cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Service and policy considerations when working with highly mobile homeless youth: Perspectives from the frontlines

Abstract This qualitative study explores providers' experiences working with geographically mobile homeless youth in an area comprising small cities, suburban towns, and rural communities. In-depth interviews were conducted with eight homeless service providers in New York's Capital Region. The analysis centered on how providers understand the mobility of homeless youth and how the homeless service system impacts this mobility. Participants described mobility as an impulsive coping strategy, a process greatly influenced by service system and policy limitations, and a phenomenon that challenges traditional engagement strategies. Findings suggest opportunities for strengthening the service system through trauma-informed programming and policy, increased coordination with government entities, and assessing gaps in key services.
The Oratory of John McCain

This chapter posits that John McCain provides an interesting case for the study of oratory and rhetoric. Having served in the US Senate since 1987 and twice running for President, he is one of the most recognisable figures in modern American politics. McCain and his chief speechwriter Mark Salter have written six books together, and McCain is said to be one of the most quotable people in politics today. McCain’s appeal to voters and the media is in part due to his compelling biographical story. McCain’s military experience and the military experience of his family have frequently led him to adopt a rhetorical strategy that emphasises personal character, such as honour, integrity, and sacrifice.
Frailty as an Outcome in Geriatrics Research: Not Ready for Prime Time?

Trombetti and colleagues' secondary analysis of a large multicenter randomized controlled trial compared the effects of a structured physical activity program versus health education on the risk fo...
Efficacy of filter cake and Triplex powders from Ethiopia applied to concrete arenas against Sitophilus zeamais

Abstract Filter cake and Triplex are powdered by-products of aluminum sulfate and soap factories, respectively. The latter powder is from berries of the Endod plant, Phytolacca dodecandra L. This study was designed to determine the chemical composition of these two powders using scanning electron microscopy conjugated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Another aim was to evaluate their direct contact toxicity to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, a common pest of stored grains in Ethiopia. Contact toxicity against S. zeamais was determined by exposing 10 adults for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h in 9 cm diameter concrete arenas inside Petri dishes dusted with filter cake and Triplex at each of the six concentrations (0, 2.5, 3.75, 5, 7.5 and 10 g/m2). Each concentration and exposure time combination was replicated five times. After the intended exposure time, adults were transferred to 150-ml round plastic containers with 30 g of organic hard red winter wheat and held at 28 °C and 65% r.h. for 7 d to determine mortality. Adult progeny production, percent of insect damaged kernels, and grain weight loss at each powder-concentration-time combinations were determined after 42 d. Both powders were free of heavy metals. Silicon and oxygen were the major components of both powders. The 7-d mortality was 100% after a 24 h exposure to 7.5 g/m2 concentration of filter cake and 10 g/m2 of both powders. Reductions in adult progeny production, percent of insect damaged kernels, and grain weight loss were greater when S. zeamais adults were exposed to the powders for longer time periods at higher than lower concentrations. This is attributed to greater mortality at increasing concentrations and exposure times. Our results indicate that filter cake and Triplex can be used to treat concrete surfaces of warehouses and storage structures to control S. zeamais.
Multimodal nanoscale imaging of chromatin with super resolution microscopy and partial wave spectroscopy (Conference Presentation)

We demonstrate a multimodal imaging methodology to probe the nanoscale environment of cells. The system combines partial-wave spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy and spectroscopic photon localization microscopy (SPLM). PWS quantifies the nanoarchitecture of cells with sensitivity to structures between 20 and 200 nm. SPLM is a newly developed super-resolution imaging technique based upon the principles of single-molecule localization microscopy and spectroscopy. In addition to allowing super-resolution imaging, SPLM provides inherent molecular-specific spectroscopic information of targeted structures visualized when dyes are used. Combining both of these modalities into a single instrument allows nanoscale characterization of the super-resolution molecular imaging provided by SPLM as it relates to nanoscale structural information provided by PWS. As an example, we labeled RNA polymerase in HeLa cells and showed correlations between the locations of the RNA polymerase visualized by SPLM and the nanoscale structure of the chromatin measured by PWS. Such information is crucial in understanding the role of specific molecules in regulating the chromatin structure and gene expression. More broadly, this instrument can give insight into the molecular pathways of diseases and therapeutic treatments of those diseases, while simultaneously showing the effects on chromatin topology.
Overview of Guided Wave Optics

This introductory chapter should serve both to preview the contents of this book and to give some philosophical justification for the inclusions in and exclusions from the development.
“Eating the Right Way”: Michelle Obama and Healthy Habits

This essay traces the personal impact of First Lady Michelle Obama’s initiative on healthy eating habits and childhood obesity. Ebanks reflects on her personal growth and development into womanhood as a beneficiary of better eating choices as a young woman. Such choices improved and maintained her stature and body image as a cheerleader.
Prospective assessment of patient perception and quality of life in gynecologic patients after pelvic exenteration.

10082Background: Pelvic exenteration (PE) is surgical procedure associated with significant morbidity offered to select women with centrally recurrent gynecologic cancers. This ongoing study aims t...
Bifunctional Biphenyl-2-ylphosphine Ligand Enables Tandem Gold-Catalyzed Propargylation of Aldehyde and Unexpected Cycloisomerization.

Despite extensive studies in gold catalysis, σ-allenylgold species have not been invoked as catalytic intermediates and their reactivities not studied. This work reports for the first time they are generated in situ and undergo nucleophilic addition to activated aldehydes in a bifunctional phosphine ligand-enabled gold catalysis. This development reveals a broad range of opportunities to achieve propargylic C–H functionalization for the first time under catalytic and mild conditions. The homopropargylic alcohols generated undergo ligand-enabled cycloisomerizations involving an unexpected silyl migration.
ROLE OF SLEEP QUESTIONNAIRES IN DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION VERSUS PATIENTS WITH NO ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN A CARDIOLOGY CLINIC

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Impaired sleep quality may have a role in the pathogenesis of AF. AF may adversely impact sleep quality. We tested whether 1) AF patients would have higher neck circumference (NC) and 2) greater impaired sleep
Predicting patient's diagnoses and diagnostic categories from clinical-events in EHR data.

In this paper we develop and study machine learning based models based on latent semantic indexing capable of automatically assigning diagnoses and diagnostic categories to patients based on structured clinical data in their Electronic Health record (EHR). These models can be either used for automatic coding of patient’s diagnoses from structured EHR data at the time of discharge, or for supporting dynamic diagnosis and summarization of the patient condition. We study the performance of our diagnostic models on MIMIC-III EHR data.
Assessment of the Diffusion Battery for Determining Low Concentration Submicron Aerosol Distributions in Microelectronics Clean Rooms

Traditional particle size determinations for aerosols below 0.1 μm diameter have been made by both electrical mobility and diffusional methods. Difficulties in determining particle size spectra in the sub-0.1 μm diameter range arise when air from microelectronics manufacturing cleanrooms is sampled because of the low concentration of particulates and the low sampling rates of currently available instruments. Previously reported data indicate that the differential electrical mobility method does not provide reliable aerosol distributions for concentrations below about 1 particle/cm3. Laboratory and operating cleanroom measurements with the collimated hole diffusion battery gave particle distributions spanning the range from about 0.001 particles/cm3 to 1 × 105 particles/cm3. The low concentration particle spectra in cleanrooms at rest showed peak aerosol concentrations at about 0.1 μm with few particles at sizes below this peak.
Acoustic Emission from 4340 Steel During Stress Corrosion Cracking

A commercially available system is employed to detect and count acoustic emissions emanating from the aqueous stress corrosion crack propagation in 4340 steel. Standard ASTM E 399 compact tension specimens with short notches, a/W=0.25 versus 0.50 standard, are prepared in four tempering temperatures: 204, 316, 427, and 538°C (400, 600, 800, and 1000°F). Crack length is monitored with a notch opening clip gage. Comparisons show the time rate of emission events to increase with stress intensity in rough correspondence to, but much more rapidly than, the crack velocity. Tempering back tends to suppress the count rate as a warning of fast fracture instability. Some similarity is observed between the areal rate of acoustic emission and factors which influence degree and intensity of plastic flow instability in the fracture process zone.
Analyzing the cost-effectiveness of Lyme disease risk reduction approaches

Lyme disease (LD) is endemic in many regions of the Northeastern United States. Given the elusive nature of the disease, a systematic approach to identify efficient interventions would be useful for policymakers in addressing LD. We used Markov modeling to investigate the efficiency of interventions. These interventions range from awareness-based to behavioral-based strategies. Targeting animal reservoirs of LD using fungal spray or bait boxes did not prove to be an effective intervention. Results of awareness-based interventions, including distribution of signage, fliers, and presentations, implementable in different geographical scales, suggest that policymakers should focus on these interventions, as they are both cost-effective and have the highest impact on lowering LD risk. Populations may lose focus of LD warnings over time, thus quick succession of these interventions is vital. Our modeling results identify the awareness-based intervention as the most cost-effective strategy to lower the number of LD cases. These results can aid in the establishment of effective LD risk reduction policy at various scales of implementation.
The emerging role of precision medicine in the treatment of endometrial cancer

Introduction: Uterine cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy with a high cure rate for early stage disease. Surgical and standard chemotherapy have provided modest results. Precision ther...
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the synucleinopathies

Interest in gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease has blossomed over the past 30 years and has generated a wealth of investigation into this non-motor aspect of the disorder, research that has encompassed its pathophysiology, its clinical features, and its impact on quality of life. The question of gastrointestinal dysfunction in the other synucleinopathies has not received nearly as much attention, but information and knowledge are growing. In this review, the current knowledge, controversies, and gaps in our understanding of the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and the other synucleinopathies will be addressed, and extended focus will be directed toward the clinical problems involving saliva management, swallowing, gastric emptying, small intestinal function, and bowel function that are so problematic in these disorders.
On Chaucer’s Clerk, His Books and the Value of Education

In this chapter, I consider the ways the use of books as collateral changed their meanings and value to their owners, and also think through the different ways of valuing books—as objects to be pawned and as objects of study—might come into conflict. The economics undergirding the intellectual aims of higher education surface throughout late medieval English literature and, in particular, in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Here, the characters of Nicholas, whose books frame his living space, and the Clerk, whose commitment to “logik” masks the commodity value of his handsomely clad books, reveal the important intersections of debt and education. The perpetual potential to pawn books to fund one’s education not only points to the complicated economics embedded in Oxford’s educational institutions but also highlights Oxford’s scholars’ understanding of cultural capital. Further, I also suggest that our own assumptions of student needs have shaped the critical conversations about Chaucer’s characters, obscuring the ways his characters participate in late medieval England’s educational economy.
The Addiction Genetic Factor a(g): A Unitary Genetic Vulnerability Characterizes Substance Use Disorders and Their Associations with Common Correlates

Background. Substance use disorders (SUDs) commonly co-occur with one another and with other psychiatric disorders. They share common features including high impulsivity, negative affect, and lower executive function. We estimate the shared genetic architecture across distinct SUDs, its independence from genetic liability to substance use, and its relation to genetic liability to impulsivity, negative affect, and executive function as well as non-substance psychopathology. Methods. We tested whether a common genetic factor undergirds liability to problematic alcohol use (PAU), problematic tobacco use (PTU), cannabis use disorder (CUD), and opioid use disorder (OUD) by applying Genomic structural equation modelling to genome-wide association study statistics (Total N = 1,019,521; substance specific Ns range: 82,707-435,563 of European ancestry), while adjusting for the genetics of substance use (Ns = 184,765-632,802). We tested whether shared liability across SUDs is associated with behavioral constructs (risk taking, executive function, neuroticism; Ns = 328,339-427,037) and non-substance use psychopathology (mood/psychotic, compulsive, and early neurodevelopmental disorders). Results. Shared genetic liability to PAU, PTU, CUD, and OUD was characterized by a unidimensional addiction factor (termed a(g)), independent of substance use. OUD and CUD demonstrated the largest loadings. a(g) was associated with risk taking, neuroticism, executive function, and non-substance psychopathology, but retained specific variance (standardized residual= .579). Interpretation. A common genetic addictions factor partly explains susceptibility for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and opioid use disorder. a(g) has unique pathways that are not shared with substance use or non-substance psychopathology, suggesting that addiction is not the linear combination of substance use and psychopathology.
How to align arthropod leg segments

Abstract How to align leg segments between the four groups of arthropods (insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates) has tantalized researchers for over a century. By comparing the loss-of-function phenotypes of leg patterning genes in diverged arthropod taxa, including a crustacean, insects, and arachnids, arthropod legs can be aligned in a one-to-one fashion. By comparing the expression of pannier and aurucan, the proximal leg segments can be aligned. A model is proposed wherein insects and myriapods incorporated the proximal leg region into the body wall, which moved an ancestral exite (for example, a gill) on the proximal leg into the body wall, where it invaginated independently in each lineage to form tracheae. For chelicerates with seven leg segments, it appears that one proximal leg segment was incorporated into the body wall. According to this model, the chelicerate exopod and the crustacean exopod emerge from different leg segments, and are therefore proposed to have arisen independently. A framework for how to align arthropod appendages now opens up a powerful system for studying the origins of novel structures, the plasticity of developmental fields across vast phylogenetic distances, and the convergent evolution of shared ancestral developmental fields.
The primary sequence of a crustacean satellite DNA containing a family of repeats

Abstract The repeating sequence of isopycnic twin Satellite II of the hermit crab, Pagurus pollicaris, has been determined. More than 95% of the primary sequence of the light strand is composed of (CAG) n CTGCACT. The only detectable variation on the repeating sequence is the number of CAGs included in each repeat which varies from 3–12. The sequence of Satellite II differs markedly from that of its twin, whose light strand is >95% CCTA (Skinner et al., 1974). The absence from Satellite II of repeats where (CAG) n ⪕2 further defines the constraints on a recent model for the origin of satellites (Smith, 1976).
Multi-Cell, Multi-Channel Scheduling with Probabilistic Per-Packet Real-Time Guarantee.

For mission-critical sensing and control applications such as those to be enabled by 5G Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), it is critical to ensure the communication quality of individual packets. Prior studies have considered Probabilistic Per-packet Real-time Communications (PPRC) guarantees for single-cell, single-channel networks with implicit deadline constraints, but they have not considered real-world complexities such as inter-cell interference and multiple communication channels. Towards ensuring PPRC in multi-cell, multi-channel wireless networks, we propose a real-time scheduling algorithm based on \emph{local-deadline-partition (LDP)}. The LDP algorithm is suitable for distributed implementation, and it ensures probabilistic per-packet real-time guarantee for multi-cell, multi-channel networks with general deadline constraints. We also address the associated challenge of the schedulability test of PPRC traffic. In particular, we propose the concept of \emph{feasible set} and identify a closed-form sufficient condition for the schedulability of PPRC traffic. We propose a distributed algorithm for the schedulability test, and the algorithm includes a procedure for finding the minimum sum work density of feasible sets which is of interest by itself. We also identify a necessary condition for the schedulability of PPRC traffic, and use numerical studies to understand a lower bound on the approximation ratio of the LDP algorithm. We experimentally study the properties of the LDP algorithm and observe that the PPRC traffic supportable by the LDP algorithm is significantly higher than that of a state-of-the-art algorithm.
Schiller's Critique of Kant's Moral Psychology: Reconciling Practical Reason and an Ethics of Virtue

Mention of the name of Friedrich Schiller among both critics and defenders of Kant's moral philosophy has most often been with reference to the well known quip: “Gladly I serve my friends, but alas I do it with pleasure. Hence I am plagued with doubt that I am not a virtuous person.“ “Sure, your only resource is to try to despise them entirely, And then with aversion to do what your duty enjoins you.'' This attention, however, has served to obscure the fact that Schiller truly intended his remark as a joke, representing a serious, if understandable, misinterpretation of Kantian morality. Though Schiller's various attempts to articulate a theory of moral motivation include important divergences from Kant's account, they represent a response to a set of problems that arise in the context of Kantian moral theory. As such, they may be of greatest interest to moralists who are working within the Kantian tradition. In this paper, I clarify certain points of Schiller's critique of Kant's account of moral motivation and place them in the context of his broader project of reconciling Kantianism and an ethics of virtue.
Introduction to BlueJ: a Java development environment

Many colleges and universities have adopted Javaa, or are considering its adoption, as the language of choice for students in CS1 and CS2. The choice of Java either leads to or follows from a collateral decision to introduce object-oriented techniques at this level. Those making the transition to Java and object-oriented techniques must resolve many issues, including the selection of a program development environment. The ideal environment would be inexpensive, would be easy to learn, and would highlight, rather than obscure, the design of an object-oriented system. The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce educators to just such a development environment.
Trust-Based Security Model and Enforcement Mechanism for Web Service Technology

The emerging Web service technology has enabled the development of Internet-based applications that integrate distributed and heterogeneous systems and processes which are owned by different organizations. Compared to centralized systems and client-server environments, the Web service environment is much more dynamic and security for such an environment poses unique challenges. For example, an organization (e.g., a service provider or a service broker) cannot predetermine the users of its resources and fix their access privileges. Also, service providers come and go. The users of services must have some assurances about the services and the organizations that provide the services. Thus, the enforcement of security constraints cannot be static and tightly coupled. The notion of trust agreement must be established to delegate the responsibility of certification of unknown users, services, and organizations. In this paper, we describe a Trust-based Security Model (TSM) that incorporate the traditional security concepts (e.g., roles, resources, operations) with new security concepts that are specific to the Web service environment. The security concepts of TSM are then applied to the general Web service model to include security considerations. Finally, an event-driven, rule-based approach to the enforcement of security in a Web service environment is described.
Inverse-Tapered p-Waveguide for Vertical Hole Transport in High-[Al] AlGaN Emitters

We report a high-aluminum-containing ([Al] $\,\,{\sim }\,\,0.6$ ) AlGaN multiple-quantum well (MQW) double-heterojunction (DH) emitter employing an inverse-tapered-composition AlGaN:Mg p-type waveguide grown on a $c$ plane Al-polar AlN bulk substrate. Using numerical simulations, we have determined that the inverse-tapered p-type waveguide design is necessary for high [Al] containing p-n junction devices as any valence band discontinuity at the junction will limit the vertical hole transport and induce a larger voltage-drop across the structure. The fabricated ultraviolet MQW DH emitter can sustain a DC current of at least 500 mA and a pulsed current of at least 1.07 A, which corresponds to a current density of 10 and 18 kA/cm $^{2}$ at maximum measured voltage of 15 and 20 V with the measured series resistance of 15 and 11 $\Omega $ , respectively.
Synthesis of a metallopeptide-PNA conjugate and its oxidative cross-linking to a DNA target.

A nickel(II)−PNA bioconjugate was prepared by formation of a salicylaldimine complex with the amino terminus of a peptide−PNA hybrid with the sequence Arg-His-Gly-[TACCTAGCAT]PNA-Arg-CONH2. Hybridization to complementary oligodeoxynucleotides was demonstrated, and covalent adduct formation was observed upon addition of KHSO5 as oxidant. In the absence of PNA, the reactivity of the phenolic radical generated as an intermediate was found to be G ≫ T ≫ C, A; by inclusion of the PNA delivery agent, cross-links between the two oligomers could be observed with T and C bases in the vicinity of the nickel complex, although G was still the most reactive site. The metal complex could be removed by treatment with EDTA following which the Schiff base linkage was readily hydrolyzed. The final result in this case is a salicylaldehyde moiety appended at the target site in DNA.
Instrumented Impact Testing of Composite Sandwich Panels

The impact response of various composite sandwich panels has been investigated. These composite sandwich panels, consisting of various fabric facesheet materials and different densities of poly(vin...
A new anomaly free chiral supergravity theory from compactification on K3

Abstract We establish the existence at the linearized level of a new chiral N =4 extended supergravity theory in six-dimensional spacetime that could couple to the chiral N =4 antisymmetric tensor multiplet. The unique anomaly free combination occurs for 21 of the latter and the spectrum then coincides with the zero-mass sector of the N =2 ten-dimensional chiral supergravity theory compactified on K 3 .
Mutational specificity in a shuttle vector replicating in chromium(VI)-treated mammalian cells.

An SV40-based shuttle vector, pZ189, was used to characterize the mutation specificity and to explore the mechanism of chromium mutagenesis in mammalian cells. We showed previously that mutagenic DNA damage is induced by the treatment of plasmid with chromium(VI) plus glutathione in vitro. The induced mutation pattern suggested that chromium mutagenesis can be induced by the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates. To further investigate the mechanism of chromium mutagenesis, we treated cultured mammalian cells containing normal pZ189 vector with chromium(Vl). Mutations were induced by Cr(Vl) in a dose-dependent manner. The majority of base substitution mutations were widely distributed across the supF mutation target gene and occurred mainly at GC basepairs. Overall, the mutation spectra were not significantly different from each other except for a mutation hot spot at position 43, observed only in plasmids from Cr(Vl)-treated cells. The characteristics of Cr(VI)-induced mutations were similar to those observed in the mutation spectra induced by H 2 O 2 treatment of the pZ189 plasmid or plasmid-containing cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that induction of mutations by chromium in cultured cells occurs through the generation of oxidative DNA damage.
Calculations of neutron and photon source terms and attenuation profiles for the generic design of the SPEAR3 storage ring shield

The FLUKA Monte Carlo particle generation and transport code was used to calculate shielding requirements for the 3 GeV, 500 mA SPEAR3 storage ring at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. The photon and neutron dose equivalent source term data were simulated for a 3 GeV electron beam interacting with two typical target/shielding geometries in the ring. The targets simulated are a rectangular block of 0.7 cm thick copper and a 5 cm thick iron block, both tilted at 1 degree relative to the beam direction. Attenuation profiles for neutrons and photons in concrete and lead as a function of angle at different shield thicknesses were calculated. The first, second and equilibrium attenuation lengths of photons and neutrons in the shield materials are derived from the attenuation profiles. The source term data and the attenuation lengths were then used to evaluate the shielding requirements for the ratchet walls of all front-ends of the SPEAR3 storage ring.
Nika : software for two-dimensional data reduction

Nika is an Igor Pro-based package for correction, calibration and reduction of two-dimensional area-detector data into one-dimensional data (`lineouts'). It is free (although the user needs a paid license for Igor Pro), open source and highly flexible. While typically used for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data, it can also be used for grazing-incidence SAXS data, wide-angle diffraction data and even small-angle neutron scattering data. It has been widely available to the user community since about 2005, and it is currently used at the SAXS instruments of selected large-scale facilities as their main data reduction package. It is, however, also suitable for desktop instruments when the manufacturer's software is not available or appropriate. Since it is distributed as source code, it can be scrutinized, verified and modified by users to suit their needs.
QEPAS based detection of broadband absorbing molecules using a widely tunable, cw quantum cascade laser at 8.4 μm.

Detection of molecules with wide unresolved rotational-vibrational absorption bands is demonstrated by using Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and an amplitude modulated, high power, thermoelectrically cooled quantum cascade laser operating at 8.4 μm in an external cavity configuration. The laser source exhibits single frequency tuning of 135 cm-1 with a maximum optical output power of 50 mW. For trace-gas detection of Freon 125 (pentafluoroethane) at 1208.62 cm-1 a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of NNEA=2.64×10-9 cm-1∙W/Hz1/2 was obtained. Noise equivalent sensitivity at ppbv level as well as spectroscopic chemical analysis of a mixture of two broadband absorbers (Freon 125 and acetone) with overlapping absorption spectra were demonstrated.
Nuclear magnetic resonance conformation analysis of cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloro-2,3,3-trifluorocyclobutane and related molecules

Abstract The cis isomer of the title compound is found almost exclusively in the conformation with the 1-chlorine equatorial and the 2-chlorine axial whereas the trans isomer is a 3:2 mixture of the two allowed conformers in which both chlorines are either equatorial or axial.
Non-newtonian fluid displacement in an irregular annulus of axial symmetry

Abstract We describe the formulation and numerical solution of the problem of the transient displacement of one non-Newtonian fluid by another in an axially symmetric annulus. The numerical integration makes novel use of a method of characteristics to represent convective terms and an implicit backwards difference technique for other terms in the differential equations. Examples are presented showing the temporal evaluation of vortices and instabilities predicted by this integration in such displacement processes.
Communication and Motor Skill Learning: What We Learn From Research in the Gymnasium

This paper examines communication and motor skill learning from the perspective of research on teaching. Research design for laboratory motor learning, applied motor learning, and research on teaching physical education are discussed. In addition, the contributions of each research type to our knowledge of motor skill learning are considered. A series of studies are presented, and it is concluded that teachers are important in structuring and communicating expectations to students. The role of teacher feedback in helping students learn motor skills, however, may be less than previously thought.
A study of fantasy: Determinants of fantasy function and content

This study is concerned with the role of fantasy. Prior research has studied the role of fantasy by investigating the content or types of fantasy and fantasy frequency with the reasoning that such knowledge provides implications as to fantasy's role in human functioning. The present study examined fantasy frequency and content in relation to the variables of gender and the social attitude of liberalism/conservatism (N = 304). It was proposed that (a) liberals would engage in more sexual, and bizarre-improbable fantasies than conservatives; (b) males would be more liberal and engage in sexual fantasy more frequently than females; (c) subjects would engage in less sexual and bizarre-improbable fantasies as age increased; and (d) fantasies would be present oriented. The study yielded mixed results. Using an adapted version of the Imaginal Processes Inventory, it was found that the second and third research questions were supported entirely, while the first and fourth research questions were supported only partially.
Flight initiation distance decreases during social activity in lizards (Sceloporus virgatus)

Flight initiation distance, the predator–prey distance when escape begins, is predicted by escape theory to decrease if fleeing entails loss of benefits. Shortening of flight initiation distance during social interactions is known only in males and only in a few species. In a previous study, male, but not female, Sceloporus virgatus lizards had shorter flight initiation distance when interacting with tethered conspecifics. Females in that study were not gravid or close to ovulating. I predicted that flight initiation distance would be shorter in gravid females that perform sidle-hopping displays to reject courtship than in lone females. I tested this prediction and examined effects of social interactions by males with free-ranging conspecifics to ensure that previous findings were not artifacts of tethering and experimental introduction of conspecifics. Flight initiation distance was shorter in females when interacting with males than when alone; it was also shorter in males interacting with either sex. Thus, when beneficial for reproductive reasons, social interaction affects flight initiation distance in females, but at other times, it does not. Lesser shortening of flight initiation distance in females than males may be a consequence of greater social benefit to males and protection of reproductive investment by females.
An a posteriori error estimator for a quadratic C0-interior penalty method for the biharmonic problem

A reliable and efficient residual-based a posteriori error estimator is derived for a quadratic C 0 -interior penalty method for the biharmonic problem on polygonal domains. The performance of the estimator is illustrated by numerical experiments.
Government documents practicum: Completing the basic education

Abstract Government documents librarianship can only be introduced in a single semester course; students completing the introductory class often still lack confidence in their ability to deal effectively with government publications. An additional semester of planned work experience in a functioning documents collection fixes theoretical knowledge and exposes students to the realities of administering such a collection of materials. The practicum, or internship, also indicates to the students whether they are really interested in working with government publications in their future careers.
Using STEAM for Thermal Simulation of Storage Systems

As demands for higher data transfer rates mount, temperature is joining bandwidth and latency as a key consideration in storage system design. The STEAM simulator lets users abstract the details of low-level recording physics and heat transfer phenomena and facilitates exploration of a large design space of storage configurations under realistic workloads
General-purpose optimization method for multidisciplinary design applications

Abstract A general-purpose optimization tool for multidisciplinary applications, which in the literature is known as COMETBOARDS, is being developed at NASA Lewis Research Center. The modular organization of COMETBOARDS includes several analyzers and state-of-the-art optimization algorithms along with their cascading strategy. The code structure allows quick integration of new analyzers and optimizers. The COMETBOARDS code reads input information from a number of data files, formulates a design as a set of multidisciplinary nonlinear programming problems, and then solves the resulting problems. COMETBOARDS can be used to solve a large problem, which can be defined through multiple disciplines, each of which can be further broken down into several subproblems. Alternatively, a small portion of a large problem can be optimized in an effort to improve an existing system. Some of the other unique features of COMETBOARDS include design variable formulation, constraint formulation, subproblem coupling strategy, global scaling technique, analysis approximation, use of either sequential or parallel computational modes, and so forth. The special features and unique strengths of COMETBOARDS assist convergence and reduce the amount of CPU time used to solve the difficult optimization problems of aerospace industries. COMETBOARDS has been successfully used to solve a number of problems, including structural design of space station components, design of nozzle components of an air-breathing engine, configuration design of subsonic and supersonic aircraft, mixed flow turbofan engines, wave rotor topped engines, and so forth. This paper introduces the COMETBOARDS design tool and its versatility, which is illustrated by citing examples from structures, aircraft design, and air-breathing propulsion engine design.
Particulate matter sample deposit geometry and effective filter face velocities

Aerosol filter face velocities can be underestimated when the sample deposit area does not cover the entire face of the filter. In many aerosol samplers, Teflon filters are backed with a metal support screen. In these samplers, air flows through the filter only in the small area upstream of each hole in the screen, resulting in a sample deposit that is an array of tiny dots that mimics the array of holes. Thus, the filter deposit area is smaller than the total filter area and the effective face velocity is greater than that calculated from the sample deposit envelope. The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network has used filter holders with two different screen hole arrays. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) and the Federal Reference Method samplers also use a metal support screen, but with much smaller screen holes than IMPROVE. These networks also use larger filters and lower flow rates than those used in IMPROVE. Filter face velocities for all of these networks that are calculated using the actual deposit array area range from 1.6 to 3.5 times larger than those calculated incorrectly using the entire sample deposit envelope.
Scopolamine- and Morphine-Induced Deficits in Water Maze Alternation: Failure to Attenuate with Glucose

Abstract Glucose has previously been shown to improve performance on memory tasks and to ameliorate performance deficits induced by scopolamine or morphine. To test the generality of these observations, Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to alternate choices to reach an escape platform in a two-choice circular water maze. The rats attained a high level of alternation, alternating on a mean of 9 of 10 daily trials. Daily glucose injections (100 and 250 mg/kg) failed to facilitate acquisition of the alternation. Single injections of scopolamine (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg), but not methylscopolamine (0.5 mg/kg), and daily injections of scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) or morphine (5.0 mg/kg) impaired alternation performance. The scopolamine- and morphine-induced deficits in alternation behavior were not ameliorated by pretrial glucose injections at doses which have previously been found to be effective (100 and 250 mg/kg). The mechanism of glucose facilitation of memory is currently unknown. The present results show that glucose given at previously established effective doses does not activate the mechanism or produces too weak an effect to be observed in water maze alternation.
Translational pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling; application to cardiovascular safety data for PF-00821385, a novel HIV agent

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • While animal toxicology is routinely used for safety screening of compounds prior to their being tested in man, there is very little in the literature on the quantitative translation of cardiovascular drug effects from animal to man. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This study compares pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic analysis of dog and human effects of PF-00821385 on heart rate. • This paper considers how quantitative translational knowledge of drug effects in dogs may be used to optimize future human studies. AIM To assess the translation of pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) relationships for heart rate effects of PF-00821385 in dog and man. METHODS Cardiovascular telemetric parameters and concentration data were available for animals receiving active doses (0.5–120 mg kg−1, n= 4) or vehicle. PF-00821385 was administered to 24 volunteers and pharmacokinetic and vital signs data were collected. PK–PD models were fitted using nonlinear mixed effects. RESULTS Compartmental models with linear absorption and clearance were used to describe pharmacokinetic disposition in animal and man. Diurnal variation in heart and pulse rate was best described with a single cosine function in both dog and man. Canine and human heart rate change were described by a linear model with free drug slope 1.76 bpm µM−1[95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 2.35] in the dog and 0.76 bpm µM−1 (95% CI 0.54, 1.14) in man. CONCLUSIONS The preclinical translational of concentration–response has been described and the potential for further interspecies extrapolation and optimization of clinical trial design is addressed.
Effects of Temperature on Laser Shock Induced Plastic Deformation: The Case of Copper

Laser shock induced plastic deformation has been used widely, such as laser shock peening (LSP), laser dynamic forming (LDF), and laser peen forming. These processes have been extensively studied both numerically and experimentally at room temperature. Recently, it is found that at elevated temperature, laser shock induced plastic deformation can generate better formability in LDF and enhanced mechanical properties in LSP. For example, warm laser shock peening leads to improved residual stress stability and better fatigue performance in aluminum alloys. There is a need to investigate the effects of elevated temperature on deformation behavior of metallic materials during shock induced high strain rate deformation. In this study, LSP of copper are selected to systematically study the effects of elevated temperature in shock induced high strain rate deformation. Finite element modeling (FEM) is used to predict the deformation behavior. The FEM simulation results of surface profile and residual stress distribution after LSP are validated by experimental results. The validated FEM simulation is used to study the effects of temperature on the plastic deformation behaviors during LSP, such as plastic affected zone, stress/strain distribution, and energy absorption.
Conventional medical therapy for osteoarthritis: current state of the evidence.

Purpose of review The incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis at the knee, hip, and hand joints are rising. Knowledge about recent developments in the treatment of osteoarthritis is highly relevant to current medical and rheumatology practice. This review will highlight key findings from the published literature in the past 18 months, identified via a PubMed search, including the context for these studies, their key findings, and implications. Recent findings Main themes from the literature covered by this article include a continued focus on acetaminophen and glucosamine-chondroitin as therapeutic agents in the medical management of osteoarthritis. In addition, there is a relatively novel focus on use of adalimumab, a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, and on strontium ranelate, in relation to outcomes of pain and structural progression in osteoarthritic joints. Summary Recent studies convey a continued focus on potential therapeutic benefit derived from a combination of glucosamine-chondroitin, and intrigue the reader with a focus on biologic therapy (i.e. tumor necrosis factor antagonist) for osteoarthritis, and with use of strontium ranelate as a newer agent with potential therapeutic benefit.
LEED study of 1 monolayer Fe deposited on Cu(110)

Abstract We report a LEED study of iron deposited on Cu(110). Auger measurements reveal the absence of layer-by-layer growth of iron on Cu(110). We obtained sharp LEED patterns only for 1 monolayer iron, for more than two layers there was clear evidence of island formation. We observed surface segregation of copper above room temperature. The room temperature study of clean Cu(110) indicates a contraction of 6.7% for the first surface layer and a 4.2% expansion of the second layer, relative to the bulk interplanar spacing. When one monolayer of iron is deposited on Cu(110), this situation is changed and the interplanar spacing becomes closer to the bulk value of Cu(110).
Peripheral blood monocytes in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction

Abstract Non-T lymphocytes stimulate T cells in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). Peripheral blood monocytes represent approximately 20% of the non-T cell population. Because monocytes have been shown to be necessary for allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), we evaluated their necessity in the AMLR. Mononuclear cells from residuals of plateletpheresis were obtained from 18 donors. Enriched T cell, B cell, and monocyte populations were obtained by the centrifugation of mononuclear cell suspensions previously mixed with sheep erythrocytes and by the removal of adherent cells following multiple incubations on plastic plates. T cells were used as responding cells in AMLR. The stimulating cells were B cells alone, monocytes alone, and combinations of varying percentages of B cells plus monocytes. The AMLR was measured on several culture days to determine the timeof maximal proliferation. The mean peak proliferative response was found on culture day 10 using 50% B cells and 50% monocytes as the stimulating cell population. No significant difference was seen between the use of mitomycin C-treated and untreated monocytes. AMLR reactivity was compared to HLA-DRW phenotype of the donors. The magnitude of the proliferative responses was widely varied and appeared to fall into four groups. Regardless of the grouping, the presence of up to 50% monocytes was shown to provide maximal proliferation. Cells from various individuals yielded different proliferative rates in AMLR, but repeated AMLR at different times on the same individual gave a similar response.
GuardWire emboli protection device is associated with improved myocardial perfusion grade in saphenous vein graft intervention

Abstract Background Use of emboli protection devices (EPD) during saphenous vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention (SVG-PCI) has been proven to reduce major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However, the impact of EPD on the microcirculation using Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction myocardial perfusion grade (TMP) has not been fully characterized. We sought to analyze TMP after SVG-PCI with and without EPD and determine its impact on inhospital MACE. Methods From August 2001 to December 2002, 305 patients had SVG-PCI suitable for EPD; 210 (69%) had an angiogram appropriate for TMP evaluation. Of those, 46 (22%) had an EPD (GuardWire, Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn) deployed during the coronary intervention. Both groups were similar with regard to most demographic and clinical features. Results A TMP score of 2.5 or 3 was obtained in 98% of the EPD group versus 85% of the unprotected SVG-PCI ( P = .01). There was a trend towards reduction in MACE when using EPD (15% vs 27%, respectively, P = .07). Peak postprocedural creatine kinase-MB was somewhat lower in the EPD group (6.03 ± 7.8 ng/mL vs 14.87 ± 42 ng/mL, P = .17) Patients with a TMP grade of 2.5 or 3 had a statistically significant reduction in MACE (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14–0.87, P = .02). Conclusions Compared with SVG-PCI without emboli protection, EPD significantly improved TMP and trended towards a reduction in MACE.