cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Interferon by Alveolar Macrophages

Abstract Acton, Jean D. (Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C.), and Quentin N. Myrvik. Production of interferon by alveolar macrophages. J. Bacteriol. 91:2300–2304. 1966.—Rabbit alveolar macrophages inoculated with parainfluenza-3 virus in vitro produce a viral inhibitor which possesses the properties of interferon. The interferon is nondialyzable, is stable at pH 4, is not sedimented at 100,000 × g, exhibits species specificity, and can passively protect other alveolar macrophages from infection with virulent rabbitpox virus. The possible significance of alveolar macrophage-produced interferon is discussed.
Interacalation of ethidium ion into DNA and RNA oligonucleotides

The thermodynamics of ethidium ion binding to the double strands formed by the ribooligonucleotides rCA5G + rCU5G and the analogous deoxyribo-oligonucleotides dCA5G + dCT5G were determined by monitoring the absorbance versus temperature at 260 and 283 nm at several concentrations of oligonucleotides and ethidium bromide. A maximum of three ethidium ions bind to the oligonucleotides, which is consistent with intercalation and nearest-neighbor exclusion. For the ribo-oligonucleotide the binding mechanism is complex. Either two sites (assumed to be the intercalation sites at the two ends of the oligonucleotide) bind more strongly by a factor of 140 than the third site, or all sites are identical, but there is strong anticooperativity on binding (cooperativity parameter, 0.1). In sharp contrast, the binding to the same sequence (with thymine substituted for uracil) in the deoxyribo-oligonucleotide showed all sites equivalent and no cooperativity. For the ribo-oligonucleotides the enthalpy for ethidium binding is −14 kcal/mol. The equilibrium constants at 25°C depend on the model; either K = 6 × 105M−1 for the two strong sites (4 × 103M−1 for the weak site) or K = 2.5 × 105M−1 for the intrinsic constant of the anticooperative model. For the equivalent deoxyribo-oligonucleotide the enthalpy of binding is -9 kcal/mol and the equilibrium constant at 25°C is a factor of 10 smaller (K = 2.5 × 104M−1).
Application of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Identification of the Fastidious Pediatric Pathogens Aggregatibacter, Eikenella, Haemophilus, and Kingella

The accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption–ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the identification of Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella (HACEK) species was compared to that of phenotypic methods (Remel RapID and Vitek 2). Overall, Vitek MS correctly identified more isolates, incorrectly identified fewer isolates, and failed to identify fewer isolates than both phenotypic methods.
Trapped Children: Popular Images of Children with Autism in the 1960s and 2000s

The lay public inherits much of its information about disability and mental illness through the media, which often relies on information from popular scientific works. Autism, as it was defined during the dominance of psychogenic paradigms of mental illness, generated certain tropes surrounding it, many of which have been popularized through media representations. Often inaccurate, these tropes have persisted into contemporary times despite a paradigmatic shift from psychogenic to biological explanations and treatments for mental illness. The current article examines images and articles of children with autism from the 1960s and the early 2000s in major news media and scientific literature to highlight the persistence of themes of fragmentation and the imprisonment of children with autism. While these themes have persisted in psychological and media literature, narratives of people with autism and their families often present a different perspective. This results in two divergent ‘realities’ of autism being disseminated into the general public.
15 Phylogeny of the chlorophyta: inferences from 18S and 26S rDNA

Recent studies of the Chlorophyceae using 18S and 26S rDNA data in meta-analysis have demonstrated the power of combining these two sets of rDNA data. Furthermore, the 26S rDNA data complement the more conserved 18S gene for many chlorophycean lineages. Consequently, this data approach was pursued in an expanded taxon-sampling scheme for the Chlorophyta, with special reference to the classes Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. Results of these new phylogenetic analyses identify Microspora sp. (UTEX LB 472) and Radiofilum transversale (UTEX LB 1252) as sister taxa which, in turn, form a basal clade in the Cylindrocapsa alliance (Treubaria, Trochiscia, Elakatothrix). The relative position of the “Cylindrocapsa” clade within the Chlorophyceae remains uncertain. The enhanced taxon-sampling has not resolved the relative positions of the Oedogoniales, Chaetophorales or Chaetopeltidales. Furthermore, the Sphaeropleaceae are supported as members of the Sphaeropleales in only some analyses, raising concerns about the status of the order. Although based on a limited set of taxa (currently <10), a combined data approach reveals support for a monophyletic Trebouxiophyceae that includes the distinctive organisms, Geminella and Eremosphaera. The goal of a well-resolved phylogeny for the Chlorophyta remains just that, a goal. Achieving that goal obviously will require additional taxon sampling in the Prasinophyceae and Ulvophyceae, as well as, the Trebouxiophyceae. Moreover, it is clear that other genes (e.g., cp-atpB, cp-rbcL, cp-16S, mt-nad5) will be needed to help address problems of resolution based on the rDNA data alone. Supported by NSF DEB 9726588 and DEB 0129030.
The impedance of a single-turn coil near a conducting half space

The change in complex impedance between an ideal one-turn circular coil located above and parallel to a conducting half space with respect to a similar isolated coil has been calculated. From this result, a series expansion of the integrand allows the solution to be approximated by terms expressed as complete elliptic integrals. Results have been calculated for the change in impedance as a function of the liftoff distance and the conductivity of the half space for a coil of representative radius.
Characteristics of dynamic postural reactions in the locust hindleg

The use of the locust (Schistocerca americana) hindleg in postural control was examined in animals that stood on a repeatedly swayed vertical substrate. Myograms were recorded from leg muscles and the angle of the femoro-tibial joint was monitored photographically. Two discrete strategies were observed,; in compensatory reactions the hindleg was held in place, while in “flexion” reactions, the leg was moved, most often to complete flexion of the femoro-tibial joint. Tightly coupled, rhythmic bursting occurred in the flexor and levator muscles of the leg during compensatory reactions. Bursting was initiated repeatedly when the substrate was being pulled away from the animal. Bursting was correlated with subsequent decreases in the rate of change of the femorotibial joint angle. Compensatory and “flexion” reactions occurred preferentially in different ranges of joint angles: most often, compensatory reactions occurred in the midrange, while “flexion” reactions were elicited in the extremes of joint angle. These differences may be due to the mechanical advantages of the tibial muscles and the leg may be moved to full flexion because of a locking mechanism of the flexor muscle tendon. These reactions are compared with known reflexes of hindleg proprioceptors and contrasted with similar responses of vertebrates.
On the angular resolution of planar graphs

A famous theorem of I. Fagry states that any planar graph can be drawn in the plane so that all edges are straight-line segments and no two edges cross. The angular resolution of such a drawing is the minimum angle subtended by any pair of incident edges. The angular resolution of a planar graph is the maximum angular resolution over all such planar straight-line drawings of the graph. In a recent paper by Formann et al., Drawing graphs in the plane with high resolution, Symp. on Found. of Comp. Sci. (1990), the following question is posed: does there exist a constant r(d) > 0 such that every planar graph of maximum degree d has angular resolution ≥ r(d)? We answer this question in the affirmative by showing that any planar graph of maximum degree d has angular resolution at least ad radians where 0
The rocky road to reform: Trade, industrial, financial, and agricultural strategies

Abstract This paper reviews recent issues of economic reform in developing countries, based on studies undertaken for the World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER). Emphasis is placed on a novel 3-gap adjustment model (for savings-investment, trade, and fiscal limitations) at the macro level and a distinction between ″allocative″ and ″productive″ efficiency microeconomically. Issues of stabilization and adjustment, and trade/industrial policy, financial reform, privatization, market deregulation, and the agrarian question are discussed.
Surviving mousepox infection requires the complement system

Poxviruses subvert the host immune response by producing immunomodulatory proteins, including a complement regulatory protein. Ectromelia virus provides a mouse model for smallpox where the virus and the host's immune response have co-evolved. Using this model, our study investigated the role of the complement system during a poxvirus infection. By multiple inoculation routes, ectromelia virus caused increased mortality by 7 to 10 days post-infection in C57BL/6 mice that lack C3, the central component of the complement cascade. In C3−/− mice, ectromelia virus disseminated earlier to target organs and generated higher peak titers compared to the congenic controls. Also, increased hepatic inflammation and necrosis correlated with these higher tissue titers and likely contributed to the morbidity in the C3−/− mice. In vitro, the complement system in naive C57BL/6 mouse sera neutralized ectromelia virus, primarily through the recognition of the virion by natural antibody and activation of the classical and alternative pathways. Sera deficient in classical or alternative pathway components or antibody had reduced ability to neutralize viral particles, which likely contributed to increased viral dissemination and disease severity in vivo. The increased mortality of C4−/− or Factor B−/− mice also indicates that these two pathways of complement activation are required for survival. In summary, the complement system acts in the first few minutes, hours, and days to control this poxviral infection until the adaptive immune response can react, and loss of this system results in lethal infection.
The Bases of Language Acquisition: Some Questions.

The history of explanatory theories of language acquisition is largely a story of the changing views of the nature of man and his physiological and psychological capacities. As views of these capacities changed or varied, so did explanations of language acquisition. Since a great deal of the theorizing took place in the absence of detailed description of the process, differing theories were based on prejudices toward accepting theories that predicted what was known about stages in the acquisition of language or theories that explained behavioral changes that occurred under certain conditions of teaching language. This has led to two contrasting kinds of theories (Slobin, 1971): those that suggest a linguistic or cognitive predisposition on the part of the human child to acquire language, and those that suggest that language acquisition, like all other learning tasks, can be explained by the principles of S-R learning. In the past decade, language acquisition has been examined in much greater detail than in previous years and with children from varying cultural backgrounds and of varying sensory-motor and cognitive capacities. Although a great deal of the data are still missing, these studies indicate that the way to determine the bases for language acquisition is to observe the child, examine the context in which language is acquired, and then probe for experimental validation of the descriptions obtained.
Networking CD-ROMs: An evaluation with implications for improving service

Abstract An evaluation of a CD-ROM wide-area network was undertaken at the University of Pittsburgh Libraries. The authors interviewed reference staff on their use of and satisfaction with the network, polled student assistants on the type and amount of assistance they offer users, surveyed users to gauge their satisfaction with the network and CD-ROM searching, and analyzed computer-generated reports of users' search strategies. The authors discuss the findings and plans for future enhancements to the CD network.
Nanoblade Delivery and Incorporation of Quantum Dot Conjugates into Tubulin Networks in Live Cells

Quantum dots (QDs) have not been used to label cytoskeleton structure of live cells owing to limitations in delivery strategies, and QDs conjugation methods and issues with nonspecific binding. We conjugated tubulin to QDs and applied the emerging method of photothermal nanoblade to deliver QD-tubulin conjugates into live Hela cells. This method will open new opportunities for cytosolic targeting of QDs in live cells.
Three-dimensional finite element simulations of mixed-mode stable tearing crack growth experiments

Abstract Mixed-mode stable tearing crack growth events in Arcan plate specimens made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 are simulated using three-dimensional (3D) finite element methods. A modeling/simulation procedure utilizing a mixed-mode CTOD fracture criterion and the custom 3D crack growth simulation software, CRACK3D, with an automatic local re-meshing option is demonstrated. Simulation predictions of the load–crack extension curve and the in-plane curvilinear crack growth path are compared with experimental measurements for various mixed-mode loading cases. Issues such as the effects of near-tip finite element size and crack extension increment size on simulation predictions are investigated.
Chemoelectrical Energy Conversion of Adenosine Triphosphate using ATPases

Biological ion transport processes in proteins have inspired the development of bio-sensors, actuators, photoelectric, and chemoelectric energy conversion devices. These bio-inspired devices use ion transport through a protein energized by biochemical reactions in the protein’s sub-units to perform their engineering function. In an effort to advance the use of biological processes in synthetic systems, a chemoelectrical energy conversion device is demonstrated in this article that uses hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in ATPase enzyme to generate electrical power. The ATPase enzyme in the device is reconstituted in a bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) and supported on a porous substrate. ATP is dissolved in pH7 buffer and added to one of the chambers in this bicameral device. The transmembrane gradient established by proton transport, resulting from hydrolysis of ATP in the enzyme, is converted into electron flow in an external circuit via silver-silver chloride electrodes placed in the buffer solutio...
Carbon Dioxide Emission Implications if Hydrofluorocarbons are Regulated: A Refrigeration Case Study

The U.S. is strongly considering regulating hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) due to their global climate change forcing effects. A drop-in replacement hydrofluoroether has been evaluated using a gate-to-grave life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions for the trade-offs between direct and indirect carbon dioxide equivalent emissions compared to a current HFC and a historically used refrigerant. The results indicate current regulations being considered may increase global climate change.
Building and testing a production quality grid software distribution for the Open Science Grid

We describe how we integrate, build, and test the Open Science Grid (OSG) software stack, which is used to provide a production quality infrastructure for grid sites and users across OSG to run their grid jobs. The software stack is sufficiently complex that building and testing the software stack is non-trivial and requires a variety of types of testing including internal integration testing as well as end-user testing.
Screening of potential reproductive toxicants by use of porcine granulosa cell cultures

Abstract While approximately 60 000 chemicals are in widespread use with 1000 new chemicals introduced into the environment each year, the biologic effects of these agents are poorly understood. With the specific goal of testing for potential reproductive toxicity, we have established methodology for the screening of compounds in vitro by measuring effects on progesterone production by porcine granulosa cells in culture. Granulosa cells were harvested by mechanical agitation, cryopreserved, and cells with known progesterone production capacity utilized for culture. Agents to be tested were added to cultures of 10 5 cells and the media assayed for progesterone by radioimmunoassay. Estradiol suppression of progesterone production was easily demonstrated in this system and utilized as a verification of responsiveness. The pesticide o , p -DDT and its isomer p , p -DDT produced dramatic suppression of progesterone production apparently with equal potencies to estradiol. By contrast, the pesticides malathion, parathion and dieldrin and the fungicide hexachlorobenzene were without effect in this test system.
An external audit of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed in medical treatment facilities of the department of Defense.

OBJECTIVE: This study provided an objective survey by an outside auditing group of a large, complete patient population undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomies, determined the frequency of complications, especially bile duct injuries, and presented a system for classifying and comparing the severity of bile duct injuries. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: This is the first study of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to encompass a large and complete patient population and to be based on objectively collected data rather than self-reported data. The Civilian External Peer Review Program (CEPRP) of the Department of Defense health care system conducted a retrospective study of 5642 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomies at 89 military medical treatment facilities from July 1990 through May 1992. METHODS: The study sample consisted of the complete records of 5607 (99.38%) of the 5642 laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. RESULTS: Of the sample, 6.87% of patients experienced complications within 30 days of surgery, 0.57% sustained bile duct injuries, and 0.5% sustained bowel injuries. Among 5154 patients whose procedures were completed laparoscopically, 5.47% experienced complications. Laparoscopic procedures were converted to open cholecystectomies in 8.08% of cases. Intraoperative cholangiograms were attempted in 46.5% of cases and completed in 80.59% of those attempts. There were no intraoperative deaths; 0.04% of the patients died within 30 days of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of complications found in this study is comparable to the frequency of complications reported in recent large civilian studies and earlier, smaller studies. The authors present a system for classifying bile duct injuries, which is designed to standardize references to such injuries and allow for accurate comparison of bile duct injuries in the future.
Nonlinear estimation using estimated cointegrating relations

Abstract The Granger–Engle procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, a long-run cointegrating relationship is estimated, and in the second stage, this estimated long-run relationship is used to estimate a distributed lag model. This paper establishes the limit distribution of the second-stage estimator if the model estimated in the second stage is other than linear. One may expect that the estimation of the cointegrating relationship does not affect the limit distribution of the second-stage estimator; however, it is shown that unless a regularity condition holds, this intuition is false. Clearly this regularity condition holds in the standard linear case. A simple example where the limit distribution changes is the addition of the square of the cointegrating relationship to the second stage distributed lag model that is estimated by least squares. Surprisingly however, it turns out that if a constant is included in the long-run least-squares regression, the (possibly nonlinear) second-stage estimator will be asymptotically normally distributed.
Inelastic scattering of neutral atoms from metal surfaces

Abstract A mixed classical-quantum mechanical procedure is used to calculate the probability P(Δω) of the energy loss of a neutral particle scattering from a metal surface. A simple closed expression for P (Δω) is obtained which contains an infinite summation of phonon scatterings. Plots are given which indicate that a single phonon theory is not sufficient to obtain quantitative agreement with the multi-phonon theory.
Quantitative computed tomography estimates of the mechanical properties of human vertebral trabecular bone

The objective of this study was to report our quantitative computed tomography (QCT) density-mechanical property regressions for trabecular bone for use in biomechanical modelling of the human spine. Cylindrical specimens of human vertebral trabecular bone (from T10 to L4) were cored from 32 cadavers (mean +/- SD age = 70.1 +/- 16.8; 13 females, 19 males) and scanned using QCT. Mechanical tests were conducted using a protocol that minimized end-artifacts over the apparent density range tested (0.09-0.38 g/cm3). To account for the presence of multiple specimens per donor in this data set, donor was treated as a random effect in the regression model. Mean modulus (319 +/- 189 MPa) was higher and mean yield strain (0.78 +/- 0.06%) was lower than typical values reported previously due to minimization of the end-artifact errors. QCT density showed a strong positive correlation with modulus (n = 76) and yield stress (r2 = 0.90-0.95, n = 53, p < 0.001). There was a weak positive linear correlation with yield strain (r2 = 0.58, n = 53, p = 0.07). Prediction errors, incurred when estimating modulus or strength for specimens from a new donor, were 30-36% of the mean values of these properties. Direct QCT density-mechanical property regressions gave more precise predictions of mechanical properties than if physically measured wet apparent density was used as an intermediate variable to predict mechanical properties from QCT density. Use of these QCT density-mechanical property regressions should improve the fidelity of QCT-based biomechanical models of the human spine for whole bone and bone-implant analyses.
Exploring variation in students' correct traces of linear recursion

There has been a wealth of education research focused on recursion. This research has documented students' persistent difficulties with recursion, a variety of pedagogical approaches, and students' correct and incorrect mental models of recursion. This paper explores the variation in students' successful attempts to trace linear recursion. The findings go beyond correct and incorrect mental models to show how each of four modes of tracing linear recursion may require or facilitate a particular understanding of recursion. Additionally, the current study shows how knowledge of algebraic substitution can be applied to tracing linear recursion, and identifies a potential difficulty in students transferring this knowledge.
The misleading presence of glucose in lipid extracts from human liver.

Abstract Lipid extracts of two out of three liver samples examined contained appreciable quantities of an apparent glycolipid migrating with a Chromatographie mobility intermediate between a tetrahexosylceramide standard and sphingomyelin. The substance was subsequently identified as free glucose. Its presence in the lipid extracts was probably related to the high levels of endogenous carbohydrate in the samples. To prevent possible confusion with glycolipids, care should be exercised in the interpretation of Chromatographie data when organs containing high levels of endogenous carbohydrate are being examined.
Human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase conformers obtained by electrofocusing

Abstract Conformers of pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) could be consistently obtained with pI values of 5.28 and 6.70. These were converted to a form with a pI value of about 5.86 by (D)-1,6-fructose diphosphate. Still another conformer with a pI value of about 7.2 was obtained in some preparations electrofocused in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Re-electrofocusing of the higher pI material resulted in conversion of some to the form with a pI value of 5.3. The forms with pI values of 5.3 and 6.7 were subjected to sedimentation and kinetic studies. The two conformers differed kinetically from each other and from the sample which had not yet been subjected to electrofocusing.
Prioritizing winter habitat quality for greater sage‐grouse in a landscape influenced by energy development

Prioritizing habitats that provide the best options for the persistence of sensitive species in human-modified landscapes is a critical concern for conservation. Linking occurrence and fitness parameters across multiple spatial scales provides an approach to address habitat prioritization for species of concern in disturbed habitats. To demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, we generated resource selection and survival risk models as a framework to quantify habitat value for wintering female greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) inhabiting a 6,093-km2 study area in northwest Colorado and south-central Wyoming, USA, being developed for oil and natural gas reserves. Our approach allowed us to evaluate the relative influence of anthropogenic development and environmental attributes characterizing a large landscape on habitat selection and habitat-specific survival in winter for female sage-grouse. When combined, these models provided a spatial representation of habitat quality to inform management and conservation of critical wintering habitats. We used 537 locations from 105 radio-marked female grouse obtained from 18 fixed-wing flights across winters 2007–2008, 2008–2009, and 2009–2010. Wintering sage-grouse selected areas with higher wetness potential (0.75-km2 scale), intermediate (quadratic form) total shrub cover (18.83-km2 scale), higher variability in shrub height (18.83-km2 scale), and less heterogeneity in Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis; 4.71-km2 scale) cover and total shrub cover (18.83-km2 scale). Anthropogenic surface disturbance (0.75-km2 scale) was negatively associated with occurrence. Winter survival for female grouse was positively correlated with heterogeneity in big sagebrush cover at the 0.75-km2 scale, but negatively correlated with heterogeneity in total shrub cover at the 18.83-km2 scale. We did not detect an association between anthropogenic variables and female winter survival. However, displacement of sage-grouse in the energy extraction area may have masked our ability to identify anthropogenic variables potentially influencing survival. Our winter habitat quality map indicated highly effective winter habitat (high occurrence-low survival risk) was limited, only representing 17.1% of our study area. Consequently, displacement from these limited, high-quality winter habitats could have profound consequences to population persistence.
When Good Intentions Go Wrong: Immunity under the Volunteer Protection Act

The Volunteer Protection Act (VPA) was enacted in 1997 to encourage volunteerism by protecting individuals from liability for their negligent actions while volunteering. Proponents intended to provide legal safeguards for volunteers, whom they claimed were deterred from volunteering by fears of liability. Little attention has been paid to this legislation since its enactment, however. This article examines the implementation and interpretation of the VPA through the lens of case law to determine whether the act has had its intended effects for volunteers. Our analysis of all court cases in which the VPA has been cited shows that volunteers are at risk for lawsuits over a variety of actions during the course of their volunteer activities. This analysis also demonstrates that although volunteers can avail themselves of the VPA’s protection, their success in invoking this defense is mixed.
On a Babcock-Leighton dynamo model with a deep-seated generating layer for the toroidal magnetic field

A dynamo model of the Babcock-Leighton type having the following features is studied. The toroidal fieldB φ is generated in a thin layer (the GL), located at the lower solar convection zone, by a shear in the angular velocity acting on the poloidal fieldB p (= ∇ × [0, 0,A φ ].) If, in this layer, and for a certain value of the polar angle,θ, |B O | exceeds a critical field,B cr , then the eruption of a flux tube occurs. This flux tube, which is assumed to rise radially, generates, when reaching the surface, a bipolar magnetic region (BMR) with fluxes Φ p and Φ f for the preceding and following spot respectively. For the purpose of the numerical calculations this BMR is replaced by its equivalent axisymmetrical magnetic ring doublet. The ensemble of these eruptions acts as the source term for the poloidal field. This field, generated in the surface layers, reaches the lower solar convection by transport due to meridional motions and by diffusion. The meridional motions are the superpositions of a one-cell velocity field that rises at the equator and sinks at the poles and of a two-cell circulation that rises at the equator and poles and sinks at mid latitudes. The toroidal field andA O were expanded in Legendre polynomials, and the coupled partial differential equations (int andr; time and radial coordinate) satisfied by the coefficients in these expansions were solved by a finite difference method. In the expansions, Legendre polynomials up to order thirty were included. In spite of an exhaustive search no solutions were found with Φ p = −Φ f . The solutions presented in this paper were obtained with Φp = −0.5 Φ f . In this case, the northern and southern hemisphere are not entirely decoupled since lines of force join both hemispheres. Most of the solutions found were periodic. For the one-cell meridional flow described above and for a purely radial shear in the GL (the angular velocity increasing inwards) the dynamo wave propagates from the pole towards the equator. The new cycle starts at the poles while the old cycle is still present in the equatorial regions.
Applying levels of evidence to the psychiatric music therapy literature base

Abstract In an era of evidence-based practice (EBP), it is becoming increasingly important to distinguish the quality of research studies and synthesize results so they can be applied to clinical practice. Thus, in an attempt to categorize research and amalgamate results, scholars have developed various hierarchical levels of evidence to differentiate research implications. However, these levels of evidence have not yet been applied to the psychiatric music therapy literature base. The purpose of this paper was to discuss and identify the levels of evidence and apply well-established levels of evidence to the psychiatric music therapy literature base. Results indicated a lack of randomized controlled trials and overall low level of evidence. Further, regardless of taxonomy applied, most studies met criteria for the lowest level of evidence. This finding is congruent with the levels of evidence of other well-established psychosocial treatments for psychiatric consumers. Limitations, generalizations, and implications for research and clinical practice are provided.
The Korean War and the Criteria of Significance in Chinese Popular Culture

General interpretations of war, like firsthand accounts of battle, tend to be friendly toward the side of the writer and hostile toward the enemy. There are notable exceptions of course, but the Korean War seems especially vulnerable in this regard. In that conflict, all sides claim victory for themselves, no treaty has been signed, and forty years after the armistice the war's impact throughout the Pacific re gion is palpable.1 Open doors and open discussions among erstwhile enemies have softened cultural and historical mindsets, especially for Chinese and American scholars enjoying the recent spate of publications, notably in Chinese, on the Korean War. This discussion reveals more tension and complexity than we ever knew before among Chinese leaders on the decisions and events leading up to China's entry into the war. But the portrait of China's just position throughout the war persists. Chinese soldiers continue to be referred to as "most beloved people" (zui keai de ren), the term used in the title to a popular story written by Wei Wei, a military writer, in 1951. Wei Wei's story is one of the most common references in conversations with Chinese people, old and young, scholars and non-scholars alike, and it serves as a starting point in this discussion of Chinese popular culture.2 Standing in con trast to the largely enduring themes in the Chinese discussion, the portraits of the Korean War in the Western literature have long been complex and even conflicting, building as they do upon the familiar
Influence of senescence and of carbohydrate levels on the pattern of leaf proteases in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

Cyperus rotundus L. is a monocotyledonous perennial weed, which forms large numbers of tubers during its vegetative growth. Since these tubers represent major sinks, source/sink interactions are more complex, and leaf senescence and proteolytic processes in this species may be different from the situation in the well-investigated annual crop plants characterized by monocarpic senescence. Judged by native PAGE and by inhibitor studies, three different aminopeptidases, one iminopeptidase, two or more carboxypeptidases and two or more different endopeptidases were present in mature green leaves. Exo- and endoproteolytic activities increased during the senescence of excised leaf segments. A marked change was observed in the endopeptidase pattern, since a cysteine proteinase activity was strongly induced during senescence of the segments. This endopeptidase was also found in naturally senescing leaves and may, therefore, participate in nitrogen salvage from these organs. An increase of different protease activities was demonstrated in leaf segments of C. rotundus in the presence of high carbohydrate levels. The mechanisms involved, and the importance of this phenomenon for the interaction between source/sink relations and senescence, remain to be demonstrated.
Choice-matching preference reversals in health outcome assessments.

Background Health outcome utility assessments generally assume procedural invariance. Preference reversals violating procedural invariance occur in economic scenarios when the assessment process shifts from a choice to a fill-in-the-blank task. Purpose To determine if similar reversals occur in utility assessments. Methods One hundred thirty-six volunteer subjects completed 6 preference assessments of 4 personal health scenarios. Patients responded to otherwise identical tasks using either choice or fill-in-the-blank processes in a randomized crossover design. The authors determined the percentage of subjects preferring, or inferred to prefer, a given choice. Results Preference reversals occurred in all assessment scenarios. Conclusions These preference reversals are a potential source of confusion for utility assessment and informed consent. They could be manipulated to achieve ends other than the best interest of patients. Anchoring or the prominence hypothesis may explain these findings.
Reaction of Boronic Acids with Tetrafluoroborate? It Depends on the Acidity

Abstract After electrochemical or chemical oxidation of ferroceneboronic acid, the resulting ferriceniumboronic acid is found to react with tetrafluoborate to form ferricenyltrifluoborate. This reaction with a common electrolyte can be extended to other boronic acids that possess a sufficiently low pK a (
Mental Toughness : What is it and How to Build it doi: 10.4025/reveducfis.v24i1.17523

Coaches have been teaching physical skills and techniques for years but it is only relatively recently that they have started to focus on, and teach mental skills. The lack of focus is unfortunate, in that over 20 years ago Gould, Hodge, Peterson and Petlichkoff (1987) found that 82% of coaches rated mental toughness as the most important psychological attribute in determining wrestling success, although only 9% of them felt that they were successful in teaching it. However, there has been an increase in mental toughness research during the past several years that has tended to focus on the conceptualization of mental toughness specific to establishing a clearer definition of the construct.
EMXtalOrg: an EM tilt data organization and processing system

Abstract The EMXtalOrg software package organizes and processes electron microscope (EM) data from indexed images of tilted two-dimensional (2D) protein crystals. The package, which is freely available, was written to facilitate the processing of amplitude and phase (aph) data from 2D EM projections into three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. The suite takes as input contrast transfer function corrected aph files and generates lattice line data to yield HKL files which can be output for viewing 3D structures with existing data visualization programs. Additionally, the package offers a number of other processing features, and provides a convenient graphical interface for several image processing programs devoted to the analysis of 2D crystals. The package is written in the Python scripting language using the Tcl/Tk toolkit for the graphical user interface, making it portable and easy to modify by the user. The package provides an integrated environment to simplify the process of obtaining 3D structures from 2D crystals.
Counterimmunoblotting: detection of non-denatured or denatured antigens in antibody-containing agarose gels following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract Utilizing the principles of counterimmunoelectrophoresis, a technique was devised to immunologically identify non-denatured protein antigens resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were electrophoretically transferred from polyacrylamide gel to antibody-containing agarose gel in a commercially available blotting apparatus. Detection of the antigen/antibody complex by Coomassie blue staining (in the ng range for unlabeled antigen) or autoradiography (in the pg range for radiolabeled antigen) established the sensitivity and specificity of this method. Similar sensitivity could be obtained following conventional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after partial removal of the detergent and possible renaturation of proteins. Placement of a nitrocellulose sheet on the anodal side of the agarose gel produced a ‘negative replica’ (proteins/polypeptides not reacting with specific antibodies in the agarose gel). Counterimmunoblotting provides an additional method for molecular weight determination of protein antigens with sensitivity and specificity comparable to established nitrocellulose blotting (unlabeled proteins) or immunoprecipitation (labeled proteins) procedures.
Organization of a comprehensive anesthesiology oral practice examination program: planning, structure, startup, administration, growth, and evaluation.

Abstract Study Objective: To describe the planning, structure, startup, administration, growth, and evaluation of a comprehensive oral practice examination (OPE) program. Setting: Midwest U.S. anesthesiology residency training program. Measurements and Main Results: Committee planning involved consideration of format and frequency of administration, timing for best resident and faculty availability, communication, forms design, clerical support, record keeping, and quality monitoring. OPE format was deliberately constructed to resemble that used by the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) to enhance resident familiarity with ABA style oral examination. Quality improvement tools consisted of regular examiner and examinee inservice sessions, liaison with ABA associate examiners, and review of examinee exit questionnaires. A set of OPE databases was constructed to facilitate quality monitoring and educational research efforts. A semiannual administration schedule on three to four consecutive Mondays optimally accommodated resident rotations and faculty work schedules. Continued administration of the OPE program required ongoing construction of a pool of guided case-oriented questions, selection of appropriate questions based on examinee training exposure, examination calendar publication, and scheduling of recurring examiner and examinee activities. Important issues that required action by the governing committee were examination timing, conflict with clinical demands, use of OPE results, and procurement of training resources. The OPE program grew from 56 examinations in the first year to 120 exams by year 3. It was perceived positively by the majority of residents. There were 90.2% of exit questionnaires that acknowledged specific learning about oral examination technique, while only 0.3% indicated lack of meaningful information exchange. Fewer than 10% of responses indicated misleading questions or badgering by examiners. Resident preparedness increased with repeat OPE exposure. Conclusions: A comprehensive mock oral examination program was successfully planned, initiated, and developed. It is well accepted by residents and faculty. Its inception was associated with an increase in resident preparedness. Now in its tenth year of existence it continues to be an asset and essential component of our training program.
A note on the analogue of Oppenheim's inequality for permanents

The inequality per(A∘B)⩽ perA perB is verified for nonnegative 2×2 and 3×3 Hermitian matrices, where A∘B is the Hadamard product ofA and B.
25.2: Simple Process of Hillock‐Free Al‐Gate Metallization without ITO/Al Contact Problems for Large‐Area TFT‐LCDs

As low resistive gate lines in thin film transistors (TFTs), the various structures of aluminum(Al) double layers patterned by one photolithography process have been investigated. Only for the Mo/Al structure, Al hillocks were not shown during or/and after plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process of 320°C. It would be considered that the stress of Al film would be compensated by the compressive molybdenum(Mo) film. Addition-ally, this Mo layer would prevent the surface of Al layer from oxidization during Iridium-Tin Oxide (ITO) pixel deposition and annealing at the pad open region. As a result, there is no contact problem in the ITO/Mo/Al structure. The 12.1 inch SVGA TFT-LCD was successfully fabricated by simple process with this Mo/Al structure as a gate line.
Multimodality agents for tumor imaging (PET, fluorescence) and photodynamic therapy. A possible "see and treat" approach.

Methyl 3-(1‘-m-iodobenzyloxyethyl)-3-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (2), obtained in a sequence of reactions from pyropheophorbide-a (a chlorophyll-a derivative), was found to be a promising imaging agent and a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The electrophillic aromatic iodination of the corresponding trimethylstannyl intermediate with Na124I in the presence of an Iodogen bead afforded 124I-labeled photosensitizer 4 with >95% radioactive specificity. In addition to drug-uptake, the light fluence and fluence rate that were used for the light treatment had a significant impact in long-term tumor cure. The iodo photosensitizer 2 (nonlabeled analogue of 4) produced 100% tumor cure (5/5 mice were tumor free on day 60) at a dose of 1.5 μmol/kg and a light dose of 128 J/cm2, 14 mW/cm2 for 2.5 h (λmax 665 nm) at 24 h postinjection. The photosensitizer also showed promising tumor fluorescence and PET imaging ability. Our present work demonstrates the utility of the first 124I-labeled photosensitizer as ...
Leading the engaged institution

This chapter examines the characteristics and choices of leaders in Carnegie community-engaged classified institutions.
Engineered plants with elevated vitamin E: a nutraceutical success story

Vitamin E has been touted as a panacea for age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease and, thus, the demand for this nutraceutical has increased dramatically in recent years. This demand has, in turn, driven research to increase vitamin E production from plant sources. We have summarized the cumulative work of several groups in this area, describing the current status of efforts to bioengineer plants for elevated vitamin E content.
Long-term l-carnitine treatment in isovaleric acidemia

Abstract A 5-year-old girl with isovaleric acidemia was treated with long-term l-carnitine and no supplemental glycine. Clinical and laboratory data are presented. Following diagnosis and treatment at age 2 years, the frequency of acute exacerbations of metabolic acidosis was reduced and she resumed normal growth and development. l-carnitine supplementation and protein restriction may be sufficient for effective therapy of isovaleric acidemia.
Dermal graft harvest technique for use in temporomandibular joint disc repair.

The use of dermis as an interpositional graft material in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been described previously.‘” Dermal grafts have been used for correction of ankylosis’ as well as for replacement and repair of perforated discs.2-5 A frequently used procedure for harvesting derma1 tissue is similar to that described by Meyer for harvesting grafts for TMJ disc perforation repairs.5 This technique involves the use of a dermatome to remove a split-thickness layer of skin over the graft harvest site. The skin flap is left attached at one end. The underlying dermal layer is then harvested using either a free-hand technique or by using the dermatome to remove a layer of tissue. In either case, the split-thickness skin flap is then fenestrated and sutured back in place to cover the graft harvest area. There are several disadvantages to harvesting dermis in this manner. If a dermatome is used, a large area of skin must be elevated in order to allow for a second pass with the dermatome. Moreover, the amount of dermis removed with the dermatome is generally excessive in area but often deficient in thickness. The use of a free-hand technique to remove the dermal tissue frequently results in an indentation in the dermal layer. In both cases, the surgical wound remaining after resuturing of the skin is inconvenient and cumbersome for the patient to maintain in the immediate postoperative period and leaves a significant cosmetic defect after healing. The following technique avoids these problems.
Polymeric nanocylinders by combining block copolymer self-assembly and nanoskiving.

A new facile fabrication approach to generate polymeric nanostructures is described. Block copolymers containing immiscible segments can self-assemble to generate ordered nanostructures, such as cylinders of one block in a matrix of the other in the bulk, which can then be sectioned on the nanoscale using a microtome (nanoskiving). Dispersing these sections in a selective solvent for the matrix block results in nanocylinders. In one example, we utilized a poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-block-poly(styrene) (PDMA–PS) copolymer containing 36% by volume of PS. This composition was selected as it self-assembles into cylinders of PS in a matrix of PDMA. Following a previously described procedure, the cylinders were aligned using a channel die. The aligned samples were subsequently sectioned using a microtome containing a diamond knife and dispersed in water, a selective solvent for the PDMA matrix, affording PS nanocylinders with a PDMA corona. This technique allows tuning of nanocylinders without the requirement...