cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Treatment of Obesity

Decreases in resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of exercise during and after caloric restriction contribute to a reduced rate of weight reduction and subsequent difficulty in weight maintenance. Increasing exercise increases the thermic effect of exercise and prevents a decrease in resting metabolic rate, thereby, improving the rate of weight loss. A combined program of caloric restriction, exercise, and behavior therapy (including relapse prevention training and social support systems) is the most successful approach to long term weight reduction efforts. Pharmacologic treatment is currently limited, but there are three areas of development: agents which reduce energy intake, inhibitors of lipid synthesis, and thermogenesis enhancers. Evidence for improving efficiency of weight loss prevention and prevention of weight regain during repeated cycles of dieting (yo-yo phenomenon) exists in rat studies but not in a preliminary human investigation.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infected macrophages exhibit enhanced plasma membrane fluidity and show increased adherence to endothelial cells.

Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular prokaryote, is known to have requirement for some lipids which it is incapable of synthesizing, and these lipids have important fluidizing roles in plasma membrane. We decided to examine if the trafficking of these lipids to C. pneumoniae alters the physicochemical properties of macrophage plasma membrane, affects the expression of genes and proteins of enzymes associated with metabolism of some of these lipids and assess if Ca2+ signaling usually induced in macrophages infected with C. pneumoniae modulates the genes of these selected enzymes. Chlamydia pneumoniae induced the depletion of macrophage membrane cholesterol, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin but caused an increase in phosphotidylcholine resulting in a relative increase in total phospholipids. There was increased membrane fluidity, enhanced macrophage fragility and heightened adherence of macrophages to endothelial cells despite the application of inhibitor of adhesion molecules. Also, there was impairment of macrophage 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase gene and protein expression independent of Ca2+ signaling, while phospholipase C gene and protein were up-regulated in a manner minimally dependent on Ca2+ signaling. The implications of these findings are that macrophages infected with C. pneumoniae have altered membrane physicochemical characteristics which may render them atherogenic. (Mol Cell Biochem 269: 69–84, 2005)
Theory of coherent two-photon absorption

Abstract An exact solution for the propagation of two ultrashort pulses through a two-photon near resonant absorbing medium is obtained under the condition that the initial number of photons/s cm 2 in the two pulses are the same. High-power pulses develop sharp peaks as they propagate through the medium.
Phase stability, nitrogen vacancies, growth mode, and surface structure of ScN(0 0 1) under Sc-rich conditions

Rocksalt structure scandium nitride films have been grown on magnesium oxide (0 0 1) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using a radio frequency plasma source for nitrogen. The case of Sc-rich growth conditions, which occurs when the scandiumflux JSc exceeds the nitrogen flux JN; is discussed. Despite the excess Sc during growth, reflection highenergy electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that these films have only a single orientation which is (0 0 1), and ion channeling confirms the good crystallinity. Rutherford backscattering shows that these films are offstoichiometric, and this is found to be directly related to variations in the nitrogen, not the scandium, content by secondary ion mass spectrometry. High-resolution XRD reciprocal lattice mapping shows that these variations in the nitrogen content are related to the existence of the N-vacancies. It is concluded that Sc-rich growth leads to the incorporation of N-vacancies into the crystal structure, the concentration of which depends on the Sc/N flux ratio. Additionally, excess scandiumconditions at the surface are explored by in situ scanning tunneling m icroscopy. The observed wider terrace widths as compared to N-rich growth are due to an increased surface diffusion which is attributed to a Sc-rich, metallic surface structure. Combined with the large dislocation density, the enhanced diffusion results in a predominant spiral growth mode. r 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Talking Dirty : The Politics of Clean Water and Sanitation

The lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation represents a silent crisis affecting more than a third of the world's population. Drs. Michele Barry and James Hughes write that this seems an appropriate time to reengage in an ancient conversation about safe water and sanitation.
Watermark removal using pseudorandom desynchronization by selective pixel elimination

Watermarking is one of the most effective tools to countering multimedia content tampering and digital piracy. However, due to widespread availability of watermarking tools and the ease of distribution via Internet, the misuse of watermarking algorithms adapted to distribute malicious information as well as industrial and government secrets is not only possible but prevalent. Therefore, it becomes critical that such embedded data be removed from the multimedia without degrading the quality. In this paper, we propose a general removal method to remove watermarks from images based on pseudorandom desynchronization by selective pixel removal. This method does not assume nor require any prior information about image, watermark or embedding algorithm. We have shown that our method can achieve on average a 50% BER, effectively removing all watermark information without degrading the visual quality of the images.
Targeting Notch Signaling with a Notch2/Notch3 Antagonist (Tarextumab) Inhibits Tumor Growth and Decreases Tumor-Initiating Cell Frequency

Purpose: The Notch pathway plays an important role in both stem cell biology and cancer. Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been reported in several human tumor types. In this report, we describe the development of an antibody, OMP-59R5 (tarextumab), which blocks both Notch2 and Notch3 signaling. Experimental Design: We utilized patient-derived xenograft tumors to evaluate antitumor effect of OMP-59R5. Immunohistochemistry, RNA microarray, real-time PCR, and in vivo serial transplantation assays were employed to investigate the mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamic readouts. Results: We found that anti-Notch2/3, either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents was efficacious in a broad spectrum of epithelial tumors, including breast, lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Notably, the sensitivity of anti-Notch2/3 in combination with gemcitabine in pancreatic tumors was associated with higher levels of Notch3 gene expression. The antitumor effect of anti-Notch2/3 in combination with gemcitabine plus nab -paclitaxel was greater than the combination effect with gemcitabine alone. OMP-59R5 inhibits both human and mouse Notch2 and Notch3 function and its antitumor activity was characterized by a dual mechanism of action in both tumor and stromal/vascular cells in xenograft experiments. In tumor cells, anti-Notch2/3 inhibited expression of Notch target genes and reduced tumor-initiating cell frequency. In the tumor stroma, OMP-59R5 consistently inhibited the expression of Notch3 , HeyL , and Rgs5 , characteristic of affecting pericyte function in tumor vasculature. Conclusions: These findings indicate that blockade of Notch2/3 signaling with this cross-reactive antagonist antibody may be an effective strategy for treatment of a variety of tumor types. Clin Cancer Res; 21(9); 2084–95. ©2015 AACR .
Measuring grasping and cutting forces for reality-based haptic modeling

Abstract The modeling of grasping and cutting in surgery are two fundamental tasks that must be achieved for the development of a reality-based haptic interface in robot-assisted surgery. Currently, the lack of these models with soft tissue has limited the accuracy of such interfaces in surgery. As a result, we have taken the first steps in realizing soft tissue models through the development of an automated laparoscopic grasper and tissue cutting equipment to characterize grasping and cutting tasks in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The grasper is capable of generating force feedback that can be felt through a haptic interface device thereby allowing a user to feel the stiffness of the tissue that is being grasped. The cutting equipment employs a surgical scalpel attached to a six-axis force/torque sensor to measure the forces during cutting. The scalpel follows a linear motion created by a DC motor and leadscrew assembly.
Localized non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast

Chart review identified 18 patients seen at Memorial Hospital from 1970 to 1984 with primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma localized to the breast. Sixteen involved the breast alone (Stage IE), whereas two also involved ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes (Stage IIE). None had B symptoms. Histologic subtypes included 11 diffuse histiocytic, 4 diffuse poorly differentiated, 2 diffuse mixed and one nodular mixed. Thirteen patients (72%) are alive with 55 months median follow-up (11 months-14 years). Three patients died with recurrent disease at less than 2 years, one recurred at 4 years and died 6 years after diagnosis, and one died at 30 months without clinical evidence of disease. Seven (39%) have remained continuously disease-free (11 months-11 years; median, 54 months). Of the clinical Stage I patients, 1 of 3 treated with mastectomy alone recurred in the scar, whereas 1 of 12 treated with irradiation alone recurred locally. Thus, radiation therapy alone achieved good local control, although distant relapses remain a problem in these clinically staged patients. Overall, the outcome of clinically localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the breast is similar to that for localized lymphoma in other sites.
Prediction of Biologic Aggressiveness in Colorectal Cancer by p53/K-ras-2 Topographic Genotyping.

Abstract Background: Topographic genotyping is a system of solid tissue molecular analysis designed to correlate microscopic alterations with specific forms of gene damage. In this system, microscopic targets are selected on the basis of cellular and immunohistochemical features. Minute tissue samples corresponding to these targets are precisely removed and analyzed for the presence and specific type of oncogene/tumor suppressor gene damage by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing. In this study, topographic genotyping was used to investigate the prognostic value of p53 and K-ras-2 mutational damage in 204 patients with colorectal cancer from two tertiary care centers. Methods and Results: The intensity and distribution of p53 immunohistochemical staining were correlated with the presence and specific type of mutational change, which resulted in a better understanding of the highly variable nature of p53 immunostaining patterns. Molecular genotype was correlated with the depth and extent of colorectal cancer spread (Dukes B and C) and with survival for follow-up periods of up to 10 years. An algorithm for p53/K-ras-2 genotyping was formulated to include p53 immunohistochemistry and DNA sequencing both of p53 exons 5-8 and of K-ras-2 exons 1 and 2. By using this algorithm, survival was shown to be significantly better in those patients whose tumors manifested normal p53 and K-ras-2 genes (P Conclusions: Topographic genotyping's molecular diagnostic approach to colorectal cancer combines immunohistochemistry, PCR, and DNA sequencing. It is informative, cost-effective, timely, and yet fully integrated with standard histopathology. The use of this approach by pathologists as a model system for molecular diagnosis of colorectal cancer and other forms of solid tumor malignancy is recommended. As new prognostic molecular lesions are documented for tumor progression and metastasis, topographic genotyping will be well suited to facilitate their clinical application. (Mol Diagn 1996 Jun;1(1):5-28)
The effect of Si3N4 on the thermal expansion behavior of MoSi2

The effect of Si3N4 particulates on the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of MoSi2 was investigated. It was observed that as the volume percent of Si3N4 increases, the CTE of the MoSi2-Si3N4 composites decreases. In the temperature range 1000–1500 °C, typical of that required for glass melting, about 30–35 vol% Si3N4 particulates are needed in the MoSi2-Si3N4 composites such that the CTE of the composite matches the CTE of Mo.
Preform shape and operating condition optimization for the stretch blow molding process

In this work, a new design approach was developed to automatically and consecutively predict optimal preform geometry and optimal operating conditions for the stretch blow molding process. The numerical approach combines a constrained gradient-based optimization algorithm that iterates automatically over predictive finite element software. The strategy allows for targeting a specified container thickness distribution by manipulating consecutively the preform geometry (thickness and shape) and the operating parameters subject to process and design constraints. For the preform shape optimization, the preform geometry is mathematically parameterized for simplified treatment and the corresponding sensitivities are evaluated using a finite difference technique. A finite difference technique is also employed for the operating condition optimization. The constrained optimization algorithms are solved via the use of the sequential quadratic programming method that updates the design variables accordingly. Predicted optimization results obtained on an industrial case are presented and discussed to assess the validity when compared to experimental results and the robustness of the proposed approach. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:289–301, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Sacrifice, Consumption, and the American Way of Life: Advertising and Domestic Propaganda during World War II

This paper explores the themes of sacrifice and consumption in World War II advertising, including content analyses of advertisements and editorials in the Saturday Evening Post as well as a textual analysis of articles in the advertising trade publications Printer’s Ink and Industrial Marketing in 1942 and 1943. Results are discussed in terms of Cohen’s (2003) concepts of “citizen consumer,” “purchaser consumer,” and the ultimate American postwar dual-identity: “purchaser as citizen.” Dannagal Goldthwaite Young is a doctoral candidate at the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania. The author wishes to express thanks to Larry Gross and Rob Drew for helpful comments, Emily West for assistance with the content analysis, and Margaret Lavoie for inspiration. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the National Communication Association Annual Meeting in New Orleans, LA, November 2002.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 225

Abstract Nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=225 is evaluated. The results from various decay experiments are compared. Adopted data, levels and spin assignments are given.
Heat Generation and Transport in Nanometer-Scale Transistors

As transistor gate lengths are scaled towards the 10-nm range, thermal device design is becoming an important part of microprocessor engineering. Decreasing dimensions lead to nanometer-scale hot spots in the transistor drain region, which may increase the drain series and source injection electrical resistances. Such trends are accelerated by the introduction of novel materials and nontraditional transistor geometries, including ultrathin body, FinFET, or nanowire devices, which impede heat conduction. Thermal analysis is complicated by subcontinuum phenomena including ballistic electron transport, which reshapes the heat generation region compared with classical diffusion theory predictions. Ballistic phonon transport from the hot spot and between material boundaries impedes conduction cooling. The increased surface to volume ratio of novel transistor designs also leads to a larger contribution from material boundary thermal resistance. This paper surveys trends in transistor geometries and materials, from bulk silicon to carbon nanotubes, along with their implications for the thermal design of electronic systems
Room-Temperature Preparation, Characterization, and Photoluminescence Measurements of Solid Solutions of Various Compositionally-Defined Single-Crystalline Alkaline-Earth-Metal Tungstate Nanorods

The current report describes the systematic synthesis of single-crystalline alkaline-earth-metal tungstate AWO4 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) nanorods as well as a series of their crystalline solid−solution analogues Sr1-xCaxWO4 and Ba1-xSrxWO4 (0 < x < 1) with controllable chemical composition and morphology using a modified template-directed methodology under ambient room-temperature conditions. Extensive characterization of the resulting nanorods has been performed using diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and optical spectroscopy. The composition-modulated luminescence properties of these alkaline-earth-metal tungstate solid−solution nanorods provide for a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic optical and optoelectronic properties of these systems, suggesting, therefore, the possibility of their rational incorporation into functional nanoscale devices.
The distribution of inorganic ions in lobster muscle

Compartmentation of intracellular chloride (Cli−) in muscle of lobster walking leg was shown by two independent methods: (1) after equilibration in low-Cl− medium, Cli− was reduced from 85 to 30 mM/kg cells; (2) after equilibration in medium containing 36Cl, a similar concentration of Cli−, 32.5 mM/kg cells, remained unexchanged with the isotope. The Cl− remaining in muscles in low-Cl− medium was essentially nonexchangeable, showing that the immobile compartment of Cli− is independent of changes in the mobile compartment of Cli− and of the external concentration of Cl−. The mobile compartment varied linearly with external Cl−, with a constant ratio of about 10:1. Sodium appeared to be distributed similarly to chloride, both qualitatively and quantitatively. From experiments on the relation between external K+ concentration and the resting membrane potential, and on the exchangeability of intracellular K+, the possibility of compartmentation of Ki+ is discussed.
Laser-induced thermotherapy of cerebral neoplasia under MR tomographic control

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to monitor interstitial laser therapy (LITT) in palliative treatment of brain tumours by using temperature-sensitive MRI sequences and image-processing techniques in realtime. Three consenting patients with recurrent gliomas were treated with LITT (3–4.5 W, 3–6 min). Temperature sensitive monitoring was performed either by T1 weighted fast spin echo (FSE) sequences, combined with pixel subtraction, optical flow (OF) computation, or by spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR) sequences used for chemical shift-based imaging. Both sequences were applied at 0.5 T (Signa SRGE Medical System, Milwaukee, Wl, USA). Pixel subtraction identified thermal changes in brain tumours, but could not evaluate the temperature values as chemical-shift based imaging. OF computation displayed the predicted course of thermal changes and revealed that the rate of heat deposition can be anisotropic, which may be related to heterogeneous tumour structure and/or vascularisation.Local tumour control was ...
Ordered-Subset Analysis (OSA) for Family-Based Association Mapping of Complex Traits

Association analysis provides a powerful tool for complex disease gene mapping. However, in the presence of genetic heterogeneity, the power for association analysis can be low since only a fraction of the collected families may carry a specific disease susceptibility allele. Ordered-subset analysis (OSA) is a linkage test that can be powerful in the presence of genetic heterogeneity. OSA uses trait-related covariates to identify a subset of families that provide the most evidence for linkage. A similar strategy applied to genetic association analysis would likely result in increased power to detect association. Association in the presence of linkage (APL) is a family-based association test (FBAT) for nuclear families with multiple affected siblings that properly infers missing parental genotypes when linkage is present. We propose here APL-OSA, which applies the OSA method to the APL statistic to identify a subset of families that provide the most evidence for association. A permutation procedure is used to approximate the distribution of the APL-OSA statistic under the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the family-specific covariate and the family-specific evidence for allelic association. We performed a comprehensive simulation study to verify that APL-OSA has the correct type I error rate under the null hypothesis. This simulation study also showed that APL-OSA can increase power relative to other commonly used association tests (APL, FBAT and FBAT with covariate adjustment) in the presence of genetic heterogeneity. Finally, we applied APL-OSA to a family study of age-related macular degeneration, where cigarette smoking was used as a covariate.
Replication-Competent Noninduced Proviruses in the Latent Reservoir Increase Barrier to HIV-1 Cure

Antiretroviral therapy fails to cure HIV-1 infection because latent proviruses persist in resting CD4(+) T cells. T cell activation reverses latency, but <1% of proviruses are induced to release infectious virus after maximum in vitro activation. The noninduced proviruses are generally considered defective but have not been characterized. Analysis of 213 noninduced proviral clones from treated patients showed 88.3% with identifiable defects but 11.7% with intact genomes and normal long terminal repeat (LTR) function. Using direct sequencing and genome synthesis, we reconstructed full-length intact noninduced proviral clones and demonstrated growth kinetics comparable to reconstructed induced proviruses from the same patients. Noninduced proviruses have unmethylated promoters and are integrated into active transcription units. Thus, it cannot be excluded that they may become activated in vivo. The identification of replication-competent noninduced proviruses indicates that the size of the latent reservoir-and, hence, the barrier to cure-may be up to 60-fold greater than previously estimated.
The fine structure of the sperm of a tunicate, Ascidia nigra.

The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Ascidia nigra is described. The head of this sperm contains an elongated nucleus flanked and surrounded by a single large mitochondrion. No other mitochondria are present. An acrosome is seen to extend over a large portion of the nucleus. The tail shows the typical 9 + 2 arrangement of fibrils, and in some region carries fins.
Transshipment prices and pair-wise stability in coordinating the decentralized transshipment problem

The decentralized transshipment problem is a two-stage decision making problem where the companies first choose their individual production levels in anticipation of random demands and after demand realizations they pool residuals via transshipment. The coordination will be achieved if at optimality all the decision variables, i.e. production levels and transshipment patterns, in the decentralized system are the same as those of centralized system. In this paper, we study the coordination via transshipment prices. We propose a procedure for deriving the transshipment prices based on the coordinating allocation rule introduced by Anupindi et al. [1]. With the transshipment prices being set, the companies are free to match their residuals based on their individual preferences. We draw upon the concept of pair-wise stability to capture the dynamics of corresponding matching process. As the main result of this paper, we show that with the derived transshipment prices, the optimum transshipment patterns are always pair-wise stable, i.e. there are no pairs of companies that can be jointly better off by unilaterally deviating from the optimum transshipment patterns.
Targeted Analysis of Orthologous Phytochrome A Regions of the Sorghum, Maize, and Rice Genomes using Comparative Gene-Island Sequencing

A “gene-island” sequencing strategy has been developed that expedites the targeted acquisition of orthologous gene sequences from related species for comparative genome analysis. A 152-kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone from sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) encoding phytochrome A ( PHYA ) was fully sequenced, revealing 16 open reading frames with a gene density similar to many regions of the rice ( Oryza sativa ) genome. The sequences of genes in the orthologous region of the maize ( Zea mays ) and rice genomes were obtained using the gene-island sequencing method. BAC clones containing the orthologous maize and rice PHYA genes were identified, sheared, subcloned, and probed with the sorghum PHYA -containing BAC DNA. Sequence analysis revealed that approximately 75% of the cross-hybridizing subclones contained sequences orthologous to those within the sorghum PHYA BAC and less than 25% contained repetitive and/or BAC vector DNA sequences. The complete sequence of four genes, including up to 1 kb of their promoter regions, was identified in the maize PHYA BAC. Nine orthologous gene sequences were identified in the rice PHYA BAC. Sequence comparison of the orthologous sorghum and maize genes aided in the identification of exons and conserved regulatory sequences flanking each open reading frame. Within genomic regions where micro-colinearity of genes is absolutely conserved, gene-island sequencing is a particularly useful tool for comparative analysis of genomes between related species.
Improvement in Appropriate Utilization of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Pre- and Post-Implementation of a Required Order Form

BACKGROUND:Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) are high-cost medications that have a significant impact on many pharmacy budgets. Recently, ESAs have received stronger safety warnings and reimbursement has been curtailed by third-party payers including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. For these reasons, many hospitals are developing strategies to optimize their use. A required order form with acceptable indications and dosing was implemented at an academic medical center in an attempt to improve dosing and appropriate utilization of ESAs.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether implementation of a required order form increased appropriate use and/or decreased total utilization of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO).METHODS:This was a retrospective cohort study of rHuEPO utilization for 4 months pre- and 6 months post-implementation (April 2008-January 2009).RESULTS:Implementation of a required order form for rHuEPO resulted in significantly fewer patients receiving inappropriate doses of r...
Reactivation of nonassociative memory

The orienting response to an auditory stimulus, as measured by a decrease in heart rate, habituates rapidly, and at the same rate in preweanling and adult rats. Although adult rats retain this nonassociative memory for at least 7 days, preweanling rats show extremely rapid forgetting. In the preweanling, forgetting of this nonassociative memory appears to be complete after just 24 hr (Richardson & Campbell, 1991b). The results of several experiments in the present study with preweanling rats demonstrated that this type of nonassociative memory could be reactivated by presenting a fractional component of the original eliciting stimulus just prior to testing. The effectiveness of the reactivation treatment was critically dependent upon both the number of reactivating stimuli presented and the duration of those stimuli. Reactivation was also found to be stimulus-specific in that presentation of an auditory stimulus qualitatively different from that used in training (white noise instead of a pure tone) did not reactivate the memory. Control groups in each experiment demonstrated that the reactivation treatment facilitated retrieval of the prior nonassociative memory and did not produce new learning. A possible process through which nonassociative memories can be reactivated is discussed.
Spore Formation by Bacillus popilliae in Liquid Medium Containing Activated Carbon

Haynes, W. C. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.), and Lenora J. Rhodes. Spore formation by Bacillus popilliae in liquid medium containing activated carbon. J. Bacteriol. 91:2270-2274. 1966.-Heretofore, it has not been found possible to evoke sporulation of Bacillus popilliae in liquid culture. We have discovered that sporulation will occur in tryptone-glucose-yeast extract broth shaken cultures if activated carbon (charcoal) is present during growth. The spores so engendered have survived drying in air and subsequent storage for several months as dry films and also in dry soil, sand, and a mixture of powdered calcium carbonate and talc. Furthermore, the longevity of cultures, even when spores are absent, is extended, in cultures containing activated carbon, to several weeks at a population of millions of cells per milliliter. This extension of life is the result of a marked change from rapid decline in numbers to an almost stationary population.
Primary care, social inequalities and all-cause, heart disease and cancer mortality in US counties: a comparison between urban and non-urban areas

Summary Objective The objective of this study was to test whether the association between primary care and income inequality on all-cause, heart disease and cancer mortality at county level differs in urban (Metropolitan Statistical Area–MSA) compared with non-urban (non-MSA) areas. Study design The study consisted of a cross-sectional analysis of county-level data stratified by MSA and non-MSA areas in 1990. Dependent variables included age and sex-standardized (per 100,000) all-cause, heart disease and cancer mortality. Independent variables included primary care resources, income inequality, education levels, unemployment, racial/ethnic composition and income levels. Methods One-way analysis of variance and multivariate ordinary least squares regression were employed for each health outcome. Results Among non-MSA counties, those in the highest income inequality category experienced 11% higher all-cause mortality, 9% higher heart disease mortality, and 9% higher cancer mortality than counties in the lowest income inequality quartile, while controlling for other health determinants. Non-MSA counties with higher primary care experienced 2% lower all-cause mortality, 4% lower heart disease mortality, and 3% lower cancer mortality than non-MSA counties with lower primary care. MSA counties with median levels of income inequality experienced approximately 6% higher all-cause mortality, 7% higher heart disease mortality, and 7% higher cancer mortality than counties in the lowest income inequality quartile. MSA counties with low primary care (less than 75th percentile) had significantly lower levels of all-cause, heart disease and cancer mortality than those counties with high primary care. Conclusions In non-MSA counties, increasing primary physician supply could be one way to address the health needs of rural populations. In MSA counties, the association between primary care and health outcomes appears to be more complex and is likely to require intervention that focuses on multiple fronts.
The optimal projection equations for static and dynamic output feedback: The singular case

Oblique projections have been shown to arise naturally in both static and dynamic optimal design problems. For static controllers an oblique projection was inherent in the early work of Levine and Athans, while for dynamic controllers an oblique projection was developed by Hyland and Bernstein. This note is motivated by the following natural question: What is the relationship between the oblique projection arising in optimal static output feedback and the oblique projection arising in optimal fixed-order dynamic compensation? We show that in nonstrictly proper optimal output feedback there are, indeed, three distinct oblique projections corresponding to singular measurement noise, singular control weighting, and reduced compensator order. Moreover, we unify the Levine-Athans and Hyland-Bernstein approaches by rederiving the optimal projection equations for combined static/dynamic (nonstrictly proper) output feedback in a form which clearly illustrates the role of the three projections in characterizing the optimal feedback gains. Even when the dynamic component of the nonstrictly proper controller is of full order, the controller is characterized by four matrix equations which generalize the standard LQG result.
A note on Bahadur's expansion in Bayesian diagnostic algorithms

Abstract Scheinok's (1972) empirical results, obtained from using Bahadur's expansion in Bayes's theorem, are explained by noting that the expansion is an exact representation of observed probabilities and thus no information was gained by its use. The calculated and observed joint probability distributions will always be equal. It is also demonstrated that posterior probabilities equal to the ratio of observed patients with a given profile in a disease category to the total number of patients with the symptom profile are always obtained when actuarial probability estimates are used in Bayes's theorem.
Extreme between-year variation in productivity of a Bridled titmouse (Baeolophus wollweberi) population

Abstract Environmental variability affects life-history decisions such as allocation of resources to reproduction. However, in the case of small passerine birds, pairs that acquire a territory do not usually skip a breeding season. This study presents breeding-success data from two contrasting years for a population of Bridled Titmice (Baeolophus wollweberi). During an El Nino year (1998), 20 pairs attempted to breed, and 85% were successful. Survival of juveniles from 10 banded broods through nutritional independence was 100%, excluding one depredated nest. Breeding success was much lower in the following La Nina drought year. Fifty-seven pairs established territories in the study area. Twenty-seven never progressed to nest building. Thirteen pairs were successful; survival of young from banding to nutritional independence was 41.4%. An average of 0.47 fledglings per breeding pair was produced in 1999, compared to 4.40 the previous El Nino year. This study examines possible adaptive significance of forgo...
The design of a programming environment to support greater social awareness and participation in early computing courses

Given the growing and widespread use of online social networking tools, coupled with social learning theory's emphasis on learning through social participation in a community, we believe there is good reason to pursue the development of educational programming environments that support increased social interaction among learners. To that end, we have been exploring the design of a "social programming environment" to support students as they work on individual programming assignments, which are common in early computing courses. We present the design of OSBIDE, an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) plug-in that supports many common features of social networking environments, including an activity feed and a social recommender system that identifies learners who have encountered similar programming issues. We describe the iterative refinement of OSBIDE through its multi-semester deployment in CS 1 and CS 2 courses. Preliminary results indicate that students are generally enthusiastic about the environment's ability to make programming more social. OSBIDE lays a strong foundation for future research into the relationships between learners' programming and social activities, and their learning outcomes. It also has the potential to provide instructors with powerful resources for identifying and assisting struggling students.
Generalization of Literacy Skills Through Portable Technology for Students With Severe Disabilities

Literacy is an important skill for accessing all academic content areas, and there has been an increased focus on using a variety of assistive technology (AT) to support the acquisition of literacy skills for students with severe disabilities. Literacy also provides these students with skills to increase community participation, with independence, with skills to make individual choices, and with opportunities for potential employment. Portable technology such as an iPad2® can be used to enhance literacy skills for students with severe disabilities in elementary school. A typical way to teach literacy to this population is through the use of a shared story. Although systematic instruction has proven to be an effective teaching strategy, the generality of the literacy skills usually has not been the focus of the training. In this study, five students with severe disabilities (IQ below 55, range in age 7-11 years, grade range 2nd-6th grades) were taught to generalize literacy skills via multiple exemplar tra...
Stress-Strain Response and Dilatancy of Sandy Gravel in Triaxial Compression and Plane Strain

AbstractThe strength and stress-dilatancy of uniform sands has been studied extensively in geotechnical investigations, and practitioners can draw on a wealth of previously reported data for the estimation of their volumetric response. However, the suitability of accepted stress-dilatancy theory and empiricism has not been evaluated for well-graded gravelly soils. Axisymmetric, isotropically consolidated drained compression, and pure shear, plane strain quasi-K0 consolidated drained tests were performed on well-graded Kanaskat gravel using confining pressures ranging over three orders of magnitude to determine its stiffness, strength, and stress-dilatancy response. The plane strain stiffness, strength, and stress-dilatancy of Kanaskat gravel is observed from tests performed using a large cubical true-triaxial device with flexible bladders. The observed response is interpreted with a view of experimental boundary conditions and their impact on the volumetric response. The observed plane strain shear modulu...
Three-Dimensional Dynamic Random Access Memories Using Through-Silicon-Vias

This paper describes orthogonal scaling of dynamic-random-access-memories (DRAMs) using through-silicon-vias (TSVs). We review 3D DRAMs including DDR3, wide I/O mobile DRAM (WIDE I/O), and more recently, the hybrid-memory cube (HMC) and high-bandwidth memory (HBM) targeted for high-performance computing systems. We then cover embedded 3D DRAM for high-performance cache memories, reviewing an early cache prototype employing face-to-face 3D stacking which confirmed negligible performance and retention degradation using 32 nm server and ASIC embedded DRAM macros. A second cache system prototype based on POWER7 was developed to confirm feasibility of stacking $\mu {\rm P}$ and high density cache memory, with $> 2~{\rm GHz}$ operation. For test and assembly, a micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) probe-card with an integrated active silicon chip, realized a 50 $\mu{\rm m}$ pitch micro-probing at-speed-active-test for known-good-die (KGD) sorting. Finally, oxide wafer bonding with Cu TSV demonstrated wafer-scale 3D integration, with TSV diameters as small as 1 $\mu{\rm m}$ . The paper concludes with comments on the challenges for future 3D DRAMs.
Inhibition of the Succinoxidase System of Susceptible and Resistant House Flies by DDT and Related Compounds

The dehydrochlorination of DDT [2, 2- bis ( p -chlorophenyl)-1, 1, 1-trichloroethane] to DDE [2, 2- bis ( p -chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dichloroethylene] has been shown to occur at a considerably more rapid rate and to a greater extent in resistant than in susceptible strains of house flies (Sternburg et al., 1950a, 1950b; Perry and Hoskins, 1950, 1951a, 1951b; Winteringham et al., 1951). The enzyme system which catalyzes this reaction has been isolated from resistant flies and examined in vitro by Sternburg et al., (1953), and the rate of conversion of DDT to DDE in vivo has been proposed as a critical yardstick for assessing resistance by Perry et al., (1953). DDT-dehydrochlorinase activity is undoubtedly an important factor in the development of resistance to DDT. However, unchanged DDT in amounts greater than the LD50 for susceptible flies can be recovered from living, resistant flies more than 24 hours after topical application of the insecticide. Bradbury et al., (1954) have recently shown that adult flies of a lindaneresistant strain are able to carry over from the larval stage larger amounts of intact lindane ( gamma -isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane) than are necessary to kill susceptible individuals. The presence of these large amounts of intact insecticides in living, resistant insects indicates that other factors in addition to a detoxication mechanism may be involved in the biochemical mechanisms of resistance. Babers and Pratt (1953) have recently reviewed the evidence in this regard. On the basis of this evidence and their own studies they have concluded that the ability to metabolize DDT is not sufficient explanation for the resistance phenomenon.
Alteration of Natural Uranyl Oxide Hydrates in Si-Rich Groundwaters: Implications For Uranium Solubility

The uranyl oxide hydrates are common initial corrosion products of uraninite (nominally U02+x) during weathering. In the presence of dissolved silica these early-formed phases alter to uranyl silicates (most commonly soddyite, U2SiO8-2H2O, and uranophane, CaU2Si2O11·6H2O). Uraninite, however, usually contains radiogenic Pb, and the earlyformed Pb-poor uranyl oxide hydrates alter incongruously to uranyl silicates plus Pb-enriched uranyl oxide hydrates such as curite. Similar to dissolved silica, radiogenic Pb may also serve to limit the mobility of U in nature by fixing U in solid phases. Curite may also play an important role in the formation of uranyl phosphates, which are significantly less soluble than the uranyl silicates, and control U solubility in many groundwaters associated with altered U ore.
Primary Isolation of Influenza A, B, and C Viruses in Monkey Kidney Tissue Cultures

Summary1. Influenza virus isolations were attempted simultaneously in monkey kidney tissue cultures and 11-day embryonated eggs from 78 throat samples taken during the 1955 epidemic in the Washington, D.C. area. Higher percentage of influenza B isolations was made in monkey kidney tissue cultures (21.8%) than in embryonated eggs (1.3%). Influenza C and Type 3 APC viruses were also recovered in the monkey kidney tissue cultures from some of these samples. Influenza A virus and influenza C virus were also isolated in monkey kidney cultures from other samples, but whether this method offers a better medium than the usual embryonated eggs was not determined for these types. 2. Cytopathogenic changes in monkey kidney cultures produced by influenza A, B, and C viruses appeared to be similar. These changes were readily recognized, and were associated with the production of hemagglutinins. 3. The use of monkey kidney cultures offered distinct advantages over chick embryos: (a) current strains of influenza B virus...
Créances Populaire et Nostalgie du Passé : Le Détroit des Légendes, de Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin

Michel Gaulin porte son regard sur un curieux recueil de la fin du xixe siecle, Le Detroit des legendes, un ouvrage publie en anglais par Marie Caroline Watson Hamlin. Il considere d’un point de vue litteraire tant l’edition originale de 1883 que la traduction que Richard Ramsay en a faite en 1991. Bien que les donnees biographiques sur l’auteur soient incompletes et les references utilisees pour l’elaboration de l’ouvrage soient vagues et ne donnent guere prise a une confrontation des sources, notre collegue sonde les themes legendaires et les allusions historiques des trente et un recits du livre pour definir l’image que l’ecrivain donne de la region du Detroit. Il etablit encore un parallele entre le travail de cet ecrivain et les activites des artisans du mouvement litteraire de Quebec, qui, dans les decennies precedentes, miserent aussi sur des materiaux populaires du meme ordre pour creer leurs oeuvres litteraires.
Emerging role of immunoproteasomes in pathophysiology

The immunoproteasome is a proteasome variant that is found only in jawed vertebrates. It is responsible for degrading intracellular proteins to generate a major source of peptides with substantial major histocompatibility complex I binding affinity. The immunoproteasome also has roles in T-cell survival, differentiation and proliferation in various pathological conditions. In humans, any alteration in the expression, assembly or function of the immunoproteasome can lead to cancer, autoimmune disorders or inflammatory diseases. Although the roles of the immunoproteasome in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders have been extensively studied, its significance in other disease conditions has only recently become known. Therefore, there is renewed interest in the development of drugs, vaccines and biomarkers that target the immunoproteasome. The current review highlights the involvement of this complex in disease pathology in addition to the advances made in immunoproteasome research.
Concomitant cardiac and pulmonary operations.

From 1965 through 1983, 43 patients underwent concomitant cardiac and pulmonary procedures at our institution. Most patients presented with cardiac symptoms and were incidentally found to have a roentgenographically indeterminate lung nodule. The pulmonary diagnosis of 38 patients was unknown preoperatively, and nine of these had a malignant lesion. All 43 cardiac procedures necessitated extracorporeal circulation. Thirty-one patients had benign pulmonary disease, 10 had bronchogenic carcinoma, and two had metastatic carcinoma. Concomitant pulmonary procedures were performed via median sternotomy and included single wedge resections in 32 patients, lobectomy in seven, multiple wedge resections in three, and pneumonectomy in one. Most resections were performed either before or after institution of bypass, without systemic anticoagulation. Of the two operative deaths (4.6 %), one was related to intraparenchymal pulmonary hemorrhage after multiple wedge resections during anticoagulation. Thus, pulmonary resections performed during anticoagulation may be associated with increased risk and probably should be avoided. The second death was cardiac in origin and not related to pulmonary resection. The remaining patients recovered uneventfully. Definitive correction of both cardiac and pulmonary disease can be performed at one operation via a single incision with safety and benefit to the carefully selected patient
Hormonal Effects Upon in vitro Cholesterol Synthesis

This report concerns a comparison of the rates at which labeled acetate is converted into digitonin-precipitable substance by sponge connective tissue and the liver. The effects of the gonads and the thyroid gland on the in vitro incorporation of C14-labeled acetate as cholesterol were also explored.
Separated by Removal: The Impact of Parental Deportation on Latina/o Children’s Postsecondary Educational Goals

ABSTRACTThis research examines the impact of parental deportation on Latino/a adolescents’ postsecondary aspirations. Based on interviews with students, their families, and site observations, the study finds that for some adolescents who held college aspirations prior to the deportation, this type of abrupt parental removal negatively affects their perception of safety and stability in their home and school environments (i.e., microsystem) (Bronfenbrenner, 2005). Where this vulnerability is not countered with emotional, economic, and institutional support, it can hinder their development of the social capital (Coleman, 1988; Stanton-Salazar, 2001) that would be conducive to their higher educational aspirations.