cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An 'America First' Presidency, International Rule of Law, and the Charming Betsy Doctrine

In the 1803 The Schooner Charming Betsy case, Chief Justice Marshall announced a canon of interpretation that “an act of Congress ought never to be construed to violate the laws of nations if any other possible construction remains.” The Charming Betsy canon has become as venerable as its name is felicitous: as recently as 1988 the Supreme Court noted that the doctrine “has for so long been applied by this Court that it is beyond debate.” But the explosion of international law since 1945 – in human rights, environmental law, commerce, family law, etc. -- means that the interpretative ‘footprint’ of the Charming Betsy doctrine is far greater than ever. Combine this reality with a President who has publicly questioned, criticized, and attacked the post-1945 international order more than any major American political leader in modern times. Is the Charming Betsy doctrine still viable and, if so, why? This Article proposes that the canon can be justified, not just by Congressional intent or separation-of-powers, but by our desire to promote ‘rule of law’ globally. Based on this justification for the canon, the Article reasons that it should be applied more vigorously in relation to legal norms established by treaty than in relation to customary international law. The Article also proposes a nuanced relationship between the Charming Betsy canon and another key interpretative tool of American courts, the Chevron doctrine. Finally, the Article explores whether and how Charming Betsy should be brought to bear in trade disputes where Congress has crafted special rules for recognition and implementation of WTO decisions.
On relating generalized expansions to fourier integrals

Eigenfunction expansions are compared (with respect to pointwise and function space convergence) for pairs of uniformly elliptic operators with the same leading term. For two such operators, eigenfunction expansions behave in essentially the same way under analytic summation techniques. This shows, for example, that in this sense expansions in eigenfunctions of a class of elliptic operators (including Schrodinger operators) behave like the Fourier transform on Rn.
APS: The Times They Are A-Changin’

The next 12 months will see many changes in the American Physiological Society. First, you will have heard by now that our long-serving and much esteemed Executive Director Marty Frank announced his retirement from this position, effective June 2018. Second, with the sale of the APS Bethesda
Role in Reproductive Biology and Reproductive Dysfunction in Women

Abstract Pleotropic effects of vitamin D are increasingly being recognized, and beneficial roles for vitamin D are emerging against a spectrum of disorders involving a variety of physiological processes. Accruing data suggests critical roles for vitamin D signaling for human reproductive physiology. This chapter provides an overview of the existing literature on relevance of vitamin D for female reproductive physiology and pathology. While amidst a burgeoning pandemic of vitamin D deficiency on one hand, beneficial roles for vitamin D are emerging in a spectrum of pathological processes ranging from autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes to carcinogenesis. Limited data identify the active hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D), as necessary for multiple processes involved in reproductive physiology; vitamin D signaling seems to be relevant for both male and female reproductive function, as well as important for procreative successes. Emerging data suggest transgenerational implications of maternal vitamin D status with impact on the progeny's skeleton and metabolic milieu. Vitamin D inadequacy (low serum levels of the prohormone 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) is emerging as a modifiable risk for common population morbidities, and aggressive repletion strategies may offer a cost-effective, safe, and easily accessible option with potential for improving reproductive health. Despite the tantalizing suggestions of existing evidence, high-quality intervention trials are critically needed before any cause and effect relationship to the spectrum of the recognized associations can be established; until then, the promise of vitamin D for reproductive physiology largely remains conjectural.
Phenothiazine Radical Cation Excited States as Super-oxidants for Energy-Demanding Reactions.

We demonstrate that the 10-phenyl-10H-phenothiazine radical cation (PTZ+•) has a manifold of excited doublet states accessible using visible and near-infrared light that can serve as super-photooxidants with excited-state potentials is excess of +2.1 V vs SCE to power energy demanding oxidation reactions. Photoexcitation of PTZ+• in CH3CN with a 517 nm laser pulse populates a Dn electronically excited doublet state that decays first to the unrelaxed lowest electronic excited state, D1′ (τ < 0.3 ps), followed by relaxation to D1 (τ = 10.9 ± 0.4 ps), which finally decays to D0 (τ = 32.3 ± 0.8 ps). D1′ can also be populated directly using a lower energy 900 nm laser pulse, which results in a longer D1′→D1 relaxation time (τ = 19 ± 2 ps). To probe the oxidative power of PTZ+• photoexcited doublet states, PTZ+• was covalently linked to each of three hole acceptors, perylene (Per), 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), and 10-phenyl-9-anthracenecarbonitrile (ACN), which have oxidation potentials of 1.04, 1.27, and 1.6...
Sphincter-Saving Operations

Many kinds of sphincter-saving operations have been reported.19 They vary depending upon the amount of tissue that is removed distally. It is possible to excise the entire rectum and anal sphincters and anastomose the colon or the ileum to the anal verge. This is the principle of Swenson’s operation for Hirschsprung’s disease.29 It is possible to leave the external and internal sphincters, remove the rectal mucosa, and bring the upper sigmoid or ileum down through this muscular tube with anastomosis to the anus; this is the Soave procedure.27 The D’Allaines procedure combines a low anterior dissection and an anastomosis of the sigmoid to the rectum in the perineum; the anal canal and 3–4 cm of the lower rectum are retained.6 Black has described an endorectal approach that retains the lowest 2–3 cm of rectal mucosa and the lower portion of the sphincter mechanism4; Bacon has retained the sphincters after a combined abdominoperineal dissection.1
Unipolar brush cells develop a set of characteristic features in primary cerebellar cultures

The unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are a class of excitatory interneurons recently discovered in the cerebellar granular layer. UBCs differ morphologically and biochemically from granule cells, although they share the same mossy fiber and Golgi cell inputs. To elucidate development of the UBCs, we sought to ascertain their presence in primary cerebellar cultures and the class-specific properties they develop in vitro outside of the context of the tissue. By light and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that primary cultures from embryonic and postnatal mouse and rat cerebella contain UBC-like neurons that are highly polarized and can be distinguished from granule cells on several grounds. Granule cells are more numerous in dissociated postnatal cultures than in embryonic cultures; express little, if any, calretinin immunoreactivity; and develop dendritic processes devoid of typical claw-like endings, but provided with small synaptic junctions. By contrast, UBC-like neurons occur more frequently in embryonic cultures than in postnatal cultures, are intensely calretinin-positive, and develop characteristic cell organelles, dendrites, and large synapses. In embryonic cultures, the UBC-like neurons have a clear nucleus and contain a special cytoplasmic array of ringlet subunits, resembling the botrysome. At 12–28 days in vitro, the UBC dendrites contain abundant mitochondria, are provided with clusters of non-synaptic appendages, and engage in glomerular arrays together with large and small axon terminals. The large terminals contain round synaptic vesicles, form extensive, asymmetric synapses with the cell bodies and the dendrites of the UBC-like neurons, and resemble mossy terminals, while the small terminals contain pleomorphic vesicles, form symmetric synaptic junctions, and resemble Golgi terminals. In postnatal cultures grown for 12 days, UBC-like neurons are rare and resemble in most aspects the cells observed in embryonic cultures, although they rarely develop elaborate dendritic brushes.
Policy opportunities to increase HPV vaccination in rural communities

Rural communities experience health disparities, including elevated incidence and mortality of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers and correspondingly low HPV vaccination rates. There are...
Skin and Facial Anatomy

Understanding facial structure and anatomy is invaluable for aesthetic practitioners to create an enhanced, more youthful look. Knowledge of facial anatomy is crucial to the art and science of aesthetic practice. Facial muscles, subcutaneous fat, bone, and skin all contribute to the shape and composition of the face.
Analysis of Expanded Human Cytokine Induced Killer Cells for Cellular Therapy.

We have previously reported on the ex vivo expansion of cytotoxic effector T cells termed Cytokine Induced Killer (CIK) cells. CIK cells demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor activity in murine models with limited potential for GVHD induction. Human CIK cells are readily expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) when cultured with IFNg, CD3 and IL-2 and show cytotoxic activity against a variety of tumor cell lines and fresh autologous tumor cells through an NKG2D dependent mechanism. Clinical application of CIK cells requires expansion of effector cells in GMP-compliant manner. In this study, PBMC were collected by apheresis from 9 healthy non-mobilized donors and placed in closed, continuous perfusion cultures using Aastrom RepliCell@biochambers for 21–28 days. Cultures were inoculated with 3x108–7.5x108 nucleated cells containing a median of 46% CD3+ cells (range 29%–71%). At culture harvest, the median cell count was > 4x109 (range 2.6x109–8.7x109) with 97% CD3+ (86%–99%) and an average cell viability of 84.8% (range, 75%–99.6%). The average expansion of CD3+ cells in culture was > 30-fold (range13–91). CD3+CD56+ are the subpopulation of cells that demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines in culture. The mean percentage of these cells was 1.8% however at harvest, the mean CD3+CD56+ was 14% representing an average 34-fold expansion (range 19–515). The majority of CD3+ cells were CD8+ (range, 33–82%), NKG2D was predominately expressed by cells recovered from most cultures (range 47–76%). CD56+ was expressed by 1% – 36% of cells in different cultures and CD8+NKG2D+ expression ranged from 21%–50% of harvested cells. There was a moderate up-regulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD69 and the NK markers CD16, CD161 and CD94. In all cultures, the majority of CD8+ and CD56+ cells co-expressed the selectin marker a4b7. Furthermore the majority of the CD3+CD8+ cells were effector memory cells expressing CD62L−CD44+ (50%–71%) while the central memory cells CD62L+CD44+ ranged from 10%–40%, almost no naive cells were detected in time of harvest. Cytotoxicity assays against a panel of tumor cell lines (B and T cell lymphomas, uterine cancer, erythroleukemia, ovarian cancer and plasmacytoma) showed significant yet variable killing. This system allows for the rapid expansion of cytotoxic cell in GMP-compliant manner suitable for clinical application.
Wittgenstein and the Difficulty of What Normally Goes Without Saying

This chapter proposes that Wittgenstein’s notion of ‘form of life’ belongs in a region of his thought that gave him real trouble in his final years, and concerns what may generally be described as the background conditions of sense. It proposes that the main challenge, for Wittgenstein, is doing justice to our perceptual relation to those background conditions, and that what he needs, but is barred by his general approach and method of grammatical investigation from properly appreciating and utilizing, are the insights afforded by phenomenology, as glimpsed, but sometimes also occluded, in his remarks on aspects.
Numerical Scattering Results for a Rough, Unsedimented Seafloor

We have adopted a hybrid finite difference technique to investigate the role of elasticity in determining reverberation or backscatter properties of a realistic rough seafloor. Scattering from an elastic medium was found to exceed that from a model acoustic seafloor at shallow grazing angles by nearly 15 dB and the variability with wavenumber for the two seafloors was quite distinct.
Novel seasonal enhancement of shallow ground source heat pumps

Abstract This work investigates a novel approach to enhance the performance of Ground Heat Exchangers (GHE) thereby improving the storage and transfer of thermal energy of a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP). In particular, relatively inexpensive irrigation pipes are utilized to significantly improve the efficiency of a GHE by strategically tuning the soil’s thermal conductivity field via a moisture pattern profile that connects the GSHP pipe to the beneficial heat paths. In this study, computational fluid dynamic simulations are utilized to assess the effectiveness of this design. Results are generated for two geometric configurations of the buried irrigation pipes operating in winter and summer seasons in the Northeast United States. These simulations are also conducted for various soil permeability. The findings illustrate that the permeability of the soil, the location of the irrigation pipes, and the moisture content of the soil greatly influence the moisture pattern and thus the efficiency of the GSHP system.
Assessment of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: A prospective study of the biochemical and metabolic effects of platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy in gynecologic cancer patients.

e24051Background: Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is a common side effect of cancer therapy, affecting up to 75% of cancer patients. Oxidative stress is thought to play a key role ...
Probabilistic Graphical Models

“He who ignores the law of probabilities challenges an adversary that is seldom beaten.” – Ambrose Bierce
Strategic Market Planning in Norway

An investigation into the application, scope and perceived effectiveness of strategic market planning in Norway. Preliminary results suggest adoption of strategic planning may be a function of two factors: business size and exposure to planning principles.
Empirical Analyses of Three Explanations for the Positive Autocorrelation of Short-Horizon Stock Index Returns

This paper provides empirical analyses of three explanations for the observed positive autocorrelation of short-horizon stock index returns, using NYSE/AMEX and NASDAQ data. Results indicate that index autocorrelation cannot be substantially explained by either autocorrelated, time-varying expected returns, or nonsynchronous trading. The third explanation for index autocorrelation, the nonsynchronous information transfer hypothesis, states that stocks incorporate market-wide information on a nonsynchronous basis due to information and transaction costs. Evidence from analyses of mean returns on various portfolios following large returns on the S 500 futures contract, as well as regressions of portfolio returns on current and lagged futures returns, support this explanation. Small (large) firms collectively require approximately 7 (1-2) weeks to fully incorporate new market information on average, and this delayed impoundment accounts for the bulk of the observed autocorrelation.
Norepinephrine transport inhibition for treatment of vasovagal syncope.

Norepinephrine Transporter and Syncope Introduction Norepinephrine transporter inhibitors, such as sibutramine, have been shown to prevent vasovagal syncope induced by tilt testing in healthy volunteers. As a test of concept we assessed whether sibutramine prevents fainting in highly symptomatic VVS patients. Methods and Results This was an open label, dose-ranging protocol of sibutramine 10, 15, and 20 mg daily for ≥4 weeks per dose, with progression dictated by response and tolerance. Responders were predefined as having >50% reduction in spell frequency, compared to baseline spell frequency. The cohort included seven subjects (6 women; 32 ± 7 years) who had a median of 593 faints over a median of 180 months. The patients had had 7 ± 4 previous treatment attempts without a satisfactory response. The mean duration of exposure to 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg doses were 45 ± 33 days, 98 ± 89 days, and 137 ± 83 days. Six patients tolerated the maximum dose, and 1 patient dropped out due to adverse effects at 15 mg/day. The median frequency of spells at baseline, 10, 15, and 20 mg/day was 12, 4.4, 2.8, and 1 events/28 days (P = 0.0048). Five patients were responders and 2 were nonresponders. Among responders, the median frequency of spells at baseline, 10, 15, and 20 mg/day was 14, 4.8, 0.8, and 0.4 events per 28 days (P = 0.0089). No patients developed hypertension. Conclusion In this open label series, sibutramine prevented vasovagal syncope in most highly symptomatic patients.
There's plenty of room at the bottom: analyzing and verifying machine code

This paper discusses the obstacles that stand in the way of doing a good job of machine-code analysis Compared with analysis of source code, the challenge is to drop all assumptions about having certain kinds of information available (variables, control-flow graph, call-graph, etc.) and also to address new kinds of behaviors (arithmetic on addresses, jumps to “hidden” instructions starting at positions that are out of registration with the instruction boundaries of a given reading of an instruction stream, self-modifying code, etc.). The paper describes some of the challenges that arise when analyzing machine code, and what can be done about them It also provides a rationale for some of the design decisions made in the machine-code-analysis tools that we have built over the past few years.
Transcriptional activator LEU3 of yeast. Mapping of the transcriptional activation function and significance of activation domain tryptophans.

Abstract The LEU3 protein of yeast activates a number of genes in the branched chained amino acid pathways. Native LEU3 is modulated by alpha-isopropylmalate, an intermediate in leucine biosynthesis. alpha-Isopropylmalate is needed for transcriptional activation, but not for DNA binding. We show here that the transcriptional activation function of LEU3 resides within the C-terminal 32 amino acids. An adjacent stretch of 81 residues is dispensable and apparently forms a connecting link between the activation domain and a large central region previously identified as important for modulation. The newly defined activation domain contains a cluster of three tryptophan residues, each of which was changed to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. Surprisingly, all three Trp----Ala mutations affect modulation. One of them, Trp-864----Ala, creates a LEU3 molecule that is largely unmodulated and also is a better transcriptional activator than is wild type LEU3 ("hyperactivator"). The other two mutations (Trp-861----Ala and Trp-870----Ala) change the modulation ratio but have no effect on the maximal activation efficiency of the activator. We propose that the activation domain of LEU3 is kept silent by association with the central region of the protein and that an alpha-isopropylmalate-induced conformational change in the central region releases and thus activates the activation domain.
DIII Type 7 is likely the original serologically defined DIIIb

BACKGROUND: Due to their homology, close proximity, and opposite orientation, RHD and RHCE can exchange nucleotides giving rise to variant alleles. Some of these variants encode the so-called partial phenotypes. The DIII partial D category has been subdivided into DIIIa, DIIIb, DIIIc, DIII Type 4, DIII Type 6, and DIII Type 7. During DNA-based screening tests, we identified a second example of DIII Type 7 in a Dce donor from South Africa. Our study describes hemagglutination tests on this sample and raises a question regarding the molecular basis of the originally defined DIIIb category. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Hemagglutination and DNA testing were performed by standard techniques. RESULTS: Red blood cells from this DIII Type 7 donor typed D+C−E−c+e+G−, DAK+ and did not react with anti-D made by people with the DIII phenotype. The allele is RHD*DIII 150C, 178C, 201A, 203A, 307C, 410T, 455C, 602G, 667G. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the serotype and ethnicity (black African), it is likely that DIII Type 7 is the originally defined DIIIb category.
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland arising in an intraglandular lymph node: report of a rare case mimicking metastasis

Abstract We present a case (female patient aged 40 years) with a primary Epstein-Barr virus–associated lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the parotid gland that was confined to an intraparotid lymph node. This appearance of the tumor simulated a metastasis that was excluded by exhaustive radiologic and clinicopathologic investigations.
Growth stimulation of Bacillus subtilis by proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. Several proteins have been shown to stimulate markedly the growth of Bacillus subtilis . 2. 2. As the temperature of incubation is lowered, the difference in time of growth between control and sample having protein increases, and at a temperature of 20–27 °C. becomes infinite. 3. 3. Of several proteins tested, some are more effective in their stimulation of growth than others.
Optimization of concentration overload in preparative liquid chromatography

Abstract A numerical optimization of concentration overload in preparative liquid chromatography based on a new mathematical model was undertaken. This model is a variant of the ideal model of chromatography and accounts for the finite efficiency of the column. It is shown that in order to maximize production in preparative chromatography, the column should be considerably overloaded. Under optimal conditions, the two bands overlap markedly. This work provides guidelines for predicting the optimum extent of overloading, which depends largely on the required recovery and degree of purity of the final products.
Ultraviolet Observations of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) by the UARS SOLSTICE

Abstract Ultraviolet spectra of Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1) were obtained near its perihelion from the SOLar–STellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). These measurements in March and April 1997 are used to derive water and carbon production rates from the OH and C emissions, respectively. Because the OH coma is smaller than the 1.5° field of view (FOV) of SOLSTICE, a water production rate of 1.3×10 31 s −1 is determined without the use of a coma model. With the C coma being larger than the SOLSTICE's FOV, a coma model is used to estimate a FOV scaling factor in deriving a C production rate of 2.9×10 30 s −1 . Both the water and carbon production rates are in good agreement with the rates derived from other UV and radio observations of Comet Hale–Bopp near the same time. On April 16 and 17, 1997, there was an enhancement of the CII 1335 A emission by a factor of 3, apparently caused by an increase in the solar wind flux.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Suppresses Ovulation, Menses, and Endometriosis in Monkeys: An Individualized, Intermittent Regimen

This study was designed to test the efficacy of a long-acting GnRH agonist (α) for inhibition of ovulation and menses in monkeys as well as suppression of mild to moderate endometriosis through an individualized, intermittent regimen. Endometriosis was surgically induced in 21 cynomolgus monkeys; ectopic tissue viability was verified histologically. GnRHα (leuprolide, D-Leu6-Pro9-Net-LHRH, Abbott Laboratories) was injected weekly in treatment cycle 1 (10 μg/kg, sc; n = 15). Ovulation and menses ceased in 6 of 15 females. For the remaining 9 monkeys, the GnRHα dose was increased to 15 μg/kg weekly in treatment cycle 2. Still, 4 monkeys resisted suppression; in treatment cycle 3, their regimen increased to 15 μg/kg every fourth day. Thus, anovulation and amenorrhea was achieved in 14 of 15 monkeys within 90 days, seemingly as a result of ovarian desensitization, since GnRHa injections usually enhanced serum LH and FSH levels (P < 0.05). Frequent laparotomies and daily hormonal profiles of estradiol, progest...
Evolution of a Geriatric Evaluation Clinic

Multidisciplinary geriatric evaluation units are being established in hospitals and, to a lesser extent, as outpatient clinics. This paper presents results of a chart audit of 332 patients seen from 1978 to 1982 at a university based geriatric outpatient evaluation unit. The relationships of clinic staffing to types of referrals and other aspects of clinic operation are investigated. During the time under study, the proportion of patients whose problems were medical rather than psychiatric or social increased. Presenting problems varied by referral source. Family and self referrals were most likely to identify a medical presenting problem, while physician and community agency referrals were most likely to identify a psychiatric problem. Patients frequently received diagnoses in areas of function other than those identified as the presenting problems. For example, medical clinicians made at least one psychiatric diagnoses for 86 per cent of patients they evaluated. Important questions about the potential contribution of such geriatrics clinics to health care of the elderly remain to be answered.
Conceptual structure of the 1996 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

The conceptual structure of the 1996 performance assessment (PA) for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is described. This structure involves three basic entities (EN1, EN2, EN3): (1) EN1, a probabilistic characterization of the likelihood of different futures occurring at the WIPP site over the next 10,000 yr, (2) EN2, a procedure for estimating the radionuclide releases to the accessible environment associated with each of the possible futures that could occur at the WIPP site over the next 10,000 yr, and (3) EN3, a probabilistic characterization of the uncertainty in the parameters used in the definition of EN1 and EN2. In the formal development of the 1996 WIPP PA, EN1 is characterized by a probability space (S{sub st}, P{sub st}, p{sub st}) for stochastic (i.e., aleatory) uncertainly; EN2 is characterized by a function {line_integral} that corresponds to the models and associated computer programs used to estimate radionuclide releases; and EN3 is characterized by a probability space (S{sub su}, P{sub su}, p{sub su}) for subjective (i.e., epistemic) uncertainty. A high-level overview of the 1996 WIPP PA and references to additional sources of information are given in the context of (S{sub st}, P{sub st}, p{sub st}), {line_integral} and (S{sub su}, P{sub su}, p{sub su}).
The Southern speech communication association: A history, 1955–1975

The present article brings up to date the history of the Association. The late Dallas C. Dickey of the University of Florida traced the first twenty‐five years (1930–1955) in five articles published over the two‐year period, 1956–1958.1
Observation of light emission from a rhodopsin.

Radiative emission has been observed from the retinylidene chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin, the purple membrane protein of Halobacterium halobium.
Unified analysis of ellipsometry errors due to imperfect components, cell-window birefringence, and incorrect azimuth angles.

Coupling constants are introduced that determine the extent to which a component imperfection, window birefringence, or azimuth-angle error couple to cause an error of the specimen reflectance ratio. A unified scheme for treating these sources of error is presented. By expressing the coupling constants as functions of the nulling angles, any of the nulling methods can be considered. Results are presented for the compensator at ±π/4 and nulling by the polarizer and analyzer, which show the contributions of the different sources of error to ψ and Δ in the four ellipsometry zones. The limitations of one- and two-zone measurements are discussed. A procedure is described and demonstrated experimentally for determining the quantities characterizing the different sources of error in the ellipsometer. These results can be used in correcting data from one-, two-, or four-zone measurements.
Mercury poisoning from home gold ore processing. Use of penicillamine and dimercaprol.

The production of a mercury amalgam in home gold ore processing has become a popular and widely used method. Six patients involved in two episodes were treated following onset of symptoms from inhalation of mercury vapor. Penicillamine was shown to be an effective chelator of mercury when coupled with a mobilization test to assess body burden. The danger associated with mercury use in this technique needs to be better communicated to the public. (JAMA1981;246:1929-1931)
Is competition important to arctic zooplankton community structure

Summary 1. Daphnia pulex and Daphnia middendorffiana are commonly found in the Toolik Lake region of arctic Alaska. These two species are very similar morphologically, although their natural distributions differ markedly: D. pulex is restricted to shallow ponds, while D. middendorffiana is widely distributed and found in a variety of ponds and lakes. We compared the reproductive capabilities of D. pulex and D. middendorffiana grown under similar resource conditions and in the absence of the invertebrate predator Heterocope septentrionalis. In situ life table and mesocosm experiments were conducted in Toolik Lake and Dam Pond, habitats that have historically contained natural populations of D. middendorffiana, but never D. pulex. 2. Daphnia pulex exhibited a significantly higher net growth rate than D. middendorffiana in both life table and mesocosm experiments although D. pulex has never been found in either Toolik Lake or Dam Pond. Daphnia middendorffiana exhibited a negative net growth rate in Dam Pond, which had lower resource levels then Toolik Lake. Therefore, the smaller D. pulex appears to have a lower food threshold concentration than the larger D. middendorffiana. 3. Our results indicate that D. pulex is a superior resource competitor in the Toolik Lake region. These results combined with distributional patterns suggest that the restricted distribution of D. pulex in these arctic lakes and ponds cannot be explained by resource competition alone. We suggest that in the presence of H. septentrionalis, predation is an important factor structuring arctic zooplankton communities in the Toolik Lake region.
Reversible magnetization models for magnetic recording media

Abstract Energetically correct hysteresis computations require a state-dependent locally reversible magnetization component. Two such models have been proposed and are compared in this paper. It is found that they differ in the computed reversible susceptibility. An experimental analysis is developed to differentiate between the models. This method is used to analyze the validity of the two models and shows that experimental data supports one model but not the other.
Materials For Monolithic Silicon Microphotonics

The path for silicon materials development has been charted. By the year 2010 we will have fabricated integrated circuit chips containing 109 transistors with 40 A thick gate oxides and 1000 A minimum feature sizes running at 4 GHz clock speeds. It is conceivable that incremental advances on the current chip architecture will satisfy the required materials and process improvements. The interconnection problem is the only challenge without a proposed solution. The signal propagation delay between devices is now longer than the individual device gate delay. The resistance and capacitance associated with fine line Al interconnects limit speed and increase power consumption and crosstalk. High power line drivers are limited by the reliability constraint of electromigration. There is no current paradigm for 4 GHz, electronic clock distribution. Optical interconnection can remove the electronic transmission bandwidth limit. The main challenge is development of a silicon-compatible, microphotonic technology. Rare earth doping has provided a means of sharp-line electroluminescence from silicon at 7n = 1.54 μm. Silicon's high index of refraction and low absorption in the near infrared yield an ideal optical waveguide. As with microelectronics, the silicon / silicon-dioxide materials system allows high levels of integration and functionality. The applications of silicon materials to light emission (Si:Er), optical waveguides (Si/SiO2), photonic switching (Si/SiO2) and photon detection (SiGe) are reviewed. These developments are discussed in the context of systems applications to communications and computation.
Transesophageal Assessment of Left Atrial Thrombus Using a 3.3-mm Monoplane Probe

Objectives Our study was designed to demonstrate that transesophageal echocardiography using a 3.3-mm monoplane probe can accurately evaluate the left atrium for patients with arrhythmias before cardioversion. Background Standard probes cause discomfort during intubation requiring sedation, but miniature probes do not. Methods With topical anesthesia alone, a 3.3-mm probe was used for transesophageal echocardiography in 60 patients. After intravenous sedation, standard transesophageal echocardiography was then performed. Results In 51 of 60 patients, the left atrium was visualized with the 3.3-mm probe. In 43 of 51 patients the appendage was clear. A thrombus was seen in 7 patients on both studies. In one patient spontaneous echocontrast was seen only with the 3.3-mm probe (sensitivity 100%, specificity 97%). In 9 of 60 patients, the appendage could not be assessed. Conclusions In many patients the 3.3-mm probe can visualize the appendage and obviate the need for sedation. Technical advances will improve image quality with miniature probes.
The staying power of sexually transmitted diseases.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) not only have staying power but also appear to be on the increase. Emerging laboratory technologies and improving epidemiological methods have identified more than 25 organisms transmitted by intimate human sexual contact. Based on global serological evidence even more incurable viral infections are transmitted each year via the sexual route. The consequences of these infections remain devastating. However the problem is seen in the collation of multiple microepidemics spread among sexually active individuals who themselves choose sex partners with specific social networks. In this article these microepidemics are examined by considering several interconnected themes. Transmission dynamics suggest that the probability of infecting a susceptible partner can be reduced by promoting use of barrier methods and safer sex practices and the duration of infectiousness can be reduced by early diagnosis and curative treatment. In the context of sexual networks the role of core groups and bridge populations in sustaining the spread of STDs is emphasized. Human rights should be strengthened so as to maximize the effect of individually oriented clinical STD control services and community-based prevention approaches. In addition technical innovations will also help control STDs which consequently will further underscore the importance of human behavior.
Psychosocial aspects of interventions in occupational safety and health

Attention to psychosocial hazards in work environments should become an increasingly important component of occupational safety and health interventions. Research findings have linked a number of measurable psychosocial characteristics with negative psychological and physiological consequences. Some serious physical health hazards have also been found to have psychosocial components. Several economic trends indicate that more jobs will be created with high levels of psychosocial hazards. These economic trends include a decline in wages, a move away from a manufacturing base, increased hours of work, a decline in unionization rates, and poorly implemented technological changes. Intervention strategies developed to reduce psychosocial stressors must address the multiple cause of psychosocial hazards and the multiple symptoms they produce. Additional challenges include assessing psychosocial changes within the sometimes contradictory framework of organizational and social changes. Nevertheless, comprehensive efforts to improve both the health and safety and the overall quality of working life need to incorporate psychosocial variables into their designs.
Confinement of unwanted energy

One of the major functions of the FCC Laboratory is the prevention or reduction of interference caused both by radio communications equipment and by other equipment employing radio frequency. In both instances, the problems are very similar, except that radio communications users are generally more cognizant of the interference problem. The writer has hesitated to prepare a paper on the subject because much of the material and many of the recommendations may seem obvious to those experienced in the interference field. However, over the years, the same difficulties have arisen over and over again, so it appears that perhaps the gathering together of information and the presentation in a recapitulative tutorial manner may be of considerable practical use.
Edge diffracted caustic fields

The fields near a caustic created by an edge diffraction process are computed using the equivalent current concept [1], [2]. These fields are shown to have the property commonly associated with ray optical analysis or the geometrical theory of diffraction, e.g., a 90\deg phase shift as the ray passes through the caustic. This result was predicted by Kay and Keller [3] on the basis of solutions for reflected fields from singly curved surfaces. The present effort is directed toward consideration of the caustic created by an edge diffraction process. Particular attention is focused on electromagnetic excitation. The acoustic excitation for the hard boundary condition is outlined in the Appendix. In addition, our present goal is to establish the extent of the caustic region. This is of particular importance when a ray optical solution involves multiply diffracted terms in that the minimum size of the body that can be analyzed may be restricted by the extent of the caustic, i.e., the 90\deg phase shift used in ray optical analysis may be introduced only if the caustic is contained on the surface being studied.
Slater transform functions. Another class of approximate wave functions

Abstract The construction of a new class of approximate wave functions is described using the Laplace transform of a weighting function similar to a Slater Function. The proposed Slater Transform Functions (STF) are then tested variationally on the hydrogen atom ground state.
Lattice-vibration local modes due to U-centers in mixed alkali halides

Abstract A U-center in an alkali halide crystal gives rise to a triply degenerate local mode which splits into side bands due to the presence of additional impurities near the U-center. The side-band frequencies due to one and two Rb + ions as nearest neighbors to a U-center in KCl are computed in the Molecular Model approximation. The calculated results are compared with the experimental findings.
Thermodynamic assessment of microencapsulated sodium carbonate slurry for carbon capture

Abstract Micro-encapsulated Carbon Sorbents (MECS) are a new class of carbon capture materials consisting of a CO2- absorbing liquid solvent contained within solid, CO2-permeable, polymer shells. MECS enhance the rate of CO2 absorption for solvents with slow kinetics and prevent solid precipitates from scaling and fouling equipment, two factors that have previously limited the use of sodium carbonate solution for carbon capture. Here, we examine the thermodynamics of sodium carbonate slurries for carbon capture. We model the vapour-liquid-solid equilibria of sodium carbonate and find several features that can contribute to an energy-efficient capture process: very high CO2 pressures in stripping conditions, relatively low water vapour pressures in stripping conditions, and good swing capacity. The potential energy savings compared with an MEA system are discussed.
Viscosity of blood in myocardial infarction.

Following myocardial infarction, the pseudoviscosity of whole blood and the viscosity of plasma increase significantly. The increase in viscosity is correlated with increase in fibrinogen. Both are correlated with the severity of the infarction. The pseudoviseosity of blood adjusted to a hematocrit of 40 shows fair correlation with the viscosity of plasma.
Anisotropic elastic-damage models of coupled solid dynamics and heat diffusion☆

Abstract Thermomechanical simulations of composite material structures typically combine finite element discretization with a weighted residual solution technique applied to the momentum balance and heat diffusion equations. An alternative approach combines a finite element discretization scheme with a unified bond graph model of the continuum dynamics, using entropy variables to systematically couple the mechanical and thermal energy domains. The result is a state space model of the nonlinear system easily adapted to consider a variety of material types.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the β4 Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain Mediates Shc Signaling to Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase and Antagonizes Formation of Hemidesmosomes

Ligation of the alpha(6)beta(4) integrin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta(4) cytoplasmic domain, followed by recruitment of the adaptor protein Shc and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. We have used Far Western analysis and phosphopeptide competition assays to map the sites in the cytoplasmic domain of beta(4) that are required for interaction with Shc. Our results indicate that, upon phosphorylation, Tyr(1440), or secondarily Tyr(1422), interacts with the SH2 domain of Shc, whereas Tyr(1526), or secondarily Tyr(1642), interacts with its phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. An inactivating mutation in the PTB domain of Shc, but not one in its SH2 domain, suppresses the activation of Shc by alpha(6)beta(4). In addition, mutation of beta(4) Tyr(1526), which binds to the PTB domain of Shc, but not of Tyr(1422) and Tyr(1440), which interact with its SH2 domain, abolishes the activation of ERK by alpha(6)beta(4). Phenylalanine substitution of the beta(4) tyrosines able to interact with the SH2 or PTB domain of Shc does not affect incorporation of alpha(6)beta(4) in the hemidesmosomes of 804G cells. Exposure to the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate increases tyrosine phosphorylation of beta4 and disrupts the hemidesmosomes of 804G cells expressing recombinant wild type beta(4). This treatment, however, exerts a decreasing degree of inhibition on the hemidesmosomes of cells expressing versions of beta(4) containing phenylalanine substitutions at Tyr(1422) and Tyr(1440), at Tyr(1526) and Tyr(1642), or at all four tyrosine phosphorylation sites. These results suggest that beta(4) Tyr(1526) interacts in a phosphorylation-dependent manner with the PTB domain of Shc. This event is required for subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc and signaling to ERK but not formation of hemidesmosomes.
Reconfigurable Ultrasonic System-on-Chip Hardware (RUSH) platform for real-time ultrasonic imaging applications

Ultrasonic systems are widely used in industrial and medical imaging applications for diagnosis, nondestructive evaluation (NDE), defect recognition and classification. These applications require large amounts of data to be processed in realtime using computationally-intensive signal processing algorithms. In this study, we developed a Reconfigurable Ultrasonic System-on-Chip Hardware (RUSH) platform. This platform provides real-time signal processing for NDE and imaging applications using ultrasonic transducers ranging from 20 KHz to 20 MHz operational frequencies.
Comparison of tunnel positions in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions using computer navigation

Recurrent rotational instability has been identified as a potential source of failure of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. The aim of the study was to assess whether knee kinematics in the horizontal configuration more closely resemble the intact knee when compared with other single-bundle configurations. Using the Praxim computer navigation system, ACL reconstructions were performed with tibialis anterior grafts in six fresh-frozen whole lower extremity cadaver specimens (12 knees). In each knee, all four reconstruction configurations: conventional (PL tibia to AM femur), anteromedial (AM), posterolateral (PL), and horizontal (AM tibia to PL femur) were performed. Standardized Lachman and pivot shift examinations were performed. For all graft positions during the pivot shift, decreases in the amount of ATT were observed compared with the ACL-deficient state. The knees with grafts placed in the anterior tibial footprint (AM and horizontal) had less ATT with the Lachman and pivot shift maneuvers than knees with grafts placed in the posterior tibial footprint (PL and conventional). A significant difference in depth of impingement was noted only between the AM position and the PL position. Single-bundle ACL reconstructions using graft placement within the anterior footprint on the tibia may reduce rotational instability when compared with more vertical configurations.
Economic integration in Africa

Abstract There is a renewed interest in the debate on integration in Africa since the creation of the African Union in 2002. This study investigates the feasibility of a full-fledged economic union in Africa. Towards this goal, we examine the short- and long-term relationships among key macro-variables in eight largest African economies during the period from 1976 to 2005. We observe the existence of common long-term trends in real output, price level, private consumption, government consumption, investment and trade flows among these eight countries. In addition, we observe that there exists common cycles (short-term relationships) in real output, investment and trade flows for these countries. These two critical findings indicate the presence of macroeconomic interdependence among these countries which is a crucial factor for the success of integration in Africa led by these eight countries.
Hexafluorobenzene: A sensitive 19F NMR indicator of tumor oxygenation

We have surveyed the sensitivity of the spin lattice relaxation rates of the 19F resonances of several perfluorocarbons to changes in oxygen tension and temperature. Hexafluorobenzene was found to exhibit exceptional sensitivity to changes in oxygen tension, and we have exploited this phenomenon to measure tumor oxygen tension following intratumoral injection. When 20 microliters hexaflourobenzene were injected they remained localized and the biodistribution was readily assessed on the basis of combined 1H and 19F three-dimensional MRI. Relaxation measurements indicated a typical baseline oxygen tension of 4.0 +/- 1.5 torr in the central region of a Dunning prostate R3327-AT1 tumor when the rat breathed 66% oxygen. Altering the inspired oxygen concentration to 100% produced a modest increase in pO2 (5.6 +/- 0.7 torr; p < 0.1). Significantly, the precision of these measurements should facilitate NMR investigations of radiobiological hypoxia. Intra-tumoral injection allowed measurements from regions not normally accessible to infused perfluorocarbons and provides an additional approach to measuring tumor oxygenation.