cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Derivation of surface structures from Fourier transforms of photoelectron diffraction data

The derivation of surface structures from Fourier transforms (FT's) of swept-energy photoelectron diffraction data is analyzed for $\frac{c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)\mathrm{S}}{\mathrm{Ni}(001)}$ using a spherical-wave single-scattering cluster model. Comparison of full-cluster and single-scatterer FT's shows most peaks to be complex in origin, involving several scatterers. Scattering-factor zeros (generalized Ramsauer-Townsend effects) cause significant splittings and shifts of FT peaks over as much as 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in scattering angle. Deriving accurate path-length differences is found to require careful consideration of various scattering phase shifts, photoelectron refraction, and atomic vibrations.
EXPECTATIONS FOR CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AMONG CHILD‐ABUSING AND NONABUSING PARENTS

The hypothesis that parents who abuse children have unrealistically premature expectations for the children's development was tested. No differences in expectations of abusing and nonabusing parents were found. Results support earlier studies suggesting that the unrestricted form of the notion that abusing parents have premature developmental expectations be discarded.
INTRAOSSEOUS EPIDERMOID CYSTS IN THE DISTAL PHALANX OF TWO DOGS

Two dogs were presented with a history of lameness associated with swelling of one of the digits. Radiographs of the affected digits revealed an irregularly mineralized, smoothly marginated proliferative bone lesion in the distal phalanx of one dog and a destructive bony lesion in the distal phalanx of the second dog. The differential diagnosis included nail bed carcinoma, malignant melanoma, osteomyelitis, and subungual keratoacanthoma. Radiographic findings and no response to medical treatment resulted in amputation and submission of the digits for a histopathologic diagnosis. Histologic examination of the distal phalanx of the digits revealed benign epidermoid cysts associated with either bony proliferation or osteolysis. Excision of the lesions was curative. This report presents the clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings associated with intraosseous epidermoid cysts in the distal phalanx of two dogs. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1992, pp 133–137.
Faddeev Calculation of three-nucleon force contribution to triton binding energy.

The configuration-space Faddeev equations are solved for Hamiltonians that include the Tucson-Melbourne and Brazil three-nucleon forces. Convergence in terms of the number of three-body partial waves is established. First-order perturbation-theory results are shown to be inadequate. Both three-nucleon forces produce approximately 1.5-MeV additional binding, which overbinds the triton.
Erratum to “Regional atmospheric circulation change in the North Pacific during the Holocene inferred from lacustrine carbonate oxygen isotopes, Yukon Territory, Canada” [Quaternary Research 64 (2005) 21–35]

The publisher regrets that several typesetting errors occurred in the article after the proofreading stage. On page 27 in Figure 5 the vertical axis was incorrectly typeset as ‘‘Age (cal yr B.P.).’’ The corrected figure and its legend are reproduced here. The spelling of K.E. Trenberth’s name for the reference Trenberth and Hurrell (1994) was incorrectly typeset as ‘‘Trenbirth’’ throughout the article. The complete reference should be as follows: Trenberth, K.E., Hurrell, J.W., 1994. Decadal atmosphere–ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dynamics 9, 303–319. In page 21 the keywords were incorrect and incomplete. The complete keywords should be as follows:
Black hole jets without large-scale net magnetic flux

We propose a scenario for launching relativistic jets from rotating black holes, in which small-scale magnetic flux loops, sustained by disc turbulence, are forced to inflate and open by differential rotation between the black hole and the accretion flow. This mechanism does not require a large-scale net magnetic flux in the accreting plasma. Estimates suggest that the process could operate effectively in many systems, and particularly naturally and efficiently when the accretion flow is retrograde. We present the results of general-relativistic force-free electrodynamic simulations demonstrating the time evolution of the black hole's magnetosphere, the cyclic formation of jets, and the effect of magnetic reconnection. The jets are highly variable on timescales ~ 10-10^3 r_ g/c, where r_g is the black hole's gravitational radius. The reconnecting current sheets observed in the simulations may be responsible for the hard X-ray emission from accreting black holes.
Leveraging real-world data while protecting privacy Framework using personal agent system for distributed data

We propose a real-world data exchange framework based on the concept of data ownership. The most important issues with these data are the protection of user privacy and preserve the value of the information derived from the data to consumers. This framework enables the protection of privacy and enables maximum leverage of real-world data belonging to each person at the same time. In our framework, real-world data and its information value are managed and protected by the personal agent system that works on each person's authority. On that basis, the information value can be exchanged and leveraged using a market mechanism that distributes transactions of queries and answers concerning the data. We also present the basic design of the framework and its personal agent system that works on multiple user devices.
Local uniqueness for harmonic functions under nonlinear boundary conditions

(1.1) where S is a bounded, simply connected region in the x, y plane, its boundary X3 is a regular closed curve, and n is the outwardly directed normal to 3s. Here A(s) is a prescribed continuous function of arc length s along S andf(u) is a function given in advance and assumed analytic in its argument u. We will assume that a solution U(X, y) to (1.1) exists satisfying at least 24 E F(S), II E CO(S + ES). The proof of the existence of such a solution is, in general, very difficult and will not be attempted here. In the simple case f(u) = 1 in (l.l), we have the Neumann problem for which it is well known that the solution is unique up to an additive constant. One proof [l] follows from the integral identity valid for two harmonic functions 24 , u2 on S,
The Quality of Life in Large American Cities: Objective and Subjective Social Indicators

The concept of ‘quality of life’ as a tool of comparative social indicators research is analyzed. Inter-city comparisons of objective and subjective measures of well being are presented and the distinctiveness of these two dimensions of the quality of life is documented. The paper concludes with some observations on the implications that this distinctiveness has for the use of the concept ‘quality of life’ in future social indicators research.
Sign changes in rational L w 1 -approximation

Let f ∈ Lw1 [−1, 1], let rn,m(f) be the best rational Lw1-approximation for f with respect to real rational functions of degree at most n in the numerator and of degree at most m in the denominator, let m = m(n), and let limn → ∞ (n-m(n)) = ∞. In this case, we show that the counting measures of certain subsets of sign changes of f-rn,m(f) converge weakly to the equilibrium measure on [−1, 1] as n → ∞. Moreover, we prove estimates for discrepancy between these counting measures and the equilibrium measure.
Macroeconomic Impacts of an Agro-Ethanol Industry in Canada

This paper presents estimates of the macroeconomic impacts on the Canadian economy of an ethanol industry based on Jerusalem artichoke, an agricultural feedstock. It is assumed that this industry would not be grain-based, since other studies indicate that such an industry would not be economically viable in the absence of government intervention and would suffer from fluctuating prices tied to world grain markets. Moreover, Jerusalem artichoke has agronomic characteristics that make it potentially attractive for inclusion in rotations to improve soil quality. Results of the research indicate that this crop could be grown to the economic advantage of farmers and processed into ethanol, which could be used economically as an octane enhancer in gasoline. Based on the results for western Canada, the operation of an ethanol plant with a capacity of 100 ML a year would increase indus- trial output by $154 million, raise gross domestic product at factor cost by $50 million, and create 1,365 jobs. Cette etude analyse les impacts macro-economiques qu'aurait une industrie d'extraction d'tthanol provenant de la culture du topinambour. L'Ctude suppose I'utilisation du topinambour comme intrant puisque d'autres etudes ont demontrt que I'utilisation de grains ne serait pas viable sans I'intervention gouvernementale; de plus l'industrie serait soumise aux fluctuations des prix internationaux des grains. D'autre part le topinambour prtsente des qualitCs agronomiques intkressantes du fait qu'il s'intkgre bien dans une rotation de cultures visant I'amClioration de la qualit6 du sol. Les rCsultats obtenus indiquent que les topinambours pourraient recultives avec succtts par les fermiers pour treensuite trans- form& en tthanol. Ce dernier pourrait fournir un octane enrichi pour I'essence a prix concurrentiel. Selon les rtsultats etablis pour I'ouest canadien, I'exploitation d'une wine d'tthanol, de 100 millions de litre par annee de capacitk, augmenterais la production industrielles de 154 $ millions, pousserais le produit national brut de 50 $ millions et crCerais 1 365 emplois.
“Beim Straucheln und beim Stürzen und beim Schreien”: Ekphrastic Representation and Identification in Gert Hofmann's Der Blindensturz

In this analysis of Gert Hofmann's 1985 novel, Der Blindensturz, ekphrasis is reexamined as a postmodern literary device through which marginalized characters express their alterity Here, the traditional ekphrastic focus on a work of plastic art within a text shifts instead to the literary subjects illuminated by an artwork. The relationship of the subjects (six blind beggars) to the painter, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, and the way in which he represents them in the 1568 painting, Parable of the Blind, inspire questions of both ethics and aesthetics. Conventional theories of intersemiotic transposition underpin this investigation; however, it will be shown that both Hofmann and Bruegel simultaneously confirm and challenge tradition. I argue that while the painter's transformation of the marginalized characters into visual signs converts them into a form of representation legible to the public, the act of ekphrastic narration gives voice to this signification.
Tar formation under different biomass gasification conditions

Abstract Parametric tests on tar formation, varying temperature, equivalence ratio, and residence time, were performed on a bench-scale, indirectly-heated fluidized bed gasifier. Prepared tar samples were analyzed in a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector, using a capillary column. Standard test mixtures containing the dominant tar species were prepared for GC calibration. The identified peaks included single-ring hydrocarbons, such as benzene, to five-ring hydrocarbons, such as perylene; these compounds represent about 70–90% (mass basis) of the tar constituents. The influences of the above-mentioned gasification parameters on tar formation were analyzed.
Generalizability in Communication Research

In communication research, attempts to enhance external validity usually focus on techniques to enhance the surface representativeness attained in a particular study. Such surface representativeness is a useful tool. However, a larger ability to generalize emerges from a constantly evolving scientific discourse across multiple studies about how social meanings and social behaviors impact outcomes. The resulting conceptual knowledge enables us to generalize about communication across a much wider range of persons, settings, times, and messages than does surface similarity. The findings of a study should be examined in light of its contribution to theory. The surface representativeness of a study is usually not a good indicator of contribution to theory. The discipline of communication, particularly journal editors and reviewers, bears a heavy responsibility to think about generalizability in the complex ways the topic requires.
Interionic forces in crystals—II. Infrared spectra of SO4 groups and “octahedrally” coordinated water in some alums, Tutton salts, and the double salts obtained by dehydrating them

Abstract Infrared spectra of 22 alums (including α, β and γ types) show simple v 3 and v 4 sulfate vibrational peaks indicating essentially T d symmetry, plus numerous peaks due to water coordinated about the M''' and M' ions. There are few simple correlations of spectra with change in either cation, but the position of v 3 is slightly affected by change from α to β structure. Infrared spectra of 18 Tutton salts are more sensitive to the nature of the M' cation than to the M'' cation. The effective SO 4 symmetry is C 3 v . Infrared spectra of 24 dehydrated alums fall into two main symmetry patterns for SO 4 , C 3 v , for Al''' and C 2 v , (probably) for other M''' ions. The spectral lines are remarkably sharp and intense, and depend more on the nature of the M''' than on the M' cations. The rock and wag frequencies for waters “octahedrally” coordinated to M''', M'', and M' cations can be systemized in terms of ionic charge and presence or absence of d orbitals in the cation.
Histamine and typhoid protein compared in the control of asthma and hay fever

Abstract Although our experience with hyposensitization, extending over a period of eighteen years, has taught us conservatism, we find that we can safely conclude that: 1.1. Typhoid split-protein and histamine are both useful in the treatment of allergic cases, be they skin, respiratory, bacterial, or digestive. 2.2. Typhoid split-protein is much safer than histamine, although not quite so rapid nor so powerful in its effect. 3.3. Small intradermal doses of either will work better and more safely than large doses. 4.4. Histamine injections may precipitate acute asthma; this, however, can be easily controlled with adrenalin. 5.5. Histamine in the aged or arteriosclerotic, if used at all, should be employed carefully in minute doses.
What Is the Functional Significance of Chronic Stress-Induced CA3 Dendritic Retraction Within the Hippocampus?:

Chronic stress produces consistent and reversible changes within the dendritic arbors of CA3 hippocampal neurons, characterized by decreased dendritic length and reduced branch number. This chronic stress-induced dendritic retraction has traditionally corresponded to hippocampus-dependent spatial memory deficits. However, anomalous findings have raised doubts as to whether a CA3 dendritic retraction is sufficient to compromise hippocampal function. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanism underlying chronic stress-induced CA3 dendritic retraction and to explain why CA3 dendritic retraction has been thought to mediate spatial memory. The anomalous findings provide support for a modified hypothesis, in which chronic stress is proposed to induce CA3 dendritic retraction, which then disrupts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, leading to dysregulated glucocorticoid release. The combination of hippocampal CA3 dendritic retraction and elevated glucocorticoid release contributes to impaired spatial memory. These findings are presented in the context of clinical conditions associated with elevated glucocorticoids.
The Past, Present, and Future of Economic Growth

The author is a widely respected international specialist who mixes orthodox and unorthodox solutions according to how he perceives development policy has worked in the past. In this article, he sh...
Relative risk reduction is useful metric to standardize effect size for public heath interventions for translational research.

Abstract Objectives Heterogeneity of effect measures in intervention studies undermines the use of evidence to inform policy. Our objective was to develop a comprehensive algorithm to convert all types of effect measures to one standard metric, relative risk reduction (RRR). Study Design and Setting This work was conducted to facilitate synthesis of published intervention effects for our epidemic modeling of the health impact of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV testing and counseling (HTC)]. We designed and implemented an algorithm to transform varied effect measures to RRR, representing the proportionate reduction in undesirable outcomes. Results Our extraction of 55 HTC studies identified 473 effect measures representing unique combinations of intervention-outcome-population characteristics, using five outcome metrics: pre–post proportion (70.6%), odds ratio (14.0%), mean difference (10.2%), risk ratio (4.4%), and RRR (0.9%). Outcomes were expressed as both desirable (29.5%, eg, consistent condom use) and undesirable (70.5%, eg, inconsistent condom use). Using four examples, we demonstrate our algorithm for converting varied effect measures to RRR and provide the conceptual basis for advantages of RRR over other metrics. Conclusion Our review of the literature suggests that RRR, an easily understood and useful metric to convey risk reduction associated with an intervention, is underused by original and review studies.
Distribution of Epi Info software: an evaluation using the Internet.

Abstract Introduction: Epi Info and Epi Map are computer programs for word processing, database management, epidemiologic statistics, and mapping designed for public health professionals. The programs are in the public domain, and distribution outside the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been through a variety of informal channels. Method: Individuals and organizations known to have distributed Epi Info or Epi Map since 1987 provided information. Distributors included CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), commercial vendors, translators, instructors in university and public health settings, and other public health professionals. Reports documented a minimum number of 145,320 copies distributed. Conclusions: Since 1994, the Internet has become a major means of propagation, accounting for 66% of the copies for which the method of distribution was known. The Internet also was a major information source for this study.
A qualitative discriminant process for scoring and ranking in group support systems

Abstract Group support systems (GSS) are increasingly being used within organizations to support group work. One area of support that is often desired is the scoring and ranking of alternatives on qualitative/subjective domains. In this article, we present a new, conceptual approach, the qualitative discriminant process, for scoring and ranking in GSS. This approach is based on well-established decision analysis techniques. It significantly advances the state of the art of GSS by addressing four common limitations: (1) the inability to deal with vagueness of human decision makers in articulating preferences; (2) difficulties in mapping qualitative evaluation to numeric estimates; (3) problems in aggregating individual preferences into meaningful group preference; and (4) the lack of simple, user-friendly techniques for dealing with a large number of decision alternatives. Our approach is easy to implement in stand-alone personal computers and GSS platforms. We illustrate this with a real-world problem on a prototype implementation.
An Energy Efficient Middleware Architecture for Processing Spatial Alarms on Mobile Clients

Time based alarms are used by many on a daily basis. Spatial alarms extend the very same idea to location based triggers, which are fired whenever a mobile user enters the spatial region of the location alarms. Spatial alarms provide critical capabilities for many mobile location based applications ranging from personal assistants, inventory tracking to industrial safety warning systems. In this paper we present a middleware architecture for energy efficient processing of spatial alarms on mobile clients, while maintaining low computation and storage costs. Our approach to spatial alarms provides two systematic methods for minimizing energy consumption on mobile clients. First, we introduce the concept of safe distance to reduce the number of unnecessary mobile client wakeups for spatial alarm evaluation, enabling mobile clients to sleep for longer intervals of time in the presence of active spatial alarms. We show that our safe distance techniques can significantly minimize the energy consumption on mobile clients compared to periodic wakeups while preserving the accuracy and timeliness of spatial alarms. Second, we develop a suite of techniques for minimizing the number of location triggers to be checked for spatial alarm evaluation upon each wakeup. This further reduces the computation cost and energy expenditure on mobile clients. We evaluate the scalability and energy-efficiency of our approach using a road network simulator. Our spatial alarms middleware architecture offers significant improvements on battery lifetime of mobile clients, while maintaining high quality of spatial alarm services, especially compared to the conventional approach of periodic wakeup and checking all alarms upon wakeup.
More evidence that cognitive complexity is not loquacity: A reply to Beatty and Payne

Beatty and Payne (1984) recently presented data allegedly demonstrating that assessments of cognitive complexity based on Crockett's popular Role Category Questionnaire (RCQ) are severly confounded by “loquacity,” the simple amount of verbal response to stimuli. The present paper responds critically to the claims of Beatty and Payne, arguing that these researchers employed a flawed measure of loquacity and inappropriate data analytic procedures. In order to better clarify the influence of loquacity on sophisticated social‐cognitive and communicative functioning, two empirical studies are reported in which alternative measures of loquacity were employed. In neither of these studies was loquacity found significantly associated with social‐cognitive or communicative abilities.
Culture-sensitive global strategies

This paper explores the role of culture in multinational firms' strategies and reviews academic contributions to analyzing cultural imperatives of global growth strategies with a focus on cultural friction in cross-border economic collaboration. It suggests that successful multinational companies are willing and able to turn cultural asymmetries into new opportunities and capitalize on cultural differences; and displays examples of culture-sensitive strategies in car manufacturing and air transportation.
The genome of the diploid anuran Xenopus tropicalis contains a novel array of sarcoplasmic myosin heavy chain genes expressed in larval muscle and larynx

The sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MyHC) proteins are a family of molecular motors responsible for the transduction of chemical energy into mechanical work in striated muscle. The vertebrate genome contains multiple copies of the MyHC gene, and expression of different isoforms correlates with differences in the physiological properties of muscle fibers. Most MyHC isoforms are found in two arrays, one containing the “fast-twitch” skeletal muscle isoforms and the other the “slow-twitch” or cardiac isoforms. To extend our understanding of MyHC evolution, we have examined the genome of the anuran Xenopus tropicalis. The X. tropicalis genome includes15 full-length MyHC genes organized in seven genomic locations. One unique array of MyHC genes is similar to the mammalian fast-skeletal array, but is not found in amniotes. The isoforms in this array are expressed during larval stages and in muscles of the adult larynx. Duplication of the fast-skeletal MyHC array appears to have led to expression divergence of muscle proteins in the larval and adult stages of the anuran life cycle. A striking similarity of gene order between regions flanking X. tropicalis MyHC arrays and human arrays was evident; genomic organization of MyHC isoforms may thus be highly conserved across tetrapods.
High levels of synaptosomal Na+-Ca2+ exchangers (NCX1, NCX2, NCX3) co-localized with amyloid-beta in human cerebral cortex affected by Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract Synaptosomal expression of NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, the three variants of the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), was investigated in Alzheimer's disease parietal cortex. Flow cytometry and immunoblotting techniques were used to analyze synaptosomes prepared from cryopreserved brain of cognitively normal aged controls and late stage Alzheimer's disease patients. Major findings that emerged from this study are: (1) NCX1 was the most abundant NCX isoform in nerve terminals of cognitively normal patients; (2) NCX2 and NCX3 protein levels were modulated in parietal cortex of late stage Alzheimer's disease: NCX2 positive terminals were increased in the Alzheimer's disease cohort while counts of NCX3 positive terminals were reduced; (3) NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3 isoforms co-localized with amyloid-beta in synaptic terminals and all three variants are up-regulated in nerve terminals containing amyloid-beta. Taken together, these data indicate that NCX isoforms are selectively regulated in pathological terminals, suggesting different roles of each NCX isoform in Alzheimer's disease terminals.
Long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission in rat posterior cingulate cortex

We used stimulation of corpus callosum (CAL) and the subiculo-cingulate tract (SCT), in an in vitro brain slice preparation, to study activity-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). SCT stimulation monosynaptically excites the apical dendrites of deep laminae (V–VI) pyramidal neurons, while CAL afferents drive these same cells via synapses on their basal dendrites. In contrast, most superficial laminae (II/III–IV) pyramids appear to be driven polysynaptically via ascending axonal collaterals of deep pyramids. In slices retaining these connectivities, we contrasted characteristics of synaptic plasticity in superficial vs deep laminae field and intracellular potentials evoked by conditioning stimuli given at frequencies of 100, 20, 8, 5 and 1 Hz. Tetanic stimulation (100 Hz) of SCT or CAL yielded homosynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) of each pathway, while stimulus trains of 8–20 Hz did not. 1–5 Hz stimulation of SCT and CAL elicited homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic strength in each pathway. Associative LTD was induced by interleaving 5 Hz pulses to the SCT pathway with 100 Hz θ-burst stimulation of CAL, but was not induced when these stimulus loci were switched. Heterosynaptic non-associative LTD was also observed in the alternate pathway following tetanization of either SCT or CAL. In all cases, LTP and LTD were observed only in deep laminae recordings. In contrast, superficial records showed only paired-pulse facilitation and short-term post-tetanic potentiation. In in vivo experiments in anaesthetized rats, PCC responses to SCT stimulation were contrasted with responses to stimulation of anteroventral and anterodorsal thalamic nuclei (AV/AD). SCT-elicited field potentials closely resembled those evoked in the slice, with maximal amplitude tuned to the 4–8 Hz frequency band. AV/VD stimulation elicited field potentials which were not frequency tuned. Overall, these data suggest that the acute circuit properties of PCC superficial laminae, modulated by thalamic input and synaptic plasticity in deep laminae, can transform hippocampal synaptic inflow before relaying it to extracingulate targets.
Complications in long-term survivors of Ewing sarcoma.

BACKGROUND Multimodality treatment has dramatically improved the outcome of patients with Ewing sarcoma. However, there appears to be little information concerning treatment-related complications in patients who are long-term survivors. METHODS Forty-one patients with Ewing sarcoma who were treated between 1960–1980 and who survived the disease by at least 20 years were included in the current study. In a retrospective analysis, all complications related to the multimodality treatment of Ewing sarcoma were assessed. RESULTS The patient group was comprised of 17 men and 24 women, with a mean age at the time of presentation of 16.8 years (range, 5–51 years). Approximately 20% of the lesions were located in the pelvis. All but 9 patients (78%) received chemotherapy as part of their treatment. The overall follow-up period averaged 25 years (range, 20–36 years). All except 1 patient were alive at the time of final follow-up, with the latter patient dying of radiation-induced secondary malignancy after 33 years. Only 17 patients (41%) were found to be free of any complication. These included metastases, local recurrence, secondary malignancies, pathologic fractures, and radiation-associated and chemotherapy-associated morbidities. CONCLUSIONS Although the patients in the current study were treated successfully in terms of surviving an aggressive tumor, the high complication rate in this group of long-term survivors is noteworthy and indicates that long-term follow-up should be mandatory. Cancer 2003;98:2687–92. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11891
Immunological tolerance: transmission from mother to offspring

Mice born and raised by mothers made specifically unresponsive to heterologous erythrocytes by prior treatment with soluble extracts of these cells become themselves tolerant. Tolerance is achieved through nursing since normal neonates fostered by tolerant animals become tolerant, while animals born to tolerant mothers but nursed by normal mice are fully responsive.
Beria and the cult of Stalin: Rewriting Transcaucasian party history

(1991). Beria and the cult of Stalin: Rewriting Transcaucasian party history. Soviet Studies: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 749-763.
Advance Care Planning: Preliminary Report of Differences and Similarities between Korean and Korean American

Purpose: This study was conducted to do preliminary report of differences and similarities between Koreans residing in Korea and Korean Americans residing in America regarding their awareness of end-of-life care, attitudes toward advance care planning, truth telling, and preferred decision-making model. Methods: Two participating groups were selected: a) Koreans residing in Korea, and b) Koreans Americans who had resided in the United States for at least 20 years. 25 Koreans and 23 Korean Americans who were older than 65 years old participated in this study. They were asked via a self-administered questionnaire that contained demographic questions and questions about end-of-life decision making regarding awareness of end-of-life care, attitudes toward advance care planning, truth telling, and preferred decision-making model. A Chi-square was used to measure differences between Koreans' and Korean Americans planning. A P value of less than 0.5 was considered significant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0. Results: In some aspects of awareness of end of life care, attitudes toward advance care planning, and truth telling, both groups had similar opinions. However, there were significant differences between groups in the necessity of end of life documentation, preferential informing the truth, and preferred decision making model. Conclusion: There were similarities and differences regarding some end of life issues between the Koreans and the Korean Americans.
Esophageal motor disease and reflux patterns in patients with advanced pulmonary disease undergoing lung transplant evaluation.

Background Advanced pulmonary disorders are linked to esophageal hypomotility and reflux disease. However, characterization of esophageal function using high resolution manometry (HRM) and ambulatory pH monitoring, segregation by pulmonary pathology, and comparison to traditional reflux disease are all limited in the literature. Methods Over a 4 year period, 73 patients (55.2 ± 1.3 years, 44F) were identified who underwent esophageal function testing as part of lung transplant evaluation for advanced pulmonary disease (interstitial lung disease, ILD = 47, obstructive lung disease, OLD = 24, other = 2). Proportions of patients with motor dysfunction (≥80% failed sequences = severe hypomotility) and/or abnormal reflux parameters (acid exposure time, AET ≥ 4%) were determined, and compared to a cohort of 1081 patients (48.4 ± 0.4 years, 613F) referred for esophageal function testing prior to antireflux surgery (ARS). Key Results The proportion of esophageal body hypomotility was significantly higher within advanced pulmonary disease categories (35.6%), particularly ILD (44.7%), compared to ARS patients (12.1%, P < 0.0001). Abnormal AET was noted in 56.5%, and was similar between ILD and OLD, but less frequent than in the ARS group (P = 0.04). Post-transplant chronic rejection trended towards association with pretransplant elevated AET in OLD (P = 0.08) but not ILD. Mortality was not predicted by esophageal motor pattern or reflux evidence. Conclusions & Inferences Interstitial lung disease has a highly significant association with esophageal body hypomotility. Consequently, prevalence of abnormal esophageal acid exposure is high, but implications for post lung transplant chronic rejection remain unclear.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: relationship between iron catalyst composition and process variables

Abstract The work at the CAER has focused on the development of a family of iron catalysts with different alpha values with the objective of providing the option of producing a broad slate of fuel and chemical products. To make a valid comparison of iron and cobalt catalysts with respect to activity and selectivity, the conversions with the iron catalysts have been carried out over wide ranges of operating conditions including pressure, temperature, H 2 /CO ratios, diluent gases (both inert and reactive) and conversion levels. As an approach to define the extent of secondary reactions in determining the products that are produced, a variety of isotopically labeled olefins, alcohols and carbon dioxide have been utilized. The extent of incorporation of these compounds can be defined by determining the isotopic distribution in the products. Catalyst samples, withdrawn from the reactor during synthesis, have been characterized to define changes that occur during catalyst use.
Community Networking:: Definition, Process, and Implications for Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy

The goal of the occupational therapist and the physical therapist working with the elderly is to promote functional independence of the individual. Whether the therapists are working in an institutional setting or a community setting, their role as health advocate, resource person, and change agent requires practical knowledge of community resources and services. The following is a review of the literature related specifically to networking-its definition and its application to occupational and physical therapy. The paper describes specific support services and resources for the elderly and the process for locating these services in one's own community.
Survival following extensive pulmonary resection in advanced tuberculosis.

Pulmonary function was studied in a 36-year-old woman who had undergone left pneumonectomy, left thoracoplasty, right upper lobectomy and resection of the medial segment of the right middle lobe, because of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. At the time of the study, her sputum was negative and she was leading a fairly active life. The vital capacity was 50 per cent of predicted and the one-second forced expiratory volume was 45–51 per cent of vital capacity. Total lung capacity was 75 per cent of predicted (for both lungs) and residual volume was 48 per cent of total lung capacity. Arterial blood gases and pH were normal at rest. Arterial O 2 tension and pH decreased, and arterial CO 2 tension increased during exercise. Ventilation equivalent was normal, the venous admixture-like effect and the alveolar-arterial O 2 gradient were greater than normal and the resting O 2 diffusing capacity was reduced.
Focus Issue: Series on Computational and Systems Biology

The application of computational biology and systems biology is yielding quantitative insight into cellular regulatory phenomena. For the month of September, Science Signaling highlights research featuring computational approaches to understanding cell signaling and investigation of signaling networks, a series of Teaching Resources from a course in systems biology, and various other articles and resources relevant to the application of computational biology and systems biology to the study of signal transduction.
Soil Carbon Sequestration in Natural and Managed Tropical Forest Ecosystems

SUMMARY This review article collates and synthesizes the available information on the potential of agroforestry and tropical plantations on soil carbon (C) sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Tropical forest ecosystems (TFEs) occupy 1.8 billion hectares (Bha) of the total area of 4.2 Bha in forest biomes. The terrestrial C pool in TFEs comprises 120 Mg/ha (tons) in vegetation and 123 Mg/ha in soil to 1 -m depth. Soil: vegetation C pool ratio ranges from 0.9 to 1.2 and increases with increase in latitude. Total C pool is 212 petagrams (Pg = 1 × 1015 g = 1 gigaton) in vegetation and 216 Pg in soil. The soil C pool of TFEs represents about 14% of the global soil organic C (SOC) pool of 1550 Pg. Deforestation and conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystems depletes the C pool. Thus, the SOC pool can be enhanced by restoration of degraded soils, and conversion to planted fallows, agroforestry, plantations, improved pastures, and mulch farming. The rate of SOC sequestration in soils is 100-100...
NASA lasers probe planets

NASA is engaged in monitoring the health of planet Earth and exploring the other planets. For the former, global measurements of critical Earth parameters including ice sheet thickness, greenhouse gases, oxygen, wind velocity, and aerosols, are required. Highly specialized lasers, sometimes at new laser wavelengths, are needed to measure these variables. There are three approaches for this laser development being pursued by NASA. First, rather than seeking new lasers employing an empirical approach, a quantum mechanical model is used to predict better new lasers. Second, where lasers exist but the wavelength is not quite right, a technique referred to as compositional tuning was developed. Third, innovative laser designs are devised to produce laser sources at the requisite wavelengths.
Evidence-based coverage decisions? Primum non nocere

Drug class reviews are blunt tools for medical decision making. The practice of evidence-based medicine is far more than simply systematic reviews: The patient and doctor are integral. Here we highlight areas of evidence-based coverage decision making where greater balance and transparency could serve to improve the current process, and we recommend elements of a more positive approach that could optimize patient outcomes under resource constraints.
Evolutionary History of the Grasses

While some scientists have been working to sequence and describe the human genome, with increasingly dramatic results, another set of scientists has been quietly providing a map of evolutionary history, a time line that shows how life has evolved. Unlike the genome projects, which accumulate
Well-organized neointima of large-pore poly(l-lactic acid) vascular graft coated with poly(l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) prevents calcific deposition compared to small-pore electrospun poly(l-lactic acid) graft in a mouse aortic implantation model

Abstract Objective : Tissue engineering techniques have emerged that allow bioresorbable grafts to be implanted that restore function and transform into biologically active arteries. However, these implants are susceptible to calcification during the remodeling process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of pore size of bioabsorbable grafts in the development of calcification. Methods : Two types of grafts were prepared: a large-pore graft constructed of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) fibers coated with poly(l-lactide-co- e -caprolactone) (PLCL) (PLA–PLCL), and a small-pore graft made of electrospun PLA nanofibers (PLA-nano). Twenty-eight PLA–PLCL grafts and twenty-five PLA-nano grafts were implanted as infra-renal aortic interposition conduits in 8-week-old female SCID/Bg mice, and followed for 12 months after implantation. Results : Large-pore PLA–PLCL grafts induced a well-organized neointima after 12 months, and Alizarin Red S staining showed neointimal calcification only in the thin neointima of small-pore PLA-nano grafts. At 12 months, macrophage infiltration, evaluated by F4/80 staining, was observed in the thin neointima of the PLA-nano graft, and there were few vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in this layer. On the other hand, the neointima of the PLA–PLCL graft was composed of abundant VSMCs, and a lower density of macrophages (F4/80 positive cells, PLA–PLCL; 68.1 ± 41.4/mm 2 vs PLA-nano; 188.3 ± 41.9/mm 2 , p = 0.007). The VSMCs of PLA–PLCL graft expressed transcription factors of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that in mouse arterial circulation, large-pore PLA–PLCL grafts created a well-organized neointima and prevented calcific deposition compared to small-pore, electrospun PLA-nano grafts.
Flexible Targeting, Escalation Control, and War in Europe

U.S. declaratory and employment policies have been modified toward escalation control and flexible targeting for war in Europe. These efforts, however useful in principle, are unlikely to make much difference given political constraints within which targeting and war plans must operate. Europeans fear the possibility of a general nuclear, regional nuclear, or conventional war. No U.S. declaratory policies can reassure them that NATO/Warsaw Pact war in Europe can be controlled, should deterrence fail. European emphases upon deterrence and detente will continue to contrast with American interest in defense and credible, controlled war-fighting capabilities.
Control of heat-shock response of young gametophytes of the sensitive fern is at the translational level

Young gametophytes of the sensitive fern, Onoclea sensibilis, respond to heat-shock by synthesizing in excess certain proteins that are made at normal growth temperature. Enhanced protein synthesis occurred during a 2 h heat-shock at a range of temperatures between 38 o C and 50 o C. Although a temperature of 50 o C proved lethal, a 5 min pulse at 50 o C resulted in enhanced synthesis of heat-shock proteins which continued for several hours at 25 o C. After heat-shock at 50 o C for 10 or 15 min, the gametophytes temporarily lost their capacity for protein synthesis but normal protein synthesis was resumed within 24 h of heat-shock. A heat-shock at 38 o C preceding one at 50 o C did not have any protecting effect on the gametophytes
Massage Therapy Research

Abstract Massage therapy has been notably effective in preventing prematurity, enhancing growth of infants, increasing attentiveness, decreasing depression and aggression, alleviating motor problems, reducing pain, and enhancing immune function. This review covers massage therapy research from the last decade, as an update to the American Psychologist 1998 review paper. Models are presented for potential biochemical and physiological mechanisms underlying the massage therapy effects.
Peptides and peptidomimetics as immunomodulators

Peptides and peptidomimetics can function as immunomodulating agents by either blocking the immune response or stimulating the immune response to generate tolerance. Knowledge of B- or T-cell epitopes along with conformational constraints is important in the design of peptide-based immunomodulating agents. Work on the conformational aspects of peptides, synthesis and modified amino acid side chains have contributed to the development of a new generation of therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases and cancer. The design of peptides/peptidomimetics for immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus and HIV infection is reviewed. In cancer therapy, peptide epitopes are used in such a way that the body is trained to recognize and fight the cancer cells locally as well as systemically.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOTEL ROOM PRICING, OCCUPANCY, AND GUEST SATISFACTION: A LONGITUDINAL CASE OF A MIDSCALE HOTEL IN THE UNITED STATES

This case study examined the relationship among hotel room prices, occupancy percentage, and guest satisfaction using 3 years of data from 3,875 actual guest satisfaction surveys at an upper-midscale hotel. The study concludes that price was a significant predictor of overall guest satisfaction and three key guest-satisfaction components: guest room cleanliness, maintenance, and attentiveness of staff (with negative, curvilinear relationships in all cases). Conversely, occupancy percentage failed to be a significant predictor of guest satisfaction.
A reduced multiplier beamformer architecture for ultrasound imaging systems

This paper presents a new ultrasound beamforming architecture that greatly reduces the number of multiplications in a DAS (Delay And Sum) implementation as MLAs (Multiple Line Acquisitions) and data channels increase in the system. A mathematical derivation is provided for the new DAS-DPC (Data Path Combined) beamformer architecture along with multiplier analysis that compares the new architecture to a standard DAS implementation. Simulation results using a kidney image from a well-known simulation tool called Field II are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new beamforming architecture as compared to a standard DAS architecture.
Comparative Analysis of Expert and Machine-Learning Methods for Classification of Body Cavity Effusions in Companion Animals

A rule-based expert system using CLIPS programming language was created to classify body cavity effusions as transudates, modified transudates, exudates, chylous, and hemorrhagic effusions. The diag- nostic accuracy of the rule-based system was compared with that produced by 2 machine-learning methods: Rosetta, a rough sets algorithm and RIPPER, a rule-induction method. Results of 508 body cavity fluid analyses (canine, feline, equine) obtained from the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital computerized patient database were used to test CLIPS and to test and train RIPPER and Rosetta. The CLIPS system, using 17 rules, achieved an accuracy of 93.5% compared with pathologist consensus diagnoses. Rosetta accurately classified 91% of effusions by using 5,479 rules. RIPPER achieved the greatest accuracy (95.5%) using only 10 rules. When the original rules of the CLIPS application were replaced with those of RIPPER, the accuracy rates were identical. These results suggest that both rule-based expert systems and machine-learning methods hold promise for the preliminary classification of body fluids in the clinical laboratory.
The care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm: The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines

The Clinical Practice Council of the Society for Vascular Surgery charged a writing committee with the task of updating practice guidelines, initally published in 2003, for surgeons and physicians who are involved in the preoperative, operative, and postoperative care of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). This document provides recommendations for evaluating the patient, including risk of aneurysm rupture and associated medical co-morbidities, guidelines for selecting surgical or endovascular intervention, intraoperative strategies, perioperative care, long-term follow-up, and treatment of late complications. Decision making related to the care of patients with AAA is complex. Aneurysms present with varying risks of