cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Transient and Steady State Electricity Consumption in HVAC Using Learning-Based Model-Predictive Control

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are an important target for efficiency improvements through new equipment and retrofitting because of their large energy footprint. One type of equipment that is common in homes and some offices is an electrical, single-stage heat pump air conditioner (AC). To study this setup, we have built the Berkeley Retrofitted and Inexpensive HVAC Testbed for Energy Efficiency (BRITE) platform. This platform allows us to actuate an AC unit that controls the room temperature of a computer laboratory on the Berkeley campus that is actively used by students, while sensors record room temperature and AC energy consumption. We build a mathematical model of the temperature dynamics of the room, and combining this model with statistical methods allows us to compute the heating load due to occupants and equipment using only a single temperature sensor. Next, we implement a control strategy that uses learning-based model-predictive control (MPC) to learn and compensate for the amount of heating due to occupancy as it varies throughout the day and year. Experiments on BRITE show that our techniques result in a 30%-70% reduction in energy consumption as compared to two-position control, while still maintaining a comfortable room temperature. The energy savings are due to our control scheme compensating for varying occupancy, while considering the transient and steady state electrical consumption of the AC. Our techniques can likely be generalized to other HVAC systems while still maintaining these energy saving features.
Increased macrophage activation mediated through toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective Macrophages are the major source of inflammation mediators that are important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to analyze macrophages obtained from the joints of RA patients in order to characterize the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 and the responses to TLR ligation. Methods Cells were isolated from the synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients or patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Cell surface TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression and intracellular tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression by CD14+ macrophages were determined by flow cytometry. Peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used as ligands for TLR-2 and TLR-4, respectively. Results The expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 was increased on CD14+ macrophages from the joints of RA patients compared with that on control in vitro–differentiated macrophages or control peripheral blood monocytes. Neither TLR-2 expression nor TLR-4 expression differed between RA and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. However, PG- and LPS-induced TNFα expression and IL-8 expression were greater with RA SF macrophages than with those obtained from the joints of patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis or with control macrophages. PG-induced TNFα expression and IL-8 expression were highly correlated with TLR-2 expression in normal macrophages, but not with that in macrophages obtained from joints of RA patients or patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Conclusion TLR-2 and TLR-4 ligation resulted in increased activation of RA synovial macrophages compared with those from patients with other forms of inflammatory arthritis or compared with control macrophages. Factors other than the level of TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression contributed to the increased activation of RA SF macrophages. These observations support the notion of a potential role for activation through TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the inflammation and joint destruction of RA.
Long-run stock performance following stock repurchases

Abstract Studies examining long-term performance after stock repurchases provide mixed results. I point out two substantive problems in samplings of early studies. First, we should distinguish whether or not firms actually repurchase shares following announcements of repurchase programs. Second, as some firms frequently announce repurchase programs, we should consider overlapping announcements during the performance estimation period to avoid any confounding effects. Using a sample that corrects for these problems and the calendar portfolio regression method, I find strong evidence that firms that announce repurchase programs infrequently and repurchase shares actually experience significant long-term abnormal returns. These findings provide an explanation of why some previous studies failed to find significant positive long-term performance.
Biocarbon production from Hungarian sunflower shells.

Abstract The production of biodiesel and bioethanol fuels is often accompanied by the co-production of lignocellulosic “waste” byproducts. For example, the oil from sunflower seeds (that can be used to manufacture biodiesel fuel) has as “waste” co-products the sunflower shell and its stem. In this paper we examine the production of biocarbon (charcoal) from sunflower shells produced in Hungary. The conversion of these shells to biocarbon via the University of Hawaii's Flash CarbonizationTM process is efficient and very quick. An increase in reaction pressure from 1.27 to 2.17 MPa causes a reduction in reaction time that results in a significant increase in charcoal production and profitability. These findings justify further study of the benefits of charcoal production at pressures above 2 MPa.
Nonideal mixing of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine in the fluid lamellar phase

The mixing of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in fluid bilayer model membranes was studied by measuring binding of aqueous Ca2+ ions. The measured [Ca2+]aq was used to derive the activity coefficient for PS, gamma PS, in the lipid mixture. For (16:0, 18:1) PS in binary mixtures with either (16:0, 18:1)PC, (14:1, 14:1)PC, or (18:1, 18:1)PC, gamma PS > 1; i.e., mixing is nonideal, with PS and PC clustered rather than randomly distributed, despite the electrostatic repulsion between PS headgroups. To understand better this mixing behavior, Monte Carlo simulations of the PS/PC distributions were performed, using Kawasaki relaxation. The excess energy was divided into an electrostatic term Uel and one adjustable term including all other nonideal energy contributions, delta Em. Uel was calculated using a discrete charge theory. Kirkwood's coupling parameter method was used to calculate the excess free energy of mixing, delta GEmix, hence In gamma PS,calc. The values of In gamma PS,calc were equalized by adjusting delta Em in order to find the simulated PS/PC distribution that corresponded to the experimental results. We were thus able to compare the smeared charge calculation of [Ca2+]surf with a calculation ("masked evaluation method") that recognized clustering of the negatively charged PS: clustering was found to have a modest effect on [Ca2+]surf, relative to the smeared charge model. Even though both PS and PC tend to cluster, the long-range nature of the electrostatic repulsion reduces the extent of PS clustering at low PS mole fraction compared to PC clustering at an equivalent low PC mole fraction.
Overestimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Among Critically Ill Adults With Hospital-Acquired Oligoanuric Acute Kidney Injury.

Background:Medication use in the intensive care unit (ICU) depends on creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimates. Urine output deterioration may precede the creatinine rise resulting in delayed recognition of GFR reductions. Our objective was to quantify the disparity between estimated GFR (eGFR) and true GFR in ICU patients with hospital-acquired oligoanuric acute kidney injury (hAKI).Methods:This single-center cohort study examined adults who met the Acute Kidney Injury Network stage III urine output criterion ≥48 hours after ICU admission. True GFR was ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and eGFR was described by 6 different creatinine-based equations. True GFR and eGFR were compared on the day of hAKI diagnosis and followed for 4 days using multivariable linear regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for day and method.Results:Of the 691 patients screened, we enrolled 61 patients. After adjustment for multiple comparisons and day, there were significant differences in eGFR between...
Models and the improvement of teaching and learning

Abstract Bruce Joyce has been writing about models of teaching for over two decades. His book on this topic with Marcia Weil was initially published in 1975 and is in its fifth edition (Joyce and Weil, 1975; Joyce and Weil, 1996). Models of learning - tools for teaching is one of his most recent forays into this arena.
The magnetic pressure in cylindrical wires and rectangular rods, and the inverse pinch effect

The magnetic pressure in a cylindrical wire has been calculated for constant current, steady-state sinusoidal current, and the pulse current of an overdamped discharge. As previously shown by Haines (1959) for conductors carrying time-varying currents, an inverse current density distribution is produced corresponding to an `inverse skin effect'. Maninger (1959) and Haines predicted that the inverse skin effect also creates an inverse pinch effect, thereby producing an outer shell of magnetic tension in the wire. A quantitative analysis for a pulse current-carrying conductor shows that the inverse pinch effect becomes dominant over the normal pinch effect in later time instants of the current pulsing. The distribution of the magnetic pressure in a rectangular rod carrying a constant current has been calculated for different ratios of thickness and width. The validity of this solution for thin foils is discussed for the case of applied alternating currents.
Delineation of multiple subpopulations of natural killer cells in rhesus macaques

Natural killer (NK) cells in rhesus macaques have been variably defined as CD3- CD16+ or CD3- CD8+, although only limited efforts have been made to validate these definitions rigorously. To better understand the role of NK cells in macaque disease models, we undertook a multiparameter analysis of macaque NK cells employing four-colour flow cytometry and a panel of lineage-specific and non-lineage-specific lymphocyte markers. Using this approach, we identified two distinct populations of candidate NK cells: a major CD8bright CD16+ population and a minor CD8bright CD16- population. Further analysis of the major and minor NK cell populations revealed the expression of multiple markers characteristic of NK cells, including CD2, CD7, CD16, CD161, NKG2A and granzyme B. In addition, a CD56+ subset of cells within the minor rhesus NK population was identified which expressed chemokine and lymph node homing receptors similar to those expressed by the CD56bright NK cell population identified in humans. Cytolytic assays confirmed that the phenotypically defined rhesus NK cells lysed NK-susceptible target cells. Our observations support the existence of several distinct subpopulations of rhesus macaque NK cells, which have significant phenotypic and functional similarities to their human counterparts. These improved immunophenotypic definitions of macaque NK cells should facilitate future analysis of innate immune responses in rhesus macaques and the role of NK cells in AIDS pathogenesis in Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques.
A multicriteria framework with voxel-dependent parameters for radiotherapy treatment plan optimization

Purpose: To establish a new mathematical framework for radiotherapy treatment optimization with voxel-dependent optimization parameters. Methods: In the treatment plan optimization problem for radiotherapy, a clinically acceptable plan is usually generated by an optimization process with weighting factors or reference doses adjusted for a set of the objective functions associated to the organs. Recent discoveries indicate that adjusting parameters associated with each voxel may lead to better plan quality. However, it is still unclear regarding the mathematical reasons behind it. Furthermore, questions about the objective function selection and parameter adjustment to assure Pareto optimality as well as the relationship between the optimal solutions obtained from the organ-based and voxel-based models remain unanswered. To answer these questions, the authors establish in this work a new mathematical framework equipped with two theorems. Results: The new framework clarifies the different consequences of adjusting organ-dependent and voxel-dependent parameters for the treatment plan optimization of radiation therapy, as well as the impact of using different objective functions on plan qualities and Pareto surfaces. The main discoveries are threefold: (1) While in the organ-based model the selection of the objective function has an impact on the quality of the optimized plans, this is no longer an issue for the voxel-based model since the Pareto surface is independent of the objective function selection and the entire Pareto surface could be generated as long as the objective function satisfies certain mathematical conditions; (2) All Pareto solutions generated by the organ-based model with different objective functions are parts of a unique Pareto surface generated by the voxel-based model with any appropriate objective function; (3) A much larger Pareto surface is explored by adjusting voxel-dependent parameters than by adjusting organ-dependent parameters, possibly allowing for the generation of plans with better trade-offs among different clinical objectives. Conclusions: The authors have developed a mathematical framework for radiotherapy treatment optimization using voxel-based parameters. The authors can improve the plan quality by adjusting voxel-based weighting factors and exploring the unique and large Pareto surface which include all the Pareto surfaces that can be generated by organ-based model using different objective functions.
The Rheology of Lubricants at High Shear Rates

A modified torsional Kolsky bar is used to shear a thin annular layer of lubricant held between concentric cylinders. The shear rates obtained range from 4×10 3 to 4×10 4 s -1 ; the duration of the shear pulse is about 400 microseconds. The shear stress history and the corresponding shear-rate history are deduced using standard torsional Kolsky bar techniques. This experimental technique provides the capability of measuring the shear stresses sustained by fluids at very high shear rates, while the short test duration ensures a minimal rise in temperature due to the associated shear heating
WE‐D‐L100J‐09: Assessment of the Radiation Shielding for a Busy PET/CT Facility

Purpose: To verify the adequacy of shielding installed in a PET/CT facility and to validate the predictions of the computer program used to design it. Method and Materials:Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (Landauer, Glenwood, IL) were placed at various locations and integrated over three month intervals within a PET/CT facility containing two PET/CT scanners(GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI), two empty bays for expansion, and 16 patient uptake rooms. Software written by us was used to design the radiation shielding based upon high projected workloads in all four scanner bays. The software produces a two‐dimensional plot of weekly radiation dose superimposed on the facility floor plan. Typical lead thicknesses ranged from 10–25 cm (2–5 HVL at 511 keV). The facility was re‐analyzed using the current patient workload (32 patients/day, 18‐FDG radiopharmaceutical, 60 minute uptake, 30 minute scan) and the as‐built shielding thicknesses. A cluster of four dosimeters was deployed in one location to assess the inter‐dosimeter variation. Results: Measured (predicted) weekly mrem doses were 67(86) inside an uptake room, 25(14) and 43(13) inside the scanner rooms, 1(7) outside of the scanner rooms, 2.2(1.5) at a nursing station, 1.3(2) in a central hallway, and <0.1(<1) in the public areas adjacent to the clinic. The variation among the cluster of four essentially identically exposed dosimeters was 12%. Conclusion: Two‐dimensional dose maps help in visualizing the context of and explain the point measurements. In addition to the conservatism built into the program, x‐rays and variability in source locations (primarily dosed patients) may explain the discrepancies between the calculations and the measurements. At maximum workload the radiation dose levels within the uptake rooms would likely exceed the regulatory limit for occupational exposure. Movement of dosed patients within the facility constitutes a significant and complicated source of radiation that should be modeled for better accuracy.
Effects of omitting a covariate in Poisson models when the data are balanced

The authors show that for balanced data, the estimates of effects of interest and of their standard errors are unaffected when a covariate is removed from a multiplicative Poisson model. As they point out, this is not verified in the analogous linear model, nor in the logistic model. In the first case, only the estimated coefficients remain the same, while in the second case, both the estimated effects and their standard errors can change. Les auteurs montrent que dans un modele de Poisson multiplicatif equilibre, les estimations des effets et de leur erreur standard ne sont pas affectees par le retrait d'une variable exogene. Comme ils le soulignent, ceci n'est vrai ni dans le modele Iineaire analogue, ni dans le modele logistique. Dans le premier cas, seules les estimations des effets restent generalement les měs le deuxieme, toutes les estimations peuvent changer.
Women and children suffer most from exposure to coal smoke

The burning of coal and of biomass fuels such as wood, straw, and cow dung in conditions of poor ventilation increases the risk of lung cancer, a report from the International Agency for Research of Cancer concludes. The agency's report, from a meeting in October of 19 scientists from eight countries, says that frying at high temperatures—including stir frying, deep frying, and pan frying—also increases the risk of the disease, regardless of the type of cooking …
Study of the interlayer expansion mechanism and thermal–mechanical properties of surface-initiated epoxy nanocomposites

Abstract The exfoliation mechanism and thermal–mechanical properties of surface-initiated epoxy nanocomposites were studied. Time-resolved high-temperature X-ray diffraction, DSC, and isothermal rheological analyses revealed that the interlayer expansion mechanism might be separated into three stages. These stages relate to the initial interlayer expansion, the steady-state interlayer expansion, and the cessation of interlayer expansion. It was found that differences in the activation energies of interlayer expansion and of curing influence the final nanostructures of the materials. The thermal–mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Variations in ultimate properties were attributed to the formation of an interphase layer, where the interphase is hypothesized to be the epoxy matrix plasticized by surfactant chains.
The jxB gun

Summary form only given. The jxB gun is a radical modification of the railgun that could, in principle, avoid the velocity limitations of conventional railguns and would be particularly suitable for the acceleration of long, rod-shaped projectiles. The jxB gun may be regarded as a railgun in which the established concepts of augmentation, segmentation, and distributed energy storage are combined and taken to the limit. In the jxB gun a transverse magnetic field B is provided entirely by external coils and an orthogonal current j is provided from rails divided into segments that are much shorter than the length of the projectile, so that, at any time, the projectile is connected to, say, ten segments. Each segment is electrically isolated from its neighbors and is connected to a circuit consisting of a capacitor and an inductor. The circuit is closed by the head of the projectile entering the segment, eliminating the need for separate switches, and the discharge time of the circuit is arranged to be equal to the transit time of the projectile through the segment; this ensures that, except for resistive losses, all of the energy in the capacitor is converted into kinetic energy of the projectile and that the current is zero when the circuit is broken. Since all the capacitors behind the projectile are discharged, the formation of secondary plasma armatures is inhibited.
Photoemission from single crystals of EuBa2Cu3O7-x cleaved below 20 K: Temperature-dependent oxygen loss.

The first low-temperature photoemission spectra from well-oxygenated and characterized, cleaved single crystals of the 1:2:3-type superconductors, specifically $\mathrm{Eu}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$, are presented. In contrast with polycrystalline or higher-temperature single-crystalline studies, a distinct and very stable density of states is found at the Fermi edge below 20 K. As the crystal is warmed even to 80 K the emission is rapidly lost from both the upper and lower portions of the Cu-O hybrids. At room temperature there is a loss of intensity at the Fermi edge with an accompanying change in the Ba $4d$ core-level line shape and the presence of a charging effect indicative of an insulating surface. These results imply that upon warming from 20 K there is very rapid oxygen loss from the cleaved surface with a resulting loss of superconducting behavior. This suggests that future photoemission experiments, especially those investigating detailed band structure, should be performed at low temperatures.
Treatment for youth in short-term care facilities: The impact of a comprehensive behavior management intervention

We describe a comprehensive program to train emergency shelter staff in effective methods for dealing with youth who have behavioral and emotional problems; assess the degree to which staff implemented the treatment approach; measure the impact of the intervention on shelter-wide incidents such as out-of-control behavior, runaways, and violence against other youth; and examine pre-post changes in staff experiences at the shelter via anonymous surveys. Overall, the short-term shelter staff indicated adequate implementation of the intervention. The rate of youth incidents at the shelter significantly declined from pre to post assessment. Direct-care staff ratings of their satisfaction with their proficiency in behavior management and teaching youth skills increased significantly from pre to post implementation. These findings suggest that it is feasible to deliver an effective staff-training program to improve the behavior management and social skills of youth residing in short-term care facilities within the child welfare system.
THE TOPOLOGICAL CHANGES OF SOLAR CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS. II. THE RECLOSING OF AN OPENED FIELD

This is a study of the spontaneous formation of current sheets responding to the closing of an opened magnetic field by resistive reconnection in an electrically, highly conducting atmosphere outside a unit sphere. Pairs of initial-final equilibrium states are calculated explicitly, taking the field to be composed of three systems of untwisted flux in both states. In the initial state, two of the three flux systems are closed potential fields whereas the third system contains an equilibrium current sheet that keeps the potential fields on its two sides globally open. The final state is an everywhere potential field, with all three flux systems closed, produced by the resistive dissipation of the current sheet in the initial state. The unit sphere is taken to be a rigid, perfectly conducting wall during reconnection, so that the normal flux distribution is unchanged on the unit sphere. Field solutions subject to this unchanging boundary condition are obtained with and without the assumption of axisymmetry. The mathematical model has been designed to show that the topological changes produced by the current-sheet dissipation are simple under axisymmetry but radically different in the absence of axisymmetry, a fundamental point established in the first paper of this series. In the general case, the topological changes imply that other current sheets must have formed. Some of these current sheets form on the separatrix flux surfaces of the multipolar field. Others form throughout the closed-flux systems induced by volumetric changes. The opening and reclosing of magnetic fields during a solar coronal mass ejection may produce a multitude of current sheets not previously anticipated in the current understanding of this phenomenon. Basic to this study is a general topological property of magnetic flux tubes treated separately in the Appendix.
Modeling government behavior in collective bargaining: A test for self-interested bureaucrats*

This paper tests for self-interested behavior by local-government bureaucrats engaged in collective bargaining with public employee unions. A theoretical model is developed that shows the effect of Niskanen-style bureaucratic self-interest in the two standard bargaining models: the demand-constrained model and the efficient-bargain model. These predictions are then tested using national cross-section data on unionized police, fire, and sanitation workers.
Effect of inhomogeneities on spiral wave dynamics in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

We examine the effects of controlled, slowly varying spatial inhomogeneities on spiral wave dynamics in the light sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky chemical reaction-diffusion system. We measure the speed of the grain boundary that separates two spirals, the speed of the lower frequency spiral being swept away by the grain boundary, and the speed of the slow drift of the highest frequency spiral. The grain boundary speeds are shown to be related to the frequency of rotation and wave number of the spiral pattern, as predicted from analysis of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation [M. Hendrey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 859 (1999); Phys. Rev. E 61, 4943 (2000)].
Stress-induced warpage and the compensation in a composite microaccelerometer

Mechanical modeling and analysis have been carried out for a fabricated micro-accelerometer. The sensor is designed with composite polysilicon/silicon nitride tether arms to provide a net overall tensile state. The stress distribution in both polysilicon and silicon nitride films, and the resulting structural deformation, have been calculated. Both experimental results and finite element analysis (FEA) of the complete sensor structure show that a consistent upward deflection of the tether structure exists, which causes an off-set of the suspended poly plate and results in yield loss and sensor performance degradation. This phenomenon is explained by designing, fabricating, and testing two cantilever beams with cross-sections similar to the actual tether structure. Depending on the beam's cross-section dimensions, all the cantilever samples also exhibit upward deflection to varying degrees. Theoretical analysis and FEA simulation are conducted for the cantilever beams, and the results compared with experimental data. An analytical formula is provided to optimize the composite polysilicon/silicon-nitride tether geometry to minimize or eliminate the undesirable stress-induced deflection.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Civic Theater for Civic Education

ABSTRACT This study illustrates the special value of theater for conducting civic education. It begins by identifying the features of good citizenship in the United States. Citizenship in America includes rights, interests, affections, duties, and virtues. We focus on one duty, civic respect, and the virtue most necessary to meet that duty—civic attention. Unless citizens pay respectful attention to one another, some will be left in civic bondage—voiceless in the political community or consigned to second-class citizenship. One remedy to the problem of civic bondage is civic education that teaches civic respect through civic attention. We argue that two basic pedagogical strategies are required to teach civic attention: (1) civic hermeneutics (interpreting other citizens with the aim of granting them civic respect) and (2) civic staging (organizing public space to allow citizens to better communicate). We then argue that theater—including classical and experimental varieties—is especially valuable for tea...
Water heat pipe blackbody as a reference spectral radiance source between 50°C and 250°C

Realization of a radiometric temperature scale for near ambient temperatures with accuracy at the 20 to 50 mK level is crucial for a number of demanding military and commercial applications. In support of such measurements, radiation sources with high stability and spatial uniformity must be developed as reference and working standards. Traditionally, the temperature scale, maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), relies on water bath and oil bath blackbodies in this temperature range. Recently, a water heat pipe blackbody was used at NIST as a spectral radiance source in a spectral emissivity measurement facility. Now a new, more versatile high emissivity water heat pipe blackbody was designed and characterized to be used as a reference radiance source for the radiometric temperature scale realization between 50 °C and 250 °C. Furthermore, it will serve as a reference source for the infrared spectral radiance measurements between 2.5 μm and 20 μm. The calculated spectral emissivity of the painted copper alloy cavity was verified by reflectance measurements using a CO2 laser at 10.6 μm wavelength. The spatial thermal uniformity and stability of the blackbody were characterized. Two independent realizations of the radiometric temperature scale were compared in order to verify the accuracy of the scale. Radiance temperature, calculated from the cavity temperature measured with a calibrated PRT contact thermometer and from the emissivity of the cavity, was compared to the radiance temperature, directly measured with a reference pyrometer, which was calibrated with a set of fixed point blackbodies. The difference was found to be within measurement uncertainties.
Indoctrination, Coercion and Freedom of Will

Manipulation by another person often undermines freedom. To explain this, a distinction is drawn between two forms of manipulation: indoctrination is defined as causing another person to respond to reasons in a pattern that serves the manipulator's ends; coercion as supplying another person with reasons that, given the pattern in which he responds to reasons, lead him to act in ways that serve the manipulator's ends. It is argued that both forms of manipulation undermine freedom because manipulators track the compliance of their victims, while neutral causal mechanisms do not. Manipulators see to it that their victims comply even in the face of forces that threaten to derail them from the manipulator's desired course. It is suggested that this has an impact on freedom because part of what we desire in wanting to be free is the availability of forms of life very different from those we actually enjoy.
Scale Analysis of Combined Thermal Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer

Simple order-of-magnitude relationships predicting heat transfer in limiting cases of combined convection and radiation problems in boundary layer flows are found using the method of scale analysis. Key nondimensional groups are developed that help identify the fundamental interactions between thermal radiation and convection modes of heat transfer for two cases of laminar, two-dimensional convection heat transfer from a semi-infinite vertical wall. The first case is that of heat transfer from a gray wall with a specified heat flux to a surrounding non-participating medium and considers both forced and natural convection effects. The second case is that of heat transfer from a black wall with a specified temperature to an optically thick, gray, nonscattering medium and considers forced, natural, and mixed convection effects. The scale analysis results are presented in terms of the local Nusselt number. They include closed form expressions for order-of-magnitude estimates of the heat transfer rate, and dimensionless parameters that indicate the dominant mode of heat transfer and correlate experimental data well
Solid-State Packing of Conjugated Oligomers: From π-Stacks to the Herringbone Structure

The solid-state structures of a series of bithiazole and thiophene oligomers, as well as a series of substituted pentacenes, are rationalized in terms of "pitch and roll" inclinations from an "ideal" cofacial pi-stack. Pitch inclinations translate adjacent molecules relative to one another in the direction of the long molecular axis, whereas roll inclinations translate the molecules along the short molecular axis. Thus, moderately large pitch distortions preserve pi-pi interactions between adjacent molecules, whereas roll translations greater than 2.5 A essentially destroy pi-pi overlap between adjacent molecules. The familiar herringbone packing is characterized by large roll distortions. It is shown that thiophenes tend to exhibit large roll translations, whereas thiazoles have small roll but large pitch translations. Substituted pentacenes tend to have both moderate pitch and roll distances. The relationship of molecular packing to transport properties is discussed.
Germline mutations in PTEN and SDHC in a woman with epithelial thyroid cancer and carotid paraganglioma.

Germline mutations inPTEN result in the uncommon Cowden Syndrome. Heterozygous mutations of SDH B, C and D are associated with the hereditary pheochromocytoma–paraganglioma syndrome. Zbuk et al. present the first-reported case of a woman with both PTEN and SDHCmutations, which resulted in multiple neoplasias. The authors highlight the need for predictive genetic tests and close clinical surveillance of patients with suspected Cowden or pheochromocytoma–paraganglioma syndromes. Background A 43-year-old woman presented to a cancer genetics clinic for a genetic risk assessment because of her personal history of multiple neoplasias. At 37 years of age, she was diagnosed with multifocal papillary thyroid cancer, and within a year was further diagnosed with a paraganglioma of the left common carotid artery. Two years later, she was diagnosed with a paraganglioma of the right carotid body. All three tumors were treated with surgical resection. There was no family history of malignancy. Past medical history includes uterine leiomyoma and fibrocystic breast disease. Physical examination revealed macrocephaly and papillomatous papules. Investigations CT scan of the neck and thorax, 24-hour urine collection for measurement of metanephrines and catecholamines, MRI of the neck, thorax, and abdomen, metaiodobenzylguanidine scan, germline mutation analysis of PTEN, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. Diagnosis Cowden syndrome due to a germline mutation of PTEN, and pheochromocytoma–paraganglioma syndrome due to a germline mutation of SDHC. Management Clinical surveillance for breast, endometrial, thyroid, and renal cell carcinoma risks associated with Cowden syndrome according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, annual MRI of the neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis, annual metabolic screening, and where available, annual 18-fluorodopamine PET scanning, predictive genetic testing of both PTEN and SDHC for the patient's daughter and parents.
Verification and validation: some approaches and paradigms for verifying and validating simulation models

In this paper we discuss verification and validation of simulation models. The different approaches to deciding model validity are described, two different paradigms that relate verification and validation to the model development process are presented, the use of graphical data statistical references for operational validity is discussed, and a recommended procedure for model validation is given.
Gender differences in neurological emergencies part II: a consensus summary and research agenda on traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. There is strong evidence that gender and sex play an important role across the spectrum of TBI, from pathophysiology to clinical care. In May 2014, Academic Emergency Medicine held a consensus conference “Gender-Specific Research in Emergency Care: Investigate, Understand, and Translate How Gender Affects Patient Outcomes.” A TBI working group was formed to explore what was known about the influence of sex and gender on TBI and to identify gaps for future research. The findings resulted in four major recommendations to guide the TBI research agenda.
Chemical alteration of crude oils during simulated migration through quartz and clay minerals

Abstract It was previously reported (Bonilla and Engel, Org. Geochem. 10 , 181–190, 1986) that laboratory simulated crude oil migration through clean quartz sands resulted in a redistribution of the saturate hydrocarbon fraction in favor of the lower molecular weight n -alkane components with increasing migration distance. This redistribution resulted in a depletion of carbon-13 in the saturate fraction. Similar isotope depletion effects were also observed for the NSO and asphaltene fractions of crude oils with increasing migration distance. In the present study, crude oils were passed through high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) columns packed with water wet sands and varying percent compositions of montmorillonite. A redistribution of the C 15+ aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction in favor of the lower molecular weight components and a depletion of the δ 13 C values for the saturate and polar fractions appear to become accentuated by the presence of clay in the mineral phase. Whereas the δ 13 C values of the aromatic fractions of oils remained constant during simulated migration, preliminary results indicate that changes in the distribution of methylphenanthrene isomers of the aromatic fraction may occur with increasing migration distance.
Squeezing in harmonic oscillators with time-dependent frequencies.

It is shown that squeezing will inevitably be generated in a harmonic oscillator with time-dependent frequency for any nonvanishing rate of frequency change, sudden or smooth. The general form of the time-dependent transition probabilities among the eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian is obtained with an exact operator approach. Results for the case of a sudden frequency jump are explicitly given as an illustration. It is also pointed out that to generate squeezing in a harmonic oscillator, the Hamiltonian does not have to be a unitary squeeze transformation of the free Hamiltonian.
Evacuations due to off-site releases from chemical accidents: experience from 1980 to 1984

Abstract This paper describes research to document the frequency and cause of evacuations associated with chemical accidents from 1980 through 1984. A data base describing each accident was constructed from wire service accounts of the accidents. Using this data, a profile of evacuations is developed. During the time period studied nearly 300 evacuations took place. The average size of an evacuation was 1000 people and the largest involved 30,000 evacuees. The most frequent cause of evacuations were industrial accidents followed by train derailments. For every 1000 people who evacuated, eight were injured by exposure to chemicals. Injury occurred in 25 percent of the evacuations. No injuries from the act of evacuating per se were found. Over the five-year period the yearly total of evacuations fluctuated mildly, however, the number due to industrial accidents rose steadily.
Antibody Responses during Hepatitis B Viral Infection

Hepatitis B is a DNA virus that infects liver cells and can cause both acute and chronic disease. It is believed that both viral and host factors are responsible for determining whether the infection is cleared or becomes chronic. Here we investigate the mechanism of protection by developing a mathematical model of the antibody response following hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We fitted the model to data from seven infected adults identified during acute infection and determined the ability of the virus to escape neutralization through overproduction of non-infectious subviral particles, which have HBs proteins on their surface, but do not contain nucleocapsid protein and viral nucleic acids. We showed that viral clearance can be achieved for high anti-HBV antibody levels, as in vaccinated individuals, when: (1) the rate of synthesis of hepatitis B subviral particles is slow; (2) the rate of synthesis of hepatitis B subviral particles is high but either anti-HBV antibody production is fast, the antibody affinity is high, or the levels of pre-existent HBV-specific antibody at the time of infection are high, as could be attained by vaccination. We further showed that viral clearance can be achieved for low equilibrium anti-HBV antibody levels, as in unvaccinated individuals, when a strong cellular immune response controls early infection.
Epitaxial growth of aluminum on permalloy

Abstract The epitaxial growth of aluminum [111] by sputtering deposition on Ni 80 Fe 20 [111] has been demonstrated, despite the large 12.2% lattice mismatch in this system. The absence of high angle grain boundaries in epitaxial films would lead to thinner, smoother and more uniform barrier layers in spin-dependent tunneling junctions. The strain evolution was monitored by in-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and grazing incidence X-ray scattering diffraction was used to verify the epitaxial growth. The aluminum film after natural oxidation was extremely smooth, with an rms roughness of 0.2 nm as measured by atomic force microscopy.
On keys and normal forms

In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) relation scheme to be in Fourth Normal Form (4NF). We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for a 4NF relation scheme to be in Projection-Join Normal Form (PJNF). From these results, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for a BCNF relation scheme to be in PJNF. In addition, we give a less stringent condition for a Third Normal Form (3NF) relation scheme to be in BCNF. Finally, we show that our theorems generalize the results by Date and Fagin (1992).
Characterization Of Titanium Diffusion During Fabrication Of LiNbO 3 Optical Waveguides Using Analytical Electron Microscopy

Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) has been used to characterize the microstructural evolution of thermally evaporated Ti films on single-crystal LiNbO3 substrates. The microstructural evolution exhibits three primary stages: Ti oxidation which is initially observed at 370°C and is essentially complete by ~500°C; formation of a two-phase microstructure of TiO2 and LiNb3O8 at ~800°C which grows epitaxially with respect to the LiNbO3 substrate; eventual diffusion of both phases occurs at 1000°C to leave only a Ti:LiNbO3 solid solution.
Doubly Curved Anisotropic Sandwich Panels: Modeling and Free Vibration

Problems related with the modeling and behavior in free vibration of doubly curved sandwich panels with laminated face sheets are developed in this paper. Implications of anisotropy and stacking sequence of face sheets as well as of transverse orthotropy of the core on the free vibration behavior are highlighted. Other parameters, mainly geometrical ones, are also considered in the numerical simulations, and their implications on the vibrational behavior are put into evidence. Because of the absence of similar results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to fill a gap in the state of the art of this problem and provide pertinent results that are instrumental in the design of advanced sandwich shells.
Optimal 3-D Landmark Placement for Vehicle Localization Using Heterogeneous Sensors

Optimal placement of sensors or landmarks for the localization of an autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) based on range measurements is considered. The optimization relies on the Fisher information matrix (FIM). A closed-form expression of the FIM determinant is obtained for 2-D and 3-D spaces, considering heterogeneous sensors and distance-dependent ranging errors. Analytical bounds on the FIM determinant are derived, and several optimal landmark placement expressions for specific scenarios using two groups of landmarks are given. A minimax formulation for the optimal landmark placement is proposed and iteratively solved using exponential smoothing. There are several key features integrated into the proposed approach. These include 1) averaging of the cost function over elementary regions of the AGV search space to include the effect of the whole search space, 2) using a projected gradient search to stay within the boundaries of the landmark search space, and 3) searching on a convex space for placing the landmarks. Convergence issues of the proposed algorithm are discussed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed optimal landmark placement enables accurate AGV localization over significantly large volume or area of the search space compared with the case when landmarks are randomly placed.
Race as a predictor of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of race on the results of a standardized evaluation of urinary incontinence and prolapse in African Americans and Caucasians. Study Design: This was an analysis of 183 African Americans and 132 Caucasians referred consecutively for symptoms associated with urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, or both. Results: Genuine stress incontinence, detrusor instability, mixed incontinence, or other condition was diagnosed in 22%, 30%, 16%, and 32% of the African-American subjects, respectively, compared with 46%, 13%, 11%, and 31% of the Caucasian subjects ( P =.001). There was no significant racial difference in the presence or severity of pelvic organ prolapse. With the use of stepwise logistic regression to compare risk factors for incontinence, Caucasian race was the most significant predictor of genuine stress incontinence (odds ratio 2.21; 95% confidence interval 1.31-3.73), and African-American race was the only significant predictor of detrusor instability (odds ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.45-4.80). Conclusion: Risk factors for and conditions of urinary incontinence differed significantly between African-American and Caucasian women in this population. Racial differences in risk factors and in prevalence of incontinence subtypes may have importance for the diagnosis and prevention of urinary incontinence. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:116-120.)
Impact of propene on secondary organic aerosol formation from m-xylene

Propene is widely used in smog chamber experiments to increase the hydroxyl radical (OH) level based on the assumption that the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from parent hydrocarbon is unaffected. A series ofm-xylene/NOx photooxidation experiments were conducted in the presence of propene in the University of California CECERT atmospheric chamber facility. The experimental data are compared with previousm-xylene/NOx photooxidation work performed in the same chamber facility in the absence of propene (Song et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 3143-3149). The result shows that, for similar initial conditions, experiments with propene have lower reaction rates of m-xylene than those without propene, which indicates that propene reduces OH in the system. Furthermore, experiments with propene showed more than 15% reduction in SOA yield compared to experiments in the absence of propene. Additional experiments ofm-xylene/NOx with CO showed similar trends of suppressing OH and SOA formation. These results indicate that SOA from m-xylene/NOx photooxidation is strongly dependent on the OH level present, which provides evidence for the critical role of OH in SOA formation from aromatic hydrocarbons.
New Twist on a Classic Tool: Using a Journal as a Technique for Organizing Therapy with Young Children

Whether as a means toward creating new “self-stories” or gradually increasing exposure to upsetting memories, journaling as therapeutic tool enjoys wide use across theoretical perspectives, from co...