cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastric Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma Harboring a Rare FUS-CREM Fusion:

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a rare, aggressive soft-tissue tumor, commonly occurring in upper and lower extremities, the limb girdle, and the head and neck, which shows morphologic and molecular overlap with low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. For SEF in soft tissues, 100 case reports have been published. To our knowledge, the present case is the first to be reported in English literature for a primary SEF of the stomach with a rare FUS-CREM fusion. We report a case of gastric SEF in a 35-year-old female who presented with nonspecific symptoms, including night sweat, cough, and iron deficiency anemia for the past few months. Further workup showed, on computed tomography, a large, heterogeneously enhancing and centrally necrotic left upper quadrant mass, which measured approximately 8.4 cm. A laparoscopic partial gastrectomy with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy was performed. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining suggested the diagnosis of primary gastric SEF, which was later confirmed by sarcoma fusion panel showing FUS-CREM fusion. In this article, we report this first case of SEF in the stomach with a rare FUS-CREM fusion, which has been previously reported only once in SEFs of soft tissue.
Investigation of the electrical behavior of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors grown with underlying GaN:Mg layer

In the current study, the electrical behavior of the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown with an underlying GaN:Mg layer is detailed. It is shown that the activation of the buried p-GaN layer is achieved without hydrogen diffusion out of the layer. Reversal in the electrical behavior of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is also observed in the as-grown structure based on the p-GaN activation sequence. This behavior is attributed to the complex role played by hydrogen in the overgrown HEMT layers. The results of this study provide new insights into the development of metal organic chemical vapor deposition grown HEMTs with activated buried p-GaN films.
GNSS signal phase, TEC, and phase unwrapping errors

Precise measurements of signal phase are essential for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position estimates. However, propagation through the earth's ionosphere imposes frequency-dependent phase errors. The frequency dependence is exploited to correct phase errors proportional to total electron content (TEC) divided by frequency. Scintillation causes additional stochastic errors, which can become the largest phase error contribution. Both geometry-free (GFCs) and ionosphere-free (IFCs) frequency combinations are subject to such uncorrectable but generally small phase scintillation errors. A recent published study compared GPS TEC estimates derived from nominally identical L1-L2 and L1-L5 GFCs. The TEC errors establish an upper bound on uncorrelated single-frequency scintillation error contributions. The measured TEC errors were verified with phase-screen simulations. However, a known but largely overlooked phase unwrapping error affects the extraction of signal phase from phase-screen complex signal realizations. This paper demonstrates a procedure for detecting and correcting phase-unwrapping errors and discusses their ramifications.
Trusted Security Model for IDS Using Deep Learning

Contemporarily, cloud computing is becoming the most preferred choice for IT firms because it offers flexibility and pay-per-use services. Nonetheless, privacy and security issues are significant challenges in the successful deployment of cloud computing attributed to its distributed and open architectures that are exposed to intrusions. The open and distributed structures of cloud computing are increasingly appealing to potential cybercriminals. Conventional intrusion detection systems are largely ineffective in the cloud computing environment because of their openness. This paper examines the deployment of novel intrusion detection systems involving a trust-based adaptive security model for intrusion detection through deep learning.
The consequential impact of JUUL on youth vaping and the landscape of tobacco products: the state of play in the COVID-19 era

JUUL is a groundbreaking electronic cigarette (e-cig) and the preeminent vaping product on the market. We present an overview of the rapid and spectacular rise of JUUL and its remarkable fall within the timespan of 2015 - 2020. We highlight JUUL's entering the market in June 2015, becoming the industry leader in mid 2017, and experiencing a litany of setbacks by late 2019 through to early 2020. We address the role played by JUUL in the ongoing epidemic of youth vaping. We also feature competing views on the public health impact of JUUL use (in particular), and e-cig vaping (in general). We further highlight the latest trends in youth vaping and sales records for JUUL and tobacco cigarettes. In view of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, we briefly summarize the existing evidence on the relationship between vaping and smoking and the prevalence, disease course, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19.
112 Nutritional management of horses in Pennsylvania: A survey

Gastrointestinal (GI) health is frequently identified as a top concern for equine caretakers. Various dimensions of nutritional management can impact the horse's GI health. The objective of this study was to characterize the feeding management and GI issues of horses in Pennsylvania (PA). It was hypothesized that horses with a high commercial feed intake and low forage intake would have a higher frequency of GI issues. An online survey was distributed through Penn State Equine Extension's online outlets and through PA equine groups from February 27th to August 31st, 2020. Kurskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data, and the significance level was set at P
Natural Language Processing for Health-Related Texts

Narrative text is an important component of communication in health care, including patient-specific information in health record reports and notes and general biomedical knowledge papers, textbooks and web resources. Retrieval of information from such sources can be accomplished with keyword indexing but this approach fails to distinguish between texts that discuss a topic versus those that merely mention it. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques seek to analyze narrative text to make these distinctions and even to find instances where a concept is discussed but not explicitly mentioned. Previously, grammar-based methods were based on parsing sentences into their structure to infer semantics. Machine-learning methods are now being applied that can infer semantics through techniques such as statistical pattern recognition. Regular expression, rule bases, neural networks and word embeddings are among approaches that are improving the ability of automated systems to carry out successful language understanding, information extraction and question answering.
Viral rhinitis

Viral rhinitis is a common, morbid, and costly malady, often complicated by otitis media, sinusitis, and asthma. Current therapies are relatively ineffective and aimed at reducing symptoms rather than moderating underlying mechanisms. Nasal elevations of proinflammatory cytokines track symptom expression during viral rhinitis, and it is hypothesized that these chemicals orchestrate a common response to infection with many different viruses that cause rhinitis. Also, recent evidence supports a role for neurogenic inflammation in the development of complications. Future studies should dissect the role of proinflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides in the expression of symptoms, signs, pathophysiologies, and complications of viral rhinitis.
TENET: Temporal CNN with Attention for Anomaly Detection in Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems.

Modern vehicles have multiple electronic control units (ECUs) that are connected together as part of a complex distributed cyber-physical system (CPS). The ever-increasing communication between ECUs and external electronic systems has made these vehicles particularly susceptible to a variety of cyber-attacks. In this work, we present a novel anomaly detection framework called TENET to detect anomalies induced by cyber-attacks on vehicles. TENET uses temporal convolutional neural networks with an integrated attention mechanism to detect anomalous attack patterns. TENET is able to achieve an improvement of 32.70% in False Negative Rate, 19.14% in the Mathews Correlation Coefficient, and 17.25% in the ROC-AUC metric, with 94.62% fewer model parameters, 86.95% decrease in memory footprint, and 48.14% lower inference time when compared to the best performing prior work on automotive anomaly detection.
Glial PAMPering and DAMPening of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Adult neurogenesis represents a mature brain’s capacity to integrate newly generated neurons into functional circuits. Impairment of neurogenesis contributes to the pathophysiology of various mood and cognitive disorders such as depression and Alzheimer’s Disease. The hippocampal neurogenic niche hosts neural progenitors, glia, and vasculature, which all respond to intrinsic and environmental cues, helping determine their current state and ultimate fate. In this article we focus on the major immune communication pathways and mechanisms through which glial cells sense, interact with, and modulate the neurogenic niche. We pay particular attention to those related to the sensing of and response to innate immune danger signals. Receptors for danger signals were first discovered as a critical component of the innate immune system response to pathogens but are now also recognized to play a crucial role in modulating non-pathogenic sterile inflammation. In the neurogenic niche, viable, stressed, apoptotic, and dying cells can activate danger responses in neuroimmune cells, resulting in neuroprotection or neurotoxicity. Through these mechanisms glial cells can influence hippocampal stem cell fate, survival, neuronal maturation, and integration. Depending on the context, such responses may be appropriate and on-target, as in the case of learning-associated synaptic pruning, or excessive and off-target, as in neurodegenerative disorders.
Matched-filter processing of microphone array for spatial volume selectivity

Performance of a delay-and-sum beamformer is typically degraded in a reverberant enclosure because the beam captures not only the desired source signal (direct path) but also all images along the beam axis. Matched-filter processing of microphone arrays is shown to improve the quality of sound capture in reverberant environments. This paper also reports the performance of matched-filter array processing in a real room. Significant improvements are shown over single microphones and the traditional delay-and-sum beamformer.
mNoC: Large Nanophotonic Network-on-Chip Crossbars with Molecular Scale Devices

Moore's law and the continuity of device scaling have led to an increasing number of coressnodes on a chip, creating a need for new mechanisms to achieve high-performance and power-efficient Network-on-Chip (NoC). Nanophotonics based NoCs provide for higher bandwidth and more power efficient designs than electronic networks. Present approaches often use an external laser source, ring resonators, and waveguides. However, they still suffer from important limitations: large static power consumption, and limited network scalability. In this article, we explore the use of emerging molecular scale devices to construct nanophotonic networks: Molecular-scale Network-on-Chip (mNoC). We leverage on-chip emitters such as quantum dot LEDs, which provide electrical to optical signal modulation, and chromophores, which provide optical signal filtering for receivers. These devices replace the ring resonators and the external laser source used in contemporary nanophotonic NoCs. They reduce energy consumption or enable scaling to larger crossbars for a reduced energy budget. We present a Single Writer Multiple Reader (SWMR) bus based crossbar mNoC. Our evaluation shows that an mNoC can achieve more than 88p reduction in energy for a 64×64 crossbar compared to similar ring resonator based designs. Additionally, an mNoC can scale to a 256×256 crossbar with an average 10p performance improvement and 54p energy reduction.
Atticus Finch as Racial Accommodator: Answering Malcolm Gladwell's Critique

Atticus Finch – the fictional hero of Harper Lee's 'To Kill A Mockingbird' – is a legal icon. The legendary status of Finch is confirmed by his standing in the non-legal world of broader culture. In 2003, the renowned American Film Institute deemed Atticus the greatest movie hero of all-time. That a lawyer would be worthy of this honor is nothing short of remarkable and demonstrates that the stature of Atticus Finch has assumed mythic proportions in American culture. Atticus is not just a lawyer; he is justice in the flesh. Enter best-selling author Malcolm Gladwell. Last year, Gladwell made waves in The New Yorker by arguing that, far from being a bright spot of racial enlightenment in a time of darkness, Atticus Finch instead made an immoral peace with the world of Jim Crow Alabama. While Gladwell is not the first to criticize the Atticus myth, he is the most culturally influential person to do so, which is an important development. The Atticus-As-Racial-Accommodator charge essentially posits that Atticus was all-too-comfortable with the racism (and racists) that surrounded him every day. Gladwell wonders: Where is the moral outrage? In response, I argue that Gladwell misdiagnoses Atticus because he neglects the important role that Finch's Christian faith plays in who he is as a person. To understand Atticus, one must first understand Jesus and his teaching. Finch is a New Testament-style prophet whose worldview propels him to this truth: Love and understanding open doors; judgment and condemnation close them. Consequently, his quiet and gentlemanly interactions with the racists in his midst suggest neither passivity nor appeasement, as Gladwell contends. Instead, they are a form of character and strength – derived from Finch's faith in Jesus – that imbue Atticus with moral authority in the eyes of the community. Moreover, while Gladwell rightly stresses the need of legal change in bringing equality to the South, the kind of moral change led by Finch was likewise necessary. Law is only half of the equation. This year marks the 50th anniversary of To Kill A Mockingbird. Combined with the cultural significance of Gladwell’s recent revisionist foray, this milestone means that now is a particularly apt time to look at Atticus with fresh eyes and assess his character anew.
The effect of varying educational intervention on consumers’ understanding and attitude toward sustainability and process-related labels found on chicken meat products

Abstract This study focused on comparing the efficiency of educational intervention on improving consumers’ understanding and attitude toward sustainability and process-related label claims. Participants were randomly distributed into 1 of 3 educational-intervention groups: (1) active learning (discussing label claims with other participants), (2) passive learning (reading a flyer about label claims), and (3) passive learning with an authoritative effect (attending a professor’s lecture on label claims). Participants were asked to fill out a survey regarding their understanding and attitude toward 10 sustainability and process-related labels commonly displayed on chicken meat products at 3 different times: before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after educational intervention. Participants’ subjective understanding (self-rated awareness) and objective understanding (recall of actual knowledge) of the label claims significantly increased following educational intervention, independent of the particular type of such intervention. Participants’ attitudes toward label claims varied, however, by the type of educational intervention. Passive learning led participants not only to more trust, but also to consider label claims to be more important when purchasing chicken meat products. In contrast, active learning induced no significant change in the importance level of label claims with respect to their purchasing decision, as well as in the trustiness to label claims. In conclusion, educational intervention, whether based on passive or active learning, improves consumers’ label understanding of chicken meat products. However, since attitude toward label claims varies by the type of educational intervention, food processors and researchers should take further steps in designing more effective ways to mediate the information regarding label claims.
Low incidence of complications using polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) mesh in breast reconstruction: A systematic review.

Summary Background Mastectomy and breast reconstruction are essential parts of the treatment of breast cancer. Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have been used for the reconstruction of the lower pole due to many advantages; however, its cost is seen as a major drawback in this era of concern for the allocation of health-care funds. Recently, polyglactin 910 (Vicryl; Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA) mesh has been published as an alternative. We assessed the published literature, in particular investigating for studies that compare Vicryl mesh with ADM. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Searched databases included Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Reviews, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials, and SCOPUS. Search criteria were as follows: (1) reporting of clinical data using Vicryl mesh in breast reconstruction, (2) reporting of original data, and (3) outcome of interest reported. Results We retrieved 290 de-duplicated articles. After title and abstract screening, we dismissed 258 articles, and thus full text was reviewed for 32 articles; only three retrospective articles met inclusion criteria. The total population included 112 patients and 156 breasts. The reported incidence of complications was as follows: infection 2.6% (confidence interval (CI): 0.7–6.6%), reconstruction failure 3.2% (CI: 1.0–7%), and seroma 1.3% (CI: 0.2–4.6%). A seven- to 12-fold cost difference was reported. Follow-up length ranged from 1.2 to 3.6 years. No studies directly compared Vicryl mesh with ADM. Conclusions Although the evidence is limited, polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) mesh for immediate breast reconstruction appears to be a potentially safe, effective, and less expensive alternative to ADM. Prospective studies are needed to further compare mesh with ADM.
Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event that Changed History

William Ryan and Walter Pitman. New York: Touchstone, 1998. 319 pp., maps, diags., photos, notes, appendices, and index. $14.00 soft (ISBN 0-684-81052-2)
Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses and Protective Immunity Assessed in Gnotobiotic Pigs Inoculated Orally or Intramuscularly with Inactivated Human Rotavirus

Newborn gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated twice perorally (p.o.) (group 1) or intramuscularly (i.m.) (group 2) or three times i.m. (group 3) with inactivated Wa strain human rotavirus and challenged with virulent Wa human rotavirus 20 to 24 days later. To assess correlates of protection, antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were enumerated in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues from pigs in each group at selected postinoculation days (PID) or postchallenge days. Few virus-specific ASC were detected in any tissues of group 1 pigs prior to challenge. By comparison, groups 2 and 3 had significantly greater numbers of virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) ASC in intestinal and splenic tissues at PID 8 and significantly greater numbers of virus-specific IgG ASC and IgG memory B cells in spleen and blood at challenge. However, as for group 1, few virus-specific IgA ASC or IgA memory B cells were detected in any tissues of group 2 and 3 pigs. Neither p.o. nor i.m. inoculation conferred significant protection against virulent Wa rotavirus challenge (0 to 6% protection rate), and all groups showed significant anamnestic virus-specific IgG and IgA ASC responses. Hence, high numbers of IgG ASC or memory IgG ASC in the systemic lymphoid tissues at the time of challenge did not correlate with protection. Further, our findings suggest that inactivated Wa human rotavirus administered either p.o. or parenterally is significantly less effective in inducing intestinal IgA ASC responses and conferring protective immunity than live Wa human rotavirus inoculated orally, as reported earlier (L. Yuan, L. A. Ward, B. I. Rosen, T. L. To, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 70:3075–3083, 1996). Thus, more efficient mucosal delivery systems and rotavirus vaccination strategies are needed to induce intestinal IgA ASC responses, identified previously as a correlate of protective immunity to rotavirus.
Novel approaches to engineering disease resistance in crops.

The natural defense mechanisms of plants are highly effective in preventing pathogen colonization and disease. Resistance is multi-tiered, with passive and active, constitutive and inducible elements (1, 2, 3). Physical barriers imposed by the host cell wall and cuticle act as a first line of defense (4), fortified by the constitutive expression of proteins and secondary metabolites with anti-microbial activity (5, 6). Pathogens able to breach these defenses are recognized by resistant plants, generating a rapid oxidative burst and activating host transcription of genes involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial phytoalexins, fungal cell wall degrading hydrolases (e.g., chitinase and glucanase), and a large number of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (7, 8). At the site of attack, resistant plants often exhibit a hypersensitive reaction (HR) to pathogen challenge (9, 10, 11). In these cases, host tissue undergoes a rapid, localized cell death that resembles mammalian apoptosis (12, 13). The local perception of pathogen attack is conveyed to distant tissues via a transmissible signal that involves salicylic acid (SA) (14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19), further activating gene expression and conditioning a state known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR) (2, 3, 7, 20, 21, 22). Establishment of SAR is a powerful line of plant defense as it can provide broad-spectrum resistance against subsequent viral, bacterial and fungal challenges (3, 20, 23, 24, 25).
Group Work and the Teaching of Ethics

Abstract Recent research in developmental psychology is presented that supports the conclusion that an understanding of the dynamics of self development within the social context of the group is necessary to curriculum development in ethics education. Implications for group work as central to the successful implementation of any such program are discussed.
Rhyolite characterization and distribution in central Alaska

Abstract Fine grained volcanic rocks are common in lithic assemblages of interior Alaska and are amenable to geochemical characterization using a variety of analytical techniques. Our study focuses on rhyolite with the intent of identifying and delineating geochemical groups that may correlate to specific geological source areas. PXRF technology was used to analyze 676 rhyolite artifacts from 123 sites in interior Alaska. Our preliminary results recognize ten distinct geochemical groups that appear to correlate with distinct geological sources. While geological origins of eight of the ten groups identified remain unknown, two geological sources have been pinpointed, one (represented by Group H) is located in the central Alaska Range and the second (Group G) is in the Talkeetna Mountains. The provisional framework of geochemical variation among tool quality rhyolite sources in this region is an important first step toward a more robust understanding of prehistoric landuse in interior Alaska.
Digestibility and performance of steers fed low-quality crop residues treated with calcium oxide to partially replace corn in distillers grains finishing diets.

Two studies were conducted to identify methods for treating crop residues to improve digestibility and value in finishing diets based on corn grain and corn wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS). In Exp. 1, 336 yearling steers (initial BW 356 ± 11.5 kg) were used in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments with 6 pens per treatment. Factors were 3 crop residues (corn cobs, wheat straw, and corn stover) and 2 treatments where crop residues were either fed (20% diet DM) in their native form (NT) or alkaline treated with 5% CaO (DM basis) and hydrated to 50% DM before anaerobic storage (AT). Intakes were not affected by diet (F test; P = 0.30). An interaction between chemical treatment and residue (P 0.10) was observed between control (46% corn; DM basis) and AT (31% corn; DM basis) for DM digestibility (70.7% vs. 73.7%) or OM digestibility (72.1% vs. 77.0%). Dry matter intakes were not different between treated and untreated diets (P = 0.38), but lower (P < 0.01) NDF intake was observed for treated diets (3.1 vs. 3.5 kg/d), suggesting that CaO treatment was effective in solubilizing some carbohydrate. These data suggest that 15% replacement of corn and 10% untreated residue with treated forage result in a nutrient supply of OM similar to that of the control. The improvements in total tract fiber digestibility that occurred when treated forages were fed may have been related to increased digestibility of recoverable NDF and not to increased ruminal pH. Feeding chemically treated crop residues and WDGS is an effective strategy for replacing a portion of corn grain and roughage in feedlot diets.
A probabilistic multiparameter framework for the modeling of fatigue crack growth in concrete

This paper presents a probabilistic multiparameter framework for the modeling of fatigue crack growth in three grades of concrete. The framework relies on the use of ranked fatigue crack growth rate data (with specified occurrence probability levels) in the formulation of multiparameter fatigue crack growth expressions. These relate ranked fatigue crack growth rates to crack driving force parameters such as the stress intensity factor range, maximum stress intensity factor, stress ratio and occurrence probability level. A probabilistic framework is then presented for the estimation of material reliability or failure probability due to fatigue crack growth. The probabilistic model is then validated for the available data.
Circadian organization inAplysia: relations between locomotor rhythm and eye rhythms after cutting both, one or neither optic nerves

We recorded the circadian rhythms of locomotion in vivo and then recorded the rhythm of optic nerve activity in vitro inAplysia maintained in constant conditions (CC). Some of the animals were intact, some had one optic nerve cut (1-nerve-x group) and others had both optic nerves cut (2-nerve-x group). We compared the two eye rhythms with each other and with the foregoing locomotor rhythms.
The isocitrate dehydrogenase phosphorylation cycle: Regulation and enzymology

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) of Escherichia coli is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. This phosphorylation cycle controls the flow of isocitrate through the glyoxylate bypass, a pathway which bypasses the CO2 evolving steps of the Krebs' cycle. IDH is phosphorylated at a single serine which resides in its active site. Phosphorylation blocks isocitrate binding, thereby inactivating IDH. The IDH phosphorylation cycle is catalyzed by a bifunctional protein kinase/phosphatase. The kinase and phosphatase reactions appear to be catalyzed at the same site and may share some catalytic steps. A variety of approaches have been used to examine the IDH phosphorylation cycle in the intact organism. The picture which has emerged is one of an exquisitely sensitive and flexible system which is capable of adapting efficiently to the environment both inside and outside the cell.
Environmental tobacco smoke effects on lung surfactant film organization

Adsorption of the clinical lung surfactants (LS) Curosurf or Survanta from aqueous suspension to the air-water interface progresses from multi-bilayer aggregates through multilayer films to a coexistence between multilayer and monolayer domains. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) alters this progression as shown by Langmuir isotherms, fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). After 12 hours of LS exposure to ETS, AFM images of Langmuir-Blodgett deposited films show that ETS reduces the amount of material near the interface and alters how surfactant is removed from the interface during compression. For Curosurf, ETS prevents refining of the film composition during cycling; this leads to higher minimum surface tensions. ETS also changes the morphology of the Curosurf film by reducing the size of condensed phase domains from 8–12 μm to ~ 2μm, suggesting a decrease in the line tension between the domains. The minimum surface tension and morphology of the Survanta film are less impacted by ETS exposure, although the amount of material associated with the film is reduced in a similar way to Curosurf. Fluorescence and mass spectra of Survanta dispersions containing native bovine SP-B treated with ETS indicate the oxidative degradation of protein aromatic amino acid residue side chains. Native bovine SP-C isolated from ETS exposed Survanta had changes in molecular mass consistent with deacylation of the lipoprotein. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of the hydrophobic proteins from ETS treated Survanta dispersions show significant changes in the conformation of SP-B and SP-C that correlate with the altered surface activity and morphology of the lipid-protein film.
Navigating Institutional Change: The Accord, Rogernomics, and the Politics of Adjustment in Australia and New Zealand

This article uses a transactions approach to examine the ability of governments to develop and sustain negotiated solutions to major economic challenges. Where actors are embedded in long-term, repeated interaction, have long time horizons, and invest in monitoring and enforcement technologies, effective political exchange is more likely. In good transactions environments, policy bargains will be more easily renegotiated and therefore more flexible and durable. To examine the expectations the author looks to the puzzle posed by events in Australia and New Zealand, 1983-1996. Facing similar macroeconomic crises and with historically similar wage bargaining institutions and levels of union density both elect Labor governments, which then make opposite choices: A negotiated solution emerged in Australia but not in New Zealand. Relying on the secondary literature and interviews with key actors, the author finds support for the transactions approach. Findings here point to ways in which to broaden the study of...
Synthesis and molecular structure of a dinuclear phosphorus ylide complex: μ-dichlorobis[chloro(benzoylmethylenetri-n-butylphosphorane)palladium(II)]

Abstract The synthesis and molecular structure of μ-dichlorobis[chloro(benzoylmethylenetri-n-butylphosphorane)palladium(II)] is reported. The characterization of the dinuclear ylide species, wherein the ylide is not ortho-metalated, but solely coordinated through the ylide-methine carbon, is discussed. The role of the title compound in the overall formation of an ortho-metalated dinuclear species is also discussed. X-ray crystal data for C40H66O2P2Pd2Cl4: P21/n, monoclinic, a 12.928(4), b 13.318(4), c 15.948(5) A; β 110.16(2)°, V 2504(1) A3, Z = 2, Rf 5.98%, wRf 6.24%, for 3776 observed reflections with F0 > 5σ(F0).
The Composition of Exhaust Gases from Diesel, Gasoline and Propane Powered Motor Coaches

(1955). The Composition of Exhaust Gases from Diesel, Gasoline and Propane Powered Motor Coaches. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 103-108.
Congenital fibrosarcoma masquerading as congenital hemangioma : report of two cases

The authors report on two infants who had large congenital fibrosarcomas that initially were believed to be hemangiomas. Although hemangioma and congenital fibrosarcoma can have a similar presentation, their treatment is dissimilar. The authors review the anatomic findings, hematologic differences, and radiological clues that can help to differentiate congenital fibrosarcoma from congenital hemangioma.
Extraction of zinc chloride with dibutyl butylphosphonate

The reaction of zinc in chloride solution with dibutyl butylphosphonate (DBBP) in Escaid 110 has been investigated. The extraction coefficient of zinc was independent of equilibrium pH. This independence indicates that the mechanism of the extraction is a solvation. Slope analysis for the system of dilute zinc chloride solution reveals that two moles of DBBP react with one mole of zinc. A series of tests was conducted to bring DBBP to its full loading capacity, and the analysis of the results confirms this stoichiometric factor of 2 for concentrated solutions. The stoichiometric factor of water in the extraction reaction is found to be 4 by determining the activities of water and free chloride ions at various CaCl2 concentrations. The experimental data also indicate that two chloride ions are involved for each extracted zinc species.
Covering six space with spheres

Abstract Let R n be euclidean n -space with a cartesian coordinate system in which O is the origin. Let L denote a lattice in R n of determinant 1 such that there is a sphere centred at O which contains n linearly independent points of L on its boundary but no point of L other than O inside it. A well-known conjecture in the geometry of numbers asserts that any closed sphere in R n of radius 1 2 √n contains a point of L . This is known to be true for n ≤ 5. Here we prove that it is true for n = 6.
EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM VEHICLE RETIREMENT PROGRAMS

Nonattainment areas taking advantage of EPA's modified enforcement of the 1990 Clean Air Act mandates for unpopular emissions control measures will be required to identify alternative measures to reduce emissions, and several areas have indicated their intention to implement scrappage programs for older vehicles as a means of “replacing” the emissions reductions originally expected to result from these other measures. The potential reductions in fleetwide motor vehicle emissions from scrappage of all older light-duty vehicles in a typical urban area's fleet are analyzed, and the sensitivity of those reductions to the timing of the program's implementation and to alternative assumptions about more intensive use of vehicles remaining in the fleet are explored. The cost-effectiveness of such a program in reducing ozone precursor emissions is investigated and the reliability of estimates of the program's effectiveness developed by using the MOBILE5a vehicle emissions model are evaluated. The likely emissions ...
Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: The use of contrast-enhanced echocardiography in diagnosis

Abstract We describe a case of noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium diagnosed in the preoperative evaluation of a patient undergoing renal transplantation. Ventricular noncompaction is characterized by numerous prominent trabecular recesses with intratrabecular blood from the ventricular cavity. Color Doppler was suggestive of intramyocardial flow. With contrast-enhanced echocardiography the endocardial borders were clearly demarcated, allowing for visualization of trabecular recesses and intratrabecular flow. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography facilitates the diagnosis of noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium, circumventing the need for invasive diagnostic testing. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:94-6.)
Extensions to PL/I for natural-language processing

Recently Robert Wachal' has noted that for the natural-language projects using an IBM 360 series computer, 50 percent of the programs are written in FORTRAN and 40 percent are written in PL/I. These figures reflect the discipline's indecision over the two languages, neither of which was designed for natural-language work. FORTRAN and PL/I are used because they exist at many computer installations, not because they are necessarily appropriate to natural-language processing. Since natural-language processing requires much the same kind of logical complexity and data-management techniques as does an application in business, PL/I, being a modern language for business data processing, serves as a better computing language for this than does the formula-oriented scientific language FORTRAN. Furthermore, PL/I can be used in complicated calculations normally reserved for FOR TR AN. PL/I has several disadvantages for natural-language applications, however. In those areas that distinguish business applications from those of natural languages-like extensive character manipulation-PL/I requires some awkward juggling of code to make possible an examination of natural-language data at the word level. Still, the PL/I language can be extended to accommodate the needs of natural-language processing without rewriting the compiler code. PL/I provides a statement-generating facility known as a compile-time language. This compile-time facility allows the programmer to write statements which are substituted into the PL/I program at specified points, eliminating repetitious coding. If efficient PL/I code can be written once and inserted when needed by a simple method for referencing it, the programmer's work is considerably simplified. If the references themselves look like PL/I statements the programmer can behave as though he were using an enlarged version of the PL/I language. Toward this end I have written extensions to the PL/I language that produce fast code with minimal strain on the user; he may convert a string to upper or to lower case, find a word in a string, or convert a string to reverse order. These do not pretend to represent an optimal set of extensions to PL/I. Rather, they are to me some obviously needed extensions that make PL/I more docile for those wishing to do natural-language processing.
Mass generation by radiative corrections in minimal SO(10)

Abstract Starting with Higgs fields belonging to the 10, 16, 45 representations of SO(10) we see how by radiative corrections we induce effective mass terms transforming like the 5, 10 and 45 of SU(5) and e.g. generate a Majorana mass for the neutrino, and a small electron-d quark mass splitting.
Sons of the Eagle: Clan Warfare, organized crime and state disintegration in the Western Balkans

In the aftermath of the Cold War, the conflict in Kosovo and the western Balkans represents a major structural threat to the security and stability of southeastern Europe, judging from its impact on former Yugoslavia and the spillover effects in other sovereign states in the region. The driving force behind the Albanian insurgency ‐ the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) is often given as an example of the most successful guerrilla movement in the modern history of Europe, having been able to achieve its objectives in a relatively short period of time. This article will attempt to address two equally important issues related to the KLA: why they fight and how they fight. The extensive research shows that by combining strategic and tactical rural guerrilla warfare capabilities, the KLA first managed to win the internal war in Serbia and later evolve into a suburban combat force in response to a changing external environment to achieve similar success in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). This fle...
Motivation for advanced pointing, tracking and stabilization concepts

This paper explores the need for system solutions to the extremely complex problems in the pointing, tracking and stabilizations of high energy lasers (HEL's). A global optimal solution is not being advocated at this time, however significant improvements in subsystem performances have been demonstrated analytically and experimentally by direct applications of modern estimation and control theory. Further improvements in subsystem performance are possible merely at the expense of judicious application of the now well developed theories.
Linear stability analysis of flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid through a linear array of cylinders

Abstract The linear stability of the flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid through a linear array of cylinders confined in a channel is analyzed by computing both the steady-state flows and the linear stability of these states by finite element analysis. The linear stability of two-dimensional base flows to three-dimensional perturbations is computed both by time integration of the linearized evolution equations for infinitesimal perturbations and by an iterative eigenvalue analysis based on the Arnoldi method. These flows are unstable to three-dimensional perturbations at a critical value of the Weissenberg number that is in very good agreement with the experimental observations by Liu [Viscoelastic Flow of Polymer Solutions around Arrays of Cylinders: Comparison of Experiment and Theory, Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1997] for flow of a polyisobutylene Boger fluid through a linear periodic array of cylinders. The wave number of the disturbance in the neutral or spanwise direction also is in good agreement with experimental measurements. For closely spaced cylinders, the mechanism for the calculated instability is similar to the mechanism proposed by Joo and Shaqfeh [J. Fluid Mech. 262 (1994) 27] for the non-axisymmetric instability observed in viscoelastic Couette flow, where perturbations to the shearing component of the velocity gradient interact with the polymer stresses in the base flow. However, when the cylinder spacing is increased, we discover a new mechanism for instability that involves the coupling between the elongational component of the velocity gradient and the streamwise normal stress in the base state. In addition, the most unstable disturbance in the Couette geometry is over-stable (leading to time-periodic states) whereas the instability calculated for closely spaced cylinders grows monotonically with time. This apparent inconsistency is resolved by the observation that in a complex flow, the evolution of the perturbations to the base flow can be transient in a Lagrangian frame of reference, while steady in an Eulerian frame.
Relations between stress and work outcomes: The role of felt challenge, job control, and psychological strain

Abstract Recent research on reported work stress indicates stress may not always be deleterious for an individual or organization. Research in this area, however, has not yet examined a variety of work outcomes, the mechanism by which stress leads to such outcomes, and the moderators of this effect. The present study hypothesized that two types of reported stress (challenge- and hindrance-related) have a divergent relationship with work outcomes (relating to desirable and undesirable outcomes, respectively) and a similar (positive) relationship with psychological strain. We also hypothesize felt challenge as a mechanism through which challenge stress relates to desirable outcomes and job control as a moderator of the effect. Results from a heterogeneous sample of university staff employees ( N =461) supported many of the hypotheses. The two types of stress differentially related to work outcomes yet both positively related to psychological strain. In addition, felt challenge mediated the relationship between challenge-related stress and work outcomes, yet the effect of challenge-related stress did not depend on job control.
Stability and instability in crystal growth. IV. Time development of a perturbed paraboloidal needle crystal.

An analytical and numerical study is made of the pattern of growth of a paraboloidal needle crystal from a supercooled melt. The calculations are performed in a fully time-dependent context, which is valid for all values of the supercooling. The principal analytical result is the demonstration that, in a frame co-moving with the dendrite, any perturbation of the tip gives rise to instabilities in the form of traveling waves that are carried away from the axis of the dendrite, and which thus stabilize the tip. These modes are absent in the commonly used quasistationary approximation. This conclusion is confirmed by the numerical results, which show a stable dendrite tip even in the absence of surface-tension anisotropy.
Going global: how to identify and manage societal expectations in supply chains (and the consequences of failure)

Purpose – Multinational companies that want to be reputable global citizens need to manage divergent and often conflicting societal expectations. Aims to show that some do this by using a universally applicable set of policies, approaches, rights and responsibilities, while others believe it is better for companies to manage the issues most material to where they are operating.Design/methodology/approach – This paper, drawing on empirical studies in five continents, examines how companies identify and manage societal expectations when the notion of society itself is undergoing change, and the relationship between business and wider society is being revisited.Findings – Discusses the experience of employing global social and environmental standards, the value of thinking in terms of a global ethic, and whose interests are served by this approach. Argues that, with certain important caveats, current approaches to managing the social and environmental dimensions of global supply chains provide at best a crud...
Auger recombination rates in compressively strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/InGaAsP/InP (0.53<or=x<or=0.73) multiquantum well lasers

The authors have experimentally determined Auger recombination rates in compressively strained In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/InGaAsP/InP MQW lasers for the first time. The Auger recombination rates were derived from the measured turn-on delay times during large-signal modulation of single-mode lasers. The Auger coefficient increases from 5+or-1*10/sup -30/ to 13+or-1*10/sup -30/ cm/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ as the indium composition in the quantum well active region, x, increases from 0.53 to 0.73. >
Suitability of the spider mite Tetranychus evansi as prey for Phytoseiulus persimilis

Experiments conducted to evaluate the suitability of T. evansi as a source of food for P. persimilis revealed that the primary factor responsible for the low oviposition rate and survivorship of the predator when fed T. evansi was the low amount of food ingested. P. persimilis detected and initiated feeding on T. evansi equally as well as on T. urticae. However, a feeding depressant was apparently responsible for a longer time spent by P. persimilis feeding on eggs of T. evansi than on eggs of T. urticae. Eggs of the former prey were totally consumed only occasionally. The depressant effect influenced subsequent feeding on T. urticae, increasing the time required for consumption and the number of partially consumed eggs for at least 3 days. Resume Adequation de Tetranychus evansi comme proie pour Phytoseiulus persimilis Les experiences d'evaluation de l'adequation de T. evansi comme proie pour P. persimilis ont montre que le principal facteur responsable des faibles taux de ponte et de survie du predateur alimente sur T. evansi est la faible quantite d'aliments ingeres. P. persimilis avait decouvert et commence a s'alimenter sur T. evansi aussi bien que sur T. urti-cae. Cependant, un facteur reduisant la prise de nourriture a ete responsable du temps plus important consacre a s'alimenter sur oeufs de P. persimilis que sur oeufs de T. urticae. Les oeufs de la premiere proie n'ont ete que rarement consommes integralement. Cet effet depressif a influence l'aliurmentation ulterieure sur T. urticae, en augmentant le temps necessaire pour la consommation et le nombre d'oeufs partiellement utilises au moins pendant les trois jours suivants.
Damage Localization in Systems with Unknown Inputs

The Dynamic Damage Locating Vector (DDLV) technique localizes damage by interrogating changes in transfer matrices G. It is shown that although G cannot be computed in a stochastic setting a surrogate matrix whose null space is related to that of G can be extracted and this matrix suffices. The paper reviews the theoretical support for the DDLV approach, discusses the constraints used to obtain the surrogate for G, and illustrates the technique using a 12-DOF shear beam monitored with 6 sensors.