cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Geographies and the Politics of Hungarian Identity in the ‘Populist-Urbanist Debate,’ 1925-44

This article examines intellectuals’ debates about national identity in interwar and World War II Hungary to uncover their connection to underlying “symbolic geographies” and “mental maps.” Focusing on the way in which Hungarian identity and history have been informed by, and indeed inserted into, virtual spatial rubrics that rely on the historically developed cultural concepts of “Europe” and “Asia,” and “West” and “East,” the paper looks in particular at the “populist-urbanist debate” that raged between two groups of writers, both opposed to the ruling neo-feudal order. The populists were composed mostly of provincial-born intellectuals who saw the recognition and uplift of the peasant as the key to Hungary’s salvation. The urbanists were cosmopolitan intellectuals, mostly of assimilated Jewish origin, who saw the wholesale adoption of progressive Western rights and norms as the only way forward.
Expression of the bacteriophage T4 DNA terminase genes 16 and 17 yields multiple proteins.

Abstract The products of the bacteriophage T4 terminase genes 16 and 17 are known to mediate cutting and packaging of concatemeric vegetative DNA. We show here that the larger of these genes, 17, yields multiple protein species. The complex expression of the T4 terminase genes includes overlapping transcripts, probably initiated from multiple promoters, RNA processing at certain preferred sites and translation initiation from multiple ribosome binding sites (RBS). Translation initiation from these RBS may be modulated by inverted repeat (IR) sequences whose folding can be predicted to differ in different RNA species. In T4 infected bacteria, genes 16 and 17 are probably co-transcribed from several near-consensus late promoters upstream from gene 16, and processed at multiple sites. Additional 5 ′ ends of late transcripts are located downstream from a near-consensus late promoter inside gene 17 and further downstream, unrelated to any known promoter consensus sequence. The gene 17 transcripts that are initiated or cleaved internally contain RBS for shorter open reading frames (ORFs) in the same frame as full-length gene product (gp) 17 of 70 kDa. The truncated proteins, a 59-kDa gp17 ′ and a 45-kDa gpl7 ″ , are synthesized from cloned gene 17 segments in which the first gene 17 RBS is deleted. Expression of gene 17 is different in BL21(DE3) or W3110[pACT7] host bacteria. The gp17 ′ and gp17 ″ proteins are predicted to contain one or more of the ATPase motifs that are common among large subunits of other phage terminases. They lack a predicted single stranded (ss) DNA binding motif that is unique the large terminase proteins in T4 gpl7, and that has been implicated in recognizing ssDNA regions in replicating and recombining T4 DNA destined to be packaged. We hypothesize that a truncated gene 17 ′ is an evolutionary precursor of the full-size T4 gene 17. Its function may have been maintained to allow processive packaging from double stranded (ds) DNA ends.
Gas-Phase Separations of Protease Digests

A mixture of peptides from a complete tryptic digest of ubiquitin has been analyzed by ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques. All components of the mixture were electrosprayed and ions were separated in the gas phase based on differences in their mobilities through helium before being dispersed into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer for mass-to-charge analysis. The data show that ions separate into families primarily according to differences in their charge states and, to a lesser extent, differences in conformation. This approach reduces spectral congestion typically associated with electrosprayed mixtures and provides charge assignments for mass-to-charge ratio data. Gas-phase separations of ions appear to provide a new physical basis for characterizing components of biological mixtures.
A Multi-Compartment 3-D Finite Element Model of Rectocele and Its Interaction with Cystocele

We developed a subject-specific 3-D finite element model to understand the mechanics underlying formation of female pelvic organ prolapse, specifically a rectocele and its interaction with a cystocele. The model was created from MRI 3-D geometry of a healthy 45 year-old multiparous woman. It included anterior and posterior vaginal walls, levator ani muscle, cardinal and uterosacral ligaments, anterior and posterior arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, arcus tendineus levator ani, perineal body, perineal membrane and anal sphincter. Material properties were mostly from the literature. Tissue impairment was modeled as decreased tissue stiffness based on previous clinical studies. Model equations were solved using Abaqus v 6.11. The sensitivity of anterior and posterior vaginal wall geometry was calculated for different combinations tissue impairments under increasing intraabdominal pressure. Prolapse size was reported as pelvic organ prolapse quantification system (POP-Q) point at point Bp for rectocele and point Ba for cystocele. Results show that a rectocele resulted from impairments of the levator ani and posterior compartment support. For 20% levator and 85% posterior support impairments, simulated rectocele size (at POP-Q point: Bp) increased 0.29 mm/cm H2O without apical impairment and 0.36 mm/cm H2O with 60% apical impairment, as intraabdominal pressures increased from 0 to 150 cm H2O. Apical support impairment could result in the development of either a cystocele or rectocele. Simulated repair of posterior compartment support decreased rectocele but increased a preexisting cystocele. We conclude that development of rectocele and cystocele depend on the presence of anterior, posterior, levator and/or or apical support impairments, as well as the interaction of the prolapse with the opposing compartment.
Analysis of Metribuzin and Associated Metabolites in Soil and Water Samples by Solid Phase Extraction and Reversed Phase Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract A method to analyze metribuzin, 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one, and its major metabolites, deaminated metribuzin, DA, 6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio) -1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one, diketometribuzin, DK, 4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3,5(2H,4H) -dione and deaminated diketometribuzin, DADK, 6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3,5(2H,4H)-dione in soil and water samples by reversed-phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC) is described. Soil samples were extracted with MeOH:0.01 M CaCl2.2H2O (4:1) and the extracts filtered to remove the sediment. The extract then was diluted with deionized water and eluted through a C18, solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Water samples (150-mL) were eluted directly through C18, SPE cartridges. Both soil and water extracts were chroma-tographed on pre-coated RPTLC plates. The concentration of metribuzin was determined by UV densitometry at 290 nm. Recoveries of metribuzin from soil samples fortified at 2 mg kg−1 r...
Tardy spinal cord tumor following avulsive brachial plexus injury: coincidental or causal?

Objective Late neurologic deterioration after brachial plexus injury (BPI) is uncommon and may be caused by multiple etiologies. An unusual, previously unreported, case of late neurologic deterioration after BPI is presented. Methods A pediatric patient previously treated for a traumatic preganglionic BPI and presenting with neurologic deterioration 5 years after his injury is reviewed. Results Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography myelogram revealed spinal cord herniation at the same level of the previous nerve root avulsions. Surgical open biopsy demonstrated a spinal cord anaplastic astrocytoma. Despite craniospinal radiotherapy and different regimens of chemotherapy, he died 4 years later from leptomeningeal spread. Conclusion This case illustrates a previously unreported cause of late neurologic deterioration following BPI. The probable coincidental versus possible causal interrelationship of these two processes (BPI and spinal cord tumor) is discussed, but no conclusions can be reached.
Lifting inequalities: a framework for generating strong cuts for nonlinear programs

In this paper, we introduce the first generic lifting techniques for deriving strong globally valid cuts for nonlinear programs. The theory is geometric and provides insights into lifting-based cut generation procedures, yielding short proofs of earlier results in mixed-integer programming. Using convex extensions, we obtain conditions that allow for sequence-independent lifting in nonlinear settings, paving a way for efficient cut-generation procedures for nonlinear programs. This sequence-independent lifting framework also subsumes the superadditive lifting theory that has been used to generate many general-purpose, strong cuts for integer programs. We specialize our lifting results to derive facet-defining inequalities for mixed-integer bilinear knapsack sets. Finally, we demonstrate the strength of nonlinear lifting by showing that these inequalities cannot be obtained using a single round of traditional integer programming cut-generation techniques applied on a tight reformulation of the problem.
Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol in a semicontinuous solids-fed reactor

Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol was investigated with the objective of operating under conditions approaching those expected of an industrial process. Major components of the bleached Kraft sludge studied were glucan (62 wt.%, dry basis), xylan (11.5%), and minerals (17%). Complete recovery of glucose during compositional analysis required two acid hydrolysis treatments rather than one. To avoid the difficulty of mixing unreacted paper sludge, a semicontinuous solids-fed laboratory bioreactor system was developed. The system featured feeding at 12-h intervals, a residence time of 4 days, and cellulase loading of 15 to 20 FPU/g cellulose. Sludge was converted to ethanol using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) featuring a beta-glucosidase-supplemented commercial cellulase preparation and glucose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiea. SSF was carried out for a period of 4 months in a first-generation system, resulting in an average ethanol concentration of 35 g/L. However, steady state was not achieved and operational difficulties were encountered. These difficulties were avoided in a retrofitted design that was operated for two 1-month runs, achieving steady state with good material balance closure. Run 1 with the retrofitted reactor produced 50 g/L ethanol at a cellulose conversion of 74%. Run 2 produced 42 g/L ethanol at a conversion of 92%. For run 2, the ethanol yield was 0.466 g ethanol/g glucose equivalent fermented and >94% of the xylan fed to the reactor was solubilized to a mixture of xylan oligomers and xylose.
Phenotypic characteristics of thymic B lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis.

We have found prominent secretion of immunoglobulin and anti-acetylcholine antibodies by thymic lymphocytes (TL) of myasthenics despite a relative paucity of B (surface IgM+) cells in such TL. To determine whether there was a surface IgM− B cell in the TL which could manifest such responses, we compared the frequency of cells expressing the B cell-specific phenotypic marker CD20 (B1+), surface IgM (SIgM+), surface IgG (SIgG+), and surface IgD (SIgD+) in TL and autologous blood mononuclear cells in 36 myasthenic patients. B1+ cells were significantly more frequent than SIgM+ cells in TL (3.2±0.6 vs 0.6±0.2). In double-labeling studies, less than 25% of the B1+ cells coexpressed SIgM. Only 0.3% of the TL were SIgD+. In contrast, the frequencies of B1+ and SIgM+ cells in autologous blood were not significantly different (10.7±1.3 vs 8.2±0.8%). About 75% of blood B1+ cells co-expressed SIgM. These findings suggest that mast B cells in these TL have undergone isotope switching during priorin vivo differentiation and could manifest the observed humoral responses.
Connecting religion and teacher identity: The unexplored relationship between teachers and religion in public schools

Abstract It is increasingly acknowledged that for individuals to participate in a pluralistic and democratic society, they must understand religious conviction and difference. In educational literature, the discussion surrounding education and religion focuses on the implications for students. It is important to consider what this may mean to the teachers, as teachers directly influence student learning. This article uses literature on religion, multiculturalism, teacher identity, and popular culture to connect teachers' private religious identifications to their professional identities in public school classrooms. It supports future research in this area and provides a theoretical framework for subsequent studies.
An experimental study on the impact of acoustics and spray quality on the emissions of CO and NO from an ethanol spray flame

Abstract The effects of frequency, sound pressure level, excess air, and spray atomization on NO and CO emissions from a spray flame in a Rijke tube combustor were investigated using an electrochemical gas analyzer and a phase-Doppler droplet sizing instrument. A large decrease in NO and CO emissions was observed in the presence of acoustic oscillations. Taking concentration values at steady conditions as a reference, per cent reductions in NO and CO varied between 52 and 100%, and 53 and 90% with average values of 79 and 73%, respectively. The largest decreases were observed with increases in sound pressure level, followed by increases in acoustic frequency, and increases in excess air. Although the overall production of these pollutants is reduced, how much reduction is obtained depends on the nozzle position with respect to the acoustic field. NO and CO emissions as a function of excess air were also reduced as the spray initial Sauter mean diameter decreased. A combustion efficiency of 99% for all acoustic modes, compared to 94% for steady operation, was obtained with an excess air of 10%. No significant variations in the combustion efficiency as a function of acoustic mode were observed.
Asymmetric Partner Pronoun Use and Demand-Withdraw Interaction in Couples Coping With Health Problems

Recent research links first-person plural pronoun use (we-talk) by individual romantic partners to adaptive relationship functioning and individual health outcomes. To examine a possible boundary condition of adaptive we-talk in couples coping with health problems, we correlated asymmetric couple-level we/I-ratios (more we-talk relative to I-talk by the spouse than the patient) with a concurrent pattern of directional demand-withdraw (D-W) interaction in which the spouse demands change while the patient withdraws. Couples in which a partner who abused alcohol (n = 65), smoked cigarettes despite having heart or lung disease (n = 24), or had congestive heart failure (n = 58) discussed a health-related disagreement during a video-recorded interaction task. Transcripts of these conversations provided measures of pronoun use for each partner, and trained observers coded D-W patterns from the recordings. As expected, partner asymmetry in we/I-ratio scores predicted directional demand-withdraw, such that spouses who used more we-talk (relative to I-talk) than patients tended to assume the demand role in concurrent D-W interaction. Asymmetric I-talk rather than we-talk accounted for this association, and asymmetric you-talk contributed independently as well. In contrast to previous studies of we-talk by individual partners, the present results identify dyad-level pronoun patterns that clearly do not mark beneficent processes: asymmetric partner we/I-ratios and you-talk reflect problematic demand-withdraw interaction.
Optical properties of amorphous metals using a ratio reflectance method.

A method for calculating the optical properties of amorphous metals is described. When the reflectivity at low photon energies is well represented by the Hagen-Rubens equation, the Kramers-Kronig relation can be expressed in terms of a ratio reflectance, and the optical phase so obtained has much greater accuracy than when obtained by the regular approach. As an example, the optical properties of amorphous Fe80B20 are derived.
Screening for Cancer: Controversy, Challenges and Opportunity

Guest Editor In the course of the approximately 10 minutes the thoughtful reader might give to this Preface, 20 Americans will be diagnosed with at least one of the cancers discussed in this volume and at least five of those individuals will ultimately succumb to their diagnosis. The combined 2005 incidence and mortality for the six solid tumors presented is estimated at approximately 830,000 and 302,000 individuals respectively; a defining public health challenge for the twenty-first century that directly affects surgical oncologists and their patients; past, present and future. Despite truly impressive gains in the science of treating solid tumor malignancy, outcomes for disease diagnosed at an advanced stage remain very poor. Therefore, current wisdom supports the promotion of population based screening to facilitate the earliest possible diagnosis of these cancers and save lives. However, level I literature is not necessarily in place to support this wisdom as many readers are well aware. ‘‘Screening for Cancer: Controversy, Challenges and Opportunity’’ was designed to address this gap. Controversy swirls around the true efficacy of current screening techniques for at least four of the six cancers presented, while issues of limited access to screening for the remaining two cancers complete a challenging picture.
Inequalities among lower bounds to reliability: With applications to test construction and factor analysis

A chain of lower-bound inequalities leading to the greatest lower bound to reliability is established for the internal consistency of a composite of unit-weighted components. The chain includes the maximum split-half coefficient, the lowest coefficient consistent with nonimaginary common factors, and the lowest coefficient consistent with nonimaginary common and unique factors. Optimization theory is utilized to determine the conditions that are requisite for the inequalities. Convergence proofs demonstrate that the coefficients can be attained. Rapid algorithms obtain estimates of the coefficients with sample data. The theory yields methods for splitting items into maximally similar sets and for exploratory factor analysis based on a theoretical solution to the communality problem.
Advanced Techniques and Armamentarium for Dental Local Anesthesia

Computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery (C-CLAD) devices and systems for intraosseous (IO) injection are important additions to the dental anesthesia armamentarium. C-CLAD using slow infusion rates can significantly reduce the discomfort of local anesthetic infusion, especially in palatal tissues, and facilitate palatal approaches to pulpal nerve block that find special use in cosmetic dentistry, periodontal therapy, and pediatric dentistry. Anesthesia of single teeth can be obtained using either C-CLAD intraligamentary injections or IO injections. Supplementary IO anesthesia is particularly suited for providing effective pain control of teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis.
Anxiety related phenotypes in a-kinase anchoring protein 13 (AKAP13) mice: a potential model for obsessive- compulsive disorder

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to analyse the effect of sun exposure as a consequence of lifestyle and outer clothing over bone health in postmenopausal women with normal dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of 190 postmenopausal women with normal DEXA values of femoral neck and L1-L4 and not taking supplemental Ca or vitamin D. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood samples were obtained for 25OHD, calcium, phosphorus, osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline, thyroid stimulating hormone, HDL, LDL, TG, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HbA1C, FSH and estradiol levels.Daily sun exposure and lifestyle were questioned for every participant. The examination of femoral neck, total femur and total L1-L4 bone were established with DEXA.Participants were grouped into three categories in relation to daily sun exposure (A: no exposure, B: daily exposure for 10-30 minutes and C: daily exposure more than 30 minutes). The groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis and posthoc analysis. RESULTS: 25-OHD was found to be higher in group C in comparison to group A(21.96 12.62 vs 12.18 10.96, p1⁄40.005). Deoxypyridinoline was found to be higher in group B in comparison to group C(12.61 3.88 vs 11.17 2.76, p1⁄40.035). Calcium was found to be higher in group C in comparison to group A(9.96 0.41 vs 9.62 0.42, p1⁄40.005). After partial correlation analysis, 25-OHD and calcium were positively and serum deoxypyridinolinewas negatively correlated with daily sun exposure time after adjustment for age and body mass index (r1⁄40.234, p1⁄40.001; r1⁄40.241, p1⁄40.001; r1⁄4-0.157, p1⁄40.031, respectively). CONCLUSION: Exposure to ultraviolet rays in the sunlight through skin is the main source for vitamin D besides the supply from food. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is a good marker for vitamin D which is crucial for calcium and bone metabolism. erum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and calcium levels are positively and serum deoxypyridinoline levels are negatively correlated with daily sun exposure time after adjustment for age and body mass index in postmenopausal womenwithout osteoporosis. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were within the insufficiency range in the postmenopausal population without osteoporosis even in the sun exposure >30 minutes group. Due to nature of a cross sectional we can only demonstrate an association not a cause effect relationship. Further studies with a large population size are required to investigate the relationship between sun exposure and bone health.
Documentation of change in problem behaviors among anxious and hostile-aggressive children enrolled in a therapeutic preschool program

A relatively simple, straightforward procedure is utilized to identify and document changes in problem behaviors among children enrolled in a therapeutic preschool program. Results of two outcome measures indicated a significant overall reduction in problem behaviors for the total group. When subgroups of anxious and hostile/aggressive children were considered, however, there was a significantly greater probability that anxious children would benefit more from the program than hostile/aggressive children. The need to consider subgroups of patients when documenting treatment effectiveness is emphasized, and the advantage of building documentation techniques into the record-keeping system is discussed.
A Major Sex Difference in Kallikrein-Like Activity in the Rat Anterior Pituitary

Male and female rat pituitaries were compared for their ability to release kinins from kininogen at pH 8.5 (kininogenase activity) and cleave chromogenic peptide substrates for various proteases at pH 8.0. The female anterior pituitary was found to contain over 18 times more kininogenase activity than the male anterior pituitary. The neurointermediate lobe did not exhibit a significant sex difference in kininogenase activity. The kininogenase of the female anterior pituitary was sensitive to inhibition by aprotinin, but was resistant to soybean trypsin inhibitor. Female anterior pituitary homogenates also cleaved chromogenic peptide substrates for kallikrein over 15 times faster than male anterior pituitary homogenates. The results indicate a major sex difference in kallikrein-like activity in the rat anterior pituitary. (Endocrinology 114: 1841, 1984)
Role of prolactin in regulation of reproductive cycles

Abstract Prerequisities for viviparity are internal fertilization, megalecithal eggs (although yolk may be reduced secondarily), and a “uterus.” The evolution of refinements in mammals have led to control of gestation, at least initially, by progestins produced by the corpora lutea under the influence of pituitary prolactin. This control may be replaced by placental prolactin or progestin. Corpora lutea are ubiquitous in the vertebrates; a possible role of progestins or prolactin in viviparity in nonmammalian forms is examined. Viviparity does not occur in cyclostomes; there is no evidence of progestins or prolactin in this group. Chondrichthians are commonly viviparous; a yolk-sac placenta may be present. Progestins occur, but estrogens may be more important in stimulating “uterine” gestational changes. Osteichthians are infrequently viviparous; yolk-sac placentae are not formed, and evidence for progestins is lacking. Neither of these two groups of fish in general show a prolactin with mammalian type of activity. Viviparity is found in very few amphibians, and placental attachments are lacking in these. Progestins occur in oviparous species, as does pituitary prolactin with mammalian-type activity (mammotropic and pigeon-crop stimulatory effects). However, there seems to be no basis for considering that a prolactin-luteal-progestin axis is concerned in gestation in any of the preceding forms. Viviparity is common in the ophidian and saurian reptiles; both yolk-sac and allantoic placentae are found. Evidence for a function of corpora lutea or pituitary in gestation is conflicting, but progestins occur and are elevated in pregnancy. Pituitary prolactin with mammalian-type activity is present. It is possible that a role of prolactin and progestin in viviparity evolved in this group. Finally, viviparity is absent in the Aves, despite the presence of progestins and a fully-active prolactin. However, the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling prolactin release appear to have been modified for parental care in such a way that the hormone is unavailable for gestational purposes.
Kearns‐sayre syndrome with reduced plasma and cerebrospinal fluid folate

A young woman with Kearns-Sayre syndrome and progressive central nervous system deterioration over 15 years had decreased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid folate levels while receiving phenytoin for a seizure disorder. A muscle biopsy showed a "ragged red fiber" myopathy with reduced muscle carnitine and mitochondrial enzymes. Computed tomographic brain scans showed cerebral white matter hypodensities and bilateral calcification of the basal ganglia. The mechanism for the folate deficiency and altered ratio of plasma to cerebrospinal fluid folate is unknown, but the deficiency may be responsive to replacement therapy.
Recent advances in understanding blue copper proteins

The type 1 (T1) or blue Cu (BC) proteins are a highly studied group of electron transfer (ET) active sites in bioinorganic chemistry. In this review, we cover several more recent results which extend the understanding of the geometric and electronic structure of these interesting Cu ET sites. Spectroscopic methods in tandem with density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TD-DFT) calculations have been used in studies of S → Se variants as well as a series of metal-varied model complexes (M = Mn 2+ → Zn 2+ ). The ligand and metal perturbations further defined the origins of the unique spectral features of BC proteins. These unique spectral features show different temperature dependencies in different T1 sites, and contrasts drawn between their behaviors define the role of the protein in tuning the geometric and electronic structure of the BC site for function. This has been termed the ‘entatic’ or ‘rack-induced’ state in bioinorganic chemistry.
Neutrophil migration assay from a drop of blood

Neutrophil directional migration in response to chemical gradients, also known as chemotaxis, is one of the key phenomena in the immune responses against bacterial infection. To better study neutrophils chemotaxis, several in vitro assays have been developed that replicate chemotactic gradients around neutrophils isolated from whole blood. One drawback for most of these assays is the lengthy processing of blood required for neutrophils isolation, which can alter the responsiveness of neutrophils compared to the in vivo conditions. To address this limitation, we have designed a microfluidic chip for chemotaxis studies which can use neutrophils isolated on the chip, directly from whole blood. We have tested three different cell adhesion molecules as substrates for neutrophil isolation (P-selectin, E-selectin and fibronectin) and found average capture efficiencies of 20–40 neutrophils/mm2 at optimized concentrations. Subsequent analysis of neutrophil migration in chemoattractant gradients of N-formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or Interleukin-8 (IL-8) shows higher average velocities over E-selectin as compared to the P-selectin. Our microfluidic assay uses just a drop of whole blood (<10 µL) for neutrophil isolation and provides a robust platform to perform chemotaxis assays in the competing environment of different chemokines.
Profound astrogenesis in the striatum of adult mice following nigrostriatal dopaminergic lesion by repeated MPTP administration

Abstract Neural progenitor cells are present in the rodent brain throughout adulthood, and can proliferate and differentiate into new neurons and/or glia to repair injury. To explore the repair processes mediated by brain progenitor cells, a selective lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway was induced in young adult mice by repeated administration of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). A thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was used as a tracer for DNA synthesis to label the dividing cells and their terminal progeny following injury. Three days after MPTP treatments (25 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days), an 8-fold increase in the number of BrdU-labeled newborn cells was observed in the dorsal striatum. A 5-fold increase was also seen in the substantia nigra (SN). Newborn cells in the striatum survived beyond 60 days after their birth whereas newborn cells in the SN survived for less than 31 days. The vast majority of newborn cells in the striatum differentiated into astroglia according to their radial morphology and co-expression with an astroglial marker, S100β, within 10 days after birth. In contrast, most BrdU-positive cells in the SN failed to co-express S100β. Little or none of BrdU-labeled cells in both the striatum and SN were found to co-localize with a neuronal marker, neuronal nuclear antigen, or tyrosine hydroxylase during the full course of survival days surveyed (3 to 60 days). Repeated MPTP also decreased dopamine content and uptake in the striatum, which showed a significant recovery 31 days after MPTP lesion. These results demonstrate a rapid and profound astrogenesis in the striatum of young adult mice in response to toxic dopaminergic insult. The lack of neurogenesis in the two affected brain areas indicates the relative importance of glial cell regeneration in repairing MPTP injury.
O-phospho-L-serine, multi-functional excipient for B domain deleted recombinant factor VIII

Factor VIII (FVIII) is an important cofactor in the blood coagulation cascade. A deficiency or dysfunction of FVIII causes hemophilia A, a life-threatening bleeding disorder. FVIII circulates in plasma as a heterodimer comprising 6 domains (heavy chain, A1-A2-B and light chain A3-C1-C2). Replacement therapy using FVIII is the leading therapy in the management of hemophilia A. However, ∼15% to 30% of patients develop inhibitory antibodies that neutralize the activity of the protein. Neutralizing antibodies to epitopes in the lipid binding region of FVIII are commonly identified in patients' plasma. In this report, we investigated the effect of O-phospho-L-serine (OPLS), which binds to the lipid bindinding region, on the immunogenicity of B domain deleted recombinant factor VIII (BDDrFVIII). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) studies showed that OPLS specifically bind to the lipid binding region, localized in the C2 domain of the coagulation factor. Size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence anisotropy studies showed that OPLS interfered with the aggregation of BDDrFVIII. Immunogenicity of free-vs BDDrFVIII-OPLS complex was evaluated in a murine model of hemophilia A. Animals administered subcutaneous (sc) injections of BDDrFVIII-OPLS had lower neutralizing titers compared with animals treated with BDDRFVIII alone. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that specific molecular interactions between OPLS and BDDrFVIII may improve the stability and reduce the immunogenicity of BDDrFVIII formulations.
Book Review: Discourse Perspectives on English: Medieval to Modern

Review of Hiltunen, R., and J. Skaffari (eds.). 2003. Discourse Perspectives on English: Medieval to Modern. (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series 119.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Reaction chemistries in supercritical fluid solutions

Supercritical fluids are versatile solvents in organic separations and extractions. The application of supercritical fluids to metal extractions is a recent extension of this technology. This application requires that three criteria be met: enhanced ligand selectivity/specificity, increased solubility of the ligand in the supercritical fluid, and ease of metal removal from the ligand after extraction. Recent efforts are described studying metal complexation and organometallic chemistry in supercritical fluids as a function of pressure and temperature. These investigations involve high-pressure NMR and FTIR studies of organometallic compounds in fluid solutions. The application of these spectroscopic techniques to the investigation of inorganic species in supercritical fluids is described in conjunction with the molecular details revealed of fluid solution structure and metal complexation dynamics. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep10: 153–160, 1998
Determination of the relative misorientation of two grains in YBa2Cu3O7−δ by twin pattern analysis

Abstract In this paper we describe a method for the determination of the relative misorientation of two grains in bulk YBa2Cu3O7−δ. Our method uses an analysis of the twin patterns of both grains and is based on the Eulerian angles. In the second part we describe how to extract rotational components like ab-plane rotation, c-axis tilt and ab-twist from the rotational matrix.
Production residues in copper technological cycles

Calculations by a top–down method based on copper output and the efficiency of milling and smelting show that in making of 101×103 kt of metal from ore in the US 12.9×106 kt of tailings and 212×103 kt of slag containing 16.5×103 kt of copper were placed in wastes retained at mill and smelter sites through the 20th century in the US. The lost copper is 14% of the metal content of the ore processed, and its recovery would supply nearly 10 years of copper demand in the US at present consumption rates. Comparison with end-of-life copper in the different use categories shows that mill and smelter residues are the single largest component of the copper waste budget for the US. Because state-of-the-art copper production techniques were promptly adopted worldwide through the 20th century, the top–down method can be used to determine milling and smelting losses in the global anthropogenic copper cycle.
Acquisition and differential conditioning of the eyelid response in normal and retarded children.

Abstract Thirty-two retarded and 32 normal children matched on MA ( X = 84 months) were Ss in a classical eyelid conditioning study which included three phases of conditioning: single-cue acquisition, differential conditioning, and differential-conditioning reversal. Two CS-UCS intervals (ISIs), 500 and 800 milliseconds, were used. Acquisition performance was dependent upon ISI with the normal 800-millisecond group superior to both of the retardate groups and the normal 500-millisecond group. In differential conditioning both retardate ISI groups and the normal 800-millisecond group responded differentially but only the normal 800-millisecond Ss showed evidence of a learned discrimination. Neither normals nor retardates reversed their differential responding during the reversal phase. These results were in contrast to those obtained from college students run under similar procedures. College Ss showed increasing differential conditioning with both ISIs and good discrimination reversal under the 800-millisecond ISI condition. The results indicated (a) that comparison of the general “condition-ability” of normal and retarded children is of questionable value, with the issue of most importance being the differential effects of conditioning parameters on the conditioning performance of the IQ populations; and (b) that the processes necessary for successful differential conditioning and reversal are present in decreasing degree in college adults, normal children and retarded children.
Confinement and spin-statistics for triality

Abstract It is shown that expectation values in finite temperature QCD receive contributions from the nonphysical sectors at high temperature. Some properties of these contributions are discussed.
Ipsilateral Lower Limb Neuropathies Following Hip Surgery Can Be Due to Inflammation (P06.129)

Objective: To assess for an inflammatory etiology of new lower limb neuropathies occurring ipsilateral to hip surgery. Background New neuropathic pain, numbness or weakness after hip surgery is often attributed to mechanical factors (stretch, compression or transection). Recently we described inflammatory neuropathy as a treatable cause of post-surgical neuropathy. Here, we focus on patients who presented with ipsilateral lower limb neuropathy after hip surgery with progressive symptoms (suggesting a non-mechanical cause). Design/Methods: We characterized the clinical, electrophysiological and pathological features of new ipsilateral neuropathy in post-hip surgery patients who had nerve biopsy. Results: We identified 7 patients (8 surgeries) who developed ipsilateral leg weakness within 4 weeks of surgery. Three were men with median age 63 years (range 18-75). All patients developed focal neuropathies (5 lumbosacral plexopathies, 2 sciatic) presenting as acute pain and weakness that was progressive. Electrophysiology showed severe axonal damage. All biopsies were abnormal showing 1) ischemic injury: perineurial thickening (3/7), multifocal fiber loss (5/7), neovascularization (4/7) and 2) increased inflammation: epineurial perivascular inflammatory infiltrates (7/7), vessel wall infiltration (6/7) that was diagnostic (2/7) or suggestive (4/7) of microvasculitis. All patients were treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. In 6 patients with longitudinal follow-up (median 5 months), all showed improvement of neuropathy impairment score [median: 25 (first evaluation) to 16.5 (second) (p=0.003)]. Conclusions: Herein, we show that in a subset of patients with progressive neuropathic symptoms ipsilateral to the side of hip surgery, inflammatory (not mechanical) factors played the prominent etiological role. Identification of these patients through nerve biopsy may lead to improved outcome with use of immunotherapy. A major question remains about the role of inflammatory mechanisms in post-hip surgery patients who present with new, non-progressive, ipsilateral neuropathies previously assumed to be due to mechanical factors and what benefit more intensive evaluation and immunotherapy might play. Supported by: In part by NIH grant NS36797. Disclosure: Dr. Laughlin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Staff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Watson has received personal compensation for activities with Nevro as a consultant. Dr. Dyck has nothing to disclose.
Heterotrophic activity associated with particulate size fractions in a Spartina alterniflora salt-marsh estuary, Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA, and the continental shelf waters

An investigation was undertaken to determine the distribution and activity of the heterotrophic microplankton associated with particles from a Georgia salt marshestuarine ecosystem to the western edge of the Sargasso Sea. Heterotrophic activity was determined by the uptake of 14C-glucose. More than 80% of the activity was associated with detritus greater than 3 μm in creek, river and coastal (within 4 km of shore) waters. In the Gulf Stream, approximately 80% of the heterotrophic activity was in the fraction less than 3 μm. In the estuary, total heterotrophic activity fluctuated with the tides; the greatest activity occurred near low ebb tide at all locations. The lowest activity was measured at slack low and high tides. In creek water most of the heterotrophic activity was associated with particles between 14 and 180 μm, whereas in coastal waters (less than 4 km from shore) most of the activity was in the fraction greater than 180 μm.
Prevention programs and special education: Considerations related to risk, social competence, and multiculturalism

As one reviews the literature on culture-related factors influencing behavioral outcomes and responsiveness to preventive programs, it becomes clear that in addition to the more traditionally defined risk factors, “special education status” itself can be considered an at-risk cultural designation. Despite this additional vulnerability to failure, primary prevention programs for special education (SE) populations are found to be both underdeveloped and understudied. The authors discuss how issues of multiculturalism and cross-cultural competence can be understood and used to enhance the education of SE students. Recommendations are made to enhance the design and delivery of multiculturally sensitive health promotion and problem prevention programs for SE.
Parallel agent-based modeling of spatial opinion diffusion accelerated using graphics processing units

In this article, we describe a parallel agent-based model of spatial opinion diffusion that is driven by graphics processing units (GPUs). Modeling opinion exchange and diffusion across landscapes often involves the simulation of large numbers of geographically located individual decision-makers and a massive number of individual-level interactions. This simulation requires substantial computational power. GPU-enabled computing resources provide a massively parallel processing platform based on a fine-grained shared memory paradigm. This massively parallel processing platform holds considerable promise for meeting the computing requirement of agent-based models of spatial problems. In this article, we focus on the parallelization of an agent-based spatial opinion model using GPU technologies. We discussed key algorithms designed for parallel agent-based opinion modeling: including domain decomposition and mutual exclusion. Experiments conducted to examine computing performance show that GPUs provide a computationally efficient alternative to traditional parallel computing architectures and substantially accelerate agent-based models of large-scale opinion exchange among individual decision makers.
Resonance Raman studies of hydrogen-bonded solutions: quantitative comparisons of experiment with ab initio calculations

Resonance Raman studies of simple peptides have provided a new view of the electronic excitations of these important chromophores. The large effect of isotropic substitution and of hydrogen bonding on resonance Raman spectra provide a new method for testing theoretical calculations. These calculations can be refined by direct comparison of theory with experiment and also used to evaluate the likelihood that further experiments will provide interesting new information. Our recent work has shown how fruitful this cyclic interaction can be. In this on going exploration we are developing experimental methods and testing theoretical descriptions of the electronic excitations of peptides and related ultraviolet chromophores of proteins in solution. The specific areas of interest are (1) examination of the effect of hydrogen bonding on the electronic excitation of peptides; (2) evaluation of the effects of fluctuations in solvation on the electronic excitations of peptides; and (3) studies of the n(pi) * and higher energy electronic excitations of peptides predicted by theory and potentially important in the description of circular dichroism.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tuning the optical properties of carbon nanotube solutions using amphiphilic self-assembly

Recently it has been shown that aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) encapsulated and polymer wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) fluoresce in the near infrared (NIR) in the regime of the E 11 van Hove transitions for semiconducting SWNTs. For bundled SWNTs, fluorescence is observed to be quenched along with a shift and broadening of the absorbance spectrum. Here, we study two other commercially available surfactants, BRIJ-97 and Triton-X-100, by analysis of carbon nanotube fluorescence and absorptivity in the NIR. It is found that changing the surfactant alters the corresponding optical properties of the solubilized carbon nanotubes. The NIR absorbance spectra of BRIJ-97 and Triton-X-100 carbon nanotube solutions are also compared with the absorbance spectrum of NaCl destabilized SDS-SWNT solutions. By controlling the amount of NaCl added to an aqueous solution of SDS-SWNTs, the optical absorbance spectrum can be made to match that of BRIJ-97 and Triton-X-100 solutions. Lastly, a correlation is drawn between the amount of shift in the absorbance spectrum and the fluorescence intensity, independent of surfactant used. This shift and decrease in fluorescence intensity may be due to carbon nanotube bundling.
The Supreme Court, the Voting Rights Act and Competing National Imaginaries of the USA

AbstractIn 2013, the US Supreme Court overturned key elements of the Voting Rights Act relating to the racial geography of the USA and relations between federal and state government. The historical background to the Act and its role in changing the political geography of voting are explored. A detailed analysis of the ruling, Shelby v. Holder, reveals competing national imaginaries. The Court's majority view saw a cohesive nation where past assumptions of the racist geographies of the USA centered on the ‘Deep South’ no longer hold true. The Court's minority view, saw a nation still deeply divided and subject to second-generation discriminatory practices. The contradictions of both are discussed. The resiliency of the Act and the implications of the ruling are examined.
An aid for verifying the nature of dental casting alloys

A geologic field test was modified for determining the presence of gold in dental alloys. This qualitative test gave positive evidence for the presence of gold in most of the alloy samples tested containing 59% or more gold. It is recommended that dentists use this procedure for color comparison of castings to alloy ingot samples of known composition. More definitive professional assaying may be desired for confirmation.
Optimal seamless self-assembly of files in linear networks

A file F is sited at one end (the root) of a path in some network. Each non-root node in the path is able to cache part or all of F, and each node may also have a client wanting to download F. Links between neighbors on the path have given transmission delays associated with them, but the delay from a node to its own client, if it has one, is zero. In the seamless, self-assembly paradigm all clients issue requests simultaneously at time 0, each starts to receive segments of F immediately, and continues to receive them until F is fully downloaded. The process must be implemented by means of a distributed self-assembly protocol which is unaware of network structure beyond links to immediate neighbors. We exhibit such a protocol, and show how to assign segments of F to the node caches in such a way that, no matter which nodes are chosen as clients, seamless self-assembly is realized and, simultaneously, the total cache size achieves a lower bound determined solely by the link delays. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the many open problems arising in systems requiring seamless, or nearly seamless, self assembly of files.