cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What makes a simulation useful? [TRANSIMS]

Modern computers make possible a new blending of systems, man, and cybernetics in the detailed simulation of large sociotechnical systems. Several such simulations are currently under development at Los Alamos National Laboratory and elsewhere. When deployed, they will affect the daily lives of hundreds of millions of people and the allocation of billions of dollars. Whether they are deployed depends entirely on their perceived usefulness, which in turn depends on answers to the following: What kinds of questions does the simulation address and what kinds of solutions does it provide? How can the solutions be validated? Is simulation more cost-effective than other methods? Answers to these questions lead us to define a useful simulation as one which efficiently provides correct, robust estimates required by decision-making needs, together with well understood variability for the outcomes in hypothetical situations. The paper examines the implications of this criterion for the design of TRANSIMS, a regional transportation network simulation system, and by extension, for simulations of other sociotechnical systems.
Obstructive sleep apnea in adults with Down syndrome.

The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common condition, affecting approximately 2% to 4% of adults.1 It has significant neurological and cardiovascular complications. Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) is the most common known chromosomal cause of mental retardation. It is a frequent genetic disorder, with an incidence of 1 per 660 live births.2 It is therefore important to fully understand the syndrome and to provide information to adequately manage and treat patients, so that individuals can achieve their full potential in terms of mental and physical health and their place in society. Thus, treatable conditions such as OSAS should be addressed. OSAS has a higher prevalence in children with DS (30% to 55%)3–5 than in otherwise healthy children (2%).6 Patients with DS have many predisposing factors for OSAS, including midfacial hypoplasia and mandibular hypoplasia,7,8 glossoptosis, an abnormally small upper airway with superficially positioned tonsils and relative tonsillar and adenoidal encroachment, increased secretions, an increased incidence of lower respiratory tract anomalies,9 and a reduced tracheal diameter.10 In addition, in DS there is generalized hypotonia. As children with DS grow up, they maintain their anatomic abnormalities and generalized hypotonia. In addition, they have an increased risk of developing hypothyroidism and obesity, which are also risk factors for OSAS. Despite this high preponderance of risk factors for OSAS, there are few studies evaluating OSAS in adults with Down syndrome. We hypothesized that OSAS was common in adults with DS. We also hypothesized that the severity of OSAS would be worse in those adults with DS who were most obese. We therefore performed sleep studies in adults with DS to better characterize the nature and severity of sleep disordered breathing in this population.
Intestinal Microflora and Diversification of the Rabbit Antibody Repertoire

The rabbit establishes its primary Ab repertoire by somatically diversifying an initial repertoire that is limited by restricted VH gene segment usage during VDJ gene rearrangement. Somatic diversification occurs in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and by about 1-2 mo of age nearly all Ig VDJ genes are somatically diversified. In other species that are known to establish their primary Ab repertoire by somatic diversification, such as chicken, sheep, and cattle, diversification appears to be developmentally regulated: it begins before birth and occurs independent of exogenous factors. Because somatic diversification in rabbit occurs well after birth in GALT, the diversification process may not be developmentally regulated, but may require interaction with exogenous factors derived from the gut. To test this hypothesis, we examined Ab repertoire diversification in rabbits in which the appendix was ligated shortly after birth to prevent microbial colonization and all other organized GALT was surgically removed. We found that by 12 wk of age nearly 90% of the Ig VDJ genes in PBL were undiversified, indicating that intestinal microflora are required for somatically diversifying the Ab repertoire. We also examined repertoire diversification in sterilely derived remote colony rabbits that were hand raised away from contact with conventional rabbits and thereby acquired a different gut microflora. In these remote colony rabbits, GALT was underdeveloped, and 70% of the Ig VDJ genes in PBL were undiversified. We conclude that specific, currently unidentified intestinal microflora are required for Ab repertoire diversification.
Cosolvent pretreatment in cellulosic biofuel production: effect of tetrahydrofuran-water on lignin structure and dynamics

The deconstruction of cellulose is an essential step in the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. However, the presence of lignin hinders this process. Recently, a novel cosolvent based biomass pretreatment method called CELF (Cosolvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation) which employs tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a single phase mixture with water, was found to be highly effective at solubilizing and extracting lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and achieving high yields of fermentable sugars. Here, using all-atom molecular-dynamics simulation, we find that THF preferentially solvates lignin, and in doing so, shifts the equilibrium configurational distribution of the biopolymer from a crumpled globule to coil, independent of temperature. Whereas pure water is a bad solvent for lignin, the THF : water cosolvent acts as a “theta” solvent, in which solvent : lignin and lignin : lignin interactions are approximately equivalent in strength. Under these conditions, polymers do not aggregate, thus providing a mechanism for the observed lignin solubilization that facilitates unfettered access of celluloytic enzymes to cellulose.
Characteristics of state agricultural pesticide collection programs.

Abstract Advancements in technology and the development of new pesticides have profoundly affected agricultural production and the regulation of these dangerous substances by governments. In the US, nearly every State has taken action to remove unwanted pesticides that have accumulated in barns and other buildings. Surveys of state collection programs disclose, however, that many states have not collected many tons of unwanted pesticides. This paper examines existing and past state pesticide-disposal programs, and offers a comparison of some significant distinctions to provide ideas for future collection efforts. A regression analysis of state pesticide collection efforts offers some insights into state and program characteristics that have impacted the collection of pesticides. The regression results indicate that the existence of either grant or ‘tax’ based funding programs for pesticide collection increased the responsiveness of collections to expenditures.
Periodontal considerations in operative dentistry.

Abstract Periodontal and preventive considerations, other than marginal fit and occlusion, are discussed as they relate to the fabrication of restorations in operative dentistry. The development of buccal, lingual, proximal, and transitional line contours is presented as related to maintenance of healthy periodontal tissues. Proximal contacts and marginal ridge relationships are related to food retention and arch integrity. The gingival attachment is described, as it determines certain techniques of tooth preparation and impression making.
Intercomparison of wind and wave data from the ECMWF Reanalysis Interim and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis

Abstract The recent release of the ECMWF Reanalysis Interim (ERA-I) and NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) allows for studies of global climate and its cycles with unprecedented detail. While the developers have performed verification and validation, there is little information on their relative performance in particular related to their use in ocean modeling. This study focuses on the intercomparison of wind speeds and wave heights from ERA-I and CFSR utilizing the same set of altimetry and buoy observations and error metrics to assess their consistency in time and space. Both products have good spatial homogeneity with consistent levels of errors in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. ERA-I proves to be homogenous through time, while CFSR exhibits an abrupt decrease in the level of errors in the Southern Ocean beginning 1994. ERA-I generally underestimates the wind speed and wave height with lower standard deviations in comparison to observations, but maintains slightly better error metrics. Despite having a small positive bias, CFSR provides a better description of the variability of the observations and improved performance in the upper percentiles associated with extreme events. Overall ERA-I has better homogeneity through time deeming it more reliable for modeling of long-term processes; however caution must be applied with analysis of the upper percentiles.
Triplet excited states probed by cavity ringdown spectroscopy

Abstract Despite their photochemical importance, molecular triplet states have received relatively little attention in spectroscopic studies. This is primarily due to the challenge of detecting the spin-forbidden T n ←S 0 transitions. To meet the challenge, we have implemented cavity ringdown (CRD) spectroscopy, a high-sensitivity absorption technique, in our studies of photochemically relevant triplet species. In this article we outline the sensitivity requirements for observing singlet–triplet transitions and show how CRD detection achieves the needed sensitivity. We also specify the construction and operating details we used to set up the CRD spectroscopy system in our laboratory. Finally, we review investigations from our laboratory and others that have exploited the sensitivity of CRD detection to obtain triplet data that was not previously available. These studies include measurement of vibronically resolved T n ←S 0 spectra of some cyclic enones and conjugated hydrocarbons.
Sex, season, and time of day interact to affect body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake

Abstract 1. We examined multiple hypotheses regarding differences in body temperatures of the Giant Gartersnake using temperature-sensitive radio telemetry and an information-theoretic analytical approach. 2. Giant Gartersnakes selected body temperatures near 30 °C, and males and females had similar body temperatures most of the year, except during the midsummer gestation period. 3. Seasonal differences in the body temperatures of males and females may relate to both the costs associated with thermoregulatory behavior, such as predation, and the benefits associated with maintaining optimal body temperatures, such as successful incubation.
Letter by Henrikson Regarding Article, “Endocarditis Secondary to Microsporidia : Giant Vegetation in a Pacemaker User”

To the Editor: I was very interested to read the article by Filho et al1 regarding the apparent Microsporidia infection of a pacemaker. However, I found three aspects of their article …
The Staging and Treatment of Hodgkin's Disease

THE management of Hodgkin's disease remains a complex and evolving subject. Ten or even five years ago increasingly favorable survival rates based on increasingly aggressive radiation and chemother...
Developmentally regulated lectin in neonatal rat brain.

WE report the identification of a developmentally regulated agglutinin of erythrocytes present in neonatal rat brain. Specific inhibition by a number of saccharides with a galactose configuration suggest that multivalent carbohydrate-binding proteins, ‘endogenous brain lectins’, may be responsible for the observed agglutination activity. We are presently investigating the functional role of this lectin-like activity in brain, since molecules with similar carbohydrate-binding properties seem likely to mediate intercellular recognition and adhesion in certain lower eukaryotic organisms.
New techniques for constructing EC/AUED codes

Two new techniques for constructing t-EC/AUED (error correcting/all unidirectional error detection) codes are presented. The first technique modifies the t-EC/AUED code in such a way that the weight distribution of the original code is reduced. So, a smaller tail is needed. Frequently, this technique gives less overall redundancy than the best available t-EC/AUED codes. The second technique improves the parameters of the tails with respect to previous results. >
Photochemical and thermal transformations of carboxylic dithiocarbamic anhydrides and related compounds—III

Abstract Photolysis of benzoic dimethylamine dithiocarbamic anhydride (XXII) in benzene solution yields benzoic acid, sulfur, benzoyl dimethylamine thiocarbamyl disulfide (XXIII) tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (XX) and N,N-dimethylbenzamide (XXI). Under the same conditions, photolysis of benzoic methylamine dithiocarbamic anhydride (XV) gives benzoic acid, sulfur, benzoyl methylamine thiocarbamyl disulfide (XVII) dibenzoyl disulfide (XVIII) and N-methyl benzamide (XVI). Possible differences in the mechanisms of the two photochemical reactions are discussed. The monomethylamino compound (XV) in solution can decompose thermally by two pathways, the type of decomposition being determined by the solvent. Compound XV can yield the amide XVI and carbon disulfide by one pathway; thiobenzoic acid and presumably methyl isothiocyanate are formed by the second pathway. The dimethylamino compound (XXII) decomposes thermally by only one pathway to yield the amide XXI and carbon disulfide. Kinetic measurements on the decomposition of XV and XXII to the corresponding amide and carbon disulfide were carried out by following the change in the NMR spectrum.
Cutaneous malignancies and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma following topical therapies for mycosis fungoides

Specific treatments for mycosis fungoides, including electron beam irradiation, topical mechlorethamine, and psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) may be associated with the development of skin cancers after a variable latency period. Because these treatments are often not curative, topical therapies for mycosis fungoides, administered sequentially or concomitantly, are being used increasingly in order to control recurrent disease. This report documents the development of multiple cutaneous tumors, including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratoses, keratoacanthomas, and one case of lentigo maligna, in seven patients who received topical therapies for mycosis fungoides. In contrast to the usual latency period between ionizing radiation therapy and the development of skin cancer, two of our patients who had received prior PUVA therapy developed multiple skin tumors upon completion of electron beam irradiation. The development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in two of the other seven patients with multiple cutaneous neoplasms suggests that this potential hazard must be considered in the evaluation and treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides.
Multiple coplanar embedded elliptical cracks in an infinite solid subject to arbitrary crack face tractions

This paper extends the earlier work by the present authors for a single embedded crack in an infinite solid and presents a solution to the problem of multiple coplanar cracks in an infinite medium. An alternating method in conjunction with an analytical solution for a single crack is used to determine the stress intensity factors for interacting multiple coplanar embedded cracks in an infinite body. The alternating method, as implemented here, leads to a highly accurate evaluation of the appropriate stress intensity factors.
Use of QSAR Modeling to Predict the Carcinogenicity of Color Additives

Patients may be exposed to potentially carcinogenic color additives released from polymers used to manufacture medical devices; therefore, the need exists to adequately assess the safety of these compounds. The US FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) recently issued draft guidance that, when final, will include FDA’s recommendations for the safety evaluation of color additives and other potentially toxic chemical entities that may be released from device materials. Specifically, the draft guidance outlines an approach that calls for evaluating the potential for the color additive to be released from the device in concert with available toxicity information about the additive to determine what types of toxicity information, if any, are necessary. However, when toxicity data are not available from the literature for the compounds of interest, a scientific rationale can sometimes be provided for omission of these tests. Although the FDA has issued draft guidance on this topic, the Agency continues to explore alternative approaches to understand when additional toxicity testing is needed to assure the safety of medical devices that contain color additives. An emerging approach that may be useful for determining the need for further testing of compounds released from device materials is Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling. In this paper, we have shown how three publically available QSAR models (OpenTox/Lazar, Toxtree, and the OECD Toolbox) are able to successfully predict the carcinogenic potential of a set of color additives with a wide range of structures. As a result, this computational modeling approach may serve as a useful tool for determining the need to conduct carcinogenicity testing of color additives intended for use in medical devices.© 2013 ASME
Jakobshavn Glacier, west Greenland: 30 years of spaceborne observations

Early 1960's reconnaissance satellite images are compared to more recent image and map data in an inter- annual and seasonal study of West Central Greenland margin fluctuations. From 1962 to 1992, ice sheet margins to the north and south of Jakobshavn Glacier retreated despite a decline in average summer temperatures. The retreat may be reversing along the southern flank of the ice stream where regional mass balance estimates are positive. From 1950 to fluctuated -2.5 km around its annual mean position. The total calving flux during the summer is more than six times that during winter. We identified that summer melting and the break-up of sea ice and icebergs in the fjord are important in controlling the rate of iceberg production. If correct, calving rates may be expected to increase should climate become warmer in the near future.
Dosimetric comparison of treatment plans based on free breathing, maximum, and average intensity projection CTs for lung cancer SBRT

Purpose: To determine whether there is a CT dataset may be more favorable for planning and dose calculation by comparing dosimetric characteristics between treatment plans calculated using free breathing (FB), maximum and average intensity projection (MIP and AIP, respectively) CTs for lungcancer patients receiving stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT). Methods: Twenty lungcancerSBRT patients, treated on a linac with 2.5 mm width multileaf-collimator (MLC), were analyzed retrospectively. Both FB helical and four-dimensional CT scans were acquired for each patient. Internal target volume (ITV) was delineated based on MIP CTs and modified based on both ten-phase datasets and FB CTs. Planning target volume (PTV) was then determined by adding additional setup margin to ITV. The PTVs and beams in the optimized treatment plan based on FB CTs were copied to MIP and AIP CTs, with the same isocenters, MLC patterns and monitor units. Mean effective depth (MED) of beams, and some dosimetric parameters for both PTVs and most important organ at risk (OAR), lung minus PTV, were compared between any two datasets using two-tail pairedt test. Results: The MEDs in FB and AIP plans were similar but significantly smaller ( P s < 0.001) than that in MIP plans. Minimum dose, mean dose,dose covering at least 90% and 95% of PTVs in MIP plans were slightly higher than two other plans ( P s < 0.008). The absolute volume of lung minus PTV receiving greater than 5, 10, and 20 Gy in MIP plans were significantly smaller than those in both FB and AIP plans ( P s < 0.008). Conformity index for FB plans showed a small but statistically significantly higher. Conclusions: Dosimetric characteristics of AIP plans are similar to those of FB plans. Slightly better target volume coverage and significantly lower low-dose region (≤30 Gy) in lung was observed in MIP plans. The decrease in low-dose region in lung was mainly caused by the change of lung volume contoured on two datasets rather than the differences of dose distribution between AIP and MIP plans. Compare with AIP datasets, FB datasets were more prone to significant image artifacts and MIP datasets may overestimate or underestimate the target volume when the target is closer to the denser tissue, so AIP seems favorable for planning and dose calculation for lungSBRT.
Use of solubility parameters of drug and vehicle to predict flux through skin

The solubilities of theophylline in, and fluxes through skin from, isopropyl myristate, octanol, dimethylformamide, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and formamide have been determined experimentally. Values for experimental permeability coefficients (Kp) corresponding to the respective fluxes were determined from, flux/solubility = Kp, which were then compared with values for the respective theoretical partition coefficients (PC) calculated from the known solubility parameters for the vehicles (delta v), theophylline (delta i) and skin (delta s). There was a good correlation for theoretical log PC - 2.52 = experimental log Kp for vehicles exhibiting solubility parameters in the range of delta v = 12-18 (cal/cm3)1/2. This allows relative fluxes to be determined from calculated theoretical partition coefficients and experimentally determined solubilities in that range. For vehicles or mixtures of vehicles exhibiting solubility parameters in the range of delta v = 8-12 (cal/cm3)1/2 large increases in fluxes and permeability coefficients, compared with those predicted from the results in the delta v = 12-18 (cal/cm3)1/2 range, were observed because of vehicle effects on the skin caused by the similarity in solubility parameters of those vehicles to that of skin. Qualitatively, fluxes and permeability coefficients were found to be inversely dependent on drug solubility in the vehicles with a minimum that corresponded approximately to the point where delta i = delta v.
A prospective cohort study of Vitamins B, C, E, and multivitamin intake and endometriosis.

PurposeDiet is a potentially modifiable risk factor for endometriosis. It has been hypothesized that vitamins C, E, and the B vitamins may influence factors involved in the pathogenesis of endometr...
TH-C-BRB-01: Society-Based Practice Quality Improvement Projects for Maintenance of Certification

Practice Quality Improvement (PQI) is the final component of Maintenance of Certification (MOC) as required by the American Board of Radiology (ABR) and the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). The first three components of MOC: professional standing, lifelong learning and self‐assessment, and the cognitive exam are less ambiguous than the fourth component, PQI, which is meant to provide a pathway for diplomates to critically self‐assess and improve clinical aspects of practice. The PQI process consists of six general steps: select a project and develop metrics, collect baseline data, review and analyze baseline data, implement an improvement plan, re‐measure baseline data, and report participation to the ABR. There are two types of projects that meet the ABR/ABMS requirements: Type I, which are individually‐based projects, developed and attested to by the dipomate; and Type II, which are an ABR endorsed, society‐provided template. AAPM Task Group 127 (MOC) has developed a Type II template that has been submitted to the ABR for endorsement. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the steps required to successfully meet the PQI requirements of MOC. 2. Understand the differences between the two types of PQI projects and their essential components. 3. Review and understand the ABR submitted Type II template developed by TG‐127.
Characterization of Structurally Unusual Diiron NxHy Complexes

A series of fascinating diiron complexes featuring bridging NxHy ligands stabilized by tris(phosphine)borate ([PhB(CH2PR2)3] = [PhBPR3]) ligands have been characterized. Hydrazine activation by [PhBPR3]Fe−Me (R = Ph or cyclohexylmethyl) leads to diiron Fe2(μ-η1:η1-N2H4)(μ-η2:η2-N2H2) complexes featuring both bridging hydrazine and hydrazido ligands. Thermolysis of {[PhBPCH2Cy3]Fe}2(μ-η1:η1-N2H4)(μ-η2:η2-N2H2) at 22 °C leads to a structurally unusual {[PhBPCH2Cy]Fe}2(μ-η1:η1-N2H2)(μ-NH2)2 complex featuring bridging HN═NH and NH2− ligands. This contrasts with {[PhBPPh3]Fe}2(μ-η1:η1-N2H4)(μ-η2:η2-N2H2), which can be chemically oxidized to produce either {[PhBPPh3]Fe}2(μ-η1:η1-N2H2)(μ-η2:η2-N2H2) or {[PhBPPh3]Fe}2(μ-NH)2, depending on the conditions. The former product is the only known complex to contain bridging N2H2 ligands in each of their limiting states of oxidation (HN═NH vs HN−NH2−). The latter product constitutes the first example of a diiron Fe2(μ-NH)2 diamond-shaped core.
Comparison of prevalence of >70% diameter narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries in patients with versus without mitral annular calcium and clinically suspected coronary artery disease.

The prevalence of >70% narrowing of 1, 2, or 3 major coronary arteries and of 3 major coronary arteries was investigated in 2,465 patients (1,437 men, 1,028 women; mean age 69 ± 13 years) with severe, moderate, mild, or no mitral annular calcium (MAC) diagnosed by 2-dimensional echocardiography who underwent coronary angiography for suspected coronary artery disease. Greater than 70% narrowing of 1, 2, or 3 major coronary arteries was present in 259 of 315 patients (82%) with severe MAC (group 1), in 835 of 1,052 patients (79%) with moderate or mild MAC (group 2), and in 756 of 1,098 patients (69%) with no MAC (group 3) (p
BioMedia: multimedia information systems for biology research, education, and collaboration

The long-term goals of the recently started Biomedia project at SFSU are to provide multimedia information systems and applications for the research and education needs of several projects in the SFSU Biology Department. These applications involve a considerable amount of images and image sequence data, in addition to traditional text, genomic, and experimental measurement data. Our systems will allow biology researchers and students to store, index, annotate, search, visualize, analyze, collaborate, and share a large amount of heterogeneous biomedical data. Our initial focus in BioMedia is the creation of collaborative WWW site for the Hedgehog gene pathway. The Hedgehog (Hh) protein super family constitutes a group of closely related secreted proteins that control many crucial processes during the embryogenesis of tissues. The overall goals of the Hh WWW Site project are as follows: a) to provide a WWW site to be used by researchers and students studying the Hedgehog gene pathway and made available to broad community, and b) to provide advanced and innovative functionality enabling easy usage and management, community based content submission and updates, and asynchronous collaboration between researchers and students. In this paper we present the status and first results in building and researching technologies necessary for this WWW site.
Transport near the mobility edge, the sign of the hall effect, photoreduction and oxidation of amorphous InOχ

Abstract The electronic transport properties of amorphous indium oxide (a-InOχ are studied as samples are changed reversibly between semiconducting and metallic statesby photoreduction and reoxidation. Photons with hv ⩾ 3.5eV produce conducting states in which holes are self-trapped presumably in weak OO bonds. Screening induces a nonmetal-metal transition at high electron concentrations n, while at lower n the temperature dependence of the conductivity follows the Meyer-Neldel rule with parameters nearly identical to hydrogenated amorphous silicon. The normal sign and magnitude of the Hall effect may be due to the strongly ionic character of the bonding.
Topology Discovery for Virtual Local Area Networks

In this paper we investigate the problem of finding the physical layer topology of large, heterogeneous networks that comprises multiple VLANs and may include uncooperative network nodes. We prove that finding a layer-2 network topology for a given incomplete input is an NP-hard problem even when the network comprises only two VLANs and the network contains one loop and deciding whether a given input defines a unique VLANs topology is a co-NP-hard problem. We design several heuristic algorithms to find VLANs topology. Our first algorithm is designed for geographically wide-spread networks that may contain uncooperative devices. For such networks the algorithm discovers the topology for each VLAN then merges them to infer the network topology in O(n^3) time, where $n$ is the number of internal network nodes. Our second algorithm is designed for smaller, active networks where each device in the network provides access to their MIB and few AFT entries are missing. For such networks, the algorithm finds the unique topology of VLANs in O(n^3) time. We have implemented both the algorithms described in this paper and conducted extensive experiments on multiple networks. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach is quite practical and discovers the accurate VLANs topology of large and heterogeneous networks whose input may not necessarily be complete. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper investigating topology discovery for VLANs.
Estimation of the Kelvin Wave Contribution to the Semiannual oscillation.

Daily temperature data acquired during the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere experiment are used to study the behavior of Kelvin waves in the equatorial middle atmosphere. It is suggested that Kelvin wave packets of different zonal wave numbers propagate separately and may be forced separately. Two Kelvin wave regimes were identified during the October 1978 to May 1979 data period. Most of the properties of the observed waves are shown to be consistent with slowly-varying theory. Results suggest that gravity waves may contribute significantly to the equatorial stratopause semiannual oscillation.
Space antennas: design, analysis and measurement challenges

Modern technological demands necessitates utilization of sophisticated antenna configurations as an integral part of future satellite communications and scientific payloads. A typical configuration consists of multi offset reflector antennas illuminated by feed arrays operating at various frequency bands. Additionally, it is desired to use large reflector antennas providing improved link performances and high resolutions for various applications. An overview of representative recent advances in large antenna design, analysis and measurements are presented. Examples of recent developments of mesh deployable and inflatable reflector antennas are given.
Lipoxin generation by human megakaryocyte-induced 12-lipoxygenase.

Abstract Eicosanoid biosynthesis was examined with a human megakaryocytic cell line (Dami). Megakaryocytes incubated with [1- 14 C]arachidonic acid and either ionophore A23187 or thrombin generated both throm☐ane and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (HHTrE). Exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for 1 through 9 days induced differentiation and revealed an increase in the conversion of [1- 14 C]arachidonate to cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase (LO)-derived products. The LO-derived product was identified as 12S-HETE by its physical characteristics including GC/MS and chiral column SP-HPLC. PMA-treated Dami cells did not generate 5-HETE, leukotrienes or lipoxins from exogenous arachidonic acid while they did convert leukotriene A 4 (LTA 1 ) to lipoxin A 4 , lipoxin B 4 and their respective all- trans isomers. In addition, COS-M6 cells transfected with a human 12-lipoxygenase cDNA and incubated with either arachidonic acid or LTA 4 generated 12-HETE and lipoxins, respectively. The lipoxin profile generated by transfected COS-M6 cells incubated with LTA 4 was similar to that generated by the PMA-treated Dami cells. Results indicate that human megakaryocytes can transform arachidonate and LTA 4 to bioactive eicosanoids and that the 12-lipoxygenase appears upon further differentiation of these cells. In addition, they indicate that the 12-LO of human megakaryocytes and the 12-LO expressed by transfected COS cells can generate both lipoxins A 4 and B 4 . Together they suggest that the human 12-LO can serve as a model of LX-synthetase activity with LTA 4 .
Structural Modification of Single-Layer Carbon Nanotubes with an Electron Beam

Transmission electron imaging and diffraction are used to probe the atomic-level structure of single-layer carbon nanotubes. The nanotubes bend, fold, kink, and radially deform. They have a tendency to form parallel bundles of tubes, and this bundling process has been observed in real time. In addition, the electron beam is used to locally cut and anneal nanotubes.
Drift and spatial distortion elimination in atomic force microscopy images by the digital image correlation technique

The characterization of nanomaterials and nanostructures on the nanoscale has been a tremendous challenge for many existing testing and measurement techniques. With the rapid development of microfabrication and nanofabrication technologies, appropriate and accurate tools for nanometrology and nanomechanical testing must be developed. In this study, a recently developed methodology for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image correction has been successfully adapted to correct the drift and spatial distortion of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. Using this approach with a standard AFM sample stage, the errors in AFM images, artificial strains for zero deformation, have been reduced to 150×10−6 ± 1300×10−6. When using a sample stage with closed-loop control, the method reduces errors to 200×10−6 ± 1000×10−6, confirming that the SEM-based approach is capable of removing much of the distortion present in typical AFM images.
Expecting the Worst: Exploring the Associations Between Poverty and Misbehavior

What associations exist between class membership and perceptions of misbehavior? Participants received a list of 174 infractions and crimes, and were asked with which social class category (poor, working class, middle class, or wealthy) they most associated each. Results indicated that (a) most infractions were considered equally likely to be committed by any social class, (b) respondents linked class categories with infractions that referred to particular social class experiences, (c) the Poor/Low-Income category was the only one associated with infractions that did not contain class references, and (d) respondents did not associate middle-class membership most highly with any infractions.
Perceived Organizational Support: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Organizational Support Theory:

Organizational support theory (OST) proposes that employees form a generalized perception concerning the extent to which the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being (perceived organizational support, or POS). Based on hypotheses involving social exchange, attribution, and self-enhancement, we carried out a meta-analytic assessment of OST using results from 558 studies. OST was generally successful in its predictions concerning both the antecedents of POS (leadership, employee–organization context, human resource practices, and working conditions) and its consequences (employee’s orientation toward the organization and work, employee performance, and well-being). Notably, OST successfully predicted the relative magnitudes of different relationships, influences of process variables, and mediational effects. General implications of the findings for OST and research on POS are discussed.
Efficient electrochemical refrigeration power plant using natural gas with ∼100% CO2 capture

Abstract We propose an efficient Natural Gas (NG) based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) power plant equipped with ∼100% CO 2 capture. The power plant uses a unique refrigeration based process to capture and liquefy CO 2 from the SOFC exhaust. The capture of CO 2 is carried out via condensation and purification using two rectifying columns operating at different pressures. The uncondensed gas mixture, comprising of relatively high purity unconverted fuel, is recycled to the SOFC and found to boost the power generation of the SOFC by 22%, when compared to a stand alone SOFC. If Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is available at the plant gate, then the refrigeration available from its evaporation is used for CO 2 Capture and Liquefaction (CO 2 CL). If NG is utilized, then a Mixed Refrigerant (MR) vapor compression cycle is utilized for CO 2 CL. Alternatively, the necessary refrigeration can be supplied by evaporating the captured liquid CO 2 at a lower pressure, which is then compressed to supercritical pressures for pipeline transportation. From rigorous simulations, the power generation efficiency of the proposed processes is found to be 70–76% based on lower heating value (LHV). The benefit of the proposed processes is evident when the efficiency of 73% for a conventional SOFC-Gas turbine power plant without CO 2 capture is compared with an equivalent efficiency of 71.2% for the proposed process with CO 2 CL.
Low testosterone levels predict incident depressive illness in older men: effects of age and medical morbidity.

OBJECTIVE Prior studies found that chronic low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of depression. We investigated whether low testosterone levels in older men predict depressive illness over 2 years, while controlling for age and medical morbidity. METHOD Participants were 748 men, aged 50 years or older, without prior ICD-9-diagnosed depressive illness, with a testosterone level obtained between 1995 and 1997. Measures were age, mean total testosterone levels (low: < or = 2.5 ng/mL), medical morbidity, and incidence and time to depressive illness. RESULTS Men with low testosterone levels had a greater 2-year incidence of depressive illness (18.5% vs. 10.4%, df = 1, p = .006) and a shorter time to onset of depressive illness (log-rank chi(2) = 8.1, df = 1, p = .004). The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for depressive illness in men with low testosterone levels was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2 to 3.0, p = .005). After adjustment for age and medical morbidity, men with low testosterone levels continued to have a shorter time to depressive illness (adjusted HR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3 to 3.2, p = .002). Due to a significant interaction between age and medical morbidity, we conducted stratified Cox regression analyses and found that low testosterone levels and high medical morbidity or an age of 50 to 65 years were associated with increased depressive illness (p = .002). CONCLUSION Low testosterone levels are associated with an earlier onset and greater incidence of depressive illness. Men with low testosterone levels who had high medical morbidity or were aged 50 to 65 years had an increased risk for depressive illness. Further prospective studies are needed to examine the role of testosterone in depressive illness in older men.
Taking Math Outside of the Classroom: math in the City

Math in the City is an interdisciplinary mathematics course offered at University of Nebraska-Lincoln in which students engage in a real-world experience to understand current major societal issues of local and national interest. The course is run in collaboration with local businesses, research centers, and government organizations, that provide data and act as consultants throughout the course. We provide a brief description of the course with examples of projects offered over the years. We emphasize service-learning aspects of the program, as well as benefits to students and business collaborators.
Decaying turbulence in soap films: energy and enstrophy evolution

This experimental study of quasi-two-dimensional grid turbulence in gravity-driven soap-film flow focuses on the differences between the behavior of the flow and the theoretical picture of two-dimensional turbulence. A previously unattainable quality of velocity field acquisition facilitates simultaneous measurement of velocity field features in the scale range spanning over two orders of magnitude. The highly-resolved flow field data are analyzed statistically in terms of velocity structure functions, as well as energy and enstrophy averages at different downstream positions. We find the rate of decay of these averages to be quantifiably greater than the predictions of the two-dimensional turbulence theory. This increased decay is likely to be the manifestation of the extra dissipation mechanism present in soap-film flows and prominent on the larger scales—air drag. The structure function analysis confirms the notion.
Decoding repetitive finger movements with brain activity acquired via non-invasive electroencephalography

We investigated how well repetitive finger tapping movements can be decoded from scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signals. A linear decoder with memory was used to infer continuous index finger angular velocities from the low-pass filtered fluctuations of the amplitude of a plurality of EEG signals distributed across the scalp. To evaluate the accuracy of the decoder, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between the observed and predicted trajectories was calculated in a 10-fold cross-validation scheme. We also assessed attempts to decode finger kinematics from EEG data that was cleaned with independent component analysis (ICA), EEG data from peripheral sensors, and EEG data from rest periods. A genetic algorithm was used to select combinations of EEG channels that maximized decoding accuracies. Our results (lower quartile r = 0.20, median r = 0.36, upper quartile r = 0.52) show that delta-band EEG signals contain useful information that can be used to infer finger kinematics. Further, the highest decoding accuracies were characterized by highly correlated delta band EEG activity mostly localized to the contralateral central areas of the scalp. Spectral analysis in alpha (8-13Hz) and beta (20-30 Hz) EEG respectively also showed focused bilateral alpha event related desynchronizations (ERDs) over central scalp areas and contralateral beta event related synchronizations (ERSs) localized to central scalp areas. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of decoding finger kinematics from scalp EEG signals.
H. G. Huettich: Theater in the Planned Society: Contemporary Drama in its Historical, Political, and Cultural Context

i 1 Holmes: H. G. Huettich: Theater in the Planned Society: Contemporary Dram Published by New Prairie Press, 1978
Formsheets and the XML forms language

Abstract This paper presents XForm — a proposal for a general and powerful mechanism for handling forms in XML. XForm defines form — related constructs independent of any particular XML language and set of form controls. It defines the notion of formsheets as a mechanism for computing form values on the client, form values being arbitrary, typed XML documents. This enables a symmetrical exchange of data between clients and servers which is useful for example for database and workflow applications. Formsheets can be written in a variety of languages — we argue that the document transformation capabilities of XSL stylesheets make them an elegant choice.
Molecular divergence between asian and North American species of liriodendron (magnoliaceae) with implications for interpretation of fossil floras

Hemisphere. There is less agreement on the timing of this process, with suggestions ranging from the Paleocene to the Neogene. In this study, molecular markers from two different plant genomes were used to assess the degree of genetic divergence between the two interfertile, morphologically similar species of the genus Liriodendron, i.e., L. tulipifera and L. chinense. Resulting molecular divergence estimates were translated into approximate dates of separation, independent of evidence from the fossil record. Allozyme data (Nei's genetic identity = 0.434) suggested a divergence time of 10-16 million years before present, whereas sequence divergence in the plastid genomes (1.24%) led to an estimate of approximately 1 1-14 million years before present. A review of the paleobotanical literature indicated that the fossil floras that included, or might have included Liriodendron could not have survived in Beringia after the late Miocene and the onset of southward-migrating Arctic air masses on the North American continent. This interpretation suggests a minimum time of separation of approximately 13 million years before present. Thus, both molecular data sets and the paleobotanical evidence concur in suggesting a divergence time of 10-16 million years before present. Interspecific compatibility and relative morphological stasis must have, therefore, persisted from at least the late Miocene. We emphasize the need for similar studies in other genera, especially those that have both a reasonable Tertiary fossil history and extant species in mesic temperate refugia in Asia, Europe, and westem as well as eastem North America.
Abstract 3188: Discovery and validation of non-invasive biomarkers for benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Although the PSA test is successfully used to determine how well a prostate cancer patient is responding to therapy, it cannot reliably distinguish between the presence of prostate cancer and benign prostate diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostatitis. These conditions and early prostate cancer can all result in low to moderate levels of PSA in the blood. The absence of sensitive and specific biomarkers that can distinguish between benign conditions and prostate cancer often leaves patients and their doctors with little recourse than to utilize invasive approaches to diagnose prostate cancer that can result in harmful and undesirable side effects. With the goal of identifying and validating non-invasive biomarkers that can distinguish between neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease of the prostate, we have utilized iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) as our technique of choice to sensitively and accurately identify and quantify proteins that are differentially present in the urine of men with BPH and prostate cancer. This approach resulted in the identification of 26 proteins that were differentially expressed at a significant level, with high confidence, in urines obtained from men from each of the two groups of interest. These proteins represent a number of functional categories including cell assembly and organization, cell signaling, cell morphology, carbohydrate metabolism, cellular growth and proliferation, lipid metabolism, androgen and estrogen metabolism and DNA replication, recombination and repair, among others. Validation of ten proteins with the greatest differential expression between the two groups has been completed. Immunoblot analyses have confirmed the significant differential presence of these proteins in a larger number of patient samples analyzed thus far. Large scale validation studies are ongoing. These data suggest that the ability to non-invasively monitor the levels of these proteins in the urine of patients with uninformative PSA levels has the potential to provide clinically relevant information for reliable diagnosis of BPH and prostate cancer. These proteins may also serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of men with BPH and prostate cancer. (Supported by The Ellison Foundation) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3188. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3188