cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Diagnostics for IBM POWER6- Microprocessor

As design complexity increases and process technologies shrink, high resolution and quick turnaround diagnostics are always in high demand. This is especially important for the development of high performance microprocessors, where not only the gross defects are a big concern, but small "AC" defects (soft defects) are as well. To diagnose these "AC" defects, conventional electrical diagnostic techniques, such as software-based and tester-based approaches, might not be effective. In this paper, a dynamic laser stimulation technique is described. When combined with the Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis (PICA) technique, very high diagnostic resolution can be achieved. Several IBM Power6TM (P6) microprocessor [1] diagnostic examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed diagnostic strategy and methods.
Airglow rotational temperature measurements during the ALOHA campaign

Two instruments sensitive to nocturnal airglow emissions were flown aboard the NCAR Electra aircraft during the 1990 ALOHA campaign—a Fourier transform spectrometer and a 1/4 meter grating spectrometer. The two instruments were chosen to provide complementary data in the near infrared spectral region, the former between 6000 and 10000 cm−1, and the latter between ∼11300 and ∼11600 cm−1. Coordinated measurements were acquired by both instruments of several ro-vibrational transitions within the ground state of the Meinel band of hydroxyl and one electronic transition of the O2 At system. Rotational temperatures were deduced from both species, including several transitions within the Meinel system. It is usually assumed that the mean height of the O2 At layer is several kilometers above the mean height of the OH layer, implying a means of determining a neutral temperature height profile, albeit coarsely. Data from two flights show an interesting behavior: temperatures inferred from OH and O2 At emissions from the March 31, 1990, mission are equal, T(OH) ∼ T(O2), within error bars during the start of the west-to-east flight while T(OH) > T(O2) during the latter part of the flight. For the March 22, 1990, mission, the dependences are reversed with T(OH) > T(O2) during the first part of the south-to-north flight, and temperatures similar at the end. A comparison with a standard temperature profile model for April at various latitudes indicates that the best fit is for an altitudinal temperature profile for 30 N latitude. A lower T(O2) indicates a high mesopause existed during the ALOHA experiment.
Work in progress - MeTube: A novel way to teach database to undergraduates

In this paper, we describe the principles, outlines, and implementation of a new undergraduate database course using MeTube (a variation of the well known YouTube) as a motivational semester-long project, which is attractive, fosters creativity in students and is complex enough to introduce DBMS theories and techniques. We provide detailed course assessment results and describe our experience from past two semesters.
Asymmetric retinal growth in the adult teleost green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus).

Previous studies on fish retina have suggested that a curved, non-fused embryonic fissure is associated with, and perhaps caused by, asymmetric growth along the retina's marginal germinal zone (where neurons and Muller glia are added appositionally throughout life). In this report retinal growth was measured directly in adult green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), which has a curved, non-fused embryonic fissure. Growth was asymmetric in both small and large fish: ventral and nasal retina grew more than temporal and dorsal retina. This asymmetry was due to different net rates of cellular addition, rather than differential passive expansion. The absolute rates of retinal growth in the centroperipheral direction were roughly exponential functions of fish size--smaller fish grow faster than large fish--but the area of new retina added per unit time did not vary with fish size. Visual implications of asymmetric retinal growth are evaluated.
Characteristics and organization of discharge properties in rat hindlimb motoneurons.

The discharge properties of hindlimb motoneurons in ketamine–xylazine anesthetized rats were measured to assess contributions of persistent intrinsic currents to these characteristics and to determ...
A fresh meat almost ideal demand system incorporating negative TV press and advertising impact

Abstract This paper investigates fresh meat consumption in Belgium during 1995–1998 through the specification of a three-equation almost ideal demand system (AIDS) incorporating a media index of TV coverage and advertising expenditures as explanatory variables. Estimated parameters and elasticity coefficients are plausible and consistent with demand theory. Own-price elasticities are relatively low, indicating a low fresh meat demand sensitivity to price changes over this period which was dominated by mass media reports about the potential health risks associated with meat consumption. The scope of the paper extends beyond the estimation of elasticity coefficients and includes the specification of a media index and simulations that provide insights into the impact of negative press relative to advertising efforts. Specifically, the impact of television publicity is shown to have been particularly negative on beef/veal expenditures in favour of pork/mixture. This finding corroborates expectations since mass media issues mainly pertained to BSE (mad cow disease) and hormone residues during the investigated period. With relatively little effort being undertaken and with its current strategy, fresh meat advertising is found to have only a minor impact compared with negative press.
The optimum weight of angle-dependent weighted MUSIC and its approximations

Angle-dependent weighted MUSIC or weighted norm MUSIC is a broad class of MUSIC-like parameter estimators which includes as special case the standard "spectral" MUSIC. Based on a general approach for deriving the point statistics of the signal-subspace estimators, the relation between the large-sample moments of MUSIC and angle-dependent weighted MUSIC is presented in this paper. The optimum weight function resulting in the estimator with zero bias of order N/sup -1/ is derived. The approximate realizations of this optimum estimator in a parametric subclass of angle-dependent weighted MUSIC for arrays measuring closely spaced sources are discussed. Simulation examples verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the proposed estimators have small estimation biases over a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio. >
Universal Prevention for Alcohol Use Disorders: 1940–2014

Objective:Universal prevention programs are intended to prevent or delay the onset of alcohol use disorders in the general population. This article reviews research on universal prevention programs for alcohol use published over the last 75 years.Method:A literature search of studies published since the inception of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs in 1940 revealed 66 manuscripts that addressed or reported the findings of universal prevention programs in that journal. Additional studies published elsewhere were also reviewed.Results:Research on universal prevention programs can be divided into three eras: Identifying the need for prevention (1940–1970) and the first (1971–1990) and second (1991–2010) eras of universal prevention research.Conclusions:In the past 75 years, the field of universal prevention for alcohol use disorders has evolved from nonexistent to mature, replicating and enhancing effective strategies and identifying and learning from ineffective ones. The future provides unique o...
Homology between and Antiquity of Stereotyped Communicatory Behaviors of Crocodilians

Abstract Crocodilians communicate with each other using stereotyped acoustic and visual signals that convey reproductive, territorial, and other information. I mapped 14 such behavioral characters onto a phylogeny of seven crocodilian species to determine behavioral homologies, under the assumption that such behaviors are heritable. The results indicate that the following are ancestral behaviors for Alligatoridae + Crocodylidae and, therefore, were present by the Late Cretaceous: intraegg vocalization; juvenile distress calls; circling during courtship; head-emergent tail-arched posture; snout lifting; head slapping; inflated posture; narial geysering; bubbling; mutual snout-rubbing; and rubbing the snout on the dorsal surface of an intended mate. Ancestral (Late Cretaceous) courtship behaviors of the clade included circling, narial geysering, bubbling, mutual snout rubbing, and rubbing the snout on the dorsal surface of the intended mate. The headslap-roar is an ancestral advertisement display for the cl...
Neonatal Repair in a Patient With Heterotaxy, Truncus Arteriosus, Pulmonary Artery Sling, and Tracheal Stenosis

We present a newborn with heterotaxy features, multiple congenital anomalies, truncus arteriosus with long segment tracheal stenosis, and a left pulmonary artery sling. The patient had complete neonatal repair with slide tracheoplasty and repair of the left pulmonary artery sling with anterior translocation of the pulmonary artery. The truncus was repaired with a transventricular ventricular septal defect closure with a patch and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. Complete repair of complex cardiac neonatal lesions with critical tracheal stenosis is feasible and should be the strategy of choice in these complex patients.
Economic Growth and Energy

Energy use and economic output are positively correlated though energy intensity has declined over time and is usually lower in richer countries. Numerous factors affect the energy intensity of economies and energy efficiency is obviously one of the most important. However, the rebound effect might limit the possibilities for energy efficiency improvements to reduce energy intensity. Natural science suggests that energy is crucial to economic production but mainstream economic growth theory largely ignores the role of energy. Ecological economists and some economic historians argue that increasing energy supply has been a principal driver of growth. Historically energy scarcity imposed constraints on growth, but with the increased availability of modern energy sources, energy's importance as a driver of growth has declined. Empirical research on whether energy causes growth or vice versa is inconclusive, but meta-analysis finds that the role of energy prices is central to understanding the relationship.
An Introduction to Discriminant Analysis.

An intent of this article is to provide an interpretation of “discriminant analysis” that includes two sets of techniques, predictive discriminant analysis and descriptive discriminant analysis. Th...
Transparency in Human-agent Teaming and its Effect on Automation-induced Complacency

Abstract The battlefield of the future has been envisioned as one soldier operator managing a team of robotic assets to conduct multiple concurrent tasks, and the DoD has been actively investigating the potential of such human-agent teams. Contemporary research shows that one operator managing multiple robotic assets suffers from a variety of performance decrements. Using an intelligent agent as the mediator of the robotic team helps alleviate some problems, while introducing several unique to the supervisory relationship. One such problem is the human-out-of-the-loop condition, which often results in an increase in operator complacent behavior. This proposed study explores how operator knowledge of the work environment and access to the agent's reasoning affects complacent behavior. Additionally, the interaction of operator knowledge and agent reasoning will be explored to see how the presence (or lack thereof) of each affects operator performance, workload, and situation awareness.
Social Reproduction and Urban Competitiveness: How Dominican Bodegueros Use the Care Economy

Drawn from a larger project examining immigration and economic redevelopment in Philadelphia, this article examines the way bodegas (small neighborhood-based variety stores) challenge relations of competitiveness inherent in neoliberal urban development. I argue that while the rhetoric of competition and entrepreneurialism abound in discussions of urban development, ethnographic research in urban neighborhoods suggest that the caring labor of social reproduction also plays a strong role in how immigrant communities establish themselves and neighborhoods develop. I use the experience of bodegueros to demonstrate how care operates to support families, businesses, and communities within the competitive, neoliberal city. I argue care work is often juxtaposed with neoliberalism, while in reality this is a false dichotomy. Urban neoliberalism is undergirded with care labor, and it is central to the institutionalization of bodegas within urban neighborhoods as it helps sustain neighborhoods and supports the upward mobility of families who work in bodegas.
Technical Note: Preferred dosimeter size and associated correction factors in commissioning high dose per pulse, flattening filter free x‐ray beams

Purpose: High dose rate flattening filter free (FFF) beams pose new challenges and considerations for accurate reference and relative dosimetry. The authors report errors associated with commonly used ion chambers and introduce simple methods to mitigate them. Methods: Dosimetric errors due to (1) ion recombination effects of high dose per pulse (DPP) FFF beams and (2) volume-averaging effects of the radial profile were examined on a TrueBeam STx. Four commonly used cylindrical ion chambers spanning a range of lengths (0.29–2.3 cm) and volumes (0.016–0.6 cm3) were used to determine the magnitude of these effects for 6 and 10 MV unflattened x-ray beams (6XFFF and 10XFFF, respectively). Two methods were used to determine the magnitude of ion collection efficiency: (1) direct measurement of the percent depth dose (PDD) for the clinical, high DPP beam in comparison to that obtained after reducing the DPP and (2) measurement of Pion as a function of depth. Two methods were used to quantify the magnitude of volume-averaging: (1) direct measurement of volume-averaging via cross-calibration and (2) calculation of volume-averaging from radial profiles of the beam. Finally, a simple analytical expression for the radial profile volume-averaging correction factor, Prp = [OAR(0.29L)]−1, or the inverse of the off-axis ratio of dose at 0.29L, where L is the length of the chamber’s sensitive volume, is introduced to mitigate the volume-averaging effect in Farmer-type chambers. Results: Errors in measured PDD for the clinical beams were 1.3% ± 0.07% and 1.6% ± 0.07% at 35 cm depth for the 6XFFF and 10XFFF beam, respectively, using an IBA CC13 ion chamber, due to charge recombination with a high DPP. Volume-averaging effects were 0.4% and 0.7% for the 6XFFF and 10XFFF beam, respectively, when measured with a Farmer-type chamber. For the application of TG-51, these errors combine when using a CC13 to measure the PDD and a Farmer for absolute output dosimetry for a total error of up to 2% at dmax for the 10XFFF beam. Conclusions: Relative and absolute dosimetry in high DPP, unflattened x-ray beams of 10 MV or higher requires corrections for charge recombination and/or volume-averaging when dosimeters with certain geometries are used. Chambers used for PDD measurement are available that do not require a correction for charge recombination. A simple analytical expression of the correction factor Prp was introduced in this work to account for volume-averaging effects in Farmer chambers. Choice of an appropriate dosimeter coupled with application of the established correction factors Pion and Prp reduces the uncertainty in the PDD measurement and the reference dose measurement.
Comparison of Traditional Psychophysical and Sorting Methods for In-Vehicle Display Design

Modern vehicles can present an ever-changing plethora of information, making it of the utmost importance that signals are evaluated efficiently in the early stages of design. The current study investigates the relationship between traditional methods of physchophysical scaling and newer methods of sorting or categorization. Participants sorted a sample of sounds into “Alarms”, “Status Notifications” and “Social Notifications”. Following the sorting task, participants were asked to rate each individual sound (using a 1-100 scale) on urgency, annoyance and acceptability. Results indicate extremely high correlations between alarm categorization and urgency level where sounds categorized as alarms by more participants were also rated as more urgent by all participants.
The histology of gonadotropin-secreting bronchogenic carcinoma.

Four patients with the syndrome of gonadotropin-producing bronchogenic carcinoma were studied. Each patient had gynecomastia and high titers of gonadotropin in the blood and/or urine. At postmortemthe lung tumor contained large amounts of gonadotropin. None of the patients had any evidence of a testicular tumor. Since there is a predominance of a characteristic cell type associated with some of the other humoral syndromes caused by lung cancer, it was thought useful to describe the histologic findings of the individual tumors. The cell types of the primary lung tumors included well-differentiated epidermoid carcinoma with keratin formation and intercellular bridges, poorly differentiated epidermoid carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma, and bronchiolar adenocarcinoma arising in an area of scarring. These cases, when combined with those which have already been reported, demonstrate that a wide variety of lung cancers are capable of secreting gonadotropin.
Effects of bromocryptine on hormone and blood pressure levels in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

SummaryTreatment of young and old male and female SH rats with bromoergo-cryptine (21 days) significantly reduced blood prolactin concentrations. Blood pressure was slightly depressed in young male SH rats whereas in females blood pressure was unchanged. Hypertension was reduced (30%) to normotensive levels in old rats of both sexes. Corticosterone levels were slightly affected by treatment. A significant drop in aldosterone levels was noted in young male SH rats exclusively. The hypotensive action of bromocryptine (a dopamine agonist) is uncertain but may be related to changes in catecholamine levels or actions within the central nervous system.
Formation of Mn-As Centers in In1-xMnxAs Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors

XAFS spectra at the Mn K-edge were obtained for films of In 1-x Mn x As (0.0014 ≤x ≤ 0.12) grown by MBE method at two different substrate temperatures T s , = 200–210 °C and T s , = 280–300 ° C. It has been found that Mn-As complexes which consist of a central Mn atom surrounded by six neighboring As most likely arranged in the form of a distorted trigonal antiprism with one or two additional Mn atoms placed on the long axis of the antiprism, can substitute for the In-As tetrahedron in the undistorted zincblende structure. For a composition of x = 0.12 we have found the formation of MnAs clusters with NiAs-like structure in the high-growth-temperature samples. We thus conclude that the magnetic properties of the In 1-x Mn x As semiconductors are mainly determined by the formation and local structure ol'the Mn-As complexes.
A Replacement for Cottonseed Meal and Meats in Boll Weevil Diets12

The cottonseed meal and cottonseed meats in the adult and larval diets of Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman can be replaced successfully with Pharmamedia® Percent egg hatch was significantly higher when females were fed Pharmamedia diet. The use of this commercially available material saved time, equipment, labor, and electrical energy in preparing diets.
Clinical Characteristics of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children in Different Ages

Objective To explore the characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP) in children in different ages.Me-thods The chief clinical manifestations of 161 hospitalized children with MPP confirmed by ELISA positive mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP) IgM and PCR techniques from respiratory ward in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively from Oct.2006 to Sep.2007.All the children with MPP were classified into 3 groups according to their ages as follows:infants(≤3 years old) group,preschool children(between 3 and 6 years old) group and school-aged children(6 years old) group.The differences in children with MPP from different ages in terms.Of clinical symptoms,pulmonary signs and chest X-rays,extrapulmonary complications and concomitant organisms were compared.Results The clinical characteristics of MPP in infants were different from those in older children.In the infants who had more wet coughs,wheezings and rales,the onset of illness was more acute,but the degree in temperature was lower and the length of fever time was shorter,whereas,the majority of school-aged children with MPP showed high fever,severe nonproductive coughs,slight pulmonary signs and longer fever time.The children with MPP had multiple presentations of chest X-rays.Lobular parenchymtous infiltration was among common pulmonary X-ray findings in all groups.More segmental parenchymtous infiltration of chest X-ray could be found in preschool or school-aged children than that in infants.Digestive system,cardiac system,kidney,skin and so on were common extrapulmonary sites that could be impaired by MP infection.There were no differences among the 3 age groups in other respects except that less digestive system impairment could be found in school-aged children compared with the other 2 age groups.There were more pleural abnormalities(often being pleural thicken or small effusion,seldom large effusion which would be one of the main manifestations of severe MPP) in older children than in younger ones.Children with MPP in all age groups were susceptible to be infected by a number of other pathogens concomitantly.Conclusions There are differences in clinical symptoms,pulmonary signs and chest X-rays in MPP children from different age groups.Experimental tests including serological and other tests should be done to help early diagnosis.
Research and analysis of contamination situation of Bacillus cereus in local rice and wheaten food and seasonable diet for residents in Gansu Province

Objective To find out contamination situation of Bacillus cereus in local rice and wheaten food and seasonable food for residents in Gansu Province,to provide evidence for risk surveillance of food safety.Methods Research was conducted according to the standard operation procedures for Bacillus cereus inspection in The National Food-borne Pathogenic Bacteria Monitoring Network Workbook.Results During 2009-2011,detection rate of Bacillus cereus contamination in local rice and wheaten food and seasonable food was 3.33%,16.65% and 7.68%,respectively,with a total detection rate of 8.26%.While it was 13.03% for the local rice and wheaten food,significantly higher than that of 2.20% for the seasonable food.The detection rate was significantly higher in the first and fourth season than in the second and third season.Conclusions The contamination of Bacillus cereus in local rice and wheaten food is quite severe.This evidence indicates that food safety department in Gansu Province should pay more attention to administration and monitoring.Also,the surveillance and research of the amount of bacteria and poison production need to be enhanced.
Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Administration on Gonadal Steroidogenic Activity in Vivo *

The effects of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration on gonadal steroidogenic activity in vivo were studied in two animal models: (1) luteal function of the rhesus monkey and (2) periovulatory steroid concentrations of rabbits treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). THC-treated monkeys demonstrated progesterone concentrations and luteal phase lengths which were not different from those in untreated controls. THC did not impair the normal pattern of response of the corpus luteum to increasing doses of hCG as measured by serum progesterone concentrations and luteal phase lengths. Rabbits treated with THC manifested normal periovulatory steroidal patterns (progesterone, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone). These data suggest that THC does not significantly inhibit steroidogenesis by a direct action on the ovary. Its effect may be mediated by a central mechanism of action.
A Singular Understanding of They

This article discusses the possibilities for adopting "they" as a singular, gender-neutral pronoun. It reviews a brief history of the grammar of "they" and explores the modern desire to find a gender-neutral pronoun appropriate for formal writing, including legal writing. It concludes with writing advice for the practicing bar on how to write gender-neutrally while satisfying the expectations of a formalistic and demanding audience.
Introduction: international law and international economic law in the interdependent world of the twenty-first century

I feel about globalization a lot like I feel about the dawn. Generally speaking, I think it is a good thing that the sun comes up every morning. It does more good than harm. But even if I didn't much care for the dawn, there isn't much I could do about it. I didn't start globalization, I can't stop it – except at a huge cost to human development – and I'm not going to waste time trying. All I want to think about is how I can get the best out of this new system, and cushion the worst, for the most people. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree A time of challenge and changing assumptions The last decade of the twentieth century and the first of the twenty-first century may not be the most challenging period for the generally accepted assumptions of international law, but this period will certainly rank high on any such list. The growing depth, speed of change, and adjustment required by “globalization,” accompanied by striking changes in government institutions, a remarkable increase in nongovernment activity and advocacy, an intense emphasis on market economic ideas, and a backlash against them, have all chipped away at the relatively fragile (perhaps already crumbing) theoretical foundations of the international legal system as it has been generally accepted for centuries.
‘We Few, We Happy Few,’ or ‘Murdering our Men’

The sudden demise of Christopher Marlowe in 1593 and the rapid decline of the tortured Thomas Kyd, resulting in early death in 1594, undoubtedly gave fellow dramatists reason to pause when contemplating the subject matter of their plays. Nonetheless, around 1595 Shakespeare embarked on his second historical tetralogy known as the Henriad. But whereas Marlowe’s E2 had been staged at court soon after publication of multiple Catholic works attacking Burghley, the tetralogy precedes Hayward’s history of Henry IV - a work resulting in the author’s imprisonment1 - thereby enabling Shakespeare to claim plausible denial, i.e. to deny that his drama had anything to do with current events. The Henriad, however, is political allegory dramatizing medieval history to comment on Cecilian strategies from 1569 to 1599. But its ambivalent portrayal of elite competitors helps to shadow its ever-deepening engagement with what Jameson calls the ‘ideologeme,’ or ‘the smallest intelligible unit of the essentially antagonistic collective discourses of social classes’ (76). For regardless of how one chooses to view the deadly struggle between royal and magnate power in the Henriad, Shakespeare gradually evolves a concern with lower-class victims of upper-class conflict. The commoner as casualty becomes increasingly visible as we move through these plays, from virtual absence in Richard II (R2) to central speaking presence in Henry the Fifth (H5) on the eve of Agincourt. Like Marlowe, Shakespeare is politically conscious, yet unlike Marlowe he is politically cautious, mixing ambivalence about the elite with a gradual exposure of ‘collateral damage’ comprehensible only in relation to Cecilian realpolitik and conditions of contemporary militarism.2
The Perception of Optical Flow in Driving Simulators

Optical flow is generated when a driver’s vehicle traverses a 3-D virtual environment in a driving simulator. Understanding the generated optical flow may help in lessening simulator sickness. Two experiments were designed to investigate the perceived optical flow in different driving environments using two driving simulators: 1) a fixed base simulator and 2) a turning cabin simulator whose turning cabin rotates around the y-axis. In the first experiment, the perception of optical flow when making left/right turns was studied using both simulators. Results revealed that subjects experienced a higher amount of optical flow when making right turns then left turns. In addition, the optical flow perceived by drivers in the fixed base simulator was greater than that in the turning cabin simulator. We designed the second experiment to investigate the optical flow perceived when driving straight ahead, driving on circular curves, and driving on curves with transitions (clothoids). Again, two simulators were used. The amount of optical flow was highest when driving on circular curves, and was lowest when driving straight ahead. While using the turning cabin simulator, the degree of optical flow decreased greatly on circular curves, and curves with clothoids as compared to that in the fixed base simulator. We conclude that optical flow in driving simulators can be lessen by using a turning cabin simulator.
Sochi Olympics on Twitter: Topics, Geographical Landscape, and Temporal Dynamics

A successful destination must be favorably positioned in the public mind. Mega-sporting events are an integral part of destination marketing because they attract worldwide visibility and publicity, provide a nucleus for a positively framed public discourse, and have the potential to improve attitudes toward countries and the destinations within them. This study investigates how the Sochi Olympics were portrayed on Twitter by hosts and guests. The study addresses the following questions: What is the geographic landscape of Twitter messages about the Sochi Olympics? What issues were the most salient before, during, and after the games? What are the temporal dynamics of issues concerning the Sochi Olympics? The chapter illustrates an analytical approach to extracting topical, spatial, and temporal information from Twitter messages.
Case Study 15. Reading the Bones (3): Tracking Life History at Nariokotome

In 1984 a team led by Richard Leakey and Alan Walker discovered a remarkably complete skeleton of Homo ergaster on the western side of Lake Turkana in Kenya. It was pieced together from small fragments that had been shattered by tree roots and scattered across the barren ground. When finally assembled, the bones were found to belong to a boy initially estimated to be about 12 years old. However, determining exactly how old he was at the time he died raises important questions about rates of maturation, brain development, and life history strategies in early hominins. One and a half million years ago it appears that humans had not yet acquired one very distinctive characteristic of modern populations—childhood.
Transitional behavior of different energy protons based on Van Allen Probes observations

Understanding the dynamical behavior of ~1 eV to 50 keV ions and identifying the energies at which the morphologies transit are important in that they involve the relative intensities and distributions of the large-scale electric and magnetic fields, the outflow and recombination rates. However, there have been only few direct observational investigations of the transition in drift behaviors of different energy ions before the Van Allen Probes era. Here, we statistically analyze ~1 eV to 50 keV Hydrogen (H+) differential flux distributions near geomagnetic equator by using Van Allen Probes observations to investigate the H+ dynamics under the regulation of large-scale electric and magnetic fields. Our survey clearly indicates three types of H+ behaviors within different energy ranges, which is consistent with previous theory predictions. Using simple electric and magnetic field models in UBK coordinates, we have further constrained the source regions of different energy ions and their drift directions.
Applying Evidence-Based Assessment to Childhood Trauma and Bereavement: Concepts, Principles, and Practices

Growing recognition of the high prevalence rates of trauma exposure and its severe consequences across the life span have led to international calls to action to train clinicians in essential trauma competencies (Courtois and Gold 2009; Weine et al. 2002), many of which involve assessment (Cook et al. 2014). Nevertheless, standard assessment toolkits generally fail to address this important issue. Many commonly used assessment tools do not include a trauma screen or measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (e.g., Achenbach and Rescorla 2001; Derogatis 1977; Goodman et al. (2000), creating blind spots in risk detection and case formulation that impede the ability of systems to become trauma informed (Ko et al. 2008). Although the accuracy with which PTSD is identified is comparatively higher than many other diagnoses (Regier et al. 2012), standard clinical interviews also yield only modestly accurate trauma-related diagnoses for both child and adult populations (Rettew et al. 2009). These findings suggest that a substantial portion of trauma-exposed youth with likely PTSD is either missed or mislabeled.
The Art of Reading Explosion Phenomena: Science and Algorithms

Explosion phenomena today are considered a significant concern that needs to be detected and analyzed with a prompt response. We develop a multiclass categorization system for explosion phenomena using color images. Consequently, we describe four patterns of explosion phenomena, including pyroclastic density currents, lava fountains, lava and tephra fallout, and nuclear explosions, against three patterns of non-explosion phenomena, including wildfires, fireworks, and sky clouds. The classification task was handled through extracting different types of features, including texture features, amplitude features, frequency features, and histogram features. Then, these features were fed into several multiclass classification methods. In addition, we present a new data set for volcanic and nuclear explosions that includes 10 654 samples. Evaluation results show the one-against-one multiclass support vector machine with degree 3 polynomial kernel outperforms other classification methods. It produces the highest classification rate of 90.85% to categorize 5327 images of the data set. A reasonable execution time of approximately 117 ms was accomplished to classify one input test image.
Does Maternal Spanking Lead to Bullying Behaviors at School? A Longitudinal Study

Spanking as a form of punishment continues to be a highly prevalent form of discipline employed by parents in the U.S. to encourage compliance from children. Recent research continues to support that spanking does not lead to positive outcomes for children, and can be potentially detrimental in several different development facets. Bullying and the negative consequences for children and society has recently been an especially popular topic in the literature. Although much has been written and explored about implications of spanking, very few research studies have investigated the link of parental spanking on bullying behavior in young children. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of spanking and the likelihood of bullying behaviors in early childhood. Data for this study were used from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, consisting of 1020 mothers with young children was used collected at 4 different time points (Year 1, Year 3, Year 5, and Year 9). By utilizing structural equation modeling, we developed an autoregressive cross-lagged panel model to longitudinally test the connection between maternal spanking and childhood bullying. Our results indicated that spanking at age 1 positively predicted childhood bullying at age 3 for male children and negatively predicted bullying for females. Numerous autoregressive paths were statistically significant, indicating that maternal spanking at younger ages predicted spanking as the child aged. To gain further understanding our results were separated by the gender of the child. The results of the study have important implications for researchers, educators, and clinicians.
Syntheses and characterization of various polyisobutylene-polystyrene copolymers

The overall compositions of various polystyrene PSt polyisobutylene PIB block copolymers and blends of homopolymers have been investigated by a variety of techniques. While 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies gave reliable data, the UV/RI dual detector GPC method and static UV absorption method were found to be unsuitable for composition analysis of these block copolymers. The discrepancy in composition determination is due to strong hyperchromism exhibited by these novel block copolymers. The block copolymers showed significant absorption in the 280–350 nm range and their UV absorbances were much larger over the whole absorption region than those of blends of homopolymers with similar composition. In the absence of independent supporting data, e.g., NMR or IR spectroscopy, both the GPC method and UV spectroscopy yield unreliable high PSt content data. Hyperchromism of low molecular weight PSt-PIB block copolymers in solution may be due to a significant interpenetration of the PSt and PIB domains.
Pharmacology and Drug Reactions

Binds and inactivates bacterial enzymes (PCN-binding proteins) involved in peptidoglycan synthesis → inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Chemical Kinetic Aspects

Chemical Kinetic Aspects – The conversion of reactants into products is of essential significance to the dynamics of exothermic systems. Its analysis is based on thermo-chemical principles, subject to gasdynamic conditions of constraint. The first is on the microscopic scale of molecular interactions, treated by chemical kinetics. The second is on the macroscopic scale of exothermic centers in the flow field. Their salient features are presented here along with a resume of analytical techniques for the resolution of chemical kinetic processes of combustion.
A declarative approach to bias in concept learning

We give a declarative formulation of the biases used in inductive concept learning, particularly the Version-Space approach. We then show how the process of learning a concept from examples can be implemented as a first-order deduction from the bias and the facts describing the instances. This has the following advantages: 1) multiple sources and forms of knowledge can be incorporated into the learning process; 2) the learning system can be more fully integrated with the rest of the belieis and reasoning of a complete intelligent agent. Without a semantics for the bias, we cannot generally and practically build machines that generate inductive biases automatically and hence are able to learn independently. With this in mind, we show how one part of the bias for Meta-DENDRAL, its instance description language, can be represented using first-order axioms called determinations, and can be derived from basic background knowledge about chemistry. The second part of the paper shows how bias can be represented as defaults, allowing shift of bias to be accommodated in a nonmonotonic framework.
Correction to: The Role of Oncolytic Viruses in the Treatment of Melanoma

A correction was made to a sentence in the original article to provide additional clarification in the "Other Oncolytic Viruses" section.
Refinement and factor structure confirmation of the Inventory of Therapist Work with Client Assets and Strengths (IT-WAS)

Strength-oriented practices and an emphasis on the positive characteristics of clients is a grounding value in United States Counseling Psychology. However, few efforts have, historically, been und...
Seven-dimensional automated construction waste quantification and management framework: Integration with project and site planning

Abstract The large proportions of waste generated from the construction industry have led to adverse environmental and economic impacts. Consequentially, there is a need for effective construction waste management (CWM) at construction sites. This study seeks to define Building Information Modeling (BIM) dimensions and respective conceptual interactions that shape the integration of CWM with construction management. A multi-dimensional framework is proposed that leverages BIM-based automated construction waste (CW) estimation capabilities to provide guidance on CWM applications, specifically, CW disposal scheduling, disposal cost estimation, onsite reuse, and allocation of waste bins. The framework presents interactions between these CWM applications and construction management fields—scheduling, estimation, sustainability, and site planning—to enable a strategic alignment between conventional project objectives and CWM. To demonstrate the framework, a real-world pilot project is employed for the case of concrete waste. Data used are documented and tracked from the project and interviews. The results reveal a 5.3% difference between estimated and actual concrete waste quantities. Accordingly, the expected dates for scheduling concrete waste pick-up are estimated for proposed integration into the project schedule. The study estimates savings of over $35,000 from reuse and recycling. Construction activities related to a retaining wall—requiring backfill—are identified from the project schedule as opportunities for reuse. Findings reveal that waste bins could be dedicated to waste streams with high generation rates at each construction stage. Findings from this study would serve as a guide for construction practitioners in assessing key benefits of CWM in improving the scheduling, cost, and sustainability performance of construction projects.
Relational Agriculture: Gender, Sexuality, and Sustainability in U.S. Farming

Although 97% of U.S. farms are “family-owned,” little research examines how gender and sexual relationships – inherent in familial dynamics – influence farmers’ practices and livelihoods. Gender an...
Conditional Probability and Expectation

This chapter discusses conditional probability and expectation. Conditional probabilities occur naturally in many problems. It presents an assumption that in a random variable X , where X has distribution function F , if X takes the value x , a random variable Y is observed, where the distribution of Y depends on x . Thus P (x, B) = P {Y ∈ B I X = x } is prescribed in the statement of the problem, although the event { X = x } may have probability zero for all values of x . Given X = x , ( X , Y ) will lie in C iff Y belongs to the section C ( x ) ={ y : ( x , y ) ∈ C }. The probability of this event is P ( x , C ( x )). If P ( x , B ) is Borel measurable in x for each fixed B ∈ ( R ), then by the product measure theorem, there is a unique probability measure on ( R 2 ). Thus, in the mathematical formulation of the problem, the probability measure P on = (R 2 ) is taken to be the unique measure determined by PX and the measures P(x, ·), x ∈ R .
A fast matrix-free elasto-plastic solver for predicting residual stresses in additive manufacturing

Abstract Process planning for additive manufacturing (AM) today relies heavily on multi-physics, multi-scale simulation. The focus of this paper is on one aspect of AM simulation, namely, part-level elasto-plastic simulation for residual stress and distortion predictions. This is one of the crucial steps in AM process optimization, but is computationally expensive, often requiring the use of large computer clusters. The primary bottleneck in elasto-plastic simulation is the repeated solution of large linear systems of equations. While there is a wide range of linear solvers, most cannot exploit the unique structured nature of the mesh underlying AM simulation. Here, we revisit a specific matrix-free solver, namely rigid-body deflated solver that has been successfully deployed for solving large linear elastic problems in such scenarios. The salient feature of this solver is that the stiffness matrix is never assembled, thereby reducing the memory requirements significantly, leading to large computational gains. The objective of this paper is to extend the above solver to elasto-plasticity by efficiently updating the element tangent stiffness matrices, and the corresponding deflation matrix. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a benchmark problem using multi-core CPU and GPU architectures, and compared against ANSYS. Then, part-level residual stresses and distortion are predicted using the proposed solver. The present work is restricted to associative plasticity with von-Mises yield criteria, but can be extended to other plasticity models.
Local self-optimizing control based on extremum seeking control

Abstract Self-optimizing Control (SOC) aims to find controlled variables with which setpoint regulation of the resultant feedback control loops can yield near-optimal operation under a range of disturbances. However, standard local SOC methods, e.g. the null-space SOC, require an offline analysis with large amounts of steady-state data, which can be computationally cumbersome. In this paper, we propose a new SOC procedure enabled by extremum seeking control (ESC) which will largely simplify the offline analysis process of null-space or extended null-space SOC methods. First, ESC is used to determine the optimal manipulated variable values under the nominal condition for the system. Next, by dithering the plant with periodic disturbances, the dither-demodulation technique in ESC is used to estimate the Jacobian and Hessian needed for obtaining the optimal measurement combination; then the null-space and extended null-space methods can be carried out in a computationally efficient fashion, for the scenarios with noise-free and noisy measurements, respectively. The proposed procedure are compared with the standard null-space and extended null-space SOC methods using a Modelica-based dynamic simulation model of an air-source heat pump (ASHP) system. The results show that a similar performance can be achieved with much simpler process of data acquisition and processing.
The Effects of Large Group Meetings on the Spread of COVID-19: The Case of Trump Rallies (preprint)

We investigate the effects of large group meetings on the spread of COVID-19 by studying the impact of eighteen Trump campaign rallies. To capture the effects of subsequent contagion within the pertinent communities, our analysis encompasses up to ten post-rally weeks for each event. Our method is based on a collection of regression models, one for each event, that capture the relationships between post-event outcomes and pre-event characteristics, including demographics and the trajectory of COVID-19 cases, in similar counties. We explore a total of 24 procedures for identifying sets of matched counties. For the vast majority of these variants, our estimate of the average treatment effect across the eighteen events implies that they increased subsequent confirmed cases of COVID-19 by more than 250 per 100,000 residents. Extrapolating this figure to the entire sample, we conclude that these eighteen rallies ultimately resulted in more than 30,000 incremental confirmed cases of COVID-19. Applying county-specific post-event death rates, we conclude that the rallies likely led to more than 700 deaths (not necessarily among attendees).