cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Related Solutions to the Perspective Three-Point Pose Problem

The perspective three-point pose problem involves solving Grunert's system of quadratic equations for the distances from the center of perspective to the three control points, typically resulting in multiple mathematical solutions. Relationships between the corresponding possible camera positions in space have only rarely been studied. Several efforts have been made though to understand the number of solution points using various assumptions. In this article, the number of solutions is determined in the limiting case, where the center of perspective is far from the plane containing the control points, as compared with its distance to the danger cylinder. Moreover, concise formulas are given for the other solutions based on a knowledge of one of the solutions. It turns out that the projection onto the control points plane of the various solution points lies at the intersection points of two rectangular hyperbolas. A certain deltoid curve also plays a crucial role.
Parametric interpolation of digitized log segments

Abstract The correlation of lithostratigraphic units by mathematical and statistical methods is complicated by stratigraphic thickness variation between sections. To account for thickness differences, the shorter of the two series being compared can be stretched and resampled to obtain a curve segment of the same shape but longer and with the original sample interval. This operation can be performed in the time domain by transforming the series of points in homogeneous space and resampling the curve by manipulating the parameters of a B -spline curve approximation. The technique of stretching and interpolating a time series in this manner has several advantages to Fourier transformed frequency-domain techniques. With homogeneous transformations the time series need not be normalized and amplitude as well as length manipulations can be easily performed. The B -spline curve approximation has the property that interpolated points will have variance less than or equal to that of the original curve points. This smoothing capability plus its nonglobal nature make it ideal for curve interpolation.
Statistical properties of many-particle spectra V. Fluctuations and symmetries

The manner in which energy-level and strength fluctuations change as a good symmetry is gradually broken is studied for a wide variety of chaotic systems describable in terms of random-matrix models. The local parameter Λ which governs the transition is identified as the mean-square symmetry-breaking matrix element in units of the local average spacing; its basic significance is clarified by exhibiting it as the “time” variable in a hierarchic set of diffusion equations. While many transitions, including Poisson → GOE, are considered, the transition GOE → GUE, from Gaussian orthogonal to Gaussian unitary ensembles, is studied in particular detail because of its connection with the breaking of time-reversal invariance (TRI), especially in complex nuclei for which the relevance of the GOE has been experimentally confirmed (GOE → GUE enters also into the study of chaotic magnetic systems). It is shown that the ensemble theory is directly applicable to real systems so that the transition equations derived for various spectral and strength measures can be applied to fluctuation data to give multiparticle bounds on the TRI-breaking part of the Hamiltonian. Analyses of spectral and strength fluctuations in the nuclear neutron-resonance and proton-resonance regions give bounds on the symmetry-breaking matrix elements as approximately one-tenth of the local average spacing. The analysis however must not stop with determining a bound on Λ; although the mere existence of a nonzero Λ could be of interest, indicating the occurrence of a symmetry breaking, the significance, if any, of an upper bound will usually not be obvious. It is therefore essential to determine, from the local multibody parameter Λ, the global (two-body) quantity α, the relative norm of the time-reversal noninvariant (TRNI) part of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. We do that in the following paper.
Structure, production and signaling of leptin

The cloning of leptin in 1994 was an important milestone in obesity research. In those days obesity was stigmatized as a condition caused by lack of character and self-control. Mutations in either leptin or its receptor were the first single gene mutations found to cause morbid obesity, and it is now appreciated that obesity is caused by a dysregulation of central neuronal circuits. From the first discovery of the leptin deficient obese mouse (ob/ob), to the cloning of leptin (ob aka lep) and leptin receptor (db aka lepr) genes, much has been learned about leptin and its action in the central nervous system. The initial high hopes that leptin would cure obesity were quickly dampened by the discovery that most obese humans have increased leptin levels and develop leptin resistance. Nevertheless, leptin target sites in the brain represent an excellent blueprint for distinct neuronal circuits that control energy homeostasis. A better understanding of the regulation and interconnection of these circuits will further guide and improve the development of safe and effective interventions to treat obesity. This review will highlight our current knowledge about the hormone leptin, its signaling pathways and its central actions to mediate distinct physiological functions.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION : II. THE EFFECT OF RESECTION OF SPLANCHNIC NERVES ON EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION.

Excision of the thoracic portion of the splanchnic nerves and the lower four dorsal sympathetic ganglia on both sides failed to prevent the development of persistent hypertension which, in dogs, follows the production of renal ischemia by partial clamping of the renal arteries (1). In dogs with this type of experimental renal hypertension existent for varying lengths of time (up to about 4 years), excision of the splanchnic nerves and the lower four dorsal sympathetic ganglia failed to effect any degree of permanent lowering of the blood pressure. For the dog, at least, these results tend to minimize the importance of the splanchnic vasomotor mechanism in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension. This is in agreement with the conclusions of Prinzmetal and Wilson (6) and of Pickering (7) about the part played by the vasomotor system in human hypertension. It is also in agreement with the work of Page (8), and of Collins (9), who showed that in dogs excision of the extrinsic renal nerves alone does not prevent experimental hypertension due to renal ischemia. Although the results of this investigation fail to give experimental support for the operation that is being practised on human beings with hypertension, yet they do not necessarily controvert the reports of beneficial effects in some cases of human hypertension. Further study of the effects on man is necessary before the results of this operation can be adequately evaluated.
New approach to the kinetics of charge transfer on electrodes

Abstract We apply the concepts of quantum-statistical mechanics to the problem of pure charge transfer on electrodes. Using Zwanzig's projection-operator technique and making certain assumptions which are common in chemical kinetics we are able to generalize the linear response theory and derive a nonlinear response theory applicable to a certain class of phenomena. The application to charge transfer leads to a relation between current and overpotential, which differs qualitatively from the prediction of the absolute reaction-rate theory, the Butler-Volmer equation. Comparison with experiments seems to favour the present theory, but more precise measurements are needed before a decisive conclusion can be drawn.
A combined experimental and numerical study of a three-dimensional supersonic turbulent boundary layer

Abstract Experimental and numerical mean data are compared in detail for a three-dimensional supersonic turbulent boundary layer generated by an isentropic compression. Three distinct flow regimes were identified in the mean flow field. Turbulence intensities measured in the three-dimensional flow are compared to corresponding two-dimensional adverse pressure gradient flows to determine the effects of three-dimensionality.
Knowledge and skills a candidate should possess to appear before the American Board of Prosthodontics

Abstract The following includes the fundamental knowledge and skills which a candidate should possess to appear before the American Board of Prosthodontics: 1. Broad background knowledge is necessary in dentally applied basic sciences of anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, nutrition, radiology, and dental materials. 2. The candidate must have depth of knowledge and skills in prosthodontics which includes complete denture prosthetics, removable partial denture prosthetics, fixed partial denture prosthetics, and supplemental knowledge in maxillofacial prosthetics. 3. The candidate must be able to develop a diagnosis and a rationale of treatment for the patient. 4. The candidate must possess skills to restore a functional occlusion for the patient. 5. The candidate must have knowledge of how to maintain oral health and how to instruct the patient. 6. The candidate should have knowledge of the history of prosthodontics. 7. The candidate should be cognizant of current developments and research in the specialty as well as dentistry in general, and he should be a “continuing student.” 8. The candidate should be oriented in admissions, routines, and procedures of a hospital. 9. The candidate should have a broad background of knowledge and skills in all laboratory procedures. 10. The candidate should be able to instruct and prescribe for auxiliary personnel in an intelligent manner.
In Vivo Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance to a Strain of Salmonella arizonae

Two trials were conducted to determine the transferability of antibiotic resistance in vivo between two strains of enteric bacteria. Newly hatched turkey poults were inoculated per os with a strain of Escherichia coli resistant to kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, a strain of Salmonella arizonae resistant to nalidixic acid and streptomycin, or both strains. Kanamycin was added to the drinking water of some poults. To test for S. arizonae cells which had received transferable resistance determinants in vivo from the E. coli strain, samples were collected by swabbing the recta of the poults and by removing segments of the intestines and livers after the birds were sacrificed. Nalidixic acid was added to the isolation media to prevent in vitro transfer from occurring after the samples were collected. Salmonella arizonae resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin were isolated from 20% of the rectal samples taken from poults that had received both bacterial strains. S. arizonae cells which had received resistance determinants in vivo were also isolated from 73% of the intestinal samples and 8% of the liver samples taken from birds inoculated with both donor E. coli and recipient S. arizonae. Salmonella arizonae demonstrating resistance to all five antibiotics were recovered from all intestinal samples taken from birds given kanamycin in their drinking water immediately after the last S. arizonae inoculation but from only 43% of such samples taken from birds given no kanamycin.
The performance of multilective VLSI algorithms

Chip area and computation time are the resource parameters of greatest importance in VLSI algorithms. Chip area is used for computation, storage, and for communication, the role of the latter being special to VLSI. Several models for VLSI algorithms have been postulated. The one treated in this paper differs from most others in that it explicitly permits inputs to be read multiple times, that is, algorithms used are multilective. The way in which lower bounds derived for VLSI depend on the number of times and places at which inputs are read are explored. The contribution of this paper is to present methods for treating such multilective algorithms and to apply these methods to a large variety of functions and predicates. Figuring prominently in this work is the planar circuit size of a problem. This measure consolidates in one place several algorithmic and geometric issues that are usually dealt with separately in most analyses of VLSI algorithms. It is used to derive lower bounds to various area-time products. Also presented here is a method for deriving lower bounds on the area required by multilective algorithms.
Radioimmunoassay of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.

Abstract A sensitive radioimmunoassay for plasma vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been developed based on preparations of fully immunoreactive 125 I-labeled VIP and hightiter specific antiserum as well as elimination of plasma interference substance(s). Fully immunoreactive 125 I-labeled VIP (specific activity = 520 μCi/nmol) was prepared by lactoperoxidase iodination and purified by gel filtration followed by chromatography on an O -(carboxymethyl) (CM)-Sephadex C-25 column. Specific anti-VIP serum produced from New Zealand white rabbits had a titer of 1:500,000 and the following binding parameters: effective affinity constant ( K eff ), 2.9 × 10 11 m −1 ; heterogeneity index (α), 0.57; average affinity constant ( K 0 ), 2.4 × 10 10 m −1 . Interfering substance(s) in plasma samples was proved to be present by direct radioimmunoassay and eliminated by an XAD-2 resin adsorption technique, leading to a minimal overall sensitivity of 0.48 p m for plasma samples. The average plasma VIP concentration of 78 normal fasting human subjects was 5.7 ± 3.4 (SD) p m , and that of 5 patients with watery diarrhea syndrome was 359 ± 93 p m , which reduced gradually to the normal basal value after clinical treatment.
Effects of incomplete parameterization on full-wavefield viscoelastic seismic data for petrophysical reservoir properties

In inversion of viscoelastic full-wavefield seismic data, the choice of model parameterization influences the uncertainties and biases in estimating seismic and petrophysical parameters. Using an incomplete model parameterization results in solutions in which the effects of missing parameters are attributed erroneously to the parameters that are included. Incompleteness in this context means assuming the earth is elastic rather than viscoelastic. The inclusion of compressional and shear-wave quality factors Qp and Qs in inversion gives better estimates of reservoir properties than the less complete (elastic) model parameterization. Qp and Qs are sensitive primarily to fluid types and saturations. The parameter correlations are sensitive also to the model parameterization. As noise increases in the viscoelastic input data, the resolution of the estimated parameters decreases, but the parameter correlations are relatively unaffected by modest noise levels.
Teamwork versus delegation — comparison of Japanese and German management styles

Abstract Teamwork and delegation as alternative management styles are described in terms of management production functions using Cobb-Douglas specifications; a comparison is made between management systems with teamwork at the top (the German Vorstand system) and at the ground level (Japanese quality circles) as extreme cases.
The Ribosome Uses Cooperative Conformational Changes to Maximize the Efficiency of Protein Synthesis

Execution of individual steps in the multi-step functional cycles of large, multi-component molecular machines such as the ribosome almost universally requires remodeling of multiple, spatially distant structural components of the machine. In order to function efficiently, therefore, molecular machines likely must allosterically coordinate numerous, seemingly independent conformational rearrangements. Due to the significant technical challenges associated with characterizing their structural dynamics, however, the questions of whether and how large molecular machines coordinate such dynamics so as to maximize the efficiency with which they perform their biological functions remain exceptionally challenging to answer. Using a combination of structural and phylogenetic analyses, molecular genetics, single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and in vitro biochemical assays, here we demonstrate that the ribosome uses cooperative conformational changes to maximize the efficiency with which it translocates and ejects its transfer RNA adaptors during protein synthesis. Interpretation of our data within the context provided by atomic-resolution ribosome structures and phylogenetic analyses of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein sequences leads us to propose a structure-based model for the observed cooperativity. Our results demonstrate that large, multi-component, molecular machines such as the ribosome can use networks of cooperative conformational changes to facilitate mechanical processes that would otherwise limit their catalytic rates.
SU-E-T-22: A Novel Sub-Pixel MTF Calculation Algorithm for Arbitrarily Shaped QA Phantoms

Purpose: Measurement of MV, kV, and CBCT imager resolution is recommended by AAPM Task Group 142 for commissioning and quality assurance. A sub-pixel modulation transfer function (MTF) calculation algorithm was formulated for use with arbitrary shaped phantoms such as circular, ring, or rectangular shapes. This allows resolution to be measured on many commonly available phantoms such as the MV Las Vegas (square), kV Leeds (ring), and CBCT Catphan (circular). Methods: The algorithm was implemented in Python and takes the Laplacian of a phantom edge profile. The zero crossing of the Laplacian corresponds to the location of the edge. A 6th degree polynomial spline fitted to the Laplacian was used to interpolate the sub-pixel position corresponding to the zero crossing of the Laplacian. Testing of the algorithm was performed on a square Las Vegas EPID phantom image with a pixel resolution of .784 mm. A linear fit was performed to the sub-pixel localizations for each of the 4 edges of the Las Vegas phantom. This linear fit was taken to be the true location of the edges. This sub-pixel localization allowed construction of a sub-pixel ESF, which is then differentiated to obtain an LSF. The fast Fourier transform of the LSF is taken to obtain the MTF. A Hann window is also applied to the LSF. The MTF was normalized to its zero frequency. Results: The standard deviation from the linear fit for all sub-pixel localizations was 0.12 pixels or .09 mm. An average MTF was produced corresponding to crossings of the 4 edges of our Las Vegas phantom. Conclusion: Our sub-pixel edge localization allows computation of the MTF for an arbitrarily rotated Las Vegas phantom. Simple modifications to this algorithm would allow subpixel MTF calculation for arbitrarily rotated circular phantoms, ring phantoms, or any other potential phantom shape. Research was partially funded by NIH Grant T32 EB002103-21 from NIBIB. Contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIBIB or NIH.
Measuring Cosmic Ray and Atmospheric Neutrinos in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

High energy muons and neutrinos are produced by the interaction of primary cosmic rays in the Earth's upper atmosphere. These primary interactions produce mesons that decay into muons and neutrinos. SNO is in a unique position amongst underground experiments in the world. At the depth of over 6 km water equivalent, it is the deepest underground laboratory currently in operation. SNO can make a number of novel measurements using muons. First, SNO is sensitive to the downward muon rate coming from primary cosmic ray interactions. Second, SNO's great depth makes possible the detection of atmospheric neutrinos (via the detection of neutrino induced muons) from the nadir to inclinations as large as cos(θzenith) ≃ 0.4 above the horizon. Although SNO is a modest-size Cherenkov detector, SNO's unique niche allows it to make important model-independent checks of atmospheric neutrino oscillations.
Compensation techniques for radar waveforms utilizing complementary phase coding

The processing necessary for a radar waveform utilizing complementary phase coding to achieve improved range resolution in a radar system is identified. Choosing complementary phase coding as the specific pulse compression method to be used in this approach allows certain benefits to be realized-provided that the proper processing is carried out. Complementary phase coding offers the promise of exact range sidelobe cancellation. However, its use has been restricted in the past due to degradations arising from nonzero target Doppler as well as pulse-to-pulse target return amplitude variations. A partial solution to this problem which shows the use of these codes in the case of nonzero target Doppler is presented. Including a phase compensation term preserves the desirable sidelobe cancellation properties of complementary codes in the case of a nonzero target Doppler. An overall processing structure is presented for realizing this process. The structure consists of a matched filter, phase compensator, and coherent summer. >
A general framework for robot hand-eye coordination

A general framework for robot hand-eye coordination is proposed, including: dynamic, real time, adaptive hand-eye calibration; full cooperation and mutual coordination of a vision system and a robot manipulator; and three stages in motion control, namely, global motion control, precise measurement of object-in-hand, and fine-motion control. In measurement of object-in-hand, an iterative method based on null motion observation is used. In fine-motion control, objects are aligned by an iterative method based on the precise alignment of laser stripes projected on the objects. In both cases, the final accuracy does not depend on the accuracy of the hand-eye calibration. This method of fine motion determination is analytical and general. >
Randomized double-blind comparison of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate therapy in variant angina pectoris due to coronary artery spasm

Twelve patients were entered prospectively into a randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of nifedipine and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) in the treatment of variant angina pectoris due to coronary artery spasm. Using the diary technique, both anginal episodes and nitroglycerin tablets consumed were recorded during the pretrial, no drug period, and both active drug phases. During the baseline pretrial period, an average of 1.1 anginal episodes/day occurred with reduction to 0.28/day during nifedipine treatment and 0.39/day during ISDN treatment. Headache was the major side effect during ISDN treatment, occurring in 9 of 11 (81%) patients; and nonheart failure related pedal edema during nifedipine treatment, occurring in 4 of 12 (33%) patients. Intolerable side effects necessitating cessation of treatment occurred in two patients during nifedipine treatment and in three patients during ISDN treatment. Patients preferred nifedipine over ISDN because of increased efficacy and fewer uncomfortable side effects. We conclude that both nifedipine and ISDN are effective therapy for coronary spasm, but that nifedipine was more effective and was preferred by the majority of patients.
Improved diffuse fluorescence flow cytometer prototype for high sensitivity detection of rare circulating cells in vivo

Detection and enumeration of rare circulating cells in mice are important problems in many areas of preclinical biomedical research. Recently, we developed a new method termed "diffuse fluorescence flow cytom- etry" (DFFC) that uses diffuse photons to increase the blood sampling volume and sensitivity versus existing in vivo flow cytometry methods. In this work, we describe a new DFFC prototype with approximately an order-of-magni- tude improvement in sensitivity compared to our previous work. This sensitivity improvement is enabled by a num- ber of technical innovations, which include a method for the removal of motion artifacts (allowing interrogation of mouse hindlegs that was less optically attenuating versus the tail) and improved collection optics and signal pre- amplification. We validated our system first in limb mimicking optical flow phantoms with fluorescent microspheres and then in nude mice with fluorescently labeled mesenchymal stem cells at injected concentrations of 5 × 10 3 cells∕mL. In combination, these improvements resulted in an overall cell counting sensitivity of about 1 cell∕mL or better in vivo. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.7.077002)
A peel away sheath endoscopic technique for difficult pediatric urethral intubation problems.

AbstractPurpose: We describe a useful technique for overcoming difficult pediatric urethral intubation problems.Materials and Methods: An 8F pediatric urethroscope is passed through a peel away sheath, advanced through the urethra into the bladder and removed. An 8F urethral catheter is passed, the balloon is inflated and the peel away sheath is removed.Results: This procedure has been performed in 6 children with difficult urethral problems without complication and with universal success.Conclusions: The peel away health technique offers a more reliable and less traumatic mechanism for difficult infant urethral intubation.
A unified framework for simulating Markovian models of highly dependable systems

The authors present a unified framework for simulating Markovian models of highly dependable systems. It is shown that a variance reduction technique called importance sampling can be used to speed up the simulation by many orders of magnitude over standard simulation. This technique can be combined very effectively with regenerative simulation to estimate measures such as steady-state availability and mean time to failure. Moveover, it can be combined with conditional Monte Carlo methods to quickly estimate transient measures such as reliability, expected interval availability, and the distribution of interval availability. The authors show the effectiveness of these methods by using them to simulate large dependability models. They discuss how these methods can be implemented in a software package to compute both transient and steady-state measures simultaneously from the same sample run. >
Using human perceptual categories for content-based retrieval from a medical image database

It is often difficult to come up with a well-principled approach to the selection of low-level features for characterizing images for content-based retrieval. This is particularly true for medical imagery, where gross characterizations on the basis of color and other global properties do not work. An alternative for medical imagery consists of the "scattershot" approach that first extracts a large number of features from an image and then reduces the dimensionality of the feature space by applying a feature selection algorithm such as the Sequential Forward Selection method.This contribution presents a better alternative to initial feature extraction for medical imagery. The proposed new approach consists of (i) eliciting from the domain experts (physicians, in our case) the perceptual categories they use to recognize diseases in images; (ii) applying a suite of operators to the images to detect the presence or the absence of these perceptual categories; (iii) ascertaining the discriminatory power of the perceptual categories through statistical testing; and, finally, (iv) devising a retrieval algorithm using the perceptual categories. In this paper we will present our proposed approach for the domain of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the lung. Our empirical evaluation shows that feature extraction based on physicians' perceptual categories achieves significantly higher retrieval precision than the traditional scattershot approach. Moreover, the use of perceptually based features gives the system the ability to provide an explanation for its retrieval decisions, thereby instilling more confidence in its users.
N-Arachidonyl glycine does not activate G protein-coupled receptor 18 signaling via canonical pathways.

Recent studies propose that N-arachidonyl glycine (NAGly), a carboxylic analogue of anandamide, is an endogenous ligand of the Gαi/o protein–coupled receptor 18 (GPR18). However, a high-throughput β-arrestin–based screen failed to detect activation of GPR18 by NAGly (Yin et al., 2009; JBC, 18:12328). To address this inconsistency, this study investigated GPR18 coupling in a native neuronal system with endogenous signaling pathways and effectors. GPR18 was heterologously expressed in rat sympathetic neurons, and the modulation of N-type (Cav2.2) calcium channels was examined. Proper expression and trafficking of receptor were confirmed by the “rim-like” fluorescence of fluorescently tagged receptor and the positive staining of external hemagglutinin-tagged GPR18-expressing cells. Application of NAGly on GPR18-expressing neurons did not inhibit calcium currents but instead potentiated currents in a voltage-dependent manner, similar to what has previously been reported (Guo et al., 2008; J Neurophysiol, 100:1147). Other proposed agonists of GPR18, including anandamide and abnormal cannabidiol, also failed to induce inhibition of calcium currents. Mutants of GPR18, designed to constitutively activate receptors, did not tonically inhibit calcium currents, indicating a lack of GPR18 activation or coupling to endogenous G proteins. Other downstream effectors of Gαi/o-coupled receptors, G protein–coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels and adenylate cyclase, were not modulated by GPR18 signaling. Furthermore, GPR18 did not couple to other G proteins tested: Gαs, Gαz, and Gα15. These results suggest NAGly is not an agonist for GPR18 or that GPR18 signaling involves noncanonical pathways not examined in these studies.
The RecQ helicase RECQL5 participates in psoralen-induced interstrand cross-link repair

Interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are very severe lesions as they are absolute blocks of replication and transcription. This property of interstrand cross-linking agents has been exploited clinically for the treatment of cancers and other diseases. ICLs are repaired in human cells by specialized DNA repair pathways including components of the nucleotide excision repair pathway, double-strand break repair pathway and the Fanconi anemia pathway. In this report, we identify the role of RECQL5, a member of the RecQ family of helicases, in the repair of ICLs. Using laser-directed confocal microscopy, we demonstrate that RECQL5 is recruited to ICLs formed by trioxalen (a psoralen-derived compound) and ultraviolet irradiation A. Using single-cell gel electrophoresis and proliferation assays, we identify the role of RECQL5 in the repair of ICL lesions. The domain of RECQL5 that recruits to the site of ICL was mapped to the KIX region between amino acids 500 and 650. Inhibition of transcription and of topoisomerases did not affect recruitment, which was inhibited by DNA-intercalating agents, suggesting that the DNA structure itself may be responsible for the recruitment of RECQL5 to the sites of ICLs.
What Happened to the First "R"?: Students' Perceptions of the Role of Textbooks in Psychology Courses*

To investigate undergraduate students' perceptions of the role of the textbook in psychology courses, the authors surveyed 311 psychology students. Using an online survey, students answered questions about textbook importance, usage, and preferences and about scenarios that described a textbook as a resource or central course element. If an instructor expected students to read and understand textbook material before class, students perceived they would learn less, enjoy the course less, and find the course more difficult than if an instructor described the textbook as a resource to which students might refer for clarification. Results indicated that students valued classroom experiences more than textbook reading. The authors discuss how such preferences may reflect prior reading experiences and instructors' emphases.
L p -IMPROVING PROPERTIES OF X-RAY LIKE TRANSFORMS

The purpose of this paper is to prove essentially sharp L-L estimates for nondegenerate one-dimensional averaging operators which generalize the classical X-ray transform. Let X and Y be C∞ manifolds with dimX =: dX and dimY =: dY ; we assume that X and Y are equipped with measures of smooth density and that dY > dX . Now let M be a smooth (dY + 1)-dimensional submanifold of X × Y (again equipped with a measure) such that the natural projections πX : M → X and πY : M → Y have everywhere surjective differential maps. For y ∈ Y , the set γy := {x ∈ X | (x, y) ∈ M } is a curve in X. As will be shown in the next section, there is an induced Radon-like operator R which averages functions of X over the curves γy. The focus of this paper is to study the L-boundedness of that operator. For simplicity, the question is posed as a bilinear one: for which p, q′ does there exist a finite constant Cp,q′ such ∣∣∣∣∫ fX(πX(m))fY (πY (m))dm∣∣∣∣ ≤ Cp,q′ (∫ |fX(x)|pdx) 1 p (∫ |fY (y)|q′dy) 1 q′
Geographic factors complicating hazard responses on small islands

Small islands, such as those found in the Pacific, experience the impacts of their relatively unique geographic profiles in relation to hazards and vulnerability in at least four ways: 1) perception and communication; 2) impact; 3) technology; and 4) socio-environmental justice. Analysis in these four areas highlights distinct ways in which hazards and vulnerability should be conceptualized in the under-researched small islands of the world. Lessons from this analysis will aid in understanding small island scenarios, as well as lend guidance to those seeking direct intervention for mitigation of, and adaptation to, technological and natural hazards.
Identification and characterization of hydra metalloproteinase 2 (HMP2): a meprin-like astacin metalloproteinase that functions in foot morphogenesis

Several members of the newly emerging astacin metalloproteinase family have been shown to function in a variety of biological events, including cell differentiation and morphogenesis during both embryonic development and adult tissue differentiation. We have characterized a new astacin proteinase, hydra metalloproteinase 2 (HMP2) from the Cnidarian, Hydra vulgaris. HMP2 is translated from a single mRNA of 1.7 kb that contains a 1488 bp open reading frame encoding a putative protein product of 496 amino acids. The overall structure of HMP2 most closely resembles that of meprins, a subgroup of astacin metalloproteinases. The presence of a transient signal peptide and a putative prosequence indicates that HMP2 is a secreted protein that requires post-translational processing. The mature HMP2 starts with an astacin proteinase domain that contains a zinc binding motif characteristic of the astacin family. Its COOH terminus is composed of two potential protein-protein interaction domains: an “MAM” domain (named after meprins, A-5 protein and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase μ) that is only present in meprin-like astacin proteinases; and a unique C-terminal domain (TH domain) that is also present in another hydra metalloproteinase, HMP1, in Podocoryne metalloproteinase 1 (PMP1) of jellyfish and in toxins of sea anemone. The spatial expression pattern of HMP2 was determined by both mRNA whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence studies. Both morphological techniques indicated that HMP2 is expressed only by the cells in the endodermal layer of the body column of hydra. While the highest level of HMP2 mRNA expression was observed at the junction between the body column and the foot process, immunofluorescence studies indicated that HMP2 protein was present as far apically as the base of the tentacles. In situ analysis also indicated expression of HMP2 during regeneration of the foot process. To test whether the higher levels of HMP2 mRNA expression at the basal pole related to processes underlying foot morphogenesis, antisense studies were conducted. Using a specialized technique named localized electroporation (LEP), antisense constructs to HMP2 were locally introduced into the endodermal layer of cells at the basal pole of polyps and foot regeneration was initiated and monitored. Treatment with antisense to HMP2 inhibited foot regeneration as compared to mismatch and sense controls. These functional studies in combination with the fact that HMP2 protein was expressed not only at the junction between the body column and the foot process, but also as far apically as the base of the tentacles, suggest that this meprin-class metalloproteinase may be multifunctional in hydra. SUMMARY
Birth injury in a subsequent vaginal delivery among women with a history of shoulder dystocia.

AIM To examine risk factors for birth injury in a subsequent vaginal delivery among women with a prior delivery complicated by shoulder dystocia. METHODS Population-based retrospective cohort study, Washington State (1987-2007). Logistic regression was used to assess risk factors associated with subsequent birth injury. RESULTS Of 9232 women who met inclusion criteria, 223 (2.4%) had a subsequent vaginal delivery with birth injury. Birth injury in an index delivery, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-4.1] and factors in subsequent delivery: birth weight ≥4000 g, aOR 4.4 (95% CI: 3.0-6.3), gestational diabetes, aOR 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2-3.2), Hispanic ethnicity aOR 1.9 (95% CI: 1.2-2.9), and maternal obesity, aOR 1.8 (95% CI: 1.3-2.6) were associated with birth injury. CONCLUSION Among women with prior delivery complicated by shoulder dystocia, the risk factors identified in this study should be carefully considered prior to deciding upon route of delivery - cesarean vs. vaginal delivery.
Management of Symptoms Other than Pain

Symptom management requires an understanding of the likely cause of the symptom in the individual patient, comprehensive assessment, and evidence-based interventions. This article explores the management strategies for common symptoms encountered in palliative care practice. Stomatitis, xerostomia, dysphagia, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, constipation, dyspnea, and fatigue are among the symptoms reviewed.
Registration algorithms for geophysical maps

Map making surveys conducted underwater, where access to GPS is not available, can incur significant positional inaccuracies. To obtain accurate geophysical maps (e.g. seafloor elevation map, gravity map) for use in high precision navigation, positional inaccuracies need to be corrected by registering overlapping surveys. In this paper, the authors present an algorithm for automatic registration of overlapping data patches. The matching primitives they use in the registration algorithm are contours of constant field value. This makes it possible to apply the algorithm to regions where map features (peaks, ridges, etc.) are scarce. The basic structure of the algorithm is similar to that developed previously by B. Kamgar-Parsi et al. (1989). The new algorithm, however, improves upon the previous technique in several ways, including a new technique for efficient contour matching and a closed-form solution for the optimum transformation. These improvements make the registration more accurate and computationally less intensive. The authors demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm on synthetic gravity data.
UNITED STATESIANs: The Nationalism of Empire

Events of the 21st century have led to heightened contestation about the meaning and parameters of U.S. nationalism, patriotism, and loyalty. At a time when questioning and dissent are viewed as matters of social responsibility among some and as criminal acts by others, when the U.S. issues travel bans for several majority-Muslim countries and immigrants who have contributed significantly to the nation are increasingly subject to deportation, we can easily say that “notions of nation”, who “belongs” and the very character of the U.S. are in transition. What functions do nationalism, patriotism, and citizenship serve in a nation founded and built upon the presumption of empire? With this question in mind, this chapter explores this history within the context of the emergence of coloniality and the modern world system and examines its contemporary expression.
An efficient easily adaptable system for interpreting natural language queries

This paper gives an overall account of a prototype natural language question answering system, called Chat-80. Chat-80 has been designed to be both efficient and easily adaptable to a variety of applications. The system is implemented entirely in Prolog, a programming language based on logic. With the aid of a logic-based grammar formalism called extraposition grammars, Chat-80 translates English questions into the Prolog subset of logic. The resulting logical expression is then transformed by a planning algorithm into efficient Prolog, cf. "query optimisation" in a relational database. Finally, the Prolog form is executed to yield the answer. On a domain of world geography, most questions within the English subset are answered in well under one second, including relatively complex queries.
Design Of An Imaging Spectropolarimeter/Photometer For Remote Sensing Of Earth Resources

A design is presented for an imaging spectropolarimeter/photometer based on the LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS) for the wavelength range 0.5 to l.lμm. The proposed scanner has essentially the same wavelength sensitivity, field of view and scanning parameters of the original MSS, except for the duplication of sensing and data systems for the determination of the amount of plane polarization. A unique non-polarizing scanning system is described as well as a beamsplitter that does not introduce extraneous polarization.
The Association Between Low Vision and Function

Objective: This study considers the relationship between low vision and function, specifically exploring whether vision loss is differentially associated with activities of daily living (ADL) versus instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability. Methods: Guided by the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health framework, multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed for IADL and ADL on a sample of 9,115 adults aged 65 years and above from the 1998 Health and Retirement study. Results: The data supports the fact that ADL and IADL disabilities are associated with vision loss, and there is a differential relationship among functions, with IADLs being more challenging and requiring better visual abilities. Discussion: The findings provide evidence that ADL and IADLs require different skills and are associated differently depending on numerous variables. As the incidence of people living with vision loss is increasing to epidemic propor...
RADIOGRAPHIC AND MYELOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN 306 ATAXIC HORSES

This study consists of a review of 306 ataxic horses subjected to survey radiography and myelography of the cervical vertebral column. Fifty-eight percent of horses had evidence of compressive spinal cord lesion on myelography. Sixty-six percent of horses were less than 3 years old. Age had no effect on the distribution of spinal cord compressive lesions. No conclusion could be drawn from sex and breed distribution. The most common sites of cord compression on myelography in order of decreasing frequency were C3–4, C6–7, C5–6, and C4–5. Twenty-nine percent of horses with myelographic evidence of cord compression had multiple compressive sites. Survey radiographs were not reliable to diagnose compressive spinal cord lesions. Myelography was a safe and more accurate procedure. Several factors may result in misinterpretation of the myelographic examination.
Using A Technology-Based Case To Aid In Improving Assessment

This paper describes how a technology-based case using Microsoft Access can aid in the assessment process. A case was used in lieu of giving a final examination in an Accounting Information Systems course. Students worked in small groups to design a database-driven payroll system for a hypothetical company. Each group submitted its results along with a written report and a group evaluation. Additionally, each group was required to make a formal presentation of its results. The activity was used to assess the student’s proficiencies in Access, written and oral communication skills, and teamwork skills. Student reactions to the activity are discussed within the paper.
The Stress-Strain Element of Social Systems: A Micro Theory of Conflict and Change

In an analysis of thirty organizations of various typcs, the authors examilne the relation of varying size of the supportive componienit to other organizational characteristics such as total size, age, number of operating sites, diversification of activities performed, alnd type of organizational function. Total organizational size and number of locatiolns appear to be related to size of supportive component l)ut they vary inversely. Orgragnizatiolns, as goal oriented, social eintities, have activities which are centrally and inmmediately crucial for goal achievemenlt.1 They are also faced with the necessity of mnaintailling other activities whiclh are less directly related to the attainmiienit of organizational goals. These activities, ofteni referred to as suptportive or adminiisti-ativc, are comprised of activities suclh as bookkeepilng, personnel adnministration, and mlaintenialnce services. Persons engaged in such activities comprise the "supportive component" of organizations. The present study focuses on the relative size of the supportive comlpotnelnt anld its relation to other organiizatiolnal characteristics such as total organiizatiolnal size, age, number of operating sites, diversificationi of activities performed, and type of organiizational function. Caplow has pointed out that the relative size of the supportive componienit has been the sub* This research was supported by the United States Air Force under Contract No. AF 49 (638)-447 monitored by the AF Office of Scientific Researclh of the Office of Aerospace Research. 1 For a general discussion of organizationial goal orientation, see Talcott Parsons, "Suggestions for a Sociological Approach to the Theory of Organizations," Adviinistrativc Science Quarterly, Vol. 1 (June and September 1956), pp. 63-85 and 225239. In Charles Perrow, "The Analysis of Goals in Complex Organizations," A icrican Sociological Reviec, Vol. 26 (1961), pp. 854-866, there is a discussion of the fact that official goal statements are not the most relevant for uniderstanding organizational behavior. Rather, the policies and decisions made as organizations pursue partictular tasks and problems are better indicators of the goal. Organizationlal goals are used in this latter sense in this
Stemming the U.S. HIV Epidemic: Act Local

The annual number of new HIV infections in the United States initially declined during the 1980s but has been at a plateau for more than two decades ([ 1 ][1]). This disappointing situation stands in stark contrast to the declining HIV incidence in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa ([ 2 ][2