cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of absolute Raman cross sections using the inverse Raman effect

Abstract We use a giant-pulse ruby laser and a cw dye laser in a unique inverse Raman spectrometer, and determined the absolute Raman cross section for the nitrobenzene line at 1345 cm -1 to be (1.38 ± 0.27) x 10 -29 cm 2 sr -1 .
Spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photochemical properties of molybdenum(II) and tungsten(II) halide clusters

The cluster ions Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup 2 -/, Mo/sub 6/Br/sub 14//sup 2 -/, and W/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup 2 -/ are luminescent, with emission maxima (lifetimes, quantum yields) of 805 (180, 0.19), 825 (130, 0.23), and 880 nm (2 ..mu..s, 0.02), respectively, in acetonitrile at room temperature. Absorption spectra at low temperature reveal weak shoulders at low energy (Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup 2 -/, 530 and 590 nm; Mo/sub 6/Br/sub 14//sup 2 -/, 600 nm; and W/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup 2 -/, 490 and 550 nm) that may be electronically closely related to the luminescences. Solid (Bu/sub 4/N)/sub 2/Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14/ is rigorously diamagnetic, and the paramagnetic Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup -/ ion formed from it by one-electron oxidation gives an axial EPR spectrum (g/sub perpendicular/ = 2.10; g/sub parallel = 2.0). All three ions undergo facile electrochemical oxidation, at potentials of 1.60, 1.38, and 1.14 V, respectively, vs. SCE in CH/sub 3/CN. Kinetics and rate constants are discussed for electron-transfer quenching of the luminescent excited state Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 14//sup 2 -/* by several electron acceptors, both in aqueous and monaqueous solutions, and for the subsequent electron-transfer reactions.
The budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stress within and above a deciduous forest

Abstract Mean turbulence statistics obtained within and above a deciduous forest are used to examine the components in the budget equations for turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and tangential shear stress. Comparisons from the measurements are made with predictions from a higher-order closure model for canopy flow. Wake-generated turbulence was found to exceed shear-produced turbulence in all but the upper level of the canopy. Beneath the tree crowns, turbulent transport was the dominant source of TKE and tangential shear stress. Below ∼75% of the canopy height, the magnitude of all the TKE and shear stress budget components is small compared with values above this height, and the vertical gradients of second- and third-order moments are small. The turbulence statistics observed within the deciduous forest are remarkably similar to that observed within a tropical forest, which has a similar distribution of leaf area. When compared with results from experiments conducted in other canopies, the importance of the quantity and vertical distribution of the plant area in determining the turbulence structure is reinforced.
Some Log‐Linear and Log‐Nonlinear Models for Ordinal Scales With Midpoints, With An Application to Public Opinion Data

Ordinal response scales with a middle category are widely used in public opinion studies, psychology, medicine, computed tomography and other fields. The usual models in the statistical literature for ordinal response variables treat the case where the scale has a natural middle category no differently from the case where the scale does not have a middle category. This paper proposes new models for the analysis of ordinal response scales with middle categories, applying these to data collected in 1993-1994 on American opinion toward the balance between environmental quality and economic prosperity. Some of the models should also be useful when the scale does not have a natural middle category. The models are easily used to address issues of concern in empirical work—for example, stochastic ordering among covariate classes and asymmetry about the middle category. Log-linear models are considered in Section 2. The relationship between the normal distribution and a quadratic log-linear model with known scores, discussed in this section, is the basis for Section 3, which considers a log-nonlinear model with unknown scores estimated from the data. Section 4 shows how generalized log-linear and generalized log-nonlinear models can be used to simultaneously study whether the response is below, at, or above the midpoint, and the conditional distribution of responses above (below) the midpoint. These models are also useful when the response scale is viewed as nested and/or the response process is sequential.
Measuring the Extent of Total Thyroidectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Using Radioactive Iodine Imaging: Relationship With Serum Thyroglobulin and Clinical Outcomes

Importance Despite performing total thyroidectomy (TT), postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) imaging often demonstrates the presence of residual thyroid tissue within the operative bed. Objective To measure the extent of TT using postoperative RAI imaging and assessing serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Design, Setting, and Participants We evaluated 245 patients undergoing TT for clinically staged cT1-3N0M0 DTC, who underwent diagnostic postoperative RAI imaging. Interventions Total thyroidectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures On the basis of quantitative measurements, RAI uptake (RAIU) in the thyroid bed of 0.2% of administered activity was selected as the cutpoint to determine the presence or absence of thyroid remnant. Results By postoperative RAI imaging, TT in 106 patients (43%) resulted in RAIU of less than 0.2%. In the remaining 139 patients (57%), there was measurable iodine-avid thyroid tissue and/or tumor in the thyroid bed (n = 117 [84%]), the neck (n = 4 [3%]), or both (n = 18 [13%]). For the entire study population, mean 24-hour RAIU was 0.62%. Stimulated serum Tg levels were obtained in 232 of 245 patients (95%). Measurable stimulated Tg level (≥1 ng/mL) (to convert to micrograms per liter, multiply by 1) was found in 26 of 102 patients (25%) without thyroid remnant and in 87of 133 patients (65%) with thyroid remnant ( P Conclusions and Relevance A goal of postthyroidectomy RAIU of less than 0.2% helps maximize the likelihood of an unmeasurable postoperative Tg level, potentially simplifying follow-up evaluation and reducing the use of postoperative RAI in order to facilitate surveillance.
The synproportionation reaction between the oxy and ferryl derivatives of myoglobin

The reaction between the oxy and ferryl derivatives of myoglobin to produce ferrimyoglobin has been studied in detail as functions of reactant concentrations, pH, ionic strength, [O2], and temperature. The formation of ferrimyoglobin is shown to derive predominantly from a synproportionation of the oxy and ferryl derivatives rather than from a combination of the autoredox processes of each reactant. Details of the concurrent autoreduction of ferrylmyoglobin have also been examined. The results suggest that the active sites involved in the reactive encounter of the oxy and ferryl derivatives are of the same charge type and are effectively multiply charged. The acidic form of ferrylmyoglobin is at least an order of magnitude faster in reacting with MbO2 than is its basic analog. The deoxy form of reduced myoglobin is marginally more reactive in the synproportionation process than the oxy analog.
Integrating Oil Health and Vibration Diagnostics for Reliable Wind Turbine Health Predictions

The Department of Energy’s (DOE) goal for wind energy is that it comprise 20% of the nation’s energy by 2030. For this to be achieved, so called “distributed wind” and off-shore wind farms will be required. However, to date, operating & maintenance and unscheduled outage costs make such applications risky [1]. A potential risk mitigation strategy is implementation of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM). Prognostics promise great benefits to parts order/handling, logistic planning, maintenance scheduling, which ultimately reduces the cost of ownership/operation. Successful prognostics require that faults be detected at the earliest possible stage. However, to fully realize the benefit of the investment, PHM systems must provide early detection of precursors for failure modes. Incipient fault detection is critical to increasing reliability and lowering Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs for wind turbine gearboxes. The combination of this critical incipient fault detection capability with prognostics will allow wind turbine owners to reap the promised PHM benefits. It is possible to generalize gearbox faults into two areas: mechanical and lubricant related faults. To provide adequate coverage to both generalized areas, the authors will show how two primary sensing technologies can be combined to provide the necessary detection horizon for wind turbine gearboxes. The authors will introduce a generalized PHM architecture that can be adapted for a broad range of mechanical systems, especially wind turbine gearboxes. Various sensors and diagnostic techniques that can be integrated into the architecture will be discussed. Finally, the authors will show how the architecture, sensors, and techniques can be applied to a subscale test, including example results.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Applied Forces and Associated Physiologic Responses Induced by Axial Spinal Unloading With the LTX 3000@@ Lumbar Rehabilitation System

Abstract Objective: To measure forces applied to the body and associated changes in physiologic responses during axial spinal unloading (gravity-dependent traction) using the LTX 3000™ Lumbar Rehabilitation System. Design: Lumbar unloading was induced in 17 healthy subjects. The following parameters were measured: (1) percentage of total body weight unloaded; (2) forces applied onto and below the rib cage and local changes in cutaneous blood flow; (3) alteration of the applied forces to the seat strap associated with lumbar lengthening; and (4) changes in respiratory rates, respiratory minute volumes, heart rate, and blood pressure. Results: The average pressure applied to the rib cage for thoracic immobilization without unloading was 73 ± 26mmHg. Lumbar unloading caused these pressures to increase by approximately 30%, causing complete but temporary occlusion of cutaneous blood flow in this region. Significant, but normal, reactive hyperemia occurred upon release of the rib support pads ( p Conclusion: The forces applied to the rib cage by the LTX 3000™ for proper lumbar unloading caused changes in physiologic responses, but these changes were reversible and can be considered clinically unimportant and thus should not be contraindications to the use of this device by the general population.
A mind ever oil the stretch

Thomas Beddoes MD 1760-1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat. By Dorothy A. Stansfield. Reldel: 1984. Pp. 306. Dfl.140, £35.75.
Learning dermatology on a dermatology elective.

: The format of the 4-week dermatology elective rotation at the University of Florida is presented. A 20-item case example slide test was given as a pre-test and as a post-test to 12 internal medicine residents and 41 fourth-year medical students during the elective. Results indicate that the residents (48% correct) and students (46% correct) did not differ in their recognition abilities for common dermatoses at the beginning of the elective. Both groups improved their scores significantly at the end of the dermatology elective (residents, 87% correct; students, 82% correct). These results indicate the usefulness of a dermatology elective program in improving dermatologic skills and of a clinical pre- and post-test approach for the crude assessment of such acquired knowledge for both rotating students and residents. This feedback can be helpful in modifying teaching programs for dermatology educators.
Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport

Abstract From oceanographic measurements of currents and temperature used in a direct calculation, ocean heat transport at 25°N in the Atlantic Ocean was estimated to be 1.1 × 1015W. The method used is discussed and the estimate revised to 1.2 × 1015W by using more complete data. An analysis indicates that the results have an error of at most 0.3 × 1015W and that contributions due to the eddy heat flux and seasonal variation are relatively small. The variation of mean meridional volume transport with depth at 25°N has been computed; the profile leads to the estimate of transport in various temperature classes and to some conclusions concerning the mechanisms of heat flux. The freshwater flux at 25°N has been computed; within error it is zero, a result that agrees with the literature. One direct and two indirect methods of calculating oceanic heat fluxes are compared. Indirect computations of heat flux based on air-sea interaction data provide good global coverage. Computations using satellite data are subject to large errors, but improved technology could make satellites an excellent means for monitoring global radiation. The direct method appears to be the most accurate: various independent, oceanographic estimates agree well with results from the air-sea exchanges. Ocean heat transport can be determined simply and accurately given appropriate measurements.
Corporate citizenship and corporate environmental performance

Corporate crime scholars typically seek to identify the characteristics that distinguish between criminal (or noncompliant) and compliant corporations, usually relying on amoral calculator models to explain offending. Yet, many companies comply and even overcomply with environmental regulations by polluting significantly less than legally allowed. Broader theoretical models may be necessary to explain this phenomenon. In the current study, I explore the utility of corporate citizenship, conceptualized as the degree to which firm culture promotes or inhibits a moral commitment to society, for explaining overcompliance with the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Water Act regulations. Findings offer little support for the proposed relationship between corporate citizenship and environmental performance. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
A technique for computing geoid height anomalies over two-dimensional earth models

Summary A technique is presented for calculating geoid height anomalies over two-dimensional models of Earth structure. The method consists of convolving gravity anomalies over the structure with filters which take into account the finite size of the structure in the third dimension and the curvature of the Earth. Similar filters are also developed for a flat earth case. The method is applied to a sea-surface gravity profile crossing the Tonga-Kermadec trench and is found to give good agreement with a Geos-3 radar altimetry profile in the same region. The example demonstrates that introducing arbitrary offsets in computing gravity anomalies can result in spurious long-wavelength effects in the computed geoid. Comparison of the results obtained using flat earth and spherical earth filters suggests that the effects of the curvature of the Earth only become significant for wavelengths in the gravity field greater than about 1000 km.
Errata: Noninvasive optical quantification of absolute blood flow, blood oxygenation, and oxygen consumption rate in exercising skeletal muscle

This article [J. Biomed. Opt. 17, 075010 (2012) [PubMed]] was originally published online on 12 July 2012 with an error. In Fig. 3, a previously unnoticed error in the data analysis code used to generate the figure caused a shift in the scaling of the blood flow index (αDB). The multiplier at the top should be 10−7, as opposed to 10−5. The corrected figure appears below. Fig. 3 (a) Raw DCS signal (αDB) acquired during exercise with application of gating algorithm. (b) Raw DCS signal acquired during exercise without application of gating algorithm. Exercise was performed at 25% MVC, with 1-s contraction/relaxation. ... All versions of the article were corrected on 19 July 2012. The article appears correctly in print.
A 5-year analysis of rapid response system activation at an in-hospital haemodialysis unit

Objective To study the incidence, patient and event characteristics, and outcome of rapid response system (RRS) activation on an in-hospital haemodialysis unit. Design Retrospective review of all RRS events on an in-hospital 10-bed haemodialysis unit over a 64-month period (November 2001 to February 2007). Setting University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Hospital, a 730-bed academic, urban, tertiary care adult hospital in the USA. Interventions None. Results Over a 64-month-period, 107 of 8928 patients undergoing haemodialysis on the dialysis unit required an RRS activation (12 events/1000 patients dialysed). The most common reasons for RRS activation were respiratory distress/hypoxaemia (27%) and mental status change (24%). Predictors of in-hospital mortality included old age (33% in-hospital mortality for patients aged 65 years or older vs 14% for patients aged less than 65 years; χ 2 =5.66, df=1, p=0.017), and RRS activation due to a respiratory abnormality (37% mortality for respiratory codes vs 18% for all other codes; χ 2 =4.12, df=1, p=0.042). Surprisingly, only 71% of the patients who had an RRS event had the event as dialysis was occuring. Twenty-four patients (22%) met one or more RRS activation criteria upon first vital sign check in the dialysis unit; RRS was activated on 12 (11%) of these patients before dialysis was started. Nineteen (18%) additional patients had an RRS event after their dialysis session had ended, while awaiting transport back to their unit. Conclusions From our findings, it can be suggested that critical events often occur before and after dialysis treatment, during or awaiting transport. Careful assessment of these high-risk patients before and after transport, to and from the dialysis unit may be warranted.
Bait Matrix for Delivery of Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors to the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

The efficacy of three chitin synthesis inhibitors, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, and chlorfluazuron, incorporated into a novel bait matrix to kill the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, was evaluated in the laboratory. The bait matrix was significantly preferred by C. formosanus over southern yellow pine wood in a two-choice feeding test. Bait formulations containing 250 ppm of the three chitin synthesis inhibitors were presented to termite nests with 2,500 individuals (80% workers and 20% soldiers) in the presence of alternative food sources consisting of cardboard and southern yellow pine, Pinus taeda L., wood. None of the bait formulations were significantly repellent or feeding deterrent to the termite workers evidenced by the lack of full consumption of alternative food sources. All nests presented with the bait formulations died within 9 wk, whereas the control nests (bait with no chitin synthesis inhibitors) remained alive 6 mo after the end of the study. No significant differences in consumption were observed among the chitin synthesis inhibitor treatments. Importance of this study for the improvement of current bait technology is discussed.
Magnetoencephalography Reveals Two Distinct Sources Associated with Late Positive Evoked Potentials during Visual Oddball Task

The present investigation was undertaken in order to utilize magnetoencephalography to locate generator sources, modeled as equivalent current point dipoles, that account for the well-established late positive electrical potentials commonly measured along the midline (Cz, Pz, Fz, and Oz) in response to rare or task-relevant stimuli and their simultaneously recorded magnetic field components. Two simultaneous but spatially distinct sources were present in all six subjects. One source in which the magnetic flux exited and reentered the brain over the right hemisphere was localized in deep structures under the temporal cortex in the vicinity of the right hippocampal formation. The other occurred in the vicinity of the primary visual cortex in the occipital area with magnetic flux entering and exiting over the posterior aspects of the subjects' heads. These data correspond to depth and surface electrode studies that have demonstrated multiple generator sources.
On-chip spectrophotometry for bioanalysis using microring resonators

We measure optical absorption in color-producing enzymatic reactions for biochemical analysis with a microscale optofluidic device. Cavity-enhanced laser spectrophotometry is performed on analytes within a microfluidic channel at visible wavelengths with silicon nitride microring resonators of 100 µm radius and quality factor of ~180,000. The resonator transmission spectrum is analyzed to determine optical absorption with a detection limit of 0.12 cm−1. The device can be used to detect the activity of individual enzymes in a few minutes within a 100 fL sensing volume. The high sensitivity, small footprint, and low analyte consumption make absorption-based microring resonators attractive for lab-on-a-chip applications.
Initiation and shape development of corrosion-nucleated fatigue cracking

There presently exists the need for a more complete understanding of initiation and early stage shape evolution of corrosion-nucleated fatigue cracking. These aspects are of critical importance in modeling efforts which are of increasing relevance in the current era of aging aircraft. The present work seeks to contribute to this need through interrupted fatigue testing of pre-corroded, bare, 2024-T3 aluminum sheet specimens. Several specimen orientations and stress levels were considered. Cycle counts at which the specimens were interrupted (overloaded) to expose crack development were set as percentages of total expected life as determined from previous fatigue-to-failure testing done under the same conditions. In this work it was conclusively deduced that crack initiation is essentially immediate upon the application of cyclic loading. Fatigue cracking was found on all specimens, including those tested for just 10% of their total expected life. The initial cracks observed were found to bear resemblance to the grain structure in terms of size, shape, and orientation, and were noted to originate from pitting damage at numerous locations. It was additionally found that surface breaking cracks did not consistently appear until 25% of the total expected life had been consumed. A detailed narrative of the entire damage evolution process in corrosion-nucleated fatigue is given. The utility of interrupted testing is demonstrated and conclusions of relevance to modeling endeavors are presented.
Forced expiratory volume predicts all-cause and cancer mortality in Mumbai, India: results from a population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND Reduction in pulmonary function, as estimated by forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), has been found to predict all-cause mortality in developed-country populations. This study was designed to examine the association between FEV(1) and mortality in an urban developing-country population. METHODS Data from the large, well-characterized Mumbai Cohort Study (Maharashtra, India) were used to compute hazard ratios (HRs; deaths/100-ml FEV(1)) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from Cox proportional hazards regression models in which age, tobacco use, education, height and relative body weight were controlled. RESULTS A total of 13,261 deaths occurred in this cohort of 148,173 individuals. After controlling for important covariates, there was a 1.7% reduction in risk of overall death in women for each 100-ml increment in FEV(1) (HR = 0.983; 95% CI = 0.980-0.986) and a 1.5% reduction in men (HR = 0.985; 95% CI = 0.984-0.986). There was a 1.6% reduction in cancer deaths in women (HR = 0.984; 95% CI = 0.973-0.996) and a 0.8% reduction in men (HR = 0.992; 95% CI = 0.987-0.997). The largest reductions in women were observed in tuberculosis deaths (3.7%/100-ml increment in FEV(1)), and in men in respiratory system deaths (3.2%). CONCLUSIONS In a densely populated urban Indian population, FEV(1) predicted overall and cancer mortality. Effects were larger in women and were not attenuated by exclusion of smokers or restricting analyses to subjects dying >2 years from recruitment. Because FEV(1) may be affected by air pollution, which is worsening in urban areas of most developing countries, further research is recommended to deepen understanding of these factors in relation to mortality.
MAXIMUM‐LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF 120 FOR INOCULATED PACKS

This paper describes a statistical procedure for estimating the 12D dose in the radiation-sterilization of canned food, using data from an inoculated pack experiment. The method assumes a two-parameter distribution, of which the shifted-exponential is taken as a prototype, and uses the maximum-likelihood principle to estimate the parameters and hence 12D. The procedure is embodied in a computer program which estimates 12D and provides confidence limits on both 12D and the kill at zero dose. The method is described and illustrated by three examples and appears to obtain more information from the data than other methods do.
Accounting for underutilization of trade preference programs: The US generalized system of preferences

The US Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) provides duty-free market access to developing countries. Yet despite these preferences, about 40% of imports qualifying for GSP enter the US without claiming the benefits. This paper documents variations in GSP utilization rates and explains their determinants with a special emphasis on the production structure of beneficiary countries as captured by local content. The findings suggest that higher local content shares in output lead to higher utilization rates. In addition, the utilization rate rises with the preference margin, size of exports and regional cumulation, in general, and declines with degree ofprocessing. Resume Expliquer la sous-utilisation des programmes de preferences commerciales : le systeme generalise de preferences des Etats-Unis. Le systeme generalise de preferences (SGP) donne acces sans droits de douane au marche americain pour des pays en developpement. Mais malgre ce traitement de faveur, a peu pres 40 % des importations qui se qualifieraient entrent aux Etats-Unis sans reclamer ces avantages. Ce memoire documente les variations dans le taux d'utilisation du SGP, et les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer ce phenomene, en mettant l'accent sur la structure de production des pays beneficiaires telle que saisie par le contenu local. Les resultats suggerent qu'une portion elevee de contenu local dans le produit entraine un plus haut taux d'utilisation du SGP. De plus, le taux d'utilisation s'accroit avec la marge de preference, la taille des exportations, et la cumulation d'autres arrangements regionaux, et diminue a proportion que le degre de transformation s'accroit.
Signal-to-noise analysis of Stokes parameters in division of focal plane polarimeters

An analysis of the temporal noise in the Stokes parameters computed by division of focal plane polarimeters is presented. Theoretical estimations of the Stokes parameter signal-to-noise ratios for CCD polarization imaging sensors with both 4-polarizer and 2-polarizer micropolarization filter arrays are derived. The theoretical derivation is verified with measurements from an integrated polarization imaging sensor composed of a CCD imaging array and aluminum nanowire polarization filters. The measured data obtained from the CCD polarimeters matches the theoretical derivations of the temporal noise model of the Stokes parameters.
Calcineurin regulates the yeast synaptojanin Inp53/Sjl3 during membrane stress.

Hyperosmotic shock drives a reorganization of calcineurin and Inp53/synaptojanin. Calcineurin accumulates at sites of polarized growth, dephosphorylates Inp53 to maintain normal membrane and actin ...
Inflammatory responses to trivalent influenza virus vaccine among pregnant women.

Objective In the U.S., seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination (TIV) is currently universally recommended for all pregnant women. However, data on the maternal inflammatory response to vaccination is lacking and would better delineate the safety and clinical utility of immunization. In addition, for research purposes, vaccination has been used as a mild immune trigger to examine in vivo inflammatory responses in nonpregnant adults. The utility of such a model in pregnancy is unknown. Given the clinical and empirical justifications, the current study examined the magnitude, time course, and variance in inflammatory responses following seasonal influenza virus vaccination among pregnant women.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

The angiomas of von Hippel-Lindau disease can affect many organ systems and sometimes undergo malignant transformation. The disease, an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, affects the brain, eye, spinal cord, lungs, adrenals, and liver. Certainly its most characteristic features are angiomas of the retina and brain. The disease occurs more often than tuberous sclerosis but less often than neurofibromatosis.
Translational health research: perspectives from health education specialists

The phrase “from bench to bedside to curbside” is a common definition of translational research among health disparities researchers. Health Education Specialists can make important contributions to the field of clinical translational medicine, particularly in light of U.S. health care reform and a renewed emphasis on medical home or health care home models. Health Education Specialists have the training and experience to engage in and facilitate translational research, as well as the opportunity to learn from the translational efforts of other professions and enhance our research, practice, and community partnerships through translational efforts. In this paper, a Translational Health Education Research framework for health education researchers is suggested to foster increased translational efforts within our profession as well as to promote interdisciplinary collaborations to translate a variety of health-related research. A conceptual framework adapted from translational health disparities research that highlights the level and scope of translational research necessary for changes in practice and policy is also provided.
Data Base Management Systems in IPM Programs

This paper attempts to identify the potential role of a data base management system (DBMS) in the environment of an IPM program. Four general types of applications for such a system are discussed. These are: (1) terminal access to stored data; (2) compiling and summarizing scout data; (3) interfacing the IPM data base with other sources of on-line data such as weather, marketing, and forecast models; (4) inter-program data exchange. These categories are discussed on the premise that none of them could be achieved in a statewide IPM program without DBMS technology. Implementation requirements needed to establish an IPM DBMS are also discussed. These requirements include consideration of cooperative personnel, data acquisition strategies, computer hardware and software requirements, and documentation and training. Each of these points is illustrated using the Kentucky and Michigan systems as examples. Finally, an IPM DBMS as a direct extension of the conventional information flow structure in a generalized IPM program is illustrated.
Role of nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the estrogen regulation of cervical epithelial permeability.

Treatment of cultured human cervical epithelia on filters with 17β-estradiol increases paracellular permeability in a time- and dose-related manner (EC50, 1.1 nm). The objective of the present study was to understand the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action. In cultured human cervical epithelial cells the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N-[ethoxycarbonyl]-3-[4-morpholinyl]sydnoneimine (SIN-I) and the cell-permeable cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP (8-Br-cGMP) increased paracellular permeability. In estrogen-treated cells SNP and 8-Br-cGMP increased permeability to a lesser degree than in estrogen-deprived cells, suggesting that NO and cGMP mediate the effect of estrogen on permeability. Tamoxifen blocked the estrogen-induced increase in permeability, but it had no effect on increases in permeability that were induced by SNP or by 8-Br-cGMP. LY-83583 (blocker of guanylate cyclase) attenuated the effect of SNP, whereas KT-5823 (blocker of cGMP-dependent protein kinase) abrogated the effec...
Integrated Real-Time Capacity and Inventory Allocation for Reparable Service Parts in a Two-Echelon Supply System

Two critical decisions must be made daily when managing multiechelon repair and distribution systems for service parts: (1) allocating available repair capacity among different items and (2) allocating available inventories to field stocking locations to support service operations. In many such systems, procurement lead times for service parts are lengthy and variable, repair capacity is limited, and operational requirements change frequently---resulting in demand processes that are highly uncertain and nonstationary. As a consequence, it is common to have many items in short supply while others are abundant. In such environments, integrated real-time decision-support tools can provide significant value by reducing the impact of inventory imbalances and responding appropriately to the volatile nature of the demand processes. By “integrated” and “real-time,” we mean (respectively) tools that simultaneously consider key aspects of the current state of the operating environment in deciding what items to repair, where to ship available units, and by what mode to ship them. In this paper, we develop an integrated real-time model for making repair and inventory allocation decisions in a two-echelon reparable service parts system. We formulate the decision problem as a finite-horizon, periodic-review mathematical program, we show it can be formulated as a large-scale linear program, and we develop a practical heuristic method for solving the problem approximately. By simulating the operation of a service parts supply chain, we demonstrate the value of employing integrated decision models over using separate repair and inventory allocation rules for a range of environments where inventory imbalances exist. We also show that our heuristic approach is highly effective and that its inventory allocation subroutine, used as a stand-alone tool for making distribution decisions, outperforms a commonly used inventory allocation rule in most circumstances tested.
Equilibrium States Simulated by Cloud-Resolving Models

Abstract Recently, several cloud-resolving models (CRMs) were used to study the tropical water and energy cycles and their role in the climate system. They are typically run for several weeks until modeled temperature and water vapor fields reach a quasi-equilibrium state. However, two CRMs produced different quasi-equilibrium states (warm and humid versus cold and dry) even though both used similar initial thermodynamic profiles, horizontal wind, prescribed large-scale vertical velocity, and fixed sea surface temperature. Sensitivity tests were designed to identify the major physical processes that determine the equilibrium states for the different CRM simulations. Differences in the CRM simulated quasi-equilibrium state can be attributed to how the atmospheric horizontal wind was treated throughout the integration. The model that had stronger surface wind produced a warmer and more humid thermodynamic equilibrium state. The physical processes responsible for determining the modeled equilibrium states ca...
Special questions and techniques

Jeopardy!™ questions represent a wide variety of question types. The vast majority are Standard Jeopardy! Questions, where the question contains one or more assertions about some unnamed entity or concept, and the task is to identify the described entity or concept. This style of question is a representative of a wide range of common question-answering tasks, and the bulk of the IBM Watsoni system is focused on solving this problem. A small percentage of Jeopardy! questions require a specialized procedure to derive an answer or some derived assertion about the answer. We call any question that requires such a specialized computational procedure, selected on the basis of a unique classification of the question, a Special Jeopardy! Question. Although Special Questions per se are typically less relevant in broader question-answering applications, they are an important class of question to address in the Jeopardy! context. Moreover, the design of our Special Question solving procedures motivated architectural design decisions that are applicable to general open-domain question-answering systems. We explore these rarer classes of questions here and describe and evaluate the techniques that we developed to solve these questions.
Sensitivity to change.

To the Editor: A recent issue of Physical Therapy contained a 2-part series investigating the Roland-Morris Back Pain Disability Scale (RMQ).1,2 In these articles, the authors provided further evidence regarding the ability of the RMQ to detect meaningful change over time in patients with low back pain. I would like to comment on the authors' use of the term “sensitivity to change” to describe this measure. Sensitivity to change is defined in the first article as “the capacity of a measure to detect change in patients' functional status over time”1(p1188) and in the second article as dealing with “the clinical meaningfulness of changes in scores.”2(p1198) The term typically applied to this measurement property is “responsiveness,” not “sensitivity to change.” “Responsiveness” is, indeed, the term used by Kirshner and Guyatt,3 whom the authors of the first article1 reference when describing the measure properly. Although the terms “responsiveness” and “sensitivity to change” are interrelated, they convey a somewhat different meaning, and the proper term to describe the measure investigated in the studies by Riddle et al2 and Stratford et al1 is “responsiveness,” not “sensitivity to change.” The capacity of a scale to detect meaningful change over time, classically described as responsiveness, involves 2 issues: first, the measure must detect meaningful change when it has occurred, and second, it must remain stable when no change has occurred. The analogy is often made to a diagnostic test, in which the “disease” that the investigator is attempting to detect is meaningful change and the “test” is the change score of the scale.4 To continue with this analogy, the ability of a scale to detect change when it has occurred describes the scale's sensitivity to change, whereas the stability of a scale in patients who have …
Effect of Formulation, Concentration, and Application Time on the Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (8-14) Against Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Larvae Under Natural Conditions

Comparisons of formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) de Barjac and different application times were conducted in small streams against Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt in northeast Tennessee. Teknar liquid (wdc), Vectobac (WP), and Bactimos (WP) produced average mortalities of 85, 80, and 61%, respectively, at 10 mg/liter per 1 min (= 10 ppm) 10 to 400 m below the point of application. The efficacy of the 1-min application time of Teknar at 10 mg/liter was significantly higher in terms of mortality and effective carry than the 20-min application at 0.5 mg/liter. Doubling and trebling the concentration of Vectobac WP and Bactimos WP, respectively, increased mortality and carryover that of the rate of 10 mg/liter per min, but was not proportionate to increase in dosage.
Process Simulation of Complex Biological Pathways in Physical Reactive Space and Reformulated for Massively Parallel Computing Platforms

Biological systems encompass complexity that far surpasses many artificial systems. Modeling and simulation of large and complex biochemical pathways is a computationally intensive challenge. Traditional tools, such as ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, stochastic master equations, and Gillespie type methods, are all limited either by their modeling fidelity or computational efficiency or both. In this work, we present a scalable computational framework based on modeling biochemical reactions in explicit 3D space, that is suitable for studying the behavior of large and complex biological pathways. The framework is designed to exploit parallelism and scalability offered by commodity massively parallel processors such as the graphics processing units (GPUs) and other parallel computing platforms. The reaction modeling in 3D space is aimed at enhancing the realism of the model compared to traditional modeling tools and framework. We introduce the Parallel Select algorithm that is key to breaking the sequential bottleneck limiting the performance of most other tools designed to study biochemical interactions. The algorithm is designed to be computationally tractable, handle hundreds of interacting chemical species and millions of independent agents by considering all-particle interactions within the system. We also present an implementation of the framework on the popular graphics processing units and apply it to the simulation study of JAK-STAT Signal Transduction Pathway. The computational framework will offer a deeper insight into various biological processes within the cell and help us observe key events as they unfold in space and time. This will advance the current state-of-the-art in simulation study of large scale biological systems and also enable the realistic simulation study of macro-biological cultures, where inter-cellular interactions are prevalent.
Analyzing Large Numbers of Data with A Programmable Calculator: Technic and Applications

Programmable calculators or minicomputers can be used in many laboratory activities, including tasks for which large numbers of data must be analyzed. A technic for organizing data into records and files for storage on magnetic tape and for using an index to find the locations of stored data quickly is described. Applications of the technic for analysis of quality control results, determination of potential HLA-compatible tissue donors, and analysis of laboratory administrative data are presented. These applications were written for use with a small programmable calculator.
312 MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH GASTROPARESIS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DIABETES.

Introduction Gastroparesis (GP) is an often serious disorder of gastric neuromuscular function, but the long-term survival of GP is unknown. We reviewed two studies of GP patients with and without diabetes either on long-term antiemetic therapy or implanted with gastric electric stimulation (GES) devices to examine mortality. Studies The first study was of 32 GP patients, treated with ondansetron (Zofran) alone, promethazine (Phenergan) alone, or both, followed for up to 10 years (1992-2002). Six patients had diabetes mellitus and 26 had idiopathic GP. Although long-term antiemetic therapy was effective in controlling nausea and vomiting, four diabetic and four idiopathic GP patients had died over 10 years, a mortality rate of 66% compared with 15% in the idiopathic group. In the second, 156 of 214 patients with symptoms of drug-refractory GP were treated with GES devices over a period of 13 years (1992-2005). Patients were subdivided into three groups: 107 idiopathic group, 32 diabetic group, and 17 postsurgical GP patients, all receiving GES devices. At the latest follow-up (median 4 years for 5,568 patient-months), most patients implanted (135 of 156) were alive with intact devices, had significantly reduced GI symptoms, reported improved health-related quality of life, and had evidence of improved gastric emptying. A total of 26 of 214 patients (12.1%) died. Among patients with permanent device implantation, 21 of 156 died (13.4%); this included 5 of 32(15.6%) DM and 16 of 124 (12.9%) non-DM. Patients consented but not implanted served as controls: of these, 5 of 25 (20.0%) died, 4 of 5 with DM (80%) and 1 of 5 (20%) without DM. Cause of death was primarily due to underlying disease and was not determined to be directly related to the GES device in any patient. Death among patients implanted was similar to those not implanted for nondiabetic patients (16/124 = 12.9% vs 1/5 = 20%) but lower for GES diabetic patients (5/32 = 15.6% vs 4/5 = 80%; p Conclusions Data from two recent studies demonstrate a definite improvement in the symptoms of GP in diabetic patients with long-term antiemetic therapy as well as permanent GES devices. There appears to be a significantly higher mortality in diabetic patients compared with GP patients with idiopathic and postsurgical disease. The high long-term mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus suggests that GP may be a marker of severe systemic disease for certain patients. In addition, the implantation of a GES device in DM GP appears to be associated with a lower mortality.
The effect of reserpine on growth and catecholamine content of Tetrahymena.

Reserpine inhibits the growth of Tetrahymena and reduces the content of epinephrine and of norepinephrine of these cells. The growth inhibitory effect is partially reversed by glucose.
Statistical issues in pragmatic trials of behavioral economic interventions.

Background:Randomized clinical trials provide gold-standard evidence for the efficacy of interventions, but have limitations, including highly selected populations that make inference on effectiven...
Morphologic variation within and among populations of the camerate crinoid Agaricocrinus (Lower Mississippian, Kentucky and Tennessee); breaking the spell of the mushroom

Morphologic variation within and among populations of the common monobathrid camerate crinoid Agaricocrinus was investigated using multivariate and bivariate techniques for samples from 15 localities in the Lower Mississippian (late Osagean) Fort Payne Formation of south-central Kentucky and north-central Tennessee. Despite a wide range of variability, two morphotypes were distinguished at most localities in both autochthonous and allochthonous carbonate facies: Agaricocrinus americanus and the less common A. crassus. Morphologic characters that can be reliably used to separate these taxa include character of the anal area, width of the second primibrachial, and shape of the arm facets. Many other characters of calyx shape and plate proportions used previously for species recognition, such as depth of the basal concavity, height of the interbrachials, height of the tegmen, and number of arms, are widely variable within populations. Variation within species populations is ontogenetic, although a geographic component is recognized within A. crassus. The definition of A. crassus is emended to encompass a broader range of variation than heretofore realized. Eight species previously reported from the Fort Payne Formation are placed in synonymy: A. arcula, A. dissimilis, A. elegans, A. podagricus, A. ponderosus, A. profundus, and A. tugurium are junior synonyms of A. americanus. A. attenuata is a junior synonym of A. crassus.