cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock‐metamorphic petrography and microRaman spectroscopy of quartz in upper impactite interval, ICDP drill core LB‐07A, Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana

Standard and universal stage optical microscope and microRaman spectroscopic examination of quartz from the upper impactite interval of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Lake Bosumtwi crater drill core LB-07A demonstrates widespread but heterogeneous evidence of shock metamorphism. In the upper impactite, which comprises interbedded polymict lithic breccia and suevite from a drilling depth of 333.4-415.7 m, quartz occurs as a major component within metasedimentary lithic clasts and as abundant, isolated, single-crystal grains within matrix. The noted quartz shock-metamorphic features include phenomena related to a) deformation, such as abundant planar microstructures, grain mosaicism, and reduced birefringence; b) phase transformations, such as rare diaplectic quartz glass and very rare coesite; c) melting, such as isolated, colorless to dark, glassy and devitrified vesicular melt grains; and d) secondary, post-shock features such as abundant, variable decoration of planar microstructures and patchy grain toasting. Common to abundant planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz are dominated by ω{1013 }-equivalent crystallographic planes, although significant percentages of π{1012} and π other higher index orientations also occur; notably, c(0001) planes are rare. Significantly, the quartz PDF orientations match most closely those reported elsewhere from strongly shocked, crystalline-target impactites. Barometry estimates based on quartz alteration in the upper impactite indicate that shock pressures in excess of 20 GPa were widely reached; pressures exceeding 40-45 GPa were more rare. The relatively high abundances of decorated planar microstructures and grain toasting in shocked quartz, together with the nature and distribution of melt within suevite, suggest a water- or volatile-rich target for the Bosumtwi impact event.
Unified model of the smectic- A , nematic, and isotropic phases for bulk, interfaces, and thin films: Bulk

A lattice model for three liquid crystalline phases is presented and solved in the mean-field approximation. Numerical results are obtained for the bulk phases. We find isotropic, nematic, and smectic-$A$ phases, with the possibility of nematic-isotropic, smectic-$A$---isotropic, and nematic-smectic-$A$ (NS) transitions. The NS transition can be first or second order, depending upon the choice of molecular potential. Examples modeling the materials octyl-oxycyanobiphenyl (8OCB) and cholersteryl myristate are considered.
Cone structure and visual pigment content in the retina of the goldfish

Abstract Histologic examination of the retina in comet goldfish 11 cm long (nose to base of tail) reveals at least six distinct varieties of cones. Unequal double cones (DC) comprise long (LD) and short (SD) members which differ in form as well as length. Long single (LS) cones are similar in length and form to SD cones. Although evidence indicates that there are two subpopulations of LS cones, normally they are structurally indistinguishable. Short single (SS) cones have short, broad outer segments and ellipsoids and virtually no myoids. Miniature long single (MLS) cones have the same shape as LS cones, but they are shorter and more slender and their nuclei project farther into the outer nuclear layer. Miniature short single (MSS) cones have the same shape as SS cones, but they are shorter and more slender and their nuclei are found with those of MLS cones. The average cone densities, relative to SS = 1.0 , are: DC (pairs) ≅ 2.0 , LS (total) ≅ 1.4–2.0 , MSS ≅ 0.4–0.8 , and MLS . The form, dimensions, and densities of cones do not vary systematically with location in the retina. An irregular mosaic is discernible. In the fundus, this is fundamentally a rhombic array of SS cones separated by 20–28 μm ( 1000–2500 SS/mm 2 ). Double cones form the sides of rhombi whose centers are occupied by SS cones. MSS cones lie at the corners of the rhombi, while LS cones are scattered. The location of MLS cones in the mosaic has not been determined. In the far periphery the double cones form rows instead of rhombi, but otherwise the mosaic is the same. Microspectrophotometric measurement of visual pigments, accompanied by microscopic identification of the cones containing them, reveals a strong correlation between structure (cone type) and function (visual pigment). The LD and some LS cones contain the red-sensitive pigment ( λ max ≅ 625nm ). The SD and other LS cones contain the green-sensitive pigment ( λ max ≅ 530nm ). The probable ratio of LS (red):LS (green) ≅ 2:1 . The SS cones contain the blue-sensitive pigment ( λ max ≅ 455nm ). The pigment contained in the MSS and MLS cones has not been determined.
Tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine immunosuppression: results in advanced-stage disease compared with historical controls treated exclusively with cyclosporine.

Abstract A phase HI comparative trial of tacrolimus- vs. cyclosporine-based graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation showed less GVHD but poorer survival in the tacrolimus arm. To test the comparability of the two treatment arms with respect to baseline survival prognosis, a matched control study using exclusively cyclosporine-treated patients from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) database was performed. Controls were matched (2:1) based on age (within 5 years), disease, and pretransplant disease status. Two-year survival for tacrolimus-treated clinical trial patients was similar to that of their cyclosporine-treated matched controls (27 and 24%, respectively), and 2-year survival of the cyclosporine-treated clinical trial patients was similar to that of their cyclosporine-treated matched IBMTR controls (42 and 45%, respectively). Consistent with the clinical trial results, the cyclosporine-treated IBMTR controls matched to the tacrolimus group had significantly poorer 2-year survival than the cyclosporine-treated IBMTR controls matched to the cyclosporine group (24 and 45%, respectively; p Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5(3):180-6.
Environment-assisted invariance, entanglement, and probabilities in quantum physics.

I introduce environment-assisted invariance or envariance---a symmetry exhibited by correlated quantum systems and related to causality---and describe how it can be used to understand the nature of ignorance and, hence, the origin and interpretation of Born's rule for quantum probabilities.
Uncoupling of hamster brown adipose and liver mitochondria by 2-azido-4-nitrophenol and binding properties of the reagent

Abstract The response of brown adipose and liver mitochondria from the cold-acclimated hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) to the synthetic uncoupler 2-azido-4-nitrophenol has been measured. Brown adipose mitochondria are more readily uncoupled than liver mitochondria. Binding of 2-azido-4-nitrophenol to either kind of mitochondria is competitively inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, by palmitic acid, and by the trifluoromethylphenylhydrazone of carbonyl cyanide. Separate experiments indicated that the number of high-affinity binding sites is approximately the same for either kind of mitochondria; hence it was concluded that observed differences in binding are due to dissimilar dissociation constants of the uncoupler. Brown adipose mitochondria bind 2-azido-4-nitrophenol less tightly than liver mitochondria, but this difference is probably due to the effect of residual long-chain fatty acids which cannot readily be removed. A convenient synthesis of 2-azido-4-nitrophenol is described, along with a method for tritiation of the reagent.
A concept of wide-aperture omnidirectional isolation based on metal-dielectric magneto-photonic structures

We show that properly designed layered structure involving cobalt nanolayers can act as a wide-aperture isolator transmitting light in a single direction. Oppositely incident is reflected back to space regardless of polarization, or incident angle.
Catecholamine neurons in the brain stem of tree shrew (Tupaia).

Abstract Glyoxylic acid-paraformaldehyde-induced histofluorescence was used to determine locations of catecholamine-containing neurons in the brain stem of Tupaia . Fluorescent cells in the medulla were located ventrolaterally in association with the lateral reticular nucleus; another group was found dorsolateral to the hypoglossal nucleus and extended laterally toward the solitary nucleus. In the pons, fluorescent cells were found in locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and in association with the superior olivary nucleus. At caudal midbrain levels, catecholamine neurons were seen within the reticular formation and in association with the dorsal raphe nucleus, while more rostrally fluorescent neurons were located in substantia nigra, ventrla tegmental area, among root fibers of the oculomotor nerve and in periaqueductal gray. The locations of catecholamine-containing neurons in tree shrew conform to the general mammalian pattern. Additionally, tree shrew has catecholamine neurons in the rostral mesencephalic periaqueductal gray as described in rat, opossum, rabbit and some primate; catecholamine neurons are also associated with the dorsal raphe nucleus in Tupaia , a finding previously reported only in primates.
Medical complications of ischemic stroke and length of hospital stay: experience in Seattle, Washington.

Abstract Background: Medical complications of ischemic stroke can increase length of hospital stay (LOS). Stroke clinical pathways aim to reduce costs by decreasing LOS through standardization of care and avoidance of complications. Materials and Methods: Using a population-based, state-mandated, hospital discharge database, we sought to analyze the effects of common medical complications of incident ischemic stroke on LOS in Seattle, Washington from 1990 to 1994. All nonstroke medical complications listed in the discharge diagnoses with a 5% or greater frequency were entered with age and gender into linear regression models. LOS was the dependent variable. Results: The inclusion criteria was met by 4,757 hospitalizations. Congestive heart failure (9.5%), urinary tract infection (9.3%), pneumonia (7.1%), age (mean, 75), and gender (57% female) were all entered into the linear regression models. The presence of congestive heart failure was associated with an increased LOS of 24% (15% to 33%), urinary tract infection of 41% (31% to 51%), and pneumonia of 52% (40% to 65%). Multiplying the increases in LOS by the prevalence of the complications led to estimated LOS savings of 9.8% (7.1% to 12.4%). Pneumonia was associated with an odds ratio of 3.7 (2.8 to 4.8), congestive heart failure 2.0 (1.5 to 2.6), and urinary tract infection 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) for hospital fatality. Conclusions: Each complication was associated with large and significant increases in the LOS. The potential LOS savings in these patients may be 10%, if all such complications could be avoided. Associations with increased LOS and risk of in-hospital death indicate a strong need to continue to avoid such medical complications of ischemic stroke.
Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy

Coagulopathy is the inability of blood to coagulate normally; in trauma patients, it is a multifactorial and complex process. Seriously injured trauma patients experience coagulopathies during the acute injury phase. Risk factors for trauma-induced coagulopathy include hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, hypoperfusion, hemodilution, and fluid replacement. In addition to the coagulopathy induced by trauma, many patients may also be taking medications that interfere with hemostasis. Therefore, medication-induced coagulopathy also is a concern. Traditional laboratory-based methods of assessing coagulation are being supported or even replaced by point-of-care tests. The evidence-based management of trauma-induced coagulopathy should address hypothermia, fluid resuscitation, blood components administration, and, if needed, medications to reverse identified coagulation disorders.
[15N]LYSINE METABOLISM IN HYPOGLYCIN-TREATED RATS: EVIDENCE FOR THE SACCHAROPINE PATHWAY AS THE MAJOR PATHWAY IN VIVO

[15N]LYSINE METABOLISM IN HYPOGLYCIN-TREATED RATS: EVIDENCE FOR THE SACCHAROPINE PATHWAY AS THE MAJOR PATHWAY IN VIVO
Dynamite in the EKC tunnel? Inconsistencies in resource stock analysis under the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis

Recent studies incorporating consumption into the relationship between GDP and conservation increasingly reveal that economic prosperity does not lead to improvements in environmental quality, even in cases where rich countries may appear to protect a greater proportion of their domestic resources. This study reinforces those findings for forest and species conservation across two groups of countries. Additionally, through explicit comparison with two previous EKC studies, I enable an illustration of precisely how EKC results are affected by the incorporation of consumption and highlight persistent problems with EKC analyses. Despite general linear modeling results showing that wealthy countries drive deforestation in poorer countries through the import of forest resources, EKC analyses can still indicate improvements in conservation for wealthier countries. Such contradictions suggest that recent methodological improvements to the EKC cannot guarantee the validity of evidence from EKC analyses. Poor quality of resource stocks data, the restrictive time scales that can be examined with those data, and the lack of consistent results across different groups of countries all speak to continued inadequacies of the EKC hypothesis and the need to focus on approaches that address actual behavior patterns exhibited by different income groups.
Dietary Habits and Social Interactions Affect Choice of Feeding Location by Sheep

Abstract Individuals often occur in subgroups that differ in their choice of forage and habitat, even within the same environment. Different foods occur in disparate locations and thus differences in dietary habits could provide one explanation for the formation of subgroups and their use of the environment. In addition, subgroups may form as a result of social interactions. We conducted experiments to study the effects of food preference and social interactions on choice of feeding location by lambs. In 1992, 12 lambs that had been reared together were separated into two groups of six lambs. Groups were conditioned to prefer one of two grains, either milo ( Sorghum bicolor ) or wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) by feeding milo or wheat for 14 days. Lambs were conditioned to avoid the other grain by following its ingestion with a mild dose of the toxin lithium chloride (LiCl) on 3 consecutive days. During testing, milo and wheat were placed at opposite ends of a 0.25 ha pasture. Lambs were first allowed to feed as groups consisting of three lambs that preferred milo and three lambs that preferred wheat, and then allowed to feed as groups in which one lamb preferred milo with three lambs that preferred wheat, and vice versa. Under both conditions, lambs always foraged on their preferred food, even when the locations of the foods were switched. In 1993, we repeated the study from 1992 in a larger pasture (1 ha) and without the use of LiCl. Lambs were reared in three different groups and fed either milo (Group 1), wheat (Group 2), or half of the lambs were fed milo and the other half were fed wheat (Group 3) for 4 months to condition a preference for either milo or wheat. When we combined lambs that preferred milo from Group 1 with lambs that preferred wheat from Group 2 to form subgroups of strangers, lambs fed in different locations. Conversely, social interactions and food preferences both affected choice of foraging location when lambs were reared together (companions). For instance, some lambs that preferred wheat grazed in the vicinity while peers ate milo, whereas lambs that preferred milo grazed in the vicinity while peers ate wheat. In other cases, one or two lambs separated from the rest of the group and ate their preferred grain. We conclude that food preference had a primary influence on choice of foraging location when lambs were reared separately (strangers) and preferred different foods. Food preferences and social interactions both influenced choice of foraging location for companions unless animals were made averse to one of the foods with LiCl, in which case dietary preferences overrode social influences.
Characteristics of women with ovarian carcinoma who have BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations not identified by clinical testing

Abstract Objectives Few studies have comprehensively tested all ovarian cancer patients for BRCA1 and BRCA2 ( BRCA1 / 2 ) mutations. We sought to determine if clinically identified mutation carriers differed in clinical characteristics and outcomes from mutation carriers not identified during routine clinical care. Methods We included women with ovarian, tubal or peritoneal carcinoma. BROCA, an assay using targeted capture and massively parallel sequencing was used to identify mutations in BRCA1 / 2 and 19 other tumor suppressor genes. We identified subjects with BRCA1 / 2 mutations using BROCA that had not previously received standard genetic testing (BROCA, n =37) and compared them to subjects with BRCA1 / 2 mutations identified during routine clinical care (known, n =70), and to those wildtype for 21 genes using BROCA (wildtype, n =291). Results BROCA mutation carriers were older than known carriers, median age of 58 (range 41–77), vs. 51 (range 33-76, p =0.003, Mann–Whitney). 58/70 (82.9%) of known carriers had a strong family history, compared with 15/37 (40.5%) of BROCA carriers, p p BRCA1 / 2 mutation carriers (known and BROCA) compared with wildtype cases (69 vs. 44months, p =0.0001, HR 0.58 (0.43–0.77), Log-rank test) was driven by known mutation carriers. Conclusions Older age, absence of a strong family history, and poor survival are all associated with decreased clinical identification of inherited BRCA1 / 2 mutations in women with ovarian cancer. Using age and family history to direct genetic testing will miss a significant percentage of mutation carriers. Testing should be initiated at the time of diagnosis to maximize identification of mutations and minimize survival bias.
LDH LEVELS IN BLOOD AND TISSUES OF MICE INFECTED WITH AN LDH AGENT.

Summary1. An infectious agent similar to that described by Riley(1) has been demonstrated in 2 transplantable mouse tumors (CD/5 lymphoma and DBA/59 mammary carcinoma). The presence of the agent is detected only by a rapid rise in the plasma lactic dehydrogenase beginning about 29 hours following infection, reaching maximum levels in 9 days and persisting for up to 9 months. 2. Levels of the enzyme in brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, skeletal muscle, spleen, submaxillary gland, thymus and red and white blood cells were determined. No significant differences in any of these tissues were noted between normal and infected mice. 3. Hematocrit values were slightly but significantly lower than normal in mice bearing the LDH agent. These results are discussed in terms of possible sources for the increased level of plasma lactic dehydrogenase which results from infection with the agent.
Effect of di-N-propylacetic acid (valproic acid) on the TSH response to TRH--a presumptive role for gamma aminobutyric acid.

The effect of di-n-propylacetic acid (valproic acid), an inhibitor of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, was studied with reference to its effect on the serum concentration of thyroid hormones, baseline serum TSH concentration and TRH stimulated TSH release, in seven normal controls and six patients with primary hypothyroidism. All volunteers took 250 mg of valproic acid administered orally, four times daily for 3 days. Baseline serum T4 and TSH concentrations were unaffected by valproic acid administration (p < 0.05) while serum T3 concentrations fell in all volunteers (p < 0.001). Serum T3 concentration (X ± SD) fell from 116.3 ± 18 ng/dl to 101.7 ± 15 ng/dl in the control group and from 94.2 ± 47.9 ng/dl to 81.5 ± 43.2 ng/dl in the hypothyroid group. Valproic acid produced a decline in stimulated serum TSH concentrations (Δ TSH — maximum increment above baseline) in all controls and patients studied (p < 0.01). Δ TSH (X ± SD) declined from 16.1 ± 4.7 μU/ml to 10.5 ± 5.8 μU/ml in the control subjects and from 43.1 ± 25.4 μU/ml to 29.7 ± 18 μU/ml in the hypothyroid patients. Based on the data presented, it is postulated that GABA plays an inhibitory role either by acting directly on the pituitary gland inhibiting TSH release, or by inducing the secretion of a hypothalamic TSH-inhibitory factor. The data do not exclude a direct pharmacological effect of valproic acid on pituitary TSH release. Decrease in serum T3 following valproic acid may be due to peripheral mechanisms.
The ethics consultation and the pediatric surgeon

The cultural, ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and educational diversity of the patient population and the expanded surgical options provided by innovation and technology can pose significant ethical challenges. The questions confronting pediatric surgeons and their patientsʼ families have greater complexity, and both the pediatric surgeon and the family perceive increasing vulnerability and uncertainty. The analysis and management of ethical issues in pediatric surgery cannot simply be extrapolated from the approach applied to adult cases. By reviewing the history of the events that contributed to the creation and utilization of hospital ethics committees and examining the role of the ethics consultant in the context of pediatric surgical care, practitioners and trainees will be better able to address these multifaceted situations.
ERK1 and ERK2 Activation by Chemotactic Factors in Human Eosinophils Is Interleukin 5-dependent and Contributes to Leukotriene C4 Biosynthesis

Eosinophils, the major immune effector cells contributing to allergic inflammation and asthma, are profoundly affected by interleukin (IL) 5 with respect to their differentiation, viability, recruitment, and cytotoxic effector functions. IL-5 enhances eosinophil responsiveness to a variety of chemotactic factors via a process called priming, although the molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, we report that, following IL-5 priming of eosinophils, chemotactic agents including fMet-Leu-Phe, IL-8, and RANTES, promote vigorous transient activation of ERK1 and ERK2. In contrast, these chemotactic factors stimulate weak or indiscernible ERK activation in unprimed eosinophils. Furthermore, this intracellular marker of priming is selective for IL-5-related cytokines, in that it is observed following exposure to IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor but not to interferon-gamma, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or IL-4. Interestingly, priming of chemoattractant-induced ERK activation is accompanied by an increase in association of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins with the adapter protein Grb2. The biological relevance of ERK activation to IL-5 priming is supported by the observation that inhibition of ERK activity by treatment with the MEK inhibitors PD98059 or U0126 inhibited the release of leukotriene C(4) stimulated by fMet-Leu-Phe in IL-5-primed eosinophils. These data provide evidence for a previously undescribed fundamental mechanism by which stimulation of IL-5 family receptors induces a rapid phenotypic alteration in the signal transduction pathways of chemotactic receptors, enabling their activation of the ERK1 and ERK2 pathway and contributing to the capacity of these cells to synthesize LTC(4).
Kinetics of grafting acrylonitrile onto starch

Acrylonitrile (AN) was graft copolymerized onto gelatinized and granular wheat starch in aqueous media in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate initiator at 91-364 anhydroglucose units (AGU) per cerium (IV) and at 1.08-4.33 AN to AGU ratios. Molecular weights and dispersities of polyacrylonitrile side chains were determined by gel-permeation chromatography. Conversion-time plots of AN polymerizations in both gelatinized and granular starch systems show characteristics common to heterogeneous polymerizations that could be explained on the basis of buried polymer radicals. The rates of polymerizations were directly related to the square root of the corrected cerium(IV) concentration and to the 1.3 power of the AN concentration. Graft copolymerization of AN onto starch, at least during initial stages, is not suitably explained by a kinetic scheme involving termination by polymer radical with cerium(IV) ion.
Nanoparticle encapsulated silver carbene complexes and their antimicrobial and anticancer properties: A perspective

This perspective discusses the uses of silver for both antimicrobial and anticancer applications. It focuses on the synthesis of silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes (SCCs) and their in vitro efficacy against a broad spectrum of bacteria, as well as their antitumor properties. Finally, different polymeric nanoparticles are discussed as delivery vehicles for the encapsulation of SCCs and other therapeutic agents for use in vivo.
Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature.

Abstract This review presents the results of a series of meta-analyses identifying the relative strength of various risk factors for child physical abuse and neglect. Data from 155 studies examining 39 different risk factors were included in the review. Large effect sizes were found between child physical abuse and three risk factors (parent anger/hyper-reactivity, family conflict and family cohesion). Large effect sizes were also found between child neglect and five risk factors (parent–child relationship, parent perceives child as problem, parent's level of stress, parent anger/hyper-reactivity, and parent self-esteem).
Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma with dual CD3 and c-kit expression in a dog

An 11-year-old 8.9-kg spayed female Boston Terrier was presented for evaluation of a mucocutaneous tumor on the right side of the upper lip that had been biopsied (punch biopsy) by the referring veterinarian. The histologic diagnosis was poorly differentiated round cell tumor involving the submucosa with patchy involvement of the mucosa. On presentation of the dog to Louisiana State University, the tumor was found to involve the mucosa and haired skin surface of the right upper lip. A fine-needle aspirate of the right mandibular lymph node contained atypical poorly differentiated round cells similar to those in the histologic sections. To further characterize the tumor, immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor on the lip was performed; tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for both CD3 and c-kit in a cytoplasmic to membranous pattern, with CD3 expression having a more intense membranous component. The diagnosis was cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma with co-expression of CD3 and c-kit by neoplastic lymphocytes, an unusual finding. As receptor tyrosine kinases can be attractive targets for cancer treatment, expression of these molecular targets in tumors is a promising subject of future research.
Instructional Analogies and Elaborations in Science Text: Effects on Recall and Transfer Performance

AbstractThe present studies compared the recall and transfer performance of subjects receiving an extended instructional analogy or elaborations in science text presenting the basic anatomy and physiology of the human eye. In Experiment 1, the analogy group performed better at far transfer and less well at intermediate transfer. No differences between groups were observed for explanative recall or nonexplanative recall. In Experiment 2, a within subjects design, both groups excelled on near and intermediate transfer corresponding to the first half of the text, and on far transfer corresponding to the second half of the text. As in Experiment 1, no differences emerged between groups on explanative or nonexplanative recall. Implications for design of transfer items and science text materials with elaborations and analogies are suggested and directions for future research proposed.
Cardiac reperfusion injury: Aging, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction

Cardiac reperfusion and aging are associated with increased rates of mitochondrial free radical production. Mitochondria are therefore a likely site of reperfusion-induced oxidative damage, the severity of which may increase with age. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major product of lipid peroxidation, increases in concentration upon reperfusion of ischemic cardiac tissue, can react with and inactivate enzymes, and inhibits mitochondrial respiration in vitro. HNE modification of mitochondrial protein(s) might, therefore, be expected to occur during reperfusion and result in loss in mitochondrial function. In addition, this process may be more prevalent in aged animals. To begin to test this hypothesis, hearts from 8- and 24-month-old rats were perfused in Langendorff fashion and subjected to periods of ischemia and/or reperfusion. The rate of state 3 respiration of mitochondria isolated from hearts exposed to ischemia (25 min) was approximately 25% less than that of controls, independent of age. Reperfusion (40 min) caused a further decline in the rate of state 3 respiration in hearts isolated from 24- but not 8-month-old rats. Furthermore, HNE modification of mitochondrial protein (∼30 and 44 kDa) occurred only during reperfusion of hearts from 24-month-old rats. Thus, HNE-modified protein was present in only those mitochondria exhibiting reperfusion-induced declines in function. These studies therefore identify mitochondria as a subcellular target of reperfusion damage and a site of age-related increases in susceptibility to injury.
Finite element modeling within an integrated geometric modeling environment: Part II—Attribute specification, domain differences, and indirect element types

This is the second of a two part paper that addresses the integration of finite element modeling and geometric modeling. Instead of considering the integration of currently available systems, this paper addresses both modeling techniques in general terms and identifies the functions that are needed to integrate them, taking full advantage of the capabilities of both. A set of geometric communication operators are identified and defined for use in carrying out this integration process. Part I [1] considered the integration of geometric modeling and finite element mesh generation. This part considers the remaining areas of the specification of finite element analysis attribute information, accounting for domain differences between the geometric and finite element models and the generation of finite element models using element types that are of a lesser dimension than the geometric entity they represent.
The effect of α-damage on fission-track annealing in zircon

Abstract The thermal stability of confined fission-track lengths in four zircon samples having different spontaneous track densities (i.e. different amounts of α-damage) has been studied by one hour isochronal annealing experiments. The thermal stability of spontaneous track lengths is independent of initial spontaneous track density. The thermal stability of induced track lengths in pre-annealed zircon, however, is significantly higher than that of spontaneous track lengths. The results indicate that the presence of α-damage lowers the thermal stability of fission-tracks in zircon.
Strategies for preventing type II diabetes. What can be done to stem the epidemic

Non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes is a major target for prevention because of its staggering emotional and financial burdens on society. The theory behind preventive efforts is that individuals at high risk often show signs of impaired glucose tolerance before diabetes fully develops. Once identified, these patients may respond to several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions that lower blood glucose levels and improve cardiovascular fitness with few adverse effects. However, the long-term efficacy of these approaches is uncertain. Information from the National Institutes of Health Diabetes Prevention Program should help clarify the impact of preventive measures and their cost-effectiveness.
A secure approach for encrypting and compressing biometric information employing orthogonal code and steganography

The objective of this paper is to develop a novel approach for encryption and compression of biometric information utilizing orthogonal coding and steganography techniques. Multiple biometric signatures are encrypted individually using orthogonal codes and then multiplexed together to form a single image, which is then embedded in a cover image using the proposed steganography technique. The proposed technique employs three least significant bits for this purpose and a secret key is developed to choose one from among these bits to be replaced by the corresponding bit of the biometric image. The proposed technique offers secure transmission of multiple biometric signatures in an identification document which will be protected from unauthorized steganalysis attempt.
Masses based on Arkalyk clay for guniting steel-teeming ladles

The authors investigate the properties of gunite masses based on Arkalyk clays with regard to service conditions in steel-teeming ladles used in open-hearth manufacture of steel. The optimal composition of the mass is as follows: 90% chamotte, 10% clay, and 10% binder (above 100%). Industrial tests have been performed on a mass for guniting 230-ton steel-teeming ladles of the MMC. The durability of a gunite layer 30–35 mm thick is about 6 pourings. The results confirm that Arkalyk clay is a promising material for making gunite masses.
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of 5-day continuous infusion of vinblastine

Ten patients with advanced cancer were treated in a phase-1 trial with monthly cycles of a 5-day infusion of vinblastine. Serum drug levels were relatively constant after 24 h and there was no correlation between drug level and myelo-suppression or toxicity. Previously underscribed toxicities were observed, including one hypersensitivity reaction and three cases of severe, only slowly reversible, sensorimotor neuropathy. Two patients showed objective tumor regression during the vinblastine infusion therapy.
QUASI-MODULAR APPROACH IN MATHEMATICS FOR THE DISADVANTAGED*

(1977). Quasi-Modular Approach in Mathematics for the Disadvantaged. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 211-216.
Vein Mapping Prior to Endovenous Catheter Ablation of the Great Saphenous Vein Predicts Risk of Endovenous Heat-induced Thrombosis

Objective: We investigate the value of vein mapping for predicting the risk of endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) after endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV). Methods: In all, 355 consecutive vein mappings were retrospectively analyzed. A generalized estimating equations approach to linear logistic regression was used to evaluate the variables. Results: Among the 312 vein ablation of the GSV, 10 (3.2%) developed EHIT. When comparing the group of patients who developed EHIT versus no EHIT, the mean GSV diameter was 13.05 ± 5.59 mm versus 8.39 ± 3.38 mm (odds ratio [OR]: 1.25, P = .001), the presence of valvular incompetence at the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) was 10.71% versus 0.44% (OR: 27.75, P =.001), and 3.09% in RFA versus 3.33% in EVLT (OR: 1.09, P = .89). Conclusions: Patients with valvular insufficiency of the SFJ and a large proximal GSV diameter had a significantly higher risk of developing heat-induced thrombosis after endov...
The stereochemistry of enzymic reduction of 21-dehydrocortisol to cortisol.

Abstract A 21-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of sheep liver that causes reduction of 21-dehydrocortisol to cortisol does so with transfer of hydrogen from the 4-pro-S-position of NADH to the 21-pro-S-position of cortisol.
Surface and coatings effects in catalytic combustion in internal combustion engines

Abstract Various aspects of catalytic combustion relating to engines have been investigated. MoO3 and coatings of transition metal oxides (prepared by flame pyrolysis) were confirmed to have combustion catalytic activity commencing at ~325–430 °C. Evidence from experiments and the literature indicates that in-cylinder catalysts can aid in fuel ignition (beneficial), but may also cause early quenching of the flame-front (detrimental) at combustion chamber surfaces. Catalytic combustion, when it occurs on thermocouple or heat probe surfaces, will cause surface temperature measurements in furnaces or engines to be erroneously high. This may explain the Woschni effect, a controversial finding wherein thermal insulation (which raises combustion chamber wall temperatures) appears to increase heat rejection from the combustion chamber.
Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) in a photopolymerizable monomer under an electric field

Abstract The miscibility behavior and crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) from two non-polar solvents when subjected to a high electric field were studied. The two solvents, both photopolymerizable, were urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA). The electric field was found to decrease miscibility in at least HDDMA, causing liquid–liquid phase separation at temperatures above the PEO melting temperature and well above the dissolution temperature. Cooling the solutions below 45°C under the field caused the irregular spherulites forming in HDDMA (a low-viscosity solvent) to align in groups and, above 0.2 kV/mm, to elongate. Lamellae within the spherulites tended to align with their planes in the field direction. Only branched lamellae formed in UDMA (a high-viscosity solvent), with the longest lamellae in the field direction and the few branches at large angles to these. For both solvents, crystallization was retarded slightly by the field, as was the total amount of crystallinity in HDDMA, and possibly also in UDMA. PEO crystallinity in UDMA was much less than that in HDDMA, with or without the field, presumably because of viscosity.
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE LENS NATIVE MEMBRANE FRACTIONS

Purpose. To examine the intermediate filament cytoskeletal proteins associated with native membrane fractions isolated from bovine lenses.Methods. Decapsulated bovine lenses were divided into cortex and nucleus. The lens regions were homogenized and separated into water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions by centrifugation. Sedimenting membrane fractions were isolated from the water-insoluble fraction by discontinuous sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and the non-sedimenting membrane fractions were isolated from the Kbr high-density water-soluble fractions by flotation, during overnight centrifugation. The intermediate filament peptides of the membrane fractions were examined by Western blot analysis, using monoclonal antibodies to filensin, cytoskeletal protein 49 (CP49) and vimentin.Results. Filensin immunoreactive peptides were found in all membrane fractions of both cortex and nucleus. The parent 115 kDa filensin was found almost exclusively in the urea-soluble protein of cortical membrane fra...
The Strengths of Rural Social Workers: Perspectives on Managing Dual Relationships in Small Alaskan Communities

Social workers are advised to avoid dual relationships; however, this recommendation is not realistic for rural social workers. Using qualitative analysis, this study examines the perspectives of 10 rural social workers in Alaska who are long-term members of their community. From the data, four themes emerged: (1) Rural social workers cannot avoid dual relationships, (2) Healthy dual relationships can have benefits for clients, (3) Social work and other professional education helps rural social workers manage complex situations, and (4) Rural social workers use complex critical thinking and have developed advanced skills to negotiate dual relationships.
Measurements of blood vessel wall areas in black-blood MR images using global minimum snake algorithm

In this paper, we propose a novel boundary detection approach for three-dimensional shape modeling. Our method is based on finding surfaces of minimal weighted area in a Riemannian metric. In order to take advantage of intensity information of images, we further integrate this intensity information into the boundary detection algorithm. We apply this algorithm to identify the inner and outer boundaries of the blood vessel wall in magnetic resonance images, and assess its accuracy and reproducibility. Our algorithm is reasonably accurate (about 2% difference in comparison with the manual method) and highly reproducible.
Cylinder Pressure-Based Combustion Controls for Advanced Diesel Combustion With Multiple-Pulse Fuel Injection

For current diesel engines, multiple fuel injection mechanisms enabled by high rail-pressure systems is a key lever that can help to achieve further reduction in engine-out emissions and improvements in performance. In the case of multiple fuel injections, timing and fuel pulse-width for each pulse (or, equivalently, fuel amount) need to be optimized and maintained for low emissions, fuel economy, noise, and exhaust thermal management over different operating ranges. This paper presents a research study on the application of pressure-based controls for management of the multiple-pulse fuel injection, particularly main and post injections, to maintain a robust combustion behavior against disturbances and variations in the field. Several control features for simultaneous management of main and post injections are proposed and experimentally validated on a 6.6 L V8 diesel engine in an engine dynamometer, both at steady-state and during federal test procedure transients.
Cell cultures from bone affected by pacet's disease

Cells obtained from Paget's bone specimens were maintained in culture for up to 8 1/2 months. The cells had several characteristics of bone cells including the presence of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, or succinic dehydrogenase as demonstrated histochemically. Electron microscopy revealed nuclear inclusions similar to those found in the osterclasts of Paget's disease in 4 or 11 cultures. Immunohistology utilizing specific antisera demonstrated the presence of respiratory syncytial virus antigen(s) in 7 or 7 patients. Negative results were obtained with antisera to a variety of paramyxoviruses.
Crystal and molecular structure of bis-tetraphenylarsonium-tris-(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethylenedithiolato)Fe(IV)

The crystal structure of bis-tetraphenylarsonium-tris-(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethylenedithiolato)Fe(IV), [(C6H5)3As]2Fe[S2C2(CN)2]3, has been determined using 3154 independent, non-zero reflexions collected by counter techniques. The substance crystallizes in the monoclinic system: space groupI2/a,a = 20·153(8),b = 13·411(5),c = 21·497(8) A and β = 95·28(8) °;D m = 1·41(2),D c = 1·43 g cm−3 andZ = 4. The structure consists of Ph4As+ cations in general positions and tris-(cis-1,2-dicyano-1,2-ethylenediothiolato)Fe(IV) anions on two-fold axes. Although the coordination around the arsenic atom is tetrahedral, the overall symmetry of the cation is 1 (C 1), probably because the phenyl rings are rotated to accommodate the requirements of packing. The coordination of the six sulphur atoms about the iron atom is trigonal antiprismatic, approximating closely to an octahedron: for any pair oftrans sulphur atoms, the S-Fe-S angle is about 171 °.
Punishment and ethics deterrents: A study of insider security contravention

Information security is a growing concern among the general population. For instance, it has been estimated by the U.S. Department of Justice (2004) that one in three people will become victims of identity theft at some point in their lifetime. The bulk of the research into information security has gone into the investigation of technological aspects of security, and there are gaps in the literature relative to contravention of security measures. Drawing from deterrence theory and using the theory of planned behavior as a general framework, this empirical field study investigated the effects of punishment and ethics training on behaviors related to contravention of information security measures among information professionals to fill an important gap in the literature. We found that both punishment and ethics training can be effective in mitigating the threat of software and information security, but that these depend on certain underlying motivational factors of individuals. The results of this study suggest a need to develop and refine the theoretical models, and we offer suggestions for getting at the root of behavioral issues surrounding information security. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage

Nontraumatic (or spontaneous) intracranial hemorrhage most commonly involves the brain parenchyma and subarachnoid space. This entity accounts for at least 10% of strokes and is a leading cause of death and disability in adults. Important causes of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage include hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, aneurysms, vascular malformations, and hemorrhagic infarcts (both venous and arterial). Imaging findings in common and less common causes of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage are reviewed.
Expression of TAK1, a mediator of TGF-β and BMP signaling, during mouse embryonic development

Abstract TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that has been shown to function downstream of BMPs and TGF-β (J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 17647; EMBO J. 17 (1998) 1019; Science 270 (1995) 2008), as well as in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling pathway (J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 3508; Nature 398 (1999) 252). Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we demonstrate that TAK1 is expressed ubiquitously during early development. At mid-gestation, TAK1 expression becomes more restricted, with high levels seen specifically during development of diverse organs and tissues including the nervous system, testis, kidney, liver and gut. Additionally, TAK1 expression is seen in the developing lung and pancreas. Our results suggest that TAK1 may play multiple roles in mouse development.
Volatile Compounds in Flavor Concentrates Produced from Crayfish-Processing Byproducts with and without Protease Treatment

Crayfish-processing byproducts (CPBs) were hydrolyzed using alkaline protease Optimase APL-440 under optimum conditions. Volatile components of flavor concentrates prepared by atmospheric evaporation (100 °C) and vacuum evaporation (60 °C) were analyzed and compared by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/olfactometry. Concentrations of 12 pyrazines in flavor concentrates increased significantly (p < 0.05) after enzymatic hydrolysis. Concentrations of dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and benzaldehyde also increased after enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas lipid decomposition products decreased significantly. Levels of thermally generated volatiles were much higher after atmospheric evaporation. A greater number of aroma-active compounds were detected in CPB hydrolysates than in unhydrolyzed CPBs. Keywords: Crayfish byproducts; hydrolysis; protease; volatile; pyrazines; olfactometry
Phase diagram of a nearest neighbor triangular antiferromagnet in an external field

Abstract The order-disorder transition in a nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic triangular lattice in a magnetic field is examined using a Monte Carlo method. Comparisons are made with the Kikuchi approximation of Burely. The phase diagram takes the form conjectured by Domb.
Analytical dynamics with constraint forces that do work in virtual displacements

Lagrangian mechanics is extended to cover situations in which constraint forces are permitted to do work on a system in virtual displacements.
Agents for Alkylating Steroid Hormone Receptors III: ω-Substituted Esters of 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone

The synthesis and Clauberg activity of the 8-carbomethoxyoctanoate (IIe), 9-carbomethoxynonanoate (IIf), 9-carboethoxynonanoate (IIg), 9-carbo-tert-butoxynonanoate (IIh), 8-carboxyoctanoate (IIId), 9-oxo-10-diazodecanoate (IVd), 5-oxo-6-hydroxyhexanoate (Va), and 6-oxo-7-hydroxyheptanoate (Vb) esters of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone are reported and compared to the activity of related compounds.