cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixing-induced CP asymmetries in inclusive B decays

Abstract We consider CP violating asymmetries that are induced by particle-antiparticle mixing in inclusive channels of neutral B meson decay. Not only are the branching ratios sizable, at the 1% to 50% level, but some of those asymmetries are expected to be large because of substantial CKM phases. The inclusive sum partially dilutes the asymmetries, but the dilution factor is calculable. Assuming local quark-hadron duality, the CKM parameters can be extracted. We discuss in detail the determination of sin 2α from charmless final states in decays of Bd mesons and survey the asymmetries for other inclusive final states. The total inclusive time-dependent asymmetry, where all modes of a weakly decaying neutral meson are summed over, is non-vanishing in general and measures Im ( Γ 12 M 12 ) . While probably not yet sensitive to standard model predictions, meaningful CP violation studies can be conducted with existing data samples of inclusive neutral B decays.
Companions to Isolated Elliptical Galaxies: Revisiting the Bothun-Sullivan Sample

We investigate the number of physical companion galaxies for a sample of relatively isolated elliptical galaxies. The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) has been used to reinvestigate the incidence of satellite galaxies for a sample of 34 elliptical galaxies, first investigated by Bothun & Sullivan using a visual inspection of Palomar Sky Survey prints out to a projected search radius of 75 kpc. We have repeated their original investigation using data cataloged in NED. Nine of these elliptical galaxies appear to be members of galaxy clusters; the remaining sample of 25 galaxies reveals an average of +1.0 ± 0.5 apparent companions per galaxy within a projected search radius of 75 kpc, in excess of two equal-area comparison regions displaced by 150-300 kpc. This is significantly larger than the +0.12 ± 0.42 companions/galaxy found by Bothun & Sullivan for the identical sample. Making use of published radial velocities, mostly available since the completion of the Bothun-Sullivan study, identifies the physical companions and gives a somewhat lower estimate of +0.4 companions per elliptical galaxy. This is still 3 times larger than the original statistical study, but given the incomplete and heterogeneous nature of the survey redshifts in NED, it still yields a firm lower limit on the number (and identity) of physical companions. An expansion of the search radius out to 300 kpc, again restricted to sampling only those objects with known redshifts in NED, gives another lower limit of 4.5 physical companions per galaxy. (Excluding five elliptical galaxies in the Fornax Cluster, this average drops to 3.5 companions per elliptical.) These physical companions are individually identified and listed, and the ensemble-averaged radial density distribution of these associated galaxies is presented. For the ensemble, the radial density distribution is found to have a falloff consistent with ρ ∝ R-0.5 out to approximately 150 kpc. For non-Fornax Cluster companions the falloff continues out to the 300 kpc limit of the survey. The velocity dispersion of these companions is found to reach a maximum of 350 km s-1 at around 120 kpc, after which they fall at a rate consistent with Keplerian falloff. This falloff may then indicate the detection of a cut-off in the mass-density distribution in the elliptical galaxies' dark matter halo at ~100 kpc.
LEGAL UNIVERSALISM: PERSISTENT OBJECTIONS†

This essay addresses the question of whether there is any set of legal institutions that invariably promotes development. ‘Universalistic’ arguments answer this question in the affirmative. The essay begins by rehearsing classic objections to legal universalism. It then shows how those objections apply to even relatively sophisticated examples of legal universalism that can be derived from the Legal Origins school of thought, the Doing Business project, and advocacy of greater reliance on randomized controlled trials.
BRST operator for superconformal algebras with quadratic nonlinearity

Abstract We construct the quantum BRST operators for a large class of superconformal and quasi-superconformal algebras with quadratic nonlinearity. The only free parameter in these algebras is the level of the (super) Kac-Moody sector. The nilpotency of the quantum BRST operator imposes a condition on the level. We find this condition for (quasi) superconformal algebras with a Kac-Moody sector based on a simple Lie algebra and for the Z2 × Z2-graded superconformal algebras with a Kac-Moody sector based on the superalgebra osp(N∣2M) or s l (N+2∣N) .
Bloch sphere-like construction of SU(3) Hamiltonians using unitary integration

The Bloch sphere is a familiar and useful geometrical picture of the time evolution of a single spin or a quantal two-level system. The analogous geometrical picture for three-level systems is presented with several applications. The relevant SU(3) group and su(3) algebra are eight-dimensional objects and are realized in our picture as two four-dimensional manifolds that describe the time evolution operator. The first, called the base manifold, is the counterpart of the S2 Bloch sphere, whereas the second, called the fiber, generalizes the single U(1) phase of a single spin. Now four dimensional, it breaks down further into smaller objects depending on alternative representations that we discuss. Geometrical phases are also developed and presented for specific applications. Arbitrary time-dependent couplings between three levels or between two spins (qubits) with SU(3) Hamiltonians can be conveniently handled through these geometrical objects.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Sulfamoyl Azides and 1-Sulfamoyl-1,2,3-triazoles

Sulfamoyl azides are readily generated from secondary amines and a novel sulfonyl azide transfer agent, 2,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium triflate. They react with alkynes in the presence of a CuTC catalyst forming 1-sulfamoyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The latter are shelf-stable progenitors of rhodium azavinyl carbenes, versatile reactive intermediates that, among other reactions, readily and asymmetrically add to olefins.
Convergence in Emerging Europe

The emerging European economies have been converging rapidly toward the more advanced European economies in recent years. However, large external imbalances in parts of the region have raised questions about sustainability and concerns about vulnerabilities. Empirical evidence in this paper up to the end of 2007 and based on a number of methodologies suggests that the convergence trend of emerging Europe is based on strong fundamentals and is expected to continue, but at a slower pace. Moreover, the convergence path may be volatile, as countries with large external imbalances adjust, with risks of a hard landing in some cases. The results also suggest that policy could do more to address the region's imbalances.
Information Revelation Through Option Exercise

In many real-world situations, agents must formulate option exercise strategies with imperfect information. In such a setting, agents may infer the private signals of other agents through their observed exercise strategies. The building of an office building, the drilling of an exploratory oil well, and the commitment of a pharmaceutical company toward the research of a new drug all convey private information to other market participants. This article develops an equilibrium framework for option exercise games with asymmetric private information. Many interesting aspects of the patterns of equilibrium exercise are analyzed. In particular, informational cascades, where agents ignore their private information and jump on the exercise bandwagon, may arise endogenously. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Pronuclear Ovum from a Patient Using an Intrauterine Contraceptive Device

Ova were sought in the washings of the excised reproductive tracts of 48 patients after they had ovulated. From 24 patients using no contraceptives, two unfertilized ova were recovered. From 24 patients using intrauterine coils, one unfertilized and one fertilized pronuclear ovum were recovered. The latter ovum was at the earliest stage of development recorded for the human.
On the Thermal Conduction in Tangled Magnetic Fields in Clusters of Galaxies

Thermal conduction in tangled magnetic fields is reduced because heat-conducting electrons must travel longer distances along the field lines between hot and cold regions of space than if there were no fields. We consider the case in which the tangled magnetic field has a weak homogeneous component. We examine two simple models for temperature in clusters of galaxies: a time-independent model and a time-dependent one. We find that the actual value of the effective thermal conductivity in tangled magnetic fields depends on how it is defined for a particular astrophysical problem. Our final conclusion is that the heat conduction is never totally suppressed, but is usually important in the central regions of galaxy clusters, and therefore it should not be neglected.
Ionic liquids as catalytic green solvents for nucleophilic displacement reactions

We demonstrate the use of room-temperature ionic liquids as a catalytic, environmentally benign solvent for the cyanide displacement on benzyl chloride, replacing phase-transfer catalyzed biphasic systems and thus eliminating the need for a volatile organic solvent and hazardous catalyst disposal.
Penrose’s Resource-Based Approach: The Process and Product of Research Creativity

As this paper documents, Edith Tilton Penrose’s (1959) classic The Theory of the Growth of the Firm is one of the most influential books of the second half of the twentieth century bridging economics and management. Yet, there is little understanding of the process by which this classic came about and the lessons to be learned concerning research creativity. This paper explores Penrose’s (1959) ‘resources approach’ to the growth of the firm as an iterative process of scientific discovery via induction and scientific justification by deductive reasoning. We focus on: (1) the research process that led to Penrose’s (1959) classic; (2) the book’s contributions to management; (3) the generative nature of Penrose’sresearch for current resource-based theory; and (4) future research building on Penrose’s ‘resources approach’.
Solar and cosmic X-rays above 7.7 keV

Hard solar and cosmic X rays measured with satellite-borne telescope, considering flux and time variations
Competitive Delivered Pricing by Mail-Order and Internet Retailers

Mail-order and internet sellers must decide how customers pay shipping charges. Typically, these sellers choose between two pricing policies: either “uniform pricing,” where the firm delivers to any customer at a fixed delivery charge (that may be volume dependent), or “mill pricing,” where the firm bills the customer a distance-related shipping charge. This paper studies price competition between a mail-order (or internet) seller and local retailers, and the mail-order firm’s choice of pricing policy. The price policy choice is studied when retailers do not change price in reaction to the mail-order firm’s policy choice, and when they do. In the second case, a two-stage non-cooperative game is used and it is found that for low customer willingness to pay, mill pricing is favored but as willingness to pay rises, uniform pricing becomes more attractive. These results are generalized showing that larger markets, higher transportation rates, higher unit production cost, and greater competition between retailers all increase profit under mill pricing relative to uniform pricing (and vice versa). On the other hand, cost asymmetries that favor the mail-order firm will tend to induce uniform rather than mill pricing. Some empirical data on retail and mail-order sales that confirm these results are presented.
Reduction of Fe(III) porphyrin hydroxides by heterocyclic aromatic amines

Abstract The reduction of iron(III) porphyrin hydroxides by the heterocyclic aromatic amines, pyridine, 1-methylimidazole and derivatives, occurs in toluene to give the bisamine iron(II) porphyrin complexes. The reaction has not been fully characterized but is found to proceed through a different mechanism from that reported for the similar reductions by 1° and 2° amines in the absence of hydroxide ion. Preliminary data indicate that the first step in the reduction is formation of the bisamine Fe(III) porphyrin complex from the hydroxide. Nucleophilic attack by hydroxide ion on the aromatic ring of an axially ligated pyridine or methylimidazole of the Fe(III) complex followed by homolytic cleavage of the Fe N bond is proposed.
A computational theory of awareness and decision making

We exhibit a new computational-based definition of awareness, informally that our level of unawareness of an object is the amount of time needed to generate that object within a certain environment. We give several examples to show this notion matches our intuition in scenarios where one organizes, accesses and transfers information. We also give a formal process-independent definition of awareness based on Levin's universal enumeration.We show the usefulness of computational awareness by showing how it relates to decision making, and how others can manipulate our decision making with appropriate advertising, in particular, we show connections to sponsored search and brand awareness. Understanding awareness can also help rate the effectiveness of various user interfaces designed to access information.
A Statistical Indoor Localization Method for Supporting Location-based Access Control

Location awareness is critical for supporting location-based access control (LBAC). The challenge is how to determine locations accurately and efficiently in indoor environments. Existing solutions based on WLAN signal strength either cannot provide high accuracy, or are too complicated to accommodate to different indoor environments. In this paper, we propose a statistical indoor localization method for supporting location-based access control. First, in an offline training phase, we fit a locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots (LOESS) model on the signal strength received at different training locations, and build a radio map that contains the distribution of signal strength. Then, in an online estimation phase, we determine the locations of unknown points using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) based on the measured signal strength and the stored distribution. In addition, we provide a 95% confidence interval to our estimation using a Bootstrapping module. Compared with other approaches, our method is simpler, more systematic and more accurate. Experimental results show that the estimation error of our method is less than 2m. Hence, it can better support LBAC applications than others.
Flutter control of incompressible flow turbomachine blade rows by splitter blades

Splitter blades as a passive flutter control technique is investigated by developing a mathematical model to predict the stability of an aerodynamically loaded splittered-rotor operating in an incompressible flow field. The splitter blades, positioned circumferentially in the flow passage between two principal blades, introduce aerodynamic and/or combined aerodynamic-structural detuning into the rotor. The two-dimensional oscillating cascade unsteady aerodynamics, including steady loading effects, are determined by developing a complete first-order unsteady aerodynamic analysis together with an unsteady aerodynamic influence coefficient technique. The torsion mode flutter of both uniformly spaced tuned rotors and detuned rotors are predicted by incorporating the unsteady aerodyamic influence coefficients into a single-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic model. This model is then utilized to demonstrate that incorporating splitters into unstable rotor configurations results in stable splittered-rotor configurations.
RECAST — extending the impact of existing analyses

Searches for new physics by experimental collaborations represent a significant investment in time and resources. Often these searches are sensitive to a broader class of models than they were originally designed to test. We aim to extend the impact of existing searches through a technique we call recasting. A framework designed to facilitate the usage of this technique, called RECAST, is presented. We illustrate the issues and subtleties involved through several examples, including new results obtained from the reanalysis of archived LEP data. Website:www.recast.it
Target Detection Assessment Using an Orthogonal Mixed-Factor Central-Composite Design

Target detection performance on a time-compressed radar display with both spatial and temporal cues was investigated. The effects of six variables (frame duration, noise level, clutter level, number of stored frames, target speed, and target direction) were examined using an orthogonal mixed-factor central-composite response surface experimental design. Results are discussed in terms of the contributions of spatial and temporal cues to detection performance. A methodological discussion of the experimental design is also included.
Cryogen-Free Operation of 10 V Programmable Josephson Voltage Standards

Given the recent shortages of liquid helium, cryogen-free operation of superconducting devices, such as programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) systems, has become preferable worldwide, and a necessity in some locations. However, reliable operation on a cryocooler is heavily dependent on the ability to create a constant temperature that is low enough to allow the PJVS junctions to operate uniformly. In this work, we systematically investigated as a function of temperature the performance of NIST 10 V PJVS chips employing Nb/NbxSi1-x/Nb superconducting junctions. Additionally, we addressed the major factors limiting the performance of a cryocooled PJVS: adequate attenuation of the coldhead temperature oscillations and the minimization thermal gradients between the chip and the cryocooler. Through the development of a robust and reproducible method for soldering chips to a Cu carrier (package), we increased the thermal conductances within the packaging to their practical maximum values. This, in addition to the incorporation of a passive two-stage thermal filter, allows us to confidently predict that the required cooling power for the successful cryogen-free operation of the NIST 10 V PJVS is ~ 0.5 W at 4 K.
Spatially Resolved O II Recombination Line Observations of the Ring Nebula, NGC 6720

We present new long-slit CCD spectra of O II permitted lines and [O III] forbidden lines in the Ring Nebula NGC 6720. These observations provide spatially resolved information on both O II and [O III] over the 70'' diameter of the main shell. We find significant differences in the spatial distribution of the O II lines and [O III] λ4959. The [O III] emission follows the Hβ emission measure, peaking slightly radially inward from the Hβ peak. The O II emission peaks inside the [O III] emission. This suggests that radiative recombination may not be the primary mechanism for producing the O II lines. O+2 abundances derived from O II lines are 5-10 times larger than those derived from [O III] in the region within 20'' of the central star. Outside of this region, however, the O II-derived and [O III]-derived abundances agree to within 0.2-0.3 dex. The electron temperature derived from [O III] lines rises smoothly from about 10,000 K in the outer shell to about 12,000 K in the center; we see no evidence for a temperature jump that would be associated with a shock. If temperature fluctuations are responsible for the discrepancy in O+2 abundances, the average temperature would have to be approximately 6500 K in the He+2 zone and about 9000 K in the outer shell in order to force the [O III]-derived abundance to equal that derived from O II. This would conflict with ionization models for planetary nebulae, which predict that the temperature is higher in the He+2 region close to the ionizing star. We therefore argue that temperature fluctuations cannot explain the abundance discrepancy. A comparison of the spatial distribution of O II emission with the location of dusty knots shows that the O II recombination lines do not peak where the dense knots are located, creating difficulties for models that explain the recombination line/forbidden line discrepancy by density fluctuations. We examine the possibility that high-temperature dielectronic recombination in a central hot bubble enhances the recombination line strengths in the central part of the nebula. However, comparison of recombination rates with collisional excitation rates shows that the increase in recombination emission due to dielectronic recombination at T ≈ 105 K is not sufficient to overcome the increase in collisonally excited emission. We are unable to find a completely satisfactory model to explain the discrepancy between recombination line and forbidden line abundances.
Bose-Einstein condensation of 87Rb in a levitated crossed dipole trap

We report an apparatus and method capable of producing Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of ∼1 × 10687Rb atoms, and ultimately designed for sympathetic cooling of 133Cs and the creation of ultracold RbCs molecules. The method combines several elements: (i) the large recapture of a magnetic quadrupole trap from a magneto-optical trap; (ii) efficient forced RF evaporation in such a magnetic trap; (iii) the gain in phase-space density obtained when loading the magnetically trapped atoms into a far red-detuned optical dipole trap, and (iv) efficient evaporation to BEC within the dipole trap. We demonstrate that the system is capable of sympathetically cooling the |F = 1, mF = −1〉 and |1,0⟩ sublevels with |1, +1〉 atoms. Finally we discuss the applicability of the method to sympathetic cooling of 133Cs with 87Rb.
Observing Quanta on a Cosmic Scale

Our entire galaxy, like all others, originated as a fairly smooth patch of binding energy, which in turn originated as a single quantum perturbation of the inflaton field on a subatomic scale during inflation. The best preserved relic of these perturbations is the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation, which on the largest scales preserves a faithful image of the primordial quantum fields. It is possible that close study of these perturbations might reveal signs of discreteness caused by spacetime quantization.
The Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols: Reaction Development, Scope, and Applications

The first palladium-catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of secondary alcohols has been developed, utilizing the readily available diamine (-)-sparteine as a chiral ligand and molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant. Mechanistic insights regarding the role of the base and hydrogen-bond donors have resulted in several improvements to the original system. Namely, addition of cesium carbonate and tert-butyl alcohol greatly enhances reaction rates, promoting rapid resolutions. The use of chloroform as solvent allows the use of ambient air as the terminal oxidant at 23 °C, resulting in enhanced catalyst selectivity. These improved reaction conditions have permitted the successful kinetic resolution of benzylic, allylic, and cyclopropyl secondary alcohols to high enantiomeric excess with good-to-excellent selectivity factors. This catalyst system has also been applied to the desymmetrization of meso-diols, providing high yields of enantioenriched hydroxyketones.
Instabilities in heterotic M-theory induced by open membrane instantons

Abstract We study the effective low energy supergravity of the strongly coupled heterotic string compactified on a Calabi–Yau 3-fold with generic E 8 × E 8 gauge bundle. We focus on the effective potential for the chiral scalars. The effective superpotential can be studied using the dual 11-dimensional M-theory background involving insertions of M5-branes along an interval. In such backgrounds, in some regions of moduli space, the leading nonperturbative contributions are due to open membrane instantons. These instantons lead to both attractive and repulsive forces between the 5-branes and the orientifold “M9-branes”, depending on the region of moduli space. The resulting dynamics on moduli space include a strong coupling dual to the Dine–Seiberg instability, in which the interval grows. We discuss conditions under which the 5-branes are attracted to the wall and comment on the relevance of these results to the study of chirality-changing phase transitions in heterotic M-theory.
α′-Hydroxyenones as Mechanistic Probes and Scope-Expanding Surrogates for α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes in N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Reactions

N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and a variety of electrophiles allow the facile preparation of a diverse array of annulation products including trisubstituted cyclopentenes, γ-lactams, and bicyclic β-lactams. The substrate scope of these reactions, however, is limited by the difficulties of preparing the starting α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. We now report that α′-hydroxyenones, which can be prepared in a single convenient step from aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes, can serve as efficient surrogates for enals in the annulation reactions. This protocol allows the facile preparation and use of substrates bearing nitrogen heterocycles. These reagents have also allowed us to demonstrate that, in contrast to other classes of aldehydes, the formation of the Breslow intermediate from enals and N-heterocyclic carbenes is irreversible under the reaction conditions.
Brief report from the Tevatron

The authors report on the B physics prospects from the Fermilab Tevatron, summarizing the B physics goals of the CDF and D0 experiments using their upgraded detectors. They discuss the time schedule for completion of the detector upgrades and summarize the current measurement of the CP violation parameter sin 2{beta} at CDF.
Information expropriation and moral hazard in optimal second-source auctions

Abstract Government mandated technology transfers from the developer of a product to a second source offer a potential gain of reduced information rents and procurement costs. To provide appropriate incentives, technology must sometimes be transferred even when the second source is less efficient than the first. Additionally, when developer moral hazard exists with respect to investments in cost-reducing technology, the optimal auction will make the developer's success in the auction more sensitive to the developing firm's announced costs.
Polygyny in the nest-site limited acacia-ant Crematogaster mimosae

Polygyny is common in social insects despite inevitable decreases in nestmate relatedness and reductions to the inclusive fitness returns for cooperating non-reproductive individuals. We studied the prevalence and mode of polygyny in the African acacia-ant Crematogaster mimosae. These ants compete intensively with neighboring colonies of conspecifics and with three sympatric ant species for resources associated with the whistling-thorn acacias in which they all obligately nest. We used the genotypes of alate males at ten microsatellite loci to reconstruct queen genotypes and found that C. mimosae colonies are frequently secondarily polygynous, in that they include multiple closely related (and sometimes full-sib) queens, and (more rarely) unrelated queens. We also found that individual queens in both monogynous and polygynous colonies had mated with multiple males, making C. mimosae an interesting example of simultaneous polygyny and polyandry. The presence of polygyny in C. mimosae and the intense competition for nest-sites between C. mimosae and its conspecifics support the association between nest-site limitation and polygyny. Polygyny may allow for increased worker populations and a competitive advantage, as inter-colony conflicts are typically won by the colony with the larger number of workers.
Riemann surfaces of genus g with an automorphism of order p prime and p > g

The present work completes the classification of the compact Riemann surfaces of genus g with an analytic automorphism of order p (prime number) and p > g. More precisely, we construct a parameterization space for them, we compute their groups of uniformization and we compute their full automorphism groups. Also, we give affine equations in \(\mathbb{C}^{2}\) for special cases and some implications on the components of the singular locus of the moduli space of smooth curves of genus g.
Multiresolution ARMA modeling of facial color images

Human face perception is the key to identify confirmation in security systems, video teleconference, picture telephony, and web navigation. Modeling of human faces and facial expressions for different persons can be dealt with by building a point distribution model (PDM) based on spatial (shape) information or a gray-level model (GLM) based on spectral (intensity) information. To avoid short-comings of the local modeling of PDM and GLM, we propose a new approach for recognizing human faces and discriminating expressions associated with them in color images. It is based on the Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) edge detection, KL transformation, and auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) filtering. First, the KL transform is applied to the R, G, and B dimensions, and a facial image is described by its principal component. A LoG edge-detector is then used for line drawing schematic of a face. The resultant face silhouette is divided into 5 X 5 non-overlapping blocks, each of which is represented by the auto-regressive (AR) parameter vector a. The ensample average of a over the whole image is taken as the feature vector for the description of a facial pattern. Each face class is represented by such ensample average vector a. Efficacy of the ARMA model is evaluated by the non-metric similarity measure S equals a.b/a.b for two facial images whose feature vectors, and a and b, are the ensample average of their ARMA parameters. Our measurements show that the ARMA modeling is effective for discriminating facial features in color images, and has the potential of distinguishing the corresponding facial expressions.
Blade Sweep for Low-Speed Axial Fans

The available literature on aerodynamic and acoustic properties of axial fans with swept blades is presented and discussed with particular emphasis on noise mechanisms and the influence of high-intensity inlet turbulence on “excess” noise. The acoustic theory of Kerschen and Envia for swept cascades is applied to the problem of axial fan design. These results are compared to available data and a provisional model for specifying sweep angles is presented. The aerodynamic performance theory for swept-bladed rotors of Smith and Yeh is adapted for use in designing low-speed axial fans. Three prototype fans were designed using the resultant computer codes. One is a baseline fan with blade stocking lines radially oriented, and two are fans having swept blades of increasingly greater forward sweep. Aerodynamic testing shows that performance of the fans lies within a band width of about ± 2 percent of volume flow rate and pressure rise predictions in the region of design performance, effectively validating the design procedure for selection of the blading parameters. Noise testing of the fans was carried out and the results show an average noise reduction for the swept-bladed fans of about 7 dBA overall, and a reduction of pure tone noise at blade-pass frequency of about 10 dB compared to the zero-sweep baseline model, in close agreement with the theory of Kerschen and Envia.
Development of an Asymmetric Trimethylenemethane Cycloaddition Reaction: Application in the Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Carbocycles

A protocol for the enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition of trimethylenemethane (TMM) with electron-deficient olefins has been developed. The synthesis of novel phosphoramidite ligands was critical in this effort, and the preparation and reactivity of these ligands is detailed. The evolution of the ligand design, commencing with acyclic amine-derived phosphoramidites and leading to cyclic pyrrolidine and azetidine structures, is discussed. The conditions developed to effect an asymmetric TMM reaction using 2-trimethylsilylmethyl allyl acetate were shown to be tolerant of a wide variety of alkene acceptors, providing the desired methylenecyclopentanes with high levels of enantioselectivity. The donor scope was also explored, and substituted systems were tolerated, including one bearing a nitrile moiety. These donors were reactive with unsaturated acylpyrroles, giving the product cyclopentane rings bearing three stereocenters in high enantioselectivity and complete diastereoselectivity.
Clearinghouses as Credit Regulators Before the Fed

Abstract Clearinghouses were private organizations that not only had the power to audit member banks’ balance sheets and levy fines, but also provided emergency liquidity during large-scale financial panics. This paper studies how clearinghouses affected bank composition and solvency during stable periods as well as panics. An annual database of all national bank balance sheets from 1865 to 1914 indicates that national banks grew larger after the creation of a clearinghouse. Relative to the rise in assets, banks reduced their cash reserves and individual deposits and increased their loans, circulation, and interbank deposits. The analysis also shows that while clearinghouse members were less likely to fail during panics, they were more likely to fail in other periods, particularly those in non-financial centers. In this way, clearinghouses seem to have freed up additional resources during stable periods and delayed bank failures until the potential for contagion was removed.
SHARC-II Mapping of Spitzer c2d Small Clouds and Cores

We present the results of a submillimeter survey of 53 low-mass dense cores with the Submillimeter High Angular Resolution Camera II (SHARC-II). The survey is a follow-up project to the Spitzer Legacy Program From Molecular Cores to Planet-Forming Disks, with the purpose of creating a complete data set of nearby low-mass dense cores from the infrared to the millimeter. We present maps of 52 cores at 350 μm and three cores at 450 μm, two of which were observed at both wavelengths. Of these 52 cores, 41 were detected by SHARC-II; 32 contained one submillimeter source, while 9 contained multiple sources. For each submillimeter source detected, we report various source properties including source position, fluxes in various apertures, size, aspect ratio, and position angle. For the 12 cores that were not detected we present upper limits. The sources detected by SHARC-II have, on average, smaller sizes at the 2 σ contours than those derived from longer wavelength bolometer observations. We conclude that this is not caused by a failure to integrate long enough to detect the full extent of the core; instead it arises primarily from the fact that the observations presented in this survey are insensitive to smoothly varying extended emission. We find that SHARC-II observations of low-mass cores are much better suited to distinguishing between starless and protostellar cores than observations at longer wavelengths. Very low luminosity objects, a new class of objects being discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope in cores previously classified as starless, look very similar at 350 μm to other cores with more luminous protostars.
Expanding the frontier one asset at a time

Abstract We add a new risky asset to a set of n risky assets and derive the analytical relation between the original and the new mean-variance efficient frontiers. The two frontiers have a tangency point. A new mutual fund theorem holds. All portfolios in the new minimum-variance set are portfolio combinations of three mutual funds: The two funds located on the original frontier and the third fund containing all assets. We discuss implications of the new results for models of financial innovation, studies of portfolio re-balancing and trading volume, and for empirical tests of the CAPM (Roll critique).
Density-dependence of functional development in spiking cortical networks grown in vitro

During development, the mammalian brain differentiates into specialized regions with distinct functional abilities. While many factors contribute to functional specialization, we explore the effect of neuronal density on the development of neuronal interactions in vitro. Two types of cortical networks, namely, dense and sparse with 50,000 and 12,500 total cells, respectively, are studied. Activation graphs that represent pairwise neuronal interactions are constructed using a competitive first response model. These graphs reveal that, during development in vitro, dense networks form activation connections earlier than sparse networks. Link entropy analysis of dense network activation graphs suggests that the majority of connections between electrodes are reciprocal in nature. Information theoretic measures reveal that early functional information interactions (among three electrodes) are synergetic in both dense and sparse networks. However, during later stages of development, previously synergetic relationships become primarily redundant in dense, but not in sparse networks. Large link entropy values in the activation graph are related to the domination of redundant ensembles in late stages of development in dense networks. Results demonstrate differences between dense and sparse networks in terms of informational groups, pairwise relationships, and activation graphs. These differences suggest that variations in cell density may result in different functional specializations of nervous system tissue in vivo.
Supersymmetry and higher derivative terms in the effective action of Yang-Mills theories

Higher derivative terms in the effective action of certain Yang-Mills theories can be severely constrained by supersymmetry. We show that requiring sixteen supersymmetries in quantum mechanical gauge theory determines the v6 term in the effective action. Even the numerical coefficient of the v6 term is fixed in terms of lower derivative terms in the effective action.
Mass and radius of cosmic balloons.

Cosmic balloons are spherical domain walls with relativistic particles trapped inside. We derive the exact mass and radius relations for a static cosmic balloon using Gauss-Codazzi equations. The cosmic balloon mass as a function of its radius, M(R), is found to have a functional form similar to that of fermion soliton stars, with a fixed point at 2GM(R)/R approximately or equal to 0.486 which corresponds to the limit of infinite central density. We derive a simple analytical approximation for the mass density of a spherically symmetric relativistic gas star. When applied to the computation of the mass and radius of a cosmic balloon, the analytical approximation yields fairly good agreement with the exact numerical solutions.
Applications of Stochastic Ordering to Wireless Communications

Stochastic orders are binary relations defined on probability distributions which capture intuitive notions like being larger or being more variable. This paper introduces stochastic ordering of instantaneous SNRs of fading channels as a tool to compare the performance of communication systems over different channels. Stochastic orders unify existing performance metrics such as ergodic capacity, and metrics based on error rate functions for commonly used modulation schemes through their relation with convex and completely monotonic (c.m.) functions. Toward this goal, performance metrics such as instantaneous error rates of M-QAM and M-PSK modulations are shown to be c.m. functions of the instantaneous SNR, while metrics such as the instantaneous capacity are seen to have a completely monotonic derivative (c.m.d.). It is shown that the frequently used parametric fading distributions for modeling line of sight (LoS) exhibit a monotonicity in the LoS parameter with respect to the stochastic Laplace transform order. Using stochastic orders, average performance of systems involving multiple random variables are compared over different channels, even when closed form expressions for such averages are not tractable. These include diversity combining schemes, relay networks, and signal detection over fading channels with non-Gaussian additive noise, which are investigated herein. Simulations are also provided to corroborate our results.
EMPLOYEE PROPENSITY TO WITHHOLD EFFORT: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO INTERSECT THREE AVENUES OF RESEARCH

Shirking, social loafing, and free riding are concepts that have guided the recent study of how much effort employees provide on the job. Although researchers have generally treated these concepts as distinct, a common thread underlies them, that is, propensity to withhold effort (PWE). The main difference among the three concepts is the context in which or the reasons why withholding effort occurs. Building on these ideas, this article applies Knoke's (1990) synthesized motivation model to PWE and suggests that rational, normative, and affective bonding incentives may play a role in employee PWE. Using the model, this article reconceptualizes and attempts to clarify past theory and research, and it develops hypotheses to direct future research on PWE in work groups.
Costly State Verification and Multiple Investors: The Role of Seniority

Many financial claims specify fixed maximum payments, varying seniority, and absolute priority for more senior investors. These features are motivated in a model where a firm's manager contracts with several investors and firm output can only be verified privately at a cost. Debt-like contracts of varying seniority generally dominate symmetric contracts, and, when investors are risk neutral, it is optimal to use debt like contracts where more senior claims have absolute priority over more junior claims. In addition to motivating several features of debt and preferred stock, the model offers an explanation for structures used in leveraged buyouts, asset backed securitizations, and reinsurance contracts. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Gamma Rays from Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays in Cygnus A

Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) accelerated in the jets of active galactic nuclei can accumulate in high magnetic field, ~100 kpc-scale regions surrounding powerful radio galaxies. Photohadronic processes involving UHECRs and photons of the extragalactic background light make ultrarelativistic electrons and positrons that initiate electromagnetic cascades, leading to the production of a γ-ray synchrotron halo. We calculate the halo emission in the case of Cygnus A and show that it should be detectable with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope and possibly detectable with ground-based γ-ray telescopes if radio galaxies are the sources of UHECRs.
A NEW LOW-MASS ECLIPSING BINARY FROM SDSS-II

We present observations of a new low-mass, double-lined eclipsing binary system discovered using repeat observations of the celestial equator from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II. Using near-infrared photometry and optical spectroscopy we have measured the properties of this short-period [ -->P = 0.407037(14) days] system and its two components. We find the following parameters for the two components: -->M1 = 0.272 ± 0.020 M☉, -->R1 = 0.268 ± 0.010 R☉, -->M2 = 0.240 ± 0.022 M☉, -->R2 = 0.248 ± 0.0090 R☉, -->T1 = 3320 ± 130 K, and -->T2 = 3300 ± 130 K. The masses and radii of the two components of this system agree well with theoretical expectations based on models of low-mass stars, within the admittedly large errors. Future synoptic surveys like Pan-STARRS and LSST will produce a wealth of information about low-mass eclipsing systems and should make it possible, with an increased reliance on follow-up observations, to detect many systems with low-mass and substellar companions. With the large numbers of objects for which these surveys will produce high-quality photometry, we suggest that it becomes possible to identify such systems even with sparse time sampling and a relatively small number of individual observations.
The Fundamental Pro-groupoid of an Affine 2-scheme

A natural question in the theory of Tannakian categories is: What if you don’t remember Forget? Working over an arbitrary commutative ring R, we prove that an answer to this question is given by the functor represented by the etale fundamental groupoid π 1(spec(R)), i.e. the separable absolute Galois group of R when it is a field. This gives a new definition for etale π 1(spec(R)) in terms of the category of R-modules rather than the category of etale covers. More generally, we introduce a new notion of “commutative 2-ring” that includes both Grothendieck topoi and symmetric monoidal categories of modules, and define a notion of π 1 for the corresponding “affine 2-schemes.” These results help to simplify and clarify some of the peculiarities of the etale fundamental group. For example, etale fundamental groups are not “true” groups but only profinite groups, and one cannot hope to recover more: the “Tannakian” functor represented by the etale fundamental group of a scheme preserves finite products but not all products.
Multigraded regularity, a∗-invariant and the minimal free resolution

Abstract In recent years, two different multigraded variants of Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity have been developed, namely multigraded regularity, defined by the vanishing of multigraded pieces of local cohomology modules, and the resolution regularity vector, defined by the multi-degrees in a minimal free resolution. In this paper, we study the relationship between multigraded regularity and the resolution regularity vector. Our method is to investigate multigraded variants of the usual a ∗ -invariant. This, in particular, provides an effective approach to examining the vanishing of multigraded pieces of local cohomology modules with respect to different multigraded ideals.
Planck Mass Plasma Analog of String Theory

In recent years there had been a growing interest in analog models of general relativity, with certain superfluid solutions simulating black hole solutions of Einstein's gravitational field equation. The quantization of a superfluid, composed of discrete particles (helium atoms), treated as a nonrelativistic many body problem does not lead to divergencies as the quantization of Einstein's field equations. Quantization of gravity is possible in string theory, but only if one introduces the daring hypothesis of higher dimensions. But if the gravitational field is made up of discrete elements as superfluid helium is made up of helium atoms, then gravity can be quantized without difficulty in three space and one time dimension. Such a hypothesis, of course, implies that Lorentz invariance is a dynamic symmetry caused by real rod and clock deformations, as it was assumed in the pre-Einstein theory of relativity by Lorentz and Poincare, which required the existence of an aether. Making the hypothesis that this aether is a kind of superfluid plasma made up of positive and negative Planck mass particles interacting with the Planck force over a Planck length, one obtains an analog of the standard model, including gravity, which can be quantized as a nonrelativistic many body problem. In this model nonrelativistic vortex rings in three space dimensions and one time dimension simulate the relativistic theory of closed strings in ten space-time dimensions. But because in the vortex lattice, one obtains a large dimensionless number conceivably advancing our understanding of the finestructure constant.