cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radon dosimetry using plastic nuclear track detectors

Abstract Although radon and its airborne daughter products are prevalent in our natural environment, they constitute a significant hazard only when concentrated in some enclosure such as a mine, cave, cellar, or house. This paper describes the nature of radon/daughter concentrations occurring in a variety of situations, the resultant biological hazard, and present methods used in the attempt to reduce man's exposure to harmful radiation. Many attempts to perfect environmental and occupational dosimetry have been made. Area monitoring methods are presently used, but can give only approximations of personal exposures. Several personal dosimeters employing track-etch, TLD, and photographic film detectors have been developed and are evaluated here on the basis of tests performed in working uranium-mine conditions. An improved passive track-etch dosimeter for personal use is proposed which has a measurement range of about 30–400 WLH with a 95% confidence interval of ∼25% for the accuracy of individual measurements in relatively stable mine air. The cellulose nitrate plastic used in these measurements is only moderately sensitive ( E c 3.5. MeV) and performance can be improved by using a more sensitive detector. Some measurements of these dosimeters adapted to environmental use are also presented.
LATTICE AND RODLET NUCLEAR INCLUSION IN MERKEL CELLS IN RABBIT EPIDERMIS

A lattice or rodlet inclusion is occasionally observed in the nucleus of a Merkel cell. The lattice has the external form of a plaque or band and internally consists of alternating parallel wide and narrow layers. Filaments in wide layers run in at least two directions across the short dimension of the inclusion, in contrast, the rodlet is a bundle of parallel filaments running the long dimension of the inclusion. Filaments in lattices and rodlets possibly contract and agitate the highly folded nucleus of the Merkel cell.
Compressed sensing based ICI cancellation method for OFDM systems

This paper presents an iterative inter-carrier interference (ICI) cancellation method using compressed sensing (CS) based channel estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems in comparison with the conventional Least Square (LS) based methods.
Sorption of Parabens by Flexible Tubings

Flexible tubings are extensively used in pharmaceuticals, food industry, and in hospitals. This study was undertaken to compare various flexible tubings to determine their sorption characteristics, using methyl and propyl parabens. After 24 h, some tubings showed 100% sorption of propylparaben and over 40% for methylparaben. Significant losses were observed within a few hours using several tubings. For methylparaben, the losses were in the following decreasing order of sorption: Tygon, Clearflo, silicone, Nylotube, and Newtex. For propylparaben, the losses were in the following order: Tygon, Clearflo, silicone, Newtex, and Nylotube. Teflon, Zelite, and Vitube showed little to no losses of methyl and propylparaben over 120 h of study. The silicone tubing, refilled after 120 h with fresh methylparaben or propylparaben solutions, again showed significant losses within a few hours. The tubings show slow desorption when filled with the buffer vehicle. For Silastic tubing, increase in temperature from 25 to 40 degrees C, increase in pH from 3.5 to 6.5, tubing lot to lot variation, or curing with peroxide or platinum had little or no effect on paraben sorption. As expected, the sorption of parabens increased with increasing surface area of Silastic tubing. Results provided can be used to select the best tubings and to minimize paraben losses during production and filling of liquid pharmaceuticals andfood products containing these antimicrobial preservatives.
Parallel Implementations of the Power System Transient Stability Problem on Clusters of Workstations

Power system transient stability analysis computes the response of the rapidly changing electrical components of a power system to a sequence of large disturbances followed by operations to protect the system against the disturbances. Transient stability analysis involves repeatedly solving large, very sparse, time varying non-linear systems over thousands of time steps. In this paper, we present parallel implementations of the transient stability problem in which we use direct methods to solve the linearized systems. One method uses factorization and forward and backward substitution to solve the linear systems. Another method, known as the W-Matrix method, uses factorization and partitioning to increase the amount of parallelism during the solution phase. The third method, the Repeated Substitution method, uses factorization and computations which can be done ahead of time to further increase the amount of parallelism during the solution phase. We discuss the performance of the different methods implemented on a loosely coupled, heterogeneous network of workstations (NOW) and the SP2 cluster of workstations.
Resonant tunneling of electromagnetic waves through polariton gaps

We consider resonance tunneling of electromagnetic waves through an optical barrier formed by a stop band between lower and upper polariton branches. We show that the tunneling through this kind of barrier is qualitatively different from tunneling through other optical barriers as well as from the quantum-mechanical tunneling through a rectangular barrier. We find that the width of the resonance maximum of the transmission coefficient tends sharply to zero as the frequency approaches the lower boundary of the stop band. Resonance transmission peaks give rise to new photonic bands inside the polariton stop band in a periodic array of the barriers.
Microsatellite markers isolated from the Mexican banded spring snail Mexipyrgus churinceanus

The first twelve novel unlinked polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci were isolated from the Mexican banded spring snail (Mexipyrgus churinceanus). Genetic variability of each locus was assessed using 25 individuals from a single population from Cuatro Cienegas, Mexico. Mean observed heterozygosity varied from 0.14 to 0.92. The relatively high levels of detected polymorphism indicate that these markers will be useful for future population genetic studies of this Cuatro Cienegas endemic species.
A characterization of employment distortions in labor contracts with asymmetric information

Abstract Employment distortions are characterized for different combinations of firm's risk aversion and the degree of normality of leisure in worker's preferences. Using a novel method all previously established results are derived and the previously unresolved cases are worked out.
The hand and the heart

Abstract Though the diagnostic clues to underlying cardiovascular disease are frequently abundant in the hand, they may be spurned by the overzealous examiner whose auscultatory skills are prized over his visual ones. The unfortunate clinician who has overlooked the etiologic cardiovascular implications of the hands by a cursory examination may experience the chagrin of Dr. Watson, who was told by Sherlock Holmes. Not invisible but unnoticed, Watson. You did not know where to look, and so you missed all that was important. I can never bring you to realize the importance of sleeves, the suggestiveness of thumbnails, or the great issues that may hang from a bootlace. 37
Relation of Heat-induced Changes in Protein-salt Constituents to Astringency in Milk Systems

Abstract Selected milk systems were heated at varying levels and subsequently examined for astringent flavor response, as well as by high speed centrifugation, Sephadex gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and chemical analyses, to determine changes in the size, shape, and composition of protein-salt aggregate particles present. Astringency was produced by heating various skimmilk, whey, and ultrafiltrate systems. Astringency development in whey and ultrafiltrate systems was accompanied by aggregation and formation of large protein-salt and salt particles, respectively. Heating skimmilk to produce astringency resulted in the association of calcium phosphate and whey proteins with the caseinate system without noticeably altering the size, shape, or electron density of the caseinate-phosphate micelles. Although particle size is not the sole factor related to astringency, it appears that milk components associated with astringency development must attain critical colloidal dimensions, to impart the astringent response. The effective size and chemical nature of heat-altered whey protein-salt constituents and their association with the caseinate-phosphate micelles are indicated as the primary origin of astringent flavor in milk.
Three-dimensional super-resolution and localization of dense clusters of single molecules

When a single molecule is detected in a wide-field microscope, the image approximates the point spread function of the system. However, as the distribution of molecules becomes denser and their images begin to overlap, existing solutions to determine the number of molecules present and their precise three-dimensional locations can tolerate little to no overlap. We propose a localization scheme that can identify several overlapping molecule images while maintaining high localization precision. A solution to this problem involving matched optical and digital techniques, as here proposed, can substantially increase the allowable labeling density and accelerate the data collection time of single-molecule localization microscopy by more than one order of magnitude.
Accelerometer-based devices can be used to monitor sedation/agitation in the intensive care unit☆☆☆★

Abstract Purpose Monitoring sedation/agitation levels in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are important to direct treatment and to improve outcomes. This study was designed to determine the potential use of accelerometer-based sensors/devices to objectively measure sedation/agitation in patients admitted to the ICU. Materials and methods Accelerometer-based devices (actigraphs) were placed on nondominant wrists of 86 patients in the ICU after informed consent. The sedation/agitation levels were classified as deep sedation, light sedation, alert and calm, mild agitation and severe agitation, and measured at regular intervals. The sedation/agitation levels were correlated with the accelerometer data (downloaded raw actigraphy data). Results The sedation/agitation levels correlated strongly with the accelerometer readings represented by mean actigraphy counts (r = 0.968; P = .007) and the proportion of time spent moving as determined by actigraphy (r = 0.979; P = .004). Conclusions Accelerometer data correlate strongly with the sedation/agitation levels of patients in the ICUs, and appropriately designed accelerometer-based sensors/devices have the potential to be used for automating objective and continuous monitoring of sedation/agitation levels in patients in the ICU.
CXCR3 and heparin binding sites of the chemokine IP-10 (CXCL10).

The chemokine IP-10 (interferon-inducible protein of 10 kDa, CXCL10) binds the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR3, which is found mainly on activated T cells and NK cells, and plays an important role in Th1-type inflammatory diseases. IP-10 also binds to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), an interaction thought to be important for its sequestration on endothelial and other cells. In this study, we performed an extensive mutational analysis to identify the CXCR3 and heparin binding sites of murine IP-10. The mutants were characterized for heparin binding, CXCR3 binding, and the ability to induce chemotaxis, Ca2+ flux, and CXCR3 internalization. Double mutations neutralizing adjacent basic residues at the C terminus did not lead to a significant reduction in heparin binding, indicating that the main heparin binding site of IP-10 is not along the C-terminal α helix. Alanine exchange of Arg-22 had the largest effect on heparin binding, with residues Arg-20, Ile-24, Lys-26, Lys-46, and Lys-47 further contributing to heparin binding. A charge change mutation of Arg-22 resulted in further reduction in heparin binding. The N-terminal residue Arg-8, preceding the first cysteine, was critical for CXCR3 signaling. Mutations of charged and uncharged residues in the loop regions of residues 20–24 and 46–47, which caused reduced heparin binding, also resulted in reduced CXCR3 binding and signaling. CXCR3 expressing GAG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells revealed that GAG binding was not required for IP-10 binding and signaling through CXCR3, which suggests that the CXCR3 and heparin binding sites of IP-10 are partially overlapping.
Do Our Current Assessments Assure Competency in Clinical Breast Evaluation Skills

Abstract Background: The focus of teaching for clinical breast evaluation has been the technique of breast examination. This study questions the relationship between breast examination technique and the ability to detect physical findings. Methods: This study examines the relationship between breast examination skills of 66 graduating primary care physicians as measured during an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) and lump detection sensitivity and specificity on breast models. Results: Overall breast examination performance revealed 50% of maneuvers performed correctly. Mean breast model sensitivity for lump detection was 40% and the mean breast model specificity was 77%. While a mild correlation existed between breast examination skills and lump detection sensitivity ( r = .34, P = 0.01), no relationship was found between lump detection specificity and examination skills. Conclusions: There is a limited relationship between correct performance of breast examination maneuvers and the ability to detect a breast lump when present. Breast examination skills and palpation skills to detect masses may represent independently acquired skills with need for separate instructional methodology. These results raise serious concerns about the reliance on standardized patients alone for training in physical examination skills.
Structure, upstream promoter region, and functional domains of a mouse and human Mix paired-like homeobox gene

Mix/Bix proteins represent a vertebrate subgroup of paired-like homeodomain proteins which are known to function around the time of gastrulation. Here we report the structures of the genomic and upstream promoter regions of a mouse and human Mix-like gene. Both genes map to syntenic regions of chromosome 1 and contain two coding exons, with the paired-type homeodomain split between the exons within helix 3. Differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells transcribe a messenger RNA of approximately 2.6 kb. The first exon encodes the translation initiation codon and a 5' untranslated region of approximately 90 bp. Sequence analysis of the 960 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the mouse Mix gene revealed the presence of a putative initiator region and TATA box as well as potential Smad, FoxH1/FAST, T-box, COUP-TF, C/EBP, GATA, HNF3 binding sites and retinoic acid response elements. A number of these sites are conserved in the human Mix promoter. We find that most paired-related homeodomain proteins, including mouse and human Mix, contain a proline-rich region within their amino termini which may interact with other proteins. Mouse and human Mix proteins contain highly conserved carboxy-terminal polar/acidic regions with the potential to form an amphipathic helix and the ability to activate transcription in yeast. Mouse Mix expressed in COS cells or in vitro binds a DNA consensus sequence identified previously for paired class homeodomain proteins. These studies suggest that a number of features of paired-like protein structure and function are conserved across diverse species and provide a useful framework for studying the function and regulation of the mouse Mix gene.
Free Wave Propagation in Periodically Ring Stiffened Cylindrical Shells

Abstract The free wave propagation characteristics of several periodically ring stiffened cylindrical shells have been investigated using a previously developed finite element based methodology. Results indicate that predicted stop bands that are associated primarily with shell flexure can be classified into three types. The most important stop band type for structurally efficient cylinders is one in which the structural half-wavelength (or integer multiples there of) approaches the stiffener spacing. For the cylinders investigated, these stop bands are broadband and can be easily tuned to a particular frequency band. Cylinder designs utilizing double curvature are shown to have significantly more coupling between flexural and longitudinal wave modes. This conclusion is reinforced by results from an analytical investigation of a curved beam. An axisymmetric formulation for the prediction of propagation constants is also identified.
CONTROLS IN CROSS‐CULTURAL EXPERIMENTATION

Abstract Toute experimentation psychologique requiert, pour la formulation de conclusions valides, le controle des variables etudiees. Les experiences de type interculturel n'echappent pas a cette exigence et ce controle doit s'exercer aux trois niveaux classiques suivants: variables independantes, variables associees aux sujets eux-měmes et variables inherentes au recueil des reponses. Dans les etudes interculturelles, tel aspect particulier de conditionnement culturel constituera generalement la variable independante mais ce procede ne dispense pas de contodler egalement d'autres facteurs, L'equivalence des stimuli, la presence de facteurs d'attention ou de preferences esthetiques peuvent influencer le controle au niveau du stimulus. Les fruits de l'apprentissage, les attitudes envers les conditions experimentales ou les exigences particulieres d'une situation peu familiere constituent autant de variables importantes au niveau du sujet. La pertinence de l'outil de mesure en fonction du phenomene etudie ...
Rapid Translation of Arc/Arg3.1 Selectively Mediates mGluR-Dependent LTD through Persistent Increases in AMPAR Endocytosis Rate

Salient stimuli that modify behavior induce transcription of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) and transport Arc mRNA into dendrites, suggesting that local Arc translation mediates synaptic plasticity that encodes such stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in hippocampal neurons induced by group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) relies on rapid translation of Arc. mGluR-LTD induction causes long-term increases in AMPA receptor endocytosis rate and dendritic synthesis of Arc, a component of the AMPAR endocytosis machinery. Knockdown of Arc prevents mGluRs from triggering AMPAR endocytosis or LTD, and acute blockade of new Arc synthesis with antisense oligonucleotides blocks mGluR-LTD and AMPAR trafficking. In contrast, LTD induced by NMDA receptors does not persistently alter AMPAR endocytosis rate, induce Arc synthesis, or require Arc protein. These data demonstrate a role for local Arc synthesis specifically in mGluR-LTD and suggest that mGluR-LTD may be one consequence of Arc mRNA induction during experience.
Perceived Threats and Latino Immigrant Attitudes: How White and African American College Students Respond to News Coverage of Latino Immigrants

A survey of 326 White and African American college respondents examined the relationship among perceptions of news coverage of Latino immigrants, perceived threats, and attitudes toward Latino immigrants. Perceived negative news images of Latino immigrants were associated with greater perceived threats, which were related to White and African American respondents' negative immigrant attitudes. Negative news perception also predicted unfavorable Latino immigrant attitudes. The study also suggested that perceived accuracy of negative immigrant news affected perceived threats. There was no racial difference in these response patterns. Findings are discussed in light of intergroup threat and social identity theory.
Building The Data Warehouse For Materials Selection in Mechanical Design

The materials selection for mechanical design is a data-intensive decision-making task. It would be highly desirable to take full advantages of the latest data management techniques to support it. The data warehousing, as a new information management technology, has the eminent power of supporting a large-scale data integration and decision-making practice. Therefore the data warehousing is an attractive option to be used for the materials selection process.
On two comparison tests for linear second-order ordinary differential equations

We prove two comparison tests for second-order linear differential equations. The well-known Sturm comparison theorem is a straightforward corollary of the first of them. The second (integral) test permits one to use specific integral relations between the coefficients of two equations to prove the oscillation of one of the equations assuming the oscillation of the other.
A time-of-flight SIMS study of the chemical nature of highly dispersed Pt on alumina

Abstract Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has been employed to examine the chemistry of highly dispersed Pt on alumina. In particular, we have characterized various negatively charged Pt cluster ions emitted from Pt powder and fresh and discharged 0.6% Pt Al 2 O 3 after bombardment with 25-keV Ga+ ions. For Pt powder, PtO− and PtO2− dominate the spectrum of negative ions, which indicates the presence of surface Pt oxides. The most important observation, however, is that PtCl−, PtClO−, and PtCl2− cluster ions dominate the negative ion spectrum of 0.6% Pt Al 2 O 3 . These chlorinated Pt ions provide direct spectroscopic evidence that some Cl atoms are still bound to Pt after high-temperature oxidation and reduction.
Multiple Sclerosis: Current and Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies and Treatment Strategies

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disease that typically strikes young adults, especially women. The pathobiology of MS includes inflammatory and neurodegenerative mechanisms that affect both white and gray matter. These mechanisms underlie the relapsing, and often eventually progressive, course of MS, which is heterogeneous; confident prediction of long-term individual prognosis is not yet possible. However, because revised MS diagnostic criteria that incorporate neuroimaging data facilitate early diagnosis, most patients are faced with making important long-term treatment decisions, most notably the use and selection of disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Currently, there are 10 approved MS DMTs with varying degrees of efficacy for reducing relapse risk and preserving neurological function, but their long-term benefits remain unclear. Moreover, available DMTs differ with respect to the route and frequency of administration, tolerability and likelihood of treatment adherence, common adverse effects, risk of major toxicity, and pregnancy-related risks. Thorough understanding of the benefit-risk profiles of these therapies is necessary to establish logical and safe treatment plans for individuals with MS. We review the available evidence supporting risk-benefit profiles for available and emerging DMTs. We also assess the place of individual DMTs within the context of several different MS management strategies, including those currently in use (sequential monotherapy, escalation therapy, and induction and maintenance therapy) and others that may soon become feasible (combination approaches and "personalized medicine"). We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from January 1, 1990, to August 31, 2013. The following search terms were used: multiple sclerosis, randomized controlled trials, interferon-beta, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, BG-12, alemtuzumab, rituximab, ocrelizumab, daclizumab, neutralizing antibodies, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
An Exploratory Study of Self Concepts and Depression among the Gifted

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gifted programs on self-concepts and depressive symptoms in gifted and talented program participants. The eighty-two fifth and sixth grade ...
Methodological Requirements for Studying Creativity in Organizations.

This article begins by broadly defining creativity and then more narrowly focusing on the definition of this construct. The broad methodological issues associated with organizational creativity are then discussed. To a large extent, the methodological requirements for studying organizational creativity depend on theoretical models. The most relevant theoretical models are reviewed. Specific methodological requirements for studying creativity in organizations are then reviewed, with emphasis on issues of validity and reliability. Finally, the article considers how organizational creativity research might be studied in a manner consistent with the methodological issues raised.
EFFECTS OF SHIFTS IN DELAYED FOOD REWARD: REPEATED SHIFTS

Summary.-In a repeated-shifts study, a negative contrast effect was obtained when a group of rats was shifted from O- to 20-sec. delayed food reward only in the first, but not the second, shift. No positive contrast effect was obtained in either shift when a group of rats was shifted from 20- to O-sec. delayed food reward. Shifts in delay are not repeatedly effective in inducing negative contrast and not effective at all in inducing positive contrast. Repeated-shifts procedures, in which subjects are shifted back to a magnitude of reward level they previously experienced, have produced positive contrast effects when subjects shifted from a small to a larger reward perform at a significantly higher level than control subjects receiving the large reward all the time, and negative contrast effects, when subjects shifted from a large to a smaller reward perform at a significantly lower level than control subjects receiving the small reward all the time (Benefield, Oscos, & Ehrenfreund, 1974; McCain & Cooney, 1975; Maxwell, Calef, Murray, Shepard, & Norville, 1976). A single study of repeated-shifts using delay of large magnitude of food reward produced a negative contrast when subjects were shifted from 10- to 30-sec. delay; no positive contrast was obtained when subjects were shifted from 30- to 10-sec. delay (McCain, Lobb, Almand, & Leck, 1976). Due to the limited data in studies of repeated-shifts using delay of food reward, the purpose of this study was (a) to provide essentially a replication of McCain, et al. (1976), using different parameters of delayed food reward, (b) to compare performance levels of various nonshifted delayed food-rewarded control groups, and (c) to provide data relevant to the question of whether shifts in delayed food reward are similar to those obtained with shifts in magnitude of reward.
Valuing Nonmarket Goods—Conceptual and Empirical Issues: Discussion

A decade ago Stevens lamented that there remained the task of proving to economists and to noneconomists "that the measurement of recreational demand is not a naive empirical 'trick' " (p. 192). Freeman, McConnell, and Bishop and Heberlein have given excellent perspectives on the recent advancement of the state of the art for valuing nonmarket services such as recreation. However, it is our concern that despite this progress, economists' ability to provide the information most often requested by public decision makers still is not well developed. Also, we believe that a reason for the indifference of policy makers to economic analysis goes beyond problems of potential biases in survey responses or travel cost methodologies as discussed by Bishop and Heberlein or the reasons detailed by McConnell. Rather, economists have not established relative values for the policies and inputs over which agencies have control (e.g., habitat management and fish stocking), and instead have focused research efforts on establishing values for recreational services. Figure 1 can help illustrate our point with specific reference to recreational fishing. It depicts the relationship between public policies, recreational services, utility, and value. McConnell's and Bishop and Heberlein's papers provide a good example of economists' tendencies to estimate the value of the recreational services rather that the variables which policy makers control. McConnell concentrated on the contribution of household inputs to the value of recreational services narrowly defined as trips or catch per trip. Incidentally, we note that he ignored (although in most cases consciously) other determinants of the value of fishing recreation such as substitute and complementary recreational opportunities (e.g., fishing for other marine species) and nonconsumptive recreational services as a joint product with fish catch (e.g., enjoyment
Data Processing for Oscillatory Pumping Tests

Characterizing the subsurface is important for many hydrogeologic projects such as site remediation and groundwater resource exploration. Methods based on the analysis of conventional pumping tests have the notable disadvantage that at a certain distance, the signal is small relative to the noise due to the effects of recharge, pumping in neighboring wells, change in the level or adjacent streams, and other common disturbances. This work focuses on oscillatory pumping tests in which fluid is extracted for half a period, then reinjected. We discuss a major advantage of oscillatory pumping tests: small amplitude signals can be recovered from noisy data measured at observation wells and quantify the uncertainties in the estimates. We demonstrate results from a joint inversion of storativity and transmissivity. We conclude with an analysis of the duration of the initial transient, providing lower bounds on the length of elapsed time until the effects of the transient can be neglected.
Practical aspects of achieving positive energy balance in low birth weight infants

For the low birth weight (LBW) infant, energy balance during the first several days of life usually is equated to absorption of sufficient energy to match energy expenditure. Most studies show that energy expenditure of nongrowing LBW infants is 45 to 55 kcal/kg/day. Hence, for energy equilibrium, energy intake minus energy losses (i.e., metabolizable energy intake) must be at least 50 kcal/kg/day. Intakes above this amount result in energy storage or positive energy balance, whereas lesser intakes necessitate mobilization of endogenous energy stores (negative energy balance). Some of the problems of achieving positive energy balance in LBW infants (e.g., feeding intolerance and fear of necrotizing enterocolitis) can be circumvented by use of parenterally delivered nutrients. On balance, virtually all LBW infants will tolerate parenteral amino acid, glucose, and lipid intakes, respectively, of 2,5, and 1 gm/kg/day or an energy intake of about 40 kcal/kg/day. It usually is possible to increase energy intake of most infants by an additional 10 kcal/kg/day. Whether this is achieved with enterally delivered nutrients or additional parenteral glucose or lipid intake, including the necessary modifications to enhance tolerance (e.g., insulin, 20% vs 10% lipid emulsions, and lipid emulsions containing medium-chain fatty acids), must be decided for each infant based on his or her underlying condition, likelihood of tolerating either substrate, and the impact of intolerance on the underlying condition. The consequences of not providing an essential nutrient during the immediate postnatal period also must be considered. The fact that essential fatty acid deficiency develops more rapidly in infants receiving isocaloric (60 kcal/kg/day) parenteral intakes with versus without amino acids, the likelihood that brain growth continues despite negative energy balance, and the possibility that LBW infants may not be able to desaturate/elongate linoleic and linolenic acids to the more unsaturated, longer-chain fatty acids that are deposited in the developing brain suggest that these infants may require exogenous intakes of specific fatty acids.
The performance of message-passing using restricted virtual memory remapping

SUMMARY DASH is a distributed operating system kernel. Message-passing (MP) is used for local communication, and the MP system uses virtual memory (VM) remapping instead of software memory copying for moving large amounts of data between virtual address spaces. Remapping eliminates a potential communication bottleneck and may increase the feasibility of moving services such as file services to the user level. Previous systems that have used VM remapping for message transfer, however, have suffered from high per-operation delay, limiting the use of the technique. The DASH design reduces this delay by restricting the generality of remapping: a fixed part of every space is reserved for remapping, and a page’s virtual address does not change when it is moved between spaces. We measured the performance of the DASH kernel for Sun 3/50 workstations, on which memory can be copied at 3.9 MB/s. Using remapping, DASH can move large messages between user spaces at a rate of 39 MB/s if they are not referenced and 24.8 MB/s if each page is referenced. Furthermore, the peroperation delay is low, so VM remapping is beneficial even for messages containing only one page. To further understand the performance of the DASH MP system, we broke an MP operation into short code segments and timed them with microsecond precision. The results show the relative costs of data movement and the other components of MP operations, and allow us to evaluate several specific design decisions.
Accelerated Formulation Development of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) and mAb-Based Modalities Review of Methods and Tools

More therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based modalities are in development today than ever before, and a faster and more accurate drug discovery process will ensure that the number of candidates coming to the biopharmaceutical pipeline will increase in the future. The process of drug product development and, specifically, formulation development is a critical bottleneck on the way from candidate selection to fully commercialized medicines. This article reviews the latest advances in methods of formulation screening, which allow not only the high-throughput selection of the most suitable formulation but also the prediction of stability properties under manufacturing and long-term storage conditions. We describe how the combination of automation technologies and high-throughput assays creates the opportunity to streamline the formulation development process starting from early preformulation screening through to commercial formulation development. The application of quality by design (QbD) concepts and modern statistical tools are also shown here to be very effective in accelerated formulation development of both typical antibodies and complex modalities derived from them.
The Rocky Road to Effective Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

Excerpt It has now been 7 years since the first clinical descriptions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 4 years since HIV-1 was established as its cause, and 2 years since zidovudin...
Wavelets, Smoothers, Filters, and Satellite Attitude Determination

Satellite attitude determination is dependent upon the choice of sensors, geometries, algorithms, dynamic and measurement models. Even low noise systems have limits on their ultimate resolution. Approaches to reducing the effects of noise include the use of recursive Kalman filters, and smoothing the data through the use of a forward-backward Kalman filter, such as the Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother. Here we will examine these, as well as the use of wavelets in the Mallat algorithm for noise reduction.
Chromosome 9p21 Loss and p16 Inactivation in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract Background. Cholangiocarcinoma is a frequent complication of primary sclerosing cholangitis and is a leading cause of mortality in patients with this disease. The tumor suppressor gene p16 is commonly inactivated in many neoplasms; however, the role of p16 in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is unclear. Therefore, we examined the role of p16 inactivation in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Materials and methods. Paraffin-embedded sections from 10 patients who developed cholangiocarcinoma in the setting of primary sclerosing cholangitis were examined. Chromosomal loss at 9p21 was determined using microsatellite analysis. Methylation of a CpG island in the promoter region of the p16 gene was determined using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. p16 inactivation was also determined using immunohistochemistry. Results. Allelic loss at chromosome 9p21 was present in 9 of 10 tumors (90%). Methylation of the p16 promoter was present in 2 of the 8 tumors examined (25%). Four of seven tumors (57%) analyzed by immunohistochemistry demonstrated an absence of p16 nuclear staining. Conclusions. Loss of chromosome 9p21 and inactivation of the p16 tumor suppressor gene are common events in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated cholangiocarcinoma and may play a role in the high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Differential recognition of the right vs. left halves of human faces

In an earlier facial recognition study, subjects inspected 6 full faces and, 1 week later, tried to identify those 6 from among 12 faces that were presented as full faces, left halves only, or right halves only. Fewer errors were committed by subjects who viewed faces that were left half only than by subjects who viewed faces that were right half only. Such a finding could stem from differences in the amount of information contained in the left versus right halves of faces or from differences in the amount of information extracted by the subjects. The present experiment supports the latter explanation by showing the same advantage of left half over right half even when the faces used were mirror images of the faces used in the earlier experiment. In both experiments, fewer errors were committed by subjects who viewed full faces during testing than by subjects who viewed partial faces.
Incorporation of CuZn centers in ZnSe far from equilibrium

Abstract An investigation employing nuclear transmutation to probe the effects of copper doping in ZnSe is presented. Three experimental techniques are developed in the investigation. With the first, as-grown ZnSe is irradiated with thermal neutrons which results, after thermal annealing, in the incorporation of CuZn centers. Observations are consistent with isolated CuZn being involved in the copper red and copper green emissions in ZnSe but not in the Id1 excitonic emission. With the second, it is shown that zinc annealing can be used effectively in investigations involving the irradiation of as-grown ZnSe since the zinc annealing treatment significantly reduces background PL emissions in bulk ZnSe. The third technique employs homoepitaxial ZnSe layer growth from previously irradiated elemental sources. The epitaxial layers display no dominant Id1 excitonic emission and a very low level of deep emissions. Because, with the techniques described here, the copper atoms are introduced at zinc sites after crystal growth processes are complete, the copper atoms are not able to interact with other dopants or lattice defects during growth as they can when incorporated by other means. The absence of interactions during crystal growth permits the unambiguous incorporation, far from equilibrium, of isolated CuZn centers in ZnSe.
Electrospray-atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization source for the direct analysis of liquid samples

Coupling electrospray with atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization for the direct analysis of liquid-phase samples is demonstrated. Electrospray is utilized for nebulizing and transporting intact sample molecules into the glow discharge where ionization occurs through various pathways, including electron ionization and ion−molecule reactions with reagent ions. Reagent ions are formed through ionization of air molecules in an area of reduced pressure. The effects of discharge current, electrospray voltage, and solution flow rate on the absolute and relative ion intensities observed in the mass spectra are discussed. This technique is applicable to compounds containing various functional groups and encompassing a range of volatility. Analysis of organic compounds with varying volatility and polarity is discussed to illustrate the utility of this ionization technique.
An in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial properties of barriers used in guided tissue regeneration.

The inhibition of growth of Prevotella nigrescens and Enterococcus faecalis by three barriers membrane, (a) polytactic acid (Atrisorb®), (b) laminar bone, and (c) calcium sulfate, was compared using an agar diffusion test. The first group of 20 plates were inoculated with P. nigrescens in a prereduced anaerobically-sterilized brain-heart infusion broth, while the second group of 20 plates were inoculated with E. faecalis in a brain-heart infusion broth. On each plate, a 5.0-mm section of each barrier was placed such that every plate had all three barriers. The plates in the P. nigrescens group were incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 7 days. The plates in the E. faecalis group were incubated at 37°C for 2 days. No zones of inhibition were observed with laminar bone or calcium sulfate. Zones of inhibition were observed with the Atrisorb® barrier membrane in both groups. The zone of inhibition of P. nigrescens was significantly greater than the zone of inhibition of E. faecalis . The hydrophobicity of Atrisorb® and its N-methyl-2-pyrolidine component were suggested as the sources of its antibacterial activity.
Instructor Attitudes Toward Students: Job Satisfaction and Student Outcomes

The relational teaching approach suggests that instructors should develop positive relationships with students, with benefits including greater job satisfaction. One way to build positive relationships with students involves exhibiting immediacy behaviors. The author examined relationships among professors' attitudes toward students, immediacy behaviors, job satisfaction, and student outcomes. Although liking students was not related to job satisfaction, students were capable of intuiting their professor's attitude toward them, even when immediacy behaviors offered inconsistent information.
Intensity Stability Dmprovements for the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source Accelerator System

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) accelerator system consists of a 750 keV CockcroftWalton preaccelerator, 50 MeV linear accelerator and a 500 MeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). The accelerator system accelerates over 2.5 X 10/sup 12/ protons per pulse at a 30 Hz rate to strike a depleted uranium target for producing neutrons, which are used for neutron scattering research. Since beginning operation in 1977, the beam intensity has been steadily increasing with improvements in various systems, such as a new H/sup -/ source, improved correction magnet systems, etc. Instabilities created by the higher intensities have also been brought under control.
Multivariate Calibration and Instrument Standardization for the Rapid Detection of Diethylene Glycol in Glycerin by Raman Spectroscopy

The transfer of a multivariate calibration model for quantitative determination of diethylene glycol (DEG) contaminant in pharmaceutical-grade glycerin between five portable Raman spectrometers was accomplished using piecewise direct standardization (PDS). The calibration set was developed using a multi-range ternary mixture design with successively reduced impurity concentration ranges. It was found that optimal selection of calibration transfer standards using the Kennard–Stone algorithm also required application of the algorithm to multiple successively reduced impurity concentration ranges. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration models were developed using the calibration set measured independently on each of the five spectrometers. The performance of the models was evaluated based on the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), calculated using independent validation samples. An F-test showed that no statistical differences in the variances were observed between models developed on different instruments. Direct cross-instrument prediction without standardization was performed between a single primary instrument and each of the four secondary instruments to evaluate the robustness of the primary instrument calibration model. Significant increases in the RMSEP values for the secondary instruments were observed due to instrument variability. Application of piecewise direct standardization using the optimal calibration transfer subset resulted in the lowest values of RMSEP for the secondary instruments. Using the optimal calibration transfer subset, an optimized calibration model was developed using a subset of the original calibration set, resulting in a DEG detection limit of 0.32% across all five instruments.
Using Classroom Newsletters as a Vehicle for Examining Home-School Connections.

Graduate students seeking certification as literacy specialists were asked to send monthly newsletters home with their students as a requirement for one of their courses. They were also asked to critically examine their newsletters, to discuss the impact, if any, it made on their relationships with parents, and to reflect on the experience. This article describes the newsletters, graduate student reflections, and how the activity gave both the graduate students and the teacher of the class insights into applications of current home–school connection practices.
A Positioned Nucleosome on the Human U6 Promoter Allows Recruitment of SNAPc by the Oct-1 POU Domain

The human snRNA promoters contain a proximal sequence element (PSE) required for basal transcription and a distal sequence element (DSE) required for activated transcription. The PSE recruits the multisubunit factor SNAPc, whereas the DSE recruits Oct-1. Oct-1 and SNAPc bind cooperatively to DNA when their respective binding sites are moved into proximity through a mechanism that involves a defined protein-protein contact. Here, we show that on the natural U6 promoter, cooperative binding of Oct-1 and SNAPc is mediated by a positioned nucleosome that resides between the DSE and the PSE. This cooperative binding requires the same protein-protein contact as cooperative binding to closely spaced sites on naked DNA and mediates transcription activation.