cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Metric for Comparing Time Histories in Validation of Simulation Models With Emphasis on Vehicle Safety Applications

Computer modeling and simulation are the cornerstones of product design and development in the automotive industry. Computer-aided engineering tools have improved to the extent that virtual testing may lead to significant reduction in prototype building and testing of vehicle designs. In order to make this a reality, we need to assess our confidence in the predictive capabilities of simulation models. As a first step in this direction, this paper deals with developing a metric to compare time histories that are outputs of simulation models to time histories from experimental tests with emphasis on vehicle safety applications. We focus on quantifying discrepancy between time histories as the latter constitute the predominant form of responses of interest in vehicle safety considerations. First we evaluate popular measures used to quantify discrepancy between time histories in fields such as statistics, computational mechanics, signal processing, and data mining. Then we propose a structured combination of some of these measures and define a comprehensive metric that encapsulates the important aspects of time history comparison. The new metric classifies error components associated with three physically meaningful characteristics (phase, magnitude and topology), and utilizes norms, cross-correlation measures and algorithms such as dynamic time warping to quantify discrepancies. Two case studies demonstrate that the proposed metric seems to be more consistent than existing metrics. It is also shown how the metric can be used in conjunction with ratings from subject matter experts to build regression-based validation models.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Cell cycle control and DNA damage response of conditionally immortalized urothelial cells.

Background Children with complex urogenital anomalies often require bladder reconstruction. Gastrointestinal tissues used in bladder augmentations exhibit a greatly increased risk of malignancy, and the bladder microenvironment may play a role in this carcinogenesis. Investigating the influences of the bladder microenvironment on gastrointestinal and urothelial cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA damage response has been limited by the lack of an appropriate well-differentiated urothelial cell line system. Methodology/principal findings To meet this need, we have developed a well-differentiated conditionally immortalized urothelial cell line by isolating it from the H-2K(b)-tsA58 transgenic mouse. These cells express a thermosensitive SV40 large T antigen that can be deactivated by adjustment of cell culture conditions, allowing the cell line to regain normal control of the cell cycle. The isolated urothelial cell line demonstrates a polygonal, dome-shaped morphology, expresses cytokeratin 18, and exhibits well-developed tight junctions. Adaptation of the urothelial cell line to hyperosmolal culture conditions induces expression of both cytokeratin 20 and uroplakin II, markers of a superficial urothelial cell or "umbrella cell." This cell line can be maintained indefinitely in culture under permissive conditions but when cultured under non-permissive conditions, large T antigen expression is reduced substantially, leading to increased p53 activity and reduced cellular proliferation. Conclusions/significance This new model of urothelial cells, along with gastrointestinal cell lines previously derived from the H-2K(b)-tsA58 transgenic mouse, will be useful for studying the potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis of the augmented bladder.
Dependence of size and size distribution on reactivity of aluminum nanoparticles in reactions with oxygen and MoO3

Abstract The oxidation reaction of aluminum nanoparticles with oxygen gas and the thermal behavior of a metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) composed of the aluminum nanoparticles and molybdenum trioxide are studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as a function of the size and size distribution of the aluminum particles. Both broad and narrow size distributions have been investigated with aluminum particle sizes ranging from 30 to 160 nm; comparisons are also made to the behavior of micrometer-size particles. Several parameters have been used to characterize the reactivity of aluminum nanoparticles, including the fraction of aluminum that reacts prior to aluminum melting, heat of reaction, onset and peak temperatures, and maximum reaction rates. The results indicate that the reactivity of aluminum nanoparticles is significantly higher than that of the micrometer-size samples, but depending on the measure of reactivity, it may also depend strongly on the size distribution. The isoconversional method was used to calculate the apparent activation energy, and the values obtained for both the Al/O 2 and Al/MoO 3 reaction are in the range of 200–300 kJ/mol.
Analysis of the BOLD characteristics in pass-band bSSFP fMRI

Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) has been proposed as an alternative method to acquire the blood oxygenation level dependent contrast. Particularly, pass-band bSSFP functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is believed to utilize the T2 sensitivity of bSSFP in a relatively wide and flat off-resonance frequency band of the bSSFP profile. The method has a potential to provide higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) efficiency with reduced imaging artifacts compared to conventional approaches. Previous experimental results suggested that the level of the functional contrast and its characteristics are significantly influenced by the sequence parameters. However, few of these contrast characteristics have been investigated systematically. In this study, a computer simulation was performed to investigate the sources of functional contrast and the influence of scan parameters on the functional contrast to elucidate the contrast characteristics of pass-band bSSFP fMRI. Experiments were performed to validate the simulation results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 22, 23–32, 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Independent Regulation of Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Response by the Transmembrane Adaptor Protein LAB

Linker for activation of B cells (LAB)/non-T cell activation linker is a transmembrane adaptor protein that functions in immunoreceptor-mediated signaling. Published studies have shown that LAB has both positive and negative roles in regulating TCR and high-affinity Fc receptor-mediated signaling and cellular function. In this study, we showed that LAB was also expressed in dendritic cells and that LAB deficiency affected LPS-mediated signaling and cytokine production. LPS-mediated MAPK activation was enhanced in LAB−/− bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These bone marrow-derived dendritic cells also produced more TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 than wild-type cells. Moreover, LAB−/− mice were hyperresponsive to LPS-induced septic shock. These data indicated that LAB has a negative role in LPS-mediated responses. By using LAB knockin mice, which harbor mutations at five membrane-distal tyrosines, we further showed that, in contrast to its role in immunoreceptor-mediated signaling, LAB function in LPS-mediated signaling pathway did not depend on its tyrosine phosphorylation. Our study suggested a novel mechanism by which LAB functions in the regulation of innate immunity.
Sediment pore-water dynamics of Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin : geochemical processes and seasonal and spatial variability

The nature of sediment alkalinity generation processes and the temporal and spatial variability of the pore-water chemistry of an experimentally acidified seepage lake (Little Rock Lake, Wisconsin) were determined. Analysis of vertical gradients of solutes near the sediment-water interface indicates that sulfate reduction and base cation production were the major mechanisms of alkalinity generation. A comparison of surficial accumulation rates and burial rates indicates that the major source of cations to the pore water occurred by release of organically bound and exchangeable cations through decomposition. Pore-water measurements also reveal significant seasonal changes in solute fluxes, including a sudden change in sediment metabolism following a springtime algal bloom. Spatial differences in particle deposition caused pore-water fluxes of ammonium and alkalinity to be almost an order of magnitude higher at a hypolimnetic site than at epilimnetic sites. After 2 yr of acidification, pore-water gradients of sulfate, calcium, and alkalinity showed only minor changes, and the pore-water pH in the acidified basin remained within 0.5 pH units of preacidification pH.
Contaminated Cocaine and Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Disease

Summary Background and objectives Approximately 70% of illicit cocaine consumed in the United States is contaminated with levamisole. Most commonly used as a veterinary antihelminthic agent, levamisole is a known immunomodulating agent. Prolonged use in humans has been associated with cutaneous vasculitis and agranulocytosis. We describe the development of a systemic autoimmune disease associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in cocaine users. This complication appears to be linked to combined cocaine and levamisole exposure. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Cases were identified between March 2009 and November 2010 at Massachusetts General Hospital9s ANCA laboratory. Cocaine exposure was identified from patient history in all cases. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation and for laboratory and diagnostic evaluation. Results Thirty cases of ANCA positivity associated with cocaine ingestion were identified. All had antimyeloperoxidase antibodies and 50% also had antiproteinase 3 antibodies. Complete clinical and laboratory data were available for 18 patients. Arthralgia (83%) and skin lesions (61%) were the most frequent complaints at presentation. Seventy-two percent of patients reported constitutional symptoms, including fever, night sweats, weight loss, or malaise. Four patients had biopsy-proven vasculitis. Two cases of acute kidney injury and three cases of pulmonary hemorrhage occurred. From the entire cohort of 30, two cases were identified during the first 3 months of our study period and nine cases presented during the last 3 months. Conclusions We describe an association between the ingestion of levamisole-contaminated cocaine and ANCA-associated systemic autoimmune disease. Our data suggest that this is a potentially life-threatening complication of cocaine use.
Shape of Two-Dimensional Solidification Interface During Directional Solidification by Continuous Casting

An analysis was made of the two-dimensional solidification of an ingot being cooled and withdrawn vertically downward from a mold consisting of parallel walls of finite length. Heat transfer analysis shows how the flatness of the interface is related to the ingot thickness, the withdrawal rate, the heat addition from the superheated liquid metal, and the temperature difference available for cooling. This provides an understanding of the conditions that will yield a maximum rate of casting while achieving the desired flatness of the interface. The results are interpreted with respect to the conditions for obtaining an aligned eutectic structure by directional solidification. In this process an additional constraint must be included that relates the ingot withdrawal rate and the heat transfer rate from the liquid metal to the solidification interface.
Mands for Information Generalize across Establishing Operations.

The current study extends the literature on teaching mands for information by assessing whether mands generalize across different establishing operations (EOs). Three children with autism were taught to perform multiple behavior chains, 3 of which included a common response (e.g., "Where is the spoon?") used for different purposes. An interrupted-behavior-chain procedure was used to contrive the EO for each mand. After teaching a mand for information under 1 EO, the remaining chains were interrupted to determine whether the mand had generalized to different EOs. For all participants, mands for information generalized across EOs. For 2 participants, a new mand-for-information topography emerged after training.
Exhibitionistic human movement responses of strippers : An attempt to validate the Rorschach M.

Summary A group of women employed as strippers produced significantly more exhibitionistic M on the Rorschach than three other matched control groups. Results were interpreted as supporting the position that the human movement response is related to actual behavioral tendencies.
In Vitro and In Vivo Induction of Antiangiogenic Activity by Plasminogen Activators and Captopril

Background: Many antiangiogenic molecules are proteolytically cleaved from larger plasma proteins. For example, plasminogen activators cleave plasminogen into plasmin, and plasmin is converted into angiostatin in the presence of sulfhydryl donors. We thus investigated whether the antiangiogenic activity in plasma could be increased by treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and the sulfhydryl donor captopril. Methods: Human plasma was treated with rt-PA (10 µg/mL) and/or captopril (1 µM). Angiogenesis was measured in vitro by human endothelial cell tube formation and endothelial cell proliferation and in vivo in mice with the Matrigel plug assay. Angiostatin was removed from treated plasma by affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, or ion-exchange chromatography, and the antiangiogenic activity of the depleted plasma was assessed by tube formation. Three cancer patients were treated with rt-PA and captopril, and their pretreatment and posttreatment plasmas were tested for antiangiogenic activity in vitro. Results: Angiogenesis in vitro was stimulated by untreated plasma and inhibited by plasma that had been treated with rt-PA and captopril but was not affected by treatment with rt-PA and/or captopril alone. In vivo angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs was substantially lower in mice treated with rt-PA and captopril than in untreated control mice. Antiangiogenic activity in treated plasma was largely retained after angiostatin was removed: treated plasma inhibited angiogenesis by 64.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 46.4% to 82.2%), relative to untreated plasma, and treated plasma depleted of angiostatin by affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation inhibited angiogenesis by 65.1% (95% CI = 53.8% to 76.4%) or 63.7% (95% CI = 50.9% to 76.5%), respectively. Antiangiogenic activity of plasma from three cancer patients was higher after treatment with rt-PA and captopril than before such treatment. Conclusion: Treatment with rt-PA and captopril induced antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo that appears to be independent of angiostatin. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95: 388–99]
Iterative List Subset Detectors for Turbo Product Coded MIMO Wireless Systems

Iterative detectors based on subset selection of candidate codewords are presented for turbo MIMO systems. The performance of the detectors is studied using turbo product codes as the constituent channel code. The proposed detectors are shown to perform close to capacity limits. They have low implementation complexity, and are able to outperform the existing detectors including the list sphere detector.
On the Source of Jitter in a Room-Temperature Nanoinjection Photon Detector at 1.55 $\mu \hbox{m}$

The transient response of a nanoinjection infrared photon detector was studied by exploring the relation between lateral charge transfer and jitter. The jitter of the device was measured to be 15 ps at room temperature. The jitter was almost independent of the pulse power, even after device saturation. Spatial maps for delay and amplitude were acquired. The carrier velocity was extracted from the measurements and compared with that of the simulation model. The jitter due to transit time was calculated to be in agreement with the measured data, which indicated that the jitter is primarily transit time limited.
Thinking about Romney: Frame Building in a Battleground State in the 2012 Presidential Election

Analyzing Ohio newspaper articles (n = 466), this study investigates the framing of Mitt Romney in a key battleground state during the 2012 presidential election. Campaign officials and political journalists contend that attacks launched by President Obama in late spring defined Romney for the remainder of the campaign. Results suggest partial support for this claim by revealing increased use of negative media frames after the attacks began. Specifically, framing of Romney as a “vulture capitalist” increased significantly during the Obama frame-building effort. Findings offer theoretical insights into the concepts of frame building and “content bias” in media coverage of political campaigns.
O I 63 Micron-determined Mass-Loss Rates in Young Stellar Objects

We present observations of the O I 63 μm emission toward five young, highly collimated outflow sources: IRAS 16293-2422, VLA 1623, L1448-mm, L1448-IRS 3, and NGC 1333-IRAS 4A. We have partially mapped the O I 63 μm emission associated with the first three outflows, but have made single-beam observations of the latter two. We discuss how the O I 63 μm emission can be used to measure mass outflow rates and compare these with the determination of outflow rates from CO observations. We find that the O I-derived mass outflow rates are in good agreement with the CO-derived rates in two of the five sources, but are a factor ~2-4 times lower than the CO-derived rates in L1448-mm, L1448-IRS 3, and IRAS 16293-2422. This provides additional support to arguments already made by numerous authors that the CO-derived rates may be overestimates. We discuss the correlation between the spatial distribution of the CO and O I emission and argue that the outflow occurs in multiple events that gradually evacuate the path of the wind through the ambient medium.
Design automation of test for the ES/9000 series processors

IBM tests each component, subassembly and system it manufactures in order to ensure that only a fully functioning, quality product is shipped to the customer. Most of the tests that are applied to these circuits are derived automatically by design automation software. This software has been developed and maintained over the last 20+ years by IBM's Test Design Automation group in Endicott, New York. The recently announced ES/9000 processors all used this design automation support. In fact, some recently developed software for support of self testing circuits was developed specifically for these processors. An overview is given of this design automation support and the methodologies used to test the newly announced ES/9000 processors. >
Impedance-type boundary conditions for a periodic interface between a dielectric and a highly conducting medium

Using the homogenization method, we derive a generalized impedance-type equivalent boundary condition for the electromagnetic (EM) field at a two-dimensional (2-D) periodic highly conducting rough surface with small-scale roughness. The results obtained in this paper generalize ones obtained preciously for the case of a perfectly conducting rough surface. We will show that the coefficients in this equivalent boundary condition can be interpreted in terms of electric and magnetic polarizability densities. We also show that when the roughness dimensions are small compared to a skin depth of the conducting region (a smooth interface), the generalized impedance boundary condition given here reduces to the standard Leontovich (1948, 1985) condition. Results for the reflection coefficient of a plane wave incident onto a 2-D conducting interface are presented. We show the importance of the boundary-layer fields (as used in this study) over that of classical methods when calculating the reflection coefficient from a highly conducting rough interface. This work will lead to an analysis of the effects of surface roughness on power loss in MIMIC circuits.
Impact of Prolonged Periodic Epileptiform Discharges on Coma Prognosis

Background Periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs) are a frequent finding in comatose patients undergoing continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring, but their clinical significance is unclear. PET and SPECT studies indicate that PEDs can be associated with focal hypermetabolism and hyperemia, suggesting that in some cases this pattern may be ictal and potentially harmful. We hypothesized that frequent PED activity in comatose patients is associated with reduced likelihood of recovery of consciousness.
Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework

In recent years a rich outpouring of case studies on community decision-making has been combined with a noticeable lack of generalizations based on them. One reason for this is a commonplace: we have no general theory, no broad-gauge model in terms of which widely different case studies can be systematically compared and contrasted.Among the obstacles to the development of such a theory is a good deal of confusion about the nature of power and of the things that differentiate it from the equally important concepts of force, influence, and authority. These terms have different meanings and are of varying relevance; yet in nearly all studies of community decision-making published to date, power and influence are used almost interchangeably, and force and authority are neglected. The researchers thereby handicap themselves. For they utilize concepts which are at once too broadly and too narrowly drawn: too broadly, because important distinctions between power and influence are brushed over; and too narrowly, because other concepts are disregarded—concepts which, had they been brought to bear, might have altered the findings radically.Many investigators have also mistakenly assumed that power and its correlatives are activated and can be observed only in decisionmaking situations. They have overlooked the equally, if not more important area of what might be called “nondecision-making”, i.e., the practice of limiting the scope of actual decisionmaking to “safe” issues by manipulating the dominant community values, myths, and political institutions and procedures. To pass over this is to neglect one whole “face” of power.
TiV and VNi molecules: ESR, ground states, and bonding

Abstract The X-band ESR spectra of 47 Ti 51 V and 51 VNi molecules were observed in argon matrices at 4 K. The lowest Kramers' doublet fine-structure transition split by 51 V( I = 7/2) and 47 Ti( I = 5/2) hyperfine interaction was analyzed to establish each of their ground states as 4Σ with zero-field splitting parameters D > 1 cm −1 . Their bonding is discussed relative to the observed hyperfine parameters.
Diagnosing vaginal infections: it's time to join the 21st century.

Vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons for medical healthcare visits in the United States and Western Europe. These diseases are also significantly associated with HIV acquisition in resource-constrained settings throughout the world. However, despite ample opportunity to improve diagnosis, and therefore management, of vaginitis and vaginosis, the healthcare community continues to rely on diagnostic methods with poor performance characteristics. This state of affairs results in part from the lack of a public health mandate to reduce the burden of these infections in women. Without such a mandate, there is a lack of funding for reimbursement for more sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. Sensitive assays do exist for these infections, and their use should be encouraged when appropriate for clinical care.
THE EFFECTS OF FIXED‐TIME ESCAPE ON INAPPROPRIATE AND APPROPRIATE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR

Few studies have explored the effects of fixed-time (FT) reinforcement on escape-maintained behavior of students in a classroom setting. We measured the effects of an FT schedule on the disruptive and appropriate academic behaviors of 2 junior high students in a public school setting. Results demonstrated that FT escape from tasks resulted in a substantial decrease in disruptive behavior and an increase in time engaged in tasks for both participants.
Large plantar wart caused by human papillomavirus-66 and resolution by topical cidofovir therapy

Warts can be difficult to diagnose and to treat in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A 37-year-old woman with a background of HIV presented with a large verrucous plaque involving her right foot. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-66 was identified in the lesional skin biopsy sample and in scrapings obtained from her cervix. The wart rapidly responded to topical cidofovir therapy. HPV-66 is a novel HPV type to be associated with verruca vulgaris. Topical cidofovir should be further investigated as an alternative treatment modality for verruca vulgaris.
Clinical monograph: hormone replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND: For decades, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which includes both estrogen and progestin, has been administered to postmenopausal women to mainly treat the symptoms of menopause and help prevent osteoporosis, with the added benefit of preventing coronary heart disease (CHD). Recently released study results have left clinicians wondering if HRT should be used at all, and, if so, with whom and under what circumstances. OBJECTIVE: To provide readers with an example of the real-world operation of a pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee in its use of a concise clinical monograph to guide its formulary decisions. METHODS: The most relevant information for this committee, interested in evidence, was an analysis of the most current pivotal trials and observational studies that help define the place in therapy of HRT and provide information on product efficacy and safety. These included the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) and its extension trial, HERS II, in postmenopausal women with CHD and an average age of 67 years. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study, where the mean age of postmenopausal women was 63 years was also reviewed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) statements through January 8, 2003, on the appropriate use of these agents were also included in this clinical monograph for P&T committee review. RESULTS: HERS and HERS II provided evidence that HRT does not provide secondary prevention in women with CHD. Data from the WHI study concluded that HRT promotes CHD and breast cancer in this age group. The Women’s Health, Osteoporosis, Progestin, Estrogen study concluded that lower doses of conjugated estrogens (0.3 mg) are just as effective in treating postmenopausal symptoms as higher doses (0.625 mg) and result in fewer side effects. CONCLUSION: The risk of breast cancer outweighs the benefits of osteoporosis prevention from HRT. According to labeling changes recommended by the FDA, HRT (or estrogen replacement therapy) should be limited to the shortest possible duration. Alternatives to HRT should be considered for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
A Double Rhombus Antenna Fed by 180 $^{\circ}$ Phase Shifter for Ultrawideband Phased Array Applications

A double rhombus antenna fed through a microstrip 180deg phase shifter is presented. The 180deg phase shifter is a novel design of microstrip-to-coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-microstrip transition. The proposed phase shifter is obtained without changing the layer of the second microstrip line for an easy embedding into the feedline. Via holes are used to transfer the current from the top to the bottom substrate layer and vice versa. The antenna with the phase shifter is operating in a wide bandwidth from 5.7 and 18.6 GHz (106%), and provides stable endfire radiation patterns. This design is tested in a modified two-element array configuration and proved to have a wide usable bandwidth.
The Influence of Top Management Team Characteristics on the Contribution of Enterprise Information Systems to Long-Term Firm Performance.

The proposal examines the long-term financial impact of Enterprise Systems (ES) on firm performance and the role of top management on this impact. A unique methodology based on recent accounting research is proposed to measure the contribution of ES to long-term financial performance. The proposal borrows from strategic management literature to examine the relationship between such contribution and TMT characteristics. Upper echelons theory argues that the organization is a reflection of its top management, so top management exerts an important influence on organizational outcomes. ES usually brings important changes not only in business processes, but also in organizational culture and distribution of power within the organization. Based on these arguments, the proposal makes the case that the power balance in the TMT and TMT demographic heterogeneity significantly contributes to ES outcomes that in turn influence long-term business performance.
Variability among stars in the M 67 field from Kepler/K2-Campaign-5 light curves

We examine the photometric variability of stars in the M 67 field using Kepler/K2-Campaign-5 light curves. Variabilities and periods were determined for 639 stars. The mean photometric period of 28 single Sun-like members stars in M 67 is 23.4 +/- 1.2 d. This corresponds to a gyro-age of 3.7 +/- 0.3 Gyr, assuming the periods can be associated with rotation. The intrinsic variabilities of the solar analogs are greater than the Sun's variability, as measure from VIRGO fluxes. We also find evidence that the single cluster members have a different distribution of variability than the binary members.
Specificational subjects — a formal characterization and some consequences

This paper provides a formal semantic characterization of specificational copular clauses using the theory of noun phrase interpretation developed by Partee (1987). It is argued that specificational clauses involve an unusual alignment of a predicative noun phrase with the subject position. This leads to the prediction that only noun phrases capable of denoting predicates can occur in this position. The prediction is tested against three groups of NPs. While the first two groups behave as predicated, the behavior of the last group is puzzling in terms of their formal semantics. Based on the results of the corpus study reported in Birner (1996), I argue that this puzzle can be resolved by taking into account the information structure of specificational clauses, in particular the requirement that their subject be relatively familiar in the discourse.
The Destinations of State Trade Missions

From 1997 to 2006, US state governors led more than 500 trade missions to foreign countries. Trade missions are potentially a form of public investment in export promotion. I create a theory of public investment by introducing government to a Melitz (2003)–Chaney (2008) model. Controlling for state and country characteristics, the model accounts for the frequency and destination of trade missions and predicts a positive relationship between missions and exports by destination. By collecting data on trade mission origins and destinations, I estimate this relationship in the data and find that mission destinations are qualitatively consistent with the model. (JEL codes: F13, H76, O24)
Chlamydia trachomatis-Induced Salpingitis in Mice

Inoculation of the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis into the ovarian bursa of mice resulted in salpingitis. An acute inflammatory response in the bursa and contiguous oviduct peaked at six to nine days postinoculation. At day 14, most animals showed an acute and chronic infiltrate that occluded the oviductal lumen in some sections. Inflammatory exudate and debris accumulated in the periovarial space near the ostium of the oviduct. Inclusions were demonstrated in the lumenal epithelial cells of the oviduct and uterus. The mouse pneumonitis agent could be recovered from genital tissues for up to 21 days postinoculation but not from other organs. IgG antibodies to the mouse pneumonitis agent were detected at seven days postinoculation and reached peak titers by 21-30 days. By 25-30 days postinoculation, the inflammatory reaction declined and hydrosalpinx was observed. This model for salpingitis may be useful in understanding some aspects of the pathogenesis of C trachomatis genital infections.
Multi-scale Predictive Human Model for Preventing Injuries in the Ankle and Knee

Abstract One of the primary applications for digital human models (DHMs) is injury prevention. In the case of orthopedic or soft-tissue injuries, it becomes especially useful to couple whole-body predictive DHMs that can simulate tasks with high-fidelity finite element analysis (FEA) models that provide more accurate analyses related to the propensity of injury. In general, the complexity of the human body necessitates multi-scale models in order to improve fidelity, which becomes critical when trying to relate performance to safety or injury. To be sure, FEA models are certainly useful as independent tools, but their benefits are fully realized only when they are integrated with a complete system-level human model that essentially connects the local model to a virtual environment. Incorporating high-fidelity local models within a larger-scale DHM provides more reliable input to the local models and increases ease of use. Although multi-scale modeling is an active area of research, there have been few, if any, efforts to seamlessly link high-fidelity biomechanical models with a complete system-level DHM for injury prevention. Thus, the proposed work integrates Santos, a joint-based, physics-based, predictive DHM, with an OpenSim muscle model and FEA models for both the ankle and the knee. Initial results for this integrated multi-scale DHM have been successful and allow one to track joint angles and torques, muscle activation, and joint stress during a simulated task. In addition, a joint injury system is introduced based on the yield stress of the ankle and knee components. This system includes both the bone and soft tissue structures. The bone was modeled as elastic material, whereas soft tissue was modeled as hyper-elastic material with the Noe-Hookean method. Predicted dynamic motion and ground-reaction-force values, as well as results from the FEA models are in agreement with results in the literature. This integrated system allows one to study the effects of various motions and task parameters on both the ankle and knee joints so as to modify tasks and reduce the likelihood of injury.
Granulomas in nasal mucous membranes following local steroid injections.

Granulomas of the foreign-body type were discovered incidentally in tissue removed from the nasal cavity for various indications. All of the patients had received preoperative intranasal injections of a steroid preparation to decompress the obstructing mucous membrane. The granulomas have a distinctive appearance and should be recognized in order to obviate erroneous diagnoses of infections or collagen diseases. The granulomas are apparently innocuous.
The Diffusion of Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) Technology at Illinois Farmers’ Markets: Measuring the Perceived Attributes of the Innovation

ABSTRACTThis study examined Illinois farmers’ market managers’ perception of the electronic benefit transfer system (EBT) using the theory of diffusion of innovation. The previous conversion of food stamps to EBT made it difficult for low-income populations to access fresh fruits and vegetables at farmers’ markets. Currently, 24% of farmers markets in the United States offer EBT services. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of EBT technology to better understand how these attributes were affecting the rate of its diffusion at Illinois farmers’ markets. Factor analysis revealed 5 factors explaining 74.74% of the variance. Complexity, relative advantage, and trialability were found to be significant predictors of EBT adoption. Farmers’ market managers may be more willing to adopt EBT when it is less complex, when they perceive it as better than the previous food stamps, and when they have a chance to try it before adopting.
Progress in research of common advanced water treatment technologies in beverage industry

Water for beverages needs to be treated by advanced technologies because its quality affects not only the taste of beverages but also the health of consumers. Common advanced water treatment technologies and process flows in the beverage industry are introduced,and the activated carbon adsorption technology,ion-exchange technology and reverse osmosis technology used in water treatment are summarized.
Study on the Construction of Communication Management System of Smart Grid

With the development of the smart grid by the State Grid Corporation of China,power communication network will carry on the task to provide more support and guarantee for power production during the "Twelfth Five-Years Plan" period.This article analyses the problem of power communication management system under the background of smart grid,and discuss the characteristics and functions of the new communication management system of the smart grid through multi-angle requirement analysis.The article also states the aim of the design,the system′s architecture and function of communication management system of the smart grid,and gives suggestions to its construction principle,implementation line,and effectiveness analysis.
Flexible Use of Phonological and Visual Memory in Language-mediated Visual Search.

In language-mediated visual search, memory and attentional resources must be allocated to simultaneously process verbal instructions while navigating a visual scene to locate linguistically specified targets. We investigate when and how listeners use object names in visual-search strategies across three visual world experiments, varying the presence and location of an added visual memory demand. The results suggest that as long as objects in the display can be visually inspected throughout the trial, participants do not linguistically encode those objects. We suggest that instead they use the visual environment as an external memory, mapping the spoken word onto potential referents and using perceptual visual routines automatically triggered by the spoken word. The results are discussed in terms of flexible and efficient allocation of memory resources in natural tasks that combine language and vision.
Newborn screening for metabolic disorders.

This presentation reviews why the disorder phenylketonuria is suitable for mass screening as judged by generally accepted principles and then applies these principles to examine the feasibility of screening for other inborn errors of metabolism.
The Relation of the Categories to Ontological Synthesis

Heidegger attempts a preliminary demonstration of the temporal origins of categories by examining their relation to ontological synthesis. For this analysis, Heidegger concentrates on the first six paragraphs of §10 of the Critique of Pure Reason, entitled ‘The Pure Concepts of the Understanding, or Categories’. In this section, Kant analyses the process of synthesis, which combines representations. By showing the connection between the function of the understanding in judgements and its function in syntheses, Kant gives a ‘Metaphysical Deduction’ of the categories.1
Dry photolithography through ultraviolet radiation-induced photo-etching of polymethyl methacrylate

Abstract We describe a technique for photo-patterning polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resist films that does not use a wet development step. 254 nm deep ultraviolet radiation from an ordinary mercury discharge lamp was used to both chain scission and remove PMMA in a single step lithographic process. PMMA films several microns thick can be patterned through this technique. The patterned film can also be directly used as a structure, by itself, for applications in microfluidics etc. Our process relies on a synergistic effect that greatly accelerates the loss of PMMA when it is simultaneously heated close to its glass transition temperature and irradiated with 254 nm radiation. Furthermore, we also describe a secondary exposure effect in this process that originates from electrons that are generated through a photoelectric effect at the PMMA-substrate interface. This gives rise to a proximity effect analogous to that encountered in conventional electron beam lithography.
A 165GHz OOK transmitter with 10.6% peak DC-to-RF efficiency in 65nm bulk CMOS

This paper presents a high efficiency 165 GHz OOK transmitter on a 65nm CMOS technology, including a transformer impedance optimization based fundamental cross-coupled oscillator followed by a high-speed and high on-off ratio SPST switch based modulator. The transmitter demonstrates the highest DC-to-RF efficiency (10.6%) beyond 140 GHz in silicon processes, with a high output power (0.66 dBm), a high on-off ratio (> 32 dB) and a low phase noise (−105.4 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz offset). The standalone oscillator also demonstrates the record DC-to-RF efficiency of 25.9% beyond 140 GHz in silicon processes. The transmitter is designed compact with the core area of 240 µm × 130 µm.
Tumor reference resolution and characteristic extraction in radiology reports for liver cancer stage prediction

Display Omitted Reference resolution is essential for understanding radiology report free text.Largest size and tumor count prediction improves with reference resolution.Different applications have different tolerances for reference resolution errors. BackgroundAnaphoric references occur ubiquitously in clinical narrative text. However, the problem, still very much an open challenge, is typically less aggressively focused on in clinical text domain applications. Furthermore, existing research on reference resolution is often conducted disjointly from real-world motivating tasks. ObjectiveIn this paper, we present our machine-learning system that automatically performs reference resolution and a rule-based system to extract tumor characteristics, with component-based and end-to-end evaluations. Specifically, our goal was to build an algorithm that takes in tumor templates and outputs tumor characteristic, e.g. tumor number and largest tumor sizes, necessary for identifying patient liver cancer stage phenotypes. ResultsOur reference resolution system reached a modest performance of 0.66 F1 for the averaged MUC, B-cubed, and CEAF scores for coreference resolution and 0.43 F1 for particularization relations. However, even this modest performance was helpful to increase the automatic tumor characteristics annotation substantially over no reference resolution. ConclusionExperiments revealed the benefit of reference resolution even for relatively simple tumor characteristics variables such as largest tumor size. However we found that different overall variables had different tolerances to reference resolution upstream errors, highlighting the need to characterize systems by end-to-end evaluations.
Logic programming research in Oregon

An overview is given of various research projects at the University of Oregon and elsewhere in the state of Oregon. The projects at the University of Oregon are studying closed environments. OM (the OPAL Machine), and object-oriented program with logic work at other research centers is mentioned briefly. >
Starting a robotic surgery program

Starting a robotic surgery practice can be a daunting task for the novice urology attending. Over the past two decades, a significant shift has occurred in the field of minimally invasive urologic surgery with widespread adoption of robotic techniques for many major surgeries. The utilization of robotic surgery can be a key differentiator for hospitals and providers. In this chapter, we will briefly review the history of robotic urologic surgery and provide a practical guide addressing economic concerns, marketing, support staff and training needs, resident and fellow education, data collection metrics and general tips for creating a robust and sustainable robotic surgery practice.
The Second Helper: Conscience-Based Emotion

This chapter focuses on pride, shame, and guilt, conscience-based emotions that constitute the second of the three helpers that influence us to do what our nonconscious problem solver deems necessary to avoid painful feelings. Conscience-based emotions are always the result of judgments made according to values held in the conscience. These values can be positive and can help maintain behavior that is good for us, but they can also be dysfunctional and result in inappropriate pride, shame, and guilt. Unhealthy values are especially common as a way of coping with abuse and neglect. Therapy must work to bring healthy values to the fore, where they can override unhealthy ones. Healthy attitudes modeled by the therapist, encouragement to identify appropriate feelings, and, most of all, behaving in ways that go against unhealthy values are the keys to positive change.
Anti-Einstein sentiment surfaces again

One's first reaction to books like this is to follow Virgil's advice about the trimmers in hell: "Speak not of them, but look, and pass them by" (Dante Inferno III 51). Yet there are reasons for reviewing this book in spite of its lack of originality or intellectual merit. Its author has gained a certain notoriety as the result of his indefatigable – not to say monomaniacal – efforts to indict Einstein as an "incorrigible plagiarist".
Chaotic Oscillators for Wideband Radar Signal Processing

Previously, authors investigated a technique to generate the nonlinear chaos based FM (CBFM) waveforms to achieve wide bandwidth and frequency agility. The technique relied on the output of the Lorenz chaotic circuit. In this paper, authors present the potentials of Rossler based chaotic FM waveforms for wideband radar imaging and assess its statistical properties such as ergodicity, stationarity and invariant probability density functions. The correlation properties and ambiguity functions are illustrated to assess its resolution and electronic counter-counter measure capabilities (ECCM). Using the theoretical and experimental studies, a comparison will be performed between the CBFM waveforms generated using the Lorenz chaotic oscillator and the Rossler chaotic oscillator. Finally, a generalized approach on the utilization of chaotic systems for high range resolution and bistatic radar applications will be presented.
(S)-3-Amino-4-(difluoromethylenyl)cyclopent-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid, and Related Compounds as GABA Aminotransferase Inactivators for the Treatment of Epilepsy, Addiction and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cyclopentene carboxylic acid-related compounds as GAB A- AT inhibitors for treatment of various addictions, disorders and disease states.
Digital Implementation of Adaptive Synchronous Rectifier (SR) Driving Scheme for High-Frequency LLC Converters With Microcontroller

Synchronous rectifiers (SRs) are important for high-output-current LLC converters in order to reduce the secondary conduction loss. Conventional SR driving schemes are not suitable for high-frequency LLC converters: the analog driving schemes will lose a large portion of duty cycle due to SR parasitic inductance; and the digital driving schemes will require a much higher cost digital controllers in high-frequency operation. In this paper, a digital implementation of adaptive SR driving scheme for high-frequency LLC converters with cost-effective microcontroller is proposed. The proposed SR driving scheme senses SR drain–source voltage in order to detect body diode conduction, and tune the SR on-time every several switching cycles using ripple (asynchronous) counter to minimize body diode conduction. The proposed digital implementation has a simple control scheme, requires only low-cost digital controllers and minimizes controller resources utilization. More importantly, to cooperate with the closed-loop control, adaptive SR driving and closed-loop control are executed synchronously and SR on-time is modified accordingly during fast transient response to guarantee safe operation. With these techniques, the proposed adaptive SR driving can be embedded into the digital controllers with little extra cost. Experimental results are demonstrated on a 500-kHz 1-kW 400 V/12 V LLC converter with a 60-MHz microcontroller and a ripple counter.