cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
cor, a Novel Carbon Monoxide Resistance Gene, Is Essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a devastating human infectious disease, causing two million deaths annually. We previously demonstrated that M. tuberculosis induces an enzyme, heme oxygenase (HO1), that pro- duces carbon monoxide (CO) gas and that M. tuberculosis adapts its transcriptome during CO exposure. We now demonstrate that M. tuberculosis carries a novel resistance gene to combat CO toxicity. We screened an M. tuberculosis transposon library for CO-susceptible mutants and found that disruption of Rv1829(carbon monoxide resistance, Cor) leads to marked CO sensitivity. Heterologous expression of Cor in Escherichia coli rescued it from CO toxicity. Importantly, the virulence of the cor mutant is attenuated in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Thus, Cor is necessary and sufficient to protect bacteria from host-derived CO. Taken together, this represents thefirst report of a role for HO1-derived CO in controlling infection of an intracellular pathogen and thefirst identification of a CO resistance gene in a pathogenic organism. IMPORTANCE Macrophages produce a variety of antimicrobial molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2), and acid (H), that serve to kill engulfed bacteria. In addition to these molecules, human and mouse macrophages also produce carbon monoxide (CO) gas by the heme oxygenase (HO1) enzyme. We observed that, in contrast to other bacteria, my- cobacteria are resistant to CO, suggesting that this might be an evolutionary adaptation of mycobacteria for survival within mac- rophages. We screened a panel of ~2,500 M. tuberculosis mutants to determine which genes are required for survival of M. tu- berculosisin the presence of CO. Within this panel, we identified one such gene, cor, that specifically confers CO resistance. Importantly, we found that the ability of M. tuberculosis cells carrying a mutated copy of this gene to cause tuberculosis in a mouse disease model is significantly attenuated. This indicates that CO resistance is essential for mycobacterial survival in vivo.
The Social and Cultural Context of Coping with Sickle Cell Disease: II. The Role of Financial Hardship in Adjustment to Sickle Cell Disease:

Recent evidence on the negative psychological effects of poverty suggests that economic status alone might account for the adjustment problems attributed to sickle cell disease (SCD). The relationship of SCD and financial hardship to adjustment was examined in 327 ill children and their parents. SCD and hardship contributed independently to impaired child and parental functioning. For parents, illness severity had more negative effects than did financial hardship, but for
The Energies of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays

This paper contain a continuation of the discussion of the energies of alpha, beta, and gamma rays on the theory previously suggested by the writer. According to this theory the energies of beta and gamma rays are equal to nq + ΣN m E m there q = 3.85, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . , E m denotes an electronic energy level and N m = 0, 1, 2, 3 ... The unit 105 electron volts will be used throughout. We should expect elements with the same atomic number to give rays of equal energies. The chance of the emission of a ray with any given possible energy must depend on the nucleus as well as on the electronic system so that the relative intensities of the rays from different elements, having the same atomic number, may not be the same. The different elements may emit nuclear gamma rays with different values of the integer n and with different intervals between the emissions.
STUDIES ON THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF PITUITARY ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC RELEASE IN MAN.

A study was made of the effect of a single intravenous injection of a synthetic analog of vasopressin (CRA-41) on corticotropin release during various times of the circadian rhythm of the circulating plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. The material was administered at 8:00 am, 5:00 pm and 12:00 midnight, and the plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were determined at intervals within 1 hr of administration. Corticotropin release, as indicated by an increase in 17-hydroxycorticosteroid levels, was greater at 5:00 pm and 12:00 midnight than at 8:00 am, and the data suggest that the amount of ACTH released at 12:00 midnight was in excess of that released during the other 2 test periods. It is proposed that release of corticotropin in response to stress varies inversely with the levels of plasma cortisol and that this may be related to variations in pituitary ACTH content. The data further indicate that there was no difference between the corticotropin-releasing activity of equipressor doses of CRA-41 and synthetic...
Assessing Invariance Across Sex and Race/Ethnicity in Measures of Youth Psychopathic Characteristics

The aim of this study was to assess the measurement invariance of 2 commonly used measures of youth psychopathic characteristics across sex and racial/ethnic groups. Among a community sample of Hispanic and Black adolescents (N = 355; 50.5% female; mean age = 15.09) and their parents, this study tested the configural and metric invariance of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP; Levenson, Fitzpatrick, & Kiehl, 1995) and the parent-report version of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (Frick, 2004). Preliminary analyses indicated that the adolescents in the present study reported similar rates of psychopathic characteristics as those reported by other studies of adolescents and young adults. Results of the multigroup invariance analyses indicated that these measures are invariant across sex and between Hispanic and Black youth. In addition, further analyses assessing associations between these measures and a number of behavioral and emotional characteristics indicated that scores on the LSRP Scale and Callous-Unemotional Traits demonstrate good convergent and discriminant validity with few differences by sex or race/ethnicity. To date, research on psychopathy has focused predominantly on samples of White males. Therefore, it is important that research examines the equivalence of measures of psychopathic characteristics across different populations, so that accurate assessments can be made to inform intervention and treatment efforts.
ON GENERALIZED GAUSSIAN QUADRATURES FOR BANDLIMITED EXPONENTIALS

Abstract We review the methods in Beylkin and Monzon (2002) [4] and Xiao et al. (2001) [24] for constructing quadratures for bandlimited exponentials and introduce a new algorithm for the same purpose. As in Beylkin and Monzon (2002) [4] , our approach also yields generalized Gaussian quadratures for exponentials integrated against a non-sign-definite weight function. In addition, we compute quadrature weights via l 2 and l ∞ minimization and compare the corresponding quadrature errors.
Relation of turbulent mass transfer to a wall at high Schmidt numbers to the velocity field

Turbulent mass transfer to a wall at high Schmidt numbers is controlled by the velocity field within the viscous sublayer. Measurements have been obtained of the root-mean-square fluctuating mass transfer coefficient and the frequency spectrum of the fluctuating mass transfer coefficient for a Schmidt number of about 2300. From an order-of-magnitude analysis it is concluded that flow fluctuations in the direction of mean flow have little effect on the mass transfer fluctuations. A comparison of the mass transfer spectrum with the spectrum of the component of the velocity gradient in the transverse direction sz reveals that the high-frequency portion of the sz spectrum is not effective in transferring mass. Approximate relations between the mass transfer spectrum and the sz spectrum are developed for high frequencies and for low frequencies.
The generalized control of excessive behaviors

Two theoretical approaches to generalization in behavioral interventions designed to reduce behavioral excesses are discussed; approaches based on stimulus generalization and those based on response generalization. The potential advantages and disadvantages of each model are outlined, and implications evolving from the application of each model for practitioners are discussed. The article concludes with an overview of guidelines for practitioners and researchers.
Are There Gendered Pathways to Intimacy in Early Adolescents’ and Emerging Adults’ Friendships?:

Two studies addressed age- and gender-related patterns in early adolescents’ and emerging adults’ conceptions of intimacy in friendships. Forty-one early adolescents and 96 emerging adults in Study 1 and 174 emerging adults in Study 2 described a time when they felt especially close to a friend. Narratives were coded for intimate behaviors and affective feelings. In Study 2, emerging adults also completed a survey assessing intimacy in their closest friendship. In Study 1, emerging adults’ narratives contained more self-disclosure and fewer shared activities than the early adolescents’ narratives. No gender differences in conceptions of intimacy were obtained. In Study 2, although emerging adult men and women reported equal amounts of self-disclosure, emerging adult women reported more emotional support and fewer shared activities. Survey results converged with interview data. Self-disclosure predicted emotional closeness for emerging adult women and men; shared activities also predicted emotional closene...
Randomized Controlled Trials in Music Therapy: Guidelines for Design and Implementation

Background Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) plays a powerful role in today's healthcare industry. At the same time, it is important that multiple types of evidence contribute to music therapy's knowledge base and that the dialogue of clinical effectiveness in music therapy is not dominated by the biomedical hierarchical model of evidence-based practice. Whether or not one agrees with the hierarchical model of evidence in the current healthcare climate, RCTs can contribute important knowledge to our field. Therefore, it is important that music therapists are prepared to design trials that meet current methodological standards and, equally important, are able to respond appropriately to those design aspects that may not be feasible in music therapy research. Objective To provide practical guidelines to music therapy researchers for the design and implementation of RCTs as well as to enable music therapists to be well-informed consumers of RCT evidence. Methods This article reviews key design aspects of RCTs and discusses how to best implement these standards in music therapy trials. A systematic presentation of basic randomization methods, allocation concealment strategies, issues related to blinding in music therapy trials and strategies for implementation, the use of treatment manuals, types of control groups, outcome selection, and sample size computation is provided. Conclusions Despite the challenges of meeting all key design demands typical of an RCT, it is possible to design rigorous music therapy RCTs that accurately estimate music therapy treatment benefits.
Warm season cloud-to-ground lightning-precipitation relationships in the south-central United States

Abstract This study examines the relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and surface precipitation using observations from six regions (each on the order of 10000 km2), April through October (1989–93), in the south-central United States. The relationship is evaluated using two different methods. First, regression equations are fit to the data, initially for only the CG lightning flash density and precipitation, and then with additional atmospheric and lightning parameters. Second, days are categorized according to differences in the precipitation-to-CG lightning ratio; the same additional parameters are then examined for differences occurring within each category. Results show that the relationship between CG lightning and surface precipitation is highly variable; r2 coefficients range from 0.121 in Baton Rouge to 0.601 in Dallas. A measure of the positive CG lightning flash density is the best addition to the model, statistically significant in all regions. When days are categorized, the perc...
Relationship between LD Score and Haseman-Elston Regression

Estimating SNP-heritability from summary statistics using LD Score regression provides a convenient alternative to standard variance component models, because LD Score regression is computationally very fast and does not require individual genotype data. However, the mathematical relationship between variance component methods and LD Score regression is not clear; in particular, it is not known in general how much of an increase in standard error one incurs by working with summary data instead of individual genotypes. In this paper, I show that in samples of unrelated individuals, LD Score regression with constrained intercept is essentially the same as Haseman-Elston (HE) regression, which is currently the state-of-the-art method for estimating SNP-heritability from ascertained case/control samples. Similar results hold for SNP-genetic correlation.
Charles Darwin in the Cape Verde and Galápagos archipelagos: The role of serendipity in development of theories on the ups and downs of oceanic islands

The 1831–1836 voyage of H.M.S. Beagle under Captain Robert FitzRoy launched Charles Darwin's entry into the world of geology with two pioneering publications on oceanic islands to his credit. Best known is Darwin's 1842 contribution on the theory of atoll development from the subsidence of volcanic islands and coeval upward growth of coral reefs. This work can be linked, in part, to the ten days during which the Beagle visited the Keeling (Cocos) Islands. The subsequent and lesser known of Darwin's parallel contributions is his 1844 summary on all the volcanic islands visited during the expedition, including Santiago (Cape Verde Islands), Terceira (Azores), St. Paul's Rocks, Fernando Noronha, Ascension, St. Helena, the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, and Mauritius. Ostensibly, the centerpiece of the 1844 volume is Darwin's extensive coverage of Ascension based on the five days spent there in 1836. However, Darwin had many more days at his disposal in the Galapagos and ‘St. Jago’ (Santiago), where the Beagle st...
Increased susceptibility to bladder inflammation in smokers: targeting the PAF-PAF receptor interaction to manage inflammatory cell recruitment.

Abstract Chronic bladder inflammation can result in a significant reduction in quality of life. Smoking remains a leading preventable risk factor in many diseases. Despite the large amount of evidence supporting the risks of smoking, roughly 45 million people in the United States remain smokers. The impact of cigarette smoking on inflammation is well established, but how smoking promotes bladder inflammation is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if cigarette smoke exposure impacts inflammatory cell adherence to bladder endothelial cells and if targeting the platelet‐activating factor (PAF)–PAF receptor (PAFR) interaction could be beneficial in managing bladder inflammation. In response to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) incubation, bladder endothelial cells from human or mouse displayed increased PAF accumulation, decreased PAF‐AH activity, and increased inflammatory cell adherence. Inhibition of endothelial cell calcium‐independent phospholipase A 2 β (iPLA 2 β ) with (S) ‐BEL, to block PAF production, prevented adherence of inflammatory cells. Pretreatment of inflammatory cells with PAFR antagonists, ginkgolide B or WEB2086 significantly reduced the number of adhered cells to bladder endothelium. Wild‐type mice exposed to cigarette smoke displayed increased presence of inflammatory infiltration which was absent in iPLA 2 β −/− mice and those exposed to room air. In conclusion, cigarette smoke exposure increases endothelial cell PAF accumulation and increased inflammatory cell adherence. Inhibition of PAF accumulation or PAFR antagonism markedly attenuated inflammatory cell adherence to bladder endothelial cells. The results detailed in this study highlight to potential therapeutic targets for managing bladder inflammation.
Solvation Dynamics at the Air/Water Interface with Time-Resolved Sum-Frequency Generation

The dynamics of molecular solvation at the air/water interface has been monitored with femtosecond time-resolved pump-sum frequency generation (TR-SFG), a technique that has been shown to be feasible in the study of ultrafast rotional motions. In the work reported here, the solvation process was monitored by femtosecond photoexcitation of interfacial coumarin 314 (C314) molecules. In these experiments, the SFG signal is brought into a vibrational resonance with the carbonyl symmetric stretch of C314 by tuning the IR pulse to the carbonyl frequency by using a pump-TR-SFG probe. Two solvation time constants were obtained, 230 ± 40 fs and 2.17 ± 0.3 ps. These results are the same within experimental error as those measured in time-resolved second-harmonic generation (TR-SHG) experiments. This suggests that the solvent response is due to solvation-induced shifts of the electronic-state energies in the SFG hyperpolarizability and not significantly to solvation effects on the energy of the carbonyl vibration no...
Reply to "Comment on 'Nonparametric forecasting of low-dimensional dynamical systems' ".

In this Reply we provide additional results which allow a better comparison of the diffusion forecast and the "past-noise" forecasting (PNF) approach for the El Nino index. We remark on some qualitative differences between the diffusion forecast and PNF, and we suggest an alternative use of the diffusion forecast for the purposes of forecasting the probabilities of extreme events.
Abstract B4: Health‐related and sociocultural correlates of physical activity among an African American cohort

Background: Participation in physical activity has been shown to have many health benefits including contributions to the reduction in rates of all‐cause morbidity/mortality and helps in the prevention of many chronic diseases, including cancer. Despite these known health benefits, national data indicates that adherence to recommendations are low, with the rates being the lowest among African Americans. Socio‐demographic characteristics, having a history of co‐morbid conditions, and physician recommendation to exercise have all been shown to influence participation. However, few studies have measured the impact of socio‐cultural factors. This presentation identifies demographic, health influenced, and socio‐cultural factors that have been found to play a role in physical activity participation in a cohort of African Americans. Method: African American men and women (ages 45–75), residing in a Midwest metropolitan area, participated in a two‐armed randomized community intervention trial (N = 661). Each participant completed a baseline survey that contained questions regarding physical activity participation, demographic, and health related characteristics. The survey also included questions about socio‐cultural (SC) factors found to be relevant in previous research with this population. Baseline data were analyzed to determine the rate of participation in physical activity as well as the rate of adherence to guidelines (i.e., 30+ minutes of moderate physical activity five or more days per week, or vigorous physical activity for 20+ minutes three or more days per week). Additional analyses examined demographic, health‐related (personal history of chronic diseases and physician recommendation), and SC characteristics (mistrust, collectivism, humanism, social desirability, and nationalism) to determine their relative influence on physical activity participation and adherence to guidelines. Results: The rates of physical activity participation (83.6%) and adherence (52%) were slightly higher for this cohort than previously reported. Bivariate analyses indicated that being married, having more than a high school education, having an income of more than $40,000, being employed, receiving a physician recommendation to exercise, and having chronic disease were significantly associated with physical activity participation and adherence (p Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B4.
Developing a Transparent, Participant-Navigated Electronic Informed Consent for Mobile-Mediated Research

Sage Bionetworks has developed a novel multi-media approach to addressing transparency and comprehension within electronic informed consent (eConsent) for app-mediated research studies. We deployed this eConsent process in minimal-risk research studies. Here we describe the rationale for the framework selected and best practice for application of the framework in other clinical studies.
Decision and cost-utility analyses of surgical versus transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus: should you let a smile be your umbrella?

Decision and cost-utility analyses considered the tradeoffs of treating patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using conventional surgery versus transcatheter implantation of the Rashkind occluder. Physicians and informed lay parents assigned utility scores to procedure success/complications combinations seen in prognostically similar pediatric patients with isolated PDA treated from 1982 to 1987. Utility scores multiplied by outcome frequencies from a comparative study generated expected utility values for the two approaches. Cost-utility analyses combined these results with simulated provider cost estimates from 1989. On a 0-100 scale (worst to best observed outcome), the median expected utility for surgery was 99.96, versus 98.88 for the occluder. Results of most sensitivity analyses also slightly favored surgery. Expected utility differences based on 1987 data were minimal. With a mean overall simulated cost of $8,838 vs $12,466 for the occluder, surgery was favored in most cost-utility analyses. Use of the i...
TWENTIETH-CENTURY CLIMATE ANOMALY PATTERNS OVER THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES

Winter precipitation anomaly patterns between 1911 and 1977 over the southwestern United States are investigated by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first four EOFs explain 74% of the total variance in the original data assemblages. The first three were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The spatial distribution of the coefficients and the time plots of the amplitudes of the first two EOFs indicate that the first three decades of the study period, identified as encompassing the most anomalously warm decades in the western Untied States this century, was a period when negative precipitation anomalies predominated in the Great Basin and in the upper Colorado and Green River basins, but positive anomalies predominated in the lower Colorado and the Colorado Plateau region of Arizona. In the early 1950s not only was there a hiatus in winter precipitation distribution, but the earlier anomaly patterns reversed to a predominantly wet northern section and a predominantly drier...
Near-infrared spectroscopy for detection of a significant patent ductus arteriosus.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may assist with characterization of a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) by measuring cerebral and renal saturation (Csat and Rsat) levels. We hypothesized that Csat and Rsat in preterm infants with an hsPDA would be decreased compared to those with no PDA or nonsignificant PDA. This non a-priori designed study retrospectively investigated clinical and ECHO characteristics of preterm infants <29 wk gestation who underwent routine NIRS monitoring. Logistic regression assessed association between NIRS measures and an hsPDA by ECHO. Of 47 infants, 21 had a confirmed hsPDA by ECHO, 14 had a nonsignificant PDA, and 12 had no ECHO performed due to low clinical suspicion for PDA. Logistic regression adjusted for gestational age found that lower Rsat was associated with an hsPDA by ECHO (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.83–0.98, P = 0.01). Using ROC curves, Rsat < 66% identified an hsPDA with a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 77%, while Csat was not significant. Low Rsat < 66% was associated with the presence of an hsPDA in the preterm infant. Csat may be preserved if cerebral autoregulation is largely intact. Bedside NIRS monitoring may reasonably increase suspicion for a significant PDA in the preterm infant.
Are Hispanic patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated differently in border states than in nonborder states

OBJECTIVERecent studies have found an underutilization of in-hospital procedures in treatments of Hispanic patients admitted with coronary artery disease in states along the US-Mexico border (“border states”). The purpose of this study was to determine any treatment disparities between patients treated for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in border and nonborder states and whether this disparity was associated with differential hospital charges.METHODSUsing the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample, the authors retrieved data of Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients who were admitted in 2011 for SAH in a border state (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) or nonborder state (the remaining 46 US states). The authors determined the rates of use of endovascular coiling and surgical clipping treatments, hospital charges, and outcomes according to the patients' demographics and treatment in border or nonborder states.RESULTSIn total, 18,368 patients were admitted with SAH in the selected time period, includin...
L1-Depth, Depth Relative to a Model, and Robust Regression

We consider the recently introduced L 1-depth, and describe methodologies based on it in regression and outlier detection. Two methods for linear regression are discussed and experimented with: The first is based on the median hyperplane in dual space using the L 1-median. The second is based on a notion of depth-relative-to-a-model. The two methods are simple to implement and to compute, robust, and efficient. We demonstrate the methods and their properties on simulated and real-life data sets.
ALIROCUMAB REDUCES MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: A POST-HOC ANALYSIS OF ODYSSEY LONG TERM

Background: Individuals with elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are at increased risk for recurrent events. We present a post-hoc analysis of the efficacy and safety of alirocumab (ALI) vs. placebo (PL) among individuals with ASCVD
Pirfenidone: a breath of fresh air for cGVHD.

In this issue of Blood , [Du et al][1][1][2] show that pirfenidone has remarkable therapeutic efficacy in bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) models of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Their data support the use of pirfenidone as a new agent in early-phase clinical trials for cGVHD treatment.
Wine and Pickle Making and Characterization

We will introduce the biological function of bacteria and fungi during fermentation process and practice manufacturing wine and pickles using benchtop equipment and testing the quality parameters and microbial qualities.
Pyogenic Odontoid Osteomyelitis with Sinus Thrombosis

71/F presented with left sided headaches and neck pain with nuchal rigidity progressively worsening over 3 weeks with no other neurologic symptoms. Odontoid osteomyelitis with epidural abscess was discovered on further workup with neuroimaging. Concurrent jugular vein and transverse sinus venous thrombosis was also found and suspected to be secondary to the pyogenic odontoid osteomyelitis. Patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics for the osteomyelitis as well as intravenous heparin for the venous thrombosis. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in literature of transverse sinus venous thrombosis secondary to odontoid osteomyelitis.
Recommendations for Research on Language and Learning Mathematics

This paper describes recommendations for research on language and learning mathematics. I review several issues central to conducting research on this topic and make four recommendations: using interdisciplinary approaches, defining central constructs, building on existing methodologies, and recognizing central distinctions while avoiding dichotomies. I make four recommendations to address these issues.
Live From New York, It’s Trump on Twitter! The Effect of Engaging With Saturday Night Live on Perceptions of Authenticity and the Salience of Trait Ratings

The research explores what happens when Donald Trump responds critically to Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) via Twitter. Analyzing data from a December 2016 controlled experiment ( N = 325), the results suggest that being exposed to Trump’s social media engagement with SNL enhances perceptions of Trump’s celebrity authenticity and encourages viewers to see Trump as more experienced and well informed. The effect of exposure to Trump’s social media response on perceptions is significant even after controlling for prior disposition toward Trump. In effect, the research suggests that viewing Trump’s social media response encourages viewers to discount the critical satire in the original SNL content, offering viewers an alternative narrative or counterargument. The implications of this disruptive engagement with political comedy are discussed. .
A 20‐year Review: The Use of Exception From Informed Consent and Waiver of Informed Consent in Emergency Research

Background Due to the acuity and time-sensitive needs of their clinical condition, patients presenting with certain emergent pathologies may lack capacity to provide meaningful prospective informed consent to participate in clinical research. For these reasons, these populations have often been excluded from research investigations. To mitigate this, regulations allowing exception from informed consent (EFIC; 21 CFR 50.24) or waiver of informed consent (WIC; 45 CFR 46.101) were developed in 1996. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the utilization of EFIC and WIC in emergency research. We also sought to describe the disclosure of necessary prestudy regulatory requirements and justification for the use of EFIC/WIC as reported in completed EFIC/WIC clinical trials. Methods This study is a review of 20 years of published trials using EFIC or WIC as the primary method of patient consent. Studies were identified using a MEDLINE search; ClinicalTrials.gov; queries to emergency and resuscitation researchers, research directors, department chairs, and principal investigators of acute care research networks; clinical review papers; and a query of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) docket. All eligible studies were reviewed by three investigators and study data of interest were abstracted. Data are presented descriptively. Results We identified 45 potentially eligible studies; 11 were ongoing (with no data yet available), four were completed (with no publications or data available), and two did not use EFIC or WIC. Of the remaining 28 studies, 24 (86%) used EFIC and four used WIC. The most common pathologies under study were cardiac arrest (10), hemorrhagic shock (six), and traumatic brain injury (five). Completion of the prestudy regulatory requirements was reported as follows: FDA investigational new drug/investigational device exemption application (for FDA regulated studies; 14, 50%), community consultation (13, 46%), public disclosure (10, 36%), and opt-out procedures if requested by the institutional review board (seven, 25%). The justification of the need for the use of EFIC or WIC in the reported clinical trial, as defined as mention of at least one of the eight established criteria, was described in the text of 13 (46%) publications. Conclusions Since their implementation in 1996, the EFIC/WIC regulations have allowed progress in research aimed at determining optimal care for devastating life-threatening conditions. However, consistent and rigorous report of regulatory prestudy requirements and justification of the use of EFIC/WIC is lacking in clinical trial publications or on websites such as ClinicalTrials.gov. Since research without consent is an ethically sensitive issue and not widely understood, better justification of its needs within the presentation of the research itself may educate the general medical community and also reduce concerns about whether or not the regulations are being properly applied.
An Efficient Fixed-Effects Estimator for Corporate Finance

The use of panel data in corporate finance is ubiquitous to estimate the impact of managers' and/or shareholders’ choices on firm value. We evaluate the properties of four existing and widely used estimators (pooled OLS, random-effects, first-difference, and fixed-effects), and find them to be lacking consistency, efficiency, or both. Consequently, we introduce the new consistent efficient fixed-effects (EFE) estimator. When examining the relationship between CEO performance-pay sensitivity and firm value, we find the EFE estimator to be most appropriate. All estimators are presented as GMM estimators, allowing us to straightforwardly design and conduct tests for model misspecification, including endogeneity.
Reconstitution: Grafting of Bone Marrow and Thymus*

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the grafting of bone marrow and thymus. A report has been made of fetal thymic transplants in ataxia-telangiectasia patients. Two siblings with AT were transplanted with immunocompetent tissue, one given HL-A compatible bone marrow, and the other fetal thymus. Cell separation procedures are designed to selectively diminish the number of those cells which have the greatest GVH potential and at the same time greatly enrich the hematopoietic stem cell population. A significant degree of success has been achieved in circumventing GVH disease in transplants of histoincompatible allogeneic spleen cells to lethally irradiated rodents by giving only those cells obtained from the upper most layers of a discontinuous albumin gradient. It was found that when this procedure was used to separate allogeneic monkey bone marrow cells, acute GVH disease was usually prevented in irradiated recipients of cells from the upper layers of the gradient, but delayed secondary disease of a fatal nature invariably occurred.
The Impact of Social Capital on Environmental Risk Reduction in Moncure

Despite rigorous efforts to understand and resolve environmental justice (EJ) issues, the complexity of the issues associated with many of these EJ communities continues to bring challenges to community residents and environmental researchers. Moncure, NC, located in northern Chatham County, is a rural community proximal to a cluster of several major industries. While the presence of these industries has helped the local residents maintain higher than average household incomes, it has also created environmental concerns (air quality and potential respiratory illness) for the community. In this study, the authors examine the impact of social capital in the form of a community coalition called the Southeastern Chatham Citizens Advisory Council (SCCAC) on the resolution of EJ issues in Moncure. EJ issues in Moncure have been investigated by examining trends in archived data from the U.S. EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) and by addressing residents’ pollution concerns, identified in Town Hall meetings, by designing a field monitoring study. Monitoring for the field study was conducted during one week periods in January and June of 2007. Preliminary results from the January sampling was compared with regulatory standard values, TRI data, and with results from a modeling study conducted by NC DENR Division of Air Quality (DAQ). Data indicate that the levels of released pollutants from local industries have been reduced during the overlapping time period when the SECCA has been active in trying to resolve the pollution issues, illustrating the potential impact of social capital on EJ risk reduction.
Impact of short-term exercise training intensity on β-cell function in older obese adults with prediabetes.

Exercise is a cornerstone for reducing blood glucose, but whether high-intensity interval training is better than moderate continuous exercise is unclear in people with prediabetes before weight lo...
Centrality of cancer-related genes in human biological pathways: A graph analysis perspective

This study investigates standard and novel centrality models to identify the topological organization of cancer-related genes in biological pathways. We examined the linear relationship between the ratio of cancer-related genes and centrality rankings from different models. We also compared the cumulative distributions of centrality scores for cancer-related and non-cancer-related genes. Difference between the mean centrality scores of the two groups was tested in each pathway. The results show that when accounting for the directions of pathways and the importance of the interacting genes, the centrality of a gene correlates with the probability of cancer-relatedness. In particular, we show that the centrality measures we propose, namely Source-Sink PageRank and Source-Sink Katz, produce a distinction between the distribution of the two gene groups. Source-Sink PageRank shows the highest statistical power in differentiating between the means centrality values of two groups. The presented analysis provides a new perspective for understanding the topological organization of cancer-related genes.
Conflict And Control: A Theoretical Model Of The Mechanisms Through Which Organizational Forms Affect Routine Conflict Behaviors

The impact of interpersonal conflict interventions in organizations, such as negotiation training courses, is often limited. One reason is that they do not appreciate the powerful influence organization-level factors have in defining appropriate behavioral norms and constraining changes. In this paper, I propose that the effects of relational networks on conflict behaviors in organizations are moderated by the nature of hierarchies. These characteristics of the organization’s form affect individuals’ routine conflict behaviors through managerial control systems. The point this paper makes is that interpersonally oriented interventions may well exert direct effects on individuals’ conflict behaviors in any setting, but the extent of the effects will be constrained by the control system of the organization in which they are embedded. I develop a theoretical model with testable hypotheses, and discuss the implications for theory and practice.
Clinicopathologic determinants of pathologic treatment response in neoadjuvant treated rectal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) followed by total mesorectal excision is currently considered the standard of treatment for rectal adenocarcinoma. The degree of pathologic treatment response (pTR) correlates significantly with the recurrence free survival and overall survival (OS). However, it remains unclear which clinical and pathologic factors are associated with a more robust response to NAT, including showing pathologic complete response (pCR). Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) overexpression has been associated with unfavorable OS in some studies. In this study, we sought to evaluate the clinicopathologic determinants of pTR in neoadjuvant treated rectal adenocarcinoma (NAT-RA). We retrospectively identified 91 patients who underwent pre-treatment diagnostic biopsy, NAT, and surgical resection at our institution. The archival slides were reviewed for pathologic features in the pre-treatment biopsies and for assessment of pTR in the resection specimens according to the current College of American Pathologist (CAP)'s guidelines. pCR was obtained in 16.5% of the cases, whereas 20.9% had near pCR, 30.8% had partial response, and 31.9% had a poor/no response. CXCR4 immunohistochemical analysis was also performed on the pre-treatment biopsies. Lower pre-treatment cT-stage (p = 0.019) and pre-treatment AJCC cTNM stage groups (p = 0.004), longer time interval between completion of NAT and resection (p = 0.022), and presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in the pre-treatment biopsies (p = 0.019) were significantly associated with a better pTR. CXCR4 nuclear expression was associated with a lower percentage of residual tumor (p = 0.036). Pre-treatment CEA levels, tumor differentiation, CAP treatment response groups and lower percentage of residual tumor were associated with a better OS.
Post-prediction inference

Abstract Many modern problems in medicine and public health leverage machine learning methods to predict outcomes based on observable covariates [1, 2, 3, 4]. In an increasingly wide array of settings, these predicted outcomes are used in subsequent statistical analysis, often without accounting for the distinction between observed and predicted outcomes [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. We call inference with predicted outcomes post-prediction inference. In this paper, we develop methods for correcting statistical inference using outcomes predicted with an arbitrary machine learning method. Rather than trying to derive the correction from the first principles for each machine learning tool, we make the observation that there is typically a low-dimensional and easily modeled representation of the relationship between the observed and predicted outcomes. We build an approach for the post-prediction inference that naturally fits into the standard machine learning framework where the data is divided into training, testing, and validation sets. We train the prediction model in the training set, estimate the relationship between the observed and predicted outcomes on the testing set, and use that model of the relationship to correct inference on the validation set and subsequent statistical models. We show our postpi approach can correct bias and improve variance estimation (and thus subsequent statistical inference) with predicted outcome data. To show the broad range of applicability of our approach, we show postpi can improve inference in two totally distinct fields: modeling predicted phenotypes in re-purposed gene expression data [10] and modeling predicted causes of death in verbal autopsy data [11]. We have made our method available through an open-source R package: [https://github.com/leekgroup/postpi]
Vascular Plant Flora of Stone Mountain Park, DeKalb County, Georgia, Based on Digitized Specimens in the University of Georgia Herbarium (GA)

Stone Mountain in DeKalb County, Georgia, is a large exposed granite monolith, 514 m (1,686 ft) above sea level and covering 230 ha (560 ac). This monadnock is located in the southwestern portion of Stone Mountain Park, comprising 1,300 ha (3,212 ac) owned by the state of Georgia. Recent specimen digitization efforts at the University of Georgia Herbarium (GA) have greatly facilitated capture of data from historic vouchers collected from this park. Based on these newly available data, the goals of this project were to (1) prepare a vouchered species list for the park, (2) produce a vegetation map based on georeferenced label data, and (3) identify all plant collectors and track collection activities through time and taxon focus. Eighty-one individuals and teams collected 1,207 vouchers (709 species) dated 1846–2011. The largest families were Asteraceae (96 spp.), Poaceae (70 spp.), Fabaceae (49 spp.), Cyperaceae (33 spp.), Rosaceae (21 spp.), and Lamiaceae (20 spp.). Approximately 17.5% of the species were exotic. Eighteen species are listed as rare in Georgia with state protection status conferred on five species; Gratiola amphiantha (threatened) and Isoetes melanospora (endangered) are also federally ranked. Specimen label data and various map resources were used to plot the locality of each specimen. Habitat data were recorded on 808 specimen labels, allowing assignment of 612 taxa to at least one of five general habitat types. GPS coordinates, assigned through GeoLocate, were combined with habitat data and infrared imagery to create a general vegetation map of Stone Mountain Park.
Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in early-stage breast cancer patients.

e12503Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a major dose-limiting side effect of paclitaxel and can persist for up to two years after completing treatment, greatly affecting both the course of chemo...
Reaching for El Mundo Zurdo: Imagining-creating-living Latinx decolonial feminist geographies in Toronto

This paper explores how a multiracial network of women and non-binary Latinx Community Workers (LCWs) envision and enact social change in Toronto, Canada. I demonstrate how LCWs articulate and impl...
Hemopericardium in a Sirolimus-Treated Renal Transplant Patient

Sirolimus is an immunosuppressant frequently prescribed to prevent graft-vs-host disease in renal transplant patients. Pericardial effusion is recognized as a rare and potentially lethal side effect of this medication. Hemopericardium, specifically, is an even rarer complication that has yet to be reported in the literature. We report the first case of sirolimus-induced hemopericardium in a renal transplant patient.
“Billions in Debt and Still Surviving”: Curing the Female Shopper in Confessions of a Shopaholic

This paper analyses P.J. Hogan’s Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009) in three sections. In the first section, it studies how the film maps shopping as an illness that needs to be cured onto the body of its female heroine. It does so, as is argued here, by portraying her as a patient suffering from Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD). In the second part, it traces how Confessions necessitates the cure of the female shopper, given its background of the Great Recession and how this holds generic significance for the romantic comedy. The paper then concludes by charting the heroine’s cure in group therapy as predicated upon the principle of the Foucauldian confession and how this then resolves the narrative as, what Diane Negra calls, one of “adjusted ambitions.”
Getting to the Bottom Line: An Exploration of Gender and Earnings Quality

For stakeholders, such as investors and lenders, to appropriately assess a company’s financial performance, the reported accounting earnings must closely reflect the economic reality of the organization’s financial activity throughout the reporting period. The degree to which reported earnings capture economic reality is called earnings quality. Managers have an ethical obligation to report high quality earnings to interested stakeholders in a timely matter. Accounting research has identified conditions within an organization, such as management compensation contracts and pending litigation that can impact earnings quality. We extend this line of research by exploring whether another characteristic of an organization, gender diversity in senior management, influences the quality of reported earnings. Companies with more women in senior management are found to be more profitable and have higher stock returns after initial public offerings than those with fewer women in the management ranks. Our findings suggest that the improved bottom line for companies with more women senior executives is not produced through the management of earnings or lower quality earnings. Instead, earnings quality is positively associated with gender diversity in senior management.