cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction Mammaplasty in the Adolescent Female: The URMC Experience

Abstract Introduction With the rise in childhood obesity, an increase in the number of patients seeking adolescent breast reduction has been appreciated. This study examines our experience with presenting symptoms, techniques, and both surgical and pathologic outcomes for reduction mammaplasty in the adolescent population. Methods Medical records of 76 consecutive patients under 18 years of age who underwent reduction mammaplasty over a 10 year period were identified and reviewed for BMI, symptoms, comorbidities, cancer history, surgical technique, resection weight, pathologic findings, and complications. Pathology costs were determined from billing records. Results Operative indications included neck, back, and/or shoulder pain (75%), intertrigo (8%), shoulder grooving (17%), difficulty finding bras (8%) and participating in sports (9%), and social distress (24%). Average BMI was 31 kg/m 2 and 65% of children were obese (BMI > 30). Surgical techniques included Wise pattern (93%) and superior pedicle (7%). Complications occurred in 8 patients (10.5%). Pathologic examination yielded no cancers with 80% normal or mildly fibrotic and 20% benign histology. Per breast reduction specimen, pathology internal costs and external costs by Medicare data averaged $65 and $118, respectively. Conclusions Adolescent mammaplasty patients present symptoms mirroring those of the adult population but also exhibit greater obesity, physical strain, social distress, and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Literature reports similar complication rates for adults as we found in our adolescent population. We recommend that surgeons strongly consider reduction mammaplasty in the carefully selected adolescent with macromastia, with realistic expectations and complications in this burgeoning group. Routine pathologic examination, however, is not a cost effective goal.
Loving and learning with wemberly and David: Fostering emotional development in early childhood education

Children enter the world with simple emotions and gradually add complex feelings to their repertoire of skills. As children grow and develop, they learn to label their emotions and regulate them in socially appropriate ways. Literature is one way early childhood educators can foster healthy emotional development. This article explains how emotions develop during the preschool years (3–5), shares why it is important for early childhood educators to understand the connection between emotional and literacy development, and suggests books and strategies that can be used to enhance young children’s emotional and literate lives.
Lrrc10 is a novel cardiac-specific target gene of Nkx2-5 and GATA4

Cardiac gene expression is precisely regulated and its perturbation causes developmental defects and heart disease. Leucine-rich repeat containing 10 (Lrrc10) is a cardiac-specific factor that is crucial for proper cardiac development and deletion of Lrrc10 in mice results in dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanisms regulating Lrrc10 expression in cardiomyocytes remain unknown. Therefore, we set out to determine trans-acting factors and cis-elements critical for mediating Lrrc10 expression. We identify Lrrc10 as a transcriptional target of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. The Lrrc10 promoter region contains two highly conserved cardiac regulatory elements, which are functional in cardiomyocytes but not in fibroblasts. In vivo, Nkx2-5 and GATA4 endogenously occupy the proximal and distal cardiac regulatory elements of Lrrc10 in the heart. Moreover, embryonic hearts of Nkx2-5 knockout mice have dramatically reduced expression of Lrrc10. These data demonstrate the importance of Nkx2-5 and GATA4 in regulation of Lrrc10 expression in vivo. The proximal cardiac regulatory element located at around -200bp is synergistically activated by Nkx2-5 and GATA4 while the distal cardiac regulatory element present around -3kb requires SRF in addition to Nkx2-5 and GATA4 for synergistic activation. Mutational analyses identify a pair of adjacent Nkx2-5 and GATA binding sites within the proximal cardiac regulatory element that are necessary to induce expression of Lrrc10. In contrast, only the GATA site is functional in the distal regulatory element. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transcription factors Nkx2-5 and GATA4 cooperatively regulate cardiac-specific expression of Lrrc10.
Asymmetry of glucose transport in the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis.

Abstract Uptake and efflux of 6-deoxy- d -[ 3 H]glucose and of 2-deoxy- d -[ 14 C]glucose by the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis was studied. The tritiated, nonphosphorylatable hexose analogue leaves the cell in the absence and presence of intracellular 2-deoxy- d -glucose 6-phosphate. In energy-rich cells containing pools of hexose 6-phosphate, 2-deoxy- d -glucose is trapped in the cells, for it neither effluxes into glucose-free medium nor exchanges with external, free sugar. In starved, poisoned cells containing negligible amounts of 2-deoxy- d -glucose 6-phosphate, 2-deoxy- d -glucose does leave the cells upon transfer to glucose-free medium. An involvement of analogue structure and availability of metabolites of energy-rich cells in hexose retention is suggested. An internal pool of 6-deoxy- d -glucose does not affect the rate of uptake of 6-deoxy- d -[ 3 H]glucose, nor does internal 2-deoxy- d -[ 14 C]glucose 6-phosphate influence that rate. Hence, transport of glucose by this yeast is probably not regulated by internal pools of glucose 6-phosphate.
Critical current and scaling laws in evaporated two-phase Cu2.5Mo6S8

We have measured critical currents I c of an evaporated Cu x Mo6S8 (x = 2.5±0.3) film as a function of an external perpendicular field B up to the upper critical field B c2, at several temperatures (T ⩽ 4.2K). Results for the pinning force per unit length F = I c B do not obey a scaling law. That is, F = K(T)f (b), where K and f are general functions of the temperature T and the reduced field b = B/B c2, respectively. By comparing data with other evaporated and sputtered Cu x Mo6S8 with x ⩽ 2, we have separated the pinning force into two parts, each one obeying a scaling law. The recently published phase diagram of Cu x Mo6S8, along with our results, suggests that critical current and pinning in this material are controlled by two superconducting phases.
Quantum transition theory and dynamics of ionic molecule formation in cluster collisions

We apply the quantum transition theory of chemical reactions to ionic molecule formation in collisions between alkali-metal clusters and two types of reactive species: halogens and fullerenes. We show that the probability of a sticking collision is strongly dependent upon the nuclear dynamics. It turns out that although both halogens and fullerenes have a high electron affinity and appear promising for a harpooning reaction, this process is inhibited in the fullerene case by unfavorable Franck-Condon factors. This conclusion is in agreement with experimental observations. We predict that a strong reactive channel should reappear if the bare fullerene is replaced by a fullerene-rare gas complex. The product translational and vibrational energy distribution for such a collision is evaluated.
Microenvironmental regulation of cancer development

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment not only responds to and supports carcinogenesis, but also actively contributes to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. During tumor progression all cells composing the tumor undergo phenotypic and epigenetic changes. Paracrine signaling between epithelial and stromal cells is important for the regulation of the proliferation, invasive, angiogenic, and metastatic behavior of cancer cells. Better understanding the molecular mechanisms by which stromal cells exert these effects may open up new venues for cancer therapeutic and preventative interventions.
Transbronchial Palmaz Stent Placement for Tracheo-bronchial Stenosis☆

Purpose Evaluation of the efficacy of transbronchial Palmaz stent placement in the treatment of tracheo-bronchial narrowing. Materials and Methods Twelve patients with stenoses of the tracheo-bronchial tree were treated with balloon-expandable Palmaz stents. Etiology was anastomotic stenosis after lung transplantation ( n = 3), bronchogenic carcinoma ( n = 2), external compression from thoracic aortic aneurysm ( n = 2), Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( n = 1), esophageal carcinoma ( n = 1), after lobectomy ( n = 1), after lobectomy and endobronchial radiation ( n = 1), and lye ingestion ( n = 1). All patients had respiratory symptoms, radiologic findings of persistent atelectasis, or worsening pulmonary function tests. Bronchoscopy was used to delineate the stenosis prior to intervention. With use of fluoroscopic guidance, stents were placed in the mainstem bronchus ( n = 11), lower lobe bronchus ( n = 5), bronchus intermedius ( n = 5), trachea ( n = 3), and middle lobe bronchus ( n = 1). Results Initial technical success was achieved in all patients. Ten of the 12 patients (83%) had improvement of clinical pulmonary signs or symptoms. During follow-up, five patients died. One was lost to follow-up and was presumed dead. The 30-day mortality rate was 17% (two of 12 patients). The two complications were superficial laceration of the bronchial mucosa during balloon dilation in one patient and compression of stents by a thoracic aortic aneurysm in another patient. Conclusion Initial results suggest that transbronchial Palmaz stent placement is a feasible and effective method of treating tracheo-bronchial stenosis.
A possible cause of arteriosclerosis

A new etiology of arteriosclerosis is proposed. This theory has emerged from the inability of current theories to account for the spontaneously occurring disease and from numerous factual anomalies uncovered by recent research. It is suggested that arteriosclerosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by an infestation of blue-green algae, and that the natural history, histopathologic changes, and many apparently contradictory facts associated with arteriosclerosis are explained by such an etiologic agent. If correct, a radical shift in our understanding of the disease is required. Certain observations and forecasts are made based upon this infection theory.
EVALUATION OF OVERALL ACCEPTABILITY OF FRESH PINEAPPLE USING THE REGRESSION TREE APPROACH

Pineapples from five different countries and six different producers were evaluated approximately monthly over a 14-month period. Descriptive sensory analysis was conducted using eight descriptive terms: sweetness, sourness, pineapple flavor intensity, firmness, juiciness, off-flavor, banana character and coconut character, along with a rating for overall acceptability. A regression tree model relating acceptability to the other sensory attributes showed that the attributes sweetness, pineapple flavor intensity and off-flavor were the most important factors in determining acceptability. Pineapple flavor rating was more important than sweetness rating in determining pineapple sensory quality as long as the sugar content of the fruit was adequate. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS A regression tree model is an excellent tool for evaluating the results of consumer panels as it is amiable to hedonic rating scales, does not require normally distributed data, and outliers have little effect on the results of the analysis. Regression tree models can also provide additional insights into the relationship between sensory attributes and overall acceptability. For example, this study shows that higher volatile content increases both flavor intensity and apparent sweetness resulting in a pineapple with higher overall acceptability.
Alanine transport by the isolated perfused rat kidney

Abstract L-alanine transport kinetics were examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney (1) using different perfusate concentrations of alanine (PAla) to obtain different filtered loads and (2) under conditions of osmotic diuresis. The transport maximum for alanine (TmAla) was found to be very high relative to in vivo filtered loads of alanine. The apparent TmAla was dependent on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and it could be modified by osmotic diuresis. It is suggested that the variation of TmAla with changes in GFR may be the consequence of variations in fractional volume flow through the proximal tubule.
Xanthine oxidase-mediated mutagenicity of the bladder carcinogen 4-nitrobiphenyl.

Abstract Xanthine oxidase catalyzed mutagenicity of 4-nitrobiphenyl (NBP), a dog-bladder carcinogen, was tested in Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strains. NBP was active as a mutagen in the parent strain TA98 which is proficient in nitroreductase, while it was inactive in the strain TA98NR which is deficient in nitroreductase. However, preincubation of NBP at 37°C with NADH and commercial preparations of xanthine oxidase for 30 min resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the mutagenic activity in TA98NR. Allopurinol blocked the xanthine oxidase catalyzed mutagenicity of NBP in TA98NR and the extent of inhibition was dependent upon the concentration of the inhibitor. Rat-liver and dog-bladder cytosol preparations also enhanced the mutagenic activity of NBP in TA98NR in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the cytosol-mediated activity was also inhibited by allopurinol, implying that the cytosolic enzyme activity might be due to xanthine oxidase. In vitro enzymatic reduction of NBP using bacterial cell lysates of TA98 and TA98NR revealed the major product of reduction to be 4-aminobiphenyl. The transient intermediates of reduction were not detected during the in vitro incubation. The reduction intermediate N -hydroxylaminobiphenyl showed direct and equal mutagenic activity in both TA98 and TA98NR, in contrast to NBP. These results suggest that N -hydroxylaminobiphenyl is generated during the preincubation of NBP with xanthine oxidase or cytosolic preparations and the former might account for the mutagenicity of NBP. Furthermore, the occurrence of such enzyme(s) in the target tissue for NBP carcinogenesis, support the hypothesis that metabolic activation of the bladder carcinogen NBP could occur within the target organ by virtue of its intrinsic metabolic potential.
Damping performance of cocured composite laminates with embedded viscoelastic layers

Cocuring viscoelastic damping materials in composites has been shown to be successful in greatly increasing the damping of composite structures. The damping performance, however, is often not as high in cocured composites as in secondarily bonded composites, where the damping material does not undergo the cure process. The reason for the discrepancy in damping between the cocured and secondarily bonded samples was found to be resin penetration into the damping material. Samples with a barrier layer between the damping material and the epoxy resin had a 15.7% to 92.3% higher loss factor (depending on the frequency) than cocured FasTapeTM 1125 samples without the barrier and at least 168% higher loss factor than cocured ISD 112 samples without the barrier. These higher damping values are very close to the values achieved by secondarily bonding. Viscoelastic damping materials typically have maximum recommended temperatures below that of the composite cure cycles. The effect of cure temperature on viscoelastic damping materials was also studied and it was determined that most damping materials are marginally affected by cure cycle temperature.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thematized selective disclosure

Abstract The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 did not effectively prohibit company managers from selectively disclosing material company information to certain market securities professionals before disclosing it to the general public. Regulation Fair Disclosure [Selective Disclosure and Insider Trading (Reg. FD), U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, DC, 2000] now explicitly prohibits selective disclosure. Given selective disclosure’s close resemblance to prohibited tipping and insider trading, and given that it violates the fair game properties of efficient markets, why did investors tolerate it in the decades before Regulation Fair Disclosure? This article argues that relations among discourse, ideology, and power masked the social contradictions of selective disclosure and suppressed its thematization. Two constellations of discourse denigrated rival forms of thinking and selectively promoted beliefs congenial to them: ideological justifications for analysts’ property rights in selective disclosure, and the radical abstraction of market processes in mainstream academic business research. Both discursive constellations undermine norms of fairness that seek equal access to company information, if not actual information parity, across market participants.
P(ϕ) 2 Quantum Field Theories and Segal's Axioms

The purpose of this paper is to show that P(ϕ)2 Euclidean quantum field theories satisfy axioms of the type advocated by Graeme Segal.
The world food situation and collective self-reliance

Abstract The potential insecurity which developing countries may face in meeting their food requirements can be minimized by ‘collective self-reliance’ among them. The author cites import requirements and instability of production as two main reasons for the vulnerability of developing countries in the context of world food markets. Developing countries have, in some international fora, demonstrated the political will necessary to work towards collective self-reliance and based on this, several specific proposals are made in the sphere of food reserves and grain trade.
Lipids and the molecular structure of photoreceptors.

A knowledge of the molecular structure and the chemistry of photoreceptors is essential in order to understand how they function. Chloroplasts and the outer segments of the retinal rods and cones of the eye are photoreceptors; they are able to receive, convert and transfer light energy to chemical and to electrical energy in the processes of photosynthesis, vision and nervous excitation. Chemically, their major constitutents are pigments, lipids and proteins. Structurally, they are an ordered system of tightly-packed plates, discs, or tubes. Their fine structure in electron micrographs appears as electron dense double layers (lamellae) with a total thickness of the order of 250 A; each lamella or membrane at the interface is of the order of 50A.
Participation of histidine-51 in catalysis by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

Histidine-51 in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is part of a hydrogen-bonded system that appears to facilitate deprotonation of the hydroxyl group of water or alcohol ligated to the catalytic zinc. The contribution of His-51 to catalysis was studied by characterizing ADH with His-51 substituted with Gln (H51Q). The steady-state kinetic constants for ethanol oxidation and acetaldehyde reduction at pH 8 are similar for wild-type and H51Q enzymes. In contrast, the H51Q substitution significantly shifts the pH dependencies for steady-state and transient reactions and decreases by 11-fold the rate constant for the transient oxidation of ethanol at pH 8. Modest substrate deuterium isotope effects indicate that hydride transfer only partially limits the transient oxidation and turnover. Transient data show that the H51Q substitution significantly decreases the rate of isomerization of the enzyme−NAD+ complex and becomes a limiting step for ethanol oxidation. Isomerization of the enzyme−NAD+ complex is ra...
INDIAN ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT PROGRAMS AS FLAWED RITES OF PASSAGE

Treatment of alcoholic American Indians has been given high priority by both the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the Indian Health Service (IHS). Numerous studies have assessed the success rates of the Indian alcoholism treatment programs developed in the last decade in response to this national health concern. The results range from mixed to disappointing (Albaugh 1973; Alday 1971; Bittker and Metzner 1973; Wolman 1970). Even though treatment personnel, the National Task Force on Alcohol Abuse among Native Americans, and most evaluative survey reports call for development of Indian alcoholism treatment programs sensitive to tribal, acculturational, age, and sex differences of their clienteles, Western medical model treatment perspectives predominate (Albaugh and Anderson 1974; Bouche 1979; Everett 1973; Stone 1980; Weibel and Weisner 1980a, 1980b). For the most part these treatment philosophies go unappreciated by Indian clients who are labeled "alcoholic" by their treatment counselors but who see themselves as neither diseased nor alcoholic. Definitional, motivational, and cultural differences between treatment personnel and clients create treatment contexts in which staff morale is low and client
Personality Variables in Depressed Patients and Normal Controls

Depressed patients (n = 46) were compared with normal controls (n = 42) for their scores on 7 personality variables measured on 4 personality questionnaires. The scores of the depressed patients obtained during the index depressive episode were significantly higher for introversion, neuroticism, and hostility, and significantly lower for self-esteem, than those of controls. Similarly, a subset of the female depressed patients studied when in remission and euthymic also had significantly higher socres than female controls for neuroticism and hostility, with a trend for significantly lower self-esteem scores. There were no significant differences on any of the 7 personality variables measured between depressed patients, with and without melancholia, or between patients with either unipolar or bipolar depression.
Influence of sympathetic denervation and nerve impulse activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat submaxillary gland

Abstract Tyrosine hydroxylase has been found in the rat submaxillary gland and superior cervical ganglion. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation resulted in a total disappearance of the enzyme activity in the submaxillary gland. Acute changes in sympathetic impulse activity produced by decentralization, bretylium, pempidine, or nerve stimulation did not markedly change tyrosine hydroxylase levels. Although alterations in impulse activity are known to produce changes in rate of norepinephrine synthesis and the rate-limiting step in norepinephrine synthesis is probably dopa formation from tyrosine, the rate of this reaction does not appear to be controlled by changes in tyrosine hydroxylase content of the tissue. A heat-labile, nondialyzable factor in the submaxillary gland was found to preserve tyrosine hydroxylase activity in extracts of rat adrenal in vitro. This factor is present in chronically sympathetically denervated submaxillary glands and may be a peroxidase. The factor is probably not present in sympathetic nerves, and it is unlikely that it plays any role in control of norepinephrine synthesis in vivo.
Heroes, Chieftains, and the Roots of Kirghiz Nationalism

Modernist native elites had a very tenuous existence in prerevolutionary Kirghiz society, so the development of Kirghiz national consciousness (if any) before 1917 has been debatable. Tribal chieftains (manaps), though politically and economically reduced under Russian rule, still held pre-eminent positions in society and were favoured with dedications of original literary works. One such manuscript dedicated to the manap, Shabdan, uses the genre frameworks of traditional epic and expository poetry to express fresh concepts of ethnic difference with a nationalist bias. Thus a traditional tribal leader emerges as the focus of the first documented discourse in Kirghiz on an explicitly nationalist theme.
Is ambulatory blood pressure monitoring useful in patients with chronic autonomic failure

Management of blood pressure (BP) abnormalities in patients with autonomic failure is usually based on office BP readings. It is uncertain, whether office readings reflect actual BPs during a typical day. Therefore, in 45 patients with autonomic failure, we compared office BP values during a tilt test with those captured on a 24-h ambulatory monitor. Office BP values while supine predicted well the level of nighttime hypertension. However, in only 33 % of patients, office values during tilt test accurately reflected hypotension during a typical day. Therefore, ambulatory monitoring is useful to gauge the true severity of hypotension in patients with autonomic failure.
Critical Study of Fluoride−Water Interactions

A new parametrization of the fluoride−water interaction within a polarizable water model is presented. Because of the absence of accurate experimental data for the enthalpy of formation of the F-(H2O) cluster, the results of ab-initio calculations were used to parametrize the ion−water interaction. The ab-initio results suggest that this interaction is 10% stronger than what was previously thought. The accuracy of the present parametrization was evaluated by comparing the model potential with the ab-initio results along the minimum energy profile for the fluoride−water interaction for various F−O separations. The energetic and structural properties of the clusters F-(H2O)n, n = 1−10, as well as of aqueous fluoride solution are studied using molecular dynamics simulation techniques. The stronger ion−water interaction results in the appearance of interior states (configurations in which the ion is “solvated” by water molecules) for finite clusters with six or more water molecules. The results of the aqueous...
The Relation Of Racial Identity And Racial Socialization To Coping With Discrimination Among African American Adolescents

This study purposed to explore whether the strategies used by African American adolescents to cope with perceived discriminatory experiences were related to their racial identity and racial sociali...
Open-Mindedness and Defensiveness in Multisource Feedback Processes: A Conceptual Framework

Multisource Feedback Assessment (MSF or 360-degree feedback) used for employee development has become ubiquitous in many organizations. From an organization development (OD) perspective, this article presents a conceptual model to explain reactions to MSF in feedback recipients. In the ideal mode, MSF recipients react to MSF data with open-mindedness, a strong willingness to evaluate self-perceptions by learning from others’ perspectives. In the converse mode of defensiveness, MSF recipients are likely to be closed to and dismissive of others’ perspectives. The usefulness of the model for testing alternative MSF approaches is illustrated through a discussion of two MSF techniques: the Self–Other Comparison (SOC) approach and the Predicted–Other Comparison (POC) approach. Approaches that foster a mode of open-mindedness over defensiveness are more likely to produce the intended learning benefits.
Studies on adsorptiochromism. I: Binding of adsorptiochromic spiropyrans to some pharmaceutically useful solids.

The adsorption of four adsorptiochromic spiropyrans to many solids (silica gel, silicic acid, fumed silica, alumina, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, titanium dioxide) was studied at 25°C from cyclohexane solution. Nineteen adsorption isotherms were determined, and the binding data were fitted to the Langmuir equation. A model for binding of adsorptiochromic substances is described, and the parameters of the model are related to the experimental binding constant K.
Transosseous reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament: Single-and double-tunnel techniques

Abstract Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries represent between 3% and 37% of all knee ligament injuries reported in the literature. The wide range exists because of the various mechanisms of injury seen by the investigators. The traditional reconstruction of the PCL has been a single-bundle technique. Attention has been focused on reconstruction of the larger and stronger anterolateral bundle. Other investigators have explored the concept of an isometric 1-bundle reconstruction. Recent biomechanical data have suggested that a double-bundle technique, including the additional reconstruction of the posteromedial bundle of the PCL, can better reproduce physiologic posterior tibial translation throughout the knee range of motion. We will discuss the techniques of both single-and double-tunnel reconstruction of the PCL.
SketchTree: Approximate Tree Pattern Counts over Streaming Labeled Trees

In recent years, there has been a rising interest in developing online approximation algorithms for data streams. Some of the key challenges are posed by the fact that streaming data can be read only once in a fixed order of arrival and only a limited amount of memory is available for storage. In this paper, we address the problem of approximately counting tree patterns over a stream of labeled trees (e.g., XML documents). We propose a new approximation algorithm called SketchTree that computes a synopsis of the stream in a single pass by processing each tree only once. Using a limited amount of memory, SketchTree provides approximate answers for both ordered and unordered tree pattern counts. Furthermore, we discuss a class of count queries that can be handled by SketchTree and their utility. We provide theoretical analyses to show that our algorithm has provably strong guarantees on the error bounds. Experiments on real datasets demonstrate that SketchTree can indeed estimate tree pattern counts within 10-15% relative error with high confidence under various situations.
The Water Transfer Effects of Alternative Irrigation Institutions

Irrigation districts (IDs) use a large portion of the surface water rights in the American West. Microeconomic analysis of water use conditions within IDs indicates that it can be economically optimal for IDs to engage in less reallocative activities compared to private water rights holders. Institutional insights combine to show that the political orientation of IDs favors irrigation over irrigators in the sense that the rewards of water marketing tend to be incompletely captured. Based on an analysis of 38 years of time series water transfer data, we found that IDs underparticipate in agricultural-to-municipal water transfers relative to non-irrigation districts in terms of water right-weighted transfers. The results support further policy redesign if reallocation is to be viewed as a scarcity-solving strategy in ID-dominated regions.
Jeopardy, Consciousness, and Multiple Discrimination: Intersecting Inequalities in Contemporary Western Europe

Theories of intersectionality argue that individuals with multiple minority statuses often face mistreatment that stems from multiple, interlocking systems of inequality. King (1988) refers to this phenomenon as “multiple jeopardy,” and argues that those who experience multiple jeopardy often develop a “multiple consciousness”—an awareness of multiple systems of inequality working with and through one another. This study analyzes recent survey data to assess perceived multiple jeopardy and its relationship to multiple consciousness in the context of contemporary Western Europe. Findings provide support for intersectionality, as individuals who hold multiple minority statuses are more likely than others to perceive having personally experienced multiple forms of discrimination, and are more likely to view multiple discrimination (discrimination based on multiple social statuses) as a widespread social phenomenon. Controlling for other factors, personal experiences with multiple forms of discrimination (“multiple jeopardy”) are associated with greater multiple consciousness. Personal experiences with discrimination based on a single dimension of inequality (“single jeopardy”) also facilitate multiple consciousness, however, though not to the same degree. The conclusion highlights the importance of intersectionality for future research and policy concerning discrimination.
Fine-scale population differentiation and gene flow in a terrestrial salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ) living in continuous habitat

Several recent studies have shown that amphibian populations may exhibit high genetic subdivision in areas with recent fragmentation and urban development. Less is known about the potential for genetic differentiation in continuous habitats. We studied genetic differentiation of red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) across a 2-km transect through continuous forest in Virginia, USA. Mark-recapture studies suggest very little dispersal for this species, whereas homing experiments and post-Pleistocene range expansion both suggest greater dispersal abilities. We used six microsatellite loci to examine genetic population structure and differentiation between eight subpopulations of redbacked salamanders at distances from 200 m to 2 km. We also used several methods to extrapolate dispersal frequencies and test for sex-biased dispersal. We found small, but detectable differentiation among populations, even at distances as small as 200 m. Differentiation was closely correlated with distance and both Mantel tests and assignment tests were consistent with an isolation-by-distance model for the population. Extrapolations of intergenerational variance in spatial position (s 2 o15 m 2 ) and pair-wise dispersal frequencies (4Nmo25 for plots separated by 300 m) both suggest limited gene flow. Additionally, tests for sex-biased dispersal imply that dispersal frequency is similarly low for both sexes. We suggest that these low levels of gene flow and the infrequent dispersal observed in markrecapture studies may be reconciled with homing ability and range expansion if dispersing animals rarely succeed in breeding in saturated habitats, if dispersal is flexible depending on the availability of habitat, or if dispersal frequency varies across the geographic range of red-backed salamanders.
Cryostat Microtomy of Lung Tissue in an Expanded State

A technique is reported for cryostat sectioning of lung tissue in an expanded state for use in viral immunofluorescence studies. A 1:2 mixture of O.C.T. embedding compound and phosphate-buffered saline is injected intratracheally into fresh lung tissue. The lung tissue is frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioned with a cryostat. Compared to other published reports of lung sectioning for immunofluorescence microscopy, this method has the advantages of being easy and quick, maintaining the lung sections in an expanded rather than collapsed state and avoiding contact with chemicals potentially capable of altering sensitive viral antigen.
A Test for Functional Form Against Nonparametric Alternatives

A test for neglected nonlinearities in regression models is proposed. The test is of the Davidson-MacKinnon type against an increasingly rich set of non-nested alternatives, and is based on sieve estimation of the alternative model. For the case of a linear parametric model, the test statistic is shown to be asymptotically standard normal under the null, while rejecting with probability going to one if the linear model is misspecified. A small simulation study suggests that the test has adequate finite sample properties, but one must guard against over fitting the nonparametric alternative.
Anti-inflammatory effects of short-term pioglitazone therapy in men with advanced diabetic nephropathy.

Patients with diabetic nephropathy have a high rate of cardiovascular events and mortality. Nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors such as oxidative stress and inflammation are thought to be pa...
Organizational Culture and Public Sector Reforms in a Post-Washington Consensus Era: Can Ghana’s Reformers Learn from Ghana’s ‘Good Performers’

Reforming Africa’s public sector has been on the agenda of African governments and their development partners for decades and yet the problem persists. This failure can be attributed to two related factors: solutions to the ‘African public sector problem’ have been dictated by external interests, and the policies have ignored the experiences of organizations within those countries. This article contributes to the search for effective reform policies by making the case for inclusion of the experiences of organizations within each country. Using the concept of organizational culture as a framework, I propose an approach based on the following claims: In every country there are some public organizations that perform relatively well, given their constraints; there is the need to understand why and how there are poor and good performing organizations within the same country; and information from such analysis should form the basis of public sector reform policies. The applicability of the approach is demonstra...
Effects of various ions on the succinic dehydrogenase activity of Mytilus

Abstract The activity of the succinic dehydrogenase extracted from the mantle tissue of Mytilus californianus is inhibited by various monovalent ions. It is mainly the anionic species which influences the enzymatic activity. The series obtained by placing the anions in order of increasing effectiveness is as follows : Ac−
Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Lung: Quantitation Using Electron Microscopy

Background: The primary objectives of this study were to determine the time course of ischemia-reperfusion injury in an isolated rabbit lung model and to quantify this damage using electron microscopic methodology coupled with statistical analyses. Materials and Methods: Eight groups of isolated rabbit lungs (n = 5 per group) were subjected to predetermined periods of ischemia-reperfusion. Two hours of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion were concluded to be necessary to induce optimal ischemia-reperfusion injury in this model. Four other groups were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia followed by selected periods of reperfusion. These groups were compared to 4 control groups that were perfused for comparable time periods but without the initial ischemia. New quantitative methods were developed based on the average surface area of the alveoli and average number of alveoli per unit surface area, using scanning electron microscopic examination. Results: Ischemia per se caused substantial damage. Restoration of volume and nutrients reversed this damage at 1 hour of reperfusion, but severe damage was evident at 4 hours of reperfusion, as reported by subjective and blinded examination. By using the new quantitative methods, there was a significant difference between the groups (P < .005) according to the time of post―ischemia―reperfusion, which correlated with the subjective evaluation of damage. Conclusions: These 2 new quantitative techniques provide an objective assessment of damage in the isolated rabbit lung model, suggesting that they warrant further consideration in similar studies of ischemia reperfusion injury.
The moving target: outcomes of interprofessional education

With the explosion of enthusiasm for interprofessional education as a means to increase collaborative practice and improve important healthcare outcomes, many institutions are devoting new resource...
Six-Sigma Implementation through Competency Based Perspective (CBP)

Abstract The popularity of six-sigma has given rise to the question: can any company adopt this rigid data driven approach to achieve higher levels of quality? This research suggests that a company must develop a unique combination of resources and competencies to realize the benefits of six-sigma. According to the competency based perspective (CBP), a company first needs to have the assets, skills, and resources to launch the six-sigma program, and second, it needs to have the expertise to integrate these assets to orchestrate a cohesive implementation of this program. The paper makes the case that most successful six-sigma adopters had initially implemented Total Quality Management (TQM), Baldridge, or some other quality initiative, preparing them to launch this data driven, process oriented approach. For companies that have emphasized quality function deployment (QFD), innovation and problem solving, statistical process control, process capability studies, etc. a transition to six-sigma would be a natu...
Mergers and Investment Banks: How Do Banks Help Targets?

When target firms are advised by top-tier investment banks, target firms earn 3% higher returns, combined returns are 1% higher, target share of gains is 11% greater, but acquirer returns are not necessarily lower. In deals where top banks advise targets, more bidders compete for the targets, offer premiums are 6% higher, and the method of payment is 12% more likely in cash. Controlling for self-selection does not erode, but in some cases strengthens, these results. The overall data suggest that top banks advising targets lead to better matching between acquirers and targets, rather than just redistributing value from acquirers to targets.
In Vivo Characterization of Myocardial Infarct using Optical Spectroscopy

An animal study was carried out to validate the feasibility of developing an optical tissue characterization system, based on combined diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy, to delineate and grade a myocardial infarct in vivo.
Influence of Integration of Large-Scale Photovoltaic on Grid and Key Factors Restricting Its Accepted Capacity

China’s west region is rich in solar energy resources which are very convenient for development.However,integration of large-scaled photovoltaic power with the power grid will certainly have impacts on the operation and transient and dynamic characteristics and control modes of the grid.This paper explores the impacts of large-scaled PV integrated on the grid,and taking a certain power grid in China as an example,it presents an in-depth analysis of the key factors such as gridconnected location,operation mode arrangement and reactive voltage control which constrain the PV accepted capacity.The conclusions of the analysis can be used as the reference for the planning,operation and control of the grid in order to enhance the stability of the sending-end grid with greater PV capacity.
Age-dependent effects in the association between monetary delay discounting and risky sexual behavior

Monetary delay discounting is a measure of impulsivity associated with substance use and abuse, problem gambling, and other health-related outcomes. More recently, delay discounting has been shown to be associated with risky sexual behavior. We analyzed survey data from men who have sex with men who completed a monetary discounting task and reported sexual behaviors in the previous 12 months. Monetary delay discounting was associated with condomless anal intercourse among young (18–24 years), but not older, men who have sex with men. Monetary delay discounting may identify young men at increased risk of engaging in HIV risk behaviors.
Is the United States Phenomenally Conscious? Reply to Kammerer

In Schwitzgebel (Philosophical Studies 172:1697-1721, 2015) I argued that the United States, considered as a concrete entity with people as some or all of its parts, meets plausible materialistic criteria for consciousness. Kammerer (Philosophia 43:1047-1057, 2015) defends materialism against this seemingly unintuitive conclusion by means of an “anti-nesting principle” according to which group entities cannot be literally phenomenally conscious if they contain phenomenally conscious subparts (such as people) who stand in a certain type of functional relation to the group as a whole. I raise three concerns about Kammerer’s view. First, it’s not clear that it excludes the literal phenomenal consciousness of actually existing groups of people, as one might hope such a principle would do. Second, Kammerer’s principle appears to make the literal phenomenal consciousness of a group depend in an unintuitive way on internal structural details of individuals within the group. Third, the principle appears to be ad hoc.
Specular Reflectivity and Hot-Electron Generation in High-Contrast Relativistic Laser-Plasma Interactions

Ultra-intense laser (> 1018 W/cm2) interactions with matter are capable of producing relativistic electrons which have a variety of applications in state-of-the-art scientific and medical research conducted at universities and national laboratories across the world. Control of various aspects of these hot-electron distributions is highly desired to optimize a particular outcome. Hot-electron generation in low-contrast interactions, where significant amounts of under-dense pre-plasma are present, can be plagued by highly non-linear relativistic laser-plasma instabilities and quasi-static magnetic field generation, often resulting in less than desirable and predictable electron source characteristics. High-contrast interactions offer more controlled interactions but often at the cost of overall lower coupling and increased sensitivity to initial target conditions. An experiment studying the differences in hot-electron generation between high and low-contrast pulse interactions with solid density targets was performed on the Titan laser platform at the Jupiter Laser Facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA. To date, these hot-electrons generated in the laboratory are not directly observable at the source of the interaction. Instead, indirect studies are performed using state-of-the-art simulations, constrained by the various experimental measurements. These measurements, more-often-than-not, rely on secondary processes generated by the transport of these electrons through the solid density materialsmore » which can susceptible to a variety instabilities and target material/geometry effects. Although often neglected in these types of studies, the specularly reflected light can provide invaluable insight as it is directly influenced by the interaction. In this thesis, I address the use of (personally obtained) experimental specular reflectivity measurements to indirectly study hot-electron generation in the context of high-contrast, relativistic laser-plasma interactions.« less
Firearms, alcohol and crime: convictions for driving under the influence (DUI) and other alcohol-related crimes and risk for future criminal activity among authorised purchasers of handguns

Firearm violence frequently involves alcohol, but there are no studies of misuse of alcohol and risk for future violence among firearm owners. We examined the association between prior convictions for alcohol-related crimes, chiefly driving under the influence (DUI), and risk of subsequent arrest among 4066 individuals who purchased handguns in California in 1977. During follow-up through 1991, 32.8% of those with prior alcohol-related convictions and 5.7% of those with no prior criminal history were arrested for a violent or firearm-related crime; 15.9% and 2.7%, respectively, were arrested for murder, rape, robbery or aggravated assault. Prior alcohol-related convictions were associated with a fourfold to fivefold increase in risk of incident arrest for a violent or firearm-related crime, a relative increase greater than that seen for age, sex or prior violence. Prior convictions for alcohol-related crime may be an important predictor of risk for future criminal activity among purchasers of firearms.
Increased water yield due to the hemlock woolly adelgid infestation in New England

Over the past few decades, a hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) infestation has significantly affected eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the eastern U.S., and warmer winters are expected to promote a continued northward expansion in the future. Here we report a water yield increase due to the HWA infestation in New England, U.S. Since the first observation in 2002, peak growing season evapotranspiration over a hemlock-dominated area has decreased by 24–37% in 2012 and 2013. Over the same time period, the water yield from the study catchment significantly increased as compared to an adjacent catchment with less hemlock cover. The net increase was estimated to be as much as 15.6% of annual water yield in 2014 based on an ecohydrological modeling analysis. This study indicates that the ongoing hemlock decline is also largely altering hydrological regimes in the northeastern U.S.
Sagittal Subtalar and Talocrural Joint Assessment During Ambulation With Controlled Ankle Movement (CAM) Boots

Background:The purpose of the current study was to determine sagittal plane talocrural and subtalar kinematic differences between barefoot and controlled ankle movement (CAM) boot walking. This stu...