cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Estradiol on the Rat Prostate in the Presence and Absence of Testosterone and Pituitary

In an attempt to elucidate the effect of estradiol on the rat prostate, four experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, rats were orchiectomized and were given subcutaneous implants of silastic capsules containing steroid hormones in the following five treatment regimens: empty capsule (C); capsule filled with 2 cm of testosterone (T-2); T-2 plus 0.5 cm of e-tradiol (T-2 + E-0.5); T-2 plus 2 cm of estradiol (T-2 + E-2); and T-2 plus 5 cm of estradiol (T-2 + E-5). Three weeks later, no difference was noted in the ventral or the dorsal lobe of the prostate, but the lateral lobe was significantly heavier in animals treated with T-2 plus various levels of estradiol than in those treated with T-2 alone. Furthermore, serum levels of both estradiol and prolactin were significantly elevated in the groups treated with estrogen. Rats in experiment 2 were orchiectomized and hypophysectomized and were divided into two groups. One group was treated with T-2 and another with T-2 + E-2. Three weeks later, weights of the three lobes of the prostate were not significantly different between the two groups. Although serum levels of estradiol were significantly higher in the T-2 + E-2 group than in the From the Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois T-2 group, serum levels of prolactin were not significantly different. In experiment 3, rats were orchiectomized and hypophysectomized and were divided into two groups; one received E-2, while the other received empty capsules. One week later, all three lobes of the prostate in E-2-treated animals were significantly heavier than the respective lobes in those receiving empty capsules. However, by three weeks weights of respective lobes were not significantly different between the two groups. To further investigate whether estradiol in the absence of testosterone and the pituitary has any stimulatory effect on the rat prostate, experiment 4 was carried out. Rats were orchiectomized and hypophysectomized; after three weeks, E-2 or empty capsules were implanted. After one week of treatment with E-2 or empty capsules, prostatic weights were not significantly different between the two groups. Results indicate that estradiol in the presence of testosterone and the functional pituitary has a stimulatory effect on the growth of the lateral lobe of the rat prostate. This stimulatory effect of estrogen was mediated through the pituitary. In the absence of testosterone and the functional pituitary, estradiol is unable to stimulate prostatic growth; rather, it delays the rate of castration-induced regression in all three lobes of the rat prostate.
Jet aircraft fuel system deposits

Fuels for use in turbine powered aircraft require many limitations on properties to obtain desirable engine behavior and reliable fuel handling. One of the most critical of the jet fuel properties is that of thermal oxidation stability. This requirement became evident in the middle fifties.
Do Noise Traders Move Markets

We study the trading behavior of individual investors using the Trade and Quotes (TAQ) and Institute for the Study of Security Markets (ISSM) transaction data over the period 1983 to 2001. We document three results: (1) Order imbalance based on buyer- and seller-initiated small trades from the TAQ/ISSM data correlate well with the order imbalance based on trades of individual investors from brokerage firm data. This indicates trade size is a reasonable proxy for the trading of individual investors. (2) Order imbalance based on TAQ/ISSM data indicate strong herding by individual investors. Individual investors predominantly buy (sell) the same stocks as each other contemporaneously. Furthermore, they predominantly buy (sell) the same stocks one week (month) as they did the previous week (month). (3) When measured over one year, the imbalance between purchases and sales of each stock by individual investors forecasts cross-sectional stock returns the subsequent year. Stocks heavily bought by individuals one year underperform stocks heavily sold by 4.4 percentage points in the following year. The spread in returns of stocks bought and stocks sold are greater for small stocks and stocks heavily traded by individual investors. Among stocks heavily traded by individual investors, the spread in returns between stocks bought and stocks sold is 13.5 percentage points the following year. Over shorter periods such as a week or a month, a different pattern emerges. Stocks heavily bought by individual investors one week earn strong returns in the subsequent week, while stocks heavily sold one week earn poor returns in the subsequent week. This pattern persists for a total of three to four weeks and then reverses for the subsequent several weeks. In addition to examining the ability of small trades to forecast returns, we also look at the predictive value of large trades. In striking contrast to our small trade results, we find that stocks heavily purchased with large trades one week earn poor returns in the subsequent week, while stocks heavily sold one week earn strong returns in the subsequent week.
RC-SCR: a novel low-voltage ESD protection circuit with new triggering mechanism

Several techniques exist to realize low triggering of SCR (Si-controlled rectifier) ESD (electrostatic discharging) protection structures in CMOS technologies. This paper reports a novel RC-SCR (RC-coupled SCR) ESD protection circuit using a new RC-coupling-based triggering mechanism to further reduce triggering voltage. Implementation in a commercial 0.35/spl mu/m CMOS process results in a very low triggering of 7V, representing a 28% further reduction from existing low-triggering-voltage SCR ESD protection designs.
Two DNA-binding factors recognize specific sequences at silencers, upstream activating sequences, autonomously replicating sequences, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Two DNA-binding factors from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been characterized, GRFI (general regulatory factor I) and ABFI (ARS-binding factor I), that recognize specific sequences within diverse genetic elements. GRFI bound to sequences at the negative regulatory elements (silencers) of the silent mating type loci HML E and HMR E and to the upstream activating sequence (UAS) required for transcription of the MAT alpha genes. A putative conserved UAS located at genes involved in translation (RPG box) was also recognized by GRFI. In addition, GRFI bound with high affinity to sequences with the (C1-3A)-repeat region at yeast telomeres. Binding sites for GRFI with the highest affinity appeared to be of the form 5'-(A/G)(A/C)ACCCANNCA(T/C)(T/C)-3', where N is any nucleotide. ABFI-binding sites were located next to autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs) at controlling elements of the silent mating type loci HMR E, HMR I, and HML I and were associated with ARS1, ARS2, and the 2 micron plasmid ARS. Two tandem ABFI binding sites were found between the HIS3 and DED1 genes, several kilobase pairs from any ARS, indicating that ABFI-binding sites are not restricted to ARSs. The sequences recognized by ABFI showed partial dyad-symmetry and appeared to be variations of the consensus 5'-TATCATTNNNNACGA-3'. GRFI and ABFI were both abundant DNA-binding factors and did not appear to be encoded by the SIR genes, whose products are required for repression of the silent mating type loci. Together, these results indicate that both GRFI and ABFI play multiple roles within the cell.
Space weather radiation effects on geostationary satellite solid‐state power amplifiers

[1] In order to understand and mitigate the effects of space weather on the performance of geostationary (GEO) communications satellites, we analyze 16 years of archived telemetry data from Inmarsat, the UK-based telecommunications company. We compare 665,112 operational hours of housekeeping telemetry from two generations of satellites, designated as Fleet A and Fleet B. Each generation experienced 13 solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) anomalies for a total of 26 anomalies from 1996 to 2012. We compare telemetry from the Inmarsat anomalies with space weather observations, including data from the OMNI2 database, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, the Advanced Composition Explorer Satellite, and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) GEO observations; the evolution of the sunspot number; and the Kp index. Most SSPA anomalies for Fleet A occur as solar activity declines; Fleet B has not yet experienced a full solar cycle. For both fleets, the average value of Kp remained < 2 over time periods of 2 days, 3 days, and 2 weeks around the time of anomaly, which suggests that the anomalies occurred at times of relatively quiet geomagnetic activity and that they were probably not solely caused by surface charging. From 1996 to 2009, the average of the 1.8–3.5 MeV electron flux was 1.98 #/(cm2 s st keV). Five of the 26 anomalies, unfortunately, do not have corresponding science observations (specifically, electron flux data in the LANL data set), so part of this study focuses on the 21 anomalies when science observations were available. Six out of 21 anomalies experienced a high-energy electron flux greater than 1.5 standard deviations above the mean of the log10 of the flux between 7 and 14 days prior to the anomaly. By contrast, a Monte Carlo simulation finds that on average, only 2.8 out of 21 (13%) of randomly assigned “anomalies” occur between 7 and 14 days after an electron flux greater than 1.5 standard deviations above the mean. Our observations suggest that internal charging from either past elevated radiation belt fluxes or some conditions related to relativistic electron enhancements (either causally or accidentally) is most likely responsible for the SSPA anomalies. We next consider the timing of these anomalies with respect to the local time (LT) and season. Anomalies occur at all LT sectors with 46% (Fleet A) and 38.5% (Fleet B) in the midnight to dawn sector and 54% (Fleet A) and 46% (Fleet B) in the local noon to dusk sector. From the local time distribution, surface charging does not appear to be the sole causative agent of the anomalies. Understanding the connection between the space weather conditions and anomalies on subsystems and specific components on identical and similar geostationary communications satellites for periods of time longer than a solar cycle will help guide design improvements and provide insight on their operation during space weather events.
Role of in-plane dissipation in dynamics of a Josephson vortex lattice in high-temperature superconductors

We calculate the flux-flow resistivity of the Josephson vortex lattice in a layered superconductor taking into account both the interplane and in-plane dissipation channels. We consider the limiting cases of small fields (isolated vortices) and high fields (overlapping vortices). In the case of the dominating in-plane dissipation, typical for high-temperature superconductors, the field dependence of flux-flow resistivity is characterized by three distinct regions. As usual, at low fields the flux-flow resistivity grows linearly with field. When the Josephson vortices start to overlap the flux-flow resistivity crosses over to the regime of quadratic field dependence. Finally, at very high fields the flux-flow resistivity saturates at the c-axis quasiparticle resistivity. The intermediate quadratic regime indicates the dominant role of the in-plane dissipation mechanism. The shape of the field dependence of the flux-flow resistivity can be used to extract both components of the quasiparticle conductivity.
Perceived seriousness of offense: the ignored extraneous variable

Abstract A widely used method for eliciting written speech act data is to ask speakers how they would respond in hypothetical situations. The seriousness of the offenses described in these situations has been shown to influence responses, but the possibility of variation in respondents’ assessments of seriousness of offense has not been investigated systematically. In this study, participants wrote responses to various situations and rated the seriousness of the offense involved. In five out of ten situations, there was considerable variation in ratings. Most of this variation could not be traced to speaker characteristics, such as gender. On the other hand, respondents’ perceptions of seriousness of offense seemed to influence responses to the elicitation task. For instance, in four out of ten situations, those who considered an offense more serious were significantly more likely to request redress. Therefore, the results show that considering individual variation in ratings of seriousness of offense can help explain patterns in speech act data that would otherwise seem unsystematic.
Performance measures for ATR systems with multiple classifiers and multiple labels

Significant advances in the performance of ATR systems can be made when fusing individual classification systems into a single combined classification system. Often, these individual systems are dependent, or correlated, with one another. Additionally, these systems typically assume that two outcome labels, (for instance "target" and "non-target") exist. Little is known about the performance of fused classification systems when multiple outcome labels are used. In this paper, we propose a methodology for quantifying the performance of the fused classifier system using multiple labels. Specifically, a performance measure for a fused classification system using two classifiers and multiple labels will be developed. The performance measure developed is based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve in a two-label system has been well defined and used extensively, in not only ATR applications, but also other engineering and biomedical applications. A ROC manifold is defined and use in order to incorporate the multiple labels. An example of this performance measure for a given fusion rule and multiple labels is given.
Neuromodulation and Plasticity in an autonomous robot

In this paper we implement a computational model of a neuromodulatory system in an autonomous robot. The output of the neuromodulatory system acts as a value signal, modulating widely distributed synaptic changes. The model is based on anatomical and physiological properties of midbrain diffuse ascending systems, in particular parts of the dopamine and noradrenaline systems. During reward conditioning, the model learns to generate tonic and phasic signals that represent predictions and prediction errors, including precisely timed negative signals if expected rewards are omitted or delayed. We test the robot's learning and behavior in different environmental contexts and observe changes in the development of the neuromodulatory system that depend upon environmental factors. Simulation of a computational model incorporating both reward-related and aversive stimuli leads to the emergence of conditioned reward and aversive behaviors. These studies represent a step towards investigating computational aspects of neuromodulatory systems in autonomous robots.
Safety of percutaneous tracheostomy in NeuroICU patients with intracranial pressure monitoring

We read with great interest the article by Scales and Cutherbertson on percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in a previous issue of Critical Care[1]. In particular, we appreciated their last comment: ‘Finally, we believe that some patient populations - for example, those with chronic respiratory conditions or underlying neurological injury - may have risk-benefit profiles that differ from general ICU patients, and this should be further explored’. We wholeheartedly agree with their statement about neurosciences intensive care unit (NeuroICU) patients in particular because patients with traumatic brain injury or poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage can develop global cerebral edema (GCE), which may peak within the first few days and can last up to 2 weeks - refractory intracranial pressure (ICP) - without advanced intervention or decompressive hemicraniectomy or both. We have found that GCE patients with refractory ICP may be better served by having earlier tracheostomy if the primary brain injury is survivable and the patients have a reasonable prognosis but that it may be wise to wait longer if the prognosis is indeterminate, as the authors mention the risks versus benefit. Finally, we have studied the ICP surge during the dilatational part of percutaneous tracheostomies in our NeuroICU with indwelling ICP monitors [2]. For the most part, we safely managed ICP with mannitol or hypertonic saline or by opening the ventriculostomy drain to allow ventricular fluid out in order to lower ICP during the procedure. Prior to this study, we found little to no information about the safety of this procedure in this group of patients. Therefore, we agree with the authors that a specific risk-versus-benefit ratio of subsets of ICU patients should be analyzed with regard to this procedure.
Interactions between analysts’ and managers’ earnings forecasts

Abstract We examine interactions between the earnings forecasts made by analysts and those from management by investigating: (1) managers’ versus analysts’ comparative efficiencies at incorporating financial statement information (FSI) and the information underlying stock returns (SRI) into their forecasts; and (2) the comparative roles of FSI and SRI in improving analysts’ forecasts made after management forecasts. We show: (1) managers’ comparative advantage over analysts is greater for incorporating SRI into their forecasts rather than FSI; and (2) after observing management forecasts, analysts improve their forecasts more by better utilizing SRI versus FSI. We show that analysts’ failure to incorporate SRI, but not FSI, into their forecasts is associated with managers’ propensity to issue forecasts.
Social Relations and the Green Critique of Capitalism in Melanesia

In this article, I explore what a critical environmental perspective would look like in Melanesia, where the distinction between nature and culture, and the expectation that science interprets the former in terms of the latter, may not apply. I consider changes in scientific knowledge production and the shift from cultural ecology to political ecology in Melanesian anthropology, including the argument that Melanesians are neither conservationists nor environmentalists. In contrast, I show how people exposed to pollution from the Ok Tedi copper and gold mine in Papua New Guinea mobilize their understandings of difference in a green critique of capitalism. I examine a strategy session of local activists, a public meeting about their campaign against the mine, and a sorcery tribunal. Finally, I suggest that Melanesian ideas about social relations provide a useful ethnographic analogy for thinking about the mobility and short temporal horizons of contemporary capitalism. (Keywords: capitalism, Melanesia, mining, reverse anthropology, science)
Oil Shocks and Real U.S. Income

The analysis explains how previous oil shocks have affected real U.S. income. Real income differs from aggregate economic output (GDP) because it includes the purchasing power losses associated with more expensive imported petroleum. Real income declines immediately during the same quarter as the oil price shock as opposed to the output effects, which are lagged over several quarters. These immediate losses can be significant, reaching as much as 1.7% of the baseline value in the same quarter, for a doubling of crude oil prices. Expanding coverage to include purchasing power losses allows policy analysts to evaluate a range of different policy instruments that can influence oil prices, such as the building and release of the strategic petroleum reserve.
A monograph of Nephilengys, the pantropical ‘hermit spiders’ (Araneae, Nephilidae, Nephilinae)

The nephilid genus Nephilengys, known for its synanthropic habits, large webs with a retreat and the extreme sexual size dimorphism, is revised. Of the twenty-three available names, only four species with a globally allopatric distribution are recognized, illustrated and described from both sexes: N. cruentata (Fabricius, 1775) inhabits tropical Africa and South America, where it has probably been introduced; N. borbonica (Vinson, 1863) is found on Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles and the Mascarene Islands; N. malabarensis (Walckenaer, 1842) ranges from India and Sri Lanka to China, Japan and eastern Indonesia; N. papuana Thorell, 1881 stat.n. is known from New Guinea and tropical Australia. Nephila instigans Butler, 1876 is the proposed syn.n. of N. borbonica; N. borbonica livida Vinson, 1863 is syn.n. of N. borbonica; N. niahensis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1989 is syn.n. of N. malabarensis; N. rainbowi Hogg, 1899 is syn.n. of N. papuana. N. kenmorei Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, here proposed as a nomen dubium, is an araneid. Nephilengys biology is reviewed and its anatomy summarized for use in a phylogenetic analysis of 197 characters scored for all Nephilengys, selected nephilid species and non-nephilid outgroups. Two new clades are circumscribed, the ‘cruentata species group’ (with N. cruentata and N. borbonica) and the ‘malabarensis species group’ (with N. malabarensis and N. papuana).
Fundraising for Accelerated Study for the PhD in Nursing: A Community Partnership

This article describes fundraising strategies by a School of Nursing to support a post-master's accelerated (3-year) PhD degree program. A sample proposal to solicit funds is included, as well as a contract that students sign before accepting the scholarship and agreeing to teach for 3 years or repay the money. The first campaign raised $2.3 million for ten students, and the second campaign raised $1.3 million for six students. One useful marketing strategy is to show the impact of an investment in educating ten doctoral students who will become faculty and teach 100 additional students per year, who will then become professionals caring for thousands of patients during their careers. Over a 10 year period, the impact of an accelerated program is enormous, with 660 students taught who in their lifetime will care for 2.4 million patients. The article also discusses motivation and mind sets for giving to promote success in fundraising.
Time-dependent alteration of insulin-like growth factor gene expression during nerve regeneration in regions of muscle enriched with neuromuscular junctions

Abstract Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) increase the rate of motor axon elongation, prevent motoneuron death, and may support the reestablishment of synapses following nerve injury. In situ hybridization was used in the present study to examine the temporal and spatial distribution of IGF gene expression in soleus muscle following sciatic nerve crush in rats. In intact muscle, IGF-II gene expression was generally low, and localized to interstitial cells, possibly fibroblast and Schwann cells. These cells were found in the middle of muscle which is enriched in neuromuscular junctions. IGF-II gene expression, 4–6 days postcrush, was increased in interstitial cells. Thereafter, IGF-II gene expression was also increased in muscle cells or cells closely associated with muscle fibers, such as satellite cells. IGF-II gene expression was increased to a much greater extent in the midregion of muscle enriched in end-plates than in the two ends of muscle, but returned towards normal following the reestablishment of functional synapses. On the other hand, IGF-I gene expression was only slightly increased following nerve crush, and this increase was associated with interstitial, but not muscle cells. These results show that the IGF-I and IGF-II genes are regulated by independent signals and may play separate roles during nerve regeneration. For example, a regional increase in IGF-II gene expression may support preferential nerve terminal sprouting in the middle of muscle enriched in neuromuscular junctions, thereby increasing the probability for the reestablishment of synapses.
Power Grip Force Magnitude and Direction for Varying Cylindrical Handle Diameters and Hand Size

This study investigated external grip force vectors when grasping cylindrical handles of varying diameters. Forty-eight subjects (18 males and 30 females) grasped strain gage instrumented cylinders...
Induction of anemia by avian leukosis viruses of five subgroups.

Abstract Chickens infected with avian leukosis viruses frequently manifest anemia during the development of disease. Previous work has established that infection of the 8-day-old hatched chick with virus results in the synchronous appearance of a profound anemia. In this communication, we have used this phenomen to test viruses representing five subgroups of avian leukosis for the ability to induce anemia. The results indicate that viruses of B and D subgroups induced severe anemia while viruses of subgroups A, C, and F induced only mild anemia or none at all.
Leaving Home Early: Reexamination of the Canonical Models of Tumor Progression

A recent report in Science from the Varmus laboratory (Podsypanina et al., 2008) puts an interesting twist on the origins of metastatic cells, suggesting that metastases can arise in ways that are very different from those widely believed.
Pretreatment circadian period in free-running blind people may predict the phase angle of entrainment to melatonin

To date, we have entrained (synchronized) eight totally blind people with free-running circadian rhythms to a nightly dose of 10 mg of melatonin. Each person entrained at a different phase angle of entrainment (PAE), which is the interval in hours between the time of the melatonin dose and the time of the endogenous melatonin onset. When the PAE was plotted against the pretreatment free-running (i.e. slightly different than 24.0 h) circadian period (tau), the fitted regression line revealed a significant correlation, which is consistent with previous findings on light entrainment of rest-activity rhythms in free-running rodents [Pittendrigh and Daan, J. Comp. Physiol., 106 (1976) 291-331].
Active Lattice Filter with nanophotonic FTIR-couplers for integrated photonic channelizer

A 2D Active Lattice Filter ALF combining a Manhattan grid of waveguide gain segments with nanophotonic couplers at the waveguide intersections is presented. The particular application reported herein is a basic channelizer. The resulting structure is readily described, designed, and analyzed in Z-transform space. Critical to the implementation of the 2D ALF circuit is a highly efficient small footprint coupler based on frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR).
A comparison of the immunologic function of thymus cells at varying stages of maturation.

SummaryInjections of mouse thymus cells from fetal, neonatal, 4-week- and 1-year-old syngeneic donors were compared for their ability to potentiate the production of serum antibody to sheep red blood cells in thymectomized, irradiated recipients previously injected with syngeneic bone marrow. Five million fetal thymus cells afforded no restoration of the immunologic response and one-year-old thymus cells gave marginal improvement. The apparent deficiency of the fetal thymus cell inoculum was quantitative since 20 million of these cells proved to be as active as five million neonatal thymus cells. Neonatal and 4-week-old thymus cells induced significant and virtually equal immunologic reactivity in terms of serum antibody titers. Immunologic restoration estimated by the number of spleen direct PFC was insignificant in all the groups given thymus cells. There was no increase in the number of indirect PFC observed in the experimental groups except for the one treated with 4-week-old thymus cells and here the...
Disposition in mice of 7-hydroxystaurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor with antitumor activity

UCN-01, a hydroxylated derivative of staurosporine, was selected for study because of its promising antitumor activity. For mice dosed intravenously, subcutaneously, or by oral gavage with this compound, the maximum tolerated doses (MTD) were 20, 10, and >100 mg/kg, respectively. UCN-01 was stable in mouse and dog plasma, but in human plasma it was converted to a metabolite in a process not inhibited by standard protease and esterase inhibitors. Following n intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg UCN-01, the half-lives for the initial (t 1/2α) and terminal (t 1/2β) exponential phases of elimination were 10 and 85 min, respectively; the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC value) was 117 μg min ml−1. In mice dosed by oral gavage with 10 mg/kg, the calculated value for the half-life of the elimination phase was 150 min. The AUC value was 15 μg min ml−1, giving a value for bioavailability of 13%. After subcutaneous dosing with 10 mg/kg, the calculated values for half-lives for the distribution and elimination phases were 23 and 130 min, respectively; the AUC value was 113 μg min ml−1. Since this value is equivalent to that obtained for intravenous dosing, administration of UCN-01 by the subcutaneous route may be an alternative to intravenous dosing in preclinical and clinical trials.
Association of Puroindoline Sequence Type and Grain Hardness in Hard Red Spring Wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm texture is a primary determinant of milling and end-product quality. Friabilin, a marker protein for grain hardness, is composed of two proteins, puroindoline a and b (pinA and pinB, respectively). Hard-textured wheats have variant alleles consisting of a glycine-to-serine change in pinB (pinB-D1b) or the complete absence of pinA (pinA-Dl b ). Our objectives were to examine the influence of pinA and pinB alterations on grain hardness from populations among elite hard red spring wheat cultivars differing in puroindoline alteration, and to measure associations of grain hardness with kernel weight and grain protein concentration. Fifty F 3:6 progenies from three pinA-Dlb x pinB-Dlb, one pinB-Dlb × pinB-Dlb, and one pinA-D1b × pinA-D1b type crosses were evaluated with their parents in two field experiments. Lines classified as pinA-D1b were significantly harder than lines classified as pinB-D1b when averaged across the three segregating populations. This difference was significant (P< 0.05) in one of the three populations. Significant genetic variation existed for grain hardness, protein concentration, and kernel weight within puroindoline classes and among lines from crosses not segregating for pinA-D1b vs. pinB-D1b. Significant positive correlations were observed in all five populations for grain hardness and protein concentration (r = 0.46-0.79). Our results indicate that most of the genetic variation in grain hardness among the populations studied was due to factors other than pinA and pinB, as the pinA-D1b vs. pinB-Dl b difference explained <12% of the variation in grain hardness in these hard wheat populations.
Effects of protease treatment on growth, morphology, adhesion, and cell surface proteins of secondary chick embryo fibroblasts

Abstract Several proteolytic enzymes have been studied with regard to their ability to induce DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in resting chick embryo fibroblasts. Of the enzymes examined, thrombin, bromelin, and trypsin exhibit potent mitogenic activity, elastase has significant but less marked activity, whereas thermolysin, papain, and α-protease are inactive. The enzymes were also tested for their ability to induce morphological change or to remove two iodinatable proteins of 250,000 and 205,000 daltons. Although the larger protein is removed by some but not all of the proteases examined, every protease tested removed the smaller cell surface protein. The ability of proteases to stimulate cell growth could not be correlated directly with removal of either of these cell surface proteins; however, loss of the smaller protein does correlate with the reduction of both cytoplasmic spreading and cell-cell interactions observed after protease treatment. A secondary, later event of migration of cells into clumps is observed in those instances when protease treatment did not result in a loss of the 250K protein. A role for each of these proteins in the processes of cellular adhesion is discussed.
Suicide in Cross-Cultural Perspective

As sociologists approach the centennial celebration of Durkheim's Suicide, we can neither relax our attention nor idolize the gifts he has given us; but, we must instead move the science of sociology forward, until no individual feels so much anguish, pain and isolation that he/she feels compelled to commit suicide. Recent data from the World Health Organization clearly indicates that suicide is at crisis proportions in Hungary and in Sri Lanka. Among the elderly world-wide, but most especially in Eastern Europe, suicide is a serious social problem, with rates often eclipsing national averages. Although systematic data is not yet available on each and every society, there is some evidence that alienation, especially in Japan and India, may be one of the primary motives for committing suicide.
Uptake of cationic technetium complexes in cultured human carcinoma cells and human xenografts

Abstract We evaluated lipophilicity, in vitro cell accumulation, and biodistribution of a series of 99m Tc-ether isonitrile complexes to determine whether increased lipophilicity promotes extraction by tumor or enhances imaging properties of the radiopharmaceutical. Nine 99m Tc-sestamibi analogs were synthesized and their lipophilicity was determined. Net cellular accumulation and membrane-potential-independent uptake were quantitatively compared in cultured human colon, breast, and lung carcinoma cells. The biodistribution of [ 99m Tc-(2-methoxy-2-ethyl-1-isocyanopropane) 6 ] + ( 99m Tc-MMBI) and [ 99m Tc-(2-ethoxy-2-methyl-1-isocyanopropane) 6 ] + ( 99m Tc-EIBI) was studied in nude mice using subcutaneous, subrenal capsule, and hepatic tumor xenografts. Accumulation of these compounds in colon cells correlated with increasing lipophilicity. Compared with 99m Tc-sestamibi, 99m Tc-EIBI exhibited (i) in colon cells both higher net accumulation and a higher specific/nonspecific uptake ratio; (ii) in all three cell lines higher membrane-potential-dependent accumulation; and (iii) in all subcutaneous tumor xenografts and in colon subrenal capsule and hepatic tumor xenografts higher tumor/background ratios.
New metrics, measures, and uses for fluency data: an introduction to a special issue on the assessment of reading fluency

The primary objective of this special issue is to synthesize results from recent reading fluency research endeavors, and to link these findings to practical uses of reading curriculum-based measurement (R-CBM) tools. Taken together, the manuscripts presented in this issue discuss measurement work related to new metrics of indexing student reading progress, the application of R-CBM tasks to traditionally underrepresented groups in the literature, specifically students in Grades 7–8 disaggregated by first-language and special education status, and new uses of aggregate reading fluency data to assist with school-level reporting. All manuscripts link to practical applications for R-CBM users and researchers. In this introduction to the issue, we provide an overview of the critical pieces of each article, discuss how and where the article fits in the broader context of reading research generally and R-CBM research specifically, and set the stage for how these articles can serve as a springboard for subsequent phases of R-CBM research.
Unambiguous discrimination of two nonorthogonal multipartite states using local measurements and classical communication (Invited Paper)

We consider a quantum system of two nonorthogonal bipartite quantum states. We distribute the qubits between two parties, Alice and Bob. They each measure their qubits and then compare their measurement results to determine which state they were sent. This procedure is error-free, which implies that it must sometimes fail. In addition, no quantum memory is required; it is not necessary for one of the qubits to be stored until the result of the measurement on the other is known. We consider the cases in which, should a failure occur, both parties receive a failure signal or only one does. In the latter case, if the two states share the same Schmidt basis, the states can be discriminated with the same failure probability as would be obtained if the qubits were measured together. This scheme is sufficiently simple that it can be generalized to multipartite qubit and qudit states. Applications to quantum secret sharing are discussed.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Calcium and Phosphorus Requirement of White Leghorn Pullets from 8–21 Weeks

Abstract THE National Research Council (1960) has set the calcium and phosphorus requirements of growing chickens from 8 to 18 weeks of age at 1.0 and 0.6%, respectively. It is further indicated that a portion of the phosphorus must be supplied in inorganic form. Evidence to support such high requirements for these two elements during the developing period (8 weeks to 18 to 21 weeks of age) is meager. Numerous investigations have indicated that the above indicated values are necessary for early chick growth and normal bone ash. However, few studies have been conducted to determine requirements during the growing or developing period. Berg el al. (1947) found no difference in the performance of laying pullets fed diets containing 0.7, 0.9 or 3.0% calcium for an average of eight weeks prior to the onset of lay. O’Rourke et al. (1952) showed that the phosphorus requirement decreased with age. Using inorganic phosphorus…
An Estimate of the Climatological Heat Fluxes over the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract Weather reports for the 1970s decade were used to derive the mean annual distributions of surface properties and to compute the surface fluxes of heat over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The net heat flux obtained was greater than other estimates, and there is an annual heat gain by the ocean everywhere between 20°N and 20°S. The amounts and patterns appear plausible when compared with major features of the ocean circulation. The seasonal cycles of sea surface temperature, net heat flux, and wind speed were examined for eight regions; the results suggest that, except off Peru and near the equator, the seasonal variation of surface temperature is caused by variations in surface heat flux.
Analysis of hydrogen peroxide in freshly prepared coffees

Coffee has been shown unequivocally to be genotoxic in vitro, but no genotoxicity has been seen in in vivo testing. Since the in vitro genotoxicity appears to be dependent on hydrogen peroxide, it is important to know whether hydrogen peroxide is present in prepared coffee and whether it is being formed during the in vitro testing. We have devised a procedure to measure hydrogen peroxide in prepared coffee using disposable reversed-phase columns to decolourize the coffee and retain its catechols. Hydrogen peroxide was assayed in the eluate from the columns by two chromogenic methods: horseradish-peroxidase-mediated oxidation of phenol red and non-enzymatic oxidation of iodide. Three brands of brewed and instant coffee prepared in the manner recommended to the consumer were studied. Although six of the twelve preparations of coffee contained 3–29 μm-hydrogen peroxide, in the other six none could be detected. Sampling, batch, and ageing effects may contribute to the variability in the testing, but there is no indication of > 100 μm-hydrogen peroxide levels in freshly prepared coffees, as reported in the literature using other methods. Hydrogen peroxide did form slowly in prepared coffee as the beverage became oxygenated, but it formed quickly if the coffee was diluted by addition to an oxygen-containing solution at neutral pH and then incubated at 37°C. These results strongly suggest that adventitious formation of hydrogen peroxide is a confounding factor in the analytical and in vitro genotoxicological testing of coffees.
Partially conserved axial vector current and the decays of vector mesons

The notion of a partially conserved axial-vector current (1) (PCAC) and the current commutation relations that generate the algebra U(2)xU(2) have been successfully applied to the calculation of the axial-vector constant renormalization (2) and to the nonleptonic decays of hyperons and K mesons. (3) In this note, we wish to report on further applications of these ideas to the decays of vector mesons.
Voltage-controlled separation of proteins by electromobility focusing in a dialysis hollow fiber.

Abstract Electromobility focusing (EMF) is a relatively new protein separation technique that utilizes an electric field gradient and a hydrodynamic flow. Proteins are focused in order of electrophoretic mobility at points where their electrophoretic migration velocities balance the hydrodynamic flow velocity. Steady state bands are formed along the separation channel when equilibrium is reached. Further separation and detection can be easily achieved by changing the electric field profile. In this paper, we describe an EMF system with on-line UV absorption detection in which the electric field gradient was formed using a dialysis hollow fiber. Protein focusing and preconcentration were performed with this system. Voltage-controlled separation was demonstrated using bovine serum albumin and myoglobin as model proteins. The limitations of the current method are discussed, and possible solutions are proposed.
Photoluminescence from Ion Implanted CdTe Crystals

We have studied the photoluminescence of CdTe crystals doped with two elements, Cu and Cl, that are frequently used in CdTe-based solar cells. Ions were implanted into high-quality single crystals of CdTe at the Toledo Heavy Ion Accelerator Lab in our Department. We used a standard Monte Carlo simulation program to plan an implant dosage at three different energies. The lattice damage was removed by thermal annealing in an inert atmosphere using a proximity cap to avoid surface deterioration. The PL spectra at 40K were obtained at 488 nm or 752nm to match the absorption depth with the implant profile. Using implant densities typically of 10 16 , 10 17 , and 10 18 /cm 3 , and laser excitation power densities ranging over several orders of magnitude, we have identified band-to-band transitions, free-to-bound transitions, bound-exciton lines, and donor-acceptor pair transitions related to these species.
Recognizing and tracking humans and vehicles using radar

Dynamic obstacles like vehicles and animals can be distinguished from humans using their radar micro-Doppler signature. This allows customizing the robotic path algorithm to avoid highly sensitive and unpredictable obstacles like humans and rapidly moving obstacles like vehicles. We demonstrate the extraction of stride rate and other information associated with gait for enhanced person recognition from radar data. We describe the radar sensors used for the measurements, the algorithms used for the detection, tracking, and classification of people and vehicles, as well as describe some of the features that can be extracted. These features can serve as rudimentary identifying information in a scene with multiple subjects. We measure human subjects in indoor and outdoor clutter backgrounds for identification and gather ground truth using video to validate the radar data.
Acceptability of CoaguChek S and CoaguChek XS generated international normalised ratios against a laboratory standard in a paediatric setting

Aims: Point of care (POC) testing is convenient for both patients and physicians but the accuracy of the results must be guaranteed. In this study we evaluated the accuracy of the international normalised ratios (INR) generated from the CoaguChek S and the newer CoaguChek XS against our laboratory standard.Methods: The INR values obtained from 87 tests on the CoaguChek S and 97 tests on the CoaguChek XS were compared with those generated from a laboratory based coagulation analyser. The results were statistically analysed.Results: The values from the CoaguChek XS were closer to the laboratory based results than those from the CoaguChek S but were still significantly different (p<0.001). Using an arbitrary INR difference of ⩽0.5 INR units as a basis for comparable results, then 43% of the CoaguChek S and 19% of the CoaguChek XS results would have been considered unacceptable. Warfarin dose changes would have been considered in 25% of the CoaguChek S cases and 13% of the CoaguChek XS cases. Despite the disp...
Single gene heterosis for alcohol dehydrogenase in maize: the nature of the subunit interaction.

The products of the Adh1Fallele which specifies an active enzyme, and the Adh1Cmallele which specifies a stable enzyme, interact in the heterodimer to give an active stable alcohol dehydrogenase. Investigations on the nature of the heterotic interaction are presented including comparisons of in vivo and in vitro synthesized heterodimers.
Viscous shocks in Hele–Shaw flow and Stokes phenomena of the Painlevé I transcendent

In Hele–Shaw flows at vanishing surface tension, the boundary of a viscous fluid develops cusp-like singularities. In recent papers Lee et al. (2009, 2008) we have showed that singularities trigger viscous shocks propagating through the viscous fluid. Here we show that the weak solution of the Hele–Shaw problem describing viscous shocks is equivalent to a semiclassical approximation of a special real solution of the Painleve I equation. We argue that the Painleve I equation provides an integrable deformation of the Hele–Shaw problem which describes flow passing through singularities. In this interpretation shocks appear as Stokes level-lines of the Painlevelinear problem.
Creep of Cr2Hf + Cr in situ intermetallic composites

Intermetallics are attractive for high temperature applications due to their high melting temperature and high temperature strength. One of the principal requirements for high temperature use is the creep strength. At present very little information on creep is available in intermetallics and it is even rare in the case of two phase intermetallic composites indicated above. In previous studies, the effects of microstructure and heat treatment on the mechanical behavior as a function of temperature, including flexure strength, ductility and fracture toughness of Cr{sub 2}Hf + Cr composites were investigated. The objective of the present study is to investigate the creep deformation characteristics of Cr{sub 2}Hf + cr composite. Creep data for one hypoeutectic microstructure and for the eutectic microstructure in this composite system were determined at 1,200 C and are compared with that of pure Cr. Estimates of composite creep behavior, made using known models, are also presented.
Divergences of Massive Yang-Mills Theories

In an earlier paper, we suggested a model of weak interactions where the divergences of higher-order amplitudes are properly ordered. In this paper, we show that the introduction of Yang-Mills self-couplings preserves this ordering. We show, in particular, that the worst divergences of Feynman amplitudes are like ${({g}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{2})}^{n}$, despite the fact that individual Feynman diagrams diverge like ${({g}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{4})}^{n}$.
Distribution of the 72-kd heat-shock protein as a function of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

The significance and physiological implications of the expression of the 72-kd heat-shock protein in ischemic tissue are unknown. To enhance our understanding of the relation between ischemic cell damage and 72-kd heat-shock protein expression, we evaluated the cellular expression and the anatomic distribution of 72-kd heat-shock protein in conjunction with the morphological analysis of rat brain, as a function of the duration of a single arterial occlusion.Adult Wistar rats were subjected to graded transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (for a duration of 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes and sham; n = 4 per group). Forty-eight hours after reopening the artery, brain tissue sections were analyzed to determine the extent of neuronal damage (hematoxylin and eosin staining), the extent of astrocytic reactivity (immunohistochemistry, using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein), and the distribution of 72-kd heat-shock protein (immunohistochemistry, using a monoclonal antibody to 72-kd heat-shock protei...