cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain MRI Predicts Worsening Multiple Sclerosis Disability over 5 Years in the SUMMIT Study

Background and purpose Brain MRI-derived lesions and atrophy are related to multiple sclerosis (MS) disability. In the Serially Unified Multicenter MS Investigation (SUMMIT), from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), we assessed whether MRI methodologic heterogeneity may limit the ability to pool multisite data sets to assess 5-year clinical-MRI associations. Methods Patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS (n = 100 from each site) underwent baseline brain MRI and baseline and 5-year clinical evaluations. Patients were matched on sex (74 women each), age, disease duration, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. MRI was performed with differences between sites in both acquisition (field strength, voxel size, pulse sequences), and postprocessing pipeline to assess brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) and T2 lesion volume (T2LV). Results The UCSF cohort showed higher correlation than the BWH cohort between T2LV and disease duration. UCSF showed a higher inverse correlation between BPF and age than BWH. UCSF showed a higher inverse correlation than BWH between BPF and 5-year EDSS score. Both cohorts showed inverse correlations between BPF and T2LV, with no between-site difference. The pooled but not individual cohort data showed a link between a lower baseline BPF and the subsequent 5-year worsening in disability in addition to other stronger relationships in the data. Conclusions MRI acquisition and processing differences may result in some degree of heterogeneity in assessing brain lesion and atrophy measures in patients with MS. Pooling of data across sites is beneficial to correct for potential biases in individual data sets.
Historical Change in the Moral Foundations of Political Persuasion

How have attempts at political persuasion changed over time? Using nine corpora dating back through 1789, containing over 7 million words of speech (1,666 documents in total), covering three different countries, plus the entire Google nGram corpus, we find that language relating to togetherness permanently crowded out language relating to duties and obligations in the persuasive speeches of politicians during the early 20th century. This shift is temporally predicted by a rise in Western nationalism and the mass movement of people from more rural to more urban areas and is unexplained by changes in language, private political speech, or nonmoral persuasion. We theorize that the emergence of the modern state in the 1920s had psychopolitical consequences for the ways that people understood and communicated their relationships with their government, which was then reflected in the levers of persuasion chosen by political elites.
Art therapy with Syrian refugee youth in the United States: An intervention study

Abstract This article describes a 12-week intervention program for Syrian refugee youth who have lived in the U.S. for approximately one year. The purpose of this study was to identify and develop art therapy interventions that would reduce stress and severity of trauma-related psychopathology while providing coping skills for youth aged 17 and under. Psychological questionnaire data were collected to obtain subjective and objective changes in trauma-related symptoms over the course of the art therapy program. The findings incited a large statistically significant effect of art therapy on posttraumatic stress and separation anxiety (p = .05; d >.8) compared to no treatment controls, and moderate effects of art therapy on anxiety, panic disorder, and GAD (d >.5) compared to no treatment controls. The reduction in stress was reflected behaviorally in participants’ positive affect, increased interest in art activities and increased coping (as evidenced through interaction with media, problem solving, participant initiated coping strategies and social support). The paper includes a review of relevant literature, description of select interventions, and recommendations for future work in art therapy with refugees.
Incidental COVID-19 in the radiology department: Radiographic findings of COVID-19 in asymptomatic patient undergoing CT staging for breast cancer

A 59-year-old incarcerated woman who was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma in 2016 was brought in for evaluation of the breast cancer. Upon evaluation of the computed tomography chest for breast cancer restaging, diffuse bilateral ground glass opacities and a reverse halo sign in the right lower lobe concerning for atypical viral pneumonia were discovered. The patient was afebrile, had an oxygen saturation of 100%, and denied chest pain as well as shortness of breath. On physical exam, she exhibited decreased breath sounds bilaterally and expiratory wheezing. She later received a COVID-19 test, which came back positive. Infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19) may remain asymptomatic in the initial phase, leading to under-recognition and incidental detection on procedures for standard clinical indications. Hospitals, in particular diagnostic imaging services, should prepare accordingly in regard to health precautions while keeping in mind the potential discrepancies between clinical presentation and resultant radiologic patterns. This awareness should be heightened in patients at higher risk (ie, prisoners). Furthermore, by acting upon the incidental detection of this virus during its early stages, subsequent steps could help prevent the spread of the virus.
Surface-Adsorbed CO as an Infrared Probe of Electrocatalytic Interfaces

Electrocatalytic interfaces enable chemical transformations of fundamental and technological significance that are challenging to achieve by other means. Examples include the selective oxidation of alcohols, the conversion of biomass, and the reduction of carbon dioxide. However, these electrocatalytic processes often show poor reaction selectivity and the catalysts are prone to deactivation. Key to improving the reaction selectivity and catalyst stability is a better molecular-level understanding of these complex interfaces. Generating these insights requires the probing of the catalytically active sites, the structure and dynamics of the electric double layer, and the evolution of these interfacial features under reaction conditions. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) is well-suited to provide these insights. In particular, the C≡O stretch mode of surface-adsorbed CO (COads) is sensitive to the applied potential, surface morphology, and electric double layer structure. COads is an intermediate in the reduction and oxidation of carbon monoxide and can be introduced as a spectator species during other reactions. Therefore, it is a powerful and broadly applicable infrared probe of the electrocatalytic interface. However, the complex dependence of the C≡O stretch spectra on the local environment of the COads probe renders the interpretation of the spectra a non-trivial task. On the basis of recent SEIRAS studies of C≡O stretch spectra of COads on various electrocatalysts, we discuss successful strategies for inferring key structural aspects of the interface from the spectra. We highlight pitfalls in the analysis and propose future experimental and theoretical advances that will be required to realize the full potential of this methodology. Further, we show how SEIRAS can be augmented with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) for the elucidation of interfacial structure-reactivity relationships.
A rare presentation of sexsomnia in a military service member.

Sexsomnias are unconscious sexual behaviors during sleep (parasomnias) that are garnering more attention as they become increasingly evident in forensic cases. Presentations of sexsomnia in active ...
Exploring the Tensions Between Masculinities and Connections with Faculty and Staff among Gay Latino Collegians

This study utilizes Gloria E. Anzaldua’s Border theory to explore how internalized messages of masculinities shape the ways that gay Latino men develop connections with university staff and faculty...
Thrombosis and Atherogenesis: Molecular Connections

Abstract CURRENT CONCEPTS of hemostasis and thrombosis emphasize the endothelial cell as a regulatory interface between blood and tissues. 1. , 2. , 3. The endothelium constitutes an immense surface area ideally suited to control biologic events at the vessel surface. 4 These include expression of membrane surface receptors for assembly of zy- mogens, localization of enzyme activity, orientation of adhesive glycoprotein interactions, and binding of signal- transducing ligands. In health, surface oriented interactions of endothelium serve primarily to maintain blood fluidity. In disease, disordered thromboregulation may acutely culminate in arterial or venous thrombosis. Chronically, these abnormalities may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Thus, thrombosis and atherosclerosis may represent the immediate and remote consequences of, respectively, the same pathophysiologic events.
Demographics and travel history of imported and autochthonous cases of leishmaniosis in dogs in the United States and Canada, 2006 to 2019.

Background Leishmania infantum infections are reported in foxhounds throughout the United States (US) and Canada, but only rarely in other dog breeds. A seroprevalence report from 2006 documented leishmaniosis in foxhounds (8.9%) tested in the US between 2000 and 2003. All other breeds were seronegative. Objective To reexamine demographics and travel history of L. infantum-infected dogs in the US and Canada, we hypothesize detection of L. infantum in more foxhounds than nonfoxhounds and that infected nonfoxhounds will have traveled to endemic regions. Animals A total of 125 dogs positive for L. infantum by immunofluorescent antibody, PCR, or both. Methods Retrospective, descriptive study of L. infantum-infected dogs between 4 January 2006 and 22 May 2019. Travel history and known lineage to foxhounds was collected from questionnaires. Results Leishmania infantum was detected in 125 (6.4%) of 1961 dogs tested between 4 January 2006 and 22 May 2019, of which 10 (8%) were foxhounds and 115 (92%) were nonfoxhound breeds. Travel history available for 69 (55%) dogs showed 60 (86.9%) dogs had traveled outside of the US or Canada. Nine (13%) dogs had not traveled outside of the US or Canada, 5 of which were nonfoxhounds. Conclusions and clinical importance The majority of L. infantum cases were detected in nonfoxhounds, many of which had traveled to L. infantum-endemic countries, and several nonfoxhound breeds had no travel history. Leishmania surveillance should be considered for dogs that return from L. infantum-endemic regions to monitor emergence of this zoonotic disease in the US and Canada.
Assessing the Desire to Change Personality across Methods.

Various methods have been used to describe individuals' desires to change their personality traits including: trait change inventories, identifying personality change goals in open-ended responses, and asking participants for goals to change personality directly. The current study is the first to assess personality change desires with multiple methods in the same sample (N = 500 undergraduates). Findings with each method were compared to meta-analyses of other studies utilizing each respective method, and methods were then compared within-person to explore how the same person might provide different information about their desire to change their personality with each method. The findings of each method replicated the results of other studies using that method very closely. Some deviations from previous the studies in the prevalence of certain goals were likely due to goals being collected during a global pandemic. The three methods did not show a high degree of convergence. Only participants desiring to increase Extraversion in one method tended to express desires to increase Extraversion in the other two methods. The methodological differences between the methods impact the conclusions that can be drawn with each.
Gravimetric Methods – Satellite Altimeter Measurements

Satellite altimetry has become an important tool for studying the Earth's oceans. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of satellite radar altimeters, starting from how range is measured, how the precise orbit height is calculated, and how these are combined to determine sea surface height (SSH). Corrections needed to account for path delays of the radar pulse in the atmosphere and biases at the surface are also discussed. These include the ionosphere, wet troposphere, and dry troposphere atmospheric corrections and the sea state bias and inverted barometer surface corrections. The calibration and verification of the SSH measurement are explained, using specific examples from TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission. We also comment on some geophysical applications of the altimeter measurement, including measuring the ocean geoid, bathymetry, and global mean sea level. In closing, we briefly discuss other types of satellite altimeters, including laser, delay-Doppler, and wide swath altimeters.
A Model-Based Reconstruction Method for Incomplete Projection Industrial Computed Tomography Imaging

In computerized tomography, the cross-sectioned image of an object can be reconstructed from a set of projection data. It provides the ability to image internal structure which can not be inspected effectively with alternate techniques. Based on the Fourier slice theorem[l], projections in a full angular range and with sufficiently fine angular spacing are required to reconstruct a unique image. In some situations, however, complete projections are not available due to physical limitations in the data acquisition process. Image quality is degraded by the absence of complete data. Because most manufactured parts were built from a designer’s blueprint or solid modeling electronic database, a great deal is known about the physical structure of the part. Incorporating a priori information extracted from the CAD model has the potential to enhance incomplete projection CT image quality. In this paper, a model-based CT reconstruction method is presented. The a priori information used to enhance incomplete projection CT image quality is extracted from a 3-D solid modeling electronic database. Engineering database matching is conducted to extract the proper 2D cross-sectioned model image corresponding to the CT projection plane. A moment-based registration method is applied to ensure proper use of a priori information for model-based CT reconstruction. Furthermore, a projection substitution scheme, including projection alignment and automatic scaling method, is developed so that the projection data in the missing angular range calculated from a model image can be automatically rescaled to match the projection data in the available angular range. Experimental results of applying the model-based CT reconstruction method to an industrial part in both the limited-angle and the penetration-limited incomplete projection situations are presented and described. It is shown that the use of a priori information from solid models is a powerful technique for enhancing the quality of incomplete data CT images.
Targeted chemotherapy using a cytotoxic somatostatin conjugate to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice.

The major problems of traditional chemotherapy are non-selectivity and non-specificity, resulting in severe toxic side effects. Peptides are a new-generation of drug-delivery vector to increase efficacy of this therapy and avoid the resulting damage. The cytotoxic somatostatin (SST) conjugate JF-10-81 was developed by coupling camptothecin (CPT) to the N-terminus of a SST analog (JF-07-69) using an activated carbamate linker. This conjugate selectively targets somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) and also retains high binding affinity and rapid internalization as well as anti-proliferative activity towards various tumor cells. JF-10-81 was tested for its inhibitory activity against the growth of human tumors which included neuroblastoma (IMR32), pancreatic cancer (CFPAC-1), leukemia (MOLT-4), pancreatic carcinoid (BON) and prostate cancer (PC-3). Both SSTR2 mRNAs and proteins were detected in all these tumor cell lines. The conjugate displayed potent in vivo inhibitory activity, although some of the potency measured in in vitro experiments was lost. JF-10-81 was found to significantly inhibit growth of these SSTR-positive tumors, resulting in 87% tumor reduction in neuroblastoma IMR32 and 97% in leukemia MOLT-4 bearing animals, even inducing regression of CFPAC-1 tumors. SSTR-overexpressing BON tumors were unfortunately relatively CPT-insensitive in vitro, however, JF-10-81 again exhibited in vivo potency presumably by specifically increasing CPT concentrations inside the tumor cells so that the inhibition rate for JF-10-81 was 85%. Also, JF-10-81 was used to treat highly invasive PC-3 tumors where s.c. injections inhibited both tumor growth (almost 60% reduction) and tumor metastasis (over 70%). This conjugate demonstrated its broad and excellent anti-tumor activity by targeting SSTR2-speciﬁ c tumor tissues, supporting that short peptides and their analogs may be applied as ideal drug- delivery carriers to improve the traditional chemotherapy.
Your pocket is what cures you: the politics of health in Senegal

“If you don't have money, you can't get medical care. No money, no care”; Pikine resident Salimata So (79).In ten chapters, anthropologist Ellen Foley takes on the neoliberal model of health servic...
Guidance of neuronal growth cones in the grasshopper embryo. III. Recognition of specific glial pathways

In the previous 2 papers, we focused on the selective affinities that growth cones display for specific axonal pathways. Little is known, however, about how this orthogonal scaffold of axonal pathways in the CNS is established in the first place, and what, if any, role glia might play in these events. Here we show an important relationship between pioneering growth cones and primitive glial cells in the developing longitudinal connectives and peripheral nerve roots of the grasshopper embryo. We describe a preformed glial pathway for the formation of the intersegmental nerve, one of the major roots exiting the CNS. The growth cones that pioneer this nerve display a selective affinity for the segment boundary cell (SBC), a primitive glial cell that establishes the location of this nerve root. Similar glial cells are also found along the pathway where the longitudinal connectives form, and they too may play an important role in the formation of the first longitudinal axonal pathways. Experimental analysis shows that when the SBC is ablated, the growth cones that normally turn laterally to pioneer the intersegmental nerve do not do so, thus confirming the importance of the guiding role of this glial cell. We postulate that a simple orthogonal scaffold of primitive glia is involved in the initial patterning of axonal pathways within and exiting the insect CNS; this concept is remarkably similar to the blueprint hypothesis proposed by Singer et al. (1979) to explain the development of axon pathways in vertebrates.
Goal attainment scaling and outcome measurement in postacute brain injury rehabilitation

Relationships among two-month and final goal attainment scaling (GAS) scores, preadmission and final Portland Adaptability Inventory (PAI) scores, and work outcome for 16 graduates of a comprehensive, postacute brain injury rehabilitation program were examined. Final GAS scores were higher for program graduates who obtained the most desirable work outcomes, and preadmission and final PAI scores were lower for the successful program graduates. Final GAS scores were significantly correlated with other outcome measures. Preadmission PAI scores predicted work outcome, and two-month GAS scores predicted final GAS scores. Initial PAI scores distinguished between program successes and failures, but not between program successes and dropouts. A brief look at one case illustrates the modified application of GAS in postacute brain injury rehabilitation. Results of this study and case analyses support GAS as a quantifiable, individualized measure that is useful for (1) monitoring patient progress, (2) structuring team conferences, (3) ongoing rehabilitation planning and decision-making, (4) concise, relevant communication to family, referral sources, and funding sources, and (5) overall program evaluation when used in the context of other objective outcome measures. Although our results support the clinical utility of GAS, further study is recommended to assess the psychometric characteristics of GAS in this application.
Topics in Topological Graph Theory

Preface Foreword Jonathan L. Gross and Thomas W. Tucker Introduction Lowell W. Beineke and Robin J. Wilson 1. Embedding graphs on surfaces Jonathan L. Gross and Thomas W. Tucker 2. Maximum genus Jianer Chen and Yuanqiu Huang 3. Distributions of embeddings Jonathan L. Gross 4. Algorithms and obstructions for embeddings Bojan Mohar 5. Graph minors: generalizing Kuratowski's theorem R. Bruce Richter 6. Colouring graphs on surfaces Joan P. Hutchinson 7. Crossing numbers R. Bruce Richter and G. Salazar 8. Representing graphs and maps Tomaz Pisanski and Arjana Zitnik 9. Enumerating coverings Jin Ho Kwak and Jaeun Lee 10. Symmetric maps Jozef Siran and Thomas W. Tucker 11. The genus of a group Thomas W. Tucker 12. Embeddings and geometries Arthur T. White 13. Embeddings and designs M. J. Grannell and T. S. Griggs 14. Infinite graphs and planar maps Mark E. Watkins 15. Open problems Dan Archdeacon Notes on contributors Index of definitions.
Commentary by Wendell Gordon

Professor Waters states that it is desirable that the money supply not fluctuate violently and that it increase at a reasonable pace over time. Surely those are defensible propositions. He also demonstrates, surely correctly, that there have been substantial fluctuations in the money supplies of many underdeveloped countries.
Post-Kyoto Climate Governance: Confronting the Politics of Scale, Ideology and Knowledge

1. Introduction: Post-Kyoto climate governance 2. The Politics of Scale I: Temporal and Spatial Discounting 3. The Politics of Scale II: Synergies and trade-offs in complex systems 4. The Politics of Ideology I: Risk perceptions and psychology of denial 5. The Politics of Ideology II: Communicating uncertain climate change risk 6. The Politics of Knowledge I: Marketization of climate governance 7. The Politics of Knowledge II: Accountability and adaptation 8. Governing Environmental Complexity
Peritoneal Coccidioidomycosis Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Peritoneal coccidioidomycosis is extremely rare. This report describes a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who presented with unexplained ascites and was found to have peritoneal coccidioidomycosis. The ascites had a low serum-ascites albumin gradient, and laparoscopy showed peritoneal implants that grew Coccidioides immitis. This case is unique in several ways; this is the first case in which a patient's acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness was peritoneal coccidioidomycosis, and the serum-ascites albumin gradient determination as well as laparoscopy provided information critical to the diagnosis. This patient's dramatic response to systemic antifungal therapy, as evidenced by resolution of ascites and constitutional symptoms, underscores the importance of timely diagnosis and prompt therapy. In summary, this report reviews the previous cases of coccidioidal peritonitis and reports the first case in which localized peritoneal coccidioidomycosis was the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient.
Graphic object layout with interactive genetic algorithms

Automatic graphic object layout methods have long been studied in many application areas in which graphic objects should be laid out to satisfy the constraints specific to each application. In those areas, carefully designed layout algorithms should be used to satisfy each application's constraints. However, those algorithms tend to be complicated and not reusable for other applications. Moreover, it is difficult to add each user's preferences to the layout scheme of the algorithm. To overcome these difficulties, the author developed a general-purpose interactive graphic layout system GALAPAGOS based on genetic algorithms. GALAPAGOS is general-purpose because graphic objects are laid out not by specifying how to lay them out, but just by specifying the preferences for the layout. GALAPAGOS can not only lay out complicated graphs automatically, but also allow users to modify the constraints at run time so that users can tell the system their own preferences. >
Advanced features of Dreamweaver (tutorial presentation)

Everyone, from English teachers to librarians, is using the web to their advantage. Many tools exist to help these individuals create exciting and well-designed web sites. Web Development is not a topic that can be handled only by web masters and those with programming experience. With the advent of web authoring tools, anyone can create web sites. With this growth in web development, new features have been added to make the task easier, faster and to allow web pages to incorporate more consistency. These features are becoming necessary for a large, fast paced site with daily changing content. Useful features such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), CSS-Positioning (CSS-P or Layers) and timelines with JavaScript have allowed web sites to incorporate consistency and interactivity. The purpose of this workshop is to provide an overview of the features of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), CSS Positioning (Layers) and timelines with JavaScript. These features, when combined within Dreamweaver, make HTML extremely powerful and visually stimulating. Despite common perceptions of CSS usefulness, this presentation will prove that it is a necessary element of HTML design. Hands-on experience will be a significant aspect of this workshop. The workshop will open with a brief introduction to the Dreamweaver environment. Each unit in the workshop will then begin with a brief discussion and finish with a laboratory activity. The discussion will focus on the definition and use of each feature followed by a demonstration of its use. The laboratory activity will allow the participants to work within the Dreamweaver environment to implement each feature covered. Informational handouts covering the Dreamweaver environment, as well as the CSS features being covered, will be provided. At the end of this workshop, each participant will be familiar with Cascading Style Sheets and be able to implement a simple layer and timeline into a web site of their own. The participants will gain an awareness of the usefulness of Dreamweaver and gain knowledge of where the Web is going in terms of CSS.
Early human burials in the western Pacific: evidence for c.3000 year old occupation on Palau

The author reports the oldest human skeletal assemblage found so far in the pacific Islands: at the site of Chalechol Ra Orrak on Palau, Micronesia.
Equations of Motion (EOM) Methods for Computing Electron Affinities

The ab initio calculation of molecular electron affinities (EA) is a difficult task because the energy of interest is a very small fraction of the total electronic energy of the parent neutral. That is, EAs typically lie in the 0.01–10 eV range, but the total electronic energy of even a small molecule is usually several orders of magnitude larger. Moreover, because the EA is an intensive quantity but the total energy is an extensive quantity, the difficulty in evaluating EAs to within a fixed specified (e.g., ±0.1 eV) accuracy becomes more and more difficult as the size and number of electrons in the molecule grows. The situation becomes especially problematic when studying extended systems such as solids, polymers, or surfaces for which the EA is an infinitesimal fraction of the total energy. The equations of motion (EOM) methods offer a route to calculating the intensive EAs directly as eigenvalues of a set of working equations. A history of the development of the EOM theories as applied to EAs, their numerous practical implementations, and their relations to Green's function or propagator theories are covered in this contribution. EOM methods based upon Moller–Plesset, multiconfiguration self-consistent field, and coupled-cluster reference wave functions are included in the discussion as is the application of EOM methods to metastable resonance states of anions. Keywords: electron affinity; equations of motion; Green's functions; Koopmans' theorem; resonance states; stabilization method
INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN AND SERUM HYDROXYPROLINE AS RELATED TO IMPLANTED TESTOSTERONE, DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE AND ESTRADIOL-17β IN GROWING WETHERS

Relationships of implanted testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17 beta to collagen degradation and intramuscular collagen concentration and stability were determined. Intramuscular collagen content, solubility and shrinkage temperature and serum hydroxyproline were analyzed in groups of six rams, wethers, and wethers implanted with various levels of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone and groups of 10 rams, wethers and wethers implanted with estradiol-17 beta, dihydrotestosterone or a combination of these two steroids. Intramuscular collagen content in both experiments was higher (P less than .05) in muscles of rams than in muscles of wethers. Administration of the highest level of testosterone to wethers raised (P less than .05) total and insoluble intramuscular collagen to concentrations noted in rams. Administration of the testosterone metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, to wethers had no effect on intramuscular collagen. Administration of estradiol-17 beta to wethers tended to raise concentrations of intramuscular collagen so that they were no longer lower (P less than .05) than those in rams. Collagen stability as measured by solubility and thermal shrinkage temperature did not differ among rams, wethers or implanted wethers (P greater than .05). Increases in collagen accretion due to hormone administration were observed to be the result of increases in the insoluble portion of the intramuscular collagen (P less than .05).
Metabolism of Pipecolic Acid in a Pseudomonas Species IV. Electron Transport Particle of Pseudomonas putida

Baginsky, Marietta L. (University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco), and Victor W. Rodwell. Metabolism of pipecolic acid in a Pseudomonas species. IV. Electron transport particle of Pseudomonas putida. J. Bacteriol. 92:424–432. 1966.—Enzymes of Pseudomonas putida P2 catalyzing oxidation of pipecolate to Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylate are located in a subcellular fraction sedimenting at 105,000 × g. Since this fraction resembles the mammalian electron transport particle in both chemical composition and enzymatic activities, it was termed Pseudomonas P2 electron transport particle (P2-ETP). P2-ETP contains flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, iron, copper, and both b- and c-type cytochromes. The reduced type b cytochrome has absorption maxima at 558 to 559, 530, and 427 mμ. Its oxidized pyridine hemochromogen has an absorption maximum at 406 mμ, with a shoulder at 564 mμ. On dithionite reduction, absorption bands with maxima at 556, 522, and 418 mμ are obtained. The reduced type c cytochrome has absorption maxima at 552, 520, and 422 mμ; its reduced pyridine hemochromogen has maxima at 551, 516 to 519, and 418 mμ. No type a cytochrome was detected. P2-ETP catalyzes oxidation of pipecolate and of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) by oxygen. It can also oxidize these compounds, as well as succinate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, with 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as electron acceptor. Mammalian cytochrome c can be used as an alternate artificial electron acceptor for the oxidation of pipecolate and succinate, but not for oxidation of NADH2.
III. Coalescence as a Rate-Controlling Process

Abstract Oxide and carbon particles in flames are observed to grow by inter-particle Brownian collision and fusion, Previous investigators have tacitly assumed that coalescence is instantaneous and that growth is controlled solely by the collision frequency. Growing particles, however, are often found to be flocculated, suggesting that fusion rather than collision is the rate controlling process. In this study, a growth rate expression is derived which considers both collision and coalescence phenomena. A new parameter is introduced, Np, the number of primary particles within a Hoc. Predicted values of Np were compared with those estimated from electron micrographs of silica aggregates. Comparison of predicted with measured values of Np is inconclusive. Better data, in situ, for aggregates in flames are needed.
Double lawton SN2'addition to epoxyvinyl sulfones: selective construction of the stereotetrads of aplyronine A.

Enantiopure epoxyvinyl sulfones function as templates for the diastereoselective construction of the three stereotetrads of aplyronine A. Lawton SN2‘ addition of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole followed by its displacement in an alcohol-directed Lawton SN2‘ reaction establishes the required product stereochemistry with high selectivity.
Segmentation of cortical surface and interior brain structures using active surface/active volume templates

Advanced applications such as neurosurgical planning and simulation require both surface and interior anatomical information in order to be truly effective. We are developing a segmentation scheme based on collections of active surface templates embedded within an active volume. This composite system encodes high-level anatomical knowledge of both cortical surface and interior brain structures in a self-assembling model of a reference, or atlas brain. Following initialization of the surface templates in the test brain volume, the cortical surface templates deform to achieve a segmentation of the surface of the brain. The displacements of the cortical surface templates cause an increase in the potential elastic energy of the active volume, and a subsequent minimization of this elastic energy is used to define a volumetric warp between the reference brain and the test data. This warp is used to deform the active surface models of the deep structure in the brain to their approximate final configurations, after which a further energy minimization step achieves a final segmentation of the deep structures. The method uses the results of the surface segmentation step as a-priori information regarding the likely deformation of the deep surface models. Initial tests illustrate the potential of the system in regard to the segmentation of cortical surface and deep brain anatomy. Results are analyzed in terms of improvements that will increase the efficacy of the system.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ion-exchanged waveguide lasers in Er 3+ /Yb 3+ codoped silicate glass

We investigated an Er3+/Yb3+ codoped silicate glass as a host material for waveguide lasers operating near 1.5 µm. Spectroscopic properties of the glass are reported. Waveguide lasers were fabricated by K+-ion exchange from a nitrate melt. The waveguides support a single transverse mode at 1.5 µm. An investigation of the laser performance as a function of the Yb:Er ratio was performed, indicating an optimal ratio of approximately 5:1. Slope efficiencies of as great as 6.5% and output powers as high as 19.6 mW at 1.54 µm were realized. The experimental results are compared with a waveguide laser model that is used to extract the Er3+ upconversion coefficients and the Yb3+–Er3+ cross-relaxation coefficients. The results indicate the possibility of obtaining high-performance waveguide lasers from a durable silicate host glass.
The invisible worker: The role of the peon in Nepal's health service

Abstract Health services are most effective when tailored to fit the needs of particular populations. Thus, an underlying assumption is that social and cultural factors are fundamental to adequate health planning. To understand what socially relevant information is used, or perceived as being useful by policy makers, a study was made of the decision-making process involved in planning the rural health program in Nepal. Community participation in developing primary health care is a priority in this program. Despite the fact that planners are presently designing programs for community health volunteers, they are unaware of, or fail to utilize, social and cultural factors which affect local health care delivery. In Nepal, the peon, the lowest ranking worker in the health bureaucracy, performs many basic and crucial functions in the delivery of health services at the local level, such as dispensing medicine, dressing wounds and giving injections. In addition, he is the only worker who is actually from the village, who speaks the local dialects and has the most interaction and direct contact with patients. Rather than investigate who these peons are and what motivates them to assume voluntarily these same functions being proposed for the newly created community volunteer, their contribution is unrecognized and remains invisible to foreign and Nepalese health planners. This research bears out earlier observations that social and cultural data are not being used by most health planners dealing with Nepal. But even more significant, when planners are aware of social factors that affect health services, it does not appear to influence the planning of the rural health program. When a truly community based health worker arises, there are no mechanisms to change the established structure or procedures to take advantage of this fact. This illustrates the barriers within the bureaucracy to incorporating socially relevant information in health planning.
LITTORAL TRANSPORT MODELING FOR OCEAN BEACH AND SAN FRANCISCO BIGHT, CALIFORNIA

This paper presents the littoral sediment transport numerical modeling effort of simulating physical processes of high energy coastline, including inlet and coastal zone, at Ocean Beach and San Francisco Bight, California. The study site is dominated by strong tidal current and breaking wave-induced longshore current. The numerical models for waves, currents, water levels, and sediment transport are provided by the Coastal Modeling System developed at the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center. The water level, current, wave, sediment, and bathymetric data collected by the US Army Engineer District, San Francisco, and USGS in recent years are assembled and utilized for model calibration and validation. One main effort of the study is to demonstrate the beneficial use of dredged clean material from the ship channel maintenance for onshore beach nourishment and nearshore berm placement at Ocean Beach to remediate the chronicle erosion threatening the structural integrity of the adjacent Great Highway. The modeling effort is intended to guide future dredging activities, dredged material placement site selection and evaluation, beneficial use of dredged material for nearshore and onshore beach nourishment for shore and beach protection. The model result can support and improve decision making for regional and local sediment management, enhance cross-mission benefit, and ultimately reduce the dredging project life-cycle costs.
Female-Male Versus Male-Female: Does the Order Affect Stereotyped Trait Attributions?.

The traditional male-female ordering found in American society may reinforce stereotypic attributions of traits to the two sexes. This hypothesis was tested by having female and male college students rate female and male stimulus persons on 12 traits after reading story paragraphs that varied the sex, the ages of the stimulus persons, and the order of presenting the stimulus persons. When the male was tested before the female stimulus person (traditional order), each sex received more favorable ratings on traits usually considered socially desirable for the sex. When the female was tested before the male (counter traditional order), female stimulus persons continued to receive more favorable ratings on traits usually associated with females than the male stimulus persons, but they also received more favorable ratings on traits usually associated with males. Trait attributions also differed for the four age groups tested.
Ultrastructural features of Beta leaves infected with beet yellows virus.

A cytochemical and electron microscope study has been made of leaves of sugar beet infected with beet yellows virus. Inclusions of particles, which agree in size with beet yellows virus particles isolated by other investigators, have been localized in the ground cytoplasm, in the chloroplasts, and in the nuclei. These particles are circa 100 A in diameter and have an electron-transparent core of 30 to 40 A. Use of acridine orange, azure B, and pyronine Y has revealed that the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, which consist wholly of the elongate particles, have a strong RNA reaction removable by RNase pretreatment. Particles observed in the chloroplasts may or may not be associated with lipid spheres. If they are, the particles are confined to the periphery of the spheres. In this position the particles are arranged tangentially and are further arranged parallel into groups which lie at various angles to one another. Within the groups the particles are regularly spaced in a three dimensional lattice. Particles located free in the stromal regions are often arranged regularly in curved rows which lie parallel to one another so that a three dimensional lattice is formed. The dispersed and compact forms of virus inclusions are described and related to the condition of the associated cytoplasm. The ground cytoplasm of cells associated with the sieve elements contains numerous ribosomes. A decrease in the number of ribosomes is concomitant with the increase in size of virus aggregations in a cell. Vesiculation of some component of the cytoplasm occurs during the period of virus replication. The vesicles are approximately 100 mµ in diameter and could be derived from the dictyosomes. At later stages of infection these vesicles collapse and convoluted membranous material appears.
Trends in the surgical treatment of lumbar spine disease in the United States.

Abstract Background context There is a lack of agreement among spine surgeons as to the best surgical treatment modality for many degenerative lumbar diseases. Although there are many studies examining trends in spinal surgery, specific studies reporting the variations in surgical treatment in the United States for these diseases are lacking. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze trends in lumbar spinal fusion methods for common lumbar pathologies in the United States. Study design/setting National insurance database review: 2004–2009. Patient sample Data is taken from United Healthcare and represents more than 25 million patients. Outcome measures No outcomes were measured in this study. Methods Using a private insurance database, we identified patients who underwent one of five types of instrumented single-level lumbar spinal fusion for the 10 most common primary diagnoses. Surgery rates were reviewed from 2004 to 2009 and were stratified according to patient age, patient gender, and region in the United States. Poisson regression analysis was performed to determine regional and demographic differences in treatment modality. The authors received no funds in support of this work. Results A total of 23,986 patients met our search criteria. Of the five fusion types, posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) with posterolateral fusion (PLF) was the most common (45%), followed by PLF (19%), anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF, 16%), PLIF (10%), and ALIF with PLF (9%). There was a significant increase in PLIF with PLF (p Conclusions There are large differences in the United States for surgical treatment methods for lumbar spine pathology. These differences are likely multifactorial, with both patient and surgeon traits playing a role. Illustrating these differences will hopefully lead to outcomes research to determine the indications, efficacy, and appropriateness of these surgical methods, an important step on the path toward standardization of care.
Structural investigations of LiFePO4 electrodes and in situ studies by Fe X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) have been performed on electrodes containing LiFePO4 to determine the local atomic and electronic structure and their stability with electrochemical cycling. A versatile electrochemical in situ cell has been constructed for long-term soft and hard X-ray experiments for the structural investigation on battery electrodes during the lithium-insertion/extraction processes. The device is used here for an X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of lithium insertion/extraction in a LiFePO4 electrode, where the electrode contained about 7.7 mg of LiFePO4 on a 20 μm thick Al-foil. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) have been performed on this electrode to determine the local atomic and electronic structure and their stability with electrochemical cycling. The initial state (LiFePO4) showed iron to be in the Fe2+ state corresponding to the initial state (0.0 mAh) of the cell, whereas in the delithiated state (FePO4) iron was found to be in the Fe3+ state corresponding to the final charged state (3 mAh). XANES region of the XAS spectra revealed a high spin configuration for the two states (Fe (II), d6 and Fe (III), d5). The results confirm that the olivine structure of the LiFePO4 and FePO4 is retained by the electrodes in agreement with the XRD observations reported previously. These results confirm that LiFePO4 cathode material retains good structural short-range order leading to superior cycling capability.
Hyperfine Structure of the Metastable Deuterium Atom

The hyperfine separation $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(2S; \mathrm{D})$ of the metastable $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of the deuterium atom has been measured by an atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method that has been described previously. We found that $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(2S; \mathrm{D})=40924.439\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020$ kc/sec. From this result and the ground-state separation $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(1S; \mathrm{D})$ we obtain $R(\mathrm{D})\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(2S; \mathrm{D})}{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(1S; \mathrm{D})}=\frac{1}{8}(1.0000342\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0000006)$. Comparison of this value with the corresponding quantity for hydrogen, $R(\mathrm{H})=\frac{1}{8}(1.0000346\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0000003)$, confirms within experimental error the theoretical prediction that $R(\mathrm{D})=R(\mathrm{H})$.
A strategic sustainability justification methodology for organizational decisions: the case of reverse logistics

The concept of sustainability has become increasingly important for organisations and has permeated a number of managerial and organisational decisions. Sustainability, as defined by its 'triple-bottom line' factors of economic, environmental and social dimensions, is the underlying framework we use to develop and apply a strategic justification tool for project evaluation with sustainability implications. An activity based management methodological framework is used as a vehicle to frame decisions around using corporate sustainability. An illustrative application of this technique investigates how an organisation would select from one of two competing reverse logistics providers. This process requires that we introduce issues relevant to three major sustainability factors (and their sub factors) and how they are influenced by a reverse logistics provider decision. The dual contribution of this paper includes investigating the design and development of the strategic sustainability evaluation framework and the linkage of reverse logistics to economic, environmental and social sustainability dimensions.