cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium, sodium and choloride interactions in rats

Abstract In three studies the effects of changes in dietary sodium, chloride and calcium levels on urinary excretion and tissue levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were evaluated. When rats were fed moderate (5000 μg Ca/g) levels of calcium, the addition of 4600–6300 μg Na/g to the basal diet as sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate increased urinary volume. However, when rats were fed high (10,000 μg Ca/g) levels of calcium, only the addition of sodium chloride increased urinary volume. Rats fed excess sodium excreted more sodium in the urine. However, rats fed excess sodium as sodium chloride tended to excrete more sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in urine than rats fed equal amounts of sodium as sodium bicarbonate. Despite the many effects of the dietary treatments on urinary excretion, they had no effects on bone, muscle or kidney levels of sodium, potassium and phosphorus; on bone or muscle levels of calcium; or on muscle and kidney levels of magnesium. The effects of the treatments on bone magnesium levels were not consistent among studies.
The PI3K signaling pathway mediates the biological effects of leptin

The activation of the leptin receptor recruits several intracellular signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. While some of the leptin-induced signaling pathways, such as the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, induce cellular responses primarily through changes in gene expression, the PI3K pathway affects cellular properties more rapidly, through post-translational changes such as protein phosphorylation. Accordingly, several studies have shown that the PI3K pathway is required for the acute effects of leptin, such as a leptin-induced decrease in food intake. Leptin signaling through PI3K also affects the electrophysiological properties of neurons, including changes in their membrane potential and firing rates. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role played by the PI3K signaling pathway in controlling food intake and energy balance. In particular, we focus on the importance of the PI3K signaling pathway as a mediator of the effects of leptin on hypothalamic neurons.
Friction factor of two-dimensional rough-boundary turbulent soap film flows

We use momentum-transfer arguments to predict the friction factor f in two-dimensional turbulent soap film flows with rough boundaries (an analog of three-dimensional pipe flow) as a function of Reynolds number Re and roughness r , considering separately the inverse energy cascade and the forward enstrophy cascade. At intermediate Re, we predict a Blasius-like friction factor scaling of f proportional, variant Re{-1/2} in flows dominated by the enstrophy cascade, distinct from the energy cascade scaling of Re{-1/4} . For large Re, f approximately r in the enstrophy-dominated case. We use conformal map techniques to perform direct numerical simulations that are in satisfactory agreement with theory and exhibit data collapse scaling of roughness-induced criticality, previously shown to arise in the three-dimensional pipe data of Nikuradse.
Resolution of insoluble proteins in rat brain subcellular fractions

Abstract The proteins of rat brain membranes, viz., myelin, synaptic vesicles, and synaptosome membranes, have been compared by means of disc electrophoresis and contrasted to those of mitochondria, and the microsomal and soluble fractions. The protein of myelin separates into four bands, two of which have the solubility properties of proteolipids. The protein composition of synaptic vesicles is complex, since they can be resolved into at least sixteen bands. Various microsomal subfractions, viz., microsomal membranes, microsomal vesicles, and microsomes with sedimentation properties similar to synaptic vesicles, display many similarities to synaptic vesicles. These fractions are distinct, however, on the basis of a few differences in band intensity or the presence of distinct bands. Synaptosome membranes similarly separate into a complex spectrum of seventeen bands, each of which appears to be present in about equal concentration as approximated by staining intensities. The band pattern of synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, and microsomes resembles to some extent that of synaptosome membranes.
Edwardsiella andrillae , a New Species of Sea Anemone from Antarctic Ice

Exploration of the lower surface of the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica by the Submersible Capable of under-Ice Navigation and Imaging (SCINI) remotely operated vehicle discovered a new species of sea anemone living in this previously undocumented ecosystem. This discovery was a significant outcome of the Coulman High Project’s geophysical and environmental fieldwork in 2010-2011 as part of the ANDRILL (ANtarctic geologic DRILLing) program. Edwardsiella andrillae n. sp., lives with most of its column in the ice shelf, with only the tentacle crown extending into the seawater below. In addition to being the only Antarctic representative of the genus, Edwardsiella andrillae is distinguished from all other species of the genus in the number of tentacles and in the size and distribution of cnidae. The anatomy and histology of Edwardsiella andrillae present no features that explain how this animal withstands the challenges of life in such an unusual habitat.
Vida Alegre: Preliminary Findings of a Depression Intervention for Immigrant Latino Mothers

Objectives: This article reports the outcome of a pilot study of a cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) intervention—Vida Alegre (the contented life)—designed for use with depressed immigrant ...
Using Computerized Corpus Analysis To Investigate the Textlinguistic Discourse Moves of a Genre.

Abstract Recently there has been a growing interest in and recognition of the value of specialized corpora, such as learner corpora [Granger, S. (1998). The computer learner corpus: a versatile new source of data for SLA research. In S. Granger, Learner English on computer (pp. 3–18). New York: Longman], in facilitating discourse analysis. Despite this trend, most corpus-based analyses have centered on the lexico–grammatical patterning of texts with less regard for functional and rhetorical, textlinguistic aspects [Flowerdew, L. (1998). Corpus linguistic techniques applied to textlinguistics. System , 26, 541–552]. The goals of this study were: (1) to demonstrate the efficacy of a multi-level analysis of a genre-specific learner corpus that included both a hand-tagged moves-analysis coupled with a computerized analysis of lexico-grammatical features of texts; and (2) to show how a pragmatic concept such as politeness can be operationalized to allow for computer generated counts of linguistic features related to that concept. In this study of politeness strategies used by Americans, Finns, and Belgians in a learner corpus of letters of application, we found that Americans as a group tended to be much more patterned, even formulaic, in their politeness strategies. The Belgians, on the other hand, showed more individuality in their letters with the Finns exhibiting both traits to lesser degrees. In this paper we argue for a textlinguistic approach that considers the special features of genre-specific corpora.
Decision Rules with Bounded Memory

Abstract We study a model in which a decision maker has limited memory. For a large class of decision rules that may be used to select among strategies, the decision maker converges to play the maxmin strategy. The result arises not because of any inherent caution on the part of the decision maker, but because the decision maker's memory eventually contains only bad payoffs from the strategies no longer considered the best. Hence, a new rationale is provided for maxmin behavior. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers : C72, D83.
Well adjusted: Using expediting and cancelation to manage store replenishment inventory for a seasonal good

Abstract We consider an inventory problem that can be translated into a two-period newsvendor setting where the day prior to sales, the newsvendor places an initial preliminary order—a semi-binding forecast—with the publisher. At the beginning of the actual day of sales, the newsvendor has a better forecast for the day’s demand: based on knowing the actual content of the paper, he knows whether it will be a high-demand day due to breaking news or a low-demand day due to slow news. He then can revise the preliminary order quantity by expediting additional papers or canceling all or part of the order, but each of these activities has an associated cost. We find closed-form solutions for the optimal preliminary and revised orders in this two-period newsvendor problem where demand is characterized as a binary random variable in the first period and one of two general distributions in the second. At the beginning of the second period, the binary random variable has been realized and the general distribution is known. At this point, the preliminary order may be adjusted upward or downward, with these changes incurring expediting or cancelation costs, respectively.
An assessment of forest landowner interest in selling forest carbon credits in the Lake States, USA

Abstract The nation's family forest lands can be an important contributor to carbon sequestration efforts. Yet very little is known about how family forest landowners view programs that enable them to sell carbon credits generated from the growth of their forest and the compensation that would be required to encourage a meaningful level of participation. To address this information gap, we conducted a study to identify and quantify family forest landowner interest in participating in a voluntary carbon market trading program in the Lake States, USA. A mail survey was administered to 2,200 randomly selected family forest owners in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The questionnaire assessed landowner interest in participating in a hypothetical carbon credit trading program and sought information on landowner objectives and practices, perspectives on carbon credit programs and forest land characteristics. A total of 850 usable responses were received. A logistic regression model was developed to examine the factors affecting participation in a forest carbon offset project by family forest owners and estimate landowner participation probability. Results show that carbon program characteristics alongside landowner and parcel characteristics are associated with the decision to participate in a carbon credit program. Specifically, carbon credit payment amount, contract length, gender, value placed on other non-market forest amenities, need for additional income, attitude towards climate change, absentee status, land tenure and total acres owned were found to be significant determinants. Our findings indicate that carbon sequestration management may align with the ownership goals of many family forest owners in the Lake States.
Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic

Recent decades have witnessed tremendous advances in the neuroscience of emotion, learning and memory, and in animal models for understanding depression and anxiety. This review focuses on new rationally designed psychiatric treatments derived from preclinical human and animal studies. Nonpharmacological treatments that affect disrupted emotion circuits include vagal nerve stimulation, rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation, all borrowed from neurological interventions that attempt to target known pathological foci. Other approaches include drugs that are given in relation to specific learning events to enhance or disrupt endogenous emotional learning processes. Imaging data suggest that common regions of brain activation are targeted with pharmacological and somatic treatments as well as with the emotional learning in psychotherapy. Although many of these approaches are experimental, the rapidly developing understanding of emotional circuit regulation is likely to provide exciting and powerful future treatments for debilitating mood and anxiety disorders.
GenRed: A Tool for Generating and Reducing Object-Oriented Test Cases

An important goal of automatic testing techniques, including random testing is to achieve high code coverage with a minimum set of test cases. To meet this goal, random testing researchers have proposed many techniques to generate test inputs and method call sequences that yield higher code coverage. However, most proposed random testing techniques are only suitable for toy systems, and they achieve low code coverage rates while generating too many unnecessary test cases on large-scale software systems. We propose GENRED, a tool that utilizes three approaches: input on demand creation and coverage-based method selection techniques that enhance Randoop, a state-of-the-art feedback-directed random testing technique, and finally, a sequence-based reduction technique that removes redundant test cases without executing them. We evaluate GENRED as a tool to test four open-source systems. The results show that these techniques achieve branch coverage improvement by 13.7% and prune 51.8% of the test cases without sacrificing code coverage.
Method for mapping multi-axial residual stresses in continuously- processed bodies

This paper describes a method for extending the capability of the contour method to allow for the measurement of spatially varying multi-axial residual stresses in prismatic, continuously-processed bodies. Currently, the contour method is used to determine a 2D map of the residual stress normal to a plane. This work uses an approach similar to the contour method to quantify multiple components of eigenstrain in continuously-processed bodies, which are used to calculate residual stress. The result of the measurement is an estimate of the full residual stress tensor at every point in the body. The methodology is presented and the accuracy is assessed for a representative test case using a numerical experiment. Finally, a measurement is performed on a thick laser peened plate of 316L stainless steel to show that the approach is valid under real experimental conditions.
The Importance of Role Clarification in Workgroups: Effects on Perceived Role Clarity, Work Satisfaction, and Turnover Rates

This article examines how greater role clarification may be associated with increased work satisfaction and decreased turnover rates in workgroups. These linkages are examined with the use of multivariate analysis of variance and hierarchical regression analysis for data collected during two time periods from multiple sources: personnel records and an organizational survey of 1,699 employees working in 45 geographically distributed offices in a state government agency. Results indicate that offices with a high level of role clarification had significantly higher levels of work satisfaction and lower rates of turnover. Additionally, the effects of role clarification on work satisfaction and turnover behavior were mediated by overall role clarity perceived in these offices. The implications of these findings for effective management of workgroups in government agencies are discussed.
Direct two-photon resonant excitation and absolute frequency measurement of cesium transitions using a femtosecond comb

We measure the optical transition frequencies of the 6s 2S1/2 rarr 8s 2S1/2, 9s 2S1/2, and 7d 2D3/2,5/2 transitions in a 133Cs vapor cell, with an uncertainty < 100 kHz using a femtosecond laser frequency comb.
Glucose challenge stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leucocytes.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased ROS generation, oxidative injury and obesity. To elucidate the relationship between nutrition and ROS generation, we have investigated the effect of glucose challenge on ROS generation by leucocytes, p47phox protein, a key protein in the enzyme NADPH oxidase and α-tocopherol levels. Blood samples were drawn from 14 normal subjects prior to, at 1, 2 and 3 h following ingestion of 75 g glucose. ROS generation by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) and mononuclear cells (MNC) increased to a peak of 244 ± 42% and 233 ± 34% of the basal respectively at 2 h. The levels of p47phox in MNC homogenates increased significantly at 2 h and 3 h after glucose intake. α-Tocopherol levels decreased significantly at 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h. We conclude that glucose intake stimulates ROS generation and p47phox of NADPH oxidase; increases oxidative load and causes a fall in α-tocopherol concentration.
The Magicians’ Ghetto: Moving Slums and Everyday Life in a Postcolonial City

This essay elaborates a magical realist reading of urban dispossession and the displacement of slum dwellers in contemporary New Delhi. More generally it argues that realist descriptions of the magical and magical descriptions of the real can help us sense and engage the multiple, fractured temporalities of the postcolonial city. The essay foregrounds an impending slum demolition in postcolonial Delhi’s (in)famous magicians’ ghetto in the heart of the city, excavating a concept of ‘moving slums’ from Salman Rushdie’s classic magical realist text Midnight’s Children. The interpretive concept of ‘moving slums’ describes the precarious temporality of slum demolition and re-settlement in postcolonial Delhi, juxtaposing dominant urbanist ideologies with everyday experiences and narratives of urban change. In societies deeply marked by the historical violence of uneven development, moving slums index the haunted morphology of the postcolonial city.
Developmental-genetic effects on level and change in childhood fears of twins during adolescence.

Background: If the adaptive significance of specific fears changes with age, the genetic contribution to individual differences may be lowest at the age of greatest salience. The roles of genes and environment in the developmental-genetic trajectory of five common childhood fears are explored in 1094 like-sex pairs of male and female monozygotic and dizygotic twins assessed on up to three occasions during adolescence (ages 8–18 years). Methods: Dichotomous self-ratings of a cluster of five correlated fears from Ollendick’s schedule of fears (FSSC-R) were extracted for subjects at each occasion of assessment. The effects of genes and environment on overall level of fears and rates of adolescent decline were explored by fitting an item-response theory (‘IRT’) model that allowed for individual genetic and environmental differences in initial fear level (‘intercept’) and rates of adolescent change (‘slope’) across the repeated waves of measurement. Different forms of the model were explored using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to derive the posterior distribution of subject and item parameters from the raw responses. Results: Additive genetic differences affect the common factor underlying the five fear-items. The same genes also affect rates of change with age, especially in boys. Male adolescents with higher overall genetic predisposition to childhood fears tended to show slower recovery with age than subjects with relatively low initial values. Thus, the genetic variance apparently increases with age. Conclusions: This finding is consistent with a prediction that the regulation of genetic differences will be strongest, and thus the additive genetic variance will be smallest, at the age when the particular stimulus is most salient. Items differed in the extent to which they were sensitive to underlying random differences in the rate of developmental change. Individual differences in rates of change with age were more marked in boys than girls.
Contextos comunitários favoráveis ao bem-estar

Este trabalho focaliza-se na “minimizacao dos erros contextuais” que significa a tendencia para se ignorar a influencia das zonas de residencia e dos contextos comunitarios nos comportamentos humanos. Este erro tem implicacoes na compreensao dos processos psicologicos e nas accoes orientadas para a mudanca social. Descreve-se um conjunto de modelos teoricos que explicam como as zonas de residencia e os contextos comunitarios estao associados a varios aspectos do bem-estar humano enfatizando as ligacoes entre os contextos e a saude, o stress , os comportamentos de risco, as atitudes e o desenvolvimento infantil. Sugere-se assim, que muitos processos psicologicos podem verificar-se de forma diferenciada consoante os contextos e que os factores contextuais interferem nas caracteristicas socio-culturais dos individuos. As pessoas, por seu lado, podem modificar os contextos comunitarios e a compreensao mais aprofundada dos efeitos dos contextos tudo dependendo de abordagens mais sofisticadas para os avaliar.
A Comprehensive Study of the Reaction NH2 + NO → Products: Reaction Rate Coefficients, Product Branching Fractions, and ab Initio Calculations

We have undertaken a comprehensive study of the reaction NH2(X2B1) + NO → N2 + H2O (1a) and NH2(X 2B1) + NO → N2H + OH → N2 + H + OH (1b). Experimental measurements of the reaction rate coefficient and product branching fraction are combined with accurate ab initio calculations to give a detailed picture of this important reaction. The rate constant of reaction 1 was investigated in the temperature range 203 K ≤ T ≤ 813 K using the laser photolysis/CW laser-induced fluorescence technique for production and detection of NH2. The rate coefficient was found to be pressure independent between 10 and 100 Torr and is well described by k1(T) = 1.65 × 10-7T -1.54 exp (−93 K/T) cm3/(molecule·s). The deuterium kinetic isotope effect for the reactions of NH2 and ND2 with NO was investigated at temperatures between 210 and 481 K. A small, temperature-independent isotope effect of kH/kD = 1.05 ± 0.03 was found. Additional experimental work focused on measuring the product branching fraction for production of OH, Φ1b, ...
Treatment of spinal cord impact injury in the rat with transforming growth factor-β

Abstract To investigate the contribution of cytokines, proinflammatory TNF-α and inhibitory TGF-β, to spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model, two studies were performed using adult Sprague–Dawley rats which were injured at T9/T10. In the first study, rats were sacrificed at 1, 6, 24, 96 and 168 h after SCI for immunocytochemistry of coronal sections for the presence of mononuclear phagocytes, astrocytes, TNF-α and TGF-β, among other markers. From intervening frozen sections, RNA was extracted for semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of TNF-α and TGF-β. In the second experiment, rats were treated with intravenous TGF-β 30 min after injury and sacrificed at 6 and 48 h after injury. Spinal cord sections were immunocytochemically stained and RNA extracted for semiquantitative PCR as mentioned above, as well as quantitation of lesion volume. There were increases in mononuclear phagocytes and astrocytes, as early as 1 h after SCI, with steady progression over 168 h after injury. TNF-α and TGF-β was produced locally by mononuclear phagocytes and astrocytes. There was an 18-h delay in peak mRNA production of TGF-β compared to TNF-α. The treatment of SCI rats with TGF-β reduced lesion volume by 50% at 48 h and this was associated with decreased accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes in and around the injury site. This reduction of mononuclear phagocyte numbers around the site of trauma would reduce their contribution to secondary injury.
Decision points: the factors influencing the decision to feed in the medicinal leech

The decision to feed is a complex task that requires making several small independent choices. Am I hungry? Where do I look for food? Is there something better I’d rather be doing? When should I stop? With all of these questions, it is no wonder that decisions about feeding depend on several sensory modalities and that the influences of these sensory systems would be evident throughout the nervous system. The leech is uniquely well suited for studying these complicated questions due to its relatively simple nervous system, its exceptionally well-characterized behaviors and neural circuits, and the ease with which one can employ semi-intact preparations to study the link between physiology and decision-making. We will begin this review by discussing the cellular substrates that govern the decision to initiate and to terminate a bout of feeding. We will then discuss how feeding temporarily blocks competing behaviors from being expressed while the animal continues to feed. Then we will review what is currently known about how feeding affects long-term behavioral choices of the leech. Finally, we conclude with a short discussion of the advantages of the leech’s decision-making circuit’s design and how this design might be applicable to all decision circuits.
Robust Computer Vision

This special issue is dedicated to examining the use of techniques from robust statistics in solving computer vision problems. It represents a milestone of recent progress within a subarea of our field that is nearly as old as the field itself, but has seen rapid growth over the past decade. Our Introduction considers the meaning of robustness in computer vision, summarizes the papers, and outlines the relationship between techniques in computer vision and statistics as a means of highlighting future directions. It complements the available reviews on this topic [12, 13].
Urothelial Cytotoxicity and Regeneration Induced by Dimethylarsinic Acid in Rats

Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen of the skin and respiratory tract. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that it is also carcinogenic to the urinary bladder and other internal organs. Lack of an animal model has limited progress on understanding the mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis. It was recently reported that high doses of an organic arsenical, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), increased urinary bladder tumors in rats when administered in the diet or in the drinking water for 2 years, with the female being more sensitive than the male. We previously showed that high doses of DMA (40 or 100 ppm of the diet) fed for 10 weeks increased urothelial cell proliferation in the rat. Treatment with DMA also increased renal calcification and increased urinary calcium concentration. In 2 experiments, we examined the urothelial proliferative effects of treatment with 100 ppm DMA in the diet in female F344 rats for 2 and 10 weeks and for 6 and 24 h, and 3, 7, and 14 days. Cytotoxic changes in the urothelium were evident by SEM as early as 6 h after treatment was begun. Foci of cellular necrosis were detected after 3 days of treatment, followed by widespread necrosis of the urothelium after 7 days of treatment. The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index was not increased until after 7 days of treatment, suggesting that administration of DMA results in cytotoxicity with necrosis, followed by regenerative hyperplasia of the bladder epithelium. Although the rat provides an animal model to study the urothelial effects of DMA, the relevance of this finding to inorganic arsenic carcinogenesis in humans must be extrapolated cautiously, due to the high doses of DMA necessary to produce these changes in the rat and the differences in metabolism of arsenicals in rodents, especially rats, compared to humans.
Plasma volume late in pregnancy.

Abstract Plasma volume was determined by chromatographic extraction and spectrophotometric determination of Evans blue in pregnant women a month before delivery and at term, as well as in nonpregnant control subjects. The mean value at term was not significantly lower than that at the the thirty-sixth week. However, a majority of the subjects showed lower individual values at term but very few exhibited a loss in volume which might have been of clinical importance. The relationship of this finding to the management of cardiac disease in pregnant women is discussed briefly. A previously reported mean increase of 40 per cent in plasma volume during pregnancy is confirmed in this larger series of observations.
Poly[[tri-μ-cyanido-cyanido(1,4,10,13-tetra­oxa-7,16-diaza­cyclo­octa­deca­ne)barium(II)platinum(II)] hemihydrate]

The title compound, {[BaPt(CN)4(C12H26N2O4)]·0.5H2O}n, is a two-dimensional coordination polymer in which the sheets are oriented approximately parallel to the (\overline{1}01) set of crystal planes. In the crystal structure, disordered water mol­ecules (half occupancy) connect the sheets into a three-dimensional network via inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. An N—H⋯N inter­action is also present. The shortest Pt⋯Pt contacts are 7.5969 (4) A by an inversion relationship and 7.6781 (4) A by translation along the a axis.
Constant-Factor Approximation for TSP with Disks

We revisit the traveling salesman problem with neighborhoods (TSPN) and present the first constant-ratio approximation for disks in the plane: Given a set of n disks in the plane, a TSP tour whose length is at most O(1) times the optimal can be computed in time that is polynomial in n. Our result is the first constant-ratio approximation for a class of planar convex bodies of arbitrary size and arbitrary intersections.
Recent Muon Physics at SREL

As most here know, the SREL facility in Virginia is a 600 MeV synchrocyclotron which has steadily produced both an extracted proton beam and various meson beams since 1967. The muon channel facility shown in Figure 1 presently delivers beams of high duty cycle to the Meson Cave with the following intensities: backward μ− − 3 x 105 sec−1 and backward μ+ − 1 x 105 sec−1. During the coming month of July the channel will be rotated in order to bring it closer to the machine. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the muon levels will thereby increase by about 50% because of the improved acceptance.
Assisted Reproductive Technology & The Double-Bind: The Illusory Choice of Motherhood

This article argues that assisted reproductive technology (ART) is mistakenly regarded as equitable accommodation for women and their families who wish to delay pregnancies in order to avoid discrimination. Pregnancy and motherhood discrimination, I argue, are "soft," but real discrimination that create "double binds" for women who believe they must choose between the pursuit of a career and early motherhood. For these young women, they understand or are advised by older women to delay pregnancy to increase their chances of "fair" opportunity at law firms, businesses, or university posts. This article describes this type of discrimination as "soft" because it exists without an actual act committed against a woman, the perception of discrimination is subjective, and therefore might be difficult to prove in traditional modes of adjudication. Yet, studies confirm that young women increasingly delay pregnancies, often against their preference, in order to avoid employment discrimination or the "pink collar" glass ceiling. Existing public policy ignores this type of invidious discrimination and even accommodates it by promoting assisted reproductive technology as the solution to early career challenges. Yet reliance on ART to resolve this larger public policy issue detracts from addressing pregnancy and motherhood discrimination in the workplace and levies the burden on women to use biotechnology to resolve inequitable treatment in employment settings. In this context public policy refuses to hold law firms, corporations, and universities accountable for soft discrimination. Further, as demonstrated in this article, ART treatments pose very serious health risks to mothers and fetuses, and thus are not real options, but an illusory choice of motherhood and career advancement. This article addresses law, culture, and science of reproductive technology, focusing primarily on the maternal double bind nurtured by dynamics of unequal structural relationships in society.
The ML scale in eastern North America

An attenuation curve for the local magnitude scale, ML , of eastern North American (ENA) earthquakes was empirically determined using synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms derived from newly available broadband recordings from the U.S. National Seismographic Network (USNSN) and from additional stations of comparable quality. Wood-Anderson peak amplitudes measured on approximately 210 three-component, broadband digital records from 38 earthquakes in the distance range of 50 to 800 km were inverted for the attenuation curve and magnitude of each event. The earthquakes ranged from ML = 2.2 to 4.6 and were recorded at about 20 stations in the region. Separate attenuation curves were determined for the N-S, E-W, and vertical components, as well as for the mean of the two horizontal components. All curves had similar slopes indicating that ML can be determined from any one of the three components available. The Wood-Anderson peak amplitude phases were predominantly Lg waves arriving with a mean group velocity of 3.40 ± 0.23 km/sec and a mean period of 0.50 ± 0.26 sec. ML for earthquakes in ENA can be obtained from the horizontal-component Wood-Anderson peak amplitude in millimeters, A (Δ), using the formula ML = log10 A (Δ) (in mm) + 1.55 log10 Δ (in km) − 0.22 + C , for distances 100 to 800 km and 2.2 ≦ ML ≦ 4.6 and where C = station magnitude correction. The ML is tied to Richter's (1935) ML scale for southern California. A similar formula is given to determine ML from the vertical-component synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms. ML is related to Nuttli's mb ( Lg ) by ML = 0.976 mb ( Lg ) − 0.05 for earthquakes with 2.2 ≦ ML ≦ 4.6 in ENA. Analysis of six additional large earthquakes with ML ≧ 5 indicates that ML ≈ mb ( Lg ) − 0.15 in a wide magnitude range of 2 ≦ ML ≦ 6.5 in ENA.
An Interference-Resilient Wideband Mixer-First Receiver With LO Leakage Suppression and I/Q Correlated Orthogonal Calibration

A mixer-first receiver design in 28-nm CMOS is discussed. An embedded 5-bit mixer digital-to-analog converter provides wideband tuneability to enhance device matching and, hence, suppress the multiple local oscillator (LO) harmonics as well as to improve the overall image rejection (IR) performance. Two-stage baseband amplifiers support a 50-MHz baseband bandwidth, which covers the entire channel for long-term evolution non-contiguous carrier aggregation. The proposed design effectively reduce multiple LO harmonics down to below $-{\hbox{62 dBm}}$ . The system achieves 2.6-dB noise figure, $> {\hbox{15-dBm}}$ out-of-band third-order input intercept point, and an IR ratio $> {\hbox{66 dB}}$ with 60-mW power, including five on-chip low dropout regulators.
High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Thermal Oxidation of Single Crystalline Aluminum Nitride

The impact of process conditions and crystal properties on the structure of thermal oxides formed on AlN were determined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Oxidation for 2 hours at both 800 ° and 1000 °C produced mostly amorphous oxide layers whereas oxidation for 4 and 6 hours at 1000 °C produced partly crystalline and epitaxial oxide layers. The crystalline oxide was mostly single phase a-Al2O3 except at the surface where it was a mixture of γ-Al2O3 and a-Al2O3. The amorphous oxide layer first transformed to γ-Al2O3 and then to the stable a-Al2O3 as evidenced by the non-uniform thickness of the oxide and the existence of the γ-Al2O3 at the surface. The AlN crystal contained a high density of defects at the interface at 800 °C but it was nearly defect- and oxygen-free at 1000 °C. This could be due to the rapid diffusion of the nitrogen and aluminum interstitials at high temperatures leading to a point defect equilibrium throughout the nitride. A faceted interface between Al2O3 and AlN could be attributed to non-uniform out diffusion of aluminum.
Borderless Wars: Civil Military Disorder and Legal Uncertainty

In 2011, Nasser Al-Awlaki, a terrorist on the US 'kill list' in Yemen, was targeted by the CIA. A week later, a military strike killed his son. The following year, the US Ambassador to Pakistan resigned, undermined by CIA-conducted drone strikes of which he had no knowledge or control. The demands of the new, borderless 'gray area' conflict have cast civilians and military into unaccustomed roles with inadequate legal underpinning. As the Department of Homeland Security defends against cyber threats and civilian contractors work in paramilitary roles abroad, the legal boundaries of war demand to be outlined. In this book, former Under Secretary of the Air Force Antonia Chayes examines these new 'gray areas' in counterinsurgency, counter-terrorism and cyber warfare. Her innovative solutions for role definition and transparency will establish new guidelines in a rapidly evolving military-legal environment.
The secondary flow in Newtonian fluid flow in annulus with the inner cylinder executing a planetary motion

To analyze the carrying capability of drilling fluid in the wellbore and to prevent bit freezing on the basis of establishing the governing equations of the flow of Newtonian fluid in annulus with the inner cylinder executing a planetary motion and obtaining the distribution functions of stream function and axial velocity by resolution, the distribution curves of streamline of such flow are plotted. It is found that there is secondary flow that exists in the flow of Newtonian fluid in annulus with the inner cylinder executing a planetary motion. The distribution of secondary flow are related to these reasons, such as the directions and velocities of the rotation and revolution of the inner cylinder, eccentric distance of the annulus.
Design and Realization of Integrated Pumping Control System for Huai'an Irrigation Canal

After introducing the Jiangsu Province Main Irrigation Canal Huai'an Hydro Junction and its sub-systems,the system structure,main devices and their associated functions of the centralized control system are presented in detail in this paper. The system adopts the design scheme of network division,and the network is divided into control region and management region,which are connected with network safety isolation devices. The scheme greatly improves the safety of the Huai'an Hydro Junction's monitoring control system and provides a reference for similar projects.
Conservative Renal Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma in Von Hippel-Lindau’s Disease

AbstractA total of 19 patients with renal cell carcinoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau’s disease is described. Of the 7 patients with unilateral disease of low grade and stage 6 were treated with a renal sparing operation and 1 with radical nephrectomy. They had no evidence of disease during followup of up to 12 years (mean 4.8 years). Of the 12 patients with bilateral disease 3 presented with tumors of low grade and stage, and were treated successfully with a conservative operation. In the remaining 9 patients disease of high grade and stage had progressed and 6 died. Conservative renal operation is best suited for the typical tumor of low grade and stage, and preferably unilateral disease, associated with von Hippel-Lindau’s disease. For bilateral disease of low grade and stage a similar conservative approach may be considered with caution. However, in the presence of high stage and multicentric tumors, most patients with bilateral tumors are probably better served by radical nephrectomy and subsequ...
Using Microfluidics to Investigate Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Microniche Interactions at the Single Cell Level

In recent years, microfluidic devices have become widely used in biology, and with the advantage of requiring low sample volumes, enables previously technologically infeasible experiments in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) research. Here, we introduce a microfluidic device to investigate dynamic interactions between HSC and model niches in vitro. The device comprises a pneumatic valve which enables the culturing of different types of niche cells in different parts of the same device. Single HSCs can then be injected into the microfluidic device, manipulated, and placed onto different niches within the same device as controlled by the user. Here, we describe the device fabrication method, the HSC collection methodology, and the operational procedure for the device.
Data Organisation and Archiving

Everyone has their own way of taking notes and organising data. Some insist on hardback books, others swear by index cards and folders, and others use spare envelopes. Many transcribe and organise data directly on a computer and use little paper at all. The aim of this chapter is not to tell you which notebook to use. Rather, I raise some of the issues in data collection and organisation which you should think about. I also give a checklist for some of the metalinguistic data you should be collecting and some thoughts on how to store it.
Coherence Properties of Light Propagating in a One-Dimensional Lorentz Medium

In recent years, the longitudinal coherence properties of electron and neutron wave packets have been investigated1,2 and it was shown that their coherence length remains unchanged even though the length of the wave packet increases on propagation3,4. It was suggested in ref. 3 that the similar result might hold for light which propagates in a dispersive medium, because of the well-known analogy between the propagation of free particles in quantum mechanics and that of a classical fields in dispersive media. However, there is an essential difference between the two cases, because causality demands that a dispersive medium be necessarily also absorbing. In this paper, we discuss the coherence properties of fields which propagate in a one-dimensional medium which is dispersive and absorptive. We illustrate the results by examples.
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LUNG DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX HYDROGELS

ix Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease and Unmet Clinical Needs 2 1.4 Natural Barrier and Immune Systems in the lung 5 1.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Chronic Inflammation 7 1.4 Naturally Derived Extracellular Matrix Biomaterials 11 2 Chapter 2: Research Design 16 Rationale and Major Hypotheses 16 Specific Aims 17 Overview 18 3 Chapter 3: Decellularization of Porcine Lung Tissue 19 3.
Considerazioni intorno al Liber XIIII di Costanzo Antegnati (Venezia 1603) e alle tecniche compositive impiegate nella Missa Borromea, in due mottetti e in una canzon francese

Costanzo Antegnati e una figura di primo piano del ‘rinascimento musicale bresciano’. La sua poliedrica attivita di organaro, organista, teorico e compositore ha destato a piu riprese gli interessi degli studiosi. Le indagini musicologiche hanno tuttavia privalegiato la sua produzione organaria e teorica, a scapito di quella compositiva non strettamente organistica, nonostante questa fosse vissuta dallo stesso Antegnati come esperienza complementare alla sua «principal professione» di costruttore d’organi. Delle raccolte di composizioni pervenuteci, e in particolare il Liber XIIII del 1603 a non aver ricevuto finora adeguate attenzioni, nonostante si distingua all’interno del corpus antegnatiano non solo per l’ampio organico previsto (dodici voci divise in tre cori, coi rispettivi bassi per l’organo), ma anche per i riflessi sulle vicende biografiche dell’artista che vi si possono scorgere. Il presente contributo mira a colmare questa lacuna, offrendo una prima indagine sistematica della raccolta e del suo contenuto. Dopo un inquadramento della silloge policorale sulla base di recenti ricerche d’archivio, verranno analizzate le tecniche compositive impiegate da Antegnati in alcuni brani esemplificativi dell’antologia.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Cognitive Deficits

The effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and related contaminants on the CNS function of infants born to women who had consumed Lake Michigan sports fish have been investigated in 236 children previously evaluated for PCB-related deficits in infancy and reassessed at four years of age in the Psychology Department, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI and the Michigan Department of Public Health, Lansing, MI.
Introduction to Preharvest Food Safety

This introductory article provides an overview of preharvest food safety activities and initiatives for the past 15 years. The section on traditional areas of preharvest food safety focuses on significant scientific advancements that are a culmination of collaborative efforts (both public health and agriculture) and significant research results. The highlighted advancements provide the foundation for exploring future preharvest areas and for improving and focusing on more specific intervention/control/prevention strategies. Examples include Escherichia coli and cattle, Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry, and interventions and prevention and control programs. The section on "nontraditional" preharvest food safety areas brings attention to potential emerging food safety issues and to future food safety research directions. These include organic production, the FDA's Produce Rule (water and manure), genomic sequencing, antimicrobial resistance, and performance metrics. The concluding section emphasizes important themes such as strategic planning, coordination, epidemiology, and the need for understanding food safety production as a continuum. Food safety research, whether at the pre- or postharvest level, will continue to be a fascinating complex web of foodborne pathogens, risk factors, and scientific and policy interactions. Food safety priorities and research must continue to evolve with emerging global issues, emerging technologies, and methods but remain grounded in a multidisciplinary, collaborative, and systematic approach.
Nowa fala fanatyzmu w nauce

It is a review of Michael J. Behe’s book titled Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (The Free Press, New York 1996), containing the criticism of evolutionary theory. Author tries to discredit intelligent design theory, of which Behe is a proponent, on methodological grounds. According to the author, it is unscientific theory because it cannot be falsified. Moreover, in his opinion, it is an manifestation of „crank science” – it can be treated in the same way as homeopathy or polywater theory.