cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucocorticoid Receptor α Mediates Roflumilast's Ability to Restore Dexamethasone Sensitivity in COPD.

Background Glucocorticoids are commonly prescribed to treat inflammation of the respiratory system; however, they are mostly ineffective for controlling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-associated inflammation. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for such glucocorticoid inefficacy in COPD, which may be instrumental to providing better patient outcomes. Roflumilast is a selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties in severe COPD patients who have a history of exacerbations. Roflumilast has a suggested ability to mitigate glucocorticoid resistance, but the mechanism is unknown. Methods To understand the mechanism that mediates roflumilast-induced restoration of glucocorticoid sensitivity in COPD, we tested the role of glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα). Roflumilast's effects on GRα expression and transcriptional activity were assessed in bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients. Results We found that both GRα expression and activity are downregulated in bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and that roflumilast stimulates both GRα mRNA synthesis and GRα's transcriptional activity in COPD bronchial epithelial cells. We also demonstrate that roflumilast enhances dexamethasone's ability to suppress pro-inflammatory mediator production, in a GRα-dependent manner. Discussion Our findings highlight the significance of roflumilast-induced GRα upregulation for COPD therapeutic strategies by revealing that roflumilast restores glucocorticoid sensitivity by sustaining GRα expression.
Distinct vasculotropic versus osteotropic features of S. agalactiae versus S. aureus implant-associated bone infection in mice.

Osteomyelitis is a devastating complication of orthopaedic surgery and commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Group B Streptococcus (GBS, S. agalactiae). Clinically, S. aureus osteomyelitis is associated with local inflammation, abscesses, aggressive osteolysis, and septic implant loosening. In contrast, S. agalactiae orthopaedic infections generally involve soft tissue, with acute life-threatening vascular spread. While preclinical models that recapitulate the clinical features of S. aureus bone infection have proven useful for research, no animal models of S. agalactiae osteomyelitis exist. Here, we compared the pathology caused by these bacteria in an established murine model of implant-associated osteomyelitis. In vitro scanning electron microscopy and CFU quantification confirmed similar implant inocula for both pathogens (~105 CFU/pin). Assessment of mice at 14 days post-infection demonstrated increased S. aureus virulence, as S. agalactiae infected mice had significantly greater body weight, and fewer CFU on the implant and in bone and adjacent soft tissue (p < 0.05). X-ray, µCT, and histologic analyses showed that S. agalactiae induced significantly less osteolysis and implant loosening, and fewer large TRAP+ osteoclasts than S. aureus without inducing intraosseous abscess formation. Most notably, transmission electron microscopy revealed that although both bacteria are capable of digesting cortical bone, S. agalactiae have a predilection for colonizing blood vessels embedded within cortical bone while S. aureus primarily colonizes the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network. This study establishes the first quantitative animal model of S. agalactiae osteomyelitis, and demonstrates a vasculotropic mode of S. agalactiae infection, in contrast to the osteotropic behavior of S. aureus osteomyelitis.
Vascular and perivascular cell profiling reveals the molecular and cellular bases of blood-brain barrier heterogeneity

SUMMARY The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for protecting the brain and maintaining neuronal homeostasis. Although the BBB is a unique feature of the central nervous system (CNS) vasculature, not all brain regions have the same degree of impermeability. Differences in BBB permeability are important for controlling the local extracellular environment of specific brain regions to regulate the function and plasticity of particular neural circuits. However, how BBB heterogeneity occurs is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate how regional specialization of the BBB is achieved. With unbiased cell profiling in small, defined brain regions, we compare the median eminence, which has a naturally leaky BBB, with the cortex, which has an impermeable BBB. We identify hundreds of molecular differences in endothelial cells (ECs) and demonstrate the existence of differences in perivascular astrocytes and pericytes in these regions, finding 3 previously unknown subtypes of astrocytes and several key differences in pericytes. By serial electron microscopy reconstruction and a novel, aqueous-based tissue clearing imaging method, we further reveal previously unknown anatomical specializations of these perivascular cells and their unique physical interactions with neighboring ECs. Finally, we identify ligand-receptor pairs between ECs and perivascular cells that may regulate regional BBB integrity in ECs. Using a bioinformatic approach we identified 26 and 26 ligand-receptor pairs underlying EC-pericyte and EC-astrocyte interactions, respectively. Our results demonstrate that differences in ECs, together with region-specific physical and molecular interactions with local perivascular cells, contribute to BBB functional heterogeneity. These regional cell inventories serve as a platform for further investigation of the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the BBB in other brain regions. Identification of local BBB specializations provides insight into the function of different brain regions and will permit the development of region-specific drug delivery in the CNS.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton's 1854 “Address to the Legislature of New York” and the Paradox of Social Reform Rhetoric

Elizabeth Cady Stanton is widely regarded as one of the most important women's rights orators of the nineteenth century. She is credited with opening new rhetorical spaces for women through brilliant rhetorical appeals. In her 1854 speech to the Legislature of New York, however, her brilliant rhetorical appeals were also appeals to the racist, classist, and paternalistic biases of her white male audience. A paradox of social reform is the need to simultaneously assert difference and sameness with the dominant classes, and Cady Stanton's efforts to negotiate this paradox ultimately reinforced the social hierarchy she hoped to undermine.
K-Means Clustering and Iterative Calculation

This is our last chapter. Hopefully we have become more and more familiar with Excel. We should have realized that under every main tab, there are quite a few icon groups, each presenting some quick-access tools or features. For example, under the Home tab, there are groups Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Editing, etc. We can find that under the Formulas tab, the Function Library group organizes functions into different categories including Financial, Logical, Text, Date & Time, Lookup & Reference, and Math & Trig. This Function Library group also lists those Recently Used functions and some other More Functions. Remember that Excel is adding more and more functions, and for general purpose, it is very likely that Excel has all the functions we need for our projects. The same understanding applies to Excel’s built-in features, that is, Excel is likely to have all the built-in features we need.
The intellectual abilities of early‐treated individuals with pyridoxine‐nonresponsive homocystinuria due to cystathionine β‐synthase deficiency

The pathological sequelae of untreated homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase deficiency include ectopia lentis, osteoporosis, thromboembolic events and mental retardation. They occur at a significantly higher rate with poorer mental capabilities (mean IQ = 57) in the untreated pyridoxine-nonresponsive individuals. The mental capabilities of 23 pyridoxine-nonresponsive individuals with 339 patient-years of treatment were assessed using age-appropriate psychometric tests and were compared to those of 10 unaffected siblings (controls). Of the 23 individuals, 19 were diagnosed through newborn screening with early treatment, two were late-detected and two were untreated at the time of assessment. Thirteen of the newborn, screened group who were compliant with treatment had no complications, while the remaining 6, who had poor compliance, developed complications. Good compliance was defined by a lifetime plasma free homocystine median < 11 μmol/L. The newborn screened, good compliance group (n = 13) with a mean age of 14.4 years (range 4.4–24.9) had mean full-scale IQ (FIQ) of 105.8 (range 84–120), while the poorly compliant group (n = 6) with a mean age of 19.9 years (range 13.8–25.5) had a mean FIQ of 80.8 (range 40–103). The control group (n = 10) with mean age of 19.4 years (range 9.7–32.9) years had a mean FIQ of 102 (range 76–116). The two late-detected patients aged 18.9 and 18.8 years had FIQ of 80 and 102, while the two untreated patients aged 22.4 and 11.7 years had FIQ of 52 and 53, respectively. There was no statistical evidence of significant differences between the compliant, early-treated individuals and their unaffected siblings (controls) except for the FIQ, which was significantly higher than that of the unaffected siblings (p = 0.0397). These data, despite the relatively small numbers, suggest that early treatment with good biochemical control (lifetime plasma free homocystine median < 11 μmol/L) seems to prevent mental retardation.
The Performance Impact of Granularity Control and Functional Parallelism

Task granularity and functional parallelism are fundamental issues in the optimization of parallel programs. Appropriate granularity for exploitation of parallelism is affected by characteristics of both the program and the execution environment. In this paper we demonstrate the efficacy of dynamic granularity control. The scheme we propose uses dynamic runtime information to select the task size of exploited parallelism at various stages of the execution of a program. We also demonstrate that functional parallelism can be an important factor in improving the performance of parallel programs, both in the presence and absence of loop-level parallelism. Functional parallelism can increase the amount of large-grain parallelism as well as provide finer-grain parallelism that leads to better load balance. Analytical models and benchmark results quantify the impact of granularity control and functional parallelism. The underlying implementation for this research is a low-overhead threads model based on user-level scheduling.
Nutrition in the curriculum: medical experience.

Nutrition in the Curriculum--Medical experience, current practices, and educational status in U.S. medical schools are briefly reviewed. There continues to be a need for more adequate instruction of clinical nutrition to physicians in training and in practice. A major problem is the failure to provide patient oriented, case-related, nutrition teaching in the clinical years to all clinical clerks. Desirable changes are listed to help achieve better training in this field.
« Mise en intrigue » : Quelques réflexions sur les expositions muséales de peintures à l’acrylique des Aborigènes du Territoire du Nord (Australie)

Lorsque les oeuvres artistiques des Aborigenes d’Australie sont exposees dans des musees ou des galeries commerciales, elles sont trop souvent decontextualisees, sans aucune reference explicite au contexte sociohistorique de leur production. J’examine ici les pratiques museales de deux expositions d’art aborigene australien (1988 et 2012) qui allierent une collaboration entre musees, artistes autochtones et conservateurs. En analysant les differentes formes d’indexicalite deployees par les conservateurs, les musees et les artistes autochtones impliques dans des expositions temporaires, j’interroge des facons de repenser les pratiques vers une decolonisation des mises en scene museales.
Attachment of Pneumocystis carinii to Type I Alveolar Cells Studied by Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy

Pneumocystis carinii was tightly attached to host alveolar type I cells, as judged by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In contrast to other organisms studied by this technique, no changes in the cell membranes of P. carinii or the host cells could be demonstrated. These data suggest that P. carinii attaches in an unusual manner.
Conversion of the lac repressor into an allosterically regulated transcriptional activator for mammalian cells.

A novel mammalian regulatory system was created byusing theEschenichia coillacrepressor.Thelac repressorwas converted into a mammaliantranscriptional activator bymodifying thelacrepressorcoding region toinclude a nuclear localization signal fromthesimian vhrus 40(SV40) large tumorantigen andthe transcription activation domainfromtheherpes simplex virus type1virion protein 16.Thelcactivator protein (LAP)fusions werepotent activators ofseveral promoters containing lacoperator sequencespositioned either upstream or downstream ofthetranscription unit. A single lacoperator allowed fortransactivation, whereas multiple operators acted synergistically whenseparated byasmall distance. Promoters containing 14 or21operator sequenceswereinduced atleast 1,000-fold inresponsetoLAP,reaching levels ofactivity 20to 30times greater thanthatoftheSV40early promoter inHeLacells. Activation was strongly inhibited by isopropyl-p-D-thiogalactoside (IPITG), indicating thatLAP retained thefunctions neededforallosteric regulation. LAPwas bifunctional, also acting asa repressorofexpression ofan SV40promoter containing an operator immediately downstream oftheTATAbox.Finally, genetic selection schemes were developed such thatLAP-expressing cell lines canbegenerated athighfrequency fromeither established orprimary cells in culture. Inducible expression systemshavebeenkeytools in elucidating thefunction ofawidevariety ofgenesinbacteria, yeasts, andDrosophila sp.Itisonlyrecently that similar systemsformammalian cells havebeendeveloped. These systems areoftwotypes: promoters responsive toendogenous cellular transactivators andpromotersregulated by exogenousbacterial regulatory proteins.
Intravital Imaging of the Immune System

Two-photon imaging of the immune system has revealed an active world of in vivo intercellular dynamics. Rather than static bystanders, immune cells have been re-cast as active participants in the local orchestration of immune responses. Their active motility and probing lead to new questions regarding how localization, motility, and cell-cell interactions contribute to immune responses. In combination with imaging, the use of fluorescent proteins and genetic approaches is also helping to define a role for endogenous receptor-ligand interactions and structural elements in supporting communication between the highly specialized hematopoietic cells that comprise the immune system. Although explanted tissue and organ systems are convenient for several applications, and can be established with minimal perturbation of cellular behavior or tissue environment many disease models and questions surrounding lymphocyte function require the development of stable imaging preparations that allow for long-term access to often difficult-to-reach tissues in the living animal. Here, we review emerging and established techniques for in vivo peripheral tissue imaging by two-photon microscopy.
Improving production planning by utilizing stochastic programming

Abstract The effects of fluctuating demand on production and inventory levels are important in manufacturing resource planning. Thus, the focus of this presentation is on aggregate production planning of manufacturing resources in order to satisfy stochastic demand for a family of products to minimize total costs that include production and inventory holding costs over a rolling horizon. If it is assumed that, in a commercial setting, the demands are fixed, then the production plans generated by a mathematical programming procedure are not responsive to the actual fluctuations of stochastic demand in each time period. The situation discussed here considers the case where demands are normally distributed with means and variances that are sequentially revised as new observations of demand are received over time. This assumption allows the probabilistic constraint to be converted to an equivalent linearly-constrained deterministic model. Extensions to the normality assumption are discussed. Also other ideas such as optimal control theory, learning and adaptive signal processing extensions are discussed as well.
Derivation of Effective Aerodynamic Surface Roughness in Urban Areas from Airborne Lidar Terrain Data

Abstract An automated technique was developed that uses only airborne lidar terrain data to derive the necessary parameters for calculation of effective aerodynamic surface roughness in urban areas. The technique provides parameters for geometric models that have been used over the past 40+ years by automatically deriving the relevant geometry, orientation, and spacing of buildings and trees. In its prototypical form, this technique subsequently calculates an effective surface roughness for 1-km2 parcels of land for each of five geometric models. The user can define several constraints to guide processing based on a priori knowledge of the urban area or lidar data characteristics. Any given wind direction (or range of directions) can be selected to simulate conditions of variable wind flow and the impact on effective surface roughness. The operation, capabilities, and limitations of the technique were demonstrated using lidar terrain data from Broward County, Florida.
β-Agonist enhances type 2 T-cell survival and accumulation

Background Neurohumoral modulation of immune system function is poorly understood. β-Adrenergic receptor ligands (β-agonists) subserve numerous physiologic processes but also function as pathogenic or therapeutic agents in numerous diseases with inflammatory components. Objectives We sought to establish the effects of β-agonists and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) on antigen-dependent and antigen-independent accumulation of IL-13 + (type 2) and IFN-γ + (type 1) T cells. We also sought to clarify the mechanisms mediating the effects of these G protein–coupled receptor agonists. Methods Effects of β-agonists or PGE 2 on T-cell subtype accumulation were assessed in peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured with αCD3/CD28 or IL-2 by using flow cytometry. The role of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in mediating agonist effects was assessed by means of characterization of (1) phosphorylation of an intracellular PKA substrate and (2) T cells from patients with lupus possessing a natural defect in PKA activation. Results β-Agonists, in contrast to PGE 2 , increased IL-2–induced accumulation of human type 2 T cells, an effect attributable to differential activation of PKA affecting regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. In T cells from patients with lupus exhibiting defective PKA activation, both β-agonists and PGE 2 promoted an increase in type 2 T-cell accumulation. Conclusion G s -coupled receptors have the capacity to elicit prosurvival signaling in type 2 T cells, which, in most instances, is obscured by concomitant and antimitogenic PKA activation. Clinical implications β-Agonists and other G s -coupled receptor agonists have the potential to regulate T-cell development to affect disease pathogenesis or the efficacy of therapies, and variability of effect relates to the ability to stimulate PKA activity.
Design of Ring Resonators Using Electro-Optic Polymer Waveguides†

New developments in optical nonlinear polymers have now enabled the implementation of novel new devices. The most important element of these new devices is usually a coupled ring resonator system that can be tuned with an electric field. In this study we have analyzed the design considerations, for these rings, and show how to determine and optimize all of the critical parameters. In addition, we demonstrate how to make the key characterization tests that confirm the component’s performance. All of this is structured so that it can be extended to the newer and higher electro-optic coefficient materials that are currently being fabricated. Future devices using this technology are expected to play a major role in the rapidly expanding field of optical signal processing.
Poland's transition and new opportunities for women

Abstract Since 1990, marketization has fundamentally altered Poland's economy. Like many former Soviet bloc countries, Polish prices, wages, and foreign trade have been liberalized, and many state assets are now privatized. Independent central banks, commercial banking systems, and stock exchanges have been formed, and the taxation and legal systems have been restructured to support a market economy. The dominant view is that this process should benefit most Poles over time. For Polish women, however, the first phase of economic transition was a mixed blessing. This paper explores their experiences in between 1990 and 2003 and discusses two positive, mutually supportive ways that Polish women have benefited during transition: First, the segmentation of the labor market has positioned women advantageously in the country's key financial sector and entrepreneurial ranks. Second, women have benefited from the growth of a women's movement. Together, these two processes can be expected to accelerate the pace of...
Efficient calculation of dewatered and entrapped areas using hydrodynamic modeling and GIS

River waters downstream of a hydroelectric project are often subject to rapidly changing discharge. Abrupt decreases in discharge can quickly dewater and expose some areas and isolate other areas from the main river channel, potentially stranding or entrapping fish, which often results in mortality. A methodology is described to estimate the areas dewatered or entrapped by a specific reduction in upstream discharge and applied in a case study. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate steady flows. Using flow simulation results from the model and a geographic information system (GIS), estimates of dewatered and entrapped areas were made for a wide discharge range. The methodology was applied to the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River in central Washington State. Results showed that a 280 m^3/s discharge reduction affected the most area at discharges less than 3400 m^3/s. At flows above 3400 m^3/s, the affected area by a 280 m^3/s discharge reduction (about 25 ha) was relatively constant. A 280 m^3/s discharge reduction at lower flows affected about twice as much area. The methodology and resulting area estimates have been used to identify discharge regimes, and associated water surface elevations, that might be expected to minimize adverse impacts on juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that rear in the shallow near-shore areas in the Hanford Reach.
Do pharmacological and behavioral interventions differentially affect treatment outcome for children with social phobia

In a randomized trial for children with social phobia (SP), Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children (SET-C; a treatment consisting of exposure and social skills training) and fluoxetine were more effective than pill placebo in reducing social distress and behavioral avoidance, but only SET-C demonstrated significantly improved overall social skill and social competence. In the current study, the authors examined the specific social skills enhanced by SET-C using a recently developed coding schema. At posttreatment, children treated with SET-C displayed a more effective ability to manage the conversational topic (pragmatic social behaviors) and more appropriate motor movement, facial orientation, and posture (paralinguistic social behaviors) than children treated with fluoxetine or placebo. In contrast, children treated with fluoxetine displayed no more pragmatic or paralinguistic skill than children given a pill placebo. There were no group differences on ratings of voice volume and vocal inflection (sp...
Quantification of the skin sparing effect achievable with high-energy photon beams when carbon fiber tables are used.

Abstract Purpose To quantify the skin doses resulting from the use of carbon fiber couches (CFCs) for patient support. Materials and methods BrainLab's CFC was evaluated for five prostate patients and five lung patients. For each patient PTV, organs at risk (OARs), and a 0.3cm thick skin contour on the patient's posterior surface were outlined. Two sets of IMRT plans, each consisting of 4, 5, 7, and 9 beams, were generated per patient. The sets were identical with the exception that in the first set only 6MV energy was used, while in the second set (mixed energy) the photon energy of the beams traversing the CFC was 18MV. The plans for each patient were normalized to deliver the same dose to 95% of the PTV. The CFC skin dose was evaluated by the maximum dose received by 1% ( D 1% ) of the skin volume. Paired one-tailed t -tests were used to establish the statistical significance. Results The mixed energy plans resulted in D 1% increase from 18% to more than 23% as the number of beams in the plan was decreased from 9 to 4. Conclusions Skin doses as high as ∼70% of the prescription dose were found even in 9-beam mixed energy plans. Therefore mixed energy plans may be more beneficial for patients treated with higher fractional doses.
Perception of African Youth on Personal Computer Utilization: The Case of Ethiopia and Rwanda

The tendency to pursue innovativeness and adopt new technologies has been found more likely with younger individuals and a strong relationship between attitude and personal computer PC utilization has been found. However, research in these areas is mainly focused on high-income countries. Do these findings hold for low-income countries? What are the perceptions of African youth on the factors that impact PC use? There is a dearth of micro-level studies that promote understanding about the behavior of individuals in low-income countries. This study looked at demographic data including age, gender, grade level, region, and prior experience among 228 youth from Ethiopia and Rwanda. PC utilization constructs including complexity, long-term consequences, and facilitating conditions were studied. The author found access to PCs at least three times a week and providing structured computer training programs as major factor for increased PC utilization. Computer centers with more female instructors were found to have larger female enrollment. The author also found younger groups 15 year olds and younger disagreed about PC utilization factors. Implications and directions for future research are also included.
New Supersonic Phenomena

POLARIZED light has been used for determining the propagation of stress waves in solids for some time. We have employed it to study the propagation of stress waves in glass and plastics and have found what we believe to be evidence of new supersonic phenomena. The experimental arrangement follows classical lines, using ‘Polaroids’ and quarter-wave plates that give circularly polarized light through the transparent sample. For illumination, we used a 1530 PI discharge tube (General Radio) with an effective flash duration of 2 µsec. The transparent sample was loaded by exploding small amounts of lead azide with an electric ‘bridge’. The timing between the flash and the explosion was achieved by a suitable electric timer which allowed a variation of the delay from zero to 30 µsec. It is well known that shock loading causes a compressional and a shear wave to be propagated in the material, both of which essentially follow the so-called Huygens construction.
Observation of conduction electron spin resonance in both the normal and superconducting states of niobium

Abstract We report the first observation of Conduction Electron Spin Resonance (CESR) in both the normal and superconducting states of pure niobium. Surprisingly, the resonance displayed a g -value of 1.84 ± 0.01 in both states. The linewidth narrows considerably in the superconducting state, in qualitative agreement with calculations by Yafet.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARLY DEPENDENCE TRAINING AND PATIENT-THERAPIST DYAD

Summary.-A cross-cultural study of 20 selected tribes in the Human Relarions Area Files was undertaken to note the relationship between early dependence indulgence and the style of patient-healer interaction. It was found that early dependence indulgence was associated with person-oriented therapists while the absence of dependence indulgence produced the opposite result. In their 1954 volume, Child Training anci Personality, Whiting and Child related selected variables in early childhood training to the customs and attitudes toward illness in adulthood. One of their hypotheses, based on a study of primitive tribes, was that the folklore explanation of illness and the performance of therapy were related to the child-rearing practices of that particular society. Five socialization areas of childhood-nursing and weaning, toilet training, sex training, and training in dependency or aggressive behavior-were analyzed to decermine their relationship to positive reward and avoidance training. According to their observations, positive rewards did not have a decided effect on either the verbal explanation of an illness or on its therapeutic treatment. On the ocher hand, they found thac negative fixation or high socialization anxiety in childhood was associated with attitudes toward illness in the societies under study. Whiting and Child also noted thac the five behavioral areas were not equally significant in determining the type of explanation of illness that was used. When high socialization anxiety was a factor in oral or aggressive training, the society tended to have an oral or aggressive explanation of illness, and the effects of avoidance training were again demonstrated. It seemed to this writer, however, that it was unlikely that positive reward in childhood would have no effect in determining adult behavior. It appeared that an association between positive reward and therapeutic performance might have been obscured because the range of criteria variables was restricted. For Whiting and Child, the measure of dependency (in illness) was prayer. Althoi~gh this may represent wishful dependency or an appeal for aid, it does not seem to be a very powerful manifescation of dependency behavior in rhe therapeutic relationship. It is more likely that the dyadic re!ationship between patient and healer might be a more fruitful place for signs of the tie between adult and positively reinforced child dependency behavior. Menninger (1953) points out that when man becomes ill, he has a tendency to regress and fall back upon earlier forms of behavior for his cure. It is possible to theorize that the
Numerical modeling of the global semidiurnal tide in the present day and in the last glacial maximum

[1] A hydrodynamic model incorporating a self-consistent treatment of ocean self-attraction and loading (SAL), and a physically based parameterization of internal tide (IT) drag, is used to assess how accurately barotropic tides can be modeled without benefit of data, and to explore tidal energetics in the last glacial maximum (LGM). M2 solutions computed at high resolution with present day bathymetry agree with estimates of elevations from satellite altimetry within 5 cm RMS in the open ocean. This accuracy, and agreement with atlimetric estimates of energy dissipation, are achieved only when SAL and IT drag are included in the model. Solutions are sensitive to perturbations to bathymetry, and inaccuracies in available global databases probably account for much of the remaining error in modeled elevations. The ≈100 m drop in sea level during the LGM results in significant changes in modeled M2 tides, with some amplitudes in the North Atlantic increasing by factors of 2 or more. Dissipation is also significantly changed by the drop in sea level. If IT drag estimated for the modern ocean is assumed, dissipation increases by about 50% globally, and almost triples in the deep ocean. However, IT drag depends on ocean stratification, which is poorly known for the LGM. Tests with modified IT drag suggest that the tendency to a global increase in dissipation is a robust result, but details are sensitive to stratification. Significant uncertainties about paleotides thus remain even in this comparatively simple case where bathymetry is well constrained.
Work and Family Variables, Entrepreneurial Career Success, and Psychological Well-Being

Abstract The study examines the influence of work and family variables on the career success and psychological well-being of 111 men and women entrepreneurs. The results show that work-domain variables account for significant variation in time commitment to work, whereas family-domain variables explain substantial variation in time commitment to family. Time commitment to work and time commitment to family play an important role in mediating the effects of gender, work and family characteristics, and role demands on work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. These two types of work–family conflict in turn mediate the effects of time commitment to work and family and selected work and family variables on entrepreneurs’ career success and life stress. Implications of the findings and directions for further research are discussed.
A result regarding convergence of random logistic maps

Abstract Let {Ci}∞0 be i.i.d. random variables with values in [1,4]. Define random variables {Xn}∞0 with values in [0,1] by Xn+1=CnXn(1−Xn). Then under some mild conditions, the probability distribution of Xn converges in variation norm.
Projection and visualization based on synchronization of coupled oscillators

This work introduces a tool for mapping high dimensional data to a low-dimensional space by combining concepts from clustering and synchronization of pulse-coupled oscillators. Each data point is represented by an integrate-and-fire oscillator which is characterized by a phase variable. Using an appropriate coupling function, we show that the relative values of the phases evolve to reflect the proximity of the data in the original space. As a result, the oscillators phases could be used as a 1-D representation of the original space. To generate a 2-D phase space, we apply the synchronization procedure twice with different resolution parameters or different distance measures. The proposed approach is used to visualize the classical Iris data and two collection of images.
α-Terpineol reactions with the nitrate radical : Rate constant and gas-phase products

Abstract The bimolecular rate constant of k NO 3 + α-terpineol (16 ± 4) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was measured using the relative rate technique for the reaction of the nitrate radical (NO3 ) with α-terpineol (2-(4-methyl-1-cyclohex-3-enyl)propan-2-ol) at 297 ± 3 K and 1 atmosphere total pressure. To more clearly define part of α-terpineol's indoor environment degradation mechanism, the products of α-terpineol + NO3 reaction were investigated. The identified reaction products were: acetone, glyoxal (HC( O)C( O)H), and methylglyoxal (CH3C( O)C( O)H). The use of derivatizing agents O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were used to propose the other major reaction products: 6-hydroxyhept-5-en-2-one, 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-methyl-2-oxocyclohexyl nitrate, 5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-oxocyclohexyl nitrate, 1-formyl-5-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,5-dimethylhexyl nitrate, and 1,4-diformyl-5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethylhexyl nitrate. The elucidation of these products was facilitated by mass spectrometry of the derivatized reaction products coupled with plausible α-terpineol + NO3 reaction mechanisms based on previously published volatile organic compound + NO3 gas-phase mechanisms. The additional gas-phase products (2,6,6-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,5-dicarbaldehyde and 2,2-dimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dicarbaldehyde) are proposed to be the result of cyclization through a reaction intermediate.
A generalized momentum for continuum electrodynamics

Conservation of energy and momentum are distinct laws of physics. The Minkowski momentum obeys energy conservation while the Abraham momentum is not conserved. I derive a generalized electromagnetic momentum from the canonical momentum, demonstrate an independent conservation law, and derive the Fresnel relations from conservation of energy and generalized momentum.
The clinical pharmacology and antiarrhythmic efficacy of acetylprocainamide in patients with arrhythmias.

Abstract The actions of acetylprocainamide, the major metabolite of procainamide in man, were studied in a placebo-controlled oral-dose-ranging trial in 16 persons with arrhythmias. The occurrences of arrhythmias decreased in 15 patients receiving acetylprocainamide and increased subsequently in 10 of 13 patients given placebo. The frequency of arrhythmias was reduced by more than 75 percent in nine patients. Antiarrhythmic effects were dependent on dose and serum drug concentrations, with levels of 10 to 24 μg/ml observed in patients with a reduction of more than 70 percent in premature ventricular complexes. The ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time decreased during therapy. Side effects of light-headedness, insomnia, nausea and diarrhea occurred in six patients at serum levels ranging from 11 to 22 μg/ml. The serum half-life of acetylprocainamide lengthened from 7 to 21 hours as the creatinine clearance decreased from 105 to 35 ml/min. Acetylprocainamide has antiarrhythmic efficacy, but causes side effects in human beings. This compound appears to contribute to the effects of procainamide therapy and may be useful as an antiarrhythmic drug.
Evaluation of auditor decisions: hindsight bias effects and the expectation gap

Abstract Hindsight bias is said to exist when individuals overestimate the extent to which an outcome could have been anticipated prior to its occurrence. Ex post, litigants tend to blame auditors in hindsight for failing to foresee and anticipate subsequent financial problems of their audit clients. However, it is not known whether the blame attributed in hindsight is due to hindsight bias or other factors such as the generally hypothesized user-preparer expectation gap. A behavioral experiment was conducted with 65 federal and state general jurisdiction judges and 58 auditors from one of the Big-Six public accounting firms. Results indicate that judges provided significantly lower evaluations of auditors' performance than did auditors, reflective of an expectation gap. Of greater importance, our results reveal that evaluative judgments of auditors' performance are subject to hindsight bias. Additional analysis revealed that our results are consistent with a cognitive interpretation of hindsight bias.
Direct Detection Searches for Axion Dark Matter

Abstract The axion is both a compelling dark matter candidate and provides an elegant solution to the strong CP problem. The axion haloscope technique has the potential to detect dark matter axions. ADMX (the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment) is an implementation of the axion haloscope technique, and has undergone a series of sensitivity-improving upgrades. With the impending addition of a dilution refrigerator, ADMX is poised to search a large region of plausible dark matter axion masses. Meanwhile, a number of other axion experimental techniques are being considered to explore other axion masses relevant to dark matter.
The longwave emission signature of urban pollution: Radiometric FTIR measurement

Air pollutants trapped beneath frequent temperature inversions in the Los Angeles basin bring about surface radiance enhancements of up to fifty percent in the middle-infrared window (8–12 microns). This constitutes an anthropogenic modification to the downwelling longwave flux which can be as large as 9 W/m². A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroradiometer has been used to measure middle-infrared atmospheric emission spectra under Los Angeles smog, and these 1 cm−1 resolution spectra demonstrate that both anthropogenic aerosols and increased tropospheric ozone abundance contribute to enhancements in surface longwave radiation.
Pulsed and Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy

Modern Fourier transform (FT) NMR spectrometers have been available commercially for only about six years, but in this short period of time many advances and improvements in instrumentation have been made. The first FT-NMR instruments were conventional, continuous wave (CW) spectrometers to which a pulsed RF transmitter, a modified receiver-detector system, a signal-averaging device, and a small minicomputer were attached. It is not too surprising that all of the early FT instruments were quite expensive ($100,000 to $200,000), difficult to operate, fraught with numerous operating problems, and not very reliable.
Rapidly learned song-discrimination without behavioral reinforcement in adult male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)

Abstract Zebra finches communicate via several distinct vocalizations, of which song is the most studied. Behavioral observations indicate that adults are able to discriminate among the songs of different conspecific individuals. In the wild, zebra finches live in structured but mobile colonies, and encounter new individuals on a frequent basis. Thus it seems plausible that adult finches might have the capacity to recognize and remember new songs they encounter on a single day, but this has never been directly tested. Here we devised a simple observational assay to determine whether adult male zebra finches show recognition of a song they have heard repeatedly from taped playbacks, over a single three hour period the day before. We quantified the rate of production of six discrete behaviors (short calls, contact calls, singing, short hops, long hops, and beak swipes) made by adult male zebra finches as they listened to the playbacks. At the onset of song playback, all birds suspended these behaviors and sat silently—occasionally moving their heads. Then, after a measurable period (“response latency”), the birds resumed these activities. We observed that the response latency was long (∼10 min) when birds were hearing a particular song for the first time. The response latency was much shorter (∼1–2 min) when the birds had heard the same song the day before. Thus, functional song memories must result from as little as 3 h of passive song-exposure. These results suggest that ongoing song learning may play a natural role in the daily life of adult zebra finches, and provide a behavioral reference point for studies of molecular and physiological plasticity in the adult auditory system.
Primary Esophageal Motility Disorders

Esophageal motility disorders often manifest with chest pain and dysphagia. Achalasia is a disorder of the lower esophageal sphincter and the smooth musculature of the esophageal body. In achalasia the lower esophageal sphincter typically fails to relax with swallowing, and the esophageal body fails to undergo peristalsis. In contrast to spastic disorders of the esophagus, achalasia can be progressive and cause pronounced morbidity. Pseudoachalasia mimics achalasia in terms of symptoms but can be caused by infectious disorders or malignancy. Treatment for achalasia is nonstandardized and includes medical, endoscopic, and surgical options. Spastic disorders of the esophagus, such as diffuse esophageal spasm and nutcracker esophagus, and nonspecific esophageal motility disorder are benign and nonprogressive, with similar findings on esophageal manometry. Although the exact cause remains unknown, these disorders may represent a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Treatment of spastic disorders includes medical and surgical approaches and is aimed at symptomatic relief.
M.I.T./Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 6. Vestibular reactions to lateral acceleration following ten days of weightlessness

Tests of otolith function were performed pre-flight and post-flight on the science crew of the first Spacelab Mission with a rail-mounted linear acceleration sled. Four tests were performed using horizontal lateral (y-axis) acceleration: perception of linear motion, a closed loop nulling task, dynamic ocular torsion, and lateral eye deviations. The motion perception test measured the time to detect the onset and direction of near threshold accelerations. Post-flight measures of threshold and velocity constant obtained during the days immediately following the mission showed no consistent pattern of change among the four crewmen compared to their pre-flight baseline other than an increased variability of response. In the closed loop nulling task, crewmen controlled the motion of the sled and attempted to null a computer-generated random disturbance motion. When performed in the light, no difference in ability was noted between pre-flight and post-flight. In the dark, however, two of the four crewmen exhibited somewhat enhanced performance post-flight. Dynamic ocular torsion was measured in response to sinusoidal lateral acceleration which produces a gravitionertial stimulus equivalent to lateral head tilt without rotational movement of the head. Results available for two crewmen suggest a decreased amplitude of sinusoidal ocular torsion when measured on the day of landing (R+0) and an increasing amplitude when measured during the week following the mission.
Immunocytochemical localization and description of neurons expressing serotonin2 receptors in the rat brain

Serotonin2 receptors have been implicated in a variety of behavioral and physiological processes, as well as a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. To specify the brain regions and specific cell types possessing serotonin2 receptors, we conducted an immunocytochemical study of the rat brain using a polyclonal serotonin2 receptor antibody. Perfusion-fixed rat brain sections were processed for immunocytochemistry and reactivity was visualized using an immunoperoxidase reaction. Numerous small, round neurons were heavily labeled in the granular and periglomerular regions of the olfactory bulb. Heavy labeling of medium-sized multipolar and bipolar neurons was also seen in olfactory regions of the ventral forebrain, including the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle. Other regions of the basal forebrain exhibiting high levels of immunoreactivity were the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, Islands of Calleja, fundus striatum and endopyriform nucleus. Immunoreactive neurons were also seen in the lateral amygdala. A dense band of small, round cells was stained in layer 2 of pyriform cortex. In neocortex, a very sparse and even distribution of bipolar and multipolar neurons was seen throughout layers II-VI. A much more faintly labeled population of oval cells was observed in the deep layer of retrosplenial and posterior cingulate cortex, and in the granular layer of somatosensory frontoparietal cortex. A moderate number of medium bipolar and multipolar cells were scattered throughout the neostriatum, and a moderate number of pyramidal and pyramidal-like cells were seen in the CA fields of the hippocampus. Diencephalic areas showing immunolabeling included the medial habenula and anterior pretectal nucleus, with less labeling in the ventral lateral geniculate. In the hindbrain, two dense populations of large multipolar cells were heavily labeled in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, with lesser labeling in the periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, spinal trigeminal nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Based on the distribution, localization and morphology of immunoreactive neurons in these regions, we hypothesize that subpopulations of serotonin2 containing cells may be GABAergic interneurons or cholinergic neurons. Further, the observed distribution suggests that the physiological effects of serotonin acting through serotonin2 receptors are mediated by a relatively small number of cells in the brain. These observations may have strong functional implications for the pharmacological treatment of certain neuropsychiatric disorders.