cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Funds of knowledge and discourses and hybrid space

The findings reported on in this manuscript emerged from a design experiment conducted at a low-income urban middle school intended to support the teacher in incorporating pedagogical practices supportive of students‘ everyday knowledge and practices during a 6th grade unit on food and nutrition from the LiFE curriculum. In studying the impact of the design experiment we noticed qualitative shifts in classroom Discourse marked by a changing role and understandings of the funds of knowledge students brought to science learning. Using qualitative data and grounded theory we present an analysis of the different types of funds of knowledge and Discourse that students brought into science class. We focus on how the students‘ strategic use of these funds augmented the learning experience of the students and the learning community as well as the learning outcomes. We discuss the implications these funds of knowledge and Discourses had on the development of three related third space transformations: physical, political, and pedagogical.
Co-administration of δ- and μ-opioid receptor agonists promotes peripheral opioid receptor function.

Enhancement of peripheral opioid analgesia following tissue injury or inflammation in animal models is well-documented, but clinical results of peripheral opioid therapy remain inconsistent. Previous studies in the central nervous system have shown that co-administration of μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonists can enhance analgesic outcomes; however, less is known about the functional consequences of opioid receptor interactions in the periphery. The present study examines the effects of intraplantar injection of the μ- and δ-opioid receptor agonists, morphine and deltorphin, alone and in combination on behavioral tests of nociception in naive rats and on potassium-evoked release of CGRP from sciatic nerves of naive rats. Neither drug alone affected nociceptive behaviors or CGRP release. Two separate measures of mechanical nociceptive sensitivity remained unchanged after co-administration of the two drugs. In contrast, when deltorphin was co-injected with morphine, dose-dependent and peripherally restricted increases in paw withdrawal latencies to radiant heat were observed. Similarly, concentration-dependent inhibition of CGRP release was observed when deltorphin and morphine were administered in sequence prior to potassium stimulation. However, no inhibition was observed when morphine was administered prior to deltorphin. All combined opioid effects were blocked by co-application of antagonists. Deltorphin exposure also enhanced the in vivo and in vitro effects of another μ-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO. Together, these results suggest that under normal conditions, δ-opioid receptor agonists enhance the effect of μ-opioid receptor agonists in the periphery, and local co-administration of δ- and μ-opioid receptor agonists may improve results of peripheral opioid therapy for the treatment of pain.
Tomographic characterization of fiber-generated polarization-entangled Bell states

We describe a fiber-based telecom-band polarization-entangled photon-pair source. Preliminary experimental results of tomographic reconstruction of all four Bell states generated by this source are presented. They show that a fiber source is an excellent producer of entangled photon-pairs for practical quantum communications.
Z -peaked excess from heavy gluon decays to vectorlike quarks

A 3 sigma excess has been recently announced by ATLAS in events with Z-peaked dilepton pairs, jets, and large transverse missing energy. We interpret this nding in the context of composite Higgs / RS theo
Heterogeneity of Cancers and Its Implication for Targeted Drug Delivery

In most cases, cancer has eluded significant gains in treatment and cure despite the continuous effort to develop novel, potent therapies. The diversity between cancers is now more recognized, such as with breast cancers, which are currently stratified into distinct subtypes based on certain receptor expression profiles and optimal treatments. However, it is also becoming clear that significant cellular heterogeneity exists even within a single primary or metastatic tumor of a patient. In many ways, therapy development has lagged in trying to accommodate the challenge of intratumoral heterogeneity. This chapter reviews some of the sources of tumor heterogeneity such as the diversity of the malignant cell population, considering both the cancer stem cell (hierarchical) and stochastic progression models. Heterogeneous aspects of the tumor microenvironment are also discussed such as associated stromal cells or hypoxia. Finally, the expression distribution of some biomarker drug targets in clinical tumor specimens is also reported to exemplify the challenging reality within the clinical setting when designing drug delivery systems targeting a single marker.
Doing Business in India: A Minnesota Entrepreneur's Experience

This paper describes the author's attempts to develop business with Indian family firms during the last three years. Specific features of the Indian business environment are discussed, along with information for those who desire to export Indian products to the United States. The paper also reviews experiences of large American firms that have joint ventures in India as an indication of what small joint-venture firms might expect in India. The author concludes that import-based activity is high risk and that joint-venture activity for small American firms cannot be recommended in India at this time. The paper explores some possible solutions to business risk that may increase business activity between small American firms and Indian family firms.
Evolutionary game theory for physical and biological scientists. II. Population dynamics equations can be associated with interpretations.

The use of mathematical equations to analyse population dynamics measurements is being increasingly applied to elucidate complex dynamic processes in biological systems, including cancer. Purely ‘e...
Information Externalities, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Home Mortgage Pricing and Underwriting

Theories of rational redlining suggest a low housing sales volume should lead to greater uncertainty in house price appraisals, making the mortgage loan riskier, less attractive to lenders, and consequently more likely to be denied or charged a higher price. Previous empirical tests of this “information externality” theory are limited solely to the denial decision, and are based on US data from the 1990s. The mortgage bubble of the early 2000s offers a unique framework for revisiting the topic. First, widespread securitization enabled banks to sell their loans, making them unaccountable for loan riskiness. Second, underwriting was extended to applicants previously deemed too risky, with pricing serving as the mechanism of compensating investors for the increased risk. Using rich loan-level data from US banks, we test whether the effect of information externalities (if any) shifted from underwriting to pricing during the mortgage bubble. We also test for any evidence of discriminatory redlining. The information externality theory has important policy implications. It can justify government intervention even if discriminatory redlining is absent. Additionally, it implies that if low sale volume areas have higher minority concentrations, omission of information variables may lead to the misidentification of economically rational redlining as discriminatory redlining. Our findings provide evidence of a shift of the importance of information externalities from underwriting to pricing decisions, although even in pricing the economic importance of information externalities is small for a majority of borrowers. We find no evidence of discriminatory redlining, and strong evidence of the importance of individual creditworthiness factors.
The evaluation of electrodermal properties in the identification of myofascial trigger points.

Abstract Shultz SP, Driban JB, Swanik CB. The evaluation of electrodermal properties in the identification of myofascial trigger points. Objectives To determine whether skin resistance measurements can objectively identify the location of myofascial trigger points (MTPs) and to differentiate between 3 states. Design Static group comparison. Setting Climate-controlled laboratory. Participants Forty-nine participants (age, 20.5±2.6y) were assigned to 1 of 3 groups based on clinical examination result: absent (n=21), latent (n=16), or active (n=12) MTP. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Skin resistance (in kilo-ohms). Results The 16 data points were divided into 3 categories for analysis: MTP site, surrounding tissue proximal to the MTP (first ring), and area furthest from the MTP (second ring). There was a significant increase in skin resistance between the MTP (403.64±124.73kΩ), first ring (419.66±123.04kΩ), and second ring (454.61±163.19kΩ) (P Conclusions The changes in skin resistance between the MTP and the surrounding tissue support the inclusion of this technique to help identify MTPs. The similarity between MTP states warrants investigation into the physiologic differences at specific anatomic locations.
Epinephrine base suspended in water with thioglycolate

Abstract 1.1. A new method of making an epinephrine base suspension in water is described. 2.2. In clinical use, this epinephrine suspension produces a therapeutic effect as prompt as that of solutions of epinephrine and as prolonged as that of suspensions of epinephrine in oil.
On Banach spaces of strongly convergent trigonometric series

Abstract A study of strongly convergent trigonometric and Fourier series was recently introduced by the present author. The obtained results indicate similarities to both absolutely and ordinarily convergent trigonometric series. This is natural in view of the fact that strong convergence lies between absolute and ordinary convergence. Concerning Fourier series, the properties of strong convergence of index λ ⩾ 1, denoted [ I ] λ , justify the present investigation of the following classes of functions: S λ , the class of all f ϵ L 1 whose Fourier series is a.e. [ I ] λ convergent to f and S λ , the class of all f ϵ C whose Fourier series is uniformly [ I ] λ convergent to f . Using earlier results we give other equivalent descriptions of these classes, prove that for all λ ⩾ 1 both S λ and S λ are Banach spaces, and examine other natural questions about these spaces. In particular, we establish the convergence of the Fourier series in the respective norms ∥ ∥ S λ and ∥ ∥ S λ , show that there are functions f , g ϵ S λ such that f · g ∉ S 1 so that S λ are not Banach algebras under pointwise multiplication and observe that they are complex Banach algebras under the convolution.
Investor perceptions and volatility within a risk-return framework

Conditional asset pricing models within the risk-return literature describe a relation between expected risk and return for period t + 1, with expectations formed during period t. Existing risk estimates in the literature are formed using backward looking measures during period t, which are projected forward for period t + 1. Evidence suggests that ex post observations do not always correspond with conditional ex ante expectations. Using forward-looking survey data, I compare measures of expected risk, with common estimates of risk in the literature. Supporting empirical research, I find a strong relation between forward-looking investor risk perceptions and conditional risk estimates.
Building a brain on a chip

The wild idea that nerve cells grown in culture could have reliable computational function, while still a wild idea, is closer to reality than is reasonable to expect, thanks to applications of both engineering and applied biology. The metaphor works both ways: applications of more traditional engineering technologies - signal processing, electronics, microlithography, materials science - make possible the controlled growth, recording, and stimulation of nerve cells. In turn the goal is to design, construct, test, and utilize - in short to engineer - a working biological construct. In this lecture examples, mainly from the speaker's laboratory, illustrate the component technologies that have been utilized in this pursuit, as well as examples illustrating how the approaching the problem as an engineer leads to the asking new questions. The talk will include brief discussion of the problem of analyzing high dimensional, inherently non-stationary neural spike data.
Silicon carbide power converters for next generation aerospace electronics applications

New material technologies such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) are promising in the development of compact high-power converters for next generation aerospace power electronics applications. This paper presents an optimized converter design approach that takes into consideration non-linear interactions among various converter components, source and load. A 50% improvement in converter power density is calculated for a 100 V-2 kV, 7 kW SiC DC-DC power converter operating at 150/spl deg/C as compared to a silicon power converter. Experimental results of hard- and soft-switched SiC power converters using commercial Schottky and PiN diodes and JFET's are reported at lower power levels.
MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF MALIGNANT GLIOMAS

Malignant gliomas, the most common type of primary brain tumor, are a spectrum of tumors of varying differentiation and malignancy grades. These tumors may arise from neural stem cells and appear to contain tumor stem cells. Early genetic events differ between astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, but all tumors have an initially invasive phenotype, which complicates therapy. Progression-associated genetic alterations are common to different tumor types, targeting growth-promoting and cell cycle control pathways and resulting in focal hypoxia, necrosis, and angiogenesis. Knowledge of malignant glioma genetics has already impacted clinical management of these tumors, and researchers hope that further knowledge of the molecular pathology of malignant gliomas will result in novel therapies.
EGF-receptor specificity for phosphotyrosine-primed substrates provides signal integration with Src

Aberrant activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) contributes to many human cancers by activating the Ras-MAPK pathway and other pathways. EGFR signaling is augmented by Src-family kinases, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that human EGFR preferentially phosphorylates peptide substrates that are primed by a prior phosphorylation. Using peptides based on the sequence of the adaptor protein Shc1, we show that Src mediates the priming phosphorylation, thus promoting subsequent phosphorylation by EGFR. Importantly, the doubly phosphorylated Shc1 peptide binds more tightly than singly phosphorylated peptide to the Ras activator Grb2; this binding is a key step in activating the Ras-MAPK pathway. Finally, a crystal structure of EGFR in complex with a primed Shc1 peptide reveals the structural basis for EGFR substrate specificity. These results provide a molecular explanation for the integration of Src and EGFR signaling with downstream effectors such as Ras.
Association of genetic lineages with ecological features in a polyphagous montane grasshopper species

Abstract Understanding the relationships between intraspecific diversity and habitat has been greatly enhanced with the advent of molecular markers. Such understanding may help to elucidate complex microevolutionary processes. Melanoplus alpinus, a montane/alpine grasshopper species found in the central and northern Rocky Mountains, has a disjunct distribution with highly divergent mtDNA lineages, structured among meadows and drainages within mountain ranges. Previous analyses showed that genetic differentiation is not distance driven, so habitat factors may account for genetic structuring and diversity within the species. In this study, 3 mtDNA lineages were analyzed for their association with ecological variables, and PCR-RFLP haplotype genetic diversities were analyzed for relationships with elevation, elevation-latitude index, and meadow size. Chi-square analysis revealed mtDNA lineage predominance in particular soil textures, indicating the potential of soil to function as a limiting environmental fa...
Prediction Of Species Transport In UrbanCanyons Using An H-adaptive Finite ElementApproach

A three-dimensional h-adaptive finite element model has been developed for predicting airflow and particulate dispersion within urban canyons. Petrov-Galerkin weighting for the advection terms, mass lumping and hadaptation are used in the model. The code has been used for the solution of many environmental transport problems including calculation of atmospheric wind fields over the Nevada Test Site, Las Vegas Valley, and species transport for indoor environments. The use of refined grids reduces resource requirements, allowing larger problems to be run on small computer platforms.
A Flexible Framework for Multimedia Information Retrieval

Information Retrieval (IR) systems have generally been based on only a few, wellknown theoretical frameworks which were designed exclusively for text retrieval purposes. For example, the vector space model, probabilistic networks, and Boolean retrieval languages operate on a syntactic level using a word- or phrase-based notion of information and employ statistical or set-oriented means to compute the query-document relevance. One of the historical reasons for this restriction to limited description models was the predominance of pure text applications and the need to cope with the computational complexity of retrieval algorithms in the context of increasing document collection sizes and limited resources of computing power.
Forty Years of Transport Theory: Kenneth Case and Paul Zweifel

Ken Case was born in New York City, New York, on September 23, 1923. He received an S.B. from Harvard University in 1945, and a Ph.D. in physics from the same institution in 1948, where he was the first thesis student of Julian Schwinger. After a two year visit at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, Case joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, rising rapidly to Professor of Physics. In 1969, he accepted a professorship in physics at Rockefeller University, where he remained until his retirement in January, 1988. Since then Case has continued as Professor Emeritus at Rockefeller, while also serving on the staff of the Institute for Nonlinear Studies in La Jolla.
IdeaHound: Self-sustainable Idea Generation in Creative Online Communities

One main challenge in large creative online communities is helping their members find inspirational ideas from a large pool of ideas. A high-level approach to address this challenge is to create a synthesis of emerging solution space that can be used to provide participants with creative and diverse inspirational ideas of others. Existing approaches to generate the synthesis of solution space either require community members to engage in tasks that detract from the main activity of generating ideas or depend on external crowd workers to help organize the ideas. We built IDEAHOUND a collaborative idea generation system that demonstrates an alternative “organic” human computation approach, where community members (rather than external crowds) contribute feedback about ideas as a byproduct of an activity that naturally integrates into the ideation process. This feedback in turn helps the community identify diverse inspirational ideas that can prompt community members to generate more high-quality and diverse ideas.
EPIG-Seq: extracting patterns and identifying co-expressed genes from RNA-Seq data.

RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) measures genome-wide gene expression. RNA-Seq data is count-based rendering normal distribution models for analysis inappropriate. Normalization of RNA-Seq data to transform the data has limitations which can adversely impact the analysis. Furthermore, there are a few count-based methods for analysis of RNA-Seq data but they are essentially for pairwise analysis of treatment groups or multiclasses but not pattern-based to identify co-expressed genes. We adapted our extracting patterns and identifying genes methodology for RNA-Seq (EPIG-Seq) count data. The software uses count-based correlation to measure similarity between genes, quasi-Poisson modelling to estimate dispersion in the data and a location parameter to indicate magnitude of differential expression. EPIG-Seq is different than any other software currently available for pattern analysis of RNA-Seq data in that EPIG-Seq 1) uses count level data and supports cases of inflated zeros, 2) identifies statistically significant clusters of genes that are co-expressed across experimental conditions, 3) takes into account dispersion in the replicate data and 4) provides reliable results even with small sample sizes. EPIG-Seq operates in two steps: 1) extract the pattern profiles from data as seeds for clustering co-expressed genes and 2) cluster the genes to the pattern seeds and compute statistical significance of the pattern of co-expressed genes. EPIG-Seq provides a table of the genes with bootstrapped p-values and profile plots of the patterns of co-expressed genes. In addition, EPIG-Seq provides a heat map and principal component dimension reduction plot of the clustered genes as visual aids. We demonstrate the utility of EPIG-Seq through the analysis of toxicogenomics and cancer data sets to identify biologically relevant co-expressed genes. EPIG-Seq is available at: sourceforge.net/projects/epig-seq. EPIG-Seq is unlike any other software currently available for pattern analysis of RNA-Seq count level data across experimental groups. Using the EPIG-Seq software to analyze RNA-Seq count data across biological conditions permits the ability to extract biologically meaningful co-expressed genes associated with coordinated regulation.
P2-05-09: Secondary Inflammatory Breast Cancer: A Possible Model for Post-Surgical Dissemination of Cancer.

Background: The phenomenon of accelerated tumor growth following surgery has been observed repeatedly and merits further study. Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is widely recognized as an extremely aggressive malignancy characterized by micrometastasis at the time of diagnosis. It is fast growing, highly angiogenic and angioinvasive, features that are present from its inception. The idea of a dormant cancer cell and awakening of metastatic disease following a surgical/traumatic event may well be exemplified by secondary IBC, a term used to describe the IBC appearing following surgery for a noninflammatory primary breast carcinoma. One possible mechanism can be related to the stimulation of dormant micrometastasis through local angiogenesis occurring as part of posttraumatic healing. It is therefore possible that secondary IBC can be used as a model to support local angiogenesis as an important contributor to the development of an aggressive cancer. Materials and Methods: Cases of secondary IBC were identified in a review of patients referred to the IBC Registry (IBCR). In this report we document the histories of three patients with secondary IBC as well as two additional patients whose disease presentation also supports the possible occurrence of IBC secondary to breast trauma. Secondary IBC cases were defined as women who had surgery for non-inflammatory breast cancer with recurrence at the previous mastectomy site manifest as skin erythema shown to be associated with pathologically confirmed tumor emboli in the dermal lymphatics. Results: Two of the patients with secondary IBC developed pathologically confirmed dermal lymphatic invasion two and 42 months after partial mastectomy for non-inflammatory breast cancer. The third had been apparently free of recurrence for seven years when she had reconstructive surgery, which was followed by IBC seven months later. Two additional cases are presented, one in which IBC manifested one month following ductogram procedure and had a contralateral breast IBC recurrence 2 years later. The other patient was diagnosed with IBC one year following nipple piercing and ring removal. Discussion: Recent publications have focused on the role of surgery in the subsequent development of metastatic breast cancer, many of them focusing on a hormonal mechanism triggered by removal of the primary tumor. We propose local angiogenesis as another possible mechanism for post-surgical dissemination of cancer. In view of the hypothesis that trauma can stimulate angiogenesis which can accelerate tumor growth, the documentation of IBC appearing at the site of a traumatic event merits consideration. Our experience with IBC, noted in the case reports above suggest that local trauma probably mediated in large part by angiogenesis can be an important trigger of IBC. We would therefore suggest that secondary IBC be considered for investigation of one possible mechanism for post-surgical tumor dissemination. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-05-09.
Chapter 10: Motivation and Satisfaction

This chapter attempts to answer the question, “What motivates people and can they be helped to achieve life satisfaction?” It transitions from classical economic theory to behavioral economics, which includes the behavioral life cycle hypothesis, and on to humanistic thoughts. Each theory presents differing views of motivation and satisfaction. The centerpiece of the chapter is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which ranges from basic needs to highly sophisticated aspirations. Maslow’s humanistic emphasis places it in conflict with classical economic beliefs. The chapter presents an approach that strives to integrate classical theory and Maslow-influenced humanism within a personal financial planning framework.
A Blackboard-based Approach Towards Predictive Analytics.

Significant increase in collected data for analysis and the increased complexity of the reasoning process itself have made investigative analytical tasks more challenging. These tasks are time critical and typically involve identifying and tracking multiple hypotheses; gathering evidence to validate the correct hypotheses and to eliminate the incorrect ones. In this paper we specifically address predictive tasks that are concerned with predicting future trends. We describe RESIN, an AI blackboardbased agent that leverages interactive visualization and mixedinitiative problem solving to enable analysts to explore and preprocess large amounts of data in order to perform predictive analysis.
Synthesis of VO 2 Nanopowders. Part I. Sol–Gel Processing of Vanadium Alkoxide Precursor Within Inverse Micelles

Hydrolysis and condensation of VO(Oi–Pr)3 within inverse micelles containing aqueous ammonia catalyst is conducted under different reaction conditions as a synthesis strategy for preparing VO2 nanoparticles having average diameter <100 nm. Sol–gel processing of VO(Oi–Pr)3 to form VxOy gel particles is controlled by varying NH3(aq) concentration and using oleic acid or acetic acid pre-treatments. Isolated VxOy gel nanoparticles are reduced to VO2 nanoparticles by thermal annealing, although annealing conditions must be optimized for each batch of gel particles. VO2 nanoparticles of average diameters 24 or 70 nm prepared by this method show an expected hysteretic semiconductor-to-metal phase transition near 68 °C.
THIOPENTAL LEVELS IN CANINE PLASMA AND URINE DURING THE FIRST HALF-HOUR POST-INJECTION PERIOD AS DETERMINED BY LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY*

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews thiopental levels in canine plasma and urine during the first half-hour post-injection period—as determined by liquid scintillation counting and gas chromatography. In the method described in the chapter, three different samples of radioactive thiopental—two containing S-35 and one a C-14—were assayed for chemical purity; and the in vivo effect of the purity was studied in dogs. The purpose was to evaluate the feasibility of using liquid scintillation counting and gas liquid chromatography in studies on the distribution and metabolism of thiopental during the period of maximum anesthetic effect. Radioactive material I had about half the S-35 tag on the thiopental. The barbiturate level was about a third pentobarbital, as shown by both gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. The in vivo results indicate the amount of radioactivity in the urine, during the first half-hour post-injection period. It seems to have been about ten-fold greater than when the other two compounds were used. Both liquid scintillation counting and gas liquid chromatography are more sensitive in terms of distribution and metabolic studies, than the classical spectrophotometric methods, and are comparable in sensitivity to fluorometry. However, if one is concerned only with thiopental levels, radioactivity counts will give high results. Conversely, gas chromatography will provide low estimates if detoxification products are present.
Pulmonary Effects of Maternal Smoking on the Fetus and Child: Effects on Lung Development, Respiratory Morbidities, and Life Long Lung Health

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of abnormal in-utero lung development. Despite well known risks, rates of smoking during pregnancy have only slightly decreased over the last ten years, with rates varying from 5-40% worldwide resulting in tens of millions of fetal exposures. Despite multiple approaches to smoking cessation about 50% of smokers will continue to smoke during pregnancy. Maternal genotype plays an important role in the likelihood of continued smoking during pregnancy and the degree to which maternal smoking will affect the fetus. The primary effects of maternal smoking on offspring lung function and health are decreases in forced expiratory flows, decreased passive respiratory compliance, increased hospitalization for respiratory infections, and an increased prevalence of childhood wheeze and asthma. Nicotine appears to be the responsible component of tobacco smoke that affects lung development, and some of the effects of maternal smoking on lung development can be prevented by supplemental vitamin C. Because nicotine is the key agent for affecting lung development, e-cigarette usage during pregnancy is likely to be as dangerous to fetal lung development as is maternal smoking.
Early repolarization associated with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with chronic coronary artery disease.

Background— Early repolarization, indicated on the standard 12-lead ECG, has recently been associated with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in patients without structural heart disease. It is unknown whether there is an association between early repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias in the coronary artery disease (CAD) population. Methods and Results— Patients with CAD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the healed phase of myocardial infarction were analyzed. In a case-control design, 60 patients who had ventricular arrhythmic events were matched for age and sex with 60 control subjects. ECGs were analyzed for early repolarization, defined as notching or slurring morphology of the terminal QRS complex or J-point elevation ≥0.1 mV above baseline in at least 2 lateral or inferior leads. Results were adjusted for left ventricular ejection fraction. Overall, early repolarization in 2 or more leads was more common in cases than control subjects (32% versus 8%, P =0.005). Early repolarization was noted more commonly in inferior leads (23% versus 8%, P =0.03), and a trend was noted in leads V4 through V6 (12% versus 3%, P =0.11). Early repolarization was uncommon in leads I and aVL in cases and control subjects (3% versus 0%). Notching was more common in cases than control subjects (28% versus 7%, P =0.008). Slurring and J-point elevation were not associated with ventricular arrhythmias. Conclusions— Early repolarization and, in particular, notching in the inferior leads is associated with increased risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CAD, even after adjustment for left ventricular ejection fraction. Our findings suggest early repolarization, and a notching morphology should be considered in a risk prediction model for arrhythmias in patients with CAD.
Pharmacological targeting of mutant p53

TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in cancer, with over half of all human cancers harboring a mutation in the gene. The p53 protein is a transcription factor that functions as a tumor suppressor, and a subset of its numerous roles include the arrest of proliferation, promotion of DNA repair, and induction of apoptosis in cells with severe DNA damage or stress. The vast majority of p53 mutations are single amino acid substitutions within the DNA binding domain, which either directly impede the protein’s ability to bind DNA or destabilize the structure, resulting in misfolding. These missense mutant proteins are found at high levels due to loss of the MDM2 mediated regulation, and consequently serve as potential drug targets. Numerous pharmacological approaches have been investigated to restore wild type p53 function to these mutants (so-called reactivating mutant p53) with some entering in clinical trials while most have failed in early development. Recently, the field of cancer drug development has produced a number of new compounds that continue to advance this field, each with a different mechanism of action. Here we sought to review these compounds and approaches to reactivating mutant p53. Given the large number of patients with missense mutant p53 mutations, reactivating mutant p53 remains a highly sought after goal in developmental therapeutics.
Orthogonal Electric Field Measurements near the Green Fluorescent Protein Fluorophore through Stark Effect Spectroscopy and pKa Shifts Provide a Unique Benchmark for Electrostatics Models

Measurement of the magnitude, direction, and functional importance of electric fields in biomolecules has been a long-standing experimental challenge. pKa shifts of titratable residues have been the most widely implemented measurements of the local electrostatic environment around the labile proton, and experimental data sets of pKa shifts in a variety of systems have been used to test and refine computational prediction capabilities of protein electrostatic fields. A more direct and increasingly popular technique to measure electric fields in proteins is Stark effect spectroscopy, where the change in absorption energy of a chromophore relative to a reference state is related to the change in electric field felt by the chromophore. While there are merits to both of these methods and they are both reporters of local electrostatic environment, they are fundamentally different measurements, and to our knowledge there has been no direct comparison of these two approaches in a single protein. We have recently ...
Return of the “Rightful Remedy”: Partisan Federalism, Resource Availability, and Nullification Legislation in the American States

The early twenty-first century has seen elevated tensions between the American states and their national government. The proliferation of state proposals to “nullify” national laws is one manifestation of this intergovernmental conflict. Nullification legislation has appeared in every state and addressed issues that span the ideological spectrum. This article builds an original dataset of over 1,500 nullification proposals that appeared in state legislatures from 2010 to 2016. It identifies three types of nullification-related legislation, including one that has not previously been recognized in the literature, and finds that very little current nullification-related activity consists of classical efforts to declare a national law null and void. It also assesses the factors associated with the introduction and enactment of nullification legislation. Its analysis reveals that, consistent with the notion of “partisan federalism,” Republican legislative control is associated with more nullification-related activity. Such activity is also more likely in more populous states.
The Safety of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy in the High-Risk Patient and in the Patient with Compromised Renal Function

During the first year of operation, the Springfield, Illinois, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter was used to treat approximately 400 patients with renal and/or ureteral calculi. Of these, 18 patients were identified as particularly challenging cases due to complicated stone disease such as staghorn calculi and associated high-risk medical problems. Over 60% of these patients had severely compromised renal function due to various causes in addition to the complex stone disease. Eleven patients had some form of urinary diversion such as ileal or colon conduits or uretero-sigmoidoscopy. Morbid obesity complicated three patients and two had perinephric abscesses at the time of the initial evaluation. All patients had associated urinary tract infections.
A Civic Engagement Approach to Encourage Healthy Eating and Active Living in Rural Towns: The HEART Club Pilot Project.

Purpose:To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a civic engagement curriculum (encouraging Healthy Eating and Activity in Rural Towns [HEART] Club) designed to engage rural residents in impr...
HindSight: Enhancing Spatial Awareness by Sonifying Detected Objects in Real-Time 360-Degree Video

Our perception of our surrounding environment is limited by the constraints of human biology. The field of augmented perception asks how our sensory capabilities can be usefully extended through computational means. We argue that spatial awareness can be enhanced by exploiting recent advances in computer vision which make high-accuracy, real-time object detection feasible in everyday settings. We introduce HindSight, a wearable system that increases spatial awareness by detecting relevant objects in live 360-degree video and sonifying their position and class through bone conduction headphones. HindSight uses a deep neural network to locate and attribute semantic information to objects surrounding a user through a head-worn panoramic camera. It then uses bone conduction headphones, which preserve natural auditory acuity, to transmit audio notifications for detected objects of interest. We develop an application using HindSight to warn cyclists of approaching vehicles outside their field of view and evaluate it in an exploratory study with 15 users. Participants reported increases in perceived safety and awareness of approaching vehicles when using HindSight.
Fast, Fast, Fast Printing: An Instructional Case Examining the Financial Close Process

This case examines the financial close process for a national print company called Fast, Fast, Fast (FFF) Printing. You are an assistant accountant for FFF Printing and are excited and ready for a wide variety of responsibilities. Each time you ask your supervisor, Controller Charlie Carr, about new duties, he replies that he will investigate new duties once he finishes up the financial close process. This assignment requires you and your teammates to develop methods to improve the financial close process. When your investigation is complete, you will present your written results to the Controller, including (1) current problems with the financial close process and (2) proposed solution(s).
Neutropenic enterocolitis in adults. Review of the literature and assessment of surgical intervention.

Summary We have reported two cases of neutropenic enterocolitis (one of them being the first reported case occurring in a patient with multiple myeloma), which is a necrotizing lesion in the gastrointestinal tract that is seen in patients usually on aggressive chemotherapeutic regimens and associated with leukemias, lymphomas, malignant neoplasms, and other disorders in which neutropenia is present. Although once considered to have a dismal prognosis, favorable outcomes have occurred when this clinical entity is recognized early and surgical intervention is undertaken to resect the necrotic portion of the gastrointestinal tract. A review of the literature is included that encompasses adult patients with this syndrome.
Gene Therapy Applications for the Treatment of Acute Inflammatory Conditions

Gene therapy represents a new therapeutic modality for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Clinical trials are currently underway in patients with hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and ar antitrypsin deficiency (1) as well as in chronic infectious diseases, like hepatitis C and HIV infections, or in cancer (2,3). Although there has been a great deal of enthusiasm for gene therapy, it still remains unclear and too early to determine whether this new approach will be safe and effective.
Strategies of Environmental Simulation

This chapter provides an overview of environmental simulation strategies and an analysis of recent developments within the rapidly expanding field of simulation research. Simulation refers broadly to the experimental modeling or representation of particular environments and events. Examples of simulations include computer models of molecular structure, laboratory studies of small-group processes, role-playing and gaming analogues of social situations, scale models and sketches of architectural and urban design projects (e.g., Clipson, Chapter 2; Duke & Greenblatt, 1981; Smardon, Palmer, & Felleman, 1986). These few examples illustrate the enormous range of purposes, techniques, and levels of analysis that are encompassed by the term simulation. This volume focuses primarily on those simulation strategies used to represent large-scale sociophysical environments (e.g., rooms, buildings, neighborhoods, recreational and transportation settings). In some cases, the simulated environments already exist or have occurred in naturalistic settings (e.g., the conditions modeled by flight simulators for the training of airline pilots), whereas in other instances, they represent anticipated or imagined events that have not yet occurred (e.g., futuristic models of lunar residential colonies).
Thoughts, Feelings and Intentions to Learn: Attitudes by Beginning Teachers Towards Aboriginal Peoples

Given that education plays a key role in the development of social attitudes, intentions to learn about other social groups is a strategic addition to cognitive and affective models of attitudes towards others. This project examined related yet discrete aspects of attitudes towards Australian Aboriginal peoples that are expressed by beginning teachers (N = 266). Cognitive aspects indicate positive and negative stereotyping of the social group. Affective aspects across situations relate positive feelings and negative feelings of guilt, worry and anger. Results suggest differential links from cognitive and affective aspects to intentions for positive and negative actions, and intentions to gain experience with others. The findings implicate broadly defined components of attitudes in situations where individuals have limited experience with people in other social groups.
Processing and Mis-Processing of the Prion Protein: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Familial Prion Disorders

The cellular prion protein (PrPC), though apparently innocuous, is the main agent responsible for infectious, familial, and sporadic prion disorders. Through its remarkable ability to undergo a change in conformation from a mainly α-helical to a β-sheet rich conformation commonly referred to as PrP-scrapie (PrPSc), PrPC becomes infectious and pathogenic, a feature that is unique to this glycoprotein1–4. Over the years, most studies have focused on the mechanism of PrPC to PrPSc conversion and its subsequent transmission to susceptible hosts, ignoring the less common familial prion disorders that result from point mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP). In these disorders, mutant PrP (PrPM) is presumed to undergo a spontaneous change in conformation to PrPSc without participation from an exogenous source of in-fectious PrPSc. Once initiated, the process proceeds exponentially, and deposits of mutant PrPSc are believed to result in the neurotoxicity ob-served in familial cases of prion disorders5,6. However, prion-specific neuropathology is often observed in the absence of detectable PrPSc, indicating the presence of alternative pathways of neurotoxicity incertain cases of prion disorders7. Recent studies on the processing of normal and mutant PrP underscore the importance of abnormal metabolism and various topological forms of PrP in prion disease pathogenesis8. In this chapter, we will review information on the complex pathways of intracellular trafficking and metabolism of normal and various mutant PrP forms, and highlight some of the abnormal pathways that may contribute to neurotoxicity in familial prion disorders.
Hypocretin Mediates Sleep and Wake Disturbances in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability worldwide. Post-TBI sleep and wake disturbances are extremely common and difficult for patients to manage. Sleep and wake disturbances contribute to poor functional and emotional outcomes from TBI, yet effective therapies remain elusive. A more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms underlying post-TBI sleep and wake disturbance will facilitate development of effective pharmacotherapies. Previous research in human patients and animal models indicates that altered hypocretinergic function may be a major contributor to sleep-wake disturbance after TBI. In this study, we further elucidate the role of hypocretin by determining the impact of TBI on sleep-wake behavior of hypocretin knockout (HCRT KO) mice. Adult male C57BL/6J and HCRT KO mice were implanted with electroencephalography recording electrodes, and pre-injury baseline recordings were obtained. Mice were then subjected to either moderate TBI or sham surgery. Additional recordings were obtained and sleep-wake behavior determined at 3, 7, 15, and 30 days after TBI or sham procedures. At baseline, HCRT KO mice had a significantly different sleep-wake phenotype than control C57BL/6J mice. Post-TBI sleep-wake behavior was altered in a genotype-dependent manner: sleep of HCRT KO mice was not altered by TBI, whereas C57BL/6J mice had more non-rapid eye movement sleep, less wakefulness, and more short wake bouts and fewer long wake bouts. Numbers of hypocretin-positive cells were reduced in C57BL/6J mice by TBI. Collectively, these data indicate that the hypocretinergic system is involved in the alterations in sleep-wake behavior that develop after TBI in this model, and suggest potential therapeutic interventions.
AHR Regulates Metabolic Reprogramming to Promote SIRT1-Dependent Keratinocyte Differentiation

Activation of the transcription factor, AHR, in normal human epidermal keratinocytes increased AHR binding in the gene regions of the glucose transporter, SLC2A1, and the glycolytic enzyme, ENO1. This increased chromatin binding corresponded with AHR-dependent decreases in levels of SLC2A1 and ENO1 mRNA, protein, and activities. Studies of the ENO1 promoter showed activation of the AHR decreases the transcription of ENO1. Glycolysis was lowered by activation of the AHR as measured by decreases in glucose uptake and the production of pyruvate and lactate. Levels of ATP were also decreased. Downregulation of glucose metabolism, either by activation of the AHR, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of glucose transport, or inhibition of enolase, increased SIRT1 protein levels in normal human epidermal keratinocytes and the immortalized keratinocyte cell line, N/TERT-1. This increase in SIRT1 was abrogated by the addition of exogenous pyruvate. Moreover, keratinocyte differentiation in response to downregulation of glycolysis, either by activation of the AHR, inhibition of glucose transport, or inhibition of enolase, was dependent on SIRT1. These results indicate that regulation of glycolysis controls keratinocyte differentiation, and that activation of the AHR, by lowering the expression of SLC2A1 and ENO1, can determine this fate.