cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Out-of-Home Food Intake Is Often Omitted from Mothers' Recalls of School Children's Intake in Rural Kenya

Children often consume foods from outside the home (OH foods), which can decrease the accuracy of dietary recalls collected from the parents. The objectives of this study were to describe the types and composition of OH foods consumed by rural school-aged Kenyan children, to assess their contribution to the daily intake of the child, and to evaluate the ability of the mother to estimate intake of OH foods. To capture any seasonal differences, the study was conducted twice, once during a food shortage season and again during the subsequent harvest season. School children were asked to recall the types and amounts of OH foods consumed on the previous day. Mothers were asked to report on the types and amounts of all foods consumed by their children during the day of interest. OH foods contributed 13 and 19% of daily energy intake in the food shortage and harvest seasons, respectively, but mothers missed 77 and 41% of the OH energy intake. OH foods were most likely to be fruits (guavas, mangoes, and wild fruit) and starchy foods (bread and fried wheat dough). Nutrients most likely to be under-reported on the mothers' recalls were vitamin C (59 and 26% was missed in the food shortage and harvest seasons, respectively) and vitamin A (approximately 22% was missed in both seasons). To ensure that all food intake is recalled, it is important that school children be included in dietary assessment interviews about their own intakes.
Reason and Social Change in Durkheim's Thought: The Changing Relationship between Individuals and Society

The purpose of this essay is to facilitate an understanding of Durkheim's conception of social change. While the issue of social change is present in Durkheim's thought, it is ancillary to his concern with the relationship between the individual and society. It is suggested that Durkheim's conception of social change can be understood properly only by viewing it as part of his larger sociological concern with the changing relationship between individuals and society. Special attention is focused on the much neglected issue of Durkheim's conception and use of reason, which is pivotal to the linkage between individuals and society. It will be demonstrated that, from Durkheim's perspective, change in the social structures through which individuals associate affects the faculty of reason and the formation of “collective consciousness,” and thus the moral and normative regulation of social action.
Isolation of ubiquitinated substrates by tandem affinity purification of E3 ligase–polyubiquitin-binding domain fusions (ligase traps)

Ubiquitination is an essential protein modification that influences eukaryotic processes ranging from substrate degradation to nonproteolytic pathway alterations, including DNA repair and endocytosis. Previous attempts to analyze substrates via physical association with their respective ubiquitin ligases have had some success. However, because of the transient nature of enzyme-substrate interactions and rapid protein degradation, detection of substrates remains a challenge. Ligase trapping is an affinity purification approach in which ubiquitin ligases are fused to a polyubiquitin-binding domain, which allows the isolation of ubiquitinated substrates. Immunoprecipitation is first used to enrich for proteins that are bound to the ligase trap. Subsequently, affinity purification is used under denaturing conditions to capture proteins conjugated with hexahistidine-tagged ubiquitin. By using this protocol, ubiquitinated substrates that are specific for a given ligase can be isolated for mass spectrometry or western blot analysis. After cells have been collected, the described protocol can be completed in 2-3 d.
Intraspecific Competition Impacts Vibrio fischeri Strain Diversity during Initial Colonization of the Squid Light Organ

Animal development and physiology depend on beneficial interactions with microbial symbionts. In many cases, the microbial symbionts are horizontally transmitted among hosts, thereby making the acquisition of these microbes from the environment an important event within the life history of each host. The light-organ symbiosis established between the Hawaiian squid Euprymna scolopes and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri is a model system for examining how hosts acquire horizontally-transmitted microbial symbionts. Recent studies have revealed that the light organ of wild-caught E. scolopes squid contains polyclonal populations of V. fischeri bacteria; however, the function and development of such strain diversity in the symbiosis is unknown. Here, we report our phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations of FQ-A001, which is a V. fischeri strain isolated directly from the light organ of an E. scolopes individual. Relative to the type strain ES114, FQ-A001 exhibits similar growth in rich media but displays increased bioluminescence and decreased motility in soft agar. FQ-A001 outcompetes ES114 in colonizing the crypt spaces of the light organs. Remarkably, we find that animals co-colonized with FQ-A001 and ES114 harbor singly-colonized crypts, in contrast to the co-colonized crypts observed from competition experiments involving single genotypes. The results with our two-strain system suggest that strain diversity within the squid light organ is a consequence of diversity in the single-strain colonization of individual crypt spaces. Importance The developmental programs and overall physiologies of most animals depend on diverse microbial symbionts that are acquired from the environment. However, the basic principles underlying how microbes colonize their hosts remain poorly understood. Here, we report our findings of bacterial strain competition within the co-evolved animal-microbe symbiosis composed of the Hawaiian squid and bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri . Using fluorescent proteins to differentially label two distinct V. fischeri strains, we find that the strains are unable to coexist in the same niche within the host. Our results suggest that strain competition for distinct colonization sites dictates the strain diversity associated with the host. Our study provides a platform for studying how strain diversity develops within a host.
Quantitative assessment of reactive hyperemia using laser speckle contrast imaging at multiple wavelengths

Reactive hyperemia refers to an increase of blood flow in tissue post release of an occlusion in the local vasculature. Measuring the temporal response of reactive hyperemia, post-occlusion in patients has the potential to shed information about microvascular diseases such as systemic sclerosis and diabetes. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is an imaging technique capable of sensing superficial blood flow in tissue which can be used to quantitatively assess reactive hyperemia. Here, we employ LSCI using coherent sources in the blue, green and red wavelengths to evaluate reactive hyperemia in healthy human volunteers. Blood flow in the forearms of subjects were measured using LSCI to assess the time-course of reactive hyperemia that was triggered by a pressure cuff applied to the biceps of the subjects. Raw speckle images were acquired and processed to yield blood-flow parameters from a region of interest before, during and after application of occlusion. Reactive hyperemia was quantified via two measures - (1) by calculating the difference between the peak LSCI flow during the hyperemia and baseline flow, and (2) by measuring the amount of time that elapsed between the release of the occlusion and peak flow. These measurements were acquired in three healthy human participants, under the three laser wavelengths employed. The studies shed light on the utility of in vivo LSCI-based flow sensing for non-invasive assessment of reactive hyperemia responses and how they varied with the choice source wavelength influences the measured parameters.
n-BiSI Thin Films: Selenium Doping and Solar Cell Behavior

BiSI (indirect band gap = 1.57 eV) is a recently discovered photoelectrode material possessing promising optical properties for use in alternative thin film solar cells. In this work, we study the effects of selenium doping on BiSI film properties and also demonstrate the incorporation of BiS1–xSexI films into both electrochemical and solid state solar cells. Tuning the band gap of BiS1–xSexI by substituting selenium for sulfur was accomplished by substituting various amounts of SeO2 for thiourea in the BiSI spray pyrolysis precursor solutions. This strategy was employed to reduce the direct band gap of BiS1–xSexI films from 1.63 eV to as low as 1.48 eV, as measured by UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for x = 0.4. Both electrochemical and solid state solar cell devices utilizing n-BiSI as the light absorbing material demonstrated open circuit voltages of nearly 0.4 V. The electrochemical devices showed much higher short circuit currents and power conversion efficiencies than the solid state dev...
Reporting rabies risk

M. V. Dale ( VR , November 30, 2013, vol 173, p 532) raises a number of questions that many vets in small animal and mixed practice have asked at one time or another regarding how and where to report suspected rabies cases. Rabies is a notifiable disease and therefore any suspected cases must be reported to the local AHVLA Field Services Office immediately (www.defra.gov.uk/ahvla-en/about-us/contact-us/field-services). Each office has a nightline number for out-of-hours …
Vaccinium species of section Hemimyrtillus: their value to cultivated blueberry and approaches to utilization1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “A tribute to Sam Vander Kloet FLS: Pure and applied research from blueberries to heathland ecology”.

The primary gene pool of Vaccinium species used by breeders has traditionally been the North American Vaccinium species in section Cyanococcus. Blueberries in commercial production represent several Vaccinium species and ploidies. Moreover, significant use has been made of the secondary gene pool of Vaccinium, especially in the development of southern highbush cultivars. Section Hemimyrtillus represents species that are part of the tertiary gene pool of Vaccinium. Two species of section Hemimyrtillus, native to the Portuguese islands of Madeira (Vaccinium padifolium Smith) and the Azores (Vaccinium cylindraceum Smith), have features of notable value to conventional blueberry development such as upright structure, strong growth, abundant flowering and fruiting, good self-fertility, acceptable fruit quality, inflorescence structure suited to mechanical harvesting, and repeat flowering. Vaccinium cylindraceum is deciduous, whereas V. padifolium is evergreen. Vaccinium arctostaphylos L., a native of the Caucasus region, is closely allied to V. padifolium, hybridizes freely with it, and has many similar characters, but with the valuable addition of greater cold hardiness. Initial progress has been made at incorporating these species into forms compatible with Vaccinium corymbosum L. based blueberry cultivars, and further evaluations are being made of both parental material and the derived hybrids.
A method to rapidly create protein aggregates in living cells

The accumulation of protein aggregates is a common pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, we do not fully understand how aggregates are formed or the complex network of chaperones, proteasomes and other regulatory factors involved in their clearance. Here, we report a chemically controllable fluorescent protein that enables us to rapidly produce small aggregates inside living cells on the order of seconds, as well as monitor the movement and coalescence of individual aggregates into larger structures. This method can be applied to diverse experimental systems, including live animals, and may prove valuable for understanding cellular responses and diseases associated with protein aggregates.
Architectural Trade-Offs for Implementing Video Encoders

Designing VLSI chips to implement video encoders capable of realtime MPEG-2 compression at MP@ML or MP@HL levels of resolution is an extremely challenging task. The computational requirements are enormous and, to date, there are no single chip solutions that support the full richness of functionality available in MPEG-2’s Main Profile. As silicon technology continues to evolve, there is no doubt that function-rich, single-chip, MPEG-2 encoders will exist in the future. However, with today’s technology we must be content with multiple-chip solutions or, alternatively, with less than full Main Profile functionality in a single chip. If a full-function MP@ML implementation is the goal, a VLSI designer needs to make a number of architectural decisions that impact the flexibility and complexity of the chip or chips, as well as the cost of a system that incorporates them. We distinguish between two approaches to this problem.
Review of Paul Knoepfler, GMO Sapiens: The Life-Changing Science of Designer Babies

GMO Sapiens: The Life-Changing Science of Designer Babies, by Paul Knoepfler, is a very readable introduction for the general lay public to genetically modified crops, CRISPR-Cas9, gene therapy, an...
Characteristics of Made-In Japan Car Owners: A Minority Perspective

This article examines differences between black and white owners of Japanese-made cars in order to suggest an effective marketing strategy. The methodology includes the Consumer Expenditure Survey for 1992 (sample size of 4,105), crosstabs and analysis of variance. The results show no statistical differences with respect to sex, income, family type and household size between black and white owners of Japanese-made cars. However, differences between these two groups were observed in education, occupation and vehicle year. The main marketing strategy suggested for increasing market share is postitioning. This strategy segments the market by luxury and economy consumers. The lUXUry consumers are concerned with status, safety, comfort and powered engine, while the economy consumers are concerned with reliability and value.
Introduction: Marking the Field

Football, or soccer as it is called in the United States, is a global cultural practice. This volume argues that the study of football’s history provides a unique opportunity to understand the human condition. Football has so pervaded language and popular anecdotes that it is difficult to write without using a metaphor or euphemism related to the sport. Critical scholarship on football has emerged from a wide variety of fields in the humanities, social sciences, business, law, and sport medicine. Research structured around football, therefore, is at once discrete and broad. Because of this paradox, the study of football provides fertile ground for interdisciplinary initiatives. This volume explores the disciplinary boundaries that are shifting “beneath our feet.” Traditional disciplines in the humanities and social sciences have come to embrace diverse research methodologies. The increased scholarly attention to football over the past decade reflects both the startling popularity of the sport and the trends in historical scholarship that have been termed the “cultural,” “interpretive,” or “linguistic” turns. This volume uses new work on football to create a dialogue between history and other disciplines, including art criticism, philosophy, and political science. It also includes work on gender, sexuality, and ethnicity, which already blurs disciplinary fault lines.
On Not Keeping “The Best Kept Secret”: Catholic Social Teaching as a Formational Source for Revolution in the “Fourth Area”

In this article, I argue for a public feminist theology informed by pastoral theology and Catholic social teaching. I describe the limitations of a pastoral theology that does not take into account the rich heritage of Catholic social teaching, and likewise describe the rich possibilities of forming selves when Catholic social teaching is understood through a pastorally informed lens. Holding both Catholic social teaching and pastoral theology together enables the building of a public theology that builds power with marginalized peoples.
Surface modification of hexagonal boron nitride nanomaterials: a review

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomaterials, such as boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanofibers, and boron nitride nanosheets, are among the most promising inorganic nanomaterials in recent years. Their unique properties, including high mechanical stiffness, wide band gap, excellent thermal conductivity, and thermal stability, suggest many potential applications in various engineering fields. In particular, h-BN nanomaterials have been widely used as functional fillers to fabricate high-performance polymer nanocomposites. Like other nanomaterials, prior to their utilization in nanocomposites, surface modification of h-BNs is often necessary in order to prevent their strong tendency to aggregate, and to improve their dispersion and interfacial properties in polymer nanocomposites. However, the high chemical inertness and resistance to oxidation of h-BNs make it rather difficult to functionalize h-BNs. The methods frequently used to oxidize graphitic carbon nanomaterials are not quite successful on h-BNs. Therefore, many novel approaches have been studied to modify h-BN nanostructures. In this review, different surface modification strategies were discussed including various covalent and non-covalent surface modification strategies through wet or dry chemical routes. Meanwhile, the effects of these surface modification methods on the resulting material structures and properties were also reviewed. At last, a number of theoretical studies on the reactivity of h-BNs with different chemical agents have been conducted to explore new surface modification routes, which were also addressed in this review.
Leveraging the Global Health Service Partnership Model for Workforce Development in Global Radiation Oncology

A major contributor to the disparity in cancer outcome across the globe is the limited health care access in low- and middle-income countries that results from the shortfall in human resources for health (HRH), fomented by the limited training and leadership capacity of low-resource countries. In 2012, Seed Global Health teamed up with the Peace Corps to create the Global Health Service Partnership, an initiative that has introduced a novel model for tackling the HRH crises in developing regions of the world. The Global Health Service Partnership has made global health impacts in leveraging partnerships for HRH development, faculty activities and output, scholarship engagement, adding value to the learning environment, health workforce empowerment, and infrastructure development.
Social Perception of Organizational Practices: Asymmetric Rewards and Penalties for CSR

This study examines how social perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and irresponsibility (CSI) affects organizational outcomes. Drawing from the social psychology literature on stere...
An iterative method for solving partitioned linear equations

A new iterative scheme, using two partitions of the coefficient matrix of a given linear and non-singular system of equationsAx=b, is shown to always converge to the solution. The concept of two vector spaces approaching orthogonality is quantified and used to show that the eigenvalues of the iteration matrix approach zero as the vector spaces defined by the two partitions ofA approach orthogonality.
Erythropoiesis: From Molecular Pathways to System Properties

Erythropoiesis is regulated through a long-range negative feedback loop, whereby tissue hypoxia stimulates erythropoietin (Epo) secretion, which promotes an increase in erythropoietic rate. However, this long-range feedback loop, by itself, cannot account for the observed system properties of erythropoiesis, namely, a wide dynamic range, stability in the face of random perturbations, and a rapid stress response. Here, we show that three Epo-regulated erythroblast survival pathways each give rise to distinct system properties. The induction of Bcl-xL by signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) is responsive to the rate of change in Epo levels, rather than to its absolute level, and is therefore maximally but transiently activated in acute stress. By contrast, Epo-mediated suppression of the pro-survival Fas and Bim pathways is proportional to the levels of stress/Epo and persists throughout chronic stress. Together, these elements operate in a manner reminiscent of a “proportional-integral-derivative (PID)” feedback controller frequently found in engineering applications. A short-range negative autoregulatory loop within the early erythroblast compartment, operated by Fas/FasL, filters out random noise and controls a reserve pool of early erythroblasts that is poised to accelerate the response to acute stress. Both these properties have previously been identified as inherent to negative regulatory motifs. Finally, we show that signal transduction by Stat5 combines binary and graded modalities, thereby increasing signaling fidelity over the wide dynamic range of Epo found in health and disease.
LEARNING ABOUT THE REPLICATION OF RETROVIRUSES FROM A SINGLE CLONED PROVIRUS OF MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS

ABSTRACT We have prepared molecular clones of an entire provirus of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and of the unoccupied integration site for this provirus in rat cell DNA in order to study the organization of interesting regions of viral DNA and the mechanisms of integration and transcriptional control. The provirus fortuitously lacks an apparently unclonable region of the MMTV genome as well as the single Eco RI site present in wild type proviruses; however, it includes both copies of a large direct repeat (ca. 1300 nt) present at the ends of all MMTV proviruses, and it is expressed and regulated by glucocorticoid hormones in the infected rat cell. Sequencing studies of the relevant regions of the cloned DNA's show that the large units of directly repeated DNA include a short (6 nt) inverted repeat at their termini. The provirus is flanked by a 5 or 6 nt direct repeat apparently generated by duplication of a host sequence during integrative recombination, since this sequence is present only once in the unoccupied integration site. In addition, one or two nucleotide pairs predicted to be at the right hand end of viral DNA are missing from the provirus, implying loss at some stage subsequent to DNA synthesis. We have also identified proviral sequences within the large terminal repeats likely to serve as signals for synthesis and processing of viral RNA and other sequences adjacent to the repeat units involved in the priming of minus and plus strands of viral DNA. Our findings, in concert with recent work in a number of laboratories, suggest that the replication of retroviruses involves the use of direct and inverted repetitions at several stages: the RNA genome is diploid, and each subunit bears short direct repeats; the linear double-stranded product of reverse transcription carries long direct terminal repeats composed of sequences unique to both the 3′ and 5′ ends of viral RNA; these terminal repeat units are concluded with short inverted repeats; closed circular DNA contains either one or two copies of the large direct repeats; integrated (proviral) DNA is co-linear with unintegrated linear DNA, including both copies of the large repeat unit; and the integration events duplicate a short sequence of host DNA which forms a direct repeat flanking the provirus. Although the functional implications of these designs are not fully understood, the provirus bears a striking structural relationship to transposable elements of bacteria and other organisms, and the repeated sequences seem likely to be instrumental in viral DNA synthesis, integration, and the control of transcription and processing of viral RNA.
Overview of Turbulent and Laminar Diffusion and Mixing

The theme of this short course is mixing. My task is to present some basic material on convective-diffusive processes that should be useful in understanding, e.g., control of mixing and various flow processes that might be employed to enhance or delay mixing. These latter topics will be discussed in other chapters.
Loss of somatostatin receptor 2 expression and cellular metabolism and survival in small cell lung cancer.

e20090Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high grade poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma responsible for ~15% of diagnosed lung cancers and up to 25% of lung cancer deaths. Tr...
Variation in Nonsurgical Treatment Recommendations for Common Upper Extremity Conditions.

Background In orthopaedic surgery, there is known surgeon-to-surgeon variation in recommendations for surgery. Variation in recommendations for nonsurgical treatment of common upper extremity conditions for which surgery is discretionary remains unclear. Methods One hundred eighty-three surgeons were included after completing six questions on six scenarios of upper extremity conditions regarding nonsurgical treatment recommendations. For one scenario, we measured the influence of reading a summary of preferred practice before making recommendations. Results Variation in nonsurgical treatment recommendations was observed between surgeons and between upper extremity conditions. Surgeons that reviewed a decision support paragraph were more likely to opine that surgery would eventually be beneficial. Discussion The notable variation in nonsurgical treatment recommendations indicates a substantial influence of surgeon bias in decision-making. To help ensure that decisions are consistent, surgeons may benefit from decision support and guidelines to help limit practice variation.
Die Wirksamkeit psychodynamischer Psychotherapie

Empirische Daten belegen die Wirksamkeit psychodynamischer Psychotherapie. Effektgrosen fur psychodynamische Psychotherapie sind so gros wie die fur andere Therapien berichteten Effektgrosen, fur die aktiv als „empirisch gestutzt“ und „evidenzbasiert“ geworben worden ist. Auserdem erzielen Patienten, die eine psychodynamische Therapie machen, einen andauernden therapeutischen Gewinn und scheinen sich nach Behandlungsende weiterhin zu bessern. Schlieslich sind nichtpsychodynamische Therapien vielleicht zum Teil wirksam, weil sachkundigere Therapeuten Techniken anwenden, die fur die psychodynamische Theorie und Praxis seit Langem von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Die Auffassung, psychodynamische Ansatze seien nicht ausreichend empirisch gestutzt, stimmt nicht mit den zur Verfugung stehenden wissenschaftlichen Daten uberein und reflektiert vielleicht eine selektive Verbreitung von Forschungsergebnissen.
Improving Causal Determination

Chapter 1 noted that expert judgments about causality are widely used in current regulatory risk assessment and policy making. They are often expressed within a weight-of-evidence (WoE) framework, with causal determination categories being used to summarize huge amounts of complex evidence and to help inform and drive major regulatory decisions. This chapter takes a closer look at causal determination categories and judgments. It identifies some limitations of current practices in regulatory risk assessment, and suggests possibilities for making them more useful to risk analysts and policy makers. In current practice, the causal determination categories used typically cover a relatively narrow range (e.g., from “causal relationship,” “likely to be a causal relationship,” or “suggestive of a causal relationship” to “inadequate to infer a causal relationship” and “not likely to be a causal relationship”). Other categories, such as “not a causal relationship” or “likely to not be a causal relationship,” are omitted entirely. The first part of this chapter notes that a few categories cannot encode most of the wide variations in evidence about risks and causal exposure-response relationships found in both theory and practice (Chap. 17). “Causal relationship” is usually left undefined, and may be interpreted very differently by different people, especially since there are several quite different technical concepts of causation (Chap. 9). Whether it refers to direct, indirect, or total causal effects is seldom specified. Drawing on the technical methods reviewed in Chap. 9 and illustrated in subsequent chapters, propose that causal partial dependence plots (PDPs) of predicted risk against exposure, calculated from conditional probability tables (CPTs) or models that satisfy an empirically testable condition of invariant causal prediction (ICP) across studies, can provide much more useful and clearly defined information to decision-makers. This alternative framework treats causal relationships, and evidence about them, as continuous and quantitative rather than categorical and qualitative. This is not only advantageous for clarity and realism, but it encourages better use of data and scientific method, including applying independently verifiable tests to inform conclusions about how and whether changes in exposures would change individual and population health risks.
Sweat sensing in the smart wearables era: Towards integrative, multifunctional and body-compliant perspiration analysis

Abstract All life forms use a seamless integration of physical and chemical sensing mechanisms to enhance their performance and survival skills. To mimic the integrative sensing abilities found in nature, there is a significant interest in developing wearable devices that can smartly track the physiological and biochemical signals of the human body. Progress in wearable physical sensors has been remarkable giving rise to a number of consumer electronics products meant to measure parameters related to activity, posture, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood oxygen level. Comparatively, the progress in wearable chemical sensor development has been slower because of the inherent challenges in retrieving and processing bodily fluids. In this context, sweat provides a rich repository of biomarkers that is accessible continuously, on-the-go, and non-invasively. Here we provide a review of recent trends in the area of wearable sweat sensing with discussions on relevant topics of interest in material science, device development, sensing mechanisms, power generation, and data management. Exemplary wearable sweat sensors published in recent years are provided along with commercialization efforts in wearable sweat sensing. The review highlights the trends in multifunctional sensing platforms with flexible electronics that integrate data from both physical and biochemical sweat sensors.
Applying the Collaborative Approaches to Evaluation (CAE) Principles in an Educational Evaluation: Reflections from the Field

This practice note presents reflections on the application of the collabora­tive approaches to evaluation (CAE) principles used as a guide in planning, imple­menting, and managing a collaborative evaluation in a higher educational setting. Th e reflection is based the evaluation of a technology integration program intended to enhance K–12 teacher preparation in a school of education at a public university in the southeast United States. The evaluation was conducted during a one-year period by the author and a diverse team of novice and experienced evaluators. Dis­cussion of the principles and their influence on collaborative practice are based on an analysis of evaluator reflections, meetings with stakeholders, and a culminating interview with stakeholders that were recorded and documented throughout the evaluation. Key takeaways from our reflection and analysis highlight the ways in which the CAE principles encourage reflection, the emphasis of some principles based on the specificities of context, and challenges applying the principles that emerged throughout the evaluation.
Fitness costs associated with carriage of a large staphylococcal plasmid are reduced by subinhibitory concentrations of antiseptics

Staphylococcus aureus carries a collection of mobile genetic elements that often harbor virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Since the introduction of antibiotics, plasmids have become a major genetic element responsible for the distribution of antimicrobial resistance. Under antimicrobial selection, resistance plasmids are maintained within bacterial populations as a means to ensure survival. However, in the absence of selection, large plasmids can be lost due to the fitness costs associated with harboring these genetic elements. pC02 is a previously identified multidrug resistance, conjugative plasmid that is found in S. aureus. In addition to antibiotic resistance, pC02 also carries genes known to be associated with antiseptic resistance. Among these, we previously characterized the contribution of qacA to pC02 mediated reduced chlorhexidine susceptibility. Herein, we demonstrate that pC02 also mediates triclosan resistance, likely due to the presence of fabI, a known triclosan resistance gene. Moreover, we demonstrate that conjugative transfer of pC02 increases triclosan resistance in recipient cells. Competition assays demonstrated a fitness cost associated with carriage of the large pC02 plasmid. However, subinhibitory concentrations of either chlorhexidine or triclosan abrogated this fitness cost. Given the widespread use of these antiseptics, both of which accumulate in wastewater and other environmental reservoirs, indiscriminate use of antiseptics likely imposes a constant selective pressure that promotes maintenance of antimicrobial resistance factors within S. aureus.
Hydraulic fracturing to enhance injectivity and storage capacity of CO2 storage reservoirs: Benefits and risks

Abstract Several potential CO2 storage reservoirs have been found to have insufficient porosity and permeability to support cost effective commercial-scale injection. As a result, the use of hydraulic fracturing to enhance injectivity and storage capacity of CO2 storage reservoirs was explored. Previous modeling studies indicate that fracturing can increase storage capacity by modest to significant amounts (10%–35%), depending on model assumptions. Simulations completed as part of this study confirm that for a range of horizontal well lengths, number of fractures, fracture geometries, and fracture properties, injectivity is improved and capacity increases by 13%–71% over the base case unfractured vertical well. Intuitively, increasing the well length and number of fractures had a corresponding impact on increased capacity. Fracture area (i.e., the fracture height multiplied by its width) was an important parameter for increasing capacity but the specific geometry (e.g., the ratio of height-to-width) was unimportant. The most important aspect that affected capacity was the ability of a fracture to connect high permeability horizontal zones in the reservoir. This would allow a single well to access both layers, thereby maximizing total storage capacity of the reservoir while likely leading to an overall increase of the CO2 footprint, which is an important consideration for Class VI UIC permitting. The results of this work demonstrate that hydraulic fracturing is an attractive option to consider when faced with an underperforming geologic carbon storage site that is at risk of causing a project to fail.
Desperate times call for a desperate measure: Validating a measure of state desperation

Arguably, one’s feeling of desperation is important in decision-making, especially in high stress situations. However, this is an assumption, as there is no known measure of desperation, outside of being symptomology for other health related constructs (e.g., depression). Through a series of studies, we created and validated a measure of state desperation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the State Desperation Scale contains two components that encompass both emotional and motivational aspects. In the first study, we showed that scores on the measure positively correlate with other negative state-based constructs, such as stress, anxiety, low self-esteem, and coping strategies, and negatively correlate with positive affect. We replicate these patterns over three samples. Finally, in an experimental study, we manipulated desperation to show that it is state-based, but also distinct from stress or anxiety. Analyses indicate the measure is reliable, content valid, and provides evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. We conclude the State Desperation Scale adequately measures the emotional and motivational components of desperation.
Location-Based Social Network Data Generation Based on Patterns of Life

Location-based social networks (LBSNs) have been studied extensively in recent years. However, utilizing real-world LBSN data sets yields several weaknesses: sparse and small data sets, privacy concerns, and a lack of authoritative ground-truth. To overcome these weaknesses, we leverage a large-scale LBSN simulation to create a framework to simulate human behavior and to create synthetic but realistic LBSN data based on human patterns of life. Such data not only captures the location of users over time but also their interactions via social networks. Patterns of life are simulated by giving agents (i.e., people) an array of “needs” that they aim to satisfy, e.g., agents go home when they are tired, to restaurants when they are hungry, to work to cover their financial needs, and to recreational sites to meet friends and satisfy their social needs. While existing real-world LBSN data sets are trivially small, the proposed framework provides a source for massive LBSN benchmark data that closely mimics the real-world. As such, it allows us to capture 100% of the (simulated) population without any data uncertainty, privacy-related concerns, or incompleteness. It allows researchers to see the (simulated) world through the lens of an omniscient entity having perfect data. Our framework is made available to the community. In addition, we provide a series of simulated benchmark LBSN data sets using different synthetic towns and real-world urban environments obtained from OpenStreetMap. The simulation software and data sets, which comprise gigabytes of spatio-temporal and temporal social network data, are made available to the research community.
NON-INVASIVE PREDICTION OF AEROBIC CAPACITY IN PREPUBESCENT OBESE AND LEAN CHILDREN

Peak aerobic capacity is related not only to functional capacity but also to cardiovascular disease risk. The determination of peak aerobic capacity (peak oxygen consumption; VO2peak) involves an incremental exercise test to fatigue, which can be stressful for the person tested. The ability to predict VO2peak in children using a less stressful procedure would be useful for the clinician to assess functional capacity easily. Objective To determine if VO2peak can be accurately predicted from the determination of body composition by non-invasive dual x ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Methods VO2peak was determined in 16 prepubescent children (age 8–11 years) on a motorised treadmill using an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue over 5–12 minutes. Oxygen consumption was determined using indirect calorimetry (Parvomedics metabolic cart). Body composition was determined using a whole-body DEXA (Hologic) scan over 10 minutes. Results VO2peak was 1.61 ± 0.1 litres/minute. Lean mass, fat mass, percentage body fat and minimum waist circumferences were 28.9 ± 13.29 kg, 16.76 ± 2.43 kg, 33.8 ± 2.6% and 73.2 ± 2.8 cm, respectively. VO2peak could be predicted from the following equation: VO2peak = −0.118 + (0.0000579 × lean mass) + (0.00000211 × fat mass), yielding a correlation coefficient of r = 0.830 (p Conclusions The peak aerobic capacity of inactive prepubescent children can be accurately predicted equally well from either a non-invasive (DEXA) measurement of total body lean mass and total body fat mass or from a simple measurement of waist circumference.
Predicting Global Test-Retest Variability of Visual Fields in Glaucoma

Purpose To model the global test–retest variability of visual fields (VFs) in glaucoma. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Test–retest VFs from 4044 eyes of 4044 participants. Methods We selected 2 reliable VFs per eye measured with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Swedish interactive threshold algorithm 24-2) within 30 days of each other. Each VF had fixation losses (FLs) of 33% or less, false-negative results (FNRs) of 20% or less, and false-positive results (FPRs) of 20% or less. Stepwise linear regression was applied to select the model best predicting the global test–retest variability from 3 categories of features of the first VF: (1) base parameters (age, mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, glaucoma hemifield test results, FPR, FNR, and FL); (2) total deviation (TD) at each location; and (3) computationally derived archetype VF loss patterns. The global test–retest variability was defined as root mean square deviation (RMSD) of TD values at all 52 VF locations. Main Outcome Measures Archetype models to predict the global test–retest variability. Results The mean ± standard deviation of the root mean square deviation was 4.39 ± 2.55 dB. Between the 2 VF tests, TD values were correlated more strongly in central than in peripheral VF locations (intraclass coefficient, 0.66–0.89; P 6 represents strong improvement). Lower TD sensitivity in the outermost peripheral VF locations was predictive of higher global variability. Adding archetypes to the base model improved model performance with an adjusted R2 of 0.53 (P Conclusions Inclusion of archetype VF loss patterns and TD values based on first VF improved the prediction of the global test–retest variability than using traditional global VF indices alone.
Residual and Recurrent Disease Following Endoscopic Endonasal Approach as a Reflection of Anatomic Limitation for the Resection of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas.

Background Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) to anterior skull base meningiomas have grown in popularity, though anatomic limitations remain unclear. Objective To show the anatomic limits of EEA for meningiomas. Methods Retrospective chart review for all patients that underwent EEA for anterior skull base meningiomas from 2005 to 2014. Results A total of 100 patients averaged follow-up of 46.9 mo (24-100 mo). A total of 35 patients (35%) had olfactory groove, 33 planum sphenoidale (33%), and 32 tuberculum sella (32%) meningiomas. The average diameter was 2.9 cm (0.5-8.1 cm). Vascular encasement was seen in 11 patients (11%) and calcification in 20 (20%). Simpson Grade 1 (SG1) resection was achieved in 64 patients (64%). Only calcification impacted degree of resection (40% SG1, P = .012). The most common residual was on the anterior clinoid dura (11 patients [11%]). Six (6%) had residual superior/lateral to the optic nerve. Residual tumor was adherent to the optic apparatus or arteries in 5 patients (5%) each, and 3 patients (3%) had residual lateral to the mid-orbit. Rates of residual decreased over time. A total of 11 patients (11%) had tumor recurrence (mean of 40 mo): 4 (4%) on the anterior clinoid, 2 (2%) each on the lateral orbital roof, adherent to optic apparatus and superolateral to the optic nerve, and 1 (1%) was at the anterior falx. Conclusion Anterior skull base meningiomas can effectively be approached via EEA in most patients; tumors extending to the anterior clinoid, anterior falx, or superolateral to the optic nerve or orbital roof, especially if calcified, may be difficult to reach via EEA.
Diagnostic value of the ultrasonographic description of a splenic mass or nodule as cavitated in 106 dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of the ultrasonographic description of a splenic mass or nodule as cavitated in dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen. Animals 106 dogs with a nontraumatic hemoabdomen that underwent abdominal ultrasonography and splenectomy with histologic examination of splenic lesions between 2005 and 2018. Procedures Medical records were reviewed for abdominal ultrasonographic and histologic findings. Diagnostic performance of ultrasonographic description of a splenic mass or nodule as cavitated as evidence of hemangiosarcoma or any malignancy was evaluated. Results Ultrasonographic description of splenic lesions as cavitated had poor diagnostic utility in predicting presence of hemangiosarcoma or malignancy. Sensitivity and specificity of this test were 41.9% (95% CI, 30.5% to 54.3%) and 51.2% (95% CI, 36.8% to 65.4%), respectively, for detecting hemangiosarcoma, with positive and negative predictive values of 55.3% (95% CI, 41.2% to 68.6%) and 37.9% (95% CI, 26.6% to 50.8%), respectively. Results were similar for detecting malignancy. Cavitated lesions outside of the spleen were too rare for statistical analysis to be of value. Conclusions and clinical relevance Results suggested that relying on ultrasonographic description of cavitation to diagnose splenic lesions as malignant in dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen is unfounded. Other preoperative diagnostic tests may be more valuable in determining short- and long-term prognoses.
FIRST GENERATION OF FORD VOICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS--THE VOICE ALERT

The 1983 Voice Alert is Ford Motor Company's first generation "Voice" warning system. The unique sourcing/design philosophy implemented has developed a reliable and cost effective module, which has a broad application base, without impacting vehicle system complexity.
Soy Flour in Milk Replacers for Young Calves

Abstract Calves were fed milk replacers containing fully cooked soy flour as the only source of protein. Other ingredients were hydrogenated vegetable oil, lactose, methionine, minerals, vitamins, and an antibiotic. The results from four trials indicate that the nutritive value of soy flour for young calves can be improved markedly by exposing the flour to an acid environment, pH 4.0 for five hours at 37C, prior to its inclusion in the replacer. Calves fed acid-treated soy flour grew at nearly twice the rate of those receiving untreated soy flour. The nature of the alteration induced in soy flour by the acid treatment and the manner in which this change enhances the utilization of nutrients by the calf were not identified. In a fifth trial, calves fed replacers containing lightly cooked soy flour lost weight rapidly, though the loss was not quite so pronounced when the soy flour was exposed to the acid treatment.
Adaptive Satcom antenna performance against blinking jammers

The time-varying response of an adaptive multiple-beam antenna against various blinking jammers is investigated. The results provide useful design rules from which a robust adaptive process can be implemented. Several conclusions on how to implement robustness in an Howells-Applebaum processor (1966) are presented. First, changes in the jamming environment must be detected in real time, and the information must be fed immediately to the adaptive processor. Secondly, the processor must be capable of making changes in the algorithm convergence time to match the blinking rates of jammers. The processor must then be able to recall previous weight values and to reset weights as necessary. >
A General Certification Framework with Applications to Privacy-Enhancing Certificate Infrastructures

Interactions in electronic media require mutual trust to be established, preferably through the release of certified information. Disclosing certificates for provisioning the required information often leads to the disclosure of additional information not required for the purpose of the interaction. For instance, ordinary certificates unnecessarily reveal their binary representation.
Through the History of the Cold War: The Correspondence of George F. Kennan and John Lukacs – Edited by John Lukacs

Few figures in the history of the Cold War have achieved a more legendary status than George F. Kennan. After bursting into national prominence in July 1947 with the “X‐Article” in Foreign Affairs ...