cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coastwise transport reconsidered: lateral displacements in oblique subduction zones, and tectonic consequences

Coastwise transport (margin-parallel displacement of arc and forearc slivers) is a common feature of zones of oblique subduction today, but at rates that rarely exceed a few tens of kilometers per million year. Paleomagnetic studies strongly indicate that coastwise transport in the North American Cordillera went on (during Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary time) at rates several times higher than this. Other studies have shown that obliquity is commonly partitioned between oblique subduction and coastwise transport of a detached sliver of over-riding crust. The analysis developed here indicates that, in the absence of a buttress (a physical impediment to sliver motion at its leading edge), sliver motion should obey the relationship tan (pφ) = R tan Δ[1(1 − R2 sin2 Δ)]12 where φ is the angle of obliquity, Δ is the angle of subduction, and R = rfrs is the ratio of resistance to slip on strike-slip faults cutting the over-riding plate to resistance to slip on the subduction zone. In this equation p is a partitioning factor; 0 < p < 1, where p = 1 implies oblique subduction and no sliver motion, and p = 0 is the case in which the sliver moves at velocity V sin φ, equivalent to the transverse component of relative motion. Rates of coastwise transport calculated from this relationship are systematically too high, presumably indicating that most modern subduction zones are buttressed. Key factors in the buttress effect are (1) the greater strength of oceanic vs. continental lithosphere and (2) the energy required to thicken continental crust. Large-scale tectonic transport in the North American Cordillera probably was the result of a combination of favorable factors: long-continued, highly oblique convergence, and a plate-margin geometry that avoided the buttress problem.
Female Circumcision: Toward an Inclusive Practice of Care

Female circumcision is a cultural tradition that includes cutting of female genitals without medical necessity. Over 130 million girls and women have been circumcised globally. This article reports on partial findings from a qualitative study that examined the lives of Somali Muslim women who were circumcised. A reoccurring theme of resentment toward North American health care practitioners who condemn the women for having experienced the practice of circumcision in their birth country was found. Discussion will include the physical and social stigma, the complex legal aspects, and ways to deal with female circumcision in a culturally competent manner.
XAnimate: an educational tool for robot graphical simulation

XAnimate has been developed at The Ohio State University to provide portable graphical simulation capabilities at no cost. XAnimate's graphical user interface, C library of functions, and a set of predefined objects enable users to easily display animated wireframe images or solid color objects for robotics systems of any topological structure. The use of X Windows and C allows the package to be ported to almost any Unix system.
Unexplained hyperglycemia in continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: evaluation and treatment.

Purpose The purpose of this review study was to determine and categorize common causes of intermittent hyperglycemia and suggest potential measures to prevent and treat the identified causes. Methods A literature review was conducted to obtain relevant information on hyperglycemia and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Medical departments from Novo/Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, and Sanofi/Aventis were contacted requesting information on their insulin temperature stability, the compatibility of insulin with insulin/pump reservoirs, and tubing sets/catheters. Endocrinologists, Certified Diabetes Educators, and pump manufacturing company trainers were interviewed for their clinical observations and to determine the incidence of reported hyperglycemia and relationships to pump failures. Results Causes of intermittent hyperglycemia in CSII patients included problems with mechanical evaluation of the pump, basal/bolus review, reservoir/tubing, catheter site selection/placement, and insulin compatibility/stability. Conclusions As more patients and health care providers strive to improve control of diabetes, use of insulin pump therapy will continue to increase. Unexplained hyperglycemia will continue to occur, which can lead to increased health care costs due to complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Evaluation of patient techniques and pump programming can uncover many potential causes, and the health care provider can assist in patient education to prevent further episodes.
Excitation, Control, and Cooling of Ignitron Tubes

APPLICATION DATA for mercury pool tubes or tanks must include information covering rectifier capacity, control characteristics, excitation requirements, losses, cooling requirements, and other essential characteristics.
Ultrastructural evidence of mature leydig cells and leydig cell regression in the neonatal human testis

The neonatal period in male development is characterized by an acute rise in serum testosterone, which peaks at 2 to 3 months of age. The purpose of this study is to examine the neonatal human testicular interstitium at 4 months for evidence of Leydig cell maturation, as well as any morphological criteria relating to the fate of Leydig cells during this period, specifically, for signs of cell regression. Leydig cells are described with impressive development of the steroid secreting apparatus, which are consistent with the mature Leydig cells found during early fetal development and in the adult. The outstanding feature of these cells is the “organelle association” of extensive, anastamosing tubules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), pleomorphic mitochondria with a component of tubular cristae, and abundant microperoxisomes associated with the SER. Well-developed Golgi elements, regionalized RER, and diverse cell inclusions are also characteristics of these cells. Reinke crystals and paracrystalline inclusions are absent. Gap junctions are common in this system and are notable in the asymmetric nature of the adjacent cytoplasmic components. These findings provide a morphologic correlate to the reported neonatal phase of testosterone production in man. Intermediate forms of Leydig cells are described with “organelle associations” including decreased SER with increased lipid droplets, and decreased SER with prominent cytoplasmic filaments and/or dramatic mitochondrial changes supportive of mitochondrial involution. Cells consistent with immature Leydig cells are also present. The rather impressive diversity in cell morphology present during this time frame of 4 months, slightly past the peak in testosterone production, provides evidence of Leydig cell regression and a continuity of the mature neonatal Leydig cells with the immature Leydig cells of childhood (Prince, 1984). There is also some evidence of cell degeneration. Although the developmental history of Leydig cells has been described for years as biphasic, it is time to view Leydig cell development in man as a triphasic event, fetal, neonatal, and pubertal.
SAR ADC using single-capacitor pulse width to analog converter based DAC

This work presents a SAR ADC using single-capacitor pulse width to analog converter based DAC. In the proposed scheme, the single-capacitor DAC is realized by partially charging or discharging the sampling capacitor with a DC reference current. The charge and discharge time is determined by the pulse width of the control signal. As a result, a SAR ADC can be realized by using a single-capacitor, current source, current mirror, comparator, and control logic, which can significantly reduce the circuit area and simplifies the switch control scheme compared to conventional SAR ADCs using capacitor DACs. A 6-bit SAR ADC is designed using CMOS 0.35µm technology where the operation is verified through circuit level simulations.
Martian magnetic morphology: Contributions from the solar wind and crust

[1] Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Magnetometer (MAG) data provide constraints on magnetic morphology at Mars, including the relative importance of the solar wind and of crustal magnetic sources. We analyze MAG data to characterize the upstream interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and confirm trends in the magnetic field expected from the solar wind interaction with a planetary atmosphere, including increases at the shock and magnetic pile-up boundary (MPB), postshock turbulence, and field line draping around the Martian obstacle. Crustal magnetic sources locally modify the solar wind interaction, adding variability to the Martian magnetic environment that depends on planetary rotation. We identify trends in the vector magnetic field with respect to altitude, solar zenith angle, and planetary location. Crustal sources influence the magnetic field to different altitudes above different regions, and the influence of the strongest source extends to 1300–1400 km. The draped IMF partially controls the field topology above crustal sources, and crustal magnetic field lines reconnect to this field in a systematic fashion that depends upon Mars' geography, IMF strength, and IMF orientation.
To Cut or NoCut in mitosis

During mitosis, several morphologically distinct events must occur in the right order. For example, chromosome segregation must be complete before cytokinesis. Two papers on this mitotic coordination, one by Norden et al. and the other by Mendoza et al., stirred a memory of a discussion that I had with my graduate mentor, Professor Mitsuhiro Yanagida.
Crude and Hydrocarbon Measurement Technologies

The paper talks about the principles and applications of current and emerging crude and hydrocarbon flow measurement technologies. It highlights the applications of flow metering technologies, in the world and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Emphasis is put on better precision and higher accuracy in volumetric and mass custody and royalty transfer through put measurement, of crude and hydrocarbon fluids. Through finer precision and higher accuracy, when applied to exports and domestic consumption, proper accountability can be achieved and tremendous cost savings realized. We cannot be held accountable for what we can not measure. Topics of presentation consist of the science of measurement, application of current and emerging technologies in the of hydrocarbon measurements and the proactive role Saudi Aramco is playing in this research and application. The technologies that will be briefly discussed are, the use of the master meter in certifying crude and product meter provers as an applied technology and its comparison in accuracy to conventional methods of meter prover certification. Other consist of the principles and sciences of gas flow measurement, the various water- incrude detection instruments, currently under research in Saudi Aramco and the application and viability to custody measurement, where accuracy is far more stringent than that of process condition, of the new mass and hellicoidal flow meters.
Laplace random effects models for interlaboratory studies

A model is introduced for measurements obtained in collaborative interlaboratory studies, comprising measurement errors and random laboratory effects that have Laplace distributions, possibly with heterogeneous, laboratory-specific variances. Estimators are suggested for the common median and for its standard deviation. We provide predictors of the laboratory effects, and of their pairwise differences, along with the standard errors of these predictors. Explicit formulas are given for all estimators, whose sampling performance is assessed in a Monte Carlo simulation study.
An Experiment Using NSCAT Winds in the Numerical Prediction of Tropical Mesoscale Rainfall Systems under the influence of terrain

The rich mesoscale information in NSCAT winds over tropical coastal regions is used in numerical simulations of two June 1997 monsoonal cases occurring over Taiwan. It is shown that transient NSCAT mesoscale information over a localized area as small as 120 km × 240 km can result in significant improvement in the 24 h heavy rainfall forecast due to its effect on monsoonal convection and terrain effects.
Novel synthesis of [1-11C]γ-vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid ([1–11C]GVG) for pharmacokinetic studies of addiction treatment

γ-Vinyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (GVG, Vigabatrin®), a suicide inhibitor of GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), has been suggested as a new drug for the treatment of substance abuse. In order to better understand its pharmacokinetics and potential side effects, we have developed a radiosynthesis of carbon-11 (t1/2=20 min) labeled GVG for positron emission tomographic (PET) studies. We report here a novel synthetic strategy to prepare the precursor and to efficiently label GVG with C-11. 5-Bromo-3-(carbobenzyloxy)amino-1-pentene was synthesized in five steps from homoserine lactone, including reduction and methylenation. This was used in a one-pot, two-step radiosynthesis. Displacement of bromide with no-carrier-added [11C]cyanide followed by acid hydrolysis afforded [1-11C]GVG with decay corrected radiochemical yields of 27±9% (n=6, not optimized) with respect to [11C]cyanide in a synthesis time of 45 min. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cartographies of becoming in education: a Deleuze-Guattari perspective, edited by Diana Masny

The publication of Cartographies of Becoming in Education: A Deleuze-Guattari Perspective, edited by Diana Masny, proves timely considering the current swarm of Deleuzoguattarian concepts activatin...
The electrical properties of plutonium oxides

Abstract Preliminary measurements have been made on the electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power of plutonium oxide in the composition range of PuO 1.70 to PuO 2.00 from 20 to 1000° C. The normal PuO 2− x composition which results from the vacuum sintering of PuO 2 has been shown to exhibit p-type conductivity at room temperature. This changes on heating to n-type which is characteristic of oxygen deficient PuO 2− tx . Room temperature resistivity and low temperature activation energy varies directly with oxygen content. The activation energy for electronic conduction for PuO 2− x is 0.52 eV over a wide range of oxygen content, while the intrinsic activation energy for PuO 2 is 1.8 eV.
Nutrigenomics in Arma chinensis: Transcriptome Analysis of Arma chinensis Fed on Artificial Diet and Chinese Oak Silk Moth Antheraea pernyi Pupae

Background The insect predator, Arma chinensis, is capable of effectively controlling many pests, such as Colorado potato beetle, cotton bollworm, and mirid bugs. Our previous study demonstrated several life history parameters were diminished for A. chinensis reared on an artificial diet compared to a natural food source like the Chinese oak silk moth pupae. The molecular mechanisms underlying the nutritive impact of the artificial diet on A. chinensis health are unclear. So we utilized transcriptome information to better understand the impact of the artificial diet on A. chinensis at the molecular level.
Effect of adrenal cortical extract on the blood picture and serum proteins of fowl.

Conclusions1. White Leghorn laying hens injected subcutaneously with aqueous adrenal cortical extract, showed leucopenia, absolute and relative lymphopenia and absolute and relative increase in granulocytes attributable mainly to heterophils. The effects were maximal at 3 hours and the blood picture returned to normal by the end of 24 hours.2. New Hampshire Red non-laying pullets injected with ACE displayed similar changes with the exception of leucopenia which was masked by increase in polymorphonuclear cells.3. ACE therapy produced no statistically significant increase in total serum protein or serum globulin levels. However, a trend toward increase in total serum protein, accompanied by lymphopenia, is indicated for the majority of the individual birds studied.
Tropane alkaloid production in Datura stramonium suspension cultures: elicitor and precursor effects.

The effects of elicitation, carbon, and nitrogen sources, and precursors on cell growth and tropane alkaloid production in Datura stramonium cell cultures were studied. D. Stramonium cell cultures responded very well to elicitors in the late exponential phase. Addition of cell wall fragments of Phytophotora megasperma (Pmg) enhanced the final tropane alkaloid yield by fivefold compared with control culture. Supply of carbon culture. Supply of carbon and nitrogen sources, at a ratio (C/N) of up to 70, to cell cultures in the early stationary phase, suppressed tropane alkaloid production; whereas C/N rations beyond about 100 increased the final product yield by more than 100% compared to that of the control experiment. Total alkaloid production in the cell culture supplemented with phenylalanine and ornithine was five times higher that that in the control culture. Higher rations of tropine to tropic acid also stimulated alkaloid production. At a ratio of 20, the productivity was seven times higher that that in the control culture. Adding precursors at high concentrations (e.g., 3 to 10 mM) to the cell culture reduced the final cell yield by less than 40%, while elicitation did not affect the cell yield. On the other hand, cell yield in the cultures supplemented with carbon and nitrogen sources was influenced by the C/N ratio. The highest cell yield was obtained at C/N = 70. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanisms of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine and endogenous peptides on a neuromuscular preparation in the snail,Helix aspersa

1. The pharyngeal retractor muscle (PRM) responds to nerve stimulation with excitatory junction potentials and graded action potentials. 2. Low concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) increase the rate of relaxation after a contraction with no effect on the duration of the electrical response. 5-HT at these concentrations also increases the electrical excitability and action potential amplitude in the PRM. 3. High concentrations of 5-HT (above 10−6 M) inhibit the amplitude of both the mechanical and electrical responses of the PRM to nerve stimulation. This effect appears to be mediated by an increase in PRM membrane conductance. 4. The effects of small cardioactive peptide (SCP) on the mechanical and electrical responses of the PRM to nerve stimulation are essentially identical to those of low concentrations of 5-HT. 5. Large cardioactive peptides (LCP) potentiate the amplitude of the mechanical response of the PRM to sub-maximal nerve stimulation by increasing the amplitude of the electrical response. The action of LCP appears to be post-synaptic and may be mediated by an increase in the membrane resistance of PRM fibres.
Nuclear Overhauser effect study and assignment of D stem and reverse-Hoogsteen base pair proton resonances in yeast tRNAAsp

Abstract Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) in yeast tRNAAsp were found for all four GU and G psi base pairs. NOEs of both reverse-Hoogsteen pairs were identified by comparison with a purine C8 deuterated sample. Several NOEs involving these resonances were also found which are clearly between single protons on adjacent base pairs. These interbase NOEs, combined with the assumption of reasonable similarity between the structure of yeast tRNAAsp and that of yeast tRNAPhe, lead to unambiguous assignment of many resonances including all the ring NH and C2 protons in the D stem. The stability of the stem at 28 degrees C, as recently deduced by Moras et al (Nature 288 669-674), from x-ray diffraction is confirmed. Assignments of the ring NH resonances of T54-A58 and of a G psi pair are made for the first time.
Luminance Level and Onset Sequence of a Pre- and Post-Exposure Adapting Field Affects Recognition of Masked and Unmasked Stimuli:

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the luminance level of a pre-/post-exposure field and onset sequence of a post-exposure field on briefly exposed visual stimuli for 13 male and 13 female undergraduate college students. Results showed that identification of a briefly exposed informational test stimulus as well as masking effects (the minimum interval between an informational test stimulus and non-informational backward visual noise mask) were both influenced by the luminance of the pre-exposure field and onset sequence of the post-exposure field.
Simultaneous Requirement of Carbon Dioxide and Abscisic Acid for Stomatal Closing in Xanthium strumarium L.

Open stomata of detached leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. closed only when carbon dioxide and abscisic acid (ABA) were presented simultaneously. Three parameters of stomatal closing were determined after additions of ABA to the irrigation water of detached leaves, while the leaves were exposed to various CO2 concentrations ([CO2]s) in the air; a) the delay between addition of ABA and a reduction of stomatal conductance by 5%, b) the velocity of stomatal closing, and c) the new conductance. Changes in all three parameters showed that stomatal responses to ABA were enhanced by CO2; this effect followed saturation kinetics. Half saturation occurred at an estimated [CO2] in the stomatal pore of 200 μl l-1. With respect to ABA, stomata responded in normal air with half their maximal amplitude at [ABA]s between 10-6 and 10-5 M(+-)-ABA. The amounts of ABA taken up by the leaves during the delay increased with a power <1 (on the average, 0.67) of the [ABA] in the transpiration stream. The minimal amount of ABA found to produce a stomatal response was about 1 pmol of (+-)-ABA per cm2 leaf area, almost two orders of magnitude smaller than the original content of the leaves in ABA indicating that most of the endogenous ABA was in a compartment isolated from the guard cells. An interaction between stomatal responses to CO2 and ABA was also found in Gossypium hirsutum L. and Commelina communis L.; it was however much weaker than in X. strumarium. Based on earlier findings and on the results of this investigation it is suggested that stomata close if the cytoplasm of the guard cells contains much malate and H+. The acid content in turn is determined by the relative rates of production of malic acid (from endogenous as well as exogenous CO2) and its removal (by transport of the anion into the vacuole and exchange of the H+ for K+ with the environment of the guard cells). The simultaneous requirement of CO2 and ABA for stomatal closure leads to the inference that ABA inhibits the expulsion of H+ from guard cells.
Effects of partial ischaemia and volume loading on myocardial efficiency and cardiac performance in dogs.

Aims and methods: To determine whether volume loading may be beneficial for the performance of ischaemic heart, myocardial ischaemia was created by partial occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) to reduce the blood flow to 30 |40% of basal level in 11 open chest anaesthetised dogs. Global left ventricular function as well as regional performance were studied under four different levels of volume loading, euvolemia (EUVO), hypervolemia (HYPER), normovolemia and hypovolemia. Results: Left ventricular dP /d t and cardiac output were decreased significantly during partial occlusion (3511.26425.2 mmHg / s and 0.960.1 max l / min) compared with pre-occlusion (4486.56419.2 mmHg / s and 1.360.1 l / min) (P,0.05). Cardiac work was also lowered during partial occlusion (75.465.2 vs. 106.562.4 mmHg3l / min) (P,0.05). During volume loading, cardiac output and work were elevated (1.260.2 l / min and 94.065.4 mmHg3l / min) compared with EUVO (P,0.05). Local contractile dysfunction occurred in the LAD region after partial occlusion. There were no significant differences of dysfunction between any conditions of volume loading. Percentage shortening of the LAD region was decreased during partial occlusion (8.361.1 vs. 25.062.7%) and also was higher in HYPER (13.562.6%) than that in EUVO (P,0.05). Partial occlusion and different conditions of volume loading did not significantly change the force and local work in the LAD region. Myocardial O consumption (MVO ) in LAD region was decreased during partial occlusion with 22 different levels of volume loading (P,0.05). Local myocardial efficiency (work / MVO ) was increased during partial occlusion compared 2 with pre-occlusion (941.3656.2 vs. 551.0665.5 g3mm / ml O / min / 100 g, P,0.05) and was also higher in HYPER (1208.6648.4 2 g3mm / ml O / min / 100 g) than that in EUVO (P,0.05). Local systolic work was decreased during partial occlusion compared with 2 pre-occlusion (9.561.5 vs. 14.261.3 g 3mm / beat), whereas local myocardial systolic mechanical efficiency was increased (496.3645.7 vs. 667.2639.8 g3mm / ml O / min / 100 g). There were no significant changes of local systolic work and local systolic myocardial 2 efficiency between different volume loading, although they tend to be elevated with increasing volume loading. Conclusion: Increase of blood volume by 15% improved the impaired global performance caused by partial occlusion of the LAD in open-chest dogs. This improvement was not accompanied by further dysfunction or increased MVO of ischaemic myocardium, and therefore might be 2 beneficial without causing further damage to the insulted myocytes. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Animal Models of Varicella

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is highly species-specific and has been demonstrated to naturally infect only humans and great apes. Simian varicella, a group of antigenically related agents distinct from VZV, infects cercopithecoids producing severe varicella-like disease but does not infect humanoids. Seroconversion following inoculation of VZV in small laboratory animals has been demonstrated in the rat, rabbit, and guinea pig; however, animal-to-animal spread, viremia, and exanthem have been demonstrated only in guinea pigs. Both humoral and cellular immune responses to VZV infection have also been examined in the guinea pig model. Ocular infection with VZV has been explored in both the guinea pig and rabbit. Animal models of VZV persistence have been elusive although persistence may be established in the rat.
Characterization of capacitive array for NDE applications

Abstract We have developed a capacitive array sensor which responds to the complex dielectric constant of an interrogated material. The sensor requires only single-sided access and operates in a differential mode for detection of discontinuities in the relative dielectric constant, e r , or in the absolute mode where the interest is in absolute quantities. The device in general is noncontacting but can be fabricated as an embedded sensor. Various proof-of-concept studies have been performed to explore possible applications of the device. In the differential mode, small surface features (notches) were detected in a conductor; in dielectrics, both surface and subsurface features were detected. The probe was sensitive to change in impedance caused by a curing epoxy, viewed through a graphite-epoxy composite panel. A study was performed to assess the use of the probe for noncontact characterization of sintering of ceramics. In this (absolute) mode, the effects of liftoff and dielectric constant must be separa...
Effects of tropical convection on the predictability of the Sahel summer rainfall interannual variability

Tropical convection as inferred from OLR, and global SST, are used as predictor fields in separate canonical correlation analysis (CCA) experiments. The experiments are based on 43-year (1955-98) observed SST data and 20-year (1979-98) OLR record. The aim is to study the role of tropical convection in improving the predictions of the interannual variability of the Sahel summer rainfall. Forecast skills for OLR and SST predictor fields are estimated using a cross-validation scheme. Average region-wide correlation skill for OLR is 0.368, which is slightly higher than skill for SST based on a 43-year record (0.308). However, much of the skill in the latter is associated with long term trends. Skill for OLR outperforms significantly that of SST based on a 20-year historical record. Hindcasts for the Jul-Sep Sahel rainfall in 1997 and 1999 show an improvement over SST in the predictions of the interannual variability where OLR is used as predictor field.
A Note on Political Risk and the Required Return on Foreign Direct Investment

This note analyzes the impact of political risk on investors' required return and the multinational corporation's cost of capital on foreign direct investment using the basic diversifiable-nondiversifiable dichotomy of portfolio theory. Whether or not a particular political risk affects the value of a multinational corporation through its cost of capital depends on whether the risk is related to investors' relevant market portfolios. We provide a numerical example that illustrates the potential impact of political risk on required return.
Gaseous lon mobility in electric fields of arbitrary strength

Abstract The first rigorous kinetic theory of ion mobility in neutral gases, valid for electric fields of arbitrary strength without restriction on the ion-neutral mass ratio or interaction potential, is presented. The theory is based on the use of a set of basis functions in which the ions are allowed to have a temperature different from that of the neutral gas. The convergence of a series of approximations for the mobility is good, and the resulting expressions are not expansions in powers of the field strength. In lowerst approximation, the equation for the mobility is nearly the same as that obtained from an approximate free-flight theory, except for the appearance of an effective temperature in the diffusion, or momentum-transfer, collision integral. This difference is the crucial point that allows experimental measurements of ion mobility as a function of field strength to be used to obtain information on ion-neutral potentials. Data on K+ ions in He, Ne, and Ar are analyzed as an example; the range of effective temperatures is approximately 100 to 20,000°K. At high effective temperatures the results agree with similar information obtained from the scattering of ion beams in gas targets.
The gendered nature of career related learning experiences: A social cognitive career theory perspective

Abstract The learning experiences questionnaire (LEQ; Schaub & Tokar, 2005 ) was used to examine learning experiences as they relate to SCCT ( Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994 ) across the Holland (1997) RIASEC typology. In particular, differences in men’s and women’s career related learning experiences were examined. A sample of 319 undergraduates at a public Midwestern university completed an online survey. Gender differences were observed in reported levels of some learning experiences; similar to prior findings for self-efficacy and interests, women reported more learning experiences in the Social domain, and men reported more experiences in the Realistic and Investigative domains. Results also supported that more reported learning experiences in a given domain relate to higher self-efficacy and outcome expectations in that domain.
The microwave spectrum and molecular conformation of peroxynitric acid (HOONO2)

Abstract The rotational spectrum of peroxynitric acid has been investigated in the 40- to 120-GHz region. The spectrum of the ground state is complicated by tunneling of the OH group, which causes a doubling of the asymmetric rotor spectrum. The magnitude of the tunneling splitting is such that it causes Coriolis interactions between the energy levels of the two tunneling states which lead to perturbations in the rotational spectrum. A combined analysis of the a - and b -type pure rotational transitions with the c -type tunneling transitions allows a perturbation-free determination of the rotational constants for the ground state. A similar analysis of the low-lying NO 2 torsional vibration at 145(6) cm −1 has also been carried out. The dipole moments for each state have been determined by analysis of the second-order Stark effect. The molecular structure analysis indicates that all the heavy atoms are planar and only the hydrogen atom is out of the heavy atom plane. The preferred orientation of the hydrogen atom with respect to the plane of the heavy atoms is at an angle ∼106° with respect to the cis conformation.
Treating Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction With Hypertonic Saline Administered After Coronary Occlusion in Pigs

Objective(s): The effects of hypertonic saline on ventricular function are controversial, whether it is increasing contractility or preload. There are no data, however, on the influence of hypertonic saline in a stunned myocardium. Design: This study was prospective and randomized in order to analyze the effects of hypertonic saline solution (7.5%) on myocardial function and systemic hemodynamics in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion. Setting: A university teaching hospital, animal research laboratory. Participants: Twelve adult domestic swine. Interventions: Myocardial stunning was produced by the complete occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending artery for 15 minutes followed by reperfusion. Five minutes after reperfusion, the animals were assigned to receive 4 mL/kg of hypertonic saline (n = 7) or normal saline (n = 5) over 10 minutes. Pressure-tipped catheters were placed in the left ventricular cavity and aorta. The dimensions of the left ventricle were measured with ultrasonic microcrystals. Cardiac output was measured with transit time ultrasound. Data were recorded continuously and compared before the occlusion, 5 minutes after reperfusion, and at the end of the infusion. Measurements and Main Results: Compared with baseline, ventricular function was significantly depressed after left anterior descending artery occlusion. Left ventricular dP/dT and its end-systolic pressure-volume slope decreased (38% and 52%, respectively; p Conclusions: After transient myocardial ischemia, hypertonic saline administered over a short period of time acts as an inodilator by increasing contractility while simultaneously lowering systemic vascular resistance.
Ileo-caecal arterio-venous malformation associated with extrahepatic portal hypertension: a case report.

This paper is a case report describing a boy with Down syndrome and a novel combination of multiple vascular anomalies: extrahepatic portal hypertension, an arterio-venous malformation (AVM) at the ileo-caecal junction, and caval/iliac vein anomalies and developing anal bleeding. We considered that the ileo-caecal AVM would be one of the causes of the repeated hematochezia. The patient underwent ileo-caecal resection with the AVM, and anastomosis of the left external iliac vein and the jejunal branch vein because of the stenosis of the superior mesenteric vein (Clatworthy mesocaval shunt). Intraoperative portal pressure measurement at the site of the right colic vein showed a moderate pressure reduction (42.5–31.5 cm H2O). On the fourth month after operation, gastrointestinal fiberscopy showed no existence of esophageal varices. One year after operation, the patient was doing well without bleeding.
Does the sequence of instruction matter during simulation

INTRODUCTION Instructional strategies must be balanced when subjecting students to full-immersion simulation so as not to discourage learning and increase cognitive overload. The purpose of this study was to determine if participating in a simulation exercise before lecture yielded better performance outcomes among novice learners. METHODS Twenty-nine participants were divided into 2 groups as follows: group 1 participated in simulation exercises followed by a didactic lecture and group 2 participated in the same learning activities presented in the opposite order. Participants were administered a multiple-choice cognitive assessment upon completion of a workshop. RESULTS Learners who participated in the simulated exercises followed by the didactic lecture performed better on postassessments as compared with those who participated in the simulation after the lecture. A repeated-measures or nested analysis of variance generated statistically significant results in terms of model fit F (α=0.05; 4.54)=176.07 with a P<0.0001. Despite their higher levels of increased performance, 76% of those who participated in simulation activities first indicated that they would have preferred to participate in a lecture first. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that differences occur among learners when the sequencing of instructional components is altered. Learners who participated in simulation before lecture demonstrated increased knowledge compared with learners who participated in simulation after a lecture.
Hydrogenolysis of alcohols: II. Reduced nickel oxide—Its intrinsic acidity and catalytic activity in the conversion of alcohols to ethers

Abstract The reactions of primary aliphatic alcohols over reduced nickel oxide catalysts were studied in a micropulse reactor at 160–200 ° at atmospheric pressure and in the presence of a flow of hydrogen. The nickel catalyst, which was obtained from nickel hydroxide by precipitating nickel nitrate with ammonia followed by calcination at 500 °, contained after reduction with hydrogen at 300–400 °, 3 to 1.5% nickel oxide. The reduced nickel oxide is an effective catalyst for converting alcohols to the corresponding ethers with a selectivity up to 80%. The other reactions are dehydrogenation of alcohols to aldehydes, reductive dehydroxylation, and reductive dehydroxymethylation. The formation of ethers from alcohols is attributed to intrinsic acidic sites of the nickel catalyst. The acidic sites are ascribed to the presence of nickel oxide in the catalyst. The presence in the catalyst of 0.05 wt % of sodium ions in the catalyst inhibits the formation of ethers, while the dehydrogenation and reductive dehydroxymethylation become the main reactions.
Preparation of optically active trifluoromethylated (3′-indolyl) thiacarboxylic acids, novel plant growth regulators, through lipase-catalyzed enantioselective hydrolysis

Among a variety of lipases tested, that obtained from Candida antarctica (SP 435) induced enantioselective hydrolysis of trifluoroethyl 5,5,5-trifluoro-4-(3'-indolyl)-3-thiapentanoate (1c). The selectivity could be increased by optimizing the reaction conditions. Thus, good selectivity was achieved (E = 37) in a buffer containing 10% dichloroethane. In order to improve the optical yields, a sequential kinetic resolution was utilized for the preparative-scale enantioselective hydrolysis of 1c using SP 435. Hydrolysis of trifluoroethyl 6,6,6-trifluoro-5-(3'-indolyl)-4-thiahexanoate (2c) with the lipase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (LIP) in a buffer containing 20% tert-amyl alcohol at 25 degrees C gave excellent selectivity (E=357).
Boron-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotide 14mer duplexes: enzymatic synthesis and melting studies

Abstract A set of three 14mer oligodeoxyribonucleotides of sequence d(5'-CTATGGCCTCAG*CT-3'/3'-GATACCGGAGTCGA-5') containing G* variants either as 2'-deoxyguanosine phosphate (unmodified), N7-cyanoborane 2'-deoxyguanosine phosphate (base-modified) or 2'-deoxyguanosine boranophosphate (backbone-modified) were synthesized by template-directed primer extension. Both the N7-cyanoborane 2'-deoxyguanosine triphosphate and 2'-deoxyguanosine alpha-boranotriphosphate nucleotides are good substrates for Sequenase. We infer that a single Sp boranophosphate linkage (which has a stereochemistry equivalent to the corresponding Rp thiophosphate analog) is formed in the backbone-modified 14mer. Thermally induced helix-coil transitions were monitored for the hybridized duplexes using UV and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The CD spectra of the two types of boron-modified hybrids closely resemble the unmodified parent duplex, forming B-type helices in 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM phosphate, pH 7.4, buffer. UV melting results indicate that both hybrids have stabilities comparable with the parent duplex as measured by Tm or delta G degree 25. These studies indicate that singly modified base- or backbone-boronated DNA are good analogs of normal DNA.
Language Barriers Surrounding Medication Use among Older Latinos

Limited English language proficiency forms a significant challenge for many Latinos in clinical settings. Although medications are commonly used by older individuals as a means of maintaining good health and managing health problems, the extent to which English proficiency is related to medication use among older Latinos is not known. Focus groups were conducted with Latino, community-residing individuals aged 50 and over in eastern Massachusetts. Qualitative evaluation of the group interviews suggests that language is a barrier in dealing with medication for these individuals. Limited English proficiency appears to be related to feelings of being discriminated against in clinical and pharmacy settings. As well, communicating directly with health professionals in a common language is associated with level of trust and confidence in medical settings. Use of formal and informal interpreters, as well as seeking Spanish-speaking physicians and pharmacies with Spanish-speaking staff, are identified as strategies for overcoming health-related obstacles surrounding language.
Comparison of the analytical characteristics of ten urinary hCG tests for early pregnancy diagnosis.

SUMMARY. A comparison of assay design, sensitivity and specificity is given for 10 urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) test kits for early pregnancy diagnosis. One slide test applies a polyclonal anti-hCG serum, while nine, more recently developed, tube and slide tests use one or more monoclonal antibodies toward intact hCG or its free subunits. Colour development for five immunoen­ zymetric (lEMA) 'sandwich' assays, or (haem/latex) agglutination (HA, LA)­ inhibition (HAl, LAJ) for the other systems provide assay sensitivities from lOaD-50 lU/L within 3-120 min. The 'best' slide-(i.e., LA, LAI), haem-(i.e., HA, HAl) and lEMA-tests detect respectively 500, 75 and 50 IU/L within 2,5, 120 and 3 min. Assay specificities (i.e., as false-positive and false-negative test results) are studied using intact hCG, hLH and their free a- and ~-subunits. The presented assays are improved, perform more sensitively at shorter reaction times with increased specificity, and may, therefore, establish pregnancy at an earlier stage . with greater reliability.
Preoperative and Intraoperative Risk Factors Associated With 30-Day Morbidity Following Urological Surgery: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

Purpose: The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was established in 1994 to measure and enhance of the quality of surgical care. Since its inception, 30-day postoperative morbidity after major surgery in the Veterans Administration has decreased by 45%. We performed a pilot study to assess risk factors associated with 30-day morbidity using National Surgical Quality Improvement Program indicators in a private setting.Materials and Methods: A total of 643 subjects were accrued by a trained surgical reviewer from our institution between December 2003 and December 2004. Patient preoperative, intraoperative and nonNational Surgical Quality Improvement Program data elements were abstracted from clinical records. Bivariate relationships between preoperative risk factors, intraoperative process measures and 30-day postoperative morbidity were determined. Multiple variable logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient preoperative and intraoperative risk factors associated with 30-day morbid...
Results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search at Soudan Underground Laboratory

We present results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search at Soudan Underground Laboratory for two‐tower arrays of detector. Twelve detectors were operated from March 25 to August 8, 2004, or 74.5 detector live days. Within expected background, no statistically significant indication of a WIMP signal was observed. Based on this null observation and combined with our previous results, we exclude a spin‐averaged WIMP‐nucleon interaction cross section above 1.6 × 10−43 cm2 for Ge detectors, and 3 × 1042 cm2 for Si detectors, for a WIMP mass 60 GeV/c2 with 90%C.L. This result constrains parameter space of minimal supersymmetric standard models (MSSM) and starts to reach the parameter space of a constrained model (CMSSM).
Femtosecond laser stabilization: time and frequency domain applications

Reducing noise in femtosecond laser systems becomes increasingly important as new applications are developed demanding improved levels of performance. Current stabilization techniques and applications from frequency metrology to coherent pulse synchronization will be discussed.
Complexes Formed in Solution by Homologs of Caffeine.*: Interactions Between p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and Ethyl, Propyl, and Butyl Derivatives of Theobromine, and Theophylline

The results show that the compounds investigated behave similarly in their interaction with p -hydroxybenzoic acid despite their differences in structure. The solubilities of the complexes formed, however, appear to be markedly dependent on the structure of the parent xanthines. Only one to one species are precipitated in the systems under the conditions employed. The suggestion is made, however, that soluble forms of higher order may be present in solution.
Stochastic constraints for efficient image correspondence search

The navigation state (position, velocity, and attitude) can be determined using optical measurements from an imaging sensor pointed toward the ground. Extracting navigation information from an image sequence depends on tracking the location of stationary objects in multiple images, which is generally termed the correspondence problem. This is an active area of research and many algorithms exist which attempt to solve this problem by identifying a unique feature in one image and then searching subsequent images for a feature match. In general, the correspondence problem is plagued by feature ambiguity, temporal feature changes, and occlusions which are difficult for a computer to address. Constraining the correspondence search to a subset of the image plane has the dual advantage of increasing robustness by limiting false matches and improving search speed. A number of ad hoc methods to constrain the correspondence search have been proposed in the literature. A rigorous stochastic projection method is developed here which constrains the correspondence search space by incorporating a priori knowledge of the aircraft navigation state using inertial measurements and a statistical terrain model. The stochastic projection algorithm is verified using Monte Carlo simulation and flight data. The constrained correspondence search area is shown to accurately predict the pixel location of a feature with an arbitrary level of confidence, thus promising improved speed and robustness of conventional algorithms
Destabilization of fluidized beds due to agglomeration part II: Experimental verification

The limiting fluidization-defluidization condition for fluidized beds of sticky particles has been studied experimentally in both low temperature beds in which defluidization occurs due to the presence of sticky fluids and in high temperature beds where agglomeration occurs due to sintering of the granules. The experimental results described herein as well as others taken from the literature are compared to the predictions of the theoretical model developed in Part I of this paper. On a etudie experimentalement la condition limite fluidisation-defluidisation dans le cas des lits fluidises de particules collantes dans les deux cas suivants: dans les lits a basse temperature dans lesquels la defluidisation se produit par suite de la presence de fluides adhesifs, et dans des lits a temperature elevee o-l'agglomeration est due du frittage des granules. On compare les resultats experimentaux decrits dans le present travail ainsi que ceux d'autres rapportes dans la litterature avec les previsions du modele theorique etabli dans la premiere partie de cet article.