cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of a diazepam nasal spray for the treatment of acute seizure clusters and prolonged seizures.

Introduction Some people with epilepsy experience acute repetitive seizures (ARS), also termed seizure clusters, which have a negative impact on patient and caregiver quality of life, emotional wellbeing, daily function, and may pose risk of injury or death. In addition, these events increase healthcare utilization in emergency departments and hospitals, which might be avoided with use of an at-home rescue medication. Intranasal formulations of benzodiazepines used as rescue medications provide a means of delivering rescue medication that is socially acceptable and more easily administered than rectal drug. Areas covered This article provides a review of intranasal diazepam covering development, pharmacokinetics, dosing, safety, adverse effects, and efficacy. The authors compare it with rectal diazepam and intranasal midazolam. Expert opinion Intranasal rescue drugs are a valuable treatment modality for seizure clusters and prolonged seizures that are effective and well tolerated with the potential to enhance patient quality of life, reduce the incidence of seizure-related injury, and lessen the need for hospital visits. The literature does not provide evidence comparing the various rescue agents, and head-to-head comparison studies are needed. An inhaled benzodiazepine as a seizure rescue drug is currently undergoing clinical trials.
Iatrogenic Spinal Cord Ischemia: A Patient Level Meta-Analysis of 74 Case Reports and Series

Abstract Background We seek to characterize the features of iatrogenic spinal ischemia, determine which spinal levels are affected, and evaluate the efficacy of management strategies. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of case reports and series of spinal ischemia in the past 10 years. 343 full-length case reports and case series were screened against predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. 89 patients were included for our final meta-analysis using PRISMA guidelines. Results Mean age of patients was 59.62 years (range: 9 months-88 years). 66% of all cases were male. Endovascular surgery (32.6%) and aortic surgery (36.0%) were most common causes of iatrogenic injury, followed by non-aortic surgery (32.6%), and non-surgical procedures (22.47%). A- and B-level ASIA Impairment was found in 66% of all patients. Rehabilitation was the most common management (49.44% of cases), followed by blood pressure management (40.45%). Non-aortic surgeries had the poorest overall outcomes (OR = 0.28, p = 0.016), whereas aortic and endovascular surgeries saw significant improvement in outcomes measured at discharge (OR = 2.6, OR = 2.3, respectively, p Conclusions In this paper, we compare outcomes following iatrogenic spinal ischemia. We demonstrate the need for more comprehensive randomized controlled trials to test effective treatment strategies.
The Gender Pay Gap and the Wellbeing of Working Women

The gender pay gap is a persistent and worldwide problem, appearing in the United States within groups categorized by age, race/ethnicity, education, industry, and occupation. It is particularly evident among parents caring for children: motherhood is consistently associated with reduced earning power, whereas fatherhood is not. Women’s subjective wellbeing is affected by the pay gap when they become aware of the gap and see it as unfair. However, a tendency for both women and men to accept system-justifying beliefs may often allow individuals to rationalize discrepancies between women’s and men’s pay. Women’s objective wellbeing is clearly damaged by the gender pay gap, in terms of economic security, economic vulnerability in older age, health, and job stability. Since the pay gap often sets the stage for women temporarily or permanently leaving the workforce, it results in significant loss of women’s contributions.
SAH-induced suppression of voltage-gated K(+) (K (V)) channel currents in parenchymal arteriolar myocytes involves activation of the HB-EGF/EGFR pathway.

Potassium channels play an important role in the regulation of arterial tone, and decreased activity of these ion channels has been linked to pial artery vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our previous work has shown that acute application of a blood component, oxyhemoglobin, caused suppression of voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels through heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF)-mediated activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Using patch clamp electrophysiology, we have now examined whether this pathway of KV channel suppression is activated in parenchymal arteriolar myocytes following long-term in vivo exposure to subarachnoid blood. We have found that KV currents, but not large conductance Ca2+ activated or inwardly rectifying K+ channel currents, were decreased in parenchymal arteriolar myocytes freshly isolated from day 5 SAH model rabbits. Interestingly, parenchymal arteriolar myocytes from control animals were more sensitive to exogenous HB-EGF (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] 0.2 ± 0.4 ng/ml) compared to pial arterial myocytes (IC50 2.4 ± 1.3 ng/ml). However, HB-EGF and oxyhemoglobin failed to decrease KV currents in parenchymal arteriolar myocytes from SAH animals, consistent with EGFR activation and KV current suppression by SAH. These data suggest that HB-EGF/EGFR pathway activation contributes to KV current suppression and enhanced parenchymal arteriolar constriction after SAH.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis sparing a tattoo with halo effect.

The phenomenon of cutaneous diseases sparing sites of previous trauma has been described, although there are few case reports that illustrate this rare phenomenon. We report an unusual case of leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) that completely spared tattooed skin with an additional halo effect around the tattoo.
The Aftermath of Sweden's Codetermination Law: Workers' Experiences in Gothenburg 1977–1980

Drawing from previous commentaries on developments in Sweden and recent poll data, this article reviews the emergence of the movement for workers’ control of companies in Sweden, presents some research findings on its impact, and discusses the implications of the Swedish approach to workplace democracy. Personal interviews and mail surveys among workers in Gothenburg in 1977 and 1980 reveal that the new Codetermination Law has brought a noticeable but not drastic improvement in employees’ opportunities to participate in decisions at the workplace. The law’s implementation has apparently neither pacified nor radicalized the workforce, and support for further reforms remains strong. During the 1970s, the issue of workplace democracy became one of the main topics of debate in Sweden, and a series of reforms significantly expanded the role of workers’ representatives in shaping the policies reigning in the workplace. Though Sweden was not in the forefront of the Industrial Revolution or a cradle of trade unionism in the 19th century, it now has one of the highest standards of living in the world and has become a trendsetter in the 20th century. The recent developments in workplace democracy in Sweden may thus serve as an omen for other countries, and the changes there may be seen either as a model to emulate or as an example of the pitfalls to avoid. Economicandfndusf~~a~Democrucy(SAGE, London, Beverly Hills and New Delhi), Val. 4 (1983), 19-46
Pensions and Property Rights in Municipal Bankruptcy

Recent large municipal bankruptcies raise legal and moral questions of the priority in payment of the municipality’s pension obligations. Focusing on existing law, we describe the bases on which pension obligations might have priority in bankruptcy. Priority under existing bankruptcy law requires that these obligations be supported by property rights effective outside bankruptcy. Section I identifies and rejects arguments that pension priority can be granted without property rights as part of Chapter 9 reorganization. Section II describes the requirement that pension priority be supported by property rights, identifies how statutory liens or trusts in favor of pensions can create priority, and describes the barriers to using these devices. A conclusion briefly describes revisions to the Bankruptcy Code that would allow pension priority, with or without property rights.
Coulomb-nuclear interference for the 58 Ni( 14 N, 14 N') reaction

Interference between Coulomb and nuclear excitation has been observed for excitation of the first ${2}^{+}$ state of $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ by inelastic scattering of $^{14}\mathrm{N}$. For classical impact parameters corresponding to "grazing collisions" the interference is strongly destructive, indicating a predominantly real nuclear form factor.
Classification using feature extraction based on time-frequency analysis and BCM theory

Marine mammal sounds classification is demonstrated using a novel application of wavelet time/frequency decomposition, and feature extraction using the BCM neuron. The system achieves outstanding classification performance even when tested with mammal sounds recorded at very different locations (from training).
Random oracles in constantipole: practical asynchronous Byzantine agreement using cryptography (extended abstract)

Byzantine agreement requires a set of parties in a distributed system to agree on a value even if some parties are corrupted. A new protocol for Byzantine agreement in a completely asynchronous network is presented that makes use of cryptography, specifically of threshold signatures and coin-tossing protocols. These cryptographic protocols have practical and provably secure implementations in the “random oracle” model. In particular, a coin-tossing protocol based on the Diffie-Hellman problem is presented and analyzed.The resulting asynchronous Byzantine agreement protocol is both practical and nearly matches the known theoretical lower bounds. More precisely, it tolerates the maximum number of corrupted parties, runs in constant expected time, has message and communication complexity close to the maximum, and uses a trusted dealer only in a setup phase, after which it can process a virtually unlimited number of transactions. Novel dual-threshold variants of both cryptographic protocols are used.The protocol is formulated as a transaction processing service in a cryptographic security model, which differs from the standard information-theoretic formalization and may be of independent interest.
Graph-Cut-Based Anaphoricity Determination for Coreference Resolution

Recent work has shown that explicitly identifying and filtering non-anaphoric mentions prior to coreference resolution can improve the performance of a coreference system. We present a novel approach to this task of anaphoricity determination based on graph cuts, and demonstrate its superiority to competing approaches by comparing their effectiveness in improving a learning-based coreference system on the ACE data sets.
Ingestion and incorporation of coral-mucus detritus by reef zooplankton

The copepod Acartia tonsa and the reef mysid Mysidium integrum ingest stained coral mucus. Ingestion rates determined with radioisotope-labeled mucus ranged from 4 to 81% body carbon · 24 h-1 for the copepods and I to 70% body carbon · 24 h-1 for the mysids. Incorporation was measured by comparing the organic composition of fecal material and by the incorporation of isotope-labeled mucus. A. tonsa incorporated 47% of ingested ash-free material, 68% of carbon and 36% of nitrogen. M. integrum incorporated 44% of ingested ash-free matter, 57% of carbon and 55% of nitrogen. Incorporation estimates using 14C-labeled mucus were 65% and 39% for incorporation by A. tonsa and M. integrum respectively. A. tonsa and M. integrum incorporated both the mucus substrate and the epiphytic bacteria of the mucus-detritus.
Role of Cerebellum in Deglutition and Deglutition Disorders

The objective of this review is to gather available evidence regarding the role of the cerebellum in swallowing-related functions. We reviewed literature on cerebellar functions related to healthy swallowing, patterns of dysphagia in individuals with cerebellar lesions, and the role of the cerebellum in therapeutic intervention of neurogenic dysphagia since 1980. A collective understanding of these studies suggests that both hemispheres of the cerebellum, predominantly the left, participate in healthy swallowing. Also, it appears that the cerebellum contributes to specific physiological functions within the entire act of swallowing, but this is not clearly understood. The understanding of patterns of dysphagia in cerebellar lesions remains ambiguous with equivocal results across a small number of studies. The cerebellum appears to be involved in oral exercises for dysphagia in the relationship between oral movements in such exercises, and deglutition remains uncertain. There is increasing evidence to suggest successful use of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum to improve neuromotor control of swallowing. Future studies should address activation of the cerebellum with swallowing of different consistencies and tastes in healthy adults to gain better insights. Studies should also investigate dynamics of neural activation during different stages of recovery from dysphagia following strokes to cortical centers to determine if the cerebellum plays a compensatory role during instances of increased neural demands.
Improved reconstruction and sensing techniques for personnel screening in three-dimensional cylindrical millimeter-wave portal scanning

The cylindrical millimeter-wave imaging technique, developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and commercialized by L-3 Communications/Safeview in the ProVision system, is currently being deployed in airports and other high-security locations to meet person-borne weapon and explosive detection requirements. While this system is efficient and effective in its current form, there are a number of areas in which the detection performance may be improved through the use of other reconstruction algorithms and sensing configurations. PNNL and Northeastern University (NEU) have teamed together to investigate higher-order imaging artifacts produced by the current cylindrical millimeter-wave imaging technique using full-wave forward modeling and laboratory experimentation. Based on imaging results and scattered-field visualizations using the full-wave forward model, a new imaging system is proposed. The new system combines a multistatic sensor configuration with the generalized synthetic aperture focusing technique (GSAFT). Initial results show an improved ability to image in areas of the body where target shading, specular reflections, and higher-order reflections occur.
Adrenoleukodystrophy Very long‐chain fatty acid metabolism in fibroblasts

We studied very long-chain fatty acid (VLFA) metabolism in cultured fibroblasts from patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Total hexacosanoate (C26:0) content of ALD fibroblasts was sixfold higher than normal and did not return to normal when cells were grown in lipid-free medium. When normal or ALD fibroblasts were grown in medium containing 10% ALD serum (which is enriched in C26:0), there was no further increase in C26:0 content compared with cells grown in 10% normal human serum. Uptake and loss of 1- 14 C-palmitate (C16:0) and 1- 14 C-lignocerate (C24:0) by ALD fibroblasts were similar to normal fibroblasts. Catabolism of exogenous H-C26:0 to H 2 O was about 307 of normal. Oxidation of exogenous 1- 14 C-hexacosanoate, 1- 14 C-lignocerate, and 1- 14 C-palmitate in intact ALD fibroblasts was 42%, 27 ± 13% (SD), and 73 ± 47%, respectively, of normal. These results are consistent with, but do not conclusively prove, a VLFA oxidation defect in ALD fibroblasts.
Types and Timing of Child Maltreatment and Early School Success: A Population-Based Investigation

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of types of child maltreatment and co-occurring risks in an entire county population of children in public education and to examine the unique relations of the child maltreatment types and timing on children's early academic success while accounting for the children's multiple-risk context. A cohort of 11,835 second grade students who were born in the county and attended the public school district served as participants. Information on first reported experiences of substantiated physical abuse, neglect, unsubstantiated child maltreatment reports, health, maternal, and social risks, and academic and behavioral outcomes was obtained and linked through a county-wide integrated data system. Results indicated that after controlling for demographics and the set of other risks, substantiated child neglect and unsubstantiated reports were associated with poorer outcomes than physical abuse. Also, first substantiated child maltreatment and unsubstantiated reports prior to kindergarten were related to a more comprehensive set of poor outcomes than post-kindergarten first reports. The differential patterns that emerged for the association between age of first reported maltreatment by type and educational outcomes were discussed with implications for future research and policy.
Passibiflorin, epipassibiflorin and passitrifasciatin: cyclopentenoid cyanogenic glycosides from Passiflora

An epimeric mixture of two novel cyclopentenoid cyanogenic glycosides, passibiflorin [1-(6-O-β-D-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-nitrile] and its C-1 epimer, epipassibiflorin, has been isolated from Passiflora biflora and P. talamancensis. The structures were determined by means of 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Another novel cyclopentenoid cyanogenic glycoside, passitrifasciatin [1-(4-O-β-D-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-nitrile] is described from Passiflora trifasciata. The structure was determined by means of 1H NMR. The identification of the sugar moieties was made by HPLC and TLC. The isolation of a β-1 → 4 and a β-1 → 6-rhamnoglucoside of cyclopentenoid cyanogens from three species of subgenus Plectostemma of Passiflora suggests that diglycosides of this type are taxonomically diagnostic for the section.
Multiscale modeling of polycrystalline silicon

Polycrystalline solid is composed of randomly distributed grains and grain boundaries. The size of grains is usually in the nano/micro-scale. In this paper, the general micromorphic theory, as well as a specialized micromorphic theory for covalent and ionic crystals, is introduced. A statistical model for polycrystalline material is adopted. Each grain is modeled as crystallized solid by micromorphic theory, while the grain boundaries are modeled as in its amorphous phase by classical continuum theory. Size-dependent material properties of silicon are investigated. Finite element analysis of thermomechanical coupling phenomenon in polycrystalline silicon is performed and numerical results are presented and discussed.
Nonstationary data analysis by time deformation

ABSTRACT In this article we discuss methodology for analyzing nonstationary time series whose periodic nature changes approximately linearly with time. We make use of the M-stationary process to describe such data sets, and in particular we use the discrete Euler(p) model to obtain forecasts and estimate the spectral characteristics. We discuss the use of the M-spectrum for displaying linear time-varying periodic content in a time series realization in much the same way that the spectrum shows periodic content within a realization of a stationary series. We also introduce the instantaneous frequency and spectrum of an M-stationary process for purposes of describing how frequency changes with time. To illustrate our techniques we use one simulated data set and two bat echolocation signals that show time varying frequency behavior. Our results indicate that for data whose periodic content is changing approximately linearly in time, the Euler model serves as a very good model for spectral analysis, filtering...
Collision tumor: a peripheral neuroepithelioma and a transitional-cell carcinoma occurring simultaneously in the renal pelvis.

We report a unique case of a collision tumor of the kidney composed of a peripheral neuroepithelioma (PNE) and a transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) that occurred in a 67-year-old man with a long history of superficial TCC of both the bladder and bilateral upper urinary tracts. The PNE was composed of hyperchromatic, small, round cells, arranged in clusters and poorly cohesive sheets. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the small cells to be strongly positive for 013 (ie, a MIC2 gene product stain [CD99]) and vimentin. Electron microscopic examination found numerous interdigitating cell processes, multiple poorly formed cell-cell junctions, and dense-core granules. The latter were most conspicuous at the tips of the cell precesses. The PNE cells were clearly negative for cytokeratin, and they showed no transitional or intermediate features that would suggest evolution of the PNE from the adjacent TCC. The proximity of these two tumors appears to be serendipitous; thus, it can be considered a true collision tumor of the kidney.
Contribution of lungs to total body clearance: Linear and nonlinear effects

The contribution of the lungs to the total body clearance of drugs is examined in a framework that emphasizes their anatomical position. For intravenous administration, the lung is the only organ other than blood that can account for a total body clearance in excess of the cardiac output. Systemic arterial drug concentration and tissue drug exposure are inversely proportional to total body clearance. Although the role of the lung has been overshadowed by that of the liver, several examples are presented to demonstrate that a relatively small amount of pulmonary activity can produce a large reduction in systemic arterial drug concentration. For oral administration, first-pass elimination by the liver and lungs in series results in a synergistic increase in total body clearance. Nonlinear effects caused by saturation of elimination pathways are also examined. Increased emphasis on experimental investigation of the pulmonary contribution is warranted, especially for drugs with high apparent clearance.
Laparoscopic myotomy in achalasia: intraoperative evidence for myotomy of the gastric cardia.

The myotomy performed for achalasia of the esophagus should divide all of the constricting, diseased muscular elements that obstruct the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). Whether the disease process includes proximal gastric as well as esophageal components is as yet unclear, but anatomic evidence complemented by clinical data suggest that the disease process does not end at the evanescent and poorly defined EGJ. Clinical reports from enthusiastic proponents of a particular operative approach for achalasia have not been illuminating in this regard, because all patients are improved to some degree post-operatively, and there are no objective parametric standards for the evaluation of swallowing function. This study reports a series of patients in whom endoscopic viewing was used to judge the adequacy of myotomy after ‘esophageal’ myotomy. The question posed by this study was, ‘Does esophageal myotomy remove all constricting elements at the gastroesophageal junction?’ Laparoscopic myotomy was performed in 48 patients with a diagnosis of achalasia; these patients are the most recent in a total cohort of 72 patients operated upon for achalasia during the past 20 years. Myotomy was begun on the esophagus, and extended to the esophagogastric junction; anatomic landmarks, including the appearance of submucosal veins, guided the initial dissection. Intraoperative endoscopy was then performed to determine whether there was residual constriction of the channel between the esophagus and stomach; if so, myotomy was extended onto the gastric cardia until visual evidence of obstruction had disappeared. All patients had either Toupet fundoplication or Dor fundoplication after myotomy. There were obvious constricting elements distal to the gastroesophageal junction in 90% of the patients. These patients required extension of the myotomy onto the stomach for an average of 15 mm. All but one patient had improved swallowing post-operatively. Eight patients required ‘stretch’ of the distal esophagus/cardia within the first year post-operatively; one patient was reoperated for fibrous scar obstruction of the distal esophagus. Esophageal myotomy limited to the esophageal muscle does not remove all constricting elements at the gastroesophageal junction; as a result, the extended myotomy must be complemented by an antireflux procedure during operations for achalasia.
Tras de un amoroso lance como estructura expresiva

Toda la critica que conozco sobre el poema sanjuanista de la caza de amor se ha centrado en la tarea de indagacion de fuentes, casi con exclusividad: sus resultados fecundos recompensan con creces el desvelo de varios investigadores, gracias a quienes el estudio genetico de la obrita esta a punto de ser agotado a esta altura del proceso critico. Ciertamente, sin los supuestos sentados por ellos, el presente trabajo no hubiera llevado a termino algunas de sus conclusiones; pero mi indagacion se adentrara en la otra perspectiva, exclusivamente sincronica, de la obra, ya que va a interesarse por el ordenamiento interno de su material: su estructura expresiva. Entiendo por tal no solo la construccion del proceso en que se desenvuelve una obra, sino el engranaje total que la hace ser lo que es (la “construccion” incluida), y en la cual ella se agota, en sus dos niveles constitutivos: linguistico y no linguistico.
The international FORUM of fire research directors: A position paper on evaluation of structural fire resistance

The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors periodically takes positions on issues dealing with the direction and implementation of fire research with the potential for significant impact on safety and/or global standards and test methods. This short communication represents the FORUM's position on structural fire resistance test methods and evaluation procedures. It is proposed that the prediction of the performance of coupled building systems to the point of impending failure in a fire be established as an overriding goal for the construction and building products industries, and that research be channeled to produce the material data bases, the new instrumentation, the expanded test facilities, and the innovative analytical methods to support the changes to standards, codes and practices that are necessary to attain this goal.
Dynamic Crushing Behaviour of Box Section Steel Beams

As a popular energy absorber, steel box-sectional beams are widely used in various engineering structures. In this paper, the dynamic crushing behaviours of steel beams with box cross sections are investigated and outlined. Systematic parametric studies were conducted in order to study the effect of material properties, including strain hardening ratio and strain rate effect, length of the beam, and initial impact velocity on the crushing behaviours of the steel beams. A series of numerical models were constructed with various sets of parameters and used for crashworthiness analyses. Maximum crushing force, mean force, and specific energy absorption were recorded after analyses and compared to reveal the influences of parameters. Empirical equations were also developed based on the analyses results using nonlinear regression method, which can predict the effects of the initial impact velocity on the peak crushing forces of steel beams with box sections.
Wetting by Polymer Solutions

Very small droplets of polystyrene dissolved in toluene were placed on a glass slide and studied under a goniometer microscope. The drops were allowed to spread and dry and their extent of spreading is plotted as a variation of the concentration of the polymer in the solution. It was observed that drops of polystyrene in a volatile solvent such as toluene, spread to some extent and then gets dried up thus preventing the contact line from moving further. When liquid PDMS in non-volatile solvent, HMDS, and in volatile solvent, toluene, was used, the droplets continued to spread. One conclusion among others, is that even if the droplet dries but leaves behind a mobile contact line then the solution spreads out, on the other hand if the droplet dries and the contact line loses its mobility, the spreading automatically comes to a stop.
Molecular cloning of human liver sulfite oxidase.

Abstract A 2.4 kilobase cDNA clone of human sulfite oxidase was isolated from a human liver cDNA library in λgt10. Comparison of three sulfite oxidase sequences to several plant and fungal nitrate reductase sequences reveals a single conserved cysteine with highly conserved flanking sequences. The conserved cysteine is postulated to be a ligand of molybdenum in sulfite oxidase and nitrate reductase.
Direct interaction of TFIIB and the IE protein of equine herpesvirus 1 is required for maximal trans-activation function.

Recently, we reported that the immediate-early (IE) protein of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) associates with transcription factor TFIIB [J. Virol. 75 (2001), 10219]. In the current study, the IE protein purified as a glutathione- S-transferase (GST) fusion protein was shown to interact directly with purified TFIIB in GST-pulldown assays. A panel of TFIIB mutants employed in protein-binding assays revealed that residues 125 to 174 within the first direct repeat of TFIIB mediate its interaction with the IE protein. This interaction is physiologically relevant as transient transfection assays demonstrated that (1) exogenous native TFIIB did not perturb IE protein function, and (2) ectopic expression of a TFIIB mutant that lacked the IE protein interactive domain significantly diminished the ability of the IE protein to trans-activate EHV-1 promoters. These results suggest that an interaction of the IE protein with TFIIB is an important aspect of the regulatory role of the IE protein in the trans-activation of EHV-1 promoters.
Effect of Al on the NiAl-type B2 Precipitates in Ferritic Superalloys

Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) is employed to quantify the average size, interparticle spacing, and volume fraction of the primary B2 precipitates in Fe-based superalloys with varying Al concentration. The results are analyzed with a model incorporating polydispersity and interference effects and verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations. As the Al amount increases from 4 to 10 mass pct, there is an approximately 40 pct decrease in the average interparticle spacing and ~30 pct reduction in the average particle diameter.
Distinguishing between stochastic and deterministic behavior in high frequency foreign exchange rate returns: Can non-linear dynamics help forecasting?☆

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamic properties of high frequency foreign exchange rate returns. Using hourly data for four exchanges rates, the British Pound, the Deutschemark, the Japanese Yen and Swiss Franc, we attempt to differentiate between stochastic and deterministic behavior in hourly rates of returns. While the autocorrelation coefficients and the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman test point to the presence of some non-linear dependence, correlation dimension estimates reveal little evidence in favor of low-dimensional chaos. The analysis appears to support the view that although it is not possible to exploit deterministic non-linear dependence in exchange rate time series in order to improve short-term forecasting, non-linear stochastic models can be used for conditional volatility forecasts.
Improved pattern transfer in soft lithography using composite stamps

Composite stamps composed of two layersa stiff layer supported by a flexible layerextend the capabilities of soft lithography to the generation of 50−100-nm features. The preparation of these stamps was adapted from a procedure originally developed by Schmid et al. (Macromolecules 2000, 33, 3042) for microcontact printing. This paper demonstrates how pattern transfer using other soft lithographic techniquesmicromolding in capillaries, microtransfer molding, and phase-shifting lithographycan be improved using two-layer stamps relative to stamps made of Sylgard 184 poly(dimethylsiloxane).
Social Interactions Among Females in Dubbed and Undubbed Flocks

Abstract THE establishment of the peck-order or social hierarchy in a flock of chickens consists of a series of learned relationships among pen mates. These relationships, which include recognition of individuals that are socially dominant and inferior, form the basis of social inertia in the flock. The biological value of the peck-order has been well documented (Allee, 1942; Guhl and Allee, 1944; Guhl, 1953; Banks, 1956). Guhl and Allee (1944), Hale (1948), Guhl (1953) and Marks (1959), reported that as flockmates became more familiar with each other, there was a gradual decrease in social interactions. Contrariwise, Banks and Allee (1951) and Williams and McGibbon (1956) observed that interactions increased or remained constant when measured over time. Marks et al. (1960) reported that in flocks where dubbed and non-dubbed pullets were intermingled, dubbed pullets occupied the lower social positions. Encounters among dubbed females were significantly greater than those among individuals in the …
Examination of Life-Threatening Injuries in 431 Pediatric Facial Fractures at a Level 1 Trauma Center

PURPOSE: Pediatric facial fractures represent a challenge in management due to the unique nature of the growing facial skeleton. Oftentimes, more conservative measures are favored to avoid rigid internal fixation and disruption of blood supply to the bone and soft tissues. In addition, the great force required to fracture bones of the facial skeleton often produces concomitant injuries that present a management priority. The purpose of this study was to examine a level 1 trauma center's experience with pediatric facial trauma resulting in fractures of the underlying skeleton with regards to epidemiology and concomitant injuries. METHODS: A retrospective review of all facial fractures at a level 1 trauma center in an urban environment was performed for the years 2000 to 2012. Patients aged 18 years or younger were included. Patient demographics were collected, as well as location of fractures, concomitant injuries, and surgical management strategies. A significance value of 5% was used. RESULTS: During this period, there were 3147 facial fractures treated at our institution, 353 of which were pediatric patients. Upon further review, 68 patients were excluded because of insufficient data for analysis, leaving 285 patients for review. The mean age of patients was 14.2 years with a male predominance (77.9%). The mechanism of injury was assault in 108 (37.9%), motor vehicle accident in 68 (23.9%), pedestrian struck in 41 (14.4%), fall in 26 (9.1%), sporting accident in 20 (7.0%), and gunshot injury in 16 (5.6%). The mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on arrival to the emergency department was 13.7. The most common fractures were those of the mandible (29.0%), orbit (26.5%), nasal bone (14.4%), zygoma (7.7%), and frontal bone/frontal sinus (7.5%). Intracranial hemorrhage was present in 70 patients (24.6%). A skull fracture was present in 50 patients (17.5%). A long bone fracture was present in 36 patients (12.6%). A pelvic or thoracic fracture was present in 30 patients (10.5%). A cervical spine fracture was present in 10 patients (3.5%), and a lumbar spine fracture was present in 11 patients (3.9%). Fractures of the zygoma, orbit, nasal bone, and frontal sinus/bone were significantly associated with intracranial hemorrhage (P CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric facial fractures in our center are often caused by interpersonal violence and are frequently accompanied by other more life-threatening injuries. The distribution of fractures parallels previous literature. Midface fractures and a depressed GCS showed a strong correlation with intracranial hemorrhage and cervical spine fracture. A misdiagnosed cervical spine injury or intracranial hemorrhage has disastrous consequences. On the basis of this study, it is the authors' recommendation that any patient sustaining a midface fracture with an abnormal GCS be evaluated for the aforementioned diagnoses. Language: en
Linear and nonlinear optical studies of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives and polydiacetylene-4BCMU

Abstract We present data for the index of refraction, absorption spectra, and the results of third harmonic generation (THG) experiments for the materials poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), poly(3,6 dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene) (PDMPV), poly(3,6 dihexyloxy-p-phenylene vinylene) (PDHPV), and polydiacetylene-4BCMU. The index of refraction was measured at 633 nm by Abeles' method. We used THG to determine the magnitude of χ (3) (3 ω ; ω , ω , ω ), where h ;ω=1.17 eV . We find the same value for the magnitudes of χ (3) of PPV and PDA-4BCMU: ∼ (2±1.5)×10 −11 esu. We confirm that χ (3) is sensitive to the degree of π-electron delocalization, and that the dominant component of the χ (3) tensor is that with all indices parallel to the polymer chains. The PPV's are promising materials for optical applications, as they offer the advantages of durability, relatively high nonlinearity, high index, and ease of synthesis and processing.
Effects of disulfide linkages on gas-phase reactions of small multiply charged peptide ions

Multiply protonated ions of disulfide-intact and -reduced peptides were generated by electrospray ionization and studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The effects of disulfide bonds on gas-phase deprotonation reactions and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange were investigated. Insight into conformations was gained from molecular dynamics calculations. For ions from three small peptides containing 9–14 amino acid residues, H/D exchange is more sensitive to changes in conformation than deprotonation. However, with both gas-phase reactions the more diffuse forms of the peptides (as determined by molecular modeling) react more readily. The effects of disulfide cleavage on the conformations and on the reactions were found to depend upon the sequence of the peptide. For [M + 3H]3+ of TGF-α (34–43), reduction of the disulfide linkage leads to a greatly extended structure and a dramatic increase in the rate and extent of H/D exchange. In contrast, [M + 2H]2+ of Arg8 -vasopressin becomes slightly more compact upon cleavage of the disulfide bond; these reduced ions are slower to react. For [M + 3H]3+ of somatostatin-14, reduction of the disulfide bond has little effect on conformation or gas-phase reactivity. Overall, these results indicate that there is no general rule on how cleavage of a disulfide bond will effect a peptide ion’s gas-phase reactivity.
A condition equivalent to ferromagnetism for a generalized ising model

Abstract In the real algebra R (G) over a certain finite group, the operator exp is defined. A condition is stated on exp J which is necessary and sufficient for J in H ((G) to be non-negative (where J is viewed as a function G →, R ). Physically, this amounts to a condition on the correlations of a generalized system of Ising spins which is necessary and sufficient for the ferromagnetism of the system.
4,4-Disubstituted cyclohexylamine based CCR5 chemokine receptor antagonists as anti-HIV-1 agents

A series of 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexylamine based CCR5 antagonists has been designed and synthesized. Their antiviral structure-activity relationship has been extensively explored.
Review: Blood pressure–lowering drugs prevent cardiovascular events equally well in younger and older patients

Source Citation Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-an...
Anisotropic Ferromagnetic Resonance Linewidth in Ferrites

In disordered magnetic materials such as the ferrites, the dominant source of resonance linewidth can be attributed to processes involving only two elementary excitations: the destruction of a magnon with the creation either of another magnon or a phonon. We here consider only the primary magnon-magnon scattering process. We show that the random variation of the spin-orbit coupling parameters of the disordered ions leads to a resonance linewidth comparable to that observed in ferrites. The particular symmetry of the crystalline fields around the octahedrally coordinated sites causes an anisotropy in the linewidth with a minimum in the [100] directions and a maximum in the [111] directions. This anisotropy of linewidth is in general agreement with experimental observations on typical ferrites, as for example, the measurements of Schnitzler, Folen, and Rado on disordered lithium ferrite.
Efficacy of sucrose as analgesia for procedural pain in neonates.

BACKGROUND Most infants experience painful procedures during their first days. Minimization of pain to decrease noxious effects is warranted. This Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) evaluates a meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined sucrose as analgesia for neonatal procedural pain. PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and optimal dosing of sucrose for neonatal procedural pain. METHODS A literature search identified 5 studies that met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, for a total of 271 infants studied. The primary outcome measure was crying time, measured for 3 minutes after a painful procedure following administration of water or varying doses of sucrose. RESULTS There was no difference in crying time between the 0.18 g sucrose and water groups (P > 0.05), but crying time was significantly less in the other sucrose groups. Doses of at least 0.24 g (2 mL 12% sucrose) were found to be most effective. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION This CAT systematically appraises this meta-analysis, provides clinical bottom lines, and includes recommendations for practice.
Dissociation of DNA binding and in vitro transcriptional activities dependent on the C terminus of P53 proteins.

Abstract Wild type p53 protein requires posttranslational modification within a carboxy-terminal negative regulatory domain to activate DNA binding and transcription. Binding of monoclonal antibody PAb421 to the carboxy-terminal domain reproduces this activation. In the absence of PAb421, we found that wild type p53 bound actively to a template containing two copies of the p21WAF1 p53 binding site. However, in an in vitro transcription assay with partially purified basal transcription factors, p53 only partially activated transcription from the same binding site and required PAb421 for full activation. Oncogenic missense mutant p53 proteins (N239 to S239, G245 to S245, R273 to H273) bound the WAF1 doublet significantly and were activated further by PAb421. However, these mutants were inactive in the transcription assay, even with PAb421. These results indicate that sequence-specific binding and transcriptional activities of p53 can be dissociated through C-terminal interactions and suggest that conformational changes induced by the mutations alter p53 interactions with basal transcription factors.
An Irish dimension to a British Kulturkampf

In the second half of the nineteenth century, most European nations experienced a period of state-sponsored anti-Catholic legislation that has come to be known by the German term Kulturkampf. The question that this article seeks to address is whether or not the United Kingdom, and specifically Ireland, can be said to have experienced such a phenomenon. By examining the case of Robert O'Keeffe, a Roman Catholic parish priest who sued the cardinal archbishop of Dublin in the civil courts, it is possible to determine both whether Britain experienced a Kulturkampf, and to offer some suggestions as to why the United Kingdom appears to have been different in this regard from its European neighbours.
Catalytic Hydrolysis of Adenosine 2‘,3‘-Cyclic Monophosphate by CuII Terpyridine

The hydrolysis and transesterification of RNA are catalyzed by a variety of metal ions, metal complexes, metalloenzymes, and ribozymes. These reactions are of fundamental biochemical importance. However, the role that metal ions play in RNA hydrolysis is not completely understood. We previously showed that aqueous Cu(II) terpyridine (Cutrpy) is effective for both transesterification and hydrolysis of RNA, and we harnessed this reactivity by constructing ribozyme mimics that employ terpyridyl Cu(II) in their active sites. Here we report a detailed kinetic study of the hydrolysis of adenosine-2‘,3‘-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) by Cutrpy. The reaction is established to be first-order in Cutrpy and first-order in substrate. Catalytic turnover is observed, although product inhibition occurs. Chloride ion also inhibits the reaction, which indicates the disadvantage of using NaCl as an ionic strength buffer in related studies. The pH−rate profile is sigmoidal and implicates the hydroxide form of the catalyst, Cut...
Benign frontal horn cysts in a preterm neonate

T Bosemani, TAGM Huisman and A PorettiJournal of Perinatology (2014) 34, 488; doi:10.1038/jp.2013.187CASE PRESENTATIONA 29-week-gestation premature female neonate who weighed1.24kg at birth and had a normal neurological examinationunderwent a routine screening head ultrasound (HUS) at 3 days oflife to evaluate for intraventricular hemorrhage. HUS demon-strated bilateral simple cysts adjacent to the lateral ventricles,anterior to the foramen of Monro and at the level of the externalangle (Figure 1a). The imaging ﬁndings are characteristic forbenign frontal horn cysts (FHC). Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) of the brain was performed subsequently at 4 weeks of age,which conﬁrmed the ﬁndings of FHC (Figures 1b and c). Inaddition, the cavum septum pellucidum et vergae, age appro-priate gyration and white matter signal intensity, was shown onMRI. The patient was discharged home from the intensive careunit and had an age appropriate development at 2 months of ageduring a routine clinic visit.DISCUSSIONFHC are synonymous with coarctation of the lateral ventricles,periventricular pseudocysts or cavitations and connatal cysts. Theheterogeneity of terminology, its benign nature, and differentialconsiderations related to the location support the description ofthe classical imaging ﬁndings of FHC in this case report.FHC is a benign entity arising adjacent to the frontal horn of thelateral ventricle, at or below the external angle and anterior to theforamen of Monro. The external angle is a key anatomical point toconsider and represents the superior and lateral margin of thefrontal horn of the lateral ventricle.
Male reproductive tactics in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos: social and hormonal mechanisms

It has been proposed that pair status is a proximate cue influencing the mating tactics adopted by male waterfowl. Specifically, it is thought that, compared to unpaired males, paired males are more likely to force extra-pair copulations, but are less likely to court females. Currently, it is unclear how social cues interact with physiological mechanisms affecting male mating tactics. Because of its association with both sexual and aggressive behavior, testosterone may be involved in mating tactic decisions, either in association with or independently of social cues. In this study I investigated the influence of testosterone and pair status on courtship and forced copulation behavior in captive male mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, by staging introduction trials between a male and female that were not paired to each other. Here, forced copulation behavior was positively associated with testosterone, the first such demonstration for any species. Surprisingly, paired males were not more likely to attempt forced copulations than unpaired males, a result that was possibly an effect of captivity. Both pair status and testosterone, however, appeared to influence male courtship behavior. Unpaired males spent more time associated with females during these trials than did paired males. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between testosterone and the time that males spent associated with females. This relationship held for both paired and unpaired males. As both forced copulation and extra-pair courtship are polygynous tactics, these results add to the growing body of evidence that testosterone is involved in polygynous behavior.