cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subdural Catheter Injection of Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Residual Hematoma Post Drainage of Acute-on-Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Novel Case Report of 2 Patients.

Background Residual hematoma after operative management of acute subdural hematoma contributes to reoperation and is cited as a reason for deferment of less invasive drainage strategies. Although local antithrombolytic therapy has been studied in intracerebral hemorrhage and chronic subdural hematoma, to date there are no reports of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for residual hematoma post drainage for acute subdural hematoma. Case Description Two patients presented with altered mental status secondary to acute-on-chronic subdural hematomas and underwent emergent craniotomies. The first, a 78-year-old man, had poor subdural drain output and deteriorated with seizures and evidence of new acute subdural hematoma formation. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was injected through the subdural catheter on postoperative day 3. The second patient, a 64-year-old male, received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator postoperatively. Subsequently, both experienced good subdural drainage, clinical and radiologic improvement, and successful discharge to a skilled nursing facility. Conclusions Subdural thrombolytic therapy can improve hematoma evacuation. A potential implication of this is facilitation of minimally invasive options such as twist-drill craniotomy, previously deferred due to inadequate evacuation. However, there is a paucity of evidence and more research is needed to substantiate the safety and efficacy, refine this technique, and guide patient selection.
“They Understand What You’re Going Through”: Experientially Similar Others, Anticipatory Stress, and Depressive Symptoms:

Past research demonstrates that experientially similar others—people who have confronted the same stressor or who occupy the same social role—are uniquely equipped to provide empathic understanding...
Prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN)

To determine the prevalence and severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) at different time frames in relation to gestational age (GA) and birthweight (BW) in extremely low gestational age neonates (ELGAN). Our hypothesis is that ELGAN with lower GA and lower BW have higher AKI rates. A total of 923 ELGAN enrolled in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial were evaluated from birth until death or hospital discharge. AKI was defined according to kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) definition from clinically-derived serum creatinine (SCr) measurements. Severe AKI was defined as stage 2 or higher. For the entire cohort, 351/923 (38.0%, CI = 34.8–41.3%) had at least one episode of stage 1 or higher AKI and 168/923 (18.2%, CI = 15.7–20.7%) had at least one episode of severe (stage 2 or higher) AKI. The prevalence of AKI stage 1 or higher for the entire cohort during the early (days 3–7), middle (days 8–14), and late follow-up period (after day 14) was 112/923 (12.1%, CI = 10.0–14.3%), 142/891 (15.9%, CI = 13.5–18.4%), and 249/875 (28.5%, CI = 25.4–31.5%), respectively. The rates of severe AKI during the hospital course were 27.8%, 21.9%, 13.6%, and 9.4% for the 24-, 25-, 26-, and 27-week GA groups, respectively. AKI rates were significantly higher with decreasing GA and decreasing BW for stated time trends (all p < 0.01 using tests for trend). AKI is relatively common in ELGAN during their initial hospital course and is associated with lower GA and BW.
Ferric Maltol: A New Oral Iron Formulation for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency in Adults.

Objective:To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of ferric maltol (FM), an oral iron formulation, for iron deficiency anemia (IDA).Data Sources:A MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE (January 1, 198...
Does option-based compensation affect payout policyé Evidence from FAS 123R

Does option-based compensation affect payout policy? To address this question, we examine the adoption of mandatory expensing of stock options. Our identification strategy exploits the fact that the reduction in option-based compensation after the accounting change varies with the firm-specific expected accounting impact. Across a battery of tests, we do not find that (accounting-driven) reductions in option-based pay cause dividends to increase or repurchases to decrease. Our results contrast with the widely held belief that option-based pay has a significant causal influence on payout policy and cast doubts on its role in the shift from dividends to repurchases.
Using Transitional Points in the Optical Injection Locking Behavior of a Semiconductor Laser to Extract Its Dimensionless Operating Parameters

The complete set of intrinsic dimensionless parameters of a packaged and fiber-pigtailed distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser are extracted from the non-linear operational stability boundaries of the optical-injection-locking (OIL) architecture. Specifically, this procedure is done by relating the intrinsic parameters to the injection ratios corresponding to the Hopf bifurcation points at zero detuning, as well as the detuning of the Hopf-Saddle-Node point. The bifurcation points of the injected laser's operational space are found by coupling its output into a high-resolution optical spectrum analyzer. This is enabled by establishing a 30 dB side mode suppression ratio between the central mode and Period 1 oscillations to define the boundaries of Stable Locking. Along with the laser's threshold current and free-running relaxation oscillation frequencies, performing these measurements over a range of pumping values allows for the calculation of the laser's linewidth enhancement factor, irrespective of the device packaging. Utilizing a high pump approximation, the remaining dimensionless parameters are extracted after obtaining the photon lifetime. Using this approach, the operational capabilities of an arbitrarily-packaged laser can be determined, allowing for the analysis of an injected laser's operational space for a variety high-frequency and dynamical applications.
Karyotype coding: The creation and maintenance of system information for complexity and biodiversity.

Abstract The mechanism of biological information flow is of vital importance. However, traditional research surrounding the genetic code that follows the central dogma to a phenotype faces challengers, including missing heritability and two-phased evolution. Here, we propose the karyotype code, which by organizing genes along chromosomes at once preserves species genome information and provides a platform for other genetic and nongenetic information to develop and accumulate. This specific genome-level code, which exists in all living systems, is compared to the genetic code and other organic codes in the context of information management, leading to the concept of hierarchical biological codes and an ‘extended’ definition of adaptor where the adaptors of a code can be not only molecular structures but also, more commonly, biological processes. Notably, different levels of a biosystem have their own mechanisms of information management, and gene-coded parts inheritance preserves “parts information” while karyotype-coded system inheritance preserves the “system information” which organizes parts information. The karyotype code prompts many questions regarding the flow of biological information, including the distinction between information creation, maintenance, modification, and usage, along with differences between living and non-living systems. How do biological systems exist, reproduce, and self-evolve for increased complexity and diversity? Inheritance is mediated by organic codes which function as informational tools to organize chemical reactions, create new information, and preserve frozen accidents, transforming historical miracles into biological routines.
Integration of heterogeneous information in SHM models

Probabilistic models are desirable for diagnosis and prognosis to account for many sources of uncertainty. However, the probability distributions of system variables and the conditional probability relationships between components or subsystems may be unknown or incomplete. Useful information for such systems may be available from multiple sources and in varying formats such as operational and laboratory data, mathematical models, reliability data, or expert opinion. Conventional modeling techniques do not generally include all such information. This paper presents a methodology for constructing a system model for use in diagnosis and prognosis in the presence of such heterogeneous information. An attractive modeling paradigm for this methodology is the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). A systematic approach is developed to incorporate various types of data in the DBN and to learn the probability distributions of the system variables as well as the conditional probability relationships between them. The structure and distribution parameters of the DBN are obtained via established learning methods. The proposed methodology is demonstrated for a hydraulic actuator system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quasi-Intuitionistic Set Theory

It is natural, given the usual iterative description of the universe of sets, to investigate set theories which in some way take account of the unfinished character of the universe. We do not here consider any arguments aimed at justifying one system over another, or at clarifying the basic philosophy. Rather, we look at an obvious candidate which is similar to a system discussed by L. Pozsgay in [1]. Pozsgay sketched the development of the ordinary theorems in such a system and attempted to show it equiconsistent with ZF. In this paper we show that the consistency of the system we call IZF can be proved in the usual ZF set theory.
ANALYSIS OF THE C-12 (P (polarized), P-prime) C-12 REACTION AT 200-MEV IN THE DISTORTED WAVE IMPULSE APPROXIMATION

Differential cross sections and analyzing powers are presented for discrete states of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ up to 21-MeV excitation energy as observed by the $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}})^{12}\mathrm{C}$ reaction at 200 MeV. The results of distorted-wave, impulse-approximation calculations with a 210-MeV free nucleon-nucleon $t$ matrix are compared with the data for most of the transitions. The comparisons are divided into classes that emphasize different aspects of the effective interaction. As a whole, the comparisons are comparable to those at lower energies. However, the description of the 15.11-MeV transition to a ${1}^{+}$, $T=1$ state is decidedly inferior. The effects of removing abnormal-parity amplitudes with $S=1$ are considered for several transitions. In particular, their removal produces good agreement for the 15.11-MeV state.
Hawaii's Court-Annexed Arbitration Program: Is It Worth It? (in Japanese)

An overview of the Hawaii's Court-Annexed Arbitration Program for tort cases and evaluation results.
A Texture-Based Hardware-Independent Technique for Time-Varying Volume Flow Visualization

Existing texture-based 3D flow visualization techniques, e.g., volume Line Integral Convolution (LIC), are either limited to steady flows or dependent on special-purpose graphics cards. In this paper we present a texture-based hardware-independent technique for time-varying volume flow visualization. It is based on our Accelerated Unsteady Flow LIC (AUFLIC) algorithm (Liu and Moorhead, 2005), which uses a flow-driven seeding strategy and a dynamic seeding controller to reuse pathlines in the value scattering process to achieve fast time-dependent flow visualization with high temporal-spatial coherence. We extend AUFLIC to 3D scenarios for accelerated generation of volume flow textures. To address occlusion, lack of depth cuing, and poor perception of flow directions within a dense volume, we employ magnitude-based transfer functions and cutting planes in volume rendering to clearly show the flow structure and the flow evolution.
A decomposition strategy based trusted computing method for cooperative control problem faced with communication constraints

In this paper, we propose a decomposition strategy based computing method to solve a cooperative control problem. The test results show that the proposed method has computational efficiency with respect to the conventional approach of the centralized Newton method.
Development of a model-based inference approach to detect malfunctioned components in biological systems from clinical data

Detection of malfunctioned reactions or preexisting molecules from the clinical data is essential for drug selection to treat human diseases. Existing approaches based upon Boolean-models or data-driven techniques either ignore the transient information or the detailed description of the reaction networks. In order to address this, a kinetic-model based approach is developed in this work to infer the malfunctioned reactions/preexisting molecules by quantifying the similarity between the output profiles from the malfunctioned model and the profiles shown in the clinical data. The developed approach was tested for four abnormal clinical conditions in IL-6 signaling pathway that include the up/down regulation of single reaction rate constants and up/down regulation of single preexisting molecules. The results show that the developed approach was able to successfully identify the malfunctioned reactions/preexisting molecules from the clinical data. It was found that the developed approach was noise-robust and that it was able to obtained unique solution for the fault in the network from the two measured outputs (i.e., nuclear STAT3 and SOCS3) in the clinical data.
An approach for dynamic optimization of prevention program implementation in stochastic environments

The science of preventing youth problems has significantly advanced in developing evidence-based prevention program (EBP) by using randomized clinical trials. Effective EBP can reduce delinquency, aggression, violence, bullying and substance abuse among youth. Unfortunately the outcomes of EBP implemented in natural settings usually tend to be lower than in clinical trials, which has motivated the need to study EBP implementations. In this paper we propose to model EBP implementations in natural settings as stochastic dynamic processes. Specifically, we propose Markov Decision Process (MDP) for modeling and dynamic optimization of such EBP implementations. We illustrate these concepts using simple numerical examples and discuss potential challenges in using such approaches in practice.
Are BNP changes during hospitalization for heart failure a reliable surrogate for predicting the effects of therapies on post-discharge mortality?

Since the discovery of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a cardiac hormone in 1991, it has been well studied as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in heart failure (HF). BNP has also been investigated for its role in cost-effectiveness, as a guide to therapy, as a therapy itself, as inclusion
Simple, Scalable, Script-Based Science Processor (S4P)

The development and deployment of data processing systems to process Earth Observing System (EOS) data has proven to be costly and prone to technical and schedule risk. Integration of science algorithms into a robust operational system has been difficult. The core processing system, based on commercial tools, has demonstrated limitations at the rates needed to produce the several terabytes per day for EOS, primarily due to job management overhead. This has motivated an evolution in the EOS Data Information System toward a more distributed one incorporating Science Investigator-Led Processing Systems (SIPS). As part of this evolution, the Goddard Earth Sciences Distributed Active Archive Center (GES DAAC) has developed a simplified processing system to accommodate the increased load expected with the advent of reprocessing and launch of a second satellite. This system, the Simple, Scalable, Script-Based Science Processor (S4P) could also serve as a resource for future SIPS.
Isolation of Salmonellae from Pork Carcasses

Four hundred and twenty pork carcasses from four abattoirs were examined for the presence of salmonellae by use of swabbing-enrichment techniques and contact plate methods. Carcasses from only one abattoir were found to be contaminated by swabbing-enrichment (23.3%) and contact plate (17.9%) methods. The area of the skin side of the ham, near the anal opening, was determined to be the area to examine for isolating salmonellae from pork carcasses with the greatest frequency. The most frequently isolated species of salmonellae in this study were Salmonella derby, S. anatum, S. typhimurium, and S. indiana.
Developing Theory to Guide Building Practitioners’ Capacity to Implement Evidence-Based Interventions

Public health and other community-based practitioners have access to a growing number of evidence-based interventions (EBIs), and yet EBIs continue to be underused. One reason for this underuse is that practitioners often lack the capacity (knowledge, skills, and motivation) to select, adapt, and implement EBIs. Training, technical assistance, and other capacity-building strategies can be effective at increasing EBI adoption and implementation. However, little is known about how to design capacity-building strategies or tailor them to differences in capacity required across varying EBIs and practice contexts. To address this need, we conducted a scoping study of frameworks and theories detailing variations in EBIs or practice contexts and how to tailor capacity-building to address those variations. Using an iterative process, we consolidated constructs and propositions across 24 frameworks and developed a beginning theory to describe salient variations in EBIs (complexity and uncertainty) and practice contexts (decision-making structure, general capacity to innovate, resource and values fit with EBI, and unity vs. polarization of stakeholder support). The theory also includes propositions for tailoring capacity-building strategies to address salient variations. To have wide-reaching and lasting impact, the dissemination of EBIs needs to be coupled with strategies that build practitioners' capacity to adopt and implement a variety of EBIs across diverse practice contexts.
Teaching and Learning with Thoreau: Honoring Critique, Experimentation, Wholeness, and the Places Where We Live

In this essay, David Gruenewald weaves a narrative of his education and teaching together with Henry David Thoreau's comments on education, and with stories of Thoreau's own teaching and learning. Gruenewald's personal narrative begins with the discovery of Thoreau as a rare voice of social critique in the education of a typical middle-class adolescent, and then moves to a personal critique of the social context of schooling and the conventions of schooling from the author's perspective as a student and a high school teacher. The second part of the essay explores three teaching themes found both in Thoreau's writing and in biographical treatments of him: experimentation, wholeness, and the primacy of place. Gruenewald discusses each of these themes in terms of Thoreau's approach to teaching, learning, and living. Arguing against the culture of prescription that dominates teaching and learning in schools and colleges of education, he concludes not with more prescription, but with the Thoreauvian plea to re...
MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF SECURED EMPLOYMENT

Should American businesses guarantee workers lifetime employment as many Japanese and European firms do? While guaranteed employment poses some problems especially in times of economic downturn, the benefits in terms of increased productivity can be substantial. Here are some strategies to make guaranteed employment work.
Protectionist mutual funds

Abstract A diversified shareholder has no interest in a policy like trade protection which may help some firms, but only at the expense of harming other firms in the portfolio. There is some evidence, and substantial sentiment, in support of the view that trade protection indeed has a deleterious effect overall on business and economy-wide growth. Indeed, it would surprise most investors if a mutual fund like Fidelity or Vanguard suddenly called out for increased trade barriers. But this then raises the question as to why managers of firms seem to pursue policies such as protection which are probably not in the overall interests of the diversified owners of the firms. One potential contributing factor, explored in this paper, resides in how shareholders resolve a multi-task principal-agent problem which poses a dilemma for diversified owners of firms. On the one hand, when a manager's performance is imperfectly observable, it may well be in the shareholders' interests to tie the manager's remuneration to the firm's performance. Thus, the manager can be induced to ‘work’ instead of ‘shirk’. But, once the manager is so tied to the firm's performance, he may acquire an interest not only in working, but also in appealing to the political process for protection which is beneficial to his industry while harmful to capital's overall performance. If such ‘lobbying’ is itself subtle or difficult to observe, then shareholders confront the dilemma that in trying to solve the work-shirk problem there are now also incentives created for the manager to pursue policies which are harmful to other firms in the shareholders' portfolios. This paper explores the implications of this dilemma.
Enhancing pre‐service teachers’ reflective practice with digital video‐based dialogue

Pre‐service teachers often struggle to bridge the gap between theories they learn from coursework and the practice of teaching. Yet, during student teaching, when students most need guidance applyi...
Extracellular superoxide dismutase and cardiovascular disease

Excessive production and/or inadequate removal of reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide anion (O(2)(*-)), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and in endothelial dysfunction by decreasing nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. Since the vascular levels of O(2)(*-) are regulated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, a role of SOD in the cardiovascular disease is of substantial interest. Particularly, a major form of SOD in the vessel wall is the extracellular SOD (ecSOD). This review will discuss the characteristics of ecSOD and the role of ecSOD in cardiovascular diseases.
Japan's Long-Term Economic Challenges

The other papers in this symposium on Japan address a number of important challenges facing the Japanese economy, including deflation, the continuing rapid accumulation of government debt, and the slowdown in productivity growth. All of these issues will be played out against the backdrop of an extraordinary demographic transition that makes solutions more difficult. With a total population that is already shrinking, Japan is heading into uncharted territory for an advanced industrialized nation. All that economists know about growth is based on data from economies that have had growing populations since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. A shrinking population raises new and difficult issues. This paper addresses some of the issues now confronting Japan.
Mind-body treatments for the pain-fatigue-sleep disturbance symptom cluster in persons with cancer.

Abstract Context Co-occurring pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance comprise a common symptom cluster in patients with cancer. Treatment approaches that target the cluster of symptoms rather than just a single symptom need to be identified and tested. Objectives To synthesize evidence regarding mind-body interventions that have shown efficacy in treating two or more symptoms in the pain-fatigue-sleep disturbance cancer symptom cluster. Methods A literature search was conducted using CINAHL, Medline, and PsychInfo databases through March 2009. Studies were categorized based on the type of mind-body intervention (relaxation, imagery/hypnosis, cognitive-behavioral therapy/coping skills training [CBT/CST], meditation, music, and virtual reality), and a preliminary review was conducted with respect to efficacy for pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Mind-body interventions were selected for review if there was evidence of efficacy for at least two of the three symptoms. Forty-three studies addressing five types of mind-body interventions met criteria and are summarized in this review. Results Imagery/hypnosis and CBT/CST interventions have produced improvement in all the three cancer-related symptoms individually: pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Relaxation has resulted in improvements in pain and sleep disturbance. Meditation interventions have demonstrated beneficial effects on fatigue and sleep disturbance. Music interventions have demonstrated efficacy for pain and fatigue. No trials were found that tested the mind-body interventions specifically for the pain-fatigue-sleep disturbance symptom cluster. Conclusion Efficacy studies are needed to test the impact of relaxation, imagery/hypnosis, CBT/CST, meditation, and music interventions in persons with cancer experiencing concurrent pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. These mind-body interventions could help patients manage all the symptoms in the cluster with a single treatment strategy.
Effects of finasteride on size of the prostate gland and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Objective—To determine the effect of the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride on prostatic diameter and volume, semen quality, and serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone concentrations in dogs with spontaneous benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Design—Double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Animals—9 dogs with BPH. Procedure—Five dogs were treated with finasteride for 16 weeks (0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg [0.05 to 0.23 mg/lb] of body weight, PO, q 24 h); the other 4 received a placebo. Prostatic diameter, measured radiographically, prostatic volume, measured ultrasonographically, semen quality, and serum DHT and testosterone concentrations were evaluated before and during treatment. After receiving the placebo for 16 weeks, the 4 control dogs were treated with finasteride for 16 weeks, and evaluations were repeated. Results—Finasteride significantly decreased prostatic diameter (mean percentage decrease, 20%), prostatic volume (mean percentage decrease, 43%), and serum DHT concentration (mean percentage decr...
Assessment of the abiotic transformation of 17β-estradiol in the presence of vegetable matter – II: The role of molecular oxygen

Abstract This study characterizes the effect of oxygen in the abiotic transformation of estrogens when they are contacted with a surrogate of the vegetable wastes found in sewage. 17β-Estradiol (E2) and 17β- 14 C 4 -estradiol ( 14 C-E2) were utilized as model compounds. Batch experiments were run under both oxic and anoxic conditions. In order to accomplish an accurate mass balance of the target estrogen, two analyses were performed simultaneously: first, radioactivity counting, and second, quantitation of E2 and 14 C-E2, as well as their transformation product estrone and 14 C 4 -estrone, by Liquid Chromatography tandem Mass Spectrometry. Under oxic conditions, the total concentration of 14 C-E2 was found to decrease by 78% in 72 h (15% and 7% remained in the liquid and solid phases, respectively). Conversely, when the estrogens were contacted with the synthetic influent under anoxic conditions, E2 was quantitatively recovered after 72 h (70% and 22% in aqueous and solid matrices, correspondingly). These results suggest that when the concentration of dissolved oxygen is null or limited, catalysis through an oxidative coupling mechanism is halted. Moreover, it was confirmed that the catalytic reaction occurred solely in the presence of the solid phase of the model vegetable matter.
Job rotation using the multi-period assignment model

This paper addresses the current gap in the literature on quantitative tools that enable a manager to build schedules which incorporate job rotation by employees. This is done within the framework of the well-known Assignment Model recast in a multi-period setting. In addition to the usual objective of minimizing the total cost of assignment, we also consider a requirement to minimize the boredom felt by employees due to continued repetition of the same task over consecutive periods. Depending on alternative definitions of 'boredom', different bi-objective optimization models are formulated and solved using polynomial time algorithms or simple heuristics. In the case of heuristics, their implementation is discussed and computational experience is also reported.
Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis with Leishmania tropica in albino hairless mice, Mus musculus.

Abstract Cutaneous leishmaniasis was produced in 90 hairless mice, Mus musculus , with cultures of two strains of Leishmania tropica (one isolated from an exogenous human case in Texas, and the other a gerbil strain from the USSR). The mice were inoculated intradermally in five areas of the dorsal side of the body. Most of the inoculated mice developed visible cutaneous leishmaniasis. The early lesions at the sites of inoculation were small red papules appearing within one to two months following inoculation; some of these papules disappeared after a few weeks, others became nodular or pustular. These lesions gradually enlarged and became ulcerated, measuring about 5 to 10 mm in diameter, and some persisted as long as 386 days. The edges of the lesions were usually raised, indurated, and pink; the adjacent skin showed no visible reaction. The centre of the ulcer was either moist or covered with a dry brownish-grey crust. In a few cases the lesions were very extensive and merged with each other, covering nearly two thirds of the dorsal body surface. Smears from the edges of the lesions were positive for the amastigote (aflagellar) form of L. tropica , which produced infections when inoculated into other hairless mice and grew readily in promastigote (flagellar) form on NNP-2 medium ( Packchanian , 1959 ) with suitable antibiotics ( Packchanian , 1957 ). Although mice were inoculated intradermally with L. tropica , several animals with extensive skin lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis also developed generalized leishmaniasis. This was proved by positive blood culture tests for promastigotes (from 15 mice) and by demonstration of the amastigote form of L. tropica in various organs such as the spleen, liver, kidney, heart and lymph nodes. On the other hand, heart blood from 18 mice with small skin lesions when tested during 62 to 269 days following infection, yielded negative results for promastigotes. The mice were kept under observation (60 to 478 days) before they were killed or died. The results of this study have demonstrated that the hairless mouse, Mus musculus , is a suitable laboratory animal for studying experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis.
The Contribution of Infant, Maternal, and Family Conditions to Maternal Feeding Competencies

SYNOPSIS Objective. Because little is known about the role of family problem-solving processes in the development of mothers' competencies in feeding a very low birth-weight (VLBW) infant, we explored the contribution made by the competence in negotiating displayed by a mother and family member as they jointly problem solve infant-care issues. The infant's neonatal biomedical condition, maternal depressive symptoms, and family poverty status may also contribute to feeding competencies. Design. A sample of 41 mothers of VLBW infants from 2 longitudinal studies who were observed during feeding at 1 and 8 months infant postterm age, with a family member of their choosing, participated in a dyadic problem-solving exercise. We assessed maternal feeding competencies with the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment (Clark, 1997) and dyadic negotiating competence using an observational scale from the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (Melby & Conger, 2001). We classified infant condition through medical reco...
Integrated Transportation and Land Use Scenario Modeling by Visual Evaluation of Examples: Case Study of Jeffersonville, Indiana

Transportation and land use planning are generally poorly coordinated, and the preferences of the general public are not well integrated into either activity. Appropriate land use patterns that meet the needs and desires of the public and the public sector are difficult to develop because of their extreme complexity and potential for disproportionate impacts on citizens. A structured public involvement protocol was developed to allow large groups of citizens to participate efficiently and effectively in the comprehensive planning process for a moderate-sized town in Indiana and to help in partially overcoming this problem. CommunityViz was used as the visualization tool to help residents understand better the differences between potential land development patterns. Fuzzy set modeling was used to derive the complex interplay of development pattern properties that were most and least preferred by citizens. The development patterns varied by percentage mixture of housing types, percentage mixture of land use...
Imprisoned in Jamaica: An Exploratory Study of Inmate Experiences and Differential Responses to Prison Life in a Developing Country

Research on inmate experiences and responses to prison life are mostly conducted in developed countries. It has been widely documented that prisons in developing countries are inhumane and substandard and that inmates in these countries are mistreated and neglected. Yet, not much is known about the social world and experiences of inmates in these prison systems. Using a sample of 30 inmates housed in three prisons in Jamaica, this exploratory study examines inmate responses, coping, and adaptation strategies in deprived and culturally distinct prison environments. The findings reveal diverse ways in which inmates respond and interpret their prison experiences. Despite the harsh and substandard conditions of Jamaican prisons, variations in inmate experiences were related to pre-prison experiences, personal convictions, as well as prison-specific factors.
Electrocardiographic changes in cases of infectious hepatitis.

Abstract 1. 1. In an epidemic of twenty-four cases of infectious hepatitis, eleven subjects were studied electrocardiographically at the height of the disease and after recovery. 2. 2. In nine cases the T wave was depressed during the disease and became normal after recovery. 3. 3. There was no correlation between the depression of the T wave and the height of the fever or the intensity of the jaundice. 4. 4. A study of a control group of persons after exercise revealed a depression of the T wave (with acceleration of heart rate), thus showing that the bradycardia was not responsible for the electrocardiographic changes. 5. 5. A review of the reports of experiments in which bile salts and whole bile were injected into animals revealed similar T-wave changes which were probably due to an effect either on the vagus endings in the heart or on the myocardium itself. The myocardial effect is probably important in cases of Weil's disease, as evidenced by the reported pathologic findings in the myocardium.
Carbon−Fluorine Bond Activation Coupled with Alkynyl Migration to Give Fluorinated Allenyl Complexes of Iridium

The propynyl(perfluoropropyl) iridium complex Cp * Ir(PMe3)(CF2CF2CF3)(C=CCH3) has been prepared and crystallographically characterized. It reacts with lutidinium iodide to afford α-CF bond activation and propynyl migration to carbon, to give the allenyl complex Cp*Ir(PMe3)(I)[(CH3)C=C=CF(CF2-CF 3 )] as a single diastereomer, for which the relative configurations at Ir and at the helical allenyl ligand were shown to be (S Ir ,M)(R Ir ,P) by X-ray crystallography. On standing in solution the (S Ir ,M)(R Ir ,P) diastereomer rearranges slowly to the thermodynamically more stable (R Ir ,M)(S Ir ,P) diastereomer, also characterized crystallographically, illustrating that the initial diastereomer is formed under conditions of kinetic control. A detailed mechanism is presented to rationalize these observations, and comparisons to previous CF activation/CC coupling reactions are made.
Full-dimensional wave packet studies of collisional vibrational relaxation of both p- and o-H2

We report converged full-dimensional quantum dynamical calculations of the vibrational relaxation in the collision: H 2 (ν 1 = I, j 1 = 0,1) + H 2 (ν 2 = 0, j 2 = 0,1) → H 2 (ν' 1 = 0, j' 1 ) + H 2 (ν' 2 = 0, j' 2 ), employing a recent global potential energy surface fitted to a large number of high-level ab initio points. The scattering dynamics is characterized by a time-independent wave packet approach based on the Chebyshev polynomial expansion of Green's operator, which requires repetitive calculations of the action of the system Hamiltonian onto the propagating wave packet. The full-dimensional Hamiltonian within the coupled-states approximation is discretized in a mixed grid/basis representation with the adaptation of the parity and diatomic exchange symmetry, and its action is efficiently computed in the appropriate representation facilitated by a series of one-dimensional pseudospectral transformations. Scattering involving both p- and o-H 2 are studied. Rate constants up to a high temperature (3500 K) are obtained from S-matrix elements and compared with available experimental measurements as well as with previous theoretical results.
The composition of the subgingival microbiota after periodontal therapy.

The purpose of the study was to determine the composition of the microbiota in periodontally diseased pockets by dark field microscopy prior to treatment, after scaling and root planing, and after periodontal surgery. Eighteen patients with untreated chronic periodontitis were selected. Preoperative or baseline clinical data included Plaque Index (PlI), Gingival Index (GI) and Probing Depth (PD). Subgingival microbial debris from the surface with the deepest probing depth in each of the six sextants was collected and the pooled microbial sample was examined by differential dark-field microscopy. The relative proportions of bacterial forms were classified into four groups: coccoid cells, motile rods, spirochetes and others. The patients were instructed in oral hygiene and received several sessions of scaling and root planing, some of these in conjunction with occlusal therapy. The clinical and microbial status was reevaluated prior to the surgical treatment phase. At least 6 weeks after the last surgical i...
The Economic Impact of Saltwater Sportfishing Harvest Restrictions in Alaska: An Empirical Analysis of Nonresident Anglers

Abstract Saltwater sportfishing is a popular activity for visitors to Alaska. In this paper, a stated-preference model of saltwater sportfishing participation is used to generate estimates of the changes in participation resulting from changes in harvest limits for three primary recreational target species in Alaska saltwater fisheries: Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon O. kisutch. These estimates are then used in a state-level computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to generate estimates of the economic impacts of harvest policies. We find that the impacts of changes in nonresident anglers' expenditures are smaller than those from a social accounting matrix model and that many of the impacts from an increase in expenditures leak out of state owing to Alaska's heavy dependence on imports of goods and services from the rest of the United States. Moreover, changes to harvest limits appear to have a small effect on the Alaska economy, at leas...
Mad Cows and Sick Birds: Financing International Responses to Animal Disease in Developing Countries

Because many animal diseases have strong transboundary attributes, their control can be reasonably characterised as an international public good. The potential for reservoirs of transboundary diseases to persist in developing countries that lack the capacity or incentives to control them implies a need for international financial transfers to fund control. However, the costs of control can be large compared with development assistance budgets, and the benefits small compared with the global benefits of control and the local benefits of other priority investments. This article outlines a framework for setting priorities for international development assistance for animal disease control based on the incidence of market and non-market impacts and the context in which outbreaks take place in endemic and susceptible countries.
Neuropsychologic functioning of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with hemophilia

Efforts to detect subtle but objective neuropsychologic deficits could clarify the early involvement of the central nervous system and the progression of human immunodeficlency virus (HIV) infection in older children and young adolescents. Baseline examinations of 63 children and adolescents with hemophilia were conducted by examiners unaware of HIV status or staging or of our study's major hypotheses. They measured six domains of neuropsychologic functioning (motor, language, memory, attention, visual processing, and problem solving), and no differences between groups of similar age, race, and socioeconomic status defined by HIV seropositivity (n=25) and HIV seronegativity (n=38) were revealed. A high incidence of subtle neuropsychologic deficits relative to (1) age norms and (2) individual cognitive potential was found on measures of motor performance, attention, and speeded visual processing within both infected and uninfected groups. On the basis of these baseline data, it seems premature to attribute early, subtle neuropsychologic deficits in seropositive children with hemophilia to the central nervous system effects of HIV infection.
Experimental study of Raman-active two-level systems and the boson peak in LaF 3 -doped fluorite mixed crystals

A broad spectral distribution of two-level systems (TLS) displaying only ${A}_{1g}$ symmetry, not ${E}_{g}$ or ${T}_{2g},$ is observed in the low-frequency, low-temperature Raman spectra of fluorite single crystal hosts doped with large amounts of ${\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}.$ The observed range of each TLS spectrum is found to be independent of the dopant concentration although each of the three crystalline hosts, ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2},$ ${\mathrm{SrF}}_{2},$ and ${\mathrm{BaF}}_{2},$ displays a slightly different cutoff frequency. In a somewhat higher frequency range but still far below the Brillouin Zone TA phonon mode frequency, a boson peak, showing ${E}_{g}$ symmetry, is also observed and its strength is proportional to the defect-induced vibrational Raman activity for the three crystal lattices. A surprising property is that for all three host crystals the boson peak center frequency increases with increasing lattice disorder. The strengths of the TLS spectra show distinctively different ${\mathrm{La}}^{3+}$ concentration dependencies in each host, which is also different from that observed for the boson peaks. By comparing the density of state of TLS derived from the Raman scattering to the $\overline{P}$ density of states value determined from the earlier specific heat measurements, the number density of Raman-active TLS is separated from the coupling coefficient. When the total number density of Raman-active TLS is examined versus different physical properties it is found that lattice disorder, not the ${\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}$ concentration per se, is the important variable. The experimental results are consistent with a model where the TLS number density is controlled by the law of mass action with the ``effective'' temperature associated with the production of TLS determined by the frozen-in lattice disorder. Good agreement is found for the number density of TLS versus concentration as determined from the present Raman scattering data and the previous far infrared measurements when the far infrared dipole moment is used as a single fitting parameter. However, in contrast with the far infrared studies, no TLS excited state transitions are observed in Raman scattering. The overall findings from this study suggest that the Raman and infrared active TLS distributions, which extends up to about 2 meV, are associated with extended entities.
Editorial Comments on “Who Needs an RVAD in Addition to an LVAD?”

Drs David J. Kaczorowski and Y. Joseph Woo, authors of “Who Needs an RVAD in Addition to an LVAD?” make the very important point that late, second-thought, right ventricular assist device (RVAD) placement leads to poorer survival comparedwith a priori placement during the sameoperation as left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement. The investigators thoroughly review the pertinent literature. They identify 2 numerical grading systems for RVAD decision making.
Public Health System Partnerships: Role for Local Boards of Health in Preparing the Future Public Health Workforce

The Institute of Medicine’s report, Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Educating Public Health Professionals for the 21st Century, recommended that public health education be accessible to undergraduate students. Promoting access to public health education will ideally contribute to a well-educated public health workforce, thus assuring the fulfillment of the public health mission. In response to this call to action, the authors examined the current practice, feasibility, and value in developing a functional partnership between academic institutions and local boards of health in preparing future public health professionals. Local boards of health in New England were surveyed to: (1) establish a baseline of existing working relationships between them and nearby academic institutions; (2) examine the barriers that inhibit the development of their collaborations with academic partners; and (3) assess how they jointly advance public health workforce development. Despite the main barriers of a lack of time, staff, and funding that are often cited for the absence of collaborations between institutions, one New England state, in particular, reported that their academic institution and local board of health partnerships were important and effective. The authors discuss how academic-practice collaborations hold the potential to combine basic public health principles with leadership and governance experience offered by local boards of health. Such partnerships are underutilized and have the potential to integrate core public health concepts while facilitating applied experiential learning opportunities in a professional public health setting, thus contributing to the development of the future public health workforce.
Frictional effects between natural teeth in an artificial mouth.

Abstract A method for measuring frictional forces on enamel of natural teeth and restorative materials was developed using the Artificial Oral Environment. Enamel/enamel systems were tested using different oral fluids in a minienvironmental chamber capable of introducing biologic fluids between the occluding surfaces. Matched, extracted opposing human premolars mounted in physiologic occlusion under an occlusal load of 3 pounds were bruxed at approximate masticatory velocities. A load cell measured the resulting horizontal forces and an X-Y record was attained. 31 independent measurements of friction in both buccal and lingual directions were performed with the teeth dry, and with human saliva, Xerolube, and distilled water intervening. It was found that typical values for enamel/enamel coefficients of friction, μ, were in the range of 0.1–0.42. μ was independent of different fluids within any one enamel/enamel couple (coefficient of variation was typically 10%). However, the coefficient of friction of the enamel pair was highly dependent on surface texture. Roughening virgin enamel led to a 3 fold increase in μ. Conversely surfactants present in mineral oil reduced the friction of roughened enamel by 3 fold. Where the wear process is by abrasion it is likely that the reduction of the tangential forces due to friction could lead to reduced loss of contour. It is likely that finishing procedures in dentistry are important in this process. Finally, the production of low friction restorative materials are clearly indicated as a future development.