cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A social metrics based process model on complex social system

In previous work, we investigated the performance of Cultural Algorithms (CA) over the complete range of system complexities in a benchmarked environment. In this paper the goal is to discover whether there is a similar internal process going on in CA problem solving, regardless of the complexity of the problem. We are to monitor the “vital signs” of a cultural system during the problem solving process to determine whether it was on track or not and infer the complexity class of a social system based on its “vital signs”. We first demonstrate how the learning curve for a Cultural System is supported by the interaction of the knowledge sources. Next a circulatory system metaphor is used to describe how the exploratory knowledge sources generate new information that is distributed to the agents via the Social Fabric network. We then conclude that the Social Metrics are able to indicate the progress of the problem solving in terms of its ability to periodically lower the innovation cost for the performance of a knowledge source which allows the influenced population to expand and explore new solution possibilities as seen in the dispersion metric. Hence we present the possibility to assess the complexity of a system's environment by looking at the Social Metrics.
Realization of a scale of absolute spectral response using the National Institute of Standards and Technology high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer

Using the National Institute of Standards and Technology high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer (HACR), we have realized a scale of absolute spectral response between 406 and 920 nm. The HACR, an electrical-substitution radiometer operating at cryogenic temperatures, achieves a combined relative standard uncertainty of 0.021%. Silicon photodiode light-trapping detectors were calibrated against the HACR with a typical relative standard uncertainty of 0.03% at nine laser wavelengths between 406 and 920 nm. Modeling of the quantum efficiency of these detectors yields their responsivity throughout this range with comparable accuracy.
Who am I? The interactive effect of early family experiences and self-esteem in predicting self-clarity

Abstract Previous research suggests that inconsistencies between self-esteem and social feedback reduce feelings of coherence. The current research tested effects of discrepancies between people’s self-esteem and feedback they received in the form of chronic early family experiences. In two studies, participants completed measures of global self-esteem, perceived early family experiences, and self-clarity. Early family experiences that were inconsistent with participants’ current self-views (i.e., negative experiences for high self-esteem, positive experiences for low self-esteem) were associated with lower self-clarity; in contrast, consistent experiences were associated with higher self-clarity. These findings have implications for understanding the development of self-clarity and suggest novel consequences of early family experiences.
Cutting Chai, Jugaad, and Here Pheri: towards UbiComp for a global community

This paper attempts to re-imagine ubiquitous computing and technologies for populations in resource-poor, digitally unstable, and diversely literate environments. Extending UbiComp's frame of reference to include any ICT with a ubiquitous presence, we articulate how technologies are adopted, accessed, used, and diffused in three urban slums of India. We showcase important local practices surrounding technology diffusion and their widespread implications for entrenching ICT use through sharing, learning, training, renewing, and extending use and access. We do this by discussing three main processes at the intersection of technology consumption, resource constraints, and cultural production specific to low-income communities in India: Cutting Chai or sharing technology ownership and maintenance to cut costs, Jugaad or workarounds in the face of resource constraints, and Here Pheri or gray market activity that subvert legal business processes. We also suggest a few design principles to provoke new kinds of inquiry and practice in the design and implementation of UbiComp for a global community.
Species selection on variability.

Abstract Most analyses of species selection require emergent, as opposed to aggregate, characters at the species level. This "emergent character" approach tends to focus on the search for adaptations at the species level. Such an approach seems to banish the most potent evolutionary property of populations--variability itself--from arguments about species selection (for variation is an aggregate character). We wish, instead, to extend the legitimate domain of species selection to aggregate characters. This extension of selection theory to the species level will concentrate, instead, on the relation between fitness and the species character, whether aggregate or emergent. Examination of the role of genetic variability in the long-term evolution of clades illustrates the cogency of broadening the definition of species selection to include aggregate characters. We reinterpret, in this light, a classic case presented in support of species selection. As originally presented, the species selection explanation of volutid neogastropod evolution was vulnerable to a counterinterpretation at the organism level. Once this case is recast within a definition of species selection that reflects the essential structure and broad applicability of hierarchical selection models, the organism-level reinterpretation of variability loses its force. We conclude that species selection on variability is a major force of macroevolution.
Characterizing Suitability of Wearable Sensors for Movement Analysis Using a Programmed Robotic Motion

Wearable sensor systems have the potential to offer advancements in the study of motion disorders, particularly outside of a laboratory setting during activities of daily living or on a football field. Advantages like portability and the capability to gather real-world data have resulted in the rapid adoption of these sensors in various studies for gait analysis, balance control evaluation, physical activity recognition and fall prevention. However, before using wearable sensors in long-term acquisition studies, it is necessary to quantify and analyze errors and determine their sources. In this study, the accuracy of joint angles and velocities measured with the wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors were compared to both measurements from an optical motion-tracking system and from encoders on a robotic arm while it completed various predetermined paths. The robotic arm uses incremental encoders at each joint to measure and calculate its Cartesian motion relative to a reference frame using inverse kinematics. Motion profiles of the robotic arm were tracked using the onboard encoders, an eight-camera Vicon (Oxford, UK) motion-tracking system with passive retro-reflective markers, and four wearable IMUs by APDM (Portland, OR). In order to better isolate various types of contributing errors, linear, planar, and 3-dimensional robot motions were used. Data were collected from the sensors over several hours, which provided insight into time-based effects as well as management of large amounts of data for future long-term tracking applications. In addition, the authors have previously seen acquisition errors with high-speed gaits, thus robotic arm trajectories of varying velocities were used to provide further insight into these rate-based effects. Angular velocity and joint angles were compared for all three systems and used to investigate the hysteresis, drift and time-based effects on the IMUs as well as their accuracy during motion tracking. Effects on IMU performance due to the application of filtering algorithms were not investigated. The results show that the IMUs were able to calculate the joint angles within a clinically acceptable range of the gold standard optical motion-tracking system. The IMUs also provided accurate trajectory recognition and angular velocity measurements relative to the known motion input of the robotic arm. Future work will include the development of algorithms to detect gait abnormalities such as those seen in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). To complement human subject testing with gait pathology, controlled introduction of gait deviations into this robotic testing framework will allow for well-characterized unit testing, providing more robust algorithm development.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
APLNET, a local computer network

A local network has been developed to interconnect computers used by the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University (APL/JHU). The network is based upon proven, commercially available networking components and the APL/MVS interactive system which offers Iverson's APL to users of large-scale IBM processors. The need for users of the APL language to access data within minicomputer systems and to control specialized peripherals connected to those minicomputers constituted a major motivation for the network. Shared variables provide the interface between APL users and the APLNET network. Network management functions are implemented in APL for maximum ease of customizing and changing both the displays and commands used by management.
Developing visible fluorogenic 'click-on' dyes for cellular imaging.

New fluorogenic dyes were designed and synthesized based on Cu(I)-catalyzed ‘click’ reaction. Conjugating weakly fluorescent benzothiazole derivatives with an electron-deficient alkyne group at the 2-position with azide-containing molecules in aqueous solution form ‘click-on’ fluorescent adducts. Model reactions and cell culture experiment indicated that the developed ‘click-on’ dye could be applied to labeling various biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and other molecules, in cells.
Lazy eyes zebrafish mutation affects Müller glial cells, compromising photoreceptor function and causing partial blindness.

A behavioral assay based on the optokinetic reflex was used to screen chemically mutagenized zebrafish larvae for deficits in visual function. A homozygous recessive mutation, lazy eyes (lze), was isolated based on the observation that 5-day postfertilization (dpf) mutants displayed weaker and less frequent eye movements than wild-type fish in response to moving stripes. Electroretinographic (ERG) recordings revealed that mutants had severely reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes relative to wild-type fish, indicating outer retinal dysfunction. Retinal lamination and cellular differentiation were normal in the lze retina; however, mutant photoreceptor cells had small outer segments and pyknotic nuclei were occasionally observed in the outer retina and the marginal zone of lze. Cone, rod, amacrine, bipolar, and Muller cell marker analyses indicated that the typical lze retina contained fewer rod photoreceptors and fewer Muller cells than wild-type fish at 5 dpf. At 3 dpf, however, mutant retinas had normal numbers of rod photoreceptors and Muller cells, suggesting that the initial differentiation of these cell types occurred normally. Rod photoreceptor histology was normal at this early stage, but Muller cells were often hypertrophied, suggesting that they were unhealthy. Constant light rearing of mutant animals accelerated the Muller cell degeneration, severely worsened the visual deficit, but had no obvious affect on the photoreceptors. When ERG responses and Muller cell degeneration from the same mutant animals were analyzed, the extent of the Muller cell loss matched closely the degree to which ERG responses were reduced. In summary, the lze gene appears to be required for Muller cell viability and normal visual function. The lze mutant may be a model for the study of the involvement of Muller cells in photoreceptor development and function. J. Comp. Neurol. 463:265–280, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RePRAM: Re-cycling PRAM faulty blocks for extended lifetime

As main memory systems begin to face the scaling challenges from DRAM technology, future computer systems need to adapt to the emerging memory technologies like Phase-Change Memory (PCM or PRAM). While these newer technologies offer advantages such as storage density, non-volatility, and low energy consumption, they are constrained by limited write endurance that becomes more pronounced with process variation. In this paper, we propose a novel PRAM-based main memory system, RePRAM (Recycling PRAM), which leverages a group of faulty pages and recycles them in a managed way to significantly extend the PRAM lifetime while minimizing the performance impact. In particular, we explore two different dimensions of dynamic redundancy levels and group sizes, and design low-cost hardware and software support for RePRAM. Our proposed scheme involves minimal hardware modifications (that have less than 1% on-chip and off-chip area overheads). Also, our schemes can improve the PRAM lifetime by up to 43× (times) over a chip with no error correction capabilities, and outperform prior schemes such as DRM and ECP at a small fraction of the hardware cost. The performance overhead resulting from our scheme is less than 7% on average across 21 applications from SPEC2006, Splash-2, and PARSEC benchmark suites.
Using system dynamics to measure the value of information in a business firm

The primary focus of the research reported in this article was on measuring the value of information in a business firm. A five-sector system dynamics model was developed and calibrated to an average firm in the U.S. metal-can production industry. The model was used to test several propositions about the economic value of information. A framework in which to assess information value was developed, and the performance of the firm was assessed using cost, profitability, and efficiency measures for the information attributes of accuracy, timeliness, relevance, and reliability at the strategic, managerial, and operational decision-making levels of the firm.
Productivity expectations in the level of COBOL programming for business (Panel Discussion)

The key to almost every business-oriented computer program is the sequence of programming courses in the major language utilized in that geographic area. The overall major language, based on almost every computer survey, has been COBOL. With the availability of COBOL on micro-computers that utilization will probably increase. With the industry concerns on the depth of programming knowledge of graduates, the major programming sequence should be at a level consistent with the needs of the business/industry served.
A Rotating Disk Cell for Raman Spectroelectrochemistry: Investigation of an Electrode Surface Species and an Electrogenerated Solution Species

A Raman spectroelectrochemical cell has been developed which incorporates a rotating disk design. This cell has been shown to be useful for the Raman investigation of electrode surface species (spinning electrode) and electrogenerated solution species (static electrode). It has been used to characterize the Raman spectroelectrochemical behavior of photolabile dithizone anion adsorbed at silver and copper electrode surfaces. Use of this cell for the study of electrogenerated solution species was demonstrated by the resonance Raman characterization of the tetra-cyanoethylene anion radical electrogenerated with a cyclic potential step. Cell construction is described and its merits discussed.
Refractive index of liquids at high pressures

Abstract In this age of laser technology, the importance of studies on piezo– and elasto‐optic properties of liquids cannot be over-emphasized. In many applications such as acousto‐optic modulators, acoustic probes, high speed optical scanners and deflectors, etc., in the field of communications, a precise knowledge of the elasto‐optic coefficient of the liquids would be of immense help in the proper choice of the suitable acousto‐opticmaterials, as well as in the various design considerations. Besides being of immediate use in the various applications mentioned above, precise determinations of the piezo‐optic and elasto‐optic coefficients for liquids have a special importance in relation to the theory of optics. It is well known that the Lorentz‐Lorenz refraction formula does not accurately give the refractive index of a liquid in terms of the index for the vapor; the deviations from the formula are even more striking when we consider the changes in the refractive index of a liquid produced by changes of...
Setting the agenda for estuarine water quality management: Lessons from Puget Sound

Abstract In the Puget Sound region of Washington State, the Puget Sound Water Quality Authority has had agenda building as its primary mission. The consensus planning approach it has utilized has led to a plan with a high degree of popular support, though achieved in some cases through the abandonment of highly divisive issues. The Authority has become increasingly proactive however as it has moved from consolidating gains made in other state and federal water quality programs on behalf of Puget Sound to developing new initiatives aimed at water quality problems little addressed in the past. A variety of influences, generally consistent with behavioral theories of the dynamics of agenda building, have determined the management program now being promoted by the Authority. Although social conflict has been less of a factor than has been portrayed in the literature, recent events suggest that the consensus strategy pursued by the Authority may be leaving it vulnerable to attack from industry groups previously not heard from as the plan has developed. In estuarine water quality planning the goal-directed, comprehensive, synoptic approach implicit in many water quality planning models must adapt to strategic policy making. The agenda-building process will reflect the balance achieved between the two. This paper details the interplay between synoptic planning and strategic policy-making, as the comprehensive water quality management program now being implemented for Puget Sound has developed through the mid 1980s.
The jackknife: a resampling method with connections to the bootstrap

The jackknife is a statistical method that dates back to the late 1940s. After the introduction of the bootstrap in the late 1970s it became classified with permutation methods, bootstrap and subsampling as a resampling method. In the beginning the jackknife was used for bias correction and variance estimation. As time went on it was generalized and used more widely including its use in generating approximate confidence intervals for statistical parameters. This article provides an overview of the jackknife along with its connections to the bootstrap and the other resampling methods. Key research articles and books related to the jackknife and the bootstrap are noted. WIREs Comput Stat 2012, 4:224–226. doi: 10.1002/wics.202
Who is a Teacher Educator? Enactment of Teacher Educator Identity through Electronic Portfolio Development

Abstract This study examines how participants in the Teacher Educator Standards Cohort enacted their identities through the creation of standards-based portfolios. Fourteen teacher educators participated in the cohort for 1 year. Data sources included the electronic portfolios, focus group interviews, and individual reflections. Findings point to five facets of teacher educator identity: Teacher, scholar in teaching, collaborator, learner, and leader. Participants primarily constructed their identities as teachers, but individual responsibilities and levels of experience may have affected how they enacted other facets of identity. The findings also highlight the discussion about who a teacher educator is and about the move to define a multifaceted profession that is shaped by the discourses in which teacher educators' practice is nested.
Increased Expression of CD169 on Blood Monocytes and Its Regulation by Virus and CD8 T Cells in Macaque Models of HIV Infection and AIDS

Abstract Increased expression of CD169 on monocytes has been reported in HIV-1-infected humans. Using rhesus macaque models of HIV infection, we sought to investigate whether simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection upregulates CD169 expression on monocytes/macrophages. We also sought to determine whether CD8 T cells and plasma viral load directly impact the expression of CD169 on monocytes during SIV infection. We longitudinally assessed monocyte expression of CD169 during the course of SIV infection by flow cytometry, and examined the expression of CD169 on macrophages by immunohistochemistry in the spleen and lymph nodes of uninfected and infected macaques. CD169 expression on monocytes was substantially upregulated as early as 4 days during the hyperacute phase and peaked by 5–15 days after infection. After a transient decrease following the peak, its expression continued to increase during progression to AIDS. Monocyte CD169 expression was directly associated with plasma viral loads. To determin...
Alteration of NCoR Corepressor Splicing in Mice Causes Increased Body Weight and Hepatosteatosis without Glucose Intolerance

Alternative mRNA splicing is an important means of diversifying function in higher eukaryotes. Notably, both NCoR and SMRT corepressors are subject to alternative mRNA splicing, yielding a series of distinct corepressor variants with highly divergent functions. Normal adipogenesis is associated with a switch in corepressor splicing from NCoRω to NCoRδ, which appears to help regulate this differentiation process. We report here that mimicking this development switch in mice by a splice-specific whole-animal ablation of NCoRω is very different from a whole-animal or tissue-specific total NCoR knockout and produces significantly enhanced weight gain on a high-fat diet. Surprisingly, NCoRω(-/-) mice are protected against diet-induced glucose intolerance despite enhanced adiposity and the presence of multiple additional, prodiabetic phenotypic changes. Our results indicate that the change in NCoR splicing during normal development both helps drive normal adipocyte differentiation and plays a key role in determining a metabolically appropriate storage of excess calories. We also conclude that whole-gene "knockouts" fail to reveal how important gene products are customized, tailored, and adapted through alternative mRNA splicing and thus do not reveal all the functions of the protein products of that gene.
Vehicle Level Tip-to-Tail Modeling of an Aircraft

A system-level multidisciplinary aircraft model has been developed exclusively in MATLAB/Simulink. Aircraft subsystem models representing the air vehicle system, propulsion system, robust electrical power system, thermal management systems, actuation system and their associated controllers were integrated to investigate the thermal management issues of a long range strike platform. The aircraft model coined tip-to-tail modeling and simulation tool (T2T M&S) allows conceptual design trade studies of various subsystems and can quantify performance gains across the aircraft. As a result, the thermal and power challenges that face modern aircraft can be addressed, potentially increasing the performance capabilities of future aircraft. Preliminary simulation results are discussed with a specific focus on thermal management during mission segments of high thermal demands.
Artificial induction of the sexual cycle of Neurospora crassa

CHEMICAL regulation of sexual development in fungi was suggested in the 1880s by Sachs and de Bary (see ref. 1). Burgeff2 later demonstrated that the so-called + and − strains of Mucor mucedo if separated by a colloidion membrane, produced zygophores that grew toward each other. The presence of diffusible substances which function in the sexual cycle has since been demonstrated in, for example, Achlya1,3–8, Allomyces9,10, Ascobolus11–13, Mucor14–20, Saccharormyces21–23, and Neurospora24–27. Varied functions have been attributed to these extracts. In some well studied systems, such as Achlya and Mucor, chemical substances have been reported at almost all stages of sexual development, each serving to initiate the next stage4,17.
Simple games of market manipulation

Abstract This paper presents two simple games of market manipulation which are relevant to financial economics.
Use of ecological momentary assessment in mood disorders research

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) entails repeated, intensive sampling of respondents' current experiences while they are engaged in their typical daily routines, in their natural environments. In this article we discuss benefits of using EMA techniques in mood disorders research, provide an overview of the various specific EMA techniques that have been used with mood-disordered populations to date, and summarize the diverse range of research questions that EMA has been used to explore in this field. In addition, we evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using EMA techniques with this population and suggest additional areas that might be fruitful to investigate, with a focus on the extension of EMA techniques into treatment research. Overall, data suggest that using EMA techniques in mood disorders research is feasible, generally acceptable, and highly promising. We conclude with a discussion of caveats, limitations, and ethical considerations.
Loyalty Questioned: Nuevomexicanos in the Great War

Over four years after oil companies first applied for a permit, Congress authorized the Alaska Oil Pipeline in November 1973. Running from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific, the pipeline crossed 600 miles of federal land, which made it a "major action significantly affecting the environment," thus triggering an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Standard accounts tell of revolutionary environmental laws running into the economic reality of the 1970s. What has been lost in the telling is that the pipeline approval offered Congress an opportunity to investigate the wisdom of a proposed internal improvement. The pipeline controversy was not just the first battle of the environmental decade. It also continued nearly two centuries of debate over internal improvements, public financing of private investments, federal incorporation, monopoly charters, and national security. The pipeline approval was as much a decision about political economy as it was an environmental policy decision.
Infinite-Horizon Joint LQG Synthesis of Switching and Feedback in Discrete Time

Given a multi-modal linear plant, the objective is to obtain a mode switching sequence and a switching-path-dependent feedback controller that jointly stabilize the plant and achieve a desired LQG performance. The synthesis of a dynamic output feedback controller can be carried out separately from that of a switching sequence between modes. Moreover, the switching sequence can be obtained by iteratively solving convex programs.
MicroRNA-repressed mRNAs contain 40S but not 60S components

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that may target more than one-third of human genes, yet the mechanisms used by miRNAs to repress translation of target mRNAs are obscure. Using a recently described cell-free assay of miRNA function, we observe that miRNA-targeted mRNAs are enriched for 40S but not 60S ribosome components. Additionally, toeprinting analysis of miRNA-targeted mRNAs demonstrates that ≈18 nt 3′ relative to the initiating AUG are protected, consistent with 40S ribosome subunits positioned at the AUG codon. Our results suggest that miRNAs repress translation initiation by preventing 60S subunit joining to miRNA-targeted mRNAs.
Control Theory: a Foundational Technique for Self Managing Databases

Control theory is a well established discipline that has emerged from aeronautical, electrical, and mechanical engineering to provide a formal approach to building robust systems. While similar robustness concerns exist in database management systems, control theory is rarely used due to the lack of canonical control models and a dearth of control theory expertise among database researchers. We discuss our experience with using control theory to build self managing databases, showing experimental results, discussing pitfalls and limitations, and contrasting formal models against with feedback loops. While our experience indicates that control theory is a good paradigm for database self management, control theory should be used Judiciously since its techniques are not suited to all problems in database administration.
Investigation on the spring-in phenomenon of carbon nanofiber-glass fiber/polyester composites manufactured with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding

Abstract Process-induced residual stress arises in polymer composites as a result of mismatched resin contraction and fiber contraction during the cure stage. When a curved shell-like composite part is de-molded, the residual stress causes the spring-in phenomenon, in which the enclosed angle of the part becomes smaller than the angle of its mold. In this paper, a new approach is presented to control and reduce the spring-in angle by infusing a small amount of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) together with liquid resin into the glass fiber preform using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The experimental results showed that the spring-in angles of the L-shaped composite specimens were effectively restrained by the CNFs. An analytical model and a 3-D FEA model were developed to predict the spring-in phenomenon and to understand the role of CNFs in reducing the spring-in angle. The models agreed with the experimental results reasonably well. Furthermore, the analytical model explains how the CNF-enhanced dimensional tolerance control is accomplished through the reductions in the matrix’s equivalent coefficient of thermal expansion and linear crosslinking shrinkage.
Immigration, Naturalization, and Residential Assimilation among Asian Americans in 1980

We investigate the residential assimilation of Asian-origin groups in the U.S. paying particular attention to socioeconomic characteristics immigrant status and ethnicity....Data from a special tabulation of the 1980 U.S. census...allow us to express residential outcomes measured in the aggregate as a function of individual characteristics....Our results support the link between social mobility and spatial mobility in that Asian-origin groups translate their socioeconomic achievements into residential assimilation. Contrary to some interpretations of standard assimilation models we find that duration of residence in the United States does not have a particularly strong influence on residential assimilation. The effect of immigrant status is overshadowed by that of ethnic group membership a factor that points to the diversity of experiences and contexts of arrival for Asian Americans. (EXCERPT)
The Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders in Pediatric Chronic Pain

OBJECTIVE Examine the psychometric properties of the SCARED in pediatric chronic pain. METHODS Participants were parents (n = 313 mothers, 163 fathers) and youth (n = 349) presenting for treatment of pediatric chronic pain. Participants completed the SCARED and measures of pain catastrophizing, internalizing problems, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) of SCARED Total scores ranged from .92 to .93 across sources of report. All subscales except for School Phobia exhibited good internal consistency. SCARED scores were significantly positively related to internalizing symptoms and pain catastrophizing; and negatively related to health-related quality of life. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed acceptable fit of the SCARED measurement model. CONCLUSIONS The SCARED shows promise as a measure of anxiety in pediatric pain. Important caveats for its usage and areas in need of additional research are discussed. Of importance in pediatric pain is improving current approaches for measuring school anxiety in this population.
Progressive aphasia without dementia: Two cases with focal spongiform degeneration

Two patients with the syndrome of progressive aphasia without evidence of generalized dementia underwent postmortem neuropathological examinations. In both patients, characteristic changes of Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, or Creutzfeldt—Jakob disease were absent. Both patients showed a focal spongiform change involving primarily layer 2 of the left inferior frontal gyrus (and temporal cortex in Patient 1) and a mild astrocytosis in layer 2 and deeper cortical layers. This focal, spongiform cortical degeneration in patients with progressive aphasia does not appear to duplicate any known central nervous system degenerative disease.
Making cyclic circuits acyclic

Cyclic circuits that do not hold state or oscillate are often the most convenient representation for certain functions, such as arbiters, and can easily by produced inadvertently in high-level synthesis, yet are troublesome for most circuit analysis tools. This paper presents an algorithm that generates an acyclic circuit that computes the same function as a given cyclic circuit for those inputs where the cyclic circuit does not oscillate or hold state. The algorithm identifies all patterns on inputs and internal nodes that lead to acyclic evaluation orders for the cyclic circuit, which are represented as acyclic circuit fragments, and then combines these to produce an acyclic circuit that can exhibit all of these behaviors. Experiments results suggest this potentially exponential algorithm is practical for small circuits and may be improved to handle larger circuits. This algorithm should make dealing with cyclic combinational circuits nearly as easy as dealing with their acyclic counterparts.
Interaction of silver nanoparticles with Tacaribe virus.

Background Silver nanoparticles possess many unique properties that make them attractive for use in biological applications. Recently they received attention when it was shown that 10 nm silver nanoparticles were bactericidal, which is promising in light of the growing number of antibiotic resistant bacteria. An area that has been largely unexplored is the interaction of nanomaterials with viruses and the possible use of silver nanoparticles as an antiviral agent.
QAIT: A quality assurance issue tracking tool to facilitate the improvement of clinical data quality

In clinical and translational research as well as clinical trial projects, clinical data collection is prone to errors such as missing data, and misinterpretation or inconsistency of the data. A good quality assurance (QA) program can resolve many such errors though this requires efficient communications between the QA staff and data collectors. Managing such communications is critical to resolving QA problems but imposes a major challenge for a project involving multiple clinical and data processing sites. We have developed a QA issue tracking (QAIT) system to support clinical data QA in the Clinical Breast Care Project (CBCP). This web-based application provides centralized management of QA issues with role-based access privileges. It has greatly facilitated the QA process and enhanced the overall quality of the CBCP clinical data. As a stand-alone system, QAIT can supplement any other clinical data management systems and can be adapted to support other projects.
CARVE: The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment

The Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) is a NASA Earth Ventures (EV-1) investigation designed to quantify correlations between atmospheric and surface state variables for the Alaskan terrestrial ecosystems through intensive seasonal aircraft campaigns, ground-based observations, and analysis sustained over a 5-year mission. CARVE bridges critical gaps in our knowledge and understanding of Arctic ecosystems, linkages between the Arctic hydrologic and terrestrial carbon cycles, and the feedbacks from fires and thawing permafrost. CARVE's objectives are to: (1) Directly test hypotheses attributing the mobilization of vulnerable Arctic carbon reservoirs to climate warming; (2) Deliver the first direct measurements and detailed maps of CO 2 and CH 4 sources on regional scales in the Alaskan Arctic; and (3) Demonstrate new remote sensing and modeling capabilities to quantify feedbacks between carbon fluxes and carbon cycle-climate processes in the Arctic (Figure 1). We describe the investigation design and results from 2011 test flights in Alaska.
Micropower gradient flow acoustic localizer

A micropower mixed-signal system-on-chip for three-dimensional localization of a broad-band acoustic source is presented. Direction cosines of the source are obtained by relating spatial and temporal differentials in the acoustic traveling wave field acquired across four coplanar microphones at subwavelength spacing. Correlated double sampling and least-squares adaptive cancellation of common-mode leakthrough in the switched-capacitor analog differentials boost localization accuracy at very low aperture. A second stage of mixed-signal least-squares adaptation directly produces digital estimates of the direction cosines. The 3mm /spl times/ 3mm chip in 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology quantizes signal delays with 250-ns resolution at 16-kHz sampling rate, and dissipates 54 /spl mu/W power from a 3-V supply. Field tests of the processor with acoustic enclosure demonstrated its utility and endurance in tracking ground and airborne vehicles. Applications include acoustic surveillance, interactive multimedia, and intelligent hearing aids.
Safe 3D navigation

Typical commercial 3D CAD tools provide modal tools such as pan, zoom, orbit, look, etc. to facilitate freeform navigation in a 3D scene. Mastering these navigation tools requires a significant amount of learning and even experienced computer users can find learning confusing and error-prone. To address this we have developed a concept called "Safe 3D Navigation" where we augment these modal tools with properties to reduce the occurance of confusing situations and improve the learning experience. In this paper we describe the major properties needed for safe navigation, the features we implemented to realize these properties, and usability tests on the effectiveness of these features. We conclude that indeed these properties do improve the learning experience for users that are new to 3D. Furthermore, many of the features we implemented for safe navigation are also very popular with experienced 3D users. As a result, these features have been integrated into six commercial 3D CAD applications and we recommend other application developers include these features to improve 3D navigation.
Assessing Lexical Development in Bilingual Babies and Toddlers

The introduction of vocabulary checklists for infant acquisition has allowed us to gather detailed information about early lexical growth from a broader number of bilingual children than before and to begin exploring the relation of growth in one language to growth in the other in a range of bilingual learning circumstances. Still, no standardized instruments to date give an adequate picture of normal bilingual development. Norms and milestones based on monolingual experience underestimate bilingual abilities in that they tap only a portion of the bilinguals' knowledge and credit them with less complex conceptualizations than what they actually possess. Double-language measures, like those proposed by Pearson, Fernandez, and Oller (1993) and Munoz-Sandoval, Cummins, Alvarado, and Ruef (1998), are an improvement over single-language measures as they encompass a greater portion of the bilinguals' knowledge, but they do not address the greater complexity of bilingual mental representations. What is needed are norms derived from observations of typically-developing bilingual children, followed up with measures of concurrent and predictive validity. However, bilinguals as a group are so diverse, it will be difficult to decide which subgroup(s) would be the appropriate reference to use for a standardization. In this review of recent studies, the difficulties involved in assessing bilingual vocabularies and recommendations for clinical practice are discussed.
A Note on Ordering Perturbations and the Insignificance of Linear Coupling in Combustion Instabilities

Formal analysis of combustion instabilities has been based on expansion of the equations of motion in two small parameters, March numbers characterizing the average and fluctuating flows. The procedure is reviewed and extended in this note explain how new terms involving nonlinear mean flow/acoustic interactions may be incorporated. As a further example of the ordering procedure, the reasoning is given to show why coupling of modes, linear in the average March number, cannot legitimately be retained when the equations have been expanded only to first order in Mach number.
Semantic api matching for automatic service composition

In this paper, we address the problem of matching I/O descriptions of services to enable their automatic service composition. Specifically, we develop a method of semantic schema matching and apply it to the API schemas constituting the I/O descriptions of services. The algorithm assures an optimal match of corresponding entities by obtaining a maximum matching in a bi-partite graph formed from the attributes.
Hippocampal-prefrontal engagement and dynamic causal interactions in the maturation of children's fact retrieval

Children's gains in problem-solving skills during the elementary school years are characterized by shifts in the mix of problem-solving approaches, with inefficient procedural strategies being gradually replaced with direct retrieval of domain-relevant facts. We used a well-established procedure for strategy assessment during arithmetic problem solving to investigate the neural basis of this critical transition. We indexed behavioral strategy use by focusing on the retrieval frequency and examined changes in brain activity and connectivity associated with retrieval fluency during arithmetic problem solving in second-and third-grade (7-to 9-year-old) children. Children with higher retrieval fluency showed elevated signal in the right hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), lingual gyrus (LG), fusiform gyrus (FG), left ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), bilateral dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), and posterior angular gyrus. Critically, these effects were not confounded by individual differences in problem-solving speed or accuracy. Psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed significant effective connectivity of the right hippocampus with bilateral VLPFC and DLPFC during arithmetic problem solving. Dynamic causal modeling analysis revealed strong bidirectional interactions between the hippocampus and the left VLPFC and DLPFC. Furthermore, causal influences from the left VLPFC to the hippocampus served as the main top-down component, whereas causal influences from the hippocampus to the left DLPFC served as the main bottom-up component of this retrieval network. Our study highlights the contribution of hippocampal-prefrontal circuits to the early development of retrieval fluency in arithmetic problem solving and provides a novel framework for studying dynamic developmental processes that accompany children's development of problem-solving skills.
Computer Simulation Studies of the Temperature Dependence of Domain Growth Kinetics

Understanding the kinetics of domain growth in quenched systems is a significant fundamental problem with particular relevance to materials science. The temperature dependence of domain growth has interesting manifestations which lie outside current theoretical developments. In a series of Monte Carlo studies, we have investigated and obtained a detailed resolution of the temperature dependencies of domain growth in a model of a two-dimensional, quenched, chemisorbed overlayer with a nonconserved order parameter. We discuss our findings.
Efficacy of two-pass electrofishing employing multiple units to assess stream fish species richness

We utilized two-pass, multiple unit backpack electrofishing data to assess stream fish species richness. Twenty-six streams in the Monongahela River basin of Pennsylvania were sampled over 200 m standard reaches. Effort, as measured by the number of electrofishers employed, was increased as a function of increasing mean stream width (<30 m) to a maximum of three operated abreast across the stream. We calculated proportional fish species richness (ˆ s) and the probability of detection ( ˆ
Advanced Unilateral Retinoblastoma: The Impact of Ophthalmic Artery Chemosurgery on Enucleation Rate and Patient Survival at MSKCC

Purpose To report on the influence of ophthalmic artery chemosurgery (OAC) on enucleation rates, ocular and patient survival from metastasis and impact on practice patterns at Memorial Sloan Kettering for children with advanced intraocular unilateral retinoblastoma. Patients and Methods Single-center retrospective review of all unilateral retinoblastoma patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma treated at MSKCC between our introduction of OAC (May 2006) and December 2014. End points were ocular survival, patient survival from metastases and enucleation rates. Results 156 eyes of 156 retinoblastoma patients were included. Primary enucleation rates have progressively decreased from a rate of >95% before OAC to 66.7% in the first year of OAC use to the present rate of 7.4%. The percent of patients receiving OAC has progressively increased from 33.3% in 2006 to 92.6% in 2014. Overall, ocular survival was significantly better in eyes treated with OAC in the years 2010–2014 compared to 2006–2009 (p = 0.023, 92.7% vs 68.0% ocular survival at 48 months). There have been no metastatic deaths in the OAC group but two patients treated with primary enucleation have died of metastatic disease. Conclusion OAC was introduced in 2006 and its impact on patient management is profound. Enucleation rates have decreased from over 95% to less than 10%. Our ocular survival rate has also significantly and progressively improved since May 2006. Despite treating more advanced eyes rather then enucleating them patient survival has not been compromised (there have been no metastatic deaths in the OAC group). In our institution, enucleation is no longer the most common treatment for advanced unilateral retinoblastoma.
Assessing the Efficiency of for Profit Colleges and Universities for the Period of 2005-2009

The aim of the study is to measure the efficiency of for profit colleges and universities in the United States using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The study data will be covering 199 institutions for the period between 2005 to 2009. The output of this study will be the graduation rate and total assets of these institutions while the inputs of the study will be total enrollments, number of full time staff members, number of full time faculty, academic and institutional support expanses, and total student grants within the institutions. The result of the study suggested that the average efficiency the for profit universities and colleges decrease in 2009 from 2005 from .37 to .29 while there was an increase in efficiency from 2006 to 2008, but there were decrease in efficiency from 2008 to 2009 for these 199 for profit college and universities.
Campus Diversity and Global Education: A Case Study of a Japanese Program.

The recent influx of international students from Asia to the United States has drastically changed the demographics of students studying languages, including languages other than English, in many large universities. For some languages, it is not uncommon for international students from Asia to constitute more than 50% of current enrollments in a language class. This new reality poses a number of questions, including how to meet students' diverse needs and goals for language study and how to mobilize increasing student diversity to enhance the development of global competence among all students, regardless of country of origin. Using semi-structured exploratory interviews conducted with domestic and international students of Japanese as a foreign language at an American university, this study investigated the challenges and opportunities presented in the globalized language classroom.