cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Attitudes of Latino Parents Toward Confidential Health Services for Teens

Abstract Objectives To explore the knowledge and attitudes that Latino parents have about confidential health services for their teens and to identify factors that may influence those attitudes. Methods Latino parents of teens (12–17 years) were randomly selected from a large health maintenance organization and a community-based hospital to participate in 1-hour focus groups. We conducted eight focus groups in the parent's preferred language. Spanish and English transcripts were translated and coded with intercoder reliability >80%. Results There were 52 participants (30 mothers, 22 fathers). There is a wide range of parental knowledge and attitudes about confidential health services for teens. Parents believed they had the right to know about their teens' health but were uncomfortable discussing sexual topics and thought confidential teen–clinician discussions would be helpful. Factors that influence parental acceptability of confidential health services include parental trust in the clinician; the clinician's interpersonal skills, clinical competencies, and ability to partner with parents and teens; and clinician–teen gender concordance. Most parents preferred teens' access to confidential services than having their teens forego needed care. Conclusions This study identifies several underlying issues that may influence Latino youths' access to confidential health services. Implications for clinical application and future research are discussed.
Developmental changes in P-face and E-face particle densities of Xenopus cardiac muscle plasma membrane.

Abstract P- and E-face particle densities (PPD and EPD) were measured in electron micrographs of freezc-fractured cardiac sarcolemma from eight developmental stages of Xenopus laevis (stages 33 34 (33 post-otic somite embryos) to 66 (fully metamorphosed juvenile toad)), using stereo-imaged replicas. We found (a) striking progressive increases in PPD and EPD, most rapid between stages 33 34 and 37 38 ; (b) that PPD was significantly greater than EPD at all stages; (c) that both PPD and EPD of stereo-imaged replicas were about ×2 greater than corresponding values not stereo-imaged; and (d) that sarcolemmal PPD of late anuran embryonic and post-metamorphosis hearts were significantly greater than our previously determined PPD values for chick late embryo and adult mammalian sarcolemma. We suggest that PPD and EPD depend on how membrane particles segregate during freeze-fracture and on the relative contributions of membrane-spanning and non-membrane-spanning integral membrane protein complexes to each fracture face.
Resistance to ethanol disordering of membranes from ethanol-fed rats is conferred by all phospholipid classes.

Abstract Phospholipids extracted from liver microsomes and mitochondria of ethanol-fed rats retained the resistance to membrane disordering by ethanol which is observed in the intact isolated membranes. The lipid extracts were separated into the major phospholipid classes (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol from microsomes and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin from mitochondria) by preparative TLC. The extent of membrane disordering by ethanol of phospholipid vesicles composed of a mixture of phospholipids from ethanol-fed rats and controls was determined from the reduction of the order parameter of the spin-probe 12-doxyl-stearate. In contrast to previous reports, we found that all phospholipid classes from ethanol-fed rats confer resistance to disordering by ethanol. To a first approximation the extent of resistance was proportional to the fraction of lipids from ethanol-fed rats, regardless of the phospholipid head-group. Subtle differences between phospholipid classes may exist but were too small to measure accurately. Except for phosphatidylethanol, incorporation of anionic phospholipids did not have a significant effect on the sensitivity of phospholipid vesicles to the disordering effect of ethanol. Vesicles prepared from mixtures of various dioleoyl phospholipids and natural phospholipids did not indicate a clear effect of fatty acid saturation on the sensitivity to disordering by ethanol. Although the precise molecular changes that occur in phospholipids from ethanol-fed rats have not been fully characterized it appears that subtle changes in all phospholipid classes contribute to the resistance to ethanol disordering of these membranes.
The Workplace Exposure Assessment Expert System (WORKSPERT).

The fundamental principles of industrial hygiene are based upon the recognition, evaluation, and control of workplace hazards. Occupational safety and health professionals (e.g., industrial hygienists) perform this task by assessing numerous complex factors. In many situations industrial hygienists are not available; therefore, an expert system has been developed to assist the performance of workplace exposure assessments (WEAs). The Workplace Exposure Assessment Expert System (WORKSPERT) evaluates various hazardous substances, workplace conditions, and worker exposures for designated homogeneous exposure groups (HEGs). The three major components of WORKSPERT (i.e., substance, workplace, and exposure factors) are described by 27 multiple attribute variables. An air monitoring program (AMP) may be recommended for each HEG based upon the WEA. The AMP provides recommendations for an appropriate sampling strategy, sampling duration, multiple substance exposures, and number of samples to be obtained in the fut...
Dual-doped thermographic phosphor particles as surrogates for green fluorescent protein-labeled cells in tests of cytometric neurocatheters

We investigated the laser-induced fluorescence of particles of a compound thermographic phosphor La2O2S:Eu(1%) and Gd2O2S:Eu(1%) to see if they can serve as a surrogate for cells transfected with the green fluorescent protein, in tests of neurocatheters used for intraparenchymal cell delivery. At an excitation wavelength of 337 nm and a concentration of ≈2×106 particles ml−1, the resulting slurries produced fluorescence intensities at 625 nm that were within a factor of 2 of those produced by similar number densities of relevant cells, thus suggesting the utility of this approach.
Reactivity ratios and copolymerization parameters for copolymers incorporating n‐octadecyl acrylate and N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide

Monomer reactivity ratios and copolymerization parameters were determined for n-octadecyl acrylate and N-n-octadecylacrylamide with several monomers not previously reported. Values of Q and e for the long-chain acrylate now agreed more closely than before with the average of values for the lower acrylate homologs. The average polarity parameter for N-n-octadecylacrylamide still showed more electron withdrawal from the double bond (e = 0.42) than was expressed by the average literature value (e = −0.10) for N-n-octylacrylamide. Because penultimate effects were absent in this work, the reason for the discrepancy seems to reside in the copolymer analysis. Reactivity ratios for oleyl and octadecyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate were similar. Coefficients for the relation between overall rates of copolymerization and composition were obtained on some systems by curve fitting with a computer. They generally showed a slight minimum.
Ralstonia solanacearum extracellular polysaccharide is a specific elicitor of defense responses in wilt-resistant tomato plants.

Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes bacterial wilt of diverse plants, produces copious extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), a major virulence factor. The function of EPS in wilt disease is uncertain. Leading hypotheses are that EPS physically obstructs plant water transport, or that EPS cloaks the bacterium from host plant recognition and subsequent defense. Tomato plants infected with R. solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 strain UW551 and tropical strain GMI1000 upregulated genes in both the ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA) defense signal transduction pathways. The horizontally wilt-resistant tomato line Hawaii7996 activated expression of these defense genes faster and to a greater degree in response to R. solanacearum infection than did susceptible cultivar Bonny Best. However, EPS played different roles in resistant and susceptible host responses to R. solanacearum. In susceptible plants the wild-type and eps− mutant strains induced generally similar defense responses. But in resistant Hawaii7996 tomato plants, the wild-type pathogens induced significantly greater defense responses than the eps− mutants, suggesting that the resistant host recognizes R. solanacearum EPS. Consistent with this idea, purified EPS triggered significant SA pathway defense gene expression in resistant, but not in susceptible, tomato plants. In addition, the eps− mutant triggered noticeably less production of defense-associated reactive oxygen species in resistant tomato stems and leaves, despite attaining similar cell densities in planta. Collectively, these data suggest that bacterial wilt-resistant plants can specifically recognize EPS from R. solanacearum.
Annexation Rates and Institutional Constraints

This paper analyzes the Sengstock typology of annexation laws for predictive power. Cities were found to annex at different rates when categorized according to the Sengstock typology. Cities allowed to annex land areas under municipal determination provisions were found to annex at higher rates than cities that annexed under predominantly under other types of laws. Cities that annexed under judicial determination provisions were found to annex land areas at lower rates than cities that annexed under other types of laws.
Physics of Nickel Clusters. 2. Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties

Using a combination of classical molecular dynamics simulation and first principles molecular orbital theory, we provide the first comprehensive study of the equilibrium geometries, energetics, electronic structure, vertical ionization potential, and magnetic properties of Ni clusters containing up to 21 atoms. The molecular dynamics simulation makes use of a tight binding many-body potential, while the calculations based on molecular orbital theory are carried out self-consistently using the numerical atomic bases and the density functional theory. The adequacy of the molecular dynamics results on the energetics and equilibrium geometries is tested by comparing the results with those obtained from the self-consistent molecular orbital theory for clusters of up to six atoms. For larger clusters, equilibrium geometries were obtained from molecular dynamics simulation, and their electronic structure and properties were calculated using molecular orbital theory without further geometry reoptimization. Frozen...
Hermeneneutics and the social sciences: A Gadamerian critique of Rorty

Richard Rorty challenges the traditional use of hermeneutic understanding to defend the methodological autonomy of the social sciences, claiming that hermeneutics is part of both social and natural science and, moreover, that it exposes the limits of ‘epistemologically centered philosophy’. Hermeneutics is interested in edification rather than truth, in finding new ways of speaking rather than adjudicating knowledge claims or securing the grounds of rational consensus. Although Rorty refers to Gadamer's ‘philosophical hermeneutics’ as support for this position, Gadamer's own analysis points in a different direction. First, it distinguishes the social from the natural sciences as forms of practical, not theoretical, knowledge. As hermeneutic analyses, the social sciences participate in an on‐going dialogue about values and forms of life. Second, the goal of this dialogue is cognitive and normative agreement. Indeed, hermeneutics is an act of integration which tries to expand consensus between different cul...
The Obsolescing ‘Bargaining Model’? MNC-Host Developing Country Relations Revisited

The traditional bargaining model of MNC-host developing country relations has become obsolete. Today, those relations are better understood as the result of a two-tier, multi-party bargaining process. Tier-1 bargaining, between the governments of host and home countries, occurs bilaterally or through multilateral institutions. It produces macro rules on FDI that affect micro negotiations in Tier-2 (per the traditional bargaining model). The extent of FDI liberalization resulting from Tier-1 bargaining varies predictably across home-host country pairs and industries. Suggestions for testing the two-tier bargaining model are also presented.
Glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus: radiographic and pathologic features

Diagnostic features of glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus on air-contrast radiography, endoscopy, and histopathologic studies in 10 selected cases are presented. Glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus is a common benign entity, characterized by multifocal plaques of hyperplastic squamous epithelium with abundant intracellular glycogen deposits. At esophagoscopy or on autopsy specimens these lesions appear as slightly raised grey-white plaques which are usually 2–10 mm in diameter and may be confluent. They cause a finely nodular or cobblestone mucosal pattern demonstrable on doublecontrast views of the well-distended eosphagus. The findings are not associated with mucosal ulcerations, luminal narrowing, or mobility disturbance, although some patients may have coexistent hiatal hernia and gastroesophageal reflux.
RENAL CANCER IN FAMILIES WITH HEREDITARY RENAL CANCER: PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF A TUMOR SIZE THRESHOLD FOR RENAL PARENCHYMAL SPARING SURGERY

AbstractPurpose: Patients with hereditary forms of renal cancer are at risk for new tumors and metastases. Renal parenchymal sparing surgery has been performed to preserve renal function and quality of life, and prevent metastases. We evaluated a 3 cm. threshold for performing renal parenchymal sparing surgery in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and hereditary papillary renal cancer.Materials and Methods: Patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease or hereditary papillary renal cancer and renal cancer were identified by screening affected kindred and by kindred history. Patients with small tumors were followed with serial imaging studies until the large renal tumor was 3 cm., when renal parenchymal sparing surgery was performed. Renal tumors greater than 3 cm. were resected without delay. Parenchymal sparing techniques were used when possible in each group.Results: The 3 cm. surgical threshold was evaluated in 52 patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (group 1) at a median followup of 60 months (range...
A general mechanism of martensitic nucleation: Part II. FCC → BCC and other martensitic transformations

The general mechanism of martensitic nucleation by faulting from groups of existing dislocations, as proposed in Part I, is applied to the fcc → bcc, bcc → fcc, bcc → hcp, and related transformations, including mechanical twinning. Where thermodynamic data are available, the conditions at the observedMs temperatures are consistent with nucleation from a defect composed of four or five properly spaced lattice dislocations. Examples of nucleation by faulting on the planes predicted are found in published electron microscopy. The faults are observed at the types of sites where the required dislocation groups are expected. These include grain boundaries, incoherent twin boundaries, and inclusion particle interfaces. Having defined the function of a nucleation site, mechanisms of strain induced nucleation and autocatalysis are then considered.
A Generalized Presentation of Gas-Turbine Combustor Performance

Experimental data on stability limits and combustion efficiency of a 3-in-diam combustor using gaseous fuel are presented. These data have been correlated by an empirical evaluation of the results of a dimensional analysis. Theories are proposed, based upon the experimental data, regarding combustor-stabilization processes. Laminar flame speed was shown to be a satisfactory index of the influence of base combustion rate on combustor performance.Copyright © 1957 by ASME
Quantum scattering study of electronic Coriolis and nonadiabatic coupling effects in O(1D)+H2→OH+H

In this paper we develop an approximate quantum scattering method capable of determining cross sections for reactive A+BC collisions, with A being an open shell atom and BC being a closed shell diatomic molecule. This method is based on time-independent coupled channel calculations, and absorbing potentials are used to describe reaction. The coupled channel expansion includes all electronic states of the atom that correlate to a selected atomic term, and a converged set of rotational states of the diatomic. Diatomic vibration is approximated as an adiabatic degree of freedom. The method is used to study the title reaction, including all five of the electronic surfaces that correlate to O(1D)+H2 as well as terms in the Hamiltonian that couple these surfaces. These couplings include: electronic and rotational Coriolis coupling, and electrostatic nonadiabatic coupling. Coriolis coupling causes all five states to interact and is most important at long range, while electrostatic coupling produces strong intera...
Integration of picosecond GaAs photoconductive devices with silicon circuits for optical clocking and interconnects

GaAs layers have been grown on silicon subsirates by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), from which photoconductive circuit elements (PCE) have been fabricated. A fabrication procedure will be described which is fully compatible with standard siicdn IC processing technology. Results will be presented demonstrating the reliance of GaAs PCE performance on epitaxial growth conditions and subsequent processing steps. PCE response speeds ranging from <10 to 60 P5 have been observed.
The protective action of betaine on the deleterious effects of NaCl on preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro

The development of outbred mouse (CF1) zygotes in vitro has been studied using medium SOM in which the concentrations of NaCl (85, 105, 125 mM), glutamine (0, 1, 2 mM), and betaine (0, 1, 2 mM) were varied. The effects of the compounds were studied using a 3(3) factorial experimental arrangement. The inhibitory effect of relatively high concentrations of NaCl and the protective effect of glutamine were confirmed. Betaine, an organic osmolyte, can also protect against the deleterious effects of relatively high concentrations of NaCl. The intracellular contents of potassium and sodium have also been measured in single zygotes using X-ray electron probe spectrometry. When medium SOM contains 85 mM or 125 mM NaCl, the intracellular content of Na rises and the content of K decreases. These changes are partially reduced in the presence of 125 mM NaCl if betaine is also in the medium. Betaine has no effect on the intracellular content of K and Na if the concentration of NaCl is 85 mM. These results suggest that organic osmolytes may be required in embryo culture media to prevent excessive changes in the intracellular ionic concentration.
RUNX3 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by reinstating transforming growth factor beta responsiveness in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract Background SEG-1, a Barrett's-derived esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line, is not responsive to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) growth effects. We hypothesize that SEG-1 cells lack the tumor-suppressor gene Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and that its reinstatement can restore the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of TGF-β. Methods RUNX3 expression was assessed by immunoblotting. SEG-1 cells were transfected with RUNX3 and treated with TGF-β. The effects of RUNX3 transfection on cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined. Smad-mediated TGF-β transcriptional activity was evaluated with the use of dual-luciferase assay. Results SEG-1 cells are not responsive to TGF-β. SEG-1 cells lack RUNX3 protein expression, while RUNX3 is highly expressed in normal human gastric and esophageal epithelium. Although the Smad-2 signaling is activated by TGF-β, SEG-1 cells lack Smad-mediated TGF-β transcriptional activity. In cells transfected with RUNX3, TGF-β acquired an antiproliferative effect and induced apoptosis ( P =.001). RUNX3 transfection, in the absence of TGF-β, had no effect on proliferation and apoptosis of SEG-1 cells. RUNX3 expression dramatically increases SMAD-mediated TGF-β–induced transcriptional activity when compared with controls ( P = .0001). Conclusions RUNX3 is not expressed in SEG-1 cells, while it is present in normal esophageal mucosa. RUNX3 is essential for the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of TGF-β in SEG-1 cells and for the Smad-mediated transcriptional activity of TGF-β.
Ultrasonic Velocity and Dispersion in Liquid Helium II from 0.15 to 1.8°K

From the measurement of changes in the delay experienced by an ultrasonic pulse traversing a fixed path, the temperature dependence of the velocity of sound in liquid helium under its saturated vapor pressure has been determined from 0.15 to 1.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at the frequencies 1.00, 3.91, and 11.9 Mc/sec. A phase-comparison technique made it possible to resolve velocity changes amounting to a few mm/sec. With increasing temperature, the velocity ${u}_{1}$ increases above its asymptotic limit ${u}_{10}$ at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, passes through a maximum near 0.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and decreases rapidly at higher temperatures. The velocity difference over any temperature interval that extends from below 0.2 to above 1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is independent of frequency, but within the temperature range indicated ${u}_{1}$ increases with frequency and the position of its maximum shifts to higher temperatures. At (1.00, 3.91, 11.9) Mc/sec the maximum velocity lies (5, 7, 14) cm/sec above ${u}_{10}$ and occurs at (0.65, 0.70, 0.72)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The dispersion is greatest in the neighborhood of 0.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, where the attenuation coefficient goes through a maximum. Within experimental error, the theory of Khalatnikov and Chernikova accounts for the separation between the velocity-versus-temperature curves at the three frequencies. Combination of the velocity changes measured in these experiments with values of the absolute velocity obtained by other workers above 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K yields ${u}_{10}={238.3}_{0}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{0.1}_{3}$ m/sec.
Discussion: Managing late periprosthetic fluid collections (seroma) in patients with breast implants: a consensus panel recommendation and review of the literature.

The recent attention to an extremely rare form of lymphoma known as Anaplastic Large T-Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) has spurred great interest in defining the etiology of this highly unusual malignancy and its potential association with breast implants. Because of the rarity of this disease, data regarding its characteristics can only be gleaned from case reports in the literature and from sporadic unpublished cases from plastic surgeons. Given that the data are too sparse to guide treatment, the Food and Drug Administration has coordinated a registry in order to collect cases prospectively in an effort to better understand this disease. Until better data are available, patients and physicians are seeking guidance from experts. It is generally believed that ALCL associated with breast implants has a more benign course and can be treated effectively by draining the seroma and removing the breast implants.1,2 The literature suggests that most women with ALCL who had their breast implants removed can be disease free and do not require more intensive therapy such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. However, given the uncertainty of this unique disease, the recommendations are based on empiric observations rather than robust epidemiology studies.
Infrared Thermographic Screening of Combinatorial Libraries of Heterogeneous Catalysts

A combinatorial library of catalyst candidates, each consisting of a different metal element supported on γ-alumina, is screened for hydrogen oxidation catalytic activity. Heat liberated on the surface of active catalysts by the catalyzed reaction is detected by noninvasive IR thermography. A 16-candidate library identifies four distinctly active pellets, which correspond to active formulations known from the literature. A higher density library shows similar results, but heat and mass transport effects influence the pellet temperatures. This method may be used to screen and optimize catalyst formulations more efficiently and quickly than current methods and may also be useful for study of operational lifetime, resistance to poisons, and regenerability.
Aids to the Delivery of Ambulatory Medical Care

A large fraction of medical care is delivered in ambulatory settings. It is a hypothesis of this program that a significant fraction of physician-patient encounters can be safely managed by paramedics with no past medical experience and with a minimum of training (about four weeks), operating under well-defined guidance protocols. The paramedic using the protocols can either substitute for the physician on any given visit, or can perform a substantial prephysician workup, thus saving physician time and enhancing the thoroughness of the patient evaluation.
Evaluation of irritancy and sensitization potential of metalworking fluid mixtures and components

There are approximately 1.2 million workers exposed to metalworking fluids (MWF), which are used to reduce the heat and friction associated with industrial machining and grinding operations. Irritancy and sensitization potential of 9 National Toxicology Program (NTP) nominated MWFs (TRIM 229, TRIM VX, TRIM SC210, CIMTECH 310, CIMPERIAL 1070, CIMSTAR 3800, SYNTILO 1023, SUPEREDGE 6768, and CLEAREDGE 6584) were examined in a combined local lymph node assay (LLNA). BALB/c mice were dermally exposed to each MWF at concentrations up to 50%. Significant irritation was observed after dermal exposure to all MWFs except CIMTECH 310 and SYNTILO 1023. Of the 9 MWFs, 6 induced greater than a 3-fold increase in lymphocyte proliferation and 7 tested positive in the irritancy assay. TRIM VX yielded the lowest EC3 value (6.9%) with respect to lymphocyte proliferation. Chemical components of TRIM VX identified using HPLC were screened for sensitization potential using structural activity relationship (SAR) modeling and the LLNA. TOPKAT predicted triethanolamine (TEA) as a sensitizer while Derek for Windows predicted only 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (CMP) to be positive for sensitization. When tested in the LLNA only CMP (EC3 = 11.6%) and oleic acid (OA) (EC3 = 29.7%) were identified as sensitizers. Exposure to all tested TRIM VX components resulted in statistically significant irritation. An additive proliferative response was observed when mixtures of the two identified sensitizing TRIM VX components, OA and CMP, were tested in the LLNA. This is one explanation of why the EC3 value of TRIM VX, with respect to lymphocyte proliferation, is lower than those assigned to its sensitizing components.
Introduction to Polyspectral Modeling and Compensation Techniques for Wideband Communications Systems

The requirements/environments for broadband commercial and military communication systems have focused attention on the issues of efficiency and nonlinearity characterization of power amplifiers, and the mitigation of the distortion they produce. Common system modeling approaches, which are dominated by probing signals of at most a multi-tone nature, prove to be inadequate for representing channels with operational bandwidths reaching the multi-GHz range. This shortfall in modeling fidelity is especially the case for higher-order, non-constant envelope modulations that are often needed to meet bandwidth efficiency demands. As a natural consequence, distortion compensation designs based on these models will likewise prove to be less than optimal in their effectiveness. This paper introduces an established nonlinear system identification technique from the mechanical systems field that essentially solves the wideband modeling problem, and in addition provides very unique assessment and design tools for distortion compensation. The technique is a special case of a formal operator series representation for the given nonlinearity with memory, and its construction is based on an extremely accurate baseband time-domain measurement technique?using pseudo-randomly modulated signals ? that will also be described. The basic modeling and compensation features of the method will then be provided, followed by two representative high-power amplifier (HPA) applications to illustrate and validate the modeling method. The fidelity evaluation will be performed in the time-domain using a normalized mean-square error (NMSE) waveform metric, and compared with results found for standard block model approaches.
Squeeze Film Dampers: Amplitude Effects at Low Squeeze Numbers

Gaseous squeeze film dampers are analyzed to determine the effect of periodic disturbance amplitude on the dynamic performance. Both circular and rectangular parallel surfaces are investigated. A solution of the nonlinear Reynolds equation is obtained by expanding the pressure in powers of the squeeze number, retaining up to and including terms of the order of the square of the squeeze number. The time dependent load characteristics are found. The effect of disturbance amplitude on the film stiffness and damping is given.
Spectral exponents of enstrophy cascade in stationary two-dimensional homogeneous turbulence.

Direct numerical simulations with up to ${4096}^{2}$ resolution are performed to address the question of universality of statistical properties of the enstrophy cascade in homogeneous two-dimensional turbulence driven by large-scale Gaussian white-in-time noise. Data with different Reynolds numbers are compared with each other. The energy spectrum is found to be very close to 1/${\mathit{k}}^{3}$. It is shown that the primary contribution to the enstrophy transfer function comes from wave-number triads with one small leg and two long ones, corresponding to wave numbers in the inertial range.
A methodological approach to manipulation of hunger and thirst drive stimuli in the rat

The hunger and thirst drives of rats were equated using a titration procedure in a modified T-maze with food as the reinforcer on the left and water on the right. The conditions (amount) rather than schedules (hours) of maintenance were varied from day to day during a 9-day cycle which was then replicated. The results showed that condition manipulations produce reliable and approximately linear functions for individual Ss on the following response measures: percent water choices, median latencies, and body weight. Results were discussed in terms of the animals responding to the drive stimuli and also in terms of some of the methodological problems that this procedure solved. Finally, it was suggested that the construct drive as defined by conditions of maintenance might possess more utility as an experimental variable.
Clinical commentary: pathogenesis of cumulative trauma disorder.

Ramazzini first described work-related neck and upper limb disorder in 17 13. In the last two decades, industrialized countries have witnessed a remarkable increase in what is termed ‘cumulative trauma disorders’ (CTD).le3 CTD has proven to be a frustrating problem for the worker and those involved in its medical management and an enormous economic cost to employers and healthcare insurers. Numerous terms have been used to describe these disorders, using various combinations of the words “repetitive, ” “cumulative,” “overuse,” and “occupational” with “disorder,” “injury,” “strain,” or “trauma.” In spite of the multiplicity of terms used to describe this syndrome, a uniformity in clinical presentation is recognized. Associated with this disorder are a number of problems (ganglion, arthritis, tendinitis) that are easily managed. However, under this same category a nonspecific upper extremity pain syndrome is recognized and presents the major challenge in patient management. Individuals typically complain of pain that involves the entire upper extremity(ies), including the neck, upper back, and shoulder.4v5 Paresthesia or numbness is noted in the hand, although it can also be present in the forearm. Cramping or aching of the muscles in the forearm and hand is reported. Painful limitation of movement of the neck and shoulder is common. Occipital or orbital headaches and subscapular pain are frequent complaints. Occasionally, anterior chest wall pain or facial numbness is described. Superimposed on these gen-
Ensemble average TIRM for imaging amperometry.

Abstract Colloidal particles can function as probes of local electrochemical current density if a functional relationship between the response of the particles and the electric field in the vicinity of the particles can be established. The nanometer scale movement of a single colloidal particle during cyclic voltammetry can be observed with the aid of total internal reflection microscopy. The intensity of scattered light can be related back to the current density local to that particle, and hence the method is called imaging amperometry. Data acquisition and optical constraints, however, make a single-particle method impractical for analysis of macro-scale (∼1 cm2) surfaces covered by several hundred thousand particles. Subdivision of the electrode into small patches, each containing an ensemble of particles, solves this problem if the scattering from the ensembles can be related to the local electric field. For example, a 100 × 100 array of square 100 μm patches each containing approximately two dozen particles would form a mosaic of electrochemical activity with 0.01% area resolution on a 1 cm2 electrode having location-dependent electrocatalytic properties. The focus of this contribution, therefore, is adaptation of the method from single particles to particle ensembles. The algebraic relationship between current density and scattering intensity for single particles holds for ensembles if the mean scattering intensity is corrected to its mode. Currents calculated from particle light scattering at different locations on a single ITO/gold patterned electrode agree well with currents measured on these two electrode materials, which have quite different electrocatalytic properties.
Decreased activity and enhanced nuclear export of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β during inhibition of adipogenesis by ceramide

To identify novel molecular mechanisms by which ceramide regulates cell differentiation, we examined its effect on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Hormonal stimulation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes induced formation of triacylglycerol-laden adipocytes over 7 days; in part, via the co-ordinated action of CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins alpha, beta and delta (C/EBP-alpha, -beta and -delta) and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). The addition of exogenous N-acetylsphingosine (C2-ceramide) or increasing endogenous ceramide levels inhibited the expression of C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma, and blocked adipocyte development. C2-ceramide did not decrease the cellular expression of C/EBPbeta, which is required for expression of C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma, but significantly blocked its transcriptional activity from a promoter construct after 24 h. The ceramide-induced decrease in the transcriptional activity of C/EBPbeta correlated with a strong decrease in its phosphorylation, DNA-binding ability and nuclear localization at 24 h. However, ceramide did not change the nuclear level of C/EBPbeta after a period of 4 or 16 h, suggesting that it was not affecting nuclear import. CRM1 (more recently named 'exportin-1') is a nuclear membrane protein that regulates protein export from the nucleus by binding to a specific nuclear export sequence. Leptomycin B is an inhibitor of CRM1/exportin-1, and reversed the ceramide-induced decrease in nuclear C/EBPbeta at 24 h. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that ceramide may inhibit adipogenesis, at least in part, by enhancing dephosphorylation and premature nuclear export of C/EBPbeta at a time when its maximal transcriptional activity is required to drive adipogenesis.
Isolation of a secY homologue from Bacillus subtilis: evidence for a common protein export pathway in eubacteria

Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the product of the Escherichia coli secY gene is an integral membrane protein with a central role in protein secretion. We found the Bacillus subtilis secY homologue within the spc-alpha ribosomal protein operon at the same position occupied by E. coli secY. B. subtilis secY coded for a hypothetical product 41% identical to E. coli SecY, a protein thought to contain 10 membrane-spanning segments and 11 hydrophilic regions, six of which are exposed to the cytoplasm and five to the periplasm. We predicted similar segments in B. subtilis SecY, and the primary sequences of the second and third cytoplasmic regions and the first, second, fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth membrane segments were particularly conserved, sharing greater than 50% identity with E. coli SecY. We propose that the conserved cytoplasmic regions interact with similar cytoplasmic secretion factors in both organisms and that the conserved membrane-spanning segments actively participate in protein export. Our results suggest that despite the evolutionary differences reflected in cell wall architecture, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria possess a similar protein export apparatus.
Patient Perceptions of Diabetes Treatment Goals

The current treatment of type II noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity involves complex regimens for weight reduction and improvement in metabolic control that necessitate active participation by the patient in establishing treatment goals and strategies. However, well-documented rates of nonadherence suggest that weaknesses may exist in patient-provider communications that preclude such patient participation. This study examines patient perceptions of diabetes treatment goals as established with their health care providers. Fifty-four individuals with type II NIDDM and obesity were surveyed. To determine the degree of congruence between patient and health care provider, the physicians of study participants were also surveyed. A 53% discrepancy rate was found to exist in the area of overall treatment goals. In addition, a 57% and 43% rate of discrepancy was found for the specific goals of weight loss and blood glucose levels, respectively. Further findings and the implications for practice are discussed in this paper.
Volume‐dependent rate processes in an epoxy resin

Results for four different volume-dependent rate processes of an epoxy resin, Epon 1001F, fully cured with a stoichiometric amount of 4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone are presented: (1) specific volume measurements at constant rates of cooling; (2) time-dependent volume measurements after rapid temperature changes; (3) elongational creep compliance measurements; and (4) shear creep compliance measurements. Voluminal and shear retardation spectra are compared as are the temperature time scale shift factors, aT obtained from the four processes. Volume–temperature cooling curves show the decreasing glass temperature with decreasing rate of cooling, but appear to reach the glass line at a constant temperature regardless of the rate of cooling. This narrowing of the “transition range” is not predicted by the Kovacs, Aklonis, Hutchinson, and Ramos (KAHR) multiparameter model, which assumes thermorheological simplicity.
Plasma-Assisted Preparation of High-Performance Chitosan Nanofibers/Gauze Composite Bandages

In this work, novel composite bandages were prepared by electrospinning chitosan nanofibers on 100% cotton substrate fabric. In the composite bandages, chitosan nanofiber web serves as a primary wound dressing whereas cotton substrate as a backing material. Cotton substrate was given plasma pretreatment and composite bandages were given plasma posttreatment to improve the durability of composite bandages and adhesion between nanofiber and cotton substrate layers. The adhesion of the nanofibers to the substrates was assessed by qualitative and quantitative techniques. Plasma pretreatment of the substrate with 100% helium and 99% helium/1% oxygen plasmas showed up to four times increase in force required to peel off the nanofiber layer. Even more increase in adhesion was obtained when composite bandages were given plasma pretreatment to substrate as well as posttreatment to composite bandages. Storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and crystallinity of untreated He and He/O2-plasma treated chitosan ...
Do destination images really matter? Predicting destination choices of student travellers:

The purpose of the study was to identify images that are likely predictors of destination choices of college students considering travelling to Turkey in a probabilistic model when two measurements of the dependent variable were involved. Five hundred surveys were distributed to geographically dispersed universities across the USA. Based on a response rate of 65.4 per cent, the study results indicated that travellers can compartmentalise their mental pictures and evaluate each image component according to its importance in choice decisions. Moreover, familiarity with the destination can be considered as a moderator variable in decision-making models. Implications for destination marketing and management are discussed in light of the study findings.
Effects of leaky bucket parameters on the average queueing delay: worst case analysis

Studies a single server queueing system with deterministic service time in which arrivals are regulated by the leaky-bucket control. The worst traffic of arrivals passing the leaky-bucket regulation is discussed. The performance measure considered is queueing delay averaged over all packets. The worst traffic is characterized as the repetition of the following three phases: bulky arrival with bulk size related to the bucket size, arrival at every token generation for a specified length of interval, and then no arrival till the token bucket is full. The average queueing delay for the worst traffic, i.e. tight performance bound, is expressed in explicit form as a function of leaky bucket parameters (bucket size and token generation rate). The authors expect that this function will provide insights into the relationship between leaky bucket parameters and the corresponding network resources allocated. >
An English Paradise to Regain? Ebenezer Howard, the Town and Country Planning Association and English Ruralism

Although not a figure now widely known, Sir Ebenezer Howard has had a profound influence on British and, indirectly, on European and American urban planners. The historian Robert Fishman noted in 1978 that while Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright had become legendary as visionary architects and urban planners, Howard, probably more influential in the evolution of urban planning than either of them, has remained relatively obscure. Howard, like his more famous contemporaries, has always been characterized as Utopian by some because he imagined that city planning could aid in the creation of an entirely new society. For Howard, this society was to be one in which social divisions would be eliminated and the standards of living of all citizens would be raised through participatory social democracy organized at the city level. Howard attempted to realize this new society through building experimental communities to serve as models to be emulated elsewhere.
Venus banded terrain: tectonic models for band formation and their relationship to lithospheric thermal structure.

Two classes of tectonic models for the formation of band structure on Venus mountain ranges are quantitatively evaluated: folding models and extensional models. The characteristics of banded terrain on Ishtar Terra are reviewed, particularly the evidence for a tectonic origin and such important details of band geometry as the spacing between adjacent bands. The tectonic models are tested against these observed features, and it it shown that both classes of models are possible explanations of banded terrain as long as the outer elastic-brittle layer of the Venus crust is at most a few kilometers thick. A general assessment is given of hypotheses for the origin of banded terrain and of the relationship between mechanical models for band formation and the thermal structure of the Venus lithosphere.
Stokes shift spectroscopy for biomedical applications and bio-agent sensing

Stokes shift Spectroscopy (Sss) is a technique that combines excitation and emission spectroscopy to enhance the ability to identify fluorescence signatures when several biomolecules with overlapping spectra are present. Sss provides an improved method to measure the spectral fingerprints of fluorophores with broad emission bands in situations with large noise levels. In this work, the Sss technique was used in two different applications the detection of malignancy in tissues, and in situ sensing and monitoring of bio-agents (bacteria and viruses).
On Paraphrodes flavigerus (Evans) with a New Synonymy of Paraphrodini with Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Characters of the female genitalia (pygofer, first, second and third valvulae) of Paraphrodes flavigerus (Evans) are described for the first time. These observations suggest that the genus belongs in Chiasmini. It is placed in this tribe, placement n., resulting in the recognition of Paraphrodini Linnavuori 1979 as a junior synonym of Chiasmini Distant 1908, syn. n. Observations of males of P. flavigerus from four countries (Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and South Africa) revealed a substantial amount of morphological variation. The specimen from Guinea shows some unique character states which differentiate it from specimens from other locations. Previous and recent classifications and phylogenetic analyses regarding Eupelix Germar, Baileyus Singh-Pruthi, Gurawa Distant and Paraphrodes Linnavuori are discussed along with the similarity found in the metatibial apical pecten in Gurawa (Chiasmini) and Eupelix (Eupelicini). New records for P. flavigerus from South Africa are recorded.
Identification of a non-fluorescent isodicentric Y chromosome by molecular cytogenetic techniques.

A 12 1/2-month-old girl was referred because of short stature, short neck, large internipple distance and simian crease on her right hand. By routine cytogenetic techniques the presence of an unidentifiable marker chromosome and loss of one X chromosome was noted (i.e. 45, X/46, X, mar/47, X, mar, +mar). By fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, the marker chromosome was identified as an isodicentric non-fluorescent Y chromosome ((45, X/46, X, idic (Ynf)/47, X, idic (Ynf), +idic (Ynf)). Although the clinical significance of this finding cannot be assessed at present, possible development of gonadoblastoma in such cases is a major concern and warrants follow-up evaluations.
Population decline of the Elfin-woods Warbler Setophaga angelae in eastern Puerto Rico

Summary We estimated the population density of the globally threatened Elfin-woods Warbler Setophaga angelae within two forest types at different elevations in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in north-eastern Puerto Rico. Population densities ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 individuals/ha in elfin woodland and 0.06–0.26 individuals/ha in palo colorado forest in 2006, with average rates of decline since 1989 of 0.002–0.01 and 0.003–0.06 individuals/ha respectively. These estimates show a significant general declining trend from c.0.2 individuals/ha in 1989 in elfin woodland to c . 0.02/ha in 2006, and from 1 to 0.2 in palo colorado forest. Although variation in estimated population density depended on the statistical method used, we document and discuss possible causes of an overall population decline from 1989 to 2006, lending support to previous initiatives to reclassify the species from the IUCN Red List category of “Vulnerable” to “Endangered”.