cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalies in cell volume and electronic properties in getter annealed YBa2(CuM)3Oy, M=Ni

Abstract Structural and magnetic data on getter annealed YBa 2 (Cu 0.95 M 0.05 ) 3 O y , M=Ni are presented. Similar to unsubstituted materials, but different from M=Fe, getter annealings at intermediary temperatures (753 K) produce an extended orthorhombic superconducting region with abrupt cell volume ( V ) shrinkage around y ∼6.50. This orthorhombicity, denoted O42, corresponds most nearly to conventional phenomenology with long chains on Cu(1) with four-(1)4- and two fold-(1)2- O coordination. 673 K annealings produce a smaller orthorhombic range with considerable reduction in T c . This region is diagnosed to be based on new structural motifs with larger amounts of orthorhombically arranged three fold O coordination (1)3. A yet stronger trend to orthorhombicity based on (1)3, denoted O3, pertains to high temperature annealings (1023 K) which produce a monotonic structural development in c -axis with no stepwise contraction and absence of T c to y ∼6.8. This is also the behavior obtained on direct quenching from elevated temperatures which can in addition result in anomalous cell volume expansion effects ( V +) near y =6.5. These materials are further distinguished in that they do not superconduct when reoxygenated up to y ∼6.8. A general distinction in the phenomenology of RBa 2 Cu 3 O y is accordingly made between O filling based on (1)3 e.g. (1)3(1)4 (K phenomenology) and (1)2(1)4 (D, or disproportionation phenomenology). In connection with extrapolations from low temperature T c annealing effects it is realized that O42 pertains only to a limited low temperature modification with reversible ladder type transitions to O3 at intermediary temperatures for substituted and unsubstituted compounds.
Clinical implementation of psychiatric pharmacogenomic testing

For the past 5 years, many investigators have suggested that psychiatrists are on the verge of using genotyping to guide clinical psycho-pharmacological practice. After much anticipation, the first applications of this new technology are being used to select psychotropic medication and inform individual variation in the appropriate dose of medication. Not surprisingly, the drug-metabolizing enzyme genes have been the first genes to be clinically genotyped for psychiatric practice.
"2001: A Space Odyssey" Revisited--The Feasibility of 24 Hour Commuter Flights to the Moon Using NTR Propulsion with LUNOX Afterburners

The prospects for 24 hour commuter flights to the Moon, similar to that portrayed in 2001: A Space Odyssey but on a more Spartan scale, are examined using two near term, high leverage technologies: liquid oxygen (LOX)-augmented nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) propulsion and lunar-derived oxygen (LUNOX) production. Iron-rich volcanic glass, or orange soil, discovered during the Apollo 17 mission to Taurus-Littrow, has produced a 4 percent oxygen yield in recent NASA experiments using hydrogen reduction. LUNOX development and utilization would eliminate the need to transport oxygen supplies from Earth and is expected to dramatically reduce the size, cost and complexity of space transportation systems. The LOX-augmented NTR concept (LANTR) exploits the high performance capability of the conventional liquid hydrogen (LH2)-cooled NTR and the mission leverage provided by LUNOX in a unique way. LANTR utilizes the large divergent section of its nozzle as an afterburner into which oxygen is injected and supersonically combusted with nuclear preheated hydrogen emerging from the engine's choked sonic throat, essentially scramjet propulsion in reverse. By varying the oxygen-to-hydrogen mixture ratio, the LANTR engine can operate over a wide range of thrust and specific impulse (Isp) values while the reactor core power level remains relatively constant. The thrust augmentation feature of LANTR means that big engine performance can be obtained using smaller, more affordable, easier to test NTR engines. The use of high-density LOX in place of low density LH2 also reduces hydrogen mass and tank volume resulting in smaller space vehicles. An implementation strategy and evolutionary lunar mission architecture is outlined which requires only Shuttle C or in-line Shuttle-derived launch vehicles, and utilizes conventional NTR-powered lunar transfer vehicles (LTVs), operating in an expendable mode initially, to maximize delivered surface payload on each mission. The increased payload is dedicated to installing modular LUNOX production units with the intent of supplying LUNOX to lunar landing vehicles (LLVs) and then LTVs at the earliest possible opportunity. Once LUNOX becomes available in low lunar orbit (LLO), monopropellant NTRs would be outfitted with an oxygen propellant module, feed system and afterburner nozzle for bipropellant operation. Transition to a reusable mission architecture now occurs with smaller, LANTR-powered LTVs delivering ~400% more payload on each piloted round trip mission than earlier expendable all LH2 NTR systems. As initial lunar outposts grow to eventual lunar settlements and LUNOX production capacity increases, the LANTR concept can enable a rapid commuter shuttle capable of 24 hour one way trips to and from the Moon. A vast deposit of iron-rich volcanic glass beads identified at just one candidate site located at the southeastern edge of Mare Serenitatis could supply sufficient LUNOX to support daily commuter flights to the Moon for the next 9000 years!
Tn10 protects itself at two levels from fortuitous activation by external promoters

Abstract Tn10 rarely transposes, primarily because its IS10-encoded transposase protein is synthesized infrequently. Since the 5′ end of the transposase gene is immediately adjacent to flanking host sequences, insertion of Tn10 into an actively transcribed operon could conceivably result in dramatically increased transposition. We show here that Tn10 is protected from such fortuitous activation; high levels of transcription from an upstream promoter actually decrease its rate of transposition. Protection operates at two levels. First, externally-initiated transcripts yield only a small amount of additional transposase protein, primarily because of inhibition at a posttranscriptional level. We suggest that the transposase gene start codon is sequestered in an mRNA secondary structure not present in transcripts initiated at the normal promoter. Second, transcription per se across an IS10 terminus inhibits its activity, thus negating any small transposase increase. These observations provide additional evidence that Tn10 has evolved specific mechanisms for keeping its transposition activity low.
Urbanization of a Watershed and Historical Changes in a Stream Fish Assemblage

Abstract During recent decades, the Tuckahoe Creek (Virginia) watershed has been altered by human activities, including road and bridge construction, commercial and residential development, and riparian losses. We used historical (1958) and recent (1990) data to evaluate the hypothesis that long-term, low-intensity urbanization affects a warmwater stream fish assemblage in ways usually attributed to acute, high-intensity perturbations. In 1990, fish species diversity of Tuckahoe Creek was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than it had been in 1958, and abundance was substantially lower for all species and trophic guilds. Four cyprinids, one ictalurid, and one percid present in 1958 were not collected in 1990. Jaccard's community similarity coefficient (species composition by site between 1958 and 1990) was negatively correlated with near-stream development of the watershed at six study sites (r = –0.84; P < 0.05). Some characteristics of the feeding ecology of selected fish species, including consumption of t...
On the performance of two tangent operators for finite element analysis of large deformation inelastic problems

An important step in the solution of non-linear deformation problems using a Newton-Raphson type of iterative scheme is the calculation of a tangent operator (the so-called Jacobian) by linearizing the involved field equations. In this paper, full linearization of the virtual work equation is performed in an updated Lagrangian framework together with a calculation of the consistent linearized material moduli. To update the material state, a material frame indifferent two parameter integration scheme introduced earlier by the authors is used. In general, the reference configuration is updated after each iteration to coincide instantaneously with the present guess of the unknown equilibrium configuration. Another approach is to use the previous equilibrium state (at the beginning of a time step) as the reference configuration until the new equilibrium configuration at the end of the time step is found. The present paper explores the performance of two different Jacobians based on the above two approaches, with emphasis on their accuracy and convergence characteristics when large incremental steps are used. Finally, some details of their finite element implementation are given and results for several numerical tests including upset forging and extrusion of an axisymmetric billet are presented and discussed.
Theoretical description of quantum effects in multi-chromophoric aggregates.

Recent experiments on light-harvesting complexes have shown clear indication of coherent transport of excitations in these aggregates. We discuss the theoretical models that have been used to study energy transfer in molecular aggregates, beginning with the early models of Forster and Davydov and ending with the theoretical models of the present day.
FORGIVENESS AND FUNDAMENTALISM: RECONSIDERING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORRECTIONAL ATTITUDES AND RELIGION

Although research typically has failed to establish a relationship between religious affiliation and correctional attitudes, recent assessments have revealed that fundamentalist Christians tend to be more punitive than are nonfundamentalists. These studies have advanced our understanding considerably, but their conceptualization of religion and correctional attitudes has been limited. Using a statewide survey, the present study demonstrates that compassionate as well as fundamentalist aspects of religious beliefs are related to public correctional preferences. Further, our results reveal that religion influences support for rehabilitation as well as punitiveness. These findings suggest the need for scholars to think more broadly about the role of religion in criminology.
Fundamental Insights into Part Family Scheduling: The Single Machine Case

A simulation study was conducted to investigate the behavior of family scheduling procedures in a dynamic dispatching environment. Two scheduling rules that incorporate setup avoidance mechanisms (FCFS-F and SPT-F) and two that do not (FCFS and SPT) were applied to a single machine. The scheduling environment was varied by controlling several important factors: the machine utilization, the number of setup configurations (families), the size of the family setup times relative to the job run times, the frequency by which members of the part families were released for processing, and the distribution of job interarrival and job run times. The major results from the study are the following: (1) The degree of stability in the system is the most influential factor with respect to mean flow time and flow time variance. Under low variance service and interarrival time distributions, the impact of scheduling rule selection is minor. (2) Conversely, under unstable scheduling situations, family scheduling procedures can have a substantial impact. (3) Clear interaction effects are noticed between all factors. The environment most conducive to family scheduling is characterized by high resource utilization, low setup-to-run time ratio, few part families, and erratic job arrivals. (4) Under conditions favorable to family scheduling, setup avoiding procedures can be used to increase output while at the same time reduce the mean and variance of flow time. (5) The shortest processing time rule (SPT) performs well with respect to mean flow time when relative setup times are small. Overall, however, SPT-F generates the lowest mean flow time while FCFS-F produces the lowest flow time variance. This study shows that scheduling procedures that consider setups in their structure can outperform rules that do not under many different operating conditions. However, the magnitude of this advantage very much depends on the scheduling environment. The results also highlight the fact that it may be better to try to reshape the manufacturing environment than worry about selecting the correct scheduling rule. If the environment cannot be stabilized, then the choice of a setup avoiding procedure, allocation of families to machines, and setup reduction become important issues.
Effect of alcohol on drug efflux protein and drug metabolic enzymes in U937 macrophages.

Background ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes regulate the bioavailability of HIV-1 antiretroviral therapeutic (ART) drugs, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). They are also involved in regulating, and responding to, oxidative stress in various tissues and organs including liver. The present study is designed to assess the effect of alcohol on the ABCC1 and CYP enzymes involved in the metabolism of NNRTIs and PIs (CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4) and oxidative stress (CYP1A1, CYP2A6, CYP2E1) in U937 macrophages. The U937 cell line has been utilized as an in vitro model of human macrophages.
Children's acceptance, nutritional, and instrumental evaluations of whole grain and soluble fiber enriched foods.

: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 report recommends 3 or more daily ounce-equivalents of whole grains (WG), and the FDA suggests consumption of 25 g of total dietary fiber (TDF) and 6 g of soluble fiber (SF) for a 2000-calorie diet. Efforts to increase the consumption of WG and SF among elementary school-aged children are needed. The objectives of this study were to examine the consumption of WG- and SF-enriched burritos and cookies among elementary school-aged children and to perform a quality evaluation of all products. Children in grades K to 6 from a local elementary school consumed control (CTR) products made with refined flour along with the test products (TRT) over a 13-wk period. TRT burritos and cookies contained 51% and 100% WG, respectively. CTR and TRT products were served on 3 and 4 different Fridays, respectively. Children's consumption was determined via plate waste. Quality parameters such as texture, color, water activity, weight, and product dimensions were also measured. No significant differences in consumption between CTR and TRT burritos and cookies were found (36% and 90%, respectively). Texture (area) was higher for CTR burritos compared with TRT burritos (1.31 and 0.66 kg-s, respectively). CTR burritos were lighter than TRT burritos with L* values of 80.04 and 64.61, respectively. CTR cookies required a higher breaking force (3.14 compared with 0.58 kg), were lighter than TRT cookies (63.18 compared with 50.27), and had lower water activity (0.5 compared with 0.71).
Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: A proposal

The observed fit of bone mass to a healthy animal's typical mechanical usage indicates some mechanism or mechanisms monitor that usage and control the three longitudinal growth, bone modeling, and BMU-based remodeling activities that directly determine bone mass. That mechanism could be named a mechanostat. Accumulated evidence suggests it includes the bone itself, plus mechanisms that transform its mechanical usage into appropriate signals, plus other mechanisms that detect those signals and then direct the above three biologic activities. In vivo studies have shown that bone strains in or above the 1500-3000 microstrain range cause bone modelling to increase cortical bone mass, while strains below the 100-300 microstrain range release BMU-based remodeling which then removes existing cortical-endosteal and trabecular bone. That arrangement provides a dual system in which bone modeling would adapt bone mass to gross overloading, while BMU-based remodeling would adapt bone mass to gross underloading, and the above strain ranges would be the approximate "setpoints" of those responses. The anatomical distribution of those mechanical usage effects are well known. If circulating agents or disease changed the effective setpoints of those responses their bone mass effects should copy the anatomical distribution of the mechanical usage effects. That seems to be the case for many agents and diseases, and several examples are discussed, including postmenopausal osteoporosis, fluoride effects, bone loss in orbit, and osteogenesis imperfecta. The mechanostat proposal is a seminal idea which fits diverse evidence but it requires critique and experimental study.
Using Nursing Students as Open Airways Facilitators Through a Community Partnership to Influence Asthma Outcomes

In conjunction with a community partnership with the American Lung Association, the Broome County Health Department, the Asthma Coalition of the Southern Tier, and the Decker School of Nursing, the...
Approximation of the International Space Station 1R and 12A models

In this paper we examine the model reduction problem for the two structural systems namely stage 1R and stage 12A of the International Space Station (ISS). Several model reduction algorithms are applied and the results are compared.
CREATING A COMPETENCY-BASED LEADERSHIP AND MANAGERIAL SKILLS PROGRAM: A MODEL FOR SMALLER SCHOOLS

A model for creating competency-based learning at small and medium-size schools of business is described. Within an MBA curriculum, a leadership and managerial skills program was developed. Students participate in an assessment center evaluation and take a series of personality and self-assessment measures. This is followed by a course that focuses on leadership and managerial skills, an experiential learning day, and developing a career plan. Students plan their MBA coursework to enhance professional skills, meet with a career coach, and select elective courses that enhance particular skills while focusing on career and life goals. An extensive list of leadership and managerial skills is included.
Convergent, Criterion and Social Validity of the Emotional and Behavioral Screener

Recent reports suggest that up to 20 % of all school-aged students demonstrate characteristics related to emotional disturbance. However, <1 % of these students actually receive special education services for ED, a percentage that has remained unchanged for nearly 30 years. Screening procedures have been developed to identify the behavioral needs of students within school-wide systems such as Multitiered System of Support, Positive Behavior Support, and Response to Intervention. While several screening tools are available at this time, many require significant time, training, and/or effort, factors which limit their practical use in schools. A new efficient assessment tool Emotional and Behavioral Screener (EBS) has recently been developed as a universal screening instrument. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the EBS scores, with a sample of over 600 elementary students, in comparison to scores from the Social Skills Improvement System assessment tool. Results indicated high levels of convergent validity between the scores (social skills; ρ = −0.70; and problem behavior; ρ = 0.79); strong criterion validity as assessed by differences in EBS scores between individuals with normal versus problematic scores (based on established cut-off scores) on the SSIS (social skills; d = 2.23; and problem behavior; d = 3.58) and assessed by binary classification between cut-off scores of the EBS and SSIS (AUROC range .86–.88); and adequate social validity. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed.
Relationships Between Some Notions Which are Common to Reliability Theory and Economics

Our objective in writing this paper is to point out some interesting relationships between the commonly referred to indices of economic inequality, and a central notion used in reliability theory. Specifically, we show that the “Lorenz curve” and the “Gini index” of economics are related to the “total time on test” and the “mean residual life” of reliability theory. An advantage of observing these relationships is that we are now able to consolidate knowledge that has independently evolved in two apparently diverse areas, and furthermore, we are able to: show that a recently proposed test for exponentiality based on the Gini index is identical to the one based on the total time on test; obtain some new inequalities for the Lorenz curve, the Gini index, and the “redundancy” which is another measure of economic inequality; present some preservation properties for the Lorenz curve, which do not appear to be known; suggest that the Lorenz curve can be used to obtain a different interpretation of lifetime data; and characterize the limit of a class of lifetime distributions with decreasing failure rate in terms of its Lorenz curve.
Business Strategy and the Management of Plateaued Employees

This study compared effective and ineffective plateaued salespersons in two companies having different business strategies in terms of their job histories, job satisfactions, perceived work environ...
CHANGING THE RESPONSE UNIT FROM A SINGLE PECK TO A FIXED NUMBER OF PECKS IN FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULES1

Each of three pigeons was studied first under a standard fixed-interval schedule. With the fixed interval held constant, the schedule was changed to a second-order schedule in which the response unit was the behavior on a small fixed-ratio schedule (first a fixed-ratio 10 and then a fixed-ratio 20 schedule). That is, every completion of the fixed-ratio schedule produced a 0.7-sec darkening of the key and reset the response count to zero for the next ratio. The first fixed-ratio completed after the fixed-interval schedule elapsed produced the 0.7-sec blackout followed immediately by food. These manipulations were carried out under two different fixed-interval durations for each bird ranging from 3 min to 12 min. The standard fixed-interval schedules produced the typical pause after reinforcement followed by responding at a moderate rate until the next reinforcement. The second-order schedules also engendered a pause after reinforcement, but responding occurred in bursts separated by brief pauses after each blackout. For a particular fixed-interval duration, post-reinforcement pauses increased slightly as the number of pecks in the response unit increased despite large differences in the rate and pattern of key pecking. Post-reinforcement pause increased with the fixed-interval duration under all response units. These data confirm that the allocation of time between pausing and responding is relatively independent of the rate and topography of responding after the pause.
Exploring the Sense of Justice about Grades

This paper investigates children's ideas of justice about grades. We focus on the justice evaluation and the justice index, the actual and just gender grades gaps, and the mechanisms by which actual and just grades are produced. Using data from a large survey of junior high school students carried out in Israel in 1986, we estimate actual and just grade functions, separately for boys and girls in the eighth and ninth grade-levels, representing 271 classrooms in 47 schools. To pinpoint the differential operation of gender, ability, ethnicity, and parental schooling in the determination of the actual and just grades, controlling for classroom effects, we test a variety of parameter-equality hypotheses
Tracing our Methodological Steps

The process of interpreting how collaborative groups make sense of science in informal learning and teaching contexts such as museums has been actively studied for the past few decades. Studies often focus on the science content that is learned or the ways in which content is taught. Such studies also largely focus on the typical European-American public that predominantly populate museums and other informal places of learning. The research we describe in this chapter disrupts these patterns; our research has actively explored scientific sense making from the point of view of the learners, who, in our study, were all ethnically diverse families with children in a nearby school serving culturally and linguistically diverse students. As in the other chapters in this volume, we focus here on the twists and changes of methods with time that made our research possible. We start with a short vignette, in order to introduce some of the themes we will advance.
Signal Integrity Analysis of Package and Printed Circuit Board With Multiple Vias in Substrate of Layered Dielectrics

This paper successfully extends the Foldy-Lax multiple scattering approach to model massively-coupled multiple vias in substrate of layered dielectrics between two horizontal power/ ground plates. The dyadic Green's functions of layered dielectrics are expressed in vector cylindrical waves and modal representations. Formulations are derived for admittances and S-parameters of single via and multiple vias structures. The CPUs and results of S-parameters are illustrated for various sizes of via array. For the case of 16 × 16 via array through hybrid dielectrics in single interior layer, the CPU is about 0.8 s per frequency and is at least three orders of magnitude faster than Ansoft HFSS. The results are within 5% difference of accuracy up to 20 GHz. This full-wave method is able to include all the coupling effects among the multiple vias. It is also shown that the approach of using effective dielectric constant by assuming an effective homogeneous media does not give accurate results.
Characterization of manganese oxide mineralogy in rock varnish and dendrites using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

X-ray absorption data were collected for a series of varnish and dendrite Mn oxide coatings on rock substrates containing a wide variety of mineralogies exposed to a variety of environments. Near-edge spectra of the coatings indicate that the Mn-oxide phases present have Mn valences between 3+ and 4+, with average Mn valences for the varnishes closer to 4+ than those for the dendrites. Mn EXAFS data and analyses indicate that Mn-oxide structure types for the varnishes range, perhaps continuously, from large tunnel phases, similar to todorokite and romanechite, to layer phases, i.e., birnessite-family. Similar results were found for the dendrite samples, except that the variety of Mn-oxide phases is somewhat larger than those found for the varnishes. No correlations were found between Mn-oxide structure-type within these coatings and the corresponding substrate petrology.
Analysis of urinary iodine contents in children in part of Hubei province

Objective To explore the urinary iodine contents and frequency distribution in children in the eastern part of Hubei province,and provide scientific basis for further reducing or maintaining the proposed content of iodine in food intake. Methods Urine samples were collected from children between 8 and 10 years old to detect the urine iodine contents by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. The results were evaluated on medium and frequency distribution. Since the limit of sampling region, the urine iodine detection results in 2011 were compared only with those in 2009 and 2006 in Xiaogan. Results In six regions of the eastern part of Hubei,the urinary iodine median of children was 289. 5 μg / L,and the highest frequency distribution range was 200 μg / L ~ 300 μg / L. In 2011,2009 and 2006,children urinary iodine median declined year by year. The levels of urinary iodine had no difference between boys and girls,the lowest urinary iodine was found in children below 8 years old. Conclusion The urinary iodine was at a appropriate level in children in the eastern part of Hubei province,and iodine nutrition is suitable for children,so further reducing the content of salt iodine in whole population or increasing the iodine intake from other foods is not necessary.
Clinical and epidemiological analysis on 23 cases of neonatal rotavirus enteritis

Objective To analyse retrospectively the clinical and epidemiological features of neonatal rotavirus enteritis in a hospital,and to evaluate the preventive and control measures.Methods Medical records of 23 neonates with rotavirus enteritis in a neonatal unit in 2006 were reviewed,clinical and laboratory data were analysed.Results Admission diagnosis of neonates with rotavirus infection were 5 cases of diarrhea,17 cases of bronchopneumonia and 1 case of hyperbilirubinemia.Stool rotavirus antigen detection were all positive;10 neonates were performed rotavirus nucleic acid PAGE detection,5 of which were positive,which proved to be group A rotavirus infection.The main transmission route of the infection was fecal-oral route.Conclusion In the peak season of developing rotavirus enteritis,in addition to the isolation of the infected neonates and detection of stool rotavirus,neonates with respiratory infection combined with diarrhea should also take the above measures,environmental disinfection should be strengthened to prevent the transmission of rotavirus infection among community.
APT: Approximate Period Detection in Time Series.

Period detection from time series is an important problem with many real-world applications such as weather forecast, stock market predictions, electrocardiogram analysis, periodic disease outbreak. In this work, we present a novel approximate period detection method for time series. The simplicity of our algorithm and its adaptability for high dimensional datasets using renowned tools and techniques such as locality sensitive hashing (LSH) and MapReduce (using the Hadoop framework for example) make it easier to implement for practical purposes. We performed experiments to compare our technique with a classic period detection technique and two state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy and noise-resilience.
Current Trends in Neonatal Tracheostomy.

Importance The indications for neonatal tracheostomy may have changed with current noninvasive respiratory therapies compared with previous decades. Objectives To study the current trends in neonatal tracheostomy and identify the primary indication for the procedure and risk factors for failed extubation. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective medical record review included 47 neonates who underwent tracheostomy from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2013, at the University of Maryland Children’s Hospital. Group 1 included infants undergoing tracheostomy for the primary indication of upper airway obstruction; group 2, infants with primary pulmonary disease. Data on weight, gestational age, comorbid conditions, congenital abnormalities, complications, outcomes, and indications for tracheostomy were compared statistically between groups. Main Outcomes and Measures Differences in gestational age, birth weight, and age at tracheostomy. Results Among the 47 infants included in the study (30 boys; 17 girls, mean [SD] age, 113 [73] days), 31 (66%) demonstrated anatomical causes of airway obstruction, and 16 (34%) had significant pulmonary disease. Among infants with anatomical causes, subglottic stenosis represented the largest group (11 of 31 [35%]). The mean age at the time of tracheostomy was significantly lower in the group with airway obstruction (98.9 vs 146.9 days; difference, 48 [95% CI, 4.8-91.2] days;P = .04). No procedure-related morbidity or mortality was encountered. Conclusions and Relevance Anatomical upper airway obstruction may be returning as the most common indication for a neonatal tracheostomy, thereby supporting the belief that current respiratory therapies have lowered the burden of chronic lung disease and the need for prolonged ventilatory care.
Pituitary Hypoplasia and Other Midline Developmental Anomalies

Hypoplasia of the pituitary gland, infundibulum, septum pellucidum, corpus callosum, and optic nerve(s) may be seen in an isolated fashion or in combination with one another. These related midline developmental anomalies are thought to represent a spectrum of congenital and developmental conditions with varying degrees of penetrance, including holoprosencephaly and/or septo-optic dysplasia (SOD).
Abnormal EEG in Autism: Valproate Response

Three children, ages 3, 4, and 5 years, with autism and epileptiform EEG discharges showed clinical improvement with valproic acid therapy at Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
Of Revelers and Witty Conversationalists: Song (960–1279) Biji Writing and the Rise of a New Literati Ideal

Using Wang Bizhi's (1031–1097?) Record of Enjoyable Conversations at Sheng River (Shengshui yantan lu) as a case study, this essay examines the significant place leisurely gathering and bantering occupied in the lives of Song educated men. It argues that Wang's work, and that of his peers, points to a new vision of the scholar-official ideal. Time spent on chatting, gossiping, and in the company of friends and colleagues became an integral and highly esteemed element in the elite conception of scholarly and everyday life. In this process, biji, as collections of “things seen and heard,” flourished as a literature of leisure.
Bone Loss in Patients with Previously Untreated Lymphoma: The Effect of Periodontal Disease on the Use of Zoledronic Acid

Abstract Treatment of lymphoma with alkylating agents and steroids is known to cause bone loss and increased fracture risk. These effects result from multiple causes including systemic lymphoma-related cytokine activity, steroid-mediated bone loss, and therapy-induced hypogonadism. Furthermore, over half of all untreated lymphoma patients are either osteopenic or osteoporotic at the time of diagnosis. 1 , 2 Pamidronate is known to reduce bone loss and risk of vertebral fractures in lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, the effects of the more potent bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in this setting are unknown. Therefore, we report on an ongoing phase III trial designed to evaluate the effect of zoledronic acid on the change in bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with newly-diagnosed lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy. In total, 72 patients will be randomized to either the control arm consisting of therapy with calcium carbonate (1200 mg orally per day) plus vitamin D (400 mg orally per day), or the bisphosphonate arm consisting of therapy with calcium carbonate and vitamin D as in the control arm plus zoledronic acid (4 mg IV given at baseline and at 6 months). The primary endpoint of the study is to compare the absolute change between the baseline and 12-month measures of BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral necks. Thus far, 97 patients have been screened for enrollment. Twenty-four patients (24.7%) failed screening due to periodontal disease, a predetermined exclusion criterion of the study. Twenty-three patients have been randomized to the control arm, and 18 patients have been randomized to the bisphosphonate arm. To date, 11 patients in the control arm and 7 patients in the bisphosphonate arm have completed the one-year follow up period including baseline and one-year BMD evaluations. In comparing the change in BMD at one year of patients in the control arm to that of patients in the bisphosphonate arm, the average change in T scores at the lumber spine was −0.482 vs. 0, at the left femoral neck was −0.218 vs. 0.057, and at the right femoral neck was −0.309 vs. 0.243, respectively. There have been no therapy-related serious adverse events in either arm of the study. In addition, no occurrences of osteonecrosis of the jaw have been noted. In conclusion, treatment with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in combination with calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplementation appears to provide prevention of bone loss or improvement in the BMD of patients with lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy. Given the large number of patients with below-average BMD prior to therapy and the known deleterious effects of lymphoma therapy on bone density, baseline BMD evaluation may be warranted in all lymphoma patients. In addition, the unexpectedly high rate of periodontal disease in this patient population further supports the need for careful dental evaluation prior to the consideration of bisphosphonate therapy given the well-described, albeit rare, risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw from zoledronic acid.
Potential pitfalls in the design of x-ray/EUV imaging systems

Recent advances in X-ray sources and optical fabrication techniques have resulted in a resurgence of activity in the field of X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imaging systems. Novel approaches to the fabrication of grazing incidence X-ray mirrors and the rapidly emerging technology of enhanced reflectance X-ray multilayers are producing new advances in the areas of X-ray/EUV astronomy, soft X-ray microscopy. X-ray microlithography, and synchrotron source applications. However, traditional optical design and analysis techniques (geometrical ray tracing) are woefully inadequate for predicting the performance oi high resolution imaging systems at these very short wavelengths. The diffraction effects of highly obscured annular apertures (grazing incidence optics) and small angle scattering effects due to residual optical fabrication errors will frequently dominate geometrical design errors in the degradation of image quality. These and other potential pitfalls in the design and analysis of high-resolution X-ray/EUV imaging systems will be emphasized and illustrated by examples in current applications of major interest.
Diffusive phosphorus fluxes in relation to the sediment phosphorus profile in Big Traverse Bay, Lake of the Woods

James WF. 2017. Diffusive phosphorus fluxes in relation to the sediment phosphorus profile in Big Traverse Bay, Lake of the Woods. Lake Reserv Manage. 33: 360–368.The role of sediment diffusive pho...
“Rendering to the Kaiser”: Protestantism, Education, and the State in German History

This chapter traces the development of the German educational system through a series of transformative moments: its origins in the Reformation, the Thirty Years War, the rise of Prussia, the creation of the modern university in Berlin, the German Empire, and finally its present structure in the early twenty-first century. One dominant theme has been the meaning of “education for freedom,” shaped by two major trends. First, Luther’s doctrine of the “two kingdoms” not only affirmed inner personal freedom and the rights of conscience, but also separated religion from politics. Second, the need for security-oriented education toward national freedom and service to the state. By the twentieth century, the “two kingdoms” doctrine had contributed to an ethical, cultural, and political vacuum that allowed for the rise of pseudo-religions like National Socialism and communism. The post-war Basic Law, especially its assertion of human rights in religion and education, provides a necessary foundation for individual freedom. One possible future is that a secular superstate may overwhelm individual conscience, but personal freedom, supported by plural institutions, is the essence of the Protestant heritage in education, which strongly distinguishes between the realms of the Emperor and of God.
SCL-Based Analysis for 4G-Compliant System in Indoor/Pedestrian Environments

The future of mobile communication systems challenges researchers to constantly improve efficiency and data rate by performing numerous analyses in lab conditions. The novelty of this analysis is represented by the evaluation of the performances of the systems using two imposed statistical confidence levels (SCLs), parameter which can further provide enough information for reliable and quantitative comparisons. Based on SCLs and BERs, the number of bits (ENB) necessary to achieve certain BER thresholds can be computed increasing thus the efficiency of transmission. The 4G-compliant system will be tested in scenarios according to ITU recommendation for mobile communication environment including indoor building channel. The effects over the necessary ENBs of two techniques (convolutional and LDPC) will be evaluated and several conclusions will be highlighted in the final chapter.
Size control of cross-linked carboxy-functionalized polystyrene particles: Four orders of magnitude of dimensional versatility

Abstract Synthesis of functionalized organic particles is an expanding area of exploration due to versatile potential applications including imaging agents, drug delivery vehicles, and supported synthesis. A robust, customizable method that allows modification of size, degree of cross–linking, identity of the crosslinker, and desired functionality, while retaining particle integrity would be highly advantageous. Here, we report the straightforward, versatile syntheses of cross-linked carboxy polystyrene (PS) particles ranging from 50 nm to 500 µm in diameter that retain their morphology in organic solvents. Removal of a protecting group exposed free benzoic acid groups that were readily functionalized to afford peroxide, ester, or amide moieties. The identity and density of the crosslinker were also systematically modified to alter the swelling properties of the microparticles. The particles were rigorously characterized by IR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, SEM, and optical imaging. The methods reported here provide a robust and reliable way to systematically and reproducibly synthesize functionalized cross-linked PS-based particles spanning a wide range of sizes.
"Pump that press!": design evaluation of audience interaction using collaborative digital and physical games

Museums have been long recognized as legitimate places for out-of-school learning, offering unique experiences for large student groups. However, the challenges of assessing learning and engagement outcomes using technological interventions for large audiences, often undermine the value of these practices. To address the need for understanding how learning unfolds within the context of a museum visit as an interplay between the people, the interactives, and the mediators, we conducted a design evaluation in a science museum. Our focus was understanding the impact of audience interaction on learning and engagement during collaborative games for large student groups. For the purposes of this case study we also designed a physical board game having the dual purpose of a learning activity and an assessment tool. We present the results of our observations and discourse analysis, and discuss them in the light of our previous study in public schools.
Sharing of a common gamma chain, gamma c, by the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 receptors: implications for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID).

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is a disease characterized by profoundly diminished cellular and humoral immunity1,2. XSCID is by far the most common form of SCID, accounting for at least half of all cases. It is characterized by the presence of few or no T cells; B cells are present at relatively normal levels but are nonfunctional. In this manuscript, we will first summarize the studies that led to the discovery that the molecular basis for XSCID is mutation of the IL-2 receptor γ chain (IL-2Rγ)3. Because defects in humans with XSCID are greater than those found in IL-2 deficient mice or humans, we speculated that the IL-2Rγ was likely to be a component of more than one cytokine receptor3. This led to the discovery that IL-2Rγ is in fact a common γ chain, γc, which is also a component of both the IL-44,5 and IL-76 receptors. Given the importance of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 in B-cell and T-cell function, this finding helps to explain the basis for the immunological defects found in XSCID patients. Moreover, it provides important insights into understanding the molecular basis as to how these cytokines can exhibit both overlapping and competing activities.
New Look at an Old Problem : Bacterial Superinfection after Influenza

This commentary highlights the important role of bacterial superinfection in the morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection.
Eosinophilic gastrojejunitis associated with connective tissue disease.

ABSTRACT:We report a case of eosinophilic enteritis associated with an ill-defined connective tissue disorder. The case was complicated by intestinal perforation and managed successfully without surgical intervention. No peripheral blood eosinophilia was present. Histologic examination of an intesti
so 6 ℂ, so 7 ℂ and so m ℂ

This lecture is analogous in content (and prerequisites) to Lecture 17: we do some more low-dimensional examples and then describe the general picture of the representations of the orthogonal Lie algebras. One difference is that only half the irreducible representations of\(\mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{d}_m}\mathbb{C}\)lie in the tensor algebra of the standard; to complete the picture of the representation theory we have to construct the spin representations, which is the subject matter of the following lecture. The first four sections are completely elementary (except possibly for the discussion of the isomorphism \(\mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{o}}_{6}}\mathbb{C} \cong \mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{l}}_{4}}\mathbb{C} \) in §19.1); the last section assumes a knowledge of Lecture 6 and §15.3, but can be skipped by those who did not read those sections.
The Death Penalty & The Fundamental Right to Life

For over forty years, the Supreme Court has held that the death penalty is not invariably cruel and unusual in violation of the Eighth Amendment. But the Court has never addressed—let alone decided—whether the death penalty per se deprives the fundamental right to life in violation of substantive due process. The legal literature has followed suit, scarcely addressing the issue. This Article makes the case for why the death penalty violates the fundamental right to life. It first argues that the condemned have a fundamental right to life based on a history and tradition of diminished support for the death penalty nationally and worldwide, the dignity of the condemned, and the negative right not to be killed by one’s government. It next argues that the death penalty deprives this right in violation of substantive due process because the State cannot prove that the death penalty is narrowly tailored to achieve deterrence or retribution: arbitrariness, delay, and unreliability deprive the death penalty of a compelling purpose, and execution belies narrow tailoring. Lastly, this Article argues that the right-to-life challenge is not inconsistent with the Fifth Amendment’s text or the elephant in the room: abortion rights. Although the Eighth Amendment has paved the road toward judicial abolition of the death penalty, there remains no end in sight, no welcome sign on the horizon. The road less traveled is substantive due process: the right to life of the condemned. On the long road toward abolition, this Article argues that two lanes are better than one.
Evidence for product-specific active sites on oxide-derived Cu catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction

Carbon dioxide electroreduction in aqueous media using Cu catalysts can generate many different C2 and C3 products, which leads to the question whether all products are generated from the same types of active sites or if product-specific active sites are responsible for certain products. Here, by reducing mixtures of 13CO and 12CO2, we show that oxide-derived Cu catalysts have three different types of active sites for C–C coupled products, one that produces ethanol and acetate, another that produces ethylene and yet another that produces 1-propanol. In contrast, we do not find evidence of product-specific sites on polycrystalline Cu and oriented (100) and (111) Cu surfaces. Analysis of the isotopic composition of the products leads to the prediction that the adsorption energy of *COOH (the product of the first step of CO2 reduction) may be a descriptor for the product selectivity of a given active site. These new insights should enable highly selective catalysts to be developed.