cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure, histological distribution, and freeze-fracture immunocytochemistry of gap junctions in rat brain and spinal cord.

The historical development of concepts of gap junctions as sites for electrical, ionic, and metabolic coupling is reviewed, from the initial discovery of gap junctions linking heart cells, to the current concepts that gap junctions represent ‘electrotonic synapses’ between neurons. The ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of gap junctions in heart, brain, and spinal cord of adult rats is examined using conventional thin sections, negative staining, grid-mapped freeze-fracture replicas, and immunogold-labeled freeze-fracture replicas. We review evidence for neuronal gap junctions at ‘mixed’ (combined electrical and chemical) synapses throughout adult rat spinal cord. We also show immunogold labeling of connexin43 in astrocyte and ependymocyte gap junctions and of connexin32 in oligodendrocyte gap junctions. Ultrastructural and freeze-fracture immunocytochemical methods have provided for definitive determination of the number, size, histological distribution, and connexin composition of gap junctions between neurons in all regions of the central nervous systems of vertebrate species.
Description of metals based on localized electrons

Abstract We study dielectric properties of metallic systems using a modified Pariser-Parr-Pople model in the single determinant approximation. Our model does not invoke extra screening; it describes long-range coulomb interaction exactly and approximates and neglects only the short-range exchange and correlation effects. We show that in metallic systems this long-range coulomb interaction leads to spatial localization of electronic orbitals over several atoms, different from orbital localization on single atoms in Mott insulators. We speculate that such localization is also important for the description of metallic transport properties based on Hartree–Fock or Kohn–Sham density functional theory formalisms.
Establishing information requirements for supervisory controllers in a flexible manufacturing system using GTA

In this article we consider the technological change that has occurred in complex manufacturing systems within the past two decades and the implications it has had on the role of human operators in manufacturing systems control. Our examination ranges from the traditional production line manned by skilled machinists to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) under supervisory control. On the basis of this study, we raise the question as to whether new advanced manufacturing technology interfaces are supportive of human operators in their responsibilities to manufacturing systems. We address this problem by analyzing supervisory controller information requirements for intervening in complex process control tasks as part of FMS operation. This analysis was conducted using a cognitive engineering research methodology, which has not previously been applied, in the domain of manufacturing. The method of GTA was applied to supervisory control of an FMS and produced detailed information requirements, which facilitated the formulation of general design guidelines for FMS interface design. The guidelines are aimed at supporting human operator process strategy development and decision making. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hepatic damage in rats fed human foodstuffs.

SummarySignificant hepatic lesions, consisting of diffuse parenchymal necrosis and marked fatty infiltration, have been produced in rats fed diets of spaghetti, olive oil and wine or glucose solution. Both lesions were associated with a moderate degree of fibrosis. The specific dietary factors responsible for the changes were not ascertained.
Evaluation of ultrasound-guided diagnostic local anaesthetic hip joint injection for osteoarthritis

Purpose The diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis is often complicated by co-existing pathology in the knee and spine, and mismatch between clinical and radiological signs. Temporary pain relief from a local anaesthetic injection into the hip joint has been reported to help localise symptoms, reducing the risk of unnecessary surgery being performed. We hypothesize that good surgical outcome is predicted by good analgesia following diagnostic injection, and that alternative pathology is present when there is no response to injection.
Novel single x-ray absorptiometry method to solve for volumetric breast density in mammograms with paddle tilt

We report on the design and validation of a breast tissue equivalent phantom for automated measurement of breast composition in film/screen and digital mammography systems. This phantom is a multi-step phantom made of a single material and containing nine lead positioning markers around its periphery. The markers allow for the phantom position to be solved relative to the x-ray gantry. The phantom was adhered to the top of the mammographic compression paddle such that it projected an attenuation image onto the unused corner of the image without overlapping with CC- nor MLO-view breast edges. The markers and their centroids were identified using automatic morphological image processing operations. The phantom, and thus the paddle, orientation is then obtained by minimizing a simple least-square error function of the difference between a pseudo projection image of the phantom markers at known coordinates and the actual marker image. Fibroglandular-equivalent breast attenuation values were found directly from step phantom projections. Fat attenuation values were derived from the attenuation coefficient ratios of fat to fibroglandular tissue. Finally, breast density was calculated by comparing image pixel values to the fat/fibroglandular references at the same thickness. Multiple scans of a test object (a density step phantom with 7 densities) at nine different compression thicknesses and six paddle-tilt angles were acquired. We found the precision for determining the breast thickness to be 0.015 cm (standard deviation) and for determining individual paddle angles to be 0.05 degrees. Multiple clinical studies using the technique on film/screen and digital mammography machines are also currently under way.
The role of technology in the formation and form of multinational cooperative arrangements

Abstract An analysis of new cooperative arrangements between U.S. and Japanese industrial firms suggests that technology plays an important role in linking firms, in facilitating strategic positioning, and in influencing the form of the linkage. Firms with a similar emphasis on R&D are more likely to engage in such alliances. Japanese firms appear more likely to use these alliances as ameans to enhance involvement in industries of high technological intensity. The form of the linkage appears to be influenced by the technological intensity of the arrangement's product and the intention to conduct joint R&D.
Reaction of 1,2-bis(2,6-dicarboxypyridin-4-yl)ethyne with Co(II) generates coordination monomers not polymers: Crystal structure of 4-(2,6-dicarboxypyridin-4-yl)ethynylpyridine-2,6-dicarboxylatotriaqua cobalt(II) monohydrate

Reaction and crystallization of 1,2-bis(2,6-dicarboxypyridin-4-yl)ethyne with Co(II) produces crystals containing monomers of 4-(2,6-dicarboxypyridin-4-yl)ethynylpyridine-2,6-dicarboxylatotriaqua cobalt(II) monohydrate complex (1), [Co(C16H6N2O8)(H2O)3]·H2O, instead of a rigid 1-D metal–organic framework consisting of a linear coordination polymer. This complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a=6.8028(9) A, b=36.781(5) A, c=7.5135(9) 2.474(2)° and Z=4. The complex sits on a symmetry axis such that the two halves of the molecule are related by two-fold rotation symmetry. The molecules form layers in which the molecules are joined by intermolecular O–H⋯O interactions involving hydrogen bonds between CO2H⋯CO2 −, H2O⋯CO2 −, H2O⋯CO2H and H2O⋯H2O groups.
Synthesis of Control Systems for Manipulators Using Multivariable Robust Servomechanism Theory

This paper describes a framework for synthesizing control laws for manipulators based on robust servomechanism theory for multivariable linear systems. This framework takes into account the coupled and nonlinear nature of the differen tial equations describing the manipulator as well as the fact that the inputs and outputs are subject to large excursions.The robust servomechanism theory is applied to the linear system that results when the overall, nonlinear, dynamic system is split, in the standard manner, into a nominal sys tem and a (linear) system linearized about the nominal. A control law for the linear system is then derived on the basis of linear quadratic regulator theory. To ensure good dynamic response, the implicit model-following technique is used to choose the weights in the resulting performance index.The theory is then applied to design a control law for a two-degree-of-freedom spatial manipulator following a pre scribed trajectory. The effect of changing the speed and iner tias of the man...
Explaining the wheel sieve

In a previous paper, an algorithm was presented for the classical problem of finding all prime numbers up to a given limit. The algorithm was derived therein by transforming a prior algorithm in accordance with some essentially ad hoc observations on the problem. The present paper complements the former by developing a simple mathematical framework, which leads to a smoother and more insightful derivation of the new algorithm, and which may be of independent interest to the number theorist.
Human cells contain two forms of pp60c-src.

Normal chicken embryo fibroblasts contain a gene, c-src, which is homologous to the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene, src1. Both genes code for a 60,000-molecular weight (Mr) protein which is phosphorylated at serine and tyrosine residues2–11 and has the unusual function of phosphorylating tyrosine residues10,11. We report here that both normal human fibroblasts and A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells contain two forms of the normal cell protein pp60c-Src which were resolved electrophoretically using a 10% polyacrylamide gel. The 60,000-Mr form is phosphorylated primarily at tyrosine, while the 59,000-Mr form is phosphorylated at serine. 35S-methionine chymotryptic maps show that the two forms are clearly related, although several significant differences are observed.
Off-line programming of coordinate measuring machines using a hand-held stylus

Abstract A new method for programming a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is described. A six degrees of freedom position-sensing device is used to identify measurement points on an actual part, thus creating a CMM program. Experimental results indicate that the position-sensing device, although not accurate enough for part inspection, possesses sufficient accuracy for machine programming. These results are verified by writing and executing a CMM program.
An Update on High Hydrostatic Pressure, from the Laboratory to Industrial Applications

High hydrostatic pressure has become an industrial reality, and although there are still many aspects under research, today it is possible to buy high-pressurized products in many countries. Indeed, pasteurization of food products using elevated pressure at room temperature has been accepted by regulatory agencies for commercial use. The quality displayed in such products includes better nutritional retention, fresh-like flavor, improved color, texture, and taste, and extended shelf life compared to thermally pasteurized products. There are several applications of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) use today in processing fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, dairy and egg products, including the intelligent combination of pressure, temperature, and time to generate specific characteristics in certain products. One of the biggest challenges in high-pressure application is in the sterilization of low-acid foods with combined elevated pressure (600–800 MPa), moderate temperatures (30–90 °C), and short processing times (less than 5 min). Combined pressure and temperature, also known as pressure-assisted thermal sterilization (PATS), was recently approved by the FDA in 2009 for commercial sterilization. This manuscript is an update of the state-of-the-art in high-pressure technology, showing the advances achieved in past years and its most recent applications today in food processing. Inactivation of different microorganisms and the potential use of mathematical models to describe and validate the process are also mentioned, including using PATP to achieve sterilization parameters. Facts pertaining to equipment and operation costs are included as well to show that as a new technology, high-pressure use would likely require high initial investment. However, given the productivity and capability of this technology to enhance food quality, it may well deserve this initial investment, as many food companies have indicated in their annual cost reports.
A New Model for Developmental Neuronal Death and Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance in Hippocampus

The nervous system develops through a program that produces neurons in excess and then eliminates approximately half during a period of naturally occurring death. Neuronal activity has been shown to promote the survival of neurons during this period by stimulating the production and release of neurotrophins. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), neurons depends on neurotrophins that activate survival pathways, which explains how the size of target cells influences number of neurons that innervate them (neurotrophin hypothesis). However, in the central nervous system (CNS), the role of neurotrophins has not been clear. Contrary to the neurotrophin hypothesis, a recent study shows that, in neonatal hippocampus, neurotrophins cannot promote survival without spontaneous network activity: Neurotrophins recruit neurons into spontaneously active networks, and this activity determines which neurons survive. By placing neurotrophin upstream of activity in the survival signaling pathway, these new results change our understanding of how neurotrophins promote survival. Spontaneous, synchronized network activity begins to spread through both principle neurons and interneurons in the hippocampus as they enter the death period. At this stage, neurotransmission mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is excitatory and drives the spontaneous activity. An important recent observation is that neurotrophins preferentially recruit GABAergic neurons into spontaneously active networks; thus, neurotrophins select for survival only those neurons joined to active networks with strong GABAergic inputs, which would later become inhibitory. A proper excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is critical for normal adult brain function. This balance may be especially important in the hippocampus where impairments in E/I balance are associated with pathologies including epilepsy. Here, I discuss the molecular mechanisms for survival in neonatal neurons, how these mechanisms change during development, and how they may be linked to degenerative diseases.
Images of Cloning and Stem Cell Research in Mass Media: Cartoon Semiotics

Public understanding, and ultimately, the acceptance of the use of genetic science for public good, is affected by what the public already believes and how these beliefs may be altered by various claims. This presentation describes how editorial cartoons portray social characteristics of sex, culture, and the social role of the users of the science and how the cartoons present the consequences and value of cloning and stem cell research. Images were analyzed for manifest (denotation) and latent (connotation) meanings found in editorial cartoons published from 2001 to 2004. Semiotics was applied for the visual analyzes. Data were collected form 106 editorial cartoons that appeared in 51 different syndicated sources in that appear nationally (48%)m locally or regionally (40%), and on six World Wide web sites (12%) from 2001 to 2004 in 27 states. The cartoons appeared in 2001 (30%) and 2002 (47%). Eighty-six cartoons referenced cloning and 20 cartoons referenced stem cell research. Males were portrayed 64% of the time (n = 187) and were the only constituents of the four large groups. There were only 37 female characters in the editorial cartoons. Regardless of year of publication, stem cell research was depicted as having a positive value, and cloning was portrayed negatively. Some major themes are: politics is intruding on science, embryonic stem cell researchers value one kind of life over another, cloning will lead to the mass production of evil, cloning creates monsters, politics will influence who or what will be cloned.
Report on the survey of international activities of U.S. health professions schools.

The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates recently undertook a survey of all accredited U.S. schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and public health to determine each school's domestic and foreign participation in international education, research, administration, and health care. The response rate was good, especially for schools of medicine, with 125 (98%) of 127 schools providing information. The resulting directory, published in July 1988, lists 494 programs involving 84 countries: 319 in medicine, 44 in dentistry, 30 in pharmacy, and 101 in public health. Directors, titles and objectives of programs are listed, along with descriptions of areas of emphasis, types of affiliation, personnel involved, and sources of funding. International involvement of the schools was unevenly distributed: about 16% of the medical and public health schools and 6% of the dental and pharmacy schools accounted for half of the international programs in each of these four disciplines. Schools of public health had the largest mean number of international programs per school, followed by schools of medicine. The majority of programs emphasized education and research; lesser numbers were in administration and health care. The majority of programs were in developing countries, the People's Republic of China, and Mexico, together accounting for 19% of the programs listed. In addition to providing needed aggregate and individual information on programs in international health, the directory may serve as a basis for planning by students, scholars, and institutions.
Spectra of UCl4 in organic solutions

Abstract The absorption spectra of UC1 4 in 1 M HCl, 12 M HCl, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) exhibit wide variations in the intensity and location of major absorption bands. It is proposed that the major variations in the intensity of the spectra result from changes in the field symmetry of the U 4+ ion as a result of changes in the surrounding ligands. One case was observed that may be interpreted as a shift in energy levels by the differences in the ligand field of the three alcohols. The spectra of UCl 4 in mixed solvents was shown to provide a measure of the coordinating strength of the solvent.
Modeling and Analysis of Spherical Pulsation Dampeners in Fluid Power Systems

This paper presents a new method for computer-aided modeling and analyzing of pulsation dampeners used in fluid power systems for vibration reduction. The pulsation dampeners are widely used in various fluid power systems to reduce vibration induced by power pumps. The vibration induced by power pumps in fluid systems may be severe enough to cause the damage of components in pipelines if a pulsation dampener is not installed. However, the current methods used in industries for the design and analysis of the dampeners are manually experience-orientated procedures. They are not adaptable to new technologies. The new modeling method will efficiently automate and improve the current modeling and analysis procedure of various pulsation dampeners with a minimum user effort. The proposed method is a result of utilizing the analogy between electrical circuits and hydraulic circuits. In the new method, a spherical pulsation dampener can be equivalent to a lumped hydraulic circuit installed in a distributed fluid pipeline system. In short, the new method will circumvent some obstacles and introduce new techniques for computer-aided modeling and designing of the dampeners for vibration reduction in fluid power systems.© 2007 ASME
Benzodiazepine-resistant "brown fat" pattern in positron emission tomography: two case reports of resolution with temperature control.

Purpose Supraclavicular uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) on positron emission tomography (PET) scan is attributed to lymph node, muscle, or brown fat activity. Differentiation between physiological or pathological etiologies is necessary. Benzodiazepine premedication to reduce physiological uptake has been attempted with variable success. A relationship between brown-fat FDG uptake and cold temperature has also been established. To our knowledge, no case reports or studies have been published to demonstrate whether controlling the temperature can alter the physiological uptake in these regions. Procedures Two teenage female patients with these patterns on PET scans performed with oral benzodiazepine administration underwent repeat imaging with temperature-controlled environment settings. Results Resolution of supraclavicular FDG uptake with temperature control in two patients in whom benzodiazepine had no prior effect. Conclusion Although the exact mechanism remains unknown, we propose that the control of temperature reduces the metabolism of glucose by brown fat. Further studies are warranted to confirm the above observations, and, if confirmed, to determine the most efficient and effective use of temperature control to minimize supraclavicular and axillary FDG uptake.
The number of one-generated diagonal-free cylindric set algebras of finite dimension greater than two

S. Ulam asked about the number of non-isomorphic projective algebras withk generators. This paper answers his question for projective algebras of finite dimension at least three and shows that there are the maximum possible number, continuum many, of non-isomorphic one-generated structures of finite dimensionn, wheren is at least three, of the following kinds: projective set algebras, projective algebras, diagonal-free cylindric set algebras, diagonal-free cylindric algebras, and cylindric algebras.
Identification of haplotypes of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (B).

The chromosomal region presently known to contain the major histocompatibility complex of the chicken was first detected in 1947 using alloimmune hemagglutinating reagents and was tentatively assigned the locus symbol D in studies on the time of development of cellular antigens (Briles et al. 1948) and on its role in inducing hemolytic disease among chicks from alloimmunized hens (Briles 1948). The locus symbol was subsequently changed to B to symbolize the second chicken blood group system discovered at the University of Wisconsin (Briles et al. 1950). One of two blood group loci discovered independently by Gilmour (1959) was shown by an exchange of antisera to correspond to the Wisconsin B system. The early recognition that blood group systems were characterized by extensive polymorphism within rather narrowly based genetic stocks of chickens (Briles et al. 1957, Gilmour 1959) placed emphasis on investigating their possible effects on fitness and survival within populations or experimental crosses. As a result of this emphasis on within-laboratory studies, there was little sustained interest during the 1950-1970 period in the development of a broadly applicable system of uniform haplotype terminology. The discovery of histocompatibility-linked immune response genes in mammals (Benacerraf and McDevitt 1972) and the subsequent demonstration of immune response (Giinther et al. 1974, Benedict et al. 1975) and disease resistance (Hansen et al. 1967, Briles and Oleson 1971) associated with particular alleles at the B locus in the chicken created a need for information regarding possible haplotype homologies between genetic stocks being studied in separate laboratories. The technique for detecting possible homologies between lines was utilized from the beginning of the work at Texas A and M University (Briles 1952, Briles et al. 1957) and, soon after establishing work on a diverse group of mildly inbred lines at the DeKalb AgResearch Laboratory in early 1958, a common haplotype terminology across lines was developed and later published in part to illustrate frequency profiles in inbred parent lines of chickens (Briles 1972). More recently, as a consequence of reagent preparation in a genetically diverse chicken colony at Northern Illinois University combined with the typing of
A GENERALIZED TRIP DISTRIBUTION MODEL

A NEW TRIP DISTRIBUTION MODEL WHICH HYPOTHESIZES STATISTICAL REGULARITIES IN TRAVEL BEHAVIOR WAS DEVELOPED. TO BEGIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL, OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF ORIGIN EMISSIVENESS AND DESTINATION ATTRACTIVENESS WERE ADVANCED. IT WAS POINTED OUT THAT HETEROGENEOUS TRIP COSTS TYPICALLY FOUND TO EXIST IN TRIPMAKING SYSTEMS TEND TO DISTORT THE PURE TRIP PATTERNS SUCH THAT THE COST OF TRAVELING FROM EACH ORIGIN TO EACH DESTINATION MUST BE EXPLICITLY INTRODUCED INTO THE ANALYSIS. A LINEAR MODEL, FOR WHICH DATA REQUIREMENTS ARE QUITE MEAGER, WAS DEVELOPED TO ESTIMATE PARAMETERS OF THE GENERALIZED MODEL AND TEST FOR EXISTENCE OF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION EFFECTS, COST EFFECTS, AND ORIGIN-DESTINATION INTERACTIONS. THIS MODEL AND THE ENSUING ANALYSIS CONFORM TO WHAT IS KNOWN IN STATISTICS AS THE ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE. WHILE THE HEURISTIC DERIVATION OF THE GENERALIZED INTERACTANCE MODEL PRESENTED IN THIS PAPER WAS QUITE LONG AND ARDUOUS, THERE IS MUCH TO RECOMMEND THE APPROACH. THE MODEL'S PRINCIPAL ASSET AS A HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCT IS THAT IT WAS DEVELOPED FROM A SET OF EXPLICIT PREMISES AND ASSUMPTIONS ON HUMAN (AGGREGATE) BEHAVIOR WITHOUT RESORTING TO QUESTIONABLE ANALOGIES FROM THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES. MOREOVER, THESE ASSUMPTIONS ARE IN THEMSELVES TESTABLE. THE MODEL DEVELOPED IN THIS PAPER IS DESCRIPTIVE--IT SEEKS TO UNCOVER THE STRUCTURE OF SOME EXISTING DATA. LITTLE CAN BE SAID ABOUT ITS PREDICTIVE ABILITY. THE PRINCIPAL USE OF THE MODEL IS TO ESTABLISH THE PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF VARIATION IN TRIP DISTRIBUTION DATA AND, CONSEQUENTLY, TO ESTABLISH SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MASS BEHAVIOR.
Alterations of peroxisomal function in ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat kidney

We have previously demonstrated that ischemic injury results in the loss of peroxisomal functions (e.g., inhibition of catalase activity and fatty-acid beta-oxidation activity). To understand the molecular mechanism leading to the loss of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in ischemic tissue, we examined the levels of individual enzyme activities and proteins of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system and overall fatty-acid oxidation in peroxisomes isolated from kidney exposed to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The peroxisomal beta-oxidation decreased with an increase in time of ischemic injury (53% and 43% of the control in kidneys exposed to 60 and 90 min ischemia, respectively). In vivo inactivation of catalase with aminotriazole and exposure of isolated peroxisomes to H2O2 resulted in inhibition of peroxisomal beta-oxidation system suggesting that this enzyme system is labile to excessive H2O2 produced during ischemic injury. The enzyme activities of lignoceroyl-CoA ligase, acyl-CoA oxidase, bifunctional enzymes and acyl-CoA thiolase (individual peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes) after 90 min of ischemia were 87, 80, 87 and 85% of the control, respectively. This decrease in enzyme activities was more pronounced following reperfusion (28, 11, 23 and 35% of the control, respectively). Immunoblot analysis of these enzymes indicated that the major loss of these enzyme activities during ischemia was due to their inactivation, whereas during reperfusion, proteolysis also contributed toward the observed loss of these activities. In summary, these results demonstrated that loss of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in ischemia-reperfusion injury was due to inactivation and proteolysis of beta-oxidation enzymes. Acyl-CoA oxidase was more sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury compared to other enzymes, and the overall loss of peroxisomal beta-oxidation may be a reflection of the loss of acyl-CoA oxidase activity, a rate-limiting enzyme.
Aqueous Dynamics in Exfoliation Syndrome

Eighteen untreated patients with unilateral exfoliation syndrome without glaucoma were studied with regard to differences in aqueous dynamics between the affected and unaffected fellow eyes. Additionally, both eyes of the patients with exfoliation were compared to the eyes of 18 age-matched and gender-matched control subjects. Intraocular pressure was significantly higher (13.9 ± 3.0 mm Hg [mean ± standard deviation]) in the affected compared with the unaffected eyes (12.2 ± 2.5 mm Hg), but no difference in aqueous humor flow was detected when eyes in the three groups were compared (affected eyes, 2.40 ± 0.60 μ1/min; unaffected eyes, 2.40 ± 0.65 μ1/min; control eyes, 2.61 ± 0.60 μ1/min). Anterior chamber volumes were significantly smaller in affected (122 ± 37 μ1) and unaffected eyes (121 ± 37 μ1) of the patients with exfoliation compared with the eyes of the control subjects (145 ± 30 μ1). Apparent resistance was higher in the eyes with exfoliation (6.5 ± 1.9 min mm Hg/μ1) compared with both unaffected (5.4 ± 1.2 min mm Hg/μ1) and control groups (5.2 ± 1.8 min mm Hg/μ1), although these differences were not statistically significant.
Coalition formation in characteristic function games: Competitive tests of three theories☆

Abstract Two experiments tested the bargaining, minimum resource, and minimum power theories of coalition formation in situations involving different payoffs for some of the winning coalitions (characteristic function games). In the first experiment, a triadic resource distribution was employed and payoffs for the coalitions were specified in such a way that each of the three theories predicted the formation of a different coalition. The coalition predicted by minimum power theory formed the most frequently, and the mean divisions of the payoffs among coalition members were also closest to the predictions of minimum power theory. However, the most frequent coalition was not only the one predicted by minimum power theory, it was also the one having the largest payoff per member. There-fore, a second experiment was conducted, which employed a tetradic resource distribution and specified the coalition payoffs in such a way that (a) each of the theories predicted the formation of a different coalition and (b) none of the predicted coalitions was the one with the largest payoff per member. Although the mean payoff divisions in the coalitions in this experiment were closest to those predicted by bargaining theory, the coalition that formed most frequently was not one of those predicted by any of the theories. Rather, it was the one having the largest payoff per member. None of the three theories is able to account adequately for the results of both experiments. The difficulties that the theories have in dealing with coalition formation in situations in which there are different payoffs for winning are discussed.
Ecosystem Adaptation to Climate Change: Small Mammal Migration Pathways in the Great Lakes States

Range distributions for many animal species across North America are shifting, many in directions consistent with anthropogenic climate change over the last century. Assuming climate change continues to act as a driver for geographic range shifts, theoretical northern range shift movements can be calculated using a bioclimatic envelope approach that assume the need to maintain current temperatures and determine whether these would be attainable given projected temperature changes over the coming century. We focus on historically present small mammals in northern Indiana whose range shifts from their 1930s capture locations are attributed to be a hypothetical “response” to changes in recorded and projected average January temperature from 1914–1944 to 1961–1990, 2020–2049, and 2070–2099. Over the mid-20th century, the theoretical distance a mammal must move to remain at the same temperature (temperature-maintaining distance, TMD) ranged from 18.6 to 97.3 km (0.40–2.07 km/year) and appears to have been attainable. However, based on future temperature changes projected under the SRES higher (A1FI) and lower (B1) emissions scenarios, we found significantly larger increases in TMDs by both mid- and end-of-century relative to the historical period. Given recognized barriers to northern range extension, future small mammal TMDs greater than 4 km/year in some scenarios appear less viable than those experienced in the past in this region. As differences between higher and lower emissions scenarios may ultimately influence the ability of mammals to move TMDs, particularly by the end of the century, future emissions have the potential to markedly affect the resulting range shifts.
Effects of temperature on the leaching behavior of sintered modified SYNROC-B waste form

Different leaching tests (MCC-1 and MCC-2) have been conducted on a monolithic sintered modified SYNROC-B ceramic waste form containing 10 wt% simulated high-level radioactive waste in triple distilled H/sub 2/O. The temperature range was 25 to 150/sup 0/C. Increases in the leach rates of cesium and barium have been observed as the leaching temperature increases indicating that the leach rate should follow the empirical Arrhenius law: LR /SUB i/ (t) = K /SUB i/ exp(-Q /SUB ai/ /Rt), where LR /SUB i/ (t), K /SUB i/ , and Q /SUB ai/ are the leach rate, the experimental constant, and the activation energy of the element of interest, i. The activation energies for cesium and barium are 6.62 and 3.2 kcal x mol/sup -1/, respectively. The behavior of the pH of the leachant was monitored as a function of leaching time and temperature. Increases in the fluorine ion concentration (F/sup -/) in the leachant were found to be temperatureand time-dependent functions indicating the leaching of the Teflon containers recommended by the Materials Characterization Center. These Teflon containers should be preleached before their use in leaching experiments, or other leach-resistant containers should be used.
From submesoscale ocean eddies to laboratory-scale turbulence

In our experience, as data from every deployment are processed and analyzed, new questions emerge. This implies that, even after decades of excellent work by many researchers, the use of high resolution thermal imaging to address the types of phenomena discussed here, and others, is still in fact at an early stage and will remain a fruitful field of study.
Building the scholarly society infrastructure in physics in interwar America

Abstract Starting in the interwar years both the quantity and quality of physics research conducted within the United States increased dramatically. To accommodate these increases there needed to be significant changes to the infrastructure within the scholarly society and particularly to the organization's ability to publish and distribute scholarly journals. Significant changes to the infrastructure in physics in the United States began with the formation of the American Institute of Physics as an umbrella organization for the major scholarly societies in American physics in 1931. The American Institute of Physics played a critical role in bringing about an expansion in the size of and breadth of coverage within scholarly journals in physics. The priority the American Institute of Physics placed on establishing a strong publication program and the creation of the American Institute of Physics itself were stimulated by extensive involvement and financial investments from the Chemical Foundation. It was journals of sufficient size and providing an appropriate level of coverage that were essential after World War II as physicists made use of increased patronage and public support to conduct even more research. The account offered here suggests that in important respects the significant government patronage that resulted from World War II accelerated changes that were already underway.
Exploring perceptions of US state tourism organizations' web advertising effectiveness.

This article adopts, modifies and tests the Interactive Advertising Model as a potential tool for evaluating website advertising effectiveness in US state tourism organizations. The adopted model is referred to in the study as the Modified Interactive Tourism Advertising Model (MITAM). The model is tested using data gathered from an independent evaluation by 31 Korean natives on five state US tourism organization websites. The data are analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The study found that the proposed MITAM model should be considered as a tool for improving the advertising effectiveness of travel websites. The article concludes with a discussion on the study findings along with recommendations on how state tourism organizations can improve their website advertising effectiveness.
Preoperative Testing before Carotid Endarterectomy: A Survey of Vascular Surgeons' Attitudes

Traditional surgical practice and published consensus statements from major vascular surgery specialty societies have considered contrast arteriography to be a routine part of the diagnostic evaluation prior to carotid endarterectomy (CEA). However, some surgeons now omit routine preoperative arteriography if a technically adequate carotid duplex scan is performed and indications for CEA are clear. To better establish current practice patterns and to characterize vascular surgeons' opinions about the role of preoperative arteriography, the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society membership was surveyed by mail. Eighty-six percent of the members responded (430 of 502). Ninety-three percent of all patients considered for CEA are evaluated with duplex scanning; 82% with arteriography. While the majority of surgeons typically obtain both a duplex scan and an arteriogram, 70% have performed CEA without a preoperative arteriogram. Brain imaging studies (CT or MRI) are obtained in 26% and MR angiograms in 10% of cases. Seventy-five percent of the surgeons agreed with the statement that CEA without preoperative arteriography is an acceptable practice if appropriate indications for surgery are present. Furthermore, one third believed that CEA without a preoperative arteriogram is generally acceptable (acceptable more than half the time). Respondents were stratified by surgical experience time in practice and practice type. No significant differences in responses were found, suggesting the acceptance of CEA without preoperative arteriography is broad-based. This survey demonstrates changing attitudes among practicing vascular surgeons regarding the necessity for routine arteriography prior to CEA. Carotid endarterectomy on the basis of duplex scanning and clinical assessment should be considered an accepted alternative.
An Essay on the Meaning(s) of “Capacity Building”—With an Application to Serbia

Abstract This article examines transnational dispersion that falls under the rubric of “capacity building.” Capacity building is a phrase used by development specialists, international donors and foundations to describe myriad efforts to assist developing and transitional countries that seek to improve their governance processes. The article shows how there is no single, unambiguous meaning of the concept. Rather, it is used to describe both wide-scale governance reforms at the national level as well as interventions at the local level aimed at improving performance in specific areas such as public financial management and personnel administration. The argument is applied to Serbia.
Contemporary Management of Depression

Abstract Major depression is a common and disabling disorder with far-reaching social and economic implications. Nonetheless, major depression is treatable by one of the many currently available antidepressants with response rates of approximately 65–70%. Treatment of depression has improved in recent years because of the availability of effective and well-tolerated antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The currently available antidepressants are generally equally effective and are distinguished primarily by side-effect profiles. The side effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are attributed to their nonspecific interaction with cholinergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic receptors in the central nervous system. The secondary amine TCAs, nortriptyline and desipramine, are preferred among the TCAs because of a more favorable side-effect profile. The TCAs are cardiotoxic, and overdoses are frequently fata. Adverse effects, including potentially fatal drug and food interactions, limit the use of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); however, these agents have a role in the treatment of depression with comorbid anxiety, refractory depression, atypical depression, and bulimia. The SSRIs possess a class side-effect profile of headache, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Individual differences in side effects may distinguish fluoxetine (nervousness, restlessness), sertraline (diarrhea, loose stools), and paroxetine (dry mouth). The SSRIs all inhibit certain cytochrome P450 isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs, such as the TCAs, and each SSRI has been reported to increase plasma concentrations of concomitantly administered TCAs. Bupropion therapy is associated with a risk of seizure development, which can be minimized by multiple daily doses. Trazodone is sedating and can rarely cause priapism. The related compound, nefazodone, does not cause sexual dysfunction or priapism, but is associated with sedation. Venlafaxine, a recently available antidepressant that appears to have efficacy in treatment-refractory depression, may cause nausea that requires gradual upward dosage titration. Higher doses of venlafaxine may also cause elevations in blood pressure, heart rate, and serum cholesterol. As more is learned about the pathophysiology of depression, even more specific and well-tolerated antidepressants will be developed.
Influence of collector parameters on load fraction and economic viability

Proposition d'un modele annuel de systemes solaires de chauffage predisant la fraction de la charge thermique fournie par ces systemes. Utilisation de ce modele pour evaluer l'influence de modifications des parametres des collecteurs utilises sur la fraction de charge thermique fournie et sur la rentabilite des systemes. Exemple d'application a l'evaluation de collecteurs avec 2 types d'absorbants selectifs en 3 sites des Etats-Unis
Pretest risk assessment in suspected acute pulmonary embolism.

Rationale and Objectives To assess the pretest practices of US clinicians who treat patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Materials and Methods We surveyed 855 practicing physicians selected randomly from three professional organizations. We asked participants to estimate how often and by what method they determine the likelihood of PE before they request confirmatory studies. Participants reported their awareness of four published clinical practice guidelines dealing with acute PE and selected options for further diagnostic testing after reviewing clinical data from three hypothetical patients presenting with low, intermediate, and high probability of acute PE. Results We received completed surveys from 240 physicians practicing in 44 states. Although most (98.3%) report that they assess pretest probability of PE before testing, slightly more than half do so routinely. A total of 72.5% prefer an unstructured approach to pretest assessment, whereas 22.9% use published prediction rules. Most (93.0%) are aware of at least one published guideline for assessing acute PE, but only 44.2% report using one or more in daily practice. Respondents who use published prediction rules, estimate pretest probability routinely, or use at least one practice guideline were more likely to request additional testing when reviewing a low probability clinical scenario. No differences in testing frequency or preferences were observed for intermediate or high probability clinical scenarios. Conclusions The majority of clinicians we surveyed use an unstructured approach when estimating the pretest probability of acute PE. With the exception of low probability scenario, clinicians agreed on testing choices in suspected acute PE, regardless of the method or frequency of pre-test assessment.
Four-color DNA sequencing with 3′-O-modified nucleotide reversible terminators and chemically cleavable fluorescent dideoxynucleotides

DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) on a solid surface during polymerase reaction can decipher many sequences in parallel. We report here a DNA sequencing method that is a hybrid between the Sanger dideoxynucleotide terminating reaction and SBS. In this approach, four nucleotides, modified as reversible terminators by capping the 3′-OH with a small reversible moiety so that they are still recognized by DNA polymerase as substrates, are combined with four cleavable fluorescent dideoxynucleotides to perform SBS. The ratio of the two sets of nucleotides is adjusted as the extension cycles proceed. Sequences are determined by the unique fluorescence emission of each fluorophore on the DNA products terminated by ddNTPs. On removing the 3′-OH capping group from the DNA products generated by incorporating the 3′-O-modified dNTPs and the fluorophore from the DNA products terminated with the ddNTPs, the polymerase reaction reinitiates to continue the sequence determination. By using an azidomethyl group as a chemically reversible capping moiety in the 3′-O-modified dNTPs, and an azido-based cleavable linker to attach the fluorophores to the ddNTPs, we synthesized four 3′-O-azidomethyl-dNTPs and four ddNTP-azidolinker-fluorophores for the hybrid SBS. After sequence determination by fluorescence imaging, the 3′-O-azidomethyl group and the fluorophore attached to the DNA extension product via the azidolinker are efficiently removed by using Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine in aqueous solution that is compatible with DNA. Various DNA templates, including those with homopolymer regions, were accurately sequenced with a read length of >30 bases by using this hybrid SBS method on a chip and a four-color fluorescence scanner.
Sustaining Rural Afghanistan under Limited Central Government Influence

Land and water access insecurity, land grabbing, and unstable common property status of critical local resources continue to drive conflicts, rural landlessness and environmental problems throughout many areas of Afghanistan where formal government is weak or entirely absent. In contrast to traditional development strategies that favor infrastructure enhancement and backed by enforced national policies, we offer Afghan-specific strategies based on resource conservation and increased capacity of local resource management institutions that can function when and where central government cannot be relied upon to assume or maintain a supportive role. Resource conservation and building local capacity are key components of existing and proposed future efforts to increase stability. However, support for these efforts, whether government or community-based, has been limited in portions of rural Afghanistan , apparently due to low stakeholder confidence in retaining access to improved land, water and other critical resources when international forces withdraw. Powerful individuals and groups, operating outside local community structures, are increasingly impacting land use practices. We suggest a thorough assessment of the present and likely future social environment, including awareness of likely conflicts resulting from agricultural or natural resource improvements, before any tangible actions are taken.