cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward equity through participation in Modeling Instruction in introductory university physics

We report the results of a five year evaluation of the reform of introductory calculus-based physics by implementation of Modeling Instruction MI at Florida International University FIU, a Hispanic-serving institution. MI is described in the context of FIU’s overall effort to enhance student participation in physics and science broadly. Our analysis of MI from a “participationist” perspective on learning identifies aspects of MI including conceptually based instruction, culturally sensitive instruction, and cooperative group learning, which are consistent with research on supporting equitable learning and participation by students historically under-represented in physics i.e., Black, Hispanic, women. This study uses markers of conceptual understanding as measured by the Force Concept Inventory FCI and odds of success as measured by the ratio of
Merkel cells, corpuscular nerve endings and free nerve endings in the mouse palatine mucosa express three subtypes of vesicular glutamate transporters

The hard palate of rodents is a mucous membrane covered by a keratinized epithelium that typically contains Merkel cell (MC)-neurite complexes. MCs have engendered considerable research activity because of their involvement in mechanoreception and possibly also Merkel cell carcinomas. MCs derive from the neural crest, differentiate under control of peripheral nerve factors, are enriched in large dense core vesicles, and secrete neuropeptides and other neuroactive molecules. Upon stimulation, MC-neurite complexes produce slowly adapting type I responses. Here we emphasize that the murine hard palate is a highly differentiated sensory region, as shown by intravital staining with a styryl dye and immunocytochemistry with antibodies to vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). The entire palate contained densities of sensory endings and MC-neurite complexes, that nearly paralleled in abundance the vibrissal pads. MCs were differentially distributed in the murine palate; clusters of MCs were most abundant in the antemolar and intermolar rugae, while individual MCs were particularly enriched in the rugae at the mid-portion of the palate and in the postrugal field. VGLUT1, VGLUT2 and VGLUT3 were expressed in MCs throughout, although immunostained MCs were most frequently encountered in intermolar than antemolar rugae. The same transporters were also present in corpuscular endings at the summit of the rugae and in intraepithelial free nerve endings throughout the palate. VGLUTs presumably load glutamate into large dense core vesicles in MCs and into small clear vesicles in corpuscular and free nerve endings. The data suggest that glutamate release, or co-release, is likely to represent an important functional aspect of palatine Merkel cells and neighboring corpuscular and free nerve endings.
Lysophosphatidylcholine cell depolarization: increased membrane permeability for use in the determination of cell membrane potentials

Current techniques for the determination of cellular membrane potentials based on the uptake of a radiolabeled lipophilic cation, [3H]triphenylmethylphosphonium, and the cyanine dye, DiOC5(3), were analyzed in terms of the proportions of these probes which are accumulated due to potential-dependent and potential-independent forces. Measurements were made of probe uptake in two model systems: rabbit type II pneumocytes and human promyelocytic HL60 cells. For both cell types, the membrane potential-independent component of triphenylmethylphosphonium uptake was found to be a function of several variables, including the length of exposure of the cells to the transport facilitator tetraphenylboron, the concentration of tetraphenylboron, and the integrity of the cell membrane. To accurately determine the magnitude of the potential-independent component of probe uptake by type II and HL60 cells, the cell-permeabilizing agent lysophosphatidylcholine was used. The ability of lysophosphatidylcholine to depolarize cell membranes and accurately predict membrane potential-independent accumulation was found to be equal to or superior to several other techniques commonly used to achieve membrane depolarization (e.g. gramicidin, valinomycin plus high external potassium). Lysophosphatidylcholine cell treatment was found to be a simple, rapid, and accurate technique to increase cell membrane permeability and allow equilibration of intra- and extracellular ions. The method is shown to be useful for determining membrane potential-independent accumulation of both radiolabeled and fluorescent probes of membrane potential.
Scalable high performance main memory system using phase-change memory technology

The memory subsystem accounts for a significant cost and power budget of a computer system. Current DRAM-based main memory systems are starting to hit the power and cost limit. An alternative memory technology that uses resistance contrast in phase-change materials is being actively investigated in the circuits community. Phase Change Memory (PCM) devices offer more density relative to DRAM, and can help increase main memory capacity of future systems while remaining within the cost and power constraints.In this paper, we analyze a PCM-based hybrid main memory system using an architecture level model of PCM.We explore the trade-offs for a main memory system consisting of PCMstorage coupled with a small DRAM buffer. Such an architecture has the latency benefits of DRAM and the capacity benefits of PCM. Our evaluations for a baseline system of 16-cores with 8GB DRAM show that, on average, PCM can reduce page faults by 5X and provide a speedup of 3X. As PCM is projected to have limited write endurance, we also propose simple organizational and management solutions of the hybrid memory that reduces the write traffic to PCM, boosting its lifetime from 3 years to 9.7 years.
The role of the right hemisphere in the apprehension of complex linguistic materials

Abstract To secure information on which aspects of linguistic functioning might be mediated by the nondominant hemisphere, a test battery assessing sensitivity to narrational and humorous materials was administered to a population of right-hemisphere-damaged patients, as well as relevant control groups of normal, aging, and aphasic individuals. While elementary linguistic functioning was adequate, the right-hemisphere-injured groups exhibited consistent difficulties in respecting the boundaries of a fictive entity, assessing the plausibility of elements within a story or joke, selecting the appropriate punch line for a joke, and integrating elements of a story into a coherent narrative. Certain elements—specifically emotional content and noncanonical facts injected into a narrative—also posed characteristic difficulties for these patients. The results suggest that, in contrast to the other populations, right-hemisphere patients exhibit special difficulties in processing complex linguistic entities and in utilizing the surrounding context as they assess linguistic messages.
Directing cell motions on micropatterned ratchets

Cell motility is a process deriving from the synchronized dynamics of the cytoskeleton. In several important physiological processes—notably, cancer metastasis—the randomly moving cells can acquire a directional motility phenotype and bias their motions in response to environmental cues. Despite intense research, however, the current understanding of directional cell migration is incomplete and there is a growing need to develop systems that would enable the study and control of this process. This article demonstrates that random motions of motile cells can be rectified by asymmetric (‘ratchet’) microgeometries. Interactions between the cells and the imposed geometrical cues guide cell polarization and give rise to directional motility. Depending on the ratchet design, cells of different types can move either in the same or in opposite directions on the same imposed pattern. In the latter case, it is possible to partially sort mixed cell populations into different collecting reservoirs. It is not surprising that a microfluidic channel whose walls have a ratchet-like structure can preferentially direct the flow of large particles in one direction. But a study of the movement of living cells through such channels provides the remarkable observation that the direction of preferred motion can be different for different species of cell.
WE‐G‐WAB‐04: Ultra‐Fast Dynamic MRI for Lung Tumor Tracking Based On Compressed Sensing and Low‐Rank Decomposition in the Spatial‐Temporal Domain

Purpose: Dynamic MRI is an attractive tool for internal organ motion monitoring but its speed is yet to be improved for real time 3D imaging. The purpose of the study is to accelerate the imaging acquisition using a hybrid compressed‐sensing and low rank decomposition method (k‐t SLR) exploiting data sparsity in the spatial‐temporal domain. Methods: Six retrospective lung cancer patients were included in the study. For each subject, 120 continuously dynamic 2D MR images were acquired using a fast steady state precession imaging sequence. To test the feasibility of accelerated MR acquisition, fully sampled k‐space data were down‐sampled by 5–20 folds before reconstruction. The under‐sampled low rank spatial‐temporal matrix was recovered by a k‐t SLR method computing the matrix of minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The k‐t SLR results were compared against conventional total variation (TV) reconstruction of individual dynamic MR frames. Results: High imaging fidelity and low noise levels were achieved with the k‐t SLR method even at the most aggressive down‐sampling ratio while TV reconstruction showed substantial loss of details and subsequently greater tracking errors. The k‐t SLR method resulted in an average normalized mean square error less than 0.05 as opposed to 0.23 by using the TV reconstruction on individual frames. In addition to the high correlation coefficients (>0.90) in the tumor trajectories automatically tracked from the original images and the k‐t SLR reconstructed images, less than 6% points showed tracking errors greater than 1 mm with 20 fold down‐sampling, as opposed to the lower correlation coefficient (0.87) and 15% tracking error from using TV alone with 10 fold data down‐sampling. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the potential to significantly reduce the amount data samples required for lung MR image reconstruction in the radiotherapy context where long imaging acquisition of a repetitive anatomic process is performed. The study is supported in part by NIH 1R21CA144063 and R21CA161670
Synthesis, formulation and in vitro evaluation of a novel microtubule destabilizer, SMART-100

A novel microtubule destabilizer, substituted methoxybenzoyl-ary-thiazole (SMART)-100, was synthesized, which showed good anticancer activity in HepG2 cells. SMART-100 was able to circumvent multidrug resistance (MDR) and effectively inhibited the growth of cell lines that overexpress P-glycoprotein (P-gp). SMART-100 inhibited P-gp activity, which may be responsible for its ability to overcome MDR. Since SMART-100 is poorly soluble in water, it was formulated in polyethylene-b-poly(D,L-lactide) (PEG-PLA) micelles. The solubility of SMART-100 was increased by more than 1.1x10(5) folds. SMART-100 loaded PEG-PLA micelles could effectively inhibit HepG2 cell growth and arrest cell cycle progression at G2/M phase, followed by appearance of a sub-G1 phase, which is indicative of cell apoptosis. Increased Caspase-3 activity was also observed when HepG2 cells were treated with SMART-100. The anticancer activity of SMART-100 loaded PEG-PLA micelles was also evaluated on luciferase expressing C4-2-Luc cell lines by IVIS imaging. Our results suggest that SMART-100 has the potential to treat resistant cancers.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone for the treatment of adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa: a pilot study

Objective The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory pilot study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of risperidone for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Method Forty female subjects 12 to 21 years of age (mean, 16 years) with primary anorexia nervosa in an eating disorders program were randomized to receive risperidone (n = 18) or placebo (n = 22). Subjects completed the Eating Disorder Inventory 2, Color-A-Person Test, Body Image Software, and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children at baseline and regular intervals. Weight, laboratory values, and electrocardiograms were monitored. Study medication was started at 0.5 mg daily and titrated upward weekly in 0.5-mg increments to a maximum dose of 4 mg until the subject reached a study endpoint. Results The mean dose for the risperidone group was 2.5 mg and for the placebo group was 3 mg for a mean duration of 9 weeks. Subjects taking risperidone had a significant decrease on the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 Drive for Thinness subscale over the first 7 weeks (effect size, 0.88; p = .002), but this difference was not sustained to the end of the study ( p = .13). The Eating Disorder Inventory 2 Interpersonal Distrust subscale decreased significantly more in subjects taking risperidone (effect size, 0.60; p = .03). Subjects taking risperidone had increased prolactin levels (week 7; p = .001). There were no significant differences between groups at baseline or the end of the study for the other rating scales, change in weight, or laboratory measurements. Conclusions This study does not demonstrate a benefit for the addition of risperidone in adolescents with anorexia nervosa during the weight-restoration phase of care. Clinical trial registration information—A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Risperidone for the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00140426.
Molecular cloning and characterization of P113, a mouse SNF2/SWI2-related transcription factor

A full-length cDNA encoding a 113-kDa transcription factor, named P113, was cloned from mouse preadipocyte line 30A5. P113 binds to a 7-bp consensus TNF-response element and a 30-bp fragment from mouse PAI-1 promoter (-88/-59). Sequence analysis indicates that the P113 is highly homologous to HIP116/HLTF (human) and RUSH-1alpha (rabbit). The sequence homology and the fact that P113 contains seven motifs conserved in many DNA-dependent helicases/ATPases indicate that it is a new member of the SNF2/SWI2 protein family. A cysteine-rich motif, called RING finger, was found close to the C-terminus of P113. The expression pattern of P113 mRNA in rat tissues is significantly different from that of HLTF in human tissues. Affinity-purified P113 has an ATPase activity that is activated by DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Using Northern blot analysis and the PAI-1 promoter/luciferase system, we demonstrated that P113 is a transcription factor that activates the transcription of the PAI-1 gene in 30A5 cells.
Myocardial Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption in the Empty-Beating, Fibrillating, and Potassium-Arrested Hypertrophied Canine Heart

Myocardial oxygen consumption and blood flow distribution were examined in severely hypertrophied canine hearts in the empty-beating, fibrillating, and pharmacologically arrested states. Hypertrophy was produced using a subcoronary valvular aortic stenosis model that mimics the clinical situation of aortic valvular stenosis. Oxygen content of the total coronary sinus collection was compared with a large volume arterial sample using a Lex-O2-Con-TL analyzer, which had been validated by the Van Slyke-Neill method. Transmural blood flow was measured in each state using microspheres, and perfusion pressure was maintained at 80 mm Hg. Oxygen consumption in the empty-beating hypertrophied heart was found to be the same as that previously reported for normal hearts. Blood flow was evenly distributed in the empty-beating heart, with an endocardial/epicardial ratio of 0.99 +/- 0.15 (SEM) milliliters per minute per gram of left ventricular weight. Oxygen consumption failed to increase significantly with fibrillation; however, blood flow distribution favored the subepicardium, suggesting that oxygen consumption determinations in the fibrillating hypertrophied heart may not accurately reflect metabolic demand. Basal oxygen consumption of the hypertrophied heart as determined by the potassium-arrested, blood-perfused model was the same as that previously described for normal hearts. Blood flow during potassium arrest favored the subendocardium (endocardial/epicardial ratio = 1.14 +/- 0.27 ml/min/gm LV weight).
Review of the American College of Chest Physicians 2012 Guidelines for Anticoagulation Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis

The eighth edition (AT8) of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guideline, published in June 2008, was a comprehensive presentation of primary studies and detailed discussions of rationale for recommendations. This resulted in an approximately 900-page Chest Supplement publication. Updating the guidelines in a succinct fashion posed a formidable challenge for the ninth edition (AT9), published in February 2012. The strategy adopted for AT9 was to publish an Executive Summary of the recommendations in a 50-page document in the Chest supplement highlighting the changes, with online publication of the full version. Major innovative changes include a recognition of the value of estimating the risk reductions in symptomatic, as opposed to asymptomatic (venographically), detected venous thrombosis, using nonconflicted methodologists as topic editors, new insights into evidence, and increasing emphasis on what is known about patients' values and preferences that have served to improve this edition of the guidelines. This review provides a summary of the updates of the guidelines for anticoagulation therapy and prevention of thrombosis. The AT9 recommendations are presented with, if included, the AT8 recommendations in parenthesis for comparison purposes.
Structural aspects of the solvation shell of lysine and acetylated lysine: A Car-Parrinello and classical molecular dynamics investigation.

Lysine acetylation is a post-translational modification, which modulates the affinity of protein-protein and/or protein-DNA complexes. Its crucial role as a switch in signaling pathways highlights the relevance of charged chemical groups in determining the interactions between water and biomolecules. A great effort has been recently devoted to assess the reliability of classical molecular dynamics simulations in describing the solvation properties of charged moieties. In the spirit of these investigations, we performed classical and Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations on lysine and acetylated-lysine in aqueous solution. A comparative analysis between the two computational schemes is presented with a focus on the first solvation shell of the charged groups. An accurate structural analysis unveils subtle, yet statistically significant, differences which are discussed in connection to the significant electronic density charge transfer occurring between the solute and the surrounding water molecules.
The effect of a background shear current on large amplitude internal solitary waves

Large amplitude internal waves interacting with a linear shear current in a system of two layers of different densities are studied using a set of nonlinear evolution equations derived under the long wave approximation without the smallness assumption on the wave amplitude. For the case of uniform vorticity, solitary wave solutions are obtained under the Boussinesq assumption for a small density jump, and the explicit relationship between the wave speed and the wave amplitude is found. It is shown that a linear shear current modifies not only the wave speed, but also the wave profile drastically. For the case of negative vorticity, when compared with the irrotational case, a solitary wave of depression traveling in the positive x direction is found to be smaller, wider, and slower, while the opposite is true when traveling in the negative x direction. In particular, when the amplitude of the solitary wave propagating in the negative x direction is greater than the critical value, a stationary recirculating eddy appears at the wave crest.
First-principles theory of quasiparticles: Calculation of band gaps in semiconductors and insulators.

We present a first-principles theory for the quasiparticle energies of semiconductors and insulators. The full dielectric matrix is used to evaluate the nonlocal, energy-dependent electron self-energy operator. Both local-field effects and dynamical screening are found to be essential for understanding quasiparticle energies. Results for the band gaps, optical transitions, and band dispersions for silicon and diamond are in excellent agreement with existing experimental data.
Beauty and the Beast: Superconformal Symmetry in a Monster Module

Frenkel, Lepowsky, and Meurman have constructed a representation of the largest sporadic simple finite group, the Fischer-Griess monster, as the automorphism group of the operator product algebra of a conformal field theory with central chargec=24. In string terminology, their construction corresponds to compactification on aZ2 asymmetric orbifold constructed from the torusR24/∧, where ∧ is the Leech lattice. In this note we point out that their construction naturally embodies as well a larger algebraic structure, namely a super-Virasoro algebra with central chargeĉ=16, with the supersymmetry generator constructed in terms of bosonic twist fields.
Effects of Effluents from a Fisheries Research Station on Stream Water Quality

Abstract Research ponds at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Center usually overflow only following heavy rains in winter and early spring. Water from the ponds continually seeps into the ground (which has a shallow water table), and the ponds are drained annually in the fall for harvest. Drained effluent had the following average composition: pH, 7.18 (range, 6.5–7.7); total nitrogen, 1.21 mg/L (1.05–1.32 mg/L); total phosphorus, 0.64 mg/L (0.52–0.66 mg/L); 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 7.7 mg/L (2.1–10.3 mg/L); total suspended solids (TSS), 380 mg/L (61–705 mg/L); turbidity, 367 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU; 152–745 NTU). Compared with the sampling station upstream of the research ponds, the downstream sampling station on Lower Station (LS) Creek had higher average pH and concentrations of total alkalinity, chloride, total nitrogen, and BOD5. The downstream sampling station also had higher concentrations of chloride, TSS, total nitrogen, and BOD5 than four reference streams that did not receive aq...
Situation awareness: understanding dynamic environments.

Objective: We present a snapshot of the work on situation awareness, which involves operators' comprehension of the dynamic situation that they are monitoring or controlling. Background: Although human factors has always been concerned with helping the operator in his or her work environment, research exploded in the mid-1990s on one relevant construct, situation awareness. Method: We discuss how a distinction present years ago, the product of comprehension versus the process of comprehension, not only continues today but characterizes different research directions. Research on situation awareness has benefited and can continue to benefit from an analogy to the better understood comprehension of narrative and expository text, although such an analogy between text and dynamic environments will ultimately have limits. Results: Situation awareness as a notion that organizes and focuses research efforts has rightfully spread to research in virtually every industrial domain, and it is an essential part of work...
Voltage-dependent chloride channels: invertebrates to man.

Chloride channels are ubiquitous proteins found in invetebrates to man. Cl− is one of the most abundant biological anions and accounts for a measurable fraction of the electrical conductance of many biological membranes. Physiologically this contributes to cellular processes, including pH regulation, volume regulation, generation of the resting membrane potential, and regulation of membrane excitability. The unitary conductance of voltage-dependent Cl− channels is as diverse as the number of different types of Cl− channels described ranging from 5–450 pS. Cl−channels are highly anion selective passing at least ten anionic species, including all of the halides. Cl− channels are blocked by various agents, including aromatic acids, inorganic cations, and protons. Maintaining high resting conductance and normal excitability, regulating cell volume, and modulating hormone action are some examples of the functions of Cl− channels. Despite the large amount of data accumulated on voltage-dependent Cl− channels, identifying subsets within this class of channels with coherent biophysical features that subserve each specific function is still not possible. At present, the molecular structure for every type of functional Cl− channels has not been determined, but future identification of cloned Cl− channel structures should provide a clearer understanding of the functional properties of background Cl− channels. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ERIC: Sphinx or Golden Griffin?.

ERIC is a valuable resource, but not the universal panacea for all researchers and practitioners.
The effect of electrocortical state on cerebral carbohydrate metabolism in fetal sheep

We measured hemispherical cerebral blood flow and arteriovenous differences across the cerebral cortex for glucose, oxygen, and lactate during the two primary electroencephalographic patterns (high and low voltage) in unanesthetized, near-term fetal sheep. Oxygen consumption was 127 mumol/min/100 g brain in high voltage and was 14% higher in low voltage. Glucose uptake was 19 mumol/min/100 g and was 37% higher in low voltage. Cerebral blood flow was 112 ml/min/100 g and was 29% higher in low voltage. The glucose:oxygen quotient increased from 0.91 in high voltage to 1.08 in low voltage. There was a net lactate efflux of 3.2 mumol/min/100 g during low voltage compared to a net influx of 3.3 mumol/min/100 g in high voltage. During high voltage the fetal brain uses a small amount of lactate for oxidative metabolism. During low voltage, glucose uptake exceeds the oxygen uptake needed for completely aerobic consumption, and a portion of the energy utilized by the brain is produced anaerobically.
Reconciling cultural technologies, chronologies, and the rising tide at Fishing Bay, Maryland:

The archaeological record of the Middle Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay spans some 13,000 years and provides insight into a variety of cultural and environmental issues in eastern North America. In thi...
Analysis of Polymer Blends by Rheological Techniques

There is a growing commercial and academic interest in polymer blends and alloys. For these materials, the properties depend strongly on the flow induced morphology and on the distribution of residual stresses. To optimize the pro cessing and properties, it is important to know both the melt rheology and the orientation of the dispersed phase. This presentation concentrates on the first aspect. It would be impossible to understand the rheology of polymer blends without comparing their behavior to that of simpler, better known systems: solution, emulsion, foam, suspension or even polymer composites. The follow ing themes are discussed here: influence of equilibrium thermodynamics on rheology of homologous or miscible blends; effects of stress, strain and composi tions on flow morphology; effects of the interphase; correlations between rheological functions; yield phenomena; and extrudate swell.
An improved, simple nest-box trap

The success of ornithological studies often hinges on a researcher's ability to capture individuals quickly and efficiently. Sometimes it is necessary to capture the same individual multiple times, as is the case in many metabolic, ecotoxicological, and immunocompetence studies. Several methods of capturing cavity-nesting birds at their nest boxes have been described. However, these methods proved inefficient when attempting to catch wary individuals that had already been captured previously. Here we describe a simple and inexpensive method for capturing cavity-nesting birds using a square plate of sheet metal (5.8 × 5.8 × 0.2 cm), a drinking straw, a piece of duct tape, and a monofilament line. This method has the advantages of allowing selective capture of one, but not both members of a pair and being nearly invisible to trap-shy birds. SINOPSIS. Una caja mejorada para atrapar aves Elde estudios ornitolestatado, muchas veces, a la habilidad del investigador para atrapar aves de forma ry eficiente. En ocasiones es necesario capturar el mismo individuo multiples veces, como es en el caso de estudios metabecotoxicol´ ogicos o de inmunocompetencia. Se han descrito varios mpara atrapar aves que anidan en cajas. Sin embargo, estos mhan provado ser ineficientes cuando se intenta capturar aves que han sido alertadas por haberse capturado anteriormente. Describimos un m´ etodo, simple y de bajo costo, para capturar aves que anidan en cajas, utilizando una plancha cuadrada de metal (5.8 × 5.8 × 0.2 cm), un sorbeto y un pedazo de cinta adhesiva pl´ (duck tape) y un monofilamento. Este m´
Dynamics of a tubular reactor with recycle: Part I. Stability of the steady state

An analysis of the stability of a plug-flow tubular reactor with recycle is presented for a model in which axial dispersion of heat and mass is neglected. A method is developed which permits determination of stability or instability for small disturbances immediately upon attainment of the steady state solution. The method, which is applicable to a large class of recycle processes, is based on a Newton-Raphson iteration technique for steady state solution and on the stability theory of nonlinear difference equations. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated by means of numerical examples which illustrate the occurrence of steady state multiplicity and unstable situations.
Broadcast vs. personal sources of information in emergent public crises: The presidential assassination

A great deal of interesting research into broadcasting's effectiveness has been the result of “targets of opportunity.” Cantril's study of Orson Welles' broadcast of “Invasion from Mars,” Merton's analysis of the Kate Smith war‐bond selling marathon, the many different examinations of facets of the “Great Debates” during the 1960 presidential election campaign come to mind. When President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas last November, a number of researchers were able to lay aside personal feelings and conduct research in the hope of obtaining some benefits from even such a dire event. Two of these studies are published in this issue of the Journal: Karl Nestvold's study of the response of Oregon broadcasting stations to the assassination, and Harold Mendelsohn's examination of the “two‐step flow” theory of communication under the abnormal stresses of a developing public crisis.
Interactions between Exosomes from Breast Cancer Cells and Primary Mammary Epithelial Cells Leads to Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Which Induce DNA Damage Response, Stabilization of p53 and Autophagy in Epithelial Cells

Exosomes are nanovesicles originating from multivesicular bodies and are released by all cell types. They contain proteins, lipids, microRNAs, mRNAs and DNA fragments, which act as mediators of intercellular communications by inducing phenotypic changes in recipient cells. Tumor-derived exosomes have been shown to play critical roles in different stages of tumor development and metastasis of almost all types of cancer. One of the ways by which exosomes affect tumorigenesis is to manipulate the tumor microenvironments to create tumor permissive “niches”. Whether breast cancer cell secreted exosomes manipulate epithelial cells of the mammary duct to facilitate tumor development is not known. To address whether and how breast cancer cell secreted exosomes manipulate ductal epithelial cells we studied the interactions between exosomes isolated from conditioned media of 3 different breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, T47DA18 and MCF7), representing three different types of breast carcinomas, and normal human primary mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Our studies show that exosomes released by breast cancer cell lines are taken up by HMECs, resulting in the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy. Inhibition of ROS by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) led to abrogation of autophagy. HMEC-exosome interactions also induced the phosphorylation of ATM, H2AX and Chk1 indicating the induction of DNA damage repair (DDR) responses. Under these conditions, phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 was also observed. Both DDR responses and phosphorylation of p53 induced by HMEC-exosome interactions were also inhibited by NAC. Furthermore, exosome induced autophagic HMECs were found to release breast cancer cell growth promoting factors. Taken together, our results suggest novel mechanisms by which breast cancer cell secreted exosomes manipulate HMECs to create a tumor permissive microenvironment.
Isolation and characterization of canine venereal tumor-associated inhibitory and blocking factors.

Abstract Spontaneous regression of the canine venereal tumor is associated with the production of a serum factor which inhibits in vitro tumor colony-forming units in agar. Logarithmic or persistent tumor growth, on the other hand, is characterized by a serum factor which protects cells against in vitro inhibition (blocking factor). These factors have been characterized by immunochemical methods. Whole regressor and blocking sera were fractionated by Sephadex G-200 filtration and immunoab-sorption with rabbit antiserum specific for canine immunoglobulin G2a. Fractions were characterized by immunoelectrophoresis, radial immunodiffusion, and disc gel electrophoresis. In vitro inhibitory and blocking activity of the whole serum was accounted for by the purified immunoglobulin G2a. Blocking activity was also found in protein eluted from logarithmically growing tumors. Preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis revealed five major fractions with blocking activity only in the immunoglobulin G fraction. Tumor eluates and immunoglobulin G isolated from serially removed tumors demonstrated relative inhibitory and blocking activities that correlated with the clinical course of the tumor. Using ultrafiltration and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis of tumor-associated immunoglobulin G at low pH, it was not possible to identify an antigen complexed to the blocking antibody.
Utilization of time-kill kinetic methodologies for assessing the bactericidal activities of ampicillin and bismuth, alone and in combination, against Helicobacter pylori in stationary and logarithmic growth phases.

Assessment of in vitro susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori is difficult because of the fastidious, slowly growing nature of this microorganism. The high rate of relapse observed clinically and a possible subpopulation of cells that are not actively replicating suggest the potential need for bactericidal therapy in order to eradicate H. pylori. We used modified time-kill kinetic methodology in order to evaluate the bactericidal activities of ampicillin and bismuth, alone and in combination, against three strains of H. pylori in both a stationary (slow) growth phase and a logarithmic (rapid) growth phase. We found that ampicillin produced a decrease in CFU per milliliter (2 to 4 log10 units) for three strains of H. pylori when tested in logarithmic growth phases but was less inhibitory ( 3 log10 units). The activities of these two agents when combined mimicked the activity of the most active drug alone for that growth phase. We conclude that the clinical use of ampicillin combined with bismuth has been more effective than that of either agent used alone because ampicillin targets replicating cells, whereas bismuth targets cells that are not actively replicating.
Speculative precomputation: long-range prefetching of delinquent loads

This paper explores Speculative Precomputation, a technique that uses idle thread context in a multithreaded architecture to improve performance of single-threaded applications. It attacks program stalls from data cache misses by pre-computing future memory accesses in available thread contexts, and prefetching these data. This technique is evaluated by simulating the performance of a research processor based on the Itanium™ ISA supporting Simultaneous Multithreading. Two primary forms of Speculative Precomputation are evaluated. If only the non-speculative thread spawns speculative threads, performance gains of up to 30% are achieved when assuming ideal hardware. However, this speedup drops considerably with more realistic hardware assumptions. Permitting speculative threads to directly spawn additional speculative threads reduces the overhead associated with spawning threads and enables significantly more aggressive speculation, overcoming this limitation. Even with realistic costs for spawning threads, speedups as high as 169% are achieved, with an average speedup of 76%.
Comparison of left atrial area marked ablated in electroanatomical maps with scar in MRI.

Electroanatomic Map Overestimates the Ablated Area Background Three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping (EAM) is routinely used to mark ablated areas during radiofrequency ablation. We hypothesized that, in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, EAM overestimates scar formation in the left atrium (LA) when compared to the scar seen on late-gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI). Methods and Results Of the 235 patients who underwent initial ablation for AF at our institution between August 2011 and December 2012, we retrospectively identified 70 patients who had preprocedural magnetic resonance angiography merged with LA anatomy in EAM software and had a 3-month postablation LGE-MRI for assessment of scar. Ablated area was marked intraprocedurally using EAM software and quantified retrospectively. Scarred area was quantified in 3-month postablation LGE-MRI. The mean ablated area in EAM was 30.5 ± 7.5% of the LA endocardial surface and the mean scarred area in LGE-MRI was 13.9 ± 5.9% (P < 0.001). This significant difference in the ablated area marked in the EAM and scar area in the LGE-MRI was present for each of the 3 independent operators. Complete pulmonary vein (PV) encirclement representing electrical isolation was observed in 87.8% of the PVs in EAM as compared to only 37.4% in LGE-MRI (P < 0.001). Conclusions In AF ablation, EAM significantly overestimates the resultant scar as assessed with a follow-up LGE-MRI.
Ethical Considerations for Conducting Clinical Research

The need for evidence-based assessments and treatments for individuals with dysphagia has driven the need for more research in these areas. This article reviews the history of research ethics and t...
From the good will to the formula of universal law

In the First Section of the Groundwork, Kant argues that a good-willed person “under subjective limitations and hindrances” is required “never to act except in such a way that [she] could also will that [her] maxim should become a universal law.” Call this argument “K”. Although recent commentators (including Barbara Herman, Christine Korsgaard, Nelson Potter, and Allen Wood) have done much to clarify and defend many of the important claims Kant makes in the First Section, they have accurately identified neither K's premises nor the reasoning by means of which K's conclusion is derived. The result of this is that K's strengths are underappreciated. My aim is to rectify this state of affairs, by providing a detailed reconstruction of K, and thereby bring out the various ways in which the argument deserves our recognition and praise.
Do rotation coordinates provide the substrate for a mental protractor

In previous studies, we have found that the accuracy in judging collinearity of lines or dots varies considerably from one subject to another as a function of the relative angle of the stimulus elements. A model of errors generally shows large excursions across several subranges of angular position. These do not appear to be motor errors, at least not ones that are well separated from perceptual mechanisms. The errors are most likely generated at primary visual cortex, or beyond. We examined and modeled accuracy in judging collinearity of dot pairs, varying the angular position of the dots through 360°, the distance between the dots (stimulus span), and the distance at which the subject was required to respond (response span). Subjects manifested idiosyncratic profiles of error across angular positions, as reported previously. But across the tested range of spans, from 4 to 8 deg, the errors tended to be the same, irrespective of stimulus or response span. This suggests that the judgments are based on a r...
Behind City Walls: Restoration Actors in the Drapers' Company

In 1934, Louis B. Wright wrote, “All the world knows since the publication of studies by Professors Graves, Rollins, and Hotson that . . . [the drama's] light never went out completely.” Yet in a 2001 reference book, a contributor writes, “After an eighteen year hiatus. . . .” No wonder that Dale Randall could legitimately write in 1995, “We are asked to believe that little or nothing happened in English drama for the next eighteen years” beginning in 1642. His Winter Fruit is an important survey of dramatic activity during the Interregnum, and scholars continue to document the varieties of theatrical activities in the period. My essay is a modest contribution to the accumulation of details about a lingering, integral puzzle: how two London companies with experienced actors and new stars came into existence so quickly in 1660. It also shows that the Old City of London was not as inhospitable to drama as it is often portrayed. The piece of this puzzle that I can supply is the picture of John Rhodes and the Drapers' Company. Of Rhodes, John Downes wrote that in the winter of 1659–60 he “fitted up a House then for Acting call'd the Cock-Pit in Drury-Lane, and in a short time Compleated his Company.” Downes supplies a list of plays acted there beginning in February and comments that one of these new actors, Thomas Betterton, then “but 22 Years Old, was highly Applauded for his Acting . . . ; his Voice being then as Audibly strong, full and Articulate, as in the Prime of his Acting.”
Culture as an environmental context for careers

Abstract : Cultural factors influence career patterns in a variety of ways. Societal, occupational, and organizational cultures influence the structure of the external career, prestige associated with given careers, the legitimacy of certain motives underlying careers, success criteria, the clarity of the career concept itself, and the importance attached to career vs. family and self development. How career occupants view their careers and the degree of variation in such views within given societies, occupations, and organizations is also culturally patterned. Both managers and careers researchers must become more familiar with these cultural influences. This paper explores several facets of culture as an environment for careers and to demonstrate that career research is inevitably culture bound. Three separate areas will be discussed: Cultural influences on the concept of career itself; Cultural influences on the importance of career relative to personal and family issues; and Cultural influences on the bases of legitimacy of managerial careers.
Design analysis and circuit enhancements for high-speed bipolar flip-flops

The design of high-speed current mode logic latches is discussed, using analytical expressions for delay. An open circuit time constant method is utilized throughout this paper, though similar results were obtained from a charge control analysis. Emphasis is placed on the variables that are under the control of the circuit designer, as opposed to the device designer. Circuit delay is calculated with respect to device area, current density, amplitude, and a keep-alive current. In particular, the keep-alive current gives the circuit designer control over the average transconductance of switching transistors, independent of their bias currents. The cost of the keep-alive current is the loss of output amplitude. The effects of transmission lines and peaking inductors are discussed in a qualitative manner. Latch designs were tested with static divide-by-two frequency dividers. Results of several dividers (both SiGe and InP) are shown and compared with the theory.
CT in the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis

Herpes simplex is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis. The recent development of specific antiviral chemotherapeutic agents offers new optimism for patients with this disorder if therapy is begun on or before the fifth day of the disease. Eight patients with herpes simplex encephalitis were studied by CT, and a characteristic but not pathognomonic pattern was observed. In each case a low density lesion was noted in the medial portion of the temporal lobe with extension into the Island of Reil. Sparing of the lenticular nucleus was observed in all cases. Mass effect and streaky linear enhancement after contrast administration was also seen. Unfortunately, the findings may be subtle or absent before the fifth day of disease, and thus CT scans must be examined with a high index of suspicion if the correct diagnosis is to be made at a time when therapy may prove useful. Hemorrhagic areas are rarely observed on CT in this disorder despite the frequent occurrence on pathologic studies. The full extent of involvement may not be appreciated on scans obtained during the first 10 days of the disease.
Childhood and Public Life: Reaffirming Biographical Divisions

This article examines contemporary Americans' collective conceptions of childhood and children by focusing attention on the young's participation in public life. Children's behavior and treatment in public places were observed and recorded in fieldnotes over a two year period. These observations, related findings from previously published studies, contemporary urban legends, newspaper stories and advice columns are analyzed in light of the history of childhood in Western societies. That analysis indicates that the young's access to public places in contemporary American society is quite limited and that they are commonly treated as less than complete persons. At least in public places, there is little evidence that the distinction between childhood and adulthood is eroding in contemporary American society, as many have claimed.
In vivo release of angiotensin II from the rat hypothalamus.

Recent studies suggest that angiotensin II is released from neuronal tissue in vitro, but the occurrence of this phenomenon in the intact brain has not yet been demonstrated. To characterize the in vivo release of immunoreactive angiotensin II, push-pull cannulas were positioned in the anterior hypothalamus in 47 Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) anesthetized with Inactin (100 mg/kg i.p.). Artificial cerebrospinal fluid was perfused at 20 microliters/min, and effluent samples were collected for 15-minute periods over 2 hours. Angiotensin II was detectable (greater than 2.5 pg/ml) in the push-pull cannula perfusate of the majority (76%) of the rats. Spontaneous release of immunoreactive angiotensin II was constant for 2 hours in 11 rats at values averaging from 4.4 +/- 1.5 to 8.2 +/- 2.2 pg/ml. In addition, bilateral nephrectomy performed 48 hours before did not affect the detection of angiotensin II (n = 3). Angiotensin immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus was further characterized by high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis showed that the perfusate contained authentic angiotensin II as well as other angiotensin metabolites. The effect of beta-adrenergic modulation on the release of angiotensin II was assessed in 20 rats by adding isoproterenol (10(-10), 10(-8), and 10(-6) M), propranolol (10(-6) M), or a combination of both. Neither activation nor inhibition of hypothalamic beta-receptors altered the spontaneous release of angiotensin II. These data demonstrate that angiotensin II and congener peptides are detectable in the microenvironment of the anterior hypothalamus of the anesthetized rat and that the release of angiotensin II immunoreactivity in the anterior hypothalamus is not modified by beta-adrenergic receptors.