cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking Beyond the Surface of Adult Moyamoya Disease: Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Microstructural Changes and Cognitive Dysfunction.

Figure 1. Gradient echo images showing decreased gray matter density of posterior cingulate cortex in moyamoya disease patients compared with controls (color regions represent P values). Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cerebrovascular condition characterized by progressive stenosis or occlusion of arteries of the anterior circulation with associated hypertrophy of deep penetrating arteries and development of extracranial-intracranial collateral vessels (4, 5). Recent studies have suggested an association between adult MMD and cognitive impairment, with possible relation to reduced cerebral blood flow and microstructural changes in brain tissue (1, 2). Although both gray and white matter can be affected by ischemic changes, there are currently no reports evaluating gray matter integrity in MMD patients, and only a few assessing white matter changes. Furthermore, the relationship of these changes to cognitive function has not been well established. Kazumata et al. conducted a prospective study to investigate the microstructural alterations in MMD patients and their correlation with hemodynamic compromise and neurocognitive function. The results of the study were published in the February 2015 issue of Stroke (3). The authors used three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of brain microstructural alterations. They used voxel-by-voxel density analysis to detect subtle gray matter changes and diffusion tension imaging (DTI) with tractography for evaluation of white matter integrity. The four major DTI indices incorporated were fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). They enrolled 23 patients with clinical diagnosis of idiopathic MMD according to the criteria proposed by the Research Committee on Spontaneous Occlusion of the Circle of Willis and age >20, as well as 23 control patients who had normal intelligence quotient and no evidence of neurologic or psychiatric disorders. For gray matter alterations, the authors compared density images between MMD and control patients. For white matter alterations, they tested the differences in DTI indices and calculated the mean value and number of voxels for each index reaching statistical significance. In both analyses, age was considered as a covariate and results were corrected. Furthermore, the authors assessed the hemodynamic status with single positron emission computed tomography and considered hemodynamic compromise when cerebrovascular reactivity was <15% in the left or right middle cerebral artery territories. They also performed blinded neuropsychologic assessment using the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale-III,
Metalogic, Qualia, and Identity on Neptune’s Great Moon: Meaning and Mathematics in the Works of Joseph A. Goguen and Samuel R. Delany

The works of Joseph A. Goguen and Samuel R. Delany address wide arrays of ”big” issues in philosophy: identity and qualitative experience, semiotic representation, and the divergence between meaning in formal systems of understanding and in everyday lived experience. This essay attempts to draw out some of the parallels between the works of these two authors, in particular regarding metalogic, qualia, and identity, using illustrative examples from the works of both authors. Their works exhibit parallel dual strands: (1) a desire to rigorously and precisely map out these fundamental issues, and (2) a desire to acknowledge and embrace the ambiguities of phenomenological experience and its divergence from any formalizable theory. In the end, addressing such a wide range of issues has required both authors to develop and adopt new discourse strategies ranging from rational argumentation to mathematics, from religious and philosophical commentary to speculative (science) fiction and poetry.
Potential intercellular futile cycling of carbohydrates in diabetes

Diabetes was induced by treating rats with alloxan, and was confirmed by blood glucose values greater than 250 mg/dl. In perfused livers from both normal and diabetic rats, basal rates of O2 uptake were similar (120-130 mumol/h per g). In livers from diabetic rats, basal rates of glucose output of 60 mumol/h per g declined to around 20 mumol/h per g during 1 h of perfusion. Basal glucose production was abolished by pretreatment with an inhibitor of glycogen synthesis, galactosamine (1.5 g/kg), injected 3 h before perfusion. The subsequent infusion of lactate (2 mM) increased O2 uptake and glucose production about 40-50 mumol/h per g in both groups; however, the average maximal increase in glucose output was nearly twice as high in livers from normal (33 mumol/h per g) as from diabetic (18 mumol/h per g) rats. Rates of lactate uptake were also about 50% lower in livers from diabetic than from normal rats, yet rates of ketone-body formation were similar. Miniature O2 electrodes placed on periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule were employed to measure local rates of O2 uptake before, during and after infusion of lactate by stopping the flow of perfusate through the liver and measuring the decrease in local [O2]. Local rates of glucose production were calculated from the extra O2 consumed and the known stoichiometry between O2 uptake and glucose production from lactate. In livers from normal rats, glucose was synthesized predominantly in periportal regions of the liver lobule; however, glucose was produced exclusively in periportal regions in livers from diabetic rats. In pericentral regions, O2 uptake increased slightly in livers from normal rats, but declined significantly by 10 mumol/h per g in livers from diabetic rats. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that gluconeogenesis from lactate occurs exclusively in periportal regions of the liver lobule in livers from diabetic rats. A portion of this glucose is metabolized back to lactate in pericentral areas, leading to increased rates of glycolytic ATP production, thereby decreasing the demands for O2. This production of glucose from lactate in periportal regions, followed by conversion of glucose back into lactate in pericentral areas, raises the possibility of intercellular futile cycling, stimulated by diabetes.
Algorithms for Sorting and Sort-Based Database Operations Using a Special-Function Unit

This paper presents the design of a Special Function Unit for DataBase operations (SFU-DB), which is used as a backend database machine for performing sort and sort-based database operations. This machine implements a most-significant-digit-first radix sort algorithm by using a special hardware device called Automatic Retrieval Memory (ARM). The ARM performs an efficient content-to-address mapping to sort the data. Without performing any comparisons in the sorting process, the SFU-DB avoids the lower bound constraint on comparison-based sorting algorithms and achieves a complexity of O(n) for both execution time and main memory size. Based on the sorting algorithm, the SFU-DB also performs other primitive database operations such as relational join, elimination of duplicates, set union, set intersection, and set difference with a complexity of O(n). The capacity of the SFU-DB is limited by the size of its main memory rather than by the number of special processing elements as in most sorting machines. Hence, the SFU-DB has a better cost/performance and is more suitable for processing very large databases. Currently, a prototype SFU-DB system is under construction.
Swinging for the Fences: Long-Term Survival With Ipilimumab in Metastatic Melanoma

Abstract A 40-year-old man with stage III melanoma arising from his left shoulder underwent wide local excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and lymph node dissection. Nine months after receiving adjuvant biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon alfa as part of a clinical trial, he developed headaches and right-hand weakness and was found to have a 2-cm left parietal CNS metastasis. A comprehensive staging workup identified multiple nonspecific subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. The brain mass was resected and confirmed to be metastatic melanoma; the surgical bed was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. He was monitored off therapy, but 5 months later, he developed a second left parietal CNS metastasis and enlarging lung nodules. The new brain lesion was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery, and he began systemic therapy with ipilimumab on a clinical trial. After the third dose, he presented with headache, nausea, and vomiting; a brain magnetic resonance imaging scan showed left anterior temporal enhancement, possibly representing new disease. His symptoms improved with a course of corticosteroids. Restaging of the chest showed a mixed response among the pulmonary nodules. After tapering off corticosteroids, he received the fourth dose of ipilimumab, which was complicated by grade 3 transaminitis and hypophysitis with documented hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. They were managed with corticosteroids and thyroid and adrenal hormone replacement. Restaging scans showed further disease regression except for new confluent enhancing nodules and edema in the left temporal lobe. Craniotomy and resection of this area showed only necrotic tissue with no viable melanoma cells. Nine years after treatment with ipilimumab, he is alive and shows no evidence of melanoma on the basis of annual computed tomography scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. He has full neurologic function but still requires hormone replacement for persistent hypopituitarism.
I/sub DDQ/ testing in deep submicron integrated circuits

The increased background leakage current of deep submicron devices threatens the practical application of the traditional I/sub DDQ/ test. This paper describes a new Delta I/sub DDQ/ test technique which has proven effective at defect detection for deep submicron memory and logic devices.
Hominid paleoecology at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania as indicated by antelope remains

Abstract Bed I Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania has provided abundant fauna in both paleontological and archeological contexts. These have been used to reconstruct the general paleoecological setting of the sites as well as provide more specific inferences on hominid habitat use. Previous paleoecological studies utilizing the Olduvai fauna have been taxon-based, substituting the habitat preferences of modern taxa for those of their extinct relatives. Here we investigate the relationship between bovid metapodial functional anatomy and habitat preference using taxon-free discriminant function analyses. We develop discriminant function models linking metapodial morphology to three broadly-defined habitat categories (open, intermediate, closed) using modern bovids of known ecology. The models developed for complete, proximal and distal metapodials are then applied to metapodials from four Bed I archeological localities: DK I, FLK NN I, FLK I and FLK N I. Results support the presence of the drying trend previously noted from middle to upper Bed I. They contradict taxon-based studies of the Olduvai bovids, suggesting a higher proportion of intermediate and closed habitats. The results of this study do not support theories of hominid foraging based on the exploitation of a single habitat type. The bovids from each locality exhibit a range of morphologies, suggesting that hominids at Olduvai were utilizing habitats ranging from open to closed, perhaps the full range available in the lake margin zone.
Feasibility of immediate assessment of fine needle aspirates of thyroid nodules by telecytopathology.

Objective: In this study we discuss the diagnostic accuracy and unsatisfactory rate of onsite evaluation of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (USGFNA) of thyroid nodules using telecytopathology and compare it to that of a control group without telecytopathology.Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of USGFNA of thyroid nodules over a 9-month period with and without telecytopathology. There was no randomization for selection of the groups with and without telepathologist. A single provider performed all the procedures. Real-time images of Diff Quik-stained cytology smears were obtained with an Olympus Digital camera attached to an Olympus CX41 microscope and transmitted via the Internet by a cytotechnologist to a pathologist, who communicated the preliminary diagnosis and sample adequacy. The unsatisfactory specimen rate was compared between a group whose images were transmitted (n = 45) and another group without onsite adequacy assessment (nontransmitted) (n = 47).Results: A total of 92 nodule...
A paracondylar process and early onset cervical osteoarthritis in a California Amerind adult.

Abstract Burial 65 is a 25–39-year-old male from a hunter-gatherer California Amerind collection with a large bone spur called a paracondylar process. The process measures 11.92 mm in width and 13.32 mm in length. It is located on the left anteromedial region near the foramen magnum and articulates with a pseudarthrosis to the atlas. The atlas, too, has a pseudarthrosis 1 on the left transverse process. The paracondylar process may be the result of caudal occipitalization, which is a congenital variant that results from a lack of fusion of the occipital bone to the foramen magnum. Trauma is another possible explanation for the occipital-atlas variation. High-impact accidents can cause both atlas and condylar fractures. Regardless of the cause, the paracondylar process and pseudarthrosis likely caused early onset cervical osteoarthritis.
Absence of BRAF , NRAS , KRAS , HRAS Mutations, and RET / PTC Gene Rearrangements Distinguishes Dominant Nodules in Hashimoto Thyroiditis from Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas

Dominant nodules within Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) may present with unique morphological features that overlap with but are not diagnostic of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Activating BRAF point mutations, RAS aberrations, and RET rearrangements are mutually exclusive events in the oncogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and RET rearrangements have been previously described in dominant nodules of HT. We identified 28 cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule, from 345 consecutive HT thyroidectomies. Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on paraffin-embedded material from 17 of these dominant nodules. Patients ranged in age from 29 to 76 years and were predominantly female, and the nodules ranged from 1.5 to 6.2 cm. No BRAF or RAS mutations or RET-PTC rearrangements were identified in a dominant nodule, including those with atypical, worrisome histopathologic features. Of ten cases with diagnostic concomitant or incidental papillary carcinoma, three had a V600E point mutation in BRAF, and one case had a BRAF exon 15 deletion (600–604E), while the dominant nodules were negative for mutation, supporting the notion that dominant nodules are neither malignant nor precursor lesions, and strict histological, clinical, and molecular criteria must be met for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Should ICSI be recommended routinely in patients with four or fewer oocytes retrieved

Purpose To determine if patients with a low response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation during IVF benefit from intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
The bimolecular reactions of trimethylenemethane diradicals with acrylonitrile and molecular oxygen

Abstract The interception and trapping by molecular oxygen and acrylonitrile of trimethylenemethane diradicals during their reversible thermal formation from stable methylenecyclopropane precursors is reported. The regiochemistry of acrylonitrile cycloaddition to a trimethylenemethane is also unequivocally demonstrated and provides insight into the trapping process.
A Periodontitis Severity Index

A Periodontitis Severity Index (PSI) was developed and then tested in a population of 154 patients attending the University of Mississippi School of Dentistry screening clinic. Patients were grouped by age decade. The premises of the PSI follow: (1) Periodontitis is diagnosed on the concurrence of clinically apparent marginal inflammation and vertical loss of supporting periodontium (the severity of the associated clinical inflammation does not seem to be related to the severity of the tissue loss) and (2) a Schei ruler is used to determine from the radiograph the percentage of bone loss for a tooth surface. For each patient, a 0 to 1 Clinical Inflammation Score (CIS) was determined at the mesial and distal of every tooth. A CIS of 0 reflected no demonstrable clinical inflammation, whereas a CIS of 1 meant that clinical inflammation could be detected. A modified Schei ruler was used to determine the percentage of bone loss at each interproximal site. A Bone Loss Score (BLS) was calculated on a 0 to 10 whole number continuum. A BLS of 0 meant no bone loss, 1 = up to 10%, etc., up to BLS 10 = 90 to 100% loss. The PSI was then calculated for each mesial and distal surface. PSI = BLS X CIS. The PSI could be 0 if either no bone loss could be determined or the gingiva was healthy. In the presence of marginal inflammation, the PSI value was directly proportional to the percentage of bone loss. Mean PSI values were calculated for each age group. The PSI tended to increase with age. The PSI offers several advantages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bubble shape oscillations and the onset of sonoluminescence

An air bubble trapped in water by an oscillating acoustic field undergoes either spherical or nonspherical pulsations depending on the strength of the forcing pressure. Two different instability mechanisms (the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and parametric instability) cause deviations from sphericity. Distinguishing these mechanisms allows an explanation of many features of recent experiments on single bubble sonoluminescence, and suggests methods for finding sonoluminescence in different parameter regimes.
Angiotensins differentially activate phospholipase D in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats

We previously showed that angiotensin (Ang) II activates phospholipase D (PLD) through AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats [Freeman and Tallant, Biochem J. 304:543-548, (1994)]. In the present study, we compared activation of PLD by angiotensin peptides in VSMC from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive controls, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Ang II caused a dose-dependent increase in PLD activity in VSMC from both rat strains. However, the response to Ang II in VSMC from hypertensive rats was approximately three times higher than that observed in VSMC from normotensive controls. Furthermore, Ang II-induced activation of PLD in VSMC from hypertensive rats was significant within 1 min, whereas significant increases in PLD activity in cells from normotensive rats were not seen until 10 min after exposure to Ang II. Ang-(2-8) caused a similar increase in PLD activity which was three times higher in SHR VSMC than in WKY controls. In contrast, Ang-(1-7) did not affect PLD activity in either smooth muscle cell population. The Ang II-mediated increases in PLD activity in VMSC from both rat strains were completely blocked by AT1 receptor antagonists (EXP 3174 or L-158,809). Conversely, the AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123177 (1 mumol/L) was ineffective. Thus Ang II stimulation of PLD in VSMC derived from both the hypertensive and normotensive rat aorta and the accumulation of its metabolites (e.g., phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol) is coupled to activation of AT1 receptors predominantly and occurs in response to Ang II or Ang-(2-8) but not Ang-(1-7). Moreover, activation of PLD by angiotensins in VMSC from the SHR is significantly more robust than that observed in VSMC from the normotensive WKY rat. We conclude that increased activation of PLD by Ang II in genetically-induced hypertension may reflect an additional mechanism linking enhanced contractile responses to enhanced growth.
Practical formalism: A new methodological proposal for business ethics

The traditional exposition of Kantian ethical theory in the business ethics literature is abstract, esoteric, and impractical compared to the more usable presentations of utilitarianism. This situation can be improved by identifying and describing the conceptual dimensions of formalistic ethical reasoning, as contained in the interplay between case and principle, with examples from the business/society literature.
Calcium antagonists and calmodulin inhibitors block cytokinin-induced bud formation in Funaria☆

The plant hormone cytokinin stimulates nuclear migration followed by an asymmetric cell division in target cells of the protonema of the moss Funaria hygrometrica, leading to bud formation. The role of calcium in this developmental event was investigated by examining the effects of various calcium antagonists on the cytokinin-induced division. Calcium-free medium (buffered with EGTA), the extracellular Ca2+ antagonist La3+ (lanthanum), and the Ca2+ channel inhibitors D 600 and verapamil all block bud formation. These inhibitions are partially reversed by washing the cells or by raising the extracellular [Ca2+]. The Ca2+ ionophore A23187 partially reversed the effects of D 600 and verapamil. Bud formation is also inhibited by the intracellular Ca2+ antagonist TMB-8 (8-diethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate HCl), and this inhibition is partially reversed by washing or raising the extracellular [Ca2+]. The cross walls of both the filaments and bud initial cells formed during TMB-8 exposure exhibit a distorted morphology. High concentrations of TMB-8 block nuclear migration. The calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine stops cytokinin-induced budding more effectively than the related compound chlorpromazine. Low concentrations of these two compounds do not affect nuclear migration; however, the target cell does not enter mitosis. These results support the hypothesis that a rise in intracellular calcium mediates cytokinin-induced bud formation in Funaria. It is concluded that the proposed cytokinin-induced rise in intracellular calcium may be effected in part by the activation of calmodulin. The essential source of Ca2+ appears to be extracellular, because blocking Ca2+ uptake with Ca2+ transport inhibitors can block both nuclear migration and subsequent division.
Performance enhancement of wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesting through freeplay nonlinearity

We investigate experimentally how controlled freeplay nonlinearity affects harvesting energy from a wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesting system. This system consisits of a rigid airfoil which is supported by a nonlinear torsional spring (freeplay) in the pitch degree of freedom and a linear flexural spring in the plunge degree of freedom. By attaching a piezoelectric material (PSI-5A4E) to the plunge degree of freedom, we can convert aeroelastic vibrations to electrical energy. The focus of this study is placed on the effects of the freeplay nonlinearity gap on the behavior of the harvester in terms of cut-in speed and level of harvested power. Although the freeplay nonlinearity may result in subcritical Hopf bifurcations (catastrophic for real aircrafts), harvesting energy at low wind speeds is beneficial for designing piezoaeroelastic systems. It is demonstrated that increasing the freeplay nonlinearity gap can decrease the cut-in speed through a subcritical instability and gives the possibility to harvest energy at low wind speeds. The results also demonstrate that an optimum value of the load resistance exists, at which the level of the harvested power is maximized.
Psychocultural interpretation theory and peacemaking in ethnic conflicts

Psychocultural interpretation theory explains the intensity and intransigence of ethnic conflicts and in so doing challenges earlier antipsychological views of social and political conflict. It provides a socially rooted psychoanalytic theory and language giving a central role to culturally rooted social and psychological processes which produce dispositions-shared images, perceptions of the external world, and motives for individual and group behavior. In intransigent ethnic conflicts, those core dispositions which invoke security fears and deep-seated threats to identity, are used by groups and individuals to interpret the motives of opponents in ways which often prevent groups from addressing the competing substantive interests which divide them. Conflict management proposals which follow from psychocultural interpretation theory focus on either altering disputants' deep-seated mutual fears surrounding issues of identity and security in intense conflicts or in lowering their salience. To do this, parties must come to recognize the connection between past losses and present fears, and to engage in collective grieving, mourning, and reconciliation. Psychocultural interpretation theory does not deny the relevance of either power inequalities or interest-based proposals for peacemaking but sees criticalfirst steps in conflict management as changing the mutual hostile interpretations antagonists hold.
Lower levels of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood are associated with a diagnosis of asthma 6 yr after severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.

Background—Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in antiviral immunity and promoting Th1 polarization, possibly protecting against development of allergic disease. Objective—Examination of the relationship between peripheral blood plasmacytoid DC levels and manifestations of asthma and atopy early in life. Methods—We have isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 73 children (mean age ± SD: 6.6 ± 0.5 years old) participating in the RSV Bronchiolitis in Early Life (RBEL) study. Flow cytometry was performed on PBMC detecting DC surface-markers: Blood Dendritic Cell Antigens (BDCA) 1, 3, and 2 which identify myeloid type 1, type 2, and plasmacytoid cells respectively. Total serum IgE, peripheral eosinophil count, and allergy skin tests were documented. Results—45% (n=33) of study participants had physician-diagnosed asthma by 6 years of age. These children had significantly lower quantities (mean ± SD) of plasmacytoid DC than their nonasthmatic counterparts (1020 ± 921 vs. 1952 ± 1170 cells per 10 6 PBMC, p=0.003). We found significantly lower numbers of myeloid dendritic cells in children with asthma (3836 ± 2472 cells per 10 6 PBMC) compared with those without (4768 ± 2224 cells per 10 6 PBMC, p=0.02); however, this divergence was not significant after adjusting for covariates of age, gender, race, skin test reactivity, smoke exposure, and day care attendance. We did not identify any direct association between DC levels and markers of atopy: skin test reactivity, peripheral eosinophilia, and IgE level.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of InP/GaAsSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors

lnP/GaAssSb/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor structures were grown in a solid-source molecular beam epitaxy system. Carbon or Be was used for the p-type doping of GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49v . Hole concentrations in excess 2x l0 20 cm 3 were obtained in carbon doped GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49 films. lnP/GaAssb/lnP double heterojunction bipolar transistors were fabricated as wet-etched triple mesa structures. Common-emitter current gain, β> 80 was measured for large area devices with 20:- 20μm 2 emitter geometry, and a base doping of 1 x10 19 cm BV CEO >6V was measured for devices incorporating a 2000 A thick InP collector. The gain of the transistor decreased to 20 as the base doping level was increased to 5 x 10 1.9 cm 3 .
Comparison of Dementia-Specific Quality of Life Measures in Adult Day Centers

This study evaluated five dementia-specific quality of life (DQOL) measures including client interviews, staff proxies, and observations with 54 clients in three adult day centers. Also, the relationship of cognitive and functional status to each of the DQOL measures was assessed. Client interviews correlated well with each other, but not with other measures. Staff proxies were strongly correlated with each other and moderately correlated with the observational measure. On average, clients rated their DQOL higher than staff. Analyses suggest that functional impairment is associated with poorer DQOL as indicated by staff and observer measures. Possible explanations and implications are explored.
Multidimensional scaling of measures of distance between partitions

Abstract The techniques of multidimensional scaling were used to study the numerical behavior of twelve measures of distance between partitions, as applied to partition lattices of four different sizes. The results offer additional support for a system of classifying partition metrics, as proposed by Boorman (1970) , and Boorman and Arabie (1972) . While the scaling solutions illuminated differences between the measures, at the same time the particular data with which the measures were concerned offered a basis both for counterexamples to some common assumptions about multidimensional scaling and for some conjectures as to the nature of scaling solutions. The implications of the latter findings for selected examples from the literature are considered. In addition, the methods of partition data analysis discussed here are applied to an example using sociobiological data. Finally, an argument is made against undue emphasis upon interpreting dimensions in nonmetric scaling solutions.
A consistency analysis of a class of concurrent transient implicit/explicit algorithms

Abstract A new methodology for devising unconditionally stable concurrent time-stepping algorithms was proposed by Ortiz and Nour-Omid. These algorithms use implicit integration to predict response within subdomains, and an explicit averaging rule to approximate response at the interface between subdomains. They have an explicit character because they only effectively share information between neighboring subdomains, which makes them very efficient on parallel processors. Refining the mesh partition increases their amount of parallelism, reduces the cost of factorization involved in the implicit integration, and therefore appears to doubly improve the performance of this methodology. However, these algorithms have recently been reported to provide inadequate accuracy for practical time step sizes by Hajjar and Abel. We perform a consistency analysis of these algorithms in order to explain the poor accuracy they may deliver. We show that if the mesh partition is refined in order to improve parallelism and/or computational efficiency, the proposed family of concurrent transient algorithms become conditionally consistent with the partial differential equation that governs the problem.
Cerebral anoxia: effect on transcription and translation.

— The activity of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the synthesis of microsomal protein were investigated after various periods of anoxic condition produced with rabbit brain in an in vitro experimental model. There was prompt inhibition of protein synthesis even after an anoxic period of 5 min, and inhibition was more than 80 per cent after an anoxic period of 30 min. However, RNA polymerase activity was retained during the early stage of anoxia, but definite inhibition appeared after an anoxic period of 15 min. Comparisons with other available information suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis observed with brain slices is closely related to their polysomal function, that irreversibility of inhibition of protein synthesis might be related to the involvement of nuclear RNA synthesizing mechanism, and that these can occur both in the neuronal and glial elements.
Pharmacokinetic studies of amino acid analogues of 2-nitroimidazole, new hypoxic cell radiosensitizers

A series of new analogues of 2-nitroimidazole has been synthesized by inserting various amino acids at 1-position through an amide bond. The ethyl esters of N-alpha-[(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)acetyl]-L-phenylalanine and N-alpha-[2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)acetyl]-L-tyrosine were found to be the most effective radiosensitizers in vitro against hypoxic Chinese hamster (V-79) cells. The sensitizer enhancement ratios (SER) of these derivatives were 2.2 and 2.3 respectively at 1 mM concentration after 2 hr exposure under hypoxia. However, the free acid of phenylalanine analogue was less active as a radiosensitizer and required 5 mM concentration to produce SER of 1.9. In contrast, the free acid of tyrosine analogue was inactive in this test system. The pharmacokinetic studies with the esters revealed their rapid hydrolysis in serum to the corresponding acids within 5 minutes as detected by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were therefore determined by employing the free acid analogues and solubilizing them as their sodium salts. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally at 0.5 mg/g dose level to C-57 mice bearing B16 melanoma. These agents were cleared from the plasma rapidly with an apparent t 1/2 of 18.8 and 15.6 min respectively. Peak tumor concentration of approximately 217 micrograms/g was achieved within 15 min with phenylalanine analogue. The tumor to brain ratio was 10:1 suggesting that this agent is excluded from CNS and that the phenylalanine analogue should be considered a potentially less neurotoxic radiosensitizer than misonidazole.
Single-language and code-switching strategies in immigrant and heritage varieties: Spanish subject personal pronouns in Toribio's cross-modal hypothesis

In an important theoretical contribution to our understanding of language contact, Toribio elaborates on the familiar generalization, best known from the work of Silva-Corvalan, that contact varieties resemble monolingual lects of the same language in overall grammar, but differ with regard to (a) the selection of structures and (b) the semantic-pragmatic constraints on the use of structures. In Toribio's valuable elaboration of this basic idea, these peculiar patterns of selection and constraint in the contact variety are not the same in all contexts of use, but differ depending on whether the bilingual is in the single-language mode, or in the codeswitching mode where stretches of speech in the contact variety alternate, rapidly and relatively seamlessly, with stretches in the acrolect. The insight is that the same type of process that distinguishes the contact variety from its monolingual reference lects also distinguishes, within the contact variety, the codeswitching mode from its single-language reference mode.
Comparative ultrastructure of adhesive systems in the turbellaria

Glandular adhesive organs and other structures by which turbellarians attach themselves temporarily to surfaces have been studied by electron microscopy. Adhesive organs in representatives of the turbellarian orders Haplopharyngida, Macrostomida, Polycladida, Rhabdocoela, Proseriata, and Tricladida are composed of three cell types: two gland cell types and a modified epidermal cell type through which the necks of the glands project. One of the gland types is characterized by its dense membrane-bound, 0.2–0.7Μm diameter, secretion granules and is called here theviscid gland on the basis of evidence that it secretes the adhesive substance by which the organs attach to surfaces. The other gland type is characterized by smaller (0.1Μm), less-dense, membrane-bound secretion granules and is called thereleasing gland on the basis of evidence that it secretes a substance by which adhering organs are released from surfaces. The modified epidermal cell is called theanchor cell; it has a well-developed cell web and bears microvilli with fibrous cores surrounding the tips of the gland necks in a collar-like fashion. Adhesive organs that have the two gland types, viscid and releasing glands, are referred to here asduo-gland adhesive organs. Other turbellarians, including orders Nemertodermatida, Acoela, and Lecithoepitheliata, have adhesive glands or other adhesive structures with a morphology unlike that of duo-gland adhesive organs. Ultrastructural characters of the adhesive organs show that the Macrostomida and Haplopharyngida are related, and that the Polycladida, Rhabdocoela, Proseriata, and Tricladida are related, and that these two groups of orders share a common ancestor. The Nemertodermatida, Acoela, and Lecithoepitheliata, with morphologically different adhesive systems, are apparently derived separately from these orders.
Investigation of delta -electron emission in collisions of highly charged fast Ne projectiles with carbon-foil targets.

The angle and energy dependence of electron emission following the interaction of 70--170-MeV ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ (q=7,10) projectiles with 20 and 100 \ensuremath{\mu}g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ carbon foils has been investigated experimentally. Absolute emission yields were determined for ejection angles ranging from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and electron energies from 10 eV to 6 keV for normal-incidence ion beams. The experimental \ensuremath{\delta}-electron spectra are compared to results from a newly developed theoretical model based on a separation of energy loss and angular scattering for secondary electrons.
Sustaining a Sacramental Commons

Augustine described sacraments as visible signs of invisible grace, indications of the presence of the Creator in creation. Although the Christian churches later limited “sacrament” to mean only seven or two religious rituals, usually administered by a member of the clergy, U.S. Catholic bishops in 1991 described a “sacramental universe,” recalling Augustine's understanding. The “sacramental universe” is localized as the “sacramental commons”; people are called to care for it responsibly. The gospel account of Jesus' encounter with the Rich Young Man provides insights about human responsibility to share the goods of the commons as common goods, thereby sustaining the well-being of the sacramental commons.
Invariant Basis Number and Types for Strongly Graded Rings

Abstract For any pair ( n ′, k ′) of positive integers we produce a strongly Z 2 -graded ring R such that the identity component R 0 has invariant basis number while the basis-number type of R is ( n ′, k ′). Using different methods, for any pairs of positive integers ( n , k ) and ( n ′, k ′) having n ′ ≤ n and k ′ | k we produce a strongly Z 2 -graded ring R such that the basis-number type of R 0 is ( n , k ) while the basis-number type of R is ( n ′, k ′).
Evaluation of methylene blue, thiamine, and/or albumin in the prevention of ifosfamide-related neurotoxicity.

Summary. A serious adverse effect that can limit the utility of ifosfamide is neurotoxicity, known as ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (IIE). Information regarding the usefulness of prophylactic a...
Vorticity transport in a corner formed by a solid wall and a free surface

There is a growing body of literature in which turbulent boundary layer flow along a mixed-boundary corner formed by a vertical solid wall and a horizontal free surface has been examined. While there is consensus regarding the existence of weak secondary flows in the near corner region, there is some disagreement as to the exact nature and origin of these flows. In two earlier works by the authors, evidence was presented supporting the existence of a weak streamwise vortex which rotates in toward the wall at the free surface and down away from the surface along the wall. This ‘inner secondary vortex’ is accompanied by an ‘outer secondary flow’ which transports low-momentum boundary layer fluid up along the wall and outward at the free surface. The magnitudes of the cross-stream velocities associated with these secondary flows were measured to be on the order of 1% of the free-stream speed. In this paper, high-resolution DPIV measurements made in the cross-stream plane are presented. These clearly show the inner and outer secondary flows. The cross-stream vector fields allow computation of terms in the turbulent streamwise vorticity transport equation. These terms indicate mean vorticity transport at the free surface associated with the outer secondary flow. In addition there appears to be a balance between the wall-normal and free-surface-normal fluctuating vorticity reorientation terms.
Elderly Jews and their neighborhood environment: A study of the Philada Apartments in Cincinnati

The Phiada Apartments in Cincinnati can be seen as a successful example of planned housing for the independent elderly. Levels of housing satisfaction are high even by the standards of elderly research. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of residents were generally satisfied with their surrounding neighborhood.
Supramolecular Assemblies Built of [Nb6Cl12(CN)6]4- Octahedral Metal Clusters and [Mn(acacen)]+ Complexes

Reactions between solutions of [Me4N]4[Nb6Cl12(CN)6]·2MeOH and [Mn(L)]Cl (L = acacen2- = bis(acetylacetonato)ethylenediamine at room temperature led to the formation of four compounds containing su...
Calculation of SAR for transmit coil arrays

Transmit coil arrays allowing independent control of individual coil drives facilitate adjustment of the B1 field distribution, but when the B1 field distribution is changed the electric field and SAR distributions are also altered. This makes safety evaluation of the transmit array a challenging problem because there are potentially an infinite number of possible field distributions in the sample. Local SAR levels can be estimated with numerical calculations, but it is not practical to perform separate full numerical calculations for every current distribution of interest. Here we evaluate superposition of separate electric field calculations—one for each coil—for predicting SAR in a full numerical calculation where all coils are driven simultaneously. It is important to perform such an evaluation because the effects of coil coupling may alter the result. It is shown that while there is good agreement between the superimposed and simultaneous drive results when using current sources in the simulations, the agreement is not as good when voltage sources are used. Finally, we compare maximum local SAR levels for B1 field distributions that are either unshimmed or shimmed over one of three regions of interest. When B1 field homogeneity is improved in a small region of interest without regard for SAR, the maximum local SAR can become very high. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 31B: 127–131, 2007.
Endothelial Cell Preservation at 10°C Minimizes Catalytic Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Cold-Induced Injury

There is growing evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in mediating the injury induced by hypothermia during the preservation of cells and tissues for clinical or research use. In cardiovascular allografts, endothelial cell loss or injury may lead to impaired control of vascular permeability and tone, thrombosis, and inflammation. We hypothesized that hypothermia-induced damage to the endothelium is linked to increases in intracellular catalytic iron pools and oxidative stress. In this study, bovine aortic endothelial cells and cell culture methods were used to model the response of the endothelium of cardiovascular tissues to hypothermia. Confluent cells were stored at 0 degrees C to 25 degrees C and cell damage was measured by lipid peroxidation (LPO) and lactate dehydrogenase release. Varying the bleomycin-detectible iron (BDI) in cells modulated cold-induced LPO and cell injury. In untreated cells, injury was highest at 0 degrees C and a minimum at 10 degrees C. A similar temperature-dependent trend was found in BDI levels and cell plating efficiencies. Arrhenius plots of cell killing and iron accumulation rates showed biphasic temperature dependence, with minima at 10 degrees C and matching activation energies above and below 10 degrees C. These findings imply that the mechanisms underlying the hypothermic increase in catalytic iron, oxidative stress, and cell killing are the same and that preservation of the endothelium may be optimized at temperatures above those routinely used.
The engineering college and the technical institute of tomorrow

Engineering curricula is broadening its base of science and mathematics to meet the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge. Increased emphasis is being placed on stimulating creative thinking. The void created by the growing shortage of engineers can be filled by better utilization and upgrading of engineering technicians.
Applying a Theory of Change Approach to Interagency Planning in Child Mental Health

This paper describes the use of a theory of change approach to community-based cross-agency service planning for children with serious emotional disturbance and their families. Public agency planners in Contra Costa County, California used the theory of change approach to organize service planning for a population of youth who had been arrested and involved with juvenile probation. The theory of change process described in this paper links community outcomes with planned activities with the assumptions or principles that underlie the community planning efforts. When complete, a theory of change logic model can serve as a guide for implementation, ensuring that community plans for service delivery remain true to their intent. The theory of change development process includes twelve stages and is based on a step-by-step approach. Theory of change logic models establish a context for articulating a community's shared beliefs and prompt local stakeholders to establish logical connections between the population to be served, expected results, and strategies intended to achieve those results.
Population structure and reproductive characteristics of the gulf pipefish,Syngnathus scovelli, in Mobile Bay, Alabama

The gulf pipefish,Syngnathus scovelli, is the dominant syngnathid found in coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico and is the only species in this region known to occur in both freshwater and saltwater habitats. Relatively little is known about the population and reproductive cycles ofS. scovelli, particularly for those found in low salinity environments. The focus of the current study was to collect population structure and reproductive data forS. scovelli from a low salinity habitat, Meaher Park, located at the mouth of Mobile Bay, Alabama. Sampling was conducted twice a month from January 2003 to January 2004. Environmental parameters, as well as population and reproductive parameters, were collected. Water temperature was the primary abiotic factor associated with both the appearance ofS. scovelli and their breeding cycle. Based on gonadosomatic (GSI) and brood pouch somatic indices (BPSI), females and males were reproductively active throughout the summer. Peaks in male GSI and BPSI were consistent with the subsequent appearance of a large number of juveniles in early fall. These event coincided with the higher temperatures seen during late summer and early fall. Sex ratios (male : female 1 : 1.64) and operational sex ratios (1 : 4.09) indicated that this was a female biased population. Although there was no difference in the average size of males and females in this population, the largest individuals collected were female. The female-biased sex ratio supports previous genetic analyses suggesting thatS. scovelli exhibits true sex-role reversal and that operational sex ratios are a reliable indicator of the intensity of mating competition and sex roles.
Photon avalanche up-conversion in Ho3+ doped fluoride glasses

Abstract Photon avalanche-induced up-conversion green emission centered at 545 nm was observed in Ho3+ doped, and Ho3+, Tm3+ co-doped ZrF4-based heavy metal fluoride glasses, when excited near 585 nm, which is off resonance with any ground state absorption bands of either Ho3+ or Tm3+ ions. Analyses of spectral measurements suggest that the 545 nm emission occurs from the 5 S 2 and 5 F 4 states of Ho3+ that are populated by excited-state absorption from the 5 I 7 state of Ho3+. Multi-channel cross-relaxation processes that efficiently populate the 5 I 7 state make the photon avalanche process efficient in this system. The photon avalanche dynamics are discussed in detail by comparing the experimental results from the Ho3+ doped and Ho3+, Tm3+ co-doped samples.