cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigations of Multifluid Hydrodynamics During Injection of Supercritical CO2 into Porous Media

Design and risk assessment of field-scale systems for injecting supercritical CO2 into deep saline aquifers demands numerical simulation of the multifluid injection process to capture the displacement of the brine with CO2, dissolution of CO2 into the brine, Rayleigh convection of the brine with CO2 dissolution, and non-isothermal effects. Critical factors for assessing the technical viability of particular injection design and sequestration reservoir include CO2 dissolution rates into the brine, spreading rates for the supercritical-CO2 bubble, chemical reactions between CO2-brine and the aquifer minerals, cap rock integrity and seismicity potential with changes in the effective stress. Applying numerical simulation techniques to the understanding of field-scale applications much simpler than those proposed for deep formation sequestration of CO2, is often complicated by uncertainties in hydrologic parameters and geologic features. Although geologic sequestration in deep aquifers offers promise for reducing emissions of anthropogenic CO2, the analytical tools used to evaluate these coupled engineered and hydrogeologic systems must provide a realistic representation of the physical and chemical processes. Assessing a numerical simulator?s ability to model the complex and coupled processes of injecting supercritical CO2 into saline aquifers benefits from having controlled hydrogeologic conditions. Numerical simulations are presented of supercritical CO2 injection experiments intomore » idealized porous media (e.g., glass beads and quartz sands) and compared against laboratory measurements for a similar system; where the multifluid flow behavior is tracked via fluorescent inert nanoparticles. Capabilities for solving the nonlinear conservation equations for three mass constituents (i.e., water, NaCl salt, and CO2) and thermal energy have been incorporated into multifluid subsurface flow and transport simulator.« less
Comparative glycomic profiling of isotopically permethylated N-glycans by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Rationale Mass spectrometry based comparative glycomics is essential for disease biomarker discovery. However, developing a reliable quantification method is still a challenging task. Methods We here report an isotopic labeling strategy employing stable isotopic iodomethane for comparative glycomic profiling by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). N-Glycans released from model glycoproteins and blood serum samples were permethylated with iodomethane ('light') and iodomethane-d1 or -d3 ('heavy') reagents. Permethylated samples were then mixed at equal volumes prior to LC/ESI-MS analysis. Results Peak intensity ratios of N-glycans isotopically permethylated (Heavy/Light, H/L) were almost equal to the theoretical values. Observed differences were mainly related to the purity of 'heavy' iodomethane reagents (iodomethane-d1 or -d3). The data suggested the efficacy of this strategy to simultaneously quantify N-glycans derived from biological samples representing different cohorts. Accordingly, this strategy is effective in comparing multiple samples in a single LC/ESI-MS analysis. The potential of this strategy for defining glycomic differences in blood serum samples representing different esophageal diseases was explored. Conclusions LC/ESI-MS comparative glycomic profiling of isotopically permethylated N-glycans derived from biological samples and glycoproteins reliably defined glycan changes associated with biological conditions or glycoproteins expression. As a biological application, this strategy permitted the reliable quantification of glycomic changes associated with different esophageal diseases, including high grade dysplasia, Barrett's disease, and esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Cell surface proteins of Drosophila: II. A comparison of embryonic and ecdysone-induced proteins

Abstract The cell-surface proteins of Drosophila embryos at gastrula and myoblast fusion stages were characterized by radioiodination and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Over 13% of the cell surface proteins detected in gastrula embryos were not found in myoblast fusion stage embryos or in Drosophila embryonic cell line EH34A3 cells. Nearly 18% of the cell-surface proteins detected in myoblast fusion stage embryos were evident only at that stage. Embryonic cell-surface proteins were compared with cell-surface proteins from untreated EH34A3 cells and EH34A3 cells treated with 20-hydroxyecdysone, which induces cell aggregation and the expression of “new” proteins at the cell surface ( D. F. Woods and C. A. Poodry, 1983 , Dev. Biol.96, 23–31). Only one of the proteins induced by ecdysone in EH34A3 cells was detected in the NP-40 soluble fraction of radioiodinated cell lysates, even after fractionation by lectin affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation to enrich for putative ecdysone induced proteins. However, extraction of the NP-40 insoluble pellet of embryo cells revealed one additional protein that was present both in myoblast fusion stage embryos and hormone-treated culture cells. It was concluded that except for these two proteins, the cell-surface proteins induced in cultured cell lines by treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone are not present in significant amounts in gastrula or myoblast fusion stage embryos.
The behavior of elastic anisotropic laminated composite flat structures subjected to deterministic and random loadings

Within this research project, the following topics were studied: (1) foundation of the refined theory of flat cross-ply laminated composite flat and curved panels as well as their static and dynamic response analysis; (2) foundation of a geometrically-nonlinear shear-deformable theory of composite laminated flat panels including the effect of initial geometric imperfections and its application in the postbuckling analysis; (3) the study of the dynamic response of shear deformable elastic laminated composite panels to deterministic time-dependent external excitations as the sonic boom and explosive blast type-loadings; (4) the study of the dynamic response of shear deformable elastic laminated composite panels to random excitation as e.g. the one produced by a jet noise or by any time-dependent external excitation whose characteristics are expressed in a statistical sense; and (5) the dynamic stability of fiber-reinforced composite flat panels whose materials (due to e.g. an ambient high temperature field) exhibit a time-dependent physical behavior.
Control Structures Used in Family Business to Manage Wealth: Operationalization of Antecedent and Outcome Variables

This commentary extends the work of Zellweger and Kammerlander by describing how the relationships they hypothesize might be operationalized and tested. It more clearly defines and provides suggest...
PHYSICAL AND PLANT COMMUNITY CONTROLS ON NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEACHING FROM IMPOUNDED RIVERINE WETLANDS FOLLOWING DAM REMOVAL

Dam removal has emerged as a critical issue in water resources engineering and management. Of particular concern in many regions of the USA is the effect of dam removal on downstream water quality and potential methods of decreasing sediment and nutrient loading to downstream reaches. Rapid revegetation of reservoir sediments has been suggested as a means of reducing the impact of dam removal, although little data exist about the role of vegetation in controlling the downstream release of sediment or nutrients. This study investigated an impounded riverine wetland complex on the Little River, North Carolina, before and after the removal of a low-head dam. We quantified the leaching of interstitial nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the adjacent river channel during reservoir dewatering and, through experimental manipulations, isolated the difference between physical (soil) and biological (plant) controls on N and P leaching from dewatering impoundment sediments. We found that the rate and the quantity of N and P leaching from impounded dewatering sediment are predominately controlled by sediment porosity and specific yield. Although vegetation controls on N and P leaching were statistically significant during the first growing season following dam removal, vegetation is likely to be more important as a long-term control on sediment and nutrient loads. Our results suggest that the initial release of N and P from a dewatered reservoir will be difficult to control but that vegetation may play an important long-term role. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered regulation of T-cell signal regulating (TSR) molecules in systemic autoimmunity (BA2P.129)

Recent evidence suggests that besides the T-cell receptor (TCR), there are other signal regulating molecules that play a pivotal role in establishing signal threshold during thymocyte selection through a process known as TCR tuning. We examined the expression level of a number of potential T-cell signal regulating (TSR) molecules in the MRL mouse model of multi-system autoimmune disease. We found the expression levels of negative regulators (CD5, CD6, CD2, GITR) that attenuate signal to be reduced, while positive regulators (CD26) that augment signal were increased on thymocytes in MRL mice compared to the C3H control mice. Thymocytes from MRL mice showed increased activation and phosphokinase signal upon ex vivo stimulation. Moreover, TSRs were further reduced on activated peripheral T cells after disease onset in the MRL mice. The reduced levels of these TSR molecules correlated with increased responsiveness to TCR-mediated signal upon ex vivo stimulation and phosphokinase detection. The reduced TSR expression levels were due to increased levels of ubiquitination, which led to targeted protein degradation. Importantly, co-stimulation with agonistic antibody against the TSR molecule CD5 reversed the hyper-responsiveness to TCR stimulation. The ability of T cells to alter their internal signal threshold by altering TSR expression may be a novel mechanism for T cells to escape peripheral tolerance and exacerbate autoimmune disease progression.
The effect of obturation technique on the push-out bond strength of calcium silicate sealers.

Abstract Introduction Calcium silicate–based sealers are known to have excellent sealing ability and bioactivities. They are typically recommended to be used in a single-cone (SC) technique. No studies have evaluated the effects of the thermoplastic obturation technique on the dentin interface of these sealers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the push-out bond strengths of MTA Plus Sealer (Avalon Biomed Inc, Bradenton, FL) and EndoSequence BC Sealer (BC; Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA) when they were used in a thermoplastic technique. Methods Fifty single-rooted human extracted teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10), instrumented, and obturated with the SC technique or continuous wave (CW) technique: group 1, BC-SC; group 2, BC-CW; group 3, MTA Plus–SC; group 4, MTA Plus–CW; and group 5, AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany)–CW. The roots were sectioned into 1.0-mm-thick slices, and bond strengths were measured using a standardized push-out test. The mode of failure was determined by visual inspection under magnification. Results The MTA Plus–CW had statistically significant lower bond strengths than all other groups. The BC-SC group had statistically higher bond strengths than the MTA Plus–SC and AH Plus–CW groups. No significant differences were seen among the other groups. Modes of failure were predominately cohesive or mixed except for group 4 (ie, MTA Plus–CW) in which nearly half the specimens had no visible sealer. Conclusions BC and MTA Plus sealer showed favorable bond strengths when used in an SC technique. The CW obturation technique decreased the bond strengths of these sealers.
Quality of American English front vowels before /r/

The vowels /i/ and / I / are not contrastive before /r/ in American English, and the phonetics literature is equivocal about which symbol to use for the nucleus in words such as beer . Similarly /e/ and /e/ are not contrastive before /r/, and the literature contains varied references to one or the other in words such as bear . The purpose of this study was to investigate these vowels by acoustic measurements, discriminant analyses, and listening tests. Eleven men and ten women residing in southern Michigan recorded /r/-final monosyllables ( beer , bear , hear , hair ), as well as words containing /i, I e, e with other finals, such as beet , bit , bait , bet . Acoustic measurements included the first three formants at steady state. The high front vowel in /r/-final syllables ( beer , hear ) showed formant values intermediate between /i/ and / I /, but closer to /i/, and the mid front vowel (in bear and hair ) was intermediate between /e/ and /e/, but closer to /e/. Discriminant analysis using the first three formants and listening tests using 60 ms vowel excerpts yielded results consistent with the idea that the pre-/r/ vowels are acoustically intermediate between their tense and lax neighbors but resemble /i/ and /e/ more closely than / I / and /e/.
Effect of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation and fertility after artificial insemination with liquid-stored turkey semen

Abstract Turkey sperm plasma membranes contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are susceptible to lipid peroxidation during in vitro storage at 4 degrees C. Herein we assessed the degree of lipid peroxidation and fertility potential of semen liquid-stored for 24 h with the antioxidant vitamin E. Semen was collected weekly from 44 males and pooled as pairs (total = 22); the individuals in paired samples exhibited similar semen quality parameters. After initial semen evaluation, pooled samples were extended with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender containing no supplement (control) or 10 or 40 microg/mL vitamin E and then stored at 4 degrees C with constant aeration for 24 h. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) in aliquots (50 × 10(6) sperm) of fresh (0 h) and stored (24 h) semen. Sperm mobility was also evaluated. A total of 176 hens (8 hens/tom pair; 4 hens/0 h, 4 hens/24 h) were inseminated (150 × 10(6) sperm) weekly for 6 wk, and fertility was determined after 7 d of incubation. Initial MDA values of the 22 tom pairs ranged from 0.928 to 1.36 uM. Males varied in production of MDA during in vitro storage, with most pairs exhibiting a threefold increase. Results indicated that supplemental vitamin E did not reduce lipid peroxidation during liquid storage. Not surprisingly, artificial insemination with stored semen (with much higher MDA values) yielded lower fertility rates than control regardless of the presence of vitamin E. These results demonstrate that lipid peroxidation is a significant factor affecting the fertility of stored turkey sperm and that methods to prevent or reduce lipid peroxidation remain to be elucidated.
4-dimensional Busemann G-space are 4-manifolds

Abstract The main result of this paper deduces the topology of 4D G -spaces and thus provides a solution to the 4-dimensional case of a 45 year-old conjecture of Herbert Busemann. Techniques utilized include modern results from sheaf theory, epsilon surgery and resolution theory as well as modern decomposition theory and the Freedman-Quinn theory of 4-manifolds.
Decreased activity of rat A10 dopamine neurons following withdrawal from repeated cocaine

Electrophysiological techniques were used to determine the basal activity of A10 dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area after a 10-14 day withdrawal from repeated cocaine treatment (10.0 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 14 days). The number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells was significantly decreased (42%) in the cocaine-treated rats. This decreased activity may underlie the diminished basal levels of synaptic DA within the nucleus accumbens previously reported in cocaine-withdrawn rats and may account for anhedonia, anergia and cocaine craving reported by withdrawn cocaine addicts.
53BP1 promotes non-homologous end joining of telomeres by increasing chromatin mobility

Double-strand breaks activate the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, which promotes the accumulation of DNA damage factors in the chromatin surrounding the break. The functional significance of the resulting DNA damage foci is poorly understood. Here we show that 53BP1 (also known as TRP53BP1), a component of DNA damage foci, changes the dynamic behaviour of chromatin to promote DNA repair. We used conditional deletion of the shelterin component TRF2 (also known as TERF2) from mouse cells (TRF2(fl/-)) to deprotect telomeres, which, like double-strand breaks, activate the ATM kinase, accumulate 53BP1 and are processed by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Deletion of TRF2 from 53BP1-deficient cells established that NHEJ of dysfunctional telomeres is strongly dependent on the binding of 53BP1 to damaged chromosome ends. To address the mechanism by which 53BP1 promotes NHEJ, we used time-lapse microscopy to measure telomere dynamics before and after their deprotection. Imaging showed that deprotected telomeres are more mobile and sample larger territories within the nucleus. This change in chromatin dynamics was dependent on 53BP1 and ATM but did not require a functional NHEJ pathway. We propose that the binding of 53BP1 near DNA breaks changes the dynamic behaviour of the local chromatin, thereby facilitating NHEJ repair reactions that involve distant sites, including joining of dysfunctional telomeres and AID (also known as AICDA)-induced breaks in immunoglobulin class-switch recombination.
Analysis of a hypervariable region in the 3' non-coding end of the infectious bronchitis virus genome

Previous studies on infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) cDNA have identified a region of about 184 bases in the 3' non-coding terminus of both the U.S. prototype strain (Beaudette) and a Japanese strain (KB8523), that was not present in an antigenically closely related U.S. strain, Massachusetts (Mass) 41 (Boursnell et al., 1985; Sutou et al., 1988). In order to investigate the origin and function of this region and its occurrence in nature, the cDNA sequences of the 3' non-coding regions of three additional strains of IBV, Gray, Arkansas (Ark) 99 and Holland (Holl) 52, were determined and compared to the sequences of the Beaudette, KB8523 and Mass41 strains. Not only was this Urich sequence absent from the 3' non-coding region of the Mass41 strain, it was also highly variable, especially in comparison to the highly conserved 3' non coding region downstream of this sequence. Computer analyses of the sequences adjacent to this hypervariable region (HVR) showed that the 3' end of the IBV genome was highly conserved downstream of this region, with 94.3 to 97.8% similarity. However, the similarities for the HVR ranged from 53.2% between Holl52 and Ark99, to 92.8% between Beaudette and Gray. The flanking sequences were not only conserved but these sequences upstream and downstream of the HVR also formed mirrored images.
Pilot study on the enhancement of irreversible electroporation (IRE) with carbon nanotubes (CNT)

Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new, minimally invasive technique that has shown great promise for the ablation of tumors [1]. The procedure involves placing electrodes into or around a targeted tissue and delivering a series of low energy (intense but short) electric pulses for approximately one minute. These pulses induce irreversible structural changes in the cell membranes of the targeted tissue that lead to cell death. Because IRE affects only a single molecular component of the treated area, the cell membrane, it is the first true molecular surgery. IRE has the ability to create complete and predictable cell ablation with a sharp transition between normal and necrotic tissue.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Chemical pathways in the interactions of reactive metal atoms with organic surfaces: vapor deposition of Ca and Ti on a methoxy-terminated alkanethiolate monolayer on Au.

In situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have been used to characterize the interfacial chemistry that occurs upon physical vapor deposition of Ti and Ca atoms onto a -OCH3 terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au{111}. While the final result for both metals is near-exhaustive degradation of the methoxy terminal group and partial degradation of the alkyl chains to inorganic products such as carbides, hydrides, and oxides, the reaction mechanisms differ significantly. Titanium reacts in parallel with the -OCH3 and -CH2- units, extensively degrading the latter until a metallic overlayer forms preventing further degradation. At this point, there is a cessation of the Ti -SAM reactions. In contrast, Ca is initially consumed by the -OCH3 terminal group via a reaction mechanism involving two -OCH3 groups; subsequent depositions lead to alkyl chain degradation, but at a rate slower than that for Ti deposition. These results demonstrate the subtle differences in chemistry that can arise in the vapor deposition of reactive metals, and have important implications for the behavior of electrical interfaces in organic and molecular devices made with Ti or Ca top
Microemulsion cyclosporine with C2 monitoring and tacrolimus in liver transplantation with or without hepatitis C virus infection.

The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors has improved graft survival in the last 25 years. The superiority of tacrolimus over cyclosporine (CsA) was well established in preventing acute rejection and corticosteroid-resistant rejection from 3 large randomized trials after liver transplantation. However, these differences were studied with a conventional formulation of CsA and CsA monitoring with trough (C0) concentrations. 4-6 In addition, in those three studies, the indication of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related end-stage liver disease is relatively low: it accounts for more than 40% of liver transplantations in the United States. It is now clear that C2 monitoring of CsA better reflects the area under the concentration curve of the drug and has a better safety and efficacy profile in renal transplantation. Also, the microemulsion formulation of CsA (CsA ME) provides more predictable area under the concentration curve, and day-to-day fluctuations in concentration are less common. In liver transplantation, diversion of bile affects the absorption of CsA, which is less affected with CsA ME formulation. In vitro studies have shown anti-HCV activity of CsA at higher concentrations. Thus, several questions emerge. Does microemulsion formulation of CsA with C2monitoring provides better safety and efficacy in liver transplant patients as compared with tacrolimus? And is there any benefit of CsA ME with C2 monitoring over tacrolimus in HCV-positive patients undergoing liver transplantation? Both of these questions are important to clinicians in order to provide the best possible options for their patients. In a U.S. multicenter trial, Wiesner showed that the survival benefit of tacrolimus over CsA was maintained even in patients who were HCV positive with up to a 5-year follow-up. Ghobrial et al. reported the results of a retrospective data analysis of 190 CsA-treated and 132 tacrolimus-treated HCV-positive liver transplant recipients, with median follow-up of 22 months, and found no difference in patient or graft survival. In their study, conventional CsA and CsA ME were grouped together. A randomized study by Martin et al. of 77 patients examined the difference between CsA-treated or tacrolimus-treated HCV-positive liver transplant recipients. Although HCV RNA viral load in the CsA group were higher, histologically diagnosed HCV recurrence rate and survival rate were not different. However, CsA dose was not based on C2 monitoring. Similarly, Zervos et al. reported the results of a prospective study of tacrolimus-treated HCV-positive liver transplant recipients (n 25) with CsA ME–treated HCV-positive liver transplant recipients (n 24) with a median follow-up of 14 months. They found an increased incidence of acute rejection with CsA ME compared with tacrolimus but did not find any difference in patient survival or graft survival. A prospective study conducted in Europe, which included more than 600 cases, found a benefit with tacrolimus over CsA ME. However, in both studies, C0 concentrations were measured. 22,23
Markoff type inequalities for curved majorants in the weightedL2 norm

The following problem was raised by P. Turan. Letϕ(x) ⩾ 0 for −1 ⩽x ⩽ 1 and consider the classPn,ϕ of all polynomials of degree n such that |pn(x)| ⩽ϕ(x) for −1 ⩽x ⩽ 1. How large can max-1 ⩽x ⩽ 1 |pn(k)(x)| be ifpn is an arbitrary polynomial belonging topn,ϕ? He pointed out two cases of special interest. These cases beingϕ(x) = (1 − x2)1/2,ϕ(x) = (1 − x2). The above problem has been extensively studied by Q. I. Rahman and his associates.
IMMUNOTOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT: EFFECT OF TEMPORAL FACTORS

AbstractThe immune system is composed of cells collectively best known as leukocytes. They are derived from bone marrow and are widely distributed throughout the body, which they defend against infections and certain tumors. Immune cells may also react to relatively innocuous foreign substances or against “self” components resulting in allergic or autoimmune disease, respectively. There is evidence that various chemicals can act as either immunosuppressants, allergens, or inducers of autoimmunity. A number of immune function tests have been developed to identify chemicals with immunosuppressive potential. However, immune suppression only poses a hazard in the presence of infectious agents or tumor cells. Temporal relationships between exposure to a compound and exposure to these agents have an impact on the risk associated with immune suppression. Three examples from animal research are presented to illustrate how temporal factors may affect the risk of infection: (1) effects of immunosuppressants on natu...
Etch pit density in single crystal CdZnTe and CdTe correlated with growth parameters

Surface dislocations were revealed in single crystal CdZnTe and CdTe samples using chemical etching. Dislocation etch pits on the Te dominant (111)B face were studied under optical, infrared and scanning electron microscopes. The samples came from crystal ingots which were grown using different chemical compositions and applied growth parameters. From these ingots, etch pit density, shape and distribution were examined and compared with the varying growth techniques. Resistivity and mobility-lifetime product, μτe, properties of the detectors were measured. A combination of detector grade and non-detector grade ingots were tested. Near infra-red microscopy was used to compare the amount of secondary phases present in the bulk of the crystals with dislocation etch pits on their surface.
TU‐E‐201C‐03: Dynamic Frame Selection for In‐Vivo Ultrasound Temperature Estimation during Radiofrequency Ablation

Purpose:Ultrasound echo‐shifts due to temperature changes have been utilized to track temperature distributions in real‐time to monitor ablative therapies. We present a motion compensation algorithm that reduces the impact of cardiac and respiratory motion on ultrasound‐based temperature tracking methods. Method and Materials: Radiofrequencydata acquisition was performed for RFablated regions created in‐vivo in pig kidneys at a frame rate of 2 frames/sec for two animals. Data was acquired using an Ultrasonix 500RP ultrasound system during RF ablation procedures. A region of interest that does not undergo ablation is selected in the first frame and the algorithm searches through subsequent frames to find the next frame with a high normalized cross‐correlation coefficient value with the original frame. This ensures that displacements are tracked between frames at the same part of the respiratory and cardiac cycle. A comparison of two different two‐dimensional displacement estimation algorithms (block matching and multi‐level cross‐correlation) was also performed. Results: Both methods track displacements without significant errors after 30 seconds of ablation. However, streak artifacts in the block matching temperature map corrupt the temperature map for larger ablation durations due to displacement tracking errors. Multi‐level however produces artifact free temperature maps over an entire 8 minute ablation procedure with temperature elevation from 37°C to 100°C. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the ability of the proposed motion compensation algorithm using dynamic frame selection in conjunction with the two‐dimensional multi‐level cross‐correlation to track the temperature distribution. The multi‐level cross‐correlation method incorporates tracking of the lateral tissue expansion in addition to the axial deformation to improve the estimation performance. Dynamic frame selection enables optimization of the computational time in addition to reducing displacement noise artifacts introduced due to respiratory and cardiac motion and estimation of smaller frame‐to‐frame displacements at the full frame rate.
Measurement of the Coherence of a Single Laser Pulse

A technique for mapping the degree of coherence of a single laser pulse has been developed. An interferometer is used that records on high resolution film a fringe system whose visibility is equal to the degree of coherence. A measurement of this visibility function then provides a map of the degree of coherence. The degree of coherence is directly related to the real part of the complex degree of coherence, which in turn is proportional to the real part of the self-coherence function. This technique allows the coherence function of a single laser pulse to be examined for detailed structure. Results for ruby laser pulses are shown.
Journalism Education The View from the Provost’s Office

Journalism education traditionally has occupied an uneasy space on the fringe of the university. Recent trends have not made its footing any more secure. The tension between the professional nature...
Remarks on variational principles in elastodynamics

Abstract Two principles are basic in the variational formulations of elasticity. Green's “variation for displacements” leads to the principle of minimum potential energy, whereas Castigliano's “variation for stresses” leads to the principle of minimum complementary energy. In the small vibration of elastic bodies, the result of Green's approach coincides with Hamilton's principle of dynamics. Toupin (3) and Crandall (4) both established complementary extremum principles for dynamics. Reissner (1) has derived a complementary extremum principle for steady-state vibration of elastic bodies. The present paper derives the extremum principle for small vibration of elastic bodies in general.
A financial expert system demonstration for business students

Abstract Expert systems is a rapidly developing application of artificial intelligence technology for the capture and dissemination of human knowledge. A number of very practical implementations of knowledge bases have been achieved, using program shells which are quite accessible by people other than programmers. Since college business students have a high probability of encountering expert systems in the workplace, it is appropriate that their curriculum expose them to this expanding arena. This paper presents an expert system demonstration designed to provide a hands-on educational environment for allowing students to explore the capabilities of artificial intelligence in business organizations.
The Effects of Two Stressors on State Anxiety for Students Who Differ in Trait Anxiety.

Abstract The role of individual differences in speech trait anxiety as they related to the magnitude of A-State responses in two stressful situations was examined. Measures of anxiety were obtained before, during, and immediately after S s gave a speech (ego-stressor) and blew up a balloon until it burst (physical stressor). While exposure to each stressor resulted in dramatic changes in A-State, it was found that differential A-State increases for the high and low speech trait anxious S s occurred only during the ego-stressor condition. These findings were discussed in terms of Trait-State Anxiety Theory with particular reference to the differential stressful effects of ego and physical stressor on A-State for S s who differ in A-Trait.
A revised water vapor product for the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II version 6.2 data set

[1] The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II water vapor retrieval process has been updated to reflect a new understanding of the instrument performance. Primarily, this is reflected in a shifted spectral response for the primary water channel near 935 nm for the period after January 1986. In addition, the water vapor and ozone spectroscopy, aerosol clearing process, and error estimation have been updated. The end result is that the measurement bias observed in version 6.1 and earlier versions has been effectively eliminated. The sensitivity to aerosol has been reduced, so that the recommended upper limit for usable water vapor is now 3 × 10−4 km−1 in 1020-nm aerosol extinction. The comparable value for version 6.1 was ∼2 × 10−5 km−1, or 10 times more sensitive than in the new version. The impact of the channel drift on the retrieved water vapor relative to the simple model employed in this version will be difficult to separate from geophysical change, and therefore caution is recommended in evaluating trends derived from this data set.
Application of survival analysis methodology to the quantitative analysis of LC-MS proteomics data

Protein abundance in quantitative proteomics is often based on observed spectral features derived from LC-MS experiments. Peak intensities are largely non-Normal in distribution. Furthermore, LC-MS data frequently have large proportions of missing peak intensities due to censoring mechanisms on low-abundance spectral features. Recognizing that the observed peak intensities detected with the LC-MS method are all positive, skewed and often left-censored, we propose using survival methodology to carry out differential expression analysis of proteins. Various standard statistical techniques including non-parametric tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum tests, and the parametric survival model, accelerated failure time model with the Weibull distribution were used to detect any differentially expressed proteins. The statistical operating characteristics of each method are explored using both real and simulated data set.
A sample collector for robotic sample return missions I: Temperature effect on collected mass

Abstract Sample return is playing an increasingly important role in solar system exploration. Among the possible mission on the horizon, are sample return from asteroids, comets, the Moon and Mars. A collector initially intended for near-Earth asteroids is the touch-and-go-impregnable-pad (TGIP). Here we explore the effect of temperature on its collection capabilities. Temperatures expected on near-Earth asteroid mission targets range from −43 to 36 °C. Experiments were conducted at −75, −50, −25, 23, 65, and 105 °C. It was found that the mass of sample collected by the TGIP increased almost linearly to 23 °C and then leveled off at higher temperatures. We also found that the collector did not lose its ability to collect samples after being subjected to −75 °C temperatures (essentially frozen) and then thawed. These experiments have shown that the TGIP can operate effectively at temperatures expected on near-Earth asteroids, especially if collection is performed on the sunward side of the asteroid.
Optimal control of laser induced transient birefringence in liquid crystals

Abstract Optimal control theory is applied to design a laser pulse to produce an anisotropic change of the refraction index in the vicinity of the isotropicnematic phase transition in liquid crystals. The laser induced birefringence originates from the orientational anisotropy induced by the laser field that is enhanced significantly due to the excluded volume effect. The shape of the optimal pulse is analyzed for different values of relaxation time and different molecule concentrations.
Postirradiation survival kinetics of mammalian cells grown in culture.

In connection with the question of lethal sites in a cell, results are reported from studies on the kinetics of cells surviving an initial x-ray exposure. Two cell lines derived from the Chinese hamster and grown in tissue cul ture were used in the studies. Possible reaction mechanisms involved are discussed. A genome hypothesis of radiation injury, based upon a target-theory model which precludes significant interactions between desoxyribonucleic acid structures and other parts of the cell, is compared with an interpretation which does not rule out a target-type of model providing that the number and/or sensitivity of the targets is dependent upon the age of a cell with respect to its interdivisional cycle. (C.H.)
Assessment of simulated water balance from Noah, Noah‐MP, CLM, and VIC over CONUS using the NLDAS test bed

This study assesses the hydrologic performance of four land surface models (LSMs) for the conterminous United States using the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) test bed. The four LSMs are the baseline community Noah LSM (Noah, version 2.8), the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC, version 4.0.5) model, the substantially augmented Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (hence Noah-MP), and the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). All four models are driven by the same NLDAS-2 atmospheric forcing. Modeled terrestrial water storage (TWS), streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture are compared with each other and evaluated against the identical observations. Relative to Noah, the other three models offer significant improvements in simulating TWS and streamflow and moderate improvements in simulating ET and soil moisture. Noah-MP provides the best performance in simulating soil moisture and is among the best in simulating TWS, CLM4 shows the best performance in simulating ET, and VIC ranks the highest in performing the streamflow simulations. Despite these improvements, CLM4, Noah-MP, and VIC exhibit deficiencies, such as the low variability of soil moisture in CLM4, the fast growth of spring ET in Noah-MP, and the constant overestimation of ET in VIC.
Polynomials for the Jordan decomposition in characteristic p

Given a polynomial in characteristic p, the algorithm here will (without factorization) find a separable polynomial with the same irreducible factors or prove that none exists. This is what is needed to compute the Jordan decomposition of a matrix in characteristic p. Supplementary propositions and examples indicate how to carry out the computations over finitely generated fields.
Inadequate respiratory support in head injury patients

Hyperventilation with 100% inspired oxygen is standard practice in victims of head trauma and is directed at both reduction of intracranial pressure and ensuring adequate oxygenation. Previous studies have established that medical care providers are inconsistent in maintaining respiratory rate and depth of ventilation with a bag valve device (BVD), producing both respiratory alkalosis and acidosis. A retrospective review of arterial blood gases of 160 trauma patients who were intubated and hyperventilated with BVD during transport from the scene or referring hospital revealed that 98.7% were adequately oxygenated on arrival in the emergency department (ED). Only 53.8% were both adequately oxygenated and appropriately hyperventilated. Inadequate hyperventilation (38%) and over-ventilation (6.9%) occurred more frequently than hypoxia unaccompanied by a ventilatory change (1.3%). The authors conclude that even with the most skilled of emergency care providers, inappropriate ventilation occurred in almost half (45%) of the patients with uncontrolled BVD ventilation during transport to the ED. Future studies are needed to explore alternative strategies that ensure prehospital ventilation.
Modeling silicon epitaxial growth with SiH2Cl2

Abstract Silicon epitaxial growth with SiH 2 Cl 2 was modeled using measured SiH 2 Cl 2 adsorption kinetics and H 2 , HCl, and SiCl 2 desorption kinetics from studies on Si(111) 7×7 surfaces. The predicted growth rates were compared with growth rates measured recently by Regolini et al. as a function of surface temperature between 923 and 1523 K. The agreement between the predicted and measured growth rates was very good. At lower temperatures between 923 and 1173 K, the silicon growth rates varied exponentially with temperature. The calculations revealed that HCl desorption is rate-limiting in this growth regime controlled by the availability of free surface sites. At temperature above 1173 K, the silicon growth rates were proportional to the SiH 2 Cl 2 pressure. This higher temperature region is controlled by the incident reactant flux and the reactive sticking coefficient of SiH 2 Cl 2 . The agreement between the calculations and measurements indicates that silicon epitaxial growth rates during low pressure chemical vapor deposition can be interpreted in terms of gas kinetic theory and adsorption and desorption surface kinetics.
Depression's Impact on Survival in Patients With Cancer

Healthcare professionals spend a great deal of time evaluating prognostic indicators to improve the treatment and survival of patients. With the building evidence that depression is an independent prognostic factor, they should look to do what those in cardiology are attempting--intervention trials to treat depression and lower its risk. As patient advocates, oncology nurses should look at their practice and make sure they incorporate psychosocial assessment as a standard component of cancer care.
Optimizing marketing planning and budgeting using Markov decision processes: an airline case study

Many companies have no reliable way to determine whether their marketing money has been spent effectively, and their return on investment is often not evaluated in a systematic manner. Thus, a compelling need exists for computational tools that help companies to optimize their marketing strategies. For this purpose, we have developed computational models of customer buying behavior in order to determine and leverage the value generated by a customer within a given time frame. The term "customer value" refers to the revenue generated from a customer's buying behavior in relation to the costs of marketing campaigns. We describe a new tool, the IBM Customer Equity Lifetime Management Solution (CELM), that helps to determine long-term customer value by means of dynamic programming algorithms in order to identify which marketing actions are the most effective in improving customer loyalty and hence increasing revenue. Simulation of marketing scenarios may be performed in order to assess budget requirements and the expected impact of marketing policies. We present a case study of a pilot program with a leading European airline, and we show how this company optimized its frequent flyer program to reduce its marketing budget and increase customer value.
Field distributions and particle optics in main bending dipoles of Oak Ridge Spallation Neutron Source accumulator ring

Abstract The SNS accumulator ring employs 32 electro-magnetic dipoles to bend proton beams. The dipoles are typical sector magnets with relatively large aperture and short length. Thus, how to correctly treat magnetic fringe fields in the devices remains as a question. We have performed 3D computer simulations to study magnetic field distributions in the dipoles. Further, we have analyzed particle optics based on the space-dependent curvature and focusing functions in the magnets. The effect of magnetic fringe fields on the particle motion, especially the focusing/defocusing and dispersion, is investigated. The lens parameters, including the second-order aberrations, are derived and compared with the design hard-edge parameters used in the ring lattice calculations.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 May Mediate Growth Hormone Resistance in Anorexia Nervosa

Context: Anorexia nervosa (AN), a state of chronic nutritional deprivation, is characterized by GH resistance with elevated GH levels and decreased levels of IGF-I. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, a hormone produced in the liver and adipocytes, is induced in the liver by fasting and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists. In a transgenic mouse model, FGF-21 reduces IGF-I levels by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription-5, a mediator of the intracellular effects of GH. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between FGF-21, GH, and IGF-I in AN. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted at a clinical research center. Patients: Patients included 23 girls: 11 with AN (16.5 ± 0.6 yr) and 12 normal-weight controls (15.7 ± 0.5 yr). Interventions: There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measures: We measured fasting FGF-21, glucose, insulin, IGF-I, and total area under the curve for GH (GH-AUC) and leptin during 12-h overnight frequent sampling. Results: FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in AN compared with controls, and there was a positive correlation between FGF-21 and GH-AUC (P = 0.03) after controlling for percent body fat and insulin resistance. In subjects with elevated FGF-21 levels, there was a strong inverse association between FGF-21 and IGF-I (R = −0.88, P = 0.004). FGF-21 strongly correlated with total area under the curve for leptin (R = 0.67, P = 0.02). Conclusions: FGF-21 levels are higher in AN independent of the effects of percent body fat and insulin resistance. The positive association between FGF-21 and GH-AUC and the inverse association between elevated FGF-21 levels and IGF-I suggests that above the normal range, FGF-21 may mediate a state of GH resistance in AN.
Electronic Detection of Synthetic Lubricant Oxidative Breakdown

The oxidative breakdown of lubricating oils is accompanied by the liberation of vapor-phase oxidation products. A simple apparatus which uses a semiconducting tin oxide gas sensor has been employed to monitor the evolution of these products and determine the length of the induction period. The method provided reliable end-point detection with ester-base lubricants of moderate stability, simplifying the oxidation testing procedure and providing useful data for studies of lubricant stability. A sensor calibration technique was developed, and the sensors were found to have adequate sensitivity, response speed, and reliability. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada May 6–9, 1985
Eating their cake and having it too: Or, how women maximize reproductive success by simultaneous mating and dating

Data support the claim from the target article that women, both cross-culturally and historically, have employed a variety of mating strategies, marrying but also engaging in short-term unions. But those strategies appear to be practiced simultaneously and not conditionally as Gangestad & Simpson propose, a finding consistent with assumed constraints on the potential reproductive success of females.