cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalizing from relevance feedback using named entity wildcards

Traditional adaptive filtering systems learn the user's interests in a rather simple way - words from relevant documents are favored in the query model, while words from irrelevant documents are down-weighted. This biases the query model towards specific words seen in the past, causing the system to favor documents containing relevant but redundant information over documents that use previously unseen words to denote new facts about the same news event. This paper proposes news ways of generalizing from relevance feedback by augmenting the traditional bag-of-words query model with named entity wildcards that are anchored in context. The use of wildcards allows generalization beyond specific words, while contextual restrictions limit the wildcard-matching to entities related to the user's query. We test our new approach in a nugget-level adaptive filtering system and evaluate it in terms of both relevance and novelty of the presented information. Our results indicate that higher recall is obtained when lexical terms are generalized using wildcards. However, such wildcards must be anchored to their context to maintain good precision. How the context of a wildcard is represented and matched against a given document also plays a crucial role in the performance of the retrieval system.
theta -term effect on the charge spectra of dyons associated with generalized magnetic monopoles and quarks as dyons in a spontaneously broken gauge theory.

From the discussion of the relation between the electric charges of dyons and the vacuum angle theta, a formula for the charge spectra of dyons associated with generalized monopoles is obtained. The possibilities of quarks as dyons in a spontaneously broken gauge theory are discussed. If quarks are dyons in a spontaneously broken gauge theory with a nonvanishing vacuum angle theta, their electric charges will not be exactly fractionally quantized; instead, they will carry extra charges proportional to theta.
Moral Blameworthiness and the Reactive Attitudes

In this paper, I present and defend a novel version of the Reactive Attitude account of moral blameworthiness. In Section 1, I introduce the Reactive Attitude account and outline Allan Gibbard’s version of it. In Section 2, I present the Wrong Kind of Reasons Problem, which has been at the heart of much recent discussion about the nature of value, and explain why a reformulation of it causes serious problems for versions of the Reactive Attitude account such as Gibbard’s. In Section 3, I consider some ways in which Gibbard might attempt to avoid the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem. I argue that all of these ways fail to achieve their aim and further contend that the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem cannot be solved in a sufficiently convincing manner by the widely used method of making ad hoc distinctions among kinds of properties, kinds of attitudes, and kinds of reasons. In Section 4, I sketch my own version of the Reactive Attitude account of moral blameworthiness and show that it simply avoids the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem rather than attempting to solve the problem on a piecemeal basis.
International inequality in the basic needs indicators

Abstract Using data for nearly 100 countries, cross-country inequality indexes for five major ‘basic needs’ indicators are computed and compared with income inequality indexes. Except for physician supply, inter-country inequality in meeting basic needs appears much smaller than income inequality. While inter-country income disparity increased, inequality in basic needs indicators declined during 1960–1978.
Infant-initiated weaning from the breast in the first year

Mothers of 50 healthy breast-fed infants for whom weaning had been completed by the first birthday were administered a maternal feeding and weaning questionnaire developed by the authors. A major purpose of the questionnaire was to investigate the phenomenon of infant-initiated weaning, which is commonly, but somewhat misleadingly referred to as 'self-weaning'. 46% of the infants were reported by their mothers to have initiated weaning. The onset of this behavior occurred most frequently at 5 and 9 months of age. Most mothers attributed it to their infants' increased exploratory and nutritional desires and a concomitant reduced interest in breast-feeding. It is suggested, that rather than being weaning behavior per se, this behavior (at least that which occurs between approximately 5 and 9 months of age) may actually be a common correlate of the cognitive and physical discontinuities or 'spurts' in development which are known to occur during this interval, but that it can, and often does indirectly lead to a relatively easy mutual weaning from the breast if met with appropriate and timely maternal intervention.
Surveying protein structure and function using bis-arsenical small molecules.

Exploration across the fields of biology, chemical biology, and medicine has led to an increasingly complex, albeit incomplete, view of the interactions that drive life’s processes. The ability to monitor and track the movement, activity, and interactions of biomolecules in living cells is an essential part of this investigation. In our laboratory, we have endeavored to develop tools that are capable not only of monitoring protein localization but also reporting on protein structure and function. Central to our efforts is a new strategy, bipartite tetracysteine display, that relies on the specific and high-affinity interaction between a fluorogenic, bis-arsenical small molecule and a unique protein sequence, conformation, or assembly.In 1998, a small-molecule analogue of fluorescein with two arsenic atoms, FlAsH, was shown by Tsien and coworkers to fluoresce upon binding to a linear amino acid sequence, Cys-Cys-Arg-Glu-Cys-Cys. Later work demonstrated that substituting Pro-Gly for Arg-Glu optimized both b...
Comments on "Maximum Frequency Indication: Minima Counting Versus Zero-Crossing Counting"

The authors' digital counting of minima is the equivalent of the classical method of frequency measurement by zero crossing of the signal after differentiation by an RC network.
Patient experience and use of probiotics in community-based health care settings.

Objective To investigate patient experience with probiotics and factors that influence probiotic use among adult patients.
Biodegradation of 2,4‐ and 2,6‐dinitrotoluene by freshwater microorganisms

Abstract The microbial degradation of 2,4‐ and 2,6‐dinitrotoluene was complete or nearly complete in surface water from two locations downstream from the Radford Army Ammunition Plant. No degradation was detected in surface water from four local (Frederick, MD area) sites. Either isomer could serve as a sole carbon and energy source, with about 60 percent of substrate carbon appearing as CO2, and with an increase in the population of degrading organisms. In both the rate of mineralization in percent degraded per day increased with increasing substrate concentration. At 10 mg/L, degradation rates of 32 and 14.5 percent/day were observed for the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers, respectively. At very low concentrations of the 2,6 isomer a degrading population did not develop, and significant degradation did not occur. The rate of substrate utilization was far greater, and the lag time shorter, for the 2,4 isomer, consistent with a far greater density of 2,4‐DNT degraders. Mixed enrichment cultures were developed for eac...
Use of cerebrospinal fluid flow rates measured by phase-contrast MR to predict outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus

Objective To determine whether favorable clinical response and magnitude of improvement are associated with increased aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow rates in patients who undergo ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Patients and Methods Between January 1995 and June 2000, 49 patients (14 men and 35 women; mean age, 72.9 years; range, 54-88 years) underwent magnetic resonance quantification of aqueductal CSF flow followed by VPS for presumed idiopathic NPH at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Logistic regression models for the odds of any improvement in score as a function of aqueductal CSF flow and separate models for any improvement in gait, incontinence, cognition, and total score were constructed. Results Forty-two patients (86%) had improvement in gait at postoperative follow-up (mean, 10 months). Of the 32 patients with incontinence, 27 (69%) improved. Of the 36 patients with cognitive impairment, 16 (44%) improved. In univariate and fully adjusted models, increased CSF flow through the aqueduct was not significantly associated with improvement or the magnitude of improvement in gait, cognition, or incontinence. Thirty-six patients underwent high-volume lumbar puncture preoperatively, of whom 5 (14%) had no response. The aqueductal CSF flow rates of these 5 patients were significantly higher than those of the patients who improved after lumbar puncture. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients. The aqueductal CSF flow rates in these 15 patients were not significantly different from those of patients who experienced no complications. Conclusion Among patients who underwent VPS for the treatment of NPH, measurement of CSF flow through the cerebral aqueduct did not reliably predict which patients would improve after shunting or the magnitude of improvement.
High-throughput screening of drug-lipid membrane interactions via counter-propagating second harmonic generation imaging.

Here we report the use of counter-propagating second harmonic generation (SHG) to image the interactions between the local anesthetic tetracaine and a multicomponent planar supported lipid bilayer array in a label-free manner. The lipid bilayer arrays, prepared using a 3D continuous flow microspotter, allow the effects of lipid phase and cholesterol content on tetracaine binding to be examined simultaneously. SHG images show that tetracaine has a higher binding affinity to liquid-crystalline phase lipids than to solid-gel phase lipids. The presence of 28 mol % cholesterol decreased the binding affinity of tetracaine to bilayers composed of the mixed chain lipid, 1-steroyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine (SOPC), and the saturated lipids 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-dipamitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine (DPPC) while having no effect on diunsaturated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine (DOPC). The maximum surface excess of tetracaine increases with the degree of unsaturat...
Hyperplasticity: Enhanced formability at high rates

Abstract Literature developed in the 1950's and 60's suggested that high forming velocities can lead to improved ductility and formability. However few models exist that can predict the change in material formability and it appears that this effect has rarely been put to use in practical metal forming. This report shows that very large increases in the formability of three materials is observed in the electrohydraulic forming of a conical section and moderate increases are observed in the electromagnetic expansion of aluminum rings. The ductility increase in the latter case is predicted well by a one dimensional finite element model.
Performance-Sensitivity-based Workload Tailoring for Effective Design Exploration

Early-stage design exploration requires the detailed simulation which is running applications on a cycle-level microprocessor simulator. Main objectives of simulation-level design exploration include understanding the architectural behaviors of target applications and finding optimal configurations to cover wide range of applications in terms of performance and power. However, full simulation of an industry standard benchmark suite (e.g., SPEC CPU 2006) takes several weeks to months to complete. This problem has motivated several research groups to come up with methodologies to reduce simulation time while maintaining a certain level of accuracy. Among many techniques for reducing simulation time, a tool called Sim Point is popularly used. However, simulation load even with the reduced workloads is still heavy, considering design complexity of modern microprocessors. Basic motivation of this research is started from how design exploration is actually performed. Designers will observe the performance impact from resource variations or configuration changes. If a simulation point shows low sensitivity to resource variations, designers would eliminate those simulation points from the simulation setup procedure. In this paper, we focus on identifying those simulation points which have high sensitivity or low sensitivity, by which overall simulation methodology can be effectively improved. We also performed the performance-sensitivity-based similarity analysis (grouping) among simulation points on specific performance metric which can be an overall performance metric or a component-level metric.
Analytical chromatography for recovery of small amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxins from food

Sample preparation is an important element in the detection of toxins in food samples. In this work, a simple analytical sample preparation method for recovery of small amount of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in food samples was developed. Cation exchanger carboxymethylcellulose (CM) was used for small-scale batch chromatography isolation of SEB from infant formula and from mushrooms spiked with SEB. The resulting materials were analyzed for SEB by Western immunoblotting. Nearly all of the extraneous substances in the sample were removed by this procedure with no significant loss of the toxin. Using this method, even small amounts of SE (0.75 ng/g) can be recovered and immunologically analyzed by Western blotting or by ELISA with a very low background. Because this method is effective, rapid, simple and inexpensive, it has the potential to be a general method for the preparation of samples used for analysis of SEs.
The effects of Logo and CAI problem-solving environments on problem-solving abilities and mathematics achievement

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Logo programming and CAI problem-solving software on problem solving that is dependent on specialized conceptual and procedural knowledge, problem solving that is dependent on specific executive-level cognitive skills, and mathematics achievement. No significant differences were found on mathematics achievement or knowledge-dependent problem solving. However, significant differences were found on the test of executive-level problem solving, with the Logo group improving more than the CAI and control groups.
1623 EVALUATION OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND APNEA IN NEAR MISS FOR SIDS INFANTS

Continuous endoesophageal pH monitoring is an accepted technique to evaluate gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Although several studies have reported GER in infants who have apnea, few studies have recorded endoesophageal pH and respiration simultaneously to examine for a chronological relationship between these 2 events. We have examined 43 full-term near miss for SIDS infants (1-34 wk old; mean 10 wk) who were referred after medical evaluation, where a parent witnessed the infant to be pale or cyanotic, flaccid or stiff and vigorous stimulation or mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was needed. Endoesophageal pH, respiration (using an abdominal strain gauge) and electrocardiogram were recorded. A flexible glass pH electrode (Microelectrodes, Inc.) 1.2 mm in diameter was passed nasally into the stomach to confirm a pH 1 min. No events were longer than 30 min. 85% of recorded reflux events occurred with body movement. The majority (71%) of the GER reflux occurred when the infant was very active or awake. Apnea was not seen concurrent with a fall in pH <4.0. In this study we were unable to document an association between GER reflux and apnea.
Lactadherin binding and phosphatidylserine expression on cell surface-comparison with annexin A5.

Background: Transbilayer movement of anionic phospholipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane occurs during platelet activation, red cell senescence, and apoptosis. The anionic phospholipid-binding protein, annexin A5, has been used to detect the presence of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. Lactadherin, a glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, binds to phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells and promote their clearance by macrophages. Methods: The authors isolated and labeled lactadherin and annexin A5 with FITC and compared their ability to detect phosphatidylserine expression by flow cytometry. Results: FITC-lactadherin induced greater shift in the histogram and a higher mean fluorescence intensity than FITC-annexin A5 when platelets were activated with thrombin (0.1 unit/mL) or Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (1 μM). Similarly, lactadherin was more sensitive in detecting phosphatidylserine in red cells induced to express phosphatidylserine. Also, in HL 60 cells undergoing apoptosis, lactadherin detected phosphatidylserine expression earlier than annexin A5. In patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation, lactadherin detected phosphatidylserine-expressing platelets in most patients, whereas under similar conditions, FITC-annexin A5 could not. Conclusions: The authors’ studies show that FITC-lactadherin is a better probe than annexin A5 in detecting phosphatidylserine-expressing activated platelets, red cells, and apoptotic cells.
Comparison of automated nucleic acid extraction methods for the detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in fluids and tissues

Testing for cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA is increasingly being used for specimen types other than plasma or whole blood. However, few studies have investigated the performance of different nucleic acid extraction protocols in such specimens. In this study, CMV extraction using the Cell-free 1000 and Pathogen Complex 400 protocols on the QIAsymphony Sample Processing (SP) system were compared using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL), tissue samples, and urine. The QIAsymphonyAssay Set-up (AS) system was used to assemble reactions using artus CMV PCR reagents and amplification was carried out on the Rotor-Gene Q. Samples from 93 patients previously tested for CMV DNA and negative samples spiked with CMV AD-169 were used to evaluate assay performance. The Pathogen Complex 400 protocol yielded the following results: BAL, sensitivity 100% (33/33), specificity 87% (20/23); tissue, sensitivity 100% (25/25), specificity 100% (20/20); urine, sensitivity 100% (21/21), specificity 100% (20/20). Cell-free 1000 extraction gave comparable results for BAL and tissue, however, for urine, the sensitivity was 86% (18/21) and specimen quantitation was inaccurate. Comparative studies of different extraction protocols and DNA detection methods in body fluids and tissues are needed, as assays optimized for blood or plasma will not necessarily perform well on other specimen types.
“Stay in the Game”: Collecting Data on Symptom Improvement in Naturalistic Settings in Order to Increase Reimbursement Rates

Abstract An industrious approach to increasing reimbursement rates from third-party payers is reviewed. Balancing fidelity to treatment with real-world demands at a local hospital is discussed, as well as ways we were able to increase reimbursement within our own department. Data in naturalistic settings, though not always able to adhere to randomized controlled trials, offers evidence of improvement in symptoms. This reaction paper encourages other clinical programs to "stay in the game" of data collection while balancing treatment fidelity.
From the Homestead to the City: Two Fundamental Concepts of Education

The metaphor of progress as it applies to education refers to the steps taken (Latin gredi) by students on a road leading from one way of understanding or misunderstanding in the direction (Latin pro) of another, better understanding. This process of acculturation, understood in the light of the metaphor of progress, is thought here as connecting two commensurate realms. This metaphoric mode evokes a technical, natural, scientific way of understanding education. The cultural metaphor of a rite of passage as it is used by preliterate societies presents acculturation as a transcending movement between incommensurate realms. The root metaphor for the rite of passage is that of dying to one way of life and being reborn to another. The metaphor of progress, like that of homo faber, leads to an understanding of acculturation in terms of becoming literate. The metaphor of the rite of passage and of transcendence leads to an understanding of acculturation as essentially a process of becoming inscribed. The rite of passage places human learning and understanding within the context of human suffering and mortality; modern progressive theories place our thirst for knowledge within the context of everyday usefulness and the practical desire to improve our life. It is possible to think of the young child's passage from the home environment to the grade-school environment in terms of progress; the world of the home and that of the school are then thought of as commensurate realms, as together forming one unproblematic whole. The child's problem in moving from the one environment to the other is then seen as a problem of adjustment. If we look at this transition in terms of a rite of passage, it can then be thought of as a radical personal and individual transformation or conversion that cannot be accomplished by purely technical means. This mode of understanding casts in high relief the essential differences that mark the incommensurate realms of the home and the school. An investigation concerning the essential differences between the incommensurate realms of home and school brings to the fore the more fundamental differences between the incommensurate spheres of the private and the public, each of which has its own specific structural and ontological characteristics that determine the characteristic manner in which these realms are inhabited.
A supervised machine learning approach to classify host roles on line using sFlow

Classifying host roles based on network traffic behavior is valuable for network security analysis and detecting security policy violation. Behavior-based network security analysis has advantages over traditional approaches such as code patterns or signatures. Modeling host roles based on network flow data is challenging because of the huge volume of network traffic and overlap among host roles. Many studies of network traffic classification have focused on classifying applications such as web, peer-to-peer, and DNS traffic. In general, machine learning approaches have been applied on classifying applications, security awareness, and anomaly detection. In this paper, we present a supervised machine learning approach that use On-Line Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree to classify host roles. We collect sFlow data from main gateways of a large campus network. We classify different roles, namely, clients versus servers, regular web non-email servers versus web email servers, clients at personal offices versus public places of laboratories and libraries, and personal office clients from two different colleges. We achieved very high classification accuracy, i.e., 99.2% accuracy in classifying clients versus servers, 100% accuracy in classifying regular web non-email servers versus web email servers, 93.3% accuracy in classifying clients at personnel offices versus public places, and 93.3% accuracy in classifying clients at personal offices from two different colleges.
The formation of disulfides by the [Fe(nta)Cl2]2− catalyzed air oxidation of thiols and dithiols

Abstract The complexes (cnt)2[Fe(nta)Cl2], where nta = nitrilotriacetate and cnt = Et4N+ or PyH+, catalyze the air oxidation of thiols to disulfides under ambient conditions. Dithiols are converted to linear and cyclic oligomers that differ in their terminal groups as a function of the counterion, cnt. Cysteine ethyl ester was converted to the corresponding cystine diethylester in high yield.
GUANOSINE PHOSPHATE BINDING PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS IN PROSTATE CANCER: A REVIEW

Purpose: Androgens are the primary growth promoters of the prostate gland and yet prostate tumors progress despite androgen ablation. This progression suggests a role for additional cellular factors in the progression to androgen independent disease. We examined the role of a family of extracellular signal regulators, namely the guanosine phosphate binding (G) protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, in prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on GPCRs and prostate cancer, and supplemented with published and unpublished observations made at our laboratory. Emphasis was placed on the mechanistic aspects of mitogenic signaling pathways involved to identify potential targets for therapy.Results: Expression of some GPCRs and GPCR ligands is elevated in prostate cancer cells and adjacent prostatic stromal tissue. In vitro studies demonstrate that activation of GPCRs confers a distinct growth and survival advantage on prostate cancer cells, including enhanced ...
Cutting tool wear of laser-surface-melted high speed steels

Abstract A continuous wave CO 2 gas laser, operating at a power of 800 W, was used to surface melt the rake and clearance faces of AISI M2 and M35 single-point lathe tools. The tool bits were then tempered at 560 °C for 2 h. The melt depths ranged from 600 to 800 μm. The surface-melted layers were subsequently ground down to 200–250 μm. A 20 h.p. engine lathe was used to turn an AISI 4142 steel workpiece using both conventionally heat-treated and laser-surface-melted tools. The results indicated that the tool life of laser-treated M2 steel was 200%–500% higher than that of conventionally hardened tools when the tool life criterion was catastrophic failure. For M35 steel, the tool life of a laser-melted tool was 20%–125% higher than that of a conventionally hardened tool when the tool life criterion was based upon flank wear (to reach a distance of 0.30 mm). The reduction in tool wear due to laser surface melting was explained as being because of the high alloy content of martensite, the fine austenite grain size and the fine dispersion of carbides, all of which resulted in high hardness, good toughness and a low coefficient of friction at the tool-chip interface.
Attrition and Retention of Ethnically Diverse Subjects in a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Research Trial

Recruitment and retention of subjects is critically important for the conduct of randomized clinical trials. When significant effort is given toward recruiting members of ethnic minorities in a sample, a similar rate of retention for all subgroups of subjects is essential. Little is known about why research subjects withdraw consent to participate in research and whether attrition is influenced by ethnicity or other factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the reasons for withdrawal from a large, multicenter randomized trial and whether these reasons differed among ethnic and gender subgroups. Additionally, we were interested in comparing withdrawn subjects to matched subjects who stayed in the trial to determine what factors encouraged full study completion. Using a cohort survey design, adult subjects (n=35) who withdrew from a large, multicenter randomized trial and matched subjects who completed the study (n=35) were interviewed by telephone after study completion. Subjects who withdrew consent tended to be female and members of ethnic minorities. The most frequent problems—reported significantly more often by subjects who withdrew consent compared to matched retained subjects—were interference with work, lack of time, complicated and cumbersome record-keeping requirements, difficult study medicine regimens, and difficulty rescheduling appointments due to lack of flexibility on the part of study personnel. Only 17% of withdrawn subjects were satisfied with the overall research experience compared to 52% of matched retained subjects. Matched subjects who completed all required visits in the randomized controlled trial reported three reasons that promoted completion: remuneration, commitment to finish, and belief that the study was important.
Effect of motor vehicle crashes on adverse fetal outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of maternal involvement in motor vehicle crashes on the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes and to estimate the effect of seatbelt use in reducing the occurrence of those outcomes. METHODS: Statewide motor vehicle crash, birth, and fetal death records from 1992 to 1999 were probabilistically linked. Logistic regression was used to compare the likelihood of adverse birth and fetal outcomes including low birth weight, prematurity, placental abruption, fetal distress, excessive bleeding, fetal death, and other complications among pregnant women in crashes and those not in crashes. RESULTS: Of 322,704 single live resident births, 8938 mothers (2.8%) experienced a crash during pregnancy. Pregnant women using seatbelts were not significantly more at risk for adverse fetal outcomes than pregnant women not in crashes. However, pregnant women who did not wear seatbelts during a crash were 1.3 times more likely to have a low birth weight infant than pregnant women not in a crash (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0, 1.6) and twice as likely to experience excessive maternal bleeding than belted pregnant women in a crash (95% CI 1.0, 4.2). Forty-five of 2645 fetal deaths were linked to a motor vehicle crash, with unbelted pregnant women 2.8 times more likely to experience a fetal death than belted pregnant women in crashes (95% CI 1.4, 5.6). CONCLUSION: Pregnant women should be counseled to wear seatbelts throughout pregnancy and reduce crash risk.
Spontaneous and stimulated γ radiation of channelled particles in magnetic crystals

Asymptotic solution of equations of motion of particles in a planar channel of a magnetic crystal is used to determine the emission rate of ..gamma.. rays due to the longitudinal variation of crystal fields, and to assess the prospects for stimulated gain and laser operation.
Response scales and sequential effects in judgment.

There are persistent sequential effects in judgment tasks. For example, responses tend to be similar to the value of the just-prior stimulus. This is called assimilation. Also, if feedback is or is not provided after each trial, then responses contrast with or assimilate to, respectively, each of several earlier stimuli in the sequence. These context effects have been shown to be independent of stimulus modality and of the range of stimulus values within a modality. By providing different sets of feedback in order to affect the responses used, this article shows that these sequential effects in judgment data are also independent of the form and range of the scale of responses used to label stimuli.
The Holocaust and Education: What Impact Did Educators Have on the Implementation of Anti-Judaic Policies in 1930s Germany?.

The successful introduction of formalised anti-Judaic policies in mid-1930s Germany was one of the steps toward the extermination of European Jewry through the implementation of the Final Solution. The current paper seeks to examine the role of social institutions, particularly educational systems within the greater German community, as agents of Nazi policy or agents of resistance in the years leading up to the Final Solution. In particular, the paper will emphasise the first years of Nazi power and the rise of the Third Reich. Documentation will include a general investigation into the reaction of professional educators as the nationalist hegemony of the Party came to rule curriculum and educational environs across Germany.
Histopathologic study of changes occurring in eyes with intraocular lens implantation: autopsy eyes, enucleated eyes and corneal buttons.

. The clinicopathologic findings in 17 eyes which were surgically enucleated or removed at autopsy as well as the histopathology of 72 corneal buttons removed from eyes with intraocular lenses are described. In four of five autopsy eyes the intraocular lens was well tolerated; however, in all cases, changes related to the pseudophakos were found. In seven of 12 surgically enucleated eyes, postsurgical bacterial or fungal endophthalmitis had developed. On histopathological examination, one eye revealed clinically unsuspected endophthalmitis phacoanaphylactica after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. In two cases, choroidal melanoma became evident after cataract extraction and insertion of a pseudophakos. In both cases preoperative ultrasonography was limited to A-scan axial measurements. The 72 corneal buttons were removed from patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy; histologically the most striking findings were guttata-like changes in 50% of the specimens and retro-corneal membranes in 13.9% of the specimens.
Jura Tectonics as a Décollement

For many years the structure of the Jura Mountains was interpreted as a decollement whose origin was related to the Alps; in recent years, however, this mode of origin has been questioned. Most of the alternative explanations recognize a decollement to some extent, but attribute it to movement of the basement beneath. Surface and subsurface data are here reviewed to show that the Jura deformation was produced in a gliding sheet, in which the forces of gravity and inertia were generated within the total moving mass. Features of the folded Jura which support the decollement hypothesis are: (1) Nowhere are rocks older than Middle Triassic exposed, which strongly suggests that the folding does not extend to the older rocks. (2) Subsurface data in the Lons-le-Saunier region clearly show that the external border of the Jura has moved northwestward over the eastern margin of the Bresse Basin. (3) Lower Jurassic rocks rest on Upper Jurassic along a horizontal fault 1234 m deep in the Risoux well near the middle of the Jura. (4) The tabular areas, with their absence of folds, are expectable in a decollement. (5) High-angle tear faults, interpreted as not extending into the basement, are normal features of a decollement sheet. A continuous decollement around the southwestern end of the Swiss Plain can reasonably be inferred, connecting the internal Jura, the Saleve, and the Subalpine folds as part of the decollement mass. Elsewhere, the internal border of decollement extends southeastward into the Molasse basin for an unknown distance and probably underlies the entire basin; if it does, a causal relation to the Alps is indicated.
Injury in nonischemic lung after unilateral pulmonary ischemia with reperfusion.

We developed an in vivo intact canine model to study pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. The surgical approach simulates that of unilateral lung transplantation but is free of technical difficulties and other factors related to lung preservation. Serial measurements of regional pulmonary blood flow (rPBF), extravascular density (EVD), and transcapillary protein flux were made with the quantitative imaging technique of positron emission tomography. Eleven experimental and six control animals were studied. After 2 h of warm ischemia followed by reperfusion, no significant change occurred in rPBF despite significantly increased EVD, which was greater on the ischemic than on the nonischemic side. Protein flux, measured as a rate constant, was also greater on the ischemic than on the nonischemic side (median 181 x 10(-4)/min, range 104–619, vs. median 90, range 33–132) immediately after reperfusion. Both sides were also significantly different from control values (median 37, range 21–57). On both sides, protein flux decreased over time and at 5 h after reperfusion was not different from that of controls. Data from the control animals showed that these findings in the experimental animals were not due to surgical technique, deterioration in the surgical preparation, or hyperperfusion of the nonischemic lung. Thus IR injury of one lung can lead to similar, but less severe, injury in the contralateral lung. Because injury in the nonischemic lung develops only after reperfusion of the ischemic lung, injury to the nonischemic lung is probably humorally mediated. The model is a useful and relevant method for studying the physiological consequences of pulmonary IR injury.
Concilium: Collaborative Diagnosis of Broken Overlay Routes

In a peer-to-peer overlay network, hosts cooperate to forward messages. When a message does not reach its final destination, there are two possible explanations. An intermediate overlay host may have dropped the message due to misconfiguration or malice. Alternatively, a bad link in the underlying IP network may have prevented an earnest, properly configured host from forwarding the data. In this paper, we describe how overlay peers can distinguish between the two situations and ascribe blame appropriately. We generate probabilistic notions of blame using distributed network tomography, fuzzy logic, and secure routing primitives. By comparing application-level drop rates with network characteristics inferred from tomography, we can estimate the likelihood that message loss is due to a misbehaving overlay host or a poor link in the underlying IP network. Since faulty nodes can submit inaccurate tomographic data to the collective, we also discuss mechanisms for detecting such misbehavior.
Statistical LOR estimation for a high-resolution dMiCE PET detector

We develop a statistical line of response (LOR) estimator of the three-dimensional interaction positions of a pair of annihilation photons in a PET detector module with depth of interaction capability. The three-dimensional points of interaction of a coincidence pair of photons within the detector module are estimated by calculation of an expectation of the points of interaction conditioned on the signals measured by the photosensors. This conditional expectation is computed from estimates of the probability density function of the light collection process and a model of the kinetics of photon interactions in the detector module. Our algorithm is capable of handling coincidences where each annihilation photon interacts any number of times within the detector module before being completely absorbed or escaping. In the case of multiple interactions, our algorithm estimates the position of the first interaction for each of the coincidence photons. This LOR estimation algorithm is developed for a high-resolution PET detector capable of providing depth-of-interaction information. Depth of interaction is measured by tailoring the light shared between two adjacent detector elements. These light-sharing crystal pairs are referred to as dMiCE and are being developed in our lab. Each detector element in the prototype system has a 2 × 2 mm2 cross section and is directly coupled to a micro-pixel avalanche photodiode (MAPD). In this set-up, the distribution of the ratio of light shared between two adjacent detector elements can be expressed as a function of the depth of interaction. Monte Carlo experiments are performed using our LOR estimation algorithm and compared with Anger logic. We show that our LOR estimation algorithm provides a significant improvement over Anger logic under a variety of parameters.
Medication compliance in chronic asthmatic patients.

Total and effective medical care must concern itself not only with diagnosis and prescription but also with the delivery of medical treatment. Behavior patterns which interfere with the prompt and efficient delivery of medical treatment need to be closely examined. One behavior pattern which has recently received wide attention is patient failure to comply with proper medication regimen and medical advice.'-3 Clearly, medical management is severely compromised by the patient's under- or overuse of prescribed medication. In the present paper, several aspects of patient non-compliance with prescribed maintenance medication regimens are examined in a population of chronic asthmatics. First, the frequency with which such patients report medication non-compliance is assessed. Second, the patient's characteristic style of non-compliance related to basic personality characteristics, as determined by scores on the MMPI Panic-Fear s~ale.~-'~ This comparison is particularly appropriate, in that previously reported* clinical impressions suggest that high scoring MMPI Panic-Fear patients tend to alternate between underand overuse, while low scoring patients typically underuse prescribed medications. Third, physician self-report is used to evaluate the frequency with which physicians asked patients about medication non-compliance. Methods
Enchanted Memories of Regional Difference in African American Culture

Julie Dash's film Daughters of the Dust offers a starting point for an exploration of the construction of African American communal memories. Self-consciousness about such memory making can illuminate the historically generated roles of gender, regionalism, and urbanrural differences in both popular and scholarly understandings of African American culture. This is not just an issue for African American studies, however. A number of key dilemmas in contemporary anthropology are implicated. Most prominent is the rebellion against Enlightenment-based notions of vision and rationality, which explores the senses, the magical, the uncanny, the haunted, and the subjective.
Improving continuous gesture recognition with spoken prosody

Despite recent advances in gesture recognition, reliance on the visual signal alone to classify unrestricted continuous gesticulation is inherently error-prone. Since spontaneous gesticulation is mostly coverbal in nature, there have been some attempts of using speech cues to improve gesture recognition. Some attempts have been made in using speech cues to improve gesture recognition, e.g., keyword-gesture co-analysis. Use of such scheme is burdened by the complexity of natural language understanding. This paper offers a "signal-level" perspective by exploring prosodic phenomena of spontaneous gesture and speech co-production. We present a computational framework for improving continuous gesture recognition based on two phenomena that capture voluntary (co-articulation) and involuntary (physiological) contributions of prosodic synchronization. Physiological constraints, manifested as signal interruptions in multimodal production, are exploited in an audio-visual feature integration framework using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Co-articulation is analyzed using a Bayesian network of naive classifiers to explore alignment of intonationally prominent speech segments and hand kinematics. The efficacy of the proposed approach was demonstrated on a multimodal corpus created from the Weather Channel broadcast. Both schemas were found to contribute uniquely by reducing different error types, which subsequently improves the performance of continuous gesture recognition.
Scavenging throughout the life cycle of the jumping spider, Phidippus audax (Hentz) (Araneae: Salticidae)

Phidippus audax (Hentz 1845), a common North American jumping spider, is a visual predator that uses its highly developed eyesight to detect and forage actively for prey. We demonstrate that P. audax can survive throughout its life cycle as a scavenger. We separated 600 spiderlings into eight treatments examining all combinations of three different variables: live versus dead prey, substrate present versus substrate absent, and large versus small arenas. Over the course of the study, we recorded survival rates, instar durations, and carapace widths. Our results indicate that P. audax can survive solely on a diet of dead prey, but at significantly lower survival rates and with longer instar durations than spiders fed on live prey. Scavenging spiders, however, exhibited no significant difference in carapace widths when compared to predators. Choice tests conducted on adults indicate that spiders raised as either predators or scavengers exhibit no significant differences in prey choice when given the option of live or dead prey.
the subjective organization of some Zapotec verbs1

As part of an investigation of experimental approaches to the descriptive semantics of some Zapotec verbs, subjects performed multi-trial free recall and judged similarity tasks. From the results of these experiments, indices of semantic similarity were calculated and analyzed. A statistically significant Spearman Rank Correlation between the set of similarity indices from the free recall task and the judged similarity task indicates that there is a similar underlying organization. The results of this research bear directly on critical issues raised by Cole and his associates in their pursuit of an “experimental anthropology of thinking.”
Using piecewise linear nonlinearities in the natural gradient and FastICA algorithms for blind source separation

In both the natural gradient algorithm and the FastICA algorithm for blind source separation (BSS), output nonlinearities for each extracted source must be selected, and the performance of each approach can be sensitive to the chosen output nonlinearity. In this paper, we propose to use simple piecewise-linear output nonlinearities for these algorithms and obtain a number of useful properties with such a choice. For the natural gradient BSS algorithm, nonlinearity- switching is easily achieved through a common stability criterion that guarantees local stability for all source distributions. For the FastICA algorithm, the chosen nonlinearities can be very close to linear, suggesting that simple (e.g. mu-law) output companding is sufficiently nonlinear to allow separation when used with this algorithm. Simulations are provided to verify the theoretical results.
Tautomycetin and tautomycin suppress the growth of medullary thyroid cancer cells via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a relatively uncommon neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Unfortunately, MTC frequently metastasizes, precluding curative surgical resection and causing significant morbidity. Thus, there is an urgent need for new treatment modalities. Tautomycin (TTY) and tautomycetin (TMC) are antifungal antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus and Streptomyces griseochromogens, respectively. GSK-3s is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates multiple cellular processes and has been shown to be important in various cancers, including MTC. Treatment with TTY and TMC decreased neuroendocrine markers, suppressed hormonal secretion, and inhibited growth through apoptosis in MTC cells. Importantly, we describe a novel action of these compounds: inhibition of GSK-3s.
Responses of common diving petrel chicks (Pelecanoides urinatrix) to burrow and colony specific odours in a simple wind tunnel

Researchers have previously assumed that common diving petrels (Pelecanoides urinatrix) have a limited sense of smell since they have relatively small olfactory bulbs. A recent study, however, showed that adult diving petrels prefer the scent of their own burrow compared to burrows of other diving petrels, implying that personal scents contribute to the burrow's odour signature. Because diving petrels appear to be adapted to use olfaction in social contexts, they could be a useful model for investigating how chemically mediated social recognition develops in birds. A first step is to determine whether diving petrel chicks can detect familiar and unfamiliar odours. We compared behavioural responses of chicks to three natural stimuli in a wind tunnel: soil collected from their burrow or colony, and a blank control. During portions of the experiment, chicks turned the least and walked the shortest distances in response to odours from the nest, which is consistent with their sedentary behaviour within the burrow. By contrast, behaviours linked to olfactory search increased when chicks were exposed to blank controls. These results suggest that common diving petrel chicks can detect natural olfactory stimuli before fledging, and lay the foundation for future studies on the role of olfaction in social contexts for this species.