cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of deuterium-labelled methylphenidate, p-hydroxymethylphenidate, ritalinic acid and p-hydroxyritalinic acid

The synthesis of threo-dl-methylphenidate (Ritalin®, 1), threo-dl-p-hydroxymethylphenidate (3), threo-dl-ritalinic acid (2), and threo-dl-p-hydroxyritalinic acid (4) with deuterium incorporated in the piperidine ring is described. These compounds were synthesized for use as internal standards for mass fragmentographic assays of methylphenidate and its metabolites. The synthetic scheme described resulted in less than 0.05% 2H0 in the piperidine ring in any of the preparations.
The American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business under the New Standards: Implications for Changing Faculty Work.

Abstract Recently, the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) revised its faculty qualifications and intellectual contributions accreditation standards to accommodate the diverse missions of its member schools. The historical role of the AACSB as supporter of the disciplinary community may be inconsistent with the intentions of these new standards. By not considering the expectations of the disciplinary communities prior to formulating, disseminating, and implementing new standards, the AACSB may be establishing academic policy that will have little impact on faculty selection and reward structures at member schools.
Why Does Argon Bind to Deuterium? Isotope Effects and Structures of Ar·H 5O 2 + Complexes

Recently, we reported the spectrum of Ar·D 4HO 2 + [McCunn; et, al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 321], and here, we extend that work to include the Ar·H 4DO 2 + isotopologue in order to explore why the Ar atom has a much greater propensity for attachment to a dangling OD group than it does for OH, even when many more of the latter binding sites are available. Calculated (MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory/basis) harmonic frequencies reproduce the observed multiplet patterns of OH and OD stretches and confirm the presence of various isomers arising from the different Ar binding sites. The preferential bonding of Ar to OD is traced to changes in the frequencies of the wag and rock modes of the H 5O 2 + moiety rather than to shifts in the oscillator that directly binds the Ar atom.
Cellobiose-oxidizing enzymes from the lignocellulose-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium: interaction with microcrystalline cellulose

Cellulose-degrading cultures of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium produce two extracellular cellobiose-oxidizing enzymes, cellobiose oxidase and cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase. These two enzymes bind strongly to microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in the pH range 4–7; above neutral pH their affinity for MCC decreases. Cellulose-bound enzymes could not be eluted with phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 6) containing polyols (10%), KCl (1 M), urea (1 M) or 1% ionic or non-ionic detergent. TRIS or borate buffer at pH 9 eluted 30%–35% of the cellobiose-oxidizing enzyme activity. The cellulose-immobilized enzymes oxidized cellobiose actively, suggesting that the catalytic sites are not involved in cellulose binding. These results suggest that the cellobiose-oxidizing enzymes of P. chrysosporium may be organized into two domains: a cellulose-binding domain and a catalytic domain.
Self-schemas and vulnerability to specific life stress in children at risk for depression

The hypothesis that depression results from the match between an area of particular meaning to the self and the occurrence of negative life events in that domain was tested in a sample of 8- to 16-year-old children. The children included a group at risk for psychopathology who were offspring of mothers with affective disorders or chronic medical illness, and control children of normal mothers. They were classified as attaching particular meaning to the sense of self in either the interpersonal or achievement areas, based on recollections of recent personal events, a procedure employed formerly by Hammen and colleagues with college students (Hammen et al.,1985). The youngsters were then followed for a 6-month period, assessing occurrence of stressful life events and symptoms. As predicted, there was a significant association between onset or exacerbation of depression and the experience of stressors relevant to the child's self-schema classification. Although the hypothesis was confirmed overall, the results must be qualified by noting that the effect was especially marked for children of depressed mothers, and for those in the interpersonal vulnerability group.
Numerical Simulation of Slope and Mountain Flows

Abstract Early descriptive models of mountain-valley circulations indicated that the mountain flow (i.e., the along-valley axis component out of the valley) is a true three-dimensional phenomenon. According to these descriptions, at night shallow-down slope flows on the valley sidewalls directly driven by temperature deficits near the surface produce a pooling of cool air in the valley. This deep pool of cool air in the valley compared with a much shallower surface inversion over the plains (to which the valley opens) produces a secondary flow (the mountain flow) out of the valley driven by a deep hydrostatic pressure gradient. It is this deep secondary flow which is most important to pollutant transport in deep valleys and which has not been previously investigated in a numerical model. It is the purpose of this investigation to numerically simulate the above-mentioned secondary circulation using a three-dimensional numerical model. The Colorado State University Hydrostatic Mesoscale Model-a hydrostatic,...
A Rule of Thumb: The Bandwidth for Timbre Invariance Is One Octave

Listeners were unable to determine whether two different notes separated by an octave or more were played by the identical or a different wind instrument and similarly were unable to determine whether a vowel sung at different pitches separated by an octave or more was sung by the identical or a different soprano or mezzo-soprano.
Modeling solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance variability using emission measure distributions

We introduce a new model of solar irradiance variability at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. The model combines a spectral emission line database, solar emission measure distributions, and estimates from ground-based solar images of the fraction of the Sun covered by the various types of activity to synthesize the irradiance. Using Call K-line images, the model can be used to estimate the irradiance from EUV line emission formed in the upper chromosphere and lower transition region. Comparisons of this new model with existing empirical models reveal both similarities and disagreements in the absolute magnitude, the amplitude of the rotational modulation, and the intermediate-term solar cycle variability of the predicted fluxes.
Risk factors for acute respiratory failure in bariatric surgery: data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2006-2008.

Abstract Background Acute respiratory failure (ARF) can be a life-threatening postoperative complication after bariatric surgery and is defined as the presence of acute respiratory distress or pulmonary insufficiency. We sought to identify predictors of ARF in patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, from 2006 to 2008, the clinical data from morbidly obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery were examined. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the independent factors predictive of ARF. The factors examined included patient characteristics, co-morbidities, payer type, teaching status of hospital, surgical techniques (laparoscopic versus open), and type of bariatric operation (gastric bypass versus nongastric bypass). Results A total of 304,515 patients underwent bariatric surgery during the 3-year period. The overall ARF rate was 1.35%. The greatest rate of ARF (4.10%) was observed after open gastric bypass surgery. The ARF rate was lower after laparoscopic than after the open surgical technique (.94% versus 3.87%, respectively; P P 50 years (AOR 1.8), Medicare payer (AOR 1.8), alcohol abuse (AOR 1.8), chronic lung disease (AOR 1.6), diabetes mellitus (AOR 1.2), and smoking (AOR 1.1) were factors associated with greater rates of ARF. Compared with patients without ARF, patients with ARF had significantly greater in-hospital mortality (5.69% versus .04%, P Conclusion We identified multiple risk factors that have an effect on the development of acute respiratory failure after bariatric surgery. Surgeons should consider these factors in surgical decision-making and inform patients of their risk of this potentially life-threatening complication.
TEXT EDITING PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF TRAINING WITH COMMAND TERMS OF DIFFERING LENGTHS AND FREQUENCIES

There has been considerable controversy recently concerning the characteristics of computer command terms that affect the ease with which naive users acquire and learn to use these terms. Researchers have examined command words in terms of their "naturalness," semantic relation to the command function, specificity and/or obliqueness (as measured by users, designers and/ or experimenters), to name a few. (For illustrative research examples and a review of this literature, see Grudin and Barnard, 1984, Landauer, Galotti, and Hartwell, 1983, and Landauer and Galotti, 1984.) On the positive side, this research has helped bring into focus the need to consider how selection of command terms affects users' performance. On the negative side, however, there seems to be little agreement as to which, if any, of these factors really affects performance levels. This research was conducted to add to the empirical data base and to examine whether the findings from basic research on human memory can be used to predict performance in a real-world text editing task.
Copper-based materials formed by high rate sputtering☆

Abstract This paper presents the results of microstructure and property determinations made on pure and alloyed copper sputter deposited at rates of 20–25 nm s-1. For each material, the effects of substrate temperature and post-deposition annealing on the grain size and tensile properties were investigated. Fully dense coherent structures were obtained at all substrate temperatures. The absence of the porous poorly bonded structures obtained at temperatures in the range 0.1–0.2Tm by other workers is attributed to the low gas pressure, the normal incidence adatoms and the polished substrates used in the present study. All materials exhibited high tensile strenghts when deposited at 0.2Tm Values of 700 MPa were observed with pure copper, while precipitation-hardening and dispersion-hardening alloys produced values of 1000MPa. The principal difference between these materials was in the stability of their as-deposited structure and their strength during post-deposition annealing. For example, pure copper was unstable to recrystallization at room temperature (0.2Tm), while the dispersion- strengthened alloys exhibited only minor softening at 0.8Tm and very little grain growth at 0.95Tm. The mechanical properties are discussed in relation to the microstructure produced by high rate deposition.
Reclaiming the Green Continent: Ecology, Globalization, and Policy and Decision in Latin America

This essay examines Latin American technological development and its connections with regional economic development, ecological deterioration, political freedoms' fluctuations, and globalization processes-understood as the spreading interconnectedness of business, science, technology, politics, and culture through large regions or the entirety of the world. The essay investigates how policy and decision issues resulting from Latin American technological development and its correlates can be plausibly addressed and argues for several theses, most notably, that in dealing with the issues, national legislation and international treaties have attained and are likely to attain their purposes only to a limited extent and in a mixed manner; that less legislation-dependent procedures evidence greater effectiveness and political feasibility; and that some globalization processes help fuel the environmental issues, while others help facilitate their resolution. The essay provides some concrete examples of how the issues can be soundly addressed.
TU-EE-A4-05: Validation of CT-Assisted Targeting (CAT) Software for Soft Tissue and Bony Target Localization

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of an automatic CT-to-CT image registration algorithm for both soft tissue and bony targets. Method and Materials: CT-Assisted Targeting (CAT) software was developed for on-line CT-guided radiotherapy using a CT-on-rails system. The algorithm was tested in two phantom studies and cross-compared with other radiotherapy imaging techniques available in the same room. A BAT phantom (North American Scientific, Chatsworth) was intentionally shifted and imaged each time by (1) an electronic portal imaging device, (2) ultrasound, and (3) the CT-on-rails. A Rando pelvic phantom with imbedded gold markers for target localization using the ACCULOC™ software (Northwest Medical Physics Equipment) was also used. To test the software in patient images, 15 prostate cancer patients receiving 3 CT scans per week over 8 week's treatment were selected. The prostate was chosen as the soft tissue target and a bony structure in the pelvic region (excluding the femoral heads) was used as the bony alignment target. A total of 366 treatment-day CT images were registered using the CAT software and verified by a single observer. Results: The phantom studies demonstrated that the CAT software can achieve sub-millimeter accuracy in detecting the intended shifts and were generally agreed well with other established imaging modalities in this controlled phantom study. The CAT software also performed well in patient's CT images. The failure rate, as defined by greater than 3 mm differences between the automatic detected positions and the final positions adjusted by the human observer, was only 2.1 % for soft tissue target registration and 1.6% for bony target registration in 366 CT images. The automatic registration takes less than 12 seconds. Conclusion: We have designed a highly robust, accurate, and fast computer algorithm for CT-to-CT image registration. The software provides a quick and reliable application for CT-guided radiotherapy.
Fabrication and design aspects of high-temperature compact diffusion bonded heat exchangers

Abstract The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) using gas-cooled reactor technology is anticipated to be the reactor type for the Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP). In this reactor concept with an indirect power cycle system, a high-temperature and high integrity Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX) with high effectiveness is required to efficiently transfer the core thermal output to a secondary fluid for electricity generation, hydrogen production, and/or industrial process heat applications. At present, there is no proven IHX concept for VHTRs. The current Technology Readiness Level (TRL) status issued by NGNP to all components associated with the IHX for reduced nominal reactor outlet temperatures of 750–800 °C is 3 on a 1–10 scale, with 10 indicating complete technological maturity. Among the various potential IHX concepts available, diffusion bonded heat exchangers (henceforth called printed circuit heat exchangers, or PCHEs) appear promising for NGNP applications. The design and fabrication of this key component of NGNP with Alloy 617, a candidate high-temperature structural material for NGNP applications, are the primary focus of this paper. In the current study, diffusion bonding of Alloy 617 has been demonstrated, although the optimum diffusion bonding process parameters to engineer a quasi interface-free joint are yet to be determined. The PCHE fabrication related processes, i.e., photochemical etching and diffusion bonding are discussed for Alloy 617 plates. In addition, the authors’ experiences with these non-conventional machining and joining techniques are discussed. Two PCHEs are fabricated using Alloy 617 plates and are being experimentally investigated for their thermal-hydraulic performance in a High-Temperature Helium Facility (HTHF). The HTHF is primarily of Alloy 800H construction and is designed to facilitate experiments at temperatures and pressures up to 800 °C and 3 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, some preliminary microstructural and mechanical property characterization studies of representative diffusion bonded Alloy 617 specimens are presented. The characterization studies are restricted and less severe from an NGNP perspective but provide sufficient confidence to ensure safe operation of the heat exchangers in the HTHF. The test results are used to determine the design operating conditions for the PCHEs fabricated.
Eveningness is Associated with Higher Risk-Taking, Independent of Sex and Personality

This study tested the hypotheses that eveningness is associated with higher risk-taking propensities across different domains of risk and that this association is not the result of sex differences or confounding covariation with particular personality traits. Study participants were 172 men and women between 20 and 40 years of age. Surveys assessed chronotype, domain-specific risk-taking and risk-perception, and Big Five personality dimensions. Eveningness was associated with greater general risk-taking in the specific domains of financial, ethical, and recreational decision making. Although risk-taking was associated with both risk perception and some personality dimensions, eveningness predicted risk-taking independent of these factors. Higher risk-taking propensities among evening types may be causally or functionally linked to their propensities for sensation- and novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and sexual promiscuity.
Natural display mode for digital DICOM-conformant diagnostic imaging.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to investigate the verification of the contrast display properties defined by the digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) PS (picture archiving and communication system [PACS] standard) 3.14-2001 gray-scale display function standard and their dependency on display luminance range and video signal bandwidth. Materials and Methods Contrast sensitivity and contrast linearity of DICOM-conformant displays were measured in just-noticeable differences (JNDs) on special perceptual contrast test patterns. Measurements were obtained six times at various display settings under dark room conditions. Results Display luminance range and video bandwidth had a significant effect on contrast perception. The perceptual promises of the standard could be established only with displays that were calibrated to a unity contrast resolution, at which the number of displayed intensity steps was equal to the number of perceivable contrast steps (JNDs). Such display conditions provide for visual perception information at the level of single-step contrast sensitivity and full-range contrast linearity. These “natural display” conditions also help minimize the Mach banding effects that otherwise reduce contrast sensitivity and contrast linearity. Conclusion Most, if not all, conventionally used digital display modalities are driven with a contrast resolution larger than 1. Such conditions reduce contrast perception when compared with natural imaging conditions. The DICOM-conformant display conditions at unity contrast resolution were characterized as the “natural display” mode, and, thus, the authors a priori recommend them as being useful for making a primary diagnosis with PACS and teleradiology and as a standard for psychophysical research and performance measurements.
The Development and Validation of an Arabic Version of an Academic Self-Concept Scale

For a sample of 175 Arabic students attending three universities in the United States (one in Los Angeles and two in Colorado), the psychometric results arising from the development and validation of an Arabic version of an existing college level form of a standardized academic self-concept scale are presented. Both exploratory orthogonal and oblique factor analyses lent support to three of the original five hypothesized constructs underlying three factor subscales and afforded evidence in terms of loadings on a fourth factor of the fusion of two remaining hypothesized constructs. Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses indicated that among many alternative first-order and higher-order factor models the one for which five oblique first-order factors were hypothesized yielded overall indexes revealing the closest degree of fit. It was concluded that the Arabic version demonstrated what could be considered satisfactory levels of reliability and homogeneity for all five factor subscales as well as su...
Clustering documents with an exponential-family approximation of the Dirichlet compound multinomial distribution

The Dirichlet compound multinomial (DCM) distribution, also called the multivariate Polya distribution, is a model for text documents that takes into account burstiness: the fact that if a word occurs once in a document, it is likely to occur repeatedly. We derive a new family of distributions that are approximations to DCM distributions and constitute an exponential family, unlike DCM distributions. We use these so-called EDCM distributions to obtain insights into the properties of DCM distributions, and then derive an algorithm for EDCM maximum-likelihood training that is many times faster than the corresponding method for DCM distributions. Next, we investigate expectation-maximization with EDCM components and deterministic annealing as a new clustering algorithm for documents. Experiments show that the new algorithm is competitive with the best methods in the literature, and superior from the point of view of finding models with low perplexity.
Effect of diltiazem-induced hypotension on normal and increased intracranial pressure of cats.

The commonly used vasodilators sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin increase intracranial pressure (ICP) and cause tachycardia. Since diltiazem is also a vasodilator, we designed this experiment in cats to study its effect on intracranial pressure and heart rate (HR). Twelve cats were assigned to two equal groups. One group had normal ICP (N-ICP), while in the other the ICP was raised artificially (AR-ICP) by placing a balloon into the intracranial extradural space. Both groups received an infusion of diltiazem to decrease the mean blood pressure (BP), which was maintained 30 per cent below the baseline value for 15 minutes.
Significant new researcher award

Maneesh Agrawala is this year's recipient of the Significant New Researcher Award. This is in recognition of his outstanding early contributions to computer graphics and interaction techniques, particularly in the area of novel visualization techniques and user interaction models across a range of problem domains.
Hormones and Neurotransmitters Control Cyclic AMP Metabolism in Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells

The choroid plexus is a major site of CSF production. When primary cultures of bovine choroid plexus epithelial cells were exposed to 1 micrograms/ml cholera toxin, a 50-fold increase of intracellular cyclic AMP was found 1 h later. Exposure of cells to 10(-5) M isoproterenol, 10(-4) M prostaglandin E1, 10(-5) M histamine, and 10(-5) M serotonin caused increases of intracellular cyclic concentrations of 100-, 50-, 20-, and 4-fold, respectively. From 5 to 15 min were required for these maximal responses to occur. Many other molecules including prolactin, vasopressin, and corticotropin did not alter cellular cyclic AMP levels. The accumulation of cyclic AMP could be inhibited by specific antagonists: propranolol inhibited the isoproterenol-mediated stimulation while diphenhydramine and metiamide inhibited the histamine response. In addition, diphenhydramine inhibited serotonin-dependent cyclic AMP accumulation. Combinations of isoproterenol, prostaglandin E1, histamine, and serotonin elicited additive responses as measured by cyclic AMP accumulation with one exception, i.e., serotonin inhibited the histamine response. Our findings suggest that distinct receptor sites on choroid plexus epithelia exist for isoproterenol, prostaglandin E1, and histamine. Efflux of cyclic AMP into the extracellular medium was found to be a function of the intracellular cyclic AMP levels over a wide range of concentrations. Our studies provide direct evidence for hormonal regulation of cyclic AMP metabolism in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus.
Bose-Einstein Condensation in a One-Dimensional Model with Random Impurities

We study the thermodynamics of a one-dimensional system of noninteracting bosons in the presence of random fixed finite-range repulsive potentials. It is shown that a Bose---Einstein condensation into the lowest state occurs. The critical temperature increases with the number of impurities. The specific heat exhibits a discontinuity and is infinitely differentiable from both sides of the critical point. For a suitably defined pressure the isothermals exhibit a flat portion below the "transition length."
Three-year prevalence and incidence of diabetes among American Indian youth in Montana and Wyoming, 1999 to 2001

Abstract Objectives To estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes among American Indian youth. Study design Medical records were reviewed annually for all patients with diabetes who were Results From 1999 to 2001, 53% of prevalent cases and 70% of incident cases were categorized as probable type 2 diabetes. The average annual prevalence of probable type 1 and type 2 diabetes was 0.7 and 1.3 per 1000. The average annual incidence rates for probable type 1, and type 2 diabetes were 5.8, 23.3 per 100,000. Conclusions The incidence of probable type 2 diabetes was approximately 4 times higher than type 1 diabetes among American Indian youth in Montana and Wyoming
SU-E-I-80: Dose Metrics, the Relationship, and Reduction Strategies for Interventional Procedures

Purpose: Interventional Radiological (IR) procedures result in the highest individual doses in most radiology practices. Recently FDA unveiled initiative to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure from medical imaging. To achieve this goal, the understanding of dose metrics and their relationships from IR procedures is a must. This study aims to summarize dose metrics, investigate the relationship and develop strategies for IR dose reduction and overdose alert. Methods: A Rando phantom was used to investigate entrance skindose (ESD) in two Siemens flat panel fluoroscopy systems (Artis and Atris Biplane) using typical protocols for neuro, chest and abdominal interventional procedures. Fluoroscopy time, dose‐area product (DAP), and reference dose were recorded from consoles. Exposure rate and cumulative dose at different surface (skin) locations of the imaged areas were measured with a RadCal dosimeter and a Unfors Patient SkinDosimeter(PSD, with 4 sensors). The relationships among dose metrics were then analyzed for different clinical settings and dose reduction/overdose alert strategies were discussed. Results: Linear relationships among different dose metrics are observed for fixed clinical setting (SID, image area, fluoroscopy mode, etc). With changes in clinical settings, the linear relationship changes accordingly, which causes difficulty in directly predicting ESD by any single dose metric. However, combining different settings may give a reasonable estimation of patient skindose during IR procedure. Conclusions: Considering different clinical settings, ESD can be estimated from dose metrics in the current fluoroscopy systems and used as indicator of patient dose during IR procedures. This information and related strategies may potentially reduce the risk of patient overdose.
Coherent meson-pair states

It is shown that the use of coherent meson-pair states simplifies and improves calculations in static-source theories with complicated algebras.
Sex, sexual orientation and criminal and violent behavior

This study was undertaken to help determine if homosexuals and bisexuals are more or less criminal and/or violent than heterosexuals. Based upon samples of 197 male and 279 female college students, Pearson correlations revealed several significant, but weak, relationships between sexual orientation and most forms of self-reported criminal and/or violent behavior patterns. Among males, the data generally suggested that heterosexuals were more criminal and violent than homosexuals (except in the case of drug offenses), but that bisexuals were more criminal and violent than heterosexuals. Among females, lesbians (including only a few females with exclusively homosexual preferences) were generally more criminal and violent than heterosexuals, although they were still less so than males (except for homosexual males). Results suggest that some important differences may exist among both sexes regarding relationships between sexual orientations and criminal/violent behavior.
Determination of coronary flow reserve by digital angiography: Validation of a practical method not requiring power injection or electrocardiographic gating

Abstract Although coronary flow reserve is a well established measure of the physiologic significance off atherosclerotic stenosis, cumbersome methodology has prevented its widespread clinical application. This study evaluated a new simplified method of measuring coronary flow reserve based on indicator-dilution analysis of hand-injected digital coronary arteriograms. In five dogs, the circumflex artery was instrumented with an angiographic catheter, an electromagnetic flow probe and a pneumatic occluder. For each of 18 stenoses of varying severity, arteriograms were obtained under basal conditions and during papaverine-induced hyperemia. A pair of background-corrected arterial time-density curves was generated for each stenosis by off-line computer analysis of the circumflex artery arteriograms. Coronary flow reserve was calculated from the measured areas of the time-density curves and the known volume of contrast medium used to produce each curve. Angiographic flow reserve ranged from 0.9 to 6.1 (mean 2.99), whereas electromagnetic flow reserve ranged from 0.7 to 6.9 (mean 3.02). Angiographic and electromagnetic measurements of coronary flow reserve correlated well (r = 0.86). This study establishes that indicator-dilution analysis of 30 frames/s digital coronary arteriography permits the accurate determination of coronary flow reserve. The technique described employs hand injection of small doses of radiographic contrast medium using conventional catheters, and should be readily applicable to the study of human coronary artery disease.
Magneto-fluid-mechanic laminar natural convection—an experiment

Abstract This work describes an experiment in which the effect of a magnetic field on a laminar natural convection of electrically conducting fluid is studied. Mercury was the working fluid. The geometry was the one of a vertical isothermal hot plate with a magnetic field acting perpendicularly. The magnetic field imposed externally was designed as suggested by the theoretical investigation for the existence of a similarity solution. This suggestion is that the magnetic flux should vary as x − 1 4 along the vertical direction, x. Temperature profiles under the above conditions have been measured for different magnetic field strengths. The existence of similarity solutions was fully established by the experiment.
Can Inquiry and Reflection be Contagious? Science Teachers, Students, and Action Research

This study reports the transformations of 3 science teachers who conducted action research projects following a model, unique to our graduate program, which follows the theoretical tenets of adult and transformative learning theory. Teachers video their teaching, engage in weekly peer group collaborative reflection sessions, collaborate with students, and consult with other sources to identify goals for improving their teaching practices, develop action plans, and analyze the results of their actions. As a result of this process, all 3 teachers changed their pedagogical approach from a teacher centered textbook driven approach to a student centered inquiry based approach. Implications of using this model as a powerful means of professional development for science teachers are explored.
Peripheral white blood cell and differential counts is cholesterol-fed rabbits

Summary The leukocyte response was studied in adult, female New Zealand white rabbits having supplementary cholesterol of either 250, 500 or 1000 mg per day added to their diets. Although hypercholesterolemia occurred in all test animals by the end of the first week of feeding, no effect upon either the total white blood cell counts or differential counts was detected under the conditions of this experiment. Total white blood cell and differential counts in New Zealand white female rabbits fed a commonly employed commercial diet is presented to augment normal values cited in the literature.
Growth hormone directly alters glucose utilization in 3T3 adipocytes.

Summary 3T3-F442A adipocytes incubated in the presence of growth hormone (GH) showed a transient stimulation of the incorporation of [14C] glucose into cellular lipids, or production of 14CO2 in the first 4 hr. By 48 hr, a significant suppression of glucose metabolism was evident, and persisted for 7 days. Both effects resulted from direct in vitro addition of GH to 3T3 adipocytes. This system therefore provides the first appropriate cellular model for examination of both the characteristic acute stimulatory and delayed suppressive actions of GH on glucose metabolism.
Establishing a standard Sonoran Reference Plant and its application in monitoring industrial and urban pollution throughout the Sonoran Desert.

Using analyses from honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) leaves from nearly pristine locations in Arizona, an inorganic plant concentration standard is proposed for use as a ‘Sonoran Reference Plant’ (SRP). Such a standard can be used as a monitoring device for different anthropogenic pollution sources throughout the Sonoran Desert. To test the application of the SRP, honey mesquite leaves were collected at different sites in southern Arizona and their ‘chemical fingerprints’ compared to SRP. Sources of element origin were identified through factor analysis and correlation matrices. A terrestrial factor was found in leaves from all sites. Anthropogenic factors varied for different sites. Mesquite leaves accumulated significant amounts of elements originating from copper smelters (As, Sb) and urban pollution (La, Sm, Ce, V). These pollutants are small-sized and have been linked to human lung diseases. Mesquite is a deciduous tree; the yearly comparison of mesquite leaf element concentration spectra to the SRP standard can be used to determine seasonal improvement or deterioration of environmental quality in a particular area.
Detailed and reduced chemistry for hydrogen autoignition

Abstract Reaction-rate parameters are given for the detailed chemistry of gas-phase hydrogen combustion, involving 21 reversible elementary steps. It is indicated that, when attention is restricted to specific combustion processes and particular conditions of interest, fewer elementary steps are needed. In particular, for calculating autoignition times over a wide range of pressures for temperatures between about 1000 and 2000 K, five irreversible elementary steps suffice, yielding a remarkable reduction in complexity. It is explained that, from a mathematical viewpoint, in terms of global reaction-kinetic mechanisms, the hydrogen–oxygen system in principle comprises only six overall steps. Rational reduced chemical mechanisms for hydrogen combustion therefore necessarily must have fewer than six overall steps. For autoignition over the range of conditions specified above, ignition times can be determined accurately by considering, in addition to an elementary initiation step and an elementary termination step, at most three overall steps for reaction intermediaries, which reduce to two for very fuel-lean conditions and to one for stoichiometric or fuel-rich conditions. The resulting reductions can simplify computations that need to be performed in risk analyses for hydrogen storage and utilization.
Widening Rural–Urban Disparities in All-Cause Mortality and Mortality from Major Causes of Death in the USA, 1969–2009

This study examined trends in rural–urban disparities in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the USA between 1969 and 2009. A rural–urban continuum measure was linked to county-level mortality data. Age-adjusted death rates were calculated by sex, race, cause-of-death, area-poverty, and urbanization level for 13 time periods between 1969 and 2009. Cause-of-death decomposition and log-linear and Poisson regression were used to analyze rural–urban differentials. Mortality rates increased with increasing levels of rurality overall and for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and American Indians/Alaska Natives. Despite the declining mortality trends, mortality risks for both males and females and for blacks and whites have been increasingly higher in non-metropolitan than metropolitan areas, particularly since 1990. In 2005–2009, mortality rates varied from 391.9 per 100,000 population for Asians/Pacific Islanders in rural areas to 1,063.2 for blacks in small-urban towns. Poverty gradients were steeper in rural areas, which maintained higher mortality than urban areas after adjustment for poverty level. Poor blacks in non-metropolitan areas experienced two to three times higher all-cause and premature mortality risks than affluent blacks and whites in metropolitan areas. Disparities widened over time; excess mortality from all causes combined and from several major causes of death in non-metropolitan areas was greater in 2005–2009 than in 1990–1992. Causes of death contributing most to the increasing rural–urban disparity and higher rural mortality include heart disease, unintentional injuries, COPD, lung cancer, stroke, suicide, diabetes, nephritis, pneumonia/influenza, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Residents in metropolitan areas experienced larger mortality reductions during the past four decades than non-metropolitan residents, contributing to the widening gap.
Management practice effects on spatial variability characteristics of surface mineralizable C

Abstract Information on spatial variability of different C pools and fractions is important for site-specific monitoring the changes in soil carbon (C) on a farm-scale basis. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of 16 years of implementation of conventional chisel-plowed management practice (CT) and organic cover crop based practice (CT-cover) on spatial variability of C mineralized in a 210-day incubation; and to study the effects of topography, texture, plant biomass input, and total soil C on mineralizable C. For each management practice we collected more than 350 soil samples at 0–5 cm depth in well-drained Typic Hapludalfs in southwest Michigan. The spatial continuity of CO2 respired C was found to be relatively weak with the variability at distances
Two-Dimensional High-Frequency and Mid-Frequency Hydrophone Arrays and Recording Systems

Two 128 element, two-dimensional hydrophone arrays and recording systems have been developed at the Marine Physical Laboratory for the continuous recording of HF/MF acoustic data at sea. These arrays have been deployed during a recent at-sea experiment aboard the research platform FLIP. Each of these arrays consists of 128 hydrophones with preamplifiers, a 128 channel signal conditioning and sampling electronics package, a 300 meter umbilical cable for power and data telemetry, and a dry-end recording system. At the dry-end, the acoustic data are GPS time-stamped, displayed in real time, and recorded to external Firewire disks. The systems automatically switch to a new disk when the previous disk is full and are capable of continuous recording. The technical details of the arrays and recording systems, the deployment procedure from FLIP, and the performance of the systems during the recent at-sea experiment are described
Cost analysis of ardeparin versus enoxaparin for the prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis after knee arthroplasty

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are major complications associated with total knee arthroplasty. The American College of Chest Physicians recommends twice-daily, fixed-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) as routine prophylaxis in this patient population. This study represents a cost analysis of ardeparin and enoxaparin, the two LMWHs currently available for this indication in the United States. Costs for treating DVT, PE, and major bleeding episodes were derived from values reported in the literature. Both ardeparin and enoxaparin were found to produce significant cost savings when used routinely as DVT prophylaxis after knee replacement surgery compared with no prophylaxis. Based on the currently available data, enoxaparin 40 mg once daily appears to be the least costly LMWH for routine pharmacoprophylaxis of DVT in patients undergoing knee replacement surgery.
A new look at the profession of clinical pharmacology.

The debate over the scope of clinical pharmacology—and the clinical pharmacologist—is ongoing. The stated content of clinical pharmacology is therapeutics, whereas the recommended training programs are geared to train researchers. Most clinical pharmacologists make their living in research. People who do not identify themselves as clinical pharmacologists do much research on drug effects in humans. The professional clinical pharmacologist's role must be re-evaluated in the context of society's needs and sources of funding. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2008) doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100424
Proposed Basic Impulse Insulation Levels for High-Voltage Systems

Basic impulse insulation levels were established in 1941, and although many improvements have been added to systems since then, no changes have been made in the levels. This article summarizes the present knowledge of the factors on which these levels are based and recommends a new series of such levels.
Response of Clostridium acetobutylicum to the presence of mixed extractants

The volumetric productivity of many fermentations is productlimited.In situ removal of these products with liquid organic extractants is limited by either a low product distribution coefficient or toxicity of the extractant. This paper presents results from studies using mixed extractants, namely mixtures of toxic extractants that have high distribution coefficients for the product and nontoxic extractants that have low distribution coefficients. The production of butanol byClostridium acetobutylicum was chosen as a model system for these studies. The mechanisms of toxicity of mixed extractants and the observed responses to their presence are discussed.
Kubler's Sarcophagus: Cold War Archaeologies of the Olmec Periphery

This article examines conflicting racial, archaeological and art historical interpretations of Olmec art produced in the United States in the early 1960s. It inscribes shifting approaches to the study of monumental Olmec art by figures like George Kubler within the contexts of violent modernization of the Olmec ‘heartland’ of Veracruz and Tabasco, the politicized display of this artistic tradition in museums and traveling exhibitions, and the unstable horizons of U.S.-Mexico diplomatic relations during that period.
Cosmic Rays, Dust, and the Mixing of Supernova Ejecta into the Interstellar Medium in Superbubbles

Most of the galactic core-collapse supernovae occur in OB associations that produce superbubbles, and thus, the bulk of the cosmic rays are accelerated in the cores of such superbubbles by the shock waves from these supernovae. Here we show that the initial mixing of the freshly synthesized elements from such supernovae with the gas and dust in the interstellar medium also occurs in the cores of these superbubbles, and that the unique composition of the galactic cosmic rays can be produced there by suprathermal ion injection from interactions of this mix of dust, gas, and supernova shocks. We further show that the basic features of the cosmic-ray composition provide a unique measure of the mixing ratio of the fresh supernova ejecta and the old interstellar medium in this initial phase of interstellar mixing.
William H. Harridge Memorial Lecture: “Progress and its unintended consequences”

Abstract Background Because of the development of many clinical and technological advances, significant progress has been made in the management of many neonatal and childhood conditions. The improved survival of many infants and children who formerly died has been accompanied by a number of unintended consequences. Methods A review is conducted of the progress achieved in 2 groups of patients requiring pediatric surgical care, newborns (especially the premature) and those afflicted with cancer, as well as the unintended consequences observed in survivors. Results Dramatic improvements in the survival of premature infants have resulted in an increased number of patients at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis, chronic lung disease, and neuroimpairment, often associated with gastroesophageal reflux and cognitive difficulties. Childhood cancer survivors have many adverse sequelae of intense multidisciplinary therapy affecting multiple systems, including treatment-related second neoplasms. Conclusions Remarkable advances in care have transpired, but improved survival may lead to new problems not previously experienced. Appropriate modifications in patient care and long-term follow-up are essential to maintain excellent survival and lessen the adverse consequences of treatment to ensure good quality of life.
Invited commentary: Experience matters

In this issue of the Journal of Critical Care, Lee and colleagues present their retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients cared for in 2 intensive care units co-located within a single hospital by junior surgical and senior surgical residents. The principal finding of the analysis was that patients assigned to junior surgical residents had a significantly higher mortality than those assigned to senior surgical residents (24.7% vs 17.7%) despite the fact that both groups of trainees were supervised by a common group of attending surgeons [1]. Perhaps the most interesting comment in the article is found in the discussion, where the authors state:
Cytokinins with different connecting links between purine and isopentenyl or benzyl groups

Abstract Using the tobacco bioassay a comparison was made between the cytokinin activities of the following series of compounds with different connecting links (6-NH, S, O, CH2) between the purine ring and isopentenyl or benzyl groups: 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine (1a), 6-(3-methyl-2- butenylthio)purine (1b), 6-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)purine (1c), and 6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)purine (1d); 6-benzylaminopurine (2a), 6-benzylthiopurine (2b), 6-benzyloxypurine (2c), and 6-(2-phenethyl)purine (2d); also 6-trans-styrylpurine (3), the synthetic precursor of 2d. All possess cytokinin activity, thus providing evidence that the intact base, consisting of nucleus and sidechain at the purine 6-position, is necessary and sufficient for such activity as measured in the tobacco bioassay. The biological activity in the 6-(3-methyl- 2-butenyl-X)purine series decreases as a function of the linkage group in the order X = NH > CH2 > S ⪢ O and in the 6-benzyl-X-purine series in the order X = NH > CH2 = O ⪢ S. The 6-trans-styrylpurine (3) is about equally active as 6-(2-phenethyl)purine (2d).