cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron paramagnetic resonance detectable states of cytochrome P-450cam

Cytochrome P-450cam is a low-spin Fe3+hemoprotein (g = 2.45, 2.26, and 1.91) which is made 60% high spin (g = 7.85, 3.97, and 1.78) at 12 K by the addition of 1 mol of substrate per mol of enzyme. Low-temperature EPR spectra show that the low-spin fraction of substrate-bound P-450cam contains two magnetic species. The majority species has an unusual EPR spectrum (g = 2.42, 2.24, and 1.97) which connot be simulated by using the range of crystal field parameters known for other heme proteins. The minority species has the same g values as substrate-free enzyme. Both low-spin species show Curie law temperature dependence below 50 K and have similar saturation behavior. Above 50 K the g = 2.42, 2.24, and 1.97 species rapidly loses signal intensity. The distribution of low-spin species is pH dependent (apparent pKa = 6.2) with the g = 2.42, 2.24, and 1.97 magnetic species favored at high pH. The substrate binding stoichiometry and the equilibria observed in the low-spin fraction suggest that there are not multiple protein forms of cytochrome P-450cam. Putidaredoxin and other effector molecules which specifically catalyze hydroxylation convert either the high-spin or the g = 2.42, 2.24, and 1.97 low-spin species to another new magnetic species (g = 2.47, 2.26, and 1.91). This species is only seen in the presence of substrate, and its stability reflects the catalytic potency of the effector molecule. The EPR and UV-visible spectra of cytochrome P-420 depend upon the manner in which the P-420 is generated. Incubation with acetone or reaction with N-ethylmaleimide or diethyl pyrocarbonate generates P-420 with different spectral characteristics. Through identification of active-site amino acids by chemical modification and comparison with porphyrin model complexes, the range of ligands likely to participate in each of the EPR detectable species is assigned. Mechanisms of interconversion of these species and their bearing on catalysis are discussed.
Increase of Satellite Tobacco Ringspot Virus RNA Initiated by Inoculating Circular RNA

Abstract A small satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus (sTRSV RNA) generates circular and linear molecules of unit length and repetitive sequence, linear multimers during replication. The phosphodiester junction joining the unit satellite RNA sequences in multimeric and circular RNA resisted base-catalyzed cleavage in circles but not in linear dimers. We postulate that junctions of multimeric satellite RNA form during synthesis of the polyribonucleotide chain, whereas those of circular RNA result from a ligation reaction that introduces a group blocking the junction 2′-hydroxyl. To test the relative effectiveness of linear and circular satellite RNAs in initiating replication, we inoculated onto bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris cv Black Valentine) the four possible pairs of satellite RNA molecules, one member of each pair having the wild-type sTRSV RNA sequence and the other that of the replicating mutant 51AG/212CU, with each sequence provided as the unit circular or linear form. The relative amounts of wild-type and mutant satellite RNA sequence recovered from progeny virions reflected their relative abundances in the inoculum without regard to whether the sequence was supplied as a linear or a circular molecule. These results are consistent with models for the replication of the satellite RNA in which a circular form of the satellite RNA is a template for rolling circle transcription or is otherwise a replication intermediate or is readily converted to an intermediate. We also show that a circular form of a nonaccumulating satellite RNA mutant induced an increase in a satellite RNA that is endogenous to some tobacco ringspot virus virion preparations, as demonstrated previously for the linear form.
Hope to Die a Dope Fiend

Scotty injected his last drops of heroin into a scarred vein running along his outer forearm. On this chilly, late winter afternoon, I had been watching him, his street partner Jim, and another homeless heroin addict, Leo, share a $20 bag of black tar heroin in their homeless encampment/shooting gallery. For the past year, as part of an HIV-AIDS prevention study, I have been spending much of my time with a network of heroin addicts who live under a stretch of San Francisco's downtown freeways. As I was walking toward the back of the camp where another four men were fixing heroin, out of the corner of my eye I saw Scotty fall to the ground. As he jerked in the dirt, his eyes rolled back and asphyxiated gasps rattled from inside his throat. "Oh my God," I thought as I ran to his convulsing body, "he's gonna die!" What was I supposed to do? Call 911 from the bushes under the freeway? Would Scotty stay alive while I dragged him over the ten-foot-high chain-link fence surrounding our camp to an anonymous stretch of sidewalk? Would I even be able to find a functioning pay phone? I must have said something about calling 911, because I vaguely heard Jim reassuring me, "No, don't. He's okay." Scotty was clearly not okay, but, from the perspective of the addicts in the shooting gallery, the paramedic authorities and the police who would follow them were even less okay. At a total loss, I massaged Scotty's chest, hoping to somehow relax his breathing. Fortunately, at this point Jim took more coherent control. He had me grab Scotty's arms and pull them above his head, jamming him into an upright position. Following the gestures from a long-forgotten junior high school CPR training session, but having no faith in their efficacy, I placed my knee in the center of Scotty's back to arch his torso and maybe open his clogged respiratory system. Jim was massaging Scotty's shoulders, while Leo, who had woken up
Structure of Irreducible SU(2) Parafermion Modules Derived via the Feigin-Fuchs Construction

We show how the Feigin-Fuchs Coulomb-gas construction, with two free Gaussian bosons, can be used to derive the representation theory of the SU(2) parafermion models. We identify the generators of the chiral algebra within the bosonic Fock space and derive the chiral algebra of the finitely reducible models, which correspond to the SU(2) and SU(1, 1) parafermion algebras. We then focus on the SU(2) highest-weight modules in the remainder of the paper. Unitarity of the modules requires that the states of the parafermion theory be independent of the zero modes of two fermionic vertex operators of the bosonic theory. The expressions for the Virasoro highest weights of the models are doubly degenerate in the bosonic Fock space. We formulate the correlation functions of these operators in the parafermion Hilbert space, and in particular, the fusion rules for the Virasoro highest weights are derived in an elegant way. Finally, the irreducible parafermion characters are derived. We discuss the connection between our analysis and previous work on representation theory based on BRST cohomology.
In vitro and in vivo pharmacology of CP-945,598, a potent and selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist for the management of obesity

Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists exhibit pharmacologic properties favorable for the treatment of metabolic disease. CP-945,598 (1-[9-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-chlorophenyl)-9H-purin-6-yl]-4-ethylamino piperidine-4-carboxylic acid amide hydrochloride) is a recently discovered selective, high affinity, competitive CB(1) receptor antagonist that inhibits both basal and cannabinoid agonist-mediated CB(1) receptor signaling in vitro and in vivo. CP-945,598 exhibits sub-nanomolar potency at human CB(1) receptors in both binding (K(i)=0.7 nM) and functional assays (K(i)=0.2 nM). The compound has low affinity (K(i)=7600 nM) for human CB(2) receptors. In vivo, CP-945,598 reverses four cannabinoid agonist-mediated CNS-driven responses (hypo-locomotion, hypothermia, analgesia, and catalepsy) to a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist. CP-945,598 exhibits dose and concentration-dependent anorectic activity in two models of acute food intake in rodents, fast-induced re-feeding and spontaneous, nocturnal feeding. CP-945,598 also acutely stimulates energy expenditure in rats and decreases the respiratory quotient indicating a metabolic switch to increased fat oxidation. CP-945,598 at 10mg/kg promoted a 9%, vehicle adjusted weight loss in a 10 day weight loss study in diet-induced obese mice. Concentration/effect relationships combined with ex vivo brain CB(1) receptor occupancy data were used to evaluate efficacy in behavioral, food intake, and energy expenditure studies. Together, these in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data indicate that CP-945,598 is a novel CB(1) receptor competitive antagonist that may further our understanding of the endocannabinoid system.
Effects of Genetic Modification on Herbivore-Induced Volatiles from Maize

Large-scale implementation of transgenic crop varieties raises concerns about possible nontarget effects on other organisms. This study examines the effects of genetic modification on plant volatile production and its potential impact on arthropod population dynamics. We compared herbivore-induced volatile emissions from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) maize plants to those from a nontransformed isoline following exposure to various types of leaf damage. When equal numbers of Helicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae fed on Bt and non-Bt maize, volatile emissions were significantly lower in the transgenic plants, which also exhibited less leaf damage. When damage levels were controlled by adding more larvae to Bt plants, the plants' volatile emissions increased but displayed significant differences from those of nontransgenic plants. Significantly higher amounts of linalool, β-myrcene, and geranyl acetate were released from transgenic maize than from non-Bt plants. Manipulating the duration of feeding by individual larvae to produce similar damage patterns resulted in similar volatile profiles for Bt and non-Bt plants. Controlling damage levels more precisely by mechanically wounding leaves and applying larval regurgitant likewise resulted in similar emission patterns for Bt and non-Bt maize. Overall, changes in the herbivore-induced volatile profiles of Bt maize appeared to be a consequence of altered larval feeding behavior rather than of changes in biochemical plant defense pathways. The implications of these findings for understanding the impacts of plant-mediated cues on pest and natural enemy behavior in transgenic crop systems are discussed.
Higher-order Wavelet Statistics and their Application to Digital Forensics

We describe a statistical model for natural images that is built upon a multi-scale wavelet decomposition. The model consists of first- and higher-order statistics that capture certain statistical regularities of natural images. We show how this model can be useful in several digital forensic applications, specifically in detecting various types of digital tampering.
Electrophysiologic effects of cocaine on subendocardial Purkinje fibers surviving 1 day of myocardial infarction.

Effects of Cocaine on Triggered Activity. Introduction: Cocaine has been shown to have broad cardiovascular effects that could be life threatening. Most of the reported electrophysiologic effects of cocaine have been studied in normal but not infarcted myocardium. Methods and Results: Using microelectrode techniques, we investigated the eletrophysiologic effects of cocaine on endocardial canine Purkinje fibers that survived 1 day of myocardial infarction. In quiescent infarcted preparations, stimulated trains were followed by subthreshold delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs), in the presence of propranolol (1 μ M). Cocaine (10 μ M) decreased the amplitude of DADs from 6.1 ± 1.8 mV to 3.0 ± 1.3 mV (P < 0.05, n = 6). When stimulated preparations (n = 23) showing no triggered activity during control (+propranolol) were superfused with a low concentration of caffeine (1 mM) or high extracellular Ca2+ (8.1 mM), triggered activity was induced. Subsequent cocaine (10 μ M) superfusion prevented the induction of caffeine- and high Ca2+-induced triggered activity. Cocaine's effects were reversible upon washout. In preparations that showed triggered activity during control conditions (+propranolol), the mean cycle length of triggered activity was 755 ± 45 msec. Cocaine (10 μ M) superfusion lengthened the cycle length to 1030 ± 141 msec and terminated triggered activity with a subthreshold DAD (n = 12). In addition, cocaine and ryanodine (10 μ M) suppressed triggered activity in a similar manner when tested in the same preparations (n = 4). During control conditions, cocaine did not cause any significant change on the rate of rise of action potential upstroke (from 55.6 ± 24.3 to 54.5 ± 28.6 V/sec, n = 8) and maximum diastolic potential (from -58.4 ± 4.3 to 56.6 ± 6.5 mV, n = 8). In the absence of propranolol, 50 μ M but not 10 μ M cocaine induced early afterdepolarizations in 62% of the preparations exhibiting triggered activity during control conditions. Conclusion: The results suggest that cocaine modulates DADs and triggered activity in infarcted endocardial fibers via direct inhibition of cyclic release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) independently from a local anesthetic or sympathomimetic effect. This SR inhibition could account for the myocardial depressant effect of cocaine. However, while cocaine suppressed DADs, its induction of EADs can precipitate malignant ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of cocaine overdose and infarction.
Comparison of Polarimetric Radar Drop Size Distribution Retrieval Algorithms

Abstract Recently, two physically based algorithms, the “beta” (β) method and the “constrained-gamma” method, have been proposed for retrieving the governing parameters of the gamma drop size distribution (DSD) from polarimetric radar measurements. The β method treats the drop axis ratio as a variable and computes drop shape and DSD parameters from radar reflectivity (Z), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and specific differential phase (KDP). The constrained-gamma method assumes that the axis ratio relation is fixed and computes DSD parameters from reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and an empirical relation between the DSD slope and shape parameters. In this paper, the two approaches are evaluated by comparing retrieved rain DSD parameters with disdrometer observations and examining derived fields for consistency. Error effects on the β method retrievals are analyzed. The β approach is found to be sensitive to errors in KDP and to be inconsistent with observations. Large retrieved β values are foun...
Explaining to a Jury how and Why People Fall

Human factors expert witnesses may be called upon to explain the mechanics of a particular physical falling event to a jury using only verbal, intellectual tools. Photos or diagrams of the falling event area usually show only the environment, not the human interacting with the environment during the critical falling event. The reconstruction the accident may be done with computer-generated 3-D mannequins to substitute for the humans involved in the falling event. This paper discusses the illustration of the mechanics of the falling process using 3-D mannequins to illustrate the laws of motion and of human behavior as accurately as possible.
Globalisation, Competition and the Politics of Local Economic Development:

The study of urban politics in the US is now dominated by issues of local economic development. These are situated analytically with respect to a more global space economy. This is the New Urban Politics. The central logic of the New Urban Politics is one of cities or communities competing for mobile capital. This competition supposedly has adverse distributional consequences for those living in cities or communities. Three areas of critical contention are focused on: the identity of the competing agents; the concept of firm competition underpinning the central idea of mobile capitals; and the distributional consequences of the competition for those capitals. Serious problems in abstraction and in the concept of capital adopted in this literature are identified.
Rapid ligand-regulated gating kinetics of single inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor Ca2+ release channels.

The ubiquitous inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) intracellular Ca2+ release channel is engaged by thousands of plasma membrane receptors to generate Ca2+ signals in all cells. Understanding how complex Ca2+ signals are generated has been hindered by a lack of information on the kinetic responses of the channel to its primary ligands, InsP3 and Ca2+, which activate and inhibit channel gating. Here, we describe the kinetic responses of single InsP3R channels in native endoplasmic reticulum membrane to rapid ligand concentration changes with millisecond resolution, using a new patch-clamp configuration. The kinetics of channel activation and deactivation showed novel Ca2+ regulation and unexpected ligand cooperativity. The kinetics of Ca2+-mediated channel inhibition showed the single-channel bases for fundamental Ca2+ release events and Ca2+ release refractory periods. These results provide new insights into the channel regulatory mechanisms that contribute to complex spatial and temporal features of intracellular Ca2+ signals.
Single-Shot Diffusion Measurement in Laser-Polarized Gas

A single-shot pulsed gradient stimulated echo sequence is introduced to address the challenges of diffusion measurements of laser polarized 3He and 129Xe gas. Laser polarization enhances the NMR sensitivity of these noble gases by >103, but creates an unstable, nonthermal polarization that is not readily renewable. A new method is presented which permits parallel acquisition of the several measurements required to determine a diffusive attenuation curve. The NMR characterization of a sample's diffusion behavior can be accomplished in a single measurement, using only a single polarization step. As a demonstration, the diffusion coefficient of a sample of laser-polarized 129Xe gas is measured via this method.
Invertebrate Models for Biomedical Research, Testing, and Education

Invertebrate animals have been used as medicinals for 4,000 years and have served as models for research and teaching since the late 1800s. Interest in invertebrate models has increased over the past several decades as the research community has responded to public concerns about the use of vertebrate animals in research. As a result, invertebrates are being evaluated and recognized as models for many diseases and conditions. Their use has led to discoveries in almost every area of biology and medicine--from embryonic development to aging processes. Species range from terrestrial invertebrates such as nematodes and insects to freshwater and marine life including planarians, crustaceans, molluscs, and many others. The most often used models are the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the minuscule nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Topics in this article are categorized by biologic system, process, or disease with discussion of associated invertebrate models. Sections on bioactive products discovered from invertebrates follow the models section, and the article concludes with uses of invertebrates in teaching. The models reviewed can serve as references for scientists, researchers, veterinarians, institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), and others interested in alternatives to vertebrate animals.
MARKEDNESS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION1

Second language acquisition research to date has applied markedness concepts largely to L1-L2 transfer, and this work is briefly summarized. Yet there is a neglected potential for such application to ongoing L2 developmental research as well. As an illustration of this, the data from three different studies are reanalyzed in order to show that an otherwise unexplained order of acquisition can be accounted for from a markedness perspective. There is still a need, however, for looking beyond the distributional characteristics of the exponents of formal syntax if a greater understanding of the acquisition of more complex language is to be achieved. Of prime interest, therefore, is the extent to which we can apply markedness theory to discourse, and a framework for viewing discourse from a markedness perspective is suggested.
Classical Controllability for the Semilinear Parabolic Equations with Superlinear Terms

In this chapter we establish the global approximate controllability of the semilinear heat equation with superlinear term, governed in a bounded domain by a pair of controls: (I) the traditional internal either locally distributed or lumped control and (II) the lumped control entering the system as a time-dependent coefficient. The motivation for the latter is due to the well known lack of global controllability properties for this class of pde’s when they are steered solely by the former controls. Our approach involves an asymptotic technique allowing us to separate and combine the impacts generated by the above-mentioned two types of controls. In particular, the addition of multiplicative control allows us to reduce the use of the additive one to the local controllability technique only.
On Damage Induced Anisotropy for Fiber Composites

A stress-strain relation on the basis of a homogenized continuum is devel oped from a potential energy function for an elastic material with anisotropic damage. It is assumed that the influence of the state of damage can be represented by a vector-valued function, resulting from an array of surface discontinuities with coinciding orientation such as disk-like, parallel cracks. Usually, only low-order polynomial expansions in terms of the damage variable have been considered in the literature, limiting the results to non- interacting microcracks. In this paper, a complete polynomial expansion of the potential function with respect to the damage variable is developed and the general form of the con stitutive tensor for the damaged material is derived. This allows account to be taken of nonlinear dependencies of the effective elastic properties on the damage variable in the case of interacting microcracks.
Courtship, Competition, and the Pursuit of Attractiveness: Mating Goals Facilitate Health-Related Risk Taking and Strategic Risk Suppression in Women

Two experiments explored the possibility that specific health risks observed among young women may be influenced by attractiveness-enhancement goals associated with mating. Study 1 (n = 257) demonstrated that priming women with intersexual courtship and intrasexual competition increased their willingness to go tanning and take dangerous diet pills. Study 2 (n = 148) conceptually replicated these results and revealed that increased willingness to take these risks is mediated by diminished feelings of vulnerability to the negative health effects associated with these behaviors when mating goals are salient. Findings provide evidence that mating goals play a role in the continued popularity of these dangerous behaviors in women. Furthermore, the current results bridge the existing gap between health belief and self-presentational models of risk behaviors to yield novel insights into the psychology of risk taking.
A Meshless Method for Computational Stochastic Mechanics

This paper presents a stochastic meshless method for probabilistic analysis of linear-elastic structures with spatially varying random material properties. Using Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) expansion, the homogeneous random field representing material properties was discretized by a set of orthonormal eigenfunctions and uncorrelated random variables. Two numerical methods were developed for solving the integral eigenvalue problem associated with K-L expansion. In the first method, the eigenfunctions were approximated as linear sums of wavelets and the integral eigenvalue problem was converted to a finite-dimensional matrix eigenvalue problem that can be easily solved. In the second method, a Galerkin-based approach in conjunction with meshless discretization was developed in which the integral eigenvalue problem was also converted to a matrix eigenvalue problem. The second method is more general than the first, and can solve problems involving a multi-dimensional random field with arbitrary covariance functions....
THE PROLONGED COEXISTENCE OF VACCINIA VIRUS IN HIGH TITRE AND LIVING CELLS IN ROLLER TUBE CULTURES OF CHICK EMBRYONIC TISSUES

1. The virus of vaccinia in so called roller tube cultures of mixed embryonic chick tissue rapidly increases to maximal titre. 2. Under these conditions the quantity of virus in the tissue remains at or near the maximum for at least 9 weeks and considerable amounts are present in the fluids removed each day. 3. The same results are obtained when only fragments of embryonic chick heart are employed. 4. Many, though not necessarily all, of the cells in infected cultures remain alive and retain the capacity to proliferate. The presence of these living cells is essential for the persistence of the virus. 5. No apparent differences in the rate or amount of growth of cells in infected as contrasted with non-infected cultures can be discerned in the gross. 6. It is suggested, but not proved, that virus is continually being produced rather than simply preserved throughout the period.
Adaptive leadership curriculum for Indian paramedic trainees

Paramedic trainees in developing countries face complex and chaotic clinical environments that demand effective leadership, communication, and teamwork. Providers must rely on non-technical skills (NTS) to manage bystanders and attendees, collaborate with other emergency professionals, and safely and appropriately treat patients. The authors designed a NTS curriculum for paramedic trainees focused on adaptive leadership, teamwork, and communication skills critical to the Indian prehospital environment. Forty paramedic trainees in the first academic year of the 2-year Advanced Post-Graduate Degree in Emergency Care (EMT-paramedic equivalent) program at the GVK-Emergency Management and Research Institute campus in Hyderabad, India, participated in the 6-day leadership course. Trainees completed self-assessments and delivered two brief video-recorded presentations before and after completion of the curriculum. Independent blinded observers scored the pre- and post-intervention presentations delivered by 10 randomly selected paramedic trainees. The third-party judges reported significant improvement in both confidence (25 %, p < 0.01) and body language of paramedic trainees (13 %, p < 0.04). Self-reported competency surveys indicated significant increases in leadership (2.6 vs. 4.6, p < 0.001, d = 1.8), public speaking (2.9 vs. 4.6, p < 0.001, d = 1.4), self-reflection (2.7 vs. 4.6, p < 0.001, d = 1.6), and self-confidence (3.0 vs. 4.8, p < 0.001, d = 1.5). Participants in a 1-week leadership curriculum for prehospital providers demonstrated significant improvement in self-reported NTS commonly required of paramedics in the field. The authors recommend integrating focused NTS development curriculum into Indian paramedic education and further evaluation of the long term impacts of this adaptive leadership training.
Changing Rule 2a-7 and the Risk Profiles of Money Market Mutual Funds

Rule 2a-7 defines the quality, maturity and diversity of investments allowed in money market fund (MMF) portfolios. Following the financial crisis, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) modified this rule to improve the liquidity and the credit quality (valuation) of MMFs. We analyze the portfolio compositions of 295 taxable MMFs to determine if liquidity and credit quality (valuation) were problems during the crisis and whether the changes to the earlier rule address the issues. We find that the problems in the MMF industry during the crisis stem principally from valuation issues and argue that the modifications to Rule 2a-7 are only a partial solution towards making MMFs more resilient to market disruptions. We propose a two-tier system based on asset classes, where Tier One would comprise traditional informationally-insensitive and transparent money market securities and Tier Two would allow less transparent, more risky qualifying securities.
Molecular layer deposition of aluminum alkoxide polymer films using trimethylaluminum and glycidol.

Molecular layer deposition (MLD) of aluminum alkoxide polymer films was examined using trimethlyaluminum (TMA) and glycidol (GLY) as the reactants. Glycidol is a high vapor pressure heterobifunctio...
Relationship of the Face Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) to Pinkeye in Cattle: A Review and Synthesis of the Relevant Literature

The literature pertaining to the association of the face fly, Musca autumnalis , with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK or pinkeye) is reviewed. Data currently available fulfill the criteria (similar to Koch's postulates) necessary to incriminate the face fly as a vector of Moraxella bovis . Attempts at face fly control can therefore be justified as part of a comprehensive IBK management program.
Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Transition Experiments in a Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel

The Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel has achieved quiet flow to stagnation pressures of 146 psia, and intermittently quiet flow between 146 and 169 psia. In an attempt to measure natural transition under quiet flow, a 3-m-circular-arc compression cone was tested with a nearly sharp nosetip. Using temperature-sensitive paint, hot streaks were observed to develop near the rear of the cone at high pressures under quiet flow. The streaks do not appear under noisy flow. The cause of the hot streaks remains unknown, though they may be instabilities or artifacts of nonlinear breakdown. Under quiet flow, the cone boundary layer remained laminar up to N factors of at least 15 and possibly as high as 19. Transition occurred at N = 9 under noisy flow. It is unknown why laminar flow persisted to such high N factors. As part of an investigation of crossflow vortices, a 7 half-angle cone was tested at 6 angle of attack with temperature-sensitive paint finishes of varying roughness. The roughness of the paint finish was observed to have an effect on crossflow vortices, in some cases inducing transition under noisy flow. Heat-transfer measurements were made at the stagnation point of a hemisphere to observe the effect of freestream noise; no effect was evident.
Design of Nanosensors for Fissile Materials in Nuclear Waste Water

Uranium and plutonium ions and their complexes play an important role in nuclear fuel reprocessing, and their trace characterization is important in nuclear forensics. In this work, we perform ab initio density functional theory calculations of U and Pu complexes with graphene and graphene oxide to examine the applicability of a graphene-based fissile sensor. We find that graphene needs to be functionalized to act as an effective sensor for detection of fissile materials such as uranium and plutonium complexes. This is because characteristic changes in the plasmonic properties of a finite graphene sheet, molecular electrostatic potentials, and current–voltage characteristics in oxidized graphene nanojunctions are strong signatures of the sorption of uranium or plutonium moieties.
Role of arterial lipoproteins in the formation of the fibrous plaque.

Previous studies from our laboratory (1, 2) have indicated that the lipoproteins contained in the human atherosclerotic plaque are extractable into saline and have biochemical properties which are similar to those of the serum lipoproteins except for very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The major lipid component of arterial VLDL appears to be cholesterol ester as opposed to triglycerides for serum VLDL. It also was found that the saline extractable content of VLDL and LDL (low density lipoproteins) in atherosclerotic vessels was much higher than that of the normal intima and increased with increasing severity of atherosclerosis (Table 1). On the other hand, the high density lipoprotein (HDL) content of the arterial intima was small and did not appear to change with the progression of atherosclerosis. Of the total lipids contained in the diseased intima about 35 to 40% appeared to be extractable into saline (1.65 M NaCl) and recoverable as lipoproteins.
Performance of glass woven fabric composites with admicellar-coated thin elastomeric interphase

AbstractAdequate stress transfer between the inorganic reinforcement and surrounding polymeric matrix is essential for achieving enhanced structural integrity and extended lifetime performance of fiber-reinforced composites. The insertion of an elastomeric interlayer helps increase the stress-transfer capabilities across the fiber/matrix interface and considerably reduces crack initiation phenomena at the fiber ends. In this study, admicellar polymerization is used to modify the fiber/matrix interface in glass woven fabric composites by forming thickness-controlled poly(styrene-co-isoprene) coatings. These admicellar interphases have distinct characteristics (e.g. topology and surface coverage) depending on the surfactant/monomer ratios used during the polymerization reaction. Overall, the admicellar coatings have a positive effect on the mechanical response of resin transfer molded, E-glass/epoxy parts. For instance, ultimate tensile strength of composites with admicellar sizings improved 50–55% over the...
Association of Higher Consumption of Foods Derived From Subsidized Commodities With Adverse Cardiometabolic Risk Among US Adults.

Importance Food subsidies are designed to enhance food availability, but whether they promote cardiometabolic health is unclear. Objective To investigate whether higher consumption of foods derived from subsidized food commodities is associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk among US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2001 to 2006. Our final analysis was performed in January 2016. Participants were 10 308 nonpregnant adults 18 to 64 years old in the general community. Exposure From a single day of 24-hour dietary recall in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we calculated an individual-level subsidy score that estimated an individual’s consumption of subsidized food commodities as a percentage of total caloric intake. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), abdominal adiposity, C-reactive protein level, blood pressure, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and glycemia. Results Among 10 308 participants, the mean (SD) age was 40.2 (0.3) years, and a mean (SD) of 50.5% (0.5%) were male. Overall, 56.2% of calories consumed were from the major subsidized food commodities. United States adults in the highest quartile of the subsidy score (compared with the lowest) had increased probabilities of having a body mass index of at least 30 (prevalence ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.23-1.52), a ratio of waist circumference to height of at least 0.60 (prevalence ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25-1.59), a C-reactive protein level of at least 0.32 mg/dL (prevalence ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.19-1.51), an elevated non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (prevalence ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.25), and dysglycemia (prevalence ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40). There was no statistically significant association between the subsidy score and blood pressure. Conclusions and Relevance Among US adults, higher consumption of calories from subsidized food commodities was associated with a greater probability of some cardiometabolic risks. Better alignment of agricultural and nutritional policies may potentially improve population health.
Perspectives of FRET Imaging to Study Epigenetics and Mechanobiology in the Nucleus

Epigenetic modulations are crucial for the regulation of chromatin structures and genomic organizations, which are key factors determining gene expressions and cellular functions. Mechanical cues have also been shown to play important roles in modulating gene expressions and cellular functions. While there have been significant advances in our understanding of mechanotransduction in the nucleus, there is a lack of knowledge on the molecular details by which mechanical cues affect epigenetic and chromatin regulations to determine genetic outcomes. In this chapter we first introduce the current understanding on epigenetic regulations, particularly on histone modifications and DNA methylations. This is followed by the epigenetic regulations related to mechanobiology in the nucleus. We then introduce the development of genetically encoded molecular biosensors and the principles based on fluorescence proteins (FPs) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the visualization of dynamic epigenetic regulations in single cells. Lastly, we present examples of the application of biosensors to visualize mechanotransduction events occurring in the nucleus in live cells. The single cell imaging of nuclear mechanotransduction can shed new lights on the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes in living cells under different mechanical environments.
On Multi-Fluid models for spray-resolved LES of reacting jets

Abstract Numerical simulation of sprays can potentially be used for assessing the performance and variability of engines. But today’s simulations only provide average quantities, after calibration. Spray injection can be thought of as a multiscale problem with 4 levels (chamber, mixing layer, drop scale, and nozzle). Because of their complex interactions, increasing predictivity requires simulations to capture more of these scales. To assess the trade-offs in this regard, we perform a review of recent Diesel spray simulations. After highlighting the importance of the mixing layer in driving spray dynamics, we analyze various two-phase flow formalisms and show the potential benefits of a Eulerian spray formulation combined with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to capture a variable-density mixing layer (VDML). We then present a framework and numerical methods to make this description operative and show how it performs on a realistic autoignition case called Spray A.
Understanding scientific data sharing outside of the academy

Sharing and reuse of scientific data, which can enhance the transparency and reproducibility of research and lead to the creation of new knowledge from existing data, is both a growing scholarly communication practice and an expanding area of interest in information science. However, much of the literature to date has focused on the data practices of scientists working in academic environments, with less research done on understanding the practices of scientists working in other types of environments, such as government or industry. This poster presents the results of a study in which data from a worldwide survey of scientists were analyzed to determine if differences in data practices, perceptions, and access to resources for data sharing existed between scientists who reported their primary work sector as academic and those who reported a non-academic primary work sector. Researchers' perceptions of data sharing and reuse were generally positive and did not differ significantly by work sector. However, differences were found in actual reported data sharing practices, even when controlling for researchers' age, geographic location, and subject discipline. Researchers outside of academia had lesser odds of reporting sharing all their data. Differences were also found in reported barriers to data sharing, as well as in reported access to and use of data sharing resources, suggesting that data sharing challenges faced by scientists working outside of academia may differ from those faced by their academic peers. Implications for the adoption of data sharing practices and technologies, as well as for knowledge sharing and creation across work sectors, are discussed, and suggestions are offered for further research.
Building Our Capacity to Forge Successful Home-School Partnerships: Programs That Support and Honor the Contributions of Families

This article focuses on two programs that were created to enhance parent involvement practices in literacy. The goal of both programs was to create for parents enjoyable and rich experiences around literacy in the home, while demonstrating for parents how teachers approach reading instruction in the classroom. Programs to increase and support parental involvement in children's literacy development must recognize the realities of family life and how parents' perceptions and beliefs may affect their participation. When parents witness their children's improvement, and see themselves as part of this improvement, they will be more motivated to pursue literacy development activities with their children at home.
Primary tumor resection to improve survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in the post-2000 era: A California Cancer Registry analysis.

e14570 Background: Resection of primary tumors in the setting of metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) is controversial. Fewer primary tumor resections are being performed due to the improved tumor r...
An Interactive Web-Based Tool For Teaching Computer Programming

Lab time dedicated to programming practice in most schools is typically not sufficient for students to succeed as professional programmers. In this paper, we introduce an interactive tool for teaching computer programming. The tool can be used outside the classroom as it is web-based, can be easily integrated with any management learning environment such as BlackBoard, and provides better opportunities for distance learning and online education programs. The tool engages students as active learners and considers student learning styles to effectively improve the learning process. Our experimental study shows that using our tool significantly increased the achievement percentage of our class learning outcomes.
Quarkonium Polarization and the Long Distance Matrix Elements Hierarchies using Jet Substructure

We investigate the quarkonium production mechanisms in jets at the LHC, using the fragmenting jet functions (FJF) approach. Specifically, we discuss the jet energy dependence of the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production cross section at the LHC. By comparing the cross sections for the different NRQCD production channels (${^{1}S}_{0}^{[8]}$, ${^{3}S}_{1}^{[8]}$, ${^{3}P}_{J}^{[8]}$, and ${^{3}S}_{1}^{[1]}$), we find that at fixed values of energy fraction $z$ carried by the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$, if the normalized cross section is a decreasing function of the jet energy, in particular for $zg0.5$, then the depolarizing ${^{1}S}_{0}^{[8]}$ must be the dominant channel. This makes the prediction made in [Baumgart et al., J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2014) 003] for the FJF's also true for the cross section. We also make comparisons between the long distance matrix elements extracted by various groups. This analysis could potentially shed light on the polarization properties of the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production in high ${p}_{T}$ region.
Special Issue on the AMCIS 2001 Workshops: Introduction

This article introduces the CAIS special issue on the workshops presented at AMCIS 2001 in Boston, MA. The overriding theme of this issue deals with various aspects of teaching with technology in the information systems curriculum using commercial applications as well as cases developed by faculty. These aspects include challenges of integrating large-scale applications with limited resources, system design configurations, and pedagogical issues. This paper provides an overview of each of the articles in this issue.
Multihormonal regulation of casein gene expression at the transcriptional and posttransciptional levels in the mammary gland.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the complex mechanisms by which peptide and steroid hormones interact to regulate milk protein gene expression in the mammary gland at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Multi hormonal regulation of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) accumulation is characteristic of many hormonally responsive systems. For example, both prolactin and hydrocortisone are necessary for the maximal accumulation of casein mRNA in the mammary gland. The chapter reviews (a) casein mRNA isolation, characterization, and hormonal regulation in vivo; (b) steroid and peptide hormone actions in vitro; (c) mechanism of prolactin action; and (d) posttranslational modification of rat casein Although the precise mechanism of action of hydrocortisone is yet to be established, its modulation of prolactin action on casein gene expression appears to be via an effect at the posttranscriptional level. This is a unique example of a cooperative effect between a steroid and peptide hormone in regulating specific gene expression.
Experimental atherosclerosis: anomalous fats

Some fats in common use do not fit the generalization concerning effects of unsaturation on cholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Cocoa butter is not as hypercholesterolemic or atherogenic as would be expected from its iodine value of 35. The reason for this anomaly is the high level (>35%) of stearic acid present in this fat. Rats fed oil from a soybean cultivar (A6) which contains 28% stearic acid (rather than the 4% found in soybean oil) exhibit lower levels of serum cholesterol and liver cholesteryl ester. Peanut oil (iodine value, 102) is unexpectedly atherogenic. Randomization of peanut oil reduces significantly its atherogenicity. Comparison of peanut oil from three sources showed that the oil with the highest amount of linoleic acid in the 2 position was the most atherogenic. Oil from a corn cultivar (Coker 776) whose 18:1/18:2 ratio is 1.05 is less atherogenic than corn oil whose 18:1/18:2 ratio is 0.43. More must be learned about the influence of triglyceride structure on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Delamination of Thin Films From Two-Dimensional Interface Flaws at Corners and Edges

This paper details the mechanics governing delamination of thin films driven by thermal expansion mismatch from two-dimensional interface flaws. Two scenarios are considered: (i) the edge of the film is concurrent with the edge of the substrate and (ii) the substrate extends past the edge of the film. Fully three-dimensional finite element models are used to analyze semi-circular interface flaws (along the edge) or quarter-circle interface flaws (at the corner of the film) for both scenarios. Results are presented for energy release rates and mode-mixity along two-dimensional crack fronts. For all cases considered, the crack driving force very close to the intersection of the crack front and the edge of the film is substantially larger than that for the interior portions of the crack front. For a given flaw size, the energy release rate along the entire front is higher when the substrate extends past the end of the film. The stress intensity factors are mixed-mode along the entire crack front; the predictions illustrate that the mode III component comprises a substantial contribution to the crack driving force over a significant part of the crack front. The implications of the results on film delamination is discussed in terms of critical flaw sizes, crack front profiles and the influence of the intersection singularity.
Effect of irrigation on physicochemical properties and bioethanol yield of drought tolerant and conventional corn

As the availability of water decreases, deficit irrigation is an essential approach for optimizing water use efficiency. Limited or deficit irrigation may significantly affect crop yields, grain quality, and end uses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation capacity on physiochemical properties, bioconversion efficiency, and bioethanol yield of drought tolerant (DT) and conventional corn. Both DT and conventional corn were planted at Southwest Research-Extension Center near Garden City, Kansas with five different irrigation levels (1 inch every 4, 6, 8,10, or 12 days) and dryland in 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. It was found that test weight of corn increased as irrigation capacity increased. Starch and protein contents of corn ranged from 67.41 to 72.67 and 7.63 to 9.75%, respectively. Starch pasting temperature and peak time of pasting decreased as irrigation level increased. Irrigation capacity had a positive impact on bioethanol yield, whereas the corn hybrid and year did not significantly affect bioethanol yield resulting from above normal rainfall received during the growing seasons.