cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats: I. Behavioral effects

The literature is divided over whether a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) can be fully extinguished. In Experiment 1, we created a powerful aversion in 54 rats by pairing the taste of 0.0025 M NaSaccharin (CS) with intraperitoneal injections of 127 mg/kg LiCl (US) on 3 occasions. We then offered 23-h deprived rats NaSaccharin for 10 min/day to observe the course of recovery. Extinction occurred in three phases: static, dynamic, and asymptotic. During the static phase (mean = 9.6 days), rats consumed the CS at 80% of preconditioning levels. Finally, they achieved asymptote (3.1 days) at 100% acceptance. In Experiment 2, we used 8 additional conditioned rats and 8 unconditioned controls. We followed the same 1-bottle extinction procedure and, again, obtained 100% acceptance. Then we offered both NaSaccharin and water for 8 days at 23 h/day and monitored lick patterns every 6 s to determine taste preferences. The conditioned animals consumed less NaSaccharin than controls on Day 1, and less NaSaccharin as a percentage of total fluid as late as Day 3. For the last 5 days of 2-bottle preference testing, there were no significant differences between the groups with regard to 1. volume of NaSaccharin or water consumed, 2. percentage of total fluid taken as NaSaccharin, 3. consumption of each fluid associated with a meal or taken spontaneously, 4. intake during the light or dark periods, or 5. the characteristics of ingestion, including number of drinking bouts, duration of bouts, number of licks/bout, and rate of licking. Therefore, a robust CTA is subject to complete behavioral extinction.
Extension of algebraic theories

The algebraic theories of Lawvere are extended in a natural way to small complete categories. These categories exhibit not only the operations and identities, but some of the homomorphisms, functions, objects and constructions which are encountered when working within the algebraic categories associated with the theories. The category of extended theories is isomorphic to the original category of theories. As an illustration, the extended theory of groups is used to construct commutator subgroups.
Measurement of thin-layer surface stresses by indentation fracture

A model is developed for evaluating stresses in the surfaces of brittle materials from changes in indentation crack dimensions. The underlying basis of the model is a stress intensity formulation incorporating the solution for a penny-like crack system subjected to a constant stress over a relatively thin surface layer. Results from a previous study of surface damage in proton-irradiated glass are used to illustrate the scope of the method. The indentation fracture analysis also provides some fresh insight into the susceptibility of brittle surfaces to spontaneous cracking. Implications of the study concerning the potential effect of surface stresses on mechanical properties, such as strength, erosion and wear, are briefly discussed.
Image characteristics in applications utilizing dilute subaperture arrays

When a large aperture is synthesized with an array of smaller subapertures for high-resolution imaging applications, it is important not only to arrange the subapertures to achieve minimal spatial frequency redundancy but also to choose the size of the subapertures (i.e., the dilution ratio) necessary to achieve the best possible image quality. Spurious or ghost images often occur even for nonredundant dilute subaperture arrays. We show that array configurations producing a uniform modulation transfer function will not exhibit these undesirable ghost images. A prescription that is unique and original (to the best of our knowledge) is then presented for constructing both one-dimensional and two-dimensional configurations of dilute subaperture arrays that results in a uniform spatial frequency response with an arbitrarily high spatial resolution for reciprocal path-imaging applications.
Committee to study remote sensing for hydrology

Officers of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) decided at the December general assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Canberra, Australia, that the time was right to set up a formal group to ‘promote, communicate, and coordinate the applications of remote sensing and data transmission to hydrologic problems.’ The result was the International Committee on Remote Sensing and Data Transmission for Hydrology, a formal working group which will have an international membership of researchers involved in all phases of hydrologic study.
Molecular dissection and improvement of the nodule symbiosis in legumes

Abstract The initiation and development of nitrogen (N2) fixing nodules in the roots of leguminous plants occurs by the induction of cell division and redifferentiation in the root cortex, followed by the formation of a meristem and progressive differentiation of specialized cells and tissues. During this process, competent rhizobia invade the root and become specialized N2-fixing endosymbionts. The onset of the symbiosis is largely mediated by an exchange of diffusible signals, bacterial lipo-oligosaccharides being the main determinants of specificity and the initial inducers of plant responses. It is however the host which controls most facets of the nodulation process, including nodule morphology, efficiency, specificity and function. The dissection of plant mechanisms underlying signal-transduction during nodulation may be crucial to understand and then manipulate the symbiosis. Positional cloning or gene targeting offer strategies that promise the identification of crucial plant genes determining nodulation. The search for the nts — 1 gene that controls nodulation in soybean illustrates the challenges and limitations of positional cloning. It also shows how biotechnology can offer tools to help in the breeding of plant traits important to agriculture. Molecular dissection of the symbiosis will ultimately be used to improve N2 fixation by molecular breeding and genetic engineering in legumes.
DNA-mediated gene transfer into epidermal cells using electroporation

Abstract A reliable method for the introduction of foreign DNA into epidermal cells is described. Electroporation of murine BALB c MK-1 epidermal cells with pSV2-CAT resulted in the transient expression of chloramphenicol-acetyltransferase (0.03 to 0.05 nmoles acetylchloramphenicol per mg protein per min) in the transfected cells. Transfection of MK-1 cells with pSV2-neo led to the appearance of approximately eight G418 resistant clones per 10 −6 cells per μg of plasmid DNA. Distinct patterns of integration of SV2-neo were detected in three different resistant clones.
Sigma-2 receptor binding is decreased in female, but not male, APP/PS1 mice

Abstract The sigma-2 receptor is a steroid-binding membrane-associated receptor which has been implicated in cell survival. Sigma-2 has recently been shown to bind amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Furthermore, blocking this interaction was shown to prevent or reverse the effects of Aβ to cause cognitive impairment in mouse models and synaptic loss in neuronal cultures. In the present work, the density of sigma-2 receptors was measured in a double transgenic mouse model of amyloid-β deposition (APP/PS1). Comparisons were made between males and females and between transgenic and wt animals. Sigma-2 receptor density was assessed by quantitative autoradiography performed on coronal brain slices using [ 3 H] N -[4-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl]-2-methoxy-5-methyl-benzamide ([ 3 H]RHM-1), which has a 300-fold selectivity for the sigma-2 receptor over the sigma-1 receptor. The translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO) is expressed on activated microglia and is a marker for neuroinflammation. TSPO has been found to be upregulated in neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Therefore, in parallel with the sigma-2 autoradiography experiments, we measured TSPO expression using the selective radioligand, [ 3 H]PBR28. We also quantified Aβ plaque burden in the same animals using a monoclonal antibody raised against aggregated Aβ. Sigma-2 receptor density was significantly decreased in piriform and motor cortices as well as striata of 16-month old female, but not male, APP/PS1 mice as compared to their wt counterparts. [ 3 H]PBR28 binding and immunostaining for Aβ plaques were significantly increased in piriform and motor cortices of both male and female transgenic mice. In striatum however, significant increases were observed only in females.
Multiple Attributes Utility Analysis in Setup Plan Evaluation

Setup planning is an intermediate phase of process planning, and automating setup planning constitutes a critical component of computer-aided process planning. The common absence of a clearly defined optimality of setup plans has been a major obstacle to converting automatic setup planning research progress into real advancement in practice. The optimality of a setup plan is a multiple attributes problem associated with uncertainties, and human interaction is vital in clarifying the optimality structure in a dynamic setup planning environment. In this paper, a quantitative setup plan evaluation system driven by multiple-attributes utility analysis coupled with manufacturing error simulation is proposed to serve three purposes: (1) to clarify what is optimality of setup plans, (2) to provide a systematic method of evaluating setup plan alternatives quantitatively, and (3) to incorporate in existing automatic setup planning systems a human interface to fulfill their potential values.
Rethinking redistricting: How drawing uncompetitive districts eliminates gerrymanders, enhances representation, and improves attitudes toward congress

In every contested election there are inevitably winners and losers, both among the candidates and among the voters. Some candidates will take their seats as elected officials, and others will not. Some voters will be happy with the outcome, others will not. Here I seek to better understand the relationship between whether a voter casts a ballot for the winning candidate in U.S. House elections and that voter's evaluations of her representative. I build on a burgeoning literature on the relationship between voters and their elected governments to derive and test a theory about this connection. The data will show that voters whose preferred candidate wins a seat in the House of Representatives are systematically happier with their representative than those voters whom did not vote for the winning candidate. While this finding is not especially groundbreaking, the implications for the way in which we draw congressional and state legislative district lines are quite provocative. Specifically, since district lines in the House are necessarily an artificial construct, I argue that map makers ought to “pack” districts with as many like-minded partisans as possible. Trying to draw “competitive districts” effectively cracks ideologically congruent voters into separate districts, which has the effect of increasing the absolute number of voters who will be unhappy with the outcome and dissatisfied with their representative. I discuss the benefits of fundamentally rethinking the way in which we draw congressional and state legislative districts, as well as address likely concerns that might be raised about drawing districts this way.I would like to thank Jim Adams, Valerie Brunell, Bruce Cain, Geoff Evans, Bill Koetzle, Bernie Grofman, Sam Hirsch, Michael D. McDonald, Iain McLean, Sam Merrill, Glenn Phelps, David Rueda, Alec Stone Sweet, Chris Wlezian, and the Politics Group at Nuffield College for their comments.
Structure of nanoscale polaron correlations in La 1.2 Sr 1.8 Mn 2 O 7

A system of strongly interacting electron-lattice polarons can exhibit charge and orbital order at sufficiently high polaron concentrations. In this study, the structure of short-range polaron correlations in the layered colossal magnetoresistive perovskite manganite ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1.8}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ has been determined by a crystallographic analysis of broad satellite maxima observed in diffuse x-ray and neutron-scattering data. The resulting $\mathbf{q}\ensuremath{\approx}(0.3,0,\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)$ modulation is a longitudinal octahedral-stretch mode, consistent with incommensurate Jahn-Teller-coupled charge-density-wave fluctuations, that implies an unusual orbital-stripe pattern parallel to the $〈100〉$ directions.
Direct demonstration of the active salvage of preformed purines by murine tumors.

The purine de novo biosynthetic pathway has become a target for chemotherapeutic agents and because of the possible contribution of the salvage of extracellular purines to cellular purine pools an examination of the ability of mouse tumors in vivo to exploit the salvage pathways was undertaken. Our data reveal that circulating radiolabeled preformed purines are rapidly and actively salvaged in both normal liver and in two different types of model tumors. The salvaged purines were found to be distributed between both acid soluble cytoplasmic purines and acid insoluble nucleic acid associated purine species. The ability to salvage adenine, the most abundant circulating purine in C57BL6 mice, was highest in normal liver with the two different model tumors demonstrating lower specific activities of salvaged acid soluble purines. The amount of radiolabel incorporated into acid insoluble nucleic acid was dependent upon the tumor type. Because of the active salvage observed in these tumors, the mechanism by which de novo purine biosynthesis inhibitors serve as effective chemotherapeutic agents may be more complex than simple biosynthetic inhibition.
Effects of nebulized nitroprusside (Neb-NP) during hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in piglets: tachyphylaxis, rebound, effect of pre-administration with Dipyridamole (Dip), and comparison with nebulized tolazoline (Tz) |[dagger]| 213

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has been shown to selectively reduce pulmonary hypertension in several biologic models. However, iNO is not as convenient as one might wish. We tested the effects of Neb-NP (a user-friendly analog of inhaled nitric oxide) on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics during pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia in piglets.
Comparing Present Value Cost Differentials between Fixed- and Adjustable-Rate Loans: A Mortgage Simulation

When a borrower chooses between a fixed-rate and an adjustable-rate loan, he is doing so based on expectations of future interest rates and the expected life of the loan. This paper demonstrates how Monte Carlo simulation can be employed to assist in decision making when the borrower is confronted with the choice of fixed or adjustable-rate mortgages. Present value costs of future mortgage payments are modeled using actual lending parameters offered over a 50-month period, at varying borrower discount rates, and with different mortgage holding periods. The selection of a fixed-rate or a variable-rate mortgage is shown to be sensitive to mortgagee holding period and discount rates as well as to market conditions.
How should resources be counted

Abstract Although the concept of a single resource plays an important role in ecological theory, there has been relatively little discussion of what characterizes distinct resources. I argue that distinct resources may be recognized by two properties: (a) the population level of one is not a function solely of the population level of the other, and (b) there exist consumers and environments such that either consumer fitness or total amount of resource consumed depends on the relative amounts of the two resource types. Three simple models are used to explore the implications of these properties. It is impossible to count resources without making assumptions about the discriminations (between different resource items and the places they become available) that can be made by resource consumers. It nevertheless seems very likely that the number of distinct resources is much greater than the number of consumer species in most biological communities. The idea that plants utilize a much smaller number of resources than animals is questioned, and alternative definitions of “distinct resource” applied in several recent theoretical works are criticized.
The relationship between perceived understanding and self‐disclosure in the sibling relationship

This study investigated the relationship between self‐disclosure and perceived understanding in the sibling relationship. Participants (N = 227.) completed a questionnaire based on their communication with their siblings. Participants reported on their self‐disclosure(intentionality, amount, positiveness, depth, and honesty) and their feelings of being understood by their siblings. The results showed that self‐disclosure was positively related to perceived understanding. This was especially true for the relationship between honesty of self‐disclosure and perceived understanding. Analyses involving sex of the individuals in the sibling dyad showed several differences. For men, besides honesty, the only other significant results were intentionality of self‐disclosure for brothers communicating with their sisters and positiveness of self‐disclosure for brothers communicating with their brothers. In contrast, intentionality, amount, positiveness, and honesty of self‐disclosure were all significantly related f...
In-Stream Bacteria Modeling as a Function of the Hydrologic State of a Watershed

AbstractThis paper presents a new way of modeling in-stream bacteria concentrations by examining a watershed in terms of wet and dry hydrologic states. Flow-duration curves were developed for four catchments of the Little River Experimental Watershed in Tifton, Georgia, and HSPF and SWAT bacteria models were built for the catchments. The flow-duration curves were used to designate wet and dry states of the catchments based on flow conditions instead of calendar day, the bacteria data sets were divided into wet and dry groups accordingly, and the models were calibrated to the wet and dry states. Water-quality parameter sensitivities revealed that each model placed varying emphasis on the parameters in each state according to the model’s structure, and certain parameters were insensitive in both wet and dry states. A custom parameter added to the models to represent background in-stream and/or distributed loads was consistently sensitive across hydrologic states and improved model predictions in both comput...
Impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome in idiopathic polyneuropathy: The role of pain and depression

Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP) is referred to as axonal neuropathy after an adequate workup fails to determine a cause. A subgroup of patients with CIAP has impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). These patients have been considered by some investigators to have a neuropathy as a result of IGT and/or metabolic syndrome (MetS). Patients with CIAP usually suffer from chronic pain and associated depression, both of which have been proposed to cause insulin resistance (IR) by such mechanisms as a sustained increase in the corticosteroids and catecholamines, and chronic low grade inflammation. In a pilot study of 14 patients with CIAP+IGT and eight normal controls, we found a correlation between the number of features of the MetS with scores of pain and depression. There was no increase in the frequency of retinopathy and nephropathy in these patients, contrary to what would have been expected if chronic hyperglycemia was the cause of the neuropathy. We hypothesize that neuropathy has an unclear cause in the majority of patients with CIAP+IGT/MetS--and IGT/MetS are a result of comorbidities of CIAP, including chronic pain and depression.
Atypical lipomatous tumor mimicking giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus: report of a case and a critical review of literature

An 81-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a mass protruding from his mouth after an episode of emesis. A computed tomography scan showed a hypodense, polypoid structure with a fatty component. The long polyp was attached by a narrow stalk to the cervical esophagus. A 14.0-cm slender mass resembling a giant fibrovascular polyp (GFP) of the esophagus was resected. The microscopic, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings were, however, those of an atypical lipomatous tumor (ALT). Atypical lipomatous tumor of the esophagus is a rare, low-grade malignant neoplasm, with a potential for local recurrence and, in most instances, presents as a large intraluminal polyp mimicking a GFP. Cases reported in the literature as primary myxoid liposarcomas of the esophagus are in all likelihood examples of ALT with myxoid change. A recent case reported as a GFP with karyotypic abnormalities on comparative genomic hybridization is also most likely to be an ALT mimicking a GFP. Pathologists need to be aware of the pitfalls in the diagnosis of ALT of the esophagus and should carefully evaluate the adipocytic component of these lesions.
Emotional and interpersonal competencies and leader development

Abstract A variety of recent leader development programs have focused on improving leaders' emotional and interpersonal competencies. Decades of leadership research suggest that these “people skills” are crucial for leader effectiveness. This paper reviews the history of these leader development programs as well as research on emotional and interpersonal competencies. Suggestions for grounding leader development programs in sound research on emotional and social competencies, as well as an agenda for future research on the development of leader emotional and interpersonal skills, are provided.
Synthesis and biodistribution of radioarsenic labeled dimethylarsinothiols: Derivatives of penicillamine and mercaptoethanol

Abstract Arsenic analogs of sulfhydryl containing biomolecules can be derived from dimethylchloroarsine as a precursor. Arsenic-76 labeled dimethylarsinothiols (dimethylarsinopenicillamine and dimethylarsinomercaptoethanol) were synthesized, purified by chromatography, and their bio-distributions obtained in mice. The present study demonstrates the possibility of developing a group of radioarsenicals from SH-containing biomolecules.
Liabilities under English Environmental Law

(1990). Liabilities under English Environmental Law. Environmental Claims Journal: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 99-115.
The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions

Abstract This paper describes a general method for determining the amount of earthquake-induced landsliding that occurs in a seismically active region over time; this determination can be used as a quantitative measure of the long-term hazard from seismically triggered landslides as well as a measure of the importance of this process to regional slope-erosion rates and landscape evolution. The method uses data from historical earthquakes to relate total volume of landslide material dislodged by an earthquake to the magnitude, M , and seismic moment, M0, of the earthquake. From worldwide data, a linear-regression relation between landslide volume, V, and M0 is determined as: V = M0/1018.9(± 0.13), where V is measured in m3 and M0 is in dyn-cm. To determine the amount of earthquake-generated landsliding over time, this relation is combined with data on seismic-moment release for a particular region, which may be derived from either earthquake-history or fault-slip data. The form of the M0−V relation allows the rate of production of earthquake-induced landslides over time to be determined from total rate of seismic-moment release without regard to the distribution of individual events, thus simplifying and generalizing the determination. Application of the method to twelve seismically active regions, with areas ranging from 13,275 to 2,308,000 km2, shows that erosion rates from earthquake-induced landslides vary significantly from region to region. Of the regions studied, the highest rates were determined for the island of Hawaii, New Zealand, western New Guinea, and the San Francisco Bay region of California. Significantly lower rates were determined for Iran, Tibet, the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, and central Japan (for the time period from 715 AD to the present). Intermediate rates were determined for Peru, southern California, onshore California, Turkey, and central Japan (for the time period from 1586 AD to the present). To determine the relative, long-term importance of seismically triggered landslides, these erosion rates are compared to erosion rates calculated for other slope processes and to rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge. Comparisons with other slope processes indicate that earthquake-induced landslides are the predominant agents of slope erosion on the island of Hawaii, in the San Francisco Bay region, and in western New Guinea. For Hawaii, the San Francisco Bay region, and Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, the erosion rates calculated for earthquake-induced landslides also exceed the regional erosion rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge.
Quantum transport in ballistic quantum dots

Carriers in small 3D quantum boxes take us from unintentional qquantum dots in MOSFETs (arising from the doping fluctuations) tto single-electron quantum dots in semiconductor hheterostructures. In between these two extremes are the realm of oopen, ballistic quantum dots, in which the transport can be quite regular. Several issues must be considered in treating the transport in these dots, among which are: (1) phase coherence within the dot; (2) the transition between semi-classical and fully quantum transport, (3) the role of the contacts, vis-a-vis the fabricated boundaries, and (4) the actual versus internal boundaries. In this paper, we discuss these issues, including the primary observables in experiment, the intrinsic nature of oscillatory behavior in magnetic field and dot size, and the connection to semi-classical transport emphasizing the importance of the filtering by the input (and output) quantum point contacts.
The electronic spectra and vibrational assignments of carbonyl chloride and formyl fluoride

Abstract The absorption spectrum of COCl2 in the region 2100–3150 A was studied at high dispersion and for gas temperatures from −70° to +250°C. Absorbing paths were 0.005 to 5 m-atmos. The two hundred strongest sharp heads below 3050 A are interpreted as Q-branches of A-type asymmetric top bands and are fitted into a new vibrational scheme. Two vibrational frequencies of the excited state are established: ν5 = 430 cm−1 and ν6 = 580 cm−1. The analysis thus indicates that the electronic transition moment is perpendicular to the CO bond and that, in the excited state, the molecule does not have a plane of symmetry. A striking temperature-sensitive continuum of phosgene is discussed. An absorbing path of 5 m-atmos of HCOF extended to longer wave-lengths the spectrum recently published. The new bands make possible new assignments which give a value of ν6′ (570 cm−1) that is reasonable by comparison with H2CO and COCl2.
46,XY DSD with Female or Ambiguous External Genitalia at Birth due to Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, 5 -Reductase-2 Deficiency, or 17 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Review of Quality of Life Outcomes

Disorders of sex development refer to a collection of congenital conditions in which atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex occurs. Studies of 46,XY DSD have focused largely on gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation. Few studies have focused on other domains, such as physical and mental health, that may contribute to a person's quality of life. The current review focuses on information published since 1955 pertaining to psychological well-being, cognition, general health, fertility, and sexual function in people affected by androgen insensitivity syndromes, 5- reductase-2 deficiency, or 17 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-3 deficiency—reared male or female. The complete form of androgen insensitivity syndrome has been the focus of the largest number of investigations in domains other than gender. Despite this, all of the conditions included in the current review are under-studied. Realms identified for further study include psychological well-being, cognitive abilities, general health, fertility, and sexual function. Such investigations would not only improve the quality of life for those affected by DSD but may also provide information for improving physical and mental health in the general population.
Introduction to Geometric Processing through Optimization

As an introduction to the field, this article shows how to formulate several geometry-processing operations to solve systems of equations in theaamp;#x201C;least-squaresaamp;#x201D; sense. The equations are derived from local geometric relations using elementary concepts from analytic geometry, such as points, lines, planes, vectors, and polygons. Simple and useful tools for interactive polygon mesh editing result from the most basic descent strategies to solve these optimization problems. Throughout the article, the author develops the mathematical formulations incrementally, keeping in mind that the objective is to implement simple software for interactive editing applications that works well in practice. Readers can implement higher-performance versions of these algorithms by replacing the simple solvers proposed here with more advanced ones.
Palmitoylation increases the kinase activity of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK6.

The G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK6 undergoes posttranslational modification by palmitoylation. Palmitoylated GRK6 is associated with the membrane, while nonpalmitoylated GRK6 remains cytosolic. We have separated palmitoylated from nonpalmitoylated GRK6 to assess their relative kinase activity. Palmitoylated GRK6 is 10-fold more active at phosphorylating β2-adrenergic receptor than nonpalmitoylated wild-type GRK6 or a nonpalmitoylatable mutant GRK6. A nonpalmitoylatable mutant GRK6 which has been further mutated to undergo posttranslational geranylgeranylation is also more active, recovering most of the activity of the palmitoylated enzyme. This activity increase by lipid modification is expected, as the lipid helps GRK6 localize to cellular membranes where its receptor substrates are found. However, when assayed using a soluble protein (casein) as a substrate, both palmitoylated and prenylated GRK6 display significantly higher activity than nonpalmitoylated wild-type or nonpalmitoylatable mutant G...
Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) and Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945): The father and grandfather of geochemistry?

Abstract Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945) and Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) are indisputably the two most important founders of and theoreticians within geochemistry. In 1910 Vernadsky provided the first definition of geochemistry, and therewith the basis of the scientific discipline concerned with the processes governing the distribution of the elements in the Earth System. In 1911, Goldschmidt, then 25 years younger, and commonly considered as the ‘Father of modern geochemistry’ in the western world, defended his Ph.D. thesis ‘Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet’ (The contact metamorphism in the Kristiania area). His thesis and his ‘Geologisch–petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des sudlichen Norwegen’ (Geological and petrographic studies in the mountains of southern Norway) published in the following years were primarily dedicated to answering questions about the mineralogy and petrology of the area. With the foundation of the Raw Material Laboratory of Norway in 1917, of which he was the first director, Goldschmidt carried out a systematic program of chemical analysis of rocks, soils and minerals and, therewith, began to address fundamental questions about geochemical processes. Goldschmidt's lecture ‘Der Stoffwechsel der Erde’ (The metabolism of the Earth) published in 1922 subsequently opened the era of investigation of the distribution of the elements in the Earth's crust, meteorites and solar system and of the laws controlling this distribution. With this new approach, Goldschmidt followed the definition of process-controlled geochemistry which had been formulated by Vernadsky 12 years earlier. In this study the influence of Vernadsky on Goldschmidt's oeuvre has been analyzed by referring to private correspondence, biographical publications and other documents. The exchange of letters, hitherto largely unknown, proves that exchange of scientific ideas between the two men took place over a long period. Goldschmidt invited Vernadsky for several visits to Oslo in 1927 and to Gottingen in 1932. The exchange is documented in 38 surviving letters written between 1913 and 1939, justifying the conclusion that Goldschmidt's work was substantially inspired and influenced by Vernadsky, at least after 1922. However, Vernadsky's influence on Goldschmidt was mostly restricted to the theoretical background of geochemistry and the processes responsible for distribution of elements in the Earth's crust rather than analytical developments and documentation of element distributions.
Prevention of Infection in Critically Ill Patients by Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract

Abstract ▪Objective:To determine whether selective decontamination of the digestive tract using oral and nonabsorbable antimicrobial agents and parenteral cefotaxime prevents infection in criticall...
Women in Latin American fotonovelas: from Cinderella to Mata Hari

Synopsis The Fotonovela is a series of still photographs with balloon captions, telling, usually in 30 pages, a complete romance. Its evolution as a separate genre of women's literature is related to the changing definition of women's world for working-class Latin Americans. The shift in the locus of production and the way it is structured nationally and internationally relate to potential profits and magazine content. Audiences have been growing to include men, which on the one hand unites men's and women's worlds, but on the other sharpens some negative female images, especially those related to sex and violence. Emerging from the Cinderella theme of the 1960s, two distinct types of fotonovelas are identified in the late 1970s: the novels suave, with middle-class pretentions stressing salvation through consumption, and the novela roja, with working-class characters, explicit sex and violence, and a social disintegration focus. The implications of these for women's passivity in various spheres is discussed.
Implant Design Influences Tibial Post Wear Damage in Posterior-stabilized Knees

Background The tibial post in posterior-stabilized total knees is a potential source of polyethylene wear debris, but the relationship between the shape and location of the tibial post in relation to the tibiofemoral bearing surfaces and the subsequent wear damage patterns remains unknown.
Hill Shape Influences on Potato Yield, Quality, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

As hill shape significantly influences water infiltration into potato hills, modification of hill shape may be an opportunity for improving fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency on sandy soils. The interactive effect of different hill shapes and rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on N use efficiency was assessed in a 3-year potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv, Russet Burbank) field experiment on Plainfield loamy sand soil at Hancock, Wisconsin, USA. A split-plot design was used with hill shape (shaped-plateau, pointed, or standard) as the main plots and in-season N rates (0, 135, 202, 269 kg N ha−1) as the split plots with four replications in randomized complete blocks. In 1 of 3 years, potato yield and quality were increased and less N was needed to optimize yield and quality where the hills were shaped. In the other 2 years, the more blocky hills (shaped-plateau and standard) showed consistent tendencies (p = 0.02 to 0.19) toward better crop performance; however, time of hill formation was influencing these results with root pruning likely the influencing factor. Results of this study show more blocky hills with only one hilling operation at emergence can significantly improve potato yield and quality and N use efficiency on these sandy soils.
Thoracic outlet syndromes

The clinical presentation of thoracic outlet syndrome depends on which anatomic structure is compressed in the area of the thoracic outlet (eg, the axillary-subclavian artery, vein [Paget-Schroetter syndrome, or effort thrombosis], brachial plexus, or the sympathetic nerves). The clinical syndrome may be isolated to one or a mixture of these compressed anatomic structures. Although there are multiple compressive forces, the first rib is the common denominator, and extirpation of this structure is the “gold” standard for therapy. The various syndromes are discussed in their clinical order of frequency. For severe nerve compression, whether upper or lower brachial plexus, the best surgical procedure is the transaxillary first rib resection, anterior scalenectomy, and neurovascular decompression. Axillary-subclavian vein occlusion (ie, Paget-Schroetter syndrome) is best treated with early diagnosis, intravenous thrombolysis of the clot, transaxillary first rib resection anterior scalenectomy, and resection of the costoclavicular ligament. Arterial compression, occlusion, or aneurysm may occur with or without peripheral emboli and require a supraclavicular approach with arterial ligation, endarterectomy, or bypass grafts from the supraclavicular subclavian to the infraclavicular brachial artery. Compression of the sympathetic nerves produces vasospasm, Raynaud’s phenomenon, or Raynaud’s disease, requiring dorsal sympathectomy as well as first rib extirpation occasionally. This may be performed through the transaxillary, supraclavicular posterior, or thoracoscopic approach. Recurrent thoracic outlet syndrome may involve any or all of the above anatomic syndromes. The surgical approach is best from the posterior, high thoracoplasty, muscle-splitting incision, performing neurolysis of the C7, C8, and T1 nerve roots and the brachial plexus as well as release of any vascular constriction.
Collaborative robot sniper detection demonstration in an urban environment

In August of 2003 at Fort Benning, Georgia, a team from the Army Research Lab (ARL) developed and tested a "system-of-systems" that connects Soldiers, robots, and unattended ground sensors (UGS) into a network, in order to increase situational awareness. This paper will detail the demonstration of the data fusion across the network, in particular, acoustic and robotic sensors as well as the digital mapping capabilities.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide via direct electron transfer from pyrolytic graphite electrodes to irreversibly adsorbed cytochrome c peroxidase

where E is the enzyme, S is the substrate, and P is the product. Various immobilization strategies such as adsorption, entrapment, and covalent attachment have been described. Surface coverage can range from submonolayers to trapped enzyme layers many pm thick. Reaction (2), the net electrode reaction, may involve direct electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode [l-3], or it may be mediated ]1,2,41. We are interested in the direct electron transfer reactions of redox proteins and enzymes which have been immobilized on electrode surfaces by adsorption. In previous work, we have described the voltammetry of irreversibly adsorbed cytochrome c, an electron carrier protein, on tin oxide electrodes [5,6]. In the present paper, initial results are reported for direct electron transfer to an irreversibly adsorbed heme enzyme, cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), on edge-oriented pyrolytic graphite (EOPG). This 34.1 kDa (kg mol-‘) enzyme catalyzes the 2 e-/2 H+
Nonresident Enrollment at Religious and Secular Colleges

Institutional characteristics and regional economic data are used to determine if religious private colleges have a higher percentage of nonresident students than do secular colleges. A test of means and a two-stage least squares regression are used on a data set of 827 private higher education institutions to present evidence on the differences between religious and secular private colleges. The study finds that the percentage of nonresident students is higher at secular than at religious private colleges. Evidence suggests that religious colleges may serve a special niche in their local market. It does not appear that nonresident students are willing to attend a religious college solely for religious reasons as their lower tuition levels do not result in higher out-of-state enrollments.
Subject Access: Conceptual Models, Functional Requirements, and Empirical Data

One of the central functions of bibliographic control is providing subject access. However, numerous studies conducted over decades have shown that users routinely experience problems with subject access in library catalogs and databases. These problems are often due to inadequate quality of subject metadata, which is greatly influenced by complexity of subject representation. The fact that major cataloging standards (e.g., AACR2 and its predecessors) have been overlooking the importance of subject access and have not addressed subject cataloging is arguably one of the reasons behind problems in organization of subject access. The new cataloging code—Resource Description and Access (RDA)—attempts to fill this gap. Upon examination of how subject access is addressed in RDA and its underlying conceptual models that specify functional requirements for bibliographic control—FRBR, FRAD, and FRSAD—this article presents results of a study that used FRBR model as an analytical framework in examination of user sea...
Residence time dependence of molecular weight distributions in continuous polymerizations

Residence time distribution (RTD) is a spectral property of contiuous chemical reactors. Batch reactors may be viewed as having “monodisperse” residence time distributions. This article discusses molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of polymeic materials formed in continuous and in semicontinuos process and how they are affected by reaction time distributions. All synthetic high polymers, even those Prepared in batch reaction, possess a MWD which may sometimes, for a given monomer, be altered chemically by a proper choice of catalyst and diluent. An interesting concept suggested by the present work is the prospect of “tailoring” the MWD for a given monomer-catalyst-diluent system physically by selecting appropriate reactor conditions. Hence, althought this work involves analysis the results may provide a guide to synthesis.
Diminished purinergic modulations of the vascular adrenergic neurotransmission in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract The inhibitory effects of adenosine and ATP on the pressor response of the mesenteric vascular bed to perivascular adrenergic nerve stimulation were compared between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKR). Both adenosine and ATP inhibited the neurogenic vasoconstriction in a dose-dependent manner in WKR, in which the ihibitory effect of adenosine was approxiamately eight times greater that that of ATP on the basis of 50% inhibitory doses (ID50). In the same preparation isolated from SHR, the inhibitory effects of both adenosine and ATP were significantly smaller than that in WKR. The ID50 values in the pressor response to norepinephrine (0.3 μm/ml) infusion, but the degrees of inhibition were markedly less than those with the neurogenic pressor response, and were not significantly different between WKR and SHR. These results suggest that presynaptic inhibition of vascular adrenergic neurotransmission by purine compounds is reduced in SHR.
Trucker Tricks: Helping Students Stay Awake in Class

Teaching a wide range of college courses has focused my attention on a common classroom problem that instructors everywhere encounter: sleep-deprived students falling asleep in class. When I worked...
Characterization of uncertainties when measuring metal cutting temperatures using infrared radiation thermography

There are many error sources when using infrared radiation thermography to measure the temperature distribution of the tool, workpiece, and chip during metal cutting. It is important to understand how these error sources affect the measurement uncertainty. Some are familiar to anyone performing thermography measurements, such as uncertainties in the basic camera calibration. However, metal cutting presents unique measurement challenges due to factors such as the high magnification required, high surface speeds, polarization effects, micro-blackbody effects, and changing emissivity as chips form. This paper presents highlights of the current state of efforts at NIST to catalog and characterize error sources and the resulting uncertainties.
Relationship of school context to rural youth's educational achievement and aspirations.

Though the poverty encountered by many rural youth encompasses numerous developmental challenges and substantially increases the chances for educational problems, the school context is central to promoting and constraining their development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of school characteristics and schooling experiences to the educational achievement and aspirations of youth from high-poverty rural communities. Differences in the relationship of school characteristics and schooling experiences to the educational outcomes of students from high- versus low-poverty rural communities were also examined. Participants included 6,247 high school students from 43 low-poverty and 21 high-poverty rural communities. Approximately 51.7% of participants were female and the sample was racially/ethnically diverse (66.4% White, 9.2% African American, 8.1% Hispanic/Latino(a), 4.4% Native American, and 11.8% Multiracial). After controlling for student and family background, school characteristics (e.g., lower student–teacher ratio) were predictive of achievement for rural youth from high-poverty communities. Schooling experiences (e.g., positive perceptions of their ability, a sense of school valuing and belonging, and preparation for postsecondary education) were predictive of educational achievement and aspirations for rural youth from high- and low-poverty communities. Overall, the study highlights unique ways schools can positively shape the educational outcomes for rural youth despite community poverty.
A molecular beam investigation of the oxidation of CO on Pt[9(111)×(100)]

The CO oxidation on Pt/9(111)x(100)/ was studied by molecular beam relaxation spectroscopy (MBRS). The reaction proceeded via the reaction of adsorbed CO and adsorbed oxygen. No evidence for direct reactive collisions between gaseous CO and adsorbed atomic oxygen was seen. The second order rate constant was measured by linearizing the reaction system to be 10 to the -7th exp/-(9700 kcal/mole)RT/ per sq cm s. The relatively low pre-exponential factor was explained by transition state theory on the basis of a high partition function for adsorbed carbon monoxide obtained previously from studies of CO desorption on this surface.