cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Watsons theory of human caring and subjective living experiences: carative factors/caritas processes as a disciplinary guide to the professional nursing practice

This article provides an overview of Watsons theory of Human Caring, the notion of Caritas and human phenomena. Special emphasis is placed upon the theoretical structure of human caring theory referred to as 10 Carative Factors/Caritas Processes and subjective living processes and experiences. These core conceptual aspects of the theory and human living processes are grounded within the philosophical and ethical foundation of the body of my caring theory work. Together they serve as a guide for professional practice, as well as a disciplinary blueprint for the Science of Care.
Applying an Activity Theory Lens to Designing Instruction for Learning About the Structure, Behavior, and Function of a Honeybee System

This article reports on a study in which activity theory was used to design, implement, and analyze a 10-week curriculum unit about how honeybees collect nectar with a particular focus on complex systems concepts. Students (n = 42) in a multi-year kindergarten and 1st-grade classroom participated in this study as part of their 10 regular classroom activity. The curricular unit was composed of 4 specific activity types, each of which was intended to focus students on a particular dimension of the content: (a) Inquiry with BeeSign software was intended to help students explore the benefit of individual nectar-collecting behaviors for the hive as a whole; (b) traditional drawing activities were intended to help students learn the structures of 15 the bees; (c) participatory representation activities, in which students enacted the behavior of the bees as they collect nectar, were intended to help students link bee structures to individual behaviors; and (d) an embodied nectar-gathering game was intended to he...
Height, Socioeconomic and Subjective Well-Being Factors among U.S. Women, Ages 49–79

Background A vast literature has associated height with numerous factors, including biological, psychological, socioeconomic, anthropologic, genetic, environmental, and ecologic, among others. The aim of this study is to examine, among U.S. women, height factors focusing on health, income, education, occupation, social activities, religiosity and subjective well-being. Methods/Findings Data are from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study. Participants are 93,676 relatively healthy women ages 49–79; 83% of whom are White, 17% Non-White. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square and multivariable covariance analyses. The mean height of the total sample is 63.67 inches. White women are significantly taller than Non-White women, mean heights 63.68 vs. 63.63 inches (p = 0.0333). Among both Non-White and White women height is associated with social behavior, i.e. attendance at clubs/lodges/groups. Women who reported attendance ‘once a week or more often’ were taller than those who reported ‘none’ and ‘once to 3 times a month’. Means in inches are respectively for: White women–63.73 vs. 63.67 and 63.73 vs. 63.67, p = 0.0027. p = 0.0298; Non-White women: 63.77 vs. 63.61 and 63.77 vs. 63.60, p = 0.0050, P = 0.0094. In both White and Non-White women, income, education and subjective well-being were not associated with height. However, other factors differed by race/ethnicity. Taller White women hold or have held managerial/professional jobs–yes vs. no–63.70 vs. 63.66 inches; P = 0.036; and given ‘a little’ strength and comfort from religion’ compared to ‘none’ and ‘a great deal’, 63.73 vs. 63.66 P = 0.0418 and 63.73 vs. 63.67, P = 0.0130. Taller Non-White women had better health—excellent or very good vs. good, fair or poor–63.70 vs. 63.59, P = 0.0116. Conclusions Further research in diverse populations is suggested by the new findings: being taller is associated with social activities –frequent attendance clubs/lodges/groups”, and with ‘a little’ vs. ‘none’ or ‘great deal’ of strength and comfort from religion.
Hermann Cohen's Das Prinzip der Infinitesimalmethode, Ernst Cassirer, and the Politics of Science in Wilhelmine Germany

Few texts summarize and at the same time compound the challenges of their author's philosophy so sharply as Hermann Cohen's Das Prinzip der Infinitesimalmethode und seine Geschichte (1883). The book's meaning and style are greatly illuminated by placing it in the scientific, political, and academic context of late-nineteenth century Germany. As this context changed, so did both the reception of the philosophy of the infinitesimal and of the Marburg school more generally. A study of this transformation casts significant light on the political relevance of the philosophy of science in the Wilhelmine era. As a means of following this development across time, Cohen's text is read through its changing reception in the philosophy of his closest disciple, Ernst Cassirer.
Potassium-Rich Alkaline Intrusive Rocks of Western Alaska

Alkaline intrusive rocks occur in a 300-km-long belt of small plutons and intrusive complexes that extends from west-central Alaska to the Bering Sea. The occurrence of a massif of similar rocks on the easternmost tip of the Chukotsk Peninsula suggests the belt may extend into Siberia. These are highly potassic and subsilicic rocks that were emplaced at about mid-Cretaceous time (Albian and Cenomanian). The belt of alkaline potassic rocks cuts across two different geologic provinces. The eastern half of the belt is in the Yukon-Koyukuk volcanogenic province of Mesozoic age; the western half is in the Seward Peninsula province, which is comprised mainly of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Paleozoic. The Yukon-Koyukuk province is an unusual setting for alkaline rocks, commonly thought to be typical of stable continental platform or shield areas. The possibility that the volcanic rocks of the Yukon-Koyukuk province rest directly on oceanic crust together with the regional extent of the potassium-rich alkaline rocks suggests that the potassic magma may have originated in the mantle. Confinement of the alkaline rocks to the general boundary area between the two geologic provinces suggests this highly faulted area was a zone of structural weakness along which deep-seated alkaline magma was emplaced. This magma may have influenced the composition of other plutonic rocks that are closely associated in time and space with the alkaline potassic rocks.
Community-Level Physiological Profiles of Cloacal Microbes in Songbirds (Order: Passeriformes): Variation Due to Host Species, Host Diet, and Habitat

The relationship between microorganisms and birds has received increased attention recently. The state of knowledge of this relationship, however, is based largely on examination of sick or dead birds, and knowledge of the prevalence and community structure and function of microbes in healthy wild populations is limited. Using carbon substrate utilization profiles, microbial communities were examined in 91 cloacal samples from 14 species within apparently healthy summer and winter passerine populations. Within each season, gradient lengths and eigenvalues from ordination analyses suggested that many samples differed in their carbon substrate utilization and several had very different communities. Cloacal microbe carbon utilization profiles were distinguishable among host species, season-specific diet, and study site in the ordination analyses. However, these patterns were only observed for the analysis of the summer data set. The results of this study support the idea that the avian host’s microbial community, relative to carbon substrate utilization, is related to host diet. Previously, this pattern had only been reported for potential pathogens isolated from the avian cloaca. Study site–specific patterns in the ordination analysis suggest that environmental conditions at a particular study site may influence cloacal microbial communities in birds. Results of this study indicate that examination of community-level physiological profiles may be a useful technique for distinguishing among avian cloacal samples, similar to that already established for discriminating aqueous and soil samples. Future studies that correlate microbe physiological profiles to condition-based indices of avian hosts may be most useful for eventually using the profile as an indicator of environmental conditions experienced by hosts.
A mixed virus infection in midgut cells of Autographa californica and Trichoplusia ni larvae

Ultrastructural examination of the midguts of Autographa californica and Trichoplusia ni infected with a viral preparation obtained from Autographa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV)-infected insects revealed the presence of five morphologically distinct virus particles. Two virus particles were observed simultaneously in the nuclei, AcMNPV and an approximately 40-nm icosahedral unenveloped particle. Within the same cell two other viruses were observed in the cytoplasm, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus and a dense icosahedral unenveloped particle around 28 nm. A fifth particle resembling an icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus was occasionally observed. Both the 40- and the 28-nm particles were observed to be occluded within polyhedra.
Changes in distal muscle timing may contribute to slowness during sit to stand in Parkinsons disease.

Abstract Objective. To compare patterns of muscle activation in the lower extremity and subsequent forces during sit to stand in persons with Parkinsonism. Background. There is an interruption of the tibialis anterior/soleus interaction during forward oriented movements in some subjects with Parkinsonism, including sit to stand. This task is a major determinant of independence and 44% of those with Parkinsonism report difficulty. Methods. 41 subjects with Parkinsonism were asked to stand up from a bench. Peak acceleration and vertical ground reaction forces, the slopes to these peaks, and the timing of events were measured. Surface electrodes were placed on tibialis anterior and soleus. Results. The slower group produced force at slower rate than the fast group. The slower group spent 64% of the time taken to stand to complete the flexion-momentum phase, and the fast group spent 56%. The slower group had a larger proportion of co-contraction trials than the other groups. Conclusions. Slower subjects took longer to perform the task due to a longer time for seat off. Deficits recruiting tibialis anterior may contribute to the decreased rate of production of the acceleration forces and the longer time required for seat off. Relevance Decreased rate of rise of force is used to identify fallers in the elderly and subjects with stroke. Decreased rates of force production may therefore assist in identifying those with Parkinsonism at risk of falls. Treatment strategies designed to facilitate tibialis anterior activation may improve the functional performance of this task.
A Non‐Muslim Teaching Islam: Pedagogical and Ethical Challenges

Abstract. This paper is a reflection on the two most significant challenges that I have faced teaching the introductory course in Islam. The first is the challenge of teaching Islam after September 11, 2001, the events of which gave rise to such pedagogical questions as how much and in what ways the course syllabus should change, and in particular how we should address issues such as extremism and terrorism. The second is the challenge of being a non-Muslim teaching Islam, which raises issues of authority (particularly when there are Muslim students in the classroom). The limitations and advantages of teaching a tradition as an outsider are explored, and strategies for compensating for the limitations are suggested. The final section of the essay explores the following question: When, if ever, can (or should) we as teachers move from explaining and analyzing the positions taken by members of a tradition to criticizing them?
Heat transfer in turbulent forced convection between parallel‐plates

On presente une resolution analytique du transfert de chaleur a la region d'entree thermique provoque par la convection forcee turbulente d'un fluide newtonien a l'interieur d'un canal carre maintenu a temperature constante, et on determine les nombres de Nusselt locaux avec une grande exactitude jusqu'a la zone qui se trouve tres pres de l'entree du conduit. Les nombres de Nusselt locaux calcules sont compares a ceux qui ont ete obtenus a partir d'une correlation empirique proposee recemment
Review essay. Sacred space in North America

Etude de la litterature americaine contemporaine consacree au theme de l'espace sacre. Debutant par la conception developpee par Mircea Eliade, l'A. approfondit sa reflexion en etudiant l'espace institutionnel, l'espace public, l'espace domestique, l'espace ethnique, qui definissent differents types de sacre.
Polymerization of a Thiol-Bound Styrene Monolayer

The polymerization of a self-assembled monolayer of (mercaptomethyl)styrene is monitored in situ with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemisorption of this thiol-containing styrene involves the loss of the S−H bond. The vinyl stretching mode at 1625 cm-1, which disappears during both azo- and photoinitiated surface polymerization, is used to follow the kinetics of the process. Laser desorption/Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry confirms the transformation of the initiated monomer into a nondesorbable species.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of sequence dependent Tenofovir removal by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: differences in primer binding site versus polypurine tract

Tenofovir (TFV) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI) that is often administered as first-line therapy against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection and acts as a chain terminator when incorporated into viral DNA. However, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) excises TFV in the presence of either ATP or pyrophosphate, which is an important drug resistance mechanism that would interfere with the effective treatment. Previous studies have shown conflicting results on excision efficiencies for TFV-terminated primer-templates derived from either primer binding site (PBS) or polypurine tract (PPT) sequences. To provide mechanistic insight into the variation in TFV removal from both sequences that are vital for the HIV-1 life cycle, we compared the efficiencies of removal reaction in response to sequence dependence via utilizing blocked PBS and PPT primer-templates. We found an enhanced TFV excision with PPT sequence over PBS sequence through ATP-mediated removal and a subsequent incorporation of ATP into the unblocked primers. Furthermore, the rate of pyrophosphorolytic excision of TFV from PPT sequence was 21-fold higher than that for the PBS sequence. However, the addition of efavirenz, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), to the removal reaction effectively inhibits the TFV excision from both primers by forming a stable complex that would leave TFV inaccessible for excision. These results illuminate the degree of primer-template sequence contribution on TFV removal as well as increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism for the beneficial effects of widely used combinations of antiretroviral regimens in the context of synergistic antiviral activity and drug resistance.
Strategies for improving safety and quality in interventional radiology.

PATIENT safety and the quality of health care are at the center of multiple initiatives such as Medicare’s Pay for Performance and American Board of Radiology’s Practice Quality Improvement program. Responding to these initiatives requires a reassessment of the role interventional radiology plays within the health care system. This article is the first in a series of four that summarize how some of the knowledge gained from other fields might be used to improve patient safety and quality in interventional radiology. Before starting, it is worthwhile to state that, although millions of patients have derived tremendous benefit from the dedicated efforts of thousands of interventional radiology teams, we can clearly do better. Improving patient safety and quality will always be a continuous process that revolves around two fundamental questions. First, how might a particular procedure fail to provide the predicted benefit? Second, how can we change our current process so as to increase the probability of success in the future? These articles are meant to introduce a series of topics. This first article serves as an overview. The second article will provide guidance on choos-
Near real-time extraction of planar features from 3D flash-ladar video frames

This paper describes a novel method used to extract planar surfaces from a stream of 3D images in near real-time. The method currently operates on 3D images acquired from a MESA SwissRanger SR-3000 infrared time of flight camera, which operates in a manner similar to flash-ladar sensors; the camera provides the user with range and intensity value for each pixel in the 176 by 144 image frame. After application of the camera calibration the range measurement associated with each pixel can be converted to a Cartesian coordinate. First, the proposed method splits the focal image plane into sub-images or sub-windows. The method then operates in the 3D parameter space to find an estimate of the planar equation best describing the point cloud associated with the window pixels and to compute a metric that defines how well the sub-window points fit to the planar estimate. The best fit sub-window is then used as an initialization to one of two investigated methods: a parameter based search technique and cluster validation using histogram thresholding to extract the entire plane from the 3D image frame. Once a plane is extracted, a feature vector describing that plane along with their describing statistics can be generated. These feature vectors can then be used to enable feature-based navigation. The paper will fully describe the feature extraction method and will provide application results of this method to extract features from indoor 3D video data obtained with the MESA SwissRanger SR-3000. Also provided is a brief overview of the generation of feature statistics and their importance.
Experimental Cultures: On the “End” of the Design Thesis and the Rise of the Research Studio

Abstract In recent years architectural schools have replaced the independent design thesis with, among other things, faculty-led research studios. This essay locates the rise of the research studio in the United States within the historically changing definition and role of thesis in professional degree programs. In doing so, it argues that the research studio, by taking advantage of the shared experimental character of design and research, presents a timely—if imperfect—method for integrating architecture's public responsibilities with its intensely private creative processes and products.
Proton collisional excitation in the ground configuration of Fe+12, II

Improved values of the proton impact excitation cross sections at coronal energies for all the Fe+12 ground configuration (3s23p2) transitions are presented. These were obtained by direct computer integration of the Schroedinger equation (with the states expressed in intermediate coupling) resulting from the semi-classical Coulomb excitation theory formulation of the process. Comparison is made with previous results. The associated rate constants at coronal temperatures are given and compared with the corresponding electron impact excitation rate constants. Some cross-section values for the Fe+13 3s23p2P1/2→2P3/2 excitation are also presented.
Habit Modification of Corundum Crystals Grown from Molten PbF2‐Bi2O3

Single crystals of corundum and ruby were grown from PbF2-Bi2O3 melts. Their habits and the use of La2O3 as a growth modifier are described. Lanthanum ions were incorporated into the growing crystals to promote the growth of equidimensional crystals. The habit modifications are interpreted as resulting from impurity adsorption on the steps on the {1011} faces and direct adsorption on the {0112} faces. The crystals grown from these melts are of good optical quality and contain few dislocations.
Transverse Ranges Province: A Unique Structural-Petrochemical Belt across the San Andreas Fault System

The San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges of southwestern California, and associated mountains and basins westward to the Pacific Ocean, make up a unique east-trending geomorphic, stratigraphic, petrologic, and structural belt 400 km long that is offset only a few tens of kilometers right laterally by northwest-striking faults of the San Andreas type. Spot correlations across these faults, suggesting displacements of hundreds of kilometers, perhaps have other explanations. Within the transverse ranges and basins, the east trend is shown by the general petrology, the crystalline rock patterns, pre- and post-batholithic structural features, and batholithic chemical patterns. The east-west unity is especially striking west of the San Andreas fault, but it is also evident in the central and southern San Bernardino Mountains, east of that fault. The Salton Trough and the southern boundary of the Transverse Ranges Province appear to be the most important provincial boundaries in southwestern California. West of the San Jacinto fault, which is just southwest of the San Andreas fault and nearly parallel to it, the Transverse Ranges Province is bounded on the south by the Malibu Coast–Cucamonga fault zone. At and just east of the San Jacinto fault, the southern boundary fault zone is displaced by faulting 30 to 40 km to the southeast, and is continued as the Banning fault. East of the eastern (Mission Creek) branch of the San Andreas fault, east-trending faults are present, but the San Bernardino Mountains rocks and structures merge into the southeast-trending Little San Bernardino Mountains.
Reply to Befu's Comment on Brandt's Review

Odaka, Kunio 1970 Shokugyo no Rinri (Ethics in Occupation). Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha. Peacock, James L., and A. Thomas Kirsch 1970 The Human Direction: An Evolutionary Approach to Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft. Rohlen, Thomas P. 1974 For Harmony and Strength. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. Service, Elman R. 1971 Cultural Evolutionism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Stewart, Elbert W. 1973 Evolving Life Styles. New York: McGraw-Hill. Takahashi, Ko 1970 Nihon-teki Roshi Kankei no Kenkyu (Studies in "Japanese" LaborManagement Relations). Tokyo: Miraisha.
A cytochemical study of the surface properties of aortic and mitral valve endothelium from hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

The luminal surface properties of aortic and mitral valve endothelium in hypercholesterolemic rabbits were examined with the aid of cationic ferritin (CF), ferritin-lectins (FWGA, FRCA, FSBA), and low density lipoprotein-colloidal gold (LDL-Gold) conjugates. Based upon comparative studies with normocholesterolemic rabbit valves, the number of CF and wheat germ agglutinin (FWGA) particles per 100 nm of endothelial surface was found to be reduced in moderate hypercholesterolemia (450 mg/dl). Conversely, the number of Ricinus communis agglutinin (FRCA) and soybean agglutinin (FSBA) conjugates were increased. Quantitation of the CF and FWGA particles demonstrated that the endothelium lining of the valve surfaces (i.e., the arterial surfaces of the aortic cusps, AA, and the ventricular surfaces of the mitral cusps, MV) exposed to more turbulent hemodynamic conditions displayed the greatest densities of particle counts. Cholesterol levels of 400-500 mg/dl produced a loss of characteristic differences in the number of ferritin particles that existed between the two surfaces of a cusp. Especially prominent over the AA and MV surfaces, these changes represented a reduction in the anionic properties of the endothelial glycocalyx. Enzymatic digestion demonstrated the reduction in surface sialic acid residues to be one of the major factors responsible for these early changes at the blood-endothelium interface. More severe hypercholesterolemia (700-900 mg/dl) resulted in even further reductions in the number of ferritin particles over the AA and MV surfaces but enhanced the binding of LDL-Gold. Chondroitinase studies of these specimens demonstrated that the initial loss of sialic acids at moderate serum levels unmasks deeper lying components of the glycocalyx (e.g., sulfated glycosaminoglycans) and augments the attachment of LDL molecules to the endothelial surface. The findings of this study suggest that specific macromolecular changes in the endothelial glycocalyx in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia occur at vascular locales where hemodynamic forces such as eddy formations and blood stagnation impinge against the vascular wall.
Technology, Teachers, and the Search for School Reform

Educational technologists have increasingly moved away from direct involvement in the world of the classroom teacher in recent years. The assumptions that technologists and teachers make about educational technology and about teaching now diverge markedly. At the same time, new reform proposals have suggested ways to restructure schools that would enhance the role of teachers as instructional decision-makers and offer them more control over their professional work life. Elements of the reform agenda are characterized, and ways are described in which educational technologists might work together with teachers in pursuit of reform goals. These include: (1) preparation of models for teaching-with-technology; (2) design of intelligent software; (3) creation of technologically based tools to support teachers' professional work and development; and (4) improvement of research about technology in education.
Using a Concentrating Solar Reactor to Produce Hydrogen and Carbon Black via Thermal Decomposition of Natural Gas: Feasibility and Economics

Producing hydrogen in a cost-effective manner while minimizing environmental impacts is a big challenge. Hydrogen can be generated with carbon as a by-product from thermal decomposition of natural gas. A system using a solar reactor to produce hydrogen on-site for fueling stations was examined for its technical and economic feasibility. Integrated energy and material balance calculations were made to determine the amount of hydrogen that could be produced from a given reactor size and heliostat field area. Hourly solar data were applied to the model to properly estimate real storage requirements. This paper gives the results of the study including the greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance.
Long-term fate of a pulse arsenic input to a eutrophic lake.

The long-term fate of a 30-year-old pulse arsenic input to a eutrophic lake was studied to determine if As has become effectively trapped in sediments or remains in active exchange with the water column. Legacy As was readily mobilized from sediments of Spy Pond (Arlington, MA), a eutrophic kettle-hole lake that was treated with 1000s kg As in the 1960s to manage excessive aquatic macrophyte growth. Arsenic was mobilized from hypolimnetic sediments during bottom-water anoxia in spring, summer, and fall, and As accumulated to maximum concentrations of 2100 nM. Mobilization of As from epilimnetic sediments was the largest source of As to the water column on a mass basis (145 mol), despite the fact that the epilimnion remains oxic year-round. Sediment cores revealed that surficial sediments contained As at 30−50 times background levels and suggested that there is contemporary As loading to hypolimnetic sediments (590 mol y-1). Mass balance estimates indicate that <5% of the contemporary As load comes from ex...
The role of nature in the context of the workplace

The well-being of the workforce is clearly a matter of concern to the employer. Such concern translates to considerable costs in the form of fringe benefit packages, health promotion programs, ergonomics, and other ways to reduce absence and enhance health and satisfaction. Despite such efforts, however, one way to address well-being that entails relatively low costs has been largely ignored in the work context. Proximity and availability of the natural environment can foster many desired outcomes, even if the employee does not spend a great amount of time in the natural setting. A theoretical framework is presented that helps explain why even the view from the window can have a positive impact with respect to well-being. Results from two studies offer some substantiation. Further research on the role of nature in the workplace is essential; however, decisions to provide health promoting programs and to enhance fringe benefit packages have not been offered as a direct consequence of empirical verification. While providing windows at work may not be a simple matter, other ways to increase contact with vegetation may provide a low-cost, high-gain approach to employee well-being and effectiveness.
Counterion-Induced Attraction between Rigid Polyelectrolytes

We report on results of long-time Brownian-dynamics simulations of electrostatic interactions between two rigid polyelectrolyte rods. We find that the interaction can be both repulsive, as obtained from mean-field theory, and attractive. The onset of attraction depends not only on the fixed charge density of the rod, but also on its radius. The attractive force is found to be due to the development of positional correlations between the counterions condensed on the two rods, for which we propose a simple analytical model. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Vitamin A Deficiency: Effect on Retinal Structure of the Moth Manduca sexta

Sphingid moths (Manduca sexta) were reared for several generations on an artificial diet deficient in vitamin A and its precursors. Retinal tissue from depleted moths was removed for histological examination. There was extensive histolysis in the retinal epithelium and underlying nervous and connective tissues. This pathology correlated with severe visual impairment, even though normal growth, metamorphosis, and reproduction occurred. In the adult this pathology could be reversed when the larvae were reared only on tobacco (its usual host) or on the artificial diet supplemented with beta-carotene or vitamin A palmitate.
Sequence and transcription of Qa-2-encoding genes in mouse lymphocytes and blastocysts

The protein product of the mouse preimplantation embryo development (Ped) gene, which controls the rate of preimplantation embryonic cleavage division and subsequent embryo survival, is the Qa-2 antigen. This major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I b protein is encoded by four genes, Q6, Q7, Q8, and Q9. The present study was undertaken to begin to elucidate which of the four Qa-2-encoding genes are responsible for the Ped gene phenotype in the C57BL/6 mouse (H2b). First, restriction maps of the four genes, using 25 restriction enzymes, were created. The RE maps confirmed that Q6 is similar to Q8 and Q7 is similar to Q9, but that the Q6/Q8 gene pair differs from the Q7/Q9 gene pair. The genomic DNA sequences of Q6 and Q8 were determined, as well as the DNA sequences of exons 4 – 8 of Q9, and the 5′ regulatory regions of Q6, Q8, and Q9. This DNA sequence information, combined with the published DNA sequence information for the entire Q7 gene and exons 1 – 3 of Q9, allowed us to design primers for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction that could distinguish which of the four genes were transcribed in mouse lymphocytes and embryos. It was found that all four genes are transcribed in lymphocytes, but only Q7 and Q9 are transcribed in mouse embryos. Thus, both Q7 and Q9 are candidates for the genes responsible for the Ped gene phenotype.
Single-agent chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer

The survival and quality of life benefits of combination chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are now well recognized. Since many clinical trials have been conducted in relatively young patients with good performance status, many elderly patients and patients with poor performance status are not offered chemotherapy because of concerns about higher risks of toxicity. The newer agents, including topotecan, are active as single agents in NSCLC, achieving response rates of up to 30%. Overall survival and symptoms may be improved when these agents are added to best supportive care. They are well tolerated in both elderly patients and patients with poor performance status. The major toxicity with the standard 5-day administration schedule of topotecan is myelosuppression, but weekly schedules may offer reduced toxicity while maintaining efficacy. Thus, single-agent therapy with newer agents is generally considered in elderly and poor performance status patients. However, combination chemotherapy may also be appropriate for some patients in these subgroups. Future studies of chemotherapy in NSCLC should not exclude elderly patients and patients with poor performance status.
Building Relationships From the Outside In: A Case Study of Falken Tire's Drift Toward Success

This article explores a unique application of relationship marketing and commitment-trust theory through “outside-in” channel development. Necessitated by market conditions and competitor size and influence, the case company lacked the financial strength and credibility to compete head on to drive awareness from key channel members. Findings demonstrate how out-of-the-box thinking, entrepreneurial risk taking, and creative event marketing allowed a small market player to establish, build, and ultimately extend relationships with both indirect and direct channel partners from the outside in. This case provides guidance for relationship marketing efforts through the use of event sponsorship and social media strategies.
Optimal Lunar Orbit Insertion from a Variable Free Return with Analytical Gradients

A method for the optimization of a four impulse lunar orbit insertion sequence from a free return trajectory of variable geometry is presented. Both the inclination and altitude at lunar periapsis along the free return are variable. With a direct multiple shooting method, optimization is performed in the circular restricted three body model with a constrained sequential quadratic programming algorithm, and optimality is veried with primer vector theory. The necessary gradients are derived with linear perturbation theory, and a closed form expression is derived for computing gradients along a general n-impulse trajectory. Examples are presented for two classes of symmetric free returns, and a range of lunar orbit orientations is examined to assess the impact on velocity impulse requirements.
Measurement of the triboluminescent properties for europium and samarium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium

Triboluminescence (TL) is the emission of cold light that is created when materials are fractured. Europium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium (EuD4TEA) is one of the brightest triboluminescent materials that exist. In 2010, efforts began to introduce additives to the synthesis to increase the triboluminescent yield of EuD4TEA. To date, this research has increased the overall emission yield of EuD4TEA by nearly two fold. This paper explores the effects of adding samarium to EuD4TEA. The effects of this additive on the decay time and photoluminescent emission spectra are reported. In addition, the effects of europium on samarium tetrakis dibenzoylmethide triethylammonium are also determined. The effects of europium on the decay time and photoluminescent emission spectra are also reported. Results will show that both additives have an adverse effect on the triboluminescent emission yield. Open image in new window
Survey results from airlines that use revenue management software systems

To our knowledge, even though vendors have been successfully selling revenue management (RM) software systems to major airlines and smaller carriers for more than 20 years, no one has ever surveyed the airlines to assess their satisfaction with the current systems. After years of consulting with many of these air carriers, the author felt that it would be helpful to the airline industry (and maybe the vendors) to do such a survey. We had a 66 per cent response rate, representing carriers with a wide variety in annual revenues (big, medium and small carriers) and a wide variety in the region of the world where they are headquartered. The results indicate that: (1) Six different RM vendors were chosen by the airlines who responded. (2) The mean length-of-use for these RM systems was 8.2 years. (3) More than 97 per cent of their flights were being processed by the RM system. (4) User analysts actively managed about 63 per cent of the flights. (5) Overall satisfaction with the vendors was 3.49 (mode was 4) on a scale of 1 (very unsatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). (6) Satisfaction with training provided by vendors was 3.31 (mode was 2). (7) Satisfaction with technical support by vendors was 3.34 (mode was 3). (8) Satisfaction with user friendliness of graphical interfaces was 3.32 (mode was 3). (9) 27 per cent of carriers had changed vendors over the years. (10) More than 50 per cent of the airlines had purchased separate group modules, about 1/3 had purchased network modules and pricing support systems and approximately 1/5 had purchased a ‘low fare’ module. Additional, in-depth statistical analysis and summarised answers to open-ended questions on the RM systems' strengths and weaknesses are also presented.
Skills training for pregnancy and AIDS prevention in Anglo and Latino youth.

Abstract Purpose: This study tested social skills training (SST), didactic training (DT), and no training (NT) on adolescents' social skills for resisting peer pressure to engage in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pregnancy risk behavior. Methods: A total of 307 Latino and Anglo youth ages 13–18 years were assigned at random to receive 18 h of SST, 18 h of DT, or NT. Results: Significantly ( p Conclusions: Social skills training can increase assertiveness for certain negotiation skills that may decrease risk of AIDS for Latino, Anglo, and male and female adolescents. Both DT and SST can increase knowledge of AIDS prevention. Differences between experimental groups were supported by differences between trained and untrained skills within the SST condition, adding to discriminant validity.
Optimal Environmental Regulation in the Presence of Other Taxes: The Role of Non-separable Preferences and Technology

Recent studies find that environmental taxes typically exacerbate pre-existing tax distortions and, therefore, the optimal pollution tax should lie below the Pigouvian level (social marginal damages). This paper analyzes a general equilibrium model with non-separable preferences and technology, relatively rare assumptions in this literature, and finds that the second-best optimal pollution tax can be above or below the first-best Pigouvian level. Surprisingly, the ordering of the two does not depend on the degree of pre-existing tax distortion. Moreover, it depends not just on the difference between the two goods' cross-price elasticities with leisure, but on that difference compared to the elasticity of demand for the polluting intermediate input. Finally, the paper shows that under plausible parameter conditions, a greater pre-existing tax distortion can increase the optimal level of environmental regulation.
The transduction system in the isoproterenol activation of the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel in guinea pig taenia coli myocytes.

In freshly dispersed guinea pig taenia coli myocytes the activity of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel (maxi-K+ channel) predominates. The open probability (Po) of this channel is increased by micromolar concentrations of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO). Low concentrations of cholera toxin (CTX, 1 pM) and guanosine 5'-O-2-thiodiphosphate (GDP beta S, 0.5 mM) suppress the ISO-induced increase of Po. Higher concentrations of CTX (e.g., 0.5 nM) as well as forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP increase the Po. 1,9-Dideoxyforskolin, the forskolin analogue, which lacks the adenylate cyclase-stimulating effect, does not. A specific protein kinase A inhibitor (Wiptide), applied intracellularly via diffusion from the patch electrode, suppresses the ISO-induced increase of whole-cell outward K+ current during step depolarization. In contrast, intracellularly applied protein kinase C (19-36), a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, has no effect on the whole-cell current. TMB-8, an inhibitor of intracellular calcium mobilization, does not affect either the whole-cell outward K+ current during step depolarization or the Po. These observations show that ISO increases the Po of the maxi-K+ channels in the guinea pig taenia coli myocytes through the G protein-adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A system.
The Structure of Inequality and Americans’ Attitudes Toward Redistribution

Income inequality has been rising substantially over the past few decades in the United States, making it the most unequal of advanced industrialized democracies. This transformation has had enormous social and political consequences. In this research note, I assess the influence of both income inequality and the changing structure of income inequality on Americans� public policy mood. Numerous political theorists suggest that rising inequality and the shift in the distribution of income to those at the top should lead to increasing support for liberal policies. But recent evidence contradicts these theories. I empirically evaluate a number of competing theoretical predictions about the relationship between inequality and public preferences. In general, the evidence supports the claim that rising inequality has been a force promoting conservatism in the American public.
Advances in umbilical cord blood transplant: an overview of the 12th International Cord Blood Symposium, San Francisco, 5–7 June 2014

From 5 to 7 June the 12th Annual International Cord Blood Symposium was held in San Francisco. The meeting was devoted to advances in umbilical cord blood research with a major focus on translational and clinical results in cord blood transplant and in regenerative medicine. Over 3 days, a comprehensive summary of the state of the art was provided. We have summarized the most important data, organized around the following themes: use of umbilical cord blood for tissue repair, new indications for umbilical cord blood unit stem cell transplant (CBU SCT), enhancing count recovery after CBU SCT, improving outcomes, product quality and financial and cost considerations.
Full Superstructure for Multiobjective Optimization of Multicolumn Chromatography for Ternary Separations

In the past decades, many multicolumn chromatographic processes have been proposed and studied for multicomponent continuous separation. In this study, the optimal operation for ternary multicolumn chromatographic separation is obtained from a full superstructure which embeds many different operations. A multiobjective optimization problem was solved to analyze the trade-off between the throughput and the purity of the target component. It was found that the throughput of the optimal operation found from the full superstructure is significantly higher than that of the generalized full cycle scheme in our former publication in 2012.
Dispersion of a ball settling through a quiescent neutrally buoyant suspension

Individual falling balls were allowed to settle through otherwise quiescent well-mixed suspensions of non-colloidal neutrally buoyant spheres dispersed in a Newtonian liquid. Balls were tracked in three dimensions to determine the variances in their positions about a mean uniform vertical settling path. The primary experimental parameters investigated were the size of the falling ball and the volume fraction and size of the suspended particles. Unlike the horizontal variances, the vertical variances were found to be affected by short-time deterministic behaviour relating to the instantaneous local configurational arrangement of the suspended particles. For sufficiently long intervals between successive observations, the trajectories of the balls were observed to disperse about their mean settling paths in a random manner. This points to the existence of a Gaussian hydrodynamic dispersivity that characterizes the linear temporal growth of the variance in the position of a falling ball. The functional dependence of these horizontal and vertical dispersivities upon the parameters investigated was established.The dispersivity dyadic was observed to be transversely isotropic with respect to the direction of gravity, with the vertical component at least 25 times larger than the horizontal component. The vertical dispersivity Dˆv (made dimensionless with the diameter of the suspended spheres and the mean settling velocity) was observed to decrease with increasing falling ball diameter, but to decrease less rapidly with concentration than theoretically predicted for very dilute suspensions; moreover, for falling balls equal in size to the suspended spheres, Dˆv increased linearly with increasing volume fraction ϕ of suspended solids.In addition to the above experiments performed on suspensions of spheres, previously published settling-velocity data on the fall of balls through neutrally buoyant suspensions of rods possessing an aspect ratio of 20 were re-analysed, and vertical dispersivities calculated therefrom. (These data, taken by several of the present investigators in conjunction with other researchers, had only been grossly analysed in prior publications to extract the mean settling velocity of the ball, no attempt having been made at the time to extract dispersivity data too.) The resulting vertical dispersivities, when rendered dimensionless with the rod length and mean settling velocity, showed no statistically significant dependence upon the falling-ball diameter; moreover, all other things being equal, these dispersivities were observed to increase with increasing rod concentration.
Feasibility of NC-OFDM transmission in dynamic spectrum access networks

In this paper, we provide a feasibility analysis of non-contiguous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (NC-OFDM) transceivers based on different operating configurations. The selection of these configurations conform to the constraints defined by the spectral masks of the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC), such as out-of-band radiation. Actual spectrum measurement data collected from several bands including the paging and digital TV bands are considered and several parameters, such as the number of subcarriers, or the power spectrum density (PSD) of the NC-OFDM waveform are modified in order to study the viability of this transmission technique in actual licensed spectrum. Due to the bursty nature of the paging band, an analysis of the interference caused by the changing number of subcarriers is also provided.
Tris Buffer: A New Method for Studying Pulsus Alternans in Isolated Heart Muscle

A regular alternation of strong and weak heart beats, i.e. pulsus alternans, could be induced in isolated heart muscle of guinea pigs or cats when the commonly used buffering agent Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane was used instead of bicarbonate. Alternans developed spontaneously in Tris-buffered atria of guinea pigs when the Ca2+ concentration of the bathing medium was decreased from 2.5 to 1.0 mm, or when the Mn2+ concentration was increased from 0 to 0.5 mm; alternans persisted in Tris-bathed atria when stimulation frequency was changed from 1.0 Hz to 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 Hz. Alternation of contractions similarly occurred in Tris-buffered ventricular papillary muscles of cats, especially when these preparations were challenged with even a temporary (1 to 2 min) increase in stimulation frequency. Alternans was not produced in bicarbonate-buffered heart muscle with the inotropic interventions studied. Present findings identify a previously unrecognized aspect of the cardiac effects of substituting Tris buffer for bicarbonate, and provide a model for studying the important cardiac phenomenon of pulsus alternans in heart muscle isolated from in vivo influences.