cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Virtual Collaboration Training for Freshman Undergraduate STEM Students

Higher educational institutions formalize socialization for their incoming undergraduate student populations with traditional forms of physical classroom-based learning community (LC) skill-building environments; however, recent studies have shown that virtual LC environments can offer improved results over physical LC environments. This study examines whether incoming undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students gain the same benefits to their academic performance regardless of whether they receive LC training in physical or virtual reality (VR) treatment. We found that either treatment of collaboration training improve the participants’ academic performance in comparison to the control treatment. In addition, we found that the VR participants gave more academic help in social settings to their peers throughout the semester than their control group counterparts. Upon interviewing the two treatment group participants, we found that virtualization of collaboration may impact perceptions on leadership roles, group functions, and thinking about the future. This research shows that virtualizing LCs has the potential to expand and supplement existing learning structures, and create new ones where they were not previously available, and aims to offer a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of introducing VR technologies in higher education.
When Does Improving Health Raise GDP

We assess quantitatively the effect of exogenous health improvements on output per capita. Our simulation model allows for a direct effect of health on worker productivity, as well as indirect effects that run through schooling, the size and age-structure of the population, capital accumulation, and crowding of fixed natural resources. The model is parameterized using a combination of microeconomic estimates, data on demographics, disease burdens, and natural resource income in developing countries, and standard components of quantitative macroeconomic theory. We consider both changes in general health, proxied by improvements in life expectancy, and changes in the prevalence of two particular diseases: malaria and tuberculosis. We find that the effects of health improvements on income per capita are substantially lower than those that are often quoted by policy-makers, and may not emerge at all for three decades or more after the initial improvement in health. The results suggest that proponents of efforts to improve health in developing countries should rely on humanitarian rather than economic arguments.
THE BLUE TIP OF THE STELLAR LOCUS: MEASURING REDDENING WITH THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We present measurements of reddening due to dust using the colors of stars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We measure the color of main-sequence turnoff stars by finding the "blue tip" of the stellar locus: the prominent blue edge in the distribution of stellar colors. The method is sensitive to color changes of order 18, 12, 7, and 8 mmag of reddening in the colors u – g, g – r, r – i, and i – z, respectively, in regions measuring 90' by 14'. We present maps of the blue tip colors in each of these bands over the entire SDSS footprint, including the new dusty southern Galactic cap data provided by the SDSS-III. The results disfavor the best-fit O'Donnell and Cardelli et al. reddening laws, but are described well by a Fitzpatrick reddening law with RV = 3.1. The Schlegel et al. (SFD) dust map is found to trace the dust well, but overestimates reddening by factors of 1.4, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 in u – g, g – r, r – i, and i – z largely due to the adopted reddening law. In select dusty regions of the sky, we find evidence for problems in the SFD temperature correction. A dust map normalization difference of 15% between the Galactic north and south sky may be due to these dust temperature errors.
Work-to-Unlock Rewards: Leveraging Goals in Reward Systems to Increase Consumer Persistence

Six studies (N = 3,209) demonstrate that introducing a period in which consumers must work-to-unlock continuous rewards increases persistence relative to when consumers can earn continuous rewards for their effort right away. When working to unlock rewards, consumers must complete a target number of goal-related actions before receiving continuous rewards for their actions (e.g., start receiving continuous rewards after going to the gym four days). We suggest that the motivating power of work-to-unlock rewards arises because (1) work-to-unlock rewards naturally encourage consumers to set an attainable goal to start earning rewards, motivating consumers initially through goal setting and (2) keep consumers persisting after reaching this initial goal through the provision of continuous rewards. Work-to-unlock rewards thus leverage goal setting and continuous rewards to increase persistence relative to standard continuous rewards across a variety of consumer relevant domains (e.g., exercising, flossing, shopping, etc.), and when reward magnitude is equivalent or lower for work-to-unlock rewards. We further identify theoretically consistent boundary conditions of this effect, such as length of the unlocking period, knowledge of the reward structure, and type of reward available after the unlocking period (e.g., continuous vs. lump sum).
Kinetic evaluation of carrier-mediated transport of ouabain and taurocholic acid in isolated rat hepatocytes. Evidence for independent transport systems.

Abstract Ouabain and taurocholic acid (Tch) share in common the cyclopentanophenanthrene (steroid) nucleus, and both are concentrated in the liver by hepatic sinusoidal carrier-mediated transport processes. Multiple transport systems for Tch uptake have been implicated, and Tch is an effective inhibitor of ouabain uptake. To determine if the ouabain transport system is related to transport of Tch. kinetic studies were conducted to examine the nature of cross-inhibition of ouabain and Tch. Tch was found to inhibit ouabain uptake in a competitive manner, with a K i , approximately ten times less than the K m for ouabain. However, ouabain failed to inhibit total Tch uptake in a competitive manner when added to the system at the same time as the Tch substrate. Preincubation of cells with ouabain resulted in noncompetitive inhibition of sodium-dependent Tch uptake but had no effect on sodium-independent Tch uptake. Ouabain had a weak competitive inhibitory effect on sodium-independent transport of Tch. but the K , was approximately ten times greater than the K m for ouabain. These results demonstrate that the ouabain transport system is distinct from both the sodium-dependent and sodium-independent transport systems for Tch. Tch apparently binds competitively to the ouabain transport system but is not effectively transported across the cell membrane by this system.
Algorithms for Provisioning Survivable Multicast Sessions against Link Failures in Mesh Networks

We investigate new algorithms for efficiently establishing a multicast session in a mesh network while protecting the session from a link failure, e.g., a fiber cut in an optical network.
Command and Control versus Agency Theory: Evidence From Work Site Smoking Bans

Various theories have been proposed to explain the black box of the firm, including command-and-control and agency theory. In a command-and-control situation, directives from management would be consistently effective, whereas if agency theory is the proper model, the ban on work site smoking could be disregarded. A micro-economic agency model is constructed to illustrate comparative statics showing how a worker maximizes his utility, which includes a shirking argument, in light of employer monitoring and disciplinary procedures. The model is tested and the predictions of the model are supported. The results of this research presents evidence in support of agency theory. Positive and normative implications of the results are presented.
Near-infrared optical constants of naturally occurring olivine and synthetic pyroxene as a function of mineral composition

[1] Radiative transfer theory will assist in determining olivine and pyroxene proportions and compositions from the surface of a planetary body composed of intimately mixed minerals. In order to use radiative transfer techniques, the model requires the optical constants of olivine and pyroxene. Optical constants are parameters that describe the degree light absorbed (k) and refracted (n) in a medium. Here we only parameterize k in the near infrared from 0.6 to 2.5 µm of natural olivine as a function of forsterite number and synthetic pyroxene with respect to wollastonite and ferrosilite number. In contrast to previous work, this study is an improvement on previous work because we have a diverse and larger sample size leading to robust optical parameters. Additionally, we characterize each k-spectrum with the modified Gaussian model (MGM). MGM is a physically realistic model of near-infrared absorptions due to electronic transitions. In each spectrum, we model each absorption and continuum with Gaussians and an inverse of a linear function, respectively. We find that our fitting routine characterizes the olivine and pyroxene k-spectra in a robust and consistent manner. Then we use regression analysis to characterize each parameter of the Gaussians and the continuum as a function of mineral composition. The developed optical parameters from this work will allow calculations of mineral proportions and compositions on planetary surfaces with use of data from missions such as Dawn, MESSENGER, SELENE, and Chandrayaan-1.
Transnational governance and the re-centered state: Sustainability or legality?

After two decades in which transnational governance of production processes has typically meant voluntary subscription to privately developed standards, some transnational rulemaking projects are promoting mandatory compliance with law. The emerging timber legality regime is one example of this, and scholars' efforts to theorize this regime have produced provocative new analyses of interactions between public and private standards. Recent analyses, including those in this issue, predict that the new legality regime will bolster voluntary initiatives that certify sustainable forests. Based on research in Indonesia and China, I argue that this prediction is questionable and that the rise of the timber legality regime could constrict, rather than expand the space for global private authority. Further, I argue that it would not be entirely a bad thing if the legality regime overtook sustainability certification. Behind these specific arguments are general perspectives on how domestic circumstances shape transnational business governance and on the role of states in pluralistic fields of governance – both issues that are obscured by more architectural approaches.
UV-laser photodeposition of iron films from Fe(CO)5: role of gas-phase and surface dissociation processes

The laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) of thin iron films from Fe(CO)5 has been studied under high-vacuum conditions (base pressure < 2 × 10-7 Torr), and the content and chemical state of the carbon and oxygen in the film examined by profiling AES and XPS analysis. Greater than 70% of the carbon and oxygen are found in the carbidic and oxide form, respectively, with the rest present as adsorbed CO. C/Fe and O/Fe ratios are found to be equal in the bulk film, and dependent on the product of laser fluence and gas-phase absorption cross-section, as well as on the properties of the substrate. We have developed a deposition model which includes deposition of both primary [Fe(CO)x] and secondary (bare Fe) photoproducts, thermally and photo-induced decarbonylation at the growing film surface, and thermally and photo-induced dissociation of CO in the film. The latter process is discussed in terms of weakening of the C-O bond at the surface and a statistical redistribution of resonantly absorbed UV photon energy. An absorption cross-section for the Fe(CO)x photofragment was estimated from the model, with a value of (2 ± 1) × 10-16 cm2, approximately equal to that for the initial resonant absorption step in the parent carbonyl. These results suggest an approach to depositing nearly pure iron films by LCVD of Fe(CO)5.
Galois closures of quartic subfields of rational function fields

Let k be a finite field with q elements. Let f(x)@?k[x] be a monic quartic polynomial. Then k(x)/k(f(x)) is a field extension of degree 4. If the extension is separable, then the Galois group of the Galois closure is isomorphic to a transitive subgroup of the symmetric group on 4 letters. We determine the number of f(x)@?s having a given subgroup as Galois group.
UNIT CELL AND DIMENSIONAL CHANGES IN IRRADIATED SINGLE-CRYSTAL RHENIUM.

Abstract Single-crystal rhenium rods exposed to 2·5 × 1018 and 5 × 1018 n/cm2 (E > 1 Mev) show fractional length and lattice parameter changes positive in the a-axis direction and negative in the c-axis direction. The magnitudes of the changes are such that the unit cell volume decreases after an initial expansion, while the crystal volume increases to an apparent saturation value. These results are interpreted as indicating a defect configuration of clustered interstitials and isolated vacancies.
Presence of proanthocyanidins in mutant green Sarracenia indicate blockage in late anthocyanin biosynthesis between leucocyanidin and pseudobase

The insectivorous pitcher plant genus Sarracenia contains several species with mutants which lack red pigment in leaves, flowers and growth point. Mutants and wild-type contain various glycosides of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol and we hypothesized that the blockage in the mutant occurred between either dihydroflavonols and leucoanthocyanidin or between leucoanthocyanidin and the end product anthocyanin. Acid hydrolysis and acid addition were used to quantify and qualify spectral characteristics of intermediates. Aqueous phase extracts of leaves demonstrated the end product was most likely an anthocyanin because of red color, absorption at 530 nm and miscibility with amyl alcohol. Mutants and wild-type plants in Sarracenia purpurea and S. rubra ssp. jonesii are capable of producing proanthocyanidins while only wild-type contain pseudobase. Sarracenia purpurea mutants had a significantly greater accumulation of proanthocyanidins than wild-type while there was no such significant difference in S. rubra ssp. jonesii. These results suggest that the mutant is blocked in a late stage of anthocyanin biosynthesis between leucocyanidin and pseudobase. While mutants may accumulate precursors, additional investigation is needed. Sarracenia may serve as useful plants for research since the highly modified carnivorous and absorptive leaves may be fed suspected intermediates in this last step of anthocyanin synthesis.
Behavioral tolerance of squirrel monkeys to hypoxia: A model for evaluating drug therapy*

A behavioral tolerance-time procedure for measuring hypoxia-induced disruption of avoidance behavior was developed using squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) under a Sidman avoidance contingency. Hypoxic atmospheres were acutely and repeatedly presented to highly trained monkeys during avoidance sessions with 5 min of normoxia between presentations of hypoxia. Behavioral tolerance time was defined as the period from the initiation of hypoxia to the occurrence of the first shock during each hypoxic presentation. Parametric studies demonstrated that reliable behavioral tolerance times could be obtained using a 5-sec response-shock interval and a 7% O2 atmosphere. Acetazolamide, a drug previously shown to be beneficial for several types of functioning under hypoxic conditions, markedly lengthened behavioral tolerance time, suggesting a valid model for evaluating drug therapies. "Tolerance time" is often used as a dependent variable in the study of the effects of hypoxic environments on living organisms. The definition of tolerance time covers the interval from initiation of the hypoxic condition to an endpoint that is identical for all Ss. Physiological and pharmacological investigations have often used death as the endpoint, although other easily measured endpoints are loss of consciousness and drops in body temperature. Death has the obvious disadvantage of preventing repeated measurements using the same S. Loss of consciousness and large drops in body temperature may have gross nonreversible or long-term effects (Fregley, 1954). A preferable method of measuring tolerance to hypoxia would be one which left the animal relatively intact, so that reliable repeated measurements could be taken. An alternative measure involves a behavioral definition. Such a definition should involve an endpoint which is meaningful in terms of behavior and in terms of the environmental variable being tolerated. A behavioral schedule which fulfills these requirements is Sidman (nondiscriminated) avoidance (Sidman, 1953). This schedule involves the organism's repeatedly postponing the occurrence of an aversive stimulus,
My Favorite Tips from the “Clinical Interviewing Tip of the Month” Archive

The "Interviewing Tips of the Month" on the Website of the Training Institute for Suicide Assessment and Clinical Interviewing are supplied by visitors to the Website or by participants in the author's workshops. Each month the author chooses a favorite tip for posting and then adds the past month's tip to the "Tip Archive." This article describes eight effective tips for uncovering sensitive material such as antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and physical violence as well as a technique for improving medication adherence.
Correlates of diastolic filling abnormalities in hypertension : a doppler echocardiographic study

Abstract Hypertension and aging are both associated with changes of left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling and increased LV mass. To determine whether diastolic filling abnormalities are present in hypertension independent of aging and significant hypertrophy, we studied 19 hypertensive patients following a period of 4 weeks when they were not receiving therapy and 18 normotensive subjects matched for sex, age, and LV mass. All subjects had normal systolic function and ejection fraction as assessed by radionuclide angiography. We measured peak velocity of early filling (E), late filling (A), and their ratio (EA) by Doppler echocardiography. Filling indices were abnormal in hypertensive patients, but none of the filling indices were significantly correlated with LV mass. E was inversely related to age ( r = −0.62; p r = 0.45; p r = −0.74) and hypertensive patients ( r = −0.51). These findings indicate that diastolic filling abnormalities in hypertension are not solely caused by either LV hypertrophy or by aging and therefore must be in part related to the hemodynamic load or altered myocardial or chamber properties.
Comparison of Preoperative Standard Angiography with Preoperative Balloon Occlusion Femoral Angiography of the Lower Extremity

The use of saphenous vein in situ bypass for limb salvage has increased the need for adequate visualization of distal lower extremity vessels. Preoperative angiographic techniques are often inadequate, requiring multiple films, extensive patient manipulation, or excessive dye loads. Intraoperative prereconstructive angiography permits adequate distal vessel visualization, but at a significant waste of time and expense if no usable distal vessels are found. There is a need for a reliable means of preoperative angiography in patients being evaluated for saphenous vein in situ bypass. Preoperative balloon occlusion femoral angiography was compared to preoperative standard angiography of the lower extremity in 39 patients referred to the University of Minnesota for limb salvage. Balloon occlusion femoral angiography significantly improved the preoperative ability to visualize lower extremity vessels distal to the superficial femoral artery in this group of patients.
Transvesical robotic radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE To report the technical feasibility of performing transvesical robotic radical prostatectomy (TRRP) in a cadaver. MATERIALS AND METHODS TRRP was performed in two fresh male cadavers (prostate volume 46 and 30 mL). In the first procedure we used four laparoscopic transvesical trocars and in the second a single-port device was placed percutaneously into the bladder. Pneumovesicum was established in both cases and the da Vinci-S robotic system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used for the TRRP. All steps of the procedure, including dissection of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens, ligation of prostatic pedicles, release of neurovascular bundles, apical dissection, urethral transection, and urethro-vesical anastomosis, were done transvesically and robotically. Real time transrectal ultrasonography monitoring was used in the first cadaver. RESULTS Both procedures were technically successful transvesically with no need for additional ports or conversion to standard laparoscopy. The operative duration for the multi-port procedure was 3 h and for the single-port procedure was 4.2 h. Clashing of the da Vinci arms was the primary technical difficulty with the single-port procedure, but did not occur in the multi-port procedure. CONCLUSIONS TRRP under pneumovesicum is technically feasible using multiple-port or a single-port approach in the cadaver. The clinical application of this novel approach is imminent. Further refinement of technique and instruments might lead to an increasing role of percutaneous intraluminal surgery in various surgical disciplines.
Solvability Theorems for Linear Equations of Tricomi Type

Abstract For a large class of linear mixed type partial differential equations, theorems on local and semi-global solvability are stated and rely on a prior result of the author about the non-trapping of null-bicharacteristics over compact sets and the theory of Hormander. A global solvability result modulo smooth error is demonstrated for a slightly reduced class which includes the equations found most commonly in the literature. The key point is the proof of an additional global convexity property for the bicharacteristic flow which results from the construction of a type of convex hull. All of the results are independent of lower order terms as they depend only on the Hamiltonian system associated to the principal symbol. This independence allows for the interpretation of the results in the context of general relativity and semi-Riemannian geometry.
Protein-mRNA Interactions Observed in Living Cells By Dual-Color Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy

RNA binding protein controls the localization, translation and degradation of mRNA of specific proteins, therefore exerting a key influence on the cell metabolism, motility and differentiation. The zipcode binding protein 1 (ZBP1) binds to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of beta-actin mRNA and regulates its translation. Quantitative characterization of the interaction between mRNA and protein is crucial to dissect this regulation mechanism. We have developed a dual-color fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) technique to study the interaction between mRNA and protein directly in living cells. FFS determines the brightness, concentration and diffusion time of fluorescent particles from the intensity bursts generated by individual particles passing through a small observation volume. Dual-color FFS distinguishes fluorescent species by brightness and diffusion time as well as the fluorescence color. In this study, we apply dual-color FFS to study the interaction between beta-actin mRNA and ZBP1. The endogenous mouse beta-actin mRNA is visualized by incorporating 24 MS2 stem-loops in the 3′ UTR, which are specifically bound by fluorescently labeled MS2 coat protein (MCP). We have developed a tandem dimeric MCP system that is particularly suitable for FFS brightness analysis. Since multiple MCPs bind to a single mRNA, the brightness of mRNA is significantly higher than that of free MCP, which allows us to readily resolve mRNA from free MCPs. Furthermore, ZBP1 is labeled with a different color and dual-color FFS directly extracts the interacting mRNA-ZBP1 species. The interaction is visualized by brightness signatures and the binding affinity is extracted by measuring different cells with varying concentrations of ZBP1. This work is supported by National Institute of Health EB2060.
Characterization of Imaging Gradients in Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Abstract For obtaining a complete model the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) method is derived in a new linear algebraic framework in order to include the effect of all of the magnetic field gradients on the MRI signal. In the framework, the coefficient matrix of the estimation equations consists of the sum of three matrices corresponding to diffusion gradients, imaging gradients and the cross-terms between them. The derivations demonstrate that there exists modeling incongruities originating from the choice of phase-encoding gradient magnitude and the read-out gradient affecting the entirety of the signal sample points. These reflect on the cross-terms and the imaging gradient coefficient matrix, revealing the DTI’s inadequacy for the inclusion of imaging gradients. The linear algebraic framework mitigates the inadequacy by the utilization of center-symmetric gradient schemes. The observations are verified by the experimental results obtained from an isotropic phantom using several existing diffusion gradient schemes.
Destabilization of the emulsion formed during the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybean flour.

Abstract Soybean oil extraction from soybean flour by a neutral metallo-endopeptidase enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process, optimized for effectiveness in reducing oil content of the solid residue, yields a small fraction of the oil as free oil whereas most is emulsified in a cream layer. Analysis of the cream showed the presence of peptides/proteins and phospholipids, either of which could serve as emulsifiers. Several demulsification treatments targeting these components – protease addition, phospholipase addition, and acidification (pH 4.5) – were evaluated for effectiveness against the targeted emulsifiers and in conversion of the cream to free oil. Acidification increased the oil yield from 2% to 83%. After a two-stage enzymatic demulsification process with an alkaline endopeptidase, the oil recovery increased to 95%. A lysophospholipase A 1 treatment at pH 4.5 provided complete conversion of emulsified to free oil. The phospholipids (PL) present in the original and post-treatment cream were quantified using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PL contained phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA) and their lyso-derivatives. Protein size distribution, PL proportions and fatty acid composition changed after the demulsification treatments. Recycle of the endopeptidase is feasible as more than 90% of its activity was retained.
Optical measurement of swelling and water transport in spinal cord slices from aquaporin null mice

Water movement between cells and interstitium in spinal cord and brain occurs during neural signal transduction and in response to injuries such as ischemia and blunt trauma. At least two aquaporin-type water channels are expressed in spinal cord: AQP1 in afferent sensory nerve fibers in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, and AQP4 in glial cells throughout gray matter. An imaging method was developed to map thickness changes in viable spinal cord and brain slices cut by a vibratome, and applied to measure osmotically induced water transport in spinal cord slices from wildtype and aquaporin knockout mice. Spinal cord slices (300 microm thickness) were mounted in a perfusion chamber with < 2 s exchange time, and transmitted light (565 nm) was imaged by a CCD camera. Changes in slice thickness were mapped from the amount of light passing through a thin ( approximately 100 microm) layer of perfusate bathing the slice, in which hemoglobin (6 mg/ml) was added to the perfusate as an inert absorbing chromophore. In response to osmotic challenges imposed by changing perfusate osmolality by 100 mOsm, transmitted light intensity changed reversibly with approximately mono-exponential kinetics whose initial rate depended upon position in the slice. In the superficial dorsal horn where AQP1 is strongly expressed, the rate of osmotic swelling was 7.0 +/- 1.3 microm/s in wildtype mice and 2.0 +/- 0.2 microm/s in AQP1 null mice; osmotic swelling was slower in deeper lamina of dorsal horn, and was decreased in AQP4 but not AQP1 null mice. These results establish a simple imaging method to map changes in water content of spinal cord slices, and provide evidence that aquaporins facilitate osmotic water transport in functionally relevant areas of the spinal cord.
Paradox lost, paradox regained: Reply from a flagellated straw man

The optimal-pessimal paradox (Bradley, 1975) has been criticized on bizarre grounds by Childs (1980). Assumptions that it never made were attributed to it and attacked. Empirical evidence for its existence (which occupied a large portion of the criticized article) was totally ignored, and it was treated as a mere theoretically based conjecture. Originally proposed solutions to the problems it presents were dismissed and replaced by ineffectual alternatives. In spite of Childs’ claim that “the paradox, although theoretically sound, is grounded upon assumptions that are empirically untenable,” the paradox makes no such assumptions and is an empirical fact.
Beef flavor: a review from chemistry to consumer.

This paper briefly reviews research that describes the sensation, generation and consumer acceptance of beef flavor. Humans sense the five basic tastes in their taste buds, and receptors in the nasal and sinus cavities sense aromas. Additionally, trigeminal senses such as metallic and astringent are sensed in the oral and nasal cavities and can have an effect on the flavor of beef. Flavors are generated from a complex interaction of tastes, tactile senses and aromas taken collectively throughout the tongue, nasal, sinus and oral cavities. Cooking beef generates compounds that contribute to these senses and result in beef flavor, and the factors that are involved in the cookery process determine the amount and type of these compounds and therefore the flavor generated. A low-heat, slow cooking method generates primarily lipid degradation products, while high-heat, fast cookery generates more Maillard reaction products. The science of consumer acceptance, cluster analyses and drawing relationships among all flavor determinants is a relatively new discipline in beef flavor. Consumers rate beef that has lipid degradation products generated from a low degree of doneness and Maillard flavor products from fast, hot cookery the highest in overall liking, and current research has shown that strong relationships exist between beef flavor and consumer acceptability, even more so than juiciness or tenderness. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy with Dysproteinemia

Abstract Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia is a disorder characterized by a sudden onset of constitutional symptoms and lymphadenopathy. Patients often have hypergammaglobuline...
Social Desirability and Self-Reports: Testing Models of Socially Desirable Responding

The present research investigated the cognitive processes involved in responding to self-report items under varying conditions of social desirability. Participants in three experiments judged the extent to which a set of items (personality traits in Experiments 1 and 2; behaviors in Experiment 3) described them under instructions that either increased or decreased concerns with social desirability. Under most conditions, instructions that produced the greatest concern with social desirability resulted in the longest response times. This finding is consistent with the view that social desirability operates as an editing process; participants retrieve the requested information and then evaluate it before responding. There was also some evidence for individual differences in social desirability; participants scoring high on the trait of self-deception were generally faster at making these judgments than were participants scoring low on self-deception.
The roles of national and state standards in implementing speaking, listening, and media literacy

State and national language arts standards propose integration of oral and media communication into K‐12 reading, language arts, and English curricula. This study used 29 state, the NCTE‐IRA, and the NCA standards documents to explore this curricular shift. The results show that all 29 states plan to include speaking and listening in their comprehensive language arts curricula, and the majority of the states also include media literacy. About half of the documents reflect understanding of the constructs of “speaking”; and “listening”; mostly consistent with NCA definitions. Strong congruency for the term “media literacy”; occurred in 25% of these documents. Recommendations for communication professionals in the implementation of comprehensive language arts K‐ 12 focus on attitude change and in‐service training.
Synthesis of isopeptide epoxide peptidomimetics.

Two epoxide-containing peptidomimetics of the isopeptide, glutamyl-γ-glutamate, have been synthesized via a route that should be generally applicable to the synthesis of isopeptide analogues in which an oxirane replaces the scissile peptide bond. Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptides and isopeptides are often susceptible to inactivation by electrophilic substrate analogues. In this research, an epoxide was installed as an electrophilic replacement of the scissile isopeptide bond. The C-terminal glutamyl mimic was accessed by the stereospecific synthesis of suitably substituted cyclopentenes, 8 and 10, as surrogates for either the l- or d- enantiomer. The enantiomeric cyclopentenes were further elaborated to incorporate an appended sulfone that was reacted with a suitably protected glutamyl-γ-semialdehyde in a Julia−Kocienski olefination reaction. This olefination afforded predominantly the desired E-olefin isosteres of l-glutamyl-γ-d-glutamate and l-glutamyl-γ-l-glutamate, following which perac...
An experimental comparison of gas backmixing in fluidized beds across the regime spectrum

Abstract An investigation of gas backmixing in fluidized beds spanning the entire range from the bubbling regime to the dilute transport regime was conducted using continuous injection of a helium tracer. The focus was to compare backmixing levels in the different regimes. While time averaging at a point averages over the phase heterogeneities in the bubbling and slugging regimes, it does not average these out in the high-velocity regimes of turbulent and fast fluidization where the heterogeneities are distributed in space rather than time. It is also shown that, in the bubbling and slugging regimes, the concentration of backmixed tracer is almost independent of the gas velocity while, in the turbulent and fast regimes, the concentration is strongly dependent on the gas velocity.
Photometric Properties of Phobos Surface Materials From Viking Images

Abstract Clear-filter Viking images, and an accurate numerical model of the shape of Phobos, have been used to determine this satellite's photometric properties. A global-average Hapke function derived from disk-resolved data confirms previous indications that Phobos has a strong opposition surge. Photometrically corrected images were mosaicked into an albedo map; most of the resulting normal reflectances are in the range 0.06–0.10, and the brightest region on Phobos is the northeast rim of the crater Stickney, the portion of that rim with the highest concentration of grooves. Globally, there are three albedo classes, reasonably separated geographically: (1) Bright material is to the east and south of Stickney, corresponding approximately to the locations on Phobos having the highest, “bluest” visible/near-IR ratio (Murchie et al . 1991). (2) The darkest material is to Stickney's west, correlating with material having an intermediate visible/NIR ratio (Murchie et al .'s “bluish gray” unit). (3) Intermediate-albedo material dominates the anti-Stickney hemisphere, corresponding to material with a lower visible/NIR ratio (Murchie et al .'s “reddish gray” unit). A search for variations in phase behavior across Phobos' surface shows few such effects overall, limited to isolated areas: (1) Stickney's floor darkens with increasing phase faster than average Phobos. This crater floor is both slightly more backscattering and significantly rougher than the global average; the latter effect may be related to the slumping hinted at in low-resolution images of Stickney. (2) We confirm that in many cases, the contrast between the bright rims of small craters and grooves and their surroundings drops noticeably with increasing phase (phase angles in use = 10°–50°). However, these bright rims, overall, display a diversity of photometric behavior and are the most heterogeneous areas on Phobos in terms of regolith properties. (3) We confirm that dark deposits in the floors of smaller craters darken faster with increasing phase than their surroundings (cf., Goguen et al . 1978) and find that these deposits are more backscattering than average Phobos. Isolated regions with unusual phase behavior occur on Phobos but not on Deimos (Thomas et al . 1996). The variable photometric properties of Phobos' isolated craters and grooves, and the association of global albedo features with Stickney, reinforce interpretations that Phobos' regolith is emplaced and modified by discrete cratering events and is not mixed horizontally by extensive downslope creep as is apparently the case on Deimos.
Vagal afferent-mediated inhibition of a nociceptive reflex by intravenous serotonin i the rat. I. Characterization

The effect of intravenous (i.v.) serotonin (5-HT) on nociception and blood pressure was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intravenous 5-HT produced a dose-dependent (6-192 micrograms/kg, i.v.) inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized (ED50 = 40 micrograms/kg) and conscious rats (ED50 = 44 micrograms/kg). In the lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rat, the blood pressure response to i.v. 5-HT was typically a triphasic response with a marked Bezold-Jarisch reflex-induced decrease in pressure (associated with a brief period of apnea) followed by a pressor phase and a subsequent delayed hypotension. In the conscious rat, the response was typically biphasic with the late hypotensive phase absent. A variety of anatomical and pharmacological manipulations were performed to characterize the 5-HT-induced inhibition of the TF reflex and associated changes in blood pressure. Prevention of 5-HT-induced reflex apnea by artificial ventilation did not affect inhibition of the TF reflex produced by 5-HT. Pharmacological manipulations were performed to mimic, as closely as possible, the acute increases and decreases in blood pressure associated with i.v. 5-HT. Nitroprusside (8 micrograms/kg, i.v.) produced a decrease in blood pressure of similar magnitude and rate as that associated with the Bezold-Jarisch reflex-induced decrease in pressure produced by 72 micrograms/kg 5-HT, but did not change TF latency from baseline. Similarly, acute increases in pressure produced by phenylephrine (8 micrograms/kg, i.v.), intended to mimic the secondary pressor effect of 5-HT, did not change TF latency. The short-acting ganglion blocker trimethaphan (5 mg/kg, i.v.) closely mimicked the late hypotensive phase produced by 5-HT, but again resulted in no change in TF latency. Pretreatment with the ganglion blocker chlorisondamine (2.5 mg/kg) abolished all depressor responses to 72 micrograms/kg 5-HT, but did not significantly affect the TF reflex. These results indicate that acute changes in blood pressure and respiration associated with i.v. 5-HT do not contribute to inhibition of the TF reflex. This conclusion was confirmed in experiments in which bilateral vagotomy abolished approximately 70% of the 5-HT-induced inhibition of the TF reflex (and all depressor responses), and resulted in a significantly greater pressor response. Finally, low thoracic spinal cord transection (T9-10) abolished the inhibition of the TF reflex produced by i.v. 5-HT. Therefore, 5-HT stimulates vagal afferents and inhibits the TF reflex by activating descending inhibitory systems from the brainstem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Determination of glucose in the presence of sucrose using glucose oxidase; effect of pH on absorption spectrum of oxidized o-dianisidine.

Abstract 1. 1. Absorption spectra are given for oxidized o-dianisidine in the coupled glucose assay system, glucose oxidase-peroxidase-o-dianisidine, at various pH values. Absorption maxima are at 540, 450, 415, 405, and 395 mμ for final pH values of 2. 2. All commercial preparations of glucose oxidase tested were found to be contaminated with sucrase, which hydrolytically yields glucose from sucrose during assay for glucose in the presence of sucrose. 3. 3. Conditions and procedures are given for the assay, by the glucose oxidase method, of small amounts of glucose in the presence of relatively high concentrations of sucrose. Use of 0.100 M Tris-0.005 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1% Triton X-100 as solvent, a 30° incubation temperature, and a 30-min period of incubation eliminates completely the interference due to the sucrase contaminant of a number of commercial preparations of glucose oxidase. 4. 4. Use of ice-cold trichloroacetic acid (final concentration, 5%) as a protein precipitant for tissue or enzyme incubation mixtures containing sucrose is precluded if such mixtures are to be subsequently analyzed for glucose content, since under these conditions over 13% of the sucrose is hydrolyzed to glucose within 2 hr.
Excitation of inertial Alfvén waves via modulational interaction with lower hybrid waves

The concept of modulational instability, which results from the coupling of waves modes of very different time and space scales, was introduced to plasma physics through an elegant paper by Vedenov and Rudakov in 1964 [1]. Our paper is devoted to the theory of modulational instability resulting from the interaction of lower hybrid waves and slow density perturbations associated with inertial Alfven waves. The nonlinear set of equations describing the modulational coupling of these two types of waves is constructed. The lower hybrid wave trajectories are analyzed within predefined density structures and it is shown that these waves can be trapped in the vicinity of the density extremum. The density modulations, originally being associated with inertial Alfven waves, deepen due to the trapping of lower hybrid waves; this leads to modulational instability. A dispersion relation describing the modulational instability is constructed and analyzed. The threshold intensity of the lower hybrid waves for the onset of instability is obtained and it is shown that instability can serve as an efficient mechanism for the excitation of inertial Alfven waves in the auroral ionosphere.
Potencies of cocaine methiodide on major cocaine targets in mice.

Cocaine methiodide (CM), a charged cocaine analog, cannot pass the blood brain barrier. It has been assumed the effects of systemic CM represent cocaine actions in peripheral tissues. However, the IC50 values of CM have not been clearly determined for the major cocaine targets: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters, and sodium channels. Using cells transfected with individual transporters from mice and synaptosomes from mouse striatum tissues, we observed that the inhibition IC50 values for monoamine uptake by CM were 31-fold to 184-fold higher compared to cocaine at each of the transporters. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, cocaine inhibited sodium channels with an apparent IC50 of 75 µM, while CM showed no observable effect at concentrations up to 3 mM. These results indicate that an equal dose of CM will not produce an equivalent peripheral effect of cocaine.
On Coupling Conditions in Light Nuclei and the Lifetimes of β -Radioactivities

Two series of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-activities are considered. The first series involves nuclei in which the number ${n}_{p}$ of protons exceeds the number ${n}_{n}$ of neutrons by 1. The second series involves the nuclei for which ${n}_{p}={n}_{n}$ is odd. Similarly two coupling conditions are considered: in approximation 1, the forces do not depend on either ordinary or isotopic spin. In approximation 2 only the independence of isotopic spin is assumed. Apart from these coupling conditions, no use is made of any special model. The lifetimes of the disintegrations of the first series can be calculated on the basis of either coupling condition if one adopts Fermi's original theory. The transitions of the second series are forbidden in this theory. If one adopts the modification of Fermi's theory which has been proposed by Gamow and Teller, one can calculate the lifetimes for both series assuming the validity of the first approximation but this cannot be done if only the validity of the second approximation is assumed. The discussion of the experimental data indicates that the 1st approximation applies quite well for the normal states of nuclei up to a mass of about 30.
Native point defects in ZnO

We have performed a comprehensive first-principles investigation of native point defects in ZnO based on density functional theory within the local density approximation (LDA) as well as the $\mathrm{LDA}+U$ approach for overcoming the band-gap problem. Oxygen deficiency, manifested in the form of oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials, has long been invoked as the source of the commonly observed unintentional $n$-type conductivity in ZnO. However, contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find that native point defects are very unlikely to be the cause of unintentional $n$-type conductivity. Oxygen vacancies, which have most often been cited as the cause of unintentional doping, are deep rather than shallow donors and have high formation energies in $n$-type ZnO (and are therefore unlikely to form). Zinc interstitials are shallow donors, but they also have high formation energies in $n$-type ZnO and are fast diffusers with migration barriers as low as $0.57\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$; they are therefore unlikely to be stable. Zinc antisites are also shallow donors but their high formation energies (even in Zn-rich conditions) render them unlikely to be stable under equilibrium conditions. We have, however, identified a different low-energy atomic configuration for zinc antisites that may play a role under nonequilibrium conditions such as irradiation. Zinc vacancies are deep acceptors and probably related to the frequently observed green luminescence; they act as compensating centers in $n$-type ZnO. Oxygen interstitials have high formation energies; they can occur as electrically neutral split interstitials in semi-insulating and $p$-type materials or as deep acceptors at octahedral interstitial sites in $n$-type ZnO. Oxygen antisites have very high formation energies and are unlikely to exist in measurable concentrations under equilibrium conditions. Based on our results for migration energy barriers, we calculate activation energies for self-diffusion and estimate defect-annealing temperatures. Our results provide a guide to more refined experimental studies of point defects in ZnO and their influence on the control of $p$-type doping.
A low-cost, energy-saving window system

Abstract A low cost, highly insulated window system, which can be fabricated with easily available materials, is described. The system can be installed by adding an i.r. transmitting sheet and a reflecting layer to an existing window. The reflecting layer may be in the form of a shade, Venetian blinds, or a curtain. The thermal resistance ( R ) values of several variations of the system are computed and tests are described which verify that the system works as predicted by theory.