cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The survey of well-being of young children: Results of a feasibility study with American Indian and Alaska Native communities

This study examined the feasibility of the Survey of Well-Being of Young Children (SWYC), a new screener for socioemotional and developmental problems and family risk in children birth to age 5 years, for use in American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) communities. A Community of Learning within the Tribal Early Childhood Research Center, composed of university researchers, tribal early childhood program staff and evaluators, and federal partners, utilized a community-based participatory research approach to guide this qualitative study. Thirty-two focus groups and 20 key informant interviews (N = 199) were conducted with staff from Head Start, Home Visiting, and Child Care programs; pediatricians; behavioral health providers; parents of young children; tribal leaders; and other stakeholders in seven diverse AIAN communities. Three themes emerged: (a) a strong need to screen early for socioemotional and developmental problems and family risk; (b) the importance of a carefully designed process for screening; and (c) the importance of examining the content of the SWYC for cultural fit specific to tribal communities. Findings support two recommendations: (a) the development of guidelines for using the SWYC in tribal early childhood settings and (b) a full-scale validation study to determine appropriate use with and norms for children in tribal communities.
The Immunology of Arthritis: Interpretation of Serologic Studies†

Results of serologic tests in rheumatic disease require good judgment in interpretation, based upon familiarity with the present knowledge of immunologic mechanisms, including the action of antibodies, auto-antibodies, T-cells and B-cells.
The effect of new European norms on the world EMC market

The European Union has issued an EMC Directive requiring virtually all electrical and electronic products be tested for EMC compliance. This Directive will have an economic effect on manufacturers world-wide and influence standards development at international, national and corporate levels. Although the test requirements are driven by actual events involving public safety, the standards themselves now only require minimum levels of testing. As the EMC field grows and expands, standards need to evolve and become more realistic. The author discusses the driving forces behind the Directive, the Directive itself, the effects of the Directive, EMC test standards and the future.
O direito ao desenvolvimento espiritual e a superação da violência contra crianças e adolescentes

This article is the partial result of the survey “The school moral formation as a socio-analytic and political-pedagogical mediation among the public policies for childhood and adolescence”. Its objective is to question the right to the spiritual development foreseen by the Statute of Children and Adolescents. The methodology consists of the contraposition, on one hand, of the spirituality with the violence that victimizes children and adolescents from the biblical traditions up to the contemporary scientific research; on the other hand, the second part of the article defines spirituality as an intensifying force of resilience and thereby to conclude that spiritual development must be assured for children and adolescents through the pedagogical intervention and the scientific specialized knowledge, respectively, of the teachers and the researchers of the Religious Education in the compulsory Basic Education.
DYNAMIC REDUCTION OF STRUCTURAL MODELS

This paper considers the errors associated with the reduction of the structural static degrees of freedom before performing a dynamic analysis. It is shown that the standard methods of performing the reduction can lead to significant errors especially for the member loads computed in a forced vibration problem. A modified reduction is developed which is shown to significantly reduce the errors. The standard and modified methods are applied to a cantilever beam, a gabled frame, and a piping system.
Considering Eligibility for Studies of Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: Insights From a Clinical Trial in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression.

BackgroundWhile electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for major depression (major depressive disorder [MDD]), deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown efficacy in patients who have not received benefit from ECT. Studies of DBS are small, and a better understanding of which el
Filamentous Structures of Type 2 Herpesvirus hominis Infection of the Chorioallantoic Membrane

Abstract In view of recent recognition of the existence of two Herpesvirus hominis (HVH) types with antigenic and biological differences, an electron microscopic study was undertaken of pocks produced on the choriallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs after infection with type 1 and type 2 HVH strains. Besides the typical morphological features of herpesvirus infection noted by several investigators, it was observed that type 2 HVH also produced microtubules measuring approximately 19 nm in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Although the nature of these filamentous structures is still unclear, consideration is given in this paper to the possibility that they may represent viral structural subunits, aberrant forms or neoantigens.
Adjuvants may reduce in vivo transfection levels for DNA vaccination in mice leading to reduced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses

Adjuvants for DNA vaccination are designed to promote transformation of transgenes into target cells and increase inflammation in the site of injection, with resultant immune cell recruitment. Numerous studies indicated cationic liposomes as effective adjuvants for DNA vaccination due to their ability to promote in vivo transfection and innate immune system activation. Commercial reagents as Adjuplex and in vivo-JetPEI are also intended to facilitate DNA vaccination. Here, we evaluate the adjuvant properties of cationic liposomes, Adjuplex and in vivo-JetPEI compared to injection of DNA without adjuvant. In mice vaccinated with piggyBac pDNA vaccines, we assessed in vivo antigen expression, innate immune responses in draining lymph nodes, and antigen-specific T cell responses in spleens and blood. Surprisingly, vaccination with DNA in PBS emerged as the most efficient in promoting in vivo transfection and consequent antigen expression, while the addition of adjuvant reduced the amount of antigen expressed...
Fall-related traumatic brain injury deaths and hospitalizations among older adults--United States, 2005.

PROBLEM: Among older adults, both unintentional falls and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) result in significant morbidity and mortality; however, only limited national data on fall-related TBI are available. Method: To examine the relationship between older adult falls and TBI deaths and hospitalizations, CDC analyzed 2005 data from the National Center for Health Statistics' National Vital Statistics System and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Results: In 2005, among adults>/=65 years, there were 7946 fall-related TBI deaths and an estimated 56,423 hospitalizations for nonfatal fall-related TBI in the United States. Fall-related TBI accounted for 50.3% of unintentional fall deaths and 8.0% of nonfatal fall-related hospitalizations. Summary: These findings underscore the need for greater dissemination and implementation of evidence-based fall prevention interventions. Language: en
Dispersion of stress waves in one-dimensional semi-infinite, weakly coupled layared systems

An analytical study of the dispersion of transient stress waves in the first layer of a weakly coupled semi-infinite bi-layered system is carried out. The analysis is based on approximate Fourier transform inversions, and makes use of the fact that the weakly coupled system possesses small propagation zones (PZs) in the frequency domain. Low- and high-frequency asymptotic approximations to the transient waves are computed, taking into account frequency components of the transfer function in the first and second PZs, respectively. The derived analytic expressions are superpositions of non-oscillating terms and convolution integrals with decaying oscillatory kernels. It is shown that, depending on the frequency and the amplitude of the convolution kernels, the dispersed waves overshoot or undershoot the applied impulsive excitation. This result is of significant practical importance in the design of layered systems as stress attenuators.
Congenital craniocervical anomalies pose a vulnerability to spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA)

Though the incidence of cervical spine injuries in the pediatric population is relatively low at 1.2% of trauma patients, these injuries are often associated with severe neurologic deficits [1]. Upper cervical spine injuries are more common in children less than 11 years old [1–3]. This may be explained by the unique biomechanics of the pediatric cervical spine [4] as well as the anatomy [3, 5–8]. Furthermore, the craniocervical junction (CCJ) has a dynamic complex anatomic relationship between the occiput and the atlantoaxial structures. Congenitally anomalous CCJ can lead to an acute or chronic disability related to spinal cord compression [1, 9]. Most anomalies of the CCJ are asymptomatic and occult without the presence of an underlying syndrome that may herald its presence such as Klippel-Feil, Goldenhar syndrome, or numerous additional skeletal dysplasias [10]. We present a case of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) secondary to minor trauma in a pediatric patient with a congenital left atlanto-occipital assimilation joint.
Telephone calls to patients after discharge from the hospital: an important part of transitions of care.

Background : Teaching interns patient-centered communication skills, including making structured telephone calls to patients following discharge, may improve transitions of care. Objective : To explore associations between a patient-centered care (PCC) curriculum and patients’ perspectives of the quality of transitional care. Methods : We implemented a novel PCC curriculum on one of four inpatient general medicine resident teaching teams in which interns make post-discharge telephone calls to patients, contact outpatient providers, perform medication adherence reviews, and engage in patient-centered discharge planning. Between July and November of 2011, we conducted telephone surveys of patients from all four teaching teams within 30 days of discharge. In addition to asking if patients received a call from their hospital physician (intern), we administered the 3-Item Care Transitions Measure (CTM-3), which assesses patients’ perceptions of preparedness for the transition from hospital to home (possible score range 0–100). Results : The CTM-3 scores (mean±SD) of PCC team patients and standard team patients were not significantly different (82.4±17.3 vs. 79.6±17.6, p =0.53). However, regardless of team assignment, patients who reported receiving a post-discharge telephone call had significantly higher CTM-3 scores than those who did not (84.7±16.0 vs. 78.2±17.4, p =0.03). Interns exposed to the PCC curriculum called their patients after discharge more often than interns never exposed (OR=2.78, 95% CI [1.25, 6.18], p =0.013). Conclusions : The post-discharge telephone call, one element of PCC, was associated with higher CTM-3 scores – which, in turn, have been shown to lessen patients’ risk of emergency department visits within 30 days of discharge. Keywords: patient-centered care; graduate medical education; post-discharge telephone call; care transitions (Published: 29 April 2015) Citation: Med Educ Online 2015, 20: 26701 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v20.26701
Possible mechanism of tolerance to narcotic drugs.

While working on the metabolism of narcotic drugs, Axelrod observed that repeated administration of drugs produced tolerance to the drugs, but also reduced the body's ability to demethylate them enzymatically. In this article, he proposed a mechanism for tolerance to narcotic drugs. According to Axelrod, his hypothesis--that the continuous interaction of narcotic drugs with the demethylating enzymes deactivated the enzymes and possibly even the receptors of narcotic drugs, thus decreasing the subject's response to narcotic drugs--stimulated considerable criticism from some of his colleagues.
Interferon-β1a does not reduce expression of CCR5 and CXCR3 on circulating T cells

The expression of CCR5 and CXCR3, two chemokine receptors involved with homing of T cells to inflamed tissue, was examined longitudinally on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with a first demyelinating event of the central nervous system (CNS) randomized to receive i.m. injections of interferon-β1a (IFN-β1a) or placebo. Blood for analysis was collected before and 48 h after injection at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of treatment. The results showed that treatment with IFN-β1a did not affect numbers of T cells expressing CCR5 and CXCR3 during the first 12 months of treatment, either at the peak of biological response or at the trough of interferon effect, at steady-state.
Immediate and sustaining effects of extrinsic rewards on specific exploratory behavior

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the immediate and sustaining effects of monetary and social rewards on specific exploratory behavior. Specific exploratory behavior was conceived as a behavioral expression of intrinsic motivation and was measured by the number of additional requests for viewing blurred tachistoscopically presented slides of varying degrees of uncertainty. The results of the study showed that when monetary and social rewards were presented contingent on performance, exploration increased at the upper levels of uncertainty above a control group. It was also found that after removal, females who had previously received social rewards sustained a significantly higher level of exploration above the control group, while males who had previously received social rewards, as well as both males and females who had previously received monetary rewards, did not differ significantly from the control. The discrepany between these findings and previous findings is explained in terms of theoretical differences in defining and measuring intrinsic motivation.
Scleroderris canker in New York State: Attempts to justify and cope with regulatory action

Pinus resinosa, P. sylvestris, P nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Picea glauca seedlings in three sites and Pinus thunbergii in two sites in New York State were inoculated with conidia of Gremmeniella abietina twice in 1986. Percent infection therefrom was determined in spring of 1987, Some members of each species of Pinus became infected at one site within the current range of the disease and in other sites 84 and 300 km south of the current range. P. glauca and P. menztesii were not infected. Results of experiments to test efficacy of postharvest treatments to eradicate G. abietina from infected seedlings suggested that immersion in hot (55°C) water and applications of dilute sodium hypochlorite would eradicate the pathogen with little or no effect on retention or color of foliage of P. resinosa and P. sylvestris.
The Effect of Excimer Laser Photorefracti*ve Keratectomy on Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using the Goldmann Applanati-on Tonometer

Purpose: The authors determined whether photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) affects Goldmann applanation readings in human eyes. Methods: The intraocular pressure (10P) of 111 patients was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry at baseline and 12 months after PRK. Ultrasonic corneal thickness measurements and keratometry were also obtained. Contralateral eyes were used as controls. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in mean tonometer readings in the treated eyes when compared with the control eyes (0.5 ± 2.1 mmHg, P = 0.01) accompanied by a significant reduction in mean central pachymetry in the treated eyes (23 ± 23 μm, P < 0.001). In the treated eyes, the mean spherical equivalent and mean central keratometry readings were significantly reduced by 3.3 ± 1.5 and 2.2 ± 1.2 diopters, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Photorefractive keratectomy causes a mild lowering of the Goldmann tonometer readings. The reduction in IOP measurement is probably not enough to alter a therapeutic decision in an individual patient known to have glaucoma, but it may delay recognition and treatment of glaucoma.
Health Care Seeking Behavior in Fibromyalgia

Objective: Our aim was to identify factors that distinguish persons with fibromyalgia who have obtained medical treatment at a tertiary care practice ["patients"] from those who have not sought treatment ["non-patients"] and from healthy controls. Results: Patients, relative to non-patients, show significantly lower pain thresholds at tender and control points, report significantly greater symptoms severity and disability, and meet criteria for a significantly greater number of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses. Both patients and non-patients display significantly lower pain thresholds than controls. However, non-patients do not differ from controls in psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions: Our understanding of fibromyalgia has been limited by studies of patients as tertiary care practices with high levels of symptom severity and psychiatric morbidity. Evaluation of non-patients suggests that psychological distress is not a primary feature of fibromyalgia.
Field control of sore shin (Rhizoctonia solani) of tobacco with benomyl and benodanil

SUMMARY Benomyl and benodanil, applied to tobacco seedlings before transplanting, reduced sore shin infection. Benodanil was the more effective, sometimes restricting damage to 5% of the surface area of the buried portion of stems, compared with 50–60% in untreated plants. The fungicides were applied either as a seedbed drench or a root-stem dip. The dip method used less fungicide and was generally more effective than the drench at equal concentration but was less practical. Benodanil was over three times as active as benomyl against Rhizoctonia solani in liquid culture.
Discretion in Managerial Bonus Pools

1. Introduction. 2. Incentive Contracting with a Single Agent. 3. Incentive Contracts with Multiple Agents. 4. Multiple Periods. 5. Conclusion. Appendix. References.
Pvt-1 transcripts are found in normal tissues and are altered by reciprocal(6;15) translocations in mouse plasmacytomas.

Abstract The mouse Pvt-1 (for plasmacytoma variant translocation) region maps to a chromosome 15 breakpoint region that is frequently interrupted by "variant" reciprocal chromosome translocations, rcpt(6;15), in plasmacytomas. This region lies several hundred kilobases (kb) 3' of the mouse c-myc gene (Myc) which is deregulated in both rcpt(6;15) and rcpt(12;15) plasmacytomas. rcpt(12;15) translocations apparently activate c-myc directly by interrupting the gene itself, but the mechanism causing c-myc deregulation in tumors bearing rcpt(6;15) translocations remains unknown. The indirect activation of c-myc by Pvt-1 interruption has remained an appealing possibility, but heretofore it has not been possible to establish such a connection. Furthermore, no genes from the Pvt-1 locus have been shown to be transcribed in normal tissues or in tumors with rcpt(6;15) translocations. We report the isolation of a cDNA clone, Pvt-1-1, from mouse spleen mRNA that is specific to the Pvt-1 region. This cDNA probe detects low levels of large (ca. 14 kb) RNA transcripts in normal mouse tissues. In plasmacytomas with rcpt(6;15) translocations, the Pvt-1 transcripts are elevated in abundance and truncated in size. Both changes are apparently induced by the chromosomal translocation. Expression of 14-kb Pvt-1 RNA is elevated in B-cell tumor lines that express immunoglobulin light chain genes; thus, we postulate that these translocations are facilitated by the increased DNA accessibility of immunoglobulin kappa light chain and Pvt-1 genes when they are simultaneously expressed at certain times during B-cell ontogeny.
Error mitigation in digital logic using a feedback equalization with schmitt trigger (FEST) circuit

Voltage scaling is commonly used to reduce the energy consumption of digital CMOS logic. However, as the supply voltage decreases, transistor switching times increase, leading to intersymbol interference (ISI) between successive outputs of the digital logic. This limits the amount of voltage scaling that can be applied for a target performance. We describe a novel circuit-level technique that couples feedback equalization with a Schmitt trigger (FEST) to suppress this ISI, which in turn enables further voltage scaling while ensuring reliable operation at the desired target performance. For a 4-bit, 22 nm Kogge-Stone adder designed for 2 GHz operation, the proposed technique lowers the critical voltage (beyond which frequent timing errors occur) from 580 mV (nominal design) to 510 mV (design with FEST circuit), providing a 20% decrease in energy per operation. We also apply this technique to a 3-tap 4-bit finite impulse response (FIR) filter operating at 500 MHz, and observe that the critical voltage drops from 680 mV (nominal design) to 510 mV (design with FEST circuit) and the energy per operation can be decreased by up to 40%.
Sensitization and dishabituation of infant visual fixation

Abstract Dishabituation is defined as the renewed response to a familiarized stimulus upon its retest after the introduction of a novel-stimulus. Two experiments tested an account of dishabituation of infant visual fixation based on the hypothesis that a general, state-dependent sensitization produced by the novel-stimulus energizes responding to any subsequent stimulus. However, this sensitization is thought to be time-dependent, so that increasing delays between the termination of the novel stimuli and the onset of the retest should lead to diminished dishabituation. In Experiment 1, the time between the end of familiarization and the start of the retest of the familiarized pattern was held constant and the temporal location in that inverval of 2 novel stimulus presentations was manipulated. Significant dishabituation was observed only when the novel stimuli occurred shortly before the retest. In Experiment 2, the number of novel-stimulus presentations was systematically manipulated and the magnitude of dishabituation was observed. Significant dishabituation occurred after 2 or 4, but not after 6, novel-stimulus presentations. These findings were consistent with the sensitization explanation of dishabituation, and cast doubt on an explanation of this form of dishabituation based on schema-change.
Design and validation of a Whegs robot in USARSim

Simulation of robots and other vehicles in a virtual domain has multiple benefits. End users can employ the simulation as a training tool to increase their familiarity and skill with the vehicle without risking damage to the robot, potential bystanders, or the surrounding environment. Simulation allows researchers and developers to benchmark the robot's performance in a range of scenarios without needing to physically have the robot and or necessary environment(s) present. Beyond benchmarking current designs, researchers and developers can use the information gathered in the simulation to guide and generate new design concepts. USARSim (Urban Search and Rescue Simulation) is a high fidelity simulation tool that is being used to accomplish these goals within the realm of search and rescue. One particular family of robots that can benefit from simulation in the USARSim environment is the Whegs™ series of robots developed in the Biologically Inspired Robotics Laboratory at Case Western Reserve University. Whegs robots are highly mobile ground vehicles that use abstracted biological principles to achieve a robust level of terrestrial locomotion. This paper describes a Whegs robot model that was designed and added to USARSim's current array of robots. The model was configured to exhibit the same kind of behavioral characteristics found in the real Whegs vehicles. Once these traits were implemented, a preliminary validation study was performed to ensure that the robot interacted with its environment in the same way that the real-life robot would.
Recession in the US motor industry and the quest for fuel economy

Abstract The US motor market is approaching saturation. the future prosperity of the industry, which is important to the US economy as a whole, therefore depends on persuading motorists to trade-in older, fuel inefficient cars for new US-made models. Edward Renshaw proposes raising duty on imported models to EEC levels and that bounty payments be made to individuals trading-in operable ‘gas guzzling’ vehicles for early scrapping; businessmen should not be allowed to deduct from business revenues any depreciation charges on new vehicles that do not meet the national average fuel economy goals. These measures would both revitalize a beleaguered industry and save fuel. This is socially desirable in view of the USA's declining oil reserves and the expected decline in domestic oil production. The measures will also aid lower income groups, who are most affected by rising fuel prices and who tend to drive the older and least efficient cars.
An analysis of the characteristics of the electromyogram recorded from the mesometrium in the ovariectomized nonpregnant ewe and its similarities with and differences from the electromyogram obtained from the myometrium: the effect of estrogens

Abstract Mesometrial and myometrial electromyograms have been recorded from ovariectomized nonpregnant ewes. After infusion with saline solution, the frequency of electromyographic events lasting
Energy-predictive control : a new synthesis approach for nonlinear process control

The present work proposes a new controller synthesis framework, that is based on the methodological principles of Lyapunov design. A notion of short-horizon energy-predictive control is introduced, that predicts and optimizes the rate of energy dissipation of the system and leads to the derivation of a continuous state feedback control law. The control law possesses two adjustable parameters that directly influence the size of the closed-loop stability region and the performance characteristics. The derived state feedback law may be combined with an open-loop state observer, leading to a dynamic output feedback controller with integral action. Finally, the performance of the proposed controller design methodology is evaluated in a chemical reactor example, that exhibits nonminimum-phase characteristics.
Long-term follow-up of surgical resection of microcystic meningiomas

Abstract Microcystic meningioma is a rare tumor with myxoid and microcystic features. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical resection of microcystic meningioma. Between December 1985 and October 2000 we treated 25 microcystic meningioma patients with surgical resection. We retrospectively analyzed the results including the long-term follow-up of this patient population. We identified 15 women and 10 men with a mean age of 53.8 years (24–76 years) who had microcystic meningiomas treated with surgery. Based on the Simpson grade, we found four Grade I (16%), 16 Grade II (64%), three Grade III (12%) and two Grade IV (8%) resections. The mean preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 80.3 (range 60–100). The mean postoperative KPS score was 90.4 (range 60–100). At a mean follow-up of 101.7 months (range 16–221) the KPS score improved to a mean of 93.8. The recurrence/progression free survival (RFS/PFS) rates at 3 and 5 years were 96% and 88%, respectively. The 3 and 5 year RFS/PFS rates based on the Simpson grade were evaluated. The 3 year RFS/PFS rates for Grade I, II, III and IV were 100%, 100%, 66.6% and 100%, respectively. The 5 year RFS/PFS rates were 66.6%, 90%, 66.6% and 100%, respectively. Microcystic meningioma is a rare tumor, which is characterized by extracellular microcystic spaces filled by edematous fluid and peritumoral edema. Following surgical resection these tumors have a positive prognosis with a benign course. The surgical outcomes seem to be associated with the risks related to the surgical procedure.
Divergence and the fading memory filter

The fading memory filter has been proposed as a substitute for the Kalman filter when model errors exist because it discounts old data, thereby, compensating for the influence of model errors. For model errors in the form of completely unknown inputs, this paper presents computational examples for which the asymptotic error of all fading memory filters will be greater than the Kalman error. This contradicts the assumption that, when the Kalman filter is no longer optimal, there exists a fading memory filter which will achieve lower mean squared error. An explanation for this error behavior and a discussion of its implications are included.
"Black Magic" and White Terror: Slave Poisoning and Colonial Society in Early 19th Century Martinique

Though poisoning by slaves has been identified and studied in many Atlantic societies, the case of Restoration era Martinique is unique for both its scale and its periodization. While Caribbean historians have argued the phenomenon was disappearing by the 19th century, in Martinique planters became obsessed with slave poisoning as a threat to the very "survival of the island" during the 1820s. Many planters believed that poisoning almost always originated with the most loyal and dutiful slaves, and that free people of color were complicit. This article argues that the terror that spread among planters was largely the result of the specific cultural, psychological, and economic pathologies of the end of French slavery. Rather than seeking a purely materialist approach, the competing cultural meanings of poison should be understood in relation to this changing context. Though many historians have tended to caricature slave resistance, the dynamic analyzed here confirms the willful agency of enslaved people. At the same time, planters' inability to come to terms with the perceived threat of poisoning undermined their demands for autonomy from the French state, and paved the way for a new metropolitan-colonial relationship.
Integrating a calibrated groundwater flow model with error-correcting data-driven models to improve predictions.

Physically-based groundwater models (PBMs), such as MODFLOW, contain numerous parameters which are usually estimated using statistically-based methods, which assume that the underlying error is white noise. However, because of the practical difficulties of representing all the natural subsurface complexity, numerical simulations are often prone to large uncertainties that can result in both random and systematic model error. The systematic errors can be attributed to conceptual, parameter, and measurement uncertainty, and most often it can be difficult to determine their physical cause. In this paper, we have developed a framework to handle systematic error in physically-based groundwater flow model applications that uses error-correcting data-driven models (DDMs) in a complementary fashion. The data-driven models are separately developed to predict the MODFLOW head prediction errors, which were subsequently used to update the head predictions at existing and proposed observation wells. The framework is evaluated using a hypothetical case study developed based on a phytoremediation site at the Argonne National Laboratory. This case study includes structural, parameter, and measurement uncertainties. In terms of bias and prediction uncertainty range, the complementary modeling framework has shown substantial improvements (up to 64% reduction in RMSE and prediction error ranges) over the original MODFLOW model, in both the calibration and the verification periods. Moreover, the spatial and temporal correlations of the prediction errors are significantly reduced, thus resulting in reduced local biases and structures in the model prediction errors.
Electromagnetic effects in the surface enhanced Raman scattering from a molecule at a liquid Hg surface

Abstract In a previous publication the image enhancement effect and the enhanced radiation due to near field excitation of surface roughness were calculated for a finite-size molecule above a metal described by a nonlocal dielectric relation [Phys. Rev. Letters 44 (1980) 1774]. When applied to a roughened Ag surface these calculations led to a predicted Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) gain of ~ 103 due to each effect, yielding an overall gain ~ 106, in agreement with experiment. Here these calculations are extended to the case of a liquid Hg surface, the roughness corresponding to thermally excited ripplons. The SERS gain due to image enhancement is reduced to ~ 10, due primarily to the ~ 24 times greater electron scattering rate in Hg over that in Ag. The roughness gain is reduced to ~ 2 at room temperature, due to the difference between the ripplon spectrum and that of the boss-like surface structures assumed for the solid surface. The predicted overall SERS gain for Hg is ~ 20, far less than reported in recent observations [R. Naanan et al., J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 2692]. The discrepancy raises serious questions about the electromagnetic explanations of SERS.
Conformation of the Polyalanine Repeats in Minor Ampullate Gland Silk of the Spider Nephila clavipes

Solid state 13C NMR is used to identify the conformation of alanine residues in minor ampullate gland silk from Nephila clavipes and in a genetically engineered protein based on the consensus sequence of MaSp2, a protein present in low concentrations in major ampullate gland silk. The results of the NMR on minor ampullate gland silk are compared to previous NMR data on major ampullate gland silk, and the results on the genetically engineered protein are compared to previous NMR data on the gland fibroin from the major ampullate gland. Differences in the secondary structure of major and minor ampullate gland silk are correlated with mechanical properties. The alanine residues of major ampullate gland silk have previously been shown to consist almost entirely of β-sheet conformations. In contrast, the conformations of the alanine residues of minor ampullate gland silk are more heterogeneous, with a larger fraction of the alanine residues in non-β-sheet conformations. It is hypothesized that these non-β-shee...
Junctional Adhesion Molecule 1 Regulates Epithelial Cell Morphology through Effects on β1 Integrins and Rap1 Activity

Epithelial tight junctions form a selectively permeable barrier to ions and small molecules. Junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM1/JAM-A/F11R) is a tight junction-associated transmembrane protein that has been shown to participate in the regulation of epithelial barrier function. In a recent study, we presented evidence suggesting that JAM1 homodimer formation is critical for epithelial barrier function (Mandell, K. J., McCall, I. C., and Parkos, C. A. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 16254–16262). Here we have used small interfering RNA to investigate the effect of the loss of JAM1 expression on epithelial cell function. Consistent with our previous study, knockdown of JAM1 was observed to increase paracellular permeability in epithelial monolayers. Interestingly, knockdown of JAM1 also produced dramatic changes in cell morphology, and a similar effect was observed with expression of a JAM1 mutant lacking the putative homodimer interface. Further studies revealed that JAM1 knockdown decreased cell-matrix adhesion and spreading on matrix proteins that are ligands of β1 integrins. These changes were characterized by a decrease in β1 integrin protein levels and loss of β1 integrin staining at the cell surface. Immunolabeling of cells for the small GTPase Rap1, a known activator of β1 integrins, revealed colocalization of Rap1 with JAM1 at intercellular junctions, and knockdown of JAM1 resulted in decreased Rap1 activity. Lastly, knockdown of Rap1b resulted in diminished β1 integrin expression and altered cell morphology analogous to that observed with knockdown of JAM1. Together, these results suggest that JAM1 regulates epithelial cell morphology and β1 integrin expression by modulating activity of the small GTPase Rap1.
Differentiation and competence of cells from hybrid embryos.

Abstract Cells from the lethal hybrid gastrula Rana pipiens ♀ × Rana sylvatica ♂ were cultured in vitro as small aggregates. These cells survive and undergo extensive differentiation, whereas left within the arrested gastrula they die. Incompatibility between nucleus and cytoplasm of this diploid hybrid appears to result in production of inhibitors within the embryo which are at least partially lost to the medium when small cell aggregates are cultured. Competence of hybrid presumptive epidermis cells for induction of melanoblasts was found to be lower quantitatively than competence of normal cells. Hybrid marginal zone cells differ from normals chiefly in type of muscle that differentiates. Functional cardiac muscle in hybrids supplants the voluntary, striated muscle characteristic of normals. Cells from this hybrid embryo behave differently from normal Rana pipiens cells during operational procedures, and different clutches of hybrid embryos vary as to extent of gastrulation and further development before onset of arrest. Cells from the lethal hybrid Rana pipiens ♀ × Rana clamitans ♂ were unable to survive in culture. The block to development at a cellular level in this cross is manifest even as early as late cleavage. Cells from pigment pattern mutants were examined for their competence to respond to an inductor of melanocytes. Both Rana burnsi and Rana kandiyohi presumptive epidermis cells can be induced to form extensive cultures of pigment cells. Cells from the double dominant, however, are less responsive to the inductor. The use of hybrid embryos to study the intracellular basis for competence is discussed.
A duality approach to path planning for multiple robots

In this paper, we propose an optimization-based framework for path planning for multiple robots in presence of obstacles. The objective is to find multiple fixed length paths for multiple robots that satisfy the following constraints: (i) bounded curvature, (ii) obstacle avoidance, (iii) and collision avoidance. First, we formulate a relaxation of the path planning problem using polygonal approximations. We show that path planning problem for multiple robots under various constraints and missions, such as curvature and obstacle avoidance constraints as well as rendezvous and maximal total area coverage, can be cast as a nonconvex optimization problem. Then, we propose an alternative dual formulation that results in no duality gap. We show that the alternative dual function can be interpreted as minimum potential energy of a multi-particle system with discontinuous spring-like forces. Finally, we show that using the proposed duality-based framework, an approximation of the minimal length path planning problem (also known as Dubins' problem) in presence of obstacles can be solved efficiently using primal-dual interior-point methods.
Optical-thermal model verification by high-speed optical coherence tomography

Optical-thermal models that can accurately predict temperature rise and damage in blood vessels and surrounding tissue may be used to improve the treatment of vascular disorders. Verification of these models has been hampered by the lack of time- and depth-resolved experimental data. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to visualize laser irradiation of blood in cuvettes or cutaneous (hamster dorsal skin flap) blood vessels. Two optical coherence tomography systems, one operating at 400 a-scans per second and the other at 4-30 frames per second, were used. For the in vitro study, a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser was used (532 nm, 10 ms pulse duration, 2 mm spot size, 10 J/cm2 radiant exposure). In vivo, an Argon laser was employed (all lines, 0.1-2.0 s pulse duration, 0.1-1.0 mm spot size, 100- 400 mW power. Video microscopy images were compared to predictions of temperature rise and damage using Monte Carlo and finite difference techniques. In general, predicted damage agreed with actual blood, blood vessel, and surrounding tissue coagulation seen in images. However, limitations of current optical-thermal models were identified, such as the inability to model the dynamic changes in blood optical properties and vessel diameters that were seen in the optical coherence tomography images.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
High-temperature properties of liquid-phase-sintered α-SiC

Abstract We have characterized the high-temperature subcritical crack growth and oxidation resistance of a liquid-phase-sintered (LPS) SiC with 20% volume fraction yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) second phase. Constant stress-rate testing in air in the temperature range 1100–1300°C yielded a crack growth exponent, n=38.9±9.9 and an activation energy, Qscg=(380±237) kJ mol−1. Oxidation followed parabolic kinetics in the temperature range 1100–1300°C with an activation energy, Qox=(246±33) kJ mol−1. At 1350°C reaction between the growing oxide layer and the YAG second phase produced a low-melting eutectic, resulting in accelerated oxidation. Below 1100°C, oxidation rates were also anomalously high for reasons we do not understand. In the intermediate temperature range, both the oxidation and subcritical crack growth resistance compare favorably with other silicon carbides.
A strain engineered voltage tunable millimeter-wave ferrite phase shifter

A 50-GHz electric field tunable ferrite-piezoelectric phase shifter based on a bilayer of single crystal M-type hexagonal barium ferrite (BaM) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is discussed.A dc voltage applied to PZT results in a piezoelectric strain that manifests as an anisotropy field in BaM. A change in the voltage applied to PZT gives rise to variations in the anisotropy field and permeability of BaM and, therefore, a differential phase shift. A phase shift of 45° is measured when the voltage is increased from 0 to 400 V across a 0.5-mm thick PZT. Theoretical estimates of the phase shift are in agreement with the data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:261–264, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25725
The TREC-like evaluation of music IR systems

This poster reports upon the ongoing efforts being made to establish TREC-like and other comprehensive evaluation paradigms within the Music IR (MIR) and Music Digital Library (MDL) research communities. The proposed research tasks are based upon expert opinion garnered from members of the Information Retrieval (IR), MDL and MIR communities with regard to the construction and implementation of scientifically valid evaluation frameworks.
All-Atom Structure Prediction and Folding Simulations of a Stable Protein

We present results from all-atom, fully unrestrained ab initio folding simulations for a stable protein with nontrivial secondary structure elements and a hydrophobic core. The construct, “trpcage”, is a 20-residue sequence optimized by the Andersen group at University of Washington and is currently the smallest protein that displays two-state folding properties. Compared over the well-defined regions of the experimental structure, our prediction has a remarkably low 0.97 A Cα root-mean-square-deviation (rmsd) and 1.4 A for all heavy atoms. The simulated structure family displays additional features that are suggested by experimental data, yet are not evident in the family of NMR-derived structures.
Globalization as Capitalism in the Age of Electronics: Issues of Popular Power, Culture, Revolution, and Globalization from Below

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx (1977) anticipated the deepening of capitalist globalization in a discussion of the cosmopolitanism being fostered by the bourgeoisie through African slavery, the internationalization of capital, production, and consumption via the world market, and industrial restructuring. He observed that internationalization was undermining "national one-sidedness and narrow-mindedness." The internationalization
Persistent-Current Measurements of the Superfluid Density and Critical Velocity

Gyroscopic measurements of superfluid persistent currents in liquid helium below and near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition are presented here. Measurements were conducted in a variety of sizes of porous material from 0.05- to 150-\ensuremath{\mu}average size. Near the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition, both the superfluid density $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ and the critical velocity ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ exhibit a $\frac{2}{3}$-power dependence on the temperature difference from the transition. A depression of the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition is observed for both $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ in the smallest pores. Data for $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ away from the transition and down to about 1.25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are given and are in agreement with measurements made by other methods.
Stability and electrical property of Ba1−xSrxCe0.8Y0.2O3−δ high temperature proton conductor

Abstract The morphological and electrical properties of Ba 1− x Sr x Ce 0.8 Y 0.2 O 3− δ with x in the range from 0 to 1 prepared by a modified Pechini method were investigated as potential high temperature proton conductors. Dense microstructures were achieved for all the samples upon sintering at 1500 °C for 5 h. The phase structure analysis indicated that perovskite phase was formed for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, while for x larger than 0.5, impurity phases of Sr 2 CeO 4 and Y 2 O 3 appeared. The tolerance to H 2 O for the samples improved with the increase in Sr content when exposed to boiling water, while the electrical conductivity decreased from x = 0 to 1. However, the resistance to CO 2 attack at elevated temperatures was not improved for Ba 1− x Sr x Ce 0.8 Y 0.2 O 3− δ within the whole x range studied.
In vivo uptake of valproic acid into brain

The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid (VPA) penetration into the central nervous system of cats were studied. VPA levels in cortical gray matter and plasma were measured at timed intervals after rapid intravenous drug infusion. Brain uptake of the drug was maximal at 1 min postinfusion and decayed rapidly with a mean elimination half-life of 41 min. After a rapid distribution phase, plasma VPA levels remained stable for 90 min. The brain:plasma ratio was maximal at 1 min and also declined rapidly. The volume of distribution was 0.125 1/kg. The small volume of distribution, low brain:plasma ratios and rapid clearance from brain indicate that VPA is not significantly bound in cerebral cortex after a single dose.
Emissions trading: an overview of the EPA policy statement

In this paper the authors examine the Emissions Trading Statement, announced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the spring of 1982. The Statement consolidates in a common currency, called the Emission Reduction Credit (ERC), the emission reductions achieved and used through current administrative procedures for the bubble, netting, offset, and banking programs. The Statement provides guidelines for air quality management regions to develop generic State Implementation Plan (SIP) provisions governing transactions in ERCS. Section 1 of this paper describes the existing regulatory implementation incentive structure for stationary source dischargers. In Section 2 a discussion is provided of the evolution of the Statement as a logical extension of administrative procedures already in limited use by the EPA. Policy issues that may limit the cost‐effectiveness of the proposed changes in the current regulatory implementation incentive structure are discussed in Section 3. The author's summary of findi...