cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Estimates for Nonlinear Conservation Laws with Applications to Solutions of the Burgers Equation and One-Dimensional Viscous Flow in a Shock Tube by Central Difference Schemes

where u(θ) = uj + θ(uj+1 − uj). With careful treatment of the boundary conditions, this provides a path to the construction of non-dissipative stable discretizations of the governing equations. If shock waves appear in the solution, the discretization must be augmented by appropriate shock operators to account for the dissipation of energy by the shock waves. In the case of the viscous Burgers equation, it is also shown that shock waves can be fully resolved by non-dissipative discretizations of this type with a fine enough mesh, such that the cell Reynolds number ≤ 2. The results are extended to the equations of gas dynamics. Two schemes are proposed, entropy preserving (EP) and kinetic energy preserving (KEP). Both are applied to the direct numerical simulation of one-dimensional viscous flow in a shock-tube.
Research of Public Cognition Degree for Adverse Drug Reaction of Different Populations

Objective To investigate the cognition degree on adverse drug reactions (ADR) of the dif- ferent populations as to improve and promote the ADR monitoring. Methods A questionnaire was surveied and analyzed among the public, the people involved in production and management units for medicine and medical staff. Results Totally 3 100 questionnaires were collected and 3 026 of them were qualified and then were analyzed. 95.3% of the people who had been investigated knew the ADR, 64.7% didn't know the causes of the ADR, 19.5% didn't know that ADR should be reported, 25.8% didn't know how to report, Nearly 50% should be improved on ADR related knowledge, 86.1% believed that ADR relevant training was necessary. Conclusion Both propaganda and educa- tion should be strengthened to improve the ADR monitoring consciousness of all the people especially the pharmaceutical and medical professional staff. The medical administration and drug supervision de- partments should strengthen cooperation and push forward the revision of the ADR monitoring rele- vant laws and regulations, so as to ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication.
Platelet-agglutinating protein P37 from a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma forms a complex with human immunoglobulin G

We have previously reported the purification of a 37-kd platelet-agglutinating protein (PAP p37) from the plasma of a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) that was shown to be present in a subset of TTP patients. The platelet agglutination induced by PAP p37 has been shown to be inhibited by IgG from normal human adults and the same TTP patient after recovery. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibition of IgG, the interaction between PAP p37 and IgG was studied. The complex formation was demonstrated by the binding of fluid-phase IgG from normal adults and the same TTP patient after recovery to adsorbed PAP by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The binding was specific, concentration dependent, and saturable. IgG purified from a 5-month-old baby and the same TTP patient during active disease did not form complex with PAP p37. The IgG covalently cross-linked to Sepharose 4B bound 125I-PAP p37 but not 125I-fibrinogen. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of a mixture of 125I-PAP p37 and IgG also revealed the fluid-phase complex formation with a sedimentation value of 19S. Complexes of molecular weight ranging from 180,000 to over 350,000 daltons were also detected by molecular sieve chromatography. The IgG that was bound to PAP p37 conjugated to Sepharose 4B inhibited the agglutination of washed platelets induced by TTP plasma containing PAP p37, whereas the IgG that was not bound to PAP p37 did not have a significant inhibitory effect. The complex formation between PAP p37 and specific IgG is likely to account for the in vitro inhibition of TTP plasma-induced agglutination and, at least partly, the in vivo successful treatment with specific IgG-containing normal plasma.
Colour Coding in the Primate Retinogeniculate System

This presentation considers how information about color vision is coded in the retinogeniculate pathway in primates and how this information may be decoded by visual cortex.
Soft-tissue balance in revision total knee arthroplasty. Surgical technique.

Medial and lateral soft-tissue releases to correct varus and valgus deformities in primary total knee arthroplasty are achieved by sequential release of contracted soft-tissue constraints or, occasionally, advancement of elongated ligaments1-3. In primary total knee arthroplasty, soft-tissue constraints are typically well-defined anatomical structures, whereas, in revision total knee arthroplasty, the soft-tissue constraints may be thickened and scarred, attenuated, or absent. Soft-tissue balance in revision total knee arthroplasty is achieved by a combination of soft-tissue releases and variation in the bone resection level, implant position, and implant size4. ### Relationship Between Medial-Lateral and Flexion-Extension Balancing Medial-lateral soft-tissue balance depends on the length of the collateral ligaments and musculotendinous constraints, which may be contracted or elongated as a result of prior surgery and/or deformity. Balance of the collateral ligaments implies that the soft-tissue tension on the medial and lateral sides of the knee, as determined with varus and valgus stress-testing with spacer blocks or trial components in place, is symmetric. This may require release of contracted soft tissues (Fig. 1). Medial-lateral soft-tissue balance may be different in flexion and extension because the posterior capsule and the hamstring tendons contribute to medial-lateral stability in full extension whereas they are lax during flexion (Fig. 2). Medial-lateral soft-tissue balance in flexion depends on the integrity of the collateral ligaments. Soft-tissue balance may be achieved in full extension but not in flexion if one of the collateral ligaments is lax. FIG. 1 A: Diagram of a trapezoidal extension space after distal femoral and tibial bone cuts with a shortened medial collateral ligament. B: Diagram of a trapezoidal flexion space after posterior femoral and tibial bone cuts with a shortened medial …
The reliability of the American Community Survey for injury surveillance

Background To evaluate the reliability and predictability of 49 socioeconomic indicators constructed from the annual and multiyear American Community Survey (ACS) data cycles for monitoring injury inequalities across the USA. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the 2006–2013 annual and multiyear county-level ACS data cycles. Indicator reliability was assessed using the margin of error and coefficient of variation (CV). Overlapping multiyear data cycles were assessed for statistical dependence in the estimates. Negative binomial regression models were constructed from a selection of the most reliable indicators over time and across all data cycles using all-cause unintentional and homicide-related mortality records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Results Fewer than half of all indicators for each data cycle generated ‘high reliability’ CV estimates for at least 95% of all census counties. Indicator reliability did not linearly improve with increasing sample size afforded from the multiyear surveys. On average, changes in socioeconomic conditions for the same geographic areas were statistically significantly different (p<0.05) in 14% (rage 0–99%) to 16% (rage 0–93%) of all overlapping multiyear data cycles. ACS indicators that were among the most reliable across data cycles corroborated variable relationships derived using estimates from the 2000 decennial census and corresponding NCHS records for that year. Conclusions Few of the socioeconomic indicators previously used to measure injury disparities are consistently reliable across all ACS data cycles. Researchers should be judicious when selecting consecutive multiyear data cycles to approximate changes in annual socioeconomic conditions. Among the indicators that are reliable, it is advisable to use estimates from the annual ACS data cycle as a crude barometer of injury inequalities and the multiyear files to confirm and add precedence to national trends every three and five years.
DIGGING DEEPER: Bringing a Systems Approach to Food Systems: The Many Uses of a New Report on Food Systems Assessments

First paragraph: A new contribution to the efforts to bring a systems approach to food systems work is the report A Framework for Assessing the Effects of the Food System (Institute of Medicine [IOM] & National Research Council [NRC], 2015a). It was released a year ago and became available for purchase in June 2015. I was a member of the committee that prepared and wrote the report under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council and I want to highlight in this column what I see as the report's multiple uses. The task presented to the committee was to propose a framework that could be utilized by researchers and stakeholders to assist in food and agriculture decision-making. We were also asked to provide examples of current food system issues for which there are present and future alternatives, and for which the utilization of the framework could be helpful in decision-making. The charge was to develop the framework and not to do any actual analyses of a particular issue....
miR-146a suppresses STAT3/VEGF pathways and reduces apoptosis through IL-6 signaling in primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cells in high glucose conditions

microRNA (miRNA) play critical roles in the pathological processes of diabetic retinopathy, including inflammatory responses, insulin signaling, and angiogenesis. In addition to their regulatory functions on gene expression, miRNA is considered as a potential therapeutic target, as well as a diagnostic marker for many diseases. Our understanding on the pathological mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy is still incomplete and additional investigations are required to develop novel therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate our hypothesis that miR-146a plays a role in suppressing pro-inflammatory pathways, involving STAT3 and VEGF, through regulating IL-6 signaling to reduce apoptosis of human retinal endothelial cells (REC) in high glucose conditions. Human REC were cultured in normal (5mM) glucose or high glucose medium (25mM) for 3days. We performed transfections on REC with miRNA mimics (hsa-miR-146a-5p). Overexpression of miR-146a reduced IL-6 levels, STAT3 phosphorylation, and VEGF levels in REC cultured in high glucose. Cellular apoptosis was decreased in REC overexpressing miR-146a, as demonstrated by the inhibition of DNA fragmentation. More importantly, we demonstrated that the regulatory role of miR-146a on STAT3/VEGF and apoptosis was mediated by IL-6 receptor signaling in REC. Overall, we report that miR-146a suppressed IL-6 signaling, leading to reduced levels of STAT3 and VEGF in REC in high glucose conditions, leading to decreased apoptosis. The outcome suggests that miR-146a is a potential molecular target for inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis in the diabetic retina through the suppression of the IL-6-mediated STAT3/VEGF pathway.
Legal Issues: Creative Law and Section 230

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act (CDA - found at Title 47, Section 230 of the United States Code, available online at http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230) is among the more frustrating technology laws. Enacted in 1995 during the early days of the Internet’s life as a global communication platform, most of the CDA was designed to regulate offensive content on the Internet, and was quickly struck down by the courts for violating Free Speech rights. Section 230, however, survived. Section 230 provides that internet service providers–at that time focused on providers like America Online and CompuServe–would not be liable for content provided by others. The law was designed to allow the Internet to thrive by ensuring that service providers would not be held responsible for content which they have no control over. The law says that “No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider.” Over the years that has come to mean that the law applies not only to ISP’s like America Online, Comcast, and AT&T, but also any website that obtains and serves content from third parties. Consequently, websites hosting videos, forum and blog comments, “gripes” are not responsible for the content provided by those third parties.
Increased expression of M1 and M2 phenotypic markers in isolated microglia after four-day binge alcohol exposure in male rats.

Abstract Microglia activation and neuroinflammation are common features of neurodegenerative conditions, including alcohol use disorders (AUDs). When activated, microglia span a continuum of diverse phenotypes ranging from classically activated, pro-inflammatory (M1) microglia/macrophages to alternatively activated, growth-promoting (M2) microglia/macrophages. Identifying microglia phenotypes is critical for understanding the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of AUDs. Therefore, male rats were gavaged with 25% (w/v) ethanol or isocaloric control diet every 8 h for 4 days and sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, and 7 days after alcohol exposure (e.g., T0, T2, etc.). Microglia were isolated from hippocampus and entorhinal cortices by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Cells were labeled with microglia surface antigens and analyzed by flow cytometry. Consistent with prior studies, isolated cells yielded a highly enriched population of brain macrophages/microglia (>95% pure), evidenced by staining for the macrophage/microglia antigen CD11b. Polarization states of CD11b + CD45 low microglia were evaluated by expression of M1 surface markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, CD32, CD86, and M2 surface marker, CD206 (mannose receptor). Ethanol-treated animals begin to show increased expression of M1 and M2 markers at T0 ( p = n.s.), with significant changes at the T2 time point. At T2, expression of M1 markers, MHC-II, CD86, and CD32 were increased ( p p
LMX the Game: A Game Facilitating a Learning Experience on LMX in the Workplace

This article introduces an exercise that allows students the opportunity to experience firsthand the feelings of ‘in’ and ‘out’ group membership discussed in leader-member exchange theory. Using a ...
Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma: Review and update

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor with most occurring in the distal extremities of adult patients. It has a high rate of local recurrence and a low rate of metastasis. Because it may appear benign on clinical examination, and because the microscopic features are generally underrecognized, it is often inadequately treated and misdiagnosed. In this review, based upon experience and that of the literature, the intent is to highlight salient clinicopathologic features, detail the broad microscopic spectrum including high-grade aggressive variants, review the molecular features, and discuss its relation to hemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor.
Perspectives on stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a maturing treatment modality.

In 2017, The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) published the long-awaited guideline on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1). This much needed document provides practical guidance to clinical radiation oncologists in making evidence-based decisions for the treatment of early-stage NSCLC patients under frequently complicated clinical scenarios.
Response to and Emergency Relief Efforts for the Selected Disasters

Since the beginning of this century, more than 100 major natural and man-made disasters occurred in different parts of the world. Each one of these disasters was followed by a massive emergency relief operation that lasted months. Five of these operations have been selected to evaluate the effectiveness of each one of them by exploring weaknesses and strengths of each selected operation. In doing so, basic statistics associated with each selected disasters, and domestic and international response, along with economic, health, and other impacts, are discussed. The selected disasters are: the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2005 Hurricane Katrina, 2005 Kashmir Earthquake, 2010 Haiti Earthquake, and 2017 Famine in South Sudan. Although each relief effort was confronted with unique challenges and problems, and achieved varying degree of success, there are many commonalities among their operations. The information presented in this chapter is essential for improving both public and private response to future disaster relief operations. Additionally, each of the operation considered in this chapter is fundamental for understanding the dynamics of the relief process.
A Table for Rinott's Selection Procedure

Rinott proposed an exact two-stage solution to the ranking and selection problem of determining which of k normal distributions has the largest mean. This paper supplies the exact constants needed to apply Rinott's solution...
Mathematische Optimierung — Kurzübersicht

Die allgemeine Aufgabenstellung der mathematischen Optimierung haben wir bereits im Kap.1 kennengelernt: Es ist eine Funktion (Zielfunktion/Optimierungskriterium) zu minimie-ren oder maximieren d.h., es ist ein kleinster Wert (Minimum) oder groster Wert (Maximum) einer Funktion zu berechnen.Man spricht anstelle von Minimierung und Maximierung auch von Optimierung bzw. der Bestimmung eines Extremums oder Optimums wenn man die Problematik allgemein betrachtet und nicht zwischen Minimum und Maximum unterscheidet. Zusatzlich konnen fur die Variablen gewisse Beschrankungen vorliegen, die meistens in Form von Gleichungen und Ungleichungen gegeben sind. Treten keine auf, so spricht man von Aufgaben ohne Beschran-kungen. In der mathematischen Optimierung bezeichnet man derartige Beschrankungen meistens als Nebenbedingungen und spricht von Optimierungsaufgaben mit oder ohne Nebenbedingungen. Weiterhin werden die Bezeichnungen unrestringierte bzw.restringierte Optimierungsauf-gaben verwendet.
Programming support for sharing resources across heterogeneous mobile devices

Modern mobile users commonly use multiple heterogeneous mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets, and wearables. Enabling these devices to seamlessly share their computational, network, and sensing resources has great potential benefit. Sharing resources across collocated mobile devices creates mobile device clouds (MDCs), commonly used to optimize application performance and to enable novel applications. However, enabling heterogeneous mobile devices to share their resources presents a number of difficulties, including the need to coordinate and steer the execution of devices with dissimilar network interfaces, application programming models, and system architectures. In this paper, we describe a solution that systematically empowers heterogeneous mobile devices to seamlessly, reliably, and efficiently share their resources. We present a programming model and runtime support for heterogeneous mobile device-to-device resource sharing. Our solution comprises a declarative domain-specific language for device-to-device cooperation, supported by a powerful runtime infrastructure. we evaluated our solution by conducting a controlled user study and running performance/energy efficiency benchmarks. The evaluation results indicate that our solution can become a practical tool for enhancing the capabilities of modern mobile applications by leveraging the resources of nearby mobile devices.
Experimental investigation of the isothermal flow field across slant 5-tube bundles in helically coiled steam generator geometry using PIV

Abstract Next generation nuclear power plant designs have been considering Helically Coiled Steam Generators (HCSGs) because of its compactness and capability to absorb thermal expansion. During the design phase, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been becoming a powerful tool and being applied to HCSG to predict important engineering parameters including pressure drop and flow induced vibrations. However, the complex geometry of the HCSG requires experimental data to validate the simulation results generated by the highly turbulent flow. In this study, an experimental test facility was constructed with five-rod bundles that coils against adjacent rod to produce high-resolution flow field data in space and time. A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) visualized the flow field between adjacent rods in three regions at approximately Re 3600 with up to 5000 frames per second (5 kHz). The flow interaction between the rods and the vortical structure were observed from side view of the flow channel. The slant rod bundle created different flow bifurcation patterns. In a small flow channel between adjacent rods at top and bottom, there exist two opposite directional horizontal flows changing magnitude in time. However, once the pattern was formed, it did not change the pattern but only the magnitude during the current test. The current study more focused on the local flow measurement for a short time period. In further works, relatively large areas within the test section need to be monitored for a longer period to investigate whether the bifurcation pattern changes or not.
Characterization of the incipient smoke point for steam-/air-assisted and nonassisted flares.

Flares are important safety devices for pressure relief; at the same time, flares are a significant point source for soot and highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs). Currently, simple ...
Mobile Gaming Behaviors: An Exploratory Study of Mobile Game Players' Agency in Space and Time

Mobile gaming’s prevalence requires understanding how mobile devices dictate the gaming experience in a variety of spatial and temporal contexts. Through interviews with mobile game players, this article reveals elements of corporeal agency that break traditional, or stereotypical, notions of gaming spaces and times. This article argues that mobile game players demonstrate a fluid relationship to time, space, and physicality. The analysis consists of sections dedicated to the three primary elements of mobile gaming’s corporeal agency: physicality, temporality, and spatiality.
Current role of high dose chemotherapy in the management of multiple myeloma

In this issue of Leukemia & Lymphoma, Su and Sheng [1] report a meta-analysis of 14 trials that compared autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma to novel agent-based consolidation....
Visualization of Subsurface Data Using Three-Dimensional Cartograms

A three-dimensional cartogram is a thematic 3D map on which the volume of each region is linearly proportional to an extensive property enclosed within. This work formulated a 3D cartogram using a linear diffusion process. The 3D cartogram algorithm may be applied to a uniform Cartesian grid such that the distribution of the property of interest, such as the hydrocarbon pore volume in each cell, is equalized throughout the transformed domain. The spatial distortion of the grid cells serves as the qualitative indicator of this property, and the color may be used to visualize the spatial distribution of another property, such as permeability. Such a 3D cartogram on which a second property is mapped is a two-variable 3D cartogram.
Marx’s ‘Ultimate Aim’ in Writing Capital Was…

In the Preface to the first German edition of CAPITAL, Marx declares that his “Ultimate aim in this work is to lay bare the economic law of motion of modern society”. Despite its importance, this phrase has not gotten the attention it deserves, either from Marx in the pages that follow, or from most of his readers. My main aim in this chapter is to make up for this lapse. I will also examine whether Marx succeeds in doing what he says he intends to do… if not, why not… and, again, if not, what can and must we do about this today.
Bias, Disguise, and Co-opted Science: Altruism as “Scientized” Ideology Across the English Professions—The Peculiar Case of “Ebonics”

Ebonics—one has only to speak or write the word in order to inflame a controversy. The name itself plants its feet in two quite different camps. On the one hand, it is a popular name for the dialect or cluster of dialects spoken by many African American people, often in various quarters called Black English (BE), African American English, or African American Vernacular English (AAVE). School-age children and the man in the street knew the term ebonics. So do linguists, whose reactions to the term range from suspicion to disdain, though the word did receive some initial approbation in their community.
Efficient Aortic Valve Multilabel Segmentation Using a Spatial Transformer Network

Automated segmentation of aortic valve components using pre-operative CT scans would help provide quantitative metrics for better treatment planning of valve replacement procedures and create inputs for simulations such as finite element analysis. U-net has been used extensively for segmentation in medical imaging, but naive application of this model onto large 3D images leads to memory issues and drop in accuracy. Hence, we propose an architecture sequentially combining it with a Spatial Transformer Network (STN), which effectively transforms the original image to a consistent subregion containing the aortic valve. The addition of STN improves segmentation performance while significantly decreasing training time. Training is performed end-to-end, with no additional supervision for the STN. This framework may be useful in other medical imaging applications where the entity of interest is sparse, has a fixed number of instances, and exhibits shape regularity.
David Oliver: The structural problems highlighted by covid-19.

There’s been much to celebrate in the extraordinary, professional, and brave response of NHS staff to covid-19. But the crisis has also brought to wider attention a host of structural problems that those in the know had already recognised. As we consider settling back into business as usual, it’s important that we focus on solutions. Acres of newsprint and hours of broadcasting have been devoted to our country’s failure to enact adequate pandemic preparedness after the 2016 Cygnus exercise, which was based on a future novel virus or strain.1 There’s now a court challenge asking for the full Cygnus report details to be released.2 Recommendations for capacity in testing, contact tracing, personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and intensive care bed capacity—among the lowest in the developed world—were not heeded. Even if we’d responded a few weeks …
z ∼ 1 Lyα EMITTERS. I. THE LUMINOSITY FUNCTION*, **, ** *, ** * *

We construct a flux-limited sample of 135 candidate z ~ 1 Ly? emitters (LAEs) from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) grism data using a new data cube search method. These LAEs have luminosities comparable to those at high redshifts and lie within a 7?Gyr gap present in existing LAE samples. We use archival and newly obtained optical spectra to verify the UV redshifts of these LAEs. We use the combination of the GALEX UV spectra, optical spectra, and X-ray imaging data to estimate the active galactic nucleus (AGN) fraction and its dependence on Ly? luminosity. We remove the AGNs and compute the luminosity function (LF) from 60 z ~ 1 LAE galaxies. We find that the best-fit LF implies a luminosity density increase by a factor of ~1.5 from z ~ 0.3 to z ~ 1 and ~20 from z ~ 1 to z ~ 2. We find a z ~ 1 volumetric Ly? escape fraction of 0.7% ? 0.4%.
Study of segmented chip formation in cutting of high-strength lightweight alloys

Chip segmentation results in fluctuation of the cutting force, deteriorated tool wear and surface finish, thereby plays an important role in the machining process. Although extensive research has been carried out on studying the segmented chip formation, the mechanism of chip segmentation has remained under debate. This paper aims to investigate the mechanism by combining numerical and experimental methods. Finite element (FE) models of the orthogonal cutting process of A2024–T351 aluminum alloy and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy were developed with three numerical formulations: Lagrangian (LAG), arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE), and coupled Eulerian and Lagrangian (CEL). The appropriate model for predicting the segmented chip formation process was selected by systematic comparison. The mechanism of chip segmentation was thoroughly investigated by the selected numerical model. It revealed that the adiabatic shear band (ASB) is generated not only from the chip root but also from the free chip surface. The finding was then validated by observing the microstructure of chips from high-speed dry-cutting tests.
A dual simplex-type algorithm for the smallest enclosing ball of balls

We develop a dual simplex-type algorithm for computing the smallest enclosing ball of a set of balls and other closely related problems. Our algorithm employs a pivoting scheme resembling the simplex method for linear programming, in which a sequence of exact curve searches is performed until a new dual feasible solution with a strictly smaller objective function value is found. We utilize the Cholesky factorization and procedures for updating it, yielding a numerically stable implementation of the algorithm. We show that our algorithm can efficiently solve instances of dimension 5000 with 100000 points, often within minutes.
Dichloroacetate improves systemic energy balance and feeding behavior during sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction by dysregulated host response to an infection. The metabolic aberrations associated with sepsis underly an acute and organism wide hyper-inflammatory response and multiple organ dysfunction; however, crosstalk between systemic metabolomic alterations and metabolic reprograming at organ levels remains unknown. We analyzed substrate utilization by the respiratory exchange ratio, energy expenditure, metabolomic screening and transcriptional profiling in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model, to show that sepsis increases circulating free fatty acids and acylcarnitines but decreases levels of amino acids and carbohydrates leading to a drastic shift in systemic fuel preference. Comparative analysis of previously published metabolomics from septic liver indicates a positive correlation with hepatic and plasma metabolites during sepsis. In particular, glycine deficiency was a common abnormality of both plasma and the liver during sepsis. Interrogation of the hepatic transcriptome in septic mice suggests that the septic liver may contribute to systemic glycine deficiency by downregulating genes involved in glycine synthesis. Interestingly, intraperitoneal injection of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA) reverses sepsis-induced anorexia, energy imbalance, dyslipidemia, hypoglycemia, and glycine deficiency. Collectively, our data indicate that PDK inhibition rescues systemic energy imbalance and metabolic dysfunction in sepsis partly through restoration of hepatic fuel metabolism.
Una Breve Pincelada Sobre Algunas Áreas Del Saber Necesarias Para Una Negociación Exitosa (A Brief Overview on Some Areas of Knowledge Necessary for a Successful Negotiation)

Spanish Abstract: Resumen Este ensayo reflexivo tiene como proposito general dar una breve pincelada sobre algunas teorias que, a juicio del autor, componen el cuerpo de conocimiento que guia y fortalece el proceso de negociacion. La experiencia del autor le permite asegurar que el nivel cognitivo de este cuerpo de conocimiento tiene una incidencia directa sobre la calidad del ciclo de vida de una negociacion exitosa. Asi, comenzamos con una breve descripcion de la teoria de los «tres cerebros» y continuamos, muy someramente, sobre algunas areas del saber que guian al negociador en su negociacion: principio de causalidad, teoria de juegos, teoria de la decision, analisis de riesgo, comunicacion, ciclo de vida de una negociacion, modelos arquetipicos de negociacion y finalizamos con el metodo Harvard de negociacion. Se recomienda a todo negociador navegar con soltura en la multidisciplinariedad y lograr la inter-trans-disciplinariedad que lo guiara al exito en la tarea asignada. English Abstract: This reflective essay is to give a brief general purpose overview on some theories that, in the author's view, make up the body of knowledge that guides and strengthens the negotiating process. The author's experience helps to ensure that the cognitive level of this body of knowledge has a direct impact on the quality of the life cycle of a successful negotiation. Thus, it begins with a brief description of the theory of the ‘three brains’ and continues, very briefly, to some areas of knowledge that guide the negotiator in the negotiation: principle of causality, game theory, decision theory, risk analysis, communication, life cycle of negotiation, negotiating archetypical models, and ending with the Harvard negotiation method. It is recommended that all negotiators navigate the multidisciplinarity with ease, and achieve the inter- and cross-disciplinarity that will guide them to success in the task assigned.
Stoma Creation and Reversal After Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

Cytoreductive surgery with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) often includes stoma creation. We evaluated the indications, morbidity, and mortality associated with stoma creation and reversal after CRS/HIPEC. Retrospective analysis of a prospective database of 1149 CRS–HIPEC procedures was performed. Patient demographics, type of malignancy, comorbidities, Clavien-graded morbidity, mortality, indications for stoma creation, and outcomes of subsequent reversal were abstracted. Sixteen percent (186/1149) of CRS/HIPEC procedures included stoma creation, whereas 1.1 % (11/963) of patients without initial stoma creation developed anastomotic leaks requiring stoma. Patients who required a stoma had worse preoperative performance status (ECOG 0/1: 77.2 vs. 86.1 %, p = 0.002), greater burden of disease (PCI 17.6 vs. 12.9, p < 0.0001), and were more likely to have R2 resections (74.5 vs. 48.8 %, p < 0.0001) than those without stoma creation. Stomas were intended to be permanent in 17.5 % (35/199). Of 164 patients with potentially reversible ostomies, only 26.2 % (43/164) underwent reversal. Disease progression (43/164, 26.2 %) and death (40/164, 24.3 %) most commonly precluded reversal. After reversal, 27.9 % (12/43) suffered a Clavien I/II morbidity, 27.9 % (12/43) suffered Clavien III/IV morbidity, and 30-day mortality was 4.7 % (2/43). Anastomotic leak occurred after 9 % (3/33) of ileostomy and 10 % (1/10) of colostomy reversals. Stomas are more common among CRS/HIPEC patients with a high burden of disease and poor functional status. Reversal is uncommon and is associated with significant major morbidity. Preoperative counseling for those with high disease burden and poor functional status should include the risk of permanent stoma.
A PHOTOELASTIC STUDY OF THE RESPONSE OF IMMERSED STRUCTURES TO FLUID MOTION

A basic object of the paper is the presentation of a method that permits the experimental determination of stresses associated with vibrations in flexible members, immersed in a fluid, and subjected to prestress. The applied object of the paper is to present a method that may help in the visualization of one form of behavior of buoy-cable systems loaded by the action of water waves. Photoelasticity is used for the analysis. The cable is modeled by a solid urethane rubber strip and the buoy by a floating plastic round can. Waves of controllable frequency are produced by a device actuated by a shaker. Bending and axial stresses in the strip are determined and the possible extension of the experimental results obtained to prototypes by means of scaling laws is suggested.
eBay, Inc. and Amazon.com (A)

This case has been designed to explore strategic interactions among organizations with different business models. The case considers how a competitor successfully challenged the incumbent in a platform market defined by strong network effects and high switching costs. The case allows students to assess the advantages and disadvantages of eBay's platform business model in comparison to Amazon's retail business model; to evaluate business model performance when value loops of two industry players interact; to analyze how Amazon expanded its business model and overcame barriers to entry in a platform market that generates winner-take-all effects for first movers; discuss how eBay can respond to the new competitive dynamic, exploring both tactical and strategic interactions; and assess the strategic implications of eBay's 2011 acquisition of GSI Commerce.
INTERACTIVE TRACKER - A SEMI-AUTOMATIC

A novel strategy for video object segmentation in normal video frames, which is an indispensable preprocessing of the object based video encoding in the MPEG-4 standard, is presented. It is a semi-automatic strategy, which combines the efficiency (speed) of automatic segmentation and the accuracy of manual segmentation. Initially, the object contour in the first frame is specified interactively by a user using a computer-aided tool based on our improved Intelligent Scissors. The frames following then undergo an automatic region-based object tracking process. A user interface is designed to display the object tracking result and allow the user to observe it during the tracking process. The user can suspend the process when the result is considered inaccurate or unacceptable, and interactively correct the object contour in the first frame containing the unacceptable result with the proposed computer-aided tool. The automatic region-based tracking process can then be resumed with the corrected object contour as the new initial object contour. This tracking-correcting cycle can be repeated until the end of the video clip is reached.
Effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance of nursery pigs

We used 360 nursery pigs (35 +/- 3 d of age) in two 21-d growth assays to determine the effects of soybean meal particle size on growth performance. In both trials, there were six pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. Pigs were weaned on d 21 and fed the same phase I diet for 7 d after weaning, followed by a phase II diet from d 7 to 14. On d 14, all pigs were weighed and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments. Experimental diets contained 61.9% corn, 34.4% soybean meal, and 3.7% vitamins and minerals. In Exp. 1, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.2 +/- 2.3 kg BW) were fed diets containing extruded-expelled soybean meal ground to 965, 742, or 639 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 728, 719, and 697 microm, respectively. Reducing extruded-expelled soybean meal particle size from 965 or 742 to 639 microm in the diet did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (541, 538, and 542 g/d), ADFI (886, 875, and 855 g/d; as-fed basis), or gain:feed ratio (0.61, 0.61, 0.64), respectively. In Exp. 2, 90 barrows and 90 gilts (9.9 +/- 2.6 kg BW) were fed diets containing solvent-extracted soybean meal ground to 1,226, 797, or 444 microm, which resulted in whole-diet particle sizes of 732, 681, and 629 microns, respectively. Like Exp. 1, reducing particle size of solvent-extracted soybean meal did not affect (P > 0.10) ADG (482, 487, and 484 g/d), ADFI (738, 742, and 736 g/d; as-fed), or gain:feed (0.65, 0.65, and 0.65). Reducing particle size of extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal increased the angle of repose (maximum degree at which a pile of material retains its slope), indicating that as particle size decreased, flowability characteristics decreased. However, the angle of repose of the complete diets was greater than that for the soybean meals, which indicates that decreasing the particle size of soybean meal had minimal effects on flow characteristics of the complete diet. Previous research has shown that decreasing grain particle size improves digestibility and feed efficiency, and decreased soybean meal particle size has resulted in improved amino acid digestibility. However, the results of our experiments suggest decreasing particle size of either extruded-expelled soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal does not affect nursery pig growth performance.
Mixed function oxidation. VI. Purification of a tightly coupled electron transport complex in camphor lactonization.

Abstract A multimeric ketolactonizing enzyme system has been purified 10-fold from (+)-camphor-grown Pseudomonas putida, and contains flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Electron transport in the system is tightly controlled and unitary stoichiometry of reactants and products has been shown. A kinetic assay for the reaction has been developed, and the reversible reduction of flavin during catalysis was investigated.
Dogs: The Burial of Dogs, and What Dog Burials Mean

Hominids, including some early anatomical forms of modern Homo sapiens , seem to be unique in the animal kingdom for ritualistic disposal of conspecifics. Often, such disposal included burial. Lyman 1994: 411 Given that observation, it is legitimate to suggest that “Nothing signifies the social importance that people have attached to dogs more conspicuously than their deliberate interment upon death” (Morey 2006: 159). It may seem awfully self-serving to quote oneself at the beginning of a chapter, but in light of Lyman's observation, the answer to the basic question of what dog burials mean is captured by that statement. That is, people are treating dogs much like other people. The main objective in this chapter is to document and elaborate on that point, but first, it is well worth pointing out that others have also recognized the basic importance of animal burial. For example, G. Clark (1996), dealing with both prehistoric dog and pig burials from several Polynesian sites, wrote as follows: “Deliberate animal burials are the most obvious sign of a close prehistoric human-animal relationship” (G. Clark 1996: 34). Clark's work directly draws attention to the fact that dogs were not the only animals to be ritually interred at death. But other animals, with one conspicuous (localized) exception covered later, were not dealt with this way nearly as consistently as dogs. Even G. Clark's (1996: 32–33) work highlights that point, albeit not dramatically.
Sexual agglutination in yeast. VI. Role of disulfide bonds in 5-agglutinin.

Abstract The sex-specific agglutinin from mating type 5 of Hansenula wingei contained six disulfide bonds per particle. It could he inactivated by disulfide-cleaving agents and converted to a mixture of two components having sedimentation rates of approximately 2 and 13 S, compared with the original of s 25, w = 13.1. The 2S component made up 9% and the 13S, 81% of the total material. On dialysis in pH 7.6 buffer, the reduced products regained 25–77% of the original agglutinative activity. After separation of the two reduced components by gel filtration, tests disclosed that activity was regained gained only when both components were dialyzed together. Evidently, 5-agglutinin contains a sensitive, interchain disulfide bond system which unites several agglutinating elements in each particle with a large inert matrix.
Marxian Crisis, Maussian Gift: The mutual-help practices of Lisbon's Cape Verdean labor immigrants in an age of austerity

The post-2008 economic crisis in Portugal has been particularly severe in the neighborhoods in which many of the country’s Cape Verdean labor immigrants live. In this article, I will attempt to examine how my informants have conceptualized the current downturn, as well as how they have used ‘gifts’ of mutual help (djuda) to cope with, or even overcome, the profound challenges of living on a Lisbon periphery in crisis. An additional factor I will explore is the perception among my informants that the giving of mutual-help gifts has lost importance. I will argue that there is a disconnect between Cape Verdeans perceiving that their mutual-help practices are in decline and simultaneously needing the material support that they provide.
Discrete Curvature Flows for Surfaces and 3-Manifolds

Intrinsic curvature flows can be used to design Riemannian metrics by prescribed curvatures. This chapter presents three discrete curvature flow methods that are recently introduced into the engineering fields: the discrete Ricci flow and discrete Yamabe flow for surfaces with various topology, and the discrete curvature flow for hyperbolic 3-manifolds with boundaries. For each flow, we introduce its theories in both the smooth setting and the discrete setting, plus the numerical algorithms to compute it. We also provide a brief survey on their history and their link to some of the engineering applications in computer graphics, computer vision, medical imaging, computer aided design and others.
Extracellular signaling molecules to promote fracture healing and bone regeneration

To date, the delivery of signaling molecules for bone regeneration has focused primarily on factors that directly affect the bone formation pathways (osteoinduction) or that serve to increase the number of bone forming progenitor cells. The first commercialized growth factors approved for bone regeneration, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and 7 (BMP2 and BMP7), are direct inducers of osteoblast differentiation. As well, newer generations of potential therapeutics that target the Wnt signaling pathway are also direct osteoinducers. On the other hand, some signaling molecules may play a role as mitogens and serve to increase the number of bone producing cells or may increase vascularization. This is true for factors such as Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) or Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) likely has a special role. Not only does it induce new blood vessel formation, it also has direct effects on osteoblasts through endothelial cell-based BMP production. In addition to these pathways that classically have targeted bone production, there are also opportunities to target other aspects of the bone healing process such as inflammation, vascularization, and cell ingress to the fracture site. Bone regeneration is highly complex with defined, yet overlapping stages of healing. We will review established and novel extracellular signaling factors associated with various stages of fracture healing that could be targeted to promote enhanced bone regeneration. Importantly, multiple potential cell and tissues could be targeted to enhance healing in addition to focusing solely on osteoinductive therapeutics.
Hydrology: Climate change comes to the Sahel

Persistent drought in the Sahel in the 1970s and 1980s was caused by subtle changes in global sea surface temperatures. Now model results show that the direct effect of increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations led to the subsequent recovery.
Association Between Plantar Temperatures and Triaxial Stresses in Individuals With Diabetes

Diabetic foot ulcers have a biomechanical etiology related to triaxial plantar stresses (3DS) (1). Bergtholdt and Brand (2) suggested that the foot would heat up before breaking down, indicating that elevated 3DS in the diabetic foot would result in inflammation that could be monitored by thermography. The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesized relationship between 3DS and plantar temperatures. Twenty-eight individuals with diabetes, 14 with peripheral neuropathy (DN) and 14 without (DC), walked at self-selected speeds across a custom-built plate that quantified 3DS. After 10 min of acclimation, resting barefoot temperatures were recorded using a Fluke infrared thermal camera. Linear regressions were used to reveal associations between magnitudes of 3DS and resting temperatures. Associations between locations of peak 3DS and peak temperatures were also examined. As assessed by linear regression, temperature was a statistically significant predictor of peak shear stress (PS) and shear-time integral magnitudes at the hallux. No significant association was found …