cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral Analysis for Data Mining

Experimental evidence suggests that spectral techniques are valuable for a wide range of applications. A partial list of such applications include (i) semantic analysis of documents used to cluster documents into areas of interest, (ii) collaborative filtering -- the reconstruction of missing data items, and (iii) determining the relative importance of documents based on citation/link structure. Intuitive arguments can explain some of the phenomena that has been observed but little theoretical study has been done. In this talk, we present a model for framing data mining tasks and a unified approach to solving the resulting data mining problems using spectral analysis. In particular we describe the solution to an open problem of Papadimitriou, Ragha van, Tamaki and Vempala in the context of modeling latent semantic indexing. We also give theoretical justification for the use of spectral algorithms for collaborative filtering, and show how a reasonable model of web links justifies the robustness of Kleinberg's web authority/hub algorithm. A major focus of the talk will be a description of the tight feedback loop between theory and empirical work and how it has led on this project to both new theory and new empirical questions of interest. This is joint work with Yossi Azar, Amos Fiat, Frank McSherry and Jared Saia.
Investigation of γ-ray induced polymer formation in the carboranes—VI: Phase effects in the oligomerization of 1-allyl-o-carborane

Abstract The primary concern of this investigation is the effect of the physical state of the monomer on the electron radiolysis of 1-allyl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane-11, 1-allyl-o-carborane. Activation energies for the liquid state radiolysis have been determined as 5 kcal/mole for formation of the oligomer and 0 kcal/mole for formation of the unsaturated dimers. Negative activation energies have been observed for the plastic crystalline phases of 1-allyl-o-carborane indicating a complex set of reactions are involved. The effects of lattice constraints and diffusion controlled processes in the plastic crystalline phases are discussed.
The Globin Gene Mutations

The known human globin gene mutations now total more than 400, representing a considerably larger number than for any other human protein system. By far the most numerous of these mutations are those resulting from replacements of single nucleotide bases, and most of these mutant genes are expressed by the synthesis of structurally abnormal globin chains having substitutions of one of their amino acid residues. The substantial number of hemoglobin variants that were well characterized as long as 20 years aga permitted the specific base changes of many of the globin gene mutations to be inferred even before the genetic code was fully known (Smith, 1962). After the complete triplet code was determined it could be shown that virtually all of the amino acid substitutions in these mutant globins could be explained by single base changes in affected codons. Although only few of the genes for the abnormal globins have thus far been sequenced, those that have been analyzed have fully corroborated the mutation codon assignments that were predicted from the genetic code. In many of the other forms of globin structural abnormalities, which include deletions and insertions of amino acid residues, the formation of abnormally shortened or elongated globin chains, and frameshift mutations, the underlying mutations could also be predicted reliably from known codon relationships in the genetic code. It was therefore possible to develop a comprehensive classification of the mutations underlying most of the structural globin variants well before the time that methods for the analysis of globin gene structure became available.
Ligation of CD40 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by endothelial cells and monocytes and promotes angiogenesis in vivo

This study addresses a mechanism by which lymphocytes may promote vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis in immune inflammation. Resting human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) were found to express low levels of VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and ribonuclease protection assay with little or no change in expression following activation by cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, interferon gamma, or IL-4. In contrast, treatment of HUVECs and monocytes with soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) resulted in a marked dose-dependent induction of VEGF mRNA (approximately 4-fold), which peaked between 1 and 5 hours post-stimulation. Transient transfection of HUVECs was performed with a luciferase reporter construct under the control of the human VEGF promoter. Treatment of transfected HUVECs with sCD40L was found to enhance luciferase activity (approximately 4-fold) compared with controls, similar to the relative fold induction in mRNA expression in parallel cultures. Thus, CD40-dependent VEGF expression was a result of transcriptional control mechanisms. Treatment of HUVECs with sCD40L was also found to function in vitro to promote growth and proliferation in a VEGF-dependent manner, and CD40-dependent HUVEC growth was comparable to that found following treatment with recombinant human VEGF. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of sCD40L in severe combined immunodeficient and nude mice induced VEGF expression and marked angiogenesis in vivo. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a function for CD40L-CD40 interactions in VEGF-induced angiogenesis and define a mechanistic link between the immune response and angiogenesis. (Blood. 2000;96:3801-3808)
Iron bacteria in drinking-water distribution systems: elemental analysis of gallionella stalks, using x-ray energy-dispersive microanalysis.

"Iron" bacteria belonging to the genus Gallionella were observed by scanning electron microscopy in water samples and attached to pipe surfaces in a Southern California drinking-water distribution system. The cells were recognized by their characteristic elongated helical stalks composed of numerous intertwined microfibrils. Many of the stalks were partially coated with insoluble ferric salt deposits. Stalks recovered directly from water samples were analyzed for their elemental composition by using X-ray energy-dispersive microanalysis. Silicon, aluminum, calcium, and iron were the predominant elements present in the stalks. Smaller quantities of the elements phosphorous, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and zinc were also detected. Manganese, though present in measurable quantities in the water supply, was not detected in the stalks, suggesting that this organism is unable to utilize this element as an electron donor. This represents the first such analysis of Gallionella stalks recovered from environmental samples without prior subculturing in artificial laboratory media.
Applications of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Diagnostic Microbiology

The presence of a sufficient number of target molecules is critical in detecting conferred fluorescence of probe-target hybrids and permits direct visualization of intact organisms by epifluorescence microscopy. This direct approach to visualization of organisms using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) simultaneously provides information on phylogenetic relationships of organisms, their spatial distribution in the sample matrix, their relative abundance, and their relative physiologic activity. An incubator, a water bath, and an epifluorescence microscope are essential, with the microscope being most critical for successful FISH performance. The main goal in designing specific probes is to find a suitable and unique region within the 16S or 23S rRNA that permits discrimination of target from nontarget organisms. Once a probe has been designed and confirmed to be specific for the motif desired by using the appropriate databases, it must be evaluated against a series of reference organisms. In case of a low number of ribosomes, the simultaneous application of two fluorescence-monolabeled probes targeting two different regions of rRNA with the same specificity would theoretically result in a twofold amplification of signal intensity when applied to the test samples. The chapter talks about expanded techniques combined with FISH. FISH, based upon either DNA or PNA oligonucleotide probes, is a rapid diagnostic method capable of challenging traditional culture techniques for the direct and accurate identification not only of nonfastidious pathogens but also of fastidious, slow-growing, and difficult-to-cultivate organisms.
Spatial structuring of bacterial communities within individual Ginkgo biloba trees.

Summary Plant-associated microorganisms affect the health of their hosts in diverse ways, yet the distribution of these organisms within individual plants remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the spatial variability in bacterial community diversity and composition found on and in aboveground tissues of individual Ginkgo biloba trees. We sampled bacterial communities from > 100 locations per tree, including leaf, branch and trunk samples and used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to determine the diversity and composition of these communities. Bacterial community structure differed strongly between bark and leaf samples, with bark samples harbouring much greater bacterial diversity and a community composition distinct from leaves. Within sample types, we observed clear spatial patterns in bacterial diversity and community composition that corresponded to the samples' proximity to the exterior of the tree. The composition of the bacterial communities found on trees is highly variable, but this variability is predictable and dependent on sampling location. Moreover, this work highlights the importance of carefully considering plant spatial structure when characterizing the microbial communities associated with plants and their impacts on plant hosts.
An intravascular ultrasound analysis in women experiencing chest pain in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a substudy from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)

Aims: Using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), we sought to characterize coronary morphology in women with chest pain without major epicardial obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). We have previously observed an unexpectedly high rate of adverse outcomes among women with chest pain and normal or insignificant obstructive CAD. Information about the presence and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis in these women could provide insight into the mechanisms related to increased risk, as well as improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Methods: Women (n = 100) with suspected ischemia without obstructive CAD (>50% stenosis) underwent IVUS of a left coronary segment with measurements by a core lab masked to clinical and angiographic findings. Results: Angiograhic core lab analysis found 69.6% of patients had no (≤20%) and 30.4% had minimal (20–<50%) CAD. IVUS segmental images were interpretable by the core lab in 92 women, with 19 (21%) having no atherosclerosis (intimal-medial thickness <0.5 mm). In the remaining 73 women (79%), percent atheroma volume was 27 ± 8% and mean maximum plaque thickness was 0.53 ± 0.22 mm. Thirty-eight women with atherosclerosis (53%) had ≥30% of interrogated vessel involved. The average vessel involvement was 40%, and the maximum plaque thickness was 1.27 mm. The number of risk factors strongly correlated with percent atheroma volume (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and percent vessel involvement (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001), with the strongest independent predictor of both being age. Remodeling was assessed in 59/73 women (81%), and 73% had evidence of positive remodeling. Conclusions: In symptomatic women without significant luminal obstructive CAD, we observed a high prevalence of atherosclerosis with positive remodeling and preserved lumen size. These findings may help explain increased risk and emphasize need for improved diagnostic and treatment options for women with concealed CAD. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:511–519)
A Regional Econometric Analysis of Energy Prices and Economic Activity

An econometric model of the interactions between energy demand and regional economic activity is discussed. The model combines dynamic cost functions, consumer fuel demand equations, and a demographic model, all within the context of a regional econometric model. The model is used to estimate the effects of a graduated fifty-cent gasoline tax on the New York State economy. The gasoline tax revenues are rebated to users in the form of reduced State taxes. The results suggest that this policy would lead to higher State output and income if the inflationary impacts of the tax are minimal.
DO MYCOTOXINS FUNCTION IN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES

A principle role of mycotoxins may be in the establishment of fungi in various ecological niches. Mycotoxins may have a multiplicity of functions. They may function as antibiotics, as chemical signalling agents, as mutagenic agents and in other ways. The outcome of ecological competition may have evolutionary and biochemical taxonomic significance.
The Anti‐Essentialist Choice: Nationalism and Feminism in the Interaction between Two Women's Projects

Abstract. Two cross-national women's organisations, one in Northern Ireland the other in Bosnia-Herzegovina, are observed here in interaction with each other. The article explores the connection between their ability to sustain such cross-community alliances and their choice to be women's projects. In so doing, it addresses the question ‘are feminism and nationalism compatible?’ Not all the women are ‘anti-nationalist’ in philosophy, but they draw distinctions between variants of nationalism, and may be described as ‘anti-essentialist’. The article distinguishes between variants of ‘feminism’, recognising it, too, as a plurality of movements. An anti-essentialist understanding of ethnicity and nation is partnered in both the Network and Medica by an anti-essentialist feminism, in which a woman's family role is minimised and value placed instead on her autonomy and agency. Certain forms of feminism and nationalism are thus compatible – but the configuration may be progressive or retrograde.
Exploring embedded guidance and self-efficacy in educational multiuser virtual environments

In this paper, we present the results of an exploratory study into the relationship between student self-efficacy and guidance use in a Multi-User Virtual Environment (MUVE) science curriculum project. We examine findings from a group of middle school science students on the combined effects on learning of student self-efficacy in science and use of individualized guidance messages. In addition, we report on findings that demonstrate the interplay between levels of self efficacy in science and use of an embedded guidance system in an educational MUVE.
Secondary choroidal lymphoma in a child treated for Burkitt lymphoma

A 9-year-old girl presented with a choroidal tumor 6 years after remission of Burkitt lymphoma with no evidence of systemic recurrence. The tumor regressed after plaque radiotherapy. The second tumor could have been related to previous chemotherapy, caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection, or the result of independent lymphoma cell growth.
FROM COURTHOUSE TO SCHOOLHOUSE: Using the Legal System to Secure the Right to an Appropriate Education

The short but turbulent history of class action litigation to secure the right to appropriate education for handicapped children is traced from total exclusion to year-round schooling. Recent threats to repeal or severely restrict current legislation affecting the handicapped may auger a return to the courtroom in the mid-1980s.
Amyloid and inflammation

Thirty human and 10 animal proteins form amyloid fibrils associated with codeposition of P-component (SAP), heparatan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), certain apolipoproteins (e.g., ApoE), as well as other less well-defined “ground substances” that may mitigate fibrillogenesis and tissue-specific deposition in association with aging or disease. Once deposited, fibrils may take on a “tombstone” configuration, one of the oldest isolation techniques being to let tissue stand on the benchtop for long periods of time. For all forms of amyloidosis, soluble precursors exist, which may be synthesized locally or distributed systemically in forms of amyloid affecting multiple organs (1). For the systemic amyloidoses, the precursor-fibril conversion is only partially understood, progressing in some instances through oligomers with enhanced cytotoxic, oxidant, or apoptotic effects (2). In addition, clearance mechanisms exist for seemingly stable amyloid, as witnessed by the presence of surrounding macrophages and giant cells in some localized forms, clinical regression of systemic disease if the precursor protein is reduced or eliminated, or when amyloid is depleted immunologically (3).
Recombinant human TNF induces production of granulocyte–monocyte colony-stimulating factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is synthesized by macrophages exposed to endotoxin. It produces haemorrhagic necrosis of a variety of tumours in mice and is cytostatic or cytocidal against various transformed cell lines in vitro, but viability of normal human or rodent cells is unaffected. The role of TNF is unlikely to be restricted to the rejection of tumours. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are required for survival, proliferation and differentiation of haematopoietic progenitor cells. The haematopoietic growth factor known as granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has the ability to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of normal granulocyte-monocyte and eosinophil stem cells and enhance the proliferation of pluripotent, megakaryocyte and erythroid stem cells. In addition, GM-CSF stimulates a variety of functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages, for example inhibition of migration, phagocytosis of microbes, oxidative metabolism, and antibody-dependent cytotoxic killing of tumour cells. We show here that TNF markedly stimulates production of GM-CSF messenger RNA and protein in normal human lung fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells, and in cells of several malignant tissues.
Measuring sulfur dioxide from space: The promise of ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) on EOS-AURA platform

OMI is an UV-Visible imaging spectrometer with the capability to measure boundary layer SO2 from space. This paper discusses the sensitivity of the OMI SO2 retrieval algorithm to different geophysical perturbations.
Modeling and Attention-Retention in Learning Disabled Children

Subjects for study were 20 boys randomly selected from a residential school for children with learning disabilities. They were administered Hagen's central-incidental attention-retention task and then asked to view a videotape; they were told that they would be paid money for performing the activities appearing on the tape. Attention to and retention of relevant and irrelevant stimuli were examined in relation to modeling performance. It was concluded that attention to and retention of relevant versus irrelevant stimuli is significantly related to modeling performances of children with learning disabilities. In addition, it was found that modeling performances were significantly related to academic achievement.
Modified Hebbian auto-adaptive impulse neural circuits

Artificial neural networks learn by adapting interconnection weights. A generalised weight adaptation expression for associative learning has been implemented using synapse circuits based on floating gate devices. A reinforcement depending on the correlation of a synapse input and a neuronal output is used. The circuits also illustrate the influence of the conditioning stimuli amplitude on the conditioning rate.
The Electron Temperature and Fine Structure of Soft X-Ray Solar Flares

I discuss the determination of the electron temperature of soft X-ray solar flares using data obtained from the iron-line Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) and Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) instruments on the Yohkoh spacecraft. I find that there is a substantial difference in the derived temperatures obtained from the two instruments, with the highest temperatures obtained from the BCS. However, in some regions of certain flares, the SXT temperatures equal the temperatures expected from the iron-line spectra. These hot regions are almost always considerably weaker in intensity than the brightest regions in the SXT flare images. I discuss the relationship of the SXT hot regions to the brightest regions in the flare and show that, at least in some cases, the hot SXT regions appear to be related to the hard X-ray flare component. I also show that the temperature data from the two instruments can be reconciled by concluding that flare loops that appear to be single loops are actually collections of loops with different temperatures on arcsecond or less spatial scales. This result was obtained indirectly by Doschek, Strong, & Tsuneta in 1995 from an analysis of SXT flare images and is substantiated so far by flare images from TRACE. The appearance of a soft X-ray flare depends critically on the electron temperature response of the imaging instrumentation.
Sexual Behavior: Normal Male Patterning in Androgenized Female Rats

Female rats treated with testosterone as neonates and as adults exhibited a temporal patterning of male copulatory behavior identical to that of normal males, although such females displayed few intromission reflexes and almost no ejaculatory patterns. With prenatal, postnatal, and adult testosterone treatment, female rats displayed all the characteristic masculine responses and intervals, including the ultrasonic postejaculatory vocalization.
Localized eosinophilic myositis of the masseter muscle associated with actinomycosis

A case of eosinophilic myositis of the masseter associated with pseudotumor and trismus is presented. Extensive eosinophilic infiltrates of the masseter are rarely observed in the absence of parasitic infection or the hypereosinophilic syndrome. This case is reported because of the rarity of the phenomenon and its importance to the surgeon from the standpoint of differential diagnosis and treatment. The pathogenesis of the condition and its relation to other lesions of muscle associated with eosinophilic infiltration are discussed.
Wang Yangming and the Way of World Philosophy

This essay attempts to contextualize the importance of Wang Yangming’s 王陽明 philosophy in terms of world philosophy in the manner of Goethe’s innovative plan for “world literature” (Weltliteratur). China has the long history of philosophizing rather than non-philosophy contrary to the glaring and inexcusable misunderstanding of Hegel the Eurocentric universalist or monist. In today’s globalizing world of multicultural pluralism, ethnocentric universalism has become outdated and outmoded. Transversality, which is at once intercultural, interspecific, interdisciplinary, and intersensorial, is a far more befitting response than universality. In this context, what is focused and emphasized in Wang’s world philosophy is mainly fourfold. First, there is the unity or circularity of knowledge and action, that is, knowledge is the beginning of action, and action is the consummation of knowledge. Second, sincerity is the moral soul of Sinism as it is the enabling act of making perform all other virtues, including ren 仁. Third, in Sinism, including Wang’s philosophy, there is no Cartesian dualism in that the mind and the body are inseparable soulmates. Fourth, if ethics is prima philosophia, then geophilosophy is ultima philosophia to sustain and perpetuate all life-forms on earth (geo).
A novel multiple-unit sustained release indomethacin-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose delivery system prepared by ionotropic gelation of sodium alginate at elevated temperatures

Abstract A multiple-unit indomethacin delivery system based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the hydrophilic carrier material was developed by a novel technique using the insolubility of the cellulose ether at elevated temperatures and the ionotropic gelation of the polysaccharide, sodium alginate with calcium ions. Spherical beads were prepared by dropping hot sodium alginate solution (60°C) containing dispersed drug and dispersed hydroxypropyl methylcellulose into the heated calcium chloride solution. Beads with a combined hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-indomethacin solids content of up to 98% could be prepared because of the processing of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersion rather than a solution. The beads were characterized by dissolution and scanning electron microscopy. The drug release was controlled by the viscosity grade of the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and the rate of polymer gelation, and could be sustained over an 8-h period.
Identification of "binge-prone" women: an experimentally and psychometrically validated cluster analysis in a college population.

Abstract This study investigated the escape model of binge eating through a cluster analysis using standardized measures. A sample of 126 undergraduate women underwent a manipulation of their level of cognition and were asked to “taste-test” several flavors of ice cream. Questionnaire data from these women were entered into a cluster analysis. Two groups emerged: women in the “binge-prone” group were significantly more depressed, had lower self-esteem, had more chaotic and extreme eating patterns, and were more self-conscious than those in the control group. In validation work, binge-prone women were shown to report elevated levels of bulimic symptomatology and, when in the presence of a food they enjoyed, to respond to increases in level of cognition by eating more. These results were consistent with some, but not all, of the components of the escape model.
Origin of Stars and Planets: The View from 2021

What (or who) made the Earth, and how? What made the Sun, and are there others? Thus mankind has wondered for eons. Not surprisingly, the answers have evolved a good deal over the decades, centuries, and millenia. So, perhaps more importantly, have the meanings of the questions. Here is an attempt to explore, “as far as thought can reach”, both back into the past and forward into the future, the territory defined by such questions, illuminated by light (and infrared) from the present workshop. If you decide to come along on the quest, it is probably worth carrying in your baggage the related, if strange-sounding, question, is star formation important?
Internal Dynamic Force Analysis for V-Type Engine/Compressor With Articulated Power Cylinder Connecting Rod Mechanism

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the internal dynamic forces within a V -engine/compressor with articulated power cylinders. All inertial terms are included in the formulation, which is solvable for the crankshaft torque and all reactions. After formulating the necessary description, the results are applied to two case studies involving pipeline compressor units.
An impedimetric biosensor based on PC 12 cells for the monitoring of exogenous agents

Abstract The effect of exogenous agents on the complex impedance of PC 12 cells that were cultured to confluency on 250-μm gold microdot electrodes fabricated within 8-well cell culture biochips was studied. Surface attachment of PC 12 cells to gold microelectrodes was accomplished using cysteamine SAMs covalently derivatized with laminin. The impedimetric response of PC 12 cells that undergo calcium exocytosis in the presence of calcimycin, nifedipine, mannitol and carbachol were identified. Treatment with carbachol induces muscarinic receptor-dependent rises in free cytosolic Ca2+. Experiments with calcimycin and nifedipine were carried out to clarify the relationship between these two receptor-triggered events. In particular, it is believed to mediate intracellularly the release of Ca2+ from non-mitochondrial stores. We also examined cellular impedance responsiveness of PC 12 cells in response to phenotypic alteration especially with regard to modulation of ion fluxes using nerve growth factor (NGF), dexamethasone and forskolin. Our results demonstrate that a change in electrophysiological behavior, such as exocytosis of cytosolic Ca2+ is detectable using impedance spectroscopy, and therefore support the results of impedance fluctuation to be attributed to ion-fluxes.
Oral vaccination against tularemia in the monkey.

SummaryStudies on the immunogenicity of live tularemia vaccine for animals and man vaccinated dermally or aerogenically were sufficiently encouraging to warrant an evaluation of vaccination of the monkey via the oral route. A preliminary investigation of the oral infectivity and virulence of P. tularensis SCHU S4, fatal for the monkey infected dermally or by the respiratory route with 10-25 organisms, revealed that 104 viable cells swallowed with milk did not result in infection but that 106 organisms infected two of eight animals, both of which died. An oral dose of 108 or 1010 cells infected all monkeys tested and the majority died; severe inflammation and ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract were found at necropsy. The course and outcome of the disease were comparable when animals were compelled to swallow intact a gelatin capsule containing 1010 organisms.In a study on the reactivity and immunogenicity of live vaccine strains LVS and of strain 425, highly infectious but seldom lethal for the monke...
Guillain-Barré syndrome after combined tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy, is often associated with an antecedent factor, such as an infection, surgery, systemic malignancy, or vaccination. The first case of GBS following a vaccination with combined tetanus-diphtheria toxoid is reported.
High temperature superconductivity space experiment (HTSSE)

An experiment dealing with high-temperature superconducting (HTS) devices and components in space is discussed. A variety of devices (primarily passive microwave and millimeter-wave components) has been procured and will be integrated with a cryogenic refrigerating and data acquisition system to form the space package, which will be launched in late 1992. This space experiment is expected to demonstrate that this technology is sufficiently robust to survive the space environment and that the technology has the potential to improve the operation of space systems significantly. The devices for the initial launch have been evaluated electrically, thermally, and mechanically, and will be integrated into the final space package early in 1991. The performance of the devices is summarized, and some potential applications of HTS technology in space systems are outlined.
SU-GG-I-94: Analysis of Breathing Pattern for Radiotherapy by Studying Diaphragm Trajectory

Purpose: Understanding breathing patterns would help in designing a patient‐specific treatment plan. This work pursues a robust means finding individual breathing patterns by studying diaphragm motion. To our best knowledge, no previous work utilized an automated 4‐D image segmentation technique for analyzing diaphragm motion. Method and Materials: In this study we intend to accurately segment the diaphragm from 4‐D image datasets to analyze breathing patterns. The core of the problem is to develop an effective 4‐D surface segmentation method for diaphragm. We developed a novel 4‐D optimal surface detection method capable of simultaneously detecting diaphragm over the entire respiration cycle. The optimality is controlled by cost functions designed for surfaces and by several geometric constraints defining the surface smoothness and position changes between phases. The problem is solved by transforming it into computing a minimum s‐t cut in a derived arc‐weighted directed graph. Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) is incorporated into cost function design to allow flexible initialization of the diaphragm surface and to encourage convergence to boundary concavities. A pre‐segmentation of the diaphragm in one phase is used as initial surfaces for all other phases. We implemented our algorithm and experimented on 7 sets of 4‐D chest/abdomen CTimages. Dome point of the diaphragm in the first phase is found and those in the remaining phases within a neighborhood are detected to generate the diaphragm trajectory. Results: Our method converges quickly and yields highly accurate contouring results by visual examination. The diaphragm trajectory over the breathing cycle can then be computed from the segmentation result. Conclusion: We developed a novel 4‐D surface segmentation method for accurate detection of diaphragm over the entire respiration cycle from 4‐D CTimage data. The breathing pattern can then be analyzed from the motion of diaphragm. The method helps in developing patient‐specific treatment plan.
Patient literacy training: New challenge for patient education

Abstract This article describes how the patient education program at one Veterans Affairs Medical Center dealt with the literacy issue by implementing a literacy program that is administered and managed by volunteers, to meet the particular needs of each enrolled individual. The evolutionary process, including background, obstacles encountered, disappointments and finally the workable solution, are all detailed. The article provides information and directions that can be followed by other health care organizations in planning similar programs.
Sources of teachers’ values and attitudes

Philosophers have written extensively about values and have long understood that internalized values define character and decisions. However, scholarship on sources of values, particularly for teachers, remains relatively unexplored. Sources of teachers’ values are usually mentioned only in passing in books or articles dealing with other aspects of teaching and are rarely included in teachers’ professional development. This article synthesizes sources of values and attitudes found in a survey of the literature, then extends and illustrates them using data from a study of 81 exemplary secondary school teachers across the USA. The teachers identified 14 sources that shaped or refined their values and attitudes, many of them during adulthood. The study suggests that this subject holds potential as a worthy topic for teachers’ professional development and as a way to help teachers understand how their values and attitudes affect the students and colleagues whose lives they influence.
R2P: Catchy Name for a Fading Norm

Gareth Evans makes big claims about an emerging international norm that he helped to formulate and promote: the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P). Unfortunately, the evidence is less than fully sup...
Interplay of T lymphocytes and HLA-DR molecules in rheumatoid arthritis

One of the genetic components of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis has been mapped to a short sequence stretch in the third hypervariable region of the HLA-DRB1 gene. A new concept has emerged, proposing that the shared-sequence motif is functional in determining the clinical patterns of rheumatoid arthritis and the severity of the disease in a codominant mode. Patients with a double dose of the shared sequence tend to have more serious disease manifestations, suggesting a model in which the genetic element is involved in perpetuating the disease. The pathogenetic model in which the shared epitope selectively binds and presents an arthritogenic peptide appears too simplistic to account for these findings. Our understanding of how the shared epitope may contribute to forming the molecular complex of the T-cell receptor, peptide, and HLA-DR molecule is advancing. Molecular analyses of the synovial T-cell infiltrate continue to define the various components involved in recruiting T cells to the site of synovial inflammation. Adhesion molecules, predominantly the endothelial cell ligands vascular adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, attract phenotypically selected T cells with a wide spectrum of specificities. The rheumatoid factor-positive B cells may be important antigen-presenting cells in the joint and may activate T cells with many different specificities. Rheumatoid factor immunoglobulin genes show clear evidence of somatic mutation, indicating a T cell-dependent, antigen-driven process. Thus, multiple factors contribute to the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate and may well modulate the repertoire of T cells recruited to the tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rocket plume flowfield characterization using laser Rayleigh scattering

A Doppler-resolved laser Rayleigh scattering diagnostic was applied to a 111 N thrust, regenerative and fuel-film cooled, gaseous hydrogen/gaseous oxygen rocket engine. The axial and radial mean gas velocities were measured from the net Doppler shifts observed for two different scattering angles. Translational temperatures and number densities were estimated from the Doppler widths and scattered intensities, respectively, by assuming that water was the dominant scattering species in the exhaust. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions from a full Navier-Stokes code (RD/RPLUS) and the JANNAF Two-Dimensional Kinetics (TDK) and Standardized Plume Flowfield (SPF-II) codes. Discrepancies between the measured and predicted axial velocities, temperatures, and number densities are evident. Radial velocity measurements, however, show excellent agreement with predictions. The discrepancies are attributed primarily to inefficient mixing and combustion caused by the injection of excessive oxidizer along one side of the thrust chamber. Thrust and mass flow rate estimates obtained from the Rayleigh measurements show excellent agreement with the globally measured values.
Between-Days Consistency in Personal Tempo:

Between-days performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. 60 Ss performed an accuracy task involving successive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo on each of 2 consecutive days. Between-days correlations for Ss' selected tempos of performance and for within-S variance in motor response times indicated that personal tempo is at least a moderately stable attribute.
Sydnon‐äthylene. II. Elektronische Wechselwirkungen in 4‐Styryl‐sydnonen

Sydnone Ethylenes. II. Electronic Interactions in 4-Styryl-sydnones An estimation of intramolecular donor/acceptor interactions in 4-styryl-sydnones can be made by the substituent increments Ztrans derived from the corresponding vinyl compounds and by the comparison of the u.v.-spectra of ω(E)-substituted styrols. Because of the different anisotropic effects of sydnone and aryl groups the chemical shifts of the ethylene protons are not suitable for this purpose. The observed and calculated u.v.-spectra show that the electronic excitation of 4-styryl-sydnones causes a strengthening of the sydnone donor effect and a decrease of the bond-order in the CC-region.
An experimental study of oscillatory states in a stirred reactor

Abstract Instabilities of the type which lead to sustained oscillations (limit cycles) were studied experimentally in a nonadiabatic, well-stirred, continuous-flow reactor. The study included: (1) the stabilization of unstable states by means of conventional feedback control, (2) the construction of phase-plane diagrams showing experimental limit cycles and other time-dependent behavior, and (3) comparisons of experimental results with theoretical predictions. The exothermic liquid-phase reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrogen peroxide was employed in all experiments. An empirical reaction rate expression for use in the describing equations was obtained from batch reactor experiments. Experiments were carried out with two reactors which differed only in wall thickness. The mass of the reactor with the thicker wall was sufficiently large to cause all oscillations to be damped, but for the other reactor, the mass of the wall did not seem to affect the reactor dynamics appreciably. The agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental observations was good, though there were some noticeable quantitative discrepancies in the time-dependent state.
Substrate-integrated coaxial-cavity filter with tunable center frequency and reconfigurable bandwidth

This paper presents a substrate-integrated coaxial-cavity bandpass filter with both continuous center frequency tuning and continuous bandwidth (BW) tuning. A surface mount varactor connects the center conductors of the coaxial resonators. Tuning this varactor's capacitance changes the inter-resonator coupling between the resonators and tunes the BW. Another surface mount varactor on the coplanar waveguide feed line adjusts the external coupling at different BWs. Lumped varactors are also used to capacitively load the coaxial transmission line to tune the center frequency. Measured results show a BW range of 20-100 MHz from 0.8 GHz to 1.13 GHz and a BW range of 34-40 MHz from 0.55 GHz to 1.13 GHz with return loss better than 10 dB. Peak insertion loss of 1.07 dB is measured at 1.13 GHz with 100 MHz BW. Due to dispersive inter-resonator coupling, a transmission zero occurs above the passband that sharpens skirt selectivity. Fabrication is compatible with standard PCB technology with single-layer surface-mount lumped elements as tuners.
A note on the St. Petersburg paradox

Shrisha Rao’s major academic interest is in the area of safety in distributed com-puter systems – what constitutes a safe distributed system, and how can we createdistributed systems that are safe? The motivation behind this is easy to realize; theworld of computing is increasingly distributed, with resources that are geographi-cally spread, often with no central authority or assurances of performance. Tasks andservices that a single person uses are increasingly likely to depend upon invocationsof resources that are distributed. The safety of persons or property may also dependupon the proper functioning of diverse, uncorrelated computing elements. In hisspare time, he volunteers for the American Red Cross – he is a certiﬁed instructorin First Aid and CPR, and is also trained in various disaster relief tasks.
Film Bulk Acoustic-wave Resonator (FBAR) based humidity sensor

This paper described relative humidity (RH) sensing with ZnO based Film Bulk Acoustic-wave Resonator (FBAR). The resonant frequency of the FBAR decreased in a two-stage manner as the RH increased in the environment. For low RH (RH 50%), a frequency shift of 8.5 kHz per 1% RH change was obtained, which was due to the mass loading effect of the water layers formed on the ZnO surface. Ultraviolet (UV) light was applied to monitor its effects on the humidity sensing performance of the FBAR. UV can enhance the sensitivity at low RH (response increased to 3.4 kHz per 1 % RH change), while degrade the sensitivity at high RH (response decreased to 5.7 kHz per 1% RH change). This study has proven the feasibility of measuring relative humidity using ZnO film based FBAR.
The Size‐Depth Relationship in Deep Ocean Animals

In response to Thiel's (1975). hypothesis that the food-limited deep sea is a small organism habitat, further data on average size of individuals representing various deep-sea taxa are presented. Our data were gathered with trawls and box corers between 200 and 5000 meters, in the western North Atlantic. For echinoderms, decapods and macrofauna there appears to be no steady, logarithmic decline in size with increasing depth, but fishes are bigger – deeper.
Semantic indeterminacy and the realist stance

Semantic Indeterminacy and Scientific Realism are perhaps the two most ubiquitous and influential doctrines of the Quinean corpus. My concern is to argue against neither in isolation, but against their joint compatibility. Scientific Realism, I argue, when understood as Quine's “realistic attitude” toward the posits of physical theory, is essentially intentional in character. Thus, Realism requires Intentionality. In Section 1, I provide some necessary exegesis. In Section 2, I attempt to show how this Realism/Intentionality connection arises, surprisingly, within Quine's own mature work to create a tension in his views which he does not himself resolve. In Section 3, I examine the source of the Realism/Intentionality connection more deeply, and respond to possible Quinean objections to my account. In Section 4, I consider the consequences of the connection for various debates in recent analytic philosophy.
Is there an advantage of using pressure support ventilation with volume guarantee in the initial management of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome? A pilot study.

To evaluate the feasibility of using the pressure support ventilation with volume guarantee (PSV-VG) as an initial ventilatory mode in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) after surfactant treatment to achieve accelerated weaning of peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and mean airway pressure (MAP). Initial 24-hour ventilatory parameters were compared in two groups of preterm infants managed by PSV-VG and the synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode in a randomized controlled pilot study after surfactant treatment for RDS. A total of 16 babies were randomized to PSV-VG (1198±108 g [mean±SEM]; 27.9±0.6 weeks) and 18 babies to SIMV (birth weight 1055±77 g; gestational age 27.4±0.5 weeks). Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare serial values of PIP and MAP in the two groups. The PIP and MAP decreased over time (p<0.001) during the first 24 hours after surfactant administration in both groups but the decrease in MAP was faster in the SIMV group compared to PSV-VG group (p=0.035). The median numbers of blood gases during the first 24 hours were four and two in the SIMV and PSV-VG groups, respectively (p<0.001). The overall outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups. PSV-VG did not offer any ventilatory advantage over SIMV in the initial management of surfactant-treated premature newborns with RDS except for minimizing the number of blood gases.
Reflectivity and Effectiveness of Preservice Teachers in a Unique Field Experience.

Abstract This study investigated the differences in reflections of preservice teachers' teaching effectiveness during a unique field experience called Kids' College. This field experience provided selected preservice teachers with complete ownership of the conceptual development, planning, preparation, implementation, and evaluation of their teaching. Preservice teachers team-taught interdisciplinary units involving higher order thinking skills and active involvement on the part of culturally diverse elementary-age learners. Data sources included preservice teachers' reflective journals, group and individual interviews, and professor observations. Results indicated a clear difference in reflections of preservice teachers related to their effectiveness. Systematic, guided instruction in reflectivity and instructional problem solving in field settings may be crucial to the development of teaching effectiveness.