cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pareto Frontier Exploration of Adaptive Systems Using the Selection-Integrated Optimization (SIO) Methodology

Recently, we proposed the Selection-Integrated Optimization (SIO) methodology for designing adaptive systems. An important feature of the SIO methodology is that it integrates the two key processes in the adaptive system optimization: (1) the selection of the adaptive and fixed design variables, and (2) the optimization of the adaptive system, thereby leading to an optimum design. This is a significant departure from most existing approaches that separate those two key processes, which is likely to introduce a significant source of sub-optimality. In the previous SIO methodology formulations, we had combined the two design objectives involved in the SIO methodology, performance and penalty, in one aggregate objective function (AOF). In this paper, we develop the Pareto frontier exploration technique for adaptive systems using the SIO methodology. Exploring Pareto frontiers of adaptive systems is particularly challenging because the optimal sets of fixed and adaptive variables may change along the frontier. This change is likely to make the Pareto frontier discontinuous in nature. In this paper, we develop a SIO methodology base Pareto Exploration (SIO-PE) method that allows the designer to effectively explore the Pareto frontiers of adaptive systems. In particular, the SIO-PE method integrates the Normal Constraint (NC) Pareto exploration strategy in the SIO methodology. We show the application of the SIO-PE method through a case study of an adaptive ten-bar truss.
Preference for the Diversity Policy Label Versus the Affirmative Action Policy Label

Study 1 assessed associations with the labels “diversity policy” (DP) and “affirmative action policy” (AAP) and perceptions of potential policy components. Student and community participants (N = 143) completed a survey assessing associations with one of the policy labels. Both policies evoked similar associations such as “race/minorities” and “equality/equal opportunity,” but the AAP was more often associated with “bias/inequality/discrimination,” “unfairness,” and “racism/prejudice.” When rating potential policy components, reverse discrimination was considered more likely under the AAP. In Study 2 we explored the evaluation of equivalent policy components associated with different policy labels. Student participants (N = 126) rated the policy labeled as the DP more favorably than the AAP. Both studies suggest more favorable attitudes toward the DP label.
Nationalism and Ethnic-Based Trust: Evidence From an African Border Region

In diverse societies, individuals tend to trust coethnics more than non-coethnics. I argue that identification with a territorially defined nation, common to all ethnic groups, reduces the degree t...
Simultaneous determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in water with pre-column derivation-HPLC

Objective To establish pre-column derivation-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of Cr(Ⅲ)and Cr(Ⅵ)in water. Methods After reaction with APDC,Cr(Ⅲ) in water sample formed Cr(PDC)3and Cr(Ⅵ) in the sample formed Cr(PDC)2(OPDC) and Cr(PDC)3. The complexes were extracted by using chloroform and concentrated,then Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ)in water were determined by HPLC. Results Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) both presented good linearity in the density in the range of 0.5-10 μg/ml,r≥0.999 0;Limits of detection of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were 0.050, 0.10 μg/ml;The recovery rates ranged from 82.0%to 104.0%;RSDs of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) were 5.8% and 3.4%. Conclusion The instruments used in this method is simple, and the method is low cost, easy to operate,sensitive, accurate and applicable to the simultaneous determination of Cr(Ⅲ) and Cr(Ⅵ) in water.
Autonomous localization of mobile robot based on odometer and PTZ vision

To reduce the influence of cumulative odometer localization error,an autonomous localization approach for mobile robot based on odometer and Pan-Tilt-Zoom(PTZ) vision was presented.Interrupt S-shaped searching strategy was put forward,as well as a vision localization approach based on finite automaton.The position credibility models of odometer and PTZ vision were established according to their positioning error sources.A localization framework combining odometer and PTZ vision based on real-time position credibility was designed.An application experiment of vision localization and localization using odometer and PTZ vision was carried out.The validity and practicability of the method are confirmed.
Radical exarticulation of the extremities for the curative and palliative treatment of malignant neoplasms.

From 1945 to 1959, thirty-four patients with malignant tumor of the extremities were treated by exarticulation at the University of Michigan Medical Center. Two of these patients were so treated to palliate painful metastatic lesions. In three others, all of whom were treated by hemipelvectomy, incomplete removal of the tumor at the time of surgery was recognized. Of the thirty-two patients treated for primary malignant tumors in the extremities, fourteen are still alive. Of ten patients who had disarticulation of the hip, only one has survived longer than five years; another still survives, at the time of writing, two and one-half years after operation. Of the sixteen patients undergoing hemipelvectomy, four have survived more than five years; three more, who were operated on less than five years ago, are alive at the time of writing. Of eight patients who had forequarter amputation, three have survived longer than five years, and three more are still alive less than five years after operation.
The Mammalian Hairless Protein as a DNA Binding Phosphoprotein

The mammalian hairless (Hr) protein plays critical roles in skin and brain tissues, but how it interacts with DNA and partner protein is only now being defined. Our initial tests of four consensus response elements, revealed that rat Hr can specifically bind to a consensus p53 response element (p53RE), 5'-AGACATGCCTAGACATGCCT-3', but not to response elements for NF-κB, TCF4 or Sp1. We then employed ChIP assays which verified that human HR binds to a p53RE of the GADD45A gene in both HEK293 (embryonic kidney) and U87 (glioblastoma) cells. Further, HR was shown to interact directly with the p53 protein in a co-immunoprecipitation assay. Cotransfections with p53RE reporter gene constructs revealed that rat Hr can boost p53-mediated transactivation of a reporter gene linked to the GADD45A p53RE, but blunts p53-mediated transactivation when the reporter gene is linked to a p21 promoter fragment containing a p53RE, with implications for the regulation of these two cell cycle control genes. Finally, our investigations of HR phosphorylation revealed that rat Hr is a substrate for PKC, but not PKA, and that human HR is phosphorylated in intact U87 cells at Ser-416, located in a highly conserved region which partially fulfills the criteria of a PKC site. We propose that mammalian Hr is a phosphoprotein which can exert cross-talk with the p53 pathway with important implications for the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in tissues such as skin and brain where Hr is highly expressed. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 341-350, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Various Approaches for Main-Chain Type Benzoxazine Polymers

Publisher Summary Main-chain type benzoxazine polymers (MCBPs) as a new class of polybenzoxazines are very widely used in the recent years due to their unique properties as thermoplastic linear polymers that can undergo thermoset conversion when they are further polymerized and cross-linked. MCBPs are unique polymers with a thermoplastic/ thermoset crossover nature attributed to the presence of cross-linkable sites in the polymer backbone, while the uncross-linked polymer itself has properties comparable to those of many thermoplastics. The cross-linking mechanism for such polymers as a function of various processing parameters is of great importance. MCBPs have an edge over cross-linked polymers derived from monomeric benzoxazine. MCBPs are developed as a new generation of polybenzoxazine precursors. The properties of MCBPs derived from the polymeric Mannich condensation are much better compared to those of the monomeric type dibenzoxazines. This chapter argues that the polycondensation via Mannich reaction approach has some disadvantages. The resultant MCBPs has relatively low molecular weight. This is because it is difficult to maintain the stoichiometry during the condensation reaction due to the many side reactions and branching that are caused by the partial ring-opening of the benzoxazine structure. Additionally, the poor solubility of some aromatic diamines and bisphenols in solvents used for MCBP synthesis limits specific molecular design or achievement of higher molecular weight. To overcome these difficulties, benzoxazine monomers with reactive end groups other than phenols and amines are used in copolymerization reactions with other functional groups (e.g., ethynyl, propargyl, allyl, alcohol, and carboxyl) to form linear polymers with benzoxazine rings as repeating units in the main chain.
Brown v. Board of Education (1952–55)

The central issue in Brown v. Board of Education was the constitutionality of segregated elementary and secondary schools. Could separate actually be equal? Did these typically separate and unequal schools violate the constitutional right of blacks to equality before the law as propounded in the Fourteenth Amendment? Finally, should the legal rationale for Jim Crow — Plessy — be overturned?
Elaboration tolerance of logical theories

We consider the development and modification of logical theories (e.g., commonsense theories). During development of such knowledge bases (KBs) a knowledge engineer makes some design and modeling choices. These decisions may later force the KB to undergo some redesign and rewriting when new knowledge needs to be integrated. We then say that the KB lacks Elaboration Tolerance. (McCarthy 1998) illustrated this problem using example elaborations for the toy problem of the Missionaries and Cannibals. The influence of representation on elaboration tolerance is not well understood at present (see (Gogic et al. 1995)). In fact, unlike many other development tasks, there is no model for the development of logical theories in general and commonsense theories in particular. We investigate elaboration tolerance in two complementary directions: (1) We model the development logical theories, and explore the theoretical properties of change in our model; and (2) We develop a knowledge representation system that follows the intuitions arising from knowledge and software engineering. On the theoretical front, we have defined a measure of syntactic distance between formal systems (Amir 1998). This measure counts the number of the operations of add axiom and remove axiom that one must do to transform one knowledge base to be logically equivalent to another. Comparing various reformulations of KBs, we found that (1) some reformulations can make a knowledge base have a shorter syntactic distance to all theories, but in the extreme a price must be paid in terms of the size of the resulting theory and language; and (2) changing the entaihnent relation does not have such a drastic impact on syntactic distance. Currently, we are working on expanding our theoretical model to an Oracle-based search (somewhat similar to some Inductive Logic Programming models). In this model, the Oracle is expected to answer whether the current node is the goal node and, if not, what sentence should hold that does not (or vice versa). Consider a typical situation in which our advisor asks us to expand our KB T to accommodate the fact ~o. As we
Prospective cohort clinical study assessing the 5-year survival and success of anterior maxillary zirconia-based crowns with customized zirconia copings.

Abstract Statement of problem Studies evaluating anterior zirconia-based crowns are limited. Purpose The purpose of this prospective cohort clinical study was to assess the efficacy of zirconia-based anterior maxillary crowns with 0.3-mm customized copings at the cervical third and anatomical design elsewhere for up to 5 years of service. Material and methods Eighteen participants who required an anterior maxillary crown (n=20) and who had signed a consent form approved by the University of Washington Health Sciences Center Human Subjects Division were enrolled. All preparations were standardized and prepared with an occlusal reduction of 1.5 to 2 mm and an axial reduction of 1 to 1.5 mm with 10 degrees of convergence angle. All finish lines were located on the sound tooth structure. Zirconia copings (Lava; 3M ESPE) were custom designed and milled to a 0.3-mm thickness at the cervical third and with selective thickness elsewhere to support the veneering porcelain. All restorations were luted with self-etching self-adhesive composite resin cement. Recall appointments were at 2 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months, and annually thereafter for 5 years. Modified Ryge criteria were used to assess the clinical fracture measurements, esthetics, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, radiographic proximal recurrent caries, and periapical pathoses. Descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals were used to describe the number and rate of complications and self-reported satisfaction with the crowns. Results Twenty crowns with a mean follow-up of 58.7 months were evaluated. All crowns were rated as Alfa for fracture measurements (smooth surface, no fracture/chipping). Twelve crowns were rated esthetically as Romeo (no mismatch in color and shade) and 8 as Sierra (mismatch in color and shade within normal range). Twelve crowns were rated as Alfa (no visible evidence of crevice) and 8 as Bravo (visible evidence of crevice, no penetration of explorer) for marginal integrity. Nineteen were rated as Alfa (no discoloration) and 1 as Bravo (superficial discoloration) for marginal discoloration. No proximal caries or periapical pathoses were detected in 5 years. Participants were highly satisfied with their crowns after 5 years (mean ±SD: 9.8 ±0.4 on 0 to 10 scale). Conclusions Zirconia-based anterior maxillary crowns with customized copings with 0.3-mm thickness at the cervical third and zirconia margins performed well after 5 years of service.
Cyber-physical-social system security testbeds for an attack-resilient smart grid

With the ever increasing cyber security concerns for critical infrastructures such as the power grid against sophisticated and advanced persistent threats, the need for realistic cyber-physical-social system (CPSS) security testbed environments is compelling. CPSS security testbeds capture the complex interactions between the various domains and their interdependencies appropriately, while also providing necessary system abstractions for limiting experimental scale and yet maintaining higher fidelity than traditional simulation-based tools. In this chapter, we motivate the need for CPSS security testbeds and provide a quick overview of various objectives in the design of such testbeds. We then provide a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art research in the area of CPSS security testbeds. We also identify key research areas enabled by CPSS security testbeds and highlight certain limitations of individual testbeds, which motivate the need to federate CPSS security testbeds. As part of experimental case studies, we present a brief proof-of-concept case study to illustrate the feasibility of CPSS security testbed federation. We also describe a detailed case study of coordinated cyber attacks on Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) applications for the Smart Grid using the PowerCyber CPSS security testbed at Iowa State University. We conclude this chapter with a brief overview of how CPSS security testbeds could be leveraged beyond experimental research for educational and outreach activities to enhance the overall cyber security awareness of the current and future workforce in this area.
Levels of Circulating Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Progenitors Correlate with Disease Status and Treatment Response in Human Lymphoma Subtypes of CLL and MCL.

Abstract 3941 Poster Board III-877 BACKGROUND Increases in the number of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and endothelial progenitors (EPCs) have been reported in various pathological conditions including cancer. Both preclinical and clinical studies in a number of human malignancies have shown that the kinetics of CECs and EPCs correlate with clinical outcomes in patients who undergo anti-angiogenic treatment. Angiogenesis biomarkers in lymphoproliferative diseases have been undefined to date. We investigated the dynamics of circulating peripheral blood levels of endothelial cells and progenitors in lymphoma patients as potential biomarkers of disease status and treatment response. METHODS Circulating CD45 - CD146 + CD34 + CD31 + mature endothelial cells (CECs) and CD45 -/dim CD133 + VEGFR2 + endothelial progenitors (EPCs) were measured by 4-color flow cytometry in 79 lymphoma patients with chronic lymphocytic lymphoma/leukemia (CLL, n=38) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL, n=41). Normal volunteers served as controls (n=5). Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to compare the difference in median marker values of different groups. Mann-Whitney tests were then used to compare marker values in pair-wise fashion between clinical groups. P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. RESULTS In CLL, the CECs were 525 ± 656/mL in previously untreated patients (n=27), and 50 ± 49/mL in patients with remission following fludarabine-based therapy (n=11), compared to 81 ± 51/mL in normal controls (n=5). Significant differences in CECs were observed in patients with untreated disease compared to patients in remission (p=0.0006) and normal controls (p=0.01). EPCs trended down during remission following treatment from 350 ± 932/mL to 45 ± 84/mL (p=0.052). In MCL, CECs were 397 ± 433/mL in previously untreated patients (n=11), 73 ± 85/mL in patients with remission following R-CHOP-based therapy (n=9), and 110 ± 215/mL in patients with relapse (n=21). A significant decline of CECs was detected in remission compared to pretreatment values (p=0.03). In addition, a significant difference in EPCs was noted comparing pre-therapy baseline values (383 ± 445) to normal controls (86 ± 53/mL) (p=0.03). EPCs trended down in remission from 383 ± 445/mL to 103 ± 138/mL (p=0.052). No significant differences were observed for baseline pretreatment CEC and EPC values between CLL and MCL. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic levels of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitors appear to correlate with disease status and treatment response in CLL and MCL. Large-scale studies are warranted to further evaluate the prognostic significance of these results, and to investigate whether circulating pro-angiogenic cell populations in selected lymphoma subtypes may be useful as biomarkers to select patients for and monitor response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Brief Case: Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens Bacteremia and Pyomyositis.

A 39-year-old man presented to the Bellevue Hospital emergency department in November with 1 week of fevers and cough. On the previous day, he had been assaulted, developing right buttock and thigh pain. His medical history was notable for alcohol use disorder treated with the opioid antagonist
Resource Similarity and Market Attractiveness as Antecedents to Coopetition

Little is known about the formation of alliances between competing firms (coopetition). In this paper, we examine two antecedents to coopetition, resource similarity and market attractiveness. Rega...
Steady 10Be-derived paleoerosion rates across the Plio-Pleistocene climate transition, Fish Creek-Vallecito basin, California.

Rates of erosion over time provide a valuable tool for gauging tectonic and climatic drivers of landscape evolution. Here, we measure 10Be archived in quartz sediment from the Fish Creek-Vallecito basin to resolve a time-series of catchment averaged erosion rates and to test the hypothesis that aridity and increased climate variation after ca. 3 Ma led to an increase in erosion rates in this semi-arid, ice-free setting. The Fish Creek-Vallecito basin, located east of the Peninsular Ranges in southern California, is an ideal setting to derive a Plio-Pleistocene paleo-erosion rate record. The basin has a rapid sediment accumulation rate, a detailed magnetostratigraphic age record, and its stratigraphy has been exposed through recent, rapid uplift and erosion. A well-defined source region of uniform lithology and low erosion rate provides a high, reproducible 10Be signal. We find that paleo-erosion rates were remarkably consistent between 1 and 4 Ma, averaging 38 ± 24 m/Myr (2σ). Modern catchment averaged erosion rates are similar to the paleo-erosion rates. The uniformity of erosion over the past 4 Myr indicates the landscape was not significantly affected by late Pliocene global climate change, nor was it affected by a local long-term increase in aridity.
Response of Cadra cautella and Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Pheromone Baited Traps

The effect of the presence of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), on the capture of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), in pheromone-baited traps was evaluated. It was found that when both sexes of each species were released into a large warehouse simultaneously, the capture of male C. cautella was reduced to 5.5 ± 0.8 in traps baited with a two-component lure as compared to 11.4 ± 2.2 when only C. cautella were released. This decrease in response may have been caused by an inhibitory substance produced by the female P. interpunctella that affects the response of male C. cautella to the pheromone or confusion caused by an increase in the amount of pheromone present. This reduced response of C. cautella must be considered when using pheromone-baited traps to estimate population levels when both species are present.
Communication requirements for hierarchical control of volt-VAr function for steady-state voltage

A hierarchical control algorithm was developed to utilize photovoltaic system advanced inverter volt-VAr functions to provide distribution system voltage regulation and to mitigate 10-minute average voltages outside of ANSI Range A (0.95–1.05 pu). As with any hierarchical control strategy, the success of the control requires a sufficiently fast and reliable communication infrastructure. The communication requirements for voltage regulation were tested by varying the interval at which the controller monitors and dispatches commands and evaluating the effectiveness to mitigate distribution system over-voltages. The control strategy was demonstrated to perform well for communication intervals equal to the 10-minute ANSI metric definition or faster. The communication reliability impacted the controller performance at levels of 99% and below, depending on the communication interval, where an 8-minute communication interval could be unsuccessful with an 80% reliability. The communication delay, up to 20 seconds, was too small to have an impact on the effectiveness of the communication-based hierarchical voltage control.
Single batch processing machine scheduling with two-dimensional bin packing constraints

Abstract We study the problem of minimizing the makespan for jobs on a single batch processing machine (BPM). A BMP can process several jobs as a batch simultaneously. Unlike the classic batch processing machine scheduling problems in which the capacity of a machine is modeled as one-dimensional knapsack constraints, in this research, the machine's capacity is represented by a two-dimensional rectangle and a job occupies a rectangle of its dimensions, i.e., width and height, while being processed on the machine. The processing time and the dimensions of the jobs are non-identical. A batch's processing time equals to the longest processing time of jobs in the batch. A batch is feasible only if the jobs can be placed in the machine without overlapping with each other. Arising from practical industrial applications such as advanced manufacturing and wafer fabrication, this problem is a generalization of both the classic single BPM scheduling problem and the two-dimensional bin packing problem (2D-BPP), which are both proven to be NP-hard. Thus, it is NP-hard as well. We present a mixed integer programming (MIP) model for this problem. We also develop heuristic algorithms to tackle this problem, including four single-sequence based heuristics, a biased random-key genetic algorithm (BRKGA), and a hybrid bin loading (HBL) algorithm. The performances of the MIP model and proposed algorithms are compared based on a set of random generated instances.
A history and overview of mobility modeling for autonomous unmanned ground vehicles

Autonomous unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are beginning to play a more critical role in military operations. As the size of the fighting forces continues to draw down, the U.S. and coalition partner Armed Forces will become increasingly reliant on UGVs to perform mission-critical roles. These roles range from squad-level manned-unmanned teaming to large-scale autonomous convoy operations. However, as more UGVs with increasing levels of autonomy are entering the field, tools for accurately predicting these UGVs performance and capabilities are lacking. In particular, the mobility of autonomous UGVs is a largely unsolved problem. While legacy tools for predicting ground vehicle mobility are available for both assessing performance and planning operations, in particular the NATO Reference Mobility Model, no such toolset exists for autonomous UGVs. Once autonomy comes into play, ground vehicle mechanical-mobility is no longer enough to characterize vehicle mobility performance. Not only will vehicle-terrain interactions and driver concerns impact mobility, but sensor-environment interactions will also affect mobility. UGV mobility will depend in a large part on the sensor data available to drive the UGVs autonomy algorithms. A limited amount of research has been focused on the concept of perception-based mobility to date. To that end, the presented work will provide a review of the tools and methods developed thus far for modeling, simulating, and assessing autonomous mobility for UGVs. This review will highlight both the modifications being made to current mobility modeling tools and new tools in development specifically for autonomous mobility modeling. In light of this review, areas of current need will also be highlighted, and recommended steps forward will be proposed.
Human cathepsins K, L, and S: Related proteases, but unique fibrinolytic activity

Abstract Background Fibrin formation and dissolution are attributed to cascades of protease activation concluding with thrombin activation, and plasmin proteolysis for fibrin breakdown. Cysteine cathepsins are powerful proteases secreted by endothelial cells and others during cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Their fibrinolytic activity and putative role in hemostasis has not been well described. Methods Fibrin gels were polymerized and incubated with recombinant human cathepsins (cat) K, L, or S, or plasmin, for dose-dependent and time-dependent studies. Dissolution of fibrin gels was imaged. SDS-PAGE was used to resolve cleaved fragments released from fibrin gels and remnant insoluble fibrin gel that was solubilized prior to electrophoresis to assess fibrin α, β, and γ polypeptide hydrolysis by cathepsins. Multiplex cathepsin zymography determined active amounts of cathepsins remaining. Results There was significant loss of α and β fibrin polypeptides after incubation with cathepsins, with catS completely dissolving fibrin gel by 24 h. Binding to fibrin stabilized catL active time; it associated with cleaved fibrin fragments of multiple sizes. This was not observed for catK or S. CatS also remained active for longer times during fibrin incubation, but its association/binding did not withstand SDS-PAGE preparation. Conclusions Human cathepsins K, L, and S are fibrinolytic, and specifically can degrade the α and β fibrin polypeptide chains, generating fragments unique from plasmin. General significance Demonstration of cathepsins K, L, and S fibrinolytic activity leads to further investigation of contributory roles in disrupting vascular hemostasis, or breakdown of fibrin-based engineered vascular constructs where non-plasmin mediated fibrinolysis must be considered.
Finite Automata Modeling and Analysis of Supply Chain Networks

This chapter introduces a new approach for modeling and design analysis of supply chain networks. A supply chain defines a network of enterprises that should work in harmony according to a set of business protocols. Traditionally, the business protocol within a supply chain is pre-defined so that changes in one business may potentially require extensive changes and set-ups on the other business partners. What we are proposing in this chapter provides the framework for a new paradigm so that some aspects of business protocol defined across the supply chain do not have to be pre-defined. Instead the inter- and intra-business logic within the supply chain provides reconfigurability and scalability across the network. Our modeling and design paradigm is built upon the results obtained from the discrete event control-theoretic subject area. The results from our methodology provide a blueprint for the design of enterprise software that coordinate the various tasks within an enterprise and between the enterprises in a supply chain network.
Time, Structure and Evolution in Cosmology

The primary task of theoretical physics is to understand why the world is arranged the way we find it, and not otherwise. As such, we invent theories in which we take some aspects of the world and some principles to be fundamental, and try to understand how everything else can be understood in terms of them. As Einstein emphasized, we have a free choice of which elements of reality and which principles we choose to be fundamental, and which secondary (Einstein 1934). Because of this it can and does happen that at certain steps in the development of science we find it convenient or useful to choose very different starting points, from which very different things can be thought of as fundamental.
Transcription and Reward Systems

Drug addiction is characterized by very stable behavioral abnormalities, which in turn are mediated by stable abnormalities in the brain’s reward pathways. This has led to the view that drugs of abuse cause addiction, in part, by inducing long-lasting changes in gene expression in these vulnerable regions of the brain. Stable abnormalities in reward are also seen in several other psychiatric conditions (e.g., depression and mania), which implicates altered gene expression in brain reward regions in these conditions as well. The objective of this article is to summarize evidence for a role of changes in gene expression in animal models of addiction and depression and to focus on some of the particular transcription factors that underlie these maladaptive changes in brain function.
GIS-BIM Framework for Integrating Urban Systems, Waste Stream and Algal Cultivation in Residential Construction

Among alternative energy sources for residential buildings, algae technology has emerged as a promising option due to its closed-loop configuration and the ability to produce biofuel energy while reducing waste stream flow and capturing carbon. Furthermore, this technology has the potential of integrating resource and waste management, and can be complemented with other alternatives, such as photovoltaic, wind or fuel cells. This paper provides a framework for integrating information from geographic information systems, building information models, construction schedules, construction cost estimates, and constructability reviews. The integration is aimed at designing an algae-powered residential building environment at the level of urban neighbourhood, in which the algae technology is taken as a design intervention to promote energy performance and carbon reduction within the urban system. This framework couples the design intervention with impact simulations influenced by geographic contexts, construction considerations, and digital building technology. By extending the system boundary from a closed algae cultivation system to an open neighbourhood-scale urban environment, urban renewable resources such as energy, water, material and carbon flows are connected to the algae cultivation process. The framework would further advance the possibilities for sharing information among planners, architects, engineers and construction managers for innovative closed-loop sustainable energy systems in residential construction. This approach will address challenges such as cost, governmental incentives, regulatory barriers, or need of research and development that could overcome limitations for automating predesign, design, construction and facility management processes.
Revision of the Plant Bug Genus Semium (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Semiini), with the Description of Three New Species and a Revised Key

The plant bug genus Semium Reuter, previously containing six species, is reviewed and the new Mexican species Semium albocuneatum from Puebla and S. cervantesi from Guerrero, and S. texanum from western Texas are described. Previously known species are diagnosed and redescribed, a color dorsal illustration of S. albocuneatum, color dorsal images of all species, selected SEM images of S. hirtum, and illustrations of male genitalia are provided, and a revised key to the nine species of the genus is given.
Should the IRS Know Your Race? The Challenge of Colorblind Tax Data

This Article draws from original archival sources to document a century of colorblindness in federal tax data. It traces the omission of race and ethnicity from IRS statistical publications since 1913, Joint Committee on Taxation publications since 1926, and Treasury Office of Tax Analysis publications since 1974. It shows how these omissions are exceptional relative to other areas of public policy where federal data on race and ethnicity are readily available, such as student achievement or healthcare exchange enrollments. It then evaluates the merits of colorblind tax data and argues that tax data should include race and ethnicity in order to meet goals of transparency, democracy, and equality. Colorblind tax data obscure racial inequality and prevent its remedy. Colorblind tax data also undermine the democratic accountability of tax policy. In fairness to the status quo practice of colorblindness by federal tax data institutions, this Article also considers whether the possible justifications for colorblind tax data should override principles of equality and transparency. It argues they should not. This Article concludes by proposing a variety of alternatives to the current colorblind tax data regime that do not require adding questions about race or ethnicity to Form 1040.
Between Forest and City: Pygmies and City Dwellers in Francophone African Literature

The portrayal of the Pygmies in many Western works tends to represent them as an exotic people. This exoticization is also a source of their marginalization. Those pejoratively called Pygmies are at the center of some literary texts from Africa, especially from the Central African region. The representation of pygmies is often coupled with other communities such as the Bantu and city dwellers. This results in inter-migrations between the forest and the city, the pygmies and city-dwellers. This paper contends that African Francophone authors deconstruct the stereotypical patterns which have always prevailed in the depiction of this primitive people. They give the migrations of people between the forest and the city a more constructive and fruitful meaning that goes in the direction of a true socio-cultural exchange. This work will analyze the following novels: Le silence de la foret by Etienne Goyemide , Le pygmee et la camionnette demancipation, by Jean Nke Ndi, and Voyage initiatique chez les pygmees by Denis Bomba Nkolo; to demonstrate how the forest and the city are both places of refuge against aggressions and also how the migrations between the forest and the city make room for intercultural exchange.
Report of a non-looped variant of ansa cervicalis with omohyoid innervation from accessory nerve branch and omohyoid attachment to mastoid process.

A variant of the innervation of the infrahyoid neck musculature is reported in which the typical looped ansa cervicalis structure is absent. In this variant, the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid omohyoid and thyrohyoid) were innervated by a presumptive superior root of “ansa cervicalis” traveling with vagus nerve (CN X) and not branching from hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). The omohyoid muscle, typically innervated by the inferior root of ansa cervicalis, is instead innervated by nerve fibers branching from the accessory nerve (CN XI). This formation created a non-looping variant of ansa cervicalis. Furthermore, the omohyoid muscle did not attach to the hyoid bone but instead attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone by merging its fibers superiorly and posteriorly with the clavicular portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, creating a “sternocleidoomomastoid” muscle innervated by a branch of accessory nerve. This variation was found in one black male cadaver from a cohort of 25 male and female cadavers. Only one variation of ansa cervicalis was observed. As neck dissections and surgical procedures of this region are performed for a variety of conditions—including coronary artery bypass grafting and metastatic neck disease—variations of this type are of broad clinical surgical importance.
Child–Parent attachment in U.S. Families with Chinese adoptees: what does mixed methods research say?

This mixed methods study comprised two phases. In phase 1, the author utilized a case study inquiry to explore the child–parent attachment in two U.S. adoptive families with four children adopted f...
Experiments and computations of solitary wave interaction with fixed, partially submerged, vertical cylinders

This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional fully nonlinear wave model to simulate the hydrodynamic interactions between a solitary wave and a fixed vertical cylinder which is partially submerged in water of constant depth. The governing Laplace equation and free-surface boundary conditions in a transient curvilinear coordinate system are solved by a mixed explicit and implicit finite difference scheme. The interaction processes described by a time sequence plots of free-surface elevations are presented, where a series of outward-scattered waves can be observed. Additionally, laboratory tests were carried out with recorded wave elevations to verify the present nonlinear wave model. The numerically generated wave elevations are found to match well with the experimental measurements. The horizontal and vertical force coefficients with different draft conditions are calculated and presented. It is found that with larger submergence of the vertical cylinder: (1) the horizontal force increases, and (2) the vertical force decreases.
Selective spin inversion in solution by magic field cross polarization.

Abstract A pulsed element is proposed allowing the selective inversion of a single 1H nucleus, without regard to the presence of other degenerate 1H nuclei, provided that it is coupled to a heteronuclear spin with adequate chemical shift resolution in a 2D heteronuclear correlation spectrum. The approach is based on selective cross polarization, in which matched weak RF fields of specific amplitude are applied on resonance to the targeted 1H-X spin pair. It is shown theoretically that when the RF field amplitudes are set to specific values (ie. at a magic field), transfer of coherence can be fruitfully achieved transverse to the applied RF fields in addition to the normal longitudinal transfers. This enables the construction of a pulsed element which has the characteristics of a BIRDr,X element (Uhrin et al., 1993), yet with 2D frequency selectivity. Demonstration of the pulsed element is made in the context of selective spin inversion, by which all 1H spins are inverted except the targeted 1H spin.
Influence of offshore shoals on spatial variability of storm surge

Abstract Idealized bathymetries were subjected to idealized cyclones in order to measure the storm surge response to a range of shoals, under various storm conditions, for the purpose of informing the development of bathymetry thinning algorithms. Nine bathymetries were considered, including eight large, offshore shoals and a featureless reference domain. Six storm realizations (two different sizes/intensities and three different landfall directions) were used as meteorological forcing. Shoal influence on surge was examined over the entire continental shelf throughout the surge event. Quantification of shoal impact on surge was performed prior to landfall, near the time of peak surge, and during surge recession. Three elevation difference contours (1.0, 0.5, and −0.5 m) were used to quantify the spatial variation in surge caused by the shoals at the three times examined. Positive contours (1.0 and 0.5 m) were used to show that a shoal increased surge locally and the negative contour (−0.5 m) to show that a shoal decreased surge locally. The influences of three shoal parameters (depth below mean sea level (MSL), cross-shore width, and distance from shore) were isolated and examined to see which characteristics caused the shoals to alter surge. In many cases, the shoals did not have much effect on the surge response. Only 13% of the samples used to quantify shoal impact on surge indicated any shoal influence whatsoever, and the shoals did not alter maximum elevation within the threshold considered ( Δ η ≥ | ± 0.5 m | ) anywhere in the domain. However, analysis of the elevation difference contours revealed multiple types of shoal influence. The shoals increased surge when they reduced setdown in storms with offshore winds prior to landfall and when they delayed surge recession after all storms. The shoals decreased surge when they impeded shoreward flow, delaying the arrival of surge. In cases when the shoals altered surge, 95% of the impact was caused by Shallow features (0.5 m below MSL). Also, there appears to be a maximum area over which a shoal can influence surge. All changes in surge greater than the threshold of Δ η ≥ | ± 0.5 m | occurred over the shoal or approximately between the shoal and the shore. The implications of our results for bathymetry thinning follow: In general, offshore shoals do not need to be resolved in bathymetry data sets used in surge modeling, especially if their impact on maximum elevation is the primary concern. Since a shoal's depth below MSL was an excellent indicator of whether it would impact storm surge, we recommend that feature depth below MSL be used as a bathymetry thinning criterion. Finally, a feature's maximum area of influence could be a useful property for determining whether it should be retained in a bathymetry dataset – if one's area of interest is outside of a feature's area of influence, the feature could be omitted regardless of its impact on surge.
Journalism’s Troubled Past and Technology’s Promising Future

This chapter applies the taxonomy to specific examples, then summarizes the three contemporary racial inflection points examined in the book: the question of whether the US was “past racism” because President Barack Obama was elected, the birth and growth of the Black Lives Matter movement, and the protests in Ferguson, Missouri, after unarmed African American teen Michael Brown, Jr., was killed by a white police officer. The chapter addresses Traditional journalism’s problematic legacy of racial coverage, unfulfilled goals of newsroom diversity initiatives, and the parallel ways in which the 1968 Kerner Commission Report and the 2014 Ferguson Commission Report blamed journalists for failure to contextualize racial issues. It explores how digital technology has amplified the voices of a younger, more racially diverse, more politically engaged audience.
Controller parametrization and pole-placement design for simultaneous stabilization

The authors investigate the use of stable inversion to obtain nonswitching controllers for the simultaneous stabilization of systems with multiple operating conditions. In a previous work (1990) the authors required the high-frequency gains of the models of the different operating conditions to satisfy a full rank condition. In this paper they remove that constraint and consider general system models, including strictly proper models. A parametrization in terms of a stable inverse system and a stable annihilator system is proposed for all simultaneously stabilizing controllers. Several examples are used to illustrate pole-placement design using proper controllers and strictly proper controllers, and the constraints on the pole-placement design. >
Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Distal Iliotibial Band Syndrome-Where Do We Stand? A Systematic Review.

Purpose To systematically review the operative versus nonoperative methods for management of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) with comparison of the respective clinical outcomes. Methods By adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines, 3 databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science) searched from inception to October 2019 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies on humans that reported the outcomes following operative or nonoperative management of ITBS. Excluded were case reports, case series with <5 participants, review articles, non-English articles, and non-peer-reviewed articles. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs were used for quality control. Results There were 15 eligible studies (9 for operative,6 for nonoperative treatment) examining 179 athletes (mean age 27.3 years, range: 17-53) who received conservative therapy for ITBS and 200 athletes (mean age 30.1 years, range: 14-63) who underwent surgical treatment. Most athletes were runners (65%). The mean follow-up time was significantly longer in studies reporting the outcomes following operative compared with nonoperative ITBS treatment (33.5 vs 2 months, respectively, P < .05). Significant variability in the methods used to assess the clinical outcomes precluded meta-analysis. The most commonly reported (7/9 studies, 77.7%) variable for postoperative evaluation in athletes was the return to sport rate (range: 81%-100%). Significant reduction in pain was consistently (6/6 studies,100%) found among the studies reporting the results of conservative ITBS treatment. The included RCTs were of good (1/5, 20%), fair (2/5, 40%), or poor (2/5, 40%) quality, whereas the average MINORS score was 7.4 (range: 3-13) for observational studies. The level of evidence ranged from Level II (6/15 studies) to IV (9/15 studies). Conclusions Based on the current literature and at a maximum follow-up time of 6 months, conservative therapy can effectively reduce ITBS symptoms in athletes. Multiple surgical options exist for athletes who do not respond to nonoperative measures, with a reported return to sport rate between 81% and 100%. Level of Evidence Systematic review of Level II and IV studies.
Ascriptive Organizational Stigma and the Constraining of Pakistani Immigrant Organizations

Existing research on the incorporation of immigrants generally celebrates immigrant organizations (IOs) as essential conduits for political mobilization, civic integration, and transnational engage...
Fixation Techniques for Stabilizing Orbital-Zygomaticomaxillary Fracture

All the fixation plates should be adapted passively at the level of the buttresses. Mobilization of the complex can be achieved by using the Carroll-Girard screw or the use of a curved clamp, such as Kocher clamp. High-profile plate should be used at the zygomaticomaxillary buttress to help in the stabilization of the complex. Low-profile plate should be used at the level of the zygomaticofrontal junction and the infraorbital rim.