cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and electric investigations of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, April 1934 to March 1935

The work of the Department since the report published in the Transactions of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting may be classified generally as follows: (1) Reduction and study of observational material already gathered; (2) development of methods and technique to obtain continuous records of the electrical conditions and their variations in the ionosphere; (3) continued attack in the laboratory on basic phenomena of magnetism through experimental work in nuclear physics; (4) maintenance of field-operations to preserve continuity of secular-variation material and of records at observatories for seasonal, diurnal, and irregular fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic and electric fields. The analyses of time-functions in geophysical data and of the interrelations existing between them are a necessary basis for a study of the fluctuations, variously termed cycles, periodicities, or occurrences so pronounced in terrestrial magnetism and electricity. To prove the physical significance of any cycle it is generally sufficient to demonstrate that it recurs frequently enough and this consideration leads in some way or other to statistical methods and to the theory of probability. This fundamental statistical aspect has been treated in a paper on “Random fluctuations, persistence, and quasi-persistence in geophysical and cosmical periodicities.” Between the two extreme cases of random fluctuations and persistent waves, hitherto discussed exclusively, the intermediate case of quasi-persistence must be introduced and recognized as a common phenomenon in time-functions of geophysics. The methods developed are flexible enough to yield a wide range of applications.
Using MILP for Optimal Movement Planning in MANETs with Cooperative Mobility

Rapid-deployment mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are frequently characterized by common overarching mission objectives which make it reasonable to expect some degree of cooperativeness on the part of their constituent nodes. In this article we demonstrate new strategies to improve MANET communications, based on inter-node cooperation with respect to node mobility. We present our model for cooperative mobility, and use this cost-benefit framework to explore the impact of cooperation in MANETs where nodes are - to varying extents - willing to be moved for the common good. We develop a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation of the model, accurately capturing its objectives and constraints. The MILP model is evaluated through simulations and found to be very effective, albeit for small networks. To make the proposed technique scale to large networks we develop a new technique for converting a large global MILP into a sequence of smaller local MILP optimizations, and demonstrate that the resulting approach is scalable and succeeds at efficiently moving cooperative nodes in a manner which optimizes connection bit error rates.
Phytase supplementation improved growth performance and bone characteristics in broilers fed varying levels of dietary calcium

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Ca level on the efficacy of phytase. A total of 288 male Ross × Ross 708 broilers with initial and final BW of 37 and 705 g, respectively, were used in brooder batteries from 0 to 21 d posthatch. Each treatment had 8 replications with 6 broilers/replicate pen. All diets were corn-soybean meal based and formulated to contain 1.26% total Lys. The treatments were positive control with 0.45% nonphytate P and 1% Ca and a negative control with 0.20% nonphytate P with 0.67, 1.00, or 1.33% Ca fed with or without 500 phytase units of Optiphos (Escherichia coli-derived phytase; JBS United Inc., Sheridan, IN). Increasing Ca from 0.67 to 1.33% linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.003) ADG, ADFI, bone breaking strength, bone weight, tibia ash weight, and percentage tibia ash; however, quadratic effects were found for ADFI, G:F, percentage tibia ash, and mortality (P ≤ 0.09). Phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.001) ADG, ADFI, bone breaking strength, bone weight, ash weight, and percentage tibia ash and decreased (P = 0.054) mortality. The increase in ADG, ADFI, bone weight, ash weight, and percentage tibia ash (P ≤ 0.026) and decrease in mortality (phytase × Ca linear; P = 0.058) from phytase supplementation was greater in broilers fed the higher levels of Ca. Calcium utilization was linearly decreased (P < 0.002) with increasing Ca. Phosphorus digestibility and utilization were increased with increasing levels of Ca (P ≤ 0.002); however, P utilization decreased at 1% Ca and increased at 1.33% (quadratic; P < 0.070). Phytase supplementation increased Ca utilization (P < 0.024), P digestibility (P < 0.001), and P utilization (P < 0.029). However, the increase in P digestibility (phytase × Ca; P < 0.021) was greater at the lower levels of Ca whereas P utilization (phytase × Ca; P < 0.001) was greater at 1.33% Ca with phytase supplementation. The results of this research indicate that dietary Ca level, within the ranges used in this experiment, does not negatively affect the efficacy of phytase.
Borrelia burgdorferi Erp Proteins Are Immunogenic in Mammals Infected by Tick Bite, and Their Synthesis Is Inducible in Cultured Bacteria

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, can contain multiple genes encoding different members of the Erp lipoprotein family. Some arthropod-borne bacteria increase the synthesis of proteins required for transmission or mammalian infection when cultures are shifted from cool, ambient air temperature to a warmer, blood temperature. We found that all of the erp genes known to be encoded by infectious isolate B31 were differentially expressed in culture after a change in temperature, with greater amounts of message being produced by bacteria shifted from 23 to 35°C than in those maintained at 23°C. Mice infected with B31 by tick bite produced antibodies that recognized each of the Erp proteins within 4 weeks of infection, suggesting that the Erp proteins are produced by the bacteria during the early stages of mammalian infection and may play roles in transmission from ticks to mammals. Several of the B31 Erp proteins were also recognized by antibodies from patients with Lyme disease and may prove to be useful antigens for diagnostic testing or as components of a protective vaccine.
A new species of antipatharian coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from the southern California Bight

A new species of antipatharian coral (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) is described from the southern California Bight. The species, Antipathes dendrochristos new species, forms large, multi-branched, bushy colonies that can reach a height of 2 m or more. The species is characterized by having small branchlets arranged primarily bilaterally and alternately, but in varying degrees of regularity; by small conical spines less than 0.1 mm tall, and by small polyps usually less than 1.4 mm in transverse diameter. The species occurs in colors of white, orange/gold, pinkish-orange, pink, red, and red-brown.
Duplicate Records Detection Techniques: Issues and Illustration

Data quality has become a key issue in computer-based management systems. Inadequate data causes serious operational difficulties as well as direct financial losses. Furthermore, databases are increasing in size at an exponential rate with the proliferation of business electronization (Vasarhelyi and Greenstein 2003), globalization, and real-time economy. Once-manual processes are now stored in electronic databases, with data from multiple sources. This heterogeneity gives rise to a new set of problems. Errors – such as incorrect data entry, incomplete information, and unstandardized formats from different data sources – can lead to the existence of more than one representation of the same real-life object in a database. This paper discusses a problem that has received little academic attention but remains of great importance to an organization’s data quality, in particular, duplicate payments. We use data from a telecommunication company to demonstrate record matching techniques.
Continuous higher order sliding mode control with impulsive action

A perturbed system with input-output dynamics of arbitrary and well defined relative degree is considered. The almost instantaneous convergence to the origin is achieved via impulsive control acting in a concert with continuous HOSM controller. The impulsive actions are implemented in a piece-wise constant format. The efficacy of the proposed control algorithm is verified via simulations.
Dispersion and Invasion by Scolytus multistriatus in Response to Pheromone

When 18,416 adult Scolytus multistriatus were marked with a fluorescent powder and released, 27% were recaptured in pheromone-baited traps. Of these, 98% were captured on traps 1.5 m from the release point, but the maximum distance for capture was 160 m. In another phase of the study, adult beetles were marked with 32P as they emerged from elm logs. Of 1964 beetles subsequently captured in pheromone-baited traps, 63% were 1.5 m from the emergence site. Endemic S. multistriatus from unknown sources were caught in all traps, with an avg of 2553/trap and a total of 51,059. They were found at all trap heights to 4.8 m.
The Bureau of Investigation and Its Critics, 1919–1921: The Origins of Federal Political Surveillance

In the hope that legislation can bar the resumption of political surveillance, Congress is considering a comprehensive charter for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Unfortunately, history provides scant grounds for optimism. Indeed, the failures of past efforts to limit the FBI's investigative authority need to be examined closely if Congress is to ensure that the proposed charter will not legalize the very abuses it has so recently condemned.2 In 1924, after the infamous "Red Raids" and in the wake of charges of corruption, Attorney General Harlan Fiske Stone ordered the Bureau of Investigation (BI), forerunner of the FBI, to limit its investigations to violations of federal law. Like many members of Congress and fellow cabinet officers, Stone believed that BI investigations during the early postwar years were confined to socialists, communists, and radical labor organizers-unpopular fringe groups which, because of their beliefs and abstract advocacy of "revolutionary" goals, were not assumed to be entitled to the First Amendment rights accorded to "legitimate" organizations. In light of this assessment, Stone did not think a
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTIGATION ON FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY OF YOUNG 'FRENCH' PRUNE TREES

SummaryIn 1991, a 3.6 ha plot was established to determine the effects of urea fertigation via drip emitters on growth responses and yield of young `French' prune trees. Urea N (UN32) was applied annually beginning in 1992 and continuing through 1996 at 0 (control), 0.11, 0.23, and 0.45 kg actual N per tree as biweekly applications with one-tenth of the total amount per application from May until September. An additional annual treatment delivered 0.06 kg N per tree if July analysis of leaf N showed 2.3% or lower total N. Fruit yield, number of fruit per kilogram, drying ratio (fresh fruit mass per dry fruit mass), tree growth (trunk cross-sectional area and mass of pruned shoots), leaf N concentration, and soil nitrate content were assessed as a function of treatment. Dry yields per tree were increased by N treatments compared with the control in 1994 and 1996 and when averaged over three years. Fruit size and drying ratio were not affected by N treatments during any year. Where no N was applied, there w...
The Key Literature of, and Trends in, Forestry Investment Decisions Using Real Options Analysis

SUMMARY This paper presents trends and development of real options analysis (ROA) in the field of forestry investment decision making. A literature review was conducted similar to Newman's (2002), which presented the Faustmann framework of optimal forest rotation literature in forestry investment decisions. Eighteen forestry and non-forestry journals, along with significant books on ROA, are reviewed. Although real options applications in the field of forestry are relatively new, as compared to Faustmann's discounted cash flow technique, numerous journals contain articles on ROA in forest investment decisions. The application of real options in forestry investment decisions developed during the late 1980s from the simple topic of nature preservation employing a quasi-option value. This analysis method has recently been applied to much larger problems of timber cutting contracts employing Monte Carlo simulation approaches. In addition, geometric Brownian motion and mean reversion, two of the most prevalent...
SU-F-E-21: Change in Retinal Arteriole Diameter with Visual Simulation

Purpose: Neural activity and blood flow in the brain are tightly coupled. This coupling allows the brain to respond to periods of increased neural activity with increased blood flow. This coupling is known as neurovascular coupling. Many vascular based imaging techniques such as Functional MRI scans provide maps of signals of brain activity but they are limited by the resolution of fMRI to a few mm. The fMRI signal is indirect because the scanner is not tracking the neural activity directly but are measuring the changes in the blood oxygen levels. Since the retina and optic tract are part of the central nerves system and they can be measured optically it should be possible to make precise measurements of the retinal vasculature of the human retina and its response to changing stimulation levels. Methods: In this study we used an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) with multiply scattered light to measure the change in arteriolar diameter when the retina was stimulated with flickering light. We hypothesized that we could use this technique to measure both arterial dilation and time course. We used information from the reflectance of the vessel to measure total vessel diameter. Results: Images were acquired at approximately 30 Hz and averaged over 3.3 second periods. Retinal arteries were measured in five observers before, during, and after presentation of a large flickering stimulus. There was a 6–10% dilation of the blood vessels during the flicker. The Vascular dilation occurred within seconds of flickering onset and constricted again following the end of flicker stimulation. Conclusion: This work shows that with modern retinal imaging methods it is possible to make precise measures of vascular constriction and its time course in response to changing tissue demand.
Wall-less microfluidics with on-site MHD pumps for continuous flow control

Summary form only given. This paper reports the construction of a novel microfluidic platform without physical walls, i.e. wall-less microfluidics. Different from current microfluidic technology which construct microchannel out of different microfabrication techniques, surface tension is utilized to confine fluid on the hydrophilic patterns which consist of microfluidic network for the wall-less microfluidics. This effect can be schematically demonstrated: the substrate's wettability can be modified with appropriate treatment of the surface, together with photolithography and other fabrication techniques, virtual microchannel can be defined by those hydrophilic patterns that form the microfluidic channels and the hydrophobic parts will be the "walls". In micro scale surface tension plays a key role over other force like inertial force and the surface tension at the interface of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic balances with the inertial force and confines the flow in the hydrophilic zones. For transporting of the liquid on the wall-less microfluidics, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pump is used since the structure for which is simple and only pairs of electrodes are needed. By integrating MHD pumps onto the wall-less microfluidics, one can non-invasively control the flow. Two methods have been adopted to pattern the wall-less microfluidics, first one is to make it from PDMS based substrate, virtual channel patterns can be defined by photolithography on a flat PDMS sheet and followed by oxygen plasma treatment, the surface changed to be hydrophilic and liquid can be confined. The second method is to use glass substrate with patterned electrodes for MHD pumps and followed by trichlorosilane treatment to coat a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) layer on the glass substrate so that on chip MHD pumps can be realized. Unlike electrowetting and other methods using Marangoni effect which utilize the surface tension to manipulate droplets, MHD force acts as a body force to continuously move the fluids inside the hydrophilic paths. One of the advantages of wall-less microfluidics is that since there is no momentum consumed on the wall so that the flow resistance is minimized, and less pressure is required for pumping fluid compared with close microchannels. On the other hand, when pumping biological samples, like cells in medium, the effect of the adhesion of biological objects to the physical walls is eliminated. Compared with real wall MHD microfluidics, wall-less MHD fluidics can have higher flow rate and speed up the analysis procedures
Cohesive Referencing Errors During Narrative Production as Clinical Evidence of Central Nervous System Abnormality in School-Aged Children With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Purpose Previous evidence suggests that cohesive referencing errors made during narratives may be a behavior that is revealing of underlying central nervous system abnormality in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The current research extends this evidence. Method Retrospective analysis of narrative and clinical data from 152 children (ages 6 to 14), 72 of whom had confirmed FASD, was used. Narrative analysis was conducted blind to diagnostic status, age, or gender. Group performance was compared. The associations between measures of cohesive referencing and clinically gathered indices of the degree of central nervous system abnormality were examined. Results Results show clear associations between elevated rates of cohesive referencing errors and central nervous system abnormality. Elevated error rates were more common in children with FASD than those without, and prevalence increased predictably across groups with more severe central nervous system abnormality. Risk is particularly e...
Transgenic Animal Models in Lung Research

The use of transgenic animals in pulmonary research has greatly evolved in the past decade as refinements in genetic techniques have enabled enhanced ability to manipulate gene expression in transgenic animals. An important milestone in the development of transgenic animals is the successful introduction of bacterial and eukaryotic recombinase and recombination sites into the mouse genome. This advancement has improved cell-type specificity in which genetic modification occurs and expanded the repertoire of techniques that direct temporal control of gene modification in transgenic animals. These advances have tremendous implications for lung research where the origin of cells implicated in lung pathogenesis and contributions to disease by specific cell types can now be explored.
Peripheral T Cell Apoptosis Is Associated with Homeostatic T Cell Proliferation and Plays a Significant Role in Post-Transplant Immune Deficiency.

Post-transplant peripheral T cell apoptosis is an important (but ill-defined) contributor to the delay in T cell recovery after an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Using murine bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models to analyze post-transplant peripheral T cell apoptosis, we found that donor BM-derived T cells had a higher percentage of apoptotic cells, with decreased BCL-2 levels in young (3-month old) and old (20-month old) recipients of T cell-depleted (TCD) and T cell-repleted allogeneic BMT. Allogeneic recipients of donor BM deficient of Fas, BAX and TRAIL, or with overexpression of BCL-2 and AKT showed no decrease in donor-derived apoptotic T cells, suggesting that these molecules are not directly responsible for post-transplant peripheral T cell apoptosis. However, we noted that both CD4+ and CD8+ Memory T cells (CD44 high ) exhibited increased apoptosis when compared to naive T cells post-BMT and therefore used RAG-2-eGFP transgenic mice to study whether T cell maturation affects peripheral T cell apoptosis. We found increased numbers of apoptotic cells in mature (eGFP low ) T cells compared to non-divided (eGFP high ) recent thymic emigrants in RAG-2-eGFP transgenic mice and in recipients of RAG-2-eGFP transgenic (Tg) BM. Interestingly, most of the apoptotic T cells were of eGFP low CD44 high memory phenotype in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while eGFP low CD44 low naive T cells showed no sign of enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, we found similar increased levels of apoptosis of homeostatically proliferating T cells (CD44 high -memory-like cells) in recipients of lineage-depleted allogeneic RAG2-eGFP Tg BM or B6 BM. We then tested the effects of homeostatic T cell proliferation on peripheral T cell apoptosis in recipients of syngeneic CFSE-labeled T cells and found again increased levels of apoptosis in the fast proliferating populations of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These cells expressed high levels of CD44 but down-regulated CD62L on their surface and in contrast to allogeneic proliferation exhibited low levels of CD25 expression and high level of IL-7Rα expression (75%). In addition, BCL-2 expression was down-regulated in the fast-proliferating cell population in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that newly generated donor BM-derived T cells have increased peripheral T cell apoptosis, which is associated with homeostatic proliferation and does not involve Fas, BAX, TRAIL, and AKT. This mechanism of peripheral T cell apoptosis, which has not been recognized previously, plays a significant role in post-transplant T cell deficiency and represents a promising target for novel strategies to overcome post-transplant immune deficiency in BMT recipients.
Prospects of direct search for dark photon and dark Higgs in SeaQuest/E1067 experiment at the Fermilab main injector

In this review, we present the current status and prospects of the dark sector physics search program of the SeaQuest/E1067 fixed target dimuon experiment at Fermilab Main Injector. There has been tremendous excitement and progress in searching for new physics in the dark sector in recent years. Dark sector refers to a collection of currently unknown particles that do not directly couple with the Standard Model (SM) strong and electroweak (EW) interactions but assumed to carry gravitational force, thus could be candidates of the missing Dark Matter (DM). Such particles may interact with the SM particles through “portal” interactions. Two of the simple possibilities are being investigated in our initial search: (1) dark photon and (2) dark Higgs. They could be within immediate reach of current or near future experimental search. We show there is a unique opportunity today at Fermilab to directly search for these particles in a highly motivated but uncharted parameter space in high-energy proton–nucleus collisions in the beam-dump mode using the 120 GeV proton beam from the Main Injector. Our current search window covers the mass range 0.2–10 GeV/c2, and in the near future, by adding an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) to the spectrometer, we can further explore the lower mass region down to about ∼1 MeV/c2 through the di-electron channel. If dark photons (and/or dark Higgs) were observed, they would revolutionize our understanding of the fundamental structures and interactions of our universe.
Teachers' Assessment of the Instructional Efficacy of Mobile Apps: a Formative Case Study

Integrating console games into educational settings has been increasingly both applauded and criticized. The vast interest in game playing of people of all ages appears to be a motivating source for educators and trainers to find ways to effectively integrate serious games into their educational settings in order to inspire their own students towards the content they are providing in their classrooms. In the past few years, the surge in the interest in using mobile devices in the classroom has followed a similar track to that of console games, perhaps because their constructs appear to mirror those found in those console-based games. These similarities go beyond the coincidental fact that many of the most popular mobile apps also happen to follow game-like patterns. For this reason, the authors suggest that the need exists to examine the educational validity of the instructional apps that are being downloaded onto mobile devices using the same rationale that was previously extended in earlier studies. Using this premise, the researchers based their hypothesis that mobile apps can offer a unique and facile means to “gamify” a classroom. Based on a review of the current state of affairs in commercial off-the-shelf (OTS) apps, there may be too many on the market that profess to be “educational” when, in fact, they do little to actually support acquiring content knowledge. The authors suggest that this possible overabundance has contributed to the need to create a means for game designers to properly and accurately evaluate in a formative way what contributions their games would potentially make to education and training. The current study focuses both evaluating the value of using RETAIN for app designers to formatively assess their potential constructs and to inform educators as to which apps best meet the instructional and student learning needs once those apps enter the market.
Polyphenol Antioxidants in Citrus Juices: in vitro and in vivo Studies Relevant to Heart Disease

It is well known that eating fruits and vegetables lowers the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. The question of what is/are the active ingredient(s) is still unresolved. The initial hypothesis was that the antioxidant vitamins were responsible. However, recently the polyphenols have been investigated since they have been found to have beneficial properties such as being strong antioxidants. We measured the polyphenol content of citrus juices by an oxidation-reduction colorimetric method (Folin) using catechin as the standard. The order was tangerine juice > grapefruit juice > orange juice. The antioxidant contribution of ascorbic acid was measured by the difference in Folin reactive content following removal by ascorbate oxidase. Ascorbate contributed 56 to 77% of the antioxidant content of orange juice, 46% of the single tangerine juice measured, and 66 to 77% of grapefruit juices. Polyphenol quality in the juices was analyzed by using the inhibition of lower density lipoprotein oxidation promoted by cupric ion, an in vitro model of heart disease. Quality decreased in the following order: orange juice > grapefruit juice > tangerine juice. In orange juice polyphenols accounted for 84–85% of antioxidant quality. The pure polyphenol hesperidin, which is common in juices, ascorbic acid, and the citrus juices, were not able to bind with LDL+VLDL and protect it from oxidation. In a hamster model of atherosclerosis, the juices were able to significantly inhibit atherosclerosis and lowered cholesterol and triglycerides. Ascorbic acid alone in the dose provided by the juices was found to have the same effect on atherosclerosis. However, the polyphenols in the citrus juices are responsible for the hypolipemic effects. In a crossover study neither 200 mg of vitamin C alone or in orange juice had an in vivo antioxidant effect on either plasma or LDL+VLDL, and no hypolipemic effects in 8 normal human subjects.
The Rosa Luxemburg Myth: A Critique of Luxemburg’s Politics in Poland (1893–1919)

This article challenges widespread uncritical portrayals of Rosa Luxemburg. By examining the politics and practices of Luxemburg and her SDKPiL party in Poland, I show that their commitment to proletarian emancipation was undermined by sectarian and doctrinaire tendencies that contributed to the defeat of Poland’s workers’ revolutions in 1905 and 1918–19. A critical analysis of their approaches to the national question, the Polish Socialist Party, German Social Democracy, and the role of the revolutionary party, undermines the prevailing romanticisation of Luxemburg. I argue that the Polish Socialist Party, Luxemburg’s main political rival, posed a viable Marxist alternative for Poland’s revolutionary movement.
Grassmannians and Related Varieties

Grassmannians are fundamental objects in algebraic geometry: they are simultaneously objects of interest in their own right and basic tools in the construction and study of other varieties. We will be dealing with Grassmannians constantly in the course of this book; here we introduce them and mention a few of their basic properties.
Postnatal hyperoxia impairs acute oxygen sensing of rat glomus cells by reduced membrane depolarization.

Previous work demonstrated that hyperoxia (30–60% O2) exposure in the post-natal period reduces the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia and this impairment may continue considerably beyond the period of hyperoxia exposure. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that 1–2 weeks of hyperoxia (60% O2) starting between P1 and P14: reduced the single chemoreceptor unit response to hypoxia, reduced the rise in glomus cell calcium caused by acute hypoxia and reduced hypoxia-induced catecholamine release (Donnelly 05, Donnelly 09). The present study asked whether the impairment extended to hypoxia-induced membrane depolarization, an earlier step in the transduction cascade. Perforated patch, whole-cell recordings were obtained from rat glomus cells exposed to hyperoxia from P0-P8 or P8-P15 and age-matched control groups. In both cases, hypoxia-induced membrane depolarization was significantly less in the hyperoxia treated groups compared to controls, while depolarization to 20 mM K+ was not significantly affected. Resting membrane potential and input resistance were also not different in the hyperoxia treated groups. Whole carotid body quantitative real time PCR showed that TASK-1, TASK-3 and L-type Ca2+ channel expression was significantly down-regulated at Hyper 8–15 compared to controls. We conclude that 1 week of postnatal hyperoxia during the early and late stage of CB maturation impairs organ function by affecting the coupling between hypoxia and glomus cell depolarization. This may be caused by altered expression of TASK1, TASK3 or L-type Ca2+ channel gene expression. We speculate that an identification of cellular changes caused by hyperoxia may yield unique insights to the mechanism of oxygen sensing by the carotid bodies.
What is Infodynamics

Infodynamics is the study of the accumulation of informational constraints during system development. This is driven by the Second Law of Thermodynamics because (a) macroscopic configurations provide increased opportunities for enhanced external production of physical entropy, and (b) energetic exchanges tend to give rise to mutated forms, increasing the number of constraints in a system, as well as providing more opportunities for entropy production. So, increased amounts of information (I) generate potential increases in informational entropy (H) as well as facilitating physical entropy (S) production. We can identify two kinds of system information -- that which characterizes a system as the kind of system it is (enformation), also informing its constitutive changes, and information acquired as a result of a system’s experiences in the world (historical information, or intropy). Intropic constraints can become integrated with system enformation, the final form of which emerges gradually. The emergence of system developmental reorganization requires information, not only from the system itself, but from its environment, as boundary conditions. This raises the question of structural attractors influencing system development as final causes.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Localized nodal indolent lymphoma

The present guidelines review epidemiology, pathology, presentation, workup, staging, prognostic factors, and treatment options for patients with localized nodal indolent lymphoma, with an emphasis on radiation guidelines, including radiation dose, field design, and radiation techniques.
Onychomycosis: Topical Therapy and Devices

Onychomycosis is a common condition and accounts for 50% of all nail diseases. Dermatophyte organisms are responsible for most cases of toenail onychomycosis, with Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, representing the first and second most commonly isolated organisms in the United States (US). Nondermatophyte molds, such as Fusarium and Acremonium and yeasts such as Candida parapsilosis are responsible for the remaining cases. This chapter will review treatment options for onychomycosis for adults and children, including nail avulsion, available topical therapies, as well as those in clinical trials. Lasers, photodynamic therapy, devices, such as non-thermal plasma, and over the counter treatments will also be discussed.
Are lower social class origins stigmatized at work? A qualitative study of social class concealment and disclosure among White men employees who experienced upward mobility

Abstract Despite recognizing that socioeconomic standing can influence workplace behavior, minimal research in psychology has explored social class as a stigmatized and potentially manageable identity in the workplace. Compared to women and people of color, White men who moved up from low-income backgrounds may be especially likely to experience their previous class status as a concealable stigma at work. In this study, we used qualitative methods to investigate whether having a lower social class background might be experienced as a stigmatized identity for some employees, using a sample of 20 White men who self-identified as having moved up in social class. Individual interviews were used to assess the nature of participants' social class concealment and disclosure at work. Thematic analysis revealed five reasons why these White men concealed their former, lower-income status at work: Judgment, Nobody understands, It's personal, Pity, and Don't want to feel embarrassed or vulnerable. Our analysis also revealed five reasons why participants disclosed their previous class identity at work: being Forced to, To relate, To motivate/help somebody, Noticing class cues, and Becoming close. Results indicate that having a lower social class background can be experienced as stigmatizing at work. Moreover, while disclosure of one's lower-income background is more common than concealment for men in this group, that disclosure is often unintentional or unwanted. Our results also indicate that, like other potentially concealable identities, social class disclosure is an ongoing process that happens unevenly across time and across people. Future research should expand on this work by examining the experiences of upwardly mobile employees from other identity intersections.
Cinacalcet as rescue therapy for refractory hyperparathyroidism in young children with advanced chronic kidney disease

Studies in the use of the calcimimetic, cinacalcet, in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) are few and limited to older children with secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT), a major morbid complication contributing to poor growth, bone deformities, and cardiovascular disease. Our objectives were to determine a safe and effective dosing regimen of cinacalcet in the treatment of infants and young children with sHPT that was refractory to standard care and to examine their growth during treatment. Ten young pediatric patients with advanced CKD were studied retrospectively during 11 courses of treatment with cinacalcet. All had severe sHPT with intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels ≥ 500 pg/ml and were refractory to standard therapy with phosphate binders and active vitamin D analogs at high doses for > 30 days. The cinacalcet dose was advanced by 50% every 2–4 weeks to achieve a decline in the iPTH to a goal of 150–300 pg/ml. Linear growth was assessed at 6-month intervals by change in z-scores (△SDS) for length before and during cinacalcet therapy. Median age at initiation of cinacalcet was 18 months (IQR 6, 36) with an average starting dose of 0.7 ± 0.2 mg/kg/day. Median effective dose required to reach iPTH goal of 150–300 pg/ml was 2.8 mg/kg/day (IQR 2.0, 3.1), and time to goal was 112 days (IQR 56, 259) with a median overall decline in iPTH of 82% from baseline by 6 months (p < 0.0001). No subject experienced a clinical adverse event, although 4 had biochemical asymptomatic hypocalcemia. Linear growth improved significantly during cinacalcet therapy (△SDS − 0.62 ± 1.2 versus + 0.91 ± 1.4; p < 0.005). By multiple regression analysis, the primary determinants of growth were concurrent treatment with growth hormone and age < 2 years (R2 = 89.6%; p < 0.001). A shorter treatment time required to achieve iPTH goals also was associated with improved growth (r = − 0.75; p < 0.01). Cinacalcet may be used effectively and safely in infants and small children with refractory sHPT in advanced CKD using a cautious dosing regimen. Cinacalcet successfully brings iPTH to target level and supports growth when other treatments have been ineffective.
Inhibition of phenotypic transformation by deletion of eEF-2K: Possible link to the tumor suppressor caveolin-1

5511 Elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF-2K), also known as calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III is a member of specialized class of protein kinases termed α-kinase because of their unique ability to phosphorylate within α-helices. eEF-2K can transiently inhibit protein synthesis and is upregulated in several tumor cell lines as well as human cancer specimens. Furthermore, we have shown that eEF-2K inhibitors, rottlerin and NH-125, cause a G1/S arrest and decrease cell proliferation and viability. However, the precise role of eEF-2K in cancer biology remains poorly understood. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process where alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors lead to changes in cell proliferation, mobility, tumor invasion and metastasis. The tumor suppressor, caveolin-1 (Cav-1), inhibits each of these processes. Suppression of Cav-1 can induce cellular transformation as shown by inhibition of anchorage independent growth, resistance to anoikis (detachment-induced apoptosis), and tumor formation in nude mice. Since many of these functions attributed to eEF-2K are antagonistic to those of Cav-1, we investigated the regulation of Cav-1 by this unusual protein kinase. SV-40 transformed wild type (WT) and eEF-2K knockout (KO) fibroblasts, (a gift of Dr. Alexy Ryazanov) were utilized to determine whether or not eEF-2K is involved in Cav-1 regulation. In comparison to SV-40 transformed WT cells, KO cells exhibited increased Cav-1 expression, reduced capacity to form colonies in soft agar, and decreased anchorage-independent growth. This correlated with increased anoikis, as shown by increased Annexin-V staining and a 2-fold decrease in survival measured by MTT. Furthermore, in contrast to WT cells, KO cells showed decreased mobility and invasiveness. Next, we determined if eEF-2K and Cav-1 were mechanistically linked to the changed phenotype and if eEF-2K directly regulated Cav-1 through phosphorylation and protein synthesis. Extracts from WT and KO cells were immunoprecipitated with Cav-1 antibodies. Immunoprecipitates were washed and used in eEF-2K kinase assays. Purified recombinant eEF-2K phosphorylated Cav-1 immunoprecipitates. To determine if eEF-2K would affect Cav-1 protein synthesis, WT and KO cells were methionine starved followed by 35S methionine incubation. Extracts were prepared and immunoprecipitated with Cav-1 antibodies. eEF-2K WT had decreased Cav-1 protein synthesis as compared to the KO cells. Therefore, deletion of eEF-2K in SV-40 transformed fibroblasts decreased cell growth, inhibited anchorage independence, invasion and growth in soft agar. These changes were associated with an increased expression of the tumor suppressor, Cav-1, due to increased protein synthesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that Cav-1 can serve as an eEF-2K substrate, suggesting that serine phosphorylation may alter its function.
Ocean Salinity Sensing Using Long-Period Fiber Gratings Functionalized with Layer-by-Layer Hydrogels.

Rapid, accurate, and real-time measurements of ocean salinity are of great importance for a host of scientific, commercial, and defense applications. We demonstrate a highly sensitive, fast-respond...
The Effects of Oxyanion Adsorption on Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Titanium Dioxide

The growing use of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in consumer and agricultural products has accelerated its introduction into terrestrial environments, where its impact has not been documented extensively. TiO2 toxicity arises primarily from its ability to photochemically generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While common ligands in soil porewaters can either hinder or enhance the degradation of organic contaminants by TiO2, their effects on ROS production by TiO2 have not been understood clearly. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of phosphate (P) and nitrate on UV-irradiated anatase, nano-TiO2. Accordingly, H2O2-generation kinetics experiments were conducted in UV-irradiated TiO2 under environmentally relevant concentrations of the ligands (0, 50, 100, and 250 μM) and pH values (4.00 ± 0.02 and 8.00 ± 0.02) from 0–100 min. Under all conditions, H2O2 grew logarithmically and reached between 5.38 and 22.98 μM after 100 min. At pH 4.00 ± 0.02, H2O2 production was suppressed by P but not by nitrate. Conversely, at pH 8.00 ± 0.02, nitrate did not affect H2O2 concentration while P increased it. Non-specific, minimal adsorption of nitrate prevented interference with the photoreactivity of TiO2. Due to the pH-dependent behavior of suspended TiO2 and H2O2 degradation rates, specific adsorption of P on TiO2 impeded its ability to produce H2O2 photochemically at pH 4.00 ± 0.02 but amplified it at pH 8.00 ± 0.02.
Understanding the Well-Being of General Surgery Residents:

BackgroundIn 2017, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education program guidelines changed to include a section that requires programs to optimize resident and faculty member well-being...
Targeting COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Minority Populations in the US: Implications for Herd Immunity

There has been a continuous underrepresentation of minorities in healthcare research and vaccine trials, along with long-standing systemic racism and discrimination that have been fueling the distrust of the healthcare system among these communities for decades. The history and legacy of racial injustices and negative experiences within a culturally insensitive healthcare system have greatly contributed to vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minorities. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy will impact vaccine uptake in the US, subsequently hindering the establishment of herd immunity (75–85% of the population vaccinated) to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Information targeting underserved racial/ethnic minorities in the US in a culturally competent manner has been lacking. This information is crucial for educating these communities about COVID-19 vaccines and their distribution as well as dispelling misinformation regarding vaccine trials, safety, and efficacy. This lack of education has greatly contributed to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and will increase disparities in vaccine uptake. Moreover, timely vaccinations are also essential to curtailing virus transmission and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that may evade the immune response produced by the three existing COVID-19 vaccines.
Does cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders improve threat reappraisal?: A meta-analysis

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy improves exaggerated appraisals of threat among people with a primary anxiety disorder. The current meta-analysis of 19 randomized clinical trials (1594 participants) tests whether cognitive behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders improve threat reappraisal to a greater extent than wait-list control conditions, non-cognitive behavioral treatments, and active control conditions. A statistically significant and large cumulative effect (g = 0.76, 95% CI: [0.51–1.01], p
Innovation and the theory of fields

Innovation does not just involve the creation of new products, but also includes the need for new kinds of processes and organizations. Field theory can help us understand why some innovations are more piecemeal and others more revolutionary. It explicitly links innovation to the process of the emergence, adjustment, and transformation of markets (conceived of as fields). To illustrate this perspective, the case of the transition in the U.S. from a mortgage market dominated by savings and loan banks to the emergence of mortgage securitization dominated by the government sponsored enterprises and the largest private banks, is explicated. Field theory helps us understand the logic of this transition and the myriad players and innovations that helped produce a large part of what we consider to be modern finance. The case also shows the limits of economic theories of financial innovation and the sociology of finance. I end with a discussion of how field theory can inform subsequent research on innovation.
Action-based organization of a cerebellar module specialized for predictive control of multiple body parts

Summary The role of the cerebellum in predictive motor control and coordination has been thoroughly studied during movements of a single body part. In the real world, however, actions are often more complex. Here, we show that a small area in the rostral anterior interpositus nucleus (rAIN) of the mouse cerebellum is responsible for generating a predictive motor synergy that serves to protect the eye by precisely coordinating muscles of the eyelid, neck, and forelimb. Within the rAIN region, we discovered a new functional category of neurons with unique properties specialized for control of motor synergies. These neurons integrated inhibitory cutaneous inputs from multiple parts of the body, and their activity was correlated with the vigor of the defensive motor synergy on a trial-by-trial basis. We propose that some regions of the cerebellum are organized in poly-somatotopic “action maps” to reduce dimensionality and simplify motor control during ethologically relevant behaviors.
A Systematic Literature Review of Empiricism and Norms of Reporting in Computing Education Research Literature

Context. Computing Education Research (CER) is critical to help the computing education community and policy makers support the increasing population of students who need to learn computing skills ...
Quantifying 3D tissue kinematics though second harmonic generation microscopy of skin during mechanical loading

Second harmonic generation microscopy was used to understand the micro-scale kinematic response of mouse skin under tensile loading. A substantial decrease in local tissue volume and non-affine 3D fiber kinematics were observed.
The Victimization Survey

Data on victimization by household fires and natural hazards were gathered in two stages, following the general logic of the design discussed in the previous chapter. Previous disaster literature had centered on very selective and possibly unique victim populations (i.e., on the victims of well-publicized disasters). In contrast, we hoped to generate a survey closely approximating a probability sample of the total hazard-victimized population of the United States. Such a population is, of course, unlisted, and no known sampling frame of the requisite scope exists. For these reasons, the first stage of data collection was a very large telephone screening interview, which was used (1) to estimate hazard victimization rates for hazards of various types, and (2) to locate a probability sample of victims for purposes of a more extensive and detailed follow-up questionnaire.