cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Resistance Decline and Selection in Laboratory-Reared German Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The level of cypermethrin resistance was monitored to determine the history of a laboratory-reared, pyrethroid resistant strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). The LC 50 (μg [AI] per insect) of cypermethrin decreased from 2.29 μg (Al) per insect to 0.68 μg (AI) per insect within 23 mo in laboratory culture when no selection pressure was applied. Subsequently, newly hatched nymphs (<24 old) collected from the last unselected generation (parent generation) were selected with residual cypermethrin in a glass jar for 6 generations. Mortality (24 h) of newly hatched nymphs exposed to residual deposits of 2 μg (AI)/cm 2 decreased from 61% of the parent generation to 38% of the selected F3 generation. The LC 50 of the selected F6 generation adults was elevated 3-fold compared with the parent generation. Whereas our selection of 1st instars was unique, resultant increase in resistance was similar to previous selection processes.
The Characterization and Conservation of Aged Aluminum Alloys: Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion House

The Dymaxion House is a unique historic dwelling structure designed by Buckminster Fuller. Built in the 1940s, the house was constructed of modern materials, most notably aluminum, which formed the walls, roof and many of the structural elements. The challenge faced in reconstructing the Dymaxion House at Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village was to preserve the original structure as much as possible while simultaneously accommodating the needs of exhibition (i.e. to restore the visual appearance and ensure sufficient structural integrity to allow the entrance of visitors). The primary aluminum alloys used in the house are equivalent to the modern alloy designations 2014 and 2024; both extruded forms and Alclad sheets were used. The alloy composition, age-hardening characteristics, cladding layers, grain structure and corrosion products of the aged aluminum components of the Dymaxion House have been studied. The results of these studies were used in consultation with conservators, engineers and corrosion scientists to determine the most appropriate course of treatment.
Assessment of an Unstructured-Grid Method with a 1-Equation Turbulence Model for Viscous Internal Flows

A cell-centered finite volume unstructured solver with upwind flux differencing and Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulence model is used to predict the flow over a backward-facing step and a turbine stator. For the backward-facing step, reattachment length, velocity profiles, static pressure, and skin friction are compared with experimental data and structured solver results to examine the accuracy of the unstructured solver. For the turbine stator, velocity and total pressure contours are plotted and compared with experimental data to see how well the solver captures the 3D flow field and total pressure ratio is calculated as a measure of the overall performance of the solver.
"WANTED" AND "UNWANTED": TOWARD LESS AMBIGUOUS DEFINITION.

(1965). “Wanted” and “unwanted”: Toward less ambiguous definition. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 19-27.
Dye Markers for Moths of the Tobacco Hornworm

The cuticle and viscera of Manduca sexta (L.) moths were colored by including Calco® oil red dye in the larval rearing medium. Male moths so reared, using dye concentrations as low as 0.05% (wt/v), produced spermatophores in which the red color could be detected with the naked eye when they were removed from females that had mated with the dye-marked males. Forty-nine biological stains and 5 food-coloring dyes were evaluated as sprays for marking the moth's body surface. Many were satisfactory.
A note on the effects of exogenous progesterone and oestrone during early gestation on farrowing performance in gilts

Administration of exogenous progesterone (0-55 mg/kg live weight) and oestrone (0-275μg/kg live weight) during various discrete intervals between days 4 and 30 of gestation elicited variable results depending upon the time and duration of administration. Administration of the combined steroids early in gestation (days 4 to 20, trial 1; days 4 to 12, trial 2) tended to affect farrowing performance adversely. In general, advantageous effects on farrowing performance occurred when treatment with exogenous progesterone and oestrone was initiated at day 12 or later of gestation.
Collective memory, politics, and the influence of the past: the politics of memory as a research paradigm

Politicians frequently make use of mythologized understandings of the past to mobilize memory as an instrument of politics in the present. Despite the postwar “memory boom”, collective remembrance remains a slippery concept. In politics, collective memory exerts its influence both from the bottom up, as interpretations of the past affect the identities and understandings of political elites, as well as from the top down, as statements by public figures place certain events into the national consciousness while silencing or forgetting others. In addition to summarizing the existing literature, this integrative review proposes a discursive conception of the politics of memory. I argue that research into political memory should focus on (1) the substantive content of collective memory as expressed by actors within state institutions and (2) on the interactive channels through which ideas about the past are conveyed, disputed, silenced, and negotiated outside these formal settings. I substantiate this argumen...
Application of Real-time Database Software in Hydropower Plant in the Data Exchange Platform System

In this paper,the real-time database system based on the characteristics of Hydropower Plant,and the data exchange platform of the functional requirements of the system,expounds the application of real time database software in hydropower plant in the data exchange platform system.
Epidemiological investigation on metabolic syndrome of adults in Beidaihe district of Qinhuangdao city and analysis on influence factors

[Objective]To understand the epidemic status and influence factors of metabolic syndrome of adults in Beidaihe district of Qinhuangdao city,provide the basic data for prevention of the metabolic syndrome.[Methods]From August to October 2010,the face-to-face questionnaire was conducted in residents aged 20-92 years old in Beidaihe district by random sampling of epidemiological method.The weight,height,blood pressure,blood lipids and fasting blood glucose of 3 572 investigated objects were measured,and 3 569 offered effective data.The data were analyzed according to the standard of Chinese diabetes society(CDS) 2004.[Results]The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 5.72%,that of males and females was 7.76% and 3.80% respectively,and the difference was significant(χ2=24.57,P0.01).The prevalence rate of 20-40 year age group,41-60 year age group and over 60 year age group was 0.89%,6.46% and 11.14% respectively,and the difference was significant(χ2=92.15,P0.01).The influence factors of metabolic syndrome were age and economic status.[Conclusion]The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome of adults in Beidaihe district is high,and it is the major public health problem which affects the health of residents.It is necessary to carry out the comprehensive prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome.
Proteinuria is a Predictor of Renal Functional Decline in Patients with Kidney Cancer.

Purpose: Prior studies have shown that 26% to 34% of patients with suspected renal cancers have a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m2 but limited information exists regarding proteinuria. We investigated the extent of proteinuria in patients with renal tumors to determine the impact on the classification and progression of chronic kidney disease.Materials and Methods: Among 1,622 patients evaluated between 1999 and 2014, 1,016 had preoperative creatinine and proteinuria measurements available. Patients were classified according to the risk of chronic kidney disease progression into low, moderately increased, high and very high risk groups according to 2012 KDIGO guidelines. Predictors of risk group and chronic kidney disease progression were analyzed using univariable and multivariate models.Results: Before treatment 32% had a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m2. Preoperative proteinuria was present in 22%. Proteinuria was detected in 30% with a reduced glomerul...
Extensor Tendon Injury Associated With Dorsal Entry Flexible Nailing of Radial Shaft Fractures in Children: A Report of 5 New Cases and Review of the Literature.

Background Extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon injury following the dorsal approach to elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) of the radius has been reported in a growing number of cases in the literature. This study includes 5 new cases from our institution as well as a comprehensive review of previously reported cases from the literature. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing ESIN between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2013 at our institution. Those patients with an EPL injury or rupture were identified and clinical data collected included operative technique, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes data. In addition, we performed a systematic review of the literature using Pubmed MEDLINE database, the Chochrane database, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. A total of 28 cases of EPL injury following ESIN of the radius were identified in the literature and the relevant data were extracted from those studies. Results All 33 pediatric cases of EPL tendon injury occurred after entry to the radial canal was obtained by the dorsal approach to ESIN. EPL injury was diagnosed an average of 10 weeks following the index procedure. Extensor indicis pollicis to EPL transfer was performed in 13 patients, tendon release/lysis of adhesions in 5, EPL repair in 2, EPL graft reconstruction from palmaris longus tendon in 1, 3 patients refused further intervention, and treatment was unreported in 7 cases. By 12-month follow-up, all operatively treated patients had a good functional outcome with near anatomic extension at the thumb interphalangeal joint, no pain, and no further complication. Conclusions EPL tendon injury was found to be a complication unique to the dorsal entry approach for ESIN of the radius. The lateral approach appears to offer a safer alternative with regard to the EPL tendon. We suggest that physicians consider the risk of EPL tendon injury when planning for ESIN of the radius, and make an effort to avoid direct injury when using a dorsal approach. Level of evidence Level III-therapeutic.
Reliability Assessment Framework of the Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge and Traffic System Subjected to Cable Breakage Events

AbstractAs important load bearing members of cable-stayed bridges, stay cables may experience corrosion, fatigue, and accidental or intentional actions that may lead to possible breakage failure. The current bridge design guidelines require that a cable-stayed bridge be designed against single-cable breakage. A holistic reliability assessment framework is developed for a long-span cable-stayed bridge and traffic system subjected to breakage of stay cables considering service load conditions from both traffic and wind. In addition to the bridge structural ultimate limit state, a new bridge serviceability limit state is also introduced by focusing on the overall traffic safety performance of all vehicles of the traffic flow on the bridge following cable breakage incidents. Random variables are defined by considering uncertainties related to structural material properties, sectional properties, traffic, wind condition, and cable breakage parameters. The Latin hypercube sampling technique is adopted to sample...
A microfluidic-based cell encapsulation platform to achieve high long-term cell viability in photopolymerized PEGNB hydrogel microspheres

Cell encapsulation within photopolymerized polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel scaffolds has been demonstrated as a robust strategy for cell delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and developing in vitro platforms to study cellular behavior and fate. Strategies to achieve spatial and temporal control over PEG hydrogel mechanical properties, chemical functionalization, and cytocompatibility have advanced considerably in recent years. Recent microfluidic technologies have enabled the miniaturization of PEG hydrogels, thus enabling the fabrication of miniaturized cell-laden vehicles. However, rapid oxygen diffusive transport times on the microscale dramatically inhibit chain growth photopolymerization of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), thus decreasing the viability of cells encapsulated within these microstructures. Another promising PEG-based scaffold material, PEG norbornene (PEGNB), is formed by a step-growth photopolymerization and is not inhibited by oxygen. PEGNB has also been shown to be more cytocompatible than PEGDA and allows for orthogonal addition reactions. The step-growth kinetics, however, are slow and therefore challenging to fully polymerize within droplets flowing through microfluidic devices. Here, we describe a microfluidic-based droplet fabrication platform that generates consistently monodisperse cell-laden water-in-oil emulsions. Microfluidically generated PEGNB droplets are collected and photopolymerized under UV exposure in bulk emulsions. In this work, we compare this microfluidic-based cell encapsulation platform with a vortex-based method on the basis of microgel size, uniformity, post-encapsulation cell viability and long-term cell viability. Several factors that influence post-encapsulation cell viability were identified. Finally, long-term cell viability achieved by this platform was compared to a similar cell encapsulation platform using PEGDA. We show that this PEGNB microencapsulation platform is capable of generating cell-laden hydrogel microspheres at high rates with well-controlled size distributions and high long-term cell viability.
Targeting the MDM2–p53 Protein–Protein Interaction for New Cancer Therapy: Progress and Challenges

MDM2 is a primary cellular inhibitor of p53. It inhibits p53 function by multiple mechanisms, each of which, however, is mediated by their direct interaction. It has been proposed that small-molecule inhibitors designed to block the MDM2-p53 interaction may be effective in the treatment of human cancer retaining wild-type p53 by reactivating the p53 tumor suppressor function. Through nearly two decades of intense efforts, a number of structurally distinct, highly potent, nonpeptide, small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction (MDM2 inhibitors) have been successfully designed and developed, and at least seven such compounds have now been advanced into human clinical trials as new anticancer drugs. This review offers a perspective on the design and development of MDM2 small-molecule inhibitors and discusses early clinical data for some of the MDM2 small-molecule inhibitors and future challenges for the successful clinical development of MDM2 inhibitors for cancer treatment.
WORK SAFE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ORGANIZATIONS A STUDY OF UNITED CEMENT COMPANY

This study is designed and geared towards examining work safety as it concerns the health of man and his environment, how man's action and inactions has determined his safety, it's implications in United Cement Company, also to investigate the extent to which it's application could affect the employees efficiency and productivity on the organizational productive out put. In the population of 74 No of respondents was statistically defined and copies of the questionnaire were distributed and returned regression analysis was considered most appropriate for this study. At 0.5 or 5% level of significance we found out that, there is a positive relationship between work safety management and organizational productivity. The paper recommends amongst others that employees should give maximum co-operation to the management by abiding by the set work safety policies and norms in pursuit of individual and organizational goals.
Thermophysical and transport properties of metals at high pressure and very high temperature

High pressures are usually applied to investigate the properties of materials at higher than normal density, i.e., higher than found at room temperature and one atmosphere. Pressure can also be used to elevate the boiling temperature and thereby stabilize the liquid phase at densities several times less than normal. We have recently described the use of such a technique to obtain equation of state and transport data for liquid metals up to 0.4 GPa, 7000 K, and two- to fourfold expanded [1,2]. Such information is necessary, for example, for accurate predictions of release processes following shock loading, intense laser pulse absorption, or any other rapid energy deposition.
Social class and policy preferences: implications for economic inequality and interclass relations

Record-setting levels of income and wealth inequality are deepening social class divisions. The adoption of strong progressive redistributive policies is crucial to reducing class inequities, yet many barriers to doing so exist. This review examines class-based policy preferences, focusing on the effects of economic self-interest, system justification, and classist, racist, and sexist stereotypes on policy support. The impact of broader economic conditions is also considered. Collectively, this body of research makes clear that building stronger cross-class support for redistributive policies and programs will prove difficult without addressing both class-based power differences and beliefs that justify inequality. Reducing stereotypes and developing a shared sense of societal responsibility that cuts across class lines can help advance these goals. Social psychological research is vital to informing these efforts.
The use of gender in the interpretation of BDSM

In this article, we explore the ways BDSM practitioners negotiate gender. Based on 32 in-depth interviews with BDSM practitioners and thousands of message board posts from the then-largest online B...
The Delegated State and the Politics of Federal Grants

The lens of “pork barrel politics” dominates the scholarly literature on federal grant making. Researchers typically use congressional districts as the unit of analysis, and consider the relationship between the partisan or ideological orientation of members of Congress, federal bureaucrats, or the President and the amount of grant dollars awarded to congressional districts with similar ideological preferences. Although “pork” is a common frame of reference for the distribution of federal grant dollars, it is a narrow conception of the way federal grant dollars are allocated to state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, and private institutions. Studies of federal policy show that the federal budget is shaped by long-term changes in the size and role of government. These changes may have much broader and stronger impacts on the distribution of federal grant dollars to communities than partisan politics. In particular, the rise of the delegated state — the federal government’s reliance on state and local governments as well as nonprofits for policy implementation — is likely to shape grant allocation. I assess the role of the delegated state, including nonprofit density, state capitals, and local government structure, in the distribution of federal grants to metropolitan areas from 1991 to 2010. I show that the delegated state plays a large role in explaining which places get a large share of federal grants and which places get fewer grants. The importance of the delegated state for federal grant allocation is particularly evident during the federal stimulus in 2009 and 2010.
Characterization of Propellant Modulus and Rocket Motor Stress-Free Temperature Using Stress Sensors

Embedded stress sensors have previously been employed as part of health monitoring systems for solid rocket motors; however, the sensor readings were used to detect anomalies such as bore cracks an...
The Fabric of Carbonate Cement and Matrix and its Dependence on the Salinity of Water

Lithification of carbonate sediments occurs under both marine and freshwater conditions. Mineralogically, texturally, and genetically four different types of cement and matrix are recognized. These are: 1. marine aragonite as fibrous cement or micrite, 2. marine highmagnesian calcite micrite, 3. freshwater low-magnesian calcite drusy mosaic or wedge-shaped crystals or as fibrous cement or rods, and 4. freshwater low-magnesian calcite micrite. Aragonite and high-magnesian calcite are the minerals which form cement or matrix in the marine environment, whereas low-magnesian calcite makes up cement or matrix in the freshwater environment. Aragonite forms fibrous cements under hypersaline or very shallow marine conditions, such as in deep-sea carbonate sediments of the Red Sea, or in beachrocks or reefs. It may also be deposited as micrite, as in grapestones. High-magnesian calcite forms a micrite cement in the deep-sea environment or in beachrocks or a fibrous cement in reefs. Low-magnesian calcite forms a drusy calcite mosaic under fresh water conditions or occurs in the shape of rods or wedge-shaped crystals in freshwater limestones, such as in tufa or cave pearls. It occurs as a cement in marine rocks in which it has been emplaced post-depositionally by fresh water. Low-magnesian calcite micrite is formed in fresh water, such as in lakes, where it makes up oncolites or massive limestones. Texturally fresh water lowmagnesian calcite micrite is indistinguishable from aragonite micrite or from marine highmagnesian calcite micrite or its low-magnesian diagenetic equivalent.
MODELING VISUAL CORTEX: HIDDEN ANISOTROPIES IN AN ISOTROPIC INHIBITORY CONNECTION SCHEME

A detailed cortex model (15,000 cells) of the adult cat is presented and it is shown that a combination of unspecific inhibitory mechanisms together with input of aligned receptive fields from the LGN with little elongation (1:1.5) is able to reproduce cortical orientation selectivity and other features of cortical cell behavior. We introduce a novel isotropic intracortical connection scheme (“circular inhibition”) and demonstrate analytically that this mechanism results in two anisotropies: orientation tuning and a directional bias. Thus, our network shows that structurally unspecific isotropic connections can result in functionally specific behavior. Directional anisotropy introduced in this way could be the starting point for the development of the true direction specificity found in cortical cells.
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Alternating Current

This chapter provides an operational definition for alternating current (AC) with comparisons of AC and direct current (DC) waveforms, theorizes and demonstrates the generation of an AC waveform, and introduces the period and frequency relationships of AC waveforms. Time, frequency, and cyclic characteristics of the AC waveform are analyzed with examples provided for each concept. A DC waveform is a kind of pulsating waveform. The entire waveform lies in the positive portion of the graph and never crosses the x-axis. But if it crosses, then it would have caused the circuit current to change direction, and it would no longer be considered a DC voltage. This is the most important point in distinguishing between DC and AC waveforms. AC can be produced by periodically reversing the connections from a DC power source to the circuit. This, however, is impractical. The chapter describes the working of an AC generator, for which understanding of basics of magnetic theory is essential. One cycle of a sinusoidal waveform can also be described in terms of alternations. Each cycle has two alternations: a positive alternation and a negative alternation.
A comparative analysis of overall survival between high-dose-rate and low-dose-rate brachytherapy boosts for unfavorable-risk prostate cancer.

PURPOSE External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy boost has been associated with improved biochemical progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) compared with dose-escalated EBRT (DE-EBRT) alone for unfavorable-risk prostate cancer. However, it is not known whether high-dose-rate (HDR) boost provides a similar benefit. We compare HDR boost against LDR boost and DE-EBRT with respect to OS. METHODS Using the National Cancer Database, we identified 122,896 patients who were diagnosed with National Comprehensive Cancer Network intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer between 2004 and 2014 and treated with DE-EBRT (75.6-86.4 Gy), LDR boost, or HDR boost. We compared the OS among the three groups using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Inverse probability treatment weighting was used to adjust for covariate imbalance. RESULTS On multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, HDR boost was associated with a similar OS to LDR boost (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 1.03 [0.96, 1.11]; p = 0.38) but significantly better OS than DE-EBRT (AHR 1.36 [1.29, 1.44]; p < 0.001). Inverse probability treatment weighting analysis yielded similar results. There was no significant difference between LDR and HDR boosts for National Comprehensive Cancer Network intermediate-risk (AHR 1.05 [0.96, 1.15]; p = 0.32) and high-risk (AHR 1.00 [0.89, 1.12]; p = 0.98) subgroups (p-interaction = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HDR brachytherapy boost yields similar OS benefits compared with LDR brachytherapy boost for unfavorable-risk prostate cancer. HDR boost may be a suitable alternative to LDR boost.
Pharmacological Reactivation of the Silenced FMR1 Gene as a Targeted Therapeutic Approach for Fragile X Syndrome

More than ~200 CGG repeats in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene results in transcriptional silencing and the absence of the FMR1 encoded protein, FMRP. FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the transport and translation of a variety of brain mRNAs in an activity-dependent manner. The loss of FMRP causes dysregulation of many neuronal pathways and results in an intellectual disability disorder, fragile X syndrome (FXS). Currently, there is no effective treatment for FXS. In this review, we discuss reactivation of the FMR1 gene as a potential approach for FXS treatment with an emphasis on the use of small molecules to inhibit the pathways important for gene silencing.
Technical Note: Efficient and accurate estimation of genotype odds ratios in biobank-based unbalanced case-control studies

Abstract In genome-wide association studies (GWASs), genotype log-odds ratios (LORs) quantify the effects of the variants on the binary phenotypes, and calculating the genotype LORs for all of the markers is required for several downstream analyses. Calculating genotype LORs at a genome-wide scale is computationally challenging, especially when analyzing large-scale biobank data, which involves performing thousands of GWASs phenome-wide. Since most of the binary phenotypes in biobank-based studies have unbalanced (case : control = 1 : 10) or often extremely unbalanced (case : control = 1 : 100) case-control ratios, the existing methods cannot provide a scalable and accurate way to estimate the genotype LORs. The traditional logistic regression provides biased LOR estimates in such situations. Although the Firth bias correction method can provide unbiased LOR estimates, it is not scalable for genome-wide or phenome-wide scale association analyses typically used in biobank-based studies, especially when the number of non-genetic covariates is large. On the other hand, the saddlepoint approximation-based test (fastSPA), which can provide accurate p values and is scalable to analyse large-scale biobank data, does not provide the genotype LOR estimates as it is a score-based test. Here, we propose a scalable method based on score statistics, to accurately estimate the genotype LORs, adjusting for non-genetic covariates. Comparing to the Firth method, our proposed method reduces the computational complexity from O(nK2 + K3) to O(n), where n is the sample-size, and K is the number of non-genetic covariates. Our method is ~ 10x faster than the Firth method when 15 covariates are being adjusted for. Through extensive numerical simulations, we show that the proposed method is both scalable and accurate in estimating the genotype ORs in genome-wide or phenome-wide scale.
Generating Airspace Geofence Boundary Layers in Wind

Electronic geofencing is proposed as a means to manage small unmanned aircraft systems in distinct airspace boundaries. A geofence is defined by a minimum and maximum altitude and a polygonal horiz...
Dynamically Reconfigurable Tactile Sensor for Robotic Manipulation

We present a tactile sensor intended for manipulation by mobile robots, e.g., in the home. The surface consists of an array of small, rounded bumps or “nibs,” for reliable traction on objects like wet dishes. When the nibs contact a surface they deflect, and capacitive sensors measure the corresponding local normal and shear stresses. A feature of the sensor is the ability to reconfigure dynamically depending on which combinations of sensing elements it samples. By interrogating different combinations of elements the sensor can detect and distinguish between linear and rotational sliding, and other dynamic events such as making contact. These dynamic events, combined with the sensed grasp and load forces, are useful for acquiring objects and performing simple in-hand manipulations. A proposed slip detection method estimates minimum required grasping force with an error less than 1.5 N and uses tactile controlled rotational slips to reorient an unknown weight/surface object with 78% success rate.
Constitutional Law for NIMBYs: A Review of 'Principles of Home Rule for the 21st Century' by the National League of Cities

Model laws play an extremely important role in the history of “home rule” for local governments in the United States. So it is of no small moment that the National League of Cities (NLC) proposed a new Model Constitutional Home Rule Article this February. Unfortunately, the Model Article is severely flawed. Rather than systematically addressing and responding to the various contemporary problems of local governance, it is laser-focused on a single issue: the spate of preemptive laws passed by politically-conservative state legislatures in recent years to override policies adopted by politically-liberal cities. To address these preemptive laws, the NLC suggests the adoption of a suite of provisions that would radically increase and protect the powers of local governments. But while the Model Article suggests very substantial expansions of local authority, it does not balance this with any new limits, even in areas where local governments have clearly created huge societal costs. The NLC barely mentions many of the most important problems in contemporary local governance, including zoning and the housing crisis, police brutality, subsidies for firm location, unrepresentative local elections, segregation, and underfunded public employee pension programs. Further, the Model Article would substantially frustrate state legislative efforts aimed at limiting socially-costly local policies in these areas. The NLC report also takes a strong ideological position about what types of policies local governments can and should adopt, something that its rhetoric about the value of localism and laboratories of democracy does not support. For the NLC, with great new powers come absolutely no responsibility or limits. The Model Article would allow and encourage local governments to exclude outsiders and create regulatory confusion inside metropolitan areas. It would generate a substantial amount of harm to metropolitan economies and inequality in the name of allowing even small home rule local governments to choose their own policies without interference from outsiders. No state should adopt the NLC’s recommendations.
Neonatal Presentations of Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic disorders in a neonate can present with involvement of any organ system and can be challenging to diagnose. A newborn can present with an acute metabolic crisis such as hyperammonemia or seizures needing immediate management, with a more chronic clinical picture such as cholestatic liver disease, or with structural abnormalities such as skeletal manifestations. Early detection of treatable metabolic conditions is important to improve outcomes. Newborn screening has facilitated early detection and initiation of therapy for many metabolic disorders. However, normal testing does not rule out a metabolic disorder and a high index of suspicion should remain when caring for any critically ill neonate without a diagnosis. Whole exome sequencing (WES) or whole genome sequencing (WGS) can be powerful tools in rapid diagnosis of a potentially treatable metabolic condition in a critically ill neonate. This review presents classic clinical presentations of neonatal metabolic disorders and also highlights some uncommon neonatal manifestations of metabolic disorders to improve the recognition and diagnosis of these conditions.
Prediction of PbLi fluid flow and temperature field in a thermal convection loop for qualification of fusion materials

Abstract Two modeling tools, a thermohydraulics code and a computational model in COMSOL Multiphysics, have been developed, tested and then applied to the analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer in a thermal convection loop (TCL). Such a device has recently been used to experimentally evaluate corrosion compatibility of APMT (Fe–21Cr–5Al–3Mo) steel with high-temperature molten eutectic lead-lithium (PbLi) alloy at Oak Ridge National Lab, TN, USA. The 1-D thermohydraulics code allows for rapid calculations of the loop parameters as a function of the applied heat flux. The supplemental COMSOL finite-element computations provide detailed 3-D velocity and temperature field data but are much more time consuming. Both modelling tools demonstrate an excellent agreement in the computed circulation velocity as well as maximum and minimum temperatures. The performed TCL analysis focuses on flow development in the “hot” and “cold” legs, formation of Dean vortices in corner regions, blocking effect of the immersed samples, and radiative and convective cooling effects under the experiment-relevant conditions for Prandtl number Pr=0.015, Grashof numbers G r ∼ 10 7 , and Reynolds numbers R e ∼ 10 4 .
Schrödinger’s T Cells: Molecular Insights Into Stemness and Exhaustion

T cell stemness and exhaustion coexist as two key contrasting phenomena during chronic antigen stimulation, such as infection, transplant, cancer, and autoimmunity. T cell exhaustion refers to the progressive loss of effector function caused by chronic antigen exposure. Exhausted T (TEX) cells highly express multiple inhibitory receptors and exhibit severe defects in cell proliferation and cytokine production. The term T cell stemness describes the stem cell-like behaviors of T cells, including self-renewal, multipotency, and functional persistence. It is well accepted that naive and some memory T cell subsets have stem cell-like properties. When investigating the exhaustive differentiation of T cells in chronic infection and cancer, recent studies highlighted the stemness of "precursors of exhausted" T (TPEX) cells prior to their terminal differentiation to TEX cells. Clinically successful checkpoint blockades for cancer treatment appear to invigorate antitumor TPEX cells but not TEX cells. Here we discuss the transcriptional and epigenetic regulations of T cell stemness and exhaustion, with a focus on how systems immunology was and will be utilized to define the molecular basis underlying the transition of TPEX to TEX cells. We suggest a "stepwise model" of T cell stemness and exhaustion, in which loss of stemness and exhaustion progression are gradual multi-step processes. We provide perspectives on the research needed to define T cell stemness and exhaustion in the transplantation setting, in which allogenic T cells are also chronically exposed to alloantigens. A better understanding of T cell stemness and exhaustion will shed light on developing novel strategies for immunotherapies.
Universality (beyond leading log) of soft radiative corrections to $\hat q$ in $p_\perp$ broadening and energy loss

It has been known for many years that soft radiation can give potentially large double-logarithm corrections to $p_\perp$ broadening of a high-energy particle traveling through QCD matter, but that this soft radiation correction can be absorbed into an effective value $\hat q_{\rm eff}$ for the medium $p_\perp$-broadening parameter $\hat q$. Here "soft" means high energy compared to medium scales but soft compared to the original high-energy particle traveling through the medium. A similar situation arises in the case of soft corrections to hard splitting of a high-energy particle, such as hard $g{\to}gg$, where double logarithms can also be absorbed using the same effective $\hat q_{\rm eff}$. In this paper, I study whether the same holds true for potentially large, subleading, *single*-logarthim corrections. The correspondence is more indirect for single logarithms, but I show (in the large-$N_{\rm c}$ limit) that single logarithms from soft radiation in the case of $p_\perp$ broadening also determine the single logarithms from soft radiative corrections to hard $g{\to}gg$ splitting. Along the way, there is an interesting variation of the original BDMPS-Z calculation of splitting rates in the $\hat q$ approximation. I also discuss how, for soft-radiative corrections to hard splitting processes, there are two different types of ``$\hat q_{\rm eff}$'' that come into play, which differ by ``$i\pi$'' terms that multiply single logarithms.
Tricuspid valve repair in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome during staged surgical reconstruction.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of moderate to severe tricuspid valve regurgitation in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) undergoing staged surgical reconstruction, to assess the mechanisms responsible, and to evaluate the efficacy of surgical repair. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed clinical and echocardiographic data of 59 consecutive patients with HLHS operated on at our institution. Patients with a moderate or severe degree of tricuspid regurgitation (≥2+) demonstrated by color flow Doppler echocardiography before the hemi-Fontan or Fontan operation who underwent tricuspid valve repair were included. Patients with HLHS and coexisting atrioventricular septal defect were excluded from the study. Severity of insufficiency was graded on a scale from 1 to 4+ by Doppler color flow mapping. Tricuspid valve morphology, degree of tricuspid valve regurgitation, and right ventricular function were assessed before and after tricuspid valvuloplasty. Eight patients (8/59; 14%) were found to have a minimum of 2+ tricuspid valve regurgitation before hemi-Fontan or Fontan operations. In five of eight patients (62%; Group A), the valve was found to be myxomatous, thickened, and redundant. There were multiple regurgitant jets in three of five (60%) patients in this group. In three of eight patients (37%; Group B), the valve had a normal echocardiographic appearance and regurgitation was the result of a lack of complete leaflet coaptation. All eight patients underwent tricuspid valvuloplasty, and all experienced a decrease in regurgitation. In five of eight (62%) patients, there was a reduction in insufficiency of two grades of severity, and in three of eight (37%) patients, there was a one-grade improvement. Tricuspid valve stenosis was not documented in any of the patients after tricuspid valvuloplasty. In seven of eight (87%) patients, right ventricular function was assessed as fair before tricuspid valvuloplasty repair and improved to good in five of seven (71%) patients after the procedure. The remaining patient had good function both at baseline and after tricuspid valvuloplasty. Conclusions Moderate to severe tricuspid valve regurgitation is a common finding in patients with HLHS undergoing staged surgical reconstruction and can result from either abnormal valve morphology or incomplete leaflet coaptation. Tricuspid valvuloplasty during either the hemi-Fontan or Fontan stages of reconstruction carries a high success rate and is associated with improved right ventricular function.
A compiler-assisted on-chip assigned-signature control flow checking

As device sizes continue shrinking, lower charges are needed to activate gates, and consequently ever smaller external events (such as single ionizing particles of naturally occurring radiation) will be able to upset the correct functioning of complex modern microprocessors. Therefore, designers of future processors must take this new fact into account and should incorporate in their design fault-tolerant features which will allow processors to continue operating correctly even when such faults have occurred. Many faulty conditions are control flow errors which cause processors to violate the correct sequencing of instructions. Indeed, they amount to between 33% and 77% of all run-time errors. We present here a new compile-time signature assignment algorithm (the signature checking technique is a well-known approach to detect control flow errors). We also present the theoretical proof as well as the fault detection coverage analysis of our algorithm. We then describe the required enhancement to the basic microarchitecture: an on-chip assigned-signature checker which is capable of executing three additional instructions (SIC, SIJ, SIJC). This allows the processor to efficiently check the run-time sequence and detect control flow errors.
Agricultural Household Models: Genesis, Evolution, and Extensions

This paper offers a synthesis of agricultural household modeling, its evolution and uses; presents a general yet simple agricultural household model, estimated with Mexican village data and programmed using General Algebraic Modeling System software; and uses this model to explore household-level impacts of agricultural policy changes on production and incomes under alternative rural-market scenarios. We point out limitations of household-farm models in heterogeneous rural economies and discuss how to integrate multiple household models into economy-wide models designed to overcome these limitations.
Report of investigations to determine the therapeutic dose of dextrose (d-glucose) administered intravenously

Abstract 1. 1. Dextrose solution administered by intravenous injection now plays an important role as a general therapeutic procedure. 2. 2. Despite the widespread use of this measure adequate observance has not been made of two important points, (1) the preferable concentration or percentage of dextrose solution to be used and (2) the proper rate of its injection. 3. 3. The actual therapeutic dose of dextrose which should be administered intravenously has not been known so that both underdosage and overdosage have been common faults. 4. 4. Individualization of cases must aid in deciding the concentration of solutions to be injected, but as an average 25 per cent dextrose solution seems to be the most desirable strength. 5. 5. It has been established by previous work that the proper rate of injection into an average sized adult should consume at least thirty to thirty-five minutes for every 25 gm. of dextrose. 6. 6. These present investigations apparently establish the therapeutic intravenous dose of dextrose at 75 gm. for an average sized adult. Less than this will not give the maximum therapeutic effect, and more than this is likely to produce a reaction from overstimulation of the insulin-producing activity of the patient's pancreas. Graphs of bloodsugar curves during dextrose injections show a beginning fall at about this amount thus indicating that the maximum safe limit has been reached. 7. 7. Single intravenous doses of dextrose repeated from one to three times daily as necessary are preferable to prolonged injections for this same reason of excessive endogenous insulin-production. It is likely that many “reactions” attributed to faulty dextrose administration have actually been hypoglycemic reactions from prolonged overdosage with dextrose resulting in overstimulation of the pancreas. 8. 8. By averaging in one's adult patients such variable factors as body weight, individual differences in pancreatic activity, variations in nourishment, and previous medication, it is possible to make a broad statement as to the average routine administration of dextrose. The most beneficial results seem to follow the intravenous administration to an adult of 75 gm, dextrose in a volume of 300 c.c. (25 per cent) during a period of ninety to one hundred minutes. It is suggested that the amount of dextrose thus administered to a half-grown child should be one-half, and to an infant one-quarter of the adult dose but that the same total length of time (ninety to one hundred minutes) should be consumed for these injections. Other concentrations of solution or lesser amounts may be used according to individual requirements but the above represent safe and adequate average standards of dextrose dosage.
Hedge Funds: Stale Prices Revisited

The growth in hedge fund has in part been due to their historical return to risk performance. Concern, however, has been expressed that one reason for the superior return to risk tradeoff for hedge funds, is that, unlike traditional mutual funds, hedge funds often trade in illiquid securities and may have the ability to smooth prices such that reported volatility and systematic risk are less than actual volatility and systematic risk. In this paper we show that previous research which has used the lagged values of S&P 500 returns to test the potential impact of stale prices may simply reflect a unique historical anomaly in the relationship between hedge fund returns and lagged returns on the S&P 500. While price smoothing may still exist in various hedge fund strategies, we show that the empirical results presented in previous papers have an alternative explanation that is unrelated to stale prices or data smoothing.
Roving Focus Groups: Collecting Perceptual Landscape Data in Situ

Although focus groups are adaptable to unique situations, experts warn that the physical environment in which discussions take place should (a) be free from distractions, (b) be neutral, and (c) permit participants to face each other. In 2004 and 2005 the authors experimented with roving focus groups in the rural landscape of Michigan (USA). As they moved along in a vehicle, participants discussed features that contributed to and detracted from rural landscape character. Results from a follow-up survey supported focus group themes. Such a congruence of results provides confidence in the procedure and expands interpretation of the concept, rural character. Qualitative procedures are rarely used to evaluate landscapes. In this study roving focus group results provided reliable and valid policy-relevant criteria at sufficient detail for planning purposes. The authors demonstrate the technology used to record the focus groups and discuss the pros and cons and ways of improving this procedure.