cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family of solvable generalized random-matrix ensembles with unitary symmetry.

We construct a very general family of characteristic functions describing random matrix ensembles (RME) having a global unitary invariance, and containing an arbitrary, one-variable probability measure, which we characterize by a ``spread function.'' Various choices of the spread function lead to a variety of possible generalized RMEs, which show deviations from the well-known Gaussian RME originally proposed by Wigner. We obtain the correlation functions of such generalized ensembles exactly and show examples of how particular choices of the spread function can describe ensembles with arbitrary eigenvalue densities as well as critical ensembles with multifractality.
Improvements in the data fidelity of photorefractive memories

Parallel error decoding is discussed for 2D page access optical memory. Both parallel space- domain and parallel spectral-domain Reed-Solomon decoders are discussed and compared with conventional serial decoding implementations. The parallel approach is found to yield information rates of nearly 1012 bps. A methodology is also presented for 4f optical storage system design. This approach allows the photorefractive crystal volume to be minimized while maintaining the maximum storage capacity that is consistent with a given SNR requirement.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SU-E-QI-12: Morphometry Based Measurements of the Structural Response to Whole Brain Radiation

Purpose: Although state of the art radiation therapy techniques for treating intracranial malignancies have eliminated acute brain injury, cognitive impairment occurs in 50–90% of patients who survive >6mo post irradiation. Quantitative characterization of therapy response is needed to facilitate therapeutic strategies to minimize radiation induced cognitive impairment [1]. Deformation based morphometry techniques [2, 3] are presented as a quantitative imaging biomarker of therapy response in patients receiving whole brain radiation for treating medulloblastoma. Methods: Post-irradiation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets were retrospectively analyzed in N=15 patients, >60 MR image datasets. As seen in Fig 1(a), volume changes at multiple time points post-irradiation were quantitatively measured in the cerebrum and ventricles with respect to pre-irradiation MRI. A high resolution image Template, was registered to the pre-irradiation MRI of each patient to create a brain atlas for the cerebrum, cerebellum, and ventricles. Skull stripped images for each patient were registered to the initial pre-treatment scan. Average volume changes in the labeled regions were measured using the determinant of the displacement field Jacobian. Results: Longitudinal measurements, Fig 1(b-c), show a negative correlation p=.06, of the cerebral volume change with the time interval from irradiation. A corresponding positive correlation, p=.01, between ventricular volume change and time interval from irradiation is seen. One sample t-test for correlations were computed using a Spearman method. An average decrease in cerebral volume, p=.08, and increase in ventricular volume, p<.001, was observed. The radiation dose was seen directly proportional to the induced volume changes in the cerebrum, r=−.44, p<.001, Fig 1(d). Conclusion: Results indicate that morphometric monitoring of brain tissue volume changes may potentially be used to quantitatively assess toxicity and response to radiation and may provide insight in developing new therapeutic approaches and monitoring efficacy.
Reply to B Malyarchuk and M Derenko: a need for further investigation of Uralic and Siberian populations in the search for haplogroup N1b's origins

Reply to B Malyarchuk and M Derenko: a need for further investigation of Uralic and Siberian populations in the search for haplogroup N1b's origins
A Critical-Holistic Paradigm for an Interdependent World

The health-disease continuum and the current health paradigm neglect the fundamental descriptors of community welfare, including nutrition or malnutrition, equity or poverty, and sustainable development or underdevelopment. Current practices have a patient-obey-physician approach that assigns a passive role to patients and inhibits dialogue with community leaders. An alternative critical-holistic perspective can help universities overcome the limits of individual disciplines and current practices. The critical-holistic health, nutrition, and development promotion model offers a productive alternative paradigm for university-community partnerships on health, nutrition, and development issues. The model has been used successfully in education, research, and practice in Brazil and the United States and enhances the linkages among individual, societal, and institutional responsibilities. It is especially valuable in communities where social aspects such as low incomes and contaminated water supplies call for ...
Distribution of income and toxic emissions in Maine, United States: Inequality in two dimensions

Abstract Ecological distribution refers to inequalities in the use of environmental sinks and sources. This article explores one such dimension of ecological distribution — that of toxic air emissions. Using data from the Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators model and the United States Census Bureau, I analyze the distribution of both environmental risk and income at the block-group level in the state of Maine. The state of Maine was chosen for its historical dependence upon natural resources as well as its economic and spatial heterogeneity. Results clearly indicate that the toxic air emissions are distributed much more unequally than is income, and that those inequalities are reinforcing. While not in itself an indication of environmental injustice, such analyses may help us to rethink the assumption that there is a tradeoff between income and pollution.
Insects and fungi on a C3 sedge and a C4 grass exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations in open‐top chambers in the field

The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on plant-fungi and plant-insect interactions were studied in an emergent marsh in the Chesapeake Bay. Stands of the C3 sedge Scirpus olneyi Grey, and the C4 grass Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. have been exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations during each growing season since 1987. In August 1991 the severities of fungal infections and insect infestations were quantified. Shoot nitrogen concentration ([N]) and water content (WC) were determined. In elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2, 32% fewer S. olneyi plants were infested by insects, and there was a 37% reduction in the severity of a pathogenic fungal infection, compared with plants grown in ambient CO2 concentrations. S. olneyi also had reduced [N], which correlated positively with the severities of fungal infections and insect infestations. Conversely, S. patens had increased WC but unchanged [N] in elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and the severity of fungal infection increased. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration increased or decreased the severity of fungal infection depending on at least two interacting factors, [N] and WC; but it did not change the number of plants that were infected with fungi. In contrast, the major results for insects were that the number of plants infected with insects decreased, and that the amount of tissue that each insect ate also decreased.
Apoptotic pathways of cell death induced by an interleukin-13 receptor-targeted recombinant cytotoxin in head and neck cancer cells.

Interleukin 13 receptor (IL-13R)-targeted cytotoxin, IL13-PE38QQR, composed of IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE), is found to be highly and specifically cytotoxic to human solid cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of tumor cell death mediated by IL-13 toxin is still not known. To elucidate the mechanism, we utilized four head and neck cancer cell lines (SCC-25, HN12, KCCT873, and YCUM911), which express high levels of IL-13R, and IL-13 toxin is highly cytotoxic to these cells. We observed chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, indicating apoptotic cell death, after treatment with IL-13 toxin, as determined by bis-benzimide staining and DNA ladder assays. However, IL-13 did not induce cell death. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that these cancer cell lines increased the sub-G1/G0 phase DNA population in a dose- and time-dependent manner (ranged between 10 and 30%) after treatment with IL-13 toxin. By Western blot analysis, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP was observed after treatment with a high concentration of IL-13 toxin, also suggesting apoptotic cell death. In addition, the results of immunofluorescence and RT-PCR assays showed that the apoptosis-regulator, Bcl-2 was downregulated after treatment with IL-13 toxin, while Bax was upregulated. Moreover, significant nitrite production was detected in the HN12 cell line after treatment with IL-13 toxin for 48–96 h. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-13 toxin-induced cytotoxicity is at least partially mediated by the apoptosis and nitric oxide pathways. This information may be useful in developing specific approaches where apoptotic bodies from tumor cells may be used to pulse antigen-presenting cells for immunotherapy of cancer.
Dynamic optimization based integrated operation strategy design for passive cooling ventilation and active building air conditioning

Abstract As one form of passive cooling, night ventilation (NV) has been proven effective to improve the building energy performance. In previous studies, however, fixed NV operating strategies were usually pre-defined, ignoring the weather condition variations over the whole operation process, the influence of outdoor humidity on NV's efficiency, and NV's integrated performance with active air conditioning systems. Such strategies may have potentials for further improvements. This paper presents a systematic approach to address the dynamic optimization of integrated operation of NV and active building air conditioning using typical variable–air–volume (VAV) systems as the case. In the optimization scheme, the physical model is developed per differential algebraic equations (DAEs). The simultaneous collocation method is introduced to translate the dynamic optimization into a nonlinear program, which is then implemented in the GAMS platform and handled by IPOPT solver. The study results indicate that the optimized strategies lead to a remarkable energy saving of 23.19–49.31% in different climate conditions compared to the traditional local control scheme without NV, and a saving of 14.97–39.70% compared to that with pre-defined NV.
The numerical solution of Stefan problems with front-tracking and smoothing methods

The numerical performance of some computer methods for heat transfer with change of phase is discussed. For one-dimensional problems the application of invariant imbedding to time-discretized problems is suggested. For some multidimensional problems an absorption of the phase transition process into the diffusion equation through the so-called enthalpy transformation is advocated. If this transformation is not applicable, a locally one-dimensional Gauss-Seidel-type front-tracking method coupled with invariant imbedding is effective.
Potato quality XV. Improving texture and measuring textural changes in potato flakes

Mealiness or consistency is the most important textural factor in certain forms of processed potatoes. An objective method of measuring this has been shown using a modified L.E.E.-Kramer shear press. Addition of sodium acid pyrophosphate at various locations in the processing line will increase mealiness and prevent discoloration from after-cooking darkening. To substantiate textural changes, objective methods were used and the influence of moisture and flake ratio in the reconstituted products was shown. Microscopic examinations showed that SAPP-treated cells when ruptured did not lose their contents. As the ratio of water to flakes is increased the shear force is decreased. The temperature of the water also creates shear force differences, although the general slope of the curves are similar. Phosphorus concentrations in potato flakes are shown for various treatments with and without SAPP. Both ortho and pyro forms were analyzed and all treatments showed increased phosphorus concentrations. Total iron content was similar in all treatments but color scores were higher in the SAPP-treated samples.
Some reflections on potential abuses of psychology’s knowledge and practices

This article identifies ten implicit and explicit assumptions of Western psychology that are rooted within its cultural history, traditions, and values. Unfortunately, these assumptions have informed and dominated the knowledge and practice of psychology across the world because of historic, cultural, political, and economic reasons. It is now clear, however, that the indiscriminate acceptance and application of Western psychological knowledge and practices constitutes a serious abuse for non-Western people and for ethnic/racial minorities in Western nations. This abuse is often transmitted and exacerbated via the training of international and ethnic minority students who learn to accept Western psychology as universal. In a global community in which all our lives have become interdependent, it is essential Western psychology be re-considered as a “cultural construction” with all the ethnocentric limitations this implies. As a counter, efforts must be made to acknowledge, develop, and transmit the diverse indigenous/national psychologies from across the world.
Threshold-based intrusion detection in ad hoc networks and secure AODV

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) play an important role in connecting devices in pervasive environments. MANETs provide inexpensive and versatile communication, yet several challenges remain in addressing their security. So far, numerous schemes have been proposed for secure routing and intrusion detection, with only simulations to validate them; little work exists, in implementing such schemes on small handheld devices. In this paper, we present our approach of securing a MANET using a threshold-based intrusion detection system and a secure routing protocol. We present a proof-of-concept implementation of our IDS deployed on handheld devices and in a MANET testbed connected by a secure version of AODV over IPv6 - SecAODV. While the IDS helps detect attacks on data traffic, SecAODV incorporates security features of non-repudiation and authentication, without relying on the availability of a Certificate Authority (CA) or a Key Distribution Center (KDC). We present the design and implementation details of our system, the practical considerations involved, and how these mechanisms can be used to detect and thwart malicious attacks.
beta 2-Microglobulin amyloidosis: illustrative cases.

Patients on long-term dialysis tend to develop amyloidosis derived from β2-microglobulin. Serum levels of this protein rise in renal insufficiency and remain high in patients on dialysis. The distribution of amyloid deposits in such patients as well as tissue diagnosis, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic features are briefly discussed.
Windowless targets for intense beams

Abstract Earlier results have shown that a plasma window can effectively separate vacuum from a pressure of close to 3 atm. Present results indicate that a plasma window enhanced by a venturi facilitates a rather effective vacuum separation from a 9 atm gas target. Utilization of the plasma arc as the window for gas targets removes all of the limitations on beam current, energy, and energy focusing imposed by solid windows. Various applications and the new results are discussed.
Hochvakuumaufdampfung von Germanium auf NaF und NaCl

Bei einem Vakuum von 10−5 Torr wurde Germanium auf luftgespaltene und vakuumgespaltene NaCl- und NaF-Substrate aufgedampft. In Abhangigkeit von der Substrattemperatur (280–500°C), der Aufdampfgeschwindigkeit (1–35 A s−1) und der aufgedampften Schichtdicke (100–1500 A) wurde die Struktur der Germaniumabscheidungen untersucht. Hierbei interessierten der Ubergang amorph/kristallin, die Zahl und Grose der Kristallite, ihre Orientierung und Anordnung auf der Substratoberflache sowie der prozentuale Anteil der mit Germaniumkristalliten bedeckten Substratoberflache. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten mit einem Elektronenmikroskop durch Abbildung und Beugung. The structure of the Ge-deposits was revealed in dependence on substrate temperature (280–500°C), evaporation rate 1–35 A s−1 and average thickness of the film (100–1500 A). A survey of the transition amorphous/crystalline, number and diameter of crystals, their orientation and arrangement on the surface and the degree of covered area proved to be of special importance. The samples were examined by means of the electron microscope.
The accuracy of primary care patients' self-reports of prostate-specific antigen testing.

Abstract Background: The accuracy of reports made by male primary care patients of previous screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay is important for clinical practice, surveillance, and research. Methods: As part of a clinical trial that evaluated a decision aid for prostate cancer screening, 133 male primary care patients, aged 45 to 70 years, were contacted 1 year after enrollment and asked whether they had received PSA testing. To corroborate these self-reports, each patient’s clinic and hospital medical records were reviewed for evidence of PSA test results. Results: The raw percentage agreement between self-reported PSA testing and the medical records was 74.4% (κ=0.48). When compared to the findings of the medical record reviews, apparent overreporting by some patients was explained by problems with recalling the test within the 1-year time frame (4.5%) and by having been tested outside of the medical center (5.3%). Uncertainty about having been tested was reported by six (4.5%) patients with PSA test results in their medical records. Misreported testing could not be explained for 11.3% of patients. Patients who had not completed high school were 2.7 times more likely to misreport PSA testing (95% confidence interval, 1.61–3.87). Conclusions: The accuracy of primary care patients’ self-reports of previous PSA testing is questionable. Errors in reporting are due largely to problems with recalling a test within a specific time frame or to testing outside of the primary care setting. Under-reporting is a problem for patients uncertain of previous testing.
VEHICLE/TRACK DYNAMIC MODELS FOR WHEEL/RAIL FORCES AND TRACK RESPONSE

Two types of vertical vehicle/track dynamic model are described in the paper. One is a coupled moving vehicle/track finite element model and the other is a lumped parameter model. The finite element model allows a vehicle to move along the track and is capable of considering variable track parameters such as track stiffness and tie support along the track, as well as the existence of rail joints. The lumped parameter model is a simplified model. The method for determining equivalent model parameters is discussed. The major output of these two models are wheel/rail dynamic forces and dynamic track responses under excitation at relatively high frequencies. In addition, the development of a track model to be installed into the AAR's NUCARS vehicle/truck interaction model is discussed briefly.
P58IPK, a Novel Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-inducible Protein and Potential Negative Regulator of eIF2α Signaling

The unfolded protein response, which is activated in response to the loss of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) homeostasis and/or the accumulation of misfolded, unassembled, or aggregated proteins in the ER lumen, involves both transcriptional and translational regulation. In the current studies we sought to identify novel ER stress-induced genes by conducting microarray analysis on tunicamycin-treated cells. We identified P58(IPK), an inhibitor of the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, as induced during ER stress. Additional studies suggested that p58(IPK) induction was mediated via ATF6 and that P58(IPK) played a role in down-regulating the activity of the pancreatic eIF2 kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha)-like ER kinase/activation transcription factor (ATF) 4 pathway. Modulation of P58(IPK) levels altered the phosphorylation status of eIF2alpha, and thereby affected expression of its downstream targets, ATF4 and Gadd153. Overexpression of P58(IPK) inhibited eIF2alpha phosphorylation and reduced ATF4 and Gadd153 protein accumulation, whereas silencing of P58(IPK) expression enhanced pancreatic eIF2alpha-like ER kinase and eIF2alpha phosphorylation and increased ATF4 and Gadd153 accumulation. These findings implicate P58(IPK) as an important component of a negative feedback loop used by the cell to inhibit eIF2alpha signaling, and thus attenuate the unfolded protein response.
Precise orbit determination of high-Earth elliptical orbiters using differenced Doppler and ranging measurements

Recent advances in NASA's Deep Space Network station calibration methods have led to renewed interest in the use of differenced radio metric data types for interplanetary navigation, particularly differenced Doppler and range. An orbit determination error analysis is described which compares the performance of these differenced data types when used in concert with conventional two-way Doppler for precise navigation for high-earth orbiters. Three highly elliptical orbits were investigated, with apogee heights on the order of 20000, 70000, and 156000 km. The analysis assumes that each orbiter's downlink antennas has no ground footprint limitation in the near apogee regime. Results indicate that the most significant navigational accuracy improvements are seen for the lowest altitude orbit by using differenced Doppler measurements in conjunction with two-way Doppler. The results for the two higher-altitude orbits, although less dramatic, suggest accuracy improvements can also be achieved when differenced range measurements are combined with two-way Doppler. >
Pricing for Environmental Compliance in the Auto Industry

For environmental and political reasons, governments have imposed fleetwide standards for emissions and fuel economy on automotive manufacturers. For example, the US government has imposed corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations on manufacturers for their vehicles sold in the United States. When these standards run contrary to consumer preferences or when technology advances fail to deliver anticipated benefits, manufacturers may use price as a short-term strategy to encourage consumers to switch to vehicles that help the firm to achieve fleetwide compliance. We developed a mathematical model to coordinate price with production decisions while meeting fleetwide standards, market share, and production-capacity constraints. To incorporate substitutability of products, we created a demand model that uses consumers second-choice preferences and linear demand curves.
The protective influence of parents and peers in violence avoidance among African-American youth.

Objectives: This study attempted to provide further insight into the roles of parents and peers as they influence youth involvement with violence. Specifically, this paper considers whether parents who are close to their children have children who affiliate with prosocial friends who may in turn serve as a buffer against violence. This study also considers how parent and peer influences may change as youth transition to adolescence. Methods: A cross-sectional health behavior survey was administered to 384 low-income, African-American youth aged 10‐15 from three Chicago area schools. Structural equation models (SEM) were developed to assess the impact of youth reported prosocial friends and parental closeness on violence involvement. The overall model was tested to examine equivalence across preadolescent and adolescent age-groupings. Results: Results from the overall model indicated that parental closeness did not have a direct influence on youth violence involvement, but having a close parent‐ child relationship improved the youth’s ability to select prosocial friends, which was directly related to decreased involvement with violence. Differences in the model by age-grouping suggested the presence of prosocial friends was a stronger factor for adolescent violence avoidance when compared to preadolescents. Conclusions: Parents can make a difference in the way in which their children choose their friends and therefore get involved with violence by maintaining a closely bonded relationship throughout preadolescence and adolescence. The importance of this closely bonded relationship has even greater effects for decreasing violence involvement for adolescents than preadolescents.
Homo contemplans: The Order of the World, Gregorian Contemplative Anthropology, and Old English Poetics

This essay considers Old English poetics through the lens of Gregory the Great’s contemplative anthropology, which understands the experience of contemplation as intrinsic to being a human person and so also a reader. Such a perspective on reading depends upon its situation within a particular community and common knowledge base, and it relies upon poets’ disciplined sharing of their knowledge as well as readers’disciplined reception of texts. I relate this account of the function of vernacular religious poetry to the specific context of Anglo-Saxon England through a new reading of the Old English poem The Order of the World, and I draw on both scholars of literature and contemporary monastics for my interpretive framework. The perspective on the situation of poetics in the Anglo-Saxon ecclesial community developed here brings into greater focus the utility and reason for so much of the extant Old English religious poetry through an acknowledgement of its social and religious functions within the Christia...
Introducing Technology in Child Welfare Referrals: A Case Study

Access to social services is important for the safety of children and ultimately for reunification of families involved in the child welfare system. The process of linking families to services however, varies by caseworker and can be cumbersome and time-consuming. The DCFS Needs Portal is an internet-based intervention to improve the timing and quality of social service referrals in Los Angeles County We used a case study approach including in-depth interviews, direct observations and user feedback obtained from the Needs Portal to 1) determine perceived benefits and barriers to adopting the Needs Portal and 2) report how the flow of information between users and developers was used to adapt to user needs. Our analyses revealed four major barriers: 1) caseworker apprehension regarding new technology, 2) variation in communication styles by user type, 3) lack of technological infrastructure and 4) competing workplace demands. Information sharing between developers and users has the potential to better meet the needs of users and ultimately maximize utilization of new technology. Although internet-based interventions are designed to inexpensively and effectively coordinate services, emerging interventions may require in-person assistance and modifications in order to succeed.
X-ray yield from pinch target implosions

The wire array z-pinch is an efficient x-ray source which has been proposed for use in indirect drive inertial confinement fusion schemes. Extensive research has focused on methods to enhance and manipulate the x-ray yield in a z-pinch. In recent experiments performed at the Nevada Terawatt Facility, it was observed that a center wire added as a target for conical array implosions resulted in an increase in x-ray yield when the diameter of the center wire was smaller than a threshold value which depended on the wire material. Investigation of this behavior was performed on Zebra, a 2 TW z-pinch generator which delivers a 1 MA current pulse to a load, with a 90 ns rise time. Aluminum cylindrical and conical wire arrays with similar implosion times were used to investigate the role of the center wire in the implosion. For each configuration the array wires diameter remained unchanged for all experiments, while Al, Ti, Cu, SS and W targets were used with diameters ranging from 10 µm – 1 mm. Comparing the soft x-ray yield (20 eV – 5 keV) without a center wire, the cylindrical arrays produced more x-rays than the conical wire arrays, which was expected since a portion of the kinetic energy of the conical implosion goes to producing a plasma jet. With the addition of a center wire, the conical wire array showed a positive correlation between the soft x-ray yield and the diameter of the target. This increase was significant enough to surpass the cylindrical wire array in soft x-ray yield. In conical wire array implosion the narrow end of the cone has an increased J×B force causing the narrow region to implode faster than the rest of the array, similar to an x-pinch. During the initial implosion, time-gated pinhole images recorded a bright x-ray burst at the narrow region of the cone. In addition there was also observed a bright, narrow, hard x-ray source along the length of the pinch. This talk will present the differences in soft (20 eV – 5 keV) and hard (1 keV – 5 keV) x-ray yield form different arrays and targets and will discuss the possible sources for the x-ray yield increase.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Worsening in Alzheimer's Disease: Whole-Brain Longitudinal DTI Analysis (P03.092)

Objective: To identify neuroanatomical underpinnings of cognitive (COG) and neuropsychiatric (NPS) changes in Alzheimer disease (AD). Background Cross-sectional analyses have revealed correlations between COG or NPS and local brain damage in AD. Less is known about the relationship between changes in these symptoms and changes in the AD brain over time. Design/Methods: Subjects were evaluated at 2 time points, one year apart - 22 with AD dementia and 6 with mild cognitive impairment who progressed to AD dementia within a mean of 21 months. Clinical measures of COG or NPS included: mini-mental state examination (MMSE), California verbal learning test (CVLT), and neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). COG or NPS changes between two time points [Δcog or Δnps = (baseline scale) – (scale a year later)] were calculated. Diffusion tensor images (DTI) were acquired on a 3T-scanner with a voxel size of 2.23 mm3. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were measured using atlas-based image quantification in 148 brain structures at the same two time points.FA change [ΔFA = (baseline FA) – (FA after one year)] and MD change [ΔMD = (baseline MD) – (MD after one year)] were calculated in all regions generating a 148 (# of structures) x 28 (# of patients) matrix. Principal component analysis was performed on the matrix and the principal components that significantly correlated with Δcog or Δnps (p Results: Change in CVLT short-delay free-recall was associated with MD increases in the limited areas (frontal/limbic/basal ganglia), whereas change in MMSE reflected more widespread MD increases (frontal/temporal/parietal/deep gray matters). FA reduction in specific brain regions was correlated with increases in severity for individual NPS symptoms, including: : delusions→right frontal/bilateral caudate; agitation/irritability→right fronto-temporal/parietal; hallucinations→cingulum/corpus callosum/thalamus/midbrain. Conclusions: Worsening COG and NPS reflect progressive brain damage due to AD in specific neuroanatomical structures. Supported by: KO was funded by the NIH (R21AG033774) and the Johns Hopkins Alzheimer9s Disease Research Center (P50AG005146 from NIH). SM was funded by NIH (P41 RR015241and RO1AG20012). MM was funded by the NIH (R21NS060271). The images acquired from Alzheimer9s patients and mild cognitive impairment patients were supported by a methods development grant from Glaxo-Smith-Kline, awarded to MA and CGL. Disclosure: Dr. Oishi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mielke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albert has received personal compensation for activities with Eisai, Genentech, and Lilly as a consultant. Dr. Albert has received research support from GE. Dr. Lyketsos has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer, Forest, Lilly, Takeda, and Elan as a consultant.Dr. Lyketsos has received research support from Forest Laboratories. Dr. Mori has nothing to disclose.
Survival and Reproduction of Four Cereal Aphids on Certain Range Grasses

Ten species of grasses in 8 genera were tested as hosts (survival and reproduction) for 4 species of cereal aphids. Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), did best on Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv., Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir, and Dactylis glomerata L.; English grain aphid, Macrosiphum avenae (F.), on Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., A. intermedium , Alopecurus arundinaceus , and Psathyrostachys (= Elymus ) junceas Fisch.; Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on Alopecurus arundinaceus , Agropyron cristatum , and Bromus inermis Leyss. The corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) did not do well on any of the grasses tested, which in addition to those already mentioned, included: Agropyron smithii Rydb., Andropogon gerardii Vitm., Panicum virgatum L., and Phalaris arundinacea L.
Telomerase activity is restored in human cells by ectopic expression of hTERT (hEST2), the catalytic subunit of telomerase

The expression of telomerase, the enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA de novo, is suppressed in normal somatic human cells but is reactivated during tumorigenesis. This reactivation appears to arrest the normal loss of telomeric DNA incurred as human cells divide. Since continual loss of telomeric DNA is predicted to eventually limit cell proliferation, activation of telomerase in cancer cells may represent an important step in the acquisition of the cell immortalization which occurs during tumor progression. The telomerase holoenzyme is composed of both RNA and protein subunits. In humans, mRNA expression of hTERT (hEST2), the candidate telomerase catalytic subunit gene, appears to parallel the levels of telomerase enzyme activity, suggesting that induction of hTERT is necessary and perhaps sufficient for expression of telomerase activity in tumor cells. To test this model directly, we ectopically expressed an epitope-tagged version of hTERT in telomerase-negative cells and show that telomerase activity was induced to levels comparable to those seen in immortal telomerase-positive cells and that the expressed hTERT protein was physically associated with the cellular telomerase activity. We conclude that synthesis of the hTERT telomerase subunit represents the rate-limiting determinant of telomerase activity in these cells and that this protein, once expressed, becomes part of the functional telomerase holoenzyme.
Egg Preferences of Wisconsin Consumers as Related to Standards for Grading

Abstract AS the structure of egg marketing gradually changes it becomes necessary for industry to continuously evaluate the position of its products within the frame of reference to consumer preferences and motivation. The problem is somewhat regional in nature due to differences in quality of product offered to consumers, marketing systems in use, consumer education relative to the product, and so forth. While several surveys of consumer attitudes toward eggs have been made in recent years in different sections of the country, relatively few have been conducted in the state of Wisconsin. Notable among these few were the studies of Mortenson and Hayes (1946) in Milwaukee retail stores, and a mail survey conducted in Green Bay by Staidl (1959). The present study was developed to update and increase information available to the industry in this state where the major portion of production is destined for shell egg markets and an increasingly…
Bidirectional pathways between relational aggression and temperament from late childhood to adolescence.

Relational aggression is linked to numerous adverse consequences. However, we know little about how temperament leads individuals to become perpetrators/victims of relational aggression, or how being a perpetrator/victim influences the development of temperament. We used longitudinal data from 674 Mexican-origin youth to examine relations between relational aggression and mother- and child-reported temperament from 5th grade (Mage=10.8; SD=0.60) through 11th grade (Mage=16.8; SD=0.50). Results show that: (a) high Negative Emotionality and low Effortful Control predicted increases in victimization; (b) low Effortful Control predicted increases in perpetration; (c) victims increased in Negative Emotionality and decreased in Effortful Control; and (d) perpetrators increased in Negative Emotionality and Surgency. Thus, temperament serves as both an antecedent to and a consequence of relational aggression.
Effect of blood flow rate and blood flow history on newborn pulmonary microcirculation.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased pulmonary blood flow and/or the history of pulmonary blood flow alters microvascular pressures in lungs of newborns. Using the direct micropuncture technique, we measured pressures in 20- to 60-microns-diameter arterioles and venules in isolated lungs of newborn rabbits at consecutive blood flow rates of 50 (baseline), 100, and/or 200 ml.min-1.kg-1. Then in some lungs we returned blood flow rate to baseline and repeated microvascular pressure measurements. We kept left atrial pressure the same at all blood flow rates. When blood flow rate increased and left atrial pressure was maintained constant, pulmonary arterial, 20- to 60-microns-diameter arteriolar, and 20- to 60-microns-diameter venular pressures increased such that the percentage of total pressure drop that occurred across veins increased. When we returned blood flow to baseline, venular pressure returned to baseline, but arteriolar and pulmonary arterial pressures returned to values less than baseline so that the percentage of the total pressure drop that occurred across microvessels decreased. Thus both blood flow rate and blood flow history are important determinants of the longitudinal distribution of pulmonary vascular pressures across newborn lungs. These findings also suggest that in newborn lungs venules greater than 60 microns diameter are poorly distensible such that higher blood flow rates result in increased microvascular pressures. Hence, under conditions of increased pulmonary blood flow, such as occurs with left to right shunts, the tendency for edema formation will increase in newborn lungs even if left atrial pressure does not increase.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CONSERVATION-TYPE WATER-CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THE NORTHERN SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL

The occurrence and distribution of water-control devices in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental can be explained on the basis of the soil's parent material and, to a lesser extent, by the seasonal distribution of precipitation. The areas at the northern and western extremes of the Sierra Madre are associated with andesite surface rock which weathers more rapidly and produces a more fertile soil than the rhyolite-derived soils found to the east and south. A more even distribution of moisture occurs on the western, or Sonoran, side of the continental divide than that associated with the Chihuahuan Desert regime on the east. Thus, more moisture is available for agriculture during the growing season on the western slope. Our investigation indicates that water-control systems were constructed by local groups to increase agricultural production on sloping land and were not part of a massive, but incomplete, project to protect irrigated fields downstream, as contended by Di Peso (1974).
Discrimination of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on melting curve analysis assay

Objective:To establish a rapid,convenient assay for discriminating Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 relying on melting curve analysis.Methods: The lipopolysaccharide gene(rfbE) and H7 flagellar antigen gene(fliC) of Escherichia coli O157: H7 were chosen as targets for developing multiplex real time PCR.Results: A large number of standard reference strains were detected,and then the results showed that the assay reported here was specific to Escherichia coli O157: H7.The detection limit of pure culture was 2.8×101 cfu/ml.When 108 clinical specimens were detected,18 were positive to Escherichia coli O157: H7 and 3 were positive to Escherichia coli O157: non-H7.The coincidence of the above results and to that from the conventional assay was 100%.Conclusion: It is a simple,accurate assay for discrimination of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7.Moreover,other serotypes of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli could be discriminated by adding specific primer pair to PCR reaction simultaneously.
Site specific polarization transfer from a hyperpolarized ligand of dihydrofolate reductase

Protein–ligand interaction is often characterized using polarization transfer by the intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). For such NOE experiments, hyperpolarization of nuclear spins presents the opportunity to increase the spin magnetization, which is transferred, by several orders of magnitude. Here, folic acid, a ligand of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), was hyperpolarized on 1H spins using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP). Mixing hyperpolarized ligand with protein resulted in observable increases in protein 1H signal predominantly in the methyl group region of the spectra. Using 13C single quantum selection in a series of one-dimensional spectra, the carbon chemical shift ranges of the corresponding methyl groups can be elucidated. Signals observed in these hyperpolarized spectra could be confirmed using 3D isotope filtered NOESY spectra, although the hyperpolarized spectra were obtained in single scans. By further correlating the signal intensities observed in the D-DNP experiments with the occurrence of short distances in the crystal structure of the protein–ligand complex, the observed methyl proton signals could be matched to the chemical shifts of six amino acids in the active site of DHFR-folic acid binary complex. These data demonstrate that 13C chemical shift selection of protein resonances, combined with the intrinsic selectivity towards magnetization originating from the initially hyperpolarized spins, can be used for site specific characterization of protein–ligand interactions.
Bladder Replacement After Cystoprostatectomy: Efforts to Achieve Total Continence

AbstractTotal bladder replacement with tubular sigmoid colon and detubularized ileocecal bowel segments was performed on 17 patients after cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. There were few complications and patient acceptance was excellent. Daytime continence was achieved in most patients but voiding patterns were superior with detubularized segments. However, enuresis was common with both segment types. Total urinary continence (day and nighttime continence) was achieved in 7 patients with an artificial urinary sphincter that was activated only at night. Total bladder replacement is an acceptable form of urinary diversion after cystoprostatectomy in appropriate patients. (J. Urol., 138: 495–499, 1987)
Bin1 Regulates CaV1.2 Channel Clustering in Ventricular Myocytes

L-type Cav1.2 channels are expressed in the plasma membranes of excitable cells including cardiac myocytes where they play a key role in excitation-contraction coupling. Recently, we reported that Cav1.2 channels form clusters that undergo dynamic, reciprocal, allosteric interactions. This ‘functional coupling’ facilitates Ca2+ influx by increasing activity (NPo) of adjoined channels and occurs through C-terminal-to-C-terminal interactions. Physical proximity of Cav1.2 channels on the plasma membrane is an essential requirement for functional interactions of the channels. In the present study, we investigated the role of two scaffolding proteins, A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 150 (AKAP150) and Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1), in the clustering of Cav1.2 channels in ventricular myocytes. Both of these proteins are known to directly interact with Cav1.2 channels. AKAP150 is important for local membrane targeting of PKA, PKCα and calcineurin, while Bin1 has established roles in cardiac t-tubule folding and in the trafficking and localization of Cav1.2 channels to t-tubules. Using GSD super-resolution imaging, we found that clustering of Cav1.2 channels in these cells is unaltered by genetic ablation of AKAP79/150 such that the area of CaV1.2 clusters was similar in WT (2379 ± 43 nm) and AKAP150-/- myocytes (2379 ± 43 nm). However, heterozygous deletion of Bin1 significantly reduced Cav1.2 channel cluster size. The area of CaV1.2 channel clusters was approximately 42% smaller in BIN1+/- (1379 ± 43 nm) than in WT (2349 ± 76 nm2) ventricular myocytes (p< 0.0001). This data suggests that Bin1 is a key regulator of Cav1.2 channel clustering in heart.
Learning without Recall from actions of neighbors

Under the Bayesian without Recall (BWR) model of inference, the agents behave rationally with respect to their most recent observations and yet they do not recall their history of past observations and cannot reason about how other agents are making their decisions. This model avoids the complexities of fully rational inference and also provides a behavioral foundation for non-Bayesian updating. We present the implications of the choice of signal and action space and utility structures for such agents, leading us to familiar update forms including the linear updates and the DeGroot model. We show that for a wide class of distributions from the exponential family with their conjugate priors, the BWR action updates take the form of a linear update in the self and neighboring actions. Furthermore, if the agents begin with noninformative priors then these action updates take the form of a convex combination as in the DeGroot model: agents who start from noninformative priors follow the DeGroot update and reach a consensus.
Managing critically ill patients with esmolol. An ultra short-acting beta-adrenergic blocker.

Esmolol is a new intravenous β-adrenergic blocker with an ultrashort (nine-minute) elimination half-life, which has been studied predominantly for control of supraventricular tachycardia and management of certain types of hypertension. Clinical studies indicate that the efficacy of esmolol is equivalent to that of propranolol and verapamil for control of supraventricular tachycardia and to sodium nitroferricyanide (sodium nitroprusside) for control of postoperative hypertension. Esmolol also has been shown to control heart rate and blood pressure during episodes of acute myocardial ischemia. Cardioselectivity is similar to that of metoprolol, and the ability to titrate the effect of esmolol may provide additional assurance that β-adrenergic blockade will remain within the cardioselective range. The most commonly observed adverse effect seen in clinical trials was asymptomatic hypotension. Hypotension may be minimized by titrating to the minimum effective dose and is readily reversed within 10 to 30 minutes of discontinuing the infusion of esmolol. These unique features represent advantages of great potential merit in critical care medicine.