cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CCLearner: A Deep Learning-Based Clone Detection Approach

Programmers produce code clones when developing software. By copying and pasting code with or without modification, developers reuse existing code to improve programming productivity. However, code clones present challenges to software maintenance: they may require consistent application of the same or similar bug fixes or program changes to multiple code locations. To simplify the maintenance process, various tools have been proposed to automatically detect clones [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Some tools tokenize source code, and then compare the sequence or frequency of tokens to reveal clones [1], [3], [4], [5]. Some other tools detect clones using tree-matching algorithms to compare the Abstract Syntax Trees (ASTs) of source code [2], [6]. In this paper, we present CCLEARNER, the first solely token-based clone detection approach leveraging deep learning. CCLEARNER extracts tokens from known method-level code clones and nonclones to train a classifier, and then uses the classifier to detect clones in a given codebase.To evaluate CCLEARNER, we reused BigCloneBench [7], an existing large benchmark of real clones. We used part of the benchmark for training and the other part for testing, and observed that CCLEARNER effectively detected clones. With the same data set, we conducted the first systematic comparison experiment between CCLEARNER and three popular clone detection tools. Compared with the approaches not using deep learning, CCLEARNER achieved competitive clone detection effectiveness with low time cost.
A comparison of burley tobacco doubled-haploid lines with their source inbred cultivars.

A doubled-haploid line was randomly derived from each of seven burley tobacco, Nicotianatabacum L., cultivars using anther culture and leaf-midvein chromosomal doubling. The doubled-haploid lines were compared to their source inbred cultivars in two experiments for several agronomic and chemical characters. A consistent relationship between anther-derived materials and reduced vigor was not observed in these doubled-haploid lines. Significant differences between the doubled-haploid mean and their source cultivar mean were observed only for days to flower and total alkaloids. The doubled-haploid means were not significantly different from their source cultivar means for yield, plant height, and leaf number. In total, 26 of the 35 individual comparisons between a doubled-haploid line and its source cultivar were nonsignificant. Reciprocal crosses between the doubled-haploid lines and their source inbred cultivars also demonstrated no significant differences. The diallel progeny of the seven doubled-haploid lines showed a similar genetic performance to that of diallel progeny from conventional materials in previous studies. The differences observed between the doubled-haploid lines and their source inbred cultivars could be explained by residual heterozygosity. The performances of the doubled-haploid progeny could also be attributed to the presence of residual heterozygosity in the original cultivars. As tested by reciprocal crosses, cytoplasmic effects were not significantly involved in the performance of the double-dhaploid lines.
Not Another Dead Indian: Young Adult Fiction, Survivance, and Sherman Alexie's Flight

The article focuses on Alexie’s often overlooked YA novel Flight , specifically on the ways that it plots a narrative of presence, or what Anishinaabe theorist Gerald Vizenor calls “survivance," for the orphaned, mixed-blood teenage protagonist. In doing so, the novel challenges “last of” or “vanishing” Indian literary tropes and suggests new ways to approach popular YA fiction.
Detection and Compensation of Power Imbalance and Modulation Imperfection in Coherent IQ Transmitter

By sweeping gain scaling factor of finite impulse filter and monitoring the coherent IQ transmitter output power, power-imbalance, modulation-depth and bias-point are detected in real time simultaneously. Power-imbalance is compensated by adjusting gain of radio frequency amplifier.
Summary of Clinical Poster Sessions

The first of six presentations in this poster session to be discussed is that of Preisler and Rustum [1]. This paper demonstrates the efficacy of anthracycline derivatives given as a pulse injection daily for 3 days in combination with a continuous seven day infusion of cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). This regimen and regimens similar to it [2] are among the best treatments for this disease at the present time. A number of investigators have achieved complete responses on the order of 65–70% with such treatment [3–5]. Preisler and Rustum attempt to determine whether the intracellular retention of activated Ara-C in vitro by a patient’s bone marrow leukemic cells correlates with remission rate and duration. Unfortunately, the authors did not find an improved remission rate in those patients who retained phosphoralated cytosine arabinoside better than others. However, there was a highly statistically significant correlation between phosphorolated cytosine arabinoside retention and remission duration. This is an important finding not only because it may allow one to predict in broad strokes what remission duration is likely to be in a given patient, but the data strongly suggest that the induction therapy given to a patient with ANLL is the most important determinant of remission duration. Others have also suggested this may be so [6]. A number of investigators have recently questioned the value of intensive maintenance therapy in this disease and the results have been variable [7,8].
Feasibility Study of a Proliferation-Resistant Fuel Form for Plutonium Recycling

A feasibility study of a proliferation-resistant fuel form for commercial power reactors was conducted. An increase in 238Pu is known to increase the heat load in pure plutonium metal. At high 238P...
Problem Set 6.2 – Gas Transport and pH Disturbances

Publisher Summary This chapter presents various problem sets related to gas transport and pH disturbances, which include the calculation of the concentrations of [H2PO4–1] and [HPO4–2] at pH 7.4 if the total phosphate concentration is 1 mM for the phosphate buffer system; and the total CO2 content of arterial blood assuming an arterial pH of 7.4.
Reintervention following stage 1 palliation: A report from the NPC-QIC Registry.

BACKGROUND Single ventricle heart disease with aortic arch hypoplasia has high morbidity and mortality, with the greatest risk after stage 1 palliation. Residual lesions often require catheter-based or surgical reintervention to minimize risk. We sought to describe the types, frequency, and risk factors for re-intervention between stage 1 and stage 2 palliation, utilizing the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC) registry. METHODS The NPC-QIC registry, consisting of patients discharged after stage 1 palliation, was queried. Hybrid stage 1 palliation patients were excluded from this study. The primary risk factor was shunt type and the primary outcome was re-intervention. RESULTS Of 1156 patients, (50%) had re-intervention. There was no difference in total rate of re-intervention by shunt type (BT shunt 52% vs. RVPA shunt 48%; P = .17). Patients with a BT shunt had increased re-intervention during stage 1 hospitalization (P =.002). During the interstage period, following discharge from stage 1 palliation, patients with a BT shunt had increased aortic arch re-intervention (P 14 d (P < .01) was the only risk factor associated with re-intervention by multivariable analysis, regardless of shunt type. CONCLUSIONS Re-intervention between stage I and stage 2 palliation is common. There is no difference in cumulative frequency of re-intervention between shunt types, though types and timing of re-intervention varied between shunt types. Longitudinal assessment of the NPC-QIC database is important to identify long term outcomes of patients requiring re-intervention.
Fifty years of agenda-setting research: New directions and challenges for the theory

Abstract 50 years have passed since the seminal 1968 election study was conducted in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. A conference was held with formative theorists Drs. Shaw, Weaver and McCombs. Presentations clustered into 9 clear areas. First, there were areas undergoing theoretical expansion: (1) agenda building, (2) Network Agenda Setting (NAS), (3) Need For Orientation (NFO), and (4) agendamelding. Beyond the established areas, (5) new theoretical directions were proposed. Other work tested and validated the theory in the current digital and political landscape. This included work on (6) the current U.S. political climate, and (7) agenda setting in unique international conditions. Methodological boundaries were pushed, with presentations focused on (8) qualitative agenda setting and (9) best practices for big data and on social media. This article summarizes the aforementioned themes and synthesizes comments raised in discussion at the conference.
A Method for Automatically Analyzing Intelligent Tutoring System Dialogues with Coh-Metrix.

We developed a method for using Coh-Metrix to automatically analyze tutorial dialogues. Coh-Metrix, a web-based tool for automatically evaluating text, is freely available to researchers. We applied the method to 190 tutorial dialogues between women and BRCA Gist from two experiments. BRCA Gist is an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) to help women make decisions about genetic testing for breast cancer risk. Tutorial dialogues scored high on measures of textual cohesion (deep cohesion, referential cohesion, and the composite variable formality). They also scored high on measures of the situation model (LSA verb overlap and causal verb and causal particle). However, there was mixed support for the hypothesis that higher scores on Coh-Metrix variables would predict subsequent comprehension. A Coh-Metrix principle is that the observable cohesion of a text is a reliable guide to the coherence of the reader’s mental representation of that text. Thus it appears that interacting with BRCA Gist helped people form coherent mental representations of complex medical materials. We conclude that Coh-Metrix can be used to reliably assess tutorial dialogues and make inferences about the mental representations of people engaged in conversation with an ITS based on observable characteristics of the statements people make.
Enabling Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Systems via Edge Computing

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) have continuously demonstrated incredible value assisting with disasters such as wildfires and hurricanes. For example, UASs can help reduce risk in firefighting and increase useful data that can aid in developing a more informed strategy. Yet, performing tasks safely through tight spaces and accurately detecting nearby objects remains a major challenge facing fully autonomous flying. Due to the safety concern, CAL Fire has resisted the use of fire service UASs due to the unreliability of collision avoidance. Realizing the full potential of UASs for assisting with disasters will call for autonomous UASs that must be autonomous, taskable, and adaptive to incident situations, and respect safety, privacy, and regulatory concerns. In this paper, we propose the development of autonomous UASs capable of autonomous navigation, localization, 3-D mapping, and achieve on-board data processing and decision making. The UAS will fly and make decision using only on-board sensors and processors. Our contribution covers hardware design and embedded programming to multi-modal sensing, vision-based navigation, and hybrid mapping. We developed a new edge computing and sensing system for UASs which is compatible with existing open source autopilot software and deep-learning frameworks. We proposed a multi-modal sensing based hybrid localization and obstacle detection approach that runs in real time on board. The output of the localization and obstacle detection results is fused with high-level understanding and is used to control the UASs locally without rely on the link to a ground station. Our evaluation results demonstrate an autonomous UAS flying based on pre-defined destinations with on-board deep learning for perception and obstacle avoidance.
Lenalidomide-Induced Cytopenias In Patients with MDS Are Negatively Impacted by Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate

Abstract 4958 Background: The myelodsyplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic stem cell disorders caused by dysplastic cellular proliferation accompanied by chronic peripheral cytopenias. Up to 90% of patients are found to be anemic upon presentation. Treatment with lenalidomide, a renally excreted drug, has been shown to abolish the need for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in approximately two-thirds of MDS patients who harbor the deletion 5q abnormality. To date, there is no data regarding the degree of myelosuppression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are receiving lenalidomide for the treatment of their MDS. Notably, increased myelosuppression related to abnormal glomerular filtration rate (GFR in mL/min) has been reported in myeloma patients on lenalidomide but has yet to be studied in patients with MDS (Niesvizky et al., 2007). We sought to evaluate the extent of cytopenias relative to GFR in patients who received lenalidomide for treatment of their MDS in the setting of the MDS 002/003 trials. Method and Patients: This is a retrospective chart review of patients with RBC transfusion dependent MDS treated with lenalidomide for symptomatic anemia in the setting of the 002/003 MDS trials at our center. All patients had an IPSS of low or intermediate risk-1 and were started on lenalidomide at 10mg daily. Patients were excluded from participation in the studies if their serum creatinine was > 2.5mg/dL. Blood counts prior to therapy and with each dosage change (defined as reduction, held dose or discontinuation) were recorded. Patients were stratified according to GFR Results: 31 patients were identified. The median age was 70.5 years. 10 patients were male. 13 patients had normal karyotypes. 16 patients had del5q. 3 patients had other cytogenetic abnormalities. 17 patients were receiving ESAs prior to the study. 9 patients had a GFR of Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that patients with CKD have a higher incidence of grade 3/4 myelosuppression when treated with lenalidomide. This effect appears to be greater than expected in those with non-del5q karyotypes and concurrent CKD. These observations require further investigation in a prospective manner. In the interim, consideration for initiating lenalidomide at a lower dose in patients with MDS and decreased renal function may reduce the incidence of myelosuppression, thereby potentially allowing for fewer dose modifications and longer treatment times. Our conclusion is in line with the recently published lenalidomide dose modification recommendations in patients with renal impairment and should prompt clinicians planning to treat MDS patients with lenalidomide to calculate GFR to determine an appropriate starting dose. Disclosures: Gregory: Celgene: Research Funding. Venugopal: Celgene: Speakers Bureau. Shammo: Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.
Triage and Ongoing Care for Critically Ill Patients in the Emergency Department: Results from a National Survey of Emergency Physicians.

Author(s): Mathews, Kusum S.; Rodriguez, Sandra M.; Nelson, Judith E.; Richardson, Lynne D. | Abstract: Introduction: We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai to elicit emergency physician (EP) perceptions regarding intensive care unit (ICU) triage decisions and ongoing management for boarding of ICU patients in the emergency department (ED). We assessed factors influencing the disposition decision for critically ill patients in the ED to characterize EPs’ perceptions about ongoing critical care delivery in the ED while awaiting ICU admission.Methods: Through content expert review and pilot testing, we iteratively developed a 25-item written survey targeted to EPs, eliciting current ICU triage structure, opinions on factors influencing ICU admission decisions, and views on caring for critically ill patients “boarding” in the ED for g4-6 hours.Results: We approached 732 EPs at a large, national emergency medicine conference, achieving 93.6% response and completion rate, with 54% academic and 46% community participants. One-fifth reported having formal ICU admission criteria, although only 36.6% reported adherence. Common factors influencing EPs’ ICU triage decisions were illness severity (91.1%), ICU interventions needed (87.6%), and diagnosis (68.2%), while ICU bed availability (13.5%) and presence of other critically ill patients in ED (10.2%) were less or not important. While 72.1% reported frequently caring for ICU boarders, respondents identified high patient volume (61.3%) and inadequate support staffing (48.6%) as the most common challenges in caring for boarding ICU patients.Conclusion: Patient factors (eg, diagnosis, illness severity) were seen as more important than system factors (eg, bed availability) in triaging ED patients to the ICU. Boarding ICU patients is a common challenge for more than two-thirds of EPs, exacerbated by ED volume and staffing constraints.
Reconsidering Prostate Cancer Mortality - The Future of PSA Screening.

Reconsidering Prostate Cancer Mortality Since PSA screening and the treatment that may follow result in trading off one cause of death for another, rather than extending life, providers who support...
E-137 Microcatheter injections in acute stroke thrombectomy

Introduction Timing of recanalization and safety of endovascular thrombectomy are important factors determining the final clinical outcome of acute stroke interventions. Appropriate position of the aspirating catheter and placement of stent retrievers are of paramount importance to achieve both these goals. Microcatheter injection (MCI) is a simple yet effective method to confirm appropriate position of the microcatheters and also to evaluate the collateral circulations. In this study, we evaluated the MCI applications in our practice and how it affected the procedural management of our patients with acute stroke. Methods In this retrospective study, 200 patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion who underwent acute intervention from March 2015 to August 2018 were enrolled. All the charts, peri-operative images including CT scans and MRIs, and endovascular interventions were reviewed. Results Out of 200 enrolled patients, 122 were female. The average age was 68.8 years and 141 had a baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of less than 3. MCI was used in 72 patients leading to microcatheter repositioning in 15 instances. Average NIHSS at 90 days was 24.6 while 57 patients had a mRS less than 3 at 3-month follow up. Procedural time was significantly shorter in the non-MCI group (48.2 min vs. 76.5, p Conclusion Though MCI theoretically helps with appropriate microcatheter positioning across an occlusion during thrombectomy, it was used as a technique in only in 36.0% of the cases in our cohort. Our data supports that performing MCI in stroke thrombectomy is significantly associated with longer procedural times, lower rates of TICI 2B/3 reperfusion, and worse 90 day outcomes (mRS >3) compared to not performing MCI. Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate if the MCI technique affects reperfusion and functional outcomes in endovascular patients. Disclosures M. Nouri: None. J. Lee: None. J. Mocco: None. P. Singh: 6; C; Penumbra.
Pulmonary function test and pulmonary interstitial disease

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which are functionally cha-racterized by a restrictive ventilatory defect and exercise induced hypoxemia.Most lung function abnormalities in ILD share common features but are not specific.Pulmonary function is important for the diagnosis of patients with suspected ILD.For the diagnosis of ILD cases, pulmonary function test can assess the severity of the diseases and monitor progre-ssion of diseases. Key words: Pulmonary function; Pulmonary interstitial disease; Child
Training Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment to Use The Seniorbook App: A Second Pilot Study

This paper reports a second pilot study on training five elderly with mild cognitive disabilities to use a social media mobile app prototype. A previous pilot study results suggested major changes in research instruments such as the mobile app platform (Seniorbook) and the intelligence test to be used when verifying the participants' qualifications. The second pilot study was conducted to test the newly revised instruments. Five subjects age between 65 and 70 years old with mild cognitive issues participated in the study. The participants went through three phases after completing the newly selected intelligence test:(1) attended a training session using one of the randomly assigned versions of the mobile app prototype Seniorbook; (2) performed self-study for two weeks, (3) participated in an observation session after the self-study period ended. The preliminary result shows that the revised research instruments to be working overall. Specifically, participants seemed very confident to use the new prototype because it felt realistic, clear, and fun to navigate. They also reported that the new cognitive test was easier and joyful whereas the old one was quite complicated.
Predicting interactions in handedness research: The role of integrated versus independent dual-processes.

Over the past two decades, a new way of looking at handedness has emerged (see Prichard, E., Propper, R. E., & Christman, S. D. (2013). Degree of handedness, but not direction, is a systematic pred...
Sociodemographic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Fear of Infection, and Protection Self-Efficacy.

Objectives:Arkansas COVID-19 vaccine uptake has been lower than the national average. This study examined associations between sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, fear of infec...
Machine Learning-Based Statistical Closure Models for Turbulent Dynamical Systems

We propose a Machine Learning (ML) non-Markovian closure modeling framework for accurate predictions of statistical responses of turbulent dynamical systems subjected to external forcings. One of the difficulties in this statistical closure problem is the lack of training data, which is a configuration that is not desirable in supervised learning with neural network models. In this study with the 40-dimensional Lorenz-96 model, the shortage of data (in temporal) is due to the stationarity of the statistics beyond the decorrelation time, thus, the only informative content in the training data is on short-time transient statistics. We adopted a unified closure framework on various truncation regimes, including and excluding the detailed dynamical equations for the variances. The closure frameworks employ a Long-Short-Term-Memory architecture to represent the higher-order unresolved statistical feedbacks with careful consideration to account for the intrinsic instability yet producing stable long-time predictions. We found that this unified agnostic ML approach performs well under various truncation scenarios. Numerically, the ML closure model can accurately predict the long-time statistical responses subjected to various time-dependent external forces that are not (and maximum forcing amplitudes that are relatively larger than those) in the training dataset.
Mis-Configurations in Network Security Access Controls

Access control is a critical security control that exist in several locations such as operating systems, firewalls, routers, etc. The nature and complexity of details that each one of those access controllers evaluate to make access control differ in details but are are similar in principles. With focus on network-based access controls this paper investigate different mis-configuration access control problems. We developed a tool that can automatically detect and report several types of misconfigurations in Snort rules.
Correlation of Primary Sequence and Functional Determinants of HLA Class II Molecules

The structure-function relationship of HLA class II molecules remains one of the main areas of interest in HLA immunogenetics. While X-ray crystallographic studies are one ultimate goal, association of primary sequences of polymorphic genes with functional T lymphocyte-defined (LD) determinants represents a first approximation to this goal; our interpretations must be considered in that light. Data accumulating in two areas are of value in this regard. First, we and others (1–6) have provided DNA sequence information comparing polymorphic genes associated with Dw/LD subtype polymorphism of certain DR specificities. Second, we have used cloned T-cell reagents to define polymorphic epitopes associated with DR and DQ (7,8). We report here that sharing of amino acid (aa) sequences in the third, as well as possibly the second, hypervariable regions (HVR-aa 67–74 and aa 26–31) in several cases appears to correlate with sharing of LD epitopes.
Mathematics and Culture in Micronesia: An Exploration of the Mathematical Aspects of Indigenous Practices

The aims of the discussion group are to (1) discuss the findings of the three indigenous authors (Mamangon, Moses and Velasquez) investigations thus far relative to mathematics and culture in Micronesia, (2) explore the challenges and successess achieved in using elders to uncover and validate indigenous knowledge and practices, (3) explore the pedagogical issues of how to translate the findings into materials and approaches suitable for elementary school children, and (4) consider implications for future research in other indigenous cultures. Indigenous mathematics, ethnomathematics, cultural-based mathematics.
Time-resolved diode current density measurements for the Recirculating Linac injector

Temporally and spatially resolved beam electron current density measurements at the anode foil of the Recirculating Linear Accelerator (RLA) 1.5-MV, 15-kA isolated-Blumlein injector have been made using a beam aperture technique. This method derives the beam current density radial profile from the magnitude of the beam current exiting from a range-thick aperture of varying radius centered on the beam axis and placed in contact with the downstream side of the planar anode foil. Successful application of this diagnostic requires axisymmetric beams having good shot-to-shot reproducibility. Experimental and simulation results have been compared. >
Age- and gender-based market segmentation: a structural understanding.

Abstract Age- and gender-based market segmentation studies have appeared frequently in the travel literature. The authors examined the implicit assumptions made in previous age- and gender-related studies. In addition, a well-established marketing theory was employed to compare age- and gender-based market segments. The findings indicate that the two age (senior vs. younger) and gender segments are heterogeneous and provide different measurement reliabilities. However, the decision making process of the different age and gender groups was the same. The findings and implications are discussed.
Separation of nucleic acids and proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a unique problem encountered during recovery of intracellulary produced proteins. Disruption of cells produces a mixture of nucleic acids and proteins in the solution from which the desired proteins must be fractionated. Typical separation schemes involve first the removal of nucleic acids from solution by precipitation. The desired protein is then isolated and purified from the mixture of remaining nucleic acids and proteins. A scheme for recovery of intracellular bacterial enzyme tartrate dehydrogenase from cell paste is shown in the chapter. Material balance at the different stages of the scheme in two different experiments showed that 53-60% loss in enzyme activity took place during precipitation of nucleic acids by protamine sulfate and during ammonium sulfate fractionation of proteins. Reduction in volume, removal of major nonprotein impurities, and little increase in fold purification of the desired enzyme characterize these steps. Accordingly, these steps represent the classical isolation steps. Thus, the chapter discusses the aqueous two-phase extraction that is an efficient method for separation of nucleic acids from proteins. By proper selection of an ATP system and optimization of pH and salt concentration, it is possible to achieve a high degree of purification using a single-stage extraction-back extraction for an intracellular enzyme. The enzyme yield and purification achieved by ATP process is significantly higher than from a comparative precipitation process.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Applied to Mathematical Software

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Can O-O Methods be Applied to Mathematics? Elements of a Requirement Example of Comparing O-O with Mathematical Approaches O-O Concepts Applied to Poisson Failure Model Applying Mathematical Modeling to the Poisson Failure Model Mathematical Modeling Design Approach Example Applying O-O Methods to Mathematical Model Summary and Conclusions References Appendix
Introduction to the Inter-organizational Collaborative Dynamics and Role of Information Technology Minitrack

Breakthrough innovation increasingly requires intense interaction that involves external parties jointly solving problems or exploring new opportunities. In healthcare, care coordination and transitions of care require coordination of patient care among multiple and often independent care settings that are often completely different systems of care, both professionally and institutionally. Multiparty cloud solutions and infrastructure management services require close collaboration by multiple vendors and the client particularly during times of transition. The aftermath of catastrophic events often involves impromptu groups of individuals from different organizations and backgrounds that collaborate to provide disaster relief. This minitrack explores inter-organizational collaboration, particularly in terms of multi-level dynamics and the role of information and communication technology in such dynamics. We celebrate any acceptable methodology and theory, and encourages any level of analysis and papers that take a cross-level perspective.
External-beam radiation therapy for malignant paraganglioma of the head and neck.

Abstract Background Malignant paragangliomas of the head and neck are very rare tumors of the neuroendocrine cells associated with the peripheral nervous system. There are limited data available to help guide treatment of these tumors and the role of radiation therapy (RT) is not well-defined. This article briefly reviews the pathology, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities of these tumors and reviews our institutional experience in treating this malignancy. Patients and methods From November 1993 through May 2005, 5 patients with 5 malignant paragangliomas of the jugular bulb and carotid body were treated with RT at the University of Florida to a median dose of 70 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction. Mean and median follow-up times are 12.8 years and 14.4 years, respectively. Results We were able to achieve significant disease-free intervals of > 10 years for 3 of 5 patients and > 5 years for 4 of 5 patients. Of the 2 patients who failed treatment, 1 recurred 7.3 years after the RT salvage treatment following combination surgery and RT at another institution, and 1 experienced distant metastasis 2.8 years after treatment without obvious recurrence of local disease. Conclusion Malignant paragangliomas are a very rare entity whose main treatment modality has yet to be well established. Overall, data concerning outcomes are sparse, but particularly data on the role of RT in the treatment of these difficult tumors. We recommend doses to 70 Gy at 2 Gy per once-daily fraction as an adjuvant treatment with surgery to both remove the source of disease and provide microscopic control. Patients with incompletely resectable tumors are treated with RT alone.
Kinetics of Templated Grain Growth of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3·0.35PbTiO3

Single-crystal layers of 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3·0.35PbTiO3 (PMN-35PT) were grown heteroepitaxially on {001}-BaTiO3 template crystals. A {001}-BaTiO3 crystal was embedded in a fine-grained matrix of PMN-35PT containing excess PbO and heated between 950° and 1150°C for 0–5 h. The initial growth of the PMN-35PT on the {001} surface and the growth of the matrix grains both displayed a t1/3 dependence which is characteristic of diffusion-controlled growth. Growth was limited to ∼100–150 μm due to the significantly reduced driving force at longer times because of matrix coarsening and porosity evolution.
Determining Patch Saliency Using Low-Level Context

The increased use of context for high level reasoning has been popular in recent works to increase recognition accuracy. In this paper, we consider an orthogonal application of context. We explore the use of context to determine which low-level appearance cues in an image are salient or representative of an image's contents. Existing classes of low-level saliency measures for image patches include those based on interest points, as well as supervised discriminative measures. We propose a new class of unsupervised contextual saliency measures based on co-occurrence and spatial information between image patches. For recognition, image patches are sampled using a weighted random sampling based on saliency, or using a sequential approach based on maximizing the likelihoods of the image patches. We compare the different classes of saliency measures, along with a baseline uniform measure, for the task of scene and object recognition using the bag-of-features paradigm. In our results, the contextual saliency measures achieve improved accuracies over the previous methods. Moreover, our highest accuracy is achieved using a sparse sampling of the image, unlike previous approaches who's performance increases with the sampling density.
Singular value decomposition analysis of the torsional angles of dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 analogs: effect of force field and charges

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis of large, flexible molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (1), is complicated by the fact that they can take on a wide range of closely-related conformations. The first step in the analysis is to classify the conformers into groups. Over 600 conformers each of a piperazine (2) and piperidine (3) analog of 1 were generated by random search conformational analysis using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF94). Singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to group the conformers of 2 and 3 by the similarity of their non-ring torsional angles. SVD uncovered subtle differences in their conformer populations due to that fact that the conformers separate along different principal components, and ultimately to the fact that different torsional angles are the chief contributors to these components. The results were compared to our previous SVD analysis (Fiorentino, et al., Journal of Computational Chemistry, 2006, 27, 609-620) of conformer populations of 2 and 3 generated by the Tripos force field and Gasteiger-Huckel charges. Except for the dominant contribution of angle B3 to principal component 8 seen with both force fields, the angles which are chiefly responsible for the grouping of the conformers of 2 and 3 are different with both force fields. This illustrates that SVD is useful in identifying unique groupings of conformers in large data sets of flexible molecules—a first step in selecting representative conformers for 3D-QSAR modeling studies.
Varieties and Mating Types in Paramecium Bursaria: I. New Variety and Types, from England, Ireland, and Czechoslovakia.

prototrophic. (For Neurospora crassa see Butler, E. T., Robbins, W. J., and Dodge, B. 0., Science, 94, 262 (1941).) 6 Beadle, G. W., and Coonradt, V. L., Genetics, 29, 291-308 (1944). 7Different "wild-type" stocks undoubtedly carry gene differences which can modify such physiological characteristics as growth rate and degree of conidiation.4 These differences may segregate to different stocks. Therefore, it is not strictly correct to speak of the wild type as an entirely distinctive genotype. However, in every mutant studied the nutritional requirement is determined by a single gene, although the genetic background may, to a certain extent, modify the details of its expression. It would be desirable to use "isogenic" strains, obtained by repeated back-crossing, but the biparental inheritance of Neurospora makes very difficult the elimination of any gene differences that may be linked to mating-type alleles. 8 Roepke, R. R., Libby, R. L., and Small, M. H., Jour. Bact., 48, 401-412 (1944). 9 Gray, C. H., and Tatum, E. L., these PROCEEDINGS, 30, 404-410 (1944). 10 The leucineless mutant, 33757, was obtained from a culture of Neurospora which had been treated with ultra-violet radiation. However, since parallel studies on spontaneous mutation were not carried out' it cannot be proved that the mutation L -. 11 was induced and did not occur spontaneously. 1 Strain 4637-A is known to carry a translocation (McClintock, B., Am. Jour. Bot., 32, 671-678 (1945)) which is closely linked to albino, It reduces crossing over in a region of the sex chromosome (Doermann, A. H., Arch. Biochem.,.5, 373-384 (1944)). The prototrophic fl strain used in these experiments, although wild type in color, may have carried the translocation. The adaptation could have been due to mutation to leucine independence at a locus other than li since, in the cross of the fm with wild type, reduction of crossing over might have prevented the appearance of recombinations. There are two types of evidence which militate against these assumptions. First, we found no reason to believe that the fi by wild-type cross produced the lethal classes which would be expected if a translocation were involved. Second, the physiological identity of adapted strains with wild type speaks for the identity of the leucine-independent gene and the wild-type allele of 11.
Barriers to antiretroviral adherence for patients living with HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana.

Background: Botswana has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world estimated at 36% among the population aged 15–49 years. To improve antiretroviral (ARV) treatment delivery we conducted a cross-sectional study of the social cultural and structural determinants of treatment adherence. Methods: We used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies including questionnaires and interviews with patients receiving ARV treatment and their health care providers to elicit principal barriers to adherence. Patient report and provider estimate of adherence (>/95% doses) were the primary outcomes. Results: One hundred nine patients and 60 health care providers were interviewed between January and July 2000; 54% of patients were adherent by self-report while 56% were adherent by provider assessment. Observed agreement between patients and providers was 68%. Principal barriers to adherence included financial constraints (44%) stigma (15%) travel/migration (10%) and side effects (9%). On the basis of logistic regression if cost were removed as a barrier adherence is predicted to increase from 54% to 74%. Conclusions: ARV adherence rates in this study were comparable with those seen in developed countries. As elsewhere health care providers in Botswana were often unable to identify which patients adhere ad-here to their ARV regimens. The cost of ARV therapy was the most significant barrier to adherence. (authors)
Synthesis and reactions of a proposed DDT metabolite, 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetaldehyde.

Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, nach der authentischer 2, 2-bis(p-chlorphenyl)acetaldehyd erhalten wird. Die Charakterisierung dieses Aldehyds hat gezeigt, dass die in der Literatur bisher erschienen Angaben unrichtig sind. Der Aldehyd geht unter milden oxydativen Bedingungen unter Deformylierung in 4, 4-Dichlorbenzophenon Uber. Mogliche biologische Bedeutung dieser Reaktionen werden diskutiert.
The Human Side of Complex Pubilc Policy Mediation

If properly harnessed, the passions inherent in complex public policy disputes can be a driving force for reaching sustainable agreements, rather than leading to chaos. The author discusses how mediators can intervene to challenge existing assumptions, encourage ease among negotiators, promote curiosity and lay the groundwork for achieving actionable agreements by delving into human nature and the spectrum of differentiated human emotion.
Nonstoichiometry in calcium chlorapatite

Abstract Some properties dependent on deviations from ideal stoichiometry in Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 have been studied. By vacuum annealing chlorapatite, up to 23% of the CaCl 2 content can be lost without the appearance of a second phase. Measurements of lattice constants and density indicate the formation of Ca and Cl vacancies. Changes in the optical properties, color centers, and structure have been observed upon loss of CaCl 2 .
Electromyography of the Reticulum, Abomasum and Duodenum in Dairy Cows with Left Displacement of the Abomasum

Summary Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the reticulum, abomasal corpus, pyloric antrum and duodenum of six dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) were made in order to substantiate abomasal atony as a prerequisite to abomasal displacement. EMG recordings were made when LDA was present as well as when absent. Mean values were determined in five of six cows for the maximum peak or amplitude, mean peak values, peak-to-peak interval and count of the electrical response activity (ERA) for each 15 min segment of the waveform recordings. Segments containing phase III migrating myoelectric activity were not analysed. LDA positive periods were compared to LDA negative periods in each cow. The 6 h period (transition period) prior to the diagnosis of LDA was analysed separately. Paired t-tests were applied to group values with statistical significance established at the P = 0.05 level. There was a significant decrease in the ERA count during the LDA positive periods in the abomasal corpus (-1.40% to −7.88%, P = 0.0217) and in the pyloric antrum (-2.05% to −11.98%, P = 0.0430). A corresponding significant increase occurred in the peak-to-peak interval. During the transition period spike activity in the duodenum increased 0.5 % to 48.31 % (P = 0.0474) and the peak-to-peak interval was significantly decreased. No extended periods of atony were observed in the abomasum during this study.
Infant reaching to a hidden affordance: evidence for intentionality

Abstract To act on an affordance requires discovery and motoric regulation by sensory information. To act on a “hidden affordance” additionally implies a response based on previously presented sensory information not present at the time of the activity. It is argued that to act on a hidden affordance provides evidence for intentionality. In Study 1, we examined infant perception of a hidden affordance by measuring responses before and after tasting a sweet or a bitter object. Participants were 38 infants, aged 2.5–5.8 months. We found that the proportion of post-tasting reaches, but not kicks, was higher for a sweet than a bitter object. To determine awareness of the particular object, participants in Study 2 tasted a different object. Twenty infants 2.3 to 5.6 months of age were tested. In this study, the post-tasting proportion of reaches and kicks did not differ by taste condition. Thus, infants show reaching behavior influenced by a hidden affordance, suggesting intentionality.
Mechanisms of premature closure of cranial sutures.

Craniosynostosis is defined as premature closure of the sutures of the skull, resulting in cranial deformity. Since Virchow’s original paper describing the relationship between premature suture closure and skull morphology, we have learned much about the underlying mechanisms and consequences of premature suture closure. In this paper we will describe the biology of suture closure, the rules governing the resulting phenotypes seen clinically, and a prospective study of skull growth during the 1st year of life.
Ab initio calculations of the cohesive energy of Mo and W and heat of formation of MoSi 2 and WSi 2

Using fully relativistic norm-conserving pseudopotentials, we calculate the energy bands, cohesive energy, equilibrium lattice constant, and bulk modulus of Mo and W and compare the results with several recent all-electron and pseudopotential calculations. Comparing these cohesive energies with those we have calculated elsewhere for ${\mathrm{MoSi}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{WSi}}_{2}$, and Si we also obtain ${\mathrm{MoSi}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{WSi}}_{2}$ heats of formation.
PAPR mitigation algorithms for OFDM WiMAX link

OFDM has been adopted in many high systems due to its high data rates and to its robust performance in fading channel. OFDM distributes the data among number of carriers which are called subcarriers. The subcarriers must be orthogonal to prevent the carrier from interfering to each other. Features such overcoming ISI (inter-symbol interference) and the complexity of Designing both receiver and transmitter made it ideal technique for both wired and wireless communication as long as optical communications. However, OFDM suffers from a defect called Peak Average power ratio (PAPR). APARP is crucial drawback that limits the way that OFDM functions and reducing or mitigating this factor in wireless and optical environment will help overcome and enhance the OFDM date rate. PAPR is the main cause of inter-carrier interference and high out-of-band power, and consequently Bit error rate BER. We investigate some of the techniques that mitigate the effect of PAPR. These techniques are merged together to provide a better PAPR reduction with the existing techniques. In this paper, we are proposing a new reduction algorithm to minimize the effect of the PAPR. The results and simulation are done in Optisystem V-11 and Matlab environment. These approaches will be applied on WiMAX application and the performances between the different techniques are examined.
The Evolution and Finc-Scale Structure of a Microburst-Producing Cell

Abstract The structure and evolution of a microburst-producing cell were studied using dual-Doppler data collected in eastern Colorado during the summer of 1987. Eight volumes of multiple-Doppler data with a temporal resolution of 2.5 min were analyzed. The radar data were interpolated onto a Cartesian grid with horizontal and vertical spacing of 250 m and 200 m, respectively. The analysis of this dataset revealed that the 56 dBZ, storm produced two adjacent microbursts with different kinematic structures. The first microburst, which de-veloped a maximum velocity differential of 16 m s−1 over 2.5 km, was associated with a strong horizontal vortex (rotor) that developed new the surface at the precipitation edge. The second stronger micreburst obtained a velocity dilterential of 22 m s−1 over 3.2 km and was associated with a strengthening downdraft and collapse of the cell. Both microbursts developed ∼14 min after precipitation reached the surface. Trajectory and equivalent potential temperature (θe) analys...