cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do individual allocyclic chromosomes in metaphase reflect their interphase domains

Individual S phase allocyclic chromosomes have been analyzed in Bloom syndrome lymphocytes, in cells with an r(9), and in hypotetraploid Ehrlich mouse ascites cells treated with 1-methyl-2-benzyl hydrazine. On the basis of the following observations, we conclude that such chromosomes more or less reflect their domains in interphase: (1) The S phase allocyclic chromosomes have the same structure as S phase prematurely condensed chromatin (PCC) in fused cells; in other words they form limited areas of chromatin dots; (2) the allocyclic chromosome is the only chromosome in a metaphase plate which synthesizes DNA simultanneously with interphase nuclei; (3) the size of the allocyclic chromosomes is related to the size of the corresponding metaphase chromosome; and (4) the S phase allocyclic chromosomes resemble closely the chromosome domains in interphase made visible with biotinylated human DNA. A variety of evidence shows that most allocyclic chromosomes are simply left behind in their cycle, which presumably is caused by a deletion or inactivation of a hypothetical coiling center situated on each chromosome arm.
Case-based systems

Because reinforcement-trained case-based reasoning systems derive a similarity function through interaction with their environment, they can adapt to user needs. RETCBR techniques let researchers apply case-based reasoning in domains where case similarity is difficult to define.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF LAMBERT'S PROBLEM

A method for solving the two-point, two-body orbital transfer boundary-value problem, commonly referred to as Lambert's problem, is presented. Previous algorithms have depended heavily on the geometric properties of conic sections to obtain an iterative solution. An alternative approach is offered, making use of velocity and time functions of the flyout angle that have been derived directly from the equations of motion. A procedure is presented that rapidly iterates directly on the flyout angle until the desired initial velocity vector can be obtained. Statement of Lambert's Problem T HE boundary-valu e problem for a two-point, two-body transfer in a Newtonian central gravity field (often referred to as Lambert's problem) can be stated as follows: given an initial position vector r^ and a final position vector r2, find the initial velocity vector K, which will allow a transfer from r\ to r2 in time tf. Originally, this problem concerned tracking bodies that were orbiting the sun, but today it has application in problems such as spacecraft navigation and strategic missile guidance. Ideally, given the parameters rt, r2, and /i (the gravitational parameter), the solution to Lambert's problem would be achieved with an equation that gives the velocity vector Fas a function of the transfer time:
Case study: Treatment adherence in a 13-year-old deaf adolescent male

This article describes the case of a 13-year-old deaf adolescent male with end-stage renal disease presenting with incomplete adherence to his medical treatment regimen. There is a review of the fa...
Implications of key trials in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer

Many different targeted therapies with varying mechanisms of action have been added to standard first-line chemotherapy doublets in an effort to improve survival of patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Only 2 targeted therapies-bevacizumab and cetuximab-have been associated with superior survival in phase 3 first-line studies. For both agents, the decision to enter phase 3 was based on results from randomized phase 2 trials, unlike other targeted therapies where the decision was made using either phase 1 or single study arm phase 2 results. There is also mounting evidence that patient selection will play a key role in the successful development of any targeted agent. Bevacizumab is indicated for patients with nonsquamous NSCLC who do not have certain comorbidities. Use of cetuximab is not restricted by safety factors, but may be focused on patients whose tumors are epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent; whether EGFR expression or absence of KRAS mutations are appropriate markers is still under study. By including randomized phase 2 trials in the development pathway, and by improving patient selection for individual agents (enriching trials with patients most likely to respond), it may be possible to enhance the success rate of future phase 3 clinical trials and, in turn, define future clinical practice with improved patient outcomes.
Double Femtosecond Pulses Mode-Locked Ti:Sapphire Oscillator

We demonstrate a simple method to control spectrum and to generate synchronized double femtosecond pulses in a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser. And the difference of two wavelengths is easily tuned in large range.
Using Software Metrics to Estimate the Impact of Maintenance in the Performance of Embedded Software

This paper proposes a strategy to assist the designer in evaluating the impact of a design choice with respect to the non-functional requirements in embedded systems. We use several regression models to predict physical metrics from design metrics in order to estimate the impact on performance of software changes in the early stages of its development. This prediction can be used both during maintenance and during the first design to compare alternative module decompositions or design changes before implementation. Such an early estimation allows an efficient design space exploration with no penalty in the development time, which are crucial aspects for an embedded system.
Fast vapor growth of cadmium telluride single crystals

Cadmium telluride single crystals were grown at growth rates of 35 mm per day by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method under high temperature gradient conditions. This is believed to be the highest PVT growth rate of CdTe reported to date. Lamellar twins are the only ones present in the CdTe crystals grown under optimal conditions in this work. At growth rates up to 15 mm per day, the crystals have a dislocation density of ∼104 cm−2. The etch pit density increases to ∼105 cm−2 with an increase of the growth rate up to 35 mm per day. Based on a uniform thermal field and high interface stability, which are established by large temperature gradients up to 40°C/cm at the growth interface, spurious nucleation and lateral twins were effectively eliminated, and the density of the lamellar twins remained low at crystal growth rates up to 35 mm per day. The major contributions of the high temperature gradients to the single crystalline growth and the apparent origin of polycrystalline grains are also discussed in this paper.
Species-specific growth responses of favositid corals to soft-bottom substrates

Gibson, Michael A. & Broadhead, Thomas W. 1989 07 15: Species-specific growth responses of favositid corals to soft-bottom substrates. Lethaia, Vol. 22, pp. 287–299. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. Species of favositid corals from the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian of Tennessee, USA, exhibit structural modifications related to corallum geometry, interfacial skeletal material, and biotic associations that enabled them to survive in terrigenous mud rich environments. Favosites conicus Hall (Lower Devonian) had a flat, holotheca-covered base and a radial pattern of colony growth, but apparently had a short life span and may not have survived beyond the first reproductive cycle (monocarpous). It was adapted for living between major episodes of terrigenous mud influx. F. foerstei (Lower Devonian) had a convex, pseudoholotheca-covered base and a modified axial pattern of colony growth. Its large size, in comparison to that of F. conicus, suggests a longer lived colony (polycarpous), in which continued upward and outward growth enabled it to survive episodic sediment influx. F. forbesi (Upper Silurian) exhibited radial growth to form either (1) a globose corallum that was symbiotic with the stalks of living crinoids permitting the colony to live entirely above the substrate, or (2) a Gorallum with a steeply convex, holotheca-covered base that represents a bottom-dwelling colony in which the rate of growth probably only slightly exceeded the rate of sediment accumulation. *Functional morphology, astogeny, paleoecology, Tabulata.
Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity

The article presents a review of the book “Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity,” by Ella L. J. Edmondson Bell and Stella M. Nkomo.
Analysis of an Out-of-Core Thermionic Space Power System

Conceptual designs of out-of-core thermionic space power generators using heat pipes have been produced for various powers, temperatures, and constraints or parameter values. Since major impediments to inpile thermionic systems are alleviated or eliminated in the out-of-core concepts, a competitive degree of feasibility and competitive specific masses are adequate to establish the need for emphasis on these systems in future studies and development activities. Feasibility in the six cases shown here in conceptual detail appears to be limited only by lithium heat-pipe feasibility and a favorable outcome of current technology development of UN, W, and Li materials in the temperature range considered. For example, one man-rated system at 300 kWe and 1800°K shows a specific mass of 8 kg/kWe and will accommodate an 18-meter payload at a 50-meter distance.
Sexual Dimorphism in Plains Minnow, Hybognathus placitus

Abstract Hybognathus placitus collected from several west Texas streams exhibit sexual dimorphism in body form, which is unusual in cyprinids. Seventeen morphological measurements, including standard length, were made on 62 specimens and analyzed for sexual dimorphism. Partial warp scores were used to describe sexual dimorphism in body shape. There was no difference in standard length between males and females (ANOVA, P = 0.9038, F1,60 = 0.0147), but there was a highly significant (MANOVA, F1,60 = 4.78, P < 0.001) sexual dimorphism in body shape. Overall, males have relatively longer first dorsal fin rays, larger heads, and caudal peduncles, whereas females are deeper bodied and have relatively longer trunks, from the pelvic fin insertion to the anal vent. Differences between male and female H. placitus in length of the first dorsal fin ray are readily apparent and can potentially be used for field identification.
Quinone and quinone methide as transient intermediates involved in the side chain hydroxylation of N-acyldopamine derivatives by soluble enzymes from Manduca sexta cuticle.

Proteins solubilized from the pharate cuticle of Manduca sexta were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and activated by the endogenous enzymes. The activated fraction readily converted exogenously supplied N-acetyldopamine (NADA) to N-acetylnorepinephrine (NANE). Either heat treatment (70°C for 10 min) or addition of phenylthiourea (2.5 μM) caused total inhibition of the side chain hydroxylation. If chemically prepared NADA quinone was supplied instead of NADA to the enzyme solution containing phenylthiourea, it was converted to NANE. Presence of a quinone trap such as N-acetylcysteine in the NADA-cuticular enzyme reaction not only prevented the accumulation of NADA quinone, but also abolished NANE production. In such reaction mixtures, the formation of a new compound characterized as NADA-quinone-N-acetylcysteine adduct could be readily witnessed. These studies indicate that NADA quinone is an intermediate during the side chain hydroxylation of NADA by Manduca cuticular enzyme(s). Since such a conversion calls for the isomerization of NADA quinone to NADA quinone methide and subsequent hydration of NADA quinone methide, attempts were also made to trap the latter compound by performing the enzymatic reaction in methanol. These attempts resulted in the isolation of β-methoxy NADA (NADA quinone methide methanol adduct) as an additional product. Similarly, when the N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD)-Manduca enzyme reaction was carried out in the presence of L-kynurenine, two diastereoisomers of NBAD quinone methide-kynurenine adduct ( = papiliochrome IIa and IIb) could be isolated. The above results are in agreement with our hypothesis that N-acylnorepinephrine formed in Manduca cuticle is biosynthesized by an indirect route involving intermediary formation of N-acyldopamine quinone and N-acyldopamine quinone methide as established in the case of Sarcophaga bullata and is not produced by the action of a β-hydroxylase.
Power and quality-aware image processing soft-resilience using online multi-objective GAs

A self-aware signal processing architecture is proposed based on adaptive resource escalation which is guided by a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA). The GA prioritises tasks within a reconfigurable hardware fabric to maintain the quality-of-service and power consumption objectives. Attainment of these objectives is subject to the intrinsic reliability and performance of the computational elements in the resource pool. A health metric at the application layer, such as peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) measurement in a discrete cosine transform (DCT) or measure of confidence in a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, is used to assess throughput performance. When performance decreases beyond acceptable tolerances, the primary objective is to maximally recover output quality. The secondary objective is to minimise power consumption which also depends upon the input signal characteristics, in addition to the utilised computational resources. An adaptive guidance function for GA-driven recovery is proposed and validated for these objectives. It retains healthy processing elements in the throughput data path to gracefully-degrade throughput by optimising resource selection.
Hippocampal lesions prevent trace eyeblink conditioning in the freely moving rat

Abstract The effect of hippocampal aspiration lesions on trace eyeblink conditioning was examined in young, freely-moving F1 hybrid rats (Fisher 344×Brown Norway). Rats which received either bilateral neocortical or bilateral hippocampal aspiration lesions were compared with each other or with sham lesioned control rats. The rats were trained with a 250 ms tone conditioning stimulus (CS), a 250 ms stimulus free trace interval and a 100 ms corneal airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US). Rats with lesions of the hippocampus were significantly impaired relative to the neocortical and sham lesioned control rats. Analyses of different behavioral parameters (e.g. percent conditioned responses, amplitude, and area of response) indicated that all of the measures for the conditioned response were significantly impaired by the hippocampal lesion. The unconditioned response was not significantly affected by the lesion, and there was no significant difference among the groups after 2 days of subsequent conditioning with the delay paradigm (zero trace interval). We conclude that the hippocampus is required for rats to learn the association between a tone CS and an airpuff US when a 250 ms trace interval is interposed between the two stimuli.
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated activation of PKC gamma in the nucleus accumbens core promotes the reinstatement of cocaine seeking

Emerging evidence indicates that type I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the nucleus accumbens play a critical role in cocaine seeking. The present study sought to determine the role of accumbens core mGluR1, mGluR5 and protein kinase C (PKC) in cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we show that intra-accumbens core administration of the mGluR1/5 agonist DHPG (250 μM) promoted cocaine seeking in rats. Consistent with these results, administration of an mGluR1 (50.0 μM YM 298198) or mGluR5 (9.0 μM MPEP) antagonist directly into the accumbens core prior to a priming injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg) attenuated the reinstatement of drug seeking. mGluR1/5 stimulation activates a signaling cascade including PKC. Intracore microinjection of PKC inhibitors (10 μM Ro 31–8220 or 30.0 μM chelerythrine) also blunted cocaine seeking. In addition, cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking was associated with increased phosphorylation of PKCγ, but not PKCα or PKCβII, in the core. There were no effects of pharmacological inhibition of mGluR1, mGluR5 or PKC in the accumbens core on sucrose seeking. Together, these findings indicate that mGluR1 and mGluR5 activation in the accumbens core promotes cocaine seeking and that these effects are reinforcer specific. Furthermore, stimulation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the accumbens core may regulate cocaine seeking, in part, through activation of PKCγ.
Severe mycosis as a rare infection after a corn auger injury of the hand: a case report

Mucormycosis is a rare but serious infection that can be seen in immunocompetent individuals who experience traumatic injury. The authors report a case in a 28 year-old man who sustained a mangling hand injury in a corn augur accident. After initial aggressive debridement ongoing tissue necrosis was seen, and in subsequent biopsies invasive mucormycosis was diagnosed. The patient was successfully managed with immediate surgical debridement and antifungal medication and showed no sign of infection at six-month follow-up.
Activities of Telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) Compared to Those of Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Unusual Anaerobes

The comparative activity of telithromycin (HMR 3647) against 419 human anaerobic isolates was determined by the agar dilution method. At concentrations of ≤0.5 μg/ml, telithromycin was active against Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Bacteroides tectum, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Bacteroides gracilis (now Campylobacter gracilis), Porphyromonas spp. (including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas macacae), Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella heparinolytica, and almost all Peptostreptococcus species. Clostridia showed species and strain variability, often with a biphasic pattern. Fusobacterium species, except Fusobacterium russii, were relatively resistant.
Nerve growth factor stimulates phospholipid methylation in target ganglionic neurons independently of the cyclic AMP and sodium pump responses.

: Suspensions of neurons prepared from embryonic day 12 (E12) chick sympathetic ganglia were incubated with [methyl-3H]methionine in the absence of nerve growth factor (NGF). Presentation of the factor for different periods of time resulted in an approximate threefold stimulation of radioactivity incorporated into total phospholipid, followed by a rapid decline thereafter. Both the magnitude and the time of the response were dependent on the NGF concentration used. Also examined were possible relationships of phospholipid methylation to two other short-latency responses to NGF, i.e., control of the Na+,K+-pump and elevation of cyclic AMP content. Incubation of E12 sympathetic neurons with known transmethylase inhibitors (shown to be active in the present system) failed to prevent reactivation of the Na+,K+-pump in response to NGF administration. E16 sympathetic neurons and E15 sensory neurons, which do not depend on exogenous NGF for control of their Na+,K+-pump, still show a stimulation of phospholipid methylation when challenged with the factor. Blockage of the pump with ouabain also fails to prevent a methylation response. Thus, the pump and methylation responses to NGF occur independently of each other. Intact E8 chick dorsal root ganglia, but not E12 sympathetic ganglia, display a rapid and transient rise in their cyclic AMP content when presented with NGF. At a concentration of 10 biological units/ml, NGF elicits a peak of phospholipid methylation at 4 min, and a peak of cyclic AMP at 10 min. Methylation inhibitors prevent the methylation response, but not that of cyclic AMP. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP, which is able to cause a cyclic AMP elevation similar to NGF, failed to produce any stimulation of phospholipid methylation. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of short-latency responses in the mode of action of NGF.
A new threat-EMI effect by indirect ESD on electronic equipment

A discussion is presented of the need to recognize the occurrence of indirect electrostatic discharge (ESD) on electronic equipment. The use of a detector for this application is outlined along with detector response. Current risetime versus discharge voltage is examined as an antenna-induced voltage versus discharge voltage. Electromagnetic wave intensity inside a copper cabinet is also discussed. >
Additive Benefits of Laxative, Toilet Training, and Biofeedback Therapies in the Treatment of Pediatric Encopresis

Compared the additive benefits of laxative, behavior, and biofeedback treatments for encopresis, while attempting to identify treatment mechanisms and predictors of treatment outcome. 44 encopretic children, ages 6-15 years, were randomly assigned to either laxative therapy (LAX), LAX plus enhanced toilet training (ETT), or LAX + ETT + anal sphincter biofeedback (BF). Daily symptom diaries were completed 14 days before, upon initiation of and 3 months following treatment initiation. ETT and BF were superior to LAX in reducing encopresis. Outcome was significantly predicted by improvement during the initial 14 days of treatment. Reduction of soiling was associated with an increase in bowel movement frequency, and reductions in defecation pain and parental prompting to use the toilet. Because of its efficacy and minimal reliance on technology, ETT should be the initial treatment of choice.
Real-time Hand Pose Recognition Using Low-Resolution Depth Images

Gesture recognition methods based on intensity or color images often suffer from low efficiency and lack of robustness. In this paper, we employ a new laser-based camera that produces reliable low-resolution depth images at video rates. By decomposing and recognizing hand poses as finger states (finger poses and finger inter-relations), we achieve robust hand pose recognition in real-time (30 frames/second).
Everyday Learning about Identities among Young Adolescents in Television Culture

Using a cultural studies approach, this study situates three young adolescents in their home, neighborhood, school, and peer cultures, and contextually analyzes their uses and interpretations of television. Analyses of each student's favorite television persona illuminate each of their identity projects, which are a primary kind of cultural acquisition process. I find qualitative differences in their everyday learning within television culture as compared to local cultures, although their learning about social power across cultures is reciprocal.
Decentralized adaptive control of nonlinear systems using radial basis neural networks

Stable direct and indirect decentralized adaptive radial basis neural network controllers are presented for a class of interconnected nonlinear systems. The feedback and adaptation mechanisms for each subsystem depend only upon local measurements to provide asymptotic tracking of a reference trajectory. Due to the functional approximation capabilities of radial basis neural networks, the dynamics for each subsystem are not required to be linear in a set of unknown coefficients as is typically required in decentralized adaptive schemes. In addition, each subsystem is able to adaptively compensate for disturbances and interconnections with unknown bounds.
Rag1−/− Mutant Zebrafish Demonstrate Specific Protection following Bacterial Re-Exposure

BACKGROUND Recombination activation gene 1 deficient (rag1(-/-)) mutant zebrafish have a reduced lymphocyte-like cell population that lacks functional B and T lymphocytes of the acquired immune system, but includes Natural Killer (NK)-like cells and Non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCC) of the innate immune system. The innate immune system is thought to lack the adaptive characteristics of an acquired immune system that provide enhanced protection to a second exposure of the same pathogen. It has been shown that NK cells have the ability to mediate adaptive immunity to chemical haptens and cytomegalovirus in murine models. In this study we evaluated the ability of rag1(-/-) mutant zebrafish to mount a protective response to the facultative intracellular fish bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Following secondary challenge with a lethal dose of homologous bacteria 4 and 8 weeks after a primary vaccination, rag1(-/-) mutant zebrafish demonstrated protective immunity. Heterologous bacterial exposures did not provide protection. Adoptive leukocyte transfers from previously exposed mutants conferred protective immunity to naive mutants when exposed to homologous bacteria. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings show that a component of the innate immune system mounted a response that provided significantly increased survival when rag1(-/-) mutant zebrafish were re-exposed to the same bacteria. Further, adoptive cell transfers demonstrated that kidney interstitial leukocytes from previously exposed rag1(-/-) mutant zebrafish transferred this protective immunity. This is the first report of any rag1(-/-) mutant vertebrate mounting a protective secondary immune response to a bacterial pathogen, and demonstrates that a type of zebrafish innate immune cell can mediate adaptive immunity in the absence of T and B cells.
Impact of memory hierarchy on program partitioning and scheduling

Presents a method for determining the cache performance of the loop nests in a program. The cache-miss data are produced by simulating the loop nest execution on an architecturally parameterized cache simulator. We show that the cache-miss rates are highly non-linear with respect to the ranges of the loops, and correlate well with the performance of the loop nests on actual target machines. The cache-miss ratio is used to guide program optimizations such as loop interchange and iteration-space blocking. It can also be used to provide an estimate for the runtime of a program. Both applications are important in scheduling programs for parallel execution. We present examples of program optimization for several popular processors, such as the IBM 9076 SP1, the SuperSPARC and the Intel i860. >
An examination of the association between chronic sleep restriction and electrocortical arousal in college students.

Abstract Objective The deleterious neurocognitive effects of laboratory-controlled short-term sleep deprivation are well-known. The present study investigated neurocognitive changes arising from chronic sleep restriction outside the laboratory. Methods Sleep patterns of 24 undergraduates were tracked via actigraphy across a 15-week semester. At the semester beginning, at a midpoint, and a week before finals, students performed the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) and cortical arousal was measured via event-related potentials (ERP) and resting state electroencephalography (EEG). Results Average daily sleep decreased between Session 1 and Sessions 2 and 3. Calculated circadian rhythm measures indicated nighttime movement increased and sleep quality decreased from Sessions 1 and 2 to Session 3. Parallel to the sleep/activity measures, PVT reaction time increased between Session 1 and Sessions 2 and 3 and resting state alpha EEG reactivity magnitude and PVT-evoked P3 ERP amplitude decreased between Session 1 and Sessions 2 and 3. Cross-sectional regressions showed PVT reaction time was negatively associated with average daily sleep, alpha reactivity, and P3 changes; sleep/circadian measures were associated with alpha reactivity and/or P3 changes. Conclusions Small, but persistent sleep deficits reduced cortical arousal and impaired vigilant attention. Significance Chronic sleep restriction impacts neurocognition in a manner similar to laboratory controlled sleep deprivation.
Updates on Hepato-Renal Syndrome.

Hepato-Renal Syndrome (HRS) is one of the most detrimental conditions in patients with end stage liver failure. Historically, HRS was considered a terminal disease associated with cirrhosis and was termed “liver-death syndrome”. Furthermore, despite the improved understanding of pathophysiology and the reversibility of renal dysfunction in HRS, mortality remains extremely high especially for type 1 HRS. This review summarizes the recent advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of HRS and also provides an evolving area of research in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of HRS, which may open the door for new therapeutic approaches.
The Number and Spatial Distribution of IP3 Receptors Underlying Calcium Puffs in Xenopus Oocytes

Calcium puffs are local Ca 21 release events that arise from a cluster of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor channels (IP3Rs) and serve as a basic ''building block'' from which global Ca 21 waves are generated. Important questions remain as to the number of IP3Rs that open during a puff, their spatial distribution within a cluster, and how much Ca 21 current flows through each channel. The recent discovery of ''trigger'' events—small Ca 21 signals that immediately precede puffs and are interpreted to arise through opening of single IP3R channels—now provides a useful yardstick by which to calibrate the Ca 21 flux underlying puffs. Here, we describe a deterministic numerical model to simulate puffs and trigger events. Based on confocal linescan imaging in Xenopus oocytes, we simulated Ca 21 release in two sequential stages; representing the trigger by the opening of a single IP3R in the center of a cluster for 12 ms, followed by the concerted opening of some number of IP3Rs for 19 ms, representing the rising phase of the puff. The diffusion of Ca 21 and Ca 21 -bound indicator dye were modeled in a three- dimensional cytosolic volume in the presence of immobile and mobile Ca 21 buffers, and were used to predict the observed fluorescence signal after blurring by the microscope point-spread function. Optimal correspondence with experimental mea- surements of puff spatial width and puff/trigger amplitude ratio was obtained assuming that puffs arise from the synchronous opening of 25-35 IP3Rs, each carrying a Ca 21 current of ;0.4 pA, with the channels distributed through a cluster 300-800 nm in diameter.
Test strategies for a family of complex MCMs

The development of MCM test practices from chip and board test practices is summarized. The general philosophy behind MCM test strategy selection is given. A family of complex MCMs providing computer system building blocks is described. The design features related to testability and test coverage are detailed. Then, test strategies developed for each MCM are related, with emphasis on the improvements in fault coverage and diagnostic resolution provided by attention to design-for-testability.
A Linear Stability Analysis of the Stratospheric and Mesospheric Zonal Mean State in Winter and Summer

Abstract The linear normal modes of large-scale atmospheric motions are computed in a spherical quasi-geostrophic model extending from the surface up to 80 km to investigate the stability of zonal motions in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The basic states are taken from the Northern Hemisphere winter and summer solstitial conditions. The winter basic state is able to generate growing planetary waves 1 and 2, which extend into the stratosphere and the mesosphere at high latitudes. They are identified as Green modes which propagate very slowly. The structure of the Green mode compares favorably with the observed quasi-stationary planetary waves. Waves 4–6, generated in the troposphere, can also penetrate into the lower stratosphere but an trapped them and resemble Charney modes. Energetics analysis indicates that the ratio of the local energy conversion versus energy flux from below is about 1:2 for the Omen modes waves 1 and 2 in the stratosphere while the mean flow and the planetary waves in the mesosph...
3-D exploration with an air-ground robotic system

Exploration of unknown environments is an important aspect to fielding teams of robots. Without the ability to determine on their own where to go in the environment, the full potential of robotic teams is limited to the abilities of human operators to deploy them for search and rescue, mapping, or other tasks that are predicated on gaining knowledge from the environment. This is of particular importance in real-world 3-Dimensional (3-D) environments where simple planar assumptions can lead to incomplete exploration, for example, real-world environments have areas underneath overhangs or inside caves. As an additional challenge, when the teams of robots have vastly different capabilities, the planning system must take those into account to efficiently utilize the available assets. In this paper, we present a combined air-ground system for conducting 3-D exploration in cluttered environments. We first describe the hardware and software components of the system. We then present our algorithm for planning 3-D goal locations for a heterogeneous team of robots to efficiently explore a previously unknown environment and demonstrate its applicability in real-world experiments.
In morbo et in morto: Transforming Age and Identity Within the Mortuary Context of Oymaağaç Höyük, Northern Turkey

During the second and third centuries CE, multiple interment graves were incorporated into the hoyuk at Oymaagac-Nerik, adjacent to the nearby Roman town Neoklaudiopolis (modern day Vezirkopru). These graves have been categorically and chronologically divided into earlier Roman period multigenerational tombs and later imperial period mass burials. Osteological examination of skeletal remains from the mass burial graves thus far implicates epidemic disease or famine as the cause of death for, minimally, these 120 individuals. Despite the commingled state of human remains within these graves, demographic burial profiles could be constructed from the preserved skeletal elements. For this study, specifically, preliminary anthropological data have been compared between several mass graves and multigenerational tombs. Disproportionate representations of adults and juveniles between mass and multigenerational graves highlight the theoretically transformative role that epidemic disease assumes against established social practices. The sudden emergence of disease at Oymaagac demanded that local burial protocols be abandoned to more pragmatic, expedient solutions for the disposal of both adults and children; these solutions blurred sociocultural burial prescriptions and consequently transformed persons, notably children, into newly constructed entities and identities outside traditional Roman mores.
Sources of Mortality Among Late Instar Gypsy Moth1 Larvae in Sparse Populations2

Survival of instar IV–VI gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.), in a sparse and numerically stable population near Eastford, Conn., was inversely correlated with larval density. Larvae that rested in bark flaps during the day were more likely to survive than those that rested in the forest litter. Since few of these insects were killed by parasites or disease, we believe that most of them were eaten by density-dependent predators that can forage in the litter. The results also suggest that predator densities in this particular area were always sufficient to remove most of these larvae, and that resting locations, coupled with prey density per se, were most important in determining this survival rate. In contrast to Eastford, predators were ineffective in containing equally sparse subpopulations at innocuous levels in a general outbreak area near Glenville, N.Y.; apparently, most of the attacks by these predators were absorbed by the prey insects in nearby, more dense subpopulations.
Tandem MS Characterization of Endosperm Lipid Profile in Isogenic Waxy Wheat Versus Wildtype Parent Cultivars

Among bread quality wheat cultivars, the percentage of lipids is minor, but its potential contribution to desirable traits is significant; particularly the glycolipid fraction. The lipid profile of total lipid extracts from isogenic waxy wheat kernels reveals the genetic expression compared with extracts from the corresponding wildtype wheat kernels. The collateral enhancement of desirable lipid enhancement of waxy wheats that accompanies the genetically defined carbohydrate difference is the subject of the analytical efforts described in this paper. Tandem mass spectrometry directly applied to total extract enables identification and measurement of acyl group populations within each lipid class. Significant increases were observed in glycolipid content for waxy wheats and the N11 waxy (hexaploid) triglycerides were significantly increased vs the wildtype parent.
Monitoring for airborne allergens

Monitoring for allergens can provide some information on the kinds and levels of exposure experienced by local patient populations, providing volumetric methods are used for sample collection and analysis is accurate and consistent. Such data can also be used to develop standards for the specific environment and to begin to develop predictive models. Comparing outdoor allergen aerosols between different monitoring sites requires identical collection and analysis methods and some kind of rational standard, whether arbitrary, or based on recognized health effects.
High speed Coherent Transmission for Next-generation Optical Transport Networks

This paper describes high speed transmission technologies for 400 Gb/s and 1Tb/s channel transport over optical networks. High baud rate QAM signal generation based on electrical synthesis and broadband coherent detection enable simple and cost-effective transponder implementation.
Progressive Era Origins of the Regulatory State and the Economist as Expert

During the long Progressive Era (1885–1918) progressive reformers transformed American government, American higher education, and American economics, all in the name of regulating a transformed economy. Economic progress, they argued successfully, required the creation of a powerful regulatory state, guided by expert economic advisers, whose scientific training and credentials were supplied by the nascent research universities. Progressive economists called this new model of economic governance social control. Social control was less a coherent agenda of substantive goals than it was a technocratic theory and practice of how best to obtain them—a progressive method of economic governance. Though American economics cast its vocational lot with the regulatory state, left and right progressive economists offered different visions of the state's role in economic life—managerial and market capitalism, respectively—which arose from differing conceptions of how a modern, industrialized economy functioned, and which evolved with the shifting vocational opportunities presented by recurring crisis. Different visions of the state's role in economic life, in turn, implied different conceptions of what economic experts do.
Quantitative assay of human chorionic gonadotropin: A comparison of immunoassay and bioassay

Abstract Three commercially available immunoassay techniques for chorionic gonadotropin determination were studied in our laboratory. The quantitative results were compared with the bioassay technique with which we were most familiar (the male frog test). Each immunoassay technique was specific and highly sensitive for chorionic gonadotropin. Concentration of the chorionic gonadotropin with kaolin adsorption procedures did not alter the effectiveness of the Pregnosticon or UCG test. Marked alteration of effectiveness in the Cravindex technique was noted following this procedure. Lyophilization of urine for HCG concentration was effective within circumscribed limits. There was excellent agreement in quantitation when the erythrocyte agglutination test of UCG test and Pregnosticon were compared. Quantitation with the Gravindex Procedure revealed significant variation from the results obtained with the other tests. Agreement between the immunoassay and biologic assay for chorionic gonadotropin was noted.
Is alpha-V2O5 a cathode material for Mg insertion batteries?

Abstract When designing a high energy density battery, one of the critical features is a high voltage, high capacity cathode material. In the development of Mg batteries, oxide cathodes that can reversibly intercalate Mg, while at the same time being compatible with an electrolyte that can deposit Mg reversibly are rare. Herein, we report the compatibility of Mg anodes with α-V2O5 by employing magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide in diglyme electrolytes at very low water levels. Electrolytes that contain a high water level do not reversibly deposit Mg, but interestingly these electrolytes appear to enable much higher capacities for an α-V2O5 cathode. Solid state NMR indicates that the major source of the higher capacity in high water content electrolytes originates from reversible proton insertion. In contrast, we found that lowering the water level of the magnesium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide in diglyme electrolyte is critical to achieve reversible Mg deposition and direct evidence for reversible Mg intercalation is shown. Findings we report here elucidate the role of proton intercalation in water-containing electrolytes and clarify numerous conflicting reports of Mg insertion into α-V2O5.
Resident T Cells Are Unable To Control Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Activity in the Brain Ependymal Region during Latency

HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the leading etiologies of sporadic viral encephalitis. Early antiviral intervention is crucial to the survival of herpes simplex encephalitis patients; however, many survivors suffer from long-term neurologic deficits. It is currently understood that HSV-1 establishes a latent infection within sensory peripheral neurons throughout the life of the host. However, the tissue residence of latent virus, other than in sensory neurons, and the potential pathogenic consequences of latency remain enigmatic. In the current study, we characterized the lytic and latent infection of HSV-1 in the CNS in comparison with the peripheral nervous system following ocular infection in mice. We used RT-PCR to detect latency-associated transcripts and HSV-1 lytic cycle genes within the brain stem, the ependyma (EP), containing the limbic and cortical areas, which also harbor neural progenitor cells, in comparison with the trigeminal ganglia. Unexpectedly, HSV-1 lytic genes, usually identified during acute infection, are uniquely expressed in the EP 60 d postinfection when animals are no longer suffering from encephalitis. An inflammatory response was also mounted in the EP by the maintenance of resident memory T cells. However, EP T cells were incapable of controlling HSV-1 infection ex vivo and secreted less IFN-γ, which correlated with expression of a variety of exhaustion-related inhibitory markers. Collectively, our data suggest that the persistent viral lytic gene expression during latency is the cause of the chronic inflammatory response leading to the exhaustion of the resident T cells in the EP.
Housing Market Contagion: Evidence from Bank Branching Networks

The impact of house price declines on collateral values for consumer debt is well documented; we are the first to highlight a complementary effect through the bank branching network. Our identification strategy depends on following price declines in one housing market to all bank branches outside the state. Using household-level data we find that real estate shocks to the bank significantly impact consumer borrowing (relative to other households in the county), especially for financial institution's without access to funding markets and when the loan is more difficult to securitize with the GSEs. The results cannot be explained by other bank health measures or local demand shocks. Conditional on a loan approval, negative real estate shocks result in higher interest rates and lower loan-to-income ratios. Specifically, a ten percent decline in real estate prices transmits to a 7% decline in primary mortgage approval, a 23% decline in HELOCs, and a 14% decline in refinances.
Model Minority Myth

The model minority myth suggests that all Asian Americans achieve universal and unparalleled academic and occupational success. The model minority stereotype is a problematic construction of Asian Americans as a monolithic, homogenous group. It serves to discount the challenges of other minority groups, it masks the serious inequities within a vastly diverse population, and it renders that population invisible in discussions carried out in public policy, politics, health, education, and other arenas. For these reasons, Asian American scholars and community members are engaged in ongoing efforts to legitimize the struggles of underrepresented ethnic groups within the Asian American category. However, the myth continues to persist and pervades popular public perceptions. Keywords: race and ethnicity; racism; sociology of culture and media; stereotyping; stratification and inequality
Critical review of the methane generation potential of municipal solid waste

ABSTRACTThe ultimate methane generation potential (L0) of municipal solid waste (MSW) has been used in first-order decay models for the estimation of landfill gas (LFG) production for the previous 30 years. L0 is an inherent property of the waste component, often a function of the lignocellulosic concentrations within. Methane yields of individual waste components can be measured in a controlled laboratory setting; however, the extent to which each portion degrades in a landfill is uncertain. Methane generation in a landfill is difficult to estimate due to the spatial and temporal variations among sites and the heterogeneous composition of MSW streams. Predicting LFG production is further complicated by prior aerobic degradation, fugitive gas emissions that escape into the atmosphere, and unforeseen chemical inhibition within the landfill environment. Published L0 values are reviewed and compared to the methane yields of mixed-waste and waste components measured in the laboratory. Experimentally determine...
Crystal structures of wild-type Trichoderma reesei Cel7A catalytic domain in open and closed states.

Trichoderma reesei Cel7A efficiently hydrolyses cellulose. We report here the crystallographic structures of the wild-type TrCel7A catalytic domain (CD) in an open state and, for the first time, in a closed state. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicate that the loops along the CD tunnel move in concerted motions. Together the crystallographic and MD data suggest that the CD cycles between the tense and relaxed forms that are characteristic of work producing enzymes. Analysis of the interactions formed by R251 provides a structural rationale for the concurrent decrease in product inhibition and catalytic efficiency measured for product binding site mutants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
MicroRNA-181 contributes to downregulation of SAMHD1 expression in CD4+ T-cells derived from Sèzary syndrome patients

Sezary syndrome (SS) is a rare subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) that is characterized by aggressive spread of neoplastic CD4+ T-cells from the skin into the bloodstream with metastasis to visceral organs. The deoxynucleoside triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1 is highly expressed in normal CD4+ T-cells, while its expression is down-regulated in CD4+ T-cells from SS patients. MicroRNA (miR) dysregulation is an important epigenetic mechanism in the pathogenesis and progression of SS. MiR-181 has been shown to inhibit SAMHD1 expression in cell lines and was identified as an important prognostic biomarker in CTCL. However, whether SAMHD1 is down-regulated by miR-181 in primary CD4+ T-cells of SS patients is unknown. Compared to normal CD4+ T-cells, SAMHD1 protein expression is significantly reduced in transformed CD4+ T-cell lines and CD4+ T-cells from SS patients, which inversely correlates with increased miR-181 levels in these cells. Over-expression of miR-181b in primary CD4+ T-cells from healthy donors significantly decreased SAMHD1 protein level, but not mRNA level. In contrast, inhibition of miR-181 in a CD4+ T-cell line significantly increased the level of SAMHD1 protein expression. Our results demonstrate that miR-181 is an important regulator of SAMHD1 protein expression in neoplastic CD4+ T-cells, likely through a mechanism of translational inhibition.