cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycaemia in Elderly Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Achieving target glycaemic goals while avoiding hypoglycaemia is a major challenge in the management of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Repeated episodes of hypoglycaemia may cause extreme emotional distress in such patients, even when the episodes are relatively mild. Moreover, evidence is mounting that hypoglycaemia among elderly patients is a very real and costly health concern. The strongest predictors of severe hypoglycaemia in the elderly are advanced age, recent hospitalisation and polypharmacy. Education is the key to preventing recurrent or severe hypoglycaemia. As such, there should be close coordination of care between the patient, physician and all other healthcare providers in identifying the cause of hypoglycaemia in elderly patients, and appropriate steps should be taken to prevent further episodes. Prevention of hypoglycaemia has the potential to improve psychosocial aspects of elderly health, including enhanced quality of life, boosted confidence, improved compliance with antidiabetic regimens and avoidance of long-term complications. Since the elderly population represents a unique group, it is imperative to focus on the aetiologies that are exclusive to this group. Advanced age itself is a risk factor for hypoglycaemia, and elderly patients with comorbidities are at increased risk when they are hospitalised. Elderly patients with diabetes often have compromised renal function, which intereferes with drug elimination and thus predisposes them to prolonged life-threatening hypoglycaemia. In addition, patients on five or more prescription medications are prone to drug-associated hypoglycaemia. Although sulfonylurea-associated hypoglycaemia is common, drugs such as ACE inhibitors and nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonists can also predispose patients to hypoglycaemia. Greater attention should be paid to the avoidance of hypgolycaemia in nursing home residents. Recurrent hypoglycaemia in elderly patients is not only detrimental to achieving good glycaemic control, it is also a substantial economic burden. Once the causes of hypoglycaemia have been identified, it is crucial to formulate and institute a prevention plan. Firstly, global evaluation of the patient should be carried out to identify possible predisposing risk factors. Secondly, target glycaemic goals should be tailored to each patient. Thirdly, selection of antidiabetic agents should be judicious, then patients and family should be educated to recognise and treat hypoglycaemia. Finally, coordinated care should be provided to identify, treat and prevent hypoglycaemia.
Maxilla and Mandible

A bewildering variety of lesions occurs in the maxilla and the mandible. Although a specific diagnosis of these can be difficult on imaging, it is important to be familiar with the key imaging characteristics of a few common entities and to be facile at detecting imaging signs of aggressive neoplastic, inflammatory, and infectious processes. This chapter describes a fundamental approach to commonly encountered jaw lesions; it does not address dental or temporomandibular joint pathology in detail.
Flexible Similarity Search

There are many applications for similarity search in time series data of which the following are just a small sample. 1. In finance, a trader may be interested in finding pairs of stocks that move similarly, perhaps with some lag. 2. In music, a person may want to find a song that is similar to one that he can hum. 3. In business management, spotting products with similar selling patterns can result in more efficient product management. 4. In environmental science, by comparing the pollutant level in different sections of a river, scientists can have a better understanding of environmental changes.
Achieving Fine-Grained Access Control with Discretionary User Revocation over Cloud Data

Cloud storage solutions have gained momentum in recent years. However, cloud servers can not be fully trusted. Data access control have becomes one of the main impediments for further adoption. One appealing approach is to incorporate the access control into encrypted data, thus removing the need to trust the cloud servers. Among existing cryptographic solutions, Ciphertext Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) is well suited for fine-grained data access control in cloud storage. As promising as it is, user revocation is a cumbersome problem that impedes its wide application. To address this issue, we design an access control system called DUR-CP-ABE, which implements identity-based User Revocation in a data owner Discretionary way. In short, the proposed solution provides the following salient features. First, user revocation enforcement is based on the discretion of the data owner, thus providing more flexibility. Second, no private key updates are needed when user revocation occurs. Third, the proposed scheme allows for group revocation of affiliated users in a batch operation. To the best of our knowledge, DUR-CP-ABE is the first CP-ABE solution to provide affiliation- based batch revocation functionality, which fits naturally into organizations’ Identity and Access Management (IAM) structure. The analysis shows that the proposed access control system is provably secure and efficient in terms of computation, communi- cation and storage.
Anabolic Steroid Cases in United States District Courts (2013–2017): Defendant Characteristics, Geographical Dispersion, and Substance Origins:

This study examined contextual factors associated with 63 anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) cases involving 184 defendants in 41 United States District Courts. Information came from press releases ...
A differential host response to viral infection defines a subset of earlier-onset diverticulitis patients

Background and aims Diverticulitis is the chronic inflammation of diverticula. Whether the pathophysiology of earlier-onset patients differs from later-onset patients is unknown. We profiled the colonic transcriptomes of these two patient populations to gain insight into the molecular underpinnings of diverticulitis. Methods We conducted deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on colonic segments surgically resected from earlier-onset ( 65 years old, n=13) diverticulitis patients. We used bioinformatic approaches to cluster the patients based on the relationship of differentially expressed genes and to inform on the molecular pathways that segregated the clusters. Results Principal component analysis identified three patient clusters; diverticulitis later-onset (DVT-LO), diverticulitis mixed-onset (DVT-MO), and diverticulitis earlier-onset (DVT-EO). The patients comprising DVT-EO, which was the majority of earlier-onset patients, displayed increased expression of anti-viral response genes. This finding was confirmed using an independent weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differentially expressed genes. Conclusions We found that the majority of patients with earlier-onset disease contained elevated expression of host genes involved in the anti-viral response. Thus, susceptibility to a viral pathogen may offer one explanation why some individuals develop diverticulitis at an earlier age.
Obtaining the potential number of models/atlases needed for capturing anatomic variations in population images

Many medical image processing and analysis operations can benefit a great deal from prior information encoded in the form of models/atlases to capture variations over a population in form, shape, anatomic layout, and image appearance of objects. However, the fundamental question “How many models/ atlases are needed for optimally encoding prior information to address the differing body habitus factor in a given population?” has remained a difficult and open problem. We propose a method to seek an answer to this question assuming that a set Ι of images representative of the population for the body region is given. Our approach, after images in Ι are trimmed to the exact body region, is to create a partition of Ι into a specified number n of groups by optimizing the collective similarity of images in each group. We then ascertain how the overall goodness of partition Pn(Ι) varies as we change n from 1 to |Ι|. Subsequently, values of n at which there are significant changes in the goodness value are determined. These breakpoints are taken as the recommended number of groups/ models/ atlases. Our results on 284 thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans show that at least 8 groups are essential, and 15, 21, or 32 could be optimum numbers if a finer classification is needed for this population. This method may be helpful for constructing high quality models/atlases with a proper grouping of the images from a sufficiently large population and in selecting optimally the training image sets needed for each class in deep learning strategies.
An Updated Model of Chronic Ankle Instability.

Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are among the most common injuries incurred during participation in sport and physical activity, and it is estimated that up to 40% of individuals who experience a firs...
Selection for Fitness vs. Selection for Robustness in RNA Secondary Structure Folding

We investigate the competition between two quasispecies residing on two disparate neutral networks. Under the assumption that the two neutral networks have different topologies and fitness levels, it is the mutation rate that determines which quasispecies will eventually be driven to extinction. For small mutation rates, we find that the quasispecies residing on the neutral network with the lower replication rate will disappear. For higher mutation rates, however, the faster replicating sequences may be outcompeted by the slower replicating ones in case the connection density on the second neutral network is sufficiently high. Our analytical results are in excellent agreement with flow-reactor simulations of replicating RNA sequences.
Al servicio de un consumo socialmente responsable

Hoy dia pocos niegan los importantes efectos economicos, sociales y medioambientales que estan intimamente ligados al fenomeno del consumo. Efectos que tambien conciernen a la practica empresarial. El futuro que se nos dibuja exige resituar la innovacion empresarial en un contexto de mayor implicacion social. Y es urgente.
Simulation in Trauma/Advanced Cardiac Life Support

Anesthesiologists have limited exposure to low-frequency, high-acuity events such as unstable trauma or cardiac arrest, and may benefit from hands-on education that utilizes simulated scenarios. Part-task training focuses on the acquisition of individual skills such as chest tube placement and endotracheal intubation, while high-fidelity training incorporates realistic clinical scenarios. In addition to the acquisition of technical proficiency, anesthesiologists can utilize high-fidelity simulation as a tool to build and teach communication and team leadership skills in critical care scenarios. Both part-task and high-fidelity simulation are integral components of simulation training for ACLS and trauma preparedness.
Predator type influences the frequency of functional responses to prey in marine habitats

The functional response of a consumer to a gradient of resource density is a widespread and consistent framework used to quantify the importance of consumption to population dynamics and stability....
Health and social outcomes in highly sensitive persons

Abstract This chapter reviews the literature relating sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS) to negative and positive physical, mental, and social health outcomes, in both children and adults. First, we review the literature on physical and mental health in children and adolescents, particularly with respect to social anxiety and depression. Next, we discuss social outcomes in children and adolescents, situating our discussion within the frameworks of SPS and theories of environmental sensitivity. Third, we examine studies on health and mental outcomes in highly sensitive adults, including a discussion of how SPS impacts life and work satisfaction. Finally, we discuss how SPS affects social outcomes, such as interpersonal relationship functioning, relationship satisfaction, and communication. We conclude with suggestions for future research and changes that may be implemented to mitigate the negative impact of SPS on individuals and ultimately to help them thrive.
Design of the $\mu$ MAZE Platform and Microrobots for Independent Control and Micromanipulation Tasks

We present the μMAZE (μ(Micro) Magnetic Actuation Zone control Environment) platform for independent control of multiple magnetic microrobots for performing individual and collaborative micromanipulation tasks. We present a new local magnetic field generating coil system design, microrobot design, actuation scheme, and orientation control for actuating multiple magnetic microrobots independently. The new designs are validated and experiments showcasing their abilities are presented. The demonstrations include closed-loop independent and simultaneous control of four microrobots and a sample micromanipulation task involving two microrobots pushing micro-parts into a prescribed formation.
The molecular chemistry of diffuse and translucent clouds in the line-of-sight to Sgr B2: Absorption by simple organic and inorganic molecules in the GBT PRIMOS survey

The 1–50 GHz PRebiotic Interstellar MOlecular Survey (PRIMOS) contains ~50 molecular absorption lines observed in clouds located in the line-of-sight to Sgr B2(N). The line-of-sight material is associated with diffuse and translucent clouds located in the Galactic center, bar, and spiral arms in the disk. We measured the column densities and estimate abundances, relative to H2 , of 11 molecules and additional isotopologues observed in this material. We used absorption by optically thin transitions of c- C3 H2 to estimate the molecular hydrogen columns, and argue that this method is preferable to more commonly used methods. We discuss the kinematic structure and abundance patterns of small molecules including the sulfur-bearing species CS, SO, CCS, H2 CS, and HCS+ ; oxygen-bearing molecules OH, SiO, and H2 CO; and simple hydrocarbon molecules c- C3 H2 , l- C3 H, and l- C3 H+ . Finally, we discuss the implications of the observed chemistry for the structure of the gas and dust in the ISM. Highlighted results include the following. First, whereas gas in the disk has a molecular hydrogen fraction of 0.65, clouds on the outer edge of the Galactic bar and in or near the Galactic center have molecular fractions of 0.85 and >0.9, respectively. Second, we observe trends in isotope ratios with Galactocentric distance; while carbon and silicon show enhancement of the rare isotopes at low Galactocentric distances, sulfur exhibits no trend with Galactocentric distance. We also determine that the ratio of c- C3 H2 /c- H13 CCCH provides a good estimate of the 12 C/13 C ratio, whereas H2 CO/H2 13 CO exhibits fractionation. Third, we report the presence of l- C3 H+ in diffuse clouds for the first time. Finally, we suggest that CS has an enhanced abundance within higher density clumps of material in the disk, and therefore may be diagnostic of cloud conditions. If this holds, the diffuse clouds in the Galactic disk contain multiple embedded hyperdensities in a clumpy structure, and the density profile is not a simple function of A V .
Relaxation behavior of polymer thin films: Effects of free surface, buried interface, and geometrical confinement

Abstract The glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer thin films, one of the most important parameters to characterize the relaxation behavior of polymer chains in a thin film, has been extensively investigated. It was found that the relaxation behavior of polymer chains in a polymer thin film at different locations, e.g., near a free surface, near a buried interface, or inside a given position of the film bulk, can vary greatly. Such results are significant for both fundamental understanding of molecular behavior and practical use of polymer thin films in many important applications but have not been systematically summarized and reviewed. In this review, we look at two extensively studied and commonly used polymer thin films, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS), as examples to systematically examine the effects of the free surface, buried interface (substrate), and geometrical confinement (encapsulated between two substrates) on the surface, interfacial, and bulk relaxation behavior of polymer thin films. Especially, the universal effects of “hard” and “soft” confinements and adsorbed nanolayer near a substrate on Tg are reviewed in detail. In addition, other important polymers such as poly(2-vinylpyridine) and the effects of other variables such as annealing are also discussed. This review elucidates variables which influence the relaxation behavior of polymer chains on the free surface, at buried interfaces, or in the bulk region of polymer thin films, providing in-depth understandings of such behavior. The systematic knowledge reported here will help to guide the future design of polymer thin films with desired properties used in a variety of applications, ranging from multilayer polymer packaging materials, polymer sheets, plastic microelectronics, to batteries and solar cells, and beyond.
Chapter XI A Survey of Results in Higher Dimensions

Publisher Summary This chapter surveys the results of higher dimensions and describes some counterexamples to the naive conjecture in dimensions greater than three. The focus is on the nature of the fixed point set. To attack the naive conjecture in higher dimensions, the topological properties of linear compact transformation groups should be known and the extent to which they are shared by arbitrary compact groups of homeomorphisms of Euclidean spaces, disks, and spheres, determined. Smith focused attention on one such property of linear actions: the fixed point set of any group of linear transformations of Rn is a linear subspace. Obviously, such a subspace intersects Dn in a linear subdisk and Sn–1 in a linear subsphere. Thus, a necessary condition for a G-action on Euclidean space to be equivalent to a linear G-action is that the fixed point set must be homeomorphic to a lower-dimensional Euclidean space. Moreover, the embedding of the fixed point set in the ambient space must be standard.
THE CHANGING WORLDS OF EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGY: IMPRESSIONS AND DILEMMAS1

Two interrelated outcomes have emerged after a year's research on the nature of European scientific communication: on a tangible level, this research has led to an extensive analysis of the conditions related to communication and productivity in European psychology (See Krantz, in press, for a report of some initial findings); less concretely, the study has generated many impressions, unanswered questions, and dilemmas about the state of European and American psychology. These more ephemeral outcomes of the research provide the basis of the following discussion.
In re Bay-Delta; CEQA Decision Adds Certainty to Water Planning

In the mid-twentieth century, California built a hydraulic empire?dams and levees, aqueducts and pumps?all meant to move water from the parts of the state that have it to the parts of the state that need it.1 At the center of this empire lies the largest estuary on the West Coast. The Bay-Delta forms in the western Central Valley, at a point where the Sacramento and San Joaqu?n rivers come together, and then flows onward to the San Francisco Bay and the Pacific.2 The Bay-Delta exports almost six million acre-feet of water per year. Those exports provide drinking water to at least two-thirds of California homes and irrigation to more than seven million acres.3 Since the Gold Rush, the Bay-Delta has endured much: from the flushing of its tributaries with mud and debris by hydraulic miners4 to the dredging of waterways and draining of marshes by engineers.5 But as the decades wore on, as pumping stations pushed water to rich fields and booming cities, and as California grew to become the most populous state in the country,6 the Bay
Stat3 Is Required for Cytoprotection of the Respiratory Epithelium during Adenoviral Infection

The role of Stat3 in the maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis following adenoviral-mediated lung injury was assessed in vivo. Stat3 was selectively deleted from bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells in Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice. Although lung histology and function were unaltered by deletion of Stat3 in vivo, Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice were highly susceptible to lung injury caused by intratracheal administration of AV1-GFP, an early (E) region 1- and E3-deleted, nonproliferative adenovirus. Severe airspace enlargement, loss of alveolar septae, and sloughing of the bronchiolar epithelium were observed in Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice as early as 1 day after exposure to the virus. Although surfactant protein A, B, and C content and surfactant protein-B mRNA expression in Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice were similar, TUNEL staining and caspase-3 were increased in alveolar type II epithelial cells of Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice after exposure to virus. RNA microarray analysis of type II epithelial cells isolated from Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice demonstrated significant changes in expression of numerous genes, including those genes regulating apoptosis, supporting the concept that the susceptibility of Stat3-deficient mice to adenovirus was related to the role of Stat3 in the regulation of cell survival. AV1-Bcl-x(L), an E1- and E3-deleted, nonproliferative adenovirus expressing the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L), protected Stat3(DeltaDelta) mice from adenoviral-induced lung injury. Adenoviral infection of the lungs of Stat3-deficient mice was associated with severe injury of the alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium. Thus, Stat3 plays a critical cytoprotective role that is required for epithelial cell survival and maintenance of alveolar structures during the early phases of pulmonary adenoviral infection.
Special collections of visual resources. Problems and prospects for digital libraries

The article argues that the adventure of creating a viable economy of digitally-enabled repositories and services requires much creativity, but above all an unswerving focus on the scholarly mission. Institutions that participate actively in this adventure are becoming "laboratories for the liberal arts and sciences" in vital ways that some fear they have lost or are about to lose, and special collections as primary sources for teaching and research are central to the enterprise. Such institutions are revitalized as virtual and physical spaces where researchers, teachers, and students come together in shared enthusiasm in order to discover the greatest of all gifts: new ideas.
Patterns of flammability of the California oaks: the role of leaf traits

Fire is one of the most important processes driving plant community composition and structure. Fire regimes are largely governed by climate, vegetation structure, and individual plant traits that i...
Simulated effects of a snow layer on retrieval of CryoSat‐2 sea ice freeboard

The impact of a snow layer on the location of the tracking point (RP) for ranging to the sea ice surface in CryoSat-2 synthetic aperture interferometric radar altimeter waveforms is simulated. With a range resolution of ~47 cm, the response of the air-snow (a-s) interface broadens the response of the snow-ice (s-i) interface and displaces the RP toward the altimeter. This effect is largest when the strengths of their returns are comparable and when snow thicknesses are >20 cm. On the other hand, the RP is displaced away from the altimeter when the reduced propagation speed in the snow layer is not accounted for. This analysis examines the dependence of these competing corrections on snow thickness and the relative scattering strengths of the interfaces and the sensitivity of two different tracking approaches (leading edge and centroid) to these snow parameters. Expected errors depend on a better understanding of the relative scattering strengths of the interfaces and snow layer.
Favorable modulation of benign breast tissue and serum risk biomarkers is associated with > 10 % weight loss in postmenopausal women

We conducted a phase II feasibility study of a 6-month behavioral weight loss intervention in postmenopausal overweight and obese women at increased risk for breast cancer and the effects of weight loss on anthropomorphic, blood, and benign breast tissue biomarkers. 67 women were screened by random peri-areolar fine-needle aspiration, 27 were registered and 24 participated in the interventional phase. The 24 biomarker evaluable women had a median baseline BMI of 34.2 kg/m2 and lost a median of 11 % of their initial weight. Significant tissue biomarker modulation after the 6-month intervention was noted for Ki-67 (if restricted to the 15 women with any Ki-67 at baseline, p = 0.041), adiponectin to leptin ratio (p = 0.003); and cyclin B1 (p = 0.001), phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p = 0.005), and ribosomal S6 (p = 0.004) proteins. Favorable modulation for serum markers was observed for sex hormone-binding globulin (p 10 % weight loss, change in percent total body and android (visceral) fat, physical activity, and the majority of the serum and tissue biomarkers were significantly modulated only for women with >10 % weight loss from baseline. Some factors such as serum PAI-1 and breast tissue pS2 (estrogen-inducible gene) mRNA were not significantly modulated overall but were when considering only those with >10 % weight loss. In conclusion, a median weight loss of 11 % over 6 months resulted in favorable modulation of a number of anthropomorphic, breast tissue and serum risk and mechanistic markers. Weight loss of 10 % or more should likely be the goal for breast cancer risk reduction studies in obese women.
Continuous subcutaneous terbutaline administration prolongs pregnancy after recurrent preterm labor.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to study the effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous terbutaline (SQT) in the home after recurrent preterm labor (RPTL). Study Design: Women with RPTL at less than 32 weeks' gestation were treated with continuous SQT administered in the home compared with matched control patients. Results: Fifteen SQT patients were compared with 45 women (3:1) treated with no tocolytic therapy after hospitalization. Gestational age at delivery more than 37 weeks (53% vs 4%), percentage delivered at less than 32 weeks (0% vs 47%), overall and pregnancy prolongation (49.8 ± 19.2 days vs 24.5 ± 12.8 days) were all significantly better in the study group ( P P P P Conclusion: In this small study, the use of SQT significantly prolongs pregnancy, decreases serious neonatal complications, and reduces the duration of hospitalization for both mother and infant, as well as neonatal costs. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1460-7.)
Postnatal development in rat offspring delivered of dams with gestational hyperglycemia.

Objectives: Our purpose was to test the hypotheses that (1) offspring delivered of dams with gestational hyperglycemia will show metabolic abnormalities and (2) dams with repeated pregnancy but without lactation experience will demonstrate abnormal glucose metabolism long after the delivery of the third litter. Study Design: Female rats went through three cycles of gestation-lactation, gestation-non lactation, or no mating at all. The offspring were reared to 3 months of age, when half of each group were mated. Intravenous glucose tolerance testing was conducted at different times in dams and adult offspring. Results: Nonlactation dams showed gestational hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia during the third pregnancy. Impaired intravenous glucose tolerance testing was also apparent 1 week and 3 months after weaning in dams. Adult offspring nursed by nonlactation dams were glucose intolerant and had higher hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities and higher lipid levels in the pregnant state. Conclusion: Gestational hyperglycemia produced by repeated gestation without lactation could have a long-lasting effect on adult offspring.
Efficiency of microSIMD architectures and index-mapped data for media processors

We show that microSIMD architectures are more efficient for media processing than other parallel architectures like SIMD or MIMD parallel processor architectures, and VLIW or superscalar architectures. We define alternative mappings of data onto subwords, and show that the index mapping is an ideal mapping for achieving maximal subword parallelism with minimal revamping of the original serial loop code. We show an example where packed data loaded directly into registers from memory can be interpreted as index-mapped data rather than area-mapped data. This allows increased use of the subword parallelism provided by the microSIMD architecture, by exploiting data parallelism across loop iterations rather than within a loop. We also show how to convert rapidly between data mappings by using the Mix permutation instruments, first defined in the MAX-2 multimedia extensions for PA-RISC processors. We propose a new instruction, MixPair, which cuts by half the cost of parallel Mix functional units, while achieving maximum subword permutation performance.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hypocalcemia in end-stage renal disease : a consequence of spontaneous parathyroid gland infarction

Advances over the last several years have led to a better understanding of the etiology of hyperparathyroidism in renal disease and to more effective means of medical prevention and therapy. Thus, in most dialysis populations, many of the serious complications, such as bone fractures, refractory hypoccaccemia, and hyperphosphatemia with vascular and other extraskeletal calcifications, have diminished. Furthermore, more aggressive medical management has decreased the requirement for parathyroidectomy. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to medical management and few still develop refractory hyperparathyroidism with associated morbidity. Of the many complications of refractory hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients, the development of life-threatening hypocalcemia has not been described. We describe a patient with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism who presented with the acute development of hypocalcemia. To our knowledge, this represents the fourth case, the first reported in a patient with end-stage renal disease, of parathyroid autoinfarction presenting as acute hypocalcemia.
The action of norepinephrine in the rat hippocampus. IV. The effects of locus coeruleus stimulation on evoked hippocampal unit activity.

Summary Activity of neurons in the hippocampus (HPC) was recorded in awake, freely moving rats. Most cells were inhibited by either a loud auditory stimulus (tone) or by electrical stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). The inhibitory responses to the tone were antagonized by drugs that interfere with central noradrenergic transmission. When LC stimulation was used as the unconditioned stimulus in a classical conditioning paradigm, previously habituated inhibitory responses to the tone were reinstituted. When behaviorally subthreshold LC stimulation preceded a tone which was correlated with food, the existing conditioned response to the tone was potentiated. These data suggest that the generalized inhibitory response of HPC neurons to a tone is modulated by the noradrenergic pathway and that experimental activation of LC can potentiate HPC responses to behaviorally significant conditioned stimuli.
Stochastic Perron's method and verification without smoothness using viscosity comparison: The linear case

We introduce a stochastic version of the classical Perron’s method to construct viscosity solutions to linear parabolic equations associated to stochastic differential equations. Using this method, we construct easily two viscosity (sub and super) solutions that squeeze in between the expected payoff. If a comparison result holds true, then there exists a unique viscosity solution which is a martingale along the solutions of the stochastic differential equation. The unique viscosity solution is actually equal to the expected payoff. This amounts to a verification
Market performance of options on the Chicago board options exchange

Abstract Unproven assertions about potential option returns have accompanied increased interest in option trading since formation of the CBOE. This paper presents an analysis of return distributions from buying and selling CBOE options. Generally, buying options resulted in returns that were negative and lower than returns from buying the underlying stocks. Average returns from writing covered options exceeded returns from buying both options and stocks. Commissions and taxes shifted location of return distributions for all three investments, particularly reducing returns from buying options.
CR structures with group action and extendability of CR functions

Part I presents results on local embedding of CR structures. We consider an abstract CR manifold whose structure is invariant under a transversal Lie group action. We show that such a manifold can always be locally embedded in complex space as a generic submanifold. The proof is based on selection of canonical coordinates and repeated use of the Newlander-Nirenberg theorem (13). When the Lie group is abelian the embedding can be given a particularly simple form. Let l~ 1 be the codimension of our submanifold (called M throughout the paper); it is then convenient to denote by n + I the dimension of the ambient complex space and by zl,..., z,, w 1 .... , w t the complex coordinates; we shall systematically write
The first decade of behavioral research in the discipline of property

This paper examines behavioral research in property. Such research is relatively new in the property field and is still in its first decade. The behavioral approach is examined and compared with the more traditional approach. Its aims and its accomplishments are also discussed. The previous literature upon the subject is examined and the future of behavioral research in property is alluded to as a conclusion.
Maps of cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes obtained by near-infrared spectroscopy, Characterization of phase shifts among locations.

We obtained maps of cerebral hemoglobin concentration changes by near-infrared spectroscopy during functional stimulation and physiological activity at rest. The correlation and phase shift between locations were characterized by phase portraits and the phase synchronization index.
Tinidazole vs metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 different doses of tinidazole with metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis and to compare the side effects of the drugs. Study Design Women were assigned randomly to receive metronidazole 500 mg twice daily, tinidazole 500 mg twice daily, or tinidazole 1 g twice, all for 7 days. Follow-up visits were conducted at days 14 and 28. Results Five hundred ninety-three women were enrolled. There were no significant differences between the treatment arms. Overall cure rates were 76.8% at 14 days and 64.5% at 1 month. Women who admitted to engaging in sexual intercourse during the study were significantly more likely to have bacterial vaginosis at the follow-up visit. There were no significant differences in adverse events across treatment arms. Conclusion There were no differences in cure rates between metronidazole and either of the tinidazole dosing regimens that were studied. In addition, there were no important differences in the side-effect profiles of metronidazole and tinidazole.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of hematopoietic lesions from multiple sites.

We reviewed 130 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies from 118 patients with a variety of benign and malignant hematopoietic lesions. There were 74 (57%) malignant, 45 (35%) benign, and 11 (8%) atypical diagnoses. Immunocytochemistry of the aspirated material was performed in 47 (36%) and electron microscopy in 4 (3%) of the cases. FNA cytology was utilized to make a primary hematopoietic malignant diagnosis in approximately half of the cases and to confirm recurrence in the remainder. The malignant cases included non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, medullary and extramedullary plasmacytoma, and granulocytic sarcoma. Forty-two malignant cases had either previous or follow-up surgical biopsy with no false-positive diagnoses. Of the 11 atypical cases, seven had surgical confirmation with five malignant and two benign diagnoses. The benign hematopoietic lesions correctly identified included acute and chronic lymphadenitis, granulomatous processes, and eosinophilic granuloma. Only 5 of the 45 benign FNA biopsies had surgical pathology follow-up, with no false-negative diagnoses. The most commonly aspirated sites were lymph nodes (71 %), although hematopoietic lesions were correctly identified in a number of extranodal locations, including soft tissue (8%), abdominal viscera (6%), lungs (5%), mediastinum (2.5%), bone (3%), and thyroid, salivary gland, and breast (1.5% each). This study demonstrates the clinical utility and diagnostic accuracy of FNA cytology in the evaluation of benign and malignant hematopoietic disorders from multiple sites. Ancillary studies performed on the aspirated material aided in making a specific and accurate diagnosis.
Binding sites for [3H]SCH 23390 in retina: properties and possible relationship to dopamine D1-receptors mediating stimulation of adenylate cyclase

Bovine, rat and chick embryo retinal membranes contain high affinity, saturable and stereospecific binding sites for the selective dopamine D1-receptor antagonist, [3H]SCH 23390 (R-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3- methyl-5-phenyl-lH-3-benzazepin-7-ol). Saturation studies and Scatchard analyses showed a single class of [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites with Kd (apparent dissociation constant) values of 0.5-1.4 nM for the different species studied. A high ratio of specific to non-specific binding was found over a wide range of radioligand concentrations. The Bmax (binding site number) for [3H]SCH 23390 in calf retina was 307 +/- 38 fmol/mg protein, significantly greater than Bmax values previously obtained for binding of [3H]spiroperidol and [3H]ADTN (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) to dopamine D2-receptors in calf retina. Relative affinities (Ki values) of dopamine antagonists for calf retinal [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites were similar to those reported for [3H]SCH 23390 binding in rat striatum and also were in general agreement with potencies for antagonism of retinal dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase. However, they differed markedly from the relative affinities for retinal D2-receptor sites. Additional data indicated that SCH 23390 did not bind significantly to retinal D2- or serotonergic receptors and had 30- to 80-fold less affinity for alpha 2-noradrenergic than for the [3H]SCH 23390 sites. Competition studies indicated a high degree of selectivity for dopamine agonist over other agonists for [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites with Ki values in the range expected for interaction with dopamine receptors mediating stimulation of adenylate cyclase. Affinity for dopamine was decreased in the presence of the GTP analogue, Gpp(NH)p. In the presence of sodium ions the affinities of dopamine agonists for [3H]SCH 23390 binding sites were markedly and selectively decreased; the sensitivity to dopamine for stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity was also decreased in the presence of sodium ions. Modulation by sodium ions was previously observed for D2- but not for a D1-receptor interaction. It is proposed that [3H]SCH 23390 binds to a unique class of receptors, most likely D1-receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in retina. [3H]SCH 23390 provides a potent new tool for study of these receptors. In retina D1-receptors positively coupled to cyclase as well as D2- and other receptors that may be negatively coupled to cyclase, appear to be regulated by sodium ions as well as by guanine nucleotides.
Microcantilever-based label-free thermal characterization of biomolecular affinity binding

We present a microfluidic polymer cantilever array device integrating on-chip temperature control for label-free, temperature-dependent characterization of ligand-protein binding. The microfluidic device features a parylene microcantilever array within a microchamber formed by a PDMS spacer layer and a glass slide including a patterned ITO temperature sensor. The temperature is accurately controlled by using a Peltier device combined with the in situ ITO temperature sensor following a closed-loop control algorithm. For the first time, we use this cantilever-based microfluidic device to systematically characterize the temperature-dependent binding kinetics of an aptamer sensitive to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at temperatures between 19 and 37 °C. Quantitative binding properties including the association and dissociation rate constants (k on and k off ) and equilibrium dissociation constant (K d ) are derived, which indicate significant dependencies on temperature.
Expression and Phenotype Analysis of the Nephrocystin-1 and Nephrocystin-4 Homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans

Nephronophthisis (NPHP), an autosomal-recessive cystic kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause of end-stage renal failure in children. NPHP types 1 and 4 are caused by mutations in NPHP1 and NPHP4, encoding the proteins nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4, respectively. Nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4 are expressed in primary cilia of renal epithelial cells. NPHP1 and NPHP4 are highly conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans. However, this species does not have a kidney but an excretory system that consists of an excretory cell, an excretory gland cell, a duct cell, and a pore cell. Therefore, cell type-specific expression pattern and function of the nephrocystin homologs in C. elegans were of interest. Expression of green fluorescence protein fusion constructs that contain the C. elegans promoter regions for nph-1 and nph-4 was not found in the excretory system but in ciliated sensory neurons of the head (amphid neurons) and the tail in hermaphrodites (phasmid neurons) and males (sensory ray neurons). As the knockout phenotype for the PKD homologs lov-1 and pkd-2 shows impaired male mating behavior, RNAi knockdown animals were analyzed for this phenotype. A similar phenotype was found in the nph-1 and nph-4 RNAi knockdown animals compared with the lov-1 and pkd-2 knockout phenotype. Thus, it is suggested that renal cyst-causing genes may be part of a shared functional module, highly conserved in evolution. The NPHP homologs may be necessary for initial assembly of the cilium, whereas the polycystic kidney disease homologs may function as sensory transducers.
Stimulation of multiple shoot formation on soybean stem nodes in culture.

Abstract Stimulation of shoot-bud formation on soybean stem node segments was markedly enhanced by preconditioning fresh tissues on a basal medium in the absence of growth regulators. The concentrations of cytokinin required for conditioned stem node segments to produce shoot-buds were: (1) 1–5 μM N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) for MMS-medium; and (2) 1–50 μM BAP for MB5-medium. Responses of tissue explants cultured on these two basal media containing BAP were different. The MB5-medium was superior to MMS-medium for both bud initiation and growth. Growth of buds produced by a high BAP concentration was stimulated by reducing the BAP concentration and substituting fructose for sucrose.
Geometric Optimization of Crack Arresting Holes in an Operational Component

Crack-growth arrest is analyzed in this study with the simulation of real-life fatigue of a structure during service. Unlike conventional crack-growth arrest studies, this research does not analyze an opening mode (Mode I) crack extension from an induced crack-tip specimen. The work in this analysis focuses on designing drill-holes into a structure, without a preexisting crack, that will operate under cyclic loads. The purpose of the holes is to prevent through-crack propagation if a crack initiates during service of the structure. Prevention reduces the possibility of a phenomenon like Foreign Object Damage (FOD) by a fragment of a fractured structure in heavy operating machinery and over-looked cracks during routine inspections. The drill-hole design procedure for crack growth arrest explores the use of two, three and four-hole configurations as well as the effect of inserting hard Viton-rubber pins into each drill hole of a square plate test specimen. Each specimen configuration is geometrically designed with the following in mind: minimized the hole-to-fatigue zone stress ratio, minimize damping loss between the original and the new designs with holes and pins, and experimentally validating the theory of the crack arresting methods. The geometric optimization for the square plate specimen was developed in accordance with a vibration-based fatigue testing method for uniaxial bending, which is the benchmark method for this study.
Effect of changing capacitors between phases of a biphasic defibrillation shock.

BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the effect of changing capacitor values between phases of a biphasic waveform with the goal of lowering leading edge voltage (LEV), total delivered energy (TDE), and total stored energy (TSE). METHODS Defibrillation thresholds were determined in 18 open-chest swine using epicardial patch electrodes. In part I, three combinations of capacitors were tested: 150:150 microF; 150:300 microF; and 300:150 microF. Waveform durations were 6/0, 6/2, 6/4, 6/6, and 6/8 ms. In part II, phase 1 capacitance was 150 microF. Three phase 2 capacitance values were used: 150 microF; 75 microF; and 37.5 microF. Phase 2 LEV was a multiple of phase 1 trailing edge voltage: x 0.5; x 0.75; x 1; x 2; x 3; and x 4. A 3.5/2.0 ms biphasic waveform was used. In part III, thresholds were determined for two sets of capacitor values, which can be created by switching a pair of capacitors from in parallel to in series, 150:37.5 microF and 300:75 microF, and nine waveform durations, 4/0, 4/2, 4/4, 6/0, 6/3, 6/6, 8/0, 8/4 and 8/8 ms. RESULTS In part I, the 300:150 microF system defibrillated with the lowest LEV, TDE and TSE were not different for any of the biphasic waveforms tested except for the 6/8 ms, which was higher. In part II, there was no difference in LEV among any of the three phase 2 capacitor values. LEV was lowest for the x 2, x 3, x 4 multipliers. Peak voltage was lowest for the x 1 and x 2 multipliers. TDE was lowest for the x 0.5, x 0.75, x 1, and x 2 multipliers. In part III, the 300:75 microF system defibrillated at a lower LEV than did the 150:37.5 microF system. The 150:37.5 microF system defibrillated at a lower total delivered energy than did the 300:75 microF. CONCLUSION These results suggest that defibrillation can be accomplished with lower LEV, TDE, and TSE if two capacitors are switched from a parallel configuration to a series configuration between phases of the biphasic waveform.
Ramblin' on My Mind: New Perspectives on the Blues

David Evans (Ed.), Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2008, ISBN: 978-0-252-03203-5 (cloth), 978-0-252-07448-6 (paperback), 440 pp, $75.00 (cloth), $27.00 (paperback) There is so...