cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional Labor Markets

It is well–known to most sociologists and economists that there are considerable regional variations in many aspects of labor markets. However, comparatively little is known about the consequences of this variation for individual actors. This is so in part because many economists and sociologists (for quite different reasons) find such variation to be theoretically unimportant, and in part because measuring the impact of such variation is methodologically complex. In the past decade, though, research on the topic has expanded and the potential importance of this variation has become recognized. The importance for individual actors was first explicitly noted by Villemez and Beggs (1994:2): Many factors bound the rationality which guides attainment-related decisions; one seriously neglected category of these factors is place—the social and geographic space in which individuals act out their lives. All persons make attainment-related choices within the confines of physical places. The attributes of these places influence and constrain those choices, thereby affecting stratification processes.
Extraction of choriocapillaris hemodynamic data from ICG fluorescence angiograms.

Purpose There are conflicting views about the organization of the posterior pole choriocapillaris, particularly concerning blood flow through it, and there are difficulties associated with attempting to obtain such information using histologic techniques, sodium fluorescein angiography, or both. The present study uses a method of analysis based on high-speed angiograms to investigate posterior pole choroidal blood flow. Method The analysis method employed is based on the premises that dye filling of the choriocapillaris is more rapid (because it is pulsatile) than dye filling of the underlying larger diameter vessels, and that fluorescence from these two overlapping layers is additive. The described analysis algorithm was applied to high-speed ICG fluorescence angiograms to emphasize information about choriocapillaris hemodynamics. Results The analysis method was demonstrated in rhesus monkeys, and results indicate that the posterior pole choriocapillaris does not behave as a homogeneous structure, consisting of discrete lobular segments. In general, the cycle of dye filling of the choriocapillaris begins in the macular area and progresses radially toward the periphery in a wavelike manner, the filling cycle beginning with and being completed during one cycle of the intraocular pressure pulse. Conclusions It is possible to extract information related to choriocapillaris blood flow from high-speed ICG angiograms when a fairly well-defined dye bolus wavefront is present. Interpretation of the results suggests that the choriocapillaris lobules fill in a pulsatile manner, out of phase with each other, and may act thereby to dissipate the blood volume entering the choroid during each cardiac cycle in such a way that the retinal macular is not significantly displaced by expansion of the choroidal vascular volume. Depending upon the distribution of pressure gradients across a group of lobules, blood may flow from one lobule into or even through an adjacent one.
Cancer Informatics in 2017: A New Beginning and a Bright Future.

Objective: To summarize significant research contributions on cancer informatics published in 2017. Methods: An extensive search using PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, and manual review was conducted to identify the scientific contributions published in 2017 that address topics in cancer informatics. The selection process comprised three steps: (i) 15 candidate best papers were first selected by the two section editors, (ii) external reviewers from internationally renowned research teams reviewed each candidate best paper, and (iii) the final selection of three best papers was conducted by the editorial board of the Yearbook. Results: Results: The three selected best papers present studies addressing many facets of cancer informatics, with immediate applicability in the research and clinical domains. Conclusion: Cancer informatics is a broad and vigorous subfield of biomedical informatics. Strides in knowledge management, crowdsourcing, and visualization are especially notable in 2017.
Connectome-based models predict attentional control in aging adults.

Abstract There are well-characterized age-related differences in behavioral and neural responses to tasks of attentional control. However, there is also increasing recognition of individual variability in the process of neurocognitive aging. Using connectome-based predictive modeling, a method for predicting individual-level behaviors from whole-brain functional connectivity, a sustained attention connectome-based prediction model (saCPM) has been derived in young adults. The saCPM consists of two large-scale functional networks: a high-attention network whose strength predicts better attention and a low-attention network whose strength predicts worse attention. Here we examined the generalizability of the saCPM for predicting inhibitory control in an aging sample. Forty-two healthy young adults (n = 21, ages 18–30) and older adults (n = 21, ages 60–80) performed a modified Stroop task, on which older adults exhibited poorer performance, indexed by higher reaction time cost between incongruent and congruent trials. The saCPM generalized to predict reaction time cost across age groups, but did not account for age-related differences in performance. Exploratory analyses were conducted to characterize the effects of age on functional connectivity and behavior. We identified subnetworks of the saCPM that exhibited age-related differences in strength. The strength of two low-attention subnetworks, consisting of frontoparietal, medial frontal, default mode, and motor nodes that were more strongly connected in older adults, mediated the effect of age group on performance. These results support the saCPM's ability to capture attention-related patterns reflected in each individual's functional connectivity signature across both task context and age. However, older and younger adults exhibit functional connectivity differences within components of the saCPM networks, and it is these connections that better account for age-related deficits in attentional control.
Diagnostic Pathway to Nonsense Mutation Dystrophinopathy: A Tertiary-Center, Retrospective Experience.

Up to 15% of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by nonsense mutations (nm-DMD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the age at diagnosis, presentations, and diagnostic approach in 43 nm-DMD boys. The mean age at presentation and diagnosis was 3 years and 4 years, respectively. Presenting signs or symptoms were asymptomatic creatine kinase (CK) elevation (40%), muscle weakness (30%), motor delay (18%), and walking difficulties (12%). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the most commonly deleted exons were negative (n = 17), and muscle biopsy was consistent with dystrophinopathy (n = 24). In all patients, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) followed by direct sequencing of all exons, revealed nm-DMD. Mean age at genetic diagnosis was 6 years 8 months. Patients were evaluated in two-time periods, between 2006 and 2011 (Group I: n = 10) and 2011 and 2017 (Group II: n = 33). The mean age at diagnosis/genetic confirmation in Group I and in Group II was 3 years 9 months/10 years, and 4 years 1 month/5 years 9 months, respectively. Most frequently performed first step diagnostic tests in Group I and Group II were muscle biopsy and MLPA. Our study reflects the change in the age at genetic diagnosis and diagnostic approach to nm-DMD depending on the advances and availability of genetic testing.
Bankruptcy and Business Groups

In this paper we look at Indian business groups and study the behavior of business groups around the time of group firm failures. We show that percentage insider holding is a significant predictor of firm failure after controlling for firm financials. This is the first time that any non-financial variable has been found to predict firm failure. We find that tunneling - documented among Indian business groups by Bertrand et. al. (2002) - is evident mainly among the groups that have one or more member firms become bankrupt ('bankrupt groups'). We show that bankruptcy of a group firm forces owner managers to steal resources from other group firms to prevent expropriation by lenders and this impacts the performance, investment levels and bankruptcy probability of other group firms. To our knowledge this is the first time this negative externality of financial distress on business groups has been documented. Bankrupt groups are observationally different from healthy groups, having a greater disparity in insider holding, lower levels of insider holding and greater disparity in the extent of debt in their capital structure.
Recent trends in US mortality in early and middle adulthood: racial/ethnic disparities in inter-cohort patterns

Background A striking increase in the all-cause mortality of US middle-aged non-Hispanic Whites in the past two decades has been documented by previous studies. The inter-cohort patterns in US mortality, as well as their racial/ethnic disparities, are still unclear. Methods Using official mortality data, we study US annual mortality rates for ages 25-54 from 1990 to 2016 by gender and race/ethnicity. We conduct an age-period-cohort analysis to disentangle the period and cohort forces driving the absolute changes in mortality across cohorts. Nine leading causes of death are also explored to explain the inter-cohort mortality patterns and their racial/ethnic disparities. Results We find cohort-specific elevated mortality trends for gender- and race/ethnicity-specific populations. For non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics, Baby Boomers have increased mortality trends compared with other cohorts. For non-Hispanic White females, it is late-Gen Xers and early-Gen Yers for whom the mortality trends are higher than other cohorts. For non-Hispanic White males, the elevated mortality pattern is found for Baby Boomers, late-Gen Xers, and early-Gen Yers. The mortality pattern among Baby Boomers is at least partially driven by mortality related to drug poisoning, suicide, external causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and HIV/AIDS for all race and gender groups affected. The elevated mortality patterns among late-Gen Xers and early-Gen Yers are at least partially driven by mortality related to drug poisonings and alcohol-related diseases for non-Hispanic Whites. Differential patterns of drug poisoning-related mortality play an important role in the racial/ethnic disparities in these mortality patterns. Conclusions We find substantial racial/ethnic disparities in inter-cohort mortality patterns. Our findings also point to the unique challenges faced by younger generations.
A retrospective analysis of venous thromboembolism trends in chemotherapy-induced anemia: Red blood cell transfusion versus erythrocyte stimulating agent (ESA) administration.

e14685Background: Anemia is a common and unfortunate consequence of chemotherapy; patients receiving a variety of chemotherapy regimens often develop chemotherapy–induced anemia (CIA), which contri...
Tests of acoustic scale shifts in halo-based mock galaxy catalogues

We utilise mock catalogues from high-accuracy cosmological $N$-body simulations to quantify shifts in the recovery of the acoustic scale that could potentially result from galaxy clustering bias. The relationship between galaxies and dark matter halos presents a complicated source of systematic errors in modern redshift surveys, particularly when aiming to make cosmological measurements to sub-percent precision. Apart from a scalar, linear bias parameter accounting for the density contrast ratio between matter tracers and the true matter distribution, other types of galaxy bias, such as assembly and velocity biases, may also significantly alter clustering signals from small to large scales. We create mocks based on generalised halo occupation populations of 36 periodic boxes from the \abacuscosmos release with. In a total volume of $48 \, h^{-3} \mathrm{Gpc}^3$, we test various biased models along with an unbiased base case. Two reconstruction methods are applied to galaxy samples and the apparent acoustic scale is derived by fitting the two-point correlation function multipoles. With respect to the baseline, we find a $0.3\%$ shift in the line-of-sight acoustic scale for one variation in the satellite galaxy population, and we find an $0.7\%$ shift for an extreme level of velocity bias of the central galaxies. All other bias models are consistent with zero shift at the $0.2\%$ level after reconstruction. We note that the bias models explored are relatively large variations, producing sizeable and likely distinguishable changes in small-scale clustering, the modelling of which would further calibrate the BAO standard ruler.
Fracture Fallout - Altered Mental Status and Respiratory Failure in the Pediatric ICU

Orthopedic trauma, particularly fracture of long bones, frequently leads to release of fat globules into the systemic circulation. The presence of these fat emboli lead to both a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state, occasionally resulting in neurological, dermatological and respiratory phenomena known as Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES). This clinical entity is uncommon but, as illustrated by the following case, very dangerous if not anticipated in the post-operative management of trauma patients. A previously healthy 16-year-old male was struck by a car while riding his bike, resulting in a large forehead laceration …
Abiotic and biotic influences on the performance of two biological control agents, Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae, in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California (USA)

Abstract Variability in the effectiveness of biological control programs can be due to a myriad of abiotic and biotic interactions. Here, we explore these interactions in relation to the suboptimal biological control on the invasive water hyacinth, Pontederia (=Eichhornia) crassipes, by two weevils, Neochetina bruchi and N. eichhorniae, in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta in California, USA (Delta). We conducted monthly surveys from 2015 to 2017 throughout 1667 km2 to analyze the impacts of temperature, nutrients, river flow, pathogens and genetic variation in relation to the performance of these biological control agents. Weevils (predominantly N. bruchi) demonstrated a positive numerical response to increased nitrogen content in water hyacinth crown and roots. Weevil densities and water hyacinth biomass declined significantly during periods of high river flow. We found negative impacts of cooler temperatures on weevil performance, with a significant lagged-response of weevil densities in the field to water temperature from three months prior and a lack of population growth under laboratory conditions simulating winter air temperatures in the Delta (3.9–13.9 °C). We confirmed the presence of a microsporidian pathogen, with 10.7% average prevalence of infection across four seasons and low infection loads. In addition, we found low genetic diversity of N. bruchi in the Delta compared to native populations, low population genetic structure and a lack of genetic isolation by distance among metapopulations. Overall we conclude that cooler temperatures and periods of high river flow are likely the main factors limiting the current biological control program in the Delta.
Single Center Experience With Neurodevelopmental Follow-Up In Pediatric Cardiac Patients

Background: The current literature on neurodevelopment (ND) in pediatric cardiology patients has largely revolved around specific ND outcomes. Children with congenital heart defects (CHD) have a higher risk for acquiring developmental disabilities due to many factors including prenatal cerebral perfusion, cyanosis, and exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass. Routine developmental evaluations throughout childhood can increase the chances of identifying these deficits, allowing early intervention. We sought to …
Smart Nations for All, Disability and Jobs: A Global Perspective

This paper develops a Quadruple-Sextuple Helix framework of analysis to investigate the nexus disability and employment. It builds on the path breaking Triple Helix framework developed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff and the Quadruple-Quintuple Helix frameworks developed by Carayannis and Campbell. We argue that a Quadruple-Sextuple Helix framework of analysis provides a comprehensive approach to understand the opportunities and challenges permeating the nexus between disability and employment. We assembled a sample of 37 nations to test the notion that nations that are able to build cohesive and harmonious Quadruple-Sextuple Helix frameworks will be better capable of fostering the creation of jobs for their people with disabilities. These countries span different levels of economic and social development. The results indicate that the proposed quadruple and sextuple helix models can provide a better understanding of the disparities in unemployment for people with disabilities amongst the nations surveyed.
The Politics of Space: Affect, Church Membership, and Ecclesial Identity in Contemporary Chinese Reformed Churches

There has been a growing resurgence of Reformed Christianity in contemporary China, largely focused within China’s urban centers. Based on a case study of a Reformed congregation in Shanghai, and its development of a church membership system, this chapter explores how Reformed churches utilize emotion and attachment to construct distinct Reformed identity and spaces within urban China.
Stochastic Model of Bone Remodeling and Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition of skeletal fragility manifested by an increased risk of bone fracture that is now a major health problem in many countries (Melton, 1991). Oddly, this bone disorder is a sign of successfully living a long life, for it is relatively uncommon among people less than 50 years of age. Nevertheless, it is crippling to those afflicted, and there is a sense of paradox in that osteoporosis is more readily prevented than cured. Any person with risk factors for osteoporosis needs to become mindful that preventative strategies should begin in adolescence, or at the earliest possible stage in life, for the greater the bone density achieved during one’s growing years, the longer it will be before bone deterioration begins to affect health.
Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of atrial septal defects

Echocardiography provides a useful tool in the diagnosis of many congenital heart diseases, including atrial septal defects, and aids in further delineating treatment options. Although two-dimensional echocardiography has been the standard of care in this regard, technological advancements have made three-dimensional echocardiography possible, and the images obtained in this new imaging modality are able to accurately portray the morphology, location, dimensions, and dynamic changes of defects and many other heart structures during the cardiac cycle.
A utility-based approach for quantitative adaptation in wireless packet networks

This paper assesses the state-of-the-art in Quality-of-Service (QoS) adaptive wireless networks and proposes new adaptation techniques that better suit application specific needs. The contribution of the paper is as follows: we propose an adaptive service comprising (i) bandwidth utility functions, which capture the adaptive nature of mobile applications in terms of the range of bandwidth over which they prefer to operate; and (ii) adaptation scripts, which enable adaptive mobile applications to program the per-flow adaptation time scale and bandwidth granularity realizing application-specific adaptive services. To maintain adaptive services in wireless packet access networks, we propose a split level adaptation control framework that operates at the network and application levels. Network level control employs a periodic probing mechanism between mobile devices and network gateways in support of utility based max---min fair resource allocation. Application level control is managed by a set of distributed adaptation handlers that operate at mobile devices realizing application-specific adaptation strategies.
Becoming the Fifth Branch

Observers of our federal republic have long acknowledged that a fourth branch of government comprising administrative agencies has arisen to join the original three established by the Constitution. In this article, we focus our attention on the emergence of perhaps yet another, comprising financial self-regulatory organizations. In the late eighteenth century, long before the creation of state and federal securities authorities, the financial industry created its own self-regulatory organizations. These private institutions then coexisted with the public authorities for much of the past century in a complementary array of informal and formal policing mechanisms. That equilibrium, however, appears to be growing increasingly imbalanced, as financial SROs such as FINRA transform from “self-regulatory” into “quasigovernmental” organizations. We describe this change through an account that describes how SROs are losing their independence, growing distant from their industry members, and accruing rulemaking, enforcement, and adjudicative powers that more closely resemble governmental agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. We then consider the confluence of forces that might be driving this increasingly governmental shift, including among others, demographic changes in the style and size of retail investments in the securities markets, the one-way ratchet effect of high-publicity failures and scandals, and the public choice incentives of regulators and the compliance industry. The process by which such self-regulatory organizations shed their independence for an increasingly governmental role is an undesirable but largely inexorable development, and we offer some initial ideas for how to forestall it. * Respectively, Associate Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law and Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School. Funding for this paper was provided through a grant from the CME Group Foundation, which was established by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Trust. BECOMING THE FIFTH BRANCH
Decoding episodic retrieval processes: Frontoparietal and medial temporal lobe contributions to free recall

Neuroimaging studies of recognition memory have identified distinct patterns of cortical activity associated with two sets of cognitive processes: Recollective processes supporting retrieval of information specifying a probe item's original source are associated with the posterior hippocampus, ventral posterior parietal cortex, and medial pFC. Familiarity processes supporting the correct identification of previously studied probes in the absence of a recollective response are associated with activity in anterior medial temporal lobe MTL structures including the perirhinal cortex and anterior hippocampus, in addition to lateral prefrontal and dorsal posterior parietal cortex. Here, we address an open question in the cognitive neuroscientific literature: To what extent are these same neurocognitive processes engaged during an internally directed memory search task like free recall? We recorded fMRI activity while participants performed a series of free recall and source recognition trials, and we used a combination of univariate and multivariate analysis techniques to compare neural activation profiles across the two tasks. Univariate analyses showed that posterior MTL regions were commonly associated with recollective processes during source recognition and with free recall responses. Prefrontal and posterior parietal regions were commonly associated with familiarity processes and free recall responses, whereas anterior MTL regions were only associated with familiarity processes during recognition. In contrast with the univariate results, free recall activity patterns characterized using multivariate pattern analysis did not reliably match the neural patterns associated with recollective processes. However, these free recall patterns did reliably match patterns associated with familiarity processes, supporting theories of memory in which common cognitive mechanisms support both item recognition and free recall.
A Review of Elastomers Used for Oilfield Sealing Environments

The objective of this chapter is to give a general overview of elastomers used for sealing applications during the exploration and production of oil and gas.
Genetic Differences in Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Carcinogens and Aromatic Amines by Mouse Liver Microsomes. Detection by DNA Binding of Metabolites and by Mutagenicity in Histidine-Dependent Salmonella typhimurium In Vitro

The metabolism of various carcinogens and other chemicals by genetically regulated increases in cytochrome P/sub 1/-450 content was studied with the use of liver from 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-treated C57BL/6N and DBA/2N mice. (P/sub 1/-450 is defined as that form(s) of cytochrome that increases during polycyclic aromatic inducer treatment of the laboratory animal or cells in culture. Two forms of P/sub 1/-450 have been characterized electrophoretically and catalytically, and even more than two are believed to exist.) Genetic differences were seen in the DNA binding of metabolites in vitro for: dibenz(a,h)anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene (BP), MCA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and dopamine (approximately in descending order). Any difference for dibenz(a,c)anthracene or benzidine was very small. Marked genetic differences were observed in the mutagenicity (with Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1538, TA98, or TA100) in vitro for: 6-aminochrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, dibenz(a,c)anthracene, ..beta..-naphthylamine, MCA, 2-acetylaminofluorene, BP, benz(a)anthracene, and ..cap alpha..-naphthylamine (approximately in descending order); the difference for 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was very small. Important discrepancies for certain carcinogens therefore existed between genetic differences in metabolites binding to DNA and genetic differences in the metabolites causing mutation in this bacterial in vitro assay. These data may be useful for future studies with any of these chemicals in the extrapolation of genetic differencesmore » observed in vitro to differences in the risk of cancer associated with the Ah locus in the intact animal. Such genetic data for MCA and BP tumorigenesis have already been helpful in understanding the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis.« less
Accuracy of volumetric flow rate measurements: an in vitro study using modern ultrasound scanners.

Volumetric blood flow measurement with Doppler ultrasound is desirable for assessing blood flow and has been applied as part of an evaluation of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturity in patients undergoing hemodialysis.1,2 It also has been used to evaluate the increase in blood flow from the preoperative to postoperative state in fistulas.3–8 It has been used in the past to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics,9,10 but significant accuracy limitations described by Winkler et al11 led to the abandonment of most clinical uses of blood flow measurements. However, Doppler imaging remains the current clinical standard for quantifying blood flow with ultrasound, and a wide variety of commercial duplex systems are available to support such measurements. Transonic blood flow measurement during dialysis was validated in part using ultrasound as a reference standard.12 On the basis of the principle of uniform insonation, the standard method for volumetric blood flow quantification entails measuring the average velocity of flowing blood across a vessel and multiplying it by the cross-sectional area of the lumen. Numerous reports in the literature have documented error associated with ultrasound-based volumetric blood flow estimates.11,13–18 These known and documented inaccuracies have partly prompted research into alternative measurement techniques to combat these sources of error.19–25 Despite considerable promise to resolve a number of the known issues inherent to blood flow measurements obtained using standard duplex ultrasound, 3-dimensional measurement of Doppler blood flow systems is still in its infancy and under development. Until these prophecies are realized, the use of modern ultrasound systems to attain accurate quantitative blood flow measurements is still highly desirable for physicians and vascular sonographers and technologists. In this study, we assessed both accuracy and variability (intraobserver and interobserver) in volumetric blood flow measurements obtained using 5 different contemporary ultrasound systems and an in vitro experimental setup.
High-cycle fatigue characterization of titanium 5Al-2.5Sn alloy

High-cycle fatigue behaviour of titanium 5Al-2.5Sn alloy at room temperature has been studied. S-N curve characterization is performed at different stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.9 on a subsized fatigue specimen. Both two-stress and three-stress level tests are conducted at different stress ratios to study the cumulative fatigue damage. Life prediction techniques of linear damage rule, double linear damage rule and damage curve approaches are applied, and results are compared with the experimental data. The agreement between prediction and experiment is found to be excellent.
Etching of UO2 in NF3 RF Plasma Glow Discharge

Abstract A series of single effect, RF plasma, glow discharge experiments were conducted using NF3 gas to decontaminate depleted uranium dioxide from stainless-steel substrates. In the experiments, the plasma absorbed power was varied from 25 to 210 W and the pressure from ∼10 to 40 Pa. The results demonstrated that UO2 can be completely removed from stainless-steel substrates after several minutes processing at under 100 W with initial etch rates ranging from 0.2 to 7.4 μm/min. A primary etch mechanism is proposed in which F atoms created in the plasma diffuse to the UO2 surface and react to form successive intermediates of uranium fluorides and/or oxyfluorides with reactions continuing to form volatile UF6 which desorbs into the gas phase to be pumped away. Ions created in the plasma are too low in concentration to be the primary etch mechanism, yet they can deliver enough energy to enhance the reaction process. UO2 etching is a self-limiting process due to the formation of non-volatile uranium oxyfluorides and fluorides which form over the UO2 surface, slowing or completely blocking the reaction to UF6.
Physical data measurements and mathematical modelling of simple gas bubble experiments in glass melts

In this work consideration is given to the problem of the extraction of physical data information from gas bubble dissolution and growth measurements. The discussion is limited to the analysis of the simplest experimental systems consisting of a single, one component gas bubble in a glassmelt. It is observed that if the glassmelt is highly under- (super-) saturated, then surface tension effects may be ignored, simplifying the task of extracting gas diffusivity values from the measurements. If, in addition, the bubble rise velocity is very small (or very large) the ease of obtaining physical property data is enhanced. Illustrations are given for typical cases.
Cell type-specific transcriptomics in the brain.

Sequencing of multiple mammalian genomes, together with the development of whole-transcriptome profiling technologies, have opened the door to an unprecedented ability to study gene expression in the brain. Transcriptomics refers to a class of high-throughput methods, such as microarray (gene chip
Surface and pore diffusion in macroporous and gel-filled gigaporous stationary phases for protein chromatography.

A recently introduced method [Biotechnol. Prog. 13 (1997) 429] for determining intraparticle mass transfer parameters in high speed liquid chromatography is considered in the present study for the case where the eluite adsorbs onto the stationary phase. The validity of the method was verified theoretically using simulated elution profiles and then applied to experimental data obtained using columns packed with either a macroporous or a gel-filled gigaporous stationary phase. For this purpose, experimental measurements were made using α-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin as eluites at several retention factors. Apparent intraparticle diffusivities measured for the gel-filled gigaporous stationary phase were seen to increase with the retention factor, which indicates that for this material surface diffusion is a significant mechanism of mass transfer under retained conditions. Data obtained on the macroporous stationary phase revealed that the intraparticle diffusivity was independent of the retention factor, which suggests that pore diffusion remains the principal mass transfer mechanism even under conditions where proteins are adsorbed on the column packing.
Public Collaboration in Transportation A Case Study

Rapid population growth, traffic congestion and air pollution from automobiles have made Environmental Protection Agency to designate Denton County as part of the Dallas - Fort Worth 8-hour non-attainment area. In 2001, county residents and elected officials petitioned the Texas Legislature to create the Denton County Transportation Authority (DCTA). In 2002, DCTA was created through a countywide election to provide environment friendly public transportation services. Soon DCTA embarked on a plan for collaboration with the public and various stakeholders. In this case study, efforts have been made to understand the reasons behind DCTA's plan for collaboration, the initiatives it undertook and the public's perception of such collaborative efforts. Based on evidences, it has been concluded that even a well designed plan of interaction can have structural flaws. Such flaws coupled with lack of understanding of local history can impede the establishment of a meaningful partnership with the local community.
Encouraging women's motivation for nontraditional career and lifestyle options: A model for assessment and intervention

In summary, despite apparent changes in the recent past, women remain underrepresented in nontraditional career areas. Society continues to exert forces which restrict women's motivation toward particular options. It is hoped that the Expectancy-Valence model presented here will help counselors in their efforts to broaden women's career and lifestyle opportunities.
Advancement of therapies for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis.

There is increased awareness and interest in the neurodegenerative component of multiple sclerosis. Available disease-modifying agents, primarily developed to suppress inflammation and modulate the immune system, have not been effective at halting neurodegeneration. Although understanding of the inter-relationship between the autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes continues to evolve, at a minimum, both elements are present in the disease. Accordingly, a more balanced treatment strategy should be directed at both processes, and it is necessary to introduce agents with prominent neuroprotective properties to augment immunomodulatory therapies. Potential agents reviewed include sodium channel-blocking drugs, glutamate antagonists, hormones, tetracyclines, polyphenolic compounds, cannabinoids and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. As putative neuroprotective agents are being investigated, it is being recognized that most agents are not exclusively neuroprotective or immunomodulatory, and mechanisms of action...
Questions of public will and private action: The power of the negative in the reagans' “just say no” morality campaign

This essay uses Kenneth Burke's writings on the negative in language to account for the rhetorical appeal of the Reagans' “just say no” to drugs rhetoric and its application to other social problems. We argue that the “just say no” rhetoric's treatment of the social problems of drug use, AIDS, teenage pregnancy, and abortion, shifted the responsibility for these problems from the arenas of politics and medicine to that of morality. Solutions became a matter of self‐will and restraint, which, while appealing to the individual by providing a sense of control over and freedom from the social ill, essentially advocated private solutions to public problems, reasserted the authority of the government to define both problems and solutions, and undermined the vitality of the public sphere. Extensions of this “transformational” rhetoric are discussed in current public policy.
Bungee cord-associated ocular injuries

Purpose To report ocular injuries associated with the use of bungee cords. Method Four patients with bungee cord-associated ocular trauma are presented. Results Four eyes of four patients demonstrated severe contusion injuries associated with bungee cord trauma. Ocular injuries in the four eyes included a variable combination of corneal abrasion, hyphema, iridodialysis, anterior chamber angle recession, secondary glaucoma, lens subluxation, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Three of the four eyes required ophthalmic surgery. All eyes had anterior chamber angle recession and required continuing ophthalmic care. Conclusion Bungee cords may be associated with severe ocular injury and should be used with caution.
Calculation of main cutting edge forces and torque for drills with arbitrary point geometries

Abstract A model for calculating main cutting edge torque, thrust, and radial force distributions for drilling gray cast iron with solid carbide and carbide-tipped drills is described. Unlike previous models, this model is applicable to arbitrary point geometries and includes radial forces due to point asymmetry. A general parametric method for characterizing complex point geometries is first described. Using this method, together with empirical cutting force models from end cutting tests, torque, thrust, and radial force calculations are carried out for ten representative drills covering a range of available geometries. Calculated and measured torque values agree to within the repeatability of the measurements. Calculated thrust force values are reasonable, but are significantly lower than measured values in most cases, since chisel edge contributions are not included. Calculated radial forces for an asymmetric drill agree with limited measured values to within twice the repeatability of the measurements. Future work on chisel edge contributions, temperature calculations, and force calculations for interrupted holes is briefly discussed.
Effects of route of administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition kinetics of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in rats

The disposition kinetics of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its biologically active metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were studied in rats following single or multiple administration of DEHP by various routes. Following a single intraarterial (ia) injection, a large apparent volume of distribution (5390 ml/kg) and a high rate of clearance (21.5 ml/min/kg) were observed for DEHP. The systemic availability of DEHP was low following both single po (13.6%) and ip (5.2%) administration. A marked route-dependency in the formation of MEHP from DEHP was observed. The circulating concentrations of MEHP were substantially higher than those of DEHP (i.e., area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of approximately 7) after po administration, whereas concentrations of the mono-de-esterified metabolite were much lower relative to the parent diester concentration after ia or ip administration (i.e., AUC ratio less than 0.4). Pharmacokinetic calculations revealed that approximately 80% of a po dose of DEHP undergoes mono-de-esterification, as compared to only about 1% of the dose following either ia or ip administration. Hence, the low po systemic availability of DEHP may be largely attributed to presystemic hydrolysis of DEHP to MEHP in the gut, whereas slow and/or incomplete absorption is the likely cause of the poor bioavailability of DEHP after ip administration. No significant accumulation in the circulating concentrations of DEHP or derived MEHP were observed following 7 days of repetitive administration of DEHP. However, multiple ip injections resulted in an apparent decrease in the rate and/or extent of DEHP absorption from the peritoneal cavity, while no significant change in the po absorption of the diester was observed. The striking difference in the MEHP to DEHP AUC ratio between po and ip routes was still evident after multiple dosing. These data suggest that previously reported differences in the biologic effects of DEHP in rodents following different routes of administration may be due to route dependency in the mono-de-esterification of the diester.
"Without My Flesh I Will See God": Job's Rhetoric of the Body

While almost all commentators take notice of Job's descriptions of physical suffering, the ways Job uses his body to rhetorical effect have not been fully recognized. This article considers the impact of the legal metaphor on Job's use of body imagery (Job 9:20, 30-31; 16:8; 19:20-23; and 19:25-27) and maintains that Job's speeches draw on the ancient world's understanding of the body to question and invert traditional usage of body imagery, particularly the stock of body images from the Psalms that present the body, the self, and the voice as a manifold unity. Job overturns traditional images of the disintegrated body known from the biblical laments in order to distance his body's appearance of guilt from his testimony of innocence. In contrast to the psalmists, who petition God to restore them to health, Job uses images of disembodiment and bodily disintegration to separate his broken body from his contention that he is innocent. In this way, Job uses imagery of the body to form a counternarrative that testifies to his innocence.
Hypocretin/orexin regulation of dopamine signaling: implications for reward and reinforcement mechanisms

The hypocretins/orexins are comprised of two neuroexcitatory peptides that are synthesized exclusively within a circumscribed region of the lateral hypothalamus. These peptides project widely throughout the brain and interact with a variety of regions involved in the regulation of arousal-related processes including those associated with motivated behavior. The current review focuses on emerging evidence indicating that the hypocretins influence reward and reinforcement processing via actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system. We discuss contemporary perspectives of hypocretin regulation of mesolimbic dopamine signaling in both drug free and drug states, as well as hypocretin regulation of behavioral responses to drugs of abuse, particularly as it relates to cocaine.
Universal liquid level sensor employing Fresnel coefficient based discrete fiber optic measurement technique

A compact and light weight liquid-level-measuring system based on fiber-optics sensor technology is presented as alternative to systems based on float gauges and other conventional level sensors for liquids that pose fire, corrosion and explosion hazards. These Fresnel reflection based fiber-optic sensors are inherently safer because they do not include electrical connections inside fuel/chemical tanks, and they exploit changes in internal reflection of guided electromagnetic modes as a result of contact between the outer surface of optical fiber and a liquid. Discrete changes in light transmission/reflection are used to indicate that liquid has come into contact with a suitably designed fiber optic probe at the output end of the fiber. This endeavor presents a quasi-continuous fiber optic level detection system that measures liquid level to within known increments of depth, by placing the probes of a number of such sensors at known depths in a tank where each probe effectively serves as a level switch. Due to the fiber optic nature of the design, the system can operate from cryogenic applications to boiling fluids. Experimental results for liquid nitrogen and water are presented.
Transformation of Hydrogel-Based Inverse Opal Photonic Sensors from FCC to L11 during Swelling

The structural evolution of Bragg diffracting inverse opal hydrogel sensors during swelling is directly observed by two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and compared to predictions from finite element analysis. A fluorescently labeled pH-sensitive hydrogel is UV-polymerized in a dried polystyrene colloidal crystal template, which is etched to yield an inverse opal. Fluorescence imaging of the hydrogel at different pH values reveals an inhomogeneous deformation of the FCC array of aqueous pores. The pores elongate along the sample normal direction and collapse along the sample parallel directions, consistent with the Bragg response, which indicates a 1-D increase in the interlayer distance. Interconnects between the pores serve as anchor points during hydrogel expansion into the pores. Pinning of the hydrogel to the substrate causes a change of the hydrogel lattice symmetry during deformation, from FCC (ABC stacking) to L11 (ABCA‘B‘C‘ stacking). Reconstructed cross-sections confirm that a 1-D ...
Managing a multimedia environment

Multimedia or new media as many call it, is the use of multiple types of media-text, graphics, sound, animation, and video in any combination -to convey information. The purpose of this paper is to briefly define this technology, describe its components and discuss some of the ways senior management can use and manage multimedia in the workplace
Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature variability and predictability of rainfall in the early and late parts of the Indian summer monsoon season

For central India and its west coast, rainfall in the early (15 May–20 June) and late (15 September–20 October) monsoon season correlates with Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the preceding month (April and August, respectively) sufficiently well, that those SST anomalies can be used to predict such rainfall. The patterns of SST anomalies that correlate best include the equatorial region near the dateline, and for the early monsoon season (especially since ~1980), a band of opposite correlation stretching from near the equator at 120°E to ~25°N at the dateline. Such correlations for both early and late monsoon rainfall and for both regions approach, if not exceed, 0.5. Although correlations between All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall and typical indices for the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) commonly are stronger for the period before than since 1980, these correlations with early and late monsoon seasons suggest that ENSO continues to affect the monsoon in these seasons. We exploit these patterns to assess predictability, and we find that SSTs averages in specified regions of the Pacific Ocean in April (August) offer predictors that can forecast rainfall amounts in the early (late) monsoon season period with a ~25% improvement in skill relative to climatology. The same predictors offer somewhat less skill (~20% better than climatology) for predicting the number of days in these periods with rainfall greater than 2.5 mm. These results demonstrate that although the correlation of ENSO indices with All India Rainfall has decreased during the past few decades, the connections with ENSO in the early and late parts have not declined; that for the early monsoon season, in fact, has grown stronger in recent decades.