cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coexisting retrograde jadeite and omphacite in a jadeite-bearing lawsonite eclogite from the Motagua Fault Zone, Guatemala

Coexisting jadeite and omphacite were found as retrograde minerals in a jadeite-bearing lawsonite-eclogite from the Motagua Fault Zone, Guatemala. The lawsonite-eclogite is characterized by the occurrence of garnet porphyroblasts up to 2.5 cm in size, and the eclogite-facies parageneses, almandine-rich garnet + impure jadeite + lawsonite + rutile + quartz; garnet contains inclusions of impure jadeite, phengite, ferroglaucophane, chlorite, lawsonite, rutile, ilmenite, and quartz. Textural relations and parageneses and compositions of minerals indicate that the lawsonite-eclogite experienced two stages of metamorphism: prograde eclogite-facies stage (M 1 ) and retrograde stage (M 2 ). The impure jadeite (Jd-I) of the M 1 eclogite-facies occurs in both the matrix and as inclusions in garnet, and contains considerable amounts of augite and aegirine components (Jd 6 1 - 7 5 Aug 1 6 - 2 4 Ae 0 - 1 8 ). It is partly recrystallized to retrograde M 2 jadeite (Jd-II) (Jd 7 4 - 8 7 Aug 9 - 1 6 Ae 0 - 1 1 ) and omphacite (Jd 4 2 - 5 0 Aug 3 6 - 4 6 Ae 7 - 1 6 ); some of these two sodic pyroxenes may have crystallized from fluids. Both M 2 jadeite and omphacite show textural equilibrium and are believed to have grown concurrently. Based on the observed compositions and the phase relations of sodic pyroxenes from Carpenter (1980), the M 1 impure jadeite (Jd-I) may have had a disordered C2/c symmetry at T=ca. 450 °C and P = ca. 1.8-2.4 GPa, and was subsequently crystallized into jadeite (Jd-II) plus ordered P2/n omphacite during retrogression with infiltration of fluids at T < ca. 300 °C and P = ca. 0.7 GPa (M 2 ). The extreme low-T conditions during retrogression may have prevented reaction between eclogitic jadeite and adjacent minerals. Instead, eclogitic impure jadeite (plus fluid) has recrystallized into the retrograde jadeite + omphacite pair with a wide compositional gap.
Absorption and attenuation in soft tissues. I. Calibration and error analyses

Error estimation for pulse decay absorption and radiation force insertion loss attenuation measurements are developed. In absorption measurements, significant difficulty lies with accurate determination of peak intensity, especially where sharply focused beams are utilized. An intensity calibration is developed based on radiation force measurement of total power and main lobe beam patterns, using embedded thermocouples and short bursts of ultrasound. The main lobe measurements are highly reproducible, but sidelobes are easily corrupted by noise. Thus, a theoretical extension of the main-lobe beam pattern to include sidelobes is utilized to estimate peak focal intensity. The theory is based on circular baffled piston sources with apodizing lenses, an ideal condition that was closely approximated in a specially constructed experimental apparatus. The approach enables estimates of peak intensity in situ with typical uncertainty of >
Feeding Habits of Young Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): Prey Availability and Diversity

Abstract The principal diet of age I+ winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus captured in the Weweantic River Estuary, Wareham, Massachusetts was comprised of polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, and crustaceans. During spring, flounder fed on planktonic crustaceans found within the estuary and during the summer and fall on mollusks and polychaetes at the estuary's mouth. A new technique, percent overlap, is described for the comparison of the volume percentages of food species in Peterson grabs and stomachs. Percent overlap values were progressively higher with each season: March, 1.8%; June, 29%; July, 47%; October, 47%. The low overlap values, occurring when fish were within the estuary, indicated that the benthic community was not an important food source. Diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver, Simpson and McIntosh) calculated for mollusks and macrocrustaceans were more variable at stations within the estuary than at the mouth.
The magma mixing origin of mantled feldspars

The key to mantled feldspar genesis is epitaxial nucleation of plagioclase on K-feldspar or K-feldspar on plagioclase. Once this nucleation takes place there is a relatively straightforward process of crystal growth yielding “rapakivi” and “antirapikivi” textures. The most common mantling is plagioclase on K-feldspar which occurs in both volcanic and plutonic environments. In the volcanic environment the morphology of the plagioclase overgrowth typically is dendritic, though in subvolcanic and shallow plutonic environments dendritic growth is followed by a more or less continuous non-cellular shell of plagioclase. In the plutonic environment, early stages of plagioclase overgrowth also tend to be dendritic, although with coarser-grained characteristics. Dendritic morphology is thus a common denominator in rapakivi genesis. Since growth of dendritic plagioclase is clearly related to marked undercooling in silicate melt systems its occurrence in many volcanic rocks is to be expected. Equivalent quenching in the plutonic environment requires a cooling mechanism independent of conductive heat transfer to wallrock and also independent of effective cooling related to sudden loss of volatile phases that could only occur late in the crystallization of most magmas and therefore after much dendritic plagioclase had already formed. Internal quenching of portions of magma systems must occur if mafic magma is abruptly mixed with felsic magma. Such magma mixing yields a heterogeneous system at first, one that is in a drastic state of disequilibrium and tending to force nucleation of one feldspar type on the surface of another resulting in epitaxial crystallization of dendritic plagioclase on K-feldspar. Mantling of one feldspar type by another during magma mixing is paralleled by dendritic growth zones in coexisting plagioclase crystals.
Measuring the effect of charter schools on public school student achievement in an urban environment: Evidence from New York City

Abstract This paper uses student level data from New York City to study the relationship between a public school losing enrollment to charter school competitors and the academic achievement of students who remain enrolled in it. Geographic measures most often used to study the effect of school choice policies on public school student achievement are not well suited for densely populated urban environments. I adopt a direct approach and measure charter school exposure as the percentage of a public school's students who exited for a charter school at the end of the previous year. Depending on model specification, I find evidence that students in schools losing more students to charter schools either are unaffected by the competitive pressures of the choice option or benefit mildly in both math and English.
CRUDE MYOSIN FRACTIONS AS MEAT BINDERS

A model system designed for the Instron Universal Testing Machine to record the peak force required to separate pieces of meat at a binding junction was used to measure the ability of various muscle protein fractions to bond meat pieces. The binding abilities of crude myosin preparations were found to be significantly greater than the binding ability of either a muscle homogenate free of fat and sarcoplasmic proteins, a total muscle homogenate or a nonprotein control consisting of salt, phosphate and water. Crude myosin fractions extracted from pre- and post-rigor bovine muscle over short and long extraction times with three extracting solutions, Guba-Straub, Hasselbach-Schneider and Weber-Edsall, were measured for binding ability, yield and mole ratio of myosin to actin by scanning SDS-PAGE gels. Results showed that the Hasselbach-Schneider myosin was superior to the Guba-Straub and Weber-Edsall myosins in both binding ability and yield. Comparisons of mole ratios with binding abilities showed that when the same extracting conditions were present the higher proportion of myosin resulted in a higher binding ability. However, when different extracting conditions were present, the higher proportion of myosin did not always give a higher binding ability. These results imply that ionic interactions are inculpated in the binding phenomenon.
Rural users information requirements for social welfare and family planning

The level of structural specialization in rural development organization family planning included shoud be determined as much as possible by the social and economic oranization of the potential project participants rather than by the degree of specialization considered necessary for the most efficient dispatch of government business by the project planners. In sum a contextual approach is required. Any treatment of information concerning social welfare and family planning needs a definition of these terms and a methodology whereby such definitions can be made for different countries. At this time information on population and family welfare is of recent origin disorganized and voluminous due to a lack of clear policy objectives. The massive amounts of population information now being generated fail to "trickle down" to potential users in rural areas. Often the information available to workers does not give a clear idea of traditional customs beliefs and practices with respect to reproductive behavior. Users need information which emphasizes the policy significance of a social welfare approach for both family planning and for rural development generally. From the perspective of a rural user project and program personnel an information system should be manageable. An information system should be able to present information which is timely reliable valid organized not voluminous unambiguous significant to particular information user constituency offer guidance to user and be applicable at local country regional and/or global level.
General approach to signal processors employing companding

A general technique is reported for synthesising filters employing instantaneous or syllabic companding, which are input-output equivalent to conventional filters but which have better noise properties. In contrast to previous results, syllabic companding using this technique does not distort the envelope of the output signal.
Linguistically Na"ive != Language Independent: Why NLP Needs Linguistic Typology

In this position paper, I argue that in order to create truly language-independent NLP systems, we need to incorporate linguistic knowledge. The linguistic knowledge in question is not intricate rule systems, but generalizations from linguistic typology about the range of variation in linguistic structures across languages.
The distribution of germanium and tin in meteorites

Abstract Germanium and tin in 17 chondrites including an enstatite chondrite and a carbonaceous chondrite, 14 iron meteorites, one separated troilite phase, and three separated phases of two stony-iron meteorites were analysed by a colorimotric method using germanium-dimethyl aminophenyl fluorone complex and tin-dithol complex. Analytical data for germanium in ordinary chondrites and iron meteorites confirm earlier results. From the data for tin, it is found that tin varies in concentration in chondrites as well as in iron meteorites. A minor revision of the classification of meteorites made by Lovebing et al. (1957) is suggested from data on tin in iron meteorites. Calculations of ΔF values show that germanium and tin are expected to be siderophile at high temperatures and lithophile at low temperatures. Nevertheless, analytical data on whole samples emphasize the siderophile properties of germanium and tin to some degree the chalcophile properties of germanium. A discussion of this point is presented and extended to the evolution of meteorites.
The relation of dizziness to functional decline.

Objective: to assess the effect of dizziness on the probability that an older person will die or become functionally disabled within 2 years. Dizziness is a common symptom for which the prognosis is uncertain. This report compares the prognoses for dizzy and not-dizzy older people in order to assist clinicians who diagnose and treat these patients. Design: a prospective study of a representative sample of elderly (70+) non-institutionalized Americans. Elderly subjects (n = 3,798) in the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA) were asked questions about the presence of dizziness, medical conditions, and functional disability in 1984. The cohort was reinterviewed about functional disability in 1986. Outcome Measure: transition from functional ability to disability after 2 years. Results: Bivariate analyses showed that dizziness predicts functional decline but not mortality. Multivariate models revealed that age, race, sensory impairment, vascular disease, and other morbidity are independent predictors of becoming disabled. Controlling for these potential confounders, dizziness does not predict an increased probability of becoming disabled. Conclusion: Elderly people who are dizzy should be evaluated for the presence of these related conditions.
Is Mathematical Truth Time-Dependent?

(1974). Is Mathematical Truth Time-Dependent? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 354-365.
The structural requirements of glucose for phosphorylation by phosphoglucomutase

Abstract During catalysis, the phosphoryl group of phosphoglucomutase (α- d -glucose-1,6-bisphosphate:α- d -glucose-1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) is transferred through a nucleophilic displacement reaction to the monophosphate substrates to form the diphosphate. Some non-phosphorylated analogs of glucose have been shown to serve as effective acceptors of the active phosphate albeit at a much reduced rate. Several other analogs exhibit little or no reactivity. The relative reaction rates of the reactive analogs follow the order: thioglucose > α- or β- d - glucose > d -xylose, > l -arabinose > myo- inositol . The rate of transfer increased with the increased concentration of glucose or its analogs. The products of the reaction may be acid stable ester phosphate or acid labile glycosyl phosphate as well as inorganic phosphate. S-phosphoryl (hemiacetal) thioglucose was identified as a product of the 1-thioglucose reaction. It was possible to define certain steric requirements for the orientation of the hydroxyl groups in all the reacting sugars. These requirements are limited to 3 hydroxyl groups and pertain to loci or receptors on the active site of the enzyme. These would correspond in topography to carbons 2, 3 and 4 of the glucose molecule in the enzyme substrate complex. These hydroxyl groups should be oriented equatorially and project below, above and below the plane of the pyranose ring for C-2, C-3 and C-4, respectively.
A PROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ARRHYTHMIAS DURING CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION (CATH)

Arrhythmias (AR's) occurring during cath have not been systematically studied. Accordingly we prospectively analyzed 131 caths (23% emergency) in infants and children aged 3 hrs-14 yrs, mean 3±.26 (SE) yrs. VSD (22%), coarctations (13%) and tetralogy (9%) were the most common lesions. Seventy patients (53%) had AR's (149 episodes) and 19% had > 3 AR's. Multiple PVC's (>4 consecutive) accounted for 48% of AR and were benign, occurring with catheters in the right ventricle (RV)(63%) or left ventricle (LV) (25%). PVC runs ceased spontaneously or upon moving the catheter (99%). Similarly brady-AR's (sinus bradycardia N=15, 2° AV block N=3, complete AV block N=5) occurred with catheters in RV (9), LV (5) or right atrium (RA) (4). All atrial tachy-AR's, SVT (9), flutter (4), fibrillation (1) occurred with catheters in the RV, and 10 episodes of nodal rhythm occurred with catheters in RV (5) or RA (5). Excluding PVC's, i.e. for 79 AR's, moving the catheter or observation alone terminated 70% whereas atropine was effective in 18% (sinus bradycardia (11), complete AV block (3)). Cardioversion was used for one angio related episode of ventricular fibrillation. AR, especially sinus bradycardia, occurred more frequently in patients on digoxin (chi square p LV>RA, and in patients receiving digoxin. AR's were benign and easily treated.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM USING NO-SHOWS AS A NONEXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON GROUP

This article examines the effect of the Massachusetts workforce development system on the earnings of disadvantaged adults using nonexperimental data from the late 1990s. The authors construct a comparison sample for program participants using individuals who apply for and are offered services yet do not participate in a training program. They present a series of difference-in-difference estimates that make several alternative efforts to correct for selectivity bias, including econometric models that regression adjust for observable characteristics and fixed-effect models that adjust for time-invariant person effects. They also employ probabilistic matching techniques to more finely align the treatment and comparison samples. On average, program participants experienced 20% increases in annual earnings 1 year postintervention and 25% increases after 2 years. The authors uncover considerable heterogeneity in these effects, suggesting that the most difficult to serve and the most job ready benefit the least.
Actuation of shape-memory colloidal fibres of Janus ellipsoids

Many natural micrometre-scale assemblies can be actuated to control their optical, transport and mechanical properties, yet such functionality is lacking in colloidal structures synthesized thus far. Here, we show with experiments and computer simulations that Janus ellipsoids can self-assemble into self-limiting one-dimensional fibres with shape-memory properties, and that the fibrillar assemblies can be actuated on application of an external alternating-current electric field. Actuation of the fibres occurs through a sliding mechanism that permits the rapid and reversible elongation and contraction of the Janus-ellipsoid chains by ~36% and that on long timescales leads to the generation of long, uniform self-assembled fibres. Colloidal-scale actuation might be useful in microrobotics and in applications of shape-memory materials.
Assessing changes in intercultural sensitivity among physician trainees using the intercultural development inventory

Abstract Intercultural sensitivity and competence is crucial to a successful medical practice with an increasingly diverse patient population. Twenty-four pediatric resident trainees, 10 American and 14 non-American, at a US medical center, had their intercultural sensitivity assessed, using the intercultural development inventory (IDI), before and after an intercultural training intervention. Demographic measures were taken to assess predictors of intercultural sensitivity. This study expands the use of the IDI to a new population, medical providers, and describes normative standards for this group. A profile emerged which showed low levels of Denial and Defense and moderate levels of Acceptance, Cognitive and Behavioral Adaptation. The Minimization factor was surprisingly high. In spite of small sample size, trends, using IDIs and clinical assessments, indicate that cultural training increased intercultural sensitivity. Discussions focus on the effectiveness of the IDI to measure subtle attitudinal changes and behavioral intentions, the need for multiple intercultural sensitivity measures, and the efficacy of a multi-modal training intervention.
Use of capecitabine as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer relapsing after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support.

Abstract High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support (HDC-ASCS) can produce high complete remission rates in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). However, the majority of those so treated will relapse within 3 years. The ability of such patients to tolerate further myelosuppressive chemotherapy may be limited and the best therapy is undefined. In this retrospective study we assessed the role of capecitabine as initial therapy after relapse. Ten patients (median age=47 years; oestrogen receptor-positive, n = 4; visceral disease, n = 6; prior anthracycline, n = 8, prior taxanes, n = 10), whose disease progressed at a median of 246 days (range 69–480) after HDC-ASCS and who were treated with capecitabine (2500 mg/m 2 per day for 2 weeks of a 3–week cycle) as initial therapy for relapse, were assessed retrospectively for response and toxicity. They received a median of eight cycles (range 4–24) of capecitabine. The toxicities encountered while receiving capecitabine were: hand–foot syndrome (grade 1, n = 3; grade 2, n = 4; grade 3, n = 1); diarrhoea (grade 1, n = 1; grade 2, n = 3); nausea ( n = 2) and fatigue ( n = 5). Haematological toxicity was seen in only one patient. No patient required hospitalization for toxicity. Three achieved a complete remission, four a partial remission and three disease stabilization. After a median follow-up of 183 days from commencing capecitabine (range 97–540), all patients were alive and five were in remission. Five progressed after remissions that lasted between 63 and 252 days. Oral capecitabine is an active and well-tolerated agent when used alone as first-line therapy in patients who have relapsed after HDC-ASCS for MBC.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Hamsters Fed an Atherogenic Diet

Diarrhea and unexpected death were encountered in a group of young Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) used for hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis research. The animals were fed an atherogenic diet containing 18% saturated fat and 0.366% cholesterol. Mortality began 45 days after hamsters were placed on this atherogenic diet. The atherogenic studies were aborted at 74 days because of high mortality. Toxigenic Clostridium difficile was isolated from animals found dead or euthanatized because of illness. Signs observed were unexpected death and acute liquid diarrhea. Characteristic pathologic changes were necrosis and hemorrhage of the intestinal mucosa with acute inflammation. Hepatic lipidosis was a consistent finding presumed to be associated with the consumption of the atherogenic diet. The study was repeated by placing 23 hamsters on the atherogenic diet and 10 hamsters on the control diet. In animals fed the atherogenic diet, the average time to mortality differed between studies, but clinical signs, gross and histologic lesions, culture findings, and toxin results in both atherogenic diet groups were similar. C. difficile was not isolated from the feeds. No antibiotics were found in the atherogenic diet. The results from these studies suggest that hamsters fed an atherogenic diet have increased susceptibility to disease caused by C. difficile as compared with hamsters fed a normal fat and cholesterol diet.
The influence of electrode size and type on surface stimulation of the quadriceps

Two electrode types (gel and garment) in five sizes from 20 to 60 cm/sup 2/ were studied on ten able-bodied male and three spinal cord injured (SCI) subjects to determine the effect of electrode size and type on the current required to obtain 25% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength of the quadriceps muscle (25% of max. stimulated strength for the SCI subjects) and the pain response. Constant current pulses of 300 ms at 40 Hz were used for stimulation. The total current required to produce 25% MVC (approximately 55 mA) did not differ significantly, but the two smaller electrodes had a higher pain rating. The average conductance of the 20 cm/sup 2/ electrodes was 886 mu S and increased to 1286 mu S for the 60 cm/sup 2/ electrodes. There were large individual variations in both the current and pain rating for the same relative force, but near constant values were obtained for each subject over the different electrode sizes. Electrode size did not influence electrical efficiency. The larger electrodes result in less pain, but the 60 cm/sup 2/ electrodes are not commonly available for muscle stimulation. >
Pain acceptance and opiate use disorders in addiction treatment patients with comorbid pain.

Abstract Objectives Studies from pain treatment settings indicate that poor acceptance of pain may be an important and modifiable risk factor for higher severity of opioid use. However, the degree to which pain acceptance relates to opioid use severity in the addiction treatment population is unknown. In this study of addiction treatment patients with co-morbid pain, we examined correlates of severity of opiate (heroin and prescription opioid) use, with a particular focus on the role of pain acceptance. Methods Patients in residential addiction treatment with comorbid pain (N = 501) were stratified into low, moderate and high severity of opiate use. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared across opiate severity categories. Results 72% (N = 360) of the participants had symptoms that were consistent with an opiate use disorder. Younger age, Caucasian race, female gender, cocaine use and lower pain acceptance were associated with higher severity of opiate use, whereas pain intensity was not. Controlling for demographic and other risk factors, such as substance use and pain intensity, higher pain acceptance was associated with lower odds of severe prescription opioid (AOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.38–0.68 for a one SD increase in pain acceptance) and heroin use (AOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.44–0.75 for a one SD increase in pain acceptance). Conclusions Problematic opiate use is common in addictions treatment patients with chronic pain. Lower pain acceptance is related to greater opiate use severity, and may be an important modifiable target for interventions to successfully treat both pain and opiate use disorders.
Staffing Organizations/Careers in Organizations.

This article presents reviews of two books, “Staffing Organizations,”; by Benjamin Schneider and “Careers in Organizations,” by Douglas T. Hall.
Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Raccoons (Procyon lotor), Coyotes (Canis latrans), and Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in Wisconsin Identified Several Atypical Genotypes

During 2005-2006, sera and tissues from raccoons (Procyon lotor), coyotes (Canis latrans), and skunks (Mephitis mephitis) from the state of Wisconsin were tested for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 32 of 54 (59.2%) raccoons, 18 of 35 (51.4%) coyotes, and 5 of 7 (71.4%) skunks using the modified agglutination test and a cut-off titer of 1:20. Pooled tissues (brains, hearts, and tongues) from 30 raccoons, 15 coyotes, and 1 skunk were bioassayed for T. gondii infection in mice or cats. Viable T. gondii was isolated from 5 of 30 (16.7%) raccoons, 6 of 15 (40.0%) coyotes, and the skunk. Genetic characterization of the 12 parasite isolates by multilocus PCR-RFLP markers revealed 6 different genotypes including 5 atypical and I archetypal II lineages. The results indicate the prevalence of T. gondii in wildlife mammals is high and that these animals may serve as an important reservoir for transmission of T. gondii.
Adenoviral gene transfer of Caenorhabditis elegans n−3 fatty acid desaturase optimizes fatty acid composition in mammalian cells

Omega--3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components required for normal cellular function and have been shown to exert many preventive and therapeutic actions. The amount of n--3 PUFAs is insufficient in most Western people, whereas the level of n--6 PUFAs is relatively too high, with an n--6/n--3 ratio of >18. These two classes of PUFAs are metabolically and functionally distinct and often have important opposing physiological functions; their balance is important for homeostasis and normal development. Elevating tissue concentrations of n--3 PUFAs in mammals relies on chronic dietary intake of fat rich in n--3 PUFAs, because mammalian cells lack enzymatic activities necessary either to synthesize the precursor of n--3 PUFAs or to convert n--6 to n--3 PUFAs. Here we report that adenovirus-mediated introduction of the Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 gene encoding an n--3 fatty acid desaturase into mammalian cells can quickly and effectively elevate the cellular n--3 PUFA contents and dramatically balance the ratio of n--6/n--3 PUFAs. Heterologous expression of the fat-1 gene in rat cardiac myocytes rendered cells capable of converting various n--6 PUFAs to the corresponding n--3 PUFAs, and changed the n--6/n--3 ratio from about 15:1 to 1:1. In addition, an eicosanoid derived from n--6 PUFA (i.e., arachidonic acid) was reduced significantly in the transgenic cells. This study demonstrates an effective approach to modifying fatty acid composition of mammalian cells and also provides a basis for potential applications of this gene transfer in experimental and clinical settings.
Zm401p10, encoded by an anther-specific gene with short open reading frames, is essential for tapetum degeneration and anther development in maize

In flowering plants, the tapetum is proposed to play a vital role in the early stages of pollen development. Disruptions to tapetum development and degeneration typically result in male sterility. The present study characterised a maize (Zea mays L.) anther-specific gene, Zm401, which only contains short open reading frames (sORFs). The longest ORF of the Zm401 gene encodes a small protein designated Zm401p10 that accumulates in the nucleus. Overexpression of Zm401p10 in maize retarded tapetal degeneration and caused microspore abnormalities. A microarray analysis identified 278 downregulated and 150 upregulated genes in anthers overexpressing Zm401p10. These results indicate that the Zm401 gene is one of the major components of the molecular network regulating maize anther development and male fertility, and that Zm401p10 is expressed from the longest ORF of the gene.
A high performance sine wave inverter controller with capacitor current feedback and "back-EMF" decoupling

This paper presents a state space approach to the problem of controlling a single phase PWM inverter with an LC output filter. These types of inverter are often used in uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) where a sine wave output voltage is to be maintained. Output voltage control is structured around an inner filter capacitor current loop where capacitor current is sensed via a single, small current transformer. This avoids the expense of multiple, active current sensors found in alternative designs. Performance of the capacitor current loop is enhanced with active decoupling of both the DC bus and the equivalent "back-EMF" of the output voltage. The output dynamic stiffness of the system is analyzed and plotted. Experimental results yield less than 0.5% total harmonic distortion (THD) at full load (8 kW), with transient response times of less than 200 /spl mu/s. >
Microstructure and Electrical Properties of PZT Thin Film Heterostructures on Silicon by pulsed laser deposition

We have been successful in the fabrication of (001) oriented epitaxial PZT films on YBCO/SrTiO3/MgO/TiN/Si heterostructures by pulsed laser deposition. The films were observed to be single phase by X-ray diffraction. The deposition parameters were varied to obtain the best epitaxial layer for each of the compounds. Transmission electron microscopy was employed for understanding of the structure, crystallinity and interfaces for each of these epilayers. Dielectric and P-E hysteresis loop measurements were carried out with evaporated Ag electrodes. The dielectric constant for the films was found to be around 380-400. The value of saturation polarization Ps was between 40-50 μC/cm2 and the coercive field Ec varied from 45-55 kV/cm. Integration of PZT films with silicon will be useful for future memory and micromechanical devices.
A transmit diversity scheme for channels with intersymbol interference

Alamouti (see Journal of Selective Communications, vol.16, no.8, p.1451-58, 1998) proposes a two branch transmit diversity scheme for channels without intersymbol interference. With two transmit antennas and one receive antenna the scheme provides second order diversity. In this paper we derive a new method which handles the corresponding case when the channel suffers from intersymbol interference. The intersymbol interference can be caused by partial response modulation and/or delay spread in the propagation channel. As in Alamouti's paper, we show that with two transmit and one receive antenna, the same diversity can be achieved as with one transmit and two receive antennas. This new proposed scheme thus achieves full diversity for channels with intersymbol interference.
Paradox or At Least Variance Found: A Comment on Mean-Variance Approaches to Risk-Return Relationships in Strategy: Paradox Lost

In general, the problem is that the computed mean-variance relationship for a period of time cannot be identified in distinction to the effects of shifts in the relationship over time-without additional information or assumptions. Thus, using a mean-variance approach to risk-return relationships means that statements about the nature of the mean-variance association cannot be confirmed in a nontrivial fashion within the empirical system nor generalized to any other time period-including subperiods. Ruefli 1990 emphasis in original
Muscle contractions in response to foot stimulation as an inflight countermeasure

Abstract We propose that a passive countermeasure employing mechanical stimulation of the feet can be used during spaceflight to attenuate neuromotor degradation. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the time between consecutive stimuli to the human sole influences the subsequent muscle contraction response. Participants were exposed to mechanical stimulation of the right sole in a protocol of six conditions of stimulation couplets. Stimulation couplets consisted of two closely timed stimuli separated by an interstimulus interval (ISI) of either 100, 140, 180, 220, 260, or 300 ms. Electromyography of the leg musculature was collected. The focus of the analyses was the amplitude of the response to the second stimulus of each couplet relative to the isolated baseline response. The results indicate that the second response in a couplet was inhibited up to 220 ms ISI, but returned to baseline with greater ISIs. When developing an inflight dynamic foot stimulator it will be important to ensure that the timing between the stimulations is separated by ISIs that prevents the inhibition of neuromuscular activation.
The Impact Of Faculty Apparel In The Classroom

n addition to imbuing students with traditional field based knowledge, faculty in colleges of business administration have increasingly been asked to instill a sense of professionalism in students. Faculty members are, at the least, expected to bring a sense of professionalism to the classroom, and it is understood that this starts with professional dress on the part of faculty. A concomitant assumption with the expectation of professional behavior and dress on the part of faculty, is the belief that faculty dress has a positive impact on the classroom environment – thus on learning. The literature discussing the interaction of faculty image on the classroom commences with a reference to Workman 1 , who found that faculty who dressed professionally were viewed as creditable. Further, administrators viewed professionally dressed faculty as “overwhelmingly” professional, responsible, and confident. The obvious lesson being that if one wanted to increase their employability, then they should dress professionally. In fact, common advice for new faculty has been found to include pointers on the impact of dress on classroom management 2
Getting better without AGE: new insights into the diabetic heart.

Nearly a century ago, Maillard first observed that incubation of glucose with amino acids led to the formation of a yellow-brown pigment due to nonenzymatic glycosylation.1 This unstable compound known as a Schiff base can undergo rearrangement over several days to form the more stable Amadori-type product.2 One well-known example is hemoglobin A1C, the adduct of glucose with the N-terminal valine amino group of the β-chain of hemoglobin.3 This process of nonenzymatic protein glycation differs from enzyme-dependent o-glycosylation, the latter being a reversible process whereby proteins are modified at specific residues to effect signal transduction much like phosphorylation.R4-128042 4,5 Glycated proteins, in contrast, can further evolve over time, undergoing complex rearrangements to yield crosslinked proteins known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs)R2-128042 2,6 (Figure). Importantly, and in contrast to Amadori product precursors, AGEs are virtually irreversible once formed. Long-lived structural proteins such as collagen are particularly vulnerable to AGE crosslinks by nature of their slow turnover rate.7 Pathophysiology of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Glucose interacts over several hours with reactive amino groups on proteins to form the unstable and reversible Schiff base. Over longer periods of time (days), this can further develop into an Amadori product, a more stable form of protein glycation. Over periods of months to years, these glycated proteins can undergo further complex rearrangement to generate AGEs. AGEs can serve themselves as signaling molecules, interacting with specific receptors (ie, RAGE), which triggers a broad array of stress and oxidant response signaling, as well as develop crosslinks between a given protein that can alter its tertiary structure and function. This process can be inhibited at several stages: agents that principally prevent the formation of AGE (ie, aminoguanidine [AG], pyridoxamine [pyr], and OBP-9195), those that block AGE interaction with membrane receptors (ie, …
Spatial inequality of foreign direct investment in China: Institutional change, agglomeration economies, and market access

The spatial inequality of foreign direct investment (FDI) can intensify uneven economic development. As globalization and economic transition proceeds, foreign investors are changing their behaviors in FDI location, based on institutional change and agglomeration effects. In order to reduce the inequality, this research employs spatial statistics and analyses to examine the change in the spatial inequality of FDI among regions and among prefectural cities, and uses regression models and spatial regime analyses to investigate factors influencing the inequality from 1990 to 2010. The spatial diffusion of FDI clusters from the eastern/coastal region to the interior shows the trend of FDI convergence among regions. However, increasing numbers of FDI clusters and hot spots show the increasing divergence among cities within three regions. Agglomeration effects have replaced institutional factors to become one of the most significant factors influencing the FDI inequality among cities. Additionally, special economic zones, coastal open cities, provincial capital cities, and development zones lost their advantages in FDI as more reforms set in. The spatial regime analyses further indicate the significance of market size in FDI in prefecture-level cities and the significance of agglomeration economies in FDI in capitals and municipalities.
Owner-Occupied Housing: The Role of Collateral Constraints on the Household Portfolio

The paper constructs a model of optimal portfolio allocation that focuses on the role of housing as collateral, allows for house price risk, and assumes that altering the quantity of housing incurs an adjustment cost. Because of the adjustment cost, the current house value becomes a state variable in the portfolio decision; the optimal portfolio depends on both the value of the housing state variable and the household’s degree of relative risk aversion. Empirical results using the Survey of Consumer Finances support the model’s implications regarding the effect of the housing state variable on the optimal portfolio of financial assets.
Noninvasive ventilation(NIV) as a prevention of cognitive dysfunctions in early postoperative period in children

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation(NIV) is effective method for management and prevention of respiratory failure . Side effects of traditional mechanical ventilation can cause acute respiratory disorders and hypoxia. Cognitive dysfunctions are relatively common in postoperative and critically ill patients. The aim of present study was to assess the effects of NIV on cognitive status. METHODS: The research was performed in 46 children in age from 8 to 18 years (10,5 ± 2,4) , after different operations , which were used mechanical (invasive) ventilation during the operations . All patients were divided into two groups. The patients of the first group (24) were conducted mechanical (invasive) ventilation in the early postoperative period. Patients of the second group (22) have got NIV. The cognitive status were assessed by scale Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) , Frontal Assessment Battery(FAB) The level of analgesia was controlled by the level of cortisol in blood plasma and faces scale. For a statistical analysis the Student's criterion was used. RESULTS: The level of cortisol in blood plasma in first group(186,2±3,7nM/L) is no significantly difference the level of cortisol in patients second group (194,2±3,8nM/L). Average point of assess cognitive functions ( MMSE 24,4±2.2; FAB 19,2±2.6) in first group were higher than average points of assess cognitive functions(MMSE 28,4±1.8; FAB 24,2±2,6) in patients of the second group (p<0,05). : CONCLUSION: The children of the second group have a lower rate of cognitive dysfunctions as patients of the first group . The obtained data reveal that noninvasive ventilation(NIV) is useful for prevention cognitive dysfunctions.
Essential drugs for infants and children: European perspective.

It is difficult to draw up a list of medicines that are essential for infants and children. It is clear, however, that many of the medicines used appropriately to treat infants and children are not licensed for such use.1 The medicines concerned may be used outside the terms of their product license, ie, used off-label, or unlicensed for use in children at any age.2 Off-label use appears to be a more significant problem than is unlicensed use of drugs in children. Medicines may be used off-label in relation to dose, indication, age, and route of administration.2 A helpful way to categorize medicines for children was outlined recently in the European Guidelines on …
Supplement to the Bibliography of Lygus Hahn

More than 200 citations are added to those previously published (Scott 1980 Idaho Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Ser. 58, 71 pp). Most of these have been checked by the author for accuracy.
Inflation,Inflation Expectations and Monetary Policy——An Empirical Study Based on China data of 2001-2010

This paper measures the inflation expectations from 2001 to 2010 in two ways:(1) future price expectation index from central bank by statistics;(2) future CPI got from ARMA model.Then,the paper analyzes the factors that affect the inflation expectations.The empirical results indicate that high and climbing inflation,positive output gap growth,M2 growth could easily seep into people's anticipation of future inflation.The best choice at present is Chinese central bank takes money amount dynamic fine-tuning policy based on the deposit reserve rate smoothing to control inflation expectations.
Functional aspects of His bundle physiology and pathophysiology: Clinical implications

In this review we present evidence from many experimental studies which challenge the concept of predestination of His bundle fibers. Using both intra- and extracellular His bundle pacing in the context of atrio-ventricular block and the development of bundle branch blocks these experimental studies provide the underlying mechanisms for the recent clinical findings showing the benefits of permanent His bundle pacing.
Pulling It All Together: Envisioning a Data-Driven, Ideal Care System

An Ideal Care System should incorporate fundamental elements of control engineering, such as effective and data-driven sensing, computation, actuation, and feedback.
A multidisciplinary response to commercial sexual exploitation of children.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is associated with child abuse, neglect, poverty, homelessness, and societal causes. Sex trafficking is the participation in commercial sex acts in which force, fraud, or coercion occur. This article discusses the scope of CSEC and sex trafficking, and the necessary identification skills and medical evaluations needed to help these patients. Copyright (C) 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Language: en
Formation of abnormal dual‐peak profiles in large tilt angle boron implantation

Large tilt angle (LTA) implantation has been employed in Si manufacturing processes in many applications, such as lightly doped drain and halo implant. The depth profile of boron ions usually consists of only single peak at incident angle of 0° with respect to the perpendicular of the silicon surface. However, an abnormal dual-peak profile was observed at LTA (>40°) with incident energy of 160 keV. By using a Monte Carlo method to simulate the ion implant process, it was found that the projected range of boron ions agrees completely with the formation of the first peak position that is shallower in depth, while the cause for the second peak that corresponds with a depth much deeper in the Si substrate was unknown. During the simulation, it was also found that when the tilt angle was increased, the sputtering yields and Si displacements increased significantly, and this phenomenon indicates that during LTA implantation, Si damage may not be negligible anymore. The Si damage effect that was as due to either low Si density or transient Si displacement in the simulation could have led to partial incident boron ions penetrating much deeper into the Si substrate and thus, caused the emergence of the second peak. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addiction to Coupling of the Warburg Effect with Glutamine Catabolism in Cancer Cells

Metabolic reprogramming is critical to oncogenesis, but the emergence and function of this profound reorganization remain poorly understood. Here we find that cooperating oncogenic mutations drive large-scale metabolic reprogramming, which is both intrinsic to cancer cells and obligatory for the transition to malignancy. This involves synergistic regulation of several genes encoding metabolic enzymes, including the lactate dehydrogenases LDHA and LDHB and mitochondrial glutamic pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2). Notably, GPT2 engages activated glycolysis to drive the utilization of glutamine as a carbon source for TCA cycle anaplerosis in colon cancer cells. Our data indicate that the Warburg effect supports oncogenesis via GPT2-mediated coupling of pyruvate production to glutamine catabolism. Although critical to the cancer phenotype, GPT2 activity is dispensable in cells that are not fully transformed, thus pinpointing a metabolic vulnerability specifically associated with cancer cell progression to malignancy.
Hayek’s Constitution of Liberty —a guarded retrospective

Hayek’s Constitution of Liberty is justly regarded as making a comprehensive case for the protection of individual liberty against excessive government intrusion. But even as its ends are correct, its analysis of key conceptions of equality, coercion and monopoly is incomplete because of Hayek’s refusal to adopt a consistent theoretical framework that accounts for the difference between formal and substantive forms of regulation, on the one hand, and why the refusal to deal is critical in competitive markets but subject to regulation in monopolistic ones. His deep skepticism about central planning rests upon an overbroad account of collective ignorance that unwisely understates the dangers of self-interest in collective deliberations. That weakness then leads him to exhibit an excessive skepticism toward written constitutions on both matters of structure and individual rights, which in turn leads him toward undue deference to economic regulation of the economy.