cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutathione efflux and cell death.

Abstract Significance: Glutathione (GSH) depletion is a central signaling event that regulates the activation of cell death pathways. GSH depletion is often taken as a marker of oxidative stress and thus, as a consequence of its antioxidant properties scavenging reactive species of both oxygen and nitrogen (ROS/RNS). Recent Advances: There is increasing evidence demonstrating that GSH loss is an active phenomenon regulating the redox signaling events modulating cell death activation and progression. Critical Issues: In this work, we review the role of GSH depletion by its efflux, as an important event regulating alterations in the cellular redox balance during cell death independent from oxidative stress and ROS/RNS formation. We discuss the mechanisms involved in GSH efflux during cell death progression and the redox signaling events by which GSH depletion regulates the activation of the cell death machinery. Future Directions: The evidence summarized here clearly places GSH transport as a central mechan...
Quark and gluon condensates in a bag model of the vacuum

Abstract Gluon and quark condensates, 〈G2〉, 〈 q q 〉 , are calculated in the model of the vacuum in which the vacuum is regarded as made up of empty bags containing fluctuating fields. Qualitative agreement with phenomenological values is obtained.
Cerebral blood flow is reduced in patients with sepsis syndrome.

The relationship between sepsis-induced CNS dysfunction and changes in brain blood flow remains unknown, and animal studies examining the influence of sepsis on cerebral blood flow (CBF) do not satisfactorily address that relationship. We measured CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 in nine patients with sepsis syndrome using the 133Xe clearance technique. Mean CBF was 29.6 +/- 15.8 (SD) ml/100 g.min, significantly lower than the normal age-matched value in this laboratory of 44.9 +/- 6.2 ml/100 g.min (p less than .02). This depression did not correlate with changes in mean arterial pressure. Despite the reduction in CBF, the specific reactivity of the cerebral vasculature to changes in CO2 was normal, 1.3 +/- 0.9 ml/100 g.min/mm Hg. Brain blood flow is reduced in septic humans; the contribution of this reduction to the metabolic and functional changes observed in sepsis requires further study.
Actions of long chain alcohols on GABAA and glutamate receptors: relation to in vivo effects.

Abstract 1. The effects of n-alcohols on GABAA and glutamate receptor systems were examined, and in vitro effectiveness was compared with in vivo effects in mice and tadpoles. We expressed GABAA, NMDA, AMPA, or kainate receptors in Xenopus oocytes and examined the actions of n-alcohols on receptor function using two-electrode voltage clamp recording. 2. The function of GABAA receptors composed of alpha 1 beta 1 or alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2L subunits was potentiated by all of the n-alcohols studied (butanol-dodecanol). 3. In contrast to GABAA receptors, glutamate receptors expressed from mouse cortical mRNA or from cRNAs encoding AMPA (GluR3)- or kainate (GluR6)-selective subunits were much less sensitive to longer chain alcohols. In general, octanol and decanol were either without effect or high concentrations were required to produce inhibition. 4. In contrast to the lack of behavioural effects by long chain alcohols reported previously, decanol produced loss of righting reflex in short- and long-sleep mice, indicating that the in vivo effects of decanol may be due in part to actions at GABAA receptors. Furthermore, butanol, hexanol, octanol, and decanol produce similar potentiation of GABAA receptor function at concentrations required to cause loss of righting reflex in tadpoles, an in vivo model where alcohol distribution is not a compromising factor. 5. Thus, the in vivo effects of long chain alcohols are not likely to be due to their actions on NMDA, AMPA, or kainate receptors, but may be due instead to potentiation of GABAA receptor function.
Superthreshold behavior and threshold estimates of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage in adult rats: role of beamwidth

It is well documented that ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage can occur in mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, and monkeys. The objective of this study was to assess the role of the ultrasound beamwidth (beam diameter incident on the lung surface) on lesion threshold and size. A total of 144 rats were randomly exposed to pulsed ultrasound at three exposure levels and four beamwidths (12 rats per group). The three in situ peak rarefactional pressures were about 5, 7.5, and 10 MPa. The four 19-mm-diameter focused transducers had measured pulse-echo -6-dB focal beamwidths of 470 /spl mu/m (2.8 MHz; f/1), 930 /spl mu/m (2.8 MHz; f/2), 310 /spl mu/m (5.6 MHz; f/1), and 510 /spl mu/m (5.6 MHz; f/2). Exposure durations were 10 s, pulse repetition frequencies were 1 kHz, and pulse durations were 1.3 /spl mu/s (2.8 MHz; f/1), 1.2 /spl mu/s (2.8 MHz; f/2), 0.8 /spl mu/s (5.6 MHz; f/1) and 1.1 /spl mu/s (5.6 MHz; f/2). The lesion surface area and depth were measured for each rat as well as the percentage of rats with lesions per group. Logistic regression analysis and Gaussian-Tobit analysis methods were used to analyze the data. The effects of in situ peak rarefactional pressure and beamwidth were highly significant, but ultrasonic frequency was not significant. In addition, the estimated interaction between in situ peak rarefactional pressure and beamwidth was positive and highly significant. The ultrasound beamwidth incident on the lung surface was shown to strongly affect the percentage and size of ultrasound-induced lung hemorrhage lesions. Even though ultrasonic frequency was an experimental variable, it was not shown to affect the lesion percentage or size.
Implications of Recent Trends in Educational Labeling

It is clear that special education has entered a new era of noncategorical approaches toward exceptional children. Beginning with disenchantment with special classes, the trend continues with serious questioning of traditional diagnostic labels and with experimentation in grouping various types of exceptional children together for educational programs. This article explores the implications of these events for learning disabled children.
Biological interactions and potential health effects of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields from power lines and other common sources

Various different effects of ELF magnetic fields have been reported to occur at the cellular, tissue, and animal levels. Certain effects, such as the induction of magnetophosphenes in the visual system, have been established through replication in several laboratories. Many other effects, however, have not been independently verified or, in some cases, replication efforts have led to conflicting results. A substantial amount of experimental evidence indicates that the effects of ELF magnetic fields on cellular biochemistry, structure, and function can be related to the induced current density, with a majority of the reported effects occurring at current density levels in excess of 10 mA/m2. These effects, therefore, occur at induced current-density levels that exceed the endogenous currents normally present in living tissues. From this perspective, it is extremely difficult to interpret the results of recent epidemiological studies that have reported a correlation between cancer incidence and exposure to 50-Hz or 60-Hz magnetic fields with very low flux densities. The levels of current density induced in tissue by occupational or residential exposure to these fields are, in nearly all circumstances, significantly lower than the levels found in laboratory studies to produce measurable perturbations in biological functions. There is a clear need for additional epidemiological research to clarify whether exposure to ELF magnetic fields is, in fact, causally linked to cancer risk. Laboratory animal studies conducted under controlled conditions are also needed to determine whether ELF magnetic fields can initiate or promote tumors. In addition, more studies of both a theoretical and experimental nature are needed to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which low-intensity magnetic fields can influence living systems. A growing body of evidence indicates that cell membranes play a key role in the transduction and amplification of ELF field signals. Elucidation of the physical and biochemical pathways that mediate these transmembrane signaling events will represent a major advance in our understanding of the molecular basis of magnetic field effects of biological systems.
System identification of non-linear, dynamic EMG-torque relationship about the elbow

The surface electromyogram (EMG) from biceps/triceps muscles of 33 subjects was related to elbow torque, contrasting EMG amplitude (EMGσ) estimation processors, linear/non-linear model structures and system identification techniques. EMG-torque performance was improved by: advanced (i.e., whitened, multiple-channel) EMGσ processors; longer duration training sets (52 s vs. 26 s); and determination of model parameters via the use of the pseudo-inverse and ridge regression methods. Best performance provided an error of 4.65% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) flexion.
Termite: ad-hoc networking with stigmergy

A biologically inspired algorithm is presented to route messages in mobile wireless ad-hoc networks. The principles of swarm intelligence are used to define a probabilistic algorithm for which routing through paths of maximum throughput is an emergent property. This adaptive algorithm, dubbed termite, uses stigmergy to reduce the amount of control traffic needed to maintain a high data goodput. Stigmergy is a process by which information is indirectly communicated between individuals through their environment The termite environment is the contents of all routing tables. The movement of packets is influenced at each node, and communicating nodes observe this influence to update their own tables. Strong routing robustness is achieved through the use of multiple paths; each packet is routed randomly and independently.
Separation of E. coli chaperonin groEL from β-galactosidase without denaturation

Chaperonins are a class of ubiquitous proteins that assist and accelerate protein folding in the cell. The Escherichia coli groEL is the best known and forms a complex with its co-chaperonin groES in the presence of ATP and assists in the folding of nascent and misfolded substrate proteins. The purification of recombinant groEL results in a nearly homogeneous sample that consistently co-purifies with the major contaminant E. coli β-galactosidase. Removal of β-galactosidase using column chromatography alone is exceedingly difficult. This is due to the fact that the overall size, surface charge, isoelectric point and hydrophobicity of groEL and β-galactosidase are very similar. Therefore purification of groEL chaperonin to homogeneity requires denaturation of the complex into monomers with urea for separating the groEL from contaminating β-galactosidase followed by reassembly of the chaperonin complex. Here, we present a simple procedure for separating β-galactosidase along with many other impurities from groEL preparations under non-denaturing conditions. The groEL is first salted out with 50% ammonium sulfate. This step also precipitates β-galactosidase but this is then salted out by the addition of magnesium chloride which leaves groEL in solution. All remaining contaminants are removed by column chromatography.
Developing Compassionate Self Care Skills in Persons Living with HIV: a Pilot Study to Examine Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy Feasibility and Acceptability

Background: Self-care skills for persons living with HIV (PLWH) are needed to better cope with the common symptoms and emotional challenges of living with this chronic illness. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy (MABT) for individuals receiving medical management for HIV at an outpatient program. Setting: A nonprofit outpatient day program that provided medical management to low-income individuals with HIV. Research Design: A one group pre–post study design, nine participants were recruited to receive eight weekly MABT sessions of 1.25 hours each. Intervention: MABT is designed to facilitate emotion regulation through teaching somaticallybased self-care skills to respond to daily stressors. Main Outcome Measures: To assess participant characteristics and study feasibility, a battery of health questionnaires and one week of wrist actigraphy was administered pre- and postintervention. A satisfaction survey and written questionnaire was administered postintervention to assess MABT acceptability. Results: The results demonstrated recruitment and retention feasibility. The sample had psychological and physical health symptoms that are characteristic of PLWH. MABT acceptability was high, and participants perceived that they learned new mind-body self-care skills that improved HIV symptoms and their ability to manage symptoms. Conclusion: The positive findings support a larger future study to examine MABT efficacy to improve coping with HIV symptoms among PLWH.
Abnormal expression of REST/NRSF and Myc in neural stem/progenitor cells causes cerebellar tumors by blocking neuronal differentiation

Medulloblastoma, one of the most malignant brain tumors in children, is thought to arise from undifferentiated neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) present in the external granule layer of the cerebellum. However, the mechanism of tumorigenesis remains unknown for the majority of medulloblastomas. In this study, we found that many human medulloblastomas express significantly elevated levels of both myc oncogenes, regulators of neural progenitor proliferation, and REST/NRSF, a transcriptional repressor of neuronal differentiation genes. Previous studies have shown that neither c-Myc nor REST/NRSF alone could cause tumor formation. To determine whether c-Myc and REST/NRSF act together to cause medulloblastomas, we used a previously established cell line derived from external granule layer stem cells transduced with activated c-myc (NSC-M). These immortalized NSCs were able to differentiate into neurons in vitro. In contrast, when the cells were engineered to express a doxycycline-regulated REST/NRSF transgene (NSC-M-R), they no longer underwent terminal neuronal differentiation in vitro. When injected into intracranial locations in mice, the NSC-M cells did not form tumors either in the cerebellum or in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, the NSC-M-R cells did produce tumors in the cerebellum, the site of human medulloblastoma formation, but not when injected into the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the NSC-M-R tumors were blocked from terminal neuronal differentiation. In addition, countering REST/NRSF function blocked the tumorigenic potential of NSC-M-R cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which abnormal expression of a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcriptional repressor has been shown to contribute directly to brain tumor formation. Our findings indicate that abnormal expression of REST/NRSF and Myc in NSCs causes cerebellum-specific tumors by blocking neuronal differentiation and thus maintaining the “stemness” of these cells. Furthermore, these results suggest that such a mechanism plays a role in the formation of human medulloblastoma.
Sexual health behaviors of Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the sexual health behaviors of Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize the self-reported sexual behaviors of Deaf individuals. METHODS: Responses from 282 Deaf participants aged 18-64 from the greater Rochester NY area who participated in the 2008 Deaf Health were analyzed. These data were compared with weighted data from a general population comparison group (N = 1890). We looked at four sexual health-related outcomes: abstinence within the past year; number of sexual partners within the last year; condom use at last intercourse; and ever tested for HIV. We performed descriptive analyses including stratification by gender age income marital status and educational level. RESULTS: Deaf respondents were more likely than the general population respondents to self-report two or more sexual partners in the past year (30.9% vs 10.1%) but self-reported higher condom use at last intercourse (28.0% vs 19.8%). HIV testing rates were similar between groups (47.5% vs 49.4%) but lower for certain Deaf groups: Deaf women (46.0% vs 58.1%) lower-income Deaf (44.4% vs 69.7%) and among less educated Deaf (31.3% vs 57.7%) than among respondents from corresponding general population groups. CONCLUSION: Deaf respondents self-reported higher numbers of sexual partners over the past year compared to the general population. Condom use was higher among Deaf participants. HIV was similar between groups though HIV testing was significantly lower among lower income less well-educated and female Deaf respondents. Deaf individuals have a sexual health risk profile that is distinct from that of the general population. Copyright (c) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A primer on usability testing for developers of traveler information systems

This paper reviews the requirements for conducting successful usability tests, particularly on traveler information and traffic management systems; offers a general approach for conducting such tests; and presents a case study of usability tests on an interactive traveler information system.
Ethnic Identity in Acculturation Research A Study of Multiple Identities of Jewish Refugees From the Former Soviet Union

This study explored the salience and predictive value of the identity dimension of acculturation among 351 Jewish refugees from the former Soviet Union in the United States. Whereas bidirectional acculturation models consider only two identities—ethnic identification with the culture of origin (Russian) and identification as a member of one’s new society (American)—this study broadens the examination of identity to include a third component—Jewish identity. Jewish identity was found to be the most salient of the three but predicted only one of the aspects of psychological adjustment—alienation. Findings underscore the need for the acculturation field to incorporate the possibility of more than two cultures into the explanatory framework and to examine the extent to which ethnocultural identities are contextually bound.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in pediatrics: a new challenge

Background The increased prevalence of childhood obesity in the last few years has been accompanied by the increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes in pediatrics. In this paper, we will review the risk factors and the pathogenic determinants leading to type 2 diabetes in youth.
Red and white muscle activity and kinematics of the escape response of the bluegill sunfish during swimming

We quantified midline kinematics with synchronized electromyograms (emgs) from the red and white muscles on both sides of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) during escape behaviors which were elicited from fish both at a standstill and during steady speed swimming. Analyses of variance determined whether or not kinematic and emg variables differed significantly between muscle fiber types, among longitudinal positions, and between swimming versus standstill trials.
Thermogravimetric analysis of a polycyanurate thermosetting material

The thermal degradation of a fully cured polycyanurate thermosetting material was examined by monitoring the mass loss at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 220‡C. The effect of the copper naphthenate catalyst, generally used to facilitate curing, is also studied. A decrease in weight is observed with increasing time at elevated temperatures in the systems containing copper naphthenate, with the onset of degradation occurring sooner with higher concentrations of the copper compound. The apparent activation energy for degradation is 220±30 kJ mol−1.
Complex-temperature properties of the 2D Ising model with beta H=+or-i pi /2

We study the complex-temperature properties of a rare example of a statistical mechanical model which is exactly solvable in an external symmetry-breaking field, namely, the Ising model on the square lattice with beta H=+or-i pi /2. This model was solved by Lee and Yang (1952). We first determine the complex-temperature phases and their boundaries. From a low-temperature, high-field series expansion of the partition function, we extract the low-temperature series for the susceptibility chi to O(u23), where u=e-4K. Analysing this series, we conclude that chi has divergent singularities (i) at u=u3=-(3-232/) with exponent gamma e'=5/4, (ii) at u=1, with exponent gamma 1'=5/2, and (iii) at u=us=-1, with exponent gamma s'=1. We also extract a shorter series for the staggered susceptibility and investigate its singularities. Using the exact result of Lee and Yang for the free energy, we calculate the specific heat and determine its complex-temperature singularities. We also carry this out for the uniform and staggered magnetization.
Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: the role of fibric acids.

Areduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowers coronary heart disease (CHD) by 24% to 31% in subjects with prevalent CHD; this reduction occurs with the use of several statins, including simvastatin1 and pravastatin.2 3 Additional reductions in CHD could come from further reductions in LDL cholesterol, as was suggested by the Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft clinical trial (POST CABG).4 An alternative approach is to attempt to reduce triglyceride levels and to raise levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The role of triglyceride levels in relation to CHD and the possible use of fibric acids in the reduction of CHD are controversial. Although initial meta-analyses challenged the possible independent role of triglycerides in relation to CHD,5 one recent carefully performed meta-analyses supported triglyceride levels as an independent predictor of CHD.6 Another potential issue is that the atherogenicity of elevated triglyceride levels may vary. Brunzell et al7 reported that subjects with familial hypertriglyceridemia are at a reduced risk for CHD than subjects with familial combined hyperlipidemia.7 In the Mevacor Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS),8 subjects with elevated levels of triglycerides rich in apoCIII had a very rapid progression of atherosclerosis. The misclassification of key variables, such as triglyceride levels, reduces the significance of relations in longitudinal studies, and it may also affect clinical trials by allowing the inclusion of subjects with, for example, elevated triglyceride levels but a low risk of CHD. The direct measurement of apoB may improve the selection of patients in clinical trials.9 The use of fibric acids in the treatment of CHD has been controversial, both because of questions of safety and because of questions of efficacy. In a World Health Organization (WHO) study,10 clofibrate therapy was associated with a significant reduction in major coronary events; however, the …
The Icosian Code and the E8 Lattice: A New 4 × 4 Space-Time Code with Non-vanishing Determinant

This paper introduces a new full-rate, full-diversity space-time code for 4 transmit antennas. The 4times4 codeword matrix consists of four 2times2 Alamouti blocks with entries from Q(i, radic5), and these blocks can be viewed as quaternions which in turn represent rotations in R3. The Alamouti blocks that appear in a codeword are drawn from the icosian ring consisting of all linear combinations of 120 basic rotations corresponding to symmetries of the icosahedron. This algebraic structure is different from the Golden code, but the complex entries are taken from a similar underlying field. The minimum determinant is bounded below by a constant that is independent of the signal constellation, and the new code admits a simple decoding scheme that makes use of a geometric correspondence between the icosian ring and the E8 lattice
The effect of foreign direct investment on the use and success of US sanctions

Although the relationship between trade and the use and success of sanctions is frequently studied in international relations, researchers have generally failed to address the importance of foreign...
Disorganized attachment behavior in infancy: Short-term stability, maternal and infant correlates, and risk-related subtypes.

This study of 71 low-income mothers and infants examined whether the disorganized/disoriented (D) infant attachment classification is best viewed as a single category or whether at least two subgroups exist, corresponding to the forced-secure and forced-insecure alternate classifications. Correlates of the D classification as a whole, and of the two subtypes of disorganized behavior, were examined in five domains, including 6-month stability, maternal childhood history of loss, severity of maternal psychosocial risk, maternal behavior toward the infant at home, and infant mental development. Results indicated that the two subtypes of disorganized infant attachment behavior differed in age of emergence, maternal childhood history, severity of associated family risk factors, and the extent of the mother's lack of involvement with the infant at home. Across both D subtypes, disorganization of attachment strategies was associated with less optimal maternal behavior at home and with decreased mental development scores at 18 months. Results are discussed in relation to Main and Hesse's (1990) theory of the role of fear-inducing parental behavior in the genesis of disorganized infant attachment behavior and in relation to Aber, Allen, Carlson, and Cicchetti's (1989) concept of secure readiness to learn.
RAPID GROWTH RESULTS IN INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PREDATION IN MENIDIA MENIDIA

Several recent studies have demonstrated that rapid growth early in life leads to decreased physiological performance. Nearly all involved experiments over short time periods (< 1 day) to control for potentially confounding effects of size. This approach, however, neglects the benefits an individual accrues by growing. The net effect of growth can only be evaluated over a longer interval in which rapidly growing individuals are allowed the time required to attain the expected benefits of large size. We used two populations of Menidia menidia with disparate intrinsic growth rates to address this issue. We compared growth and survivorship among populations subject to predation in mesocosms under ambient light and temperature conditions for a period of up to 30 days to address two questions: Do the growth rates of fish in these populations respond differently to the presence of predators? Is the previously demonstrated survival cost of growth counterbalanced by the benefits of increased size? We found that growth was insensitive to predation risk: neither population appeared to modify growth rates in response to predation levels. Moreover, the fast-growing population suffered significantly higher mortality throughout the trials despite being 40% larger than the slow-growing population at the experiment's end. These results confirm that the costs of rapid growth extend over prolonged intervals and are not ameliorated merely by the attainment of large size.
Anesthesia for patients with subglottic cysts

Acquired subglottic cysts can cause rapid development of respiratory distress. Subglottic cysts are a disease of premature infants and other pathologies of prematurity should be anticipated. Perioperative success is dependent on communication between surgeon and anesthesiologist. Contingency plans for an emergency surgical airway should be in place in the event of total airway obstruction.
Antecedents of Job Burnout Among Small Company Presidents

Several studies suggest that small business presidents may be especially susceptible to job burnout because of their personality traits and the unique organizational demands of their position. This issue has not been directly tested in small business research, however. This exploratory study examined the relationship of several personal, work, and environmental characteristics to job burnout among 2 I 5 small company presidents. A series of regression analyses found that five variables explained 44 percent of the variation in burnout levels among small business presidents. Each of the five predictor variables was individually significantly related to burnout. The results of this study suggest that effective coping strategies for job burnout among small company presidents may be both individual- and situation-specific.
A Review of: “Risk, Communication and Health Psychology”

Risk influences many decisions in everyday life, especially in health care contexts. Which health care plan to choose, which cancer treatment option to follow, whether to adhere to a prescription, ...
Three layers of history in recurrent social movements: the case of food reform

AbstractUsing the understudied genre of food reform movements for illustration, we advocate greater attention to recurrent social movements. Analysis of these movements calls for combining three levels of historical analysis. One links the incidence and character of mobilization to long-term, large-scale historical changes; the second shows how periods of activism are also animated and shaped by specific historical contexts; and the third tracks legacies from earlier to later periods, thus both tracing additional causal influences and connecting separate cases into coherent sequences. The social movements literature includes excellent examples of each type of historical account. Combining types is much less common. Doing so, we contend, offers methodological advantages for scholars comparing and sequencing mobilization around similar problems in different historical periods. We develop the argument from three eras of food protest: Grahamites in the 1830s and early 1840s, dietary reformers and food safety ...
The Voice of Reality and Justice

Sophocles' play, Philoctetes, depicts a crucial episode in the Trojan War. On their way to Troy, the Greeks marooned Philoctetes, one of their own soldiers, on the island of Lemnos as a result of a festering foot wound that would have made the journey by boat extremely unpleasant for all. The wound was the result of a snake-bite, caused by the gods in order to ensure that Philoctetes is kept out of the Trojan War until they are ready for it to end. At the time of this play, Philoctetes has been alone with his foot and his thoughts for nigh ten years. His one asset is the invincible bow of Hercules, without which, the prophecy says, the Greeks will not take Troy. The Cure at Troy, Seamus Heaney's version of Sophocles' Philoctetes, is about the efforts of Odysseus and Neoptolemus to recover the bow and bring Philoctetes to Troy in order to win the war. In this play, Heaney uses the story and characters as a framework to comment on the importance of personal morality to law, the idea that law must be built on a foundation of justice, and the necessity of justice to healing. Heaney uses his play to demonstrate these truths both in ancient Lemnos and modern Northern Ireland. This article addresses each of these ideas, first in the context of the play itself, and then in that of the political situation in Northern Ireland during the Troubles.
Every Drop Counts Protecting High-Risk Neonates With Human Milk

Recent studies suggest a dose–response relationship between the amount of human milk received by very low birth weight infants and protection from select prematurity-specific morbidities. However, the feeding of high doses of human milk in this population often is precluded by insufficient maternal milk volume and the replacement of human milk feedings with calorie-dense infant formulas. This article reviews a multidisciplinary quality improvement effort aimed at administering higher enteral volumes of human milk at 1 week of life, 4 weeks of life, and at discharge in the neonatal intensive and progressive care units.
Studies on Photochemical Reactions of Air Pollutants. XII. Photochemical Epoxidation of Aldrin with Suspended Particulates in Air

Suspended particulates collected in Yokohama, Japan over various 24-h periods were found to cause the photochemical epoxidation of aldrin to dieldrin in good yield. trans-Stilbene did not undergo the epoxidation. Upon irradiation of aldrin together with the suspended particulates in quasi-air consisting of 18O2. 100% incorporation of 18O into dieldrin was obtained. Thus, the oxygen atom in dieldrin originated not from the particulates, but from oxygen in air.
Reciprocal Action of the Constrictor and Dilator Pupillae During Light Adaptation

SummaryThe differences in pupil diameter in the dark adapted rabbit's eye can be summarized as follows: 1. It is smallest when the sympathetic is cut. This state represents an equilibrium between the elasticity of the iris and the "residual tone" of the sphincter. 2. It is slightly larger when both the sympathetic and the third nerves are cut. In this condition, elastic tissue only holds the pupil open. 3. It is still larger in the normal eye when there is an equilibrium between the "residual tone" of the sphincter on the one hand and the elasticity of the iris tissue plus the active contraction of the dilator on the other. 4. It is at its greatest possible maximum when the third nerve is cut or atropine is instilled into the normal eye. Here the "residual tone" of the dilator and the possible slight contraction of this muscle is added to the action of the elastic tissues of the iris.
Performance Analysis of Convolution Codes in CDMA System

In the paper,it studies the performance of convolution code of CDMAsystem under multi-path transmission and AWGNchannel.It gets the curve graphs of bit error rate and signal to noise ratio by simulation program and theoretical analysis,and upper limit of error rate which got from hard-decision decoding and soft-decision decoding.The results show that soft-decision decoding can increase 2~3dB compared with hard-decision decoding.The improvement of convolution code is better in AWGN channel.Convolution code used hard-decision decoding is better than that without hard-decision decoding,when signal to noise ratio of AWGN channel ismore than-1dB.
Effect of the Polydispersity of a Colloidal Drop on Drying Induced Stress as Measured by the Buckling of a Floating Sheet

We study the stress developed during the drying of a colloidal drop of silica nanoparticles. In particular, we use the wrinkling instability of a thin floating sheet to measure the net stress applied by the deposit on the substrate and we focus on the effect of the particle polydispersity. In the case of a bidisperse suspension, we show that a small number of large particles substantially decreases the expected stress, which we interpret as the formation of lower hydrodynamic resistance paths in the porous material. As colloidal suspensions are usually polydisperse, we show for different average particle sizes that the stress is effectively dominated by the larger particles of the distribution and not by the average particle size.
Lazy analytics: let other queries do the work for you

We propose a class of query, called a derange query, that maps a function over a set of records and lazily aggregates the results. Derange queries defer work until it is either convenient or necessary, and, as a result, can reduce total I/O costs of the system. Derange queries operate on a view of the data that is consistent with the point in time that they are issued, regardless of when the computation completes. They are most useful for performing calculations where the results are not needed until some future deadline. When necessary, derange queries can also execute immediately. Users can view partial results of in-progress queries at low cost.
Distinct Expression Patterns of AAV8 Vectors with Broadly Active Promoters from Subretinal Injections of Neonatal Mouse Eyes at Two Different Ages.

The retinal expression patterns were analyzed following the injection of serotype 8 adeno-associated virus (AAV8) vectors that utilize two broadly active and commonly used sets of transcription regulatory sequences. These include the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early (IE) enhancer/promoter and the hybrid CAG element (also known as CAGGS or CBA) composed of a partial human CMV IE enhancer and the chicken β-actin promoter and intron. Subretinal delivery to postnatal day 0 (P0) or 6 (P6) mouse eyes resulted in efficient labeling of retinal cells, but with very distinct patterns. With P0 delivery, AAV8-CMV-GFP selectively labelled photoreceptors, while AAV8-CAG-GFP efficiently labeled both outer and inner retinal neurons, including photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine cells and retinal ganglion cells. With P6 delivery, both vectors led to efficient labeling of photoreceptors and Muller glia cells, but not of inner retinal neurons. Our results suggest that the cell types that express the genes encoded by subretinally delivered AAV8 vectors are determined by both the timing of the injection and the regulatory sequences.
The history of legal reform

A law-governed state not only required observance of justice and human rights, it represented a knife in the very heart of the system. Anatoly Sobchak Mayor, St. Petersburg (1992) Change was imminent after Stalin's death in 1953. Having endured constant and pervasive fear for more than two decades, the Soviet people were ready for a respite from dictatorial coercion. Stalin's successors moved quickly to destroy the most coercive aspects of Stalin's “prerogative state” and to rebuild party and state organs, including legal institutions. Even before the leadership succession was resolved following Stalin's death, the outlines of the legal reform began to emerge. Over the next decade, legal reform would emphasize four main themes: reducing the repressiveness of Soviet law, restoring judicial due process, redefining the relationship of citizens and the state, and popularizing the administration of justice. The first three directions of legal reform soon came to be identified with the concept of “socialist legality,” while the latter represented a return to the Marxian notion of the withering away of formal legal institutions. While the elimination of the worst abuses of the prerogative state was achieved rather swiftly after Stalin's death, the process of expanding the “normative state” – the concepts of rule of law, citizens' rights vis-a-vis the state, judicial independence, and equality before the law – has taken much longer.
The immunobiology of Mycoplasma arthritidis and its superantigen MAM.

A commonly held hypothesis is that the chronic autoimmune rheumatoid diseases of humans are mediated or initiated by infectious agents. It has recently been postulated that “superantigens” might play a role in the development of these autoimmune diseases by activating preexisting anti-self T cells (Marrack and Kappler 1988) and by inducing polyclonal B cell activation leading to the production of autoantibodies (Tumang et al. 1990). Of special interest is the superantigen MAM (Mycoplasma arthritidis T cell mitogen) which is produced by a microorganism that is known to cause a chronic relapsing arthritis in rodents.
Aging and Memory

This chapter reviews research on episodic memory in older adults, with a focus on objective memory performance and the subjective bases for memory decisions, such as the degree of confidence in a decision or a remember judgment. Abundant research shows that older adults more often falsely remember past events and can be more overconfident than young adults about the accuracy of what they have remembered, even when both groups are exhibiting the same level of performance. Thus, advancing age is associated both with difficulties remembering past episodes and with decreasing awareness of the accuracy of some kinds of episodic memories.
Exploring the social and emotional context of childhood animal cruelty and its potential link to adult human violence

Those who commit acts of animal cruelty may do so differently based upon how they individually experience such acts. These experiences may impact the link that exists between childhood animal abuse...
The cultural construction of illness - the case of Mukund Among the Lele of Zaire

The purpose of this paper is to examine a healing institution, Mukund, among the Lele of Zaire. The Lele, matrilineal and agriculturalist, are best known through the excellent works of Mary Douglas (1963; 1966) and the discussions provoked by her detailed descriptions and fine analysis in the field of kinship, symbolism and economics (e.g. de Heusch, 1971; Levi-Strauss, 1973; Sahlins, 1972). Although one can find some health-related information scattered in Douglas's discussions of Lele religion, there is no study dealing specifically with any aspect of Lele medical system. And though Mary Douglas herself notes that "the idiom of medicine so dominated their religious forms that it was often hard to distinguish two separate spheres of action" (1963: 205), she focused her interest on the religious sphere; her only paper pertaining directly on Lele ethnomedicine is a very short description of the treatment of leprosy (1954). This paper has three parts: in the first, I will discuss two presuppositions which might orient the examination of Mukund; in the second, I will describe elements of Lele medical system serving as context to Mukund; in the third part, I will examine the Mukund itself.
Removal of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene from hydrocarbon fuels using CuCe mesoporous Y zeolites in the presence of aromatics

Abstract Adsorptive desulfurization of sulfur compounds in transportation fuels, such as benzothiophenes from gasoline and jet fuels and dibenzothiophenes from diesel, can be inhibited by diffusion limitations in porous materials as well as the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study we demonstrate that adsorptive desulfurization using bimetal-exchanged mesoporous Y zeolites can overcome these challenges without sacrificing high sulfur adsorption capacity. The mesopores shorten the diffusion path length toward the internal active sites of the zeolite, while the metals (in this study Ce and Cu), not only create relatively stronger bonds, but also multiple adsorption configurations. The bimetallic mesoporous Y zeolites were prepared using a templated top-down approach, followed by the introduction of the metals, Cu and Ce, via ion-exchange. The ability of each zeolite to remove sulfur compounds is demonstrated by fixed-bed experiments. Model fuels were prepared using benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene in octane, benzene and naphthalene. The adsorption mechanisms of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene were further studied, at the molecular level, using in-situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectra (DRIFTS). Our results indicate that the metals display high affinity for the aforementioned sulfur compounds, via either π-complexation or σ bond interaction. Specifically, Ce-exchanged Y zeolites exhibit multiple adsorption modes, as they can adsorb the sulfur compounds via the both configurations. Furthermore, the mesoporosity in Y zeolites enable the adsorption of dibenzothiophene with a diffusion coefficient of 4.5x greater than the parent Y zeolite. In conclusion, bimetallic mesoporous Y zeolites exhibited DBT capacity of almost 50 mL/g, five times more than parent Y, due to both improved mass transfer and high adsorption energy.
Tectonic Controls on the Lake Victoria Basin

The Lake Victoria Basin is situated between the Eastern and Western Branches of the East African Rift System (EARS), at the juncture of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. It covers the northern section of the Tanzanian Craton and parts of the surrounding mobile belts which overlap the edges of the craton. The area of the basin has been a locus of deposition since the Precambrian, although the basin has probably assumed various configurations since that time. The presence of Precambrian through Tertiary volcanic sequences in the Western Branch of the EARS suggests several episodes of doming in the Western Branch and subsequent “pondings” of the Lake Victoria Basin. Precambrian, Lower Karroo (Ecca-age), and Tertiary sediments surround, and continue under, the present Lake Victoria. The predominant controls on the formation of the Lake Victoria Basin are tectonic uplift with associated rifting around the craton margins, and intersection among a series of NW-trending strike-slip faults which transect the craton. Casual observation might suggest that the basin was formed by meteorite impact (Saul and Glaholm, 1981), but there is no geologic evidence (i.e., impact breccias, tektites, radial fracture systems) to support this proposition.
Selected multiphase diffusion structures in the Cu-Ni-Zn system

Abstract Solid-solid diffusion couples assembled with selected α (fcc), β (bcc) and (α + β) two-phase alloys in the Cu-Ni-Zn system were investigated at 775° for the development of diffusion structures and diffusion paths. The microstructures developed in the diffusion zones were studied metallographically and the concentration profiles were determined by SEM-EDAX techniques. The interdiffusion fluxes of the components were calculated directly from the concentration profiles. A diffusion couple with a terminal alloys whose compositions were selected close to the α/(α + β) phase boundary on the Cu-Ni-Zn ternary isotherm developed a complex (α + β) two-phase layer. On the other hand, a multiphase couple assembled with two (α + β) terminal alloys exhibited separation of the phases with the development of adjacent single phase layers of α and β phases. Zero-flux planes for Cu were identified in the diffusion zones of the couples. The diffusion structures for the various couples are described and discussed on the basis of experimental diffusion paths.
Grief and the Mnemonics of Place: A Thank You Note

This chapter brings together several themes evoked by memories of Robert C. Solomon: domestic animals, especially dogs, because Bob loved dogs; grief, because Bob really liked a paper by the author on that topic; and Persian philosophy, because the author’s two book chapters on that topic were written for anthologies that Bob co-edited. These themes intertwine in a discussion of how we mark places in rituals of mourning, in order to help us remember those we have lost. The focus in this chapter is particularly on the Funeral Games in Book 23 of The Iliad (Homer 1990) and the ancient Zoroastrian ritual of the Sag-deed, or “look of the dog.” The former assists memory by marking the ground, and so is associated with place and material existence. The latter assists memory by looking and moving on, and so is associated is carrying the spirit on in memory. Both are necessary in the dialectic of mourning.
Moving the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 After Core Clerkships: An Outcomes Analysis.

PurposeSchools undergoing curricular reform are reconsidering the optimal timing of Step 1. This study provides a psychometric investigation of the impact on United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores of changing the timing of Step 1 from after completion of the basic science curricul
Comprehensive Study of ESD Design Window Scaling Down to 7nm Technology Node

ESD design window for mainstream bulk and SOI planar/FinFET technologies across 350nm7nm node are compared for the first time. 100ns TLP and 1ns vfTLP characteristics of V gox , and V t1 , and I t2 of various logic and I/O FETs are presented anddiscussed. Expanding the design window by utilizing series resistance within I/O driversis discussed.