cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free surface boundary condition and the source term for one-way elastic wave method

Summary One-way wave equation method is very efficient. It can be used as forward and backward propagators in seismic modeling and migration. However, unlike the full wave method, the one-way method is usually derived for a source free situation. The source is added to the calculation as a boundary condition. The free surface effect at both the source side and receiver side are often not considered. Based on the plane wave decomposition, this study gives a free surface and source condition for elastic one-way wave equation method. This boundary condition can be applied at either the source side or the receiver side. With this boundary condition, many of the free surface effects, e.g., reflected P and S-waves, secondary surface waves, etc., can be generated. This boundary condition can be easily applied to reflection, VSP and cross hole modelings and seismic migration. It is especially useful for one-way methods based on the wavenumber domain Fourier transforms.
Stable Isotopic Compositions of Carbonates from the Mesoproterozoic Bangemall Group, Northwestern Australia

Marine carbonate rocks from the Mesoproterozoic Bangemall Group of northwestern Australia show little deviation (+/-1.3%) in whole-rock delta 13C(carb)-values about a mean of -0.5%. This narrow range persists despite close sampling (every 10-20 m) through long sections (up to 2500 m) that are geographically widespread (up to 250 km apart), over many depositional environments (supralittoral to outer shelf), sediment sources (stromatolitic bioherms to detrital calcilutites) and rock types (pure limestones to dolomitic shales). The only major excursions from the norm seem related to unusual environmental or post-depositional processes, as they are correlated with large enrichments (to -3%) or depletions (to -16%) in 18O. Relatively heavy delta 13C-values, up to +2.5%, occur in a single bed of brecciated ferruginous dolostone at a single locality; these abnormal values may result from local evaporitic conditions. Limey and shaley nodular dolostones have delta 13C-values as low as -4.3%, probably caused by remineralization of organic matter during late and patchy dolomitization. Most notably, sharp negative excursions in delta 13C, up to -8.4%, occur in bleached kerogen-free rocks with mineral assemblages of dolomite + quartz + calcite +/- tremolite + talc, reflecting isotopic re-equilibration in thick metamorphic aureoles around dolerite intrusions. General environmental variations are minor, with delta 13C-values of peritidal facies tending to be slightly positive whereas those of subtidal facies are slightly negative. There are no strong secular trends, but subtle fluctuations within the range -2 to +l% can be correlated along the northwestern margin of the basin. This resembles the pattern seen in other Mesoproterozoic successions, but is markedly unlike the heavy background (> +5%) and extreme variations (up to l0%) in delta 13C evident in Neoproterozoic successions of similar thickness and environmental setting. Hence, in contrast to the Neoproterozoic, the global rate of organic carbon burial was probably fairly constant during deposition of the Bangemall Group, and perhaps generally during the Mesoproterozoic, as was the redox state of the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
RABBIT HOMOCYTOTROPIC ANTIBODY : A UNIQUE RABBIT IMMUNOGLOBULIN ANALOGOUS TO HUMAN IGE

Rabbits immunized with egg albumin produce a homocytotropic antibody. The antibody is identified by its ability to produce passive anaphylaxis in rabbit skin. The time of appearance of this antibody, its persistence and recall after booster injections depends, in part, on the route of immunization and the adjuvant employed. The physicochemical characteristics of the homocytotropic antibody obtained was similar regardless of the immunization schedule used. The anaphylactic activity of these antisera showed some heterogeneity when chromatographed on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, but all fractions were inactivated by heating and absorption with a specific antisera. The anaphylactic activity could be separated from rabbit IgG and IgA, and was not blocked by absorption with antisera specific for these classes of immunoglobulins. Anaphylactic activity was completely removed by absorption with a specific antiserum which did not react with any of the known rabbit immunoglobulins. The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis titer of a rabbit serum containing homocytotropic antibody was reduced by 50% after absorption with an antisera (anti-FcND) specific for human IgE. On the basis of these distinctive physicochemical characteristics, it is concluded that rabbit homocytotropic antibody represents a unique class of rabbit immunoglobulin, analogous to human IgE.
Optimal switching between autonomous subsystems

A novel scheme is presented for solving the problem of optimal switching with nonlinear autonomous subsystems. This scheme determines the approximate global optimal solution for different initial conditions in a feedback form. Restrictions, including the need to enforce a mode sequence and/or a number of switching, do not exist for the developed method. Performance is evaluated in several examples with different complexities and the numerical simulation shows great promises for the controller.
Periodic structures with time-varying loads

The loading of a periodic surface with time-varying negative resistance diodes is discussed. The method predicts the transmitted and reflected power at the source frequency and the harmonic frequencies generated by the time-varying devices. The analysis uses an equivalent circuit representation at the load location in the unit cell, which is derived from the moment method solution of the periodic problem. It is therefore applicable to all angles of incidence, arbitrarily shaped surfaces, arbitrarily placed loading, lossy conductors, and surfaces supported by dielectric layers. >
How Should We Think About the Ribosome

In a few years we are likely to have structures for the ribosome in all the conformations it assumes during protein synthesis. The golden age of ribosome structure determination is thus drawing to a close, and as it does the focus in the field will shift from structure determination to understanding why the ribosome's structure changes the way it does as it performs its function. Thus in the future, kinetic and thermodynamic experiments will become increasingly important, and as they do, the field will have to start thinking about the dynamics of the ribosome far more carefully than it has in the past. The reasoning that underlies these assertions will be explained, and a more general issue explored, namely what can be said today about the modus operandi of the ribosome. What kind of a device is it?
Hemolysis, Toxicity, and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Analysis of Stachybotrys chartarum Strains

Stachybotrys chartarum is an indoor air, toxigenic fungus that has been associated with a number of human and veterinary health problems. Most notable among these has been a cluster of idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage cases that were observed in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. In this study, 16 strains of S. chartarum isolated from case (n = 8) or control (n = 8) homes in Cleveland and 12 non-Cleveland strains from diverse geographic locations were analyzed for hemolytic activity, conidial toxicity, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA banding patterns. In tests for hemolytic activity, strains were grown at 23 degrees C on wet wallboard pieces for an 8-week test period. Conidia from these wallboard pieces were subcultured on sheep's blood agar once a week over this period and examined for growth and clearing of the medium at 37 or 23 degrees C. Five of the Cleveland strains (all from case homes) showed hemolytic activity at 37 degrees C throughout the 8-week test compared to 3 of the non-Cleveland strains. Five of the Cleveland strains, compared to two of the non-Cleveland strains, produced highly toxic conidia (>90 microgram of T2 toxin equivalents per g [wet weight] of conidia) after 10 and 30 days of growth on wet wallboard. Only 3 of the 28 strains examined both were consistently hemolytic and produced highly toxic conidia. Each of these strains was isolated from a house in Cleveland where an infant had idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage.
Ethnicity, pressor reactivity, and children's blood pressure : five years of observations

During the 5 years of this investigation, resting blood pressure and pressor reactivity were measured in 292 white children and 46 black children in 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1991. In 1987, all children were in the third grade; in 1991, the children were in the seventh grade. Reactivity was assessed with a standardized psychological stressor, a television video game. Children displayed significant stability of absolute blood pressure and heart rate reactivity between grades 3 and 7. At all examinations, black children demonstrated blood pressure reactivity that was significantly greater in magnitude (both absolute level and change from resting measurements) than that of white children. Black children exhibited significantly greater heart rate reactivity only when defined as change from the resting measurements; absolute levels of heart rate reactivity were comparable for blacks and whites. For black children, blood pressure reactivity in 1987 was the strongest predictor of resting blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) in 1991. Among white children, resting blood pressure was the strongest predictor of future resting blood pressure. Further research is needed to determine if ethnic differences in children's pressor reactivity are associated with ethnic differences in the prevalence of hypertension.
Incidence and outcome of a 10-fold indomethacin overdose in premature infants

We reviewed the incidence and morbidity of a 10-fold medication error among all premature infants treated with indomethacin. We detected 4 incidents among 1059 indomethacin doses given to infants weighing less than 1000 g. None of the infants had intracranial hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, or significant deterioration of renal function.
Contagion Without Contact: Anticipatory Mood Matching in Response to Affiliative Motivation

We investigated whether the desire to have a smooth and pleasant interaction with an anticipated interaction partner caused participants' moods to become similar to their imminent partners' moods. We found evidence of anticipatory mood matching when participants were motivated to affiliate with a partner through goal priming (Experiments 1 and 2) and outcome dependency (Experiment 3). Prior research has demonstrated mood contagion arising from actual social interaction but these experiments establish contagion without contact, an outcome evident regardless of whether mood was assessed via self-report (Experiments 1 through 3) or information-processing style (Experiment 3).
Naive traders and mispricing in prediction markets

This paper studies pricing patterns in a speculative market with asymmetric information populated by both sophisticated and naive traders. Three pricing regimes arise in equilibrium: perfect pricing, with prices equalling asset values, partial mispricing and complete mispricing. Perfect pricing obtains when the presence of naive traders is small although not necessarily zero. When the fraction of naive traders is moderate prices are correct for some values but not for others. Finally, complete mispricing typically arises when the presence of naive traders is sufficiently high. Mispricing exhibits a systematic pattern of overpricing low values and underpricing high values.
ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL STATUS: A MODEL FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Functional assessment (FA) is a method for measuring an individual's performance of a variety of skills included in activities necessary to daily living, leisure activities, vocational pursuits, social interactions and so forth. Proficiency in using FA allows one to integrate this performance-based data with diagnostic descriptions of pathologic conditions and impairment states and, thus, to derive an understanding of the limitations or residual abilities in the performance of social roles. Having constructed a set of data that profiles the whole person, problems and needs can be identified more accurately and interventions can be developed that are more appropriate for enhancing personal independence and autonomy in fulfilling social roles. The Long-Range Evaluation System (LRES) incorporates the scoring methodology of the Barthel index and the PULSES profile, and as such, the domain of personal care heavily depends upon independent functioning in selfcare, mobility and bladder and bowel sphincter control. Abilities in active use of the limbs, in communication and vision, need for physician and/or nursing services, and level of social supports are also noted. The social supports are described through the ESCROW profile. The three scales together form the backbone of the LRES assessment. In the expanded form, LRES was used with 39 subjects through the cooperation of the Rhode Island Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the Department of Neurology of the Boston University Medical Center. In this study of 39 subjects, problems of personal care were very common: 41 % in selfcare, 46 % in mobility and 55 % in control of bladder and/or bowel sphincters. Problems of high frequency that involve interactions with the environment were: limited use of transportation resources (72 %), reduced numbers of social activities (54 %), reduced use of budgeting skills (51 %), agitation (46 %), and depression (36 %). This suggests that an intervention plan to address these service needs for most members of the population would be helpful.
Sanitation, baths, and street cleaning in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

A MONG the many reproaches made against the Middle Ages iill one of the most insistent aspersions has been a three-headed slander, barking like Cerberus to this effect. First, that the streets of mediaeval towns were constantly foul-smelling and full of filth, owing to the lack of closed sewers and private or public conveniences, to the custom of throwing refuse into the street, and to the failure of the municipal authorities to clean the pavements. Second, that soap and baths were little known in those benighted days. Third, that these dirty and pestilence-breeding living conditions in the crowded towns were accompanied by a complete lack of anything resembling sanitary legislation and administration or care for public health. So far as I know, verylittle specific evidence has accompanied these broad charges -or, at least, one could desire a great deal more than has been adduced. One suspects that they have been largely due to prejudice against the Middle Ages and the subconscious impression produced by the survival of some such conditions into rather recent modern times. Therefore, on the assumption that everything has steadily progressed since 'the revival of learning' and the Reformation, it has been inferred that conditions must have been much worse in the Middle Ages. If Islip is still a stinking village to-day, think what it must have been when it was the birthplace of Edward the Confessor. If Villeneuve-les-Avignon smells far from sweet now, what must Avignon itself, on the other side of the Rhone, have been like during the Babylonian Captivity? If a public urinal across the street from my hotel in Florence offended my nose in 1912, how could I have endured the streets from which Dante was exiled in 1302? But this line of reasoning can be turned in just the opposite direction. If in the same year of 1912, in one of the main streets of Troyes, I saw little boys industriously collecting the fresh horse-manure from the pavement into dust-pans and
Differences in Fe-redox for asbestiform and nonasbestiform amphiboles from the former vermiculite mine, near Libby, Montana, U.S.A.

We obtained oriented Fe-XANES spectra on three amphibole bundles of fiber (i.e., asbestiform morphology), two single-crystal fragments (i.e., nonasbestiform morphology), and one aggregate of thousands of smaller particles (termed herein a “puffball”) by use of a spindle stage mounted on beamline X26A, National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Lab. These particles of differing morphology were obtained from a single rock sample collected at the former vermiculite mine near Libby, Montana, U.S.A. The XANES spectra vary as a function of orientation for the singlecrystal fragments and bundles of fibers and were the same regardless of orientation for the puffball. Differences in the spectra for the single-crystal fragments and bundles of fibers indicate variations in Fe oxidation states between the two differing morphologies. Comparison to a calibration line based on amphibole standards allowed determination of Fe 3+ /ΣFe values of 0.69 for the bundles of fibers and 0.60 for the single-crystal fragments, while the puffball had a Fe 3+ /ΣFe value of 0.66. These values agree well with our earlier Mossbauer data on a bulk sample of this same material, with Fe 3+
Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are pervasive, severe, and largely independent of the positive and negative symptoms of the illness. These deficits are increasingly considered to be core features of schizophrenia with evidence that the extent of cognitive impairment is the most salient predictor of daily functioning. Unfortunately, current schizophrenia treatment has been limited in addressing the cognitive deficits of the illness. Alterations in neuroplasticity are hypothesized to underpin these cognitive deficits, though preserved neuroplasticity may offer an avenue towards cognitive remediation. Key neuroplastic principles to consider in designing remediation interventions include ensuring sufficient intensity and duration of remediation programs, "bottom-up" training that proceeds from simple to complex cognitive processes, and individual tailoring of remediation regimens. We discuss several cognitive remediation programs, including cognitive enhancement therapy, which embrace these principles to target neurocognitive and social cognitive improvements and which havebeen demonstrated to be effective in schizophrenia. Future directions in cognitive remediation research include potential synergy with pharmacologic treatment, non-invasive stimulation techniques, and psychosocial interventions, identification of patient characteristics that predict outcome with cognitive remediation, and increasing the access to these interventions in front-line settings.
Effects of cocaine history on postsynaptic GABA receptors on dorsal raphe serotonin neurons in a stress-induced relapse model in rats

The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system plays an important role in stress-related psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Stressors and stress hormones can inhibit the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-5-HT system, which composes the majority of forebrain-projecting 5-HT. This inhibition is mediated via stimulation of GABA synaptic activity at DRN-5-HT neurons. Using swim stress-induced reinstatement of morphine conditioned place-preference, recent data from our laboratory indicate that morphine history sensitizes DRN-5-HT neurons to GABAergic inhibitory effects of stress. Moreover, GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of the serotonergic DRN is required for this reinstatement. In our current experiment, we tested the hypothesis that GABAergic sensitization of DRN-5-HT neurons is a neuroadaptation elicited by multiple classes of abused drugs across multiple models of stress-induced relapse by applying a chemical stressor (yohimbine) to induce reinstatement of previously extinguished cocaine self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of GABA synaptic activity in DRN-5-HT neurons were conducted after the reinstatement. Behavioral data indicate that yohimbine triggered reinstatement of cocaine self-administration. Electrophysiology data indicate that 5-HT neurons in the cocaine group exposed to yohimbine had increased amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents compared to yoked-saline controls exposed to yohimbine or unstressed animals in both drug groups. These data, together with previous findings, indicate that interaction between psychostimulant or opioid history and chemical or physical stressors may increase postsynaptic GABA receptor density and/or sensitivity in DRN-5-HT neurons. Such mechanisms may result in serotonergic hypofunction and consequent dysphoric mood states which confer vulnerability to stress-induced drug reinstatement.
Islam and Orthodox Christianity in the Caucasus: From Antagonism to Partnership

The Russian Orthodox Church has a long and often troubled history in the Northern Caucasus. Since the collapse of the USSR, both Orthodox and Muslim leaders have looked for ways to heal old wounds and forge alliances against a new common enemy — secularism. To this end, the Church has crafted a new approach to Islam that defines it not as a religion of an ethnic minority, tolerated but clearly subordinate to Orthodox Christianity, but as a full fledged partner in shaping the nation’s social and political values. While these values are neither liberal nor secular, both the Russian Orthodox Church and its Muslim partners argue that they are modern and democratic. Moreover, they see this new 'Russian model' of religious and ethnic tolerance as one that could benefit the rest of the world.
Studies in Human Strength

Abstract The study points out the fact that human strength has intrigued research workers in a variety of disciplines. Selected studies dealing with strength testing and the relationship of strength to other variables are cited. Gaps in our present knowledge concerning strength are discussed.
Inhibitory effect of cholestyramine on the absorption of flufenamie and mefenamic acids in rats.

SummaryThe binding characteristics of the hypocholesterolemic agent cholestyramine for flufenamic and mefenamic acids were examined in vitro and in vivo. Both drugs strongly interact in vitro with ...
Ophthalmomyiasis: A Review with Special Reference to Cochliomyia hominivorax

Ophthalmomyiasis, infestation of the eye by dipterous fly larvae, may result in sequelae ranging from minor irritation to blindness, disfigurement, and death. Infestation with Cochliomyia hominivorax, a medically significant and economically important species, exemplifies the mechanisms by which larvae can cause tissue damage. Although clinical history may be suggestive of ophthalmomyiasis, the definitive diagnosis requires direct observation of larvae. Treatment of ophthalmomyiasis involves removal or destruction of the larvae, if alive, and appropriate management of any sequelae. Preventive measures may not always be successful.
In situ AFM analysis investigating disassembly of DNA nanoparticles and nano-films

Synthetic vector-based gene delivery continues to gain strength as viable alternatives to viral vectors due to safety and other concerns. DNA release dynamics is key to the understanding and control of gene delivery from nanosystems. Here we describe atomic force microscope (AFM) application to the understanding of DNA release dynamics from bioreducible polycation-based nanosystems. The two nanosystems are polyplex nanoparticles and layer-by-layer (LbL) films.
Solstice Misalignment at Sun Temple: Correcting Fewkes

ABSTRACTA reexamination of Sun Temple, Mesa Verde National Park, demonstrates that Fewkes erred in stating that the front or south wall of the structure was aligned to the summer solstice sunrise and winter solstice sunset. The front wall is not aligned to any solstitial or equinoctial rise/set point.
Vortex-ring dynamics in a transitional subsonic free jet. A numerical study

The spatial evolution of a high Reynolds number, axisymmetric, laminar free jet is computed numerically with a compressible, fourth-order phase-accurate, finite-difference Flux-Corrected Transport algorithm and appropriate inflow and open-boundary conditions. The effects of initial conditions, Mach number and controlled axial excitation on the physics of large-scale, two-dimensional, organized structures in the transitional region of the jet are investigated
Application of the NMME in the Development of a New Regional Seasonal Climate Forecast Tool

ABSTRACTThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Climate Prediction Center (CPC) provides access to a suite of real-time monthly climate forecasts that compose the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) in an attempt to meet the increasing demands for monthly to seasonal climate prediction. While the North American and global map-based forecasts provided by CPC are informative on a broad or continental scale, operational and decision-making institutions need products with a much more specific regional focus. To address this need, we developed a Region-Specific Seasonal Climate Forecast (RSCF–NMME) tool by combining NMME forecasts with regional climatological data. The RSCF–NMME automatically downloads and archives data and is displayed via a dynamic web-based graphical user interface. The tool has been applied to the Great Lakes region and utilized as part of operational water-level forecasting procedures by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District (USACE-Detroit). Evaluation of...
Pulsed Chronopotentiometric Detection of Thrombin Activity Using Reversible Polyion Selective Electrodes

A simple and rapid electrochemical method for the detection of thrombin activity is presented here for the first time using a synthetic polypeptide substrate and a pulsed chronopotentiometry transduction protocol with polyion selective electrodes. A cathodic current applied across a polyion selective membrane electrode causes the extraction of the polypeptides from the sample into the membrane and the membrane potential, which is a function of the concentration of these polypeptides in the sample, is measured at the same time. Since the polyion extraction is a diffusion-controlled mass transfer process, depletion of the polypeptides at the membrane-sample interface at a characteristic transition time occurs. The square root of the transition time is directly proportional to the concentration of the polypeptide substrate according to the Sand equation. Upon addition of thrombin, the polypeptide substrate undergoes proteolysis and yields smaller peptide fragments that exhibit smaller measured electromotive force (emf) responses since they are less preferred by the membrane, and the transition times become shorter. The rate of change of the square root of the transition time is directly proportional to the change in the polypeptide concentration, which in turn relates to the polypeptide hydrolysis time, and can be used for monitoring enzyme activity. Indeed, the square root of transition time was found to be linear with the proteolysis time with R2=0.98. The activity of thrombin was determined to be 3.6 μg substrate per μg thrombin per Min.
Studying up after studying down: dilemmas of research on South African conservation professionals

‘Studying up’ after one has ‘studied down’ poses a unique set of challenges, heightened by contexts of unequal power relations between different sets of informants. These are illustrated with the author’s experience moving from ethnographic fieldwork in a community adjoining a protected area to preliminary explorations of fieldwork among conservation professionals. Because of the intrinsically personal nature of ethnographic research, aspects of social position, personal history, and reflexive self-monitoring shape these encounters, which – depending upon the situations – result in informal restrictions on access, collaboration and an interest in the ‘expert’ anthropologist, and attempts to shift the loyalties of the anthropologist. While the details of the encounters are specific to the particular cases described, they highlight issues that are endemic to the fraught terrain of conservation in contemporary Africa, and which are likely to confront other researchers who attempt a similar transition from wo...
The Effects of Local Economic Activity on Crime: Evidence from Oil Price

We exploit plausibly exogenous changes in the value of reserves in Texas's giant oil fields to determine the impact of crime in Texas counties that have reserves. Texas provides an ideal setting for this research strategy. First, Texas has the largest number of giant oil fields. Second, Texas's giant oil fields possess the greatest remaining oil potential. Third, giant oil fields are dispersed throughout the state. We find that a one percent increase in the lagged value of oil reserves increases violent crime by 0.32%, aggravated assaults by 0.40%, sex offenses by 0.40-0.50%, and drug offenses by 0.40 %. We find that changes in the value of oil reserves in counties adjacent to a given county have no effect on crime in that county. This is evidence of crime creation and not displacement of criminal activities across counties. We explore potential mechanisms that could be driving this increase in crime and find an increase in the share of young males and no increase in the size of the police force
Diffusion of Heavy Ions in Convective Envelopes, with Implications for the Masses of White Dwarfs

Heavy ions rapidly sink out of the base of a white,, dwarf convective zone, and a balance is set up between accreting interstellar material and this sedimentation flux. The heavy element abundances are lower than they would be in the absence of convection. The accretion process is responsible for any gross departures from the cosmic abundance ratios among the heavy ions. A chemically pure white dwarf must have mass greater than 0.2 M ⊙ . The DB stars have masses lower than 0.4 M ⊙ .
Role of Dosf, Schedule and Route of Administration of 5-Formyltetra-Hydrofolate: Preclinical and Clinical Investigations

During the last 30 years, 5-fluorouracil (FUra)* has been the drug of choice for treatment of patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon. This agent is also active against breast carcinoma and has significant activity in carcinoma of the head and neck. In all cases, but especially in colon carcinoma, the response rate is low and the duration of response is relatively short, on the order of 6 to 9 months.
Designing and Analyzing Sample Paths

As in Ch. 5, we take as our objective the estimation of $$\mu = \mu \left( g \right) = \int_X {g\left( {\text{x}} \right){\text{d}}F\left( {\text{x}} \right)} $$ (1) , where F denotes an m-dimensional d.f. on \(X \subseteq {\mathbb{R}^m}\). Consider a Monte Carlo Markov sampling experiment composed of n independent replications, each of which begins in a state drawn from an initializing nonequilibrium distribution π0. After a warm-up interval of k — 1 steps on each replication, sampling continues for t additional steps and one uses the n independent truncated sample paths or realizations, each of length t, to estimate µ. Whereas Ch. 5 concentrates on sample path generating algorithms and a conceptual understanding of convergence to an equilibrium state, this chapter focuses on sampling plan design and statistical inference. With regard to design, the chapter shows how the choices of k, n, π0, and t affect computational and statistical efficiency. With regard to statistical inference, it describes methods for estimating the warm-up interval k that significantly mitigate the influence of the initial states drawn from the nonequilibrium distribution π0. Also, it describes methods for computing asymptotically valid confidence intervals for µ in expression (1) as n → ∞ for fixed t, as t → ∞ for fixed n and as both n → ∞ and t → ∞. Because confidence intervals inevitably depend on variance estimates, we need to impose a moderately stronger restriction on g. Whereas the assumption \(\int_X {{g^2}\left( {\text{x}} \right){\text{d}}F\left( {\text{x}} \right)} < \infty \) in Ch. 5 guarantees a finite variance for a single observation on a sample path, the assumption \(\int_X {{g^4}\left( {\text{x}} \right){\text{d}}F\left( {\text{x}} \right)} < \infty \) is necessary for us to obtain consistent estimators of that variance and of other variances that play essential roles in the derivation of asymptotically valid confidence intervals for µ.
A Comparison of Commercial Building Retrofits Using EnergyPlus for Energy and Emissions Savings

For existing commercial buildings, structural retrofits and energy efficiency actions play an important role in providing potential energy and cost saving options to the building owner or operator. Depending on the type of modification made to the building or its operations, the environmental impacts associated with the building may also be reduced. The aim of this research is to compare three simple energy efficiency changes for a modeled commercial office building and quantify their relative impacts in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Both direct emissions from on-site combustion and indirect emissions through electricity purchases are compared. Hourly emission factors for electricity purchases are used for calculations of CO2 emissions. These emissions factors are unique to the electrical grid in the region where electricity is purchased, and they vary both diurnally and seasonally. In this paper, the selected energy-saving retrofits and energy efficiency actions are: adjusting lighting intensity, adding insulation, and changing the allowable range of temperatures in the buildings HVAC control scheme. Large and small office building prototype models are simulated using the U.S. Department of Energy’s open source building energy modeling software, EnergyPlus. Finally, the relative environmental impacts based on the type of energy modification and the size of the office building is presented in terms of CO2 emissions.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Quantifying the Product Distribution of a Chemical Reaction by 1H NMR Spectroscopy: A Cooperative Learning Approach for the Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory

This enhancement of a classic laboratory experiment investigates the kinetic and thermodynamic control of a reaction utilizing 1H NMR spectroscopy instead of melting point analysis to determine the product distribution. In this experiment, semicarbazide is reacted with cyclohexanone and 2-furaldehyde under varying buffer and temperature conditions to yield semicarbazone derivative products. After 1H NMR analysis of the products, students compile the class data in a cooperative setting facilitated by graduate teaching assistants. As a result, students are able to analyze a larger data set in this cooperative learning environment in order to describe the product distribution of the reaction on the basis of trends as opposed to using a single data set. The application of 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the product distribution of the reaction introduces a modern approach to study a well-established example of the kinetic and thermodynamic control of a reaction.
The spread of Wi-Fi router malware revisited

A study by Hu et al. (2009, PNAS, 106(5)) projected that a targeted malicious attack on Wi-Fi routers could infect a region in two days. The study also argued that the use of WPA security protocol in 60--70% routers would practically prevent such epidemics. This paper revisits their model with current Wi-Fi router data from WiGLE.net and a refined data selection method. We examine the temporality and scale of the malware spread applying these two updates. Despite a88% WPA adoption rate, we see a rapid malware spread occurring in a week and infecting a34% of all insecure routers (a5.4% of all) after two weeks. This result is significantly higher than the original study projection. It occurs due to the increased use of Wi-Fi routers causing a more tightly connected graph. We argue that this projected risk can increase when current vulnerabilities introduced and connected devices are considered. Ultimately, a thorough consideration is needed to assess cybersecurity risks in Wi-Fi ecosystem and evaluate interventions to stop epidemics.
Dynamic Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) scheme for two-tier network in LTE

Femtocell networks are a promising solution to enhance the capacity of the LTE networks, especially for the indoor environments. However, unplanned deployment of the femtocells causes the co-tier interference and cross-tier interference. The interference limits the advantages of deploying the femtocell networks. The Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) concept is introduced to mitigate the effect of the interference on the system. In this work, Dynamic scheme is proposed to partition the spectrum efficiently. The objective of the proposed scheme is to increase the capacity of the femtocells, which enhances the performance of the system and benefits of fmetocells. The proposed scheme assign less resources for macrocell's part, which has more deployed femtocells in order to reuse as much as possible of the available resources. An experiment is conducted in order to evaluate the proposed scheme. The results indicates that the proposed scheme can increase the capacity of the system.
The Hemodynamic Relationships that Exist between Various Parts of the Lower Extremity Arterial Circuit Containing a Bypass Graft: Case Study:

IntroductionCircuits containing bypass grafts are made up of four elements: (1) the inflow tract, (2) the graft, (3) the collateral beds, and (4) the outflow tract. The fundamental principles devel...
Apply lightweight deep learning on internet of things for low-cost and easy-To-Access skin cancer detection

Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer that often resembles moles. Dermatologists often recommend regular skin examination to identify and eliminate Melanoma in its early stages. To facilitate this process, we propose a hand-held computer (smart-phone, Raspberry Pi) based assistant that classifies with the dermatologist-level accuracy skin lesion images into malignant and benign and works in a standalone mobile device without requiring network connectivity. In this paper, we propose and implement a hybrid approach based on advanced deep learning model and domain-specific knowledge and features that dermatologists use for the inspection purpose to improve the accuracy of classification between benign and malignant skin lesions. Here, domain-specific features include the texture of the lesion boundary, the symmetry of the mole, and the boundary characteristics of the region of interest. We also obtain standard deep features from a pre-trained network optimized for mobile devices called Google's MobileNet. The experiments conducted on ISIC 2017 skin cancer classification challenge demonstrate the effectiveness and complementary nature of these hybrid features over the standard deep features. We performed experiments with the training, testing and validation data splits provided in the competition. Our method achieved area of 0.805 under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Our ultimate goal is to extend the trained model in a commercial hand-held mobile and sensor device such as Raspberry Pi and democratize the access to preventive health care.
Glycolytic potential of red, soft, exudative pork longissimus muscle.

Abstract Red, soft, exudative (RSE) pork is red as "normal" pork and exudative as PSE pork. The origin of RSE quality is unknown. In the present study, we determined whether the occurrence of RSE pork is related to the presence of the RN (Rendement Napole) gene. A glycolytic potential [= 2 x (glucose + glycogen + glucose-6-phosphate) + lactate] of > 180 micromol lactate/g of meat was used as indicator for presence of the RN gene. At 1 d postmortem, pork loin samples were collected at a commercial slaughter plant, and meat quality characteristics and glycolytic potential were determined. Glycolytic potential of RSE pork (n = 42) was higher (P < .01) than that of RFN (red, firm, nonexudative) pork (n = 25): 137 vs 110 micromol lactate/g of muscle. The glycolytic potential of PSE pork (n = 28) was 161 micromol lactate/g of muscle, which was higher (P < .01) than the glycolytic potential of RFN or RSE pork. Using a glycolytic potential of 180 micromol lactate/g of muscle as suggestive for the presence of the RN gene, four (10%) of the RSE samples were from RN carriers. By the same criterion, the PSE group contained nine (32%) RN gene carriers. These results suggest that the occurrence of RSE quality is not related to the presence of the RN gene.
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous system has played a significant role in the definition and characterization of the order Primates. In order to discuss the uses and limitations inherent in using the nervous system for assessing phylogenetic relationships, it will be necessary to briefly review some aspects of the anatomy of the nervous system and the technical methods formerly and presently available for studying it. Our understanding of this organ system is markedly limited by the methods used for its study.
Transposable element insertions in fission yeast drive adaptation to environmental stress

Cells are regularly exposed to a range of naturally occurring stress that can restrict growth or cause lethality. In response, cells activate expression networks with hundreds of genes that together increase resistance to common environmental insults. However, stress response networks can be insufficient to ensure survival, which raises the question of whether cells possess genetic programs that can promote adaptation to novel forms of stress. We found transposable element (TE) mobility in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was greatly increased when cells were exposed to unusual forms of stress such as heavy metals, caffeine, and the plasticizer phthalate. By subjecting TE-tagged cells to CoCl2, we found the TE integration provided the major path to resistance. Groups of insertions that provided resistance were linked to TOR regulation and metal response genes. We extended our study of adaptation by analyzing TE positions in 57 genetically distinct wild strains. The genomic positions of 1048 polymorphic LTRs were strongly associated with a range of stress response genes, indicating TE integration promotes adaptation in natural conditions. These data provide strong support for the idea, first proposed by Barbara McClintock, that TEs provide a system to modify the genome in response to stress.
Three-dimensional Analysis and Reconstruction of Additively Manufactured Materials in the Cloud-Based BisQue Infrastructure

A microstructure analytics and 3D reconstruction software package, DREAM.3D, was integrated as a module into a cloud-based platform, BisQue. Parallelization of DREAM.3D module executions and the ability to parameterize pipeline variables over a range of values have led to insights about the grain segmentation misorientation tolerance in TriBeam-collected 3D EBSD datasets of additively manufactured materials with complex anisotropic microstructures. Furthermore, a comparison in grain size measurements was made between standard 2D metallographic slices and 3D measures using BisQue’s parallelized DREAM.3D module executions. The direction of cloud-based data infrastructure and the prospects for impact in material science are also discussed.
Preparation of Cells from Embryonic Organs for Single‐Cell RNA Sequencing

Although single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has become one of the most powerful methods available for transcriptome analysis, the quality of scRNA-seq data largely depends on cell preparation. Cell preparation from cultured cells and tissues requires different methods because of the inherent differences between these two categories of cells. Compared to cultured cells, tissues have more extracellular matrix, and the cells are generally more adherent and thus difficult to dissociate. The challenge is to achieve sufficient dissociation, cell counts, and viability all at the same time. This protocol describes approaches that help achieve these goals. These include a cold dissociation technique using cryophilic proteases active at cold temperature, timing of trituration during protease digestion, as well as filtration and washing methods that optimize cell viability and retention. Materials and equipment that optimize the process also discussed. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simultaneous measurement of the light and charge response of liquid xenon to low-energy nuclear recoils at multiple electric fields

Dual-phase liquid xenon (LXe) detectors lead the direct search for particle dark matter. Understanding the signal production process of nuclear recoils in LXe is essential for the interpretation of LXe based dark matter searches. Up to now, only two experiments have simultaneously measured both the light and charge yield at different electric fields, neither of which attempted to evaluate the processes leading to light and charge production. In this paper, results from a neutron calibration of liquid xenon with simultaneous light and charge detection are presented for nuclear recoil energies from 3--74 keV, at electric fields of 0.19, 0.49, and $1.02\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kV}/\mathrm{cm}$. No significant field dependence of the yields is observed.
Overemphasis of Step 1 Scores May Affect Application Pool Diversity in Radiation Oncology.

Abstract Purpose Many radiation oncology programs use Step 1 score metrics as a surrogate for intelligence and success to screen applicants. The impact of this practice on radiation oncology applicant pool diversity is unknown. Methods and Materials Electronic Residency Application Service applications submitted to our institution between 2015 and 2018 match cycles were reviewed. Sex, age, race/ethnicity, and Step 1 scores were collected. Groupings by characteristics were sex (female vs male), age ≤30 versus >30 years, and race/ethnicity by underrepresented minority (URM) versus non-URM status. URMs were defined as Black/African American, Hispanic, Native American/Alaskan Native, and Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Step 1 scores were divided based on scores of 220 and 240. The association between applicant demographics and Step 1 scores was assessed using proportional odds logistic regression for ordinal outcomes. Results Eight hundred ten applicants with Step 1 scores ranging from 188 to 275 were collected, representing nearly 90% of all applicants during the 2015 to 2018 Electronic Residency Application Service cycles. Twenty-nine percent were female, 29% were >30 years of age, and 10% were URMs. Increasing Step 1 score requirements disproportionately decreased representation of applicants who were female versus male at 240 (–51% vs –31%), >30 versus ≤30 years old at 220 (–28% vs –6%) and 240 (–55% vs –26%), and URMs versus non-URMs at 220 (–34% vs –9%) and 240 (–61% vs –34%). On analysis, Step 1 score requirements had a statistically significantly impact on applicant distributions based on sex, age, and URM status (P Conclusions Overemphasis of Step 1 scores may reduce the diversity of the radiation oncology applicant pool. Further evaluation of practices that counter the stated American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Radiation Oncology, and American College of Radiology diversity missions should be pursued to improve understanding of barriers and biases.