cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Social Influence and the Convergence of Mass and Interpersonal Communication

Mass and interpersonal communication are rapidly converging as people integrate an assortment of Internet-based tools into their communication repertoires. This convergence prompts dramatic changes in the conditions that once were presumed to distinguish mass from interpersonal communication, most notably differences in communication directionality and scale, audience size and identification, and a host of cues that signal source credibility. This article proposes a number of features of technological convergence in this context—including shifts in message control, audience scale, and source, receiver, and temporal ambiguity—and describes illustrative implications for social influence processes. These features highlight areas that traditional mass and interpersonal communication perspectives cannot fully describe alone, and suggest new methods and directions for the examination of online social influence.
Hacia el fomento de la creatividad en los estudiante

Se ha abusado mucho de la palabra CREATIVIDAD porque es dificil definirla con precision. En el habla comun, a menudo se usa con un proposito negativo: los educadores, los politicos y los administradores son criticados por no ser creativos; con frecuencia esta critica significa solamente que el critico no aprueba lo que el educador, el politico o el administrador esta haciendo.
Characteristic impedance: frequency or time domain approach?

Objective: Characteristic impedance (Zc) is an important component in the theory of hemodynamics. It is a commonly used metric of proximal arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity. Calculated using simultaneously measured dynamic pressure and flow data, estimates of characteristic impedance can be obtained using methods based on frequency or time domain analysis. Applications of these methods under different physiological and pathological conditions in species with different body sizes and heart rates show that the two approaches do not always agree. In this study, we have investigated the discrepancies between frequency and time domain estimates accounting for uncertainties associated with experimental processes and physiological conditions. Approach: We have used published data measured in different species including humans, dogs, and mice to investigate: (a) the effects of time delay and signal noise in the pressure-flow data, (b) uncertainties about the blood flow conditions, (c) periodicity of the cardiac cycle versus the breathing cycle, on the frequency and time domain estimates of Zc, and (d) if discrepancies observed under different hemodynamic conditions can be eliminated. Main results and Significance: We have shown that the frequency and time domain estimates are not equally sensitive to certain characteristics of hemodynamic signals including phase lag between pressure and flow, signal to noise ratio and the end of systole retrograde flow. The discrepancies between two types of estimates are inherent due to their intrinsically different mathematical expressions and therefore it is impossible to define a criterion to resolve such discrepancies. Considering the interpretation and role of Zc as an important hemodynamic parameter, we suggest that the frequency and time domain estimates should be further assessed as two different hemodynamic parameters in a future study.
Two complementary reversed-phase separations for comprehensive coverage of the semipolar and nonpolar metabolome

Although it is common in untargeted metabolomics to apply reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) methods that have been systematically optimized for lipids and central carbon metabolites, here we show that these established protocols provide poor coverage of semipolar metabolites because of inadequate retention. Our objective was to develop an RPLC approach that improved detection of these metabolites without sacrificing lipid coverage. We initially evaluated columns recently released by Waters under the CORTECS line by analyzing 47 small-molecule standards that evenly span the nonpolar and semipolar ranges. An RPLC method commonly used in untargeted metabolomics was considered a benchmarking reference. We found that highly nonpolar and semipolar metabolites cannot be reliably profiled with any single method because of retention and solubility limitations of the injection solvent. Instead, we optimized a multiplexed approach using the CORTECS T3 column to analyze semipolar compounds and the CORTECS C8 column to analyze lipids. Strikingly, we determined that combining these methods allowed detection of 41 of the total 47 standards, whereas our reference RPLC method detected only 10 of the 47 standards. We then applied credentialing to compare method performance at the comprehensive scale. The tandem method showed more than a fivefold increase in credentialing coverage relative to our RPLC benchmark. Our results demonstrate that comprehensive coverage of metabolites amenable to reversed-phase separation necessitates two reconstitution solvents and chromatographic methods. Thus, we suggest complementing HILIC methods with a dual T3 and C8 RPLC approach to increase coverage of semipolar metabolites and lipids for untargeted metabolomics.
A trade-off between estimation accuracy of worker quality and task complexity

In crowdsourcing, many people are less capable of producing quality work, and there are those who work inadequately. We can improve the quality of work, and also we can decrease time and wages if we eliminate poor workers and give extra instruction to their workers. Therefore, estimating work quality is essential for uncovering poor workers. In existing studies, the response behavior of workers was used to estimate their quality. However, in these studies, the authors only apply to complicated tasks that have many types of response behavior. In this paper, we propose a method for estimating the quality of workers by their response behavior by intentionally complicating a simple task. By doing so, we can get more accurate and detailed response behavior. By using accurate and detailed response behavior even in simple tasks that have few types of response behavior, the estimation accuracy of low-quality workers improved. However, workers had to work for slightly longer.
RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are transformative in the differentiation of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast, in human primary villous and BeWo trophoblasts

The fusion of villous cytotrophoblasts into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is critical for the essential functions of the mammalian placenta. Using RNA-Seq gene expression and quantitative protein expression, we identified genes and their cognate proteins which are coordinately up- or down-regulated in two cellular models of cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast development, human primary villous and human BeWo cytotrophoblasts. These include hCGβ, TREML2, PAM, CRIP2, INHA, FLRG, SERPINF1, C17orf96, KRT17 and SAA1. These findings provide avenues for further understanding the mechanisms underlying mammalian placental synctiotrophoblast development.
Light sheet imaging comes of age.

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy methods that minimize photodamage are increasingly penetrant in biomedical research and currently comprise three distinct platforms. In this issue, Fadero et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201710087) describe a fourth approach termed “LITE microscopy,” which is useful for extended imaging of specimens from cells to organisms.
Exonuclease III Digestion

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on exonuclease III Digestion. The processive enzyme exonuclease III from Escherichia coli can be used to locate the binding site of a protein on a native DNA fragment. Exonuclease III can be obtained from a variety of suppliers, including United States Biochemicals, Boehringer Mannheim. A difficulty with the exonuclease III technique is that the efficacy of the enzyme is not always uniform, in that certain phosphodiester bonds in the DNA sequence may be resistant to cleavage. Exonuclease III may pause at points such as it moves along the DNA, and if it dissociates from the fragment there extra-neous bands will be generated. Exonuclease III can be obtained from a variety of suppliers, including United States Biochemicals, Boehringer Mannheim.
Frictional behavior of Self-Assembled Polymer Brushes

The frictional response between polymer brush layers was studied as a function of solvent condition and degree of compression using a direct force measurement technique. The brush bearing surfaces were made by preferential adsorption of polystyrenepolyvinylpryridine (PS-PVP) block copolymers from a dilute solution. Parallel lateral motion was imparted to one surface, while the response was detected at the opposing brush-covered surface. It was observed, consistent with work published by other groups, that when contacting brushes bathed in a good solvent are sheared past one another, no frictional forces are detected until the polymer layers are strongly compressed. When the solvent is changed to a near-theta solvent, large frictional forces are measured at weaker compressions. The onset of these frictional forces occurs at distances comparable to the distance at which the opposing layers contact one another and rapidly increase as the brushes are compressed. Arguments are advanced that this behavior is attributable to frictional interactions between the polymer chains and the solvent.
Un dios que sepa bailar: la performance privada, el gesto más radical.

La escritura se realiza siempre en privado. Incluso cuando tiene lugar en un entorno publico nadie es consciente de estar presenciando el acto de escritura. Y, sin embargo, es una performance, ya que cumple con las caracteristicas de una representacion performatica. Si no es concebida o recibida como tal, es tan solo porque no se explicita tal deseo. Este trabajo va tanteando, como una performance de danza contemporanea, esta posibilidad. Estructurado en movimientos que asemejan la estructura coreografica de un montaje de danza, tantea hitos historicos, conceptos esteticos y filosoficos, incluso criticos, que van trenzando la relacion entre la escritura y la danza contemporanea y, por extension en ultima instancia, la performance. Se trata de la bitacora de la toma de consciencia de esa reverberacion que se produce entre ambas disciplinas y que, posiblemente, estaba apenas esperando a ser alumbrada. El trabajo, tras el tanteo coreografico, llega a la conclusion de que la escritura es, de todas las performances, la mas radical por, precisamente, negar la necesidad del publico para legitimar su existencia. La escritura es la performance de mas ardua valoracion, porque termina siendo invisible como tal, pese a existir. Como el concepto de infradelgado de Duchamp, uno debe admitir su existencia, incluso puede intuirla, pero no puede afirmar haberla presenciado. Esta vision de la escritura como performance privada es totalmente inedita en el campo critico.
Sleep duration in Mexican American children: Do mothers' and fathers' parenting and family practices play a role?

This study examined parenting styles, parenting practices and family practices that may be associated with weeknight sleep duration among 8- to 10-year-old Mexican American (MA) children. This cross-sectional study of MA children used baseline data from a 2-year cohort study of mother-child pairs (n = 308) with additional data on fathers (n = 166). Children's weeknight sleep duration was accelerometer estimated and averaged for 2 weeknights. Parents reported on their parenting styles and practices regarding food and family food-related practices. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to examine sleep duration with parenting styles and practices, and family practices, and adjusting for child gender and body mass index. Model 1 included mothers' parenting styles and practices; Model 2 included both mothers' and fathers' parenting styles and practices. Children's average sleep duration was 9.5 (SD = 0.8) hr. Mothers who used pressure to encourage their children to eat and those who used food to control behavior had children with longer sleep duration (β = 0.21, p < 0.01; β = 0.15, p = 0.03, respectively). Mothers who reported their children ate dinner with the TV on and those who valued eating dinner as a family had children with shorter sleep duration (β = -0.16, p = 0.01; β = -0.18, p = 0.01, respectively). Fathers who restricted the amount of food their children ate had children with shorter sleep duration (β = -0.27, p = 0.01). Mothers' and fathers' feeding practices, the child's eating dinner with the TV on, and valuing family dinners, played a role in children's weeknight sleep duration among Mexican American families. Parental feeding practices and family mealtime contexts may have an effect on children's weeknight sleep duration.
Disclosing Prescription-Drug Prices in Advertisements — Legal and Public Health Issues

Disclosing Prescription-Drug Prices in Advertisements Under a new proposed rule, television advertisements for prescription drugs and biologic products would be required to disclose the product’s list price. Although there is broad support for improving price transparency, the rule raises public health and legal concerns.
Characteristics and quality of genetics and genomics mobile apps: a systematic review.

Mobile applications (apps) have been increasingly utilized to access the latest and abundant information related to genetics/genomics for resources, risk assessments, and individualized recommendations. Nevertheless, the number and quality of the current apps in genetics/genomics remain unknown. Thus, in this review, we aimed to identify existing genetic/genomic apps, summarize their characteristics, and examine their quality. A systematic search of genetics/genomics apps was conducted on Apple Store and Google Play. We adapted a validated evaluation scale, Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS), to examine the quality of genetics/genomics apps. Eighty-eight genetics/genomics apps, with the cost ranging from free to $49.99, formed the final sample. Findings showed that the majority of the apps had reference/resource as a feature (95.5%), had health professional students as the target audience (86.4%), and did not focus on specific diseases (78.5%). Only 21.6% of the apps were developed by reliable or authoritative agencies, and the apps’ overall quality was slightly above average based on the criteria of the MARS. Therefore, while genetics/genomics mobile apps might be useful resources, their quality still needs improvement, especially with respect to the credibility and evidence-based items of app information as well as the customization items of app engagement; caution must be taken when using those apps.
Sense of school community among high school students with a disability

High school students with a disability often experience social isolation and exclusion. Previous research has not explored the extent to which youth with a disability feel connected to their school...
Emotional analysis towards reasoning about attitudes of customers using Spark — A Novel Machine Learning Approach

This paper introduces an information construction methodology to handle eventualities of customer review. The prime attention is on the behavior patterns of the reviewers, building the core for the representation of these eventualities as sequences of emotional and mental actions. Developed foundation facilitates a domain-liberated comparison of the eventualities to manage/analyze behavior patterns of the reviewer. The established model for a special case of interaction (customer reviews) is built and the developed methodology is able to substantiate the sentiment, emotion and reason behind the mental action of the reviewer. The result of this study is that one can assess reviews irrespective of the domain, reasoning about rating of a review and reasoning about the likes/dislikes/emotion associated with the review is also possible. Analysis of emotions of reviewers is done, where the mental conduct is defined in terms of their beliefs and intentions.
Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Land Snail Oreohelix idahoensis.

ABSTRACT We announce the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Oreohelix idahoensis, a threatened land snail endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The circular genome is 14.2 kb and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 21 tRNA genes.
Coffeehouse Musings on Post-Grutter Ironies: Promoting Diversity to Ensure Globalization

As I sat recently in a trendy cafe - one that epitomizes so much of the global economy today - I thought about racial and gendered diversity and equality, post-Grutter. Yet consider how optimistically Justice O'Connor phrases the issue of globalization in Grutter: "We must affirm diversity in education because of the skills needed for today's increasingly global marketplace through exposure to widely diverse people, cultures, ideas and viewpoints." How curious that the educational institution is viewed as a crucial link to the phenomenon of consumption and the marketplace.
Testosterone replacement therapy reduces biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy

Objective To evaluate risk of prostate cancer biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men receiving vs not receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Patients and methods A total of 850 patients underwent RP by a single surgeon. All patients had preoperative testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels determined; free testosterone was calculated prospectively. In all, 152 (18%) patients with low preoperative calculated free testosterone (cFT) levels and delayed postoperative sexual function recovery were placed on TRT and proportionately matched to 419 control patients by pathological Gleason Grade Group (GGG) and stage. Rates and time to BCR [two consecutive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of ≥0.2 ng/mL] were compared in univariate and multivariate regression; Cox regression was used to generate a survival function at the mean of covariates. Results The median follow-up was 3.5 years. There were no statistically significant differences in demographics or general health complications between groups. BCR occurred in 11/152 (7.2%) and 53/419 (12.6%) patients in the TRT and control groups, respectively. In adjusted time-to-event analysis, TRT was an independent predictor of recurrence-free survival. After accounting for GGG, pathological stage, preoperative PSA level, and cFT, patients on TRT were ~54% less likely to recur (hazard ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.292-0.997). In men destined to recur, TRT delayed time to recurrence by an average of 1.5 years. Conclusion In our experience, TRT after RP significantly reduced BCR and delayed time to BCR. There was no identifiable general health complications associated with TRT. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation with multi-centred, prospective randomised controlled trials.
Diagnosis of ischemic stroke using circulating levels of brain-specific proteins measured via high-sensitivity digital ELISA.

Abstract Limited lower detection ranges associated with traditional immunoassay techniques have prevented the use of brain-specific proteins as blood biomarkers of stroke in the acute phase of care, as these proteins are often only present in circulation at low concentrations. Digital ELISA is a newly developed technique with allows for quantification of proteins in biofluids with up to 1000 times greater sensitivity than conventional ELISA techniques. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the extended lower limits of detection associated with digital ELISA could enable the use of brain-specific proteins as blood biomarkers of ischemic stroke during triage. Blood was sampled from ischemic stroke patients (n = 14) at emergency department admission, as well as from neurologically normal controls matched in terms of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (n = 33). Plasma levels of two brain-specific axonal proteins, neurofilament light chain (NfL) and tau, were measured via digital ELISA, and receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to determine their ability to discriminate between groups. Plasma levels of NfL and tau were both significantly elevated in stroke patients versus controls, and could respectively discriminate between groups with 92.9% sensitivity / 84.9% specificity, and 85.7% sensitivity / 54.6% specificity. Furthermore, adjustment of measured NfL and Tau levels according to the lower-limits of detection associated with commercially-available conventional ELISA assays resulted in a dramatic and statistically significant decrease in diagnostic performance. Collectively, our results suggest that the increased analytical sensitivity of digital ELISA could enable the use of brain-specific proteins as blood biomarkers of ischemic stroke during triage.
Multi-stream convolutional neural network-based fault diagnosis for variable frequency drives in sustainable manufacturing systems

Abstract Fault detection and diagnosis of induction motors in variable frequency drive (VFD) applications is essential for minimizing unexpected downtime, material waste and equipment damage, ultimately contributing to sustainable manufacturing. This paper presents a multi-stream convolutional neural network (MS-CNN) for automatic feature extraction from and fusion of motor vibration and stator current at various line frequencies. The MS-CNN has demonstrated superior performance over conventional machine learning methods. To understand the rationale for MS-CNN to diagnose motor defects, the relevance of input features for fault classification by a trained MS-CNN are investigated through Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) of its predictions.
A METHOD TO GENERATE FLOOD MAPS IN 3D USING DEM AND DEEP LEARNING

Abstract. High-resolution remote sensing imagery has been increasingly used for flood applications. Different methods have been proposed for flood extent mapping from creating water index to image classification from high-resolution data. Among these methods, deep learning methods have shown promising results for flood extent extraction; however, these two-dimensional (2D) image classification methods cannot directly provide water level measurements. This paper presents an integrated approach to extract the flood extent in three-dimensional (3D) from UAV data by integrating 2D deep learning-based flood map and 3D cloud point extracted from a Structure from Motion (SFM) method. We fine-tuned a pretrained Visual Geometry Group 16 (VGG-16) based fully convolutional model to create a 2D inundation map. The 2D classified map was overlaid on the SfM-based 3D point cloud to create a 3D flood map. The floodwater depth was estimated by subtracting a pre-flood Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from the SfM-based DEM. The results show that the proposed method is efficient in creating a 3D flood extent map to support emergency response and recovery activates during a flood event.
Humanity for itself? Reflections on climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic

This paper is based on the question as to whether humanity is now for, rather than simply in, itself. This issue is of particular significance at this time for two major reasons. First, there is th...
Varied Expression of Senescence-Associated and Ethylene-Related Genes during Postharvest Storage of Brassica Vegetables

The genus Brassica comprises a highly diverse range of vegetable crops varying in morphology, harvestable crop product, and postharvest shelf-life that has arisen through domestication, artificial selection and plant breeding. Previous postharvest studies on the shelf-life of Brassica species has mainly focused on the variable rates of physiological changes including respiration and transpiration. Therefore, further understanding of the molecular basis of postharvest senescence in Brassica vegetables is needed to understand its progression in improving their postharvest shelf-life. The aim of this study was to better understand the trajectory of molecular responses in senescence-associated genes but not induced by ethylene and ethylene-induced genes towards altered postharvest storage conditions. After storage at different temperatures, the expression levels of the key senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and the ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and signaling genes were quantitatively analyzed in cabbage, broccoli and kale. The expression levels of these genes were tightly linked to storage temperature and phase of senescence. Expression of ORE15, SAG12, and NAC29 were continuously increased during the twelve days of postharvest storage at room temperature. Prolonged exposure of these three vegetables to cold temperature reduced the variation in the expression levels of ORE15 and SAG12, observed as mostly decreased which resulted in limiting senescence. The transcript levels of the ethylene receptor were also decreased at lower temperature, further suggesting that decreased ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in cabbage during postharvest storage would delay the senescence mechanism. These results enhanced our understanding of the transcriptional changes in ethylene-independent SAGs and ethylene-related genes in postharvest senescence, as well as the timing and temperature sensitive molecular events associated with senescence in cabbage, broccoli and kale and this knowledge can potentially be used for the improvement of postharvest storage in Brassica vegetables.
Resource Orchestration to Create Competitive Advantage: Breadth, Depth, andLife Cycle Effects

In this article, the authors discuss how an emerging research stream, which they term resource orchestration, has the potential to extend the understanding of resource-based theory (RBT) by explicitly addressing the role of managers’ actions to effectively structure, bundle, and leverage firm resources. First, the authors review this emerging stream by comparing two related frame- works, resource management and asset orchestration. This comparison leads to their integration, which enables a more precise understanding of managers’ roles within RBT. Then the authors discuss what is known and what remains to be known about resource orchestration. This leads to in-depth reviews of three areas where research on resource orchestration can be used to extend RBT. These areas are (1) breadth (resource orchestration across the scope of the firm), (2) life cycle (resource orchestration at various stages of firm maturity), and (3) depth (resource orchestration across levels of the firm). They close with a discussion of future research that will extend resource orchestration and contribute to a more robust RBT.
Materials, Medium, and Language Policies in India

Language policies of an inherently multilingual country like India should be designed on the basis of societal attitudes toward different languages, their functional values in the various domains, materials available in languages, medium of education, medium of governance, medium of research, and medium of thinking in cognitive domains. They need to be determined by language specialists, who can act as catalysts in the process of social engineering that inevitably involves both people and politicians. India is a conglomeration of States organised on the basis of regional languages. In fact, all Indian languages and imported languages on account of colonization and imperialism are minority languages. This bitter linguistic reality caused social tension before, at the time of, and after independence when discussions were focused on selecting the national language of the country and the official language of the Union Government of India. Even now, language matter in India is an essentially emotive issue. Politicians prefer the- less-said-the-better policy.’ No scientific investigation has been employed to design language policies that are acceptable to people speaking different regional languages and therefore implementable in all the regions of the country. The lack of language policies in Independent India designed by language experts has caused mental agony to millions of school-going children and their parents who prefer English as medium of instruction, has provided space for politicians to play manipulative and divisive politics in the name of language, and has caused a kind of guilt and uncertainty in the mind of English language teachers. This paper aims at exploring what Tamil parents think of educational language policies in the country. Hypothesis and thesis would be substantiated with attitudes collected through a survey administered among parents.
Transportation Barriers among Immigrant Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

The current study reports on transportation barriers among a transportation-underserved and under-recognized population—immigrant women who are survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Using a...
Intellectual Property in the United States

The history of the law of intellectual property (IP) is the story of legal protection for products of the human mind. The history of IP law in the United States is the story of such protection in what was once a fledgling nation with little intellectual property of its own, but is now the world’s leading creator and purveyor of such property and related goods. Use of the umbrella term “intellectual property,” however, imposes only seeming order on what is, in reality, an unruly field of study involving legal concepts as diverse as copyright and patent law; trademark and unfair competition law generally; trade secrets; the right of publicity (and the related right of privacy); and cyberspace regulation. The history of each of those branches of IP law receives treatment in this entry. The common denominator of IP law’s sometimes strikingly dissimilar subjects is that each involves society’s regulation of value in the ownership and management of intangibles. How the law developed in each area has depended on society’s judgment on how best to accommodate multiple goals: affording incentives (commonly, but erroneously, described as “monopolies”) for the creation and dissemination of information; providing limiting devices on rights in such information to enable later authors and inventors to build on it by appropriate means; and, above all, assuring reasonable access to the benefits of such information (including, ultimately, entry into the public domain) so as to advance the general welfare. In each area, U.S. intellectual property law has struggled for decades, even centuries, to achieve an optimal balance among often competing interests. In the age of the computer and in the face of advancing global harmonization, that challenge is today greater than ever.
Effects of Postoperative Intravitreal Injections on Outcomes of Traditional Glaucoma Surgery in Patients with Preoperative Intravitreal Injections

PURPOSE To compare outcomes of glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation and trabeculectomies with and without postoperative intravitreal injections (IVIs) in glaucoma patients with a history of preoperative IVIs. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 133 eyes of 133 glaucoma patients who underwent GDD implantation or trabeculectomy with at least 1 IVI preoperatively between January 2005 and October 2020 at Massachusetts Eye and Ear. METHODS Chart review of glaucoma patients with traditional glaucoma surgery and at least 1 IVI before surgery. All statistical analyses were conducted with R statistical programming software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intraocular pressure (IOP), medication burden, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Kaplan-Meier success rates, adjusted hazard ratios (HRs), and complications. RESULTS Baseline demographics were similar between the groups with and without postoperative IVIs. The group with postoperative IVIs had a higher proportion of diabetic retinopathy and retinal vascular occlusions than the group without postoperative IVIs, which had more eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Intraocular pressure, medication burden, and visual acuity were similar between groups at all time points except for IOP at 6 weeks, which was lower in the group with postoperative IVIs. The group with postoperative IVIs had significantly more preoperative IVIs than the group without postoperative IVIs (6.6 vs. 3.3, P = 0.017). For success defined as IOP reduction ≥ 20% with 5 < IOP ≤ 21 mmHg, Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated similar success rates between groups with and without IVIs. When stratified by the number of IVIs, success rates for the group with 7 or more IVIs were significantly higher than the success rates for the group with 0-6 IVIs (P = 0.005). Each additional postoperative IVI resulted in a 7.2% decrease in the hazard of failure to achieve our stated success criteria. With regard to late complications, the group with postoperative IVIs had a higher incidence of vitreous hemorrhage (18.5% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.039) than the group without postoperative IVIs. CONCLUSIONS A higher number of postoperative IVIs, specifically 7 or more IVIs, may be associated with improved success rates of traditional glaucoma surgery in glaucoma patients who received IVIs before surgery.
Applying the Social Norms Approach to Help Seeking Behavior in the Military

APPLYING THE SOCIAL NORMS APPROACH TO HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR IN THE MILITARY By Janette Ann Hamilton, M.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013 Major Director: Steven Danish, Ph.D. Professor, Counseling Psychology OBJECTIVE: The study assessed the applicability of the social norms approach to helpseeking behavior in the military by exploring whether Service Members are affected by perceptions of peers’ beliefs about stigma related barriers to mental health care. METHOD: Data were collected from members of the Virginia National Guard (N= 84) during Yellow Ribbon events. Using surveys, Service Members’ own perceptions and their perceptions of their peers’ beliefs about barriers to seeking psychological care were gathered. RESULTS: Participants’ own beliefs about barriers to care were positively correlated with perceptions of peers’ beliefs. Variance in help-seeking status was better accounted for by participants’ own beliefs on stigma-related barriers to care, but perceptions of peers’ beliefs were also correlated with help-seeking status. CONCLUSION: Personal costs of seeking help according to personal and perceptions of peers’ beliefs are explored, as well as implications, next steps for future research, and limitations.
An iterative stabilization method for the evaluation of unbounded operators

We investigate a stable iterative approximate evaluation method for closed unbounded operators such as those that occur frequently in inverse problems. Convergence theorems, as well as order of approximation results, are proved for both a priori and a posteriori schemes for choosing the stopping index of the iteration.
Obama and Sustainable Democracy Promotion

Barack Obama consistently has called upon the US to support what he calls “sustainable democracy.” Such a commitment to promoting democracy abroad is a common theme among postwar American presidents, but often there are disconnects between America's ideals and interests as well as between the rhetoric and actual concrete action. This paper introduces democracy promotion activities in recent US history, then turns to the words and deeds of candidate and now, President Obama and his administration. In short, the Obama administration's first year in office has been marked by grand rhetoric, general continuity with the previous administration in democracy funding, but a lack of policy coherence and leadership on these issues. The paper concludes with a series of lessons and recommendations for the Obama administration on sustaining democracy worldwide gleaned from the shortcomings of the Bush administration.
Structure-activity relationships in microbial transformation of phenols.

Abstract The second-order rate constants for the microbial transformation of a series of phenols were correlated with the physicochemical properties of the phenols. The compounds studied were phenol, p-methylphenol, p-chlorophenol, p-bromophenol, p-cyanophenol, p-nitrophenol, p-acetylphenol, and p-methoxyphenol. Phenol-grown cells of Pseudomonas putida U transformed these compounds. Microbial transformation rate constants ranged from (1.5 ± 0.99) × 10−14 liter · organism−1 · h−1 for p-cyanophenol to (7.0 ± 1.3) × 10−12 liter · organism−1 · h−1 for phenol. Linear regression analyses of rate constants and electronic, steric, and hydrophobic parameters showed that van der Waal's radii gave the best coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.956). Products identified by thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography indicated that the phenols were microbially oxidized to the corresponding catechols.
Getting in shape with Rho.

The Rho GTPases are potent regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and consequently influence many aspects of cell shape and movement. In vivo, Rho activity appears to be a critical determinant of tissue morphogenesis during several stages of embryonic development.
Effects of 17α-ethynylestradiol, fluoxetine, and the mixture on life history traits and population growth rates in a freshwater gastropod.

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), some of which have endocrine-disrupting effects at environmentally relevant concentrations, have been detected in many surface waters. The authors evaluated the effects of 2 common endocrine disrupting PPCPs on the life history traits of the snail, Physa pomilia, using a life table response experiment with snails raised in environmentally relevant concentrations of 17a-ethynylestradiol (EE2), fluoxetine, or their mixture. Exposure to fluoxetine or the mixture reduced snail reproduction, but EE2 did not. Generally, individual life history traits were affected minimally by the PPCPs, but when integrated using a demographic model, all 3 chemical exposure scenarios decreased population growth rates, with the EE2 and fluoxetine mixture causing the most adverse effects. Overall, the results provide additional insight into the effects of PPCPs on freshwater invertebrates and point to the importance of testing simultaneous exposures to multiple PPCPs. In addition, using a demographic model to integrate individual endpoints provided insights into effects that were not apparent from individual life history traits alone and suggest at least a potential for adverse ecological effects under realistic environmental exposures concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2771-2778. # 2013 SETAC
Petroleum Engineering Manpower Supply

The supply of Petroleum Engineers within the U.S. has shown an exponential growth during the last decade due to increases in the price of petroleum and concommitant demand for engineers in the petroleum industry at all levels of activity. Schools currently have very large enrollments; many lack sufficient faculty and facilities to adequately handle the large loads. Recent uncertainty in long range forecasting of petroleum demand, coupled with uncertainty in the price of oil due to turmoil in the Middle East and the discovery of additional large reserves of petroleum as a result of increased drilling, has led to a decline of approximately 25% in the price of crude oil on the spot market and subsequent reductions in drilling in 1982 from a high of 4,500 rigs in the U.S. to 2528 rigs by August 31, 1982; a reduction of 44% this year. This reduction in activity will be reflected in reduced job opportunities for many new graduates in December 1982 and in 1983, and the ''pipelines'' within the schools are filled with students in expectation of good jobs in the private sector of the economy. Since Petroleum Engineering departments maintain a close tie with industry, it is essential thatmore » some balance be maintained between supply and demand, so as to try to prevent a glut of engineers descending upon the market. Steps are underway at many schools. to reduce enrollments by a variety of methods at the present time. An upturn in demand in petroleum prices may serve to mitigate the problem within the next two years, but a long-range interchange between industrial hiring forecasts and universities is essential in planning for the future.« less
Technological Cooperation and the Nation-State

N K 1 O PROBLEM in the study of international politics has been more persistent or perplexing than the problem of international conflict, or its converse, international cooperation. Many studies in this century have suggested that the nation-state lies at the root of international conflict and that its weakening, circumvention, or transcendence is necessary to strengthen international cooperation. Early proponents of international organization, writing around the turn of the century, advocated the direct transfer of national authority to international institutions, codified in various international legal instruments such as the Conventions of the Hague Conference and the Covenant of the League of Nations (Claude 1971: chs. 2, 3). Functionalists subsequently foresaw the gradual circumvention of the nation-state through the growth of international tasks and organizations which dealt with practical rather than political issues (Mitrany 1966). Neofunctionalists identified an inexorable logic and mechanism (spillover) whereby functionally related activities would eventually alter national attitudes and institutions and create new supranational political authorities (Haas 1958). Most recently, transnational and interdependence theorists have emphasized the role of nonnation state actors and new international circumstances which constrain and limit the authority and options of national governments (Keohane and Nye 1972, 1977). All of these approaches share the view that the nation-state obstructs the growth and development of international cooperation. In an historical sense, this view is not difficult to understand. The nation-state originated in Europe in part as a reaction to centralized international authority. Its establishment, which many writers date from the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, constituted a rejection of the universalist pretentions of the Holy Roman Empire and created an international system whose primary purpose (as its name implies) was to defend the sovereignty and independence of separate states. Paradoxically, the purpose of international relationships became to minimize the significance of such relationships. Both conflict (i.e., balance of power) and cooperation served this end; and since the costs of conflict were tolerable and the benefits of
Differences in the Growth of Aspergillus fumigatus on Cycloheximide Media at Three Temperatures

Cycloheximide (up to 0.4 g/liter) was significantly more inhibitory to the growth of three isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus at 23 C than at 37 or 45 C. Preincubation of the media for 7 days at 45 C did not alter the inhibitory effect of the cycloheximide at 23 C. Neither mutation nor adaptation in the fungus seems to be the reason for its growth on the antibiotic at the higher temperature. The mechanism for the differences in sensitivity as related to temperature of incubation cannot be explained at this time.
Conceptualizing the Role and Influence of Student-Teacher Relationships on Children's Social and Cognitive Development

The purpose of this article is to add to our current understanding of the social contexts of education by synthesizing research on the nature and influence of relationships between students and their teachers. I was guided by 3 questions. First, how have we conceptualized students' relationships with teachers? Second, how have our approaches to studying relationships shaped our understanding of the phenomenon? Third, looking across these different approaches to studying student-teacher relationships, what do we know about the nature and influence of student-teacher relationships developmentally? Specifically, I review in 3 broad themes the multiple conceptions, or approaches, to the study of student-teacher relationships. These include student-teacher relationships from attachment perspectives, from motivation perspectives, and from sociocultural perspectives. I view each approach a posing a critical question needing to be addressed conceptually, methodologically, and developmentally. Looking across appro...
Three dimensional independent control of multiple magnetic microrobots

A major challenge for untethered micro-scale mobile robotics is the control of many agents in the same workspace for distributed operation. In this work, we present a new method to independently control multiple sub-mm microrobots in three dimensions (3D) using magnetic gradient based direct pulling as the 3D motion generation method. This is accomplished through the use of geometrically or magnetically distinct microrobots which assume different magnetization directions in a rotating magnetic field. Such diversity in design allows for different magnetic forces to be exerted on each, enabling path following with less than 370μm mean path deviation for a set of two microrobots of size 350μm and 1500μm. This addressability method could be used for the 3D control of a team of microrobots inside microfluidic channels or in the human body for localized therapy or diagnostics.
Reliability, Validity, and Utility of the Evaluation and Programming System: For Infants and Young Children (EPS-I)

The Evaluation and Programming System: For Infants and Young Children-Assessment Level I: Devel. opmentally 1 Month to 3 Years (EPS-I) is an assessment/evaluation instrument designed to provide inf...
Regioselective syntheses of deuterium labelled 6-hydroxydopamines

Convenient syntheses of 2,4-,α,α- and β,β-deuterium labelled 6-hydroxydopamines have been developed. 2,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde (1) was reductively aminated to give 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzylamine (2). Quaternization of the amine with methyliodide followed by displacement with cyanide gave 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzylcyanide (4). A LiAID4 reduction of 4 gave α,α-[2H]-β-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine (5). Treatment of benzylcyanide 4 with n-butyllithium/D2O gave α,α-[2H]-α-cyano-2,4,5-trimethoxytoluene (7) which upon reduction afforded β,β-[2H]-β-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine (8). Treatment of 2,4,5-trimethoxydimethylbenzylamine 2 with n-butyllithium/D2O gave 3,6-[2H]-2,4,5-trimethoxydimethyl-benzylamine (10). The ring deuterium atoms were retained through subsequent steps to afford β-(3,6-[2H]-2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethylamine (13). Removal of the phenol protecting groups afforded the deuterium labelled 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamines (6-hydroxydopamines).
Contrastive Analysis of the Monosyllable Structure of American English and Mandarin Chinese.

The basic structure of any language is the individual syllable, that is, the concatenation of syllabic phonemes and nonsyllabic phonemes within minimal sequences of speech. The structure of monosyllables in the two languages can be described by the following formulas (N = nonsyllabic phoneme, S = syllabic phoneme); In English there are nineteen different permissible patterns in monosyllabic structures with many variations of nonsyllabic clusters in both initial and final position; the maximum number of nonsyllabics in these clusters is three in initial position, four in final. Mandarin, on the other hand, has only nine permissible combinations, with no consonant clusters. There are fourteen syllabic phonemes (11 simple vowels; 3 diphthongs) and twenty four nonsyllabics in English, whereas there are twenty syllabics (6 simple vowels, 9 diphthongs, and 5 triphthongs) and twenty two nonsyllabics in Mandarin. Each system has its significant features. The most important features to be considered in teaching either of the two languages are the contrasts between the tense-lax contrast in English syllabics, noncontrast in Mandarin syllabics, voicing and aspiration in nonsyllabics, clustering in English nonsyllabics, allophones of English nonsyllabics, and allophones of Mandarin syllabics.