cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and generalization characteristics of the random vector functional-link net

Abstract In this paper we explore and discuss the learning and generalization characteristics of the random vector version of the Functional-link net and compare these with those attainable with the GDR algorithm. This is done for a well-behaved deterministic function and for real-world data. It seems that ‘ overtraining ’ occurs for stochastic mappings. Otherwise there is saturation of training.
Localizations of endogenous APP/APP-Proteolytic products are consistent with microtubular transport

Dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid (A beta) peptides derived from beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Goldstein and coworkers have suggested that APP acts as a cargo receptor connecting post-Golgi vesicles and motor proteins. Sisodia and colleagues have suggested that APP is a passive passenger within the vesicles. Both views predict that one should be able to visualize colocalizations of APP with microtubules, the object of the present investigation. To avoid possible artifacts created by APP overexpression, we studied endogenous expression in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-SH). Using high resolution fluorescence microscopy and antibodies specific for the amino termini of APP and A beta sequences, we found that endogenous APP and A beta peptide immunoreactivities colocalized with microtubules in interphase cells. Disruption of microtubules, followed by fixation at various time points during repolymerization, allowed us to observe the sequence and timing of these colocalizations in interphase cells. In addition, to our surprise, we found that A beta immunoreactivities colocalize with the mitotic spindle, a bundle of specialized microtubules. Because of the condensed cytoplasm found in neurons, we suggest that SK-N-SH cells might be a more convenient experimental system for exploring the mechanisms that underlie these protein localizations and the pathology that might result from altered APP protein structure and function.
A simplified model for the combustion of multicomponent fuels in air

The classical flame-sheet model is extended for multicomponent fuels where the reaction rates of the individual components differ widely. The restrictions and approximations implicit in the model are developed. A numerical example for a 50% hydrogen-50% powdered boron fuel burning in air is presented.
Copper transport: an overview.

ConclusionsCopper transport continues to show unexpected and, in some cases, surprising departures from traditional mechanisms. Although both iron and copper bind to plasma proteins, the recent data suggest that each works through separate and distinct mechanisms for gaining access to cells. Ceruloplasmin and albumin as postulated transport carriers have withstood the test of time. One must concede, however, that there may be other serum proteins that perform a copper transport function. One thought not to be forgotten is that in postulating specific transport proteins for copper, one is showing an “animal bias.”Plants and some microorganisms also require copper, but there have yet to be found specific proteins that perform copper transport functions in these organisms. There is an immediate and pressing need to clarify the nature of the component(s) that conveys copper ions through the cell membrane. We stand to learn how copper is shielded from doing harm to membrane components and perhaps apply this in...
Ultrafine particles near a major roadway in Raleigh, North Carolina: Downwind attenuation and correlation with traffic-related pollutants

Ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter < 100 nm) and co-emitted pollutants from traffic are a potential health threat to nearby populations. During summertime in Raleigh, North Carolina, UFPs were simultaneously measured upwind and downwind of a major roadway using a spatial matrix of five portable industrial hygiene samplers (measuring total counts of 20–1000 nm particles). While the upper sampling range of the portable samplers extends past the defined “ultrafine” upper limit (100 nm), the 20–1000 nm number counts had high correlation (Pearson R = 0.7–0.9) with UFPs (10–70 nm) measured by a co-located research-grade analyzer and thus appear to be driven by the ultrafine range. Highest UFP concentrations were observed during weekday morning work commutes, with levels at 20 m downwind from the road nearly fivefold higher than at an upwind station. A strong downwind spatial gradient was observed, linearly approximated over the first 100 m as an 8% drop in UFP counts per 10 m distance. This result agreed well with UFP spatial gradients estimated from past studies (ranging 5–12% drop per 10 m). Linear regression of other vehicle-related air pollutants measured in near real-time (10-min averages) against UFPs yielded moderate to high correlation with benzene (R2 = 0.76), toluene (R2 = 0.49), carbon monoxide (R2 = 0.74), nitric oxide (R2 = 0.80), and black carbon (R2 = 0.65). Overall, these results support the notion that near-road levels of UFPs are heavily influenced by traffic emissions and correlate with other vehicle-produced pollutants, including certain air toxics.
Remarks on a Paper by Giordano, Laforgia, and Pečarić☆

Abstract We point out errors and oversights in a paper by Giordano, Laforgia, and Pecaric [3] on inequalities involving Bessel functions.
Malignant thymoma in a patient with HIV positivity: A case report with a review of the differential cytologic diagnoses

A 33-yr-old African-American male with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity underwent CT guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of an anterior mediastinal mass. The aspirate was composed of a dimorphic population of cells that included small mature lymphoid cells and scattered cohesive groups of large epithelial cells in equal numbers. The neoplasm stained strongly for low weight molecular cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), leukocyte common antigen (LCA), and Leu-7 which was consistent with a diagnosis of thymoma. Subsequent biopsies determined the neoplasm to be a malignant (invasive) thymoma. This case emphasizes the efficacy of FNA biopsy for the evaluation of anterior mediastinal masses in HIV infected individuals. Additionally, the differential cytologic diagnoses for HIV infected individuals for this anatomic site are discussed.
Sensitivity and Specificity of High-Resolution Balanced Steady-State Free Precession fMRI at High Field of 9.4 T

Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) is an attractive fMRI method at high fields due to minimal spatial distortion. To examine sensitivity and specificity of bSSFP fMRI at ultrahigh magnetic field of 9.4T, we performed high-resolution pass-band high flip-angle (16°) bSSFP fMRI with four phase cycling (PC) angles at two repetition times (TR) of 10ms and 20ms and conventional gradient-recalled-echo (GRE) fMRI with TR of 20ms on rat brain during forepaw stimulation. The sensitivity of bSSFP fMRI with TR of 20ms was higher than that of GRE fMRI regardless of PC angle. Because of magnetic field inhomogeneity, fMRI foci were changed with PC angle in bSSFP fMRI, which was more prominent when TR was shorter. Within a middle cortical layer region where magnetic field inhomogeneity was relatively small, the homogeneity of bSSFP fMRI signals was higher at shorter TR. Acquisition of baseline transition-band bSSFP images helped to identify pass- and transition-band regions and to understand corresponding bSSFP fMRI signals. Fourier analysis of the multiple PC bSSFP datasets provided echoes of multiple pathways separately, and the main echo component showed lower sensitivity and better homogeneity than the free induction decay component. In summary, pass-band bSSFP techniques would have advantages over GRE-based fMRI in terms of sensitivity, and may be a good choice for fMRI at ultrahigh fields.
Development of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteinases involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. The MMPs have been implicated in the processes of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis; are frequently overexpressed in malignant tumors; and have been associated with an aggressive malignant phenotype and adverse prognosis in patients with cancer. A number of MMP inhibitors are being developed for the treatment of cancer. The most extensively studied class of MMP inhibitors includes collagen peptidomimetics and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors of the MMP active site, tetracycline derivatives, and bisphosphonates. The hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat, which bind covalently to the zinc atom at the MMP-active site, were the first MMP inhibitors to be studied in detail. Marimastat is currently being studied in randomized clinical trials. The nonpeptidic MMP inhibitors were synthesized in an attempt to improve the oral bioavailability and pharmaceutical properties of the peptidic inhibitors. Several members of this class of compounds are undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. The tetracyclines and, particularly, the nonantibiotic chemically modified tetracyclines, interfere with several aspects of MMP expression and activation and inhibit tumor growth and metastases in preclinical models. A representative agent of this class, Col-3, is currently undergoing phase I clinical trials. The development of the MMP inhibitors, like that of other targeted and predominantly antiproliferative compounds, poses a challenge because the paradigms that have governed the design of clinical oncology trials may not be relevant to this new class of agents. The anticipated need for long-term administration of these drugs, together with their cytostatic mechanism of action, will require novel clinical trial design strategies.
Bud Size Alone Does Not Control Zoid Row Bifurcation in Schizoporella unicornis floridana (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)

Autozoids in the unilaminar part of a single colony ofSchizoporella unicornis floridana were divided into three categories: (1) ordinary zoids, which were seen to have budded one daughter zoid; (2) bifurcating zoids, which budded two daughter zoids, and (3) twinned zoids, both budded from a single parent zoid. Genetically-dependent variables may be excluded because all zoids in one colony are recognized to be genetically identical. Zoid length and width at the distal end of each zoid were measured and presence or absence of avicularia was recorded. Zoid width is a function of the width of the bud which the zoid produced. Contrary to accepted belief, there is no “critical bud width” which determines wether or not a bud will produce one or two zoids. Bifurcating zoids tended to be wider than other zoids, but some ordinary zoids were wider than some bifurcating zoids. There is no observed relation between zoid length and zoid bifurcation; the correlation between a function of zoid volume and zoid bifurcation was less than that between width and bifurcation. Zoids possessing avicularia are significantly wider than those lacking them. Both the probability of bifurcation and the probability of avicularium possession increase with zoid width.
Industrial Control: Dynamic Braking of a D-C Shunt Motor and Load

WITH high-production machines requiring rapid-duty cycling and accurate positioning, the speed-time characteristics of accelerating and decelerating motors are very important. D-c shunt machines are often employed for these applications because of their flexibility both in starting and stopping. One method commonly employed to bring the rotating system to rest is to disconnect the motor from the line and reconnect it across a resistor. The shunt field remains connected to the line so that the motor acts as a generator driven by the stored energy in the load. This method is known as dynamic braking. The elementary connection of the dynamic-braking circuit is shown in Figure 1. Since the torque developed is proportional to the product of field flux and armature current, and the latter depends on the speed, the braking effect obtained decreases as the motor loses speed. A friction-type load, independent of the speed, must be present in order to bring the motor to rest.
Optical Metrology in the Transportation Industry

This PDF file contains the editorial “Optical Metrology in the Transportation Industry” for OE Vol. 46 Issue 05
Treatment of pediatric cholestatic liver disease

Cholestatic liver disease affects a small percentage of children, but therapy results in millions of healthcare dollars being spent each year. Close monitoring of nutritional status, pruritus, and complications from portal hypertension should improve the patient’s quality of life and survival without liver transplantation. Other comorbid conditions, such as cardiac or renal disease, must also be integrated into the care plan and will affect the overall prognosis of the patient. Portal hypertension leads to ascites, variceal hemorrhage, and infection, which can result in significant mortality if not promptly recognized and treated. Surgical shunts are being used less because the expertise to perform endoscopic sclerotherapy and endoscopic band ligation is available at most medical centers. However, many cholestatic diseases, including biliary atresia, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) I, II, and III, and Alagille syndrome, may still require liver transplantation (Table 1). The cost of this procedure can exceed several hundred thousand dollars per patient, without including the annual costs of immunosuppressant therapy and medical monitoring. Meticulous medical management of nutrition and the sequelae of portal hypertension may prolong survival and reduce the potential morbidity and mortality of liver transplantation.
Structure and DNA-Binding Traits of the Transition State Regulator AbrB

The AbrB protein from Bacillus subtilis is a DNA-binding global regulator controlling the onset of a vast array of protective functions under stressful conditions. Such functions include biofilm formation, antibiotic production, competence development, extracellular enzyme production, motility, and sporulation. AbrB orthologs are known in a variety of prokaryotic organisms, most notably in all infectious strains of Clostridia, Listeria, and Bacilli. Despite its central role in bacterial response and defense, its structure has been elusive because of its highly dynamic character. Orienting its N- and C-terminal domains with respect to one another has been especially problematic. Here, we have generated a structure of full-length, tetrameric AbrB using nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical crosslinking, and mass spectrometry. We note that AbrB possesses a strip of positive electrostatic potential encompassing its DNA-binding region and that its C-terminal domain aids in DNA binding.
SEX-TYPING OF THE MILLON CLINICAL MULTIAXIAL INVENTORY

Summary.-College students (27 men, 47 women) rated Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory items for sex-typedness. Men and women d however, subjects perceived items in general as slightly more likely to be endorsed by women than men. In addition, 10 of the 11 scales were perceived as significantly more likely to be endorsed by one sex or the other. These sex differences were generally consistent with reports of actual sex differences in the frequencies of diagnosis of Axis I1 conditions. Several inconsistencies between actual sex differences and the sex-typedness of Millon scales were identified and discussed. Since its introduction, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (Millon, 1983) has become recognized as a useful test for diagnosing personality disorders (Widiger, 1985); however, relatively few studies have examined sex differences on the test. Millon (1983) provided separate norms for men and women, although the "cutting lines" used for interpreting males' and females' scores only "differ slightly on several scales" (p. 11). Mdon (1983) also reported that 21 of the 49 most frequent 2- and 3-point combinations of basic personality patterns differed in frequency between male and female patients: histrionic combinations were more frequent in women whereas antisocial combinations were more frequent in men. Reich (1987) found that the prevalence of personality disorders, as determined by the Millon in 170 outpatients, differed from the population sex ratio for only two personality disorders: women had more histrionic but fewer schizoid personality disorders than men. The issue of possible sex differences on the Millon is important for
Nitrogen–vacancy centres: Nanoscale MRI

Sensitive measurement of nitrogen–vacancy centres close to the surface of diamond enables magnetic resonance imaging with a resolution of a few nanometres in ambient conditions.
Interactions among peripheral perfusion, cardiac activity, oxygen saturation, thermal profile and body position in growing low birth weight infants.

Aims To investigate the correlation between the 'perfusion index' (PI) and other commonly used estimates of cutaneous blood flow [heart rate (HR), surface temperatures (ST) and central-to-peripheral thermal gradients (C-P grad)] and to use this new non-invasive tool to compare differences between prone and supine sleep position in low birth weight (LBW) infants. Methods Six-hour continuous recordings of pulse oximetry, cardiac activity and absolute ST from three sites (flank, forearm and leg), along with minute-to-minute assessment of behavioural states were performed in 31 LBW infants. Infants were randomly assigned to the prone or supine position for the first 3 h and then reversed for the second 3 h. PI data were correlated with HR and C-P grad, and compared across sleep positions during quiet sleep (QS) and active sleep (AS). Results Perfusion index correlated significantly with HR (r(2) = 0.40) and flank-to-forearm thermal gradient (r(2) = 0.28). In the prone position during QS, infants exhibited higher PI (3.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.7), HR (158.4 +/- 8.9 vs. 154.1 +/- 8.8 bpm), SpO(2) (95.8 +/- 2.6 vs. 95.2 +/- 2.6%), flank (36.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 0.4 degrees C), forearm (36.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 35.5 +/- 0.4 degrees C) and leg (35.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 34.7 +/- 0.7 degrees C) temperatures and narrower flank-to-forearm (0.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.3 degrees C) and flank-to-leg (1.3 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.7 degrees C) gradients, compared to those of the supine position. Similar differences were observed during AS. Conclusion Perfusion index is a good non-invasive estimate of tissue perfusion. Prone sleeping position is associated with a higher PI, possibly reflecting thermoregulatory adjustments in cardiovascular control. The effects of these position-related changes may have important implications for the increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome in prone position.
New knowledge in the physiology of hormonal contraceptives

The present review addresses some of the new knowledge regarding the physiology and mechanisms of action of hormonal contraceptives. Specific topics that are discussed include oral contraceptives, intravaginal rings, long-term contraception, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists, and antiprogestins. It has been shown that in combined oral contraceptives, lower doses of the new progestins (desogestrel, norgestimate, and gestodene) can be used to inhibit ovulation compared with norethindrone and levonorgestrel. In addition, lower doses of ethinyl estradiol are now used with progestins. Estrogen has been added to intravaginal rings containing levonorgestrel or norethindrone acetate to reduce frequency of bleeding. A new ring containing 3-keto-desogestrel is under evaluation. The use of subdermal implants containing levonorgestrel is currently a popular and highly effective method of long-term contraception. Studies show that gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and antagonists can provide ovarian suppression, and antiprogestins such as RU486 effectively block the midcycle gonadotropin surge. These and other novel methods of hormonal contraception are still years away from general use.
Motion parallel to line orientation : disambiguation of motion percepts

Four experiments demonstrate that lines indicating path of movement can generate rotational percepts in a multistable motion display that usually produces only horizontal or vertical motion percepts. The properties of the path-of-movement lines are predicted by a neural-network theory of visual perception. Experimental results validate the theory's predictions by demonstrating that movement of the display elements seems to follow an increasing luminance gradient in lines but not bars, and that illusory contours have similar effects. Experimental results also demonstrate that, in a choice between movement along lines drawn parallel or orthogonal to possible motion paths, observers more often see movement along the lines parallel to the motion path. These results suggest modifications to current computational and neurophysiological theories of motion perception.
Trends of grain sizes on gravel bars in the Rio Chagres, Panama

Abstract We examined the trends of grain sizes along the upper 414 km 2 of the mountainous Rio Chagres drainage basin in Panama. Gravel bars were sampled along 40 km of the Rio Chagres and five major tributary streams using a transect pebble count of median diameter, lithology, and clast rounding. Although previous investigators have found that downstream fining can be obscured by inputs of colluvial sediment and other local controls in mountain drainages, we decided to examine the trends of grain sizes along a tropical mountain river where rapid weathering and high capability of transport might be capable of overriding the input effects of colluvium. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that downstream fining would be present as a result of selective sorting, and that weak felsic particles would decrease in size preferentially to strong mafic particles because of abrasion. Statistical analyses reveal a weak downstream decrease of sediment size on gravel bars along the study reach of the Rio Chagres, with a Sternberg diminution coefficient ( α ) for felsic and mafic grains of − 0.013 and − 0.017, respectively. Felsic clasts have thicker weathering rinds and become rounded downstream faster than mafic particles, but tumbling-mill tests of abrasion show no significant differences in rate of mass loss in relation to lithology, and downstream decreases in grain size are similar between lithologies. Dividing the study reach into six sub-reaches bounded by major tributary junctions, we further tested the hypothesis that downstream trends in fining might be obscured at the basin scale by sediment input from tributaries, but that trends in grain sizes might be more visible at the reach scale between tributaries. We did not find any consistent trends in grain size between tributaries. Stream width appears to assert a local control on grain size; coarse particles are associated with narrow channel reaches, whereas smaller particles are associated with wide channel reaches.
Subaperture stitching interferometry of high-departure aspheres by incorporating a variable optical null

Abstract Originally, subaperture stitching interferometry enabled full-aperture measurement of large-aperture spheres and flats using 4″ or 6″ interferometers and transmission elements. Later, mild aspheric surfaces could be measured using the same fundamental principles. In both cases, stitching algorithms automatically compensate for systematic reference wavefront and distortion errors. Aspheres with up to 1000 waves of departure from best-fit sphere can be measured without dedicated null lenses using a variable optical null (VON™) device which generates an optical wavefront that closely matches the surface of the asphere within a local subaperture. This paper presents the principles of subaperture stitching interferometry incorporating VON technology.
Interpretation of New Techniques Used in the Determination of Pulmonary Function in Rodents

Many techniques have now been developed to measure pulmonary function in small laboratory animals. Most of these techniques are adaptations of standard procedures applied to human patients in the assessment of chronic lung disease. The use of these procedures in small animals is thought to measure properties of static and dynamic lung function analogous to those of man, and thereby, may be useful in the characterization of experimental lung disease. The noninvasiveness and repeatability of lung function tests provide a diverse tool for the study of progressive pulmonary dysfunction resulting from chronic toxicant insult. When compared to other standard measures of lung injury, such as histopathology, pulmonary function tests appear to have comparable sensitivity; however, this appears to be toxicant dependent. Used best as adjuncts to other bioassay procedures, function tests can complete the overall assessment of toxicant impact by not only indicating pulmonary debility, but often characterizing the nature and site of the functional lesion.
Personality and psychosocial predictors of life-span mortality risk

Abstract There is little doubt that personality and psychosocial factors play a role in the etiology and progression of disease; what remain murky are the causal pathways through which these variables exert their influence. Lewis Terman began, in the early 1920s, to gather data on a group of more than 1500 bright boys and girls in CA, USA. Data collection has continued ever since, at approximately 5- to 10-year intervals, and this longitudinal data set is now being used by social scientists to untangle the complex causal web linking personality factors to physical health. Throughout the first decade of our ongoing study of this unique data set, psychosocial and personality variables have consistently emerged as key predictors of premature mortality risk with the predictive power of conscientiousness being particularly robust and consistent. Personality and psychosocial factors are associated with certain health-related behaviors in this sample, but these behaviors cannot explain the observed link between personality and the risk for earlier mortality.
Surgical suturing training with virtual reality simulation versus dry lab practice: an evaluation of performance improvement, content, and face validity

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) simulation versus dry lab suturing practice at improving suturing performance in robotic surgery. Nineteen novice participants with no prior robotic suturing experience were randomized to two groups, VR simulation and dry lab, which consisted of inanimate training on a da Vinci Si surgical system. Each group underwent baseline suturing evaluation, then trained on the Simbionix™ Suturing Module (SSM) or undertook suturing practice using the da Vinci Surgical System in a dry lab. Final suturing performance was evaluated using the objective suture scoring method. Participants in the VR simulation group were surveyed to assess the face and content validity of the SSM. Both groups experienced significant improvement after training (VR simulation group p = 0.0078; dry lab group p = 0.0039). There was no significant difference in improvement between the two groups after undergoing training with either SSM or in the dry lab. Improvements in composite timing scores were 123 and 172 in the VR simulation and dry lab test groups, respectively (p = 0.36). Face validation varied with respect to the category assessed, but participants confirmed content validity of the SSM in all categories. In this sample of novice operators, there was no significant advantage in training with VR simulation using the SSM over dry lab training in improving suturing performance. Users of the SSM found it useful and relevant as a training tool for improving suturing performance.
Maerocyelic polyether sulfide syntheses. The preparation of thia-crown-3,4, and 5 compounds

Macrocyelic polyether sulfides have been prepared by reacting an oligoethylene glycol dichloride with a dithiol or sodium sulfide in ethanol. The trivial naming system for these compounds is an extension of the trivial crown nomenclature (5). A thia prefix is used to show that sulfur atoms have replaced ether oxygen atoms in the polyether ring. The following new compounds were prepared: 1-thia-(15-crown-5) (II) 1,4-dithia-(15-crown-5) (III) 1,7-dithia-(15-crown-5) (IV) 1,4-dithia-(12-crown-4) (VII) 1,4,7-trithia-(12-crown-4) (VIII) 1-thia-(9-crown-3) (IX) and 1,4-dithia-(9-crown-3) (X). Four other previously reported maerocyelic polyether sulfides were also prepared. The symmetry of the nmr spectra of these compounds gives added evidence for the proposed ring structures.
Studying the application of mobile technology to local communities

Mobile technology has suggested potential opportunities to community informatics because a growing number of people have adopted mobile devices, which have become an indispensable part of their daily lives, and because mobile technology transcends the limitations of time and place, expanding the ways of accessing and interacting with local community information and lowering the barrier to participation. In this note, I describe my ongoing initiatives including digital cultural heritage, news and tweet aggregation, and volunteer efforts, aiming to investigate how mobile technology facilitates the creation, provision and dissemination of hyperlocal community information, and constructs and reinforces social connection and interaction.
THERMOREGULATION AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER

Infections, trauma, inflammatory processes, and some malignant diseases induce a constellation of host responses that are collectively referred to as the "acute-phase response." Elevation of core temperature is certainly part of the acute-phase response, and cytokines that raise core temperature in pathologic states are some of the same cytokines that account for other manifestations of the acute-phase response. This article examines fever as a part of the acute-phase reaction and the role of cytokines in thermoregulation.
Morphology and microanatomy of the adrenal cortex of the coyote.

The left adrenal in adult coyotes (25) was heavier than the right (P 0.05). Absolute adrenal weight in adult females was greater than in adult males (P < 0.01). In the six pups which were under seven months old the adrenals of males were heavier than in females (P < 0.025). Changes in the widths of adrenocortical zones were analyzed with regard to maturity. The width of the glomerular zone in immature coyotes was not different from mature animals. Immature males had a wider fasciculata than immature females (P < 0.01) and mature males (P < 0.01). The reticular zone exhibited the greatest relative growth with maturity in both sexes. Zona glomerular cells were columnar epithelia with oval nuclei which contained one or two nucleoli. Fascicular cells were polyhedral shaped with central nuclei which contained as many as three nucleoli. The zona reticularis was characterized by anastomosing cords. Nuclei were highly variable in size. Nucleoli were often dispersed around the nuclear membrane. Lipids were stored as large irregularly-shaped droplets in the fasciculata and as small, round droplets in the reticularis. Cortical cells from coyotes of all ages showed the presence of histones; all zones reacted positively. Nucleoli and chromatin granules gave intense reactions, suggesting close association between histones and nuclear RNA and DNA.
Seeing the Complexities: A Comment on “Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Adults: Review and Analysis”

In their comprehensive review of the literature on combined treatments for mood and anxiety disorders in adults, Otto, Smits, and Reese (this issue) suggested that the data do not support the use of combined approaches as the default treatment for these conditions. They advocated a nuanced view of the existing findings and emphasized that much is yet to be discovered about whether and how best to combine psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. An empirical update from several recently completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining combined treatment is provided here, and points of convergence and divergence between these findings and the broader literature are considered. Additionally, this commentary supplements their discussion by (a) supporting their strong emphasis on interdisciplinary research and creativity in conceptualizing and designing combined treatments, (b) emphasizing the importance of studying predictors of treatment response in adequately powered trials to better clarify which subgroups require the additional expenditure of resources associated with combined treatment, and (c) encouraging the development and empirical evaluation of combined treatments for children and adolescents.
Logics of Nonsense and Parry Systems

We examine the relationship between the logics of nonsense of Bochvar and Hallden and the containment logics in the neighborhood of William Parry’s A I. We detail two strategies for manufacturing containment logics from nonsense logics—taking either connexive and paraconsistent fragments of such systems—and show how systems determined by these techniques have appeared as Frederick Johnson’s R C and Carlos Oller’s A L. In particular, we prove that Johnson’s system is precisely the intersection of Bochvar’s B 3 and Graham Priest’s non-symmetrized connexive logic and that Oller’s system lies just beneath the intersection of B 3 and Priest’s paraconsistent L P. We conclude by examining Oller’s system in more depth, giving it a characterization in terms of L P and showing that it plays the same role to Harry Deutsch’s paraconsistent containment logic S that Aleksandr Zinov'ev’s S 1 plays with respect to A I.
The association between intensive care unit admission and subsequent depression in patients with diabetes.

Objective To examine whether intensive care unit (ICU) admission is independently associated with increased risk of major depression in patients with diabetes.
Serial Argument Goals and Conflict Strategies: A Comparison between Romantic Partners and Family Members

Using the framework of Dyadic Power Theory (Dunbar, 2004), this study compares parent–child, sibling, and romantic relationships in terms of serial argument goal importance and conflict strategy usage. A university and community sample (N = 166) completed a questionnaire. The positive relational expression goal was more important in romantic relationships than in parent–child relationships, whereas the opposite was the case for the dominance/control goal. No differences were observed for sibling serial argument goal importance and no relationship type differences were found for the remaining goals or for the conflict strategies. The implications for serial argumentation research are discussed.
Functionalization of Self-Organized TiO2 Nanotubes with Pd Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Dyes under Solar Light Illumination

Self-organized, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by the sonoelectrochemical anodization method are functionalized with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles of approximately 10 nm size. A simple incipient wetness method is adopted to distribute the Pd nanoparticles uniformly throughout the TiO2 nanotubular surface. This functionalized material is found to be an excellent heterogeneous photocatalyst that can decompose nonbiodegradable azo dyes (e.g., methyl red and methyl orange) rapidly (150-270 min) and efficiently (100%) under ambient conditions using simulated solar light in the absence of any external oxidative radicals such as hydrogen peroxide.
Identification of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri host specificity genes in a heterologous expression host

We provide the first conclusive evidence that Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Asiatic strain (Xac-A) and, in particular, Xac-A(w), a unique citrus canker A strain isolated from Key lime in Wellington, Florida, induces a hypersensitive reaction (HR) in grapefruit leaves. Using the heterologous tomato pathogen X. perforans, as a recipient of the Xac-A(w) genomic library, we identified a 1599-bp open reading frame responsible for HR in grapefruit, but not Key lime, and designated it avrGf1. Xac-A(w)DeltaavrGf1 produced typical, although visibly reduced, citrus canker symptoms (i.e. raised pustules) in grapefruit and typical canker symptoms in Key lime. We also determined that the X. perforans transconjugant carrying an Xac-A(w) hrpG elicited HR in grapefruit and Key lime leaves, and that xopA in X. perforans was partly responsible for HR. Xac-A transconjugants carrying the X. perforans xopA were reduced in ability to grow in grapefruit leaves relative to wild-type Xac-A. The X. perforans xopA appears to be a host-limiting factor. An avrBs3 homologue, which contained 18.5 repeats and induced HR in tomato, was designated avrTaw. This gene, when expressed in a pustule-minus Xac-A(w), did not complement pustule formation; however, pthA(w), a functional pthA homologue, complemented the mutant strain to produce typical pustules in Key lime, but markedly reduced pustules in grapefruit. Both avrBs3 homologues, when expressed in a typical Xac-A strain, resulted in typical citrus canker pustules in grapefruit, indicating that neither homologue suppressed pustule size in grapefruit. Xac-A(w) contains other unidentified factors that suppress development in grapefruit.
Popper's naturalized approach to the reduction of chemistry

Abstract Sir Karl Popper is one of the few authors to have discussed the reduction of chemistry. His approach consists of what I term naturalistic reduction, which I suggest bears close similarities to the way in which scientists regard reduction. The present article aims to build on Popper's insights into the nature of reduction in science and more specifically to suggest an approach to characterizing a specific sense of the notion of approximate reduction in the context of chemistry. In the course of the discussion, one of Popper's better known passages on the reduction of chemistry is analysed in some detail.
Mechanisms of renal lithium handling and their relationship to mineralocoticoids: A dissociation between sodium and lithium ions

Abstract Lithium-induced alterations in electrolyte excretion were studied in 16 patients with manic-depressive disease and in one normal subject under conditions of controlled sodium, potassium and fluid intake. An increase in urinary sodium and potassium excretion and in urine volume were noted on the first day of lithium administration. By lithium day 3, transient sodium retention occured. These changes in electrolyte excretion were not correlated with measurable changes in endogenous creatinine clearance. Sodium loading diminished and sodium depletion increased lithium retention. While sodium depletion always raised serum lithium levels, in one patient signs of lithium toxicity appeared despite relatively low serum lithium concentrations. These observations suggest that serum lithium may not be an accurate indicator of lithium overdose, especially during states of acute sodium depletion. Chlorothiazide and the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone produced a striking sodium diuresis, but lithium excretion did not increase consistently and at times decreased. Differences in renal sodium and lithium handling were also observed in response to desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) administration. In rats, DOCA failed to cause lithium retention despite prompt retention of sodium. During the DOCA ‘escape’ period, lithium excretion increased and serum lithium concentration fell. Thus, renal lithium handling, unlike sodium handling, appears independent of mineralocorticoids. These characteristics of lithium excretion during DOCA administration in rats and aldosterone blockade in man suggest that the proximal tubule is the major site of lithium reabsorption in these species. These in vivo studies in man and animals indicate a decreased capacity of active transport systems in the kidney to handle the lithium ion as effectively as the sodium ion. These differences in sodium and lithium handling by the kidney may be related, in part, to lithium's mechanism of action, particularly if active transport systems in the central nervous system are qualitatively similar to those of the kidney with respect to lithium handling.
Field-induced magnetic form factor of lutetium☆

Abstract The conduction electron field-induced magnetic form factor of Lu, a rare earth metal with a closed 4f shell, has been measured using the polarized neutron technique. The measurements demonstrate that the conduction electron density is more spatially extended than in the free atom. The experimental results are in good agreement with band calculations of the spin magnetic form factor.
Resource acquisition, sharing, and use in intelligent information access: an investigation of the researchers

The preservation and reuse of scientific data are of increasing importance for many disciplines and fields, including the field of Intelligent Information Access (IIA). IIA researchers develop valuable knowledge systems and open-source software through the use of resources developed by others. This paper presents the results of an online survey completed by IIA researchers in order to better understand their resource acquisition, sharing, and use behaviors. The survey link was posted on related mailing lists and 89 researchers responded. The resulting analysis shows that freely available web resources play a crucial role in current IIA research. It is not always easy for IIA researchers to find necessary resources using existing mechanisms such as web searching, conference networking, and personal communications. Furthermore, using resources developed by others poses substantial challenges for researchers. These challenges include cost, poor documentation, licensing and copyright issues, and usability issues. The paper also suggests better mechanisms for sharing and using resources to promote IIA research and to develop future resources.
Abstract 2702: Effects of Src and IGF1R inhibition on acquired endocrine therapy resistant breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Effective standard therapy for hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer targets the estrogen receptor (ER). However, a significant proportion of women with HR+ breast cancer relapse. Furthermore, the majority of women with metastatic HR+ breast cancer develop resistance to endocrine therapy. Adaptive cross-talk between ER and growth factor receptor pathways including IGF1R and Src is involved in acquired endocrine therapy resistance. To determine effects of adding dasatinib (D), Src inhibitor, and/or anti-IGF1R Ab MK0646 (M) to the ER antagonist fulvestrant (F) in an acquired endocrine therapy resistant breast cancer, we used long-term estrogen-deprived (LTED) derivative of ER+ breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7/LTED and HCC-1428/LTED. Parental and LTED cells were treated with variable combinations of F, D and M, followed by determinations of drug effects on cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. We demonstrated that LTED cells were resistant to F alone, comparing parental cells (P<0.05) in cell growth, migration and invasion. Addition of D to F appeared to be synergistic in all systems including cell growth, cell migration and invasion. However, the addition of M to F or to F+D appeared inhibition on cell growth in monolayer with low-serum medium, but not to significantly add inhibitory effects on cell growth in 3D and cell migration and invasion. The effects of IGF-1R antibody, MK0646, on cells growth in monolayer showed not consistent with 3D, which might be due to growth factors in the matrigel, although we used growth factors decreased matrigel. To verify the effects of the drugs on tumor growth in vivo, we developed xenograft models using MCF-7/LTED cells and treated the mice with F, D, and M along or variable combinations. The study demonstrated that all the combinations of F+D+M, F+D, and F+M (from P< 0.05 to <0.001 in viable time points) show inhibited the tumor growth comparing vehicle or F alone. The inhibitory effect of F+D+M is higher than F+D and F+M. In summary, the addition of dasatinib to fulvestrant appeared to be synergistic in all systems including cell growth, cell migration and invasion and tumor growth in vivo. The addition of MK0646 to fulvestrant mildly inhibited MCF-7/LTED cell growth and xenografts growth, but not cell migration and cell invasion. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2702. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2702
IAPSO compilation of pelagic tides

The harmonic method of analyzing and predicting tides was an outstanding scientific accomplishment in the nineteenth century. Except for the building of bigger and better mechanical tide‐predicting machines, procedures were essentially unchanged during the first half of the twentieth century. Cotidal and co‐range charts were empirical, based on observed tides along coastlines and at a few islands. More recently, numerical solutions of Laplace tidal equations have become feasible on newlydeveloped, more powerful computers. Simultaneously, oceanographic engineers have succeeded in measuring tides on the sea floor at great depths. To make pelagic tide data available to the oceanographic community, in particular to those involved in tidal modeling, the IAPSO Advisory Committee on Tides and Mean Sea Level has published a compilation of pelagic tides. The first edition, published in 1979, has harmonic constants for 108 stations, each at least 100 m deep and one nautical mile offshore.
Characteristics, linkage-map positions, and allelic differentiation of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench DNA simple-sequence repeats (SSRs)

Fifty one clones isolated from a size-fractionated genomic DNA library of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, that had been probed with four radiolabeled di- and tri-nucleotide oligomers, were sequenced. Fifty of the clones contained one or more simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) [72% of which were (AG/TC) n SSRs] and, following analysis of the clones, polymerase-chain-reaction primer sets that amplify 38 unique SSR loci were developed. Genotyping of the 38 loci in 18 sorghum accessions, including the parents of a recombinant inbred (RI) mapping population, revealed polymorphism at 36 of the loci among the 18 accessions and at 31 of the loci (not including null alleles at two loci) between the parents of the RI population. All of the latter 31 loci were mapped. The genotypes at 17-mapped SSR loci were assayed in 190 S. bicolor accessions in order to determine δ* T , the estimated level of allelic differentiation (the estimated probability that two members of a population, chosen at random and without replacement, differ in allelic composition), at each of the loci. The mean δ* T value determined for S. bicolor overall was 0.89, the range of mean δ* T values for ten S. bicolor races was from 0.88 to 0.83, and the range of mean δ* T values for ten working groups (= sub-races) of the race caudatum, with only two exceptions, was from 0.87 to 0.79. The lowest δ* T values for six of the loci among the ten race-caudatum working groups ranged from 0.86 to 0.70; thus, the probability that different alleles will be present at one or more of these loci in two accessions chosen at random from a working group is > 0.996 when three of the loci are genotyped, and > 0.9999 when all six of the loci are genotyped. The results of this study confirm that most S. bicolor SSR loci are sufficiently polymorphic to be useful in marker- assisted selection programs and they indicate that the levels of polymorphism at some loci are high enough to allow the vast majority of S. bicolor accessions, even accessions within working groups, to be distinguished from one another by determining the genotypes at a small number, perhaps as few as a half-dozen, SSR loci.