cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow properties of continental lithosphere

The occurrence of mechanically weak zones (σ1 − σ3 <10 MPa) at upper-, mid- and lower crustal depths, inferred from geological and geophysical observations and interpretations, is supported by empirically-determined steady-state flow properties of some common crystalline rocks. These zones are predicted to occur in the depth intervals 10–15 km, 20–28 km and 25–40 km, these intervals depending critically on rock type and tectonic province. In addition, the apparent widespread occurrence of ductile and semi-brittle fault zones suggests that weak zones may occur at virtually any depth below about 10 km. While data are not available for representative lower crustal materials, those likely to be closest in mechanical response support the common suggestion that the Moho is a mechanical discontinuity, with stronger peridotite below, but the magnitude of the discontinuity is shown to depend critically on temperature and strain rate. Mantle flow is currently best approximated by Chopra and Paterson's (1981, 1984) wet Aheim dunite flow law. Combined with pyroxene thermobarometry and olivine paleopiezometry of mantle xenoliths, the wet flow law permits construction of viscosity-depth profiles that are in accord with other geophysical considerations. Yield envelopes commonly applied to geological and geophysical problems since the original one proposed for the lithosphere and upper asthenosphere by Goetze and Evans (1979) generally lead to serious overestimates of stress differences because of extrapolations both of Byerlee's (1978) rock-friction relation and of steady-state flow laws to physical conditions beyond their range of validity. Modifications of the envelopes, will require careful additional experimental work on rock friction along with detailed delineations of boundaries between brittle, semi-brittle and ductile regimes, grainsize-sensitive domains, and their depth-dependencies. Once accomplished, realistic yield envelopes and refined deformation surfaces will lead to a much better understanding of the mechanical behavior and governing flow processes at depth in the continental lithosphere.
Ribosome Association Contributes to Restricting mRNAs to the Cell Body of Hippocampal Neurons

Abstract In neurons, mRNAs are differentially sorted to axons, dendrites, and the cell body. Recently, regions of certain mRNAs have been identified that target those mRNAs for translocation to the processes. However, the mechanism by which many, if not most mRNAs are retained in the cell body is not understood. Total inhibition of translation, by puromycin or cycloheximide, results in the mislocalization of cell body mRNAs to dendrites. We have examined the effect of translational inhibitors on the localization of ferritin mRNA, the translation of which can also be inhibited specifically by reducing iron levels. Using nonisotopicin situhybridization, ferritin mRNA is found restricted to the cell body of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Following treatment with either puromycin or cycloheximide, it migrates into dendrites. Control experiments reveal that the drugs affect neither the viability of the neuronal cultures, nor the steady-state level of ferritin mRNA. When transcription and protein synthesis are inhibited simultaneously, ferritin mRNA is found in the dendrites of puromycin, but not of cycloheximide-treated neurons. However, the localization of ferritin mRNA is unaffected by changes in iron concentration that regulate its translation rate specifically. We propose a model whereby cell body-restricted mRNAs are maintained in that location by association with ribosomes and with another cell component, which traps mRNAs when they are freed of ribosome association. The release of all mRNA species, as happens after total protein synthesis inhibition, floods the system and allows cell body mRNAs to diffuse into dendrites. In contrast, the partial release of the single ferritin mRNA species does not saturate the trapping system and the mRNA is retained in the cell body.
Religious Cognitions and Use of Prayer in Health and Illness

Forty adults aged 65-74 were asked about God's role in health and illness and about their use of prayer in response to recent physical symptoms. Most held a belief in a benevolent God but were not clear about God's role in health and illness. Over half had prayed about at least one symptom the last time they had it. The least-educated respondents and the Baptists were most likely to pray. Symptoms discussed with a physician or for which drugs were taken were more likely than others to be prayed over, suggesting that prayer may be used for symptoms seen as serious and that prayer and medical help-seeking are not mutually exclusive.
Thin absorbers using space‐filling curve artificial magnetic conductors

Following our previous work, here an artificial magnetic conducting (AMC) surface, comprised of Hilbert and/or Peano space-filling curve inclusions is utilized as a thin electromagnetic absorber. Numerical results are presented to show the effects of the incident angle, conducting strip widths and substrate thicknesses on the absorbing properties of such surfaces. The performance of a fabricated thin absorber in reducing the RCS of a conducting plate is demonstrated through measurement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 785–790, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24186
Factors Impacting Group Long-Term Care Insurance Enrollment Decisions

This paper examines factors that influence whether or not employees choose to enroll in a group long-term care insurance plan. A conceptual family decision-making framework is used to group factors to study the enrollment decision of 509 state employees who were offered a long-term care insurance plan in 2000. Logistic regression results revealed that employee age, perceived risk, perceived affordability, decision-making style (communication with others and use of information), goals of control and choice, goal of financial peace of mind, household income, and potential caregiver availability explained 68.7% of the decision to enroll. Results support the key role of perception, specifically the perceived risk of needing long-term care and the affordability of the insurance plan, in the decision outcome.
Terdiurnal oscillations in OH Meinel rotational temperatures for fall conditions at northern mid‐latitude sites

High-precision (∼0.5 K) measurements of OH Meinel (M) (6,2) rotational temperatures above the Bear Lake Observatory, UT (42°N, 112°W) during October 1996 have revealed an interesting and unexpected mean nocturnal pattern. Ten quality nights (>100 h) of data have been used to form a mean night for autumnal, near-equinoctial conditions. The mean temperature and RMS variability associated with this mean night were 203 ± 5 K and 2.4 K, respectively, and compare very favorably with expectations based on Na-lidar measurements of mean tidal temperature perturbations over Urbana, IL (40°N, 88°W) during the fall 1996. Furthermore, this comparison shows that the 8-h tide was the dominant source of the mean nocturnal temperature variability in the OH M region during this period. Additional data, obtained at Fort Collins, CO (41°N, 105°W) in November 1997, illustrate the occurrence of an 8-h component of OH temperature variability about two months after the equinox and show that daily amplitudes as high as ≅15 K are possible.
Historical fire regimes, reconstructed from land‐survey data, led to complexity and fluctuation in sagebrush landscapes

Sagebrush landscapes provide habitat for Sage-Grouse and other sagebrush obligates, yet historical fire regimes and the structure of historical sagebrush landscapes are poorly known, hampering ecological restoration and management. To remedy this, General Land Office Survey (GLO) survey notes were used to reconstruct over two million hectares of historical vegetation for four sagebrush-dominated (Artemisia spp.) study areas in the western United States. Reconstructed vegetation was analyzed for fire indicators used to identify historical fires and reconstruct historical fire regimes. Historical fire-size distributions were inverse-J shaped, and one fire >100 000 ha was identified. Historical fire rotations were estimated at 171–342 years for Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) and 137–217 years for mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana). Historical fire and patch sizes were significantly larger in Wyoming big sagebrush than mountain big sagebrush, and historical fire rota...
Improved detection of left main coronary artery disease with attenuation-corrected SPECT

Background Myocardial perfusion imaging has demonstrated a limited sensitivity as a means of accurately identifying left main (LM) coronary disease. Because regional quantitative perfusion biases are eliminated with attenuation corrected (AC) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), as compared with uncorrected (NC) SPECT, we hypothesized that AC SPECT would demonstrate increased diagnostic accuracy for the detection of significant LM coronary stenosis.
Extension of constrained incremental newton—raphson scheme to generalized loading fields

This paper develops numerical strategies which enable the constrained incremental Newton-Raphson scheme to handle the static response of structure to loading fields with completely generalized histories. This is made possible through the use of specially warped hyperelliptic constraint surfaces which control successive or clustered load steps in the vicinity of loading events with specific timing schedules. Such an approach enables improved convergence and stability characteristics. Due to the generality of the methodology, pre- and postbuckling behavior caused by both kinematic and material nonlinearity can be handled. To demonstrate the scheme, the results of several bench-mark problems are also presented. These include situations involving nonlinear kinematics as well as highly history-dependent elastic-plastic and thermoelastic-plastic material behavior.
Médecin‐philosoph: Persona for Radical Enlightenment

In 1772 a book appeared in Germany which officially inaugurated an intellectual pursuit that had been emerging over the course of the century and which would become the ‘royal science’ of the rest ...
The FDA Advisory Panel's Decision on rt-PA

Considerable dissatisfaction has been expressed over the FDA's Cardio-renal Advisory Panel's recommendation on May 29, 1987 that approval of rt-PA as a thrombolytic agent for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction be delayed. Justification for the Advisory Panel's action appears to be based on a lack of adequate data supporting the clinical benefit and safety of a specific therapeutic regimen of rt-PA, i.e., its molecular form, dosage, and duration of therapy. Although not an issue in the Panel's decision, questions can be raised concerning claims that rt-PA, in comparison to streptokinase, is a safer agent as far as bleeding complications are concerned, and is twice as effective in dissolving coronary thrombi during a period of potential clinical benefit. Also to be considered is the association of its use with a higher incidence of rethrombosis and a much greater cost.
Electro-optically multiplexed 110 Gbit/s optical OFDM signal transmission over 80 km SMF without dispersion compensation

110 Gbit/s optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission is demonstrated over 80 km ITU-T G.652 singlemode fibre (SMF) without dispersion compensation. The optical OFDM signal is generated by a novel electro-optic subcarrier multiplexing technique that combines a two-carrier modulation scheme with an optical multi-carrier light source.
High pressure MALDI-FTMS: implications for proteomics

Abstract Tandem mass spectra of multiply charged ions typically generate more complete fragmentation patterns and thus are desirable for peptide sequencing. However, multiply charged species are not typically observed in spectra obtained with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform mass spectrometers. Current efforts with high pressure (HP) MALDI-Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) have resulted in abundant production of multiply charged ions, introducing the potential for new investigations into the MALDI ion formation mechanism, and increasing the utility of tandem mass spectrometry with MALDI-FTMS. This work focuses on the use of an HP MALDI-FTMS instrument for proteomics applications. The performance of HP MALDI and the power of FTMS and MS/MS of multiply charged ions for proteomics applications are discussed.
Preliminary Studies on Thickness of Nondestructive Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Leaf Blade

Abstract Two varieties, Yuexinzhan and Guangchao 3, were used to study leaf thickness in rice in this experiment. The thickness of the leaf blade was measured by the nondestructive leaf thickness instrument, which was modified from the thickness instrument for steel objects (John Bull, England). The contacting area between the leaf and the probe of the instrument was 0.5 cm2. There was no significant difference between the thickness of steel materials measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the micrometer. The correlation between the thickness of the rice leaf blade measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the specific leaf weight (SLW) was significant (P
Estimating infiltration recharge using a response function model

Abstract Rainfall infiltration influences both the quantity and quality of groundwater systems. The knowledge of the process of infiltration recharge is of great importance to the management of groundwater systems and the hydraulically connected streams. In this study, a response function model is developed to estimate soil water flux at the water table or the process of infiltration recharge from rainfall and evaporation data. The gamma probability density function is modified to represent the travel time distribution of infiltrating water by rainfall events. The travel time distribution is used to determine the recharge process according to the effective infiltration of a rainfall event. The effective infiltration is the amount of soil water pushed down into groundwater by infiltrating water of a rainfall event and is evaluated based on the vadose-zone soil water balance. Superposition is employed to compute the recharge rate produced by a sequence of rainfall events. Estimations of soil water flux at different groundwater depths are compared with lysimetric observations in the field. Good agreements between the estimated and observed results confirm the reliability of the response function model for predicting infiltration recharge processes.
Sporophytic nondisjunction of the maize B chromosome at high copy numbers

It has been known for decades that the maize B chromosome undergoes nondisjunction at the second pollen mitosis. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) was used to undertake a quantitative study of maize plants with differing numbers of B chromosomes to observe if instability increases by increasing B dosage in root tip tissue. B chromosome nondisjunction was basically absent at low copy number, but increased at higher B numbers. Thus, B nondisjunction rates are dependent on the dosage of B's in the sporophyte. Differences in nondisjunction were also documented between odd and even doses of the B. In plants that have inherited odd numbered doses of the B chromosome, B loss is nearly twice as likely as B gain in a somatic division. When comparing plants with even doses of B's to plants with odd doses of B's, plants with even numbers had a significantly higher chance to increase in number. Therefore, the B's non-disjunctive capacity, previously thought to be primarily restricted to the gametophyte, is present in sporophytic cells.
Effect of annealing twins on crack initiation under high cycle fatigue conditions

Several experimental studies have shown that fatigue cracks in Ni-based superalloys preferentially form in the vicinity of favorably oriented annealing twin boundaries. However, this increase in the probability of crack nucleation has not been quantified in detail since 3 material modeling has not typically considered twins. The present work employs finite element simulations and a continuum crystal plasticity constitutive model for RR1000 Ni-based superalloy to assess the potential enhancement of nonlocal fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) incurred by the presence of Σ3 twins. Two cases are analyzed: single crystals with twins of different widths subjected to single slip cyclic shear deformation aligned with the twin plane and polycrystals with 20 % of the grains half-twinned. Simulations with and without twins are compared in both cases. The results demonstrate the detrimental effect of twins in shifting the upper tail of the FIP distribution to higher values; this shift is more pronounced with an increase of twin thickness.
Odd-even variations in the wettability of n-alkanethiolate monolayers on gold by water and hexadecane: a molecular dynamics simulation study.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate odd−even chain length dependencies in the wetting properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiols [CH3(CH2)n-1SH] on gold by water and hexadecane. Experimentally, the contact angle of hexadecane on the SAMs depends on whether n is odd or even, while contact angles for water show no odd−even dependence. Our MD simulations of this system included a microscopic droplet of either 256 water molecules or 60 hexadecane molecules localized on an n-alkanethiolate SAM on gold with either an even or odd chain length. Contact angles calculated for these nanoscopic droplets were consistent with experimentally observed macroscopic trends in wettability, namely, that hexadecane is sensitive to structural differences between odd- and even-chained SAMs while water is not. Structural properties for the SAMs (including features such as chain tilt, chain twist, and terminal methyl group tilt) were calculated during the MD simulations and used ...
Anti-idiotypic antibodies: what do they recognize?

On the basis of our present comprehension of the structure of ligand-binding proteins, B. F. Erlanger here discusses how anti-idiotypic antibodies react with their target epitopes, in particular, when anti-idiotypic antibodies cross-react with receptors or act as internal images of ligands.
A model for predicting efficacy of carbaryl bait for control of rangeland grasshoppers.

Three dosages of wheat bran bait (0.56, 1.12, and 1.68 kg/ha) containing 1.96% carbaryl by weight were applied by aircraft to infested rangeland. Percentage control of grasshoppers at 48 h after treatment averaged 42, 59, and 66 for the 3 respective doses. A mathematical model that assumed only 73% vulnerability to the bait predicted control to within 2 percentage points of observed averages. Efficiency of the bait was estimated at 0.16, or ca. 6 flakes/dead grasshopper. The model suggested that bait treatments could be made much more economical by increasing the efficiency of individual flakes and by reducing the rate of application.
A new method for examining the complexity and relationships of “timers” in developing systems

Abstract Simple methods are developed for analyzing the rate-limiting pathways, or “developmental timers,” for consecutive stages in a developing system. Two conditions are first defined for short and long timing to a developmental stage. Shifts are then performed at time intervals from short to long and long to short conditions. The total time to the stage (time under first condition plus time under second condition) is scored and plotted as a function of the time of shift, resulting in two plots, one for shifts from the short to long condition, and the other for shifts from the long to short condition. Each plot is then analyzed for the number of components, slopes of components, absolute times of origins and termini of components, and discontinuities between components. This information is then used (1) to distinguish between single- and multiple-component timers, (2) to assess the sensitivity of each timer component to the change in the environmental condition employed in the method, including reversibility, (3) to test for the addition of a new timer component under long conditions, and (4) to test for an identity change of a timer component between short and long conditions. These interpretations in turn provide a minimum estimate of the complexity of the rate-limiting pathway to a developmental stage, temporally define major transition points between timer components, and provide some insight into the nature of timer components. By characterizing the rate-limiting pathway from the origin of a developmental program for each consecutive stage in that program, distinctions can also be made between single, parallel, sequential, and branching timer relationships. From these interpretations, a detailed temporal “map” of the rate-limiting program can be generated for any developmental system in which consecutive stages can be reproducibly monitored with time.
Improving the quality of care for patients at risk for venous thromboembolism.

Purpose To describe risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE), quality improvement efforts for VTE prevention, and strategies health-system pharmacists can use to improve anticoagulant use and outcomes in patients at risk for VTE. Summary Risk factors for VTE involve the presence of one or more components of Virchow’s triad (endothelial injury, circulatory stasis, and hypercoagulable states) and are exceedingly common in hospitalized patients. Several effective methods for VTE prophylaxis are readily available but remain underused. Quality improvement initiatives to improve VTE prophylaxis rates include evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, mandatory practice and outcomes reporting, and pay-for-performance requirements. The development and implementation of VTE risk assessment tools and treatment algorithms, protocols, policies, and procedures are among the strategies that health-system pharmacists can use to improve anticoagulant use and quality of care in patients at risk for VTE. Conclusion The use of anticoagulant therapy presents health-system pharmacists with both challenges and opportunities to improve the quality of care in patients at risk for VTE.
Hierarchical alignment of breast DCE-MR images by groupwise registration and robust feature matching.

Purpose: Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) shows high sensitivity in detecting breast cancer. However, its performance could be affected by patient motion during the imaging. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to correct patient motion by deformable registration, before using the DCE-MRI to detect breast cancer. However, deformable registration of DCE-MR images is challenging due to the dramatic contrast change over time (especially between the precontrast and postcontrast images). Most existing methods typically register each postcontrast image onto the precontrast image independently, without considering the dynamic contrast change after agent uptake. This could lead to the inconsistency among the aligned postcontrast images in the precontrast image space, which will eventually result in worse performance in cancer detection. In this paper, the authors present a novel hierarchical registration framework to address this problem. Methods: First, the authors propose a hierarchical registration framework to deploy the groupwise registration for simultaneous registration of all postcontrast images onto their group-mean image and further aligning the group-mean image of postcontrast images onto the precontrast image space for final alignment of all precontrast and postcontrast images. In this way, the postcontrast images (with similar intensity patterns) can be jointly aligned onto the precontrast image for increasing their overall consistency after registration. Second, in order to improve the registration between the precontrast image and the group-mean image of the postcontrast images, the authors propose using the contrast-invariant attribute vectors to guide the robust feature matching during the registration. Results: Our proposed hierarchical registration framework has been comprehensively evaluated and compared with affine registration and widely used deformable registration methods in both pairwise and groupwise registration formulation. The experimental results on both real and simulated images show that our method can obtain not only more accurate but also more consistent registration results than any of all other registration algorithms.Conclusions: The authors have proposed a novel groupwise registration method to achieve accurate and consistent alignment for breast DCE-MR images. In the future, the authors will further evaluate our proposed method with more clinical datasets.
Sinusitis complicated by meningitis: current management.

Objectives Meningitis is the most common intracranial complication of sinusitis. We review the incidence, current management, outcomes, and complications of this serious infection. Our study also examines the evolving roles of endoscopic sinus surgery and other new therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in our armamentarium. Study Design A retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary academic medical center of all patients diagnosed with sinusitis with complications between January 1985 and December 1999. Methods The patients were divided into two main groups: intracranial versus orbital complications. Meningitis was the most common intracranial complication. Data on patients with sinusitis and meningitis were collected and analyzed. Results Intracranial complications were present in 39 of 82 patients whereas orbital complications were noted in 43 patients. Twenty-one of the 39 intracranial complications were meningitis. The most common computed tomography finding in adults (54%) was sphenoid sinusitis. All patients with AIDS (6 of 21) had unique cryptococcus meningitis. In patients without AIDS, the most common organism was Streptococcus pneumoniae (10 of 21). The most common sequela was seizure disorder (4 of 21). Endoscopic sinus surgery was performed on 7 of 21 patients. One patient with AIDS who had sinusitis and meningitis died. Conclusions Meningitis as a complication of sinusitis may still pose a serious threat. Although outcomes are encouraging, sequelae such as seizure disorders and hearing loss are common complications. The introduction of high-resolution computed tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging and the availability of wide-spectrum antibiotics have improved our management significantly.
Conditional exponential stability of a differential system with linear dichotomous Coppel-Conti approximation

We prove the conditional exponential stability of the zero solution of the nonlinear differential system $$ \dot y = A(t)y + f(t,y),{\mathbf{ }}y \in R^n ,{\mathbf{ }}t \geqslant 0, $$ with Lp-dichotomous linear Coppel-Conti approximation .x = A(t)x whose principal solution matrix XA(t), XA(0) = E, satisfies the condition $$ \mathop \smallint \limits_0^t \left\| {X_A (t)P_1 X_A^{ - 1} (\tau )} \right\|^p d\tau + \mathop \smallint \limits_t^{ + \infty } \left\| {X_A (t)P_2 X_A^{ - 1} (\tau )} \right\|^p d\tau \leqslant C_p (A) < + \infty ,{\mathbf{ }}p \geqslant 1,{\mathbf{ }}t \geqslant 0, $$ where P1 and P2 are complementary projections of rank k ∈ {1, …, n − 1} and rank n − k, respectively, and with a higher-order infinitesimal perturbation f:[0, ∞) × U → Rn that is piecewise continuous in t ≥ 0 and continuous in y in some neighborhood U of the origin.
Measurement of blood flow in the right and left coronary artery beds in humans and dogs using the 133Xenon technique.

Myocardial blood flows in the distribution of the right and left coronary arteries have been measured by the 133xenon method by selectively and sequentially injecting the arteries. In human and dog studies, a highly statistically significant difference between right and left flow was found. (In humans, right 48 ml./100 g/min, left 76 ml./100 g/min.)
New species and combinations in Vernonia sections Leiboldia and Lepidonia (Asteraceae), with a revisional conspectus of the groups

The wholly North American sectionLeiboldia ofVernonia as revised by Jones (1979) included six species. The present treatment recognizes only three species inLeiboldia, including one newly described from recent collections. The remainder of what Jones consideredLeiboldia has been transferred into a new sect.Lepidonia (Blake) Turner which was first proposed as a monotypic genus. A key to the two sections and 10 species is provided along with an account of their interrelationships. Morphological evidence suggests that sect.Lepidonia is one of the more primitive sections ofVernonia, being as close to certain African sections as they are to the mostly American sect.Vernonia. Consideration is given to the phyletic significance and generic value of receptacular pales in the Vernonieae from which it is concluded that these have persisted in three or more quite unrelated lines of this tribe and undue weight should not be accorded these in generic considerations. Consequently, the paleaceous, monotypic generaLepidonia andBolanosa are sunk into synonymy underVernonia, the former as a distinct section, the latter into the sect.Vernonia.
Multi-Item, One-Warehouse, Multi-Retailer Distribution Systems

In this paper we study the problem of coordinating the purchase and shipment of I items in a one-warehouse, N-retailer inventory system. The model includes positive echelon holding costs, fixed costs for ordering and shipping each item, and a fixed joint item order cost at each retailer. Demand for each item at each retailer is assumed to occur at a constant and continuous rate. A mathematical model is developed based on these assumptions and the assumption that a stationary nested policy is followed. An efficient algorithm is presented based on the problem's structure that involves only sorting and runs in ONI log NI time. The cost of the policy computed is proven to be within 6% of the cost of an optimal nested policy. An example is presented to illustrate the problem structure and the proposed algorithm.
Procedure for determining the uncertainty of photovoltaic module outdoor electrical performance

This paper sets forth an uncertainty estimation procedure for the measurement of photovoltaic (PV) electrical performance using natural sunlight and calibrated secondary reference cells. The actual test irradiance should be restricted to values between 800 and 1000 W/m2 in order to assume that maximum power varies linearly with irradiance. Only the uncertainty of maximum power at standard test conditions (STC), i.e., 1000 W/m2 plane-of-array irradiance and 25°C cell temperature, is developed in its entirety. The basic uncertainty analysis principles developed herein, however, can be applied to any electrical variable of interest (e.g., short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and fill factor). Although the equations presented appear cumbersome, they are easily implemented into a computer spreadsheet. Examples of uncertainty analyses are also presented herein to make the concepts more concrete. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrocorneal fibrous membranes in failed corneal grafts.

Histopathologic slides from 170 failed grafts, excised between 1983 and 1990 were reviewed. The overall incidence of retrocorneal fibrous membrane was 54% (92 grafts). The incidence of diffuse (extensive) retrocorneal fibrous membrane was 17% (29 grafts) and that of focal (peripheral) retrocorneal fibrous membrane was 37% (63 grafts). A high correlation was found between the clinical presence of peripheral anterior synechiae or vitreous adherent to the wound and the finding of retrocorneal fibrous membrane in aphakic and Pseudophakic failed corneal grafts. A high correlation was also found between tube-shunt operation and the presence of diffuse retrocorneal fibrous membrane. Sixteen of 63 (25%) regrafted failed grafts, that is second grafts, with focal retrocorneal fibrous membranes failed within 18 months following surgery. Thirteen of 29 (45%) regrafted failed grafts with diffuse retrocorneal fibrous membrane failed within the same period and 11 of these (85%) were associated with tube-shunt surgery.
Expression of the gene encoding alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in rabbit liver under acute-phase conditions involves induction and activation of beta and delta CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins.

Transcription of the gene encoding α1-acid glycoprotein is highly induced during acute inflammation which has been previously shown to be mediated by some inducible members of the CCAAT-enhancer-binding (C/EBP) transcription-factor family. In this study, we demonstrate that the involved inducible C/EBP isoforms are C/EBP-β and C/EBP-δ, and together they control the high-level induction of the α1-acid glycoprotein gene in response to inflammatory signals. We observed that dephosphorylation severely inhibits the DNA-binding ability of C/EBP-δ and its transactivating potential increases in the presence of cellular phosphatase inhibitors, such as okadaic acid and sodium orthovanadate. These results suggest that C/EBP-δ is regulated by phosphorylation. Transient transfections using expression vectors of C/EBP-α, C/EBP-β and C/EBP-δ have shown that while individually all three isoforms can transactivate the α1-acid glycoprotein–chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase gene transcription, co-expression of C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β isoforms results in lower levels of reporter gene expression than the levels predicted from their additive transactivation level. In vitro DNA-binding studies have shown that C/EBP-α and C/EBP-β isoforms both interact and form complexes with the α1-acid glycoprotein gene C/EBP-binding element under normal non-induced conditions during which α1-acid glycoprotein is expressed at a very low level. Higher than additive levels of reporter gene expression are observed when combinations of C/EBP-δ and C/EBP-β or C/EBP-δ and C/EBP-α are used. Together, these data demonstrate that C/EBP-β and C/EBP-δ are the major proteins responsible for the acute-phase induction of α1-acid-glycoprotein gene expression and they require phosphorylation for transactivation potential.
Variability of Mars' North Polar Water Ice Cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter Imaging Data

Abstract Previous studies interpreted differences in ice coverage between Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter observations of Mars' north residual polar cap as evidence of interannual variability of ice deposition on the cap. However, these investigators did not consider the possibility that there could be significant changes in the ice coverage within the northern residual cap over the course of the summer season. Our more comprehensive analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data shows that the appearance of the residual cap does not show large-scale variance on an interannual basis. Rather we find evidence that regions that were dark at the beginning of summer look bright by the end of summer and that this seasonal variation of the cap repeats from year to year. Our results suggest that this brightening was due to the deposition of newly formed water ice on the surface. We find that newly formed ice deposits in the summer season have the same red-to-violet band image ratios as permanently bright deposits within the residual cap. We believe the newly formed ice accumulates in a continuous layer. To constrain the minimum amount of deposited ice, we used observed albedo data in conjunction with calculations using Mie theory for single scattering and a delta-Eddington approximation of radiative transfer for multiple scattering. The brightening could have been produced by a minimum of (1) a ∼35-μm-thick layer of 50-μm-sized ice particles with 10% dust or (2) a ∼14-μm-thick layer of 10-μm-sized ice particles with 50% dust.
Throwing the baby out with the bathwater: pitfalls of misrepresenting single-case experimental designs

Having studied, taught, and used single-case experimental designs (SCED) for 40 years primarily in studies of child language intervention, I was interested in learning of advances in the adult lang...
Children's appraisals of interparental conflict: Situational and contextual influences.

Children's appraisals of interparental conflict have been linked with their adjustment and their strategies for coping with conflict, but the factors that influence the appraisal process are less clear. This study examined cognitive and emotional responses of 60 7-12-year-old children to audiotaped conflictual interactions. Properties of the conflict, family factors, and child characteristics were related to children's appraisals; the most consistent predictors were the level of hostility expressed in the interaction, children's prior experience with physically aggressive interparental conflict, and children's age. These findings indicate that children's perceptions and interpretations of interparental conflict are influenced by the larger context in which a conflict occurs as well as the way the conflict is expressed.
The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993

We know very little about how civil wars end. Harrison Wagner has argued that negotiated settlements of civil wars are likely to break down because segments of power-sharing governments retain the capacity for resorting to civil war while victory destroys the losers' organization, making it very difficult to resume the war. An analysis of a data set of 91 post-1945 civil wars generally supports this hypothesis but only in wars over identity issues. Moreover, while military victories may be less likely to break down than negotiated settlements of identity civil wars, they are also more likely to be followed by acts of genocide. Outsiders concerned with minimizing violence thus face a dilemma.
Transnational identifications: Biliterate writers in a first-year humanities course

Abstract This essay presents the results of a study of first-year students in a California University who report competence as speakers and writers of a language other than English. The data collected for the study include a language questionnaire administered to over a thousand students and, from a smaller sample, responses to focus group interviews, a research paper written at the culmination of a year-long writing-intensive humanities course, and reflections on that paper drawn from a writer's memo. To establish a theoretical context, the authors review the founding assumptions of contrastive rhetoric as well as recent critiques of CR, arriving at a framework for analysis based in transnational cultural theory. Drawing from the data, they sketch profiles of students with home languages of Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, and Spanish, finding that the students’ transnational linguistic experiences and identifications inform in complex and significant ways their research and writing strategies, as well as their future educational goals.
Re-configurable distributed scripting

Several distributed testing, control and collaborative applications are reactive or event driven in nature. Such applications can be structured as a set of handlers that react to events and that in turn can trigger other events. We have developed an application building toolkit that facilitates development of such applications. Our system is based on the concept of Mobile Streams. Applications developed in our system are dynamically extensible and re-configurable and our system provides the application designer a mechanism to control extension and re-configuration. We describe our system model and give examples of its use.
How I treat childhood CML.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is composed of 3% of pediatric leukemias, making evidence-based recommendations difficult. Imatinib has revolutionized the treatment for adult CML by eliminating allogeneic stem cell transplantation for almost all patients in chronic phase. Shown effective in pediatric CML, imatinib and successive tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have provided more therapeutic options. Because stem cell transplantation has been better tolerated in children and adolescents, the decision to treat by either TKI or transplantation is controversial. We present a recent case of a 12-month-old boy diagnosed with BCR-ABL+ CML to highlight the controversies in treatment recommendations. We review the pediatric stem cell transplantation outcomes as well as the pediatric experience with imatinib and other TKIs. Finally, we compare the side effects as well as costs associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation versus TKI therapy. We recommend that frontline therapy for pediatric CML in chronic phase is TKI therapy without transplantation. Patients in accelerated or blast crisis or who fail to reach landmarks on TKIs either because of intolerance or resistance should pursue stem cell transplantation. Although we recommend adopting adult clinical experience to guide therapeutic decision making, the issues of infant CML, drug formulation, pharmacokinetics, and adolescent compliance merit clinical investigation.
Methods to estimate electric-utility transition costs

Estimates of transition costs for U.S. investor-owned electric utilities range from $20 to $500 billion. These potential losses are a consequence of the above-market book values for some utility-owned power plants and long-term power-purchase contracts, as well as deferred income taxes, regulatory assets, and public-policy programs. Because of the wide range of estimates and the potentially large dollar amounts involved, state and federal regulators need a clear understanding of the methods used to calculate these estimates. In addition, they may want simple methods that they can use to check the reasonableness of the estimates that utilities and other parties present in regulatory proceedings. This paper explains various methods to calculate transition costs. Top-down methods, because they use the utility as the unit of analysis, are simple to apply and to understand. However, their aggregate nature makes it difficult to determine what specific assets and liabilities affect their estimates. Bottom-up methods use the individual asset (e.g. power plant) or liability (e.g. power-purchase contract) as the unit of analysis. These methods have substantial data and computational requirements.
Carotenoids of seven species of Sebastodes.

Abstract 1. 1. Sebastodes miniatus, S. constellatus, S. eos, S. umbrosus, S. cornatus, S. flavidus and S. atrovirens were examined for quality and quantity of carotenoid content and the results were correlated with the general body color of each species. 2. 2. A range from red to olive-drab was found to be due to decreasing concentrations of astaxanthin with corresponding increases in the neutral xanthophylls. 3. 3. The most significant pigment in the olive fish was found to be tunaxanthin. 4. 4. The possible significance of tunaxanthin in the pigmentation of marine fish is discussed.
A synoptic‐scale climate analysis of anomalous snow water equivalent over the Northern Great Plains of the USA

The Northern Great Plains is a region where variations in seasonal snow accumulation can have a dramatic affect on regional hydrology. In the past, one of the problems in studying snow hydrology has been obtaining information of sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolution on the water content of the snowpack. This project used a hybrid climatology of snow water equivalent (SWE) that incorporated both model and observed data. This climatology has a long time series (49 years) and a high spatial resolution (1° × 1°) sufficient for use in a climatic analysis. The long and complete time series of SWE generated in this project allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the meteorological and climate forcing mechanisms that influence the amount of SWE. The five largest (high SWE) and five smallest SWE (low SWE) accumulations on 1 March were examined. High SWE years received greater snowfall and fewer accumulated melting degree days throughout the season. Large SWE accumulations at the end of the season, however, were not always associated with deep snowpacks early in the season. Also, all five high SWE years had above normal snowfall in February. Years with small or no SWE had below-average snowfall but greater than average accumulated melting degree days. A synoptic analysis examined both atmospheric circulation and air mass frequencies to assess impacts on ablation and snowfall. A distinct difference in the frequency of different air mass during high SWE versus low SWE years was evident. High SWE years were characterized by substantially greater intrusions of the coldest and driest air mass type (dry polar). Low SWE years, in contrast, had a greater frequency of more moderate air masses (dry moderate and moist moderate). In years with above average SWE, negative departures in November–December–January–February composite 700 hPa field were evident across the continental USA and indicate a greater frequency of troughing across the study area. Low SWE years were characterized by a ridging pattern that reduced the likelihood of precipitation and may have aided in the intrusion of more moderate air masses. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Magnetic activation of embedded sensory particles in active tagging interrogation of adhesive bonding

This paper presents an experimental technique of magnetically exciting embedded ferromagnetic particles in epoxy to facilitate active inspection and interrogation of bond integrity. The proposed concepts involve biasing an alternating magnetic field and optimizing the activating location to maximize and linearize the exciting force on the particles. The methods are analytically and experimentally proven to be effective in amplifying the force and reducing the harmonic distortion resulting from the nonlinearity of the system. The effects of material properties and the geometry of the embedded particles on the activation force are also extensively studied. The particle's geometry is found to affect the activation significantly. The active tagging technique is thus pushed one more step forward on the way to practical application.
On solutions of elliptic-type differential equations in a Banach space on a semiaxis

We describe all classical solutions of an abstract m-harmonic equation on (0,∞) and study their properties on this interval and in the neighborhood of the singular point 0.
Simultaneous direct recoil and SIMS analysis analysis of H, C, and O on Si(100)

Abstract Simultaneous direct recoil detection of H, C, and O and SIMS measurement of Si+ and Si+2 have been made from Si(100) exposed to 02, H2O and CH3OH. Azimuthal angular dependences of the signals have been determined showing the adsorbates to be free from shadowing and blocking effects on this surface. Matrix dependences of Si+ and Si+2 in the presence of the adsorbates are determined.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry lean soft tissue hydration: independent contributions of intra- and extracellular water

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) provides a measure of lean soft tissue (LST). LST hydration, often assumed to be constant, is relevant to several aspects of DEXA body composition estimates....
Time as a dynamical variable

Abstract Clocks are dynamical systems, notwithstanding our usual formalism in which time is treated as an external parameter. A dynamical variable which may be identified with time is explicitly constructed for a variety of simple dynamical systems. This variable is canonically conjugate to the Hamiltonian. The complications brought about by the semiboundedness of the Hamiltonian are taken into account and the spectral properties of the time operator are examined. For relativistic systems boosts affect the time variable in a familiar manner. It is pointed out that all physical clock times are cyclic, contrary to Newton's view of a ‘uniformly flowing time’.
Glucuronide Excretion and the Detoxication Mechanism in Whole-body Irradiated Rats

URINARY glucuronide excretion was diminished in rats by 1,000 r. (whole-body) of γ-rays while sensitivity to naphthalene was increased. Details and significance of these observations are reported here.