cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic studies of papain: Effect of P3′ substituents and donor/acceptor pairs of intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic substrates

Two series of intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic oligopeptide substrates with the general sequences DABCYL-Lys-Phe-Gly-Gly-Ala-Xxx-EDANS and Abz-Lys-Phe-Gly-Gly-Ala-Xxx-Tyr(m-NO2)-NH2 have been used to explore the effect of P3′ substituents and donor/acceptor pairs on the kinetic parameters for papain-catalyzed hydrolysis. The steady-state constants are moderately affected by amino acid or fluorophore/quencher replacement. No correlation between the hydrophobicity of the P3′ substituent and the kinetic parameters was found.
Improving the admissibility screen : Evaluating test statistics on the basis of p-values rather than power

The admissibility of testing procedures is examined when the loss function used is an increasing function of the p-value rather than the standard 0–1 loss. It is shown that the class of admissible procedures using the new approach is a subset of the class of admissible procedures using the 0–1 loss.
Laser office ventilation of ears with insertion of tubes.

Abstract Objective: Myringotomy with insertion of pressure equalization tubes has proven to be extremely effective in treating persistent serous otitis media (SOM). This study compares the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure when performed in the operating room or with a laser in an office setting. Patients and Methods: Patients selected either traditional myringotomy and tube (MT n = 29) done in an operating room under general anesthesia or Laser Office Ventilation of Ears with Insertion of Tubes (LOVE IT; n = 35) done in an office setting with only topical anesthesia. The reasons for selecting either MT127:60-66.)
Current Algebra and Conformal Discrete Series

Abstract We describe a large class of two-dimensional conformal field theories based on a current algebra construction of Virasoro representations due to Goddard, Kent, and Olive. The basic tool is a generalization of the Feigin-Fuchs representation. All the theories are organized by chiral algebras, the simplest examples being the Virasoro and super-Virasoro algebras.
Surfactant Protein A in Fetal Rats With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Concentrations of disaturated phosphatidylcholine and surfactant protein A(SP-A) in amniotic fluid (AF) of pregnancies with fetuses that have congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are decreased (Am J OB Gyn 173, 1995). However, it is not well established if these abnormalities reflect alterations of fetal lung development or variations in the amount of AF. To distinguish between these possibilities we determined SP-A in fetal lungs from rats between 19-21 days of gestation (term=22 days), with or without CDH produced by maternal ingestion of the herbicide Nitrofen, and in the lungs of a control group of fetuses not exposed to Nitrofen. Using immunohistochemistry with an anti-human SP-A polyclonal antibody, SP-A was not detected in any fetal lung on day 19 of gestation. At 21 days of gestation there was abundant SP-A which appeared to be decreased in the air spaces of fetuses with CDH compared with fetuses without CDH or those not exposed to Nitrofen. To confirm these findings we used the same antibody for Western Blotting. A small amount of SP-A could be detected in the fetal lungs of the three groups without differences between them. At 21 days of gestation a marked decreased of SP-A was found in lungs from fetuses with CDH compared with the other groups (p<0.05 by ANOVA). Nonetheless, no differences were found between groups in the levels of mRNA for SP-A using a cDNA for human SP-A. These findings suggest that in rat fetuses with CDH there is decreased production of SP-A at post-translational levels. This abnormality probably explains the lower AF concentrations of SP-A found in human fetuses with CDH.
Developments in Demographics in Selected Caribbean Countries

This paper examines demographic transitions in selected Caribbean countries and considers the difficult challenges faced by developing countries. In the 21st century, the global population will undergo a major demographic transition. Two asynchronous factors are creating this transformation. First, higher incomes and improved health result in increased life expectancy and reduced infant mortality rates. A second change is from lower fertility rates and a general slowing of the population growth rates. The pace at which these two demographic transformations occur, combined with the aging BabyYBoomer generation, are expected to cause shifts in the overall age of the global population and its age structure. Using UN data, the expected demographic changes in Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago are compared to the transitions in the United States and Japan. The predicted transition timetable is much later for these developing countries. Fertility rates in developed countries declined decades ago, while rates have only recently fallen in these developing countries. The upsurge in the elderly is already occurring in Japan and will soon follow in the United States. Developing countries are continuing to increase their working populations, and population aging with its severe financial burden will not occur until later in the century. (JEL J11, O54) International Advances in Economic Research (2006) 12:432 * IAES 2006 DOI: 10.1007/s11294-006-9036-0
Circular dichroic and kinetic differentiation of DNA binding modes of distamycin.

DNA binding modes of distamycin (DST) were investigated via comparative binding studies with oligomeric duplexes of the form d(GCG-X-GCG).d(CGC-Y-CGC), where Y is complementary to X and X = 4- or 5-base binding site. It was found that 1:1 and 2:1 drug-duplex complexes exhibit distinctly different circular dichroic (CD) spectral characteristics and can, thus, serve as diagnostic tools for binding mode differentiation. CD intensity profiles at 265 or 275 nm as a function of drug to DNA ratios can reveal the extent of binding cooperativity for 2:1 complex formation (i.e., the relative binding affinities of 2:1 vs 1:1) at a 5-base-paired binding site. Comparison of these profiles leads to the following qualitative ranking for the binding cooperativity for the studied sites: AAGTT, ATATA >/= AAACT > AATAA, AAATA, AAAGT > AATAT > TAAAA >/= AAATT >/= AAAAA >/= ATAAA, AAAAT. The plausibility of this ordering is strengthened by its agreement with the ranking established by earlier NMR studies on some of the sequences. The significantly slower DST dissociation kinetics of the 2:1 complexes as compared to those of 1:1 made the kinetic measurements of SDS-induced dissociation by the stopped-flow technique possible. The results indicate that the AAGTT site exhibits the slowest DST dissociation rate, with a characteristic time of 35 s. The rates of dissociation in general correlate reasonably well with the cooperativity order found via equilibrium CD measurements (the higher the binding cooperativity, the slower the rate of dissociation). Base sequence specific binding of DST was also found for the 1:1 complex formation at the 4-base-paired sites, with AAAA, TTTT, ATTT, and AAAT sequences exhibiting the highest binding affinities.
Anti-salivary antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Earlier studies have described an antibody that recognized salivary ductal epithelium in sera from 15-50% of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome; however, the specific salivary antigen in those studies was not identified. The present study further investigated this unknown salivary antigen. Twenty-nine of 31 patients (94%) with primary Sjogren's syndrome demonstrated IgG antinuclear antibodies that bound to an epithelial cell line with ductal characteristics derived from a human salivary gland. Seventy-seven percent of these patients had serum antibodies that bound to ductal cells of normal human parotid tissue after formalin fixation. Western blots of cell extracts, immunofluorescence, and adsorption studies indicated that SS-A/Ro and SS-B/La were the antigens recognized in the salivary cell line. The pattern of fluorescence seen when anti-SS-B/La bound to normal parotid tissue was identical to the fluorescence pattern of the anti-salivary ductal antibodies described in earlier literature.
The reaction of xanthine oxidase with aldehydic products of lipid peroxidation

A quantitative structure-activity relationship for the reaction of xanthine oxidase with a homologous series of alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes, which are known to be products of lipid peroxidation, was investigated. Aldehydes in the series 2-butenal through 2-nonenal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, displayed differential reactivity toward xanthine oxidase as measured by production of the superoxide radical anion. Kinetic parameters for the rate of superoxide production and substrate affinity were determined via the superoxide dismutase-sensitive reduction of cytochrome c. Trends in kinetic parameters as a function of carbon number for the series of trans-2-enals was consistent with a dependence on substrate hydrophobicity. Log kw', a hydrophobicity constant widely employed as a model for the octanol/water partition coefficient, was determined by reversed phase liquid chromatography for the alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes in this study. Linear relationships for the correlation of substrate binding (pKm) and efficiency of superoxide production (log kcat/Km) with substrate hydrophobicity (log kw') were found. The mode of inhibition of xanthine oxidation by 2-butenal is shown to be noncompetitive, suggesting distinct binding sites for purine and aldehydic substrates. It is suggested that the reaction of xanthine oxidase with unsaturated aldehydes could be an important route of amplification of oxidative damage in cells.
The pattern of utilization of respiratory metabolic intermediates by preimplantation rabbit embryos in vitro.

Abstract Rabbit embryos, recovered from the mother on any of days 1 through 7 post coitum , were cultured in different media containing a single respiratory metabolic intermediate. Their ability to grow in vitro for 12 or 24 hr was considered evidence that they were utilizing the particular energy source. Most of the intermediates will support growth of blastocysts but the initial cleavage stages will only grow in the presence of pyruvate, phosphoenol pyruvate, or lactate. From these results it is concluded that the citric acid cycle is functional in the earliest stages but that the Embden-Meyerhof pathway does not appear until several days later. The pentose shunt might be utilized by day-2 ova but not earlier ones.
Recall in consumer search

Abstract This paper experimentally examines individual decision making in a sequential search environment. When consumers sequentially search for the lowest price from a known distribution of prices, theory suggests that decisions will be based on a comparison of the marginal cost of an additional search and the expected return from that search. Additionally, in a finite time horizon model, it is possible that individuals may choose to return to a price previously rejected (exercise recall). The data are used to determine if individuals do exercise recall, the extent to which that option is chosen, and to determine if the use of recall is dependent on the cost of search.
THE ACTION OF PITUITRIN, ESTRADIOL1 AND PROGESTERONE ON THE HUMAN UTERUS IN VIVO2

Investigators are constantly presented with the problem whether physiological responses obtained in one species are directly applicable to another. The impression is current that minor variations in response occur in different species, but that the broader generalized reactions are usually applicable from one species to another. In the following discussion we shall present observations that such generalized principles, when applied to certain phases of the physiology of reproduction, are not directly transferable from the rabbit to the human. The work of Knaus (1), Reynolds and Allen (2, 3), and Corner (4) has established the following facts demonstrating the hormonal control of the rabbit uterus in vivo. 1) Estrone is necessary for the initiation and maintenance of rhythmic motility of the normal uterus. 2) The rabbit uterus is refractory to pituitrin when under the influence of a functioning corpus luteum (in pregnancy or pseudopregnancy). 3) Crude corpus luteum extracts and crystalline progesterone inh...
Novel approaches for high-efficiency InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes: device physics and epitaxy engineering

The challenges and approaches for high-efficiency InGaN quantum wells (QWs) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are presented. The studies include designs, growths, and device characteristics of 1) InGaN-based QWs LEDs with enhanced matrix element for realizing green-emitting LEDs with high internal quantum efficiency, and 2) InGaN QW LEDs device structure with lattice-matched AlInN-barrier to suppress efficiency-droop in nitride LEDs. Other approaches to improve the efficiency of the nitride LEDs will be discussed as follow: 1) surface plasmon LEDs, 2) new growth approach for dislocation density reduction in GaN, and 3) novel approaches for light extraction efficiency improvement of III-Nitride LEDs.
Young Chinese Consumers’ Snob and Bandwagon Luxury Consumption Preferences

ABSTRACT Recognizing the purchasing power of Chinese shoppers in the global luxury market, this study explores the luxury-brand preferences of a unique transnational consumer community of young, cosmopolitan Chinese consumers. Specifically, the effects of Chinese consumers’ American and Chinese cultural identifications on their snob and bandwagon luxury-brand preferences are examined. The mediating effects of bridging and bonding social capital, consumer susceptibility to normative influence, and consumer need for uniqueness are also considered. Study findings advance existing theoretical understanding of luxury consumption and provide managerial implications for international luxury branding.
Conformational transitions and stop-and-go nanopore transport of single-stranded DNA on charged graphene

Control over interactions with biomolecules holds the key to applications of graphene in biotechnology. One such application is nanopore sequencing, where a DNA molecule is electrophoretically driven through a graphene nanopore. Here we investigate how interactions of single-stranded DNA and a graphene membrane can be controlled by electrically biasing the membrane. The results of our molecular dynamics simulations suggest that electric charge on graphene can force a DNA homopolymer to adopt a range of strikingly different conformations. The conformational response is sensitive to even very subtle nucleotide modifications, such as DNA methylation. The speed of DNA motion through a graphene nanopore is strongly affected by the graphene charge: a positive charge accelerates the motion, whereas a negative charge arrests it. As a possible application of the effect, we demonstrate stop-and-go transport of DNA controlled by the charge of graphene. Such on-demand transport of DNA is essential for realizing nanopore sequencing.
New Zealand perceptions of America: The teaching of American history/American studies in New Zealand universities

Abstract New Zealand perceptions of the United States and Americans come from several sources. World War II views of the United States as the savior of that country began to change in the Vietnam War era and have worsened in the 1980s over the Nuclear ship controversy. The author has probed the teaching og United States History/ American Studies for evidence of the current state of New Zealand perceptions among university professors and their students. He contends that the teaching of United States history in New Zealand both reflects and molds attitudes about America and Americans. Study of America is popular among students. Their media-dominated views are usually changed by academic study of the states. There is evidence of differing views of America among New Zealand generations. The author maintains that study of the United States is neglected in New Zealand.
The Rich Get Richer: Brain Injury Elicits Hyperconnectivity in Core Subnetworks

There remains much unknown about how large-scale neural networks accommodate neurological disruption, such as moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). A primary goal in this study was to examine the alterations in network topology occurring during the first year of recovery following TBI. To do so we examined 21 individuals with moderate and severe TBI at 3 and 6 months after resolution of posttraumatic amnesia and 15 age- and education-matched healthy adults using functional MRI and graph theoretical analyses. There were two central hypotheses in this study: 1) physical disruption results in increased functional connectivity, or hyperconnectivity, and 2) hyperconnectivity occurs in regions typically observed to be the most highly connected cortical hubs, or the “rich club”. The current findings generally support the hyperconnectivity hypothesis showing that during the first year of recovery after TBI, neural networks show increased connectivity, and this change is disproportionately represented in brain regions belonging to the brain's core subnetworks. The selective increases in connectivity observed here are consistent with the preferential attachment model underlying scale-free network development. This study is the largest of its kind and provides the unique opportunity to examine how neural systems adapt to significant neurological disruption during the first year after injury.
Experiences of homeless people in the health care delivery system: a descriptive phenomenological study.

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this research is to understand the experiences of homeless people with the health care system. Design: A descriptive Phenomenological research design is used. Phenomenology is the philosophical underpinning of this research. Sample: The purposive sample consists of 15 homeless adults. Method: Interviews were conducted, tape-recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed the transcripts using Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. Results: 4 major themes emerged: (1) living without essential resources compromises health; (2) putting off health care until a crisis arises; (3) encountering barriers to receiving health care to include (a) social triage, (b) feeling labeled and stigmatized, (c) a nonsystem for health care for the homeless, (d) being treated with disrespect, and (e) feeling invisible to health care providers; and (4) developing underground resourcefulness. Conclusions and Implications: Although homeless persons articulated many problems in the health care system encounters, they also described their own resourcefulness and the strategies they employ to manage being marginalized by society and the health care system. An increased understanding of health care experiences from the homeless persons' perspective can guide public health nursing emancipatory actions.
Field Independence in Concept Attainment

Concept-attainment tasks in which the stimulus materials are composed of several perceptual attributes appear to require differentiation of the stimulus complex or the cognitive capacity of field i...
Which comes first in food-mood relationships, foods or moods?

Abstract College students (n = 44) completed seven-day records of foods and moods. Nutritionist™ software measured daily nutrition scores including calories, carbohydrates, saturated fat, and sodium. Hierarchical stepwise multiple regression (controlling for gender, restrained eating) revealed that nutrition scores were more consistently associated with negative moods than positive moods, and with moods across a two-day span rather than a one-day span as typically studied in past research. The more calories, saturated fat, and sodium consumed by the students, the more negative mood they reported 2 days later. Results suggest that foods come first in the temporal sequence of food–mood relationships.
Attitudes toward aging portrayed by birthday cards

In this article, contemporary attitudes toward the aged inferred from an analysis of birthday greeting cards which are divided into six thematic categories. Overall, the attitudes appear to be negative supporting previous studies that analyzed attitudes toward the aged found in joke anthologies. The question is raised whether this kind of humor is being used defensively to counteract age anxiety by exaggerating age-related deficits to create a psychological distance, or whether, in fact, it reflects a healthy adaptation to a difficult truth.
How much processing do nonattended stimuli receive? Apparently very little, but....

The early versus late selection issue in attention models was examined by means of a new method­ ology. Through cues or precues, attention was directed to one location of a multistimulus visual display and, while attention was so engaged, the identity of a stimulus located at a different po­ sition in the display was changed. By varying the time after display onset before the stimulus was changed, we controlled the preview time that the original stimulus was represented on the retina. Then, using a marker cue, we directed the subject's attention to the location of the changed stimulus. The subject's response was a timed discrimination between two possible target letters. The data of main interest was the effect of preview time upon the subject's latency in identifying the new target that appeared in the changed location. We found that the preview time of the original stimulus, before RT was affected to the new target, depended upon whether the original stimulus was a neutral (noise) letter or whether it was the alternative target. When the original stimulus was a noise letter, RTs to the new target were just as fast as those obtained in the con­ trol condition in which the target was present throughout the preview interval and did not change its identity. Significant effects upon RT were obtained at preview times of 83 msec when the origi­ nal stimulus was one of the targets that changed to the alternative target. Preview times also varied as a function of precuing. Preview times were correspondingly shortened when the first cue occurred 50 msec before display onset, thus providing an extra 50 msec for attention to be directed to the first display location. The results were interpreted in terms of two separate information-processing systems in the human: an automatic system and an attentional system. Even though a stimulus may have been automatically processed, when the attention system is directed to that stimulus, processing starts at the beginning again. Pashler (1984) has presented a series of experiments that call into serious question a basic assumption of late­ selection theories of attention, namely, that stimuli are parallel-processed and identified before attentional pro­ cessing is engaged. In these experiments, Pashler used a modification ofthe iconic memory paradigm ofAverbach and Coriell (1961). In the paradigm, an overload of visual information is presented for a brief duration and then, at various intervals after the display has been terminated, a bar or cue designates a location in the visual field. The subject is asked to report the stimulus that had oc­ cupied that location in the display. The now classic result is that accuracy of report decreases rapidly as the cue is delayed with performance, becoming asymptotic at around 300 msec. In his first experiment, Pashler modified the Averbach and Coriell procedure in several ways. He used displays of eight letters presented in two rows of four charac­ ters each. Three probe conditions were used. In the early-probe condition, the probe preceded the display by
Nitrosation by peroxynitrite: use of phenol as a probe

Nitrosation is an important pathway in the metabolism of nitric oxide, producing S-nitrosothiols that may be critical signal transduction species. The reaction of peroxynitrite with aromatic compounds in the pH range of 5 to 8 has long been known to produce hydroxylated and nitrated products. However, we here present evidence that peroxynitrite also can promote the nitrosation of nucleophiles. We chose phenol as a substrate because the nitrosation reaction was first recognized during a study of the CO2-modulation of the patterns of hydroxylation and nitration of phenol by peroxynitrite (Lemercier et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345, 160-170, 1997). 4-Nitrosophenol, the principal nitrosation product, is detected at pH 7.0, along with 2- and 4-nitrophenols; 4-nitrosophenol becomes the dominant product at pH >/= 8.0. The yield of 4-nitrosophenol continues to increase even after pH 11.1, 1. 2 units above the pKa of phenol, suggesting that the phenolate ion, and not phenol, is involved in the reaction. Hydrogen peroxide is not formed as a by-product. The nitrosation reaction is zero-order in phenol and first-order in peroxynitrite, suggesting the phenolate ion reacts with an activated nitrosating species derived from peroxynitrite, and not with peroxynitrite itself. Under optimal conditions, the yields of 4-nitrosophenol are comparable to those of 2- and 4-nitrophenols, indicating that the nitrosation reaction is as significant as the nitration of phenolic compounds by peroxynitrite. Low concentrations of CO2 facilitate the nitrosation reaction, but excess CO2 dramatically reduces the yield of 4-nitrosophenol. The dual effects of CO2 can be rationalized if O=N-OO- reacts with the peroxynitrite anion-CO2 adduct (O=N-OOCO-2) or secondary intermediates derived from it, including the nitrocarbonate anion (O2N-OCO-2), the carbonate radical (CO*-3), and *NO2. The product resulting from these reactions can be envisioned as an activated intermediate X-N=O (where X is -OONO2, -NO2, or -CO-3) that could transfer a nitrosyl cation (NO+) to the phenolate ion. An alternative mechanism for the nitrosation of phenol involves the one-electron oxidation of the phenolate ion by CO*-3 to give the phenoxyl radical and the oxidation of O=N-OO- by CO*-3 to give a nitrosyldioxyl radical (O=N-OO*), which decomposes to give *NO and O2; the *NO then reacts with the phenoxyl radical giving nitrosophenol. Both mechanisms are consistent with the high yields of NO-2 and O2 during the alkaline decomposition of peroxynitrite and the potent inhibitory effect of N-3 on the nitrosation of phenol by peroxynitrite and peroxynitrite/CO2 adducts. The biological significance of the peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosations is discussed.
Methylphenidate Dosage for Children With ADHD Over Time Under Controlled Conditions: Lessons From the MTA

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine the trajectory of methylphenidate (MPH) dosage over time, following a controlled titration, and to ascertain how accurately the titration was able to predict effective long-term treatment in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method Using the 14-month-treatment database of the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA), the outcome of the initial placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized daily switch titration of MPH was compared with the subsequent maintenance pharmacotherapy. Children received monthly monitoring visits and, when needed, medication adjustments. Results Of the 198 children for whom MPH was the optimal treatment at titration (mean ± SD dose: 30.5 ± 14.2 mg/day), 88% were still taking MPH at the end of maintenance (mean dose 34.4 ± 13.3 mg/day). Titration-determined dose and end-of-maintenance dose were significantly correlated ( r = 0.52–0.68). Children receiving combined pharmacotherapy and behavioral treatment ended maintenance on a lower dose (31.1 ± 11.7 mg/day) than did children receiving pharmacotherapy only (38.1 ± 14.2 mg/day). Of the 230 children for whom titration identified an optimal treatment, 17% continued both the assigned medication and dosage throughout maintenance. The mean number of pharmacological changes per child was 2.8 ± 1.8 (SD), and time to first change was 4.7 months ± 0.3 (SE). Conclusions For most children, initial titration found a dose of MPH in the general range of the effective maintenance dose, but did not prevent the need for subsequent maintenance adjustments. For optimal pharmacological treatment of ADHD, both careful initial titration and ongoing medication management are needed.
RURAL‐URBAN DIFFERENCES IN THE UTILIZATION AND AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF WELFARE PROGRAMS

At a time when welfare policy analysts are preoccupied with the problem of welfare dependency, this paper refocuses attention on the ability of welfare (AFDC and general assistance) to reduce poverty among families, by highlighting and explaining rural-urban differences in this ameliorative effect. Descriptive and multivariate methods are used to analyze data from the March 1987 Current Population Survey. Results show that despite comparatively high poverty rates in nonmetro areas, the nonmetro poor were much less likely than their urban counterparts t o receive welfare. Moreover, nonmetro welfare recipients received considerably less welfare income, on average, than metro recipients. Accordingly, the ameliorative effect of welfare was lowest in nonmetro areas and highest in central cities. Logistic regression analysis revealed that nonmetro poor families were less likely to receive welfare than those in metro areas because they were more likely to be working, older, childless, and headed by a married couple.
A progress report on teaching programming to business students without lectures

A lectureless mode of instruction for programming courses is described. The observations collected in a pilot experiment teaching FORTRAN to about one hundred business students are recorded and analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of the method, and implications for other languages and other clienteles are discussed.
The Theory of Reasoned Action as a Model of Children's Health Behavior1

This research examined the applicability of the theory of reasoned action to school-age children. Using structural equation modeling, we longitudinally modeled children's attitudes, norms, intentions, and behavior with regard to drinking alcohol. Respondents were 1,061 children attending public schools in the northwestern United States. Attitude, norms, and intentions (measured when the children were in 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th grades) were used to predict alcohol use 1 year later. Two modifications of the model improved the overall fit at each grade level: separating attitude into 2 dimensions (positive and negative), and adding a path from social norm to behavior. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE ON THE RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO STRUCTURE IN THE SALT CREEK OIL FIELD, NATRONA COUNTY, WYOMING

Observations of bottom hole temperatures in approximately 100 deep wells in the Salt Creek field have been made during the past few years by the Stanolind Oil and Gas Company. These recent observations confirm and extend in a remarkable manner the results obtained in the summers of 1922 and 1923 when it was found from temperature surveys in 21 wells that the temperatures over a considerable portion of the field were definitely related to the structure.
Interdispersed silicon–carbon nanocomposites and their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), silicon offers among the highest theoretical storage capacity, but is known to suffer from large structural changes and capacity fading during electrochemical cycling. Nanocomposites of silicon with carbon provide a potential material platform for resolving this problem. We report a spray-pyrolysis approach for synthesizing amorphous silicon–carbon nanocomposites from organic silane precursors. Elemental mapping shows that the amorphous silicon is uniformly dispersed in the carbon matrix. When evaluated as anode materials in LIBs, the materials exhibit highly, stable performance and excellent Coulombic efficiency for more than 150 charge discharge cycles at a charging rate of 1 A/g. Post-mortem analysis indicates that the structure of the Si–C composite is retained after extended electrochemical cycling, confirming the hypothesis that better mechanical buffering is obtained when amorphous Si is embedded in a carbon matrix.
Single-Step Implementation of Universal Quantum Gates

We construct optimized implementations of the controlled-NOT and other universal two-qubit gates that, unlike many of the previously proposed protocols, are carried out in a single step. The new protocols require tunable interqubit couplings but, in return, show a significant improvement in the quality of gate operations. We make specific predictions for coupled Josephson junction qubits and compare them with the results of recent experiments.
The role of consumers' attitudes toward nutrition in restaurant patronage

Abstract This study investigated the nature of market segments of restaurant patrons defined simultaneously in terms of their attitudes toward nutrition and the benefits they require of restaurants. A random sample of 747 adults reported 10 attitudes toward nutrition and 25 benefits they require of restaurants. Canonical correlation analysis produced four significant roots that each describe the joint characteristics of a separate market segment. Segment A holds the attitudes that nutrition is important when eating out and that restaurants have recently improved in their support of patrons' needs for nutrition. It requires benefits that emphasize nutrition and a pleasant, high-quality eating experience. Segment B feels it is difficult to find food that is both nutritious and good tasting, and thinks people must prepare their own food to obtain a well-balanced meal. For benefits, it is willing to sacrifice taste to gain nourishment in its food selection. Segment C finds reason for optimism concerning improved health and nutrition in America, and in part credits the offerings of restaurants. It calls for benefits often associated with fast-food restaurants. Segment D feels Americans have recently become more health oriented, but without help from restaurants. It requires the food and service associated with fine dining.
Intermittent Exotropia: Optimization of Surgical Results

Surgery for intermittent exotropia does not always result in the desired and expected outcome. Preparation of the patient and patient's parents along with careful evaluation of the classification a...
Psychometric Properties of the Eating Attitudes Test

The study was designed to examine the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Two widely adopted EAT m...
A Linear AM Stereo System Using Qudature Modulation

Previously proposed systems for AM Stereo are discussed. The new Compatible Phase Multiplex (CPM) AM Stereo system is described. The CPM system is a reduced-angle (300) quadrature system, similar to monaural AM but with the linear addition of reduced-amplitude quadrature sidebands to carry the stereo difference signal. The system also makes possible a change to full quadrature modulation at a future time when envelope detector compatibility may no longer be required. Practical considerations are discussed, including stereo receiver design, compatibility with monaural receivers, and effects of bandpass filtering and noise.
The When and How of Using 2-D and 3-D Displays for Operational Tasks

Three different cannonical viewpoints into a 3D domain are defined to create a taxonomy of 3D displays. We then show how the information processing demands of each display viewpoint, provides benefits and or imposes costs on four categories of tasks, involving travel, image matching or situation awareness, visual search, and precise judgments. These task-display interactions are illustrated from experiments in aviation display design, battlefield judgments, and data visualization. Conclusions are offered regarding two possible ways of addressing the task-display interactions in design.
Taking students out for a ride: using a board game to teach graph theory

This paper describes the use of a board game as a device for introducing graph theory to computer science students. By experiencing a hands-on demonstration of graphs, students can better understand the basic principles of graph theory and can better design algorithms and programs which manipulate graph data. The programming assignment tied to the game forces the students to come to grips with the algorithmic aspects of graph theory, including the proper choice of data structures and the implementation of graph algorithms.
The catalytic metal atoms of cobalt substituted liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

The catalytic and non-catalytic Zn atom pairs of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) have been replaced sequentially either by 65Zn, Co or 65Zn and Co. The Co derivatives exhibit characteristic spectra. When Co replaces the Zn atoms which exchange secondly, enzymatic activity is altered, and both imidazole and 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) significantly modify the spectrum of the catalytic Co atoms. Further, due to the removal of cobalt, the instantaneous and reversible OP inhibition of the native enzyme becomes time-dependent and irreversible. Jointly, these data identify the pair of metal atoms of LADH which exchange secondly under the present conditions as the catalytic one. The approach described provides a basis for the differentiation of catalytic and non-catalytic metal atoms of multichain metalloenzymes.
Hartree-Fock theory for Bose-Einstein condensates and the inclusion of correlation effects

I specialize the Hartree-Fock, random-phase, and configuration-interaction approximations to a system of interacting bosons in an external potential. This approach affords a more direct connection to the methods and language of atomic-structure calculations. The derivations and equations parallel those found in atomic structure and are contrasted with the more commonly used Bogoliubov approach for bosons. I present a numerical method for solving the Hartree-Fock and random-phase equations to obtain the low-lying excitation energies for trapped alkali-metal atoms.
Lifetimes and reactivities of some 1,2-didehydroazepines commonly used in photoaffinity labeling experiments in aqueous solutions

The reactive 1,2-didehydroazepine (cyclic ketenimine) intermediates produced upon photolysis of phenyl azide, 3-hydroxyphenyl azide, 3-methoxyphenyl azide, and 3-nitrophenyl azide in water and in HEPES buffer were studied by laser flash photolysis techniques with UV-vis detection of the transient intermediates. The lifetimes of the 1,2-didehydroazepines were obtained along with the absolute rate constants of their reactions with typical amino acids, nucleosides, and other simple reagents present in a biochemical milieu. The nitro substituent greatly accelerates the bimolecular reactions of the cyclic ketenimines, and the 3-methoxy group greatly decelerates the absolute reactivity of 1,2-didehydroazepines. The intermediate produced by photolysis of 3-hydroxyphenyl azide is much more reactive than the intermediate produced by photolysis of 3-methoxyphenyl azide. We propose that the hydroxyl-substituted 1,2-didehydoazepines rapidly (<10 micros) tautomerize in water to form azepinones and much more rapidly than the corresponding 3-methoxy-substituted cyclic ketenimines undergo hydrolysis. Azepinones react more rapidly with nucleophiles than do methoxy-substituted 1,2-didehydroazepines and are the active species present upon the photolysis of 3-hydroxyphenyl azide in aqueous solution.
Fractal Dimension of Brittle Fracture

Using a worldwide catalog of earthquakes we analyze the distribution of distances between pairs of earthquake hypocenters to determine the spatial fractal dimension δ of an earthquake fracture. As the time span of the catalog increases, δ asymptotically reaches the value 2.1–2.2 for shallow earthquakes. Approximately the same asymptotic value of dimension is obtained for a catalog of earthquakes with aftershocks removed. This value is compared with other known determinations of δ for brittle fractures. The fractal dimension declines to 1.8–1.9 for intermediate events (depth interval 71–280 km) and to about 1.5–1.6 for deeper events. Taking into account various possible errors and biases, we conclude that the fractal dimension of brittle shear fracture in rocks is 2.20 ± 0.05.
The canopy gap regime in a secondary Neotropical forest in Panama

We mapped the occurrence of canopy gaps periodically between 1978 and 1990 in a 1.5 ha study plot within a 70-year-old (in 1978) Neotropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Republic of Panama. The total area of the forest under canopy gaps in the plot averaged 4.3% (3.1% to 5.7%, 95% CI). There was high year-to-year variability in the rate of new gap formation. On the basis of repeated observations for four yearly intervals, the annual rate of new gap formation ranged from 0.45% y-' to 6.5% y-'. Most gaps were small. The mean size of individual gaps originally was 79 m2 (range: 8-604 m2). However, large gaps (, 150 m2) occurred more frequently than expected for a secondary forest on BCI. Gaps closed rapidly the first year after formation but the rate of closure slowed thereafter. Despite the absence of any obvious environmental gradients, gaps were spatially clustered. Even in this relatively small plot, there seemed to be distinct gap-prone and gap-free areas.
The effects of carbon addition on the mechanical properties of MoSi2–TiC composites

Abstract In order to improve the mechanical properties of MoSi 2 matrix composites, carbon was added to a MoSi 2 –20 wt.% TiC composite to remove the oxygen which exists at the grain boundaries as glassy SiO 2 phase. Compared with the MoSi 2 –20 wt.% TiC composite without carbon addition, the bending strength and fracture toughness of a MoSi 2 –20 wt.% TiC–1 wt.% C composite sintered at 1600 °C can be enhanced from 481 to 689 MPa and from 3.89 to 5.4 MPa·m 1/2 respectively. The experimental results show that the sintering temperature has a considerable effect on the mechanical properties of MoSi 2 –20 wt.% TiC–1 wt.% C composites. As a deoxidant, carbon can react with glassy SiO 2 to eliminate the glassy SiO 2 phase. However, a further increase of carbon addition, beyond 1 wt.% produces an abatement of the mechanical properties.
Efficient flocculation of microalgae for biomass production using cationic starch

Abstract In order to make algal biomass a suitable feedstock for fuel and bioproducts, a practical means of dewatering and concentrating the algal cells must be devised. An effective algal dewatering scheme will most likely utilize flocculation as an initial concentrating step. Cationic starch could prove to be an effective flocculant for economical production of uncontaminated microalgal biomass. This investigation seeks to ascertain whether or not cationic starch is an effective flocculant for the freshwater green alga Scenedesmus dimorphus . Evidence from extensive flocculation tests showed cationic starch to be effective at low dosages, approximately 0.08 g cationic starch to g algal biomass, for both growth phase and stationary phase S . dimorphus . Algal cell restabilization occurred at lower starch concentrations in the growth phase than in the stationary phase. The tests also indicated that flocculation was effective with degrees of cationic substitution from 0.14 to 0.64 with no significant change in flocculation efficiency over that range.
Chromatographic properties of some cyclic α-imino acids homologous to proline, and their DNP-, DNS- and PTH-derivatives

Abstract The chromatographic behavior of the homologous cyclic α-imino acids of ring sizes ranging from four- to eleven-members (including proline) on ion-exchange and thin-layer systems is described. The validity of the Martin relation in the homologous series was verified. This was further cogently demonstrated by the “non-fit” of the isomeric but non-homologous α-imino acid 4,4 dimethylproline. The 2,4-dinitrophenyl-(DNP-), 5-dimethylaminonaphthalenesulfonyl- (DNS-), and phenylthiohydantoin(PTH-) derivatives of these imino acids were also separated by TLC. Within certain limitations, the Martin derivation also appeared to be linearly related to the number of methylene groups in some of these derivatives.
Political Versus Rational Sources of Decision Power among Country Clusters

The relevance of paradigms focusing on rational and sociopolitical power in strategic decision-making is explored among three country clusters. The predictive validity of a model incorporating political and rational sources of power is established across the clusters. Moreover, country clusters appear to moderate the power relationships.
The prevalence of non-standard helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle riders.

Abstract Objectives: This study examined the prevalence of non-standard helmet use among motorcycle riders following introduction of a mandatory helmet use law and the prevalence of head injuries among a sample of non-standard helmet users involved in motorcycle crashes. Methods: Motorcycle rider observations were conducted at 29 statewide locations in the 2 years following the introduction of the mandatory helmet use law in January, 1992. Medical records of motorcyclists who were injured in 1992 for whom a crash report was available and for whom medical care was administered in one of 28 hospitals were reviewed. Chi-squares and analysis of variance were used to describe differences between groups. Results: Prevalence of non-standard helmet use averaged 10.2%, with a range across observation sites from 0 to 48.0%. Non-standard helmet use varied by type of roadway, day of week, and time of day. Injuries to the head were more frequent and of greater severity among those wearing non-standard helmets than both those wearing no helmet and those wearing standard helmets. Conclusions: Non-standard helmets appear to offer little head protection during a crash. Future study is needed to understand the dynamics leading to head injury when different types of helmets are worn.
Long-term effects of pubertal stressors on female sexual receptivity and estrogen receptor-α expression in CD-1 female mice

Exposure to stress during puberty can lead to long-term behavioral alterations. Female mice, of the inbred C57BL/6 strain, have been shown to display lower levels of sexual receptivity in adulthood when exposed to shipping stress or to an immune challenge during puberty. The present study investigated whether this effect can be extended to CD1 outbred mice and examined a possible mechanism through which exposure to stressors could suppress sexual receptivity. The results revealed that CD1 mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or exposed to shipping stress at 6 weeks old display lower levels of sexual receptivity in response to estradiol and progesterone in adulthood than control mice. Moreover, mice exposed to shipping stress at 8 weeks old also displayed reduced sexual receptivity, but those injected with LPS at that time showed slightly reduced effects, suggesting that the sensitive pubertal period extends to 8 weeks of age in this strain of mice. The examination of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) expression revealed that mice exposed to shipping stress during the sensitive period (6 weeks) display lower levels of ER-α expression in the medial preoptic area and the ventromedial nucleus and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus than mice shipped at a younger age. These findings support the prediction that exposure to shipping stress or LPS during puberty decreases behavioral responsiveness to estradiol and progesterone in adulthood in an outbred strain of mice through enduring suppression of ER-α expression in some brain areas involved in the regulation of female sexual behavior.