cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectacles of South Asia at the American circus, 1890–1940

This article examines how racial and gendered images of South Asia were played out in performance at the American circus around 1900. These representations reinforced the Anglo‐American construct of a racial hierarchy in which South Asians were depicted to be static, and unable to keep pace with the Anglo‐American “race”. American circus spectacles featuring Indian subjects glorified British imperialism and helped to popularize the common colonialist stereotype that a minority of English officials were needed to rule millions of Indians. The American circus, as the most popular form of American public entertainment in an era before movies and television, helped to form a constellation of racial and sexual stereotypes concerning South Asia which continue to this day.
Revision of the Genus Eubrachylaelaps (Acarina: Laelaptidae) with the Descriptions of Two New Species from Mexico

The genus Eubrachylaelaps Ewing 1929 consists of mites commonly found on cricetine rodents of Nearctic or Neotropical distribution. An exception is the species Eubrachylaelaps lophuromius (Radford, 1939) which was taken from a murid rodent, Lophuromius aquilis, in Uganda, Africa. E. Lophuromius is not considered here as a member of the genus Eubrachylaelaps since its morphology differs basically from that of other species in the genus, as discussed later. The majority of species have been taken from deer mice, Peromyscus spp. The two species of Eubrachylaelaps described here bring to eight the number known in the genus. Little is known of the food habits of Eubrachylaelaps, but it is probable that the adults are not normally blood suckers; whereas Bdellonyssus species collected with Eubrachylaelaps clearly show evidence of fresh blood meals, the latter have not shared this appearance in the experience of the writer. The males of the genus are virtually unknown. Jameson (1950) states that he has seen the males of two species. None is described.
Interband resonances in the optical second-harmonic response of the (001) GaAs–oxide interface

The optical second-harmonic (SH) signal generated at the GaAs–oxide interface on N+,P+, and semi-insulating GaAs (001) surfaces has been measured for SH photon energies between 2.7 and 3.5 eV. The magnitude and the phase of the interfacial SH response reveal the presence of two strong resonances at SH photon energies corresponding to the E1 and E1+Δ1 interband transitions at 2.9 and 3.2 eV. These resonances dominate the N+ and semi-insulating GaAs spectra but are absent for P+–GaAs. Evidence suggests that the resonances are related to the structure of the GaAs–oxide interface.
Selenocystine is not a cystine antimetabolite in L1210 cells

Selenocystine inhibited the growth in culture of murine L1210 leukemia cells to a greater extent when the cells were supplemented with a high concentration of cystine for optimal growth. Cells which grew suboptimally in a limiting cystine concentration were inhibited to a lesser extent. In this case, the time of onset of selenocystine inhibition coincided with the time of termination of growth at the lower cystine concentration. These observations are contrary to expectation for action of an antimetabolite, and it is concluded that selenocystine cannot be considered a cystine antagonist.
Comparison of two yeast invertase genes: conservation of the upstream regulatory region

Abstract The yeast genome contains a dispersed family of invertase structural genes (SUC1-SUC5, SUC7). Five of these genes are located very close to telomeres and are flanked by large regions of homologous sequence; recombination between telomeres could account for the dispersal of these SUC genes to different chromosomes. The SUC2 locus, in contrast, is not near a telomere and does not share large regions of flanking homology with the other loci. We examine here the relationship between SUC2 and one of the telomeric genes, SUC7. Sequence comparison revealed homology extending from about position -624 to +1791, which is close to the end of the mRNA. The 5' noncoding sequence includes two highly conserved regions: the region between -140 and +1, which contains the TATA box and presumably other promoter elements, and a second region extending from -508 to -400, which corresponds to the upstream regulatory region.
Kinetics of NMR spin-lock polarization transfer in crystalline glycine and spin-lattice relaxation of amino acids.

Abstract We report data determined from proton–carbon polarization-transfer kinetics at 23°C for six common solid amino acids. Proton spin-lattice relaxation times in the rotating frame, T1ρH, for α-glycine, alanine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine determined from the long-time decay of the carbon magnetization indicate that the presence of a mobile entity such as a methyl group shortens T1ρH to a few milliseconds. Polarization transfer between protons and carbons in polycrystalline α-glycine is analyzed and compared to theoretical models, two of which account for the variation of polarization-transfer rate with orientation of the dipole–dipole vector in the magnetic field. A generalization of a model proposed by Mueller et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 32 (1974) 1402) reproduces the observed polarization transfer in α-glycine with reasonable accuracy, showing that the early time development reflects orientational variation of dipolar oscillations.
Approach for acquiring and tracking downlink from Mars using the Hale telescope

NASA’s upcoming Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (MLCD) scheduled for the 2010-2011 time-frame is planning to use the Hale telescope at Palomar Mountain, California to receive the downlink. The optical links will be demonstrated in the presence of daytime sky backgrounds with the characteristic faint laser signal associated with transmission from deep space. A system level description for acquiring and tracking the laser downlink signal in order to achieve the desired communications performance is presented.
Establishing standards for measuring the performance of radio receivers

Regularly scheduled radio broadcasting began in the United States in 1920, and just ten years later the majority of U.S. homes contained a radio. Radio engineering made great advances in this decade, particularly in the design of radio receivers. The engineering profession, notably the Institute of Radio Engineers, a predecessor society of the IEEE, made a vital contribution by devising and standardizing means of measuring the performance of radio receivers. The IRE standards, published in 1928, defined three fundamental properties of receivers-sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity-and specified procedures for measuring them. These standards made it easier for engineers to design a system as a whole and to optimize overall performance while keeping the projected cost of a receiver at a particular level; they served the engineering community by making possible unambiguous communication; they were valuable to manufacturers for quality control; and they made it easier for purchasers to evaluate and compare radios.
The Ib Phase of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Ischemic In Situ Porcine Heart Is Related to Changes in Cell-to-Cell Electrical Coupling

Background This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the loss of cell-to-cell electrical interaction during ischemia modulates the amplitude of ischemia-induced TQ-segment depression (ie, the injury potential) and the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during the so-called Ib phase of ventricular arrhythmias. Methods and Results Regional ischemia was induced by 60 minutes of mid–left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in open-chest swine (n=10). Cell-to-cell electrical uncoupling was defined as the onset of the terminal rise in whole-tissue resistivity (Rt). Local activation times and TQ-segment changes (injury potential) were determined from unipolar electrograms. Extracellular K+ ([K+]e) and pH (pHe) were measured with plunge-wire ion-selective electrodes. VF occurred in 6 of 10 pigs during regional no-flow ischemia between 19 and 30 minutes after the arrest of perfusion. The occurrence of VF was positively correlated to the onset of cell-to-cell electrical uncoupling (R2=.8...
Selectivity and Long-Term Reliability of Resonant Explosive-Vapor-Trace Detection based on Antigen-Antibody Binding

This paper reports experimental results on the selectivity and long-term reliability of the explosive-vapor-trace detection based on antigen-antibody binding on a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR). An FBAR coated with specific antibody was shown to be able to detect vapor trace of TNT (Trinitrotoluene) or RDX (Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) without any pre-concentrator [1], but its false alarm rate and long-term reliability have never been experimentally investigated. This paper confirms that the anti-TNT coated FBAR sensor indeed responds to TNT vapor very selectively with permanent resonant frequency shift, as expected since an antigen binds only to its specific antibody. Also experimentally obtained is a surprisingly long lifetime (up to a month) of the anti-TNT at room temperature.
Mislocalization and degradation of human P23H-rhodopsin-GFP in a knockin mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE. To engineer a knockin mouse model that can be used to monitor the effects of treatments on degradation and mislocalization of proline-to-histidine change at codon 23 (P23H) rhodopsin, a common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP). The goal was to introduce a gene that expressed rhodopsin at low levels to avoid rapid retinal degeneration, and with a readily visible tag to make it easy to distinguish from wild type rhodopsin. METHODS. One copy of the endogenous mouse rhodopsin gene was replaced with a mutant human rhodopsin gene that encodes P23H-rhodopsin fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) at its C terminus. The gene includes a LoxP site in the sequence corresponding to the 5-untranslated region, which greatly reduces translation efficiency. Characterized are the resulting heterozygous and homozygous P23H-hRho-GFP mouse lines for mRNA and protein expression, P23H-rhodopsin localization in rod cells, effects on visual function, and retinal degeneration. RESULTS. The retinas of heterozygous P23H-hRho-GFP mice are morphologically and functionally very similar to those of wild type mice, and they display little cell death over time. P23HhRho-GFP mice transcribe the knockin gene as efficiently as the endogenous mouse allele, but they contain much less of the protein product than do knockin mice expressing nonmutant hRho-GFP, indicating that substantial degradation of P23HrRho-GFP occurs in mouse rod cells. The remaining P23HhRho-GFP mislocalizes to the inner segment and outer nuclear layer, with only approximately 20% in rod outer segments. CONCLUSIONS. P23H-hRho-GFP mice provide a valuable tool for evaluating the efficacy of potential therapies for ADRP that influence the levels or localization of P23H-rhodopsin.
The Role of Intrathoracic Free Flaps for Chronic Empyema

Background The management of chronic empyema associated with a bronchopleural fistula can be a particularly challenging problem. Successful eradication may not occur without interposition of healthy vascularized tissue. Pedicled muscle flaps for coverage on the thorax have been well described. However, secondary to trauma or previous surgical procedures, a pedicle flap may not be sufficiently sized or available. Free tissue transfer is an attractive option to provide the appropriate vascularized tissue. Methods Six patients with chronic empyema-bronchopleural fistulae were reconstructed with 4 rectus abdominis myocutaneous and 2 gracilis muscle flaps. The choice of recipient vessels was dictated by existing local anatomy but included intercostal, thoracodorsal, thoracoacromial, azygous, and circumflex humeral vessels. One flap required interposition saphenous vein grafts for both artery and vein. Results Patient follow-up ranged from 2 to 14 years. There were no episodes of flap loss or postoperative mortality. Empyema resolution without recurrent bronchopleural fistula was achieved in all patients. Conclusions Free tissue transfer is an excellent option for vascularized tissue interposition in patients who are not candidates for pedicled muscle transfer. Multiple potential recipient vessels provide tremendous versatility, arguing for early consideration of free tissue transfer.
Multilevel counterfactuals for generalizations of relational concepts and productions

Abstract In the induction of relational concepts and productions from examples and counterexamples, a ‘counterfactual’ is a set of conditions which must be false if a generalization is to be satisfied. Multilevel counterfactuals may themselves contain counterfactuals nested to any level, providing a series-like concept representation mechanism. An algorithm is presented, with correctness proof, which computes multilevel counterfactuals by recursively reducing the original induction problem to a smaller ‘residual’ problem, whose generalization gives the desired counterfactual. Winston's empirical method for determining ‘must-not’ conditions (single level counterfactuals) is shown to yield erroneous results in certain rather ordinary circumstances. Computed examples are presented for the generalization of complex geometric scenes and the learning of blocksworld operators without resorting to the common CLEARTOP expedient.
What Are the Determinants of Open‐Space Ballot Measures? An Extension of the Research*

Objective. This article comments on the findings of Romero and Liserio's “Saving Open Spaces.” Their primary claim is that open-space ballots are not related in any way to actual land-use patterns. Methods. First, I present a number of methodological problems with their approach and demonstrate a sample selection bias using their original data. Second, I present some alternate models using data from 350 municipalities in the greater Philadelphia area. Results. I demonstrate that the sample selection bias in Romero and Liserio's model is so acute that all their parameter estimates are jointly zero. With other data, I find that sprawl votes are related to land-use patterns using a number of different measures. Conclusions. I conclude that open-space votes are related to land-use patterns and that this may be explained as a rational response to sprawl by community planning bureaucracies.
Genetic variation in the apolipoprotein H (β2-glycoprotein I) gene affects plasma apolipoprotein H concentrations

Apolipoprotein H (apoH, protein; APOH, gene) is a single chain glycoprotein that exists in plasma both in a free form and in combination with lipoprotein particles. ApoH has been implicated in several physiologic pathways, including lipid metabolism, coagulation, and the production of antiphospholipid antibodies. The wide range of interindividual variation in plasma apoH levels is thought to be under genetic control, but its molecular basis is unknown. APOH displays a common structural polymorphism with the occurrence of three common alleles (APOH*1, APOH*2, and APOH*3), the APOH*2 allele being the most frequent in all populations. The relationship between the APOH polymorphism and plasma apoH levels is unknown. In this study, we have determined the impact of this APOH polymorphism on apoH levels in 455 normoglycemic non-Hispanic Whites (220 men and 235 women) from the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Mean plasma apoH levels, determined by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were 20.0 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (range: 3.4-31.2 mg/dl) with no significant difference between men and women. In women, but not in men, age had a significant effect on plasma apoH levels explaining 3.4% of its phenotypic variance. ApoH levels also correlated positively with cholesterol (P = 0.015), HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.044), and triglyceride (P = 0.037) in women, but not in men. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) of adjusted plasma apoH levels showed significant association with the APOH polymorphism in both men and women (P < 0.0001), and the APOH polymorphism accounted for 11.4% and 13.6% of the variation in apoH levels in men and women, respectively. Compared with the APOH*1 and APOH*2 alleles, the APOH*3 allele was associated with significantly lower plasma apoH levels. At the molecular level, APOH*3 can be further subdivided into two distinct forms, called APOH*3W and APOH*3B. The APOH*3W form is more common in US Whites and is the result of a missense mutation at codon 316. An ANOVA for the codon 316 polymorphism revealed that this polymorphism is a major determinant of plasma apoH variation (P < 0.0001). This study indicates that common genetic variation in the APOH gene is a significant determinant of plasma apoH levels in non-Hispanics Whites and should be useful in evaluating the role of the APOH genetic variation in various metabolic pathways in which apoH has been implicated.
Independent Electrocyclization and Oxidative Chain Cleavage along the Backbone of cis-Poly(phenylacetylene)

cis-Poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) and cis-poly(pentadeuteriophenylacetylene) (PPA-d5) undergo similar thermally induced transformations in bulk and solution. The structures identified in thermally treated samples include cis−trans isomerization of the backbone, cyclohexadiene repeat units in the main chain, and extruded 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (1,3,5-C6H3Ph3). Among these structures, cyclohexadiene sequences along the backbone formed by intramolecular cyclization are the principal products in all solvents regardless of temperature and the presence or absence of ambient light or O2. We propose that cyclohexadiene structures form via 6π electrocyclization of triene sequences and, therefore, are an unavoidable consequence of cis-alkene units of the polyene backbone. Concurrent with cyclization, decrease of molecular weight and increase of molecular weight distribution are observed. Traces of acid lead to a dramatic increase in cyclization. Extrusion of 1,3,5-C6H3Ph3 results from cyclohexadiene repeat units and ...
Protein kinase A increases availability of calcium channels in smooth muscle cells from guinea pig basilar artery

We studied single Ca2+ channels in smooth muscle cells from the basilar artery of the guinea pig using conventional patch-clamp techniques. With 40 mM or 90 mM Ba2+ as the charge carrier, a 23-pS inward current channel was observed in 46/187 cell-attached patches studied without the dihydropyridine, BAY K8644, in the pipette solution. At 0 mV, this channel exhibited short and long openings with time constants of 1.03 and 3.65 ms, respectively. The probability of channel opening was voltage dependent with half-activation occurring at +9.9 mV. In 14/26 patches tested, addition of 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) to the bath increased the probability of opening at -10 mV by a factor of 2.6, from 0.0272±0.0429 to 0.0695±0.0788 (P <0.01, paired t-test). Mean data from five patches fit to a Boltzmann function indicated that at positive potentials, the probability of opening increased by a factor of 1.7, from 0.352 to 0.600, whereas the voltage dependence, the number of channels, the number of open states, the time constants of the open states, and the proportion of time spent in each open state were unchanged. When BAY K8644 was added to the pipette solution, the 23-pS channel was observed in nearly all patches (62/66), but the voltage dependence of activation was shifted −15.3 mV compared to control. In some patches studied with 90 mM Ba2+, a 9-pS inward current channel also was observed and its activity also was increased significantly by 8-Br-cAMP. When membrane patches were excised from the cell and studied in an inside-out configuration, single-channel activity due to the 23-pS channel lasted 1–3 min before being irreversibly lost, regardless of the presence of BAY K8644 in the pipette or of 8-Br-cAMP plus Mg · ATP and leupeptin in the bath. Subsequent addition of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKACS) did not restore Ca2+ channel activity. Conversely, when patches were excised into a solution already containing 8-Br-cAMP plus Mg · ATP, leupeptin and PKACS, channel activity was prominent and generally lasted until the seal was lost, or until the experiment was terminated at 30–45 min, unless protein kinase inhibitor also was present, in which case channel lifetime was short. Our findings indicate that availability of the L-type Ca2+ channel in basilar artery smooth muscle cells is increased by activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, and that the (or one of the) phosphoprotein(s) involved may not be membrane bound.
Prevention of tubercidin host toxicity by nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

Abstract Host toxicity of the dose regimen of tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine) plus nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (NBMPR-P) used in combination therapy of schistosomiasis (M. H. el Kouni, D. Diop, and S. Cha, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6667-6670, 1983; M. H. el Kouni, N. J. Messier, and S. Cha, Biochem. Pharmacol. 36:3815-3821, 1987) was examined in vivo in mice and in vitro with human bone marrow progenitor cells. Four successive daily intraperitoneal injections of tubercidin at 5 mg/kg per day produced 100% mortality in mice within 3 to 5 days following the first injection, with massive peritonitis and intestinal obstruction secondary to abdominal adhesions. Coadministration of NBMPR-P (25 mg/kg per day) protected the mice from the lethality of tubercidin and allowed the repetition of the regimen for a second time with 100% survival until the mice were sacrificed 22 days following the first injection. Blood chemistry, hematological studies, and histological examinations showed no evidence for injury to the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, mesentery, or peritoneal mesothelium. In vitro, tubercidin alone had a direct dose-dependent inhibitory effect on myeloid and erythroid human bone marrow progenitor cells, and consistent inhibition (50%) of granulocyte-macrophage CFU (CFU-GM) and erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) occurred at 2 to 3 nM tubercidin. At higher doses, BFU-E were more sensitive to tubercidin toxicity than CFU-GM. Complete inhibition (99%) of BFU-E colonies occurred at 10 nM tubercidin, while complete inhibition of CFU-GM occurred at 100 nM. NBMPR-P at 10 to 100 nM protected CFU-GM and BFU-E from tubercidin toxicity in a dose-dependent matter.
Study of Material Motion Law in Horizontal Circling Vibrating Dryer

This article focuses on the topic of material real running mode in order to put forward the theoretical reference for the structure optimization and equipment commissioning. The authors analyzed the operational regularity of loose material in horizontal circling vibrating dryer, and then established the mathematical model of the material running law and time in the single layer plate. The thesis simulated the material operational time to any position by programming, and represented that the simulation result had the good agreement with the measured data. The conclusions of this thesis have great significance for the practical structure design of this series of equipment, which can reduce the commissioning time and optimize the structure to a large extent.
Supermax Prisons: Myths, Realities, and the Politics of Punishment in American Society

In recent years, a number of new policies in corrections have developed, one of which is the placement of disruptive inmates in supermaximum, or supermax, prisons. The extant empirical research on ...
Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol use disorders and quality of life in adolescents.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder among adolescents. While the effects of PTSD on quality of life (QOL) have been systematically studied with adults, research on the consequences of PTSD with adolescents has been limited. Among the other psychiatric disorders often associated with PTSD, major depression and alcohol use disorders are prevalent and have their own substantial morbidities. This study was designed to examine and compare the effects of PTSD, major depression, and alcohol use disorders on quality of life during adolescence. The subjects were 540 adolescents (ages 12–18 years old) recruited from clinical and community sources. Psychiatric disorders characterizing the sample included one or more of the three disorders studied (n=275), other psychiatric disorders (n=121), or no psychiatric disorders (n=144). Analysis of covariance was utilized to determine the individual main effects and relative effect sizes of the three primary disorders on QOL variables. PTSD showed significant adverse effects on psychological, physical, and social functioning. Major depression showed a similar pattern. In contrast, alcohol use disorders primarily affected role functioning. While PTSD, major depression, and alcohol use disorders all adversely influenced adolescent QOL, the patterns of their effects differed. Remedial treatment interventions designed to restore QOL for adolescents with these disorders may need to focus on different areas for adolescents with PTSD or major depression than for adolescents with alcohol use disorders. Anxiety 2:226–233 (1996). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Interactive Use of Magnetoencephalography in Stereotactic Image-guided Neurosurgery

OBJECTIVE : To expand the use of magnetoencephalography (MEG) functional mapping in the operating room as well as preoperatively, a method of integrating the MEG sensorimotor mapping information into a stereotactic database, using computed tomographic scans, magnetic resonance imaging scans, and digital angiography, was developed. The combination of functional mapping and the stereotactic technique allows simultaneous viewing of the spatial relationship between the MEG-derived functional mapping, the radiological/structural anatomic characteristics, and the pathological abnormality. METHODS : MEG data were collected using a MAGNES II Biomagnetometer and were incorporated into the COMPASS frame-based and REGULUS frameless stereotactic systems. The transformation process, by calculating a translational vector and a rotation matrix, integrates functional and anatomic information that is then directly available intraoperatively in the stereotactic database. This procedure was employed in 10 patients undergoing computer-assisted stereotactic volumetric resections for lesions involving the sensorimotor cortex. The principles of coregistration and coordinate transformation are reviewed in the context of preoperative functional mapping. We introduce innovations to apply these techniques to intraoperative stereotactic systems. RESULTS : Tests of the accuracy of the intraoperative integration of functional information in patients and calibration phantoms indicated close agreement with earlier preoperative methods. The intraoperative availability of functional information was a significant aid to the surgeon because it provided more accurate information on the location of functional tissue than could be derived solely by radiological criteria. CONCLUSION : The real-time availability of functional mapping information in an interactive fashion can reduce surgical risk and minimize functional morbidity. Within the ever-expanding realm of functional mapping and image-guided neurosurgery, further progress and integration of these methods is critical for resection of lesions involving eloquent cortex.
Abstract 3234: Fiber optic-guided photosensitizer drug delivery

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL A fiber optic device has been developed with a maneuverable probe tip that sparges oxygen gas and photo-detaches pheophorbide (sensitizer) molecules. Singlet oxygen is produced at the probe tip surface which reacts with an alkene bridge causing the release of sensitizer upon fragmentation of a dioxetane intermediate. For optimal sensitizer release the probe tip was loaded with 0.3% sensitizer resulting, where crowding of pheophorbide molecules and self-quenching were kept to a minimum. The fiber optic device delivers pheophorbide molecules and singlet oxygen to discrete locations. Site-selective release of pheophorbide occurred in lipophilic media, it was quantitative in petrolatum (petroleum jelly, 100%), and was inefficient in toluene (5%) and water (<1%) due to poor the solvation. The results open the door to applications in tumor eradication in lipophilic and hypoxic structures requiring cytotoxic control. ![Figure][1] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3234. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3234 [1]: pending:yes
Neurochemical and anatomical identification of fast- and slow-firing neurones in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus using juxtacellular labelling methods in vivo.

Abstract GABA neurones in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) influence ascending 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurones but are not physiologically or anatomically characterised. Here, in vivo juxtacellular labelling methods in urethane-anaesthetised rats were used to establish the neurochemical and morphological identity of a fast-firing population of DRN neurones, which recent data suggest may be GABAergic. Slow-firing, putative 5-HT DRN neurones were also identified for the first time using this approach. Fast-firing, DRN neurones were successfully labelled with neurobiotin (n=10) and the majority (n=8/10) were immunoreactive for the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. These neurones were located in the DRN (mainly lateral regions), and consistently fired spikes with short width (1.1±0.1 ms) and high frequency (12.1±2.0 Hz). In most cases spike trains were regular but displayed low frequency oscillations (1–2 Hz). These neurones were morphologically heterogeneous but commonly had branching axons with varicosities and dendrites that extended across DRN subregions and the midline. Slow-firing DRN neurones were also successfully labelled with neurobiotin (n=24). These neurones comprised a population of neurones immunopositive for 5-HT and/or tryptophan hydroxylase (n=12) that fired broad spikes (2.2±0.2 ms) with high regularity and low frequency (1.7±0.2 Hz). However, a slow-firing, less regular population of neurones immunonegative for 5-HT/tryptophan hydroxylase (n=12) was also apparent. In summary, this study chemically identifies fast- and slow-firing neurones in the DRN and establishes for the first time that fast-firing DRN neurones are GABAergic. The electrophysiological and morphological properties of these neurones suggest a novel function involving co-ordination between GABA and 5-HT neurones dispersed across DRN subregions.
Differences in the effect of acute ischemia on late potentials in susceptible and resistant dogs for sudden cardiac death

The low predictive value of the signal averaged ECG (SAECG) at rest may be due to the absence of any physiological perturbation. This study assessed changes of late potentials (LP) in the SAECG due to acute ischemia in five susceptible (S) and five resistant (R) dogs for sudden cardiac death. SAECGs were measured at rest prior to and during the last 3 min of 4 min transient occlusion of the left circumflex artery (CAO). At rest no significant differences were seen in the QRS duration (QRSD), the low amplitude signal duration (LAS40) and the root mean square voltage (RMS20) between S and R dogs. However, acute ischemia caused significant increases in QRSD and LAS40, but only in the S dogs. These results indicate differences in the ischemic modulation of the arrhythmogenic substrate in S and R group. Analysis of LP during acute ischemia may provide an important increase in the positive predictive value of the SAECG.
Subsurface Application of Poultry Litter in Pasture and No-Till Soils

Poultry litter provides a rich nutrient source for crops, but the usual practice of surface-applying litter can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff while much of the ammonia (NH3)–N escapes into the atmosphere. Our goal was to improve on conventional litter application methods to decrease associated nutrient losses to air and water while increasing soil productivity. We developed and tested a knifing technique to directly apply dry poultry litter beneath the surface of pastures. Results showed that subsurface litter application decreased NH3–N volatilization and nutrient losses in runoff more than 90% (compared with surface-applied litter) to levels statistically as low as those from control (no litter) plots. Given this success, two advanced tractor-drawn prototypes were developed to subsurface apply poultry litter in field research. The two prototypes have been tested in pasture and no-till experiments and are both effective in improving nutrient-use efficiency compared with surface-applied litter, increasing crop yields (possibly by retaining more nitrogen in the soil), and decreasing nutrient losses, often to near background (control plot) levels. A paired-watershed study showed that cumulative phosphorus losses in runoff from continuously grazed perennial pastures were decreased by 55% over a 3-yr period if the annual poultry litter applications were subsurface applied rather than surface broadcast. Results highlight opportunities and challenges for commercial adoption of subsurface poultry litter application in pasture and no-till systems.
Continuous transcutaneous oxygen tension monitoring during ultralight general anesthesia for oral surgery

The application of continuous, noninvasive, transcutaneous oxygen tension monitoring during ultralight general anesthesia is investigated. Transcutaneous PO2 measurements showed a high correlation to simultaneously measured arterial PO2. Significant hypoxia was observed in patients maintained on only room air during ultralight general anesthesia. In patients receiving supplemental oxygen by nasal mask, hyperoxic levels were noted throughout anesthesia, providing a significant margin of safety from hypoxia during periods of apnea or respiratory impairment.
On solving optimization problems with proportion-constraints

The purpose of this paper is to establish sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to mathematical programs where the variables of the solution satisfy given proportions. These conditions rely on convergence properties of powers of nonnegative matrices when these powers form a bounded sequence. We assume that if an arbitrary vectorx is premultiplied by elements of this sequence, the limit of the sequence (which might be a Cesaro (C, 1) limit) gives an improvement of the objective.
Molecular dynamics simulations of inner shell electronic energy losses in cluster-surface collisions

Previous molecular dynamics simulations have predicted that in energetic cluster-surface collisions atoms can be core-excited leading to Auger transitions outside the target [5]. However, in these previous simulations the inelastic energy losses accompanying core-excitations were not taken into account. In our simulations a simple critical distance of approach to detect inner-shell excitations is used. Energy is removed from atoms in a single time step by moving the atoms apart from each other, taking away potential energy. Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for 63-atom Al clusters and composite Al_(38)Au_(25)clusters incident on Au(100) targets and Au(111) targets. Each event is simulated with and without inelastic losses. Incident cluster energies ranged from 30 to 100 keV. Our results indicate a threshold for significant inelastic loss effects at approximately 70 keV/cluster, i.e., about 1 keV/atom. Above the threshold energy region, sputtered atom and ejected-cluster atom energy distributions were affected substantially.
Evaluating the quality of correctional mental health services: an approach to surveying a correctional mental health system

As part of a class action suit, the author was asked to assess the quality of mental health services in eight prisons in Georgia. This paper describes the background to the suit, reviews selected literature on assessing quality of correctional mental health care, and describes methods used to survey prison mental health services. A standardized survey instrument was developed with probe questions to assess the quality of services. Individual cases were reviewed, inmates were interviewed, and the quality of mental health structures, processes, and outcomes were assessed. Key findings from the survey are summarized. The author concluded that the quality of mental health services in the prisons surveyed was so low overall as to constitute a pattern of deliberate indifference, and that the services were constitutionally inadequate.
Regulation of B-lymphocyte proliferative responses by arachidonate metabolites: effects on membrane-directed versus intracellular activators.

Abstract Immunoregulatory effects of the oxidative metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) on proliferation of B-lymphocytes were assessed in a serum-free culture system. Activation of B cells by membrane-directed ligands and intracellular activators was regulated by AA metabolites in very distinct fashions. Thus exogenous cyclooxygenase products (particularly prostaglandins E 1 and E 2 amplified the response to anti-immunoglobulin antibodies, whereas lipoxygenase products damped this response. In contrast, B cell activation with 8-mercaptoguanosine (an intracellular activator) was inhibited by cyclooxygenase products and remained relatively unaffected by several lipoxygenase products tested. This pattern of results was confirmed in studies with pathway inhibitors. Moreover, when liberation of endogenous AA was induced by stimulation of phospholipase A 2 activity with melittin, inhibition of the response to each class of activator was counteracted with the appropriate pathway inhibitor. Results suggest that the two major groups of AA oxidation products function as a system of counterbalancing regulatory influences, serving to modulate B cell activation at the plasma membrane and to downregulate B cell activation at the intracellular level.
The nexus of chromatin regulation and intermediary metabolism

Living organisms and individual cells continuously adapt to changes in their environment. Those changes are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in the availability of energy substrates. The cellular transcriptional machinery and its chromatin-associated proteins integrate environmental inputs to mediate homeostatic responses through gene regulation. Numerous connections between products of intermediary metabolism and chromatin proteins have recently been identified. Chromatin modifications that occur in response to metabolic signals are dynamic or stable and might even be inherited transgenerationally. These emerging concepts have biological relevance to tissue homeostasis, disease and ageing.
Controlling pain in liver biopsy, or "we will probably need to repeat the biopsy in a year or two to assess the response".

Controlling pain in liver biopsy, or “we will probably need to repeat the biopsy in a year or two to assess the response”
Chemical composition of coastal stratus clouds: dependence on droplet size and distance from the coast

The aerosol at elevated sites in the South Coast Air Basin in California is a mixture of sea salt and pollution-derived secondary aerosol. The influence of sea salt declines with increasing distance from the coast. Nitric acid appears to react with the NaCl in sea salt aerosol to release HCl_(g) and form NaNO_3 in the aerosol. At inland sites, aerosol concentrations differ during periods of onshore and offshore flow. The highest concentrations were observed during the day when the onshore flow transported pollutants to the sites, while lower concentrations were observed at night when drainage flows from nearby mountains influenced the sites. Variations, in liquid water content are a major influence on cloudwater ion concentrations. Comparisons of the ionic concentrations in two size-segregated fractions of cloudwater collected during several sampling intervals suggest that there is a large difference between the average composition of the smaller droplets and that of the larger droplets. The concentrations of Na^+, Ca^(2+) and Mg^(2+) in the large-droplet fraction were observed to be higher than in the small-droplet fraction, while the concentrations of SO_4^(2−), NO_3^−, NH_4^+ and H^+ were higher in the small-droplet fraction. Chloride concentrations were nearly equal in both fractions. Differences in the composition of size-fractionated cloudwater samples suggest that large droplets are formed on sea salt and soil dust, which are large aerosol, and small droplets are formed on small secondary aerosol composed primarily of (NH_4)_2SO_4 and NH_4NO_3. The concentrations of several components that exist partly in the gas phase (e.g. Cl^−, HCOOH and CH_3COOH) appear to be independent of droplet size.
Large Rayleigh number convection in a horizontal, eccentric annulus containing saturated porous media

Abstract Large Rayleigh number thermal convection in a horizontal, eccentric annulus containing a saturated porous medium is studied using a boundary-layer technique. The results include a description of the flow and temperature fields as well as a correlation for the Nusselt number as a function of the Rayleigh number, the radii ratio and the eccentricity. The latter correlation is valid for all Rayleigh numbers as long as the flow is two-dimensional, bicellular, and steady. The results obtained here are compared and favorably agree with numerical simulations and with experimental data.
Thermodynamic solutions for equilibrium beach profiles

[1] Solutions are developed for beach profiles using equilibrium principles of thermodynamics applied to simple representations of the nearshore fluid dynamics. Equilibrium beaches are posed as isothermal shorezone systems of constant volume that dissipate external work by incident waves into heat given up to the surroundings. By the maximum entropy production formulation of the second law of thermodynamics (the law of entropy increase), the shorezone system achieves equilibrium with profile shapes that maximize the rate of dissipative work performed by wave-induced shear stresses. Dissipative work is assigned to two different shear stress mechanisms prevailing in separate regions of the shorezone system, an outer solution referred to as the shorerise and a bar-berm inner solution. The equilibrium shorerise solution extends from closure depth (zero profile change) to the breakpoint, and maximizes dissipation due to the rate of working by bottom friction. In contrast, the equilibrium bar-berm solution between the breakpoint and the berm crest maximizes dissipation due to work by internal stresses of a turbulent surf zone. Both shorerise and bar-berm equilibria were found to have an exact general solution belonging to the class of elliptic cycloids. The elliptic cycloid allows all significant features of the equilibrium profile to be characterized by the eccentricity and the size of the ellipse axes. These basic ellipse parameters are evaluated by process-based algorithms and empirically validated parameters for which an extensive literature already exists. The elliptic cycloid solutions displayed wave height, period and grain size dependence and demonstrate generally good predictive skill in point-by-point comparisons with measured profiles.
On the (numerical) ranking associated with any finite binary relation

Abstract We generalize the concept of a ‘ranking associated with a linear order’ from linear orders to arbitrary finite binary relations. Using the concept of differential of an object in a binary relation as theoretical primitive, we axiomatically introduce several measurement scales, some of which include the generalized ranking as a special case. We provide a computational formula for this generalized ranking, discuss its many elegant properties and offer some illustrating examples.
Altered leaf and root emissions from onion (Allium cepa L.) grown under elevated CO2 conditions

Abstract Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations ([CO 2 ]) have been hypothesized to increase photosynthesis rates and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions; however, field measurements from a select group of conifer and angiosperm trees have shown that VOC emissions are in fact not affected or reduced by elevated CO 2 levels. To broaden the understanding of how different plant species respond to elevated atmospheric [CO 2 ], air-flow-through, glass chambers were designed and utilized to measure photosynthesis and emissions from onion ( Allium cepa cv. ‘Purplette’) under controlled environmental conditions. Here we report on VOC release and root exudation while monitoring photosynthesis from whole plants grown under ambient (400 μmol mol −1 ) and elevated (1000 μmol mol −1 ) [CO 2 ]. A 22% increase in photosynthesis in the elevated CO 2 plants and a 17-fold and 38-fold increase in the VOC hydrocarbons 2-undecanone and 2-tridecanone, respectively, were observed in 30-day-old onion seedlings compared to plants grown under ambient CO 2 conditions. In contrast TOC from root exudates decreased significantly with elevated CO 2 conditions. Plants harvested at 30 days had on average over 40% greater biomass when grown at elevated CO 2 levels. The demonstration that VOC emissions increase in plants grown under elevated [CO 2 ] and higher photosynthesis rates points to a fundamental difference in how carbon partitioning alters in herbaceous species such as onion versus the previously studied tree species in response to elevated concentration of atmospheric CO 2 .
Capacitor Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillators

An industrial method for frequency-compensating precision crystal oscillators with temperature is analyzed. Theoretical temperature ranges for given accuracies are presented. The range is independent of the crystal-cut angles.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and thrombosis: an overview.

Abstract Context.—Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, absent in natural diets, is a metabolic intermediary in transmethylation and transsulfuration reactions. Such reactions are essential...
The Paradox of Self-Stigma and Mental Illness

Published narratives by persons with serious mental illness eloquently describe the harmful effects of stigma on self-esteem and self-efficacy. However, a more careful review of the research literature suggests a paradox; namely, personal reactions to the stigma of mental illness may result in significant loss in self-esteem for some, while others are energized by prejudice and express righteous anger. Added to this complexity is a third group: persons who neither lose self-esteem nor become righteously angry at stigma, instead seemingly ignoring the effects of public prejudice altogether. This article draws on research from social psychologists on self-stigma in other minority groups to explain this apparent paradox. We describe a situational model of the personal response to mental illness stigma based on the collective representations that are primed in that situation, the person's perception of the legitimacy of stigma in the situation, and the person's identification with the larger group of individuals with mental illness. Implications for a research program on the personal response to mental illness stigma are discussed.
Sensitivity to optical feedback of oxide-confined vs. proton-implanted VCSELs

Proton-implanted and oxide-confined VCSELs exhibit severe feedback-induced coherence collapse and variations in polarization stability. In addition, strong feedback causes dramatic coherence length discontinuities and satellite modes in oxide-confined VCSELs, despite lower feedback coupling efficiency.