cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining the Critical Elements of Just-In-Time Implementation

There are a limited number of papers dealing primarily with the implementation aspect of JIT. While the literature shows almost general agreement on the critical elements of JIT implementation, few empirical studies exist to support the proposed elements. The purpose of this study is to identify the elements of JIT implementation that are required to ensure successful implementation. A number of implementation elements were identified and subsequently grouped into a hierarchical structure consisting of four broader elements. Criteria were selected as measures of the level of implementation success. Analysis revealed that only a few of the identified elements were indeed required for successful JIT implementation.
Tunnel FET-based pass-transistor logic for ultra-low-power applications

Germanium-source tunnel-FET-based pass-transistor logic gates are proposed and benchmarked against conventional CMOS logic gates via mixed-mode simulations, for 15 nm L G . For low throughput applications (>100 ps gate delay), TPTL is advantageous for reductions in dynamic energy and leakage power.
Cosmological constant in supergravity

We construct an extension of pure supergravity which contains a cosmological term and a masslike term for the spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ field. Unlike another recent model which incorporates these features, that presented here is constructed from the usual spin-2, spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ fields alone.
Women's Career Plans and Maternal Employment∗:

Maternal employment, perceived maternal satisfaction and goodness of mothering, and sex role conceptions were studied as they relate to future life plans of college senior women. Twenty-five women in a working mother group and 26 in a nonworking mother group were administered the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women, the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire, the Inventory of Feminine Values, the Maternal Satisfaction and Maternal Goodness scales, and the Life Plan Questionnaire. Daughters of working mothers scored higher on career orientation (p < .01, Life Plan Questionnaire) than did daughters of nonworking mothers. High perceived maternal satisfaction and maternal goodness correlated with low career orientation for the nonworking sample (the averaged r across variable pairs = .48). For the working sample, perceived maternal dissatisfaction with feminine role values correlated significantly with higher career orientation (r = .42), while the other satisfaction measure showed no relation to career ori...
Reprogramming of keratin biosynthesis by sulforaphane restores skin integrity in epidermolysis bullosa simplex

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a rare inherited condition in which the epidermis loses its integrity after mechanical trauma. EBS is typified by the dysfunction of intermediate filaments in basal keratinocytes of epidermis. Most cases of EBS are due to mutations in the keratin 5 or 14 gene (K5 and K14), whose products copolymerize to form intermediate filaments in basal keratinocytes. Available treatments for this disorder are only palliative. Here we exploit functional redundancy within the keratin gene family as the basis for therapy. We show that genetic activation of Gli2 or treatment with a pharmacological activator of Nrf2, two transcription factors eliciting distinct transcriptional programs, alleviates the blistering caused by a K14 deficiency in an EBS mouse model, correlating with K17 induction in basal epidermal keratinocytes. Nrf2 induction is brought about by treatment with sulforaphane, a natural product. Sulforaphane thus represents an attractive option for the prevention of skin blistering associated with K14 mutations in EBS.
Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of 9-nitrocamptothecin hydrolysis at physiological pH in the presence and absence of human serum albumin

Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) hydrolysis reaction in the presence and absence of human serum albumin (HSA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of pH 7.4 was carried out by first derivative absorption spectroscopy. The thermodynamic parameters determined in these studies provided a mechanistic explanation toward the endothermic but yet thermodynamically favorable hydrolysis of 9NC at physiological temperature and pH. In the presence of HSA, the apparent rate constant of 9NC hydrolysis was 3–3.5 times higher than in 9NC solutions alone, whereas the apparent equilibrium constant of 9NC hydrolysis was found to increase at a higher extent in the presence of HSA than in PBS with increasing temperature, reaching almost complete hydrolysis of the 9NC to the 9NC-carboxylate at 315.15 K. Importantly, the Ea of the 9NC hydrolysis reaction in the presence of HSA was determined to be on average 17 kJ mol−1 lower than the Ea determined in plain PBS. Moreover, analysis of binding isotherms constructed for the HSA interaction with 9NC, using infinitely cooperative and independent binding models, demonstrated an incredibly higher binding constant for the 9NC-carboxylate form as compared to the very weak and concentration-dependent binding for the 9NC-lactone species at 310.15 K. Taken together, the preferential association of the carboxylate form with HSA and the lower Ea of 9NC hydrolysis in the presence of HSA provide a mechanistic explanation for the shift of lactone–carboxylate equilibria toward the carboxylate product under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 693–703, 2010
Linking the Rights of Peasants to the Right to Food in the United Nations

This article analyzes two convergent processes: (1) the increasing specification of the right to food in international law; and (2) the efforts of transnational agrarian social movements, notably Via Campesina, to have the United Nations adopt an instrument on the rights of peasants. Because one-seventh of humanity suffers from hunger and because the right to food has wide support among UN member states and is essential for the enjoyment of all other rights, it has become a magnet for diverse kinds of rights claims. Via Campesina has elaborated a draft instrument that has received growing attention in the UN Human Rights Council. Several of the claimed rights, however, are contentious and have generated opposition from powerful UN member states.
Fractal Characteristics of Tumor Vascular Architecture During Tumor Growth and Regression

Objective: Tumor vascular networks are different from normal vascular networks, but the mechanisms underlying these differences are not known. Understanding these mechanisms may be the key to impro...
Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement, Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women

Theacrine is a purine alkaloid found primarily in the leaves of the Camellia Kucha plant and is now included within dietary supplements. To compare the effects of a theacrine-containing dietary supplement with caffeine and placebo on energy and mood, as well as objective measures of cognitive performance, heart rate, and blood pressure, 10 healthy men (20.8 ± 0.7 years) and 10 healthy women (22.2 ± 1.1 years) ingested the dietary supplement TheaTrim (Purus Labs; containing a branded form of theacrine (Teacrine™) and caffeine (150 mg)), caffeine only (150 mg), or a placebo on three different days, separated by approximately one week. Before, and for up to 4 h following, ingestion of the assigned condition, subjects completed a subjective assessment of energy and mood, as well as tests of cognitive performance (trail making test (TMT), digit symbol substitution test (DSST)), and reaction time. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured. No condition or interaction effects were noted for TMT, DSST, or reaction time, despite a trend for improvement in selected variables with both TheaTrim and caffeine treatment. Condition effects or trends were noted for subjective feelings, with values for attentive, alert, focused, and energetic higher for TheaTrim than for placebo and caffeine, while values for lethargic and groggy were lower for TheaTrim than for placebo and caffeine. Heart rate and blood pressure were largely unaffected by treatment. These data indicate that TheaTrim treatment does not result in a statistically significant improvement in cognitive performance but may favorably impact multiple subjective feelings related to energy and mood.
Spatial social polarisation: using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes jointly for income and race/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension

Background Growing spatial social and economic polarisation may be an important societal determinant of health, but only a few studies have used the recently developed Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) to analyse the impact of joint concentrations of privilege and privation on health outcomes. We explore use of the ICE to investigate risk of hypertension in an urban, multiracial/ethnic, and predominantly working-class study population of US adults. Methods We generated novel ICE measures at the census tract level that jointly assess extreme concentrations of both income and racial/ethnic composition. We then linked the ICE measures to data from two observational, cross-sectional studies conducted in the Boston metropolitan area (2003–2004; 2008–2010; N=2145). Results The ICE measure for extreme concentrations of white compared with black residents was independently associated with lower odds of hypertension (OR=0.76; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.93), controlling for race/ethnicity, age, gender, smoking, body mass index, household income, education and self-reported exposure to racial discrimination. Even stronger associations were observed for the ICE measures that compared concentrations of high-income white residents versus low-income residents of colour (OR=0.61; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.96) and high-income white versus low-income black residents (OR=0.48; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.81). Conclusions Results suggest public health studies should explore the joint impact of racial/ethnic and economic spatial polarisation on population health.
Motivating Foremen on Large Construction Projects

Preliminary results on foremen motivation to produce are reported from a study designed to understand the factors reducing morale and productivity of the lower-level supervisors and craftsmen on large energy production construction projects. Group interviews with 35 foremen (pipefitters, electricians, carpenters) on five nuclear construction sites indicated that the most frequent productivity barrier experienced by these foremen was waiting for decisions, particularly from engineering. Waiting for decisions, materials, and tools and having to do work over because of design changes or errors reduced foremen motivation to produce. The foremen suggested a number of ways management could shorten decision turnaround time through decreasing the length of the communication chain between design engineers and the workforce and increasing the number of engineers. Other morale effects and suggestions are also included.
An Adolescent Parents’ Programme to Reduce Child Abuse

Teen pregnancy is a significant social, political and economic issue, and potential adverse outcomes for children of adolescent mothers include a higher incidence of low birth weight, prematurity, developmental delays, cognitive and behavioural deficits, and school failure. These children are also at a greater risk for abuse and neglect as well as intentional injury by their adolescent mothers. We evaluated child abuse reporting and the health outcomes for infants and their adolescent parents in Bellevue Hospital's Adolescent Parenting Program to assess whether better outcomes were achieved for mother-baby dyads in our adolescent mothers' groups compared to the general clinic and New York City populations. We found that those who completed a full year of the programme during 2011-12 had some significantly improved measures compared to those who did not, with fewer child abuse reports and more well-baby visits, more immunisations and earlier referral for developmental delays. There were additional health benefits for the adolescent mothers noted as well. We concluded that a specialised programme for high-risk adolescent mothers and their babies offers a number of benefits compared to standard separate care, but more research and funding are needed to tailor programmes to the unique needs of adolescent mothers in diverse social and educational contexts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Messages * Adolescent parents have increased risk for several adverse child health and development outcomes for their children, including child abuse and neglect. * An adolescent parenting programme focusing on simultaneous medical care for teen parents and their infants with multidisciplinary staff can provide important support and guidance to help teen parents improve their parenting skills. * Additional benefits of simultaneous care include improved child immunisation rates and developmental outcomes and decreased reported abuse and neglect. 'Adolescent parents have increased risk for several adverse child health and development outcomes for their children' 'We evaluated child abuse reporting and the health outcomes for infants and their adolescent parents in Bellevue Hospital's Adolescent Parenting Program' Language: en
Chapter 8 – Particle Tracking

A particle tracking (PT) code uses hydraulic conductivities, discretization, and simulated heads from a groundwater flow model, and user-supplied values of effective porosity, to calculate groundwater flowpaths and travel times. Velocities calculated at nodal points are interpolated to provide velocity values elsewhere in the problem domain; interpolation methods include linear, bilinear, trilinear, bicubic, or inverse distance methods. Imaginary particles are introduced into the flow field and tracked in continuous space. Two- and three-dimensional PT is executed with semianalytical, Euler integration, Taylor series expansion, or Runge-Kutta methods to generate flowpaths. Particle travel times can also be computed. PT helps visualize groundwater flow, delineates areas of contribution and capture zones, and simulates the advective transport of contaminants.
The effect of multi-level laminoplasty and laminectomy on the biomechanics of the cervical spine: a finite element study.

Laminectomy has been regarded as a standard treatment for multi-level cervical stenosis. Concern for complications such as kyphosis has limited the indication of multi-level laminectomy; hence it is often augmented with an instrumented fusion. Laminoplasty has emerged as a motion preserving alternative. The purpose of this study was to compare the multidirectional flexibility of the cervical spine in response to a plate-only open door laminoplasty, double door laminoplasty, and laminectomy using a computational model. A validated three-dimensional finite element model of a specimen-specific intact cervical spine (C2-T1) was modified to simulate each surgical procedure at levels C3-C6. An additional goal of this work was to compare the instrumented computational model to our multi-specimen experimental findings to ensure similar trends in response to the surgical procedures. Model predictions indicate that mobility was retained following open and double door laminoplasty with a 5.4% and 20% increase in flexion, respectively, compared to the intact state. Laminectomy resulted in 57% increase in flexion as compared to the intact state, creating a concern for eventual kyphosis - a known risk/complication of multi-level laminectomy in the absence of fusion. Increased disc stresses were observed at the altered and adjacent segments post-laminectomy in flexion.
Second-Order Vagueness in Law

Most of the philosophical literature on vagueness starts with the identification of the term whose vagueness is at issue -- tall, short, night, day, bald, tadpole, etc. But in legal interpretation an additional problem arises, because it is not always obvious which term in a legal text, or even which legal text, is the operative one. H.L.A. Hart's idea of a rule of recognition conceptualizes the way in which some second-order rule is necessary to identify which first-order rule is applicable to some form of conduct, but it is often the case that the second-order rule itself exhibits various forms of vagueness. When that is so, vagueness appears as a distinct problem with important but often unrecognized implications.
Strife among the Table-Fellows: Conflicting Attitudes of Early and Medieval Christians toward the Eating of Meat

La consommation de viande et l'ensemble des manieres de table interessaient largement les theologiens du Haut Moyen Age (moines, canonistes, hagiographes et inquisiteurs). D'un auteur a l'autre, on discute de la valeur accordee au fait de s'abstenir de consommer de la viande de maniere permanente. Il existe egalement des desaccords au sujet des aliments a ranger sous le terme de viande. Ces conceptions contradictoires sur la discipline alimentaire trouvent leur origine des les premiers temps chretiens. L'A. analyse sous le meme angle l'abstinence et les condamnations du refus de manger de la viande
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Hot-Spots on Ostwald Ripened Silver Nanoparticles Prepared by Galvanic Displacement

Silver particles grown on silicon in a galvanic displacement process undergo Ostwald ripening in which small particles merge into bigger ones. In this process the particles are shown by scanning electron microscopy to become smoother. Even though the surface area of the nanoparticles is halved on ripening, the Raman enhancement provided by them is at least five times higher than of the particles that did not undergo the ripening. In several regions, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the ripened particles resemble agglomerated colloids. In these regions the signal due to surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is greatly enhanced, suggesting that they are the SERS “hot spots”. The importance of boundaries formed between silver particles to the increased Raman signal is suggested.
Should She Switch? A Game-Theoretic Analysis of the Monty Hall Problem

(1999). Should She Switch? A Game-Theoretic Analysis of the Monty Hall Problem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 214-217.
On the Future of Information: Reunification, Computability, Adaptation, Cybersecurity, Semantics

The vulnerability of software and the Internet and the accumulation of unprocessed information in big data are serious problems in informatics. Both are human-related. The former was traced to flaws caused by human interventions in development. In the latter case, humans also intervene to connect the dots, find meaningful patterns, and make sense of the information. The proposed solutions are based on more human interventions, which tend to aggravate the problems rather than solving them. I propose the complete elimination of human interventions in both cases. This goal is conceptually easy to achieve. The approach, however, is radical and theoretical. It considers the causal set, a mathematical object, as the universal language underlying all information in nature and, hence, also all computation. This assumption is recognized as the fundamental principle of causality, that effects follow their causes. The new theory is based solely on the causal set, its metric, and its vast array of algebraic properties. The consequences are unexpected, fascinating, and totally new. Since translations between causal sets and programming languages are easy, I also propose to confine the use of programming languages to the human interface, and create an inner layer of mathematical code expressed as a causal set. Machines talk only to mathematically verified, bug-free, secure code. Included in this paper are experimental and computational verifications of the theory, proposed applications to Internet vulnerability, science and technology, machine learning, computer intelligence, and details for building a first prototype.
Casting Antimicrobial Packaging Films and Measuring Their Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial film was extruded using LDPE resins and potassium sorbate powder; its tensile properties, transparency and antimicrobial activity were measured to examine the adaptability as a packaging material. The tensile properties were not affected significantly by the incorporation of potassium sorbate to 3% (w/w) in the film. However, transparency of the film decreased as the concentration of potassium sorbate increased. The antimicrobial film decreased the growth rate and maximum growth of yeast, and extended the lag period before mold growth was apparent. Therefore, it can prevent or reduce the rate of microbial spoilage in low viscosity liquids and on the contacted surface area of solid food products and thus may prolong the shelf life of food products when it is used as a packaging material.
A nonparametric coherent confidence procedure

ABSTRACTHolm's step-down testing procedure starts with the smallest p-value and sequentially screens larger p-values without any information on confidence intervals. This article changes the conventional step-down testing framework by presenting a nonparametric procedure that starts with the largest p-value and sequentially screens smaller p-values in a step-by-step manner to construct a set of simultaneous confidence sets. We use a partitioning approach to prove that the new procedure controls the simultaneous confidence level (thus strongly controlling the familywise error rate). Discernible features of the new stepwise procedure include consistency with individual inference, coherence, and confidence estimations for follow-up investigations. In a simple simulation study, the proposed procedure (treated as a testing procedure), is more powerful than Holm's procedure when the correlation coefficient is large, and vice versa when it is small. In the data analysis of a medical study, the new procedure is a...
Analysis on Pathogenic Factors of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Private Kindergartens in Huairou District of Beijing City

[Objectives]To understand the incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in kindergartens of Huairou District of Beijing City, to analyze the features of HFMD in private kindergartens and public kindergartens, and provide evidence for developing control measures and strategies.[Methods]Statistical analysis was performed on epidemic data of all cases of HFMD ,with home address in Huairou District reported by National Diseases Reporting Information System, from all nurseries in 2009.[Results]Totally 316 cases of HFMD occurred in nurseries, 250 cases were in private kindergartens and 66 cases in public kindergartens, proportion of which was 79.11% and 20.89%, respectively.[Conclusion]Children in nurseries are the focus groups for prevention and control of HFMD. The key link for reducing HFMD incidence is strengthening the management of private kindergartens
Duke procedure for super obesity: preliminary report with 3.5-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND Super obese patients pose a major health care problem because their obesity is associated with high risks of morbidity and even death. Neither dietary programs nor surgery results in significant or lasting weight loss. Presented here is a new surgical approach, combined with home infusion therapy, that offers effective weight loss with maintenance for 3.5 years. METHODS Eight super obese patients (252% +/- 19% ideal body weight; 62.7 +/- 5.6 kg/m2 body mass index) underwent near total intestinal bypass anastomosing the proximal 25 to 30 cm of jejunum to the transverse colon. A right atrial catheter was placed for home infusion of necessary fluids, minerals, vitamins, and protein. After desired weight loss was achieved, the jejunocolostomy was taken down with construction of a vertical banded gastroplasty to assist in weight maintenance. RESULTS An average of 1.5 kg/week was lost. Seven patients lost to an average of 114% +/- 14% ideal body weight (29.0 +/- 2.9 kg/m2 body mass index) after 333 to 556 days. An eighth patient is still losing weight. Weight loss was due mainly to loss of body fat and water. After takedown of the jejunocolostomy and construction of a vertical banded gastroplasty in seven patients, weight loss has been maintained for up to 1218 days. CONCLUSIONS A new operative approach for super obese patients offers safe and effective weight loss to any desired goal. Subsequent conversion to a vertical banded gastroplasty has so far afforded maintenance of the weight for up to 3.5 years.
Statistical Interpretation Overview

Abstract Statistics attempt to provide meaning to the DNA match or association between a question (Q) or evidence sample and a known (K) or reference sample. This chapter will discuss some principles of statistics and probability and the framework for generating a match probability statistic. A DNA profile rarity estimate, commonly called a random match probability, is based on (1) the alleles/genotypes present in a DNA profile, (2) population frequency estimates of the alleles/genotypes, and (3) genetic formulas used to account for population substructure or degree of relatedness.
A modular action description language for protocol composition

Protocols are modular abstractions that capture patterns of interaction among agents. The compelling vision behind protocols is to enable creating customized interactions by refining and composing existing protocols. Realizing this vision presupposes (1) maintaining repositories of protocols and (2) refining and composing selected protocols. To this end, this paper synthesizes recent advances on protocols and on the knowledge representation of actions. This paper presents MAD-P, a modular action description language tailored for protocols. MAD-P enables building an aggregation hierarchy of protocols via composition. This paper demonstrates the value of such compositions via a simplified, but realistic, business scenario.
Passive Laws and Active Principles

From the first 29 Queries in Book III of his Opticks, it is apparent that Newton adopts a corpuscular—or particle—theory of light. According to Newton, corpuscles of light are emitted by luminous bodies and fly about like tiny projectiles. But why must these corpuscles obey the laws of reflection and refraction which were laid out so succinctly in Book I of his Opticks? What forces must act upon them so as to change their trajectories appropriately? And if these requisite forces have never been directly measured, then can their existence truly be defended? To address questions such as these, in Qu. 31 Newton presents a litany of experimental observations which point toward the existence of forces which act between the tiniest constituents of matter. How does the phenomenon of chemical affinity inform his understanding of light? Perhaps most interestingly, toward the end of this Query Newton begins to consider whether so-called “passive laws” (such as the principle of inertia), which regulate the behavior of material particles, are able to fully account for the diverse and ordered motions seen in nature. What does Newton conclude? Do you believe that he is justified in asserting the existence of so-called “active principles”? More specifically, is his assertion—that “blind Fate could never make all the Planets move one and the same way in Orbs concentrick”—correct?
Combination Therapies Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathways

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was first described by Lewis C. Cantley’s group in 1998 (Fruman et al. in Annu Rev Biochem 67:481–507, 1998, [1]; Cantley in Science 296(5573):1655–1657, 2002, [2]). Upon activation, PI3K signaling can act on diverse downstream substrates (Cantley in Science 296(5573):1655–1657, 2002, [2]; Laplante and Sabatini in Cell 149(2):274–293, 2012, [3]). The PI3K pathway that includes AKT and mTOR contributes to many events that are critical for normal and pathophysiological cell metabolism, regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell survival.
Effect of Thoracic Radiotherapy Timing and Fractionation on Survival in Nonmetastatic Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Abstract Background The optimal timing of thoracic radiation therapy (RT) in relation to chemotherapy is unknown in the treatment of nonmetastatic small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We analyzed the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to assess the effect on overall survival (OS) of RT timing with chemotherapy for patients with SCLC. Materials and Methods The NCDB was queried for patients diagnosed with nonmetastatic SCLC from 1998 to 2011 who had undergone definitive chemoradiation. The patients were stratified into quartiles according to the interval between the start of chemotherapy and the start of RT. The first and second quartiles (RT started 0-20 days after chemotherapy) were classified as “early” RT and the third and fourth quartiles (RT started 21-126 days after chemotherapy) as “late” RT. Patients were included if they had received hyperfractionated 45 Gy in 30 fractions or standard fractionation of ≥ 60 Gy in 1.8- to 2-Gy fractions. Kaplan-Meier analyses of OS were performed, and multivariable Cox regression analysis was conducted to assess the effect of the covariates on OS. Results A total of 8391 patients were included (50.5% had received early RT). Early RT was associated with significant improvement in survival (5-year OS, 21.9% vs. 19.1%; P = .01). On subgroup analysis, the survival advantage for early RT was significant for patients receiving hyperfractionated RT (5-year OS, 28.2% vs. 21.2%; P = .004) but not for those receiving standard fractionation (19.8% vs. 18.4%; P = .29). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, hyperfractionated RT was associated with reduced mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-0.96; P = .001), but early RT was not (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.94-1.04; P = .53). Conclusion These data support the early initiation of hyperfractionated thoracic RT for nonmetastatic SCLC.
The Career Adjustment Experiences of Women Early Career Psychologists

Each year, approximately 71% of new early career psychologists are women, yet no empirical research has examined the unique career adjustment needs and experiences of women early career psychologists. This study presents the constructivist grounded theory analysis of 22 in-depth interviews with women early career psychologists regarding their experiences of developing a career in psychology. Three primary spheres of influence on career adjustment emerged from the data: identity-based influences, experiential-focused influences, and outcome-oriented influences. These major spheres of influence are further refined into themes and subthemes that play a role in the career experiences of women early career psychologists. The impact of these themes on the women’s career trajectory is explored, and implications for research, training, policy, and practice are presented.
Delayed Puberty and Hypogonadism, Male

Absence of pubertal development by 14 years of age may due to a benign variant such as constitutional delay in growth, may be due to a genetic or developmental defect but also may be an indication of a life-threatening central nervous system disorder or other significant illness. Successful treatment of childhood cancers also adds to the number of cases delayed puberty. Evaluation of delayed puberty requires sensitive and specific determination of gonadotropins and sex steroids rather than standard radioimmunoassay procedures which may provide misleading results in a teenager. Treatment of delayed puberty is tailored to the condition with focus upon appropriate dosage of sex steroid replacement which does not compromise adult height.
Evaluation of the Hypothesis That Choking/ALTE May Mimic Abusive Head Trauma.

Abstract Objective Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs), often accompanied by choking, have been hypothesized to cause subdural hemorrhages (SDH), retinal hemorrhages, and brain injury. If the choking/ALTE hypothesis were true, children who present with ALTE and SDH would have fewer extracranial injuries suspicious for abuse than those with SDH and no ALTE. We aimed to compare the prevalence of suspicious extracranial injuries in children who have ALTE-associated SDH to those with non-ALTE SDH. Methods We performed a 5-year retrospective case–control study of children Results Of 170 study subjects, 64 had an ALTE-associated SDH and 106 had non-ALTE SDH. ALTE-associated SDH subjects were nearly 5 times more likely to have at least one suspicious extracranial injury (odds ratio [OR] 4.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–12.1) and were more likely to have individual types of suspicious extracranial injuries, including retinoschisis (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.6–10.2), high-specificity bruising (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–4.9), and internal abdominal injury (3.5, 95% CI 1.2–9.9). Subjects with ALTE-associated SDH were also significantly more likely to die or have persistent neurologic impairment. All 10 subjects with a dysphagic-choking type ALTE had at least 1 suspicious extracranial injury. Conclusions ALTEs are not supported as causative mechanisms for findings concerning abusive head trauma.
Bioinformatic tools for analysis of CLIP ribonucleoprotein data

Investigating the interactions of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with RNAs is a complex task for molecular and computational biologists. The molecular biology techniques and the computational approaches to understand RBP-RNA (or ribonucleoprotein, RNP) interactions have advanced considerably over the past few years and numerous and diverse software tools have been developed to analyze these data. Accordingly, laboratories interested in RNP biology face the challenge of choosing adequately among the available software tools those that best address the biological problem they are studying. Here, we focus on state-of-the-art molecular biology techniques that employ crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) of an RBP to study and map RNP interactions. We review the different software tools and databases available to analyze the most widely used CLIP methods, HITS-CLIP, PAR-CLIP, and iCLIP. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1404. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1404 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Does Engagement in Advocacy Hurt the Credibility of Scientists? Results from a Randomized National Survey Experiment

It is often assumed that issue advocacy will compromise the credibility of scientists. We conducted a randomized controlled experiment to test public reactions to six different advocacy statements ...
Integrase-Deficient Lentiviral Vector as an All-in-One Platform for Highly Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing.

The CRISPR/Cas9 systems have revolutionized the field of genome editing by providing unprecedented control over gene sequences and gene expression in many species, including humans. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are one of the primary delivery platforms for the CRISPR/Cas9 system due to their ability to accommodate large DNA payloads and sustain robust expression in a wide range of dividing and non-dividing cells. However, long-term expression of LV-delivered Cas9/guide RNA may lead to undesirable off-target effects characterized by non-specific RNA-DNA interactions and off-target DNA cleavages. Integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) present an attractive means for delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components because: (1) they are capable of transducing a broad range of cells and tissues, (2) have superior packaging capacity compared to other vectors (e.g., adeno-associated viral vectors), and (3) they are expressed transiently and demonstrate very weak integration capability. In this manuscript, we aimed to establish IDLVs as a means for safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR/Cas9. To this end, we developed an all-in-one vector cassette with increased production efficacy and demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 delivered by the improved IDLV vectors can mediate rapid and robust gene editing in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells and post-mitotic brain neurons in vivo, via transient expression and with higher gene-targeting specificity than the corresponding integrase-competent vectors.
Salutary effects of an attention bias modification mobile application on biobehavioral measures of stress and anxiety during pregnancy.

Abstract Stress and anxiety during pregnancy are associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, but there is an unmet need for low-barrier treatments that target stress and anxiety. One such treatment approach, attention bias modification training (ABMT), targets the anxiety-related threat bias, a disruption in attention to and neural processing of threat-related information. It remains unclear, however, whether reducing treatment barriers via mobile delivery of ABMT is effective and whether ABMT efficacy varies depending on individual differences in neural processing of threat. The present study tested whether mobile, gamified ABMT reduced prenatal threat bias, anxiety and stress, and whether ABMT efficacy varied with individual differences in neural responses to threat. Participants were 29 women in their 19th–29th week of pregnancy, randomized to four weeks of an ABMT or placebo training (PT) version of the mobile app using a double-blind design. Self-report of anxiety, depression, and stress were obtained; salivary cortisol was collected at home and in lab in response to stressors to index biological stress reactivity. Threat bias was measured using a computerized attention assay during which EEG was recorded to generate event-related potentials (ERPs) to threat cues. Results showed lower levels of lab cortisol following ABMT versus PT. Although the main effect of ABMT on subjective anxiety was not significant, the magnitude of cortisol reduction was correlated with lower levels of subjective anxiety and threat bias. Those receiving ABMT also reported less anxiety when showing smaller ERPs to threat (P1, P2) prior to training, but, conversely reported more anxiety when showing larger ERPs to threat. Use of gamified, mobile ABMT reduced biobehavioral indices of prenatal stress and anxiety, but effects on anxiety varied with individual differences in cortisol response and neurocognitive indices of early attention to threat.
Insects and Other Biological Evidence from Continental Regions

Biological material as a proxy of climate spans a wide range of subdisciplines. Here, we focus on the record provided by insects, rodent middens, and other terrestrial biological evidence, including treeline changes, and the paleoclimatic records provided by peat bogs (mires).
Sleep Quality and its Impact on Trait Anxiety and Perceived Stress

Abstract: One in four college students experience overwhelming sleep problems throughout their college career. Many studies have determined significant connections between sleep quality and issues of mental and emotional health, namely those involving stress and anxiety. In the fall of 2015 this self-administered survey was used to examine the possible impact sleep quality could have on both levels of trait anxiety and levels of perceived stress. Using systematic random sampling, a sample of 416 rooms were selected for participation from a population of 1311 campus residents attending a small liberal arts college in the mid-Atlantic region. Of the 416 selected dorms, ­­280 completed the survey, resulting in a response rate of ­­­67.31%. The results indicate statistically significant relationships between both sleep quality and levels of trait anxiety and sleep quality and levels of perceived stress, supporting both hypotheses.
Consumption Discount Rates, Risk Aversion and Wealth in Low-Income Countries: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Rural Ethiopia

It has been argued that people in low-income countries often have high consumption discount rates (CDRs), which contributes to under-investment in capital, such as education and soil conservation. We use a field experiment to estimate CDRs in rural Ethiopia and find that annual rates range from 43% to 106%. We evaluate whether household wealth affects CDRs and test for synergies with field experiment-derived estimates of risk aversion. We find evidence that respondents who are part of wealthier households have lower CDRs and more risk averse respondents have higher rates.
Quality Characteristics of Traditional, Natural and Organic Bacon

The change in ingredients and processing procedures necessary for natural and organic bacon are likely to result in some product quality differences when compared with traditionally processed bacon. Preliminary results for % cured color, TBARS value, and residual nitrite concentrations in this study suggest variability in quality of products currently on the market. This may affect consumer satisfaction and repeat purchases of these products. Further, these results imply differences in shelf-life and safety of these products as well.
Water Movement into and through Soil

All homes in unsewered areas must have a safe and effective means of wastewater disposal. Where soils are suitable, subsurface soil absorption of septic tank effluent is the most reliable and least costly. This is due to the soil’s very large capacity to transform and recycle most pollutants found in domestic wastewaters.
Specifying Sociological Options and Social Welfare Strategies

As a profession, social work applies knowledge constructs from various social sciences. In this article attention is given to the relation between sociology and social work. The specific areas reviewed include conceptions of the social arrangement, the role of complex organizations, and social change theories. Each of these three broad areas have internal variations which have implications for sociology, social work, and attempts to integrate the two. Social work, like other professions, is oriented to applying knowledge which, in part, is derived from academic disciplines. In recent years, social work has been conspicuous in its attempts to move beyond its traditional relationship with the discipline of psychology. One of the specific disciplines which social work is looking to with renewed interest is sociology. In examining possible relations between sociology and social work, Alfred McLung Lee Pas recently stressed the shared base of humanism within both fields. What this paper attempts to do is look at the possible relations between sociology and social work in light of three interrelated substantive points. They are: (1) the nature of social arrangements, and how sociologists and social workers might choose to conceptualize social arrangements; (2) the preferred versus the actual state of the welfare institution in light of organizational theory and behavior; (3) a discussion of status and role relations of professionals and consumers in applied social change efforts. These three points are affected by developments in sociological theory and research concerning society, complex organizations, and social change. CONCEPTIONS OF THE SOCIAL ARRANGEMENT In broad social theory, we are all aware of the two general contending points of view, namely Order Theory and Conflict Theory. Order theory basically proceeds from the conceptual question of how cohesion stability and identity of the social system is achieved. In answering this question there is derived a conceptual emphasis upon the major concepts of values and norms. More specifically any social arrangement is said to be
Feature mining and neuro-fuzzy inference system for steganalysis of LSB matching stegangoraphy in grayscale images

In this paper, we present a scheme based on feature mining and neuro-fuzzy inference system for detecting LSB matching steganography in grayscale images, which is a very challenging problem in steganalysis. Four types of features are proposed, and a Dynamic Evolving Neural Fuzzy Inference System (DENFIS) based feature selection is proposed, as well as the use of Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) to obtain better detection accuracy. In comparison with other well-known features, overall, our features perform the best. DENFIS outperforms some traditional learning classifiers. SVM-RFE and DENFIS based feature selection outperform statistical significance based feature selection such as t-test. Experimental results also indicate that it remains very challenging to steganalyze LSB matching steganography in grayscale images with high complexity.
One-Parameter Families of Vector Fields on Two-Manifolds: Another Nondensity Theorem

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses one-parameter families of vector fields on two-manifolds. The structurally stable C r vector fields, r > 1, on a compact two-dimensional manifold are characterized by the following properties: (1) the closed orbits and singular points are all elementary, (2) there are no orbits that connect two saddle points, (3) the α- and ω-limit sets of each orbit are either singular points or closed orbits. It presents certain nonstable vector fields without rejecting a generic context. The framework in which the nonstable vector fields are pursued is sometimes called bifurcation theory. A nonstable vector field X will be embedded in a parametrized family of vector fields. As the dimension of the family increases, more highly degenerate vector fields will occur within a generic set of families. The chapter also describes techniques and lemmas used to prove Peixoto's theorem.
Biology and Reproductive Strategies in the Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

The subterranean termites in the Rhinotermitidae family have the most complex and plastic life style and fascinating reproductive systems. Some of these termites are the most economically and ecologically important species in many parts of the world. This review presents updates on their biological features, life cycle pathways and breeding structures from the aspects of organismal and molecular levels.
Investigating the interaction of Grammostola rosea venom peptides and model lipid bilayers with solid-state NMR and electron microscopy techniques.

Abstract Spider venom contains a number of small peptides that can control the gating properties of a wide range of ion channels with high affinity and specificity. These ion channels are responsible for coordination and control of many bodily functions such as transducing signals into sensory functions, smooth muscle contractions as well as serving as sensors in volume regulation. Hence, these peptides have been the topic of many research efforts in hopes that they can be used as biomedical therapeutics. Several peptides are known to control the gating properties of ion channels by involving the lipid membrane. GsMTx4, originally isolated from the Chilean Rose tarantula (Grammostola rosea), is known to selectively inhibit mechanosensitive ion channels by partitioning into the lipid bilayer. To further understand this indirect gating mechanism, we investigated the interactions between native GsAF2, VsTx1 and a synthetic form of GsMTx4 with model DMPC lipid bilayers using 31P solid-state NMR, 13C CP-MAS NMR, NS-TEM and cryo-TEM. The results reveal that these inhibitor cystine knot peptides perforate the DMPC lipid vesicles similarly with some subtle differences and ultimately create small spherical vesicles and anisotropic cylindrical and discoidal vesicles at concentrations near 1.0–1.5 mol% peptide. The anisotropic components align with their long axes along the NMR static B0 magnetic field, a property that should be useful in future NMR structural investigations of these systems. These findings move us forward in our understanding of how these peptides bind and interact with the lipid bilayer.