cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL AND EXPERIMENTS FOR CROSSFLOW MICROFILTRATION

Crossflow microfiltration, in which a suspension is passed through a pressurized open-ended tube or channel having microporous membrane walls, is an effective means of filtering fine particles from a liquid and is finding increasing application in separations involving microbial suspensions and products. The particles, which are carried toward the walls with the filtrate cross-flow, form a thin cake layer on the membrane surface which does not accumulate substantially but is rather swept along the channel by the tangential flow of suspension. This paper presents a stratified-flow model of this phenomenon which predicts the steady-state permeation flux, and the velocity, pressure, and concentrated particle layer thickness profiles, as functions of the system parameters. In addition, the results of laboratory experiments which used a crossflow microfiltration channel with glass sides are reported. The measured steady-state thickness of the cake layer as a function of distance from the channel entrance shows...
PLR-TV: patch-based low rank with spatio-temporal total variation constraints for ungated myocardial perfusion CMR

Background Ungated myocardial perfusion is a promising alternative for simplifying CMR protocols [1]. Spatio-temporal total variation (TV) constrained reconstruction with radial undersampling was used in a pilot study [2]. And TV constraints combined with a low-rank constraint have shown improvement in some cases for gated perfusion imaging [3]. However, the temporal total-variation constraint may not effectively resolve undersampling artifacts in ungated studies with significant cardiac and respiratory inter-frame motion. A patch-based low-rank method can more effectively exploit redundancies in a dynamic dataset in the form of spatio-temporal patches rather than one large rectangular matrix with an entire image per column. The patch-based method (also termed locally low rank or blockwise low rank) was recently shown to improve upon the standard low-rank constraint in cardiac cine and perfusion imaging [4,5]. Here we adapt a patch-based low-rank method for ungated myocardial perfusion imaging and use it in conjunction with TV constraints.
Controlled Drinking by Chronic Alcoholics over Extended Periods of Free Access

Chronic alcoholics were given the opportunity to drink up to 24 oz. of 95 proof alcohol every day for 17 to 20 days. If they drank 5 oz. or less they remained in the enriched environment, and if they exceeded this limit, they were in an impoverished environment. The results indicate that moderate drinking by chronic alcoholics is possible, when continuous heavy drinking is a possible alternative behavior. These data provide further support for moderate drinking as a feasible therapeutic goal for alcoholics.
A kappa-immunoglobulin gene is formed by site-specific recombination without further somatic mutation.

The active gene for a κ light chain is formed by a somatic recombination event that joins one of several hundred variable region genes to one of a series of recombination sites (J-segments) encoded close to the κ constant region gene. The nucleotide sequences of cloned germ line and somatically recombined genes define the precise organisation of these genetic segments and the site and nature of the recombination event that joined them. Apart from somatic recombination, no further alteration of the germ line sequence has occurred. The J-segment is of special interest as it encodes signals for both DNA and RNA splicing and provides a means of generating further immunoglobulin gene diversity.
ENTRANCE INTO STAGE III FASTING BY STARVELING NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL PUPS

Blood metabolites and urea kinetics were determined in starveling elephant seal pups to assess the transition to stage 111 fasting in this fasting-adapted species. Five postmolt and two premolt starvelings, defined as having a mass <50 kg, were studied until death or departure to sea. Premolt starvelings died on the rookery while postmolt starvelings deparred to sea. Increased mass loss and a significant inverse relationship between mass and the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine suggested that premolt starvelings had entered stage 111 starvation prior to death while urea kinetics suggested that postmolt pups engaged stage I11 starvation prior to departure. The mean rate of protein catabolism was estimated at 19.4 g/d for departing starvelings, twice the absolute rate and about four times the mass-specific rate estimated in healthy weanlings after eight weeks of fasting. Three starvelings stranded after departure, possibly as a result of thermoregulatory challenges and inefficient dive behavior. Entrance into stage 111 fasting interrupts the development of diving in emaciated pups (<50 kg) suggesting that an increased rate of protein catabolism might be linked to the cue to forage. This biochemical trigger is possibly different than the cue to feed in healthy weanlings, which depart the rookery with substantial fat stores. Food deprivation produces a series of physiological responses that protect an organism’s nutrient reserves until feeding can resume. These responses are categorized into three stages based on the biochemical changes associated with fasting (Castellini and Rea 1992, Cherel and Groscolas 1999). During stage I fasting, the metabolic rate declines and there is a shift away from the use of carbohydrate and protein and towards the use of fat reserves as a fuel source. Stage I1 fasting is defined by the stabilization of these processes and, during prolonged food deprivation, is the stage that constitutes the most time spent fasting. An increase in protein oxidation and a reduction in lipid oxidation to meet metabolic costs ’ Current address: BIOMIMETICA, 5750 Amaya Drive, Suite 24, La Mesa, CA 91942.
Cartilage‐on‐cartilage versus metal‐on‐cartilage impact characteristics and responses

A common in vitro model for studying acute mechanical damage in cartilage is to impact an isolated osteochondral or cartilage specimen with a metallic impactor. The mechanics of a cartilage-on-cartilage (COC) impact, as encountered in vivo, are likely different than those of a metal-on-cartilage (MOC) impact. The hypothesis of this study was that impacted in vitro COC and MOC specimens would differ in their impact behavior, mechanical properties, chondrocyte viability, cell metabolism, and histologic structural damage. Osteochondral specimens were impacted with either an osteochondral plug or a metallic cylinder at the same delivered impact energy per unit area, and processed after 14 days in culture. The COC impacts resulted in about half of the impact maximum stress and a quarter of the impact maximum stress rate of change, as compared to the MOC impacts. The impacted COC specimens had smaller changes in mechanical properties, smaller decreases in chondrocyte viability, higher total proteoglycan content, and less histologic structural damage, as compared to the impacted MOC specimens. If MOC impact conditions are to be used for modeling of articular injuries and post-traumatic osteoarthritis, the differences between COC and MOC impacts must be kept in mind.
THE MANAGEMENT OF GENITAL CONDYLOMAS, INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA, AND VULVODYNIA

The natural history of HPV-related disease still is poorly understood. Screening of apparently healthy populations suggests that most HPV exposure results only in latent infection; that is, there is no active HPV DNA replication, but the HPV copy number is held at a steady state because viral replication parallels cell division. Unfortunately, knowledge of the cell-virus interaction and the host-immune response has not yet provided an effective medical therapy or a preventive vaccine. Rather, the management of HPV-induced disease remains rooted to the strategy of repeated local destruction. The physician should work methodically through a series of strategic decisions before committing to a management plan.
Conductivity, chemical equilibria and small polaron in oxide superconductor : YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract An investigation of the structures of the thermal variations of the conductivities, σ(T,δ)'s, and an examination of the chemical equilibria in YBa2Cu3O7−δ indicate the existence of a small polaron in the normal state. The overall structures of σ (T),δ)'s can be analyzed in terms of delocalized and localized (thermally activated) carriers with narrow band tunneling (Fermi energy of order of 10−4 eV) and hopping (activation energy of the order of 10−2eV), respectively. The rapidly increasing σ(T) observed in some cases at low decreasing temperatures corresponds to the heretofore unrecognized narrow band tunneling in the small polaron theory: as a consequence of the chemical equilibria which must be recognized in any mechanism of conductivity in the normal state, thermodynamic equilibria can be associated with small polarons in which charge is transported through the time rate of change in the dipole moments. A precondition for the onset of the superconducting state is the co-existence of the two mechanisms and some relation between their two parameters such as the one derived by Allender, Bray and Bardeen (Phys. Rev. B 7 (1973) 1020). The superconducting state appears to be a bipolaronic state.
A life to remember — Francis Rendel Erskine (“Erskine”) Crossley

• This article is a recollection of the life and times of Professor F.R. Erskine Crossley.
Voxel planes: Rapid visualization and meshification of point cloud ensembles

Conversion of unorganized point clouds to surface reconstructions is increasingly required in the mobile robotics perception processing pipeline, particularly with the rapid adoption of RGB-D (color and depth) image sensors. Many contemporary methods stem from the work in the computer graphics community in order to handle the point clouds generated by tabletop scanners in a batch-like manner. The requirements for mobile robotics are different and include support for real-time processing, incremental update, localization, mapping, path planning, obstacle avoidance, ray-tracing, terrain traversability assessment, grasping/manipulation and visualization for effective human-robot interaction. We carry out a quantitative comparison of Greedy Projection and Marching cubes along with our voxel planes method. The execution speed, error, compression and visualization appearance of these are assessed. Our voxel planes approach first computes the PCA over the points inside a voxel, combining these PCA results across 2×2×2 voxel neighborhoods in a sliding window. Second, the smallest eigenvector and voxel centroid define a plane which is intersected with the voxel to reconstruct the surface patch (3-6 sided convex polygon) within that voxel. By nature of their construction these surface patches tessellate to produce a surface representation of the underlying points. In experiments on public datasets the voxel planes method is 3 times faster than marching cubes, offers 300 times better compression than Greedy Projection, 10 fold lower error than marching cubes whilst allowing incremental map updates.
MuSwikis: a graphical collaboration system

Many collaborative systems use text as the primary modality and only use multimedia via attachments. MuSwikis are a collaboration system where graphics are the primary modality, and text is treated just like any other graphical element. This paper describes the MuSwiki system for the first time, describes a pilot study that was run on MuSwikis, and discusses ideas generated from that study.
Database servers tailored to improve energy efficiency

Database software can be tailored for specific application domains and their required functionality, for specific hardware and its characteristics, or for other purposes. This brief paper collects issues and techniques required or desirable for making a server-class database management system energy-efficient. The opportunities go far beyond cost functions and general performance improvements. Topics include additional layers in the memory hierarchy, I/O optimizations, data format, scheduling, adaptive query plan execution, and self management in novel ways.This paper represents a challenge rather than a solution. Promising approaches and techniques are indicated throughout, but the challenge is to provide tools for building and tailoring experimental database software that enables research into energy-efficient database management.
Beitrag zur Klinik der Querlagen

1. In allen Fallen von Querlage ist genaueste Beckenmessung erforderlich. 2. Die Querlage gehort wegen der hohen kindlichen Mortalitat ihrer Genese (enges Becken) und ihrer Komplikationen (Placenta praevia, Nabelschnur- und Armvorfall) in die Hande nur des gut geschulten Geburtshelfers oder in die Klinik. 3. In der Klinik abwarten, bis die Wendung und die sofort angeschlossene Extraktion aussichtsreich ist, unter Zuhilfenahme der Metreuryse und Lagerung der Kreisenden. 4. Bei Komplikationen mit engem Becken, Placenta praevia oder beiden alsbald abdominale Schnittentbindung.
Totally One-sided: Painless Unilateral Proptosis

PRESENTATION An 88-year-old woman’s startling ophthalmologic symptoms were initially attributed to infection during an outpatient examination. When treatment offered no improvement, she presented to Johns Hopkins Hospital, where she reported progressive left eye swelling of 2 weeks duration. Seven years earlier, she had undergone mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation for breast cancer. Her medical history was also significant for a prior stroke, hypertension, and dementia. Initially, the patient noticed the onset of left-eye redness and swelling; she commented that her eye gradually “popped out.” An outside ophthalmology evaluation resulted in a diagnosis of conjunctivitis, and she was prescribed a regimen of tobramycin/dexamethasone ophthalmic suspension and moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution. Yet, her symptoms persisted. Two days prior to her presentation at the hospital, her son noticed ipsilateral cheek swelling. Given the progression of symptoms and her profoundly compromised appearance, the patient and her son sought further evaluation at the hospital. She did not have fever, chills, sweats, headaches, nausea, or vomiting. In addition, she denied having ocular pain, discharge, or visual compromise. She was admitted to the Osler Medical Service.
Role of Calcium Channel Blocking Agents in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis

Summary. Calcium channel blocking agents, although effective and widely used in the symptomatic therapy of hypertension and ischemic heart disease, have an uncertain effect on the development of coronary atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and postrupture thrombosis. Both nifedipine and nicardipine have been shown to prevent the development of new coronary lesions but not the progression of existing lesions in prospective randomized angiographic studies. Verapamil, in contrast, failed to prevent the development of new coronary lesions and had no significant effect on the progression of existing lesions. Diltiazem, although not studied in patients with coronary atheroscleroses, has been shown to prevent the development of post-transplant coronary vascular disease. Despite the beneficial effects of nifedipine and nicardipine on new coronary lesion development, they have not been shown to reduce the incidence of recurrent ischemic events or mortality in the prospective randomized studies that demonstrated their effect on new coronary lesion development. A relatively new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agent, amlodipine, is hypothesized to prevent atherosclerosis due to its calcium channel blocking properties as well as by mechanisms independent of its calcium channel blocking properties. This agent has been selected for evaluation in the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) to explore whether the use of amlodipine over 3 years will reduce the incidence of early atherosclerotic lesions and, possibly, the progression of existing lesions in both the coronary and carotid arterial beds. Amlodipine could play an important future role in the secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease, but further study and a demonstration of a beneficial effect on recurrent ischemic events is required before any final conclusions concerning its effectiveness are reached. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1995;9:21-24
Costs Associated with Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions Across Hospital‐based Settings

Objectives Ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) are acute care diagnoses that could potentially be prevented through improved primary care. This study investigated how payments and charges for these ACSC visits differ by three hospital-based settings (outpatient, emergency department [ED], and inpatient) and examined differences in payments and charges by their physician and facility components. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data (2005 through 2010) from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess differences in the mean-adjusted payments and charges for ACSC visits by clinical setting and further divided payments and charges into physician and facility components. Results Of all ACSC visits from 2005 through 2010, 41% were outpatient visits, 36% were ED visits, and 23% were hospital admissions. After adjusting for patient demographics and comorbid conditions, charges for an inpatient ACSC visit were four times higher ($11,414 vs. $2,563) and payments were five times higher ($4,325 vs. $859) when compared to an ED visit. By comparison, charges for an ACSC ED visit were two times higher ($2,563 vs. $1,084) and payments 2.5 times higher ($859 vs. $341) relative to an ACSC visit managed in an outpatient hospital-based clinic. Across all clinical settings, hospital facility fees account for 77% to 94% of the charge differences and 81% to 93% of the payment differences. Conclusions For hospital-based ACSC visits, inpatient hospitalizations are by far the most expensive. Finding ways to expand outpatient resources and improve the health management of the chronically ill may avoid conditions that lead to more expensive hospital-based encounters. Across all hospital-based settings, facility fees are the major contributor of expense.
Microbial epitopes act as altered peptide ligands to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Molecular mimicry refers to structural homologies between a self-protein and a microbial protein. A major epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP), p87–99 (VHFFKNIVTPRTP), induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). VHFFK contains the major residues for binding of this self-molecule to T cell receptor (TCR) and to the major histocompatibility complex. Peptides from papilloma virus strains containing the motif VHFFK induce EAE. A peptide from human papilloma virus type 40 (HPV 40) containing VHFFR, and one from HPV 32 containing VHFFH, prevented EAE. A sequence from Bacillus subtilis (RKVVTDFFKNIPQRI) also prevented EAE. T cell lines, producing IL-4 and specific for these microbial peptides, suppressed EAE. Thus, microbial peptides, differing from the core motif of the self-antigen, MBPp87–99, function as altered peptide ligands, and behave as TCR antagonists, in the modulation of autoimmune disease.
Personality and Health Care Decision-Making Style

Using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Graduate Survey (N = 5,830), a population-based cohort of older adults (most aged 63-66 years), we explored relationships between five factors of personality and four preference types that account for multiple components of the health care decision-making process (information exchange, deliberation, and selection of treatment choice). After adjustment for personal, health, social, and economic factors, we found that increased conscientiousness and openness to experience and decreased agreeableness and neuroticism corresponded to preferring the most active decision-making style compared with the least active. A better understanding of how personality traits relate to patient decision-making styles may help clinicians tailor treatment discussions to the needs and preferences of individual patients.
Electron Microscopy Study of Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

Due to their unique electronic and structural properties, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been extensively studied as candidate materials for cold-cathode electron sources [1]. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a promising method for growing well-aligned MWCNTs. We report here the use of electron microscopy techniques to study the morphology and internal structures of nanotubes synthesized by PECVD in comparison to those synthesized by a thermal CVD method.
DISEASE, LIFESTYLE, AND CONSANGUINITY IN 58 AMERICAN GYPSIES

Medical data on 58 Gypsies in the area of Boston, Massachusetts, were analysed together with a pedigree linking 39 of them in a large extended kindred. Hypertension was found in 73%, diabetes in 46%, hypertriglyceridaemia in 80%, hypercholesterolaemia in 67%, occlusive vascular disease in 39%, and chronic renal insufficiency in 20%. 86% smoked cigarettes and 84% were obese. Thirteen of twenty-one marriages were consanguineous, yielding an inbreeding coefficient of 0.017. The analysis suggests that both heredity and environment influence the striking pattern of vascular disease in American Gypsies.
Patterns of Distribution and Environmental Correlates of Macroalgal Assemblages and Sediment Chlorophyll A in Oregon Tidal Wetlands.

Algae have important functional roles in estuarine wetlands. We quantified differences in macroalgal abundance, composition and diversity, and sediment chl a and pheophytin a (pheo a) among three National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) emergent marsh classes in four Oregon estuaries spanning a range of riverine to marine dominance. We also assessed the strength of macroalgal-vascular plant associations and the degree to which environmental variables correlated with algal community metrics in marsh and woody wetlands. The frequency of occurrence of most macroalgal genera, total benthic macroalgal cover, macroalgal diversity, and sediment chl a content were several times higher in low emergent marsh than in high marsh or palustrine tidal marsh. Conversely, pheo a: chl a ratios were highest in high and palustrine marsh. Attached macroalgae (Fucus and Vaucheria) were strongly associated with plants common at lower tidal elevations such as Sarcocornia perennis and Jaumea carnosa; Ulva (an unattached alga) was not strongly associated with any common low marsh plants. In structural equation models, intertidal elevation was the most influential predictor of macroalgal cover and richness and chl a; light availability and soil salinity played secondary roles. Although common taxa such as Ulva spp. occurred across a broad range of salinities, wetlands with oligohaline soils (salinity < 5) had the lowest macroalgal diversity and lower sediment chl a. These types of baseline data on algal distributions are critical for evaluating the structural and functional impacts of future changes to coastal estuaries including sea-level rise (SLR), altered salinity dynamics, and habitat modification.
Generalization Dynamics in LMS Trained Linear Networks

For a simple linear case, a mathematical analysis of the training and generalization (validation) performance of networks trained by gradient descent on a Least Mean Square cost function is provided as a function of the learning parameters and of the statistics of the training data base. The analysis predicts that generalization error dynamics are very dependent on a priori initial weights. In particular, the generalization error might sometimes weave within a computable range during extended training. In some cases, the analysis provides bounds on the optimal number of training cycles for minimal validation error. For a speech labeling task, predicted weaving effects were qualitatively tested and observed by computer simulations in networks trained by the linear and non-linear back-propagation algorithm.
The Moral Economy Is a Double-edged Sword: Explaining Farmers’ Earnings and Self-exploitation in Community-Supported Agriculture

AbstractIn this article I develop a political economic understanding of community-supported agriculture (CSA). I first develop the relevance of three concepts—economic rents, self-exploitation, and social embeddedness—to CSA and then introduce a framework that relates CSA farmers’ earnings to the average rate of profit, economic rents, and self-exploitation. I then examine qualitative and quantitative data from a study of 54 CSAs in California’s Central Valley and surrounding foothills to explain the wide range of farmers’ earnings in relation to the characteristics of production of CSAs, the social embeddedness of CSAs, and the farmers’ motivations and rationalities. Qualitative data from interviews are used to interpret the results of an ordinary least squares regression analysis showing that (1) farmers’ age, number of employees, and type of CSA strongly shape farmers’ earnings; (2) the moral economy of CSA cuts both ways economically, allowing for the capture of economic rents but more often resulting...
Really visual temporal reasoning

Real-Time Future Interval Logic (RTFIL) is a visual logic with formulae that resemble timing diagrams. It is a dense real-time temporal logic that is based on two simple temporal primitives: interval modalities for the purely qualitative part and duration predicates for the quantitative part. We present the logic, and illustrate its use in specifying the railroad crossing example and in proving some of its properties. The logic is decidable by reduction to the emptiness problem of Timed Buchi Automata. An automated theorem prover based on this decision procedure has been implemented as part of a graphical proof environment. The proofs of the railroad crossing example have been verified using this theorem prover. An automated theorem prover and a graphical specification language greatly facilitate the task of verifying real-time proofs. This convenience apart, RTFIL is invariant under real-time stuttering and does not admit instantaneous states. These properties facilitate proof methods based on abstraction and refinement. >
Chapter 7. METI and Industrial Policy in Japan: Change and Continuity

This chapter takes up the question of how Japan's industrial policy evolved in the 1990s in response to a changing domestic and global environment. In particular, it focuses on the policy of the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI), formerly the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). This chapter argues that there were elements of both continuity and change, and that these can be understood in terms of a strategy of permeable insulation similar to the other areas discussed in this book. On one hand, METI branched out in new directions in the direction of greater permeability. On the other hand, many "insulative" policies remained.
Parallel performance prediction using lost cycles analysis

Most performance debugging and tuning of parallel programs is based on the "measure-modify" approach, which is heavily dependent on detailed measurements of programs during execution. This approach is extremely time-consuming and does not lend itself to predicting performance under varying conditions. Analytic modeling and scalability analysis provide predictive power, but are not widely used in practice, due primarily to their emphasis on asymptotic behavior and the difficulty of developing accurate models that work for real-world programs. In this paper we describe a set of tools for performance tuning of parallel programs that bridges this gap between measurement and modeling.Our approach is based on lost cycles analysis, which involves measurement and modeling of all sources of overhead in a parallel program. We first describe a tool for measuring overheads in parallel programs that we have incorporated into the runtime environment for Fortran programs on the Kendall Square KSR1. We then describe a tool that fits these overhead measurements to analytic forms. We illustrate the use of these tools by analyzing the performance tradeoffs among parallel implementations of 2D FFT. These examples show how our tools enable programmers to develop accurate performance models of parallel applications without requiring extensive performance modeling expertise.
A unified impulse response model for DCE-MRI

We describe the gamma capillary transit time model, a generalized impulse response model for DCE-MRI that mathematically unifies the Tofts-Kety, extended Tofts-Kety, adiabatic tissue homogeneity, and two-compartment exchange models. By including a parameter (α−1) representing the width of the distribution of capillary transit times within a tissue voxel, the GCTT model discriminates tissues having relatively monodisperse transit time distributions from those having a large degree of heterogeneity. All five models were compared using in vivo data acquired in three brain tumors (one glioblastoma multiforme, one pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and one anaplastic meningioma) and Monte Carlo simulations. Our principal findings are : (1) The four most commonly used models for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be unified within a single formalism. (2) Application of the GCTT model to in vivo data incurs only modest penalties in parameter uncertainty and computational cost. (3) Measured nonparametric impulse response functions in human brain tumors are well described by the GCTT model. (4) Estimation of α−1 is feasible but achieving statistical significance requires higher SNR than is typically obtained in single voxel dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging data. These results suggest that the GCTT model may be useful for extraction of information about tumor physiology beyond what is obtained using current modeling methodologies. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of brain injury on choice and sensitivity to remote consequences: deficits in discriminating response-consequence relations.

Primary objective : One characteristic of some decision-making deficits is a failure to respond adaptively to consequences that follow choices. This investigation examined the sensitivity of choice to remote consequences with a high overall reinforcement rate and proximal consequences with a low overall reinforcement rate. Methods : Three control and three subjects with brain injury made repeated choices between two reinforcement schedules: a fixed time schedule (FT) that delayed reinforcement by 12 seconds, and a progressive time schedule (PT) that progressively increased reinforcement delay by 2 seconds with each consecutive choice and reset to 0 seconds with each choice of the fixed schedule. Switching to the FT schedule at PT 6 seconds maximized overall reinforcement rate. Results : Subjects with brain injury were less sensitive to contingencies and earned less reinforcement relative to controls because switching occurred at lengthy PT delays (delays far exceeding 6 seconds). Conclusions : Some defici...
Biological implication of conformational flexibility in ouabain: observations with two ouabain phosphate isomers.

Ouabain is a highly polar and unusually potent sodium pump inhibitor that possesses uncommon conformational flexibility in its steroid A-ring moiety. The biological significance of ring flection in the cardiotonic steroids has not been described. Accordingly, we prepared ouabain 1,5,19- and 1,11,19-phosphates. The former stabilizes the steroid A-ring chair conformation and the latter locks the A-ring in the half-boat conformation and decreases flection of the ABC-ring moiety. Using a dog kidney cell line (MDCK) in a pH microphysiometer (Cytosensor), ouabain and its 1,5,19-phosphate at 10-5 M reduced the rate of extracellular acidification by 15−20%. During inhibitor washout, the rate of recovery from the 1,5,19-phosphate analogue was ∼3 times faster than ouabain. The 1,11,19-phosphate at 10-4 M elicited a weak (∼7%) response, and the effects reversed ∼44-fold faster than ouabain. Studies with purified Na+,K+-ATPase showed that ouabain and its 1,5,19-phosphate analogue were of similar efficacy (EC50 = 1.1 ...
Understanding the rhythm of breathing: so near yet so far

Breathing is an essential behavior that presents a unique opportunity to understand how the nervous system functions normally, how it balances inherent robustness with a highly regulated lability, how it adapts to both rapidly and slowly changing conditions, and how particular dysfunctions result in disease. We focus on recent advancements related to two essential sites for respiratory rhythmogenesis: (a) the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC) as the site for the generation of inspiratory rhythm and (b) the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) as the site for the generation of active expiration.
Embolization techniques in the treatment of vascular lesions involving the cavernous sinus

It is interesting to see that the treatment alternatives that we offer to patients suffering from carotid cavernous fistula or cavernous aneurysm greatly depend on our background. The neurosurgeon who has great experience in the surgical approach of the cavernous sinus will offer surgical techniques. The neuroradiologist who has experience with superselective catheterization of cerebral vessels will offer endovascular techniques with balloon catheter. From which technique does the patient benefit the most? Rather than considering that these two different therapeutic approaches are in conflict with each other, it is probably more positive to consider which is most appropriate to use in each particular case, to compare the overall results of each. In fact, it should be a team effort between neurosurgeon and neuroradiologist, and it is already proven that a certain number of these cases can be treated by association of surgical exposure and embolization techniques.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ESTIMATING EFFECTS WITH LARGE-SCALE EDUCATION DATA SETS

School leaders and policy makers are often faced with serious challenges when determining the allocation of scarce resources for specific programs and practices. These decisions, typically made at the district, state or federal level, have become increasingly reliant on scientifically-based evidence that can inform what programs work, for whom, and under what conditions. To answer these questions researchers draw on a variety of methodological designs and statistical techniques to make robust inferences regarding the effect of relatively recent or existing programs and/or practices. The science of estimating effects has grown considerably over the past decade, aided in part by the availability of large-scale data sets that make it possible to simulate near-experimental conditions without employing traditional methods that require randomization of units (e.g., students, schools, districts) to treatment and control situations. These methods are particularly useful especially where randomization of subjects is not feasible. This article examines the opportunities and potential statistical problems when estimating effects with large-scale data sets for education policy and research.
Investor Cooperative Choice Exercise

An investment club must decide how to invest funds jointly when the two members have different risk aversions. The utility of investment taken from the risk/return frontier is evaluated, and additive utility, Nash bargaining, and MaxMin utility are compared.
Oxygen diffusion in rutile from 750 to 1000 degrees C and 0.1 to 1000 MPa

Oxygen self-diffusion in rutile was studied in synthetic and natural samples over the temperature range 750 to 1000 degrees C and the pressure range 0.1 to 1000 MPa using an 18 O-enriched source. Most experiments investigated the dependence of D on temperature, water pressure, crystallographic direction, and experiment duration. A few experiments investigated the dependence of D on F O2 and confining pressure. The uptake profiles of 18 O in experimental products were measured by nuclear reaction analysis using the reaction 18 O(p,alpha ) 15 N. Two mechanisms are responsible for O diffusion in rutile, and one is faster than the other by about an order of magnitude. O that diffuses by the faster mechanism is described by the diffusion law: D(c) = 4.7X10 (super -7) exp(-258+ or -22X10 3 /RT) D 0 in m 2 /s; E A in J/mol: T in K. Diffusion by the slower mechanism is described by this law: D(c) = 5.9X10 (super -5) exp(-330+ or -15X10 3 /RT) D 0 in m 2 /s; E A in J/mol: T in K. Oxygen fugacity in itself does not affect D at fugacities between 1 atm and Ni-NiO. However, the presence or absence of water during reduction does affect the diffusion behavior. When water is absent during rutile growth and/or subsequent reduction, only the faster mechanism operates, and when water is present during growth or reduction, both mechanisms operate simultaneously, though the contribution from the slow mechanism dominates that of the fast mechanism. Because few geologic environments are truly dry, the slower law should generally be used for modeling O diffusion for rutile in nature. Comparison with other studies of rutile suggests that migration of O vacancies is the mechanism responsible for the faster diffusion law whereas migration of Ti interstitials is responsible for the slower diffusion law. Oxygen diffusion in rutile is slower perpendicular to the c axis than parallel to that axis by about half an order of magnitude. There is no perceptible effect of confining pressure on D below 100 MPa, or between 600 and 1000 MPa. However, between 100 and 600 MPa, D decreases by nearly an order of magnitude. Closure temperatures for O diffusion in rutile are high--650 degrees C for a crystal with a 100 mu m radius and a 10 degrees C/Ma cooling rate. Rutile is retentive of its O isotopic composition. A crystal with a 100 mu m radius will retain its initial core composition for just over 10 million years at 600 degrees C.
Nanotexturing in Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes for Enhanced Light Extraction

We discuss the use of nanotextured surfaces to increase the light extraction efficiency of ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs). Design approaches, fabrication processes and challenges, and initial experimental results are discussed.
Rates of Reaction of Atomic Oxygen III. Spiropentane, Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane, and Cycloheptane.

Rate constants have been measured from 307 to 652 K for the reactions of atomic oxygen (O3P) with spiropentane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cycloheptane. The derived Arrhenius parameters are k(sp - C5H8) = 1013.60±0.10 exp[(-2890 ± 100)/T], k(cy - C5H10) = 1014.10±0.09 exp[(-2210 ± 100)/T], k(cy - C6H12) = 1014.35±0.09 exp[(-2350 ± 100)/T], and (cy - C7H14) = 1014.46±0.13 exp[(-2230 ± 100)/T] all in units of cm3 mol-1 s-1.
Engineering analysis of penile hemodynamic and structural-dynamic relationships: Part II--Clinical implications of penile buckling.

Engineering analysis of penile hemodynamic and structural-dynamic relationships: Part II—Clinical implications of penile buckling
Comprehensive Evaluation of Distributed Generation Planning Scheme

To evaluate distributed generation planning scheme overall and effectively,a multi-attribute decision based comprehensive method to evaluate distributed generation planning scheme is proposed,and based on actual case of distributed generation planning scheme,concrete steps of the proposed method are presented in detail.A complete index system for evaluation of distributed generation is established,and interaction among factors belonging to different hierarchies is analyzed.Fussy analytical hierarchy process is led in to perform comprehensive quantified analysis on the indices and the weights of these indices are determined.Comprehensive evaluation of three microgrid schemes in actual cases is conducted and reasonable analysis results are attained,thus the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method that might be conductive to the decision of distributed generation planning schemes are verified.
Every animation should have a beginning, a middle, and an end: a case study of using a functor-based animation language

Animations are sequences of still images chained together to tell a story. Every story should have a beginning, a middle, and an end. We argue that this advice leads to a simple and useful idiom for creating an animation Domain Specific Language (DSL). We introduce our animation DSL, and show how it captures the concept of beginning, middle, and end inside a Haskell applicative functor we call Active. We have an implementation of our DSL inside the image generation accelerator, ChalkBoard, and we use our DSL on an extended example, animating a visual demonstration of the Pythagorean Theorem.
College students’ views of creative process instruction across disciplines

Abstract Learning about the “creative process” helps students as they undertake creative activities within a discipline. Instruction about how to create may involve a variety of pedagogical approaches across disciplines. Our study documents how college students learn about creative process through a study of their reported course experiences. We surveyed over 450 university students in nineteen different courses across five different disciplines: the Arts, Education, Engineering, Humanities, and Social Sciences. We focused on students' perceptions of their educational experiences, the perceived contributions of specific pedagogical components, and their assessment of the course's impact on their own creative development. We performed both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the students' reports. The main finding was a high degree of commonality in students' perceptions of effective learning experiences across disciplines. Common themes included open-ended projects, practice on exercises, and instructor feedback. Analyses revealed a greater perceived impact of instruction in the humanities, social sciences, and the arts compared to engineering and education. The results of the study document the qualities of learning experiences in university classrooms during creative process instruction. Suggested improvements of pedagogy include building a repertoire of successful works within a field, and self-reflection about the creative process.
Spatial and temporal patterns of toadfish and black drum chorusing activity in the South Atlantic Bight

Many fish species produce sounds as a part of their reproductive behavior. Using passive acoustic recording approaches, these sounds can be used to document temporal and spatial patterns of reproductive activity of fish populations. We conducted an 11-month passive acoustic survey at three different locations off the coasts of Georgia (40 km north of Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary) and North Carolina (Onslow Bay) to understand the spawning phenology of two species of acoustically active fishes: black drum (Pogonias cromis) and toadfish (Opsanus sp.). Due to the depth of the recording locations, we could not confirm whether the toadfish calls were produced by O. tau, or another Opsanus species. Both taxa have readily identifiable, distinct sounds. Chorusing sounds from both species were detected at all three Georgia sites and at two of the three North Carolina locations; chorusing duration of both species was greater in Georgia. The onset and duration of chorusing activity for both species was correlated with water temperature. The abundance of calls of these two species from field recordings further demonstrates the value of long-term passive acoustic surveys for understanding the reproductive seasonality of acoustically active fish species.
Depletion of TDP-43 decreases fibril and plaque β-amyloid and exacerbates neurodegeneration in an Alzheimer’s mouse model

TDP-43 proteinopathy, initially associated with ALS and FTD, is also found in 30–60% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases and correlates with worsened cognition and neurodegeneration. A major component of this proteinopathy is depletion of this RNA-binding protein from the nucleus, which compromises repression of non-conserved cryptic exons in neurodegenerative diseases. To test whether nuclear depletion of TDP-43 may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD cases with TDP-43 proteinopathy, we examined the impact of depletion of TDP-43 in populations of neurons vulnerable in AD, and on neurodegeneration in an AD-linked context. Here, we show that some populations of pyramidal neurons that are selectively vulnerable in AD are also vulnerable to TDP-43 depletion in mice, while other forebrain neurons appear spared. Moreover, TDP-43 depletion in forebrain neurons of an AD mouse model exacerbates neurodegeneration, and correlates with increased prefibrillar oligomeric Aβ and decreased Aβ plaque burden. These findings support a role for nuclear depletion of TDP-43 in the pathogenesis of AD and provide strong rationale for developing novel therapeutics to alleviate the depletion of TDP-43 and functional antemortem biomarkers associated with its nuclear loss.
Post-observation conferences with bilingual pre-service teachers: revoicing and rehearsing

ABSTRACTPre-service teachers need support in developing their teacher identities as they navigate the uncertain and complex terrain of student teaching and face the pressures of high-stakes accountability. This support is particularly important for bilingual pre-service teachers as they negotiate the many complexities of the bilingual classroom, and as their emergent bilingual students often encounter hostile and subtractive school environments, brought to the fore in this post-election moment. Previous research has shown that critical reflective spaces like those found in post-observation conferences are helpful, but few studies have examined the nature of these interactions. In this multicase study of three Latinx bilingual pre-service teachers in early childhood student teaching placements in one urban district in Texas, we, in our dual role as researchers and university facilitators, utilized a Bakhtinian framework to conduct a qualitative discourse analysis of post-observation conferences during the ...
Live fate-mapping of joint-associated fibroblasts visualizes expansion of cell contributions during zebrafish fin regeneration.

The blastema is a mass of progenitor cells responsible for regeneration of amputated salamander limbs and fish fins. Previous studies have indicated that resident cell sources producing the blastema contribute lineage-restricted progeny to regenerating tissue. However, these studies have labeled general cell types rather than granular cell subpopulations, and they do not explain the developmental transitions that must occur for distal structures to arise from cells with proximal identities in the appendage stump. Here, we find that regulatory sequences of tph1b, which encodes an enzyme that synthesizes serotonin, mark a subpopulation of fibroblast-like cells restricted to the joints of uninjured adult zebrafish fins. Amputation stimulates serotonin production in regenerating fin fibroblasts, yet targeted tph1b mutations abrogating this response do not disrupt fin regeneration. In uninjured animals, tph1b-expressing cells contribute fibroblast progeny that remain restricted to joints throughout life. By contrast, upon amputation, tph1b+ joint cells give rise to fibroblasts that distribute across the entire lengths of regenerating fin rays. Our experiments visualize and quantify how incorporation into an appendage blastema broadens the progeny contributions of a cellular subpopulation that normally has proximodistal restrictions.