cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Support for selling embryos among infertility patients.

Objective To determine the opinions of infertility patients regarding selling extra embryos, and to investigate the relation between patient choice and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Design Cross-sectional, self-administered survey. Setting University hospital-based fertility center. Patient(s) 1350 consecutive women who presented for infertility care. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Patient opinion regarding selling extra embryos to other couples, and correlations with their demographic and socioeconomic background. Result(s) Of respondents with a definitive opinion, 56% felt that selling extra embryos to other couples should be allowed. After adjustment for observed predictors favoring selling extra embryos, we found statistically significantly lower support for selling embryos among patients who were Hispanic (relative to Caucasians) or had never been pregnant, whereas significantly greater support was observed among Hindu and secular women, patients being treated for male factor infertility, and those who in the past had or were currently undergoing intrauterine insemination. Age, education, marital status, and parity were not statistically significantly associated with the opinions about selling extra embryos to other couples. Conclusion(s) A large proportion of infertility patient participants approved of selling leftover embryos to other couples. However, some demographic and reproductive factors are significantly associated with patient opinion.
Bound to Bind

Two familiar ideas in the theory of binding are explored: that semantic binding is preferred over coreference (Reinhart 1983) and that (pronoun) binding seeks the closest antecedent (Fox 2000). It is shown that both proposals, when combined, yield an alternative and arguably simpler approach to the co-binding facts discussed by Heim (1993), but that neither alone does (contrary to what is suggested in Fox 2000). Then a unification of both ideas is proposed. Interestingly, the resulting system no longer entails one of Heim's (1993) conclusions, namely, that (co)reference must be marked by syntactic (co)indexing.
Recent Trends in American Historical Demography: Some Methodological and Conceptual Considerations

There is an increased interest in the role of demographic factors in American development. During the last 15 years, scholars from a variety of disciplines have explored the impact of demographic changes on American society in the past. A collection of 26 of the major articles from diverse journals has just been published (Vinovskis 1978c). Whereas most of the demographic studies of colonial America have been done by historians, the demographic analysis of nineteenth century America has been carried out to a large extent by demographers and economists. While studies of colonial demography have relied very heavily on reconstituting families from the vital records, those of nineteenth century America usually have been based on the federal censuses. Finally, scholars ofcolonial history tend to be less well trained in statistics and demography than their counterparts in nineteenth century demographic history. This essay does not analyze or even mention most of the work in American historical demography, rather it suggests some of the major issues and problems of this field. In the section on colonial demographic history, I emphasize some of the methodological and conceptual problems of the current studies, since most scholars have accepted these efforts rather uncritically. In the discussion of nineteenth century demographic history, I analyze the works on fertility and mortality patterns and trends in the antebellum period.
Dynamic equivalent models for wind power plants

The expansion of wind farms and the increase in their capacities impact the dynamic behavior of power systems significantly. These dynamics can only be captured accurately by detailed modeling of wind conditions as well as key equipment in the wind farm such as turbines, generators, controllers, compensation equipment and the composition of the operational turbines in the farm. Because of the large number of wind turbines in a typical farm and the variation in their operation, establishing an acceptable low order dynamic model for the entire farm is a challenging task indeed. This is because of the large number of wind farm turbines and the often lack of information at the utility control center on the detailed operational statuses of every turbine in farm at all times. In this paper, an aggregated model of wind farm based on the dynamics measured at the point of interconnection is proposed. These dynamics are naturally present due to the variations in wind speeds as well as wind gusts. The model is adaptive and can accommodate variations in wind farm operations and seasonal wind conditions.
Exercise and the Intensively Treated IDDM Patient

Individuals with IDDM can benefit from an exercise program in the same way nondiabetic individuals can. In addition to lowering insulin requirements and reducing the risk for cardiovas cular disease, exercise can produce many of the same physical adaptations in IDDM patients that nondiabetic individuals achieve. When used in combination with diet and insulin, exercise can produce beneficial effects on metabolic control.
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 and its role in ovarian follicle growth

Progesterone (P4) is synthesized in the ovary and acts directly on granulosa cells of developing ovarian follicles to suppress their rate of mitosis and apoptosis. Granulosa cells do not express nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR) but rather progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1). PGRMC1 binds P4 and mediates P4's actions, as evidenced by PGRMC1 siRNA studies. PGRMC1 acts by binding plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein and regulating gene expression. Specifically, PGRMC1 suppresses some genes that promote cell death (i.e., Bad, Caspase-3, Caspase-4). P4 regulates gene expression in part by inhibiting PGRMC1 binding to Tcf/Lef transcription sites, thereby reducing Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity. Since Tcf/Lef transcription sites are located within the promoters of genes that initiate mitosis and/or apoptosis (i.e., c-jun and c-myc), P4-PGRMC1 mediated suppression of these Tcf/Lef regulated genes could account for P4's actions. PGRMC1 expression is also altered in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, premature ovarian failure and infertility. Collectively, these observations support a role for PGRMC1 in regulating human ovarian follicle development.
Equine infectious anaemia virus proteins with epitopes most frequently recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes from infected horses

Efficacious lentiviral vaccines designed to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in outbred populations with a diverse repertoire of MHC class I molecules should contain or express multiple viral proteins. To determine the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) proteins with epitopes most frequently recognized by CTL from seven horses infected for 0·5 to 7 years, retroviral vector-transduced target cells expressing viral proteins were used in CTL assays. Gag p15 was recognized by CTL from 100% of these infected horses. p26 was recognized by CTL from 86%, SU and the middle third of Pol protein were each recognized by 43%, TM by 29%, and S2 by 14%. Based on these results, it is likely that a construct expressing the 359 amino acids constituting p15 and p26 would contain epitopes capable of stimulating CTL in most horses.
Recommendations for Perioperative Management of Patients on Existing Anticoagulation Therapy

In the United States, there are 2.2 million patients with atrial fibrillation receiving warfarin therapy1,2. There are also more than 104,000 heart valve replacements performed annually3,4. In addition, an estimated 652,000 patients receive percutaneous coronary intervention with stents each year in the United States, necessitating awareness for orthopaedic surgeons on how to properly manage these patients4. Currently, there is not enough evidence to provide definitive recommendations for perioperative management of anticoagulation in orthopaedic surgery. Oral anticoagulation reduces the risk for stroke in atrial fibrillation by 60% to 70%5,6. Some studies have suggested that oral anticoagulation with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0 to 3.0 is likely to …
In VitroRearing ofTrichogramma minutumRiley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Ten Generations, with Quality Assessment Comparisons ofin Vitroandin VivoReared Adults

Trichogramma minutum Riley were reared for 10 generations on an artificial diet containing a yeast extract, FreeAmine III, nonfat dry milk, chicken egg yolk, chicken embryo extract, and Manduca sexta (L.) egg liquid. Quality control parameters, including adult longevity, sex ratio, pupation rate, percentage of pupae to emerge as adults, adult female body length, number of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) eggs parasitized by a female, and percentage of deformed females were assessed and compared to insects reared in vivo on irradiated H. zea eggs. The development time was longer for in vitro reared insects, but there were more deformed females in the in vitro culture. The sex ratio, however, was generally not significantly different between the in vitro and in vivo cultures. The in vitro reared females generally were larger, lived longer, and parasitized more H. zea eggs. Emergence of adults was in excess of 75% in all but the first in vitro generation and was generally not significantly different from adult emergence in the in vivo culture. These findings will be of value in the development of a practical system for in vitro mass rearing of Trichogramma for use in biological control.
Capitalizing on mobile technology to support healthy eating in ethnic minority college students

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the capacity of a mobile technology–based intervention to support healthy eating among ethnic minority female students. Participants: Forty-three African American and Hispanic female students participated in a 3-week intervention between January and May 2013. Methods: Participants photographed their meals using their smart phone camera and received motivational text messages 3 times a day. At baseline, postintervention, and 10 weeks after the intervention, participants reported on fruit, vegetable, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Participants were also weighed at baseline. Results: Among participants with body mass index (BMI) ≥25, fruit and vegetable consumption increased with time (p < .01). Among participants with BMI <21, consumption of fruit decreased (p < .05), whereas the consumption of vegetables remained stable. No effects were found for sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Conclusion: Mobile technology–based interventions could facilitate healthy eating ...
Advantages of MgAlOx over γ-Al2O3 as a Support Material for Potassium-Based High-Temperature Lean NOx Traps

MgAlOx mixed oxides were employed as supports for potassium-based lean NOx traps (LNTs) targeted for high-temperature applications. Effects of support compositions, K/Pt loadings, thermal aging, and catalyst regeneration on NOx storage capacity were systematically investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, NOx-TPD, TEM, STEM-HAADF, and in situ XAFS. The results indicate that MgAlOx mixed oxides have significant advantages over conventional γ-Al2O3 supports for LNT catalysts, in terms of high-temperature NOx trapping capacity and thermal stability. First, as a basic support, MgAlOx stabilizes stored nitrates (in the form of KNO3) to much higher temperatures in comparison to mildly acidic γ-Al2O3. Second, MgAlOx minimizes Pt sintering during thermal aging, which is not possible for γ-Al2O3 supports. Notably, combined XRD, in situ XAFS, and STEM-HAADF results indicate that Pt species in the thermally aged Pt/MgAlOx samples are finely dispersed in the oxide matrix as isolated atoms. This strong me...
Patient willingness to undergo efavirenz dose reduction based on pharmacogenetic testing

Aim: Among HIV-infected adults receiving efavirenz fixed-dose combination tablets, genotyping could guide efavirenz dose reduction but would require more pills. Methods: We assessed willingness to dose reduce among 129 patients at an HIV primary care clinic in the southeastern USA. Results: When told that switching from one pill to two or three pills “might make you feel a little better”, 47% expressed definite or possible willingness. This decreased to 9% if there was “a small chance it might not control your HIV as well”. Clinical variables were not associated with willingness. Conclusion: Many patients receiving a fixed-dose combination tablet may be willing to take more pills in order to dose reduce, guided by genetic testing, but only if virologic control is not compromised.
Microstructure and Rheology of Rigid Rod Suspensions

Nonspherical particles dispersed in a fluid have a tendency to align because of particle–fluid interactions. At high particle concentrations and in the absence of fluid dynamic couples, spontaneous...
Undermining the case for evidential atheism

Evidential atheism, as espoused by various philosophical atheists, recommends belief that God does not exist on the basis of not just the evidence of which we are aware, but also our overall available evidence. This article identifies a widely neglected problem from potential surprise evidence that undermines an attempt to give a cogent justification of such evidential atheism. In addition, it contends that evidential agnosticism fares better than evidential atheism relative to this neglected problem, and that traditional monotheism has evidential resources, unavailable to evidential atheism, which promise to save it from the fate of evidential atheism.
Assessing Direct Vascular Actions of Estrogens

Estrogens are known to affect vascular function. In order to decipher the underlying mechanisms, it is essential to study the direct actions of estrogenic substances on blood vessels. There are two widely used approaches to assess the effects of estrogenic substances directly on blood vessels, the isolated perfused intact mesenteric vascular bed (McGregor preparation) and the isolated perfused/pressurized vessel approach. The McGregor preparation relies on constant flow with vascular reactivity assessed as changes in perfusion pressure. The isolated perfused/pressurized vessel approach uses a single vessel mounted on glass micropipettes. The main readout in this approach is vascular diameter. This chapter describes these approaches which remain cornerstones in the investigation of direct vascular actions of estrogenic substances.
Managing Extended Oral Anticoagulation After Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a major public health problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Despite the high recu...
Temporal Lobectomy for Intractable Seizures

The results of temporal lobectomy in 16 children under the age of 12 years who had intractable seizures of temporal lobe origin are reported from the Miami Children’s Hospital, Florida.
Turkey’s “Zero Problems with the Neighbors” Policy: Was It Realistic?:

With the advancement of power in 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has introduced revolutionary policies in Turkey in various realms, including foreign affairs. The new trend in the foreign policy focused on not having problems with neighbors. This could be possible or nearly possible theoretically but eliminating century-long and deep-rooted conflicts with some of the neighbors would not be easy in practice. The new idealistic/moralistic approach necessitated new ways of policy formulation based on mutual gains and unthinkable concessionson the part of Turkey. Ankara’s new approach had given a special importance to building bridges of trust with the neighbors, which also seemed attractive to the political leaders of the neighboring states. This idealistic/moralistic approach was vulnerable to the dynamic political and economic developments in the region and the world in general. The policy did not have a power of sustainability due to the various old, new, and emerging problems around Turkey and hence, the government had to give it up gradually and take a new course of foreign policy based on realistic approaches to defend its national interests
Better in the Shadows? Media Coverage and Market Reactions to Female CEO Appointments

Combining media coverage data from a set of approximately 17,000 unique media outlets with the full population of CEO appointments for US publicly traded firms between 2000 and 2014, we investigate...
Configuration of /sup 19/Ne(4. 033, 3/2/sup +/)

Data for the $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}(p, t)$ reaction to the $\frac{3}{{2}^{+}}$ state at 4.03 MeV excitation in $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ are consistent, both in angular distribution shape and cross-section magnitude, with calculations that assume a dominant 5p-2h configuration for this state.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}(p, t)$, $E=40$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{t}, \ensuremath{\theta})$. $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ levels deduced configuration. DWBA with microscopic wave functions.
Role Congruity and She’-E-O Compensation Gap: Behavioral and Contextual Fit

How are female CEOs compensated in an emerging economy? Drawing upon role congruity theory, we posit that the perception mismatch between the female gender role (communal traits) and the leadership...
First-Order Scalar Equation in One Dimension

In fluid dynamics, convective transport described by first-order derivatives in the governing equations plays an important role. The Maxwell equations in electromagnetics are of first order. First-order differential operators which seem very simple, are in fact difficult to deal with numerically. For the solution of first-order differential equations, the classic Galerkin method or the central difference method fails miserably. In this chapter we use a very simple one-dimensional model problem to explain why the classic Galerkin method generates oscillatory solutions, and why the least-squares method does not need upwinding and is perfectly suitable for the solution of first-order differential equations.
Treatment deintensification in human papillomavirus-positive oropharynx cancer: Outcomes from the National Cancer Data Base.

Background The growing epidemic of human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal cancer and the favorable prognosis of this disease etiology have led to a call for deintensified treatment for some patients with HPV+ cancers. One of the proposed methods of treatment deintensification is the avoidance of chemotherapy concurrent with definitive/adjuvant radiotherapy. To the authors' knowledge, the safety of this form of treatment de-escalation is unknown and the current literature in this area is sparse. The authors investigated outcomes after various treatment combinations stratified by American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth edition disease stage using patients from the National Cancer Data Base. Methods A retrospective study of 4443 patients with HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer in the National Cancer Data Base was conducted. Patients were stratified into AJCC eighth edition disease stage groups. Multivariate Cox regressions as well as univariate Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted. Results For patients with stage I disease, treatment with definitive radiotherapy was associated with diminished survival compared with chemoradiotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.798; P = .029), surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (HR, 2.563; P = .002), or surgery with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (HR, 2.427; P = .001). For patients with stage II disease, compared with treatment with chemoradiotherapy, patients treated with a single-modality (either surgery [HR, 2.539; P = .009] or radiotherapy [HR, 2.200; P = .030]) were found to have poorer survival. Among patients with stage III disease, triple-modality therapy was associated with improved survival (HR, 0.518; P = .024) compared with treatment with chemoradiotherapy. Conclusions Deintensification of treatment from chemoradiotherapy to radiotherapy or surgery alone in cases of HPV+ AJCC eighth edition stage I or stage II disease may compromise patient safety. Treatment intensification to triple-modality therapy for patients with stage III disease may improve survival in this group. Cancer 2018;124:717-26. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Visual and Verbal Depressive Cognition: Implications for the Rumination–Depression Relationship

The present studies evaluated whether experiencing depressive cognition as visual (i.e., in the form of visual mental imagery) or verbal (i.e., in the form of verbal thought) was differentially associated with the strength of the rumination–depression relationship. Visual mental imagery is consistently found to be more emotionally arousing than verbal thought. This may especially be the case when individuals dwell on their visual or verbal depressive cognition in the form of depressive rumination. In Study 1, 41.2% of participants reported a visual depressive cognitive style and 57.1% reported a verbal depressive cognitive style. For both males and females, rumination was associated with similarly severe depressive symptoms when individuals reported experiencing visual depressive cognitions compared with verbal depressive cognitions. Study 2 replicated and extended Study 1, taking into account that some individuals may experience depressive cognition both visually and verbally. 23.8% of participants reported a visual depressive cognitive style, 38.9% a verbal depressive cognitive style, and 37.3% a both visual and verbal depressive cognitive style. Rumination was significantly associated with depressive symptom severity for all depressive cognitive styles (visual, verbal, both), though depressive cognitive style significantly moderated the relationship between rumination and depressive symptom severity such that there was a stronger relationship for individuals who had a visual depressive cognitive style than a verbal depressive cognitive style, especially for females. Findings suggest that dwelling on depressed affect (i.e., rumination) may be more strongly related to depressive symptom severity when individuals tend to experience depressive cognitions as visual. Examination of depressive cognition as both visual and verbal is necessary to fully understand how individuals think about their depressed affect and may eventually inform tailoring of interventions based on visual/verbal styles of depressive cognition.
Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines from Biosafe Surrogates Prevent Acute Lethal Glanders in Mice

Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted Gram-negative mammalian pathogen that causes the severe disease glanders. Glanders can manifest as a rapid acute progression or a chronic debilitating syndrome primarily affecting solipeds and humans in close association with infected animals. In USA, B. mallei is classified as one of the most important bacterial biothreat agents. Presently, there is no licensed glanders vaccine available for humans or animals. In this work, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were isolated from three attenuated biosafe bacterial strains, Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp82, B. thailandensis E555, and B. thailandensis TxDOH and used to vaccinate mice. B. thailandensis OMVs induced significantly higher antibody responses that were investigated. B. mallei specific serum antibody responses were of higher magnitude in mice vaccinated with B. thailandensis OMVs compared to levels in mice vaccinated with B. pseudomallei OMVs. OMVs derived from biosafe strains protected mice from acute lethal glanders with vesicles from the two B. thailandensis strains affording significant protection (>90%) up to 35 days post-infection with some up to 60 days. Organ loads from 35-day survivors indicated bacteria colonization of the lungs, liver, and spleen while those from 60 days had high CFUs in the spleens. The highest antibody producing vaccine (B. thailandensis E555 OMVs) also protected C57BL/6 mice from acute inhalational glanders with evidence of full protection.
Introducing etch kernels for efficient pattern sampling and etch bias prediction

Successful patterning requires good control of the photolithography and etch processes. While compact litho models, mainly based on rigorous physics, can predict very well the contours printed in photoresist, pure empirical etch models are less accurate and more unstable. Compact etch models are based on geometrical kernels to compute the litho-etch biases that measure the distance between litho and etch contours. The definition of the kernels, as well as the choice of calibration patterns, is critical to get a robust etch model. This work proposes to define a set of independent and anisotropic etch kernels—“internal, external, curvature, Gaussian, z_profile”—designed to represent the finest details of the resist geometry to characterize precisely the etch bias at any point along a resist contour. By evaluating the etch kernels on various structures, it is possible to map their etch signatures in a multidimensional space and analyze them to find an optimal sampling of structures. The etch kernels evaluated on these structures were combined with experimental etch bias derived from scanning electron microscope contours to train artificial neural networks to predict etch bias. The method applied to contact and line/space layers shows an improvement in etch model prediction accuracy over standard etch model. This work emphasizes the importance of the etch kernel definition to characterize and predict complex etch effects.
A multi-level modeling approach to understanding residential segregation in the United States:

A well-known limitation of commonly used segregation measures is their inability to describe patterns at multiple scales. Multi-level modeling approaches can describe how different levels of geogra...
Computationally Efficient Bayesian Model Selection for Locally Nonlinear Structural Dynamic Systems

AbstractModels, typically given by systems of mathematical equations, are built to help represent, understand, and further characterize physical phenomena. The choice of a model for a particular ph...
Rumen bacterial community structure impacts feed efficiency in beef cattle

The importance of the rumen microbiota on nutrient cycling to the animal is well recognized; however, our understanding of the influence of the rumen microbiome composition on feed efficiency is limited. The rumen microbiomes of two large animal cohorts (125 heifers and 122 steers) were characterized to identify specific bacterial members (operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) associated with feed efficiency traits (ADFI, ADG, and G:F) in beef cattle. The heifer and steer cohorts were fed a forage-based diet and a concentrate-based diet, respectively. A rumen sample was obtained from each animal via esophageal tubing and bacterial community composition was determined through 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the V4 region. Based on a regression approach that used individual performance measures, animals were classified into divergent feed efficiency groups. Within cohort, an extreme set of 16 animals from these divergent groups was selected as a discovery population to identify differentially abundant OTUs across the rumen bacterial communities. The remaining samples from each cohort were selected to perform forward stepwise regressions using the differentially abundant OTUs as explanatory variables to distinguish predictive OTUs for the feed efficiency traits and to quantify the OTUs collective impact on feed efficiency phenotypes. OTUs belonging to the families Prevotellaceae and Victivallaceae were present across models for heifers, whereas OTUs belonging to the families Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae were present across models for steers. Within the heifer cohort, models explained 19.3%, 25.3%, and 19.8% of the variation for ADFI, ADG, and G:F, respectively. Within the steer cohort, models explained 27.7%, 32.5%, and 26.9% of the variation for ADFI, ADG, and G:F, respectively. Overall, this study suggests a substantial role of the rumen microbiome on feed efficiency responses.
“Physics Stories”: How the Early Technologies of High Voltage and High Vacuum Led to “Modern Physics”

Some of you may remember the 1979 television series “Connections” that was written and narrated by James Burke, a British science writer. Burke’s technique was to choose a number of seemingly unrelated ideas and show how they led to developments in science and technology. This is an enjoyable business, even if some of the connections seem to be stretched at times, and led to a book by Burke. In a number of talks that I have given over the years, I have made somewhat less fanciful connections that suggest how the technologies of high vacuum and high voltage led to what used to be called “modern physics.” Today we might limit the “modern” era to the years from 1890 to 1920 that gave the first workable theories of small-scale physics.
Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Posterior Segment Ocular Disease

Delivery of drugs to the eye, particularly for the treatment of posterior segment diseases, is a challenging task that requires drug transport across barriers in the eye, which are present for the purpose of limiting the entry of drugs and xenobiotics. The common methods of drug delivery to the eye—eyedrops, direct injection, and systemic administration—all have problems that limit their usefulness, particularly for agents that are high in molecular weight and water-soluble.
The Making of a New Medical Specialty: A Policy Analysis of the Development of Emergency Medicine in India

Background Medical specialization is an understudied, yet growing aspect of health systems in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs). In India, medical specialization is incrementally, yet significantly, modifying service delivery, workforce distribution, and financing. However, scarce evidence exists in India and other LMICs regarding how medical specialties evolve and are regulated, and how these processes might impact the health system. The trajectory of emergency medicine appears to encapsulate broader trends in medical specialization in India – international exchange and engagement, the formation of professional associations, and a lengthy regulatory process with the Medical Council of India. Using an analysis of political priority setting, our objective was to explore the emergence and recognition of emergency medicine as a medical specialty in India, from the early 1990s to 2015. Methods We used a qualitative case study methodology, drawing on the Shiffman and Smith framework. We conducted 87 in-depth interviews, reviewing 122 documents, and observing six meetings and conferences. We used a modified version of the ‘Framework’ approach in our analysis. Results Momentum around emergency medicine as a viable solution to weak systems of emergency care in India gained traction in the 1990s. Public and private sector stakeholders, often working through transnational professional medical associations, actively pursued recognition from Medical Council of India. Despite fragmentation within the network, stakeholders shared similar beliefs regarding the need for specialty recognition, and were ultimately achieved this objective. However, fragmentation in the network made coalescing around a broader policy agenda for emergency medicine challenging, eventually contributing to an uncertain long-term pathway. Finally, due to the complexities of the regulatory system, stakeholders promoted multiple forms of training programs, expanding the workforce of emergency physicians, but with limited coordination and standardization. Conclusion The ideational centrality of postgraduate medical education, a challenging national governance system, and fragmentation within the transnational stakeholder network characterized the development of emergency medicine in India. As medical specialization continues to shape and influence health systems globally, research on the evolution of new medical specialties in LMICs can enhance our understanding of the connections between specialization, health systems, and equity.
Clinical Track Promotion Guideline Development for Nursing Faculty in a Traditional Research-Focused University.

Background The clinical track is a newer concept for universities traditionally placing a hefty emphasis on research and funding. Objective Guidelines should ensure equitable criteria for promotion of practicing faculty reflect teaching, scholarship, and academic outreach milestones. Methods This article describes the process, challenges, and overall experience of developing clinical track promotion guidelines within a research-focused university setting. Results The department's outdated clinical track promotion guidelines were revised to reflect current roles of clinical faculty. Conclusions As DNP and clinically focused advanced practice faculty flood into 4-year academic settings, universities must ensure that criteria for promotion reflects clear and equitable teaching, scholarship, and academic outreach milestones. Implications for nursing The recent influx of DNP clinical faculty and advanced nursing practice faculty roles requires an overhaul of outdated guidelines.
State Estimation for Tactical Networks: Challenges and Approaches

Tactical Networks are difficult and complex environments characterized by multiple restrictions that affect network behaviors, protocols, and systems. This paper discusses challenges encountered related to network state estimation, particularly while deploying such a capability within realistic tactical networks. Approaches to mitigate these challenges within our Smart Estimation of Network State Information (SENSEI) framework are discussed, along with techniques to integrate state estimation into other adaptive protocols and middleware for tactical networks. The performance of SENSEI in the context of the Anglova scenario - a realistic emulation scenario for tactical networks, is analyzed and presented. We hope these observations and results would be of use to other researchers developing similar dynamically adaptive middleware for tactical networks.
Integrated Intimate Partner Violence and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review Targeting or Including Adolescents

Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa are at disproportionately high risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The interconnected risks for IPV and HIV present the opportunity for interventions to concurrently seek to reduce violence and sexual risk behaviors among young people. Accordingly, the present systematic review evaluates interventions that concomitantly address IPV and HIV risk among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors systematically reviewed electronic databases for studies meeting the following criteria: use of randomized control trials (RCT) or quasi-RCT in Sub-Saharan African countries; inclusion of adolescents aged 13-18 years; use of a comparison group (wait listed, designated to a comparative treatment, or treatment as usual); and incorporation of IPV and HIV outcome assessments. Results suggested that six studies have utilized rigorous research methodologies to evaluate integrated IPV/HIV interventions; however, few have targeted adolescents. The six studies meeting inclusion criteria indicate that current research on IPV/HIV is conducted with rigorous study designs among target populations with high IPV/HIV risk, using gender-specific risk reduction activities. The authors' findings indicate there is also the need for consistent application of valid and reliable outcome measurements of IPV and HIV risk. Additional research is needed to identify best practices for reducing IPV and HIV incidence among vulnerable adolescent populations in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Chapter 15 Why does money affect output? A survey

Publisher Summary Considerable studies have been done in the past years on to answer the question that why money affects output. Some of it has come from clarifying old and fuzzy ideas coordination problems and the respective roles of expectations of nominal and real rigidities. A lot of it has come from running into dead ends such as the failure to explain the joint price and output responses to money in “as if” competitive models or the failure of individual nominal rigidities to generate aggregate price inertia under simple Ss rules. Research on real rigidities is the most urgent. A general feature of goods markets is that the fluctuations in demand lead mostly to movements in output rather than in markups; and a general feature of labor markets is that the fluctuations in the demand for labor lead mostly to movements in employment rather than in real wages. Given these features, a very small amount of nominal rigidity will lead to long-lasting effects of nominal money on output.
Pediatric Speech-Language Pathologists' Use of Mobile Health Technology: Qualitative Questionnaire Study.

Background: While technology use in pediatric therapies is increasing, there is so far no research available focusing on how pediatric speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in the United States use technology. Objective: This paper sought to determine if, and to what extent, pediatric SLPs are using mobile applications, to determine what purpose they are using them for, and to identify gaps in available technology to provide guidance for future technological development. Methods: Pediatric SLPs completed an online survey containing five sections: demographics, overall use, use in assessment, use in intervention, barriers, and future directions. Results: Mobile app use by 485 pediatric SLPs in the clinical setting was analyzed. Most (364/438; 83.1%) pediatric SLPs reported using technology ≤50% of the time in their clinical work, with no differences evident by age group (>35 years and ≤35 years) (P=.97). Pediatric SLPs are currently using apps for intervention (399/1105; 36.1%), clinical information (241/1105; 21.8%), parent education (151/1105; 13.7%), assessment (132/1105; 12%), client education (108/1105; 9.8%), and other uses (55/1105; 5.0%). Cost (46/135; 34.1%) and lack of an evidence base (36/135; 26.7%) were the most frequently reported barriers. Most SLPs (268/380; 70.7%) desired more technology use, with no difference evident by age group (P=.81). Conclusions: A majority of pediatric SLPs are using mobile apps less than 50% of the time in a pediatric setting and they use them more during intervention compared to assessment. While pediatric SLPs are hesitant to add to their client’s screen time, they would like more apps to be developed that are supported by research and are less expensive. Implications for future research and app development are also discussed.
Effective Premium Discrimination for Designing Cyber Insurance Policies with Rare Losses

Cyber insurance like other types of insurance is a method of risk transfer, where the insured pays a premium in exchange for coverage in the event of a loss. As a result of the reduced risk for the insured and the lack of information on the insurer’s side, the insured is generally inclined to lower its effort, leading to a worse state of security, a common phenomenon known as moral hazard. To mitigate moral hazard, a widely employed concept is premium discrimination, i.e., an agent/insured who exerts higher effort pays less premium. This, however, relies on the insurer’s ability to assess the effort exerted by the insured. In this paper, we study two methods of premium discrimination that rely on two different types of assessment: pre-screening and post-screening. Pre-screening occurs before the insured enters into a contract and can be done at the beginning of each contract period; the result of this process gives the insurer an estimated risk on the insured, which then determines the contract terms. The post-screening mechanism involves at least two contract periods whereby the second-period premium is increased if a loss event occurs during the first period.
The Incidence of Orthostatic Intolerance After Bariatric Surgery

Aims Every year, over 200 000 individuals undergo bariatric surgery for the treatment of extreme obesity in the United States. Several retrospective studies describe the occurrence of orthostatic intolerance (OI) syndrome after bariatric surgery. However, the incidence of this syndrome remains unknown. Materials and methods We used a prospective, de-identified registry of 4547 patients who have undergone bariatric surgery at Vanderbilt to identify cases of new-onset OI. Structured chart reviews were conducted for all subjects who reported new-onset OI post surgery. Cases of OI were confirmed using an operational case definition developed by the Vanderbilt Autonomic Dysfunction Center, and autonomic function tests results were examined for evidence of impaired autonomic function. The cumulative incidence of post-bariatric surgery OI syndrome was estimated using a life table. Results Seven hundred forty-one of 4547 (16.3%) patients included in our cohort reported new OI symptoms after surgery. After the chart review, we confirmed the presence of post-bariatric surgery OI syndrome in 85 patients, 14 with severe OI requiring pressor agents. At 5 years post surgery, follow-up is reduced to 15%; the unadjusted 5-year prevalence of OI was 1.9%. The cumulative incidence of OI syndrome adjusted for loss of follow-up was 4.2%. Most OI cases developed during weight-stable months (±5 kg). At the time of identification, 13% of OI cases showed evidence of impaired sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. Conclusion OI is frequent in the bariatric population, affecting 4.2% of patients within the first 5 years postoperatively. In 13% of post-bariatric surgery OI patients, there was evidence of impaired sympathetic vasoconstriction activity.
Large-Scale Models of Radiation Chemistry and the Principle of Detailed Balancing

Large-scale kinetic models containing more than 50 homogeneous reaction steps have been developed to help understand the behavior of actinide solutions in various circumstances. One specific objective is to understand the behaviors in nitrate solutions as such solutions are used in actinide separations. A challenge arises in developing these large-scale models while ensuring compliance with the principle of detailed balancing because it can be very difficult to identify all embedded reaction loops. These loops can violate the principle of detailed balancing either by consisting of reversible steps that do not meet Wegscheider's condition or by having unopposed irreversible steps that cause illegality. Here we report the development of DETBAL, which is a software code that systematically identifies a basis of reversible loops and a basis of all loops within the model, and then automatically checks for illegal loops. We apply DETBAL to two recent large-scale models of the radiation of nitrate solutions, show that these models violate the principle of detailed balancing in many ways, provide potential solutions to these violations, and demonstrate the effect of some of these modifications.
Effects of Temperature on Zika Dynamics and Control

Abstract When a formerly rare pathogen emerges to cause a pandemic, it is critical to understand the ecology of the disease dynamics and its potential effects on disease control. Here, we take advantage of newly available experimental data to parameterize a temperature-dependent dynamical model of Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission, and analyze the effects of temperature variability and the parameters related to control strategies on ZIKV R0 and the total disease burden (i.e., total number of human cases). Sensitivity analyses identified that R0 and disease burden were largely driven by different parameters, with the exception of temperature, which is the dominant driver of epidemic dynamics in the models. Our estimate of R0 had a single optimum temperature (≈ 30° C, comparable to recently published results (≈ 29°) [1]. However, the total number of human cases (“disease burden”) is maximized across a wider temperature range, from 24 to 36°C. The models indicate that the disease is highly sensitive to seasonal temperature variation. For example, although the model predicts that Zika transmission cannot occur at a constant temperature of 22°C, with seasonal variation of 5°C around a mean of 22°C, the model predicts a larger epidemic than what would occur at a constant 30°C, the temperature predicted to maximize R0. This suggests that the potential geographic range of Zika is wider than indicated from static R0 models, underscoring the importance of climate dynamics and variation on emerging infectious diseases.
Bayesian Residual Policy Optimization: Scalable Bayesian Reinforcement Learning with Clairvoyant Experts

Informed and robust decision making in the face of uncertainty is critical for robots that perform physical tasks alongside people. We formulate this as Bayesian Reinforcement Learning over latent Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). While Bayes-optimality is theoretically the gold standard, existing algorithms do not scale well to continuous state and action spaces. Our proposal builds on the following insight: in the absence of uncertainty, each latent MDP is easier to solve. We first obtain an ensemble of experts, one for each latent MDP, and fuse their advice to compute a baseline policy. Next, we train a Bayesian residual policy to improve upon the ensemble's recommendation and learn to reduce uncertainty. Our algorithm, Bayesian Residual Policy Optimization (BRPO), imports the scalability of policy gradient methods and task-specific expert skills. BRPO significantly improves the ensemble of experts and drastically outperforms existing adaptive RL methods.
Preoperative Evaluation of the Superficial Fascial System Can Predict Wound Complications in Body Contouring Surgery.

Background The demand for body contouring surgery continues to rise. The inclusion of the superficial fascial system (SFS) during closure of such procedures has been shown to improve outcomes; however, currently reported wound complication rates remain high. The authors assess whether decreased quantities of SFS are associated with wound complications in these patients. Methods A retrospective study of patients undergoing body contouring surgery was performed. Preoperatively, ultrasound images were obtained of the SFS. Using Cellprofiler, the mean gray values (MGVs) of the SFS were calculated to quantify this structure. Chart review was performed to identify postoperative wound complications. Results Thirty-six patients were included: 30 abdominoplasties, 3 bilateral medial thigh lifts, and 3 bilateral brachioplasties. The overall wound complication rate was 22.5%. There were no significant differences in body mass index, age, smoking status, weight of resected specimen, or diabetes when comparing the complication and noncomplication groups. However, the MGV was significantly greater in the noncomplication group compared with the complication group (0.135 ± 0.008 vs 0.099 ± 0.005, respectively, P = 0.03). The average MGV for the entire cohort was 0.127. Patients with an MGV of greater than 0.127 had a wound complication rate of 0% compared with that of 39% for patients with an MGV of 0.127 or less (P = 0.005). Conclusions Poor quantities of SFS identified by ultrasound were associated with increased wound complications in patients undergoing body contouring surgery. Furthermore, patients with better than average SFS seem to be protected from such complications.
Autogenous Composite Vein Bypass for Redo Infrainguinal Arterial Reconstruction

Autogenous composite vein bypass using greater saphenous vein from right lower leg and two lesser saphenous veins was performed in a patient with ischemic rest pain as femoral to anterior tibial artery bypass graft. Though graft thrombosed 5 months later, patient has obtained symptomatic relief from improved collateral flow.