cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Electron Microscopy of Silicates

Imaging of crystal structures of minerals clearly shows details within ideally periodic regions, even at the unit cell scale. A variety of crystal imperfections can be observed at point-to-point resolutions down to 3A-intermediate between bond lengths and unit cell dimensions. Fluctuations in both structure and composition can be observed in volumes up to 14 orders of magnitude smaller than is possible by standard single crystal X-ray techniques. We have obtained crystal structure images of the following silicate structure types: "ring" structures (beryl and cordierite), isolated and paired tetrahedra (idocrase), single and double chains (orthoenstatite and hornblende), framework (scapolite), and sheet (muscovite). Regular and perturbed regions containing defects are clearly differentiable. Antiphase domains (hornblende) and stacking faults (enstatite) as well as the effects of radiation damage produce recognizable structural effects, only some of which are reflected in the electron diffraction patterns. An example of the usefulness of the technique is the resolution of small regions (several unit cells wide parallel to [100D of clinoenstatite intergrown within orthoenstatite. The technique of high resolution electron microscopy has great potential for mineralogy and geology. Solid solution series may well be resolvable into stoichiometric phases differing only slightly in both composition and/or structure. Homologous phases, potentially resolvable by electron microscopy, have the possibility of providing far more sensitive mineralogical indicators to past history and environments than currently exist.
Fluid flow in an axisymmetric, Sudden-Expansion Geometry

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with fluid flow in a Sudden Expansion Geometry for moderately high Reynolds number. Fluid flow in sudden expansion geometries, with or without solid particles, is an important technological process for many industrial and scientific applications, especially for combustion processes. For such geometries, even with moderately high values of the Reynolds number, the separated boundary-layer becomes unstable, and the flow exhibits repeated vortex formation and shedding at the corner point near the sudden expansion. The formation and persistence of large scale coherent vortex structures within turbulent wake-like regions give rise to turbulent behavior. The full time dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved in this geometry. To resolve all the prevailing excited scales of the fluid flow, a fine staggered grid is used. The fine mesh and small time steps necessitate computation on scalable parallel machines. The chapter discusses the performance of parallel implementation and computations. It concludes that the performance of the parallel computations of the fluid flow for the present application is very encouraging as seen from the speedup curve, although millions of floating point operations per second (Mflops) and per processor performance is well below the optimal.
Lacan, Robbe-Grillet, and Autofiction

In the postmodern era it is perhaps difficult to believe in the mimetic properties of language. The works of Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Derrida, and Stephen Heath, among others, point to its arbitrariness, to the gap between the signifier and the signified, and to the self-referential nature of the signifying chain. The world is no longer transparent and we apprehend it vaguely through an opaque veil. Instead of mirroring an a priori reality, the reality of language is now said to mirror itself. In this sense language is fantastic because we can never close the gap between the signifier and the signified. Indeed, the fantastic occupies that impossible realm between what we think we mean and the language we use to express this meaning. We are forever condemned to hesitate between meaning and nonmeaning, between reality and unreality, between knowing and not knowing. If language is fantasy because reality is elsewhere, and the signifier is not the signified, then language, whatever its mimetic properties, also signifies itself. Its representational value is, at best, approximate, and, at worst, suspect. If suspect, the reality of the world is an illusion because the signifying systems we use to apprehend it also determine our perceptions of it. Because our perception of the world is mediated through language, it is important to learn not only how language works, but what is being mediated. Insofar as the representational system for autobiography and fiction is the same, we need to address the problem of representation.
Maintaining high activity levels in sedentary adults with a reinforcement‐thinning schedule

Physical inactivity is a leading cause of mortality. Reinforcement interventions appear to be useful for increasing activity and preventing adverse consequences of sedentary lifestyles. This study evaluated a reinforcement-thinning schedule for maintaining high activity levels. Sedentary adults (N = 77) were given pedometers and encouraged to walk ≥10,000 steps per day. Initially, all participants earned rewards for each day they walked ≥10,000 steps. Subsequently, 61 participants were randomized to a monitoring-only condition or a monitoring-plus-reinforcement-thinning condition, in which frequencies of monitoring and reinforcing walking decreased over 12 weeks. The mean (± SD) percentage of participants in the monitoring-plus-reinforcement-thinning condition who met walking goals was 83% ± 24% and was 55% ± 31% for participants in the monitoring-only condition, p < .001. Thus, monitoring plus reinforcement thinning maintained high rates of walking when it was in effect; however, groups did not differ at a 24-week follow-up. Monitoring plus reinforcement thinning, nevertheless, hold potential to extend benefits of reinforcement interventions at low costs.
Lessons from long-term survivors of childhood cancer.

Facing another birthday, it9s not always easy to agree with Browning. New technical information mushrooms even as my grey-crowned synapses burn out. Authority and tradition, the twin domains of the experienced, are under fire as patriarchal, paternalistic, imperialistic, and whatever else fails to satisfy modern sensabilities. It surely looks as if the game is to the swift and the young. Yet my birthday this year was graced by an experience that younger clinicians cannot yet savor. As I answered the phone9s ring, I heard, "This is a voice from your past; this is Freddie" (Names have been altered to protect privacy). Although I have not seen him for 10 years, the voice was unmistakable. How can you forget the voice of the first patient with leukemia you were able to tell that he was cured? He was also the first of my longterm survivors of cancer to father children and provide me with "grandchildren" to brag about. My first "grandchildren" are already teenagers and there have been dozens more born since then to other patients who are long-term survivors of cancer. Freddie and two other patients participated with their families in the last grand rounds I gave at my former academic post. He was seen first 20 years ago with leukemia as a teenager with a high white blood cell count and hyperuricemia. He is now 36 years old and a coal miner. At the time of his marriage, in his town only the mines provided employment with health benefits for someone with a prior history of malignancy.
Introducing an Inquiry into the Social Economies of Greed and Excess

In March 2011, the Society of Economic Anthropology held its Annual Meeting Conference, hosted at the University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, to discuss the topic: Social Economies of Greed and Excess: Lessons from Recessions Past and Present. Specifically time during the social, economic, and political aftermath of the Great Recession (2007–2009), the articles were chosen to understand “greed” and “excess” as behaviors, ideas, and accusations that have shaped and in turn, been shaped by social processes, across different societies and at different periods in human history. This article (a) contextualizes the conference and the subsequent discussion of greed and excess within the broader narratives of causation and accusation between various actors and groups involved in and affected by the outcomes of differential accumulation and consumption of resources, (b) introduces the various articles raging from archaeology to ethnography and commentaries by noted anthropologists that may potentially inform the larger debate on greed and excess within anthropology, and even generate new directions for collaborative anthropological inquiry into “greed and excess” and the human condition.
Seasonal Abundance of the Exotic Predatory Cladoceran, Bythotrephes Cederstroemi, in Western Lake Erie

The predaceous cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi, has recently invaded the Great Lakes and basic information on its seasonal abundance and population demographics is lacking. Accordingly, we examined seasonal variation in abundance, length—weight relationships, fecundity, ontogeny of lateral spine production, sex ratio, and incidence of resting vs. subitaneous eggs. Seasonal variation in these parameters was compared with water temperature variation and the presence of a potential competitor, Leptodora kindti. Specimens for these analyses were collected with nocturnal surface tows in the western basin of Lake Erie during summer and fall, 1987. Bythotrephes did not appear until 23 July, had its maximum abundance (111 individuals/m3) at the surface on the night of 9 October, and persisted at lower numbers in samples through the last sampling date, 14 December. The correlation of body weight with tail spine length varies seasonally, with individuals weighing less in the summer than in the fall. Neonates possess one pair of lateral spines on the tail spine and add a pair during each of the first two molts, enabling determination of instar distribution. Females produce one to 12 subitaneous eggs per brood, with males and resting eggs occurring rarely. Bythotrephes abundance was negatively correlated with water temperature and Leptodora abundance, suggesting that Leptodora abundance or temperature, or both, affect the success of Bythotrephes in the western basin of Lake Erie.
Base-Flipping Mechanism in Postmismatch Recognition by MutS

DNA mismatch recognition and repair is vital for preserving the fidelity of the genome. Conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes, MutS is the primary protein that is responsible for recognizing a variety of DNA mismatches. From molecular dynamics simulations of the Escherichia coli MutS-DNA complex, we describe significant conformational dynamics in the DNA surrounding a G·T mismatch that involves weakening of the basepair hydrogen bonding in the basepair adjacent to the mismatch and, in one simulation, complete base opening via the major groove. The energetics of base flipping was further examined with Hamiltonian replica exchange free energy calculations revealing a stable flipped-out state with an initial barrier of ∼2 kcal/mol. Furthermore, we observe changes in the local DNA structure as well as in the MutS structure that appear to be correlated with base flipping. Our results suggest a role of base flipping as part of the repair initiation mechanism most likely leading to sliding-clamp formation.
On the regularity of the blow-up set for semilinear heat equations

We consider u(x,t) a blow-up solution of ut=Δu+|u|p−1u where u:RN×[0,T)→R, p>1, (N−2)p<N+2 and either u(0)⩾0 or (3N−4)p<3N+8. The blow-up set S⊂RN of u is the set of all blow-up points. Under a nondegeneracy condition, we show that if S is continuous, then it is a C1 manifold.
Deuteriodediazoniation: A general method for the replacement of a diazonium group by deuterium

Aromatic amino groups are replaced with deuterium via a diazonium salt intermediate. Dimethyltormamide-d 7 is the deuterium donor in this mild replacement method that yields aromatic-d 1 products in high isotopic purity. The presence of methyl groups lowers the isotopic purity of the products
Soundspeed measurements in vapor-liquid mixtures behind shock waves

In the experimental investigation of liquefaction shock waves, it is possible to measure the soundspeed of the two-phase, liquid-vapor mixture behind the shock wave. The expansion wave, produced as the shock wave emerges from the open end of a shock tube, intersects the shockfront at an observable point, allowing a simple Mach construction for the determination of the mixture soundspeed. Photographic observation and measurements of fluid properties and shock velocity are required. Results are compared with the mixture soundspeeds calculated for local thermodynamic equilibrium. Departures from the equilibrium values increase as shock strength increases.
Oxygen-induced restructuring with release of gold atoms from Au(111)

Adsorption of oxygen atoms, achieved via electron-induced dissociation of nitrogen dioxide, induces restructuring of the ``herringbone'' to a striped, soliton-wall structure accompanied by release of gold from the ``elbows'' in the herringbone structure. The number density of ``elbows'' (dislocations corresponding to a change in direction of the reconstruction) decreases as a function of increasing atomic oxygen coverage while the long range order observed in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) changes from $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}22)$--rec. to $(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}22)$ in the limit of saturation coverage. Small islands and serrated step edges were formed due to the release of gold atoms from elbow sites of Au(111). The overall structural change of the Au(111) surface may result from the reduction of anisotropy related to the tensile stress relief of the Au(111) surface by oxygen atoms.
Age Differences in Strategic Behavior During a Computation-Based Skill Acquisition Task

The authors evaluated mechanistic and metacognitive accounts of age differences in strategy transitions during skill acquisition. Old and young participants were trained on a task involving a shift from performing a novel arithmetic algorithm to responding via associative recognition of equation-solution pairings. The strategy shift was manipulated by task instructions that either (a) equally focused on speed and accuracy, (b) encouraged retrieval use as a method toward fast responding, or (c) offered monetary incentives for fast retrieval-based performance. Monetary incentives produced a more rapid shift to retrieval relative to standard instructions; older adults showed a greater incentives effect on retrieval use than younger adults. Monetary incentives encouraged retrieval use and response time improvements despite accuracy costs (a speed-accuracy tradeoff). The pattern of results suggested a role of metacognitive and volitional factors in retrieval shift, indicating that an associative learning deficit cannot fully account for older adults' delayed strategy shift.
Single-Phase Ceramic Membranes Integrated With Combustion Processes

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF6428) hollow fibre oxygen-permeable membranes were fabricated by extrusion technique. The oxygen permeability of a blank hollow fibre membrane was investigated with helium as sweeping gas. The oxygen permeation flux result was reported, agreeing very well with previous work. Then the hollow fibre membrane was packed with LSCF6428 catalyst and assembled as hollow fibre membrane reactor for methane combustion, aiming to separate the CO2 in the combustion exhaust from the nitrogen in air. The CO2 selectivity at various conditions was studied.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E overexpression in triple-negative breast cancer predicts a worse outcome.

Background Triple-negative (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], and HER2/neu receptor negative) breast neoplasms are typically high grade and portend a higher risk for relapse. Not being amendable to ER, PR, or HER2-targeted therapy, adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the only option. High e ukaryotic I nitiation F actor 4E ( eIF4E ) overexpression in tumor specimens is an independent predictor for relapse in breast cancer, perhaps secondary to tousled-like kinase 1B upregulation and subsequent doxorubicin resistance. In this prospective study, eIF4E elevation in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) specimens was studied to determine its effect on cancer outcome. Methods A prospective study of 103 TNBC patients was initiated. Tumor specimens were quantified for eIF4E expression using Western blots. Clinical outcomes data were collected after standardized adjuvant treatment and surveillance protocols. Primary end points were cancer recurrence and cancer-related death. The eIF4E levels in cancer specimens were quantified as x-fold over benign samples from noncancer patients. Statistical procedures performed include survival analysis by Kaplan–Meier method, log-rank test, Cox proportional hazards regression model, and the chi-square test. Results Levels of eIF4E were categorized into 3 tertiles. Among 103 patients, 36 were in the low group (≤7.5-fold), 40 were in the intermediate group (7.5- to 15-fold), and 27 were in the high group (≥15-fold). Patients with triple-negative neoplasms that were in the high eIF4E group had greater rates of cancer recurrence ( P = .04) and cancer-related death ( P = .02) than the low eIF4E group. Among patients with node-negative disease, high eIF4E overexpression in tumor specimens continues to portend a greater rate of cancer recurrence ( P = .02), and a higher rate of cancer death ( P = .03) than those in the low eIF4E group. Conclusion TNBC patients with high eIF4E overexpression are more likely to recur and die from cancer recurrence. High eIF4E seems to be a significant prognostic marker, even in TNBC patients.
Services Available and Their Effectiveness

This article describes the range of services available for patients with skin disease in the United States. Within the structure of health care systems, 4 levels of care are characterized and discussed: self-care and management, generalist care, specialist care, and subspecialist care. Within each level, this article discusses the profiles of individuals involved in delivering medical care, the location or setting in which these services are provided, the capacity and specific activities of care providers, and current literature on the efficacy of these different levels of care.
Focal impulse and rotor modulation for AF ablation: acute response in initial vs. rescue procedures

Purpose: Focal Impulse and Rotor Modulation (FIRM) is a novel intervention designed to map and ablate presumed fixed sources of atrial fibrillation (AF). However it is not known if it should be part of initial AF ablation (abl) or reserved for rescue procedures only. In this study, we analyzed the mapping results and the acute response during FIRM-guided abl in initial vs. rescue patients (pts). Methods: From the CONFIRM multicenter registry, pts were divided into initial and rescue AF abl. AF was recorded using 64 pole basket and propagation maps created to identify rotors or focal sources. These were ablated for acute endpoint of AF termination or slowing (>10% CL increase). Following initial FIRM-guided abl PVI and linear lesions (in persistent AF) were also performed. Mapping data and acute response to FIRM abl were compared between the two groups. Results: The study (Table) consisted of 144 pts of whom 56 (39%) had 1.2±0.5 prior AF abl. There were no differences in age, gender, paroxysmal AF, LVEF or left atrial size between two groups. FIRM mapping found a similar number of left and right atrial sources, and abl at identified target sites resulted in a comparable high acute response of 83% vs. 86% in initial vs. rescue abl, respectively. View this table: Conclusion: FIRM technique provided valuable mapping data during both initial AF abl and after prior failed abl with equivalent high acute success. Prospective follow-up is underway to evaluate if acute success translates into comparable long-term response.
Aerodynamic Modeling of Morphing Wings Using an Extended Lifting-Line Analysis

This paper presents an extension of Weissinger’smethod and its use in analyzing morphing wings. Thismethod is shown to be ideal for preliminary analyses of these wings due to its speed and adaptability to many disparate wing geometries. It extends Prandtl’s lifting-line theory to planform wings of arbitrary curvature and chord distribution and nonideal airfoil cross sections. The problem formulation described herein leads to an integrodifferential equation for the unknown circulation distribution. It is solved using Gaussian quadrature and a sine-series representation of this distribution. In this paper, this technique is used to analyze the aerodynamics of a morphable gull-like wing. Specifically, this wing’s ability to manipulate lift-to-drag efficiency and center of pressure location is discussed.
Case report: lymphangitic carcinomatosis from cervical carcinoma--an unusual presentation of diffuse interstitial lung disease

Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis is an unusual presentation of diffuse infiltrative lung disease. In this report, we present a case secondary to cervical carcinoma that has been previously reported in only four patients. The diagnosis was made by transbronchial lung biopsy.
Phylogenetic analysis of sigmodontine rodents (Muroidea), with special reference to the akodont genus Deltamys

Summary We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome b gene sequences of sigmodontine rodents. Our particular interest is to estimate the phyletic position of Deltamys, a taxon endemic to a small portion of the La Plata river basin in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, and to assess its generic status. The three primary conclusions derived from our analyses are: (1) cotton rats (Sigmodon) are the sister group of the remaining sigmodontines, (2) the tribe Akodontini is monophyletic with moderate support, and (3) Deltamys falls outside of a clade containing all species of subgenera of Akodon yet examined, and thus we grant Deltamys status of full genus.
eQTL epistasis: Detecting complex interaction effects between multiple loci from eQTL data

The identification of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) epistasis, which is a non-linear interaction effect between two or more genetic loci that control quantitative traits, play an essential role in understanding the mechanisms of gene interactions in the complex diseases. However, many studies have ignored the possibility of the epistasis in spite of the countless empirical evidence of epistasis in Genetics. Thus, the epistasis research is still in its infancy. Furthermore, most eQTL epistasis studies have involved only the interaction model with additive effects, which lacks the power to represent either 1) other biologically putative interaction models or 2) the genetic dominance that is a superior relationship of an allele against another one at the same locus. To tackle the problems, we propose a general eQTL epistasis model that provides the capability to incorporate diverse interaction models so that it can be widely utilized as a generic equation of epistasis in the multiple testing of eQTL studies. The extensibility of the eQTL epistasis model into multivariate methods is also proposed to reduce the computational burden of the multiple testing and to consider group effects. As the example of the extensibility, we provide the methodology that embeds the eQTL epistasis model into the sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) method. A globally optimal solution is provided and the performance was assessed by realistic simulation experiments. A study of psychiatric disorder diseases with the method was conducted as a target application.
Does M15 Possess an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in Its Core?

We present the results of an internal proper motion analysis of the inner region of M15 using Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 images. The motions of 704 stars with brightnesses above that of the cluster turnoff (V < 18.3) are analyzed to determine the velocity dispersion profile within about 15'' of the cluster center. The average signal-to-noise ratio of these motions is about 3, and stars in the innermost radial bin have an average core distance of only 07. Assuming a distance to M15 of 10 kpc, we estimate that the velocity dispersion within this innermost bin is 14.5 ± 2.5 km s-1 and that it slowly decreases outward, reaching a value of 9.8 ± 0.8 km s-1 at R = 156. We find that the proper-motion dispersion profile is in good agreement with the predictions of recent N-body simulations that do not require the presence of a central intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). The agreement between the observed profile and the N-body simulations is marginally improved if one assumes that when a neutron star is created as a result of stellar evolution, it escapes from the cluster. Based on the results of this study and a review of other investigations, it is concluded that there is little direct evidence that M15 possesses an IMBH.
Data plan throttling: A simple consumer choice mechanism

Despite only a small portion of unlimited data plan users experiencing throttling each month, it is a prominent source of complaints from users and a significant concern for mobile network operators. We propose a simple mechanism that allows users to choose when they want their data transmission “fast,” and when they want it “slow.” Users still have the same cap on total high-speed transfer before being throttled, and hence may still be subject to throttling, but now they are given some control. We propose a basic model of payoffs, and demonstrate that the proposed mechanism would be preferable to the user over the throttling policies currently in place. We then consider the impacts that extend beyond a single user, and provide a framework for determining the aggregate effects of such a mechanism.
Advanced Literature: A Creative Method

Round Table: Bilingualism and Language Contact: Anthropological, Linguistic, Psychological, and Sociological Aspects. Georgetown University, School of Languages and Linguistics, November 23, 1970, pp. 163-178. (Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics.) 35. Kjolseth, Rolf. "Bilingual Education Programs in the United States: For Assimilation or Pluralism?" A paper presented in the section on Sociological Perspectives on Bilingual Education of the Sociolinguistics Program of the Seventh World Congress of Sociology, held in Varna, Bulgaria, September 14-19, 1970. To be published in the Transactions. 36. Fishman, Joshua A., and John Lovas. "Bilingual Education in Sociolinguistic Perspective." TESOL Quarterly, Vol. IV, No. 3 (September 1970), p. 215.
Charge-density waves in alpha-uranium: A story of endless surprises

Abstract The properties of element 92, uranium, at low temperature have remained an enigma since major anomalies in almost all physical property measurements were first reported over twenty years ago. By far the most dramatic measurements were those by Fisher on the elastic constants, which strongly suggested a structural phase transition at ≈ 43 K. Initially no such phase transition was found. Recently, neutron inelastic experiments at Oak Ridge mapped out the phonon dispersion curves at room temperature, and in the process discovered an anomously soft phonon of Σ 4 symmetry along the [100] axis. On cooling, weak satellites were found to form near the position [0.5, 0, 0] thus signaling a periodic distortion. However, such a charge-density wave appeared to have a complex wave vector relationship with the fundamental lattice, leading the authors to introduce a two-phase model for the phase transition. Simultaneously, by using photographic techniques designed to view large segments of reciprocal space, Marmeggi and Delapalme at the ILL discovered a completely new set of satellite reflections, indexable with wave vector [0.5, q y , q z ], where q y and q z are incommensurable (≈0.18), not equal, and vary with temperature. We have now measured the intensities of a great number of these new satellites and been able to fit the results with a modulated α-U structure. The atoms are displaced in all three independent crystallographic directions according to a sinusoidal wave form. The overall agreement between the predicted and observed structure factors is excellent, suggesting that at least the static positions of the atoms at low temperature in this element are now understood. In this review the status of research on the structural phase transition will be presented. Neither the full details of the phase transition nor the reasons for it are understood at this time. A number of further experiments are suggested.
Dynamic upper airway changes and arterial blood gas parameters during treadmill exercise.

Summary The primary goal was to investigate the relationship between dynamic upper airway abnormalities and arterial blood gas tensions during exercise. Horses that completed a high-speed treadmill examination consisting of upper-airway videoendoscopy, blood gas evaluation and electrocardiogams and, postexercise, echocardiograms and tracheal washes, were included. An age-matched group of fit, healthy Thoroughbreds, trained to run on a high-speed treadmill, served as controls for blood gas values at specific exercise speeds. One hundred and nineteen horses completed the treadmill examination. Sixty (50%) were Thoroughbreds (TB), 51 (43%) Standardbreds (STD) and 8 (7%) other breeds. Mean ± s.d. age TB 3.8 ± 2.2 years and STD 4.0 ± 1.7 years, with no gender predilection. Fifty-four horses (45%) had abnormal upper respiratory tract (URT) abnormalities alone or in combination with abnormalities in another body system. Thirty-eight (70%) were TB, 14 (26%) were STD and 2 (4%) were other breeds. Of these, 24 (45%) had exercising Pao2 values significantly lower than those observed in healthy TB. Nineteen (35%) horses also had significantly elevated exercising PaCo2. Only 14 (12%) horses had abnormal clinical findings in the URT alone, and of these, only 3 (21%) had an abnormally low Pao2 and/or elevated Paco2. Multiple URT abnormalities were more commonly associated with abnormal exercising blood gases than were single disorders, but pharyngeal collapse (PC) was much more commonly associated with abnormal values if only one disorder was detected. Fifty-five percent (n = 65) of all cases admitted had no evidence of URT disease. Twenty-two (35%) were TB and 37 (57%) were STD. Twenty (31%) of these had abnormally low Pao2 and 14 (22%) had elevated PaCo2 values. Seventy percent (14) of the horses with abnormal Pao2 were STD, while almost 80% (11) of the horses with elevated Paco2 were STD. These data suggest that dynamic URT dysfunction can adversely affect gas exchange during exercise. While multiple abnormalities were more commonly associated with gas exchange problems than were single disorders, pharyngeal collapse, either alone or in combination with other URT problems, was the disorder most frequently associated with blood gas abnormalities. Additionally, URT disease was more commonly seen in TB, and the proportion of URT diagnoses in horses with abnormal blood gases reflected this percentage, while STD without URT disease had a much higher incidence of abnormal blood gases than did TB without URT abnormalities.
Ethics for the Senior Executive Service: Suggestions for Management Training

The Senior Executive Service (SES), the showcase of the Civil Service Reform Act, has been caught up in controversies on the degree to which it will "politicize" the higher reaches of the career ci...
Effects of three cognitive strategies on long-distance running

The present research was designed to assess the effects of three cognitive strategies on long-distance running. In comparison with the control subjects, the subjects who were administered associative, task-specific instructions demonstrated a substantial improvement in their running times. Dissociative and psyching-up instructions were no more effective in improving running times than were control instructions. A positive relationship was found between the use of associative and dissociative instructions and running times.
An experimental investigation of the relative effectiveness of organizational structure in oral communication

(1960). An experimental investigation of the relative effectiveness of organizational structure in oral communication. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 59-69.
The assessment of goal commitment: A measurement model meta-analysis.

Goals are central to current treatments of work motivation, and goal commitment is a critical construct in understanding the relationship between goals and performance. Inconsistency in the measurement of goal commitment hindered early research in this area but the nine-item, self-report scale developed by Hollenbeck, Williams, and Klein (1989b), and derivatives of that scale, have become the most commonly used measures of goal commitment. Despite this convergence, a few authors, based on small sample studies, have raised questions about the dimensionality of this measure. To address the conflicting recommendations in the literature regarding what items to use in assessing goal commitment, the current study combines the results of 17 independent samples and 2918 subjects to provide a more conclusive assessment by combining meta-analytic and multisample confirmatory factor analytic techniques. This effort reflects the first combined use of these techniques to test a measurement model and allowed for the creation of a database substantially larger than that of previously factor analyzed samples containing these scale items. By mitigating sampling error, the results clarified a number of debated issues that have arisen out of previous small sample factor analyses and revealed a five-item scale that is unidimensional and equivalent across measurement timing, goal origin, and task complexity. It is recommended that this five-item scale be used in future research assessing goal commitment.
Ca2+-activated force-generating properties of mammalian skeletal muscle fibres: histochemically identified single peeled rabbit fibres

Single peeled (sarcolemma removed) rabbit skeletal muscle fibres, identified histochemically from their myofibrillar ATPase and oxidative staining pattterns, were characterized according to their Ca2+-activated steady-state force-generating properties at normal intracellular pH (7.0) and under acidotic (pH 6.5) conditions. Maximum force-generating capacity of each fibre was assessed by measuring steady-state isometric force generation at saturating Ca2+ concentration at both pH values. The Ca2+ sensitivity of each fibre was ascertained by determining the percentage of maximum force generated at each of several subsaturating Ca2+ concentrations at both pH values. Fibres were selected from soleus, tibialis anterior and adductor magnus muscles. At subsaturating Ca2+ concentrations only two functional groups of fibres were distinguishable, corresponding to the histochemical classifications type I and type II. Type I fibres were more sensitive to Ca2+ and less depressed by acidosis than type II fibres in the subsaturating range of Ca2+ concentrations. At saturating Ca2+ concentrations, the acidotic depression of maximum force was significantly less for type I fibres than type II nonoxidative fibres regardless of their muscle of origin. Type II oxidative fibre maximum force properties depended upon the muscle of origin and demonstrated subgroups of these fibres that were different from type II nonoxidative fibres and similar to type I fibres.
Changes in in vitro myocardial hydration and performance in response to transient metabolic blockade in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic media.

The effect of changes in tonicity of the bathing media on in vitro myocardial water content and mechanical performance during hypoxia and total metabolic blockade (consisting of hypoxia plus glycolytic blockade) was studied in 175 isometrically contracting rat papillary muscles. Recovery of mechanical performance after metabolic blockade in hypertonic (440 mOsm), isotonic (315 mOsm), and hypotonic (190 mOsm) media was also evaluated. Myocardial water contents were 3.2 ± 0.1 cm3·g−1 dry weight in hypertonic, 3.9 ± 0.1 cm3·g−1 in isotonic and 4.5 ± 0.1 cm3·g−1 in hypotonic media. The addition of metabolic blockade did not alter myocardial water content. Return to isotonic solution resulted in restoration of ‘normal’ myocardial water content both with and without continued metabolic blockade. Developed tension fell during hypoxia in all three media, and recovered partially with reoxygenation and return to isotonic solution. Recovery was best after hypoxia in an isotonic medium and poorest after hypoxia in a hypertonic medium. Tension development was completely lost after less than 15 min of total metabolic blockade and remained absent after removal of glycolytic blockade and reoxygenation regardless of the tonicity of the bathing solution. Thus, appropriate fluid shifts between myocardium and bathing solution in response to alterations in the tonicity of the bath were observed despite total irreversible loss of tension development. In addition, the data do not support the concept that hypertonic solutions protect the myocardium during metabolic blockade.
Starting with the right matrices

Over the past 20 years we have developed a course that combines applied mathematics with scientific computing. Each lecture discusses a model problem and a code to solve it. The course is popular with engineering students and their departments, who want exposure to ideas and also to software (including MATLAB). The need to move beyond the old formula- based approach is widely recognized. The starting point is to understand the second difference matrices that appear everywhere in scientific computing and simulation. Four special matrices with fixed and free and periodic boundary conditions (and -1,2,-1 on all interior diagonals) have names. They become familiar. We discuss the “A'CA framework” for so many numerical methods and engineering applications. The Computational Science and Engineering course 18.085 will be videotaped for MIT's OpenCourseWare ocw.mit.edu. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Empiric limits of rod photocurrent component underlying a-wave response in the electroretinogram*

The corneally recorded rod photocurrent component (photoresponse) underlying the a-wave feature of the electroretinogram was analyzed. The results set empiric limits on critical photoresponse variables. Measurements were obtained from four normal adult subjects on a-wave amplitude, a-wave velocity, b-wave amplitude, b-wave implicit time and b-wave height above baseline. At high intensity, interference from the b-wave component was minimized and the amplitude of the saturated photoresponse component was approximated by the a-wave feature. At lower intensities, the a-wave feature represented progressively less of the underlying photoresponse amplitude. Photoresponse amplitude saturation was signaled by the abrupt slowing of the rate of decline of b-wave peak latency and occurred at an intensity about 2.5 log units above the first appearance of the b-wave. At the intensity of photoresponse saturation, the peak amplitude of the a-wave feature was only about 25% of the maximum amplitude of the underlying photoresponse component. A-wave leading edge velocity was found to increase up to 3 log units above the intensity of photoresponse amplitude saturation and to provide a good estimate of photoresponse velocity at higher intensities. A cascaded low-pass filter model with modifications to accommodate amplitude and timing nonlinearities was used to generate a set of probable underlying photoresponses from the analysis of a-wave amplitude and velocity. Movement of the a-wave leading edge to the left at higher intensities in algebraic combination with a static b-wave leading edge above the intensity of photoresponse amplitude saturation was found to explain the second rise of the b-wave amplitude function and the decline of b-wave amplitude above baseline at high intensities. This analysis provides a basis for modeling the underlying photoresponse on a biochemical level and for interpreting photoreceptor damage in disease states.
Thermal desorption of oxygen-carbon monoxide-oxygen coadsorbed complexes from silver

Mass analyzed thermal desorption spectra for coadsorbed complexes of oxygen and CO evolving from a silver surface are discussed. The products of the desorption process are CO, CO2 and oxygen. The CO and CO2 evolution is partly due to direct desorption from the silver surface while the remainder of evolution is from internal parts of the vacuum system by replacement chemisorption. The replacement chemisorption of CO and CO2 is caused by the oxygen desorbing from the dissociating surface complexes. The replacement chemisorption process involves a considerable fraction of the desorbing oxygen, rendering this oxygen component undetectable.
The impact of tourism on cultural patrimony a Costa Rican example

Abstract Development of tourism in tropical areas is having a distinct impact on the preservation of cultural resources, particularly when developments are on the coasts, and where lack of monumental architecture does not make it visually obvious that cultural heritage is present. The impact is primary, in that sites are levelled, covered over, or otherwise destroyed; and secondary in that roads to new areas encourage auxiliary population concentrations or open new areas to exploitation by professional pot-hunters. Cooperation between museums and universities who seek to preserve and study these cultural remains, and those who are stimulating the development is often poorly established because of lack of precedence for cultural resource management programs in developing countries. Discussed are the problems of primary and secondary impact based on an example from Pacific coastal Costa Rica
Who founded the American psychopathological association

Abstract Modern histories of psychology and psychiatry attribute the founding of the American Psychopathological Association in 1910 to Ernest Jones, who originally made such a claim on his own behalf in his biography of Freud. Recent archival discoveries, however, suggest that the association was derived from an eclectic tradition of psychotherapy centered around William James, Morton Prince, Boris Sidis, and others who made up the so-called Boston School of Psychopathology, which flourished before Freud ever came onto the American scene.
New methods of tooth microwear analysis and application to dietary determination of two extinct antelopes

A separation exists between the tooth microwear of extant ruminant browsers and grazers when examined with new statistical techniques such as the dichotomous, polychotomous and continuous methods. Extant mixed feeders, however, could not be discerned as a distinct group. Many variables were used in the analysis, including two new variables; the area and perimeter of scars.A standard definition of a pit is deduced and a recommendation is made for a method and a model which best charactrizes the enamel scars for determination of browsing and grazing dietary categories. The best diagnostic method of tooth microwear analysis utilizes the number of pits smaller than or equal to the ratio four (lenth over width), the number of scratches between four and 100 micrometres in length to width ratio, and the number of gouges greater than 100 micrometres in length to width ratio. Browsers have many pits and few scratches, with the exception of the giraffe. Grazers have many scratches and few pits, with the exception of the common waterbuck. The tooth microwear analysis suggests that Tragoportax amalthea (Boselaphini, Bovidae) was a mixed feeder at Pikermi and a grazer at Samos. Using the dietary adaptations and the time differences (Pikermi is slightly older than Samos), it is assumed that we ahve recorded evolutionary change from a mixed feeder to a grazer. Tragoportax rugosifrons from Samos was a grazer. Pikermi and Samos are Miocene (Turolian) localities in Greece.
Photoionization cross sections of O II , O III , O IV , and O V : Benchmarking R -matrix theory and experiments

For crucial tests between theory and experiment, ab initio close-coupling calculations are carried out for photoionization of several oxygen ions: O II, O III, O IV, and O V. The relativistic fine-structure and resonance effects are studied using the $R$ matrix and its relativistic variant, the Breit-Pauli $R$-matrix (BPRM) approximations. Extremely detailed comparison is made with high-resolution experimental measurements carried out in three different setups: Advanced Light Source at Berkeley, synchrotron radiation experiment with a new modulator at University of Aarh\"us, and synchrotron radiation experiment at University of Paris-Sud. The comparisons illustrate physical effects in photoionization such as (i) fine structure, (ii) resolution, and (iii) metastable components. Photoionization cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{PI}$ of the ground and a few low-lying excited states of these ions obtained in the experimental spectrum include combined features of these states. The general features of the measured ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{PI}$ were predicted in the earlier calculations in $LS$ coupling. However, due to higher-resolution achievement in the recent experiments, the theoretically calculated resonances need to be resolved with much finer energy mesh for precise comparison. In addition, prominent resonant features are observed in the measured spectra that can form from transitions allowed with relativistic fine structure, but not in $LS$ coupling. Present results include calculations from both $LS$ coupling and the relativistic BPRM method to decipher the features in photoionization spectra. ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{PI}$ are obtained for ground and metastable (i) $2{s}^{2}2{p}^{3}(^{4}S^{o},^{2}D^{o},^{2}P^{o})$ states of O II, (ii) $2{s}^{2}2{p}^{2}(^{3}P,^{1}D,^{1}S)$ and $2s2{p}^{3}(^{5}S^{o})$ states of O III, (iii) $2{s}^{2}2p(^{2}P_{J}^{o})$ and $2s2{p}^{2}(^{4}P_{J})$ levels of O IV, and (iv) $2{s}^{2}(^{1}S)$ and $2s2p(^{3}P^{o},^{1}P^{o})$ states of O V. Most of the computed theoretical resonance structures are seen experimentally, although there are some discrepancies. One of the main conclusions of the present study is that resonances in photoionization cross sections of the ground and metastable states can be a diagnostic of experimental beam composition, with potential applications to astrophysical and laboratory plasma environments.
Laboratory Evolution of the Migratory Polymorphism in the Sand Cricket: Combining Physiology with Quantitative Genetics

Abstract Predicting evolutionary change is the central goal of evolutionary biology because it is the primary means by which we can test evolutionary hypotheses. In this article, we analyze the pattern of evolutionary change in a laboratory population of the wing‐dimorphic sand cricket Gryllus firmus resulting from relaxation of selection favoring the migratory (long‐winged) morph. Based on a well‐characterized trade‐off between fecundity and flight capability, we predict that evolution in the laboratory environment should result in a reduction in the proportion of long‐winged morphs. We also predict increased fecundity and reduced functionality and weight of the major flight muscles in long‐winged females but little change in short‐winged (flightless) females. Based on quantitative genetic theory, we predict that the regression equation describing the trade‐off between ovary weight and weight of the major flight muscles will show a change in its intercept but not in its slope. Comparisons across generati...
TIBER II CONFIGURATION AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The TIBER-II machine is a minimum-size steady-state tokamak with sufficient fusion power, wall flux, and fluence to be used for undertaking a nuclear test mission. Although the machine is envisioned as an engineering device, it will demonstrate reactor-relevant physics. To achieve the small size and high performance goals of TIBER II, the engineered systems must be based on aggressive assumptions. In addition, the machine must be designed for ease of maintenance to ensure reaching the fluence goal of 5 MW yr/m 2 in a design lifetime of 13 years. This paper concentrates on the configuration and structural issues of designing a small, high-field, and high-flux device.