cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P4.02 Effects of a restrictive state law on std/hiv rates in ohio

Introduction In recent years, Ohio has enacted multiple laws that impact sexual and reproductive health. In February 2016, a new law came into effect, which prohibits the state from contracting health services with any organisation that performs or promotes abortion. This law blocks funding of organisations such as Planned Parenthood from receiving state funds for activities related to HIV and STD testing and sexual education. Methods We are conducting a rigorous evaluation of the sexual and reproductive health-related consequences of the new law. In an ecologic analysis of state- and county-level data from Ohio for 2015 and 2016, we will compare trends in prevalence of HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoea (all nationally notifiable conditions) before and after the implementation of the2016 law. We will examine trends by several characteristics, including sex, race/ethnicity, age, education level, insurance status (Ohio is a Medicaid-expansion state under the Affordable Care Act), sexual orientation, urban/rural residence, and other variables. To disentangle the effect of the law from secular trends in HIV/STD, we will compare Ohio’s outcomes to the same outcomes in nearby Illinois. Illinois has similar population characteristics to Ohio but does not have the same legislative environment impacting allocation of funds for reproductive health services. Results Results will be available in summer 2017. In Ohio, we anticipate a decline in the number of HIV and STD tests performed in 2016 compared to 2015, and an increase in the prevalence of each disease in 2016 compared to 2015. We anticipate no meaningful changes in trends across years in Illinois. Conclusion Multiple states across the United States are considering legislation similar to Ohio’s, to restrict the use of state and federal funding by clinical and community organisations that provide HIV/STD care alongside other sexual health services. Determining the HIV/STD-related impacts of such laws is critical to avoid putting men and women at higher risk of disease.
What does it mean to be youth-friendly? Results from qualitative interviews with health care providers and clinic staff serving youth and young adults living with HIV

Author(s): Saberi, Parya; Ming, Kristin; Dawson-Rose, Carol | Abstract: Purpose:Given the consistent associations between younger age and numerous suboptimal clinical outcomes, there is a critical need for more research in youth living with human immunodeficiency virus (YLWH) and tailoring of health care delivery to the unique and complex needs of this population. The objective of this study was to examine the facilitators of and barriers to engagement in care among YLHW at the system and provider/staff level, as well as the barriers to using technology-based forms of communication with YLWH to improve retention and engagement in care. Patients and methods:We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with health care providers and staff members at the clinics and organizations serving YLWH in the San Francisco Bay Area. Results:We interviewed 17 health care providers and staff members with a mean of 8 years of experience in providing clinical care to YLWH. Interviewees noted various facilitators of and barriers to engagement in care among YLWH, including the environment of the clinic (e.g., clinic location and service setting), provision of youth-friendly services (e.g., flexible hours and use of technology), and youth-friendly providers/staff (e.g., nonjudgmental approach). With regard to barriers to using technology in organizations and clinics, interviewees discussed the challenges at the system level (e.g., availability of technology, clinic capacity, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliance), provider/staff level (e.g., time constraints and familiarity with technology), and youth level (e.g., changing of cellular telephones and relationship with provider/staff). Conclusion:Given the need for improved clinical outcomes among YLWH, our results can provide guidance for clinics and institutions providing care for this population to enhance the youth-friendliness of their services and examine their guidelines around the use of technology.
Mobility Analysis of AmpuTees II: Comorbidities and Mobility in Lower Limb Prosthesis Users.

Objective The aim of the study was to determine the impact of comorbidities on mobility in patients with lower limb prostheses. Design Cohort database chart review was conducted to examine mobility in lower limb prosthesis users grouped according to comorbidities. Regression models were used to determine significant predictor comorbidities for mobility. General linear univariate models were implemented to investigate differences in mobility among cohorts (N = 596). Results Patient age and history of stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and anxiety/panic disorders were predictors of decreased mobility. After adjusting for covariates, the differences in mobility reported by patients older than 65 yrs was compared with those younger than 65 yrs; in addition, we compared those with a history of peripheral vascular disease with those without. The comparative analyses for both categories did not satisfy the minimal clinically important difference. There were no significant differences when comparing overall comorbid health after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions Clinicians should consider patient age and history of stroke, peripheral vascular disease, or anxiety/panic disorders when optimizing a lower limb prosthesis users' mobility because these variables may be predictive of modest but clinically meaningful decreased prosthetic mobility. By contrast, common comorbid health conditions such as arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and diabetes do not seem predictive of decreased mobility among lower limb prosthesis users.
Identification and analysis of ambient EMPs

Abstract Mineral particles have long been observed in the ambient air and for >40 years, samples of these airborne particulate have been collected in attempt to identify and quantify the amount of asbestos particles in the air. For most of this time, regulated asbestos particles (in the shape of fibers) were the target for these analyses. However, since the turn of the century, more emphasis has been placed on finding and identifying elongate mineral particles (EMPs). For EMPs (particularly serpentine and amphibole minerals), these airborne particles have generally been associated with industrial activities and were reported as “asbestos”. Recent monitoring around construction activities involving earth moving have reported concentrations of different mineral particles at sites of varying distance from the activity. The location of detected ambient elongate mineral particles (EMPs) is similar to the locations of soils that also contain EMPs. This close association indicates the necessity for proper mineral identification and valid morphological characterization to allow for source identification. Unfortunately, there continues to be problems with mineral identifications in many studies, regardless of the morphological habit of the particle. This paper addresses the issue of proper mineral identification in ambient air samples.
Reliability improvements to healthcare patient RFID tracking with multiple tags

In recent years, a tremendous amount of development has been seen in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) enabled solutions, triggering the advent of novel applications. This evolutionary trend has been led in part by radio frequency identification (RFID) and smart technologies, among others. Inspired by the endeavors in this area, the results reported here apply to a smart architecture for patient tracking and monitoring within hospitals. The aim is to implement RFID based solutions to tracking patients location and movement and expensive equipment in hospitals. Experimental results are reported of a novel patient tracking system that uses of multiple RFID tags in bracelets worn by patients to reliably determine their location within certain area. We also present results on processing the phase of the received signal in order to detect movement of a patient.
COAL FLOTATION BY INTRINSIC BUBBLE FORMATION

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the concept of coal flotation by intrinsic bubble formation. Coal flotation by intrinsic bubble formation circumvents surface phenomena, which reduce the efficiencies of the conventional processes. This process takes the advantage of the natural porosity of the organic fraction of the coal by encouraging the bubbles to form from the pore openings and floating the organic coal away from the nonporous minerals. This process assures 100% bubble-particle contact. It minimizes free bubble formation in the cell and, therefore, enhances the cleaning of high ash coals. In a study described in the chapter, the effect of various conditions on the process was studied initially. Runs were performed at different pressures ranging from 15 to 300 psig on the three mesh sizes of all the coal samples. Variations in the pH were made using NaOH and HCl. Once the optimum pHs were determined, the effect of various gases on the process was studied. The effect of mixing rate and time and the effect of pulp density were also studied. Experiments were also performed with various additives to access their effects on recovery and separation, after the conditions were set. The effect of weathering on cleanability and recovery was also studied.
Problems of Implementing a New Mathematics Curriculum

The fact that this conference is taking place points to ferment regarding the mathematics curriculum for the first two years of college. The present primacy of calculus in that curriculum is being questioned as being appropriate for students in a number of disciplines, especially in computer science. The “twilight of calculus” has been announced in at least one recent interesting and provocative paper [1].
Justifying Equality

We consider the problem of finding irredundant bases for inconsistent sets of equalities and disequalities. These are subsets of inconsistent sets which do not contain any literals which do not contribute to the unsatisfiability in an essential way, and can therefore be discarded. The approach we are pursuing here is to decorate derivations with proofs and to extract irredundant sets of assumptions from these proofs. This requires specialized operators on proofs, but the basic inference systems are otherwise left unchanged. In particular, we include justifying inference systems for union-find structures and abstract congruence closure, but our constructions can also be applied to other inference systems such as Gaussian elimination.
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION THERAPY AND HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATION IN ADULTS WITH TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Atrial fibrillation is a known risk factor for heart failure (HF) hospitalization and mortality in patients with acquired heart disease. Although atrial arrhythmias are common in adults with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), data about prevalence and outcomes of therapy for atrial fibrillation are very
Congenital Aortic Valve Stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis in children is a congenital heart defect that causes fixed form of hemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with progressive course. Neonates and young infants who have aortic valve stenosis, usually develop congestive heart failure. Children and adolescents who have aortic valve stenosis, are mostly asymptomatic, although they may carry a small but significant risk of sudden death. Transcatheter or surgical intervention is indicated for symptomatic patients or those with moderate to severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Many may need reintervention.
Limited survival strategy in starving subterranean termite colonies

Termites feed on a carbon-rich but nitrogen-poor diet and evolved efficient nitrogen conservation strategies. It was previously suggested that during time of low access to resources (i.e., starvation), subterranean termites (Rhinotermitidae) colonies would adopt an energy conservation strategy by cannibalizing soldiers, a dependent caste. However, such hypothesis was tested with relatively small groups of foragers, which may not have reflected how resources are reallocated in whole colonies when food (carbon) is scarce. The current study subjected 2-year-old colonies (≈ 3000 termites with all castes and instars) to starvation, in order to reexamine if cannibalism is part of an active energy conservation strategy. Within 12 days of starvation, eggs and larvae were all cannibalized, followed by young workers. Soldiers then died marginally faster than old workers. By 22 days, cannibalism was no longer observed, and the king and queen were among the last individuals to die. Termites that engaged in the process of ecdysis with no energetic resources, failed to molt, died in the process, and the subsequent cannibalism was a passive mortality-driven process. Therefore, cannibalism was primarily the result of the inherent termite behavior for recycling nitrogen resources. The hemimetabolous developmental pathway, the difference of timing in the molting cycle of termite instars and the relatively rapid exhaustion of soldiers, indirectly determined the sequence of starvation-induced mortality and subsequent cannibalism. Although termites have evolved efficient nitrogen conservation strategies, they have not evolved an efficient carbon conservation strategy, which is essentially limited to keeping the primary reproductives alive as long as possible.
STEM Is Not a Monolith: A Preliminary Analysis of Variations in STEM Disciplinary Cultures and Implications for Change.

Translating theory to practice requires developing theories of disciplinary cultures and how they change. This report describes similarities and differences between STEM disciplinary cultures that ...
Erythrodermic psoriasis secondary to systemic corticosteroids

Erythroderma is an uncommon, potentially life-threatening condition, which has many causes, including uncontrolled psoriasis. We present a 58-year-old woman with psoriasis who, after an abrupt discontinuation of systemic corticosteroids, developed erythrodermic psoriasis with extensive body surface involvement requiring hospital admission. Erythrodermic psoriasis requires a high index of suspicion to diagnose it in a timely fashion and treat it to prevent complications.
Multiple Agent Designs in Conversational Intelligent Tutoring Systems.

This article describes designs that use multiple conversational agents within the framework of intelligent tutoring systems. Agents in this case are computerized talking heads or embodied animated avatars that help students learn by performing actions and holding conversations with them in natural language. The earliest conversational intelligent tutoring systems were limited to a single agent that interacted with a student in the role of a teacher or expert. Technological advances have since made possible systems in which multiple agents interact with the learner and each other to model ideal behavior, strategies, reflections, and social interactions. Though still an emerging technology, multi-agent intelligent tutoring systems afford pedagogical benefits that go beyond the capabilities of the single-agent system and have facilitated learning gains on a variety of subject matters and skills, including science, technology, engineering, mathematics, research methods, metacognition, and language comprehension. The present work describes some common multi-agent designs that may be used to achieve a variety of pedagogical goals. We provide examples of how these designs have been implemented in educational or experimental settings and anticipate future use within the field of artificial intelligence.
Ion-chromatographic determination of divalent metal ions (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) using EDTA as complexing agent

Metal ions, such as cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium, were separated as the anionic metal-EDTA complexes using an ion-chromatograph equipped with anion separator system. The separated complex anions in the eluent (3×10−3 M NaHCO3/2.4×10−3 M Na2CO3) were detected by conductivity measurement. When 100 μl of the sample solution containing 10−4 M EDTA was introduced into the analytical system, up to 5.0 ppm of metal ions were determined. The method was applied to the determination of metal ions in plating solution and waste water samples. When the sample solution was introduced into the system, a chromatogram of anions in the sample was obtained. Then the sample solution with EDTA was introduced and a chromatogram of anions and metal-EDTA complexes was obtained. The metals were determined from the difference of the former and the latter chromatograms.
Geometric Design of Deployable Spatial Structures Made of Three-Dimensional Angulated Members

Abstract During their early development, deployable structures were constructed using translational and polar scissor units. The discovery of angulated units revolutionized the field and popularize...
The Development and Statistical Testing of a Nascent Organization Structure Sequence Model

This study identified episodic stages of growth used by nascent hyper-growth firms. Based on the literature, an 11-stage hypothetical episodic Nascent Organization Structure Sequence (NOSS) model was postulated. Sixty-two Inc-500 fastest-growing "gazelle" entrepreneurs identified which of the 11 stages they used or would use to build their business. One-sample chi-square analysis per NOSS stage found that nine of the growth stages were identified as significant (p < .05), resulting in a revised Verified Nascent Organization Structure Sequence (VNOSS) model of high-growth, emerging organizational development. See Figure 1 for a list of the 11 NOSS stages, and Figure 2 for the resulting 9 VNOSS stages. The model contributes to the development of a research foundation that can aid entrepreneurs in changing their structures as they grow their businesses, as well as consultants who help them grow.
A novel matching formulation for startup costs in unit commitment

We present a novel formulation for startup cost computation in the unit commitment problem (UC). Both our proposed formulation and existing formulations in the literature are placed in a formal, theoretical dominance hierarchy based on their respective linear programming relaxations. Our proposed formulation is tested empirically against existing formulations on large-scale UC instances drawn from real-world data. While requiring more variables than the current state-of-the-art formulation, our proposed formulation requires fewer constraints, and is empirically demonstrated to be as tight as a perfect formulation for startup costs. This tightening can reduce the computational burden in comparison to existing formulations, especially for UC instances with large reserve margins and high penetration levels of renewables.
Latency and amplitude of the stop-signal P3 event-related potential are related to inhibitory GABAa activity in primary motor cortex

Abstract By stopping actions even after their initiation, humans can adapt their ongoing behavior rapidly to changing environmental circumstances. The neural processes underlying the implementation of rapid action-stopping are still controversially discussed. In the early 1990s, a fronto-central P3 event-related potential (ERP) was identified in the human EEG response following stop-signals in the classic stop-signal task, accompanied by the proposal that this ERP reflects the “inhibitory” side of the purported horse-race underlying successful action-stopping. Later studies have lent support to this interpretation by finding that the amplitude and onset of the stop-signal P3 relate to both overt behavior and to movement-related EEG activity in ways predicted by the race model. However, such studies are limited by the ability of EEG to allow direct inferences about the presence (or absence) of true, physiologically inhibitory signaling at the neuronal level. To address this, we here present a cross-modal individual differences investigation of the relationship between the features stop-signal P3 ERP and GABAergic neurotransmission in primary motor cortex (M1, as measured by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation). Following recent work, we measured short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), a marker of inhibitory GABAa activity in M1, in a group of 41 human participants who also performed the stop-signal task while undergoing EEG recordings. In line with the P3-inhibition hypothesis, we found that subjects with stronger inhibitory GABA activity in M1 also showed both faster onsets and larger amplitudes of the stop-signal P3. This provides direct evidence linking the properties of this ERP to a true physiological index of motor system inhibition. We discuss these findings in the context of recent theoretical developments and empirical findings regarding the neural implementation of inhibitory control during action-stopping.
Inferring Evolutionary Timescales without Independent Timing Information: An Assessment of "Universal" Insect Rates to Calibrate a Collembola (Hexapoda) Molecular Clock.

Previous estimates of nucleotide substitution rates are routinely applied as secondary or “universal” molecular clock calibrations for estimating evolutionary timescales in groups that lack independent timing information. A major limitation of this approach is that rates can vary considerably among taxonomic groups, but the assumption of rate constancy is rarely evaluated prior to using secondary rate calibrations. Here I evaluate whether an insect mitochondrial DNA clock is appropriate for estimating timescales in Collembola—a group of insect-like arthropods characterized by high levels of cryptic diversity. Relative rates of substitution in cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) were inferred via Bayesian analysis across a topologically constrained Hexapod phylogeny using a relaxed molecular clock model. Rates for Collembola did not differ significantly from the average rate or from the rates estimated for most other groups (25 of 30), suggesting that (1) their apparent cryptic diversity cannot be explained by accelerated rates of molecular evolution and (2) clocks calibrated using “universal” insect rates may be appropriate for estimating evolutionary timescales in this group. However, of the 31 groups investigated, 10 had rates that deviated significantly from the average (6 higher, 4 lower), underscoring the need for caution and careful consideration when applying secondary insect rate calibrations. Lastly, this study exemplifies a relatively simple approach for evaluating rate constancy within a taxonomic group to determine whether the use of secondary rates are appropriate for molecular clock calibrations.
Mediating Power Struggles on a Shared Server

Most of today's servers, with numerous CPU cores and other plentiful direct resources, host co-located workloads using mechanisms to reduce hardware resource contention. However, power is an equally important indirect resource in a server that is shared between the co-located applications, for which they can contend, especially when power budgets are tight. We refer to this as a "power struggle". While there is a considerable amount of prior effort on server power capping, they are largely oblivious to power as an indirectly shared resource. This indirect resource exhibits a unique set of properties - spatial non-multiplexing, non-convex, fluidic, time-shifting and dynamic capacity - which have not been explicitly tackled so far. We propose policies that explicitly consider these properties to mediate power struggles, implement these on real hardware, and provide experimental results to show the performance benefits of our solution.
Confronting the 'Ongoing Emergency': A Pragmatic Approach to Hearsay Evidence in the Context of the Sixth Amendment

The Supreme Court's path breaking decision in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S 36 (2004), held that admission of an extrajudicial testimonial statement by an unavailable declarant-witness violates the Confrontation Clause unless the defendant has an opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. Unfortunately, the determination of admissibility for the trial court judge has not been simplified after Crawford. The role of the trial court judge has now shifted from determining the reliability of the hearsay evidence (as was required before Crawford) to a determination of the testimonial nature of the declarant's statement. However, with some small exceptions, the Court in Crawford explicitly decided that it would leave for another day a more specific definition of the term testimonial, which would have helped to clarify how to address admissibility issues in many cases. This testimonial thicket presents a difficult set of issues for lower court judges making admissibility determinations where there is a relationship between an unavailable witness-declarant and a criminal defendant. The relationship between a criminal defendant and a witness-declarant is often nuanced and complex, making trial appearance of the declarant problematic. For example, in cases where the declarant-witness is a victim of domestic violence or child abuse, courts face some of the most difficult issues in determining which hearsay statements implicate the Confrontation Clause. Davis v. Washington, 126 S.Ct. 2266 (2006), provided an opportunity to address this issue in the context of two separately appealed domestic violence cases. To its credit, in Davis, the Court partially cleared the Crawford path by providing more guidance on which police interrogations may produce testimonial statements. However, the Court's approach in Davis fails to provide a comprehensive set of considerations for lower courts in addressing relationships that make it problematic for the witness-declarant to testify at trial. For example, the Court has provided incomplete guidance for determining when an ongoing emergency is present - an important predicate inquiry to an admissibility determination where there is a relationship between a witness-declarant and a criminal defendant. Drawing from and extending the Court's approach in Davis, this Article suggests a method of analysis which implements the framework of Crawford within the broader institutional goals of the criminal justice system. Specifically, by providing an analytical approach to aid courts in defining an ongoing emergency in the context of problematic relationships, the Article gives lower courts some much-needed guidance to assist in addressing the admissibility of statements by witness-declarants who may be unavailable to testify.
Sports Medicine-Related Breast and Chest Conditions-Update of Current Literature.

ABSTRACT This article reviews the most up-to-date evidence-based recommendations pertaining to breast and upper chest conditions, specifically for the sports medicine physician. Because of the unique circumstances of the team physician, they can see a wide breadth of pathology. Athletes may not have a primary care physician and may prefer to present to their team physician for breast and upper chest conditions. It is often more comfortable and convenient for athletes to seek treatment in the team setting. Therefore, it is important that the medical professional be aware of not only common pathology but also of that which is rarer. Any delay in evaluation can result in unnecessary morbidity and lead to complications or extended time lost from sport. Consequently, it also is important to facilitate an atmosphere encouraging early presentation and workup.
#Grateful: Longitudinal Associations Between Adolescents' Social Media Use and Gratitude During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, some ways of using social media-such as directly communicating with friends-may have helped adolescents thrive. We examined longitudinal associations between high school adolescents' social media use and gratitude across a 15-month period before and during the pandemic (n = 704, Mage = 15.10; 52% girls). The trajectories of gratitude and the importance of social media for meaningful conversations with friends-but not frequency of social media use-were positively associated over time. At the within-person level, gratitude predicted increased importance of social media for meaningful conversations, but not vice-versa. Findings suggest that gratitude may be associated with and may motivate using social media to foster social connection, but may not increase overall social media use.
Ultrashort Pulse Induced Micro-explosion Time Resolved Dynamics in Bulk UV Fused Silica

Ultrafast dynamics of ultrafast single pulse induced micro-explosions in bulk fused silica was captured using.time resolved shadowgraphy. Experimental and theoretical considerations identify such micro-explosions creating warm dense matter (WDM) states.
Computer Assisted Quantitative Electroretinography I: A Standardized Method

(1980). Computer Assisted Quantitative Electroretinography I: A Standardized Method. American Journal of EEG Technology: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 57-77.
Enforced community standards for research on users of the tor anonymity network

Security and privacy researchers are increasingly taking an interest in the Tor network, and have even performed studies that involved intercepting the network communications of Tor users. There are currently no generally agreed upon community norms for research on Tor users, and so unfortunately, several projects have engaged in problematic behavior --- not because the researchers had malicious intent, but because they simply did not see the ethical or legal issues associated with their data gathering. This paper proposes a set of four bright-line rules for researchers conducting privacy invading research on the Tor network. The author hopes that it will spark a debate, and hopefully lead to responsible program committees taking some action to embrace these, or similar rules.
Brain Aging (Normal): Behavioral, Cognitive, and Personality Consequences

Research on brain aging has made substantial advances in recent years. Some of the recent work in psychology and in the behavioral sciences is guided by models that take into account what is known about aging of the brain mechanisms that are presumed to be responsible for behavior, cognition, and personality. Brain-style models of behavioral aging have been developed and tested using a variety of in vivo measures including on-line functional imaging, structural imaging regional blood flow, electrophysiology, and cognitive neuropsychology. New findings and conceptual approaches that attempt to link recent advances in the understanding of brain aging with observations of age-related changes in behavior give emphasis to the dynamic nature of brain–behavior interrelationships and to notions of plasticity of neural mechanisms throughout the adult life span. Research using brain-style models of aging has important implications for understanding the potentials and limits of human aging, especially for cognitive rehabilitation fields, and for advocating positive models of aging that call attention to the potentials of function throughout the adult life span.
The deccan traps

After recapitulating some of the main facts about the Deccan traps which have been definitely established, and drawing attention to the connection between this igneous activity and the disruption of the Gondwana continent, a new interpretation of the geological history of the Deccan trap period has been put forward on lines which it is expected may ultimately lead to a satisfactory solution of the many knotty problems connected with this great volcanic rock-formation. The relationship between the main mass of the Deccan trap and its two important outliers one near Rajahmundry and the other in Western Sind is next considered. The problem of the age of the Deccan traps is discussed on the basis of all the evidence available in the different areas, from which it would appear that the eruptions began at the close of the cretaceous, and continued not only throughout the eocene but extended even into later periods.
Teaching Ethics at Drexel: Who, How, and Why?

Oestreich, Joel E. (2011) Teaching Ethics at Drexel: Who, How, and Why? International Studies Perspectives,doi: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2011.00456.x © 2011 International Studies Association Although international politics is an area resistant to moral thinking, this paper argues that it is important to ground students in the basics of international ethics. This is true because some of them will become international affairs professionals; but all will be citizens who need the tools to think critically about their nation’s foreign policies. Also, ethical thinking provides a very good way to critique mainstream theories of world politics, by calling into question some of their basic tenets, particularly when these are defended as “rational” and thus beyond criticism. Most textbooks, however, pay too little attention to these problems. A few ways to overcome these shortcomings are suggested.
Informing Future Interventions for Physical Activity and Depression Symptoms After Stillbirth

Poster Presentation Objective Women with stillbirths have a threefold greater risk of developing depression symptoms than women with live births. Depression symptoms may contribute to negative health outcomes for the mother and infant born subsequent to loss. Physical activity may improve depression symptoms in these women, and the purpose of this descriptive exploratory study was to explore acceptable physical activity interventions for women after stillbirth. Design Descriptive exploratory study that used a convenient sample. Setting The setting was an online survey that was free and available to eligible participants nationally. Sample Women age 19 to 45 years, who resided in the United States, spoke and understood English, and had experienced stillbirth within one year were recruited for this study. The sample was recruited nationally through collaboration with nonprofit stillbirth organizations, posting flyers at hospitals and physician clinics, snowball sampling, and social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter). Methods The survey used for this study was conducted online and included questions related to pregnancy and family (e.g., time since loss, weight gain during pregnancy, number of other children), physical activity, symptoms of depression, and demographics. Results One hundred seventy five women participated in the study ( M age = 31.26 ± 5.52 years). Women reported participating in regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly) before (60%) and during (47%) their pregnancies after stillbirth (61%). Only 37% were currently meeting physical activity recommendations. Using physical activity to cope with depression symptoms was reported by 38%. Reasons for participating in physical activity included help with depression symptoms (58%), weight loss (55%), and better overall physical health (52%). Women used walking (67%), jogging (35%), and yoga (23%) as activities to cope with loss. Women who participated in physical activity since their loss reported significantly lower levels of depression symptoms ( M = 15.10, SD = 5.32) than women who did not participate in physical activity ( M = 18.06, SD = 5.57; t = −3.45, p = .001). Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Physical activity may serve as a unique opportunity to help bereaved women cope with the multiple mental and physical sequelae after stillbirth. This study provides data to inform health care providers about the potential role of physical activity in bereavement and recovery for women after stillbirth.
Health Problems of Sheltered Homeless Women and Their Dependent Children

Increasing numbers of homeless female-headed families are entering temporary shelters. Social workers who work with sheltered families are confronted with a complex array of health care problems. This article introduces an analytic framework that classifies the types of health problems that emerge among shelter residents and serves as a guide to social work intervention with the health problems of shelter residents. The framework covers three categories of health problems: illness coincident with homelessness, those exacerbated by limited health care access, and those associated with the psychosocial burdens of homelessness. The failures of the current structure of the health care reimbursement and the deficiencies of service delivery to homeless families are discussed. The analytic framework conceptualizes the interrelationship between health and poverty. It can be used as a tool for informed social work intervention, advocacy, training, and research activities.
Ecdysone oxidase and 3-oxoecdysteroid reductases in Manduca sexta: Developmental changes and tissue distribution

The activities of ecdysone oxidase (EO), 3-oxoecdysteroid 3α-reductase (3α-R), and 3-oxoecdysteroid 3β-reductase (3β-R) were determined for epidermis, hemolymph, and fat body of wandering fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae and for midguts of various developmental stages between 3 days after the last larval and 14 days after the pupal ecdysis. The larval midgut was the only organ showing substantial specific activities of EO and 3α-R, and both increased up to the seventh day after ecdysis. Hemolymph and fat body had only moderate to high 3β-R and low EO activites, and the epidermis did not contain significant activity of any of the enzymes. On the ninth day after the last larval ecdysis the larval midgut epithelium was replaced by a new pupal midgut epithelium. After this event only 3β-R was restored to high activities, whereas EO and 3α-R showed only low to marginal activities. It is concluded that only the larval midgut has a role in the inactivation of ecdysteroids by 3-epimerization. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 1
Long Term Effects of Marek’s Disease Vaccination with Cell-Free Herpesvirus of Turkey and Age at Debeaking on Performance and Mortality of White Leghorns

Three-hundred-sixty, day-old Single Comb White Leghorn chicks were randomly placed in 8 treatment combinations. The combinations consisted of vaccinated or nonvaccinated chicks that were either not debeaked, or debeaked at day-old, 4 weeks old, or 8 weeks old. Vaccinated birds received 6,000 plaque forming units of cell-free herpesvirus of turkey vaccine per chick at day-old. Debeaking was performed by removing approximately two-thirds of the upper beak. Data were analyzed at the 5% level of probability. During the growing period (8 to 20 weeks of age), averag daily feed consumption per bird and feed efficiency for the vaccinated birds were not significantly different from those for the nonvaccinated. Regardless of the age at which debeaking was performed, the debeaked birds consumed significantly less feed and had superior feed efficiency than the nondebeaked birds. These traits were not significantly different among the various debeaked groups. Vaccination, or debeaking, or age at debeaking did not significantly influence mortality during the growing period. During the laying period (20 to 84 weeks), a significantly higher percentage of extra large eggs and a significantly lower percentage of medium eggs were collected from the vaccinated birds in comparison to those collected from the nonvaccinated. Also, average egg weight for the vaccinated birds was significantly heavier than that for the nonvaccinated. Debeaking at either 4 weeks or at 9 weeks of age caused a significant reduction in egg weight. Vaccination, or debeaking, or age at debeaking did not significantly influence hen-day egg production. Feed efficiency between the vaccinated and the nonvaccinated birds was not significantly different. Debeaking tended to improve feed efficiency. Vaccination as well as day-old debeaking significantly reduced laying house mortality. Debeaking the birds either at 4 weeks or at 8 weeks of age reduced laying house mortality numerically.
Bridging the Gap between Private Landowners and Conservationists

It was a May afternoon and I was completing a survey of my study site, a wet meadow owned by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in the Klamath Basin of Oregon. In the distance, I could see the figure of a man lingering at a cattle gate. It was the owner of the adjacent property and I could tell he was waiting to talk with me. I walked toward him until I was forced to stop at the canal separating the two properties. Ten feet wide and at least half as deep, I could not cross, and neither could he. So we talked from our divided territories, separated not just by space, but by history, culture, and values. The conversation was awkward, at least for me, perhaps also for him. He wanted to know what I was looking for. Yellow Rails (Coturnicops noveboracensis), I answered. He thought the BLM property's grass was too thick, that it needed a burn. Were there any plans to allow grazing this year? If so, his were the cattle that would graze it. I didn't know; maybe at the end of the summer, once the birds were done nesting. Little more was said before we went our separate ways, and I regretted terribly my inability to speak comfortably and honestly. I wanted to discuss why I consider it so critical to restrict cattle from this valuable remnant of rail habitat. But I couldn't be-
Numerical Investigation of Electronic Liquid Cooling Based on the Thermomagnetic Effect

Liquid cooling for thermal management has been widely applied in high power electronic systems. Use of pumps may often introduce reliability and mechanical limitations such as vibration of moving parts, noise problems, leakage problems, and considerable power consumption. This paper presents a theoretical design of circulating a liquid coolant using magnetic and thermal fields which surround high power electronic systems by means of thermomagnetic effects of temperature sensitive magnetic fluids. Numerical simulation models of the heat transfer process from a magnetic liquid contained in a closed flow loop in the presence of an external magnetic field have been developed. These models include the coupling of three fundamental phenomena, i.e. magnetic, thermal, and fluid dynamic features. In this cooling device, the thermomagnetic convection is generated by a non-uniform magnetic field from a solenoid, which is placed close to the fluid loop. The device cooling load is calculated in the region near the solenoid. No energy is needed, other than the heat load (i.e. waste heat from actual electrical device), to drive the cooling system, and as such, the device can be considered completely self-powered. In effect, the heat added to the ferrofluid in the presence of a magnetic field is converted into useful flow work. In this numerical study, the effects of different factors such as input heat load, magnetic field strength and magnetic distribution (based on solenoid dimensions and the applied electrical current) along the loop, on the performance of the cooling system are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the variation of the local Nusselt number along the heated and cooled regions of the flow loop are calculated and compared with laminar entry length analytical solutions.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Passively continuous-wave mode-locked Er 3+ -doped ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm

An Er3+-doped ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF (ZBLAN) fiber laser was passively mode-locked by inserting a Fe2+:ZnSe crystal into the free space part of the cavity. Continuous-wave mode-locked pulses at 2.8 μm with a pulse duration of 19 ps estimated from the spectral bandwidth and an average power of 51 mW were generated when a collimated beam traversed the Fe2+:ZnSe crystal, while Q-switched mode-locked pulses were obtained when the Fe2+:ZnSe crystal was illuminated by the focused beam.
Clinical outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged younger than 60 years

Background Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been indicated primarily for patients aged older than 65 years with symptomatic rotator cuff deficiency, poor function, and pain. However, conditions that benefit from RTSA are not restricted to an elderly population. This study evaluates a consecutive series of RTSA patients aged younger than 60 years. Methods We evaluated 36 shoulders (mean age, 54 years) at a mean follow-up of 2.8 years (range, 24-48 months). Of these shoulders, 30 (83%) had previous surgery, averaging 2.5 procedures per patient. The preoperative conditions compelling RTSA were as follows: failed rotator cuff repair (12), fracture sequelae (11), failed arthroplasty (5), instability sequelae (4), cuff tear arthropathy (CTA) (4), and rheumatoid arthritis (2). Follow-up examinations included range-of-motion and strength testing, as well as Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, visual analog scale, Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Constant scores. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were reviewed for component loosening and scapular notching. Failure criteria were defined as undergoing revision, having gross loosening, or having an ASES score below 50. Results The mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score improved from 24.4 to 72.0; the visual analog scale pain score improved from 6 to 2.1. The Simple Shoulder Test score improved from 1.4 to 6.2, and the ASES score improved from 31.4 to 65.8. Active forward elevation improved from 56° to 121°. The normalized postoperative mean Constant score was 54.3. In 9 patients (25.0%), we recorded an ASES score below 50, and these cases were considered failures. Conclusion RTSA can improve shoulder function in a younger, complex patient population with poor preoperative functional ability. This study's success rate was 75% at 2.8 years. This is a limited-goals procedure, and longer-term studies are required to determine whether similar results are maintained over time.
An Analysis of an Overlaid DPSK-FH Spread Spectrum Communication System

The large bandwidth requirements of current spread spectrum systems combined with a scarcity of available frequency allocations has created the need for systems to share spectral resources. The term "overlay" is generally used to describe the operation of a spread spectrum system collocated, both spectrally and geographically, with more conventional narrow band systems. In this paper we consider the operation of a differential phase-shift-keyed frequency hopped system in the presence of a large number of narrow band signals. Certain aspects of the spread spectrum system considered are designed to increase both its performance and compatibility with the narrow band system. The result of the analysis is an n-fold integral equation for the bit error probability, the dimensionality of the integral being equal to the number of hops in a user's pseudorandom pattern. While neither direct nor numerical evaluation are feasible, very tight bounds (both upper and lower) are derived using a very elegant result on multivariate Gaussian quadrant probabilities. The results suggest that, under the conditions assumed, the spread spectrum system could operate with very good performance even if every time slot in a user's hopping pattern were exposed to a narrow band interfering signal comparable in power to that of the desired transmission.
Dispersal ecology of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in its native environment as related to Swedish forestry

Abstract Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) covers extensive areas of the mountains of western North America. It has evolved into four subspecies, each adapted to slightly different environmental conditions. All are adapted to reproduce following fire. Subspecies latifolia is the most extensive and economically important in North America. Serotiny is common in this subspecies, but trees bearing nonserotinous cones can be found in most stands, sometimes constituting more that 70% of the trees. Cone crops are produced yearly and seed loss to seed predators, insects and diseases are minimal. Germination and establishment occurs across a broad range of conditions allowing lodgepole pine to grow on poor sites as well as highly productive sites. These characteristics give lodgepole pine the ability to be highly invasive in new areas of suitable habitat.