cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerating learning healthcare system development through embedded research: Career trajectories, training needs, and strategies for managing and supporting embedded researchers.

Abstract Background Health systems and organizations seeking to achieve learning healthcare system principles are increasingly relying on embedded research teams to optimize delivery of evidence-based, high-quality care that improves patient and staff experience alike. However, building organizational capacity to conduct and benefit from embedded research may be challenging in the absence of clearer guidance on career pathways and training, as well as strategies for managing and supporting this unique workforce. Methods In February 2018, 115 attendees from multiple agencies, institutions and professional societies participated in a conference to accelerate development of learning healthcare systems through embedded research. Workgroups engaged in structured brainstorming discussions of key domains; 21 diverse members focused on strengthening the embedded research community through more explicit development and support of multilevel career trajectories. Results Emphasis emerged on the need for training that goes beyond traditional curricula in rigorous scientific methods to include leadership, communication, and other organizational and business skills rarely offered in research training programs. These skills are required for effective engagement of multilevel stakeholders supporting evidence-based changes in routine care. Improving readiness of other stakeholders to effectively act on evidence was noted as equally crucial, as was creation of mid-career development opportunities for researchers and implementers. Conclusions Further development and support of the embedded research workforce will require explicit attention to novel training programs and support of researchers and the stakeholders in the systems they aim to improve. Implications Strategies for improving career entry and mastery of skills that foster effective multilevel stakeholder engagement hold promise for strengthening the embedded research community and their contributions to systematic improvements in health and health care.
Mistaken Identity: P -values in Epidemiology

Epidemiologic studies have been the cornerstone of the development of public health research programs and continue to make important scientific contributions to public health understanding and policy. Unfortunately, the nature of these programs often precludes the random allocation of exposure.
Leiomyomata uteri: hormonal and molecular determinants of growth.

OBJECTIVE: To review the available English literature that examines the biology of leiomyoma uteri in African-American women and other ethnic groups. Factors that influence the growth and development of leiomyomas are examined to understand the basis for larger myomas in African-American women. DESIGN: Literature review of 176 articles regarding the pathobiology of leiomyoma in various ethnic groups. RESULTS: The initiating factor(s) associated with the transformation of a normal myometrial cell into a leiomyoma cell remain(s) to be determined. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that different ethnic groups develop leiomyomas. However, African-American ethnicity is a risk factor for the development of leiomyomas. Studies have examined diet, genetics, hormonal, growth, enzymatic and molecular determinants of myoma biology, with critical advances in some of these areas. The best radiological tools to identify and monitor leiomyomas are ultrasonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Evidence supports progesterone and growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-B), have significant impact on the development of leiomyomas. CONCLUSIONS: Early monitoring and intervention should become standard for African-American women who are at greater risk for developing leiomyomas. There are plausible biological mechanisms that explain the predisposition for developing larger leiomyomas in African-American women as compared with other ethnic groups.
A Tale of Two Departments

Abstract This study examines information seeking by the faculty of two social science departments (Social Work and Family and Consumer Sciences) of a large urban public university. The goal of the study was to better address faculty information needs in an unpleasant budgetary climate. To ascertain the impact of technology on the way faculty gather information, the survey included questions about the relative importance of ten different information sources from library print and electronic sources to the Internet.
"Out of Sight, Out of Mind": The Failed Renal Allograft as a Cause of ESA Resistance.

Approximately 10% of patients treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for the anemia of chronic kidney disease are unresponsive or relatively resistant to therapy. The etiology of this is usually linked to iron deficiency or an independent underlying illness. We describe a hemodialysis patient with a failed renal transplant 1.5 years earlier, who developed progressive erythropoietin resistance and anemia without an apparent cause. He simultaneously developed nonspecific malaise and fatigue. By exclusion, the only possible cause of these signs and symptoms was inflammation from acute and chronic rejection in the retained failed renal allograft. Following pulse steroids and transplant nephrectomy, the patient's symptoms resolved and both his hemoglobin improved and his erythropoietin requirements decreased significantly. The patient never required a blood transfusion and was successfully relisted for a deceased donor renal transplant. Hence, inflammation from a retained transplant allograft may be an under-recognized cause of erythropoietin resistance in dialysis patients. Although transplant nephrectomy remains a controversial practice due to concerns of alloantibody production, it may be considered in patients with failed renal allografts and anemia refractory to treatment with ESAs.
Effects of part-task and whole-task instructional approaches and levels of learner expertise on learner acquisition and transfer of a complex cognitive skill

In complex learning environments, providing instruction that facilitates transfer of learning is important. The study investigated the effects of two instructional approaches (whole-task vs. part-task) and levels of learner expertise (novice vs. advanced) on learner acquisition and transfer of a complex cognitive skill (e.g., preparing a grade book in excel) in an introductory educational technology course. The study also examined the effects of these variables on learners' cognitive load, instructional efficiency, time on task and their attitudes towards the instruction. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the two treatment groups (whole-task > part-task) on (a) whole-task performance, (b) far-transfer performance, (c) instructional efficiency on the whole-task performance, and d) instructional efficiency on the far-transfer performance. However, no significant differences were found for (a) cognitive load, (b) time spent on the whole-task test, (c) time spent on the far-transfer test, and (d) attitudes toward instruction.
Visual Search and Detection in Background Clutter

Two traditions of vision modeling have coexisted for many years with little or no transfer of information between them. Those interested in models of visual target acquisition for real-world scenarios have developed engineering models, which are essentially empirical summaries of visual performance data. On the other hand, basic researchers in visual psychophysics and neurophysiology have developed quantitative models of pattern perception. The basic research models have increased in generality and scope to the point that they are potentially powerful tools for addressing certain real-world needs that have recently come to the fore. The needs include quantitative, theory-based methods for evaluating target signatures, effects of background clutter, and observer false alarm rates. This paper reviews the shortcomings of existing target acquisition models, and reports work in progress to develop an improved model of target acquisition that incorporates a model of pattern perception from basic vision research.
Chemistry of N-hydroxy-L-arginine.

Abstract The synthesis of N -hydroxy- l -arginine can be accomplished by a relatively simple and straightforward procedure. Also, a variety of arginine derivatives can be synthesized using minor modifications of this procedure. N -Hydroxy- l -arginine is subject to decomposition under either basic or oxidizing conditions. In fact, one of the dominant chemical features of N -hydroxy- l -arginine (or N -hydroxyguanidines), which would be significant to those interested in exploring its role either as a biosynthetic intermediate in NO generation or as an independently acting species, is its ability to act as a reducing agent. Even a cursory inspection of N -hydroxy- l -arginine indicates that the N -hydroxyguanidine function is electron rich and could be easily oxidized. Oxidation of N -hydroxy- l -arginine is, indeed, facile and can lead to either the release of HNO (from a two-electron oxidation) or the formation of an apparent radical species (from one-electron oxidation). The ability of N -hydroxy- l -arginine to act as a one-electron reducing agent (or hydrogen atom-donor) may be important in the biosynthesis of the NO radical since an odd-electron step is required. 17 Regardless, it is likely that N -hydroxyguanidines can act as electron sources and may participate in redox reactions with biological oxidants. The physiological relevance of such processes, however, remains to be determined.
Prospective analysis of atypical epithelial cells as a high‐risk cytologic feature for malignancy in pancreatic cysts

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cysts are aspirated to assess whether a cyst is mucinous on one hand and malignant on the other. The authors' retrospective data have indicated that high-grade atypical epithelial cells (AECs) identified on cytology are a high-risk feature and a better threshold than “positive” for detecting malignancy. The objective of the current study was to assess the accuracy of AECs in predicting malignancy in pancreatic cysts. METHODS: Cysts aspirated by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNAs) obtained between January 2006 and June 2011 were evaluated. Cytologic, histologic, imaging, and cyst fluid analysis data were recorded. AECs were defined as cells that had an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromasia with or without membrane abnormalities and with or without cytoplasmic vacuoles, but of insufficient quality and quantity for a “positive” interpretation. Malignancy included mucinous cysts with high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. Performance characteristics of cytology with AECs or worse (high-grade atypia [HGA]) for predicting malignancy were assessed. RESULTS: There were 70 FNAs that had histologic confirmation from 404 EUS-FNAs in 352 patients. Excluding 4 nondiagnostic FNAs, the study cohort consisted of 66 FNAs for analysis. There were 24 malignant cysts with 20 true-positive, 4 false-negative, 36 true-negative, and 6 false-positive results. For the detection of malignancy, HGA had 83% sensitivity, 86% specificity, a positive predictive value of 77%, a negative predictive value of 90%, and 85% overall accuracy. The lower threshold for malignancy with AECs resulted in a 12% increase in the detection of malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: A finding of AECs on cytology is a high-risk feature for malignancy and is an accurate triage threshold for resection. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:29–36 © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Understanding Osi Applications

The OSI model addressing, management and security the network environment transport and session ASN.1 and presentation application layer transaction processing (TP) and concurrency commitment and recovery (CCR) message handling (X.400) directory services (X.500) file transfer access and manipulation (FTAM) virtual terminal VT manufacturing automation and technical office protocols (MAP/TOP) other OSI application protocols.
Photospheric Downflows: How Deep, How Coherent, How Important?

While convection in the solar envelope globally transports the incident radiative flux from the interior, the local dynamics of granulation as seen at the photosphere is dominated by radiative cooling and downflow formation. Here we examine the stability of such downflows with depth and their importance to acoustic excitation. We find that downflow plumes, even in a quiescent adiabatic environment, are subject to vigorous secondary instabilies causing detrainment of fluid from the plume region. It seems unlikely that they are coherent to the bottom of the solar convection zone. We also find that plume initiation by rapidly localized cooling results in both monopolar and dipolar acoustic emission. The mechanism is distinct in that pressure fluctuations are induced thermodynamically by radiative loss as well as dynamically by fluid motion.
Neoadjuvant modified FOLFIRINOX and chemoradiation therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer improves resectability.

Background and Objectives Though necessary for improved outcomes, surgical resection is often limited in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancers (LAPCs). We evaluated the efficacy of the approach adopted by our institution of using modified FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy followed by radiation with concurrent gemcitabine or capecitabine for patients with LAPCs, in an effort to enhance resectability while improving the toxicity profile compared with similar treatment regimens. Methods We included 29 consecutive patients with LAPC treated at our institution with the above approach in this review. We evaluated rates of resection, locol control, and survival outcomes in this cohort. Results The median follow up for this series of patients was 15.2 months. Approximately half the patients were unresectable at presentation. After neoadjuvant therapy, 41.3% of all patients were able to undergo resection of their tumors and 83% achieved an R0 resection. One-year local control for the entire cohort was 85%; one-year progression-free and overall were 49.2% and 65.5%, respectively. High rates of metastatic disease were seen regardless of resectability. There were minimal toxicities in this cohort. Conclusions Neoadjuvant therapy with induction modified FOLFIRINOX and chemoradiation presents a well-tolerated, promising treatment approach for patients with LAPC. High rates of metastatic disease highlight the need to optimize systemic and targeted agents for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:1028–1034. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iqbal, Twombly, and the Expected Cost of False Positive Errors

Iqbal and Twombly introduced a new standard for pleading federal claims, overruling five-decades old language from Conley v. Gibson. Instead of plaintiffs’ being entitled to discovery unless the complaint affirmatively forecloses the possibility of recovery, Iqbal and Twombly require a more searching evaluation of the complaint under an ambiguous “plausibility” standard. The policy behind this increased burden on plaintiffs is to prevent the false positive error that burdensome discovery creates. How the plausibility standard from Iqbal and Twombly should operate in the real world is poorly understood. There is general acknowledgement that no clear guidance exists about how to ensure only plausible inferences are indulged. Professor Josh Davis recently summed up the sentiments: “Twombly is a very confusing decision. I really do think… it’s going to be a while before we get a rule that produces predictable results.” Professor Adam Steinman is more hyperbolic: “thanks to” Twombly and Iqbal, “federal pleading standards are in a crisis.” This article fills the void in scholarly and judicial thought by providing an understanding of the Twombly/Iqbal pleading standard that is both theoretically sound and pragmatic. Our approach turns on the policy underlying Iqbal and Twombly – a concern that permitting the case to proceed past the motion to dismiss creates a high expected cost of false positive error through non-merits-based settlements. The expected cost of false positive error is a function of two variables: the cost to society if the error occurs and the likelihood that the error will occur. The cost to society if false positive error occurs varies among different areas of substantive law. The likelihood that false positive error will occur varies by the type of facts in controversy. We use antitrust law as an example of the effects of those two variables. Because false positive error in antitrust is costly to society, the analysis focuses on the likelihood of false positive error. The likelihood of false positive error depends on the nature of facts in controversy and the manner in which proof of those facts will be made. If evidence of contested facts is uniquely in the defendant’s hands, it can be retrieved (or its absence shown) only through burdensome, and asymmetrical, discovery of the defendant. If evidence of contested facts is public or quasi-public in nature, it can be gathered without disproportionate burden being placed on the defendant. Whether discovery will be disproportionately burdensome on the defendant will affect the defendant’s incentive to settle. Settlements to avoid burdensome discovery result in false positives. Using antitrust law as an example, we demonstrate that different elements of different substantive claims give rise to different likelihoods of false positives. This approach is trans-substantive, and the same inquiry we conduct should be conducted for any claim brought in federal litigation. This analysis resolves the uncertainty left in the wake of Twombly and Iqbal.
Correlates of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in children and adolescents cared for in community settings

Background This study examined the prevalence and correlates of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) among a national sample of 9006 children.
Chemical Signals of Synthetic Disaccharide Derivatives Dominate Rhamnolipids at Controlling Multiple Bacterial Activities

Microbes secrete molecules that modify their environment. Here, we demonstrate a class of synthetic disaccharide derivatives (DSDs) that mimics and dominates the activity of naturally secreted rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The DSDs exhibit the dual function of activating and inhibiting the swarming motility through a concentration-dependent activity reversal that is characteristic of signaling molecules. Whereas DSDs tethered with a saturated farnesyl group exhibit inhibition of both biofilm formation and swarming motility, with higher activities than rhamnolipids, a saturated farnesyl tethered with a sulfonate group only inhibits swarming motility but promote biofilm formation. These results identified important structural elements for controlling swarming motility, biofilm formation, and bacterial adhesion and suggest an effective chemical approach to control intertwined signaling processes that are important for biofilm formation and motilities.
Increased sensitivity to dopamine agonists following a single dose of morphine or levorphanol in mice.

Acute administration of an opiate has been suggested to result in the development of supersensitive dopamine receptors. This hypothesis was tested in mice by determining the effect of a single administration of morphine or levorphanol on dopamine agonist-induced stereotypic behaviors and [3H]spiroperidol binding. Administration of morphine (1.0 mg/kg s.c.), which itself had no significant effect on spontaneous locomotor activity 3 h following administration, significantly potentiated locomotor activity induced by 1.5 or 4.5 mg/kg of apomorphine (i.p.) administered 3 h later. Morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) or levorphanol (0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.), but not dextrorphan (up to 20 mg/kg, s.c.), enhanced climbing behavior induced by apomorphine (i.p.) or (-)-N-n-propylnorapomorphine (i.p.; NPA) administered 3 h later. An increase in whole brain and striatal [3H]spiroperidol binding sites was found 3 h after administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine. Concurrent administration of 5 mEq/kg of LiCl (i.p.) or 5 mg/kg of naloxone (i.p.; administered twice) attenuated both the potentiation of the climbing behavior induced by the two dopamine agonists and the increase in [3H]spiroperidol binding sites. These results suggest that a single administration of an opiate can induce the development of supersensitive dopamine receptors that is mediated by an interaction at opioid receptors.
A new species and a new combination in western North American Silene (Caryophyllaceae).

Silene nachlingerae is described, illustrated, and compared toS. aperta. The similarly floweredS. invisa is considered to be closely related toS. bernardina, and especially to its var.rigidula (Robinson) Tiehm, comb nov.
The molecular genetics of seed maturation in maize

The maturation phase of seed formation involves coordinated expression of multiple developmental pathways. These processes include abscisic acid regulated responses associated with the arrest of embryo development and induction of anthocyanin synthesis in embryo and aleurone tissues. Studies of the maturation defective vivaparous mutants of maize suggest that one gene, viviparous-1 (vpl), regulates both of these pathways in the developing seed. Mutations at vpl reduce the sensitivity of the developing embryo to abscisic acid. In addition, Vpl is required for expression of Cl, a regulatory gene for the anthocyanin pathway. This interaction is consistent with the idea that Vpl and Cl function as part of a regulatory hierarchy controlling seed development. Molecular studies of vpl mutations which separate control of embryo arrest and anthocyanin synthesis suggest that these functions map to discrete domains in the Vpl protein. Therefore, coordinate control of diverse maturation processes may be achieved through expression of a functionally complex regulatory molecule.
Angular Correlation Between Pions in Six-Prong K + − p Interactions at 12.7 GeV/ c

The angular correlations between pions have been observed in the six-prong interactions of 12.7-GeV/c ${K}^{+}$ with protons. These effects have been compared with the other pion data produced with different primary particles at different energies. The influence of the production of ${N}^{*}$ and ${K}^{*}$ resonances on these angular correlations is investigated.
Exploring Cloud Computing for Large-Scale Scientific Applications

This paper explores cloud computing for large-scale data intensive scientific applications. Cloud computing is attractive because it provides hardware and software resources on-demand, which relieves the burden of acquiring and maintaining a huge amount of resources that may be used only once by a scientific application. However, unlike typical commercial applications that often just requires a moderate amount of ordinary resources, large-scale scientific applications often need to process enormous amount of data in the terabyte or even petabyte range and require special high performance hardware with low latency connections to complete computation in a reasonable amount of time. To address these challenges, we build an infrastructure that can dynamically select high performance computing hardware across institutions and dynamically adapt the computation to the selected resources to achieve high performance. We have also demonstrated the effectiveness of our infrastructure by building a system biology application and an uncertainty quantification application for carbon sequestration, which can efficiently utilize data and computation resources across several institutions.
The Planar Pair Geometry for Ge(Li) Detectors

Some of the more desirable features of large volume coaxial and smaller volume planar detectors are combined in a planar pair configuration of planar lithium drifted germanium diodes. The present work examines some of the more important considerations involved and presents data obtained using a 27 cm3 planar pair with energy resolution of 3.0 keV FWHM at 1.33 MeV.
DNA sequence of the translocation breakpoints in undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma arising in mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver harboring the t(11;19)(q11;q13.4) translocation

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver is a highly malignant and aggressive tumor that occasionally arises within mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver (MHL), a benign tumor that typically occurs in young children. Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma arising in MHL, as well as uncomplicated MHL, frequently harbor rearrangements of band 19q13.4, including the translocation t(11;19)(q13;q13.4). In this study we report the cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the translocation breakpoints in an undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma arising in MHL known to harbor t(11;19). In this case, the breakpoint at 11q13 occurred in the MALAT1 gene, also known as ALPHA. MALAT1 is rearranged in renal tumors harboring the t(6;11)(p21;q13) translocation, and noncoding MALAT1 transcripts are overexpressed in a number of human carcinomas. The breakpoint at 19q13.4 occurs at a locus we refer to as MHLB1, for Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Liver Breakpoint 1. Although the MHLB1 locus does not contain a known gene, several human ESTs map to the region (a subset of which show homology to the nuclear RNA export factor (NXF) gene family), and the region is conserved between many mammalian species.
USE OF STIFFNESS FOR EVALUATING COMPACTNESS OF COHESIVE PAVEMENT GEOMATERIALS

There has been a recent push toward adoption of in-place soil stiffness as a means of assessing compactness of pavement geomaterials. From a series of low strain GeoGauge stiffness measurements made under controlled laboratory conditions on compacted silts, the variation of stiffness with water content, dry unit weight, degree of saturation, volume change upon wetting, shear strength, and soil plasticity is discussed. In general, the GeoGauge stiffness is not directly related to dry unit weight, and it peaks dry of optimum and decreases upon wetting. Soil specimens with a large stiffness also tend to be stronger, but they also tend to swell more upon wetting, implying that the shrink-swell potential is not optimized if stiffness is. These results help advance the understanding of the role of stiffness in assessing compactness of cohesive geomaterials.
Satisfaction levels and correlates of satisfaction in the homemaker job.

Abstract Fifty-five full-time homemakers and 63 full- or part-time outside job holders completed a questionnaire which assessed their level of satisfaction overall and with specific aspects of the homemaker work role or job. Thirteen items from the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire were used for this purpose along with other measures of satisfaction. In general, it was found that both full-time homemakers and job holders were quite satisfied with the homemaker work role. The highest level of satisfaction had to do with the autonomy aspects of the job, whereas the least satisfying aspects were the lack of recognition and supervisory opportunities. It was demonstrated that overall satisfaction with the homemaker job was significantly related to several variables. High income level subjects were the least satisfied, whereas middle income subjects were the individuals most satisfied with the homemaker job. Further, whether a subjects's mother worked, subjects' attitudes toward women, frequency of church attendance, perceived mobility in the home, and whether subjects' expectations were being met demonstrated a significant relationship to satisfaction. Interestingly, the number of children living in the household did not exhibit any impact on satisfaction. A number of other variables and their relationship to homemaker satisfaction were also investigated.
Frequency domain and finite difference modeling of ventilated concrete slabs and comparison with field measurements: Part 1, modeling methodology

Abstract This paper is the first of two papers that focus on the thermal modeling of building-integrated thermal energy storage (BITES) systems using frequency response (FR) and lumped-parameter finite difference (LPFD) techniques. Structural/non-structural building fabric components, such as ventilated concrete slabs (VCS) can actively store and release thermal energy effectively by passing air through their embedded air channels. These building components can be described as ventilated BITES systems. To assist the thermal analysis and control of BITES systems, modeling techniques and guidelines for FR and LPFD models of VCS are presented in this two-part paper. In this first part, modeling techniques for FR and LPFD approaches based on network theory are presented. A method for calculating the heat transfer between flowing air and ventilated components is developed for these two approaches. Discretization criteria for explicit LPFD models are discussed. For the FR approach, discrete Fourier series in complex frequency form are used to represent the boundary excitations. In the treatment of heat injection from the flowing air as internal source in the VCS, network techniques such as Thevenin theorem, heat flow division, and Y-diakoptic transform are employed. The techniques presented in this paper are applicable to other BITES with hydronic or electric charging/discharging systems. With the FR techniques, model-based control strategies based on transfer functions can be readily developed.
Is fasting insulin concentration inversely associated with rate of weight gain? Contrasting findings from the CARDIA and ARIC study cohorts

OBJECTIVE: To test whether a higher fasting insulin concentration is associated with a lower rate of weight gain over six to seven years. DESIGN: Two longitudinal epidemiologic cohorts including blacks and whites. SUBJECTS: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study examined subjects aged 18–30 y in 1985–86 and 1992–93 (n=3636), and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study examined subjects aged 45–64 y in 1987–89 and 1993–95 (n=11179). MEASUREMENTS: In each study, fasting insulin at baseline and weight change during follow-up were measured in participants without diabetes. RESULTS: In whites and black men in CARDIA, there was a positive age-adjusted association between baseline insulin and weight change, although weight change was not entirely monotonic across the insulin quartiles. In these race-gender-groups, the linear regression coefficients indicated that each 50 pmol/L increment of baseline insulin was associated (P<0.05) with approximately 0.10 kg/y greater rate of weight gain (95% confidence intervals (CI) for this estimate in kg/y were 0.023–0.187 for white women, 0.015–0.150 for black men, and 0.011–0.158 for white men). The association was eliminated entirely with adjustment for baseline weight. In contrast, among whites and black women in ARIC, the association was negative, with the linear regression coefficients suggesting that each 50 pmol/L higher fasting insulin concentration was associated (P<0.05) with a 0.03–0.10 kg/y lower rate of weight gain (95% CI for this estimate in kg/y were −0.133 to −0.061 for black women, −0.106 to −0.054 for white women, and −0.055 to −0.009 for white men). This finding was generally strengthened by adjustment for baseline body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS: A higher fasting insulin concentration is associated modestly with a lower rate of weight gain in ARIC, but not in CARDIA.
The relationships among instructors’ antisocial behavior alteration techniques and student resistance

This study examined the relationships between instructors’ use of antisocial behavior alteration techniques (BATs) and students’ use of teacher‐owned resistance strategies. College students (N = 190) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of their instructor's communication and their own behaviors in the classroom. Results of a canonical correlation suggest that a combination of higher levels of instructor use of the punishment from teacher, punishment from others, guilt, negative relationship, legitimate teacher authority, and debt BATs corresponds with a combination of higher levels of student resistance through teacher advice, teacher blame, appeal to powerful others, and modeling teacher's affect.
Effect of Encapsulating Agents on Dispersion Status and Photochemical Reactivity of C60 in the Aqueous Phase

This study demonstrates that the degree of C60 clustering in the aqueous phase is strongly dependent on the type and concentration of encapsulating agents, such as surfactant, polymer, and natural organic matter that interact with C60. The degree of C60 clustering was quantitatively analyzed using ultraviolet−visible spectral characteristics. The dispersion status played a critical role in determining the photochemical reactivity of C60, in particular, its ability to mediate energy transfer and to produce singlet oxygen in the presence of oxygen. Consistent with findings in the organic phase, C60 in the aqueous phase lost its intrinsic photochemical reactivity when they formed aggregates. Experiments performed using a laser flash photolysis suggested that the loss of reactivity resulted from a drastic decrease in lifetime of a key reaction intermediate, that is, triplet-state C60. This study suggests that the photochemical reactivity of C60 in the aqueous phase, which has been linked to oxidative damage i...
Getting to First Base: Promoting Engagement in Family–School Intervention for Children with ADHD in Urban, Primary Care Practice

The optimal model of intervention for children with ADHD is typically a multimodal approach involving a partnership across the family, school, and primary care health systems. Unfortunately, even when multimodal interventions are available, mental health services generally are underutilized, particularly by children and families of racial and ethnic minority background who often reside in under-resourced, urban settings. Partnering to Achieve School Success (PASS) was developed as a service based in urban primary care settings to foster partnerships among the family, school, and primary care practice and promote engagement in intervention. This study was designed to examine the pre-treatment telephone history of contacts between clinicians and families to determine early indicators of engagement and potential strategies to improve treatment initiation. The data were derived from a retrospective analysis of 80 cases referred by primary care providers to PASS. Findings indicated that success rates of clinician-initiated contact and number of parent-initiated attempts were independent predictors of treatment initiation. Also number of minutes of actual phone contact predicted treatment initiation. Follow-up analyses suggested that amount of phone contact may serve as a mediator in the relationship between phone contact (clinician-initiated and parent-initiated) and treatment initiation. The predictive value of telephone contact was affirmed, and strategies for using phone contact to improve treatment initiation were discussed.
Familial transmission, support, and youth employment in hard economic times

This is a brief introduction to the Part-Special Issue, "Youth, Economic Hardship, and the Worldwide 'Great Recession.'" (I do not believe that an abstract is needed for an introduction.)
Acid-Base Regulation and Temperature in Selected Invertebrates as a Function of Temperature

The p H of the hemolymph of selected invertebrates decreases as their body temperature increases. The magnitude of this change (Δ p H/Δ°C) is very similar to the change of the p H of water with temperature (Δ pN /Δ°C) and suggests that these invertebrates, like poikilothermous vertebrates, regulate the p H of their extracellular fluid so that its degree of alkalinity relative to the p H of water remains constant. The degree of alkalinity ( p Hblood- pN ) varies between species, but seems to be fixed for any given species. In Limulus p H- pN was essentially the same for in vivo samples, measured after the whole animal had been acclimated to different temperatures, as it was for in vitro samples in which the hemolymph was cooled or warmed anaerobically, suggesting that the CO2 content of the extracellular fluid is constant as the temperature changes. The PCO2 of the hemolymph is invariably lower in animals breathing water than in those breathing air. In the invertebrates, as in the vertebrates, manipulation of PCO2 and HCO3- is probably the major mechanism in the regulation of the relative alkalinity of the extracellular fluid.
Evaluation of reactor pulsing activation analysis enhancement in reference materials

The enhancement factors possible by using reactor pulsing during neutron activation analysis have been shown to exceed 1.0 for half-lives shorter than 42 seconds. Studies published to date have applied the technique to pure elemental standards in order to evaluate the advantage. In addition, its use has been demonstrated for the analysis of several environmental samples. This paper describes experimental work performed in an effort to demonstrate the utilization of the technique on a wide range of real sample materials. The purpose of the investigation was to assess the value of the methodology to the neutron activation analysis program of our laboratory in support of university research. A series of sample matrices including reference materials, fossil fuels, geological specimen, ecologically important materials and animal and plant tissues have been subjected to pulsed neutron irradiation. Resulting gamma emissions were detected from samples after each irradiation. Representative spectral data are presented. Suitability of the technique for trace analysis are discussed.
Drug resistance trends in mycobacterium tuberculosis: Blackburn 1985–1989

Abstract Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis fell from 15.2% in 1980–1984 to 6.5% in 1985–1989 in the Indian subcontinent (ISC) ethnic group and remained low in the white ethnic group. Resistance to isoniazid, which is of particular clinical significance, fell from 6.1% in 1980–1984 to 2.7% in 1985–1989 in the ISC group. Factors which may affect this trend to reduction are discussed.
Remote sensing of rivers: the emergence of a subdiscipline in the river sciences

This article reports on the special issue of Earth Surface Processes and Landforms dedicated to remote sensing of rivers. This emerging subdiscipline of river science has grown at a rapid rate in recent years because of: (a) the growing desire and need for data to document and explore the full range of spatial and temporal variations in river systems; (b) evolving technologies that enable lower cost data acquisition, processing and analysis at reach to catchment to continental scales; and (c) the increasing engagement of river scientists with GIScience. The convergence of these factors and the ever growing number of practitioners speaks to the need for more communication among researchers, a major reason for creating this special issue. The 12 articles in the volume cover a broad spectrum of applications that use a variety of platforms and sensors, ranging from photogrammetric mapping of riffle-pool morphology beneath forest canopy using a camera mounted on a hand held pole to satellite-based synthetic radar mapping of subcontinental scale hydrology of large rivers. In this overview each of the 12 articles is briefly summarized. Based on these works and other research, it is concluded that the time for more widespread application of river remote sensing techniques is now. To promote more widespread use of remote sensing techniques for river science and management, the following are advocated: (a) developing stand alone or plug-in software products that enable non-expert users to implement these new methods, (b) incorporating remote sensing of rivers training into classes, workshops, and on-line tutorials; and (c) promoting more intentional and formal collaboration among members of the river remote sensing community. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computing accurate surface energies and the importance of electron self-energy in metal/metal-oxide adhesion

Abstract Starting with density functional theory (DFT) results, we correct surface energies using a jellium model as applied to surface electron densities obtained from the first principles calculations. We apply these results to the computed work of adhesion for Pd(1 1 1) to α-Al2O3(0 0 0 1). Here polarization bonding dominates at the interface and is well described by DFT, but the surface energies of both the metal and the oxide have substantial errors due to electron self-exchange and self-correlation. We show that this correction is quite large for the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), thus explaining the difference between GGA results for metal/metal-oxide binding and those obtained by the local density approximation, where an accidental cancellation in errors produces better agreement with experiment. After the corrections, both methods produce results that are within the experimental error bars.
Designing ethical organizations: Avoiding the long-term negative effects of rewards and punishments

Ethics researchers advise managers of organizations to link rewards and punishments to ethical and unethical behavior, respectively. We build on prior research maintaining that organizations operate at Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning, and explain how the over-reliance on rewards and punishments encourages employees to operate at Kohlberg’s lowest stages of moral reasoning. We advocate designing organizations as ethical communities and relying on different assumptions about employees in order to foster ethical reasoning at higher levels. Characteristics associated with ethical communities are identified and AES Corporation and Semco S/A serve as examples of corporations exhibiting the design characteristics and assumptions of ethical organizations.
Compensation in Part-Time Jobs versus Full-Time Jobs: What if the Job is the Same?

Abstract The paper documents differences in compensation between part-time and full-time jobs. Compensation per hour is substantially lower in part-time jobs than in full-time jobs, even when the jobs are from the same establishment and occupation.
Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale Distinguishing Grief From Depression Following Miscarriage

The study evaluated the Perinatal Bereavement Grief Scale (PBGS), the first scale designed to measure grieffollowing reproductive loss in terms of yearning for the lost pregnancy and lost baby. Participants included 304 women interviewed by telephone I to 3 times within 6 months aftermiscarriage. The PBGS had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It showed convergent validity with measures of attachment and investment in the child and divergent validity against measures of social desirability and depressive symptoms, supporting the conceptual distinction between grief and depression. Cross-cultural validity was acceptable whether tested by language (Spanish vs. English) or ethnicity (Hispanic vs. other). This measure of yearning enables study of the epidemiology and prognostic value of this key feature of mourning.
Cretaceous crustal structure and metamorphism in the hinterland of the Sevier thrust belt, western U.S. Cordillera

Combined structural and geochronologic studies to the west of the Sevier belt at lat 39{degree}-40{degree}N indicate that peak metamorphism of the upper 15 km of crust occurred during the Late Cretaceous (70-90 Ma), overlapping in time with the intrusion of muscovite-bearing granites and pegmatites. Metamorphism was accompanied by penetrative deformation (top-to-the-east layer-parallel shear); both were localized at the currently exposed structural levels, resulting in impressive vertical and lateral strain gradients and T{sub max} gradients of > 50 C/km. Inception of thrust faulting in the Sevier belt may have predated peak metamorphism and intrusion of granites in the hinterland by 10-15 m.y., but it continued during and ended simultaneously with the end of metamorphism at about 70 Ma. The rise of muscovite-bearing granites and hot fluids, generated by metamorphism and crustal anatexis at greater depth, provides and explanation for the observed localized metamorphism and deformation at relatively high structural levels.
Raman-based detection of bacteria using silver nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been used to detect bacteria captured by polyclonal antibodies sorbed onto protein-A-modified silver nanoparticles. The selectivity and discrimination of the technique were assured by using a specific antibody to the model bacterium, Escherichia coli. As the SERS enhancement mechanism depends upon the metal surface proximity, 8 nm was considered as the optimum distance between the bacterium and the nanoparticle surface. Spectral reproducibility was verified using Principal Components Analysis to differentiate the clusters corresponding to the biomolecules and/or bacteria sorbed onto nanoparticles. Compared to the normal Raman spectrum, the SERS technique resulted in an intensity enhancement of over 20-fold.
Developing differentiated epithelial cell cultures: Airway epithelial cells☆

Recent progress in cell culture enables us to grow and to maintain differentiated epithelial cells in a serum-free defined culture environment. Such an epithelial cell culture system free from interference by other nonepithelial cell types should be used widely in studies related to toxicology, carcinogenesis, and disease-related problems. This approach will lead to a better understanding of pathological changes indicated in the injured epithelial layer. The gap of information existing between in vivo and in vitro can be bridged together by this simple epithelial cell culture system by carefully analyzing changes of cell properties from in vivo to in vitro and by the cell separation to enrich specific cell types in preparation. Furthermore, evidence has been accumulated suggesting that the properties of epithelial cells in culture are part of the integral cellular physiologies of epithelial cells in vivo. These properties are, in most cases, related to cell injury which is reparable even in vitro if the appropriate condition is provided. Using the airway epithelial cell culture system developed in our laboratory as an example, the above points are discussed. Finally, we have shown that a differentiated tracheal epithelium with a similar polarity as in vivo was established in the described serum-free culture condition.
ASSESSMENT OF PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR USING A SPLINTED FULL THICKNESS DERMAL WOUND MODEL IN BEARDED DRAGONS (POGONA VITTICEPS)

Abstract: Wounds in reptiles are a common reason for presentation to a veterinarian. At this time there is limited information on effective topical medications to aid in wound closure. The objectives of this study were to translate the splinted, full-thickness dermal wound model, validated in mice, to the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) and to determine the effect of topical becaplermin (BP), a platelet-derived growth factor (0.01%), on the rate of wound closure. Ten bearded dragons were anesthetized and two full-thickness cutaneous wounds were made on the dorsum of each lizard. Encircling splints were applied surrounding each wound and subsequently covered by a semi-occlusive dressing. Five lizards had one wound treated with BP and the adjacent wound treated with a vehicle control. Five additional lizards had one wound treated with saline and the second wound treated with a vehicle control. Wounds were imaged daily, and the wound area was measured using digital image analysis. The change in percentag...