cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Geo-Politics of Forced Migration in Africa, 1992–2001

Of the consequences of war, the movement of large numbers of displaced peoples across international borders is among the most significant. I examine the determinants of international refugee flows in Africa during the period from 1992 to 2001. I begin with a gravity model of refugee flows, which posits that levels of such flows will vary as a function of the population of the two states in question and the distance between the two. To this, I add consideration of two key factors theorized to generate refugee populations: the presence of armed conflict, and the regime type of both the source and target nations. Most important, distance between the source and the target countries is the single most important determinant of dyadic refugee flows; in addition to its direct effect, distance also mediates the effects of conflict and regime type on volumes of refugees. My findings confirm the strong influence of distance on the levels of refugee flows. Although I find clear effects for the presence of conflict, w...
An adaptable problem-space-based search method for flexible flow line scheduling

Leon and Ramamoorthy (1997) developed an adaptable problem-space-based search method. Part of that work included development of a lower bound and comparison of makespans using real-world data. In this note we improve their lower bound and show that the Leon and Ramamoorthy search method found better makespan solutions than their lower bound indicated, including some optimal makespans.
Langerhans cells are initiators of the immunosuppressive effect of ultraviolet B radiation.

We believe that epidermal LC in normal skin can present antigen more effectively to T cells that mediate “cellular” immunity (e.g., Th1 cells) than to T cells that promote “humoral” immunity (e.g., Th2 cells). Circumstantial evidence supporting this hypothesis include the observations that most immune responses that are initiated in skin are T cell rather than B cell mediated, and that most, if not all, reported immunosuppressive effects of UVB radiation affect T cell rather than B cell responses. A second hypothesis is that the suppressive effects of UVB radiation on cutaneous immune responses are due to altered antigen presentation by LC. Our work with CD4+ Th1 and Th2 clones suggests that the long-lasting tolerance induced by UVB radiation in contact allergy and DTH assays may be explained by the induction by UVB-irradiated LC of clonal anergy in Th1 cells. It is also possible that Th2 cells, whose proliferative capacity remain intact despite exposure to UVB-irradiated LC, exert additional suppressive effects on Th1 cells. Finally, we consider the tolerogenic APC function of UVB-irradiated LC to serve two consequences. A detrimental effect occurs when it precludes proliferation of T cells that specifically recognize tumor antigens or infectious agents. On the other hand, a beneficial result might be produced when it prevents clonal expansion of T cells reactive to autoantigens, especially those that may emerge in epidermis following exposure to UVB radiation.
Kinetics of Hormone-induced H+ Excretion

A study has been made of the kinetics of hormone-induced H+ excretion from peeled Avena coleoptile sections using a new, simple technique involving direct application of the pH electrode to the surface of the section. Hormone-induced H+ excretion begins after lags and occurs at rates which are consistent with a role of H+ in regulating cell elongation. With fusicoccin, H+ excretion begins within the 1st minute, and an external pH of 5 (optimal for wall loosening) is reached in 5 to 8 minutes, while with auxin the lag averages 14 minutes and pH 5 is reached in 20 to 30 minutes. KCN, which inhibits cell elongation in 3 to 5 minutes, stops H+ excretion in less than 1 minutes, whereupon the external pH rises sharply. Cycloheximide stops auxin-induced H+ excretion in 3 to 8 minutes, and the pH then rises slowly. In the absence of hormones, the pH of the extracellular solution comes to equilibrium at 5.6, but the actual pH of the wall solution is probably about 0.3 unit below this due to Donnan effects.
Design of Long-Endurance Unmanned Airplanes Incorporating Solar and Fuel Cell Propulsion

Preliminary performance analysis and conceptual design are described for a class of unmanned airplanes possessing multi-day endurance capability. A mixed-mode electric power system incorporates solar cells for daytime energy production and a non-regenerative H2-O2 fuel cell to supply energy for night flight. The power system provides energy for all onboard systems, including propulsion, payload, and avionics. Excess solar energy is available during significant portions of the day, and may be used for climbing, maneuvering, or payload functions. By jettisoning fuel cell reactant product (water) during flight, vehicle endurance may be increased under certain conditions. Empirical structure sizing algorithms are combined with low-Reynolds number aerodynamics algorithms to estimate airplane size and geometry to meet prescribed mission requirements. Initial calculations for summertime, high-altitude flight (above 40,000 ft (12 km)) at moderate latitude (31 degrees N) indicate that mission endurance of several days may be possible for configurations having wing loadings on the order of 0.9 to 1.3 lb/ft squared. These aircraft tend to be somewhat smaller than solar-powered aircraft previously conceived for multi-month endurance utilizing regenerative fuel cell systems for night flight.
Close approach and deformation of two viscous drops due to gravity and van der waals forces

Abstract The rate of approach and deformation of two small drops of different sizes in buoyancy-driven axi-symmetric motion is analyzed within the asymptotic limit of small capillary number, in which deformation becomes important only when the minimum separation between the drops is much smaller than either radius. Then, the drops translate with nearly equal velocities, and the small relative motion as the larger drop slowly catches up with the smaller drop can be described by an analysis which assumes a lubrication regime in the thin gap between them. When this lubrication squeeze flow in the gap exerts a sufficient tangential stress on the drop interfaces to drive an internal flow within the drops, then the coupling between these flows is analyzed by a boundary integral formulation. Numerical calculations are used to track the evolution of the shapes of the drops from a relatively undeformed state until the gap takes the form of a dimple and a long-time quasi-steady pattern is established. As the drop separation decreases, attractive van der Waals forces come into play and bring about the rupture of the fluid film between the drops. The rupture time is predicted, and a demarcation is observed between “nose rupture” for drops with small deformations and “rim rupture” for drops with large deformations and dimples.
Determination of bupivacaine and metabolites in rat urine using capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection

A method using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) was developed for the structural elucidation of bupivacaine and metabolites in rat urine. Prior to CE-MS analysis, solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample cleanup and preconcentration purposes. Exact mass and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) experiments were performed to obtain structural information about the unknown metabolites. Two instruments with different mass analyzers were used for mass spectrometric detection. A quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) and a magnetic sector hybrid instrument were coupled to CE and used for the analysis of urine extracts. Hydroxybupivacaine as well as five other isomerically different metabolites were detected including methoxylated bupivacaine.
Morphological development on alkali halide surfaces during evaporation

The sequential changes of the surface morphology of evaporated alkali halide crystals were investigated. The origin of surface features and their dependence on temperature are described for cleaved (100) surfaces evaporated in vacuum. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of the velocity of atomic steps during evaporation were made through the use of the gold double decoration technique. The results are related to theoretical expectations and compared to previous studies.
Amine-directed addition of cuprate reagents to cyclopentenyl sulfones

Abstract Reaction of cuprate reagents with β′-amino cyclopentenyl sulfones affords bond formation through amine-directed conjugate-addition. Comparison studies with cyclopentenyl sulfone implicate a halocuprate intermediate.
Expression of plasma membrane calcium-pumping ATPase mRNAs in developing rat brain and adult brain subregions : evidence for stage-specific expression

The plasma membrane calcium-pumping ATPases (Ca(2+)-ATPases) maintain resting free cytosolic calcium concentrations in cells at the submicromolar level. These Ca(2+)-ATPases are encoded by four genes that can be alternately spliced to produce nine different mRNAs, each of which has a unique tissue-specific distribution. Examination of the expression of these mRNAs in rat brain during development revealed that transcripts from three of the four known genes are expressed by the end of gestation. However, the stage of transcription induction varies among the isoforms. The mRNA encoding plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) 1b, the isoform though to maintain a housekeeping function, was present from embryonic day 10. The other alternatively spliced PMCA1 mRNAs, PMCA1a and c, which are preferentially expressed in the brain, did not appear until embryonic day 14. PMCA2a mRNA and the alternatively spliced PMCA2b and c transcripts were coordinately induced on embryonic day 18. The PMCA3a transcript first appeared on embryonic day 18 but did not reach steady-state levels until postnatal day 3, whereas production of PMCA3b mRNA first occurred on embryonic day 10 and reached steady-state expression by embryonic day 18. Several PMCA mRNAs tested varied in expression in specific regions of the brain that were examined at three postnatal time points.
Complexation of UVI with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid in acidic to basic solutions.

Complexation of UVI with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDPA) in acidic to basic solutions has been studied with multiple techniques. A number of 1:1 (UO2H3L), 1:2 (UO2HjL2 where j = +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, and −1), and 2:2 [(UO2)2HjL2 where j = +1, 0, and −1] complexes form, but the 1:2 complexes are the major species in a wide pH range. Thermodynamic parameters (formation constants and enthalpy and entropy of complexation) were determined by potentiometry and calorimetry. Data indicate that the complexation of UVI with HEDPA is exothermic, favored by the enthalpy of complexation. This is in contrast to the complexation of UVI with dicarboxylic acids in which the enthalpy term usually is unfavorable. Results from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 31P NMR have confirmed the presence of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:2 UVIHEDPA complexes.
An Active Mechanism for Completion of the Final Stage of Protein Degradation in the Liver, Lysosomal Transport of Dipeptides *

Accumulation of products of proteolysis (e.g. dipeptides) in lysosomes may have pathological consequences. In the present experiment we have investigated the existence of a dipeptide transporter in a membrane preparation of liver lysosomes using Gly-3H-Gln as the probe. The results showed that (a) there was transport of Gly-Gln into an osmotically reactive space inside the lysosomal membrane vesicles; (b) transport was stimulated by acidification (pH 5.0) of the external medium; (c) there was a coupling between transport of protons and Gly-Gln with a stoichiometry of 1:1; (d) the presence of both acidic pH and membrane potential was necessary for uphill transport of Gly-Gln; (e) a single transporter with a Km of 4.67 mM mediated the uptake of Gly-Gln; and (f) Gly-Gln uptake was inhibited by dipeptides and tripeptides but not by amino acids. The results suggest the presence of a low affinity proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter in the liver lysosomal membrane which mediates transfer of dipeptides from a region of low dipeptidase activity (intralysosome) to a region of high dipeptidase activity (cytosol). In this manner, the transporter provides an active mechanism for completion of the final stage of protein degradation.
Separating, incompressible surfaces in 3-manifolds

Incompressible surfaces (see definition below) are one of the fundamental tools in the topological theory of 3-manifolds. The elementary fact that a compact, connected, orientable 3-manifold M with non-empty boundary contains a nonseparating, two-sided (definition below) incompressible surface is the starting point for Haken's theorem ([5], Theorem 13.3) that if M is also irreducible (w then it has a "hierarchy", i.e. can be reduced to a ball by successive splittings along two-sided incompressible surfaces. Most of the deeper known results on 3manifolds depend on this. For many purposes, separating incompressible surfaces seem more useful than non-separating ones. This is apparent, for example, to anyone who has studied fundamental groups of 3-manifolds by using hierarchies: a separating incompressible surface in M yields a decomposition of zrl(M ) as a free product with amalgamation, whereas a non-separating one gives only an " H N N decomposition" of nl(M), from which group-theoretical experience shows that it is much harder to extract information. On the other hand, separating incompressible surfaces which are non-triviali.e. not boundary-parallel (see below) have, until now, seemed very hard to come by, except in examples. The main theorem of this paper, Theorem 1 of Sect. 4, guarantees that a compact connected orientable 3-manifold M will have a non-trivial separating incompressible surface provided that H I (M;Q) is carried by the boundary of M and that some boundary component of M has genus > 1. This is used to prove Theorem 2 of Sect. 5, which asserts that if in addition M is irreducible and every incompressible torus in M is boundary-parallel, then M can be reduced to a disjoint union of solid tori and products of 2-tori with closed intervals by successive splittings along separating incompressible surfaces. As a corollary we get an analogous result for a large class of homology 3-spheres. Theorem 1 is quite deep, for it depends on William Thurston's recent work on hyperbolic structures in 3-manifolds. The proof combines one of Thurston's results with an algebraic result of Hyman Bass's (based on work of Serre's) and some elementary algebraic geometry. This material is reviewed in Sects. 1 and 3.
THE DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL INTENSITY IN FOREIGN‐OWNED MANUFACTURING ACROSS U.S. REGIONS

This paper empirically tests hypothesized influences on the capital intensity of foreign direct investment (FDI) among the 48 contiguous United States. A theoretical profit maximizing model of the firm is developed linking capital intensity to traditional variables (the prices of labor and capital services); the model also takes account of the price of energy, agglomeration effects, educational levels, the importance of labor unions, and state and local public capital. The main focus is on the effects of public capital on the capital intensity of FDI. Public capital is disaggregated as follows: highway, sewer and water, and other (primarily buildings). The operational model defines FDI as the 1986 gross value of property, plant, and equipment of manufacturing affiliates of firms with headquarters in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Findings are reported both for total manufacturing and for manufacturing disaggregated into five industry groups. Generally, the results emphasize that highway infrastructure and sewer and water public capital act as powerful incentives to attract capital-intensive FDI across the 48 contiguous United States.
Non-selective copper film growth on Kapton (polyimide) by MOCVD

Abstract High-purity polycrystalline Cu films have been deposited for the first time on a commercial polyimide using thermal, cold-wall, reduced-pressure (20 Torr) MOCVD. Two precursors were employed; Cu(acac)2 and Cu(HFA)2. The deposition temperature ranged from 275 to 425 °C and the source temperature ranged from 85 to 150 °C depending on the source involved. The reaction proceeded with and without the help of H2O vapor. When H2O was used, the film growth rate was up to 420 A min−1 and grain sizes up to 1.5 μm were obtained in the case of the Cu(HFA)2 source. H2O significantly increased the growth rate in the case of the Cu(aca)2 source. When H2O was not used, with either sources, the grain size was smaller (0.7−1.1 μm) and the films were physically more optically reflective. In the first few minutes of the deposition, the deposited film consisted entirely of the copper oxide phase. As the reaction continued, pure Cu films were obtained. The films were characterized using XRD, LVSEM, SAXPS and RBS. Electrical resistivity of 3.25 μΩ cm was measured for films prepared with deposition temperatures of 420 °C and in the presence of H2O vapor. Simple Scotch-tape adhesion tests revealed qualitatively that the deposited films adhere well to the polyimide substrate.
Effect of glutamine limitation on the death of attached Chinese hamster ovary cells.

The effect of glutamine depletion on the death of attached Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. Experiments were performed using an anchorage dependent CHO cell line expressing [gamma]-IFN and a second cell line obtained by transfection of that cell line with the human bcl-2 (hbcl-2). Either cell line could grow in media devoid of glutamine with minimal cell death due to endogenous glutamine synthetase activity that allowed cells to synthesize glutamine from glutamic acid in the medium. However, compared to control cultures in glutamine-containing media, the cell growth rate in glutamine-free media was slower with an increased fraction of cells distributed in the G[sub 0]/G[sub 1] phase. The slower rate of cell cycling apparently protected the cells from entering apoptosis when they were stimulated to proliferate in an environment devoid of other protective factors, such as serum or over-expressed hbcl-2. The depletion of both glutamine and glutamic acid did cause cell death, which could be mitigated by hbcl-2 over-expression.
The Third 20 Amino Acid Repeat Is the Tightest Binding Site of APC for β-Catenin

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) plays a critical role in the Wnt signaling pathway by tightly regulating beta-catenin turnover and localization. The central region of APC is responsible for APC-beta-catenin interactions through its seven 20 amino acid (20aa) repeats and three 15 amino acid (15aa) repeats. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we have determined the binding affinities of beta-catenin with an APC 15aa repeat fragment and each of the seven 20aa repeats in both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated states. Despite sequence homology, different beta-catenin binding repeats of APC have dramatically different binding affinities with beta-catenin and thus may play different biological roles. The third 20aa repeat is by far the tightest binding site for beta-catenin among all the repeats. The fact that most APC mutations associated with colon cancers have lost the third 20aa repeat underlines the importance of APC-beta-catenin interaction in Wnt signaling and human diseases. For every 20aa repeat, phosphorylation dramatically increases its binding affinity for beta-catenin, suggesting phosphorylation has a critical regulatory role in APC function. In addition, our CD and NMR studies demonstrate that the central region of APC is unstructured in the absence of beta-catenin and Axin, and suggest that beta-catenin may interact with each of the APC 15aa and 20aa repeats independently.
Choline potentiates the trans-synaptic induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by reserpine, probably by enhancing the release of acetylcholine.

Abstract Choline or reserpine causes a trans-synaptic induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. To examine further the relationship between impulse flow, mediated by reserpine, and the effects of choline, we injected rats with both agents concurrently. Their simultaneous administration elevated tyrosine hydroxylase activity to a level higher than the increase caused by either agent alone. These observations suggest that reserpine acts by increasing the rate of impulse flow, while choline acts by increasing the amount of ACh released per impulse.
How Avatar Customizability Affects Children's Arousal and Subjective Presence During Junk Food–Sponsored Online Video Games

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how children cognitively and emotionally process interactive marketing of snack food products in advergames. Children (N = 30) aged 10 to 12 were asked to play advergames with (a) avatars that were assigned to them, (b) avatars chosen from a pool, and (c) self-designed avatars. The children's skin conductance levels were collected during play. After gameplay, at each customization level, self-reported presence was collected. The results of this study indicate that customization of game avatars can affect both subjective feelings of presence and psychophysiological indicators of emotion during gameplay, which may make the gameplay experience more enjoyable. This may have implications for game sponsors and producers. Self-reported presence had no effect on psychophysiological indicators of emotion during gameplay. Implications of this finding and limitations of this study are discussed.
Improving methods of assessing natural killer cell cytotoxicity.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a class of lymphocytes important in immune resistance to viral and other serious diseases. The cytotoxic function, or ‘killing activity’ of NK cells has become important in studies of the effects of stress and other psychosocial factors on physical health. Unfortunately, research on NK cell function has been plagued by discrepancies in the methods of interpreting NK cytotoxicity data. We briefly review some of the variations in measuring NK cell activity and present a new model for interpreting these results, introducing maximal target cell lysis (A) and the slope of the cytolytic curve (k) as parameters that attempt to make full use of the information and the statistical power in NK cell cytotoxicity data. Examples of these interpretation methods are presented using NK cytotoxicity data from a group of metastatic breast cancer patients. This approach will be useful in applications of NK cell measurement in psychoneuroimmunology research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure sensitive design of an orthotropic plate subjected to tensile load

Abstract Microstructure Sensitive Design (MSD) is a newly developed mathematical framework that facilitates rigorous solutions to inverse problems in microstructure design of materials. In this paper, this methodology is applied to an orthotropic thin plate containing a circular hole subjected to an in-plane uniaxial tensile load. The primary design objective is to maximize the load carrying capacity of the plate while avoiding plastic deformation in the plate. Making use of the inherent anisotropy of fcc polycrystals arising from distribution of lattice orientations (also referred to as crystallographic texture), microstructures have been identified in copper that are predicted to yield the best and worst possible performance, respectively. The microstructure with the best load carrying capacity was found to show an increase of about 59% compared to the microstructure with the worst load carrying capacity. The solutions from the MSD methodology were validated by direct comparisons from finite element simulations that employed a Taylor-type polycrystal constitutive model at each integration point. A reasonable agreement was obtained between MSD predictions and finite element simulations.
Differential sensitivity of rat liver and rat hepatoma cells to α-amanitin

Abstract α-Amanitin, an inhibitor of RNA polymerase derived from the mushroom Amanita phalloides , was shown to be about five times more potent than actinomycin-D in inhibiting rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase induction by cortisol. Rat hepatoma cells grown in culture, however, were resistant to these inhibitory effects of α-amanitin, while actinomycin-D effectively inhibited enzyme induction in these cells. The insensitivity of the hepatoma cells could not be accounted for by: (a) specific binding of α-amanitin to fetal calf serum protein present in the tissue culture medium; (b) metabolic conversion of this bicyclic octapeptide to an active compound in rat liver which does not occur in hepatoma cells; or (c) rapid inactivation of this substance by the hepatoma cells. RNA polymerase studies with isolated nuclei indicated that inhibition of cortisol induction of rat liver tyrosine aminotransferase by α-amanitin was accompanied by an inhibition of Mn 2+ /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -activated RNA polymerase. No effect on the Mg 2+ -activated polymerase was noted. Similar experiments with hepatoma cells, in conjunction with [ 14 C]-uracil and [ 3 H 5 ]-orotic acid uptake studies, indicated that the RNA polymerase of these cells was sensitive to α-amanitin only when the cell membrane was broken. The two major conclusions from these data are: (1) hepatoma cells are insensitive to α-amanitin because they are impermeable to this substance, and (2) the correlation between inhibition of the Mn 2+ /(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 -activated RNA polymerase and inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase induction by cortisol strongly suggests that modification of transcription by this hormone is the primary stimulus for increased synthesis of this enzyme.
First-order irrotationality in Gerstner's trochoidal waves

The exact equations expressing a possible form of gravity wave motion, given byGerstner in 1802, are more of a curiosity than a cornerstone of the hydrodynamic theory of surface waves. The reason is that the motion is not strictly irrotational while physically meaningful waves do possess this property-and no suitable measure of rotationality has been available to permit the extent of the deficiency to be assessed. The Lagrangian method of flow description is shown to provide the required measure, introducing the concepts of first-order irrotationality as well as a ‘displacement potential’. In this manner the gulf that separates Gerstner's unique and important wave solution from the larger body of wave theory is bridged.
Monitoring trichloroethylene mineralization by Pseudomonas cepacia G4 PR1

To analyze the extent of mineralization of trichloroethylene (TCE) without disturbing an actively growing biofilm, a minimal growth medium was formulated that reduces the concentration of chloride ions to the extent that the chloride ions generated from TCE mineralization may be detected with a chloride-ion-specific electrode. By substituting chloride salts with phosphates and nitrates, a chloride-free minimal medium was produced that yields a specific growth rate for Pseudomonas cepacia G4 PR1 which was 93% of that in chloride-ion-containing minimal medium. Furthermore, TCE degradation by resting cell suspensions was similar in both media (85% of 75 μM TCE degraded in 6 h), and complete mineralization of TCE was slightly superior in the chloride-free minimal medium (77% compared to 60% of 75 μM TCE mineralized in 6 h). In addition, indole-containing, minimal-medium agar plates were developed to indicate the presence of the TCE-degrading enzyme toluene ortho-monooxygenase (fire-engine-red colonies) as well as to distinguish this enzyme from other TCE-degrading enzymes (toluene dioxygenase and toluene para-monooxygenase).
IN VIVO LIPID PEROXIDATION IN NEWBORN RABBITS: EFFECT OF OXYGEN AND VITAMIN E

Expired ethane and pentane are sensitive in vivo monitors of lipid peroxidation. The present study examined the effect of vitamin E (E) on lipid peroxidation in newborn rabbit pups exposed to normoxia (A) or hyperoxia (O2). All pups were given parenteral fluid (electrolytes and glucose) and were treated with either E (100 mg/kg α-tocopherol IV) or placebo. O2 exposure did not alter expired pentane levels in either the E- or placebo-treated pups (3.3 pmoles/100 g/min in O2 vs 4.1 pmoles/100 g/min in A). Expired pentane levels were significantly reduced in E-treated A or O2-exposed pups compared to placebo-treated A or O2-exposed pups (1.6 pmoles/100 g/min in E vs 6.6 pmoles/100 g/min in placebo). Lung E levels were 162 ± 42 μg α-tocopherol/g in E-treated vs 4.2 ± 6 μg/g in controls (mean ± SD). Expired ethane levels were not different among the four treatment groups. Animals given only parenteral fluid had a 13% 3-day mortality in O2 vs 0% in A. Elevated expired pentane levels (300 pmoles/kg/min) in an infant on parenteral lipid emulsion were not altered by E therapy (100 mg/kg α-tocopherol daily p.o. × 3). These data show that a single 100 mg/kg IV dose of E significantly increased lung E levels and reduced expired pentane in newborn rabbits given only parenteral fluids. O2 did not effect expired ethane or pentane levels but did result in lung injury and mortality. Oxygen toxicity may arise from mechanisms other than those associated with lipid peroxidation. (Supported by NIH GM12675 and PMA Fellowship.)
Isolation of Lipase-Active Fractions from Ultra-High Temperature-Processed Milk and Their Patterns of Releasing Fatty Acids from Milk Fat Emulsion

Abstract To examine residual lipase activities in UHT-processed milk samples, two protein isolates were prepared, one from aqueous supernatant and the other from milk fat globule membrane. Results of DEAE-cellulose chromatography indicated that the protein isolates from the aqueous supernatants contained three lipase-active fractions; the proteins from the milk fat globule membranes exhibited only one lipase-active fraction. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed that the lipase-active fractions from the aqueous supernatants contained a major or minor κ-casein component, as well as other caseins and whey proteins. However, the lipase-active fraction from the milk fat globule membranes was composed mainly of α-casein. When a pool of the lipase-active fractions from the aqueous supernatants was incubated with a milk fat emulsion at 35°C for 4 h, the fractions hydrolyzed butyric acid the most, followed by caproic and palmitic acids. However, the lipase-active fraction from the milk fat globule membranes hydrolyzed palmitic and stearic acids most, followed by linoleic and oleic acids.
Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles: Patterns of ossification in the skeleton of Chelydra serpentina (Reptilia, Testudines)

Patterns and sequence of ossification are described throughout the skeleton of Chelydra serpentina Linnaeus. Evidence is adduced documenting the decoupling of ossification processes from sequence and patterns of chondrification. Convergence of ontogenetic repatterning in the ossification of the axial skeleton in Chelydra and Squamata is discussed, as are problems of adaptive modification of ossification patterns. The development of a carapace may be correlated with changes of ossification patterns in the postcranial axial skeleton of turtles, but the most striking evidence for the adaptive modification of ossification sequence obtains from a comparison of the limb skeleton and its ossification in Chelydra and in sea turtles
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of poly(acrylic acid)-conjugated liposomes by macrophages

The uptake characteristics of negatively-charged liposomes made by conjugation of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were studied with respect to cultured RAW macrophages. The PAA-conjugated liposomes were internalized and digested in an acidic compartment at a much faster rate than the unmodified phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes. After incubation for 18 h, an over 5-fold increase in the uptake of PC liposomes was obtained by PAA conjugation. Subsequently, part of the aqueous phase of the internalized liposomes was exocytosed. Recognition of PAA by the macrophages seems to be responsible for the enhanced uptake of PAA-conjugated liposomes. Cross-competition experiments showed that PAA-conjugated liposomes inhibited the uptake of acetylated-low density lipoprotein (acetyl-LDL) by the macrophages and vice versa. The uptake of PAA-conjugated liposomes was also inhibited by dextran sulfate and maleylated-bovine serum albumin (maleyl-BSA), which are also known to bind to scavenger receptors. Poly(C) and BSA, which are not ligands for the scavenger receptor, competed poorly with the uptake of PAA-conjugated liposomes. Enhanced uptake of PAA-conjugated liposomes by CHO cells with low scavenger receptor expression was not observed. Unexpectedly, LDL, which is not a ligand for scavenger receptor, also partially inhibited the uptake of PAA-conjugated liposomes. The interaction of PAA-conjugated liposomes with macrophages is complex, and the endocytosis of PAA-conjugated liposomes most likely involves multiple receptors and/or pathways. The data obtained suggest that the high affinity binding of PAA-conjugated liposomes to macrophages may be due to recognition of the negative charges of PAA by cell surface receptors, including the scavenger receptor.
Brauer-Manin obstruction to weak approximation on abelian varieties

LetA be an abelian variety defined over a number fieldK. Assume that the Tate-Shafarevich group is finite. We prove that the condition that the topological closure ofA (K) in $$\prod {_{v \in M_K^\infty } A(K_v )} $$ is open is equivalent to the condition that the Brauer-Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to weak approximation.
Scrap Drives, Stamp Sales, and School Spirit: Examples of Elementary Social Studies during World War II

During World War II, the nature of elementary social studies changed significantly. Prompted by popular interest in the events of the war and government initiated victory and defense savings programs, elementary educators reshaped both the content and structure of their classrooms to foster patriotism, community service, interest in geography and history, and good citizenship traits. Students participated in war savings stamp and bond sales, scrap collection drives, and production of war-related plays; they studied rationing economics and conservation of resources; they expanded their understanding of geography and world events; and they learned how to be responsible citizens working toward the common goal of victory in the war. As a result of enhanced and broadened activity during the war years, elementary social studies emerged as a curricular field of prominence.
Are you Baby-Friendly? Knowledge deficit among US maternity staff.

Background:The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative began in 1991. In 2010, approximately 3% of United States (US) hospitals were Baby-Friendly certified. When collecting data for related studies, we ...
Tinea corporis gladiatorum: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: Tinea corporis gladiatorum has been an infrequently reported condition in the dermatological literature. Two previous reports have investigated wrestlers during recognized epidemics of tinea corporis gladiatorum, but no study has examined wrestlers to determine the point prevalence of tinea corporis gladiatorum in a team without a known epidemic. Furthermore, no comparative study exists. Objective: The purpose of this article is to determine the prevalence of tinea corporis gladiatorum in high school wrestlers in comparison with high school indoor track athletes. Methods: Members of both the high school wrestling and indoor track teams were examined for the presence of tinea corporis. Students with clinical lesions of tinea corporis were evaluated with potassium hydroxide examination. The prevalence of tinea corporis in each group was compared. Results: Seven of the 29 high school wrestlers (24%) had lesions of tinea corporis. No members of the track team had evidence of tinea corporis. There was a statistical difference between the two groups ( P = .005). Conclusion: Tinea corporis gladiatorum can be found quite frequently among high school wrestlers. Because infection with dermatophytes can disqualify a wrestler from competing in matches, vigilant surveillance and rapid initiation of therapy can reduce the suspension of a team's practice and competition. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:1039-41.)
Silane modified inorganic membranes: Effects of silane surface structure

Abstract Surface modification of mesoporous, inorganic substrates by organo-silanes to enhance the gas separation properties was studied with an emphasis on understanding the influence of the silane layer structure. Dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane (OCS) was used to create a polymer brush on the surface of mesoporous Vycor glass and octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODS) was used to create a polymerized silane layer. The membranes were characterized by gas permeation as well as indirectly by NMR spectroscopy on silica gel that had undergone same silane treatment as that of the membranes. All the modified membranes were selective for n -butane over nitrogen at 295 K. A variety of reaction and pretreatment conditions were studied to optimize the loading of monochlorosilanes. The effect of varying the silanization reaction temperature was minimal on the selectivity; however, the pure gas selectivity increased by a factor of three by varying the pretreatment conditions. For a typical OCS modified membrane, the pure n -butane/nitrogen selectivity was 7.8 as compared to the mixed gas selectivity of 72.9 for a 50% mixture of n -butane in nitrogen. This difference was probably due to the pore blocking effects of n -butane. In comparison to the OCS membrane, the ODS membrane was seven times more selective for n -butane over nitrogen in the pure gas experiments. However, in the mixed gas experiments, higher n -butane/nitrogen separation factors were observed for the membrane modified with OCS as compared to the ODS-modified membrane.
Measurement and correlates of social attitudes

A review of research addressing correlates of attitudes toward social responsibility of business leads to the conclusion that little can currently be confidently stated concerning such correlates and that progress toward the understanding of relevant linkages is largely dependent on the development of psychometrically adequate indices of social attitudes.
A CMOS 1Gb/s 5-Tap Transversal Equalizer Based on Inductorless 3rd-Order Delay Cells

The 5-tap FIR structure uses 3rd-order linear-phase cells to implement delays of 500ps for a T/2 fractionally-spaced equalizer. To improve the bandwidth of the summing circuit, the design incorporates a transimpedance load, increasing the bandwidth by a factor of 3.6 over a conventional resistive load. The equalizer consumes 96mW with plusmn1.5V and occupies 0.26mm2 in a CMOS 0.35mum process.
Quantum Transport with Band-Structure and Schottky Contacts

We describe (i) a parametrized single-band model that mimics the full-band Γ-valley non-parabolicity, (ii) a method for calculating the semi-classical and quantum electron charge with the sp3s* band-structure model, and (iii) a Schottky contact model compatible with any localized orbital band-structure model.
Effects of Antioxidants and Packaging on Lipid and Cholesterol Oxidation and Color Changes of Irradiated Egg Yolk Powder

Electron-beam irradiation significantly increased the oxidation of docosahexaenoic, arachidonic and linolenic acids, and cholesterol in egg yolk powder. Arachidonic-acid content was reduced from 4.58% to 3.07%, and total cholesterol oxidation products increased from 11 microgram/g to 467 microgram/g after 5.0 kGy irradiation. Further oxidation occurred during storage. Vacuum-packaging significantly reduced, but the use of antioxidants had no effect on the fatty acids and cholesterol oxidation during irradiation and storage. Irradiation caused color change in egg yolk powder. The Hunter color a- (redness) values decreased from 3.89 to 2.48 and 1.94, respectively, after 2.5 and 5.0 kGy irradiation. Hunter color a- and b-values were also decreased during storage. Vacuum-packaging and antioxidants significantly reduced color changes.
The Democratic-Peace Thesis and U.S. Relations with Colombia and Venezuela

The democratic-peace thesis is the argument that democracies do not fight wars against each other because of shared norms, economic trade relationships, and/or institutional and societal checks upon the power of executives. The effect of public opinion upon political behavior or the requirement of legislative approval for executive action or even the belief that disputes should be resolved through cooperative mechanisms is viewed as conducive to the cooperative resolution of conflicts between democracies. Though substantial evidence exists that democracies have rarely fought large-scale wars' with each other, it has been shown that they have intervened militarily intervened and engaged in covert actions against other democracies to achieve their goals (Kegley and Hermann, 1995: 3; Forsythe, 1992). Advocates of the democratic-peace thesis consider this explainable in terms of differences in the "level" of democracy. They argue that these interventions and covert actions have been employed against democratic states that are weakly consolidated or have been directed at "promoting" or "safeguarding" democracy rather than undermining it. An analysis of U.S. responses to political crises in Colombia and Venezuela reveals that, despite the long history of competitive democratic institutions in these countries, U.S. policy worked to weaken or oust their democratically elected leaders to achieve its national-security objectives and establish an inviting business environment for transnational corporations. The objective of U.S. policy was not to preserve democracy but to undermine it. Furthermore, the predicted cooperative resolution of conflicts between democracies was weak to nonexistent. Cultural and institutional restrictions upon state leaders and economic relations between states have often been cited as reasons that democracies do not engage in wars or militarized disputes2 with each other (Doyle, 1986; Morgan and Campbell, 1991). The externalization of democratic norms (i.e., the importance of dialogue and negotiation), trade relations, and similar
Fluctuation Analysis with the Spinning Disk Confocal Microscope

942-Pos Fluctuation Analysis with the Spinning Disk Confocal Microscope Francesco Cutrale, Enrico Gratton. Univ California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Analysis of the ﬂuctuations in time and space of confocal images has the poten- tial to provide information about molecular diffusion and molecular interac- tions directly in live cells. Fluctuation image analysis has been commonly done in the laser scanning microscope. In the slow regime, when the ﬂuctua- tions are slower than the frame rate, the time correlation between the same pixel in different frames of an image stack provides all the information about diffu- sion and brightness. In the fast regime, for example for molecules diffusing in the cytoplasm, the frame rate is too slow to follow the ﬂuctuations due to dif- fusion. In the raster scan confocal microscope, these ﬂuctuations are detectable because of the correlation of the intensity with the next pixel in the same line or in the next line. In ﬂuctuation spectroscopy an important parameters is the sam- pling time that must be shorter that the time of the decay of the ﬂuctuation. In the spinning disk confocal microscope, the sampling time at each pixel is very short. However, in the normal data acquisition protocol of the spinning disk mi- croscope the intensity at one pixel is averaged with the intensity at the same pixel after the disk has performed several rotations. In this work we triggered the camera acquisition so that each pixel is visited only once per frame ac- quired. While we are observing ﬂuctuations due to fast moving bright particles, the ﬂuctuations due to dim particles seem to be buried in the noise of the sys- tem. We are investigating the origin of this extra noise and developing methods to characterize it so that it can be properly subtracted. Work supported in part by NIH-P41 P41-RRO3155 and P50-GM076516
Chemical reporters for biological discovery

Functional tools are needed to understand complex biological systems. Here we review how chemical reporters in conjunction with bioorthogonal labeling methods can be used to image and retrieve nucleic acids, proteins, glycans, lipids and other metabolites in vitro, in cells as well as in whole organisms. By tagging these biomolecules, researchers can now monitor their dynamics in living systems and discover specific substrates of cellular pathways. These advances in chemical biology are thus providing important tools to characterize biological pathways and are poised to facilitate our understanding of human diseases.
Some experiments on delta wings in hypersonic flow.

An exploratory experimental investigation was made of flat delta wings at angles of attack. The tests were made in the Princeton University Helium Hypersonic Wind Tunnel at Mach number 11.8 and at Reynolds numbers based on leading edge thickness ranging from 4200 to 28,000. The leading edges of the models used in the investigation were swept back at angles of 60° and 70° and had thicknesses of 0.005 in. and 0.030 in. The angle of attack of the models was varied from 0° to 50°. Static pressures and flow directions were measured on the surface of the model. The resulting data were analyzed, and the pressure measurements correlated with the viscous interaction parameter were evaluated using conical flow properties. The effect of leading edge and apex bluntness on static pressures was examined and shown to be present in various degrees throughout the spectrum of angle of attack tested. Blunting the apex and the leading edge are shown to cause unexpected effects on the pressure distribution along the leading edge. The flow in the boundary layer was shown to have strong spanwise tendencies in both the low and high angle-of-attack regimes, and to depend on bluntness. The concepts of spanwise and chordwise strip theory are discussed and applied to the analysis of the experimental data.
The vibrational spectra of crystalline W2O3(PO4)2 and related tungsten phosphate glasses

Abstract IR and Raman spectra were measured and analyzed for crystalline W 2 O 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . Factor group analysis indicates that the observed vibrational spectra can be interpreted better with the earlier determined space group P2 1 m−C 2 2h than with the space group P 2 1 − C 2 2 . Band assignments for this material are consistent with those made earlier for related materials. IR spectra indicate that the short range order of glasses with compositions close to W 2 O 3 (PO 4 ) 2 crystals are similar to that of the latter crystalline material. As the WO 3 concentration increases in the glasses, the number of WO 6 -octahedra possessing only W-O single bonds increases in the glass structure. PO bonds are found in the tungsten phosphate glasses containing higher P 2 O 5 contents.
Does Cognitive Impairment Cause Poststroke Depression

Studies have demonstrated that poststroke depression is associated with cognitive impairment, but have failed to show improvement in cognitive function when mood improves. A consecutive series of patients with (n = 41) or without (n = 135) major depression were evaluated for cognitive functioning during acute hospitalization and either 3 or 6 months later. Patients with poststroke major depression whose mood improved at follow-up had significantly greater recovery in cognitive functioning than patients whose mood did not improve. Furthermore, patients whose cognitive functioning improved at follow-up had significantly greater improvement in mood than comparable patients whose cognitive function did not improve, suggesting that poststroke major depression leads to cognitive impairment and not vice versa. The failure of previous treatment studies to show cognitive improvement in poststroke patients with depression was probably due to the inclusion of patients with minor depression (not associated with cognitive impairment) or the failure of patients with major depression to respond to treatment.