cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Univariate density estimation

In this chapter, we discuss univariate density estimation. We are well aware that most interesting applications are with respect to multivariate data, but we must first discuss univariate density estimation so that we can generalize the univariate methods to the multivariate setting. That being said, there are many interesting applications of univariate densities in economics as well as in other fields. The most common application of univariate density estimation in the context of economic growth is the examination of output-per-worker distributions, most commonly attributed to Quah (1993a,b). We start by considering nonparametric density estimation in the crudest possible way: a histogram. In fact, histograms are nonparametric in nature and can show information that may be hidden (e.g., multimodality) when assuming a pre-specified parametric density (say Gaussian). However, it is well known that the shape of the histogram is determined by the pre-specified binwidth, and hence we spend a large amount of time discussing this “smoothing” parameter. Another problem with this type of approach is that the density is discontinuous, and hence we cannot view gradients and other interesting pieces of information. Although the estimator is simplistic, the discussion of this type of density estimation leads quite naturally to our preferred choice of a smooth, continuous estimator: the kernel density estimator. Although we focus solely on kernel methods in this book, this does not imply that they are necessarily the best methods for any particular problem or data set. However, these methods are arguably the most popular in the literature, and as such they are the most developed. Here we will discuss how to construct such estimators as well as examine their theoretical properties. For example, we typically give the bias, variance, and mean square error of each estimator. Although this can be found in several existing books, we pay special attention to the choice of kernel function, the role and selection of the smoothing (bandwidth) parameter, and the sample size. Given that we have a specific focus on the application of these methods, we attempt to clarify what is necessary for theoretical purposes and what is necessary for application.
Pragmaticism reread: from common-sense to the logic of scripture

Dear Reader, In this chapter, I take leave of you as “general reader.” No matter what our specific communities of philosophic inquiry, we should be able to argue, on common terms, about the plain sense of Peirce's pragmaticist writings; through chapter 7, the most general claim I urged on you was that these writings display problems unlike those of Peirce's pragmatic writings. Now, however, I want to offer specific claims about what those problems are and how to solve them, and I do not believe the rules of pragmaticism allow me to urge such claims on you blindly, without considering who you are. I can urge these claims only on those who share in the community of inquiry/conduct out of which I offer the claims. Like you, however, I participate in more than one such community and in communities of varying sizes (and, as I will suggest later, I assume that the size of the community, or its domain, bears a relation to the generality of its claims, or their extension). As a result, I have different kinds of claim to offer, and the different claims will speak to different communities and to more or less inclusive communities. So, if I address you now as “dear reader,” it is because the way I hope you will read different parts of this chapter depends on who you are. After these introductory remarks, I will review problems in the plain-sense readings of Peirce's pragmaticist writings; this review is addressed to all readers.
The Effect of Surfactants on the Motion of Bubbles and Drops

When bubbles or drops move and deform through a continuous liquid phase as in suspension flows, and a surface active species (surfactant) is present in the suspension, the surfactant absorbs onto the fluid particle interfaces. Adsorption lowers the surface tension in proportion to the surface concentration. Surfactant adsorbed onto the surfaces of moving fluid particles is partitioned by the surface flow and the interfacial deformation,creating surface tension gradients. The gradients exert a Marangoni traction on the continuous phase which affects the suspension flow. In this chapter we present a basis for the understanding and fluid mechanical modeling of the influence of Marangoni stresses. Attention is focused on the air/water inerface and the motion of bubbles.
How the US sees the LHC

US particle physicists, along with their funding agencies, are anxiously anticipating what is in store for the 14 TeV Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Discovery expectations are extremely high – in particular the prospect of finding the Higgs boson or evidence for supersymmetry. The LHC was an opportunity that opened up in Europe after a similar US programme – centred on the 40 TeV Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) – was cancelled by the US Congress in 1993 after about $2bn had already been spent building the $8.25bn machine. That decision, while devastating, was mitigated by the ability of US physicists to go to CERN, help build the LHC and harvest the physics discoveries.
ILES for mechanism of ramp-type MVG reducing shock induced flow separation

A high order implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) is carried out to study the mechanism of shock induced flow separation reduction under ramp-type MVG control. The mechanism was originally considered as that MVG can generate streamwise vortices which strongly mix boundary layer and the boundary layer becomes more capable to resist strong adverse pressure gradient caused by shock and to keep the boundary layer attached. However, according to our ILES, a chain of ring-like vortices is generated behind the ramp-type MVG and goes further to interact with the shock. When the ring-like vortices pass through the shock, the shock wave is weakened and altered while the vortex structures are quite stable. The instantaneous simulation shows that the spanwise ring-like vortex, not the streamwise vortex, plays a key role to weaken the shock and reduce the shock-induced separation. Detailed investigation on ring-like vortices and shock interaction will be given in this paper.
Rhetorical Touch: Disability, Identification and Haptics, by Shannon Walters: Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2014, 257 pp., $49.95

The book Rhetorical Touch by Shannon Walters opens with a reference to 18th-century philosopher Etienne Bonnot, abbe de Condillac’s Treatise of the Sensations in which he argues that all other sens...
Sense of Community among Oxford House Residents Recovering from Substance Abuse

As noted throughout this book, the study of a psychological sense of community (PSOC) is an important area of interest to community psychologists. Much of this interest focuses on the theoretical model proposed by McMillan and Chavis (1986) in their refinement of Sarason’s (1974) notion of community. While a growing body of research has also examined the sense of place a person may experience, research on PSOC examines a person’s identification with others and a feeling of belongingness within a physical setting (see Chipuer & Pretty, 1999; Hill, 1996). Consequently, a person may experience multiple layers of PSOC, even while residing in the same physical setting (Brodsky & Marx, 2001). For instance, Davidson and Cotter (1998) assessed a PSOC among sub-groups of city residents based on demographics, home ownership, and level of civic involvement. Prezza and colleagues (Prezza & Constantini, 1998; Prezza, Amici, Roberti, & Tedeschi, 2001) reported levels of PSOC and overall life satisfaction among residents of towns and cities. Zaff and Devlin (1998) found that PSOC was strong among residents of garden apartments and high rises.
Ganciclovir Dosing Strategies and Development of Cytomegalovirus Resistance in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Case Report

In renal transplant recipients, delayed graft function and accompanying renal impairment may lead to therapeutic underexposure of valganciclovir. We describe a case of a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative kidney transplant recipient from a CMV-seropositive donor, whose course was complicated during valganciclovir prophylaxis by CMV disease, ultimately progressing to ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir resistance. Assessments and adjustments for renal dysfunction, according to both Cockgroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equations, are described. Therapy was complicated by outpatient parenteral therapy with pump-administered antiviral therapy, which may have led to drug underexposure and the fostering of antiviral resistance. Suppression was ultimately achieved in conjunction with reduction in immunosuppressive therapy, CMV immunoglobulin, and initiation of leflunomide. At-risk recipients may benefit from 24 hour creatinine clearance assessments, direct creatinine clearance measurement, or therapeutic drug monitoring. Optimal dosing strategies in recipients with impaired kidney function remain undefined, with limited pharmacokinetic data to date.
Intensive Care Unit–Acquired Weakness

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a substantial contributor to long-term disability in survivors of critical illness. Critical illness polyneuropathy, critical illness myopathy, and muscle atrophy from disuse contribute in various proportions to ICUAW. ICUAW is a clinical diagnosis supported by electrophysiology and newer diagnostic tests, such as muscle ultrasound. Risk factor reduction, including the aggressive treatment of sepsis and early mobilization, improves outcome. Although some patients with ICUAW experience a full recovery, for others improvement is slow and incomplete and quality of life is adversely affected. This article examines aspects of ICUAW and identifies potential areas of further study.
Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam

(1993). Fallacies, Flaws, and Flimflam. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 63-66.
Neutropenia and response to single agent palbociclib.

1043Background: CDK 4/6 inhibitors have been practice-changing in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Their activity against retinoblastoma protein positive (Rb+) breast cancer cells is medi...
Design and architectural co-optimization of monolithic 3D liquid state machine-based neuromorphic processor

A liquid state machine (LSM) is a powerful recurrent spiking neural network shown to be effective in various learning tasks including speech recognition. In this work, we investigate design and architectural co-optimization to further improve the area-energy efficiency of LSM-based speech recognition processors with monolithic 3D IC (M3D) technology. We conduct fine-grained tier partitioning, where individual neurons are folded, and explore the impact of shared memory architecture and synaptic model complexity on the power-performance-area-accuracy (PPAA) benefit of M3D LSM-based speech recognition. In training and classification tasks using spoken English letters, we obtain up to 70.0% PPAA savings over 2D ICs.
Elementary Compartmental Models

In this and the next three sections, we shall present a variety of examples of compartmental systems, both linear and nonlinear. Each illustration fits under the category of a general compartmental model, as will be defined in Section 6.
Waves as an Ecological Process

Ocean waves are formed as wind blows across the surface of the ocean, creating small ripples, which eventually become waves with increasing time and distance. When waves reach shallow water, they become unstable and begin to break and can impose large hydrodynamic forces on organisms living in these regions. Benthic organisms have evolved a variety of strategies for survival in wave-swept habitats. Many of these organisms are extremely strong and tough, whereas others are flexible and extensible to avoid being broken by wave action. Many organisms in highly wave-swept habitats are very small or live in aggregations to avoid the brunt of the flow, while others, such as kelp, are able to grow fast enough to become so large that they are never fully stretched out by the waves. For organisms capable of surviving in this environment, there are great benefits to the enhanced water motion associated with wave action. Turbulent water motion can increase fertilization success and disperse chemical cues as well as larvae, spores, and nutrients. The high-energy environment of wave-swept coasts are characterized by extreme productivity and high species diversity where wave-induced disturbances are frequent enough to remove dominant competitors for space.
An Efficient Algorithm for Impedance Reconstruction by the Modified Gelfand-Levitan Inverse Method

We present a fast approximate algorithm for reconstructing one-dimensional acoustical impedance profiles from reflection seismograms. Carroll and Santosa (1981) treated an equation different from the Schrodinger wave equation and derived the modified Gelfand-Levitan (MGL) integral equation. Their time domain interpretation (Carroll and Santosa, 1982) of the MGL equation was more natural than the usual Gelfand-Levitan equation in the context of exploration seismology. Santosa (1982) gave a numerical solution of the MGL based on Gaussian elimination, but that approach requires a large amount of computational time and memory.
Nitrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Experimental aspects associated with the two magnetic isotopes of nitrogen, 14N (natural abundance = 99.6%, spin quantum number = 1) and 15N (natural abundance = 0.4%, spin quantum number = 1/2) are discussed briefly. General relationships of molecular structure to nitrogen chemical shifts and spin-spin coupling constants involving 15N are presented. The utility of nitrogen NMR for examining molecular dynamics is described. Illustrations are provided that are chosen largely from organic and biochemistry.
Reconstructive Management of Facial Gunshot Wounds

This chapter aims to review patients with maxillofacial GSW and provide insight to reconstructive management, based on the senior author’s (RG) experience at a level I trauma center, Denver Health, over a period of 10 years. Optimal functional and cosmetic outcome are obtained with early repair and reconstruction of soft tissue and bone defects.
Abstract WP115: Association of HDAC9, TWIST1, and FERD3L Expression With the Risk of Intracranial Aneurysm

Background and Purpose: Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a devastating consequence of ruptured IA, therefore early identification is important. Identification of biomarkers may improve the understanding ...
CIRCULATORY ADJUSTMENTS TO TRAINING FOR APNEIC DIVING.

Abstract Twelve subjects classified into three groups, viz., experimental, control, and currently active skin divers, were studied throughout a 24-week period. The experimental group participated in an underwater swimming training program, three days a week, for four weeks. The testing procedures for all subjects each week consisted of the following: a 1-min. step test, brachial pulse wave test, a V4 ECG test, and blood pressure measurements. Radial pulse recordings were taken on those individuals who showed marked changes on the above tests when they held their breath. In no phase of the study were any of the subject's physiological responses to breath holding, as measured by the tests used, changed significantly. The changes which occurred with subjects in this study when they held their breath are discussed in relation to the findings from recent studies.
Strain rate dependent failure criteria for fibrous composites using multiscale approach

Recently, a set of failure criteria based on a multiscale model was developed for fibrous composites. Those criteria used stresses and strains occurring in the fiber and matrix material level. The failure criteria consisted of three failure modes such as fiber failure, matrix failure, and fiber/matrix interface failure. Those criteria were developed for quasi-static loading such that the effect of the strain rate was not under consideration. To model and predict failure of composite materials and structures subjected to dynamic loading, the effect of strain rate needs to be included in the failure criteria. The present work is to revise the former criteria to be applicable to the strain rate dependent composite materials, especially polymer composites. To validate the revised failure criteria, Charpy impact testing as well as quasi-static uniaxial testing were conducted. The test results agreed well with predicted failure loads using the new failure criteria.
Seed and floret size parameters of sunflower are determined by partially overlapping sets of quantitative trait loci with epistatic interactions

Floret and seed traits are moderately correlated phenotypically in modern sunflower cultivars, but the underlying genetics are mostly independent. Seed traits in particular are governed in part by epistatic effects among quantitative trait loci. Seed size is an important quality component in marketing commercial sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), particularly for the in-shell confectionery market, where long and broad seed types are preferred as a directly consumed snack food globally. Floret size is also important because corolla tube length was previously shown to be inversely correlated with pollinator visitation, impacting bee foraging potential and pollinator services to the plant. Commercial sunflower production benefits from pollinator visits, despite being self-compatible, and bees are required in hybrid seed production, where “female” and “male” inbred lines are crossed at field scale. Issues with pollination of long-seed confectionery sunflower suggest that there may be an unfavorable correlation between seed and floret traits; thus, our objective was to determine the strength of the correlation between seed and floret traits, and confirm any co-localization of seed and floret trait loci using genome-wide association analysis in the SAM diversity panel of sunflower. Our results indicate that phenotypic correlations between seed and floret traits are generally low to moderate, regardless of market class, a component of population substructure. Association mapping results mirror the correlations: while a few loci overlap, many loci for the two traits are not overlapping or even adjacent. The genetics of these traits, while modestly quantitative and influenced by epistatic effects, are not a barrier to simultaneous improvement of seed length and pollinator-friendly floret traits. We conclude that breeding for large seed size, which is required for the confectionery seed market, is possible without producing florets too long for efficient use by pollinators, which promotes bee foraging and associated pollination services.
Utilizing Steering Entropy as a Measure of Performance in Head-mounted Augmented Reality:

The next phase of augmented reality (AR) technologies suggest that as both the hardware and software continue to improve, we can expect that AR will become more commonly used as a tool for a variet...
State affect recognition using smartphone sensing data

Momentary experiences of positive and negative emotionality--- also referred to as state affect---are core components of well-being and performance. The ability to unobtrusively monitor state affect could raise individuals' awareness of their mental health status and enable healthcare providers to deliver targeted, just-in-time mental health interventions. In this work, we investigate whether passively sensed smartphone data can be used to recognize individuals' state affect. Our exploratory analysis uses data generated from 220 participants in a two-week study, and our results indicate that fluctuations in participants' negative state affect are associated with various aspects of context including current physical state, geographic location, and time. We also test algorithms that predict participants' negative state affect given contextual features, comparing the impact of historical contextual features on prediction performance.
Chapter 2 – GROUP CONCEPTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the basic group definitions and concepts. A group is defined as a set, or collection, of elements that obeys the four rules, namely, product or closure, identity, inverse, and associativity. A binary operation called combination or product that describes the operation by which two members of the set combine to form a third member of the set. This product can be ordinary multiplication, addition, operation as in a symmetry operation, matrix multiplication, etc. An easy and important way to display the product of the group elements is by way of a multiplication table. In multiplication tables each element of the group appears only once in each row and in each column. Inverse of a product implies that the reciprocal of the product of several group elements is equal to the product of the reciprocals of the elements in the reverse order. A complete set of symmetry operations means that all the symmetry operations that transform a molecule into itself are included in the set.
Labor Report: State and Regional Analysis for North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota - Q4 2017

This quarterly labor report provides insight into trends in non-farm employment in the Upper Great Plains. It includes state-level data for North Dakota, Minnesota and South Dakota and local-level data for the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of Fargo, ND-MN; Bismarck, ND; Grand Forks, ND-MN; Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI; Duluth, MN-WI; Rochester, MN; St. Cloud, MN; Sioux Falls, SD; and Rapid City, SD. In addition to reporting employment and wage figures, this report provides context for labor market and industry trends by conducting regional comparisons and using economic theory to interpret results. By using data to signal the health and functioning of regional labor markets and local economies, this report seeks to offer meaningful analysis for employers, job seekers and policymakers at the state and local levels.
Food Sources and Expenditures for Seafood in the United States.

The aim of this study was to explore United States (U.S.) seafood consumption patterns, food sourcing, expenditures, and geography of consumption. We analyzed seafood intake and food sourcing using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2007–2008 to 2015–2016 for US adults ≥19 years old (n = 26,743 total respondents; n = 4957 respondents consumed seafood in the past 24 h). Seafood expenditures were extrapolated by combining NHANES with three other public datasets. U.S. adults consumed 63% of seafood (by weight) at home. The top sources of seafood (by weight) were food retail (56%), restaurants (31%), and caught by the respondent or someone they know (5%). Sixty-five percent of consumer expenditures for seafood were at restaurants and other “away from home” sources while 35% were at retail and other “at home” sources. Slightly less than half of overall U.S. food expenditures are “away from home,” which is much lower than for seafood, suggesting that consumers have very different spending habits for seafood than for an aggregate of all foods.
Encouraging HIV risk-reduction behaviors and testing with people experiencing homelessness.

In keeping with the Cafes philosophy of reciprocal transformation, the students and guests both were effected and changed by the encounter. The guests actively participated in the intervention, discussed HIV risk-reduction behaviors, and shared their knowledge with others. Participation in the onsite HIV testing project increased, and the guests, Cafe staff, and the program coordinator of the agency providing HIV testing expressed gratitude for the student intervention. The students were effected as well. Although all of the students had seen people who were homeless, none had had a sustained encounter with this population. Most students entered the experience uneasy. Some were fearful or had negative stereotypical impressions. As the students spent time with the guests and shared stories, they grew more at ease, and a feeling of connection developed. The students began to know more about the guests in terms of place, family, and abilities, not just their 'homeless' label. The students commented: Having been raised in an upper middle class environment most of my life, spending time in this type of community is something that I had little experience with. [I have a] greater awareness of the [need] for serving as an advocate. Through interaction at the Cafe [my] stereotypes of the homeless were proven incorrect. I know I will not take my own life and my living situation for granted ever again. The intervention provided experiences [that] cannot be measured. ...relationships were formed and hearts touched. I don't want to leave. I want to come back. These comments suggest the students had their eyes opened in new ways and left with a deeper connection to and understanding of the guests and people living at the edges of society.
Rapid 3D nanoprinting utilizing spatiotemporal focusing

Multiphoton polymerization has become a standard for 3D nanofabrication for its superior resolution and processing steps. However, it is often considered limited in its throughput capabilities, resulting in a desire for a more scalable process. An improvement to the speed of 3D nanoprinting via multiphoton polymerization can be achieved through a projection-based method instead of the traditionally serial printing process. Here a printing process using a digital micro-mirror device and spatiotemporal focusing scheme demonstrates a rapid, continuous 3D printing process.
Targeting of miR-33 ameliorates phenotypes linked to age-related macular degeneration

Abnormal cholesterol/lipid homeostasis is linked to neurodegenerative conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. The most prevalent form, termed "dry" AMD, is characterized by pathological cholesterol accumulation beneath the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell layer and inflammation-linked degeneration in the retina. We show here that the cholesterol-regulating microRNA miR-33 was elevated in the RPE of aging mice. Expression of the miR-33 target ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA1), a cholesterol efflux pump genetically linked to AMD, declined reciprocally in the RPE with age. In accord, miR-33 modulated ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in human RPE cells. Subcutaneous delivery of miR-33 antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to aging mice and non-human primates fed a Western-type high fat/cholesterol diet resulted in increased ABCA1 expression, decreased cholesterol accumulation, and reduced immune cell infiltration in the RPE cell layer, accompanied by decreased pathological changes to RPE morphology. These findings suggest that miR-33 targeting may decrease cholesterol deposition and ameliorate AMD initiation and progression.
Social Injustice in the United States Early Elementary Education System

The disparity in educational opportunities and outcomes for African American students compared to their White peers is well documented. While many studies look at secondary school and university data, the importance of formative elementary years should not be negated. Early school experiences are vital and results from this study are consistent with research showing race is a key variable influencing student outcomes.
A chicken and egg scenario in psychoneuroimmunology: Bidirectional mechanisms linking cytokines and depression

Abstract Background Cytokines are an important part of the immune system. Certain cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), have well-described associations with depression. Various mechanisms exist that may explain bidirectional effects of cytokines on depression and vice versa. No recent reviews to our knowledge have comprehensively characterized both these mechanisms and the interaction of these mechanisms using evidence from the molecular level to the clinical level. The goal of this review is to both evaluate the present knowledge base and identify knowledge gaps to help guide future research. Methods We conducted an extensive bibliographic search across multiple databases, using both general (e.g. “cytokine”) and topic-specific (e.g. “kynurenine”) keywords. Results We describe the most recent evidence outlining these mechanisms, including the role of the hypothalamic pituitary axis, the kynurenine pathway, and neural circuitry. For relevant topics, we outline the pathways by which cytokine activation may lead to depressive symptoms, and how depressive symptomology may lead to elevations in cytokines. We also identify key areas for future research, including the need for longitudinal clinical studies to examine causality in pertinent mechanisms and modulating factors in the cytokine-depression interaction. Limitations Given the numerous potential mechanisms associating cytokines and depressions, this review paper solely focuses on the most commonly described mechanisms at a basic level. Conclusions Bidirectional evidence exists for several mechanisms in the relationship between cytokines and depression. However, more work is required to further elucidate the role of these mechanisms in specific clinical populations.
Prototyping a Thermal Limb: Methods for Building a Thermally Representative Phantom Limb

To address the challenges associated with tourniquet induced limb ischemia a team of researchers have been working on developing a limb cooling medical device. One of the challenges in developing a system like this, is simulating and ultimately testing the performance of its cooling effectiveness. During the development cycle of any medical device, it is important to test the performance by simulating the application, yet human testing is often not an option during early development phases. To that end, this paper reports on the use of CAD (computer aided design) modeling techniques in combination with CT scan data and 3D printing to develop a limb prototype or phantom which was used as a thermal test platform. Although these methods were directed at a specific application, the overall strategy and techniques will be informative to a broader medical device design community as it represents the continued convergence of several digital tools.
A Note on the Level of Customer Support by State Governments: A Mystery-Shopping Approach

Many government services are provided at the state level such as unemployment insurance, Medicaid, and SNAP. Given the lack of competition, a natural worry is that customer support provided by states for these services is less than adequate. While there are many different measures of how a state can support beneficiaries, we focus on just one in this short and applied report: the ability to get a live representative on the phone to help with an application question. To do this, we take a “mystery shopping” approach and make 2,000 phone calls to state government offices. We find substantial heterogeneity in the availability of live phone representatives across states and types of service (UI, Medicaid, etc.). For example, live representatives in New Jersey and Georgia were reached less than 20% of the time while representatives in New Hampshire and Wisconsin were reached more than 80% of the time. We hope that this report provides a simple example for how academics, investigative reporters, and watch groups can help states be more accountable for their customer support systems. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Self-normalizing Path Integrals

We address the problem of computing the overall normalization constant of path integrals using zeta-function regularization techniques. In particular, we study a phenomenon we called "self-normalization," in which the ambiguity of the integral measure, which would typically need to be renormalized, resolves itself. Hawking had already detected this phenomenon in the context of Gaussian integrals. However, our approach extends Hawking's work for the cases in which the space of fields is not a vector space but instead has another structure which we call a "linear foliation." After describing the general framework, we work out examples in one (the transition amplitudes and partition functions for the harmonic oscillator and the particle on a circle in the presence of a magnetic field) and two (the partition functions for the massive and compact bosons on the torus and the cylinder) spacetime dimensions in a detailed fashion. One of the applications of our results, explicitly shown in the examples, is the computation of the overall normalization of path integrals that do not self-normalize. That is usually done in the literature using different comparison methods involving additional assumptions on the nature of this constant. Our method recovers the normalization without the need for those extra assumptions.
The Illusion of Urgency.

Faculty frequently have many tasks that need to be completed on a daily basis. It can be hard to prioritize them effectively, especially considering the relative urgency and importance of each. Decision matrices such as the Eisenhower Matrix and the Time Management Matrix can assist individuals in categorizing tasks to value what is truly career building versus a distraction. it is imperative for faculty to develop strategies to address common distractors, such as email, meetings, and requests from others. Identifying tasks which are truly urgent over those which appear to be urgent may help faculty increase their productivity and efficiency.
IL-4 is a Major Determinant of T Cell Lymphokine-Producing Phenotype

Interleukin-4 present during priming causes naive T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice to develop into cells capable of producing IL-4 upon secondary challenge. It also suppresses the capacity of such cells to produce IL-2 and interferon gamma (IFNγ). This effect is not mediated through the action or IL-10. Priming for IL-4 production is opposed by IFNγ, but only at sub-optimal concentrations of IL-4. Different types of antigen-presenting cells display different potencies for priming but all require IL-4 to cause the development of IL-4-producing cells. Administration of anti-IL-4 at the time of in vivo priming with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) diminishes development of T cells that produce IL-4 in response to in vitro challenge with KLH for up to 75 days after immunization and diminishes the capacity of T cells to produce IL-4 after secondary in vivo challenge. By contrast, anti-IL-4 administered at the time of secondary challenge has no effect on subsequent production of IL-4. Used acutely, in vitro, IL-4 blocks accessory cell-dependent, receptor mediated IL-2 and IFNγ production. Analysis of mechanism indicates that the activated T cell is the target of IL-4 activity and that inhibition is not due to blockade of the CD28 — B7 axis or its signalling pathway. It is concluded that IL-4 is a major physiologic regulator of the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into lymphokine-producing cells. The determination of the source and the clarification of the regulation of such acute IL-4 production are key to understanding the factors that determine whether immune responses will be dominated by IL-4 or by IFNγ-producing T cells.
Overview of Receptor Cloning

Receptors are generally categorized into four major superfamilies according to their structural and genetic similarities: steroid receptors, growth factor receptors, ionotropic receptors (i.e., ligand-gated ion channels), and metabotropic receptors (i.e., G protein-coupled receptors). This unit describes the methodology and critical issues for cloning receptors by several methods. Although cloning by protein purification was the first major method, it is now less frequently employed. The early, more tedious procedures broadened knowledge about receptors and established a strong foundation that has enabled the utilization of the newer approaches discussed in this unit, including: homology cloning by screening with oligonucleotides, DNA fragments or the products of direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR); expression cloning using function, ligand binding, and antibody recognition; and differential display techniques.
Studies on fc receptor function. I. Igg-mediated inhibition of b lymphocyte activation by t-dependent and t-independent antigens.

Abstract Mouse aggregated IgG, when continuously present in cultures of mouse spleen cells immunized with sheep erythrocytes, causes a dose dependent inhibition of the generation of plaque forming cells with a maximum of about 90% at 400 μg IgG/culture. Unaggregated IgG induces a similar inhibition, whereas treatment with mouse albumin or F (ab 1 ) 2 , under the same conditions, does not affect the generation of plaque forming cells. It has been reported that unaggregated IgG binds poorly to Fc receptors of B lymphocytes and thus should not be expected to inhibit PFC generation if the effect is at the level of B lymphocyte Fc receptors. Competitive binding experiments were carried out and showed that aggregated and unaggregated IgG compete similarly with 125 I-labeled aggregated IgG for binding to Fc receptors of mouse spleen cells. The same inhibition of PFC can be induced by aggregated IgG in cultures of B lymphocytes immunized with the T-independent antigen DNP-Ficoll. When IgG is absorbed extensively with sheep erythrocytes and added to cultures immunized with sheep erythrocytes, PFC generation is inhibited to a level comparable to that of nonabsorbed IgG. These results suggest that IgG binding to Fc receptors leads to a severe inhibition of the induction of PFC by both T-dependent and T-independent antigens. This and other work from our laboratory indicate that this effect may be at the level of B lymphocyte Fc receptors. Taken together with reports from several laboratories, the data presented here suggest that Fc receptors may have a regulatory role on the activation of B lymphocytes by antigens or mitogens.
Understanding Campaign Strategy

SUMMARY The role of professional political consultants in campaigns is not very well understood, at least from a theoretical perspective. As a result, we know very little about how campaign strategy is developed. This article is an attempt to think theoretically about how professional campaign operatives craft strategies for candidates. It begins with a review of previous research on consultants and campaign strategy. That work helps lay a foundation for a theory of professional campaign activity that focuses on the development of campaign strategy. I then turn to campaign professionals themselves. Based on interviews with numerous consultants and other campaign operatives, I identify common approaches to building strategy within campaigns. Finally, I explain the notion of ‘deliberate priming,’ a theoretical understanding of professionally run campaigns that emerges from the consultant interviews and previous scholarship in this field.
Abstract 1552: CCN5/wisp-2 induced growth arrest of aggressive triple negative breast cancer cells is promoted through accumulation and trafficking of p27kip1

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA CCN5, a matricellular protein, represents promising treatment target in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) as treatment or induced activation of CCN5 in TNBC cells promotes cell growth arrest at G0/G1 phase, reduces cell proliferation and delays tumor growth in xenograft model. Our studies found that p27Kip1 tumor suppressor protein is upregulated and relocalized to the nucleus from cytoplasm by CCN5 in these cells and that these two events (i.e., upregulation and relocalization) of p27Kip1 is required for CCN5-induced growth inhibition of TNBC cells. In the absence of CCN5, p27Kip1 remains mostly in the cytoplasm, a state of aggressive nature of cancer cells. Mechanistically, CCN5 inhibits Skp2 expression, which seems to stabilize p27Kip1 protein in these cells. On the other hand, CCN5 also recruits FOXO3a to mediate transcriptional regulation of p27Kip1. The recruitment of FOXO3a is achieved by the induction of its expression and activity through shifting from cytoplasm to the nucleus. Our data indicate that CCN5 blocks PI3K/AKT signaling to dephosphorylate at S318, S253 and Thr32 in FOXO3a for nuclear relocalization and activation of FOXO3a. Inhibition of α6β1 diminishes CCN5 action on p27Kip1 in TNBC cells. Collectively, CCN5 may have therapeutic potential for TNBC. Citation Format: Inamul Haque, Snigdha Banerjee, Archana De, Gargi Maity, Sandipto Sarkar, Douglas McGragor, Sushanta K. Banerjee. CCN5/wisp-2 induced growth arrest of aggressive triple negative breast cancer cells is promoted through accumulation and trafficking of p27kip1 . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1552. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1552
Synthesis of simple distributed detection networks

The article studies algorithmic issues of simple object detection problems in the context of a system consisting of a finite set of sensors S that monitor a workspace. Each sensor a in S detects the presence of any object that belongs to a certain subset, Det(a), of a given set of objects O. The detection problem is defined as follows: given that an object had been detected at a subset D contained in S of sensors, identify if the object in the workspace could be a member of O. If yes, compute the maximal set of such members. If not, declare the object in the workspace to be unidentified. Two versions are considered of this problem based on how the input is specified. In the forward detection problem, one is given (Det(a))/sub a in S/. In the backward detection problem, one is given (Set(b))/sub b in O/, where Set(b) is the set of sensors at which the object b in O would be detected. The article constructs a conceptual graph structure called the detection network that yields efficient implementation of detection algorithms using combinational circuits, message-based systems and parallel computing systems. It shows the problem of computing a network with minimum number of edges is computationally intractable, and then presents several polynomial-time approximation algorithms. Then it presents sequential algorithms to solve the detection problems with and without preprocessing. It also discusses parallel algorithms on shared memory systems and hypercube-based message passing systems. Finally, it shows that the problem of recognizing multiple objects is computationally intractable. >
Clinical predictability of the waist-to-hip ratio in assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight, premenopausal women.

The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is one of the most commonly used anthropometric measures to indicate a central obesity pattern and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in normal-weight women. Although the American Heart Association has reported that a WHR >0.80 be used to indicate increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women, the present study assessed the WHR above which is seen elevations in cardiovascular disease risk factors in a sample of overweight women. Using data from 240 women aged 27.5-47.5 y enrolled in a university weight-loss program, we determined WHR quartiles: or =0.90. Subjects were placed into high-risk categories for cardiovascular disease on the basis of age- and population-defined norms. Women had an increased likelihood of elevated VLDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, diastolic blood pressure, and composite risk (ie, having > or =4 cardiovascular disease risk factors) and an increased risk of having low concentrations of HDL at a WHR > or =0.90. All aforementioned variables had a significant odds ratio at a WHR > or =20.90 after adjustment for smoking, whereas elevated VLDL, triacylglycerol, and diastolic blood pressure were observed at this WHR after adjustment for a body mass index (in kg/m2) or =35. Only 2 variables, VLDL and triacylglycerol, had a significant odds ratio at a WHR or =0.90, at which point there was an elevation in cardiovascular disease risk factors in already overweight women. This trend persisted regardless of whether the women smoked or whether their body mass index was or =35.
Basel II and Extreme Risk Analysis

Basel II mandates the maintenance of bank capital to address three broad categories of risk: credit risk, market risk and operation risk. Basel II methodology assumes that credit risk can be reliably specified with respect to particular asset categories. These projections are based on historical experience, reflected in data sets, which are at times general and at times specific to a particular institution. Basel II may have failed, however, to identify the strong shift in the correlation of defaults that accompanied the financial crisis. Market risk assessment displays similar issues of under-anticipated correlation under extreme conditions. Of the three categories, operational risk is the least tractable. It is a catch-all category, reflecting both internal failures and external events. The character of risk shifts markedly between ‘ordinary times’ and extreme events. Consider this matrix:Credit Risk• In Ordinary Times, defaults may be predicted based on historical data; there is no strong correlation of default.• During Extreme Events, there is often inadequate data for a robust quantification of risk, where there is a strong correlation of default.Market Risk• In Ordinary Times, loss of value is linked to the performance of a particular asset.• During Extreme Events, loss of value is linked to asset type (that is, contagion).Operational Risk• In Ordinary Times, operational losses are more likely to be institution-specific.• During Extreme Events, operational losses originate from the general environment.This paper addresses the ability of Basel II to respond to extreme events. Extreme events include events thought to be extremely unlikely and events that are unimagined (and hence ex ante unimaginable). Basel II largely examines risk as faced by individual financial institutions. Yet systemic risk (contagion) is a well-recognized feature of the international financial system. The liquidity crisis, however, appears to be a novel (unanticipated) phenomenon. Cross-failure of institutions may be yet another example of unanticipated correlation of outcomes, with a peculiar magnification effect. Basel II does not ask – at least not explicitly – whether there is adequate capital across the entire banking system. The current financial crisis may be an instance where this failed to hold. A revised Basel regime might need to account for additional capital stored outside individual institutions to assure adequate capital under extreme conditions affecting the broader banking sector.