cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavior disorders of childhood.

Abstract One hundred patients with behavior disorders of childhood were studied from both clinical and EEG standpoints. Fifty-one per cent showed normal EEGs. Reasons for considering this as a primary, psychiatric group were discussed. This result and opinion is in conformity with the majority of previous clinical studies. Sixty-seven percent of the behavior disorders with focal EEG abnormality (40 cases) primarily involved the temporal regions, a percentage of localization in this region which was shown to be significantly higher than in a control group. The relationship between temporal abnormality, as indicated by EEG, and behavior disorders of childhood was considered to be a secondary, predisposing one. This relationship was also suggested by an incidence of behavior problems in 39% of another control group of 102 patients selected on the basis of their showing temporal EEG foci. Although this relationship has been postulated before, supporting evidence has been limited or non-existent in the majority of previous studies. The present results are presented in the belief that they afford more specific confirmation of the suspected relationship between temporal lobe dysfunction as indicated by EEG and the behavior disorders of childhood. A possible relationship between convulsive disorders and those behavior disorders of childhood that are associated with EEG abnormalities, and particularly those showing temporal foci, was considered. A control study showed essentially the same incidence of primary temporal foci in the behavior disorder group as in a convulsive group of children of the same age range. Five out of eleven behavior disorder patients showing EEG foci in their occipital and adjacent regions were found to have problems of learning in the presence of borderline or normal intelligence quotients. Learning problems were found in much lower incidence in behavior disorder patients showing either normal EEGs or other EEG abnormalities. The possible significance of this observation was discussed. Other findings, such as I.Q., past history, family history, and neurologic examination, were shown to correlate with the EEG findings, much as has been reported previously.
An unusual natural killer-like hepatosplenic lymphoma associated with the hemophagocytic syndrome

AbstractWe describe a unique case of a hepatosplenic lymphoma associated with hemophagocytosis. The patient was a 53 yr old man who died rapidly of this disease. Postmortem examination revealed a lymphomatous infiltrate involving primarily the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The lymphoma was poIymorphous with scattered large, bizarre, anaplastic cells that were CD45R0, CD43, TIA-1, and granzyme B positive but were negative for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD56, CD57, CD68, CD20, ALK, CD 15, CD I a, S 100, or CD30. Molecular analysis did not reveal a T cell receptor gene rearrangement nor document EBV sequences within the tumor. Heinophagocytosis was prominent in the bone marrow and spleen and was also observed in sections from the liver and lymph node. The clinical and pathologic features of this case do not conform well to any of the welldescribed lymphoma subtypes and are suggestive of a natural killer cell origin of the neoplasm. Related lymphoproliferative disorders will be discussed. (The J Histotechnol 25:23...
Kids - Are - Cooking at the Children's Museum

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine partnerships supporting nutrition activities that enhance learning about healthy eating choices for children and their families. KIDS-ARE - COOKING at the children's museum promotes nutrition education for children and their parents, grandparents or child care providers. Since 1994 the monthly program has demonstrated a successful fun format for family learning. The partnerships responsible for developing and sponsoring the programs included the museum programmer, registered dietitian, high school and college students and community organizations. Ninety-four evaluations were returned in 6 months by adults accompanying children to the KIDS-ARE-COOKING activity. Sixty five per cent (65%) of the children were between the ages of 4 and 9. One hundred per cent (100%) of the respondents enjoyed the program. Sixty per cent (60%) took advantage of the availability of a registered dietitian to answer questions and discuss issues about eating practices. Some of the respondents comments were: "Great activity - hands on, easy enough for success, enthusiasm of staff, pleasant, recipes for follow-up at home and school (I'm a teacher)" ; "I noticed all the kids in the class participated in preparation and eating. You can't do much better than 100%" ; "I liked the focus on healthy food " ; "Very much appreciated the chance to have informed fun" ; "The most fun we have had as a family in a long time."
Pooling job physical exposure data from multiple independent studies in a consortium study of carpal tunnel syndrome

Pooling data from different epidemiological studies of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is necessary to improve statistical power and to more precisely quantify exposure–response relationships for MSDs. The pooling process is difficult and time-consuming, and small methodological differences could lead to different exposure–response relationships. A sub-committee of a six-study research consortium studying carpal tunnel syndrome: (i) visited each study site, (ii) documented methods used to collect physical exposure data and (iii) determined compatibility of exposure variables across studies. Certain measures of force, frequency of exertion and duty cycle were collected by all studies and were largely compatible. A portion of studies had detailed data to investigate simultaneous combinations of force, frequency and duration of exertions. Limited compatibility was found for hand/wrist posture. Only two studies could calculate compatible Strain Index scores, but Threshold Limit Value for Hand Activity Level ...
Direct and facile syntheses of heterocyclic vinyl-C-nucleosides for recognition of inverted base pairs by DNA triple helix formation: first report by direct Wittig route.

The ability to recognize specific gene sequences canonically would allow precise means for genetic intervention. However, specific recognition of two of the four possible base pairs by triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFO) as X·T−A and Y·C−G within a triplex currently remains elusive. A series of C1-vinyl nucleosides have been proposed, and their stability and specificity have been evaluated extensively by molecular dynamics simulation. Because most C-nucleoside syntheses extend through direct substitution at the C1-position, a more convenient strategy for their syntheses via a direct Wittig coupling is presented here.
Compositional Mapping of Jupiter's Satellite Io Utilizing High Speed Multifilter Photometry During Mutual Satellite Occultations, 1990-1991

We observed slected mutual occultations of Jupiter's satellites in 1990-1991 and we used the occultation profiles to constrain the areal distribution of selected spectrally active compounds on Io's surface.
An Examination of Ethical Research Conduct by Experienced and Novice Accounting Academics

We conducted a survey of experienced researchers (members of certain AAA journal editorial boards) and novice researchers (participants of three recent AAA New Faculty Consortia) regarding their evaluations of 30 research behaviors. The behaviors covered co‐authorship issues, submission/streaming issues, data issues, reporting/reference/citation issues, and conduct with peer issues. Participants were asked to evaluate these behaviors as to their appropriateness, perceived occurrence, and firsthand knowledge. Seventy experienced researchers and 106 novice researchers participated by completing the questionnaire. We found a great deal of consistency between experienced and novice researchers in the evaluations of the behaviors. However, we found that many of the behaviors considered inappropriate were believed to occur in accounting research. Further, there was a surprising degree of firsthand knowledge that these behaviors occur. We found that the appropriateness rating was related to firsthand knowledge.
Functions of Relaxed Controls

Mathematical control theory problems involving solutions of certain partial differential equations, nonadditive set functions, or other functionals - approximation and existence theorems
Colonic and rectal complications of kidney transplantation in man.

Reviewing the progress in organ transplantation during the past five years, it appears predictable that the problem of the serious complications which have attended these procedures is well on the way to solution, and that morbidity and mortality rates will soon approach those of other major surgical procedures. When abdominal symptoms or bowel problems occur in kidney transplant patients, the consultant in colonic and rectal diseases should be aware of the problems we have described.
Employee attitudes, customer satisfaction, and sales performance: assessing the linkages in US grocery stores

Using store-level panel data for a major supermarket company, we investigate the linkages between employee attitudes, customer satisfaction, and sales performance, while controlling for observed and unobserved differences across stores. We find that employee attitudes positively affect customer satisfaction with service but do not affect customer satisfaction with quality or value. Additionally, we find that customer satisfaction with service positively affects sales performance. Our results suggest that employee attitudes affect sales performance through their impact on customer service. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic neutron transport equations for rod and plane geometries

Abstract In the derivation of the neutron transport equation, it is assumed that neutron populations are large enough so that fluctuations in the neutron population due to random neutron interactions can be ignored. This assumption is removed in this investigation. The result is a system of stochastic differential equations that models the random behavior of neutron transport. Rod and plane geometries are considered in the present investigation. Isotropic scattering is assumed. Numerical procedures are developed and tested for solving these systems. The results are compared with Monte-Carlo calculations which confirm the accuracy of these stochastic neutron transport equations.
High gains for a Ni-like Tungsten x-ray laser operating in a transient regime

We examine a scheme for a compact nickel-like tungsten soft x- ray laser operating on the 4d - 4p, J equals 0 - 1 transition at 43.2 angstrom. High gains are achieved by operating at high electron densities (ne greater than 1022 cm-3). In this regime, the gain during non-equilibrium ionization can greatly exceed that of the steady state. The duration of this transient gain is on the order of the ionization time which makes picosecond-pulsed optical pumps ideal. We predict gains of 220 cm-1 for a 1 micrometer pump of intensity I equals 1 X 1017 W/cm2.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Normapolles anthers from the upper cretaceous of southern sweden

Abstract Detached anthers containing several different Normapolles types have been recovered from fluviolacustrine sediments of the Upper Cretaceous kaolin-bearing formation of southern Sweden. The pollen contents have been studied mainly by light microscopy and, in a few instances, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The material shows a wide range of variation in size and shape, with various degrees of exine and aperture differentiation. There is a significant positive correlation between anther length and pollen size. Abnormal forms occur frequently, in some specimens together with normal grains, in others alone. The discovery of Normapolles anthers and the very wide range of intra-antheral variation provide an opportunity for evaluating the diagnostic significance of a number of morphological characteristics.
The effects of physical and virtual manipulatives on learning basic concepts in electronics

In this study we investigated the effects of using physical manipulatives (PM) and virtual manipulatives (VM) on students' understanding of electronics. In our experiment, all participants completed two similar tasks, one with a tangible toolkit and another with a computer simulation. Both systems shared the same functionalities. Half of the participants first worked with a physical manipulative and then virtual simulation, while the rest did the opposite sequence. Our findings suggest that working with physical manipulatives might improve significantly learning gains compared to a computer simulation. Additionally, users who first worked with the physical manipulatives and then the virtual environment scored higher on the final post-test compared to participants who completed the same activities in the reverse order. This difference, however, did not reach statistical significance.
Morphology of anterior regeneration in two spionid polychaete species: implications for feeding efficiency

. In marine soft-sediment habitats, tissue loss by infuanal invertebrates can provide significant energetic input to higher trophic levels, have substantial impacts on individual behavior, growth, and fecundity, and resulting changes in bioturbation rates can secondarily affect community dynamics. The degree to which a community is affected by such sublethal predation depends in part on whether injured individuals can regenerate and on the speed at which they do so. Previously, we demonstrated differences in the rate of anterior segment and palp regeneration by the spionid polychaetes Pygospio elegans and Dipolydora quadrilobata. The current study examined the morphology of the anterior segment and palp regeneration in these species using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and indirect immunohistochemistry with confocal laser scanning microscopy at 3, 6, 9, and 12 d post-ablation. Antibodies for acetylated α-tubulin and the neural tetrapeptide FMRFamide were used to label the regenerating nervous system. SEM revealed that the morphology of anterior tissue regeneration was similar for both species, but the ciliated food groove tended to form sooner on palps in P. elegans than on those of D. quadrilobata. In both species, palp regeneration and ciliated food groove formation were faster when only palps were removed. A shortened ciliated food groove is likely to reduce particle contact and transport efficiency in suspension and deposit feeding. Regenerating palp nerves were initially visible at 3 d following ablation of palps only, but at 6 d following ablation of five anterior segments. Following ablation of anterior segments, the regenerating nervous system was largely complete by 9 d, nuchal organs were innervated by 6 d, and processes of palp sensory cells were visible at 12 d. Contact chemoreception by sensory cells on the palps may be diminished during the early stages of regeneration, but chemoreception of waterborne cues via the nuchal organ should not.
A program of a recursive algorithm for a summed multinomial density function

experimentaloutcomes of an experiment) be determined for each of the npossible experiments considered in the problem. For example, ininspector error models in quality control (auditing) havingCartesian product structures, it is necessary to compute Pn(YIX)where Y and X are the reported and the true number ofdefect­ive (noncompliance) items respectively in the sample (audit),in order to determine an optimal economic sampling (auditing)plan (CoIlins, Note
Effects of Vasopressin in Septic Shock

Septic shock continues to be one of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit today. The confluence of many factors contributes to the deterioration of patients' condition in septic shock. Increased levels of nitric oxide, in part, mediate the cardiovascular effects of septic shock. Nitric oxide is major mediator of vasodilation and hypotension as well as myocardial depression. It also contributes to decreased production and release of endogenous vasopressin. Vasopressin effects are actualized by stimulation of V1, V2, and V3 receptors located in various parts of the body. The response is dose dependent. Endogenous vasopressin and angiotensin II act synergistically to preserve and restore blood pressure levels. Decreased circulating vasopressin contributes to adrenal insufficiency via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression and increased catecholamine resistance to vasopressors. Exogenous vasopressin supplementation in physiologic doses has been shown to improve blood pressure levels and decrease vasopressor needs in patients with septic shock.
The Fitness of Citrus Tristeza Virus Defective RNAs Is Affected by the Lengths of Their 5′- and 3′-Termini and by the Coding Capacity

Abstract Populations of the Closterovirus Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) generally contain defective RNAs (dRNAs) that vary in size, abundance, and sequence. The variation in abundance of the different dRNAs in a population suggests selection for those of higher fitness. To examine factors affecting fitness of dRNAs, we investigated a series of in vitro constructed dRNAs for their ability to be amplified in protoplasts by an efficiently replicated CTV deletion mutant. The minimal sequences required for accumulation of the dRNAs were within the genomic 5′ proximal ∼1 kb and the 3′ 270 nucleotides. However, other factors were involved, because a dRNA with only the minimal sequences failed to be replicated. Rescue of a nonviable dRNA by insertion of nonviral sequences between the termini suggested that “spacing” between terminal cis-acting signals influenced fitness. A continuous open reading frame (ORF) through most of the sequences derived from the 5′ of the genome was a requirement for dRNA amplification. In general, insertions, deletions, or nucleotide substitutions were tolerated in the dRNAs as long as an ORF was retained, whereas dRNAs with mutations that prematurely terminated the ORF were not viable. To discriminate between a requirement for an essential protein and ribosomal travel, perhaps to present replication signals to the replicase complex, mutations were made to modify the potential protein but still maintain an ORF. Deletions, insertions of nonviral sequences, or switching of reading frames that altered the amino acid sequence of the protein, except the N-terminal 161 amino acids, did not destroy the fitness of the dRNAs. Yet termination of the ORF in the middle of nonviral sequences did destroy the ability of the dRNAs to be amplified. These results suggest that even though a continuous ORF was needed for fitness, its protein product did not affect the amplification of the dRNAs.
Content selection for a course in total quality management

Describes the selection of the content for a graduate engineering course in total quality management (TQM). Simply defining the subject of TQM is challenging because it encompasses so many disciplines and "methods". The majority of publications on TQM take either a technical approach or a managerial approach. Often missing is a balanced approach to TQM combining both aspects of the subject. Such an approach is crucial, considering that many organizations report that their TQM programs have failed. The paper describes the process of selecting the content for the TQM course and the criteria used for the selection.
Learning assumptions for compositional verification

Compositional verification is a promising approach to addressing the state explosion problem associated with model checking. One compositional technique advocates proving properties of a system by checking properties of its components in an assume-guarantee style. However, the application of this technique is difficult because it involves non-trivial human input. This paper presents a novel framework for performing assume-guarantee reasoning in an incremental and fully automated fashion. To check a component against a property, our approach generates assumptions that the environment needs to satisfy for the property to hold. These assumptions are then discharged on the rest of the system. Assumptions are computed by a learning algorithm. They are initially approximate, but become gradually more precise by means of counterexamples obtained by model checking the component and its environment, alternately. This iterative process may at any stage conclude that the property is either true or false in the system. We have implemented our approach in the LTSA tool and applied it to a NASA system.
Folded monopole antenna over an artificial magnetic conductor for chip-to-chip communications

A folded monopole antenna over an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) plane is investigated for chip-to-chip communication. The analysis of dipole antennas over AMCs revealed that designing the reflection phase of the AMC corresponding to the input impedance of the antenna element without the AMC is important for impedance matching. Based on the result, a prototype using a printed circuit board was designed. This antenna is a good candidate for chip-to-chip communication, because it has a ground shield which prevents the radiation energy from coupling into lossy silicon and it has the radiation pattern toward another chip.
High-Speed Photodetection Exploiting Quasi-Unipolar Charge Transport

Theoretical and experimental analysis of high-speed quasi-unipolar photodiode operation is presented. Design optimization is demonstrated to lead to significant improvements in both modulation bandwidth and optical saturation power, and results are interpreted on the basis of physical modeling.
A Bad Taste in the Mouth Gustatory Disgust Influences Moral Judgment

Can sweet-tasting substances trigger kind, favorable judgments about other people? What about substances that are disgusting and bitter? Various studies have linked physical disgust to moral disgust, but despite the rich and sometimes striking findings these studies have yielded, no research has explored morality in conjunction with taste, which can vary greatly and may differentially affect cognition. The research reported here tested the effects of taste perception on moral judgments. After consuming a sweet beverage, a bitter beverage, or water, participants rated a variety of moral transgressions. Results showed that taste perception significantly affected moral judgments, such that physical disgust (induced via a bitter taste) elicited feelings of moral disgust. Further, this effect was more pronounced in participants with politically conservative views than in participants with politically liberal views. Taken together, these differential findings suggest that embodied gustatory experiences may affect moral processing more than previously thought.
Genetic evidence for androgen-dependent and independent control of aromatase activity in the rat brain.

To investigate the role of androgen receptors in the regulation of brain aromatase activity (AA) in adult rats, the levels of AA in discrete brain areas of androgen-insensitive testicular feminized (Tfm) rats were compared with those in their normal male littermates (NL). AA was measured in homogenates of brain tissue by using a radiometric assay that quantifies the production of 3H2O from [lβ-3H]androstenedione as an index of estrogen formation. Initially, we assessed the capability of block-dissected tissues to aromatize androgens. We found that the AA in the amygdala and hypothalamus-preoptic area of Tfm rats was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than the AA in NL despite the fact that circulating androgen concentrations in the Tfm were significantly higher. Kinetics studies demonstrated that the apparent Michaelis constant was equivalent for both groups (0.02-0.03 μM)- Administration of testosterone propionate to castrated males produced 3 to 4-fold elevations of AA in NL, but did not affect brain AA in...
Lustrous Black Fine Ware at Gordion, Turkey: A Distinctive Sintered Slip Technology

Potters at ancient Gordion (Turkey) produced a distinctive fine ware with a black glossy finish during at least the period 700-500 BC. Visual examination suggested a sintered slip finish. Study using SEM, EDS, INAA, x-ray diffraction, and refiring has confirmed this hypothesis. The technology was characterized by a relatively low firing temperature, large amounts of flux, a darkening wash added over the slip, and use of both calcareous and non-calcareous clays.
Removing the Frontal Lobes The Effects of Engaging Executive Functions on Perceptual Category Learning

The present study examined the impact of engaging frontal-mediated working memory processes on implicit and explicit category learning. Two stimulus dimensions were relevant to categorization, but in some conditions, a third, irrelevant dimension was also presented. Results indicated that in both implicit and explicit conditions, the inclusion of the irrelevant dimension impaired performance by increasing the reliance on suboptimal unidimensional strategies. With three-dimensional stimuli, a striking dissociation was observed between implicit and explicit category learning when participants performed a sequential working memory task. With explicit category learning, performance was impaired further, and there was an increased use of suboptimal unidimensional strategies. However, with implicit category learning, the performance impairment decreased, and there was an increased use of optimal strategies. These findings demonstrate the paradoxical situation in which learning can be improved under sequential-t...
FDG PET with contrast-enhanced CT: a critical imaging tool for laryngeal carcinoma.

Use of FDG PET combined with contrast-enhanced CT in the staging and follow-up of laryngeal carcinoma is discussed, with an emphasis on the patterns of spread of squamous cell carcinoma in each laryngeal division and potential pitfalls of the technique.
Friction and wear of particulate and ME magnetic tapes sliding against a Mn-Zn ferrite head in a linear mode

The objective of this study is to identify differences in the friction and wear characteristics of various particulate and metal evaporated (ME) magnetic tapes. Co-/spl gamma/Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, CrO/sub 2/, metal particle (MP), barium ferrite (BaFe) and ME tapes were run against Mn-Zn ferrite head samples in a linear mode under accelerated conditions. Coefficient of friction was recorded and depth of wear on the contact surface of the ferrite samples was measured by an atomic force microscope using a newly developed "nano-scratch" technique. The Co-/spl gamma/Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/, MP and BaFe tapes resulted in a much lower wear rate of the mating ferrite sample than the CrO/sub 2/ tape. MP and BaFe tapes resulted in a finely polished ferrite surface with original roughness eventually worn smooth. Some scratches were produced with all particulate tapes with heavier scratches in contact with Co/spl gamma/Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and CrO/sub 2/ tapes. ME tape caused very little wear on ferrite with some mild abrasive action due to wear debris. Transfer of topical lubricant caused some agglomeration of this debris. ME tape showed a lower coefficient of friction against ferrite than the particulate tapes. >
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness:

Social and demographic trends are placing an increasing number of adults at risk for loneliness, an established risk factor for physical and mental illness. The growing costs of loneliness have led to a number of loneliness reduction interventions. Qualitative reviews have identified four primary intervention strategies: (a) improving social skills, (b) enhancing social support, (c) increasing opportunities for social contact, and (d) addressing maladaptive social cognition. An integrative meta-analysis of loneliness reduction interventions was conducted to quantify the effects of each strategy and to examine the potential role of moderator variables. Results revealed that single-group pre-post and nonrandomized comparison studies yielded larger mean effect sizes relative to randomized comparison studies. Among studies that used the latter design, the most successful interventions addressed maladaptive social cognition. This is consistent with current theories regarding loneliness and its etiology. Theoretical and methodological issues associated with designing new loneliness reduction interventions are discussed.
Immunosuppressive properties of tissues of the ocular anterior segment.

To determine whether explants of various tissues comprising the anterior segment of individual normal eyes can display immunosuppressive properties in vitro, explants of iris/ciliary body, cornea, cornea-limbus, sclera and conjunctiva were prepared from single eyes of BALB/c mice and tested for their capacity to suppress alloantigen-driven T cell activation in vitro. Cultured explants of iris and ciliary body, and of cornea, but not sclera or conjunctiva, suppressed T cell activation in vitro. Similarly, the supernatants of cultured iris/ciliary body and cornea explants displayed immunosuppressive properties. Prostaglandins appeared to make a minor contribution to the inhibition observed. The authors conclude that certain tissues within the anterior segment of the eye (iris, ciliary body, cornea) contain cells that secrete immunosuppressive factors, whereas other tissues (conjunctiva, sclera) lack this feature. The secretions of the former tissues undoubtedly contribute to the immunosuppressive features o...
EFFECTS OF WOODY VEGETATION ENCROACHMENT ON SOIL NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS IN A TEMPERATE SAVANNA

Woody vegetation has encroached into areas once dominated by herbaceous land cover in arid and semiarid regions of the southwestern United States and around the world, resulting in documented changes to the biophysical and biogeochemical structure of these ecosystems during the past century. In North Texas rangelands, encroaching mes- quite (Prosopis glandulosavar. glandulosa), a known nitrogen (N)-fixing species, has caused changes in aboveground biomass, which, in turn, have influenced carbon (C) and N storage in surface soils. However, the effect on N oxide (nitric-NO and nitrous-N 2O oxide) emissions from the soils was unknown. We examined biotic (vegetation type and soil organic and inorganic N dynamics) and abiotic (soil moisture, temperature, and soil texture) controls over soil NO and N2O emissions across a gradient of aboveground Prosopisbiomass growing on two soil types. Soil N oxide fluxes were dominated by NO emissions produced during nitrification. Aboveground biomass was the best spatial predictor of NO emissions, with values increasing 20-fold (0.04-0.78 mg NO-N·m 22 ·d 21 ) across a 70-fold biomass gradient (5-350 g/m 2 ). Emissions also covaried with soil pH and clay content. Microsite position, under or between the mesquite canopies, did not influence NO emission rates. NO fluxes were four times higher from clay loam than from shallow clay soils; however, soil N properties (total organic N and extractable inorganic N) and cycling rates (mineralization and nitrification) did not differ significantly across the sites. Temporally, NO emissions and nitrification potential were positively correlated with temperature, with precipitation events elevating NO emissions fourfold over a 24-h period and producing small amounts of N2O. We conclude that mesquite encroachment in these grasslands increases NO emissions in a spatially explicit manner influenced by the aboveground biomass and soil type, which is then temporally mediated primarily by temperature and secondarily by precipitation.
Momentum and Aggregate Default Risk

In this paper, we explain momentum profits using innovations in aggregate economy-wide default risk. First, we show that momentum returns are positive only during high default shocks and nonexistent otherwise. Second, we present evidence suggesting that a conditional default shock factor is priced in the cross-section and can explain a large portion of the total momentum returns. According to our results, winners have potentially higher risk than losers during periods of high default shocks. We confirm this finding in alternate sub-periods where momentum is generally not observed and as well as in international data. We also provide an explanation for this finding by linking momentum profits to potential shareholder recovery during financial distress. We find that winners tend to have relatively higher risk in worsening aggregate default conditions due to lower shareholder bargaining power. These results indicate that momentum profits contain a systematic component related to aggregate default and can be explained in a rational framework.
Follow-up of Markedly Elevated Serum Potassium Results in the Ambulatory Setting: Implications for Patient Safety

Failure to follow up outpatient test results in a timely manner is a growing patient safety concern. To investigate the follow-up of markedly elevated serum potassium levels in the ambulatory setti...
Efficient Monte Carlo methods for convex risk measures in portfolio credit risk models

We discuss efficient Monte Carlo (MC) methods for the estimation of convex risk measures within the portfolio credit risk model CreditMetrics. Our focus lies on the Utility- based Shortfall Risk (SR) measures, as these avoid several deficiencies of the current industry standard value-at-risk (VaR). It is demonstrated that the importance sampling method exponential twisting provides computationally efficient SR estimators. Numerical simulations of test portfolios illustrate the good performance of the proposed algorithms.
Numerical dispersion in the thin-layer method

Abstract The thin-layer method (TLM) is an effective numerical tool for the analysis of wave motions in laminated media. In a nutshell, the TLM combines the finite element method in the direction of layering together with analytical solutions for the remaining directions. This partial discretization introduces some numerical dispersion in the TLM, the degree of which depends on the refinement of the model. In this paper, we first characterize this numerical dispersion for both anti-plane (SH) and in-plane (SV–P) body waves in an unbounded medium. We then develop optimal tuning factors, with the aid of which the numerical dispersion error is minimized and the accuracy of the solution improved. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the tuning factors by comparing the numerical results obtained with the TLM against the exact results of canonical models for guided waves in plates, and for Love and for Rayleigh waves in semi-infinite media.
Perirhinal-amygdala circuit-level computational model of temporal encoding in fear conditioning

Here we present a real-time model of fear conditioning in which the functional anatomy and neurophysiology of the lateral amygdala and perirhinal cortex provide a mechanism for temporal learning during Pavlovian conditioning. The model uses realistic neuronal and circuit dynamics to map time onto space and relies on a conventional Hebbian learning rule that requires strict temporal contiguity for synaptic modification. The input—output relationships of the model neurons simulate our physiological recordings with respect to latency to fire, firing frequency, and accommodation tendency. Chains of these neurons form a spectrum of activity windows delayed by various amounts from the conditioned stimulus onset. Simulations reveal that learning occurs only when the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are explicitly paired, that the interstimulus interval (ISI) is accurately learned over a time range from 0.5 to 16 sec, and that low-frequency noise causes the accuracy of temporal learning to decrease as the ISI increases, in accordance with a Weber-type law.
Upper Ocean Temperature Structure, Inertial Currents, and Richardson Numbers Observed during Strong Meteorological Forcing

Abstract Upper ocean currents and temperature in the northeastern Pacific were measured during a 14-day period in November 1980 as part of STREX. Velocities in the upper ocean are dominated by near-inertial frequency oscillations. Thew oscillations are modified by wind stress variations associated with the passage of a strong cold front. The change in the inertial currents both in the mixed layer and below is qualitatively consistent with linear internal wave dynamics if turbulent stresses during the storm are assumed to extend 10–20 m below the mixed layer. The ratio of mean squared buoyancy frequency N2 and mean squared shear S2 computed over a 10 m interval defines an average Richardson number R0=N2/S2; R0 is approximately 2.5 except in regions of high inertial shear. In particular, values as low as 0.7 are obtained in a 20 m thick region immediately below the base of the mixed layer. The data are consistent with a model of the oecanic shear field consisting of a background shear, corresponding to a va...
The Institutional Side of Religious Liberty: A New Model of the Establishment Clause

"The Institutional Side of Religious Liberty: A New Model of the Establishment Clause" offers a new theory of the First Amendment Establishment Clause. Under this theory, the Clause plays a subordinate role to the Free Exercise Clause; whereas at present, the Exercise Clause is generally seen as somewhat irrelevant or even redundant by many legal scholars. My article argues that, contrary to much of the case law of the past half-century, the Establishment Clause supports and contributes to the religious liberty protected by the Free Exercise Clause. (This position goes against the views of many commentators who see the Establishment Clause as an independent check on religious involvement or expression in the civic arena.) Under the constitutional model,the Establishment Clause should never have been applied to the whole line of religious-expression-on-public-property cases - e.g., prayer in the schools and creches in the parks. Instead, it should have been the Exercise Clause that governed those cases.
Yoga Intervention for Patients With Prostate Cancer Undergoing External Beam Radiation Therapy: A Pilot Feasibility Study

Purpose. Studies have demonstrated beneficial health effects from yoga interventions in cancer patients, but predominantly in breast cancer. Research on its role in alleviating prostate cancer (PC) patients’ side effects has been lacking. Our primary goal was to determine the feasibility of recruiting PC patients on a clinical trial of yoga while they underwent external beam radiation therapy (RT). Methods. Twice-weekly yoga interventions were offered throughout the RT course (6-9 weeks). Baseline demographic information was collected. Feasibility was declared if 15 of the first 75 eligible PC patients approached (20%) were successfully accrued and completed the intervention. Additional end points included standardized assessments of fatigue, erectile dysfunction (ED), urinary incontinence (UI), and quality of life (QOL) at time points before, during, and after RT. Results. Between May 2013 and June 2014, 68 eligible PC patients were identified. 23 patients (34%) declined, and 45 (56%) consented to the study. 18 (40%) were voluntarily withdrawn due to treatment conflicts. Of the remaining 27, 12 (30%) participated in ≥50% of classes, and 15 (59%) were evaluable. Severity of fatigue scores demonstrated significant variability, with fatigue increasing by week 4, but then improving over the course of treatment (P = .008). ED, UI, and general QOL scores demonstrated reassuringly stable, albeit not significant trends. Conclusions. A structured yoga intervention of twice-weekly classes is feasible for PC patients during a 6- to 9-week course of outpatient radiotherapy. Preliminary results are promising, showing stable measurements in fatigue, sexual health, UI, and general QOL.
Ethics and Social Justice

Economists often operate as though they had perfect knowledge and their expert knowledge, couched in difficult and abstruse mathematics, was infallible. In the material world of uncertainty, risk, reward and, all too often, impoverishment, the consequences of bad policy decisions are not just theoretical mistakes on paper; but rather, they create harms for many people. Thus a meaningful code of ethics is necessary. Developing a meaningful code of ethics may be difficult if economists must remain within the mainstream paradigm; however, there are many alternative economic approaches that may or may not use the methods and tools of the mainstream. All of them have ethics at their core in the sense of respect and care for other persons and the environment. The prudential principle, the principle of informed consent, and autonomy are embedded in their methodologies and approaches. In developing a code of ethics for economics, we should look to other heterodox schools and related disciplines where such codes have a long and successful record.
Book Review: The beautiful Monster : Mark Ronan (2006), Symmetry and the Monster, one of the greatest quests of mathematics. New York: Oxford University Press, 255 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-280723-6 £8.99 RRP ()

This book describes the discovery of the largest of the exceptional symmetry groups, known among mathematicians as “the Monster.” The author provides an abundance of historical details and avoids all symbols and formulae. Although Ronan delves into the lives of the major players to give context and much color to the account, it is to their ideas that he pays the most attention. The first three chapters are about the origins of group theory, the atoms of symmetry, and the men who discovered them. Ronan begins his story with a non-technical introduction to the concept of symmetry, using the Athenian philosopher Theaetetus’s classification of the five regular Platonic solids as an illustrative example. The author then informally introduces the concept of a symmetry group. There follows a 30-page account of the life and the work of E’variste Galois, the first person to use symmetry to prove deep mathematical theorems and the father of a new branch of mathematics, the theory of finite groups. As it states on page 12 of the book, Galois’ mathematics was timeless: “Galois theory and Galois groups are common currency in mathematics today. As a young man of 20 he joined the ranks of the immortals.” Galois’s work on the necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals involved remarkable insight and the introduction of new ideas that were neither understood nor appreciated at the time of his death. Before commenting on Galois’s ideas, we first recall that a polynomial is solvable by radicals if its solutions are a combination of square roots, cube roots, and so on. Also, a polynomial is said to be irreducible if it cannot be rewritten as a product of two polynomials of smaller degrees. To determine whether a given irreducible polynomial is solvable by radicals, Galois studied the interchangeability of irrational solutions. Irrational solutions appear in multiples and within each multiple they exhibit a symmetry. Galois’s genius was to analyze this symmetry rather than the solutions themselves. The result of interchanging several things at once is called a permutation. What Galois examined was a system of permutations having the property that one followed by another always yields a third permutation in the same system. He called such a system a group. For a given equation, Galois grouped all the allowable permutations together. This is Educ Stud Math (2009) 70:295–298 DOI 10.1007/s10649-008-9179-4
Linear Free Energy Relationship Involving the Properties of Prevulcanization Inhibitors

Abstract The utilization of σ* constants for substituted phenyl groups converted from the known Hammett σ constants of the phenyl substituents is useful in assessing the linear free energy relationship (LFER) of the properties of various inhibitors. The inhibitors include thioketals, sulfenamides and N,N′thiobis(substituted formanilides). In the LFER of the rate of reaction between thioketals with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, the rate is fastest when the thio group of the thioketal is attached to a substituted phenyl with the highest positive σ constant. The σ constant of alkyl groups is negative, and an alkylthio group gives a thioketal with a slower reaction rate. The LFER applies to the 13C NMR shift of the quaternary carbon of the thioketals with alkylthio groups. The slope of the linear relation is positive. However, changes in the 13C NMR shift of the arylthio derivatives are relatively small in spite of a wide variation in σ* constant. The LFER applies to the scorch delaying activities of all structura...
T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: presence in bone marrow and peripheral blood of cells that suppress erythropoiesis in vitro

The pathogenesis of the anemia associated with malignancy was investigated in a patient with T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The plasma clot culture system was used as a measure in vitro of erythropoiesis. The patient's peripheral blood and marrow T lymphocytes obtained both before and after transfusion therapy suppressed erythroid colony formation by normal human bone marrow cells. Pretreatment of the patient's bone marrow T cells by antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and complement reversed this suppression. In addition, pretreatment of the patient's marrow cells with ATG and complement markedly augmented erythropoiesis in vitro. The expression of erythroid activity caused by the selective destruction of the suppressor T lymphocytes in the patient's bone marrow with ATG and the suppression of normal erythropoiesis by the patient's bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes suggest that interaction between the malignant T cell and the erythropoietin-responsive stem cell is important in production of anemia in this patient.
Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Four Commercial Titanium Alloys from 20° to 300°K

The unusual properties of titanium and its alloys have made these materials of great interest for the construction of structures and equipment for use at both high and low temperatures. The Department of Defense of the U.S. Government has for some time been engaged in a program of study and development of these materials. This program has included the studies of the mechanical and thermal properties of these alloys with a view to providing data useful to their engineering application.
CT Appearance of Traumatic Inferior Vena Cava Injury

OBJECTIVE. CT plays a crucial role in the evaluation of stable patients with blunt and penetrating trauma in the emergency department. Among the more severe injuries that may occur in penetrating and blunt trauma are those to the inferior vena cava (IVC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and differentiate the CT findings associated with penetrating versus blunt trauma to the IVC to aid the radiologist in diagnosing IVC injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cases of blunt and penetrating IVC injury were retrospectively identified using search queries. Criteria for inclusion were preoperative contrast-enhanced CT and surgically confirmed caval injury or direct findings of caval injury on CT with patient death before surgical confirmation could be obtained. RESULTS. Twelve cases of traumatic IVC injury were identified over a 9-year period: six blunt and six penetrating. The most common finding was a retroperitoneal hematoma, seen in 75% of cases. Eighty-three percent of blunt injuries were associated wit...