cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Separation of β-Lactoglobulin from Other Milk Serum Proteins by Trichloroacetic Acid

Abstract β -Lactoglobulin can be easily separated from milk because it is the whey protein most resistant to precipitation by trichloroacetic acid. After removing casein from milk by acid precipitation, the residual whey is made up to contain 3% trichloroacetic acid. All proteins other than β -lactoglobulin precipitate and can be filtered. The nitrate is concentrated by negative pressure dialysis, dialyzed free of low molecular weight materials, and lyophilized. The recovered β -lactoglobulin had a specific rotation of −27.8 at 575 m μ , pH 4.75, an intrinsic viscosity of 4.1, and an electrophoretic mobility of −5.65×10 −5 cm 2 /v/sec in veronal buffer pH 8.6, 0.1 ionic strength. It is monophoretic in this buffer. These values agree closely with those obtained in similar analyses of a commercially available sample of 3 × crystallized β -lactoglobulin prepared by salt fractionation.
The endomorphism ring of a Δ-module over a right noetherian ring

LetR be a right noetherian ring. A moduleM R is called a Δ-module providedR satisfies the descending chain condition for annihilators of subsets ofM. For a Δ-module, a series 0⊂M 1⊂M 2⊂...⊂M n =M can be constructed in which the factorsM i /M i−1 are sums of, α i -semicritical modules where α1≦α2≦...≦α n . In this paper we utilize this series in studying Λ=End(M R ). It is shown that ifN={f∈Λ|Kerf is essential inM}, thenN is nilpotent. Specific bounds on the index of nilpotency are given in terms of this series. Further ifM is injective and α-smooth, the annihilators of the factors of this series are used to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for EndM R to be semisimple.
Benign and malignant gastrinoma

Summary The advent of the histamine H2-receptor antagonists and the renewed interest in curative surgery in patients with gastrinoma have made the differentiation between benign and malignant tumors of critical importance. An analysis of 65 patients with gastrinoma followed for an average of 93 months revealed two distinct clinical groups: those with and those without hepatic tumors at initial examination or operation. Among the 14 patients with hepatic tumors, 12 had multiple liver metastases from pancreatic or duodenal primary tumors, and 2 had primary hepatic gastrinomas. Ten of the 14 patients (71 percent) died from tumor progression, and the total tumor-related mortality for this group was 79 percent. In contrast, only 1 of 15 patients (7 percent) with tumor in the lymph nodes died from a tumor-related cause (recurrent ulcer hemorrhage), and none died from tumor progression. Only a single patient with lymph node metastases at initial exploration went on to the development of liver metastases, which was found incidentally at autopsy 313 months later. Among 23 patients with either primary tumors only or no tumors found at laparotomy, there was only one tumor-related death and no deaths from tumor spread. Life-table analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased length of survival for patients with liver tumor compared with those without liver involvement. Multiple endocrine adenopathy syndrome was not a significant factor in survival. Serum gastrin levels were likewise nondiscriminatory. Six of 52 patients (12 percent), including three with tumor in the lymph nodes, were apparently cured by excision of all gastrinoma recognized at laparotomy. The cure rate was 23 percent for patients without multiple endocrine adenopathy syndrome or liver metastases. Hepatic metastases is a definitive marker for clinically malignant disease and portends a poor prognosis. Patients with gastrinoma confined to the lymph nodes uncommonly follow a malignant clinical course. Such patients have at least a 20 percent probability of surgical cure if they do not have multiple endocrine adenopathy syndrome.
Synthesis and characterization of a uranium(III) complex containing a redox-active 2,2'-bipyridine ligand.

Hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate uranium(III) diiodide derivatives have been prepared as an entry into low-valent uranium chemistry with these ligands. The bis(tetrahydrofuran) adduct, Tp*UI2(THF)2 (1) (Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate), was synthesized by addition of sodium hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate (NaTp*) to an equivalent of UI3(THF)4. Addition of 2,2′-bipyridine (2,2′-bpy) to 1 displaced the THF molecules producing Tp*UI2(2,2′-bpy) (2). Both derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies, magnetic measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Reduction of both species was attempted with two equivalents of potassium graphite. The reduction of 1 did not result in a clean product, but rather decomposition and ligand redistribution. However, compound 2 was reduced to form Tp*2U(2,2′-bpy), 3, which is composed of a uranium(III) ion with a radical monoanionic bipyridine ligand. This was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which revealed distortions in the bond lengt...
Characterizing Stressors and Modifiable Health Risk Factors Among Homeless Smokers An Exploratory Pilot Study

This pilot study was conducted to explore the associations between stressors related to homelessness and modifiable health risk factors (poor diet, insufficient physical activity, and overweight/obesity) and to provide direction for future research. Participants (N = 57) were homeless adults enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Analyses were conducted to characterize the sample as well as the relations between relevant stressors (discrimination, chronic stress, and fear and mistrust) and health risk factors. Inadequate daily consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fiber was common. High-fat diet and insufficient physical activity were also prevalent, and the majority of participants were overweight/obese. Participants commonly endorsed discrimination, fear of victimization, mistrust of others, and several other stressors. Greater endorsement of stressors was associated with a high-fat diet. Results suggest that lifestyle interventions and policy changes may be warranted in homeless shelters to attenuat...
The politicizing of trauma: A case study of Sri Lanka.

Militant groups transform traumatized people into perpetrators of violence through the use of trauma stories. In this article I argue that ruthless factions among oppressed people exploit the pain and suffering of the entire group, using narratives that may be also be used for healing. Repetition of the stories of rape, killings, displacement, and loss of jobs and homes in the riots against minority Tamils by the Sinhalese marked a sharp turn toward political violence among the Tamils. This collective memory of fear, anger, hatred, and despair has led the Tamils to embrace any means that may alleviate their distress. Stories about the traumatic events became both a powerful symbol and an effective tool to create new combatants by creating a new Tamil consciousness. Critical questions emerge from my analysis. Is it possible to separate the clinical from the personal and political aspects of the trauma of war? Is a traumatized society political capital for sustaining the power of unscrupulous leaders? How s...
Effect of the approach to insulin therapy on glycaemic fluctuations and autonomic tone in hospitalized patients with diabetes

Aims Glycaemic variability (GV) is associated with mortality in acutely ill patients, but the mechanism is unknown. The objective of this study is to determine whether common approaches to insulin therapy have distinct effects on GV and autonomic tone. Methods Hospitalized patients with diabetes were randomized to short-term intravenous (IV) or physiologic subcutaneous (SQ) insulin. Heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiac impedance (pre-ejection period, PEP) were used to estimate parasympathetic and sympathetic tone, respectively. GV was measured using a continuous glucose monitor. Results Mean glucose tended to be lower initially in the SQ group (N = 16) compared with the IV group (N = 17) on day 1 (10.5 vs. 8.6 mmol/l, p = 0.05), but became non-significant during the transition off of the infusion. There was no difference in glycaemic lability index (GLI), continuous overlapping net glycaemic action (CONGA) or coefficient of variation (CV) on day 1, but by day 2, these measures were higher in the IV group (p < 0.05 for all). PEP was higher in the SQ group during (110 vs. 123 ms, p = 0.02) and after the intervention (104 vs. 126 ms, p = 0.004). Hypoglycaemia was similar in both groups. There were only small differences in HRV. Post-treatment PEP was inversely correlated with log GLI (r = −0.41, p = 0.03) but not other measures. Conclusions Short-term IV insulin is associated with an increase in multiple GV measures compared with optimal SQ insulin. However, GLI was the only predictor of PEP. Further research is needed to determine if interventions that minimize GV improve outcomes in the hospital.
OPN05-5: Dynamic Wavelength Sharing Policies for Absolute QoS in OBS Networks

We consider the problem of providing absolute QoS guarantees to multiple classes of users of an OBS network in terms of the end-to-end burst loss. We employ Markov decision process (MDP) theory to develop wavelength sharing policies that maximize throughput while meeting the QoS guarantees. The randomized threshold policies we obtain are simple to implement and operate, and make effective use of statistical multiplexing.
Low-Frequency Variability of Surface Air Temperature in a 1000-Year Integration of a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Land Surface Model

Abstract The study analyzes the variability of surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) obtained from a 1000-yr integration of a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface model, which consists of general circulation models of the atmosphere and oceans and a heat and water budget model of land surface. It also explores the role of oceans in maintaining the variability of SAT by comparing the long-term integration of the coupled model with those of two simpler models. They are 1 ) a “mixed layer model,” that is, the general circulation model of the atmosphere combined with a simple slab model of the mixed layer ocean, and 2) a “fixed SST model,” that is, the same atmosphere model overlying seasonally varying, prescribed SST. With the exception of the tropical Pacific, both the coupled and mixed layer models are capable of approximately simulating the standard deviations of observed annual and 5-yr-mean anomalies of local SAT. The standard deviation tends to be larger over continents than ...
Hyperglycemia after cardiac surgery: improving a quality measure.

Background The Surgical Care Improvement Project #4 (SCIP#4) performance measure is used to evaluate achievement of target blood glucose control after cardiac surgery. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics and outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery who met the SCIP#4 performance measure versus those who did not. Methods A retrospective case-control design was used. Results Preoperative hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level and history of diabetes were 2 major risk factors for failing to meet the SCIP#4 measure. A trend toward a longer length of stay was observed, mortality was 3 times more prevalent, and renal failure was 4 times more frequent in patients who did not meet the SCIP#4 quality measure. Conclusions Not meeting the SCIP#4 measure is associated with adverse outcomes. History of diabetes and preoperative HbAIC level should be considered when evaluating strategies for managing postsurgical hyperglycemia.
T‐cell Control of IL‐12p75 Production

It is currently thought that IL-12, produced by dendritic cells (DC) early after stimulation by bacterial pathogens or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. We found, however, that it is only the p40 subunit and not the IL-12p75 heterodimer that is secreted early in copious amounts in response to LPS. Neither naive T cells, nor a variety of microbial products, were able to induce IL-12p75 production unless the DC were conditioned by the presence of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or by encounter with previously activated T cells. The inability of naive T cells or of bacterial products to induce IL-12 argues against its early role as the initiator of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Slow light in cesium vapor: pulse delay measurements and predicted delay

In this manuscript predicted delay is developed for a pulse propagating through an atomic vapor. Theoretical description for pulse delay is developed from atomic absorption coefficient with hyperfine structure and Voigt lineshape. Predicted delays are in agreement with observed delays in a cesium vapor cell at various temperatures between 78.9°C and 137.2°C.
Collection of Airborne Free Chlorine on a Bromide/2,6-Dimethylphenol-Coated Solid Sorbent with Chromatographic Determination

Abstract A new solid sorbent has been developed that is suitable for personal monitoring of exposure to chlorine. The sorbent was prepared from silica gel coated with 2,6-dimethylphenol (DMP), sodium bromide, and sulfuric acid. Chlorine oxidizes bromide to bromine, which then brominates DMP to form 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (BDMP) through electrophilic aromatic substitution. The direct reaction of chlorine with DMP to form 4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenol was found to be unsuitable due to competing reactions. BDMP was desorbed with methanol and determined by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Recovery of collected chlorine as BDMP was quantitative from 0.05 to at least 2 ppm for 20-L air samples, and precision and accuracy were within National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health guidelines. Limits of detection for a 20-L air sample were approximately 10 ppb chlorine, when analyzed by either GC...
Work in progress - a freshman engineering course designed to convey the essence of the engineering program at James Madison University

James Madison University has established a School of Engineering commencing in fall 2008. Students will earn Bachelor of Science degrees in Engineering. The curriculum features a broad base of humanities coursework to accompany the traditional math, science, and engineering courses. The curriculum also features integrated business courses, a six semester sequence of engineering design courses, and a sustainability focus. The engineering program is designed to meet ABET criteria and prepare students for the Fundamentals of Engineering Exam. The introductory course is designed to be representative of the program content, teaching techniques, assessment techniques, and culture. As such the introductory course will contain material related to social context as well as engineering practice. This paper discusses the content and culture aspects of the introductory course.
NT-proBNP levels, echocardiographic findings, and outcomes in breathless patients: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnoea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) echocardiographic substudy.

Aims The objective of this study was to determine the integrative utility of measuring plasma NT-proBNP levels with echocardiography in the evaluation of dyspnoeic patients. Methods and results Of 599 emergency department patients enrolled in a clinical study of NT-proBNP at a tertiary-care hospital, 134 (22%) had echocardiographic results available for analysis. Echocardiographic parameters correlating with NT-proBNP levels were determined using multivariable linear-regression analysis. Independent predictors of 1-year mortality were determined using Cox-proportional hazard analysis. Independent relationships were found between NT-proBNP levels and ejection fraction ( P =0.012), tissue Doppler early and late mitral annular diastolic velocities ( P =0.007 and 0.018), right ventricular (RV) hypokinesis ( P =0.006), and tricuspid regurgitation severity ( P <0.001) and velocity ( P =0.007). An NT-proBNP level <300 pg/mL had a negative predictive value of 91% for significant left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Overall 1-year mortality was 20.1% and was independently predicted by NT-proBNP level [HR 8.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–27.8, P =0.0003], ejection fraction (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91–0.99, P =0.009), RV dilation (HR 2.98, 95% CI 1.05–12.8, P =0.04), and systolic blood pressure (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.99, P =0.01). Conclusion NT-proBNP levels correlate with, and provide important prognostic information beyond, echocardiographic parameters of cardiac structure and function. Routine NT-proBNP testing may thus be useful to triage patients to more timely or deferred echocardiographic evaluation.
Volterra type integral equation method for the radial Schrödinger equation: Single channel case

A new Volterra type integral equation method for the numerical solution of the single channel radial Schrodinger equation is investigated. The method, carried out in configuration space, is based on the conversion of differential equations into a system of Volterra type integral equations together with the application of a spectral type Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature. Through numerical examples, the Volterra type integral equation method is shown to be more efficient and more accurate than the integral equation method based on the Fredholm formulation [1] and better than finite difference methods. Accompanying C^+^+ code for the Volterra type method is available upon request.
A variational approach for a class of singular perturbation problems and applications

On etudie la limite quand e→0 des minimiseurs globaux des fonctionnelles du type Je(u)=e 2 /2. ∫ Ω |⊇u| 2 dx+∫ Ω F(|x|,u)dx, ou Ω est un anneau ou une boucle de R n
The Conditions on Schrödinger'sψ

THE energy levels of an atomic system are found in wave mechanics by selecting the characteristic solutions of a Schrodinger differential equation, and the conditions defining these solutions are usually stated as an arbitrary mathematical postulate chosen so as to secure agreement with experiment.1 This additional postulate seems to be unnecessary, however; the conditions follow naturally as a consequence of the physical foundations of the theory.
Tumor induction with hexanal methylformylhydrazone of Gyromitra esculenta

Hexanal methylformylhydrazone (HMFH) was administered to Swiss mice by intragastric instillations at weekly intervals of 52 times at 50 or 100 μ/g body weight. The treatment induced tumors of the lungs, liver and preputial glands. The tumor incidences in the group that received the lower dose were 74, 4 and 0% in females and 78, 8 and 6% in the males. In the group with the higher dose, the incidences were 90, 28 and 0% in females and 70, 6 and 86% in males. The corresponding tumor incidences in the untreated animals were 26, 0 and 0% in females and 26, 0 and 0% in males. The histopathological examination revealed adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, benign hepatomas and liver cell carcinomas and squamous cell papillomas and carcinomas and adenomas of preputial glands. HMFH is the sixth carcinogenic ingredient found in one of the false morel mushrooms, Gyromitra esculenta. Because this fungus is considered edible, the health hazard implications cannot be discounted.
A rapid assay for measuring both colony size and cytolytic activity of limiting dilution microcultures

A combined 51Cr-release/MTT dye method is described for accurately measuring cytolytic activity and colony size in the same set of culture microwells. The method was applied to the study of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in limiting dilution analysis (LDA) cultures of human PBL from a renal transplant recipient and a healthy control. The results showed that the combined CML/MTT method could detect differences in lytic activity per cell in LDA cultures, and thus is a useful adjunct to standard precursor frequency analysis.
Stochastic equivalence of ordered random variables with applications in reliability theory

Abstract This paper presents some conditions for stochastic equality of (univariate or multivariate) random variables under various stochastic orderings. The main results provide generalizations of several known results. Applications to stochastic equivalence and characterization problems associated with multivariate NBU (NBUE) distributions are also included.
Treatment of hypophonia with collagen vocal cord augmentation in patients with parkinsonism.

We conducted structured interviews of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian disorders and their caregivers after augmentation of vocal folds with collagen injections. A total of 12 patients (mean age, 73.7 +/- 8.6 years) completed the questionnaire after an average of 3.0 +/- 1.7 collagen injections, with an average of 13.8 +/- 7.4 weeks between each injection. In addition to improvement in all six voice quality questions, there was significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the Glascow Benefit Inventory (GBI) score. The injection procedure was tolerated well by patients with an average duration of benefit lasting 7.8 +/- 8.5 weeks. Augmentation of vocal folds with collagen provides temporary improvement in voice in patients with parkinsonian hypophonia.
P300 development during adolescence: Effects of DRD2 genotype

Abstract Objective Young boys at high risk for alcoholism by having a family history of alcoholism (FH+) have lower amplitude of the visual P300 event-related scalp potential. They have also been reported to have a slowing in the rate of P300 amplitude change during adolescence. The present study examined whether the change in P300 amplitude during adolescence in sons of alcoholics and nonalcoholics is affected by D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) polymorphism. Methods P300 was elicited with a visual discrimination task from 71 adolescent sons of alcoholics and social drinkers (Time 1, T 1). The task was readministered 2 years later (Time 2, T 2). Comparisons were made between boys who had the DRD2 A1 allele (A1+) and boys who did not (A1−), and between boys with one or both parents being alcoholic (FH+) and boys having no alcoholic parents (FH−). Results Discrimination task accuracy was lowest in the highest risk group (A1+, FH+) at T 1, and highest in the lowest risk group (A1−, FH−) at T 2, producing a significant interaction of allelic group×family history group×session. Reaction time was faster at T 2 than T 1, and this effect was larger in FH−boys (125ms) than FH+boys (40ms). Overall, the behavioral results suggest mild performance deficits on the discrimination task are associated with higher risk for alcoholism. In both testing sessions, P300 attained larger amplitudes in sons of nonalcoholics than sons of alcoholics. At T 2 compared to T 1, both the latency and amplitude of the P300 were decreased. However, while the developmental P300 latency effect was equivalent in both the A1+and A1− allelic groups, the P300 amplitude reduction during adolescence, measured both in response to targets and in target minus non-target subtraction waveforms, was only found in boys with the A1− allele. Conclusion Differences in the developmental course of P300 amplitude over the course of adolescence are dependent on DRD2 polymorphism. Significance These results suggest the importance of genetic determinants of the dopaminergic system in understanding the P300 as a risk marker for substance abuse using an integrative developmental perspective.
Optimal control of pulse frequency modulated systems

A solution of the minimum time and minimum fuel problems for pulse frequency modulated systems is presented. The derivation of the optimal control is done by a heuristic argument. The optimal controller is found to be bang-bang with a dead zone in both cases. Then the optimal policies are derived by considering the dynamic properties of such systems. A specific second-order example is presented to show the application of the method.
A MICROELECTRODE STUDY OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS IN FROG SKIN AND TOAD BLADDER.

Abstract The results of a microelectrode study of the electrical potential of frog skin and toad bladder are reported. Employing extremely fine tipped microelectrodes and exploiting a new technique for penetrating these tissue membranes, the results obtained indicate that on penetration from the external (mucosal) surface the electrical potential increases rather smoothly with distance once the presumed functioning cellular layer has been reached. This finding is at variance with the findings of others who have reported that the total transmembranal potential difference is distributed in two more or less equal steps. With the microelectrode at various positions within these tissue membranes, as determined by the fractional resistance, the K+ concentration in the solution bathing the internal (serosal) surface and the Na+ concentration in the solution bathing the external (mucosal) surface have been varied. The resultant potential change measured by the microelectrode is compared with the total transmembranal potential change. The results show that the K+ and Na+-sensitive functions previously envisaged to be located respectively at the internal and external bounding cell membranes of a single layer of cells are, in fact, more continuously and linearly distributed as a function of the fractional resistance. Furthermore, following a rapid change in the K+ concentration bathing the internal (serosal) surface the time course of potential change in the microelectrode always lagged the total transmembranal potential change. This time lag is a function of the position of the microelectrode, increasing the further it is from the internal (serosal) surface as measured in terms of the fractional resistance. All these results suggest that the Koefoed-Johnsen-Ussing model in its simplest form is untenable and that any model envisaged must take into account various cytoplasmic structures and/or intercellular spaces.
Compliance with contact precautions in a neonatal intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: Horizontal transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) is well described. Suboptimal compliance with contact precautions by healthcare workers (HCWs) is a factor in the spread of MRSA in healthcare settings. Limited data regarding compliance with contact precautions in pediatric settings is available. We describe an observational study of compliance with contact precautions during a NICU MRSA outbreak. METHOD: This is a 235-bed tertiary-care center in St. Louis with a 52-bed level III NICU. In June 2004, three patient specimens were positive for MRSA. Active MRSA surveillance utilizing nares cultures of NICU patients was initiated weekly and upon admission. Despite strict contact precautions, cohorting of MRSA-positive patients and education regarding compliance with contact precautions and hand hygiene (HH), nosocomial spread of MRSA persisted. Infection control (IC) audited HCWs compliance with contact precautions during patient contact or contact with the patients' immediate environment using a standardized data collection tool. Variables audited included HH before and after patient/environment contact, gowning, and gloving. HCWs were grouped as MD and nurse practitioner (MD/NP), nurse (RN), and other HCWs (other). Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: From August through October 2004, 77 interactions were observed; five HH observations were incomplete due to an inability to view HCWs before or after contact. Audits revealed 25/72 (35%) of HCWs were compliant with HH before and after contact, 49/72 (68%) performed HH after contact, and 21/72 (29%) did no HH. HH compliance did not vary significantly between HCW groups, 5/13 (38%) of MD/NP, 8/40 (20%) of RN, and 8/19 (42%) of other did not perform any HH (p = 0.6). Overall, 55/77 (71%) HCWs gowned and 69/77 (90%) wore gloves. Statistically significant differences were noted between groups for gowning and gloving; 6/13 (46%) MD/NP, 34/41 (83%) RN, 15/23 (65%) other gowned (p = 0.03), and 9/13 (69%) MD/NP, 39/41 (95%) RN, 21/23 (91%) other (p = 0.04) wore gloves. Results were shared with NICU staff and re-education was directed to targeted HCW groups. CONCLUSION: Compliance with contact precautions is an important issue to address in MRSA outbreaks and may impact outbreak containment. Behaviors vary between HCW groups and should be considered when addressing compliance issues. Developing effective interventions to increase compliance with CP is essential to decrease nosocomial spread of microorganisms.
Closed form solution of the diffusion transport equation in multiple scattering

The solution of the Yang transport equation of the multiple scattering theory of charged particles is discussed. The method of Lie groups is utilized for the purpose of the construction of the solution of this equation. The fundamental solution of the Yang equation is provided as the closed form expression valid in the neighborhood of the center of coordinates.
Access Discrimination in Intercollegiate Athletics

The purpose of this study was to examine the representation of racial minorities in intercollegiate coaching positions. Data were gathered from 191 NCAA Division I men’s basketball programs (60% of...
Abstract 1812: Effects of vitamin D on obesity-induced increase in ER-positive and ER-negative mammary cancer in mice

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL We have previously found that dietary exposure to vitamin D (VD3) reverses the increase in endometrial cancer in obese Pten+/- mice. Since obesity also increases breast cancer risk and recurrence, this study investigated whether VD3 supplementation may inhibit development of mammary cancer in obese mice. As the protective effect of VD3 in the endometrium was not related to the estrogen receptor (ER), we pursued another potential pathway and determined whether VD3 reverses obesity-induced insulin resistance. Methods: Two mouse models were used: DMBA-treated C57BL/6 mice developing ER positive (ER+) mammary tumors, and Pten+/- mice which develop triple negative mammary tumors. C57BL/6 mice were wild type littermates of the Pten+/- mice. Mice in the two models were divided into four groups after weaning, and they were fed (a) AIN93G based control diet, (b) diet supplemented with 20K IU VD3, (c) obesity-inducing diet (OID), or (d) OID supplemented with 25K IU VD3. Results: OID induced insulin resistance and increased mammary tumorigenesis in both C57BL/6 and Pten+/- mice. VD3 significantly inhibited ER+ (p<0.05) and ER- (p<0.04) mammary cancer, but did not reverse the obesity-induced increase in cancer risk. Results obtained in the insulin tolerance test, however, indicated that VD3 prevented the development of insulin resistance in the OID fed obese C57BL/6 and Pten+/- mice. Conclusions: Dietary exposure to VD3 protects against development of ER+ and triple negative mammary cancer, but only in lean mice. VD3 supplementation also prevents insulin resistance in obese mice, but this is not sufficient to reduce mammary cancer risk in either C57BL/6 or Pten+/- mice Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1812. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1812
Modeling Polyhedral Solids Bounded by Multi-Curved Parametric Surfaces

Since the beginning of geometric modeling as a field of CAD a decade ago, the methods for interactive design of solid objects and interactive design of free-formed surfaces (of degree 3 and higher) were developed along parallel but disjoint strands. One led to the development of techniques for representing and manipulating the shape of polyhedral solids bounded mostly by planes, while the other led to the development of techniques for the mathematical representation of curved surfaces, without paying attention to their combination into volumetric solids. Though the need for integrating solid object modeling with surface modeling for the design of such artifacts as machine parts, aircraft, cars and ships has been widely recognized, there is so-far no modeling system which provides such capabilities in a general way. An integrated solids modeling system for representing and manipulating polyhedral objects bounded by bicubic parametric surfaces, is presented. Its basic capabilities include the representation of solids through a surface-based model, such that the surface underlying any face can be replaced by another surface that has been modeled independently. Other functionalities include scaling, rotation and translation of shapes, and their pairwise combination into more complex shapes by means of spatial set operators.
Mutagenic specificity: Reversion of iso-1-cytochrome c mutants of yeast

Abstract In previous studies the nucleotide sequences of numerous mutant codons in the cy 1 gene have been identified from altered iso-1-cytochromes c . These studies not only revealed the mutant codons that caused the deficiencies but also experimentally determined which of the base pair changes allowed the formation of functional iso-1-cytochromes c . In this investigation we have quantitatively measured the reversion frequencies of eleven cy 1 mutants which were treated with 12 mutagens. The cy 1 mutants comprised nine mutants having single-base changes of the AUG initiation codon (Stewart et al., 1971) , an ochre mutant cy 1–9 (Stewart et al., 1972) , and an amber mutant cy 1–179 (Stewart & Sherman, 1972) . In some cases the types of induced base changes could be inferred unambiguously from the pattern of reversion. Selective G.C to A.T transitions were induced by ethyl methanesulfonate, diethyl sulfate, N -methyl- N′ -nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine, 1-nitrosoimidazolidone-2, nitrous acid, [5- 3 H]uridine and β-propiolactone. There was no apparent specificity with methyl methanesulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, nitrogen mustard and γ-rays. Ultraviolet light induced high rates of reversion of the ochre and amber mutants, but in these instances it appears as if the selective action is due to particular nucleotide sequences and not due to simple types of base pair changes.
Disaggregation of Polyribosomes in Intact Gerbils Following Ischemia. An Ultrastructural Study

Adult gerbils were subjected to either unilateral or bilateral common carotid artery ligation for varying periods of time with varying durations of recovery. Selected brain regions were prepared for ultrastructural study after perfusion fixation. Dissociation of polyribosomes was observed in neurons but not in glial cells of the cerebral cortex and thalamus after 30 minutes of unilateral occlusion with no recovery period. At the other extreme, disaggregation was present in all brain regions studied after 60 minutes of bilateral occlusion followed by a 60-minute recovery period. Still longer recovery periods result in the appearance of some neurons with normally aggregated polyribosomes. The results suggest that a relatively long period of ischemia induces a derangement of neuronal protein synthesis that may persist for some time after restoration of circulation.
John Girardeau: Libertarian Calvinist?

Amongst his other writings, the nineteenth century American Presbyterian theologian John Girardeau (1825–1898) composed a book-length critique of Jonathan Edwards’ doctrine of free will. In the place of Edwards’ unrelenting determinism, Girardeau appealed to an older Reformed tradition which allowed that in mundane actions human beings often have liberties of choice. This forms the basis of an argument for a circumscribed libertarianism consistent with the confessional standards of Reformed theology. Although there are problems with Girardeau’s account, his position is an important confirmation of a sort of minority report in the Reformed tradition that has been largely overlooked by modern thinkers for whom Reformed thought is synonymous with the kind of theological determinism beloved of Edwards. The paper offers a critical exposition of, and interaction with, Girardeau’s views on this matter of human free will as a piece of retrieval theology.
HIV-Positive Mothers With Late Adolescent/Early Adult Children: “Empty Nest” Concerns

In-depth interviews about the “empty nest” were conducted with 57 HIV-positive mothers of late adolescent/early adult children. Empty nest worries included the following: (a) identity loss, (b) loss of social support, (c) financial insecurity, (d) worsening of physical health, and (e) death/dying. Hopes included the following: (a) self-improvement, (a) change of life focus, (c) travel, (d) romantic partners, and (e) familial ties. Respondents’ HIV/AIDS status colored their thoughts/feelings about the empty nest; some worries were specific to being HIV positive and would not occur for nonill mothers. Midlife HIV-positive women need health care/social service resources as they navigate health and social–psychological challenges to successful aging.
Differential recovery of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, B and T cell subpopulations in the thymus, bone marrow, spleen and blood of mice following split-dose polychemotherapy

In these studies, we examined the effect of a maximum-tolerated, split-dose chemotherapy protocol of cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea carmustine on neutrophil and lymphocyte, subpopulations in the peripheral blood (PBL), thymus, bone marrow and spleen. It was found that this protocol of polychemotherapy, modeled after the induction protocol used with autologous bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer, suppressed both B and T cell populations and T cell function at times when the absolute neutrophil count had returned to normal or supernormal numbers. In the peripheral blood, 7 days following initiation of chemotherapy, there was a twofold increase in the percentage of granulocytes as compared to the level in control animals on the basis of a differential count. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) frequency in the bone marrow was increased on day 14 and statistically identical to that in control mice on all other days analyzed. In contrast to the bone marrow cells and PBL on day 7, the frequency of PMN in the spleen and thymus was depressed. B cells (B220+) were depressed in the pBL, spleen and bone marrow and took 18-32 days to return to their normal frequency, while the frequency of B cells in the thymus was increased owing to a loss of immature T cells. The percentage of CD3+ cells in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow was significantly increased and required 10-18 days to return to normal levels, while the absolute number of CD3+ cells in the blood varied around the normal value. The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells in all the organs studied varied only slightly owing to a similar reconstitution of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In contrast to the phenotypic recovery of the CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells, the ability of the splenic lymphocytes to respond to concanavalin-A was depressed and remained depressed, despite the phenotypic reconstitution of the T cell subsets, on the basis of both percentage and absolute cell number. These results show a selective T and B cell depression following multi-drug, split-dose chemotherapy in tissue and blood leukocyte populations and a chronic depression in T cell function.
A Rational Approach to Determine Minimum Strength Thresholds in Novel Structural Materials

Design of safe and survivable structures requires the availability of guaranteed minimum strength thresholds for structural materials to enable a meaningful comparison of strength requirement and available strength. This paper develops a procedure for determining such a threshold with a desired degree of confidence, for structural materials with none or minimal industrial experience. The problem arose in attempting to use a new, highly weight-efficient structural load tendon material to achieve a lightweight super-pressure balloon. The developed procedure applies to lineal (one dimensional) structural elements. One important aspect of the formulation is that it extrapolates to expected probability distributions for long length specimen samples from some hypothesized probability distribution that has been obtained from a shorter length specimen sample. The use of the developed procedure is illustrated using both real and simulated data.
Quantifying conformational dynamics using solid-state R1ρ experiments

Abstract We demonstrate the determination of quantitative rates of molecular reorientation in the solid state with rotating frame (R1ρ) relaxation measurements. Reorientation of the carbon chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensor was used to probe site-specific conformational exchange in a model system, d6-dimethyl sulfone (d6-DMS). The CSA as a probe of exchange has the advantage that it can still be utilized when there is no dipolar mechanism (i.e. no protons attached to the site of interest). Other works have presented R1ρ measurements as a general indicator of dynamics, but this study extracts quantitative rates of molecular reorientation from the R1ρ values. Some challenges of this technique include precise knowledge of sample temperature and determining the R 2 0 contribution to the observed relaxation rate from interactions other than molecular reorientation, such as residual dipolar couplings or fast timescale dynamics; determination of this term is necessary in order to quantify the exchange rate due to covariance between the 2 terms. Low-temperature experiments measured an R 2 0 value of 1.8 ± 0.2 s−1 Allowing for an additional relaxation term ( R 2 0 ), which was modeled as both temperature-dependent and temperature-independent, rates of molecular reorientation were extracted from field strength-dependent R1ρ measurements at four different temperatures and the activation energy was determined from these exchange rates. The activation energies determined were 74.7 ± 4.3 kJ/mol and 71.7 ± 2.9 kJ/mol for the temperature-independent and temperature-dependent R 2 0 models respectively, in excellent agreement with literature values. The results of this study suggest important methodological considerations for the application of the method to more complicated systems such as proteins, such as the importance of deuterating samples and the need to make assumptions regarding the R 2 0 contribution to relaxation.
Electrical Tinnitus Control

A new method of electrical tinnitus control employs sine-wave frequencies, slowly varying between 0.2 and 20 kHz and modulating a 60 kHz carrier. The latter literally carries the audio-frequencies "under the skin" via external electrodes placed on both mastoids. Patients undergo exposure at home. The dosis increases from 1 h/day to maximally 5 h/day. Suppression is achieved in about 60% of selected patients. Once tinnitus is under control, usually after 3-5 sessions, exposure may be reduced.
Bandwidth-fidelity dilemma in personality measurement for personnel selection

This paper presents a discussion of the bandwidth–fidelity dilemma in personality measurement for personnel selection purposes. Should job applicants be assessed on fine-grained personality variables or on broader personality variables, such as the Big Five dimensions of personality? Most human resources practitioners and researchers appear to assume that more specific and narrow measures of personality traits result in better and more fine-grained understanding of the person, and therefore ought to be preferred over global measures. We review evidence that when the criterion of interest is job performance, broader personality measures may be preferable over narrowly focused ones. It appears that the alleged advantages of narrowly defined traits and narrowly constructed measures are mainly due to erroneous conventional beliefs predicated upon statistical artifacts. In personnel selection research and practice, we advocate the use of broader personality traits for both better prediction and explanation.
Comparative Analysis of the Retinal Microvasculature Visualized With Fluorescein Angiography and the Retinal Function Imager

Purpose To assess the visualization of the retinal microvasculature with intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) compared to the Retinal Function Imager (RFI). Design Multicenter, retrospective, observational case series. Methods Seven normal eyes and 26 eyes with various ocular diseases were imaged with both IVFA and the RFI. The ability to assess vessel loops, vertical collateral vessels, the size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), and degree of vessel branching were compared between IVFA and RFI images. Results The RFI visualized a greater number of vessel loops (1.3 vs 0.4 per eye) and vertical collateral vessels (4.42 vs 0.97 per eye) than IVFA. On average, higher order of vessel branching was seen with the RFI compared to IVFA (5.2 vs 4.6). The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was more clearly delineated using the RFI and was significantly smaller when measured on RFI (0.35 vs 0.75 mm 2 ). Conclusions RFI, a noninvasive retinal imaging instrument, revealed vessel loops, vertical collateral vessels, the area of the FAZ, and order of vessel branching in greater detail than IVFA. This instrument may be helpful in understanding dynamic retinal vascular changes in a number of common ocular diseases, as well as in normal eyes.
X-ray exposure and premature aging

An hypothesis of an aging effect of exposure to ionizing radiation in humans is proposed and given precise mathematical expression. The assumption is made that the biological changes which occur when humans are exposed to ionizing radiation from medical x ray are comparable to those occuring through the natural aging process, since both factors are known to increase the relative risk of nonlymphatic leukemia. This assumption focuses on this one aspect of aging only. The hypothesis that aging and exposure to ionizing radiation are comparable for increasing the relative risk of non-lymphatic leukemia is tested against the data from the Tri-State Leukemia Survey. It is shown to explain the data in a statistically acceptable way, giving an estimate of 1 rad skin dose exposure to the trunk as comparable to 1 year natural aging. This research raises further questions concerning the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and presents a new methodology by which these questions may be researched.
Effect of staining reagent on peptide mass fingerprinting from in-gel trypsin digestions: a comparison of SyproRuby and DeepPurple.

As the new fluorescent stains such as SyproRuby™ and DeepPurple™ are getting widespread recognition for proteome analyses by the traditional 2-D gel method, it becomes important to test the feasibility of these stains with respect to staining reproducibility, protein quantitation, and compatibility of the stain with downstream MS. The binding of epicocconone, active ingredient of DeepPurple™, to one of the primary cleavage sites of trypsin (lysine residue) raises the possibility of incomplete cleavage and interference with PMF. However, the current study tests and concludes that the DeepPurple™ stain can result in increased peptide recovery compared to SyproRuby™ stain and can improve MS-based identification of lower intensity proteins spots.
Long-term mortality from alcoholism: a descriptive analysis.

Objective: Short-term alcoholism mortality studies are limited in their ramifications for long-term, comprehensive treatment program planning. Therefore, this study was pursued for more than 33 years to answer questions such as how, when, and why alcoholics die after discharge from an intermediate care component of a comprehensive community-based treatment program. Method: A cohort of 500 alcoholics admitted in five groups of 100 in the years 1963, 1964, 1967, 1970, and 1972 to an intermediate care unit of a community-based, comprehensive treatment program was tracked for 33-42 years to document deaths. Case-fatality rate (CFR) and cause-specific mortality rate were computed and correlated with follow-up lag and ethnicity. Results: Four hundred and forty nine subjects died within 39 years, with 50% of the deaths occurring by Year 11. Average annual CFR was .057. Cause-specific mortality varied over time and with ethnicity. Deaths attributable to lifestyle causes (i.e., suicide, homicide, accidents, and AI...