cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catecholamines in Attention Deficit Disorders

A multistage hypothesis emphasizing the interaction of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and dopamine in the modulation of attention and impulse control is presented by the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
Region Matching in Pyramids for Dynamic Scene Analysis

Dynamic scene analysis systems extract information about surfaces and their motion characteristics from a sequence of images representing the scene, acquired using a camera which may itself be moving. Though motion helps segmentation, dynamic scene analysis systems have to work with a very large volume of data. A real-time system for the extraction of moving surfaces and the computation of the motion characteristics of the surfaces will require a special architecture and special data structures [19.1, 2]. Pyramidal data structures allow the planning and computation of some properties of pictures to be performed at lower resolutions [19.3–12]. In some cases, one may use a pyramidal organization of processors to compute some properties on the fly [19.13]. In this paper, we present a scheme for pyramidal, real-time region matching in a dynamic scene analysis system, and then discuss some algorithms for the pyramid machine.
Neonatal inhibition of Na +-K +-2Cl --cotransporter prevents ketamine induced spatial learning and memory impairments

Prolonged ketamine exposure in neonates at anesthetic doses is known to cause long-term impairments of learning and memory. A current theoretical mechanism explains this phenomenon as being neuro-excitotoxicity mediated by compensatory upregulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), which then initiates widespread neuroapoptosis. Additionally, the excitatory behavior of GABAergic synaptic transmission mediated by GABAA receptors (GABAARs), occurring during the early neuronal development period, is proposed as contributing to the susceptibility of neonatal neurons to ketamine-induced injury. This is due to differential developmental expression patterns of Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- co-transporter. Studies have shown that bumetanide, an NKCC1 inhibitor, allows neurons to become inhibitory rather than excitatory early in development. We thus hypothesized that bumetanide co-administration during ketamine treatment would reduce over excitation and protect the neurons from excitotoxicity. In this initial study, the Morris Water Maze test was used to assess the effects of co-administration of ketamine and bumetanide to neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats on long-term learning and memory changes seen later in life. It was revealed that bumetanide, when co-treated with ketamine neonatally, significantly impeded behavioral deficits typically seen in animals exposed to ketamine alone. Therefore, these findings suggest a new mechanism by which neonatal ketamine induced learning impairments can be prevented.
Sparse State Recovery Versus Generalized Maximum-Likelihood Estimator of a Power System

This letter shows that the sparse state recovery optimization method is equivalent to the well-known Huber M-estimator, and then justifies its robustness to bad data. We derive the total influence functions of the Huber M-estimator and the generalized maximum-likelihood (GM)-estimator, and give a formal proof that the Huber M-estimator is vulnerable to bad leverage points while the GM-estimator can handle them. Numerical results carried out on various IEEE systems validate our theoretical results.
Mask crosstalk defect between develop to etch process

As technical advances continue, the pattern size of semiconductor circuit has been shrunk. Defect control becomes tighter due to decrease in defect size that affects the image printed on the wafer. It is critical to the photomask which contained considerably shrunk circuit and ultra high density pattern for sub – 20nm tech device. Therefore particle source from all processes should be controlled extremely. Most of defects generated in mask fabrication processes have been mainly created during each unit process. A different formation mechanism defect which formed between processes to processes is starting to emerge. In this paper, we introduce a very distinctive crosstalk defect between develop to etch process. This defect only in the presence of photoresist, developer, etching species and interaction will produce. We also successful to reproduce this crosstalk defect by particle monitor mask without exposing the production pattern. By the experiment results we will bring forward the possible defect generation mechanism. Based on this understanding, appropriate solution to mitigate defects caused by crosstalk defect between develop to etch will be proposed.
Preferred Orientations in Iodide Titanium

The wire textures for cold rolled and recrystallized iodide titanium and the sheet textures for this material produced by cold and hot rolling, and recrystallization at a series of temperatures were determined. The effect of the α → β transformation on the sheet texture was noted.
Climate-driven diversity change in annual grasslands: Drought plus deluge does not equal normal

Climate forecasts agree that increased variability and extremes will tend to reduce the availability of water in many terrestrial ecosystems. Increasingly severe droughts may be exacerbated both by warmer temperatures and by the relative unavailability of water that arrives in more sporadic and intense rainfall events. Using long-term data and an experimental water manipulation, we examined the resilience of a heterogeneous annual grassland community to a prolonged series of dry winters that led to a decline in plant species richness (2000-2014), followed by a near-record wet winter (2016-2017), a climatic sequence that broadly resembles the predicted future in its high variability. In our 80, 5-m2 observational plots, species richness did not recover in response to the wet winter, and the positive relationship of richness to annual winter rainfall thus showed a significant weakening trend over the 18-year time period. In experiments on 100, 1-m2 plots, wintertime water supplementation increased and drought shelters decreased the seedling survival and final individual biomass of native annual forbs, the main functional group contributing to the observed long-term decline in richness. Water supplementation also increased the total cover of native annual forbs, but only increased richness within nested subplots to which seeds were also added. We conclude that prolonged dry winters, by increasing seedling mortality and reducing growth of native forbs, may have diminished the seedbank and thus the recovery potential of diversity in this community. However, the wet winter and the watering treatment did cause recovery of the community mean values of a key functional trait (specific leaf area, an indicator of drought intolerance), suggesting that some aggregate community properties may be stabilized by functional redundancy among species.
Exploring the influence of institutional pressures and production capability on the environmental practices - Environmental performance relationship in advanced and developing economies

Abstract This paper investigates the influence of advanced and developing economies on the adoption of environmental practices and the influence of those environmental practices on environmental performance. Furthermore, production capability is investigated as a conditional effect on the relationship between environmental practices and environmental performance. Specifically, using a sample of approximately 450 globally located manufacturing plants, the Resource Based View (RBV), Practice Based View (PBV) and Institutional theory were utilized to develop and test a set of hypotheses surrounding how economy influences the neoteric engagement of environmental practices. Data envelopment analysis was utilized to assign production capability scores to these manufacturing plants and then conditional process modeling was used to assess the relationships among type of economy, level of production capability, adoption of environmental practices and environmental performance. The study finds that there is a stronger positive relationship between developing economies and the neoteric adoption of environmental practices as compared to advanced economies. Results also show higher degrees of production capability had a mixed effect on the relationship between environmental practices and environmental performance. The results draw attention to how PBV and RBV may work together to inform how practices affect performance and how production capability reacts uniquely with environmental practices with different strategic foci. This study is one of the first to address the interplay between type of economy and engagement in environmental practices.
Type I Collagen-Mediated Changes in Gene Expression and Function of Prostate Cancer Cells

Increasingly it is recognized that the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in the normal development and differentiated phenotype of cells and tissues (Lee et al, 1999; Bokel et al, 2002). Engagement of ECM molecules by cells through surface receptors, including integrins, results in the activation of signaling pathways along with specific changes in gene expression. Intracellular signals direct proliferation, survival, migration, invasive potential and differentiation (Giancotti et al, 1999). A well characterized example of ECM influence over cell phenotype and gene expression is in the control of mammary epithelial cell differentiation by the particular composition of the ECM (Lee et al, 1999; Hansen et al, 2000). Mammary epithelial cells plated onto laminin-1 matrices express proteins associated with milk production, including s-casein, whereas cells plated onto type I collagen do not. Additionally, laminin-1 confers on mammary epithelial cells the capability of being able to respond fully to prolactincontrolled expression of milk proteins. Cells plated onto type I collagen, however, fail to respond (Streuli et al, 1999). Another familiar example of ECM control over cell differentiation and gene expression occurs during osteoblast differentiation. Early studies indicated that contact with type I collagen is required for normal differentiation and eventual matrix secretion and mineralization (Gronowicz et al, 1994; Takeuchi et al, 1997). Subsequent studies showed that type I collagen directs osteoblast differentiation by influencing the activity of a specific transcription factor Cbfal, also called Runx2, associated with transcriptional activation of a series of genes associated with osteoblast formation (Xiao et al, 1998). The α2β1 integrin serves as the major molecular conduit that mediates type I collagen-dependent osteoblast maturation (Gronowicz et al, 1994; Takeuchi et al, 1997; Xiao et al, 1998). Cbfal/Runx2 activity, in response to type I collagen binding to the α2β1 integrin, is controlled post-translationally by phosphorylation by MAPK (Xiao et al, 2000). These two examples illustrate the importance of the ECM-directed gene expression for cellular differentiation, and highlight the convergence of intracellular signals that are required for phenotypic and genotypic control.
Role of Darrieus-Landau instability in propagation of expanding turbulent flames

In this paper we study the essential role of Darrieus–Landau (DL), hydrodynamic, cellular flame-front instability in the propagation of expanding turbulent flames. First, we analyse and compare the characteristic time scales of flame wrinkling under the simultaneous actions of DL instability and turbulent eddies, based on which three turbulent flame propagation regimes are identified, namely, instability dominated, instability–turbulence interaction and turbulence dominated regimes. We then perform experiments over an extensive range of conditions, including high pressures, to promote and manipulate the DL instability. The results clearly demonstrate the increase in the acceleration exponent of the turbulent flame propagation as these three regimes are traversed from the weakest to the strongest, which are respectively similar to those of the laminar cellularly unstable flame and the turbulent flame without flame-front instability, and thus validating the scaling analysis. Finally, based on the scaling analysis and the experimental results, we propose a modification of the conventional turbulent flame regime diagram to account for the effects of DL instability.
Limiting Retributivism: The Consensus Model of Criminal Punishment

This paper argues that Norval Morris' theory of limiting retributivism should be recognized as the consensus model of criminal punishment. Some version of Morris' approach is embodied in the current sentencing regimes of almost all American states, even sentencing guidelines regimes expressly founded on a Just Deserts model, and in many nations, both in common law and civil law legal systems. Limiting retributivism is popular with practitioners, and makes good sense as a matter of policy, because it strikes an appropriate balance between the conflicting punishment goals and values which are recognized in almost all western countries. The theory accommodates retributive values (especially the importance of limiting maximum sanction severity) along with crime-control goals such as deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and denunciation. It also promotes efficiency, and provides sufficient flexibility to incorporate victim and community participation, local values and resource limitations, and restorative justice programs. Recognizing and promoting a consensus model based on Morris' theory would have considerable value; the theory enjoys widespread support, provides a principled basis to resist persistent political and media pressures to escalate sanction severity, and gives researchers and sentencing policy makers in diverse systems a common framework within which to compare, evaluate, and reform sentencing practices.
Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard model: oil hedging with variance swap and option

In this paper the Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (BN-S) model is implemented to find an optimal hedging strategy for the oil commodity from the Bakken, a new region of oil extraction that is benefiting from fracking technology. The model is analyzed in connection to the quadratic hedging problem and some related analytical results are developed. The results indicate that oil can be optimally hedged with the use of a combination of options and variance swaps. Theoretical results related to the variance process are established and implemented for the analysis of the variance swap. In this paper we also determined the optimal amount of the underlying oil commodity that has to be held for minimizing the hedging error. The model and analysis are used to numerically analyze hedging decisions for managing price risk in Bakken oil commodities. From the numerical results, a number of important features of the usefulness of the Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard model are illustrated.
Repurposing of mTOR Complex Inhibitors Attenuates MCL-1 and Sensitizes to PARP Inhibition

MCL-1, a member of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 family, is a prosurvival protein with an essential DNA repair function. This study aims to test whether inhibition of protein synthesis by mTOR complex (mTORC) inhibitors depletes MCL-1, suppresses homologous recombination (HR) repair, and sensitizes cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Treatment with everolimus decreases MCL-1 in colorectal carcinomas and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells but not glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells with a PTEN mutational background. However, AZD2014, a dual mTORC inhibitor, depletes MCL-1 in GBMs. Further, we show that everolimus decreases 4EBP1 phosphorylation only in colorectal carcinoma, whereas AZD2014 decreases 4EBP1 phosphorylation in both colorectal carcinoma and GBM cells. Combination therapy using everolimus or AZD2014 with olaparib inhibits the growth of clone A and U87-MG xenografts in in vivo and decreases clonogenic survival in in vitro compared with monotherapy. Reintroduction of MCL-1 rescues the survival of cancer cells in response to combination of everolimus or AZD2014 with olaparib. Treatment of cells with mTORC inhibitors and olaparib increases γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci, decreases BRCA1, RPA, and Rad51 foci, impairs phosphorylation of ATR/Chk1 kinases, and induces necroptosis. In summary, mTORC inhibitors deplete MCL-1 to suppress HR repair and increase sensitivity to olaparib both in in vitro and in xenografts. IMPLICATIONS: Targeting the DNA repair activity of MCL-1 in in vivo for cancer therapy has not been tested. This study demonstrates that depleting MCL-1 sensitizes cancer cells to PARP inhibitors besides eliciting necroptosis, which could stimulate antitumor immunity to improve the therapeutic intervention of cancers.
Sequencing of advanced breast cancers to reveal an evolving genetic landscape.

11514Background: Metastatic breast cancers are difficult to treat and generally fatal. Uncovering the genetic landscape of these cancers could reveal the mechanisms of those behaviors. Large sequen...
CHAPTER 3 – The Structure of Matter

This chapter focuses on the electronic and nuclear structure of matter in each type of structure that relates to the optical spectroscopies used for diagnostics. Electrons are assumed to respond instantaneously to any change in nuclear motion because they are 10 3 -10 4 times lighter than atomic nuclei. In the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, the electronic energy levels are determined with the nuclear positions fixed and parameterized. The nuclear motion and structure are then determined by using these calculated electronic energy curves. The total energy of any state is the sum of the electronic and nuclear motion energy, and transitions between these states can be considered as separate transitions between electronic and nuclear motion states. Coupling between electronic and nuclear motion cannot be totally ignored, as is seen by some transition selection rules and resonance effects in spectroscopy and by electron-phonon coupling in solids; these effects are not very important in diagnostics.
Progress Toward Improved Cardiovascular Health in the United States

The Healthy People Initiative has served as the leading disease prevention and health promotion roadmap for the nation since its inception in 1979. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020), the initiative’s cu...
Carbon isotope minima in the South Atlantic during the last deglaciation: evaluating the influence of air-sea gas exchange

Abstract Carbon isotope minima were a ubiquitous feature in the mid-depth (1.5–2.5 km) Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, 14.5–17.5 kyr BP) and the Younger Dryas (YD, 11.6–12.9 kyr BP), with the most likely driver being collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Negative carbon isotope anomalies also occurred throughout the surface ocean and atmosphere, but their timing relative to AMOC collapse and the underlying drivers have remained unclear. Here we evaluate the lead-lag relationship between AMOC variability and surface oceanδ13C signals using high resolution benthic and planktonic stable isotope records from two Brazil Margin cores (located at 1.8 km and 2.1 km water depth). In each case, the decrease in benthicδ13C during HS1 leads planktonicδ13C by 800 ± 200 years. Because the records are based on the same samples, the relative timing is constrained by the core stratigraphy. Our results imply that AMOC collapse initiates a chain of events that propagates through the oceanic carbon cycle in less than 1 kyr. Direct comparison of planktonic foraminiferal and atmospheric records implies a portion of the surface oceanδ13C signal can be explained by temperature-dependent equilibration with a13C-depleted atmosphere, with the remainder due to biological productivity, input of carbon from the abyss, or reduced air-sea equilibration.
The Native Wilderness

Contemporary indigenous activists and writers frequently engage in strategic performances of identity and invoke a heritage of indigenous environmentalism while asserting claims to traditional territories. This rhetorical strategy has a long history. George Copway (Mississauga), the author of The Life, History, and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh and several other books, regularly reinvented his public identity and his authorial personas. Copway’s autobiography doubles as a conversion narrative and an anti-colonial manifesto, and he casts himself by turns as a defiant Mississauga warrior and an assimilated Methodist missionary. The book employs a native wilderness topos that reinforces its subversive political claims and contrasts healthy traditional lifeways with the bodily pollution of alcohol. William Apess (Pequot), the author of A Son of the Forest, also performs multiple identities in the process of condemning colonialism, racism, and genocide. In his autobiography, the native wilderness topos haunts the degraded landscape of New England, highlighting ways that colonial conquest of the land has also ravaged native bodies, particularly by introducing the twin toxins of alcohol and white blood.
An Interprofessional Primary Care-Based Transition of Care Clinic to Reduce Hospital Readmission.

Abstract Background Hospital readmission is a major burden for patients, caregivers, and health systems. Some readmissions may be avoided through timely follow-up in a transition clinic with an interprofessional approach to care. Methods We prospectively evaluated a cohort of adults >18 years, n = 203, who are patients of an affiliated academic internal medicine clinic with University of Florida Health and discharged from the hospital between November 1, 2016, and May 1, 2017. We sought to determine if follow-up in an interprofessional transition-of-care (TCM) clinic after discharge was associated with a reduction in hospital readmission when compared to standard follow-up at 30, 60, and 90 days. Results Follow-up in the TCM clinic was associated with reduced odds of hospital readmission at 90 days by 60%, (odds ratio [OR]: 0.40, P = 0.044, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16-0.97). Although the clinic failed to demonstrate a statistically significant association between clinic follow-up and in readmission at 30 (OR: 0.66, P = 0.36, 95% CI 0.27-1.59) and 60 days (OR: 0.67, P = 0.31, 95% CI 0.31-1.47), fewer readmissions were seen in patients seen by the TCM clinic. Conclusions A primary care nested interprofessional transition-of-care clinic was associated with a reduction in hospital readmission.
Venezuelan Government Strategies for Information War on Twitter

This study analyzed relational data of the communities associated with topics trending during May 2018 on Twitter Venezuela. For the study, data from 31 trending topics were recorded and analyzed to explore their networks’ structure, delimit the active communities, and identify their influencer nodes. After data interpretation, three strategies used by the Venezuelan government on Twitter during the study period were identified as the following: 1) coordination of official and automated accounts to assure reaching the daily trending topics; 2) promotion of distracting hashtags accompanied by emotional, scandalous, misleading, offensive, and/or false messages through trolls, cyborg and bot accounts; 3) hijacking of opposition hashtags to distort their messages and interfere in the conversations of the various opposition communities. The combined deployment of the three strategies constitutes a systematic violation of Venezuelan Internet users’ right to participate in public affairs. Furthermore, these strategies contributed to the violation of the right to free expression and association, access to information, and participation in public affairs debates, which are fundamental to a free, open, and human rights-oriented Internet.
Chapter 15 – Taxation under Asymmetric Information

Chapter 15 explores the implications of asymmetric information on taxation, and later chapters extend the analysis to transfer payments and other public expenditures. Topics include the limitations of lump-sum redistributions under asymmetric information, the limit to redistribution under a sales tax, pareto-efficient taxation under self-selection constraints, optimal income taxation, and tax evasion.
Effect of Paired Stimuli on Joint Attention of Children with ASD

Recently, one of the prominent applications of human-robot interaction is in assistive therapy using humanoids for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These robotic therapies have shown promising results in improvising new communication methodologies, improvement in motor movements, joint attention and physical behavior of the children suffering from ASD. In daily life interactions, multiple types of social cues are used. The focus of this study is on the combination of most commonly used social cues i.e., visual, speech and motion used for improvement in joint attention of autistic child. The paired stimuli combination used in this research are visual plus speech (V+S), speech plus motion (S+M), and motion plus visual (M+V). The paired stimuli of V+S was presented using robot’s blinking eyes and the speech sound “Hello! I am NAO robot”. S+M cue consisted of waving hand with speech sound “Hello! Nice to meet you” and M+V cue was presented as sitting down of the robot with colored eye cue. The aim is to measure the responses of the children towards combination of different social cues in terms of Joint Attention (JA). The duration for which the eye contact is established also gives information about the response of a child towards a certain paired stimulus. The experimentation was carried on 12 subjects over a period of 2 months. The frequency of trials was one trial per week per subject. Each of the subject participated in 8 experiments. The results show that each combination of paired stimuli introduced to the children with ASD has same effect on joint attention of the child. The average accuracy for each type of paired stimuli was 66.23%, 66.40%, and 66.95% respectively.
Causal Pluralism and the Limits of Causal Analysis: A Review of Nancy Cartwright’s 'Hunting Causes and Using Them: Approaches in Philosophy and Economics'

A review essay of Nancy’s Cartwright’s Hunting Causes and Using Them from the perspective of an economist and causal analyst.
What’s all the buzz about? Jollibee, diaspora marketing, and next-stage fast food globalization

Over the past two decades, the Philippines’ leading restaurant brand, Jollibee, has made significant inroads into America’s quick-service dining scene. While previous scholarship has charted the ch...
High School Student Views on the First Amendment: Trends in the 21st Century

The Future of the First Amendment survey series with U.S. high school students, commissioned for the first time 15 years ago by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, takes on increasing importance each year, generating a unique body of evidence that connects to emerging questions in popular culture and policymaking around online speech, journalistic freedom, extreme forms of expression, and personal privacy, among other important issues. This research report offers a number of other insights that may be useful to parents, educators, and policymakers as they contemplate new approaches on a variety of pressing topics, from the shape of civics curricula to policies specifying which kinds of student speech should be tolerated on social media. Further, the report provides a barometer of how society is raising the next generation to see the core First Amendment commitments of the country. In 2019, America marks both the 100th anniversary of its first major Supreme Court decisions interpreting speech under the First Amendment and the 50th anniversary of its landmark ruling protecting student political expression in schools. This report explores the implications of changing student interpretations of the First Amendment and how such changes may affect American society in the long term.
Could Improved Microcirculation Reverse the Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome? A Review.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, (FASDs) are a spectrum of neurodevelopmental and cognitive conditions, caused by the consumption of alcohol in varying amounts in utero that affect an estimated 1 - 5% of the general population in the United States. The effects of the spectrum of disorders are lifelong, resulting in often significant learning difficulties, cognitive deficits, and behavioral issues. It is known that blood flow and microcirculation to the brain are affected by the consumption of alcohol in utero, and that microcirculation and neurology are intimately linked, with changes in the former having drastic effects on the latter. The purpose of the current review is to analyze whether improvement in microcirculation in the infant or child with FASDs could affect quality of clinical outcomes in the spectrum of disorders, or lead to the improvement of disorder-related symptoms. Scientific evidence from the literature suggests that, in theory, improving cerebral microcirculation in the infant or young child with FASDs could lead to a corresponding improvement in neurological health, and potentially an improvement in cerebral development, which may in theory lead to a lessening of symptoms. Further review into the connection between microcirculation and neurological health, and correspondingly, clinical outcomes in patients with neurological deficits, is warranted.
Body mass index trend and variability in rheumatoid arthritis

To characterize and compare trends in body mass index (BMI) and variability in BMI between subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and matched non-RA subjects and to determine predictors of BMI trends and variability within RA subjects. This retrospective population-based cohort study included 1114 Olmsted County, Minnesota residents, 558 with incident RA (age $$\ge$$ 18 years, 1987 ACR criteria met in 1995–2009) and 556 non-RA subjects from the same underlying population with similar age, sex, and index calendar year. All subjects were followed until death, migration, or 12/31/2018. Generalized linear models with smoothing splines and random effects to account for multiple measurements per subject were used to examine trends in BMI measurements over time. Mean BMI of patients with incident RA (28.8 kg/m2) was not significantly different from that of non-RA subjects (28.9 kg/m2). There was no significant difference in BMI trends over time between RA and non-RA cohorts, or between seropositive for rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or citrullinated antibody (CCP-antibody) and seronegative RA patients, or between male and female subjects. RA subjects were noted to have significantly higher BMI variability following diagnosis compared to non-RA subjects [difference in standard deviation between RA and non-RA subjects prior to index (p = 0.12), 0–5 years after index (p = 0.044), and 5–15 years after index (p = 0.013)]. The BMI trajectory of the RA population is not significantly different compared to that of the non-RA population, but patients with RA demonstrate higher variability in BMI following diagnosis compared to the non-RA population.
Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in infants and is associated with increased mortality, respiratory morbidity, neurodevelopmental impairment, and increased healthcare costs. In parallel with advances made in the field of neonatal intensive care, the phenotype of BPD has evolved from a fibrocystic disease affecting late preterm infants to one of impaired parenchymal development and dysregulated vascular growth predominantly affecting infants born before 29 weeks’ gestational age. BPD has been shown to have significant lifelong consequences. Adults with BPD have been found to have abnormal lung function tests, reduced exercise tolerance, and may be at increased risk for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Evidence shows that BPD occurs secondary to genetic-environmental interactions in an immature lung. In this review, we evaluate the various clinical definitions, imaging modalities, and biomarker data that are helpful in making an early diagnosis of BPD. In addition, we evaluate recent evidence about the prevention and treatment of BPD. We discuss the invasive and non-invasive ventilation strategies and pharmacological agents used in the early, evolving, and established phases of BPD.
Tax Accounting Research on Corporate Investment: A Discussion of The Impact of IP Box Regimes on the M&A Market by Bradley, Ruf, and Robinson

In The Impact of IP Box Regimes on the M&A Market, Bradley, Robinson, and Ruf (2021) study whether and to what extent tax incentives for intellectual property affect corporate M&A investment activity. The paper finds that a 1.0 percentage point tax benefit leads to a 1.2% increase in M&A activity in a country after the implementation of an Intellectual Property (IP) Box tax regime. Results vary based on country-specific IP Box requirements, as well as firm-specific characteristics such as patent ownership and acquirer nationality. My discussion offers more cautious interpretations of the empirical results related to statutory country-specific requirements of these regimes and raises concerns about the type and timing of firm responses. More generally, I outline how this paper and other work by tax researchers in Accounting contributes to the broader literature studying the relation between corporate tax policies and investment activity.
Cerebral ventriculomegaly after the bidirectional Glenn (BDG) shunt: a single-institution retrospective analysis.

The bidirectional Glenn (BDG) procedure involves the anastomosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) to the pulmonary artery, increasing central venous pressure (CVP). We hypothesize that this increase in CVP triggers an acute neurologic insult, leading to ventriculomegaly. In this retrospective analysis in a tertiary care children’s hospital, we identified 167 patients who underwent the BDG procedure between August 2006 and July 2013. Within this initial cohort, 24 patients had head imaging (CT, MRI, or ultrasound) performed both before and after the BDG. From head imaging available from these 24 patients, we measured the frontal-occipital horn ratio (FOR), a well-validated measure of lateral ventricle size. Using central venous catheter data, we assessed postoperative CVP at 12, 24, and 48 h. Paired t tests and linear regression were used to evaluate our cohort. Median age at surgery was 4.9 months. Paired analysis revealed that median FOR significantly increased between preoperative (median 0.38, IQR 0.37–0.41) and postoperative (median 0.42, IQR 0.40–0.45) head images (p = 0.005). Increasing change in FOR was associated with increased 12-h (R 2 = 0.369, p = 0.003) but not 24- or 48-h postoperative CVP. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate ventriculomegaly developing after the BDG. Physiologically, increasing CVP after the BDG was associated with greater change in lateral ventricle size. This supports the contention that increasing CVP produced during the BDG may damage the developing brain. This study has informed a prospective evaluation of a link between the BDG procedure and neurologic outcomes.
Estimation of Radiation Resistance Values of Microorganisms in Food Products

Abstract Several statistical methods, including the conventional technique of Schmidt and Nank, were evaluated for estimating radiation resistance values of various strains of Clostridium botulinum by the use of partial spoilage data from an inoculated ham pack study. Procedures based on quantal response were preferred. The tedious but rigorous probit maximum likelihood determination was used as a standard of comparison. Weibull's graphical treatment was the method of choice because it is simple to utilize, it is mathematically sound, and its ld50 values agreed closely with the reference standard. In addition, it offers a means for analyzing the type of microbial death kinetics that occur in the pack (exponential, normal, log normal, or mixed distributions), and it predicts the probability of microbial death with any radiation dose used, as well as the dose needed to destroy any given number of organisms, without the need to assume the death pattern of the partial spoilage data. The Weibull analysis indicated a normal type kinetics of death for C. botulinum spores in irradiated cured ham rather than an exponential order of death, as assumed by the Schmidt-Nank formula. The Weibull 12D equivalent of a radiation process, or the minimal radiation dose (MRD), for cured ham was consistently higher than both the experimental sterilizing dose (ESD) and the Schmidt-Nank average MRD. The latter calculation was lower than the ESD in three of the five instances examined, which seems unrealistic. The Spearman-Karber estimate was favored as the arithmetic technique on the bases of ease of computation, close agreement with the reference method, and providing confidence limits for the ld50 values.
Down-Regulating the Expression of 53 Soybean Transcription Factor Genes Uncovers a Role for SPEECHLESS in Initiating Stomatal Cell Lineages during Embryo Development

We used an RNA interference screen to assay the function of 53 transcription factor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that accumulate specifically within soybean (Glycine max) seed regions, subregions, and tissues during development. We show that basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor genes represented by Glyma04g41710 and its paralogs are required for the formation of stoma in leaves and stomatal precursor complexes in mature embryo cotyledons. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these bHLH transcription factor genes are orthologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SPEECHLESS (SPCH) that initiate asymmetric cell divisions in the leaf protoderm layer and establish stomatal cell lineages. Soybean SPCH (GmSPCH) mRNAs accumulate primarily in embryo, seedling, and leaf epidermal layers. Expression of Glyma04g41710 under the control of the SPCH promoter rescues the Arabidopsis spch mutant, indicating that Glyma04g41710 is a functional ortholog of SPCH. Developing soybean embryos do not form mature stoma, and stomatal differentiation is arrested at the guard mother cell stage. We analyzed the accumulation of GmSPCH mRNAs during soybean seed development and mRNAs orthologous to MUTE, FAMA, and INDUCER OF C-REPEAT/DEHYDRATION RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR EXPRESSION1/SCREAM2 that are required for stoma formation in Arabidopsis. The mRNA accumulation patterns provide a potential explanation for guard mother cell dormancy in soybean embryos. Our results suggest that variation in the timing of bHLH transcription factor gene expression can explain the diversity of stomatal forms observed during plant development.
CASES-97: LATE-MORNING WARMING AND MOISTENING OF THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER THE WALNUT RIVER WATERSHED

Aircraft, radiosonde, surface-flux, and boundary-layer windprofiler data from the Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study's 1997 field project, CASES-97, are combined with synoptic data to study the evolution of the vertically-averaged mixed-layerpotential temperature [Θ]and mixing-ratio [Q] onthree nearly-cloudless days from 1000 CST to 1200CST (local noon is approximately 1230 CST). This was achieved through examination of the terms in the time-tendency (`budget')equations for [Θ]and [Q]. We estimate three of the terms –local time rate of change, vertical flux divergence, andhorizontal advection. For the [Q]-budget, vertical flux divergence usually dominates, buthorizontal advection is significant on one of the three days. The [Q]-budget balances for two of the three days to within the large experimental error. For the Θ-budget,vertical flux divergence accounts for most of the morningwarming, with horizontal advection of secondary importance.The residual in the Θ-budget has the same sign for all three days, indicating that not all the heating is accounted for. We can balance the [Θ]-budgets to within experimental error on two of the three days by correcting the vertical-flux divergence for apparent low biases in the flux measurements of one of the aircraft and in the surface fluxes, and accounting for direct heating of the mixed layer by radiative flux divergence allowing for the effects of carbonaceous aerosols. The [Θ];-budget with these corrections also balances on the third day if horizontal gradients from synoptic maps are used to estimate the horizontal advection. However, the corrected budget for this day does not balance if the horizontal gradient in the advection term is estimated using CASES-97aircraft and radiosondes; we suggest that persistent mesoscale circulations led to an overestimate of the horizontal gradient andhence horizontal advection.
A Modified Thin-Film Oxygen Uptake Test (TFOUT) for the Evaluation of Lubricant Stability in ASTM Sequence IIIE Test

A modified thin-film oxygen uptake test (MTFOUT) has been developed for use with oils for the ASTM Sequence IIIE test. The thin-film oxygen uptake test (ASTM D4742) was originally developed to evaluate the oxidation stability of automotive crankcase lubricants under conditions similar to ASTM engine sequence IIID test. The test utilized fuel fractions and mixed metals catalysts to simulate the chemical environments in the engine test. Results on reference oils from TFOUT have been shown to agree with those obtained from the ASTM IIID sequence test. Recently, ASTM Sequence IIIE test was developed to replace the IIID. The IIIE defines a new oil category having improved performance in oxidation, wear and deposits. The oxidation severity of IIIE is increased by using smaller oil charge and increased blow-by to oil charge ratio. There are two technical issues with TFOUT: effectiveness in simulating IIIE conditions and the ability to rank oils containing copper inhibitors with oils that do not. The metals catalyst was reformulated and the fuel catalyst was modified. The new catalyst package appears to be effective in simulating IIIE conditions on a series of reference oils. Validation of the modified TFOUT awaits further user experience.
Protein Structure Introduction

The term “protein” originates from the Greek word proteios, meaning “primary” or “of first rank”. The name was adapted by Jons Berzelius in 1838 to emphasize the importance of this class of molecules.Indeed, proteins play crucial, life-sustaining biological roles, both as constituent molecules and as triggers of physiological processes for all living things. For example, proteins provide the architectural support in muscle tissues, ligaments, tendons, bones, skin, hair, organs, and glands. Their environment-tailored structures make possible the coordinated function (motion, regulation, etc.) in some of these assemblies.
Nonspecificity of Urinary Lead Measurements by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy A Spectrophotometric Method for Correction

Lead measurements by direct AAS at 217 nm on a pooled urine sample gave values of 57 µg/l by the method of standard additions. In contrast, dithizone procedures gave values of 15-20 µg/l. Studies demonstrated that various urine salts and organic compounds contributed to the absorbance at 217 nm. These native urine materials also give a similar absorbance value at 220 nm, a line not related to lead emitted by the lead hollow cathode tube. Thus, correction of the nonlead absorbance was possible by subtracting the A220 from A217. Utilizing this correction, the standard addition procedure gave values of 12 µg/l. The correction technic was also applied to the lead isolation-concentration technic of Kopito and Shwachman (3) which employs bismuth coprecipitation. The simplicity of operations, increased sensitivity and reproducibility obtained by coupling the AAS correction technic with bismuth coprecipitation recommends it as a method for serious consideration.
Laser printer output of digitized EEG waveforms

A method is described for stripchart style output of multichannel EEG waveforms from a computerized data acquisition system using a laser printer optimized for the task. The printer formats the binary digitized data, transmitted from the host computer. Data transmission and page formatting parameters are specified by an initialization sequence sent to the printer ahead of the multipage stream data. Scaling and formatting are performed in real time by the laser printer controller using a fast line-drawing algorithm to connect the data points. Vector graphics and ASCII text can be overlaid on the waveform image for axes, grids, and labels. A typical 10-s page of 16-channel EEG data (13-b sample at 200 Hz) is printed at a rate of 15 'pages/min'. The resolution of 400 dots per inch (DPI) provides higher-quality traces than traditional pen recorders. >
Contemporary testing for enteric pathogens: the potential for cost, time, and health care savings.

We sent a questionnaire to 79 clinical microbiology laboratories seeking information on contemporary practices when investigating for bacterial and protozoan enteric pathogens. Data from the 67 respondents (response rate of 85%) showed that a minority of laboratories (40% for stool culture and 45% for ova and parasite [O&P] examinations) had restrictions for testing in place and that fewer laboratories (24% for stool culture and 19% for O&P examinations) rejected specimens from patients who had been in the hospital for > 3 days. Using two estimates, 15 and 40%, for the proportion of all specimens received from patients in the hospital for > 3 days, we calculated savings for the average hospital in this survey. Reagent savings of $4,000 to $10,000 and time savings of 274 to 731 h per year might have been realized. Moreover, between $26,000 and $71,000 in patient charges could have been prevented. On the basis of this survey, wider application of rejection criteria when testing for enteric pathogens appears possible. If implemented, savings to the nation9s health care system could be between $27 and $73 million a year.
Early diagnosis of pancreatic infection by computed tomography-guided aspiration

We performed 92 computed tomography-guided percutaneous needle aspirations of pancreatic inflammatory masses in 60 patients suspected of harboring pancreatic infection. Thirty-six patients (60%) were found by Gram stain and culture to have a total of 41 separate episodes of pancreatic infection. Among 42 aspirates judged to be infected by computed tomography-guided aspiration, all but one were confirmed by surgery or indwelling catheter drainage. Among 50 aspirates judged to be sterile, no subsequent evidence of infection was found. All patients tolerated the procedure well and no complications were noted. As a result of this technique, we observed that pancreatic infection occurs earlier than has been previously appreciated (within 14 days of the onset of pancreatitis in 20 of the 36 patients) and that infection may recur during prolonged bouts of pancreatitis. We conclude that guided aspiration is a safe, accurate method for identifying infection of the pancreas at an early stage.
A Study of Syphilis in the Etiology of Uveitis

The methods by which syphilis is diagnosed or excluded in uveitis cases are described. Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic measures are employed in the study. In a series of 354 cases of uveitis 5.9 percent were found to have syphilis. Antisyphilitic treatment was distinctly beneficial in one third of these. Read in a symposium on uveitis at the second annual meeting of the Association for Research in Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, June 9, 1931. From the Section on Dermatology and Syphilology, The Mayo Clinic.