cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do aging populations have differential accessibility to activities? Analyzing the spatial structure of social, professional, and business opportunities

Abstract Accessibility is facilitated by well-organized transportation systems that move people efficiently, and it is improved as more activities are reachable to people given the means of available travel. As the current population ages, it will ultimately challenge those who manage transportation systems in their attempts to satisfy the older population’s basic needs. Scanning the literature, accessibility has not been fully explored in relation to aging and older populations. We construct a systematic quantitative analysis of the older population’s accessibility to potential activities. Given their residential patterns and the prevailing transportation system, we ask whether they have as much potential accessibility to activities as their younger counterparts. Our study area is a smaller metropolitan area in the state of Florida. Using highly disaggregate spatial data containing the locations of populations and possible activities, we implement accessibility models in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment, accounting for mode of transportation. Scenarios and activities analyzed are informed by a review of the broader literature as well as our own analysis of the 2009 National Household Travel Survey. We find that the potential accessibility of the aging population varies by activity type and differs with other age group cohorts. When we look in detail at subgroups within the aging population, the oldest group (those 85+) tends to have higher levels of accessibility.
Location-Aware Caching for Semantic-Based Image Queries in Mobile AD HOC Networks

Mobile image information retrieval, i.e., the processing of mobile image queries, has attracted research attention due to the recent technological advances in mobile and ubiquitous computing, network infrastructures, and multimedia streaming. The previous research focuses on data delivery, while few works have reported on content-based mobile information retrieval. Therefore, it is important to devise effective means to describe the semantics as well as content distribution of mobile data. Caching is an attractive solution that helps reveal semantic relationships among mobile data sources. However, traditional caching techniques rely on exact match of fixed values and are not efficient in dealing with imprecisely described image data. To address these issues, the authors propose a location-aware caching model which reflects the distribution of images based on the analysis of earlier queries. Through extensive simulations, the authors show that the proposed model can perform search with less cost for voluminous data.
A prolonged post-tetanic hyperpolarization in rat hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro

The post-tetanic sequelae of trains of synaptic stimuli (50 pulses at 5 or 10 Hz) were studied with intracellular recordings from rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. In a large proportion of CA1 neurons, stimulation of afferent fibers was followed by a prolonged membrane hyperpolarization (peak amplitude approximately 6 mV) that was associated with a decrease in neuronal input resistance (approximately 33%) that lasted from tens of seconds to over 1 min. Antidromic stimulation or activation of cells with intracellular current injection did not elicit this post-tetanic hyperpolarization (PTH). The PTH could be elicited in chloride (Cl-)-loaded cells, its null potential shifted in response to changes in extracellular potassium ([K+]o), and it was significantly reduced by 5-10 mM extracellular cesium (Cs+). The K(+)-dependent PTH may also be calcium (Ca2+) dependent as its amplitude and associated conductance increase were sensitive to changes in [Ca2+]o. The PTH was enhanced by treatments that increase Ca2+ entry into cells including perfusion with elevated [Ca2+]o, with picrotoxin or with tetraethylammonium ion (TEA). The K+ conductance blocker 4-AP had no consistent effect on the PTH. The PTH was potently blocked by the membrane-permeant forms of cAMP, dibutyryl- and 8-bromo-cAMP. However, phorbol esters that activate protein kinase C and carbachol, which usually block the same potential that is blocked by cAMP, did not depress the PTH. The cardiac glycosides dihydro-ouabain and strophanthidin had only small and variable effects on the PTH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluation of corrosion films on Cu and Ag reactive monitors deployed in data center server environments

Corrosion driven electronic hardware failures are a concern for data center and mission critical server applications. Increasing needs for ubiquitous computing has resulted in an explosive growth of data centers around the world. It has been observed that in emerging markets the contamination either from polluted air or through particulate matter gets inside the electronic systems impacting their long term reliability. The present work focuses on reactive monitoring of these environments using metallic coupons. Surface analysis of the corrosion films showed the presence of sulfide and chloride products for silver and predominantly oxides for copper. Not only did silver correlate well with locations susceptible to hardware corrosion failures they were less prone to polysiloxane contamination than copper and hence a better indicator of the corrosion risks.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Quinidine

The elimination of quinidine is accomplished by a combination of renal excretion of the intact drug (15 to 40% of total clearance) and hepatic biotransformation to a variety of metabolites (60 to 85% of total clearance). Many of the metabolites appear to be pharmacologically active. Typical ranges for kinetic properites of quinidine in healthy persons are: apparent volume of distribution 2.0 to 3.5 litres/kg; elimination half-life 5 to 12 hours; clearance, 2.5 to 5.0 ml/min/kg. Quinidine clearance is reduced in the elderly, in patients with cirrhosis, and in those with congestive heart failure. Oral quinidine is available either as relatively rapidly absorbed conventional tablets (usually quinidine sulphate) or as a variety of slowly absorbed sustained release preparations. Absolute systemic availability generally is 70% or greater. Quinidine is 70 to 95% bound to plasma protein, primarily to albumin but also to a number of other plasma constituents. Binding is reduced in patients with cirrhosis, partly because of hypoalbuminaemia, but is not influenced by renal insufficiency. Clinical interpretation of total serum or plasma quinidine concentrations must be altered in patients with reduced or increased binding, since it is the unbound fraction which is pharmacologically active.
Particle agglutination assay for sm antibodies using purified sm antigen

Sm antibodies are specific serum markers for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are identified by immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), and passive hemagglutination (PHA) in the clinical laboratories. These current methods have certain disadvantages of sensitivity, specificity, and complexity. In this report, Sm antigen free from other nuclear antigens was purified. Synthetic particles were coated with Sm antigen and used to test for Sm antibodies in patient's sera. The particle agglutination test was specific for only Sm antibodies among different antinuclear antisera from patients with systemic rheumatic diseases. The particle agglutination test had the same sensitivity and specificity as the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test for Sm and RNP antibodies. The correlation coefficient between the ELISA quantitation and the titers obtained by particle agglutination was 0.82. The particle agglutination test can be used for rapid screening and titer determination of anti-Sm antibodies.
Optical real-time defect-enhancement diagnostic system

We have demonstrated an all-optical diagnostic system that enhances the observation of defects in periodic structures. This real-time technique employs a spatial light modulator as a smart-pixel array for information processing in the Fourier transform plane of a lens. The system also includes a phase-conjugate mirror for autoalignment and for correction of optical wave-front aberrations that are imparted on the object light by the smart-pixel processor and its associated optical train.
Electronic structure and optical behavior of self-assembled InAs quantum dots

Using both electrical and optical techniques, ground state energy levels and excited states of carriers in self-assembled InAs quantum dots are described, and the first observations of mid-infrared photoconductivity in these structures are presented. Electrical measurements including ac conductance and Hall techniques have been used to determine thermal trapping of carriers, and yield strong binding for holes, less binding for electrons, and an exciton energy that is consistent with photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Further PL experiments have probed the effect of changing the InAs dot size, and using embedding material of different composition. Several of these structures also demonstrate strong electron binding. In devices where the InAs dots have been grown in an Al0.3Ga0.7As matrix and surrounded by AlAs barriers, normal incidence photoconductivity has been observed at a range of wavelengths in the mid-infrared and attributed to single carrier transitions out of the dots. This mid-infrared optical ...
Linkages of nuclear architecture to biological and pathological control of gene expression.

Functional interrelationships between components of nuclear architecture and control of gene expression are becoming increasingly evident. There is growing appreciation that multiple levels of nuclear organization integrate the regulatory cues that support activation and suppression of genes as well as the processing of gene transcripts. The linear organization of genes and promoter elements provide the potential for responsiveness to physiological regulatory signals. Parameters of chromatin structure and nucleosome organization support synergism between activities at independent regulatory sequences and render promoter elements accessible or refractory to transcription factors. Association of genes, transcription factors, and the machinery for transcript processing with the nuclear matrix facilitates fidelity of gene expression within the three-dimensional context of nuclear architecture. Mechanisms must be defined that couple nuclear morphology with enzymatic parameters of gene expression. The recent characterization of factors that mediate chromatin remodeling and intranuclear targeting signals that direct transcription factors to subnuclear domains where gene expression occurs, reflect linkage of genetic and structural components of transcriptional control. Nuclear reorganization and aberrant intranuclear trafficking of transcription factors for developmental and tissue-specific control that occurs in tumor cells and in neurological disorders provides a basis for high resolution diagnostics and targeted therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:220-231, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reconstituted High Density Lipoprotein Bearing Apolipoprotein E3 Serves as a Nanovehicle to Transport and Target Bioflavonoids such as Resveratrol

The objective of this study is to transport resveratrol, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioflavonoid, in the plasma to targeted sites. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin polyphenol that is found in natural products such as grape skins, cocoa, and is a constituent of red wine. It appears to be a potent factor as an anti-cancer and atheroprotective agent. The “French Paradox” (French suffering a relatively lower incidence of coronary heart disease compared to other western societies) has been attributed to the benefits of resveratrol (as a result of higher consumption of red wine by the French). However, it is difficult to achieve effective concentrations of resveratrol in plasma via the oral tract from natural resveratrol-rich products. Its low aqueous solubility appears to limit the use of resveratrol as a nutraceutical agent. We propose to employ apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3)-containing reconstituted high density lipoproteins (rHDL) for transportation and targeted delivery of resveratrol. rHDL are water soluble lipoprotein complexes composed of a bilayer of phospholipids surrounded by apoE3, which bears high affinity binding sites for the cell surface localized low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr). The phospholipid microenvironment of rHDL is expected to provide a centrally located lipid milieu into which resveratrol may be sequestered, and shielded from modification and/or degradation. Our data indicates that resveratrol has effectively partitioned into the hydrophobic milieu of the phospholipid bilayer of rHDL without significant alteration to the conformation of apoE3. Importantly, the presence of resveratrol did not alter the LDLr binding ability of apoE3. These results indicate that rHDL bearing the apoE3 LDLr binding domain can serve as an effective “nanovehicle” to transport and potentially deliver resveratrol to targeted sites across the cell membrane.Funded by CSUPERB and TRDRP 17RT-0165.
Fiberoptics technology and its application to propulsion control systems

Electro-optical systems have many advantages over conventional electrical systems. Among these are optics' insensitivity to electro-magnetic interference, good electrical isolation and the ability to make measurements in highly explosive areas without risk. These advantages promise to help improve the reliability of future aircraft engine control systems which will be entirely electronic digital. To improve the reliability of these systems, especially against lightning strikes, passive, optical, sensors and fiberoptic transmission lines are being considered for use in future engine systems. Also under consideration are actuators which receive their command signals over fiber optic cables. This paper reviews concepts used for optical instrumentation and actuation systems and discusses work being done by NASA Lewis Research Center in this area.
Using multiple objectives to approximate normative models

This paper discusses the rationale for the use of additive models involving multiple objectives as approximations to normative analyses. Experience has shown us that organizations often evaluate important decisions with multiple objective models rather than reducing all aspects of the problem to a single criterion, dollars, as many normative economic models prescribe. We justify this practice on two grounds: managers often prefer to think about a problem in terms of several dimensions and a multiple objective model may provide an excellent approximation to the more complex normative model. We argue that a useful analysis based on a multiple objective model will fulfill both conditions—it will provide insights for the decision maker as well as a good approximation to the normative model.
Effects of microtubule agents on the spatial and electrical properties of the plasma membrane inChara corallina.

The freshwater algaChara corallina Klein ex Willd., em. R.D.W. (=C. australis R.Br.) develops alternating outward (acid) and inward (alkaline) current areas on its surface when illuminated. Exposure of cells to vinblastine, colchicine, or oryzalin caused a reduction in and a shifting of this extracellular current pattern. Removal of these agents from the bathing media resulted in regeneration of the initial current profile. Because these agents all affect tubulin, microtubules may be responsible for orchestrating the transmembrane currents responsible for the acid and alkaline banding phenomenon. Analysis of the membrane potential showed a fast depolarization after vinblastine exposure; however, analysis of the current-voltage curve did not show a change in membrane conductance. A 30-min colchicine treatment decreased the conductance of the plasma membrane with either an hyperor a depolarization in the membrane potential. In contrast, although a 9-h exposure to oryzalin caused a major reduction in the extra-cellular current pattern, only minor changes were observed in the membrane potential and conductance. However, in the presence of oryzalin, the time constants in the light response of the membrane potential increased over this 9-h period. Collectively, these results implicate an involvement of microtubules in spatial control of plasma-membrane transport events inC. corallina.
Relationship between career education, sex, and career maturity of sixth and eighth grade pupils

Abstract The October 1975 issue of the Journal of Vocational Behavior carried an article by Omvig, Tulloch, and Thomas dealing with the effects of career education on the career maturity of sixth and eighth grade students ( Omvig, C. P., Tulloch, R. W., & Thomas, E. G., Journal of Vocational Behavior , 1975 , 7 , 265–273). A 2 × 2 (Sex by Program) analysis of covariance design was utilized in an effort to adjust for any initial group differences. The findings indicated program differences were present, with the career education group displaying higher career maturity levels. Few significant sex differences were found. However, further investigation revealed that sex differences would have resulted had the covariance design not been used. Initial group differences were not present, but sex differences were. Since identifying group differences was the main objective of the study, little consideration was given to the fact that initial sex differences were adjusted in the analysis. The present study was designed to not only assess the effects of career education on career maturity, but also to consider sex differences which might be present. It was concluded that the career education program again, as in 1975, had a positive effect in increasing students' levels of career maturity. Sex differences were also observed on nearly all subscores of the Career Maturity Inventory (CMI).
Natal site fidelity in northern fur seals,Callorhinus ursinus

More than 37 000 records of northern fur seals tagged at their natal areas and resighted during a recent mark-recapture study and past commercial harvests, were analysed to study the age and sex variation, and temporal dynamics of natal site fidelity in this highly polygynous, long-lived, migratory species. Data were available on males (2-6 years old) and females (2-20 years old). All ages and sex classes with sufficient sample sizes to allow statistical tests showed a significant tendency to return to the same area of the island where they were born. The proportion of young male and female seals found at their natal area during the breeding season increased significantly with age. Young females showed significantly greater age-specific natal site fidelity than young males (ages 2-6 years) and apparently exhibited their maximum site fidelity at a younger age than males. The increasing expression of natal site fidelity with age appears to be related to sexual maturation and reproductive activity, the latter beginning later in males than in females. Within a season, natal site fidelity of juvenile males increased with time since arrival on St Paul Island. This change in site fidelity implies that they may be less particular in selecting a landing site when they first arrive, then begin to orient more specifically towards their natal area. This behaviour may indicate a transition from a general homing goal while migrating (the island as a whole) to a more specific goal (the natal area) upon arrival.
Differential diagnosis of PDDNOS in children

Abstract PDDNOS is a particularly important form of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to the frequency with which it is diagnosed. Having said that, it is often diagnosed by what it is not (not autism) as opposed to what it is. And, while PDDNOS is likely to be more common than autism, studies on PDDNOS are much less frequent. Perhaps with the exception of childhood degenerative disorder, PDDNOS has less diagnostic research on it than any other ASD. The purpose of the present paper was to review the available research on the definition and diagnosis of PDDNOS. The data are analyzed and future goals for conceptual and diagnostic research are discussed with the idea of further enhancing a neglected diagnostic category.
Visual and somatosensory receptive fields of neurons in the squirrel monkey pulvinar.

Abstract Visual and somatosensory responses were studied in 329 neurons in the pulvinar of the squirrel monkey. Almost all somatosensory neurons (total= 46) in pulvinar lateralis (PL); most had continuous peripheral fields, though a few were bilaterally activated. Visual neurons (total= 179) were found in PL, pulvinar inferior (PI) and pulvinar medialis (PM). Of these, 29 responded only to diffuse illumination, while 150 had definable receptive fields. Approximately twice as many neurons in PI were responsive to light than neurons in PL or PM. The majority of visual units was responsive to some form of moving stimulus, and for some neurons there were additional specificities for directionality and orientation. Most visual neurons were monocularly driven (75%); nearly all visual units which could be mapped had receptive fields within 25° of the fovea. The majority of fields was in the visual hemifield contralateral to the recording electrode. Most visual neurons had receptive fields of at least 100 sq. degrees in area. A third group of 104 neurons was found unresponsive to visual and somatosensory stimuli.
Electroimmunoassay of prothrombin

Abstract Electroimmunoassay of normal (10-Gla) and Gla-deficient prothrombins containing 0 to 9 Gla α-carboxyglutamyl) residues performed in EDTA against anti- (normal) prothrombin showed that each of the Gla-deficient proteins contained as much antigenic activity as does the normal molecule. In the presence of Ca 2+ , however, normal prothrombin appeared to show the least while 0- to 2-Gla variants, the most activity. This anomaly arises from the presence of antibodies (Ca-IIAb) which form antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complexes when the conformation of the antigen is stabilized in Ca 2+ . For example, upon fractionation of the antisera and mixing Ca-IIAb (bound to 10-Gla prothrombin, Affi-gel column and eluted by replacing Ca 2+ with EDTA) with those reacting with prethrombin (non-Gla portion of the molecule), rocket heights in Ca 2+ decreased the most with 10- and 9-Gla (32%), followed by 13% with 8-Gla, 2% with 7-Gla and none with 2-Gla prothrombins - indicating that Ca-IIAb do cross react with 7-, 8- and particularly 9-Gla prothrombins. This was also confirmed by the fact that anti 7-Gla but not anti 0-Gla sera contained some antibodies which reacted only in the presence of Ca 2+
Neutrophil tethering to and rolling on E-selectin are separable by requirement for L-selectin

Neutrophil tethering and rolling in shear flow are mediated by selectins and have been thought to be two indistinguishable manifestations of a single molecular interaction between selectin and ligand. However, we report that under physiologic flow conditions, tethering to E-selectin requires a ligand distinct from the one that supports neutrophil rolling. Tethering under shear to E-selectin requires a carbohydrate ligand that is closely associated with the lectin domain of L-selectin on the neutrophil surface, as enzymatic removal of L-selectin, chemotactic factor-induced shedding of L-selectin, and L-selectin MAbs effectively block tethering. In contrast, this ligand is dispensable for the ability to roll on E-selectin, since rolling adhesions formed after static incubations were not affected by the presence or absence of L-selectin. Thus, E-selectin interactions with ligands on neutrophils persist after L-selectin shedding. These findings add an additional step for regulation of leukocyte localization in inflammatory sites.
Academic Optimism and Teacher Education

What can teachers and schools do to support achievement for all students? Surely this is a basic and critical question for teacher educators as well as families, communities, policy makers—everyone concerned about our children and our future. The question is not new and the answers proposed are legion. What could I add to the conversation? The purpose of this brief discussion is to introduce the concept of academic optimism, a characteristic of both individual teachers and schools that provides a perspective on this perennial question about how to support achievement for all students.
Interference potential of personal radio services

One of the major complaints made against the CB Radio Service is the large amount of interference caused to other services or devices. The FCC's Personal Radio Planning Group made a detailed analysis of the interference potential of personal radio services. Interference to television, other broadcast services, home electronic devices, cable television and land mobile systems was studied. This paper provides an insight into the analysis and presents some of the results. The extent of interference caused by the CB Radio Service as well as the effects of the creation of new services are described.
Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning

This article presents a review of the book “Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning,” by Linsu Kim.
Clinical significance of muscle potassium depletion in protein-calorie malnutrition.

The muscle potassium depletion which occurs in children with protein-calorie malnutrition has been demonstrated to be due to a reduction in tissue capacity for the ion. Recovery occurs only when the underlying malnutrition is treated. The reduced capacity is not explained simply by a reduction in cytoplasmic mass; it is a functional reduction in the ability of cells to contain potassium and is related to a reciprocal rise in the tissue sodium capacity. Tissue hyperhydration is proportional to tissue sodium concentration. The nature of the functional capacity of muscle for potassium has not been established in this study; however, it is probably related to the reduced energy metabolism observed in the muscle of children with protein-calorie malnutrition. From this study we conclude that muscle potassium depletion is a secondary phenomenon, a symptom of the underlying nutritional deficiency. We agree with Garrow 31 that potassium therapy alone is not valuable, and that clinical attention should be directed toward therapy of the underlying protein and calorie deficiency.
The attributes of residence/workplace areas and transit commuting

       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         . 
The Water Quality and Energy Impacts of Biofuels

Concerns over rising fuel prices, national security, and the environment have led to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, which established a mandate for the production of at least 36 billion gallons of biofuels in 2022, up to 15 billion gallons of which can come from traditional first-generation biofuels sources such as corn starch-based ethanol. One consequence of ramped-up biofuels production is the risk of additional soil runoff. This runoff, potentially laden with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from fertilizers, can detrimentally impact water quality. Consequently, the water treatment sector might require additional energy to remove increased quantities of sediment and run-off from nutrients and pesticides in degraded water bodies downstream of agricultural land. At the same time, the cumulative effects of increased eutrophication in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basins have already negatively impacted much of the aquatic life in the Louisiana-Texas continental shelf. A recent report by U.S. Geological Survey measured nitrogen loading in the Mississippi River basin as high as 7,761 metric tons per day, the highest recorded loading in the past three decades, 52% of which is attributed to loading from corn and soybean crops. Massive algae blooms that thrive in nutrient-rich water deplete the water of oxygen when they die, creating a hypoxic region. This hypoxic region, which currently covers a region the size of New Jersey, is considered to be the second-largest dead zone in the world as of 2007. As a result, the Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan of 2008 was established to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous loading by 45% in order to shrink the hypoxic region to 5,000 square kilometers. Thus, at a time when water quality priorities aim to decrease nitrogen and phosphorous loading in waterways, legislative targets are seeking to increase corn starch-based ethanol production to 15 billion gallons a year, and thereby potentially increase nitrogen loading in this region by 10–34% due to runoff. Consequently, the energy intensity for water treatment may have a two-fold challenge. Because water and wastewater treatment is already responsible for 4% of the nation’s electricity consumption, putting more stringent demands on this sector could put upward pressure on energy consumption. This analysis quantifies the impact that the mandated increase in ethanol production might have on the energy required for water treatment in the United States. It reports results from a first-order top-level analysis of the energy impacts of ethanol. The results indicate that the increased production corn-starch based ethanol in the United States is not likely to increase the energy consumed during surface water treatment, but might cause significant increases in the energy consumed during groundwater treatment.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Preparation of a Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Antagonist by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution and Copper-Mediated Ether Formation†

Several synthetic approaches to a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist containing a tetrasubstituted pyridine were evaluated. In particular, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions on 2,4-dichloropyridine derivatives were attempted using 2,6-dimethyl-4-chlorophenol (4), (S)-2-aminobutanol (7), and several sulfur nucleophiles. It was found that a copper-mediated coupling of a phenoxymesylate (26) was preferred for preparation of the diarylether followed by nucleophilic aromatic substitution to introduce the amine side chain, affording the desired drug candidate (1) in two steps from the commercially available methyl 2,4-dichloro-6-methylnicotinate (2).
Multimodality evaluation and transcatheter closure of a muscular ventricular septal defect.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] A 34-year-old man with a history of aortic coarctation repair presented with shortness of breath on exertion and was found to have a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) on echocardiography and mild pulmonary hypertension (estimated pulmonary
Determination of a Local Bulk Temperature Based Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Wetted Surfaces in a Single Inline Row Impingement Channel

High performance turbine airfoils are typically cooled with a combination of internal cooling channels and impingement. In such applications, the jets impinge against a target surface, and then exit along the channel formed by the jet plate, target plate, and side walls. Local convection coefficients are the result of both the jet impact, as well as the channel flow produced from the exiting jets. Numerous studies have explored the effects of jet array and channel configurations on both target and jet plate heat transfer coefficients. However, most current studies use the plenum temperature as the reference temperature in heat transfer calculations. This presents some difficulty to designers who need to determine heat transfer rates based on the local bulk temperatures. This paper examines three different methods to determining the local bulk temperature in a steady state impingement channel heat transfer experiment. The various methods will be compared based on their ease of application as well as their accuracy in describing the results. One method proves to be the most accurate, while another proves to be more easily implemented. The methods are compared for a single case previously studied, on a 15 hole, single row impingement channel, with dimensions of X/D = 5, Y/D = 4, Z/D = 1 & 3 and an average jet based Reynolds number of 17,000 and 45,000. Effects due to the choice of the reference temperature in heat transfer calculations are shown to cause significant variations in the calculated heat transfer coefficients. These results point to a transition between different flow regimes in the post-impingement flow.© 2009 ASME
Pleural lipoma in a child-CT evaluation

Lipoma is a benign neoplasm composed of adult adipose tissue and occasionally fibrous stroma. These lesions occur most often in adults and rarely in the pleura. We describe a case of a lipoma in a 3 1/2 year old child that presented as a pleural-based mass.
A New High-Performance mVLDPE

Metallocene polyethylenes are well known for providing superior toughness, heat sealing, and clarity when compared to the conventional polyethylenes. Their unique attributes have been employed for over a decade in the manufacture of many different types of blown and cast films for numerous end-use applications. A new family of very low density metallocene polyethylenes, defined here as mVLDPE, exhibits outstanding toughness and surprising heat seal and hot tack performance. Both monolayer and coex blown film studies have demonstrated that the unique properties of these mVLDPEs can be used to produce high-performance films for a wide variety of packaging applications. Selected data from these studies are used to demonstrate that the properties of these mVLDPEs are superior to those of conventional very low density polyethylenes (VLDPEs), linear low density polyethylenes (LLDPEs), metallocene linear low density polyethylenes (mLLDPEs), and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVAs).
What sampling unit should be used in estimating jack pine budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) egg mass densities?

Various sampling units for jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman, egg mass density were examined for jack pine branches collected during 1983 and 1984 in the lower peninsula of Michigan. Results indicated that grid foliage surface area on a whole branch was the optimum sampling unit. If budget restrictions prevent use of this sampling unit, an alternative approach is recommended: double sampling with regression, where the dependent variable is egg mass density based on whole branch grid foliage surface area and the independent variable is egg mass density based on either whole branch formula foliage surface area or 91-cm branch grid foliage surface area.
Detection of Residual Polyethylene Glycol Derivatives in Pyridoxylated-Hemoglobin-Polyoxyethylene Conjugate

Purified hemoglobin solutions have been shown to cause renal toxicity in animals. Safe use of hemoglobin based therapeutics in humans requires modification of the hemoglobin molecule to prevent this toxicity. Hemoglobin modification may be accomplished by crosslinking the dimers within the hemoglobin tetramer or by derivatization of the alpha and/or beta subunits such that their size and/or charge prevents filtration by the glomeruli. Pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) consists of hemoglobin molecules modified with alpha-carboxymethyl, omega-carboxymethoxy polyoxyethylene (POE). We have developed a high performance liquid chromatography-based (HPLC) method which can quantitate residual POE at levels of 0.1 mg/ml or greater. The detection of POE at this level of sensitivity requires the use of an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). A differential refractometer may also be used for POE detection, however the limit of quantitation for this detector is approximately 10 fold greater than that observed for the evaporative light scattering detector, resulting in a reduction in sensitivity. The successful use of this method requires sample deproteination using trichloroacetic acid. The reliability of the method has been demonstrated by spike recovery, precision, and reproducibility studies in PHP and buffer solutions.
Observations of primary regions in the tensile creep deformation of a superplastic zirconia-alumina composite

The present experimental investigation was undertaken to characterize the shape of the creep curves at low strain rates in a superplastic zirconia-alumina composite. It is shown that there is a significant primary creep region, and it is demonstrated that the lack of proper consideration of this phenomenon may lead to an incorrect evaluation of the stress exponent. A 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia-20 wt% alumina composite was chosen for this investigation. Flat tensile sheet specimens of the composite were obtained from the Nikkato Co. in Japan. In the as-received condition, the zirconia ([bar L][sub Z]) and alumina ([bar L][sub a]) phases had an identical mean linear intercept size of 0.4 [mu]m. The tensile specimens were annealed for 10 hours at 1823 K to obtain phase sizes of [bar L][sub Z] [equals][bar L][sub a][equals]0.7 [mu]m prior to creep testing. Specimens were tested at 1665 K under constant stress creep conditions utilizing an experimental setup described elsewhere. The load, temperature and creep strain were monitored continuously during a test using a data acquisition system in conjunction with a personal computer. Selected specimens were examined after creep deformation, by scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate changes in the sizes and distribution of the phases.
Preparation of Dicarbonyl[hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borato](η3-allyl)molybdenum Complexes Bearing Electron-Donating Substituents (1-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy), 1-Alkoxy, and 1-Acetoxy) via the Nucleophilic Addition of Mo(CO)3(DMF)3 to Enals and Enones

Cyclic and acyclic dicarbonyl[hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borato][η3-1-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)allyl]molybdenum complexes and a variety of their 1-acetoxy and 1-alkoxy (RO = MeO, i-PrO) analogues w...
Adenovirus-Mediated Kallikrein Gene Delivery Reduces Aortic Thickening and Stroke-Induced Death Rate in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats

Background and Purpose —Kallikrein gene delivery has been shown to attenuate hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and renal injury in hypertensive animal models. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of kallikrein gene delivery in salt-induced stroke and cerebrovascular disorders. Methods —Adenovirus harboring the human tissue kallikrein gene (AdCMV-cHK) was delivered intravenously into Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats after 4 weeks of high salt loading, and blood pressure was monitored weekly for 9 weeks. Results —A single injection of AdCMV-cHK caused a significant reduction of systolic blood pressure compared with that in control rats, with or without an injection of adenovirus carrying the LacZ (control) gene (AdCMV-LacZ). A maximal blood pressure reduction of 21 mm Hg was observed 2 weeks after gene delivery. The stroke mortality rate of DS rats (AdCMV-LacZ group versus the AdCMV-cHK group) was significantly decreased: 38% versus 9% at 3 weeks and 54% versus 27% at 5 weeks after gene delivery. Kallikrein gene delivery significantly attenuated salt-induced aortic hypertrophy, as evidenced by reduced thickness of the aortic wall. Recombinant human tissue kallikrein was detected in rat serum and urine after gene transfer. Kinin-releasing activities in the brain as well as urinary kinin and cGMP levels were significantly increased in rats receiving the kallikrein gene. Conclusions —This is the first study to demonstrate the protective effect of kallikrein gene delivery in reducing salt-induced stroke mortality and vascular dysfunction.
Transparent Debugging of Dynamically Optimized Code

Debugging programs at the source level is essential in the software development cycle. With the growing importance of dynamic optimization, there is a clear need for debugging support in the presence of runtime code transformation. This paper presents a framework, called DeDoc, and lightweight techniques that allow debugging at the source level for programs that have been transformed by a trace-based binary dynamic optimizer. Our techniquesprovide full transparency and hide from the user the effect of dynamic optimizations on code statements and data values. We describe and evaluate an implementation of DeDoc and its techniques that interface a dynamic optimizer with a native debugger. Our experimental results indicate that DeDoc is able to report over 96% of values, that are otherwise not reportable due to code transformations, and incurs less than 1% performance overhead.
Tumor-preferential sustained drug release enhances antitumor activity of block copolymer micelles

Nanoparticles are widely used as drug carriers for controlled, tumor-targeted delivery of various anticancer agents that have biopharmaceutical limitations such as water solubility and tissue permeability. Growing evidence suggests that nanoparticles not only reduce toxic side effects of anticancer drugs but also improve the therapeutic efficacy as a function of their drug-release profile. The purpose of this study is to confirm such hypothetical effects of tunable drug release on improving antitumor activity of nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo, using block copolymer micelles as drug carriers. Micelles were prepared from poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartate) block copolymers modified with hydrazide (HYD), aminobenzoate hydrazide (ABZ) and glycine hydrazide (GLY) linkers to achieve a pH-dependent, tunable release of doxorubicin (DOX), a model anticancer drug. Regardless of the drug-release profile, all three micelles showed similar properties in vitro, such as pH-dependent drug release, intracellular drug delivery and cancer cell growth inhibition. However, micelles releasing DOX slowly in vitro showed that the most effective antitumor activity in vivo, compared to the micelles releasing drugs faster. These results demonstrate that tumor-preferential sustained drug release can enhance the antitumor activity of the micelles.
A direct finite-element-based solver of significantly reduced complexity for solving large-scale electromagnetic problems

Based on the observation that the sparse matrix resulting from a finite-element-based analysis can be represented by an H matrix without any approximation, and the inverse of this sparse matrix has a data-sparse H-matrix representation, in this work, we developed a direct finite-element-based solver of O(NlogN) memory complexity and O(Nlog2N) time complexity. Numerical results have demonstrated the accuracy and complexity of the proposed solver in both large-scale electrostatic and electrodynamic applications. A comparison with state-of-the-art sparse matrix solvers has shown the advantages of the proposed solver. In addition, the proposed numerical scheme is applicable to arbitrary three-dimensional structures.
Experimental, Hartree-Fock, and Density Functional Theory Investigations of the Charge Density, Dipole Moment, Electrostatic Potential, and Electric Field Gradients in L-Asparagine Monohydrate

We have investigated the charge density, ρ(r), its curvature, ∂2ρ/∂rij, the dipole moment, μ, and the electrostatic potential, Φ(r), in l-asparagine monohydrate by using high-resolution single-crystal X-ray crystallography and quantum chemistry. In addition, we have compared electric field gradient, ∇E, results obtained from crystallography and quantum chemistry with those obtained from single-crystal 14N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A multipole model of the X-ray ρ(r) is compared to Hartree−Fock and density functional theory predictions, using two different large basis sets. The quality of the calculated charge densities is evaluated from a simultaneous comparison of eight Hessian-of-ρ(r) tensors at bond critical points between non-hydrogen atoms. These tensors are expressed in an icosahedral representation, which includes information on both tensor magnitude and orientation. The best theory-versus-experiment correlation is found at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level, which yields a slope of 1.0...
Optimal observations of stationary turbulence with Lagrangian drifters

The authors develop techniques for estimating homogenous turbulence based on Lagrangian position measurements. They thereby derive estimates for the diffusivity, Lagrangian time scale, turbulent variability, and mean flow. They then show that there exists an observation time interval that produces optimal estimates in the sense that they are consistent, asymptotically unbiased and have minimum variance. These estimates do not depend on arbitrary truncation or the long time behavior of the autocorrelation function, thus producing reliable estimators with objective error estimates. Finally, they test their estimators on drifter data from the Brazil-Malvinas extension and compare the results with previous work done in this region. >
Detecting insider threats by monitoring system call activity

One approach to detecting insider misbehavior is to monitor system call activity and watch for danger signs or unusual behavior. We describe an experimental system designed to test this approach. We tested the system's ability to detect common insider misbehavior by examining file system and process-related system calls. Our results show that this approach can detect many such activities.
Asymptotically efficient allocation rules for the multiarmed bandit problem with multiple plays-Part II: Markovian rewards

At each instant of time we are required to sample a fixed number m \geq 1 out of N i.i.d, processes whose distributions belong to a family suitably parameterized by a real number \theta . The objective is to maximize the long run total expected value of the samples. Following Lai and Robbins, the learning loss of a sampling scheme corresponding to a configuration of parameters C = (\theta_{1},..., \theta_{N}) is quantified by the regret R_{n}(C) . This is the difference between the maximum expected reward at time n that could be achieved if C were known and the expected reward actually obtained by the sampling scheme. We provide a lower bound for the regret associated with any uniformly good scheme, and construct a scheme which attains the lower bound for every configuration C . The lower bound is given explicitly in terms of the Kullback-Liebler number between pairs of distributions. Part II of this paper considers the same problem when the reward processes are Markovian.
Hsp90, an unlikely ally in the war on cancer

On the surface heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an unlikely drug target for the treatment of any disease, let alone cancer. Hsp90 is highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed in all cells. There are two major isoforms α and β encoded by distinct genes and together they may constitute 1%-3% of the cellular protein. Deletion of the protein is embryonic lethal and there are no recognized polymorphisms suggesting an association or causal relationship with any human disease. With respect to cancer, the proteins absence from two recent high profile articles, 'Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation' [Hanahan & Weinberg (2011) Cell 144, 646-674] and 'Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours' [Koboldt et al. (2012) Nature] underlines the perception that it is an unlikely bona fide target to treat this disease. Yet, to date, there are 17 distinct Hsp90 inhibitors in clinical trials for multiple indications in cancer. The protein has been championed for over 20 years by the National Cancer Institute (Bethesda, MD, USA) as a cancer target since the discovery of the antitumor activity of the natural product geldanamycin. This review aims to look at the conundrum of why Hsp90 can even be considered a druggable target for the treatment of cancer. We propose that in contrast to the majority of chemotherapeutics our growing armamentarium of investigational Hsp90 drugs represents an elegant choice that offers real hope in the long-term treatment of certain cancers.