cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional studies of daily, seasonal and size fraction variability in ammonium remineralization

Rates of ammonium remineralization were determined using a 15N isotope dilution technique for two oceanic regions, one coastal region, and one estuarine region, covering a wide range of ambient nutrient, light, and temperature conditions. Results showed that NH 4 + assimilative and regenerative fluxes were primarily in balance, even when the ambient nitrogenous pool was completely dominated by NO 3 - . Variations in uptake and remineralization rates relative to time of day and season were also determined. Size fraction studies at several of the sites showed that the smallest size fraction (<10 μm) was usually the most important in remineralizing NH 4 + , and the importance of the apparent bacterial fraction (<1 μm) may increase following blooms. The results support the concept that, over a wide variety of conditions, the fluxes of NH 4 + remineralization and uptake are tightly coupled; phytoplankton are able to utilize NH 4 + at the rate that it is produced by heterotrophic processes.
Alaskan mountain glacial melting observed by satellite gravimetry

Abstract We use satellite gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) as an indication of mass change to study potential long-term mountain glacial melting in southern Alaska and West Canada. The first 3.5 yr of GRACE monthly gravity data, spanning April 2002–November 2005, show a prominent glacial melting trend in the mountain regions around the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). GRACE-observed surface mass changes correlate remarkably well with available mass balance data at Gulkana and Wolverine, two benchmark glaciers of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), although the GRACE signals are smaller in magnitude. In addition, terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes estimated from an advanced land surface model show significant mass loss in this region during the same period. After correcting for the leakage errors and removing TWS contributions using model estimates, we conclude that GRACE-observed glacial melting in the GOA mountain region is equivalent to ∼ − 101 ± 22 km 3 /yr, which agrees quite well with the assessment of ∼ − 96 ± 35 km 3 /yr based on airborne laser altimetry data, and is consistent with an earlier estimate based on the first 2 yr of GRACE data. This study demonstrates the significant potentials of satellite gravity measurements for monitoring mountain glacial melting and regional climate change.
Response of ozone and nitrate to stationary source NOx emission reductions in the eastern USA

Abstract This study is an assessment of the impact of reduced stationary source NO x emissions on ground-level concentrations of ozone (O 3 ) and dry-NO 3 (HNO 3(g) + NO 3 − (p) ) in the eastern United States (EUS). Total anthropogenic NO x and VOC emissions have declined 32% and 20%, respectively, from 1997 to 2005 in the 20 eastern states participating in a NO x Budget Trading Program (NBP). Annual and ozone season (OS) NO x emissions from electric generating units (EGUs) have declined 48% and 66%, respectively, in the EUS. From 1997–1999 to 2006–2008 measured decline in meteorologically adjusted (met-adj) daily maximum 8-h (dm8h) O 3 , has been 8 ppb or 14% for the EUS during the May–September OS, with the largest declines occurring in the highest concentration category (99th percentile). Random coefficient models, with NBP and Acid Rain Program (ARP) regulated NO x emissions as the independent variable, show highly significant relations ( p ≤ 0.0001) to dm8h O 3 for 1997–2008 during the OS. Regional declines within the EUS range from 11% to 16%. The patterns of the O 3 trends are in general agreement with other recent studies. Rural and urban sites both show similar levels of decline from pre- to post-NBP periods. Dry-NO 3 during the OS shows a substantial decline from 3.1 to 1.8 μg NO 3 m −3 . Random coefficient models show regional results ranging from 32% to 39% declines, and measured results show a 35–46% decline in dry-NO 3 from 1997–1999 to 2006–2008. These results suggest that regulating NO x emissions has been highly effective in reducing both ozone and dry-NO 3 concentrations during the OS. Overall, a 32% reduction in total annual anthropogenic NO x emissions from 1997 to 2005 has been accompanied by a 7–8 ppb, or 12–13% decline in OS dm8h O 3 concentration, and a 34% decline in dry-NO 3 concentration in the 20-state NBP region. Model results indicate a 50% further reduction in NBP regulated NO x emissions will reduce O 3 concentrations an additional 3–5% and dry-NO 3 concentrations by 13–16%.
The US Invasion of Iraq: The Military Side of Globalization

The US invasion of Iraq essentially represents the military side of the US model of globalization. With its oil wealth and sizable educated population, Iraq could not be controlled through international financial institutions as easily as poorer or smaller countries in the developing world, so cruder forms of domination were required. The imposition of neoliberal economic policies by the US-run Coalition Provisional Authority during the early phases of the occupation and the US-led Constitutional framework making it difficult for Iraqis to overturn these initiatives subsequently has placed the once nationalistic Iraqi state firmly within the Washington consensus on trade and development. La invasion de los EE.UU. a Iraq representa esencialmente el lado militar del modelo estadounidense de la globalizacion. Con su riqueza de petroleo y su considerable poblacion educada, Iraq no podria ser controlado tan facilmente a traves de instituciones de finanzas internacionales, como paises mas pequenos en desarrollo...
Proponents of Creationism but Not Proponents of Evolution Frame the Origins Debate in Terms of Proof.

In Study 1, 72 internet documents containing creationism, ID (intelligent design), or evolution content were selected for analysis. All instances of proof cognates (the word “proof” and related terms such as “proven”, “disproof”, etc.) contained within these documents were identified and labeled in terms of the manner in which the terms were used. In Study 2, frequency counts for six terms (proof, evidence, establish, experiment, test, trial) were conducted on a sample of peer-reviewed research articles in the journal Science and the 72 internet documents included in Study 1. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that proponents of creationism were much more likely than proponents of evolution to frame the creationism/evolution issue in terms of proof (ID proponents fell partway between the other two). Proponents of creationism frequently described empirical data favoring their position as proof of their position. Even more frequently, proponents of creationism described evolutionary scientists as being engaged in failed attempts to prove the truth of the evolutionary position. Evolution documents included fewer proof cognates than creationism or ID documents and the few proof cognates found in evolution documents were rarely used to describe the status of the theory of evolution. Qualitative data analysis indicated that proof cognates were often used to indicate certainty. The asymmetry between evolution and creationism documents was limited primarily to proof cognates; there were no major asymmetries for the terms evidence, establish, experiment, test, and trial. The results may reveal differences in the epistemological commitments of the involved parties.
Joint inversion of normal mode and body wave data for inner core anisotropy 2. Possible complexities

[1] In this study we focus on inner core sensitive body wave data to investigate lateral and radial heterogeneity within the inner core. Normal mode data are used to constrain a global model and to monitor if complexities introduced by body wave data are compatible with mode measurements. In particular, we investigate the possibilities of an isotropic layer near the inner core boundary and large-scale variations in anisotropy such as hemispheric dependence proposed in studies based upon differential travel time data. Travel time data from distances between 130° and 140° require anisotropy near the inner core boundary. This evidence is supported by differential travel time data based upon diffracted waves, contrasting the previous inferences of isotropy at the surface of the inner core. Our experiments also show that variations at a hemispheric scale are not necessary and that the sources of apparent hemispheric differences can be localized. A comparison of differential and absolute travel time data suggests that differences in inferred inner core anisotropy models arise mainly from a few anomalous paths. These paths are responsible for the strong anisotropy which is characteristic of models based upon differential data. Assuming constant anisotropy in the inner core, we investigate the distribution of residual differential travel times at the entry and exit points of rays turning within the outer core. The results are consistent with existing models of structure near the core-mantle boundary. Placing the source of the difference between differential and absolute travel time data in the lowermost mantle gives a more satisfactory result than attempting to model it with a complex inner core.
The organization of human retinal pigment epithelium in vitro

Abstract The in vitro growth characteristics of retinal pigment epithelium from post mortem human eyes have been described. Our studies demonstrated that only a small percentage of the RPE cells initially plated out enter the division phase 12–21 days after plating and give rise to confluent cultures. The duration of the initial lag phase and the size of the proliferative fraction are age-dependent; cultures established from younger donor eyes have a larger fraction of proliferating cells and enter the division phase earlier than those from older donor eyes. Using the melano-lipofuscin granules as cell markers, we identified two distinct cell populations in the confluent cultures. One population consisted of small, diploid, non-pigmented cells that were undergoing division; the second, larger, densely pigmented cells that appeared stationary. Electron microscopy studies confirmed that both cell populations are epithelial-like in ultrastructure and that the RPE cells in vitro retain many of their in vivo ultrastructural characteristics.
Apparent isolated elevation of serum triiodothyronine level in a patient with a thyroid nodule.

• Cystic thyroid nodules most commonly occur with a euthyroid state and appear as cold lesions on radioactive iodine scan. I describe a 32-year-old woman who presented during the third trimester of her second pregnancy with a toxic cystic lesion of the thyroid. In studies performed post partum, the serum free thyroxine (T 4 ) index was normal, while the triiodothyronine (T 3 ) level was elevated and thyrotropin level was low and unresponsive to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation. Iodine 123 thyroid scan demonstrated localized nonsuppressible uptake over the nodule. Multiple echo-free (fluid-filled) cavities were observed by ultrasound study. Thyroid lobectomy demonstrated a thyroid colloid nodule with areas of cystic degeneration containing hyperplastic papillary projections. Postoperatively, the patient developed transient hypothyroidism followed by spontaneous recovery to euthyroidism with normal function of the suppressed gland. Blood obtained from the venous effluent of the thyroid nodule had extremely high T 3 and T 4 concentrations: 359.1 nmol/L and 2420 nmol/L, respectively, while peripheral venous blood showed isolated elevation of T 3 , to 4.6 nmol/L (normal, 1.2 to 3.1 nmol/L), and a normal T 4 level of 116 nmol/L (normal, 64 to 154 nmol/L). Serum T 3 and T 4 thyroidal/peripheral ratios were close to one in two euthyroid patients undergoing neck surgery. Thus, thyroid nodules may present with isolated elevation of serum T 3 levels despite increased thyroidal release of T 4 . ( Arch Intern Med 1988;148:1866-1868)
Curium-248 monopnictides and monochalcogenides

Abstract The microscale preparation and characterization by X-ray powder diffraction of the 248Cm monopnictides and monochalcogenides are described. All these compounds were found to exhibit the face-centered cubic (f.c.c.) NaCl-type structure. Comparison of their lattice parameters with those of the isostructural americium monopnictides and monochalcogenides indicates that anomalous behavior exists within these two groups of compounds. Specifically, americium monochalcogenide lattice parameters are larger than the corresponding curium values, while americium monopnictide lattice parameters are smaller than those for their curium counterparts. These results can be accounted for by 5f orbital participation in bonding in the americium monopnictides and/or by the partially divalent character of americium in its monochalcogenides.
Decomposition strategies for self-aligned double patterning

Spacer technology, a self-aligned double patterning (SADP) technique, has been drawing more and more attention due to its less stringent overlay requirements compared to other double-patterning methods. However, use of SADP techniques was previously limited by the lack of flexibility in terms of decomposition options , and significant developments were mainly implemented for 1D-type applications for memory. In this paper, we extend the SADP technique into the logic field. A matrix of design rule extraction structures was created by GLOBALFOUNDRIES, which was then decomposed into 2-mask SADP patterning solutions by Cadence Design Systems, and wafers were manufactured by Applied Materials. The wafers were processed in both positive and negative spacer tones, and then we evaluate the design capabilities of SADP for logic BEOL patterning on pitches from 56nm to 64nm. It shows that the SADP has big advantage over other pitch splitting techniques such as LELE in terms of design rules, overlay, and CD uniformity control. With SADP, the most challenging design rules for BEOL such as tip-to-tip and tip-to-line can be reduced 50% from 80 nm to 40 nm.
A comparison of seed banks across a sand dune successional gradient at Lake Michigan dunes (Indiana, USA)

In habitats where disturbance is frequent, seed banks are important for the regeneration of vegetation. Sand dune systems are dynamic habitats in which sand movement provides intermittent disturbance. As succession proceeds from bare sand to forest, the disturbance decreases. At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, we examined the seed banks of three habitat types across a successional gradient: foredunes, secondary dunes, and oak savanna. There were differences among the types of species that germinated from each of the habitats. The mean seed bank density increased across the successional gradient by habitat, from 376 to 433 to 968 seeds m−2, but with foredune and secondary dune seed bank densities being significantly lower than the savanna seed bank density. The number of seeds germinated was significantly correlated with soil organic carbon, demonstrating for this primary successional sequence that seed density increases with stage and age. The seed bank had much lower species richness than that of the aboveground vegetation across all habitats. Among sites within a habitat type, the similarity of species germinated from the seed banks was very low, illustrating the variability of the seed bank even in similar habitat types. These results suggest that restoration of these habitats cannot rely on seed banks alone.
The thermophysical properties of three globular molecules

Abstract The low temperature heat capacities of adamantane, hexamethylenetetramine and triethylenediamine have been determined from 5 to 350°K by adiabatic calorimetry. A transition at 208.6°K involving an entropy increment of 3.87 e.u. is associated with a slight modification of the crystalline arrangement and the molecular freedom in adamantane. Although a related transition also occurs in triethylenediamine at 353°K, none has yet been detected in hexamethylene-tetramine.
Physiological Adaptability: The Secret of Success of the Internal Mammary Artery Grafts

Angiographic studies in 3 patients illustrate the physiological adaptability of internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts. Intact vascular smooth muscle permits the IMA grafts to retain a flexible caliber and a blood flow dictated by myocardial demands in the distribution of the grafted coronary artery. This physiological nature may be one of the reasons for their continued patency regardless of whether they are grafted to large or small coronary arteries. Further, this adaptable behavior permits use of the IMA even if its distal lumen is smaller than that of the recipient coronary artery, provided the anastomosis can be safely performed and the demand for flow is present.
Interferon production in human mumps infections.

SummaryThe production and variation in titer of interferon during clinical mumps infection was studied in 45 subjects. Serum titers in the clinical disease were highest at 1-3 days and then fell, but on occasion persisted as long as the eighth day of illness. The saliva also contained interferon in concentrations roughly parallel to those in sera taken at the same time. The titers could not be correlated with severity of illnes or observed clinical course.
Chiral Proton Catalysis: A Catalytic Enantioselective Direct Aza-Henry Reaction

Despite Nature's longstanding ability to use a proton, the most prevalent Lewis acid, to both activate and orient a substrate during an enantioselective reaction, this work represents the first example of this phenomenon outside of a protein. A chiral, nonracemic BisAMidine (BAM) ligand was designed, synthesized, and complexed to the proton of a Bronsted acid. The resulting coordination compound catalyzed the production of enantioenriched product from the combination of a Schiff base and nitroalkane (the aza-Henry reaction). This particular reaction is also considered a model for many analogous carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions catalyzed by enzymes (e.g., the Mannich reaction). This discovery suggests the use of ionic hydrogen bonds in asymmetric catalysis may not only be more general than previously thought, but also a viable "green" approach to single-enantiomer organic compounds.
Investigation of Photoexcited States in Porcine Eumelanin through Their Transient Radical Products

Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance was used to monitor the photochemistry of radical pairs from melanin in porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells on the sub-microsecond time scale. Two distinct signals were found: one of enhanced absorption/emission at early times and one mostly emissive at later times. The emissive character of the longer lived feature suggests participation of an excited triplet precursor, something not generally thought to exist in melanins. The radicals in the early time signal were separated by about 21 A and those in the later time signal were separated by about 22−24 A.
Bacterial dekalogenation of chlorinated aliphatic acids

Abstract An enzyme preparation derived from a soil microorganism, identified as a strain of Micrococcus denitrificans , acted upon several chlorinated aliphatic acids. The enzyme system was induced by growth of the bacterium on 3-chloropropionic or 3-chlorobutyric acids. The responsible enzyme removed the chlorine present on a number of 3- and 4-carbon alkanoic acids if the halogen was on the β- but not on the α-position. No evidence was obtained for 3-hydroxypropionic acid serving as an intermediate in the metabolism of β-chloropropionic acid.
A mathematical model of the population dynamics of the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus

Abstract A simulation model was developed for the population dynamics of the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Leipdoptera: Pyralidae), in sandy loam soil. The model includes: temperature-dependent growth of E. lignosellus eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult age; temperature and age-dependent oviposition; and soil moisture-dependent mortality of eggs and larvae. Egg, larval, pupal and adult survivorship are also incorporated. Analyses were conducted to determine the model's sensitivity to changes in selected parameters. Sensitivity analysis simulations without rainfall indicated the model was most sensitive to the interaction of the proportion of adult females in each of three age classes by the oviposition and developmental thresholds, indicating adult biology must be very accurately estimated for model predictions to be accurate. One main effect (degree-day requirements for E. lignosellus eggs, larvae, pupae, preoviposition, and longevity) ranked in the four most influential effects. Two main effects were highly ranked in the sensitivity analyses with simulated rainfall: (a) parameters in the sixth-order polynomial for calculation of the oviposition rate; and (b) parameters in the two-independent-variable polynomial used to calculate the daily maximum soil temperature for degree-day computation. Thus, adult biology and soil temperature parameters must be accurately estimated for the model to function under rainy conditions. Both of these effects ranked ⩽ 3rd in the analyses with rainfall.
Multifunctional Nanoparticles: Cost Versus Benefit of Adding Targeting and Imaging Capabilities

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been developed to improve the efficacy and reduce the systemic toxicity of a wide range of drugs. Although clinically approved nanoparticles have consistently shown value in reducing drug toxicity, their use has not always translated into improved clinical outcomes. This has led to the development of "multifunctional" nanoparticles, where additional capabilities like targeting and image contrast enhancement are added to the nanoparticles. However, additional functionality means additional synthetic steps and costs, more convoluted behavior and effects in vivo, and also greater regulatory hurdles. The trade-off between additional functionality and complexity is the subject of ongoing debate and the focus of this Review.
Memory psychophysics for taste

Subjects made quantitative judgments of taste stimuli (various concentrations of sucrose), which were either presented physically for a perceptual estimation or represented symbolically for a memory estimation. The perceived and remembered intensities were found to be related to the referent sucrose concentrations by power functions with similar exponents. This constancy of exponents contrasts with the lower memory exponents reported for other sensory continua, as well as with predictions based on theories of memory-based magnitude judgments. These results may further suggest a unique role for memory in chemosensation.
Refractive surgical practices in persons with human immunodeficiency virus positivity or acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Purpose To evaluate current practices of refractive surgeons in terms of performing elective refractive surgery in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Setting Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. Methods A link to an anonymous web-based survey was e-mailed to members of the International Society of Refractive Surgery. Surgeons were asked whether they considered persons with HIV or AIDS to be acceptable candidates for elective refractive surgery and specific precautions, if any, taken when operating on these individuals. Results Of 1123 surgeons sent the link, 285 (25.4%) responded. Of respondents, 143 (50.2%) said they consider persons with HIV acceptable candidates for elective refractive surgery and 35 (12.5%) said they consider persons with AIDS acceptable candidates for elective refractive surgery. One hundred sixty-five (72.7%) respondents who perform elective refractive surgery in persons with HIV or AIDS said they take additional precautions when operating on these patients; precautions included performing unilateral surgery, scheduling the patient last on the surgery schedule for a given day, wearing a double layer of gloves, and evacuating the laser plume immediately after surgery. Conclusions Approximately half of refractive surgeons said they consider HIV-positive persons acceptable candidates for elective refractive surgery; a much lower proportion considered patients with AIDS acceptable candidates. The majority of the surgeons recommended additional precautions when performing refractive surgery on patients with HIV or AIDS. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Heme oxygenase-1 confers protection and alters T-cell populations in a mouse model of neonatal intestinal inflammation

Heme oxygenase-1 confers protection and alters T-cell populations in a mouse model of neonatal intestinal inflammation
Histologic study of the internal organs of rats chronically exposed to a high‐intensity electric field

Abstract The effect of 120‐day exposure to a high‐intensity (80 kV/m), 60‐Hz electric field on histology of selected internal organs of Sprague‐Dawley rats was investigated. The organs examined were the pituitary, thymus, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, right and left adrenals, right and left kidneys, and right and left testes. Histological examination of 10‐micron tissue sections from randomly selected animals revealed no specific evidence of histopathologic differences between field‐exposed and sham‐exposed animals at the light microscopic level.
Phytotoxicity of three lactones from Nigrospora sacchari

Abstract A culture broth of Nigrospora sacchari showed strong herbicidal activity in treatment of intact greenhouse-grown plants. Three lactones were isolated from the culture broth. The major compound, which exhibited the most significant effect of the fungal metabolites in the assay procedures, was identified as (+)-phomalactone, 6-(1-propenyl)-5,6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H-pyran-2-one. Others were 5-[1-(1-hydroxybut-2-enyl)]-furan-2-one and 5-[1-(1-hydroxybut-2-enyl)]-dihydrofuran-2-one. These fungal metabolites were investigated for their herbicidal effects in an electrolyte leakage assay and the results obtained appeared to indicate that the herbicidal damage was caused by cellular disruption. Phomalactone caused remarkable and rapid electrolyte leakage on cucumber cotyledon discs at concentrations higher than 50 ppm.
A simple, low cost application of a flight test parameter identification system

The flight test system combines state-of-the-art microprocessor technology and high accuracy instrumentation with parameter identification technology which minimize data and flight time requirements. The system was designed to avoid permanent modifications of the test airplane and allow quick installation. It is capable of longitudinal and lateral-directional stability and control derivative estimation. This paper presents details of this system, calibration and flight test procedures, and the results of the Cessna 172 flight test program. The system has proven easy to install, simple to operate, and capable of accurate estimation of stability and control parameters in the Cessna 172 flight tests.
PARAMETRIC EXCITATION OF RAIL VEHICLES

SUMMARY This paper explores the parametrically excited behavior of U.S. passenger and freight vehicles on tangent track due to harmonic variations in conicity. Floquet theory is used to find the stability boundaries of these vehicles. Results show that principal parametric resonance occurs at excitation wavelengths that are half the kinematic wavelengths of the vehicles. These can lead to significant reductions in critical speeds.
Io-phase motion and jovian decametre source locations

A second-order effect in the relationship between jovian decameter storms and the departure of Io from superior geocentric conjunction is explained on the basis of latitudinal variations in the earth-Jupiter viewing geometry. These variations are defined by the 12-year cycle in the jovicentric declination of the earth. In addition, it is found that the emission of the jovian decameter storm source Io-B (Io-C) is beamed from the northern (southern) magnetic latitudes. These conclusions are compatible with source positions derived from polarimetry and from considerations of planetary-limb shadowing.
Exploratory study of residents' conceptual framework for critical appraisal of the literature.

Background: Limited success of efforts to improve residents' critical appraisal skills may be due to poor understanding of their preintervention conceptual framework. Description: To describe internal medicine residents' a priori conceptual approach to critical appraisal of intervention trials, we performed an exploratory content analysis of 41 residents' unprompted descriptions of strengths and weaknesses of a randomized trial of spa therapy for back pain. Evaluation: Eighty-eight percent of responses were assigned independently by 2 reviewers to 23 categories ( kappa. 65). Residents agreed on some important characteristics (e.g., blinding), disagreed on others (e.g., similarity of treatment and control groups), frequently mentioned some irrelevant characteristics (e.g., "objective" vs. "subjective" outcomes), and rarely mentioned some important criteria (e.g., intention to treat). Conclusions: An open-ended questionnaire reliably revealed both expected and unexpected conceptions and misconceptions among...
Chronic IL-1β-Mediated Neuroinflammation Mitigates Amyloid Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease without Inducing Overt Neurodegeneration

Neuroinflammation is a local tissue response to injurious stimuli in the central nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by glial reactivity, induction of cytokines and chemokines, and vascular permeability. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β is rapidly induced following CNS insult, and is chronically expressed in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We recently developed a novel method of sustained IL-1β production in the brain to study the link between IL-1β and AD pathogenesis. Utilizing this model, we have previously demonstrated reduction of plaque size and frequency accompanied by a robust neuroinflammatory response. These observations were limited to a single early time point in the course of AD plaque deposition and did not investigate other neurodegenerative endpoints. To extend these observations to other stages of disease progression and evaluate additional pathologic markers, we investigated the effects of age and duration of IL-1β overexpression in the APPswe/PS-1dE9 AD model on a congenic C57BL/6 background. We now report that IL1β overexpression leads to decreased 6E10 immunopositive plaque pathology regardless of age or duration. We also investigated whether IL-1β overexpression led to neuronal apoptosis or cholinergic axonal degeneration in the context of this AD model. Although we could demonstrate apoptosis of infiltrating inflammatory cells, we found no evidence for IL-1 associated apoptosis of neurons or cholinergic axon degeneration even after 5 months of chronic neuroinflammation. Together, these observations point to a neuroprotective role for IL-1β in AD neuropathogenesis.
A comparison of geochemical exploration techniques and sample media within accretionary continental margins: an example from the Pacific Border Ranges, Southern Alaska, U.S.A.

Abstract The Pacific Border Ranges of the southern Alaskan Cordillera are composed of a number of allochthonous tectonostratigraphic terranes. Within these terranes are widespread volcanogenic, massive sulfide deposits in and adjacent to portions of accreted ophiolite complexes, bands and disseminations of chromite in accreted island-arc ultramafic rocks, and epigenetic, gold-bearing quartz veins in metamorphosed turbidite sequences. A geochemical pilot study was undertaken to determine the most efficient exploration strategy for locating these types of mineral deposits within the Pacific Border Ranges and other typical convergent continental margin environments. High-density sediment sampling was carried out in first- and second-order stream channels surrounding typical gold, chromite and massive sulfide occurrences. At each site, a stream-sediment and a panned-concentrate sample were collected. In the laboratory, the stream sediments were sieved into coarse-sand, fine- to medium-sand, and silt- to clay-size fractions prior to analysis. One split of the panned concentrates was retained for analysis; a second split was further concentrated by gravity separation in heavy liquids and then divided into magnetic, weakly magnetic and nonmagnetic fractions for analysis. A number of different techniques including atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and semi-quantitative emission spectrography were used to analyze the various sample media. Comparison of the various types of sample media shows that in this tectonic environment it is most efficient to include a silt- to clay-size sediment fraction and a panned-concentrate sample. Even with the relatively low detection limits for many elements by plasma spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, anomalies reflecting the presence of gold veins could not be identified in any of the stream-sediment fractions. Unseparated panned-concentrate samples should be analyzed by emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry for Ag and Au. If, however, magnetic and nonmagnetic concentrate fractions are used in a reconnaissance program, semiquantitative emission spectrography is adequate for all analytical work.
Intracellular serine protease-4, a new intracellular serine protease activity from Bacillus subtilis

A previously undiscovered intracellular serine protease activity, which we have called intracellular serine protease-4, was identified in extracts of stationary Bacillus subtilis cells, purified 260 fold from the cytoplasmic fraction, and characterized. The new protease was stable and active in the absence of Ca2+ ions and hydrolyzed azocasein and the chromogenic substrate carbobenzoxy-carbonyl-alanyl-alanyl-leucyl-p-nitroanilide, but not azocollagen or a variety of other chromogenic substrates. The protease was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, chymostatin and antipain, but not by chelators, sulfhydryl-reactive agents or trypsin inhibitors. Its activity was stimulated by Ca2+ ions and gramicidin S; its pH and temperature optima were 9.0 and 37°C, respectively. Although intracellular serine protease-4 was immunochemically distinct from intracellular serine protease-1, it was absent from a mutant in which the gene encoding the latter was disrupted.
Systematic search for uniparental disomy in early fetal losses: The results and a review of the literature

About 20% of all human conceptuses are estimated to be trisomic and trisomy of all chromosomes remains a common cause of early fetal loss. Uniparental disomy (UPD) has been reported for most human chromosomes and may be an underrecognized contributor to embryonic lethality. To investigate the contribution of UPD to spontaneous abortions, we devised a genome-based screening strategy to identify holochromosomic UPD in 18 fetal losses. No cases of UPD were identified using this approach. Based on our data, UPD does not appear to be a significant contributor to early embryonic lethality. The results of the study are presented along with a review of the cases of UPD reported in the literature by chromosome, parental origin, mode of ascertainment, and phenotypic consequences due to imprinting.
Burnout among employees of state residential facilities serving developmentally disabled persons

Abstract This research was conducted to determine the prevalence of and variables associated with “burnout” among employees at state residential facilities serving the developmentally disabled. Fourteen heterogeneous facilities from 11 states participated. The sample consisted of 256 top level administrators, 244 direct care professionals, and 224 direct care workers. Subjects from the latter two categories were randomly selected. The results indicated that 15% of the sample were experiencing attitudinal, emotional, and physical exhaustion. Personal variables found to relate significantly to burnout were age, sex, and marital status. Four facility variables showed a significant relationship to burnout: turnover, decision levels, number of directors within the past five years, and fringe benefits. Work related variables showed significant correlations with burnout in 42 of 45 incidences, but none of them were substantial. The findings tend to support the idiosyncratic nature of stress at work which decreases the likelihood of finding a few variables which act as “common causes” of burnout. Results also suggest that the most dedicated, competent, and productive staff members are perhaps the most vulnerable to burnout.
ELECTRON BEAM COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY ASSESSMENT OF IN VIVO SINGLE KIDNEY GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND TUBULAR DYNAMICS DURING CHRONIC PARTIAL UNILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE PIG

Purpose: The assessment of hydronephrosis due to chronic partial ureteral obstruction is controversial. We determined whether a new radiographic technique for assessing kidney function, electron beam computerized tomography (CT), can detect altered renal physiology due to chronic partial ureteral obstruction. We also compared and contrasted electron beam CT with standard well tempered diuretic mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG-3) urography.Materials ands Methods: Six pigs underwent creation of unilateral partial ureteral occlusion or sham operation. Three weeks after surgery diuretic enhanced MAG-3 renal scan was done and 48 hours later contrast enhanced electron beam CT was performed.Results: Mean differential function plus or minus standard error of mean of the obstructed kidney was 5.6% ± 2.4% on MAG-3 renography. In contrast, electron beam CT revealed significantly preserved mean renal function at 24.5% ± 2.7% (p <0.01). Electron beam CT analysis of tubular function revealed persistent glomerular filtrati...
Fluorine-containing catecholamines. Synthesis of DL-2, 5, 6-trifluorodopa

Abstract DL-2,5,6-trifluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (trifluorodopa) hydroiodide has been synthesized from hexafluorobenzene in a six-step procedure. The key step is the methoxylation of p-methyl tetrafluoroanisole. This reaction affords the desired 2,5,6-trifluoro-3,4-dimethoxytoluene, which is separated by preparative glc from 3,5,6-trifluoro-2,4-dimethoxytoluene. Attempts to obtain trifluorodopa by ether cleavage of the appropriately substituted dihydrobenzodioxin have not been successful.
A Comparison of the Effects of the Opioid Antagonists Naltrexone, Naltrindole, and β-Funaltrexamine on Ethanol Consumption in the Rat

Abstract The effects of the universal opioid antagonist naltrexone were compared to the δ-selective opioid antagonist naltrindole and the μ-selective opioid antagonist β-funaltrexamine on ethanol consumption in the absence of food or fluid deprivation using a limited access procedure in Wistar rats. Both naltrexone, at doses of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 10 mg/kg, and β-funaltrexamine, at doses of 5.0 and 20.0 mg/kg, significantly decreased consumption of a 6% ethanol solution compared to saline control groups. Naltrindole, at doses of 5.0 and 15.0 mg/kg, failed to significantly reduce ethanol consumption. In addition, the highest doses of naltrexone, which antagonize δ as well as μ-opioid receptors, did not differ significantly from the lowest doses in their ability to reduce ethanol consumption. These data suggest that ethanol consumption using the limited access paradigm in the outbred rat is modulated by μ rather than δ-opioid receptors. Although this is not consistent with other data showing that δ antagonists decrease ethanol consumption, it is suggested that these difference may be related to the alcohol-preferring rats used in those experiments.
CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING MULTIPLE PULMONARY EMBOLISM.

1. The production of multiple emboli of the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles results in rapid and shallow breathing which may be associated with anoxemia, but is not dependent for its occurrence upon anoxemia. 2. Similarly there may occur an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood as well as an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. 3. These changes must be regarded as the result of the impaired pulmonary function. 4. They are not, however, the cause of the rapid and shallow respirations, since the abnormal type of breathing may occur without the attendant blood changes. 5. The characteristic type of response to increase in CO2 tension is an increased rather than a decreased depth of respiration.
Quantification of Left Ventricular Size and Function Using Contrast-Enhanced Real-Time 3D Imaging with Power Modulation: Comparison with Cardiac MRI

In patients with optimal images, real-time 3-D echocardiography (RT3DE) allows accurate evaluation of left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF). However, in patients with poor acoustic windows, lower correlations were reported despite the use of contrast. We hypothesized that power modulation (PM) RT3DE imaging that uses low mechanical indices and provides uniform LV opacification could overcome this problem. Accordingly, we sought to: (i) Test the feasibility of quantification of LV volumes and EF from contrast-enhanced (CE) PM RT3DE images, (ii) validate this technique against cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) reference and (iii) test its clinical value by quantifying the improvement in accuracy and reproducibility. We studied 20 patients who underwent CMR, harmonic nonenhanced RT3DE and CE PM RT3DE imaging on the same day. All images were analyzed to obtain end-systolic and end-diastolic LV volumes (EDV, ESV) and calculate EF. To determine the reproducibility of each RT3DE technique, imaging was repeated in the same setting by a second sonographer. In addition, patients were divided according to the quality of their RT3DE images into two groups, for which agreement with CMR and reproducibility were calculated separately. CE PM RT3DE imaging improved the accuracy of EDV, ESV and EF measurements in patients with poor acoustic windows without significantly affecting those in patients with optimal images. In addition, CE PM RT3DE imaging improved the reproducibility of the measurements, as reflected by a twofold decrease in intermeasurement variability. Importantly, the variability in CE PM RT3DE-derived volumes and EF was under 10%, irrespective of image quality. This methodology may become the new standard for LV size and function, which will be particularly important in patients with poor acoustic windows or contraindications to CMR.
Toward a model for multi-qubit quantum memory

To a large extent, the power of a quantum computer comes from the possibility of operating on a number of quantum memories simultaneously. For example, if there are n linearly independent quantum states in each of N quantum memories, then the number of linearly independent quantum states is n^N when they are taken together. This exponential increase is the basis of the present interest in quantum computing. In the context of quantum mechanics as described by the Schrodinger equation (which is a partial differential equation), the most explicit model of the quantum memory is one with two linearly independent quantum states described in terms of the Fermi pseudo-potential at one point. In this model, operations on the quantum memory are accomplished through scattering with both symmetrical and anti-symmetrical incident waves. As a first step toward operating on more than one quantum memory, this model is generalized in two directions. (1) With the Fermi pseudo-potential at one point retained, three linearly independent quantum states are used for the quantum memory. This model of the quantum memory requires three external connections. (2) With a more general potential, operations on the quantum memory with two states are accomplished through scattering with either symmetrical or anti-symmetrical incident waves. This second generalization is important because it is not practical to keep the number of external connections equal to the number of linearly independent quantum states.
The isolation and biological activity of multiple forms of aminoacyl transferase I of rat liver.

Abstract A method for the isolation of aminoacyl transferase I was developed using hydroxylapatite, which yielded a preparation of this transfer factor containing less transferase II and less extraneous protein than previous preparations. The transferase I isolated was resolved by gel filtration into three protein-containing fractions, all of which catalyzed the incorporation of amino acids from aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosome-bound polypeptides in the presence of transferase II. All three were inactivated by incubation with GTP in the absence but not in the presence of aminoacyl-tRNA. These separate forms of transferase I differed in their apparent molecular weights and in their relative specific activities. Incubation of one of the high molecular weight forms of transferase I with NH 4 Cl led to its conversion to a lower molecular weight form and, on prolonged incubation, to a loss of activity.
The Occupational Composition of White Females: Sexism, Racism and Occupational Differentiation

This discussion focuses on the degree of occupational differentiation when white females are compared with white males and nonwhite females. The index of dissimilarity provides a measure of occupational differentiation applied to data from 66 SMSAs for 1960. The results show major variations among SMSAs in the degree of occupational differentiation. Differences between white females and nonwhite females (presumably reflecting racial discrimination) and differences between white females and white males (presumably reflecting sexual discrimination) show roughly the same maximum and minimum values but are only loosely correlated. It is speculated that physiological factors will be more important in reducing the degree of occupational differentiation in the latter case than in the former. In all societies, members of different age, sex, and racial groups tend to end up doing different kinds of work. Occupational composition is dissimilar for males and females just as it is for whites and blacks, and for the young, middleaged, and elderly. This paper examines some concrete data regarding the extent to which white females in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the United States in 1960 differed in occupational composition from white males, nonwhite females, and nonwhite
Detection of the hydroxyl radical in the Saturn magnetosphere

The detection of neutral OH molecules near the orbit of Tethys is reported. The findings suggest that neutral OH is one of the dominant species in Saturn's inner magnetosphere, implying a source rate for H2O 20 times greater than current theoretical estimates. One possible explanation is that the micrometeorite erosion rates of the inner satellites are significantly higher than expected.
The evolution of storage systems

Storage systems are built by taking the basic capability of a storage device, such as the hard disk drive, and adding layers of hardware and software to obtain a highly reliable, high-performance, and easily managed system. We explain in this paper how storage systems have evolved over five decades to meet changing customer needs. First, we briefly trace the development of the control unit, RAID (redundant array of independent disks) technologies, copy services, and basic storage management technologies. Then, we describe how the emergence of low-cost local area data networking has allowed the development of network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) technologies, and we explain how block virtualization and SAN file systems are necessary to fully reap the benefits of these technologies. We also discuss how the recent trend in storage systems toward managing complexity, ease-of-use, and lowering the total cost of ownership has led to the development of autonomic storage. We conclude with our assessment of the current state-of-the-art by presenting a set of challenges driving research and development efforts in storage systems.