cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renewable energy finance and project ownership: The impact of alternative development structures on the cost of wind power

Abstract This paper uses traditional financial cash flow techniques to examine the impact of different ownership and financing structures on the cost of renewable energy, specifically wind power. Most large, non-hydroelectric, renewable energy projects are developed, owned and financed by private non-utility generators. Recently, however, US utilities have begun to consider owning and financing their own wind power facilities rather than purchasing power from independent renewable energy suppliers. Utilities in other countries have also expressed interest in direct renewable energy investments. A primary justification for utility ownership of wind turbine power plants is that utility self-financing and ownership is cheaper than purchasing wind energy from non-utility renewable energy suppliers. The results presented in this paper support that justification, although some of the estimated cost savings associated with utility ownership are a result of suboptimal utility analysis procedures and implicit risk shifting. Financing terms and variables are shown to significantly impact wind power costs.
Everyday use of plastic.

There are several well-known methods of making plastic appliances; but the search here was for a simple quick way of producing something in a physiotherapy department, which could be used the same day as part of the treatment. For this reason plastics mixed from powder were eliminated, as problems with fumes, dermatitis, and curing time seemed to demand special premises and skill. Sheet plastics only were used. Nor was it intended to make a durable appliance which would last a lifetime but rather something cheap which could be frequently changed or adjusted during the recovery period.
From Homeless to Housed: Caring for People in Transition

This ethnographic study was conducted to determine what homeless people experience during the transition from street life into community housing. Data were gathered through participant observation at a program designed to secure housing and support services for homeless people upon discharge from a psychiatric hospital. Sixty homeless, mentally ill adults were followed from hospital discharge through their first 2 years in community housing. Homeless people interact with health care providers across a cultural divide produced by vast differences in their lived experiences. This cultural distance limits access to the services that these individuals require to achieve residential stability.
Livestock Management Strategy Affects Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance of Subhumid Pasture

Temperate grasslands are generally considered carbon (C) sinks, but climate and management likely affect whether they accumulate or lose C on an annual time step. The North Central Region of the United States contains highly productive improved pasture that is used exclusively for livestock grazing and mechanical harvest. The objective of this study was to use a net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) approach to estimate C accumulation or loss in subhumid pastures under four typical livestock management practices: management-intensive rotational grazing (MIRG), continuous grazing (CONT), haymaking (HARV), and land set aside with no harvests (NONE). MIRG lost significantly less C in 2006 than all other treatments, and in 2007 MIRG was the only treatment that had a positive NECB. For 2006, our model resulted in an average change of � 236 615
Effects of Ticrynafen on Hepatic Excretory Function in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

Ticrynafen, a uricosuric diuretic agent which causes hepatocellular injury in man as an apparent idiosyncratic reaction, was found to impair the function of the isolated perfused rat liver. At concentrations in the perfusate equivalent to those produced in the blood of man by therapeutic doses, the drug led to a striking reduction in bile flow and sulfobromophthalein excretion and release of aspartate aminotransferase into the perfusate. These adverse effects were enhanced by treatment of rats with phenobarbital prior to removal of the liver, indicating that the adverse effect of ticrynafen is probably caused by a metabolite produced in the cytochrome P-450 system.
The lateral, third, and fourth ventricle choroid plexus of the dog: A structural and ultrastructural study

The morphology of the choroid plexuses of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles in dogs was studied by histological and ultrastructural techniques after in situ fixation. Most portions of the plexus in the lateral ventricle showed a parallel arrangement of capillaries, producing a fine corrugation of the overlying layer of epithelial cells. Relatively large amounts of connective tissue separated the capillaries from the epithelium. The fourth ventricle choroid plexus showed short capillary loops projecting into the ventricle and more intimately covered by epithelium. Smaller amounts of connective tissue separated the capillaries from the epithelium. The choroid plexus of the third ventricle showed characteristics seen in the plexuses of both the lateral and fourth ventricles. The total surface of the choroid plexuses in the dog averaged 10.7 cm2, of which 55% was fourth ventricle choroid plexus.
Endosonographic diagnosis of an esophageal duplication cyst

A patient with an esophageal duplication cyst who presented with dysphagia is described here. The diagnosis was accurately made preoperatively by endosonography due to the demonstration of contiguity of the muscularis propria of the esophagus with the muscle layer of the cyst wall. Endoscopic ultrasound is the most reliable non-surgical method for the diagnosis of this lesion, assisting in surgical planning in symptomatic patients and observation in asymptomatic ones.
Discrete geometric mechanics for variational time integrators

In this chapter, we present a geometric--instead of a traditional numerical-analytic--approach to the problem of time integration. Geometry at its most abstract is the study of symmetries and their associated invariants. Variational approaches based on such notions are commonly used in geometric modeling and discrete differential geometry. Here we will treat mechanics in a similar way. Indeed, the very essence of a mechanical system is characterized by its symmetries and invariants. Thus preserving these symmetries and invariants (e.g., certain momenta) into the discrete computational setting is of paramount importance if one wants discrete time integration to properly capture the underlying continuous motion. Motivated by the well-known variational and geometric nature of most dynamical systems, we review the use of discrete variational principles as a way to derive robust, and accurate time integrators.
Current status of postmenopausal oestrogen therapy.

The life expectancy of women is continuing to lengthen. In the US it was 40 years in 1840, 65 years in 1940, and 78 years in 1985. The last figure particularly is attributable to increased longevity rather than to decreased infant mortality. As one consequence ofthis, the years spent in a postmenopausal oestrogen deficiency state are continuing to increase and the public health implications of this fact are finally beginning to make themselves felt. In 1985 in the US there were 34.8 deaths per 100,000 women from breast cancer and 27.2 per 100,000 related to osteoporotic fractures. Second only to smoking, oestrogen deficiency morbidity and mortality represent a largely preventable health hazard. In the 1970s, the use of oestrogens in postmenopausal women was severely curtailed because of concerns over an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer. In the last decade, particularly, there has been a reappraisal of the nature, reality, and magnitude of these risks in the context of the consequences of withholding oestrogen replacement therapy (except under special circumstances). It can be safely predicted that increasingly large cohorts of postmenopausal women will be using oestrogen replacement therapy, probably for the rest of their lives.
Historical GIS as a Platform for Public Memory at Mammoth Cave National Park

The Mammoth Cave Historical GIS (MCHGIS) fosters new understandings of a national park landscape as a historic farming community and offers a web-based platform for public memory of pre-park inhabitants. It maps the 1920 manuscript census at the household level over a streaming topographic map and georeferences Civilian Conservation Corps photographs of dwellings for visualization and analysis of the area's population on the eve of creation of Mammoth Cave National Park. A web interface to the MCHGIS permits broader dissemination of archival holdings. Public participation GIS techniques are adapted to initiate a virtual site of public memory to supplement the history presented by institutionally-held materials with those donated from private holdings.
Effect of chronic high and low salt intakes on adrenocortical function.

WE have presented evidence which suggests that a high salt intake may be related to the development of human essential hypertension1, and that a prolonged low salt intake is compatible with apparently normal adrenocortical function2.
Effects of microwave on the drying, checking and mechanical strength of baked biscuits

Abstract The influence of high-frequency radiation on quality in terms of checking and mechanical strength of low-moisture baked products was investigated. Biscuits baked in a convection, reel oven were compared to biscuits of very similar moisture content and appearance that were baked in the same oven until the falling-rate drying period but then immediately microwaved for 30 s in a 700 W microwave oven. Microwave baking was found to significantly reduce checking to 5% compared to 61% in conventional biscuits. The average breaking stress required for intact microwaved biscuits two weeks after baking was 997 kPa, while that for conventional samples was 610 kPa. The structure of conventional biscuits was generally found to weaken at a faster rate than microwaved biscuits. Microwaved biscuits were also found to be less susceptible to checking upon exposure to high ambient humidity. In addition, the finite element software, FIDAP, was used to predict heat and mass transfer with respect to time and position during microwaving under various conditions. A biscuit was modeled as an axisymmetric short cylinder. Simulations confirmed greater drying rates and more uniform internal moisture profiles for microwaved biscuits. A minimum microwaving time of approximately 28 s was predicted to be necessary to produce a uniform moisture profile for a power absorption of 1.7 W/g. An elevation in the biscuit temperature during baking as well as a more uniform moisture distribution found in microwaved biscuits were thought to be critical factors in determining checking behavior and mechanical strength.
Quantum mechanical unbounded operators and constructive mathematics - A rejoinder to bridges

As argued in Hellman (1993), the theorem of Pour-El and Richards (1983) can be seen by the classicist as limiting constructivist efforts to recover the mathematics for quantum mechanics. Although Bridges (1995) may be right that the constructivist would work with a different definition of ‘closed operator’, this does not affect my point that neither the classical unbounded operators standardly recognized in quantum mechanics nor their restrictions to constructive arguments are recognizable as objects by the constructivist. Constructive substitutes that may still be possible necessarily involve additional ‘incompleteness’ in the mathematical representation of quantum phenomena. Concerning a second line of reasoning in Hellman (1993), its import is that constructivist practice is consistent with a ‘liberal’ stance but not with a ‘radical’, verificationist philosophical position. Whether such a position is actually espoused by certain leading constructivists, they are invited to clarify.
Developments in criminal law and criminal justice

It follows from what has been said above that history, principle, and authority combine to compel the conclusion that § 80's guarantee of trial by jury precludes a verdict of guilty being returned in a trial upon indictment of an offence against a law of the Commonwealth otherwise than by the agreement or consensus of all the jurors. That being so, § 57 of the Juries Act, 1927, cannot, consistently with § 80, operate to authorize the conviction of either of the appellants by a majority verdict. Their convictions were unconstitutional and must be set aside.
Fabrication of 3-Dimensional Tissue Models to Study Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Methods: Primary HNSCC tissue was obtained from patients at biopsy or resection, transported to the lab in culture medium (Fig. 1) on ice, then rinsed in 70% alcohol (Fig. 2) and three washes of PBS (Fig. 3). Each specimen was then cut in less than 5mm3 segments (Fig. 4), placing half the specimen in 2D monolayer culture (Fig. 5) and banking some of the cells in liquid nitrogen while the other half was formalin fixed for routine pathologic analysis. After reaching confluence (Fig. 7), the 2D tumor associated fibroblasts were trypsinized (Fig. 8) and then transferred to a contracted collagen matrix in order to generate 3D tissues by growing cells at an air-liquid interface. Once grown, the tissues are being tested for cytokines/biomarkers that are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC.
Commentary on the Adding Individual Psychotherapy After Relapse in a Pharmacotherapy Trial: Commentary on the PREDICT Study

Background With few exceptions there has been a dearth of research evaluating the independent and combined effects of a promising medication and an effective behavioral intervention for alcohol problems. Few studies have incorporated both theory and empirical findings to ascertain how the combination of medication and behavioral intervention interact or work synergistically to produce better outcomes or why a particular combination of pharmacological and behavioral treatment works better than another combination or either of the interventions employed alone. Methods The PREDICT Study is one of the few pharmacotherapy trials that has utilized a behavioral intervention to reduce/delay relapse to heavy drinking. The findings in the PREDICT Study were reviewed to gain a better understanding of how the combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioral intervention can be employed to manage the course of recovery for individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Results Findings in the PREDICT Study show that behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapies have complementary functions that can be utilized to address the differential needs, capabilities, and resources associated with AUDs. However, researchers were forced to rely mainly on their own clinical experiences rather than an overarching conceptual model in determining how the approach should be employed with AUD patients, thereby limiting the conclusions that could be drawn from the study findings. Conclusions Different vulnerabilities underlying AUDs should be considered in determining what kinds of behavioral interventions should be paired with particular medications. At the same time, we need to have a better understanding of the clinical course of pharmacobehavioral treatment to deal with the array of problems/situations that arise over the course of combination therapy.
Large scale collection assessment

An important responsibility of collection development libraries is to ensure that what is being collected is appropriate for the university’s curriculum and research needs. Unfortunately the large number of techniques that have been developed to measure collections work better with small college collections. As libraries grow and the range of library materials increase, many of these methods have proved to be inadequate. This study explores the use of statistics from the National Shelflist Count Project to gather enough valid statistical information to adequately assess large research collections.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Habit Reversal Training for the Treatment of Trichotillomania

Abstract Trichotillomania is a behavioral problem, and is often referred to as a habit disorder, but it is important to consider the cognitive and emotional components of the behavior. Current treatment recommendations include a traditional behavioral approach (Habit Reversal Training; HRT) combined with an approach that addresses the cognitive and emotional components of the behavior (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy [ACT] or Dialectical Behavior Therapy [DBT]). Current evidence indicates a combination of ACT and HRT is an effective treatment for trichotillomania. The goal of this article is to replicate the effectiveness of the ACT/HRT treatment package for trichotillomania and to provide practical clinical guidance on how to deliver the treatment. This guidance is presented in the context of an empirical study in which 5 participants demonstrating high levels of pulling at pretreatment were treated with 8 sessions of a combination of ACT and HRT. Treatment resulted in an 88.87% reduction in pulling across participants from pretreatment to posttreatment, and all 5 responded to the treatment. At 3-month follow-up, 2 participants maintained the treatment gains, 2 lost half of the treatment gains, and 1 was at pretreatment levels. A discussion of the results is presented along with implications for clinical practice and future directions for research.
L'incidence de l'hypothèse initiale du vérificateur sur la performance subséquente dans le diagnostic des erreurs véritables

Resume. Les travaux anterieurs qui ont porte sur la formulation d'hypotheses demontrent que les verificateurs ont tendance, dans la formulation de leurs hypotheses initiales, a attribuer les fluctuations imprevues aux erreurs qui se produisent frequemment dans les etats financiers. L'on ne s'interroge cependant pas, dans ces travaux, sur la nature de l'incidence des hypotheses initiales sur la performance subsequente dans le diagnostic de l'erreur veritable. Les auteurs avancent que l'hypothese formulee au depart et la capacite des verificateurs de passer par la suite a une hypothese differente interferent. Si, par exemple, l'hypothese initiale etait inexacte, il serait difficile pour les verificateurs de changer d'hypothese dans le diagnostic de l'erreur veritable. Plus encore, le fait d'invoquer initialement une erreur frequente exacerberait cette difficulte. L'on a demande aux verificateurs-sujets de produire une hypothese initiale relative a l'erreur apres avoir pris connaissance d'un modele de fluctuations dans lequel les ventes et les comptes clients etaient surevalues. Une fois formulee leur hypothese initiale, la moitie des sujets recevaient de l'information supplementaire revelant l'existence d'une erreur tres frequente (dans la demarcation des ventes) et l'autre moitie recevaient de l'information revelant l'existence d'une erreur peu frequente (celle de la double comptabilisation d'une meme vente). Conformement a leurs previsions, les auteurs constatent que le fait, pour les verificateurs, d'invoquer initialement l'erreur tres frequente (soit la demarcation des ventes) par rapport a une autre erreur moins frequente avait par la suite une incidence sur leur performance dans le diagnostic des erreurs veritables. Plus precisement, les verificateurs qui invoquaient l'erreur tres frequente dans leur hypothese initiale obtenaient les meilleurs resultats lorsque cette erreur etait l'erreur veritable, mais ils obtenaient les resultats les moins bons lorsque l'erreur peu frequente se trouvait etre l'erreur veritable. Les verificateurs qui invoquaient une erreur moins frequente dans leur hypothese initiale affichaient, pour leur part, une performance relativement bonne (c'est-a-dire se situant entre la performance la meilleure et la performance la moins bonne), aussi bien lorsque l'erreur veritable etait frequente que lorsqu'elle etait peu frequente. Les auteurs analysent les consequences de ces resultats sur l'efficience et l'efficacite de la verification.
Elastic e-d Scattering Data and the Deuteron Wave Function

What range of momentum components in the deuteron wave function are available ed elastic scattering data sensitive to? This question is addressed within the context of a model calculation of the deuteron form factors, based on realistic interactions and currents. It is shown that the data on the A(q), B(q), and T{sub 20}(q) observables at q {le} 6 fm{sup -1} essentially probe momentum components up to {approx} 4m{sub {pi}}.
A fine-grained distance metric for analyzing Internet topology

One of the defining properties of small worlds is the prevalence of short paths connecting node pairs. Unfortunately, as a result the usual notion of distance is not particularly helpful in distinguishing neighborhoods in such graphs. This is the case, for example, when analyzing the interdomain routing system of the Internet.
Fast Kicker Magnets for the 200-GeV Accelerator

Several fast-transfer systems using kicker magnets are needed for the proposed 200-GeV Accelerator. A possible system for transfer from the injector synchrotron to the main ring using stationary, full-aperture kicker magnets presents the most stringent requirements. The extraction kicker for the injector synchrotron will be about 4 m in length, have a 4-by-14-cm aperture, and require a field or 300 G. For 100% efficient transfer the rise time of the magnetic field must be shorter than 17 ns, which is the time between beam bunches, and which is nearly an order of magnitude less than the rise times achieved in existing kicker magnets. Because of the required rise time and the limited length, each magnet is divided into 48 modules operated as 24 push-pull pairs. Each module is analyzed as a short-circuited ferrite-and dielectric-loaded transmission line. The short-circuited mode of operation ensures that voltage on the magnet is applied for only about 12 ns, thus reducing HV problems, and at the same time produces a kick twice as great as can be obtained from terminated magnets. Each module is energized by a tapered coaxial pulse line and switched on with a triggered spark gap.
Requirement for ERK Activation in Cisplatin-induced Apoptosis *

Cisplatin activates multiple signal transduction pathways involved in coordinating cellular responses to stress. Here we demonstrate a requirement for extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family in mediating cisplatin-induced apoptosis of human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Cisplatin treatment resulted in dose- and time- dependent activation of ERK. That elevated ERK activity contributed to cell death by cisplatin was supported by several observations: 1) PD98059 and U0126, chemical inhibitors of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, prevented apoptosis; 2) pretreatment of cells with TPA, an activator of the ERK pathway, enhanced their sensitivity to cisplatin; 3) suramin, a growth factor receptor antagonist that greatly suppressed ERK activation, likewise inhibited cisplatin-induced apoptosis; and, finally, 4) HeLa cell variants selected for cisplatin resistance showed reduced activation of ERK following cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis was associated with cytochrome c release and subsequent caspase-3 activation, both of which could be prevented by treatment with the MEK inhibitors. However, the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone protected HeLa cells against apoptosis without affecting ERK activation. Taken together, our findings suggest that ERK activation plays an active role in mediating cisplatin-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells and functions upstream of caspase activation to initiate the apoptotic signal.
Exploring the relationship between marketing and supply chain management: introduction to the special issue

Supply chains and supply chain management are important areas of business practice and scholarship that overlap with the discipline and practice of marketing and marketing management. The co-editors of the Journal’s Special Issue “Exploring the Relationship Between Marketing and Supply Chain Management” provide an introduction to the special issue, overview its contents and extend their appreciation to the authors, reviewers, editor and staff whose contributions and efforts made it possible.
Updating the Contents of Working Memory in Depression: Interference From Irrelevant Negative Material

This study was designed to assess the effects of irrelevant emotional material on the ability to update the contents of working memory in depression. For each trial, participants were required to memorize 2 lists of emotional words and subsequently to ignore 1 of the lists. The impact of irrelevant emotional material on the ability to update the contents of working memory was indexed by response latencies on a recognition task in which the participants decided whether or not a probe was a member of the relevant list. The authors compared response latencies to probes from the irrelevant list to response latencies to novel probes of the same valence (intrusion effect). The results indicate that, compared to control participants in both neutral and sad mood states, depressed participants showed greater intrusion effects when presented with negative words. In an important finding, intrusion effects for negative words were correlated with self-reported rumination. These findings indicate that depression is associated with difficulties removing irrelevant negative material from working memory. Results also indicate that the increased interference from irrelevant negative material is associated with rumination.
Anticancer activities of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated nanoliposomes in MCF7 breast cancer cells.

AbstractThe chemopreventive actions exerted by green tea are thought to be due to its major polyphenol, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). However, the low level of stability and bioavailability in the body makes administering EGCG at chemopreventive doses unrealistic. We synthesized EGCG encapsulated chitosan-coated nanoliposomes (CSLIPO-EGCG), and observed their antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect in MCF7 breast cancer cells. CSLIPO-EGCG significantly enhanced EGCG stability, improved sustained release, increased intracellular EGCG content in MCF7 cells, induced apoptosis of MCF7 cells, and inhibited MCF7 cell proliferation compared to native EGCG and void CSLIPO. The CSLIPO-EGCG retained its antiproliferative and proapoptotic effectiveness at 10 μM or lower, at which native EGCG does not have any beneficial effects. This study portends a potential breakthrough in the prevention or even treatment of breast cancer by using biocompatible and biodegradable CSLIPO-EGCG with enhanced chemopreventiv...
An expedient route to a versatile intermediate for the stereoselective synthesis of all-trans-retinoic Acid and beta-carotene

Base-catalyzed isomerization of vinyl phosphonate 5 afforded the corresponding allylic phosphonate (6) as the sole product. Horner-Emmons olefination of ethyl trans-3-methyl-4-oxo-2-butenoate with the ylide derived from 6 concludes a facile synthesis of the all-trans stereoisomer of ethyl retinoate.
The addition of induction chemotherapy to preoperative, concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves tumor response in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND. Tumor viability assessed by pathologic analysis of resected specimens in patients with preoperatively treated esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a prognostic indicator. The feasibility of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and surgery for patients with locoregionally advanced EAC has been demonstrated. In this study, the authors evaluated the efficacy of CCRT compared with traditional concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). METHODS. The authors retrospectively reviewed 247 consecutive patients with EAC who presented for planned surgery after treatment with either CCRT or CRT from January 1997 through August 2003. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and tumor characteristics were analyzed. Pathologic tumor response, overall survival, and disease-free survival were assessed according to treatment. RESULTS. One hundred seventeen patients received CCRT, and 130 patients received CRT before planned surgical resection. CCRT resulted in a 64% tumor response rate compared with a 51% tumor response rate in the CRT group (odds ratio, 1.73; P = .035). In the CCRT group, the median overall survival was 55 months, and the 3-year overall survival rate was 59%; in the CRT group, the median overall survival was 25 months, and the 3-year overall survival rate was 41% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; P = .041). In the CCRT group, the median disease-free survival was 43 months, and the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 54%; in the CRT group, the median disease-free survival was 18 months, and the 3-year disease-free survival rate was 36% (HR, 0.72; P = .047). Subset analysis of patients with clinical Stage III/IVA disease showed a median overall survival of 51 months with a 3-year overall survival rate of 58% in the CCRT group and a median overall survival of 20 months with a 3-year overall survival rate of 28% in the CRT group (HR, 0.57; P = .019). CONCLUSIONS. In patients with EAC, CCRT improved tumor response significantly compared with traditional CRT alone. Overall survival and disease-free survival were increased in patients who received CCRT, especially in the subset of patients who had more advanced disease. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Quantum optoelectronics: Swift switch of the strong

How fast can light and matter be made to interact? 'Almost instantaneously' is the answer provided in the latest study of semiconductor structures embedded in an optical microcavity.
Effect of Specificity and Shaping Practice on the Acquisition of a Simple Motor Skill

Summary.-Specificity and shaping practice group were used to investigate the effect of practice procedure on the acquisition of a teaching task. Results indicated that the shaping procedures were most efficient. The effectiveness of instructional strategies employed in the acquisition of motor skills has been and is of interest to practitioners and researchers in physical education. The strategies typically advocated utilize a series of partial activities of progressively increasing difficulty designed to approximate gradually an established criterion task. This pseudo-shaping procedure has been recommended, particularly by authors of elementary physical education texts. Researchers have frequently investigated practice procedures by manipulating the speed or accuracy requirements of novel tasks. The general consensus is that early emphasis on speed is more beneficial than emphasis on accuracy when speed is a major component of the criterion task. Fulton (1942, 1945) and Solley, (1952) using discrete tasks, and Lordahl and Archer (1958) and Ammons, Ammons, and Morgan (1956) along with many others have employed continuous skills; all studies indicated that practice on the specific task leads to better performance on the task than does practice on a modification of the task. (Jensen 1975, 1976) pointed out that most of the previous studies employing a continuous task were conducted employing a research design that involved practice on one speed and then a criterion test at another speed which is unlike most practical situations. Responding to Jensen's suggestion, Sage and Hornak (1979) systematically varied pursuit-rotor practice speed 20 rpm to 55 rpm and found no significant differences among various practice groups on criterion (60 rpm) task performance. Dunham and KeU (1980) noted that in most practical situations subjects/students would practice at subcriterion levels until they exhibited proficiency and before advancing to more difficult procedures. The present study is an extension of this previous effort in that accuracy and speed were systematically manipulated. In practical settings it is the typical procedure to alter both requirements of speed and accuracy in an attempt to maximize learning a skill The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various practice procedures on the acquisition (70% time on target for two consecutive trials) of a criterion task (pursuit rotor at 40 rpm with a %-in. target).
Ecology of Pelagic Larvae and Juveniles of the Genus Sebastes

Pelagic larvae and juveniles of the genus Sebastes are widely distributed in the continental shelf and slope waters of subarctic to temperate oceans, with greatest abundance in the Northern Hemisphere. We review the ecology and distribution of these planktonic and micronektonic life stages in relation to oceanographic conditions. Special attention is paid to the west coast of North America, where abundance of larvae from samples collected during 1951-1981 is described. After transformation, the pelagic juveniles are widely distributed, often at great distances from benthic adult habitats. These stages are most frequently distributed in either midwater or near-surface habitats; this dichotomy may require different strategies for successful recruitment.
Representation theorems for multiregional electrodynamic diffraction; Part 1, Theory

Generalized representation theorems are developed for electromagnetic diffraction in a domain which is arbitrarily divided into two or more different regions. Each region has different electromagnetic parameters and is assumed to be linear, homogeneous, isotropic, and of finite conductivity. The theorems apply to any harmonic input source without imposing any restrictions on the geometry of the diffracting surfaces. The total diffracted field can be expressed in terms of three newly introduced quantities: a geometrical factor matrix for each diffracting surface, a propagation matrix for each region, and an interaction matrix between two adjacent surfaces. The resultant solution is in an integral matrix form which can be evaluated either analytically or numerically depending upon the complexity of the geometry. The solution can be reduced to a simpler one for a smooth scatterer on whose surface the radii of curvature are longer than the source wavelength. Both the two- and three-dimensional forms of the representation theorems are formulated and specifically developed in a cylindrical coordinate system for cylindrical diffracting surfaces. The present formulation can be applied to detailed studies on the effects of a half-space, surface topography, a weathering layer, and a disseminated ore zone surrounding the main deposit; these geometries occur in almost all practical mineral environments.
Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography, intraoperative events, and intraoperative myocardial injury in liver transplantation.

Abstract Introduction The appropriate method of screening for coronary artery disease in patients who present for liver transplantation is currently uncertain. Methods We assessed the utility of a screening protocol using dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in 119 patients who underwent liver transplantation. Patients with cardiac risk factors had DSE performed, and those with positive results were referred for coronary angiography. Outcome was myocardial injury during liver transplantation determined by an elevation of cardiac troponin T measured after transplantation. Results Seventy-three patients had DSE performed; eight were reported as positive for inducible ischemia. Seven of these patients underwent coronary angiography, and one had significant coronary artery disease. Postoperative troponin elevation occurred in 14 patients. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of troponin elevation in those patients with positive DSE versus those with negative DSE. No significant difference was identified in the prevalence of troponin elevation when comparing those patients with cardiac risk factors who underwent DSE with those patients with no risk factors and no DSE performed. DSE had a sensitivity of 0.2 and a specificity of 0.9 for myocardial injury. The prevalence of intraoperative hemodynamic instability was significantly higher in patients who had evidence of myocardial injury, but hemodynamic instability was no more common in patients who had a positive DSE. Conclusion When used in accordance with our protocol a positive DSE does not reliably identify patients at high cardiac risk during liver transplantation, but a negative DSE is strongly predictive of no myocardial injury.
Gaining insight into patients' perspectives on participation in home management activities after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE. This study investigated performance of home management activities 1 year after traumatic brain injury (TBI), as reported on the Functional Status Examination. METHOD. Home management performance of 164 rehabilitation inpatients (mean age 35.4 years, 77% men, 75% white) with moderate to severe TBI was examined in relation to demographics, injury severity, neuropsychological functioning, and living situation. RESULTS. Fifty-nine percent reported more difficulty or more assistance with home management at 1 year. Nonperformance of individual activities before injury ranged from 16% to 76%. Age (p = .001), living situation after injury (p = .002), and neuropsychological function at 1 year (p = .001) were associated with more limited home management performance after injury as compared to premorbid function. CONCLUSIONS. Home management is challenging 1 year after TBI, especially for older adults and those with greater cognitive impairments. Accurate preinjury information is needed to determine the nature and extent of subsequent losses, guide treatment planning and interventions, and characterize recovery of function
Baryonium mass spectrum in a planar bootstrap model

Abstract A simple planar self-consistent multiperipheral model with a finite-energy sum-rule constraint is used to generate, without any free parameters, two infinitely-rising baryonium trajectories. One of these is dual to vector and the other to pseudo-scalar meson exchange.
Changes in Intracellular pH Play a Secondary Role in Hydrogen Sulfide-Induced Nasal Cytotoxicity

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a naturally occurring gas that is also associated with several industries. The potential for widespread human inhalation exposure to this toxic gas is recognized as a public health concern. The nasal epithelium is particularly susceptible to H2S-induced pathology. Cytochrome oxidase inhibition is postulated as one mechanism of H2S toxicity. Another mechanism by which the weak acid H2S could cause nasal injury is intracellular acidification and cytotoxicity. To further understand the mechanism by which H2S damages the nasal epithelium, nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelial cell isolates and explants from naive rats were loaded with the pH-sensitive intracellular chromophore SNARF-1 and exposed to air or 10, 80, 200, or 400 ppm H2S for 90 min. Intracellular pH was measured using flow cytometry or confocal microscopy. Cell lysates were used to quantify total protein and cytochrome oxidase activity. A modest but statistically significant decrease in intracellular pH occurred fol...
Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of upper airway obstruction in pediatric patients

Radiofrequency ablation for volume reduction of tissue for treating upper airway obstruction is used for treating adult patients with snoring, nasal obstruction, and mild obstructive sleep apnea. Applications for using radiofrequency ablation in pediatric patients are expanding, and procedures can be performed safely when adhering to specific surgical principles. Appropriate care includes treatment of postoperative edema for tongue and palate procedures.
Ionic liquid high-temperature gas sensor array.

A novel sensor array using seven room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) as sensing materials and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a transducer was developed for the detection of organic vapors at ambient and elevated temperatures. Ethanol, dichloromethane, benzene, and heptane were selected as representative gas analytes for various kinds of environmental pollutants and common industrial solvents. The QCM/IL sensors responded proportionately and reversibly to the organic vapor concentrations (i.e., ethanol, heptane, and benzene) in the gas phase from 0 to 100% saturation at room and elevated temperatures (e.g., 120 °C) but deviated from this linear relationship at high concentrations for dichloromethane, a highly volatile compound. Linear discriminant analysis was used to analyze the sensing patterns. Excellent classifications were obtained for both known and unknown concentrations of vapor samples. The correct classifications were 100% for known concentration samples and 96% for samples with unknown ...
System and technology considerations for space-based air traffic surveillance

This paper describes the system trade-offs examined in a recent study of space-based air traffic surveillance. Three system options, each satisfying a set of different constraints, were considered. The main difference in the technology needed to implement the three systems was determined to be the size of the spacecraft antenna aperture. It was found that essentially equivalent position location accuracy could be achieved with apertures from 50 meters down to less than a meter in diameter, depending on the choice of signal structure and on the desired user update rate.
Mating preferences of Amazon mollies (Poecilia formosa) in multi-host populations

Gynogenesis is a peculiar mode of clonal reproduction in which eggs need to be pseudo-fertilized by sperm, but the male genes are not passed on to the offspring. One mating system in which gynogenesis is found involves a unisexual hybrid, the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), which typically uses males of its two parental species as sperm donors. Most gynogenetic lineages do not sexually parasitize males that were not involved in their hybrid origin and although some gynogens have the ability to utilize males from additional species, they rarely occur in sympatry with more than one sperm host. A few populations of the Amazon molly, however, do occur syntopically with more than one host species, raising the question of whether specific preferences have evolved in P. formosa and whether Amazon mollies can now act like Red Queens, driving the evolution of discrimination abilities in the host species. Near Ciudad Mante, Mexico, the critically endangered Tamesi molly (P. latipunctata) occurs in exclusive sympatry with Amazon mollies and one of P. formosa’s parental species, the Atlantic molly (P. mexicana). In this study we tested the initial and post-exposure preference of allopatric and sympatric P. formosa (with regards to P. latipunctata) between P. latipunctata and P. mexicana males. We predicted that P. formosa should favour P. mexicana because this is a parental species to P. formosa and the asexual shares half of the P. mexicana genome. Contrary to our predictions, we found no significant differences between preference scores in allopatric and sympatric populations of P. formosa in initial or post-exposure trials. Our findings may indicate that males of both species are perceived as equally effective in triggering embryogenesis by P. formosa. This study, along with limited previous work in the system, calls to attention the exploration of the adaptive ability of gynogenetic species relationships, and their implications for the long-term persistence of not only asexual lineages, but also the parasitized sexual species.
Precision of AASHTO TP62-07 for Use in Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide for Flexible Pavements

In the Mechanistic—Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), one of the most important material inputs for designing flexible pavements is the dynamic modulus (E*). Currently, AASHTO has provided a provisional test specification for measuring the E* of hot-mix asphalt mixtures, AASHTO TP62-07 [Standard Method of Test for Determining Dynamic Modulus of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA)]. Under AASHTO TP62-07, recommendations are provided for sample preparation—compaction, measurement system, testing conditions—procedures, and calculations. Unfortunately, information regarding the general precision of the test method does not exist. With many different test machines capable of conducting AASHTO TP62-07 and the importance of E* in flexible pavement design, an understanding of the general precision of the test method and its influence on the MEPDG is needed. This paper describes the results of a round-robin study conducted to address the need for a precision-type statement for AASHTO TP62-07. Seven laboratories, all havin...
PERCEPTION OF BODY SHAPE BY UNDERWEIGHT, AVERAGE, AND OVERWEIGHT MEN AND WOMEN '

Using figure drawings, perception of body shape was evaluated by underweight, average, and overweight men and women. Body-shape dissatisfaction was greatest for 60 overweight women, and about the same in 151 average weight women as it was for 102 overweight men. Average weight men (n = 107) and underweight women (n = 31) were fairly satisfied with their current shapes. Both men and women had distorted views of the shape the opposite sex found most attractive. Women guessed that men would prefer a thinner shape than they actually did, and men guessed that women would prefer a larger shape than they actually did. The distortion was larger for men as their own size increased but not for women.
Ethics and Public Health Emergencies: Restrictions on Liberty

Responses to public health emergencies can entail difficult decisions about restricting individual liberties to prevent the spread of disease. The quintessential example is quarantine. While isolating sick patients tends not to provoke much concern, quarantine of healthy people who only might be infected often is controversial. In fact, as the experience with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) shows, the vast majority of those placed under quarantine typically don't become ill. Efforts to enforce involuntary quarantine through military or police powers also can backfire, stoking both panic and disease spread. Yet quarantine is part of a limited arsenal of options when effective treatment or prophylaxis is not available, and some evidence suggests it can be effective, especially when it is voluntary, home-based and accompanied by extensive outreach, communication and education efforts. Even assuming that quarantine is medically effective, however, it still must be ethically justified because it creates harms for many of those affected. Moreover, ethical principles of reciprocity, transparency, non-discrimination and accountability should guide any implementation of quarantine.
Upper ocean export of particulate organic carbon in the Arabian Sea derived from thorium-234

Abstract Thorium-234 is used in the Arabian Sea as a tracer of sinking particle fluxes. Samples were collected from January to August 1995 on four cruises during the Northeast Monsoon, the Spring Intermonsoon and the mid- and late-Southwest Monsoon periods. In this study, 234Th activity distributions are used to quantify the 234Th flux on sinking particles, and the measured ratio of particulate organic carbon (POC) to particulate 234Th is used to convert from 234Th to POC export at 100 m. The calculated POC fluxes range from 25 mmols C m-2 d-1, and strong seasonal and spatial gradients are observed. The single largest feature is a basinwide export maximum associated with the late-SW Monsoon cruise when POC export rates are 17–28% of the observed primary production rates along the southern sampling line. During all other cruises, this export ratio is
Profitability computations on program flow graphs

Abstract The “profitability” of code optimizations is defined in terms of a Markov model of program flow. A system of linear equations for the expected frequency of execution of blocks of a program is derived. A solution method which uses “Cocke-Allen interval” analysis is presented and extensions of this method to other global flow analysis problems are described.