cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIV and sexual transmitted diseases related epidemiological characteristics analysis on drug users in Jiangsu province

Objective:To analyze HIV and sexual transmitted diseases related epidemiological characteristics on drug users in Jiangsu Province in 2011.Methods:According to the data of HIV surveillance on drug users in 2011,Excel database was established and statistical analysis of data was performed with SPSS 15.0 software.Results:Of 3 290 drug users,39.3%was traditional drug user,mainly heroin;54.0% was new type drug user,mainly methamphetamine.Methamphetamine users were more likely to be single,female,young and low-condom-use with commercial sex workers(27.34% has reported commercial sex,33.11% reported consistent condom use);prevalence of syphilis was 17.11% and 9.10% by ELISA and TRUST repeated tests respectively.Methamphetamine users have higher prevalence of syphilis than traditional drug users.Conclusion:The traditional drugs,mainly heroin users are relatively small in Jiangsu province.Methamphetamine as the representative of new drugs occupys the main status of new drug users.The infection rate of syphilis,unsafe sex behavior and risk of HIV spreading is higher in new type drug users than traditional drug users,and intensive intervention should be followed.
Radiation-enhanced therapeutic targeting of galectin-1 enriched malignant stroma in triple negative breast cancer.

// Meenakshi Upreti 1, 3 , Amar Jyoti 1, 3 , Sara E. Johnson 2 , Elden P. Swindell 4 , Dana Napier 3 , Pallavi Sethi 1, 3 , Ryan Chan 1 , Jonathan M. Feddock 5 , Heidi L. Weiss 3 , Thomas V. O’Halloran 4 , B. Mark Evers 3, 6 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 2 Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 3 Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington,KY, USA 4 Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA 5 Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky Chandler Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA 6 Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Correspondence to: Meenakshi Upreti, email: m.upreti@uky.edu Keywords: galectin-1, triple negative breast cancer, stromal-targeting, TNBC tumor model, tumor tissue analog (TTA) Received: February 18, 2016 Accepted: May 04, 2016 Published: May 19, 2016 ABSTRACT Currently there are no FDA approved targeted therapies for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Ongoing clinical trials for TNBC have focused primarily on targeting the epithelial cancer cells. However, targeted delivery of cytotoxic payloads to the non-transformed tumor associated-endothelium can prove to be an alternate approach that is currently unexplored. The present study is supported by recent findings on elevated expression of stromal galectin-1 in clinical samples of TNBC and our ongoing findings on stromal targeting of radiation induced galectin-1 by the anginex-conjugated arsenic-cisplatin loaded liposomes using a novel murine tumor model. We demonstrate inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in response to the multimodal nanotherapeutic strategy using a TNBC model with orthotopic tumors originating from 3D tumor tissue analogs (TTA) comprised of tumor cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The ‘rigorous’ combined treatment regimen of radiation and targeted liposomes is also shown to be well tolerated. More importantly, the results presented provide a means to exploit clinically relevant radiation dose for concurrent receptor mediated enhanced delivery of chemotherapy while limiting overall toxicity. The proposed study is significant as it falls in line with developing combinatorial therapeutic approaches for stroma-directed tumor targeting using tumor models that have an appropriate representation of the TNBC microenvironment.
Ecological factors rather than physical barriers to dispersal shape genetic structure of symbionts in horizontally-transmitting corals

Many reef-building corals acquire their algal symbionts (Symbiodinium sp.) from the local environment upon recruitment. This horizontal transmission strategy where hosts pair with locally available symbionts could serve to increase coral fitness across diverse environments, as long as the host maintains high promiscuity and symbionts adapt locally. Here, we tested this hypothesis in two coral host species by comparing host and symbiont genetic structures across different spatial scales in Micronesia. Each host species associated with two genetically distinct Symbiodinium lineages, confirming high promiscuity in broadly dispersing hosts. However, contrary to our initial expectation, symbiont genetic structure was independent of physical barriers to dispersal between islands, unlike genetic structure of their hosts that was nearly perfectly explained by oceanic currents. Instead, Symbiodinium consistently demonstrated genetic divergence among local reefs and between the two host species at each island, although not necessarily between distant islands. These observations indicate that Symbiodinium disperse much more broadly than previously thought and continuously adapt to specific hosts and reef environments across their range, following the classical Baas Becking′s hypothesis: ″Everything is everywhere, but the environment selects″. Overall, our findings confirm horizontal transmission could be a mechanism for broadly dispersing coral species to enhance their local fitness by associating with locally adapted symbionts. Dramatic differences in factors driving the genetic structures of horizontally-transmitting corals and their Symbiodinium imply that viewing their combined genomes as a single evolving entity (′hologenome′) would be misleading.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Larynx Cancer: One Size Does Not Fit All

therapeutic options for all stages of larynx cancer. Although organ-sparing surgery and/or radiotherapy with or without systemic therapy have often replaced laryngectomy, optimal larynx cancer management depends not only on patient- and tumorrelated factors, but perhaps most importantly,ontheexpertiseandequipmentatthe treating facility. The advent of novel surgical techniques, advanced radiation delivery technologies, and targeted systemic therapeutics signify progress in the field, but the mostup-to-datemedicaldevicesanddrugs are not required for appropriate patient care. Excellent functional oncologic outcomes are achieved for patients with larynx cancer across many health care settings by using a multidisciplinaryapproachthataccounts for individual patient-specific considerations and available resources.
Local Regulators of Bone: IL-1, TNF, Lymphotoxin, Interferon-γ, IL-8, IL-10, IL-4, the LIF/IL-6 Family, and Additional Cytokines

Publisher Summary The bone remodeling cycle is highly regulated by a variety of factors such as hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and physical force. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a multifunctional cytokine with a wide variety of activities. It is a family of two active peptides (IL-lα and IL-lβ) that are encoded by two separate gene products. It paradoxically stimulates OPG production in a human osteosarcoma cell line and it directly enhances the resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts by a mechanism that may involve activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Like IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a family of two related polypeptides (α and β) that are products of separate genes. TNF-α and –β have similar biologic activities and are both potent stimulators of bone resorption and inhibitors of bone collagen synthesis. The effects of TNF on resorption is mediated by its effects on osteoclasts since osteoclast number increased after TNF treatment of bones and as resorption stimulated by TNF is inhibited by calcitonin. Interferon (IFN)-γ is another regulatory cytokine with a wide variety of biologic activities. The actions of IFN-γ on in vitro resorption appear to be mediated by its effects on osteoclast progenitor cells. It is also known to inhibit other hematopoietic functions including erythropoiesis, however, it does not affect the resorptive activity of mature osteoclasts. The in vitro effects of IFN-γ on collagen synthesis are also inhibitory. In bone organ culture, IFN-γ decreases both collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis.
Jack Nicholson: The Realistic Romantic

This chapter situates Jack Nicholson’s incipient star career as an attempt to appeal to young educated adults and, at the same time, maintain a considerable measure of Hollywood traditions. To an unexamined extent, Nicholson’s performance style and interviews to the press at this time exerted a profound influence over the new movement of films. Nicholson’s stature as an ethnic everyman, anti-hero, and unlikely star was a determinative signifier in his films, his ancillary discourse, and contemporary cinema more generally. Nicholson continued Hoffman’s version of the Rough Rebel star image: not conventionally handsome, careerist, liberal but not radical, and privileging male-male relationships over male-female relationships. However, Nicholson’s style of acting was less immersive and more natural, and his appearance was “rough” without being Jewish, both of which expanded the definition of the Rough Rebel.
Architecture modeling on the Europa project

In 2015 NASA chartered a partnership between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) to begin planning a mission to study the Jovian moon Europa. The project has adopted a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach to its architecting process since its early formulation, developing certain modeling practices and tools as needed, with the expectation that this process would result in a more consistent and verifiable architecture than with a more traditional document-based approach. A sound architecture is essential to provide the rationale for requirements on the system design, and to define the trade space of acceptable design points within which technical and programmatic concerns as well as project objectives can be addressed. This paper provides an overview of the framework used by the Europa project to describe the mission architecture and discusses how a system model was instrumental in providing a single-source-of-truth for this description. Several key modeling patterns to represent the architecture are presented, along with audit methods to ensure the consistency and the correctness of the model. Finally, the benefits and challenges of using a model-based approach to generate traditional requirements documents and other gate products are assessed.
Development, validation, and assessment of a high fidelity chilled water plant model

Abstract Effective simulation models of complex systems must achieve an appropriate balance between computational complexity and model fidelity. This work assesses that compromise, in the context of chiller plant modeling, simulation, and optimization. A high-fidelity, equation-based model of a water-cooled chiller is developed and evaluated in comparison to the DOE-2 semi-empirical model, as well as operating data from a real plant. The developed model is found to be realistic in a broader operating range, but computationally expensive for use in real-time optimization, taking approximately 10× computational time compared to the empirical model. The value of this high-fidelity model is demonstrated in simulation case studies that expand beyond the scope of the empirical model and through its suitability as a basis for the development of advanced control architectures. This work identifies the value proposition of the high-fidelity model and illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of each modeling approach, concluding with an outlook of the need for custom, reduced-order models for advanced analysis of chiller plants, targeted to specific uses, such as efficiency optimization and fault detection and accommodation.
Age-related racial disparities in prostate cancer patients: A systematic review

ABSTRACTObjective. Prostate cancer mortality rates have decreased over recent decades, but racial disparities in prostate cancer survival still present as a serious challenge. These disparities may be impacted by age; in fact, African-American men younger than age 65 have prostate cancer mortality rates nearly three times greater than that of White men. Therefore, a systematic literature review was conducted in Medline and EMBASE databases focusing on articles comparing survival and mortality rates for prostate cancer patients across age and race.Design. Articles included were based on the following criteria: (1) included African-American and White prostate cancer patients residing in the US; (2) measured racial disparities across distinct age categories with at least one category below and one above age 65; and (3) addressed racial disparities in terms of overall survival or mortality.Results. Twenty eight articles compared survival and mortality disparities between African-American and White prostate ca...
Sleep Disturbances among Older Adults in the United States, 2002–2012: Nationwide Inpatient Rates, Predictors, and Outcomes

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: We examined the rates, predictors, and outcomes (mortality risk (MR), length of stay (LOS) and total charges (TC)) of sleep disturbances in older hospitalized patients. PATIENTS/METHODS: Using the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2002-2012), older patients (≥60y) were selected and rates of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and other sleep disturbances (OSD) were estimated using ICD-9CM. TC, adjusted for inflation, was of primary interest, while MR and LOS were secondary outcomes. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Of 35,258,031 older adults, 263,865 (0.75%) had insomnia, 750,851 (2.13%) OSA and 21,814 (0.06%) OSD. Insomnia rates increased significantly (0.27% in 2002 to 1.29 in 2012, P-trend<0.001), with a similar trend observed for OSA (1.47 in 2006 to 5.01 in 2012, P-trend<0.001). TC (2012 $) for insomnia-related hospital admission increased over time from $22,250 in 2002 to $31,527 in 2012, and increased similarly for OSA and OSD; while LOS and MR both decreased. Women with any sleep disturbance had lower MR and TC than men, while Whites had consistently higher odds of insomnia, OSA, and OSD than older Blacks and Hispanics. Co-morbidities such as depression, cardiovascular risk factors, and neurological disorders steadily increased over time in patients with sleep disturbances. CONCLUSION: TC increased over time in patients with sleep disturbances while LOS and MR decreased. Further research should focus on identifying the mechanisms that explain the association between increasing sleep disturbance rates and expenditures within hospital settings and the potential hospital expenditures of unrecognized sleep disturbances in the elderly.
Group immersive education with digital fulldome planetariums

Although fulldome video digital theaters evolved from traditional planetariums, they are more akin to virtual reality (VR) theaters that create large-scale, group immersive experiences. In order to help understand how immersion and wide fields-of-view (FOV) impact learning, we studied the use of visualizations on topics that do and do not require spatial understanding in astronomy classes. We find a significant difference between students who viewed visualizations in the dome versus those that saw non-immersive content in their classrooms, with the former showing the greatest retention. Our results suggest that immersive visuals help free up cognitive resources that can be used to build mental models requiring spatial understanding, and the physical display size combined with the wide FOV may result in greater attention. Although fulldome is a complementary medium to traditional VR, our results have implications for future head-mounted displays.
BK viremia surveillance and outcomes in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant recipients.

Background While screening for asymptomatic BK viremia (BKV) has been well studied in isolated kidney transplant recipients, there is a paucity of published outcomes in simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplant recipients who underwent BKV screening followed by pre-emptive reduction of immunosuppression. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective review of 31 consecutive SPK recipients who were transplanted over a five year period following the initiation of a serum BKV screening protocol. Results BK viremia developed in 11 (35.5%) patients, and all patients achieved complete viral clearance following reduction of immunosuppression. Two patients (6.5%) developed BK virus nephropathy, but both had preserved allograft function. One patient developed mild rejection of the kidney allograft following clearance of BKV, and two patients developed mild rejection of the pancreas allograft after reduction of immunosuppression, but there were no kidney or pancreas allograft losses due to rejection. The development of BK viremia did not impact overall patient survival or kidney and pancreas allograft survival. Conclusion Screening asymptomatic SPK recipients for BKV followed by reduction of maintenance immunosuppression appears to be an effective strategy to prevent kidney allograft dysfunction and graft loss due to BK virus nephropathy, without compromising pancreas allograft outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Correlation between Apparent Substrate Affinity and OCT2 Transport Turnover.

Organic cation (OC) transporter 2 (OCT2) mediates the first step in the renal secretion of many cationic drugs: basolateral uptake from blood into proximal tubule cells. The impact of this process on the pharmacokinetics of drug clearance as estimated using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic approach relies on an accurate understanding of the kinetics of transport because the ratio of the maximal rate of transport to the Michaelis constant (i.e., Jmax/ Kt) provides an estimate of the intrinsic clearance (Clint) used in in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of experimentally determined transport data. Although the multispecificity of renal OC secretion, including that of the OCT2 transporter, is widely acknowledged, the possible relationship between relative affinity of the transporter for its diverse substrates and the maximal rates of their transport has received little attention. In this study, we determined the Jmax and apparent Michaelis constant (Ktapp) values for six structurally distinct OCT2 substrates and found a strong correlation between Jmax and Ktapp; high-affinity substrates [Ktapp values 200 µM, including choline and metformin). Similarly, preloading OCT2-expressing cells with low-affinity substrates resulted in systematically larger trans-stimulated rates of MPP uptake than did preloading with high-affinity substrates. The data are quantitatively consistent with the hypothesis that dissociation of bound substrate from the transporter is rate limiting in establishing maximal rates of OCT2-mediated transport. This systematic relationship may provide a means to estimate Clint for drugs for which transport data are lacking.
The development and implementation of the Art of Happiness intervention for community-dwelling older adults

ABSTRACTResearch has shown that positive psychology interventions can enhance subjective well-being and reduce depression, however, efficacy on older adult populations has not been widely examined. Specifically, subjective well-being, life satisfaction, optimism, and positive emotions have been shown to improve health and longevity. The present study soughts to develop and evaluate an intervention with the goals of enhancing positive mental health among older adults. The Art of Happiness is a theory-based, eight-week intervention that was conducted at three senior centers in the state of Delaware. Each 90-min class examined a different topic including: (1) defining happiness, (2) stress management, (3) reflecting on happiness, (4) compassion and human connection, (5) forgiveness, (6) transforming suffering, (7) mindfulness, and (8) humor. Pre and post questionnaires assessed participant subjective happiness, stress, gratitude, life satisfaction, depression, mindfulness, arousal states, and general demogra...
Endocrine dysfunction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Practical recommendations for diagnosis and clinical management

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, because ICIs block coinhibitory molecules on T cells and other immune cells, unleashing them to mediate tumor cell killing, they also can disrupt the maintenance of immunological tolerance to self-antigens. Compared with chemotherapy, ICIs have a different toxicity profile, especially the occurrence of autoimmune-like manifestations against multiple organ systems, including endocrine glands, commonly referred to as immune-related adverse events. The aim of this review was to provide practical recommendations regarding the proper assessment and clinical management related to the new onset of endocrinopathies after the use of ICIs in patients with cancer. Cancer 2018;124:1111-21. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Priority Effects Are Weakened by a Short, but Not Long, History of Sympatric Evolution

Priority effects, or the effects of species arrival history on local species abundances, have been documented in a range of taxa. However, factors determining the extent to which priority effects affect community assembly remain unclear. Using laboratory populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, we examined whether shared evolutionary history affected the strength of priority effects. We hypothesized that sympatric evolution of populations belonging to the same guild would lead to niche differentiation, resulting in phenotypic complementarity that weakens priority effects. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that priority effects tended to be weaker in sympatrically evolved pairs of immigrating populations than in allopatrically evolved pairs. Furthermore, priority effects were weaker under higher phenotypic complementarity. However, these patterns were observed only in populations with a relatively short history of sympatric evolution, and disappeared when populations had evolved together for a long time. Together, our results suggest that the evolutionary history of organismal traits may dictate the strength of priority effects and, consequently, the extent of historical contingency in the assembly of ecological communities.
Technology-Based Abuse: Intimate Partner Violence and the Use of Information Communication Technologies

Information communication technologies (ICTs) are changing the way people experience intimate relationships (Fox and Rainie, Pew Research Center, February 2014, “The Web at 25.” Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/25/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s, 2014). However, research literature exploring the impact of ICTs on the abuse experiences of victim-survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) is minimal. Using a feminist lens, which focuses on gender-based violence, this chapter examines how IPV victims-survivors face unique online problems. Studies show women experience intimate partner violence through technology, but also rely on ICT to find support outside the relationship. These findings indicate that IPV victim-survivors experiences of technology-based abuse are related to other forms of gender-based violence and, anecdotally, have been linked with stalking and homicide. Four specific forms of online abuses are described—monitoring, cyberstalking, harassment, and humiliation.
Visions of Machine Intelligence

A number of people are writing about their visions of intelligent machines. As described in a previous chapter, some argue that it is impossible. Others think it is possible and are concerned with predicting the nature of intelligent machines and their relationship with humans. In this chapter I consider their ideas and how they relate to my vision.
Context-Aware Neural Model for Temporal Information Extraction

We propose a context-aware neural network model for temporal information extraction. This model has a uniform architecture for event-event, event-timex and timex-timex pairs. A Global Context Layer (GCL), inspired by Neural Turing Machine (NTM), stores processed temporal relations in narrative order, and retrieves them for use when relevant entities come in. Relations are then classified in context. The GCL model has long-term memory and attention mechanisms to resolve irregular long-distance dependencies that regular RNNs such as LSTM cannot recognize. It does not require any new input features, while outperforming the existing models in literature. To our knowledge it is also the first model to use NTM-like architecture to process the information from global context in discourse-scale natural text processing. We are going to release the source code in the future.
Rastafarianism and Western Medicine

This chapter contains a case study of a Rastafarian man of Jamaican descent in the emergency department.
Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective.

Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the phases of hemostasis...
Judge Johnson and the Kaleidoscopic First Amendment

Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr.’s decision in Williams v. Wallace, in which Judge Johnson issued an opinion which permitted the Selma March to proceed despite unremitting opposition from local and state authorities, is now a settled part of American history. Furthermore, today few question the underlying correctness of the decision. But in fact, seen in the wider context of modern First Amendment jurisprudence, Judge Johnson’s decision was remarkable. Just how remarkable it was becomes apparent when it is contrasted with a decision of the United States Supreme Court just a year later, Adderly v. Florida, in which the Court upheld the trespass convictions of participants in a civil rights protest on the grounds of a county jail. Adderly, authored by that most vociferous defender of civil rights and liberties Justice Hugo Black, demonstrates that the modern First Amendment has rarely been interpreted to require access by protestors to public property when that access might interfere with its regular uses. Yet in Williams Judge Johnson authorized a 54 mile long march by 25,000 protestors along a public highway! Why did Judge Johnson rule as he did, in the face of precedent and judicial norms? Part of the answer has to lie in the unique back-history of the March, which included stunning acts of violence and brutality on the part of officials and the KKK. But there was a constitutional insight driving Judge Johnson’s decision as well, one that Justice Black missed. The opinion in Williams v. Wallace demonstrates an understanding of two fundamental points about the First Amendment that the modern Supreme Court (beginning, in a very meaningful way, in Adderly itself) has forgotten. The first is that the First Amendment protects multiple political rights, not just free speech. The second is that these rights, though related, are distinct and cumulative. More specifically, Judge Johnson recognized that what was at issue in the Selma March was not just free speech, but also association, assembly and petition, and that these rights fortify one another. In other words, Judge Johnson recognized the kaleidoscopic nature of the First Amendment in its relationship to citizenship and democracy. That is an insight that should not have been lost, and which we would do well to recover today.
Acyclic stereocontrol in [3+2]-cycloadditions of amino acid-derived isomünchnone dipoles

Abstract α-Diazoimides derived from chiral amines undergo Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclization to give the corresponding chiral isomunchnone dipoles which were trapped with a variety of dipolarophiles. The extent and sense of diastereoselectivity in the [3+2]-cycloaddition is a function of the substitution pattern on the chiral amine. Exo-cycloadducts were formed in high yield, but the π-facial selectivity is low with dipoles derived from 1-phenylethyl amine and 1-(1-naphthalenyl)ethyl amine. However, very high facial discrimination was observed when amino acid esters were used as the chiral amine component. The best results (≥95 : 5) were obtained using chiral dipoles derived from phenylalanine methyl ester with a variety of dipolarophiles. The observed syn preference can be rationalized in terms of a stereoelectronic effect of the ester functional group in the preferred conformation in the transition state of the cycloaddition. Another possibility involves interaction of the ester carbonyl with the rhodium metal thereby causing the attack of the amido group to occur in a stereodefined manner. Effective shielding of one of the π faces by π-stacking with the aromatic ring explains the high level of π-facial selectivity of the phenylalanine derivatives. The present study introduces a new method for efficient acyclic stereocontrol in isomunchnone cycloaddition reactions.
Secure Application Continuity in Intermittent Systems

Intermittent systems operate embedded devices without a source of constant reliable power, relying instead on an unreliable source such as an energy harvester. They overcome the limitation of intermittent power by retaining and restoring system state as checkpoints across periods of power loss. Previous works have addressed a multitude of problems created by the intermittent paradigm, but do not consider securing intermittent systems. In this paper, we address the security concerns created through the introduction of checkpoints to an embedded device. When the non-volatile memory that holds checkpoints can be tampered, the checkpoints can be replayed or duplicated. We propose secure application continuity as a defense against these attacks. Secure application continuity provides assurance that an application continues where it left off upon power loss. In our secure continuity solution, we define a protocol that adds integrity, authenticity, and freshness to checkpoints. We develop two solutions for our secure checkpointing design. The first solution uses a hardware accelerated implementation of AES, while the second one is based on a software implementation of a lightweight cryptographic algorithm, Chaskey. We analyze the feasibility and overhead of these designs in terms of energy consumption, execution time, and code size across several application configurations. Then, we compare this overhead to a non-secure checkpointing system. We conclude that securing application continuity does not come cheap and that it increases the overhead of checkpoint restoration from 3.79 μJ to 42.96 μJ with the hardware accelerated solution and 57.02 μJ with the software based solution. To our knowledge, no one has yet considered the cost to provide security guarantees for intermittent operations. Our work provides future developers with an empirical evaluation of this cost, and with a problem statement for future research in this area.
Energy Sharing Based Content Delivery in Mobile Social Networks

In mobile social networks, the mobility and connectivity of nodes are often non-deterministic. Source and destination nodes may not have a meeting opportunity and the content dissemination and delivery most of the time require the cooperation of nodes. However, this causes nodes spend energy, thus, they may be reluctant to participate in the dissemination process to conserve energy. One approach to motivate user participation is to transfer energy for their service so that their potential loss is compensated. However, this makes routing problem much challenging as the source node needs to decide not only the best relay nodes but also the amount of energy transfer to them. In this paper, we study this energy sharing based content delivery problem in mobile social networks. To this end, we assume that a node is willing to carry the content as long as the energy received for this delivery lasts, after which it drops the content (i.e., time-to-live). We utilize optimal stopping theory and dynamic programming to model the content delivery problem under this energy sharing paradigm between the nodes. The simulation results show that energy sharing based content delivery can potentially increase the routing performance under certain settings.
Harnessing Ion-Binding Sites for GPCR Pharmacology

Endogenous ions play important roles in the function and pharmacology of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Historically the evidence for ionic modulation of GPCR function dates to 1973 with studies of opioid receptors, where it was demonstrated that physiologic concentrations of sodium allosterically attenuated agonist binding. This Na+-selective effect was distinct from effects of other monovalent and divalent cations, with the latter usually counteracting sodium’s negative allosteric modulation of binding. Since then, numerous studies documenting the effects of mono- and divalent ions on GPCR function have been published. While ions can act selectively and nonselectively at many sites in different receptors, the discovery of the conserved sodium ion site in class A GPCR structures in 2012 revealed the unique nature of Na+ site, which has emerged as a near-universal site for allosteric modulation of class A GPCR structure and function. In this review, we synthesize and highlight recent advances in the functional, biophysical, and structural characterization of ions bound to GPCRs. Taken together, these findings provide a molecular understanding of the unique roles of Na+ and other ions as GPCR allosteric modulators. We will also discuss how this knowledge can be applied to the redesign of receptors and ligand probes for desired functional and pharmacological profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The function and pharmacology of GPCRs strongly depend on the presence of mono and divalent ions in experimental assays and in living organisms. Recent insights into the molecular mechanism of this ion-dependent allosterism from structural, biophysical, biochemical, and computational studies provide quantitative understandings of the pharmacological effects of drugs in vitro and in vivo and open new avenues for the rational design of chemical probes and drug candidates with improved properties.
Investigating focusing of Mach waves by Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan as an explanation for some spatiospectral lobe phenomena

Recent studies of high-performance aircraft have noted the presence of spatiospectral lobes: regions of physical and frequency space where the sound field exhibits increased amplitude not otherwise captured by typical jet noise models. This phenomenon results in multiple spectral peaks at particular positions and multiple spatial peaks at particular frequencies. These peaks have been variously explained as resulting from indirect combustion noise or shock-turbulence interactions of some type. This paper proposes to explain some aspects of the spatiospectral lobe phenomenon in terms of the focusing of Mach waves by the Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans that, with oblique shocks, comprise shock cells. Briefly, a higher convective velocity leads to an angle of propagation farther from the jet axis. Because the flow in an expansion fan is increasing in velocity, Mach waves produced within the latter part of a single expansion fan are directed at an angle farther to the sideline than those produced at an upstream position within the same fan, leading to converging directions of travel and focusing. A simple model is developed and used to demonstrate the explanatory power of this mechanism with input from a prior computational study.
Spatial and operational factors behind passenger yield of U.S. nonhub primary airports

Abstract Nonhub airports are an essential component in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) of the United States in that they connect regional towns and small communities to the air transportation network. Understanding the interplay of operational and spatial factors in determining average passenger yield of nonhub airports provides airlines with valuable information for network planning and revenue management. This study examines factors contributing to the yield variation among nonhub airports in the U.S. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) based econometric models, this study captures the spatial dependence of passenger yield of nonhub airports, which tends to increase with a corresponding increase in distance to the nearest large hub airport. Nonhub airports surrounding large hub airports with higher passenger enplanements and higher average yields also have higher yields than other nonhub airports. In addition, this study finds the effect of Allegiant Airlines in lowering the average passenger yield of the nonhub airports served directly by the airline, which can be termed as ‘Allegiant Effect’. Findings of this study could provide valuable guidance for airlines to analyze network planning strategies and to identify future markets for growth and for policymakers when allocating resources to communities relying on these nonhub airports.
Acute Liver Failure Etiology is an Independent Predictor of Waitlist Outcome, but not Post-Transplant Survival in a National Cohort

The impact of acute liver failure (ALF) etiology on waitlist (WL) and posttransplantation outcomes, independent of severity of illness, is incompletely characterized. All adults (n = 1691) listed for primary liver transplantation (LT) between 2002 and 2019 with ALF due to acetaminophen toxicity (APAP), drug-induced liver injury (DILI), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. ALF etiology was evaluated as an independent predictor of WL mortality and spontaneous survival (SS; versus outcome of LT), as well as post-LT overall survival, graft survival, and in-hospital mortality using multivariable models accounting for differences in clinical parameters at listing. Accounting for severity of illness at listing, WL mortality and SS for DILI, AIH, and HBV were each lower than those for APAP toxicity (adjusted relative risk ratio <1 in all analyses with P < 0.001 for both outcomes). ALF etiology was not associated with adjusted overall survival after LT (P = 0.09) or graft survival (P = 0.13). Inpatient mortality rate after LT was high at 9.0%. While ALF etiology was also not associated with adjusted inpatient mortality (P = 0.42), cause of death (COD) was different. For example, the rate of post-LT brain death was 5.3% for APAP toxicity, 3.0% for other DILI, 1.1% for AIH, and 3.0% for HBV (P = 0.02). ALF etiology is an independent predictor of WL outcome, even after adjusting for severity of illness, but is not associated with post-LT outcomes with the exception of COD. The majority of post-LT deaths for all ALF etiologies studied occurred during the index hospital stay, suggesting a continued need for enhanced prognostic tools to ensure efficient organ utilization and ALF- and etiology-specific post-LT care to prevent brain death.
Local Modeling of U.S. Mortality Rates: A Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression Approach

The majority of work in mortality modeling involves factor-based approaches, with little use of information on the determinants and interpretable risk factors of mortality. At the same time, in the demographic community, there has been a lack of research attention towards the study of mortality from a spatial perspective. This work is a step towards addressing this, by providing an investigation of the presence of spatial variability in the determinants of mortality rates. Speciﬁcally, by using the age-adjusted mortality rates of the counties of the contiguous United States, this research applies a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) approach to examine the spatial variations in the relationships between mortality rates and a diverse group of associated determinants. The results of this study demonstrate that the MGWR approach produces an interpretable and accurate account of the global, regional and local eﬀects acting on the mortality rates of the United States. Thus, this work lays the groundwork for the consideration of spatial varying eﬀects on mortality rates which operate at diﬀerent spatial scales.
Joesmithite, a plumbous amphibole revisited and comments on bond valences

Joesmithite is a complex clinoamphibole which contains at least 14 components in its formula. Its ideal formula would be PbCa2 Mg3 Fe 2 3+ (Si6Be2O22) (OH)2. It is monoclinic holosymmetric, an ordered derivative of theC2/m clinoamphiboles,a = 9.915(2),b = 17.951(4),c = 5.243(1)A,β = 105.95(2)°, Z = 2, space groupP2/a, D(obs) = 3.83(1), D(cal) = 3.91 g cm-3. R = 0.056 for 2299 independent F0. The cells of joesmithite and pargasitic amphibole were compared according to differences, Δ, in their structure cells. The same procedure was applied to the margarosanite, PbCa2Si3O9 and walstromite, BaCa2Si3O9 pairs. In both pairs, the anion positions differed by 0.2 A at most, but the Pb/A, Pb/Ba differences ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 A. The lone pair Pb2+ cation responds according to the bond valence sums of its coordinating anions compared with its closed core counterpart. It appears that when the bond valence sums for the coordinating anions are different, Pb2+ moves toward the most underbonded anion. If the anion bond valence sums are equal for all vertices of the coordinating polyhedron (as in wulfenite, Pb2+Mo6+O4), then Pb2+ does not shift.
MRI Ventral Nerve Root Enhancement In 3 Patients Presenting With Lower Extremity Weakness Secondary To West Nile Virus (P2.311)

OBJECTIVE: To review magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of ventral nerve root enhancement observed in West Nile Virus (WNV) with neurological manifestations. BACKGROUND: Approximately 80% of individuals infected with WNV are asymptomatic. The remainder may experience fever, myalgias, and nuchal rigidity. About 1% of individuals will suffer from WNV neuroinvasion that can include encephalopathy, cranial nerve involvement, tremor, motor weakness, and in severe cases, flaccid paralysis. From 1999-2012, 16,196 cases of WNV with neuroinvasion were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (10.3% of cases from California). The most recent peak year of incidence reporting was 2012 (2,873 cases, 297 from California). DESIGN/METHODS: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained to perform a two-year retrospective study to identify patients with confirmed WNV infection who initially presented with motor weakness. Brain MRI reports were further reviewed to identify the subset of patients with ventral nerve root enhancement. Patient demographics, laboratory diagnostics, hospitalization course, and post-hospitalization follow-up were reviewed. RESULTS: Three patients were identified (2 males) with mean age of 56.3±12.7 years. Each presented with complaint of subjective fever and progressive lower extremity weakness (of duration 1, 2, and 6 days). WNV was confirmed with elevated IgG and IgM in cerebrospinal fluid (2 patients) or serum (1 patient). Two patients were intubated. High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone treatment was initiated in one patient before WNV was diagnosed. One patient was recommended to receive IVIg but refused due to religious views. Lumbar spine MRI revealed post-contrast enhancement of cauda equina ventral nerve roots. Two patients were discharged to rehabilitation and one was discharged home. At neurology clinic follow-up each patient showed improvement in lower extremity strength. CONCLUSIONS: The differential diagnosis of ventral nerve root enhancement on MRI at the level of cauda equina is broad, but in the clinical setting of fever and progressive extremity weakness, the index of suspicion for WNV should be raised, especially in endemic areas during peak transmission season. Disclosure: Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mishra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trikamji has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zipser has nothing to disclose.
Time course of recovery of erectile function after radical retropubic prostatectomy: does anyone recover after 2 years?

ABSTRACT Introduction Given the paucity of literature on the time course of recovery of erectile function (EF) after radical prostatectomy (RP), many publications have led patients and clinicians to believe that erections are unlikely to recover beyond 2 years after RP. Aims We sought to determine the time course of recovery of EF beyond 2 years after bilateral nerve sparing (BNS) RP and to determine factors predictive of continued improved recovery beyond 2 years. Methods EF was assessed prospectively on a 5-point scale: (i) full erections; (ii) diminished erections routinely sufficient for intercourse; (iii) partial erections occasionally satisfactory for intercourse; (iv) partial erections unsatisfactory for intercourse; and (v) no erections. From 01/1999 to 01/2007, 136 preoperatively potent (levels 1–2) men who underwent BNS RP without prior treatment and who had not recovered consistently functional erections (levels 1–2) at 24 months had further follow-up regarding EF. Median follow-up after the 2-year visit was 36.0 months. Main Outcome Measures Recovery of improved erections at a later date: recovery of EF level 1–2 in those with level 3 EF at 2 years and recovery of EF level 1–3 in those with level 4–5 EF at 2 years. Results The actuarial rates of further improved recovery of EF to level 1–2 in those with level 3 EF at 2 years and to level 1–3 in those with level 4–5 EF at 2 years were 8%, 20%, and 23% at 3, 4, and 5 years postoperatively, and 5%, 17%, and 21% at 3, 4, and 5 years postoperatively, respectively. Younger age was predictive of greater likelihood of recovery beyond 2 years. Conclusion There is continued improvement in EF beyond 2 years after BNS RP. Discussion of this prolonged time course of recovery may allow patients to have a more realistic expectation. Rabbani F, Schiff J, Piecuch M, Yunis LH, Eastham JA, Scardino PT, and Mulhall JP. Time course of recovery of erectile function after radical retropubic prostatectomy: Does anyone recover after 2 years?.
NGST: Seeing the First Stars and Galaxies Form

The Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) is a key element in NASA’s Origins program. The primary goals for the NGST are observing the origins of stars, galaxies, and the elements that are necessary for life. To reach those goals, the telescope must work in the near and mid-infrared — at wavelengths where the Earth’s atmosphere outshines the distant galaxies by up to 8 orders of magnitude. NASA, industry, US astronomers and international collaborators have completed the initial feasibility study and have begun the development of the technologies required to make the mission affordable and ready to launch by 2007.
A weak-separation solution of Helmholtz’ equation with spheroidally symmetric boundaries

A solution of Helmholtz’ equation with boundaries having spheroidal symmetry is obtained directly in the form of a power series in eccentricity. The partial differential equation is expressed in a nonorthogonal, « modified spheroidal » co-ordinate system, and a « weak separation » method is used to solve the resulting nonseparable equation. The resulting solution is found to be more convenient than the usual spheroidal-function solution.