cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of pore-scale magnetic field inhomogeneity on the shape of the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation time distribution

ABSTRACTMeasurements of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal’s behavior with time provide powerful noninvasive insight into the pore-scale environment. The time dependence of the NMR signal, which is a function of parameters called relaxation times, is intimately linked to the geometry of the pore space and has been used successfully to estimate pore size and permeability. The basis for the pore size and permeability estimates is that interactions occurring at the grain surface often function as the primary mechanism controlling the time dependence of the NMR signal. In this limit, called the fast diffusion limit, and when each pore can be considered to be isolated, the measured relaxation times are often interpreted as representative of pore sizes. In heterogeneous media, where the NMR signal is described by a distribution of relaxation times, the measured relaxation time distribution is often interpreted as representative of the underlying pore-size distribution. We have explored a scenario in wh...
Order relations for concave interpolation methods

Abstract In this note, we derive relationships between interpolation methods that use a concave interpolation function f . In particular, when the two given data points to be interpolated lie on a line with a negative slope, we show that linear interpolation returns a higher value than f -linear interpolation which in turn yields a higher value than f - f interpolation. These results are useful in comparing interpolation methods commonly used in science and engineering, such as linear, log-linear, and log–log interpolation.
Winning, Losing, and Wandering Play: Zhuangzian Paradox and Daoist Practice

Many daoist texts offer guidelines to political action. The following essay on Zhuangzi and the martial arts explores kinds of movement and thinking that remind Western political philosophy of the breadth of action open to politics when we think outside of the neoliberal parameters of the modern world. Daoist traditions that have inspired the martial arts are commonly taxonomized in terms of means or ends: either as physical movements, or as effective cause. Effective cause is itself often divided into battlefield efficacy and self-actualization. This paper explores an alternative orientation toward movement and toward winning and losing, which daoism also makes available to the martial arts, and one that goes beyond the dichotomy of means and ends to focus on process. In specific, this paper uses the paradoxes of the classic daoist text Zhuangzi and a traditional daoist movement system to explore the eschewal of end-directed, teleological activity in favour of the ‘undifferentiated’, what we call non-teleological process or wandering play that is co-extensive with the objects, sentient beings, and other things in an ecological field. It is to imagine a non-autonomous self. Daoist movement tradition reminds us of the vitality in the concurrent Western search for the multitudinous self, the transindividual self, the porous self, which all seek to find political action appropriate to sentient beings that are aware of their co-extension with things, animals and objects, of their ecological field.
Calculated fraction of an incident current pulse that will be accelerated by an electron linear accelerator and comparisons with experimental data

In a series of previous papers, calculated results obtained using a one-dimensional ballistic model were presented to aid in the design of a prebuncher for the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator. As part of this work, a model was developed to provide limits on the fraction of an incident current pulse that would be accelerated by the existing accelerator. In this paper experimental data on this fraction are presented and the validity of the model developed previously is tested by comparing calculated and experimental data. Part of the experimental data is used to fix the physical parameters in the model and then good agreement between the calculated results and the rest of the experimental data is obtained.
The Epidemiology of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (rAAA)

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) is a highly lethal entity with total mortality estimated at 80–90 %. Up until the 1990s, there was an increasing incidence of rAAA hospital admissions, but current data shows this has plateaued and is now in decline. This is likely multifactorial and coincides with a decrease in AAA incidence, most likely from decreases in smoking; increased elective treatment of elderly patients with EVAR who were not optimal candidates for open repair; and increased detection and repair of intact AAAs secondary to increased diagnostic abdominal imaging. Identification of strong risk factors for rupture remains paramount, and new models using wall stress and alternative measures to aneurysm diameter show promise in this regard. Multiple other modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and hypertension, remain target areas for improvement given their correlation with risk of rupture. Concurrently, the perioperative mortality has been decreasing despite steady to possibly decreasing turndown rates for rAAA. This change in operative mortality has occurred at the same time as the wider acceptance of endovascular repair for ruptured AAAs (rEVAR). Comparative retrospective studies have shown a benefit to rEVAR versus open repair, in terms of morbidity and mortality, although early results from the RCTs do not. Despite this, many centers, including ours, believe that rEVAR should be attempted whenever possible given the evidence available to date.
Signal processing techniques for DMD and MDL mitigation in dense SDM transmissions

Methodologies for DMD and MDL mitigation in SDM transmission are reviewed. We clarify frequency selective channels over a multicore few-mode fiber with experimental evaluations, and their impact on signal transmission from a signal processing perspective.
Extensive wildfires, climate change, and an abrupt state change in subalpine ribbon forests, Colorado.

Ecosystems may shift abruptly when the effects of climate change and disturbance interact, and landscapes with regularly patterned vegetation may be especially vulnerable to abrupt shifts. Here we use a fossil pollen record from a regularly patterned ribbon forest (alternating bands of forests and meadows) in Colorado to examine whether past changes in wildfire and climate produced abrupt vegetation shifts. Comparing the percentages of conifer pollen with sedimentary δ18O data (interpreted as an indicator of temperature or snow accumulation) indicates a first-order linear relationship between vegetation composition and climate change with no detectable lags over the past 2500 years (r = 0.55, P < 0.001). Additionally, however, we find that the vegetation changed abruptly within a century of extensive wildfires, which were recognized in a previous study to have burned approximately 80% of the surrounding 1000 km2 landscape 1000 years ago when temperatures rose ~0.5 °C. The vegetation change was larger than expected from the effects of climate change alone. Pollen assemblages changed from a composition associated with closed subalpine forests to one similar to modern ribbon forests. Fossil pollen assemblages then remained like those from modern ribbon forests for the following ~1000 years, providing a clear example of how extensive disturbances can trigger persistent new vegetation states and alter how vegetation responds to climate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Keynote speech: Risk-based Prognostics and Health Management: Probabilistic methods for continuous-time hazard analysis and risk mitigation

To date, most practical implementations of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) have focused on the health management aspects with only minor attention being given to fault prediction. Commercial and military aerospace systems often employ a wide variety of embedded and on-board sensors to track and estimate the health of systems, and this information is being employed in frameworks such as reliability centered maintenance and condition based maintenance. Recently, organizations such as NASA and the US Army have started to explore incorporating formal methods for online risk assessment to guide interpreting health assessments and making system maintenance decisions. In this talk, I will introduce work being performed at Montana State University where we are coupling traditional model-based diagnostic and health assessment methodologies with continuous-time probabilistic methods to track and predict the impact of emerging hazards in a system using real-time, condition-based assessments of system health and the emergence of likely faults. Specifically, I will address how we have integrated dependency-based methods for fault diagnosis with fault tree analysis to derive and use continuous-time Bayesian networks as an end-to-end approach in real-time monitoring, tracking, predicting, and mitigating risks associated with system failure.
Classification of Heart Failure

Abstract The ability to accurately describe and classify the signs and symptoms of heart failure is critical to the study of and communication about the condition. This is particularly challenging in children in whom these variables change dramatically from infancy through adolescence. The ideal classification system would take into account these age-related changes as well as be reproducible and accurately reflect improvement with or without therapy or clinical worsening. It would be most useful if the system is correlated with risks and outcomes so that treatment could be tailored to the class and risk category. This chapter reviews the various systems used and proposed for achieving these goals.
Elastographic imaging of the carotid arteries of HIV infected patients with and without cardiovascular disease: A pilot study

Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are prone to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) because the HIV infection and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) produces atherosclerosis. Clinicians need sensitive tests to monitor interventions designed to prevent CVD in patients with HIV on long term cART. We hypothesize that vascular elastography can fulfill this role. To corroborate this hypothesis, we performed vascular elastography on 60 volunteers (mean age of 55.5 y), which we divided into four groups: (a) HIV positive with CVD (HIV++), (b) HIV positive without CVD (HIV+−), (c) HIV negative with CVD (HIV-+), and (c) HIV negative without CVD (HIV−−).
Physical Processes Dictate Early Biogeochemical Dynamics of Soil Pyrogenic Organic Matter in a Subtropical Forest Ecosystem

Quantifying links between pyOM dynamics, environmental factors and processes is central to predicting ecosystem function and response to future perturbations. In this study, changes in carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN) , pH and relative recalcitrance (R50) for pine- and cordgrass-derived pyOM were measured at 3-6 weeks intervals throughout the first year of burial in the soil. Objectives were to 1) identify key environmental factors and processes driving early-stage pyOM dynamics, and 2) develop quantitative relationships between environmental factors and changes in pyOM properties. The study was conducted in sandy soils of a forested ecosystem in the Longleaf pine range, US with a focus on links between changes in pyOM properties, fire history (FH), cumulative precipitation (Pcum), average temperature (Tavg) and soil residence time (SRT). Pcum, SRT and Tavg were the main factors controlling TC and TN accounting for 77-91% and 64-96% of their respective variability. Fire history, along with Pcum, SRT and Tavg, exhibited significant controlling effects on pyOM, pH and R50 - accounting for 48-91% and 88-93% of respective variability. Volatilization of volatiles and leaching of water-soluble components (in summer) and the sorption of exogenous organic matter (fall through spring) were most plausibly controlling pyOM dynamics in this study. Overall, our results point to climatic and land management factors and physicochemical process as the main drivers of pyOM dynamics in the pine ecosystems of the Southeastern US.
Parathyroid hormone for bone regeneration

Delayed healing and/or non-union occur in approximately 5-10% of the fractures that occur annually in the United States. Segmental bone loss increases the probability of non-union. Though grafting can be an effective treatment for segmental bone loss, autografting is limited for large defects since a limited amount of bone is available for harvest. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of calcium homeostasis in the body and plays an important role in bone metabolism. Presently PTH is FDA approved for use as an anabolic treatment for osteoporosis. The anabolic effect PTH has on bone has led to research on its use for bone regeneration applications. Numerous studies in animal models have indicated enhanced fracture healing as a result of once daily injections of PTH. Similarly, in a human case study, non-union persisted despite treatment attempts with internal fixation, external fixation, and autograft in combination with BMP-7, until off label use of PTH1-84 was utilized. Use of a biomaterial scaffold to locally deliver PTH to a defect site has also been shown to improve bone formation and healing around dental implants in dogs and drill defects in sheep. Thus, PTH may be used to promote bone regeneration and provide an alternative to autograft and BMP for the treatment of large segmental defects and non-unions. This review briefly summarizes the unmet clinical need for improved bone regeneration techniques and how PTH may help fill that void by both systemically and locally delivered PTH for bone regeneration applications. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2586-2594, 2018.
Modalities of Organized Crime Phenomena

It would be immensely difficult to frame the explanations of Organized Corruption Networks (OCNs), the way they are presented in this book without placing them within the context of theories, discussions, and questions posited by scholars of the organized crime phenomenon. As with many other definitions within the social sciences, there is a myriad of definitions that offer very few, if any, practical explanations that could benefit the law enforcement community in their quest to counter this type of criminality. The lack of agreed upon definition from the sociological standpoint is not as detrimental to the war on organized crime as the fact that the existing legal definitions also suffer from the lack of consistency.
The Joy of Pain: Schadenfreude and the Dark Side of Human Nature

Introduction Chapter 1 The Highs of Superiority Chapter 2 Looking Up by Looking Down Chapter 3 Others Must Fail Chapter 4 Self and Other Chapter 5 Deserved Misfortunes are Sweet Chapter 6 Justice Gets Personal Chapter 7 Humilitainment Chapter 8 There's Something about Envy Chapter 9 Envy Transmuted Chapter 10 Dark Pleasures Unleashed Chapter 11 How Would Lincoln Feel? Conclusion
THU0693 Gout and the risk of parkinson’s disease in the elderly

Background A recent systematic review and meta-analysis, based on two cohort studies and three case-control studies, reported a pooled risk ratio of subsequent Parkinson’s disease (PD) in patients with gout was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.09), a non-significant result. However, statistical heterogeneity was high at 87%–96%, indicating that studies differed from each other. Thus, it is not clear that gout is associated with PD and if so, what is the direction and magnitude of the risk of PD with gout. Objectives To assess the association of gout with the risk of incident Parkinson’s disease. Methods We used the 5% Medicare sample from 2006–2012 to assess whether a diagnosis of gout was associated with the risk of incident Parkinson’s disease in the elderly. Multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for demographics, Charlson-Romano comorbidity index, common medications, allopurinol and febuxostat use, was used to obtain hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The mean cohort age was 73 years (standard deviation [SD], 6.5), mean Charlson-Romano comorbidity index score was 1.2 (SD, 1.9), 58% were female, 86% were White and 30% had Charlson-Romano comorbidity index score of ≥2 (n=15,675). The crude incidence rates of incident PD of 3.3 vs. 1.7 per 1000 person-years in those with gout vs. without gout. Gout was associated with a higher risk of PD in the main analysis, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.10, 1.27). Older age, male gender, White race, higher Charlson-Romano comorbidity index score were associated with higher risk of PD. Sensitivity analyses confirmed main findings. No gender or race differences were noted, but the risk differed by the age; ages 65 - Conclusions Gout was associated with a higher risk of incident PD in the elderly. The risk of PD with gout was highest in the age group 65–75 years. Mechanisms of this increased risk need to be evaluated in future studies. Acknowledgements This material is the result of work supported by research funds from the Division of Rheumatology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the resources and use of facilities at the Birmingham VA Medical Centre, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. The funding body did not play any role in design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Disclosure of Interest J. Singh Grant/research support from: Takeda, Savient, Consultant for: Savient, Takeda, Regeneron, Merz, Iroko, Bioiberica, Crealta/Horizon and Allergan pharmaceuticals, WebMD, UBM LLC and the American College of Rheumatology, J. Cleveland: None declared
Coding in early childhood

This article presents steps that can be used to expose children to concrete experiences of practicing coding using unplugged activities, including using directional words or directional arrows, usi...
Counterfactual Thinking Among Victims of Sexual Assault: Relationships With Posttraumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Growth.

Counterfactual thinking is thinking of alternatives to events that have already occurred. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the relationships between counterfactual thinking...
A 0.5-20 GHz RF Silicon Photonic Receiver with 120 dB•Hz 2/3 SFDR using Broadband Distributed IM3 Injection Linearization

Radio-over-fiber (RoF) supports microwave and millimeter-wave communication with remote antenna heads. However, RoF links suffer from low spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) due to the low gain and high nonlinearity of silicon photonic (SiP) Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM). This work demonstrates the first distributed silicon-germanium (SiGe) HBT LNA co-designed for linearization of a broadband SiP-based RoF link. The SiGe LNA features a distributed LNA intermodulation (IM) injection scheme that is inherently wideband, improving IIP3 over a 10 GHz range. The assembled SiGe LNA and SiP MZM prototype demonstrates an SFDR as high as 120dB•Hz2/3 at 9 GHz, a 19 dB improvement over previous SiP RoF links.
Electron-beam uniformity measurements applicable to a large KrF laser system

The electron-beam excited KrF laser system is currently under investigation as a driver for laser fusion applications in the Single Pulse Test Facility.
Limb Salvage and Reconstruction Options in Osteosarcoma.

Advances in chemotherapy, sophisticated imaging, and surgical techniques over the last few decades have allowed limb-salvage surgery (LSS) to become the preferred surgical treatment for bone sarcomas of the extremities. The goal of LLS is to maximize limb functionality to allow for the maintenance of quality of life without compromising overall survival and tumor local recurrence rates. Today, limb-salvage procedures are performed on 80–95% of patients with extremity osteosarcoma, and the 5-year survival rate in extremity osteosarcoma patients is now 60–75%.
Notes on Initial Disturbance Fields for the Transition Problem

The transition process is a 6-stage affair which is initiated by the ambient disturbance environment. These initial disturbance fields, which can be either stream- or body-generated (or a combination thereof) are processed by the body inviscid and viscous flow fields. The resulting disturbances then constitute the initial and bounding values for the subsequent linear and nonlinear growth processes which result, ultimately, in final breakdown to turbulence, e.g., the location of transition per se. The existing state of the art in transition estimation, the e N method (e.g., Reference 1), deals only with the amplification ratio as given by linear theory and hence can only estimate (generally to better than 0(20 percent) currently) transition location when the initial disturbance fields are the equivalent of a “dull hum,” i.e., 0(.05 percent), as they appear to be in quiet, low- disturbance wind tunnels and many atmospheric flight situations. Improved prediction accuracy and/or predictions for non-canonical disturbance fields requires solution of transition as an initial-boundary value problem (via numerical simulations) and specification, for instance in flight, of the amplitude, spectra, orientation, and mode of all initial disturbance fields as a function of latitude, longitude, altitude, and time along the flight path.
A Note Concerning the Dynamics of Government Bond Yields

Keynes argued that the central bank can influence the long-term interest rate on government bonds and the shape of the yield curve mainly through the short-term interest rate. Several recent empiri...
Curriculum Development to Acquire Analytical Competencies Using an Industry BOK

Contribution - The acquisition of analytical competencies is a desirable outcome of a technical graduate program. We present a process to align the program curriculum with an industry-standard to ensure those competencies. The result is not necessarily to create certified students (although that is certainly desirable) but to confirm that the program helps students acquire the analytical competencies as outlined in an industry standard. We describe a path for alignment of programs to develop these desirable competencies and our experience with the process. Background - We selected the INFORMS Certified Analytics Professional certification as a vendor-neutral book of knowledge and knowledge structure for analytics professionals and a well-developed credential in the profession. We used well-documented processes to align a university curriculum to industry needs, employed in aligning similar programs to such competencies as a project manager using the PMI PMP certification. Research questions - To align the curriculum to the INFORMS CAP, we asked: (1) whether students graduating from the program had acquired adequate analytical competencies; and (2) If they had not, how can the curriculum be modified to help gain those competencies. Methods - The curriculum was reviewed, and we assured initially that topical coverage of the pertinent course of study aligned adequately with the INFORMS CAP knowledge structure. Results - Using the existing curriculum, we found that a majority of the students could pass the INFORMS CAP certification practice exam at the end of their program of study. The exam results were sufficiently granular to modify the curriculum and course contents to improve future assessments’ passing rate.
A defence of parental compromise concerning veganism

Co-parents who differ in their ideal child rearing policies should compromise, argues Marcus William Hunt. Josh Milburn and Carlo Alvaro dispute this when it comes to veganism. Milburn argues that ...
Deep learning approaches for improving prediction of daily stream temperature in data-scarce, unmonitored, and dammed basins

Basin-centric long short-term memory (LSTM) network models have recently been shown to be an exceptionally powerful tool for stream temperature (Ts) temporal prediction (training in one period and making predictions for another period at the same sites). However, spatial extrapolation is a well-known challenge to modeling Ts and it is uncertain how an LSTM-based daily Ts model will perform in unmonitored or dammed basins. Here we compiled a new benchmark dataset consisting of >400 basins across the contiguous United States in different data availability groups (DAG, meaning the daily sampling frequency) with or without major dams and studied how to assemble suitable training datasets for predictions in basins with or without temperature monitoring. For prediction in unmonitored basins (PUB), LSTM produced an RMSE of 1.129 °C and R2 of 0.983. While these metrics declined from LSTM's temporal prediction performance, they far surpassed traditional models' PUB values, and were competitive with traditional models' temporal prediction on calibrated sites. Even for unmonitored basins with major reservoirs, we obtained a median RMSE of 1.202°C and an R2 of 0.984. For temporal prediction, the most suitable training set was the matching DAG that the basin could be grouped into, e.g., the 60% DAG for a basin with 61% data availability. However, for PUB, a training dataset including all basins with data is consistently preferred. An input-selection ensemble moderately mitigated attribute overfitting. Our results indicate there are influential latent processes not sufficiently described by the inputs (e.g., geology, wetland covers), but temporal fluctuations are well predictable, and LSTM appears to be a highly accurate Ts modeling tool even for spatial extrapolation.
Centralization and decentralization for resilient infrastructure and complexity

The capacities of our infrastructure systems to respond to volatile, uncertain, and increasingly complex environments are increasingly recognized as vital for resilience. Pervasive across infrastructure literature and discourse are the concepts of centralized, decentralized, and distributed systems, and there appears to be growing interest in how these configurations support or hinder adaptive and transformative capacities towards resilience. There does not appear to be a concerted effort to align how these concepts are used, and what different configurations mean for infrastructure systems. This is problematic because how infrastructure are structured and governed directly affects their capabilities to respond to increasing complexity. We review framings of centralization, decentralization, and distributed (referred to collectively as de/centralization) across infrastructure sectors, revealing incommensurate usage leading to polysemous framings. De/centralized networks are often characterized by proximity to resources, capacity of distribution, volume of product, and number of connections. De/centralization of governance within infrastructure sectors is characterized by the number of actors who hold decision-making power. Notably, governance structures are often overlooked in infrastructure de/centralization literature. Next, we describe how de/centralization concepts are applied to emerging resilient infrastructure theory, identifying conditions under which they support resilience principles. While centralized systems are dominant in practice and decentralized systems are promoted in resilience literature, all three configurations—centralized, decentralized, and distributed—were found to align with resilience capacities in various contexts of stability and instability. Going forward, we recommend a multi-dimensional framing of de/centralization through a network-governance perspective where capabilities to shift between stability and instability are paramount and information is a critical mediator.
Navigating a diversity of turbulent plumes is enhanced by sensing complementary temporal features of odor signals

We and others have shown that during odor plume navigation, walking Drosophila melanogaster bias their motion upwind in response to both the frequency of their encounters with the odor (Demir et al., 2020), and the intermittency of the odor signal, i.e. the fraction of time the signal is above a detection threshold (Alvarez-Salvado et al., 2018). Here we combine and simplify previous mathematical models that recapitulated these data to investigate the benefits of sensing both of these temporal features, and how these benefits depend on the spatiotemporal statistics of the odor plume. Through agent-based simulations, we find that navigators that only use frequency or intermittency perform well in some environments - achieving maximal performance when gains are near those inferred from experiment - but fail in others. Robust performance across diverse environments requires both temporal modalities. However, we also find a steep tradeoff when using both sensors simultaneously, suggesting a strong benefit to modulating how much each sensor is weighted, rather than using both in a fixed combination across plumes.
Development, validation, and application of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the AXL/FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib in mouse plasma

A simple, fast and precise LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gilteritinib was developed and validated for micro-volumes of mouse plasma. The assay procedure involved a one-step extraction of gilteritinib and the internal standard [2H5]-gilteritinib with acetonitrile. An Accucore aQ column was used to separate analytes using a gradient elution delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, and a total run time of 2.5 min. Validation studies with quality control samples processed on consecutive days revealed that values for intra-day and inter-day precision were <7.04%, with an accuracy of 101-108%. Linear responses were observed over the entire calibration curve range (up to 500 ng/mL), and the lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL. The developed method was successfully used to examine the pharmacokinetics of oral gilteritinib in wild-type mice and mice lacking the organic cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, and MATE1 to further understand mechanisms contributing to drug-drug interactions and causes of inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability.
Numerical investigation of the transient interfacial material behavior during laser impact welding

Abstract During laser impact welding, severe plastic strains and temperature spikes occurring in less than 1 µs make experimental observation impractical and necessitate computational modeling to characterize in-situ behavior. To understand the effects of microstructure and the associated inhomogeneity/anisotropy in laser impact welding, an Eulerian framework featuring aluminum 1100 flyer and stainless steel 304 target foils is applied to simulate cases with and without microstructure modeling. The transient thermomechanical phenomena revealed by the dynamic simulation provide insights into evolution of the in-situ structure-property relationship, including microstructural variation, phase transformation, and material jetting. In contrast to the homogeneous model, the inhomogeneous model suggests a 10 µm-thick zone of grain refinement at the weld interface establishing new grains 0.1-1 µm in diameter in the flyer, and causing partial martensitic phase transformation in the target, attributable to rapidly induced equivalent plastic strains of up to 10.71 in the flyer and 0.98 in the target.
Microstructure and properties of additively-manufactured WC-Co microlattices and WC-Cu composites

Abstract Liquid ink-printing followed by sintering is used to fabricate WC-Co microlattices and cutting tools. The microstructure of WC-xCo (x=0.5-20 wt.%) is studied for a range of carbide-to-binder ratios and for various sintering temperatures. For 0.5≤Co≤5 wt.%, struts in microlattices exhibit residual porosity due to incomplete densification, even at the highest sintering temperature of 1650 °C. With 10 wt.% Co, fully dense lattice struts are achieved after sintering at 1450 °C for 1 h. For 1450-1650 °C sintering temperatures, the hardness of WC-xCo struts initially increases (due to increasing densification with increased Co) and then gradually decreases (due to an increase of softer Co phase, at near-full density). Finite-element modeling (FEM) shows that the uniaxial elastic deformation of WC-10Co lattices is mostly supported by stretching-dominated vertical columns formed by stacking filaments in a 0/90˚ cross-ply geometry. WC-10Co lattices are infiltrated with Cu at 1300 °C to obtain dense WC-Cu composites, with an internal architecture consisting of a WC-rich lattice and Cu-rich channels, with a high thermal conductivity of 140±7 W/(m·K). Under compression, WC-Cu infiltrated composites are supported by the ductile Cu phase after compressive failure of the internal WC-rich lattice, unlike the WC-Co open lattices which show brittle failure. A cutting tool with an internal WC-Cu lattice architecture is fabricated by 3D WC-Co ink-extrusion printing, sintering, and Cu infiltration. Laser heating experiments and FEM confirm that the 3D-printed/infiltrated/architectured WC-Cu composite cutting tool maintains lower temperatures than a uniform WC-Co tool, for equal heat input at the corner of the tool.
Empowering patients with the PREPARE advance care planning program results in reciprocal clinician communication

Background The patient-directed PREPAREforYourCare.org program empowers patients to participate in advance care planning (ACP) discussions with clinicians. Our goal was to determine whether PREPARE could reciprocally increase clinician ACP communication. Methods In a secondary analysis of two trials evaluating the efficacy of PREPARE plus an easy-to-read advance directive (AD) versus an AD alone, patients were included if they were ≥55 years old, English- or Spanish-speaking, and had ≥2 chronic conditions. We audio-recorded postintervention primary care visits and used the validated clinician-patient participation coding scheme to calculate the number of clinician ACP utterances concerning information-giving, recommendations, or supportive talk. We examined differences by study arm using mixed effects negative binomial models, stratifying by language. To assess possible mediation, we adjusted for active patient participation (e.g., asking questions or stating preferences). Results Three hundred ninety-three visits were audio-recorded (177 in PREPARE arm and 216 in AD-only arm). Recordings included 179 clinicians (mean 2.2 [SD 1.9] patients each). Patients' mean age was 66 ± 8 years, 31% had limited health literacy, and 25% were Spanish-speaking. Exactly 67% of recordings included information-giving, 85% recommendations, and 62% supportive talk. PREPARE resulted in 51% more clinician supportive talk versus the AD alone (mean 4.5 [8.9] vs. 2.9 [6.0] utterances; incidence rate ratio 1.51 [95% CI 1.02-2.24]). Effects were most pronounced among Spanish speakers. There were no differences in information-giving or recommendations. After adjusting for active patient participation, no differences in supportive talk remained. Conclusions The patient-directed PREPARE program was associated with greater clinician supportive ACP communication with older adults compared with an AD alone; the effect was most pronounced among Spanish speakers and was mediated by active patient participation. Thus, PREPARE helps patients be more engaged communicators, which in turn encourages clinicians to be more supportive of patients. Enhanced patient-clinician communication represents an important mechanism by which PREPARE may decrease disparities in ACP.
Designing community social services

Cette revue de question s'interesse aux qualites des systemes organisationnels integres et non integres. L'offre de services sociaux a change au cours des dernieres decennies de telle sorte que les strategies et structures organisationnelles qui etaient en place jusqu'a present ne semblent plus correspondre aux attentes du moment. Les tâches ont change, tout comme les technologies qui peuvent etre utilisees pour ameliorer cette offre de services sociaux. L'article se conclut sur une discussion concernant la conception de nouvelles startegies organisationnelles et sur le lien a etablir entre les nouvelles exigences des services et l'utilisation de technologies appropriees, existantes ou potentielles
FLT3 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

The fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3), which is important for the normal development of hematopoietic stem cells and cells of the immune system, is frequently mutated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). FLT3 is, therefore, a potential therapeutic target in AML. Recently, FLT3 inhibitors have shown therapeutic activity in AML patients with FLT3 mutations. Sorafenib and sunitinib were the first FLT3 inhibitors to be studied in the clinic and have the most clinically relevant data. Limited data are available for midostaurin (PKC412), lestaurtinib (CEP-701), tandutinib (MLN518), AC220, and KW-2449. It is likely that optimal application of these agents will involve combinations of inhibitors and combinations of inhibitors and chemotherapy, potentially with a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor such as everolimus or temsirolimus. This review discusses the theoretical rationale for the use of these agents and summarizes the relevant clinical data.
User interface complexity assessment in safety-critical systems: preliminary results of an empirical study

The importance of the user interface increases particularly in safety-critical or mission-critical systems where the user has time limitations within which to make correct decisions. User interfaces for these type of systems should be well-designed, easy to understand and use. Otherwise mishaps or accidents may occur and consequences of accidents may include loss of human life, large financial losses, and environmental damage. All this suggests that examining the complexity of user interface in safety-critical large-scale systems is important. In this study, we study user interface complexity in safety-critical environments and report the results of a study conducted with an Embedded Intelligent Real-Time System and its operators.
Set Cover with Requirements and Costs Evolving over Time

We model certain issues of future planning by introducing time parameters to the set cover problem. For example, this model captures the scenario of optimization under projections of increasing covering demand and decreasing set cost. We obtain an efficient approximation algorithm with performance guarantee independent of time, thus achieving planning for the future with the same accuracy as optimizing in the standard static model.
The Effect of pH on Rabbit Septal Cartilage Shape Change: Exploring the Mechanism of Electromechanical Tissue Reshaping.

Introduction: Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) involves the application of an electrical current to mechanically deformed cartilage to create sustained tissue shape change. Although EMR may evolve to become an inexpensive and reliable way of producing shape change in cartilage during reconstructive surgery, the precise mechanism of EMR is unknown. We aim to examine the isolated effect of protonation (pH) on shape change in cartilage. Methods: Nasal septal cartilages of rabbits were mechanically deformed and placed in a rigid jig. The deformed cartilages were submerged in isotonic phosphate buffered saline baths (osm = 290 mmol/Kg) with a pH of 3 (N = 51), pH of 7 (N = 51), and a pH of 11 (N = 51) for 15 minutes. Following re-equilibration, specimens were removed from their jig and the angle change from baseline was measured using digital micrometry. Results: Significant shape change was noted in all specimens, with an angle change of 33.6°, 33.3°, and 32.0° experienced by the pH of 3, 7, and 11 groups, respectively. Despite a trend toward increased shape change in the acidic treatment, there was no significant difference between groups. Conclusions: Although current evidence indicates that dynamic oxidation-reduction reactions within the extracellular matrix of cartilage may be implicated in EMR-induced shape change, when pH was isolated as a single variable it was not sufficient to produce cartilage shape change.
PHOTOVOICE: Reducing pedestrian injuries in children

Pedestrian injury is the second leading cause of injury related death for children. The purpose of this research project was to determine the effectiveness of pedestrian and road traffic safety education with children, as part of the Walk This Way program through Safe Kids USA. Through the implementation of PHOTOVOICE, a project that captured children's narratives coinciding with a photograph, children engaged in community exploration to identify pedestrian hazards in their communities and explore possible solutions utilizing their photography and narrations. Children participated in an engaging educational session, a community fieldtrip, and reflection. Results concluded that, despite a small increase in post test scores, an increase in awareness of hazards in the community and successful identification of community hazards was achieved. The goal of this research project was determine the effectiveness of a hands-on pedestrian and road traffic safety educational program with children. The results of this research project will be integrated with similar projects completed across the country through the program Walk This Way with Safe Kids USA. Both this research project and the Walk This Way program aim to promote behavior change in children and create safer communities to reduce pedestrian related injury. The overall goal of this research project andthe Walk This Way program is to increase education on a national level in regards to pedestrian safety for children and provide a basis for lobbying for public policy changes pertaining to road and pedestrian safety.
Patient-derived heavy chain antibody targets cell surface HSP90 on breast tumors

Monoclonal antibodies have been used to effectively treat various tumors. We previously established a unique strategy to identify tumor specific antibodies by capturing B-cell response against breast tumor antigens from patient-derived sentinel lymph nodes. Initial application of this approach led to identification of a tumor specific single domain antibody. In this paper we optimized our previous strategy by generating heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) to overcome the deficiencies of single domain antibodies. Here we identified and characterized a heavy chain antibody (HCAb2) that targets cell surface HSP90 antigen on breast tumor cells but not normal cells. Eight HCAbs derived from 4 breast cancer patients were generated using an in vitro expression system. HCAbs were screened against normal breast cells (MCF10A, HMEC) and tumor cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231) to identify cell surface targeting and tumor specific antibodies using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results observed with cell lines were validated by screening a cohort of primary human breast normal and tumor tissues using immunofluorescence. Respective antigens for two HCAbs (HCAb1 and HCAb2) were identified using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Finally, we generated MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in NOD scid gamma mice and performed in vivo tumor targeting analysis of HCAb1 and HCAb2. Flow cytometry screen revealed that HCAb2 selectively bound to the surface of MDA-MB-231 cells in comparison to MCF10A and MCF7 cells. HCAb2 showed punctate membrane staining on MDA-MB-231 cells and preferential binding to human breast tumor tissues in comparison to normal breast tissues. In primary breast tumor tissues, HCAb2 showed positive binding to both E-cadherin positive and negative tumor cells. We identified and validated the target antigen of HCAb2 as Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). HCAb2 also selectively targeted MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor cells in vivo with little targeting to mouse normal tissues. Finally, HCAb2 specifically targeted calnexin negative xenograft tumor cells. From our screening methodology, we identified HCAb2 as a breast tumor specific heavy chain antibody targeting cell surface HSP90. HCAb2 also targeted MDA-MB-231 tumor cells in vivo suggesting that HCAb2 could be an ideal tumor targeting antibody.
Prison and Democracy: Lessons Learned and Not Learned, from 1989 to 2009

Dostoevsky, Mandela, and others have long noted that prisons expose social realities, often hidden, particularly inequality and gaps between policy and practice. Prisons symbolize, mirror, and shape the communities and countries in which they exist. Although prisons informed and were intertwined with many of the defining moments of 1989, in the 20 years since, societies often failed to recognize the important role prison and punishment play in relationship to democracy. By not recognizing that “prison matters” in relationship to democracy, polities (whether in transition to democracy or established democracies) failed to adequately learn “prison lessons.” Starting with a case study of South Africa, this paper considers prisons during apartheid and under democratic governance. This case is connected to other comparative and international examples (including Russia, Brazil, and the USA) to identify five lessons learned and not learned concerning prison and democracy. First, policies and practices of imprisonment reflect social orders, especially structures of inequality and understandings of legitimate power and opposition. Second, countries transitioning to democracy seldom anticipate rising crime and invariably neglect the relevance of prisons. Third, nations do not adequately grapple with the role of prison in the past, especially the nondemocratic past. Fourth, in established and recent democracies, penal populism resulted as politicians defined prison as a solution to a host of social ills, ignoring the consequences of expanded punishment. Fifth, prisons shaped key substantive realities beyond their walls, from leadership to recidivism, scandals, fiscal deficits, and crises of legitimacy.
Resistance to schistosome infection in Biomphalaria glabrata induced by gamma radiation.

Abstract Two strains of Biomphalaria glabrata were studied with respect to the effects of ionizing radiation on their susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Gamma radiation at levels of 3.5 and 5 krad did not induce susceptibility in the resistant S-3 strain, but was found to initiate resistance in the susceptible PR-1 strain. In an attempt to understand the induced resistance in irradiated snails, histopathologic examinations and analyses of snail hemolymph were performed. Results indicated that miracidia invading irradiated snails were quickly surrounded and encapsulated by amoebocytes. Similarly, alterations in the hemolymph of irradiated snails suggested that radiation induced aging. It is suggested that radiation-altered snails may be of value in studying the defense mechanisms of these organisms.