cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A SPECIFIC INACTIVATOR OF MAMMALIAN C'4 ISOLATED FROM NURSE SHARK (Ginglymostoma cirratum) SERUM

A material which specifically inactivates mammalian C'4 was isolated from low ionic strength precipitates of nurse shark serum. The C'4 inactivator was not detected in whole serum. The conditions of its generation and its immunoelectrophoretic behavior seem to indicate that it is an enzymatically formed cleavage product of a precursor contained in whole shark serum. The inactivator was partially purified and characterized. It had an S-value of 3.3 (sucrose gradient) which was in agreement with its retardation on gel filtration, was stable between pH 5.0 and 10.0, had a half-life of 5 min at 56°C, pH 7.5, was inactivated by trypsin and was nontoxic. Its powerful anticomplementary activity in vitro and in vivo was solely due to the rapid inactivation of C'4; no other complement components were affected. No cofactor requirement was observed for the equally rapid inactivation of highly purified human and guinea pig C'4. The kinetics of C'4 inactivation and TAME hydrolysis, the greater anodic mobility of inactivated human C'4, and the influence of temperature on the rate of inactivation suggest that the inactivator is an enzyme and C'4 its substrate. This conclusion was supported by the more recent detection of a split product of C'4. Intravenous administration of the C'4 inactivator could prevent lethal Forssman shock and suppress the Arthus reaction in guinea pigs; it prolonged significantly the rejection time of renal xenografts but had no detectable effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Anaphylatoxin could be generated in C'4 depleted guinea pig serum with the cobra venom factor, but not with immune precipitates. The possible relationship between C'1 esterase and the C'4 inactivator is discussed on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities.
Oligocene tectonics and sedimentation, California

Abstract During the Oligocene epoch, California was marked by extensive nonmarine sedimentation, in contrast to its pre-Oligocene and post-Oligocene depositional history. The Oligocene continental deposits are especially widespread in southern California and fill a number of small and generally partly restricted basins. Fluvial facies in many basins prograded over previously deposited lower Tertiary turbidites. Volcanism, from widespread centers, was associated with the nonmarine sedimentation. However, some basins remained marine and a few contain Oligocene turbidites and pelagic sediments deposited at bathyal depths. The Oligocene redbeds of California do not form a post-orogenic molasse sequence comparable to the Old Red Sandstone or Alpine molasse. They are synorogenic and record local uplift of basins and surrounding source areas. Late Cretaceous to contemporary orogenesis in California has been generally characterized by the formation of small restricted basins of variable depth adjacent to small upland areas in response to strike-slip faulting. Deposition of Oligocene redbeds was associated with climatic change from warm and humid to cold and semiarid, and a global lowering of sea level. Oligocene tectonism occurred during the transition from subduction of the Farallon Plate to initiation of the modern San Andreas transform system. However, the major influence that caused uplift, formation of fault-bounded basins, and extensive redbed deposition, especially in southern California, was the approach of the Pacific—Farallon spreading ridge to the western margin of California.
LipL46 is a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein expressed during leptospiral dissemination in the mammalian host.

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by invasive spirochaetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. Pathogenic leptospires disseminate via the bloodstream to colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts. Little is known about leptospiral outer-membrane proteins expressed during the dissemination stage of infection. In this study, a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein is described; it has been designated LipL46 to distinguish it from a previously described 31 kDa peripheral membrane protein, P31LipL45, which is exported as a 45 kDa probable lipoprotein. The lipL46 gene encodes a 412 aa polypeptide with a 21 aa signal peptide. Lipid modification of cysteine at the lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site FSISC is supported by the finding that Leptospira interrogans intrinsically labels LipL46 during incubation in medium containing [14C]palmitate. LipL46 appears to be exported to the leptospiral outer membrane as a 46 kDa lipoprotein, based on Triton X-114 solubilization and phase partitioning studies, which included the outer and inner membrane controls LipL32 and LipL31, respectively. Surface immunoprecipitation and whole-cell ELISA experiments indicate that LipL46 is exposed on the leptospiral surface. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated expression of LipL46 by leptospires found in the bloodstream of acutely infected hamsters. Leptospires expressing LipL46 were also found in the intercellular spaces of the liver, within splenic phagocytes, and invading the glomerular hilum of the kidney. Infection-associated expression is supported by the finding that LipL46 is a major antigen recognized by sera from infected hamsters. These findings indicate that LipL46 may be important in leptospiral dissemination, and that it may serve as a useful serodiagnostic antigen.
A dynamic kinetic model of the activated sludge process

A kinetic model has been developed which describes the dynamic response of activated sludge to changes in substrate concentration. The well known phenomenon of “growth-rate hysteresis” can be explained by the simple yet biologically reasonable hypotheses of the model. Experimental results have verified the model quantitatively.
Howard Deering Johnson: The Man Under the Orange Roof

Howard Deering Johnson was an early pioneer in the American foodservice industry and is recognized for many innovations such as the successful use of franchising in the foodservice industry, super premium ice cream, turnpike restaurants, commissary food distribution and themed-restaurant concepts to name just a few. Additionally, his organization grew a considerable portfolio of motels along the way and it is the Howard Johnson Hotel brand that many people are familiar with today. However, his story represents all the best in the American entrepreneurial spirit that is manifested by hard work and strong core values.
Failure Analysis of Tungsten Coated Polysilicon Micromachined Microengines

Failure analysis (FA) tools have been applied to analyze tungsten coated polysilicon microengines. These devices were stressed under accelerated conditions at ambient temperatures and pressure. Preliminary results illustrating the failure modes of microengines operated under variable humidity and ultra-high drive frequency will also be shown. Analysis os tungsten coated microengines revealed the absence of wear debris in microengines operated under ambient conditions. Plan view imagine of these microengines using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed no accumulation of wear debris on the surface of the gears or ground plane on microengines operated under standard laboratory conditions. Friction bearing surfaces were exposed and analyzed using the focused ion beam (FIB). These cross sections revealed no accumulation of debris along friction bear surfaces. By using transmission electro microscopy (TEM) in conjunction with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we were able to identify the thickness, elemental analysis, and crystallographic properties of tungsten coated MEMS devices. Atomic force microscopy was also utilized to analyze the surface roughness of friction bearing surfaces.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HYDRODYNAMIC AND HEAT TRANSFER INTERACTIONS IN PARTICLE ASSEMBLAGES AT INTERMEDIATE REYNOLDS NUMBERS

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer interactions in sphere assemblages at intermediate Reynolds numbers have been studied as part of a theoretical model of interactions between vaporizing fuel droplets. The wake effects have been estimated by considering two spheres in tandem. Since the wake effects of reducing the transport rates are significant even for large spacing between the spheres, the spherical cell models used in low Reynolds number hydrodynamics are inadequate for intermediate Reynolds numbers; therefore, cylindrical cell models are suggested. The Navier-Stokes and energy equations have been solved numerically within the representative cells for intermediate Reynolds numbers. Using a nonuniform mesh suited for the problem, several spheres are considered in tandem and the importance of wake effects in considerably reducing the drag and Nusselt number in the bulk is discussed.
Socioeconomic status modifies interest-knowledge associations among adolescents

Researchers have recently taken a renewed interest in examining the patterns by which noncognitive traits and cognitive traits relate to one another. Few researchers, however, have examined the possibility that such patterns might differ according to environmental context. Using data from a nationally representative sample of approximately 375,000 students from 1300 high schools in the United States, we examined the relations between socioeconomic status (SES), interests, and knowledge in eleven academic, vocational/professional, and recreational domains. We found little support for the hypothesis that SES-related differences in levels of interest mediate SES-related differences in levels of knowledge. In contrast, we found robust and consistent support for the hypothesis that SES moderates interest-knowledge associations. For 10 out of 11 of the knowledge domains examined, the interest-knowledge association was stronger for individuals living in higher SES contexts. Moderation persisted after controlling for an index of general intelligence. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that low SES inhibits individuals from selectively investing their time and attention in learning experiences that are consistent with their interests.
Adolescents' Clothing Purchase Motivations, Information Sources, and Store Selection Criteria: A Comparison of Male/Female and Impulse/Nonimpulse Shoppers

The purpose of this study was to examine high school adolescents' clothing shopping frequency, expenditure, purchase motivations, information sources, and store selection criteria and to determine the similarities and differences between male and female as well as impulse and nonimpulse shoppers. A survey design was used to collect the data. One hundred thirty-seven high school students, in 9th to 12th grade, 69 males and 68 females, were recruited. Similarities were found between male and female participants. They spent similar amounts of money on clothing and had similar degrees of conformity, sexual attraction, and recognition motivations. For both genders, friends were the most important clothing information source, and price was the most important criterion for store selection. Significant differences were also found between genders. Female participants shopped significantly more often than males and had higher recreation clothing purchase motivation. Certain information sources, such as friends and magazines/books, had more influence over clothing purchase decisions made by females compared to males. Certain criteria such as product variety/availability and store display carried more weight for females than males when making a store selection. When impulse and nonimpulse shoppers were compared, significant differences were found in all the clothing behaviors examined in the study (i.e., clothing shopping frequency, expenditure, purchase motivations, information sources, store selection criteria). Educational and marketing implications are recommended.
Dynamic roughness perturbation of a turbulent boundary layer

The zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate was perturbed by a temporally oscillating, spatial impulse of roughness, and the downstream response of the flow field was interrogated by hot-wire anemometry and particle-image velocimetry. The key features common to impulsively perturbed boundary layers, as identified in Jacobi & McKeon (J. Fluid Mech., 2011), were investigated, and the unique contributions of the dynamic perturbation were isolated by contrast with an appropriately matched static impulse of roughness. In addition, the dynamic perturbation was decomposed into separable large-scale and small-scale structural effects, which in turn were associated with the organized wave and roughness impulse aspects of the perturbation. A phase-locked velocity decomposition of the entire downstream flow field revealed strongly coherent modes of fluctuating velocity, with distinct mode shapes for the streamwise and wall-normal velocity components. Following the analysis of McKeon & Sharma (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 658, 2010, pp. 336–382), the roughness perturbation was treated as a forcing of the Navier–Stokes equation and a linearized analysis employing a modified Orr–Sommerfeld operator was performed. The experimentally ascertained wavespeed of the input disturbance was used to solve for the most amplified singular mode of the Orr–Sommerfeld resolvent. These calculated modes were then compared with the streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations. The discrepancies between the calculated Orr–Sommerfeld resolvent modes and those experimentally observed by phase-locked averaging of the velocity field were postulated to result from the violation of the parallel flow assumption of Orr–Sommerfeld analysis, as well as certain non-equilibrium effects of the roughness. Additionally, some difficulties previously observed using a quasi-laminar eigenmode analysis were also observed under the resolvent approach; however, the resolvent analysis was shown to provide reasonably accurate predictions of velocity fluctuations for the forced Orr–Sommerfeld problem over a portion of the boundary layer, with potential applications to designing efficient flow control strategies. The combined experimental and analytical effort provides a new opportunity to examine the non-equilibrium and forcing effects in a dynamically perturbed flow.
The DVR-1 (Vg1)Transcript of Zebrafish Is Maternally Supplied and Distributed throughout the Embryo

Abstract It is not known how region- or tissue-specific differences are generated in the zebrafish embryo. To look at the potential role of maternal transcripts in generating cell diversity, we have isolated and characterized the zebrafish homologue of Xenopus DVR-1 (Vg1), a maternally supplied RNA that encodes a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. The zebrafish DVR-1 RNA is maternally supplied and its protein product shares a high degree of sequence identity with Xenopus DVR-1. These conserved features indicate that DVR-1 is likely to have an essential function in early embryogenesis. However, unlike the frog transcript, which is restricted to vegetal cells, DVR-1 RNA is distributed equally among all zebrafish blastomeres. We suggest that the ubiquitous distribution of DVR-1 RNA reflects a significant aspect of the developmental strategy of the zebrafish in which each blastomate retains an equivalent developmental potential throughout the cleavage period.
Allograft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Background Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis types I (MPGN-I) and II (MPGN-II) are rare diseases that in limited case series have been reported to recur frequently in kidney transplants and have a negative impact on allograft survival. Study Design Retrospective database review. Setting & Participants 189,211 primary kidney transplants in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from September 1987 to May 2007. Predictor or Factor MPGN-I (811 patients; 0.4%), MPGN-II (179 patients; 0.1%), other GN (58,129 patients; 30.7%), and all other diagnoses (130,092 patients; 68.7%). Outcomes Death-censored and non–death-censored allograft survival. Results Compared with controls, patients with MPGN-I and MPGN-II were significantly younger at the time of transplant, with a median age of 36 and 27 years compared with 44 years in the GN group and 46 years in all other disease groups, respectively (all P P = 0.02) and other disease (16.6%; P P = 0.01) population. Graft failure rates were significantly higher in the MPGN-I (44.5%) cohort, but not in the MPGN-II (45.3%) cohort compared with the GN (38.0%) population ( P P = 0.05, respectively); neither MPGN cohort differed from the other disease (43.0%) population ( P = 0.4 and P = 0.5). Overall, 10-year death-censored graft survival was similar for MPGN-I (56.2%) and MPGN-II (57.5%); both were significantly worse than for GN (65.2%; P P = 0.003, respectively), and only MPGN-I was significantly worse than the other disease (60.0%) population ( P = 0.004). Of allograft failures with a reported cause, disease recurrence was the primary cause in 36 (14.5%) MPGN-I and 18 (29.5%) MPGN-II transplant recipients and was significantly higher compared with 879 (6.6%) GN and 1,319 (4.4%) all-other-disease recurrence failures ( P Limitations Limited pretransplant clinical and biopsy data. Conclusions A diagnosis of MPGN-I or MPGN-II has a significant negative impact on overall primary allograft survival compared with other forms of glomerulonephritis, whereas only MPGN-I has a significant, but modest, negative effect compared with other causes of end-stage renal disease.
Ethical Dimensions of Stakeholder Participation and Evaluation Use.

The authors review ethical dilemmas in evaluation that emerge from efforts to promote use within a context of stakeholder participation. Case examples illustrate two potentially problematic domains: stakeholder selection and depth of stakeholder involvement. Also discussed are mediating factors in the occurrence and resolution of these dilemmas.
p300/CBP-associated factor histone acetyltransferase processing of a peptide substrate. Kinetic analysis of the catalytic mechanism.

p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) is a histone acetyltransferase that plays an important role in the remodeling of chromatin and the regulation of gene expression. It has been shown to catalyze preferentially acetylation of the e-amino group of lysine 14 in histone H3. In this study, the kinetic mechanism of PCAF was evaluated with a 20-amino acid peptide substrate derived from the amino terminus of histone H3 (H3-20) and recombinant bacterially expressed PCAF catalytic domain (PCAFcat). The enzymologic behavior of full-length PCAF and PCAFcat were shown to be similar. PCAF-catalyzed acetylation of the substrate H3-20 was shown to be specific for Lys-14, analogous to its behavior with the full-length histone H3 protein. Two-substrate kinetic analysis displayed an intersecting line pattern, consistent with a ternary complex mechanism for PCAF. The dead-end inhibitor analog desulfo-CoA was competitiveversus acetyl-CoA and noncompetitive versusH3-20. The dead-end analog inhibitor H3-20 K14A was competitiveversus H3-20 and uncompetitive versusacetyl-CoA. The potent bisubstrate analog inhibitor H3-CoA-20 was competitive versus acetyl-CoA and noncompetitiveversus H3-20. Taken together, these inhibition patterns support an ordered BiBi kinetic mechanism for PCAF in which acetyl-CoA binding precedes H3-20 binding. Viscosity experiments suggest that diffusional release of product is not rate-determining for PCAF catalysis. These results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the detailed catalytic behavior of an important subset of the histone acetyltransferases and have significant implications for molecular regulation of and inhibitor design for these enzymes.
Brazil’s Conditional Cash Transfer Program Associated With Declines In Infant Mortality Rates

Conditional cash transfer programs are innovative social safety-net programs that aim to relieve poverty. They provide a regular source of income to poor families and are “conditional” in that they require poor families to invest in the health and education of their children through greater use of educational and preventive health services. Brazil’s Bolsa Familia conditional cash transfer program, created in 2003, is the world’s largest program of its kind. During the first five years of the program, it was associated with a significant 9.3 percent reduction in overall infant mortality rates, with greater declines in postneonatal mortality rates than in mortality rates at an earlier age and in municipalities with many users of Brazil’s Family Health Program than in those with lower use rates. There were also larger effects in municipalities with higher infant mortality rates at baseline. Programs like Bolsa Familia can improve child health and reduce long-standing health inequalities. Policy makers should...
Assessing the internal validity of image theory in the context of Turkey-U.S. relations

This research examines propositions of international image theory in the context of Turkey-U.S. relations. Study 1 derives and tests hypotheses regarding the interrelationships among theory components—perceived strategic relations, images, and behavioral tendencies. In addition, it extends image theory research by examining (1) the role of emotions, as well as (2) how variations in the strength of ingroup identifications (national and religious identity) inform our understanding of international images. Study 2 extends the findings of Study 1 by considering different dimensions of cultural status (cultural heritage vs. modernity) and by differentiating two targets of emotion: the U.S. government versus American citizens. Evidence is provided regarding the need for incorporation of emotions and group identifications onto the image theory framework. The results point to the need for more investigation of images and their relationships with other components of the theory in various intergroup contexts.
Spindle microtubules in flux

Accurate and timely chromosome segregation is a task performed within meiotic and mitotic cells by a specialized force-generating structure--the spindle. This micromachine is constructed from numerous proteins, most notably the filamentous microtubules that form a structural framework for the spindle and also transmit forces through it. Poleward flux is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by spindle microtubules both to move chromosomes and to regulate spindle length. Recent studies have identified a microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin as a key force-generating component required for flux. On the basis of these findings, we propose a new model for flux powered by a microtubule-disassembly mechanism positioned at the spindle pole. In addition, we use the flux model to explain the results of spindle manipulation experiments to illustrate the importance of flux for proper chromosome positioning.
Self-trapped excitons in silicon dioxide: mechanism and properties.

Irradiating silica produces self-trapped excitons (STEs) that spontaneously create atomic-scale distortions on which they localize themselves. Despite enduring interest in STEs and subsequent defects in this key technological material, the trapping mechanism and geometry remain a mystery. Our ab initio study of STEs in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-quartz using a many-electron Green's function approach answers both questions. The STE comprises a broken O-Si bond with the hole localized on the defected oxygen and the electron on the defected silicon atom in a planar $s{p}^{2}$ conformation. The results further explain quantitatively the measured STE spectra.
The impact of the report, Splicing Life.

Overview summaryThe first, and possibly still the most important, document examining in depth the broad ethical implications of human gene therapy was Splicing Life, published in November 1982. The senior author of that study looks back over the past years and reflects on the significance of Splicing Life from the perspective of today.
Random shaped ZnO supported on a porous substrate as supercapacitor

Abstract Potentiostatic depositions of zinc oxide (ZnO) on titania (TiO2) nanotube substrate have been observed to demonstrate remarkable enhancement in the supercapacitance behavior as reported in this study. Systematic evaluation of the morphology and crystal structure of the electrodeposited ZnO phase was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments indicated that the electrode can attain a maximum specific capacitance of 304 F g−1 that was partly attributed to the electro-active ZnO phase and partly to the highly permeable, porous, and unidirectional nanotubular TiO2 substrate.
Association of vaccine-related attitudes and beliefs between parents and health care providers

Abstract Objectives Health care providers influence parental vaccination decisions. Over 90% of parents report receiving vaccine information from their child's health care provider. The majority of parents of vaccinated children and children exempt from school immunization requirements report their child's primary provider is a good source for vaccine information. The role of health care providers in influencing parents who refuse vaccines has not been fully explored. The objective of the study was to determine the association between vaccine-related attitudes and beliefs of health care providers and parents. Methods We surveyed parents and primary care providers of vaccinated and unvaccinated school age children in four states in 2002–2003 and 2005. We measured key immunization beliefs including perceived risks and benefits of vaccination. Odds ratios for associations between parental and provider responses were calculated using logistic regression. Results Surveys were completed by 1367 parents (56.1% response rate) and 551 providers (84.3% response rate). Parents with high confidence in vaccine safety were more likely to have providers with similar beliefs, however viewpoints regarding disease susceptibility and severity and vaccine efficacy were not associated. Parents whose providers believed that children get more immunizations than are good for them had 4.6 higher odds of holding that same belief compared to parents whose providers did not have that belief. Conclusions The beliefs of children's health care providers and parents, including those regarding vaccine safety, are similar. Provider beliefs may contribute to parental decisions to accept, delay or forgo vaccinations. Parents may selectively choose providers who have similar beliefs to their own.
Trypsin inhibitor effects on food intake and weight gain in zucker rats

Decreased body weight and increased pancreas weight which occur in rats fed raw soybeans are thought to be due to the presence of trypsin inhibitors in the soybeans (SBTI). Since trypsin is postulated to be a negative feedback signal for cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, SBTI may have these effects by increasing secretion of CCK. CCK is a putative satiety signal; thus, increased secretion of CCK could decrease food intake, and, if maintained over a period of time, body weight. In these experiments the effects of a trypsin inhibitor [N,N-dimethyl-carbamoyl 4-(4-guanidino-benzylyloxy)-phenyl acetate methane-sulfate (DGPM)]on feeding pattern were investigated in Zucker obese and lean rats. Administration of 25-200 mg/kg DGPM to 6-hr fasted rats decreased daily food intake by dose-dependently decreasing average meal size in both obese and lean rats, but the response was greater in obese rats. Administration of 100 mg/kg DGPM twice daily for 7 days decreased food intake and body weight in obese but not lean rats. Thus, these results suggest that decreased body weight associated with SBTI is due to decreased food intake partly as a result of increased secretion of the putative satiety peptide CCK.
Automatic layout of integrated-optic time-of-flight circuits

This work describes the architecture and algorithms used in the computer-aided design tool developed for the automatic layout of integrated-optic, time-of-flight circuit designs. As in VLSI circuit layout, total wire length and chip area minimization are the goals in the layout of time-of-flight circuits. However, there are two major differences between the layout of time of flight circuits and VLSI circuits. First, the interconnection lengths of time-of-flight designs are exactly specified in order to achieve the necessary delays for signal synchronization. SEcondly, the switching elements are 120 times longer than they are wide. This highly astigmatic aspect ratio causes severe constraints on how and where the switches are placed. Assuming the continued development of corner turning mirrors allows the use of a parallel, row-based device placement architecture and a rectangular, fixed-grid track system for the connecting paths. The layout process proceeds in two steps. The first step involves the use of a partial circuit graph representation to place the elements in rows, oriented in the direction of the signal flow. After iterative improvement of the placement, the second step proceeds with the routing of the connecting paths. The main problem in the automatic layout of time-of-flight circuits is achieving the correct path lengths without overlapping previously routed paths. This problem is solved by taking advantage of a certain degree of variability present in each path, allowing the use of simple heuristics to circumvent previously routed paths.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Uba1 functions in Atg7- and Atg3-independent autophagy

Autophagy, which is believed to be an Atg7- and Atg3-dependent process, is known to be involved in animal development. Baehrecke and colleagues show that autophagy drives the controlled degradation of the developing Drosophila midgut. Interestingly, this process is Atg7- and Atg3-independent, and instead requires the E1-activating enzyme Uba1 for programmed reduction of cell size in the midgut.
Research to practice in pediatric pain: what are we missing?

Translation of research findings into standard clinical practice continues to be a significant barrier to improved quality of care and patient outcomes. It is not surprising to most pediatric practitioners that a gap between research and practice exists, but the magnitude of this discrepancy is startling. Recent data have suggested that patients typically receive only a fraction of recommended care. In a recent study of the medical care provided to a random sample of >5000 adults in the United States, participants received, on average, only 54.9% of recommended preventative, acute, or chronic care.1 Even more startling figures emerge when we consider the extent to which care can be improved simply by implementing current research findings. For example, it has been estimated that up to a 30% improvement in cancer outcomes could result if current knowledge were applied routinely in clinical settings.2 Pain management in children is certainly not spared from this research-to-practice gap. Significant progress has been made since the first reports of children being undermedicated for pain,3,4 but despite these advances children continue to suffer acute and chronic pain. This is particularly the case in postoperative contexts, in which up to 50% of children experience severe pain in hospital … Address correspondence to Zeev N. Kain, MD, MA, MBA, FAAP, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Research, 333 City Blvd West, Suite 2150, Orange, CA 92868. E-mail: zkain{at}uci.edu
The magnitude of the difference of crude and adjusted log odds ratios

Crude and adjusted odds ratios, calculated from a collapsed 2×2 table or a stratified 2×2×K table, can be very similar or quite different when significant associations are found between each dichotomous variable and the K-level stratifying variable. It is demonstrated here that the magnitude of the difference between the logs of the two estimators can be approximated by 4 times the covariance between log linear interactions describing the associations of each of the binary variables with the stratifying variable. Two data examples illustrate the usefulness of the variability and covariability of the interactions in providing a statistical accounting for the magnitude of the difference between the logs of the crude and adjusted odds ratios. Other interpretations and applications of the variances and covariances of the log linear interactions are discussed.
GEOID90: High-Resolution Geoid Height Model for the Conterminous United States

Recent developments in processing methodologies enable efficient computation of continental-scale, high-resolution, geoid height models. At the National Geodetic Survey, a high resolution geoid was computed using nearly 1.5 million terrestial and ship gravity data. Complete Bouguer anomalies were interpolated onto a 3' x 3' grid spanning 24' N to 53' N and 125' W to 66' W, and then converted to Helmert anomalies through a mean elevation grid. Residual anomalies were formed by subtracting OSU89B anomalies, and residual geoid heights were computed through the spherical Stokes FFT formulation of Strang Van Hees. OSU89B geoid heights and the indirect effect were added back, resulting in geoid heights referenced to the GRSIO ellipsoid. The GEOID90 model displays considerable resolution, and reproduces features such as the Mid-Continent Gravity High and the Wichita-Arbuckle System. Comparisons with GPS and leveling demonstrate 2 to 10 cm RMS agreement and 1 to 2 ppm long-wavelength 'model error.
Robot-assisted three-dimensional registration for cochlear implant surgery using a common-path swept-source optical coherence tomography probe

Cochlear implantation offers the potential to restore sensitive hearing in patients with severe to profound deafness. However, surgical placement of the electrode array within the cochlea can produce trauma to sensorineural components, particularly if the initial turn of the cochlea is not successfully navigated as the array is advanced. In this work, we present a robot-mounted common-path swept-source optical coherence tomography endoscopic platform for three-dimensional (3-D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) registration and preoperative surgical planning for cochlear implant surgery. The platform is composed of a common-path 600-μm diameter fiber optic rotary probe attached to a five degrees of freedom robot capable of 1 μm precision movement. The system is tested on a dry fixed ex vivo human temporal bone, and we demonstrate the feasibility of a 3-D OCT registration of the cochlea to accurately describe the spatial and angular profiles of the canal formed by the scala tympani into the first cochlear turn.
Characterization and Modeling of Intermodulation Linearity in a 200 GHz SiGe HBT Technology

This paper presents experimental characterization and modeling of intermodulation linearity in a 200 GHz SiGe HBT technology. The impact of biasing current, voltage, and breakdown voltage is examined. IP3 is simulated using the VBIC, HICUM and Mextram model to evaluate the linearity capability of these models. The impact of avalanche and self-heating on IIP3 are examined. A weak avalanche is shown to have significant impact on IIP3.
Phylogenetic relationships within Diadasia, a group of specialist bees.

Abstract We estimated phylogenetic relationships among species of the bee genus Diadasia, a group of new world, specialist bees. We sequenced ∼2 kb of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I and II and tRNA leucine and ∼1 kb of the nuclear gene elongation factor 1-alpha for 24 North American Diadasia species, 4 South American species, and five outgroup genera. Parsimony analyses of the two data sets were highly congruent. A combined analysis produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis that supported the monophyly of Diadasia, but not that of traditional subgenera: Diadasia s. str. was paraphyletic in all analyses. With one exception, the North and South American species formed separate clades, supporting previous hypotheses that two lineages of Diadasia have dispersed from South to North America: a more recent dispersal of D. ochracea and an older dispersal of the ancestor to all other North American species. Different species of Diadasia specialize on pollen from at least five different plant families; the phylogeny presented here, along with known host affinities, indicates that host-switching has been rare.
Breeding soundness, libido and performance of beef bulls mated to estrus synchronized females.

Abstract Ninety-three beef bulls and 2316 females were used to determine the relationships between breeding assessments of bulls and subsequent mating performance. Each bull was given a breeding soundness examination (BSE) and two 10-min libido/serving capacity (L/SC) tests. Breeding potential of each bull was classified as satisfactory (BSE score = 60 to 100) or questionable (BSE score = 30 to 59); libido was classified as either high (mean score = 9.0 to 10) or medium (mean score = 6.0 to 8.5). Bulls were then joined, single-sire, with groups of females which had received one of two treatments to synchronize estrus. Bull-to-female ratios ranged from 1:7 to 1:51. Continuous observations were conducted on the mating activity of each group. One bull was removed from the experiment due to a severe breeding problem. Bulls of satisfactory breeding potential (n = 80) did not differ (P > 0.10) from bulls of questionable breeding potential (n = 12) in measurements of mating activity. However, by the end of the synchronized breeding period, bulls classified as satisfactory breeders achieved approximately a 9% higher (P
MISTAKEN DIAGNOSES OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE

This article reviews the frequency of and general types of diagnostic errors in Hodgkin's disease (HD) over the past several decades, discusses the most common diagnostic errors in the four histologic subtypes of HD today, and describes some of the clinical and pathologic features that may aid in avoiding a mistaken diagnosis of HD.
Effects of age on renal sodium homeostasis and its relevance to sodium sensitivity

Age-related changes in blood pressure, renal function, and sodium homeostasis suggest that sodium sensitivity of blood pressure may also be influenced by age. Blood pressure was measured in 378 normal volunteers and 198 patients with essential hypertension after an intravenous infusion of normal saline and after sodium and volume depletion. Those whose mean arterial blood pressure decreased more than 10 mm Hg after sodium and volume depletion were considered sodium-sensitive, whereas those with a decrease of less than 5 mm Hg were considered sodium resistant. The normal and hypertensive subjects were divided into groups of those above and those below 40 years of age. The blood pressure responses of both older and younger groups were normally distributed, indicating that blood pressure could either decrease or increase following volume depletion. Older hypertensive and normotensive subjects are more likely to be sodium sensitive. They usually have lower renin values than do younger subjects, but substantial heterogeneity is found. Age and renin status do not reliably predict sodium sensitivity. Volume contraction and dietary sodium restriction are more likely to decrease blood pressure in older than in younger subjects, but regimens must be tailored individually.
Nondestructive monitoring of the repair of enamel artificial lesions by an acidic remineralization model using polarization – sensitive optical coherence tomography

Objectives It is difficult to completely remineralize carious lesions because diffusion into the interior of the lesion is inhibited as new mineral is deposited in the outermost layers. In previous remineralization studies employing polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), two models of remineralization were employed and in both models there was preferential deposition of mineral in the outer most layer. In this study we attempted to remineralize the entire lesion using an acidic remineralization model and demonstrate that this remineralization can be monitored using PS-OCT.
Variable Temperature Carrier Dynamics in Bulk (In)GaAsNSb Materials Grown by MOVPE for Multi-junction Solar Cells

III-V multi-junction solar cells are typically based on a triple-junction design that consists of an InGaP top junction, a GaAs middle junction, and a bottom junction that employs a 1 – 1.25 eV material grown on GaAs substrates. The most promising 1 – 1.25 eV material that is currently under extensive investigation is bulk dilute nitride such as (In)GaAsNSb lattice matched to GaAs substrates. The approach utilizing dilute nitrides has a great potential to achieve high performance triple-junction solar cells as recently demonstrated by Wiemer, et al., who achieved a record efficiency of 43.5% from multi-junction solar cells including MBE-grown dilute nitride materials [1]. Although MOVPE is a preferred technique over MBE for III-V multi-junction solar cell manufacturing, MOVPEgrown dilute nitride research is at its infancy compared to MBE-grown dilute nitride. In particular, carrier dynamics studies are indispensible in the optimization of MOVPE materials growth parameters to obtain improved solar cell performance. For the present study, we employed time-resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL) techniques to study carrier dynamics in MOVPE-grown bulk dilute nitride InGaAsN materials (E g = 1 – 1.25 eV at RT) lattice matched to GaAs substrates. In contrast to our earlier samples that showed high background C doping densities, our current samples grown using different metalorganic precursors at higher growth temperatures showed a significantly reduced background doping density of ~ 10 17 /cm 3 . We studied carrier dynamics in (In)GaAsNSb double heterostructures (DH) with different N compositions at room temperature. Post-growth annealing yielded significant improvements in carrier lifetimes of (In)GaAsNSb double heterostructure (DH) samples. Carrier dynamics at various temperatures between 10 K and RT were also studied from (In)GaAsNSb DH samples including those samples grown on different orientation substrates.
Amino acid concentrations in chinchilla cochlear nucleus at different times after carboplatin treatment

Abstract Amino acid concentrations were measured in the cochlear nucleus for a group of 20 chinchillas: four each of control and 4, 8, 29, and 85 days after treatment with the ototoxic anti-tumor drug carboplatin (100 mg/kg, i.p.). The treated chinchillas showed various extents of inner hair cell loss, generally more complete at longer survival times, but little loss of outer hair cells. Aspartate concentration in rostral anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) showed a decline to 28% less than the control value at 29 and 85 days after treatment, whereas glutamate concentration showed little change through 29 days, then dropped by 22% at 85 days after treatment. In caudal posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), the aspartate concentration decreased by 32% at 29 days, in animals with significant inner hair cell loss, and 48% at 85 days after treatment, while the glutamate concentration showed no decrease through 29 days and 40% decrease at 85 days. The concentration of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) was about 18% lower than control in caudal PVCN at all survival times. Significant correlations were found between the proportion of inner hair cells remaining and glutamate and aspartate concentrations in PVCN and AVCN, but not GABA or other amino acids.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Medicare Trends in Utilization and Hospital Economics for Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty From 2005 to 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine annual Medicare utilization and hospital reimbursement rates for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). A PearlDiver review of the entire Medicare database was conducted: 2,040,667 TKAs and 855, 899 THAs performed between 2005 and 2011 were identified. There was a +0.05% and +1.3% year over year growth in the utilization in hospital reimbursement for TKA and THA respectively. There has only been a modest increase in joint arthroplasty utilization for Medicare beneficiaries. Supply side issues, insurance mix and possible prior over-projection may explain this finding. Reimbursement trends suggest that joint arthroplasty may not be a major cost driver for the healthcare system.
Word frequency and list composition effects in associative recognition and recall

The effects of list composition and word frequency on cued recall, associative recognition, and item recognition were examined in three experiments For pure-frequency lists, cued recall and associative recognition show better performance on common high-frequency (HF) words than on rare low-frequency (LF) words. Item recognition, however, shows an advantage for LF words. In mixed lists, consisting of half HF and half LF words, the HF advantage in cued recall disappeared; however, the word frequency effects in item and associative recognition were unchanged. These results are inconsistent with explanations based on differential attention or co-rehearsal of KF and LF words. However, the results are consistent with list strength results which show that recognition is insensitive to strength-based list composition, but that recall is sensitive to list composition.
The risk of transmitting toxoplasmosis by blood transfusion

Forty-three patients with thalassemia major who had received 4,805 transfusions were subjected to the dye test for toxoplasma antibodies. Only three (7%) were found to have subclinical toxoplasmosis, a rate of infection that is within the expected rate for this age group. This study, therefore, provides no evidence that toxoplasmosis was transmitted by transfusion.
Student Authoritarian Attitudes and Perspectives on University Power Structures

The relationship of student authoritarian attitudes and the perception of university control structures are examined. Responses to the F scale and Tannenbaum-Kahn Questionnaire were obtained from 7...
Magnetic properties of pure type-II superconductors

Abstract It is shown that the magnetic properties of type-II superconductors can be computed from a knowledge of the boson characteristic function which can be determined from experimental data for the scattering of neutrons by a vortex lattice. In this consideration surface effects are neglected.
The tobacco settlement: an analysis of newspaper coverage of a national policy debate, 1997–98

OBJECTIVE To examine the framing of tobacco policy issues in the news media during the national tobacco settlement debate of 1997–98. The major aims were (1) to describe the extent of newspaper coverage of each of the specific components of the proposed tobacco settlement; (2) to identify the tobacco control frames, and the dominant frame, appearing in each newspaper article; and (3) to examine trends in tobacco control frames over time. DESIGN A content analysis was performed on 117 articles related to national tobacco legislation appearing in the Washington Post from 1 January 1997 through 18 June 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (1) Major policy themes of the settlement referred to or implied in each article; (2) major frames used to discuss the problem of tobacco in each article. RESULTS The generation of new revenue was the dominant theme of the articles, appearing as a major focus in 44% (52) of the articles. Other than the issues of Food and Drug Administration regulation of tobacco and restrictions on cigarette advertising, the public health policy aspects of the tobacco settlement received little attention. The problem of tobacco was portrayed as one of youth smoking in 55% (64) of the articles, but as one of a deadly product in none of the articles. CONCLUSIONS Future discussions of comprehensive tobacco policy should be driven by a more specific discussion of the precise programme and policy mechanisms by which tobacco use can be most effectively prevented and controlled. The public health community must find ways to frame the tobacco issue more broadly than simply as one of youth smoking.