cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined Effects of CMAS and FOD in Ceramic Matrix Composites

The combined effects of CMAS (calcium magnesium aluminosilicate) and FOD (foreign object damage) were determined in three different ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), two melt-infiltrated (MI) SiC/SiCs and one oxide/oxide. Foreign object damage was introduced at ambient temperature in CMC test targets using 1.6 mm steel ball projectiles at an impact velocity of 340 m/s utilizing a ballistic impact gun. One type of target support, partial support, was used. The impact-damaged test coupons were then CMAS-exposed at 1200°C for 10 hrs in air. Additional tests were also performed by exposing impact-damaged test coupons to a mixture of CMAS and salt (sodium sulfate) at 1200°C for 10 hrs in air. The combined effects of FOD and CMAS or CMAS/salt were quantified by determining the residual strengths of test coupons after exposures. Also, six different sands ingested into aeroengines were analyzed in their chemical compositions. The melt CMAS solid, melted at 1300°C and solidified, was assessed in its mechanical properties of microhardness and fracture toughness.
Organizational Participation: A Critique and Model

A critique of the current state of theory and research on employee tardiness, absenteeism, turnover and job choice is presented. Research and theory reviewed illustrate problems and unresolved issues underlying current knowledge of the determinants of organizational participation. An expanded valence-instrumentality-expectancy model provides the basis for integrating psychological and economic perspectives on organizational participation. Guidelines for future research and conceptual development are provided.
Control of Active Magnetic Bearing systems on non-static foundations

A case study of an electric motor with Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) that is subjected to the waving of the supporting foundation is presented. The motor is intended for sea applications where the ship is disturbed by the oscillation of the waves. Initially, a tilt-and-translate PID controller is designed to stabilize the rotor in the magnetic bearing system and satisfy the Zone A specifications defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 14839) for new machines with magnetic bearings. The performance of the tilt-and-translate controller is then tested when the motor is subjected to the waving of the foundation. Simulation shows that the rotor vibration level easily exceeds the permitted level by the ISO specifications due to a combination of the waving disturbance from the foundation and the gyroscopic forces. Based on the results with the tilt-and-translate controller, a robust μ controller is designed to reduce the vibration of the rotor. The performance of the controller is tested when subjected to the waving of the foundation, and simulation shows that the vibration level is reduced to the level permitted by the ISO specifications.
Do you need a flash' to form a flashbulb memory?

On January 16, 1991, students encoded an «ordinary event» as part of a demonstration on flashbulb memories and completed a questionnaire modeled after Christianson (1989). By coincidence, the bombing of Iraq began the same day. A similar questionnaire asking about memory for the bombing was given to students 2 days later. In April 1991 and January 1992, both questionnaires were again completed, allowing comparisons of the students' memories for the 2 events. Although few differences appeared in the accuracy of the 2 memories over the intervals, confidence levels for the memories surrounding the bombing were significantly higher. Furthermore, retention and confidence did not differ from April 1991 to January 1992
Induction of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium in Simian AIDS Is Dependent upon Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Strain and Defective Granuloma Formation

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is the most common disseminated bacterial disease in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Although murine models of disseminated MAC exist, they are primarily based on underlying genetic susceptibilities and cannot adequately address the complex interactions that occur between host, mycobacteria, and immunosuppressive lentivirus. To address this problem we have developed an experimental system to co-inoculate rhesus macaques with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and a clinical M. avium isolate that results in a disease virtually identical to that observed in human cases. Using this experimental system we have found that the development of disseminated MAC is dependent on viral strain. Animals co-infected with SIVmac251 and M. avium developed progressive disease, whereas control animals and animals inoculated with closely related viruses (SIVmac239 and SIVmac239MER) developed self-limiting infections. The ability of animals infected with SIVmac239 or SIVmac239MER to eliminate mycobacterial disease was independent of viral load and CD4 T-cell number but was correlated with the size and composition of microgranulomas. This work establishes a novel primate model of disseminated MAC in the context of immunosuppressive lentiviral infection and advances our understanding of why human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients are remarkably sensitive to the development of mycobacterial disease.
Why are language families larger in some regions than in others

For most of the world’s language families that are not included in yet larger families, published sources were surveyed to determine the number of languages in the family, and also the lexical diversity among those languages as measured by cognate percentages in lexicostatistical wordlists. In this database, lexical diversity tends to be lower in American families than elsewhere; this result is consistent with several alternative explanations, some methodological and some historical. At any given level of diversity, however, African and Eurasian families tend to contain more languages than elsewhere; this result suggests faster historical expansion of language families, relative to lexical replacement within languages, in Africa and Eurasia.
Sources of variability in estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States

Abstract Background The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the United States was estimated at 2.3 million in 2002 by the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), which is almost 50% less than the estimate of 4.5 million in 2000 derived from the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Methods We considered how differences in diagnostic criteria may have contributed to these differences in AD prevalence. Results We identified several important differences in diagnostic criteria that may have contributed to the differing estimates of AD prevalence. Two factors were especially noteworthy. First, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III-R and IV criteria of functional limitation documented by an informant used in ADAMS effectively concentrated the diagnosis of dementia toward a relatively higher level of cognitive impairment. ADAMS separately identified a category of cognitive impairment not dementia and within that group there were a substantial number of cases with "prodromal" AD (a maximum of 1.95 million with upweighting). Second, a substantial proportion of dementia in ADAMS was attributed to either vascular disease (representing a maximum of 0.59 million with upweighting) or undetermined etiology (a maximum of 0.34 million), whereas most dementia, including mixed dementia, was attributed to AD in the Chicago Health and Aging Project. Conclusion The diagnosis of AD in population studies is a complex process. When a diagnosis of AD excludes persons meeting criteria for vascular dementia, when not all persons with dementia are assigned an etiology, and when a diagnosis of dementia requires an informant report of functional limitations, the prevalence is substantially lower and the diagnosed cases most likely have a relatively higher level of impairment.
The Politics of Requesting Appointments: Congressional Requests in the Appointment and Nomination Process

There is persistent debate about who most influences the federal appointment process, especially whether the executive branch staffs the federal bureaucracy with individuals loyal to the White House or relies on the process as an accommodation to important political players, especially members of Congress. Yet, people still know little about the role members of Congress play in the process of shaping the prenomination environment. In this article, the authors address this debate by using unique archival data from the Dwight Eisenhower and Gerald Ford Presidential Libraries to identify which legislators contacted the president about a specific nomination or appointment request and under what conditions these requests were successful. The authors find that legislator resources, Senate membership, and those closer ideologically to the president are related both to the number of requests made and to the number of successful appointment or nomination requests granted. The results suggest that the president rel...
How to define management: a modular approach

Applies a modular approach to the definition of management. Includes ten separate definitions and modules in an attempt to answer the relatively sweeping question of what management is all about. Various parts of the model could be used for different purposes. First, it may help managers understand the complexities of their job in various situations and identify areas of strengths and weaknesses. Second, the model may assist teachers and educators in planning programmes of management development.
A review of pain assessment techniques and pharmacological approaches to pain relief after bovine castration: Practical implications for cattle production within the United States

Castration of male calves destined for beef production is a common livestock management practice in the United States amounting to approximately 7 million procedures per year. Recently there has been renewed interest in identifying methods to reduce pain associated with dehorning and castration. Although several studies have reported that analgesic drug administration prior to castration attenuates plasma cortisol response, there are currently no compounds specifically approved for pain relief in livestock in the U.S. Validated pain assessment tools are needed to support regulatory approval of analgesic compounds. This may include use of accelerometers, videography, heart rate variability determination, electroencephalography, thermography and plasma neuropeptide measurement to assess behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine changes associated with a pain response. Extra-label drug use (ELDU) for pain relief is regulated under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) and requires that drugs be administered by or under the supervision of a veterinarian. Agents that may provide preemptive analgesia include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, α2-agonists, and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. A review of the published literature suggests that a significant decrease in plasma cortisol concentration after castration was associated with preemptive administration of a NSAID and local anesthesia. Local anesthesia alone tended to decrease peak plasma cortisol concentrations more than NSAIDs. However NSAIDs alone tended to decrease the area under the plasma cortisol–time curve more than local anesthesia alone. These findings suggest that multimodal analgesic regimens that extend into the post-operative period are more effective at mitigating pain and distress associated with castration than a single drug modality. Regulatory approval of safe and cost effective analgesic compounds with convenient routes of administration is needed for routine use of pain relieving drugs to be considered as standard practice at the time of castration.
Positioning and active damping of flexible beams

In this paper, we investigate the design of controllers for the positioning and damping of flexible beams. The approach taken has previously been shown to be effective in the design of controllers for the positioning and active damping of spring-mass systems. The control design is based on open-loop positioning followed by closed-loop control for damping. By so doing, it is possible to avoid a conflicting requirements problem associated with traditional state variable feedback design. The open-loop portion of the control is based on optimal control theory, which allows for control saturation. In particular, during this phase of the control, the time to position is minimized. This results in a bang-bang type of control, which is distributed among some "redundant" controllers to allow for flexible mode suppression. Once the beam has been "positioned," the controller switches to a closed-loop phase. The particular closed-loop control used here is based on energy methods and is not a full state variable feedback design. The method is illustrated using a free-free beam example, and the results are compared with a linear system/quadratic cost control design.
Modification of flavor preference by olfactory preexposure in normal and zinc-sulfatetreated mice

Mice treated at 14 days with 2% ZnSO4 intranasally and controls were exposed for 1 h/day between Days 14 and 21 either to an air stream with a peppermint odor or to one containing ethyl alcohol. Their diet preference was recorded for 5 days between Days 28 and 32. Exposure to peppermint resulted in a heightened preference for peppermint-flavored diet on Days 2 and 3 of testing. Treatment with ZnSO4 did not influence this preference, although the treated animals showed a temporary reduction of body weight.
Atomic-scale magnetic modeling of oxide nanoparticles

We present a method for atomic-scale modeling of the magnetic behavior of ionic magnetic solids. Spin distributions and net magnetic moments are calculated for nanoparticles of ferrimagnetic ${\mathrm{NiFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ and antiferromagnetic NiO as a function of applied field. Calculations incorporate crystal structures and exchange parameters determined from bulk data, bulk anisotropy for core spins, reasonable estimates for the anisotropy of surface spins, and finite temperatures simulated by random perturbations of spins. Surface spin disorder was found in the case of ferrimagnetic spinel nanoparticles, due to broken exchange bonds at the surface. The calculations also demonstrate that surface anisotropy enhances the coercivity of such particles only when surface spin disorder is present. Simulated thermal perturbations were used to characterize the distribution of energy barriers between surface spin states of such particles. The distribution of barriers can explain the macroscopic quantum tunneling like magnetic relaxation at low temperatures found experimentally. Calculations on NiO nanoparticles predict eight, six, or four-sublattice spin configurations in contrast to the two-sublattice configuration accepted for bulk NiO. Relatively weak coupling between the multiple sublattices allows a variety of reversal paths for the spins upon cycling the applied field, resulting in large coercivities and loop shifts, in qualitative agreement with experiment.
Suspended Sediment Transport on the Northern Oregon Continental Shelf

Time-series measurements of bottom currents on the northern Oregon continental shell reveal widely varying speeds with means near 10 cm per sec. Current direction is more constant but often is rotary. Frequency power spectra indicate that generation may be due to internal and surface tides. Measurements of turbidity along four transects and at two time-series stations indicate that suspended material concentrates principally at the seasonal thermocline, at the permanent pycnocline, and at the bottom. Thickness and intensity of the bottom layer vary with both current strength and the amount of fine material in the surface sediment, whereas the intensity of the midwater layer appears to be related to the distance from the sediment source. The midwater layer also increases in vertical extent away from the shore. Seaward transport at the upper two surfaces provides a mechanism by which terrigenous sediment and biogeneous material bypasses the outer continental shelf.
Tunneling between superconductors

Josephson's calculations showed that for two superconductors separated by an oxide there may exist an osciliating supercurrent of frequency 2e V/h (V is applied voltage) and a possible d-c supercurrent at zero voltage. The calculations are reproduced by the method of the thermodynamic Green's function that allows generalization to superconductors with strong electron-phonon coupling. A simple prediction for the temperature dependence of the d-c supercurrent is shown to follow from the theory. (D.C.W.)
Instantons in the presence of a weak background field

A new four-vector basis is used to analyze small perturbations of the SU(2) instanton solution to the Euclidean Yang-Mills field equations. A special gauge, one in which the instanton solutions vanish faster than r/sup -1/ for large distances, is used to establish the existence of perturbed instantons which decay smoothly to an arbitrary background field. However, anti-self-dual components of the background field produce perturbations which are singular at distances small compared to the instanton scale size. The singularity suggests the instanton solution is not stable under certain kinds of background perturbations. In the presence of either a self-dual background field or a weak, distributed charge density, instanton perturbations are small and well behaved over all distance scales.
N-Acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate Neurobiology and clinical significance

N -Acetylaspartate (NAA) and its derivative, N -acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), are synthesized in neurons and present in very high concentrations in the CNS. NAA is a marker of the functional integrity of neuronal mitochondrial metabolism and may be critical for myelinogenesis,1 whereas NAAG modulates glutamatergic transmission and may have a role in neuroprotection and synaptic plasticity.2 Regional reduction of NAA levels measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used as a marker of neuronal or axonal loss in several neurologic disorders, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, but may also reflect reversible metabolic impairment. Elevation of NAA levels is a hallmark of Canavan disease, a severe demyelinating disorder of infancy.1 Inhibitors of NAAG peptidase provide neuroprotection in experimental models of stroke, head trauma, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), presumably by increasing endogenous NAAG signaling.2 Thus, elucidation of the neurobiology of NAA and NAAG provides insight into the role of these molecules in the pathophysiology of several neurologic disorders and their potential as a therapeutic target for these conditions. NAA and NAAG participate in important mechanisms of signaling among neurons and glial cells (figure). Figure Interactions among neurons and glial cells mediated by N -acetylaspartate (NAA) and N -acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) In neurons, NAA is synthesized in the mitochondria and is then transported to oligodendrocytes, when it is metabolized by the aspartoacylase (ASPA) to acetate. Acetate serves as a precursor for synthesis of myelin lipids. In neurons, NAA is combined to glutamate to produce NAAG, which is released from synaptic vesicles and acts as a cotransmitter with several other neurotransmitters, including l-glutamate. NAAG, acting via presynaptic type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR3), blocks presynaptic calcium (Ca2+) channels, thus inhibiting glutamate release. NAAG may also bind to N -methyl-d-aspartate receptors, blocking their function. NAAG, …
Mammaplasty : shape, volume, and scar size

Recently many mammaplasty techniques have been presented with special attention paid to the resulting scar's size and its position. The surgeon should try to hid the scar, and if the inverted T incision is used, its horizontal branch should be as short as possible and kept in the breast area. Neverthelss, excessive concern about the final scar size should not interfere with the final results of the mammaplasty as far as shape, volume and lasting results are concerned. The author presents his experience in mammaplasty with respect to the volume, the shape, and the scar size interrelationships.
Interaction of anthelmintic benzimidazoles and benzimidazole derivatives with bovine brain tubulin

The binding and inhibitory properties of 11 benzimidazoles for bovine brain tubulin were investigated. The effects of the benzimidazoles on the initial rates of microtubule polymerization were determined by a turbidimetric assay. The median inhibitory concentrations (I50) for nocodazole, oxibendazole, parbendazole, mebendazole and fenbendazole ranged from 1.97 . 10(-6) to 6.32 . 10(-6) M. Benomyl, cambendazole and carbendazim had I50 values from 5.83 . 10(-5) to 9.01 .10(-5) M. Thiabendazole had an I50 value of 5.49 . 10(-4) M. Inhibitor constants (Ki) were determined by the colchicine binding assay. Oxibendazole, fenbendazole, and cambendazole had Ki values of 3.20 . 10(-5), 1.73 . 10(-5) and 1.10 . 10(-4) M, respectively. Oxibendazole and fenbendazole were competitive inhibitors of colchicine. In contrast, cambendazole was a noncompetitive inhibitor of colchicine. The ability of these benzimidazoles to inhibit microtubule polymerization and the mode of action for the anthelmintic benzimidazoles is discussed.
An accurate method for correcting unknown amino acid losses from protein hydrolyzates

Abstract A method (nonlinear least-squares) is described in contrast with the logarithmic method with least-squares linear regression analysis or semilogarithmic plotting to zero time for estimating the original amino acid composition of protein. The method considers both hydrolysis and loss rates and is accurate where the other methods fail when significant amino acid losses occur before the entire original amounts ( A 0 ) can be analyzed. Once the computer program is developed for the method, it is a simple matter to run all amino acid data through the program.
Stoichiometry in the assay of ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase and carboxylase

Abstract Complete stoichiometry of the reaction catalyzed by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) oxygenase from spinach and Rhodospirillum rubrum has been determined. Before initiation and after termination, RuBP has been measured either by release of equimolar orthophosphate at 25°C in the presence of 1 n NaOH or by complete carboxylation using 14CO2 and RuBP carboxylase. The RuBP-dependent oxygen consumption has been measured continuously with an oxygen electrode. After termination of catalysis, 3-phosphoglycerate production has been determined spectrophotometrically using phosphoglycerokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, ATP, and NADH. To measure phosphoglycolate, this product was first hydrolyzed with alkaline phosphatase and the resultant glycolate oxidized by glycolate oxidase. Attendant H2O2 formation catalyzed by peroxidase has then been measured colorimetrically. Interference by ribulose in the measurement of glycolate can be easily corrected. Procedures are rapid and do not require separation of reactants and products. Results are in excellent accord with the expected stoichiometry for catalysis by RuBP oxygenase and also enable an estimate of competing catalysis by RuBP carboxylase.
The mesonephroid (hypernephroid) carcinomatous pattern—a rare variant of primary endocervical adenocarcinoma

Within the uterus, remnants of the mesonephric duct (Gartner's duct) have been considered the major source for papillary clear cell adenocarcinoma, also termed “mesonephric” adenocarcinoma. In a 29-year-old Caucasian woman who underwent radical hysterectomy for a focal slightly raised and ulcerated adenocarcinoma within the endocervix, a mesonephric-like (clear cell and papillary) pattern was observed. In some areas of this neoplasm in-situ malignant changes of endocervical glands were continuous with the mesonephroid pattern. There was no history of maternal synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen administration during pregnancy. Intact typical mesonephric remnants in the cervix and vaginal cuff margin were not involved with the neoplasm. The morphological features of this malignant neoplasm support the mullerian origin for some papillary clear cell adenocarcinomas within the uterine cervix.
Periprocedural anticoagulant management.

AbstractApproximately 6 million Americans are treated with chronic anticoagulation. Of these, 10% of patients will require temporary anticoagulation interruption for an invasive procedure each year. Anticoagulation management during this period requires a formal strategy in order to limit both bleeding and thromboembolic complications. This article will give health care providers a stepwise approach to this process. The first step is to determine whether warfarin discontinuation is necessary for the planned procedure. For procedures requiring warfarin discontinuation, the second step is to determine the appropriate timing. The third step is to identify the patient-specific thromboembolic risk in order to determine which patients require bridging therapy with parenteral anticoagulants. The fourth step is both the most complicated and most critical step in this management strategy. This decision-making step involves choosing the appropriate anticoagulant regimen, dose, and timing of reinitiation that is bes...
Mining web logs to debug distant connectivity problems

Content providers base their business on their ability to receive and answer requests from clients distributed across the Internet. Since disruptions in the flow of these requests directly translate into lost revenue, there is tremendous incentive to diagnose why some requests fail and prod the responsible parties into corrective action. However, a content provider has only limited visibility into the state of the Internet outside its domain. Instead, it must mine failure diagnoses from available information sources to infer what is going wrong and who is responsible.Our ultimate goal is to help Internet content providers resolve reliability problems in the wide-area network that are affecting end-user perceived reliability. We describe two algorithms that represent our first steps towards enabling content providers to extract actionable debugging information from content provider logs, and we present the results of applying the algorithms to a week's worth of logs from a large content provider, during which time it handled over 1 billion requests originating from over 10 thousand ASes.
Interleukin-2-deficient mice develop colitis in the absence of CD28 costimulation

The intestinal lamina propria contains lymphocytes that are chronically activated by exposure to luminal antigens. Dysregulation of these cells is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of bowel inflammation in experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease. CD28 signals on peripheral T cells provide important costimulatory signals that enhance T-cell proliferation and activation responses to antigens. However, the role of CD28 signals in lamina propria T cells or models of inflammatory bowel disease have not been determined. Accordingly, we examined T lymphocyte activation and proliferation in CD28-deficient (CD28-/-) mice to examine the in vivo roles of CD28 signals in lamina propria T-cell homeostasis. We further generated CD28-/- interleukin (IL)-2-/- double mutant mice to assess the role of CD28 signals in supporting the spontaneously activated and pathogenic T cells that accumulate in IL-2-/- mice. CD28-/- lamina propria T cells displayed reduced activation markers, but were present in normal numbers and proliferated normally. IL-2-/- lymphocytes expressed high levels of bcl-xL, whereas CD28-/- IL-2-/- cells had substantially less bcl-xL. However, lymphadenopathy and ulcerative colitis-like disease occurred in both IL-2-/- and CD28-/- IL-2-/- mice. Thus, CD28 provides a functional costimulatory signal to lamina propria T cells but is not required for homeostasis of these cells. In addition, neither CD28 nor bcl-xL appears to be required for the spontaneous accumulation of T cells in IL-2-/- mice. This suggests that other costimulatory molecules or T-cell receptor ligation alone drive lymphocyte expansion in IL-2-deficient mice.
Locoregional tumor failure after definitive radiation for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Locoregional tumor failure (LRF) after definitive chemoradiation for patients with stage III NSCLC remains unacceptably high. This analysis sought to further define where LRF occurs relative to radiation dose received and pre-treatment PET scan-defined maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax). This was a retrospective study analyzing patients with stage III NSCLC treated with definitive radiation between 2006 and 2011. LRF was defined as failure within the ipsilateral lung, hilum or mediastinum. The CT simulation scan with the radiation dose distribution was registered to the CT or PET/CT documenting LRF. The region of LRF was contoured, and the dose to 95% of the volume (D95) of LRF was extracted. The pre-treatment SUVmax was also extracted for the anatomic region of LRF. Sixty-one patients were identified. Median follow-up time was 19.1 months (range 2.37-76.33). Seventy four percent of patients were treated with 3-D conformal technique (3DCRT), 15% were treated with Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT), and 11% were treated with a combination of 3DCRT and IMRT. Median prescribed radiation dose for all patients was 66 Gy (39.6-74). Concurrent chemotherapy was delivered in 90% of patients. Twenty-two patients (36%) developed a LRF, with a total of 39 anatomic regions of LRF identified. Median time to LRF was 11.4 months (3.5-44.6). Failures were distributed as follows: 36% were in-field failures, 27% were out-of-field failures, 18% were in-field and out-of-field failures, and 18% were in-field and marginal (recurrences within the field edge) failures. There were no isolated marginal failures. Of the patients that developed a LRF, 73% developed a LRF with an in-field component. Sixty-two percent of LRFs were nodal. The median pre-treatment SUVmax for the anatomic region of LRF for patients with an in-field failure was 13. The median D95 of in-field LRF was 63 Gy. LRF after definitive chemoradiation are comprised primarily of in-field failures, though out-of field failures are not insignificant. Marginal failures are rare, indicating field margins are appropriate. Although radiation dose escalation to standard radiation fields has not yielded success, using PET parameters to define high-risk regions remains worthy of further investigation.
Simulation sampling with live-points

Current simulation-sampling techniques construct accurate model state for each measurement by continuously warming large microarchitectural structures (e.g., caches and the branch predictor) while functionally simulating the billions of instructions between measurements. This approach, called functional warming, is the main performance bottleneck of simulation sampling and requires hours of runtime while the detailed simulation of the sample requires only minutes. Existing simulators can avoid functional simulation by jumping directly to particular instruction stream locations with architectural state checkpoints. To replace functional warming, these checkpoints must additionally provide microarchitectural model state that is accurate and reusable across experiments while meeting tight storage constraints. In this paper, we present a simulation-sampling framework that replaces functional warming with live-points without sacrificing accuracy. A live-point stores the bare minimum of functionally-warmed state for accurate simulation of a limited execution window while placing minimal restrictions on microarchitectural configuration. Live-points can be processed in random rather than program order, allowing simulation results and their statistical confidence to be reported while simulations are in progress. Our framework matches the accuracy of prior simulation-sampling techniques (i.e., /spl plusmn/3% error with 99.7% confidence), while estimating the performance of an 8-way out-of-order superscalar processor running SPEC CPU2000 in 91 seconds per benchmark, on average, using a 12 GB live-point library.
Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blockade on Cerebral Autoregulation and Chemical Vasomotor Control in Patients With Stroke

Autoregulation and chemical vasomotor control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured in 14 patients with cerebral ischemia and infarction classified according to severity and anatomical location before and after intracarotid injection of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol hydrochloride (PPL). Intracarotid injection of 1.45 µg per kilogram body weight per minute of PPL (average total dose 2 mg) was followed by a reduction in CBF and oxygen consumption and an increase of cerebrovascular resistance. Mean arterial blood pressure, intracranial venous pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure were unchanged. Cerebral autoregulation was tested by raising and lowering cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) by the use of a tilt-table. Chemical vasomotor control of CBF was tested by inhalation of 7% CO2 + air and voluntary hyperventilation. Following the injection of PPL, cerebrovascular resistance was significantly increased when autoregulation was tested by raising CPP. The autoregulation index decreased significantly during the head-down position and tended to increase during the head-up position, but the latter trend did not reach the level of statistical significance. The chemical regulation index was not altered by propranolol during changes of Pacoco2. These results support the view that beta-adrenergic innervation influences cerebral metabolism as well as exerting a tonic cerebral vasodilator tonus. Hence, intracarotid injection of PPL blocks the beta-adrenergic dilator tonus and CBF and oxidative metabolism decrease. Likewise, the ability of cerebral vessels to constrict is improved when CPP is increased since cerebral vasoconstrictor tonus is enhanced. When CPP is lowered, cerebral autoregulation is unchanged or worsens. Chemical regulation of CBF to changes in Pacoco2, is unchanged by beta blockade.
TAPPA: topological analysis of pathway phenotype association

Extracting biological insight from microarray data is important but challenging. Here we describe TAPPA, a java-based tool, for identification of phenotype-associated genetic pathways utilizing the pathway topological measures. This is achieved by first calculating a Pathway Connectivity Index (PCI) for each pathway, followed by evaluating its correlation to the phenotypic variation. Our PCI definition not only efficiently captures the contributions from genes that show subtle but consistent changes in expression, but also naturally overweighs the hub genes that interact with a large number of other genes in the pathway. TAPPA also allows evaluation of sub-modules within a pathway and their association to phenotypes.
Artificial Tribotactic Microscopic Walkers: Walking Based on Friction Gradients

Friction, the resistive force between two surfaces sliding past each other, is at the core of a wide diversity of locomotion schemes. While such schemes are well described for homogeneous environments, locomotion based on friction in inhomogeneous environments has not received much attention. Here we introduce and demonstrate the concept of tribotaxis, a motion that is guided by gradients in the friction coefficient. Our system is composed of microwalkers that undergo an effective frictional interaction with biological receptors on the substrate, which is regulated by the density of such receptors. When actuated stochastically, microwalkers migrate to regions of higher friction, much like a chemotactic cell migrates to regions of higher chemoattractant concentration. Simulations and theory based on biased random walks are in excellent agreement with experiments. We foresee important implications for tribotaxis in artificial and natural locomotion in biological environments.
Inhibition of HeLa-S3 Cell Proliferation and Biosynthesis by 5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB)

Treatment of HeLa-S3 cells in suspension cultures with 60 pM 5,6dichloro-1-/3-~ nbofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) for 18-30 hr stops the growth of the cell population when treatment is carried out at 37°C in Eagle's spinner culture medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. The length of the period of no growth after termination of treatment is directly related to the duration of DRB treatment. Upon resumption of growth, the rate becomes ex- ponential and is not distinguishably different from the control rate (doubling time: 19 hr). The growth of the progeny population of the previously DRB-treated cells is as sensitive to inhibition by DRB as the growth of control populations not treated with DRB. After treatment of cells with DRB for 30 hr at 39.5-40°C, the population which grows out has a prolonged doubling time. DRB treatment at 37°C for 5 hr markedly inhibits uridine uptake and cellular RNA synthesis in the presence either of 5 or 15% serum. After treatment for 48 hr in 15% serum, inhibition of RNA synthesis by DRB is significantly decreased. DRB treatment does not inhibit leucine uptake in HeLa cells growing in suspension cultures. Protein synthesis is moderately inhibited in 5% serum and only slightly inhibited in 15% serum after either 5- or 48-hr period of treatment.
Elastic service availability: utility framework and optimal provisioning

Service availability is one of the most closely scrutinized metrics in offering network services. It is important to cost- effectively provision a managed and differentiated network with various service availability guarantees under a unified platform. In particular, demands for availability may be elastic and such elasticity can be leveraged to improve cost-effectiveness. In this paper, we establish the framework of provisioning elastic service availability through network utility maximization, and propose an optimal and distributed solution using differentiated failure recovery schemes. First, we develop a utility function with configurable parameters to represent the satisfaction perceived by a user upon service availability as well as its allowed source rate. Second, adopting Quality of Protection [1] and shared path protection, we transform optimal provisioning of elastic service availability into a convex optimization problem. The desirable service availability and source rate for each user can be achieved using a price-based distributed algorithm. Finally, we numerically show the tradeoff between the throughput and the service availability obtained by users in various network topologies. This investigation quantifies several engineering implications. For example, indiscriminately provisioning service availabilities for different kinds of users within one network leads to noteworthy sub-optimality in total network utility. The profile of bandwidth usage also illustrates that provisioning high service availability exclusively for critical applications leads to significant waste in bandwidth resource.
AN APPARATUS FOR THE CULTURE OF WHOLE ORGANS

An apparatus has been developed which maintains, under controllable conditions, a pulsating circulation of sterile fluid through organs for a length of time limited only by the changes in the organ and in the perfusion fluid.
Are low wages risk factors for hypertension

Objective: Socio-economic status (SES) is strongly correlated with hypertension. But SES has several components, including income and correlations in cross-sectional data need not imply SES is a risk factor. This study investigates whether wages—the largest category within income—are risk factors. Methods: We analysed longitudinal, nationally representative US data from four waves (1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005) of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The overall sample was restricted to employed persons age 25–65 years, n = 17 295. Separate subsamples were constructed of persons within two age groups (25–44 and 45–65 years) and genders. Hypertension incidence was self-reported based on physician diagnosis. Our study was prospective since data from three base years (1999, 2001, 2003) were used to predict newly diagnosed hypertension for three subsequent years (2001, 2003, 2005). In separate analyses, data from the first base year were used to predict time-to-reporting hypertension. Logistic regressions with random effects and Cox proportional hazards regressions were run. Results: Negative and strongly statistically significant correlations between wages and hypertension were found both in logistic and Cox regressions, especially for subsamples containing the younger age group (25–44 years) and women. Correlations were stronger when three health variables—obesity, subjective measures of health and number of co-morbidities—were excluded from regressions. Doubling the wage was associated with 25–30% lower chances of hypertension for persons aged 25–44 years. Conclusions: The strongest evidence for low wages being risk factors for hypertension among working people were for women and persons aged 25–44 years.
Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States

We rely on data from India and the United States to show that political and economic centralization can influence the number of national parties in single-member simple-plurality electoral systems. Historically, in both countries the number of parties in local electoral districts has been near two, but the number of national parties has fluctuated. Periods of a small number of national parties in both countries correspond to periods of centralization. We argue that, as national governments centralize power and make policies that affect local areas, candidates have greater incentives to associate with national organizations, and voters have greater incentives to abandon locally competitive but nationally noncompetitive parties.
Retinal pigment epithelial cells release inhibitors of neovascularization

Human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture were found to release a substance (or substances) that causes the regression of new blood vessels on the chick embryonic yolk sac and inhibits proliferation of fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells and human retinal microvessel endothelial cells in vitro. Neither astrocytes nor fibroblasts under identical test conditions released detectable inhibitors of neovascularization or endothelial cell growth. Subconfluent and superconfluent cultures of human RPE cells released higher levels of inhibitor than confluent cultures.
Influence of human genetic variation on nutritional requirements

Genetic variation is known to affect food tolerances among human subpopulations and may also influence dietary requirements, giving rise to the new field of nutritional genomics and raising the possibility of individualizing nutritional intake for optimal health and disease prevention on the basis of an individual's genome. However, because gene-diet interactions are complex and poorly understood, the use of genomic knowledge to adjust population-based dietary recommendations is not without risk. Whereas current recommendations target most of the population to prevent nutritional deficiencies, inclusion of genomic criteria may indicate subpopulations that may incur differential benefit or risk from generalized recommendations and fortification policies. Current efforts to identify gene alleles that affect nutrient utilization have been enhanced by the identification of genetic variations that have expanded as a consequence of selection under extreme conditions. Identification of genetic variation that arose as a consequence of diet as a selective pressure helps to identify gene alleles that affect nutrient utilization. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying gene-nutrient interactions and their modification by genetic variation is expected to result in dietary recommendations and nutritional interventions that optimize individual health.
Global Gene Profiling of VCP‐associated Inclusion Body Myopathy

Inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the Valosin Containing Protein (VCP) gene on chromosome 9p12-13. Patients demonstrate limb girdle muscle weakness, which eventually progresses to involve respiratory muscles, and death from respiratory and cardiac failure. This is the first investigation to analyze key molecular mediators and signaling cascades in skeletal muscle causing myopathy by global gene microarray in hopes of understanding the dysregulated genes and molecular mechanisms underlying IBMPFD and the hope of finding novel therapeutic targets. We determined expression profiles using Human Genome Array microarray technology in Vastus lateralis muscles from patients and their first degree relatives. We analyzed gene annotations by DAVID and identified differentially dysregulated genes with roles in several novel biological pathways, including regulation of actin cytoskeleton, ErbB signaling, cancer, in addition to regulation of autophagy, and lysosomal signaling, known disrupted pathways in VCP disease. In this report, we present data from the first global microarray analyzing IBMPFD patient muscles and elucidating dysregulated pathways to further understand the pathogenesis of the disease and discover potential therapeutics.
Dell Computers: Competing Toward Decline?

From its modest beginnings in a college student’s dorm room 25 years ago, Dell Computers has enjoyed unprecedented growth and success. Throughout its history, the company has received countless accolades for its hyper-efficient production system. Notwithstanding this distinctive competitive advantage, Dell Computers has experienced significant problems during the past few years. Will the next few years be a time of rebirth for the once high-flying company, or is this the “beginning of the end” for Dell Computers?
Treatment of breast fibroadenoma with high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): a feasibility study

Fibroadenomas are common, benign lesions of the breast. A minority of fibroadenomas will disappear without treatment, but most increase in size or remain unchanged. Current management of patients with fibroadenomas in the United States varies on a case by case basis and includes observation or surgical excision. Many patients find their fibroadenoma bothersome, and opt for surgical excision. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the safety and feasibility of Ultrasound guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (USgHIFU) delivered by the Echopulse device (Theraclion, Paris) for treatment of breast fibroadenomas. General patient safety, cosmetic outcome, tumor response, patient experience, physician/operator experience, and device performance will be assessed.