cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maturation of the glucose transport process by the fetal kidney.

Maturation of the glucose reabsorptive process by the fetal kidney was studied in 9 chronic fetal lamb preparations (0.66 to 3.72 kg) and values compared to data obtained from 4 nonpregnant ewes. Blood and urine control values showed a close relationship between fetal glomerular filtration rate (GFR ml/min) and fetal body weight (r=0.78, p<0.02). The mean value for blood glucose observed at threshold was higher in fetuses (200±13.3 mg/100 ml) than in adult ewes (177±2.8 mg/100 ml). Fetal glucose threshold was correlated to fetal body weight (r=0.71, p<0.05) and fetal GFR (r=0.74, p<0.025). The maximum amount of glucose reabsorbed expressed per unit of GFR (TmG/GFR) was reached in only 1 fetus and was 4.73. In all other fetuses, TmG was not reached since metabolic acidosis developed during the course of glucose infusion. However, in those fetuses, the highest amount of glucose reabsorbed, expressed per unit of GFR (TG/GFR), before glucose infusion was stopped, varied 2.32-3.85 with a mean of 2.83±0.26. In the adult ewes TmG/GFR varied 1.94-2.47 and the mean value (2.21±0.12) was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the mean TmG/GFR and TG/GFR values found in fetuses. These data indicate plasma threshold values for glucose reabsorption by the fetal kidney increased with fetal GFR, suggesting a parallel development in fetal tubular and glomerular function. Moreover, the fact that fetal TmG/GFR and TG/GFR were higher than adult TmG/GFR suggests a non-functional correlate to the documented anatomical glomerular preponderance during fetal life.
Unbiased estimation of the parameter of a selected binomial population

The problem is to estimate the parameter of a selected binomial population. The selction rule is to choose the population with the greatest number of successes and, in the case of a tie, to follow one of two schemes: either choose the population with the smallest index or randomize among the tied populations. Since no unbiased estimator exists in the above case, we employ a second stage of sampling and take additional observations on the selected population. We find the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) under the first tie break scheme and we prove that no UMVUE exists under the second. We find an unbiased estimator with desirable properties in the case where no UMVUE exists.
Comparison of Interpretations of Valve Structure Between Cardiac Surgeon and Cardiac Pathologist Among Adults Having Isolated Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Valve Stenosis (± Aortic Regurgitation)

Most studies concerning aortic valve structure in patients having aortic valve replacement have utilized the valve structure (unicuspid, bicuspid, tricuspid) as that called by the cardiac surgeon performing the operation. We determined valve structure of 744 operatively excised stenotic aortic valves submitted to the surgical pathology laboratory of a single hospital over a 6-year period and then compared valve structure determined by a single cardiac pathologist (WCR) with that recorded in the operative report dictated by the operating surgeon. Compared with that determined from examination of the operatively excised valve by the cardiac pathologist, valve structure determined at operation was congruous in 59% (440 of 744 patients), incongruous in 20% (152 of 744), of uncertain structure in 1% (9 of 744), and not mentioned in 19% (143 of 744). Valve structure was virtually always congruous (278 of 280 cases, 99%) in patients with 3-cuspid valves, less so with bicuspid valves (156 of 280, 56%), and infrequently so with unicuspid valves (6 of 41, 15%). In conclusion, in patients having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic valve stenosis, the structure of the valve by the operating surgeon was similar (99%) to that described by 1 of us (WCR) when a 3-cuspid aortic valve was excised, but less so when a congenitally unicuspid (15%) or bicuspid (56%) valve was excised.
Undermanaged and not yet led: Reconciling management gap and leadership challenge for the new nature of the Chinese firm

The People's Republic of China is already the world's largest social system. It is now well on its way to becoming the world's largest national economy. This rapid economic development of the last 30 years is a result of the economic reforms carefully architected since 1978 by the former Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping. There are several remarkable characteristics of this uniquely Chinese experience. First, it was not conceived as a paradigmatic shift. The Chinese transition to market-economic models is closely controlled, incremental, selective, seemingly harmonious, and yet sustainable. Second, it was conceived as a paradox. The scope of these reforms deliberately did not extend to institutional reform. The famous characterization “One Country, Two Systems” captures this almost un-Western idea of disassociating the evolution of the two spheres and allowing the co-existence of two competing ideologies. Third, it was conceived as a pragmatic transformation, without proper ontological grounding as to how this dissonance will eventually be reconciled. At this point, the main actors caught between the two fronts (markets and institutions), the firms, will have to rise to the occasion and provide change leadership autonomously. The purpose of this conceptual article is to identify the required changes in nature of the Chinese firms navigating this dualist system, in particular with respect to their leadership component by exploring the presence of antecedents that will allow leadership to emerge. In the alternative we tentatively suggest carefully transferring some of our Western leadership wisdom, but we have to carefully evaluate to what extent existing conditions may also prevent us from doing so.
Tissue Metabolism in Growing Birds.

Conclusions1. Tissue respiration studies show that oxygen consumption rate of mature chicken liver slices fits body weight-tissue metabolic rate relationship derived by Kleiber (5) for mature mammals. The oxygen consumption rate of mature chicken kidney slices, however, is much lower than that of mature mammals(7). 2. The relationship between tissue and whole animal metabolic rate in growing chickens is different for the kidney and liver. The Qo2 of kidney tissue (homogenate or slice) is essentially the same for all age groups of birds tested. The Qo2 of liver tissue in vitro is the same for very young and mature birds, but is significantly higher in one-month-old birds. This same sequence has been noted by Kleiber(2) in the whole animal metabolic rate (per unit weight) of growing birds.
ASSIGNING VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF HIGHLY EXCITED MOLECULES : CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM VIBRATIONAL DYNAMICS OF THE H2O MOLECULE

Abstract We study the classical and quantum mechanics of the 3-mode Baggot vibrational Hamiltonian for H 2 O. Chirikov resonance analysis gives an approximate view of the classical phase space structure. Computation of periodic orbits and families of resonant 2-tori provides a more rigorous basis for the use of the Chirikov picture. Examination of classical surfaces of section together with quantum mechanical Husimi phase space distribution functions leads to a dynamical assignment of almost all 45 states considered. The most extensive mixing occurs via a 2-state avoided crossing.
Comparison of Cytokinin-habituated and Normal Callus Strains of Psychotria punctata (Rubiaceae)

Summary During routine subculture of Psychotria punctata stem callus, white nodular protuberances develop occasionally on the normal, cream-colored callus. Such variant callus has been isolated on three occasions, subcultured, and compared with the original strain. Unlike the cytokinin-requiring original strain, the variant callus is cytokinin-habituated, unpigmented, and has never formed roots. It grows more rapidly and for longer duration on the normal medium, and has higher relative water content than the original strain. It exhibits an unusual longevity in response to high IAA concentration even though neither strain requires auxin for growth in vitro.
The dynamics of incremental costs of efficient television display technologies

We study the evolution of the incremental cost and price of efficiency for televisions in the U.S. market. We focus on televisions due to their rapid technological evolution and large number of annual shipments, such that costs and prices evolve on short timescales as compared to other consumer durable goods. Using the experience curve approach, we compare manufacturing costs and selling prices of two liquid crystal display (LCD) technologies. We find a mean experience rate of 27% for less efficient cold cathode fluorescent lamp LCD televisions and 14% for more efficient light emitting diode LCD televisions, using price data. This corresponds to an annual decline of approximately 17% per year in price for both television types. Our results also suggest that the incremental cost or price of efficiency, holding other major features constant, declines much more rapidly than the baseline cost or price. We find that the incremental cost or price declines at roughly 50% per year. The fitted parameters do depend on the specific technology modeled, as well as on whether cost or price data are used. Our results for LCD televisions are qualitatively similar to other display technologies, even very mature ones, suggesting that the cost and price decline extends many years after a technology is considered mature. We also analyze the selling prices of ENERGY STAR® and non-ENERGY STAR televisions, which support our main findings. These results highlight the consumer benefits of efficient display technologies, and how the dynamics of incremental costs differ from baseline costs.
Multiple-scattering calculation of the two-dimensional photonic band structure.

The multiple-scattering or Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method is employed to calculate the photonic bands of the two-dimensional honeycomb dielectric structure. The results of the calculation are compared with those obtained using the plane-wave expansion method and are found to be in excellent agreement with each other
Flow-Excited Turbine Rotor Instability

The problem of steam whirl is one of the technological limits that now prohibit the development of power-generating turbomachinery substantially above GW. Due to steam flow, self-excited vibrations develop at high loads in the form of stable limit cycles that, at even higher loads, deteriorate to chaotic vibration of high amplitude.
Ex-ante risk programming appraisal of new agricultural technology: Experiment station fertilizer recommendations in Southern Niger

Abstract Farmer's use of fertilizer in Niger remains small, despite significant yield increases obtained in experiment station and on-farm trials. Among the hypothesized problems with greater fertilizer use are farmers' risk aversion, liquidity position and seasonal labor constraints. This paper evaluates the implications of these factors on fertilizer use on a small subsistence farm in southern Niger using a MOTAD risk programming model. The results show that highly risk-averse farmers may adopt fertilization, but on a limited crop area. For farmers with lower risk aversion, higher adoption occurs, but is limited by cash and seasonal labor constraints.
Influence of maternal vitamin D intake on growth and bone ash of offspring.

Abstract In view of reports that have appeared in the daily press claiming damage to human offspring as a result of maternal overdoses of vitamin D, it was considered of interest to observe offspring of hens fed high doses of this vitamin. Three groups of five Leghorn hens and one cock each were given a commercial laying ration providing either 660, 6600, or 66,000 International Units of vitamin D3 per kg. The hens were trapnested over a period of 3 months, and all eggs collected from the nests were incubated at 2-week intervals. The chicks obtained from the third to sixth hatch were grown to 5 weeks of age on a starter diet devoid of vitamin D3; their weights were recorded weekly. In one instance the chicks hatching from eggs laid on the floor rather than in the nests were grown on a starter diet supplemented with vitamin D3. Thirty chicks …
Temperature-gradient-induced subdomain scaling in NbSe3

Abstract In a temperature gradient, the charge density were (CDW) in NbSe 3 breaks up into a series of N coexisting “subdomains” with independent CDW phase velocities. With ΔT the temperature difference applied across the ends of the sample, we find N ∼(Δ T 2 3 . This scaling relation has been predicted by a phase-strain model of CDW dynamics.
Activation of pmar1 controls specification of micromeres in the sea urchin embryo

pmar1 is a transcription factor in the paired class homeodomain family that was identified and found to be transcribed in micromeres beginning at the fourth cleavage of sea urchin development [Dev. Biol. 246 (2002), 209]. Based on in situ data, molecular perturbation studies, and QPCR data, the recently published gene regulatory network (GRN) model for endomesoderm specification [Science 295 (2002) 1669; Dev. Biol. 246 (2002), 162] places pmar1 early in the micromere specification pathway, and upstream of two important micromere induction signals. The goal of this study was to test these three predictions of the network model. A series of embryo chimeras were produced in which pmar1 activity was perturbed in one cell that was transplanted to control hosts. At the fourth cleavage, micromeres bearing altered pmar1 activity were combined with a normal micromereless host embryo. If beta-catenin signaling is blocked, the micromeres remain unspecified and are unable to signal to the host cells. When such beta-catenin-blocked micromeres also express Pmar1, all observed micromere functions are rescued. The rescue includes expression of the primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) differentiation program, expression and execution of the Delta signal to induce secondary mesoderm cell (SMC) specification in macromere progeny, and expression of the early endomesoderm induction signal necessary for full specification of the endoderm. Additionally, Pmar1 expressed mosaically from inserted DNA constructs causes induction of ectopic Endo 16 in adjacent cells, demonstrating further that Pmar1 controls expression of the early endomesoderm induction signal. Based on these experiments, Pmar1 is an important transcription factor necessary for initiating the micromere specification program and for the expression of two inductive signals produced by micromeres. Each of the tests we describe supports the placement and function of Pmar1 in the endomesoderm GRN model.
Movin' on up: the role of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in cell migration

Cell migration requires the coordination of many biochemical events, including cell–matrix contact turnover and cytoskeletal restructuring. Recent advances further implicate phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5) P 2 ] in the control of these events. Many proteins that are crucial to the assembly of the migration machinery are regulated by PtdIns(4,5) P 2 . Coordinated synthesis of PtdIns(4,5) P 2 at these sites is dependent on the precise targeting of the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs). Two PIPKI isoforms target to, and generate, PtdIns(4,5) P 2 at membrane ruffles and focal adhesions during cell migration. Here, we discuss our current understanding of PtdIns(4,5) P 2 in the regulation of cell responses to migratory stimuli and how the migrating cell controls PtdIns(4,5) P 2 availability.
Differential colonization of resistant and susceptible host plants: Pemphigus and Populus.

Plants show extensive intrapopulational variation in quality as hosts for herbivores. Adaptive discrimination among individual host plants depends on the availability of plant traits that are present when plants are colonized and that are correlated with quality. Here, we examine the ability of colonizers to select appropriate hosts when colonization occurs long before feeding, and when traits available as cues may be least associated with host quality. In such systems the precision of host selection may be limited by a lack of appropriate cues at the time of colonization. In the life cycle of the aphid Pemphigus betae, autumn migrants select among host trees (Populus angustifolia and natural hybrids with P. fremontii) far in advance of the spring feeding stages, while trees are in a very different physiological condition. In order to estimate host quality, we censused successful and aborted galls on 34 trees in a Utah canyon during seven consecutive years, thus obtaining tree—specific rates of stem—mothe...
Parallel Digital Optical Computation Based On Optical Phase Conjugation (OPC)

The use of optical phase conjugation (OPC) process for parallel digital and symbolic optical computing is described. Using spatially encoded logic and sym-bolic variables, various OPC-based parallel ultrafast optical logic, symbolic as well as interconnect processors are detailed. The proposed devices are experimen-tally verified using picosecond pulses from a mode-locked Nd3+:YAG laser. Based on these processors, an OPC-based ultrafast optical computing architecture is proposed.
Masculinities, the Metrosexual, and Media Images: Across Dimensions of Age and Ethnicity

By inviting two generations of ethnically diverse men to define masculinity, this study makes visible ways men conform to, negotiate, and resist forces of hegemonic masculinity in the 21st century. Masculine gender role conflict theory provides underpinning for a textual analysis of empirical evidence gathered among U.S. young college men (N = 80) in focus groups and their fathers/uncles (N = 27) during interviews. Findings suggest that masculinities predominantly are defined in non-physical terms. Perspectives offered by African-American/Black, Asian, Caucasian/White, and Hispanic/Latino men offer nuanced cross-cultural constructions and meanings of masculinities and influences that shape their sense of self. Reported overall was anxiety, confusion, and frustration—especially with regard to the metrosexual and (in)ability to measure up to media-promoted male body images.
Cellular responses of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), to metacercariae of Ribeiroia marini (Faust & Hoffman, 1934)

Goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), mobilized an acute, non-specific cellular inflammatory response against experimental infection with metacercariae of the digenean Ribeiroia marini in lateral line scale canals. The host cellular response to primary infection consisted of a rapid infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages that adhered to the metacercial cyst wall. Granulocytes released cytoplasmic granules, forming a necrotic zone around the cyst. Outside the necrotic zone, a fibrocytic zone and epithelioid cells formed a matrix upon which reactive leucocytes were attached in a progressive granulomatous encapsulation. Interdigitating epitheliod cells formed a syncytial border separating the necrotic zone from the outer fibrocytic region of the granuloma. Acute inflammatory response preceded the expulsion of most metacercariae from the scale canals. Few cysts remained encapsulated in epidermal tissue. Cellular response to challenge infections was more intense, but no major differences in leucocyte composition between primary and challenge infections suggested a continuum of inflammation and cell-mediated responses. In late primary and challenge infections, the predominant eosinophilic granular cell released cytoplasmic granules. We propose that the eosinophilic granular cell of the goldfish has an antiparasitic function, releasing bioactive granules that alter the environment of the scale canal and cause the expulsion of parasites.
Nanostructures Length Effect on Phase Transition Phenomena of Ultra-Thin Liquid Film From a Nanostructured Surface: A Molecular Dynamics Study

A molecular dynamics simulation has been employed to investigate the boiling phenomena of few molecular-layer thin liquid-film adsorbed on a nanoscale roughened solid surface. The molecular system comprises of three phase system: solid platinum wall, liquid argon and argon vapor. A few layer of liquid argon has been placed on the nanoposts decorated solid surface where nanoposts ensemble surface roughness. Nanoposts height has been varied keeping liquid film thickness constant to capture three scenario: (i) Liquid-film thickness is higher than the height of the nanoposts (ii) Liquid-film and nanoposts are of same height (iii) Liquid-film thickness is less than the height of the nanoposts. Rest of the simulation box space has been filled with argon vapor. The simulation starts from the equilibrium three phase system and then suddenly the wall is heated to a higher temperature which resembles an ultra fast laser heating. Two different jump temperatures has been selected: one is a few degrees above the boiling point to initiate normal evaporation and the other one is far above the critical point temperature to initiate explosive boiling. Simulation results indicate nanostructures play significant role in both the cases. Argon responds very quickly in the nanoposts decorated surface and evaporation rate increases with the nanoposts height. Different boiling behavior has been observed for the nanoposts decorated surface.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Controlling Electric Dipoles in Nanodielectrics and Its Applications for Enabling Air-Stable n-Channel Organic Transistors

We present a new method to manipulate the channel charge density of field-effect transistors using dipole-generating self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with different anchor groups. Our approach maintains an ideal interface between the dipole layers and the semiconductor while changing the built-in electric potential by 0.41−0.50 V. This potential difference can be used to change effectively the electrical properties of nanoelectronic devices. We further demonstrate the application of the SAM dipoles to enable air-stable operation of n-channel organic transistors.
Vindication of the Human and Social Science of Kurt H. Wolff

The purpose of this article is to vindicate the viability of Kurt H. Wolff's methodology of surrender-and-catch for the human and social sciences. The article is divided into three sections. The first section explicates the fundamental significance of surrender-and-catch and Wolff's motivation for advocating its practice. The second section compares surrender-and-catch with phenomenological methodology as well as objective science and the province of the everyday. The third section illustrates surrender-and-catch through my own practice. In this section I contextualize surrender-and-catch in a triangulated design, which exhibits its flexibility and compatibility for use in conjunction with other forms of research.
THE ACTION OF X-RAYS ON EUPLOTES TAYLORI AND ASSOCIATED BACTERIA.

1. The minimum lethal dose of x-rays for Euplotes taylori was determined. Under the conditions of this investigation a 220 second exposure (2110 Roentgen units per second) was required to kill the protozoon. Much less exposure was sufficient to kill the associated bacteria. This difference in resistance permits the sterilization of protozoa with comparative ease. 2. Irradiation of Euplotes for 100 to 220 seconds caused a complete but temporary cessation of ciliary activity in many of the organisms, the percentage so affected increasing with the length of irradiation. 3. Pure cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus coli, K 13 , separately irradiated, were found to be killed much more readily than protozoa,—the former in 15 seconds exposure (2530 Roentgen units per second) and the latter in 45 seconds. 4. The death of these organisms by irradiation was not due to the action of toxic products in the medium since separately irradiated media were not found to be toxic. 5. Irradiated bacteria were found unsatisfactory for the nutrition of Euplotes , previously sterilized either by irradiation or washing.
Rapid synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate) by microwave-assisted ring-opening polymerization

Abstract Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) was synthesized successfully by microwave-assisted ring-opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate. The polymerizations were carried out in a single-mode microwave oven using ethylene glycol (EG) as the initiator in the absence of any metallic compound catalyst. The temperature–time profiles of the reaction mixture were investigated at different power levels and EG concentrations. The molar mass of the resulting PTMC and TMC monomer conversion by the microwave method is higher than those by the conventional method. Thermal properties of the resulting polymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Microwave irradiation proved to be an effective and efficient method for the preparation of PTMC.
Scrambling the Nest Egg: How Well Do Teachers Understand Their Pensions, and What Do They Think about Alternative Pension Structures?

Abstract In this article we focus on two questions: How well do teachers understand their current pension plans, and what do they think about alternative plan structures? The data come from administrative records and a 2006 survey of teachers in Washington State. The results suggest that Washington's teachers are fairly knowledgeable about their pensions, although new entrants and mid-career teachers appear to be less knowledgeable than veterans. As for teachers' preferences for plan structure, the survey suggests that when it comes to investing additional retirement savings, a plurality of teachers favor defined contribution plans that offer more portability and choice but also more risk than traditional defined benefit plans. Again, perhaps unsurprisingly, the findings suggest that, all else equal, teachers newer to the profession are more likely than veterans to favor a defined contribution structure.
Supply chain coordination through effective multi-stage inventory linkages in a JIT environment

Abstract We develop a mathematical model, with the objective of cost minimization, for coordinating the replenishment decisions for procurement, production and distribution inventories, associated with a single product, in a deterministic, multi-echelon supply chain environment. Such coordination is achieved by linking the inventories at the different echelons of the chain through integrated decision making. The supply chain structure examined here consists of a single manufacturer with multiple retailers and suppliers. For attaining the model objective, we suggest a heuristic two-phase solution algorithm, which is illustrated via a detailed numerical example. Furthermore, a number of additional problems, incorporating a variety of parametric configurations, are solved for examining and exploring some salient characteristics of the solutions obtained.
Limb kinking in supported and unsupported abdominal aortic stent-grafts.

PURPOSE The occurrence of kinking of stent-graft limbs depends on the patient's anatomy and the device used. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the rates of limb kinking in supported and unsupported aortic stent-grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing placement of either a Guidant Ancure/EGS or Medtronic Talent aortic stent-graft for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm as part of separate phase II and phase III clinical trials. The records of 91 consecutive patients with 149 limbs were reviewed. The type and configuration of each device and any procedure performed specifically relating to limb patency was recorded. An analysis was then performed comparing the rates of kinking in supported and unsupported groups. A review of the literature was also performed. RESULTS Overall, there was kinking in 18 of 149 limbs (12%). In the supported stent-graft group, 48 bifurcated and 26 aortomonoiliac grafts were placed, with a total of 122 limbs at risk. Six limbs (5%) in five patients required intervention as a result of limb kinking. Stents were placed intraoperatively in two limbs (2%) and postoperatively in four limbs (3%) for thrombosis or severe stenosis. In the unsupported group, 12 bifurcated and three aortomonoiliac grafts were placed, with a total of 27 limbs at risk. Twelve limbs (44%) in eight patients required some type of intervention as a result of limb kinking. Stents were placed intraoperatively in seven limbs (26%) and postoperatively in five limbs (19%) for thrombosis or severe stenosis. Rates of limb kinking were significantly different between the supported and unsupported groups ( P CONCLUSIONS The use of supported versus unsupported stentgrafts impacts the occurrence of limb kinking. A direct comparison of the groups suggests that an unsupported stent-graft will be more than 15 times more likely than a supported system to require intervention because of kinking.
WE‐A‐T‐6B‐01: NCI Talk On Funding

The National Institutes of Health is composed of 27 Institutes and Centers, with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) being the oldest and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) the youngest. Medical physicists have a major stake in the pursuits of these institutes since they have a large influence on everything from the research that is funded to the clinical protocols and methods that are employed in both therapy and diagnosis. Yet these institutes are themselves experiencing very significant extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect the ways that they interact with the medical community. A partial list would include: the NIH budget in the post‐doubling period; the creation of NIH‐wide Roadmap Initiatives and NCI‐wide Enterprise Initiatives; the adaptation of the NIBIB to the other Institutes; budget set‐asides for the war on terrorism; the dawning of translational research methods; the blurring of boundaries between disciplines; and an increasing role for industry, to name a few. The ramifications of these changes will be explored with regard to the institute budgets, priorities and relationships; and the presentation will outline some of the current research agendas and the mechanisms which are used to implement them.
Effect of oxindoles on the growth of tobacco tissue cultures.

IT has been suggested that oxindoles are products of the enzyme oxidation of indolyl-3-acetic acid (IAA)1,2, but they have generally been found to be inactive as auxins in standard auxin bioassays3. Galston and Chen4, however, recently reported that isatin (indole-2,3-dione) and oxindole-3-acetic acid promote the elongation of etiolated and green pea stem sections. Isatin was also found to be active in stimulating the in vitro growth of Pelargonium pith tissue—a tissue which requires an auxin for growth5. In light of these findings, and the fact that oxindoles do not conform to generally accepted structural requirements for auxins, it was decided to test the effect of oxindoles as auxins on another system which requires an auxin, namely, the growth of tobacco pith tissue.
Isopiestic measurements on aqueous mixtures of sodium chloride and strontium chloride

Isopiestic measurements have been made on NaCl−SrCl2 mixtures at 25°C over the ionic strength range 0.6–6 mole-kg−1. The results are interpreted in terms of current mixed-electrolyte treatments. The mixing behavior in this system is comparatively simple, but the Pitzer treatment is still clearly superior to the other treatments.
Pneumatic oscillator circuits for timing and control of integrated microfluidics

Frequency references are fundamental to most digital systems, providing the basis for process synchronization, timing of outputs, and waveform synthesis. Recently, there has been growing interest in digital logic systems that are constructed out of microfluidics rather than electronics, as a possible means toward fully integrated laboratory-on-a-chip systems that do not require any external control apparatus. However, the full realization of this goal has not been possible due to the lack of on-chip frequency references, thus requiring timing signals to be provided from off-chip. Although microfluidic oscillators have been demonstrated, there have been no reported efforts to characterize, model, or optimize timing accuracy, which is the fundamental metric of a clock. Here, we report pneumatic ring oscillator circuits built from microfluidic valves and channels. Further, we present a compressible-flow analysis that differs fundamentally from conventional circuit theory, and we show the utility of this physically based model for the optimization of oscillator stability. Finally, we leverage microfluidic clocks to demonstrate circuits for the generation of phase-shifted waveforms, self-driving peristaltic pumps, and frequency division. Thus, pneumatic oscillators can serve as on-chip frequency references for microfluidic digital logic circuits. On-chip clocks and pumps both constitute critical building blocks on the path toward achieving autonomous laboratory-on-a-chip devices.
Effect of antepartum glucocorticoid administration upon neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal infection.

A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antepartum use of betamethasone (12 mg), methylprednisolone (125 mg), and hydrocortisone (250 mg) was performed to evaluate effect on neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal infection. Of 144 mothers and 149 infants entered, 92 mothers and 97 infants were available for analysis. The betamethasone-treated group had a significantly reduced incidence of severe respiratory distress syndrome (4%) compared with the control group (26%; p = 0.038); this effect was confined to patients who received at least two doses. No similar effect was found in the methylprednisolone or hydrocortisone groups. Neonatal infection and neonatal mortality rate were not affected by glucocorticoid use. Maternal infection was significantly increased in hydrocortisone-treated patients who were delivered vaginally compared with control patients (all patients: 50% versus 9.5%, p
FLUORESCENT DYE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BILIRUBIN-BINDING CAPACITY OF SERUM ALBUMIN

A simple, rapid microfluorometric method for quantitative measurement of serum albumin binding capacity for unconjugated bilirubin (UB), utilizing a fluorescent dye, Direct Yellow 7, has been developed. Sephadex G-200 column chromatographic study revealed exclusive association of serum albumin fraction with the dye. Spectrofluorometric study demonstrated enhanced fluorescence (ΔF) of the dye when bound to serum albumin. The addition of increasing concentrations of UB (5 to 70 mg%) to adult human sera resulted in a progressive inhibition of ΔF with complete inhibition at 55 mg%. Multiple regression analysis yielded two significantly different slopes (p<.001), first, from 0 to 27 mg% and second slope, 27 to 55 mg%. UB concentration of 27 mg% corresponded to UB: albumin molar ratio of 0.97, while 55 mg% to 1.97. Enhanced fluorescence of the dye resulted entirely from binding of the dye to two bilirubin-binding sites on albumin, since ΔF was completely inhibited by addition of two moles of UB per mole of albumin. Lowered pH reduced albumin binding capacity and exposure to light increased binding capacity of icteric sera. The binding capacity of purified human serum albumin was 7.1±0.8 ΔF/gm albumin (SD) (n=4), approximately one-half that of the adult human sera, 13.4±0.5 ΔF/gm (SD) (n=4), while human cord sera gave 9.3±1.1 ΔF/gm (SD) (n=41), 30% less than that of the adult sera on albumin molar basis.
YK-4-279 Inhibits ERG and ETV1 Mediated Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion

Background Genomic rearrangements involving the ETS family of transcription factors occur in 40–70% of prostate cancer cases. ERG and ETV1 are the most common ETS members observed in these genetic alterations. The high prevalence of these rearrangements and their biological significance represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer. Methods and Findings We recently reported the development of YK-4-279, a small molecule inhibitor of EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein in Ewing's Sarcoma. Since ERG and ETV1 belong to the same class of ETS factors as FLI1, we tested the ability of YK-4-279 to inhibit biological functions of ERG and ETV1 proteins in prostate cancer. YK-4-279 inhibited ERG and ETV1 mediated transcriptional activity in a luciferase assay. YK-4-279 also decreased ERG and ETV1 downstream target mRNA and protein expression in ETV1-fusion positive LNCaP and ERG fusion positive VCaP cells. YK-4-279 reduced the motility of LNCaP cells in a scratch assay and the invasive phenotype of both LNCaP and VCaP cells in a HUVEC invasion assay. Fusion-negative PC3 cells were unresponsive to YK-4-279. SiRNA mediated ERG knockdown in VCaP cells resulted in a loss of drug responsiveness. Concurrently, transient ERG expression in PC-3 cells resulted in increased invasive potential, which was reduced by YK-4-279. Conclusion These data demonstrate that YK-4-279 inhibits ERG and ETV1 biological activity in fusion-positive prostate cancer cells leading to decreased motility and invasion. Therefore, YK-4-279 may have an impact on metastasis in prostate cancer and it may be further evaluated for its clinical applications in prostate cancer in addition to Ewing's sarcoma.
Detection and Segmentation of Multiple, Partially Occluded Objects by Grouping, Merging, Assigning Part Detection Responses

We propose a method that detects and segments multiple, partially occluded objects in images. A part hierarchy is defined for the object class. Both the segmentation and detection tasks are formulated as binary classification problem. A whole-object segmentor and several part detectors are learned by boosting local shape feature based weak classifiers. Given a new image, the part detectors are applied to obtain a number of part responses. All the edge pixels in the image that positively contribute to the part responses are extracted. A joint likelihood of multiple objects is defined based on the part detection responses and the object edges. Computation of the joint likelihood includes an inter-object occlusion reasoning that is based on the object silhouettes extracted with the whole-object segmentor. By maximizing the joint likelihood, part detection responses are grouped, merged, and assigned to multiple object hypotheses. The proposed approach is demonstrated with the class of pedestrians. The experimental results show that our method outperforms the previous ones.
Perylenequinone natural products: evolution of the total synthesis of cercosporin.

The evolution of the first total synthesis of perylenequinone cercosporin is described. The key features developed during these efforts include a biscuprate epoxide alkylation, installation of the methylidene acetal, palladium-catalyzed O-arylation, and C3,C3′-decarbonylation. Due to the rapid atropisomerization of the helical axis of cercosporin (at 37 °C), the sequencing of these transformations was critical. To this end, the developed protocol enabled the formation of a key advanced intermediate on preparative scale absent any atropisomerization. Furthermore, the O-arylation proved to be general, and the strategy was used in an improved synthesis of a helical chiral perylenequinone structure.
Cyclocreatine in cancer chemotherapy.

Cyclocreatine, an analog of creatine, is an efficient substrate for creatine kinase, but its phosphorylated form is a poor phosphate donor in comparison with creatine phosphate. Cyclocreatine was not very cytotoxic upon 24 h of exposure of human SW2 small-cell lung cancer cells to concentrations of up to 5 mM. However, combinations of cyclocreatine (0.5 mM, 24 h) with each of four antitumor alkylating agents, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), melphalan, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, and carmustine, resulted in additive to greater-than-additive cytotoxicity toward exponentially growing SW2 cells. The greatest levels of synergy were seen at higher concentrations of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and carmustine as determined by isobologram analysis. In vivo cyclocreatine (0.5 or 1 g/kg) was more effective if given i.v. rather than i.p. The longest tumor-growth delays, up to 10 days, were produced by extended regimens of cyclocreatine. Cyclocreatine was an effective addition to therapy with standard anticancer agents including cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, or 5-fluorouracil. No additional toxicity was observed when 10 days of cyclocreatine treatment was given with full standard-dose regimens of each drug. The resultant increases in tumor-growth delay were 1.7- to 2.4-fold as compared with those obtained for each of the drugs alone. These results indicate that cyclocreatine may be an effective single agent and an effective addition to combination chemotherapy regimens.
Mortality from ischemic colitis

Thirty-nine hospital-based cases of ischemic colitis were reviewed. There were 18 males and 21 females. Average age was 68.7 years (range, 18 to 92 years). Associated diseases among 13 patients younger than 65 included renal failure in seven patients and hematologic, vasculitic, or collagen vascular diseases in four. In 26 patients 65 or older, congestive heart failure was seen in 13, vascular disease in eight, and previous aortic surgery in four. Nineteen patients were treated nonsurgically and 8 died (42 percent mortality). Twenty patients (51 percent) underwent surgery: 18 had resection with colostomy or ileostomy and two had resection with reanastomosis; one patient underwent laparotomy followed by second-look exploration without resection. Thirteen of the 20 surgical patients died (65 percent mortality). Both patients who underwent reanastomosis died of sepsis. The data show a close association between ischemic colitis and a number of serious systemic diseases including renal failure, arteriosclerotic heart and vascular disease, and hematologic, vasculitic, and connective-tissue disease. A predilection for the right colon and sigmoid colon and splenic flexure was seen. A formidable mortality rate (53 percent) was found among patients treated both surgically and nonsurgically.
Phase Separation of Polystyrene and Bromo−Polystyrene Mixtures in Equilibrium Structures in Thin Films

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) were used to obtain the true three-dimensional concentration profiles of polystyrene (PS) and bromo−polystyrene (PBrx=0.79S where x = fraction of monomers brominated) blend films as a function of PBrx=0.79S concentration. Upon annealing, it is found that the PBrS becomes encapsulated by the PS. The encapsulation provides for a continuous PS phase for all blend compositions and explains the observed structures that are formed for different PBrS volume fractions. The encapsulation allows us to estimate the dispersive contribution of the PBrS surface energy to be less than 20.6 dyn/cm.
SIMULATOR CONTROL VIA WIRELESS DATA GLOVE

Aerial vehicles have always required numerous hours of pilot training to obtain a sufficient level of competence. Most people can understand the pitching, rolling, and yawing motions of an airplane by simply watching them fly. However, translating these motions into control stick, throttle, and rudder pedal movements is much less intuitive. This paper overviews the development of a new glove-based input device, utilizing a novel vision-based position sensing system called VisNav. The glove interface is designed to enable the average person to command and fly an aircraft with minimal training and experience. This approach is an intuitive alternative to the typical joystick piloting of unmanned aerial vehicles. The VisNav system senses gestures from the operators hand via optical beacons embedded in the glove, and translates these motions into commanded vehicle states. An optimal nonzero setpoint controller is developed to translate the glove commands into commanded aircraft motion. The glove is then interfaced with a real time engineering flight simulator, and tested at various flight regimes. Results show that the glove-based interface provided an accurate and intuitive alternative to traditional stick and rudder piloting.
Land Tenure, Geography and Ecology in the Contact of Cultures

But if it so be that the multitude throughtout the whole ll and passe and rxcede the ew numbre, then they cbeune out of every citie certeyn cytezens, and buylde vp a towne vnder their owne lawrs in the mexte lande where the inbabitauntes haue nuchs waste and vnoccupied grounde, receaminge also of the imbebitauntes to them, if they wil joyne and dwel with thems.… But if the inbabitauntes of that lande wyll not dwell xitb them, to be ordered by their lawes, then they dryue them out of those boundes, which they have limited and apointed out for them, selues.… For they connte this the most just cause of warre, when any people holdeth a piece of grounde woyde and vacant to no good not profitable vse, keepyng other from the vse and possession of it, whiche notwithstandung by the lawe of mature ought thereof to be nowryshed and relitued.1
Abduction of Children by Their Parents: A Survey of the Problem

On the basis of a survey of a non-representative national sample of 371 parents who sought help from missing children's organizations, this article provides a profile of families in which children were abducted by one of the parents. Abductors were described as less educated and less likely to be employed than searching parents. In this survey, three-fourths of abducted children were younger than seven years of age; most abductions involved a single child. Although the abducting parents tended to be male (55 percent, n = 205), the proportion of female abductors was higher than in previous research. Mothers whose children were kidnapped by the father described more violence in their marriages, more fault-related reasons for divorce, and more force used in the abduction than did fathers whose children were kidnapped by the mother. The different family and social experiences of these men and women are discussed, and implications for social work practice are explored.
Uncertainty propagation of regional climate model precipitation forecasts to hydrologic impact assessment

Abstract A Monte Carlo framework is adopted for propagating uncertainty in dynamically downscaled seasonal forecasts of area-averaged daily precipitation to associated streamflow response calculations. Daily precipitation is modeled as a mixture of two stochastic processes: a binary occurrence process and a continuous intensity process, both exhibiting serial correlation. The parameters of these processes (e.g., the proportion of wet days and the average wet-day precipitation intensity in a month) are derived from the forecast record. Parameter uncertainty is characterized via an empirical Bayesian model, whereby such parameters are modeled as random with a specific joint probability distribution. The hyperparameters specifying this probability distribution are derived from historical precipitation records at the study basin. Simulated parameter values are then generated using the Bayesian model, leading to alternative synthetic daily precipitation records simulated via the stochastic precipitation model....
An online throughput-competitive algorithm for multicast routing and admission control

We present the first polylog-competitive online algorithm for the general multicast admission control and routing problem in the throughput model. The ratio of the number of requests accepted by the optimum offline algorithm to the expected number of requests accepted by our algorithm is O((logn + loglogM)(logn + logM)logn), where M is the number of multicast groups and n is the number of nodes in the graph. We show that this is close to optimum by presenting an Ω(lognlogM) lower bound on this ratio for any randomized online algorithm against an oblivious adversary, when M is much larger than the link capacities. Our lower bound applies even in the restricted case where the link capacities are much larger than bandwidth requested by a single multicast. We also present a simple proof showing that it is impossible to be competitive against an adaptive online adversary.As in the previous online routing algorithms, our algorithm uses edge-costs when deciding on which is the best path to use. In contrast to the previous competitive algorithms in the throughput model, our cost is not a direct function of the edge load. The new cost definition allows us to decouple the effects of routing and admission decisions of different multicast groups.