cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operational tolerance to class I disparate lungs can be induced despite pretransplant immunization with class I allopeptides.

Background. Using a class I-disparate swine lung transplant model, we examined whether an intensive course of tacrolimus could induce operational tolerance and whether preoperative allopeptide immunization would prevent the development of tolerance. Methods. Left lung grafts were performed using class I-disparate (class II-matched) donors. Recipients were treated with 12 days of postoperative tacrolimus. Three recipients were immunized prior to transplantation with class I allopeptides. Three other recipients were not immunized. Results. The nonimmunized recipients maintained their grafts long term (>497, >451, and >432 days), without developing chronic rejection. The immunized swine also maintained their grafts long term (>417, >402, >401 days), despite developing a variety of in vitro and in vivo responses to the immunizing peptides, as well as having strong mixed lymphocyte reactions to donor cells prior to transplantation. Conclusions. Using only a brief course of tacrolimus, we have been able to induce a state of operational tolerance in a class I-disparate preclinical lung transplant model. Moreover, preoperative alloimmunization did not block tolerance induction or induce chronic rejection. These data show that it is possible to create a state of operational tolerance to lung allografts even in the presence of donor-sensitized cells.
Streptococcus pneumoniae septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in an HIV-seropositive patient☆☆☆

Abstract Streptococcus Pneumoniae infections are a common cause of bacteremia and community-acquired pneumonia in HIV-positive individuals. Bone and joint infections as a result of S. pneumoniae are extremely rare. We report the first case of S. pneumoniae septic arthritis and osteomyelitis in an HIV-positive adult patient. The patient was successfully treated with oral levofloxacin. (Heart Lung ® 1999;28:74-6)
Hand preference and performance effects on line bisection.

Abstract Right- and left-handed subjects performed a visual line bisection task with each hand. When bisecting horizontal lines, both groups bisected left of true center regardless of hand used. Regardless of hand preference, bisections were significantly left of center only when subjects performed with their left hand. Left-handed subjects using their left hand deviated significantly further left than right-handed subjects using their left hand. Regardless of hand used, right-handers bisected vertical lines significantly above veridical center. Left-handed subjects were not significantly above center with either hand. The results require both hemispheric advantage and lateralized activation affects for a complete explanation.
Real time reduction of HVAC noise using a FPGA

An important application of Active Noise Control (ANC) is to reduce noise produced by machinery in modern living places. We present an ANC system that is designed to cancel narrowband noise generated from the compressor of an HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning) system in real time. To achieve cost effectiveness of the system, we propose a single-channel Feedback ANC implementation, which uses only a single speaker and a single microphone. The ANC algorithm is implemented on a NI 7833R Reconfigurable I/O (RIO) FPGA board. A leakage factor is required to ensure stability of the system because of the inherent quantization error in fixed-point implementation of ANC algorithms. To alleviate the effect of quantization error, the fixed-point length is increased from 24 bits to 32 bits, to improve the performance. By correctly choosing the leakage factor, the Leaky Feedback ANC implementation allows for stable reduction of the HVAC compressor noise ranging from 4.59 to 10.73 decibels (dB).
The Breathprints in Patients With Liver Disease Identify Novel Breath Biomarkers in Alcoholic Hepatitis

Background & Aims Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry can precisely identify trace gases in the human breath, in the parts-per-billion range. We investigated whether concentrations of volatile compounds in breath samples correlate with the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and the severity of liver disease in patients with AH. Methods We recruited patients with liver disease from a single tertiary care center. The study population was divided between those with AH with cirrhosis (n = 40) and those with cirrhosis with acute decompensation from etiologies other than alcohol (n = 40); individuals without liver disease served as control subjects (n = 43). We used selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry to identify and measure 14 volatile compounds in breath samples from fasted subjects. We used various statistical analyses to compare clinical characteristics and breath levels of compounds among groups and to test the correlation between levels of compounds and severity of liver disease. Logistic regression analysis was performed to build a predictive model for AH. Results We identified 6 compounds (2-propanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, ethanol, pentane, and trimethylamine [TMA]) whose levels were increased in patients with liver disease compared with control subjects. Mean concentrations of TMA and pentane (TAP) were particularly high in breath samples from patients with AH, compared with those with acute decompensation or control subjects (for both, P r = 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.07–0.69; P = .018). Conclusions Based on levels of volatile compounds in breath samples, we can identify patients with AH vs patients with acute decompensation or individuals without liver disease. Levels of exhaled TMA moderately correlate with the severity of AH. These findings might be used in diagnosis of AH or in determining patient prognosis.
Issues in the design, analysis and interpretation of condom functionality studies.

Abstract Background Male condom functionality studies are typically crossover trials in which enrolled couples use both experimental and latex control condoms for sexual intercourse. Noninferiority of the experimental type is assessed using confidence intervals for differences in breakage and slippage probabilities. Seemingly straightforward, the design, analysis and interpretation of functionality studies are complicated by the choice of noninferiority criterion, study population and the potential for learning effects. Methods Power calculations, secondary data analyses and simulations were used to illustrate concerns and make recommendations. Results The probability of failure can be too low to draw meaningful conclusions in certain population subgroups. Learning effects among inexperienced users can exaggerate differences in performance and undermine power. A product which is, on average, inferior to latex may still be a viable prophylactic for a large percentage of couples. Conclusions Heterogeneity of failure probabilities, combined with small acceptable differences in performance, requires care when selecting study participants. Pilot data, adequate training on condom use and reasonable expectations regarding performance of a new condom type are essential to maximizing the chance of identifying a noninferior product.
High-resolution crystal structures of the photoreceptor glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with three and four-bound NAD molecules.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 1,3-diphosphoglycerate (BGP) in the presence of the NAD cofactor. GAPDH is an important drug target because of its central role in glycolysis, and nonglycolytic processes such as nuclear RNA transport, DNA replication/repair, membrane fusion and cellular apoptosis. Recent studies found that GAPDH participates in the development of diabetic retinopathy and its progression after the cessation of hyperglycemia. Here, we report two structures for native bovine photoreceptor GAPDH as a homotetramer with differing occupancy by NAD, bGAPDH(NAD)4, and bGAPDH(NAD)3. The bGAPDH(NAD)4 was solved at 1.52 A, the highest resolution for GAPDH. Structural comparison of the bGAPDH(NAD)4 and bGAPDH(NAD)3 models revealed novel details of conformational changes induced by cofactor binding, including a loop region (residues 54–56). Structure analysis of bGAPDH confirmed the importance of Phe34 in NAD binding, and demonstrated that Phe34 was stabilized in the presence of NAD but displayed greater mobility in its absence. The oxidative state of the active site Cys149 residue is regulated by NAD binding, because this residue was found oxidized in the absence of dinucleotide. The distance between Cys149 and His176 decreased upon NAD binding and Cys149 remained in a reduced state when NAD was bound. These findings provide an important structural step for understanding the mechanism of GAPDH activity in vision and its pathological role in retinopathies.
The effect of a multidisciplinary thoracic malignancy conference on the treatment of patients with esophageal cancer.

Introduction: There is a paucity of data evaluating whether a multidisciplinary conference coordinating surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy translates into better patient care. This article compares the experiences of patients with lung cancer before and after the formation of a prospective, multidisciplinary thoracic malignancy care conference (TMC). Methods: The records of patients with a non-small-cell lung cancer at a tertiarycarehospitalwerereviewedforcompletenessofstaging,multidisciplinaryevaluationpriortotheinitiationoftherapy,timefrompathologic diagnosis to treatment, multimodality therapy and adherence to national treatment guidelines. The summary data of patients treated before and after the TMC were initiated, and then compared.Results:Between 2001and 2007, 535 patientswere treatedpriorto the initiation of the TMC and 687 patients within the TMC. The number of patients receiving a complete staging evaluation (79%/93%: p < 0.0001), multidisciplinary evaluation prior to therapy (62%/96%: p < 0.0001) and adherence to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines (81%/97%: p < 0.0001) all increased significantly while mean days from diagnosis to treatment significantly decreased (29/17: p < 0.0001) following the initiation of a TMC. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary thoracic malignancy conference increased the percentage of patients receiving complete staging, a multidisciplinary evaluation and adherence to nationally accepted care guidelines while decreasing the interval from diagnosis to treatmentsignificantly.Whiletheultimategoaloftreatmentistoimprovepatientsurvival,thesurrogatevariablesexaminedinthisreviewindicate that patients with non-small-cell lung cancer benefit from being evaluated in a prospective, multidisciplinary care conference.
Frequency estimates from prescription drug datasets (revision of #04-11-066A).

Purpose Accurate information about the number of times a drug is prescribed or dispensed annually is important to marketers, pharmacoepidemiologists, and patient safety researchers. Yet there is no standard reference for prescribing frequency data. The multiple sources that do exist vary in their sampling methods, target populations, nomenclature, and methods of tallying individual medications prescribed or dispensed. These differences are likely to create ambiguity and contradictions in the scientific literature, but they are not well understood. Methods We conducted a descriptive study to examine the similarities and differences between five well-known sources of prescribing frequency data: the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS, emergency department and outpatient department), the IMS National Prescription Drug Audit, the Solucient outpatient dataset, and the Solucient inpatient dataset. We compared survey methods, costs, overall frequencies, number of unique names in each database, correlations between frequency estimates from different databases, the extent of overlap in the databases, and nomenclature differences between and within datasets. Results All the correlations between frequency estimates derived from different datasets were significant, but the frequency estimates differed considerably. The lowest correlation (0.17) was found between the IMS and emergency department of the NHAMCS, and the highest correlation (0.93) was between IMS and Solucient outpatient data. Conclusions Although there were significant correlations between frequency estimates for comparable datasets, sampling methods and nomenclature choices resulted in important differences both for individual drug products and for overall frequency statistics. Researchers need to be aware of the differences when deriving drug frequency with these datasets. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stiffness control of a three-link redundant planar manipulator using the Conservative Congruence Transformation (CCT)

In this paper, the Conservative Congruence Transformation (CCT), K/sub /spl theta//-K/sub g/=J/sub /spl theta///sup T/K/sub p/J/sub /spl theta//, is applied to a 3-link redundant planar manipulator. Since 3-link planar manipulator has one degree of redundancy, one constraint is allowed to be used to define the parameters of the system. Different constraints can be used to meet the specific requirements of manipulation. In this paper, two constraints are employed to obtain solution for redundant manipulation. One involves maintaining the most distal link along specific orientations; the other requires that the moment at the end-effector be always zero. In the latter case, the orientation of the distal link is decided in such a way that this constraint is satisfied. Numerical simulation and results are presented to illustrate that CCT is indeed a general and correct stiffness mapping in the analysis of redundant manipulators. The incorrect results of the conventional formulation, K/sub /spl theta//=J/sub /spl theta///sup T/K/sub p/J/sub /spl theta//, are also computed and compared with the results of the CCT theory.
Patterns in the distribution, site structure and assemblage composition of Hadza kill-butchering sites

Abstract Large mammal kill sites created by Hadza hunter-gatherers are described and analysed. Three important observations result. First, Hadza kill sites are likely to contain disproportionate numbers of very large-bodied prey (live weight > 200 kg). Smaller animals are taken far more often, but will be underrepresented in kill site assemblages because of Hadza carcass transport practices and the actions of secondary consumers. Second, Hadza kill sites sometimes display marked, surprisingly large scale patterns in the distribution of associated bone debris and features. Third, such patterns partly resemble those created by non-human carnivores. Implications of these observations for current approaches to the excavation and interpretation of prehistoric kill sites are discussed.
Integrated fault diagnosis targeting reduced simulation

Integrated fault diagnosis techniques attempt to overcome the limitations associated with static (pre-computed information usage) and dynamic (run-time analysis) techniques by using a limited amount of pre-computed information and coupling this with simulation at diagnosis time, for rapid fault diagnosis. A significant problem with previous integrated techniques is that the pre-computed information is not targeted specifically toward reducing the run-time costs. We present a new approach to integrated fault diagnosis, by specifically creating the precomputed information to provide later savings in the simulation costs at diagnosis time. Experimental results on the ISCAS 85 and ISCAS 89 circuits illustrate the savings achieved by this technique.
DNA Rearrangement in Orthologous Orp Regions of the Maize, Rice and Sorghum Genomes

The homeologous Orp1 and Orp2 regions of maize and the orthologous regions in sorghum and rice were compared by generating sequence data for >486 kb of genomic DNA. At least three genic rearrangements differentiate the maize Orp1 and Orp2 segments, including an insertion of a single gene and two deletions that removed one gene each, while no genic rearrangements were detected in the maize Orp2 region relative to sorghum. Extended comparison of the orthologous Orp regions of sorghum and japonica rice uncovered numerous genic rearrangements and the presence of a transposon-rich region in rice. Only 11 of 27 genes (40%) are arranged in the same order and orientation between sorghum and rice. Of the 8 genes that are uniquely present in the sorghum region, 4 were found to have single-copy homologs in both rice and Arabidopsis, but none of these genes are located near each other, indicating frequent gene movement. Further comparison of the Orp segments from two rice subspecies, japonica and indica, revealed that the transposon-rich region is both an ancient and current hotspot for retrotransposon accumulation and genic rearrangement. We also identify unequal gene conversion as a mechanism for maize retrotransposon rearrangement.
Missed peritalar injuries: an analysis of factors in cases of known delayed diagnosis and methods for improving identification.

Because of the complex anatomy of the foot, rarity of fractures of the foot, and subtle radiographic cues, foot injuries are commonly overlooked and mis/undiagnosed. This study seeks to investigate a patient population whose peritalar injuries, including fractures and dislocations, were missed on initial examination, in order to analyze factors of known, missed injuries and provide insight into methods for reducing the incidence of missed diagnoses. Surgical cases between January 1999 and May 2011 were queried and retrospectively reviewed to identify missed peritalar injuries. Of 1682 surgical cases reviewed, 27 patients with missed peritalar injury(ies), which were subsequently confirmed by imaging studies, were identified. Using the Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification, fracture and dislocation subtypes were classified. A medical record review was performed to assess demographic and surgical data elements. In this study population, 7 types of peritalar injuries (talus, calcaneal, navicular, and...
Abortion, metaphysics and morality: a review of Francis Beckwith's defending life: a moral and legal case against abortion choice

In Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice (2007) and an earlier article in this journal, "Defending Abortion Philosophically"(2006), Francis Beckwith argues that fetuses are, from conception, prima facie wrong to kill. His arguments are based on what he calls a "metaphysics of the human person" known as "The Substance View." I argue that Beckwith's metaphysics does not support his abortion ethic: Moral, not metaphysical, claims that are part of this Substance View are the foundation of the argument, and Beckwith inadequately defends these moral claims. Thus, Beckwith's arguments do not provide strong support for what he calls the "pro-life" view of abortion.
Effects of Vacuum Packaging and Potassium Sorbate on Yield, Yeast and Mold Growth, and Quality of Dry-Cured Hams

Two trials were conducted. In the first trial hams were cured by a standard process and aged 1 month at 24°C. Group I hams were not packaged or treated. Group II hams were vacuum packaged and Group III hams were dipped in a 2.5% potassium sorbate solution and also vacuum packaged. All hams were examined after 1 month and the treated group was dipped in a 5% sorbate solution, vacuum packaged and aged an additional 2 months. Vacuum packaging practically eliminated further weight loss while potassium sorbate reduced but did not eliminate mold growth. In the second trial hams were again cured by a standard process and aged at 24°C until they were officially country hams (18% weight loss). Group I hams were not treated whereas group II hams were dipped in a 10% potassium sorbate solution. All were vacuum packaged. After aging one month they were unpacked, weighed, and examined for molds. No significant weight loss had occurred but mold counts were lower in the dipped group. The dipping procedure was reversed so that group I hams were treated and group II hams were not treated. All hams were again vacuum packaged and held a second month. No additional weight loss was noted. Mold growth, though not eliminated, was minimal, and visual and aroma scores for the cut hams were similar and highly acceptable. Tenderness, flavor, saltiness, and overall satisfaction scores for cooked slices were similar and highly acceptable. In general, mold growth can be greatly reduced by the use of potassium sorbate and weight loss can be controlled by vacuum packaging.
Introduction: From Culture Digitally

This essay introduces the special issue of Social Media + Society curated by the editors of Culture Digitally and drawn from the community of Culture Digitally contributors.
Energy Absorption Material Selection Methodology for Head/A-Pillar

Methode de selection de materiaux aux proprietes d'absorption de l'energie utilisables en technologie de construction automobile
Vertebral Body Augmentation

The fundamental goal of vertebral augmentation procedures is to stabilize and improve compressive strength of vertebral body through the safe injection of a stabilizing material. This can be achieved by both vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Vertebral augmentation is a safe and effective, minimally invasive treatment primarily for patients suffering from back pain associated with a vertebral compression fracture caused by osteoporosis, tumor invasion, or hemangioma.
Ownership of Samples and Data and Territorial Restrictions Concerning Data and Samples Beyond National Boundaries

The paper is a draft chapter of a forthcoming book discussing the ethical and legal issues of human genetic databases. Reporting data collected as part of a qualitative research project, the present chapter discusses some issues of ownership of samples and data as well a cross-national transfer of samples and data. Regarding ownership issues, data show that the question of patrimonial rights in human genetic material is much contested in theory and in practice. Views on this subject diverge in interesting ways between the industrial world and developing countries, in particular those with a colonial past. Regarding territorial restriction, reasonable arguments for and against were offered by the respondent. In an age of increasing global exchange of ideas, territorial restrictions may look a surprising (if not anachronistic) strategy to protect something - a national, genetic treasure - that by its very nature defies geographical containment. Yet, restrictions do not seem to violate fundamental ethical principles but only the ethical aspiration that scientific research ought to conducted in the common interest of humanity.
Site Dependency of the High Conductivity of Ga2In6Sn2O16: The Role of the 7-Coordinate Site

The 6-coordinated cation site is the fundamental building block of the most effective transparent conducting oxides. Ga2In6Sn2O16, however, maintains 4-, 6-, 7-, and 8-coordinated cation sites and still exhibits desirable transparency and high conductivity. To investigate the potential impact of these alternative sites, we partially replace the Sn in Ga2In6Sn2O16 with Ti, Zr, or Hf and use a combined approach of density functional theory-based calculations, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction to establish that the substitution occurs preferentially on the 7-coordinate site. In contrast to Sn, the empty d orbitals of Ti, Zr, and Hf promote spd covalency with the surrounding oxygen, which decreases the conductivity. Pairing the substitutional site preference with the magnitude of this decrease demonstrates that the 7-coordinate site is the major contributor to conductivity. The optical band gaps, in contrast, are shown to be site-independent and composition-dependent. After all 7-coordinate Sn has be...
Transformation and Culture Phase Dissociation of Staphylococcus (Micrococcus pyogenes)

SummaryA partial pattern of dissociation into color-type and phase variation emerged after aging a strain of Staphylococcus. From the smooth yellow (aureus), a mucoid yellow and a rough yellow colony form were derived, and in addition a smooth white type (albus) and its mucoid white phase. Thus far the dissociative pattern is analogous with that of G. tetragena and Pneumococcus as regards type and phase variation and interconvertibility. It may apply to Staphylococcus in general.
Regulation of myogenic tone and structure of parenchymal arterioles by hypertension and the mineralocorticoid receptor.

Proper perfusion is vital for maintenance of neuronal homeostasis and brain function. Changes in the function and structure of cerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs) could impair blood flow regulati...
PL1ADDICTION AS A REWARD, STRESS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTION DISORDER

Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. Via these stages, drug addiction impacts multiple motivational mechanisms and can be conceptualized as a disorder that includes elements of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Three key neurobiological circuits are engaged in the motivational changes driving addiction that involve dysregulation in incentive salience- reward systems, sensitization of brain stress systems, and deficits in executive function systems. Specific neurocircuitry/neurochemical elements in these structures include the basal ganglia (incentive salience- reward deficits involving dopamine), the extended amygdala (recruitment of the brain stress systems involving corticotropin releasing factor) and the orbitofrontal/prefrontal cortex (executive function deficits involving glutamate). The combination of dysregulated incentive salience-reward function, sensitized stress systems and disrupted orbitofrontal/prefrontal executive function provides a powerful motivation for compulsive drug use and the loss of control over drug taking. Understanding the neurocircuitry neuroadaptations in the reward, stress and executive function systems will provide new insights into identifying vulnerability to addiction and novel treatments for addiction.
Coupled polaron-phonon effects on Seebeck coefficient and lattice conductivity of B13C2 from first principles

The anomalous temperature-independent behavior of the Seebeck coefficient and the lattice thermal conductivity of B${}_{13}$C${}_{2}$ are explained through polaron and phonon evolutions found using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). Analyses of lattice dynamics show that the unique icosahedron structures dominate the optical phonon modes and CBC intericosahedral bonds dominate the local acoustic vibration. We identify that the temperature-induced Jahn-Teller distortion and electron-phonon coupling in icosahedron structures create small polarons (i.e., charge trapping and phonon softening). We also verify that large-displacement chain atoms scatter heat-conducting phonons. Using equilibrium and nonequilibrium AIMD methods (including entropy and energy analyses), we predict the Seebeck coefficient and its components as well as the lattice thermal conductivity, and we find good agreement with experiments. Softened and localized phonons make a significant vibrational contribution to the Seebeck coefficient and allow for an amorphous-like lattice thermal conductivity.
Lymphoid tissue and serum gamma globulin in young germfree chickens.

The lymphoid tissue, and particularly those strongly basophilic elements that are often called plasmoblasts and plasma cells, have been held responsible by many authors for the formation of antibodies. In mammals (rodents) these cells appear to be localized mainly in the spleen, the bone marrow, and the lymph nodes. It is also generally accepted that the antibodies against most antigens are present in the serum as globulins, notably as gamma globulins. There are indications that both the
Patients and Physicians Beliefs and Practices Regarding Adherence to Cardiovascular Medication

Importance Nonadherence to medication is a salient cause of poor outcomes of health care and a primary driver of growing health care costs. Little is known about physician communication with patients regarding their adherence to cardioprotective medication. Objective To identify patients’ and physicians’ beliefs and practices regarding discussions of adherence to cardioprotective medication. Design, Setting, and Participants Paired patient and physician questionnaires were developed based on the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and administered to 2 academic and 2 community-based cardiology practices in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan and suburban areas from June 2 to July 22, 2015. Twenty-one cardiologists and 66 of their outpatients 18 years and older participated. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient and physician beliefs about discussions of adherence to medication, the frequency of such discussions, and physician recognition of patients who are nonadherent to medication. Results A total of 21 physicians (5 [24%] women) and 66 patients (23 [35%] women; mean age, 71.6 years) participated in the study. Forty (61%) patients reported rarely or never discussing their adherence to medication with their physicians. Of these patients, 8 (13%) had poor adherence and 36 (55%) had moderate adherence. Only 1 of the physicians of the patients with the poorest adherence correctly identified a patient as being poorly adherent. Fourteen physicians (67%) disagreed with the statement, “I am aware of how often my patient misses a dose of medication.” By contrast, all of the physicians agreed that it is important for them to discuss adherence to medication with their patients. Conclusions and Relevance Physicians acknowledge the importance of discussing adherence to medication with their patients, yet for many reasons these discussions are uncommon. More important, our study found a notable failure by cardiologists to correctly recognize which of their patients were nonadherent. The novel design of our research identified an important yet neglected aspect of clinical practice. We recommend that physicians include a highly specific question about adherence to medication at every patient visit.
Analysis of Clinical Drug Use and Adverse Drug Reactions in Children's Hospital

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the characteristics and regularity of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in children's hospital. METHODS:The clinical drug use and ADR of 3 653 children during 2006～2008 in our hospital were analyzed statistically by designing a child medication registration form. RESULTS:The incidence of 498 ADR cases was about 13.63%; ADR were mostly occurred in 1～3 year-old children(36.14%); 71.29% were caused by intravenously; 66.87% were induced by antibiotics; ADR were more common in spring and winter. CONCLUSION:The drugs have a dual nature. Moreover,children belong to a special group. The measures such as strictly mastering clinical indications,reducing irrational drug use,sufficient therapy and avoiding or reducing the occurrence of ADR can guarantee children grow healthily.
Moving towards Comprehensive Induction Systems for New Teachers of Science through the Use of Technology Enhanced Communities of Practice

Professional development experiences for new teachers of science, called induction programs, help teachers progress along a continuum of development from a pre-service educator towards becoming a science education leader (Sato, Roehrig, & Donna, 2010). It is important that these induction programs provide content-specific support (e.g., support for teaching physics) and context-specific support (e.g., teaching students within an urban school) (Luft, 2003).
Localized structures and front propagation in systems with a conservation law

The properties of spatially localized structures in systems with a conservation law are reviewed and related to the properties of fronts in such systems. The theory is illustrated using the conserved Swift–Hohenberg equation, and the insights gained used to shed light on the process of crystallization from a melt and on two problems arising in hydrodynamics: convection in a rotating layer and convection in an imposed magnetic field. Spatially localized structures in systems with time-periodic forcing are also considered. Several open problems are highlighted.
Antibody Therapy Targeting CD47 and CD271 Effectively Suppresses Melanoma Metastasis in Patient-Derived Xenografts.

The high rate of metastasis and recurrence among melanoma patients indicates the existence of cells within melanoma that have the ability to both initiate metastatic programs and bypass immune recognition. Here, we identify CD47 as a regulator of melanoma tumor metastasis and immune evasion. Protein and gene expression analysis of clinical melanoma samples reveals that CD47, an anti-phagocytic signal, correlates with melanoma metastasis. Antibody-mediated blockade of CD47 coupled with targeting of CD271(+) melanoma cells strongly inhibits tumor metastasis in patient-derived xenografts. This therapeutic effect is mediated by drastic changes in the tumor and metastatic site immune microenvironments, both of whichwhich exhibit greatly increased density of differentiated macrophages and significantly fewer inflammatory monocytes, pro-metastatic macrophages (CCR2(+)/VEGFR1(+)), and neutrophils, all of which are associated with disease progression. Thus, antibody therapy that activates the innate immune response in combination with selective targeting of CD271(+) melanoma cells represents a powerful therapeutic approach against metastatic melanoma.
The Effects of Social Support on Physical Functioning in Older African Americans: Longitudinal Results from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging

Abstract Introduction Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, African Americans have higher rates of chronic conditions and suffer a disproportionate burden of disability. We aimed to examine the effects of social support on physical functioning among older African Americans. Methods We analyzed a sample of 448 urban, community-dwelling, older African Americans (aged 48–98 years) from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging. Baseline physical functioning was collected between 2006 and 2008 (wave 1), and change in physical functioning was collected between 2009 and 2011 (wave 2), physical functioning was assessed by self-reported limitations in 7 activities of daily living—eating, dressing, grooming, walking, bathing, using the toilet, and transferring in and out of bed—using a binary variable to indicate whether the individual had difficulty performing each specific activity. Social support was measured by how frequently participants provided/received goods and services, financial assistance, transportation, companionship, advice, or encouragement (never [0], rarely [1], sometimes [2], frequently [3]). Negative binomial regression models were used to test the effects of social support given, received, and a ratio (support received/support given) on physical functioning for those who improved and those who declined in physical functioning. Results Participants reported physical functioning at wave 1 (1.24, standard deviation [SD] = 1.98) and at wave 2 (0.34, SD = 0.83). Average social support given was 7.49 (SD = 3.26), and average social support received was 7.81 (SD = 3.17). Those who improved in physical function gave less social support and had lower social support ratios; social support received had no effect. Those who remained stable or declined in physical function gave more social support; neither social support received nor social ratio had an effect. Conclusion Social support given and social support received as well as the ratio should be considered when seeking to understand how physical functioning changes over time among older African Americans.
Executive Function Skills, Early Mathematics, and Vocabulary in Head Start Preschool Children

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: The contribution of 3 executive function skills (shifting, inhibitory control, and working memory) and their relation to early mathematical skills was investigated with preschoolers attending 6 Head Start centers. Ninety-two children ranging in age from 3 years, 1 month, to 4 years, 11 months, who were native English or Spanish speakers were assessed for these executive function skills as well as their receptive vocabulary skills and early mathematical abilities using the Child Math Assessment (Starkey, Klein, & Wakeley, 2004), which captures an array of skills across 4 domains. Hierarchal regression analyses revealed that inhibitory control and working memory made unique contributions to children’s early mathematical abilities in the domains of numeracy, arithmetic, spatial/geometric reasoning, and patterning/logical relations after we controlled for age, receptive vocabulary, and previous Head Start experience. Furthermore, receptive vocabulary also accounted for significant v...
Tapeout Execution System (TES), a key enabler of DFM/Co-optimization

Tapeout has evolved from an event marking the end of design to a process where substantial compute resources are used to apply reticle enhancement techniques to product design prior to mask manufacturing. A tapeout execution system (TES) has been developed that provides centralized visibility, controllability and automated execution to the entire tapeout process. TES provides a system for identifying and removing process bottlenecks, quality issues, and compute inefficiencies, resulting in faster tapeout throughput with fewer resources and with higher quality. Furthermore, the TES model provides a framework for data exchange that strengthens the integration between design and manufacturing.
Purification technologies for colloidal nanocrystals

Almost all applications of colloidal nanocrystals require some type of purification or surface modification process following nanocrystal growth. Nanocrystal purification – the separation of nanocrystals from undesired solution components – can perturb the surface chemistry and thereby the physical properties of colloidal nanocrystals due to changes in solvent, solute concentrations, and exposure of the nanocrystal surface to oxidation or hydrolysis. For example, nanocrystal quantum dots frequently exhibit decreased photoluminescence brightness after precipitation from the growth solvent and subsequent redissolution. Consequently, purification is an integral part of the synthetic chemistry of colloidal nanocrystals, and the effect of purification methods must be considered in order to accurately compare and predict the behavior of otherwise similar nanocrystal samples. In this Feature Article we examine established and emerging approaches to the purification of colloidal nanoparticles from a nanocrystal surface chemistry viewpoint. Purification is generally achieved by exploiting differences in properties between the impurities and the nanoparticles. Three distinct properties are typically manipulated: polarity (relative solubility), electrophoretic mobility, and size. We discuss precipitation, extraction, electrophoretic methods, and size-based methods including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, and size-exclusion chromatography. The susceptibility of quantum dots to changes in surface chemistry, with changes in photoluminescence decay associated with surface chemical changes, extends even into the case of core/shell structures. Accordingly, the goal of a more complete description of quantum dot surface chemistry has been a driver of innovation in colloidal nanocrystal purification methods. We specifically examine the effect of purification on surface chemistry and photoluminescence in quantum dots as an example of the challenges associated with nanocrystal purification and how improved understanding can result from increasingly precise techniques, and associated surface-sensitive analytical methods.
Study of the Sc 45 (α,t)Ti 46 Reaction at 41 MeV

Thirteen angular distributions have been measured from 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}(\ensuremath{\alpha},t){\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$ reaction at 41 MeV. Very selective population of the states of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$ was observed, and the populated states correlate well with states of the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},d){\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$ reaction which have large ${l}_{p}=3$ spectroscopic strengths. The angular distributions have little structure and exhibit the same basic shape. The distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) noncutoff calculations for the stripping of an ${l}_{p}=3$ proton provides an adequate description of the angular distributions. The relative spectroscopic strengths extracted from the DWBA analysis agree favorably with those deduced from a similar study of the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}({\mathrm{He}}^{3},d){\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$ reaction. Theoretical spectroscopic strengths calculated from the McCullen-Bayman-Zamick single-particle wave functions for the ground state of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$ and five low-lying states of ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$ are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
NKG2D, An NK Cell Activating Receptor on CD8+ T Cells, Plays An Essential Role In Killing Myeloma Cells

Abstract 2087 Autologous stem cell transplant for myeloma improves response rates, but the immunologic mechanisms contributing to this improvement are unknown. Our results indicate that this beneficial effect may be due to a subpopulation of CD8 + T cells that express an NK cell activating receptor, called NKG2D. NKG2D is present on some CD8 + T cells that mediate TCR-independent and non-MHC restricted tumor cell killing. Three NKG2D ligands (MICA, ULBP1, and ULBP3) are expressed on patients’ myeloma cells. Our data indicate that NKG2D expression can be up-regulated on some CD8 + T cells making these cells highly effective at killing myeloma cells. We previously developed an ex vivo expansion method that enriches for NKG2D + CD8 + T cells using mobilized blood progenitor cells ( Cytotherapy 2008 ). These ex vivo expanded NKG2D + CD8 + T cells aggressively lysed myeloma cells and blocking the NKG2D receptor significantly inhibited this killing ( p ex vivo expanded cells enriched for NKG2D + CD8 + T cells. Myeloma patients received high-dose melphalan (200mg/m 2 ) followed by an autologous transplant. Low dose IL-2 (6×10 5 IU/m 2 /d × 20 days) and GM-CSF (250 μg/m 2 /d) were administered following transplant. The ex vivo expanded cells (1 × 10 9 CD3 + T cells per infusion) were administered at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 8 following transplant. Nineteen of twenty-three patients are evaluable. Median engraftment of neutrophils was 13 days (range: 12–16 days) and 16 days for platelets (range: 12–26 days). All nineteen patients completed the full course of post-transplant IL-2. There were no treatment-related deaths. Due to the required CD3 + T cell number in each of the ex vivo expanded cell infusions, fifteen patients received the ex vivo expanded cells (4 infusions n = 9; 3 infusions n = 3; 2 infusions n = 2; 1 infusion n = 1). Transplant-related adverse effects (> Grade 3) included nausea/vomiting (n=2), fever (n=7), elevated AST/ALT (n=2), anorexia (n=2), pneumonia (n=2), enteritis (n=1), diarrhea (n=2), pulmonary embolism (n=1), or typhlitis (n=2).There was an increased number and function of NKG2D + CD8 + T cells circulating in vivo post-transplant. At 1 month post-transplant, there was an increase in the number of NKG2D + CD8 + T cells (p + CD8 + T cells (p + CD56 + T cells (p + CD56 + T cells (p + CD8 + T cells recognized and lysed autologous myeloma cells (p + CD8 + T cells recognize and kill autologous myeloma cells in an NKG2D-dependent manner. Since myeloma cells down regulate MHC-I, NKG2D + CD8 + T cells’ MHC-I unrestricted killing of myeloma cells may improve outcomes in transplanted myeloma patients. Ongoing experiments will identify the kinetics of NKG2D + CD8 + T cells following transplant and the molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Desnaturalizar el despojo: una etnografía crítica en la era del resurgimiento del imperialismo

espanolLas etnografias criticas y los metodos de comparacion relacionales proporcionan herramientas para reconfigurar los estudios de area de modo que estos puedan retar las visiones imperiales del mundo. Tambien arrojan luces sobre procesos de constitucion, conexion y desconexion -que estan cargados de poder- e identifican deslizamientos, aperturas, contradicciones y posibles alianzas. Las concepciones lefebvrianas sobre la produccion del espacio son cruciales para este proyecto. Este ensayo desarrolla estos argumentos a la vez que interviene en las discusiones recientes sobre la denominada “acumulacion primitiva” como un proceso continuo. Con base en investigaciones sobre las conexiones entre Sudafrica y el este de Asia, y mediante comparaciones relacionales, destaca el caracter racializado de ciertas formas de despojo y su relevancia para las luchas que estan ocurriendo en Sudafrica. Estos ejemplos resaltan la importancia de la etnografia critica y la comparacion relacional para “avanzar hacia lo concreto”, en el sentido de conceptos concretos que sean adecuados para la complejidad con la que se esta tratando de lidiar. EnglishCritical ethnographies and methods of relational comparison provide tools for reconfiguring area studies to challenge imperial visions of the world; for illuminating power-laden processes of constitution, connection, and disconnection; and for identifying slippages, openings, contradictions, and possibilities for alliances. Crucial to this project are Lefebvrian conceptions of the production of space. In developing these arguments, this essay also intervenes in recent discussions of so-called “primitive accumulation” as an ongoing process. It does so by drawing on research into connections between South Africa and East Asia, and using these relational comparisons to highlight the significance of specifically racialized forms of dispossession and their salience to struggles currently underway in South Africa. These examples underscore how critical ethnography and relational comparison provide a crucial means for “advancing to the concrete”-in the sense of concrete concepts that are adequate to the complexity with which they are seeking to grapple.
The Anesthesia Machine

The pressures within the anesthesia machine can be divided into 3 circuits: a high pressure, an intermediate pressure, and a low-pressure circuit. The high-pressure circuit is confined to the cylinders and the cylinders’ primary pressure regulators. The intermediate pressure circuit begins at the regulated cylinder supply sources, includes the pipeline sources, and extends to the flow control valves. The low-pressure circuit extends from the flow control valves to the common gas outlet. The low-pressure circuit includes the flow tubes, the vaporizers, and often a one-way check valve. The hospital piping system provides gases to the machine at approximately 50 psig, which is the normal working pressure of most machines.