cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of turbulent boundary layer structure using the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor

Abstract The geometry of the velocity field in a numerically simulated incompressible turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate at Re θ = 670 is studied with the use of the invariants of the velocity gradient tensor ( P , Q , and R ). These invariants are computed at every grid point in the flow and used to form the discriminant ( D = 27 R 2 /4 + Q 3 ). Of primary interest are those regions in the flow where the discriminant is positive—regions where, according to the characteristic equation, the eigenvalues of the velocity gradient tensor are complex. An observer moving with a frame of reference that is attached to a fluid particle lying within such a region would see a local flow pattern of the type stable-focus-stretching or unstable-focus-compressing. When the flow is visualized in this way, continuous, connected, large-scale structures are revealed that extend from just below the buffer layer (y + ≈ 1.0) out into the beginning of the wake region. These structures are aligned with the mean shear close to the wall and arch in the cross-stream direction away from the wall. In some cases, the structures observed are very similar to the hairpin eddy vision of boundary-layer structure proposed by Theodorsen [1]. Recently, this conceptual picture has been used by Perry et al. [2] to develop a successful model of the turbulent boundary layer based on an extension of the attached eddy hypothesis first proposed by Townsend [3]. That the structure of the flow is revealed more effectively by the discriminant rather than by the vorticity is important and adds support to the recent analysis of channel flow structure by Blackburn et al. [4]. Of particular importance (and also in contrast with the use of the vorticity) is the fact that the procedure does not require the use of an arbitrary threshold in the discriminant. Further analysis using computer flow visualization shows a high degree of spatial correlation between the regions of positive discriminant, extreme negative pressure fluctuations, and large instantaneous values of Reynolds shear stress ( u ′ v ′).
The possibility of manufacturing a single-pan differential thermal analyzer unit

Abstract The use of a single-pan differential thermal analyzer (DTA) unit is proposed in this paper based on the experimental results and justified from the theory for DTA units. Such a design would simplify the construction and operation of DTA units. A basic requirement for this kind of design is the accurate measurement of sample temperature. It would also make the design of simultaneous TGA (thermogravimetry analyzer)-DTA units more robust and less likely to mechanical breakage.
A combinatorial algorithm to establish a fair border

A finite algorithm is given for the following problem: a piece of land bordered by n countries is to be divided equally among these n countries in such a way that each country's share is connected and adjacent to its original border.
A prostate MRI atlas of biochemical failures following cancer treatment

Radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation therapy (RT) are the most common treatment options for prostate cancer (PCa). Despite advancements in radiation delivery and surgical procedures, RP and RT can result in failure rates as high as 40% and >25%, respectively. Treatment failure is characterized by biochemical recurrence (BcR), which is defined in terms of prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations and its variation following treatment. PSA is expected to decrease following treatment, thereby its presence in even small concentrations (e.g 0.2 ng/ml for surgery or 2 ng/ml over the nadir PSA for radiation therapy) is indicative of treatment failure. Early identification of treatment failure may enable the use of more aggressive or neo-adjuvant therapies. Moreover, predicting failure prior to treatment may spare the patient from a procedure that is unlikely to be successful. Our goal is to identify differences on pre-treatment MRI between patients who have BcR and those who remain disease-free at 5 years post-treatment. Specifically, we focus on (1) identifying statistically significant differences in MRI intensities, (2) establishing morphological differences in prostatic anatomic structures, and (3) comparing these differences with the natural variability of prostatic structures. In order to attain these objectives, we use an anatomically constrained registration framework to construct BcR and non-BcR statistical atlases based on the pre-treatment magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the prostate. The patients included in the atlas either underwent RP or RT and were followed up for at least 5 years. The BcR atlas was constructed from a combined population of 12 pre-RT 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI and 33 pre-RP 3T MRI from patients with BcR within 5 years of treatment. Similarly, the non-BcR atlas was built based on a combined cohort of 20 pre-RT 1.5T MRI and 41 pre-RP 3T MRI from patients who remain disease-free 5 years post treatment. We chose the atlas framework as it enables the mapping of MR images from all subjects into the same canonical space, while constructing both an imaging and a morphological statistical atlas. Such co-registration allowed us to perform voxel-by-voxel comparisons of MRI intensities and capsule and central gland morphology to identify statistically significant differences between the BcR and non-BcR patient populations. To assess whether the morphological differences are valid, we performed an additional experiment where we constructed sub-population atlases by randomly sampling RT patients to construct the BcR and non-BcR atlases. Following these experiments we observed that: (1) statistically significant MRI intensity differences exist between BcR and non-BcR patients, specifically on the border of the central gland; (2) statistically significant morphological differences are visible in the prostate and central gland, specifically in the proximity of the apex, and (3) the differences between the BcR and non-BcR cohorts in terms of shape appeared to be consistent across these sub-population atlases as observed in our RT atlases.
Energy Transfer from Donor–Acceptor Pairs to Deep-Lying Impurity States in Semiconductors†

After briefly reviewing the formulation of resonance energy transfer, we consider resonance transfer from effective mass electronic states of donor-acceptor pairs to tightly-bound electronic states of impurities in semiconductors. Two general cases requiring different theoretical analyses are considered: 1. transfer from the donor-acceptor pair to a distant point fluorescer and 2. transfer from the pair to intra-core fluorescer states of the donor or acceptor. The energy transfer matrices for both cases are shown to depend on the radiative transition matrix for the fluorescer. For case 1, the transfer matrix depends on the overlap of the effective mass function of donor and acceptor; for case 2 the main contribution arises from effective mass functions in the unit cell within which is the fluorescer core. The analyses are applied qualitatively to ZnS:Cu, Ga, Mn and to ZnS:Cu, Tb, and comparisons made with other transfer mechanisms. Finally, transfer involving intra-donor transitions is predicted.
What are the mechanisms of cancer related fatigue

AbstractBackground: It is been well recognized that cancer related fatigue (CRF) remains one of the common and distressful symptoms in cancer often unrecognized or under treated. The definition of fatigue is also confusing and has been defined as a symptom or a syndrome depending on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network-Clinical Practice Guidelines (NCCN) or ICD version 10 definition.Aim: The purpose of this paper is to review and summarize the outcomes of studies that investigate the underlying pathophysiology of CRF and hopefully shed light on the future directions in CRF research.Methods: 11 original papers published between 1988 and 2005, and 1 unpublished paper along with published abstract were evaluated and considered valuable in this review.Conclusion: The pathophysiology of CRF derived from objective physiological and neuromuscular testing is a combination both central and peripheral mechanisms involving neuromuscular junction conduction and central drive that recruits muscle. Exercise testin...
Recovering epipolar geometry in 3-D vision systems

Many stereovision algorithms are based on the assumption that the images are registered in epipolar geometry. This requires that the two cameras of a vision system are aligned such that the camera axes are parallel and also perpendicular to the camera base. Initially, the cameras of a moving robot may be perfectly aligned, but this condition is likely to change in time. It is argued that the camera positions should be periodically surveyed and, if necessary, readjusted. The camera positions can be determined by an automatic orientation. In this paper, a method to compute the epipolar geometry from known camera positions is described. After defining the problem, the authors derive algorithms to resample the original images such that they satisfy the condition of epipolar geometry.
A novel and accurate methodology for design and characterization of wire-bond package performance for 5–10GHz applications

This paper presents novel and accurate design, simulation and measurement methodologies to characterize high-speed (5-10GHz) signal-path applications on standard Quad-Flat No-leads package (QFN) and Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages. The design of Integrated Circuit (IC) packages and Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) for high-speed communication (10Gbps+ data-rates) enabling consumer applications is aggressively driven by performance focus while meeting Time-To-Market (TTM) schedules to gain competitive advantage in the market. As a result, such designs demand a carefully verified design strategy for incorporating standard packaging technologies (such as QFN packages) in the high-performance space. This requires going beyond design, simulation and measurement “best-practices” for first-pass success, given that there is little “marginality/specification headroom” available in the electrical performance of simple packaging technologies. Additionally, stringent TTM pressures present another constraint of having to achieve “first-pass system functionality” in a short design cycle. Such requirements of design performance and cycle time demand the need to establish novel design, simulation and characterization frameworks which is the main theme of this paper. Additionally, excellent model-to-hardware correlation has been demonstrated in the paper to establish the accuracy of the proposed modeling and characterization methodologies.
Electron probe analysis of freeze-substituted, epoxy resin embedded tissue for ion transport studies in plants.

A new technique is described to prepare plant material for electron probe analysis. Root segments 1 mm in length were frozen at-170°, freeze-substituted with anhydrous ether at-30° and infiltrated with Spurr's low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium at low temperatures. Sections 1 and 2μ thick were cut anhydrously using hexylene glycol in the ultramicrotome trough, mounted on the polished surface of a Be disc and vacuum coated with 150–200 A aluminum.
Photoactivable analogs for labeling 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 serum binding protein and for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 intestinal receptor protein

3-Azidobenzoates and 3-azidonitrobenzoates of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 as well as 3-deoxy-3-azido-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 3-deoxy-3-azido-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were prepared as photoaffinity labels for vitamin D serum binding protein and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 intestinal receptor protein. The compounds prepared were easily activated by short- or long-wavelength uv light, as monitored by uv and ir spectrometry. The efficacy of the compounds to compete with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 for the binding site of serum binding protein and receptor, respectively, was studied to evaluate the vitamin D label with the highest affinity for the protein. The presence of an azidobenzoate or azidonitrobenzoate substituent at the C-3 position of 25-OH-D3 significantly decreased (10(4)- to 10(6)-fold) the binding activity. However, the labels containing the azido substituent attached directly to the vitamin D skeleton at the C-3 position showed a high affinity, only 20- to 150-fold lower than that of the parent compounds with their respective proteins. Therefore, 3-deoxy-3-azidovitamins present potential ligands for photolabeling of vitamin D proteins and for studying the structures of the protein active sites.
Comparison of four teaching methodologies for large lecture classes.

60 college students taking introductory psychology were randomly divided into four groups. The first three groups attended a lecture and received either outlines of the lecture material, examples of the concepts in the lecture, or no supplementary materials. The fourth group did not attend the lecture but instead received a typed transcript of it. Students receiving outlines or lists of examples scored significantly higher on follow-up objective examinations than either students receiving transcripts or no supplementary materials; students receiving transcripts did not differ significantly in scoring from students who attended the lecture but did not receive supplementary materials. Groups also differed in time spent preparing for the exams.
Particle dichotomy and left-right decomposition of E 6 superstring models

In supersymmetric E/sub 6/ gauge models based on superstring theory, an exactly conserved multiplicative quantum number can be defined to separate all particles into two groups. This dichotomy is especially important if left-right symmetry is realized at low energies. It makes possible a truly massless Dirac neutrino whose right-handed component is effectively inert and a second W boson with a mass perhaps as low as 300 GeV in a model with unconventional particle assignments.
Mucinous Adenocarcinomas of the Vulva

An 80-year-old nullipara had a 2.0-cm cystic tumor of the right labium majus. Histologic diagnosis was mucinous eccrine carcinoma. Seventy-five percent of these rare skin adnexal tumors arise on the face, eyelid, or scalp; but none has been reported on the vulva. Indolent localized growth is usual with regional nodal spread in 11% and distant metastases in 3%. A 67-year-old multipara had a 1.2-cm polypoidal nodule of the posterior fourchette. Histologically, a colonic type mucinous carcinoma was arising within a villous adenoma. Mucicarmine and CEA stains were positive. Extensive workup failed to reveal other primary cancers in either patient. Both patients are well 19 and 17 months after radical vulvectomies and node-negative groin dissections. These cases illustrate further the diversity in cell type and biologic behavior of vulvar adenocarcinomas.
The Biology of Isolated Chromatin

The isolated chromatin of higher organisms possesses several properties characteristic of the same chromatin in life. These include the presence of histone bound to DNA, the state of repression of the genetic material, and the ability to serve as template for the readout of the derepressed portion of the genome by RNA polymerase. The important respect in which isolated chromatin differs from the material in vivo, fragmentation of DNA into pieces shorter (5 x 10^6 to 20 x 10^6 molecular weight) than the original, does not appear to importantly alter such transcription. The study of isolated chromatin has already revealed the material basis of the restriction of template activity; it is the formation of a complex between histone and DNA. Chromatin isolated by the methods now available, together with the basis provided by our present knowledge of chromatin biochemistry and biophysics, should make possible and indeed assure rapid increase in our knowledge of chromosomal structure and of all aspects of the control of gene activity and hence of developmental processes.
Truncated forms of the human prion protein in normal brain and in prion diseases.

The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPc) is a glycoprotein anchored to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety. An aberrant form of PrPc that is partially resistant to proteases, PrPres, is a hallmark of prion diseases, which in humans include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. We have characterized the major forms of PrP in normal and pathological human brains. A COOH-terminal fragment of PrPc, designated C1, is abundant in normal and CJD brains as well as in human neuroblastoma cells. Sequence analysis revealed that C1 contains alternative NH2 termini starting at His-111 or Met-112. Like PrPc, C1 is glycosylated, anchored to the cell membrane, and is heat-stable. Consistent with the lack of the NH2-terminal region of PrPc, C1 is more acidic than PrPc and does not bind heparin. An additional fragment longer than C1, designated C2, is present in substantial amounts in CJD brains. Like PrPres, C2 is resistant to proteases and is detergent-insoluble. Our data indicate that C1 is a major product of normal PrPc metabolism, generated by a cleavage that disrupts the neurotoxic and amyloidogenic region of PrP comprising residues 106-126. This region remains intact in C2, suggesting a role for C2 in prion diseases.
Time course of axonal myelination in the human brainstem auditory pathway

Structures in the human brainstem auditory pathway, from the proximal end of the cochlear nerve to the inferior colliculus, undergo myelination between the 26th and 29th fetal weeks. By the 26th week of gestation, axons in the cochlear nerve and brainstem pathways have acquired linear arrays of oligodendrocytes, and faint myelin sheaths can be distinguished. By the 29th week, definitive myelination is present in all auditory pathways, including the proximal end of the cochlear nerve, trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus, dorsal commissure of the lemniscus, commissure of the inferior colliculus and brachium of the inferior colliculus. Subsequent to the 29th gestational week, density of myelination increases in all pathways until at least 1 year postnatal age. The time of onset of myelination coincides with the onset of acousticomotor reflexes and brainstem auditory evoked responses, processes which depend on rapid, synchronized conduction of auditory impulses in the cochlear nerve and brainstem. The cotemporality in appearance of myelin, reflex responses, and evoked responses supports the idea that the 26th to 28th gestational weeks are a critical period in the onset of human central auditory function. The subsequent increase in myelin density is likely to be a factor in the steady decrease in ABR wave III-V latencies observed during the perinatal period.
The two sides of ROI: return on investment vs. risk of incarceration

Legislative mandates potentially replace CIO's primary concerns of technology risk management with the possibility of serving jail time.
Behavior therapy for weight reduction.

Abstract Behavioral approaches to obesity were reviewed and empirical support for the procedures was evaluated. Treatments were categorized on the basis of a primary focus on the antecedents or consequences of eating behavior. It was concluded that the most effective approach was a combination of antecedent stimulus control procedures supplemented by any of a variety of contingency management techniques. The application of self-control procedures was especially effective. Recommendations were made for the use of contingency contracting and for the sequential application of treatment techniques. The importance of identifying individual differences in responsiveness to treatments was discussed. A research strategy was presented and the results of two studies based on the strategy were described.
Ion-induced emission of spin-polarized electrons to study surface magnetism

Abstract A novel technique, ion-induced, angle- and energy-resolved, spin-polarized electron emission spectroscopy (SPEES) has been used to probe the electron spin polarization (ESP) at the surface of Ni(110) picture-frame single crystals which are well characterized using AES, LEED, RHEED and STM. The energy distribution of the emitted electrons (0–70 eV), which includes spin-polarized Auger electrons, is significantly different from that of electron-induced secondary electrons and contains fundamental, spin-dependent information on the local surface magnetic structure of Ni(110).
Clinical Trials Report: Progress Toward an Effective Malaria Vaccine: RTS,S/ASO1B and RTS,S/ASO2A.

Kester et al. conducted a double-blind, randomized trial with 102 healthy adult volunteers assigned to receive either RTS, S/AS01B or RTS,S/AS02A vaccine at 0, 1, and 2 months, and another 36 volunteers who were enrolled as infectivity controls (no vaccine). Malaria challenge was introduced 2– 3 weeks following the vaccine series, and protected vaccinees were rechallenged 5 months later. A total of 52 volunteers were assigned to receive RTS,S/AS01B and 50 volunteers were assigned to receive RTS,S/AS02A. The investigators measured the following immune responses: circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-specific IgG titers, CSP-specific CD4 T cells expressing activation markers (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, or CD40L), and interferon (IFN)-γ production assayed by ex vivo enzyme-linked immunospots (ELISPOTs).
Tradeoffs in Accuracy and Efficiency in Supervised Learning Methods

ABSTRACT Words are an increasingly important source of data for social science research. Automated classification methodologies hold the promise of substantially lowering the costs of analyzing large amounts of text. In this article, we consider a number of questions of interest to prospective users of supervised learning methods, which are used to automatically classify events based on a pre-existing classification system. Although information scientists devote considerable attention to assessing the performance of different supervised learning algorithms and feature representations, the questions asked are often less directly relevant to the more practical concerns of social scientists. The first question prospective social science users are likely to ask is, How well do such methods work? The second is, How much human labeling effort is required? The third is, How do we assess whether virgin cases have been automatically classified with sufficient accuracy? We address these questions in the context of ...
Step-up and step-down treatment strategies did not differ for symptom relief at 6 months in new onset dyspepsia.

### Design: randomised controlled trial (Dutch study on Initial Management Of Newly diagnosed Dyspepsia [DIAMOND]). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00247715. ### Allocation: concealed.* ### Blinding: blinded (patients, {investigators, and study personnel}†).* ### Setting: 312 primary care physician practices in the Netherlands. ### Patients: 664 patients ⩾18 years of age (54% women) who visited their general practitioner for new onset dyspepsia (pain or discomfort in upper abdomen and originating in upper gastrointestinal tract). Exclusion criteria included gastroscopy in the past year, use of prescribed acid suppressive medication in the past 3 months, alarm symptoms (dysphagia, weight loss, anaemia, or haematemesis), pregnancy, or insufficient knowledge of Dutch. ### Intervention: step-up treatment (n = 341) given in 3 four-week steps: (1) antacid (aluminium oxide, 200 mg/magnesium hydroxide, 400 mg) 4 times/day, …
Computational efficiency of batching methods

This paper discusses the efficiency of various batching methods for estimating performance parameters from steady-state simulation output, e.g., the steadystate mean. Our primary focus is on issues related to computational and storage requirements of batching methods such as batch means, overlapping batch means, and standardized time series. We also examine the important question of determining the proper batch size €or a given estimation problem - how much effort do batch-size algorithms require?
The Impact of Cormpliance on the Rehabilitation of Patients with Mallet Finger Injuries

While patient compliance with hand therapy intuitively seems important to the outcome of treatment, no formal study has validated this assumption. The records of 44 patients who sustained mallet finger injuries were examined retrospectively. Compliance ratings were based on self-reports of performance with home programs and attendance at therapy appointments. Results of therapy were divided into excellent, good, or poor groups depending on the patient's final range of motion and final active extension lag at the distal interphalangeal joint. Statistical analysis reveals that compliant patients have excellent outcomes more often than do noncompliant patients (61.5% and 9.1%, respectively) in the treatment for mallet finger injuries. While increased age may negatively affect the final result of mallet finger injuries, an older individual can favorably influence his or her result by choosing to be compliant with treatment. Even patients who delay initiation of treatment can achieve favorable results.
Anterior commissure microwebs associated with vocal nodules: Detection, prevalence, and significance

Vocal fold nodules are a common cause of dys-phonia generally attributed to vocal abuse. Anterior commissure microwebs have been reported as an incidental finding in surgical patients with nodules. In a series of 105 nodule patients evaluated at the University of Wisconsin Clinical Science Center voice laboratory (1987–1992), 11 microwebs were identified. Ten of these microweb patients were among the 20 nodule patients who did not respond to voice therapy and underwent microsurgery. In patients with nodules whose hoarseness is refractory to voice therapy, symptoms that occur early in life suggest the presence of occult vocal fold pathology. Microweb detection requires a high index of suspicion, observation during maximal vocal fold abduction, and clearance of secretions from the anterior commissure. Definitive identification is facilitated by gentle separation of the anterior vocal folds during direct microlaryn-goscopy. The presence of these tiny shelves of tissue might be coincidental, or they might represent another expression of the tissue response to traumatic factors known to produce vocal nodules. We found little difference in vocal function parameters between two similar groups of nodule patients, one with and one without associated microwebs. Further work is needed to determine the significance of microwebs.
Do placental genes affect maternal breast cancer? Association between offspring's CGB5 and CSH1 gene variants and maternal breast cancer risk.

The protective effect of full-term pregnancy on breast cancer is thought to be induced by two placental hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human chorionic somatotropin hormone (CSH) produced by the placental trophoblastic cells. We hypothesized that variants in placental genes encoding these hormones may alter maternal breast cancer risk subsequent to pregnancy. We conducted a case-control study to examine the association between polymorphisms in a woman’s placental (i.e., her offspring’s) homologous chorionic gonadotrophin beta 5 (CGB5) and CSH1 genes and her post-pregnancy breast cancer risk. A total of 293 breast cancer cases and 240 controls with at least one offspring with available DNA were selected from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CGB5 and CSH1 genes were genotyped for 844 offspring of the cases and controls. Overall, maternal breast cancer risk did not significantly differ by the offspring’s carrier status of the three SNPs. Among women with an earlier age at childbirth (< median age 26 years), those with a child carrying the variant C allele of CGB5 rs726002 SNP had an elevated breast cancer risk (OR = 2.09; 95% CI, 1.17-3.73). Among women with a later age at childbirth, breast cancer risk did not differ by offspring’s carrier status of CGB5 rs726002 SNP (OR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.53-1.51, p for interaction = 0.04). The findings suggest that placental CGB5 genotype may be predictive of maternal post-pregnancy breast cancer risk among women who give birth early in life.
OVARIES SECRETE MALE HORMONE III. TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF MALE HORMONE OUTPUT BY GRAFTED OVARIES1

A normal man excretes appreciable amounts of female hormone (1), and women excrete variable amounts of male hormone (2). From where does the secretion of a specific sex hormone come in an individual of the opposite sex? Both the testis and the ovary have been held responsible for a dual secretion and physiology, thereby accounting for two opposite sex hormones being elaborated in an unisexual organism. It is well known that in some lower forms maleness and femaleness may exist in the same individual, and a type of sliding scale may be applied to the ratio of the sex determiners present (3). It is possible in these forms to have an individual act as male in some matings and as female in others, depending upon the degree of maleness or femaleness in the organism to which it is mated. Avian physiology and anatomy furnish some remarkable cases of dual sex function in a single individual, either in sequence or simultaneously. However, most, if not all, of these cases can be explained by the anatomy of the exis...
X-ray and NMR characterization of covalent complexes of trypsin, borate, and alcohols.

An understanding of the physiological and toxicological properties of borate and the utilization of boronic acids in drug development require a basic understanding of borate-enzyme chemistry. We report here the extension of our recent NMR studies indicating the formation of a ternary borate−alcohol−trypsin complex. Crystallographic and solution state NMR studies of porcine trypsin were performed in the presence of borate and either of three alcohols designed to bind to the S1 affinity subsite: 4-aminobutanol, guanidine-3-propanol, and 4-hydroxymethylbenzamidine. Quaternary complexes of trypsin, borate, S1-binding alcohol, and ethylene glycol (a cryoprotectant), as well as a ternary trypsin, borate, and ethylene glycol complex have been observed in the crystalline state. Borate forms ester bonds to Ser195, ethylene glycol (two bonds), and the S1-binding alcohol (if present). Spectra from 1H and 11B NMR studies confirm that these complexes also exist in solution and also provide evidence for the formation ...
CODE: Cooperative Medium Access for Multirate Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Cooperative communications can help combat fading and hence can significantly increase the capacity of wireless networks. Although various schemes have been proposed to leverage this capability, most of the current mechanisms require hardware modification. We present a novel MAC protocol for the multirate ad hoc network, called CODE, to entail simultaneous transmissions of unencoded information by multiple nodes to achieve the power gain of virtual antenna arrays. The key physical layer property that we exploit is an increased transmission rate due to the achieved power gain. Moreover, for bidirectional traffic, we jointly consider using network coding technique at the relay nodes to increase the system throughput. Our design is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standard and only requires firmware upgrade, which is especially suitable for low-end terminals. Our evaluation in both analysis and NS-2 simulations show that CODE is able to improve the system throughput up to 60%.
Effects of 1 day of inactivity on insulin action in healthy men and women: interaction with energy intake

Prolonged periods of limited muscle activity can reduce insulin action. Acute changes in low muscle activity (ie, sitting) have not been assessed. In addition, unless energy intake is reduced during sitting to match low expenditure, the concurrent energy surplus may explain lower insulin action. The objective of the study was to evaluate the acute effect of sitting, with and without energy surplus, on insulin action. Fourteen young (26.1 ± 4.5 years, mean ± SD), nonobese (23.7% ± 7.1% fat), fit (peak oxygen consumption = 49.1 ± 3.3 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) men (n = 7) and women (n = 7) completed three 24-hour conditions: (1) an active, no-sitting condition (high energy expenditure of 2944 ± 124 kcal with energy intake matched to expenditure) = NO-SIT; (2) low energy expenditure (sitting) of 2195 ± 121 kcal with no reduction in energy intake (energy surplus) = SIT; and (3) sitting with energy intake reduced to 2139 ± 118 kcal to match low expenditure (energy balance) = SIT-BAL. Insulin action was measured the following morning during a continuous infusion of [6,6-(2)H]-glucose. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with planned contrasts. Compared with NO-SIT, insulin action, defined as whole-body rate of glucose disappearance normalized to mean plasma insulin, was reduced by 39% in SIT (P < .001) and by 18% in SIT-BAL (P = .07). Insulin action was higher in SIT-BAL compared with SIT (P = .04). One day of sitting considerably reduced insulin action; this effect was minimized, but not prevented, when energy intake was reduced to match expenditure. Strategies to limit daily sitting may reduce metabolic disease risk.
Pilomatrixoma in a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma.

A 3-year-old girl with a history of bilateral retinoblastoma presented with a new right lower periorbital mass that showed calcifications on ultrasound. She had previously undergone systemic and intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma but had no evidence of active disease for at least 6 months previously. Her family and oncologists feared that this mass was an extraocular metastasis of her retinoblastoma. On excision, it was diagnosed as a pilomatrixoma, an uncommon benign neoplasm that originates from the matrix of the hair root. This is the first reported case of pilomatrixoma in a patient with retinoblastoma.
Host Defense and the Airway Epithelium: Frontline Responses That Protect against Bacterial Invasion and Pneumonia

Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against invading microbes, and they protect themselves through the production of carbohydrate and protein matrices concentrated with antimicrobial products. In addition, they act as sentinels, expressing pattern recognition receptors that become activated upon sensing bacterial products and stimulate downstream recruitment and activation of immune cells which clear invading microbes. Bacterial pathogens that successfully colonize the lungs must resist these mechanisms or inhibit their production, penetrate the epithelial barrier, and be prepared to resist a barrage of inflammation. Despite the enormous task at hand, relatively few virulence factors coordinate the battle with the epithelium while simultaneously providing resistance to inflammatory cells and causing injury to the lung. Here we review mechanisms whereby airway epithelial cells recognize pathogens and activate a program of antibacterial pathways to prevent colonization of the lung, along with a few examples of how bacteria disrupt these responses to cause pneumonia.
Patient Screening by a Physical Therapist for Nonmusculoskeletal Hip Pain

Background and Purpose: Mechanical hip pain and disease-based hip pain can have similar signs and symptoms, thereby presenting a differential diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Hip pain is a common complaint addressed by physical therapists; therefore, it would be advantageous for them to be knowledgeable about differential diagnosis for hip pain, so that they can screen for possible serious conditions outside the realm of physical therapist practice and make the appropriate referral. Case Description: A 77-year-old man was referred for physical therapy by his primary care physician (PCP) with diagnoses of lumbar spine and left hip osteoarthritis and possible trochanteric bursitis. After the examination, the physical therapist determined that the patient should return to his PCP for further testing. Findings leading to this conclusion were pain severity out of proportion to the reported injury, the presence of night pain, a positive “sign of the buttock,” and empty end feels of all hip joint motions, which represented a noncapsular pattern of joint restriction. Outcomes: The patient was diagnosed later with primary lung adenocarcinoma with widespread metastases. A computerized tomography scan of the left hip revealed a metastatic lesion at the left proximal femur. Discussion: Physical therapists’ ability to adequately screen for conditions requiring examination by a physician can lead to a more timely diagnosis of serious medical conditions. Investigators have found published descriptions of end feels, capsular versus noncapsular patterns of restriction, and the sign of the buttock to be beneficial screening tools for use in people with hip, pelvis, or lumbar spine pain.
Absorption spectrum of krypton in the vacuum uv region

The absorption spectrum of atomic krypton in the wavelength region 840–1240 A has been investigated with a 6.65-m vacuum spectrograph. The expected five ns and nd Rydberg series have been observed. The series have been extended as far as n = 60 for nd (3/2)°1 and n = 59 for nd′(3/2)°1. The ionization energies obtained are 112 914.6 ± 0.1 cm−1 and 118 284.6 ± 0.2 cm−1 for 2P°3/2 and 2P°1/2 states of Kr ii, respectively. Strong interactions have been observed as perturbations and autoionization; a graphical multichannel quantum defect analysis of the observed energy levels is presented.
Biceps Activity During Windmill Softball Pitching Injury Implications and Comparison With Overhand Throwing

BackgroundWindmill pitching produces high forces and torques at the shoulder and elbow, making the biceps labrum complex susceptible to overuse injury. Little is known about the muscle firing patterns during a windmill pitch.HypothesisBiceps muscle activity is greater during a windmill pitch than during an overhand throw.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory study.MethodsSeven female windmill pitchers underwent motion analysis and surface electromyography evaluation of their biceps muscles during windmill and overhand throwing. Marker motion analysis, muscle activity, and ball release were captured simultaneously. Surface electromyography trials were collected and related to the athletes’ phases of pitching and throwing, identified based on predefined softball and baseball pitching mechanics.ResultsThrows were of similar velocity (24 m/s, 53 mph, P =. 71), but peak biceps brachii muscle activation during the windmill pitch was significantly greater than during the overhand throw when normalized (38% vs 19% m...
Deaminocolchinyl Methyl Ether: Synthesis from 2,3,4,4′‐Tetramethoxybiphenyl‐2‐carbaldehyde. Comparison of antitubulin effects of deaminocolchinyl methyl ether and dehydro analogs

Synthesis of deaminocolchinyl methyl ether 9 was achieved from tetramethoxy-substituted biphenyl-2-carb-aldehyde 12via tricyclic ketone 20 and 5,6-didehydro congener 11. Compound 9 was identical in every respect with material prepared from colchicine via 6,7-didehydro congener 10. Measuring inhibition of tubulin polymerization in vitro showed compounds 4, 5, and 9–11 of the alloseries of colchicinoids to be particularly potent inhibitors.
Plastid Uridine Salvage Activity Is Required for Photoassimilate Allocation and Partitioning in Arabidopsis

Nucleotides are synthesized from de novo and salvage pathways. To characterize the uridine salvage pathway, two genes, UKL1 and UKL2, that tentatively encode uridine kinase (UK) and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) bifunctional enzymes were studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. T-DNA insertions in UKL1 and UKL2 reduced transcript expression and increased plant tolerance to toxic analogs 5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorouracil. Enzyme activity assays using purified recombinant proteins indicated that UKL1 and UKL2 have UK but not UPRT activity. Subcellular localization using a C-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein fusion indicated that UKL1 and UKL2 localize to plastids. The ukl2 mutant shows reduced transient leaf starch during the day. External application of orotate rescued this phenotype in ukl2, indicating pyrimidine pools are limiting for starch synthesis in ukl2. Intermediates for lignin synthesis were upregulated, and there was increased lignin and reduced cellulose content in the ukl2 mutant. Levels of ATP, ADP, ADP-glucose, UTP, UDP, and UDP-glucose were altered in a light-dependent manner. Seed composition of the ukl1 and ukl2 mutants included lower oil and higher protein compared with the wild type. Unlike single gene mutants, the ukl1 ukl2 double mutant has severe developmental defects and reduced biomass accumulation, indicating these enzymes catalyze redundant reactions. These findings point to crucial roles played by uridine salvage for photoassimilate allocation and partitioning.
Family Financial and Household Support Exchange Between Generations: A Survey of Chinese Rural Elderly

This study examines the pattern of social support exchange between Chinese elderly and their adult children, based on a 1989 rural Chinese household survey. Following social exchange theory, we found reciprocity in household support but not in financial support. Elderly with greater resource capacities (i.e., health, income, education, and social network) were more likely to provide than receive assistance, whereas those with fewer resources had the opposite patterns. The exchange of support was more likely to be related to affective and nonfinancial instrumental support than financial instrumental support. Because only 42% of elderly with one or two children were living with their children, a formal pension and elderly care system is needed to complement the informal support system.
American Prosecutors' Powers and Obligations in the Era of Plea Bargaining

This chapter appears in "The Prosecutor in Transnational Perspective" (Oxford Univ. Press 2012) assesses American prosecutors' obligations, authority and discretion, with special reference to U.S. plea bargaining rules. It highlights some differences between prosecutors in federal and state systems and, to a lesser degree, differences with prosecutorial duties and powers in jurisdictions outside the U.S.
Cardiomyocyte sialylation and complex N-glycosylation protect against dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure (697.2)

Human congenital disorders of glycosylation are characterized by variably reduced glycoprotein glycosylation resulting in multi-system effects, including cardiac dysfunction. We seek to understand ...
Multicriteria Analysis of Estuary Restoration in the Rhine Delta

Abstract: To help protect the Rhine delta from North Sea floods, the Dutch installed sluices at Haringvliet in the late 1960s and converted the Haiingvliet-Hollandsch Diep-Biesbosch (HHB) estuary into a tidally-damped, fresh-water system. Two decades later, the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat commissioned a study of alternative policies for managing the sluices and removing contaminated bottom sediments, including policies which would at least partially restore estuarine conditions to the HHB. This paper describes the public policy analysis comprising that study, focussing on the role and successful application of formal multicriteria analysis (MCA), in particular the Analytic Hierarchy Process.
Measuring Food Intake in Field Studies

An increasing number of studies are investigating food intake volume and frequency in field studies outside the lab. Yet in this emerging research context, inconclusive and seemingly contradictory findings may be the result of complications in defining, measuring, and analyzing intake. This chapter offers a framework for conducting intake studies, and it outlines methods and measures that will increasingly lead to successful studies and accurate conclusions.
The Moderating Role of Work Context in Job Design Research: A Test of Competing Models

The article discusses a study which tested the moderating effects of organizational climate on the relationship between job complexity and job satisfaction. Data was collected from nursing service ...
Prevention of beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis activation in human islets by adenoviral gene transfer of the insulin-like growth factor I.

Interleukin-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to inhibit islet β cell function as well as to activate Fas-mediated apoptosis in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Furthermore, this cytokine is effective in recruiting lymphocytes that mediate β cell destruction in IDDM onset. The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been shown to block IL-1β actions in vitro. We hypothesized that gene transfer of the insulin-like growth factor I to intact human islets could prevent IL-1β-induced β cell dysfunction and sensitization to Fas-triggered apoptosis activation. Intact human islets were infected with adenoviral vectors encoding IGF-I as well as β-galactosidase and enhanced green fluorescent protein as controls. Adenoviral gene transfer of human IGF-I prevented IL-1β-mediated nitric oxide production from human islets in vitro as well as the suppression of β cell function as determined by glucose-stimulated insulin production. Moreover, IGF-I gene transfer prevented IL-1β-induced, Fas-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that locally produced IGF-I from cultured islets may be beneficial in maintaining β cell function and promoting islet survival before and following islet transplantation as a potential therapy for type I diabetes.
Polyproline promotes tetramerization of recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase

Human BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) protects against the toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents and pesticides. BChE purified from human plasma is limited and pathogen carry-over is a concern. Unlike the native BChE tetrameric complex with a residence time of days, rBChE (recombinant BChE) is produced predominantly as dimers and monomers that are cleared from the circulation within minutes. Assembly into tetramers requires incorporation of proline-rich peptides, a process that was thought to occur intracellularly. Our goal was to determine whether polyproline added to rBChE under cell-free conditions would promote tetramerization. Secreted rBChE was purified by procainamide affinity chromatography, and synthetic polyprolines (8-mer to 300-mer) were tested to determine their effect on tetramer assembly. These studies demonstrated that 90–98% of purified rBChE (65 μM) could be assembled into tetramers when incubated with synthetic 17-mer or 50-mer polyproline peptides (100 μM) for 1.5 h at 25°C. However, rBChE tetramerization was inefficient with smaller 8-mer polyproline peptides and larger 300-mer polyproline proteins. Collectively, these studies demonstrated that the eukaryotic cellular machinery is not required for assembly of active BChE into tetramers and that this process can occur in vitro with purified rBChE in the presence of peptides containing 15–50 consecutive proline residues.
Demonstration of Luteal Cell Membrane Receptors for Prostaglandin F2α by Ultrastructural and Binding Analysis

Prostaglandins have a ubiquitous distribution and may act on a variety of cell types (1). To date, there have been no studies in which prostaglandin binding sites were directly localized by morphological methods. Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has been shown to act directly on isolated rat luteal cells to block luteinizing hormone action (2) and is thought to be involved in luteolysis in vivo (3,4). However, specific binding sites for PGF2α have not been demonstrated in rat luteal tissue. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and specificity of PGF2α binding sites on cells and membranes isolated from rat luteal tissue by ultrastructural and binding analysis respectively.
Osteoid Osteoma of the Spine: A Review Of The Literature And Report Of Six New Cases

1. Osteoid osteoma occurs in the vertebrae in approximately 10 per cent of the patients. 2. The diagnosis should be entertained in an adolescent with a painful scoliosis or a radicular syndrome without neurological signs. 3. Surgical excision without fusion is the treatment of choice.