cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Q UHF micromechanical radial-contour mode disk resonators

A micromechanical, laterally vibrating disk resonator, fabricated via a technology combining polysilicon surface-micromachining and metal electroplating to attain submicron lateral capacitive gaps, has been demonstrated at frequencies as high as 829 MHz and with Q's as high as 23 000 at 193 MHz. Furthermore, the resonators have been demonstrated operating in the first three radial contour modes, allowing a significant frequency increase without scaling the device, and a 193 MHz resonator has been shown operating at atmospheric pressure with a Q of 8,880, evidence that vacuum packaging is not necessary for many applications. These results represent an important step toward reaching the frequencies required by the RF front-ends in wireless transceivers. The geometric dimensions necessary to reach a given frequency are larger for this contour-mode than for the flexural-modes used by previous resonators. This, coupled with its unprecedented Q value, makes this disk resonator a choice candidate for use in the IF and RF stages of future miniaturized transceivers. Finally, a number of measurement techniques are demonstrated, including two electromechanical mixing techniques, and evaluated for their ability to measure the performance of sub-optimal (e.g., insufficiently small capacitive gap, limited dc-bias), high-frequency, high-Q micromechanical resonators under conditions where parasitic effects could otherwise mask motional output currents. [1051].
Kinetics of chiral resolution in stirred crystallization of D/L‐glutamic acid

Stirred crystallization of racemic (D/L)-glutamic acid (Glu) in the presence of small amounts of L- or D-lysine (Lys) was studied for the effect of transient chiral resolution by monitoring the time evolution of optical rotation and the concentration of the solution. The presence of a small amount of L- or D-Lys retards the crystallization rate of the corresponding enantiomer of Glu in a chirally selective manner, giving rise to transient optical resolution of racemic Glu during crystallization. The optical rotation of the Glu solution was found to increase from zero to a value corresponding to an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 22–35% and subsequently decreases to zero over a period of many hours. During this process, the ee of the crystallized Gu is nearly 100% during the first 35 min and then it decreases slowly to zero. Our results indicate that the time at which the ee of the solution reaches its maximum and the maximum value of the ee show a nonlinear dependence on the initial mole fraction of the chiral impurity. The effect of the impurity is highly chirally selective, indicating “molecular recognition.” Chirality 11:343–348, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrokinetic particle aggregation patterns in microvortices due to particle-field interaction

A complex and dynamic particle banding phenomenon in an electric field is reported. A single cylindrical vortex flow is generated by a dc-biased ac electro-osmotic flow on parallel electrodes. Charged particles are attracted to the vortex by positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) to form rotating cylindrical structures. As the particle concentration increases, the cylinder undergoes longitudinal symmetry breaking, producing concentrated rotating bands caused by field screening effects. The focusing of the particles into bands is shown to obey negative diffusion dynamics of a long-wave instability. Funnels and butterfly-like patterns also form because of secondary longitudinal DEP forces from nonuniform screening effects.
Nonpharmacologic care for patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: ketogenic diets and vagus nerve stimulation.

Summary Individuals with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) often do not respond to or become resistant to pharmacologic treatments. Ketogenic diets (KDs) and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) are nonpharmacologic treatment options for these intractable patients. The classic KD, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet with 90% of calories derived from fat, has been used in the treatment of seizures for >90 years. About half of patients with LGS respond to the KD with a >50% reduction in seizures and some patients may achieve a >90% reduction. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy involves a surgically implanted generator that delivers intermittent electrical stimuli to the brain via an electrode wrapped around the left vagus nerve. It is utilized as adjunctive therapy for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (including patients with LGS) who are not suitable candidates for resective surgery. Similar to the KD, about half of LGS patients respond to VNS therapy, with a >50% reduction in seizures, and the response may improve over time. Both the KD and VNS are options for patients with LGS.
Traveling the road to success: A discourse on persistence throughout the science pipeline with African American students at a predominantly white institution

This study focuses on 11 African American undergraduate seniors in a biology degree program at a predominantly white research institution in the southeastern United States. These 11 respondents shared their journeys throughout the high school and college science pipeline. Participants described similar precollege factors and experiences that contributed to their academic success and persistence at a predominantly white institution. One of the most critical factors in their academic persistence was participation in advanced science and mathematics courses as part of their high school college preparatory program. Additional factors that had a significant impact on their persistence and academic success were family support, teacher encouragement, intrinsic motivation, and perseverance. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposing resource tradeoffs in region-based communication abstractions for sensor networks

We argue that communication abstractions for wireless sensor networks should expose the tradeoff between accuracy and resource usage, allowing applications to adapt to changing network conditions and tune energy and bandwidth requirements. We describe abstract regions, a family of spatial operators that capture local communication with regions of the network, which may be defined in terms of radio connectivity, geographic location, or other properties of nodes. Abstract regions provide feedback on the quality of collective operations, and expose an interface for tuning resource consumption. We present the implementation of abstract regions in the TinyOS programming environment, as well as preliminary results demonstrating their use of building adaptive sensor network applications.
ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE FAILING HEART

The failing heart is found to liberate energy in contraction to the same extent at any fiber length as the normal heart muscle, but it is unable to convert as much of the energy into useful work. Its efficiency as a machine is impaired. In the light of these observations the word "tonus" as applied to heart muscle becomes synonymous with "efficiency." The implications of these findings in applied cardiology are discussed.
Propagating confined states in phase dynamics

Theoretical treatment is given to the possibility of the existence of propagating confined states in the nonlinear phase equation by generalizing stationary confined states. The nonlinear phase equation is set forth for the case of propagating patterns with long wavelengths and low-frequency modulation. A large range of parameter values is shown to exist for propagating confined states which have spatially localized regions which travel on a background with unique wavelengths. The theoretical phenomena are shown to correspond to such physical systems as spirals in Taylor instabilities, traveling waves in convective systems, and slot-convection phenomena for binary fluid mixtures.
The market for wired city services

This paper attempts to develop estimates of the amount and pattern of home use that mught ensue if home information/computer systems were introduced into the contemporary social system. This discussion is not intended to have technological orientation. The services described are possibl, and exist, on a small scale. The prolems involved in duilding a large system which provides multiple services are intentionally omitted. Also the effects of different regulatory climates are not explored in any detall. The primary concern is with the market for home use of wored city services.
The difficulty of optimum index selection

Given a file on a secondary store in which each record has several attributes, it is usually advantageous to build an index mechanism to decrease the cost of conducting transactions to the file. The problem of selecting attributes over which to index has been studied in the context of various storage structures and access assumptions. One algorithm to make an optimum index selection requires 2k steps in the worst case, where k is the number of attributes in the file. We examine the question of whether a more efficient algorithm might exist and show that even under a simple cost criterion the problem is computationally difficult in a precise sense. Our results extend directly to other related problems where the cost of the index depends on fixed values which are assigned to each attribute. Some practical implications are discussed.
Exposure analysis of five fish-consuming populations for overexposure to methylmercury

Mercury, in the form of methylmercury, is found in a myriad of fish species consumed by recreational and subsistence fishers around the world. Many agencies have attempted to address the issue of mercury consumption, resulting at times in the placement of advisories on waterways used for fishing. In this study, consumption rates of three Native American populations and two recreational fishing populations consuming freshwater or saltwater fish species were examined. These consumption rates were combined with fish contamination data to assess the level of exposure to methylmercury and to determine if any of these populations exceed a derived tolerable daily intake (TDI) for methylmercury (0.035 to 0.08 μg/kg/day). The TDI is unlikely to result in adverse health effects and is based on scientific studies investigating sensitive endpoints in children of mothers who consume fish over prolonged periods of time. Results from the exposure analysis indicate that many within the Native American populations exceed the TDI. This occurs even though the mercury concentrations in certain fish species are comparable to concentrations found in fish from open waters where “background” levels are assumed. Recreational anglers consuming freshwater species have exposure levels below the TDI as do nearly all anglers consuming saltwater species. Similar populations or populations having comparable consumption patterns of fish with equal or higher mercury levels in other areas will also exceed the TDI level for mercury. The public health implications of this exposure analysis are discussed.
Glycosylation characteristics of pigmentation-associated antigen (GP75): An intracellular glycoprotein of human melanocytes and malignant melanomas

Pigmentation-associated antigen (PAA) or gp75 is a glycoprotein localized to the melanosomes of human melanomas and melanocytes to which a mouse monoclonal antibody (AbTA99) has been produced (T. M. Thomson et al. (1985) J. Invest. Dermatol. 85, 169). Treatment of 3H-labeled immunoprecipitated melanoma PAA with alkaline-borohydride, hydrazinolysis, or N-glycanase released three families of carbohydrate chains (I, II, and III). Peak I consists of a major component (Ia) of sialylated triantennary N-linked chains which are partially substituted with fucose on terminal positions as well as on the chitobiose core and a minor component (Ib) which is a sialylated biantennary N-linked species. Peak II was not well characterized but may be a monoantennary complex chain species. Peak III consists of typical N-linked high mannose units with six to seven mannose residues. Melanocyte PAA carbohydrate chains have the same general features as melanoma PAA except that the biantennary complex chain predominates; this difference resembles that observed between the cell surface glycopeptides of transformed animal cells and their nontransformed counterparts. The glycosylation characteristics of this melanosomal glycoprotein are compared with those of glycoproteins from endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and lysosomes, and with tyrosinase. It is suggested that the glycosylation pattern is a reflection of the biosynthetic origin and cellular destination of a particular organelle and its constituents.
Reconstructions about the nasal tip

R has been a subject of surgicaI interest for at Ieast three centuries. It is a historic fact that the earIy Hindu efforts (ITOO B.C.) to replace severed noses by the weII-known forehead flap (Indian) method constitutes one of the earhest chapters in the history of pIastic surgery-if not of the general art of surgery itself. In the MiddIe Ages, when sword fights were the order of the day, a second era of pIastic surgery was inaugurated by the celebrated, muchtraveled ItaIian TagIiacozzi, who utiIized arm Baps for his reconstructions. The third era received its greatest impetus from the WorId War and its countIess wounded. Interest in the art of rhinopIasty was revived. Hitherto unparaIIed opportunities were provided for surgeons to perfect oId and devise newer methods. The fourth epoch is in the present or automotive age with its countIess accidents resuIting in crushing and mutilating injuries about the nasaI tip. Intense interest of the present day in this phase, as in a11 phases of pIastic surgery, is a resuIt of the keenIy competitive nature of modern Iife which pIaces a Iarge premium on persona1 appearance. An enIightened pubIic, moreover, has Iearned that correctibIe deformities or even bIemishes, whether congenital or acquired, need not be borne through life with “patient resignation.” A more enlightened profession is realizing that compIexes (inferiority, crimina1, etc.) are the sequeIs. “ Patient resignation ” without a resurtant character or personality bIemish is the exception rather than the ruIe. Reconstruction of the nasa1 tip is indicated: (I) in the presence of acute Iaceration; (2) in the presence of tissue Ioss (trauma, disease) invoIving skin covering, MICHIGAN
The value of water-excitation 3D FLASH and fat-saturated PDw TSE MR imaging for detecting and grading articular cartilage lesions of the knee

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of water-excitation (WE) 3D FLASH and fat-saturated (FS) proton density-weighted (PDw) TSE MR imaging for detecting, grading, and sizing articular cartilage lesions of the knee.
Acute effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the release of dopamine from prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum of the rat: an in vivo microdialysis study.

: In vivo microdialysis has been used to study the acute effects of antipsychotic drugs on the extracellular level of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and prefrontal cortex of the rat. (–)-Sulpiride (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg i.v.) and haloperidol (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg i.v.) enhanced the outflow of dopamine in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. In the medial prefrontal cortex, (–)-sulpiride at all doses tested did not significantly affect the extracellular level of dopamine. The effect of haloperidol was also attenuated in the medial prefrontal cortex; 0.1 mg/kg did not increase the outflow of dopamine and the effect of 0.5 mg/kg haloperidol was of shorter duration in the prefrontal cortex than that observed in striatum and nucleus accumbens. The atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine (5 and 10 mg/kg) increased the extracellular concentration of dopamine in all three regions. In contrast to the effects of sulpiride and haloperidol, that of clozapine in the medial prefrontal cortex was profound. These data suggest that different classes of antipsychotic drugs may have distinct effects on the release of dopamine from the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical terminals.
Spectrum generating algebras in Kaluza-Klein theories

Abstract We describe the action of the euclidean conformal group on spheres. Using the example of S 7 compactification of the eleven-dimensional supergravity we show how the full spectrum provides unitary representations of SO(8,1). Our methods can be applied to compactification on spheres, products of spheres or any other manifold on which there is an action of a conformal group. We also make some conjectures concerning the relationship between the conformal group and supersymmetry.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Modulate the Transcriptional Regulation of Guanylyl Cyclase/Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-A Gene: INTERACTIVE ROLES OF MODIFIED HISTONES, HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE, p300, AND Sp1

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) binds guanylyl cyclase-A/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) and produces the intracellular second messenger, cGMP, which regulates cardiovascular homeostasis. We sought to determine the function of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in regulating Npr1 (coding for GC-A/NPRA) gene transcription, using primary mouse mesangial cells treated with class-specific HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Trichostatin A, a pan inhibitor, and mocetinostat (MGCD0103), a class I HDAC inhibitor, significantly enhanced Npr1 promoter activity (by 8- and 10-fold, respectively), mRNA levels (4- and 5.3-fold, respectively), and NPRA protein (2.7- and 3.5-fold, respectively). However, MC1568 (class II HDAC inhibitor) had no discernible effect. Overexpression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 significantly attenuated Npr1 promoter activity, whereas HDAC3 and HDAC8 had no effect. HDACi-treated cultured cells in vitro and intact animals in vivo showed significantly reduced binding of HDAC1 and -2 and increased accumulation of acetylated H3-K9/14 and H4-K12 at the Npr1 promoter. Deletional analyses of the Npr1 promoter along with ectopic overexpression and inhibition of Sp1 confirmed that HDACi-induced Npr1 gene transcription is accomplished by Sp1 activation. Furthermore, HDACi attenuated the interaction of Sp1 with HDAC1/2 and promoted Sp1 association with p300 and p300/cAMP-binding protein-associated factor; it also promoted the recruitment of p300 and p300/cAMP-binding protein-associated factor to the Npr1 promoter. Our results demonstrate that trichostatin A and MGCD0103 enhanced Npr1 gene expression through inhibition of HDAC1/2 and increased both acetylation of histones (H3-K9/14, H4-K12) and Sp1 by p300, and their recruitment to Npr1 promoter. Our findings define a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism that governs Npr1 gene transcription.
Stability theory and Lyapunov's second method

1. Introduct ion In two papers appearing in t949 and t956, MASSERA [8, 9] made a number of significant advances in LYAPUNOV'S second method and the theory of stability of ordinary differential equations. He extended the work of LYAPUNOV [31, MALKIN [4--71 and others and arrived at both necessary and sufficient conditions for stability in terms of a class of Lyapunov functions. However, even though necessary and sufficient conditions are known for various types of stability, it is still a serious problem in applications of this method to choose the Lyapunov function which would imply stability of a given type, say type X. From the applied point of view, this problem is far from solved; however, we are able to move closer to a solution in two ways in this paper. The first is to define properties of the Lyapunov functions (along the solutions of the differential equation) that are equivalent to the various types of stability considered in this paper. Thus a correspondence between stability of type X ' a n d property 2 of the Lyapunov functions is established. Then it is shown that the null solution of (t) is stable of type X if and only if every Lyapunov function which lies in 93~c has property 2 (Theorem t). In this way the problem of choosing a Lyapunov function V to test for stability of type X is eliminated; however, it now is necessary to determine whether or not V has property 2. The second way is to seek sufficient conditions on the generalized total derivative V' of the Lyapunov function V (with respect to (t)) which insure that V has property 2. ~[n particular, we are able to generalize the results of LYAPUNOV, MALKIN and MASSERA and get weaker conditions for Lyapunov stability, uniform stability, equi-asymptotic stability and uniform-asymptotic stability in Sections 4 and 5. The followingol~hma, which can easily be verified, will prove to be helpful.
Temporal Hyperacuity in the Gymnotiform Electric Fish, Eigenmannia

SYNOPSIS. The gymnotiform electric fish, Eigenmannia , exhibits extraordinary sensitivity to small timing differences between sensory signals. The jamming avoidance response, gradual frequency shifts of the electric organ discharges, requires the detection of temporal disparities between sensory signals impinging upon different electroreceptors. This behavior occurs reliably even with temporal disparities being smaller than one microsecond. Since individual sensory receptors are not capable of encoding such minute timing with certainty, the high behavioral sensitivity must, therefore, emerge from signal processing within the central nervous system. Individual neurons, at the top of a well defined neuronal hierarchy have been found to be sensitive to temporal disparities in the range of 1 microsecond. The response properties of these neurons as well as behavioral results suggest that spatial convergence of sensory information plays a major role in the emergence of this temporal hyperacuity.
Continuity of Turbidity Current Flow and Systematic Variations in Deep-Sea Channel Morphology

When a turbidity current flow decreases in velocity due to a decrease in bottom slope, the thickness of the flow must correspondingly increase to maintain continuity of discharge. This increase has been offered as a possible explanation for observed systematic increases in the relief of submarine channels along their lengths. A simplified computer model of turbidity current flow along a channel is developed which indicates that without any dilution of the flow by water entrainment, a reasonable decrease in channel-axis slope could more than double the thickness of the flow. With dilution, the thickness could easily increase by a factor four or more. The systematic increases in channel relief might therefore be explained. The approach is applied to Cascadia Channel, located off the coast of the northwest United States, to test whether reasonable amounts of flow dilution could account for the observed increase in channel relief. It is found that continuity of flow could explain much of the increase, but subsequent channel erosion (deepening and widening) has to be called upon to account for the entire increase in channel cross-sectional area.
Mass-independent sulfur isotopic compositions in present-day sulfate aerosols

[1] Mass-independent (MI) sulfur isotopic anomalies recently observed in Precambrian rock samples have been attributed to photochemistry and used to establish oxygen levels in Earth's early atmosphere [Farquhar et al., 2000b, 2000a]. Here we report the first MI sulfur isotopic compositions in the present atmosphere from samples of Northern Hemispheric aerosol sulfate. The MI sulfur isotopic compositions do not correlate with MI oxygen signatures previously observed in the same samples [Lee and Thiemens, 2001; Lee, 2000; Bao et al., 2001]. Antarctic dry valley soil sulfate, which is atmospheric in origin and has a MI oxygen signature [Bao et al., 2000], is mass-dependent (MD) with respect to sulfur. A different process than that proposed to explain the MI oxygen signature in sulfate [Savarino et al., 2000] is therefore required. Possible sources of the anomaly are discussed, as well as potential applications to global climate and implications for Archean geology and the Earth's early atmosphere.
Impingement heat transfer on dimpled surfaces using a transient liquid crystal technique

Jet impingement heat transfer measurements are done for an array of inline air jets (four rows with each row having 12 jet holes) impinging orthogonally on dimpled (rough) target surfaces. Dimples 0.635 cm in diameter (equal to the jet diameter) and 0.3175 cm deep on the target surfaces are made in two different patterns (23 x 9 = 207 dimples and 11 × 5 = 55 dimples) to make it a dimpled surface. Detailed measurements are done using a transient liquid crystal technique. Three different spent air crossflow orientations are studied. Measurements are done at four jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 4.85 x 103 to 1.83 x 10 4 . The results show that the Nusselt numbers for a dimpled and a smooth surface are about the same. However, the dimpled surface provides a higher heat transfer due to an increased surface area when compared with a smooth surface. Similarly, the dimpled surface produces Nusselt numbers comparable to those of a pinned surface (a surface having pins of same size and number instead of dimples) for spent air crossflow orientations 2 and 3 but generates lower Nusselt numbers for orientation 1
Protein Kinase Cι Expression and Oncogenic Signaling Mechanisms in Cancer

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that PKCι is an oncogene and prognostic marker that is frequently targeted for genetic alteration in many major forms of human cancer. Functional data demonstrate that PKCι is required for the transformed phenotype of lung, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, colon, and brain cancer cells. Future studies will be required to determine whether PKCι is also an oncogene in the many other cancer types that also overexpress PKCι. Studies of PKCι using genetically defined models of tumorigenesis have revealed a critical role for PKCι in multiple stages of tumorigenesis, including tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Recent studies in a genetic model of lung adenocarcinoma suggest a role for PKCι in transformation of lung cancer stem cells. These studies have important implications for the therapeutic use of aurothiomalate (ATM), a highly selective PKCι signaling inhibitor currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Significant progress has been made in determining the molecular mechanisms by which PKCι drives the transformed phenotype, particularly the central role played by the oncogenic PKCι-Par6 complex in transformed growth and invasion, and of several PKCι-dependent survival pathways in chemo-resistance. Future studies will be required to determine the composition and dynamics of the PKCι-Par6 complex, and the mechanisms by which oncogenic signaling through this complex is regulated. Likewise, a better understanding of the critical downstream effectors of PKCι in various human tumor types holds promise for identifying novel prognostic and surrogate markers of oncogenic PKCι activity that may be clinically useful in ongoing clinical trials of ATM.
Torgerson's conjecture and Luce's magnitude production representation imply an empirically false property

Abstract The prediction presented is based upon the empirically well sustained magnitude production representation that arose in both of Luce’s global psychophysical theories for subjective intensity of binary and unary continua coupled with Torgerson’s (1961) conjecture that respondents fail to distinguish subjective differences from subjective ratios. When applied to eqisections and fractionation the conjecture implies that the cognitive distortion function of the magnitude production representation is the identity function, which is firmly rejected by existing data.
A Reconsideration of the Consultation Model for Delivery of School-Based Psychological Services.

Increasingly, the consultation model has been discussed as a viable means for the delivery of services offered by support service professionals of school systems. When comparing the factors that influenced the development of the principles of consultation to the role specifics of the internally based practitioner, collaboration as an alternative approach would appear worthy of priority consideration.
Si/InGaN Core/Shell Hierarchical Nanowire Arrays and their Photoelectrochemical Properties

Three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized by the halide chemical vapor deposition of InGaN nanowires on Si wire arrays. Single phase InGaN nanowires grew vertically on the sidewalls of Si wires and acted as a high surface area photoanode for solar water splitting. Electrochemical measurements showed that the photocurrent density with hierarchical Si/InGaN nanowire arrays increased by 5 times compared to the photocurrent density with InGaN nanowire arrays grown on planar Si (1.23 V vs RHE). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy showed that InGaN nanowires are stable after 15 h of illumination. These measurements show that Si/InGaN hierarchical nanostructures are a viable high surface area electrode geometry for solar water splitting.
Proteomic analysis of long-term vasopressin action in the inner medullary collecting duct of the Brattleboro rat

Vasopressin regulates water and solute transport in the renal collecting duct. In addition to short-term regulation of aquaporin-2 trafficking, vasopressin also has long-term effects to regulate the abundances of aquaporins-2 and -3 and beta- and gamma-subunits of the epithelial sodium channel in collecting duct principal cells. To investigate further the direct and indirect long-term regulatory actions of vasopressin in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD), we used a proteomic approach [difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) coupled with MALDI-TOF identification of differentially expressed protein spots]. DDAVP or vehicle was infused subcutaneously in Brattleboro rats for 3 days, and IMCD cells were purified from the inner medullas for proteomic analysis. Forty-three proteins were found to be regulated in response to vasopressin infusion, including 18 that were increased in abundance, 22 that were decreased, and 3 that were shifted in the gel, presumably because of posttranslational modification. Immunocytochemistry confirmed collecting duct expression of several of the proteins that were identified. Immunoblot analysis of nine of the proteins confirmed the changes seen by the DIGE method. Of these nine proteins, six were increased in response to DDAVP infusion: nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2), GRP78, heat shock protein-70, annexin II, glutaminase, and cathepsin D. The remaining three were decreased in response to DDAVP: aldehyde reductase I, adenylyl cyclase VI, and carbonic anhydrase II. The findings point to a role for vasopressin in the coordinate regulation of several determinants of nitric oxide levels (NOS2, arginase II, NADPH oxidase) and of proteins potentially involved in vasopressin escape (adenylyl cyclase VI and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4).
Continuous recovery of heavy metals from MSW incinerator ashes

Etude cinetique du processus de lessivage des cendres produites par l'incineration de dechets domestiques et evaluation d'une technique d'extraction pour recuperer le plomb, cadmium et chrome
The Everglades Ecosystem and the Politics of Nature

In this article, I offer an institutional history of the ecosystem concept, tracing shifts in its meaning and application as it has become the key organizing principle for the Everglades restoration program in Florida. Two institutional forms are analyzed here: (1) quasi- governmental organizations, a term I use to describe interagency science collaboratives and community stakeholder organizations, and (2) government bureaucracies, which are the administrative agencies tasked with Everglades restoration planning and implementation. In analyzing these knowledge trajectories, I both document the complex networks of relations that facilitate the ecosystem's emergence as an object of knowledge and examine the bureaucratic claims to authority that circumscribe the ecosystem's transformation into policy. (Keywords: ecosystems, Florida Everglades, bureaucracy, environmental policy)
Activation of ATP‐Sensitive Potassium Channels Underlies Contractile Failure in Single Human Cardiac Myocytes During Complete Metabolic Inhibition

ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Human Heart. Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the electrophysiologic derangements that underlie contractile failure in single human heart muscle cells exposed to metabolic inhibition. Methods and Results: Single myocytes were isolated from right atrial appendage specimens obtained intraoperatively from patients undergoing routine cardiac surgery. On exposure to lO-mM 2-deoxyglucose (to inhibit glycolysis) and 2-mM cyanide (to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation), twitch shortening decreased to undetectable levels over 5–6 minutes. The action potential duration declined in parallel with the contractile failure. Using voltage clamp depolarizations of a fixed duration the twitch was maintained in metabolic blockade until the development of maintained (rigor) contracture. At this time a large increase in K+ conductance, which can be attributed to the activation of ATP-sensitive K + channels (K ATP channels), was measured. In isolated inside-out membrane patches, the ATP dependence of KaTP channel activity was described by a sigmoid curve with Ki,ATP (ATP concentration required for half-maximal inhibition of K ATPchannel activity) = 8 μM and Hill coefficient (nH) = 1.2. The single channel current-voltage relationship reversed close to the K + equilibrium potential and the conductance was approximately linear (g = 29 pS) over the voltage range included in the action potential (-60 m V to +20 mV). Conclusion: In human atrial cardiac myocytes subjected to complete metabolic inhibition, contractile failure is caused by action potential shortening resulting from an increase in K + conductance presumably through the activation of KATP channels. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 3, pp. 56–63, February 1992)
Dielectric properties of egg whites and whole eggs as influenced by thermal treatments

Effects of cooking on dielectric properties of liquid whole eggs and liquid egg whites were studied in connection with radio frequency and microwave heating processes to preserve shelf-stable products. Dielectric measurements were made using an open-ended coaxial probe method over a temperature range of 20 and 120 °C at radio frequencies 27 and 40 MHz, and microwave frequencies 915 and 1800 MHz. Thermal denaturation of liquid egg whites and whole eggs influenced the dielectric constants and dipole loss component of eggs, as reflected by changes in loss factors above 60 °C. In addition, loss factor of liquid whole eggs was generally smaller than that of egg whites and larger than the loss factor of egg yolk. Ionic conductivity was a dominant factor determining the dielectric loss behavior of egg products at radio frequencies, whereas dipole water molecules played an increasing role with an increase in microwave frequencies.
Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using self-adaptive genetic algorithm

We have developed a self-adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) for a maximum-likelihood reconstruction of phylogenetic trees using nucleotide sequence data. It resulted in a faster reconstruction of the trees with less computing power and automatic self-adjustment of settings of the optimization algorithm parameters. We focused on the use of GAs with self-adaptive control parameters and GA integration with phylogenetic tree representations. The developed technique is applicable to any nucleotide sequences inferring evolutionary relationships between organisms.
An Inflection Point of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D for Maximal Suppression of Parathyroid Hormone Is Not Evident from Multi-Site Pooled Data in Children and Adolescents

In adults, maximal suppression of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) has commonly been used to determine the sufficiency of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. In children and adolescents, the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and PTH is less clear and most studies reporting a relationship are derived from relatively small samples and homogeneous cohorts. Our objective was to determine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and PTH in children and adolescents from a large and diverse U.S. cohort and to identify a point of inflection of serum 25(OH)D for maximal suppression of serum PTH. Data from 735 participants, ages 7–18 y, were pooled from 3 study sites located in Indiana, Texas, and Massachusetts. A two-phase linear spline was used to model the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and PTH. The value of serum 25(OH)D for maximal suppression of serum PTH was identified as the inflection point of the spline. Before adjustment for site, the inflection point of serum 25(OH)D for maximal suppression of serum PTH was 92.4 nmol/L (95% CI: 62.2, 130.7). After adjusting for site, the point of inflection was poorly defined and the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and PTH appeared to be linear. The lack of an inflection point of serum 25(OH)D for maximal suppression of PTH brings into question the value of using maximal suppression of serum PTH as a basis for determining optimal serum 25(OH)D for healthy children and adolescents.
Projected Future Changes in Vegetation in Western North America in the Twenty-First Century

Rapid and broad-scale forest mortality associated with recent droughts, rising temperature, and insect outbreaks has been observed over western North America (NA). Climate models project additional future warming and increasing drought and water stress for this region. To assess future potential changes in vegetation distributions in western NA, the Community Earth System Model (CESM) coupled with its Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) was used under the future A2 emissions scenario. To better span uncertainties in future climate, eight sea surface temperature (SST) projections provided by phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) were employed as boundary conditions. There is a broad consensus among the simulations, despite differences in the simulated climate trajectories across the ensemble, that about half of the needleleaf evergreen tree coverage (from 24% to 11%) will disappear, coincident with a 14% (from 11% to 25%) increase in shrubs and grasses by the end of the twenty-first century in western NA, with most of the change occurring over the latter half of the twenty-first century. The net impact is a ;6 GtC or about 50% decrease in projected ecosystem carbon storage in this region. The findings suggest a potential for a widespread shift from tree-dominated landscapes to shrub and grass-dominated landscapesin westernNA becauseof future warmingandconsequentincreases in waterdeficits.These results highlight the need for improved process-based understanding of vegetation dynamics, particularly including mortality and the subsequent incorporation of these mechanisms into earth system models to better quantify the vulnerability of western NA forests under climate change.
Enticing Business to Create a Healthier American Diet: Performance‐Based Regulation of Food and Beverage Retailers

The American public could enjoy a much healthier diet if we enticed food and beverage retailers (stores and restaurants) to substantially reduce the calories, added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat that pass through their cash registers—say, a 25 percent reduction in sugar, salt, and fat and a 10 percent reduction in calories. Rather than ordering firms to make specific changes in what they sell, this strategy—called performance-based regulation—leaves industry to figure out what is the best way to transform the American diet in a positive way. Because it calls for real changes in outcomes, this regulatory strategy could be far more effective than information disclosure policies that rely on consumer choices, and because it does not require adding extra cost to the price of food and beverages, it could be politically far more attractive than taxing unhealthy foods. Appealing to both conservative and liberal values, instead of relying on the professional expertise of public health regulators, performance-based regulation enlists America's large food retailers to serve the public good—or suffer substantial financial penalties for failing to do so.
In vitro metabolism of alachlor by human liver microsomes and human cytochrome P450 isoforms

Alachlor (2-chloro-N-methoxymethyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide) is a widely used pre-emergent chloroacetanilide herbicide which has been classified by the USEPA as a probable human carcinogen. The putative carcinogenic metabolite, 2,6-diethylbenzoquinone imine (DEBQI), is formed through a complex series of oxidative and non-oxidative steps which have been characterized in rats, mice, and monkeys but not in humans. A key metabolite leading to the formation of DEBQI is 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide (CDEPA). This study demonstrates that male human liver microsomes are able to metabolize alachlor to CDEPA. The rate of CDEPA formation for human liver microsomes (0.0031 +/- 0.0007 nmol/min per mg) is significantly less than the rates of CDEPA formation for rat liver microsomes (0.0353+/-0.0036 nmol/min per mg) or mouse liver microsomes (0.0106 +/- 0.0007). Further, we have screened human cytochrome P450 isoforms 1A1, 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 and determined that human CYP 3A4 is responsible for metabolism of alachlor to CDEPA. Further work is necessary to determine the extent to which humans are able to metabolize CDEPA through subsequent metabolic steps leading to the formation of DEBQI.
Intestinal Mast Cell Progenitors Require CD49dβ7 (α4β7 Integrin) for Tissue-specific Homing

Mast cells (MCs) are centrally important in allergic inflammation of the airways, as well as in the intestinal immune response to helminth infection. A single lineage of bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitors emigrates from the circulation and matures into phenotypically distinct MCs in different tissues. Because the mechanisms of MC progenitor (MCp) homing to peripheral tissues have not been evaluated, we used limiting dilution analysis to measure the concentration of MCp in various tissues of mice deficient for candidate homing molecules. MCp were almost completely absent in the small intestine but were present in the lung, spleen, BM, and large intestine of β7 integrin-deficient mice (on the C57BL/6 background), indicating that a β7 integrin is critical for homing of these cells to the small intestine. MCp concentrations were not altered in the tissues of mice deficient in the αE integrin (CD103), the β2 integrin (CD18), or the recombination activating gene (RAG)-2 gene either alone or in combination with the interleukin (IL)-receptor common γ chain. Therefore, it is the α4β7 integrin and not the αEβ7 integrin that is critical, and lymphocytes and natural killer cells play no role in directing MCp migration under basal conditions. When MCp in BALB/c mice were eliminated with sublethal doses of γ-radiation and then reconstituted with syngeneic BM, the administration of anti-α4β7 integrin, anti-α4 integrin, anti-β7 integrin, or anti–MAdCAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocked the recovery of MCp in the small intestine. The blocking mAbs could be administered as late as 4 d after BM reconstitution with optimal inhibition, implying that the MCp must arise first in the BM, circulate in the vasculature, and then translocate into the intestine. Inasmuch as MCp are preserved in the lungs of β7 integrin-deficient and anti-α4β7 integrin-treated mice but not in the small intestine, α4β7 integrin is critical for tissue specific extravasation for localization of MCp in the small intestine, but not the lungs.
Comparison of Fresh Osteochondral Autografts and Allografts A Canine Model

BackgroundOsteochondral autografts and allografts have been widely used in the treatment of isolated grade IV articular cartilage lesions of the knee. However, the authors are not aware of any study that has prospectively compared fresh osteochondral autografts to fresh allografts with regard to imaging, biomechanical testing, and histology.HypothesisThe imaging, biomechanical properties, and histologic appearance of fresh osteochondral autograft and fresh allo-graft are similar with respect to bony incorporation into host bone, articular cartilage composition, and biomechanical properties.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsEighteen adult dogs underwent bilateral knee osteochondral graft implantation after creation of an Outerbridge grade IV cartilage defect. One knee received an autograft, and the contralateral knee received a fresh allograft. Nine dogs were sacrificed at 3 months, and 9 dogs were sacrificed at 6 months. Graft analysis included gross examination, radiographs, magnetic resonan...
Divisive Nominating Mechanisms and Democratic Party Electoral Prospects

The purpose of this article is to explore the effect of divisive nominating campaigns within the Democratic party on the party's success in presidential elections. Divisiveness is defined as a function of the nominating method and the margin of victory. The individual and combined effects of each variable on Democratic party success is measured through bivariate, multivariate, and probit analyses. The results show that divisiveness hurts the Democratic party's prospects for winning the general election after controlling for state party orientation and incumbency. Democrats are more likely to lose states that use a divisive nominating mechanism (presidential primary) and win states that use a nondivisive mechanism (caucus). Moreover, among presidential primary states, divisiveness predicated upon margin of victory is strongly related to outcomes. Democrats are more likely to win primary states decided by wide margins and lose those states decided by narrow margins. The analysis covers every presidential primary, caucus, and general election outcome in individual states from 1932 to 1992.
An African swine fever virus ERV1-ALR homologue, 9GL, affects virion maturation and viral growth in macrophages and viral virulence in swine.

The African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome contains a gene, 9GL, with similarity to yeast ERV1 and ALR genes. ERV1 has been shown to function in oxidative phosphorylation and in cell growth, while ALR has hepatotrophic activity. 9GL encodes a protein of 119 amino acids and was highly conserved at both nucleotide and amino acid levels among all ASFV field isolates examined. Monospecific rabbit polyclonal antibody produced to a glutathione S-transferase–9GL fusion protein specifically immunoprecipitated a 14-kDa protein from macrophage cell cultures infected with the ASFV isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (MAL). Time course analysis and viral DNA synthesis inhibitor experiments indicated that p14 was a late viral protein. A 9GL gene deletion mutant of MAL (Δ9GL), exhibited a growth defect in macrophages of approximately 2 log10 units and had a small-plaque phenotype compared to either a revertant (9GL-R) or the parental virus. 9GL affected normal virion maturation; virions containing acentric nucleoid structures comprised 90 to 99% of all virions observed in Δ9GL-infected macrophages. The Δ9GL virus was markedly attenuated in swine. In contrast to 9GL-R infection, where mortality was 100%, all Δ9GL-infected animals survived infection. With the exception of a transient fever response in some animals, Δ9GL-infected animals remained clinically normal and exhibited significant 100- to 10,000-fold reductions in viremia titers. All pigs previously infected with Δ9GL survived infection when subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of virulent parental MAL. Thus, ASFV 9GL gene deletion mutants may prove useful as live-attenuated ASF vaccines.