cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial justice through regionalism? The inside game, the outside game, and the quest for the spatial fix in the United States

Some regionalists advocate a spatial fix for urban poverty by engaging suburbs in a regional solution. This paper analyzes three such regionalist strategies in light of theories of justice. The idea behind regional strategies for poverty is that they will allow for equality of opportunity and thus improve the life-chances of the impoverished. Yet, casting justice in terms of equality of opportunity alone means neglecting the non-economic aspects of life – capabilities, social needs, urban life and vitality. Changing the spatial distribution of the population may create a more optimal and equitable spatial allocation, but in some ways it fails to acknowledge basic human aspirations to live in security, in community, or in a revitalized core. Taake my word for it Sammy, the poor in a loomp is bad. (Tennyson's The Northern Farmer quoted in Lund, 1999)
Identification of ureteroileal obstruction by retrograde loopography.

Abstract Retrograde loopography in 106 patients (212 renal units) with ileal conduit urinary diversion was assessed to define the accuracy of this study in identifying ureteroileal obstruction. In 171 renal units (81 per cent), the radiographic findings demonstrated by retrograde loopography correlated appropriately with the findings on excretory urography. However, in 41 renal units (19 per cent) with absent ileoureteral reflux, there was no evidence of ureteroileal obstruction by excretory urography. This potential disparity between excretory urography and retrograde loopography has limited our use of the latter study for selected patients in whom the excretory urogram demonstrates (1) evidence of progressive upper tract deterioration, (2) anastomotic obstruction, or (3) patients with chronic renal failure or iodide sensitivity in whom the intravenous administration of contrast material may be contraindicated.
Detection of auditory signals occurring at random times: Intensity and duration

Observers attempted to detect a weak auditory signal presented in noise. The onset of the signal was determined by a Poisson process, and only responses occurring 1 sec after signal onset were considered detections. Three latency distributions were measured, the time to a signal onset, the reaction time distribution, and the false-alarm distribution (of responses occurring before a signal onset). A simple two-state model is proposed to account for a discrepancy between the distribution of signal waits and the distribution of false alarms. The hazard functions of the reaction time distributions are considered in detail and a simple accumulation model is proposed to account for the results.
Role for protein synthesis in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in mice and rats.

Abstract The mechanism by which the amphetamines damage selectively nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in experimental animals remains uncertain. The observation that neuronal cell death during embryogenesis involves an activation of gene expression and new protein synthesis, coupled with recent reports indicating that the amphetamines are capable of inducing neuropeptide biosynthesis, offers a possible clue as to their ineurotoxic mechanism of action. Based on these considerations, we evaluated the effects of two different inhibitors of protein synthesis, cycloheximide and anisomycin, on the long-term, amine-depleting effects of methamphetamine (METH) in mice and rats. Both inhibitors were found to block the amine-depleting effects of METH in these species. In other experiments, cycloheximide did not affect the functional integrity of dopaminergic or glutamatergic neurons, transmitter systems previously implicated in the neurotoxic mechanism of action of METH. These findings raise the possibility that the neuronal-damaging effects of METH are mediated via a synthesis of ‘neurotoxic’ proteins.
Answer to Prof. Störmer's Remark.

Referring to my "Note on the Nature of Cosmic Rays,"(1) Prof. Stormer draws attention to the fact(2) that he had treated the problems of the motion of electrons in the magnetic field of the earth many years ago. He gives the complete list of his publications on the subject and, indeed, I must confess that I was not aware of his work on the particular phase of the problem to which my note is devoted.
Behavior of Self-Centering Steel Plate Shear Walls and Design Considerations

This paper presents insights on the combined contribution of posttensioning and beam-to-column joint rocking connection in self-centering steel plate shear walls (SC-SPSWs). Moment, shear, and axia...
WETTING PROPERTIES AT THE SUBMICROMETER SCALE : A SCANNING POLARIZATION FORCE MICROSCOPY STUDY

Submicrometer size droplets of sulfuric acid on mica have been imaged using scanning polarization force microscopy (SPFM). Our study shows that, contrary to the macroscopic case, the drop profile depends on the size of the drops, with a decrease of the contact angle with decreasing size droplets in the present case. This dependence can be explained by taking into account long-range forces between the substrate and the fluid, which prove to have important effects for submicrometer size drops. Profile measurements at the submicron scale allow direct estimation of the interaction potential between a fluid and a substrate.
The future of SETI: Finite effort or search without end?

Abstract For almost 50 years, astronomers have scanned the skies for evidence of an extraterrestrial civilization that has reached or surpassed our level of technological development. In the course of this search, technology has improved dramatically, and additional developments such as larger and more sensitive telescopes and increased computing power will accelerate the search and extend it into new areas. Speculative search strategies that are more firmly rooted in imagination and wish than present-day science may mature with the practical effect of further extending the search space. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), based on passive observation, has been joined by the controversial activity of messaging extraterrestrial intelligence (METI), the use of radio transmissions and space probes to proclaim our place in the universe. Potential “wild cards” that could fundamentally change the nature of the search include government intervention, the fruition of breakthrough technologies, and a confirmed detection. A rigorous search could confirm the existence of extraterrestrial intelligence tomorrow, within the lifetime of many people now alive, or in the distant future. All that is required for its continuation is a small number of scientists who have the skills and equipment to conduct a search that most scientists find credible. Since the search for life beyond Earth is motivated by cultural and psychological as well as scientific considerations, we may expect it to continue into the indefinite future.
Low-dose interferon gamma renders neuroblastoma more susceptible to interleukin-2 immunotherapy

Neuroblastoma remains a common and deadly childhood tumor, resistant to both surgical and chemo/radiotherapeutic intervention in its advanced stages. The role of immunotherapy in such cancers has yet to be defined. In previous work, we found that the addition of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) to 3-day in vitro tissue cultures of the murine neuroblastoma C1300, led not only to the tumor's increased cell surface expression of the immunologically important major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen, but also to an increased susceptibility of such modified tumor to subsequent lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell lysis. In this study, we sought to determine the in vivo applicability of these findings. Initial dose-response studies helped define a regimen of rIFN-gamma's administration that upregulated MHC class I without activating host natural killer (NK) activity. A/J mice bearing 7-day-old subcutaneous C1300 were randomized to receive daily morning injections of either 0, 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 U of rIFN-gamma intraperitoneally for 6 days. Animals were killed at days 3, 6, and 9 after initiation of rIFN-gamma therapy, and tumors were excised, digested, and stained for both MHC class I and II expression. At the time of sacrifice, splenocytes from each animal were tested for NK cytotoxicity toward YAC (an NK-sensitive lymphoma) and C1300. These studies defined 3 days of therapy with 25,000 U as a "priming" dose that increased expression of class I with minimal impact on NK activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Late Cretaceous Chimaerid (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from Seymour Island, Antarctica

A chimaerid holocephalian, Chimaera zangerli sp. nov., is described from both palatine tooth plates, two tooth plate fragments, and part of the chondrocranium in a nodule from the Maastrichtian of Antarctica. Possibly the oldest known chimaerid, C. zangerli sp. nov. exhibits a tooth plate which is a morphological intermediate between that of the Jurassic Ganodus and the Oligocene C. rupeliensis. The presence of C. zangerli sp. nov. before the end of the Cretaceous is evidence of the early evolution of the Chimaeridae, considered the most derived of the chimaeroid fishes.
A Safranin-Fast Green Stain for the Differentiation of the Nuclei of Rumen Protozoa

Mounted, deparaffinized sections of rumen ciliates were hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl for 5 min at 60 C and washed in several changes of distilled water. They were then stained in a mixture of equal volumes of 0.1% aqueous solutions of safranin O and fast green FCF. The sections were washed in 3 changes of distilled water for 2 min each, blotted, dehydrated in 2 changes of absolute alcohol of 1 min each, and mounted from xylene. Several fixatives were employed but only Zenker's gave consistent results. The micronuclei showed a densely stained basophilic “core” surrounded by a peripheral zone of acidophilia, whereas the macronuclei were completely basophilic. Similar results were obtained when RNA was extracted with cold perchloric acid. In conjunction with deoxyribonuclease treatment, the Feulgen reaction indicated that the DNA of the micronucleus is concentrated in the basophilic core while the macronucleus shows a uniform distribution of its chromatin. The safranin-fast green procedure has been used for the str...
Application of effective potentials to relativistic hartree—fock calculations

Abstract The Phillips—Kleinman pseudopotential and the operator equivalence techniques for calculating effective potentials are applied directly to the Dirac—Hartree—Fock calculation of molecular properties. The results based on both relativistic and nonrelativistic core functions are compared for the PbO molecule.
Crib-biting behavior in horses: A review

During the past decade, stereotypic behavior in horses, specifically crib-biting behavior, has received considerable attention in the scientific literature. Epidemiological and experimental studies designed to investigate crib-biting behavior have provided valuable insight into the prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and owner perceptions of the behavior. The findings of these studies have demonstrated how the management of horses can influence their behavior and well being. Management conditions which impede foraging opportunities and social contact, provision of high concentrate diets, and abrupt weaning have been associated with an increased risk of crib-biting. The exact etiology of crib-biting remains to be elucidated, however, results of recent research suggest that dopaminergic pathways may be implicated in the performance of this oral stereotypy. There has also been additional evidence to support the hypothesis that gastrointestinal irritation is involved in crib-biting in horses. Many equine behavior and welfare scientists remain in agreement that management of crib-biting horses should focus on addressing the suspected influential factors prior to attempts at physical prevention of the behavior. The findings of several survey and experimental studies are reviewed, with emphasis on research conducted since the late 1990s, in an effort to provide the reader with a relatively comprehensive look into that which is known about crib-biting behavior in horses. Knowledge deficiencies and areas for future research are identified.
Methyl-branched fatty acid biosynthesis in the German cockroach, Blatella germanica: Kinetic studies comparing a microsomal and soluble fatty acid synthetase

Abstract The fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity of integument-enriched tissue from the German cockroach, Blatella germanica, was separated into soluble and microsomal forms. Both the soluble and microsomal FAS incorporated methylmalonyl-CoA into fatty acids, but their kinetic characteristics were quite different. The specific activity for soluble FAS was 144 ± 7 nmol NADPH oxidized/min/mg protein and for microsomal FAS it was 20 ± 1 nmol/min/mg. Both have similar Michaelis constants. There was a clear-cut substrate preference: the soluble FAS had almost no activity with methylmalonyl-CoA as the only elongating substrate whereas the microsomal FAS readily utilized methylmalonyl-CoA in the absence of malonyl-CoA. The specific activity with methylmalonyl-CoA for the microsomal FAS was 7 ± 1 nmol/min/mg. Methylmalonyl-CoA was a competitive inhibitor against malonyl-CoA for both the soluble and microsomal FAS, which indicated that methylmalonyl-CoA can bind to both forms of the enzyme. Methylmalonyl-CoA was a non-competitive inhibitor against acetyl-CoA for both the soluble and microsomal FAS. In the presence of malonyl-CoA, the microsomal FAS had a much higher ability to incorporate methylmalonyl-CoA into fatty acid than did the soluble FAS. The data indicated that the microsomal FAS from integument tissue plays a key role in methyl-branched fatty acid synthesis by incorporating methylmalonyl-CoA into growing fatty acid chains.
a Method for Obtaining Slope Information for Hydrologic Models

: A method is described for obtaining surface slope information for analysis with other land resource and water quality data in hydrologic models of nonpoint sources of water pollution. The method described requires a point sampling scheme, topographic maps, and a coordinate digitizer. Sample point elevation, slope direction, and slope magnitude are calculated from locations of the sample point and the nearest upper and lower contour lines. Details of the data collection methodology and associated problems are discussed.
A nineties perspective on international diversification

Abstract Investors often look to international diversification as a means to reduce the risk of a stock portfolio while maintaining a given level of return. In this study we look at ten years of historical data from the stock markets in the G-7 countries. We see how diversification from an S & P 500 portfolio into a two-market (two-country) portfolio would have impacted the risk and return. Across this ten-year period, we find that a portfolio consisting solely of the S & P 500 dominates any portfolio that can be constructed from the S & P 500 and the major market index of the G-7 countries.
Relationships between Reach-Scale Habitat Variables and Biotic Integrity Score, Brook Trout Density, and Brown Trout Density in Wisconsin Streams

Abstract Trout density and biotic integrity scores are central metrics used to guide trout stream management actions. However, it is unclear whether reach-scale habitat characteristics affect trout density and biotic integrity in a similar fashion. To determine the relative strength of relationships between reach-scale habitat characteristics and important biological metrics, we used artificial neural network models to examine the relationships between 11 reach-scale habitat variables and (1) catch per effort (CPE) for brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, (2) CPE for brown trout Salmo trutta, and (3) coldwater fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores. The trout CPE models generally included habitat features related to physical characteristics; the IBI model generally included physical characteristics as well as those related to water quality. The brook trout CPE model included sinuosity and percent pool area. The brown trout CPE model included gradient and cover. The coldwater IBI model included gradient...
Structured social skills building groups for acting out adolescents

Techniques for structuring social skills building groups for acting out adolescents are described which facilitate group cohesion and group processes perceived as curative factors by group members. Structured techniques include original therapeutic games, videotape feedback, group feedback through “progress letters” to parents, relaxation and biofeedback exercises and rotating assignment of various group function responsibilities for each member.
Fiber optic sensing system for in-situ simultaneous monitoring of water stage, quality, and temperature

To accurately track the water stage changes and environmental influences on water quality and have sufficient follow-ups to prevent potential flood and environmental hazards, an in-situ continuous monitoring system for water stage and quality is helpful. Traditional in-situ water-stage monitoring system has relative low accuracy and require separate sensors for water quality and temperature which complex the evaluation. Advanced optical fiber sensors, with unique features of real-time and multiparameter sensing capacity, could provide potential simultaneous evaluation of flooding, water-quality deterioration, and science-based decision support. In this study, an in-situ monitoring system for water stage, overall water quality, and temperature is developed using long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors. When part of the LPFG sensor is submerged in water, the resonant wavelength of each cladding mode of the LPFG sensor varies linearly with the submerged length (refer to water stage) and temperature, and nonlinearly with refractive index changes (referred to the water quality). Two resonant wavelengths were used to relate the water stage and overall water quality to the change in resonant wavelengths of the LPFG sensor. Sharing the same fiber line, one sequential glass packaged LPFG was used to monitor the temperature changes at the same location. The algorithm for simultaneous determination of the water stage, overall water quality, and temperature was analytically formulated and experimentally validated. Benefit from the multi-parameter sensing using one single fiber line, the developed optical sensing network can potentially provide a low-cost, real-time, and high resolution solution for the in-situ water quality monitoring.
The Surgical Team and Outcomes Management: Focus on Postoperative Ileus

Postoperative ileus (POI) is defined as the impairment of bowel motility that occurs almost universally after major open abdominal procedures, as well as other abdominal and nonabdominal procedures. For the majority of affected patients, POI generally lasts approximately three to five days, but longer duration is not uncommon. The causes of POI are multifactorial, but can be broadly categorized into two groups: those related to the surgical procedure and those related to pharmacologic interventions (opioids). The fact that POI is generally transient and therefore self-limited should not deter the surgical team from seeking improved ways to mitigate its associated adverse effects, which can be substantial and immensely uncomfortable for the patient, and can have far-reaching implications regarding overall hospitalization costs for many types of surgeries. Optimization of POI management and prevention efforts is a responsibility of all members of the surgical team and can drastically affect the overall clinical outcome of major abdominal surgery. Depending on the individual team member's role, different perspectives and strategies may be used to achieve improved outcomes, including but not limited to hospitalization costs related to care and length of stay, resource utilization, and, perhaps most critically, patient quality of life not only immediately after surgery but also after discharge. The ability to reliably and significantly decrease the duration of POI should be readily recognized as an important objective in the management of this condition. Opioids will continue to be a mainstay of postoperative care regimens, but new agents such as peripherally acting mu-opioid-receptor antagonists may offer a unique clinical advantage by helping to reduce the adverse gastrointestinal effects of opioids while preserving their desired benefits for postoperative analgesia.
Effect of Acute Exposure of Gamma Rays on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus kesiya Gord and P. wallichiana A.B. Jacks

Present study deals with the effect of acute exposure of gamma rays on Pinus kesiya and P. wallichiana . Seeds were eradicated with a 60 cobalt sources emitting gamma rays at the rate of 2.8 kR/min. The seeds were given 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 and 30.0 kR exposures. Germination in control and treated seeds of both the species started simultaneously 26 days after sowing. In P. kesiya seeds exposed to 30kR germinated but in P. wallichiana 30 kR was lethal for seed germination and it was restricted up to 20 kR only. With increasing exposure root, hypocotyl and epicotyl elongation decreased in both the species. In P. kesiya more than 50% inhibition was induced by 10 kR but in P. wallichiana this exposure induced 100% inhibition of growth in all the cases. In both the species the intensity of inhibition increased with increasing exposures though lower exposure in some cases was stimulatory. Keywords: Radiation exposure, gamma rays, 60 cobalt, intensity, stimulation, inhibition. doi:10.3126/on.v2i1.318 Our Nature (2004) 2: 13-17
Developing Markets for Certified Wood Products: Greening the Supply Chain for Construction Materials

Summary A growing worldwide movement is seeking to promote the greening of the construction sector. At the design level, proponents of frameworks such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) seek to motivate designers and building owners to employ environmentally desirable materials. A prominent component of this approach is boosting availability of “green” building materials through programs that will certify to buyers that materials meet environmental standards. For wood products, this has resulted in several forms of “green certification” for forest management. Increasingly large areas of forest are now being certified worldwide. Yet it remains difficult for designers of green buildings, or consumers seeking green furniture, to obtain certified wood products. Many, if not most, of the logs now being harvested on green certified forest land worldwide are not reaching the store shelf with a certified label. Marketing certified wood all the way to the retail shelf has proved to be much harder than initially thought by proponents of certified products. This article explains the sources of these difficulties and outlines an approach to identifying products with high potential for marketing as certified products. Because of complex, multilevel supply chains for many wood products, support is required at all processing and distribution levels for a product to reach the retail customer with its green label. Market participants' purchase size and frequency, basis for product selection, buying influences, and price sensitivity are evaluated to identify product and market approaches likely to increase success rates for certified wood products. The article concludes with recommendations for expanding markets for green building materials.
Studies on the Ether-Soluble Substances on the Human Skin: III. The Effect of Sweat on the Quantity of Ether-Soluble Substances on the Skin

Our previous assays of the quantity of ether-soluble material on the human skin (1, 2) and of thermogenic sweat delivery (3) revealed striking quantitative analogies in the distribution of lipids and of thermogenic sweat on the body surfaces. In our previous communication we suggested that mutual emulsification of lipids and sweat on the skin might explain this parallelism.
Synthesis of immunogenic hepatitis A virus particles by recombinant baculoviruses

Recombinant baculoviruses were constructed which contained the hepatitis A virus (HAV) open reading frame (ORF) under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. Northern blot analysis with an HAV-specific oligonucleotide probe demonstrated a single transcript large enough to include the HAV ORF in Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with these recombinants. Immunoblots revealed a 220 kDa protein representing the HAV polyprotein. In addition, proteins which co-migrated with HAV capsid proteins, and several proteins of intermediate size were present, consistent with processing intermediates. HAV antigen was present in cells infected with the recombinant baculoviruses when assessed by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. This HAV antigen had a buoyant density in caesium chloride gradients similar to HAV empty capsids, and elicited HAV neutralizing antibodies in mice.
Two-step magnetic self-alignment of folded membranes for 3D nanomanufacturing

We present a hierarchical method for folding and aligning nanopatterned membranes in three-dimensional space. Folding and coarse alignment are obtained by an external magnetic field interacting with an array of nanomagnets that have been pre-patterned on the membranes. When nanomagnets from different membranes reach close proximity near the end of the folding trajectory, the force between the nanomagnets directs the membranes to align and then latch. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented, demonstrating coarse alignment to within 3@mm and fine alignment to within 200nm.
Molecular stress response in the CNS of mice after systemic exposureto interferon-alpha, ionizing radiation and ketamine

We previously showed that the expression of troponin T1 (Tnnt 1) was induced in the central nervous system (CNS) of adultmice 30 min after treatment with ketamine, a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist. We hypothesized that Tnnt 1 expression may be an early molecular biomarker of stress response in the CNS of mice. To further evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated the regional expression of Tnnt 1 in the mouse brain using RNA in situ hybridization 4 h after systemic exposure to interferon-a (IFN-a) and gamma ionizing radiation, both of which have be associated with wide ranges of neuropsychiatric complications. Adult B6C3F1 male mice were treated with either human IFN-a (a single i.p. injection at 1 x 105 IU/kg) or whole body gamma-radiation (10 cGy or 2 Gy). Patterns of Tnnt 1 transcript expression were compared in various CNS regions after IFN-a, radiation and ketamine treatments (previous study). Tnnt 1 expression was consistently induced in pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus after all treatment regimens including 10 cGy of ionizing radiation. Regional expression of Tnnt 1 was induced in Purkinje cells of cerebellum after ionizing radiation and ketamine treatment; but not after IFN-a treatment. None of the three treatments induced Tnnt 1 expression in glial cells. The patterns of Tnnt 1 expression in pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which are both known to play important roles in cognitive function, memory and emotion, suggest that the expression of Tnnt 1 may be an early molecular biomarker of induced CNS stress.
Photochemotherapy of vascular cells with 8-methoxypsoralen and visible light: differential effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

Background: The long-term efficacy of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is limited by the restenosis which occurs in approximately 40% of patients, usually within 6 months of the procedure. Purpose: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) activated with visible light on the properties of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC) in vitro. Methods: Cells were seeded in polystyrene wells, allowed to attach over a 24-h period, incubated with 1, 20, or 50 µg/ml 8-MOP and then exposed to 12 J/cm2 visible light (447 nm). Cell counts were performed for up 14 days (n = 4–6 wells per time point), and each experiment was performed in triplicate. Cellular migration, morphology, and size were also analyzed. Results: The lowest 8-MOP dose (1 µg/ml) had no significant effect on SMC proliferation, while the highest dose (50 µg/ml) induced cytostasis. An intermediate dose of 8-MOP (20 µg/ml) produced a transient and reversible inhibition of proliferation. There was no significant effect on proliferation of EC at lowest dose of 8-MOP (1 µg/ml). However, in contrast to the SMC experiments, a transient and reversible inhibition of EC proliferation was seen at both 20 and 50 µg/ml 8-MOP. Conclusions: These experiments demonstrate that while 8-MOP photoactivated with 447 nm visible light can reversibly inhibit the proliferation of both SMC and EC in a dose-dependent fashion, SMC are more sensitive to the treatment than EC.
Enhancing the binding properties of a conformationally rigid podand ionophore

Abstract Stereospecific functionalization of a conformationally rigid podand yields new ionophores having binding properties comparable to those of the macrocyclic crown ethers.
Pontage des occlusions veineuses centrales pour sauvetage de fistule artério-veineuse chez les hémodialysés

L'hypertension veineuse due a une obstruction veineuse centrale proximale coexistant avec une fistule arterioveineuse fonctionnelle au bras homolateral pose des problemes de gestion complexes chez les patients hemodialyses. La ligature de la communication arterioveineuse est le procede le plus simple pour soulager des symptomes ; cependant, ceci sacrifie l'acces pour hemodialyse, qui peut etre le seul acces disponible chez le patient. La deviation chirurgicale de l'occlusion est une option potentielle car elle pallie aux symptomes de l'hypertension veineuse tout en preservant l'acces. Notre objectif etait d'evaluer notre experience et les resultats chez des dialyses subissant une deviation chirurgicale pour occlusion veineuse centrale symptomatique et sauvetage des acces pour hemodialyse. Il s'agissait de trois patients hemodialyses presentant une hypertension veineuse grave secondaire a l'obstruction de la veine sous-claviere avec une fistule arterioveineuse homolaterale fonctionnelle. Tous les patients ont eu un pontage entre la veine cephalique (n = 2) ou la veine axillaire (n = 1) et la veine jugulaire avec des protheses en polytetrafluoroethylene de 8 mm. Tous les patients avaient eu des echecs d'angioplastie transluminale percutanee (ATP) avant le pontage. Chez deux patients, un guide n'a pu franchir l'occlusion ; chez un tiers, l'ATL etait un succes transitoire en depit de quatre procedures repetees. Tous les patients ont eu la regression complete des symptomes sans mortalite. Les pontages sont restes permeables, permettant aux fistules arterioveineuses de fournir l'acces fonctionnel pendant la duree du suivi apres chirurgie (3-8 mois). Le pontage d'une obstruction veineuse centrale corrige les symptomes d'hypertension veineuse et prolonge l'utilisation de l'acces pour hemodialyse. Cette option chirurgicale devrait etre bien identifiee au sein de la communaute de dialyse.
Computer supported study of chemical equilibria

In an analytical chemistry course at the undergraduate level, the student is confronted by a variety of important, yet subtle, principles. The student just introduced to this field must rely solely on the instructor to demonstrate, in great detail, all of the relationships and phenomena of chemical equilibrium. In the dissociation of a diprotic acid, the complexity and extent of the calculations involved demands that the instructor lecture on almost every value and trend that occurs. It is far too difficult for the student to generate enough experimental data to illustrate the principles he is studying. Thus, the computer, with its data handling and calculation abilities, can be of tremendous value. This project, developed over the last year, has placed a powerful tool in the student's hands. Now when he performs a titration of a weak diprotic acid he can assemble data through which all the basic principles of chemical equilibrium can be understood. No longer need he rely on lecture and rote memorization. This laboratory-assistance package allows the student to discover the important relationships for himself, through laboratory work and computer support.
Characterization of α2-adrenergic receptors in human platelets by binding of a radioactive ligand [3H]yohimbine

[3H]Yohimbine, a potent alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, was used to label the alpha-adrenergic receptors in membranes isolated from human platelets. Binding of [3H]yohimbine to platelet membranes appears to have all the characteristics of binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors. Binding reached a steady state in 2-3 min at 37 degrees C and was completely reversible upon the addition of excess phentolamine or yohimbine (both at 10(-5) M; t1/2 = 2.37 min). [3H]Yohimbine bound to a single class of noncooperative sites with a dissociation constant of 1.74 nM. At saturation, the total number of binding sites was calculated to be 191 fmol/mg protein. [3H]Yohimbine binding was stereo-specifically inhibited by epinephrine: the (-) isomer was 11-times more potent that the (+) isomer. Catecholamine agonists competed for the occupancy of the [3H]yohimbine-binding sites with an order of potency: clonidine greater than (-)-epinephrine greater than (-)-norepinephrine much greater than (-)-isoproterenol. The potent alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, competed for the sites whereas the beta-antagonist, (+/-)-propranolol, was very weak inhibitor. 0.1 mM GTP reduced the binding affinity of the agonists, while producing no change in antagonist-binding affinity. Dopamine and serotonin competed only at very high concentrations. Similarly, muscarinic cholinergic ligands were also poor inhibitors of [3H]yohimbine binding. These results suggest that [3H]yohimbine binding to hunan platelet membranes is specific, rapid, saturable, reversible and, therefore, can be successfully used to label alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
Radio frequency watermarking for OFDM wireless networks

In this work, we apply watermarking to the physical layer of the wireless baseband modulation waveform, with the motivation to improve flexibility and efficiency of authentication processes in a secure wireless network. We present two baseband watermarking methods, called constellation dithering (CD) and baud dithering (BD), applied to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). We provide the watermark detection and capacity performance attributes in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Both watermarking techniques allow interoperability with uninformed systems (such as receivers in the 802.11 WLAN commercial standard). Results indicate that, while the BD method provides higher detection robustness and capacity, the CD method exhibits more performance flexibility and is easily modified to the desired user characteristics.
Interactive effects in 60-Hz electric-field exposure systems.

Rats were housed in two parallel rows of 12.4 cm x 25.1 cm x 10.2 cm high plastic cages resting on the lower electrode of a parallel-plate exposure system, and the actual perturbed electric fields experienced by an experimental animal were investigated. The most important results are: 1) Reducing the spacing between the exposure electrodes from 8.7 to 1.7 times the height of a singly exposed rat model, while maintaining a constant unperturbed field strength, resulted in a 15% increase in the electric field at the highest point on the surface of the body and a 10% increase in the short-circuit current of the model. 2) For multiple animal exposures, increases of 10% in both the field at the point of the body and the short-circuit current were observed when the electrode spacing was reduced from 8.7 to 2.6 times the height of a rat. 3) Plastic cages caused 1-6% reductions in the electric field at the surface of the body, except very near the cage walls, where enhancements of more than 20% were observed. 4) When 16 rats were simulataneously exposed, the short-circuit current, I/sub s/, of an individual subject of weight W (in g), that was surrounded onmore » all sides by other rats of weight W, was reduced from the short-circuit current, I/sub u/, measured with the same subject individually exposed as follows: during a 12 h light (sleeping) cycle, I/sub s//I/sub u/ = 1.00 - 0.0173W/sup 1///sup 2/; during a 12 h night (awake) cycle, I/sub s//I/sub u/ = 1.00 - 0.0136W/sup 1///sup 2/. (JMT)« less
Women in Computing: The Role of Geek Culture

‘Geek culture’ evokes a high-tech, andocentric, sub-cultural milieu often associated with computing. Many consider this culture as central to understanding the dearth of women in computer science (...
Construct State Modification in the Arabic Treebank

Earlier work in parsing Arabic has speculated that attachment to construct state constructions decreases parsing performance. We make this speculation precise and define the problem of attachment to construct state constructions in the Arabic Treebank. We present the first statistics that quantify the problem. We provide a baseline and the results from a first attempt at a discriminative learning procedure for this task, achieving 80% accuracy.
Fifty Years of Anthropology and Education 1950‐2000: A Spindler Anthology. George Spindler and Louise Spindler

Fifty Years of Anthropology and Education 1950-2000:. Spindler Anthology. George Spindler and Louise Spindler. George Spindler, ed. Mahwah, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2000.434 pp.
Automated workflow for engineering services

In the future users will request engineering services automatically much like we request stock quotes and weather reports today. Rather than requesting an engineering service directly from an engineer, a user will request the service from an automated server, which can be accessed from a web browser or other computer applications. The engineer's duties will shift to maintaining and enhancing the automated services, and performing expert-level analysis. This paradigm shift is beneficial to the engineer who is currently burdened with providing repetitive services. It is also beneficial to the users, who will receive a faster response from an automated server than a person can provide. This paper argues that service technology is sufficiently mature to provide many engineering services reliably and securely. It also illustrates a methodology for creating engineering services using the engineering applications that today's engineers use to provide their services. Once automated engineering services are available, they can be used in conjunction with a workflow management system to transform engineering processes in the same way business processes have been transformed in the last decade. This paper describes a prototype of an automated workflow system, developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, that provides navigation and telecommunication services.
Reliable high-power uncoated Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs lasers for cost-sensitive optical communication and processing applications

Unlike InP-based systems for long-distance communication applications, GaAs-based optoelectronic systems mostly for local-area network, optical interconnection or optical computing are very cost-sensitive because often these optoelectronic devices constitute most of the cost for these applications and fewer users share the cost. Thus besides technical issues, the processing cost should be addressed in the selection of materials and fabrication methods. We discuss a number of major advantages of Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs lasers for these applications, such as not coating- requirement, low cost, high long-term reliability, high performance. We discuss recent preliminary results of Al- free lasers as a first step toward these optoelectronic applications.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PATHOGENICITY OF VAIRIMORPHA NECATRIX (MICROSPORIDIA: NOSEMATIDAE) AGAINST OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) readily infects and kills the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in the laboratory. The corn borer is either killed in the larval stage within a few days after infection by disruption of the midgut and septicemia or in the pupal stage by microsporidiosis. Insects that are not killed by V. necatrix have a reduced potential for pupation, emergence, and reproduction.
Managing Victim Confrontation: Auto Theft and Informal Sanction Threats

Objectives. This paper explores how offenders manage the prospect of victim confrontation during auto theft. Methods. Data were drawn from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 35 active offenders recruited from the streets of a large Midwestern US city using snowball sampling methods. Results. Two contextual domains figured prominently in the offenders’ decision-making calculus: The area around the target and the target itself. The first galvanized the offenders’ attention to, and management of, informal social control. The second enjoined offenders to balance speed and stealth in breaching the target. Conclusions. Victim confrontation is an informal sanction that is distinct from both retaliation and traditional extralegal sanctions. The rarity with which it occurs in auto theft is likely due to confrontation avoidance measures offenders adopt at the front end of the offense and during the enactment process itself. The conceptual implications of victim confrontation in crime are explored in relation...
Commentary: Phases of Collaborative Success: A Response to Shoffner, Dias, and Thomas

Shoffner, Dias, and Thomas (2001) described a model for support of collaborative planning between the teacher education program and the instructional technology program at Georgia State University (GSU). Collaboration between instructional technology and teacher education programs can be a multiphased process. The successes cited by Shoffner, Dias, and Thomas are likely to benefit programs in a similar early phase of collaboration. In this article the author proposes that there are three phases of collaboration. These phases can be difficult to traverse, both because of differing accreditation standards and processes for teacher certification in other states, and because of differing cultures and circumstances within other teacher preparation programs.
Epidemiology: An essential science for speech-language pathology and audiology

This article introduces epidemiology as a health science that is essential as a complement to the basic laboratory and clinical sciences in speech-language pathology and audiology. A contemporary definition of epidemiology is presented. Principles of epidemiology, including causal criteria, and use and misuse of concepts such as incidence, prevalence, and risk are elaborated from the perspective of practitioners and researchers in human communication sciences and disorders. The ubiquity of epidemiologic data in the news media illustrates the complexities of data interpretation.
Cytokinins Induce Photomorphogenic Development in Dark-grown Gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii

The cytokinins benzylaminopurine, kinetin and isopentenyladenine induce photomorphogenesis in dark-grown gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii. At sub-nanomolar concentrations each altered the rate and pattern of cell division, elongation and differentiation, mimicking aspects of the light-mediated transition from filamentous to prothallial growth. Untreated dark-grown gametophytes grow as narrow, elongate, asexual filaments with an apical meristem. Cytokinin treatments as low as 10(-12) M reduced the length-to-width ratio through decreased cell elongation, increased periclinal cell division and induced the formation of rhizoid initials in the cells immediately below the apical meristem. Higher concentrations (10(-9)-10(-8) M) induced conversion of the meristem from apical to notch morphology. Cytokinins induced both red- and blue-light-mediated photomorphogenic events, suggesting stimulation of both phytochrome and cryptochrome signaling; however, cytokinin treatment only partially substituted for light in that it did not induce hermaphroditic sexual development or spore germination in the dark. Additionally, cytokinins did not increase chlorophyll synthesis in dark-grown gametophytes, which unlike angiosperms are able to produce mature chloroplasts in the dark. Cytokinin treatment had only slight effects on light-grown gametophytes. These results suggest evolutionary conservation between angiosperms and pteridophytes in the role of cytokinins in regulating photomorphogenesis.
Pavement Distress and Selection of Rehabilitation Alternatives: Michigan Practice

The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) practice regarding the preservation, rehabilitation, and preventative maintenance actions for rigid, flexible, and composite pavements is presented and discussed. For each pavement type, the causes of distress and the corresponding MDOT fix alternatives are also presented. Examples of the MDOT practice regarding the selection of maintenance and rehabilitation alternatives for rigid, flexible, and composite pavements are also presented.
Thermally Accelerated Oxidative Degradation of Quercetin Using Continuous Flow Kinetic Electrospray-Ion Trap-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

Thermally accelerated oxidative degradation of aqueous quercetin at pH 5.9 and 7.4 was kinetically measured using an in-house built online continuous flow device made of concentric capillary tubes, modified to fit to the inlet of an electrospray ionization-ion trap-time-of-flight-mass spectrometer (ESI-IT-TOF-MS). Time-resolved mass spectral measurements ranging from 2 to 21 min were performed in the negative mode to track intermediate degradation products and to evaluate the degradation rate of the deprotonated quercetin ion, [Q-H]–. Upon heating solutions in the presence of dissolved oxygen, degradation of [Q-H]– was observed and was accelerated by an increase in pH and temperature. Regardless of the condition, the same degradation pathways were observed. Degradation mechanisms and structures were determined using higher order tandem mass spectrometry (up to MS3) and high mass accuracy. The observed degradation mechanisms included oxidation, hydroxylation, and ring-cleavage by nucleophilic attack. A chalcan-trione structure formed by C-ring opening after hydroxylation at C2 was believed to be a precursor for other degradation products, formed by hydroxylation at the C2, C3, and C4 carbons from attack by nucleophilic species. This resulted in A-type and B-type ions after cross-ring cleavage of the C-ring. Based on time of appearance and signal intensity, nucleophilic attack at C3 was the preferred degradation pathway, which generated 2,4,6-trihydroxymandelate and 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenylglyoxylate ions. Overall, 23 quercetin-related ions were observed.