cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spoken correction for chinese text entry

With an average of 17 Chinese characters per phonetic syllable, correcting conversion errors with current phonetic input method editors (IMEs) is often painstaking and time consuming. We explore the application of spoken character description as a correction interface for Chinese text entry, in part motivated by the common practice of describing Chinese characters in names for self-introductions. In this work, we analyze typical character descriptions, extend a commercial IME with a spoken correction interface, and evaluate the resulting system in a user study. Preliminary results suggest that although correcting IME conversion errors with spoken character descriptions may not be more effective than traditional techniques for everyone, nearly all users see the potential benefit of such a system and would recommend it to friends.
Human Papillomavirus in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Assessing Virus Presence in Normal Tissue and Activity in Cervical Metastasis

Objectives/Hypothesis: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established as an etiologic and prognostic factor in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). HPV oncogenesis involves expression of E6/E7 oncoproteins, with downstream p53 degradation and pRb inhibition. Although much research has focused on HPV's oncogenic behavior in primary OPSCC, minimal information exists about HPV in adjacent normal and metastatic tissue. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study Methods: Patient-matched tumor, normal, and metastatic tissue was gathered from 42 OPSCC patients and tested with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), in situ hybridization (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RT-qPCR was performed using total RNA from fresh-frozen tissues and primers for HPV16 E6, E7, and p16 transcripts. HPV ISH was performed to detect the presence of HPV DNA and IHC to detect p16 protein. Results: Primary tumor, adjacent normal tissue, and tumor metastasis from 17 OPSCC patients were analyzed. When comparing the presence of HPV16 DNA in tumor, metastatic, and normal tissue by ISH, perfect correlation is found at all subsites (P < .0001). However, active infections determined by HPV16 E6 and E7 expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction or p16 detection by IHC, were present only in primary and metastatic tissue (P = .0012, E6; P = .02, E7). No such correlation was found in normal tissue when compared to primary or metastatic tissue. Conclusions: There is a clear pattern of active HPV expression that correlates to disease course. In HPV-positive patients, all sites including primary, metastatic, and normal tissues are DNA positive. Transcriptionally active infections were detected in primary and metastatic tissues, whereas normal tissues appear to have latent infections.
On global combine operations

Abstract We discuss a hybrid strategy for implementing global combine operations on distributed memory Multiple Instruction Multiple Data multicomputers. A theoretical analysis is given and results from its implementation on the Intel iPSC/860 are reported.
The UN Disability Convention: Historic Process, Strong Prospects, and Why the U.S. Should Ratify

On December 13, 2006, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Convention is historic and path-breaking on several levels, both in protection terms for the world's 650 million persons with disabilities who may now draw upon its provisions in defense of their internationally-protected rights, and in relation to the unprecedented level of civil society input and engagement in the negotiation process. This sustained and constructive engagement has given rise to a dynamic process of dialogue, cooperation, and mutual trust that will fuel monitoring and implementation work, at national and international levels alike, long into the future. This Article describes both the negotiating process that gave rise to the treaty and the major themes and motivating tenets that underlie its substantive provisions. In so doing, it draws attention to the two overarching paradigm shifts ushered into international human rights law by the Disability Convention. These critical paradigm shifts are foundational to the Convention and the dynamic processes that brought it to life. Provided they continue to be actively and constructively embraced in the implementation phase, they will prove decisive in ensuring that the supervisory and subsidiary framework of international human rights law can successfully be engaged to effect real, meaningful, and enduring change for the day-to-day realities of persons with disabilities in all countries and regions of the world. The prospects for this are encouraging. The Convention received a record number of signatures on its opening date - eighty-four - and is expected to enter into force more rapidly than any other universal human rights treaty in history. In the face of such broad global support, the decision of the United States not to pursue ratification is highly troubling. The Article concludes that the U.S. position, particularly in light of the nation's strong historic commitment to disability rights, is unjustified and warrants reversal.
Enzyme Production by Species of Cephalosporium

The culture filtrates of ten species of Cephalosporium, which had been grown under conditions of submerged culture, were tested for enzymatic activity against each of seven substrates. The latter included casein, gelatin, milk, hemoglobin, human plasma clots, starch, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide. All organisms tested were active, but to varying degrees. The most pronounced activities were obtained against the proteinaceous substrates. Two unidentified species of Cephalosporium exhibited the highest over-all activities, but no one organism predominated for all enzymatic functions. The ability of a filtrate to degrade a specific substrate was not always correlated with its ability to attack other substrates. The fibrinolytic properties of three of the cephalosporia were of particular interest. alpha-Amylase activity was not significant. The results obtained suggest the possible use of selected species of Cephalosporium as sources of a variety of microbial enzymes.
Reflection representations of Hecke algebras of certain Weyl groups

Soit W un groupe de Weyl et soit S l'ensemble correspondant des reflexions simples. Soit H l'algebre de Hecke. On donne des proprietes de la representation reflexion π de l'algebre de Hecke: H(W)
The light response of plastic scintillator and the calibration of large arrays

Abstract The light response function for both fast and slow plastic scintillator (BC-412 and BC-444) has been studied in a series of experiments with phoswich (fast/slow plastic scintillator) detectors. The light response of the slow plastic element was determined as a function of the charge (Z), the mass number (A) and the energy(E) deposited by incident particles that were stopped within the scintillator material. The light response of the fast scintillation element was determined as a function of Z, A and E for both stopping and for transmitted particles. The response function was found to be independent of particle species for fragments that were transmitted through the scintillator. The response functions are independent of experimental configuration and are not specific to individual detectors. A method for the analysis of phoswich spectra which employs these calibration functions is developed. This method is suitable for calibrating large numbers of detectors.
Intracystic irradiation for craniopharyngiomas.

Data collected over a 36-year period were used to assess the value of stereotactically applied intracystic colloidal yttrium-90 (YTx) for the treatment of recurrent cystic craniopharyngiomas (CRF’s). The article compares data from 95 YTx procedures carried out on 78 patients during the years 1975 and 2011, using a cumulative beta dose of 270 Gy aimed at the inner surface of the cyst wall. After YTx, the initial cyst volumes decreased an average of 74.7 %. In 54 patients, the volume reduction exceeded 80 %. In 32 patients, the cyst disappeared completely within one year. The mean survival rate following YTx was 7.5 years (range 0.7–31 years). The survival rates at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 years were 56, 29, 15, 8, 3, and 1 %, respectively. Late complications of YTx were related to the anatomical location of the cyst, either presellar or retrosellar. A presellar, that is, prechiasmatic/suprasellar localization resulted in neuro-ophthalmological complications in 5.1 % of the cases, while internal carotid artery injury accounted for 1.4 % of the complications. The treatment of retrosellar (retrochiasmatic, suprasellar) tumors may cause hypothalamic, fornix, or pontomesencephalothalamic damage, from untoward radiation to the so-called perforating arteries. This complication occurred in 5.2 % of the cases. In the multimodality management of craniopharyngioma cysts, intracavity YTx irradiation is a valuable treatment alternative despite sporadic complications arising in some surgical cases. The formula for the calculation of the dynamics of reduction of CRF’s following yttrium-90 colloid brachytherapy was supported by correlating the collected data. The focus was on our minimally invasive YTx following multiple surgeries of cystic CRFs.
A data analysis driven streaming framework for body sensor area networks

Streaming and analysis of time series body sensor data have been well investigated recently for various applications, especially on health data monitoring. However, existing strategies work independently from each other. Obviously, lacking appropriate information sharing, feedback, and interaction mechanisms, these strategies, even in combination, do not provide an efficient and effective solution for real time body sensor data collection, transmission, and analysis. In this work, we propose a data analysis driven framework with feedback for efficient streaming of body sensor data. The core idea of this framework is based on a data analysis algorithm specific variance threshold that identifies the data reliability requirement. Then, a reliability index is generated and sent from the data aggregator to sensors as a feedback to guide the streaming protocol. At the sensor side, a data importance ranking and grouping strategy is designed so that samples that affect data analysis most significantly are given higher priority for transmission.
Spin-dependent optical properties in strained silicon and germanium

We present a comprehensive theory of spin-dependent optical transitions and their dependence on strain in Si and Ge. Symmetries of wave functions and interactions are used to derive concise ratios between intensities of the right and left circularly polarized luminescence for each of the dominant phonon-assisted optical transitions. These ratios are then used to explain the circular polarization degrees of the luminescence peaks in the spectra of biaxially strained Si and Ge, and of relaxed ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ alloys. The spectra are numerically calculated by a combination of an empirical pseudopotential method, an adiabatic bond-charge model, and a rigid-ion model.
A comparative study of cells in inflammation, EAE and MS using biomedical literature data mining

Biomedical literature and database annotations, available in electronic forms, contain a vast amount of knowledge resulting from global research. Users, attempting to utilize the current state-of-the-art research results are frequently overwhelmed by the volume of such information, making it difficult and time-consuming to locate the relevant knowledge. Literature mining, data mining, and domain specific knowledge integration techniques can be effectively used to provide a user-centric view of the information in a real-world biological problem setting. Bioinformatics tools that are based on real-world problems can provide varying levels of information content, bridging the gap between biomedical and bioinformatics research. We have developed a user-centric bioinformatics research tool, called BioMap, that can provide a customized, adaptive view of the information and knowledge space. BioMap was validated by using inflammatory diseases as a problem domain to identify and elucidate the associations among cells and cellular components involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The BioMap system was able to demonstrate the associations between cells directly excavated from biomedical literature for inflammation, EAE and MS. These association graphs followed the scale-free network behavior (average γ = 2.1) that are commonly found in biological networks.
SU-FF-T-150: Consequence of CT Couch Sag in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To characterize couch sag on a CT scanner and determine the impact on patient treatments. A CT couch sags as it enters the gantry, and the amount depends on couch design, material, patient weight and distribution. Method and Materials: Four individuals were placed on a CT scanner couch (GE Discovery Lightspeed). A dial indicator was fixed to the bore of the CT scanner to measure couch deflection at the scanning plane when the couch was extended to various lengths. A second experiment was performed to measure sag at various positions for a fixed couch extension. A steel I‐beam with the dial indicator mounted on a rail was placed underneath the CT and tomotherapy couches. Two uniform loads were placed on the couch for three couch extensions and measurements were recorded at discrete locations. Results: Two forms of couch sag relevant to radiotherapy were observed: absolute and intra‐target sag. Absolute sag was shown to be 8.0±0.5 mm. Intra‐target sag depended on the S‐I length of the target and could be 2.3±0.5 mm. Both CT and tomotherapy couches displayed similar sag patterns. Differences in sag between the couches were more pronounced at short cantilevered distances with a maximum difference of 1 mm. Conclusion: A significant amount of sag occurs at the scanning plane resulting in a shearing of the images used for treatment planning. Absolute sag may be corrected by a couch height adjustment but intra‐target sag is a concern for elongated targets. The impact of sag on tomotherapy treatments is minimal since the relative difference in sag patterns between CT and tomotherapy couches is small. However, differences between CT and tomotherapy couch sag have become a concern for facilities treating total marrow irradiation (TMI) fields with tomotherapy. Conflict of Interest: Mackie has a financial interest in TomoTherapyInc.
The LASL gamma-ray burst astronomy program

Gamma-ray burst observations performed by LASL began with the identification and initial report of the phenomenon from data acquired by the Vela satellites. The Vela instruments have recorded responses to 73 gamma-ray bursts over a ten-year interval, and are continuing to contribute toward these observations. Similar instrumentation was included aboard the NRL SOLRAD 11 spacecraft. These performed well but suffered an early demise. Recently, the LASL gamma-ray burst astronomy program has been enhanced through the implementation of experiments aboard the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and ISEE-C spacecraft. Both of these experiments are continuing to contribute data vital to trigonometric directional analyses.
Liturgical Patterns in Cormac McCarthy's BLOOD MERIDIAN

Cormac McCarthy's 1985 novel Blood Meridian, despite its violent, post-Christian, and even posthuman setting, remains concerned with concepts of repetition, ceremony, and line, each of which also f...
MRI and SPECT fusion for epilepsy lateralization

ABSTRACT This paper presents a study on the SPECT images of the brain with the aim of determining the hippocampus abnormality and consequently applying timely treatment. Intensity and volume features of the hippocampus from brain MRI have been shown to be useful in detecting the abnormal hippocampus in TLE. In this study, we evaluate the intensity information of the SPECT images of the brain for the purpose of early detection of abnormal hippocampus, before the brain tissue is damaged and MRI features change. The hippocampi are segmented manually by an expert from T1-weighted MR images. The segmented regions are mapped on the corresponding SPECT images using the mutual information technique. The mean and standard deviation of the hippocampi from SPECT images are used to determine abnormal hippocampus. The experimental results show that SPECT images analyzed along with MRI generate quantitative information useful for the treatment and evaluation of epileptic patients. Keywords: Epilepsy, SPECT, hippocampus, medical image processing
Farm Management Implications of Reducing Agricultural Pollution Related to Cotton Production in Mississippi

Cotton is grown under numerous production strategies in Mississippi. However, cotton pesticide problems in Mississippi can be discussed by considering three cotton production situations: the sandy soils of the delta, the clay soils of the delta, and non-delta cotton production region.
Experimental production of lingual leukoplakia and carcinoma.

Abstract Carcinoma of the tongue was produced by a simplified technique and was shown to be preceded by a leukoplakia lesion. Trauma enhanced the carcinogenic activity of DMBA in acetone. DMBA was considerably less effective when used in oil.
Detection of Escherichia coli Using Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification and Oligonucleotide Probes for 16S Ribosomal RNA

The use of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), a continuous and isothermal method of in vitro nucleic acid amplification, was investigated for the specific identification of Escherichia coli (E. coli). A set of primers was selected from a highly conserved region of the 16S rRNA sequence of E. coli sandwiching a variable sequence to perform the amplification of bacterial RNA using NASBA. A probe was identified and shown to hybridize specifically to the amplified single-stranded RNA products of all tested E. coli isolates, including enterohemorrhagic serotype O157:H7. The high sensitivity of this assay system is most likely due to the large amplification power of NASBA and the high copy number of 16S rRNA.
Directional uncertainty in visually guided pointing.

Studies of the relationship between stimulus-response uncertainty and reaction times indicate three qualitatively different functions: Hick's law, simplechoice step function, or flat curve (no effect at all The extent of stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility appears to interact with the effects of uncertainty on response times. One possible hypothesis regarding these various S-R uncertainty functions is that uncertainty will have an effect whenever the stimuli and their associated responses are not within the some egocentric spatial coordinates. We tested this hypothesis in 5 undergraduate participants 12 men, M age 18.7 yr., range 18-20) by investi gating the time-course of pointing to peripherally located visual targets under four different levels of uncertainty (1, 2, 4, or iS possible locations). Surprisingly, the resulting response function does not match any of those previously reported. Visually guided pointing produced a quadratic reaction time function as S-R uncertainty increases in log, steps from I to 8.
Indirubin Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis through Modulation of Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway

Although indirubin is known to exhibit anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, very little is known about its mechanism of action. In this study, we investigated whether indirubin mediates its effects through interference with the NF-κB pathway. As examined by the DNA binding of NF-κB, we found that indirubin suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced NF-κB activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indirubin also suppressed the NF-κB activation induced by various inflammatory agents and carcinogens. Further studies showed that indirubin blocked the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα through the inhibition of activation of IκBα kinase and phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. NF-κB reporter activity induced by TNFR1, TNF receptor-associated death domain, TRAF2, TAK1, NF-κB-inducing kinase, and IKKβ was inhibited by indirubin but not that induced by p65 transfection. We also found that indirubin inhibited the expression of NF-κB-regulated gene products involved in antiapoptosis (IAP1, IAP2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and TRAF1), proliferation (cyclin D1 and c-Myc), and invasion (COX-2 and MMP-9). This correlated with enhancement of the apoptosis induced by TNF and the chemotherapeutic agent taxol in human leukemic KBM-5 cells. Indirubin also suppressed cytokine-induced cellular invasion. Overall, our results indicate that anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities previously assigned to indirubin may be mediated in part through the suppression of the NF-κB activation pathway.
Asymptotic form of the local optical potential for electron-atom scattering

Abstract The asymptotic form of the long range polarization potential is derived from the second order optical potential for electron-atom scattering. The result is independent of the incident energy and identical to that obtained in the adiabatic approximation.
Wavelet analysis for landmine detection false alarm discrimination

Acoustic detection of the landmines, which is based on the analysis of both spatial and frequency dependencies of the acoustic-to-seismic transfer function (A/S TF), exploits the difference between the mine impedance and the impedance of the surrounding ground. However, some deeply-buried mines and some types of the mines are hard to detect due to the natural variability of the ground. This work addresses the problem of false alarms and clutter (high values of the A/S TF in some frequency bands) that mimic the physics of a buried landmine. A time-scale, linear method (wavelet analysis) was utilized for improving the probability of landmine detection. Wavelet analysis of the measured signals resulted in typically stable characteristics for the undisturbed ground, the disturbed ground, and the ground with a mine. These characteristics may be used for the discrimination of false alarms and as an additional criterion to find mines that are hard to locate by traditional methods. The advantages of the suggested technique are illustrated using the experimental data.
Sintering of Inhomogeneous Binary Powder Mixtures

A geometric model for the sintering of inhomogeneous, binary powder mixtures having a large size ratio is presented. The model is demonstrated for a hypothetical mixture in which the heterogeneity is described by a normal distribution function. The model is demonstrated for the case of the fine fraction sintering only and for the case of both components sintering. Relative to the prediction for the homogeneous mixture, shrinkage is observed to be either “enhanced,”“retarded,” or the same, depending on the compositional limits of heterogeneity and the level of sintering.
A family of short, interspersed repeat sequences at the 5′ end of a set of dictyostelium single-copy mRNAs

Abstract M4 is a recombinant plasmid containing Dictyostelium nuclear DNA. The restriction map has been determined (K. Kindle and R. Firtel, manuscript submitted) and the four major fragments have been subcloned in pBR322. M4 is >90% single-copy; however, it does contain a short (300 bp) sequence repeated ∼100 times in the Dictyostelium genome. The short repeat sequence is interspersed between single-copy regions. 1–1.5% of total vegetative poly(A) + mRNA hybridizes to the repeat, but only 10 % of the hybridization is resistant to low levels of RNAase. The mRNA is heterogeneous in size and 90 % of the mass is complementary to Dictyostelium single-copy DNA. We have also shown that one of the single-copy regions adjacent to the repeat is complementary to a low abundance class mRNA (0.01% of total mRNA). Sandwich hybridization experiments show that unlabeled RNA that hybridizes to this single-copy region will also hybridize 32p repeat. Exonuclease studies indicate that the repeat and single-copy regions are part of a single transcription unit which encodes a 1.2 kb mRNA. The 5′ end of this mRNA is complementary to the short repeat sequence and the remainder of the mRNA is transcribed from single-copy DNA. Furthermore, RNA excess hybridization to 32 P-labeled separated strands of the repeat suggests that the repeat sequence is transcribed asymmetrically into poly(A) + RNA. We have proposed a model in which this repeat sequence is adjacent to ∼100 different single-copy genes and is transcribed to produce different mRNA molecules carrying the common repeat sequence at the 5′ end.
Experimental Search for the Smallest Stable Multiply Charged Anions in the Gas Phase

An extensive experimental search for the smallest stable gaseous multiply charged anions (MCAs) was pursued. Four penta-atomic dianions, $\mathrm{Pt}{X}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ and $\mathrm{Pd}{X}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ $(X\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br})$, were found to be the smallest observable using an electrospray ion source. Photodetachment experiments revealed, however, that ${\mathrm{PtCl}}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{PtBr}}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ are electronically metastable with negative electron-binding energies. ${\mathrm{PdCl}}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{PdBr}}_{4}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ were found to be electronically stable, but thermodynamically unstable against fragmentation. Lifetimes were estimated using an ion-trap technique for the four observed metastable MCAs, providing further insight into their electronic and thermodynamic stability.
Summation of logarithmic interactions in nonrectangular periodic media

Abstract We present a set of expressions for practical evaluation of energies, including self-energies, and forces between particles interacting logarithmically in a finite two-dimensional nonrectangular system with periodic boundary conditions. The formalism can be used for fast and accurate, dynamical or Monte Carlo, simulations of interacting line charges or interactions between point and line charges. The expressions are shown to converge to usual computer accuracy (∼ 10 −16 ) by adding only few terms in a single sum of standard trigonometric functions.
Temporal density of pollen sampling affects age determination of the mid-Holocene hemlock (Tsuga) decline

Abstract In establishing the age of a past event, emphasis has been placed on dating accuracy, precision, calibration, and age-model development, while the importance of adequate sampling and accurate reconstruction of the event itself is often neglected. Here we evaluate effects of temporal sampling density on stratigraphic and hence chronological placement of an event horizon, using the mid-Holocene hemlock decline as an example. Results from simulations on theoretical and actual high-resolution pollen sequences suggest that the pollen-sampling density has a critical impact on the stratigraphic placement of the hemlock-decline horizon, and in turn, on age estimation of the event. Also, decline-age frequency distributions from multiple sites were affected by sampling density. Therefore, the hemlock decline should be used with caution as a precise chronostratigraphic marker, and the current dataset of hemlock-decline records may not be sufficient to analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of the hemlock decline. Finally, we propose criteria for obtaining adequately sampled records in studying an event, and estimated the “adequate sampling density” for age estimation of the mid-Holocene hemlock decline.
CONSERVATION LAWS AND SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF SCALAR--TENSOR GRAVITATIONAL THEORIES.

Scalar-tensor (ST) analogs of the Einstein pseudotensor, the von Freud superpotential, the M\o{}ller superpotential, and the Komar vector are derived and used to form conservation laws appropriate to any version of the ST gravitational theory. When applied to a ST central-mass field, the conservation laws are found to yield correct values for total energy and momentum. The scalar field is shown to affect, in general, not only the form of the conservation laws but, through its symmetry properties, the identification of physically significant conserved quantities. It is pointed out that ST-conserved complexes have units of energy and momentum only in certain versions of the theory (e.g., the Brans-Dicke version).
Measurements of gas‐phase inorganic and organic acids from biomass fires by negative‐ion proton‐transfer chemical‐ionization mass spectrometry

[1] Emissions from 34 laboratory biomass fires were investigated at the combustion facility of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. Gas-phase organic and inorganic acids were quantified using negative-ion proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (NI-PT-CIMS), open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR), and proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). NI-PT-CIMS is a novel technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ions generated from reactions of acetate (CH3C(O)O−) ions with inorganic and organic acids. The emission ratios for various important reactive acids with respect to CO were determined. Emission ratios for isocyanic acid (HNCO), 1,2 and 1,3-benzenediols (catechol, resorcinol), nitrous acid (HONO), acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, propionic acid, formic acid, pyruvic acid, and glycolic acid were measured from biomass burning. Our measurements show that there is a significant amount of HONO in fresh smoke. The NI-PT-CIMS measurements were validated by comparison with OP-FTIR measurements of HONO and formic acid (HCOOH) and with PTR-MS measurements of HCOOH.
Can continuous glucose monitoring provide objective documentation of hypoglycemia unawareness

Objective: To establish criteria defining hypoglycemia as detected by the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in patients with type 1 diabetes that best predict hypoglycemia unawareness (HU...
Selling pure science in wartime: the biochemical genetics of G. W. Beadle.

To historians of the life sciences, geneticist George Wells Beadle is best known for his outstanding contributions to fundamental knowledge in molecular biology, research that linked formalistic concepts of classical genetics with material, or biochemical, explanations. His program of biochemical genetics, which he developed at Stanford University with biochemist Edward L. Tatum during the war years 1940-1945, replaced the fruit fly Drosophila the most important system of classical genetics with the bread mold Neurospora crassa, a simple microorganism amenable to genetic investigations on the biochemical level. By utilizing the Neurospora system Beadle was able to solve a central problem in heredity research, a problem that had been a focus of ongoing debate since the first decade of the twentieth century. This debate centered about the relationship between genes and enzymes: whether genes were enzymes, or whether they only made enzymes. Beadle demonstrated that one gene controlled only a single biochemical reaction, which, in turn, was regulated by one specific enzyme; this relationship was enunciated in the early 1950s as the "one gene-one enzyme hypothesis," a fundamental principle in molecular biology.' In addition to its intellectual import, Beadle's work has also been acclaimed by historians of science and by scientists as a
Bicarbonate-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide oxidation of cysteine and related thiols

Abstract The effect of bicarbonate on the rates of the H 2 O 2 oxidation of cysteine, gluthathione, and N -acetylcysteine to the corresponding disulfides was investigated. The relative oxidation rates at pH 8 for the different thiols are inversely related to the p K a values of the thiol groups, and the reactive nucleophiles are identified as the thiolate anions or their kinetic equivalents. The second-order rate constants at 25 °C for the reaction of the thiolate anions with hydrogen peroxide are 17 ± 2 M −1 s −1 for all three substrates. In the presence of bicarbonate (>25 mM), the observed rate of thiolate oxidation is increased by a factor of two or more, and the catalysis is proposed to be associated with the formation of peroxymonocarbonate from the equilibrium reaction of hydrogen peroxide with bicarbonate (via CO 2 ). The calculated second-order rate constants for the direct reaction of the three thiolate anions with peroxymonocarbonate fall within the range of 900–2000 M −1 s −1 . Further oxidation of disulfides by peroxymonocarbonate results in the formation of thiosulfonate and sulfonate products. These results strongly suggest that peroxymonocarbonate should be considered as a reactive oxygen species in aerobic metabolism with relevance in thiol oxidations.
Semester Abroad Opportunities in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs

An experience of studying abroad enhances undergraduate nursing education by broadening the student's perspective about different cultures, heightening awareness of a global society and foreign customs and traditions, stimulating interest in international work and research, fostering personal development, building skill in a foreign language, and serving as a bridge between theory and practice. Despite a large number of published reports about international experiences for nursing students, little is known about the number of baccalaureate programs that offer a semester abroad or the percent of students who participate. A mailed paper-and-pencil survey was completed by 382 administrators of baccalaureate nursing programs listed in the American Association of Colleges of Nursing database. Eighty-nine schools (23.3%) offer a semester study abroad opportunity. Of those, 39 (44%) offer clinical nursing courses taught by nursing faculty. Most (76%) of the 89 schools reported that only 0%–5% of students participated in the semester abroad program. Despite the small number of baccalaureate programs that offer a semester abroad experience and the small percentage of students who participate, respondents listed a large number and variety of advantages and offered strategies that facilitate their programs. Curricular innovations that allow 17%–26% of juniors in the baccalaureate nursing program at Boston College to study abroad for a semester are elucidated.
Reply to the Caplan and Gochenour critique of Georgism

This paper refutes the proposition by Caplan and Gochenour that there is no such thing as natural resources because all goods are produced. Caplan and Gochenour use that proposition to argue against the reform proposal of Henry George and his followers, to replace all taxes with a single tax on land value. The rebuttal to Caplan and Gochenour made by this paper is that the discovery of a resource does not constitute its production. The refutation here argues that entrepreneurship and investment create human capital and capital goods, not natural resources. Discovery is not the same as invention or production.
Electronic Structure of Beryllium, Magnesium and Silicon Impurity in Cubic Gallium Nitride

Beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si) impurities in zinc-blende gallium-nitride (c-GaN) are investigated by the tight binding-linear combination muffin-tin orbitals (TB-LMTO) method using a 64-atom supercell. Be and Mg impurities at a Ga site, respectively induce partially empty acceptor-like bands at the valence band edge, which result in p-type conductivity of doped c-GaN. Si impurity in the Ga sublattice creates a partially occupied impurity subband overlapping with the conduction band edge and is responsible for the measured n-type conductivity. The impurity levels of a Si at a N site are located deep in the gap and do not influence much the conductivity of c-GaN. The shell-projected, total and partial densities of states and the charge density maps are used to elucidate the energy and spatial localizations of the impurity states
Optimized design of an instrumented spatial linkage that minimizes errors in locating the rotational axes of the tibiofemoral joint: a computational analysis.

An accurate method to locate of the flexion-extension (F-E) axis and longitudinal rotation (LR) axis of the tibiofemoral joint is required to accurately characterize tibiofemoral kinematics. A method was recently developed to locate these axes using an instrumented spatial linkage (ISL) (2012, “On the Estimate of the Two Dominant Axes of the Knee Using an Instrumented Spatial Linkage,” J. Appl. Biomech., 28(2), pp. 200‐209). However, a more comprehensive error analysis is needed to optimize the design and characterize the limitations of the device before using it experimentally. To better understand the errors in the use of an ISL in finding the F-E and LR axes, our objectives were to (1) develop a method to computationally determine the orientation and position errors in locating the F-E and LR axes due to transducer nonlinearity and hysteresis, ISL size and attachment position, and the pattern of applied tibiofemoral motion, (2) determine the optimal size and attachment position of an ISL to minimize these errors, (3) determine the best pattern of pattern of applied motion to minimize these errors, and (4) examine the sensitivity of the errors to range of flexion and internal-external (I-E) rotation. A mathematical model was created that consisted of a virtual “elbow-type” ISL that measured motion across a virtual tibiofemoral joint. Two orientation and two position errors were computed for each axis by simulating the axis-finding method for 200 iterations while adding transducer errors to the revolute joints of the virtual ISL. The ISL size and position that minimized these errors were determined from 1080 different combinations. The errors in locating the axes using the optimal ISL were calculated for each of three patterns of motion applied to the tibiofemoral joint, consisting of a sequential pattern of discrete tibiofemoral positions, a random pattern of discrete tibiofemoral positions, and a sequential pattern of continuous tibiofemoral positions. Finally, errors as a function of range of flexion and I-E rotation were determined using the optimal pattern of applied motion. An ISL that was attached to the anterior aspect of the knee with 300-mm link lengths had the lowest maximum error without colliding with the anatomy of the joint. A sequential pattern of discrete tibiofemoral positions limited the largest orientation or position error without displaying large bias error. Finally, the minimum range of applied motion that ensured all errors were below 1 deg or 1mm was 30deg flexion with 615 deg I-E rotation. Thus a method for comprehensive analysis of error when using this axis-finding method has been established, and was used to determine the optimal ISL and range of applied motion; this method of analysis could be used to determine the errors for any ISL size and position, any applied motion, and potentially any anatomical joint. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4023135]
Facets of role conflict, role-specific performance, and organizational level within the academic career

Abstract The relationships among facets of role conflict and role-specific performance were investigated over three organizational levels of one occupation. The responses of a sample of 102 full-time faculty members were analyzed via the use of correlational and multiple regression techniques. The results support treating role conflict as a multifaceted construct, examining role conflict with respect to role-specific performance measures, and considering the moderating effect of organizational level on role conflict-performance relationships in future research. Implications of the results are discussed in regard to the population sampled.
Exhaustibility and Risk as Asset Class Dimensions: A Social Investor Approach to Capital-Resource Economies

This paper develops a framework in which asset class dimensions are extended to include both risk and exhaustibility for explaining the evolution of shadow prices of marginal units of exhaustible natural resources in capital-resource economies. It is shown that the pricing kernel function required for socially valuing marginal units of exhaustible resource, hereafter called the Exhaustion-Stochastic Discount Factor, combines a factor that discounts for risk and another factor that discounts for resource exhaustion over time. The social rate of return on the marginal unit of resource stock adds to the risk-premium an exhaustion premium that accounts for the resource depletion over time. In this setting, the principle of no-arbitrage holds by extending asset-class dimensions to include not only a risk dimension but also an exhaustibility dimension.
In vitro intrinsic radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most resistant of human tumors to radiation whether used alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. This resistance may be caused by one or more of several different factors. These include inherent cellular radiation sensitivity, an efficient repair of radiation damage, an increased number of clonogens per unit of volume, a high hypoxic fraction, high [GSH] concentration, and rapid proliferation between fractions. In the present study, we evaluate the intrinsic radiation sensitivity (surviving fraction at 2 Gy or mean inactivation dose) of malignant human glioma cells in vitro. The in vitro radiation sensitivity of 21 malignant glioma cell lines (early and long term passages) has been measured using colony formation as the end-point of cell viability. The survival curve parameters (SF2 measured and calculated, alpha, beta, D0, n and MID) have been determined for single dose irradiations of exponential phase cells (18-24 hr after plating) under aerobic conditions and growing on plastic. The mean SF2 of the 21 cell lines is 0.51 +/- 0.14 (with a range of 0.19 to 0.76). This value may be compared to the mean SF2 of 0.43-0.47 for SCC, 0.43 for melanoma, and 0.52 for glioblastoma as reported from other authors when using colony formation of cells in exponential phase on plastic. Although glioblastoma is almost invariably fatal, our data demonstrate a very wide range of intrinsic radiosensitivities. These broadly overlap the radiation sensitivities of cell lines from tumors that are often treated successfully. We conclude that standard in vitro measurements of cellular radiation sensitivity (SF2) do not yield values that track in a simple manner with local control probability at the clinical level and that, for at least some of the tumors, other parameters and/or physiological factors are more important.
Using Literacy to Engage Adolescents in Science

AbstractIn the middle-school years, when motivation often declines, teachers can foster intrinsic motivation by using inquiry-based learning. With the practices described, teachers can cultivate in their students the literacy skills necessary for inquiry through active participation, social collaboration, and text interaction.
Optical properties of reduced LiNbO3

Optical characteristics of H2-reduced LiNbO3 have been studied. The optical transmission in the spectral range 0.3 to 5 mu m is progressively narrowed as the sample is reduced. An absorption band centred at about 2.48 eV is assigned to small polarons. This interpretation is consistent with the published defect structure, transport and spectroscopic reports on reduced LiNbO3. A semi-quantitative analysis of the 2.48 eV absorption band is carried out by employing the Reik and Heese theory (1967) for optical properties of small polarons.
"A triumph of brains over brute": women and science at the Horticultural College, Swanley, 1890-1910.

ABSTRACTThe founding of Britain's first horticultural college in 1889 advanced a scientific and coeducational response to three troubling national concerns: a major agricultural depression; the economic distress of single, unemployed women; and imperatives to develop the colonies. Buoyed by the technical instruction and women's movements, the Horticultural College and Produce Company, Limited, at Swanley, Kent, crystallized a transformation in the horticultural profession in which new science-based, formalized study threatened an earlier emphasis on practical apprenticeship training, with the effect of opening male-dominated trades to women practitioners. By 1903, the college closed its doors to male students, and new pathways were forged for women students interested in pursuing further scientific study. Resistance to the Horticultural College's model of science-based women's horticultural education positioned science and women as contested subjects throughout this period of horticulture's expansion in t...
Effects of cosmological magnetic helicity on the cosmic microwave background

Cosmological magnetic fields induce temperature and polarization fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. A cosmological magnetic field with current amplitude of order 10{sup -9} G is detectable via observations of CMB anisotropies. This magnetic field (with or without helicity) generates vector perturbations through vortical motions of the primordial plasma. This paper shows that magnetic field helicity induces parity-odd cross correlations between CMB temperature and B-polarization fluctuations and between E- and B-polarization fluctuations, correlations which are zero for fields with no helicity (or for any parity-invariant source). Helical fields also contribute to parity-even temperature and polarization anisotropies, canceling part of the contribution from the symmetric component of the magnetic field. We give analytic approximations for all CMB temperature and polarization anisotropy vector power spectra due to helical magnetic fields. These power spectra offer a method for detecting cosmological helical magnetic fields, particularly when combined with Faraday rotation measurements which are insensitive to helicity.
Clinical significance of neutropenia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Objective To determine the incidence of infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients during periods of neutropenia and non-neutropenia. To compare the infection rates in patients with HIV disease to those in a group hospitalized with neutropenia and hematologic malignancy. Design Prospective observational study conducted between December 1985 and December 1987 at a university teaching hospital. Thirty patients with documented acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and absolute T-helper cells less than 200 mm/mm3. All patients had a period of non-neutropenia following a neutropenic period (neutrophils less than 1000 cells/mm3). Results The rate of first infection during neutropenic and non-neutropenic periods for opportunistic infection and nonopportunistic infections were compared. There were no differences between infection rates for the two time periods for both types of infections. A subgroup of patient care days in which non-neutropenic days followed neutropenic days also was studied to eliminate selection bias. In this group, a comparison of infection rates also revealed no difference between neutropenic and non-neutropenic periods. An alternate analysis of the time until first infection during periods of neutropenia or non-neutropenia was done using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. There was a longer infection-free period for the neutropenic group for opportunistic infections, but it was not statistically significant (p less than .1). In addition, we compared HIV-infected patients with a group of 37 patients with neutropenia from hematologic malignancy. There was a significantly higher rate of all infections, particularly bacteremias (p less than .001), in the group of patients with hematologic malignancies when compared with all subsets of patients with HIV disease. Conclusion We conclude that patients with HIV disease and modest neutropenia do not have an increased risk of bacterial infection. The incidence of all infections is significantly greater in patients with neutropenia secondary to hematologic malignancy.