cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF LIGNIN BY PHOTOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL RADICAL GENERATING SYSTEMS

— Oxidation of specifically radiolabeled 14C-lignins by UV/H202. Fenton's reagent, photosesitizing riboflavin. UV- and γ-irradiation was examined. In the presence of UV/H2O2, a hydroxyl radical (·OH) generating system. 14C-methoxy. 2-[14C-sidechain] and 14C-ring labeled lignin were rapidly and extensively degraded as measured by gel filtration of the reaction products on Sephadex LH-20. This suggested that exposure to OH leads to rapid, nonspecific lignin degradation. Rapid degradation of 14C-methoxy, 2-[14C-sidechain] and 14C-ring labeled lignin also occurred in the presence of the ·OH generating system, Fenton's reagent, confirming the primary role of ·OH in these reactions. Photosensitizing riboflavin, also capable of effecting transformation of organic compounds via Type I hydrogen radical abstractions, caused extensive oxidative degradation of 14C-methoxy labeled lignin and significant degradation of 2-(14C-sidechain] and 14C-ring labeled lignin. In addition, UV- and γ-irradiation caused slower but extensive degradation of the polymers, probably via radical type mechanisms. All of these results indicate that ·OH as well as organic radical generating systems are effective agents for the purpose of degrading this heterogeneous, optically inactive and random biopolymer.
EINE STEREOSPEZIFISCHE GEMINALE ALKYLIERUNG AUF DEM WEG ZU CP-225,917 UND CP-263,114

Das quartare Stereozentrum an C7 einer Vorstufe der Titelverbindungen konnte durch Addition des von Trost beschriebenen Ylids an 1 aufgebaut werden. Dies und eine Photooxidation, die die Maleinsaureanhydrid-Einheit liefert, sind zwei weitere wichtige Schritte fur die Totalsynthese der beiden Verbindungen.
Methanol production from the degradation of pectin by human colonic bacteria

When ingested, pectin can lower serum cholesterol levels in humans. Pectin is degraded by fecal bacteria in the colon. We examined the release of methanol (MeOH) by this degradation. A 0.2% glucose (2 g/L) mixture was used as the control medium. A pure culture of pectinolytic Erwinia carotovora was the control bacterium. The chief substrates were, in set 1, 0.2% pectin (2 g/L) and, in set 2, 0.1% glucose (1 g/L) and 0.1% pectin (1 g/L). Cultures of fecal bacteria and E carotovora grew for 72 h in each of the solutions. By 72 h the fecal flora culture in set 1 cleaved 30% of the possible methoxyl groups on pectin. The fecal flora in set 2 cleaved 90.7% of all possible methoxyl groups. Balance studies suggest that all of the free MeOH comes from methoxyl groups on pectin. This study demonstrates that fecal bacteria are capable of degrading pectin to release MeOH.
Computational Study of Human Head Response to Primary Blast Waves of Five Levels from Three Directions

Human exposure to blast waves without any fragment impacts can still result in primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). To investigate the mechanical response of human brain to primary blast waves and to identify the injury mechanisms of bTBI, a three-dimensional finite element head model consisting of the scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal cavity, and brain was developed from the imaging data set of a human female. The finite element head model was partially validated and was subjected to the blast waves of five blast intensities from the anterior, right lateral, and posterior directions at a stand-off distance of one meter from the detonation center. Simulation results show that the blast wave directly transmits into the head and causes a pressure wave propagating through the brain tissue. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is predicted to have the highest magnitude from a posterior blast wave in comparison with a blast wave from any of the other two directions with same blast intensity. The brain model predicts higher positive pressure at the site proximal to blast wave than that at the distal site. The intracranial pressure wave invariably travels into the posterior fossa and vertebral column, causing high pressures in these regions. The severities of cerebral contusions at different cerebral locations are estimated using an ICP based injury criterion. Von Mises stress prevails in the cortex with a much higher magnitude than in the internal parenchyma. According to an axonal injury criterion based on von Mises stress, axonal injury is not predicted to be a cause of primary brain injury from blasts.
Administrative Reforms and National Archives in Africa

Structural adjustment programmes implemented in developing countries in recent years focus sharply on the management of public affairs. Access to well-managed records and information is among the vital ingredients that make up an efficient administration. Describes the establishment of archives centres in Africa and discusses: the role of national archives in the modern state; the link between administrative reforms and records management; the nature of records management; and achieving accountability through record-keeping. Concludes that past attempts by African governments to demonstrate accountability have achieved limited success and that further leverage must come through effective record-keeping.
Design of a passive magnetic shunt for the extraction of electron beams from a photon tagging spectrometer

Abstract A method is described in which a passive magnetic shunt is used to provide clean extraction of primary electron beams from a photon tagging spectrometer. For a wide range of magnetic fields and incident electron energies, the point at which the primary beam leaves the system can be very well localized. The design, fabrication and testing of the magnetic shunt are described.
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Results: A 2 yo male presented with a 5-week history of a firm and enlarging left posterior neck mass. CT scan showed a hypodense area infiltrating the posterior neck musculature. Infected lymphangioma was first considered and initial treatment consisted of antibiotics and oral steroids. On follow up, the lesion was even larger. At surgical biopsy, the mass was pale, gray, firm, avascular, and infiltrating the soft tissues. The histopathologic results showed low grade fibromyxoid and adipose tissue favoring lipofibromatosis. Rheumatology service was consulted and made the diagnosis of FOP based on these pathological findings, bilateral great toe deformities, and stiff joints. Genetic testing confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was started on anti-inflammatories and steroids.
Precise Refractive Index Determination by the Immersion Method, Using Phase Contrast Microscopy and the Mettler Hot Stage

An improved immersion method for refractive index determinations on small transparent particles such as glass fragments is described. The method features accurate match point determinations coupled with accurate and convenient control of the refractive index of the immersion liquid. A Mettler Hot Stage is utilized to vary the refractive index of the liquid by changing its temperature. The point at which the liquid and particle match is sensitively determined using the phase contrast microscope. This technique is discussed in relation to older immersion methods.
Waves and fluctuations in non-Maxwellian plasmas

Summary form only given, as follows. We show how the electrostatic fluctuations can be calculated in plasmas where both the ion and electron distributions are described by simple pole expansions, in 1D and isotropic 3D plasmas. We present calculations of the spectral density of the fluctuations as a function of frequency and wavenumber. For comparison with measurements we integrate over wave number to obtain the spectral density as a function of frequency only.
Pueblo Bonito, by George H. Pepper. Preface by David E. Stuart. University of New Mexico Press, Albu­querque

Pueblo Bonito was originally published in 1920, twenty-five years after the Hyde Exploring Expedition first began work at the site in 1896. The re-issue of this volume, long out-of-print and difficult and expensive to obtain, marks the 1OOth anniversary of the onset of the excavation of Pueblo Bonito. The book is a most welcome addition to the list of historically important works on American archaeology and anthropology that have been reprinted during the last several decades. The University of New Mexico Press is to be com­ mended for undertaking to republish this report, especially at such a reasonable price for the paperback.
Planned abandonment: The neighborhood life‐cycle theory and national urban policy

This article discusses the history and political economy of the neighborhood life-cycle or “stage” theory, an evolving real estate appraisal concept used as a basis for urban planning decisions in the United States. The life-cycle theory was revived by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development after the urban riots of the 1960s and used by local planners to encourage the “deliberate dispersal” of low-income and African-American urban neighborhoods, followed by the eventual reuse of abandoned areas. Postriot urban policy can be understood as a dialectical process of social change. “Triage” planning was used to depopulate areas of social unrest. Conflict over the neighborhood life-cycle theory changed the politics of urban renewal, leading to a greater focus on redlining. Community-based development became an alternative to planned abandonment, directing public and private resources into redlined areas.
Patterns and Processes of Tree Islands in Two Transitional Environments: Alpine Treeline and Bog Forest-Meadow Ecotones

Clusters of trees surrounded by a dissimilar type of vegetation are known as ‘tree islands’. Vegetation patterns at ecotones are often comprised of tree islands. Many studies, primarily from ecology and botany, have helped researchers understand tree islands from an ecological perspective. However, a look at tree islands in the context of pattern–process relationships helps to frame these important landscape features within a geographic perspective. At alpine treelines and bog forest-meadow ecotones, tree islands are distinctive, finite, close to the environmental limits of trees, and relatively easy to observe. Therefore, they are interesting features with which to examine the effects of broader environmental change, and internal dynamics, such as positive plant interactions. In this article, we first broadly describe tree island patterns and their growth forms at the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area in West Virginia, and at alpine treelines of the North American Rocky Mountains. Internal and external factors that affect tree island distributions are then discussed. Finally, we examine how the fundamental similarities and contrasts between tree islands at treelines and bogs increase our understanding of broader environmental change, controls, and constraints.
ERβ regulates NSCLC phenotypes by controlling oncogenic RAS signaling.

Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In addition to the aberrant growth factor signaling, dysregulation of other pathways, such as those mediated by estrogens and their receptors, has been linked to NSCLC initiation and progression. Although the expression of wild-type estrogen receptor β (ERβ1) has been associated with prolonged disease-free survival in patients with NSCLC, the molecular mechanism that accounts for this correlation is unknown. Here, upregulation of ERβ1 reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in the context of mutant RAS. ERβ1 was found to induce apoptosis by stimulating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway that involves BIM, a Bcl-2 proapoptotic family member that is regulated by the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK). Downregulation of EGFR and inactivation of RAS and the downstream components ERK1/2 were found to be involved in the ERβ1-induced apoptosis. Manipulation of EGFR and RAS expression and activity in ERβ1-expressing cells revealed the central role of oncogenic RAS inhibition in the ERβ1-mediated proapoptotic phenotype and EGFR regulation. These results demonstrate that ERβ1 decreases the survival of NSCLC cells by regulating oncogenic RAS signaling. Implications: The ability of ERβ1 to regulate the oncogenic functions of RAS suggests its importance in the biology of NSCLC and its clinical management. Mol Cancer Res; 12(6); 843–54. ©2014 AACR.
S-shaped TCP: A transport protocol for improving the performance of TCP in fast long-distance networks

It is well known that TCP does not fully utilize the available bandwidth in fast long-distance networks. This paper proposes S-shaped TCP (SS-TCP). The window growth function of SS-TCP is, in the steady state condition, S-shaped, and it can be divided into three regions. In region I, the window growth rate of SS-TCP is the same as that of standard TCP (STD-TCP). In region II, the window of SS-TCP grows faster than that of STD-TCP. In region III, SS-TCP decreases its window growth rate as the network is becoming congested. This paper also proposes SS-TCPW, an enhanced version of SS-TCP. It makes an end-to-end estimation of the available bandwidth as TCP Westwood+. Based on the estimation, SS-TCPW determines the boundary of region III, and decreases its window size. We evaluate the performance of SS-TCP and SS-TCPW in terms of the metrics that are important for high speed transport protocols; buffer requirement, TCP friendliness, RTT fairness and convergence time. The results showed that SS-TCP has much better performance than HighSpeed TCP (HS-TCP) in terms of buffer requirement and RTT fairness. SS-TCPW has better performance than HS-TCP and SS-TCP in all metrics. The results also clarified that SS-TCP and SS-TCPW have much better TCP friendliness than FAST-TCP.
Medication Adherence With Diabetes Medication A Systematic Review of the Literature

PurposeThe primary purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the evidence regarding risk factors associated with nonadherence to prescribed glucose-lowering agents, the impact of nonadherence on glycemic control and the economics of diabetes care, and the interventions designed to improve adherence.MethodsMedline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaborative, BIOSIS, and the Health and Psychosocial Instruments databases were searched for studies of medication adherence for the period from May 2007 to December 2014. Inclusion criteria were study design and primary outcome measuring or characterizing adherence. Published evidence was graded according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists protocol for standardized production of clinical practice guidelines.ResultsOne hundred ninety-six published articles were reviewed; 98 met inclusion criteria. Factors including age, race, health beliefs, medication cost, co-pays, Medicare Part D coverage gap, insulin use, health literacy, primary nonadher...
In search of clarity on servant leadership: domain specification and reconceptualization

There is considerable confusion about what constitutes servant leadership. This paper outlines an approach to guide empirical investigation, while also addressing current inexact specifications of servant leadership, the issue of the unique dimensions of the construct, and distinctive characteristics of servant leadership considering other leadership styles. With knowledge of the abundance of servant leadership domain elements from the literature as a background, we provide a conceptually distinct approach to studying servant leadership to advise future measurement of the construct. Additionally, we discuss the convoluted state of the conceptual and empirical attributes that currently comprise the dimensions of servant leadership in relation to those proposed in existing definitions. Likewise, we delineate the challenges of empirically parsing out distinctive servant leadership traits in search of an operational definition, identifying traits that might be distinct to servant leaders, and discuss the implications from both theoretical and managerial perspectives; also, we provide directions for future research.
Uncertainty Models for Strong Shock Imploding Richtmyer- Meshkov Instability

[Abstract] We present a computational and uncertainty quantification study of cylindrically imploding Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. Our goal is twofold, to study the effect of solution algorithm on the dynamics of high energy flow, and to conduction a code verification study of solution error and grid convergence, including a detailed comparison between two different solution methodologies.
TALKING WITH FAMILIES ABOUT ORGAN DONATION IN THE ICU

Background There is a shortage of organs for life-saving transplants, and organ donation is an altruistic act that should be supported and encouraged. Patients may indicate their desire to be an organ donor through donor registries, but in most countries transplant coordinators still seek the assent of the family before proceeding with donation. These conversations with families are ethically challenging. Aim To explore the ethically challenging features of these conversations, in the context of talking with families about organ donation after circulatory death, or DCD. Methods Review of the literature and of training videos that explore these ethical features. Results Four ethical tensions are identified: The decision to withdraw life sustaining treatment versus the decision to donate organs. Optimising the quality of the dying process versus optimising the quality and quantity of the donated organs. Obligations to provide balanced informed consent versus the belief that we should promote organ donation. Belief that we need to follow the ‘dead donor rule’ versus increasingly contrived protocols for dying and definitions of death. Discussion After exploring these four ethical features, we will view segments from a video training tape that illustrate different approaches for resolving these tensions. Conclusion The important goal of promoting organ donation needs to be pursued with awareness and sensitivity for the ethical tensions inherent in this process.
Introducing evidence-based dentistry to dental students using histology

The expansion of evidence-based dentistry (EBD) is essential to the continued growth and development of the dental profession. Expanding EBD requires increased emphasis on critical thinking skills during dental education, as noted in the American Dental Education Association's Competencies for the New General Dentist. In order to achieve this goal, educational exercises must be introduced to increase the use of critical thinking skills early in the dental curriculum, with continued reinforcement as students progress through subsequent years. Described in this article is one approach to increasing student exposure to critical thinking during the early basic science curriculum-specifically, within the confines of a traditional histology course. A method of utilizing the medical and dental research literature to reinforce and enliven the concepts taught in histology is described, along with an approach for using peer-to-peer presentations to demonstrate the tools needed to critically evaluate research studies and their presentation in published articles. This approach, which could be applied to any basic science course, will result in a stronger foundation on which students can build their EBD and critical thinking skills.
Towards using visual attributes to infer image sentiment of social events

Widespread and pervasive adoption of smartphones has led to instant sharing of photographs that capture events ranging from mundane to life-altering happenings. We propose to capture sentiment information of such social event images leveraging their visual content. Our method extracts an intermediate visual representation of social event images based on the visual attributes that occur in the images going beyond sentiment-specific attributes. We map the top predicted attributes to sentiments and extract the dominant emotion associated with a picture of a social event. Unlike recent approaches, our method generalizes to a variety of social events and even to unseen events, which are not available at training time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a challenging social event image dataset and our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for classifying complex event images into sentiments.
Purification of Recombinant Human Tyrosinase from Insect Larvae Infected with the Baculovirus Vector

The purification of an enzyme from insect larvae infected with a baculovirus vector is described. The enzyme tyrosinase is of biomedical importance and catalyzes the first rate-limiting steps in melanin production. Tyrosinase mutations can result in oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1), an inherited eye disease associated with decreased melanin pigment production and vision defects. To simplify expression and subsequent purification, the extracellular domain is expressed in insect cells, produced in Trichoplusia ni larvae, and purified using affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified recombinant human tyrosinase is a soluble monomeric glycoprotein with an activity that mirrors the tyrosinase in vivo function. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Etiology and mechanisms of aneuploidy: A synopsis.

During the last few years, there has been increasing concern about the possibility that environmentally induced aneuploidy may pose a threat to human health. This concern is of particular interest to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other agencies because of regulatory responsibilities in the area of mutagenesis (Voytek, this Volume). Consequently, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the Reproductive Effects Assessment Group (REAG) of the EPA sponsored workshops on the subject in 1978 and 1983, respectively. The NIEHS workshop focused on test systems for the detection of aneuploidy; its content is published in Volume 31 of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. Topics considered at the REAG workshop include the adverse effects of aneuploidy on human health, tests for detecting chemicals that induce aneuploidy, and mechanisms of aneuploidy. The REAG workshop has been summarized in a review by Dellarco et al. (3); although problems as difficult as those involved in assessing risks posed to human health by aneuploidy cannot be resolved in a short workshop, the workshop served to focus attention on the subject and to provide the impetus for this Symposium.
Sources of Foods That Are Ready-to-Consume ('Grazing Environments') Versus Requiring Additional Preparation ('Grocery Environments'): Implications for Food-Environment Research and Community Health.

Local businesses that offer foods may create different ‘grazing environments’ (characterized by sources of ready-to-consume foods) and ‘grocery environments’ (characterized by source of foods for later preparation). Such environments may be relevant to different populations at different times and may vary by neighborhood. In neighborhoods within two demographically distinct areas of the Bronx, NY [Area A (higher-poverty, greater minority representation, lesser vehicle ownership) vs. Area B], researchers assessed all storefront businesses for food offerings. Food offerings could be ready-to-consume or require additional preparation. ‘Healthful’ offerings included fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and nuts; ‘less-healthful’ offerings included ‘refined sweets’ and ‘salty/fatty fare.’ ‘Food businesses’ (those primarily focused on selling food) were distinguished from ‘other businesses’ (not focused primarily on food selling). Area A had a higher percentage of street segments on which foods were available (28.6% vs. 6.9% in Area B; difference 21.7% points [95% CI 17.0, 26.5]) and a higher percentage of businesses offering foods (46.9% vs. 41.7% in Area B; difference 5.2% points [95% CI − 2.0, 12.4]). ‘Less-healthful’ items predominated in both ‘grazing environments’ and overall environments (‘grazing’ plus ‘grocery environments’; the environments researchers typically measure) in both Areas A and B. ‘Other businesses’ represented about 2/3 of all businesses and accounted for nearly 1/3 of all the businesses offering food in both geographic areas. The lower-income area with greater minority representation and less private transportation had more businesses offering foods on more streets. There was near-perfect overlap between ‘grazing environments’ and overall environments in both geographic areas. Future research should consider the extent of ‘grazing’ and ‘grocery environments,’ and when each might be most relevant to populations of interest.
Blending Project Centric Approach with Gamification to Increase the Students’ Involvement in Applied Courses

There exist many different ways of teaching applied courses in undergraduate level program. Project centric teaching methodology involves teaching a course to the students by implementing the theoretical concepts in a project. This very idea of project centric approach seems very interesting and promising. However, our more than ten years of teaching experience reveals that most of the students tend to complete their projects towards the end of the semester. Generally, the students are registered in four to six courses in a semester in a regular undergraduate semester. Therefore, they tend to work on projects of all these courses simultaneously, but unfortunately at the end of the semester. This general trend of students invites us to customize and enrich the project centric approach in such a way that should attract students to work on the project regularly throughout the semester. To this end, we have proposed a customized version of project centric teaching while blending it with gamification concepts. The initial results of our study reveal positive changes in the response of the students.
A corner finding algorithm for image analysis and registration

In our algorithm the gradient of θ (the gradient direction) in a grey level image is employed for detecting candidates for corner points. Two theorems show that this quantity attains a local maximum at a corner point. Two approaches, median filtering and Hough transform are used effectively to distinguish corner points from noise points. The corner points formed by our algorithm are used in interframe matching.
Cytogenetic Bases for Risk Inference

With the recent publicity given a cytogenetic study of residents of the Love Canal area, there seems little need to point out that cytogenetics does indeed provide a basis for risk inference. Just what may be inferred, however, and from just what sorts of cytogenetic evidence, is not always so clear. If anything emerged from the intense debate of recent weeks, it is that the observation of chromosomal abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes, as in the first study of 36 Love Canal residents, does not in itself indicate any ill health; like many other clinical observations it is simply a sign, not an illness. Though one can reasonably infer increased risk from such a sign, the inference is in the probability, not in any way the certainty, of future ill health, any more than riding a motorcycle, with its attendent increased risk of traumatic injury, means that one must sooner or later suffer an accident. It is furthermore important to recognize that there is no such thing as zero risk; life guarantees death, and ultimately we must all suffer ill health. Thus any increase in the risk of ill health must be considered in relation to the natural risk in the absence of whatever factor increased the risk.
Guanine ribonucleotide depletion in mammalian cells. A target of purine antimetabolites

In a previous report we demonstrated in mouse lymphoma (S-49) cells that DNA synthesis inhibition resulting from guanine starvation is associated with GTP rather than dGTP depletion. Since several effective anticancer drugs act via guanine depletion, it is imporatant to test whether critical GTP depletion is unique to S-49 cells or also occurs in other cell lines. Mycophenolic acid-induced guanine starvation caused a drastic DNA synthesis inhibition in the human lymphoblastic T leukemia (CEM) and the mouse B leukemia (L1210) cell lines, which was again associated with GTP depletion rather than dGTP depletion. These results suggest that GTP depletion represents a common target of purine antimetabolites in mammalian cells.
The Big Meat: The Beef Trust, Regulatory Capture, and Government Intervention

“Laws, like sausages, cease to inspire respect in proportion as we know how they are made.” -John Godfrey Saxe, 1869 (Shapiro 2008) Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between government intervention and the Chicago Beef Trust in the late 19th and early 20th century up to the historically significant 1906 Meat Inspection Act. It argues that in order to understand the process behind the 1906 act one must also understand the motivations behind prior meatpacking regulations. The large Chicago meatpacking firms, innovators in meat safety and quality, were one of many special interest groups involved in the legislative arena and consequently lobbied against damaging legislation and supported the passage of laws they could benefit from. With regards to the 1906 inspection act the packers successfully blocked hostile legislation and instead secured an increase in government subsidized inspection and an extension of regulatory compliance to smaller competitors. This regulatory capture resulted in industry consolidation and higher prices at the expense of smaller competitors and consumers. Government meat regulation was not the result of one monolithic special interest but instead due to the complex interaction between rival and antagonistic groups.
The Federal Response and New Considerations for Election Administration

Although the United States Constitution provides states with the authority to determine the time, manner, and place of elections, citizen participation and the administration of elections in the United States are the result of a highly networked and collaborative effort between federal, state, and local agencies who work together. The chapter focuses on federal policy innovations that have been implemented to increase access to the franchise. Specifically, the chapter focuses on policies that have been implemented to provide greater access to voting and registration for racial and ethnic minorities, the poor, military and overseas citizens, language minorities, and citizens with disabilities. The chapter also addresses consequences of administrative decision-making on citizen confidence and participation.
An application of Bayesian multilevel model to evaluate variations in stochastic and dynamic transition of traffic conditions

This study seeks to investigate the variations associated with lane lateral locations and days of the week in the stochastic and dynamic transition of traffic regimes (DTTR). In the proposed analysis, hierarchical regression models fitted using Bayesian frameworks were used to calibrate the transition probabilities that describe the DTTR. Datasets of two sites on a freeway facility located in Jacksonville, Florida, were selected for the analysis. The traffic speed thresholds to define traffic regimes were estimated using the Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The GMM revealed that two and three regimes were adequate mixture components for estimating the traffic speed distributions for Site 1 and 2 datasets, respectively. The results of hierarchical regression models show that there is considerable evidence that there are heterogeneity characteristics in the DTTR associated with lateral lane locations. In particular, the hierarchical regressions reveal that the breakdown process is more affected by the variations compared to other evaluated transition processes with the estimated intra-class correlation (ICC) of about 73%. The transition from congestion on-set/dissolution (COD) to the congested regime is estimated with the highest ICC of 49.4% in the three-regime model, and the lowest ICC of 1% was observed on the transition from the congested to COD regime. On the other hand, different days of the week are not found to contribute to the variations (the highest ICC was 1.44%) on the DTTR. These findings can be used in developing effective congestion countermeasures, particularly in the application of intelligent transportation systems, such as dynamic lane-management strategies.
Quantitative analysis and influences of contact dynamics on bacterial cross-contamination from contaminated fresh produce

Abstract Cross-contamination of fresh produce during postharvest processing could be a significant risk factor that can lead to foodborne outbreaks. The aim of this study was to simulate cross-contamination from a contaminated lettuce to non-contaminated leaves/abiotic surfaces (glass, polyethylene), quantify the bacterial transfer efficiency to determine the influences of contact time, number of repeated contacts, and applied contact force, and evaluate the influences of surface hydrophobicity and bacterial species. The results demonstrate that bacterial transfer between leaves was instantaneous and bi-directional. The leaf-to-leaf transfer efficiency of Listeria innocua increased up to 6.8% with an applied contact force of 20 N, a force equivalent to 2-kg stack of lettuce leaves, while it had limited influence on transfer of a plant-associated bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens. The transfer efficiencies for both bacteria increased with the increase in hydrophobicity of abiotic surfaces. Overall, this study illustrates a quantitative approach to characterize the influence of physical and biological factors in influencing cross-contamination and could guide development of preventive measures for reducing the risk of cross-contamination.
Learning to Predict Human Stress Level with Incomplete Sensor Data from Wearable Devices

Stress is a common problem in modern life that can bring both psychological and physical disorder. Wearable sensors are commonly used to study the relationship between physical records and mental status. Although sensor data generated by wearable devices provides an opportunity to identify stress in people for predictive medicine, in practice, the data are typically complicated and vague and also often fragmented. In this paper, we propose DataCompletion with Diurnal Regularizers (DCDR) and TemporallyHierarchical Attention Network (THAN) to address the fragmented data issue and predict human stress level with recovered sensor data. We model fragmentation as a sparsity issue. The nuclear norm minimization method based on the low-rank assumption is first applied to derive unobserved sensor data with diurnal patterns of human behaviors. A hierarchical recurrent neural network with the attention mechanism then models temporally structural information in the reconstructed sensor data, thereby inferring the predicted stress level. Data for this study were from 75 undergraduate students (taken from a sample of a larger study) who provided sensor data from smart wristbands. They also completed weekly stress surveys as ground-truth labels about their stress levels. This survey lasted 12 weeks and the sensor records are also in this period. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms conventional methods in both data completion and stress level prediction. Moreover, an in-depth analysis further shows the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.
Effects of Cebranopadol on Cocaine-induced Hyperactivity and Cocaine Pharmacokinetics in Rats

Cebranopadol is known as a highly potent analgesic. Recent studies also demonstrated that administration of cebranopadol significantly decreased cocaine self-administration and significantly reduced cue-induced cocaine-seeking behaviors in rats. However, it was unclear whether these interesting behavioral observations are related to any potential effects of cebranopadol on cocaine pharmacokinetics or cocaine-induced hyperactivity. In principle, a promising therapeutic candidate for cocaine dependence treatment may alter the cocaine pharmacokinetics and/or attenuate cocaine-induced reward and hyperactivity and, thus, decrease cocaine self-administration and reduce cue-induced cocaine-seeking behaviors. In this study, we examined possible effects of cebranopadol on cocaine pharmacokinetics and cocaine-induced hyperactivity for the first time. According to our animal data in rats, cebranopadol did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics of cocaine. According to our more extensive locomotor activity testing data, cebranopadol itself also dose-dependently induced hyperactivity in rats at doses higher than 50 µg/kg. Cebranopadol at a low dose of 25 µg/kg (p.o.) did not induce significant hyperactivity itself, but significantly potentiated cocaine-induced hyperactivity on Days 4 to 7 after the repeated daily dosing of the drug.
Abstract A03: Generation of primary sarcoma mouse models through CRISPR/Cas9 mediated activation of Yap1

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are rare heterogeneous cancers arising from diverse connective tissues. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPSs), the most common sarcomas diagnosed in adult patients, are complex karyotypes of nonspecific genetic alterations. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which UPSs develop in patients are still poorly understood, which hinders precision medicine to treat the disease. Primary UPS mouse model generated by conditional activation of KrasG12D and mutation of Trp53 (KP mouse model) is currently used for studying sarcoma biology, imaging, and preclinical trials. However, Kras mutation is rarely identified in human UPSs. We recently showed that injury can replace KrasG12D to induce primary UPSs in mouse models of conditional mutation of Trp53. Furthermore, our whole-exome sequencing determined Yap1 amplification in some injury-induced sarcomas. Moreover, it is also shown that a subset of human UPSs may be driven by Hippo pathway. In addition, it is reported that activation of mutant Yap1 induced primary rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) in mouse models. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic mutation has been applied to rapidly create mouse models of cancers, including sarcoma, with spatial and temporal control. However, rare studies have been performed to investigate whether CRISPR/Cas9-mediated activation of endogenous oncogenes could generate primary cancer models. Thus, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 technology to test whether activation of endogenous Yap1 can induce cell transformation or even generate primary UPSs in mouse models. Our results showed that CRISPR/dCas9-p300-mediated activation of endogenous Yap1 resulted in transformation of KrasG12D immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as well as Trp53 knockout MEFs. Moreover, we are currently applying our recently developed in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 delivery method combined with Sleeping Beauty transposon system to investigate whether we are able to develop primary UPSs in mouse models by activating Yap1. If successful, it will further allow us to perform CRISPR/Cas9-mediated direct in vivo activation screen to identify other oncogene drivers for sarcomagenesis. In conclusion, primary sarcoma mouse models generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated activation will be an indispensable platform for studying sarcoma biology and precision medicine. Citation Format: Jianguo Huang, Eric Xu, David Van Mater, David G Kirsch. Generation of primary sarcoma mouse models through CRISPR/Cas9 mediated activation of Yap1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr A03.
Calculators in the Elementary Classroom: How Can We Go Wrong!.

hand-held calculator, only slightly over 20 percent of schools reported having calculators (Wyatt et al. 1979). (b) Basal textbook series have yet to integrate calculators into their programs as an instructional tool. Only 1 1 percent of the teachers reported that their mathematics textbooks included activities written for calculator use. Interestingly enough, a majority of teachers thought their texts should include activities that use calculators (Reys et al. 1980). Furthermore, few supplementary materials exist that provide pragmatic use of calculators with content typical of today's mathematics program. (c) Lack of familiarity with calculators. Only 4 percent of the elementary teachers had attended a calculator workshop, yet more than two-thirds of them wanted to learn ways of using calculators in their mathematics classes. (Reys et al. 1980).
Primary Causes of Hospitalization among Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose Severe complications after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement remain a major issue. Socioeconomic markers have been examined as risk factors for immediate post-operative complications and short term (within 90 days) readmissions; however, the total burden of re-hospitalizations and whether primary causes and frequency of severe complications differ by sociodemographic factors has not been well described. Methods Using hospitalization data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project: National Inpatient Sample, we identified all hospitalizations between 2012 and 2016 of adults ≥18 years old with history of prior LVAD placement. Primary causes for hospitalization were categorized initially into 15 groups and then presented in 7 groups (Figure 1). Distribution of primary causes were assessed in subgroups of age (18-44, 45-64, ≥65), sex, and race. Differences within subgroups were assessed by chi-squared statistics. Results We identified 48,405 hospitalizations during the 5-year study period (41% age ≥65, 77% male, 25% Black, 58% White, 5% Hispanic). Infection was the most frequent primary cause in younger adults (age 18-44) (Figure 1). GI bleed was the most common cause in adults ≥65 (18.2% of hospitalizations) but less frequent in younger adults (ages 18-44: 3.7% and 45-64: 13.7%, X2 p= Conclusion Significant demographic differences exist in frequency of primary causes of hospitalization in adults with prior LVAD placement. Future study is necessary to understand how distribution of causes vary by socioeconomic differences after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics during long term follow-up.
Abstract 13027: Differential Direct Effects of Equal Hypotensive Natriuretic Peptides (NPs) of ANP, BNP and CNP on Left Ventricular Contractile Performance in Heart Failure: Assessment by Left Ventricular Pressure-Volume Analysis

Background: Natriuretic peptides (NPs) play a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. NPs stimulate the production and release of cGMP, leading to the vasodilating and natriuretic a...
Variation in Situational Awareness Information due to Selection of Data Source, Summarization Method, and Method Implementation

The increasing amount of information available about crisis events calls for tools that help people to efficiently and reliably sift through and summarize this information. When using such tools, practitioners have to make choices that can affect not only the relevant information retrieved, but also their understanding or situational awareness of a crisis. We present a study that assesses the impact of some of these choices on the resulting situational awareness information. We focus on commonly used sources (news, tweets, and blogs), text mining methods (topic modeling and text summarization), and a disaster-related text mining task (needs detection). Our main application context is the 2010 Haiti earthquake, supplemented by data about 11 other events. Our results show that situational awareness information retrieved about the same crisis event can be different or even conflicting based on these choices. We also found that analyzing news data can be helpful in aiding response efforts as they contain unique situational awareness information not found in other considered sources, including first-responder accounts.
Ghosts, Metaphors, and Structures of Feeling

This chapter builds on and expands the earlier discussion of haunted nature of meaning, as physical reality is translated into symbolic meaning, focusing on higher-level processes of linguistic communication and subjective experience, such as the metaphoric and metonymic modalities of language, intersubjective and intergenerational transmission of affective patterns. I draw on the theoretic discussions including the notion of hauntology advanced by Jacques Derrida, structures of feeling outlined by Raymond Williams, phantoms and cryptonymy by Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, along with Freudian, Object Relational, and Lacanian psychoanalytic models of ego formation to drive home the fundamental role played by the negativity (the lack of the Thing) which, as discussed in the last chapter, is introduced into the very structure of consciousness from the earliest stages of production of meaning. This chapter also discusses the pantemporality of subjective experience and the relationship of this fact to the hauntological nature of meaning, and the phenomenon of death drive postulated by Freud. The chapter ends with a discussion of political subjectivity and the implications of hauntological theory of experience for social and generational transmission of patterns of political affect, as well as a brief examination of the relevance of this conceptualization for emerging modalities of subjectivity, including networked human subjectivity or the possibility of artificial subjectivity.
Tree Islands of the Everglades: An Overview

This book provides basic information about the geology, ecology, and human use of tree islands. This information is needed to develop sound environmental policy and water management for the preservation and restoration of tree islands in the Everglades, and it provides a sound basis for tree island management and protection in the Everglades and other wetlands with tree islands throughout the world. This chapter provides a context for the rest of the book and a framework for understanding the current status of tree islands, including a consideration of their location and significance in the Everglade’s landscape, theories about their origin and development, historic trends in their abundance and restoration goals for them within the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP).
Grief and Trauma in Children: An Evidence-Based Treatment Manual

1. Introduction 2. Getting Ready to Implement GTI for Children 3. Practitioner Support 4. Screening and Evaluating 5. Parents and Other Important Adults 6. GTI for Children Sessions 7. GTI for Children in Action 8. In-Sessions Guidance 9. Treatment Adherence Index Appendix: GTI for Children Activity Sheets
Palliative hemispherotomy in children with bilateral seizure onset.

Object Intractable epilepsy is a significant burden on families and on the cognitive development and quality of life (QOL) of patients. Periinsular hemispherotomy (PIH) for medically intractable epilepsy can benefit patients who qualify for this procedure. The ideal hemispherotomy candidate has ipsilateral ictal and interictal epileptiform activity, unilateral MR imaging abnormalities, contralateral hemiplegia, and a normal contralateral hemisphere. However, certain patients present with a mixed picture of bilateral electroencephalography (EEG) findings and severe intractable epilepsy, prompting consideration of a more aggressive treatment approach. This report introduces the possibility of surgery for patients who normally would not meet criteria for this treatment modality. Methods In this retrospective chart review, the authors report on 7 patients with bilateral seizure onset noted on routine or video-EEG monitoring. A QOL phone questionnaire, based on the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy tool, w...