cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
British Prime Minister Tony Blair’s Irish Potato Famine Apology

In June 1997, Prime Minister Tony Blair issued a statement expressing remorse for the British government’s inaction to assist the Irish during the potato famine of the late 1840s. Blair’s contrition was met with praise and criticism, but it proved to be part of the larger narrative in the peace negotiations within Northern Ireland. Although Blair’s apology is often cited as an exemplar of political leaders apologizing for historical injustices, little actual scholarly work on this subject has been conducted. To that end, this paper examines Blair’s potato famine apology through the theory of collective apology. We argue that collective apologies serve to build, repair, renew, and strengthen bonds between communities harmed by historical wrongdoing. Moreover, collective apologies are meditations in collective memory about the past, present, and future relationship between communities. We assess Blair’s apology through this theoretical lens, discussing the potential impact that it had on the Northern Ireland peace process.
Trends in academic attention to fathers, 1930-2006.

This systematic analysis of 1115 articles in five child development and family journals was conducted to: 1) examine whether academic attention to fathers has increased over time, and 2) describe temporal changes in content areas relevant to fathering and child development. Each article was coded for type of family structure, dimension of fatherhood, and type of child outcome. Percentages of articles per year were the dependent measures and analyses were conducted using regression curve-estimation techniques. Considered together, journals increased their father-relevant publications over time, but there was individual variation by journal. Content analyses showed increased attention to diverse types of fathers and to a wide range of areas of fathering and child outcomes. Both linear and non-linear trend lines fit these data. Results indicate that the “culture of fatherhood” is alive and well in academic journals, although the historical patterns of academic attention to fathers are often complex.
Learning to appreciate the maxim “less is more”

We present the profound performance enhancements experienced when an ultra-thin nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) film is utilized in our light and carrier collection management (LCCM) architecture (US Patent 8,294,025). We begin by establishing theoretical short circuit current density (Jsc) values for planar nc-Si devices. Numerical simulation results for the same thicknesses conformally coated over nano-element arrays are then given. Jsc values above 30mA/cm2 are shown for the nc-Si LCCM cells for nc-Si films as thin as 200nm. To attain a Jsc of 35.5mA/cm2, the LCCM solar cell architecture reduces the required nc-Si volume by 98.3% compared to the planar solar cell that would match that performance. The minimization of material while maximizing performance has obvious implications for cost/watt savings. The architectural dimensions that are the product of this study are invaluable for cell manufacturing.
Early and Late Stage Adolescence: Adopted Adolescents’ Attachment to Their Heterosexual and Lesbian/Gay Parents

Data were collected on 154 adoptive families with gay/lesbian and straight adoptive parents (154 parent respondents & one randomly chosen adolescent from each family). This study was designed to examine three research questions: 1) Are there differences in adopted adolescent attachment to parents among early (12–15) and late (16–19) adopted adolescents; 2) are there differences in attachment to adoptive parents during early adolescence and late adolescence by parent sexual orientation; and 3) what are the factors (IVs) that contribute to level of adolescent attachment to adoptive parents (DV). The results indicated that early adolescent attachment to parents was significantly stronger than late adolescent attachment to parents. There were no significant differences in early and late adopted adolescent attachment by parent's sexual orientation. A Stepwise Regression Model indicated adolescent life satisfaction and parent satisfaction of the relationship with their adopted child were significant predictors ...
REMISSION OF RELAPSED LEUKÆMIA DURING A GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST REACTION A "GRAFT-VERSUS-LEUKÆMIA REACTION" IN MAN?

Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in two boys relapsed after engraftment of marrow from siblings identical at HLA A, B, and D loci but went into remission during subsequent graft-versus-host reactions without specific anti-leukaemia therapy. Later leukaemic relapse was primarily in extramedullary sites, with little or no involvement of bone-marrow, liver, or spleen Cytogenetic studies in both cases showed that the relapsed leukaemic blasts were those of the recipients while marrow cells and blood lymphocytes detected during marrow remission originated from the female donors. Blood lymphocytes from one of the recipients killed 51 Cr-labelled autologous lymphoblasts. The prolonged bone-marrow remission in the face of active and even massive extramedullary leukaemia suggests a graft-versus-leukaemia reaction in these two patients.
Multiple non-contiguous injuries to the spine

Over a period of 4 years, 120 patients -with an identified neurologic defect secondary to spinal cord injury were admitted to the UCD-Sacramento Medical Center. Of these cases five (4.2 per cent) were found to have multiple non-contiguous injuries to the spine which would have been capable of producing complete neurologic loss at either level. Proper treatment is dependent on diagnosis, and correct diagnosis is dependent on the awareness that multiple non-contiguous injuries to the vertebral column can occur in victims of severe motor vehicle accidents.
Relationship Between Three Static Angles of the Rearfoot and the Pattern of Rearfoot Motion During Walking

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the static angle of the rearfoot during single leg standing, relaxed standing foot posture, and subtalar joint neutral position with the pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. The authors felt that this study was important to gain a better understanding of the relationship between dynamic rearfoot motion and three static rearfoot angles which are often included in foot examination procedures. The pattern of rearfoot motion was assessed using two-dimensional video recordings for each lower extremity of 31 healthy young adult subjects with a mean age of 25.2 years. The mean path of rearfoot motion during walking crossed relaxed standing foot posture but did not cross single leg standing or subtalar neutral position. These findings suggest that the mean path of rearfoot motion during the first 60% of the walking cycle occurs between the static angles of relaxed standing foot posture and single leg standing. In addition, the static angle of th...
Conceptual dependency as the language of thought

Roger Schank’s research in AI takes seriously the ideas that understanding natural language involves mapping its expressions into an internal representation scheme and that these internal representations have a syntax appropriate for computational operations. It therefore falls within the computational approach to the study of mind. This paper discusses certain aspects of Schank’s approach in order to assess its potential adequacy as a (partial) model of cognition. This version of the Language of Thought hypothesis encounters some of the same difficulties that arise for Fodor’s account.
Congenital familial steatorrhea with fibromatosis of the pancreas and bronchiolectasis

Summary Two cases of congenital familial steatorrhea with fibromatosis of the pancreas and bronchiolectasis are presented, one with post-mortem findings. The past and present concepts of the terms “steatorrhea” and the “celiac syndrome” are described. The steatorrheas are classified as the idiopathic variety, including celiac disease, and the pancreatogenous. Into the latter division fall most of the cases reported in the literature, which begin soon after birth, are refractory to treatment, and show characteristic post-mortem changes in the pancreas. This includes one and presumably the other of our cases. Suggestions for the recognition of these cases are offered. The association of respiratory symptoms and pulmonary findings with the steatorrheas is discussed, and the reasons for considering the pathologic phenomena of both pancreas and bronchi to be based on congenital anomalies are given. The appearance of symptoms from birth, the familial incidence of the disease, the characteristic pertussis-like cough, the presence of transitory glycosuria, and the finding of fatty changes in the liver are mentioned.
Beta-glucuronidase activity and its variation with pH in human atherosclerotic arteries.

Summary Thirty-nine human atherosclerotic arteries were studied for β -glucuronidase activity over the pH range of 2.2–7.0. The material included 13 abdominal aortic, 9 thoracic aortic, 10 coronary, and 7 internal mammary vessels. In 37 of the specimens there was a single peak of enzyme activity with the optimum at 3.6–3.8. This contrasts with the finding of 3 peaks of activity between pH 3.0 and 7.0. demonstrated in normal breast and lung tissue by Bartalos and Gyorky 11 . The maximum activity of β -glucuronidase in atherosclerotic arteries occurs at a more acid pH than for human serum (pH 4.5). The results showed an increase of β -glucuronidase activity with the severity of the atherosclerotic process in the abdominal aorta, and suggestive similar increases in the thoracic aorta, coronary and internal mammary arteries. Of the four groups of arteries studied, the internal mammary arteries showed the highest β -glucuronidase activity in specimens with none or little atherosclerotic involvement. This artery is known to be highly resistant to atherosclerosis. It is speculated that arteries with high initial β -glucuronidase, or the capacity to readily mobilize the enzyme, may be more resistant to atherosclerosis.
The synthesis of a fluorinated phthalocyanine

Abstract The reaction of perfluoroalkylcopper with 4-iodophthalonitrile provides a convenient route to fluorinated phthalonitriles which readily form phthalocyanines in the presence of stannous chloride dihydrate. During the course of preparing 4-perfluoroheptylphthalonitrile 1 , a secondary reaction was observed when the reaction time was extended beyond two hours. This reaction involves the interaction of the orthodinitrile with copper and/or cuprous iodide to afford the phthalocyanine nucleus. This coaction is portrayed by the appearance of a green color in the reaction media.
Learning about Rare Disasters: Implications For Consumption and Asset Prices

Rietz (1988) and Barro (2006) subject consumption and dividends to rare disasters in the growth rate. We extend their framework and subject consumption and dividends to rare disasters in the growth persistence. We model growth persistence by means of two hidden types of economic slowdowns: recessions and lost decades. We estimate the model based on the post-war U.S. data using maximum likelihood and find that it can simultaneously match a wide array of dynamic pricing phenomena in the equity and bond markets. The key intuition for our results stems from the inability to discriminate between the short and the long recessions ex ante.
Changes in women's use of hormones after the Women's Health Initiative estrogen and progestin trial by race, education, and income.

Background: We examined the impact of race, education, and household income on changes in rates of discontinuation and initiation of hormone therapy before and after release of the Women’s Health Initiative estrogen plus progestin trial results. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study of 221 378 women aged 40 – 80 years enrolled in fi ve health maintenance organizations to estimate the prevalence and rates of discontinuation and initiation of estrogen plus progestin and estrogen only between September 1, 1999, to June 31, 2002 (baseline), and December 31, 2002 (follow-up). We identifi ed the census block group for each participant by geocoding her 2003 residential address. We categorized women into racial, education, and income groups based on the distribution of these characteristics in her community from year 2000 census data and the distributions of these characteristics within her HMO. Results: There were signifi cant differences in estrogen plus progestin and estrogen only prevalence by race, education level, and household income, and in estrogen plus progestin initiation by race and education level, but not by household income at follow-up. However, there were no differences by community race, education, or household income in change in the prevalence of either hormone therapy use at follow-up or in the rates of hor mone therapy discontinuation or initiation from baseline to follow-up. Conclusions: Given the wide spread media attention to the Women’s Health Initiative estrogen plus progestin trial results, our fi ndings suggest comparable dissemination of this information across diverse socioeconomic groups. [J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2005;35:106 – 12]
Dynamic Factor Demands for Aggregate Southeastern United States Agriculture

of a dynamic optimization problem in the neighborhood of equilibrium. A four equation input demand system for In spite of this approximate theoretical aggregate Southeastern United States agri- rationalization, the partial adjustment model culture consistent with dynamic optimizing contains several limitations (see Berndt et behavior is specified and estimated. Labor al., 197 for an extensive discussion). Perand materials are considered as variable in- haps the most significant of these is that the puts while land and capital are treated as adjustment rate of the quasi-fixed input is quasi-fixed inputs. It is found that the ad- constant and independent of the degree of justment rates for capital and land differ con- disequilibrium in other input markets. siderably and are interdependent. Further, The constancy of the adjustment rate rethe data appear consistent with the existence suits in a proportional relationship between of an aggregate production technology and short-run and long-run demand elasticities, the hypothesized optimizing behavior. the hypothesized optimizing behaviorwith the constant of proportionality equal to
Skewness as a Paleoenvironmental Indicator

ABSTRACT Because it has been suggested by many sedimentologists that skewness characteristics of recent sediments can be applied to the interpretation of paleoenvironments of unconsolidated and diagenetically unaffected sediments, we have compared skewness to both other textural features and compositional variations of the unconsolidated, uppermost Miocene sediments of central Delaware. Previous studies have indicated a lagoonal or bay environment for these silts and sands. Analysis of samples from 22 wells revealed a lignite-bearing, poorly sorted, dark gray, silty central region almost surrounded by shell fragment-bearing, poorly sorted, relatively heavy mineral-rich, gray, silty, subangular quartz sands. In the central silty region, clay (up to 20 percent) is more abundant to the north where a terrestrial source area was located. In the surrounding sandy region, the best sorted sediments, containing frosted quartz grains, occur to the south, indicating a possible transition into an offshore barrier island complex with windblown sands carried northward into the oceanward margin of the lagoon. Plotting the skewness values revealed a nearly identical central region with negative skewness almost surrounded by a marginal region of positive skewness, mimicking the "bulls-eye" distributional patterns of the other textural and compositional data. Comparison with recent environmental studies of skewness suggests that the central region probably represents proximity to a river mouth or tidal estuary where winnowing may have dominated over deposition, whereas the surrounding region may represent sands deposited in an adjacent shallow, sheltered lagoonal area dominated by deposition. This study supports the suggestion that the sign of skewness, coupled with lithologic and other textural analyses, is potentially useful in identifying ancient sedimentary environments. However, further work is necessary to fully evaluate its usefulness.
Fine-scale planktonic habitat partitioning at a shelf-slope front revealed by a high-resolution imaging system

Abstract Ocean fronts represent productive regions of the ocean, but predator–prey interactions within these features are poorly understood partially due to the coarse-scale and biases of net-based sampling methods. We used the In Situ Ichthyoplankton Imaging System (ISIIS) to sample across a front near the Georges Bank shelf edge on two separate sampling days in August 2010. Salinity characterized the transition from shelf to slope water, with isopycnals sloping vertically, seaward, and shoaling at the thermocline. A frontal feature defined by the convergence of isopycnals and a surface temperature gradient was sampled inshore of the shallowest zone of the shelf-slope front. Zooplankton and larval fishes were abundant on the shelf side of the front and displayed taxon-dependent depth distributions but were rare in the slope waters. Supervised automated particle counting showed small particles with high solidity, verified to be zooplankton (copepods and appendicularians), aggregating near surface above the front. Salps were most abundant in zones of intermediate chlorophyll-a fluorescence, distinctly separate from high abundances of other grazers and found almost exclusively in colonial form (97.5%). Distributions of gelatinous zooplankton differed among taxa but tended to follow isopycnals. Fine-scale sampling revealed distinct habitat partitioning of various planktonic taxa, resulting from a balance of physical and biological drivers in relation to the front.
Efficacy of Dye-Stained Enteral Formula in Detecting Pulmonary Aspiration

Study objective To determine the extent to which a mixture of human gastric juice and enteral formula stained with two concentrations of FD&C Blue No. 1 food dye (0.8 and 1.5 mL/L) is visible in suctioned tracheobronchial secretions following three forced small-volume pulmonary aspirations over a 6-h period in an animal model. Design Experimental 2 × 3 repeated measures. Setting Animal laboratory and an acute care hospital. Participants Ninety New Zealand white rabbits weighing approximately 3 kg each, and 90 acutely ill adults who furnished gastric juice. Interventions A mixture of human gastric juice and enteral formula stained with 0.8 or 1.5 mL of dye per liter was instilled intratracheally over a 30-min period into anesthetized intubated animals at baseline, 2 h, and 4 h. A total of 0.4 mL/kg of the mixture was instilled at each session. Ninety minutes after each instillation, suctioned secretions were examined for visible dye and blood. Measurements and results Dye was visible in 46.3% of the secretions (125 of 270). The concentration of dye had no significant effect on dye visibility. Blood that was present in 114 of 270 of the secretions (42.2%) interfered with dye visibility in all but two secretions. For reasons unknown, even in the absence of blood, dye visibility decreased from 90.2% (55 of 61 secretions) after the first aspiration event to only 61% (25 of 41 secretions) after the third aspiration event. Conclusions Findings from this animal model study do not support the use of the dye method to detect repeated small-volume aspirations. For clinicians who choose to use the dye method in selected situations, it appears that a dye concentration of 0.8 mL/L may be as effective in detecting aspiration as a 1.5 mL/L concentration.
Blind channel estimation for ultra wide-band communications employing pulse position modulation

Ultra wide-band (UWB) communication holds great potential for a significantly improved data rate in future wireless systems. Accurate channel estimation and synchronization are critical for successful operation of a UWB system. We propose in this letter a completely blind channel estimation algorithm for UWB systems that employ pulse-position modulation, assuming perfect synchronization at the receiver. The algorithm exploits the first-order cyclostationarity in the received signal and performs certain circular deconvolution. The complexity is extremely low: Only some "overlap-add" operations and fast Fourier transform operations are needed. The algorithm is capable of simultaneously estimating multiple (say, more than 60) channel taps, and there is no ambiguity in either the amplitude or the phase of the estimated channel. It is shown that using estimated channel from 500 information symbols, the performance can approach that with a known channel within 3 dB in signal-to-noise ratio for a bit error rate of 0.001.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Composition of CA3→CA1 Axons in Rat Hippocampal Slices: Implications for Presynaptic Connectivity and Compartmentalization

Physiological studies of CA3-->CA1 synaptic transmission and plasticity have revealed both pre- and postsynaptic effects. Understanding the extent to which individual presynaptic axonal boutons could provide local compartments for control of synaptic efficacy and microconnectivity requires knowledge of their three-dimensional morphology and composition. In hippocampal slices, serial electron microscopy was used to examine a nearly homogeneous population of CA3-->CA1 axons in the middle of stratum radiatum of area CA1. The locations of postsynaptic densities (PSDs), vesicles, and mitochondria were determined along 75 axon segments (9.1 +/- 2.0 micrometer in length). Synapses, defined by the colocalization of PSDs and vesicles, occurred on average at 2.7 micrometer intervals along the axons. Most varicosities (68%) had one PSD, 19% had 2-4 PSDs, and 13% had none. Synaptic vesicles occurred in 90% of the varicosities. One-half (53%) of the varicosities lacked mitochondria, raising questions about their regulation of ATP and Ca2+, and 8% of varicosities contained only mitochondria. Eleven axons were reconstructed fully. The varicosities were oblong and varied greatly in both length (1.1 +/- 0.7 micrometer) and volume (0.13 +/- 0.14 micrometer 3), whereas the intervaricosity shafts were narrow, tubular, and similar in diameter (0.17 +/- 0.04 micrometer) but variable in length (1.4 +/- 1.2 micrometer). The narrow axonal shafts resemble dendritic spine necks and thus could promote biochemical compartmentalization of individual axonal varicosities. The findings raise the intriguing possibility of localized differences in metabolism and connectivity among different axons, varicosities, and synapses.
Fuzzy least absolute deviations regression based on the ranking of fuzzy numbers

A general fuzzy linear model for fuzzy regression analysis was formulated. Based on both this general model and a fuzzy difference ranking method (P.-T. Chang and E.S. Lee, 1993; 1992), approaches for fuzzy least squares regression and fuzzy least absolute value deviations regression were proposed. The former approach resulted in a nonlinear programming problem while the latter resulted in a linear programming problem. Numerical examples were solved by using the absolute deviations approach to illustrate the problems of conflicting trends and ways to at least partially overcoming these problems. Furthermore, these examples showed that the absolute deviations formulation forms an effective computational tool. >
Evaluation of fundamental hypotheses underlying constrained mixture models of arterial growth and remodelling

Evolving constituent composition and organization are important determinants of the biomechanical behaviour of soft tissues. In arteries, vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts continually produce and degrade matrix constituents in preferred modes and at altered rates in response to changing mechanical stimuli. Smooth muscle cells similarly exhibit vasoactive changes that contribute to the control of overall structure, function and mechanical behaviour. Constrained mixture models provide a useful framework in which to quantify arterial growth and remodelling for they can account for cell-mediated changes in individual structurally significant constituents. Our simulations show that the combined effects of changing mass density turnover and vasoactivity, as well as the prestretch at which constituents are incorporated within extant matrix, are essential to capture salient features of bounded arterial growth and remodelling. These findings emphasize the importance of formulating biologically motivated constitutive relations in any theory of growth and remodelling and distinct advantages of the constrained mixture approach, in particular.
Remapping the Brain to Compensate for Impairment in Recovering Alcoholics

Abnormal brain activity may reflect compensation when observed in patients who perform normally on tests requiring functions usually observed as impaired. Operational criteria defining compensation have been described and aid in distinguishing compensatory from chance events. Here, we tested whether previously published functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired in 15 recovering alcoholics and 15 controls at rest and while performing a spatial working memory task would fulfill criteria defining functional compensation. Multivariate analysis tested how well abnormal activation in the affected group predicted normal performance, despite low or no activation in brain regions invoked by controls to accomplish the same task. By identifying networks that uniquely and positively correlated with good performance, we provide evidence for compensatory recruitment of cerebellar-based functional networks by alcoholics. Whereas controls recruited prefrontal-cerebellar regions VI/Crus I known to subserve working memory, alcoholics recruited 2 other parallel frontocerebellar loops: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-cerebellar VIII system during rest and DLPFC-cerebellar VI system while task engaged. Greater synchronous activity between cerebellar lobule VIII and DLPFC at rest and greater activation within cerebellar lobule VI and DLPFC during task predicted better working memory performance. Thus, higher intrinsic cerebellar activity in alcoholics was an adequate condition for triggering task-relevant activity in the frontal cortex required for normal working memory performance.
Analysis of Corneal Topography after Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of myopic automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) on corneal topography. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective study of computer-assisted topographic maps obtained before surgery and at the last follow-up visit of 9 patients (13 eyes) who underwent ALK without enhancement to correct moderate-to-high myopia during a 12-month period. Results: Follow-up ranged from 3.5 to 13 months (mean, 5.8; standard deviation, 3.1). The mean manifest spherical equivalent changed from -10.5 ± 2.2 diopters (D) before surgery to -1.1 ± 1.8 D at the last follow-up visit. Mean simulated keratometry (Sim K) decreased from 45.6 ± 1.9 D to 38:9 ± 2.7 D. Mean corneal astigmatism increased from 1.3 ± 0.8 D to 2.1 ± 0.9 D. The mean surgically induced cylinder vector (calculated by vector analysis) was 1.1 ± 0.6 D. Mean surface regularity index (SRI) and surface asymmetry index (SAI) increased from 0.37 ± 0.38 and 0.32 ± 0.43 before surgery to 1.00 ± 0.32 ( P P = 0.01), respectively, at the last visit. A positive correlation was observed between the decrease in mean Sim K and the increase in manifest spherical equivalent (reduction of myopia) ( r = 0.77, P = 0.002), increase in SRI ( r = 0.73, P = 0.005), and increase in SAI ( r = 0.58, P = 0.04). The change in manifest spherical equivalent was significantly less than the change in Sim K ( P Conclusions: Myopic ALK significantly flattens the cornea and reduces myopia. However, it induces corneal astigmatism and decreases corneal surface regularity and symmetry. The degree of myopic correction, as well as the surgically induced corneal surface irregularity and asymmetry, is positively correlated with the amount of corneal flattening derived from the surgical procedure.
High-speed VLSI architectures for Huffman and Viterbi decoders

Pipelined and parallel architectures for high-speed implementation of Huffman and Viterbi decoders (both of which belong to the class of tree-based decoders) are presented. Huffman decoders are used for lossless compression. The Viterbi decoder is commonly used in communications systems. The achievable speed in these decoders is inherently limited due to the sequential nature of their computation. This speed limitation is overcome using a previously proposed technique of look-ahead computation. The incremental computation technique is used to obtain efficient parallel (or block) implementations. The decomposition technique is exploited to reduce the hardware complexity in pipelined Viterbi decoders, but not in Huffman decoders. Logic minimization is used to reduce the hardware overhead complexity in pipelined Huffman decoders. >
CONTROLLED SOURCE ELECTRICAL METHODS FOR DEEP EXPLORATION

Application of controlled source electrical methods (CSEM) is impeded by natural field, electrification, geological, cultural, and topographic noise. Lateral resolution of parameters of adjacent steeply dipping bodies and vertical resolution of parameters of adjacent beds in a flatly dipping sequence are concerns with any CSEM method. Current channeling into a localized good conductor from a surrounding, overlying, or underlying conductor poses problems for the interpreter.
Zap-70 positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia co-existing with Jak 2 V671F positive essential thrombocythemia: A common defective stem cell?

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) co-existing with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is extremely rare. We report two cases of ET with Jak 2 V617F in Zap-70+ CLL. ET is a myeloproliferative stem cell disease. Zap-70 expression in CLL correlates with non-mutated immunoglobulin genes. The occurrence of a less mature CLL in patients with a pluripotential stem cell disease raises the possibility that an initial “trigger hit” occurred in a pre-Jak 2 common early progenitor in these patients. Subsequent additional molecular events accumulated independently following myeloid and lymphoid differentiation, leading to the development of two diseases of likely identical origin but different lineages.
Octahedral tilting in ACu3Ru4O12 (A=Na, Ca, Sr, La, Nd)

Abstract The perovskite-like compounds ACu 3 Ru 4 O 12 (A=Na, Ca, Sr, La, Nd) are studied by means of density functional theory based electronic structure calculations using the augmented spherical wave (ASW) method. The electronic properties are strongly influenced by covalent-type bonding between transition metal d and oxygen p states. The characteristic tilting of the RuO 6 octahedra arises mainly from the Cu–O bonding, allowing for optimal bond lengths between these two atoms. Our results provide a deeper understanding of octahedral tilting as a universal mechanism, applicable to a large variety of multinary compounds.
What Drives REIT Prices? The Time-Varying Informational Content of Dividend Yields

In this study, I investigate the informational content in the dividend yields of equity real estate investment trusts (REITs). The findings show that during the vintage REIT era, 1980–1992, expecte...
Refusal to participate in heart failure studies: do age and gender matter?

Aims and objectives The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate reasons heart failure patients decline study participation, to inform interventions to improve enrollment. Background Failure to enrol older heart failure patients (age > 65) and women in studies may lead to sampling bias, threatening study validity. Design This study was a retrospective analysis of refusal data from four heart failure studies that enrolled 788 patients in four states. Methods Chi-Square and a pooled t-test were computed to analyse refusal data (n = 300) obtained from heart failure patients who were invited to participate in one of the four studies but declined. Results Refusal reasons from 300 patients (66% men, mean age 65·33) included: not interested (n = 163), too busy (n = 64), travel burden (n = 50), too sick (n = 38), family problems (n = 14), too much commitment (n = 13) and privacy concerns (n = 4). Chi-Square analyses showed no differences in frequency of reasons (p > 0·05) between men and women. Patients who refused were older, on average, than study participants. Conclusions Some reasons were patient-dependent; others were study-dependent. With ‘not interested’ as the most common reason, cited by over 50% of patients who declined, recruitment measures should be targeted at stimulating patients’ interest. Additional efforts may be needed to recruit older participants. However, reasons for refusal were consistent regardless of gender. Relevance to clinical practice Heart failure researchers should proactively approach a greater proportion of women and patients over age 65. With no gender differences in type of reasons for refusal, similar recruitment strategies can be used for men and women. However, enrolment of a representative proportion of women in heart failure studies has proven elusive and may require significant effort from researchers. Employing strategies to stimulate interest in studies is essential for recruiting heart failure patients, who overwhelmingly cited lack of interest as the top reason for refusal.
Retirement and Well-Being: Examining Characteristics of Life Course Transitions

Much literature debates whether transitions to retirement lead to increased or reduced well-being. We attribute this controversy to the lack of theorizing on life course transitions and argue that the effects of such transitions depend on their characteristics such as speed (gradual/abrupt), perceived control (voluntary/forced), anticipation (expected/unexpected), timing (earlier/later), and synchronicity with other life changes (focal/overlapping). Using change models with Heckman correction on the panel data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the effects of retirement on four dimensions of well-being – psychological, physical, economic, and social. Retirement transitions can be both beneficial and detrimental to well-being, depending on their characteristics, dimensions of well-being, and the specific point in the trajectory of change.
Constraints on energies of He 10 ( 0 + ) and He 9 ( 1 / 2 + )

I have used the relationship between computed energies in $^{10}\mathrm{He}$ and single-particle energies in $^{9}\mathrm{He}$ to provide limits on the ${s}_{1/2}$ energy. The absence of any bound states in $^{10}\mathrm{He}$ requires ${E}_{\mathrm{s}}g1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}$, contradicting all the experiments that have reported an $s$ state near threshold. The present analysis supports the view that the variation of $^{10}\mathrm{He}$ ``ground-state'' (g.s.) energies determined in various reactions is caused by the presence of two overlapping ${0}^{+}$ resonances. Results of the two simplest reactions---proton knockout and ($t,\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}p$)---have been used to extract the g.s. and excited ${0}^{+}$ energies as a function of the mixing parameter ${b}^{2}$ between the $p$-shell and the ${(sd)}^{2}$ basis states.
Effect of Ethionine and Other Materials on Semliki Forest Virus Infection in the Mouse.

Summary1. Feeding mice D-, L- or DL-ethionine in a casein-sucrose diet increases the survival rate of mice inoculated intraperi-toneally with Semliki forest virus. A single, large dose of DL-ethionine injected intraperi-toneally within 24 hours preceding viral inoculation by the same route also increases the survival rate. Ethionine does not increase the resistance of mice to Semliki forest virus when the virus is inoculated intracerebrally. Ethionine-treated mice which survive infection usually are immune to the virus. 2. Methionine does not counteract the protective action of ethionine against Semliki forest viral infection in mice. 3. Dichlorophenoxy thiou-racil and closely related materials increase the survival rate of mice inoculated intraperi-toneally with Semliki forest virus. 4. Ben-zimidazole, 2,6-diaminopurine and other purine derivatives tend to decrease the resistance of mice to Semliki forest virus.
Crystal structures of Escherichia coli branching enzyme in complex with cyclodextrins.

Branching enzyme (BE) is responsible for the third step in glycogen/starch biosynthesis. It catalyzes the cleavage of α-1,4 glucan linkages and subsequent reattachment to form α-1,6 branch points. These branches are crucial to the final structure of glycogen and starch. The crystal structures of Escherichia coli BE (EcBE) in complex with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin were determined in order to better understand substrate binding. Four cyclodextrin-binding sites were identified in EcBE; they were all located on the surface of the enzyme, with none in the vicinity of the active site. While three of the sites were also identified as linear polysaccharide-binding sites, one of the sites is specific for cyclodextrins. In previous work three additional binding sites were identified as exclusively binding linear malto-oligosaccharides. Comparison of the binding sites shed light on this apparent specificity. Binding site IV is located in the carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) domain of EcBE and superimposes with the cyclodextrin-binding site found in the CBM48 domain of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Comparison of these sites shows the similarities and differences in the two binding modes. While some of the binding sites were found to be conserved between branching enzymes of different organisms, some are quite divergent, indicating both similarities and differences between oligosaccharide binding in branching enzymes from various sources.
Intellectual Property Strategy of Agricultural Science and Technology Parks in Jiangxi

Jiangxi has built more than 100 parks of agricultural science and technology and has gradually formed a development mode taking demonstrating park of agricultural science and technology as platform, and enterprises as main body.However, the management and protection of the intellectual property in agriculture of Jiangxi has been deficiency. There are many problems such as lack of emphasis,unsound management mechanism, insufficient incentives, low content of innovation and low conversion rate. Based on the investigation of the status of Jiangxi agricultural parks, and combined with advanced experiences at home and abroad, this paper proposed several suggestions such as enhancing strategic awareness of intellectual property rights, increasing overall scientific and technological innovation capabilities of the park, strengthening intellectual property protection and management, improving the incentive mechanism, speeding up the procedure of the intellectual property in agriculture and applying for the supports of policies and projects. All these can promote the sustainable development of agricultural parks.
Jaja in spoken German: Managing Knowledge Expectations

In line with the other contributions to this issue on teaching pragmatics, this paper provides teachers of German with a two-day lesson plan for integrating authentic spoken language and its associated cultural background into their teaching. Specifically, the paper discusses how jaja and its phonetic variants are systematically used at the beginning of utterances to indicate that a prior speaker's talk was not designed with the knowledge of the audience in mind or with what has been said before. The paper will begin with a literature review on how speakers orient to the knowledge states of their fellow conversationalists, and on the resources that conversationalists use to indicate whether a prior speaker was successful in judging the knowledge state of their audience. The paper then discusses the prior research on the phonetic variants of jaja. In its final section, the paper presents a lesson designed for intermediate level learners of German.
The Complexity of Two: Dyadic Processes and Evolving Social Aggregations

Computational models of aggregated social agents have two major faults: (1) inter-individual entrainment is ignored; and (2) rule-sets governing behavior are invariant to history. Together these shortcomings impede our ability to generate realistic models of complex evolving social processes. To illustrate how even simple couplings within an established dyad generates unexpected outcomes, we present our findings from two computer models (agent-based, particle filter) of married couples.
Analysis on the reported cases of infectious diseases and correlative things in rural clinic Tianjin in 2007

农村卫生所作为最基层的医疗单位成为农民就医的主要途径,村医作为法定传染病责任报告人承担着传染病报告义务.为发现村卫生所报告传染病中存在的问题,提出切实可行的解决方法,2007年对天津市农业区(县)的村卫生所传染病报告现状及相关情况进行了调查。
Fibrous nonlinear elasticity enables positive mechanical feedback between cells and ECMs

Abstract In native states, animal cells of many types are supported by a fibrous network that forms the main structural component of the ECM. Mechanical interactions between cells and the 3D ECM critically regulate cell function, including growth and migration. However, the physical mechanism that governs the cell interaction with fibrous 3D ECM is still not known. In this article, we present single-cell traction force measurements using breast tumor cells embedded within 3D collagen matrices. We recreate the breast tumor mechanical environment by controlling the microstructure and density of type I collagen matrices. Our results reveal a positive mechanical feedback loop: cells pulling on collagen locally align and stiffen the matrix, and stiffer matrices, in return, promote greater cell force generation and a stiffer cell body. Furthermore, cell force transmission distance increases with the degree of strain-induced fiber alignment and stiffening of the collagen matrices. These findings highlight the importance of the nonlinear elasticity of fibrous matrices in regulating cell–ECM interactions within a 3D context, and the cell force regulation principle that we uncover may contribute to the rapid mechanical tissue stiffening occurring in many diseases, including cancer and fibrosis.
The effect of group singing on the voice and swallow function of healthy, sedentary, older adults: A pilot study

Abstract Reduced respiratory function can impact an older adult's nutritional intake, exercise endurance, and social engagement, which can affect an individual's quality of life. Because respiratory health can be maintained, regained or rehabilitated through regular exercise and stress management, early intervention may play an important role in the health of older adults. Music therapy may provide effective treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group singing protocol on the conversational intensity, maximum phonation time, and mean swallowing pressure of healthy, sedentary, older adults. Participants ( N = 20) were randomly assigned to either experimental group A – a 4 week program – or experimental group B – an 8 week program. Each group attended twice weekly rehearsals lasting for 45 min. Rehearsals utilized vocal exercises, vocal pedagogy, and singing songs characterized by wide ranges, lyrical tongue twisters, and dynamic variation. Rehearsals were conducted by a board-certified music therapist specializing in voice. Results showed significant increases in all areas of measurement suggesting that group singing interventions may meaningfully contribute to the respiratory health of the older adult population. Implications for future research are discussed.
Numerical Solutions for a Class of SPDEs with Application to Filtering

A simulation scheme for a class of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations is proposed and error bounds for the scheme are derived. The scheme is based on the fact that the solutions of the SPDEs can be represented by the weighted empirical measure of an infinite system of interacting particles. There are two sources of error in the scheme, one due to finite sampling of the infinite collection of particles and the other due to the Euler scheme used in the simulation of the individual particle motions. The error bounds take into account both sources of error. The results can be applied to nonlinear filtering problems.
Mechanical evaluation of gas-turbine blades in their actual centrifugal field

Blade vibration and fatigue have been a major problem in the development of gas turbines. Earlier test techniques developed for determining blade vibration and fatigue characteristics were satisfactory for stationary blades, but did not provide the centrifugal field needed for rotor-blade tests. This paper describes a test technique and facility on which blades are tested in their actual centrifugal environment.
A Deletion Mutation Causes Hemophilia B In Lhasa Apso Dogs

Hemophilia B is a bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX (FIX). A colony of FIX deficient Lhasa Apso dogs has been established and the molecular basis of hemophilia B has been determined. The plasma factor IX levels were T transition at nucleotide 777. The mutation results in mRNA instability and a premature termination codon in the nucleotide sequence encoding the activation peptide. The mutation was verified by sequencing genomic DNA from an FIX-deficient dog. A genetic test for the detection of heterozygous animals was established using heteroduplex analysis. Although hemophilia B has been described in many dog breeds, this is only the second mutation to be sequenced. The Lhasa Apso dog model should be valuable for evaluating novel strategies for treating hemophilia B such as gene therapy.
Menage à trois: Freud, Beauvoir, and the Marquis de Sade

Without rejecting Simone de Beauvoir's often cited feminist agenda, this paper takes up her less frequently noted insight – that woman's existence as the inessential other is more than a consequence of material dependency, and political inequality. This insight traces women's subordinated status to the effect of a patriarchal desire that produces and is sustained by a political imaginary that is not economically grounded and is not undermined by women's economic or political progress. Taking up this insight, this paper reads Beauvoir, Freud and Sade through each other, to critique the myths of femininity. It argues that unless feminists of the 21st century follow Beauvoir's logic of ambiguity to challenge the ways in which sexed and gendered subjectivity is currently structured, the place of the inessential other will be preserved, and the feminist vision will be betrayed.
Systems: Distributed Multimedia Systems Design

One of the challenges in the design of a distributed multimedia system is to devise suitable specification models for various schemas in different levels of the system. Another important research issue is the integration and synchronization of heterogeneous multimedia objects. In this chapter, we present our models for different multimedia schemas and transformation algorithms that transform high-level multimedia objects into schemas that can be used to support the presentation and communication of the multimedia objects.