cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Double-Edged Sword: Does Biomechanism Increase or Decrease Judges' Sentencing of Psychopaths?

We tested whether expert testimony concerning a biomechanism of psychopathy increases or decreases punishment. In a nationwide experiment, U.S. state trial judges (N = 181) read a hypothetical case (based on an actual case) where the convict was diagnosed with psychopathy. Evidence presented at sentencing in support of a biomechanical cause of the convict's psychopathy significantly reduced the extent to which psychopathy was rated as aggravating and significantly reduced sentencing (from 13.93 years to 12.83 years). Content analysis of judges' reasoning indicated that even though the majority of judges listed aggravating factors (86.7%), the biomechanical evidence increased the proportion of judges listing mitigating factors (from 29.7 to 47.8%). Our results contribute to the literature on how biological explanations of behavior figure into theories of culpability and punishment.
The Relationship of Challenging Behaviors to Severity and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Challenging behaviors were assessed in 313 children, and it was demonstrated that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibited greater levels of challenging behavior than both normally developing controls and children with psychopathology or atypical development. Next, we examined the relation between challenging behaviors and symptoms of autism in children with ASD. Severity of ASD was positively related to the number and intensity of challenging behaviors, and those with severe ASD exhibited significantly higher levels of problem behaviors than children with mild or moderate ASD. In addition, clusters of ASD symptoms were able to accurately predict endorsements of 8 of the 18 challenging behaviors assessed. Implications for the assessment and intervention of ASD and challenging behaviors are discussed.
Single‐slide versus double‐slide Pap smear: A comparative study

Comparison of the single-slide versus double-slide Pap smear method was performed using ectocervical and endocervical samples taken with the Ayre spatula and Cytobrush and placed together on one slide or on two separate slides. Eight hundred cases were collected by four different physicians in a gynecologic clinic (100 consecutive cases per doctor per method). All samples were evaluated at the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Parameters evaluated were: specimen adequacy, quality and detection of disease. Results for the double-slide method were: 352/400 (88%) satisfactory, 48/400 (12%) satisfactory, but limited, and 0% unsatisfactory cases. Results for the single-slide method were: 347/400 (86.7%) satisfactory, 50/400 (12.5%) satisfactory, but limited, and 3/400 (0.75%) unsatisfactory cases. Results regarding detection of disease were 16/400 (4%) CIN 1/400 (0.25%) carcinomas with the double-slide method as compared to 13/400 (3.25%) CIN and no carcinomas with the single-slide method. No statistically significant differences were found regarding specimen adequacy ( P= 0.31), quality ( P= 1.00), and detection of disease [CIN ( P= 0.71) and carcinomas ( P= 1.0)]. These preliminary findings suggest that the single-slide method is as efficacious as the double-slide method, although a larger group of patients with a longer follow-up need to be evaluated.© 1995 Willey- Liss, Inc.
Effect of ethnicity and race on cognitive and language testing at age 18-22 months in extremely preterm infants.

Objective To evaluate the relationship of race/ethnicity to Cognitive and Language scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition in extremely preterm toddlers ( Study design This cohort study included extremely preterm toddlers seen at Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers evaluated at 18-22 months adjusted age from 3 race/ethnic groups (white, black, and Hispanic white). Multivariate regression modeling was used to identify race/ethnic differences, after adjusting for medical and psychosocial factors. Results The study population comprised 369 whites, 352 blacks, and 144 Hispanic whites. Cognitive scores differed among the 3 groups on unadjusted analysis ( P ≤ .001), but not after adjusting for medical and psychosocial factors ( P = .13). Language scores differed on adjusted and unadjusted analyses. Whites scored higher than blacks and Hispanic whites, and blacks scored higher than Hispanic whites. Conclusions A combination of medical variables and primary caretaker education accounted for differences in Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition Cognitive scores among the 3 groups. Black and Hispanic white toddlers had lower Language scores than whites, even after adjustment. Early intervention should be targeted to these identified risk factors. Assessment of early language development in minority children may be warranted.
Systemic absorption of gentamicin nasal irrigations.

ObjectiveTo determine if gentamicin nasal irrigation is systemically absorbed, and to identify any ototoxic side effects related to its use.DesignRetrospective review of 12 patients treated with gentamicin nasal irrigations (30 cc of 80 mg/L solution used bilaterally twice daily).MethodsSerum gentamicin levels were assayed after the course treatment. Pure tone audiometry (250–8000 Hz) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DP-OAEs) at 7280, 5133, 3640 and 2560 Hz were obtained before and after therapy.ResultsTwelve patients (age 4 to 74, mean 43) with chronic rhinosinusitis were treated for 3–15 weeks (mean 7 weeks). All patients had undergone previous endoscopic sinus surgery. Ten patients had pretreatment cultures that grew organisms sensitive to gentamicin (Pseudomonas, Proteus, or methacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and three patients had cystic fibrosis. Ten of 12 patients (83%) had detectable posttreatment levels of gentamicin, with a mean serum level of 0.42 mcg/mL (range 0.3 to 0....
Minimizing lifetime structural costs: Optimizing for production and maintenance under service life uncertainty

Abstract Current naval shipowners are being forced to extend the service lives of their aging vessels from budgetary and political constraints. This is causing them to incur significant costs due to maintaining the structure of these older ships to keep the ships in operation. These increasing costs make it desirable to design new naval structures with their minimization in mind, as well as ensuring that such vessels are robust to changes in expected service life with respect to their total lifetime cost. However, such structures will necessarily have higher production costs, therefore, an optimization framework is presented to estimate both production and maintenance costs for a naval vessel's internal structure and develop trade-spaces between these two competing objectives in order to find designs that represent a balance of both.
Relationship between winter/spring snowfall and summer precipitation in the northern great plains of north America

Abstract On the basis of snowfall observations from 1929 to 1999, positive (negative) snowfall anomalies are associated with wetter (drier) than normal conditions during the summer [July–August (JJA)] in the northern Great Plains. The five driest summers are associated with negative snowfall anomalies during the preceding winter (−66.7 mm) and spring (−62.4 mm) that cover most of the study region (∼85%). Snowfall anomalies during the late spring (April–May) are more important for determining summer moisture conditions than snowfall anomalies in fall [September–November (SON)] or winter [December–February (DJF)]. The link between snowfall anomalies and summer moisture conditions appears to be, at least partly, through soil moisture since positive (negative) snowfall anomalies are associated with wetter (drier) soils, a later (earlier) date of snowmelt, cooler (warmer) air temperatures, and more (less) evaporation during spring and summer. However, the relationship between spring snowfall and summer moistur...
About some 19th-century theories of suicide : Interpreting suicide in an east european country

In this article I compare the suicide theories advanced by two 19th-century thinkers, Masaryk and Durkheim, and test their conclusions using data from an East European country, Romania, before and after the 1989 fall of communism. Using data from various sources (censuses, vital statistical publications, European databases), I follow two main directions in my discussion: a) differences and similarities between the two theories of suicide and b) what can still be used from these theories to explain suicide as a social phenomenon.
Kyiv’s Maidan: from Duma Square to sacred space

The word ‘Maidan’ is shorthand for Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) in Kyiv, Ukraine, as well as a term that in Ukraine has come to signify a large protest gathering, such as the Euromadian protests that overthrew the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych on 22 February 2014. This paper traces the history and changing meaning of the square that is today Maidan Nezalezhnosti, from czarist Kyiv to the present, and then traces protests that began in November 2013 in response to Yanukovych’s announcement to abandon Ukraine’s quest for admission to the European Union and that resulted in his ouster and war with Russia. Because protestors were killed, the square has now become sacred space. Even as war rages in Ukraine’s east, memorials to the fallen, the Nebesna Sotnya, are being designed for the square.
Sulfation and molecular weight of fibronectin shed by human melamona cells

Abstract Intrinsic radiolabeling, affinity chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of fibronectin shed by cultured human melanoma cells unexpectedly showed that it is sulfated and has a higher apparent molecular weight than plasma fibronectin. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Design of the Footrest for the Auto Seat Based on Theergonomics

The design of the footrest used in the auto seat was investigated based on the ergonomics. According to the results, the design path along with the type of the footrest could be described as: i) an adjustment mechanism is necessary for the footrest to meet the requirements of the different groups; ii) the adjustor of the footrest could be realized by using a ratchet mechanism and iii) the hand-operating should be avoided for the using of the footrest and the footrest should be self-closing when it was free of use to realize the passenger protection.
SU-GG-I-10: Estimation of Organ Doses from KV-CBCT Imaging Systems Used in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a practical method for estimating organdoses from kilovoltage cone‐beam CT(CBCT) that can be performed with readily available phantoms and dosimeters. The accuracy of organdose estimates made using the ImPACT patient dose calculator was also evaluated. Method and Materials: A 100 mm pencil chamber and standard CTdose index (CTDI) phantoms were used to measure the cone‐beam dose index (CBDI). A weighted CBDI (CBDIw) was then calculated from these measurements to represent the average volumetric dose in the CTDI phantom. By comparing CBDIw to previously published organdoses [J Appl Clin Med Phys., 2010], organdose conversion coefficients were developed. The measured CBDI values were also used as inputs for the ImPACT calculator to estimate organdoses. All CBDI dose measurements were performed on both the Elekta XVI and Varian OBI using factory installed protocols at three clinically relevant locations: head, chest, and pelvis. Results: The head, chest, and pelvis protocols yielded CBDIw values of 0.98, 16.62, and 24.13 mGy for the XVI system and 5.17, 6.14, and 21.57 mGy for the OBI system, respectively. Organdoses estimated with the ImPACT CTdose calculator showed a large range of variation from previously measured organdoses, demonstrating its limitations for use with CBCT.Conclusion: The organdose conversion coefficients developed in this work relate CBDIw values to organdoses previously measured using the same factory installed clinical protocols. Ultimately, these coefficients will allow for the quick estimation of organdoses from routine measurements performed using standard CTDI phantoms and pencil chambers.
The conflict between energy conservation and environmental policy in the US transportation sector

Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implements its policy of pollution control in the transportation sector by specifying the amount of emission permitted per mile driven, (rather than per gallon of fuel burnt). As a result, since car manufacturers have no incentive to reduce emissions below the standard, unless the number of miles travelled declines, vehicle emissions will not drop, no matter how much or how little fuel is burnt. Some of the major fuel conservation policies that have been implemented in the USA have led to increased fuel economy and have resulted in reduced demand for petrol. But they have also indirectly encouraged a greater demand for travel. Consequently, vehicle emissions have increased, even though the amount of fuel consumption has decreased. The net effect is that US energy conservation policy is at loggerheads with pollution control policy, when the two should be going hand in hand.
DC power limitation of the heterojunction bipolar transistor with dot geometry: Effect of base potential distribution on thermal runaway

Abstract The d.c. power limitation of a conventional HBT with dot geometry was studied theoretically using combined electro-thermal and transmission line models. In most cases, the thermal runaway occurs at a power level lower than that set by the intrinsic electronic property of the device. The dependence of the d.c. thermal runaway threshold power density, P max , on the emitter dot radius and emitter ballast resistance was calculated. Increasing emitter dot radius lowers P max . Although ballast resistance increases P max , the effect reduces as the emitter dot radius increases. This is caused by the non-uniform potential distribution in the base layer. When thermal runaway is considered, the nonuniform base-emitter potential offsets the improvement of the power handling capability by the physical ballast resistance. Conventional HBTs with a large radius (greater than 4 μm) exhibit a small P max caused by thermal effect. This threshold power density can be increased drastically by using the thermal shunt technique.
Electricity Pricing; a Comprehensive Framework

This paper presents a framework for electric power pricing, reviews the basic theory of marginal cost pricing applicable to the power sector, and summarizes recent developments in the area. The adaptation of the theory for practical application in relation to the objectives of power pricing policy results in a two stage procedure for tariff setting. First, the strict long-run marginal costs (LRMC) of supply which meet the economic efficiency criterion are computed. Second, the strict LRMC is adjusted to arrive at an appropriate realistic tariff structure which satisfies various constraints, including economic-second best and social-lifeline rate considerations, financial Viability, and simplicity of metering and billing.
Mexican Immigrants, Labour Market Assimilation and the Current Population: The Sensitivity of Results Across Seemingly Equivalent Surveys

In this paper we compare estimates of immigrants’ labour supply assimilation profiles using the Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Files (March ADS) and the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Groups (ORGs). We use a measure that is seemingly consistent across both surveys: usual weekly hours of work in the main job. This measure is not only important as it measures the intensive margin of labour supply, but it is also used to estimate hourly earnings in both surveys. Our results indicate that the two surveys produce dramatically different estimates of the change in average hours of work as immigrants’ years in the United States increase: estimates from the March ADS predict much steeper hour's assimilation profiles than do estimates obtained from the ORGs. These differences persist if we include controls for demographic characteristics, and only disappear once we control for occupation heterogeneity. We argue that these differences stem from two separate factors that differentiate the data. First, the ADS and ORG frame the usual “hours worked” question differently. Also, differences in the timing of the surveys may produce seasonality effects that differentially affect the composition of recent and earlier migrants, thereby changing assimilation profiles.
Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase 2 Mediates Growth Suppressive and Apoptotic Effects of Interferon-β in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

Interferons (IFNs) regulate the expression of genes that mediate their antiviral, antitumor, and immunomodulatory actions. We have previously shown that IFN-β suppresses growth of human ovarian carcinoma xenografts in vivo and induces apoptosis of ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro. To investigate mechanisms of IFN-β-induced apoptosis we employed an antisense technical knockout approach to identify gene products that mediate cell death and have isolated several regulators of interferon-induced death (RIDs). In this investigation, we have characterized one of the RIDs, RID-2. Sequence analysis revealed that RID-2 was identical to human inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 2 (IP6K2). IP6K2 is post-transcriptionally induced by IFN-β in ovarian carcinoma cells. A mutant IP6K2 with substitutions in the putative inositol phosphate binding domain abrogates IFN-β-induced apoptosis. These studies identify a novel function for IP6K2 in cell growth regulation and apoptosis.
Calorimetric Determination of Aqueous Ion Enthalpies

Enthalpies of formation of aqueous ions can be determined by solution calorimetry. This article describes an experiment for the physical chemistry laboratory. Enthalpies of formation of aqueous sodium, potassium, chloride and iodide ions are calculated from the enthalpies of solution of salts. The enthalpies of solution are measured with the Parr 1455 solution calorimeter. The calorimeter is controlled and data are collected by a computer attached to the calorimeter's serial port. The experiment is simple and yields results that are in good agreement with literature values.
Microwave Chemical Sensing at Room Temperature Using an Overmoded Waveguide Design

Microwave spectrometers have unique advantages in the ability to determine high-resolution features that are specific to a given chemical. Very sharp lines which correspond to quantum states of the chemical allow for unique identification of the chemical. Recent advances have shown the possibility of room-temperature microwave spectroscopy analysis in which the data are collected in a short amount of time using broadband chirp pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy. In this paper, we explore the design of reduced-size spectrometers focusing on the reduction of the microwave analysis cell, where the chemical is analyzed at room temperature. Through optimization of the features of the test cell, it is shown that a much smaller analysis cell can be utilized. In combination with the established trends towards system on chip high-frequency devices, this technique demonstrates the possibility of a nonlaboratory-based implementation of a high-resolution sensor.
Outer bark thickness decreases more with height on stems of fire-resistant than fire-sensitive Floridian oaks (Quercus spp.; Fagaceae).

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY In ecosystems maintained by low-intensity surface fires, tree bark thickness is a determinant of fire-survival because it protects underlying tissues from heat damage. However, it has been unclear whether relatively thick bark i S: maintained at all heights or only near the ground where damage is most likely.• METHODS We studied six Quercus species from the red and white clades, with three species characteristic of fire-maintained savannas and three species characteristic of forests with infrequent fire. Inner and outer bark (secondary phloem and rhytidome, respectively) thicknesses were measured at intervals from 10 to 300 cm above the ground. We used linear mixed-effects models to test for relationships among height, habitat, and clade on relative thickness (stem proportion) of total, inner, and outer bark. Bark moisture and tissue density were measured for each species at 10 cm.• KEY RESULTS Absolute and relative total bark thickness declined with height, with no difference in height-related changes between habitat groups. Relative outer bark thickness showed a height-by-habitat interaction. There was a clade effect on relative thickness, but no interaction with height. Moisture contents were higher in inner than outer bark, and red oaks had denser bark than white oaks, but neither trait differed by habitat.• CONCLUSIONS Quercus species characteristic of fire-prone habitats invest more in outer bark near the ground where heat damage to outer tissues is most likely. Future investigations of bark should consider the height at which measurements are made and distinguish between inner and outer bark.
A Statistical Approach to Real-Time Updating and Automatic Scheduling of Physical Models

Energy consumption of data center has increased dramatically due to the massive computing demands driven from every sector of the economy. Hence, data center energy management has become very important for operating data centers within environmental standards while achieving low energy cost. In order to advance the understanding of thermal management in data centers, relevant environmental information such as temperature, humidity and air quality are gathered through a network of realtime sensors or simulated via sophisticated physical models (e.g. computational fluid dynamics models). However, sensor readings of environmental parameters are collected only at sparse locations and thus cannot provide a detailed map of temperature distribution for the entire data center. While the physics models yield high resolution temperature maps, it is often not feasible, due to computational complexity of these models, to run them in real-time, which is ideally required for optimum data Address all correspondence to this author. center operation and management. In this work, we propose a novel statistical modeling approach to updating physical model outputs in real-time and providing automatic scheduling for recomputing physical model outputs. The proposed method dynamically corrects the discrepancy between a steady-state output of the physical model and real-time thermal sensor data. We show that the proposed method can provide valuable information for data center energy management such as real-time highresolution thermal maps. Moreover, it can efficiently detect systematic changes in a data center thermal environment, and automatically schedule physical models to be re-executed whenever significant changes are detected.
Assessment of a rapid method to determine approximate visual acuity in large surveys and other such settings.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of an iPod application developed to rapidly measure approximate visual acuity (VA). Design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods One hundred four subjects (104 eyes) with a wide range of VA underwent both Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) VA testing and iPod application testing. The application presented 4 randomized ETDRS letters at the Snellen equivalent of 20/40 and 20/200 each. In separate analyses, sensitivity and specificity of the iPod test were determined using the ETDRS VA testing results as the gold standard and defining “failure” to see as identifying 1, 2, 3, or all 4 letters incorrectly out of 4 trials. The minimum number of iPod trials necessary to maintain high accuracy was determined by defining a “failure” as getting the first, first 2, first 3, or all trial letters incorrect. In 13 subjects, the time necessary to perform the testing was determined. Results Forty-six subjects had an ETDRS Snellen equivalent VA ≥20/40; 45 had a VA Conclusions An iPod application requiring about a 1-minute testing time provides an objective, portable, rapid, and low-cost method to determine approximate VA, allowing VA testing to be performed efficiently in large surveys and other settings where approximate VA should be measured.
Jupiter's magnetotail as the source of interplanetary Jovian MeV electrons observed at Earth

The source of interplanetary Jovian MeV electron enhancements observed at earth is found to be Jupiter's magnetotail. If an average solar wind speed of 400 km/sec is assumed, the main region of emission extends from about 1.0 AU downstream from Jupiter to about 2.0 AU beyond the planet. (If a value of 350 km/sec is assumed, it extends from about 0.4 AU to about 1.2 AU.) Individual 'active' zones are about 0.2 AU in length. It is proposed that interplanetary magnetic field line connection with the tail is the mechanism providing the Jovian electrons observed at earth.
The use and effect of mixed standards on the quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyls

A study was made of the problems encountered when the chromatogram of a sample being analyzed for PCB's via GLC cannot readily be compared to a particular Aroclor standard. The use of mixed Aroclor standards was proposed and a study made of the effect of mixed standards on the analytical results. It was found that the choice of a standard could alter the values by more than a factor of 2. In addition, the particular mixture used as a standard should be reported along with resulting values.
An improved algorithm to compute tensor scale and its application to medical image interpolation

Tensor scale (t-scale) is a parametric representation of local structure morphology that simultaneously describes its orientation, shape, and isotropic scale. At any image point, t-scale represents the largest ellipse (an ellipsoid in threedimension) centered at that point and contained in the same homogeneous region defined under a given boundary criterion. Here, we present an improved algorithm for t-scale computation and study its application to medical image interpolation. Specifically, the t-scale computation algorithm is improved by: (1) enhancing the accuracy of locating local structure boundary and (2) combining both algebraic and geometric distance errors in ellipse optimization. In the context of interpolation of grey level images, a new deterministic approach is presented that directly determines the interpolation line at each image point using local t-scale information on adjacent slices. At each point on an image slice, the method determines the normal vector derived by its t-scale that yields trans-orientation of the local structure and points to the closest edge on the local structure interface. Local normal vectors at the matching two-dimensional points on two adjacent slices are used to estimate the interpolation line using simple vector algebra. The method has been applied to BrainWeb data sets and also, to several other medical images from different clinical applications and preliminary results are presented.
Driving Disruptive Innovation: Problem Finding and Strategy Setting in an Uncertain World

OVERVIEW:Driving innovation—particularly disruptive innovation—demands that companies possess a deep understanding of the nonobvious problems that will need to be solved in the future. Gaining this understanding requires that companies scan their external environment, identify trends, and then envision future problem states from the perspective of end users or customers. Such an outside-in view is difficult for successful incumbent firms that already possess a dominant logic about their markets and competitive drivers. Strategic roadmapping provides the means to help companies develop this outside-in view and challenge their current competitive perspectives. Here we present a 10-step methodology for strategic roadmapping and show how one group at Intel was able to use this process to envision the future of its business in new ways.
Measuring the Diabetes Knowledge of Nurses in Long-Term Care Facilities:

A knowledge test was developed by a local diabetes educators' group to evaluate the diabetes knowledge base of 59 nurses currently employed in four long-term care facilities in eastern North Carolina. The test contained items in the following categories: monitoring, medication, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, illness care, diet, exercise, foot care, and patient/family education. The results of the diabetes knowledge test were analyzed according to overall test scores as well as scores in each of the selected categories. The overall scores ranged from 42% to 89%, with a group mean of 67% (passing = 70% or higher). The scores in the individual categories ranged from 18.6% for monitoring and 23.8% for medications to 91.5% for patient/family education.
Daytime sleepiness in the healthy "old old": a comparison with young adults.

Objective: To determine if excessive daytime sleepiness is an inevitable consequence of aging. Methods: Daytime sleepiness was measured using Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT's) before and after a night of total sleep deprivation in a sample of 22 healthy men and women in their eighties and 29 men and women in their twenties. Results: Young adults were somewhat sleepier than elders, as measured by rapidity of sleep onset during daytime nap recordings using the MSLT, and showed a higher incidence of REM sleep during naps. However, recovery from the effects of acute sleep loss was slower in the elderly, judging from the presence of more daytime sleepiness 2 days after a night of total sleep deprivation. Such persistent sleepiness was absent in the young adult control group. Conclusions: Healthy persons in late old age may have a level of daytime sleepiness no greater than, and perhaps even less than, that seen in healthy young adults.
Impact of future nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions on the stratospheric ozone layer

The atmospheric levels of human-produced chlorocarbons and bromocarbons are projected to make only small contributions to ozone depletion by 2100. Increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) will become increasingly important in determining the future of the ozone layer. N2O increases lead to increased production of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contributing to ozone depletion. CO2 increases cool the stratosphere and affect ozone levels in several ways. Cooling decreases the rate of many photochemical reactions, thus slowing ozone loss rates. Cooling also increases the chemical destruction of nitrogen oxides, thereby moderating the effect of increased N2O on ozone depletion. The stratospheric ozone level projected for the end of this century therefore depends on future emissions of both CO2 and N2O. We use a two-dimensional chemical transport model to explore a wide range of values for the boundary conditions for CO2 and N2O, and find that all of the current scenarios for growth of greenhouse gases project the global average ozone to be larger in 2100 than in 1960.
The Intersection of Aging, Longevity Pathways, and Learning and Memory in C. elegans

Our understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of aging and longevity has been greatly augmented through studies using the small model system, C. elegans. It is important to test whether mutations that result in a longer life span also extend the health span of the organism, rather than simply prolonging an aged state. C. elegans can learn and remember both associated and non-associated stimuli, and many of these learning and memory paradigms are subject to regulation by longevity pathways. One of the more distressing results of aging is cognitive decline, and while no gross physical defects in C. elegans sensory neurons have been identified, the organism does lose the ability to perform both simple and complex learned behaviors with age. Here we review what is known about the effects of longevity pathways and the decline of these complex learned behaviors with age, and we highlight outstanding questions in the field.
Movement Disorders I: Tics and Stereotypies

1. Samuel H. Zinner, MD* 2. Jonathan W. Mink, MD, PhD† 1. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash. 2. †Professor of Neurology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Golisano Children's Hospital at Strong, Rochester, NY. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the important features of tics and stereotypies. 2. Recognize comorbid conditions and overlapping qualities with tics. 3. Describe treatment approaches for tic disorders. Movement disorders involve impairment of appropriate targeting and velocity of voluntary movements, dysfunction of posture, the presence of abnormal involuntary movements, or the performance of normal-appearing movements at inappropriate or unintended times. The abnormalities of movement are not due to weakness or abnormal muscle tone but may be accompanied by weakness or abnormal tone. By convention, movement disorders are divided into two major categories. The first category is hyperkinetic movement disorders, sometimes referred to as dyskinesias. This term refers to abnormal, repetitive involuntary movements and includes most of the childhood movement disorders, including tics, stereotypies, chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, and tremor. The second category is hypokinetic movement disorders, sometimes referred to as akinetic/rigid disorders. The primary movement disorder in this category is parkinsonism, manifesting primarily in adulthood as Parkinson disease or one of many forms of secondary parkinsonism. Hypokinetic disorders are relatively uncommon in children. Although ataxia, weakness, and spasticity are characterized by motor dysfunction, by common convention these entities are not included among “movement disorders.” This review of movement disorders consists of two parts. Part I focuses on the most common movement disorders of childhood: tics and stereotypies. Part II examines chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, tremor, and drug-induced movement disorders. Most movement disorders in childhood arise from dysfunction in basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra) and frontal cortex. However, the accomplishment of normal movement requires a multifaceted network of brain regions, including basal ganglia, frontal …
Papillary urothelial hyperplasia: relationship to urothelial neoplasms.

Aims: The current study assessed the prognosis of papillary urothelial hyperplasia as its significance is uncertain due to limited studies on this topic.Methods: 53 patients with papillary urothelial hyperplasia were identified from the files of the senior author.Results: There were 40 males and 13 females with ages ranging from 46 to 101 years (median 74 years). The two most common reasons for performance of cystoscopy with biopsy was follow-up for a papillary urothelial neoplasm (24 cases) and haematuria (19 cases). The most common cystoscopic findings were papillary tumour (24 cases), papillary irregularity (10 cases), and irregular mucosa (9 cases). Prior to the diagnosis of papillary urothelial hyperplasia, 30 patients had a history of 43 prior neoplasms, 79% of which were low grade papillary urothelial neoplasms. After allowing for a minimum of 6 months of follow-up, 15 patients had 20 subsequent neoplasms, 67% which were low grade. Eleven of 30 (37%) patients with prior urothelial neoplasia subsequ...
Excessive centrifugal fields damage high density lipoprotein

HDL is typically isolated ultracentrifugally at 40,000 rpm or greater, however, such high centrifugal forces are responsible for altering the recovered HDL particle. We demonstrate that this damage to HDL begins at approximately 30,000 rpm and the magnitude of loss increases in a rotor speed-dependent manner. The HDL is affected by elevated ultracentrifugal fields resulting in a lower particle density due to the shedding of associated proteins. To circumvent the alteration of the recovered HDL, we utilize a KBr-containing density gradient and a lowered rotor speed of 15,000 rpm to separate the lipoproteins using a single 96 h centrifugation step. This recovers the HDL at two density ranges; the bulk of the material has a density of about 1.115 g/ml, while lessor amounts of material are recovered at >1.2 g/ml. Thus, demonstrating the isolation of intact HDL is possible utilizing lower centrifuge rotor speeds.
Victim-Offender Racial Dyads and Clearance of Lethal and Nonlethal Assault:

Previous clearance research provides an incomplete test of theories emphasizing the role of both victim and offender status in police discretion. Using National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data, we investigate the impact of both victim's and offender's race, and, in particular, victim— offender racial dyads on homicide clearance by arrest, using event history (survival) analysis, so that time to clearance and censoring are considered. We also compare models for homicide clearance with those for aggravated assault. For homicides, results indicate that incidents with non-white offenders are more likely to be cleared by arrest than those with white offenders, regardless of victim's race. In contrast, for aggravated assault, dyads are important: incidents involving white victims and offenders are most likely to be cleared, with incidents involving non-white parties least likely to be cleared. Furthermore, the impact of victim—offender racial dyads on clearance is smaller for homicide than for aggr...
AIMBAT: A Python/Matplotlib Tool for Measuring Teleseismic Arrival Times

Seismic travel‐time tomography, a common method for studying the Earth’s three‐dimensional seismic velocity variations, relies on robust measurement of seismic phase arrival times. Absolute arrival times are estimated by visually picking the emergence of the seismic phase of interest on seismograms. Subtracting theoretical arrival times (calculated using a known source location and origin time) from these picked absolute times yields absolute delay times. A widely used method whereby careful picking of absolute arrival times is not required is multi‐channel cross‐correlation (MCCC), developed by VanDecar and Crosson (1990). In MCCC, phase arrival times relative to an unknown average time are obtained by finding the maximum of the cross‐correlation function between each possible pair of seismograms. The preprocessing time of marking the phase to be cross‐correlated in MCCC has increased with the tremendous growth in seismic data volume over the past decade. In this paper, we introduce an efficient and robust computer tool, Automated and Interactive Measurement of Body‐wave Arrival Times (AIMBAT), to measure teleseismic body‐wave arrival times for phases for which arrival time predictions exist. The tool is based on MCCC, but an iterative cross‐correlation and stack (ICCS) algorithm replaces the initial phase marking part of the MCCC procedure, which significantly reduces the need for early user labor. The tool is written in Python (http://www.python.org) and utilizes its open‐source packages Numpy (http://numpy.scipy.org) and Scipy (http://scipy.org) for numerical array computation and Matplotlib (Hunter, 2007) for two‐dimensional plotting and graphical user interface (GUI) applications. We also transcribed the Fortran version of MCCC from VanDecar and Crosson (1990) into Python, which was validated by running both versions on the same data. Python is an efficient, high‐level, object‐oriented, and platform‐independent (Linux, Mac, and Windows) …
Cross-layer RWA in translucent optical networks

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)-based optical networks are ideal candidates for core backbone networks because of their ability to carry large amounts of traffic. Optical amplification has increased the reach of long-haul optical links. Nevertheless, it is impossible today to construct a truly optical network without converting optical signals to electrical signals and regenerating them, because of the deleterious effects of physical impairments such as amplifier noise, dispersion, and non-linear effects such as four-wave mixing and cross-phase modulation. Being expensive devices, these regenerators are expected to be sparsely located and used in such a network called as a translucent optical network. In this paper, we consider the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem so that the Quality of Transmission (QoT) for connections is satisfied, and the network-level performance metric of blocking probability is minimized. Cross-layer heuristics that are based on dynamic programming to effectively allocate the sparse regenerators are developed, and extensive simulation results are presented to demonstrate their effectiveness.
The World's Most Powerful Leadership Principle: How to Become a Servant Leader

This article presents a review of the book “The World's Most Powerful Leadership Principle: How to Become a Servant Leader,” by James C. Hunter.
Consumers Prefer Bundled Add-Ins

Software such as operating systems, word processing, spreadsheets, graphics, and others often serves as a base for a number of third-party add-in products or plug-ins. These add-ins enhance the functionality of the base product. Unless protected by patents, these add-ins can potentially be bundled into the base software. The impact of this bundling on the profits of the base software producer and the consumer depends on the proportion of consumers that value the add-in and the penalty that some consumers incur from finding only a bundled product available when they do not desire the add-in. Using a model of the market, we show that the price of the bundle will be less than the sum of the prices of the base and add-in software when they are sold separately. We also show that the total consumer surplus and the social welfare increase if the base software producer's profit increases with bundling.
The Transformation of the Alevi Collective Identity

This article examines the transformation of the Alevi identity—an important religious and/or cultural minority in Turkey—since the 1980s. It suggests a shift in the Alevi identity from repression to expression which parallels the Turkish state's shifting relationship with minorities from the early moment of nation-state formation to its efforts to enter the EU. The changing nature of the struggle between the Alevi community and the Turkish state and the implications of this change for the conceptualization of the Alevi collective identity are the major concerns of this article. The articulation of a social movement to the emerging postmodern condition based on identity politics, and the terms and the limits of expression of a collective identity in a global multicultural environment are examined through the transformation of the Alevi identity. This article suggests that Alevism, appearing as a potentially counter-hegemonic social movement due to the difference-repressive nature of the Turkish state, find...
Monetary Populism in Nineteenth-Century America: An Open Economy Interpretation

The battle over gold is typically explained as driven by proinflation debtors. However, going off gold would also have caused a depreciation, raising tradable prices relative to nontradables prices and helping producers of exportable primary products. An analysis of Congressiohal votes on monetary legislation indicates that higher constituency debt levels were not associated with opposition to gold, whereas mining and agricultural production were. This suggests that gold politics was at least as much about the impact of the exchange rate on relative prices as it was about inflation of the overall price level. For the first century and a half of the American republic, money was at the center of national political debates. The high point of conflict over American monetary policy was reached between the 1 870s and the 1 890s, when the Greenback and Populist movements split groups, parties, and regions, defined the agenda of several national elections, and gave rise to some of the more vivid political rhetoric in the country's history. A defining principle of populism was its passionate hostility to the gold standard. Scholars have typically argued that the mostly agrarian populists opposed gold because of the heavy burden of farm debt. In this view, the populists wanted to take the country off gold to allow across-the-board inflation that would lighten the burden of nominally denominated debt. This article argues that monetary populism also, perhaps primarily, aimed at engineering a dollar devaluation. The principal impact of the devaluation would have been on the dollar prices of tradable goods, especially primary products. Going off gold and onto a depreciated silver standard (or, in more extreme variants, a floating paper greenback standard) would have raised the relative prices of such heavily exported tradable goods as wheat, cotton, and minerals, for which trade protection was not a generally available alternative. Populist monetary policies would certainly have raised the nominal price level and provided some debt relief. However, concern about the overall
Solar O I 1304-A triplet line profiles

Estimates were made of the full-disk line profiles of the solar O I resonant triplet at 1304 A, using data from the SMM and the Orbiting Solar Observatory 8 for the time period 1975-1985. The observed line profiles are parameterized using a nonlinear least squares fit of the data by a simple empirical representation of the general line shape. The derived full-disk line shape parameters may be used, in combination with an appropriate value for the line-integrated full-disk solar flux, in the analysis of planetary or cometary O I 1304-A observations under any solar conditions.