cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
My Friend, Professor Okyay Kaynak

Professor Okyay Kaynak is an internationally recognized scientist with significant contributions into several engineering areas: control theory, industrial electronics, mechatronics etc. He deserves great respect of colleagues for his many year activity including: research; teaching; work as chairman, president, vice-president of many international committees and societies, as chairman and director of departments and research centers; membership in editorial boards of scientific journals; organizing numerous international conferences.
Dynamics of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA of squamous carcinoma cells during mid and late logarithmic growth.

Head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines, UM-SCC 1, 5, 9, 11B, and 14B, were exposed in vitro to bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) during logarithmic growth to determine the effects of drug concentration (0.01 to 10 µM) and duration of exposure (3, 7, and 10 days) on cell growth and on incorporation of BUdR into DNA. Concentrations of less than 1.0 µM were not growth inhibitory except with UM-SCC-11B. After 10 days of exposure to 5 µM BUdR, survival fractions for all lines ranged from 2 to 65% of controls. Replacement of thymidine by BUdR in DNA was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Percentage replacement (% R) was described by the equation % R = 100 (C/t)s/[(C/t)50s + (C/t)s], where C is the concentration of BUdR (µM), t is the time in days, s is a constant, and (C/t)50 is a constant corresponding to % R = 50%. BUdR incorporation reached a time-and concentration-dependent maximum that, after 3 to 7 days of culture in 10 µM BUdR, ranged from 30 to 60% R. Subsequently, % R declined with time even though the cells were fed daily with fresh BUdR-containing medium.
Breast Mass Detection under Increased Ambient Lighting

Under typical dark conditions found in mammography reading rooms, a reader's pupils will contract and dilate as the visual focus moves between the high luminance display and the darker background wall, potentially resulting in visual fatigue and degraded diagnostic performance. A controlled increase of ambient lighting can, however, minimize this luminance discrepancy, potentially reducing pupillary action while improving reader comfort and detection ability. A psychophysical study was conducted to determine the effect of a controlled ambient lighting increase on observer detection of subtle masses within mammograms viewed on a DICOM-calibrated medical-grade LCD. Four mammographers read 86 mammograms (43 normal and 43 with cancerous masses) under a dark room condition (1 lux) and an elevated room illuminance level (50 lux). Results show generally constant or decreased average selection times and decreased average observer performance under elevated illuminance. Differences, however, were not statistically significant, and of the same magnitude as interobserver variability.
Thromboembolic complications of cardiac radiofrequency catheter ablation: a review of the reported incidence, pathogenesis and current research directions.

Thromboembolic Complications of Cardiac RF Catheter Ablation. Introduction: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) has become established as an effective therapy for the treatment of many cardiac tachyarrhythmias. The principle limitation of conventional RFCA continues to be the risk of thromboembolism. This risk is of particular concern for the ongoing development of the catheter maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, which currently involves the creation of extensive linear lesions in the left atrium. Methods and Results: A Medline search of the literature over the last ten years was performed. Focused review of the reported thromboembolic complications of RFCA indicates an overall incidence of 0.6%. However, the risk is increased when ablation is performed in the left heart (1.8% to 2%) and for ventricular tachycardia (2.8%). It is of concern that intravenous heparin and the use of temperature feedback to control radiofrequency current do not eliminate the risk of thromboembolic events. Conclusion: The thromboembolic complications of RFCA are not eliminated by the treatment of intravenous herapin and mode of temperature control during ablation. Potential approaches to further reduce the risk of thromboembolism include the adjunctive administration of specific inhibitors of platelet activation and aggregation, intraprocedural intracardiac echocardiography, irrigated radiofrequency ablation, and cryoablation catheter systems.
Chapter 5 Dysregulation of T Cell Peripheral Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin producing β cells are destroyed. The breakdown of β cell-specific self-tolerance by T cells involves a number of dysregulated events intrinsic and extrinsic to T cells. Herein, we review the key mechanisms that drive β cell autoimmunity, with an emphasis on events that influence the expansion and differentiation of pathogenic T cells in the periphery.
The Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism of Calf Lens α-Crystallin

Abstract At neutral pH, the circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) of α-crystallin between 200 and 590 mµ are characteristic of the β conformation. The Moffitt parameter b0 value obtained from the ORD between 313 and 589 mµ also indicates the absence of α-helix. Most of the data suggest that the β form may represent from 35 to 63% of the protein polypeptide chain with the remainder in random conformation. α-Crystallin deaggregates to an Mw of approximately 7 x 104 when the pH is raised from 8 to 11.7 (1). The corresponding CD and ORD indicate an increase in random structure as well as the appearance of approximately 5% α-helix. Reaggregation occurs when the pH is returned to pH 8.0 (1). The 216 mµ CD negative band of the β structure reappears and the ORD spectra are also similar to the original preparations although certain small irreversible changes were noted.
EntG activity of Escherichia coli enterobactin synthetase.

Abstract The last steps in the biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli siderophore enterobactin (Ent) are carried out by Ent synthetase, a multienzyme complex believed to be composed of the entD, -E, -F, and -G products (EntD to -G). However, sequencing data showed that there is no separate entG gene and, unlike EntD to -F, no distinct EntG polypeptide has been identified. In this study, genetic, biochemical, and immunological approaches were used to study the anomalies associated with EntG activity. Two plasmids, pJS43 and pJS100, were isolated that had mutations resulting in truncated EntB proteins; both had the phenotype EntB+ EntG-. PJS43 had a Tn5 inserted 198 bp from the entB termination codon, and pJS100 had the last 25 codons of entB deleted. Plasmids isolated with Tn5 insertions in the 5' half of entB had the phenotype EntB- EntG+. These latter Tn5 mutations were EntB- EntG- when moved to the bacterial chromosome. Polyclonal antiserum was prepared and shown to react only with intact EntB in Western immunoblots. Addition of anti-EntB antiserum to Ent synthetase assays resulted in complete inhibition of enzyme activity, whereas preimmune serum had no effect. Lastly, AN462, the type strain for entG which was derived by Mu insertion and which has the phenotype EntB-G-A-, was characterized. Southern blot data showed a Mu insertion, presumably with polar effects, in the vicinity of the 5' end of entB. In summary, EntG activity was found to be encoded by the entB 3' terminus. The evidence, while not rigorously eliminating the possibility that a separate EntG polypeptide exists, strongly supports the idea that EntB is a bifunctional protein.
Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and patulin in food matrices by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE Bisphenol A has been widely used in plastic containers and this has raised safety concerns for fetuses, infants, and young children. Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and patulin are among the most toxic regulated mycotoxins found as contaminants in agricultural crops and animal products. To facilitate the analysis of these chemicals for regulatory purposes, we have developed an analytical method enabling their simultaneous detection in beverages and food products. METHODS Analytes were extracted from food matrices such as cereal, peanut butter, cereal-based baby formula and fruit juices, and enriched by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative electrospray ionization with selected reaction monitoring, and matrix-matched external calibration was used for quantitation. RESULTS The method was validated by analysis of five types of food and beverage samples fortified with different levels of these analytes. The SPE clean-up and matrix-matched external calibration were critical for the success of this method. The quantitation limits for these analytes ranged from 0.08 to 2.0 ppb, and the overall recoveries of the analytical method were within 66 to 127%. CONCLUSIONS This quantitative method provided several advantages including minimal sample pretreatment, rapid and simultaneous analyte determination, high sensitivity and confirmatory identification. This method could be applied to a variety of food and beverages matrices where bisphenol A and these three mycotoxins may be present in suspect food products. Published 2013. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Preliminary Evidence for the Neurophysiologic Effects of Online Coupons: Changes in Oxytocin, Stress, and Mood

Coupon use saved consumers $2.9 billion on packaged goods in 2012 with over 90 million Americans using online coupons. Besides saving money, why is coupon use so widespread? An experiment was run where participants (N = 90) shopped online and one-half received a coupon worth $10. It was found that those who received a coupon had a 14% increase in oxytocin (OT), an 8% decrease in the stress hormone adrenocorticotropin, a 4% decrease in heart rate (HR), a 27% decrease in respiration, a 4% decrease in skin conductance levels, and a 90% increase in high-frequency HR variability. These factors showed almost no change for those who did not receive a coupon. The findings indicate that coupons elicit physiological reactions similar to having a positive social interaction. In addition, self-reported happiness correlated with the change in OT (r = 0.43). These findings provide new insights into why online coupon use is so pervasive.
Information technology investments in purchasing: an empirical investigation of communications, relationship and performance outcomes

The present study draws on the information technology (IT), marketing, purchasing, and organization literatures to develop an integrated model of the antecedents and outcomes of IT investments in the context of organizational purchasing. We examine the role that IT investments play in enacting collaborative communications strategies, fostering improvements in interfirm relationships, and enhancing purchasing performance. Together, these factors comprise elements of our conceptual model that depicts the motivations for investing in IT and the underlying process by which IT influences purchasing performance. Our model draws on and extends the marketing communications literature to integrate two complementary views of how IT may influence performance. The first reflects the prevailing perspective from the IT literature, which views this technology as the locomotive that drives performance and productivity. The second, emerging view suggests that this technology can also be used to foster improved interfirm relationships. We present the results of an empirical analysis that tested our conceptual framework and found that IT indirectly effects performance, i.e., its effect is fully mediated by relationship quality.
The effect of Alfvén waves on MHD fast shocks

Alfven waves effect on MHD fast shock from numerical solution of extended Rankine-Hugoniot equations
Statistical evidence for aggressive response to red by male three-spined sticklebacks

Etude statistique de la reponse agressive au rouge chez l'epinoche a trois epines Gasterosteus aculeatus. Jusqu'a present, cet exemple classique de reponse a un stimulus n'avait jamais fait l'objet d'une analyse statistique dans le cadre d'une experience controlee
Transcatheter liver lobar ablation: an experimental trial in an animal model

Complete embolization of tumor tissue together with surrounding liver sufficiently prevents collateral blood supply to the tumor, offering curative treatment for hepatic malignancies. The present experiment was designed to test the feasibility of hepatic lobar ablation by means of the transcatheter chemoembolization technique. Five groups of rats (n = 6) were treated with a mixture of iodized oil/ethanol in ratios of 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:0, which was injected selectively into the right-lobe artery until saturation during open surgery. Another group (n = 6) was studied using in vivo microscopy to observe the distribution of the mixture in the liver and changes in hepatic microcirculation. Ethiodol/ethanol mixture entered the portal vein after injection into the hepatic artery creating dual, complete arterial and portal venous embolization. Lobar ablation effects were achieved in 2 weeks in the 5:1, 4:1, and 3:1 ratio groups, indicated by the lobe/liver weight measurements (p < 0.001 vs normal liver). Hepatic arterial administration of the Ethiodol/ethanol mixture creates dual hepatic arterial and portal venous embolization, achieving a lobar ablation effect.
In vivo cyclic axial compression affects bone healing in the mouse tibia

Abundant evidence exists that fracture healing can be influenced by mechanical loading. However, the specific loading parameters that are osteogenic remain unknown. We hypothesized that the bone healing response in mouse tibial osteotomies would be different with a short delay before loading compared to immediate load application, as well as with higher and lower load magnitudes applied. Eighty 12-week-old mice underwent osteotomy of the left tibia followed by intramedullary nailing. Mice were divided into six groups based on days delayed until application of load (0 days or 4 days) and amplitude of cyclic load (0.5N, 1N, or 2N). Loading regimens were applied at 1 Hz for 100 cycles per day, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, using an external device that applied axial compression to the tibia. Bone healing was assessed by both microcomputed tomography (CT) and four-point bend testing. A short delay followed by cyclic application of a relatively low load led to improved fracture healing, as determined by increased callus strength, but this enhancement disappeared as load amplitudes increased. Load initiation immediately following fracture inhibited healing, regardless of the magnitude of load applied. MicroCT measurements of calluses in the early healing stage did not predict the mechanical strength of the fractures. These findings confirm that controlled, noninvasive cyclic loading can improve the strength of healing callus. However, application of load immediately after fracture appears to be detrimental to healing. Load magnitude also plays a critical role, and must be taken into account in future studies and clinical applications. As the loading parameters necessary to enhance fracture healing become refined, external compression may be used as a potent stimulus for treating fractures with decreased biological capacity.
Controlled interparticle spacing through self-assembly of Au nanoparticles and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers.

Control of particle−particle spacing is a key determinant of optical, electronic, and magnetic properties of nanocomposite materials. We have used poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers to assemble carboxylic acid-functionalized mixed monolayer protected clusters (MMPCs) through acid/base chemistry between the particle and dendrimer. Small angle X-ray scattering was then used to establish average inter-MMPC distances. Five generations of PAMAM dendrimer (0, 1, 2, 4, 6) were investigated, with a monotonic increase in interparticle spacing from 4.1 to 6.1 nm observed with increasing generation.
Direct observation of reactant-product interfaces formed in natural weathering of exsolved, defective amphibole to smectite: Evidence for episodic, isovolumetric reactions involving structural inheritance

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS) were employed to characterize grain boundary structures in naturally weathered amphibole. Our observations provide insights into the submicroscopic mineralogic controls on transport of solutions to and from reaction sites. Finely exsolved amphibole (anthophyllite/gedrite) in outcropping, slightly weathered gedrite gneiss transforms isovolumetrically to smectite. Stacking faults and exsolution lamellar boundaries focus weathering reactions, whereas chain width defects decrease the susceptibility of the surrounding amphibole to alteration. Relatively Al-poor anthophyllite lamellae alter slightly more readily than those of Al-rich gedrite. Large quantites of Mg, Fe, Si, and Al are removed from reaction sites. However, smectite compositions directly reflect
Partitioned instruction cache architecture for energy efficiency

The demand for high-performance architectures and powerful battery-operated mobile devices has accentuated the need for low-power systems. In many media and embedded applications, the memory system can consume more than 50p of the overall system energy, making it a ripe candidate for optimization. To address this increasingly important problem, this article studies energy-efficient cache architectures in the memory hierarchy that can have a significant impact on the overall system energy consumption.Existing cache optimization approaches have looked at partitioning the caches at the circuit level and enabling/disabling these cache partitions (subbanks) at the architectural level for both performance and energy. In contrast, this article focuses on partitioning the cache resources architecturally for energy and energy-delay optimizations. Specifically, we investigate ways of splitting the cache into several smaller units, each of which is a cache by itself (called a subcache). Subcache architectures not only reduce the per-access energy costs, but can potentially improve the locality behavior as well.The proposed subcache architecture employs a page-based placement strategy, a dynamic page remapping policy, and a subcache prediction policy in order to improve the memory system energy behavior, especially on-chip cache energy. Using applications from the SPECjvm98 and SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks, the proposed subcache architecture is shown to be very effective in improving both the energy and energy-delay metrics. It is more beneficial in larger caches as well.
Sparse Representation for accurate classification of corrupted and occluded facial expressions

Facial expression recognition remains a challenging problem especially when the face is partially corrupted or occluded. We propose using a new classification method, termed Sparse Representation based Classification (SRC), to accurately recognize expressions under these conditions. A test vector is representable as a linear combination of vectors from its own class and so its representation as a linear combination of all available training vectors is sparse. Efficient methods have been developed in the area of compressed sensing to recover this sparse representation. SRC gives state of the art performance on clean and noise corrupted images matching the recognition rate obtained using Gabor based features. When test images are occluded by square black blocks, SRC improves significantly on the performance obtained using Gabor features; SRC increases the recognition rate by 6.6% when the block occlusion length is 30 and by 11.2% when the block length is 40.
Two distinct site-dependent biosynthetic pathways for the incorporation of sarcosine into actinomycins.

Abstract Actinomycins II and III, containing sarcosine residues in two adjacent sites of their peptide moieties were produced by Streptomyces antibioticus in the presence of exogenous sarcosine labeled with deuterium in the N -methyl group. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the cyclodipeptides derived by thermal degradation of these actinomycins demonstrated specific incorporation of the labeled sarcosine into the 3-site, implicating some other biosynthetic precursor, presumably glycine, for the sarcosine in the 4-site. The same conclusion emerged from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of these deuterium-labeled actinomycins.
Wellbore-Storage Effects in Transient Flow Testing of Gas Wells (includes associated papers 19899 and 20008 )

This paper focuses on the better understanding of and the ability to predict, a priori, from fundamental principles, the early-time transient flow effect encountered in gas wells. In particular, wellbore-storage and unloading effects are analyzed by simulating actual flow conditions, both in the well and in the surrounding reservoir formation. Such a treatment lends confidence to early-time well test data and is used to determine the exact duration of wellbore transients.
The role of phosphopyridinenucleotides in the metabolism of cortisol by peripheral tissue

Abstract 1. 1. Cortisol incubated with muscle tissue is metabolized to cortisone, dihydrocortisol, corticosterone, 11-β-hydroxyandrostenedione, Reichstein's substances E and U, dihydrocortisone, Kendall's Compound A and adrenosterone. 2. 2. The reaction, cortisol → cortisone is TPN specific. DPN appears to inhibit the reaction. No evidence was obtained for the presence of a transhydrogenase in muscle tissue. Reduction at C-4, 5, and C-20 appears to be TPNH specific. 3. 3. Studies of the metabolism of cortisone in muscle and liver indicate that the major product in liver is cortisol. The major product in muscle is Reichstein's substance U.
Characterization and quantification of anthocyanins and polyphenolics in blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.)

Anthocyanins and phenolics of 10 blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) genotypes were characterized and quantified by HPLC-DAD. Peak assignments were confirmed by low-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry. Six anthocyanins were detected with the major peak identified as cyanidin 3-glucoside. Five additional anthocyanins were characterized as cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and peonidin 3-rutinoside. Four polyphenolics were identified as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-rutinoside, and quercetin 3-glucoside. Two additional unidentified phenolics were characterized as flavonol and hydroxycinnamic derivatives based on UV-vis spectra. Hydroxycinnamate levels ranged from 30.4 to 156.2 mg/100 g, whereas the flavonol content ranged from 12.6 to 32.8 mg/100 g. The L. caerulea subspecies boczkarnikovae contained the highest amounts of hydroxycinnamic derivatives and flavonols.
Peroxo and oxo intermediates in mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes and related active sites.

Fe III OOH and Fe IV O intermediates have now been documented in a number of nonheme iron active sites. In this Current Opinion we use spectroscopy combined with electronic structure calculations to define the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of these species and their contributions to reactivity. For the low-spin Fe III OOH species in activated bleomycin we show that the reactivity of this nonheme iron intermediate is very different from that of the analogous Compound 0 of cytochrome P450. For Fe IV O S = 1 model species we experimentally define the electronic structure and its contribution to reactivity, and computationally evaluate how this would change for the Fe IV O S = 2 intermediates found in nonheme iron enzymes.
From Structure to Sequence and Back Again

With a simple lattice model and sequence design algorithm, we can design sequences to fit arbitrary compact globular structures. We judged the success of the design algorithm by performing exhaustive conformational searches to determine if a designed sequence's lowest energy conformation matched the target for which it was designed. Designed sequences tend to be much better optimized for their targets than a natural sequence is optimized for its lowest energy model conformation. We examined the effect of varying the number of available amino acid types on the success of the design method. It was more difficult but not impossible to successfully design discriminating sequences using fewer amino acid types.
Racial disparity in bacterial vaginosis: the role of socioeconomic status, psychosocial stress, and neighborhood characteristics, and possible implications for preterm birth

Racial disparity in preterm birth is one of the most salient, yet least well-understood health disparities in the United States. The preterm birth disparity may be due to differences in how women experience their racial identity in light of neighborhood factors, psychosocial stress, or the prevalence of or response to genital tract infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV). The latest research emphasizes a need to explore all these factors simultaneously. This cross-sectional study of parous women in King County, Washington, USA investigated the effects of household income, psychosocial stress, and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on risk of BV after accounting for known individual-level risk factors. Relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and medical data were linked to U.S. census socioeconomic data by geocoding subjects' residential addresses. It was found that having a low income was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of BV among African American but not White American women. A higher number of stressful life events was significantly associated with higher BV prevalence among both African American and White American women. However, perceived stress was not related to BV risk among either group of women. Among White American women, neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) was univariately associated with increased BV prevalence by principal components analysis, but was no longer significant after adjusting for individual-level risk factors. No neighborhood SES effects were observed for African American women. These results suggest that both the effects of individual- and neighborhood-level risk factors for BV may differ importantly by racial group, and stressful life events may have physiological effects independent of perceived stress.
Use of a chemical genetic technique to identify myosin IIb as a substrate of the Abl-related gene (Arg) tyrosine kinase.

Abl family kinases have been implicated in the regulation of cell morphogenesis and migration, but the molecular mechanisms through which they operate are not fully elucidated. We applied the bump−hole technique, pioneered by Shokat and colleagues, to identify direct substrates of Abl and the Abl-related gene (Arg) kinases. This technique required the engineering of Abl/Arg to utilize an unnatural ATP analogue as a phospho-donor. Mutation of T334A and T361A in Abl and Arg, respectively, altered their nucleotide specificity and allowed them to utilize N6-benzyl-ATP as a phospho-donor. These mutations did not affect the catalytic activity or protein substrate specificity of Abl and Arg. An unexpected high level of background labeling necessitated further optimization of this approach. Dialysis, pretreatment with a broad-spectrum Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor, K-252a, and purification of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins allowed for definitive identification of putative substrates. Using mass spectrometry, we i...
Topography of the Photosystem I Core Proteins of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

PsaA and PsaB are homologous integral membrane proteins that form the heterodimeric core of photosystem I. Domain-specific antibodies were generated to examine the topography of PsaA and PsaB. The purified photosystem I complexes from the wild type strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were treated with eight proteases to study the accessibility of cleavage sites in PsaA and PsaB. Proteolytic fragments were identified using the information from N-terminal amino acid sequencing, reactivity to antibodies, apparent mass, and specificity of proteases. The extramembrane loops of PsaA and PsaB differed in their accessibility to proteases, which indicated the folded structure of the loops or their shielding by the small subunits of photosystem I. NaI-treated and mutant photosystem I complexes were used to identify the extramembrane loops that were exposed in the absence of specific small subunits. The absence of PsaD exposed additional proteolytic sites in PsaB, whereas the absence of PsaE exposed sites in PsaA. These studies distinguish PsaA and PsaB in the structural model for photosystem I that has been proposed on the basis of x-ray diffraction studies (Krauss, N., Schubert, W.-D., Klukas, O., Fromme, P., Witt, H. T., and Saenger, W. (1996) Nat. Struct. Biol. 3, 965-973). Using osmotically shocked cells for protease treatments, the N terminus of PsaA was determined to be on the n side of the photosynthetic membranes. Based on these data and available published information, we propose a topological model for PsaA and PsaB.
Determining annual suspended sediment and sediment-associated trace element and nutrient fluxes

Suspended sediment is a major factor in the biological and geochemical cycling of trace elements and nutrients in aquatic systems. The design of effective studies involving the collection, processing, and subsequent chemical analysis of suspended sediment requires a clear understanding of the problems associated with using this sample medium. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge relative to the various issues/problems associated with the collection of representative suspended sediment samples in fluvial systems. It also addresses issues associated with accurately determining the concentrations and fluxes of sediment-associated trace elements and nutrients.
Properties of channels in the mitochondrial outer membrane.

Patch-clamping studies with native outer mitochondrial membranes show a complex behavior. In the range of potentials in which the polarity of the pipette is positive, the behavior resembles that of VDAC incorporated into bilayers. Accordingly, there is a decrease in conductance with voltage. An involvement of VDAC is also supported by responses of the patches to the presence of polyanion or treatment with succinic anhydride, both of which affect VDAC. In contrast, in the negative range of potential, the conductance of the patches generally increases with the magnitude of the voltage. The increase in conductance shows a biphasic time course which is consistent with a model in which channels are first activated (first phase) and then assembled into larger high-conductance channels (second phase). A variety of experiments support the notion that an assembly takes place. The time course of the conductance increase is consistent with formation of the second-phase channels from 6±1 subunits.
The association between body size, prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen.

Increasing prostate volume contributes to urinary tract symptoms and may obscure prostate cancer detection. We investigated the association between obesity and prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSA density among 753 men referred for prostate biopsy. Among men with a negative biopsy, prostate volume significantly increased approximately 25% from the lowest to highest body mass index (BMI), waist or hip circumference or height categories. PSA was 0.7 ng/ml lower with a high waist-to-hip ratio. These associations were less consistent among subjects diagnosed with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. Our data suggest that obesity and height are independently associated with prostate volume.
Different types of GABA(A) receptors may mediate the anticonflict and response rate-decreasing effects of zaleplon, zolpidem, and midazolam in squirrel monkeys.

Rationale: The role of different types of GABAA receptors in mediating anticonflict and response rate-decreasing effects of benzodiazepines in primate species is not known. Objective: To examine the behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine-site, GABAA agonists zolpidem, zaleplon, and midazolam in the presence of two antagonists, flumazenil and β-carboline-3-carboxylate-t-butyl ester (β-CCt) in squirrel monkeys. Methods: Two schedules of operant responding were used: (1) a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food presentation involving punished and nonpunished behavior, and (2) an FR schedule of stimulus shock-termination. Results: Midazolam (0.03–1.0 mg/kg), zolpidem (0.1–3.0 mg/kg), and zaleplon (0.1–3.0 mg/kg) increased rates of punished responding and decreased rates of nonpunished responding under the multiple schedule. Pretreatment with flumazenil (0.3–1.0 mg/kg) antagonized the anticonflict and response rate-decreasing effects of all three agonists. Pretreatment with β-CCt (3–10 mg/kg) antagonized the anticonflict and rate-decreasing effects of midazolam, as well as the rate-decreasing effects of zolpidem and zaleplon. However, β-CCt did not antagonize the anticonflict effects of zolpidem and zaleplon; instead, these effects of zolpidem and zaleplon were apparently enhanced in the presence of β-CCt. Under the schedule of stimulus shock-termination, both flumazenil and β-CCt antagonized zolpidem and zaleplon; however, the effects of β-CCt were less consistent than the effects of flumazenil. Conclusion: In nonhuman primates, different types of GABAA receptors may mediate the anticonflict and the response rate-decreasing effects of the nonselective GABAA agonist midazolam and the selective GABAA1 agonists zolpidem and zaleplon.
COPING WITH WORKFARE: THE EXPERIENCE OF NEW YORK CITY'S COMMUNITY COLLEGES

This article examines the extent to which urban community colleges are able to develop new programs for welfare recipients under welfare reform. The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (PRWOA) grants states flexibility in determining the mix of education/training and workfare activities they will allow. Some states support education along with recipients' search for jobs. Others, like New York, emphasize workfare, rather than education. According to a survey and case studies of New York City's community colleges, I find that although the policy environment has dampened new programming for welfare recipients among these institutions, some exemplary programs have emerged. In these programs, staff have been successful serving welfare recipients through three mechanisms: staff activism, alternative pedagogies, and flexible organizational structures that house related non-credit-bearing workforce development activities.
Callianthe (Malvaceae): A New Genus of Neotropical Malveae

Abstract The boundaries between the genera Bakeridesia and Abutilon have long been debated. Results from recent phylogenetic studies using the rDNA ITS in tribe Malveae strongly suggest that these two genera as currently delimited are polyphyletic. Some species previously included in each genus form a well-supported clade that is phylogenetically removed from both Bakeridesia and Abutilon. The congruence of morphological and karyological distinctions with this molecular evidence provides compelling support for recognition of the clade as a new genus, here described as Callianthe . In the present study we transfer 40 species to Callianthe based on ITS data (including the synapomorphy of a 25-base pair deletion in ITS2) and/or morphological evidence, including the character states of four or more ovules per carpel, toothed and/or lobed leaves, and petals with impressed veins (the latter is a synapomorphy). In addition, species of Callianthe share a base chromosome number of x = 8 (versus 7 in Abutilon and 1...
Thermal Analysis and Design Optimization of Multilayer Insulation for Reentry Aerodynamic Heating

A design-of-experiment technique was used to investigate optimum design of multilayer insulations for reentry aerodynamic heating. Combined radiation/conduction heat transfer in high-temperature multilayer insulations wasmodeled using a finite volume numerical model, which was validated by comparison with steady-state effective thermal conductivity measurements, and transient thermal tests simulating reentry aerodynamic heating conditions. It was found that use of 2-mm foil spacing and locating the foils near the hot boundary, with the top foil 2 mm away from the hot boundary, resulted in the most effective insulation design. A 76.2-mm-thick multilayer insulation using 1, 4, or 16 foils resulted in 2.9, 7.2, or 22.2% mass per unit area savings, respectively, compared to a fibrous insulation sample at the same thickness.
Monitoring flight activity of sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kansas

Wing-type pheromone traps were used to monitor flight activity of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst), in Kansas during 1986 to 1988. Traps were maintained at Belleville, Hays, Hesston, Hutchinson, and Manhattan in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) plots planted at three dates from mid-May to mid-July. Traps were set in the fields before blooming of the crop and monitored until plant maturity. Moths were trapped from mid- to late July until the end of August in 1986 and late September in 1987. The maximum number of moths was trapped from mid-July to mid-August at most locations in both years. Very few moths were caught during 1988, when adults were in the area from late July until the second week of September. Number of larvae per head was higher in plots blooming around peak moth appearance at most places in all three years. Number of larvae per head were lower in plots blooming after mid-August, when fewer moths were also trapped. The pheromone traps were efficient tools to detect the presence of the pest in the field. A significant relationship was found between number of moths in traps and larvae per head during 1986 and 1987 but not in 1988.
Transfer-Trip Relaying Over A Digitally Multiplexed Fiber Optic Link

There is considerable interest in the power industry in applying protective relaying over fiber optics, using either dedicated fibers or multiplex equipment. However, little has been written on the results obtained in this area.
Musicians' Perception of Beat in Monotonic Stimuli

The perception of beat across a range of stimulus speeds was examined using monotonic stimuli. Fifty graduate and undergraduate music majors performed metric pulses in response to periodic stimulus...
Nanocrystals as stoichiometric reagents with unique surface chemistry. New adsorbents for air purification

Abstract Nanocrystals of MgO and CaO were prepared with high surface areas/gram, often as high as 500 m 2 /g [1]. These materials were investigated as adsorbents for typical volatile organic compounds that are representative of air pollutants. As a result of their high surface areas and their enhanced surface reactivity, nanocrystalline MgO and CaO have shown a remarkably high capacity to chemically adsorb such organic compounds Compared to high surface area activated carbon, the most widely used material in this application, our nanocrystalline materials have shown much better adsorption in regards to the amount and the nature of adsorption. FT-IR investigation of acetaldehyde adsorption on AP-MgO indicates that a multilayer dissociative adsorption takes place as a result of surface interaction with the carbonyl bond followed by aldehydic hydrogen dissociation
Male Perpetrators’ Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence, Religion, and Masculinity

The present study examines the interaction of religious belief and intimate partner violence (IPV) by exploring the perspectives of twelve male IPV perpetrators in a lower socioeconomic bracket from the Southern US. Semi-structured interviews of perpetrators were conducted to ask about their experience with and perceptions of IPV in relation to their religious beliefs and the beliefs of others in their environment. A grounded theory method of analysis was used to develop a comprehensive, empirically-derived description of this interaction. Findings are discussed in relation to the construct of masculinity held by the perpetrators, which emerged as an important finding influencing both their thoughts about IPV and religion.
Size dependence of magnetic parameters and surface disorder in magnetite nanoparticles

Magnetic properties of oleic acid/oleylamine coated magnetite nanoparticles of average diameter D=4, 6, 8, 10, and 12nm are reported. The samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) with XRD showing increasing disorder with decreasing D. Magnetization M vs temperature T data show the blocking temperature TB decreasing with decreasing D from TB=38K for 12nm to TB=6.5K for D=4nm. The saturation magnetization Ms at 2K also decreases from Ms=62emu∕g for 12nm to Ms=17emu∕g for 4nm but the coercivity at 2K increases with a decrease in D. It is shown that Ms fits Ms=92(1−2d∕D)3 with d=0.68nm for D>4nm and d=0.86 for D=4nm. This equation is derived assuming a core-shell model with shell of thickness d consisting of disordered spins not contributing to Ms.
Conformational dynamics of the isoalloxazine in substrate-free p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase: single-molecule studies.

p-Hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (PHBH) is a homodimeric enzyme in which each subunit noncovalently binds one molecule of FAD in the active site. PHBH is a model system for how flavoenzymes regulate reactions with oxygen. We report single-molecule fluorescence studies of PHBH in the absence of substrate that provide data consistent with the hypothesis that a critical step in substrate binding is the movement of the isoalloxazine between an “in” conformation and a more exposed or “open” conformation. The isoalloxazine is observed to move between these conformations in the absence of substrate. Studies with the Y222A mutant form of PHBH suggest that the exposed conformation is fluorescent while the in-conformation is quenched. Finally, we note that many of the single-molecule-fluorescence trajectories reveal a conformational heterogeneity, with populations of the enzyme characterized by either fast or slow switching between the in- and open-conformations. Our data also allow us to hypothesize a model in which ...
Moisture Meter Performance II. Soybeans

ABSTRACT THREE trade-type moisture meters, Steinlite SS250, Motomco 919 and Dickey-john GACII*, were compared with the USDA two-stage air-oven method on 204 samples of 1983 and 1984 crop soybeans. The GACII and Motomco meters read within 0.2 percentage points of the oven, whereas SS250 read 0.4 to 0.6 points higher than the oven. Variance of the meters relative to the oven held constant over the moisture range 8% to 17% (wet basis). The standard deviation of a meter reading relative to the oven was 0.3 percentage points, about half that of corn in the same moisture range.
Analysis of quantal content and quantal conductance in two populations of neurons in the avian ciliary ganglion

Abstract The avian ciliary ganglion contains two populations of parasympathetic cells, termed the ciliary and choroid neurons. We have estimated the quantal contents of nicotinic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in both populations of neurons by several methods. The singly innervated ciliary neurons have quantal contents of 15–30. In contrast, the multiply innervated choroid cells have quantal contents of 4–7. Quantal conductance was also determined, using a parallel conductance model which takes into account the capacitance of the cell membrane. This analysis indicates that in both populations of neurons one quantum activates approximately 100 postsynaptic receptors. It is concluded that in autonomie ganglia singly innervated cells demonstrate a larger quantal content, consistent with a higher safety factor for neurotransmission, while quantal content in multiply innervated cells is generally much lower, allowing for considerable summation of presynaptic inputs. Further, in autonomic neurons many fewer postsynaptic receptors are activated by a single quantum than is the case at the neuromuscular junction.
Cooperative interactions among protein and RNA components of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli

Copperative interactions among constituents of the 50S ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli have been analyzed in order to elucidate its assembly and structural organization. Proteins L5 and L18 were shown to be necessary and sufficient to effect the association of the 5S and 23S RNAs into a quaternary complex that contains equimolar amounts of all four components. Measurement of diffusion constants by laser light scattering revealed that integration of the 5S RNA induced the 23S RNA to adopt a somewhat more open conformation. An investigation of relationships among proteins associated with the central and 3' portions of the 23S RNA demonstrated that attachment of L5, L10 + L11, and L28 depends upon the RNA-binding proteins L16, L2, and L1 + L3 + L6, respectively, and that L2 interacts with the central segment of the 23S RNA. These data, as well as the results of others, have been used to construct a scheme that depicts both direct and indirect associations of the 5S RNA, the 23S RNA, and over two-thirds of the subunit proteins. The 5' third of the 23S RNA apparently organizes the proteins required to nucleate essential reactions, whereas a region within 500 to 1500 bases of its 3' terminus is associated primarily with proteins involved in the major functional activities of the 50S ribosomal particle.
Narcissism Predicts Heightened Cortisol Reactivity to a Psychosocial Stressor in Men

Narcissists' sensitivity to social evaluation should increase their physiological reactivity to evaluative stressors. However, very few studies have assessed the physiological correlates of narcissism. In this study, participants completed an evaluative laboratory stressor or a non-evaluative control task. Cortisol reactivity-a marker of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress response-and negative affect (NA) were higher in the stress versus control condition. However, men showed larger cortisol responses and, among men, higher narcissism scores predicted greater cortisol reactivity and larger increases in NA. Narcissism was unrelated to cortisol reactivity and NA among women and in the control condition. These findings highlight the influence of defensive personality traits on HPA reactivity and suggest a pathway through which narcissistic traits might influence long-term health outcomes.
Organochlorines in the free-ranging Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) from French Frigate Shoals, North Pacific Ocean

The Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) is an endangered species found only in the Hawaiian Island chain. The largest subpopulation, at French Frigate Shoals, has been in decline since 1989. In order to assess organochlorine (OC) levels in the Hawaiian monk seals, whole blood and blubber samples were collected in 1999 from 46 free-ranging Hawaiian monk seals at French Frigate Shoals, and were analyzed for eight dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as six other PCB congeners, DDT and DDT metabolites. Average levels of the total PCBs in blood samples from adult male, juvenile and reproductive female groups were 4800, 4000 and 3000 ng/g lipid wt., respectively, whereas 3200, 1300 and 1200 ng/g, respectively, in blubber from the three corresponding groups. p,p'-DDE was the only DDT detected in blubber samples, and no DDTs were detected in blood samples. Concentrations of the total PCBs in adult males were significantly higher than the levels measured in either reproductive females or juveniles. There were significant correlations between age and blubber p,p'-DDE, estimated mass and total blood PCBs or blubber p,p'-DDE, and body condition and total blood PCBs. Although it is clear that the Hawaiian monk seal has been exposed to OCs, it is unclear what biological effects, if any, these xenobiotics may have on the animals.