cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in Substance Use by Sport Participation Among High School Students

Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess the association between team sport participation and substance use, and racial/ethnic disparities, among U.S. adolescents.Method:Data from 6,721 male and 6,761 female high school students in the 2013 Youth Behavior Risk Survey were used. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between team sport participation and substance use across gender and race/ethnicity.Results:Among males, participation in team sports was associated with increased risk for use of smokeless tobacco (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, 95% CI [1.42, 2.32]), alcohol (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.11, 1.52]), and steroids (OR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.26, 2.27]), and decreased risk for use of smoked tobacco (OR = 0.80, 95% CI [0.65, 0.99]) and inhalants (OR = 0.67, 95% CI [0.53, 0.85]). Among females, participation in team sports was associated with increased risk for use of smokeless tobacco (OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.03, 2.18]) and diet pills (OR = 1.31, 95% CI [1.02, 1.68]), and decreased risk for use...
Comparative Effectiveness of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine–Midazolam versus Oral Chloral Hydrate Targeting Moderate Sedation during Pediatric Transthoracic Echocardiograms

Objective To compare efficacy and safety of two moderate sedation regimens for transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): intranasal dexmedetomidine–midazolam (DM) versus oral chloral hydrate (CH) syrup. Method This was a retrospective cohort of 93 children under 4 years of age receiving moderate sedation with either DM or CH for TTE from January 2011 through December 2014. Measurements and Main Results Forty-nine patients received oral CH and 44 received the intranasal combination of DM. The demographics between groups were similar except the DM patients were slightly older and heavier (each p Conclusion These data support the use of intranasal DM as a safe and efficacious method of moderate sedation for children undergoing TTE.
Development Of Immunoassays For Burkholderia Pseudomallei Typical And Atypical Lipopolysaccharide Strain Typing

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infection endemic to many tropical regions. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized as an important virulence factor used by B. pseudomallei Isolates of B. pseudomallei have been shown to express one of four different types of LPS (typical LPS, atypical LPS types B and B2, and rough LPS) and in vitro studies have demonstrated that LPS types may impact disease severity. The association between LPS types and clinical manifestations, however, is still unknown, in part because an effective method for LPS type identification is not available. Thus, we developed antigen capture immunoassays capable of distinguishing between the LPS types. Mice were injected with B or B2 LPS for atypical LPS-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation; only two mAbs (3A2 and 5B4) were isolated from mice immunized with B2 LPS. Immunoblot analysis and surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that 3A2 and 5B4 are reactive with both B2 and B LPS where 3A2 was shown to possess higher affinity. Assays were then developed using capsular polysaccharide-specific mAb 4C4 for bacterial capture and 4C7 (previously shown to bind typical LPS) or 3A2 mAbs for typical or atypical LPS strain detection, respectively. The evaluations performed with 197 strains of Burkholderia and non-Burkholderia species showed that the assays are reactive to B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei strains and have an accuracy of 98.8% (zero false positives and two false negatives) for LPS typing. The results suggest that the assays are effective and applicable for B. pseudomallei LPS typing.
Association of medial prefrontal resting state functional connectivity and metacognitive capacity in early phase psychosis

Metacognition refers to a range of cognitive processes that allow one to form complex ideas of self and others and to use this information to navigate psychosocial challenges. Several studies in both early-phase and prolonged schizophrenia have demonstrated not only that significant deficits in metacognitive ability are present, but importantly that they are associated with significant functional impairment and decreased quality of life. In spite of the importance of metacognitive impairment in schizophrenia, relatively little is known about the biological substrates that may contribute to this dysfunction. In this study, we examined the relationship between resting state functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a structure shown in prior voxel-based morphometry studies to be associated with metacognition, with metacognitive function in an early-phase psychosis cohort (n=18). Analyses revealed a positive association of resting state functional connectivity between the mPFC and precuneus and posterior cingulate structures and metacognitive ability. These results provide evidence of disrupted resting state connectivity in structures relevant to metacognitive dysfunction in early-phase psychosis, which may have implications for pathophysiological models of complex cognitive deficits in this illness.
Addressing the Physician Shortage: The Peril of Ignoring Demography

Does the United States have enough physicians?—No. The United States faces a serious physician shortage that is likely to worsen in the coming decade without multifaceted intervention. At the same time, the US health care system is in a period of marked uncertainty, and many questions are on the horizon—from the future of health insurance coverage to how scientific discoveries will revolutionize medicine in the coming decades. With multiple variables affecting how the health needs of the United States will evolve in the next few years, physician workforce projections must consider this complex and dynamic landscape.
Sweden: How the Liberals (FP) Gave Birth to the Swedish Democrats (SD)

The chapter on Sweden analyzes the immigration debates from their first high salience period in 2002 up until the populist radical right party Sweden Democrats (SD) developed into an entrenched force in Swedish politics in 2010/2012. The reason why the election campaign 2002 featured immigration issues so prominently lies with the dire condition of the right-liberal people’s party (FP). The party desperately needed a political issue ensuring its re-entry to the Swedish Parliament. Due to the benign economic climate and the strength of Swedish Social Democracy (SAP), the FP dropped its conservative messaging on immigration issues shortly after the election 2002. From the mid-2000s onwards, conservative Swedish voters—which had been mobilized in 2002—could not find coherent conservative messaging on immigration matters from the established parties any longer. This opened the political space for a political contender on the far right and explains the subsequent rise of the SD.
Basic Equations and Normal Modes

This chapter presents a systematic linearization of the equations of motion about a state of rest, followed by additional approximations, each carefully analyzed for estimated error, culminating in a full four-dimensional separation of variables. The general solution to these approximate equations is a superposition of normal modes. Each mode is the product of four one-dimensional factors. The latitudinal structure of the modes is a Hermite function or the sum of a pair of Hermite functions. The vertical structure functions are the eigenmodes of the vertical structure equation. The normal mode is the product of a factor of latitude multiplied by a function of depth z only and lastly multiplied by \(\text {exp}(i k (x - ct))\).
William Herschel and Comets

In this paper I examine the observational and theoretical researches of William Herschel on 21 comets that he observed over the period 1781–1812. His sister Caroline’s comet discoveries, especially during the period 1786–1797, are also reviewed. Herschel’s focus, unlike most contemporaries studying comets, was on their physical structure, not their orbits. His observing procedures and analysis led him to forge a strong connection between comets and his investigations of nebulae. His overall scheme of cometary “maturation” (1812) involved a comet traveling from star to star after its central “planetary body” was born from gravitational collapse of a nebula. During any subsequent chance close passage of a star, the comet brightened and lost mass from its atmosphere, but it might also, when between stars, encounter another nebula and be rejuvenated by picking up more mass. Laplace soon adopted these ideas to improve his nebula hypothesis for Solar System formation. Finally, Herschel’s five overall cosmological principles are discussed, especially in the light of his ideas about comets.
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) growth in-situ on chitosan polymer matrix film for SERS application

Chitosan polymer matrix film is prepared from a mixed solution of chitosan and silver nitrate by drop-casting at different surfaces. The film shows various advantages for handling such as flexibility and mechanical strength. UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM and XRD analysis confirms the reduction of silver nitrate to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and its in-situ growth of the silver nanowires (AgNWs) in the film. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis demonstrates that the AgNWs/chitosan film displays a robust enhancement of the intrinsic Raman signals of chitosan, which serves as proof-of-concept that the chitosan-AgNW thin film will be unique for SERS verification with the advantage of avoiding the use of fluorophore tags and potentially being an easy-to-fabricate SERS substrate amenable for sensing application.
Association Between Psychosis in Elderly Patients With Alzheimer Disease and Impaired Social Cognition.

This cohort study assesses the association between psychosis in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease and social cognition in a longitudinal study.
Representational Fluency: A Means for Students to Develop STEM Literacy

The problems that we face in our ever-changing, increasingly global society are multidisciplinary, and many require the integration of multiple Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) concepts to solve them. These problems are the driving force behind national calls for more and stronger students in the pipeline to enter into STEM fields (National Academy of Sciences 2006; National Center on Education and the Economy [NCEE] 2007). However, attempts to motivate students to want to enter the current pipeline into STEM fields is most likely not going to work. What is needed is a new trajectory to success that focuses on understandings and abilities that are more consistent with the new kinds of math/science/engineering thinking that are emerging to be most important in a technology-based age of information. As the problems in this technology-based age are multidisciplinary in nature, we believe that a STEM integration approach must be used to prepare students to be competitive in the twenty-first century. Therefore, research needs to be done that helps realize the most effective ways for students to learn and engage with STEM concepts in a multi-disciplinary manner, teachers to understand and implement STEM integration approaches, and curriculum to be developed to foster these new multi-disciplinary understandings in the classroom. In this paper, we focus on representational fluency within STEM integration in the K-12 system.
Boosting sales force morale in highly dynamic, complex markets: The role of job resources

Abstract Sales force morale constitutes an important managerial topic that is often linked to key outcomes such as sales force turnover and productivity. Unfortunately, however, scholarly work in this area is strikingly limited. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to provide a first rigorous assessment of the role of morale in a sales context. Drawing on Job Demands-Resource (JD-R) as our theoretical lens and using a unique dataset that includes responses from three sources (i.e., sales managers, salespeople, and secondary objective data) from 81 companies over two time periods, our study makes several contributions. First, we offer a conceptualization of sales force morale and thus advance this timely and managerially relevant topic in a JD-R setting. Second, we show the negative impact of market demands (i.e., customer purchase complexity and market dynamism) on sales force morale. Third, the findings highlight the positive impact of morale on sales force turnover and productivity. Fourth, results show that two job resources attenuate the negative impact of market demands on sales force morale (i.e., sales capabilities training sales unit's cross-functional cooperation). Surprisingly, however, we find that a third job resource – that is, a firm's product portfolio depth – actually accentuates, rather than attenuates, the negative effects of market demands on sales force morale. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and managerial implications of our work and by elaborating on exciting avenues for future research in the area.
Structural and Functional Regression of Polycystic Ovaries by Danazol

The effects of danazol on ovarian steroidogenesis and follicular size was studied in androgen-sterilized rats bearing polycystic ovaries. Daily treatment with 4 or 20mg of the drug caused a reduction in ovarian weight and regression of cystic follicles. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estrogen were significantly decreased. The persistent estrus smears were changed to diestrus, indicating inhibition of estrogenic activity.
7-OR: TRANSMISSION OF MATERNAL ANTIBODY TOWARD HLA ANTIGEN OF A NEWBORN WITH FETAL CARDIOMYOPATHY

Aim Maternal-fetal transmission of IgG antibody is well known. We present the case of a newborn with fetal cardiomyopathy and presence of an anti-HLA antibody to a self-HLA antigen. The antibody is believed to be transmitted by mother. Methods A female infant demonstrated severe biventricular dysfunction on fetal echocardiogram without associated hydrops, structural defect, or valve insufficiency. Transplant evaluation at 5 days of life demonstrated an HLA antibody screen by flow cytometry of 55% Class I and 5% Class II PRA. Specificities by Luminex demonstrated one of the antibodies was to an infant HLA antigen, Cw7. Maternal HLA antibody screen demonstrated the same specificities. Maternal history is significant for fetal demise two years prior. Paternal HLA typing demonstrated A1 and Cw7 antigens. Infant antibodies progressively diminished with no intervention. Ventricular function improved to normal. Evaluation for etiology of the cardiomyopathy demonstrated no abnormalities. Mother later demonstrated additional sensitization from this infant. Results Table 1 . Conclusions We report the transmission of maternal HLA antibodies to a newborn with fetal cardiomyopathy. Speculation is that presence of a transmitted maternal antibody to infant HLA antigen produced ventricular dysfunction, similar to antibody-mediated rejection. Sensitization most likely occurred from the prior pregnancy.
Elementary Engineering as a Synergistic Site for Disciplinary and Linguistic Learning in an Urban Classroom

This case study of new English-language learners in an urban elementary U.S. classroom addresses the synergy between disciplinary language and science, technology, engineering, math (STEM) learning...
Production of high lignin-containing and lignin-free cellulose nanocrystals from wood

A new method is described for producing high-lignin-containing and lignin-free cellulose nanocrystals from poplar wood (HLCNCs and LFCNCs, respectively). This was accomplished by first hydrothermally treating the poplar wood fibers at 170 °C for 45 min in a Parr reactor. For obtaining HLCNCs, the treated fibers were directly hydrolyzed by 64% sulfuric acid whereas for LFCNCs, the fibers were delignified prior to the acid hydrolysis. The CNCs thus produced were characterized using spectroscopy, microscopy, and diffraction techniques and compared with bleached kraft pulp-CNCs. The comparison indicated that while LFCNCs and pulp-CNCs had similar properties, the HLCNCs are expected to be superior for certain applications due to their hydrophobicity that was caused by presence of lignin nanoparticles. Lastly, results of the experiment where treatment temperature was varied during the hydrothermal treatment indicated that crystallinity of the CNCs produced from 200 °C treated poplar was higher compared to 170 °C treated substrate. This implied that CNCs from wood can be produced that have varying degree of crystallinity.
To flip or not to flip: What the evidence suggests

A growing body of literature points to the need to rethink the traditional lecture-based teaching methodology. The flipped classroom is a pedagogical model in which students are exposed to new mate...
Neighborhood Economic Changes After the Great Recession and Home Food Environments.

Objective. Home food environments are important contexts for children and their food intake. It is unknown whether neighborhood economic context plays a role in explaining the association between a...
Actuator Transparency and the Energetic Cost of Proprioception

In the field of haptics, conditions for mechanical “transparency” [1] entail such qualities as “solid virtual objects must feel stiff” and “free space must feel free” [2], suggesting that a suitable actuator is able both to do work and readily have work done on it.
The Broken Presidency: How It Has Failed Us and How We Can Fix It

At the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on June 1st, 1787, James Wilson of Pennsylvania first proposed that the executive powers be rested in a single person. The motion was seconded, and then, as James Madison reported, “a considerable pause” ensued. The delegates’ hesitation was hardly surprising. Only recently had they freed themselves from the tyranny of King George III, and they were firmly committed to creating a new government that would not abuse its powers and oppress its citizens. It must have seemed preposterous to replace a hereditary monarch with an elected monarch. To be sure, the framers invoked important reasons in favor of a unitary executive. With the passage of time, however, it has become clear that the founding fathers misjudged the consequences of a single president. They did not anticipate the extent to which executive power would expand and give us an “imperial presidency.” They did not predict the role that political parties would come to play and how battles to capture the White House would greatly aggravate partisan conflict. They did not recognize that single presidents would represent party ideology much more than the overall public good. And they misjudged the advantages and disadvantages of single versus multiple decision makers. If the presidency is to fulfill the founding fathers’ vision, it needs to be reconceived. This need for constitutional change led me to the proposal for reform that I consider in this paper - the replacement of our single-person presidency with a two-person presidency, in which each of the two presidents would come from a different political party. A two-person presidency would yield many important benefits - a balancing of power between the executive and legislative branches, a dampening of partisan conflict in Washington, an executive branch more representative of the entire electorate, real opportunities for third-party candidates to win election, and wiser presidential decision making. A dual executive would be far more faithful to the framers’ views of executive power and constitutional design. They wanted a president with limited authority who would serve as a co-equal with Congress. They also believed that power should be limited by dividing it and requiring it to be shared. A two-person presidency relies on the framers’ structural devices to promote their core values.
Fearless Dominance/Boldness Is Not Strongly Related to Externalizing Behaviors: An Item Response-Based Analysis:

There is substantial and ongoing debate regarding the centrality of Fearless Dominance/Boldness (FD/B) to psychopathic personality due, in part, to its generally weak relations with externalizing behaviors. In response to these findings, proponents of FD/B have offered two hypotheses. First, FD/B may have nonlinear associations with externalizing outcomes such that FD/B may lead to resilience at moderate levels, but an overabundance of FD/B will yield maladaptive behavioral outcomes. Second, FD/B may be related to antisocial outcomes when paired with high scores on other psychopathic traits such as self-centered impulsivity, meanness, or disinhibition. The current study tests these two possibilities using two large samples (Study 1: 787 undergraduates; Study 2: 596 Amazon's Mechanical Turk participants). An item response theory scoring approach particularly sensitive to curvilinearity was used to maximize our ability to find a true curvilinear effect, if present. No evidence in favor of the curvilinearity hypothesis was found. Only a single significant interaction predicting substance use was observed between boldness and meanness. These findings contribute to a growing literature raising concerns regarding the relevance of FD/B to psychopathy.
Delay discounting in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis and adults with schizophrenia.

Background Schizophrenia (SZ) is typically preceded by a prodromal (i.e. pre-illness) period characterized by attenuated positive symptoms and declining functional outcome. Negative symptoms are prominent among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis (i.e. those with prodromal syndromes) and highly predictive of conversion to illness. Mechanisms underlying negative symptoms in the CHR population are unclear. Two studies were conducted to evaluate whether abnormalities in a reward processing mechanism thought to be core to negative symptoms in SZ, value representation, also exist in CHR individuals and whether they are associated with negative symptoms transphasically. Methods Study 1 included 33 individuals in the chronic phase of illness who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ) and 40 healthy controls (CN). Study 2 included 37 CHR participants and 45 CN. In both studies, participants completed the delay discounting (DD) task as a measure of value representation and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale was rated to measure negative symptoms. Results Results indicated that patients with SZ had steeper discounting rates than CN, indicating impairments in value representation. However, CHR participants were unimpaired on the DD task. In both studies, steeper discounting was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms. Conclusions These findings suggest that deficits in value representation are associated with negative symptoms transphasically.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinecarboxamides as potent anti-tuberculosis agents.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that has been plaguing the human race for centuries. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of TB has been detrimental to the fight against tuberculosis with very few safe therapeutic options available. As part of an ongoing effort to identify potent anti-tuberculosis agents, we synthesized and screened a series of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinecarboxamide derivatives for their anti-tuberculosis properties. These compounds were designed based on reported anti-tuberculosis properties of the indolecarboxamides (I2Cs) and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinecarboxamides (IPAs). In this series, we identified compounds 15 and 16 with excellent anti-TB activity against H37Rv strain of tuberculosis (MIC = 0.10-0.19 μM); these compounds were further screened against selected clinical isolates of Mtb. Compounds 15 and 16 showed excellent activities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of TB (MIC range: 0.05-1.5 μM) with excellent selectivity indices. In addition, preliminary ADME studies on compound 16 showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
Quantitative Description of the Lateral Growth of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Reveals Self-Templation Effects

Quantitative mechanistic insight into polymerizations that produce highly crystalline two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) is a prerequisite for their controlled synthesis. However...
Cancer in Nepal: The Necessity of a Multi-Targeted Approach

The auditorium was bursting with color. Women in vibrant saris and glistening jewelry bustled about, greeting newcomers with a namaste while intermittently catching up with old acquaintances. In juxtaposition to this rich rainbow of color, I was dressed in black pants and a plain white shirt. Mental note to self: next time, spice it up a little. I looked like I was going to a funeral amongst a group of men and women who seemed to be on their way to the biggest party of the year. Yet the occasion was neither festive nor mournful—we were at an obstetrics and gynecology conference in Bharatpur, Nepal. As I sat down to listen to a presentation on cervical cancer, one of the physicians made an interesting observation: young women with cervical cancer are less likely to undergo treatment than older women. This seemed strange. Shouldn’t younger women be more educated and thus more proactive when seeking medical care? Although there is no formal data, it is universally understood that younger, more sexually active women are often abandoned by their husbands at the time of diagnosis based on the assumption that these women will no longer be able to bear children. As a result, these 15- to 40-year-olds do not have the financial and/or psychological support to start or finish treatment, which usually consists of some combination of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. However, older women in their fifties and above are often brought to places of medical treatment by their children and grandchildren, who not only ensure that treatment is completed but also demand the most aggressive course of treatment. Such barriers to health care represent a significant hurdle in a country where cervical cancer is not only the predominant form of cancer in women but also has the highest age-specific mortality rate.1 When I asked a radiation oncologist what policies were in place to address the social and cultural barriers to treatment, he looked at me, shrugged and said, “This is Nepal.”
Challenges, Changes, and Choices: Immigrant Academics of Color in American Academia:

Immigration is a hotly debated and deeply polarizing topic in American society. The past few decades have seen an influx of immigrants from Asia, Africa, and the Americas who contend with having a ...
Implementing a watcher program to improve timeliness of recognition of deterioration in hospitalized children.

Abstract Purpose Early recognition and response to clinical deterioration is critical to patient safety. Failures or delays in recognition and response often manifest as emergency transfers to the intensive care unit (ICU). We describe implementation of a program to improve recognition and response to clinical deterioration within the pediatric inpatient acute care setting (i.e., medical-surgical, hematology-oncology, and intermediate care units). Design and methods We assembled an inter-professional team including nurses, physicians, and hospital leaders to evaluate preventable patient harm events associated with failures in identifying and responding to clinical deterioration and resultant emergency transfers to the intensive care unit (ICU). We evaluated an existing situational awareness framework incorporating principles of high-reliability organizations, refined the framework utilizing internal event analyses data, and subsequently implemented a program reducing emergency transfers. Results Emergency transfers to the ICU from acute care settings decreased by more than 70%, and to date, this improvement has sustained. Nurses report increased satisfaction and empowerment to proactively escalate their concerns, respond to changes in a patient's condition, and reduce uncertainty about the plan of care. Conclusions The program has enhanced situational awareness, reduced emergency transfers, and fostered a culture of accountability and collaboration in alignment with the organizational core value of safety. Practice implications Developing a reliable system to support the healthcare team in recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration reduces the risk of care delays. Applying situational awareness to other high-risk situations, additional areas for program expansion were identified, to include emergency department admissions and behavioral health patients.
Immigration and Racial Justice: Enforcing the Borders of Blackness

Black immigrants are invisible at the intersection of their race and immigration status. Until recently, conversations on border security, unlawful immigration, and national security obscured racially motivated laws seeking to halt the blackening and browning of America. This Article engages with the intersection of anti-Black racism and how the foundational doctrine of immigration exceptionalism places constitutional norms outside of immigration enforcement which has rendered Black immigrants invisible. At this intersection, Black immigrants experience a double bind where enforcement of immigration laws and the criminal legal system have a disparate impact resulting in disproportionate incarceration and deportation. First, the Article examines how foundational immigration laws have reinforced racial hierarchies by explicitly limiting citizenship to white males and employing the doctrine of immigration exceptionalism to allow for the enforcement of immigration laws without adherence to constitutional norms. Second, the Article examines how anti-Black racism and the lack of constitutional protections within the immigration system results in disproportionate immigration enforcement against Black immigrants. This part also details how the legislative reforms of 1996 coupled with different executive enforcement policies have had a disproportionate impact on the deportation of Black immigrants. Third, the Article examines the concept of transformational solidarity as a method to address the failure of immigration laws to adhere to constitutional norms. This section examines how the similar goals of the criminal and immigration grassroots abolition movements: “Defunding the police” and “abolishing ICE” may provide a starting point for addressing the disproportionate impact of immigration laws and enforcement policies on Black immigrants. This Article engages in a critical conversation around the impact of immigration enforcement at the intersection of anti-Black racism. It assesses the particular and disproportionate harms immigration laws and enforcement policies have on Black immigrants which illuminates how immigration laws fail to adhere to constitutional norms of equality. The article argues that the failure of anti-discrimination norms to provide redress results in differential racialization and essentialist paradigms that render Black immigrants invisible at the intersection of their race and immigration status.
Acute Fractures in Sport: Hip

Acute hip fractures are rare in sports, and often carry high morbidity. They either result from excessive loading of normal bone composition or high-energy trauma. There should be a high index of suspicion for concomitant injuries, and their evaluation with the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocols is indicated. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, diagnostic examination and imaging, management options and rehabilitation expectations for acute fractures of the hip, femoral head, neck, peri-trochanteric region and femoral diaphysis. The management principles of these injuries differ depending on the patient’s age and functional status, and there are some nuances particular to the treatment of athletes.
Facile Synthesis of Tertiary Amine Pendant Polymers by Cu0-Mediated ATRP under Aqueous Conditions

Cu0-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in aqueous media is extended to tertiary amine-pendant methacrylate polymers with poly([2-dimethylamino]ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) servin...
Localization of sucrose synthase and callose in freeze-substituted secondary-wall-stage cotton fibers.

Methods for cryogenic fixation, freeze substitution, and embedding were developed to preserve the cellular structure and protein localization of secondary-wall-stage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers accurately for the first time. Perturbation by specimen handling was minimized by freezing fibers still attached to a seed fragment within 2 min after removal of seeds from a boll still attached to the plant. These methods revealed native ultrastructure, including numerous active Golgi bodies, multivesicular bodies, and proplastids. Immunolocalization in the context of accurate structure was accomplished after freeze substitution in acetone only. Quantitation of immunolabeling identified sucrose synthase both near the cortical microtubules and plasma membrane and in a proximal exoplasmic zone about 0.2 μm thick. Immunolabeling also showed that callose (β-1,3-glucan) was codistributed with sucrose synthase within this exoplasmic zone. Similar results were obtained from cultured cotton fibers. The distribution of sucrose synthase is consistent with its having a dual role in cellulose and callose synthesis in secondary-wall-stage cotton fibers.
Feynman Diagram Techniques in Condensed Matter Physics: A brief review of statistical mechanics

Come forth into the light of things, Let nature be your teacher. William Wordsworth , The Tables Turned The main focus of this book is many-particle systems such as electrons in a crystal. Such systems are studied within the framework of quantum mechanics, with which the reader is assumed to be familiar. Nevertheless, a brief review of this subject will provide an opportunity to establish notation and collect results that will be used later on. The postulates Quantummechanics is based on five postulates, listed below with some explanatory comments. The quantum state The quantum state of a particle, at time t , is described by a continuous, singlevalued, square-integrable wave function Ψ( r , t ), where r is the position of the particle. In Dirac notation, the state is represented by a state vector, or ket, ∣Ψ( t )⟩, which is an element of a vector space V. We define a dual vector space V* whose elements, called bras, are in one-to-one correspondence with the elements of V: ket ∣α⟩ ∈ V ⟷ bra ⟨α∣ ∈ V*, as illustrated in Figure 1.1. The bra corresponding to ket c ∣α⟩ is c * ⟨∣, where c *. is the complex conjugate of c . The inner product of kets ∣α⟩ and ∣β⟩ is denoted by ⟨β∣α⟩, and it is a complex number (c-number). Note that the inner product is obtained by combining a bra and a ket. By definition, ⟨β∣α⟩ = ⟨α∣β⟩*.
The Effects of Gamma and Proton Radiation Exposure on Hematopoietic Cell Counts in the Ferret Model

Exposure to total-body radiation induces hematological changes, which can detriment one's immune response to wounds and infection. Here, the decreases in blood cell counts after acute radiation doses of γ-ray or proton radiation exposure, at the doses and dose-rates expected during a solar particle event (SPE), are reported in the ferret model system. Following the exposure to γ-ray or proton radiation, the ferret peripheral total white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts decreased whereas neutrophil count increased within 3 hours. At 48 hours after irradiation, the WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts decreased in a dose-dependent manner but were not significantly affected by the radiation type (γ-rays verses protons) or dose rate (0.5 Gy/minute verses 0.5 Gy/hour). The loss of these blood cells could accompany and contribute to the physiological symptoms of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS).
Balancing security and energy consumption in wireless sensor networks

Appling security to messages traveling over wireless links in sensor nodes requires additional energy. This paper describes our suggestions on balancing the level of security and energy consumption based on our measurements using CrossBow and Ember sensor nodes. It was found that the node microcontroller's CPU operates for substantially longer times for both hashing and encryption operations compared to the time for handling messages without any security. However, this has little overall impact on energy consumption. The longer high-power radio transmission times due to hashing were especially costly. For the full operational mode, with CPU processing and also radio transmission of messages, our results indicate that the lifetime of a transmitting node in a security regime is only about one-half of the lifetime without security. Hence, we provided design guidelines to apply security with energy consideration for WSN. They include 2 to 8 bytes MACs for integrity and authentication instead of SHA-1, and the size of messages should match the steps of encryption algorithms.
Disruption of Bacterial Cells by a Synthetic Zeolite

The use of a synthetic zeolite (type 4A, Union Carbide Corp., Linde Div., New York, N.Y.) in a procedure for the preparation of pure cell wall fractions proved successful for many gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria, as well as for some fungi. The technique, however, was found to be limited in effectiveness for Rhodospirillum rubrum, Gaffkya tetragena, and Sarcina lutea, and not applicable to preparations of heat killed microorganisms. The possible mechanisms of zeolite action, together with the effect of the disruptive procedure on the chemical composition of cell wall fragments, were investigated also.
NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS AND RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES IN GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA

The effect on housing prices of proximity to different types of parks is estimated using a unique data set of single-family homes sold between 1990 and 1999 in Greenville, South Carolina. While the value of park proximity is found to vary with respect to park size and amenities, the estimates from this study are larger than previous studies. The greatest impact on housing values was found with proximity to small neighborhood parks, with the positive impact of proximity to both small and medium-size parks extending to homes as far as 1500 feet from the park.
The King will Not Yield

Throughout the spring, Ultra political strategy pressed the Left toward a still more unified position. The government was scarcely able to conceal its designs, due to the unguarded clamor of journals in its own political camp. Ultraroyalist papers continued to be divided among themselves and immersed in stubborn feuds which reflected the very real dissensions in the Ministry itself. By the journalism of both extreme factions, the government was placed under a reading lens at a time when it most desired silence and secrecy. The Ministry was rebuilt that spring in a more absolutist fashion, it is true, but not until after the comte de Villele had made an appearance. Like a visit from Lucifer, his arrival generated fears which further exposed the Ministry’s motives to public inspection. The Cabinet’s secret sessions amplified the growing rumor of a dissolution and, after this rumor was converted to fact on May 16, the predictions of both sides became more ominous.
Statutory Redundancy: Why Congress Should Overhaul the Endangered Species Act to Exclude Critical Habitat Designation

There is much debate concerning the enforcement of the critical habitat designation provisions of the Endangered Species Act. Most scholars argue that the Secretary of the Interior abuses the "not prudent" and "not determinable" exceptions to avoid making such designations when endangered or threatened species are listed. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 was enacted to achieve the dual goals of species conservation and species recovery, achieved primarily through ecosystem conservation. Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires all federal agencies to consult with the Secretary of the Interior to evaluate the consequences of proposed federal actions to ensure they neither jeopardize the existence of the endangered species nor destroy or modify a designated critical habitat. Because these standards overlap, the critical habitat designation provision should be excluded from the Endangered Species Act, since it serves as nothing more than a weapon for environmentalists to block land development. It forces the Department of the Interior to spend its time defending lawsuits, rather than listing more species and thoroughly analyzing federal actions that may jeopardize vital ecosystems.
Clinical Studies of Posts

The literature on posts is dominated by nonclinical studies and practice-based, nonrandomized clinical trials. The number of teeth studied in these trials is often, on its face, impressive. Less evident is the quality of the evidence provided. The present review seeks to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of several of these studies.
Pornography, Prostitution and International Sex Trafficking: Mapping the Terrain

In the 1990s, the tragedy of sex trafficking in women and children for purposes of sexual exploitation began to attract world attention and subjected to an increasing level of research. The one element left out of this effort to profile and understand the enormous complexity of the problem of sex trafficking has been the role of the consumer of the services of the victims of sex trafficking. As has far too often been the case with prostitution, where the focus has always been upon the prostitute and the pimp or madame, the role of the prostitute-user has generally been ignored in law and research. We appear to assume that men's need to sexually exploit women is an inexorable force of nature that stands outside the realm of social research or social control. The book, "Pornography: Driving the Demand in International Sex Trafficking," grew out of a conference designed to attend to the institutions that not only exploit sex trafficking victims, but more importantly, directly engage with those who individually exploit victims: prostitute-users and pornography-users. As noted by contributors Gail Dines and Catharine MacKinnon, pornography not only feeds the demand of its consumers, it stimulates further and greater demand. The conference thereby moves researchers into the immediate realm of the ultimate creators of demand. In this introduction, I attempt to provide a broad overview of the territory to be covered in this book: to provide necessary background where appropriate, to identify those ideas or themes that contribute to the overall structure of the problem, and to raise questions deserving further reflection.
Discussion of the behaviour of nonconservative dissolved constituents in estuaries

Abstract A simplified relation for the loss of a dissolved constituent in an estuary is derived. The relation is applicable to steady state, one dimensional, tidal averaged conditions. Caution should be exercised in its use as well as in the measurement procedures and the interpretation of measurements of dissolved constituents, for such simplifications may not be appropriate requiring more complex estuarine hydrodynamic effects to be considered.
CHANGES ACCOMPANYING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT IN THE GARDEN PEA.

Chemical studies on the garden pea were begun at the California Agricultural Experiment Station in 1924. The object of the work was to determine some of the changes that occur in the fruit during development and after harvest. This paper deals specifically with the changes in amounts of some of the components of the pods and peas during their development. The results on storage will be presented in another paper. The investigations were confined mainly to the carbohydrates as it was believed that these played a more important part than other components in the determination of quality. Experimental procedure The variety used was Dwarf Telephone. This is a large-podded wrinkled pea and is the variety used for the spring crop in the Imperial Valley. The seed was planted at the University Farm, Davis, California, on November 20, 1924. The plants were in full bloom on April 9, 1925, and on this date a large number of open flowers were labeled by tying strings around the peduncles. This was done to have fruit of the same age for study. The first picking was made on April 21 when the fruit was 12 days old. The peas at this time were still very small and it was necessary to harvest a large number of fruit to get enough peas for the analyses. A second picking was made on April 27. From this date harvesting was done at two-day intervals until May 15 and then at four-day intervals until May 27. The samples were collected each morning between 7 :30 and 8 :00. Several representative fruits were selected at each harvest and one specimen of each picking is shown in figure 1. A number of fruits were also counted from each day's picking to be used for samples for analysis. These were then immediately shelled and the peas and pods weighed separately. From these data the average fresh weight of the fruit, pods, and peas were calculated and are given in columns 4, 5, and 7 of table I. When weighings were completed the peas and pods were preserved immediately by placing them
A Bayesian approach to the statistical analysis of device preference studies

Drug delivery devices are required to have excellent technical specifications to deliver drugs accurately, and in addition, the devices should provide a satisfactory experience to patients because this can have a direct effect on drug compliance. To compare patients' experience with two devices, cross-over studies with patient-reported outcomes (PRO) as response variables are often used. Because of the strength of cross-over designs, each subject can directly compare the two devices by using the PRO variables, and variables indicating preference (preferring A, preferring B, or no preference) can be easily derived. Traditionally, methods based on frequentist statistics can be used to analyze such preference data, but there are some limitations for the frequentist methods. Recently, Bayesian methods are considered an acceptable method by the US Food and Drug Administration to design and analyze device studies. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian statistical method to analyze the data from preference trials. We demonstrate that the new Bayesian estimator enjoys some optimal properties versus the frequentist estimator. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute chondral injuries of the patellofemoral joint

Abstract Patients with acute chondral injuries of the patellofemoral joint often complain of pain and catching in the knee.Physical exam may reproduce this pain with patellofemoral compression. Further history and physical examination should elicit the cause and location of these lesions. The peripatellar soft tissue, which may contribute to patellofemoral joint injury, should be assessed with measurement of the Q-angle, medial and lateral patellar glide, and patellar tilt. Radiographic analysis, including plain films, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging may help in the diagnosis of these injuries. Arthroscopic evaluation precisely defines chondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint. When visualization is difficult, alternate portals should be created. Treatment of these lesions includes microfracture technique or debridement depending on their location, size, and character. If patellar instability or malalignment contributes to the pathology, a patellar stability repair or realignment procedure should be performed in conjunction with treatment of the articular lesion. An algorithm is presented to assist in planning the treatment for injuries to the patellofemoral joint. A detailed history and physical examination, logical use of imaging techniques, and a thorough arthroscopic evaluation enhances accurate decision making about the treatment of these disorders.