cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in the Effects of Early Neocortical Injury on Neuronal Size Distribution of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus in the Rat Are Mediated by Perinatal Gonadal Steroids

Freezing injury to the cortical plate of rats induces cerebrocortical microgyria and, in males but not females, a shift toward greater numbers of small neurons in the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). The purpose of the current study was to examine a hormonal basis for this sex difference. Cross-sectional neuronal areas of the MGN were measured in male rats, untreated female rats and female rats treated perinatally with testosterone propionate, all of which had received either neonatal cortical freezing or sham injury. Both male and androgenized female rats with microgyria had significantly smaller MGN neurons when compared to their sham-operated counterparts, whereas untreated females with microgyria did not. These differences were also reflected in MGN neuronal size distribution: both male and androgenized female rats with microgyria had more small and fewer large neurons in their MGN in comparison to shams, while there was no difference in MGN neuronal size distribution between lesioned and sham females. These findings suggest that perinatal gonadal steroids mediate the sex difference in thalamic response to induction of microgyria in the rat cortex.
Correlates of Pre-College Males' Sexual Aggression -- Attitudes, Beliefs and Behavior

Abstract Current literature suggests that the causes of sexual aggression toward women lie in the fabric of a patriarchal society. The acceptance by males of negative, stereotypical and harmful myths about women, traditional sex-role stereotypes, the acceptance of interpersonal violence and the objectification of women foster an environment where sexual aggression can flourish. This paper explores several factors associated with male aggression and date rape in a sample of pre-college males entering a medium-sized Southern University. Indicators of the acceptance of rapemyths, hostility toward women, acceptance of interpersonal violence, adversarial sexual beliefs, drug and alcohol use and sexual history were examined in relation to three degrees of sexual aggression. Discriminant Analysis indicated that the four attitudinal and three behavioral variables successfully classified 56 percent of the original grouped cases.
A simple and sensitive method in using the ratios of cholesteryl ester molecular species as indexes of oxidative stress in plasma and lipoprotein fractions.

Abstract To develop a simpler method for lipid peroxidation which may replace the classic gold standard of measuring the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids, we investigated the use of ratios of molecular species of neutral lipids (MSNL) separated by gas chromatography in a single step. We sub-fractionated lipoproteins and subjected each to oxidation. Among different combinations of ratios of MSNL, we found that the ratios of cholesteryl esters (CE) containing C20/C16 (R1) and C18/C16 (R2) decreased most rapidly with increasing Cu +2 concentration and with increasing oxidation time, for all lipoproteins. We suggest that these two CE ratios can be used as oxidative indexes for all lipoproteins and thus for intact plasma. Experimental evidence showed that the oxidative index of whole plasma is the weighted average index of its lipoproteins. This method was validated with thiobarbituric acid method. Normal healthy asymptomatic males had R1 value 0.496±0.130, and R2 4.674±0.848, and females had R1 0.535±0.117 and R2 4.569±0.733 with no significant gender differences. Both ratios showed low variabilities within each individual. The method was tested to be feasible in monitoring vitamin E supplementation study. This CE-ratio method is concentration independent. It is simple, rapid, and highly reproducible, and, suitable for screening plasma on large scale.
A new genus and species of freshwater crab from Madagascar (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamoidea, Potamonautidae)

3 Corresponding author Abstract A new genus and species of freshwater crab is described from Madagascar. The new species is morphologically closest to the three species of the genus Foza Reed & Cumberlidge, 2006, but can easily be distinguished by having a completely smooth carapace with an unarmed anterolateral margin and a mandible with a distinctly shortened anterior lobe. This un- usual suite of characters is sufficient to warrant the recognition of a new monotypic genus to accommodate this species.
The locus and time course of long-term morphological priming

Two experiments investigated the effects of long-term morphological priming in the fragment completion task. Completions for some of the fragments were presented visually during a preceding task, and others were presented auditorily. In addition, some of the target completions were morphologically related to words that were presented visually during the study task, while still others were unrelated to any of the study words. Fragments were most likely to be completed if either the completion or one of its morphological relatives was presented visually during the study task. Analyses of response latencies also indicated that the time course of morphological priming was similar to that of visual identity priming and that both morphological and visual identity priming had earlier influences than auditory identity priming. Overall, the results indicate that morphological priming includes a modality-specific component that reflects the operation of processes that occur relatively early in the time course of pr...
PTSD symptoms, demographic characteristics, and functional status among veterans treated in VA primary care clinics

We hypothesized that PTSD symptomatology would have an inverse relationship with functional status and would vary as a function of sociodemographic variables. Primary care patients (N = 513) at two VA Medical Centers were randomly selected and recruited to participate. After adjustment for other demographic variables, PTSD symptom levels were significantly related to age (younger patients had more severe symptoms), employment status (disabled persons had higher symptom levels), war zone experience, and clinic location. PTSD symptomatology was inversely related to mental and physical functioning, even after control for potential confounding. These findings have implications for screening and service delivery in VA primary care clinics, and support the more general finding in the literature that PTSD is associated with impaired functioning.
FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS TO IDENTIFY CAUSES OF THE INCREASING INCIDENCE RATE OF CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN THE UNITED STATES

A workshop to evaluate the reported increasing trend in the incidence rate of primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) identified by newborn screening was held February 27 and 28, 2008, in Atlanta, Georgia, and was sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center. Through a series of presentations and discussions, this group of experts considered a variety of factors that could be contributing to the perceived increasing trend of the CH-incidence rate, the gaps in knowledge that need to be overcome to identify the causes of the observed trend, and possible future research activities that might resolve the uncertainties surrounding the increasing incidence rate of CH in the United States. On the basis of these discussions, workshop participants concluded that the initial focus of future efforts should be to determine if the increasing CH-incidence rate persists once there is standardization of the diagnostic criteria for the classification of CH versus transient hypothyroidism. In discussions, workshop participants suggested that if the increasing incidence rate of CH could not be explained by definitional issues, then future research could focus on the identification and evaluation of risk factors for CH that might be changing among the US population and, thus, contributing to the observed increasing incidence rate of CH.
Effects of recess dimensions on performance of the recessed cathode dissolved oxygen sensor

This paper describes the effects of recess dimensions on performance of recessed cathode dissolved oxygen (DO) microelectrode sensors. Microelectrodes with different recess dimensions were fabricated and characterized to establish the relationship between recess dimensions and sensor performance. The square-ring type cathode geometry inside the recess was formed with the recess length ranging from 35 to 246 mum and the length to hydraulic diameter ratio ranging from 3.16 to 12.26. Sensor performance was characterized by constructing calibration curves in 0.85% saline solution at three levels of dissolved oxygen (0%, 10%, and 21%). Response time, stirring effect (e.g., sensitivity to physical interference) and current sensitivity of each sensor were evaluated. By optimizing the DO sensor sensitivity, highly sensitive DO sensors may be fabricated without using ion selective membranes which complicate sensor fabrication and are prone to fouling.
VL-CDRAM: variable line sized cached DRAMs

Many of the current memory architectures embed a SRAM cache within the DRAM memory. These architectures exploit a wide internal data bus to transfer an entire DRAM row to the on-memory cache. However, applications exhibit a varying spatial locality across the different DRAM rows that are accessed and buffering the entire row may be wasteful. In order to adapt to the changing spatial locality, we propose a variable line size cached DRAM (VL-CDRAM) that can buffer portions of an accessed DRAM row. Our evaluation shows that the proposed approach is effective in not only reducing the energy consumption but also in improving the performance across various memory configurations.
Relativistic thermodynamics of deformable electromagnetic materials with memory

Abstract In this paper the authors present a relativistic thermodynamic analysis of quasi-Rivlin-Ericksen materials with electromagnetic response to obtain restrictions on the constitutive equations. As a particular case, the results are applied to the class of simple thermomechanical, electromagnetic materials with fading memory, showing that certain of the constitutive functionals are obtained by applying linear differential operators to the free energy functional.
An infinite-dimensional LP duality theorem

This paper constructs an infinite-dimensional version of the Duality Theorem for a Linear Program (LP). The algebraic dual LP is replaced with a new program called the topological dual LP that closes the range of the adjoint operator. Under some mild nondegeneracy conditions involving strict positivity, the new Duality Theorem asserts that the optimal value of the primal LP equals the optimal value of the topological dual LP. Some applications to mathematical finance are also included.
Gonadal mesoderm and fat body initially follow a common developmental path in Drosophila

During gastrulation, the Drosophila mesoderm invaginates and forms a single cell layer in close juxtaposition to the overlying ectoderm. Subsequently, particular cell types within the mesoderm are specified along the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes. The exact developmental pathways that guide the specification of different cell types within the mesoderm are not well understood. We have analyzed the developmental relationship between two mesodermal tissues in the Drosophila embryo, the gonadal mesoderm and the fat body. Both tissues arise from lateral mesoderm within the eve domain. Whereas in the eve domain of parasegments 10–12 gonadal mesoderm develops from dorsolateral mesoderm and fat body from ventrolateral mesoderm, in parasegments 4–9 only fat body is specified. Our results demonstrate that the cell fate decision between gonadal mesoderm and fat body identity within dorsolateral mesoderm along the anteroposterior axis is determined by the combined actions of genes including abdA, AbdB and srp; while srp promotes fat body development, abdA allows gonadal mesoderm to develop by repressing srp function. Furthermore, we present evidence from genetic analysis suggesting that, before stage 10 of embryogenesis, gonadal mesoderm and the fat body have not yet been specified as different cell types, but exist as a common pool of precursor cells requiring the functions of the tin, zfh-1 and cli genes for their development.
How humans stand out in frontal lobe scaling

All studies from the last 15 y of collecting data on primate frontal lobe volumes share one central result: allometric scaling of the human frontal lobe is not larger than expected. Recent studies collecting data on the prefrontal cortex confirm this result, but additionally indicate human prefrontal white matter specialization.
Identification of Novel Integrin Binding Partners for Calcium and Integrin Binding Protein 1 (CIB1): Structural and Thermodynamic Basis of CIB1 Promiscuity

The short cytoplasmic tails of the α- and β-chains of integrin adhesion receptors regulate integrin activation and cell signaling. Significantly less is known about proteins that bind to α-integrin cytoplasmic tails (CTs) as opposed to β-CTs to regulate integrins. Calcium and integrin binding protein 1 (CIB1) was previously identified as an αIIb binding partner that inhibits agonist-induced activation of the platelet-specific integrin, αIIbβ3. A sequence alignment of all α-integrin CTs revealed that key residues in the CIB1 binding site of αIIb are well-conserved, and was used to delineate a consensus binding site (I/L-x-x-x-L/M-W/Y-K-x-G-F-F). Because the CIB1 binding site of αIIb is conserved in all α-integrins and CIB1 expression is ubiquitous, we asked if CIB1 could interact with other α-integrin CTs. We predicted that multiple α-integrin CTs were capable of binding to the same hydrophobic binding pocket on CIB1 with docking models generated by all-atom replica exchange discrete molecular dynamics. Af...
Rate-distortion in near-linear time

We present two results related to the computational complexity of lossy compression. The first result shows that for a memoryless source Ps with rate-distortion function R(D), the rate-distortion pair (R(D) + gamma, D + isin) can be achieved with constant decoding time per symbol and encoding time per symbol proportional to C1(gamma)isin-C2(gamma). The second results establishes that for any given R, there exists a universal lossy compression scheme with O(ng(n)) encoding complexity and O(n) decoding complexity, that achieves the point (R,D(R)) asymptotically for any ergodic source with distortion-rate function D(.), where g(n) is an arbitrary non-decreasing unbounded function. A computationally feasible implementation of the first scheme outperforms many of the best previously proposed schemes for binary sources with blocklengths of the order of 1000.
A Targeted Multilocus Genotyping Assay for Lineage, Serogroup, and Epidemic Clone Typing of Listeria monocytogenes

A 30-probe assay was developed for simultaneous classification of Listeria monocytogenes isolates by lineage (I to IV), major serogroup (4b, 1/2b, 1/2a, and 1/2c), and epidemic clone (EC) type (ECI, ECIa, ECII, and ECIII). The assay was designed to facilitate rapid strain characterization and the integration of subtype data into risk-based inspection programs.
The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: American Convention on Human Rights

Signed at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights, San Jose, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969 PREAMBLE The American states signatory to the present Convention, R eaffirming their intention to consolidate in this hemisphere, within the framework of democratic institutions, a system of personal liberty and social justice based on respect for the essential rights of man; R ecognizing that the essential rights of man are not derived from one's being a national of a certain state, but are based upon attributes of the human personality, and that they therefore justify international protection in the form of a convention reinforcing or complementing the protection provided by the domestic law of the American states; C onsidering that these principles have been set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States, in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and that they have been reaffirmed and refined in other international instruments, worldwide as well as regional in scope; R eiterating that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free men enjoying freedom from fear and want can be achieved only if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights; and C onsidering that the Third Special Inter-American Conference (Buenos Aires, 1967) approved the incorporation into the Charter of the Organization itself of broader standards with respect to economic, social, and educational rights and resolved that an inter-American convention on human rights should determine the structure, competence, and procedure of the organs responsible for these matters,
Cost of Public Goods Affects Willingness to Pay for Them

We provided information about costs and benefits of public goods, mostly forms of risk reduction. Judgments of willingness to pay (WTP) for the goods was affected by cost as well as benefit, even when subjects judged the benefit to be unaffected by cost. Cost information affected WTP when it took the form of estimated cost or when it was simply implied by past expenditures or by descriptions of how a good would be provided. Cost affected WTP both when each subject judged two cases varying only in cost and when each subject judged only a single cost version of each case. The results can be understood as overextension of a somewhat useful heuristic: things that cost more often yield more benefit. The findings suggest that contingent valuation methods may be improved by eliminating information from which costs could be inferred, so that respondents can focus more easily on benefits alone.
A mathematical model to describe the change in the constitutive character of blood due to platelet activation

Abstract Though a minor component by volume, platelets can have a profound influence on the flow characteristics of blood and thereby have serious consequences with regard to cardiovascular functions. Platelets are extremely sensitive to chemical agents as well as mechanical inputs and platelet activation is a necessary precursor to many life threatening medical conditions such as acute myocardial infarction, most strokes, acute arterial occlusion, venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. In cardiovascular devices such as ventricular assist devices and prosthetic heart valves, high shear stresses can trigger platelet activation. Moreover, such devices have artificial surfaces that are thrombogenic, the thrombotic deposition contributing to the failure of the device. Thus, there is a need to develop a mathematical model for the flow of blood that takes into account platelet activation, no such model being available at the moment. While there has been considerable amount of work in blood rheology, the role of platelets in the flow characteristics of blood has been largely ignored. This study addresses this lacuna. To cite this article: M. Anand, K.R. Rajagopal, C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 557–562.
Calibration, data processing, and maintenance of the United States Department of Agriculture high-resolution ultraviolet spectroradiometers

The USDA ultraviolet radiation network currently includes four high-resolution spectroradiometers, located at Table Mountain, Colorado deployed November 1998; the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility in Oklahoma October 1999; Beltsville, Mary- land November 1999; and Fort Collins, Colorado October 2002. These spectroradiometers contain Jobin Yvon's 1-m Czerny-Turner double additive spectrometers. The instruments measure total horizontal radiation in the 290- to 371-nm range, once every 30 min, with a nominal FWHM of 0.1 nm. We describe data quality control techniques as well as the data processing required to convert the raw data into calibrated irra- diances. The radiometric calibration strategies using Central UV Calibra- tion Facility FEL lamps that are directly NIST-traceable, portable field calibrators, and vicarious calibrations using data from UV multifilter ro- tating shadowband radiometers MFRSRs are discussed. Using direct- to-diffuse ratios from UV MFRSRs, we derive direct and diffuse high- resolution horizontal spectra from the collocated UV spectroradiometers of the USDA network. The direct-beam spectra can be used in a Langley regression that leads to spectroradiometric in situ calibration and to ozone column and aerosol optical depth retrievals. The high-resolution direct spectra are used to obtain the ozone column and aerosol optical depth in the 290- to 360-nm range at 0.1-nm resolution. A statistical summary of network performance is presented. © 2007 Society of Photo-
A Poisen in Ye Commonwealthe: Seditious Libel in Hanoverian London

The author presents a study of the evolution of the law of seditious libel in 18th century London, from proceedings in star chamber to the passage of Fox's Libel Act. The study includes context for some of the most famous trials of 18th century, including Wilkes and the leaders of Gordon Riots, as well as the behavior of juries when confronted with oppressive rules of procedure in sedition trials.
IL-17A promotes susceptibility during experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani

Leishmania donovani is an intracellular parasite that infects professional phagocytes and causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The immune response during VL has been extensively studied in the context of T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 responses. Immunity against this parasite is dependent on IFN-γ production and subsequent macrophage activation, and the Th2 response promotes granuloma formation. The cytokine IL-17A is associated with neutrophilic inflammation. Depletion of neutrophils during experimental VL results in enhanced parasitic loads. Furthermore, although patients resistant to VL showed enhanced levels of IL-17A in circulation, little is known about the role of IL-17A during VL infection. Here, we used IL-17A-deficient mice and IL-17A reporter mice to address the role of IL-17A during VL. IL-17A(-/-) mice were highly resistant to VL infection, showing decreased parasites in the liver and spleen. This unexpected phenotype was associated with enhanced IFN-γ production by T cells and decreased accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes, resulting in reduced number of granulomas. We also found γδ T and Th17 cells as the main IL-17A(+) cells during VL infection. Our data reveal an unexpected role of IL-17A rendering susceptibility against L. donovani by regulating the IFN-γ response and promoting detrimental inflammation.
Ant carrying in the desert leaf-cutter antAcromyrmex versicolor versicolor (Pergande) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The carrying and release of males, females, and workers byA. v. versicolor workers from the nest is a daily activity that principally occurs after the colony stops foraging. Ejected ants, the majority of which are sexual forms, are released unharmed at various distances from the nest opening. Most expelled ants return directly to the nest only to be rejected again. Ant carrying may serve as a colony dispersal mechanism as well as functioning to rid the colony of those members that are heavy drains on colony resources. The behavior may also function to exclude noncolony members. Present evidence pertaining to all three hypotheses, is, however, conflicting.
THE EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE FACTORS ON VIABILITY SELECTION IN HYLA GRATIOSA TADPOLES

Two full sib families of Hyla gratiosa larvae were compared in growth rate and survival under twelve ecological conditions in field enclosures. The twelve conditions rep- resented the independent absence or presence of two predators (nymphal dragonflies and larval salamanders) and a range of three initial tadpole densities (8, 16, 32 larvae per enclosure). This 2 x 2 x 3 design for variance analysis was replicated five times in a natural pond. The presence of either predator reduced survival levels by 24%. There was no consistent effect of tadpole density on survival. However, at low tadpole density (8 per enclosure), the presence of salamanders did not affect tadpole survival levels; effect of the salamanders was restricted to the higher densities (16 and 32 per enclosure). The combined effect on overall survival of the two predators was additive. One sibship (denoted A) consistently displayed a higher survival level than the other (denoted B). However, the level of differential survival, measured as the survival of B relative to A, varied among predator combinations. Survival differences among treatments and sibships were related to body size differences. The changing levels of differential survival between sibships did not reflect a changing level of differential body size but, rather, an ecologically mediated change in the relationship between the level of body size variation and the subsequent level of survival variation. Ecological factors such as conspecific density variation or predator abundance do not act as isolated selective pressures but, rather, interact in their effects on mortality rates. These interactions cause the value of a trait related to a fitness component to vary with ecological condition. These results suggest that a thorough understanding of how selection really does act in natural populations requires a thorough understanding of the relevant ecological factors, a point all too often unappreciated.
Tudor Rule and Revolution: Essays for G R Elton from his American Friends

Part I. An Era of Reformations: 1. The Tudor Revolution and the Devil's Art: Bishop Bonner's printed forms Arthur J. Slavin 2. How God became an Englishman John W. McKenna 3. The reformation of choirs: cathedral musical establishments in Tudor England Stanford E. Lehmberg 4. The Age of Debt, the Reformation and English law DeLloyd J. Guth 5. The King's Privy Chamber, 1547-1553 Dale E. Hoak 6. The place of women in Tudor government Mortimer Levine Part II. The Age of Elizabethan Polity: 7. Parliament: the Elizabethan experience Wallace T. MacCaffrey 8. The court of Exchequer comes of age W. Hamilton Bryson 9. The Elizabethan Chancery and women's rights Maria L. Cioni 10. Too good to be true: Thomas Lupton's Golden Rule Elliot Rose 11. Towards petty sessions: Tudor JPs and divisions of counties Frederic A. Youngs, Jr 12. Binding the nation: the Bonds of Association, 1584 and 1696 David Cressy Part III. Early Stuart Variations: 13. Proclamations and parliamentary protest, 1539-1610 Rudolph W. Heinze 14. Diplomatic intervention in English law enforcement: Sarmiento and James I Charles H. Carter 15. Mr Hudson's Star Chamber Thomas G. Barnes 16. The spoils of law: the trial of Sir John Hele, 1604 James S. Cockburn 17. Prohibitions and the privilege against self-incrimination Charles M. Gray 18. Quoting the Commons, 1604-1642 J. H. Hexter.
Behavioral Economics, Happiness Surveys, and Public Policy

Two important developments in recent policy analysis are behavioral economics and subjective-well-being (SWB) surveys. What is the connection between them? Some have suggested that behavioral economics strengthens the case for SWB surveys as a central policy tool, e.g., in the form of SWB-based cost-benefit analysis. This Article reaches a different conclusion. Behavioral economics shows that individuals in their day-to-day, “System 1” behavior are not EU-rational — that they often fail to comply with the norms of rationality set forth by expected utility (EU) theory. Consider now that the standard preference-based view of individual well-being looks to individuals’ rational preferences. If the findings of behavioral economics are correct, an individual’s answer to a question such as “How satisfied are you with your life?” is not going to tell us much about her rational (EU compliant) preferences. Behavioral economics, by highlighting widespread failures of EU rationality, might actually argue for an objective good (non-preference-based) view of well-being. However, (except in the limiting case of an objective-good view positing a single mentalistic good, happiness) SWB surveys won’t be strong evidence of well-being in the objective-good sense. In short, SWB surveys are no “magic cure” for the genuine difficulties in inferring rational preferences and measuring well-being underscored by behavioral economics.
A methodology for environment and agent development to model population displacement

Governmental and institutional service providers assigned to areas where involuntary or forced population movement occurs are required to provide goods and security as well as policies and strategies to distressed peoples. This type of population displacement took place on an epic scale in 2011. Modeling and simulation presents a constructive approach to critical analysis and projections needed for decision-making via the representation and characterization of distressed populations to envisage why, when, and where migration will occur. This paper presents a multi-disciplinary methodology to researching and modeling population displacement in a broad, yet inclusive sweep. An Environment Matrix and an Agent Matrix are presented that can be used as a template to develop an agent-based model to capture this phenomenon. These matrices facilitate an accurate representation of an environment and a thorough characterization of agents. The crisis in Syria serves as a use-case for matrix development. This type of agent-based modeling and analysis can proffer insight on how to prevent, hold constant, or moderate escalating effects of threats to populations in jeopardy as well as anticipate when forced migration might occur.
On Ranked Set Sampling Variation and Its Applications to Public Health Research

The foundation of any statistical inference depends on the collection of required data through some formal mechanism that should be able to capture the distinct characteristics of the population. One of the most common mechanisms to obtain such data is the simple random sample (SRS). In practice, a more structured sampling mechanism, such as stratified sampling, cluster sampling or systematic sampling, may be obtained to achieve a representative sample of the population of interest. A cost effective alternative approach to the aforementioned sampling techniques is the ranked set sampling (RSS). This approach to data collection was first proposed by McIntyre (Aust. J. Agr. Res. 3:385–390, 1952) as a method to improve the precision of estimated pasture yield. In RSS the desired information is obtained from a small fraction of the available units.
Medical and Psychologic Risks of Maternal Cocaine Use

The growing use of crack-cocaine by women of child-bearing age poses significant management problems for physicians. Both animal and human studies suggest that cocaine exerts significant negative effects on maternal health, the course of pregnancy, and infant developmental outcome. Maternal pregnancy complications and increased rates of low birth weight and prematurity in infants who are fetally exposed are well documented. However, available studies of neurobehavioral outcomes for cocaine-exposed infants are still inconclusive. Physicians need to become knowledgeable about the potential effects of maternal drug addiction during pregnancy to provide appropriate medical care.
CHAPTER C5 – The Owl Monkey Model of Focal Dystonia

The owl monkey model of focal dystonia has allowed investigators to verify the hypothesis that somatic sensory abnormalities are part of the disorder. This chapter reviews the evidence of mechanisms underlying sensory and motor disorders and shows that a common cortical abnormality may underlie both disorders. Treatments that focus first on treating sensory deficits and later progress to sensory-motor integration and sensory-motor deficits have high efficacy in restoring predystonic motor function. The chapter discusses how the range of documented physiological motor and sensory deficits in focal hand dystonia relate to poor motor function. Focal dystonia is a movement disorder in which muscles are abnormally synchronized and normal muscle antagonists may be co-active. Focal dystonia affects significant fractions of subpopulations that perform repetitive stereotyped motor actions with their hands, particularly musicians and typists. In addition, other groups, such as athletes, particularly those who powergrip during shoulder motions, may be affected. This chapter unequivocally demonstrates that abnormalities occur in sensory representations in focal hand dystonia, and that addressing these abnormalities as a first step in treatment can greatly benefit the patient population. Treatment strategies based, in part or in whole, on restoring sensory function have positively affected patient populations. As this work progresses, the combined synergy of the human studies and animal work should serve to greatly reduce the impact of focal hand dystonia on the population.
Control of Feed Intake in Sheep

The control of feed intake is highly complex, involving many peripheral, as well as central nervous system (CNS) factors. The various signals involved in the control of feeding behavior are integrated in the hypothalamus and appropriate responses, i.e., feeding or cessation of feeding, are generated. The actual neurochemical events subserving this function are not well understood, although specific roles for each of the neurotransmitter systems have been proposed. More recently, certain neuropeptides have been shown to affect feeding behavior in sheep, as well as many other species. Most of the evidence points to the involvement of two families of neuropeptides in the control of feed intake in sheep: the opioid peptides, which include enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins, and cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides, of which CCK-8 is the primary brain form. Certain opioid peptides, such as met-enkephalins, beta-endorphin and dynorphin A peptides, have been shown to stimulate feeding after CNS administration in sheep, while CCK peptides suppress feeding. Thus it has been proposed that opioid peptides are involved in the initiation of feeding, or hunger, and CCK peptides, in the inhibition of feeding, or satiety. Although much more is known about the effects of CCK peptides than opioid peptides on feeding behavior of sheep, evidence is accumulating for direct interaction between CCK- and opioid-containing neurons that could lead to better understanding of hunger and satiety in sheep.
Efficient boundary detection of coverage hole in WSNs

Coverage holes can appear in a WSN after a random deployment or at any time due to massive disaster or a depletion of batteries. Detecting the exact boundary of coverage holes is important because it offers many advantages : it facilitates the relocation of sensor nodes, it reroutes the sensing data around the coverage hole and controls the network topology to improve coverage and connectivity of the network. This paper presents an algorithm detecting coverage holes in a WSN using simple calculations. Each node in the algorithm detects locally if it is on the boundary of the coverage hole. Simulations results show that our algorithm can detect coverage hole efficiently and prove the advantages of the proposed method in terms of energy consumption and detection accuracy.
BET Bromodomain Inhibition Targets Both c-Myc and IL7R in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract 672 Long-term disease-free survival is achieved in over 80% of children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) but only 40% of adults. Particular genomic alterations in B-ALL, including rearrangements of MLL and the cytokine receptor subunit CRLF2, confer a poor prognosis in both children and adults. In addition, current therapies for B-ALL are associated with significant short- and long-term toxicities, highlighting the critical need for new therapeutics. The novel compound JQ1 inhibits the BET class of human bromodomain proteins from mediating the assembly of macromolecular protein complexes that are required for transcriptional activation and polymerase elongation. In hematologic and epithelial tumors, JQ1 can downregulate the expression of c-MYC and thereby suppress malignant growth and survival. We investigated the therapeutic potential of JQ1 across multiple genetically-defined subsets of B-ALL. JQ1 potently induced apoptotic cell death (IC50∼30–300 nM) in all B-ALL cell lines (697, CEMO-1 NALM-6, MHH-CALL4, MUTZ-5, Reh, RS4;11, SEMK2) studied. Among the most sensitive lines (IC50 30% bone marrow involvement by human CD45+/CRLF2+ B-ALL cells, mice were randomized to receive JQ1 (50mg/kg intraperitoneally daily) or vehicle (DMSO). After 5 days of treatment, sentinel mice were sacrificed for pharmacodynamic endpoints. Spleens from mice treated with JQ1 had markedly reduced c-Myc expression and STAT5 phosphorylation compared with spleens from vehicle-treated mice. In survival cohorts (n=9 per arm), treatment with JQ1 significantly prolonged overall survival (p=0.0002) compared with vehicle. These results demonstrate that BET bromodomain inhibition is a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with B-ALL, including subsets with high-risk cytogenetics. Moreover, the surprising finding that JQ1 also targets IL7R expression suggests that bromodomain inhibitors may be especially useful in malignant and nonmalignant disorders dependent on IL7R. Disclosures: Bradner:Tensha Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; SHAPE Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Weinstock:Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Blue and green optically pumped semiconductor lasers for display

We discuss a compact RGB source with ouput power of several watts per color consisting of a red (638 nm) diode and OPS lasers with blue (460 nm) and green (530) nm output. Suitability for display applications is shown by replacing the lamp of a standard Rear Projection TV.
Building Partnerships: The University and Community Unite

The efficacy of joining forces with others sharing similar goals and purposes to more effectively create change is an established phenomenon. It is particularly important to remain alert and receptive to opportunities for collaboration with persons and groups beyond one’s typical horizon. In many cases, the foundation for such partnerships is established over a considerable length of time, allowing for credibility and trust between persons and groups to develop. This chapter provides one example of collaboration between faculty members in a School of Family and Consumer Sciences in a public university and personnel in a public school system. The partnership was formed to secure grant money for enhancing the education of young children and their parents.
Mechanism of regulation of glucose production by lipolysis in humans

The relationship between the rate of lipolysis and rate of glucose production (Ra) was investigated in 14- and 86-h fasted humans. [6,6-2H]glucose and [2H]5glycerol were infused to measure glucose and glycerol Ra in response to infusions of nicotinic acid in 14- and 86-h fasted subjects (protocol 1). The response of glucose Ra to nicotinic acid alone and nicotinic acid plus unlabeled glycerol was also measured in 86-h fasted subjects (protocol 2). After a 14-h fast, nicotinic acid caused a 30% decrease in plasma insulin levels and a marked (66%) decrease in plasma free fatty acid levels but did not have any significant effect on glucose Ra and concentration. After 86 h of fasting, nicotinic acid decreased glycerol Ra and hence lipolytic rate by approximately 60%. This caused a significant decrease (P less than 0.05) of 16-20% in glucose Ra and uptake. This decrease in glucose Ra was abolished when unlabeled glycerol was also infused with nicotinic acid to maintain glycerol Ra. These findings suggest that, in normal humans, a decrease in the rate of lipolysis regulates glucose Ra via its effect on the availability of glycerol for gluconeogenesis.
Modeling and analysis of neuronal membrane electrical activities in 3d neuromorphic computing system

Three dimensional (3D) integration technology merged with neuromorphic computing system plays a significant role for the implementation of energy efficient advanced neurobiological architecture. This work explores a novel 3D neuromorphic system that utilizes the Through Silicon Via (TSV) interconnects to build the complicated hardware neural structure. It allows the ultra-high density integrated system and imitates the neuronal membrane electrical activity in a hybrid 3D neuromorphic system. In our designed 3D neuromorphic structure, we extend the innovation in neuronal ion transportation dynamics through the membrane channels using TSVs. The commensal ionic model of a neuronal membrane is developed utilizing the TSV property and the characteristics of the ionic electrical activity through the TSV is determined. Having massively parallel TSVs and configuring them into useful capacitors, the proposed approach could significantly enhance the signal integrity, reduce crosstalk, and thus leverage the heterogeneous integration of 3D neuromorphic IC. The accuracy of the proposed analytical model is evaluated through the comparison of the model giving values to their 3D field extracting values and SPICE simulations.
Interdependence in decision-making by medical consultants: implications for improving the efficiency of inpatient physician services.

Objectives: Hospital administrators are seeking to improve efficiency in medical consultation services, yet whether consultants make decisions to provide more or less care is unknown. We examined h...
Religious Involvement and Marijuana Use for Medical and Recreational Purposes.

In this article, we use data from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to examine the association between religious involvement and marijuana use for medical and recreational purposes in U.S. adults (N = 41,517). We also consider whether the association between religious involvement and marijuana use varies according to personal health status. Our results show that adults who attend religious services more frequently and hold more salient religious beliefs tend to exhibit lower rates of medical and recreational marijuana use. We also find that these “protective effects” are less pronounced for adults in poor health. Although our findings confirm previous studies of recreational marijuana use, we are the first to examine the association between religious involvement and medical marijuana use. Our moderation analyses suggest that the morality and social control functions of religious involvement may be offset under the conditions of poor health.
Introduction to a Special Section: Measurement of Fidelity in Psychiatric Rehabilitation Research

Fidelity measures, defined as tools to assess the adequacy of implementation of program models, have arrived as a permanent feature of research, policy, and practical program development in the field of mental health services. References to fidelity abound in the current literature. One driving force behind this attention has been recurrent ambiguities surrounding what exactly a specific program does and whether this corresponds to what it is supposed to be doing. Both the research literature and clinical practice have taught us the lesson many times over the price we pay when we are not precise in how we expect programs to be structured and to function and when we gloss over the discrepancies between optimal implementation of program models and actual practice. The contributors to this special section of Mental Health Services Research offer a small sampling of current issues in fidelity measurement. In the first paper, Bond and colleagues discuss the promise of fidelity measures for both research and practice. Their review hints at some unrealized possibilities
The Geometry of Line-of-Sight and Weapons Fan Algorithms

Intervisibility algorithms, when applied to digital elevation models, are used to compute line-of-sight, weapons fans or viewsheds, and accurate three- dimensional perspective views. Whereas data quality, atmospheric effects, vegetation, and buildings contribute to the final result, the geometric model has a major impact. Seven geometric parameters should be explicitly defined: Viewer and target locations, interpretation of viewshed, point interpolation, point selection along radials, viewshed creation, vertical earth curvature, and horizontal earth curvature. The importance of horizontal earth curvature - the determination of straight line distance between observer and target - has not been sufficiently appreciated. Unless Universal Transverse Mercator approximations are valid, geodetic computations should be used. Because digital elevation models available to the military typically have a geographic- based point spacing, many established procedures that implicitly assume a conformal Universal Transverse Mercator grid introduce errors. A spaced radial algorithm produces the best weapons fans.
AIDS knowledge and attitudes for October-December 1990. Provisional data from the National Health Interview Survey.

In late 1990 the US Census Bureau interviewed 10331 adults about their knowledge and attitude towards AIDS for the National Health Interview Study. 87% received AIDS information from at least 1 source 30 days before the survey. The sources ranked in order included TV newspapers and magazines radio and health department brochures. 69% with children between 10-17 years old had recently talked about AIDS with their children especially women (p.05). Whites and Blacks were more likely to discuss AIDS with their children than Hispanics (p 50 years old were the least knowledgeable. Those with 12 or more years of schooling knew the most. 79% knew that the term HIV referred to the AIDS virus in this quarter compared to 67% in the 1st quarter in 1990 but Hispanics and those with <12 years of education were the least familiar with it. 95% knew that AIDS can be transmitted by sharing needles with someone HIV positive. Only 18% knew that they cannot get AIDS from sharing eating utensils with someone with AIDS. 68% knew that blood is tested for HIV and 47% believed the blood supply was safe. 26% had had their blood tested for HIV. 56% of these said testing was required due to hospitalization and military service which was higher than earlier quarters in 1990. Only 25% believed condoms protect against AIDS as compared to 33% in the last quarter of 1989. Only 2% were in any of the behavior risk categories.
Designing Google Earth Activities for Learning Earth and Environmental Science

Web-based geospatial tools such as Google Earth and instructional resources integrated with appropriately designed instructional materials show great potential in promoting spatial thinking with diverse learners. This chapter describes two instructional middle school modules, Environmental Issues: Land Use Change and Energy that use Google Earth as a learning technology to promote understandings of earth and environmental science concepts. The design principles used to guide the development of the instruction are described. Recommendations for other curriculum developers interested in using Google Earth as a learning tool to foster spatial thinking skills are presented. The role of using educative curriculum materials as a form of professional development with Google Earth is discussed.