cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional Perfectionism and Self-Reported Self-Efficacy in College Students

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between perfectionism and self-efficacy in college students. A multivari-ate analysis of variance including subscales of the Self-Efficacy Scale revealed significant differences between adaptive perfectionists, mal-adaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists. Follow-up tests showed that adaptive perfectionists scored significantly higher than both mal-adaptive perfectionists and non-perfectionists on General Self-Efficacy and Social Self-Efficacy. The findings of this study were consistent with the growing literature that suggests perfectionism may be adaptive as well as maladaptive. Implications for practicing counselors and psychotherapists working with the college student population are presented.
Social networks and schizophrenia.

This article begins with an introduction to social networks research and its practical importance in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, and concludes with a consideration of the experience, the phenomenology, of schizophrenia, from a social network point of view.
Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory with Kohn-Sham orbitals using non-empirically tuned, long-range-corrected density functionals

The performance of second-order symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) calculations using Kohn-Sham (KS) orbitals is evaluated against benchmark results for intermolecular interactions. Unlike previous studies of this “SAPT(KS)” methodology, the present study uses non-empirically tuned long-range corrected (LRC) functionals for the monomers. The proper v xc (r)→0 asymptotic limit is achieved by tuning the range separation parameter in order to satisfy the condition that the highest occupied KS energy level equals minus the molecule's ionization energy, for each monomer unit. Tests for He2, Ne2, and the S22 and S66 data sets reveal that this condition is important for accurate prediction of the non-dispersion components of the energy, although errors in SAPT(KS) dispersion energies remain unacceptably large. In conjunction with an empirical dispersion potential, however, the SAPT(KS) method affords good results for S22 and S66, and also accurately predicts the whole potential energy curve for the sand...
Effects of dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels on growth and body composition of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

Juvenile red drum (2.9 ± 0.3 g) were led one of six experimental diets (containing fish meal, crab meal, fish oil, wheat middlings, mineral and vitamin supplements, cellulose filler and binder) that provided 32% crude protein and 6 or 10% lipid, at three gross-energy (GE) levels ( 15.8 ± 0.3,17.1 ± 0.2 and 18.7± 0.3 kJ/g). Dietary carbohydrate (NFE) levels ranged from 24 to 39%. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain (481%), feed efficiency (FE: 0.375), apparent net protein retention (ANPR: 19.77%) and apparent net energy retention (ANER: 10.81%) were associated with a diet containing 16.1 kJ GE/g, 10% lipid and 24% NFE. Survival (71–88%) did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. Weight gain, FE, ANPR and ANER of red drum was inversely related to dietary energy level and dietary carbohydrate content. Body lipid levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fish fed 10% lipid diets than in those fed 6% lipid. Dietary lipid exhibhted greater proteinsparing action than dietary carbohydrate, at all energy levels tested. The ability of juvenile red drum to utilize dietary carbohydrate as an energy source may be limited in comparison with warnwater omnivorous species like channel catfish and common carp.
The Central Melanocortin System and Energy Homeostasis

Obesity is a significant health problem owing to increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and several lines of evidence suggest that alterations in the central melanocortin system might account for some of the genetic contribution to obesity in humans. First, the phenotypic aspects and dominant inheritance of the melanocortin obesity syndromes in the mouse are more like human obesity than other murine obesity syndromes. Second, studies recently published present two rare cases of familial obesity resulting from null alleles of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene, providing the first evidence that the melanocortin pathway in humans subserves the same function in regulation of energy homeostasis as it does in the rodent. Additional studies suggest that heterozygous mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor might be a common reason for genetic predisposition to obesity in children. Research on the central melanocortin system in rodents suggests that this system might be a fundamental component of the adipostat, the mechanism by which energy stores are held relatively constant, and this hypothesis will be the focus of this review.
Semi-active laser (SAL) last pulse logic infrared imaging seeker

The Semi-Active Laser (SAL)/Infrared Imaging (I2R) Seeker concept consists of utilizing a small single Silicon PIN Photodiode detector in conjunction with a staring midwave infrared focal plane array (FPA) and correlating the temporal laser returns obtained from the PIN detector with the spatial laser returns obtained from the FPA. The correlation of the spatial-temporal returns will allow identification of the correct laser return on the FPA. Once the correct laser return is identified, the seeker can position a track gate about the designated target identified by the correct laser return and generate guidance commands to guide a missile to a target. The concept will enable SAL, I2R, or SAL/I2R (simultaneous) processing to be accomplished. Guidance commands will be generated with the FPA detector only, using the multispectral data.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of TiN by charged particle beams: Nuclear reaction analysis, nuclear reaction broadening and Rutherford backscattering☆

Charged particle beams have been used to extract data both on the composition and also on the thickness of two series of TiNx films (about 5 and 2 lira thick respectively), where x varied from 0.3 to 1.0. The technique used were nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), resonance nuclear reaction broadening (NRB) and Rutherford backscattering, together with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The data from the NRB depth profiles scale remarkably well with the results from AES. The NRA results have the greatest experimental uncertainty and also indicate a systematic error which is not understood. Both NRA and NRB can return reliable film thickness data. It is also demonstrated that TiC should not be used as a reference standard when analyzing TiN films by AES.
Word Associations of Schizophrenic Children

A study of word associations in 84 normal and 16 disturbed 10- and 11-yr.-old children was made through an integration of two prior methods of word-association research: the study of pathological features of adult schizophrenic language and the study of psycholinguistic features of developmental changes in children's associations. The associations of 8 schizophrenic children and 8 non-schizophrenic children in residential treatment were compared with those of 84 normal children. The associative differences were most consistent and definitive among the schizophrenic children: they gave fewer common responses and more idiosyncratic, unrelated responses. All the children made responses termed “playing with the word,” which is a sign of association disturbance in adults but appears to be normal in children. The associative differences observed between normal and disturbed children were interpreted as not so much reflecting a “developmental lag” in associative structure as a difficulty in selection of an assoc...
Prior corrosion and fatigue of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Abstract Pit-to-crack transition experiments were conducted on two thicknesses of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. Specimens were corroded using a 15:1 ratio of 3.5% sodium chloride solution and hydrogen peroxide prior to fatigue loading. Cracks originating from corrosion pits were visually investigated using various microscopy techniques in order to gain insight into the pit-to-crack transition process. All pre-corroded specimens in this study fractured from cracks associated with pitting. Pit-to-crack transition was successfully observed using digital video techniques. The more aggressively corroded 2024-T3-4.064 mm specimens experienced more of an overall fatigue life reduction than 2024-T3-1.600 mm specimens. Results indicated that quantities such as pit surface area and surrounding pit proximity are as important as pit depth in determining when and where a crack will form.
Method for Measuring the Dielectric Constant of Ferroelectric Ceramics at S-Band Frequencies

A method is presented for measuring the complex dielectric constant of ferroelectric ceramics at microwave frequencies. The method employs a disk-shaped sample in a radial-line configuration at the end of a coaxial-line structure. An equivalent circuit, established by admittance measurements, is used to relate the radial admittance at the sample face to the measured admittance on the slotted line preceding the coaxial sample holder. The nonuniform variation of electric field over the face of the sample is taken into account by means of a continued fraction expansion of xJt(x)/J0(x) in terms of x=k′a, where k′ is the wave number in the ferroelectric sample and a is its radius. Representative data on the variation of the complex dielectric constant with temperature at 3 kmc. are given for two samples of BaTiO3 fired under atmospheric pressure and 5000 lb. per sq. in. The frequency spectrum of hot-pressed Cd2Nb2O7 in the range 1.8 to 4.0 kmc. is also presented.
Methods of solution of the Schrödinger equations for a class of anharmonic and singular potentials

Abstract Exact solutions for one-dimensional or radial Schrodinger equations with various classes of anharmonic oscillator potentials are presented. We give three methods to find exact solutions for three large classes of potentials, some of them energy dependent, as they occur in relativistic problems. Various classes of hypergeometric differential equations are used and the connection between the particular values of the coupling constant of the soluble potentials are discussed.
Goal-Directed Management of Pediatric Shock in the Emergency Department

Early recognition and treatment of pediatric shock, regardless of diagnostic category, saves lives. This article emphasizes the early recognition of tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill, and hypotension at triage, and sets out a time-sensitive 3-step process, which includes establishment of emergency vascular access, goal-directed stepwise administration of fluid therapy, and infusion of epinephrine (in some cases with hydrocortisone) for reversal of shock within the first hour of arriving in the emergency department. Although the process outlined is straightforward, it requires thoughtful administrative preparation. Patients in shock must be recognized at triage and then quickly escorted to the resuscitation room, where a team approach is necessary to successfully attain all clinical goals within 1 hour. These time-sensitive goals include reversal of prolonged capillary refill and hypotension and an improved shock index. The goals and processes outlined in this article can be successfully accomplished in both community and tertiary-hospital emergency department settings with advanced planning and training.
Sample size/power calculation for case-cohort studies

In epidemiologic studies and disease prevention trials, interest often involves estimation of the relationship between some disease endpoints and individual exposure. In some studies, due to the rarity of the disease and the cost in collecting the exposure information for the entire cohort, a case-cohort design, which consists of a small random sample of the whole cohort and all the diseased subjects, is often used. Previous work has focused on analyzing data from the case-cohort design and few have discussed the sample size issues. In this article, we describe two tests for the case-cohort design, which can be treated as a natural generalization of log-rank test in the full cohort design. We derive an explicit form for power/sample size calculation based on these two tests. A number of simulation studies have been used to illustrate the efficiency of the tests for the case-cohort design. An example is provided on how to use the formula.
Aspartate Isomerization in the Complementarity-Determining Regions of Two Closely Related Monoclonal Antibodies†

The aspartic acid residues (Asp) present in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the light chains of two recombinant monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MAb I and MAb II, are highly susceptible to isomerization due to the presence of glycine residues (Gly) on their C-terminal ends. Asp isomerization in these MAbs leads to formation of the isoaspartate (IsoAsp) and the cyclic imide (Asu) variants of these MAbs. Both MAb I and MAb II, employed in this study, elicit their pharmacological responses through binding human IgE. The formation of the MAb variants as a result of Asp isomerization significantly reduces the binding affinities of these antibodies to IgE, thereby reducing their potencies. Here we report on significant differences in the susceptibility of the MAb I and the MAb II to Asp isomerization. The molecular basis for these differences in rates of Asp isomerization was elucidated. The effect of primary sequence on Asp isomerization was evaluated using pentapeptide models of the MAbs, which...
Super absorption in ultra-thin photovoltaic films based on strong interference effects

We computationally and experimentally demonstrate super absorption, in a flat ultra-thin organic photovoltaic layer on metal substrates, based on interference effects of strongly absorptive ultra-thin films.
A first generation critic comes of age: Reflections of a critical gerontologist

Abstract This paper reflects upon the direction and evolution of my scholarly endeavors as a sociologist of four decades in the field of aging, with thoughts on the future direction of this work and the challenges for the larger field. The perspective presented is located within two frameworks of active debate: the sociology of knowledge(s) [Gouldner, A. 1970. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology . New York: Basic Books] and public sociology, which is one of the four major types of sociology identified by Burawoy [Burawoy, M. (2005, 2007). A call for public sociology. In D. Clawson, R. Zussman, J. Misra, N. Gerstel, R. Stokes, & R. L. Anderton (Eds.), Public Sociology . Berkeley: University of California Press.], also including traditional professional sociology, policy sociology, and critical sociology.
Team science for science communication

Natural scientists from Climate Central and social scientists from Carnegie Mellon University collaborated to develop science communications aimed at presenting personalized coastal flood risk information to the public. We encountered four main challenges: agreeing on goals; balancing complexity and simplicity; relying on data, not intuition; and negotiating external pressures. Each challenge demanded its own approach. We navigated agreement on goals through intensive internal communication early on in the project. We balanced complexity and simplicity through evaluation of communication materials for user understanding and scientific content. Early user test results that overturned some of our intuitions strengthened our commitment to testing communication elements whenever possible. Finally, we did our best to negotiate external pressures through regular internal communication and willingness to compromise.
Studies on Andean Compositae-IV.

This is a continuation of my series of studies on Andean Compositae, published mainly as a preliminary to a general synopsis of the Senecioneae of the tropical Andean region and for a projected Flora of Colombia. It ineludes descriptions of new taxa, new combinations, and conlimeilts on Cacaliat, Paracalia, Chersodoma, Gynoxys, Senecio, and Baccharis. The material studied ineludes not only the South American collections of the U. S. National Herbarium, but also Peruvian plants recently collected by H. Ellenberg and by Rauh-Hirsch, respectively lent for identification by the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of Utrecht (U) and the New York Botanical Garden (NY). The work upon which this paper is based has been sponsored by the National Scieliee Foundation. The preceding article of this series was published in Brittonia 8: 179-193 (1956).
First-order modal tableaux

We describe simple semantic tableau based theorem provers for four standard modal logics, in both propositional and first-order versions. These theorem provers are easy to implement in Prolog, have a behavior that is straightforward to understand, and provide natural places for the incorporation of heuristics.
Development of modified cable models to simulate accurate neuronal active behaviors.

In large network and single three-dimensional (3-D) neuron simulations, high computing speed dictates using reduced cable models to simulate neuronal firing behaviors. However, these models are unw...
UVB Activates Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in C57BL/6 Mice.

To test the hypothesis that UVB can activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, the shaved back skin of C57BL/6 mice was exposed to 400 mJ cm −2 of UVB or was sham irradiated. After 12 and 24 hours of exposure, plasma, skin, brain, and adrenals were collected and processed to measure corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin (Ucn), β-endorphin (β-END), ACTH, and corticosterone (CORT) or the brain was fixed for immunohistochemical detection of CRH. UVB stimulated plasma levels of CRH, Ucn, β-END, ACTH, and CORT and increased skin expression of Ucn, β-END, and CORT at the gene and protein/peptide levels. UVB stimulated CRH gene and protein expression in the brain that was localized to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In adrenal glands, it increased mRNAs of melanocortin receptor type 2, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and gene coding of steroid 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1). Hypophysectomy abolished UVB stimulation of plasma, but not of skin CORT levels, and had no effect on UVB stimulation of CRH and Ucn levels in the plasma, demonstrating the requirement of an intact pituitary for the systemic effect. In conclusion, we identify mechanisms regulating body homeostasis by UVB through activation of the HPA axis that originate in the skin and require the pituitary for systemic effects.
Deformation twinning at low temperatures in a Hf–V–Nb cubic laves phase

Deformation twinning in the C15 cubic laves phase of the Hf-V-Nb alloy system is analyzed at temperatures between 77 K and room temperature by conventional and high-resolution TEM. In order to reduce the stacking fault energy (SFE), alloy compositions are chosen such that the cubic laves phase composition is close to a region of C14 phase stability. A high density of stacking defects of intrinsic character in the as-homogenized alloy confirms that the SFE has been reduced. Twinning is observed at all temperatures placing a low upper limit on any thermally activated deformation process. Twin clusters are observed which are narrow and have a similar distribution to the stacking defects in the undeformed alloy. The structure of twins and stacking defects is solved via HREM combined with image calculations. Finally, the mechanism of twinning is discussed and the use of alloying to control the SFE or to refine the microstructure in order to increase the low temperature ductility in these intermetallic compounds with complex cubic crystal structures is proposed.
Fracture of a synthetic fenestrated tracheostomy tube: Case report and review of the literature

Frequently patients require a tracheostomy tube over a prolonged period of time. A number of complications have been reported with the chronic use of tracheostomy tubes including granulation tissue formation, subglottic stenosis, and tracheomalacia. Reports of a tracheostomy tube fracture are rare. Many of these tubes were made of metal such as silver, zinc, and copper.‘.’ It was thought that corrosion of the metal predisposed the tubes to fracture.l With the advent of synthetic tracheostomy tubes in the 196Os, it was hoped that these tubes would be free of the problem of fracture. However, the first report of a synthetic tube fracture was documented in 197X3 Thereafter, several other reports have described synthetic tracheostomy tube fracture. Most of these fractures occurred at the neck plate site. In this article the first case of a fracture in a synthetic fenestrated tracheostomy tube is reported and the literature is reviewed. This case may suggest that the fenestration in the tube may be a weak point and that fracture at that site may occur, particularly after prolonged wear. The patient was subsequently lost to follow-up until his visit to the ear, nose, and throat clinic 4 years later. The patient had not changed his tube during this time period. The patient presented with a foul smell from the tracheostomy tube and a mass under his tube. He had no shortness of breath and no hemoptysis. The patient had a no. 8 fenestrated Shiley tracheostomy tube with a nonfunctional cuff. There was a large amount of peristomal granulation tissue which partially pushed out the tracheostomy neck plate. The patient was brought to the operating room for tracheostomy tube change and excision of peristomal granulation tissue. Under local anesthesia, the tracheostomy tube was inspected. It was noticed that two fractures, approximately 1 to 2 cm in length, were present at the site of the fenestration (Fig 1). The granulation tissue had grown through the fenestration preventing removal of the tube. Excision of the granulation tissue was performed with electrocautery. The tracheostomy tube and fracture site were both grasped and removed with a clamp. A new no. 8 cuffless nonfenestrated Shiley tracheostomy tube was inserted. The patient was discharged with two sets of tracheostomy tubes. He is closely followed up in clinic for tracheostomy tube changes.
Mortality experience of Vermont granite workers.

A comparison was made between the chief cause of death among 969 deceased white male granite workers in Vermont and the causes of death among other individuals not in that occupation. Tuberculosis deaths were ten times the number predicted, based on the U.S. white male experience. Of the 65 tuberculosis deaths, 48 were silicotuberculosis and 16 were pulmonary tuberculosis. A notable increase was found for deaths due to all respiratory diseases, with 28 deaths due to silicosis. Excluding deaths due to silicosis and tuberculosis left a small excess of emphysema-related deaths. For 25 men in the respiratory disease category whose cause of death was not listed as silicosis, ten had evidence of silicosis in their x-ray records suggesting some misdiagnoses may have occurred. An excess of lung cancer deaths was noted among sawyers and polishers, suggesting possible effects of abrasive exposures. No tuberculosis deaths were noted in men who started work in the post dust control period, after 1950. There was an excess of suicide deaths before 1970.
Dietary Echium Oil Increases Tissue (n-3) Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids without Elevating Hepatic Lipid Concentrations in Premature Neonatal Rats

Echium oil (EO) contains notable quantities of both (n-6) and (n-3) PUFA and has not, to our knowledge, been studied in neonates. We compared growth, tissue PUFA concentrations, and liver lipid profiles in premature neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats that were fed an EO diet with those that were dam-fed (DF) or fed rat milk substitute (RMS) or a fish oil (FO) diet. EO or FO comprised 10% of dietary fat. Rats were delivered prematurely at d 21 of gestation by caesarean section and then DF or fed one of the diets for 6 d. Rats were killed and the fatty acid (FA) concentrations in brain, liver, ileum, and serum and liver lipid profiles were analyzed. All diet-fed rats had similar weight gain and tissue protein concentrations. Compared with DF rats, EO-fed rats had similar brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, similar brain and liver arachidonic acid (ARA) levels, higher liver and ileal eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels (P < 0.05), and similar ARA:(EPA+DHA) ratios in brain, liver, and serum. Compared with RMS-fed rats, EO-fed rats had lower liver triglyceride FA and cholesterol ester concentrations (P < 0.05), higher EPA and DHA levels in liver, ileum, and serum, a higher DHA level in brain, and lower tissue and serum ratios of total (n-6):(n-3) PUFA and ARA:(EPA + DHA) (P < 0.05). Compared with FO-fed rats, EO-fed rats had higher ARA levels in brain, liver, ileum, and serum. In conclusion, dietary EO increases tissue EPA and DHA without reducing ARA in brain and liver and without elevating hepatic lipid concentrations of premature neonatal rats.
Mycotoxin Risk Assessment for the Purpose of Setting International Regulatory Standards

The 2003 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Mycotoxin report states that one 21st century goal is the development of uniform regulations worldwide for foodborne mycotoxin contamination. This study informs that endeavor by a risk assessment and economic analysis of two important mycotoxins: fumonisins and aflatoxins. The goals are to identify the nations that would be most heavily impacted by tighter mycotoxin regulations, examine costs and benefits as a function of regulatory stringency, and address risk-risk tradeoffs between health benefits and economic losses from compliance with those regulations. Among industrial nations, the United States would experience the heaviest economic losses from more precautionary mycotoxin standards. Environmental conditions in the developing world, however, are more conducive to mycotoxin accumulation in crops. Contrary to concerns expressed among policymakers, the less developed countries that would likely experience the greatest loss from tighter mycotoxin standards are not sub-Saharan African nations, but China and Argentina. If a fumonisin standard of 0.5 mg/kg were adopted worldwide, total export losses from fumonisins in corn may exceed 300 million dollars annually: 3-fold higher than if the less stringent U.S. standard of 2 mg/kg were adopted. Likewise, export losses from aflatoxins in peanuts may exceed 450 million dollars under the current EU regulatory standard of 4 microg/kg: almost 5-fold higher than if the U.S. standard of 20 microg/kg were adopted. Stricter standards are unlikely to improve health significantly. In developing nations such as China where hepatitis B and C are prevalent, tighter aflatoxin standards may increase health risks until improved control methods for aflatoxins are found, as high-quality crops may be exported instead of being consumed domestically.
1662 EARLY VENTRICULOPERITONEAL (VP) SHUNTS IN INFANTS WEIGHING 2000 GM: NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FOLLOW-UP

The optimum time for VP shunt placement in infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus is controversial. We studied 28 preterm infants born between 1979-1983 (Mean birthweight 1338±329gm; mean gestational age 30±2wk) in whom serial lumbar punctures failed to control progressive and symptomatic ventriculomegaly after grade III (62%) or grade IV (38%) intraventricular hemorrhage. VP shunts were placed at a median age of 28 days (range 11-78 days). Seventeen infants (61%) required 1 or more shunt revisions and 10(36%) had shunt infections. Three infants died, 1 from a shunt infection. The infants were evaluated with audiologic, ophthalmologic and neurologic examinations. Eight infants (29%) have profound visual loss, 5 of whom have cortical blindness, and 7 (25%) have hearing impairment. Five infants have profound neurological sequelae and 7 have seizure disorders. A developmental quotient(DQ) and motor index (MI) were obtained between 4-12 months adjusted age using the Bayley and/or Knobloch-Geselfl scales. The number of infants having various developmental scores is shown below: Although nearly 20% of these infants have normal DQM HCEEP)
Orientation response properties of inhibitory cells in a model of cat primary visual cortex

• “Push-Pull” inhibition counteracts untuned DC from LGN • Achieves contrast invariant orientation tuning for cortical excitatory cells • Inhibitory cells follow tuning of LGN: sum of tuned F1 term and untuned DC term • Correlation-based connectivity derived from developmentally motivated learning rules for intracortical synaptic connections • Excitatory connections between cells with correlated receptive fields: same orientation and same spatial phase • Inhibitory connections between cells with anticorrelated receptive fields: same orienatation and opposite spatial phase • Synaptic depression model follows the model of Abbott et al, 1997. • First spike in a spike train elicits strongest postsynaptic potential • Synaptic strength weakens with each spike in rate dependent manner • Synapses return to full strength with time constant ~ 100 msec
Success of Prisms in the Management of Diplopia Due to Fourth Nerve Palsy

Prisms are generally recommended for optical correction of symptomatic binocular diplopia (1–4). They alleviate diplopia by altering the path of light rays and aligning the image on the fovea of the deviating eye. Studies reporting data on success of prisms in treating diplopia are limited to a few case series that lack details of ocular misalignment and prism prescriptions (5–9). It is generally believed that prism glasses are most successful in eliminating diplopia in patients with comitant deviations of less than 10–12 prism diopters (PD), although the success of prisms for deviations greater than 10 PD and for incomitant deviations has not been systematically studied (10). In this study, we analyzed the satisfaction rates of prisms in 83 patients presenting with fourth nerve palsy.
CHROMOSOME POLYMORPHISMS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORIGIN OF SUPERNUMERARY MARKER CHROMOSOMES

Q banded chromosome polymorphisms have been shown to segregate in a Mendelian manner in humans and may be used to determine the origin of marker chromosomes. Recent studies of Q polymorphisms on 2 patients, both mosaic for a supernumerary marker chromosome, and their families, yielded information regarding the origin of the marker. Patient: J.C., presented with classic features of Cat-Eye Syndrome: anal stenosis, fundal coloboma and preauricular tags and pits. The marker chromosome found was dicentric, as revealed by C banding, and the size of a G group chromosome. Comparison of Q banded karyotypes of the patient and her parents showed her to be 46XX/47XX, t(13;22) (13pter→13q11::22pter→22qll). E.S., a male evaluated for severe psychomotor retardation, cleft palate and congenital heart disease was found to be mosaic for a small bisatellited, metacentric chromosome. Comparison of polymorphisms of parents and child eliminated chromosomes 14, 15 & 22 from contributing to the origin of the marker. It is interpreted as arising post-zygotically from breaks in both number 13 chromosomes with subsequent reunion of the 2 short arms and satellite fragments such that the karyotype is 46XY/47XY, t(13;?13) (13pter→13q11::?13pte→?13q11). The data obtained from such studies is of importance in 1) determination of the frequencies of involvement of acrocentric chromosomes in such rearrangements, 2) defining phenotypic patterns associated with supernumerary markers and 3) facilitating accurate prenatal counseling when such a marker is detected in amniotic fluid cell cultures.
Roosting of starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): A function of light and time

Summary Starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) were observed returning to roost from 27 August to 7 October 1966. Initial departure towards the roost was closely correlated with light intensity. The time of departure from the feeding areas would probably show a better correlation with light intensity than would the time of departure for the first and final assemblies. As the roost is approached there is a weaker correlation between light intensity and time of departure from rendezvous areas. Starlings arrival at the roost is not simply a function of the light-time stimulus, because it also depends on the light intensity at the time starlings began flying. The latter influences their rate, the varying distances they must fly to the final roost, and behavioural interactions en route.
Analysis of the cDNA sequence encoding MHC-Aβ in tubular epithelium from mouse kidney

Analysis of the cDNA sequence encoding MHC-Aβ in tubular epithelium from mouse kidney. Class II gene products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are not expressed usually in abundance on normal epithelium. The cell surface visibility of such proteins for the immune system is thought to be limited protectively in order to minimize inflammation consequent to the recognition of self-antigens in parenchymal structures by T lymphocytes. In the current experiments we investigated whether the previously recognized sparseness of Aβ on the surface of tubular epithelial cells might be accounted for by a protein coding difference deduced from the primary structure of its transcript compared with sequence from lymphoid cells that normally express Aβ in generous amounts. We demonstrate, however, using clones obtained from a cDNA library prepared from tubular epithelium harvested from H-2 S (Aβ/α + Eβ/α - ) mice susceptible to autoimmune interestitial nephritis, that the nucleotide sequence encoding the class II Aβ chain in cells from both compartments is essentially identical. Our findings suggest that there is no primary structural aberrancy in the coding region of parenchymal Aβ that would contribute to its low expression. The protective tolerance afforded by reduced numbers of class II molecules in normal tissues is, therefore, more likely the result of repressive regulatory processes.
Generalized one-dimensional, steady, compressible flow

The present development and testing of a generalized method for analytically examining 1D steady flow of perfect gases allows area change, heat transfer, friction, and mass injection. Generalized flow functions are developed, and sample tables are calculated and tested for both simple cases and combined changes. Normal shocks are noted to occur from the supersonic portion of these loci to the subsonic portion, in a manner analogous to simple-change behavior. 9 refs.
Airborne Measurements of Surface, Layer Turbulence over the Ocean during Cold Air Outbreaks

The spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence for the near-shore cloud street regions over the Atlantic Ocean were examined using 50-m level data of airborne measurements of atmospheric turbulence spectra above the western Atlantic Ocean during cold air outbreaks. The present study, performed for the Mesoscale Air-Sea Exchange (MASEX) experiment, extends and completes the preliminary analyses of Chou and Yeh (1987). In the inertial subrange, a near 4/3 ratio was observed between velocity spectra normal to and those along the aircraft heading. A comparison of the turbulent kinetic energy budgets with those of Wyngaard and Cote (1971) and Caughey and Wyngaard (1979) data indicates that the turbulent kinetic energy in the surface layer is dissipated less in the MASEX data than in data obtained by the previous groups.
Actinomycotic endocarditis of the eustachian valve: a rare case and a review of the literature.

Eustachian valve endocarditis caused by Actinomyces species is extremely rare. A literature review revealed only one reported case—caused by Actinomyces israelii in an intravenous drug abuser. Our patient, a 30-year-old woman who at first appeared to be in good health, presented with fever, a large mobile mass on the eustachian valve, and extensive intra-abdominal and pelvic masses that looked malignant. Histopathologic examination of tissue found in association with an intrauterine contraceptive device revealed filamentous, branching microorganisms consistent with Actinomyces turicensis. This patient was treated successfully with antibiotic agents. In addition to presenting a new case of a rare condition, we discuss cardiac actinomycotic infections in general and eustachian valve endocarditis in particular: its predisposing factors, clinical course, sequelae, and our approaches to its management.
Absolute X-Ray Scattering Factors of Silicon and Germanium

The absolute scattering factors of silicon and germanium were measured with x rays on perfect crystals. In both cases the results were consistent with a superposition of Hartree-Fock free-atom radial charge densities. This is to be contrasted with the metals aluminum, chromium, iron, and copper, which evidence marked expansion of the radial charge densities in the solid. The presence of the forbidden 222 reflection in silicon together with contributions to the low-angle reflections reveal that the angular part of the charge density points toward the four tetrahedrally disposed nearest neighbors.
Aspects of the adaptive response to very low doses of radiation and other agents

When human lymphocytes and other cells are pre-exposed to very low doses of ionizing radiation and subsequently exposed to a high dose, less genetic damage, i.e., fewer chromosome aberrations, is found than is observed in cells that had not been pre-exposed. This has been termed the adaptive response and has been attributed to the induction of a repair mechanism by the low dose exposure. Several experiments have now been carried out on this adaptive response to better characterize the phenomenon. (A) Experiments with differential display of mRNAs indicate that human lymphocytes exposed to 2 cGy of X-rays have somewhat different mRNAs expressed than do unexposed cells. This is providing access to DNA that might be involved in adaptation. (B) Other experiments with embryonic cells from transgenic mice that are deficient in superoxide dismutase (SOD) have shown that the adaptive response is unrelated to the amount of SOD in the cells, and thus is independent of superoxide radicals. (C) Experiments in which very low doses of various restriction enzymes were electroporated into human lymphocytes have shown that low levels of double-strand DNA breaks alone are able to induce the adaptive response. (D) Experiments in which human male lymphocytes (XY chromosome constitution) and human female lymphocytes (XX chromosome constitution) were cocultivated have shown that adaptation is not caused by a change in the rate of cell progression to mitosis after a challenge dose, and is a further indication that cell stage sensitivity is not a factor in the adaptive response.
Fluorescence studies of the Er ↔ Ho and Er ↔ Tm energy transfer in erbium aluminum garnet

Abstract We have studied the flourescence characteristics of Ho 3+ and Tm 3+ in ErAlG:Ho, Tm and investigated the Er ↔ Ho and Er ↔ Tm energy transfer present in this system. In the infrared, the crystal ErAlG:Ho, Tm presents three groups of sharp lines (centered at ∼18 000, ∼19 300, and ∼21 000 A), whose intensities are strongly temperature-dependent. The first two groups are attributable to the Tm 3 H 4 → 3 H 6 transition, while the third group represents the Ho 5 I 7 → 5 I 8 transition. In YAlG:Er (50%), Ho(2%), only the Ho emission centered at ∼21 000 A is observed in the infrared. Under pulsed excitation, the emissions at ∼17 900, ∼19 000, and ∼21 000 A in ErAlG:Ho, Tm present a double exponential decay; the time dependences of the decays of the first two emissions are essentially the same; however, the 19 000 and 21 000 A emissions present different decay patterns. In YAlG:Er (50%), Ho (2%), on the other hand, the decay of the 21 000 A emission is purely exponential at all temperatures studied. The above results for ErAlG:Ho, Tm are explained by means of a rate-equation model in which the Ho → Er and Tm → Er transfer are treated as activation-type processes which effect a coupling between (1) the Ho and Tm ions, and (2) the Ho or Tm ions and quenching impurities.
Spherical indentation of freestanding circular thin films in the membrane regime

Abstract We present theoretical and experimental results to describe the mechanics of indentation of a clamped circular membrane with a frictionless spherical indenter. Analytical expressions and numerical simulations are presented for the relationships between contact radius, finite indentation strains (and stresses), pre-stretch, loads and deflection. These closed-form solutions are contrasted with point-load models that neglect the contact size (i.e. classical Schwerin-type solutions), and lead to important differences in the indentation strain and load–deflection response. The accuracy of these closed form expressions is illustrated by comparisons with detailed numerical results and experiments on thin elastomer films. We show that the closed-form solutions can be used to extract mechanical properties from indentation testing of freestanding films, with important implications for developing new tests on nanoscale films and/or compliant materials such as polymers and biological substances.
Velocity shear layers in solar winds affect Earth's magnetosphere

Human society is increasingly reliant on technology that can be disrupted by space weather. For instance, geomagnetic storms can cause high-latitude air fights to be rerouted, costing as much as $100,000 per fight; induce errors of up to 46 meters in GPS systems; and affect satellites and the International Space Station. Space weather is determined by how the solar wind, a stream of hot plasma from the Sun, interacts with Earth's magnetic field. In studying space weather, scientists have largely neglected the fact that the solar wind contains layers of very strong velocity shear. Scientists understand very little about how these wind shears affect space weather.
AIPL1, the protein that is defective in Leber congenital amaurosis, is essential for the biosynthesis of retinal rod cGMP phosphodiesterase

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) is a member of the FK-506-binding protein family expressed specifically in retinal photoreceptors. Mutations in AIPL1 cause Leber congenital amaurosis, a severe early-onset retinopathy that leads to visual impairment in infants. Here we show that knockdown of AIPL1 expression in mice also produces a retinopathy but over a more extended time course. Before any noticeable pathology, there was a reduction in the level of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) proportional to the decrease in AIPL1 expression, whereas other photoreceptor proteins were unaffected. Consistent with less PDE in rods, flash responses had a delayed onset, a reduced gain, and a slower recovery of flash responses. We suggest that AIPL1 is a specialized chaperone required for rod PDE biosynthesis. Thus loss of AIPL1 would result in a condition that phenocopies retinal degenerations in the rd mouse and in a subgroup of human patients.
Effects of calcium channel antagonists on the depolarization-evoked release of norepinephrine in the rabbit iris-ciliary body.

Abstract The effects of several representative calcium channel antagonists on depolarization-evoked release of [ 3 H]-norepinephrine were investigated in isolated, superfused rabbit iris-ciliary bodies. Potassium (50 mM)-evoked neurosecretion was blocked by 5 mM CoCl 2 and partially inhibited by 10 −6 M nitrendipine or verapamil. Electrically-evoked neurosecretion was similarly blocked by CoCl 2 , but was unaffected by nitrendipine or verapamil. It is concluded from these results that sympathetic terminals in the rabbit iris-ciliary body contain dihydropyridine- and verapamil-sensitive calcium channels which contribute, under conditions of prolonged depolarization, to neurotransmitter release.
Dynamic mechanical properties of the Russet Burbank potato as related to temperature and bruise susceptibility

An electro-mechanical vibration exciter and a dropped weight impact device were utilized to determine changes in dynamic mechanical properties of the Russet Burbank potato as influenced by temperature. The vibration exciter was utilized to study the compressive stress-strain relationship for core samples of tuberin the frequency range of 50 to 300 Hz and for temperatures from 35 to 85°F (2 to 30°C)
Micropatterning of living cells on a heterogeneously wetted surface.

We report a simple approach to fabricate heterogeneously wetted surfaces which can be used to pattern living cells or biomolecules. An array of pedestals composed of SU-8 was fabricated on a glass surface which was then derivatized with a hydrophobic silane. Upon addition of aqueous solutions to the array, air was trapped within the hydrophobic cavities between the pedestals. The trapped air formed a “virtual wall” blocking access to these cavities. Cells cultured on the array were forced to grow only on the tops of the pedestals, i.e., the surfaces wetted by aqueous media. The virtual walls were stable during manipulation of the array and over long time periods (months).
Studies on vinyl isocyanides

Abstract The vinyl Isocyanides 2,4,6-(CH 3 ) 3 C 6 H 2 CHCHNC and (CH 3 ) 3 CCHCHNC and the new 1,3-dienyl isocyanide CH 3 CHCH(CH 3 )-CHCHNC have been prepared from the corresponding aldehydes and methyl isocyanide using a method first developed by Schollkopf, Stafforst, and Jentsch. 5 The new vinyl isocyanides (CH 3 ) 2 CCHNC and CH 3 CHC(CH 3 )NC have been prepared by the Cu 2 O-catalyzed isomerization of the corresponding allyl isocyanides The liquid vinyl isocyanides may be characterized by the formation of solid cis-(RNC) 2 Mo(CO) 4 derivatives through reaction with norbornadienetetracarbonylmolybdenum in hexane solution at ambient temperature. Examination of these molybdenum carbonyl complexes by proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy Indicates that the isocyanide carbon atom but not the carbon-carbon double bond of the vinyl 1socyanide ligands is bonded to the molybdenum atom. The proton-decoupled carbon-13 NMR spectra of the vinyl isocyanides, but not their molybdenum carbonyl complexes, indicate coupling of the isocyanide nitrogen to both the isocyanide carbon ( 1 J(C-N)6 Hz. ) and the vinyl carbon bearing the isocyanide group ( 1 J(C-N)11-13 Hz. ) leading to 1:1:1 triplets for these resonances. These vinyl carbonyl resonances are used to estimate the cis-trans isomer ratios in vinyl isocyanides of the type RCHCHNC. Such studies suggest that the formation of vinyl isocyanides by the copper(I) catalyzed isomerization of the corresponding allylic isocyanides is more nearly stereospecific than the formation of vinyl isocyanides by the elimination reaction of the Schollkopf/Stafforst/Jentsch synthetic method.
Blind inclusion: new technology designed for the margins

Consumer electronics enter the consumer retail market as virtually old products. While new technologies emerge faster, smaller and lighter than its predecessors, there are many people around the globe who have never owned or accessed many of the electronic products so-called mainstream consumers take for granted. The people without access – the have-nots in the Digital Divide – are often ignored in conversations concerning physical and intellectual access to new technologies, and are largely explicitly ignored during the production and manufacturing process. Using a collaborative research method called swarm, I interrogate a myriad of new technology products, endeavors and partnerships at an ephemeral site to investigate what efforts computer developers and manufacturers are taking to address the needs of un/under-represented populations – racial and ethnic minorities, undereducated, poor and working-class people – persistently disregarded in a rapidly paced technophilic society.
Product Quality under Two-Pronged Uncertainty

This paper builds on a model by Mikami (1991) to explore the effects of uncertainty on the producer’s choice of product quality when (1) quality influences demand price and (2) producers are not risk takers. It is shown that even risk-neutral producers might make different quality choices under uncertainty and that those choices will depend upon the explicit way in which uncertainty influences the demand price.