cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-aversive relief and relaxation and their implications for behavior therapy

Abstract This paper attempted to (a) introduce the notions of relief and relaxation as they relate to the framework of elicitation theory; (b) emphasize and exploit that aspect of the theory that deals with the extinction of learned behavior, especially behavior that is in some way mediated by aversive stimuli; and (c) show how the data and theory probably relate to: (1) high resistance to extinction of some fears and avoidance responses, (2) generalized anxiety and its treatment, (3) implosive therapy or flooding, and (4) relief therapy.
A Subset of Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas Demonstrates Coamplification of Topoisomerase IIα and HER2/neu Use of Immunolabeling and Multicolor FISH for Potential Patient Screening and Treatment

We sought to identify the frequency of amplification of the topoisomerase IIα gene (TOP2A) in pancreatic cancer and determine the usefulness of TOP2A immunolabeling in screening for TOP2A and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2/neu amplification. We examined 55 pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens for TOP2A immunolabeling and identified TOP2A protein expression in all specimens with a nuclear labeling index (NLI; positive nuclei/total nuclei × 100) of 5% to 80%. Normal pancreatic ductal epithelium, proposed to give rise to pancreatic adenocarcinoma, did not demonstrate detectable TOP2A expression. In a subset of specimens selected for fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of TOP2A and HER2/neu amplification using a recently developed multicolor probe, 7 of 8 lesions with an NLI of 25% or more demonstrated TOP2A amplification, in contrast with 2 of 14 lesions with a TOP2A NLI of less than 25%. In 8 of 9 TOP2A-amplified cases, coamplification of HER2/neu was present, suggesting a potential relationship between TOP2A and HER2/neu in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We propose that TOP2A immunolabeling be used in conjunction with a newly developed multicolor probe to screen patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma to determine the best potential therapeutic modalities, such as TOP2A inhibitors, trastuzumab, or both.
Effects of aerosols on trade wind cumuli over the Indian Ocean: Model simulations

An Eulerian non-hydrostatic anelastic fluid model using a warm cloud bulk parametrization is used to study responses of trade wind cumuli to increased cloud drop concentrations produced by enhanced aerosol numbers and to absorption from aerosols containing soot. Simulations are initialized using temperature and moisture profiles measured during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) and sea surface temperatures retrieved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission microwave imager. Cloud covers between 4 and 10% and cloud-averaged liquid water contents of between 0.01 and 0.6 g m−3 more closely match values retrieved and measured in situ during INDOEX than those modelled in past studies; previous studies found larger cloud coverage associated with cloud spreading below a strong inversion not present in the INDOEX soundings. As in previous studies, a diurnal cycle with reductions of cloud cover and liquid water path (LWP) after sunrise is seen, with absorbing aerosols within cloud augmenting the decrease in cloud cover. Variations in aerosol vertical profiles can change semi-direct radiative forcing at the surface (top of the atmosphere) from +1.6(+1.3)W m−2 when aerosols are confined to cloud compared to −0.4(−0.6)W m−2 when aerosols occur below cloud. Low-level water-vapour mixing ratios decrease as vertical motions increase, the vertical motions being enhanced by below-cloud solar heating and cloud-top radiative cooling and suppressed by in-cloud heating. Cloud cover and LWP are larger for stronger vertical motions, explaining the dependence of radiative forcing on aerosol profile. In the late afternoon and evening, increases in radiative cooling and sensible and latent heat flux, occurring due to reductions in mixed-layer temperature and vapour, allow cloud cover and LWP to recover to values like those found in simulations without absorbing aerosols. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
p120‐catenin is a binding partner and substrate for Group B Pak kinases

Pak5 is a member of the Group B p21-activated kinases, which are effectors of the Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and Rac. Pak5 has been shown to promote cytoskeletal reorganization, inducing filopodia formation and neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells. In this study, we used affinity chromatography followed by SDS–PAGE and mass spectrometry to identify potential downstream effectors of Pak5. Using this approach, we isolated p120-catenin (p120), a known regulator of cytoskeletal reorganization and Rho GTPases. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays we found that p120 preferentially interacts with Pak5 among the Group B Paks. Results from immunofluorescence studies revealed that Pak5 and p120 co-localize in cells. Both Pak5 and constitutively active Pak4, the founding member of the Group B Paks, directly phosphorylate p120 in vitro. The phosphorylation was shown by Western blot and immunofluorescence to take place specifically on serine 288. This study is the first report of an upstream serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates p120. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1244–1254, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Micafungin: A New Echinocandin

Micafungin, a potent inhibitor of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, has become the second available agent in the echinocandins class that is approved for use in clinical practice. This agent shares with caspofungin an identical spectrum of in vitro activity against Candida albicans, non-albicans species of Candida, and Aspergillus species, as well as several but not all pathogenic molds. If anything, its in vitro activity appears to be superior to that of caspofungin, although the clinical relevance of this observation is unclear. The clinical role of micafungin appears to be similar to that of caspofungin, although clinical data are still lacking at this stage, with initial approval only for treatment of esophageal candidiasis and prophylaxis in subjects with neutropenia. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and reports of adverse effects and safety have reported similar but not identical results to those of other agents in the echinocandin class. Factors such as acquisition costs and the potential for resistance development may be more relevant to its widespread use than in vitro and in vivo data comparisons with caspofungin.
Bifurcation in an elastic plate on a rigid substrate

An infinite plate of neo-Hookean elastic material is bonded on one face to a rigid substrate. It is subjected to a uniform shear and dead-loaded with a uniform thrust. A periodic bifurcation solution is obtained when the thrust per unit area exceeds a critical value. The relation between the wave-length, thrust, amount of shear and plate thickness is obtained.
Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of Sn–Ag–Cu Solder Interconnects

Lead-free solders are replacing traditional lead-rich solders in the electronic industry. In the present study, the fatigue crack growth behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu solder interconnect has been investigated. An approach based on phase transformation theory and fracture mechanics was applied to predict fatigue crack propagation in a Sn-Ag-Cu interconnect, which consists of solder and intermetallic layers. Fatigue experiments were carried out on plastic ball grid array (PBGA) solder interconnects, different fatigue crack growth phases in interconnects were observed in the experiments. Displacement-controlled shear fatigue was done with a simple strain range from 0.01 to 0.1 (0.005 mum to 0.050 mum displacement) and cycle frequency of 0.1 Hz. It is found in the experiment that the majority of the interconnect lifetime is contained at the crack nucleation and early crack growth stage. Since solder alloys operate at high homologous temperatures, usually above 50% of their melting temperatures, combined creep and plasticity effects play important roles in interconnect failure and need to be considered in the analysis. A finite-element analysis was conducted to predict the required energy U to increase the crack by a unit area. Unified creep-plasticity theory was incorporated in the model to predict the creep and hysteresis effects on fatigue crack propagation in solder. The fatigue crack propagation rate in a Sn-Ag-Cu solder was predicted using phase transformation theory. Reasonable agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results was obtained.
Structure, stress, and magnetic properties of high saturation magnetization films of FeCo

Thin (/spl sim/2000 /spl Aring/) films of Fe/sub 60/Co/sub 40/ have been prepared by sputtering on Si/SiO/sub 2/, Si/AlO/sub x/, AlTiC/AlO/sub x/, AlTiC/AlO/sub x//NiFe, and AlTiC/AlO/sub x//NiFeCr substrates using an alloy Fe/sub 60/Co/sub 40/ target. The structure of the films was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface roughness was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Stress, transport, and magnetic measurements were conducted. We observed correlation in the following pairs of properties: coercivity-stress, grain size-stress, and coercivity-grain size. Although individual films had a stress in the wide range of compressive 2.5/spl times/10/sup 10/ Dyne/cm/sup 2/ to tensile 1.3/spl times/10/sup 10/ Dyne/cm/sup 2/, which depended to some degree on the material of the substrate and underlayer, we found that biaxial stress and coercivity seem to be described by a general trend, with coercivity being as low as 19 Oe at intermediate tensile stress and as high as 225 Oe at high compressive stress. The unstrained lattice parameter and Young's modulus of the alloy Fe/sub 60/Co/sub 40/ were also determined.
A Simple Procedure for Constructing Experiment Designs with Incomplete Blocks of Sizes 2 and 3

In order to maximize control of heterogeneity within complete blocks, an experimenter could use incomplete blocks of size k = 2 or 3. In certain situations, incomplete blocks of this nature would eliminate the need for such spatial types of analyses as nearest neighbor. The intrablock efficiency factors for such designs are relatively low. However, with recovery of interblock information, FEDERER and SPEED (1987) have presented measures of design efficiency factors which demonstrate that efficiency factors approach unity for certain ratios of the intrablock and interblock variance components. Hence with recovery of interblock information, even incomplete block designs with k = 2 or 3 have relatively high efficiency factors. The reduction in the intrablock error variance over the complete block error variance in many situations will provide designs with high efficiency. A simple procedure for constructing incomplete blocks of sizes 2 and 3 is presented. It is shown how to obtain additional zero-one association confounding arrangements when v = 4 t, t an integer, and for v = pk, k ≤ p. It is indicated how to do the statistical analysis for these designs.
The SNS front-end, an injector for a high-power hydrogen-ion accelerator

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based facility under construction in Oak Ridge, TN, USA, delivering pulsed neutron beams to experimenters. Negative hydrogen ion-beams are generated and preaccelerated in a 2.5 MeV linac injector, or front end (FE), accelerated to 1 GeV energy by a linear accelerator system, converted into protons and accumulated in a ring accelerator, and then directed towards a mercury target to generate the neutrons. The proton beam arrives at the target in bursts of less than 1 /spl mu/s duration and with more than 1 MW average power. The front end has been built and commissioned by LBNL in Berkeley; shipment to ORNL is essentially complete. This paper provides an overview of FE major design features and experimental results obtained during the commissioning process. The SNS-FE can be viewed as a prototype of a high-current, high duty-factor injector for other accelerator projects or, without the elaborate MEBT, as an independent 2.5 MeV accelerator for various applications.
LA HISTORIA INCOMPLETA DEL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE LA DIVISIÓN CEREBRAL Y ROGER W. SPERRY

Normal 0 MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} Roger Wolcott Sperry fue el primer psicologo en recibir el Premio Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia (1981) por sus descubrimientos relacionados con la especializacion funcional de los hemisferios cerebrales. El presente articulo es un homenaje a Sperry a traves de una resena de su trayectoria como cientifico y su impacto a traves de diversos indicadores como las citas en las bases de datos especializadas y los reconocimientos recibidos a lo largo de su vida. A pesar de lo anterior, la comunidad psicologica no ha dado el suficiente reconocimiento a este discipulo de Karl Lashley, a diferencia de lo que sucede en otros campos del conocimiento como la neurociencia.
Cross-scale morphology

The scaling of physical, biological, ecological and social phenomena is a major focus of efforts to develop simple representations of complex systems. Much of the attention has been on discovering universal scaling laws that emerge from simple physical and geometric processes. However, there are regular patterns of departures both from those scaling laws and from continuous distributions of attributes of systems. Those departures often demonstrate the development of self-organized interactions between living systems and physical processes over narrower ranges of scale. Keywords: resilience; panarchy; cross-scale; complex systems; discontinuities
Nicotinic Activity of Arecoline, the Psychoactive Element of "Betel Nuts", Suggests a Basis for Habitual Use and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Habitual chewing of "betel nut" preparations constitutes the fourth most common human self-administration of a psychoactive substance after alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. The primary active ingredient in these preparations is arecoline, which comes from the areca nut, the key component of all such preparations. Arecoline is known to be a relatively non-selective muscarinic partial agonist, accounting for many of the overt peripheral and central nervous system effects, but not likely to account for the addictive properties of the drug. We report that arecoline has activity on select nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes, including the two classes of nAChR most related to the addictive properties of nicotine: receptors containing α4 and β2 subunits and those which also contain α6 and β3 subunits. Arecoline is a partial agonist with about 6-10% efficacy for the α4* and α6* receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Additionally, arecoline is a silent agonist of α7 nAChR; while it does not activate α7 receptors when applied alone, it produces substantial activation when co-applied with the positive allosteric modulator PNU-120696. Some α7 silent agonists are effective inhibitors of inflammation, which might account for anti-inflammatory effects of arecoline. Arecoline's activity on nAChR associated with addiction may account for the habitual use of areca nut preparations in spite of the well-documented risk to personal health associated with oral diseases and cancer. The common link between betel and tobacco suggests that partial agonist therapies with cytisine or the related compound varenicline may also be used to aid betel cessation attempts.
Effects of administration of prostaglandin F at initiation of the seven-day CO-Synch+controlled internal drug release ovulation synchronization protocol for suckled beef cows and replacement beef heifers.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of administering PGF at the initiation of the 7-d CO-Synch+controlled internal drug release (CIDR) fixed-timed AI (TAI) protocol on pregnancy rates of suckled beef cows and replacement heifers. Within location, cows were stratified by days postpartum (DPP), BCS, and parity (Exp. 1; = 1,551) and heifers were stratified by BCS (Exp. 2; = 999) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) CO-Synch+CIDR (100-μg injection of GnRH at CIDR insertion [d -10] with a 25-mg injection of PGF at CIDR removal [d -3] followed by injection of GnRH and TAI on d 0) or 2) PG-CO-Synch+CIDR (a 25-mg injection of PGF on d -10 of the CO-Synch+CIDR protocol). Follicle diameter and corpus luteum (CL) development were assessed on d -10 and -3, and pregnancy status was determined on d 30 to 35. Blood was collected on d -20, -10, -3, and 0 relative to TAI to determine concentrations of progesterone (P4). In Exp. 1, TAI pregnancy rates did not differ ( = 0.667) between treatments and were affected by BCS ( = 0.003) and DPP ( = 0.006). Concentrations of P4 were greater ( 2.5 ng/mL on d -10 had greater ( = 0.024) pregnancy rate to TAI (56.5%) compared with cows with 2.5 ng/mL 1 (43.0%), whereas cows with P4 < 1 ng/mL were intermediate (51.6%). Cows with a CL on d -10 had greater ( = 0.012) pregnancy rates to TAI than cows without a CL (66.3 vs. 39.4%, respectively). In Exp. 2, TAI pregnancy rates did not differ ( = 0.316) between treatments. Concentrations of P4 differed ( < 0.0001) on d -3 with greater concentrations of P4 for CO-Synch+CIDR than for PG-CO-Synch+CIDR (3.75 ± 0.20 ng/mL and 3.60 ± 0.21 ng/mL, respectively). Follicle diameter was similar ( = 0.749) between treatments on d -10 and -3. Regardless of treatment, cyclic status tended ( = 0.062) to improve pregnancy rates to TAI (55 vs. 45%, for cycling and noncycling heifers, respectively). We concluded that addition of PGF to the 7-d CO-Synch+CIDR protocol decreased concentrations of P4 in cows and heifers and increased follicle diameter at CIDR removal in cows but failed to increase TAI pregnancy rates.
Evaluation of Off-label Prescribing at a Children's Rehabilitation Center.

OBJECTIVE: This study was developed to evaluate the incidence of off-label prescribing at a pediatric rehabilitation center. Secondary objectives were to describe the medications, patient age groups, and diagnoses most often associated with off-label prescribing. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study conducted at an academic, inpatient children's rehabilitation center from November 11, 2011, to April 1, 2012. Patients younger than 16 years of age who received at least 1 prescription medication were included. Data were collected from the patients' electronic medical records. RESULTS: A total of 240 medications orders were placed during the study, with 57% written off-label. Thirty-five patients (88%) received at least 1 off-label medication. Forty-nine percent of the orders were for patients younger than the approved range, with 48% written for an unapproved indication, 2% for an alternative route of administration, and 1% for an unapproved age and indication. Children 2 to 12 years of age re...
Abstract 148: Evaluation of Value, Relevance and Comprehensiveness of a Web-based Heart Failure Toolkit

Objective: Reducing readmission rates for heart failure (HF) patients is the primary goal of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and its Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) QUERI. Since its establishment in 2005 the CHF QUERI has undertaken many initiatives to improve the quality of HF care by providers for Veterans. One such initiative is the development of a comprehensive evidence-based “Heart Failure Toolkit for Providers”. This is a web-based toolkit with links and downloadable PDF documents. It has been developed through collaboration with the members of the CHF QUERI’s Heart Failure (HF) Provider Network along with existing quality tools provided by non-VA organizations. Method: Using a mixed methods approach we gathered quantitative data using a cross-sectional web-based survey from all current members of the HF Network who have been participating in it for at least six months (n=878). The response rate was 24.9%. Qualitative data was gathered from semi-structured phone interviews of selected HF Network members who hadn’t responded to the survey (n=25). Results: Survey finding showed 133 member respondents (61.3%) were aware of the HF Toolkit and all of them had accessed it 1-9 times. Among them 60.9% had recommended and/or sent the link for the toolkit to other providers. These members perceived the toolkit positively in terms of its usability to manage HF patients (96.6%), comprehensiveness of topics (98.3%), layout of web-based toolkit (97.4%) and opportunity to provide feedback about the availability of tools and/or upload other tools (93.0%). These members felt the toolkit helped provide evidence-based care for HF patients (98.0%), helped improve their quality of care (98.1%), helped educate providers about current standards of HF care (99.0%), and can be used by providers in primary care and by teamlets (98.0%) at all types of small/ large and urban/rural facilities (98.0%). Interestingly, qualitative data substantiated these findings. 75% of the members had heard about the HF Toolkit, and 57% of them specifically mentioned the following components as being extremely useful: patient education, guidelines, clinical pathways, order sets and discharge instructions. The organization of the toolkit was cited as a key contributor to its ease of use. Several of the members also appreciated the direct access to information specific to the VA context. Conclusions: VA providers and staff found an online toolkit valuable in the management of heart failure patients. Implications: Evidence-based comprehensive, well-organized and easily accessible resources are helpful for improved outcomes of heart failure patients.
A new family and four new genera in Rhizophydiales (Chytridiomycota)

Many chytrid phylogenies contain lineages representing a lone taxon or a few organisms. One such lineage in recent molecular phylogenies of Rhizophydiales contained two marine chytrids, Rhizophydium littoreum and Rhizophydium aestuarii. To better understand the relationship between these organisms, we increased sampling such that the R. littoreum/R. aestuarii lineage included 10 strains of interest. To place this lineage in Rhizophydiales, we constructed a molecular phylogeny from partial nuc 28S rDNA D1–D3 domains (28S) of these and 80 additional strains in Rhizophydiales and examined thallus morphology and zoospore ultrastructure of our strains of interest. We also analyzed sequences of the nuc rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, along with the 5.8S rDNA (ITS) of our 10 strains of interest to assess sequence similarity and phylogenetic placement of strains within the lineage. The 10 strains grouped together in three well supported clades: (i) Rhizophydium littoreum + Phlyc...
Look Closer: A Point-by-Point Reply Regarding ‘Moral Perception’ (Or: Do We Really Think that Hitting Small Children is Okay?)

We thought nearly every one of G&VB’s points missed the mark, and that the arguments for ‘moral perception’ continue to be based on misinterpretations, overinterpretations, and flawed evidence. Here’s why.
Linking Obesity and Tweets

Obesity has been a public health problem in the United States. The online social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, Google+ give users quick and easy way to engage in conversation about issues, problems, and concerns of their daily lives. In this exploratory research, our goal is to determine if the obesity conversation among Twitter users from fattest places is different than that among people from thinnest places. Our hypothesis is that the users in thinnest places would engage more, both in quantity and quality, in Twitter conversation about preventing obesity and promoting health than that of the users in fattest places. We conducted a comparative study of obesity conversations on Twitter by location of top ten fattest and thinnest cities as well as top ten fattest and thinnest states in the United States. Our results show that users in fattest cities and states participate significantly less in conversation covering the topics on and around obesity than that of thinnest cities and states.
[Precursor lesions of type II endometrial cancer: diagnostic criteria and pathogenesis].

子宫内膜癌可分两型,Ⅰ型以子宫内膜样癌为代表,Ⅱ型以子宫浆液性乳头状癌为代表.本文旨在阐述Ⅱ型子宫内膜癌的前驱病变及其可能的发生发展模式.子宫浆液性乳头状癌又称子宫内膜浆液性癌,是一种侵袭性子宫内膜癌,预后不良[1].由于病因不清,人们一直努力试图找出该病的前驱病变,以便通过早期发现来改善其治疗效果.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Size-Selected Pt Nanoparticles Studied Using in Situ High-Energy-Resolution X‑ray Absorption Spectroscopy

High-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HERFD-XAS) has been applied to study the chemical state of ∼1.2 nm size-selected Pt nanoparticles (NPs) in an electrochemical environment under potential control. Spectral features due to chemisorbed hydrogen, chemisorbed O/OH, and platinum oxides can be distinguished with increasing potential. Pt electro-oxidation follows two competitive pathways involving both oxide formation and Pt dissolution.
Regional location of α1-antichymotrypsin and α1-antitrypsin genes on human chromosome 14

The human protease inhibitor genes α1 antitrypsin (α1-PI) and α1-antichymotrypsin (α1-ACT) are acute-phase proteins which are induced in response to inflammation. These inhibitors function to limit the activity of serine proteases in vivo. α1-PI acts as an inhibitor of neutrophil elastase to protect the elastin fibers of the lung. Genetic deficiencies of α1-PI result in development of chronic pulmonary emphysema. The physiologic role of α1-ACT has not been clearly defined, but it also appears to function in the maintenance of protease-protease inhibitor equilibrium in the lung. Nucleic acid and protein sequence homologies detected between α1-PI and α1 t-ACT suggested an evolutionary relationship. Gene mapping experiments were performed to determine if these protease inhibitor genes reside at the same chromosomal locus in man. In situ hybridization data demonstrate that both α1-PI and α1-ACT map to the same region, q31–q32.3, on chromosome 14.
Notes on Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) as a Host for Aphidius smithi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), appears to be the only host for Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao that has been reported in the literature. However, in some preliminary experiments, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was found to serve as a host for A. smithi under certain conditions in a controlled environment room. The temperature in this room was 21° ± 1°C, and the relative humidity was 50% ± 5%. Continuous illumination was provided by 13 Ken-Rad[4][1] cool white 96T12 flourescent tubes and 14 Ken-Rad 25-w incandescent bulbs. Small rearing cages were made from 1-pint ice cream cartons, modified by cutting a slit in the side of the carton and passing the plant leaf inside the container. The top of the carton was covered with Saran Wrap[5][2] so that observations could be made without disturbing the parasites. [1]: #fn-2 [2]: #fn-3
Affects and Interactions in Newlyweds' Narratives: Black and White Couples Compared

AbstractTwo main questions guided this research: (a) How do newlyweds' affective statements and interactive styles found in narratives told about their relation-ship help us understand the meaning they make of their marriages? (b) How does analysis of the affective statements and interactive styles of Black couples (n = 136) in comparison to White couples (n = 135) help us understand the differential meaning in these groups? The representative sample was inter-viewed from 5 to 8 months after marriage. The narrative procedure asked the couples to tell the story of their relationship. By and large, Black couples and White couples showed similar patterns of affective reactions: They were gener-ally positive, emphasizing individual rather than communal affects, many of which dealt with the external world rather than their own interpersonal lives. In comparison to White husbands, Black husbands are more often perceived as the focus of affective life in the relationship. White couples refer to the external world in their affective statements more frequently than Black couples. With regard to interactive styles in the storytelling, there were more Black-White differences. Although most couples' interactions were mainly collaborative, Blacks showed less cooperative styles of interaction and greater conflict than did Whites. Using the developmental, cultural variant, and cultural equiva-lent perspectives, the article presents interpretations of the similimilarities and differences found for Black and White couples' narratives. (Psychology; an-thropology)
Consumer Expenditures from Windfall Income

Studies testing Milton Friedman’s permanent income hypothesis have been inconclusive regarding types of expenditures made from windfall income. The present study suggests that while the majority of windfall purchases may be for durable goods, sizable numbers of semidurable and nondurable purchases are also made.
The dangers of lithotomy positioning in the operating room: case report of bilateral lower extremity compartment syndrome after a 90-minutes surgical procedure

Lower extremity acute compartment syndrome after gynecologic surgery in the lithotomy position is a rare, yet potentially devastating complication. A high level of suspicion is paramount for early recognition and mitigation of acute compartment syndrome originating from prolonged surgery in lithotomy position. A 23-year-old female, gravida 1, para 0, underwent a laparoscopic salpingectomy for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Surgical time was 90 min. Postoperatively, the patient developed acute compartment syndrome of both legs necessitating emergent bilateral four-compartment fasciotomies, with repeated returns to the operating room for 2nd look procedures and delayed wound closures. The patient regained full function within 3 months and returned to an unrestricted baseline activity level. Technical diligence in applying a lithotomy position is paramount for preventing postoperative lower extremity compartment syndrome. A high level of suspicion for this severe complication in conjunction with early recognition and immediate surgical management can mitigate long-term adverse sequelae and improve postoperative outcomes.
Marketing Ethics: Theory and Pedagogy

Theory and pedagogy for education in marketing ethics is examined. Theoretical underpinnings are developed, a case incident is presented, and a pedagogy is developed and operationalized for analyzing the case with ethical theory. Implications of the pedagogy are discussed.
312. Gene Correction of LGMD2A Patient-Specific iPS Cells for Targeted Autologous Cell Therapy

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A), an incurable autosomal recessive disorder and the most common form of LGMD, is characterized by symmetric and progressive weakness of limb-girdle muscles leading to loss of ambulation. LGMD2A is caused by mutations in the Calpain 3 (CAPN3) gene which encodes a muscle-specific intracellular calcium-sensitive cysteine protease, hypothesized to act as a gate keeper for proper assembly and maintenance of the sarcomere. A cell therapy based on induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has the potential for treating muscular dystrophy. We have demonstrated that transplantation of skeletal muscle progenitors obtained from disease-free human iPS cells can restore muscle contractility in a mouse model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The goal of this study is to apply gene editing tools to correct the CAPN3 mutation in LGMD2A iPS cells, and to determine the feasibility of an iPS-cell based autologous cell therapy for LGMD2A. Here we investigated two approaches to genetically correct a LGMD2A patient-specific iPS cell line with homozygous deletion of exon 17 to 24 in the CAPN3 gene. The first approach consisted of knocking in the coding region of CAPN3 cDNA with SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence downstream in exon 1 of the endogenous CAPN3 gene by CRISPR-CAS9 induced double stranded break (DSB) mediated homology directed DNA repair from exogenous donor template, allowing for universal correction of all types of CAPN3 mutations. PCR, sequencing and Southern blot analysis on iPS colonies post- genome editing confirmed the integration of the cDNA in exon 1 of the CAPN3 gene. The second approach involved inserting the missing exons 17-24 with SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence downstream contiguous with the exon 16 of the endogenous CAPN3 gene. PCR and sequencing analysis on iPS colonies post-genome editing confirmed proper integration in this approach as well. LGMD2A iPS cell clones, genetically corrected using these two gene editing methods will be differentiated into skeletal muscle progenitors using conditional expression of Pax7, as previously described by our group, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for restoration of full length CAPN3. For the latter, we have generated an immunodeficient LGMD2A mouse model by combining the CAPN3-KO mouse model with NOD/SCID and IL2Rg mutations. This mouse is ideal for studies on the transplantation of human cells. In summary, we have corrected the CAPN3 mutation in LGMD2A iPS cells for the first time, and ongoing transplantation studies with corrected iPS cells will provide proof-of-principal for a potential new cell therapy that can permanently restore CAPN3 function in all LGMD2A patients.
Conclusion: What Can the Last Fifteen Years Tell Us about the Future of Academic Women in STEM

Despite the major changes in higher education and in scientific technology during the last fifteen years, gender issues have persisted. Even in disciplines with increasing numbers and percentages of women, gender issues remain. Because little research has focused directly on the effect of the changes on women scientists who have remained in the professoriate, the POWRE awardees, a group who represent successful academic women scientists, provide insight into their perceptions of these effects. Consensus seems to have coalesced around policies and practices to remove obstacles and barriers that inhibit career advancement for junior women. No such consensus about policies to facilitate careers for senior women appears to have evolved. The results of the data from this re-survey suggest additional policies and practices that institutions might pursue, especially for women at the senior level.
Empathy in Distance Learning Design Practice

The notion of designer empathy has become a cornerstone of design philosophy in fields such as product design, human-computer interaction, and service design. But the literature on instructional designer empathy and learner analysis suggests that distance learning designers are generally quite removed from the learners with whom they could be empathizing. We describe a qualitative study conducted with practicing distance learning designers across the United States. We selected designers in varying sectors within the workforce, and interviewed our participants via videoconferencing. Our inquiry uncovered important tensions designers live with regarding empathy in practice. Designers struggle to know how much learner analysis is sufficient, which of many stakeholders to empathize with, and navigating constraints. Future work in this area could help designers practice more empathically and, in doing so, improve the learning environments they create for learners.
Are Supervision Practices Procedurally Fair? Development and Predictive Utility of a Procedural Justice Measure for Use in Community Corrections Settings:

This study describes the development and refinement of a practical measure for use by community supervision staff to assess the extent to which individuals under community supervision perceive the ...
Effects of coal flue gas desulfurisation by-products and calcium-sulfite, -sulfate and -carbonate on maize grown in acid soil

Sulfite and sulfate compounds are common in many coal combustion by-products (CCBP), some of which have potential as amendments to acid soils. This study was conducted to determine effects of high-sulfite (BP-#1) and high-sulfate (BP-#16 and BP-#22) coal flue gas desulfurisation by-products (FGD-BPs) and chemical grade CaSO3, CaSO4, and CaCO3 (lime) mixed with acid Porters soil (Umbric Dystrochrepts) on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in a greenhouse. Shoot and root dry matter yields (DMY) increased or remained unchanged at low levels of BP-#1 (>1%) before decreases occurred. Shoot DMY increased and/or remained high when increasing levels of BP-#16 and BP-#22 (up to 75%) were added to soil. Root DMY decreased at low levels of BP-#16 (>5%), but increased at high levels ( 0.5–1.0%), and increased at higher levels (<1.0%) consistent with results observed for BP-#16. Leaf areas (LA) closely followed shoot DMY, whereas total root length (TRL) and specific root length (SRL) were somewhat different from DMY High levels of BP-#16 and BP-#22 (75%) increased soil pH (BP-#22 < BP-#16) while BP-#1 caused small increases in pH. Electrical conductivity (EC) increased from ~0.1 to 1.0–1.7 when FGD-BP, CaSO3 or CaSO4 were added to soil at levels of 1 to 75%, and changed little with added CaCO3.
Technical Section: Virtual reconstruction of archeological vessels using expert priors and intrinsic differential geometry information

This paper presents a method to assist in the tedious task of reconstructing ceramic vessels from unearthed archeological shards (fragments) using 3D computer vision-enabling technologies. The method exploits the shards surface intrinsic differential geometry information (one of many possible tools) coupled with a series of generic models to produce a virtual reconstruction and rendition of what the original vessel may have looked like. Generic models are constructed based on a host of factors including expert historical knowledge of the period, provenance of the artifact, and site location. The generic models need not to be identical to the original vessel, but they must be within a geometric transformation of it in most of its parts. The method is suited for ceramic vessels with some relief (i.e., surface with molding, carving, or stamping), as this method exploits surface intrinsic features for alignment. The alignment of the shards against the generic model uses a novel set of 3D weighted curve moments. The transformation is computed from corresponding parabolic contours on the shard and the generic model. A distance error metric is used to access the accuracy of alignment of a fragment to a given generic vessel model. The method is also extendable to surface markings. For a vessel that has no relief, color information or surface breaks can be used for the alignment. The method is tested on a subset of 3D scanned Independence National Historical Park (INDE) ceramic artifacts and the generic models created by experts. This work is part of an ongoing research activity in computational archeology that exploits many different tools and features to help in the mending process. Only the use of surface differential geometry information is reported here. This aspect is complementary to various other tools reported elsewhere by us and others, such as surface breaks, texture, color, etc.
TREAT Test H6—A 50 cent/s Transient Overpower Accident Simulation

Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) Test H6 was run to simulate a transient overpower (TOP) initiated 50 cent/s hypothetical core disruptive accident (CDA). The primary purpose was to investigate the extent to which molten fuel could be removed from the active core region following fuel pin failure, and the extent to which this would be accomplished while maintaining coolant flow. Coolant flow rates and pressures typical of those in the Fast Flux Test Facility were used. The test fuel sample consisted of a bundle of seven mixed-oxide fuel pins which had been preirradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II to approx. 6 at % burnup. The liquid sodium coolant had an initial velocity of 6.20 m/s at a temperature of 742 K. A programmed TREAT power ramp with a period of 1.65 s was used to bring the experimental fuel sample to failure conditions. The test data showed that there were three main events associated with fuel pin failure. During the first of these events, fuel was removed from the active fuel region and relocated approx. 40 cm downstream. The coolant flow rate recovered to approx. 93% of its preevent value. Additional fuel was removed from the active fuel regionmore » during the second event and again relocated some 40 cm downstream. However, molten fuel also began to accumulate in a region centered on the centerline of the original fuel column. The coolant flow rate recovered to approx. 75% of its initial value. The third event was considerably more violent than the others and while a considerable quantity of fuel was relocated well downstream of the active fuel column, a blockage was formed at the top of the fuel column which reduced the coolant flow to zero. Analysis of the flowmeter signals indicated that the fuel pin holder failed during the third event. This could be at least partially responsible for the coolant channel blockage following this event.« less
Dental Evidence for Diet in Some Miocene Catarrhines with Comments on the Effects of Phylogeny on the Interpretation of Adaptation

Studies of the dental anatomy of Miocene catarrhines have concentrated on either phylogenetic or adaptive interpretations. Most investigations of systematics or dental function have been considered more mutually exclusive than reciprocally illuminating. In this chapter, we attempt to develop a balanced view of the two together. Data presented here suggest that functional inferences require consideration of the phylogenetic affinities of the groups being compared. While the way a character functions is independent of its phylogenetic polarity, the way in which that character manifests itself may depend, in part, on phylogenetic considerations.
Management of the impalpable testis: The role of microvascular orchidopexy

Over an 8-year period at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, 38 intra-abdominal testes in 32 children aged 2–15 years have been transferred to the scrotum with full revascularisation by microvascular anastomosis of the testicular to the inferior epigastric vessels. Eight children had bilateral microvascular orchidopexy. Follow-up has extended from 1 to 7 years. Three testes, in boys aged 4, \(6{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}\), and 14 years, have atrophied. Strong Doppler pulsation was easily detectable over all surviving testes and cords at 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Twenty-two testes revealed varying numbers of spermatogonia and 15 showed only Sertoli cells histologically, but all provided a normal genital appearance. Despite full information regarding complications associated with intra-abdominal testes, parents and older children preferred to retain the testis in preference to orchidectomy and a prosthesis. In view of the reliability of microvascular revascularisation in returning a full blood supply to the transferred testis, a management plan for children with impalpable testes has been developed. It is suggested that intra-abdominal testes should not be considered different from other undescended testes. Transfer to the scrotum with restoration of a full blood supply by microvascular revasularisation should preferably be undertaken before 2 years of age. Reliance on the small and delicate collateral vessels from the vas (Fowler-Stephens technique), even in the “long loop vas”, provides at best only a poor circulation when compared to full revascularisation and should be regarded only as a fall-back position in the event of a failed microvascular procedure.
Cyberbullying in institutions of higher learning in developing countries: Evidence from Kenya

The primary objective of this study is to examine the problem of cyberbullying in institutions of higher learning with particular attention to developing countries by looking at its prevalence in one of the universities within Nairobi in Kenya. In this study, we conduct an exploratory study on 396 students to understand the prevalence of cyberbullying. The study findings revealed that the highest form of victimization was through the act of deception in which 75.8% indicated someone had lied to them electronically. On the other hand, the highest form of perpetration of cyberbullying was through malice in which 49.7% indicated that they had sent a rude message to someone electronically. The level of prevalence reported in this study appears slightly high in comparison to majority of the finding from developed countries. Consequently, we submit that it is imperative that educational systems in Africa and other developing countries put frameworks in place to deal with the emerging reality of cyberbullying within institutions of higher learning.
Oxytocin blocks enhanced motivation for alcohol in alcohol dependence and blocks alcohol effects on GABAergic transmission in the central amygdala

Oxytocin administration has been reported to decrease consumption, withdrawal, and drug-seeking associated with several drugs of abuse and thus represents a promising pharmacological approach to treat drug addiction. We used an established rat model of alcohol dependence to investigate oxytocin’s effects on dependence-induced alcohol drinking, enhanced motivation for alcohol, and altered GABAergic transmission in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Intraperitoneal oxytocin administration blocked escalated alcohol drinking and the enhanced motivation for alcohol in alcohol-dependent but not nondependent rats. Intranasal oxytocin delivery fully replicated these effects. Intraperitoneal administration had minor but significant effects of reducing locomotion and intake of non-alcoholic palatable solutions, whereas intranasal oxytocin administration did not. In dependent rats, intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin or the oxytocin receptor agonist PF-06655075, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier (i.e., it would not diffuse to the periphery), but not systemic administration of PF-06655075 (i.e., it would not reach the brain), decreased alcohol drinking. Administration of a peripherally restricted oxytocin receptor antagonist did not reverse the effect of intranasal oxytocin on alcohol drinking. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings from CeA neurons indicated that oxytocin decreases evoked GABA transmission in nondependent but not in dependent rats, whereas oxytocin decreased the amplitude of spontaneous GABAergic responses in both groups. Oxytocin blocked the facilitatory effects of acute alcohol on GABA release in the CeA of dependent but not nondependent rats. Together, these results provide converging evidence that oxytocin specifically and selectively blocks the enhanced motivation for alcohol drinking that develops in alcohol dependence likely via a central mechanism that may result from altered oxytocin effects on CeA GABA transmission in alcohol dependence. Neuroadaptations in endogenous oxytocin signaling may provide a mechanism to further our understanding of alcohol use disorder.
The Potentials and Pitfalls of ‘Art in Research’ Methodologies: Foregrounding Memory and Emotion in Planning Research

The article draws on a two-month project with forty-four high school students in Reston, Virginia to suggest that ‘art in research’ methodologies might be useful to shift away from the problematic ...
A Simultaneous Confidence Band for Dense Longitudinal Regression

We present a method of using local linear smoothing to construct simultaneous confidence bands for the mean function of densely spaced functional data. Our approach works well under mild conditions. In addition, the local linear estimator and its accompanying confidence band enjoy semiparametric efficiency in the sense that they are asymptotically equivalent to the counterparts obtained from the random trajectories entirely observed without errors. We illustrate the performance of the proposed confidence band through a simulation study. Furthermore, an application in food science is presented.