cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments on heat transfer to transpired turbulent pipe flows

Abstract Local heat transfer results were deduced from measurements on turbulent flow of air in a porous-walled tube. Hydrodynamically developed, room temperature air was ducted to the entrance cross section of the tube, and heated air was injected through the tube wall. The experiments were performed for inlet Reynolds numbers of the main flow ranging from 4000 to about 65 000 and for injection Reynolds numbers (based on the tube diameter and injection velocity) of approximately 25, 50, 100 and 200. The local Nusselt numbers in the presence of injection were generally lower than those for a solid-walled tube, with the reductions being most marked at low values of the local main flow Reynolds number. It was found that the local Nusselt numbers in the downstream region of the tube could be correlated by local parameters, the local main flow Reynolds number and the injection Reynolds number, without separate dependence on the inlet Reynolds number and the axial position. At small values of the inlet Reynolds number and high rates of injection, a partial laminarization of the flow was evidenced by very low values of Nusselt number in the initial portion of the tube.
Relationships between Students' Perceptions of College Instruction and Selected Students' Characteristics.

Summary.-A study was made of the relationships between student characteristics of sex, creativity, life history, and academic achievement and students' perceptions of six aspects of college instruction-instructional objectives, human relations, use of instructional resources, motivation, content meaningfulness, and measurement and evaluation. Ss were 51 male and 133 female undergraduates. Two of the student characteristics, sex and academic achievemenc, were significantly related to one or more of the aspects of students' perception of instruction. Females perceived their motivation more favorably and meaningfulness of content less favorably than did males. For the males, academic achievement was significantly related to perception of instruction with grade point average and human relations making the largest relative contribution to the relationship. Current trends in using students' appraisals and descriptions of instruction to compare instructors for purposes related to tenure, salary raises, and promotions require studies investigating the relationships between students' characteristics and students' appraisals and descriptions of instruction. Since studencs usually are not randomly assigned to instructors or to classes, differences between students in different classes may constitute a threat to internal validity if differences in instructors' effectiveness are claimed to account for differences in the appraisals. If specific differences between students are found not to be associated with differences in appraisals or descriptions of instruction, these students' differences may be ruled out as probable influences on appraisals of instruction. The purpose of this study was to determine if selected students' characteristics were significantly (p < .05) related to students' perceptions of six aspects of college instruction-relevance of instructional objectives, qualiry of classroom interpersonal relations, use of instructional resources, student motivation, meaningfulness of subject matter content, and procedures for measuring and evaluating attainment of insuuctional objectives. The students' characteristics were sex, creativity, life history, and academic achievement status.
Impact of the Hydrocarbon to NOx Ratio on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation

A series of m-xylene/NOx experiments were conducted in the new Bourns College of EngineeringCenter for Environmental Research and Technology dual 90 m3 indoor smog chamber to elucidate the role of NOx on the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of m-xylene. The results presented herein demonstrate a clear dependence of m-xylene SOA formation potential on NOx, particularly at atmospherically relevant organic aerosol concentration. Experiments with lower NOx levels generated considerably more organic aerosol mass than did experiments with higher NOx levels when reacted m-xylene was held constant. For example, SOA formation from approximately 150 μg m-3 reacted m-xylene produced 0.6−9.3 μg m-3 aerosol mass for NOx concentrations ranging from 286 to 10 ppb. The increase in SOA formation was not attributable to changes in ozone and nitrate concentration. A general discussion about possible influences of NOx on SOA formation for this system is included.
Estimating the Value of Avoiding Morbidity and Mortality from Foodborne Illnesses

When people consume products violating the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD & C) Act they may experience morbidity or mortality from foodborne illness. Some studies have used survey data to estimate the dollar value of avoiding a few illnesses, but surveys are expensive and the resulting estimates cannot easily be generalized to the wide variety of foodborne illnesses. We develop a method that uses published data to estimate the value of avoiding morbidity and mortality from foodborne illnesses using two metrics–quality-adjusted life-years and dollars. The method first describes the effects of different illnesses on the patient and then converts these descriptions into changes in time spent in different health states with different relative utility weights. We use these estimated changes to compute losses in quality-adjusted life-years with different illnesses. We then use the empirical literature to estimate a value for these lost quality-adjusted life-years. We demonstrate our method and derive estimates for the value of avoiding a future case of botulism, salmonellosis, chronic hepatitis, and bladder cancer. Researchers can use our method to compare the value of avoiding all illnesses caused by violations of the FD & C Act. More importantly, government officials can use our method to quickly and cost-effectively generate morbidity and mortality valuation estimates for any illness for policy purposes.
Dichotic summation of loudness with small frequency separations

Subjects gave magnitude estimates of the loudness of monaurally presented pure tones (1000, 1040, and 1080 Hz) and dichotically presented pairs of tones (1000 Hz to one ear plus 1040 or 1080 Hz to the other). For each monaural frequency or dichotic pair, the magnitude estimates approximated power functions of sound pressure; moreover, the monaural and dichotic loudness functions were separated by roughly a constant 10 dB, like analogous functions for monaural and diotic stimulation (same frequencies to both ears). These results imply that dichotic addition of loudness is linear in sones.
The Three Rivers Regatta accident: an EMS perspective

The Three Rivers Regatta accident occurred on August 7, 1988 when a Formula I racing craft collided with shore, injuring 24 spectators. The authors retrospectively examined the prehospital-based response for this multiple-casualty incident that used emergency medical service (EMS) physicians and 32 paramedics stationed at water and land-based posts to triage and evacuate 24 patients in 32 minutes. Patients were transported to 5 hospitals including 4 Level I trauma centers; this was accomplished in 53 minutes. The EMS response was unique in a number of respects. This was a prehospital-based rescue with the entire triage and stabilization phase accomplished by River Rescue units that transported paramedic divers, EMS physicians, and trauma supplies for 30 patients. Also of significance was the inordinate proportion of pediatric patients that accounted for 50% (12/24) of the cases. Successful medical care was the result of planning based on "Daily Routine Doctrine" or escalation of existing treatment protocol; adequate supplies, personnel and transport adapted to local geography and patient population; communications, including all services--EMS, police, and fire; and prehospital physician input to ensure correct triage order and patient disposition. Language: en
Liquid-vapor interface of TIP4P water: comparison between a polarizable and a nonpolarizable model

Abstract A computer simulation study of TIP4P water using a polarizable model and the standard TIP4P model was performed. We have found that polarization effects are of secondary importance in predicting the orientational structure in the liquid—vapor interface.
Mercury Concentration in Frozen Whole-Fish Homogenates Is Insensitive to Holding Time

Current recommended holding times for the analysis of total mercury (Hg) in fish tissue ranges from 28 to 180 days. In 2006, we evaluated the effect of an extended holding time on Hg concentrations by reanalyzing whole-fish wet homogenates that were analyzed originally in 2002 and had been stored frozen at −20°C since that time. Seven species, 13–15 samples each, were reanalyzed. Comparisons of concentration differences between 2006 and 2002 indicated that no statistically significant changes in Hg concentrations occurred in any of the seven fish species. These results indicate that wet fish tissue homogenates can be held frozen for at least four years without affecting analytical results, thus extending holding times far beyond those currently recommended.
Optimization of one-dimensional multistage processes

Eine Optimalisierungsmethode fur einen vielstufigen Prozess mit Ruckkopplung wird vorgeschlagen. Die Methode liefert speziell die Rechenvorschriften im Spezialfall eines eindimensionalen Prozesses. Als Beispiel wird ein Problem der Wasserverteilung behandelt.
Properties of pressure fluctuations in a gas—solids fluidized bed under a free bubbling condition

Abstract A dynamic model, which takes into account the internal noise source, has been proposed to explain some properties of pressure fluctuations in a gas—solids fluidized bed. The present model groups internal noises responsible for pressure fluctuations under a free bubbling condition into two categories, namely, fluctuations of the overall mean bubble residence time and fluctuations of the local mean bubble residence time. It has been concluded that pressure fluctuations at the lower part of the bed are mainly affected by fluctuations of the overall mean bubble residence time, whereas pressure fluctuations at the upper part of the bed are mainly caused by fluctuations of the local mean bubble residence time, induced by the bubble coalescence.
Partial purification and characterization of a glutamate-binding membrane glycoprotein from rat brain.

Summary A 200-fold purification of a synaptic membrane glutamate-binding protein was achieved by a combination of affinity batch separation on glutamate-loaded glass fiber and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A sepharose. Analytical gel electrophoresis of this fraction in Triton X-100 revealed a predominant acidic, small-molecular weight protein species exhibiting all of the glutamate binding activity and having a molecular weight of 13,800 as estimated by SDS gel electrophoresis. This purified protein did not show any glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate decarboxylase, or glutamine synthetase activity, and it differed from the glutamate transport system in many of its characteristics. On the other hand, its interaction with L-glutamate and other neuroexcitatory amino acids resembled that of the physiologic receptor for L-glutamic acid.
LCST and UCST behavior in polymer solutions and blends

Abstract We introduce a model for polymer solutions and blends that display both an upper and a lower critical solution temperature (UCST, LCST). Using our simple analytic lattice theory along with a fixed parameter set independent of both composition and temperature, we study solutions and blends exhibiting complicated miscibility patterns, including cases in which a UCST is below an LCST, or above. With respect to the former, we examine the conditions under which a so-called hourglass phase diagram may evolve. Where possible we compare directly with experiment, however, we also explore the behaviour of a number of hypothetical solutions and blends. One experimental solution of particular interest comprises star polystyrene (PS) and cyclohexane; in this case we supply what we believe are the only measured pressure-volume-temperature data for a high molecular weight (5.2 × 105 g/mol) star PS.
Interference of river level changes on riparian zone evapotranspiration estimates from diurnal groundwater level fluctuations

Summary Groundwater evapotranspiration (ET) by phreatophytes is an important component of the water budget in riparian zones of many arid and semiarid environments. Diurnal fluctuations in groundwater levels have been used to estimate groundwater ET, but interference between nearby surface water (e.g., rivers, streams) and groundwater levels complicates the ET estimate. The objective of this study is to utilize spectral analysis to investigate the influence of surface water stage changes on the ET estimates in a riparian environment, thereby elucidating the potential caveats of using groundwater level diurnal fluctuations to estimate groundwater ET. The study is conducted in a stand of Tamarisk Ramossisima on the Colorado River near Blythe, California, USA. Results show that the most significant diurnal signal from the measurement of water levels of monitoring wells can be attributed to ET; however, distance of the groundwater level monitoring wells to the river directly impacts our ability to separate the two different signals from ET and river stage changes. Water level signals at groundwater monitoring stations close to the river (∼200 m in this study) are related to both ET and changes in river stages, which vary at frequencies other than diurnal. The spectral analyses of water level in time and frequency domains provide strong indications of the sensitivity of groundwater levels to fluctuation in the river stage. As a result, ET estimated from diurnal fluctuations of groundwater levels from the well near the river possesses large errors, even resulting in negative ET. No significant influence of river stage changes are observed on water levels at locations farther from the river (>800 m).
Persistence and fate of 17β-estradiol and testosterone in agricultural soils

Steroidal hormones are constantly released into the environment by man-made and natural sources. The goal of this study was to examine the persistence and fate of 17β-estradiol and testosterone, the two primary natural sex hormones. Incubation experiments were conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions using [4-14C]-radiolabeled 17β-estradiol and testosterone. The results indicated that 6% of 17β-estradiol and 63% of testosterone could be mineralized to 14CO2 in native soils under aerobic conditions. In native soils under anaerobic conditions, 2% of testosterone and no 17β-estradiol was methanogenized to 14CH4. Essentially, no mineralization of either testosterone or 17β-estradiol to 14CO2 occurred in autoclaved soils under aerobic or anaerobic condition. Results also indicated that 17β-estradiol could be transformed to an unidentified polar compound through abiotic chemical processes; however, 17β-estradiol was only oxidized to estrone via biological processes. The TLC results also indicated that testosterone was degraded, not by physical–chemical processes but by biological processes. Results also indicated that the assumed risks of estrogenic hormones in the environment might be over-estimated due to the soil’s humic substances, which can immobilize majority of estrogenic hormones, and thereby reduce their bioavailability and toxicity.
Hydroa vacciniforme–like cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases

Background Hydroa vacciniforme (HV)–like lymphoma (HVL) is a rare and aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma occurring mainly in children in Latin America and Asia. Chronic latent Epstein-Barr virus infection has been associated with both HV and HVL. Objective We sought to evaluate the clinical presentation and histopathology of this rare cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Methods We reviewed the clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypical features in 12 cases of HVL from Bolivia. Results All 12 patients had skin lesions in both sun-exposed and nonsun-exposed areas, including edema, blistering, ulceration, and scarring, with a slowly progressive relapsing course. All 12 patients presented with systemic symptoms and showed a characteristic swelling of the nose and lips, and periorbital edema. Eight patients died an average of 5.3 months after initial diagnosis. Four patients remained alive with persistent disease. Histopathologic examination showed an atypical lymphocytic infiltrate with angiotropism and angiocentricity. The immunophenotype showed a cytotoxic T-cell (CD8 + ) profile. All cases were associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and differed clinically from other forms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Limitations Only a limited number of cases were studied. Conclusions This study confirms that HVL is a highly aggressive lymphoma, although some patients have a more indolent, chronic course.
An efficient broadband decoupling sequence for liquid crystals.

Abstract A new and efficient broadband decoupling sequence is presented. It is based on the phase cycling of two pulses with small phase angles. The pulse width is 180° ± 30°, and the phase angle is ±10°–12°. The sequence contains 16 elements, and is called SPARC-16 as an abbreviation for s mall p hase a ngle r apid c ycling. The application of this sequence to a liquid crystalline compound, 4- n -pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB), is reported. The signal-to-noise ratios and the linewidths of the 13 C peaks of 5CB with SPARC-16 decoupling and with other decoupling methods are compared. The results show that the broadband decoupling efficiency of SPARC-16 is considerably better than those of other methods.
Mercenaries and citizens: A comparison of the armies of Carthage and Rome

Analysts of the Punic Wars often implicitly contrast the citizen forces of Rome with the mercenary forces of Carthage as if the difference had an impact on the eventual outcome. A systematic comparison of the two armies will show that presumptions of strengths and weaknesses conveyed by the labels had little to do with the situation on the battlefield when the armies met. In the end, Carthage lost the first two wars because of bad policy choices, not because she relied on mercenaries.
Entrepreneurs in Turkey: A Factor Analysis of Motivations, Success Factors, and Problems

One hundred and thirty‐nine entrepreneurs in Ankara, Turkey were surveyed to determine their motivations for business ownership, the factors contributing to their success, and their problems. Based...
Original Articles: Kidney Cancer: Parenchymal Sparing Surgery in Patients With Hereditary Renal Cell Carcinoma

ABSTRACTThe von Hippel-Lindau syndrome is the most well known cause of familial renal cancer. Because affected individuals with renal lesions can have complex, multisystem manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease, our renal management strategy has included parenchymal sparing surgery whenever possible. From May 1988 to January 1993, 20 patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma (19 with von Hippel-Lindau disease and 1 with hereditary papillary renal cancer) underwent renal exploration with the intent of performing parenchymal sparing surgery. A total of 7 nephrectomies and 27 parenchymal sparing procedures was performed. Additional procedures performed included 2 bilateral adrenalectomies for pheochromocytomas, 1 resection of a renal vein thrombus and 1 resection of a pancreatic islet cell tumor. Renal atrophy occurred in 3 of 27 kidneys (11%) treated by parenchymal sparing surgery. In 8 kidneys of 7 patients new solid lesions developed and in 14 kidneys of 12 patients no new solid lesions developed...
Residual Stress Effects on Fatigue of Piezoelectric-Electrostrictive Pb(Mg 1/3 ,Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 Monolithic Bi-Layer Composite Actuators

The residual stress effects on fatigue of monolithic piezoelectric 0.65Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.35PbTiO 3 - electrostrictive 0.90Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.10PbTiO 3 monolithic bi-layer composite structures were investigated by X-ray diffractometry. Fatigue measurements on bi-layers composite co-sintered at 1150 °C indicated a 30% increase in polarization after 107 cycles for the 1:1 PE thickness ration bi-layers, which is attributed to self-poling due to a diffuse transition layer in the vicinity of the interface. It has been found that partial 90° domain switching prior to poling is induced by the residual stresses imposed by thermal expansion mismatch between the electrostrictive and piezoelectric layers, as well as the spontaneous strain of the cubic-tetragonal transition in the ferroelectric layer itself. By X-ray diffractometry, an increase in the (002) peak intensity of the piezoelectric layer was observed, indicating a partial out-of-plane c-domain alignment, which most likely facilitates further alignment of such domains upon the application of a poling electric field, along with 180° domains.
Roles for Inhibitory Interactions in the Use of the–10 Promoter Element by σ70 Holoenzyme

A panel of seven -10 region DNA mutants was tested for holoenzyme binding against a panel of 13 region 2 mutants of sigma 70. No patterns were noticed that would indicate unique interactions between individual amino acids and individual -10 region bases. Instead, certain amino acid substitutions led to increased holoenzyme binding to DNA, implying that the wild type interactions are associated with an inhibitory component. These inhibitory interactions were stronger on DNA containing non-consensus sequences, like those of typical promoters. In addition, the DNA segment downstream from the -10 element was also inhibitory to binding when in duplex form but stimulated binding when in single strand form. Overall, the data suggest that -10 region duplex recognition and melting have a large component of overcoming unfavorable protein:DNA base interactions, particularly when the bases are non-consensus, and that this contributes to setting physiologically appropriate variations in transcription rate.
High level iterators and a method for automatically designing data structure representation

We discuss the thesis that one good way of achieving non-procedural or problem-oriented languages is by constructing higher and higher level procedural languages, and along with them, more sophisticated optimizers. We present a set of operations called iterators embedded in a programming language VERS2 which represent a higher level of description than currently exists. These are operations which, if written out, would normally involve an iteration over a group of objects. We then introduce a method (called iterator inversion) for automatically designing data structure representations for the data structures which are iterated over. This method involves a kind of program transformation which trades space for time and has the effect of converting the part of a program to which it is applied from a batch to an incremental algorithm.
Mechanical properties of the order-disorder alloy system Pd1−xMnx (x = 0.1–0.2)

Abstract Tensile and hardness tests were carried out on palladium-manganese alloys with manganese contents in the range 10–20 atomic percent. Each alloy studied can exist in one of three forms: a disordered form: an Al 3 Zr-ordered form; or a hydrogen-induced L1 2 -ordered form. While the disordered and Al 3 Zr-ordered forms have quite similar mechanical properties, the L1 2 -ordered form of each alloy differs markedly from the other forms. These differences have been attributed to the formation of a hydride phase in each alloy during preparation of the L1 2 -ordered structure.
The choice of tax base by local authorities: voter preferences, special interest groups, and tax base diversification

Abstract We analyze local jurisdictions’ behaviors when selecting the type of tax levied in support of local services. Our analysis focuses on taxes that must be approved by voters. Taxes differ in their incidence; thus, even when proposed revenue amounts are held constant, voting patterns and the aggregate level of voter support differ among potential revenue sources. We use a general model of political cost minimization to derive three hypotheses about local tax authorities’ behaviors. Using Ohio school district data, we find that the expected probability of passage is a highly important determinant of tax choice. Further, there is evidence that special interest groups wield influence greater than their direct impact on voting behavior, and evidence that tax authorities attempt to diversify their tax structure.
Auto-immune polyradiculoneuropathy and a novel IgG biomarker in workers exposed to aerosolized porcine brain

Twenty-four patients, all of whom were exposed to aerosolized porcine brain tissue through work-place environment (abattoir), developed a syndrome of immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy; three also had central nervous system manifestations (transverse myelitis, meningoencephalitis, and aseptic meningitis). Patients had characteristic electrophysiological findings of very distal and proximal conduction slowing (prolonged distal and F-wave latencies, regions where the blood-nerve barrier is the most permeable) and all patients' serum contained a novel IgG immunofluorescence pattern. Nerve pathology, when available, showed mild changes of segmental demyelination, axonal degeneration, and inflammatory changes. Patients had meaningful improvement of symptoms and electrophysiologic findings with immune therapy and with removal of exposure to aerosolized brain tissue. We postulate that this outbreak is an auto-immune polyradiculoneuropathy triggered by occupational exposure to multiple aerosolized porcine neural tissue antigens that result in neural damage where the blood-nerve barrier is the least robust.
STUDIES ON HUMAN LEUKOCYTE MOTILITY : I. EFFECTS OF ALTERATIONS IN PH, ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION, AND PHAGOCYTOSIS ON LEUKOCYTE MIGRATION, ADHESIVENESS, AND AGGREGATION

Leukocyte migration was studied in a microhematocrit system which permitted evaluation of the separate effects of leukocyte adhesiveness, intrinsic cell motility, and leukocyte clumping. Leukocyte adhesion to glass required the presence of magnesium ion, was totally independent of calcium ion, and was partially dependent on heat-labile plasma factors. Leukocyte migration was unimpaired by marked acidosis or by wide variations in sodium, potassium, or calcium concentrations. Marked impairment of individual leukocyte motility and increased leukocyte aggregation were observed after phagocytosis of particulate matter, suggesting a mechanism facilitating recruitment and retention of leukocytes at areas of microbial invasion.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS FOR MASONRY INFILL AND BRICK VENEER WALLS

Recent developments related to approaches and mechanisms for seismic isolation of masonry infill walls and brick veneer walls from structural frames are mentioned. A system called Seismic Infill Wall Isolator Subframe (SIWIS) is discussed. SIWIS is a seismic isolation system for masonry infill walls that would work like a fuse. It maintains a tight fit and allows desirable participation of the infill wall in lateral load resistance under wind and low seismic activities. However, it would isolate the infill wall from the frame under moderate to strong (damaging) earthquakes. A recently developed multi-hazard resistant brick veneer wall concept is also introduced. A Panelized Brick Veneer with Steel Stud wall system (PBVSS) has also been developed to accommodate seismic induced in-plane lateral movement of the building through bearing and lateral connections or through a rocking mechanism. Besides resistance to wind and seismic load effects, the PBVSS can also be designed to enhance impact resistance performance. The conceptual designs of SIWIS and PBVSS systems are discussed in this paper.
Social cognition, social skill, and the broad autism phenotype:

Social-cognitive deficits differentiate parents with the "broad autism phenotype" from non-broad autism phenotype parents more robustly than other neuropsychological features of autism, suggesting that this domain may be particularly informative for identifying genetic and brain processes associated with the phenotype. The current study examined whether the social-cognitive deficits associated with the broad autism phenotype extend to the general population and relate to reduced social skill. A total of 74 undergraduates completed the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire, three standardized social-cognitive tasks, and a live social interaction with an unfamiliar research assistant. Social broad autism phenotype traits were significantly associated with deficits in social cognition and reduced social skill. In addition, the relationship between social broad autism phenotype traits and social skill was partially mediated by social cognition, suggesting that the reduced interpersonal ability associated with the broad autism phenotype occurs in part because of poorer social-cognitive ability. Together, these findings indicate that the impairments in social cognition and social skill that characterize autism spectrum disorder extend in milder forms to the broad autism phenotype in the general population and suggest a framework for understanding how social broad autism phenotype traits may manifest in diminished social ability.
Construction of Markov processes and associated multiplicative functionals from given harmonic measures

LetE be a noncompact locally compact second countable Hausdorff space. We consider the question when, given a family of finite nonzero measures onE that behave like harmonic measures associated with all relatively compact open sets inE (i.e. that satisfy a certain consistency condition), one can construct a Markov process onE and a multiplicative functional with values in [0, ∞) such that the hitting distributions of the process “inflated” by the multiplicative functional yield the given harmonic measures. We achieve this construction under weak continuity and local transience conditions on these measures that are natural in the theory of Markov processes, and a mild growth restriction on them. In particular, if the spaceE equipped with the measures satisfies the conditions of a harmonic space, such a Markov process and associated multiplicative functional exist. The result extends in a new direction the work of many authors, in probability and in axiomatic potential theory, on constructing Markov processes from given hitting distributions (i.e. from harmonic measures that have total mass no more than 1).
The Father-Child Relationship, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in Intact Families

The father-child relationship and father’s parenting style are examined as predictors of first delinquency and substance use, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, Rounds 1 to 3 (N = 5,345), among adolescents in intact families. Discrete time logistic regressions indicate that a more positive father-child relationship predicts a reduced risk of engagement in multiple first risky behaviors. Having a father with an authoritarian parenting style is associated with an increased risk of engaging in delinquent activity and substance use. Two-way interaction models further indicate that the negative effect of authoritarian parenting is reduced when fathers have a positive relationship with their adolescent. Permissive parenting also predicts less risky behavior when the father-child relationship is positive. The positive influence of the father-child relationship on risk behaviors is stronger for male than for female adolescents.
Cell-cycle-dependent variations in FTIR micro-spectra of single proliferating HeLa cells : Principal component and artificial neural network analysis

We have previously reported spectral differences for cells at different stages of the eukaryotic cell division cycle. These differences are due to the drastic biochemical and morphological changes that occur as a consequence of cell proliferation. We correlate these changes in FTIR absorption and Raman spectra of individual cells with their biochemical age (or phase in the cell cycle), determined by immunohistochemical staining to detect the appearance (and subsequent disappearance) of cell-cycle-specific cyclins, and/or the occurrence of DNA synthesis. Once spectra were correlated with their cells' staining patterns, we used methods of multivariate statistics to analyze the changes in cellular spectra as a function of cell cycle phase.
Unaided acquisition of weak GPS signals using circular correlation or double-block zero padding

Acquisition of very weak GPS signals requires long coherent and incoherent integration. Increasing the coherent, or predetection, integration time (PIT) improves sensitivity, but is limited because of the unknown data and bit edges. Incoherent integration is less sensitive, because of squaring loss. Two algorithms are developed to use a PIT which is a multiple of one data bit interval, without requiring assisting information. Both algorithms estimate the most likely data bit combination and use this to subsequently reverse the data signs over each PIT and synchronize the start of each PIT. The algorithms differ in the method of coherent integration. One uses circular correlation (FFT/IFFT), the other uses double block zero padding (DBZP). Circular correlation requires larger numbers of Doppler bins as the PIT is increased. In contrast, DBZP does not use Doppler bins, but suffers from loss because it does not account for the Doppler effect on the code duration. Consequently, the varying delay between the received signal and the replica will cause subsequent incoherent integrations to be added at the wrong delay. Solutions have been developed for each of these problems. In the case of circular correlation, a small PIT is used initially and after few steps the Doppler bins which have the lowest likelihood are eliminated. Thus, the PIT can be increased without increasing the total number of Doppler bins. In the case of DBZP, an approach is developed to compensate for the change in the code duration and relative delay, with only a small increase in the processing requirement. Simulations indicate that both of these algorithms can acquire signals below 15 dB-Hz. The problem of acquiring weak signals in presence of strong interfering signals is also addressed.
Gumshoe: Diagnosing Performance Problems in Replicated File-Systems

Replicated file-systems can experience degraded performance that might not be adequately handled by the underlying fault-tolerant protocols. We describe the design and implementation of Gumshoe, a system that aims to diagnose performance problems in replicated file-systems. Gumshoe periodically gathers OS and protocol metrics and then analyzes these metrics to automatically localize the performance problem to the culprit node(s). We describe our results and experiences with problem diagnosis in two replicated file-systems (replicated-CoreFS and BFS) using two file-system benchmarks (Postmark and IOzone).
Inbreeding coefficients and coalescence times

This paper describes the relationship between probabilities of identity by descent and the distribution of coalescence times. By using the relationship between coalescence times and identity probabilities, it is possible to extend existing results for inbreeding coefficients in regular systems of mating to find the distribution of coalescence times and the mean coalescence times. It is also possible to express Sewall Wright's FST as the ratio of average coalescence times of different pairs of genes. That simplifies the analysis of models of subdivided populations because the average coalescence time can be found by computing separately the time it takes for two genes to enter a single subpopulation and time it takes for two genes in the same subpopulation to coalesce. The first time depends only on the migration matrix and the second time depends only on the total number of individuals in the population. This approach is used to find FST in the finite island model and in one- and two-dimensional stepping-stone models. It is also used to find the rate of approach of FST to its equilibrium value. These results are discussed in terms of different measures of genetic distance. It is proposed that, for the purposes of describing the amount of gene flow among local populations, the effective migration rate between pairs of local populations, M, which is the migration rate that would be estimated for those two populations if they were actually in an island model, provides a simple and useful measure of genetic similarity that can be defined for either allozyme or DNA sequence data.
Intermolecular diyl trapping reactions with allene diylophiles

Abstract Stereo- and regioselective intermolecular diyl trapping reactions were observed in these, the first examples of cycloaddition using allene diylophiles.
Pharmacokinetics of memantine in rats and mice

To evaluate the potential of memantine as a therapeutic agent for Huntington's disease (HD) we have undertaken a series of in vitro, ex vivo and whole animal studies to characterize its pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) in rats and mice. Results from these studies will enable determination of memantine exposures needed to engage the related functional PD marker and help predict the dose regimen for clinical trials to test its proposed mechanism of action; the selective blockade of extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDA receptors. The studies reported here describe the PK of memantine in rats and mice at low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) doses. Our studies indicate that the clearance mechanisms of memantine in rats and mice are different from those in human, and that clearance needs to be taken into account when extrapolating to the human. In rats only, there is a significant metabolic contribution to memantine clearance at lower dose levels. While memantine is primarily cleared renally in all three species, the proportion of total systemic clearance above the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is much higher in rats and mice (~13, 4.5, and 1.4 times higher than GFR in rats, mice, and humans, respectively), suggesting that the contribution of active transport to memantine elimination in rats and mice is more significant than in the human. In rats and mice, memantine had a short half-life ( 100). In the human, the half-life of memantine was reported to be very long (60-80 h) with a Cmax/Cmin ratio at steady state concentrations of ~1.5. A small change in the clearance of memantine - for example due to renal impairment or competition for the elimination pathway with a co-administered drug - will likely affect exposure and, therefore, the selectivity of memantine on NMDA receptors . The PK differences observed between these species demonstrate that the PK in mice and rats cannot be directly extrapolated to the human. Further, the relationship between the plasma concentration (and therefore dose) needed to elicit a mechanism-related in vivo functional effect (PD readout) while maintaining the selectivity of the extrasynaptic blockade of the NMDA receptors needs to be established before clinical trials can be appropriately planned.
Early postexercise thallium-201 reinjection after sublingual nitroglycerin augmentation: effects on detection of myocardial ischemia and/or viability.

Background: Thallium-201 (201Tl) reinjection after conventional redistribution imaging is a standard procedure, resulting in enhanced 201 Tl redistribution which is compatible with viable myocardium. Although this method significantly improves identification of viable myocardium, it increases the investigation time by approximately 1 h. Thus, this technique is suboptimal from the standpoint of patient convenience, since its routine performance may be impractical in a high-volume nuclear medicine laboratory. Hypothesis: This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of an early 201Tl reinjection and imaging protocol in combination with sublingual nitroglycerin, to detect myocardial ischemia and/or viability, and to reduce the need for conventional (4 h) redistribution imaging. Materials and Methods: In this study, 62 consecutive coronary patients, referred for the detection of possible myocardial ischemia and/or viability, were involved (mean age 55 years, range 41-70). Of those, 50 had previous angina attacks, with 42 having a history of previous myocardial infarction; 10 patients had coronary artery bypass grafting; and the remaining 2 had atypical chest pain. Immediately after the completion of the initial postexer-cise imaging, 0.3 mg sublingual nitroglycerin followed by the reinjection of 1 m Ci of 201Tl were administered, and two further sets of images were acquired 1 h and 4h later. Results: In each set of i mages, a total of496 segments were analyzed. On postexercise imaging, 305 (61%) segments demonstrated defects of which 198 (65%) showed enhanced thallium uptake, 97 (32%) did not change, and 10(3%) showed reverse redistribution on 1 h reinjection imaging (IRI). Of the 97 persistent defects, only 17 (6%) showed fill-in of 201 Tl on 4 h redistribution imaging (CRI), while 12 (4%) segments showed reverse redistribution. On the other hand, after analyzing the 62 patients of the 1 h IRI, 17 (27%) remained unchanged while in only 1 patient (6%) of 17 the diagnosis changed from myocardial necrosis to ischemia after analysis ofthe 4h CRI. Conclusion: These results indicate that early postexercise reinjection of 201Tl in combination with sublingual nitroglycerin followed by l h image acquisition may prove useful for a comprehensive and convenient assessment of myocardial ischemia and/or viability.
Origin and Accumulation of Lime Mud in Ooid Tidal Channels, Bahamas

ABSTRACT Mud layers have been found within the ooid sands of Joulters Cays and Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. A 1.3-m vibracore extracted from 4 m water depth in the Lee Stocking tidal channel contains a lower unit of dark brown muddy sand (skeletal rich) overlain by two layers of ooid sands intercalated with two layers of creamy, white mud. The two upper mud layers are aragonite-rich, sometimes pelleted, and contain very few skeletal grains. The contacts between the ooid sands and mud layers are commonly sharp, but some contacts show evidence of burrowing and mud clast formation. A mud layer with similar textural, mineralogic and petrographic characteristics was recovered from a 16-cm core from a tidal channel on Joulters Cays, Bahamas. This mud layer was also enclosed within ooid sands. Mud in the Lee Stocking ooid tidal channel is apparently of two origins. Mud in the lower unit of the core contains a more equal distribution of aragonite and calcite (50% each) and abundant skeletal grains of normal marine origin, indicating that the lower unit is lagoonal. Mud that is interlayered with ooid sands in the same core is dominated by aragonite (80%) and contains little sand-sized material, suggesting that it is not a typical lagoon mud. SEM examination also confirms that this mud is quite different from the lagoonal mud found at the base of the core. C-14 dating of the mud from the lagoonal unit shows that this sediment was deposited in water depths of 2 to 3 m approximately 5000 years ago when sea level was 3 m lower than present. C-14 dating coupled with knowledge of Holocene sea level indicates that both the ooid sands and the mud layers were also deposited as subtidal sediments. The mechanism by which the mud layers are accumulated with ooid sands is problematic. Suspension by storms and transport to tidal channels is one possibility; however, evaluation of the data suggests an alternative explanation. The post-lagoon history of deposition of the tidal channel may include nearly continuous restriction during which mud layers were deposited. The restriction was possibly caused by the formation and maintenance of ooid sand barri rs. Ooid sand deposition and burial of these layers may have accompanied barrier destruction.
Quantitative trait locus mapping of acute functional tolerance in the LXS recombinant inbred strains.

Background We previously reported that acute functional tolerance (AFT) to the hypnotic effects of alcohol was significantly correlated with drinking in the dark (DID) in the LXS recombinant inbred panel, but only in mice that had been pretreated with alcohol. Here, we have conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for AFT. DNA sequencing of the progenitor ILS and ISS strains and microarray analyses were also conducted to identify candidate genes and functional correlates. Methods LXS mice were given either saline or alcohol (5 g/kg) on day 1 and then tested for loss of righting reflex AFT on day 2. QTLs were mapped using standard procedures. Two microarray analyses from brain were conducted: (i) naive LXS mice and (ii) an alcohol treatment time course in the ILS and ISS. The full genomes of the ILS and ISS were sequenced to a depth of approximately 30×. Results A significant QTL for AFT in the alcohol pretreatment group was mapped to distal chromosome 4; numerous suggestive QTLs were also mapped. Preference drinking and DID have previously been mapped to the chromosome 4 locus. The credible interval of the significant chromosome 4 QTL spanned 23 Mb and included 716 annotated genes of which 150 had at least 1 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism or small indel that differed between the ILS and ISS; expression of 48 of the genes was cis-regulated. Enrichment analysis indicated broad functional categories underlying AFT, including proteolysis, transcription regulation, chromatin modification, protein kinase activity, and apoptosis. Conclusions The chromosome 4 QTL is a key region containing possibly pleiotropic genes for AFT and drinking behavior. Given that the region contains many viable candidates and a large number of the genes in the interval fall into 1 or more of the enriched functional categories, we postulate that many genes of varying effect size contribute to the observed QTL effect.
Aerosol emitters disrupt codling moth, Cydia pomonella, competitively

BACKGROUND Isomate® CM MIST aerosol emitters (Pacific BioControl Corp, Vancouver, WA) containing 36 g of codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, were deployed at various densities in a commercial apple orchard to generate dosage–response profiles in order to elucidate the behavioral mechanism of disruption. RESULTS Moth captures decreased asymptotically as Isomate® CM MIST densities increased. Data fitting to Miller–Gut and Miller–de Lame plots yielded straight lines, with positive and negative slopes respectively. Catch of male moths decreased from 28 trap−1 in the control to 0.9 trap−1 at the highest emitter density. Disruption of >90% was realized at emitter densities greater than 5 units ha−1. CONCLUSION The resulting set of profiles explicitly matched the predictions for competitive rather than non-competitive disruption. Thus, these devices probably disrupt by inducing false-plume following rather than by camouflaging traps and females. The use of 5 MIST units ha−1 would be necessary to achieve the same level of codling moth control provided by a standard pheromone treatment with passive reservoir dispensers. The need for only a few aerosol emitters, 2.5–5 units ha−1, mitigates the cost of labor required to hand-apply hundreds of passive reservoir dispensers; however, a potential weakness in using this technology is that the low deployment density may leave areas of little or no pheromone coverage, where mate finding may occur. This technology is likely to benefit substantially from treatment of large contiguous blocks of crop. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry