cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion coefficients mapped MR imaging-with application to human brain diseases

The author investigated the feasibility of detecting human brain lesions by using the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging mapping technique of diffusion coefficients. MR images of a typical normal human brain are shown; a conventional SE image and a diffusion weighted image. It is demonstrated that the ventricles have the highest intensity due to the water consistency of cerebospinal fluid. White matter has the lowest diffusion coefficient because of its lipid consistency. A T1-weighted image of a patient with an aged brain and the diffusion mapped image of the same patient are shown. The size of the ventricles are shown to be larger than normal. A darker area around the ventricle indicates that there could be more fibrous tissue with limited diffusion coefficient due to aging. >
The emotion-induced memory trade-off: More than an effect of overt attention?

Although it has been suggested that many effects of emotion on memory are attributable to attention, in the present study we addressed the hypothesis that such effects may relate to a number of different factors during encoding or postencoding. One way to look at the effects of emotion on memory is by examining the emotion-induced memory trade-off, whereby enhanced memory for emotional items often comes at the cost of memory for surrounding background information. We present evidence that this trade-off cannot be explained solely by overt attention (measured via eyetracking) directed to the emotional items during encoding. Participants did not devote more overt attention to emotional than to neutral items when those items were selectively remembered (at the expense of their backgrounds). Only when participants were asked to answer true/false questions about the items and the backgrounds—a manipulation designed to affect both overt attention and poststimulus elaboration—was there a reduction in selective emotional item memory due to an increase in background memory. These results indicate that the allocation of overt visual attention during encoding is not sufficient to predict the occurrence of selective item memory for emotional items.
Fending for a Braveheart

Cell (2013) 152, 570–583 Dev Cell (2013) 24, 206–214 Recent articles by Klattenhoff et al (2013) and Grote et al (2013) identify long non-coding RNAs, or lncRNAs, important for specifying the cardiac lineage. Depletion of a lncRNA, aptly named Braveheart, resulted in loss of beating cardiomyocytes during embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation and failure to activate a key network of cardiac transcription factors. Immunoprecipitation of the protein complex associated with Braveheart revealed that the lncRNA physically interacts with epigenetic machinery that regulates cardiac gene expression. Similarly, a second lncRNA, Fendrr, also interacts with epigenetic regulators to promote proper cardiac gene expression and function in vivo in mice. These studies highlight the importance of lncRNAs during lineage commitment and provide a new layer of regulation involved in determining cardiac cell fate.
Query translation scheme for heterogeneous XML data sources

In order to formulate a meaningful XML query, a user must have some knowledge of the schema of the XML documents to be queried. The query will succeed only if the schema of the actual documents is consistent with the user's information. When a user queries a collection of documents collected from heterogeneous XML data sources, there is a high possibility that these documents do not all conform to the same schema assumed by the user, thus causing the query to fail. In this paper, we try to solve this query and data schema mismatching problem by proposing a query translation scheme. Without attempting to solve the general problem of schema integration, we present an inclusion mapping algorithm that decides how compatible the schema of the query and the schema of the target XML documents are. Based upon the compatibility, the query will be executed directly, or translated according to the target schema and then executed, or rejected.
INDUCTION, CONTRAST, AND RESISTANCE TO EXTINCTION1

The resistance of responding to extinction after variable-interval reinforcement in one of two components of a multiple schedule of reinforcement was (1) greater, when responding in the second component was reinforced on a variable-interval schedule than when responding there was extinguished, (2) not reduced, by a more rapid decrease in the rate of responding than occurs in ordinary extinction in the second component, and, (3) increased, by the occurrence of positive behavioral contrast before the beginning of extinction.
High Linearity InP-Based Phase Modulators Using a Shallow Quantum-Well Design

Phase modulator nonlinearity is a major problem for implementing an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) phase demodulator. In this letter, we report an improved InP phase modulator design that uses a detuned shallow multiquantum-well structure. The phase modulator shows high linearity and low optical loss. Its phase IP3 and optical loss per unit length are ~ 4 π/mm and ~ 0.9 dB/mm, respectively. This phase modulator design is thus suitable for implementing the OPLL linear phase demodulator.
Thermoelectric microdevice fabrication process and evaluation at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)

In the Materials and Device Technology Group at JPL, we have developed a unique fabrication method for a thermoelectric microdevice that utilizes standard integrated circuit techniques in combination with electrochemical deposition of compound semiconductors (Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3//Bi/sub 2-x/Sb/sub x/Te/sub 3/). Our fabrication process is innovative in the sense that we are able to electrochemically micro mold different thermoelectric elements, with the flexibility of adjusting geometry, materials composition or batch scalability. Successive layers of photoresist were patterned and electrochemically filled with compound semiconductor materials or metal interconnects (Au or Ni). A thermoelectric microdevice was built on either glass or an oxidized silicon substrate containing 63 couples (63 n-legs/63 p-legs) at approximately 20 microns in structure height and with a device area close to 1700 /spl mu/m x 1700 /spl mu/m. In cooling mode, we evaluated device performance using an IR camera and differential thermal imaging software.
Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: A maturational perspective

The etiology of early age onset substance use disorder (SUD), an Axis I psychiatric illness, is examined from the perspective of the multifactorial model of complex disorders. Beginning at conception, genetic and environment interactions produce a sequence of biobehavioral phenotypes during development which bias the ontogenetic pathway toward SUD. One pathway to SUD is theorized to emanate from a deviation in somatic and neurological maturation, which, in the context of adverse environments, predisposes to affective and behavioral dysregulation as the cardinal SUD liability-contributing phenotype. Dysregulation progresses via epigenesis from difficult temperament in infancy to conduct problems in childhood to substance use by early adolescence and to severe SUD by young adulthood.
Finite element simulation and visualization of leaky Rayleigh waves for ultrasonic NDE

The generation and propagation properties of transient leaky Rayleigh waves are characterized by a two-dimensional finite element model. The displacement vector is used as the primary variable for the solid medium and a potential scalar, which is a replacement for the pressure, is taken as the fundamental variable for the fluid medium. The coupled system of finite element equations are solved in the time domain by direct integration through the central difference scheme. Three configurations are considered: the conversion of a Rayleigh surface wave into a leaky Rayleigh wave, a focused beam probing a fluid/solid interface at the Rayleigh angle, and the interaction of a defocused wave with the interface. The wave velocity in the fluid (water) is lower than the Rayleigh wave velocity in the solid (aluminum). The wave propagation profile in each case is predicted by the model. The finite element model proves to be an effective tool for surface acoustic device design and ultrasonic NDE.
Distortions of Memory in Depressed, Formerly Depressed, and Never Depressed College Students

Depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed female college students were randomly assigned to success, failure, or neutral experiences on a sham measure of empathy (ns = 12/cell). They then read descriptions of their supposed positive and negative intellectual and personality characteristics, and took a recognition memory test. Based on Beck's (1967) theory, it was predicted that depressed subjects would display negative biasing of memory after neutral or failure experiences and that the latent negative biases of the formerly depressed would be activated by failure. The predictions for depressed subjects were not confirmed. However, the memories of the formerly depressed for information about their intellectual qualities became negatively biased after failure. Beck's view that those predisposed to depression harbor latent negative cognitive biases received some support, but the results also indicated that his conception of global negative biasing of cognition during depression is over-simplified.
New Constraints on Deformation, Slip Rate, and Timing of the Most Recent Earthquake on the West Tahoe-Dollar Point Fault, Lake Tahoe Basin, California

High-resolution seismic compressed high intensity Radar pulse (CHIRP) data and piston cores acquired in Fallen Leaf Lake (FLL) and Lake Tahoe provide new paleoseismic constraints on the West Tahoe-Dollar Point fault (WTDPF), the western- most normal fault in the Lake Tahoe Basin, California. Paleoearthquake records along three sections of the WTDPF are investigated to determine the magnitude and recency of coseismic slip. CHIRP profiles image vertically offset and folded strata along the southern and central sections that record deformation associated with the most recent event (MRE) on the WTDPF. Three faults are imaged beneath FLL, and the maximum vertical offset observed across the primary trace of the WTDPF is ∼3:7 m. Coregis- tered piston cores in FLL recovered sediment and organic material above and below the MRE horizon. Radiocarbon dating of organic material constrained the age of the MRE to be between 3.6 and 4.9 k.y. B.P., with a preferred age of 4.1-4.5 k.y. B.P. In Lake Tahoe near Rubicon Point, approximately 2.0 m of vertical offset is observed across the WTDPF. Based on nearby core data, the timing of this offset occurred be- tween ∼3-10 k:y: B.P., which is consistent with the MRE age in FLL. Offset of Tioga- aged glacial deposits provides a long-term record of vertical deformation on the WTDPF since ∼13-14 k:y: B.P., yielding a slip rate of 0:4-0:8 mm=yr. In summary, the slip rate and earthquake potential along the WTDPF is comparable to the nearby Genoa fault, making it the most active and potentially hazardous fault in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Modeling shear stress sensing and transmission in vascular endothelial cells

Arterial endothelial cell (EC) responsiveness to flow is essential for normal vascular function and plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis. EC flow responses may involve sensing of the mechanical stimulus at the cell surface with subsequent transmission via cytoskeleton to various intracellular transduction sites. We model the deformation of coupled networks of cell-surface flow sensors and intracellular structures in response to steady and oscillatory flow. The various structures are represented as viscoelastic materials with standard linear solid behavior. The analysis reveals that flow induces an instantaneous deformation in all structures followed by creeping to the asymptotic response. For simple sensor-cytoskeleton-nucleus networks, the results show that, consistent with the experimentally observed temporal chronology of EC flow responses, the flow sensor attains its peak deformation faster than intracellular structures and the nucleus deforms more rapidly than cytoskeletal elements. The results have also revealed that a 1-Hz oscillatory flow induces significantly smaller deformations than steady flow. This may provide insight into why a number of EC responses induced by steady flow are not induced by oscillatory flow.
Failure To Induce IFN-β Production during Staphylococcus aureus Infection Contributes to Pathogenicity

The importance of type I IFNs in the host response to viral infection is well established; however, their role in bacterial infection is not fully understood. Several bacteria (both Gram-positive and -negative) have been shown to induce IFN-β production in myeloid cells, but this IFN-β is not always beneficial to the host. We examined whether Staphylococcus aureus induces IFN-β from myeloid phagocytes, and if so, whether it is helpful or harmful to the host to do so. We found that S. aureus poorly induces IFN-β production compared with other bacteria. S. aureus is highly resistant to degradation in the phagosome because it is resistant to lysozyme. Using a mutant that is more sensitive to lysozyme, we show that phagosomal degradation and release of intracellular ligands is essential for induction of IFN-β and inflammatory chemokines downstream of IFN-β. Further, we found that adding exogenous IFN-β during S. aureus infection (in vitro and in vivo) was protective. Together, the data demonstrate that failure to induce IFN-β production during S. aureus infection contributes to pathogenicity.
Regulaton of intestinal immunity by soluble B and T cell products

Previous work from this laboratory has shown that activated surface IgA-bearing (sIgA+) B cells of mice develop into IgA-secreting plasma cells under the influence of IL-5 and IL-6. We have examined the regulation of the IgA response by analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) in murine intestinal cells. T cell hybridomas isolated from Peyer’s patch which have receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulin α chain (FcαR) spontaneously secrete IL-5. The expression of mRNA for IL-5 in these cells is suppressed by incubation with IgA. Furthermore, we have found that intraepithelial lymphocytes of BALB/c mice also express mRNA for IL-5 in relatively high amounts compared to spleen cells. These results highlight unique features of intestinal cytokine production and may indicate the presence of a homeostatic mechanism whereby IL-5 synthesis by T cells in the intestine can be down-regulated by IgA via Fc receptors.
Safe Set Maneuverability of Impaired Aircraft

The ight envelope can be viewed as a set within the state space of an aircraft. For various safety considerations an aircraft is required to remain within its prescribed ight envelope. The safe set is the largest controlled invariant set within the ight envelope. Thus, if an aircraft is to remain within its envelope it must stay within the safe set. When an aircraft is impaired, e.g., a jammed elevator or an engine loss, the safe set shrinks as would be expected. In this paper we consider the ability of an aircraft to maneuver within the safe set. Maneuverability performance is usually assessed by evaluating an aircraft’s capacity to regulate around and smoothly transition to desired steady motions, or trim points. In this paper we study the structure of trim points within the safe set and the ability to regulate around them. A trim point is a pair of constant state and control values that produces a steady motion with a xed set of speci ed ight path parameters, such as airspeed and ight path angle, called the trim condition. It is shown that there may be zero, one, or more trim points corresponding to a given trim condition. Each of these trim points lies on a di erent branch of the aircraft equilibrium surface. The safe set trim point structure is organized by static bifurcation sets even though the bifurcation points are typically outside of the safe set. When impairment occurs, some trim points vanish so that ight at a desired trim condition may require switching to a di erent branch. In general, the aircraft zero dynamics di er from one branch to another so that switching from one trim point to another corresponding to the same trim condition requires a change in regulation strategy. These results are developed and explained in this paper. Examples are given.
Abstract 3919: Potential roles of oncogenic ΔNP63α during bone and bone cancer formation

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC P63 belongs to the P53 tumor suppressor gene family. Due to its alternative promoter usage and splicing, p63 consists of two major subtypes (TAp63 and ΔNp63) and six different isoforms (TAp63α, β, or γ and ΔNp63α, β, or γ). These isoforms have been shown to play distinct biological functions in cancer and development. P63, especially the ΔNp63α variant, has been suggested to play an oncogenic role in cancer progression, including bone-related tumors such as giant cell tumor of bone and osteosarcoma. Interestingly, P63 has previously been shown to be an essential player for limb development. This raises the possibility that there might be a specific mechanism linking P63 regulation of bone and bone cancer formation. The type X collagen gene (Col10a1) is a specific marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral bone formation. As a matrix protein, type X collagen also functions as a regulatory molecule that affects chondrocyte mineralization, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, transcriptional regulators critical for Col10a1 expression are also expected to affect the apoptotic pathway that occurs during bone cancer formation. By real-time RT-PCR and proteomic approaches using a MCT cell model, we demonstrate here that P63 contributes to regulation of Col10a1 expression in vitro. We also have data which supports that Runx2 regulates cell-specific Col10a1 expression via the Runx2 binding sites found within the Col10a1 cis-enhancer. This is intriguing since p63 was previously shown to interact with Runx2 by yeast two-hybrid approach. Moreover, we have generated a mouse model in which Runx2 was driven by the cell-specific Col10a1 control element. Our preliminary results showed that these Col10a1-Runx2 transgenic mice have enhanced Runx2 and Col10a1 expression, a longer hypertrophic zone, altered chondrocyte maturation, apoptosis, and disturbed ossification. These results suggest the decreased apoptotic activity mediated by Runx2, whereas elevated Runx2 expression has been associated with osteosarcoma development and chondrosarcoma progression. To address the potential in vivo relevance of P63 on bone and cancer formation, we have established Col10a1-ΔNp63α transgenic mouse lines using the same Col10a1 control element. Characterization of these transgenic mice will allow us to study if this oncogenic P63 isoform regulates Col10a1 expression in vivo and if this regulation is within the network regulating both bone and bone cancer formation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3919.
Understanding and Measuring Online Fiscal Transparency

The movement toward open government and fiscal transparency is a worldwide effort that promises the possibility of better and stronger democracy. Transparency is also presumed to help combat corruption and waste. Greater transparency in government thus has been an important goal of many reformers both outside and within governments over many decades, and contemporary methods of online information dissemination and communication are seen as one important set of tools for fostering transparency. But how do we know transparency when we see it? Efforts both to understand the extent and quality of online fiscal transparency and to implement or improve transparency are facilitated by good measures of quantity and quality. This chapter reviews efforts by academic experts and advocacy organizations to measure and evaluate fiscal transparency in order to draw from those efforts suggestions for the practice of fiscal transparency. An examination of these research efforts reveals significant progress in conceptualization and measurement toward addressing a number of methodological and epistemological issues that concern researchers in the field. The examination also indicates that measures such as those produced by a number of public-interest and academic researchers, although still imperfect from an academic perspective, nonetheless can provide useful guidance for practitioners and citizens seeking to understand and improve their jurisdictions' e-fiscal transparency.We conclude by synthesizing the key elements we found in the literature into a framework for conceptualizing, measuring, and implementing online fiscal transparency, and by drawing lessons for continuing efforts to advance the understanding and practice of transparency.
Concise Review: Primary Cilia: Control Centers for Stem Cell Lineage Specification and Potential Targets for Cell-Based Therapies

Directing stem cell lineage commitment prevails as the holy grail of translational stem cell research, particularly to those interested in the application of mesenchymal stem cells and adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering. However, elucidating the mechanisms underlying their phenotypic specification persists as an active area of research. In recent studies, the primary cilium structure has been intimately associated with defining cell phenotype, maintaining stemness, as well as functioning in a chemo, electro, and mechanosensory capacity in progenitor and committed cell types. Many hypothesize that the primary cilium may indeed be another important player in defining and controlling cell phenotype, concomitant with lineage-dictated cytoskeletal dynamics. Many of the studies on the primary cilium have emerged from disparate areas of biological research, and crosstalk amongst these areas of research is just beginning. To date, there has not been a thorough review of how primary cilia fit into the current paradigm of stem cell differentiation and this review aims to summarize the current cilia work in this context. The goal of this review is to highlight the cilium's function and integrate this knowledge into the working knowledge of stem cell biologists and tissue engineers developing regenerative medicine technologies. Stem Cells 2016;34:1445-1454.
Research on Workflow-based Education Management System

There are some problems such as unfitting,high maintenance costs of change in current educational management System,and reduce the use of the system performance.The workflow based education management system can increase the system flexibility,efficiency and is better suited to development and change of modern education.It can do big favor for modeling the modern institutions of education and providing effective support for management.To take full advantage of workflow technology to enhance the applicability and flexibility of educational system,analyzing the key point of the combination of Workflow technology and education management through overall structure,technology choice,organizational role model and distribution of rights.Workflow technology has become a necessity of modern educational management system,but relationship between organizational roles and permissions model for distribution problems must be handled well,otherwise it will increase the complexity of the system configuration and reduce the system's ease of use.
An Inexpensive Suture Practice Board.

Objective: We provide a design for an effective suture practice board for surgical instruction that is both easily assembled and repaired. Methods: This model's design is achieved through inexpensive materials that do not compromise adequate simulation through repetitive use. We used a wooden board, synthetic microfiber cloth, and metal plates and screws to create the suture board. Two pieces of synthetic microfiber cloth, folded along the long axis, were attached to the outer edges of the wooden board using an electric screwdriver, with the metal plates and screws to secure the attachment. Results: Upon completion of construction, we have a board sufficient for instructing various suturing techniques. Conclusions: Our suture board design provides an effective practice material that is an improvement in cost, as well as reusability compared with other models. Our board has the advantage over animal tissues, such as chicken's or pigs’ feet, because it is not perishable and maintains its durability over extended periods of time. This model is advantageous compared with other commercially available synthetic models because the materials are cheaper and more easily replaced. Our suture board model provides sufficient simulation to enhance the user's skills across various suturing techniques in a manner that is cost-effective in production and maintenance.
Thermal Energy Storage for Space Cooling: An Underutilized Opportunity in Federal Buildings

ABSTRACT Cool storage technology can be used to significantly reduce energy costs by allowing energy-intensive, electrically driven cooling equipment to be predominantly operated during off-peak hours when electricity rates are lower. In addition, some system configurations may result in lower first costs and/or lower operating costs. Cool storage systems of one type or another could potentially be cost-effectively applied in most buildings with a space cooling system. A survey of approximately 25 manufacturers providing cool storage systems or components identified several thousand current installations, but less than 1 percent of these were at federal facilities. With the federal sector representing nearly 4 percent of commercial building floor space and 5 percent of commercial building energy use, federal utilization would appear to be lagging. Although current applications are relatively few, the estimated potential annual savings from using cool storage in the federal sector is $50 million. The first...
ASSESSMENT OF THE CLINICAL SEVERITY OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

In recent years advances in biochemical and biologic knowledge have allowed the development of agents with potential for use in the management of sickle cell disease. Protocols for the clinical evaluation of such agents have been hampered by the lack of a system of classification of the severity of sickle cell disease. We have developed a system of assessment based on 30 laboratory and clinical variables and have used this system to identify those variables which appear to be of predictive value. One hundred two patients have been evaluated and the severity of disease classified. Yearly reassessments of each patient will allow for validation of the system as it is now designed. It is anticipated that this classification will aid clinicians in the development of clinical trials, and will be of help in decisions as to the need for and type of therapeutic intervention.
The Continuum of Inquiry: Response to Christoph Fischer and Eva-Maria Jung

In Defending Science I developed what, borrowing from Peirce, I called a “Critical Common-Sensist” account of the character of the core business of the special sciences—an intermediate position between the logical imperialism of the Old Deferentialism and the sociological imperialism of the New Cynicism. As Fischer and Jung appreciate, this intermediate position is synechist in spirit, stressing the continuity of scientific inquiry with everyday empirical inquiry, such as investigation of the cause of a bad smell, spoiled food, a delayed flight, etc. Perhaps—after decades of competing formal models of the supposed “scientific method” (inductive, deductive, probabilistic, etc.)—this synechistic approach sounds radical; but the underlying idea has a substantial and distinguished history, from Thomas Huxley to Albert Einstein, Percy Bridgman, John Dewey, James Conant, and Gustav Bergmann. As Huxley put it, the man of science “uses with scrupulous exactness the methods which we all … use carelessly.”
Evaluation of Aortic Blood Flow and Wall Shear Stress in Aortic Stenosis and Its Association With Left Ventricular Remodeling

Background— Aortic stenosis (AS) leads to variable stress for the left ventricle (LV) and consequently a broad range of LV remodeling. The aim of this study was to describe blood flow patterns in the ascending aorta of patients with AS and determine their association with remodeling. Methods and Results— Thirty-seven patients with AS (14 mild, 8 moderate, 15 severe; age, 63±13 years) and 37 healthy controls (age, 60±10 years) underwent 4-dimensional-flow magnetic resonance imaging. Helical and vortical flow formations and flow eccentricity were assessed in the ascending aorta. Normalized flow displacement from the vessel center and peak systolic wall shear stress in the ascending aorta were quantified. LV remodeling was assessed based on LV mass index and the ratio of LV mass:end-diastolic volume (relative wall mass). Marked helical and vortical flow formation and eccentricity were more prevalent in patients with AS than in healthy subjects, and patients with AS exhibited an asymmetrical and elevated distribution of peak systolic wall shear stress. In AS, aortic orifice area was strongly negatively associated with vortical flow formation ( P =0.0274), eccentricity ( P =0.0070), and flow displacement ( P =0.0021). Bicuspid aortic valve was associated with more intense helical ( P =0.0098) and vortical flow formation ( P =0.0536), higher flow displacement ( P =0.11), and higher peak systolic wall shear stress ( P =0.0926). LV mass index and relative wall mass were significantly associated with aortic orifice area ( P =0.0611, P =0.0058) and flow displacement ( P =0.0058, P =0.0283). Conclusions— In this pilot study, AS leads to abnormal blood flow pattern and peak systolic wall shear stress in the ascending aorta. In addition to aortic orifice area, normalized flow displacement was significantly associated with LV remodeling.
Research on the Properties of Resin Bond Wheel Cured by Ultraviolet Light

Abstract The Ultraviolet (UV) cured resin bond abrasive tools have been studied and proved to have substantial advantages over conventional abrasive tools. The properties of abrasive-mixed resin would affect the tool performance and accordingly the machining efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, the influences of exposure time duration under the UV light and diamond concentration on the properties of abrasive-mixed resin specimen were investigated. It was found that, generally, the cured depth and mechanical strength of the specimen increase with the exposure time but decrease with the abrasive concentration. A significant effect of curing time on the properties of abrasive-mixed resin was observed when the diamond concentration is 12.5 wt. %. UV cured diamond wheels having the concentration of 12.5 wt. % were manufactured with three curing time durations (40, 60 and 80 seconds) respectively. The effect of curing time on the wheel performance was studied. The experiment results show that the average surface roughness (RA) of the workpiece obtained by the wheel with the curing time of 80 s is the smallest while the highest RA is obtained by the wheel cured for 60 s. The change of RA can be explained by the relation between the tensile-strain relation and the exposure time of the abrasive-mixed resin and it can be concluded that the tensile strength and percentage of elongation have effects on the performance of the wheel while the latter has a dominant influence.
Perceptions of Abusive Parenting Behaviors: A Preliminary Exploration Into the Underrecognition of Mother–Daughter Sexual Abuse

The current study examined the influence of the sex of the parent and the sex of the child on perceptions of sexually abusive behaviors. Vignettes illustrating different forms of sexual abuse were rated by 124 participants, with the different parent-child pairs (mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter, father-son) substituted into the vignettes being the only difference between groups. Two-way between subjects ANOVAs revealed that sexually abusive behaviors by mothers were perceived as less damaging to child victims (F (1, 120 = 7.56, p < .01) than the same sexually abusive behaviors committed by fathers. In addition, sexually abusive behaviors by mothers toward daughters were perceived as the least abusive (F (1, 120 = 16.30, p < .001) and the least criminal (F (1, 120 = 4.44, p < .05) as compared to the other three groups. Results suggest that perceptions of sexual abuse may be influenced by perceptions of sex and gender.
Persuading Teammates to Give: Systematic versus Heuristic Cues for Soliciting Loans

Dual processing theories in psychology suggest that people process persuasive requests by assessing the quality of arguments (systematic processing) or by relying on heuristic rules (heuristic processing). However, the factors that act as systematic and heuristic processing cues and affect the success of persuasion have not been adequately described in social lending contexts. This research examines the effectiveness of systematic and heuristic cues in persuasive requests in Kiva lending teams intended to convince members to donate. An analysis of 88,596 requests exchanged in 1,610 teams shows that certain heuristic processing cues (e.g., liking between requesters and potential lenders, advocates low authority in their teams and the importance of the team to the lender) strongly predicted whether lenders would contribute to a loan request. In contrast, cues that required systematic processing are less influential. We also found that behavioral cues are more important than verbal ones. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our work.
Generating and Facilitating Effective Online Learning through Discussion1

In Christian higher education, most teaching and learning has been confined to the traditional classroom. However, with the advent of computer technology many universities and seminaries are offeri...
Response to rejoinder to: M.B. Kaplan, S. Solomon, A coming boom in commercial shipping? The potential for rapid growth of noise from commercial ships by 2030, Mar. Policy 73 (Supplement C) (2016) 119–121

Abstract We appreciate that the authors of this rejoinder took time to engage with our study. However, we suggest that in their assertion of flaws they missed the point of our investigation. We hope that this response clarifies our goals and the reason for our approach.
BUZZ: An Auditory Interface User Experience Scale

Auditory user interfaces (AUIs) have been developed to support data exploration, increase engagement with arts and entertainment, and provide an alternative to visual interfaces. Standard measures of usability such as the SUS [4] and UMUX [8] can help with comparing baseline usability and user experience (UX), but the overly general nature of the questions can be confusing to users and can present problems in interpretation of the measures when evaluating an AUI. We present an efficient and effective alternative: an 11-item Auditory Interface UX Scale (BUZZ), designed to evaluate interpretation, meaning, and enjoyment of an AUI.
Immunopathologic features of Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis in the rat.

Purpose. To study the clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic responses to Staphylococcus aureus endophthalmitis in rats. Methods. Experimental Lewis rats received an intravitreal injection of viable 5. aureus (65 organisms), and control rats received sterile saline. The clinical scores, cellular infiltrate, delayed hypersensitivity reaction in skin tests, and serum and vitreous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and IgA to ribitol teichoic acid (RTA), the major antigenic determinant of 5. aureus cell wall, were measured and compared on days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 30. The differences were statistically assessed using Mann-Whitney nonparametric <-tests and analysis of variance. Results. The red reflex was abolished in the majority of rats between days 3 and 21. Ocular inflammation resolved by day 30. The vitreous of eyes injected with 5. aureus showed bacterial growth on days 3 and 7, followed by a decrease in numbers on days 10 and 14 and disappearance on days 21 and 30. In the vitreous, a peak neutrophil count was observed at day 3 that rapidly declined by day 7. The number of lymphocytes and plasma cells peaked on day 3 but declined more slowly. Plasma cells and Mott cells were seen on days 10 and 14, suggesting intraocular antibody production. IgM titers to RTA increased progressively in serum and vitreous, reached a peak on day 21, and declined on day 30. A weak IgG but absent IgA response to RTA was observed in serum and vitreous. S. aureus endophthalmitis was not associated with delayed hypersensitivity to the bacteria in skin tests. Conclusions. S. aureus endophthalmitis is associated with the infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells in vitreous. Neutrophils, the predominant infiltrating cells, may be involved in bactericidal activity and opsonophagocytosis. In rat staphylococcal endophthalmitis, IgM rather than IgG may be the protective antibody. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36:2482-2491.
STUDY OF ATOMIC METAL IONS GENERATED BY LASER IONIZATION

The development of a combined pulsed laser source-ion cyclotron resonance spectrometer in our laboratory has proven to be a convenient and powerful method of generating metal ions and for studying their subsequent chemistry in the gas phase. Based on this technique we have embarked on a wide range of studies on metal ions [1–7]. In particular our main emphasis this past year has been on the applications of metal ions as selective chemical ionization reagents and our progress in this area will dominate this discussion. In addition we report the first results combining laser ionization with a Nicolet FTMS prototype spectrometer recently put into operation and discuss some of the advantages of this approach.
An evaluation of the impact of co-occurring anxiety and substance use disorder on bipolar disorder illness outcomes in STEP-BD.

Abstract Background Anxiety disorder (AD) and substance use disorder (SUD) highly co-occur with bipolar disorder (BD). AD and/or SUD co-occurrence is associated with poorer clinical outcomes in BD. However, respective associations between AD and/or SUD diagnoses and BD outcomes require clarification. Baseline data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) were therefore utilized to investigate independent and simultaneous contributions of ADs and SUDs on clinical variables in BD. Methods Two latent factors, “pathological anxiety” and “substance use problems,” were derived from presence/absence of lifetime AD and SUD diagnoses. Latent dimensions’ associations with clinical variables, obtained from the Affective Disorders Evaluation, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Range of Impaired Functioning, were estimated via structural equation modeling (SEM). Results Modeled independently, pathological anxiety and substance use problems were significantly associated with several variables. Yet when modeled simultaneously, pathological anxiety's associations with functional impairment, past-year rapid cycling, and past-year %time spent anxious and depressed remained while most variables’ associations with substance use problems became non-significant. The only significant latent-factor interaction evidenced was for age of BD onset. Limitations Analyses were limited to lifetime diagnoses and causality may not be inferred given cross-sectional data. Conclusions ADs and SUDs impact on BD was mostly additive rather than synergistic. Findings highlight the potentially understated importance of treating inter-episodic anxiety in BD as it may exacerbate mood symptoms, increasing functional impairment and risk for subsequent mood episodes.
Baseline genomic and circulating tumor cell (CTC) correlative data from very high-risk (VHR), localized, node-negative prostate cancer patients.

e16563Background: Few data exist on CTC frequency and number, genetic landscape, and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in VHR, node negative, localized prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: We are conducting...
Litigation and School Resource Officers

The purpose of this paper was to review school discipline litigation involving school resource officers. Specifically, the authors sought to determine whether the courts have found school resource officers to be acting within the parameters of their job. Authors searched Nexus Uni and Google Scholar to identify cases that matched the inclusion criteria. The search produced 44 cases, and cases were coded and examined to identify patterns in litigation involving school resource officers. Results of this case law review found the most common violations involved the fourth (n = 29), fifth (n = 14), and fourteenth amendments (n = 8). Courts ruled for parents in 17% of cases, suggesting that in 83% of cases, the school resource officer, the school personnel, or the collaboration between the two parties were found acceptable by the courts. The courts have largely ruled in favor of school personnel and school resource officers, suggesting that their performance meets the job expectations. However, other concerns may be relevant. Students were arrested in 61% of cases (n = 27), suggesting the presence of school resource officers may accelerate the school to prison pipeline. To prevent further escalating these issues, schools should have a clearly articulated memorandum of agreement, and use proactive strategies school such as school wide positive behavior interventions and support to prevent challenging behavior in schools.
Risk factors and sonographic endometrial thickness as predictors of tumour stage and histological subtype of endometrial cancer.

We evaluated the association between risk factors for endometrial cancer (EC) and sonographic endometrial thickness (ET) with FIGO stages at diagnosis. We also reported our experience in reliability of sonographic ET as screening tool for either histologic subtype I and II of EC. It was a case series study including 339 patients diagnosed with EC from 2010 to 2017 at the Ipswich Hospital, UK. Women with higher body mass index (BMI) presented at earlier stages when compared to women with lower BMIs (p-value = .046). By contrast, none of the variables: parity (p-value = .1630), use of HRT (p-value 0.7448), tamoxifen (p-value 0.0733) and diabetes (p-value = .1665) were statistically associated to FIGO stages. The mean of ET measurement was not statistically significant associated (p-value 0.0625) to stages. There was no statistic difference on mean ET at diagnosis between histologic subtypes I or II (p-value 0.804). According to our experience, BMI is associated to FIGO stage and endometrial sampling (ES) should be included in the working diagnosis of EC to obtain an early diagnosis in women with high BMIs even in premenopausal. Ultrasonographic measurement of the endometrium is equally reliable at determining cancer, but not at differentiating histologic subtypes I and II uterine cancers. However, ET does not correlate to FIGO stages at diagnosis.
Outcomes of a short term dietary intervention involving vegan soul food restaurants on African American adults’ perceived barriers, benefits, and dietary acceptability of adopting a plant-based diet

Abstract Plant-based diets are associated with numerous health benefits, but there has been limited work that focuses on diverse populations. The purpose of this study was to determine if encouraging a sample of African American adults, located in the Southern United States, to dine out at local vegan soul food restaurants helped to decrease perceived barriers and increase perceived benefits and dietary acceptability of a plant-based diet more so than being asked to prepare all meals at home. Thirty African American participants (mean age = 42.8 ± 12.2 years and mean BMI = 36.9 ± 9.0 kg/m2) were asked to adhere to a vegan diet for 3 weeks and were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions: (1) a Standard group that was asked to prepare all meals at home, or (2) a Restaurant group that was asked to eat out a few times a week at local vegan soul food restaurants in addition to preparing meals at home. The results indicated that in just 3 weeks there were significant reductions in several perceived barriers and increases in some perceived benefits and aspects of dietary acceptability in both groups. Additionally, weight loss within each group was significant (Standard group: −1.6 [−4.4 to −0.9] kg, P
Inspiring Interest in and Curiosity for Physics: Looking Beyond the Stars

As physics educators, our mission is not only to impart the knowledge of physics but to inspire interest in physics as well. In this article, I hope to open the eyes of some students who are intere...
Navigation of Feminist and Submissive Identity by Women in the BDSM Community: A Structured Literature Review

Identities shape how people make sense of their world. Overlapping identities create borderlands fraught with tension and oppression in which individuals struggle to avoid blaming, hating, and terrorizing themselves or others when viewed as wrong/other. Women who are feminist and submissive can experience polyrhythmic realities if beliefs about feminism contradict beliefs about submission, and vice versa. In Dominance/submission relationships, the Dominant partner takes psychological and/or physical control over their submissive partner. Some people perceive this as incompatible with feminist values. Dominance/submission relationships are seen as inherently unequal, even when the submissive partner has chosen to allow their Dominant partner to make decisions and establish expectations for their conduct and behavior. Recent scholarship has explored BDSM through diverse feminist lenses, including a radical feminism, postcolonialism, sex-critical approaches and Black female sexualities. In online forums, women have discussed their challenges navigating feminist and submissive identities, yet little is known about how researchers have addressed these identity dilemmas. The purpose of this structured literature review is to examine the scholarly literature on women in the BDSM community who identify as both feminist and submissive and how they perceive and navigate those intersecting identities. Three themes emerged: agency, power, and consent as feminist constructs; normalization of BDSM; and reconciliation of feminist and submissive identities. Implications and areas for future research are offered.
Global Health Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter

The global proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) presents a clear and present danger to global health security. Unlike conventional weapons that confine themselves to a defined and targeted area, WMD’s cross international boundaries and borders. Moreover, the release of WMDs can be achieved using a low technology approach resulting in a transformation and redefinition of the mission of global health providers. This chapter will focus on the ease of access to WMDs, the impact biological weapons and bioterrorism plays on global health security, United States global policies on public health, and the role actors and non-state actors play in the global health landscape. In addition, this chapter will focus on global WMD proliferation prevention to include international efforts, treaties, and conventions. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of ongoing research initiatives, identification of emerging threats, and additional recommended readings.