cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A critique of the selection of “Mathematical objects” as a central metaphor for advanced mathematical thinking

Reform in mathematics education at the secondary and post-secondary level is proceeding very slowly and, at least in the United States, the drop-out and failure rates for students continue to be intolerably high. Beginning in grade nine, fifty percent of the students in the United States enrolled each year drop mathematics the following year. Even at major research universities with selective student populations, failure rates in introductory calculus can range from 17-22%.This is astounding considering that students are permitted to withdraw from the courses up to four weeks from their termination, suggesting that even this statistic under estimates the seriousness of the situation. Although reform approaches are widely lauded in elementary and middle school education, at the secondary and post-secondary level, faculties are often unmotivated to change.
A modified dual-mass amplifier for high-strain-rate testing of SIFCON in uniaxial compression

An experimental procedure is described for obtaining compressive strength data at high rates of strain for slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON). A Monterey Research Laboratory dual-mass shock amplifier was modified to apply short-duration compressive loads to cylindrical test samples at rates of strain from 14 to 35/s. The data obtained are compared to data from static compressive strength tests and reveal increased peak compressive stresses at lower peak strains as compared to static strength values.
Raman Spectroscopic Study of Sorption to CTAB-Modified Montmorillonite

The sorption of benzene, ethylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, and quadricyclane onto CTAB-modified montmorillonite was studied. The CTAB was seen to be in a liquid-like form in the clay. It was also seen that quadricyclane was not stable in aqueous solutions and formed tricycloheptan-3-ol. Raman spectroscopy can be used to observe the sorption onto the organo-clay. The free-energy relationship for the sorption of the compounds studied on the organo-clay using an adsorption model was found. A deviation from ideal behavior was observed and a different model was developed that involved the molecular surface area of the surfactant and the molecular volume of the sorbate. If we assumed an absorption model, the agreement between our data and those predicted thermodynamically improved significantly.
Vitamin D and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the institutionalized elderly: a literature review.

Abstract Low vitamin D status is recognized as a prevalent disorder in certain high-risk groups. The greatest prevalence has been reported in the institutionalized elderly. The goal of this article is to review the literature pertaining to vitamin D deficiency in the institutionalized elderly and to highlight the need for treatment in this high-risk group. A computer search for English language articles from 1980 to February 2007 was conducted using the PubMed database and key words vitamin D, hyperpar-athyroidism, elderly, institutionalization, and nursing home. Several risk factors have been noted, which are more prominent in the institutionalized elderly, including decreased sun exposure, poor oral intake, and multiple comorbidities. Long-term care residents should be prescribed higher doses of calcium and vitamin D for adequate bone mineral density and fracture prevention.
A novel method for measurements of second-order non-linearities of organic molecules

Abstract The second-order non-linear polarizabilities of a number of organic molecules have been determined by measuring the optical second-harmonic generation from monolayers of such molecules spread on a water surface.
Spatial econometrics in an age of CyberGIScience

In this article, we focus on the evolution of the technology that lies at the basis of implementing spatial econometric methods into software tools. We review the changing methodological emphases and their implications for data structures and computational infrastructure required for estimation and inference. We review the evolution of software solutions, starting with SpaceStat and GeoDa and moving on to the PySAL open source library of spatial analytical functions Rey and Anselin 2010, PySAL: a Python library of spatial analytical methods. In: M.M. Fischer and A. Getis, eds. Handbook of applied spatial analysis . Berlin: Springer, 175–193.. We compare these approaches with other software solutions, such as the R spatial analytical routines and recently released Stata functionality for spatial econometrics. We follow the review with a discussion of requirements and challenges encountered when moving these software tools into a CyberGIScience framework. We focus on the efficient data structures, the need for metadata and provenance tracking, as well as high-performance computing requirements. We close with the outline of a vision for a ‘spatial econometrics workbench’ as a core component of cyberinfrastructure for GIScience.
Volatilization and Biodegradation of Naphthalene in the Vadose Zone Impacted by Phytoremediation

The combined remediation mechanisms of volatilization and biodegradation in the vadose zone were investigated for naphthalene remediation at a creosote-contaminated site where a poplar tree-based p...
Action principle in nonequilibrium statistical dynamics.

We introduce a variational method for approximating distribution functions of dynamics with a ``Liouville operator'' L^, in terms of a nonequilibriumaction functional for two independent (left and right) trial states. The method is valid for deterministic or stochastic Markov dynamics and for stationary or time-dependent distributions. A practical Rayleigh-Ritz procedure is advanced, whose inputs are a finitely parametrized Ansatz for the trial states, leading to a ``parametric action'' for their evolution. The Euler-Lagrange equations of the action principle are Hamiltonian in form (generally noncanonical). This permits a simple identification of fixed points as critical points of the parametric Hamiltonian. We also establish a variational principle for low-order statistics, such as mean values and correlation functions, by means of the least effective action. The latter is a functional of the given variable, which is positive and convex as a consequence of H\"older realizability inequalities. Its value measures the ``cost'' for a fluctuation from the average to occur and in a weak-noise limit it reduces to the Onsager-Machlup action. In general, the effective action is shown to arise from the nonequilibrium action functional by a constrained variation. This result provides a Rayleigh-Ritz scheme for calculating just the desired low-order statistics, with internal consistency checks less demanding than for the full distribution. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran Contamination in Soil and Home-Produced Chicken Eggs Near Pentachlorophenol Sources

The sources and pathways of food chain contamination of the persistent and toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are unclear. PCDD/PCDF levels in eggs from chickens raised in backyards near Oroville, CA, near a former pentachlorophenol (PCP) wood treatment facility (WTF) and four former PCP waste burners, were previously reported to be elevated (above a level of significant cancer risk, i.e., 1 part per trillion (ppt) international toxicity equivalent (ITEQ) and above levels in eggs from a similar rural area with no such facilities). Limited sampling suggested associations with low ppt soil levels. Further investigations are reported here. Soil concentrations in samples (n = 26) collected from the foraging area of a single Oroville backyard have a geometric mean of 30 ppt ITEQ and are uniform, suggesting airborne deposition. Additional samples were collected from homes in Oroville and Stockton, CA also near a former PCP WTF. Geometric mean dioxin levels ...
A quasi-Newton trust-region method

The classical trust-region method for unconstrained minimization can be augmented with a line search that finds a point that satisfies the Wolfe conditions. One can use this new method to define an algorithm that simultaneously satisfies the quasi-Newton condition at each iteration and maintains a positive-definite approximation to the Hessian of the objective function. This new algorithm has strong global convergence properties and is robust and efficient in practice.
Peptide-Functionalized Nanogels for Targeted siRNA Delivery

A major bottleneck in the development of siRNA therapies is their delivery to the desired cell type or tissue, followed by effective passage across the cell membrane with subsequent silencing of the targeted mRNA. To address this problem, we describe the synthesis of core/shell hydrogel nanoparticles (nanogels) with surface-localized peptides that specifically target ovarian carcinoma cell lines possessing high expression levels of the Eph2A receptor. These nanogels are also demonstrated to be highly effective in the noncovalent encapsulation of siRNA and enable cell-specific delivery of the oligonucleotides in serum-containing medium. Cell toxicity and viability assays reveal that the nanogel construct is nontoxic under the conditions studied, as no toxicity or decrease in cell proliferation is observed following delivery. Importantly, a preliminary investigation of gene silencing illustrates that nanogel-mediated delivery of siRNA targeted to the EGF receptor results in knockdown of that receptor. Excel...
Synthesis of 5′-Methylene-Phosphonate Furanonucleoside Prodrugs: Application to D-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-methyl Nucleosides

A new and facile synthetic pathway to metabolically stable 5′-methylene-bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)(POM)phosphonate furanonucleoside prodrugs is reported. The key step involves a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction of a tetra(pivaloyloxymethyl) bisphosphonate salt with appropriately protected 5′-aldehydic nucleosides. This efficient approach was applied for the synthesis HCV related 2′-deoxy-2′-α-fluoro-2′-β-C-methyl nucleosides.
Synthesis and glycan priming activity of acetylated disaccharides

Abstract Five disaccharides related in structure to the glycans of vertebrate mucins have been chemically synthesized using orthogonal blocking, coupling and deblocking techniques. These include 2-naphthylmethyl 3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-2-acetamido-3,6-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 6 ), 2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-2,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 14 ), 2-naphthylmethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-2-acetamido-4,6-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 20 ), 2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-2-acetamido-4,6-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 23 ) and 2-naphthylmethyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-2-acetamido-3,4-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside ( 27 ). These per-O-acetylated compounds were fed to U-937 cells to test their ability to prime oligosaccharide synthesis, inhibit glycoprotein biosynthesis and alter adhesion to E-selectin expressed on endothelial cells. The results show that 6 , 14 , and 20 served as substrates for oligosaccharide synthesis. The generation of glycoside-primed glycans altered the formation of glycoproteins on the cell surface and inhibited cell adhesion dependent on E-selectin.
Development of Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury

Organized neurosurgery has taken a major step forward in developing guidelines for the management of severe head injury. This represents the first area in which neurosurgeons have tackled this difficult but important undertaking. The head injury guidelines, which are to be published soon, are evidenced-based, i.e., they are based upon published data rather than on expert opinion. The quality of data has been carefully analyzed and graded. The level of the recommendations, i.e., standard, guideline, or option, is based upon the strength of the data available. An attempt is made to provide a summary of the terminology and methodology used to develop guidelines. Arguments for and against practice guidelines are also summarized.
A spin polarization analyzer attachment to a scanning auger microprobe

A new, compact electron spin polarization analyzer attachment to a scanning Auger microprobe has been described. Its operation and present performance has been demonstrated using the SEMPA technique to image the surface magnetic microstructure of three different types of magnetic samples. The unique advantages of SEMPA have been identified previously; those that were illustrated in these applications are: (1) the tecnique is surface sensitive; (2) the magnetic structure is imaged independently of the surface topography; (3) the contrast and signal are large; and (4) all three components of the polarization can be determined and therefore the surface magnetic vector can be mapped. Additionally, high spatial resolution can be achieved.
A Cognitive Emotional Methodology for Critical Thinking

This essay provides a theoretical foundation for a cognitive emotional methodology for critical thinking that is currently being utilized by the author in undergraduate and graduate social work advanced seminar classes. Through a review of the literature, the paper suggests that most approaches to teaching critical thinking do not integrate cognitive emotional criteria in the teaching method, and this is problematic for social work education. Citing recent literature about teaching empathy and values, and merging that work with clinical theory and practice, a theoretical foundation is established for a methodology that is in its formative stages. The methodology and its constructs are described. Although the methodology is presented though the vehicle of social work education, it is asserted that the methodology has broader utility.
Ultraviolet sensitivity and functional capacity in bacteriophage T4.

A number of gene functions, which characterize different phases of the phage development, were studied after ultraviolet irradiation of the wild-type phage, T4V+ and its ultraviolet-sensitive derivative, T4V. The “early” gene functions were equally sensitive in both strains. However, the “intermediate” function, thymidylate synthetase, and the “late” functions were much more sensitive in T4V as compared to T4V+. Ultraviolet-irradiation of the phages at different wavelengths indicated that the V gene function is related to a specific chromophore. The observation that inactivation of this chromophore is paralleled by the loss of certain gene functions is discussed in the context of the regulation of the multi-genic systems of the phage.
Incorporating Redundancy Considerations Into Stockage Models

Abstract : This paper is concerned with evaluating the impact on weapon system availability of component and assembly redundancy. The evaluation must be efficient, and it must be possible to integrate the evaluation into multi- echelon stockage models whose objective is to fund the least cost mix of stockage consistent with the availability goals for weapon (or other type) systems. The mathematics to be discussed here provides a rigorous solution to the evaluation problem when there is only a single supply echelon; there can be upper echelon repair, but not supply, unless the supply is from a 'perfect' supplier, always in stock. For the more general multi-echelon case, approximate approaches are presented. Keywords: Inventory models, Operational readiness, Operations research.
Influence of fluid thermal sensitivity on the thermo-mechanical stability of the Taylor-Couette flow

Recent theoretical [Al-Mubaiyedh et al., Phys. Fluids 11, 3217 (1999); J. Fluid Mech. 462, 111 (2002)] and experimental [White and Muller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5130 (2000); J. Fluid Mech. 462, 133 (2002)] studies have revealed that viscous heating causes significant destabilization of the Taylor–Couette flow of highly viscous and thermally sensitive fluids. In this work, the roles of thermal sensitivity of fluid properties and co-rotation on the thermo-mechanical stability of Taylor–Couette flow are investigated theoretically. In turn, our theoretical findings are compared with the recent experimental ones by White and Muller [Phys. Fluids 14, 3880 (2002)]. It is shown that a finite gap temperature is necessary to predict the time-dependent transitions observed in the experiments. A universal scaling between the critical Reynolds number and the Nahme number is obtained for intermediate values of Nahme number ranging from 0.01 to 1.0. Studies are also performed to determine the influence of co-rotation of the outer cylinder relative to the inner one on the thermo-mechanical stability. Overall, a very favorable comparison between theoretical and experimental results is obtained.
Observations of Climate Feedbacks over 2000–10 and Comparisons to Climate Models

AbstractFeedbacks in response to climate variations during the period 2000–10 have been calculated using reanalysis meteorological fields and top-of-atmosphere flux measurements. Over this period, the climate was stabilized by a strongly negative temperature feedback (~−3 W m−2 K−1); climate variations were also amplified by a strong positive water vapor feedback (~+1.2 W m−2 K−1) and smaller positive albedo and cloud feedbacks (~+0.3 and +0.5 W m−2 K−1, respectively). These observations are compared to two climate model ensembles, one dominated by internal variability (the control ensemble) and the other dominated by long-term global warming (the A1B ensemble). The control ensemble produces global average feedbacks that agree within uncertainties with the observations, as well as producing similar spatial patterns. The most significant discrepancy was in the spatial pattern for the total (shortwave + longwave) cloud feedback. Feedbacks calculated from the A1B ensemble show a stronger negative temperature...
STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF HARDWOOD SWAMPS IN THE NEW JERSEY PINE BARRENS: CONTRASTING PATTERNS IN TREES AND SHRUBS

The biomass, density, age structure, and dominance patterns of the tree and shrub populations in hardwood swamps of the New Jersey Pine Barrens are described and contrasted with each other. The total biomass of individual swamps ranges from 92,000 kg/ha to 194,000 kg/ha, depending on the age of the stand. These biomass values are similar to those reported for southern hardwood swamps. The Pine Barrens swamps are distinguished by very large populations of ericaceous and other shrubs, which range up to 13% of the total above-ground biomass. The tree populations, composed principally of Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylliatica and Magnolia virginiana, are even-aged; Acer is strongly dominating, with a minimum of 73% of the biomass, and species richness is associated with the availability of different microhabitats. The shrub populations, by contrast, are all-aged, with the dominance patterns among the species and the stand biomasses varying with the degree of flooding of the stand. Differences in size and growth rate among the shrub species parallel their evident response to the flooding gradient. The shrub stratum has lower species richness than the comparable southern swamps and floodplains, but ranges up to higher biomass values.
Algorithms in Combinatorial Geometry

This book offers a modern approach to computational geo- metry, an area thatstudies the computational complexity of geometric problems. Combinatorial investigations play an important role in this study.
An Improved Solution of the Transient Response of Convective Radial Fins

This work is devoted to the study of the convective radial fin’s transient response. Although, the steady-state fin analysis has attracted considerable attention for a very long time, the interest in the transient response started in the last quarter of the past century. Several publications have appeared since, either analytical, using the 1-D, and the 2-D conduction models, or experimental. Perusing the pertinent literature, we have observed that, in all previous published papers the authors treat the transient response of extended surfaces, or fins, like regular solids. However, fin endeavors rest on certain fundamental concepts, leading to some simplified assumptions, which we shall briefly discuss in the following sections, which allows using the 1-D conduction model, and their effect on steady-state operation. In addition, the bulk of the previous works refer to longitudinal and pin fins, while very few studies treat radial fins. Therefore, a re-examination and revision of the radial fin analysis is needed. The authors are indeed indebted to the pioneering work by previous researchers on this topic who have opened new avenues in the field of extended surface heat transfer. In this work, we present a new method, developed recently, which employs a new spatial coordinate system. It is also our intention to offer a different point of view to this problem, from those presented in the literature. The solutions presented here, rest on the previously mentioned certain fundamental concepts developed recently. In the following sections we show step by step, how the existing pertinent equations and formulae of the circular fins’ transient response, are transformed to new simpler forms, expressed in terms of certain more appropriate dimensionless parameters, from those presented in previously published papers. We confine our analysis to the constant thickness radial fins subject to specific boundary conditions. For reasons of comparison, the solution of a previous example cited in literature is presented. We also give a logical explanation as to what is meant by “the time required for transient response to attain the steady-state condition”. In addition, roots of the transcendental equation for the transient solution, that were not reported before are presented.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
New resonators for two-stage FELs

Abstract In a convenient resonator for a two-stage FEL, the cross section is smaller at the second stage than at the first in order to increase the intensity of the pump wave interacting with the electrons. Also, a flared shape is used to decrease mirror loading. By shaping the flares in the form of hyperboloids, the fields configurations can be obtained, checking that mode conversion does not become a problem. Use is made of an oblate speeroidal geometry and a perturbation expansion for the wave equation solutions.
Effects of Clove Oil, Tricaine, and CO2 on Gamete Quality in Steelhead and White Sturgeon

Abstract This study examined the direct impact of three commonly used anesthetics—clove oil (86% eugenol), tricaine (tricaine methanesulfonate [MS-222]), and CO2—on egg quality for steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and that of clove oil and tricaine on the motility of sperm from both steelhead and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. Exposure of unfertilized eggs for 6 or 24 h to 150 mg clove oil/L, 225 mg tricaine/L, or less than 100 mm Hg CO2 resulted in no reduction in egg fertility or embryo survival to hatch. However, higher doses (1,500 mg clove oil/L; 2,250 and 22,500 mg tricaine/L; or more than 125 mm Hg CO2) negatively impacted egg quality. Similarly, a 3-h exposure to clove oil (150 mg/L) or tricaine (225 mg/L) produced no significant effect on sperm motility in steelhead. White sturgeon sperm showed a modest decline in motility after incubation in clove oil. Thus, the data suggest that clove oil and tricaine can be used on fish prior to gamete harvesting without significant adverse impacts on ga...
Enhancing effect of corticotropin-releasing neurohormone on the production of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2

Based upon an immunomodulatory role for Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF), a low molecular weight neurohormone, we investigated the effect of CRF on the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) activities of mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy subjects. The production of both IL-1 and IL-2 was stimulated by a nanomolar concentration of CRF by itself. In addition, CRF augmented the production of IL-1 as induced by lipopolysaccharide and the production of IL-2 as induced by phytohemagglutinin. These results suggest that CRF modulates the function of the cells of the immune system presumably by acting as a blood-borne mediator of the neuroendocrine-immune pathways.
Effect of iron deficiency on tissue oxygen delivery in cyanotic congenital heart disease

To test the hypothesis that tissue oxygen delivery would be affected by diminished oxygen stores in cyanotic congenital heart disease, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, hemoglobin, red cell mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), P50, blood gases, oxygen saturations and systemic oxygen transport were measured in 29 hypoxemic infants and children. For the group, aortic saturation was 81 +/- 9%, PaO2 was 50 +/- 12 mm Hg, hemoglobin 16.2 +/- 2.1 gm/dl and systemic oxygen transport 620 +/- 145 ml/min/m2. P50 was increased above normal values (28.8 +/- 2.3 vs 26.6 +/- 1.1 mm Hg, p less than 0.01), and DPG was 2.35 +/- 0.54 mumol/ml, at the upper limits of normal for this assay. Iron deficiency was present in 8. When patients with P50 greater than or equal to 30 mm Hg and P50 less than 30 mm Hg were compared, iron stores were diminished in the high P50 group: [serum ferritin (19 +/- 8 vs 53 +/- 48 ng/ml, p = 0.0006), transferrin saturation (11 +/- 6 vs 23 +/- 11%, p = 0.003) and MCV (79 +/- 8 vs 86 +/- 4 fl, p = 0.05)]. Hemoglobin, aortic oxygen saturation, PaO2 and systemic oxygen transport were similar in both groups. In children with iron sufficiency, 15 of 21 had MCV greater than 90th percentile for age and sex (p less than 0.001 versus expected distribution). Also, MCV greater than 90th percentile for age and sex had a positive predictive value of 0.88 for iron sufficiency. This study demonstrates that diminished iron stores in cyanotic congenital heart disease are associated with a more right-shifted oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve (increased P50).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanism of action of gastric secretory inhibitors: Effects of SCN−, OCN−, NO2−, and NH4+ on (H+ + K+)-ATPase-mediated transport of H+ inside gastric microsomal vesicles☆

Abstract The mechanisms of action of the known inhibitors of gastric acid secretion such as SCN − , OCN − , NO 2 − , and NH 4 + ( M. E. LeFevre, E. J. Gohmann, Jr. and W. S. Rehm, 1964, Amer. J. Physiol. 207 , 613–618 ) were investigated using isolated pig gastric microsomal vesicles as a model system. The gastric microsomal vesicles enriched in (H + + K + )-ATPase have previously been demonstrated to accumulate H + in exchange for K + . The vesicular accumulation of acridine orange, which is a measure of H + uptake, shows sigmoidal kinetics in the presence of increasing K + with a Hill coefficient of 2.27 and a S 50 of 19.05 m m . None of those agents affects the microsomal (H + + K + )-ATPase activity, although they inhibit vesicular H + transport in a dose-dependent manner; the order of efficacy being NH 4 + > SCN − > OCN − > NO 2 − . The inhibitory effects of NH 4 + on vesicular H + transport appear to be due to neutralization of the transported H + by freely permeable NH 3 generated from the dissociation of NH 4 + in the bulk medium. SCN − , OCN − , and NO 2 − appear to work by a different mechanism. These agents do not act as protonophores. Our data demonstrate that the presence of SCN − , OCN − , and NO 2 − within the vesicle interior are essential for exerting their inhibitory effects. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of SCN − and OCN − on vesicular H + transport could be reversed by an elevation of intravesicular K + . Our data strongly suggest that the effects of SCN − , OCN − , and NO 2 − are exerted by interfering with a low-affinity K + site (S 50 = 19.05 m m ) within the domain of the gastric ATPase complex. This low-affinity K + site is accessible only from the vesicle interior and appears to be essential for the vectorial transport of H + by the gastric microsomal (H + + K + )-ATPase system.
Abstract B103: HSP90 inhibition targets the dysregulated signal and transcription factor network and malignant phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: Activation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and transcription factors, concurrent with defective tumor suppressor TP53, have been implicated in pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of epithelial cancers. Many proteins upon which these cancers depend are stabilized by the chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Here we characterized the effects of HSP90 inhibitor, PF-04928473, against the dysregulated network and malignant phenotype in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Experimental Design: HSP90 expression was analyzed in HNSCC tissue array and cell lines. Expression and function of oncogenic molecules and cytokines were analyzed by Western blot, reporter gene, and multiplex Luminex assays. Drug effects on proliferation, cell cycle, and radiosensitivity were evaluated by MTT, flow cytometry, and clonogenic assays. Anti-tumor effects and modulation of immunohistochemical markers were evaluated in a TP53-deficient xenograft model resistant to targeted therapies. Results: HNSCC tissues and lines overexpressed HSP90. PF-04928473 inhibited dysregulated EGFR, c-MET, AKT, ERK1/2, IKK signal molecules, AP-1, STAT3, and NF-B reporter genes, and expression of target oncogenes and angiogenic cytokines. PF-04928473 induced re-expression of TP53 and targets p21 and PUMA in TP53-deficient HNSCC. Corresponding to effects on these molecules implicated in HNSCC pathogenesis, PF-04928473 inhibited proliferation, induced G2/M block, apoptosis, and enhanced radiosensitivity in vitro. PF-04928473 similarly modulated key targets, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting proliferation, angiogenesis and xenograft tumorigenesis in vivo. Conclusion: HSP90 antagonist PF-04928473 modulated the dysregulated signal and transcriptional network, inhibited the malignant phenotype, and radiosensitized HNSCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2011 Nov 12-16; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B103.
The Scales of Variation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation in Hurricanes

Abstract Conventional techniques for determining which features of hurricanes govern their distribution of kinetic energy dissipation rate (ϵ) fail to yield significant correlations because of the high random variability of ϵ. Spectral analysis of the time series of the logarithm of ϵ, however, shows several distinct features which may be tentatively identified with specific aspects of the storm circulation. In particular, cloud-scale, cloud-cluster-scale and rainband-scale peaks occur in the power spectrum of log10ϵ.
Ongoing protein synthesis needed for 1,25-(OH)2D3-mediated rapid increase of cyclic GMP in human skin fibroblasts

Abstract Recently we reported that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) through interaction with its specific receptor rapidly (within 1 min) stimulated intracellular cGMP production in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Here we show that this effect of 100 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3 is prevented by brief (30 min) inhibition of RNA synthesis (with actinomycin D or α-amanitin) or by brief inhibition of protein synthesis (with cycloheximide or diphtheria toxin). The protein synthesis inhibitors also blocked stimulation of cGMP by other steroids (testosterone or dexamethasone at 100 nM) but did not block cGMP stimulation by sodium nitroprusside. Since the time for the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor to increase cGMP seems too short to require de novo protein synthesis, we conclude that the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor acts together with rapidly turning over protein(s) to stimulate cGMP synthesis.
Asset market hangovers and economic growth: the OECD during 1984-93

Asses prices and investment were unusually weak throughout the industrial world during the early 1990s. This paper highlights this stylized fact, and connects it with another: in most of the industrial world, asset markets boomed for several years before collapsing around 1989. The paper suggests that asset market bubbles during the late 1980s may have left the industrial world with an 'asset market hangover' in the early 1990s, in the form of sluggish asset markets and investment. Empirical support for this hypothesis is provided based on cross-country data for equity and real estate markets in most industrial countries. We suggest that financial market developments not justified by fundamentals can substantially affect real activity.
Detection and quantification of tau aggregation using a membrane filter assay

Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau contributes to the formation of neurofibrillary lesions in Alzheimer's disease and is a useful marker of disease progression. Although filter trap assays have been employed to assess the extent of tau aggregation in cells and tissues as well as in vitro, their performance relative to other assay modalities has not been reported. To clarify this issue, the ability of the filter trap approach to quantify aggregation of purified recombinant full-length tau protein in vitro was examined as a function of membrane chemistry in a 96-well format. Results showed that nitrocellulose yielded the greatest assay sensitivity relative to polyvinylidene fluoride or cellulose acetate at equal membrane porosity. However, all combinations of filter chemistries, porosities, and monoclonal detection antibodies yielded nonlinear correlations between signal intensity and analyte concentration. When corrected for nonlinearity, the filter trap assay determined a value for the critical monomer concentration for tau aggregation that was statistically identical to determinations made by electron microscopy assay. The data suggest conditions under which filter trap assays can be used to estimate tau aggregation kinetics.
Mathematical inference of blood gas data.

Abstract Direct measurement of serum pH and the partial pressures of blood oxygen and carbon dioxide may be performed economically and accurately using specific electrode devices, and these measured values may easily be corrected for patient temperature. Oxyhemoglobin saturation, serum bicarbonate concentration, oxygen and carbon dioxide content, and arteriovenous differences may then be calculated if hemoglobin and hematocrit are known. Although the computational techniques have been available for some time, they have not been combined into a single, efficient procedure which is readily usable in clinical practice. A suitable computer program was written and extensively validated. Calculated oxyhemoglobin saturations are virtually indistinguishable from those of the standard oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. The calculated P 50 (7.4) is 26.4. Calculated values of carbon dioxide content compare favorably with those published in the literature, and oxygen content determinations correspond well to measurements by the standard Van Slyke technique ( r = 0.978). Input and output requirements of the computation procedure are minimal and entirely discrete in nature. Programmable desk top calculators, or utility time shared computer systems with inexpensive keyboard-printer terminals could therefore provide this service.
Population structure and feeding deterrence in three shallow-water antarctic soft corals

Alcyonium paessleri and Clavularia frankliniana are numerically abundant soft corals in the nearshore (12 to 33 m depth) benthic communities of eastern McMurdo Sound. They are much less abundant in western McMurdo Sound where a third species, Gersemia antarctica, co-occurs in low numbers. The body tissues of these three species are comprised mainly of organic material (53 to 70% dry wt), which is primarily dervied from NaOH-soluble protein and refractory material. The energetic contents of the whole-body tissues of A. paessleri, C. frankliniana and G. antarctica are 15.9, 17.3, and 14.5 kJ g-1 dry wt, respectively. The mean biomass per individual is 1.81, 0.008, and 45 g dry wt for each respective species. Based on population densities of 7.3, 1337.3, and 0.04 soft corals m-2 for A. paessleri, C. frankliniana and G. antarctica, respectively, the population energetic densities are estimated to be 210.1, 185.1, and 26.1 kJ m-2. Despite the relatively rich energetic content of the tissue and apparent vulnerability to predators, very little predation occurs on these soft corals. Two potential predators, the antarctic sea stars Perknaster fuscus and Odontaster validus, exhibited significant chemotactic defensive tube-foot retractions to hexane, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous methanol extracts of each soft coral. In addition, wholebody tissue of each soft coral was rejected by the demersal fish Pseudotrematomus bernacchii and the cryopelagic fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki. In contrast, whole soft-coral tissues sequentially extracted in four increasingly polar solvents were readily ingested by these antarctic fishes, indicating that sclerites do not play a significant role in deterring predators. Our results indicate that these antarctic soft corals contain bioactive compounds which deter common predatory seastars and fishes.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Interfacial Electric Fields

Abstract Electric fields and potentials of an equilibrated assembly of ions and water molecules adjacent to a charged metal surface are calculated as a function of perpendicular distance z from the surface from data derived from molecular dynamics trajectories. The spatial distributions of atoms or molecules along direction z are found by ensemble averaging of trajectories followed by averaging with a localized function with a well defined length scale. Two methods were used calculate z dependent charge density distributions. In the first, to be called the atom method, the trajectories of charged atoms are averaged. In the second, called the molecule method, a Taylor expansion of charged atom positions relative to molecular centres is performed and the charge density separated into monopole, dipole, quadrupole, octopole, … components. These distributions are used to calculate the electric potential and in one example to study the progressive loss of structure due to water as the length parameter is scanned through the dimension of a water molecule. This latter result provides a link between simulations with detailed atomic modelling of intermolecular interactions and electric potentials derived from Gouy-Chapman theory. Illustrative examples are chosen from simulations of aqueous solutions of simple alkali halide electrolytes next to charged and uncharged flat metal surfaces. The smallest system has one ion and 157 water molecules, the largest 60 ions and 1576 water molecules.
Large convex sets in oriented matroids

After a brief discussion of the axiom systems for oriented matroids we consider two basic types of convex sets, arising from the opposition, and establish some fundamental properties. These are used to investigate large convex sets, those containing at least one element from each opposite pair. A characterization is given for large convex sets, three types are examined, and the relationships between these three types are shown. These relationships are particularly strong in a dense space.
Teacher as caregiver: making meaning with students with emotional/behavioral disabilities

Abstract Students with emotional/behavioral disabilities often come to the classroom with an array of problems. What is it that helps these students become successful in the school environment? In interviewing five Mexican-American adolescents enrolled in public school special education classes and their four teachers, their voices illustrated that special education teachers who exhibit care-giving qualities create positive student–teacher relationships with their students identified as having emotional/behavioral disabilities.
The Paupers of Somerset County: 1760-1800

This paper is an attempt to examine the lives of a group of early New Jersey poor people—the seventy-one paupers who received assistance from the townships of Franklin and Hillsborough in Somerset County from 1760-1800.
Lower reference limit for maximal oxygen uptake in men and women.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an important measure of exercise tolerance and low values may have clinical significance. Our purpose was to develop the necessary statistics--prediction equations and standard errors of estimate (SEE)--so that the lower reference limit for VO2max can be predicted for men and women. The subjects were healthy, non-smoking, sedentary men (n = 115) and women (n = 115) aged 20-70 years who performed 15 W min-1 cycle ergometer exercise tests. Three equations were developed for each gender using multiple linear regression with the non-exercise predictor variables of age and height, age and mass, and age and fat-free mass (FFM). The assumptions of regression analysis were examined and the predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) method was used to cross-validate each equation. Healthy and diseased individual subject data from the literature were used to externally validate our lower reference limit statistics. The equations developed meet the assumptions of regression analysis and have an accuracy similar to the non-exercise prediction equations in the literature with R2 values of approximately 0.581. The PRESS method revealed that the equations are generalizable, i.e. may be used in future studies without a significant loss of accuracy. The lower reference limit predictions for the healthy and diseased individual subject data from the literature produced few miscategorizations unless the subjects were obese and mass was used as a predictor variable. In conclusion, the equations and SEE generated in this study can be used to predict an accurate and valid VO2max lower reference limit for a given subject.
A p-adic division with remainder algorithm

A new algorithm for division with remainder of univariate and multivariate polynomials over the integers is reported. This division algorithm relies on a p-adic construction which is closely related to the Hensel-type constructions used for polynomial factorization and greatest common divisor computations. It furnishes a new and systematic way of looking at the classical problem of division (with or without remainder). Due to the sparseness-preserving property of p-adic constructions, it appears useful as an alternative division algorithm in suitable cases when the polynomials are sparse. Detailed discussion and a more complete computing time analysis will be deferred until a later time as the work progresses further. An hope, in the meantime, is to attract comments and criticism on the algorithm and its significance.
Virtual Reference Reflections

ABSTRACT When the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) was incorporated as the Ohio College Library Center in July 1967, it was largely considered an enterprise whose primary task was investigating cataloging duplication in American libraries. Fred Kilgour, OCLC's founder, was the visionary behind a collaborative enterprise that would eventually reshape the library landscape for generations. The concept of a cataloging system using automation to share bibliographic information, thus allowing libraries to copy catalog records for their own purposes, seems obvious today. In hindsight, it is hard to imagine the effort it would take if every library across the globe were required to individually catalog their acquisitions. Yet Kilgour's vision went beyond the standard use of automation in cataloging applications. He believed automation can “provide not just information about where to find information, but the information itself, the text of the book or article, the map, the recording, each delivered directly...
Brain pH monitoring during ischemia.

BACKGROUND Brain tissue acidosis can result from ischemia when cerebral blood flow reduction reaches a critical value. The portable, battery-operated Khuri pH monitor has been used previously in a large number of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to monitor the intramyocardial pH during aortic clamping. It was found to be easy to use, reliable, and a strong predictor of myocardial preservation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the applicability of this monitor in the measurement of brain pH. METHODS Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits underwent general endotracheal anesthesia. A right frontal craniotomy was performed and a pH/temperature glass electrode was inserted in the frontal lobe. Both common carotid arteries were exposed in the neck and prepared for occlusion. Three rabbits were used as control; their brain pH was recorded over 60 minutes. Twelve rabbits underwent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion of varying duration and their brain pH measurements were recorded. RESULTS There was no significant difference in pH levels at baseline in the two groups (p = 0.604). There were significant differences in pH over time between the control and occlusion group (p = 0.016). The pH dropped steadily and significantly in the occlusion group (p = 0.008), whereas little change in pH was noted over time in the control group (p = 0.366). CONCLUSION The portable Khuri pH monitor has been used by cardiothoracic surgeons to monitor the myocardium during bypass procedures. Our experimental pilot study found it to be reliable in measuring the brain pH and to be relatively simple to use. It is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We believe it may be of benefit to neurosurgeons.
Relaxed selection causes microevolution of seawater osmoregulation and gene expression in landlocked Alewives

Ecological transitions from marine to freshwater environments have been important in the creation of diversity among fishes. Evolutionary changes associated with these transitions likely involve modifications of osmoregulatory function. In particular, relaxed selection on hypo-osmoregulation should strongly affect animals that transition into novel freshwater environments. We used populations of the Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) to study evolutionary shifts in hypo-osmoregulatory capacity and ion regulation associated with freshwater transitions. Alewives are ancestrally anadromous, but multiple populations in Connecticut have been independently restricted to freshwater lakes; these landlocked populations complete their entire life cycle in freshwater. Juvenile landlocked and anadromous Alewives were exposed to three salinities (1, 20 and 30 ppt) in small enclosures within the lake. We detected strong differentiation between life history forms: landlocked Alewives exhibited reduced seawater tolerance and hypo-osmoregulatory performance compared to anadromous Alewives. Furthermore, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and transcription of genes for seawater osmoregulation (NKCC—Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter and CFTR—cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) exhibited reduced responsiveness to seawater challenge. Our study demonstrates that adaptations of marine-derived species to completely freshwater life cycles involve partial loss of seawater osmoregulatory performance mediated through changes to ion regulation in the gill.
Quantitative determination of primidone in biological material

Abstract A quantitative chemical method is described for oxidizing primidone (with chromic acid) to phenobarbital. A mixture of the two drugs in urine or blood is analyzed by extracting both with ether, removing the phenobarbital from this by extraction with 0.1M ethanolamine, then evaporating the ether and oxidizing the primidone, which is left. The separation, and the determination of phenobarbital in both fractions is practically quantitative for samples of 50 μg to 500 μg. If present, p-hydroxy-phenobarbital can be quantitatively eliminated by chromic acid treatment.