cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Autonomous Foldable Docking Mechanism for Small Space Vehicles

Over the past decade, small satellites have gained the interest of the space industry as a new and cost effective approach for servicing space assets. To address the special constraints inherent to the component miniaturization required for these satellites, researchers in the Space, Automation and Manufacturing Mechanisms Laboratory (SAMM) are exploring foldable mechanisms and their effectiveness for providing autonomous rendezvous and docking capabilities for small space vehicles. This paper focuses particularly on the design of autonomous docking mechanisms for space vehicles within the small satellite class known as picosatellite (size and mass requirements: 1 kilogram mass within a 10×10×10 centimeter cube). The docking mechanisms deployment scenario is a dual satellite system comprised of two small satellites (a chaser and a target). The chaser has attitude and translational control capability, while the target is a passive satellite having only attitude stabilization capability. This paper will first present a review of the existing docking mechanism technology utilized in space. This is followed by details of a foldable mechanism approach for providing small satellites autonomous docking capabilities. This includes geometric and dynamic analysis conducted in ADAMS software simulations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
InP-on-InGaAs interface with Ga and In coverage in metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of {InGaAs}/{InP} superlattices

Abstract At the InP-on-InGaAs interface grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), reducing the As memory effect (As carryover) and simultaneously protecting the InGaAs surface against As-P exchange present a challenging problem in achieving a compositional abrupt and high quality interface. In this work, combinations of group III metalorganic sources were introduced at the InP-on-InGaAs interface in the absence of any hydrides. The results prove that severe As carryover exists at this interface. Furthermore, better interface quality is obtained when the InGaAs surface is covered with In rather than with Ga.
Femoral vessel injuries; high mortality and low morbidity injuries

Femoral vessel injuries are amongst the most common vascular injuries admited in busy trauma centers. The evolution of violence and the increase in penetrating trauma from the urban battlefields of city streets has raised the incidence of femoral vessel injuries, which account for approximately 70% of all peripheral vascular injuries. Despite the relatively low mortality associated with these injuries, there is a high level of technical complexity required for the performance of these repairs. Similarly, they incur low mortality but are associated with significantly high morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are the keys to successful outcomes with the main goals of managing ischemia time, restoring limb perfusion, accomplishing limb salvage and instituting rehabilitation as soon as possible.
G Protein βγ Subunits and AGS3 Control Spindle Orientation and Asymmetric Cell Fate of Cerebral Cortical Progenitors

Neurons in the developing mammalian brain are generated from progenitor cells in the proliferative ventricular zone, and control of progenitor division is essential to produce the correct number of neurons during neurogenesis. Here we establish that Gbetagamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins are required for proper mitotic-spindle orientation of neural progenitors in the developing neocortex. Interfering with Gbetagamma function in progenitors causes a shift in spindle orientation from apical-basal divisions to planar divisions. This results in hyperdifferentiation of progenitors into neurons as a consequence of both daughter cells adopting a neural fate instead of the normal asymmetric cell fates. Silencing AGS3, a nonreceptor activator of Gbetagamma, results in defects similar to the impairment of Gbetagamma, providing evidence that AGS3-Gbetagamma signaling in progenitors regulates apical-basal division and asymmetric cell-fate decisions. Furthermore, our observations indicate that the cell-fate decision of daughter cells is coupled to mitotic-spindle orientation in progenitors.
Parallel direct-write nanolithography using arrays of optically trapped microlenses

We use Bessel beam optical traps to self-position arrays of microsphere objectives near surfaces. Pulsed laser illumination of these objectives is used to perform near-field direct-write subwavelength optical nanopatterning with 100 nm feature sizes.
Do Infants Fed From Bottles Lack Self-regulation of Milk Intake Compared With Directly Breastfed Infants?

OBJECTIVE: How breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood obesity is unclear, and 1 hypothesis pertains to the ability of breastfed infants to self-regulate. We studied whether infants9 self-regulation of milk intake is affected by feeding mode (bottle versus breast) and the type of milk in the bottle (formula versus expressed breast milk). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants in the 2005–2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II received monthly questionnaires during their infant9s first year, and compete data were available for 1250 infants. We tested the impact of feeding mode and type of milk during early infancy on self-regulation during late infancy. RESULTS: Although only 27% of infants fed exclusively at the breast in early infancy emptied the bottle or cup in late infancy, 54% of infants who were fed both at the breast and by bottle did so, and 68% of those who were fed only by bottle did so. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that infants who were bottle-fed more intensively early in life were ∼71% or 2 times more likely to empty the bottle or cup later in life than those who were bottle-fed less intensively (⅓–⅔ or ⅔ of milk feeds given by bottle versus CONCLUSIONS: Infants who are bottle-fed in early infancy are more likely to empty the bottle or cup in late infancy than those who are fed directly at the breast. Bottle-feeding, regardless of the type of milk, is distinct from feeding at the breast in its effect on infants9 self-regulation of milk intake.
System dynamics, systems thinking, and soft OR

System dynamics, systems thinking, and soft operations research (soft OR) all aspire to understanding and improvement of systems. In all, the first step interprets the real world into a description used in following stages. In system dynamics, description leads to equations of a model, simulation to understand dynamic behavior, evaluation of alternative policies, education and choice of a better policy, and implementation. Case studies, systems thinking, and soft OR usually lack the discipline of explicit model creation and simulation and so rely on subjective use of unreliable intuition for evaluating the complex structures that emerge from the initial description of the real system. Nevertheless, systems thinking and soft OR, with emphasis on eliciting information from-real-world participants, should contribute useful insights to system dynamics. Conversely, the model creation and simulation stages of system dynamics should contribute rigor and clarity to systems thinking and soft OR.
Ecthyma gangrenosum in an AIDS patient with normal neutrophil count

Abstract Ecthyma gangrenosum is the cutaneous manifestation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia, typically affecting immunosuppressed patients, particularly those with neutropenia. Association with HIV disease has been rarely reported. We describe an unusual presentation of solitary ecthyma gangrenosum on the face of a non-neutropenic patient with AIDS. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:840-1.)
A Feasibility Analysis of Power Awareness in Commodity-Based High-Performance Clusters

We present a feasibility study of a power-reduction scheme that reduces the thermal power of processors by lowering frequency and voltage in the context of high-performance computing. The study revolves around a 16-processor Opteron-based Beowulf cluster, configured as four nodes of quad-processors, and shows that one can easily reduce a significant amount of CPU and system power dissipation and its associated energy costs while still maintaining high performance. Specifically, our study shows that a 5% performance slowdown can be traded off for an average of 19% system energy savings and 24% system power reduction. These preliminary empirical results, via real measurements, are encouraging because hardware failures often occur when the cluster is running hot, i.e, when the workload is heavy, and the new power-reduction scheme can effectively reduce a cluster's power demands during these busy periods
Performance analysis of spread spectrum protocols with adaptive spreading

Temporal fading is an inherent characteristic of wireless channels. Furthermore, in a multiuser spread spectrum network, the instantaneous value of the multiple access interference varies with time. As a consequence, the instantaneous signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio varies from one frame to another. This variation can even occur within a given frame. In this work, we present a new set of analytical and numerical results on Incremental Spreading (IS) protocols that adaptively increase the duration of a frame, or the spreading gain, based on the past instantaneous channel and interference conditions. The control operation is carried out mainly at the receiver end, resulting in a distributed system, unlike other spreading gain control algorithms which are centralized. These protocols are ready to be implemented in single- and multi-carrier code division multiple access (CDMA) type technologies and can enhance the throughput and capacity of wireless networks.
On Achievable Throughput Region of Prioritized Transmissions Via Network Coding

We investigate the achievable throughput regions for scenarios involving prioritized transmissions. Prioritized trans- missions are useful in many multimedia networking applications where the transmitted data have an inherent hierarchy such that a piece of data at one level is only useful if all the pieces of data at all the lower levels are present. Formally, the prioritized transmission refers to the notion that, given M prioritized packets in the decreasing order of importance, a1, a2, ..., aM to be delivered to a receiver, then the packet ai is useful to a receiver only if it has received all packets aj with j< isuccessfully. Thus, the prioritized throughput can be abstractly represented j�1 where j is the position of the first lost packet. In this paper we investigate the achievable throughput regions of prioritized transmissions from a source to multiple receivers via a shared and lossy channel. We assume that the source is an oracle such that it knows precisely whether a packet is lost or received at any receiver in any future time slot, thus it can schedule the packet transmission in such a way to maximize the receiver throughputs. We show that using network coding technique, the achievable throughput region for the broadcast scenarios can be substantially enlarged. Furthermore, for some erasure patterns, the achievable throughput region using network coding technique is optimal in the sense that no scheme can do better. Index Terms—Network coding.
Cytological observations on the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus.

Two sorts of neurons are recognized in Golgi impregnations of the rat ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (HVM). The two cell types, category I and II neurons, are differentiated on the basis of their somatic, dendritic, and axonal characteristics. Category I neurons form most of the neuronal population and are located throughout HVM. The small number of category II neurons that have been studied occur in lateral HVM. Two varieties of neuronal profile, “common” and “uncommon cells”, are seen in thin sections of HVM. The “uncommon cells”, in comparison with the “common ones”, appear to have a larger soma, a more electron-dense cytoplasmic matrix, an abundance of Nissl bodies, and a population of dense-cored vesicles (100–130 nm in diameter). Some of the somata and proximal dendrites of “common”, but not “uncommon” cells, are wrapped in multiple layers of astrocytic processes. Although the correlation is tentative, it is argued that category I neurons correspond to “common cells” and category II, to “uncommon cells”. One possible implication of this correspondence is discussed regarding neuronal alteration in response to change in the endocrinological environment of the brain.
Socially Competent Communication and Relationship Development

Various workers from a number of different disciplinary shadings have been intrigued by the notion that social behavior is a skill demanding competent performance by the actor. There is nothing new about the idea, which probably goes back at least as far as the ancient Greeks, but the focus of attention and the elements of performance examined by each investigator show considerable variety. In most of its forms, however, the notion boils down to a kind of communication competence, although it is often treated in some other context, such as a psychological, developmental, or environmental one.
Neurotrophic effects of GM1 ganglioside and electrical stimulation on cochlear spiral ganglion neurons in cats deafened as neonates

Previous studies have shown that electrical stimulation of the cochlea by a cochlear implant promotes increased survival of spiral ganglion (SG) neurons in animals deafened early in life (Leake et al. [1999] J Comp Neurol 412:543–562). However, electrical stimulation only partially prevents SG degeneration after deafening and other neurotrophic agents that may be used along with an implant are of great interest. GM1 ganglioside is a glycosphingolipid that has been reported to be beneficial in treating stroke, spinal cord injuries, and Alzheimer's disease. GM1 activates trkB signaling and potentiates neurotrophins, and exogenous administration of GM1 has been shown to reduce SG degeneration after hearing loss. In the present study, animals were deafened as neonates and received daily injections of GM1, beginning either at birth or after animals were deafened and continuing until the time of cochlear implantation. GM1-treated and deafened control groups were examined at 7–8 weeks of age; additional GM1 and no-GM1 deafened control groups received a cochlear implant at 7–8 weeks of age and at least 6 months of unilateral electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation elicited a significant trophic effect in both the GM1 group and the no-GM1 group as compared to the contralateral, nonstimulated ears. The results also demonstrated a modest initial improvement in SG density with GM1 treatment, which was maintained by and additive with the trophic effect of subsequent electrical stimulation. However, in the deafened ears contralateral to the implant SG soma size was severely reduced several months after withdrawal of GM1 in the absence of electrical activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:837–853, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Replicable, Zero-Based Model for Marketing Curriculum Innovation:

As university curriculums inevitably change, their evolution typically occurs through a series of minor incremental adjustments to individual courses that cause the curriculum to lose strategic consistency and focus. This article demonstrates a zero-based approach to marketing curriculum innovation. The authors describe forces of change that led them to completely redesign their marketing curriculum, and they chronicle a replicable process that can be used to develop and launch an extensive transformation of an existing program that is focused yet adaptive. The process includes faculty commitment, consensus, collaboration, and compromise; stake-holder input; points of distinction; unifying themes; intended learning outcomes; instructional design; approval; a transition plan; launch; and evaluation and continuous improvement. The authors believe that departments of any size can implement a similar redesign process to develop a curriculum that is strategically consistent with the department's core competenc...
Creativity Through a Lens of Social Responsibility: Implicit Theories of Creativity with Korean Samples

Implicit theories of creativity have been the subject of increased research interest in recent years. These investigations are motivated by the observation that an individual's creative activities are guided by personal definitions rather than professional theories, which may be very different. Cross-cultural studies of implicit creativity theories are rare, yet they can add significantly to our knowledge of how creativity is viewed across cultures. The nature of 428 Koreans' implicit creativity theories were identified in a prestudy, and the structure of 478 Koreans' ratings of the indicated behaviors was analyzed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, 211 participants evaluated the creativity of 44 hypothetical profiles based on the results of the first experiment. Results provide evidence that Korean conceptions of creativity are similar to Western conceptions, although Koreans may emphasize negative behaviors and personality characteristics (e.g., deviance) to a greater degree. When asked to use their implicit theories to evaluate the creativity of hypothetical profiles, Korean adults strongly emphasized specific cognitive, personality, and motivational aspects of creativity over noncognitive aspects (e.g., perseverance, independence).
Mass mortality and population declines of anurans at an upland site in western Panama.

I report an episode of anuran mortality and decline in the Reserva Forestal Fortuna, Chiriqui, Pan- ama. The symptoms of decline at this site include population reductions, the presence of dead or dying adults, and tadpole abnormalities. Streamside anurans were abundant and diverse in 1993-1995, were restricted to afew streams in December 1996-January 1997, and then became rare throughout the reserve in July-August 1997. Between December 1996 and January 1997, I found 54 dead or dying frogs belonging to 10 species, and 12% of tadpoles bad abnormalities of the oral disc. In July-August 1997 I monitored nine streams 37 times and captured only six individuals, whereas 13 terrestrial surveys along five trails resulted in 18 cap- tured individuals. No dead or dying animals were found during those two months, but 11% of tadpoles had mouthpart abnormalities. Necropsies revealed that 18 of 18 dead anurans had a fungal infection of the skin; because this fungus was the only infection shared among all deadfrogs, I suggest that it killed them and con- tributed to the decline of these populations. The presence of mouthpart abnormalities during a period of adult mortality suggests that this symptom may also be linked to the fungus infection. Clinical signs of decline in the anurans of Fortuna are similar to those found in the anurans of Monteverde and Las Tablas, Costa Rica, and I hypothesize that this pathogen was involved in the declines at all three sites.
Stanford 3D hyperthermia treatment planning system. Technical review and clinical summary

In the field of deep regional hyperthermia cancer therapy the Sigma 60 applicator of the BSD-2000 Hyperthermia System is one of the most widely used devices. This device employs four independent sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy to heat tumour sites deep within the body. The difficulty in determining the input parameters for the four sources has motivated the development of a computer-based three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning system. The Stanford 3D Hyperthermia Treatment Planning System has been in clinical use at Stanford Medical Center for the past 2 years. It utilizes a patient-specific, three-dimensional computer simulation to determine safe and effective power deposition plans. An optimization programme for the selection of the amplitudes, phases and frequency for the sources has been developed and used in the clinic. Examples of the application of the treatment planning for hyperthermia treatment of pulmonary, pelvic, and mediastinal tumours are presented. Methods for quantifyi...
Updateable simulation of communication networks

A technique called updateable simulations is proposed to reduce the time to complete multiple executions of a discrete event simulation program. This technique updates the results of a prior simulation run rather than re-execute the entire simulation to take into account variations in the underlying simulation model. A framework for creating updateable simulations is presented. This framework is applied to the problem of simulating a set of cascaded ATM multiplexers and a network of ATM switches. Performance measurements of sequential and parallel implementations of these simulations on a shared memory multiprocessor are presented, demonstrating that updateable simulations can yield substantial reductions in the time required to complete multiple simulation runs if there is much similarity among the runs.
Current control of a 3-level rectifier/inverter drive system

The marriage of a three-level voltage source inverter with a force-commutated three-level rectifier is examined in this paper. Three-level inverters are capable of reducing the output current harmonics dramatically compared with typical two-level inverters whereas a three-level rectifier of this type allows nearly sinusoidal input currents at unity fundamental power factor on the utility side of the drive system. The dual capacitor split voltage bus can be regulated from either the inverter or rectifier side with neutral point balance maintained. This paper address the issues of neutral point voltage control and current regulation from both the rectifier and inverter perspectives. >
Oviduct Modifications in Foam-Nesting Frogs, with Emphasis on the Genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae)

ABSTRACT. Various species of frogs produce foam nests that hold their eggs during development. We examined the external morphology and histology of structures associated with foam nest production in frogs of the genus Leptodactylus and a few other taxa. We found that the posterior convolutions of the oviducts in all mature female foam-nesting frogs that we examined were enlarged and compressed into globular structures. This organ-like portion of the oviduct has been called a “foam gland” and these structures almost certainly produce the secretion that is beaten by rhythmic limb movements into foam that forms the nest. However, the label “foam gland” is a misnomer because the structures are simply enlarged and tightly folded regions of the pars convoluta of the oviduct, rather than a separate structure; we suggest the name pars convoluta dilata (PCD) for this feature. Although all the foam-nesters we examined had a pars convoluta dilata, its size and shape showed considerable interspecific variation. Some ...
A New Genus and Species of the Tribe Attagenini (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from the Mojave Desert of California

Abstract Apphianus yuccae, new genus and new species in the tribe Attagenini, subfamily Anthreninae, family Dermestidae is described from a Mojave Desert canyon on the eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada in Kern Co, California.
Efficacy or Chaos? Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in Maltreating Populations A Review of Research

Child abuse remains a serious and expensive social problem in the United States. Few evidence-based treatments (EBTs) exist for at-risk families and/or maltreating families where neglect or abuse has occurred, limiting the ability of social service agencies to comply with legislative mandates to use EBTs with clients. One promising intervention, parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), has been tested in 11 separate trials with this population. This review of research on PCIT with abusive adults found that overall PCIT is an appropriate, efficacious intervention method to prevent future maltreatment by targeting parenting skills and child externalizing behaviors. These findings must be taken with caution, since the key factor to determine efficacy is completion of treatment, and all the studies involved showed significant problems with sample attrition. While the current studies are promising, there is a need for research that focuses on measuring parental sensitivity and attachment levels, explores use in the foster and adoptive communities, and studies that use tertiary subjects to serve as unbiased reporters of perceived levels of behavioral changes.
Impulsive control

In this paper, the concept and principles of impulsive control are presented. Impulsive control can be applied to a class of systems whose state variables are changeable in a very short time period. In particular, the asymptotic stability of the impulsive control of a nonlinear system is given.
Differential Development and Reproduction of the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blatlellidae) on Three Laboratory Diets

Development of nymphs and oocyte maturation in adults were examined in Blattella germanica (L.) reared on three commercial diets. Nymphs fed rat food developed significantly faster than nymphs fed two commercial dog foods. Similarly, oocytes matured more quickly in adult females that were raised on rat food than in females raised on dog food. Nymphal development and oocyte maturation were slower in insects that were fed whole dog food pellets than in insects fed ground dog food, suggesting that grinding the diet diminishes a mechanical barrier in whole dog food pellets. Comparisons of processed canine food and unprocessed canine food indicated that diets were significantly inferior after the steam extrusion process. Rat food is normally not subjected to such conditions and both processed and unprocessed rat food are equally suitable for B. germanica . The significance and implications for comparative studies with cockroaches are discussed.
Hydroxocobalamin. VI. Comparison of intestinal absorption in man of large doses of hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin.

SummaryIntestinal absorption of large oral doses of hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin (100,. 500 and 1000 μg) was compared and quantitated in 17 normal subjects using a double label isotope technique.In 3 pairs of normal individuals, Co57-labeled cyanocobalamin and Co60-labeled hydroxocobalamin were administered simultaneously in oral doses of 100, 500 and 1000 μg and the ratio of the 2 isotopes in whole stool specimens was compared with that in the administered dose. No significant differences were found between the ratios administered and excreted at each dosage level. In 11 subjects intestinal absorption was quantitated by a modification of the double label hepatic uptake test in which the hepatic uptake of orally administered cyanocobalamin Co57 and hydroxocobalamin Co57 was given simultaneously with the first oral dose. At oral doses of 100, 500 and 1000 μg, mean hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin absorption were not significantly different.
Radiological warfare: the path not taken

Toward the end of World War II the question was not whether devastating new weapons should he developed and used, but which ones. Radioactive poisons, along with the atomic bomb, were one of the options.
Differentiation of Renal Tubular Epithelium in Renal Transplantation Cytology

Increased numbers of renal tubular epithelial cells are present in the urinary sediments of renal transplant recipients during acute rejection. Few investigators have described characteristics of renal tubular epithelial cells in cytologic preparations. This study compiles morphologic characteristics of various tubular epithelial cells and determines the type of the tubular cells present during acute allograft rejection. The results demonstrate that cuboidal forms from the small collecting ducts are the predominent tubular epithelial cells exfoliated in voided urine during acute allograft rejection.
170. Characterization of the neuroendocrine system in healthy aged rats

Healthy aged individuals are more likely to suffer profound memory impairments following a challenging life event such as a severe bacterial infection, surgery, or an intense psychological stressor, than are younger adults. Importantly, these peripheral challenges are capable of producing a neuroinflammatory response (e.g., increased pro-inflammatory cytokines) and in the healthy aged brain this response is exaggerated and prolonged. Normal aging primes or sensitizes microglia and this appears to be the source of this amplified response. Here, we present data suggesting that a dysregulated neuroendocrine response in the aged (24 mos) F344xBN rat is skewed toward higher brain corticosterone (CORT) levels and greater hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation compared to young adult rats (3 mos). In addition, we confirm others’ findings that 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD1), the enzyme that transforms cortisone (an inactive metabolite of CORT) to the active hormone CORT, is elevated in the aged hippocampus. In concert, these factors may play a critical role in priming microglia in the aged rat brain, resulting in exaggerated and longer lasting cytokine responses in the brain and greater memory deficits following a challenge.
ILY & Can U Pick Up Some Milk: Effects of Relational Maintenance via Text Messaging on Relational Satisfaction and Closeness in Dating Partners

ABSTRACTRomantic partners use texting to send a variety of messages including relational maintenance messages. Three hundred forty-one individuals in dating relationships completed a questionnaire about texted relational maintenance messages, relational variables, relational texting frequency, and their proclivity for texting romantic partners. Four maintenance strategies—positivity, assurances, sharing tasks, and network—were significantly related to relational satisfaction and closeness. Romantic texting proclivity contributed positively to relational satisfaction and closeness through maintenance but contributed negatively to satisfaction and closeness after controlling for the effects of texted maintenance.
Inflammatory Ureteral Strictures after Ureteroileal Diversion

We describe 2 patients in whom histologically proved inflammatory strictures of the ureter developed after ureteroileal diversion. The dense impassable strictures were located proximal to the ureteroileal junction. The clinical onset was preceded by acute urosepsis and septicemia. Judicious use of percutaneous nephrostomy and antegrade studies is emphasized in establishing the diagnosis.
Is adherence to diet, physical activity, and body weight cancer prevention recommendations associated with colorectal cancer incidence in African American women?

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) cancer prevention recommendations was associated with colorectal cancer incidence in the Black Women’s Health Study (BWHS). In this ongoing prospective cohort of African American women (analytic cohort n = 49,103), 354 incident colorectal cancers were diagnosed between baseline (1995) and 2011. Adherence scores for seven WCRF/AICR recommendations (adherent = 1 point, non-adherent level 1 = 0.5 points, non-adherent level 2 = 0 points) were created using questionnaire data and summed to an overall adherence score (maximum = 7). Recommendation adherence and colorectal cancer incidence were evaluated using baseline and time-varying data in Cox regression models. At baseline, 8.5 % of women adhered >4 recommendations. In time-varying analyses, the HR was 0.98 (95 % CI 0.84–1.15) per 0.5 point higher score and 0.51 (95 % CI 0.23–1.10) for adherence to >4 compared to <3 recommendations. Adherence to individual recommendations was not associated with colorectal cancer risk. Results were similar in models that considered baseline exposures only. Adherence to cancer prevention recommendations was low and not associated with colorectal cancer risk among women in the BWHS. Research in diverse populations is essential to evaluate the validity of existing recommendations, and assess whether there are alternative recommendations that are more beneficial for cancer prevention in specific populations.
Detection of water and its derivatives on individual nanoparticles using vibrational electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Understanding the role of water, hydrate and hydroxyl species on nanoparticle surfaces and interfaces is very important in both physical and life sciences. Detecting the presence of oxygen-hydrogen species with nanometer resolution is extremely challenging at present. Here we show that the recently developed vibrational electron energy-loss spectroscopy using subnanometer focused electron beams can be employed to spectroscopically identify the local presence and variation of OH species on nanoscale surfaces. The hydrogen-oxygen fingerprint can be correlated with highly localized structural and morphological information obtained from electron imaging. Moreover, the current approach exploits the aloof beam mode of spectral acquisition which does not require direct electron irradiation of the sample thus greatly reducing beam damage to the OH bond. These findings open the door for using electron microscopy to probe local hydroxyl and hydrate species on nanoscale organic and inorganic structures.
Polar bears and ice: cultural connotations of Arctic environments that contradict the science of climate change

In spite of overwhelming agreement between scientists and scientific agencies around the world that anthropogenic climate change is currently occurring, many American citizens and politicians alike continue to doubt its validity. In this article, we examine 21st-century media reporting and 20th-century cinematic examples that provide possible reasons for why this is the case, especially foregrounding Western cultural perceptions and connotations of the Arctic region, which have constructed an intellectual framework that resists scientific findings of anthropogenic forcing of climate change.
Optimization of rotational arc station parameter optimized radiation therapy.

Purpose: To develop a fast optimization method for station parameter optimized radiation therapy (SPORT) and show that SPORT is capable of matching VMAT in both plan quality and delivery efficiency by using three clinical cases of different disease sites. Methods: The angular space from 0° to 360° was divided into 180 station points (SPs). A candidate aperture was assigned to each of the SPs based on the calculation results using a column generation algorithm. The weights of the apertures were then obtained by optimizing the objective function using a state-of-the-art GPU based proximal operator graph solver. To avoid being trapped in a local minimum in beamlet-based aperture selection using the gradient descent algorithm, a stochastic gradient descent was employed here. Apertures with zero or low weight were thrown out. To find out whether there was room to further improve the plan by adding more apertures or SPs, the authors repeated the above procedure with consideration of the existing dose distribution from the last iteration. At the end of the second iteration, the weights of all the apertures were reoptimized, including those of the first iteration. The above procedure was repeated until the plan could not be improved any further. The optimization technique was assessed by using three clinical cases (prostate, head and neck, and brain) with the results compared to that obtained using conventional VMAT in terms of dosimetric properties, treatment time, and total MU. Results: Marked dosimetric quality improvement was demonstrated in the SPORT plans for all three studied cases. For the prostate case, the volume of the 50% prescription dose was decreased by 22% for the rectum and 6% for the bladder. For the head and neck case, SPORT improved the mean dose for the left and right parotids by 15% each. The maximum dose was lowered from 72.7 to 71.7 Gy for the mandible, and from 30.7 to 27.3 Gy for the spinal cord. The mean dose for the pharynx and larynx was reduced by 8% and 6%, respectively. For the brain case, the doses to the eyes, chiasm, and inner ears were all improved. SPORT shortened the treatment time by ∼1 min for the prostate case, ∼0.5 min for brain case, and ∼0.2 min for the head and neck case. Conclusions: The dosimetric quality and delivery efficiency presented here indicate that SPORT is an intriguing alternative treatment modality. With the widespread adoption of digital linac, SPORT should lead to improved patient care in the future.
New Light on the Tolchaco Problem

ABSTRACTData from the surface collection of a large lithic site in the Little Colorado Valley show the site to be a locus of lithic material procurement, possibly used over a long period of time by various groups. The site location and lithic materials indicate it is a Tolchaco manifestation. These findings support the hypothesis that Tolchaco delineates a site type rather than a specific cultural complex or focus.
Eshelby's tensor for embedded inclusions and the Elasto-Capillary phenomenon

The elastic state of an embedded inclusion undergoing a stress-free transformation strain was the subject of John Douglas Eshelby's now classical paper in 1957. This paper, the subject of which is now widely known as “Eshelby's inclusion problem”, is arguably one of the most cited papers in solid mechanics and several other branches of physical sciences. Applications have ranged from geophysics, quantum dots to composites. Over the past two decades, due to an interest in all things “small”, attempts have been made to extend Eshelby's elastic analysis to the nanoscale by incorporating capillary or surface energy effects. In this note, we revisit a particular formulation that derives a very general expression for the elasto-capillary state of an embedded inclusion. This approach, that closely mimics that of Eshelby's original paper, appears to have the advantage that it can be readily used for inclusions of arbitrary shape (for numerical calculations) and provides a facile route for approximate solutions when closed-form expressions are not possible. Specifically, in the case of inclusions of constant curvature (sphere, cylinder) subject to some simplifications, closed-form expressions are obtained.
Investigation of laser pulse length and pre-plasma scale length impact on hot electron generation on OMEGA-EP

A series of experiments studying pre-plasma's effect on electron generation and transport due to a high intensity laser were conducted on the OMEGA-EP laser facility. A controlled pre-plasma was produced in front of an aluminum foil target prior to the arrival of the high intensity short pulse beam. Energetic electron spectra were characterized with magnetic and bremsstrahlung spectrometers. Pre-plasma and pulse length were shown to have a large impact on the temperature of lower energy, ponderomotive scaling electrons. Super-ponderomotive electrons, seen in prior pre-plasma experiments with shorter pulses, were observed without any initial pre-plasma in our experiment. 2D particle-in-cell and radiation-hydrodynamic simulations shed light on and validate these experimental results.
Additive manufacturing and mechanical characterization of high density fully stabilized zirconia

Abstract Mechanical properties of additively manufactured 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) parts were extensively studied for the first time. A novel freeform extrusion fabrication process, called Ceramic On-Demand Extrusion (CODE), was employed to deposit an aqueous viscous suspension (~50 vol% solids loading) of fully stabilized zirconia powder in a layer-by-layer fashion. Each layer was exposed to infrared radiation after deposition to attain partial solidification due to drying. Before exposure, the layer was surrounded by oil to preclude non-uniform evaporation, which could cause warpage and crack formation. After the fabrication process was completed, the parts were humid-dried in an environmental chamber and densified by sintering under atmospheric pressure. Standard test methods were employed to examine the properties of sintered parts including density, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, Young's modulus, and flexural strength. Microstructural evaluation was also performed to observe the microstructural morphology and measure grain size. The results indicate that the properties of 8YSZ parts produced by the CODE process match those obtained by conventional fabrication techniques.
The Role of Stigma in Weight Loss Maintenance Among U.S. Adults.

Challenges of maintaining long-term weight loss are well-established and present significant obstacles in obesity prevention and treatment. A neglected but potentially important barrier to weight-loss maintenance is weight stigmatization. We examined the role of weight stigma—experienced and internalized—as a contributor to weight-loss maintenance and weight regain in adults. A diverse, national sample of 2702 American adults completed an online battery of questionnaires assessing demographics, weight-loss history, subjective weight category, experienced and internalized weight stigma, weight-monitoring behaviors, physical activity, perceived stress, and physical health. Analyses focused exclusively on participants who indicated that their body weight a year ago was at least 10% less than their highest weight ever (excluding pregnancy), the weight loss was intentional, and that attempts to lose or maintain weight occurred during the past year (n = 549). Participants were further classified as weight regainers (n = 235) or weight-loss maintainers (n = 314) based on subsequent weight loss/gain. Data were collected in 2015 and analyzed in 2016. Hierarchical logistic regression models showed that internalized weight stigma and subjective weight category made significant individual contributions to prediction of weight-loss maintenance, even after accounting for demographics, perceived stress, experienced stigma, physical health, and weight-loss behaviors. For every one-unit increase in internalized weight stigma, the odds of maintaining weight loss decreased by 28% (95% CI: 14–40%, p < .001). Findings provide initial evidence that overlooked psychosocial factors, like weight stigma, may hinder weight-loss maintenance. Implications for addressing stigma in obesity-focused clinical interventions are highlighted.
Cold hardiness of flowering crabapple cultivars

Abstract Stem cold hardiness of 38 crabapple taxa (Malus L.) was evaluated on 6 dates throughout the dormant period of 1992–93. Differences in cold hardiness among taxa were detected on all samplin...
Pulmonologist's Road Map to Mediastinal Lymph Node Imaging

Mediastinal lymph node station maps are intended to facilitate nodal staging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. These maps have been revised over time and the International Association for Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) map is the latest rendition. This article illustrates the imaging appearance of each of the IASLC map mediastinal lymph node stations, overviews some of the mediastinal lymph node sampling techniques, and discusses common pitfalls of the IASLC map. It also reviews mediastinal anatomic variants and pathologic features that may simulate lymphadenopathy.
Does cognitive aging affect portfolio choice

Abstract The association between cognitive aging and portfolio reallocation towards riskless assets is well documented. Past studies have suggested several mechanisms such as rising information costs or preference changes to explain the shift away from financial risk. However, these narratives appear to be at odds with the evidence that some domains of cognitive functions improve with age, and many individuals are not cognizant of their intellectual decline. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, this study examines whether or not cognitive decline leads to a safer portfolio choice and how much can be attributed to causal. Our empirical analysis develops an instrumental variable approach that exploits seasonal variation in cognition triggered by a seasonal affective disorder. While the fixed effects estimates show strong positive correlations between cognition and stock ownership, these estimates lose significance in the instrumental variable models. Our findings suggest that cognitive function is not a major determinant of portfolio riskiness.
Reactions of ruthenium(II) with thiamacrocycles: structures of trans-dichlorido-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane-ruthenium(II), bis-(dichloro-dimethylsulfoxide-ruthenium(II)) 1,4,7,10,13-pentathiacyclopentadecane, and cis-dichlorido-1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane-ruthenium(II)

The straightforward reaction of thiamacrocycles (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane ([18]aneS6), 1,4,7,10,13-pentathiacyclopentadecane ([15]aneS5), 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane ([14]aneS4), and 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3)) with RuCl2(dmso)4 in CHCl3 or CH2Cl2 has produced several crystalline compounds which have been structurally characterized. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals the following complexes: [trans-RuCl2([18]aneS6)] (1), [(RuCl2(dmso))2[15]aneS5] (2), [cis-RuCl2([14]aneS4)] (3), and [RuCl2([9]aneS3)(dmso)] (4). As anticipated all low-spin Ru(II) ions have distorted octahedral environment. Unforeseen was the formation of a dinuclear compound, with one sulfur atom of [15]aneS5 forming a bridge between two cis-RuCl2 moieties. For all these structures, the Ru–S separations range from 2.29 to 2.36 A (thiaether) with much larger values for Ru–S–Ru bridge (2.509 (3) and 2.499 (3) A), and 2.24–2.25 A (dimethyl sulfoxide). The crystallographic parameters at − 100 °C are as follows: 1: monoclinic, space group P21/c; a, b, c (A): 8.8975 (3), 11.9747 (5), 9.5666 (4); β = 109.923 (1)°. V = 958.27 (7) A3, Z = 2; 2: monoclinic, space group P21/c; a, b, c (A): 23.029 (5), 8.3909 (19), 14.220 (3); β = 102.118 (6)°. V = 2686.6 (10) A3, Z = 4; 3: monoclinic, space group P21/n; a, b, c (A): 8.5071 (12), 14.272 (2), 12.9361 (18), β = 93.566 (4)°. V = 1567.6 (4) A3, Z = 4; 4: monoclinic, space group P21/c; a, b, c (A): 8.2424 (5), 12.4688 (7), 14.8408 (10), β = 104.546 (2). V = 1476.34 (16) A3, Z = 4 (the last structure is practically identical to already measured at different temperature).
Navigating the Interface Between Landscape Genetics and Landscape Genomics.

As next-generation sequencing data become increasingly available for non-model organisms, a shift has occurred in the focus of studies of the geographic distribution of genetic variation. Whereas landscape genetics studies primarily focus on testing the effects of landscape variables on gene flow and genetic population structure, landscape genomics studies focus on detecting candidate genes under selection that indicate possible local adaptation. Navigating the transition between landscape genomics and landscape genetics can be challenging. The number of molecular markers analyzed has shifted from what used to be a few dozen loci to thousands of loci and even full genomes. Although genome scale data can be separated into sets of neutral loci for analyses of gene flow and population structure and putative loci under selection for inference of local adaptation, there are inherent differences in the questions that are addressed in the two study frameworks. We discuss these differences and their implications for study design, marker choice and downstream analysis methods. Similar to the rapid proliferation of analysis methods in the early development of landscape genetics, new analytical methods for detection of selection in landscape genomics studies are burgeoning. We focus on genome scan methods for detection of selection, and in particular, outlier differentiation methods and genetic-environment association tests because they are the most widely used. Use of genome scan methods requires an understanding of the potential mismatches between the biology of a species and assumptions inherent in analytical methods used, which can lead to high false positive rates of detected loci under selection. Key to choosing appropriate genome scan methods is an understanding of the underlying demographic structure of study populations, and such data can be obtained using neutral loci from the generated genome-wide data or prior knowledge of a species’ phylogeographic history. To this end, we summarize recent simulation studies that test the power and accuracy of genome scan methods under a variety of demographic scenarios and sampling designs. We conclude with a discussion of additional considerations for future method development, and a summary of methods that show promise for landscape genomics studies but are not yet widely used.