cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children’s Self-Regulation in Eating: Associations with Inhibitory Control and Parents’ Feeding Behavior

capacities for self-regulation. This study examined the association between child self-regulation in eating and inhibitory control, and investigated whether self-regulation is related to parents’ restrictive feeding practices. Method Sixty-three parents reported on their 3- to 9-year-old children’s self-regulation in eating, inhibitory control, and their own feeding practices. Results Self-regulation in eating and inhibitory control were positively correlated, r ¼ .54. Self-regulation in eating predicted parents’ use of restrictive feeding practices above and beyond children’s inhibitory control and parents’ concerns about their children’s weight,p<.01. Conclusions When parents believed their children could self-regulate, they used less restrictive feeding practices. Because restriction can compromise self-regulatory abilities, early interventions should teach parents about children’s nascent abilities in this domain.
Mechanisms of Idiopathic Left Ventricular Tachycardia

Idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) differs from idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia with respect to mechanism and pharmacologic sensitivity. ILVT can be categorized into three subgroups. The most prevalent form, verapamil-sensitive intrafascicular tachycardia, originates in the region of left posterior fascicle of the left bundle. This tachycardia is adenosine insensitive, demonstrates entrainment, and is thought to be due to reentry. The tachycardia is most often ablated in the region of the posteroinferior interventricular septum. A second type of ILVT is a form analogous to adenosine-sensitive RVOT tachycardia. This tachycardia appears to originate from deep within the interventricular septum and exits from the left side of the septum. This form of VT also responds to verapamil and is thought to be due to cAMP-mediated triggered activity. A third form of ILVT is propranolol sensitive. It is neither or initiated or terminated by programmed stimulation, does not terminate with verapamil, and is transiently suppressed by adenosine, responses consistent with an automatic mechanism. Recognition of the heterogeneity of ILVT and its unique characteristics should facilitate appropriate diagnosis and therapy in this group of patients.
Colonization and Its Discontents: Emancipation, Emigration, and Antislavery in Antebellum Pennsylvania. By Beverly C. Tomek. (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2012. Pp. xxiii, 296. $65.00.)

Pennsylvania has received significant attention as the center of Quaker opposition to slavery during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and as the first government, in 1780, to enact a g...
Non‐stationary internal tides observed with satellite altimetry

Temporal variability of the internal tide is inferred from a 17-year combined record of Topex/Poseidon and Jason satellite altimeters. A global sampling of along-track sea-surface height wavenumber spectra finds that non-stationary variance is generally 25% or less of the average variance at wavenumbers characteristic of mode-l tidal internal waves. With some exceptions the non-stationary variance does not exceed 0.25 sq cm. The mode-2 signal, where detectable, contains a larger fraction of non-stationary variance, typically 50% or more. Temporal subsetting of the data reveals interannual variability barely significant compared with tidal estimation error from 3-year records. Comparison of summer vs. winter conditions shows only one region of noteworthy seasonal changes, the northern South China Sea. Implications for the anticipated SWOT altimeter mission are briefly discussed.
LCST Behavior is Manifested in a Single Molecule: Elastin-Like polypeptide (VPGVG)n

The physical origin of the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior of a variety of fluids, including elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), has been studied for the past few decades. As is the case for polymer solutions, LCST behavior of ELPs is invariably reported for large systems of molecules and is considered evidence for collective behavior. In contrast, we find evidence for properties changes associated with LCST behavior in a single molecule by performing long atomic-level molecular dynamics simulation on the ELP sequences (Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)n for four different length peptides over a wide range of temperatures. We observe a sharp transition in the number of hydrogen bonds between peptide and water and in the number of water molecules within the first hydration shell as temperature rises; this is used to locate the transition temperature. The dependence of the transition temperatures of ELPs on their lengths agrees well with experiments in that both have the same power law exponents. Our s...
Requirements Analysis of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Emergency Response Operations

The integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace is a national imperative in light of the opportunities and benefits that are expected from their implementation across a wide range of applications. Emergency response missions are of particular interest, and as we show in this work, well suited for UAS operations. We conduct a requirements analysis for UAS emergency response operations by identifying known gaps in emergency response capabilities, existing response missions conducted by aircraft systems, and down-selecting those that hold most promise for implementation via UAS. We then present a phased requirements decomposition, first from a mission perspective utilizing established operational activities, and then from a scenario-based perspective where contextual elements are decomposed to further reveal necessary UAS capabilities. Lastly, we identify existing UAS well suited for response missions of interest by applying developed requirements as attribute filters on a UAS database.
Effect of Lesion Size on the Metabolic Activity of Tibial Dyschondroplastic Chondrocytes

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of lesion size and method of producing tibial dyschondroplasia on metabolic activity of cultured chondrocytes. Genetic selection was one method used to produce a high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. Chondrocytes obtained from severe lesions exhibited reduced mitogenic activity (3H-thymidine incorporation) and ability to synthesize matrix proteoglycans (35SO4 incorporation) when compared with normal growth plate and smaller lesions. When a commercial broiler strain was used, all chondrocytes isolated from lesions induced by feeding thiram had reduced metabolic activity. Similar results were observed with severe lesions obtained from copper-deficient chicks. It is concluded that lesion size is an important factor in determining subsequent metabolic activity of chondrocytes isolated from tibial dyschondroplastic lesions.
Phase Contrast Volume-Holographic Microscope

A spatial-spectral multiplex volume holographic pupil with phase contrast is used to enhance high frequency feature information of biological structures. We demonstrate imaging performance with biological samples illuminated by an LED in real time.
EVIDENCIAS DE AGROASTRONOMÍA ENTRE LOS ANTIGUOS MAYAS

El estudio se enfoca en un almanaque agricola del Posclasico maya que figura en el Codice Madrid, 12b-18b, el cual parece mostrar registros de eclipses integrados con observaciones de Venus en el contexto del calendario de 260 dias (Tzolkin). Usando las fechas de eclipses visibles en Yucatan es posible fechar los eventos entre los anos de 1452 y 1492, contemporaneos al uso de este codice
Quantifying Temporomandibular Joint Synovitis in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Objective: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) frequently affects the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) and is often undetected by history, examination and plain imaging. Qualitative assessment of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRI) is currently the standard for diagnosis of TMJ synovitis associated with JIA. The purpose of this study is to apply a quantitative analysis of synovial enhancement to MRIs of patients with and without JIA to establish a disease threshold, sensitivity and specificity for the technique. Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study of children (≤16 years) who had MRIs with gadolinium including the TMJs. Subjects were divided into a “JIA group” and a “control group.” From a coronal T1-weighted image, a ratio (“enhancement ratio”, ER) of the average pixel intensity within three 0.2mm2 regions of interest (ROI) in the TMJ synovium to that of a 50mm2 ROI of the longus capitis muscle was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine sensitivity and specificity. Inter- and intra-examiner reliabilities were evaluated with Bland-Altman plots and two-way mixed, absolute agreement intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: There were 187 and 142 TMJs included in the JIA and control groups, respectively. An ER threshold of 1.55 had a sensitivity and specificity for detecting synovitis of 91% and 96%, respectively. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability were excellent. Conclusion: Calculating a ratio of pixel intensity between TMJ synovium and the longus capitis muscle is a reliable way to quantify synovial enhancement. An ER of 1.55 differentiates normal TMJs from those affected by inflammatory arthritis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Potential pitfalls of serum free light chain analysis to assess treatment response for multiple myeloma.

Response to treatment in patients with a plasma cell disorder is typically measured by evaluating the bone marrow and myeloma markers, including monoclonal protein spike and immunofixation (IFE) in blood and urine, and serum free light chains (sFLCs). Stringent complete response criteria for Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients require a normal FLC ratio and absence of clonal cells in bone marrow by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. We performed a retrospective chart review to further evaluate these criteria. A total of 142 patient charts were analysed. Of these, 17 patients were found to have an abnormal sFLC ratio, but no other evidence of disease, including normal flow cytometry and normal fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on highly selected plasma cells. In all patients, the abnormal sFLC ratio was caused by abnormalities in the serum kappa light chains. These results suggest that current definitions may need to be revised to take aberrancies related to abnormal immune recovery into account.
Fault tree analysis on acute occupational injury of crystallizing tank maintenance worker in a sugar factory of Xinjiang

[Objective]By the fault tree analysis,to analyze the causes of acute occupational injury event in crystallizing tank maintenance worker of a sugar factory in Xinjiang,find out the most influential factor,put forward the corresponding preventive measures,and provide theoretical basis for occupational hidden danger rectification and occupational health management in the factory. [Methods]The production engineering,raw and supplemental materials,and the injured worker in the event were analyzed,the occupational hazard factors of accident scene were detected,and the fault tree analysis was applied. [Results]The occupational diagnosis information displayed that the patient has exposed to sugar for 7 years,and has an allergic history,that is positive to the plant,fruits and vegetables in the allergic reaction test. The fault tree analysis revealed that the long-term exposure to allergens of susceptible individual had the most influence on the top event(structure importance coefficient was 1.750 0).Moreover,the higher SO2 concentration in the crystallizing tank had the remarkable influence on the top event(structure importance coefficient was 0.437 5).[Conclusion]The case cannot be confirmed as the occupational disease by the occupational diagnosis information. However,the fault tree analysis showed that the long-term exposure to allergens of susceptible individual is the most influential factor in acute occupational injury of crystallizing tank maintenance worker of the sugar factory. The sugar factory should strengthen the dustproof measures in the workplace,reduce the direct exposure to allergens,and transfer the susceptible individual from the exposure post to prevent the asthmatic attack caused by repeated inhalation of allergens.
Long-term evaluation of pericardial substitutes.

The development of postoperative pericardial adhesions increases the risk of cardiac reoperations because of the danger of damaging the heart, great vessels, or grafts. Several pericardial substitutes have been tested in the past in an attempt to facilitate reoperation, with inconclusive results. This study evaluated eight different materials as pericardial substitutes: six synthetic materials and two different preparations of bovine pericardium. In 32 dogs a 10 by 5 cm piece of pericardium was excised through a right thoracotomy and the defect closed with a measured patch. Each material tested was implanted in four dogs that were put to death at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. At autopsy the development of adhesions and epicardial reaction were graded as none, minimal, moderate, and severe. Histologic studies of the patch, the epicardium, and the suture line were performed. Our results suggest that both types of bovine pericardium were an excellent substitute. Although minimal adhesions developed, these were easily dissected. The underlying anatomy was clearly recognizable because of the lack of epicardial reaction. Silicone rubber-coated polyester fabric was an acceptable material for the prevention of adhesions, but a severe fibrous epicardial reaction impeded the recognition of the coronary arteries. Both silicone-filled and high-porosity polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films reduced adhesions but caused a severe epicardial reaction. The other synthetic materials were considered inferior because of severe epicardial reaction and / or structural deterioration.
Dose-escalated Radiation Therapy With and Without Short-course Androgen Deprivation for Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer

AIM To investigate outcomes in intermediate-risk (IR) prostate cancer patients receiving dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy (RT) with or without short-course androgen deprivation (ADT). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study comprised of 203 patients with IR prostate cancer who were treated at a single institution to a dose of 7,560 cGy or more between 2003-2010. Of these, 62 (30.5%) patients received ADT. Biochemical recurrence, distant metastatic-free survival, prostate cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The median follow-up was 62 months and the median duration of ADT was 6 months. The 6-year biochemical control was 89.2% for those receiving RT plus ADT versus 76.7% in those receiving RT alone (p=0.02). There were no differences between the two groups regarding distant metastatic-free survival, prostate cancer-specific survival, and overall survival (respective p-values of 0.91, 0.50, 0.67). CONCLUSION Dose-escalated RT and short-course ADT results in improved biochemical outcomes for IR prostate cancer.
PD-1 Inhibitors for Recurrent High Grade Glioma (HGG) (P6.294)

Background: Treatment options for recurrent high grade gliomas (HGG) are limited. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 are expressed in tumor lymphocytes and glioma cells and negatively regulate T cell responses. PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are under investigation in the treatment of various malignancies, and pembrolizumab and nivolumab are available for off-label use. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors off-label for recurrent HGG and explored safety and efficacy. 12 patients (7 men), median age 54 (range 18-69) with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA, 2) or glioblastoma (GBM, 10) were included. All patients received prior radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). PD-1 therapy with pembrolizumab 2mg/kg every 3 weeks (11) or nivolumab 3m/kg every 2 weeks (1) was administered for 2nd (3), 3rd (4), or 4th (5) recurrence. Results: All patients received concurrent therapy with PD-1 inhibitor. Combinations included bevacizumab (bev, 3), bev + nitrosoureas (2), and bev + RT, bev + TMZ + RT, bev + hydroxyurea + RT, bev + imatinib , bev + Novo-TTF , RT alone, and TMZ alone (1 each). Five patients were receiving corticosteroids (dexamethasone, 1.0-8.0mg/day) at the initiation of PD-1 directed therapy. Known toxicities associated with PD-1 inhibitors including transaminitis (3), hypothyroidism (1), and hyponatremia (1) were observed. One patient discontinued therapy due to toxicity. No toxicities unique to patients with central nervous system malignancies were seen. Best observed responses by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria include partial response (2), stable disease (4) and progressive disease (6). Three patients with initial progressive disease may have had pseudoprogression, as follow-up imaging revealed stabilization, response, or unknown (1 each). Responders remain controlled with follow up from 1.9-7.1 months. Survival data is immature and will be presented. Conclusions: PD-1 inhibitors can be safely used in patients with HGG undergoing other therapies including re-irradiation. Disclosure: Dr. Donovan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schaff has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lassman has received personal compensation for activities with Schlesinger Associates, MDLinkx, Rosenthal Research, Abbvie, Genentech, Saatchi & Saatchi, Regeneron, Novartis, Heron Therapeutics, Foundation Medicine, Prohealth, Impact Communications, O Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carvajal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rizvi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fox has nothing to disclose. Dr. Iwamoto has received research support from Novocure, Celldex, Northwest Biotherapeutics, BTTC.
Fatigue of Joints in Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6

Formulas for allowable stresses in aluminum alloy 6061-T6 members under repeated loading are evaluated by comparing them with fatigue strengths obtained in tests of riveted, bolted, and welded joints. The formulas were included in specifications suggested by the ASCE Task Committee on Lightweight Alloys. The experimental investigation included axial-stress tests of double strap riveted and bolted joints and flexural tests of beams connected by riveting. The test results presented for welded joints include flexural fatigue tests of beams connected by welding as well as axial-stress fatigue tests of transverse and longitudinal butt welded joints, and symmetrical transverse and longitudinal fillet welded joints. In most cases, the data show that the formulas provide the desired factors of safety against failure under repeated loading, i.e., 1.35 for bridges and 1.2 for buildings.
Study VSC with small time-step simulation based on FPGAs

Voltage source converter (VSC) have achieved rapid development in Power grids all over the world, due to its independent active power and reactive power control ability and other various functions. However, small time-steps are needed for VSCs simulation, because VSCs includes large number of power electronics switches. VSC modelling is studied on the small time-step, using a two-level convertor and a double loop current control. New switch modelling for small time-step simulation is proposed. Small time-step simulator is designed based on FPGA, especially to realize the power electronics simulation. It consists of core computation blocks, element blocks, interfaces of small and large time-step networks and commutation blocks, to ensure the real-time simulation. Finally, the simulation result is illustrated to present its feasibility.
Development of a high-value care culture survey: a modified Delphi process and psychometric evaluation

Background Organisational culture affects physician behaviours. Patient safety culture surveys have previously been used to drive care improvements, but no comparable survey of high-value care culture currently exists. We aimed to develop a High-Value Care Culture Survey (HVCCS) for use by healthcare leaders and training programmes to target future improvements in value-based care. Methods We conducted a two-phase national modified Delphi process among 28 physicians and nurse experts with diverse backgrounds. We then administered a cross-sectional survey at two large academic medical centres in 2015 among 162 internal medicine residents and 91 hospitalists for psychometric evaluation. Results Twenty-six (93%) experts completed the first phase and 22 (85%) experts completed the second phase of the modified Delphi process. Thirty-eight items achieved ≥70% consensus and were included in the survey. One hundred and forty-one residents (83%) and 73 (73%) hospitalists completed the survey. From exploratory factor analyses, four factors emerged with strong reliability: (1) leadership and health system messaging (α=0.94); (2) data transparency and access (α=0.80); (3) comfort with cost conversations (α=0.70); and (4) blame-free environment (α=0.70). In confirmatory factor analysis, this four-factor model fit the data well (Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index 0.976 and root mean square residual 0.056). The leadership and health system messaging (r=0.56, p<0.001), data transparency and access (r=0.15, p<0.001) and blame-free environment (r=0.37, p<0.001) domains differed significantly between institutions and positively correlated with Value-Based Purchasing Scores. Conclusions Our results provide support for the reliability and validity of the HVCCS to assess high-value care culture among front-line clinicians. HVCCS may be used by healthcare groups to identify target areas for improvements and to monitor the effects of high-value care initiatives.
Optimizing femtocell densities for spectrum allocation in cellular networks

In this work we analyze a spectrum allocation problem between two classes of users. We study the problem from the perspective of a cellular network with an underlaid femtocell network. Femtocells are deployed by the end-user, and thus the topology of femtocell networks is highly dynamic and stochastic in nature. One way of managing the interference is to control the population size of the network. By fixing the spectrum resources available to the femtocell network, an optimal density of femtocells can be found that maximizes the performance of the network in terms of the achievable sum rate.
Teachers' cultural competence and students' perception of the social classroom climate in culturally different middle school classrooms

TEACHERS’ CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE SOCIAL CLASSROOM CLIMATE IN CULTURALLY DIFFERENT MIDDLE SCHOOL CLASSROOMS by Olivia L. R. Spence Chair: Elvin Gabriel ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCHOF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH
Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (From the "Biostatistics and Epidemiology Lecture Series, Part 1").

This article aims to introduce the statistical methodology behind chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, which are commonly used in medical research to assess associations between categorical variables. This discussion will use data from a study by Mrozek[1][1] in patients with acute respiratory
Reducing heart failure admissions through improved care systems and processes

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.
The National Cancer Institute's Conference on Acupuncture for Symptom Management in Oncology: State of the Science, Evidence, and Research Gaps

The Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) held a symposium on "Acupuncture for Cancer Symptom Management" on June 16 and 17, 2016. Invited speakers included 19 scientists and scholars with expertise in acupuncture and cancer research from the United States, Europe, and China. The conference reviewed the NCI's grant funding on acupuncture, analyzed the needs of cancer patients, reviewed safety issues, and assessed both the current scientific evidence and research gaps of acupuncture in oncology care. Researchers and stakeholders presented and discussed basic mechanisms of acupuncture; clinical evidence for specific symptoms; and methodological challenges such as placebo effects, novel biostatistical methods, patient-reported outcomes, and comparative effectiveness research. This paper, resulting from the conference, summarizes both the current state of the science and clinical evidence of oncology acupuncture, identifies key scientific gaps, and makes recommendations for future research to increase understanding of both the mechanisms and effects of acupuncture for cancer symptom management.
The Lack of Cross-Validation Can Lead to Inflated Results and Spurious Conclusions: A Re-Analysis of the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study

Cross-validation is an important evaluation strategy in behavioral predictive modeling; without it, a predictive model is likely to be overly optimistic. Statistical methods have been developed that allow researchers to straightforwardly cross-validate predictive models by using the same data employed to construct the model. In the present study, cross-validation techniques were used to construct several decision-tree models with data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study (Monahan et al., 2001). The models were then compared with the original (non-cross-validated) Classification of Violence Risk assessment tool. The results show that the measures of predictive model accuracy (AUC, misclassification error, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values) degrade considerably when applied to a testing sample, compared with the training sample used to fit the model initially. In addition, unless false negatives (that is, incorrectly predicting individuals to be nonviolent) are considered more costly than false positives (that is, incorrectly predicting individuals to be violent), the models generally make few predictions of violence. The results suggest that employing cross-validation when constructing models can make an important contribution to increasing the reliability and replicability of psychological research.
Using a PRISM for Reflecting: Providing Tools for Study Abroad Students to Increase their Intercultural Competency

Numerous studies have shown that simply being in another culture does not guarantee the development of intercultural competence. Students need guidance to seek out opportunities to engage and to make sense of those experiences. Reflection has become a popular methodology to assist students with this. Unfortunately, students often do not know how to do reflective writing or do not have cultural incidents to write about. This research examines one approach to guiding reflection: the use of prompt questions to elicit thoughtful responses and the integration of readings to provide context and grounding. This study demonstrates that reflective writing can be an effective tool for intervening in student learning abroad if done with structure and intentionality.
Defining Treatment Response and Remission in Youth Anxiety: A Signal Detection Analysis With the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children.

Objective To determine the percent reduction cutoffs on the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) that optimally predict treatment response and remission in youth with anxiety disorders. Method Youths and their parents completed the MASC-C/P before and after treatment, and the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV –Child and Parent Versions (ADIS-IV-C/P) and the Clinical Global Impression–Improvement Scale (CGI-I) were administered by independent evaluators. Treatment response and remission were defined by post-treatment ratings on the CGI-I and the ADIS-IV-C/P, respectively. Quality receiver operating characteristic methods determined the optimal cutoff on the MASC-P for predicting overall remission (loss of all study entry diagnoses) and optimal percent reductions on the MASC-P for predicting treatment response and remission of separation anxiety, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. Results A post-treatment raw score of 42 optimally predicted remission. A reduction of 35% on the total MASC-P predicted treatment response. A reduction of 30% on the Separation Anxiety/Panic subscale of the MASC-P predicted separation anxiety remission. A reduction of 35% on the Social Anxiety subscale of the MASC-P predicted social anxiety remission. The MASC did not evidence a cutoff for remission of generalized anxiety disorder. Conclusion MASC cutoffs can facilitate comparison across studies and guide practice, aiding clinicians in assessing progress and informing treatment plans.
Variation in Mutation Spectra Among CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenized Poplars.

In an effort to produce reliably contained transgenic trees, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to alter three genes expected to be required for normal flowering in poplar (genus Populus). We designed synthetic guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to target the poplar homolog of the floral meristem identity gene, LEAFY (LFY), and the two poplar orthologs of the floral organ identity gene AGAMOUS (AG). We generated 557 transgenic events with sgRNA(s) and the Cas9 transgene and 49 events with Cas9 but no sgRNA, and analyzed all events by Sanger Sequencing of both alleles. Out of the 684 amplicons from events with sgRNAs, 474 had mutations in both alleles (77.5%). We sequenced both AG paralogs for 71 events in INRA clone 717-1B4 and 22 events in INRA clone 353-53, and found that 67 (94.4%) and 21 (95.5%) were double locus knockouts. Due partly to a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) present in the target region, one sgRNA targeting the AG paralogs was found to be completely inactive by itself (0%) but showed some activity in generating deletions when used in a construct with a second sgRNA (10.3-24.5%). Small insertion/deletion (indel) mutations were prevalent among mutated alleles of events with only one sgRNA (ranging from 94.3 to 99.1%), while large deletions were prevalent among alleles with two active sgRNAs (mean proportion of mutated alleles was 22.6% for small indels vs. 77.4% for large indels). For both LFY and AG, each individual sgRNA-gene combination had a unique mutation spectrum (p 0.05), however, a LFY-sgRNA construct with a single sgRNA gave significantly different mutation spectra among the same two clones (p < 0.001). The 49 empty vector control events had no mutations in either allele, and 310 potential "off-target" sequences also had no mutations in 58 transgenic events studied. CRISPR/Cas9 is a very powerful and precise system for generating loss-of-function mutations in poplars, and should be effective for generating reliably infertile trees that may promote regulatory, market, or public acceptance of genetic engineering technology.
The OpenStudio Software Development Kit

As discussed in Chap. 1, OpenStudio is not a single energy modeling tool. Rather, it is an SDK or platform, designed to reduce the cost and time to create a variety of energy efficiency assessment applications. The OpenStudio Application and PAT, presented in previous chapters, are intended as examples of using the SDK to create software in C++ and Electron/Angular respectively. A third example of creating new functionality with the SDK is the OpenStudio Measure introduced in Chap. 6. OpenStudio Measures are the most accessible means of creating new capability with OpenStudio and represent the “gateway” to more advanced application development. For this reason, the bulk of Chap. 9 is devoted to adapting existing Measures or creating new ones to add functionality to the OpenStudio Application or PAT.
Introduction to Physarum

In the following, we attempt to demonstrate that Physarum is an adequate model system for studies of the eukaryotic mitotic cycle, cell differentiation, and motility, A schematic presentation of the life cycle of this organism is shown in Fig. 1-1, at the end of this chapter. (See Sauer and Pierron, 1983, for a recent review).
A Theory for the Buckling of Thin Shells

In a series of papers written by the present author in collaboration with Th. von Karman and Louis G. Dunn, the effect of curvature of a structure on its buckling characteristics was investigated. The purpose of these investigations was to find an explanation for the discrepancy between the "classic" theory and the experiments. For the case of a thin spherical shell under external pressure and for the case of a thin cylindric shell under axial compression, equilibrium states involving large deflections are discovered which can be maintained by loads far less than the so-called buckling load calculated by the classic theory of infinitesimal deflections. I t was felt then that since some of these newly found equilibrium states closely approach the observed phenomena the shell must " jump" suddenly from the unbuckled configuration to these equilibrium states and the structures fail as a result of this sudden change. However, the reason why the shell should jump to these particular equilibrium states and not others was not explained. In the present paper a new principle involving the energy level and the geometric restraint is developed to determine this sudden change in equilibrium states. By means of this new principle the buckling load of both the spherical shell and cylindric shell can be calculated. The agreement with experiments is good.
Automated energy saving (AES) paradigm to support pedagogical activities over wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a AES paradigm that introduces wireless sensor networks to control remote servers or other devices at remote place through mobile phones. The main focus of paper is to consume minimum energy for obtaining the objectives. To realize the paradigm, mathematical model is formulated. The proposed paradigm consists of automatic energy saving model senses the environment to activate either the passive or active mode of sensor nodes for saving energy. Simulations are conducted to validate the proposed paradigm; we use two types of simulations: Test bed simulation is done to check practical validity of proposed approach and Ns2 simulation is performed to simulate the behavior of wireless sensors network with supporting mathematical model. The prototype can further be implemented to handle several objects simultaneously in university and other organizations.
Creatinine Excretion as a Determinant of Accelerated Skeletal Muscle Loss with Critical Illness.

Objective The 24-h urinary creatinine excretion rate has been used as an approximation of the skeletal muscle (SM) mass in non-intensive care unit (ICU) settings. The study goal or aim was to determine reductions in SM mass in patients with recurrent critical illness who are admitted to a medical ICU. Methods Retrospective ICU patient records between 2013 and 2015 were reviewed. Inclusion of ICU patients with repeat 24-h urinary creatinine excretion levels at two different ICU admissions done routinely as part of care. The study design is a case series with patients as their own control. Results Three patients were found to have data on two separate ICU admissions. The reduction in creatinine excretion among ICU patients was correlated with estimated SM mass. All patients had >50% reduction in creatinine excretion and ≥47% reduction in estimated SM mass over 4 months. All patients were bed-bound after the first ICU admission and met the definition of sarcopenia by the second ICU admission; all patients died during the second ICU admission. The final SM mass in all patients was <4 kg m-2. Conclusion Patients with chronic critical illness admitted to the medical ICU, who become bed bound, can experience up to 50% reduction in SM mass as gleaned from creatinine excretion within 4 months. Low SM mass may predispose patients to increased mortality. Measurement of 24-h urinary creatinine excretion may be a useful ICU biomarker to determine SM mass for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.
The Status of Bilirubin in 1930

The year 1930 was both ominous and gratifying to Hans Fischer. Gratifying because it was the year in which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on hemin and chlorophyll.
Perspective on the Regulator’s Need for Future Clinical Studies

Clinical inhalation studies have been pivotal to making regulatory decisions concerning national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) since they were first set in 1971. This has been due in part to the fact that interpretation of clinical studies is not limited by many of the uncertainties associated with epidemiology or field studies such as pollutant exposure (i.e., concentration and duration) or coexposure to other pollutants. Because the experimental subjects are human, the development of dosimetry models or consideration of species sensitivity differences has not been necessary in order to use the data quantitatively in setting NAAQS levels or averaging times.
Stereotactic breast biopsy efficiency: Does a pre-biopsy grid image help?

OBJECTIVE Prior to stereotactic breast biopsy, some radiologists obtain a mammogram image with an overlying alphanumeric grid to mark the skin overlying the target. Our purpose is to determine if this grid image affects stereotactic biopsy efficiency and accuracy, including total images obtained, procedure time and need for retargeting. MATERIALS AND METHODS IRB approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective review of prone stereotactic biopsy cases targeting calcifications 9/1/2015 to 9/1/2016 was performed. Images and reports were reviewed for number and type of images obtained, evidence of retargeting and biopsy table time. Attending radiologist, technologist and trainee involvement were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing SAS statistical software v 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). RESULTS Of 463 women (avg age 58.0 years, range 30-94), 392/463 (84.7%) had grid images obtained pre-biopsy. Grid patients had more images total than non-grid (avg 9.26 versus 8.44 images/patient; p < 0.0001) but spent less time on the biopsy table (avg 15 min 2 s versus 16 min 44 s/procedure; p < 0.0001). Non-grid patients were more likely to undergo initial retargeting (45% non-grid vs 30% of grid patients; p = 0.013); however, later retargeting after needle placement was comparable (p = 0.3). CONCLUSION Grid imaging increases images obtained but decreases retargeting and biopsy table time at the expense of mammogram room/technologist time to obtain the grid image. The overall result is longer total procedure time (grid time plus table time) for the patient/technologist. A grid image therefore has limited usefulness and should be used judiciously in cases where prone positioning is challenging to patients.
Teaching Accessibility: A Design Exploration of Faculty Professional Development at Scale

Most CS students learn little about accessibility in higher education; this is partly because most CS faculty know little about accessibility. Unfortunately, higher education CS faculty lack a model of professional development for learning to teach new topics. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of a "micro" professional development model for teaching accessibility in CS courses that could be used at scale. We conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with U.S. CS faculty, asking them to explore a prototype of a web-based professional development tool that linked accessibility topics to CS topics. We found that many organizational factors limited faculty's autonomy to integrate accessibility in many of their courses. We also found that individual values and knowledge constrained faculty's ability and willingness to both learn and integrate accessibility topics into their courses. However, many faculty expressed desire to teach accessibility in their courses if they had access to even basic accessibility content and materials to use in their courses.
Detection and localisation of hip fractures on anteroposterior radiographs with artificial intelligence: proof of concept.

AIM To investigate the feasibility of applying a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for detection/localisation of acute proximal femoral fractures (APFFs) on hip radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study had institutional review board approval. Radiographs of 307 patients with APFFs and 310 normal patients were identified. A split ratio of 3/1/1 was used to create training, validation, and test datasets. To test the validity of the proposed model, a 20-fold cross-validation was performed. The anonymised images from the test cohort were shown to two groups of radiologists: musculoskeletal radiologists and diagnostic radiology residents. Each reader was asked to assess if there was a fracture and localise it if one was detected. The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for the CNN and readers. RESULTS The mean AUC was 0.9944 with a standard deviation of 0.0036. Mean sensitivity and specificity for fracture detection was 97.1% (81.5/84) and 96.7% (118/122), respectively. There was good concordance with saliency maps for lesion identification, but sensitivity was lower for characterising location (subcapital/transcervical, 84.1%; basicervical/intertrochanteric, 77%; subtrochanteric, 20%). Musculoskeletal radiologists showed a sensitivity and specificity for fracture detection of 100% and 100% respectively, while residents showed 100% and 96.8%, respectively. For fracture localisation, the performance decreased slightly for human readers. CONCLUSION The proposed CNN algorithm showed high accuracy for detection of APFFs, but the performance was lower for fracture localisation. Overall performance of the CNN was lower than that of radiologists, especially in localizing fracture location.
Review - Students at the Center: Personalized Learning With Habits of Mind

Traditional teaching methods do not effectively meet the needs of all kids. This has resulted in student academic gaps and disengagement in the classroom. Students at the Center by Bena Kallick and Allison Zmuda outlines easy to implement approaches that teachers and schools could use to reengage students and to deepen student learning. The authors provide a framework through The Four Attributes of Personalize Learning, The 16 Habits of the Mind and an emphasis on student-driven learning that will support curious educators in developing a new learning space that is student directed and teacher led.
Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with large magnitude impairments in working memory, whereas short-term memory deficits, when detected, tend to be less pronounced. However, confidence in these findings is limited due to task impurity combined with methodological and statistical limitations of the current evidence base. Method: A well-characterized, clinically evaluated sample of 172 children ages 8-13 years (M = 10.30, SD = 1.42; 72 girls; 64% White/non-Hispanic) were administered multiple, counterbalanced working memory tests. Bifactor-(s-1) modeling was used to characterize the presence and magnitude of central executive working memory, phonological short-term memory, and visuospatial short-term memory deficits in pediatric ADHD. Results: ADHD status was associated with very large magnitude impairments in central executive working memory that are present in most pediatric cases (d = 1.63-2.03; 75%-81% impaired), and these deficits covaried with ADHD inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptom severity based on both parent and teacher report. There was also evidence for a unique, albeit significantly smaller, impairment in visuospatial short-term memory (d = 0.60; 38% impaired); however, visuospatial short-term memory abilities did not covary with ADHD symptom severity. There was no evidence linking ADHD with phonological short-term memory deficits across either the dimensional or categorical analyses. Conclusion: These findings provide strong evidence that ADHD is associated with marked central executive working memory deficits that covary with their behavioral symptom presentation across settings. In contrast, visuospatial short-term memory deficits, when present, are likely epiphenomenal, and the most parsimonious conclusion appears to be that phonological short-term memory is intact in pediatric ADHD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Force-Sensitive Prosthetic Hand with 3-axis Magnetic Force Sensors

In this paper, we investigate the use of 3-dimensional (3D) force sensors in a prosthetic hand. 3D force sensing in prostheses can be used to incorporate intelligent grasping capabilities, allowing the hand to automatically adjust its grasp or release an object. This can significantly decrease the burden on the user and increase functionality of the prosthesis. Coupled with an underactuated hand, this opens up possibilities for highly functional, affordable prosthetic hands. In this work, we present our design of 3D magnetic force sensors that are embedded within the fingers of an open-source, 3D printable underactuated hand. We implement a simple control scheme using both shear and normal force readings to automate grasp release. Finally, we combine this force control with EMG grasp detection for a series of pick-and-place tasks. Preliminary results suggest that intelligent grasp control imposes less of a burden on the user than a completely EMG-based grasp control.
Medevac Utilization and Patient Characteristics in Rural Alaska 2010 to 2018.

Abstract Objective Little is known about medevac utilization in remote, rural Alaska where there is no road access and communities are reliant on medevacs for emergency care. With high financial costs and risks to flight crews, there is an urgent need to understand medevac utilization in rural Alaska. This article aimed to describe medevac utilization and patient characteristics over 9 years in the remote, air transport dependent in Alaska. Methods Deidentified data (2010-2018) were obtained for all medevacs originating within the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and chi-square tests of independence were conducted to identify differences. Results Four thousand nine hundred ninety-one medevacs were performed, averaging 555 (standard deviation = 67.7) per year. Medevacs for respiratory complaints were predominant for children, whereas trauma predominated for adults 18 to 40 years old. Traumatic injury was more common in males than females aged Conclusion Medevacs are a critical part of health care in rural, remote Alaska but appear subject to clinical and nonclinical determinants. These baseline data provide a foundation for future studies aiming to increase medevac safety and provide decision-making support.
People Playing Games: The Human Face of Experimental Economics (Presidential Address)

Experiments can be used not only to test theory but also to measure preferences and assess heterogeneity of behavior. I discuss the design of experimental measures of ahruism and trust, as well as their uses in assessing how behavior varies across individuals, and across partners that a given individual might encounter. Experiments show that women are more altruistic than men. The appearance of a partner substantially impacts trust and trustworthiness, in part through the association of attractiveness and skin tone with expectations about a partner's behavior.