cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The electroencephalogram of the normal “grade” pony in sleep and wakefulness

Abstract 1. 1. The basic characteristics of the stages of sleep and wakefulness in the “grade” pony as found in this study are summarized as follows: 2. 2. The waking EEG was composed of mostly fast frequency (16–25/sec) low voltage (10–50 μV) waves. 3. 3. Drowsiness was characterized by waves of 7–16/sec (50–70 μV) and 4–7/sec (50–100 μV), interspersed with runs of alpha (8–12/sec) and sleep spindles (usually around 5–8/sec). 4. 4. The rhythm of slow sleep was observed as having basically slow (1–4/sec), high voltage (100–200 μV) waves upon which faster waves of 10–12/sec (40–100 μV), 7–8/sec spikes (80–150 μV), and K complexes were superimposed. The heart rate and eye movement activity usually decreased from that of wakefulness. In this stage the animal was observed to be either standing with head low or sternally recumbent. 5. 5. Paradoxical sleep was marked by a fast (18–24/sec) low voltage ( 10–30 μV) desynchronized EEG pattern, hardly distinguishable from that of waking except for the frequent appearance of 3–4/sec sawtooth waves in REM. Rapid eye movements, an irregular heart rate, and a greatly diminished neck muscle tone were usually seen during this period. This state was seen only in animals in the sternal recumbent position. The lateral recumbent position was never seen in these experimental animals.
Commentary on 2003-808: Infusion of unwashed umbilical cord blood stem cells after thawing for allogeneic transplantation

Insufficient cell dose is currently the primary limitation to extending cord blood transplantation to adult patients. Excessive cell loss upon removing DMSO from thawed, previously frozen cord blood units (CBUs) further restricts the utility of this stem cell source for transplantation. This has led to experimentation using CBUs that have not been washed,1, 2 despite the report by Kurtzberg et al,3 demonstrating that unwashed CBUs delayed myeloid and platelet engraftment in that study. Delayed engraftment may have been associated with the use of methotrexate given to the study population as GVHD prophylaxis. In all of the published studies to date, platelet engraftment was measured as days to 20 000 per mm3. Further studies are required to determine the best approach for infusion of thawed CBUs, which control for the conditioning regimen (ablative vs nonablative) and GVHD prophylaxis, and monitor platelet engraftment as days to 50 000 per mm3.
Dynamic Precision for Electron Repulsion Integral Evaluation on Graphical Processing Units (GPUs)

It has recently been demonstrated that novel streaming architectures found in consumer video gaming hardware such as graphical processing units (GPUs) are well-suited to a broad range of computations including electronic structure theory (quantum chemistry). Although recent GPUs have developed robust support for double precision arithmetic, they continue to provide 2-8× more hardware units for single precision. In order to maximize performance on GPU architectures, we present a technique of dynamically selecting double or single precision evaluation for electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) in Hartree-Fock and density functional self-consistent field (SCF) calculations. We show that precision error can be effectively controlled by evaluating only the largest integrals in double precision. By dynamically scaling the precision cutoff over the course of the SCF procedure, we arrive at a scheme that minimizes the number of double precision integral evaluations for any desired accuracy. This dynamic precision scheme is shown to be effective for an array of molecules ranging in size from 20 to nearly 2000 atoms.
Endoscopic perforator vein division with ablation of superficial reflux improves venous hemodynamics

Abstract Purpose: Hemodynamic consequences of incompetent perforator vein interruption have not been well documented. The effects of perforator interruption, with or without ablation of superficial venous reflux, on venous function in patients with advanced chronic venous insufficiency was studied. Methods: Calf muscle pump function, venous incompetence, and outflow obstruction were assessed by means of strain-gauge plethysmography (SGP) before and within 6 months after subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS). SEPS was performed with laparoscopic instrumentation and CO 2 insufflation. Concomitant high ligation or saphenous vein stripping was performed in 24 limbs (77%). Results: Twenty-six patients, 18 women and 8 men, with a mean age of 50 years (range, 20 to 77 years) underwent SEPS. Preoperative evaluation confirmed superficial reflux in 65% of limbs, deep venous reflux in 77% of limbs, and perforator incompetence in 97% of limbs. All limbs had advanced venous dysfunction (C3, C4, C5, C6). All active ulcers (C6, n=12) healed after surgery (mean, 32 ± 3 days), and only 1 recurred during a mean follow-up period of 11 months (range, 1 to 43 months). Clinical score improved from 6.58 ± 0.50 to 2.19 ± 0.25 ( P P P P P Conclusion: SEPS with ablation of superficial reflux improved calf muscle pump function, reduced venous incompetence, and produced excellent midterm clinical results. However, functional improvement directly related to SEPS requires further investigation. This study supports adding SEPS to ablation of superficial reflux in patients with advanced chronic venous insufficiency. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:839-47.)
Characterization of intraembryonic freezing in Anopheles gambiae embryos

Intraembryonic freezing (IEF) in Anopheles mosquito embryos has been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry with respect to embryo age, temperature, rate and duration of cooling, and absence or presence of extraembryonic ice. The initial temperatures for intraembryonic ice nucleation were -30.1 +/- 0.3, -28.4 +/- 0.4, and -29.1 +/- 0.2 degree C for embryos incubated for 15 h at 17 degrees C, 15 h at 26 degrees C, and 24 h at 26 degrees C, respectively, after oviposition. The first value is slightly but significantly lower than the latter two. These values were obtained on embryos in which the surface water was removed by brief drying; however, the values were nearly identical when external water and ice were present. Not only were the embryos of all three ages able to supercool at least transiently to -26 degrees C, but they could remain supercooled for up to 4 h at -20 degrees C after being cooled to -20 degrees C at 10 degrees C/min or (in the case of embryos incubated for 15 h at 26 degrees C) at 100 degrees C/min. The amount of freezable water in single embryos has been calculated from the differential scanning calorimetry measurements to be 3.45 +/- 0.08, and 3.53 +/- 0.06 microgram for embryos incubated for 15 h at 17 degrees C, 15 h at 26 degrees C, and 24 h at 26 degrees C, respectively. The differences are not significant. The corresponding values for the total water contents for embryos of the three ages were 4.04 +/- 0.20, 3.72 +/- 0.16, and 3.98 +/- 0.10 microgram, values that also did not differ significantly. Water thus makes up approximately 74% of the total weight of the embryo (approximately 5.3 micrograms) and about 91% of that water is freezable. Total water contents were determined gravimetrically after extensive air and vacuum drying. The kinetics of dehydration were determined during the air drying. They differed substantially among the three ages. The embryos incubated for 15 h at 17 degrees C lost water at about four times the rate of those incubated for 15 h at 26 degrees C and 10 times the rate of the embryos incubated for 24 h at 26 degrees C.
Primary Intraosseous Cavernous Hemangioma of the Clivus: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Primary intraosseous hemangiomas are benign, vascular malformations that account for approximately 1% of all primary bone neoplasms. These tumors are mostly found in vertebral bodies and are rarely seen in the calvarium, where they represent 0.2% of bony neoplasms. When found in the skull, they tend to present with vague symptoms and do not have the typical radiological findings suggestive of hemangiomas. Because of this, these tumors can be missed in many cases or may be misinterpreted as more ominous lesions like multiple myeloma or osteosarcoma. Involvement of the skull base is exceedingly rare, and presentation with cranial nerve unilateral polyneuropathies has not been reported. We report a patient case with review of recent pertinent literature.
Extensional rheology of DNA suspensions in microfluidic devices

Newtonian liquids that contain even small amounts (∼ppm) of flexible polymers can exhibit viscoelastic behavior in extensional flows. Here, the effects of the presence of DNA molecules in viscous fluids on the dynamics of filament thinning and drop breakup are investigated experimentally in a cross-slot microchannel. Both bulk flow and single molecule experiments are presented. Suspensions of DNA molecules of different molecular weights (MW) are used, namely λ-DNA (MW = 3 × 107) and T4 DNA (MW = 1 × 108). Results of both dilute (c/c* = 0.5) and semi-dilute (c/c* = 1) suspensions are compared to those of a viscous, Newtonian liquid. Results show that the dynamics of the high MW, semi-dilute suspension of T4 DNA are similar to viscoelastic fluids such as slow, exponential decay of the fluid thread and beads-on-a-string morphology. The exponential decay rate of the filament thickness is used to measure the steady extensional viscosity of all fluids. We find that the semi-dilute T4 DNA suspension exhibits extensional strain rate thinning extensional viscosity, while for all other fluids the extensional viscosity is independent of strain rate. Direct visualization of fluorescently labeled λ-DNA molecules using high-speed imaging shows that the strong flow in the thinning fluid threads provide sufficient forces to stretch the majority of DNA molecules away from their equilibrium coiled state. The distribution of molecular stretch lengths, however, is very heterogeneous due to molecular individualism and initial conditions.
64 radio node testbed for Dynamic Spectrum Access investigations using GNU radio

The assumption is that a DSA radio communications system will offer improved performance versus a fixed frequency system when subjected to spectrum congestion or interference conditions. This study looks to identify the performance impact of the DSA radio network convergence or rendezvous time. The number of DSA radio nodes and spectrum sensed 100 kHz channels will be varied to investigate this.
Optical integration and multi-carrier solutions for 100G and beyond

Abstract In this paper, we will review techniques to achieve 100 Gb/s and higher optical channels; review the impact upon system reach; review the benefits of using multiple carriers; and discuss how optical integration is a key enabling technology for future low cost high capacity systems.
Idiotypic heterogeneity of VκIII autoantibodies to red blood cell antigens

Abstract VκIII light (L) chains are commonly expressed by human autoantibodies with diverse binding specificities, including red blood cell antigens. To better understand the physiologic and pathologic expression of these L chain variable region genes, we have created a panel of murine monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies by immunization with a human lymphoblastoid B cell line that secretes an IgM VκIII autoantibody specific for the I red blood cell carbohydrate determinant. The binding specificities of these nine murine monoclonal antibodies, termed IV.1–IV.9, were evaluated against a large panel of monoclonal Ig proteins and compared to two previously well-characterized monoclonal anti-idiotypes, 6B6.6 and 17.109; these two anti-idiotypes have been shown to primarily identify VκIII rheumatoid factors derived from the kv328 (VκIIIa) and kv325 (VκIIIb) genes, respectively. In contrast, our anti-idiotypic antibodies identified (public) cross-reactive idiotypes present on many VκIII proteins that included both anti-erythrocyte and rheumatoid factor autoantibodies. Certain anti-idiotypic antibodies (IV.2 and IV.6) were restricted to VκIIIa L chains but differed from the 6B6.6 anti-idiotype by binding to a larger subset of VκIIIa proteins representing the products of at least two VκIIIa genes. One antibody of our panel (IV.5) recognized a private idiotope expressed only by the immunizing antibody. Using the panel of anti-idiotypic antibodies to evaluate erythrocyte autoantibodies with different serologic specificities, we found striking heterogeneity of L chain idiotype expression, even among known VκIII anti-i/I autoantiboes. These findings differ from the recently described structural and idiotypic conservation associated with the H chain of anti-i/I autoantibodies. From correlations of idiotypic reactivity with L chains of known sequence, it is postulated that the observed heterogeneity of L chain idiotype expression is due to differences in the genetic origin and/or somatic diversification of L chain variable region genes. Furthermore, subtle variability of L chain structure may contribute in part to the differences in fine binding specificity among anti-I and anti-i autoantibodies.
Maximum likelihood estimation and identification directly from single-channel recordings

We present a method for analysis of noisy sampled data from a single-channel patch clamp which bypasses restoration of an idealized quantal signal. We show that, even in the absence of a specific model, the conductance levels and mean dwell times within those levels can be estimated. Estimation of the rate constants of a hypothesized kinetic scheme is more difficult. We present examples in which the rate constants can be effectively estimated and examples in which they cannot.
The Efficacy of Rifampin as Adjunctive Therapy in Selected Cases of Staphylococcal Endocarditis

Three patients with bacterial endocarditis (one case due to Staphylococcus aureus and two to S epidermidis) failed to improve on standard therapeutic regimens which were judged adequate by in vitro testing for sensitivity. Rifampin was added to the regimen in each case and resulted in increased bactericidal activity in the serum, sterilization of the cardiac valves, and clinical cure. The apparent clinical success that was achieved suggests that further investigation of the effectiveness of therapy with rifampin in selected cases of staphylococcal endocarditis is warranted.
Radiocarbon Dating: Fictitious Results with Mollusk Shells

Evidence is presented to show that modern mollusk shells from rivers can have anomalous radiocarbon ages, owing mainly to incorporation of inactive (carbon-14-deficient) carbon from humus, probably through the food web, as well as by the pathway of carbon dioxide from humus decay. The resultant effect, in addition to the variable contributions of atmospheric carbon dioxide, fermentative carbon dioxide from bottom muds, and, locally, of carbonate carbon from dissolving limestones, makes the initial carbon-14-activity of ancient fresh-water shell indeterminate, but within limits. Consequent errors of shell radiocarbon dates may be as large as several thousand years for river shells.
Central nervous system therapy for lysosomal storage disorders

Most lysosomal storage disorders are characterized by progressive central nervous system impairment, with or without systemic involvement. Affected individuals have an array of symptoms related to brain dysfunction, the most devastating of which is neurodegeneration following a period of normal development. The blood‐brain barrier has represented a significant impediment to developing therapeutic approaches to treat brain disease, but novel approaches— including enzyme replacement, small-molecule, gene, and cell-based therapies—have given children afflicted by these conditions and those who care for them hope for the future. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC/2008/24/3-4/E11)
The impact of chronic illnesses on the use and effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer

BACKGROUND. It is unclear how noncancer conditions affect the use or effectiveness of adjuvant therapy among older patients with colon cancer. METHODS. The authors conducted a cohort study of older patients with stage III colon cancer who were diagnosed from 1993 to 1999 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. The correlations between receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy and heart failure, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were assessed. Multivariable regression analysis was used to assess the risk of death and hospitalization as a function of treatment and comorbidity status. RESULTS. The study sample consisted of 5330 patients (median age, 76 years). The use of adjuvant therapy was related significantly to heart failure (36.2% vs 64.9% of patients with vs without heart failure, respectively; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.40–0.60). More moderate correlations were observed for COPD (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70–0.99) and diabetes (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68–0.97). Among patients who had heart failure, the 5-year survival was significantly higher among those who received adjuvant chemotherapy (adjusted 5-year survival rate, 43%; 95% CI, 40–47%) than among those who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (30%; 95% CI, 27–34%). Among patients without heart failure, the 5-year survival estimates among treated and untreated patients were 54% (95% CI, 52–56%) and 41% (95% CI, 38–44%), respectively. The probability of all-cause, condition-specific, or toxicity-related hospitalization associated with adjuvant therapy was not altered by the presence of any of the 3 conditions. CONCLUSIONS. Although chronic conditions appeared to be a strong barrier to the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant therapy appeared to provide a significant survival benefit to patients who had colon cancer with the conditions studied. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Formation of derivative carbyne complexes from Tp′ (CO)2M≡CCH3 (M = Mo, W)

Chloride displacement from Tp‘(CO)2M⋮CCl (M = Mo, W (1); Tp‘ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) with LiMe2Cu affords the methylcarbyne complex Tp‘(CO)2M⋮CCH3 (M = Mo (2), W (3)). Deprotonation of this methylcarbyne forms [Tp‘(CO)2M=CCH2]- (M = Mo, W (4)), a nucleophilic vinylidene anion which reacts with a variety of substrates. Reaction of 4 with CH3I yields Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCH2CH3 (5), while PhC(O)H yields Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCH2CH(OH)(Ph) (8) and PhC(O)CH3 yields Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCH2C(OH)(CH3)(Ph) (10). In the presence of base complex 8 undergoes elimination to form a conjugated vinyl carbyne complex Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCHCH(Ph) (11). Reaction of 4 with PhC(O)Cl and then base forms Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCH2C(O)Ph (14), which rearranges in solution to a metallafuran complex, (15). Spectroscopic data suggests that a dinuclear intermediate, Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCH2CPh(OH)CH2C⋮W(CO)2Tp‘ (13), is first formed from 4 and PhC(O)Cl before the addition of base produces the expected monomeric product, Tp‘(CO)2W⋮CCH2C(O)Ph (14).
The kinase p38 Regulates Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ in Human Trophoblasts

Deficiency of either the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 or the nuclear receptor PPARγ results in disrupted vasculogenesis and abnormal development of the murine placenta. In addition, PPARγ regulates differentiation of human trophoblasts. Here we tested the hypothesis that p38 plays an important role in the regulation of PPARγ in primary human trophoblasts. We initially confirmed that cultured trophoblasts derived from normal term human placentas express p38 as well as its functional phosphorylated form. Whereas PPARγ did not alter p38 expression, p38 inhibitors diminished the transcriptional activity of PPARγ in primary trophoblasts. In addition, inhibition of p38 resulted in marked attenuation of PPARγ-stimulated hCG production by cultured trophoblast. Our data support an effect of p38 on PPARγ protein stability because p38 inhibition led to reduced expression of PPARγ protein without a significant effect on PPARγ mRNA, and this reduction was blocked by the protease inhibitor MG-132. Together, these data indicate that p38 regulates PPARγ expression and activity in term human trophoblasts. Cross talk between p38 and PPARγ signaling may play a role in modulating differentiation and function of the human placenta.
Exploratory investigation of the effects of vortex bursting on the high angle-of-attack lateral-directional stability characteristics of highly-swept wings

A recent low-speed wind-tunnel investigation of highly-swept wings has shown that vortex breakdown at high angles of attack can cause large destabilizing effects on static lateral-directional stability characteristics, and that the destabilizing effects of vortex breakdown can be greatly aggravated by model support strut interference effects. The present paper discusses these effects based on the results of static force tests of several highly-swept wing configurations for different wind-tunnel strut setup arrangements. Also included in the paper are photographs obtained during tuft-, smoke-, and helium-bubble flow visualization studies to indicate wing flow behavior patterns
Phosphorylation of rabbit parotid microsomal protein occurs only with β-adrenergic stimulation

Summary β-adrenergic stimulation of rabbit parotid gland secretion is associated with phosphorylation of a 34,000 (major) and a 30,000 (minor) molecular weight protein located in the microsomal fraction. Phosphorylation of the same proteins is not observed with either carbachol or phenylephrine despite the fact that both stimulate amylase release. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that phosphorylation of specific proteins in the plasma membrane is involved in β-adrenergic stimulated exocytosis.
The cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen and the FLAP inhibitor MK886 inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis induced in hamsters by transplacental exposure to ethanol and the tobacco carcinogen NNK.

Abstract Purpose. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in men and women. Smoking is a documented risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and the risk is increased in smokers who also consume alcohol. Arachidonic acid (AA)-metabolizing enzymes have been implicated in aggressive clinical behavior of pancreatic cancer while mutations in the Ki-ras gene have been associated with prolonged survival and responsiveness to therapy. Using a hamster model of exocrine pancreatic cancer induced by transplacental exposure to ethanol and the tobacco-carcinogen NNK, we have analyzed these tumors for mutations in the ras and p53 genes and tested the modulating effects of the COX inhibitor, ibuprofen, and the FLAP inhibitor, MK886, on the development of pancreatic cancer in this animal model. Methods. Hamsters were given 10% ethanol in the drinking water from the fifth to the last day of their pregnancy and a single dose of NNK on the last day. Starting at 4 weeks of age, groups of offspring were given either the COX inhibitor ibuprofen (infant Motrin oral suspension) or the FLAP-inhibitor MK886 (dissolved in carboxymethylcellulose orally) for life while a group of offspring not receiving any treatment served as positive controls. Results. None of the induced pancreatic cancers demonstrated mutations in the Ki-, N-, or H-ras or p53 genes. The development of pancreatic cancer in offspring who had been given ibuprofen or MK886 was reduced by 50% or 30%, respectively. Conclusion. In conjunction with the documented over-expression of COX-2 and LOX in human pancreatic cancer, our findings suggest an important role of the AA-cascade in the genesis of this cancer type and indicate that pharmacological or dietary measures that reduce AA-metabolism may be useful for the prevention and clinical management of pancreatic cancer.
NEW HIGH ACCURACY MEASUREMENT OF THE PIONIC MASS

The pionic x-ray energies of the $4f\ensuremath{-}3d$ transition in $\ensuremath{\pi}$-P and the $5f\ensuremath{-}4d$ transition in $\ensuremath{\pi}$-Ti were measured with a bent-crystal spectrometer at the Nevis synchrocyclotron; and a new value of the pionic mass is deduced to be 139 567.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 keV, leading to an improved value for the $\ensuremath{\mu}$-neutrino mass of ${{m}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}}^{2}$=0.102\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.119 ${\mathrm{MeV}}^{2}$; ${m}_{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}l0.52$ MeV, at 90% confidence level.
A classwide peer‐modeling intervention package to increase on‐task behavior

Evidence-based classwide interventions have the potential to help a large number of students by preventing problem behaviors before they become a significant problem in the classroom. Results of a study examining the effectiveness of a classwide peer-modeling intervention package to improve students' on-task behavior in the classroom are presented. The classwide intervention took place in three mixed-grade classrooms (third/fourth, fourth/fifth, and fifth/sixth) with 14–20 students each. Fifteen-minute intervention sessions occurred approximately two times a week for a total of six to eight sessions. During each intervention session, students watched a 4-minute videotape segment depicting a peer model demonstrating near 100% on-task behavior, which was accompanied by verbal coaching and small tangible rewards. Results demonstrated large treatment effects across all three classrooms, which remained large in two of the classrooms at follow-up 4–8 weeks later. Corresponding positive social validity by participating students and teachers was also documented. Results are discussed in terms of implications, limitations, and future research directions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of wetting properties of individual boron nitride nanotubes with the wilhelmy method using a nanotube-based force sensor.

The wetting properties of individual boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) were studied with the Wilhelmy method in ambient conditions. A nanotube-based force sensor having a force resolution of 0.1 nN, ...
Electrophysiological changes of CA3 neurons and dentate granule cells following transient forebrain ischemia

The electrophysiological responses of CA3 pyramidal neurons and dentate granule (DG) cells in rat hippocampus were studied after transient forebrain ischemia using intracellular recording and staining techniques in vivo. Approximately 5 min of ischemic depolarization was induced using 4-vessel occlusion method. The spike threshold and rheobase of CA3 neurons remained unchanged up to 12 h following reperfusion. No significant change in spike threshold was observed in DG cells but the rheobase transiently increased 6-9 h after ischemia. The input resistance and time constant of CA3 neurons increased 0-3 h after ischemia and returned to control ranges at later time periods. The spontaneous firing rate in CA3 neurons transiently decreased shortly following reperfusion, while that of DG cells progressively decreased after ischemia. In CA3 neurons, the amplitude and slope of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) transiently decreased 0-3 h after reperfusion, and the stimulus intensity threshold for EPSPs transiently increased at the same time. No significant changes in amplitude and slope of EPSPs were observed in DG cells, but the stimulus intensity threshold for EPSPs slightly increased shortly after reperfusion. The present study demonstrates that the excitability of CA3 pyramidal neurons and DG cells after 5 min ischemic depolarization is about the same as control levels, whereas the synaptic transmission to these cells was transiently suppressed after the ischemic insult. These results suggest that synaptic transmission is more sensitive to ischemia than membrane properties, and the depression of synaptic transmission may be a protective mechanism against ischemic insults.
Pentalenene biosynthesis and the enzymatic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate: Proof that the cyclization is catalyzed by a single enzyme

Abstract A cell-free preparation from Streptomyces UC5319 has been developed which catalyzes the conversion of trans , trans -farnesyl pyrophosphate ( 1 ) to pentalenene ( 2 ), the parent hydrocarbon of the pentalenolactone family of sesquiterpene antibiotics. Incubation of [9- 3 H 2 , 12,13- 14 C]farnesyl pyrophosphate with the pentalenene synthetase gave [1,8- 3 H 2 , 14,15- 14 C]pentalenene, as established by a combination of chemical and microbial degradation methods. The retention of both equivalents of tritium in the enzymatically derived pentalenene establishes that the cyclization of trans , trans -farnesyl pyrophosphate to 2 is catalyzed by a single enzyme.
Comparison of red-green, blue-yellow and achromatic losses in glaucoma

Achromatic losses in glaucoma would be expected to be greater than, or equal to, red-green chromatic losses if the following assumptions are made: (1) the function of the remaining axons is either unchanged or non-selectively reduced; (2) red-green chromatic information is signaled by the midget ganglion cell system; and (3) the function of the magnocellular system is reduced at least as much as that of the midget ganglion cells. This prediction was tested by measuring red-green (along with blue-yellow) mixture thresholds for 1 deg, 0.2 sec test spots presented on a color monitor on a white background of 50 cd/m2. Ellipses were fitted to plots of green contrast as a function of red contrast (or yellow as a function of blue), and major and minor axes of these ellipses were taken as measures of chromatic and achromatic thresholds, respectively. The study population consisted of 29 eyes in 29 patients with early glaucoma; control data were derived from a data bank of 83 normal eyes. Red-green losses were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than achromatic losses in 6 out of the 11 eyes which showed significant losses of either chromatic or achromatic sensitivity (or both). It is concluded that, for these eyes, at least one of the above three assumptions is incorrect.
Dissolution Rate Studies II: Modified Column Apparatus and Its Use in Evaluating Isosorbide Dinitrate Tablets

A modified, continuous flow, column-type dissolution apparatus, using commercially available components, is described. Two different size dissolution chambers are compared. The system is employed to evaluate experimental and commercial tablets of isosorbide dinitrate (oral and sublingual). Continuous dissolution profiles for each product are presented, and some significant differences among products are shown. Results with this method are compared to those obtained with three beaker methods, including the official USP XVIII-NF XIII rotating basket. Correlation of disintegration times and t50's is made. Specific advantages of the flow method (especially with sublingual tablets) are cited.
Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides using high resolution electrospray ionization ion mobility quadrupole mass spectrometry

The purpose of the current study was to explore and assess the potential of high resolution electrospray ionization atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry (ESI–AP-IMS) as a field analytical method for the detection and identification of mixtures of sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides in aqueous samples. Because of increased usage, persistent behavior, and potential for crop damage, an environmental method of analysis capable of evaluating SU herbicides in a swift and effective manner is necessary. Eight SU herbicides were evaluated using ESI–AP-IMS quadrupole mass spectrometry. The selected herbicides were chosen based upon availability and scope of use. The SU herbicide species were qualitatively identified using quadrupole mass spectrometry, followed by the determination of reduced mobility values for characteristic ions. Various mixtures of rimsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, and primisulfuron-methyl could be revealed using AP-IMS. The ease of use, ability to operate under ambient conditions, and relatively rapid data acquisition times make ESI–AP-IMS an attractive candidate for the analysis of aqueous environmental field samples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 302–312, 2001; DOI 10.1002/fact.10010
Inbreeding and reintroduction: Progeny success in rare Silene populations of varied density

Genetic factors influence the populationviability of rare species, yet the fitnessconsequences of inbred and outbred progeny areseldom tested empirically in reintroductionstrategies designed for species recovery orhabitat restoration. Rare and endangeredplants of Silene (Caryophyllaceae) occuron four continents, including North America. In Oregon, inbred and outbred progeny weremonitored for three years after experimentalreintroduction of a narrow endemic, S.douglasii var. oraria, into formerlygrazed habitat within its presumed historicalrange. Survival and reproduction were comparedfor progeny that were derived from the seeds ofself- versus cross-pollinated flowersproduced in situ at Cascade Head, aUNESCO Biosphere Reserve where the largest ofthree extant populations occurs. Progeny ofcross-pollinated flowers had significantlygreater field survival in all years than didoffspring of selfed or open-pollinated flowers(P < 0.01). Outbred progeny alsosignificantly exceeded other treatment cohortsin canopy area, and produced more reproductivestems and flowers than other progeny types ofthe same maternity. For plots varying in plantdensity, mortality was greatest in thehigh-density competitive regime but thesurvivors reached significantly larger sizesand reproductive capacities than in low densityplots (P < 0.05). In all, successfulconservation plans involving reintroduction mayrequire genetically diverse progeny to offsetinbreeding depression as well as suitableplanting densities and source populations.
Test of quantumchromodynamics through parton-parton scattering in photon-photon collisions

Abstract Various cross sections of jet and hadron productions through hard parton-parton scattering in photon-photon collisions are calculated by quantumchromodynamics. Their characteristics are significantly different from those of e+e− and pp collisions.
Coalescent processes obtained from supercritical Galton–Watson processes

Abstract Consider a population model in which there are N individuals in each generation. One can obtain a coalescent tree by sampling n individuals from the current generation and following their ancestral lines backwards in time. It is well-known that under certain conditions on the joint distribution of the family sizes, one gets a limiting coalescent process as N →∞ after a suitable rescaling. Here we consider a model in which the numbers of offspring for the individuals are independent, but in each generation only N of the offspring are chosen at random for survival. We assume further that if X is the number of offspring of an individual, then P ( X ⩾ k )∼ Ck − a for some a >0 and C >0. We show that, depending on the value of a , the limit may be Kingman's coalescent, in which each pair of ancestral lines merges at rate one, a coalescent with multiple collisions, or a coalescent with simultaneous multiple collisions.
The Digital Difference in Reference Collections

SUMMARY One of the very first digital library developments was the transition of bibliographies to digital formats and the rise of online services which allowed new kinds of searching for topics. Here we examine three other reference genres: (1) Gazetteers, which, when coupled with maps and bibliographies, allow new ways to search by place; (2) Chronologies, which when digitized and combined with time lines and named time periods, transform search by time; and (3) Biographical directories, which, with improved design, could link persons with their contexts in new and more effective ways. The paper will present work developed in a project entitled: Support for the Learner: What, Where, When, and Who.
Automatic Railway Substations

This paper reviews the broad range of conditions to which railway automatic substations have been applied and also discusses the economies and operating advantages effected by their use. A description is given of the modern equipment with details of its operation. Special reference is made to improvements in design of control apparatus, to the positive sequence of starting the machines and the protection afforded the apparatus against overloads or other irregularities either outside or internal to the stations.
Full-wave analysis of a strip crossover

A full-wave analysis of a strip crossover above a conducting plane is carried out. Higher-order modes are excited in the form of evanescent waves in the vicinity of the discontinuity, while further away only the dominant (TEM) modes exist. The higher-order mode currents are modeled by triangle functions and the dominant modes by outgoing traveling waves. The method of moments is used to reduce the integral equations on the surface of each strip to matrix equations whose solution determines the currents on each strip. The impedance and scattering matrices of the four-port network and the equivalent circuit were determined. At low frequencies, the equivalent circuit agrees very well with that which was obtained previously using a quasi-static analysis. The two approaches begin to disagree when the cross-sectional dimensions of the crossover become comparable to a tenth of the wavelength. At that point the quasi-static analysis becomes inaccurate, while the full-wave analysis presented here remains valid. >
Human dispersal and divergence

Dispersal, mate exchange and behavioral innovations leading to cultural dominance and replacement have obscured some of the relationships between major linguistic groups and the biological characteristics of their speakers. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes have resulted in a series of hypotheses about the spread of modern humans. These hypotheses are now being tested by linguistic reconstruction. Genes, language, archaeology and geography are sometimes congruent, but new methods to assess covariation in genetic and linguistic distances are becoming necessary.
The Barotropic Mode for the Primitive Equations

The barotropic mode of the Primitive Equations is considered. The corresponding equations resemble the Euler equations of incompressible flows with marked differences. The existence and uniqueness of solutions for the linearized equations is proven; the proof is based on the study of a nonstandard boundary value problem. In the nonlinear case, several schemes inspired by the projection method are proposed and their stability is studied. Finally, numerical simulations are described using one of these schemes, closely related to the pressure correction projection scheme.
The Effects of Protein Environment on the Low Temperature Electronic Spectroscopy of Cytochrome c and Microperoxidase-11

Low temperature UV-visible spectra of cytochrome c and microperoxidase-11 are studied experimentally and theoretically using quantum chemical and Poisson−Boltzmann electrostatics models. Spectral s...
Effect of 5-Azacytidine on Cytoplasmic Ribosomal and Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in BSC-1 Cells

5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR) inhibited theaccumulation of28Sand18Sribonucleic acids (RNAs)inthecytoplasm oftreated cells. Theinhibition of28Sand18S RNAsinthecytoplasm ofBSC-1cellswas dependent upon theconcentration of 5-AzaCR employed andthetimeofexposure.Ataconcentration of200,ug/ml for 2h,5-AzaCRinhibited thecytoplasmic 28Sand18SRNAsby80and70%, respectively. The28Sand18SRNAsthatappeared inthecytoplasm oftreated cultures hadno altered secondary structure, asanalyzed bypolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Theinhibitory effect on cytoplasmic 28Sand18SRNAs was found tobereversible, andremoval of5-AzaCR fromtreated cultures allowed the accumulation ofcytoplasmic 28Sand18SRNAstoalmost normallevels by20h. 5-AzaCRappeared tohaveno effect upon thesynthesis andprocessing of polyadenylic acid-containing messenger RNA intreated cultures. However, the formation ofthe80Sribosomal subunit appeared tobeinhibited indrug-treated cells. Moreover, 5-AzaCRtreatment caused a disaggregation ofpolyribosomes andan accumulation of80Sribosomes. 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaCR) isanucleic acid-base analog thatisclinically usedinthetreatment of someleukemias (1,3).Inbothprocaryotic and eucaryotic systems, 5-AzaCR isphosphorylated andbecomes incorporated into bothribonucleic acid(RNA)anddeoxyribonucleic acid(4, 11). 5AzaCRhasbeenshowntohaveaninhibitory effect ontheprocessing ofprecursor ribosomal RNA inNovikoff hepatoma cells (10) aswell as toinhibit deoxyribonucleic acid andprotein synthesis. Levitan etal.(2)suggested that5-AzaCR inhibits protein synthesis bythesynthesis of5AzaCR-substituted messenger RNA (mRNA)
Differential gene expression in pulmonary artery endothelial cells exposed to sickle cell plasma.

Clinical variability in sickle cell disease (SCD) suggests a role for extra-erythrocytic factors in the pathogenesis of vasoocclusion. We hypothesized that endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, one po...
Mechanical stratigraphy and faulting in Cretaceous carbonates

Normal faults measured in exposures of Cretaceous carbonate rocks in Texas provide the basis for fault-strain determination, analysis of fault displacements, and exploring the function of mechanical stratigraphy in influencing fault-size distributions. Layer competence and competence contrast, measured using a Schmidt hammer, allow the analysis of mechanical stratigraphy. Fault frequency and displacement distributions exhibit patterns that correlate to mechanical stratigraphy. In particular, the average competence contrast is related to the exponent (C) of cumulative frequency versus displacement distributions as described by log(cumulative frequency) = (C) log(displacement) + A. This correlation between competence contrast and C values is interpreted to indicate that, at low competence contrast, there are many potential nucleation sites for faults and no mechanisms by which fault displacement can be filtered. In addition, several frequency versus displacement distributions exhibit steep sections, indicating a clustering of fault displacement(s). Clustering of fault displacement(s) is also interpreted as the result of low-competence layers inhibiting the propagation of faults through the layering until a threshold displacement has been reached. This has the effect of creating a cluster of faults with displacements near the threshold displacement value. These patterns are true both for data sets surveyed along a scan line and along a key bed. An appreciation of these effects of mechanical stratigraphy on fault displacement distributions is important when using observed data to infer subseismic fault populations during reservoir evaluation and modeling.
ℒ 1 adaptive controller for nonlinear reference systems

In this paper, we consider nonlinear affine-in-control systems and present the ℒ 1 adaptive controller for the case when the performance specifications are defined via a nonlinear system of similar structure. The ℒ 1 adaptive controller ensures that the nonlinear, affine-in-control, uncertain system follows its ideal model during the transient and steady-state, if the adaptation gain is selected sufficiently large and the bandwidth of the low-pass filter is adjusted appropriately. Simulations verify the theoretical results.
Database Search Algorithm for Identification of Intact Cross-Links in Proteins and Peptides Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A new database search algorithm has been developed for identification of intact cross-links in proteins and peptides from tandem mass spectrometric data. Using this algorithm, intact cross-links can be identified and characterized in proteins and peptides with high confidence. The algorithm was tested using BS3 (bis[sulfosuccinimidyl] suberate) cross-linked Cytochrome C. Five cross-links were identified and verified for spatial plausibility by comparison with its three-dimensional structure at optimized experimental conditions. The distributions of statistical scores for true and false positives and receiver operating characteristic analysis indicate that the algorithm is capable of discriminating true positive cross-linked peptide-spectrum matches from false ones. It has also been demonstrated that the MassMatrix database search engine is capable of searching for intact cross-links in complex Escherichia coli proteome samples cross-linked by BS3. The new algorithm in MassMatrix offers an additional appro...
The Essential Nature of Glycine and Proline for Growing Chickens

Abstract Four assays were conducted to ascertain the influence of age, length of feeding period and prior dietary regimen on the essentiality of glycine and proline for growing chickens. It was observed that both glycine (in the absence of dietary serine) and proline were essential for maximal performance at all stages of life between hatching and eight weeks post-hatching. The growing chicken appears capable, however, of synthesizing roughly 90% of its proline and 60–70% of its glycine need for maximal growth.
Sources of Japanese University Conflict: Organizational Structure and Issues

Campus protest occurred all over the world in the 1960s. This study follows earlier attempts to explain not student protest in general, but why protest severity varied among colleges and universities. Using published data on nineteen different forms of conflict, the overall amount of conflict in each of Japan's four-year colleges and universities during the 1968-1969 period is measured by a scale of conflict severity. This dependent variable is then regressed on two sets of explanatory variables—the protest issues on each campus and the variable organizational characteristics of the schools themselves. The Japanese findings largely replicate earlier American observations: the severity of campus conflict was greatest in large, structurally complex (differentiated) and high-quality schools. The internal differentiation of the university and other structural characteristics explain more of the variance than do the issues specific to given campuses. The causal importance of structural differentiation is trace...
Differences in de Novo Cholesterol Synthesis between the Intact Male and Female Rat

Three different isotopes were used to quantify de novo sterologenesis in intact male and female rats. All three substrates (i.e. [14C]acetate, [14C]octanoate, and [3H]water) were incorporated into nonsaponifiable lipids and cholesterol at significantly greater rates in males than in females. Even with cholesterol feeding, male animals synthesized significantly more cholesterol and nonsaponifiable lipids than females. The primary site of this sex difference in sterologenesis is extrahepatic, extraintestinal tissues (e.g. carcass). In the carcass this sex difference is chiefly due to an enhancement of sterol synthesis in the skin of male rats. Cholesterol synthesis is 73% greater and nonsaponifiable lipid synthesis is 85% greater in the skin of males than in females. Moreover, de novo sterologenesis in skin is hormonally dependent. In castrated females, testosterone treatment results in a 2-fold stimulation of skin sterol synthesis compared to that in animals administered either estradiol or oil vehicle alo...
Economic Costs of Misinforming About Risk: The EDB Scare and the Media

This study reports results of an analysis of consumer responses to news reports of grain-product contamination by the pesticide ethylene dibromide (EDB). The results demonstrate that it is possible to quantify market disruption related to the dissemination of risk information. Implications include the need for increased awareness among risk managers that public perceptions, regardless of their objective accuracy, can induce real economic costs. Such costs should be considered in designing regulatory and information policies.