cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urine Concentrating and Diluting Ability During Aging

Urine concentrating ability is reduced during normal aging in people and rats. The abundance of many of the key transport proteins that contribute to urine concentrating ability is reduced in the kidney medulla of aged rats. The reductions in water, sodium, and urea transport protein abundances, and their reduced response to water restriction, contribute to the reduced ability of aged rats to concentrate their urine and conserve water. If similar mechanisms occur in human kidneys, it would provide a molecular explanation for the reduced urine concentrating ability in aging and may provide opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches to improve urine concentrating ability and/or nocturnal polyuria.
Strategic innovation in US anti-sweatshop movement

AbstractIn this paper, I analyze the ways in which the US anti-sweatshop movement – particularly United Students Against Sweatshops and the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) – has engaged in a process of strategic innovation in the face of new challenges. While scholars of social movements have studied the outcome of this process – strategy – there has been less attention to the process of how movements develop strategy – strategizing. This involves a dialectic between experience, consolidated in the form of strategic models, and ideology, that is the values, social theory, and norms of the movement. When the movement encountered new obstacles, they engaged in strategic innovation through a process of democratic deliberation where they reflected on their past experiences. During this phase, the anti-sweatshop movement drew on their ideology of worker empowerment to help them decide what goals they wanted to achieve and to make sense of how their social environment was creating obstacles for them. Their ideol...
Faculty Perceptions on the Benefits of Instructor Evaluation for Improved Online Facilitation

This research study reviewed the Online Instructor Evaluation System (OIES) used by Park University's Distance Learning program. The system is a peer/administrative means to evaluate adjunct instructors for effective online class facilitation. Online instructors who had been evaluated by the OIES were surveyed on their perspective of how the OIES impacted their online instruction. Both quantitative and qualitative results of the research survey indicated that online adjunct instructors perceived the OIES as a beneficial system to gauge and improve online facilitation.
Better Safe Than Subjective: The Problematic Intersection of Prehire Social Networking Checks and Title VII Employment Discrimination

Employers routinely utilize social networking sites to research, reject, and decide to hire job applicants. This Comment contends that employers who choose to engage in this seemingly innocuous practice may in fact face legal repercussions when defending against Title VII suits. Paying special attention to the intersection of prehire social networking checks, Title VII employment discrimination law, and the developing concept of implicit bias, this Comment predicts the ways that plaintiffs may use prehire social networking checks as evidence in intentional and unintentional discrimination claims. It further pinpoints problematic employer practices and outlines strategies that employers can use to rectify these problems, minimize the influence of implicit bias, and avoid litigation.
Neighborhood contextual factors, alcohol use, and alcohol problems in the United States: evidence from a nationally representative study of young adults

BACKGROUND: There is considerable variation in alcohol use and problems across the United States, suggesting that systematic regional differences might contribute to alcohol involvement. Several neighborhood contextual factors may be important aspects of this "alcohol environment." METHODS: Participants were 15,197 young adults (age 18 to 26) from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative U.S. survey. Measures of past-year alcohol use and problems were obtained via structured in-home interviews. Tract-level neighborhood contextual factors (density of on- and off-premises alcohol outlets, neighborhood disadvantage, rural vs. urban residence) were derived from census indicators and geocoded state-level alcohol outlet licenses. Multivariate logistic regression, ordered logistic regression, or negative binomial regression models, including age, sex, race, and household income as covariates, were fit to examine the relation of the neighborhood contextual factors with alcohol use and problems. RESULTS: The most consistent finding across 4 of the 5 measures of alcohol involvement was their association with neighborhood advantage; the active ingredient underlying this effect was primarily the proportion of educated residents in the neighborhood. The densities of alcohol outlets were associated with any alcohol use-they were not associated with binge drinking or alcohol problems, nor could they explain any of the neighborhood advantage effects. The influence of alcohol outlet densities on alcohol involvement did not differ for those above or below the legal age to purchase alcohol. Living in a rural versus an urban neighborhood was associated with a different alcohol use pattern characterized by a lower likelihood of any drinking, but among those who drank, consuming more alcohol per occasion. CONCLUSIONS: Living in a more advantaged and educated urban neighborhood with greater densities of bars and restaurants is associated with greater alcohol involvement among 18- to 26-year-olds in the United States.Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. Language: en
Response Function Estimation Using the Equity Estimator

Multicollinearity often hampers the estimation of the “independent” effects of the marketing mix variables in sales response models. In a previous study, the authors recommended the use of the equi...
MECHANICAL MITRAL VALVE DYSFUNCTION: STUCK ON A DIAGNOSIS

Left-sided mechanical valve thrombosis typically presents with acute heart failure symptoms and can rapidly progress to cardiogenic shock. However, subacute valvular thrombosis can have a more insidious course. A 51 year old woman with prior mechanical aortic (19 mm bileaflet) and mitral valve (29
The Changing Landscape for Paediatric Regulation of Pharmaceutical Agents with a Focus on Antifungal Agents

The limited paediatric specific data for pharmaceutical agents has been a persistent issue for over a century. Since the late 1990s, two of the world’s largest regulatory agencies, the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency, have made concerted efforts backed by federal legislation aimed to improve the availability of paediatric data for many pharmaceutical agents. In the same time frame, there has been considerable research and development of new antifungal agents to help combat life-threatening invasive fungal disease. The evolving landscape of pharmaceutical regulation has helped to establish paediatric appropriate dosing recommendations for a number of these antifungal agents. However, the process by which paediatric data are realized is still too slow often leaving years between the initial adult approved indication and subsequent paediatric indications. This delay in paediatric data continues to perpetuate off-label use of many antifungal therapies in children, which can have negative consequences. As we strive to improve the availability of paediatric data for pharmaceutical agents, there needs to be a focus on timely delivery of these data to eliminate the window between adult and paediatric indications.
Perceptual selectivity in immature and adult rats

Immature and adult rats under both high and low drive conditions were trained to discriminate between two compound stimuli differing along the dimensions of direction, thickness and form. By introducing test trials which varied only one dimension at a time, it was found that animals organized the problem solely in terms of the direction dimension and did not attend to thickness or form.
What is a small round blue cell tumour anyway

The spectrum of ‘small round blue cell’ neoplasms is broad, but within the sinonasal tract (SNT), tumours of the dispersed neuroendocrine cell system narrow to olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), pituitary adenoma, melanoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma. A single totipotential cells shows multidirectional differentiation along epithelial and neuroendocrine lines. ONB arise from the neuroepithelial olfactory cells involving the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. With a bimodal age distribution (2nd and 6th decades), symptoms are non-specific, frequently delaying diagnosis. Histologically, a lobular architecture is maintained irrespective of the tumour grade. Circumscribed lobules are outlined by S100 protein positive supporting cells, while the neoplastic cells are arranged in a syncytial architecture with a background of neuronal processes. Pseudorosettes (Homer Wright) are more common than true rosettes (Flexner-Wintersteiner). The cells are small to medium sized, set in a richly vascularised fibrovascular stroma. The nuclei are round with delicate, ‘salt-and-pepper’ chromatin distribution with small nucleoli. Pleomorphism, mitoses, and necrosis increase with tumour grade. The cells show neuroendocrine immunoreactivity (chromogranin, synaptophysin, NSE, CD56), with rare keratin positive cells. Grade and stage affect prognosis. There is no EWS/FLI-1 gene fusion. Many tumours in the SNT mimic ONB and must be excluded due to differences in treatment and prognosis.
The Effectiveness of Substance Use Measures in the Detection of Full and Partial Denial of Drug Use

Appraisals of substance abuse often constitute a key component of psychological assessments affecting both diagnostic and treatment issues. Because of negative consequences, many substance users engage in outright denials and marked minimization regarding their drug use. Psychological measures, especially those with transparent items, are highly vulnerable to this denial. To address this response style, indirect items are often included on substance use measures to identify those who deny their use. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of complete and partial denial on the Drug Abuse Screening Test-20, Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3, and Drug Use Screening Inventory-Revised. Partial denial refers to the disacknowledgement of drug-related impairment interfering in multiple domains of a client's functioning. The study used a mixed within- and between-subjects design with 102 inpatient substance users. Each participant completed the study under two conditions: a disclosing condition and an experimental condition (either complete denial or partial denial). Results show partial denial is distinctly different from complete denial across three self-report substance use measures. Importantly, substance users engaging in these denial conditions were often undetected by these measures. Contrary to expectations, subtle scales with indirect item content were only minimally more effective than the face valid scales alone for the assessment of denied drug use.
Mobile phones and political participation in Colombia: Mobile Twitter versus mobile Facebook

In this article, we test the relationships between Twitter and Facebook use on mobile phones and political conversation with offline and online political participation, as well as online expressive...
Inherited genotype and prostate cancer outcomes.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous tumor in North American men and confers significant morbidity and mortality to the general population. The use of screening tools to detect prostate cancer at an early stage may have beneficial effects on an individual’s prognosis. However, the intense use of these screening modalities also detects tumors that may have a relatively benign course and for which intensive treatment is not necessary. There is a large body of research that evaluated biochemical, physiological, or somatic genetic measures in relation to prostate cancer progression or prognosis. Environmental exposures may also affect these outcomes. In contrast, inherited markers of genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer have largely been used to predict occurrence of disease rather than disease outcome. The use of inherited genetic markers to evaluate prostate cancer outcome could enhance our ability to identify those men who are more likely to develop clinically significant prostate cancer and to intervene in these men to reduce morbidity and mortality resulting from prostate cancer.
Distribution of Blood-sucking Horseflies in Jilin Province China

objective: To study species distribution of blood-sucking horseflies in Jilin province. Methods: Using mosguito-curtain trap, animal snare and insect net to collect horseflies, and collecting papers on species distribution of horseflies in Jilin province. Results: 68 species blood-sucking horseflies belonging to 5 genera have been known in Jilin province, of which it is recordes for genus Chrysops with 12 species, genus Haematopota with 7 species, genus Hybomitra with 23 species, genus Atylotus with 9 species, and Tabanus with 17 species. Distribution of 68 species family Tabanidae known are noted from Jilin province. Conclusion: This study provided the basis on faunal distribution of blood-sucking horseflies in Jilin province China.
Research of Al_2O_3 Film on the Surface of 3D-SiC Ceramics by Sol-gel Method

The preparation process of Al2O3 thin film is represented by the sol-gel method,in which Al(NO3)3·9H2O is used as precusor,water and HNO3 as solvent and peptizing agent,respectively. Dip-coating and vacuum impregnation methods are used to coat γ-AlOOH sol solution on three-dimensional silicon carbide sintered at different temperature to form Al2O3 thin film. X-ray diffraction(XRD),infrared spectrometry(IR),scanning electronic microscope(SEM) are used to study the microstructure and phase constitution of the film. The investigation clearly shows that the thin film which prepared from γ-AlOOH sol solution added 0.22mol/L HNO3 with vacuum impregnation method,is coated on three-dimensional silicon carbide perfectly. The grain of Al2O3 increases with the sintering temperature increasing. The thin film is full density at 900℃,and the glass microstructure is observed. The thermal shock resistance of the Al2O3 thin film increases with the sintering temperature increasing.
Understanding Sponsored Search: A Context for Sponsored Search

Context is the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings which determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event. Wiktionary, 2010 You must always consider the context within when a given phenomenon occurs to derive any meaning from it. As the Wiktionary quote states, the context is what clarifies the meaning of an event. Let’s Place Ourselves in the Proper Context You are the owner of a small- to medium-size business that sells some product or service. Pick any product or service that interests you. We will use a framing shop as an example throughout this book. Our framing shop is called Faster Frames.
Seroprevalence of Neuromyelitis Optica-IgG of Childhood Compared to Adults

The clinical and radiological characteristics and serostatus of neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG in 87 children with inflammatory demyelinating CNS disorders were analyzed in a study at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, and other centers in the US, Canada, and Argentina.
The Future of Cardiovascular Imaging

Over the past 2 decades, we have witnessed an explosive expansion in the armamentarium of noninvasive and invasive imaging technologies capable of providing detailed information about the structure and function of the heart and vasculature. Many of these technologies are integrative (eg, positron emission tomography and computed tomography, positron emission tomography and MRI), thereby compounding the unique strengths of the component technologies to achieve unprecedented improvements to our ability to diagnose disease, improve patient care, and advance biomedical research. In addition, the miniaturization of imaging devices with dramatic increases in sensitivity and spatial resolution, coupled with the development of quantitative molecular imaging approaches for evaluating physiology and pathobiology at the cellular and molecular levels, provides a unique platform for a new era in diagnostic imaging. The crucial role of imaging in early phenotyping of disease, risk assessment, and management guidance is expanding rapidly in ways previously thought unrealistic. Along with clinical, molecular, and genomewide association studies, structural and functional quantitative imaging already plays a critical role in phenotyping cardiovascular disease. Unique strengths of imaging phenotyping include its ability to provide precise, organ-specific anatomic localization and quantification of disease traits, to demonstrate and quantify involvement of other organs in cardiac disease, to provide an opportunity to investigate the time course of disease-specific molecular events in vivo, and to track their response to therapy. In so doing, quantitative structural and functional imaging can provide a nuanced description of disease burden (eg, atherosclerosis, myocarditis), disease subtypes (eg, amyloidosis), and, importantly, the relationship between the specific phenotype and outcomes, thereby informing treatment strategies and allowing more personalized approaches to patient management. Our objectives for this article are to (1) provide a viewpoint regarding the evolving role of cardiovascular imaging in biomedical research and clinical practice, (2) discuss the challenges associated with clinical translation of …
Quantitative analysis of piping erosion micro-mechanisms with coupled CFD and DEM method

Piping, as one of the critical patterns of internal erosion, has been reported as a major cause for failures of embankment dams and levees. The fundamental mechanism of piping was traditionally investigated through experimental trials and simplified theoretical methods in macroscale. Nevertheless, the initiation and progressive evolution of piping is a microscale phenomenon in its essence. The current understanding of the micro-mechanism of piping erosion is limited due to a lack of quantitative analysis and visualized evidence. And in fact, seepage flows can affect the soil fabrics and the development of contact forces between particles. But how these fabrics and contact forces evolve under a critical hydraulic gradient is still not fully understood. In this paper, the detailed process of piping erosion is investigated by using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD–DEM) approach. The treatment of soil–flow interactions in CFD–DEM is explained by exchanging the momentum between the two phases. During the simulation, the piping erosion process is initiated by incrementally ascending differential water head across the soil samples. The three main stages of piping erosion (initial movement, continuation of erosion and total heave) can be identified from monitoring the particle velocity and positions. In addition, the evolution of contact force, hydraulic force, coordination number and void fraction is inspected to provide insight into the micro-mechanism of piping erosion. Two cases are simulated, one with a uniform particle size and a relatively uniform porosity distribution and the other with specific particle size and porosity distributions. An interesting finding from this study is that piping does not always initiate from the free surface and the evolution of piping depends heavily on the particle size and porosity distribution.
Acute Anoxic Injury and Therapeutic Hypothermia in Adults

Acute anoxic injury is common in the adult population, occurring most commonly due to sudden cardiac arrest. In patients that remain comatose after resuscitation, there is a period of uncertainty, accompanied by high morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has been used for neuroprotection during this time period, though its true benefit remains uncertain. As a result, the focus shifts to determining prognosis, with EEG being one of the most widely used, well-studied resources available. From the time EEG became available, specific findings after acute anoxic injury have been detailed and correlated with outcomes. Multiple grading scales have been proposed to simplify clinical decision-making. As clinical protocols have evolved, and TH has become the standard of care, specific EEG patterns, including nonreactivity, low-voltage output pattern, and nonconvulsive seizures (NCS) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) remain worrisome. When combined with complementary clinical data, EEG remains a powerful tool for predicting prognosis after acute anoxic injury. In this chapter, the pathophysiology of anoxic brain injury and value of TH will be presented. Various EEG features that are associated with anoxia and TH and their prognostic value will also be discussed.
I’ll Be Watching You: Shoppers’ Reactions to Perceptions of Being Watched by Employees

Abstract This research fills a gap in the retailing literature regarding the impact of shoppers’ perceptions of being watched while shopping for embarrassing products. Four studies consistently show that an employee watching a shopper can cause the shopper to either permanently or temporarily leave the shopping area as purchase intentions decrease. Reactance theory explains this relationship, which is mediated by consumers’ feelings of control over their own privacy. Essentially, when shoppers believe an employee is watching them, they feel less in control of their privacy, resulting in negative consequences for the retailer. This relationship is especially important for products that consumers may already feel some level of embarrassment over purchasing in the first place. The results have important theoretical implications for reactance theory by demonstrating that a consumer can regain control even when the original threat to behavior still exists. Additionally, increasing options that allow a consumer to regain control will reduce the overall reactance to the threat to privacy and will improve retailer outcomes. Practitioner recommendations present several techniques that allow the consumer to regain privacy control in spite of the sometimes necessary practice of watching in-store consumers.
A new Interacting Boundary-Layer Formulation for Flows past Bluff Bodies

Many strong interaction phenomenon, including laminar separation, are described at high Reynolds numbers by the triple-deck theory of Neiland [1], Stewartson and Williams [2] and Messiter [3]. This asymptotic theory may be reproduced, in a composite sense, by the interacting boundary layer model. Interacting boundary-layer theory is formed by raising the second order boundary layer displacement-thickness effect to first order, allowing a strong interaction between the boundary-layer and the local outer inviscid flow. Numerous authors have tackled this problem numerically, producing a number of efficient algorithms for solving strong interaction problems. One of the most successful interacting boundary-layer algorithms is the quasi-simultaneous method of Veldman [4] and Davis and Werle [5]. This algorithm, like many others, represents the outer inviscid flow by a thin airfoil equation. In the Veldman-Davis method this thin airfoil equation is directly coupled into the outer edge boundary conditions in the boundary-layer. Numerous generalizations of the basic interacting boundary-layer method have been made to other classes of flows. However, in most cases some form of thin airfoil theory has been used to describe the outer inviscid flow. For example, in the massive separation problem of Rothmayer and Davis [6,7], which yielded solutions for large scale thin eddies over thin airfoils, a modified thin airfoil equation was used. Even in the problem solved by Carter and Vatsa [8], for the small leading-edge separation bubble on a thick airfoil.
Polarimetric lidar measurements of aquatic turbulence - laboratory experiment

Lidar is one of few remote sensing methods available to researchers to sense below the oceanic air-surface. We present polarimetric lidar measurements of turbulence in a laboratory generated turbulent flow. We found that the nearforward light depolarization characterized by the depolarization rate γ(z), varies with the turbulent flow parameter: χ(z)∊(z)1/4, where χ(z) and ∊(z) are the respective depth dependent, temperature variance, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates. The presence of particles in the flow modifies the values of γ in such a way that the ratio γ(z)/α(z) becomes independent of the particle concentration and depends only on χ(z)∊(z)1/4. We posit that the mechanism of light depolarization in turbulent flow with particles is forward scattered light interaction between turbulent refractive index inhomogeneities and flow particles. Such interactions result so that the observed depolarization rate, γ(z), is much larger than expected from ‘pure’ turbulent flow. Our observations open up the fascinating possibility of using lidar for turbulence measurements of aquatic flows.
Textbooks, Schools, Memory, and the Technologies of National Imaginaries

The work of Benedict Anderson on “imagined communities” has had a paradigm shifting impact on the ways that scholars across the social sciences and the humanities study nationalism; ethnic, social, and cultural belonging; and identity broadly considered. In this volume on school textbooks and the imagination of the nation we see Anderson’s influence clearly. Nearly all of the preceding chapters either directly or obliquely make reference to his work.
Ultrastructural and optogenetic dissection of V1 corticotectal terminal synaptic properties.

The superior colliculus (SC) is a major site of sensorimotor integration in which sensory inputs are processed to initiate appropriate motor responses. Projections from the primary visual cortex (V1) to the SC have been shown to exert a substantial influence on visually induced behavior, including "freezing." However, it is unclear how V1 corticotectal terminals affect SC circuits to mediate these effects. To investigate this, we used anatomical and optogenetic techniques to examine the synaptic properties of V1 corticotectal terminals. Electron microscopy revealed that V1 corticotectal terminals labeled by anterograde transport primarily synapse (93%) on dendrites that do not contain gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). This preference was confirmed using optogenetic techniques to photoactivate V1 corticotectal terminals in slices of the SC maintained in vitro. In a mouse line in which GABAergic SC interneurons express green fluorescent protein (GFP), few GFP-labeled cells (11%) responded to activation of corticotectal terminals. In contrast, 67% of non-GABAergic cells responded to activation of V1 corticotectal terminals. Biocytin-labeling of recorded neurons revealed that wide-field vertical (WFV) and non-WFV cells were activated by V1 corticotectal inputs. However, WFV cells were activated in the most uniform manner; 85% of these cells responded with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that maintained stable amplitudes when activated with light trains at 1-20 Hz. In contrast, in the majority of non-WFV cells, the amplitude of evoked EPSPs varied across trials. Our results suggest that V1 corticotectal projections may initiate freezing behavior via uniform activation of the WFV cells, which project to the pulvinar nucleus.
Malignant Sweat Gland Tumors

Malignant sweat gland neoplasms are a confusing area within dermatopathology, with many entities reported under several designations in the literature. This review describes the key clinical and histopathologic features of select malignant adnexal neoplasms, including porocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, apocrine hidradenocarcinoma, malignant mixed tumor of the skin, syringoid carcinoma, cylindrocarcinoma, spiradenocarcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, polymorphous sweat gland carcinoma, microcystic adnexal carcinoma, secretory carcinoma of the skin, and primary cutaneous signet ring cell carcinoma. For entities with overlapping features, differential diagnoses are discussed.
Does Domestic Political Instability Foster Terrorism? Global Evidence from the Arab Spring Era (2011–14)

This article explores the intellectual puzzle of whether the domestic political instability associated with the Arab Spring is responsible for a surge in global terrorism that peaked in 2014. A ser...
Black Institutions of Higher Learning

Like the black church and the black press, the role of black institutions of higher learning also goes beyond the civil rights movements and extends to the Pan-African struggle. In much the same way as the black church and the black press, the existent scholarship has yet to catch up with the evidence. As with the cases of the black church and the black press, the original proceedings of the major Pan-African Congresses demonstrate that the scope and mission of black institutions of higher education transcend the bounds of continental U.S.A. This chapter analyzes the role of black institutions of higher learning in the Pan-African movement through (1) the role of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities, (2) the creation of institutions of higher learning in Africa by major proponents of Pan-Africanism, and (3) the rise of discipline-specific organizations designed to pursue the Pan-African ideal.
Early life exposure to green space and insulin resistance: An assessment from infancy to early adolescence.

Abstract Background Recent studies suggest that greater exposure to natural vegetation, or “green space” is associated with lower diabetes risk, possibly through increasing physical activity. However, there is limited research on green space and insulin resistance in youth. We hypothesized greater green space at early-life sensitive time periods would be associated with lower insulin resistance in youth. Methods We used data from Project Viva (N = 460), a pre-birth cohort study that recruited pregnant women in eastern Massachusetts, 1999–2002, and followed offspring into adolescence. We defined residential green space exposure at infancy (median age − 1.1 years), early childhood (3.2 years), mid-childhood (7.7 years), and early adolescence (12.8 years), using 30 m resolution Landsat satellite imagery to estimate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]. Our main outcome was early adolescence estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We used multiple imputation to account for missing data and multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, household income, and neighborhood median household income. Results The highest green space tertile had the highest percentage of white participants (85%), college-educated mothers (87%) and fathers (85%), and households with income higher than US$70,000 (86%). Unadjusted models showed that participants living in the highest green space tertile at infancy had a 0.15 unit lower HOMA-IR (95% CI: −0.23, −0.06) in early adolescence, than those living in the lowest tertile. However, in adjusted models, we did not observe evidence of associations between green space from infancy to early adolescence and HOMA-IR in early adolescence, although some point estimates were in the hypothesized direction. For example, participants in the highest green space tertile in infancy had 0.03 units lower HOMA-IR (95%CI: −0.14, 0.08) than those living in the lowest tertile. Conclusions Exposure to green space at early life sensitive time periods was not associated with HOMA-IR in youth. Early-life longitudinal studies across diverse populations are needed to confirm or refute our results.
The PRRA insert at the S1/S2 site modulates cellular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 usage by the closely related Bat raTG13

Summary Biochemical and structural analyses suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is well-adapted to infecting human and the presence of four residues (PRRA) at the S1/S2 site within the Spike protein may lead to unexpected tissue or host tropism. Here we report that SARS-CoV-2 efficiently utilized ACE2 of 9 species except mouse to infect 293T cells. Similarly, pseudoviruses bearing spike protein derived from either the bat raTG13 or pangolin GX, two closely related animal coronaviruses, utilized ACE2 of a diverse range of animal species to gain entry. Removal of PRRA from SARS-CoV-2 Spike displayed distinct effects on pseudoviral entry into different cell types. Strikingly, insertion of PRRA into the raTG13 Spike selectively abrogated the usage of horseshoe bat and pangolin ACE2 but conferred usage of mouse ACE2 by the relevant pseudovirus to enter cells. Together, our findings identified a previously unrecognized effect of the PRRA insert on SARS-CoV-2 and raTG13 spike proteins.
Calculating, Credible, or Both? Third-Party Monitors and Repeat Players in Federal Campaign Finance Enforcement

This article seeks to determine if theories of repeat player behavior from legal and regulatory literature explain outcomes of third-party monitors in the campaign finance context. We compile an or...
Money Moves the Mare: The Response of Community‐Based Organizations to Health Care's Embrace of Social Determinants

Policy Points Health policies that encourage health and social integration can induce community-based organizations (CBOs) to adopt new ways of working from health care organizations, including their language, staffing patterns, and metrics. These changes can be explained by CBOs' perceptions that health care organizations may provide new sources of revenue. While the welfare implications of these changes are not yet known, policymakers should consider balancing the benefits of professionalizing CBOs against the risks of medicalizing them. Context Recent health policies incentivize health care providers to collaborate with community-based organizations (CBOs), such as food pantries and homeless shelters, to address patients' social determinants of health (SDOH). The perspectives of health care leaders on these policy changes have been studied, but the perspectives of CBO managers have not. Methods Our research question was: How are CBOs in Massachusetts perceiving and responding to new Medicaid policies that encourage collaboration between health care organizations and CBOs? We interviewed 46 people in leadership positions at CBOs in Massachusetts for approximately an hour each. We analyzed these data abductively, meaning that we iterated between inductively coding transcripts and consulting existing theories and frameworks. Findings We found evidence of a knowing-doing gap among CBOs. Even though CBOs value their distinctiveness and autonomy from health care, they have undertaken a series of organizational changes in response to the new Medicaid policy that make their organizations appear more like health care organizations. These changes include adopting new performance metrics, hiring clinical staff to the board and senior management positions, and using medical language to describe nonmedical work. Drawing on institutional theory, we suggest that the nonprofits undertake such changes in an effort to demonstrate legitimacy to health care organizations, who may be able to provide new sources of critically needed revenue. Conclusions Massachusetts CBOs perceive health systems as potential sources of revenue, due in part to an ongoing Medicaid redesign that encourages the integration of health and social services. This perception is driving CBOs to appear more like health care organizations, but the impacts of these changes on welfare remain unknown.
Identification of difficult to intubate patients from frontal face images using an ensemble of deep learning models

Abstract Failure to identify difficult intubation is the leading cause of anesthesia-related death and morbidity. Despite preoperative airway assessment, 75–93% of difficult intubations are unanticipated, and airway examination methods underperform, with sensitivities of 20–62% and specificities of 82–97%. To overcome these impediments, we aim to develop a deep learning model to identify difficult to intubate patients using frontal face images. We proposed an ensemble of convolutional neural networks which leverages a database of celebrity facial images to learn robust features of multiple face regions. This ensemble extracts features from patient images (n = 152) which are subsequently classified by a respective ensemble of attention-based multiple instance learning models. Through majority voting, a patient is classified as difficult or easy to intubate. Whereas two conventional bedside tests resulted in AUCs of 0.6042 and 0.4661, the proposed method resulted in an AUC of 0.7105 using a cohort of 76 difficult and 76 easy to intubate patients. Generic features yielded AUCs of 0.4654–0.6278. The proposed model can operate at high sensitivity and low specificity (0.9079 and 0.4474) or low sensitivity and high specificity (0.3684 and 0.9605). The proposed ensembled model outperforms conventional bedside tests and generic features. Side facial images may improve the performance of the proposed model. The proposed method significantly surpasses conventional bedside tests and deep learning methods. We expect our model will play an important role in developing deep learning methods where frontal face features play an important role.
Movement Anticipation and EEG: Implications for BCI-Contingent Robot Therapy

Brain-computer interfacing is a technology that has the potential to improve patient engagement in robot-assisted rehabilitation therapy. For example, movement intention reduces mu (8-13 Hz) oscillation amplitude over the sensorimotor cortex, a phenomenon referred to as event-related desynchronization (ERD). In an ERD-contingent assistance paradigm, initial BCI-enhanced robotic therapy studies have used ERD to provide robotic assistance for movement. Here we investigated how ERD changed as a function of audio-visual stimuli, overt movement from the participant, and robotic assistance. Twelve unimpaired subjects played a computer game designed for rehabilitation therapy with their fingers using the FINGER robotic exoskeleton. In the game, the participant and robot matched movement timing to audio-visual stimuli in the form of notes approaching a target on the screen set to the consistent beat of popular music. The audio-visual stimulation of the game alone did not cause ERD, before or after training. In contrast, overt movement by the subject caused ERD, whether or not the robot assisted the finger movement. Notably, ERD was also present when the subjects remained passive and the robot moved their fingers to play the game. This ERD occurred in anticipation of the passive finger movement with similar onset timing as for the overt movement conditions. These results demonstrate that ERD can be contingent on expectation of robotic assistance; that is, the brain generates an anticipatory ERD in expectation of a robot-imposed but predictable movement. This is a caveat that should be considered in designing BCIs for enhancing patient effort in robotically-assisted therapy.
Acute Stimulation by Peptide Hormones of Mitochondrial Steroid Hormone Synthesis: Production of a Similiar Protein in Three Steroidogenic Tissues

In three steroidogenic cell types, adrenal cortex, corpus luteum and Leydig, addition of tissue specific peptide hormone or cAMP causes a dose dependent increase in steroid hormone synthesis. Since both the initiation and the maintenance of stimulated steroidogenesis depend on continuing protein synthesis, two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to monitor proteins synthesized or modified in control and in stimulated cells from all three tissues. Previously, in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum cells and, here, in Leydig cells, we have detected a protein (i) whose accumulation is induced and a protein (p) whose synthesis is repressed by either stimulant. The peptide hormone or cAMP dose response of the accumulation of protein and repression of synthesis of p parallel the increase in steroid synthesis in these stimulated cells. Proteins i and p from both adrenal cortex and corpus luteum give rise to similar cleavage products when incubated with Staphylococcus aureus V-8 protease: however, i is not produced from p by post-translational modification. In addition, we have now detected in these tissues a more acidic form of p (pa) and of i (ia), which are the post-translational products of the more basic proteins p (pb) and i (ib) respectively. All four proteins have the same molecular weight, but differ in isoelectric point; the four adrenal proteins give very similar proteolytic cleavage products. Studies on adrenal cells indicate that proteins ib and ia are phosphorylated and that pb and pa are not. Taken together, these studies indicate that (1) protein ib may be the protein whose synthesis is necessary for stimulated steroid production, (2) protein ib is produced by a cAMP-mediated, co-translational phosphorylation of protein pb, and (3) the continuing synthesis of protein ib may be necessary, because it is rapidly and post-translationally converted to ia.
Simulating Economic Development in Transformation Economies

Abstract The purpose of the game described in this paper is to help students understand the impact of various strategies of government intervention on the dynamic free-market processes stimulating economic development. The game simulates three developing economies. Within the economies, each of the students represents an independent economic entity, able to contribute labor, consume goods, and acquire wealth. The game is played in periods, with each one representing a cycle of production and consumption. In one economy, students are free to act independently, or to collaborate, to invest or save money, to innovate or produce conventional products. In the other two, their activities are constrained by “government” regulations, simulating contrasting strategies of import substitution and export promotion. In the end, students are evaluated according to the wealth they create. The three simulated economies provide experiential evidence as a basis for discussing the relative merits of unfettered free enterpri...
Ensuring Cassini's end-of-mission propellant margins

The Cassini spacecraft is in its final years. On September 15, 2017, Cassini will plunge deep into Saturn's atmosphere never to reemerge; thus concluding its second extended mission and 13 years in orbit around the ringed planet. As of October 2014, the spacecraft is four years in to its seven-year, second extended mission, the Cassini Solstice Mission (CSM). With three years left and only 2.5% of its loaded bipropellant and 37% of its loaded monopropellant remaining, the Cassini project actively manages the predicted end-of-mission propellant margins to maintain a high confidence in the spacecraft's ability to complete the CSM as designed. Accurate spacecraft navigation, rigorous remaining-propellant estimation, and frequent future propellant consumption prediction have resulted in efficient propellant use and a probability of sufficient propellant margin greater than 99%.
Back Transport of Neonates: Improved Efficiency of Tertiary Nursery Bed Utilization

Neonatal back transport is defined as the return of previously critically ill neonates from Level III newborn intensive care units to Level II and Level I nurseries for intermediate and/or convalescing care. During 1980, 172 infants (65% of eligible infants) were back transported from a Level III nursery to both Level I and Level II community hospitals. Infants who were returned to Level II hospitals tended to be smaller at the time of transfer, were less frequently nipple fed, and more frequently required oxygen supplementation compared with infants returned to Level I hospitals. Back transport permitted physicians to defer 3,892 days of hospitalization for these infants to community hospitals, an equivalent savings of approximately ten hospital beds at full occupancy. This resulted in a 44% reduction in the need for services in the newborn intensive care unit. Back transport is an efficient means of dealing with overcrowding of Level III nurseries.
Millisecond Pulsars were Born Spinning Fast

Occam’s Razor Principle is invoked to explain the high spin rates and low surface magnetic field strengths of millisecond pulsars. The simplest explanation is that these objects were born as rapid rotators owing to conservation of angular momentum during core collapse of the presupernova star. It is shown that conservation of magnetic flux during core collapse leads to surface magnetic fields having the weak strengths ≈ 108 G observed for the newlyborn pulsar in supernova 1987 A.
Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment

Affect is central to conscious experience and behavior in any environment, whether natural or built, crowded or unpopulated. Because virtually no meaningful thoughts, actions, or environmental encounters occur without affect (Ittelson, 1973, p. 16; Izard, 1977; Zajonc, 1980), an affective state is an important indicator of the nature and significance of a person’s ongoing interaction with an environment (Lazarus, Kanner, & Folkman, 1980, p. 190). Research concerning affective and aesthetic response, therefore, may have a central role in advancing our understanding of human interactions with the natural environment and could prove pivotal in the development of comprehensive theories. Further, this area of research relates to important questions in environmental planning and design, including, for instance, visual landscape assessment, the provision of vegetation and parks in cities, and issues of wilderness management and recreation. Concerning the latter, it appears that aesthetic and emotional experiences are the most important benefits realized by many recreationists in the natural environment (Rossman & Ulehla, 1977; Shafer & Mietz, 1969).
A Genetic Analysis of the 63e-64a Genomic Region of Drosophila Melanogaster: Identification of Mutations in a Replication Factor C Subunit

We have performed an F2 genetic screen to identify lethal mutations within the 63E-64A genomic region. We have isolated 122 mutations in 20 different complementation groups. Of these groups, 16 are represented by multiple alleles. We have also established that the Rop and Ras2 genes are located within the 63E-64A genomic domain at 64A10,11. We have sequenced 10.2 kb of DNA surrounding this gene pair and find that in addition to Rop and Ras2 there is another gene located within this DNA sequence. The gene product, which we have named Rfc40, shows 68% identity to the 40-kDa subunit of replication factor C. We find that the members of one complementation group (13 alleles) derived from our screen correspond to mutations in the Rop gene, whereas the members of another (five alleles) correspond to mutations in the Rfc40 gene. In addition we have isolated 11 new mutant alleles of the disembodied gene.
Shunt revision requirements after posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity: insight into the time course of shunt dependency

Results 69 out of 89 patients (77.5%) underwent VP shunt placement, and 33 (47.8%) required at least one shunt revision and 18 (26.1%) required multiple revisions. The mean ± standard deviation follow-up time for shunted patients was 5.0 ± 3.3 years. The majority of early failures are due to proximal catheter malfunction, while later failures were mostly due to distal catheter problems. There was a significant difference in the number of patients requiring revisions in the first three years following initial VP shunt insertion compared after three years, with 28 revisions versus 10 (p<0.004). In the 10 patients who underwent shunt revisions after three years, evidence of obstructive hydrocephalus was found on imaging either in the form of an isolated fourth ventricular cyst or aqueductal stenosis. Conclusions Our results suggest that in a distinct subset of patients with PHH, obstructive hydrocephalus may develop, resulting in long-term dependence on CSF diversion. Further study on the factors associated with long-term shunt dependence and revision requirements within the PHH group is warranted.