cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Route-specific ice thickness distribution in the Arctic Ocean during a North Pole crossing in August 1990

Abstract Results of measurements of ice thickness and concentration in the Arctic Ocean on the way to and from the North Pole are presented. The data were acquired from aboard an icebreaker cruising along the 90's East meridians to the Pole and along the 60's East on the way back. The thicknesses were measured using photography of ice fragments broken out by the icebreaker. The concentrations were estimated visually in the vicinity of the ship. Since the route to the Pole was carefully selected searching for easier ice conditions, the Arctic Ocean crossing was not a straight-linear but a meandering path. Thus, the data are biased with respect to general ice statistics in the region but true with respect to the route-specific ice encountered by a ship navigating in that region. The route-specific data are directly needed for ship design and navigation analysis. The route-specific data are compared with the general ice thickness distributions which have been acquired for decades from many submarine crossings and other sources. Correlation between the route-specific and region-specific data sets is discussed.
Analysis of four common salt-wasting mutations in CYP21 (steroid 21-hydroxylase) by cleavase fragment length polymorphism analysis and characterization of a frequent polymorphism in intron 6

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) owing to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency results from mutations in CYP21. The majority of patients with this disorder have salt-wasting because of mineralocorticoid deficiency, and most patients with salt-wasting have one of four common mutations: deletions of CYP21, or nondeletion mutations including a 3′ premature splice mutation in intron 2; an 8-bp deletion in exon III; a cluster of mutations in exon VI; and R356W. Methods and Results: The authors analyzed these mutations using a new mutation-detection methodology, cleavase fragment length polymorphism (CFLP) analysis. All of these mutations were detectable using CFLP. The intron 2 splice mutation, exon III 8-bp deletion, and R356W mutation all resulted in novel CFLP bands not seen in subjects without those mutations. The exon VI cluster of mutations resulted in elimination of a CFLP band, which was easily detected in a patient with that mutation and a gene deletion on the homologous chromosome. The authors also report the characterization of a restriction fragment length polymorphism in intron 6 involving the RsaI site around nucleotide 1419. In 48 chromosomes from the parental generation of the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain families, the frequency of the polymorphism that destroys the RsaI site was found to be 12.5%. Conclusions: CFLP is a potentially useful analytic method for analyzing frequent CYP21 mutations that cause salt-wasting CAH, although further development of the technique is required to clearly distinguish heterozygotes from homozygotes for mutations that generate novel CFLP bands and to identify heterozygotes for mutations that eliminate a CFLP band. The RsaI polymorphism may be a useful marker for following the segregation of CYP21 alleles in genetic studies and is of use in showing gene deletions of CYP21 in informative families. The polymorphism may also be of use in genetic studies of the human major histocompatibility complex.
Residential surveys of Victorian terraced brick houses

For the purpose of this article I want to look at one of the house types most common in all the main cities and large towns of this country, the Victorian terraced property, usually on two floors, with a pitched roof falling from the middle to the front and rear and often with a back extension on two floors stretching out into the garden.
Germainum photodetectors coupled with silicon waveguides on a flexible substrate using nanomembrane transfer printing method

Metal-Semiconductor-Metal structured germanium photodetector is fabricated coupled with silicon waveguide on flexible substrate. Unique nanomembrane transfer printing method for low temperature process and high quality crystalline condition is used for stacking silicon and germanium layers. Optical measurement shows that its dark/photo current characteristics and quantum efficiency of 1.52 um laser source. For device dimensions and materials, FDTD simulation is calculated.
Systemic administration of fluorogold for anatomical pre-labeling of autonomic and motor neurons in the rat spinal cord compromises urodynamic recordings in acute but not long-term studies.

Aims The use of anatomical tracer injections into peripheral tissues for retrograde labeling of spinal cord neurons may compromise physiological experiments in combined functional and morphological studies. Methods We investigated whether a systemic injection of a retrogradely transported tracer, fluorogold (FG), may provide an alternative to direct injections into end organs for combined anatomical and physiological studies of the lower urinary tract. Urodynamic studies including cystometrogram recordings and external urethral sphincter electromyography were used as functional outcome measures. Results Pre-labeling of spinal cord neurons by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of FG resulted in a transient decrease in voiding efficiency, increase in resting pressure as well as increase in bladder size and weight at 5-7 days after the tracer administration. In contrast, there were no urodynamic or end-organ effects detected at 6-8 weeks after the i.p. injection of FG. Conclusions We suggest that pre-labeling of spinal autonomic and motor neurons using i.p. administration of FG may be a useful tool when combining anatomical and functional outcome measures in long-term but not acute studies.
Optimization of burn-in test for many-core processors through adaptive spatiotemporal power migration

We present adaptive spatiotemporal power migration (ASTPM) for burn-in of many core chips. ASTPM adapts the number of simultaneously stressed cores and dynamically varies their location to prevent thermal runaway, improve test-quality, and optimize burn-in time.
Application of a Constitutive Modeling for Light Activated Shape Memory Polymer to Circular Shear

Shape memory polymers (SMP’s) are polymers that have the ability to retain a temporary shape, which can revert back to the original shape on exposure to specific triggers such as increase in temperature or exposure to light at specific wavelengths. A new type of shape memory polymer, light activated shape memory polymers (LASMP’s) have been developed in the past few years. In these polymers the temporary shapes are fixed by exposure to light at a specific wavelength. Exposure to light at this wavelength causes the photosensitive molecules, which are grafted on to the polymer chains, to form covalent bonds. These covalent bonds are responsible for the temporary shape and act as crosslinks. On exposure to light at a different wavelength these bonds are cleaved and the material can revert back to its original shape. A constitutive model of LASMP’s which based on the notion of multiple natural configurations has been developed (see Sodhi and Rao[1]). In this work we use this model to analyze the mechanical behavior of LASMP’s under a specific boundary value problem, namely, the problem of circular shear. We use this model problem to study the behavior of the LASMP’s when a temporary configuration is formed by exposing the polymer to light. In addition we show that these materials are able to undergo complex cycles of deformation due to the flexibility with which these temporary configurations can be formed and removed by exposure to light.© 2012 ASME
Iodobenzene on Cu(111): formation and coupling of adsorbed phenyl groups

Abstract The chemistry of iodobenzene on a Cu(111) surface has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) spectroscopy, and work function change measurements. The results from these techniques and from H atom titration experiments show that iodobenzene dissociates at 175 K to form phenyl groups and iodine atoms and that the phenyl groups are thermally stable to above 300 K. The HREELS spectral intensities indicate that these phenyl groups bond with their π-rings approximately parallel to the surface plane. A possible reason for this unexpected adsorption geometry is the formation of phenyl anions. Biphenyl, formed by coupling of the phenyl groups, is evolved at temperatures above 300 K, while the iodine remains adsorbed on the surface until temperatures above 900 K. Comparison of the biphenyl evolution rate after iodobenzene adsorption with the rate after biphenyl adsorption indicates that phenyl coupling as opposed to biphenyl desorption is the rate-determining step in yielding biphenyl from adsorbed phenyl groups. Factors affecting the coupling rate are discussed.
The effect of temperature and seasonal acclimatization on renal function of painted turtles, Chrysemys picta

Abstract 1. 1. Urine production ( V ) and glomeruler filtration rate (GFR) was measured in summer- and winter-acclimatized painted turtles at 5, 15 and 25°C. 2. 2. V and GFR increased with increasing temperature and were greater in winter than in summer turtles at each test temperature, however the difference was not significant ( P = 0.12 and 0.09, respectively). 3. 3. The inulin U / P ratio decreased with decreasing temperature indicating that proportionally less filtrate is reabsorbed as temperature decreased ( P 4. 4 Experimental hydration led to a marked increase in both V and GFR ( P P = 0.37). The inulin U / P ratio did not change significantly with hydration ( P = 0.46) indicating that the diuresis in hydrated turtles is best explained by changes in glomerular rather than tubular function. 5. 5. The results indicate that renal function is temperature dependent and does not undergo significant seasonal acclimatization. The antidiuretic effect of cold temperature and apparent lack of seasonal compensation may reflect an energetic constraint resulting from the need to conserve metabolic energy during hibernation when temperature and oxygen availability are low.
Studies on protein metabolism in undernourished infants and children.

T HE incidence of severe undernutrition in infancy continues, unfortunately, to be high in many countries throughout the world even today. The type of nndernutrition encountered in Greece after World War II is usually characterized by freedom from edema and from major manifestations of avitaminosis. In the great majority of cases (96.9 per cent) the undernutrition is simply due to insufficient food intake. 1 The purpose of this paper is to study the proteolytie activity of the gastrointestinal t ract and the rate of absorption of amino acids, as well as the rate of their disappearance from the plasma in undernourished infants and children. Our approach to this problem has been to determine serially the plasma level of amino nitrogen (amino-N) following (1~) the ingestion of casein, (2)) the ingestion of casein hydrolysate, and (3) the intravenous injection of casein hydrolysate. It is evident that the serial determination of the level of the amino-N in plasma following the ingestion of whole protein actually refleCtS the proteolytic activity in the gastrointestinal tract, provided that the absorption of the resultant amino acids through the intestinal mueosa, as well as their fate
Long-run equilibrium between budget deficits and long-term interest rates

Recently, there has been much concern about the size of federal budget deficit and its impact on interest rates. The peace time recovery after the 1981–1982 recession was the longest in U.S. history, accompanied by the largest budget deficit to GDP ratios. The present study investigates the effects of cyclically-adjusted federal deficits on long-term interest rates for 1970:1–1991:2. Using Johansen-Juselius procedures, we find evidence of a long-run relationship between federal budget deficits and long-term interest rates.
Providing guaranteed quality of service for variable-bit-rate video at a multiplexor

Network support for variable bit-rate video needs to consider (1) properties of workload induced (e.g., significant autocorrelations into far lags and heterogeneous marginal distributions), and (2) application specific bounds on delay-jitter and statistical cell-loss probabilities. The objective of this paper is to present a quality-of-service solution for such traffic at each multiplexing point in a network. Heterogeneity in both offered workload and quality- of-service requirements are addressed. A per-virtual-circuit framing structure and a pseudo earliest-due-date cell dispatcher are introduced to provide guaranteed delay-jitter bounds. Heterogeneous jitter-bounds are supported through software controlled frame-sizes which may be independently set for each virtual-circuit. The framing structure is a generalization of per-link framing introduced by Golestani. The proposed framing structure eliminates correcting for phase mismatches between incoming frames and outgoing frames, necessary in per-link framing. This results in reduction in end-to-end delay bound, buffer requirements, and a simpler implementation. Strong auto-correlations typically seen in video traffic make equivalent bandwidth computations for heterogeneous cell-loss bounds intractable. To address this, the framing strategy is combined with an active cell-discard mechanism with prioritized cell- dropping, the latter utilizing the history of dropped cells and target cell-loss bounds for each virtual circuit. Upper bounds on the equivalent bandwidth needed to support a given workload with a target quality of service are also given. These are validated through numerical and simulation results from variable bit-rate MPEG-I video traces.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sexual assault within intimate partner violence: impact on helpseeking in a national sample.

SUMMARY Within intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual assault is often subsumed under the heading of physical abuse, but evidence suggests qualitative differences in outcomes when both types of abuse occur. This study explores the cumulative effect of sexual assault and physical abuse by a current or former intimate partner on helpseeking. Using a dataset of 1,072 IPV victims from 8 states, we found that women who had experienced sexual assault in addition to physical abuse (44%) used more help, but were also more likely to say that they did not seek help when they needed it. Among those who were aware of services, fear was the greatest obstacle to reaching out for help. Implications include the need for information on best practices in addressing the sequelae of both physical and sexual assault in victim service agencies.
The Effect of Crack Depth (a) and Crack Depth to Width Ratio (a/W) on the Fracture Toughness of A533-B Steel

Constraint, as related to specimen crack depth (a ) or crack depth to specimen width ratio (a/W ), can have a significant effect on fracture toughness. In laboratory specimens, both crack depth and the a/W ratio can be varied. However, it is not always possible to model the constraint of a structurally relevant geometry in the laboratory. Nonetheless, an understanding of the role of both crack depth and a/W ratio on the toughness behavior of laboratory specimens will help clarify the role of constraint on fracture toughness and better enable engineers to model the effect of constraint on a flaw in an actual structure. An experimental study of the effect of crack depth and a/W ratio on the fracture toughness of an A533-B steel was conducted and results were compared with large-scale specimens tested at Oak Ridge National Labs (ORNL). Smaller size specimens tested at the University of Kansas (KU) were taken from the actual ends of the specimens tested at ORNL. The specimens tested at both KU and ORNL were square single-edge-notched bend (SENB) specimens with widths ranging from 20.3 to 100.0 mm (0.8 to 4.0 in.), crack depths ranging from 2.0 to 50.0 mm (0.08 to 2.0 in.), and a/W ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. The geometries of the specimens tested at KU were chosen such that comparisons of the toughness of specimens with constant crack depth and varying a/W ratio, as well as comparisons of the toughness of specimens with constant a/W ratio and varying crack depths, could be made. A forthcoming paper, containing finite element analysis results, will compare the analytical basis for the behavior of these various size specimens. The results indicate that both crack depth and a/W ratio affect the fracture toughness of the steel. For deep crack geometries (a/W = 0.5), crack depth has limited effect on the fracture toughness. However, for shallow crack geometries (a/W = 0.1), crack depth has a significant effect on the fracture toughness. For constant crack depth, varying the a/W ratio does affect the fracture toughness. Thus, crack depth and a/W ratio are interdependent with respect to fracture toughness. The findings of this study are significant in helping to understand the role of both crack depth and a/W ratio on fracture toughness and serve as a basis for understanding the effect of constraint on the behavior of actual structures with cracks.
Sterol metabolism X: Epimeric 23‐hydroxycholesterols

Abstract Synthesis of the epimeric 23-hydroxycholesterols has been achieved by sodium borohydride reduction of 3β-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-23-one.Tentative configurational assignments were made based on specific rotation data. The configurations of the epimeric 24-hydroxycholesterols are discussed, and a reconsideration of their configurational assignment is suggested.
Semi-autonomous virtual valet parking

Despite regulations specifying parking spots that support wheelchair vans, it is not uncommon for end users to encounter problems with clearance for van ramps. Even if a driver elects to park in the far reaches of a parking lot as a precautionary measure, there is no guarantee that the spot next to their van will be empty when they return. Likewise, the prevalence of older drivers who experience significant difficulty with ingress and egress from vehicles is nontrivial and the ability to fully open a car door is important. This work describes a method and user interaction for low cost, short-range parking without a driver in car. This will enable ingress/egress without the doors being blocked by neighboring cars.
Expression of aquaporin 8 and its up-regulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human WISH cells

Abstract Objective: Water absorption across the fetal chorioamniotic membranes is a critical regulatory pathway for amniotic fluid volume homeostasis. Aquaporins are cell membrane proteins that significantly enhance membrane permeability to water by acting as water channels. We recently demonstrated that aquaporin 8 is expressed in human amnion, chorion, and placenta. Thus, aquaporin 8 expression represents a molecular mechanism of amniotic water absorption through intramembranous pathways. The current study sought to determine whether aquaporin 8 is expressed in human amnion-derived cell culture and to explore its regulation by second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Study Design: Human amnion–derived WISH cells were cultured. Total RNA was isolated and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine aquaporin 8 gene expression. To determine the effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate on aquaporin 8 expression, WISH cells were cultured in the presence of either monobutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate or the cyclic adenosine monophosphate–elevating agent forskolin. Multiplex semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction was carried out to quantify aquaporin 8 messenger RNA levels. Results: Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction detected aquaporin 8 expression in WISH cells. After forskolin treatment for 2 hours, aquaporin 8 messenger RNA expression in WISH cells increased 4-fold ( P P Conclusion: The current study demonstrates the expression of aquaporin 8 water channel in human amnion–derived WISH cells and aquaporin 8 expression up-regulation by second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Aquaporin 8 messenger RNA demonstrates a relatively short biologic half-life in vitro, which renders its rapid responsiveness to regulation (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:997-1001.)
Preparation and Evaluation of Jojoba Oil Methyl Esters as Biodiesel and as a Blend Component in Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel

The jojoba plant (Simmondsia chinensis L.) produces seeds that contain around 50 to 60 wt.% of inedible long-chain wax esters that are suitable as a potential feedstock for biodiesel (BD) production. Jojoba oil methyl esters (JME) were prepared from acid-catalyzed pretreated jojoba oil in order to evaluate important fuel properties of jojoba-based BD, including kinematic viscosity, cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), acid value (AV), oxidative stability, and lubricity. A comparison was made with soybean oil methyl esters (SME) and relevant BD fuel standards such as ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. JME was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. The CP, PP, and CFPP of JME were −13°C, −16°C, and −14°C, respectively, which were superior to SME. The kinematic viscosity (40°C) of JME was 6.67 mm2/s, which was higher than observed for SME. Blends (B5 and B20) of JME in ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) were also evaluated for the aforementioned fuel properties and compared to an analogous set of blends of SME in ULSD and relevant petro diesel fuel standards such as ASTM D975 and D7467. JME blends in ULSD displayed improved low-temperature properties in comparison to neat ULSD and blends of SME in ULSD. In summary, jojoba oil has potential as an alternative, nonfood feedstock for BD production.
Macromodeling of nonlinear transistor-level receiver circuits

In this paper, a modeling methodology for macromodeling transistor-level receiver circuits has been presented. A few receiver modeling techniques have been proposed in the past, but these modeling techniques only address the loading effect of the receiver circuits, i.e., the input characteristics of the receivers. In this paper, a modeling methodology that addresses both the loading effect as well as the output characteristics of the receiver has been proposed. This modeling technique is simple, accurate, and has huge computational speed-up over transistor-level receiver circuits. To model the input characteristics of the receiver, spline function with finite time difference (SFWFTD) and recurrent neural network (RNN) modeling methods have been used. The output characteristics of the receiver are modeled using a combination of receiver static characteristics and a delay element that takes into account the timing delay of the receiver. The accuracy of the modeling approach has been tested on some test cases and results show good accuracy and substantial speed-up compare to transistor-level receiver circuits. The proposed modeling technique has been extended to multiple ports to estimate sensitive effects like simultaneous switching noise (SSN) when multiple receivers are switching.
INTEGRATING CELERITY, IMPULSIVITY, AND EXTRALEGAL SANCTION THREATS INTO A MODEL OF GENERAL DETERRENCE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE*

We propose a model that integrates the extralegal consequences from conviction and impulsivity into the traditional deterrence framework. The model was tested with 252 college students, who completed a survey concerning drinking and driving. Key findings include the following: (1) Although variation in sanction certainty and severity predicted offending, variation in celerity did not; (2) the extralegal consequences from conviction appear to be at least as great a deterrent as the legal consequences; (3) the influence of sanction severity diminished with an individual's “present-orientation”; and (4) the certainty of punishment was far more robust a deterrent to offending than was the severity of punishment.
Applying Clinical Trials in Social Work Practice

Social work is in the midst of a trend to assess the efficacy of various modes of treatment. This article presents a research method heavily utilized in the biomedical sector and currently entering...
Neural transplantation: Spinal cord

Several types of intraspinal transplant have effectively treated experimental models of human illnesses. Adrenal medullary allografts [1] and xenografts [2] placed into the subarachnoid space, for example, have reduced pain-related behavior in experimental peripheral neuropathy, presumably by releasing opioid peptides and catecholamines. Transplants of embryonic brainstem have also improved deficits in autonomic [3] and locomotor [4] function in experimental spinal cord injury, although the mechanism is unknown. The success of intraspinal transplants in treating spinal cord injury in laboratory animals has raised the possibility that transplants may one day be used as a treatment in humans.
FORMULAS FOR SOME DIOPHANTINE APPROXIMATION CONSTANTS

Let M be a full Z-module in F a real number field of degree at least 3 with N(a) denoting the norm of a e F. Given any nonzero number in M we make the plausible conjecture that one can find a number 0 in M such that N(0) = N(tj>) and the algebraic conjugates of 0 (not including 0) have ratios arbitrarily near any given numbers consistent with the complex algebraic conjugates of elements of F. We use the conjecture to give explicit formulas for some diophantine approximation constants. Without the conjecture our methods lead to corresponding lower bounds for these constants.
Dynamic Association of ORCA with Prereplicative Complex Components Regulates DNA Replication Initiation

ABSTRACT In eukaryotes, initiation of DNA replication requires the assembly of a multiprotein prereplicative complex (pre-RC) at the origins. We recently reported that a WD repeat-containing protein, origin recognition complex (ORC)-associated (ORCA/LRWD1), plays a crucial role in stabilizing ORC to chromatin. Here, we find that ORCA is required for the G1-to-S-phase transition in human cells. In addition to binding to ORC, ORCA associates with Cdt1 and its inhibitor, geminin. Single-molecule pulldown experiments demonstrate that each molecule of ORCA can bind to one molecule of ORC, one molecule of Cdt1, and two molecules of geminin. Further, ORCA directly interacts with the N terminus of Orc2, and the stability of ORCA is dependent on its association with Orc2. ORCA associates with Orc2 throughout the cell cycle, with Cdt1 during mitosis and G1, and with geminin in post-G1 cells. Overexpression of geminin results in the loss of interaction between ORCA and Cdt1, suggesting that increased levels of geminin in post-G1 cells titrate Cdt1 away from ORCA. We propose that the dynamic association of ORCA with pre-RC components modulates the assembly of its interacting partners on chromatin and facilitates DNA replication initiation.
Moderation, Response Rate, and Message Interactivity: Features of Online Communities and Their Effects on Intent to Participate

We conducted two experiments to explore how moderation, response rate, and message interactivity affected people’s intent to participate in a web-based online community. In our first experiment, 62 participants observed either a moderated or an unmoderated online community and answered questions about their intent to participate in the community. The participants who viewed the moderated community reported significantly higher intent to participate than participants who viewed the unmoderated community. In our second experiment, 59 participants observed a different online community in which we manipulated both the rate (in time) of posted comments and the interactivity of each comment. We derived our manipulation of interactivity from Rafaeli’s (1988) definition of interactivity as message contingency. Participants reported significantly greater intent to participate in an online community featuring interactive messages, but only when response rate was slow. These results indicate that both structural features of interfaces and content features of interactions affect people’s intent to participate in online communities.
Age-dependent changes in the specificity of tRNA methyltransferases in the cerebellum of the icteric and nonicteric Gunn rat.

The activity of tRNA methyltransferases present in the cerebellum of 6- and 21-day-old nonicteric and icteric Gunn rats was compared using purifiedE. coli tRNAs as substrates. At 6 days the tRNA methyltransferases of the icteric animals were significantly more effective in methylating tRNAGlu 2 and tRNAPhe than were those of their nonicteric counterparts. This relationship reversed itself at 21 days. The action of the tRNA methyltransferases from the 6-day-old icteric animals led to higher proportions of 1-methyladenine in tRNAGlu 2 and tRNAPhe than were obtained using the corresponding enzymes of the nonicteric animals. The proportion ofN 2-methylguanine was also higher, yet only in tRNAfMet and not in tRNAPhe. The study reveals much more extensive fluctuations in the activity and in the substrate recognition specificity among the cerebellar tRNA methyltransferases of the icteric than among those of the nonicteric controls during the crucial 6–21 day period of cerebellar development.
STUDIES ON VARICELLA THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS TO THE VIRUS OF VARICELLA.

1. The localization of the virus of varicella in the human skin is influenced by irritation. This is indirect evidence that the virus is in the blood. 2. Rabbits are susceptible to a virus recovered from the blood of varicella patients. 3. Testicular emulsions containing the virus are free from ordinary aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and produce lesions in the cornea, skin, and testicles of rabbits. 4. The virus can be transmitted indefinitely from rabbit to rabbit by means of testicular inoculation, and can be preserved 29 days in 50 per cent glycerol at a low temperature.
Commentary: Ways of asking and ways of living: reflections on the 50th anniversary of Morris’ ever-useful Uses of Epidemiology

To be of use. To Jeremy Morris (b. 1910), writing a half-century ago in his now classic text, Uses of Epidemiology, the promise—and responsibility—of epidemiology was clear: to generate scientific knowledge about the ‘presence, nature and distribution of health and disease among the population’ (p. 96), ultimately in order to ‘abolish the clinical picture’(p. 98). Committed to improving the ‘health of the community’ (p. 96),Morris argued that ‘one of the most urgent social needs of the day’ that epidemiology could address was ‘identifying harmful ways of living’ and ‘rules of healthy living’ (p. 98). Uniquely equipping epidemiology to carry out this task was, in his view, its population and historical perspective and its dual engagement with studying ‘human biology’ and ‘the social aspects of health and disease’ (p. 97). Viewing epidemiology as a necessary complement to what he deemed equally vital clinical and laboratory research (p. 99), Morris affirmed that the discipline’s distinct uses ‘all stem from the fact that in epidemiology the group is studied and not merely particular individuals or cases in the group’ (p. 97). How might epidemiologists enhance their capacity to do useful research? Morris’ answer: by use of better methods. Only the sort of methods Morris had in mind were not the kinds of technical methods emphasized by the ‘modern epidemiology’ of recent years, as necessary as he knew them to be. Rather, Morris’ objective was to articulate a methodical approach for epidemiological thinking:
LAR-PTPASE CDNA TRANSFECTION SUPPRESSION OF TUMOR GROWTH OF NEU ONCOGENE-TRANSFORMED HUMAN BREAST CARCINOMA CELLS

The incidence of amplification of neu oncogene-encoded protein tyrosine kinase in human breast cancer strongly supports the concept that protein tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are key regulatory mechanisms in the proliferation, differentiation, and neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. We examined the potential regulatory role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (a) in the maintenance of cellular tyrosine phosphorylation by the introduction of leukocyte common-antigen-related PTPase (LAR-PTPase) cDNA into a tumorigenic human breast carcinoma cell line that overexpressed p185neu protein tyrosine kinase. The transfected human breast carcinoma cells expressed elevated levels of LAR-PTPase as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and by analysis of LAR-PTPase protein. The LAR-PTPase-transfected human breast carcinoma cells had a significantly (P<0.01) slower proliferation rate in vitro than control-trans-fected cells. When LAR-PTPase-transfected cells were inoculated into athymic nude mice, a consistent and significant (P<0.05) suppression of tumor growth was observed. These results provide evidence that a specific PTPase, LAR-PTPase, can play a suppressive regulatory role in the tumor growth of human breast carcinoma cells that overexpress p185neu protein tyrosine kinase. ©1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ship-Based Sun Photometer Measurements Using Microtops Sun Photometers

Abstract The use of hand-held Microtops II sun photometers (built by Solar Light Inc.) on ship platforms is discussed. Their calibration, filter stability, and temperature effects are also described. It is found that under rough conditions, the ship motion causes the largest error, which can result in a bias toward higher optical depths. In order to minimize this bias, a large number of sun photometer measurements (∼25) should be taken in a short period of time, and the higher values should be discarded. Under rough ocean conditions, it is also best to shorten the Microtops sun photometer sampling period (less than 5 s) and save only a single value (no averaging) and remove the high optical depths in postprocessing. It is found that the Microtops should be turned off frequently to correct for zero drift caused by temperature effects. Calibration is maintained by routine Langley plot calibrations at the Mauna Loa Observatory for each unit or through cross calibration.
Sher’s defense of blame

In his In Praise of Blame, George Sher aims to provide an analysis and defense of blame. In fact, he aims to provide an analysis that will itself yield a defense by allowing him to argue that morality and blame "stand or fall together." He thus opposes anyone who recommends jettisoning blame while preserving (the rest of) morality. In this comment, I examine Sher's defense of blame. Though I am much in sympathy with Sher's strategy of defending blame by providing an analysis that shows its connection to our commitment to morality, I question his execution of this strategy. Sher hopes to defend our blaming practices by showing our dispositions to them to be a merely contingent consequence of a belief-desire pair that is itself justified by whatever justifies our commitment to morality. I doubt our blaming practices can be defended in this way. In explaining my doubts, I provide a short comparison of Sher's approach with that of P. F. Strawson in "Freedom of Resentment." I suggest that we might do better by exploring the connection between our commitment to morality and our blaming practices themselves.
Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska

[1] Quantifying changes in thermokarst lake extent is of importance for understanding the permafrost-related carbon budget, including the potential release of carbon via lake expansion or sequestration as peat in drained lake basins. We used high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery from 1950/51, 1978, and 2006/07 to quantify changes in thermokarst lakes for a 700 km2 area on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The number of water bodies larger than 0.1 ha increased over the entire observation period (666 to 737 or +10.7%); however, total surface area decreased (5,066 ha to 4,312 ha or −14.9%). This pattern can largely be explained by the formation of remnant ponds following partial drainage of larger water bodies. Thus, analysis of large lakes (>40 ha) shows a decrease of 24% and 26% in number and area, respectively, differing from lake changes reported from other continuous permafrost regions. Thermokarst lake expansion rates did not change substantially between 1950/51 and 1978 (0.35 m/yr) and 1978 and 2006/07 (0.39 m/yr). However, most lakes that drained did expand as a result of surface permafrost degradation before lateral drainage. Drainage rates over the observation period were stable (2.2 to 2.3 per year). Thus, analysis of decadal-scale, high spatial resolution imagery has shown that lake drainage in this region is triggered by lateral breaching and not subterranean infiltration. Future research should be directed toward better understanding thermokarst lake dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolution as these systems have implications for landscape-scale hydrology and carbon budgets in thermokarst lake-rich regions in the circum-Arctic.
Amino acid racemization dating of fossil bones

Abstract The development of amino acid racemization as a dating technique holds considerable promise for resolving questions of human evolution and culture histories. The advantages of this method are: fossil bone can be directly dated; only gram quantities are needed for analysis; and the range extends beyond that of radiocarbon. Amino acid racemization rates are dependent upon both time and temperature. In order to eliminate the need for evaluating the temperature history of a bone before it can be dated by racemization, a procedure has been developed wherein the in situ racemization rate is determined from the extent of racemization in a radiocarbon‐dated bone. Once this ‘calibration’ has been completed for a particular site, other bones from the area can be dated. Racemization ages deduced using this procedure are shown to be in close agreement with radiocarbon dates. The effects which other physical factors (pH, humidity, leaching) have on racemization rates are discussed. Because of the close correl...
Distinct Risk Factor Profiles for Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Positive and Human Papillomavirus Type 16–Negative Head and Neck Cancers

Background High-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), including HPV-16, cause a subgroup of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). We examined whether the risk factors for HPV-16-positive HNSCCs are similar to those for HPV-16-negative HNSCCs in a hospital-based case-control study. Methods Case subjects (n = 240) diagnosed with HNSCC at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2000 through 2006 were stratified by tumor HPV-16 status as determined by in situ hybridization. Two control subjects (n = 322) without cancer were individually matched by age and sex to each HPV-16-positive and HPV-16-negative case subject. Data on risk behaviors were obtained by use of audio computer-assisted self-interview technology. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for HPV-16-positive HNSCC and HPV-16-negative HNSCC associated with risk factors. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results HPV-16 was detected in 92 of 240 case subjects. HPV-16-positive HNSCC was independently associated with several measures of sexual behavior and exposure to marijuana but not with cumulative measures of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, or poor oral hygiene. Associations increased in strength with increasing number of oral sex partners (P trend = .01) and with increasing intensity (joints per month, P trend = .007), duration (in years, P trend = .01), and cumulative joint-years (P trend = .003) of marijuana use. By contrast, HPV-16-negative HNSCC was associated with measures of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and poor oral hygiene but not with any measure of sexual behavior or marijuana use. Associations increased in strength with increasing intensity (cigarettes per day), duration, and cumulative pack-years of tobacco smoking (for all, P trend <.001), increasing years of heavy alcohol drinking (≥15 years of 14 drinks per week; P trend =.03), and increasing number of lost teeth (P trend =.001). Compared with subjects who neither smoked tobacco nor drank alcohol, those with heavy use of tobacco (≥20 pack-years) and alcohol had an increased risk of HPV-16-negative HNSCC (OR = 4.8, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 1.8 to 12) but not of HPV-16-positive HNSCC (OR = 0.67, 95% Cl = 0.29 to 1.9). Conclusions HPV-16-positive HNSCCs and HPV-16-negative HNSCCs have different risk factor profiles, indicating that they should be considered to be distinct cancers.
Ataxia and Encephalitis in a Young Adult with EBV Mononucleosis: A Case Report

Neurological manifestations of mononucleosis are extremely rare, occurring in about 1% of all cases. However, when they occur, appropriate treatment must be undertaken to ensure appropriate symptomatic management and reduce morbidity. We present the case of a 25-year-old graduate student with weeklong complaints of fever, sore throat, fatigue, nausea, and “dizziness.” She later developed increased sleep requirements, ataxia, vertigo, and nystagmus with a positive EBV IgM titer confirming acute infectious mononucleosis. The patient was clinically diagnosed with EBV-associated cerebellitis and encephalitis, displaying neurological and psychiatric impairment commonly seen in postconcussion syndrome. MRI showed no acute changes. She was started on valacyclovir and a prednisone taper, recovering by the end of twelve weeks. Though corticosteroids and acyclovir are not recommended therapy in patients presenting with EBV-associated ataxia, clinicians may want to keep a low threshold to start these medications in case more serious neurological sequelae develop.
Phase difference based multiple acquisition phase unwrapping

This work addresses the derivation of a phase-difference (gradient) based maximum likelihood (ML) phase unwrapping algorithm. In particular, we determine and study the structure of the ML phase unwrapping on a 2D grid in the multi-channel case and compare it with existing phase unwrapping algorithms. This allows us first to frame single-channel, phase based phase unwrapping algorithm in a general formulation. Second, among the known single-channel, phase-difference based phase unwrapping algorithms we identify those achieving a ML solution. Although achieving results similar to existing phase-based ML phase unwrapping algorithm in the multi-channel case, our approach allows to easily incorporate possible a priori knowledge about the absolute phase variation dynamics.
Approaches for parallelizing reductions on modern GPUs

GPU hardware and software has been evolving rapidly. CUDA versions 1.1 and higher started supporting atomic operations on device memory, and CUDA versions 1.2 and higher started supporting atomic operations on shared memory. This paper focuses on parallelizing applications involving reductions on GPUs. Prior to the availability of support for locking, these applications could only be parallelized using full replication, i.e., by creating a copy of the reduction object for each thread. However, CUDA 1.1 (1.2) onwards, use of atomic operations (on shared memory) is another option, though some effort is still required in supporting locking on floating point numbers and for supporting coarse-grained locking. Based on the tradeoffs between locking and full replication, we also introduce a hybrid approach, in which a group of threads use atomic operations to update one copy of the reduction object. Using three data mining algorithms that follow the reduction structure — k-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and k-nearest neighbor search (kNN), we evaluate the relative performance of these three approaches. We show how the relative performance of these techniques can vary depending upon the application and its parameters. The hybrid approach we have introduced clearly outperforms other approaches in several cases.
Brains, Blood, and Guts: MeCP2 Regulates Microglia, Monocytes, and Peripheral Macrophages

Mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) underlie most cases of Rett Syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder with neurological and somatic impairments. In this issue of Immunity, Cronk et al. (2015) find that macrophages in MeCP2-deficient mice are abnormal in number, as well as in glucocorticoid, hypoxia, and inflammatory responses.
Electromagnetic ion beam instabilities: Hot beams at interplanetary shocks

This paper considers Vlasov instabilities driven by a very hot ion beam streaming parallel to a magnetic field. The linear theory of electromagnetic instabilities driven by such a beam in a homogeneous, collisionless, nonrelativistic plasma is used. Numerical solutions of the full linear dispersion equation for bi-Maxwellian distribution functions are presented. If the thermal speed of the beam is greater than its drift speed, the two dominant modes are the right-hand and left-hand resonant ion beam instabilities. The parametric dependencies of the threshold drift speeds and growth rates for both modes are presented. In particular, the thresholds are shown to be sensitive functions of the beam temperature anisotropies. Arguments are presented that these two modes are driven by the suprathermal ion component at interplanetary shocks, and that the growth of these modes is sufficient to account for the amplitudes of MHD-like waves observed at such shocks.
Laser-Doppler system for detection of aircraft trailing vortices

This paper reviews the results of a test program utilizing a CW CO 2 laser-Doppler velocimeter system that has demonstrated the capability of detecting wing tip vortices by the measurement of Doppler shifted back scatter from atmospheric aerosols naturally suspended in the atmosphere. The velocity signatures of vortices generated by a C-47 aircraft making low altitude cooperative flybys are shown. Some considerations of an operational detection system are given.
Multi-layer chip-level global routing using an efficient graph-based Steiner tree heuristic

We present a chip-level global router based on a new, more accurate global routing model for the multi-layer macro-cell technology. The routing model uses a 3-dimensional mixed directed/undirected routing graph, which accurately models the multi-layer routing problem. However the complexity of the routing graph challenges previous route-generating algorithms. Generating the routes is to search for the Steiner minimum trees for the nets, which is an NP-hard problem. We developed an improved Steiner tree heuristic algorithm suitable for large routing graphs and able to generate high quality Steiner tree routing. Tested on industrial circuits, our algorithm yields comparable results while having dramatically lower time and space complexities than the leading heuristics. While minimizing the wire length, our global router can also minimize the number of vias or solve the routing resource congestion problems.
The Changing Nature Of Children’s Health Development: New Challenges Require Major Policy Solutions

The epidemiology and social context of American childhood are rapidly changing. Adverse social, economic, and child-rearing conditions are loading children down with preventable illness, physical and behavioral disability, and dysfunction. This new epidemiology of childhood is swamping the capacity of the nation's health care system, schools, juvenile justice facilities, and child protective services to respond to the needs of those they serve. This low-performing system not only jeopardizes the health of children, it also jeopardizes the health of the adults they will become. In this article we review the science of life-course health development, a new field that provides a powerful explanatory framework for understanding how poor health and social adversity during childhood can affect lifelong health. We then present five ambitious policy recommendations to integrate educational, health, social, and economic initiatives designed to enhance health. Our bold but pragmatic goal is that by 2025, US children will have the highest levels of health among industrialized nations, instead of where US children currently rank-among the worst.