cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum levels of thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine in fullterm, small-for-gestational age and preterm newborn babies.

. Simultaneous serum concentrations of TSH, total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were determined in 93 fullterm (FT), 37 small-for-gestational age (SGA) and 38 preterm (PT) babies with a postnatal age from 2 to 144 hours. In addition, TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations were measured in cord sera from 27 FT, 4 SGA and 5 PT babies and in venous blood from 20 mothers at delivery. Cord blood concentrations of TSH were higher and T4 and T3 concentrations were lower than seen in the mothers. Serum concentrations of TSH were high during the first day of life followed by a decline. There was no statistically significant difference between serum TSH concentrations of the three groups of newborns. On the 5th day of life no elevated serum TSH values were found in any of the groups (TSH<5mU/l). Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones increased after birth and reached maximum levels within 24 hours in all groups. The relative increases above cord level were of the same magnitude in the newborns: Two times for serum T4 and six times for serum T3. The thyroid hormone concentrations in blood samples from FT babies decreased from the second day of life, whereas in low birth weight newborns the decreases were more variable. The serum levels of T4 and T3 were significantly different in the three groups of newborns, the highest values were seen in FT and the lowest values in PT babies. In contrast, the ratios between molar serum concentrations of T4 and T3 were found to be highest in PT, lower in SGA and lowest in FT babies, approaching maternal values during the first week of life. The data are discussed with regard to hormone secretion, thyroxine-binding capacity and peripheral T4 to T3 conversion in the three groups of newborns. It is concluded that from day 5 after birth serum TSH determinations, alone or in combination with serum T4, seem to be the method of choice in screening for congenital hypothyroidism.
Gone fishin' in 2005-insights into the inner workings of dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells were discovered by Ralph Steinman and Zanvil Cohn a little more than three decades ago (Steinman and Cohn, 1973). I became interested in the topic about 20 y ago while I was a postdoctoral fellow. At that time, it was possible to read every paper that focused on dendritic cells, to "understand" the information that was presented, and to fit that information into a relatively simple conceptual framework. The subsequent recognition that dendritic cells are of critical importance in immunophysiology resulted in dramatically heightened interest in this fascinating cell type, and this in turn has resulted in an explosion of information that is increasingly difficult to become aware of and to synthesize, even for serious students of dendritic cells. This difficulty reflects not only the volume of the information that is published, but also its complexity. Since dendritic cells both initiate and shape T cell-dependent immune responses, studies of dendritic cell function are also studies of T cell biology and T cell function, with all the complexity that this entails. The article in the current issue byMizumoto et al (2005) informs us that dendritic cell complexities extend to intracellular signaling pathways that are differentially engaged as dendritic cells respond to various stimuli. This complexity must also be carefully explored if we are to fully understand dendritic cells, and how to manipulate them for patient benefit. Because dendritic cell biology is a complicated topic, it may be helpful to put the studies ofMizumoto et al (2005) into context.
Emerging roles for E2F: Beyond the G1/S transition and DNA replication

E2F activity is crucial for the G1/S transition and DNA replication in mammalian cells. The retinoblastoma (pRB) family of proteins is the primary negative regulator of E2F. Recent findings have begun to clarify distinct roles for E2F family members during cell cycle progression and have considerably broadened our understanding of E2F transcriptional control beyond S phase. In this review, we examine the relative contribution of two distinct subclasses of E2F to repression and activation and how this division of labor could explain the role of E2F in DNA damage and repair checkpoints as well as tumorigenesis.
Planning Meaningful Curriculum: A Mini Story of Children and Teachers Learning Together.

(2002). Planning Meaningful Curriculum a Mini Story of Children and Teachers Learning Together. Childhood Education: Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 134-139.
Near-infrared-labeled peptide multimer functions as phage mimic for high affinity, specific targeting of colonic adenomas in vivo (with videos)

Background Fluorescent-labeled peptides are being developed to improve the endoscopic detection of colonic dysplasia. Objective To demonstrate a near-infrared peptide multimer that functions as a phage mimic for in vivo detection of colonic adenomas. Design A peptide multimer was synthesized by using trilysine as a dendritic wedge to mimic the presentation of peptides on phage, and all peptides, including the multimer, were fluorescent-labeled with Cy5.5. Setting Small-animal imaging facility. Animal Subjects Genetically engineered CPC;Apc mice that spontaneously develop colonic adenomas. Intervention Near-infrared-labeled AKPGYLS peptide multimer was administered topically into the distal colons of the mice, and endoscopic images of adenomas were captured. Fluorescence intensities were quantified by target-to-background (T/B) ratios, and adenoma dimensions were measured with calipers after imaging. Validation of specific peptide binding was performed on cryosectioned specimens and cells by using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Main Outcome Measurements Fluorescence T/B ratios from colonic adenomas and adjacent normal-appearing mucosa. Results AKP-multimer, monomer, trilysine core, and Cy5.5 resulted in mean (± SD) T/B ratios of 3.85 ± 0.25, 2.21 ± 0.13, 1.56 ± 0.12, and 1.19 ± 0.11, respectively, P −1 (8.8 minutes) was measured for multimer. Limitations Only distal colonic adenomas were imaged. Conclusion Peptide multimers combine strengths of multiple individual peptides to enhance binding interactions and demonstrate significantly higher specificity and affinity for tumor targets.
An analytical and experimental investigation of the wear of cemented carbide cutting tools in the presence of dilute organic acids

Abstract A simple theoretical analysis of the tool wear process that applies to cutting green wood with cemented carbide tools is described. The analysis, which indicates the important parameters in the wear process, is used to predict the effect of binder volume fraction, carbide particle size, toolworkpiece contact force and the chemical reaction rate constant on wear rate. Comparisons are made between the predicted and experimentally determined wear rates for two types of cemented carbide tools in the presence of weak organic acids. Good agreement, is found that is thought to lend strong justification for the analysis.
Electron–ion temperature equilibration at collisionless shocks in supernova remnants

Abstract The topic of this review is the current state of our knowledge about the degree of initial equilibration between electrons, protons and ions at supernova remnant (SNR) shocks. Specifically, the question has been raised as to whether there is an inverse relationship between the shock velocity and the equilibration. This review aims to compile every method that has been used to measure the equilibration and every SNR on which they have been tested. I review each method, its problems and uncertainties and how those would effect the degree of equilibration (or velocity) inferred. The final compilation of observed electron to proton temperature ratios as a function of shock velocity gives an accurate, conservative picture of the state of our knowledge and the avenues we need to pursue to make progress in our understanding of the relation between the velocity of a shock and the degree of equilibration.
ROLE OF DOPAMINE D3 RECEPTORS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GENETIC HYPERTENSION• 1635

Abnormalities of the dopaminergic control of cardiovascular function have been implicated in human and animal models of genetic hypertension. Uncoupling of a D1-like receptor from its G-protein/effector enzyme complex in renal proximal tubules resuls in a decreased ability to excrete a sodium load; this abnormality cosegregates with hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Since the natriuretic effect of dopamine involves a synergism between D1-like and D2-like receptors, an abnormality of one or both these receptors may be involved in genetic hypertension. We, therefore, studied the cardiovascular consequences of the disruption of the D3 receptor, a member of the family of D2-like receptors, expressed in renal proximal tubules. In 3 mo old F2 mice, body weights (BW) were similar among wild type (WT),heterozygous (HE), and homozygous (HO) mice. However, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were higher in HE (SBP= 120±2, DBP=94±3 mmHg, n=10) and HO(SBP=120±2, DBP=96±3 mmHg, n=11) than in WT (SBP=101±4, DBP=79±4 mmHg, n=9) mice. An acute saline load (SL) (5% BW) did not affect BP. Glomerular filtration rates were similar among the groups before and after SL; SL increased urine flow (WT=1.7±0.5, HE=1.2±0.3, HO=0.9±0.1μl/min) and Na excretion (WT=253±196, HE=338±107, HO=124±28 nEq/min) to a similar extent in WT and HE but the increase was attenuated in HO. Adrenergic nerve activity was not increased in HO since renal norepinephrine content was not greater in HO than in WT or HE (WT=82±14, HE=75±14, HO=60±10 ng/g kidney). Since D3 receptors negatively regulate renin secretion, we examined the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the higher BP in HO than in WT mice by observing the effect on SBP of a bolus injection of the AT1 antagonist, losartan (3mg/kg). Losartan, decreased SBP to a greater (HO=-37%, n=5, WT=-23%, n=5) and longer extent in HO (greater than 70 min) than in WT(≤40min). We conclude that disruption of the D3 receptor increases BP in HE and HO mice. The mechanism of the increase in BP in HE remains to be determined; in HO, it appears to be mainly due to a failure to suppress the renin-angiotensin system.
The induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity and its control in mouse skin epidermis.

Abstract The polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, are induced in mouse skin after treatment with the tumor-promoting phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase is increased at least 200-fold within 4.5 hr after treatment and returns to normal with a half-life of less than 20 minutes. Activity of the second enzyme increases more slowly, reaching a peak about 6-fold over basal level at 12 hours and has yet to return to basal level at 96 hours. A number of tumor-promoting agents also induce activity of both enzymes, but nonpromoting stimulators of cell division such as ethylphenyl propriolate and acetic acid induce only S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity. Ultraviolet light in the carcinogenic range induces both enzymes, but the kinetics of the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity are much different; maximum induction is not achieved until 24 hr. No evidence for a role for cyclic nucleotides in the induction of the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes by phorbol esters in mouse skin was found. Evidence suggesting a role for microtubules in the induction was obtained; colchicine and certain vinca alkaloids blocked the induction. A number of agents are capable of blocking the induction by phorbol esters of ornithine decarboxylase activity without affecting the induction of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity. These include 1) retinoic acid, a number of synthetic retinoids, and various naturally occurring retinoids (vitamin A), 2) putrescine and several polyamines, and 3) indomethacin and other inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis. These agents do not inhibit the induction of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Insofar as these three classes of blocking agents have been tested, they do inhibit tumor promotion by the phorbol esters. Retinoids have been extensively investigated as inhibitors of tumor formation. Because ornithine decarboxylase is induced by agents that promote tumors as well as by transforming viruses, because the induction is inhibited by agents that inhibit tumor promotion, and because the skin tumors promoted by the phorbol esters as well as many other tumors have a high level of ornithine decarboxylase activity, we have suggested that increased ornithine decarboxylase activity may be an essential part of the mechanism of tumor formation. We suggest that the tumor promoter induces the tumor cell phenotype reversibly, but in those cells that have been initiated, the effect of the promoter is not reversible. It is possible that the mechanism for controlling ornithine decarboxylase activity has been deleted in initiated cells so that the induced level may become permanent and that chronically elevated polyamine levels maintain the growth advantage of initiated cells so that tumors arise.
Automation of the Water-Drop Method for Soil Aggregate Stability Analysis

The water-drop method (WDM) is a long-established and excellent means of measuring soil aggregate stability. While the WDM is very reliable, it has a drawback in that it requires manual observation of aggregate breakdown and a manual count of the number of water drops required to disperse a soil aggregate. This makes the method inconvenient and prone to error. To avoid this drawback, we propose a procedure that utilizes digital observations of aggregate breakdown and electronic recording of the water-drop count. In this procedure, water drops from a Mariotte's tube pass through an electronic device that records the passage of each drop. The impact of water drops on the soil aggregate is digitally recorded with a camcorder. From the drop count and aggregate breakdown records, the number of water drops that strike an aggregate until it is dispersed can be determined. This procedure was evaluated using soil samples from the surface of four different soils. With the automated method, we determined the number of 4.3-mm-diam. water drops, each having energy of 1.67 mJ, required to destroy a 4.00- to 4.75-mm-diam. aggregate, premoistened to a matric suction of 10 kPa, until it passed through a 2.8-mm sieve. The WDM was conducted both manually and with the automated method and the results were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Twenty aggregates were used for each soil in both methods. There were no significant differences (P < 0.10) between the automated and manual methods in the mean energy required to break an aggregate.
Effects of mGluR1 antagonism in the dorsal hippocampus on drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats.

Rationale The functional integrity of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) is necessary for drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. However, the neuropharmacological mechanisms of this phenomenon are poorly understood.
Analysis of three- and four-compartment models for in vivo radioligand-neuroreceptor interaction.

Currently applied three-copartment models for analyzing kinetic data derived fromin vivo positron emission tomographic (PET) studies of radioligand-neuroreceptor interactions require assumptions which may not be strictly valid. Such assumptions include very rapid kinetics for nonspecific binding and the absence of multiple specific receptors or subtypes. Computer simulations, based on an exact analytical solution of the relevant differential equations, indicate the numerical errors that can arise when the assumptions are invalid. We propose a fourcompartment model which requires fewer assumptions. A simple relationship is derived for expressing the microscopic rate constants of either the three- or four-compartment model as explicit functions of the experimentally-observed macroscopic rate constants. This could eliminate the need for time-consuming, iterative, non-linear, curve-fitting approaches and numerical integration. The usefulness of the four-compartment model is limited, however, by the sensitivity and temporal resolution of current PET imaging devices.
Kinetics and mechanisms of the reaction of air with nuclear grade graphites: IG-110

Abstract The work presented in this report is part of an ongoing effort in the microgravimetric evaluation of the intrinsic reaction parameters for air reactions with graphite over the temperature range of 450 to 750°C. Earlier work in this laboratory addressed the oxidation/etching of H-451 graphite by oxygen and steam. This report addresses the air oxidation of the Japanese formulated material, IG-110. Fractal analysis showed that each cylinder was remarkably smooth, with an average value, D , the fractal dimension of 0.895. The activation energy, E a , was determined to be 187.89 kJ/mol indicative of reactions occurring in the zone II kinetic regime and as a result of the porous nature of the cylinders. IG-110 is a microporous solid. The low initial reaction rate of 9.8×10 −5 at 0% burn-off and the high value (764.9) of Φ , the structural parameter confirm this. The maximum rate, 1.35×10 −3 g/m 2 s, was measured at 34% burn-off. Reactions appeared to proceed in three stages and transition between them was smooth over the temperature range investigated. Both E a and ln A did not vary with burn-off. The value of Δ S , the entropy of activation, was −41.4 eu, suggesting oxygen adsorption through an immobile transition state complex. Additional work is recommended to validate the predictions that will be made in relation to accident scenarios for reactors such as the modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor where fine grained graphites such as IG-110 could be used in structural applications.
THE CHRONIC CHILD PATIENT: Ensuring Continuity of Care

Children under state supervision who are identified as needing long-term psychiatric care often do not have the opportunity to benefit from consistent mental health treatment. The difficulties in establishing a consensus about long-term treatment and the problems resulting from an absence of anyone consistently involved with the child over time are illustrated by a case history. Appointment of an “overseer” in such cases is argued for, and guidelines for this role are elaborated.
Decreased Sensory Responses in Osteocalcin Null Mutant Mice Imply Neuropeptide Function

Osteocalcin, the most abundant member of the family of extracellular mineral binding gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins is synthesized primarily by osteoblasts. Its affinity for calcium ions is believed to limit bone mineralization. Several of the numerous hormones that regulate synthesis of osteocalcin, including glucocorticoids and parathyroid hormone, are also affected by stressful stimuli that require energy for an appropriate response. Based on our observations of OC responding to stressful sensory stimuli, the expression of OC in mouse and rat sensory ganglia was confirmed. It was thus hypothesized that the behavioral responses of the OC knockout mouse to stressful sensory stimuli would be abnormal. To test this hypothesis, behaviors related to sensory aspects of the stress response were quantified in nine groups of mice, aged 4-14 months, comparing knockout with their wild-type counterparts in six distinctly different behavioral tests. Resulting data indicated the following statistically significant differences: open field grooming frequency following saline injection, wild-type > knockout; paw stimulation with Von Frey fibers, knockout < wild-type; balance beam, knockout mobility < WT; thermal sensitivity to heat (tail flick), knockout < wild-type; and cold, knockout < wild-type. Insignificant differences in hanging wire test indicate that these responses are unrelated to reduced muscle strength. Each of these disparate environmental stimuli provided data indicating alterations of responses in knockout mice that suggest participation of osteocalcin in transmission of information about those sensory stimuli.
Studies of Plasticity in Thin Al Films Using Picosecond Ultrasonics

We have developed a new technique for the study of the onset of plastic flow in thin metal films. A sub-picosecond light pulse is absorbed at the upper surface of the film. This generates a strain pulse that propagates through the film to the substrate and then back to the upper surface of the film where it is detected. When the temperature of the film is changed, there is a change in the transit time of the strain pulse. This change arises from the variation of the sound velocity with temperature, and also has a contribution from thermal stress in the film. By making accurate measurements of the transit time, we are able to identify the onset of plastic flow in the film.
Fundamental Limits on NOx Reduction by Plasma

This paper discusses the gas-phase reaction mechanisms for removal of NO{sub x} in a plasma. The effect of oxygen content on the competition between the reduction and oxidation processes is discussed. The effect of the electron kinetic energy distribution on the radical production and subsequent chemistry is then discussed in order to predict the best performance that can be achieved for NO{sub x} reduction using the plasma alone. The fundamental limit on the minimum electrical energy consumption that will be required to implement NO{sub x} reduction in any type of plasma reactor is established.
Regulation of Hepatocyte Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Response by 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is frequently associated with inflammatory conditions. The mechanism of this association is still not clearly defined. Recently, we identified a nuclear oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate (25HC3S), as an important regulatory molecule involved in lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. The present study shows that 25HC3S and its precursor, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), diametrically regulate lipid metabolism and inflammatory response via LXR/SREBP-1 and IκBα/NFκB signaling in hepatocytes. Addition of 25HC3S to primary rat hepatocytes decreased nuclear LXR and SREBP-1 protein levels, down-regulated their target genes, acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and SREBP-2 target gene HMG reductase, key enzymes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. 25HC3S reduced TNFα-induced inflammatory response by increasing cytoplasmic IκBα levels, decreasing NFκB nuclear translocation, and consequently repressing expression of NFκB-dependent genes, IL-1β, TNFα, and TRAF1. NFκB-dependent promoter reporter gene assay showed that 25HC3S suppressed luciferase activity in the hepatocytes. In contrast, 25HC elicited opposite effects by increasing nuclear LXR and SREBP-1 protein levels, and by increasing ACC1 and FAS mRNA levels. 25HC also decreased cytoplasmic IκBα levels and further increased TNFα-induced NFκB activation. The current findings suggest that 25HC and 25HC3S serve as potent regulators in cross-talk of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response in the hepatocytes.
METHODS FOR OPTIMAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROBLEMS BASED ON GLOBALLY CONVERGENT METHODS

Abstract An optimal design problem is formulated as a system of nonlinear equations rather than the extremum of a functional. Based on the Chow-Yorke algorithm, another globally convergent homotopy method, and quasi-Newton methods, two algorithms are developed for solving the nonlinear system. Although the base algorithms are globally convergent (under certain fairly general assumptions), there is no theoretical proof of global convergence for the new methods. Some low dimensional numerical results are given.
Evaluation of soy oil lutein isotherms obtained with selected adsorbents in hexane miscellas

Bleaching of soy oil hexane/miscellas by adsorption of the lutein was examined. Quantitative differences in the adsorption behavior between a bleaching clay, alkaline rice hull ash and acid rice hull ash were measured by comparing the constants,K andn, of Freundlich isotherms. All the isotherms were dose-dependent withK being inversely related andn directly related, to adsorbent mass. Overall, the bleaching clay performed better than the ashes. Alkaline ash had a largerK value than acid ash, but then value of acid ash was greater.
Secondary metabolism and antioxidants are involved in environmental adaptation and stress tolerance in lettuce.

Summary Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) plants grown in a protective environment, similar to in vitro conditions, were acclimated in a growth chamber and subjected to water stress to examine the activation of genes involved in secondary metabolism and biosynthesis of antioxidants. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), γ-tocopherol methyl transferase (γ-TMT) and l -galactose dehydrogenase ( l -GalDH) genes involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, respectively, were determined during plant adaptation. These genes were activated in tender plants, grown under protective conditions, when exposed to normal growing conditions in a growth chamber. A large increase in transcript level for PAL, a key gene in the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to the biosynthesis of a wide array of phenolics and flavonoids, was observed within 1 h of exposure of tender plants to normal growing conditions. Plant growth, especially the roots, was retarded in tender plants when exposed to normal growing conditions. Furthermore, exposure of both protected and unprotected plants to water stress resulted in the activation of PAL. PAL inhibition by 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP) rendered these plants more sensitive to chilling and heat shock treatments. These results suggest that activation of secondary metabolism as well as the antioxidative metabolism is an integral part of plant adaptation to normal growing conditions in lettuce plants.
Genetic polymorphisms associated with priapism in sickle cell disease

Priapism occurs in 30-45% of male patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but the possible influence of genetic risk factors on the incidence of priapism is not well understood. We examined genetic polymorphisms in 199 unrelated, adult (>18 years), male patients with Hb SS and Hb Sbeta(0)-thalassaemia, 83 (42%) of whom reported a history of priapism. Candidate genes for association with priapism were identified based on their involvement in adhesion, coagulation, inflammation and cell signalling. Additionally, we examined genes involved in nitric oxide biology (NOS2, NOS3, SLC4A1), as well as polymorphisms in the klotho (KL) gene, which has previously been associated with priapism. Strong evidence of association was found for single nucleotide polymorphisms in transforming growth factor-beta receptor, type III (TGFBR3) (rs7526590; P = 0.00058), aquaporin (AQP1) (rs10244884; P = 0.00068), integrin alphav (ITGAV) (rs3768780; P = 0.00090), and the A1 subunit of coagulation factor XIII (F13A1) (hcv1860621; P = 0.00156). Associations with TGFBR3, AQP1, and ITGAV remained significant after adjusting for multiple testing, using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. Our data suggest that genes involved in the TGFbeta pathway, coagulation, cell adhesion and cell hydration pathways may be important in risk for priapism.
Osteoarthritis in the early avian radiation: Earliest recognition of the disease in birds

Abstract Osteoarthritis is extremely rare in wild mammal populations (less than 1%) and varies in frequency according to species (0–25%) in recent birds, where it is inversely related to size. Large population samples of Early Cretaceous birds in China permit us to analyze its frequency in one of the earliest avian radiations. In these samples, the larger bird ( Caudipteryx ) shows a high frequency (30%). The earliest previous documentation of primary osteoarthritis in any animal is in a family of Early Cretaceous dinosaurs (Iguanodontidae). We document its occurrence in a basal bird and in one of the forms considered by some to be a feathered dinosaur. These occurrences are 20 million years older than the next oldest occurrence of osteoarthritis.
Fast resistivity/IP inversion using a low‐contrast approximation

By computing only the diagonal terms of the volume integral equation forward solution of the 3-D DC resistivity problem, we have achieved a fast forward solution accurate at low to moderate resistivity contrasts. The speed and accuracy of the solution make it practical for use in 2-D or 3-D inversion algorithms. The low‐contrast approximation is particularly well‐suited to the smooth nature of minimum structure inversion, since complete forward solutions may be computationally expensive. By using this approximate 3-D solution as the forward model in an inversion algorithm, and by constraining the resistivities and polarizabilities along any row of cells in the strike direction to be held constant, we effect a fast 2-D resistivity inversion that contains end corrections. Because the low‐contrast solution is inaccurate for cells near the electrodes, we employ a full solution to compute the response of the near‐surface when the near‐surface environment is substantially different from the host rock. This resp...
How cross-cultural social participation affects the international attitudes of U.S. students

Abstract Americans exhibit a continuous interest in finding out what happens to international students while they are studying in the U.S. Yet, there has been a dearth of literature examining the effects of international education on U.S. students. In this study, the impact of U.S. students' interaction with international students on the concept of cosmopolitan world outlook, cultural pluralism, worldmindedness, understanding of own culture, support for internationalism, international career aspirations, and political liberalism has been investigated. The findings indicated that interaction between student cultures does facilitate and encourage an international outlook. Therefore, institutes should strive to promote activities that will encourage and maintain a high degree of cultural interactions between U.S. and international students.
Transduction of a Mesenchyme-specific Gene Periostin into 293T Cells Induces Cell Invasive Activity through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation

Tumor metastasis is a multistep pathological process involved in the final phase of tumor development. During this process, epithelium-derived tumor cells undergo fibroblast-like transformation, referred to as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to aggressive behavior of tumors. We identify periostin, a mesenchyme-specific gene product, as a contributor to EMT and metastatic potential. Stable expression of a periostin transgene in tumorigenic but non-metastatic 293T cells caused cells to undergo fibroblast-like transformation accompanied by increased expressions of vimentin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and matrix metalloproteinase-9. The cells expressing ectopic periostin increased cell migration, invasion, and adhesion by 2-9-fold. Invasive characteristics required signaling through integrin αvβ5 and EGFR. In addition, periostin-engineered 293T cells formed metastases in immunodeficient mice following either cardiac inoculation or injection into mammary fat pad. These data demonstrate an active role for periostin in EMT and metastasis that requires cross-talk between integrin and EGFR signaling pathways.
Gα12 regulates epithelial cell junctions through Src tyrosine kinases

Regulation and assembly of the epithelial cell junctional complex involve multiple signaling mechanisms, including heterotrimeric G proteins. Recently, we demonstrated that Gα12 binds to the tight ...
Straining, Attachment, and Detachment of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Saturated Porous Media

Accurate knowledge of the transport and deposition behavior for pathogenic Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is needed to assess contamination and protect water resources. Experimental and modeling studies were undertaken to examine the roles of attachment, detachment, and straining on oocyst transport and retention. Saturated column studies were conducted using Ottawa aquifer sands (U.S. Silica, Ottawa, IL) with median grain sizes of 710, 360, and 150 microm. Decreasing the median sand size tended to produce lower effluent concentrations, greater oocyst retention in the sand near the column inlet, and breakthrough of oocysts at later times. Oocyst transport data also exhibited concentration tailing. Mathematical modeling of the oocyst transport data using fitted first-order attachment and detachment coefficients provided a satisfactory description of the observed effluent concentration curves, but a poor characterization of the oocyst spatial distribution. Modeling of these data using an irreversible straining term that is depth dependent provided a better description of the oocyst spatial distribution, but could not account for the observed effluent concentration tailing or late breakthrough times. A more physically realistic description of the data was obtained by modeling attachment, detachment, and straining. The percentage of total oocysts retained by straining was estimated from effluent mass balance considerations to be 68% for 710-microm sand, 79% for 360-microm sand, and 87% for 150-microm sand. Straining coefficients were then selected to achieve these percentages of total oocyst retention, and attachment and detachment coefficients were fitted to the effluent concentration curves. Dramatic differences in the predicted oocyst breakthrough curves were observed at greater transport distances for the various model formulations (inclusion or exclusion of straining). Justification for oocyst straining was provided by trends in the transport data, simulation results, pore size distribution information, and published literature.
Intracellular targets in heme protein-induced renal injury

Intracellular targets in heme protein-induced renal injury. We exam- ined two potential intracellular targets in the glycerol model of acute renal failure, namely, the mitochondrion and the nucleus. Within three hours, alterations in mitochondrial function are already apparent. With either glutamate/malate or succinate/rotenone, state 3 and uncoupled respira- tions were decreased at three hours, and at 24 hours, such decrements were quite pronounced; in the presence of glutamate/malate, state 2 respiration was also depressed at 24 hours, while with succinate/rotenone state 2 was increased. Marked ultrastructural changes were observed in mitochondria studied at three hours, including the novel finding of degenerate mitochondria in autophagic vacuoles. Since the heme content in mitochondria was increased some tenfold within three hours, mitochon- drial function was studied after exposure to concentrations of heme that reproduced such contents of heme: mitochondria initially displayed in- creased respiration, and subsequently, a persistent decline in oxygen consumption until oxygen consumption was virtually undetectable. With higher concentrations of heme, the early increase in oxygen consumption was blunted and the progressive decline in oxygen consumption was hastened. The antioxidant iron chelator, deferoxamine, prevented the early rise in oxygen consumption but did not prevent or delay the subsequent decline. We also assessed nuclear damage as a potential lesion in the glycerol model. DNA laddering was not observed at any time point. At 3 and 24 hours there was DNA injury by the TUNEL technique in the distal nephron but not in the proximal nephron. The 8-hydroxydeox- yguanosine/deoxyguanosine content was increased in the glycerol kidneys at 24 hours but not at three hours. At neither time point was evidence of apoptosis observed by light or electron microscopy. In studies undertaken in cell culture models, heme, at concentrations of 10 mM, failed to evince any such changes in LLC-PK1 cells, a cell line from the proximal tubule, or in MDCK cells, a cell line derived from the distal tubule. At concentrations of 50 mM, heme induced approximately 20% positivity in MDCK cells but none in LLC-PK1 cells by the TUNEL technique. We conclude that mitochondria and nuclei are prominent targets for injury in the glycerol model of acute renal failure. The presence of TUNEL- positive cells in the distal nephron but not at proximal sites in vivo underscores the increasing appreciation of the distinct responses of these nephron sites to nephrotoxic insults.
Computational experience with radial basis function networks

We discuss the use of Radial Basis Functions for use in neural networks for hand-printed character recognition. The results are expected to apply to other applications of neural networks for classifying input patterns.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Neonatal mortality and altitude in Peru

Analysis of Peruvian census data for 1958 and 1959 shows that higher altitude is associated with increased neonatal mortality. Initial observations indicated neonatal death rates in the highlands were almost double those in the lowlands. Additional variables were introduced in order to control for the effects of other conditions which also vary with altitude. The highlands are populated primarily by Quenchua peasants and the lowlands by Europeans and mestizos. Health care is also less adequate in the highlands. The following control variables were used: total death rates infant death rate post-neonatal death rates neonatal death as a % of post-neonatal and the % of live births without medical assistance. When these control variables were correlated with neonatal deaths the results suggested factors other than altitude may be influencing neonatal deaths. Nevertheless when the effects of these variables were taken into account altitude remained an important influence on neonatal deaths. This relationship should be tested further with more systematic data and refined measures. Tables included show 1) the distribution of mortality rates for each of the 24 departments of Peru; 2) comparisons of the mean median and range of mortality rates by altitude; and 3) correlations among variables relating to mortality.
Interfacial Polymerization for Colorimetric Labeling of Protein Expression in Cells

Determining the location of rare proteins in cells typically requires the use of on-sample amplification. Antibody based recognition and enzymatic amplification is used to produce large amounts of visible label at the site of protein expression, but these techniques suffer from the presence of nonspecific reactivity in the biological sample and from poor spatial control over the label. Polymerization based amplification is a recently developed alternative means of creating an on-sample amplification for fluorescence applications, while not suffering from endogenous labels or loss of signal localization. This manuscript builds upon polymerization based amplification by developing a stable, archivable, and colorimetric mode of amplification termed Polymer Dye Labeling. The basic concept involves an interfacial polymer grown at the site of protein expression and subsequent staining of this polymer with an appropriate dye. The dyes Evans Blue and eosin were initially investigated for colorimetric response in a microarray setting, where both specifically stained polymer films on glass. The process was translated to the staining of protein expression in human dermal fibroblast cells, and Polymer Dye Labeling was specific to regions consistent with desired protein expression. The labeling is stable for over 200 days in ambient conditions and is also compatible with modern mounting medium.
Thermal degradation of diphenyl disulfide and a blend of diphenyl disulfide with poly(methyl methacrylate)

Abstract The thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of diphenyl disulfide has been studied and a mechanistic interpretation of the reaction is provided. The major degradation products, methyl isobutyrate, methyl methacrylate, thiophenol, diphenyl sulfide, thioanisole, carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, oligomer and char, account for 72·0% of the products. Some of these arise by the degradation of the additive alone while the others are produced by the interaction between poly(methyl methacrylate) and the sulfide.
Neuroimaging in dementia

Positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and MR imaging are brain imaging techniques that have been applied widely to the study of patients with dementia. This article reviews current data on the clinical use of these techniques in the differential diagnosis of dementia and the prediction of dementia in those at risk.
Sexual behavior and neural degeneration following hypothalamic knife cuts

Frontal (FC), frontal lateral (FLC) or sham deafferentations were performed on adult ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Cuts were produced retrochiasmatically with a modified Halasz knife equipped with an extrudable blade (1.5 mm radius). At 60 days after surgery each animal was tested for lordosis behavior (LQ) following either 3 daily injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) alone or with progesterone (P). Male sex behavior was tested 5 times at 4 day intervals during a 21 day regime of daily treatment with testosterone propionate. Additional FC and FLC rats were sacrificed at 10 and 14 days after surgery and degeneration patterns were studied using the Fink-Heimer method. Brains were removed and prepared for histological examination of cut location and dimensions in each rat. Behavioral effects of knife cuts were analyzed by 2 methods: (1) grouping based on common areas of glial scars; (2) a multiple regression analysis of cut morphometrics with sex behavior. No group differences were found when LQ of FC and FLC rats were compared with Sham animals after EB alone. The expected increase in LQ which follows EB and P treatment was not observed in FLC rats when means were compared. In male sex behavior tests FC and FLC groups showed more total mounts than Sham rats, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Multiple regression analysis of individual cut location and width with behavior indicated that more anterior and lateral the cut location (FC and FLC) the greater the decrement in female sex behavior. Fink-Heimer studies revealed that both FC and FLC cuts produced degeneration bilaterally in the stria medullares, habenula, fasciculus retroflexus, in addition to arcuate, ventromedial and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. FLC cuts also resulted in bilateral degeneration in the zona incerta, the cerebral peduncles and in the medial forebrain bundle. Collectively these data indicate the complete interruption of anterior and lateral connections of the anterior hypothalamic area and mediobasal hypothalamus with the remainder of the brain in the female rat reduced lordosis behavior.
Mixed effects designs: The symmetry assumption and missing data

The classical F test for the hypothesis of no main fixed effects in the two-way crossed mixed effects design is derived under model assumptions that include normality, variance homogeneity, and symmetry. The symmetry assumption specifies that the random main and interaction effects are independent. While it is known that the F test is robust against violations of the normality assumption and/or the homoscedasticity assumption in the balanced case, the effects of the symmetry assumption have not been investigated. Our simulations demonstrate that the F test becomes very liberal under violations of the symmetry assumption. A new test procedure is developed under a more flexible model, which does not require the restrictive assumptions of the classical model. By considering the cell sample sizes to be random, the procedure applies equally well to unbalanced designs and to designs with empty cells, provided the missingness is completely at random. The asymptotic theory of the test statistic pertains to design...
Optical erasure of one- and two-photon holograms in lithium niobate

Abstract The dynamics of optical erasure of holographic gratings formed by one-photon and two-photon photorefractive processes in iron-doped (150 ppm) LiNbO3 have been studied as a function of wavelength of the erasing light. At a given erasing wavelength and intensity, the time constant for erasure of holograms recorded at 0.61 μm by a two-photon process is similar to that for erasure of one-photon holograms of the same grating spacing recorded at 0.488 μm; thus the same ultimate traps appear to be involved in both recording processes. The minimum photon energy required to empty these traps is not greater than 1.9 eV. Rapid erasure occurs when the photon energy is above 2.35 eV. These results will be compared with erasure dynamics in nominally undoped LiNbO3, and with the recording dynamics in the doped and undoped materials; and the implications for photorefractive recording mechanisms will be discussed.
Association of burn mortality and bacteremia. A 25-year review.

• The relationship between bacteremia and mortality was studied in 5882 burn patients consecutively admitted to one burn center between 1959 and 1983. Among 5877 patients with adequate data, 1481 had one or more positive blood cultures; 1529 patients died. A predictor of mortality was developed, based on data from the 4396 patients without positive blood cultures, and used to assign a discrete probability of death in the absence of bacteremia to all the patients. Comparisons were then made between observed and predicted mortality in subsets of patients with bacteremia due to (1) enteric organisms, (2) Pseudomonas species, (3) gram-positive organisms, or (4) yeastlike organisms, or without bacteremia. These comparisons indicate significantly increased mortality in patients with gram-negative bacteremia, an equivocal increase in patients with blood cultures positive for yeastlike organisms, and no increase attributable to gram-positive bacteremia. ( Arch Surg 1986;121:1027-1031)
Limb growth-controlling factors in the crab Gecarcinus lateralis, with special reference to the limb growth-inhibiting factor

A factor that inhibits rapid proecdysial growth of limb buds in the crab Gecarcinus lateralis has been identified and characterized. This limb growth-inhibiting factor (LGIF) appears to be a small, heat-resistant, and alcohol-insoluble compound. LGIF activity is found in tissues of the eyestalks and in other parts of the central nervous system. Proecdysial limb growth is unaffected when the steriod hormone β-ecdysone (20-hydroxyecdysone) is infused into eyestalkless G. lateralis. Yet, following autotomy, the emergence of a limb papilla in an intact crab in anecdysis (intermolt) can be delayed by introduction of exogenous β-ecdysone. Interrelationships between LGIF and other factors are likely, and some possible ones are discussed. A hypothetical model for the hormonal control of proecdysial limb regeneration in G. lateralis is proposed.