cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response time of an atmospheric general circulation model to changes in ocean surface temperature: Implications for interactive large-scale atmosphere and ocean models

To ensure efficient coupling strategies in asynchronous coupling experiments with atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models (GCMs), knowledge of the atmospheric model's response time to altered ocean surface temperature (OST) forcing is a necessary prerequisite. A general estimate of atmospheric response time of 30 days is obtained by analysis of the time evolution between different quasi-equilibrium states in response to altered OSTs in several atmospheric GCM experiments. It is recognized, however, that this estimate may be too conservative (longer than necessary) for lower atmospheric layers in the tropics. For a completely optimized asynchronous coupling strategy, an estimate of oceanic response time to altered atmospheric forcing is also necessary. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00939.x
EFFECT OF HYDROCORTISONE ON ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN CULTURED CANCER CELLS.

SummaryThe effects of prolonged exposure to hydrocortisone on the alkaline phos-phatase activity of HeLa, J111, and H. Ep2 cells have been investigated by enzymatic and histochemical methods. Exposure of HeLa cells to hydrocortisone produced a 12.5-fold increase in activity, while exposure of Jill and H. Ep2 cells to the compound caused a 7- and 1.5-fold decrease respectively. The observations are in agreement with those obtained by other investigators using variants of cell strain EUE.
Picking up a soft 3D object by “feeling” the grip

This paper describes a strategy for a robotic hand to pick up deformable 3D objects on a table. Inspired by human hand behavior, the robotic hand employs two rigid fingers to first squeeze such an object until it ?feels? the object to be liftable. Such ?feeling? is provided by a virtual liftability test that is repeatedly conducted during the squeeze. Passing of the test then triggers a lifting action. Throughout the manipulation the object's deformation and its state of contact with the fingers and the table are being tracked based on contact events. Deformable modeling uses the finite element method FEM while slip computation employs the homotopy continuation method to determine the contact displacements induced by finger movements. The experiment was conducted for everyday items ranging from vegetables to a toy. A simulation-based comparison between deformable grasping and rigid body grasping reveals why soft objects are easier to pick up than hard ones, and demonstrates how a rigid body grasping strategy may fail on soft objects in certain situations.
Performing sadomasochism in the song of songs

(2002). Performing sadomasochism in the song of songs. Women & Performance: a journal of feminist theory: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 129-146.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS' AND NON-ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT

This study examines the degree to which English language learners' (ELL) descriptions of classroom supports for learning are similar to or different from the descriptions of non-ELL students. Specifically, the study compared the classroom perceptions of ELL students and general education students using the ClassMaps Survey (CMS), which includes indices of classroom relationships (teacher–student, peer, and home–school) and supports for self-regulation (self-efficacy, self-determination, and self-control). It was hypothesized that the CMS subscale scores would differ for the two student groups. Results indicated that ELL students rated themselves significantly lower in academic efficacy and rated their classmates as more likely to follow class rules compared to the ratings of non-ELL students. Implications for practical application of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Cotyledons upon α-Amylase Activity in Pea Embryonic Axes

α-Amylase activity remained relatively low in the axes of intact etiolated pea seedlings; the activity was predominantly confined to the epicotyl. Starch accumulated slightly. When the cotyledons were removed and the axes cultured on medium containing no carbon source, the starch reserve in the axes disappeared within a few days. This was accompanied by a 10- to 15-fold increase in α-amylase activity, in the absence of additional epicotyl growth. The phenonemon was observed for axes throughout early growth, although the relative accumulation of α-amylase activity in cultured axes was less for older seedlings. This change was attributed to a reduced response by nongrowing tissues. There was no corresponding change in β-amylase activity. These observations, described for several varieties of peas, demonstrate the control of cotyledons upon the utilization of stored reserves within the axis, with α-amylase as a key enzyme.
Experimental manipulation of desmosome structure.

A systematic investigation of the effects of proteolytic enzymes, chelators and detergents on desmosomes originating in a variety of tissues was undertaken. Although junctions from different tissues are morphologically similar, we found great differences in their sensitivity to various reagents, indicating dissimilarities in biochemical composition. In general, desmosomes from stratified squamous and glandular epithelia were insensitive to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), but readily dissociable with trypsin. Enzymatic digestion caused disruption of material within the junctional extracellular space, and dislocation of paired desmosomal plaques. In contrast, the extracellular components of desmosomes from simple columnar epithelia were usually EDTA-sensitive but trypsin-resistant. There were, however, exceptions to the general pattern. Desmosomes from rat pancreas were affected only by the detergent sodium desoxycholate (DOC). DOC also solubilized the intermediate dense line of desmosomes from the frog skin. We have divided desmosomes into two broad categories based upon the differential effects of these reagents. One group, sensitive to trypsin or DOC, may be functionally “stable” in maintaining cell-to-cell associations for long periods. Such junctions occur in stratified squamous and many glandular epithelia. Another group of desmosomes, affected by chelating agents, may be physiologically “labile” or plastic. These junctions, occurring in simple columnar epithelia such as the gut, may respond to physiological stimuli by opening or closing, thus allowing intercellular migration of cells and substances passing through the epithelial sheet.
Administrative experiments: The experience of fifty-eight engineers and engineering managers

Fifty-eight engineers and engineering managers designed, as part of the requirements of a graduate engineering course, administrative experiments based upon a management problem of their own choosing and the application of methods of scientific experimentation. Their control over the choice of problem increased the likelihood that the problem would be one of immediate importance and relevance to their administrative responsibilities; the use of the methods of scientific experimentation would increase the likelihood of credible results. A definition and explanation of the term `administrative experiments' is presented, and a description of the experimenters and their experiments, including the changes proposed, the results desired, and the problems encountered, is provided.
Lagrange distributed approximating functional method for the solution of the Schrödinger equation

Abstract The utility and accuracy of a new distributed approximating functional (DAF), combining the Gaussian weighted DAF concept with Lagrange interpolation, is explored for the discrete spectrum solution of the Schrodinger equation. Two instructive examples, an I 2 Morse oscillator and the 2-dimensional Henon–Heiles potential, are considered in the present study. The present “Lagrange DAF” (LDAF) approach achieves extremely high accuracy for I 2 while using fewer grid points than previous approaches. The present results for the Henon–Heiles system are in excellent agreement with those of earlier established methods, such as that of Shizgal.
Adsorption of weak organic electrolytes from aqueous solution on activated carbon. Effect of pH

Es wird ein physikalisches Modell vorgestellt, um den pH-Effekt auf das Adsorptionsgleichgewicht schwacher, organischer Sauren oder Basen von verdunnter, wasriger Losung an Aktivkohle vorauszuberechnen. Die Oberflachen-Heterogenitat des Adsorbens wird durch das Modell homogener Oberflachenausschnitte (patch-model) und einer exponentiellen Verteilung der Adsorptionsenergie beschrieben. Die konkurrierende Adsorption dissoziierter und molekularer Sorptivteilchen auf jedem homogenen Oberflachenausschnitt wird mit einer lokalen Langmuir-Isotherme beschrieben; die ladungsunabhangigen Parameter sind hierbei identisch fur beide Teilchenarten. Die Adsorbensoberflache tragt elektrostatische Ladung entsprechend dem Losungs-pH und der Ionenstarke; das resultierende (verschmierte) elektrostatische Oberflachenpotential beeinflust die Affinitat des ionogenen Sorptivs zur Oberflache. Die Oberflachenladung bei verschiedenen Losungs-pH wird durch Titration der Oberflache mit starken Sauren und Basen ermittelt. Fur bestimmte Kombinationen von Sorptiv-pK, Sorptivkonzentration sowie der Oberflachenladung wird ein Adsorptionsmaximum mit der Wasserstoffionen-Konzentration erhalten. Fur homogene Oberflachen und kleine Oberflachenbedeckungen folgt der Bedeckungsverlauf bei pH-Anderungen der Dissoziationskurve des Sorptivs. Neue experimentelle Adsorptionsisothermen, bei verschiedenen pH, werden fur Benzoesaure und p-Nitrophenol mitgeteilt. Uber einen grosen pH-Bereich wird eine gute Ubereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und gemessenen Gleichgewichtswerten erzielt.
The fine structure of the gamont of Pterospora floridiensis (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida).

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy of the gamont stage of Pterospora floridiensis has revealed a number of features. The gamont's surface varies from smooth to crenulate, with numerous pockets and folds. The pellicle is composed of an outer membrane, a middle lucent region, and an inner dense layer comprised of two tightly appressed membranes. Short ridges on the pellicle are 200—300+ nm long, 75–100 nm wide, and have a height of ∼ 50 nm. The thickness of the pellicle is 100 nm when measured from the inner membrane to the top of a ridge. The ridges are formed by the plasma membrane and an underlying structure that is circular in cross-section. The surface folds and the pellicular ridges are distributed over the soma and the cell's unusual branching arms, though both are reduced near the junction between two gamonts in syzygy, and are absent at the central area of the junctional site. The cell has numerous active Golgi complexes associated with vesicles, as well as scattered dense mitochondria, lipi...
Curved-fiber pull-out model for nanocomposites. Part 1: Bonded stage formulation

This is the first part of two papers in which an analytical curved-fiber pull-out model for nanocomposites is proposed. In nanotube-reinforced polymer composites, nanotubes are typically curved and entangled, a reinforcement morphology that will greatly impact the thermomechanical properties of the material. As the first step to explicitly take into account nanotube curvature and study its effect on nanocomposite mechanical properties, we develop a pull-out model in which the fiber has constant curvature. The model includes the entire pull-out process, namely the bonded, debonding, and sliding stages. In this first paper we formulate the bonded stage based on classic shear lag model assumptions and develop a 3D finite element model to verify assumptions. The results from a parametric study indicate that fibers with more curvature and longer embedded length need higher debond initiation force. The finite element results and analytical results show agreement both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Irreversible blockade of striatal dopamine receptors in vivo by a derivative of α-flupenthixol

Flupenthixyl chloride (FPT-Cl), a derivative of the dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist and neuroleptic α-flupenthixol possessing a cloroethyl side chain, has been prepared and evaluated for use in vivo in affinity labeling of DA receptors. Binding of [3H]spiperone to rat striatal DA receptors was markedly altered up to 12 h after intraventricular injection of FPT-Cl as compared with controls, while Scatchard plots of [3H]spiperone binding obtained on rat striatal homogenates 24 and 48 h after injection of FPT-Cl had values of Bmax significantly lower than in controls. The results suggest that the administration of FPT-Cl leads to irreversible and possibly covalent blockade of a portion of the spiperone binding sites in rat striatum. A second population of receptors appears to be blocked reversibly and presumably noncovalently by FPT-Cl, and these spiperone binding sites are partially reactivated in vivo after 48 h.
Costs of immune defense: an enigma wrapped in an environmental cloak?

Abstract Host defense against parasites and pathogens has been recognized as a costly life-history trait that can generate trade-offs with other fitness components. However, universality of immunological costs and associated trade-offs remains questionable in animal–parasite systems. This discrepancy could be a result of environmental effects, which have the potential to modulate the detection of trade-offs associated with immune function. Here, attention is drawn to the role that environmental factors can play in the manifestation and detection of costs associated with immune function and resistance. Moreover, we stress the importance of considering multiple external factors, host ontogeny and estimates of immunological function in studies investigating immune-related costs in animals.
An examination of emotional empathy, attributions of stability, and the link between perceived remorse and forgiveness

Abstract Sincere apologies can motivate forgiveness; however, there are differing theoretical perspectives on the mechanism by which this occurs. The empathy model of forgiveness suggests empathy mediates the link between apologies and forgiveness. Alternatively, attribution theory suggests that the apology–forgiveness link is best explained by attributions of behavioral stability. The empathy and attribution models both receive considerable empirical support; however, they remain relatively independent within the literature and the relationship between these mechanisms is thus far unexamined. Within interpersonal romantic relationships, we test a model of apologies and forgiveness that focuses on perceived remorse and integrates these two theoretical perspectives. We test the primary hypothesis that perceived remorse influences attributions of behavioral stability, which in turn influences forgiveness both directly and indirectly via empathy. Results from a path analysis suggest increases in perceived remorse decreased attributions of behavioral stability and increased empathy and forgiveness. Attributions of stability mediated the effect of remorse on empathy, and empathy mediated the effect of attributions of stability on forgiveness. These data establish a relationship between attributions of stability and emotional empathy perspectives and suggest an integrated model of apologies, remorse and forgiveness.
Polyvinylsiloxane as an alternative material for the intermediate orthognathic occlusal splint.

t e s t s S T a a s r u r e fi P c l I a b i w m n t i t o ccuracy in orthognathic surgery is dependent on a umber of factors. First, meticulous preoperative evalation including a critical clinical examination, dental odels, face-bow, and occlusal registrations, is paraount in preparation for orthognathic surgery. The econd step in the process is the accurate application f this data to the orthognathic model surgery, which n turn leads to the fabrication of accurate surgical plints. Finally, application of these splints, coupled ith sound surgical technique, allows accurate posiioning of the jaws at the time of surgery. Numerous exts and articles have been published regarding the urgical and preoperative techniques necessary for ccurate orthognathic surgery. Specifically, many uthors have discussed the necessity of surgical plints to accurately position the jaws in space at the ime of surgery. These splints provide a relatively ccurate reference system to permit rigid fixation of he jaws in the desired position at the time of surery. When carrying out bimaxillary surgery an ntermediate splint has been advocated to accurately osition the maxilla in space utilizing the relationship f the mandibular condyle to the skull base as a stable eference. When carrying out segmental bi-
A Blackbody Design for SI-Traceable Radiometry for Earth Observation

Abstract Spaceborne measurements pinned to international standards are needed to monitor the earth’s climate, quantify human influence thereon, and test forecasts of future climate change. The International System of Units (SI, from the French for Systeme International d’Unites) provides ideal measurement standards for radiometry as they can be realized anywhere, at any time in the future. The challenge is to credibly prove on-orbit accuracy at a claimed level against these international standards. The most accurate measurements of thermal infrared spectra are achieved with blackbody-based calibration. Thus, SI-traceability is obtained through the kelvin scale, making thermometry the foundation for on-orbit SI-traceable spectral infrared measurements. Thermodynamic phase transitions are well established as reproducible temperature standards and form the basis of the international practical temperature scale (International Temperature Scale of 1990, ITS-90). Appropriate phase transitions are known in the t...
Social audiences can disrupt learning by teaching

Abstract To investigate the effect of a social audience on learning-by-teaching, we examined participants' solutions of the 4-ring Tower of Hanoi problem after they demonstrated the 3-ring problem to a social agent (a person) or a non-social agent (a computer). In Introduction , Discussion participants produced less optimal solutions of the 4-ring problem after demonstrating the 3-ring problem to a social agent. An analysis of pointing behavior demonstrated that social highlighting contributed substantially to this effect. Together, these findings indicate that more social highlighting may produce a cost, rather than a benefit, on how deeply the demonstrator encodes the problem solution. Experiment 3 clarified that these results were not simply caused by the disruptions inherent to social highlighting. Taken together, the results suggest that social highlighting does not come for free — producing the highlighting may lead to more shallow encoding of demonstrated actions.
Fluctuation Theory of Charged AB-Random Copolymers

― We study the behavior of symmetric AB random copolymer systems with equal numbers of positive and negative charges on the chains near the point of microphase separation. In the framework of the one-loop (Hartree) approximation the phase diagram of this class of copolymer system as function of the number of charged monomers is calculated. We find two different regimes in which microphase structure is stabilized by the long-range Coulomb interaction between charged groups or by the presence of the bonds between the A and B monomers that want to segregate into domains.
Protein State Affects Wear of UHMWPE

It is well established that the lubricant properties play a key role in the wear of UHMWPE in prosthetic knees [1] and hips [2, 3]. The total protein concentration, the albumin – globulin ratio, the lubricant volume turnover rate, and the protein precipitation rate, all have ben found to affect the polyethylene wear rate [3]. A factor that has not yet been studied, but may be of clinical relevance, is the effect of the state of protein on the wear and friction of prosthetic joints. Protein cleavage is expected in the presence of an inflammatory response [4] and through wear processes at the articular interface. Such cleavage may have a significant effect on the lubrication regime and the wear mechanism of the prosthetic joint. An understanding of this effect is therefore required to further elucidate UHMWPE wear mechanisms, to increase the reliability and validity of wear tests for the preclinical evaluation of prosthetic joints, and to clinically assess patient effects.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Computation of structures of phosphorus fluorides with ab initio and density functional methods

Abstract Extensive ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on phosphorous fluorides in order to obtain a reliable theoretical model to reproduce their experimentally determined structures and dissociation energies. ROHF and MP2 were used as ab initio methods while from DFT calculations, a set of local, hybrid, and non-local methods were utilized. To assure a valid comparison, all calculations were performed with 6-311G(d) as a middle-size basis set. Advantages and disadvantages of DFT methods for computation of these systems are presented.
Studies of the thicknesses of adsorbed glass finishes by ellipsometry

The thickness of the adsorbed layer of two glass finishes, vinyl tris (2-methoxyethoxy) silane and gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, was measured by ellipsometry. The vinyl silane was adsorbed on glass from solutions in water and in methyl ethyl ketone. The adsorption from water resulted in a film initially at least 50 A thick, which increased in thickness with time. Adsorption from methyl ethyl ketone solution resulted in a film of about 10 A. The amino silane was adsorbed on glass and on chrome from soutions in water. Adsorption on glass resulted in a film at least 60 A in thickness, which remained constant over a period of about 5 hours. Adsorption on chrome resulted in a film about 10 A in thickness. From the results it appears that a polymer, rather that small molecules of glass finish, is adsorbed from the water solution on glass and that small unpolymerized “finish” molecules are adsorbed from the methyl ethyl ketone solution.
On-stream modification of MFI zeolite membranes for enhancing hydrogen separation at high temperature

Abstract α-Alumina-supported MFI zeolite membranes were modified by on-stream catalytic thermal cracking of methyldiethoxysilane (MDES) molecules inside the zeolitic channels during the separation of H2/CO2 gas mixture at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure. The MDES vapor was carried by the H2/CO2 feed gas and the effect of modification was monitored continuously through online analysis of the permeate stream. The modified membrane exhibited a significant increase in H2 selectivity over CO2 with a moderate decrease in H2 permeance. At 450 °C, the modified MFI membrane obtained a H2/CO2 permselectivity of 17.5 with H2 single gas permeance of 1.86 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 as compared to a permselectivity of 2.78 and permeance of 2.75 × 10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 for the membrane before modification. The modified membrane also showed good performance and stability in separation of H2/CO2 gas mixture containing up to 28.4% water vapor at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure.
Ion metabolism in a halophilic blue-green alga, Aphanothece halophytica.

The intracellular ion content of the halophilic blue-green alga, Aphanothece halophytica was studied as a function of age, external sodium and external potassium concentration. Intracellular Na+ was found to be about 0.38 millimoles/g dry mass. Intracellular K+ concentrations were as high as 1 M and varied directly with external salinity. Intracellular Ca++ and Mg++ were in the range previously reported for fresh water blue-green algae despite their extremely high extracellular concentrations. Average cell size is consistent at room temperature with two exceptions. When the outside K+ is lower than 6.5 mM the cells tend to be smaller with less intracellular K+ and high Ca++. In stationary phase cultures the cells are larger with high intracellular Mg++ and low K+.
Structural heterogeneity in protein crystals

Extensive conformational heterogeneity is reported in highly refined crystallographic models for the proteins crambin, erabutoxin, myohemerythrin, and lamprey hemoglobin. From 6% to 13% of the amino acid side chains of these four proteins are seen in multiple, discrete conformations. Most common are flexible side chains on the molecular surface, but structural heterogeneity occasionally extends to buried side chains or to the polypeptide backbone. A few instances of sequence heterogeneity are also very clear. Numerous solvent sites are multiplets, and at high resolution, multiple, mutually exclusive solvent networks are observed. The proteins have been studied with X-ray diffraction data extending to spacings of from 0.945 to 2.0 A. The extensive heterogeneity observed here provides detailed, accurate structures for conformational substates of these molecules and sets a lower bound on the number of substates accessible to each protein molecule in solution. Electron density is missing or very weak for only a few side chains in these protein crystals, revealing a strong preference for discrete over continuous conformational perturbations. The results at very high resolution further suggest that even rather small conformational fluctuations produce discrete substates and that unresolved conformers are accommodated in increased atomic thermal parameters.
Can we improve the cytologic examination of malignant pleural effusions using molecular analysis

Background Currently, 40% of patients remain undiagnosed after routine cytologic examination for malignant pleural effusions. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation is a robust strategy for detecting cancer early in tissue. We hypothesized that DNA methylation would be more sensitive in diagnosing patients with malignant pleural effusions than cytology. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of 31 inpatients with pleural effusions (24 malignant pleural effusions metastatic from 10 different organs and 7 benign) over 18 months. Aspirated pleural fluid underwent cytologic examination and DNA extraction for nested methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We assayed for promoter hypermethylation in 8 genes known to be methylated in many cancers. Pleural fluid was considered positive if 2 or more genes were methylated by methylation-specific PCR. Results Cytology alone confirmed malignant pleural effusions in 15 of 24 patients (sensitivity 63%), whereas methylation alone positively identified 16 of 24 patients (sensitivity 67%). Both tests had 100% specificity in predicting benign effusions. If cytology and methylation were considered together, they exhibited 88% sensitivity and 100% specificity in discriminating benign and malignant effusions. Combined, the two assays were more sensitive than either test alone. Although the positive predictive value of each test was 100%, the negative predictive value of cytology and methylation combined was 78%, better than 47% and 44% for methylation and cytology alone, respectively. Conclusions Epigenetic analysis of pleural fluid can detect malignant DNA from a variety of neoplasms, provide complementarity with cytology, and improve the diagnostic yield of the current standard examination of pleural fluid.
Ocular responses to linear motion are inversely proportional to viewing distance

Eye movements exist to improve vision, in part by preventing excessive retinal image slip. A major threat to the stability of the retinal image comes from the observer's own movement, and there are visual and vestibular reflexes that operate to meet this challenge by generating compensatory eye movements. The ocular responses to translational disturbances of the observer and of the scene were recorded from monkeys. The associated vestibular and visual responses were both linearly dependent on the inverse of the viewing distance. Such dependence on proximity is appropriate for the vestibular reflex, which must transform signals from Cartesian to polar coordinates, but not for the visual reflex, which operates entirely in polar coordinates. However, such shared proximity effects in the visual reflex could compensate for known intrinsic limitations that would otherwise compromise performance at near viewing.
Salivary immunoglobulinand albumin: Development during the newborn period

Summary Salivary levels of γG, γA, γM globulins andalbumin were measured serially in saliva of newborn infants by electroimmunodiffusion. Salivary γA was not detected at birth but appeared beginning at one week of age. By 4 weeks of age 92 per cent of normal infants had “adult” levels of γA in their saliva. γM was not detected. γG and albumin were temporarily present in many salivary samples in appreciable amounts before 10 days of age but these proteins disappeared as γA appeared in saliva. Serial determinations of salivary γA may provide a simple rapid method for early detection of defects of immunoglobulin production. The temporary appearance of γG and albumin in saliva may represent “leakage” from serum and probably reflects the increased permeability to proteins of mucous membranes in the immediate postnatal period.
Semigroups and languages of dot-depth two

This paper is a contribution to the problem of effectively determining the dot-depth of a star-free language, a problem in the theory of automata and formal languages with close connections to algebra and formal logic. We conjecture an effective criterion for determining whether a given language has dot-depth 2. The condition is shown to be necessary in general, and sufficient for languages over a two-letter alphabet. The condition involves a novel use of categories in the study of semigroup-theoretic problems.
Systolic array for VLSI implementation of realization techniques

Abstract A technique for implementing the realization algorithm from input-output data of the system directly in hardware is proposed. The proposed technique results in low cost, special purpose devices which can quickly solve realization problems. The systolic arrays for VLSI implementation of the different steps of the realization algorithm are developed.
Lifetime Estimation of Chain Plates for Floodgates Working in Seawater by Continuum Fatigue-Creep Damage Theory and Transient Analysis of Diffusion Process of Hydrogen

Lifetime estimation of chain plates made of 45Cr high strength steel for floodgates working in seawater has been performed by considering fatigue-creep crack initiation and hydrogen assisted crack propagation at the plate. According to the records of operating history of the floodgates, average lifetime of the chain plate is in range of 18~22 years. Estimated lifetime of the chain plate by continuum fatigue-creep damage theory and transient analysis of the diffusion process of atomic hydrogen in the metallic lattice is in range of 19~25 years.
A comparison of frequency distributions for use in a model for selecting treatment in coronary artery disease

Abstract The effect of four frequency functions was evaluated with respect to a decision rule used to select treatment in patients with coronary artery disease. Of the four functions tested, it was found that the multinomial and product functions provided an estimated improvement in treatment selection over current clinical decision procedures. The linear and quadratic provided no improvement. In chronic disease, where the time between intervention and response is long, the computer can be used to store patient descriptors, their treatment, and long-term responses. Using these data, decision rules can be constructed for prospective treatment selection. The effectiveness of the multinomial and product models illustrates the applicability of such an approach to treatment selection in chronic disease.
Local influence in structural equation models

Local‐influence diagnostics based on maximum likelihood (ML), generalized least squares (GLS), and unweighted least squares (ULS) fit functions are developed for structural equation models (SEMs). The influence of observations, components of observations, and variables is considered. The diagnostics are illustrated with an example data set, and comparisons are made with equivalent global measures of influence. The local influence of the data set on ML and GLS estimates is very similar, but it is much different from that of ULS. The local and global influence of observations is also very different. Although it is not possible to define a uniformly best measure of influence, the local‐influence diagnostics developed here are more versatile than global‐influence diagnostics in assessing an analysis with SEMs.
An Archaeological Approach to the Rupestrian Images at La Angostura, Central Baja California

Abstract A modest-sized rock art site in the Central Desert of Baja California provides information to measure the articulation between environmental (landscape) and cultural remains and the ethnographic record. Enigmatic and esoteric images, likely 500 to 3000 years in age and largely abstract-geometric, suggest multiple purposes, including individualistic and group welfare, communication, identity, achievement, life crises ritual, fecundity, and group solidarity.
Demonstration of a pyroglutamyl residue at the N terminus of the B-chain of porcine relaxin.

Abstract The ovarian peptide hormone relaxin consists, like insulin, of one A- and one B-chain linked by two disulfide bonds. A peptide, isolated from a tryptic digest of the purified B-chain by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), was examined with the aid of carboxypeptidase C and a pyrrolidonecarboxylyl peptidase. In conjunction with amino acid analysis it could be demonstrated that pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid occupies the N-terminal position of a peptide with the amino acid composition Asp2, Ser, Thr, Phe, Ile, Lys. The appearance of a pyroglutamyl residue in a two-chain hormone is an interesting and unusual feature which has not yet been reported in a similar structure.
Numerical approximations of singular source terms in differential equations

Singular terms in differential equations pose severe challenges for numerical approximations on regular grids. Regularization of the singularities is a very useful technique for their representation on the grid. We analyze such techniques for the practically preferred case of narrow support of the regularizations, extending our earlier results for wider support. The analysis also generalizes existing theory for one dimensional problems to multi-dimensions. New high order multi-dimensional techniques for differential equations and numerical quadrature are introduced based on the analysis and numerical results are presented. We also show that the common use of distance functions in level-set methods to extend one dimensional regularization to higher dimensions may produce O(1) errors.
Level Set Algorithm for Shape Reconstruction of Non-Overlapping Three-Dimensional Penetrable Targets

This paper presents a 3-D shape reconstruction algorithm based on the level set method. Multiple dielectric and non-overlapping objects are considered. The level set algorithm is a gradient-type optimization approach that aims to minimize a cost function between measurements and computer-simulated data. The algorithm is capable of retrieving the shape and location of multiple targets made of two different and slightly lossy materials. An appropriate form of the deformation velocity based on the forward and adjoint fields is calculated. The method of moment surface integral equation is implemented to calculate the deformation velocity of the evolving objects. Two sets of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, associated with the two dielectric materials, are solved simultaneously to update the evolving objects. During the inversion scheme, the marching cubes method is employed to restore the surface meshes necessary for the forward solver. The algorithm is tested on corrupted synthetic data with signal-to-noise ratio of 10 dB.
An enzymatic assay of plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine for the detection and management of phenylketonuria

Abstract An enzymatic method for the determination of plasma phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) in newborns and phenylketonurics is described. The method uses yeast phenylalanine ammonia-lyase to catalyze the conversion of l -Phe to transcinnamic acid and l -Tyr to p-coumaric acid, which are then determined by differential spectrophotometry at 290 and 315 nm. This method, requiring only one drop of blood, is simple, quantitative, and time efficient, and it has been adopted for the management of phenylketonuria (PKU). It can be used for monitoring plasma Phe and Tyr levels of PKU patients during dietary treatment, for diagnosis of classical PKU through the Phe-loading test, and for detection of PKU heterozygotes. A total of 350 plasma samples collected from 31 PKU patients over a 4 year period were analyzed and yielded results similar to those obtained by automated amino acid analysis. In an exploratory study, 1084 newborn infants were screened for PKU by our enzymatic method and the Guthrie test. In this group we detected 5 infants with Phe levels greater than 8 mg/dl plasma and 2 infants with Tyr levels greater than 8 mg/dl plasma, while the Guthrie test on the same subjects gave no positives.
Liquidambar styraciflua: a renewable source of shikimic acid

Abstract An isolation procedure is presented that yields 2.4–3.7% w/w pure shikimic acid from the seeds of Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweetgum). Shikimic acid, the starting material in the commercial synthesis of the antiviral agent oseltamivir and an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in plants, was found by HPLC to be abundant in the granular, aborted seeds (6.5% w/w) while present only in small amounts in the developed, fertile seeds (0.14% w/w). This extraction technique makes L. styraciflua , which is found in 40 states of the continental US, a potential renewable source of this important natural product.
Innovative models of aging in place: Transforming our communities for an aging population

As the proportion of the global population over 60 continues to grow, the issue of where and how elders are going to live becomes increasingly pressing. The idea or “aging in place” – in which elders remain in their own homes and communities – is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to age-segregated retirement communities. This article documents three new models of aging in place – naturally occurring retirement communities (NORC-SSPs), villages and campus-affiliated communities – and explores how they seek to provide both services and meaningful connections among members. Data from interviews and site visits reveal both promising practices as well as challenges such as how to ensure access for low and moderate-income elders, integrating elders from diverse cultural and linguistic back grounds, and building the leadership and participation of elders. By looking critically at these models, the author argues that many previously held theories and assumptions about the aging process and social capit...
Enamel Demineralization in Primary and Permanent Teeth

Although enamel demineralization is important for our understanding of caries formation, no consensus has been reached regarding the possible differences in susceptibility of primary and permanent enamel. We used the constant composition (CC) technique to investigate the acid-induced demineralization of these tissues at a relative undersaturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (HAP) of 0.902, pH = 4.5, and ionic strength = 0.15 mol L(-1). The demineralization rates showed significant differences, primary enamel having the greater susceptibility to dissolution during an initial linear stage: 1.5 +/- 0.5 x 10(-10) mol mm(-2) min(-1) compared with 2.6 +/- 0.5 x 10(-11) mol mm(-2) min(-1) for permanent enamel. During the reactions, we observed nanosized crystallites which attached to the enamel surfaces or escaped into the bulk solution. These nanosized crystallites were kinetically protected against further dissolution, even though the solutions remained undersaturated. It is hypothesized that they may contribute to the remarkable mechanical and dynamic characteristics of enamel.
Human neural progenitor cells derived from embryonic stem cells in feeder-free cultures.

Derivation of human neural progenitors (hNP) from human embryonic stem (hES) cells in culture has been reported with the use of feeder cells or conditioned media. This introduces undefined components into the system, limiting the ability to precisely investigate the requirement for factors that control the process. Also, the use of feeder cells of non-human origin introduces the potential for zoonotic transmission, limiting its clinical usefulness. Here we report a feeder-free system to produce hNP from hES cells and test the effects of various media components involved in the process. Five protocols using defined media components were compared for efficiency of hNP generation. Based on this analysis, we discuss the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), N2 supplement, non-essential amino acids (NEAA), and knock-out serum replacement (KSR) on the process of hNP generation. All protocols led to down-regulation of Oct4/POU5F1 expression (from 90.5% to 97% NES+ cells. This suggests that KSR and NEAA supplements did not enhance early differentiation but did promote proliferating of hNP cell cultures. This resulted in an efficient, robust, repeatable differentiation system suitable for generating large populations of hNP cells. This will facilitate further study of molecular and biochemical mechanisms in early human neural differentiation and potentially produce uniform neuronal cells for therapeutic uses without concern of zoonotic transmission from feeder layers.
A lymphoid cell surface glycoprotein involved in endothelial cell recognition and lymphocyte homing in man.

We describe a 90-kDa lymphocyte surface glycoprotein, recognized by the monoclonal antibody Hermes-1, that is involved in endothelial cell recognition and lymphocyte trafficking in man. This molecule (a) is selectively expressed on normal or transformed lymphoid cells that are able to recognize and bind to high endothelial venules (HEV, specialized vessels that mediate lymphocyte exit from the blood into lymphoid organs); (b) appears to be linked to HEV recognition function since, in fluorescence- activated cell sorting of variants of a cloned cell line, HEV binding ability co-selects with the Hermes-1 antigen; (c) bears the predominant cell surface epitopes recognized by heterologous anti-human lymphocyte antibodies able to interfere with lymphocyte binding to HEV; and (d) is structurally similar to a previously described mouse lymphocyte surface receptor for HEV. These findings demonstrate that the molecule defined by Hermes-1 either functions as a specific lymphocyte surface receptor for HEV, or is both precisely coregulated and physically and/or functionally associated with such receptors. The expression of this putative receptor for HEV on normal human lymphocyte populations parallels, and thus presumably helps determine, their migratory status in vivo. Hermes-1 should be a powerful tool for analyzing the role of endothelial cell recognition in the traffic of normal and neoplastic human lymphocytes.
An Apparatus For Measuring The Specular Reflectance Of Optical Components At Cryogenic Temperatures

A unique apparatus for measuring the specular reflectance of bare and anti-reflection coated optical components, at cryogenic temperatures, has been developed through a joint effort between the Metrology Department and the Electro-Optical Center of Rockwell International Corporation's Autonetics Electronics Systems Division, in Anaheim, California. An invention disclosure for the apparatus has been filed with Rockwell.
Structure of cytochrome P450eryF involved in erythromycin biosynthesis

Cytochrome P450eryF catalyzes the 6S-hydroxylation of 6-deoxyerythronolide B, the initial reaction in a multistep pathway to convert 6-deoxyerythronolide B into the antibiotic, erythromycin. The overall structure of P450eryF is similar to that of P450cam but differs in the exact positioning of several α-helices. The largest difference occurs in the B′ helix and results in the enlargement of the substrate-binding pocket of P450eryF. The substrate is positioned with the macrolide ring perpendicular to the haem plane and contacts seven hydrophobic residues and three solvent molecules. The substrate participates in a network of hydrogen bonds that may provide a proton shuttle pathway in the oxygen cleavage reaction.
Synthesizing and integrating TSE with hard core TCP/IP for smart grid

In this research, we develop a high-performance reliable communication platform. The platform consists of two parts, TCP/IP protocol stack that is implemented as hardware on an FPGA. And the second part is an integrated Triple-speed Ethernet (TSE). We designed a state machine that configures TSE and an Ethernet frame generator to send TCP/IP packets at 1 Gbps, which are then driven into Logic Analyzer for a design synthesis and verification process.
Two Level Finite Element Method and its Application to the Helmholtz Equation

A two-level finite element method is introduced and its application to the Helmholtz equation is considered. The method retains the desirable features of the Galerkin method enriched with residual-free-bubbles, while it is not limited to discretizations using elements with simple geometry. The method can be applied to other equations and to irregular shaped domains.
The prostate specific antigen era in the United States is over for prostate cancer: what happened in the last 20 years?

ABSTRACTPurpose: We assessed how well preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) reflects the largest cancer in consecutive untreated radical prostatectomies during the last 20 years at Sta...
Imaging Mantle Discontinuities using Multiply-Reflected P-To-S Conversions

Abstract Improving the reliability and accuracy in the determination of the depth to velocity discontinuities in the Earth's mantle is essential for a better understanding of mantle dynamics, as well as for addressing such fundamental questions as the origin of mantle plumes and fate of subducted slabs. Most existing techniques that utilize receiver function stacking, which is perhaps the most-commonly used method to image mantle discontinuities, suffer from strong trade-offs between the depth and velocity anomalies above the discontinuities. Here we propose and test a procedure that utilizes both the P-to-S converted phase (Pds) and the multiply reflected and converted phase (Ppds) at the discontinuities to simultaneously determine the depth of mantle discontinuities and velocity anomalies in the overlying layer. The procedure includes masking the strong PP arrivals prior to computing receiver functions, computing non-plane wave travel-times for Pds and Ppds for accurate moveout corrections, and utilizing the discrepancies in the apparent discontinuity depths from Pds and Ppds to simultaneously estimate velocity anomalies and discontinuity depths that are independent of velocity anomalies. Application of the procedure to data recorded by stations in seven radius = 1.5° circles along a 780 km N–S profile centered at the Yellowstone hotspot reveals lower-than-normal upper mantle and MTZ velocities beneath Yellowstone, a positive temperature anomaly of 40–190 °C in the vicinity of the 410 km discontinuity (d410), and a lower-than-normal temperature in the vicinity of the 660 km discontinuity (d660). The perceived hotspot is not associated with a localized depression of the d410 or an uplift of the d660, suggesting that the proposed mantle plume does not traverse the MTZ beneath the profile.