cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Reducing Fault Fix Time: Understanding Developer Behavior for the Design of Automated Fault Detection Tools

The longer a fault remains in the code from the time it was injected, the more time it will take to fix the fault. Increasingly, automated fault detection (AFD) tools are providing developers with prompt feedback on recently-introduced faults to reduce fault fix time. If however, the frequency and content of this feedback does not match the developer's goals and/or workflow, the developer may ignore the information. We conducted a controlled study with 18 developers to explore what factors are used by developers to decide whether or not to address a fault when notified of the error. The findings of our study lead to several conjectures about the design of AFD tools to effectively notify developers of faults in the coding phase. The AFD tools should present fault information that is relevant to the primary programming task with accurate and precise descriptions. The fault severity and the specific timing of fault notification should be customizable. Finally, the AFD tool must be accurate and reliable to build trust with the developer.
Novel mechanism of high-$p_T$ production from an opaque quark-gluon plasma

We find that in an opaque quark-gluon plasma, significant particle production at high transverse momenta can occur via acceleration of (initially) lower-momentum partons. This new mechanism, which is the opposite of parton energy loss (jet quenching), has important implications for observables, such as elliptic flow, in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC energies and above.
Evidence‐based practice‐focused interactive teaching strategy: a controlled study

Title. Evidence-based practice-focused interactive teaching strategy: a controlled study. Aim. This paper is a report of a study to evaluate the effectiveness of the evidence-based practice (EBP)-focused interactive teaching (E-FIT) strategy. Background. Although EBP is a mandatory competency for all healthcare professionals, little is known about the effectiveness of E-FIT in nursing. Methods. A quasi-experimental, controlled, pre- and post-test study involving senior, 4th-year nursing students (N = 208) at two nursing schools in the USA was carried out from August 2007 to May 2008. The experimental group (n = 88) received the E-FIT strategy intervention and the control group (n = 120) received standard teaching. A Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors Questionnaire for Evidence-Based Practice was used to assess the effectiveness of the E-FIT strategy. Results. Independent t-tests showed that the experimental group had statistically significant higher post-test Evidence-Based Practice Knowledge (mean difference = 0·25; P = 0·001) and Evidence-Based Practice Use (mean difference = 0·26; P = 0·015) subscale scores compared to the control group, but showed no statistically significant differences in Attitudes toward Evidence-Based Practice and Future Use of Evidence-Based Practice (mean difference = −0·12; P = 0·398 and mean difference = 0·13; P = 0·255 respectively). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses of the post-test data indicated that the intervention explained 7·6% and 5·1% of variance in Evidence-Based Practice Knowledge and Evidence-Based Practice Use respectively. Conclusion. The EBP-focused interactive teaching strategy was effective in improving the knowledge and use of EBP among nursing students but not attitudes toward or future use of EBP.
Cl- accumulation does not account for the depolarizing phase of the synaptic GABA response in hippocampal pyramidal cells.

It has been proposed that the depolarizing phase of the biphasic synaptic GABA response could be mediated by HCO3 − passing through GABAA channels after dissipation of the transmembrane Cl− gradien...
The influence of cultural values on U.S. and Danish students' digital behavior: Exploring culture, new media, and social context

ABSTRACTThis study explores the intersection of culture, new media, and social context—an essential component of intercultural new media studies—by investigating the social uses of smartphones, tablets, and laptops in university classrooms in Denmark and the US. American and Danish university students differed significantly in (1) frequency of new media use, (2) preferred classroom policies regulating use, (3) perceived impact of use on learning, attention, and student participation, and (4) preferred instructor strategies for handling distracting uses. Danes and Americans also differed significantly in authority values that are linked to students' new media use in the classroom.
Long tail distributions near the many-body localization transition

The random field $S=\frac{1}{2}$ Heisenberg chain exhibits a dynamical many body localization transition at a critical disorder strength, which depends on the energy density. At weak disorder, the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) is fulfilled on average, making local observables smooth functions of energy, whose eigenstate-to-eigenstate fluctuations decrease exponentially with system size. We demonstrate the validity of ETH in the thermal phase as well as its breakdown in the localized phase and show that rare states exist which do not strictly follow ETH, becoming more frequent closer to the transition. Similarly, the probability distribution of the entanglement entropy at intermediate disorder develops long tails all the way down to zero entanglement. We propose that these low entanglement tails stem from localized regions at the subsystem boundaries which were recently discussed as a possible mechanism for subdiffusive transport in the ergodic phase.
Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy with Fluorescent Stains

A simple and reliable method for correlating light and electron microscopic observations of dividing nuclei is presented. Nuclear DNA of hyphae of Tulasnella araneosa grown on a cover glass and fixed in glutaraldehyde was stained with the DNA specific fluorochrome, mithramycin. Mitotic nuclei were identified and marked by inscribing a circle on the cover glass above the nucleus. A layer of dried agar kept the nutrient agar and hyphae bound to the cover glass throughout fixation, dehydration, and embedding while a polytetrafluoroethylene layer allowed separation of the cover glass from the embedded hyphae prior to sectioning. In addition to allowing light and electron microscopic observations of the same nuclei, this technique reduced the sectioning effort drastically and eliminated the necessity of associating interesting nuclei with morphological markers.
Solid phases of FeSi to 47 GPa and 2800 K: New data

FeSi remains crystalline up to at least 2350 (±200) K at 23 GPa and 2770 (±200) K at 47 GPa in a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell, showing that addition of silicon does not cause a large amount of melting point depression; the melting temperature of pure iron ranges from 2300 (±100) K to 2700 (±150) K between 20 and 50 GPa. The transition between ɛ (B20) and B2 (CsCl-structured) crystalline phases occurs at 30 (±2) GPa at all temperatures from 1200 to 2400 K. The resulting 5% density increase may cause an increase in the miscibility of silicon in iron at P > 30 GPa, with potential implications for the cores of small rocky planets such as Mars and Mercury.
Genetic characteristics of the HA gene of seasonal H1N1 influenza A viral strains in Hubei Province

Objective This study sought to analyze the genetic characteristics of the hemagglutinin(HA) gene of influenza A virus strains isolated in Hubei Province.Methods Virus strains were isolated from clinical samples collected since 2000.The HA gene of these strains was amplified by RT-PCR.RT-PCR products were sequenced and analyzed.Results The homology of the HA gene of isolated strains was 95.8%-99.6%;antigenic sites and glycosylation sites were essentially homologous to those of vaccine strains from 2000 to 2008 but differed to a degree from those of the vaccine strain from 2009.Analysis of the gene's evolution revealed that strains isolated in different years were not related to the same extent.Conclusion Isolated influenza A virus strains were highly homologous to vaccine strains from 2000 to 2008 as recommended by the WHO.Important amino acids at antigenic sites on HA had not changed but did differ from those on the vaccine strain from 2009.The homology and evolutionary relationships of the HA gene suggested that vaccine strains may provide people with a degree of protection from the virus.
Schizophrenia and oxymorons.

From the viewpoint of character structure, patients with schizophrenia can be seen as the diametric opposite of persons with a nonpsychotic organization. They construct adaptations and defenses to deal with an externalized primitive mental orientation, whereas nonpsychotic persons tend to develop defensive mechanisms to render these primitive parts inactive. Patients with schizophrenia do not have a continuum between primary process id levels and secondary process reality operations. Thus polarities are not differentiated, leading to a series of paradoxes and oxymorons. These patients may view themselves as omnipotent and grandiose, yet at the same time lead a miserable, drab existence. Primitive parts of the personality may feel alive and powerful, whereas the ego is viewed as dead ― the fundamental oxymoron of the living dead. The author presents several illustrative case vignettes of these features.
Logical inconsistency in comorbid health state preference assessment for prostate cancer

6568 Background: With increasing need for efficient resource allocation, attention is turning to evidence-based decision making and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). Policy decisions depend on qua...
List-mode reconstruction for TOF PET by estimating annihilation positions

To date, iterative image reconstruction methods are often preferred over analytic methods for position emission tomography (PET) because the former can allow the use of accurate physical and statistical models of the imaging system, as well as a priori information, to produce images having better resolution and statistics than the latter. Iterative methods typically model the image by using voxels and seek to solve the unknown image intensity inside each voxel by employing a certain optimization criterion. In this approach, the image voxel needs to be carefully selected as the spatial resolution of the resulting image is inherently limited by the voxel size. When using large voxels, the image may not have adequate resolution for visualizing small abnormalities; however, identifying small lesions is of critical significance for achieving early diagnosis of disease. On the other hand, using small voxels can greatly increase the computation complexity of the reconstruction process. Moreover, it can lead to greater image noise and obscure small and low-contrast structures. In this paper, we propose an alternative image representation to enable reconstructing time-of-flight (TOF) PET data without employing image voxels. We will present the theoretical derivation and develop a fixed-point algorithm for finding the maximum-likelihood solution. We will also show promising initial results when applying the developed algorithm to reconstruct one-dimensional (lD) TOF PET data.
Retrofit Process Development for Phytate Extraction from Corn-Ethanol Coproducts Using Industrial Anion-Exchange Resins

Phytate, the principal storage form of phosphorus in corn, is found to remain as a significant portion of phosphorus in the corn-ethanol coproducts streams. This poses concerns over poor digestion of these coproducts by monogastric animals and subsequent environmental issues on phosphorus. An ion-exchange-based process was developed to extract the phytate from thin stillage, which was selected as the influent based on the inositol phosphate distribution conducted on different corn-ethanol coproducts. Commercial industrial resins (IRA-93, IRA-68, IRA-900, IRA-400, and IRA-402) were characterized and screened for the phytate adsorption, specificity and capacity. Different types of eluents (NaOH, NaCl, NaHCO3, HCl, and NH4OH) were tested to evaluate the desorption capacity in all the six resins. Phytate-P isotherms and kinetics of the adsorption process, breakthrough profile on IRA-900 column and phytate elution curves were presented. This process yields a phytate-rich solution (11 g L–1), which is 25-fold c...
The histopathologic reliability of tissue taken from cadavers within the gross anatomy laboratory

The purpose of this study was to examine the histopathologic reliability of embalmed cadaveric tissue taken from the gross anatomy laboratory. Tissue samples from hearts, livers, lungs, and kidneys were collected after the medical students' dissection course was completed. All of the cadavers were embalmed in a formalin-based fixative solution. The tissue was processed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at six micrometers, and stained with H&E. The microscope slides were evaluated by a board certified pathologist to determine whether the cellular components of the tissues were preserved at a high enough quality to allow for histopathologic diagnosis. There was a statistically significant relationship between ratings and organ groups. Across all organs, there was a smaller proportion of "poor" ratings. The lung group had the highest percentage of "poor" ratings (23.1%). The heart group had the least "poor" ratings (0.0%). The largest percentage of "satisfactory" ratings were in the lung group (52.8%), and the heart group contained the highest percentage of "good" ratings (58.5%) The lung group had the lowest percentage of "good" ratings (24.2%). These results indicate that heart tissue is more reliable than lung, kidney, or liver tissue when utilizing tissue from the gross anatomy laboratory for research and/or educational purposes. This information advises educators and researchers about the quality and histopathologic reliability of tissue samples obtained from the gross anatomy laboratory. Anat Sci Educ 11: 207-214. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
The climate response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering can be tailored using multiple injection locations

By injecting different amounts of SO_2 at multiple different latitudes, the spatial pattern of aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be partially controlled. This leads to the ability to influence the climate response to geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols, providing the potential for design. We use simulations from the fully coupled whole-atmosphere chemistry climate model CESM1(WACCM) to demonstrate that by appropriately combining injection at just four different locations, 30°S, 15°S, 15°N, and 30°N, then three spatial degrees of freedom of AOD can be achieved: an approximately spatially uniform AOD distribution, the relative difference in AOD between Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and the relative AOD in high versus low latitudes. For forcing levels that yield 1–2°C cooling, the AOD and surface temperature response are sufficiently linear in this model so that the response to different combinations of injection at different latitudes can be estimated from single-latitude injection simulations; nonlinearities associated with both aerosol growth and changes to stratospheric circulation will be increasingly important at higher forcing levels. Optimized injection at multiple locations is predicted to improve compensation of CO_2-forced climate change relative to a case using only equatorial aerosol injection (which overcools the tropics relative to high latitudes). The additional degrees of freedom can be used, for example, to balance the interhemispheric temperature gradient and the equator to pole temperature gradient in addition to the global mean temperature. Further research is needed to better quantify the impacts of these strategies on changes to long-term temperature, precipitation, and other climate parameters.
Second signals rescue B cells from activation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and death

B cells are activated by two temporally distinct signals, the first provided by the binding of antigen to the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), and the second provided by helper T cells. Here we found that B cells responded to antigen by rapidly increasing their metabolic activity, including both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. In the absence of a second signal, B cells progressively lost mitochondrial function and glycolytic capacity, which led to apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction was a result of the gradual accumulation of intracellular calcium through calcium response–activated calcium channels that, for approximately 9 h after the binding of B cell antigens, was preventable by either helper T cells or signaling via the receptor TLR9. Thus, BCR signaling seems to activate a metabolic program that imposes a limited time frame during which B cells either receive a second signal and survive or are eliminated. B cells need at least two signals to terminally differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. Pierce and colleagues show that persistent exposure to antigen in the absence of T cell help or ‘pathogen pattern motifs’ leads to B cell death via a calcium-dependent ‘metabolic timer’.
The effect of pricing online content on perceived information quality in online sites

Direct pricing of online content provides an alternative business model for providing online content. Its merits over the commonly used indirect pricing models are widely recognized. As more and more companies resort to charging users for information that was free in the past, we try to answer the following questions: (1) Will direct pricing online content itself affect the perceived information quality in online sites? (2) Will users’ individual differences moderate the relationship between pricing online contents and perceived information quality? and (3) How does direct pricing of online content affect the perceived information quality in terms of accuracy, completeness, currency and format? Based on theories in IS and marketing, we develop a research model that extends our understanding of perceptions on information quality in information systems. Using an experiment and a survey, we intend to test several hypotheses on the effect of direct pricing of online content on users’ perceptions of information quality. Our results will complement existing IS theories on information quality and also contribute to the practical world by studying online users’ behavior and justifying companies’ current or future decisions on pricing information services.
Genetic Biotechnology and Evolutionary Theory: Some Unsolicited Advice to Rhetors

In his book The Biotech Century Jeremy Rifkin makes arguments about the dangers of market-driven genetic biotechnology in medical and agricultural contexts. Believing that Darwinism is too compromised by a competitive ethic to resist capitalist depredations of the “genetic commons,” and perhaps hoping to pick up anti-Darwinian allies, he turns for support to unorthodox non-Darwinian views of evolution. The Darwinian tradition, more closely examined, contains resources that might better serve his argument. The robust tradition associated with Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and others provides an alternative, scientifically sound basis for challenging the rhetoric of genetic reductionism.
Application of Probabilistic Structural Modelling to Elastoplastic and Transient Analysis

The application of advanced probabilistic finite element methods to elastoplastic response of a pressurized cylinder and the transient response of a beam to a moving load is reported. The probabilistic structural analysis methodology is based on a unique integration of a specially developed finite element code together with a probability integration method capable of providing accurate predictions of the cumulative probability distribution for a wide range of structural variables, including linear, nonlinear, static, and dynamic problems.
Cytokines, Immunity and Disordered Sleep

Sleep is hypothesized to have a restorative function on immune processes (1). In turn, disordered sleep and sleep loss are thought to impair host defense mechanisms and impact susceptibility to viral- and bacterial pathogens (2,3). Few studies have evaluated the association between disordered sleep and immunity in psychiatric patient populations, even though depressed- and alcoholic patients show prominent disturbances of sleep (4) and are at risk for infectious and other immune-related diseases (5, 6).
Researching the President’s [Redacted]

AbstractPresidential libraries hold a bounty of archival records, which is why National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) responses to Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests constitute a vital data source. However, standard protocols impose an inferential dilemma: researchers get the released sample without much information about the broader population, making it impossible to appraise the former relative to the latter. Drawing on a large FOIA request (and successful appeal) from the George W. Bush Presidential Library, this study affords such a test. Results show NARA archivists typically withheld outwardly unimportant records—e.g., weekends, holidays, and other uneventful days—though “response set” may have occasionally affected their redact-or-withhold decisions. After demonstrating how even seemingly innocuous omissions can bias estimates of presidential behavior, the study concludes with practical advice for researchers submitting FOIA requests to presidential libraries.
Palladium-Catalyzed Stereospecific C-Glycosylation of Glycals with Vinylogous Acceptors

A palladium-catalyzed vinylogous C-glycosylation of α,β-unsaturated lactones (including coumarins) is achieved in high yields with exclusive regio- and stereoselectivity. This efficient protocol is carried out under mild conditions and has an expanded substrate scope (51 examples) as well as high functional-group tolerance. A gram-scale preparation of 2,3-unsaturated C-glycosides illustrates the practicality of this stereoselective vinylogous glycosylation approach. The structural feature of C-glycoside products enables subsequent transformations and provides a wide range of multifunctional and diverse compounds.
Developing a strategy for delivering educational information to patients with cancer.

190Background: Patients’ preferences and ability to receive information regarding their cancer diagnosis and treatment vary greatly. Large academic medical centers are skilled at diagnosing and tre...
Decision makers’ barriers to climate and extreme weather adaptation: a study of North Atlantic high- and medium-use seaports

Decision-making barriers challenge port administrators to adapt and build resilience to natural hazards. Heavy rains, storms, sea level rise (SLR), and extreme heat can damage the critical coastal infrastructure upon which coastal communities depend. There is limited understanding of what impedes port decision makers from investing resources in climate and extreme weather adaptations. Through semi-structured interviews of 30 port directors/managers, environmental specialists, and safety planners at 15 medium- and high-use ports of the U.S. North Atlantic, this paper contributes a typology of seven key adaptation barriers. We measured shared knowledge of the identified barriers using a cultural consensus model (CCM). Knowledge of the barriers that prevent or delay resilience investments can help the decision makers direct their resources to help reduce coastal vulnerability and support safe and sustainable operations of U.S. ports. Such actions also serve to help prepare the marine transportation system for future climate and extreme weather events.
Developing a Lymphatic Surgery Program: A First-Year Review.

BACKGROUND Lymphedema is a chronic condition that carries a significant physical, psychosocial, and economic burden. The authors' program was established in 2017 with the aims of providing immediate lymphatic reconstruction in high-risk patients undergoing lymphadenectomy and performing delayed lymphatic reconstruction in patients with chronic lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to describe the authors' clinical experience in the first year. METHODS A retrospective review of our clinical database was performed on all individuals presenting to the authors' institution for lymphatic surgery consideration. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and surgical management were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 142 patients presented for lymphatic surgery evaluation. Patients had a mean age of 54.8 years and an average body mass index of 30.4 kg/m. Patients with lymphedema were more likely to be referred from an outside facility compared to patients seeking immediate lymphatic reconstruction (p < 0.001). For patients with lymphedema, the most common cause was breast cancer related. Thirty-two percent of all patients evaluated underwent a lymphatic procedure. Of these, 32 were immediate lymphatic reconstructions and 13 were delayed lymphatic reconstructions. In the authors' first year, 94 percent of eligible patients presenting for immediate lymphatic reconstruction underwent an intervention versus only 38 percent of eligible lymphedema patients presenting for delayed lymphatic reconstruction (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS First-year review of our lymphatic surgery experience has demonstrated clinical need evidenced by the number of patients and high percentage of outside referrals. As a program develops, lymphatic surgeons should expect to perform more time-sensitive immediate lymphatic reconstructions, as evaluation of chronic lymphedema requires development of a robust team for workup and review.
Localization Microscopy with Active Control

How does localization microscopy achieve superresolution? What do we mean by the word “localization”? The answer to these questions is the content of this chapter. First, I define some terms. Localization refers to the technique of locating the centroid or geometric center of the point spread function (PSF) of a fluorescent molecule. The localization of a molecule can be obtained with higher precision than resolution; precision increases with larger numbers of detected photons and with decreasing background fluorescence. Resolution (Chapter 2) refers to the smallest distance that separates two objects for which the two objects are imaged as two distinct objects. Photoswitching fluorescent molecules is a reversible or irreversible process in which a photon can alter the emission wavelengths of the molecule (e.g., from green fluorescent to red fluorescent). Photoactivation is the process in which molecules, which are nonfluorescent (in the OFF state) before they are activated with blue or ultraviolet light, exhibit normal absorption and emission spectra (in the ON state). Reversible photoactivated fluorescent molecules can cycle between the nonfluorescent OFF state and the fluorescent ON state many times; irreversible photoactivated fluorescent molecules can only be activated to the fluorescent state once. Superresolution microscopy achieves imaging of object details with a resolution that exceeds diffraction-limited resolution.
Beyond Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes for Electric Aviation: The Case of Rechargeable CFx

Current and next-generation transition metal oxide-based rechargeable battery chemistries are likely to fall short of the specific energy needed to electrify aircraft. One approach to enabling elec...
Alcohol and the Criminal Offender

One of the most common issues that clients face is substance abuse problems, particularly alcohol use. While there are many terms that describe different patterns of problem drinking, each is characterized by an unhealthy, habitual use of alcohol. As a legal, widely available depressant, alcohol is the “drug of choice” of many offenders. Because of the psychosomatic effects of alcohol, there are inherent neurological “rewards” for use, especially after prolonged use due to tolerance and withdrawal. While the causes of problem drinking vary from environmental to biological factors, there is no doubt that these issues are critical to address in correctional settings. The most widely available programs are 12-step self-help programs including the faith-based Alcoholics Anonymous and the secular Rational Recovery. These programs have demonstrated some degree of effectiveness, but they may be limited for the most severely addicted clients. Certain medication interventions, in conjunction with other therapeutic approaches may be useful for those clients with more severe patterns and histories of alcohol use.
Premerger Localization of Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens with LISA: Triggered Search for an Electromagnetic Counterpart

Electromagnetic (EM) counterparts to SMBH binary mergers observed by LISA can be localized to within the field of view of astronomical instruments (~10 deg2) hours to weeks prior to coalescence. The temporal coincidence of any prompt EM counterpart with a gravitationally timed merger may offer the best chance of identifying a unique host galaxy. We discuss the challenges posed by searches for such prompt EM counterparts and propose novel observational strategies to address them. In particular, we discuss the size and shape evolution of the LISA localization error ellipses on the sky and quantify the corresponding requirements for dedicated EM surveys of the area prior to coalescence. A triggered EM counterpart search campaign will require monitoring a several square degree area. It could aim for variability at the 24-27 mag level in optical bands, for example, which corresponds to 1%-10% of the Eddington luminosity of the prime LISA sources of ~106-107 M? BHs at -->z = 1?2, on timescales of minutes to hours, the orbital timescale of the binary in the last 2-4 weeks of coalescence. A cross-correlation of the period of any variable EM signal with the quasi-periodic gravitational waveform over 10-1000 cycles may aid the detection. Alternatively, EM searches can detect a transient signal accompanying the coalescence. The triggered searches will be ambitious, but if they successfully identify a unique prompt EM counterpart, they will enable new fundamental tests of gravitational physics. We highlight the measurement of differences in the arrival times of photons and gravitons from the same cosmological source as a valuable independent test of the massive character of gravity and of possible violations of Lorentz invariance in the gravity sector.
Functional Connectivity Within and Between n-Back Modulated Regions: An Adult Lifespan Psychophysiological Interaction Investigation.

Introduction: Working memory (WM) and its blood-oxygen-level-dependent-related parametric modulation under load decrease with age. Functional connectivity (FC) generally increases with WM load; how...
Targeting a Radiosensitizing Antibody-Drug Conjugate to a Radiation-Inducible Antigen

Purpose: We recently discovered that anti-TIP1 antibody activates endocytosis in cancer cells, which facilitates retention of antibody and dissociation of a conjugated drug. To improve the pharmacokinetics and cancer specificity of radiosensitizing drugs, we utilized antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) that bind specifically to radiation-inducible antigen, TIP1, on non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This approach exploits the long circulation time of antibodies to deliver a radiosensitizing drug to cancer each day during radiotherapy. Experimental Design: Antibodies to TIP1 were prioritized based on affinity, cancer-specific binding, and internalization. The lead antibody, 7H5, was conjugated with a cytotoxic drug MMAE because of its ability to radiosensitize cancer. Cytotoxicity, colony formation, and tumor growth studies were performed with 7H5-VcMMAE in combination with radiation. Results: 7H5 showed a high affinity to recombinant TIP1 protein and radiation-inducible TIP1 on the cancer cell surface. 7H5 undergoes endocytosis in NSCLC cells in vitro. We obtained an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4.25 for 7H5-VcMMAE. A 70% reduction in viable cells was observed following 7H5-VcMMAE treatment compared with 7H5 alone in both A549 and H1299 cells. 7H5-VcMMAE sensitized NSCLC cells to radiation, thereby significantly decreasing the surviving fraction. The ADC combined with radiation showed a prolonged delay in tumor growth and improved survival in A549 and H1299 tumor models. Conclusions: Targeting radiation-inducible TIP1 with a radiosensitizing ADC is a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of NSCLC. This novel approach of targeting with ADCs to radiation-inducible antigens will lead to clinical trials in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
Comparison of fluid resuscitation weight-based dosing strategies in obese patients with severe sepsis.

Abstract Objective This study aims to compare the composite outcome of progression to septic shock between 30 mL/kg/ideal body weight (IBW) versus 30 mL/kg/non-IBW fluid resuscitation dosing strategies in obese patients with severe sepsis. Methods We retrospectively evaluated obese patients admitted to an academic tertiary care center for the management of severe sepsis. Patients were included if they had a fluid bolus order placed using the sepsis order set between Oct 2018 and Sept 2019. The primary objective was the composite of progression to septic shock, defined as either persistent hypotension within 3 h after the conclusion of the 30 mL/kg fluid bolus administration or the initiation of vasopressor(s) within 6 h of the bolus administration. Results Of 72 included patients, 49 (68%) were resuscitated using an IBW-based and 23 (32%) using a non-IBW-based dosing strategy. There were similar rates of progression to septic shock in the IBW and non-IBW groups (18% vs. 26%; p = 0.54). Median ICU and hospital LOS in the IBW group versus non-IBW group were (0 [IQR 0] vs. 0 [IQR 0 to 4] days; p = 0.13) and (6 [IQR 3 to 10] vs. 8 [IQR 5 to 12] days; p = 0.07), respectively. In-hospital mortality rates were similar between the groups. Conclusions Our study results suggest that in obese septic patients, fluid administration using an IBW-dosing strategy did not affect the progression to septic shock.
Screening of metal complexes and organic solvents using the COSMOSAC-LANL model to enhance the energy density in a non-aqueous redox flow cell: an insight into the solubility

In this paper, we have proposed a first-principles methodology to screen transition metal complexes against a particular organic solvent and organic solvents against a particular transition metal complex based on their solubility information without the knowledge of heat of fusion and melting temperature. The energy density of a non-aqueous redox flow cell directly depends on the solubility of the redox active species in the non-aqueous medium. We have used the “COSMOSAC-LANL” activity coefficient model (A. Karmakar, R. Mukundan, P. Yang and E. R. Batista, RSC Adv., 2019, 18506–18526; A. Karmakar and R. Mukundan, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019, 19667–19685) which is based on first-principles COSMO calculations where the microscopic information is passed to the macroscopic world via a dielectric continuum solvation model, followed by a post-statistical thermodynamic treatment of the self-consistent properties of the solute particle to calculate the solubility. To model the activity coefficient at infinite dilution for the binary mixtures, a 3-suffix Margules (3sM) function is introduced for the quantitative estimation of the asymmetric interactions and, for the combinatorial term, the Staverman–Guggenheim (SG) form is used. The new activity coefficient model is separately called the “LANL” activity coefficient model. The metal complex and the organic solvent have been treated as a simple binary mixture. The present model has been applied to a set of 14 different organic solvents and 16 different transition metal complexes. Using the new LANL activity coefficient model in combination with the ADF-COSMOSAC-2013 model, we have shown how one can improve the solubility of a transition metal complex in an organic solvent. We applied our model to screen 84 binary mixtures to predict the compatible pair of redox active species and organic solvent to increase the energy density. The solvation mechanism of the transition metal complexes in the organic solvents was obtained using the new model. The results have been compared with the experimental and theoretical results where they are available.
Angiogenic CD34+CD146+ adipose-derived stromal cells augment recovery of soft tissue after radiotherapy

Radiation therapy is effective for cancer treatment but may also result in collateral soft tissue contracture, contour deformities, and non-healing wounds. Autologous fat transfer has been described to improve tissue architecture and function of radiation-induced fibrosis and these effects may be augmented by enrichment with specific adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with enhanced angiogenic potential. CD34+CD146+, CD34+CD146-, or CD34+ unfractionated (UF) human ASCs were isolated by flow cytometry and used to supplement human lipoaspirate placed beneath the scalp of irradiated mice. Volume retention was followed radiographically and fat grafts as well as overlying soft tissue were harvested after eight weeks for histologic and biomechanical analyses. Radiographic evaluation revealed the highest volume retention in fat grafts supplemented with CD34+CD146+ ASCs, and these grafts were also found to have greater histologic integrity than other groups. Irradiated skin overlying CD34+CD146+ ASC-enriched grafts was significantly more vascularized than other treatment groups, had significantly less dermal thickness and collagen deposition, and the greatest improvement in fibrillin staining and return of elasticity. Radiation therapy obliterates vascularity and contributes to scarring and loss of tissue function. ASC-enrichment of fat grafts with CD34+CD146+ ASCs not only enhances fat graft vascularization and retention, but also significantly promotes improvement in overlying radiation-injured soft tissue. This regenerative effect on skin is highly promising for patients with impaired wound healing and deformities following radiotherapy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Human alkaline phosphatase. Immunochemical identification of organ-specific isoenzymes.

The antigenic distinctiveness of individual organ-specific isoenzymes of human alkaline phosphatase was shown by immunochemical means. A two-step method involving two separate antigen-antibody reactions was utilized to identify and measure the isoenzymes. The first reaction consisted of reaction of the isoenzyme with its antiserum; the second reaction consisted of precipitating the enzyme-antibody complex with anti-γ-globulin. The second reaction was necessary because the enzyme was neither inhibited nor precipitated by specific antibody. By this method, individual isoenzymes could be identified from mixtures of isoenzymes. The results clearly show that antibody to liver phosphatase and antibody to placental phosphatase were specific for their respective homologous antigens, and did not react with alkaline phosphatase from bone, neutrophils, kidney, or intestine. Thus, there are at least three antigenic types of alkaline phosphatases: one derived from liver, one from placenta, and one or more from other organs.
Prospective clinical trial of diagnostic peritoneal lavage to detect positive peritoneal cytology in patients with gastric cancer

Background and Objectives Positive peritoneal cytology equates M1 disease in patients with gastric cancer. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) is a proven test to detect occult visceral injury in trauma patients. The objective of this study is to determine whether DPL can be used to assess peritoneal cytology in patients with gastric cancer. Methods Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were prospectively enrolled to undergo DPL prior to diagnostic laparoscopy (DL). Saline was instilled through a percutaneous catheter and fluid was collected for cytology (DPL-cyt). Washings obtained during DL were used as controls (DL-cyt). Results DPL was successful in 22/27 patients (81.5%). Among the 22 successful DPLs, 12 had positive cytology (54.5%). Positive DPL-cyt specimens matched DL-cyt specimens in 12/12 cases (specificity = 100%). One of 10 cases with negative DPL-cyt was positive on the final DL-cyt (sensitivity = 92%). There were six patients with negative DPL-cyt who had visible M1 disease diagnosed with DL (DPL evaluation of M1 disease, sensitivity 54.5%, specificity = 100%). Conclusions DPL is a safe method of detecting positive cytology in patients with gastric cancer, however gross M1 disease may be missed without visual inspection. The specific role of DPL in the staging workup of patients with gastric cancer remains to be determined. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:794–798. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The tunneling frequencies of NH4+ and NH3D+ in NH4PF6

Abstract The rotational potential function for the motion of of NH 4 + in NH 4 PF 6 has been derived from atom–atom potentials. The tunneling frequencies, librational frequencies, and rotational heat capacity have been computed for NH 4 + and for ND 4 + in NH 4 PF 6 . The tunneling frequencies of NH 3 D + in NH 4 PF 6 have also been calculated.
Group Theoretical Methods and Applications to Molecules and Crystals: Subduced and induced representations

Let G be a finite group and H be a subgroup of G . Then a representation of the group G automatically describes a representation of the subgroup H of G . Such a representation is called a representation of H subduced by a representation of G . Conversely, from a given representation of a subgroup H of G we can form a representation of the group G . Such a representation is called a representation of G induced by a representation of its subgroup H . The problem is to form the irreducible representations (irreps in short) of G from the irreps of its subgroup H . If the group G is finite and solvable (see Section 8.4.1), the problem of forming the irreps of G may be solved by a step-by-step procedure from the trivial irrep of the trivial identity subgroup. This method is possible, for example, for a crystallographic point group. An alternative approach is via the induced irreps of G from the so-called small representations of the little groups of the irreps of H . As a preparation, we shall discuss subduced representations first. Subduced representations Let G = { g } be a group and H = { h } be a subgroup of G . Let Γ( G ) = {Γ( g ); g ∈ G } be a representation of G , then it provides a representation of H by {Γ( h ); h ∈ H }. This representation is called the subduced representation of Γ(G) onto H or the representation of H subduced by the representation Γ( G ).
Effect of Systemic pH on Models of Altered Ileal Transport in the Rat

Decreases in arterial pH markedly increase sodium, chloride, and water absorption in the normal ileum and can reverse ongoing cholera toxin-induced secretion. In the current study we examined whether these effects of pH are evident in other models of ileal secretion, and in a model of increased absorption. Rats were anesthetized and transport was measured in ileal loops during respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Decreases in arterial pH increased absorption equally in control loops and in adjacent loops perfused with a Ringer's solution containing ST toxin (cyclic guanosine monophosphate-mediated secretion), hypertonic mannitol (passive, osmotically mediated secretion), or glucose. Decreases in arterial pH increased absorption in a similar way in loops exposed to cholera toxin (cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated secretion) that were then perfused with glucose-Ringer's solution. Alterations in arterial and luminal pH did not affect glucose absorption. These results suggest that the effect of arterial pH on ileal absorption occurs by a mechanism that is independent of these various means of altering transport.
Defects in contact-stimulated gliding during aggregation by Myxococcus xanthus.

Abstract During development, Myxococcus xanthus cells glide toward foci of aggregation and produce compact multicellular mounds. We studied development in strains with defects in contact-stimulated gliding. Contact stimulation involves a mechanism influenced by contacts between neighboring cells which stimulates the gliding motility of single cells (Hodgkin and Kaiser, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:2938-2942, 1977; Hodgkin and Kaiser, Mol. Gen. Genet. 171:167-176, 1979). Most mutants containing a mutation in a single gene affecting contact stimulation (cgl gene) were able to form foci of aggregation during development. However, the aggregates were diffuse, suggesting that contact stimulation is important for morphogenetic movements during aggregation. A mutant containing a mutation in the cglF3 gene showed a striking delay in aggregation, suggesting that the cglF3 gene affects a mechanism stimulating cells moving to foci or affects a mechanism for coordinating early cell behavior. Mutants containing the cglF3 mutation in combination with a cglB, cglC, cglE, or cglF1 mutation had severe defects in aggregation and failed to recover from the early delay. The severity of the defects in mutants containing two cgl mutations suggests that cgl genes are critical for development. We propose that cgl genes stimulate cell movement or control specific contacts between cells during aggregation.
BOVINE MUSCLE TENDERNESS AS RELATED TO PROTEIN SOLUBILITY

— The longissimus (modest degree of marbling) from forty beef ribs selected 48–56 hr post-mortem was used in two trials. Trial I involved A, C and E maturity ribs (10 each classification). Each rib was subjectively scored for texture (fresh) and adjacent longissimus samples were removed for the determination of protein solubility (fresh) and tenderness. Tenderness (cooked muscle) was measured with a Warner-Bratzler shear and taste panel. Protein solubilities were determined using 0.154M Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonate buffer, 0.2M KCl + 0.01M K phosphate buffer, 1.1M Kl + 0.1M K phosphate buffer, and 0.03M K phosphate buffer. Trial II involved 10 A maturity ribs. The 0.2M KCl, 1.1M Kl and 0.03M K phosphate buffers as described for trial I were used for protein extraction. Additionally, sarcomere length was measured in formalin. Multiple regression equations were developed to predict tenderness in trial II. Protein solubilities were not significantly different between the carcass maturity groups although there were trends toward increased solubility as maturity increased. Tenderness tended to decrease from A to E maturity indicating a negative relationship between protein solubility and tenderness. Several significant negative correlations between protein solubility and tenderness were found in trial I (A maturity group) and trial II. Additionally, several significant negative correlations between texture and solubility were calculated. Correlations within the C and E maturity groups were variable and showed no definite trends. Multiple regression analyses showed that a combination of protein solubilities, texture score and sarcomere length accounted for 88% of the variation in shear force and 72% of the variation in taste panel tenderness.