cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergy between ethanol and grape polyphenols, quercetin, and resveratrol, in the inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway.

Abstract In atherosclerosis and tumor initiation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been implicated in the damage of vascular walls and DNA, respectively. Moderate consumption of red wine has been ascribed as a preventive for coronary heart disease; however, there has been much debate over whether the beneficial effect is from grape polyphenolic components or ethanol. We studied the interaction of grape compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, mediators of blood vessel damage in atherosclerosis. For the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ led to expression of the iNOS gene and production of NO. The polyphenols quercetin and resveratrol at a micromolar range suppressed iNOS gene expression and NO production, as determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and nitrite assay. The polyphenols were also found to be scavengers of NO in an acellular system using sodium nitroprusside under physiological conditions. Ethanol, at a moderate level, did not produce any appreciable level of reduction of iNOS or NO activity. However, its presence at 0.1 to 0.75% enhanced the effect of grape polyphenols concentration-dependently. Thus, the interaction between these components plays a significant role in the health effects of red wine, especially with respect to their effect on the NO pathway.
Polyaramide hollow fibers for hydrogen/methane separation — spinning and properties

Abstract The Du Pont family of aromatic polyamides is intrinsically superior to other polymers currently commercially used for hydrogen/methane separation. These polyaramides can be easily spun into highly asymmetric hollow fiber membranes. Due to their high glass transition temperature, modulus and yield stress, as compared to other currently commercially-used polymers, the resulting polyaramide hollow fibers exhibit a high collapse pressure and can operate at high temperatures with good retention of permeation properties. For example, at Conoco's Ponca City Refinery, 11-inch diameter, 10-foot long commercial permeators have been in operation for longer than a year purifying a feed stream of 74% hydrogen to 97% hydrogen at a recovery of 76%. Each permeator is capable of processing approximately six million standard cubic feet per day. The number of solvents available for polyaramides is limited, but a proper spin dope formulation can be obtained by using appropriate organic and inorganic additives. Such a spin dope formulation, combined with appropriate control of the spinning process variables, provides sufficient flexibility to control membrane morphology to produce macrovoid-free fibers for high pressure applications with skin thickness of less than 1,000 Angstroms. The solubility characteristics of polyaramides for membrane preparation and the rheology of the spin-dopes will be discussed and the effect of spinning parameters on membrane permeation properties will be illustrated.
The influence of training procedure and other task variables in paired-associate learning

Summary The present study was designed to investigate the effects of training procedure, stimulus similarity, response similarity, and method of presentation in the learning of paired-associate material. A 2 4 factorial design was employed with two levels of each of the four variables, and 6 S s were run under each of the resulting 16 experimental conditions. The S s were given seven series of practice and test trials to learn a list of eight paired adjectives and line figures, with the number of correct responses on each test trial taken as the primary measure of acquisition. The results supported previous findings in paired-associate learning concerning the effects of stimulus similarity, response similarity, and method of presentation, but did not clearly support those regarding the effectiveness of prompting and confirmation. There were no significant differences as a function of training procedure in either the total number of correct responses or in the number of responses correctly reproduced in a post-session free-recall test. However, an analysis of correct responses ver blocks of trials did indicate that prompting was superior to confirmation during the first block of trials, but that the two procedures were equally effective during the last block of trials. In addition, it was found that prompting resulted in faster “performance speeds” under almost all of the experimental conditions.
Constructs of biotin mimetic peptide with CC49 single-chain Fv designed for tumor pretargeting.

Abstract Single-chain Fv constructs comprising a biotin mimetic peptide (BMP) and scFv of CC49 monoclonal antibody were produced to improve pretargeted radioimmunotherapy. BMP units that bind streptavidin were added to the carboxyl terminus of the CC49 VH region. An engineered scFvBMP monomer and a sc(Fv)2BMP dimer showed an excellent antigen recognition in vitro with a specific binding of 72±5 and 81±4 %, respectively. Properties of 125 I -sc(Fv)2BMP in mice bearing LS-174T xenografts were comparable to these of the parent 125 I -sc(Fv)2. Complexing of scFvBMPs with streptavidin increased tumor targeting and gave exceptionally high tumor-to-blood values of 63±7 for 125 I -sc(Fv)2BMP–streptavidin compared with 37±4 for sc(Fv)2BMP at 72 h after administration. High tumor and negligible normal tissue levels of these novel pretargeting constructs indicate a great potential for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy.
Pulmonary Vein Stenting for Atrial Fibrillation Ablation–Induced Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a known complication of pulmonary vein isolation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Patients with PVS can present with a great variety of symptoms. Clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate for this potentially morbid and treatable condition. PVS can be treated by stenting affected pulmonary veins via transseptal access to the left atrium and use of bare metal biliary stents.
The mechanism of action of erythropoietin

The proliferation and differentiation of committed erythroid progenitor cells is regulated by the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin. Erythropoietin increases the number of developing erythroid precursors and accelerates the release of reticulocytes from the marrow without markedly altering the cell cycle length or number of mitotic divisions involved in the differentiation process. Although the hormone has been purified, molecularly cloned and sequenced, its secondary and tertiary structure and active site have not been defined. Erythropoietin has both mitogenic and differentiation functions, and whether an erythroid progenitor cell responds to the hormone by proliferating or differentiating appears to depend on its level of maturation. Erythroid progenitor cells are responsive to a variety of growth and developmental agents but only erythropoietin appears obligatory in vivo for terminal differentiation. Erythropoietin interacts with its target cells through specific high-affinity receptors and Ca2+ may be involved in the receptor-ligand interaction. Ca2+ may also be involved in the induction of differentiation by erythropoietin. An increase in RNA synthesis due to activation of transcription is one of the earliest recognized effects of the hormone and appears not to require protein or DNA synthesis but the initial sequence of biochemical events triggered by erythropoietin is still undefined.
Pulmonary rehabilitation improves only some domains of health-related quality of life measured by the Short Form-36 questionnaire.

Background: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has inconsistent effects on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with chronic lung diseases. We evaluated the effect of PR on HRQL outcomes using the 36-item short form of the medical outcomes (SF-36). Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the files of all patients who completed PR in 2010, 2011, and first half of 2012. We collected information on demographics, symptoms, pulmonary function tests, 6-minute walk tests (6-MWT), and responses on the SF-36 survey, including the physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS). Results: The study included 19 women and 22 men. The mean age was 69.8 ± 8.5 years. The diagnoses included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; n = 31), asthma (n = 3), interstitial lung disease (n = 5), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; n = 2). The mean forced expiratory volume-one second (FEV1) was 1.16 ± 0.52 L (against 60.5 ± 15.9% of predicted value). There was a significant improvement in 6-MWT (P Conclusion: These patients had low SF-36 scores compared to the general population; changes in scores after PR were low. These patients may need frequent HRQL assessment during rehabilitation, and PR programs should consider program modification in patients with small changes in mental health.
1012 Cardiac surgery results in anterior translocation of the left ventricle in systole and tethering of the right ventricular free wall – an explanation for post-operative paradoxical septal motion

Methods Patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery were prospectively enrolled to undergo cardiac MRI before and three months after surgery. On a mid left ventricular (LV) short axis cine image the positions of myocardial landmarks were ascertained relative to a stationary anterior reference point. Systolic wall thickening (SWT) in the mid septum was assessed on the same images. Viability images and echocardiography results were also reviewed.
DNA and RNA oligomer thermodynamics: the effect of mismatched bases on double-helix stability.

The thermodynamic parameters for the double-strand formation of the molecules rCAmG + rCUnG, m,n = 5–7, and dCAmG + dCTnG, m,n = 5,6, were measured from optical melting curves. Normal helices are formed when m = n. The deoxyoligomers are more stable than the ribo-oligomers, due to a more favorable enthalpy. Double helices with mismatched bases can be formed by mixing oligomers with m ≠ n. Such helices may form several possible structures. A structure with a dangling base is favored over a structure with a bulged base. The destabilization of the double strands by the formation of a bulged base was determined to be greater than 1.6 kcal/mol at 10°C. The extent of aggregation in the oligomer double strand rCA7G·rCU7G was determined using ultracentrifugation equilibrium. The possible effects of aggregation on the determination of the thermodynamic parameters for double-strand formation are discussed.
Association schemes of quadratic forms

Abstract A new class of association schemes attached to quadratic forms is obtained. In terms of a graph, those schemes are distance regular but generally not distance transitive.
Copolymerization of Isobutylene with α-Pinene

Abstract The copolymerization of isobutylene with α-pinene has been investigated by using EtA1Cb in ethyl chloride diluent at ca. -105°C. The copolymerizations proceeded readily and gave random copolymers of reasonably high molecular weights. Copolymer homogeneity, composition and structure was investigated by GPC, solubility behavior, PMR (60 and 300 MHz), CMR, reactivity ratio determination, and vulcanization behavior.
A Simple Coarse-Grained Model to Map the Transition Pathway Between Two Stable Conformations using the Anisotropic Elastic Network Model

Conformational transitions in biomolecules, especially proteins, play an important role in signaling and regulation of various biological processes. Here we propose a fast and simple method for constructing a transition pathway between two stable conformations of a protein. The protein is represented as a simplified coarse-grained (CG) model with a single site located at the C-alpha atom of each residue. The energy function of the two-state CG model is approximated by the anisotropic network model (ANM) harmonic energy surfaces of the end-states. The simple two-state energy surface comprises two local minima centered on the positions of the stable states and the system resides in one of these minima. There is a cusp with discontinuous first derivative in the multi-dimensional configuration space of the system, which acts as the transition state surface for the two-state potential. Given this simple prescription, two structures constrained to remain similar to one another but each residing on the opposite sides of the cusp, are optimized using energy minimization. This virtual “dumbbell” of two structures is then used as a crude approximation to the transition state. The pathway in the multi-dimensional space is constructed by letting these two structures slide down on their ANM surface using steepest descent energy minimization until the stable end-points are reached. This simple two-state ANM model was applied to explore the multi-dimensional and collective character of the conformational transition pathways in several systems of biological significance, including adenylate kinase, leucine transporter, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase and the glutamate transporter.
Differences in Positive and Negative Connotations of Nicknames and Given Names

(1993). Differences in Positive and Negative Connotations of Nicknames and Given Names. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 133, No. 5, pp. 737-739.
Plasma-enhanced deposition of silver nanoparticles onto polymer and metal surfaces for the generation of antimicrobial characteristics

Silver nanoparticle thin layers were deposited onto formaldehyde-radio frequency (RF)-plasma-functionalized medical- and food-grade silicone rubber, stainless steel, and paper surfaces. The silver deposition was carried out under ex situ plasma conditions using the Tollen's reaction. Results from survey and high-resolution electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigations confirmed the presence of thin silver layers on the plasma-exposed and subsequently modified substrate surfaces. In addition, SEM and AFM demonstrated the nanoparticle-based morphology of the deposited layers. Our results showed that thin macromolecular layers bearing aldehyde functionalities can be deposited onto silicone rubber, stainless steel, and paper surfaces. The bactericidal properties of the silver-coated surfaces were demonstrated by exposing them to Listeria monocytogenes. No viable bacteria were detected after 12 to 18 h on silver-coated silicone rubber surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1411–1422, 2004
Astronomically-oriented markings on Stonehenge

In view of the years of careful study that have been devoted to Stonehenge it may seem unlikely that any more information could be extracted from the monument, or at least from that part of it above ground. During the past two years, however, further markings have come to light that are, at least, interesting, and possibly important. These markings are a series of at least 11 pits on the upper surfaces of the three contiguous lintels (130, 101 and 102) that span the well-known line of sight from the centre of the sarsen circle north-eastward towards the heel stone. For an observer diametrically across the circle, 9 of these pits identify directions of the rising moon at significant points in its 18.6-yr cycle.
Quantification of α4β2* nicotinic receptors in the rat brain with microPET® and 2-[18F]F-A-85380

Abstract The radioligand 2-[18F]F-A-85380 has been used for PET studies of the α4β2* subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the living brain of humans and nonhuman primates. In order to extend the capacity of microPET to quantify neuroreceptors in rat brain, we carried out studies of 2-[18F]F-A-85380 to measure the apparent binding potential BP* in individual rats, which were studied repeatedly over several months. Using a bolus-plus-infusion paradigm, 2-[18F]F-A-85380 (specific activity 20–1300 GBq/μmol) was administered intravenously over 8 to 9 h with Kbol values of 350 to 440 min and a mean infusion rate of 0.03 ± 0.01 nmol/kg/h. Studies included a 2-h nicotine infusion initiated 2 h before the end of scanning to displace specifically bound radioactivity. Steady state binding in brain was obtained within 5 h as defined by the occurrence of constant radioactivity concentrations in brain regions and constant, free arterial plasma levels of nonmetabolized radioligand. BP* averages (± SEM) for thalamus, forebrain, and cerebellum were 5.9 ± 0.7, 2.6 ± 0.4, and 1.0 ± 0.1, respectively, which are consistent with the α4β2* nAChR distribution in rat brain measured in vitro. Studies of receptor occupancy determined the ED50 to be 0.29 nmol/kg/h. The demonstration that α4β2* nAChRs are quantifiable in the rat brain using PET measurements, coupled with the ability to conduct longitudinal studies over several months in the same rats, suggests potential applications to studies of chronic nicotine use, its treatment, and abnormal functioning of α4β2* receptors in a rat model.
Determination of the yield properties of thin films using enhanced coherent gradient sensing

This paper describes coherent gradient sensing (CGS) as an optical, full-field, real-time, nonintrusive, noncontact technique for measurement of curvature and curvature changes in single-layered and multilayered thin films deposited on substrates. The sensitivity of the basic CGS technique is enhanced using optical fringe multiplication to map curvature in very flat specimens (k≤0.001 m−1). Subsequently, this curvature measurement technique is applied to the determination of the yield properties of thin films subjected to cyclic thermomechanical loading.
Optimization of differential immunogold-silver and peroxidase labeling with maintenance of ultrastructure in brain sections before plastic embedding

The limited success of immunogold labeling for pre-embedding immunocytochemistry of neuronal antigens is largely attributed to poor penetration of large (5-20 nm) colloidal gold particles. We examined the applicability of using silver intensification of 1 nm colloidal gold particles non-covalently bound to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (1) for single labeling of a rabbit antiserum against the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and (2) for immunogold localization of rabbit anti-TH simultaneously with immunoperoxidase labeling of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the opiate peptide, leucine-enkephalin (LE). Vibratome sections were collected from acrolein fixed brains of adult rats. These sections were immunolabeled without use of freeze-thawing or other methods that enhance penetration, but damage ultrastructure. By light microscopy, incubations in the silver intensifier (Intense M, Janssen) for less than 10 min at room temperature resulted in a brownish-red reaction product for TH. This product was virtually indistinguishable from that seen using diaminobenzidine reaction for detection of peroxidase immunoreactivity. Longer incubations produced intense black silver deposits that were more clearly distinguishable from the brown immunoperoxidase labeling. However, by light microscopy, the gold particles seen by electron microscopy were most readily distinguished from peroxidase reaction product with shorter silver intensification periods. The smaller size of gold particles with shorter periods of silver intensification also facilitated evaluation of labeling with respect to subcellular organelles. Detection of the silver product did not appear to be appreciably changed by duration of post-fixation in osmium tetroxide. In dual-labeled sections, perikarya and terminals exhibiting immunogold-silver labeling for TH were distinct from those containing immunoperoxidase labeling for LE. These results (1) define the conditions needed for optimal immunogold-silver labeling of antigens while maintaining the ultrastructural morphology in brain, and (2) establish the necessity for controlled silver intensification for light or electron microscopic differentiation of immunogold-silver and peroxidase reaction products and for optimal subcellular resolution.
Pulse Coupled Discrete Oscillators dynamics for network scheduling

The dynamics of coupled oscillators, first introduced in mathematical biology, have increasingly become the inspiration for solving wireless scheduling problems. The appeal lies in the fact that coupled oscillators models suggest remarkably simple and scalable policies to enforce temporal events patterns in the absence of central control. Most authors have studied the emergent network behavior of “desynchronization”, i.e. the state in which nodes equally partition a time frame into individual slots. However, less has been said about using these dynamics for the assignment of discrete resources, and the outcome of discrete oscillators dynamics. This problem is important because transmission events in general cannot have arbitrary duration, due to modulation constraints. Our problem has many features in common with “quantized consensus” problems which will be highlighted in this paper. In particular, in this paper we provide a model for analyzing Pulse Coupled Discrete Oscillators (PCDO) dynamics. As we will describe, the PCDO can naturally nest beneath the Pulse Coupled Oscillators (PCO) synchronization protocol, to attain a common shared slotted time. The PCDO dynamics assign a set of consecutive PCO slots, in an arbitrarily long frame of PCO slots. Our analysis shows that the algorithm converges almost surely and provides a bound on the convergence time of the PCDO dynamics.
The heterogeneity of rat brain mitochondria isolated on continuous sucrose gradients.

Abstract— The distribution of a series of enzymes in the post-nuclear supernatant of rat brain homogenates was investigated following continuous density-gradient centrifugation. The enzymes studied were acetyl coenzyme A synthetase, glutamic dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, glutaminase I, succinic dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. Each of these enzymes with the exception of glutamine synthetase appears predominantly in the mitochondrial region of the gradient. Although about 20 per cent of this enzyme is present in the crude mitochondrial pellet, on density gradient centrifugation no special association of glutamine synthetase with any of the mitochondrial fractions was observed. Each of the other enzymes studied was found to have a characteristic distribution in the gradient; this suggests that brain mitochondria may be heterogeneous both in buoyant density and in their enzyme content. Three principal fractions are described: (i) dense particles containing high concentrations of acetyl coenzyme A synthetase and glutamic dehydrogenase; (ii) a fraction comprising the bulk of the mitochondria with high levels of monoamine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase and glutaminase I; and (iii) particles in the synaptic ending region of the gradient characterized by relatively high levels of monoamine oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase and containing only small amounts of the other enzymes studied. If the mitochondrial heterogeneity that is observed on centrifugation reflects the existence within brain cells of mitochondria with specialized function, a partial explanation may be available for multiple pools of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates which have been postulated from isotopie labelling experiments.
Multi-Level Adaptation in End-User Development of 3D Virtual Chemistry Experiments

Multi-level adaptation in end-user development EUD is an effective way to enable non-technical end users such as educators to gradually introduce more functionality with increasing complexity to 3D virtual learning environments developed by themselves using EUD approaches. Parameterization, integration, and extension are three levels of adaptation ranging from straightforward to complex in terms of what end users have to understand in order to develop functional software applications, all within reach of end users without special training on programming. A 3D educational application EUD system prototype, iVirtualWorld, has been expanded to support 3D virtual chemistry experiments generation using these three levels of EUD adaptation. An evaluation has been conducted on 18 participants from the education domain, and the results confirmed ease-of-learn, ease-of-use, and usefulness of this solution. Contributions of this paper are 1 a paradigm for applying EUD technologies in 3D virtual learning environment creation; 2 an easy-to-use tool for educators to build customized virtual chemistry experiments; and 3 empirical assessment data for the multi-level adaptation solution.
Role of fluctuational electrodynamics in near-field radiative heat transfer

Abstract The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of fluctuational electrodynamics in the context of a generalized radiative heat transfer problem. Near-field effects, including the interference phenomenon and radiation tunneling, are important for applications to nanostructures. The classical theory of radiative transfer cannot be readily applied as the feature size approaches the dominant wavelength of radiative emission. At all length scales, however, propagation of radiative energy is properly represented by the electromagnetic wave approach, which requires the solution of the Maxwell equations. Fluctuational electrodynamics provides a model for thermal emission when solving a near-field radiation heat transfer problem, and the fluctuation–dissipation theorem provides the bridge between the strength of the fluctuations of the charges inside a body and its local temperature. This paper provides a complete and systematic derivation of the near-field radiative heat flux starting from the Maxwell equations. An illustrative example of near-field versus far-field radiation heat transfer is presented, and the length scale for transition from near- to far-field regime is discussed; the results show that this length scale can be as large as three times than predicted from Wien's law.
Improving Compliance with Nasal CPAP and Vigilance in Older Adults with OSAHS

The present study examined the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral intervention at improving compliance with CPAP and vigilance in older adults with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Participants included 12 subjects who were randomized into one of two groups controlling for age, education, disease severity, and vigilance. The experimental group received two 45-min sessions designed to educate subjects on the consequences of OSAHS and the efficacy of CPAP. The control group received the same extent of therapist contact but did not receive information on OSAHS or CPAP. All subjects were administered a test of vigilance both before and after the study. Compliance data were collected using CPAP devices with internal microprocessors at were read at 1, 4, and 12 weeks after treatment initiation. The results showed that the experimental condition did not enhance compliance after 1 week of treatment but did so by the 12-week follow-up. Subjects in the experimental condition had a run time of 3.2-h per night longer than did those in the control group. Those using CPAP more regularly at 12 weeks also showed greater improvement on vigilance at follow-up. Performance on vigilance testing before the introduction of CPAP was predictive of CPAP use at 12 weeks. In conclusion, a modest cognitive-behavioral intervention may substantially increase CPAP use and vigilance in older adults.
A cephalometric and histologic study of the cranial base in foetal monkeys, Macaca nemestrina.

Abstract With increasing gestational age (101–170 days), the sagittal endocranial profile of the basi-occipital bone became progressively more concave. Other cranial base structures showed continued bony apposition with less pronounced alterations in shape. Although there were no statistically significant angular changes with age or sex among the structures studied, there was a significant correlation ( r >0.6) of the basisphenoid and presphenoid bones, indicating that the midsphenoidal synchondrosis is a relatively stable articulation during late gestation.
Are dipolar liquids ferroelectric

VH and HV depolarized hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectra were measured for liquid solutions of dipolar CH3CN in nondipolar C2Cl4 at T=300K. The VH spectrum contains a strong narrow peak due to a slowly relaxing longitudinal orientation mode. This peak is absent in the HV spectrum, and it disappears from the VH spectrum when the CH3CN concentration is reduced to 8%. This observation is consistent with a ferroelectric phase transition predicted to occur when ρμ02=9e0kT=49D2M.
Additivity of aftereffects of maintained head and eye rotations: An alternative to recalibration

Seven groups of 10 subjects each were exposed to various combinations of left and right head and eye rotations for a period of 10 min. Both head and eye produced significant aftereffects of prior position as measured by pointing at a visible target with the unseen hand, but there was no significant interaction. Thus, aftereffects of sustained head and eye rotation were shown to be additive and to account fully for the results of Craske and Crawshaw (1975). Eye muscle potentiation rather than recalibration may be assumed to be the cause of the altered direction of gaze resulting from exposure to displacing prisms.
Simultaneous quantitative determination of benzene, toluene, and xylenes in water using mid-infrared evanescent field spectroscopy.

Attenuated total reflection mid-infrared spectroscopy is applied for simultaneous detection and quantification of the environmentally relevant analytes benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers. The analytes are enriched into a thin polymer membrane coated onto the surface of an internal reflection waveguide, which is exposed to the aqueous sample. Direct detection of analytes permeating into the polymer coating is performed by utilizing evanescent field spectroscopy in the fingerprint range (>10 μm) of the mid-infrared (MIR) spectrum (3−20 μm) without additional sample preparation. All investigated compounds are characterized by well-separated absorption features in the evaluated wavelength regime. Hence, data evaluation was performed by integration of the respective absorption peaks. Limits of detection lower than 20 ppb (v/v) for all xylene isomers, 45 ppb (v/v) for benzene, and 80 ppb (v/v) for toluene have been achieved. The straightforward experimental setup and the achieved detection limits fo...
Ideological Social Identity: Psychological Attachment to Ideological In-Groups as a Political Phenomenon and a Behavioral Influence

Motivated by symbolic ideology research and Social Identity Theory (SIT), this article introduces an original measure of ideological social identity (ISI) designed to capture feelings of psychological attachment to an ideological in-group and facilitate analysis of their attitudinal and behavioral effects. Data from a nationally representative sample of survey experimental participants indicates that the ISI scale is empirically distinct from ideological self-placement, the standard measure of symbolic ideology, and it conditions the effects of self-placement on vote choice in actual and hypothetical election scenarios. ISI is also common within the American public, particularly among conservatives, and responsive to environmental stimuli that make ideology salient including electoral competition and “new media” news sources. In addition to its immediate contributions, this research represents a necessary first step toward more fully exploiting the profound theoretical and empirical implications of SIT in studies of ideological identification.
Asbestos and mesotheliomas

Abstract Seven selected cases with asbestos in the lungs and a mesothelioma in the pleura or peritoneum were studied intensively using routine methods, polarized light, incineration technique, and acid digestion. We found that asbestos bodies, fragments, particles, and dust could be found in hilar and mediastinal nodes regularly. We could find asbestos bodies in lymphatics being transported to the nodes. We found asbestos bodies in the spleen, abdominal tumor, and small bowel wall and dust and particles in abdominal nodes and peritoneum. We found a small mesothelioma arising in the pleura in a case of peritoneal mesothelioma. We found a squamous cell carcinoma in the right lung and a mesothelioma of the left pleura. We have concluded that asbestos is irritating mechanically and chemically and that it is distributed widely in the body by the lymphatics and blood resulting in malignancies of various types with the pleura and peritoneum being especially susceptible.
Reactive-Phase Calsintering of Calcium-Carbonate-Derived Lime

Reactive-phase calsintering of calcium-carbonate-derived lime with Fe2O3 additions was studied. Sintered densities >90% of theoretical were readily obtained. Densification trends and microscopic observations clearly identified the sintering process as one involving a liquid-phase mechanism.
A psychiatric study of the mothers of excessively crying infants.

Descriptions of the personalities of five mothers (of seven infants) are presented to show the factors in their personalities which bear upon the production of excessive crying by babies. Five different, though overlapping, patterns of personality are seen. Conflicts in one or more areas of psychosexual development were seen in the various mothers. The nature of the conflicts was not the significant feature. The important factor was the defense against the conflict itself or against the anxiety growing out of it—particularly as it related to the infant. No single maternal personality pattern or factor was found to be specific for the production of excessive crying in infants.
Creating laboratories for undergraduate courses in mobile phone forensics

The ubiquity of mobile phones, society's ever increasing dependence on their features, and their continual presence at civil and criminal incidents, demand a formalized curriculum for the education and training of future digital forensic examiners. This paper introduces the process of mobile phone forensics and the development of labs for use at the Purdue University Cyber Forensics Laboratory. The primary objective of each module is to provide specific hypothetical cases for the learning, comprehension, and understanding of hands-on investigative techniques and methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to describe those elements that will make effective mobile phone forensics labs.
Therapeutic developments in spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a potentially devastating disease marked by progressive weakness and muscle atrophy resulting from the dysfunction and loss of motor neurons of the spinal cord, has emerged in recent years as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Caused by a homozygous mutation to the Survival of Motor Neurons 1 (SMN1) gene on chromosome 5q, the severity of the clinical phenotype in SMA is modulated by the function of a related protein, Survival of Motor Neurons 2 (SMN2). SMN2 predominantly produces an unstable SMN transcript lacking exon 7; only about 10% of the transcription product produces a full-length, functional SMN protein. Several therapeutic strategies have targeted this gene with the goal of producing increased full-length SMN transcript, thereby modifying the underlying mechanism. Drugs that have increased SMN2 function, in vitro, are now explored for potential therapeutic benefit in this disease. Alternative approaches, including neuroprotective, muscle anabolic, gene and cell replacement strategies, also hold promise. The recent advances in preclinical research and the development of a wider range of animal models for SMA continue to provide cautious optimism that effective treatments for SMA will eventually emerge.
Mean-field theory of elastic dipoles on a face-centered-cubic lattice.

Elastic dipole moments, originally devised to describe the interactions between defects in a continuous medium, can also describe the interaction of nonpolar, nonspherical molecules in pure solids at low temperatures. The lowest-energy orientation state of elastic dipoles on an fcc lattice corresponds to the experimentally determined crystal structure of ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. Mean-field theory predicts a first-order transition from an asymmetric ground state to a random-orientation excited state. We also examine the possibility of a second-order transition involving symmetry breaking in tetrahedral molecules.
Analysis of Ionic Recombination Including Ion Production during Measurement

The differential equations governing the removal of ions by recombination in competition with time-dependent production or exchange processes are solved for three different important cases. Firstly, the gradual transformation from one type of carrier into another is discussed where the two types of carriers may have widely differing recombination coefficients. A relatively simple solution is given if the rate of decay of the first type is dominated by the rate of transformation. In the two other cases ion production caused by collisions of metastable atoms is considered. It is reasoned that the rate of production may either decrease exponentially just as the concentration of metastables or the rate of production may decrease quadratically if the removal of metastables is controlled by ionizing collisions between the metastables. Both cases can be solved rigorously.
Comparisons of measured stream flow with drainage and runoff simulated by a soil-vegetation-atmosphere transport model parameterized with GLOBE student data

Summary Predicting runoff and drainage from landscapes and correlating these with stream flow can be a powerful watershed management tool. We examined the feasibility of using runoff and drainage output of a simple soil-vegetation-atmosphere (SVAT) model as a predictor of monthly and daily changes in measured stream flow. Six watersheds in the eastern US were analyzed, located from approximately 35°N to 43°N. They ranged in area from 23 to 2463 km 2 and were 35–65% forested. The SVAT model was parameterized with weather, soils and phenological data largely obtained from a secondary school in each watershed that is participating in the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program. This program is a United States government science education effort promoting scientific inquiry in grades K-12 by providing protocols for collecting environmental data. Monthly measured stream flow and simulated runoff + drainage over a one year period were normalized to the largest value in that period and were compared using linear regression. Simulated monthly runoff + drainage explained between 37% and 76% of the variability in monthly stream flow. Changes in daily simulated runoff + drainage and measured stream flow depended on the simulated volumetric soil water content ( θ v ). At low θ v , large precipitation events (>20 mm) did not result in increased daily simulated runoff + drainage or measured stream flow. At high or saturating θ v , large precipitation events resulted in increased daily simulated runoff + drainage followed by increased measured stream flow within two days.
The possible causes of the sex ratio in stuttering and its implications

Abstract The incidence of stuttering has always been reported to be higher in males than in females. Possible causes of the unequal sex ratio include various ascertainment biases, incomplete reporting, social role differences, X-linked inheritance, or a combination of environmental and genetic elements. Each of these factors has been examined against data collected in the large family study of stuttering, and all but one have been eliminated. Only the gene-environment interaction hypothesis can be supported by the data. Statistical analysis confirms that the sex effect in stuttering is real and supports a threshold model for the sex difference. We conclude that the possibility of differences between males and females must be considered in any etiological research in stuttering.
Direct measurement of pulmonary capillary transit times

Direct measurements of capillary transit times in dog lungs were made by using in vivo television microscopy. Mean transit times were unexpectedly long. As pulmonary artery pressures were raised, transit times decreased, suggesting that the normally existing hydrostatic pressure gradient in the lung causes a vertical distribution of transit times. The more rapid transit times approached the minimum time required for complete oxygenation.
Comparison of broad-band and narrow-band red and near-infrared vegetation indices

Abstract An experiment has been conducted in which narrow-band field reflectance spectra were acquired of a rooted pinyon pine canopy with five different gravel backgrounds. Leaf area was successively removed as the measurements were repeated. From these reflectance spectra, narrow-band and broad-band (AVHRR, TM, MSS) red and near-infrared (NIR) vegetation index values were calculated. The performance of the vegetation indices was evaluated based on their capability to accurately estimate leaf area index (LAI) and percent green cover. Background effects were found for each of the tested vegetation indices. However, the background effects are most pronounced in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI). Background effects can be reduced using either the perpendicular vegetation index (PVI) or soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) formulations. The narrow-band versions of these vegetation indices had only slightly better accuracy than their broad-band counterparts. The background effects were minimized using derivative based vegetation indices, which measure the amplitude of the chlorophyll red-edge using continuous narrow-band spectra from 626 nm to 795 nm.
Local dispersal of overwintered Colorado potato beetle (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) determined by mark and recapture

Three mark–recapture experiments were conducted to determine patterns of movement in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), over an agricultural landscape in Maryland. In the 1st experiment, beetles were released from a central point and recaptured 5–20 d afterward in potato trap fields extending outward in 4 compass directions to a maximum distance of 0.65 km. Approximately 30% of released beetles were recaptured. Recaptures declined rapidly with distance, and a few beetles were recaptured 0.65 km from the release point after 5 d. A stream and a dense winter cover crop may have acted as impediments to movement over part of the experimental area. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, beetles were released at various distances in 4 compass directions from a central “trap” field and recaptured 5 d later. Recapture rates were = 20% when beetles were released at 50 and 100 m and 6.5% when released at 300 m. Direction of release was a significant variable in the recapture rate in one of these experiments but not in the other. The results suggest that effective field rotation to reduce beetle population densities from year to year will require a distance of ≥0.5 km.
Fatal attraction: An analysis of employee boundary violations in a southern prison system, 1995–1998

Prison employees are trained to maintain their distance from prisoners and to do their job professionally without personal entanglements or abuse of prisoners in any way. Efforts are made to ensure that those who enter the correctional service serve honorably; these efforts, however, do not prevent some prison employees from ending their careers in disgrace. Some employees engage in career-ending infractions whereby they are suspended and/or reprimanded; some are terminated for engaging in inappropriate relationships (or boundary violations) with inmates. This paper examines boundary violations among 508 Texas state prison security staff members disciplined between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 1998.
Use of soybean meal and distillers grains with solubles as partial or total replacement of fish meal in diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract A 12-week feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile (11g) channel catfish to examine effects of partially or totally replacing fish meal with a fixed percentage (35%) of distillers grains with solubles (DGS) and a variable percentage (up to 50%) of soybean meal in prepared diets. Four isonitrogenous (33% protein) and isocaloric (2.9 kcal digestible energy/g of diet) diets were formulated to contain 12, 8, 4, and 0% fish meal. Soybean meal was added to assure crude protein levels of 33%. A fifth diet was formulated identical to the diet with 0% fish meal, but with supplemental lysine and methionine added. After 12 weeks, weight gain, individual weight, individual length, food conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and survival were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) among treatments. These data suggest that a diet with all plant protein sources (soybean meal and distillers grains with solubles) can totally replace fish meal in a channel catfish diet.
SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF TISSUES FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND CONTROLS.

SWEAT, urine, plasma, serum, duodenal fluid, teeth, finger and toe nails and hair taken from patients with cystic fibrosis and controls were subjected to spectrographic analysis to determine qualitative and quantitative alterations in elemental composition.
The effects of phenytoin on impulsive and premeditated aggression: a controlled study

Studies of the effects of phenytoin on aggression have produced equivocal results primarily because of a lack of (1) common objective criterion measures of aggressive acts across studies; (2) rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting subjects; and (3) a nosologic basis for classifying different types of aggression. The current study was designed to remedy these deficiencies. Aggression was defined using a nosology that defines three types of aggression: (1) medically related; (2) premeditated; and (3) impulsive. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that phenytoin will decrease impulsive aggressive acts but not have a significant influence on premeditated aggressive acts. Sixty inmates were divided into two groups on the basis of committing primarily impulsive aggressive acts or premeditated aggressive acts while in prison. Medical aggression was ruled-out by subject selection. The study used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. As hypothesized, phenytoin (200 mg a.m. and 100 mg p.m.) significantly reduced impulsive aggressive acts but not premeditated aggressive acts. Event-related potentials (ERPs) measured information processing in the cortex during drug/placebo conditions. The amplitudes of P300 ERP waveforms among impulsive aggressive subjects were increased significantly during the phenytoin condition but not during the placebo condition. There were no significant changes in P300 ERP waveforms between drug/placebo conditions among nonimpulsive aggressive subjects.