cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shaking Dust and Stopping Clouds: the Aesthetics of Performance in Two Sets of Poems by Zang Maoxun and Wu Mengyang

Literary studies on the aesthetics of performance in the late Ming have paid scant attention to critics’ poetic writings as a form to express their thoughts and feelings toward performance. This pa...
Spatiotemporal characteristics of white mold and impacts on yield in soybean fields in South Dakota

White mold of soybeans is one of the most important fungal diseases that affect soybean production in South Dakota. However, there is a lack of information on the spatial characteristics of the dis...
SAMHD1 Functions and Human Diseases.

Deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecules are essential for the replication and maintenance of genomic information in both cells and a variety of viral pathogens. While the process of dNTP biosynthesis by cellular enzymes, such as ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) and thymidine kinase (TK), has been extensively investigated, a negative regulatory mechanism of dNTP pools was recently found to involve sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and histidine-aspartate (HD) domain-containing protein 1, SAMHD1. When active, dNTP triphosphohydrolase activity of SAMHD1 degrades dNTPs into their 2′-deoxynucleoside (dN) and triphosphate subparts, steadily depleting intercellular dNTP pools. The differential expression levels and activation states of SAMHD1 in various cell types contributes to unique dNTP pools that either aid (i.e., dividing T cells) or restrict (i.e., nondividing macrophages) viral replication that consumes cellular dNTPs. Genetic mutations in SAMHD1 induce a rare inflammatory encephalopathy called Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome (AGS), which phenotypically resembles viral infection. Recent publications have identified diverse roles for SAMHD1 in double-stranded break repair, genome stability, and the replication stress response through interferon signaling. Finally, a series of SAMHD1 mutations were also reported in various cancer cell types while why SAMHD1 is mutated in these cancer cells remains to investigated. Here, we reviewed a series of studies that have begun illuminating the highly diverse roles of SAMHD1 in virology, immunology, and cancer biology.
Are Gastrointestinal Symptoms Specific for Coronavirus 2019 Infection? A Prospective Case-Control Study From the United States.

The reported prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, in SARS-2-CoV infection has been highly variable ranging from 5-61%.1-7 Although the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for testing for COVID-19 include vomiting and diarrhea, all studies to date have been retrospective and none have evaluated the prevalence of GI symptoms among patients tested negative for COVID19. In this prospective case-control study, we compared the prevalence of GI symptoms between those who tested positive and negative for COVID-19 and determined the association between GI symptoms and COVID-19 diagnosis or outcomes.
College Students’ Use and Acceptance of Emergency Online Learning Due to COVID-19

Abstract Due to COVID-19, higher education institutions transitioned to online learning. This study explored college students’ perceptions of their adoption, use, and acceptance of emergency online learning. The factors analyzed were attitude, affect, and motivation; perceived behavioral control (ease of use of technology, self-efficacy, and accessibility), and cognitive engagement. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 270 students. The findings present how attitude, motivation, self-efficacy, and use of technology play a significant role in the cognitive engagement and academic performance of students. Also, participants preferred face-to-face learning over online learning. This study presents suggestions on how to improve the acceptance of emergency online learning.
Trends in Adolescent Hip Arthroscopy From the PHIS Database 2008-2018.

Background Previous studies have suggested that hip arthroscopy has been performed with increasing frequency. Few studies have examined this trend in the adolescent population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the trend in the frequency of hip arthroscopy in adolescents standardized by total orthopaedic surgeries in adolescents at pediatric hospitals in the United States. Methods The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database was queried for patients aged 10 to 19 years who underwent orthopaedic surgery at any of the PHIS-participating hospitals from 2008 to 2018. The subgroup of patients in this age cohort who underwent hip arthroscopy was identified using Current Procedural Terminology procedure codes. The yearly rate was expressed as the number of hip arthroscopies per 1000 orthopaedic surgeries. A linear model was used to fit the data and illustrate the relative trend. Results A total of 432,309 orthopaedic surgeries including 9491 hip arthroscopies were performed for patients 10 to 19 years of age. Hip arthroscopies were performed at a yearly rate of 22 per 1000 orthopaedic surgeries. Over the 10-year period, the number of hip arthroscopies increased 6.2-fold, whereas the number of orthopaedic procedures increased 1.6-fold. There was a 3.9-fold increase in hip arthroscopies relative to total orthopaedic surgeries. Conclusions The number of hip arthroscopic procedures in adolescent patients has increased by 3.9-fold times relative to total orthopaedic surgeries in adolescents over a 10-year span, on the basis of data from PHIS-participating institutions. This finding mirrors the trends in the adult population over similar time periods. This may be because of increasing participation in sports in the adolescent population, and a better understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and other sports-related hip pathologies. Level of evidence Level IV.
Interventional Oncology Approach to Hepatic Metastases

Metastatic liver disease is one of the major causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Locoregional therapies offered by interventional oncologists alleviate cancer-related morbidity and in some cases improve survival. Locoregional therapies are often palliative in nature but occasionally can be used with curative intent. This review will discuss important factors to consider prior to palliative and curative intent treatment of metastatic liver disease with locoregional therapy. These factors include those specific to the tumor, liver function, liver reserve, differences between treatment modalities, and patient-specific considerations.
An Examination of Business Applications and Implications of Emerging Technologies

This paper aims at offering a review and assessment of various emerging technologies and their business applications and implications. The study focuses on nineteen emerging technologies categorized under five major themes: (1) automation and robotics; (2) data and connectivity; (3) interfaces and visualization; (4) materials; (5) energy and resources. For each theme, the associated technologies are examined, their business applications and implications are assessed, and some examples are provided. In the end, an integrative table of nineteen emerging technologies is offered, and some avenues for future research are discussed.
Immunology, Phenotype First: How Mutations Have Established New Principles and Pathways in Immunology - Preface

Introduction.- The forward genetic dissection of afferent innate immunity.- Genetic analysis of resistance to infections in mice: A/J meets C57BL/6J.- Host defenses against human papillomaviruses: lessons from epidermodysplasia verruciformis.- Innate resistance to flavivirus infections and the functions of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetases.- Cmv1 and natural killer cell responses to murine cytomegalovirus infection.- Genetic dissection of host resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis: the sst1 locus and the Ipr gene.- Scurfy, the FoxP3 locus, and the molecular basis of peripheral tolerance.- Fevers, genes, and innate immunity.- Itchy mice: the identification of a new pathway for the development of autoimmunity.- TIM gene family and their role in atopic diseases.- Subject index.
The Coordinate Roles of Mother and Young in Establishing and Maintaining Pheromonal Symbiosis in the Rat

In the rat, a new olfactory-based association emerges between mother and young at about 14 days postpartum. The mother begins to excrete a pheromone in her feces that strongly attracts the young. Both the pheromone and the young’s responsiveness to it remain in evidence only about two weeks—a relatively brief time even in the life span of the rat. But although obviously short-lived, this pheromonal bond, as it has been called, serves important developmental ends, some of which have come to light recently in our laboratory. What we want to deal with first, however, are not the adaptive advantages that accrue to the young in responding to the pheromone, but how the pheromonal relationship comes to be formed.
Factor Prices and Technical Change: From Induced Innovations to Recent Debates ∗

This paper revisits the induced innovation literature of the 1960s to which Phelps was a major contributor (Drandakis and Phelps, 1965). This literature was the first systematic study of the determinants of technical change and also the first investigation of the relationship between factor prices and technical change. I present a modern reformulation of this literature based on the tools developed by the endogenous growth literature. This reformulation confirms many of the insights of the induced innovations literature, but reveals a new force, which I refer to as the market size effect: there will be more technical change directed at more abundant factors. I use this modern reformulation to shed light on two recent debates: (1) why is technical change often skill biased, and why has it become more skill biased during recent decades? (2) what is the role of human capital differences in accounting for income differences across countries? Interestingly, an application of this modern reformulation to these debates also reiterates some of the insights of another important paper by Phelps, Nelson and Phelps (1966).
The High Cost of Education Federalism

Many herald the nation’s tradition of state and local control of education and a limited federal role as a vital national tradition that reaps numerous benefits. However, this approach to education federalism also has served as a hindrance to reforms that sought to advance equal educational opportunity. This Article examines the systematic ways that education federalism has limited the effectiveness of three vehicles for advancing equal educational opportunity: school desegregation, school finance litigation and the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. It also highlights how the Court and Congress have employed a dualist understanding of education federalism to reach conclusions that failed to ensure equal educational opportunity. It concludes that understanding how education federalism has undermined some past reforms provides an essential foundation for exploring new avenues to ensuring that all children have an equal opportunity to obtain an excellent education.
Prognostic value of histopathologic features with respect to disease course in children with juvenile dermatomyositis

Background JDM is the most common idiopathic inflammatory myopathy in children. The Wedderburn scoring system is used to assess JDM muscle biopsies and categorizes muscle involvement into 4 domains: inflammatory, vascular, muscle fiber and connective tissue fibrosis (maximum scores: 12, 3, 10, and 2, respectively) and a 10-cm VAS measuring overall abnormality. A 10 cm VAS for chronicity (endomysial fibrosis, capillary loss and central nuclei) was also measured.
The Practical and Ethical Considerations in Labeling a Religious Group as a ‘Cult’

In American, the terms schism, heresy, sect, and cult have been used to describe splinter groups as they distinguish themselves from the majority religion. The term cult has been used in two different senses. Within the Roman Catholic Church a group s devotion to a particular saint may earn them the title Cult of that particular saint. However, among contemporary American Protestants the term cult has come to be applied to religious groups that split from mainstream Christianity with regard to their beliefs and behavior to the degree that the groups are considered dangerous to themselves and society. When it comes to defining what a cult is, only about ten percent of the attention is placed on a cult s beliefs and ninety percent is placed on a cult s behavior. In fact, there seems to be a general squeamishness about using the term cult in the first place. There are several reasons for this malaise toward the term, but this article will argue that the term cult can and should be used in general and scholarly contexts.
Strength Estimates for High Velocity Penetration of Geological Targets by the Compaction Ring Theory

Existing theories for rigid body penetration model the target response to a penetration process as a cavity-expansion. A new analysis, however, offers an innovative approach to rigid body penetration of porous geological targets. The theory analyzes the formation of a compacted ring of target material observed around the boreholes in recovered targets. Applying fundamental laws of motion to an element during the formation of the ring leads to estimates for the three stresses that control the penetration event. A retarding force on the projectile nose is derived and then used to arrive at an estimate for penetration depth. The penetration depth equation, resulting from this model, is dependent upon known projectile properties, target material properties, and the impact velocity. Neglected are the effects of friction and shear. The solving procedure returns an estimate for the target yield strength. The model can then be used to predict the penetration of any penetrator into the target material. The results are promising and in agreement with the experimental observations.© 2004 ASME
Performance dimension accessibility: Implications for rating accuracy

Recent models of evaluative information processing suggest that individuals will form differentiated dimensional judgments only if a differentiated set of categories or dimensions is accessible as behavior is observed. If, however, a differentiated set of dimensions is not accessible, individuals will form a more general global evaluation. Subsequent dimensional evaluations will be driven by this ‘overall ’evaluation. The present study supports this and indicates that dimensional performance evaluations will be more accurate if the performance appraisal dimensions are accessible to individual raters. This study demonstrates the importance of the accessibility of dimensions for accurate dimensional performance evaluations.
Answering Part of the Significant Question

Most scientific articles address particular questions which are part of larger questions. The part-whole relationship varies.
Critical Role of Endogenous Thrombospondin-1 in Preventing Expansion of Healing Myocardial Infarcts

Background— Matricellular proteins are extracellular matrix proteins that do not contribute directly to tissue integrity but are capable of modulating cell function. We hypothesized that the matricellular protein thrombospondin (TSP)-1, a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and activator of transforming growth factor (TGF-β), is induced in healing myocardial infarcts and plays a role in suppressing the postinfarction inflammatory response, inhibiting local angiogenesis, and limiting expansion of granulation tissue into the noninfarcted area. Methods and Results— We used a canine and a murine model of reperfused infarction. TSP-1 mRNA was induced in canine infarcts after 1 hour of ischemia and 3 to 7 days of reperfusion. TSP-1 protein showed a strikingly selective localization in the extracellular matrix, microvascular endothelium, and a subset of mononuclear cells of the infarct border zone after 5 to 28 days of reperfusion. Isolated canine venous endothelial cells showed low-level constitutive expression of...
The octahedral algorithm, a new simplicial fixed point algorithm

A new variable dimension simplicial algorithm for the computation of solutions of systems of nonlinear equations or the computation of fixed points is presented. It uses the restrart technique of Merrill to improve the accuracy of the solution. The algorithm is shown to converge quadratically under certain conditions. The algorithm should be efficient and relatively easy to implement.
The Use of Endobronchial Ultrasonography With Transbronchial Needle Aspiration To Sample a Solitary Substernal Thyroid Nodule

Solitary thyroid nodules (STNs) are frequently encountered in clinical practice. When sampling of an STN is deemed necessary, ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) is the procedure of choice. In substernal STNs, US-FNAB is not feasible, and the patients are usually offered either more invasive diagnostic testing (mediastinoscopy or surgical excision) or follow-up imaging studies based on the clinical suspicion of malignancy. We report a case in which a substernal STN was sampled using endobronchial ultrasonography with transbronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). Our patient is a 74-year-old woman who was admitted with an asthma exacerbation. She underwent a chest CT scan with intravenous contrast (CTA) to rule out pulmonary embolism (PE). The CTA was negative for PE but showed a substernal STN that was successfully sampled by EBUS-TBNA without complications. The cytology was consistent with a colloid adenoma. EBUS-TBNA can sample substernal STNs that are not amenable to US-FNAB.
Cooperative instruments and policy making: assessing public participation in US environmental regulation

Public participation has come to play an increasingly important role in making public policies in the United States. The constitutional mandate of due process implies some right to participate in at least some administrative proceedings that affect one's interests. Federal courts have expanded participation rights in federal agency decision making, and many states have done so. Government officials have also seen it in their interest to expand participation in order to increase the diversity of information and views available to them. Participation is seen as a way to gain the support of those affected by public policies: the more they feel as if they have a voice in decisions affecting them, the more likely it is that they will comply with whatever requirements are selected. If parties have a voice in the formulation of policies they will be less likely to challenge decisions in court. Proponents of more extensive participation argue that cooperation is better than conflict and cooperative efforts produce superior solutions to problems. There is increasing interest in fostering democratic discourse and in developing processes that increase discussion, facilitate the exploration of alternative views and give voice to those in the past who have been marginalized or ignored. Public participation not only can contribute to improved decisions but also can help build social capital, strengthen civil society and enhance the capability of communities to solve problems and pursue common concerns. However, despite the critical importance of increasing public participation, current practices have fallen well short of providing for meaningful, effective involvement in administrative decision making, and much remains to be done before the promises of participation are realized. Many groups lack the resources and expertise to participate effectively, and participation may co-opt more effective efforts in other political forums. There are widely divergent views about the kind of authority that should be granted to collaborative decision making. Demands for making government decision making more collaborative clash with expectations of agency discretion and expertise, and accountability to laws. Broader interests may be ignored as more narrow demands of participants are emphasized. A number of changes are required before cooperative procedures achieve the promise of improved policy making in environmental policy and other policy areas. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A comparative simulation of service operations on local area ring networks

Abstract Local area networks (LANs) have received a lot of attention recently primarily because they offer a very convenient, fast and cost-effective means of communication within a relatively small geographical area. Token passing ring protocol is one of the popular access methods for communication among stations connected via a local area ring networks. In this method, access to the shared transmission medium is controlled by a token.nI earlier ring networks, the transmission time of data packet used to be longer than the time to go around the ring once (this time is called ring latency). However, with the recent advances in transmission technology, faster and faster transmission media are being used and transmission time of a data packet has become so small that sometimes it takes much less time to transmit a data packet than to go around the ring. In this paper, we present a comparative performance of three service operations in an environment when ring latency is larger than the transmission time of a data packet. The performance of these service operations is evaluated by using computer simulation. The simulation results are presented in terms of normalized average packet delay.
The Energetic Basis for Valuation of Ecosystem Services

natural ecosystems, as is currently the case, ecosystems are not protected, and the larger systems produce less when the natural ecosystems are lost to development. Ecologists working on small-scale studies are concerned with the loss of their study areas and biodiversity. Ecologists working at large scales, and society in general, have to be concerned that poor valuation is delaying the organization of a sustainable pattern of environment and people. Ecosystems of the world are threatened because market prices are used to evaluate them. As Figure 1 shows, money is only paid to people for their contributions, and not to ecosystems. In fact, market values are inverse to contributions. When soils, wood, and other environmental products are abundant, they contribute the most, but market value is small. When environmental products are scarce, the market value is high. Economic valuation, as currently practiced, can never be used appropriately to evaluate environmental capital, its contributions, or its impacts. Efforts by economists and others have been made in the last two decades to "internalize the externalities" or to modify market valuation to give more consideration to ecosystems. What is needed is the reverse: to "externalize the internalities" to put the contributions of the economy on the same basis as the work of the environment. We suggest that the best way to do this is to use one kind of energy as the common denominator.
The application of synchrotron techniques to the study of lithium-ion batteries

This paper gives a brief review of the application of synchrotron X-ray techniques to the study of lithium-ion battery materials. The two main techniques are X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD). Examples are given for in situ XAS and XRD studies of lithium-ion battery cathodes during cycling. This includes time-resolved methods. The paper also discusses the application of soft X-ray XAS to do ex situ studies on battery cathodes. By applying two signal detection methods, it is possible to probe the surface and the bulk of cathode materials simultaneously. Another example is the use of time-resolved XRD studies of the decomposition of reactions of charged cathodes at elevated temperatures. Measurements were done both in the dry state and in the presence of electrolyte. Brief reports are also given on two new synchrotron techniques. One is inelastic X-ray scattering, and the other is synchrotron X-ray reflectometry studies of the surface electrode interface (SEI) on highly oriented single crystal lithium battery cathode surfaces.
A homotopy approach for infinite horizon discounted Markov decision processes

In this paper we consider a homotopy deformation approach to solving Markov decision process problems by the continuous deformation of a simpler Markov decision process problem until it is identical with the original problem. Algorithms and performance bounds are given.
Robustness of Global Attractors for Reversible Gray–Scott Systems

Global asymptotic dynamics of a typical cubic-autocatalytic reaction-diffusion system, the reversible Gray–Scott system of three components, are investigated. The upper semicontinuity (robustness) of the global attractors in the H1 product space for the solution semiflows with respect to the reverse reaction rates as they converge to zero is proved. Through an approach of transformative decomposition, the hurdle of the perturbed singularity between the reversible and non-reversible systems is overcome by showing the uniform dissipation, the uniformly bounded evolution of the union of global attractors, and the uniform convergence property of the bundle of reversible and non-reversible semiflows.
PERINATAL BRAIN IRON DEFICIENCY INCREASES THE VULNERABILITY OF RAT HIPPOCAMPUS TO HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC INSULT. † 1419

Postnatally acquired dietary iron deficiency has adverse long-term effects on neurodevelopment. Recently, our laboratory has identified gestational conditions (diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth retardation) which result in a significant prevalence of perinatal brain iron deficiency. These groups of infants have poorer long-term developmental outcome, but the role of iron deficiency is unknown. Loss of cytochrome oxidase (CytOx) activity in the region of the hippocampus, an area central to cognitive function (recognition memory), has been shown to be an early and sensitive indicator of neuronal damage following perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the rat. We hypothesized that perinatal iron deficiency enhances the vulnerability of the hippocampus to HIE injury. Twenty 7-day-old, iron-deficient rat pups and 20 iron-sufficient controls underwent right carotid artery ligation and were exposed to 2.5 hours of hypoxia (8% FIO2). In this model (the Levine model), both hypoxia and ischemia (right side), but not hypoxia alone (left side), are needed to induce changes in neuronal CytOx activity. The left side is thus the internal control. The mean ± SD brain iron concentration of the iron-deficient group was 40% lower than the iron-sufficient group (28.0± 6.8 v 51.0 ± 7.8; p<0.001). The CytOx activity, visualized with diaminobenzedine, in four different areas of hippocampus 24 hours after hypoxic-ischemic damage was measured in optical density (OD) units (range: 1 black/254 white) by computer-assisted densitometry. There was right-sided CytOx activity loss in the dentate gyrus (102 ± 16 v 89 ± 17 OD units; p=0.009), CA3c (105 ± 16 v 93 ± 19 OD units; p=0.003) and CA1 (108 ± 27 v 98 ± 17 OD units; p=0.06) compared to the unligated left side in the iron-deficient group. Side-to-to-side differences were seen only in CA1 in the iron-sufficient group. Overall, the iron-deficient group had more subareas with right-sided loss than the iron-sufficient group (p=0.04), and the magnitude of right-left differences was greater in the iron-deficient group (p=0.05). Perinatal iron deficiency enhances the vulnerability of the neonatal brain to HIE and may contribute to long-term neurodevelopmental delays in at-risk newborns. Supported by NICHD.
Oxidation of alcohols over Fe3+/montmorillonite-K10 using hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Oxidation of various primary and secondary alcohols is studied in liquid phase at atmospheric pressure over Fe 3+ /montmorillonite-K10 catalyst prepared by ion-exchange method at a pH of 4 in an environmentally friendly protocol using hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst and the method are found to be suitable for the selective oxidation of secondary alcohols to the corresponding ketones. Aromatic alcohols form mainly secondary or over oxidation products. Presence of CH 3 group at the OH bearing carbon is deleterious to the oxidation. The catalyst activity increases with increase in reaction time due to the slow activation of the catalyst. The reaction mechanism is expected to involve the intermediate formation of binuclear, peroxide ion-bridged iron complex by reaction of iron and the activated peroxide followed by oxygen transfer to the alcohol. The catalyst is also found to be easily separable and recyclable.
Assessment of public health events through International Health Regulations, United States, 2007-2011.

Under the current International Health Regulations, 194 states parties are obligated to report potential public health emergencies of international concern to the World Health Organization (WHO) within 72 hours of becoming aware of an event. During July 2007-December 2011, WHO assessed and posted on a secure web portal 222 events from 105 states parties, including 24 events from the United States. Twelve US events involved human influenza caused by a new virus subtype, including the first report of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which constitutes the only public health emergency of international concern determined by the WHO director-general to date. Additional US events involved 5 Salmonella spp. outbreaks, botulism, Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections, Guillain-Barre syndrome, contaminated heparin, Lassa fever, an oil spill, and typhoid fever. Rapid information exchange among WHO and member states facilitated by the International Health Regulations leads to better situation awareness of emerging threats and enables a more coordinated and transparent global response.
Topology optimization of carbon nanotube reinforced composite laminated structures for vibration damping

Topology optimization has been successfully used for improving vibration damping in constrained layer damping structures with viscoelastic materials. Reinforcing carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix greatly influences the mechanical properties of the polymer. Such nanotube-reinforced polymers (NRP) can be used to further enhance the damping properties of the constrained layer structures. The effects of nanotube inclusions on the damping properties of polymers and applicability of NRP for damping in structures have been studied previously. The inclusion of nanotubes into a polymer matrix provides new design variables in the topology optimization studies on such structures. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal topology and the optimal constituent make-up of the constrained NRP layer, where the volume fraction of the nanotubes in the constrained layer is optimized to maximize the system loss factor.
Initial Kinetic and Mechanistic Characterization of Escherichia coli Fumarase A

Abstract The protein encoded by the fum A gene in Escherichia coli is shown herein to be a highly efficient and specific catalyst of the fumarase reaction. In an investigation of 21 substrate analogs, this protein only had substantial activity as a hydro-lyase on fumarate, malate, acetylene dicarboxylate, fluorofumarate, and 2( S ),3( S )-tartrate. The k cat and k cat / K m for the hydration of fumarate by this protein are 3100 s −1 and 5 × 10 6 mol −1 s −1 , respectively. It is likely that one physiological role of this protein is a catalyst of the fumarase reaction; therefore, it is appropriate to name it fumarase A. Fumarase A specifically removes the 3- pro-R in the dehydration of (2 S )-malate. The product of the action of fumarase A on acetylene dicarboxylate, fluorofumarate and 2( S ),3( S )-tartrate is oxalacetate. The nitronate form of 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-propionate is a potent inhibitor of fumarase A, implying that the enzyme forms an intermediate with an anion at C-3. No kinetic isotope effect was found with (2 S ,3 R )-3-[ 2 H]malate. The effects of pH on the k cat and k cat / K m for fumarate as a substrate show that the p K a s of the groups involved in catalysis differ markedly from porcine fumarase. The possible roles of the proteins encoded by the three fumarase genes in E. coli are briefly discussed.
Connecting communities to health research: development of the Project CONNECT minority research registry.

Introduction Prevention and treatment standards are based on evidence obtained in behavioral and clinical research. However, racial and ethnic minorities remain relatively absent from the science that develops these standards. While investigators have successfully recruited participants for individual studies using tailored recruitment methods, these strategies require considerable time and resources. Research registries, typically developed around a disease or condition, serve as a promising model for a targeted recruitment method to increase minority participation in health research. This study assessed the tailored recruitment methods used to populate a health research registry targeting African-American community members.
Designing Nanostructured Hybrid Inorganic-biological Materials via the Self-assembly

Our objective is to design nanostructured hybrid inorganic-biological materials using the selfassembly of functionalized nanotubes and lipid molecules. In this presentation, we summarize the multiple control parameters which direct the equilibrium morphology of a specific class of nanostructured biomaterials. Individual lipid molecules are composed of a hydrophilic head group and two hydrophobic tails. A bare nanotube encompasses an ABA architecture, with a hydrophobic shaft (B) and two hydrophilic ends (A). We introduce hydrophilic hairs at one end of the tube to enable selective transport through the channel. The dimensions of the nanotube are set to minimize its hydrophobic mismatch with the lipid bilayer. We use a Molecular Dynamicsbased mesoscopic simulation technique called Dissipative Particle Dynamics which simultaneously resolves the structure and dynamics of the nanoscopic building blocks and the hybrid aggregate. The amphiphilic lipids and functionalized nanotubes self-assemble into a stable hybrid vesicle or a bicelle in the presence of a hydrophilic solvent. We demonstrate that the morphology of the hybrid structures is directed by factors such as the temperature, the molecular rigidity of the lipid molecules, and the concentration of the nanotubes. We present material characterization of the equilibrium morphology of the various hybrid nanostructures. A combination of the material characterization and the morphologies of the hybrid aggregates can be used to predict the structure and properties of other hybrid materials.
Mating behavior and brain biogenic amine concentrations in chickens treated with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA).

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effect of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on the male mating behavior of a line of chickens genetically selected for low mating frequency and to determine the effect on brain concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Mating behavior was not affected by moderate levels (
Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus infection presenting with pneumonia and progressive respiratory failure

Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection represents the most severe form of neonatal herpes, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of disseminated HSV disease in the neonate can be difficult, since the clinical presentation often mimics bacterial sepsis with absence of cutaneous vesicles. We describe a 5-day-old male infant with disseminated HSV-2 disease, who initially presented with pneumonia and progressive respiratory failure requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Laboratory data were significant for leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Chest radiograph showed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Tracheal aspirate cultures grew HSV-2. The patient was treated with a 3 weeks course of intravenous acyclovir. The key feature in this case is to recognize that HSV can present in neonates with rapidly progressive pneumonitis and sepsis syndrome.
Young Children's Concept of Color and Its Relation to the Acquisition of Color Words

Many children experience great difficulty in learning their first color word. In contrast, once children have learned 1 color word, they learn additional color words more easily. This striking fact rises the question of whether children who do not know color words have conceptual color categories capable of supporting inferences about word meaning. In 3 experiments 2-year-olds were provided with tasks that required them to base inferences on color or to map things onto color. Half the children comprehended at least 1 color word, and the remaining children comprehended none. In all experiments, the children in both groups succeeded on the color tasks. It was argued that children who do not know color words have the conceptual foundation necessary to base inferences on color but have specific constraints against basing inferences about word meaning on color.
Integrating information technology into teaching at Grinnell College

Abstract With the support of several grants, the librarians at Grinnell College have stayed current with the development of electronic information and have integrated the full range of resources available to our community into our teaching and reference services. These efforts have included workshops for faculty and staff, the design and implementation of an electronic classroom which allows us and our students full access to our resources along with the redesign of our class sessions, and the ongoing development of our Web presence.
The ASCAA Principles for access control interpreted for collaboration systems

The ASCAA principles for next-generation access control were recently formulated (Ravi Sandhu and Venkata Bhamidipati, "The ASCAA Principles for Next-Generation Role-Based Access Control." 3rd International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES), Barcelona, Spain, March 4-7, 2008. Keynote Lecture.). ASCAA stands for abstraction (i.e., abstract privileges), separation (i.e., separation of administrative functions), containment (subsumes least privilege, separation of duties and other constraints, as well as modern techniques such as usage and rate limits), automation (covering acquisition of privileges as well as automated revocation) and accountability (including the recognition that sensitive operations require an enhanced level of auditing, notification or authentication). This talk will discuss how these principles apply to secure collaboration systems.
Watermelon mosaic virus: tubular inclusions in pumpkin leaves and aggregates in leaf extracts.

Abstract The normal length of rod-shaped particles found in leaf dip extracts from pumpkin leaves infected with watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) was 760 mμ. Particles two and three times the normal length were frequently found and were presumed to be linear virus aggregates representing dimers and trimers, respectively. Bundles containing flexuous particles were also found in crude extracts from WMV-infected plants. These bundles were similar in morphology to tubular inclusions found in thin sections of infected leaves. The tubes, in addition to cylindrical bodies, are substructures of inclusions specifically associated with pumpkin tissue infected with WMV. It is suggested that some of the aggregates observed in extracts are aggregates which existed in vivo .
Residual surface stresses in laminated cross-ply fiber-epoxy composite materials

Residual (curing) stresses in a cross-ply laminated plate are related to the strains released when individual plies are separated. Released displacements are determined using high-sensitivity moire interferometry and linearized strain-displacement equations are used to determine residual strains. Elastic orthotropic stress-strain relations are used to calculate residual stresses remote from free-edges of a [9020/020/9020] graphite-epoxy cross-ply panel. The measured strains compare favorably with those predicted by laminated plate theory. In a second example, the circumferential and radial residual strains and stresses at the end-section of a thick-walled cross-ply graphite-epoxy cylinder are determined.
Synthesis of nopinone from beta-pinene by oxidative system of RuCl3-NalO4-phase transfer catalyst[]

Abstract Nopinone was synthesized from β-pinene by an oxidative system of a RuCl3NalO4-phase transfer catalyst in 89% yield. Using this oxidative system, α-fencho-camphorone and camphenilone were also synthesized from α-fenchene and camphene, in 75% and 78% yield, respectively
Combination and Separation of Coordinates and Modular Programming for DC Machine Fields

The consideration of slotting in the armatures of dc machines increases the number of grid points to be considered beyond the capacity of normally available computers. To reduce the memory storage, a combination coordinate system characteristic to the parts of the lamination is proposed. To satisfy a large number of boundary conditions, a scheme is described to separate the rotor and stator lattices used for the calculation of the vector potentials. A modular scheme to take care of the profile repetitions in the armature is described. The flow charts of subprograms to be used with existing computer programs are given.
Orbital angular momentum of Laguerre-Gaussian beams beyond the paraxial approximation.

We derive a full field solution for Laguerre–Gaussian beams consistent with the Helmholtz equation using the angular spectrum method. Field components are presented as an order expansion in the ratio of the wavelength to the beam waist, f=λ/(2πw0), which is typically small. The result is then generalized to a beam of arbitrary polarization. This result is then used to reproduce the signature angular momentum properties of Laguerre–Gaussian beams in the paraxial limit. The subsequent higher-order term is similarly obtained, which does not display a clear separation of orbital and spin angular momentum components.
Gender-Specific Approaches to Developing Emotionally Intelligent Learning Companions

The nonverbal social behaviors of virtual learning companions and their affect and task support have gender-specific impacts on learners' frustration and self-awareness during a challenging problem-solving activity. Social bonding and affective support between teachers and learners have considerable impact on learners' performance and motivation. One way to develop a social bond with learners is to provide assistance. According to research in this area (see the sidebar "Related Work on Affective Tutoring Systems"), systems that provide affective support to frustrated users can reduce frustration. A study of expert human tutors' interactions with their students found that up to half of these interactions focus on supporting the learner's affective state. Currently, most intelligent tutoring systems provide predominantly task-based support.
The Synthesis of Spin Labeled Acetylcholine Analogs

Abstract With the acknowledgement that spin label techniques can yield valuable information about the environment surrounding the active sites of biologically important macromolecules, e.g. receptors, several groups1–4 have undertaken a variety of synthetic routes to develop spin labeled analogs of these important therapeutic agents. Recently, we reported the development of a spin labeled local anesthetic using the selective reducing agent, sodium cyanoborohydride. In this communication, we will discuss the synthesis of a spin labeled analog of acetylcholine and several acetylcholine type analogs.
Electrical resistivity variations associated with controlled gasoline spills

Summary A number of geophysical surveys were conducted over two controlled releases of about 100 gallons each of gasoline. In order to clearly identify the responses associated with the gasoline plume, measurements were made before, during and after the injection. The two experiments were conducted about three years apart in the same geologic cell at the controlled tank facilities at the Oregon Graduate Institute in Beaverton , OR. The results of high resolution (2.5 cm spacing) downhole electrical resistivity measurements are presented in this paper. An increase in the electrical resistivity in the capillary zone above the water table was observed with the injected gasoline plume in both experiments. However, the magnitude and shape of the anomaly were considerably different in the two experiments and appear to be associated with the properties of the capillary zone and history of water infiltration prior to the gasoline injection. In order to study longer term responses, measurements were taken 7 months later in the second experiment. These results proved difficult to interpret because considerable rainfall in the area flooded the cell a number of times, causing movement and smearing of the gasoline plume.
Race, Culture and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology

"We have, at long last, a real historian with real historical skills and no intra-professional ax to grind. . . . All these pieces show the virtues one finds missing in . . . nearly all of anthropological history work but [Stocking's]: extensive and critical use of archival sources, tracing of real rather than merely plausible intellectual connections, and contextualization of ideas and movements in terms of broader social and cultural currents. Stocking writes very clearly; attacks important topics-race and evolution, the influence of scientism, the interaction between anthropology and other disciplines; and is methodologically very sophisticated. Though his main theme is the development of racialism and of opposition to it, his book bears on a range of issues very much alive in anthropology. . . . I would think no apprentice anthropologist ought to be pronounced a journeyman until he or she has absorbed what Stocking has to say."-Clifford Geertz, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Negative-ion mass spectrometry of sulfonylurea herbicides

Sulfonylurea herbicides have been studied using negative-ion desorption chemical ionization (DCI) mass spectrometry (MS) and DCI-MS/MS techniques. Both [M H]− and M−· ions were observed in the DCI mass spectra. The collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) spectra were characteristic of the structure of the herbicides examined. The fragmentation pattern was established based on the tandem mass spectra of the in situ deuterated sulfonylureas and on the comparison of the CAD spectra of sulfonylurea fragment ions with the CAD spectra of the ions derived from saccharin (o-benzoic sulfimide) and methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl)benzoate.
Shear Instabilities in the Longshore Current: A Comparison of Observation and Theory

Abstract Low-frequency (<0.01 Hz) oscillations in the surf zone longshore current with wavelengths too small (<300 m) to be surface gravity waves were observed during the 1986 SUPERDUCK experiment at Duck, North Carolina. The observations suggest that these oscillations are dynamically linked to the mean longshore current in the surf zone, leading Bowen and Holman to propose that the observed oscillations are manifestations of a shear instability in the longshore current. In this paper, field data from both the SUPERDUCK experiment (a barred beach) and the l980 NSTS experiment, at Leadbetter Beach, Santa Barbara, California (a plane beach), are used to compare quantitatively the model of Bowen and Holman (which is extended to include the effects of dissipation due to bottom friction) with observation. Observed frequency-cyclic wavenumber (f-K) spectra (constructed from alongshore arrays of velocity measurements made in about 1.5–2 m of water in the trough of the bar at SUPERDUCK, and in about 1 m at NSTS)...