cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Guanidinium Group: Its Biological Role and Synthetic Analogs

The guanidinium functional group is commonly used by proteins and enzymes to recognize and bind anions using ion pairing and hydrogen bonding. The specific patterns of hydrogen bonding and the great basicity of the guanidine functional group allow it to play several key roles in recognition and catalysis. This chapter outlines recent findings of guanidinium groups in natural systems and advances in synthetic receptors that incorporate guanidinium groups to mimic natural receptors and catalysts. First, general structural considerations that relate to the recognition and binding with guanidinium will be analyzed. Next, phosphodiester hydrolyzing enzymes and RNA and DNA binding proteins will be analyzed. These systems are discussed in detail as specific examples of the unique recognition properties of guanidinium and its ability to act as an electrophilic catalyst. Several enzymes and proteins which possess essential arginine groups will be briefly introduced. Finally, several artificial receptors will be analyzed in terms of hydrogen bonding patterns and the ability to use the guanidinium functional group to specifically recognize, orient, and enhance the cleavage of phosphodiesters.
Understanding Radical Breaks

In this chapter, the authors propose an empirically supported framework for understanding how small horizontally organized design teams perform radical redesigns or radical breaks. The notion of radical breaks captures what is often thought of as “thinking out of the box”, and reframing problems to find new and unique solutions. A radical break occurs in the course of a redesign when designers make a major departure from the provided artifact.
Pay for performance: what we measure matters.

The challenge of payment reform in health care is to create measures and pay plans that enhance quality, support professionalism, and align incentives with delivery of high-quality care.
Combating Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines by Securing the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain: The Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) of 2013

On November 27, 2013, President Obama signed into law the Drug Quality Security Act (DQSA). Title II of the DQSA, the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA), replaces all existing or future state-wide drug track or trace systems with a new federal drug tracing program that uses pedigrees and product identifiers for verification of the drugs being accepted by the buyer. While the full implementation of the DSCSA is projected to take about ten years from its enactment, both the implementation framework and milestones of the new federal tracing program have been carefully laid out. In this essay, we will explore the current state of the U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain and the imperatives behind the DSCSA. At the crux of this essay is an analysis of the DSCSA implementation plan, its challenges according to feedback from stakeholders, and its potential effectiveness against the entrance of substandard and counterfeit drugs into the U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain.
Grenzen für die Wirksamkeit von Erfahrungsnähe

Neben der inhaltlichen Anforderung, dass ein spezifisches Gesundheitsverhalten modelliert und die Umsetzung dieses Verhaltens beschrieben wird, wird die Forderung von Selbstwirksamkeit durch stellvertretende Erfahrungen mit zwei weiteren Voraussetzungen verbunden: Ahnlichkeit und Handlungserfolg (Bandura, 1986, 1997). Beide Faktoren sind nach Bandura (1997) entscheidend fur die kognitive Verarbeitung der Beobachtung: “Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort raises observers’ beliefs that they too possess the capabilities master comparable activities to succeed” (Bandura, 1998, S. 626). Angesichts der zentralen Bedeutung, die Bandura beiden Aspekten zumisst, erscheint es sinnvoll, diese beiden Voraussetzungen auch im Kontext erfahrungsnaher Narrationen zu berucksichtigen.
Medication stewardship using computerized clinical decision support: A case study on intravenous immunoglobulins.

Background Healthcare delivery organizations face increasing pressure to manage the use of medications in terms of safety, waste reduction, and cost containment. Objective To describe a computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system intervention to optimize use of a commonly ordered, high-cost therapeutic: intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). Design Description of IVIG order configuration, medication use patterns, and subsequent order set configuration development in a CPOE system. Measurements IVIG orders were extracted from the CPOE system before and after the implementation of a specialty orderset to determine the indications for use, dosing, and duration of therapy. Orders were compared to a theoretical dosing schedule created from published evidence and data from a prior medication use evaluation. Results During 36 months before the implementation of the IVIG order set, 1965 IVIG orders were reviewed. The prescribed IVIG dose varied considerably from the expected dose (mean = -1.8, range = -4.9-1.5). In the 27 months after order set implementation, 848 IVIG orders were reviewed. The prescribed IVIG dose was closer to the expected dose (mean = -1.2, range = -3.9-2.6, P Conclusions Order configuration processes are cumbersome and time-consuming, but can be streamlined to enhance a medication's usage in the healthcare system. A better understanding of institution-specific ordering patterns may facilitate more efficient and effective order configuration and optimize drug use.
Data Presentation with Haptic Glyphs: A Pilot Study

This paper describes the feasibility of glyph-based data presentation and discusses related research works. Next, on the basis of research findings, a software application has been designed and developed for multivariate data presentation in a multimodal virtual environment (VE). In a multimodal VE that incorporates a number of senses, i.e., visual, auditory, and touch or haptic, data is tangible along with its visual presentation. Variables are represented as haptic glyphs of different shapes, sizes, and other physical properties such as friction. Audio feedback helps further exploration of the data. The result of this pilot study demonstrates that glyphs can be successfully used for presenting multivariate data in a multimodal VE. This glyph-based multimodal presentation makes the information available to the blind and visually impaired (VI) in a semantic-aware environment. A multimodal VE also enriches the experience of the sighted users.
Applications of CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse diagram) modeling in organic orientationally disordered phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Abstract This paper presents applications of CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) modeling in the design of organic ordered-disordered solid-state phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TES), via reviewing our recent progress. In this work, the integrated CALPHAD-based modeling has been disclosed to systematically study the thermal and thermophysical properties of organic PCMs including Pentaglycerine (PG), Neopentylglycol (NPG), Tris(hydroxymethyl)-amino-methane (TRIS), and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPL). The resulting simulation shows that the calculated phase transition temperature, transitional enthalpy, and transitional volume of organic PCMs via CALPHAD-based modeling have a good agreement with the experimental results. Also, the high-throughput screening via CALPHAD-based modeling assists in predicting the composition-phase transition-property relationships in multicomponent PCMs systems. The screening result shows that the phase transition temperature and transitional enthalpy can be tuned via mixture of organic PCMs. The optimal mixture with maximum energy storage can be determined via high-throughput screening with reliable thermodynamic database of multicomponent PCMs. The present overview has demonstrated the capability of the CALPHAD-based modeling in discovering the PCMs for TES application. The fundamental methodology and modeling principles are applicable to other materials and engineering applications.
Genomic profiling of multiple myeloma: New insights and modern technologies

Advances in technologies for genomic profiling, primarily with next generation sequencing, have lead to a better understanding of the complex genomic landscape in multiple myeloma. Integrated analysis of whole genome, exome and transcriptome sequencing has lead to new insights on disease drivers including translocations, copy number alterations, somatic mutations, and altered gene expression. Disease progression in multiple myeloma is largely driven by structural variations including the traditional immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) translocations and hyperdiploidy which are early events in myelomagenesis as well as more complex events spanning over multiple chromosomes and involving amplifications and deletions. In this review, we will discuss recent insights on the genomic landscape of multiple myeloma and their implications for disease progression and personalized treatment. We will review how sequencing assays compare to current clinical methods and give an overview of modern technologies for interrogating genomic aberrations.
Strategies for the Syntheses of Pactamycin and Jogyamycin.

Pactamycin and jogyamycin are aminocyclopentitol natural products, where each core carbon bears a stereodefined alcohol or amine moiety. Their structural complexity, coupled with the diversity of functional groups co-existing in a condensed space, make them fascinating synthetic targets in their own right. Pactamycin and its derivatives bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit and display activity against parasites responsible for drug-resistant malaria and African sleeping sickness; however, efforts to develop their therapeutic potential have been hampered by their cellular toxicity. Interestingly, bioengineered analogues display differences in selectivity and toxicity towards mammalian cells, spurring efforts to develop flexible strategies to thoroughly probe structure-activity relationships (SAR), particularly in analogues lacking the C7 hydroxyl group of pactamycin. This review compares and contrasts approaches towards pactamycin and jogyamycin, including two successful total syntheses of the former. The implications of each route for preparing analogues to inform SAR and lead to compounds with increased selectivity for binding malarial over human ribosomes are briefly discussed.
Analysis of the harmonic gyrotron traveling wave amplifier

A single nonlinear differential equation is derived for describing the spatial evolution of the wave field in a gyrotron amplifier of the cylindrical guide geometry. This equation is then used to determine the efficiencies and the optimized interaction lengths for gyrotrons operated with TEN1 modes at the N-th cyclotron harmonic.
Noninvertible anomalies and mapping-class-group transformation of anomalous partition functions

A gapped topological phase may have gapped or gapless boundaries. This paper introduces a systematic way to determine the allowed gapped and gapless boundaries from the data that characterizes the bulk topological phase. This is achieved by introducing a non-invertible gravitational anomaly.
Environmental impacts on sperm and oocyte epigenetics affect embryo cell epigenetics and transcription to promote the epigenetic inheritance of pathology and phenotypic variation

Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to environmental factors can cause epigenetic modifications to germ cells, particularly sperm, to promote epigenetic and transcriptome changes in the embryo. These germ cell and embryo cell epigenetic alterations are associated with phenotypic changes in offspring. Epigenetic inheritance requires epigenetic changes (i.e. epimutations) in germ cells that promote epigenetic and gene expression changes in embryos. The objective of this perspective is to examine the evidence that germ cell epigenome modifications are associated with embryo cell epigenetic and transcriptome changes that affect the subsequent development of all developing somatic cells to promote phenotype change. Various epigenetic changes in sperm, including changes to histone methylation, histone retention, non-coding RNA expression and DNA methylation, have been associated with alterations in embryo cell epigenetics and gene expression. Few studies have investigated this link for oocytes. The studies reviewed herein support the idea that environmentally induced epigenetic changes in germ cells affect alterations in embryo cell epigenetics and transcriptomes that have an important role in the epigenetic inheritance of pathology and phenotypic change.
Low perceived susceptibility to pregnancy as a reason for contraceptive nonuse among women with unintended births

Background: While low perceived susceptibility (PS) to pregnancy is a common risk factor for having sex without contraception among women susceptible to unintended pregnancy, little research has examined the correlates of low PS, and none have investigated whether low PS predisposes women to later pregnancy discovery and prenatal care initiation among women with unintended births. Methods: We use data from the 2004‒2011 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and limit our sample to women in the United States with unintended births who were not using contraception at the time of the index pregnancy (n = 55,940). Women were classified as having low PS if they indicated they could not get pregnant at the time the index pregnancy occurred or they or their partner were sterile. We use logistic regression to identify correlates of low PS and determine whether low PS is associated with timing of pregnancy recognition and prenatal care initiation. Results: Over one-third of women with unintended births cited low PS as a reason for contraceptive nonuse. Maternal age and disadvantage are correlated with low PS. Among women with unintended births, those with low PS had lower odds of early pregnancy recognition (adjOR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.94) and prenatal care initiation (adjOR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.94) compared to those who did not hold these beliefs. Contribution: Although research remains focused on other barriers to contraceptive use, low perceived susceptibility to pregnancy is critical to understanding the high rates of unintended pregnancies and births in the United States and may affect prenatal health.
Analytical model for multicomponent wall film evaporation with non-unity Lewis number

Abstract Analytical expressions for the external heat flux from ambient to the wallfilm liquid-vapor interface and the phase change rates at the interface are derived from first principles using the governing equations. This is done in two models. The first assumes the unity Lewis number condition and the second, relaxes the unity Lewis number assumption with a simplifying assumption for the specific heat to obtain an analytical expression. A correction factor is obtained from these two models, which is used to derive the final expression. The model was coded into a computer program and applied to simulate transient evaporation of liquid wallfilms placed on the bottom wall of a square channel. Normal evaporation and flash boiling conditions were considered for various liquid composition of the wallfilms, including single component light (n-heptane, iso-octane) and heavy (tetradecane) alkanes and a multicomponent case of 50% n-heptane 50% iso-octane. Computation results for all these cases are presented and the phase change behavior simulated is discussed.
Impact of advanced clinical and translational research educational programs on oncology specialties and career development.

11026Background: The Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Program currently supports more than 50 leading medical research institutions in the U.S. with the aims of training, promoting a...
A comprehensive experimental investigation of low-temperature combustion with thick thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Thick thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have a significant potential to increase thermal efficiency by reducing heat transfer losses. However, in conventional combustion modes, the drawbacks associated with charge heating and higher propensity to knock have outweighed the efficiency benefits. Since the advanced low-temperature combustion (LTC) concepts are fundamentally different from the conventional combustion modes, these penalties do not exist in most of LTCs. The current experimental study shows the feasibility and benefits of thick TBCs with advanced LTC enabled by two different fuels: conventional gasoline and wet ethanol 80 (WE80, i.e., 80% ethanol and 20% water by mass). A total of five pistons were tested, including two metal baselines and three TBC-coated pistons with different thicknesses or surface finishes. A load sweep was conducted with each fuel on each piston within the same constraints. The thick TBCs extends the low load limit by about 15% for both gasoline and WE80 cases. A deterioration of the high load limit was not observed, which implies that the charge heating penalty does not occur in LTCs. The combustion efficiency increased for the thicker TBC by up to 2% points, and the fuel conversion efficiency was increased by up to 4.3%. The gasoline cases experience the largest benefits at low load, while the wet ethanol experiences the largest benefits at mid-to-high load. The intake temperature requirement is successfully reduced by 10–15 K. It is also observed that the dense sealing layer results in a significant improvement to UHC emissions. All of the coated pistons survived the 10–20 h of engine operation with no visual failure.
Longitudinal Trends in Palliative Radiotherapy, Specialty Palliative Care, and Symptoms Over Time Among Patients With Metastatic Cancer.

Purpose/objective(s) The purpose of this study is to examine longitudinal trends in palliative radiotherapy (RT) and specialty palliative care (PC) among patients with metastatic cancer, determine predictors of earlier PC utilization, and explore distributions of PC symptoms over time. We hypothesize that most palliative RT and specialty PC visits occurred in the last 25% of life remaining from time of diagnosis of metastatic cancer to death. Materials/methods We retrospectively reviewed 162 patients with metastatic cancer who received palliative RT at our institution between 7/2017 and 2/2018; 74 of these patients received specialty PC. Descriptive statistics summarized frequencies of palliative RT consultations, PC visits, and symptoms experienced over time (quartiles 1-3: first 75% vs quartile 4: last 25% of life remaining from metastatic diagnosis to death). We used logistic regression analyses to determine predictors of receiving earlier specialty PC (quartiles 1-3) and Fisher's exact test to examine differences in incidences of hospice referral for earlier (quartiles 1-3) vs later PC (quartile 4). Results At the time of diagnosis of metastatic cancer, median overall survival among patients receiving specialty PC was 7.0 months (IQR: 4.2-11.6), with the last 25% of life representing a median of 1.75 months. There were 16.2%, 14.9%, 25.5%, and 43.5% of all palliative RT consultations, compared to 9.0%, 11.7%, 16.5%, and 63.8% of all PC visits that occurred in quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Among the 642 specialty PC visits that occurred, pain was addressed more frequently in quartiles 1-3 (217/559, 38.8%) vs quartile 4 (327/1165, 28.1%), while goals of care and end-of-life symptom management were addressed more frequently in quartile 4 (137/1165, 11.8%) vs quartiles 1-3 (11/559, 2.0%). On multivariable analysis, pain as a presenting PC symptom was a significant independent predictor of receiving earlier PC (OR = 6.41 [95% CI 1.61-34.03], P = 0.015), while patients with receipt of ≥2 prior lines of palliative chemotherapy were less likely to receive earlier PC (OR = 0.20 [95% CI 0.06-0.64], P = 0.009). In a separate regression analysis, both of these variables remained statistically significant after controlling for demographics. There was no statistically significant difference between incidence of hospice referral for those receiving their first specialty PC visit in quartiles 1-3 vs quartile 4 (P = 0.59). Conclusion Nearly 44% of palliative RT visits compared with 64% of specialty PC visits occurred in the last 25% of life from metastatic diagnosis to death. Patients who reported experiencing pain and those who received ≤1 prior lines of palliative chemotherapy were more likely to have received earlier specialty PC. Identifying factors or symptom triggers that prompt addressing patients' PC needs sooner than the last 2 months of life is needed.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses

Rickettsioses, caused by members of the typhus group and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae, are significant, underrecognized diseases found worldwide. Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) was first described in the 1890s, and researchers have worked to characterize its manifestations, develop effective therapeutics, examine the biological aspects of the agent, and in particular to understand its survival and multiplication within its arthropod host. As this chapter deals primarily with human health and tick-borne SFG rickettsiae described in North, Central, and South America, the majority of the content is in reference to Rickettsia rickettsii. Furthermore, because a number of excellent reviews have been published regarding the biology of Rickettsia, the various aspects of RMSF, including issues of ecology and clinical characteristics, the chapter aims to expand on that base of knowledge and update the reader on the current trends of research on tick-borne rickettsioses.
A Rapid Pull-Through Technique for Measuring Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure

Because disadvantages are inherent in the conventional station pull-through technique (SPT) currently used for recording lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP), a more suitable recording method is needed. In study, we evaluated a rapid pull-through technique (RPT) for recording LESP and compared the results with those obtained by SPT. The RPT features rapid withdrawal of recording sensors across the LES during a 10- to 20-sec interval of suspended respiration. This method avoids recording "artifact" caused by respiratory LES motion and provides precise end points for scoring and measurement. In 12 normal subjects, LESP measured by RPT (24.3 plus or minus 0.5 mm Hg) was comparable, but significantly greater, than LESP measured by SPT (21.1 plus or minus 9.1 mm Hg). Analysis of LESP scores for the two recording methods revealed that both intraobserver and interobserver error were substantially less for RPT than SPT (P less than or equal to 0.01). Further correlation of LESP between studies was greater for the RPT than the SPT recording method. We conclude that RPT represents a convenient method for recording LESP which is easier to perform and yields more reproducible values than LESP recording by SPT.
A fly's eye view of tumor progression and metastasis

When developing appropriate models to study tumor progression and metastasis it is essential to balance concerns of tissue fidelity and physiological relevance with the experimental accessibility of the system. Existing models are currently being re-evaluated given an increasing awareness of tumor complexity: in addition to the tumor cells themselves, their neighboring cells and the surrounding stroma are now recognized as important regulators of cancer progression [1]. With these added complexities in mind, two complementary publications have recently made a compelling case for the use of Drosophila melanogaster in understanding tumor progression and the metastatic process [2,3]. Previous studies using Drosophila to model cancer revealed a collection of individual genes [e.g., discs large (dlg), lethal giant larvae (lgl), scribble (scrib), Ras and lats] that when homozygous mutant, resulted in tumor-like over-proliferation in epithelial cell-rich larval imaginal discs (reviewed in [4,5]). The papers in question both suggest that instead of analyzing the effects of cancer-promoting mutations in the context of an entirely mutant animal or tissue, it would be more informative to generate mosaic animals in which cancer-disposing mutations are introduced, either alone or in specific combinations, in only a subset of cells. Such a model would not only shed light on the multi-step nature of tumor progression but would also offer a reasonable approximation of the clonal nature of human cancers.
The Hidden Nature of Executive Retirement Pay

There are two competing theories of why public companies pay executives generous retirement benefits. One is that retirement pay is easier to hide from shareholders than other forms of compensation. The other is that retirement benefits align executives' interests with those of long-term creditors, since the executives may not receive their payouts if the firm goes bankrupt. The latter view depends on the assumption that retirement benefits put executives in a similar contractual position as the company's creditors. Yet no previous work has tested that assumption.This Article provides the first systematic study of the contractual structure of executive retirement payouts. Using retirement pay data for thousands of executives, we show that a large proportion of executives link the value of their payouts to the company's stock price and receive the bulk of these payouts immediately following their departure -- features that contradict the incentive-alignment theory of retirement pay. The evidence also shows that the full amount and structure of retirement pay are undisclosed -- findings consistent with the camouflage theory. While the structure of some executives' payouts can be reconciled with the incentive-alignment theory, current rules do not give investors the information they need to tell the difference between payouts that align incentives and those that camouflage compensation. Lawmakers should require companies to reveal the magnitude and structure of these payouts, and neither regulators nor commentators should assume that retirement benefits suppress top managers' appetite for risk.
Best Execution in Mortgage Secondary Markets

A significant task faced by mortgage bankers attempting to profit from the secondary mortgage market is the best execution problem. This paper built a formal model to perform the best execution analysis. The model offers secondary marketing functionality including the loan-level best execution, guarantee fee buy-up/buy-down, and base/excess servicing fee. The model is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem. The case study shows that a realistic large-scale mixed-integer problem can be solved in an acceptable time (15 seconds) by CPLEX-90 solver on a PC.
THE EFFECTS OF SUBFRACTURE IMPACT LOADING ON THE PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT IN A RABBIT MODEL

In this study it is shown that subfracture impact loading to a joint creates stresses in cartilage and bone which can initiate a chronic osteoarthrosis. The magnitude and location of the impact induced stresses are dependent on the orientation and the intensity of loading. Impact loading produced lesions on retro-patellar cartilage and their depths increased as the thickness of subchondral bone increased with time post-impact. Mechanical tests of cartilage indicated significant softening twelve months post-impact. These alterations are similar to those documented clinically as early OA (osteoarthrosis, osteoarthritis). In vitro impacts of isolated limbs, together with mathematical models, showed that high mean stress generated during impact may help protect joint tissues from acute injury. This study and other studies are used to develop stress-based tissue failure criteria for predicting an osteoarthrosis following subfracture impact loading. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 891635.
Frame Rate and Viseme Analysis for Multimedia Applications toAssist Speechreading

Current video conference and phone systems do not provide the necessary temporal resolution and motion for speechreading. In this paper the perceptual boundaries which effect speechreading performance are investigated. Analysis of the relationships between viseme groupings, accuracy of viseme recognition and presentation frame rate is presented based on the results of subject testing. Results reveal a minimum frame rate of 10 frames per second (fps) for distinguishing viseme groupings. Confusion analysis results demonstrate the importance of the tongue and teeth oral features for speechreading. These results are critical to the design of speech-assisted video systems to enhance speechreading for individuals with impaired hearing.
Effects of strontium substitution on bioactivity of hydroxyapatite

Effect of strontium (Sr) substitution on bioactivitv of hydroxyapatite (HA) was investigated. The substitution of Sr2+ for Ca2+ in the HA lattice increases biodegradability of Sr-substituted HA (Sr-HA) and accelerates the formation of apatite crystals on the Sr-HA surface. Moreover, the dissolution products from HA and Sr-HA samples are not cyto-toxic.
NEMO 1-D: the first NEGF-based TCAD tool

The fundamentally sound non-Equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) approach provides the theoretical basis for NEMO 1-D as the first nanoelectronic TCAD tool. Effects of quantum charging, bandstructure and incoherent scattering from alloy disorder, interface roughness, acoustic phonons, and polar optical phonons are modeled. Engineers and experimentalists who desire a black-box design tool as well as theorists who are interested in a detailed investigation of the physics have found NEMO useful. Access to this comprehensive theoretical framework is accommodated by a graphical user interface (GUI) which configures the usage of a collection of models that trade off physical content with speed and memory requirements. This article describes the NEMO origin, provides modern references to NEGF, accumulates the diverse references to the NEMO results, and provides a perspective on NEGF in future TCAD tools.
Efficacy of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Administration of Antitoxin for Inhalation Botulism

Botulism is caused by intoxication with one or more of the seven neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. Food poisoning is the most common cause of botulism. Accidental inhalation exposure, however, has been reported in the laboratory,4 and inhalation is the likely route of exposure after the toxin’s use as a terrorist weapon or warfare agent. Toxoids are available for immunization, but there are presently no known drugs that can be used to prevent or treat botulinum intoxication. A pentavalent human, hyperimmune globulin product6 and a heptavalent, equine F(ab’)2 (despeciated) antitoxin (unpublished data, G.E. Lewis, Jr. and R.M. Condie) were evaluated in a preliminary study as prophylaxis or therapy for inhalation botulism (serotype A) in rhesus monkeys.
CALORIE DEFICIENCY IN CHILDREN WITH UREMIA: EFFECT UPON GROWTH

Appetite failure leading to caloric deficiency is a factor in the poor growth of children with chronic renal disease. Management of these children on chronic hemodialysis has afforded an opportunity to examine the consequences of caloric deficiency, the role of appetite, and the value of supplying extra calories to improve growth. The choice of caloric deficiency in uremia as the subject for the first William Wallace Lecture is fitting because of William Wallace9s lifelong interest in nutrition and growth. Dr. Wallace had an ability to examine old problems and dogmas from new perspectives and provoked his associates to join him in these inquiries; his paper on "Why and How are Children Fat?" raised questions about the physiological and emotional factors which might cause children to eat in excess of calorie expenditure and become too fat. The opposite problem, malnutrition or caloric deficiency, is presented by children with renal failure. In this lecture I would like to review the energy requirements of normal children during growth, the factors which can limit food intake and lead to caloric deficiency in sickness, and the special reasons why children with uremia are more prone to develop calorie deficiency than adults. The term calorie balance or expenditure is used rather than energy balance or expenditure because the amount of calorie intake is the critical factor I wish to examine. CALORIE REQUIREMENTS AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF CALORIE DEFICIENCY An understanding of the normal relation of calorie expenditure to body size and composition as growth proceeds is a prerequisite to a consideration of the greater susceptibility of children with uremia to calorie deficiency.
Trade-offs in empowerment through social action: voices from Detroit

Existing literature offers many examples of how social action organizations build empowerment in marginalized communities. The primary argument for this article is that multiple mechanisms of empowerment exist and should be understood as much in terms of their trade-offs as for what they achieve for activists, organizations, and communities. Rather than thinking of a single organization as empowering or disempowering, we argue that any activist organization can be analyzed for its combination of empowering mechanisms and corresponding trade-offs. In a case study of a faith-based, social action organization in Detroit, we find support for the connection between empowerment building and the mechanisms identified in existing research. We also present trade-offs among these mechanisms of empowerment, in part caused by the divisive regional context, and conclude with the argument that a better understanding of the multifaceted quality of empowerment could help organizers work in coalition to leverage their str...
Improved Sparse Multivariate Polynomial Interpolation Algorithms

We consider the problem of interpolating sparse multivariate polynomials from their values. We discuss two algorithms for sparse interpolation, one due to Ben-Or and Tiwari (1988) and the other due to Zippel (1988). We present efficient algorithms for finding the rank of certain special Toeplitz systems arising in the Ben-Or and Tiwari algorithm and for solving transposed Vandermonde systems of equations, the use of which greatly improves the time complexities of the two interpolation algorithms.
Media discourse as a symbolic contest: The bomb in political cartoons

The mass media provide a series of arenas in which symbolic contests are carried out among competing sponsors of meaning. Measuring the display of competing interpretations is a way of assessing relative success. The Cold War period involved a long competition within the United States between two competing advocacy networks, each offering a general package on issues of nuclear war and Soviet-American relations. This paper examines how this contest was played out in one particular arena—that of editorial cartoons. Our results suggest certain dilemmas and vulnerabilities in Cold War packages and the strong cultural appeal of Common Security packages in spite of the access and resource handicaps of their sponsors.
Repeated Measures of Students' Marine and Great Lakes Awareness.

Abstract A statewide test of fifth and ninth graders' knowledge about and attitudes toward the oceans and Great Lakes was administered in 1979, 1983, and 1987, offering a longitudinal study of awareness change currently unparalleled in environmental education research. Over the years of the study, knowledge scores increased slightly except for humanities items. Earth science topics, however, showed the greatest deficiencies among the science items, and oceanic attitudes declined over the period. Differences in knowledge scores by race, sex, and coastal proximity, all noted in earlier tests, were insignificant by 1987. The 1987 assessment also showed classrooms to be the most important source of student information, as opposed to movies and television for the 1979 test.
Structure of a Large-Radius Pinch Discharge

Initiation, development and dynamic progress of the current sheets and associated magnetic fronts in a large radius pinch discharge
Characterization of methylidyne on Pt(1 1 1) with infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Methylidyne (CH) was prepared on Pt(1 1 1) by three methods: thermal decomposition of diiodomethane (CH2I2), ethylene decomposition at temperatures above 450 K, and surface carbon hydrogenation. Methylidyne and its precursors are characterized by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The C–I bond of diiodomethane breaks upon adsorption to produce methylene (CH2), which decomposes to methylidyne at temperatures above 130 K. Above 200 K, methylidyne is the only hydrocarbon species observed with RAIRS, although reaction channels for the formation of methane (CH4) and ethylene (C2H4) are indicated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD). As is well known from numerous previous studies, ethylene decomposes to ethylidyne (CCH3) upon exposure to Pt(1 1 1) at 410 K. Upon annealing to 450 K, ethylidyne dissociates through two reaction pathways, dehydrogenation to ethynyl (CCH) and C–C bond scission to methylidyne. Ethylene dehydrogenation on the surface at 750 K and under low ethylene exposures produces surface carbon that can be hydrogenated to methylidyne with C–H and C–D stretch frequencies of 2956 and 2206 cm−1, respectively. Hydrogen co-adsorption on the surface causes these frequencies to shift to higher values. Methylidyne is stable on Pt(1 1 1) to temperatures up to 500 K.
An evaluation of the prophylactic use of cortisone for pituitary operations.

Both the role of the anterior pituitary in the preservation of the body's homeostasis through its tropic hormones, and the derangements resulting from anterior pituitary insufficiency have been studied intensively. In acute anterior pituitary insufficiency the major therapeutic effort is directed toward correction of the effects of the resultant acute adrenocortical failure; under these circumstances, the effectiveness of cortisone is well established. This prompted the prophylactic use of cortisone, by ourselves and others, for patients undergoing operations on or about the pituitary gland. In this paper is presented a study of a large series of such cases, undertaken in order to determine the incidence of postoperative endocrine complications and the relationship of such complications to the preoperative use of cortisone and the preoperative presence of endocrine insufficiency.
Product study of the reaction of Cl atoms with HCOOH

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to investigate the products of the reaction of Cl atoms with HCOOH in 700 Torr of either air or N 2 diluent at 295±2 K. In all cases CO 2 was the sole carbon-containing product observed. The CO 2 yield was measured to be 96±5%, quoted errors represent 2Σ. An upper limit of 2% was established for any CO product. These results are discussed with respect to the interpretation of product information from environment chamber experiments and to the atmospheric fate and thermochemistry of the HOCO radical.
THE DIRECT AND GENERALIZED EFFECTS OF SELF INSTRUCTIONS AND PICTURE PROMPTS ON VOCATIONAL TASK PERFORMANCE

We evaluated the effects of self instructions and picture prompts on vocational task performance of three workers with mild to moderate mental retardation. The workers were asked to perform a packaging task that changed daily. Picture prompts were always present. In the verbal training phase, workers learned self instructions regarding the use of picture prompts to cue their performance on the packaging task. In the verbal and task training phase, workers learned to use the self instructions and picture prompts together to guide their task performance. The results showed that verbal training was sufficient for one worker, but that the other two workers required the combined verbal and task training to improve their task performance. For all subjects, there was evidence of generalization of the self management strategies and task performance and maintenance of both over time.
A Simple Method for Collecting and Mounting Ribboned Serial Sections of Epoxy Embedded Specimens

A simple and rapid method of handling ribboned serial sections of epoxy embedded specimens is described. Ribbons are cut from a block having the leading and trailing sides coated with contact cement. A scoop made from polyethylene tubing is used to remove a ribbon of sections from the boat of a glass or diamond knife and to transfer it to a pool of water on a microscope slide. Many ribbons (comprising hundreds of sections) can be mounted on a single slide. This method requires the construction of only one simple, inexpensive tool, the polyethylene scoop, and otherwise utilizes only items commonly available in the laboratory.
Rotordynamic Analysis Using the Complex Transfer Matrix

The transfer matrix method is an expedient numerical technique for determining the dynamic behavior of a rotordynamic system (e.g., whirl frequencies, steady-state response to forcing). The typical 8 × 8 transfer matrix suffers from several deficiencies. First, for a system incorporating damping, the method generates a characteristic polynomial of degree 8N for a model of N lumped masses (degree 4N for an undamped model). The high degree of the polynomial results in lengthy computation times and decreased accuracy. Second, as discussed herein, the 8 × 8 formulation fails to distinguish between forward and backward whirl. These deficiencies are overcome by a novel complex-valued state variable redefinition resulting in a 4×4 transfer matrix including external support stiffness and damping. The complex transfer matrix is then modified to account for analysis within a rotating reference frame. Analysis in a rotating reference frame is a judicious means to determine unique system fault characteristics, which serve as a starting point for the development of an on-line fault detection system. Insights into using the complex transfer matrix in a rotating reference frame are discussed. Analytical results in both inertial and rotating reference frames for an overhung rotor model are provided.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Wall pressure fluctuations in a three-dimensional shock-wave/turbulent boundary interaction

L'onde de choc est generee par un systeme de nervures perpendiculaires a la couche limite a 10° de la direction d'ecoulement. Essais a Mach 3
Plume: Descriptors derived from a non-Gaussian concentration model

Abstract Equations for point-source releases are derived from the non-Gaussian solution to the diffusion equation for (l) the first four moments of the vertical concentration distribution (centroid, variance, skew-ness, and kurtosis), (2) the magnitude and downwind location of the maximum ground-level concentration, and (3) the plume advection velocity. Equations are obtained for both ground-level and elevated sources. Where applicable, results are compared to wind-tunnel and field measurements and/or to other less generalized equations.
Biomechanical constraints on self-thinning in plant populations

In plant populations undergoing density-dependent mortality, average shoot mass M and shoot density ρ asymptotically approach the relationship M = k · gr−3/2. Although the constant k assumes a narrow range of values and helps determine the quantitative relationship between plant mass and density, its biological significance has remained elusive. Here I show that k is the rate at which the mass of mechanical tissue required to support a unit area of canopy increases with canopy height, divided by √π and the ratio of canopy radius to height, and derive the values observed from biomechanical data and theory. The model for k predicts that it should increase with light and nutrient availability, and decrease slightly with plant height, in accordance with observations. This analysis thus helps to clarify the relationship between plant mass and density, and links plant population dynamics to underlying biomechanical and photosynthetic constraints.
Second-Sphere and Outer-Sphere Proton Relaxation of Paramagnetic Complexes: From EPR to NMRD

Magnetic resonance imaging often utilizes paramagnetic contrast agents (PCAs) to increase contrast between adjacent tissues. PCAs enhance the contrast by increasing the spin−lattice proton relaxation rate through processes known as inner-sphere, second-sphere, and outer-sphere mechanisms. Past studies on PCAs often described relaxation rates that are not caused by inner-sphere processes as outer-sphere, since comparatively little is known about second-sphere water. Utilizing vanadyl complexes (ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA)) that do not have an inner-sphere proton relaxation contribution and those with similar functional groups of different sizes, we find that the outer-sphere model does not adequately describe the relaxivity profiles. The observed relaxivity profiles are, however, consistent with a model that includes both second-sphere and outer-sphere contributions. Vanadyl ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (VOEOB-DTPA) exhibited relaxivity simila...
Efficient uncertainty quantification of dynamical systems with local nonlinearities and uncertainties

Abstract Idealized modeling of most engineering structures yields linear mathematical models, i.e. , linear ordinary or partial differential equations. However, features like nonlinear dampers and/or springs can render nonlinear an otherwise linear model. Often, the connectivity of these nonlinear elements is confined to only a few degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) of the structure. In such cases, treating the entire structure as nonlinear results in very computationally expensive solutions. Moreover, if system parameters are uncertain, their stochastic nature can render the analysis even more computationally costly. This paper presents an approach for computing the response of such systems in a very efficient manner. The proposed solution procedure first segregates the DOFs appearing in the nonlinear and/or stochastic terms from those DOFs that involve only linear deterministic operations. Second, the responses of nonlinear/stochastic terms are determined using a non-standard form of a nonlinear Volterra integral equation (NVIE). Finally, the responses of the remaining DOFs are computed through a convolution approach using the fast Fourier transform to further increase the computational efficiency. Three examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy and accuracy of the proposed method. It is shown that, even for moderately sized systems (∼1000 DOFs), the proposed method is about three orders of magnitude faster than a conventional Monte Carlo sampling method ( i.e. , solving the system of ODEs repeatedly).
On the Kronecker pairing for mixed cusp forms

LetG⊃PSL(2,R) be a Fuchsian group of the first kind with no elements of finite order, and letS2mV be the 2m-fold symmetric power of the standard representationV ofSL(2,R) on C2. We determine the value of the Kronecker pairing between the canonical image of a mixed cusp formf of type (2,2m) inH1(G, S2mV) and a cycleg ⊗Qgm inH1 (G, (S2mV)*) for eachg inG, whereQgm is an element of (S2mV)* associated tog, m and a monodromy representation ofG.
Model systems for flavoenzyme activity. 2-Aminopyridines as spectroscopic models for flavoenzyme active sites

Abstract Acylated 2-aminopyridines provide a model for specific flavoenzyme-cofactor interactions, allowing isolation and observation of the effects of hydrogen bonding on flavin NMR. We describe here the use of one of these receptors to determine the relative hydrogen bond affinities of O(2) and O(4) of the flavin. Additionally, the receptor allows the effects of hydrogen bonding at O(2) and O(4) on the electron distribution in the flavin nucleus to be determined using 13 C NMR.