cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subgrid surface connectivity for storm surge modeling

Abstract Subgrid modeling to account for unresolved topography within the context of shallow water equations relies on the use of coarse grids for computational efficiency. However, excessively coarse grids can lead to artificial cross flows between hydrologically disconnected areas separated by physical barriers smaller than the grid size. An approach based on introducing cell and edge clones, consisting of connected groups of pixels in each cell, is able to systematically remove such artificial cross flows. Such an approach considers that the subgrid barriers permanently divide flow among clones and effectively restrict flow to a predetermined path. In this work, a simple algorithm, along with the use of an overtopping formula, is proposed to extend the clone approach to a scenario in which clones are allowed to be further split and merged as needed, depending on the surface elevation during a given runtime. The algorithm is intended for accommodating the possibility of the subgrid barriers being inundated and no-longer dividing the flow during an extreme event. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through a series of idealized and more realistic test cases, showing considerable improvements over existing methodologies.
People, Policy, and Praxis: Freirean Pedagogy and Local-Level Policy Implementation

Freirean pedagogy in adult education programs that embrace an open dialectic can be responsive to situations where ambiguity in policy implementation results in discrimination and disenfranchisement. The case presented below comes from my experiences as an educator in a Freirean, Spanish-language, high school equivalency (HSE) program in New Jersey during significant national changes to HSE credentialing in 2014. It describes policy implementation in the local context within the relationships between governing institutions, service organizations, and the people policies are meant to govern. The case constructs a narrative for the relevant policy environments and actions at the time through the assemblage of primary sources, such as policy documents and internal organizational reports, as well as an analysis of 25 news reports and commentaries taken from 2013-2014. I argue that all policies, even those initiated at the national level, are ultimately enacted locally through the dialectic relationships between policy makers, administrators, program staff, and students at a variety of public and private organizations. I show how Freirean approaches to program design and operation respond to political, policy, and programmatic complexities to address discrimination and disenfranchisement. In conclusion, I discuss implications for educators seeking to adopt a Freirean framework into their own program design and implementation. These include the development of local praxis within an analysis of larger oppressive structures, thoughtful design and critical flexibility to work closely with students in program operation, and engagement in dialectic relationships with existing or potential collaborators.
Markov Chains—Stationary Distributions and Steady State

Let Nn(y) denote the number of visits of the Markov chain {Xn} to y during times m = 1,…,n. That is, $${N_n}(y) = \sum\limits_{m = 1}^n {{I_{\{ y\} }}({X_m})} $$
PISSING AND MASCULINITY

Beginning as an attempt to understand the short video of U.S. Marines in Helmond Province, Afghanistan, urinating on dead Taliban fighters in January of 2012, this essay first explores the ways urine comes to be understood in cultures as an ambiguous symbol, at times representing clean and nourishing (as in flood myths) and at other times representing dirty and polluting. With that understanding of the ambiguity of urine and urinating, the essay then considers the role of pissing (using the folk term in English) in the construction, maintenance, and repair of masculinity in American culture, with special attention to the ways American warriors use pissing as a ritual response to the traumas of combat.
Uranyl Nitrate Inhibition of Transport Systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Uranyl nitrate inhibited the transport of several amino acids, a vitamin, and a disaccharide into yeast.
Scanning microarrays: current methods and future directions.

Abstract The microarray platform is a powerful tool for conducting large‐scale, high‐throughput gene expression experiments. However, careful attention to detail throughout the five major steps in the microarray process—design, printing, hybridization, scanning, and analysis—must be used to ensure that reliable and accurate conclusions are obtained from data. The act of scanning the array has received the least attention of all parts of the microarray process, despite it being a critical quality‐limiting component. This chapter specifically addresses the effects of scan parameters and limitations of the scanning technology divided into two categories: instrumentation effects (those that arise from the scanning instrumentation itself) and user‐controller parameters (those that an operator chooses) for the most common microarray platform—the two‐color cDNA microarray printed on a glass substrate. Significant research efforts have gone into developing microarray analysis techniques, but the field is ripe for research to characterize the variability and errors introduced by the scanning process itself, the scanner instrumentation, and the user. Implications of these errors for large‐scale, multiple slide and multiple laboratory experiments are discussed. Wise choices for scanning parameters and consideration of instrument specifics will ultimately increase data reliability and reduce the need for complex preprocessing mechanisms prior to the extraction of expression information. In addition, emerging technologies such as surface plasmon imaging, resonance light scattering, and hyperspectral imaging are presented briefly as promising, complementary techniques to traditional scanning methods.
The relationship between utilization of mobile health technology and in-person care

Background Persons with alcohol use disorders benefit from continuing care, but few receive aftercare or ongoing monitoring after completing an episode of addiction treatment. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated that a smartphone intervention provided effective continuing care for alcohol use disorders. The Addiction-Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (A-CHESS), which provides relapse prevention services including psychoeducation, communication, support, and electronic monitoring, significantly reduced risky drinking days and increased abstinence over 12 months following discharge from residential treatment. While smartphone interventions appear to be an effective mechanism for delivering continuing care, it may also be of interest to harness this technology to facilitate engagement in formal or “traditional” face-toface treatment for addiction. We sought to evaluate the feasibility of using smartphone interventions to facilitate engagement in formal continuing care for alcohol use disorders.
OPTIMOL: a framework for online picture collection via incremental model learning

OPTIMOL (a framework for Online Picture collection via Incremental MOdel Learning) is a novel, automatic dataset collecting and model learning system for object categorization. Our algorithm mimics the human learning process in such a way that, starting from a few training examples, the more confident data you incorporate in the training data, the more reliahle models can be learnt. Our system uses the Internet as the (nearly) unlimited resource for images. The learning and image collection processes are done via an iterative and incremental scheme. The goal of this work is to use this tremendous web resource to learn robust object category models in order to detect and search for objects in real-world scenes.
Recriticality considerations in disrupted gas-cooled fast reactor core geometry

The margin to criticality of selected distorted core configurations derived from the hypothetical loss of shutdown cooling accident in a 300-MW(electric) gas-cooled fast reactor has been investigated using two-dimensional transport theory. Configurations representing crumbled cores declad fuel columns in nearly intact geometry, and partial slumping of the fuel on the core floor with subsequent radial spreading have been studied. Three minimum postulated conditions for recriticality have been identified for the configurations characterized by declad fuel in nearly intact geometry: If the fuel is fully compacted (no spaces among the crumbled fuel pieces), then 55% of the fuel rods in the core must crumble for recriticality. If 65% of the volume in the crumbled fuel region is space occupied by fuel, then 46% of the fuel rods must be crumbled (with the remaining 54% standing erect but declad). If 28% of the volume in the crumbled fuel bed is space occupied by fuel, then 82% of the rods must crumble for recriticality. For cores that are postulated to melt and slump in a radially outward progression, the reactivity changes from a ''safe shutdown'' with K /SUB eff/ = 0.93 to supercritical with K /SUB eff/ = 1.103. If the compact, butmore » molten, core spreads radially outward, the reactivity decreases to K /SUB eff/ = 1.041.« less
Awakened leaders: who are they and why do we need them?

Purpose – Introducing awakened leadership, a flexible, human‐oriented leadership style, based on ancient principles yet geared toward needs of today's working community.Design/methodology/approach – The paper explains the concept of awakened leadership; discusses some globally known awakened leaders, and presents their common characteristics; reviews some contemporary awakened leaders; and presents the essential requirements for becoming an awakened leader. Methods used for research: literature review; interviews; observations of leaders. The topic is approached as a leadership style that anyone can develop. The subject scope is leadership as it is needed in the twenty‐first century.Findings – Awakened leadership is a timeless concept: there have been awakened leaders since human existence. This age‐old leadership style is time transcending and still works best today. Anyone can work toward becoming an awakened leader.Research limitations/implications – The theory is presented as a viewpoint in this artic...
Reverse Logistics And Clean Technology Adoption: The Case Of The Steel Industry

Promoting the diffusion of “clean technology” – technology that helps to reduce polluting inputs and processes at the beginning of production, rather than at the “end of the pipe” – is an important step towards more environmentally sustainable production practices. The use of clean technology coupled with “reverse logistics” practices is particularly effective at reducing environmental impact, and many industries are attempting to move in this direction. Reverse logistics is the process whereby a manufacturer accepts end products from consumers for possible remanufacturing, recycling, and reuse. However, the diffusion of clean technology and reverse logistics practices in the economy is not well understood, and there remains a need for case and industry analysis in order to derive theory and to provide possible lessons. This paper focuses on the core of heavy manufacturing, the steel industry. Steel producers, particularly the mini-mill sector, have a long history of relative success with various reverse logistics techniques, especially recycling. Utilizing a qualitative theoretical framework and drawing from extant case and industry data, we document and analyze the adoption and diffusion of clean technology and reverse logistics in the industry.
Towards a Universal Toolkit Model for Structures

Model-based toolkit widgets have the potential for (i) increasing automation and (ii) making it easy to substitute a user-interface with another one. Current toolkits, however, have focused only on the automation benefit as they do not allow different kinds of widgets to share a common model. Inspired by programming languages, operating systems and database systems that support a single data structure, we present here an interface that can serve as a model for not only the homogeneous model-based structured-widgets identified so far – tables and trees – but also several heterogeneous structured-widgets such as forms, tabbed panes, and multi-level browsers. We identify an architecture that allows this model to be added to an existing toolkit by automatically creating adapters between it and existing widget-specific models. We present several full examples to illustrate how such a model can increase both the automation and substitutability of the toolkit. We show that our approach retains model purity and, in comparison to current toolkits, does not increase the effort to create existing model-aware widgets.
Normal Endometrium and Infertility Evaluation

The histologic features of what constitutes “normal” endometrium change with a woman’s age, through the premenarchal, reproductive, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal years.1–3 During the reproductive years, the cyclical hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle provide a continuously changing morphologic phenotype which is “normal.” The combination of these changes with artifacts and sampling limitations can make normal patterns difficult to interpret. During the reproductive years, deviations from normal, either in histologic pattern or in temporal relationship to ovulation, often indicate underlying abnormalities that may cause female infertility.
Intestinal colonization of mice by air-disseminatedClostridium botulinum

Germ-free adult mice, metronidazole-pretreated conventional adult mice, and 9-day-old conventional infant mice were tested as potential recipients of the pathogen being excreted byClostridium botulinum-colonized mice (donors). Animals were bedded with wood shavings, and recipients were exposed to cross-colonization from donors held in other cages in the same isolator. Germ-free adults developed botulism when exposed toC. botulinum type-A- or-B-monoassociated mice; conventional adults and infants were cross-colonized from adults or infants excreting type-A or-B pathogen. The first cross-colonizations occurred before the experimental isolators and their cages of mice were disturbed. Conventional adult and infant mice were colonized within three days of the introduction of lyophilizedC. botulinum spores into the atmosphere of isolators.
Preventing Rapid Repeat Births Among Latina Adolescents: The Role of Parents

Latina adolescent parents are at increased risk for rapid repeat births (second birth ≤ 24 months after the first), sexually transmitted infections, and negative educational and social outcomes. Although several effective parent-based interventions have been developed to prevent Latino youths’ sexual risk taking, little research has explored the development of interventions to prevent repeat births that involve the parents of these adolescents. Existing preventative interventions involving parents suffer from important methodological limitations. Additional research is needed to advance theories of behavior, identify the causal pathways of parental influence, and specify appropriate behavioral targets. Future parent-based interventions to prevent repeat births should target pregnancy intentions, age of partners, contraceptive use, integrated prevention of pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, educational attainment, and future orientations.
Paleobiology and geographic range of the large-bodied Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis

Abstract A partial theropod skeleton from the Albian (ca. 105 ma) Cloverly Formation of Wyoming is shown to exhibit many features in common with members of Carcharodontosauria and is referred to Acrocanthosaurus atokensis on the basis of an autapomorphy and a unique combination of characters. The absence of neurocentral fusion in dorsal and caudal vertebrae and bone histology of the femur indicate that the specimen is a juvenile. The circumferences of lines of arrested growth were used to estimate mass over successive years of the animal's life. These mass estimates suggest that early in ontogeny, Acrocanthosaurus grew at rates on par with growth rates inferred in Allosaurus and most tyrannosaurid theropods, which are similar to rates expected for scaled-up precocial birds. Histological data from adult specimens suggest that Acrocanthosaurus reached adult body size in two to three decades. Gigantism in Acrocanthosaurus likely evolved via acceleration of growth rates relative to those of basal members of Allosauroidea, a transition also observed within tyrannosauroid theropods. Contrary to previous assessments, there is only evidence for one large-bodied theropod species in the Early Cretaceous of North America, though many fragmentary specimens are indeterminate to the genus level. Aptian–Albian and Maastrichtian-aged dinosaur communities were more similar to one another than to those of the intervening Campanian stage in that both seem to have featured a single, extremely large-bodied, fast growing, geographically widespread theropod dinosaur.
Building and Supporting a Validity Argument for a Standards-Based Classroom Assessment of English Proficiency Based on Teacher Judgments

Using an argument-based approach to validation, this study examines the quality of teacher judgments in the context of a standards-based classroom assessment of English proficiency. UsingBachman's (2005)assessment use argument (AUA) as a framework for the investigation, this paper first articulates the claims, warrants, rebuttals, and backing needed to justify the link between teachers' scores on the English Language Development (ELD) Classroom Assessment and the interpretations made about students' language ability. Then the paper summarizes the findings of two studies—one quantitative and one qualitative—conducted to gather the necessary backing to support the warrants and, in particular, address the rebuttals about teacher judgments in the argument. The quantitative study examined the assessment in relation to another measure of the same ability—the California English Language Development Test—using confirmatory factor analysis of multitrait-multimethod data and provided evidence in support of the warrant that states that the ELD Classroom Assessment measures English proficiency as defined by the California ELD Standards. The qualitative study examined the processes teachers engaged in while scoring the classroom assessment using verbal protocol analysis. The findings of this study serve to support the rebuttals in the validity argument that state that there are inconsistencies in teachers' scoring. The paper concludes by providing an explanation for these seemingly contradictory findings using the AUA as a framework and discusses the implications of the findings for the use of standards-based classroom assessments based on teacher judgments.
Genesis of genius

The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1, The Early Years: 1879–1902. Edited by John Stachel. Princeton University Press: 1987. Pp. 433. $52.50, £32.90. Paperbound English translation by Anna Beck of the documents in Vol. 1 $22.50, £14.10.
New Amine Accelerators for Composite Restorative Resins

The overall characteristics of the composites cured with a number of newly synthesized, tertiary aromatic amines compare favorably to those of resins polymerized with commonly used accelerators. Maximum compressive and tensile strength for the composites are obtained only over a narrow concentration range of accelerator used.
Formation and slip of pyramidal dislocations in hexagonal close-packed magnesium single crystals

Abstract Slip of pyramidal 〈c + a〉 dislocations in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystals is a requisite for accommodation of homogeneous c-axis deformation. However, fundamental aspects of the formation and slip of pyramidal dislocations, including the formation mechanism, dissociation, core structure and slip features, are still poorly characterized. In this study, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the formation of 〈c + a〉 dislocations in magnesium single crystals during c-axis loading occurs by sequential nucleation of leading and trailing partial dislocations on pyramidal I planes, owing to their lower lattice resistance to shear compared with pyramidal II planes. Local shuffling on pyramidal I planes was also found to be a mediating mechanism for nucleation and slip of pyramidal I 〈c + a〉 dislocations. Subsequent transition of pyramidal I slip to pyramidal II planes is achieved either by cross-slip of screw-segments or by cooperative slip of edge-segments on two equal and alternative pyramidal I planes. Consequently, at moderate strains, slip occurs predominantly on pyramidal II planes, in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Climb was also observed for both pyramidal I and pyramidal II 〈c + a〉 dislocations even at very low temperatures. This results in production of an abundance of interstitials and vacancies in the crystal. Formation of pyramidal I 〈a〉 dislocations by reaction of two pyramidal I 〈c + a〉 dislocations was also observed. These findings uncover unique features of pyramidal slip in low-symmetry hcp magnesium crystals and have important implications for understanding their distinct mechanical behavior and also for improving their performance.
Opinion Change During Group Discussion

Changes in mock jurors' decision preferences during deliberation are represented as a stochastic process. Four models varying in their assumptions concerning the nature of opinion changes were comparatively evaluated. The rate and direction of opinion change was found to be relatively constant throughout deliberation and appeared to be a simple linear function of the proportion of jurors favoring the verdict in the direction of change.
The central and south american blindsnakes of the genus Anomalepis

The Neotropical blindsnakes of the genus Anomalepis are reviewed. Four species are recognized: A. mexicanus in Costa Rica, Panama and Peru; A. colombia in Colombia; A. flavapices in Ecuador; and A. aspinosus in Peru. Numbers of dorsal scales and scale rows around the body are the only characteristics by which the species can be diagnosed. Anomalepis colombia, A. flavapices and A. aspinosus comprise a species group (the aspinosus group) with a combined geographic distribution somewhat similar to that of A. mexicanus, but more restricted. The aspinosus group is characterized by higher numbers of dorsal scales and scale rows: 308-363 dorsals, and a scale-row formula of (26-27-28-30)-(24-26-30)-(24-27). Anomalepis mexicanus is characterized by fewer numbers of dorsal scales and scale rows: 259-299 dorsals, and a scale-row formula of (24-25-26)-(20-22-23-24)-(20-21-22). Anomalepis flavapices and A. aspinosus may be synonymous.
The product cycle and the spatial decentralization of American manufacturing

Norton R. D. and Rees J. (1979) The product cycle and the spatial decentralization of American manufacturing, Reg. Studies 13, 141–151. The relative and absolute decline of the American Manufacturing Belt is examined as a core-periphery realignment process. The decentralization of production is related conceptually to the product cycle model and tested empirically using shift-share analysis. The spread of innovative capacity and rapid growth industries to the states of the American South and West is seen as a reversal in traditional regional roles.
Initial Development and Validation of the Mexican Intercultural Competence Scale

The current project sought to develop the Mexican Intercultural Competence Scale (MICS), which assesses group-specific skills and attributes that facilitate effective cultural interactions, among adults of Mexican descent. Study 1 involved an Exploratory Factor Analysis (N = 184) that identified five factors including Ambition/Perseverance, Networking, the Traditional Latino Culture, Family Relationships, and Communication. In Study 2, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis provided evidence for the 5-factor model for adults of Mexican origin living in the Midwest (N = 341) region of the U.S. The general findings are discussed in terms of a competence-based formulation of cultural adaptation and include theoretical and clinical implications.
Concordance of peritumoral technetium 99m colloid and subareolar blue dye injection in breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy.

Introduction Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping has emerged as a less invasive method for axillary lymph node staging in patients with breast cancer. Blue dye and radioisotopes are commonly used agents to localize SLNs, but the optimal site for the injection of these agents continues to be debated. In this study, we evaluated whether subareolar injection of blue dye led to the identification of the same SLNs as peritumoral injection of technetium colloid. Methods From March 2003 to August 2006, 124 patients with invasive breast cancer, diagnosed by core needle biopsy, were included in this study. Demographic and clinical data were abstracted from medical records. Approximately 1 h prior to surgery, all patients had peritumoral injection of 37 Mbq of Tc-99m-sulfur colloid. In the operating room, 3 to 5 mL of 1% lymphazurin was injected into the subareolar area. SLNs were categorized as radio-labeled-only, blue-only, or radio-labeled + blue. Data were analyzed with 95% exact confidence intervals, Spearman rank coefficient and κ coefficient. Results The mean number of SLNs identified was 1.9 (range 1–5). With the combination of two methods 122 out of 124 patients (98.4%) had successful identification of SLNs. One hundred fifteen patients (92.7%) had SLNs that were blue and 121 patients (97.6%) had radio-labeled SLNs. One hundred fourteen patients had at least one SLN that was both blue and radio-labeled, yielding a concordance rate of 91.9% (95% CI, 0.88–0.98). Metastatic disease was identified in SLNs of 28 patients. All lymph nodes with evidence of metastasis were both blue and radio-labeled. Conclusions Our study showed a high degree of concordance between subareolar blue dye and peritumoral radiocolloid in identification of SLNs. These results further support that the breast parenchyma and subareolar plexus drain to similar SLNs within the axilla. These two techniques can complement each other in localizing SLNs with a high success rate.
Modeling Critical Forest Habitat in the Southern Coal Fields of West Virginia

Throughout the Central Appalachians of the United States resource extraction primarily from coal mining has contributed to the majority of the forest conversion to barren and reclaimed pasture and grass. The loss of forests in this ecoregion is significantly impacting biodiversity at a regional scale. Since not all forest stands provide equal levels of ecological functions, it is critical to identify and map existing forested resources by the benefits that accrue from their unique spatial patterns, watershed drainage, and landscape positions. We utilized spatial analysis and remote sensing techniques to define critical forest characteristics. The characteristics were defined by applying a forest fragmentation model utilizing morphological image analysis, defining headwater catchments at a 1 : 24,000 scale, and deriving ecological land units (ELUs) from elevation data. Once critical forest values were calculated, it was possible to identify clusters of critical stands using spatial statistics. This spatially explicit method for modeling forest habitat could be implemented as a tool for assessing the impact of resource extraction and aid in the conservation of critical forest habitat throughout a landscape.
Contentious Europeanization: The Paradox of Becoming European through Anti-Patent Activism

Through an ethnographic account of a pan-European activist campaign against software patents, I investigate how European identities emerge through contention rather than consensus. I apply anthropological literature on Europeanization and on intellectual property rights in order to rethink conventional theories about the relationship between European integration and the formation of European identity. I develop the term ‘contentious Europeanization’ to denote a set of identities and approaches to Europe that are intimately linked to EU policy-making, yet purport to develop an alternative Europe. More broadly, I argue that information technology and intellectual property law operate as frameworks for the formation of contentious political subjectivities.
Enteral Feeding Tube Placement Success With Intravenous Metoclopramide Administration in ICU Patients

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine if intravenous push metoclopramide would facilitate immediate transpyloric passage of a small-bore feeding tube without fluoroscopy or endoscopy. Design Prospective, randomized trial. Patients One hundred five medical and surgical ICU patients at a community teaching hospital. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive 10 mg of metoclopramide 10 min before tube insertion or no medication. Measurement Successful placement was stated as radiologically verified transduodenal tube location. Results A 54% success rate was shown with administration of the drug with 46% success for the control. Chi square analysis of the success rate showed no significant relationship between administration of metoclopramide and successful tube placement (p=0.38). Increasing years of physician training was the only variable associated with successful placement (p=0.003). No association was found between successful tube placement and presence of endotracheal tube, tracheostomy, or cervical immobility, nor any interaction of metoclopramide with these variables. Conclusion Intravenous metoclopramide, 10 mg, administered 10 min prior to intubation with a small-bore feeding tube (10F), was ineffective in facilitating transpyloric intubation.
Analysis of ssb mutations in vivo implicates SSB protein in two distinct pathways of SOS induction and in recombinational DNA repair

Site-directed mutations in the Escherichia coli ssb gene were tested for the ability to complement a chromosomal ssb deletion for viability, and only the ssb W54-->G mutation failed to do so at the pSC101 copy level. Non-aromatic amino acid substitutions for SSB Trp-54 (ssb W54-->L and ssb W54-->S) produced the greatest effects on in vivo protein function including altered marker linkage subsequent to generalized transduction, extreme UV sensitivity, and a lack of ability to support SOS induction. Additionally, the ssb-113 (ssb P176-->S) mutation demonstrated the existence of both uvrA-dependent and uvrA-independent components of SOS induction. Although nucleotide excision repair appeared unaffected by alterations in the SSB protein, the mutational analysis suggests a direct role for SSB in recombinational repair.
The impact of Alaskan oil development on the Washington-Alaska trade

Washington State serves as a marketing and transportation center for Alaska trade. This study estimates, via a Location Quotient Input-Output model for Alaska, the impact Alaskan oil development will have on various economic sectors in both states. A “From-To” table and the existing Washington Input-Output table quantified the impacts on Washington.
Centralized and Distributed Algorithms for Stability-based Data Gathering in Mobile Sensor Networks

Due to the dynamic nature of the network topology in a mobile sensor network, a data gathering tree is likely to frequently break, necessitating the need for stable data gathering trees that can withstand node mobility for a reasonable amount of time. In this pursuit, we propose two algorithms: (1) a centralized algorithm that can return the sequence of longest-living stable data gathering trees such that the number of tree transitions (changes) is the global minimum; (2) a distributed algorithm that is based on the idea of finding a maximum spanning tree on a network graph whose edge weights are the predicted link expiration times (LET). While the centralized maximum stability-based data gathering (MAXS-DG) algorithm can be used to derive benchmarks for the optimal number of tree transitions (and thence the sequence of longest living stable data gathering trees) over the duration of a data gathering session, the distributed LET-based DG algorithm can be run across the sensor nodes in a network to find stable data gathering trees that have a longer lifetime bounded above by the MAXS-DG trees. In the simulations, we evaluate the tree lifetime, delay per round, node and network lifetime incurred with the MAXS-DG and LET-DG trees and observe a stability-delay tradeoff.
Exploratory behavior in response to the spatial rearrangement of familiar stimuli

The effects of the spatial rearrangement of familiar stimuli on exploratory behavior were studied in the Mongolian gerbil. Using an open-field situation, Ss were exposed to one or a number of stimuli in a particular spatial relation to each other and to the walls of the container. A rearrangement of these stimuli (or stimulus) subsequently evoked considerably more exploration than did the control treatment. Total locomotion, the number of approaches to stimuli, and the total time spent investigating stimuli were all affected.
Bladder calculi in the pediatric augmented bladder

AbstractPurpose: Bladder augmentation is now a commonly accepted treatment in children with neuropathic bladder and other bladder anomalies. Bladder calculi have been reported in a third to a half of pediatric patients after bladder augmentation. We identify the incidence of bladder calculi and risk factors for stone formation in a large series of pediatric patients after bladder augmentation.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 286 patients who underwent bladder augmentation between 1978 and 1994, assessed the incidence of and risk factors for bladder calculi, and reviewed treatment methods.Results: Bladder calculi developed in 29 of the 286 patients (10%) who underwent bladder augmentation. The type of bowel used for augmentation did not affect the rate of stone formation except stomach, which did not lead to stone formation in any case. Stones formed more commonly after bladder outlet resistance procedures and in patients with catheterizable abdominal wall stomas. Patients underwent open c...
Distributed object storage rebuild analysis via simulation with GOBS

Community acceptance of the object storage device model as represented by standards and use in existing HPC filesystems has enabled the development of more complex data storage systems. Object replicas may be placed in a variety of ways to obtain various properties, such as scalable lookup times, concurrent access to multiple objects, and efficient reorganization. The construction of a fully functional object-based parallel filesystem is an enormous effort, so evaluation of potential techniques and algorithms is typically performed by analysis or simulation. In this work, we present an extensible simulator designed to evaluate multiple object placement models under fault-induced rebuilds. We use results obtained by the simulator to weigh the benefits of simple object replica placement models.
Thermodynamic Radiation Thermometry Using Radiometers Calibrated for Radiance Responsivity

Using radiometry, thermodynamic temperatures can be determined by a variety of experimental techniques. Radiometers without imaging optics can be calibrated for spectral power or spectral irradiance responsivity, and radiometers with imaging optics can be calibrated for radiance responsivity. These separate approaches can have different uncertainty components with different uncertainty values. At NIST, thermodynamic radiation thermometry is performed using radiation thermometers calibrated for radiance responsivity using laser-irradiated integrating sphere sources (ISS). The radiance of the ISS is determined using Si-trap detectors whose spectral power responsivity is traceable to the electrical substitution cryogenic radiometer. The radiometric basis of the NIST approach is discussed. The uncertainty budget for the measurements as well as the characterizations to determine the component uncertainty values is listed.
E-Discussions as a Complement to Traditional Instruction: Did the Students like Online Communication and Why?.

The purpose of this study was to explore undergraduate students' perceptions of online discussion used as a complement to a traditional classroom setting during the fall 2004 and spring 2005 semesters. Sixty-nine undergraduate students volunteered to participate in this study and completed a questionnaire after this experience. These participants took one or two courses over one of two semesters in a teacher education preparation program at a comprehensive midwestern university. The participants' support for online discussion was recorded as answers to a question designed by using a 5-point scale, with 1 being the least favorable and 5 the most favorable response. Each participant was asked for one to three justifications for her or his response. Descriptive analyses and t-tests were performed to explore the students' general support level and to examine the means between those who participated in online discussion once a week and those who did twice a week. The results show that the majority of the stude...
Chaos and Graphics: Images of a vibrating Koch drum

We illustrate the vibrational modes of a drum shaped like the Koch snowflake. Vibrational modes are computed using a fairly standard finite difference technique applied to a recently published discrete approximation to the snowflake. The computations are all performed in Mathematica 6.0 that has substantial graphical improvements over Mathematica 5.2. In particular, vertex normals may be specified to achieve a smoothing effect of the surface of a three-dimensional vibrational plot and colors may be interpolated throughout polygons to allow a smooth color gradation in contour plots.
Official government historians and standards for scholarship

Abstract Government historians who write official histories of the activities of their agencies work in environments that are different from their more numerous academic colleagues. As a result, government historians' writings are often viewed as “court history” or apologia for the agency represented. To counter the charges, government historians must attempt to research, write, and publish according to the standards that have been set by the history academy rather than by the agency. In that way, government history will receive the recognition it deserves.
Potential causes of arrested succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda: growth and mortality of seedlings

Summary Recent studies suggest that regeneration following large-scale disturbance in Kibale National Park, Uganda, is slow or possibly arrested. Here, data is provided on the growth and mortality of seedlings in the forest understory, treefall gaps, and in large gaps that suggest that this pattern of arrested succession can be attributed partially to the fact that this East African community lacks aggressive colonizing tree species. Growth and mortality rates were contrasted for seedlings of six tree species planted in the understory, small gaps, and large gaps for 36 months. Data suggest that species are adapted to gaps of particular sizes. For example, Uvariopsis congensis grew faster in the understory than in small gaps, whereas Warburgia ugandensis had the lowest mortality rate and highest growth rate in large gaps. Seedlings (n=170) of 15 species were transplanted to assess the response of the tree community to large gap conditions. The limited survival of seedlings in large gaps relative to the understory suggests that only a small proportion of the tree community in this forest regenerates best in gaps larger than those created by the collapse of a single tree. These findings diVer from a number of studies conducted in other geographical regions, and suggests that tree communities diVer with respect to the proportion of tree species adapted to gaps of particular sizes. This may relate to variation among regions in their history of disturbance and thus frequency of gap formation, size of gaps, and the duration of periods of release. Such variation could imply the existence of a corresponding pattern among tropical forests of diVerential vulnerability to human disturbance, which tends to create many large gaps.
Gastrointestinal motility and body weight gain in rats after brain serotonin depletion by 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine.

Abstract Intraventricular injections of 5.7-dihydroxytryptamine, combined with systemic administration of the norepinephrine uptake blocker desmethylimipramine. produced large depletions of brain serotonin without affecting norepinephrine levels in 42 rats. Twelve animals showed enhanced body weight gain, in some 25–40°. above control values. Most of these rats ( 7 12 ) were handled extensively before and during the 4–5 month period of observation. The other 30 rats had normal body weights, but a marked depression of gastrointestinal motility led to a considerable accumulation of food and wastes in the lower intestines. Most of these rats ( 26 30 ) were not handled extensively. It is proposed that the intestinal dysfunctions resulted from an exaggerated sympathoadrenal response to stress, and that handling tended to ameliorate this effect. In contrast, desmethylimipramine apparently potentiates the decrease in gastrointestinal motility. since this effect did not occur in rats when the drug either was withheld or was inexplicably ineffective. However, these latter animals did not show enhanced body weight gain despite apparently normal intestinal function and comparable losses of brain serotonin. perhaps because substantial depletions of norepinephrine occurred as well.
Mental Health Services in the Context of Health Insurance Reform

Health care reform offers opportunities to improve the care of persons with serious mental illness, but it also can lead to the disruption of innovative systems of care that have been developed in recent years through Medicaid and other public programs. The care of mentally ill persons must be organized to maximize possible trade-offs between inpatient and other community services in a way that will promote function and satisfactory adjustment. An indemnity approach emphasizes controls on demand; instead, better design of supply-side approaches is required, using incentives to integrate services through case management and other methods. Considerable capacity development is needed to integrate long-term care appropriately into the mainstream, but serious barriers include control of risk selection and the difficulties of fairly adjusting capitation rates for high-utilization patients. Issues in mental health care are paradigmatic of many other areas of medical care and reflect changing family and community organizations and new challenges in care and rehabilitation.
A Broadband, Micromachined Rectangular Waveguide to Cavity-Backed Coplanar Waveguide Transition Using Impedance-Taper Technique

This paper presents a broadband fully micromachined transition from rectangular waveguide to cavity-backed CPW line for submillimeter-wave (sub-MMW) and terahertz applications. A cavity-backed CPW line (CBCBW) is a planar transmission line that is designed and optimized for minimum loss while providing 50- Ω characteristic impedance. This line is shown to provide less than 0.12 dB/mm loss over the entire J-band (220-325 GHz). The transition from CBCPW to waveguide is realized in three steps to achieve a broadband response with a topology amenable to silicon micromachining. The first step is a tapered transition from the CBCPW line to a 50- Ω reduced-height waveguide. The next two steps utilize a novel in-plane impedance tapering technique to transition from the reduced-height waveguide to the on-wafer regular height waveguide. The full transition has less than 0.9 dB of insertion loss and more than 13 dB of return loss over the entire J-band (39% bandwidth). Silicon micromachining technology is used to fabricate prototypes of back-to-back CBCPW line-to-waveguide transitions. A novel waveguide-probe measurement setup is introduced and utilized to evaluate the performance of the transitions and the CBCPW lines.
Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Peptide Epitopes of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor's Extracellular Domain

The ErbB tyrosine kinase receptor family plays an important role in normal cellular growth and differentiation. In addition, ErbB receptor family members are commonly amplified and overexpressed in various human neoplasms and tumor-derived cell lines, where it is believed that increased signalling as a result of receptor overexpression may play an important role in oncogenesis. Consequently, ErbB receptor family members are being investigated rigorously as potential biomarkers of cancer and as therapeutic targets in malignant tissues. Numerous studies now demonstrate the existence of "soluble" ErbB (sErbB) analogs in normal and cancerous tissues. These sErbB proteins embody the extracellular domain (ECD) of the receptor only; they are generated by either proteolytic cleavage or from truncated, alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts. Recently, we have identified an alternate transcript of the human c-erbB1 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) proto-oncogene from placenta that encodes a sErbB1 protein of 60-k...
Population Studies of the Ant, Prenolepis Imparis Say

Studies of population of ants have been scattered and fragmentary, and have for the most part been based upon isolated counts of members of large or otherwise conspicuous colonies. Emerson ('39) has pointed out that "Information on the total population of any social insect per unit of area is very meager anl generalizations and comparisons are still bound to rest on inadequate data." This paper attempts to establish quantitative data concerning the population of colonies of the ant Prenolepis imparis Say, the characteristic nest structure, the number of colonies in a restricted area, and the amount of territory each colony needs to maintain itself. More specifically its purpose is to determine: (1) the average population both as to total numbers and types of individuals of a Prenolepis colony anl within what extremes it fluctuates at each season of the year; (2) the standard of nest structure and in what ways nest size correlates with colony size; (3) the density of population of colonies within a given area; (4) how much of the earth's surface is required to support a colony and whether each colony maintains an area which it patrols for food and defends as its own territory against the invasion by members of other nests. The work had to be carried on at two different places because the writer was at St. Charles, Missouri, during the winter (September to June) and at Tiffin, Ohio, during the summer (June to September).. This, however, was not a serious disadvantage, because the ants showed similar habits in the two places. To determine the population of individuals in a colony 20 nests were dug, 11
Effect of alkali doping on the structural stability of solid C36

We demonstrate that alkali-doping C36 solids causes the C36 cage molecules to be bonded less strongly to each other in the solid. Laser irradiation mass spectroscopy experiments show that for pure C36 solid, no isolated C36 subunits are observed in the ablated material, while for potassium-doped C36, isolated C36 molecules are readily produced by laser irradiation. Theoretical modelling shows that charge transfer from the alkali to the C36 molecules greatly hinders C36 dimer formation, consistent with these experiments.