velocity-based assessments could be performed readily in humans.6 Because coronary flow is proportional to coronary flow velocity, CFR can be estimated by measuring the coronary velocity at rest and during maximal vasodilation, typically after administration of adenosine. Subsequently, several studies were performed demonstrating the ability of Doppler wire-derived CFR to identify physiologically important coronary narrowings and to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).7,8 These experiences, however, highlighted some important limitations of this technique, which …
Effect of a pharmacologically induced decrease in core temperature in rats resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

Aim Hypothermia is recommended by international guidelines for treatment of unconscious survivors of cardiac arrest to improve neurologic outcomes. However, temperature management is often underutilized because it may be difficult to implement. The present study evaluated the efficacy of pharmacologically induced hypothermia on survival and neurological outcome in rats resuscitated from cardiac arrest.
IMPROVED APPROXIMATIONS VIA RAYLEIGH'S QUOTIENT

Two methods for obtaining excellent results based on one-term approximations via Rayleigh's quotient are described, along with their applications. A combination of these methods can be used to obtain accurate resutls for a wide class of problems as well. After a few iterations, depending on the starting function, the Stodola Vianello method sometimes leads to overly complicated formulae, so that symbolic manipulation software may become bogged down
In-car game design for children: Promoting interactions inside and outside the car

Abstract Long car rides can become a source of boredom for children, consequently causing tension inside the car. Common solutions against boredom include entertainment devices suitable for in-car use. Such devices often disengage children from other family members inside the car, as well as from the outside world. We set out to create a novel in-car game that connects children with their family and their environment, instead of only their entertainment devices. The game, called Mileys, integrates location-based information, augmented reality and virtual characters. We developed Mileys in an iterative process — findings from the first round of prototyping and evaluation guided the design of a second-generation prototype and lead to additional evaluations. In this paper we discuss lessons learned during the development and evaluation of Mileys, present challenges for location-based in-car game design, and suggest potential solutions for promoting interactions inside and outside the car.
Kinetics of Aluminum in Rats. Ill: Effect of Route of Administration

Male Fischer rats received 0.1 mg/kg (bolus) of elemental aluminum as the sulfate salt via the portal (n = 4) or systemic (n = 4) route of administration. Blood and bile were serially sampled over an 8-h period, postadministration. Aluminum was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood aluminum concentrations declined in a monoexponential fashion, with half-lives of 0.7 h (portal) and 1.08 h (systemic) (p < 0.05). The corresponding systemic clearances were 48.9 ± 10.6 and 35.1 ± 3.64 mL7(h • kg) (p < 0.05). The systemic availability following portal administration was 0.66, indicating a significant “first-pass” effect. Biliary aluminum recovery (% dose) was negligible following both routes [0.83 ± 0.062% (portal) versus 1.3 ± 0.22% (systemic), p < 0.05]. Bile flow decreased ~40% (p < 0.05) immediately upon injection of aluminum via the portal route only; flow remained suppressed throughout the study. This decrease in bile flow was most likely responsible for the lower biliary recovery with this route. In contrast, liver recovery of aluminum at 8-h postadministration was higher with the portal route (65.4 ± 4.1 versus 39.4 ± 2.52%). These results show that reported values for oral “bioavailability” of aluminum, often calculated by the standard AUC ratio method, underestimate the true extent of absorption. One mechanism of aluminum-related jaundice observed clinically may be due to cholestasis.
Hopping conduction and its photoquenching in molecular beam epitaxial GaAs grown at low temperatures

As the growth temperature of molecular beam epitaxial GaAs is increased from 250 to 400°C, the dominant conduction changes from hopping conduction to band conduction with a donor activation energy of 0.65 eV. A 300°C grown layer is especially interesting because each conduction mechanism is dominant in a particular temperature range, hopping below 300K and band conduction above. Below 140K, the hopping conduction is greatly diminished (quenched) by irradiation with either infrared (hv≤1.12 eV) or 1.46 eV light, but then recovers above 140K with exactly the same thermal kinetics as are found for the famous EL2. Thus, the 0.65 eV donor, which is responsible for both the hopping and band conduction, is very similar to EL2, but not identical because of the different activation energy (0.65 eV vs 0.75 eV for EL2).
Genetic selection for ethanol withdrawal severity: Differences in replicate mouse lines

We report an ongoing within-family selective breeding project for the severity of handling-induced withdrawal seizures in mice made physically dependent on ethanol by inhalation. Two Withdrawal Seizure Prone (WSP) and two Withdrawal Seizure Resistant (WSR) lines have been subjected to five generations of selection, and two control (WSC) lines are maintained. Each WSP line had more severe and each WSR line had less severe withdrawal convulsions than its respective WSC line. Differences relative to control lines were more pronounced in the WSP lines and were not due to differences in effective dose of ethanol. Heritabilities were higher in the WSP lines than in the WSR lines. These lines will be useful for studying physiological determinants of ethanol dependence and withdrawal.
THE THYROID GLAND IN 166 CASES OF ACROMEGALY

IT IS A FACT that the thyroid gland frequently is enlarged and the basal metabolic rate is elevated in the presence of acromegaly. In 1897, Magnus-Levy (1) described a case in which there was a continuous elevation of the rate of consumption of oxygen similar to the elevation found in Basedow's disease. He also called attention to certain symptoms which occurred inconstantly in association with acromegaly and which resembled those of Basedow's disease.
Multiple Chronic Conditions Among US Adults: A 2012 Update

The objective of this research was to update earlier estimates of prevalence rates of single chronic conditions and multiple (>2) chronic conditions (MCC) among the noninstitutionalized, civilian US adult population. Data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used to generate estimates of MCC for US adults and by select demographic characteristics. Approximately half (117 million) of US adults have at least one of the 10 chronic conditions examined (ie, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, hepatitis, weak or failing kidneys, current asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]). Furthermore, 1 in 4 adults has MCC.
Planning of Safe Kinematic Trajectories for Free Flying Robots Approaching an Uncontrolled Spinning Satellite

The problem of planning a safe trajectory for a free-flying robot to approach an uncontrolled spinning satellite is addressed. First, a heuristic plan is presented for a simple planar case, which constructs a collision-free path within realistic system constraints. Second, a general numerical optimization technique for planning a safe spatial trajectory is presented. In it, the approach path is parameterized and a cost function based on performance metrics is minimized in order to find the optimal path. The results are analyzed, and it is shown that optimization techniques can be used to produce a far safer approach trajectory than the heuristic method.Copyright © 2002 by ASME