cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Clinical Psychology

As we noted in Chapter 1, the profession of clinical psychology in its early stages developed outside mainstream experimental psychology in general and social cognitive psychology in particular. In its first generation, psychology split into a decontextualized science of laboratory curiosities and an unscientific practice. Some contend that even today we have not made much progress in generating a scientific foundation for clinical practice and that what scientific foundation we have is not known or used by most practitioners (e.g.,Dawes, 1994). In contrast, medicine successfully instituted a scientific practitioner model (Starr, 1982). Psychology’s scientist-practitioner model was a political compromise (Raimy, 1950) in the absence of a linking science. In this chapter, we attempt to build a foundation for a contemporary social cognitive approach to understanding behavior, personality, and adjustment. This perspective draws from both social cognitive psychology and clinical psychology and thus is neither a social cognitive nor a clinical theory. Instead, it is an approach to understanding human behavior that is applicable to both normal (adaptive) and abnormal (maladaptive) behavior. In fact, such distinctions are essentially arbitrary in the social cognitive perspective, as discussed later. This approach is most accurately called “a social cognitive approach to understanding human adjustment, to problems in adjustment, and to interventions to enhance adjustment.” We will reduce this cumbersome phrase to social clinical psychology for convenience. The reader should keep in mind, however, that social implies social cognitive and that clinical implies the study of psychological adaptation and adjustment defined broadly. It is not limited to the traditional clinical notion of the absence of mental disorder or dysfunction, nor to traditional clinical disorders as embodied in current psychiatric diagnostic schemes. Indeed, the field of clinical psychology has become increasingly difficult to define over the past two decades as we have learned more about the generality of psychological change processes, the relationship between normal development and maladaptation, and the biological basis of behavioral and emotional problems.
Abstract 1831: PKCδ as a novel target for HER2-positive, trastuzumab resistant breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis and second leading cause of cancer related deaths among women in the United States. This poor prognosis is in part due to the high rates of resistance. In particular, resistance to anti-HER2-based therapy remains a clinical challenge for women with breast cancer suggesting that better treatment strategies are needed. Results demonstrate that resistance to trastuzumab correlates with lower PKC activity compared to trastuzumab sensitive breast cancer cells, suggesting that downregulation of PKC activity may contribute to trastuzumab resistance. The exact mechanism by which PKCs contribute to trastuzumab resistance is not well understood. Here, we hypothesized that activation of PKCs could prevent trastuzumab resistance and thus inhibit the survival and recurrence of HER2+ breast cancer. Our results show that in two distinct trastuzumab-resistant cell lines (HCC1954 and BT474), activation of PKC by the phorbol ester TPA inhibits both proliferation of bulk cells and survival of cancer stem cells (CSC) as assessed by mammosphere formation. Further, treatment using a pharmacological PKC inhibitor (GF109203X) almost completely rescued the anti-proliferative and anti-CSC survival effects of TPA in two distinct trastuzumab-resistant cell lines. Measurement of PKC isoforms at the transcript and protein levels showed that PKCδ was overexpressed in the resistant cell line compared to the sensitive cell line. PKCδ depletion using a siRNA prevented the anti-proliferative and anti-CSC survival effects of TPA, suggesting that PKCδ was the target of TPA activation in trastuzumab resistant cells. TPA-mediated activation of PKCδ was found to cause G2/M cell cycle arrest, almost complete inhibition of AKT phosphorylation at serine 473, and decreased expression of the CSC marker, ALDH1A1. These results suggest that phorbol ester-mediated activation of PKCδ could be a novel therapeutic strategy for HER2+ breast cancer that is resistant to trastuzumab-based therapy. Citation Format: Debra L. Wyatt, Andrei Zlobin, Emily Ma, Mitchell F. Denning, Clodia Osipo. PKCδ as a novel target for HER2-positive, trastuzumab resistant breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1831.
Special Session: May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: An Abstract About Improving Your Odds and Successfully Navigating the Academic Job Market

One of the most stressful times for a marketing doctoral student is entering the job market to find a suitable academic position. Navigating the job market becomes a “rite of passage,” marking the transition from a student to a professor. Preparing for the job market requires doctoral students to juggle several responsibilities, including writing application materials, completing lengthy interviews, and visiting multiple campuses, all while staying on track with their dissertation, research pipeline, and teaching. The job market is fraught with uncertainty and stress for rookie Ph.D.’s, and many receive little guidance from their peers or professors at their university.
Fundamentals of target classification using deep learning

In this paper we examine the application of deep learning for automated target recognition (ATR) using a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) and infrared images from a public domain data provided by US Army Night Vision Laboratories. This study is motivated by the need for high detection and a low false alarm rate when searching for targets in sensor imagery. The goal of this study was to determine a range of optimal thresholds at which to classify an image as a target using a CNN, and an upper bound of the number of training images required for optimal performance. We used a Difference of Gaussian (DoG) kernel to localize targets by detecting the brightest patches in an image and using these patches as testing data for our network. Our CNN was successful in distinguishing between targets and clutter, and results found by our approach were favorably comparable to ground truth.
Energy and Mass Utilization During Drag-Modulated Plasma Aerocapture

An analytical model is presented to assess the utilization of atmospheric energy and mass by a magnetoshell plasma during aerocapture. An appropriate control volume describing the plasma is defined using single ion trajectory analysis in the dipole magnetic field. Equations of continuity and state are developed to describe the plasma interaction with the atmospheric flow. The populations and temperatures of ions, electrons, and magnetoshell neutrals are tracked and steady state results are obtained. A strong correlation is demonstrated between applied magnetic field strength and absorbed mass, confirming initial notions that the magnetoshell drag can be modulated by the magnet. The plasma is found to self-sustain with no input power from the spacecraft, though propellant injection is required on the order of 1 mg/s during the maneuver. The mass absorbed from the flow is observed to decrease with increasing velocity due to shrinking of the control volume and reduced charge exchange interaction. The percentage of incident atmospheric mass and energy absorbed by the plasma is determined to be between 1% and 33% across a spacecraft velocity range of 2–20 km/s and atmospheric density range of 1016−1018 m−3. That this percentage is not 100% indicates that some flow passes through the plasma without interaction, contrary to previous studies which assumed the plasma to be fully opaque.
Georges Bizet: Carmen : Images of race, class and gender in nineteenth-century French culture

Bizet's Carmen has often been understood as a story of ill-fated love between two equal parties whose destinies happen to clash. But to read the opera in this fashion is to ignore the faultlines of social power that organize it, for while the story's subject matter may appear idiosyncratic to us, Carmen is actually only one of a large number of fantasies involving race, class and gender that circulated in nineteenth-century French culture. Thus before exploring the opera on its own terms, we need to reexamine the critical tensions of its original context â€“ the context within which it was written and first received â€“ as well as the politics of representation: who creates representations of whom, with what imagery, towards what ends? Musicologists have long recognized Carmen's exoticism as one of its most salient features, but they usually treat that exoticism as unproblematic. Indeed, until quite recently, most of the exotic images and narratives that proliferate in Western culture were regarded as innocent: the â€œOrientâ€ (first the Middle East, later East Asia and Africa) seemed to serve merely as a â€œfree zoneâ€ for the European imagination. Edward Said, however, has shown that this â€œfree zoneâ€ was always circumscribed by political concerns. Some of these were relatively benign. In the eighteenth century, for instance, the â€œOrientâ€ offered a vantage point from which French writers could criticize their own society. Thus Rousseau addressed the East as a Utopian philosopher contemplating alternatives with the West, and Montesquieu adopted the persona of a Persian traveler writing letters home about the odd social practices he encounters in Paris.
Effects of Antihypertensive Class on Falls, Syncope, and Orthostatic Hypotension in Older Adults: The ALLHAT Trial.

Hypertension treatment has been implicated in falls, syncope, and orthostatic hypotension (OH), common events among older adults. Whether the choice of antihypertensive agent influences the risk of...
Balancing radar receiver channels with commutation

The trend in high-performance ground-surveillance radar systems is towards employing multiple receiver channels of data. Often, key to performance is the ability to achieve and maintain balance between the radar channels. This can be quite problematic for high-performance radar modes. It is shown that commutation of radar receiver channels can be employed to facilitate channel balancing. Commutation is the switching, trading, toggling, or multiplexing of the channels between signal paths. Commutation allows modulating the imbalance energy away from the balanced energy in Doppler, where it can be mitigated with filtering.
Verifying the Hilali conjecture up to formal dimension twenty

We prove that in formal dimension $$\le 20$$ the Hilali conjecture holds, i.e. that the total dimension of the rational homology bounds from above the total dimension of the rational homotopy for a simply connected rationally elliptic space.
Social Capital’s Impact on College Graduation Rates, Debt, and Student Loan Defaults:

This study extends the literature on education economics and student retention by examining social capital as a predictor of college graduation rates, student debt levels, and student loan default ...
Signal Management in Pharmacovigilance: A Review of Activities and Case Studies.

Abstract Purpose After nearly 12 decades of pharmaceutical catastrophes and the associated groundbreaking regulatory innovations, pharmacovigilance has come down to us in the present day as 3 interlocking core disciplines: case management, signal management, and benefit–risk management. This review provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the great variety of sources of safety information, both dependent on and independent of the Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR), and explains how this content undergoes management-system processes with globally accepted definitions, standards, and structures that make possible the ongoing safe use of a pharmaceutical product throughout its lifecycle. This occurs in the context of: (1) new products coming to market with new risks for drug–drug interactions, and (2) new global threats to safe manufacturing and distribution. Methods This narrative review, reflective of the author's experience, uses a large-frame system of signal management developed by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences VIII Working Group and modified by the author to include governance. A key feature of the review is the regular inclusion of relevant case studies to provide a backdrop of the unexpected, with resulting tragic outcomes, to the ever-evolving regulatory landscape. Findings Regarding content, beyond the commonly appreciated sources of safety information that find their way into ICSRs are non–ICSR-based sources, including preclinical data, manufacturing data, findings from subject-matter experts who participate on data-monitoring committees, outside expert panels, advocacy groups, and independent investigator studies. Regarding process, it is important to recognize that governance is crucial in the effective conduct of signal management, in that subject-matter experts are essential to the scientific and medical aspects of decision making, and business and policy executives are essential in determining the final courses of action, as these decisions have implications for the company. Implications Signal management is an integral part of pharmacovigilance practices that strive to obtain all of the information necessary for maintaining the safety profiles of a company's pharmaceutical and biological products, to support favorable benefit–risk balances, and to ensure safe use by health care providers and their patients.
Refractory polyuria secondary to cerebral salt wasting successfully treated with DDAVP and hypertonic saline

Abstract Background Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) is a complication in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and other neurological conditions. It results in hyponatremia and hypovolemia due to unregulated natriuresis and loss of extracellular fluid volume. A lesser recognized mechanism of dysregulation of volume and sodium in aSAH patients is due to varying levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) following the injury to the anterior communicating artery and/or internal carotid arteries. Dysregulation of ADH can make the degree of sodium and volume changes even more difficult to treat in aSAH patients with CSW. Case description A 55-year-old presented to an emergency department with headache and nausea for 5 days. She was found to have aSAH due to a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACOM). Hospital course was complicated by refractory polyuria from CSW and likely dysregulation of ADH secretion managed with intravenous 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) concordantly with hypertonic saline. This combination maintained euvolemia and her serum sodium level. Follow up imaging showed pituitary stalk hyperintensity in the magnetic resonance imaging secondary to ischemic insult. Conclusion Transient ADH deficiency may occur in patients with aSAH from ruptured ACOM aneurysm. ADH deficiency if coexistent with CSW, can result in hyponatremia and refractory polyuria. It is possibly due to vasospasm of anteromedial central and hypophyseal arteries or hypothalamic ischemia. DDAVP in combination with hypertonic saline can be safely used to treat polyuria in this setting.
Fracture resistance of hierarchical Cu–Mo nanocomposite thin films

Abstract The fracture behavior of high-temperature co-sputtered Cu/Mo nanocomposite thin films was investigated through in situ 3-point bend testing of pre-notched microbeams in SEM. The as-synthesized nanocomposites present hierarchical nano/microstructures composed of a matrix of phase-separated Cu–Mo with nanoscale ligaments dispersed with sub-micron scale Cu-rich islands containing Mo nano-precipitates. Results show a significant crack growth resistance in the hierarchical nanocomposite, several times higher than that measured in Cu/Mo nanoscale multilayers. Based on electron microscopy characterization, three mechanisms of crack growth resistance in the hierarchical structures are proposed: crack bridging by the Cu-rich layer, crack deflection via shear along the Cu/Mo interface, and multiple cracking. This work demonstrates an approach to increase toughness in high strength nanocomposites through interface micro-structure design.
Dysregulation of adipose ILC2 underlies thermogenic failure in aging

Abstract Aging impairs the integrated immunometabolic responses which have evolved to maintain core body temperature in homeotherms to survive cold-stress, infections, and dietary restriction. Adipose tissue inflammation regulates the thermogenic stress response but how adipose tissue-resident cells instigate thermogenic failure in aged are unknown. Here, we define alterations in the adipose-resident immune system and identify that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are lost in aging. Restoration of ILC2 numbers in aged mice to levels seen in adults through IL-33 supplementation failed to rescue old mice from metabolic impairment and cold-induced lethality. Transcriptomic analyses revealed intrinsic defects in aged ILC2, and adoptive transfer of adult ILC2 are sufficient to protect old mice against cold. Thus, the functional defects in adipose ILC2 during aging drive thermogenic failure. One Sentence Summary Age-related changes in adipose tissue drive reprogramming of ILC2 that leads to impaired cold tolerance
Production of High-power Ultrashort Pulses in the Long-wave Infrared Range

Production of ultrafast coherent radiation in the long-wave infrared range is of significant interest to both fundamental science and applications. We discuss the design and preliminary validation of a method to produce high-power ultrashort long-wave infrared pulses using optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification.
Genetic Predisposition to Numerous Large Ulcerating Basal Cell Carcinomas and Response to Immune Therapy.

Objective Well-defined germ-line mutations in the PTCH1 gene are associated with syndromic multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Here, we used whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify the role of patched-1 in patients with multiple, unusually large BCCs. Methods A 72-year old patient presenting with numerous BCCs progressing to large ulcerating lesions was enrolled. WES was used to identify the pathogenic gene locus. Results Genetic work-up by WES identified a homozygous PTCH1 nonsense mutation in the tumor tissue but not present in her blood cells or in non-lesional skin. In addition, heterozygous missense mutations were identified in three cancer-associated genes (EPHB2, RET, and GALNT12) in blood cells as well as in lesional and non-lesional skin. We also tested systemic immune therapy as a potentially beneficial approach to treat patients with numerous large BCCs on scatted areas of involvement. A rapid and sustained response to nivolumab was noted, suggesting that it is an efficacious drug for long-term therapeutic outcome. Conclusion PTCH1, EPHB2, RET, and GALNT12 may potentially contribute to the synergistic oncogene driven malignant transformation manifesting as multiple, unusually large BCCs.
Mixed Effects of Neighborhood Revitalization on Residents' Cardiometabolic Health.

Introduction Despite the growing recognition of the importance of neighborhood conditions for cardiometabolic health, causal relationships have been difficult to establish owing to a reliance on cross-sectional designs and selection bias. This is the first natural experiment to examine the impact of neighborhood revitalization on cardiometabolic outcomes in residents from 2 predominantly African American neighborhoods, one of which has experienced significant revitalization (intervention), whereas the other has not (comparison). Methods The sample included 532 adults (95% African American, 80% female, mean age=58.9 years) from 2 sociodemographically similar, low-income neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, PA, with preintervention and postintervention measures (2016 and 2018) of BMI, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and covariates. Data were collected in 2016 and 2018 and analyzed in 2020. Results Difference-in-difference analyses showed significant improvement in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in intervention residents relative to that in the comparison neighborhood (β=3.88, 95% CI=0.47, 7.29). There was also a significant difference-in-difference estimate in diastolic blood pressure (β=3.00, 95% CI=0.57, 5.43), with residents of the intervention neighborhood showing a greater increase in diastolic blood pressure than those in the comparison neighborhood. No statistically significant differences were found for other outcomes. Conclusions Investing in disadvantaged neighborhoods has been suggested as a strategy to reduce health disparities. Using a natural experiment, findings suggest that improving neighborhood conditions may have a mixed impact on certain aspects of cardiometabolic health. Findings underscore the importance of examining the upstream causes of health disparities using rigorous designs and longer follow-up periods that provide more powerful tests of causality.
Introduction: Philosophical Foundations of the Law of Torts

This Introduction to Philosophical Foundations of the Law of Torts (John Oberdiek, ed., Oxford University Press, 2014) provides a brief history of the discipline of tort theory, maps out current debates in the field, and introduces the volume's nineteen chapters. Along the way, this Introduction addresses many of the core problems in the philosophy of tort law, draws connections between them.
Wireless and mobility and their security related issues and enhancements: tutorial presentation

In recent years, due to technology advances, we are seeing a phenomenal increase in the number of wireless and mobile users. The wireless and mobile technology has brought its users tremendous convenience. To appreciate these technology advances, this tutorial will introduce the audience the wireless and mobile technology. Additionally, their security related issues will be discussed. The author will also discuss her and her colleague's published work on the enhancement of the wireless network authentication.
The Price of International Business Morality: Twenty Years Under The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

Last year marked the 20th anniversary of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977. The FCPA is the first and only statute prohibiting bribery and other corrupt business practices by U.S. citizens and companies conducting business overseas. This paper provides an overview of the FCPA during the two decades of its existence. More specifically, the objectives of this paper are four-fold. First, the paper provides background information about the FCPA of 1977 and subsequent amendments in 1988. Second, the paper discusses the enforcement of the FCPA since its passage by examining the number of cases prosecuted under the FCPA and the respective penalties imposed. Third, the paper discusses the economic impact of the FCPA by addressing whether the FCPA places U.S. firms at a competitive disadvantage. Fourth, the paper provides public policy recommendations to expand the reach and scope of the FCPA. It covers efforts to criminalize bribery through multilateral organizations, such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organization of American States (OAS). It also covers bilateral arrangements and efforts by non-governmental organizations such as Transparency International.
Exploiting early time response using the half Fourier transform (HFT) for parameter estimation

This paper present a new technique for estimating parameters (frequencies and damping factors) of early time responses. An early time response is composed of damped sinusoids and impulse-like components. Due to the impulse-like components, it is difficult to extract meaningful damped sinusoids. The new technique uses fractional Fourier transforms (FrFT) especially the half Fourier transform (HFT). Unlike the normal Fourier transform, the HFTs of an impulse and a damped exponential are similar, so, impulse components can be separated from the damped exponentials in the HFT domain, which was not possible when using previous techniques. The result from several examples shows that the new technique is good for both damped and undamped exponentials which have impulse-like components.
Signal transduction events mediated by the BDNF receptor gp 145trkB in primary hippocampal pyramidal cell culture

The trkB gene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor, gp145trkB, for brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). To understand the role of gp145trkB in the nervous system, we have investigated its expression in embryonic rat hippocampal pyramidal cell cultures and examined the effects of BDNF on signal transduction in the primary neurons. The expression of trkB transcripts was established by PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. In addition to gp145trkB, the pyramidal neuronal cultures expressed transcripts specific for the NT-3 receptor gp145trkC, but not for the high-affinity NGF receptor gp140trk or for p75LNGFR, a low-affinity receptor for all known members of the NGF family of neurotrophins including the gp145trkB ligands, BDNF and NT-4. The presence of gp145trkB receptors in the primary neuronal cultures was confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis in which > 90% of the cells stained with affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to gp145trkB. Immunoblots using this antibody revealed a single approximately 140 kDa protein in both adult hippocampus and pyramidal cultures. Addition of recombinant BDNF to these cultures induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of gp145trkB, as determined by antiphosphotyrosine staining of gp145trkB immunoprecipitates. Moreover, BDNF treatment activated the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinases, as determined by an increase in MAP2 phosphorylation in vitro. Both the 41 and 44 kDa forms of MAP kinase were activated by BDNF. BDNF also increased c-fos expression in over 90% of the cells. These results indicate that gp145trkB does not require p75LNGFR to form a functional receptor for BDNF in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.
DNA3'pp5'G de-capping activity of aprataxin: effect of cap nucleoside analogs and structural basis for guanosine recognition.

DNA3′pp5′G caps synthesized by the 3′-PO4/5′-OH ligase RtcB have a strong impact on enzymatic reactions at DNA 3′-OH ends. Aprataxin, an enzyme that repairs A5′pp5′DNA ends formed during abortive ligation by classic 3′-OH/5′-PO4 ligases, is also a DNA 3′ de-capping enzyme, converting DNAppG to DNA3′p and GMP. By taking advantage of RtcB's ability to utilize certain GTP analogs to synthesize DNAppN caps, we show that aprataxin hydrolyzes inosine and 6-O-methylguanosine caps, but is not adept at removing a deoxyguanosine cap. We report a 1.5 A crystal structure of aprataxin in a complex with GMP, which reveals that: (i) GMP binds at the same position and in the same anti nucleoside conformation as AMP; and (ii) aprataxin makes more extensive nucleobase contacts with guanine than with adenine, via a hydrogen bonding network to the guanine O6, N1, N2 base edge. Alanine mutations of catalytic residues His147 and His149 abolish DNAppG de-capping activity, suggesting that the 3′ de-guanylylation and 5′ de-adenylylation reactions follow the same pathway of nucleotidyl transfer through a covalent aprataxin-(His147)–NMP intermediate. Alanine mutation of Asp63, which coordinates the guanosine ribose hydroxyls, impairs DNAppG de-capping.
On the Estimability of the PV Single-Diode Model Parameters

The single-diode model is a widely used representation of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic (PV) device. This model relates the PV device's terminal current and voltage at a given irradiance and temperature. In order to obtain reasonable estimates of single-diode model parameters given noisy data, one ought to be able to characterize the estimability of the model parameters. Here, we look to an established method called data cloning to check for evidence of inestimability.
Ventricular arrhythmias in children with an apparently normal heart

Ventricular ectopy occurs frequently in normal children. In the presence of a normal heart, these arrhythmias, including asymptomatic, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, carry a benign prognosis and are not associated with sudden, unexpected death. However, complex ventricular arrhythmias frequently indicate the presence of underlying cardiac disease; patients with such arrhythmias must undergo an appropriately thorough evaluation before decisions regarding prognosis and the need for therapy can be made.
The impact of leadership style and employee empowerment on perceived organizational reputation

Purpose – The purpose of the current study is to examine the impact of organizational leadership style and employee empowerment on employees’ perception of organizational reputation by testing a hypothesized model.Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative on‐line survey was conducted with 700 randomly selected employees from diverse work units of a Fortune 500 company in the United States in February 2011.Findings – The results showed that transformational leadership positively influences employees’ perception of organizational reputation, not only directly but also indirectly, through empowering employees. Transactional leadership has a significant negative direct effect on employees’ perception of organizational reputation. Employees who feel more empowered in terms of perceived competence and decision‐making control have a more favorable evaluation of organizational reputation.Research limitations/implications – By building links between organizational reputation and the two internal antecedent fact...
Phosphoinositide-mediated clathrin adaptor progression at the trans -Golgi network

Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate endocytosis and transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes in eukaryotic cells. Clathrin adaptors play central roles in coat assembly, interacting with clathrin, cargo and membranes. Two main types of clathrin adaptor act in TGN-endosome traffic: GGA proteins and the AP-1 complex. Here we characterize the relationship between GGA proteins, AP-1 and other TGN clathrin adaptors using live-cell and super-resolution microscopy in yeast. We present evidence that GGA proteins and AP-1 are recruited sequentially in two waves of coat assembly at the TGN. Mutations that decrease phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) levels at the TGN slow or uncouple AP-1 coat assembly from GGA coat assembly. Conversely, enhanced PtdIns(4)P synthesis shortens the time between adaptor waves. Gga2p binds directly to the TGN PtdIns(4)-kinase Pik1p and contributes to Pik1p recruitment. These results identify a PtdIns(4)P-based mechanism for regulating progressive assembly of adaptor-specific clathrin coats at the TGN.
Recent advancements and vision toward stretchable bio-inspired networks for intelligent structures:

Significant progress has recently been achieved in structural health monitoring, maturing the technology through quantification, validation, and verification to promote implementation and fielding of SHM. In addition, there is ongoing work seeking to detect damage precursors and to deploy structural health monitoring systems over large areas, moving the technology beyond hot-spot monitoring to global state sensing for full structural coverage. A large number of small sensors of multiple types are necessary in order to accomplish the goals of structural health moni- toring, enabling increased sensing capabilities while reducing parasitic effects on host structures. Conventional sen- sors are large and heavy, adding to the weight of a structure and requiring physical accommodation without adding to and potentially degrading the strength of the overall structure. Increased numbers of sensors must also be deployed to span large areas while maintaining or increasing sensing resolution and capabilities. Traditionally, these sensors are assembled, wired, and installed individually, by hand, making mass deployment prohibitively time consum- ing and expensive. In order to overcome these limitations, the Structures and Composites Lab at Stanford University has worked to develop bio-inspired microfabricated stretchable sensor networks. Adopting the techniques of com- plementary metal-oxide semiconductor and microelectromechanical system fabrication, new methods are being developed to create integrated networks of large numbers of various micro-scale sensors, processors, switches, and all wiring in a single fabrication process. Then the networks are stretched to span areas orders of magnitude larger than the original fabrication area and deployed onto host structures. The small-scale components enable interlaminar installation in laminar composites or adhesive layers of built-up structures while simultaneously minimizing parasitic effects on the host structure. Additionally, data processing and interpretation capabilities could be embedded into the network before material integration to make the material truly multifunctional and intelligent once fully deployed. This article reviews the current accomplishments and future vision for these systems in the pursuit of state sensing and intelligent materials for self-diagnostics and health monitoring.
Improved prediction of rat cortical bone mechanical behavior using composite beam theory to integrate tissue level properties

Tissue level characteristics of bone can be measured by nanoindentation and microspectroscopy, but are challenging to translate to whole bone mechanical behavior in this hierarchically structured material. The current study calculated weighted section moduli from microCT attenuation values based on tissue level relationships (Z(lin,a) and Z(lin,b)) between mineralization and material properties to predict whole bone mechanical behavior. Z(lin,a) was determined using the equation of the best fit linear regression between indentation modulus from nanoindentation and mineral:matrix ratio from Raman spectroscopy. To better represent the modulus of unmineralized tissue, a second linear regression with the intercept fixed at 0 was used to calculate Z(lin,b). The predictive capability of the weighted section moduli calculated using a tissue level relationship was compared with average tissue level properties and weighted section moduli calculated using an apparent level relationship (Z(exp)) between Young's Modulus and mineralization. A range of bone mineralization was created using vitamin D deficiency in growing rats. After 10 weeks, left femurs were scanned using microCT and tested to failure in 3 point bending. Contralateral limbs were used for co-localized tissue level mechanical properties by nanoindentation and compositional measurements by Raman microspectroscopy. Vitamin D deficiency reduced whole bone stiffness and strength by ∼35% and ∼30%, respectively, but only reduced tissue mineral density by ∼10% compared with Controls. Average tissue level properties did not correlate with whole bone mechanical behavior while Z(lin,a), Z(lin,b), and Z(exp) predicted 54%, 66%, and 80% of the failure moment respectively. This study demonstrated that in a model for varying mineralization, the composite beam model in this paper is an improved method to extrapolate tissue level data to macro-scale mechanical behavior.
The Role of Grain Boundary Diffusion in Initial Selective Oxidation Kinetics of a Manganese-Aluminum TRIP Steel

Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used in real-time observation of alloy element oxidation of a manganese/aluminum transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel. CSLM images reveal a marked role of grain boundaries in the overall initial oxidation kinetics of the alloy and consequently in the morphology of the initial surface oxide. Changing the grain size and the oxidation temperature results in a change in the overall kinetics of selective oxidation and in the importance of oxidation at grain boundaries, respectively. Electron backscattered diffraction mapping was used to characterize the grain boundaries intersecting the surface over an area of the alloy. Subsequent CSLM observation of selective oxidation over the same area allowed quantification of oxidation kinetics as a function of individual grain boundary misorientation.
Analysis of dechlorination kinetics of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by Fe(II) in cement slurries

Degradative solidification/stabilization with ferrous iron (DS/S-Fe(II)) has been found to be effective in degrading a number of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons including 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-TeCA), tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF). Previous studies have characterized degradation kinetics in DS/S-Fe(II) systems as affected by Fe(II) dose, pH and initial target organic concentration. The goal of this study is to investigate the importance of various chemical properties on degradation kinetics of DS/S-Fe(II). This was accomplished by first measuring rate constants for degradation of 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,2,2-TeCA and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) in individual batch experiments. Rate constants developed in these experiments and those obtained from the literature were related to thermodynamic parameters including one-electron reduction potential, two-electron reduction potential, bond dissociation energy and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies. Degradation kinetics by Fe(II) in cement slurries were generally represented by a pseudo-first-order rate law. The results showed that the rate constants for chlorinated methanes (e.g. CT, CF) and chlorinated ethanes (e.g. 1,1,1-TCA) were higher than those for chlorinated ethylenes (e.g. PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE and VC) under similar experimental conditions. The log of the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k) was found to correlate better with lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies (E(LUMO)) (R2=0.874) than with other thermodynamic parameter descriptors.
Clustering-based incremental web crawling

When crawling resources, for example, number of machines, crawl-time, and so on, are limited, so a crawler has to decide an optimal order in which to crawl and recrawl Web pages. Ideally, crawlers should request only those Web pages that have changed since the last crawl; in practice, a crawler may not know whether a Web page has changed before downloading it. In this article, we identify features of Web pages that are correlated to their change frequency. We design a crawling algorithm that clusters Web pages based on features that correlate to their change frequencies obtained by examining past history. The crawler downloads a sample of Web pages from each cluster, and depending upon whether a significant number of these Web pages have changed in the last crawl cycle, it decides whether to recrawl the entire cluster. To evaluate the performance of our incremental crawler, we develop an evaluation framework that measures which crawling policy results in the best search results for the end-user. We run experiments on a real Web data set of about 300,000 distinct URLs distributed among 210 Web sites. The results demonstrate that the clustering-based sampling algorithm effectively clusters the pages with similar change patterns, and our clustering-based crawling algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in that it can improve the quality of the user experience for those who query the search engine.
Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence.

This article is a synopsis of a triarchic theory of human intelligence. The theory comprises three subtheories: a contextual subtheory, which relates intelligence to the external world of the individual; a componential subtheory, which relates intelligence to the individual's internal world; and a two-facet subtheory, which relates intelligence to both the external and internal worlds. The contextual subtheory defines intelligent behavior in terms of purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one's life. The normal course of intelligent functioning in the everyday world entails adaptation to the environment; when the environment does not fit one's values, aptitudes, or interests, one may attempt to shape the environment so as to achieve a better person-environment fit; when shaping fails, an attempt may be made to select a new environment that provides a better fit. The two-facet subtheory further constrains this definition by regarding as most relevant to the demonstration of intelligence contextually intelligent behavior that involves either adaptation to novelty, automatization of information processing, or both. Efficacious automatization of processing allows allocation of additional resources to the processing of novelty in the environment; conversely, efficacious adaptation to novelty allows automatization to occur earlier in one's experience with new tasks and situations. The componential subtheory specifies the mental mechanisms responsible for the learning, planning, execution, and evaluation of intelligent behavior. Metacomponents of intelligence control one's information processing and enable one to monitor and later evaluate it; performance components execute the plans constructed by the metacomponents; knowledge-acquisition components selectively encode and combine new information and selectively compare new information to old so as to allow new information to be learned.
Beurling’s Phenomenon in Two Variables

In the Hardy space over the unit disk H 2(D), every shift-invariant subspace M is of the form ψH 2(D)) for some inner function ψ by Beurling’s theorem, and the reproducing kernel of M is $$ K^{M}_{\lambda}(z)=\frac{\overline{\psi}(\lambda)\psi(z)}{1-\overline{\lambda} z} $$ . The fact that ψ is inner implies that $$ (1 - |\lambda|^2)K^{M}_{\lambda}(\lambda) $$ is subharmonic and has boundary value 1 almost everywhere on T. In the two variable space H 2(D 2), things are far more complicated and there is no similar characterization of invariant subspaces M in terms of inner functions. However, we will show in this paper an analogous phenomenon in terms of reproducing kernels, namely, $$ (1 - |\lambda_1|^2)(1 - |\lambda_2|^2)K^{M}_{(\lambda_1, \lambda_2)}(\lambda_1, \lambda_2) $$ is subharmonic and has boundary value 1 almost everywhere on T 2. The proof uses an index theorem obtained recently.
Immortalized rat Schwann cells produce tumours in vivo

We have recently reported the immortalization of primary Schwann cells isolated from sciatic nerves of normal neonatal rats. The cells were maintained under continuous mitogenic stimulation with glial growth factor and forskolin, achieving immortalization after 12 to 15 weeks without the use of viral infection, oncogene transformation or chemical carcinogens. The immortalized cells (1.17 cells) initially retain the capability to recognize and attach to peripheral neurons in culture as well as the ability to myelinate those neurons. The functional capacity of the cells gradually diminishes in culture, such that late passage cells can ensheath neurons but cannot form a myelin sheath. Both normal and immortalized cells secrete comparable amounts of autocrine growth factor activity in culture that can be regulated by extracellular matrix proteins. The difference between quiescent and immortalized Schwann cells seems to lie not in the production of growth factor but rather in the relative ability to respond to the factor(s). To test the potential of the immortalized Schwann cells for the ability to form tumoursin vivo, we injected equal numbers of primary or immortalized Schwann cells into the sciatic nerve of adult syngenic rats and allowed them to incubate there for 6 to 13 weeks, whereupon the injected nerves were inspected for tumour formation. In every case (N=3) the primary cells had no effect whereas every injection of immortalized cells (N=5) resulted in a solid cellular mass surrounding the injected nerve. The tumours were encapsulated masses of actively dividing Schwann-like cells that surrounded but did not invade the nerve fascicle. The cells in the tumour expressed the Schwann cell surface antigens laminin, 217C (Ran 1) and S-100 like the immortalized cells that had been injected. Within the tumour the cells were embedded in a collagenous matrix, were surrounded by basal lamina and occasionally attained an orientation comparable to the Antoni A or Antoni B patterns typical of human schwannomas. These data suggest that rat Schwann cells immortalizedin vitro by chronic mitogenic stimulation can provide an experimental animal model for human schwannomas and neurofibromas.
Constitutive equations for turbulent flows

This review is intended to provide both the specialist and non-specialist in the field of turbulence with a continuum mechanics perspective on developing closure models needed in the description of turbulent flows. Modeling considerations applicable to isothermal, incompressible turbulent flows are discussed within the framework of Reynolds-averaged transport equations for the statistical moments.
Thermostable Biocatalytic Films of Enzymes and Polylysine on Electrodes and Nanoparticles in Microemulsions

Microemulsions of oil, water and surfactant were evaluated as media for biocatalysis at high temperatures employing films of polylysine (PLL) and the enzymes horseradish peroxidase (HRP), soybean peroxidase (SBP) and the protein myoglobin (Mb). PLL was covalently linked to oxidized pyrolytic graphite electrodes or carboxylated 500 nm diameter silica nanoparticles, then cross-linked by amidization to HRP, SBP and Mb. The resulting film systems were stable at 90 degrees C for >12 h in microemulsions. Characterization of the microemulsions by conductivity, viscosity and probe diffusion coefficients suggested that these media have bicontinuous microstructures from 25 to 90 degrees C. UV circular dichroism and visible spectroscopy confirmed that the enzymes retained near-native conformation in the films at temperatures as high as 90 degrees C. Oxidation of o-methoxyphenol to 3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-biphenoquinone by enzyme-PLL films on silica nanoparticles gave yields 3-5-fold larger in microemulsions at 90 degrees C compared to the same reaction at 25 degrees C. The best yields were in CTAB microemulsions and were 3-fold larger than in buffers at 90 degrees C.
Soil catenas of calcareous tills, Whiskey Basin, Wyoming, USA

Abstract We describe catenas developed on calcareous moraines of Pinedale (∼21–15 ka) and Bull Lake (>130–100 ka) ages at Whiskey Basin on the eastern flank of the Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA. We sampled one catena of each age from each of two separate moraine fields: the Jakey's Fork and Torrey Creek valleys. Soils of the Bull Lake catena at Jakey's Fork are more developed than those of the corresponding Pinedale catena: they have thicker sola, more horizons, more pedogenic clay, and more pedogenic carbonate presumably, because of their greater age. The Weighted Mean Profile Development Index does not distinguish between the Torrey Creek catenas. Pedogenic carbonate content is greater in the Torrey Creek Pinedale catena than the corresponding Bull Lake catena, and pedogenic clay is greater in the Bull Lake catena. Catenas on the Jakey's Fork moraines are generally more developed than corresponding catenas on the Torrey Creek moraines. We suggest that differences in catena development mostly result from the differences in slope length between the Jakey's Fork and Torrey Creek catenas. The Jakey's Fork catenas are shorter than those of the Torrey Creek, which appears to lessen the role that topographic position plays in catena development.