cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial variation in specific leaf area and horizontal distribution of leaf area in juvenile western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.)

Models were developed to predict spatial distribution of specific leaf area (SLA) and horizontal distribution of leaf area for western larch. Cardinal branch direction significantly influenced both SLA and horizontal leaf area distributions. Leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), and their spatial distribution in the crown are important indicators of biological response to changes in growing conditions including light and water availability. Western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) is a deciduous coniferous pioneer species in the U.S. Inland Northwest known for its rapid growth, high-quality wood, and ecological importance. Analysis with nonlinear models revealed that SLA and horizontal leaf area distributions differ between cardinal quadrants of juvenile western larch crowns. SLA was significantly higher in the more illuminated, southern side of the crown, and leaf area peaked closer to the stem in the southwest quadrant. Similar to other conifers, horizontal distributions of foliage in western larch also shifted further outward towards the branch tips with increasing depth in the crown. Models developed for horizontal distribution of leaf area and spatial distribution of specific leaf area for western larch may be extended by future researchers to predict its response to environmental variables or management practices.
Citizen Consumers: Cultural Protection and Japan’s Food Movement

This Chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the different movements and citizens groups in Japan who have taken up the issues of food safety, food security, and consumer health. The response of these groups to Japan’s trade liberalization which in the past led to the introduction of genetically modified organisms to the Japanese food supply, is discussed along with the reaction of the government to citizens concerns with regard to GMOs. An analysis of Japan’s policy framework on GMOs is presented. Also included are the citizen’s groups response to food safety concerns after the triple disasters and the government’s response, which was heavily criticized by these groups, is also presented.
Forecasting sales in the supply chain: Consumer analytics in the big data era

Abstract Forecasts have traditionally served as the basis for planning and executing supply chain activities. Forecasts drive supply chain decisions, and they have become critically important due to increasing customer expectations, shortening lead times, and the need to manage scarce resources. Over the last ten years, advances in technology and data collection systems have resulted in the generation of huge volumes of data on a wide variety of topics and at great speed. This paper reviews the impact that this explosion of data is having on product forecasting and how it is improving it. While much of this review will focus on time series data, we will also explore how such data can be used to obtain insights into consumer behavior, and the impact of such data on organizational forecasting.
Age of First Marijuana Use and Its Impact on Education Attainment and Employment Status

With the increased prevalence of marijuana use among youth, the increase in state legalization, and changing social norms in the United States, it is important to understand the long-term impact of marijuana use initiation. This study examined whether age of first marijuana use is associated with educational attainment and employment status. Data from 5,988 adults aged 26 to 49 years who participated in the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used in the current study. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the odds of graduating from high school and being employed. Controlling for demographics, persons with late-early first use had significantly higher odds of graduating from high school and being employed compared with persons with early first use. Results underscore the importance of early prevention for youth aged 15 and younger and have implications for intervention and policy development.
National gambling policies and the containment of the EU's politico-legal influence.

Aims:Research has shown that the EU’s politico-legal influence over member states is contained through two political strategies: contained compliance and anticipatory obedience. Previous studies on...
Facility-Level Variation in Cardiac Stress Test Use Among Patients With Diabetes: Findings From the Veterans Affairs National Database.

Cardiac stress testing in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a topic of much debate (1,2). The clinical heterogeneity and varied interpretation of atypical symptoms in this population may lead to significant variation in cardiac stress testing with downstream implications in health care expenditure. We evaluated facility-level variation in cardiac stress test use among patients with DM across the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. We identified patients with DM aged ≥18 years with a primary care clinic visit during VA fiscal year 2014 at one of the 130 VA facilities and associated clinics. Patient demographics and medical history were identified using clinical data sources and ICD-9-CM codes. We calculated diagnostic cost group relative risk score (DCG-RRS), a validated surrogate for overall illness burden. Facility-level cardiac stress test use was defined as the number of stress tests performed per facility per 100 patients with DM in the preceding 365 days. Stress testing modalities evaluated included exercise treadmill test, stress echocardiography, and SPECT/PET MPI (myocardial perfusion imaging [single photon emission computed tomography or positron emission tomography]). Facilities with <10 studies/year were excluded. Median risk ratio (MRR), a well-established measure of facility-level variation (3), was derived by constructing multivariable hierarchical modified regression models adjusted for patient clustering and modeled patient characteristics as filter effects within each facility and individual facilities as a random effect (4). Unadjusted and adjusted MRRs (adjustment for patient, provider, and facility-level variables) were calculated for overall stress testing and individual stress modalities. MRR represents the likelihood of two …
Increasing emergency department utilization of brain imaging in patients with primary brain cancer

To study changing emergency department (ED) brain imaging utilization in patients with primary brain cancers. Using 2006–2014 data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), we identified all patients with primary brain cancers visiting EDs and evaluated trends of head CT and brain MRI utilization. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine patient- and hospital-specific factors associated with brain imaging utilization. A weighted cohort of 40,862 ED visits were included (mean age 55; 54% male), increasing from 3932 in 2006 to 5625 in 2014 (+ 43%). A total of 14.4% underwent brain imaging, with 13.2% undergoing CT, 2.3% undergoing MRI, and 1.1% undergoing both modalities. Between 2006 and 2014, there was a 104% increase in the rate of ED brain imaging (from 9.7% in 2006 to 19.8% in 2014). Factors associated with higher utilization of ED brain imaging in adults were non-teaching hospital status and Midwest and Northeast hospital regions (compared with the West). In pediatric patients, higher utilization was associated with older age, higher median household income of patient’s ZIP code, and visits in rural, non-teaching hospitals located in the Midwest, South, and Northeast (compared with the West). In US patients with primary brain cancer, the number of ED visits increased annually, and the utilization of ED head imaging examinations doubled in a recent 9-year period. A variety of sociodemographic characteristics are associated with a higher likelihood of imaging in both adult and pediatric patients.
Associations between everyday and major discrimination and health status among a diverse national sample of ten Asian ethnic subgroups.

Abstract Purpose We examined the associations between major and everyday discrimination and self-rated health among a national sample of ten Asian ethnic subgroups, including Vietnamese, Chinese, Hmong, Cambodians, Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis, Japanese, Filipinos, and Koreans. Methods We used data from the 2016 National Asian American Survey (n = 4427). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations between major and everyday discrimination and self-rated health among ten Asian ethnic subgroups, controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors. Results Findings showed that major discrimination was associated with higher odds of poorer self-rated health among Asians as a group. Subgroup analyses revealed that encounters with major discrimination were associated with poorer self-rated health among Vietnamese, Filipinos, Cambodians, and Hmong. Everyday discrimination was associated with poorer self-rated health only among Hmong. Conclusion Overall, the negative health consequences of everyday and major discrimination vary by Asian ethnic subgroup. Targeting certain forms of discrimination facing specific Asian ethnic groups is needed to reduce their risk of adverse health outcomes.
A Scalable, Easy-to-Deploy, Protocol for Cas13-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Material.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created massive demand for widespread, distributed tools for detecting SARS-CoV-2 genetic material. The hurdles to scalable testing include reagent and instrument accessibility, availability of highly trained personnel, and large upfront investment. Here, we showcase an orthogonal pipeline we call CREST (Cas13-based, rugged, equitable, scalable testing) that addresses some of these hurdles. Specifically, CREST pairs commonplace and reliable biochemical methods (PCR) with low-cost instrumentation, without sacrificing detection sensitivity. By taking advantage of simple fluorescence visualizers, CREST allows a binary interpretation of results. CREST may provide a point-of-care solution to increase the distribution of COVID-19 surveillance.
Electromigration Effect on the Pd Coated Cu Wirebond

Wirebonding with bare Cu and palladium-coated copper (PCC) wires have reemerged as mainstream packaging technologies. This paper investigates the failure mechanisms in the PCC wirebond packages under electromigration (EM) tests. First, the directionality of failures at high current density and temperature conditions is discussed. Results illustrated that the intermetallic compound (IMC) growth rate is different when the EM flux direction is in the opposite direction of the chemical flux. Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) results paved the way for a fundamental understanding of wirebonding failure. Intermetallic compounds of CuAl 2 and Cu 9 Al 4 are observed after interfacial focused ion beam (FIB) cuts are made to obtain clear images of the failure site through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDX. The Pd coating relocates from the Cu wire surface towards the ball area during the initial bonding process. Therefore, a small concentration of Pd alloys with the bulk Cu within the wire, which is small enough to go unnoticed during the manufacturing process. However, the Pd concentration makes a large enough difference to reduce the contact area between the ball bond and the Al pad. This is due to the solid-solution hardening that causes the ball to undergo a greater amount of work hardening during the bonding process. The smaller contact area yields a greater current density and resistance, enhancing the EM effects in PCC wirebonds. Throughout the EM test, Pd atoms migrate toward the Al pad, creating a higher concentration(∼6at%) of Pd near the interface between the ball bond and the Al pad. Interestingly, Pd has a minor effect on the failure mechanism and crack propagation owing to its concentration and resultant increased hardness at the interface. These results can lead to future studies that may lead to improvements in PCC wirebonding reliability.
The Influence of extension professional’s job satisfaction and the quality of relationship with department heads on field faculty career commitment to Montana State University Extension

This research increased the understanding of Extension professionals’ career commitment by measuring the relationship between their job satisfaction and how they perceive their relationship with their supervisor using the Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX 7) and their career commitment. Montana State University Extension (MSUE) experiences periods of higher turnover among field-based professionals. The reasons for leaving are not well understood. Herzberg et al. (1959) identified intrinsic job satisfaction as a motivation factor and the extrinsic relationships with supervisors as one factor that influences employee dissatisfaction (Strong & Harder, 2009). Thirty-six early career Extension professionals at MSUE were surveyed regarding job satisfaction (Benge & Harder, 2017; Smerek & Peterson, 2007); LMX 7 (Graen & Uhl-Bien,1995); and original questions designed to establish the career commitment of Extension professionals to MSUE. Pearson’s r was calculated for the job satisfaction and LMX 7 scores with career commitment (the predicted percent of career worked for Extension). The research found a strong positive correlation between job satisfaction and career commitment (r(22) = .76); and a weak positive correlation between LMX 7 and career commitment (r(22) = .15). An additional question provided insights into the reasons why Extension professionals might leave their career.
Bacterial Metabolism of Propagule Germination Stimulants as an Important Trait in the Biocontrol of Pythium Seed Infections

Seed and root exudates are the major driving force behind the spermosphere and rhizosphere activities of soilborne plant pathogens as well as those of associated microorganisms. Stimulatory compounds present in seed exudates alleviate fungistasis, allowing host-pathogen interactions in soil to be initiated. They also support the growth and activities of spermosphere and rhizosphere microorganisms. Since the majority of host-parasite interactions in soil do not occur without the release of such stimuli (Curl and Truelove, 1986; Nelson, 1990), an understanding of the exudate molecules involved in the activation of quiescent fungal propagules is of prime importance in understanding the initiation and control of seed and root infections by soilborne pathogens. Perhaps more importantly to our understanding of the biological control of seed and root infections is the ability of other microorganisms to interfere with the production and activity of these stimulatory molecules.
Molecular therapeutics: is one promiscuous drug against multiple targets better than combinations of molecule-specific drugs?

Two manuscripts from the same group in this issue illustrateimportant aspects relevant to the discovery and development of molecule-targeted therapeutics. In the first paper, Ciardiello et al. [(1)][1] report the ability of the VEGFR-2[3][2] (Flk-1 and KDR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD6474 to also
Coronary artery spasm in the denervated transplanted human heart: A clue to underlying mechanisms

Abstract The mechanism of coronary artery spasm has been poorly understood but there has been some suggestion that cardiac autonomic innervation may play an important role. We report coronary artery spasm in a 43 year old man two years after he had received a transplant. Provocative pharmacologic testing suggested functional denervation of the patient's heart. Thus, coronary artery spasm can occur in the transplanted, denervated human heart. Autonomic innervation of the heart is not essential in all cases of coronary spasm, and circulating catecholamines and/or metabolic or hormonal products may play an important role.
The conformation of nascent polylysine and polyphenylalanine peptides on ribosomes

Polypeptide synthesis using either phenylalanine or lysine was initiated on Escherichia coli ribosomes; then the position and conformation of the nascent peptide were monitored by fluorescence techniques. To this end, fluorophores had been attached to the amino terminus of each nascent peptide, and major differences were observed as chain extension occurred. Polyphenylalanine appeared to build up as a hydrophobic mass adjacent to the peptidyl transferase center while polylysine apparently was extended directly from the ribosome into the surrounding solution. An explanation for these differences may be provided by the physical and chemical properties of each polypeptide. These properties may be responsible for the route by which each peptide exits the peptidyl transferase center as demonstrated by the different sensitivity of each to inhibition by erythromycin.
Fast Parallel Iterative Aggregation Methods for Simulation of Dynamical Systems

A novel iterative aggregation algorithm for numerical simulations of dynamic systems is proposed and analyzed. The algorithm exploits the special structures of the linear equation problem resulting from the discretization of the dynamic system, and of the aggregation/disaggregation procedures. The algorithm has a time complexity of (I(q)+2M(q)+3)logN time complexity in solving linear systems with q states for N discrete time instants, using O(qN) processors, where I(q) is the parallel time complexity for inverting a q×q matrix, M(q) is the parallel time complexity for matrix multiplication of two q×q matrices. The competing parallel cyclic reduction method for the same problem have a time complexity of (I(q)+3M(q)+4)log N. Thus, the proposed algorithm has a definite speed advantage over the cyclic reduction method.
Reproductive Biology of Female Spotted Seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, in the Gulf of Mexico: Differences among Estuaries?

Although the reproductive biology of spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, has been documented across the northern Gulf of Mexico, longitudinal comparisons across its range are not available. We evaluated aspects of female spotted seatrout reproduction in five estuaries ranging from Charlotte Harbor, FL (CHFL) to Redfish Bay, TX (TX). Seasonal temperature profiles were similar among the five estuaries, but spring salinities were lower in Apalachicola Bay, FL (AFL) and St. Louis and Biloxi Bays, MS (MS) (range 7.5–15.0‰) than in CHFL, Barataria Bay, LA (LA) and TX (range 16.6–31.7‰). The length of the spawning season varied among estuaries: five months in MS and AFL, six months in LA and TX, and seven months in CHFL. Peak gonodosomatic index (GSI) values varied from May to July among estuaries. The smallest sexually mature females captured ranged from 235 mm TL in LA to 285 mm TL in AFL. Mean relative batch fecundity (# eggs g−1 ovary-free body weight) was significantly higher (ANOVA, p < 0.5) in TX (390 ± 39) and LA (397 ± 26) than in MS (103 ± 10). Spawning frequency, determined by the percentage of females in the late developing ovarian class with postovulatory follicles, ranged from 4.2 to 7.7 d and was not significantly different when all months were combined. However, significant differences during March, April and September (χ2, p < 0.01) showed that spotted seatrout from CHFL and AFL spawned less frequently than those from other estuaries. Overall, MS and AFL fish have the shortest reproductive season, fewer number of spawns and appear to obtain sexual maturity at a slightly larger size. Five hypotheses to explain these differences are presented: variations in time of sampling, temperature, habitat structure, genetics and salinity. Differences in salinity profiles appears to be the most plausible explanation.
“Civilizing” the Colonial Subject: The Co-Evolution of State and Slavery in South Carolina, 1670–1739

South Carolina was a staggeringly weak polity from its founding in 1670 until the 1730s. Nevertheless, in that time, and while facing significant opposition from powerful indigenous neighbors, the colony constructed a robust plantation system that boasted the highest slave-to-freeman ratio in mainland North America. Taking this fact as a point of departure, I examine the early management of unfree labor in South Carolina as an exemplary moment of settler-colonial state formation. Departing from the treatment of state formation as a process of centralizing “legitimate violence,” I investigate how the colonial state, and in particular the Commons House of Assembly, asserted an exclusive claim to authority by monopolizing the question of legitimacy itself. In managing unfree laborers, the colonial state extended its authority over supposedly private relations between master and slave and increasingly recast slavery in racial terms. This recasting of racial slavery rested, I argue, on a distinction, pervasive throughout English North America, which divided the world into spheres of savagery and civility. Beneath the racial reordering of colonial life, the institution of slavery was rooted in the same ideological distinction by which the colonial state's claims to authority were justified, with the putative “savagery” of the slave or of the Indian being counterpoised to the supposed civility of English settlers. This article contributes to the literatures on Atlantic slavery and American colonial history, and invites comparison with accounts of state formation and settler colonialism beyond Anglo-America.
Still a “Stalled Revolution”? Work/Family Experiences, Hegemonic Masculinity, and Moving Toward Gender Equality

Hochschild described the “stalled revolution” in the late 1980s: women made great gains in labor force opportunities, particularly in stereotypically “masculine” fields, yet men did not move comparably into “feminine” roles. This article examines the current “stalls” in the gender equality movement regarding gendered experiences at work and home, including occupations, the gender wage gap, career trajectories, and the division of household labor. This article also discusses efforts to “unstall” the gender revolution. Pop culture solutions on the individual-level and academic research on structural/cultural barriers often focus on women's access to historically “masculine” roles (e.g. representation in STEM fields). There is far less emphasis on men's involvement in historically “feminine” roles. Gender scholars examine hegemonic masculinity as the narrowly constrained expectations for men's “appropriate” behavior. While efforts to “unstall” the gender revolution focus largely on expanding women's opportunities, this article addresses why the gender revolution will remain incomplete and “stalled” without redefining hegemonic masculinity. Cross-national research demonstrates that changing views of masculinity are critical for greater gender equality at work and home.
The nature of ovary-stimulating hormones

Abstract A comparison was made of biologic characteristics of a number of gonad-stimulating hormones. Three tests were used, and consisted of (1) an analysis of the histologic changes induced in the ovaries of immature rats, (2) a comparison of the effect on ovarian weight of a known total dose of an extract given over periods of five and ten days, and (3) a study of the histologic modifications elicited in the ovaries of hypophysectomized rats. It was found that the extracts could be divided into two main categories: First, the “anterior pituitary group” included preparations made from human hypophysial material and urine of women in the postclimacteric period. Second, the “chorionic hormone group,” which included extracts prepared from the blood or urine of normal pregnant women, the urine of one patient with a chorioepithelioma uteri, and the urine of one man with a teratoma testis. The possible role of the “chorionic ovary-stimulating hormone” in the physiology of gestation in the human, is discussed.
Type II Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Cometary Ice Analogs In Vacuo

Clathrate Hydrates can be formed under high vacuum conditions by annealing vapor-deposited amorphous ices of the appropriate composition. When astrophysically significant H2O:CH3OH ices are deposited and annealed, Type II Clathrate Hydrates are formed which can hold up to 6 mole % large guest molecules such as methanol and 12 mole % small guest molecules such as CO2 and CO. The solid state transformation of amorphous mixed molecular ice into crystalline clathrate hydrate and its sublimation at higher temperatures may serve to explain heretofore anomalous mechanical and gas release properties observed in cometary ices and laboratory ice analog experiments.
Studying the individual in prehistory: a tale of three women from Cerro Azul, Peru

The study of individual style is of wide interest, but appropriate and convincing archaeological evidence is often lacking. Mummy bundles of three Late Intermediate (A.D. 1000–1470) women buried on the same terrace at Cerro Azul, Canete Valley, provide the ideal opportunity to discuss (1) the individual in prehistory, (2) personal stylistic choices made by each woman, and (3) possible relationships between these women. Since each woman was buried with at least two of the rare two-sided chumpis, those woven bands can be used to assess individual preferences for colors and motifs.
High performance of planar double gate MOSFETs with thin backgate dielectrics

Planar double gate CMOS devices with thin silicon channels and electrically separate polysilicon top and bottom gates are fabricated. NFETs with L/sub design/=175 nm and 1.3 mA//spl mu/m and PFETs with L/sub design/=125 nm and 400 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m are achieved at V/sub dd/=1.2 V. To our knowledge, this is the largest current yet achieved in double gate NMOS devices. Electrical results show a high quality backgate dielectric, improvement of SCE using the backgate, and the importance of reducing external resistance in short channel devices.
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition Reduces Neuronal Apoptosis After Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

Abstract Background . Neurologic injury, including choreoathetosis and learning and memory deficits, occurs after prolonged hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a possible cause of the neurologic injury seen after HCA. However, the mechanism of apoptosis is unknown. Hypothermic circulatory arrest causes glutamate excitotoxicity, resulting in increased nitric oxide production. We therefore hypothesized that nitric oxide mediates apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine if neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces neuronal apoptosis in an established canine model of HCA. Methods . Fourteen male hound dogs (weight, 20 to 27 kg) were placed on closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass, subjected to 2 hours of HCA at 18°C, rewarmed to normothermia, and sacrificed 8 hours after HCA. Group 1 (n = 7) dogs were treated with the neuronal nitric oxide inhibitor 7-nitroindazole, 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, before arrest and every 2 hours until sacrifice. Group 2 (n = 7) dogs received vehicle only. The brains were analyzed histopathologically. Apoptosis, identified by hematoxylin-eosin staining, was confirmed by DNA terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase–mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling assay and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was scored by a blinded neuropathologist from 0 (normal) to 100 (severe injury). Results . Apoptosis occurred early after HCA in select neuronal populations, including the hippocampus, stria terminalis, neocortex, and entorhinal cortex. Apoptotic neurons showed a characteristic shrunken cytoplasm and nuclear chromatin condensation. 7-Nitroindazole significantly inhibited apoptosis (group 1 versus 2: 19.17 ± 14.39 versus 61.11 ± 5.41; p Conclusions . Our results provide evidence that apoptosis is associated with the neurologic injury that occurs after HCA and that nitric oxide mediates the apoptosis that occurs after HCA. Strategies for cerebral protection during HCA may include the inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase.
Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 decrease RXRα, PPARα, PPARγ, LXRα, and the coactivators SRC-1, PGC-1α, and PGC-1β in liver cells

During the acute phase response, cytokines induce marked alterations in lipid metabolism including an increase in serum triglyceride levels and a decrease in hepatic fatty acid oxidation, in bile acid synthesis, and in high-density lipoprotein levels. Here we demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1), but not IL-6, decrease the expression of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), PPARgamma, liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha), and coactivators PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha), PGC-1beta, and steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) in Hep3B human hepatoma cells. In addition, treatment of mice with TNF and IL-1 also decreased RXRalpha, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, LXRalpha, and PGC-1alpha messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the liver. These decreases were accompanied by reduced binding of nuclear extracts to RXR, PPAR, and LXR response elements and decreased luciferase activity driven by PPAR and LXR response elements. In addition, the mRNA levels of proteins regulated by PPARalpha (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1alpha) and LXR (sterol regulatory element binding protein) were decreased in Hep3B cells treated with TNF or IL-1. Finally, using constructs of the LXRalpha promoter or the PGC-1alpha promoter linked to luciferase, we were able to demonstrate that a decrease in transcription contributes to the reduction in mRNA levels of nuclear hormone receptors and coactivators. Thus, our results suggest that decreased expression of nuclear hormone receptors RXRalpha, PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and LXRalpha, as well as coactivators PGC-1alpha, PGC-1beta, and SRC-1 may contribute to the cytokine-induced alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism during the acute phase response.
The incidence of abnormal electroencephalographic patterns in allergic children

Abstract 1. 1. There was a high incidence (33 per cent) of abnormal electroencephalographic patterns in allergic children. 2. 2. A similarly high incidence of abnormal patterns in the families of allergic children was found. 3. 3. A definite preponderance of abnormalities appeared in the female over the male. 4. 4. The apparently increasing incidence of abnormal patterns with the increasing duration of allergic symptoms was evidenced. 5. 5. No apparent correlation between the clinical types of allergy and encephalographic patterns was found. 6. 6. An antihistaminic drug (Trimeton) failed to alter the electroencephalographic pattern.
On design of complex organizations and distributive algorithms

Abstract To realize a specified goal in a distributive fashion efficiently, there needs to be an appropriate “division of labor.” This is true for distributive algorithms that take advantage of the concurrent features of the new generation of computers. This is true in the design of a complex organization intended to realize a specified goal. The problem is to determine what is the appropriate division of labor. Here, a geometric characterization of all possible divisions of labor, or communication networks, is given. It is illustrated how this characterization can be used to design the communication networks.
Growth and decomposition of bulk GaN: role of the ammonia/nitrogen ratio

Abstract Gallium nitride crystals grown via vapor-phase transport processes that incorporate ammonia as the only source of nitrogen below atmospheric pressures experience significant surface roughening and the eventual cessation of growth. Investigations of these phenomena in this research, and in the context of the discovery of a non-ceasing process route to larger GaN crystals, showed that the RMS values of the surface roughness of single crystal GaN (0 0 0 1) films exposed to pure ammonia flowing at 60 sccm for 2 h at 1130°C increased from the as-received value of 3.7–6.8 nm, 21.4 and 32.6 nm at 100, 430 and 760 Torr, respectively. Quadrupole mass spectrometry revealed that the concentrations of H 2 and N 2 measurably increased at pressures above 400 Torr. The primary reason for the increased roughness above 430 Torr was the enhanced etching of GaN via reaction with atomic and molecular hydrogen derived from the dissociation of the ammonia. At lower pressures, the decomposition of the GaN via the formation and evaporation of N 2 and Ga increased in importance relative to etching for enhancing surface roughness. Dilution with nitrogen reduced the amount of hydrogen generated from the dissociation of the ammonia. The GaN surface annealed at 1130°C and 430 Torr in ammonia diluted with 33 vol% N 2 maintained the smoothest surface with a nominal RMS value of 10.4 nm. Mixtures with higher and lower percentages of N 2 showed enhanced roughness under the same conditions. Use of this optimum gas mixture also allowed the seeded growth of a 1.5×1.5×2.0 mm 3 GaN crystal and a 2.3×1.8×0.3 mm 3 thick platelet with neither observable decomposition nor cessation of the growth over periods of 36 and 48 h, respectively.
Omnibus energy bill signed by president

One-and-a-half years after the Persian Gulf War reminded Americans of their dependence on foreign oil, Congress and President Bush approved a broad-ranging energy bill (HR776) to reduce that dependence. The bill, passed by Congress on October 8, was signed into law on October 24. Incorporating provisions under the jurisdiction of many congressional committees, the energy bill faced a long and contentious battle to win approval. The House-Senate conference lasted 11 hours, and in the last days, several provisions were dropped, including tax incentives for renewable energy development, and bans on some coastline oil and gas drilling.
Flow rate and interference studies for copper binding to a silica-immobilized humin polymer matrix: Column and batch experiments

Batch and column experiments were performed to determine the Cu(II) binding capacity of silica-immobilized humin biomass. For column studies, 500 bed volumes of a 0.1 mM Cu(II) solution were passed through humin packed columns at the flow rates of 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 mL/min. The biopolymer showed an average Cu binding capacity of 12 ± 1.5 mg/g and a Cu recovery of about 96.5 % ± 1.5. The breakthrough points for Cu(II) alone were approximately 420, 390, 385, and 300 bed volumes for the flow rates of 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mL/min, respectively. The interference studies demonstrated that at low concentrations, the hard cations Ca(II) and Mg(II) did not seem to represent a major interference on Cu(II) binding to the humin biopolymer. The selectivity showed by this biopolymer was Cu(II)>Ca(II)>Mg(II). On the other hand, batch experiments showed that Ca(II) + Mg(II) at 100mM each reduced the Cu(II) binding to 73 %. However, 1000 mM concentrations of Ca(II) and Mg(II), separately and in mixture, reduced the Cu(II) binding to 47 %, 44 % and 31 %, respectively. The results of this study showed that immobilized humin in a silica matrix could represent an inexpensive bio-source for Cu removal from contaminated water, even in the presence of low concentrations of the hard cations Ca(II) and Mg(II).
Stereoscopic displays for terrain database visualization

Stereoscopic displays enhance the ability of the viewer to comprehend spatial relationships. With the commercial introduction of liquid crystal stereoscopic shutters (LCSS), it has become practical to incorporate stereoscopic 3D into moderately-priced graphics workstations, greatly extending the applicability of this technique. This paper reports on the results of an evaluation of stereoscopic 3D for Air Force applications. This work focused on the identification and development of optimized stereoscopic display techniques for the visualization of terrain data.
Minor and trace elements in sclerosponge Ceratoporella nicholsoni: Biogenic aragonite near the inorganic endmember?

Abstract The trace and minor element composition have been investigated in the accretionary skeletons of two specimens of the Caribbean sclerosponge species, Ceratoporella nicholsoni ; one from Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas (TOTO), and the other from Pear Tree Bottom, Jamaica (PTB). Both sclerosponges were analyzed at high resolution using laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) and verified using wet chemical methods (ICP-OES). The shallow PTB sclerosponge (25 m) was analyzed for a short, temperature-calibrated record of trace and minor elements while the TOTO sclerosponge (146 m) was analyzed for a century long record from subsurface waters. The resulting Ba/Ca, Mg/Ca, Pb/Ca, and U/Ca ratios were compared with Sr/Ca ratios, which have been shown to reliably record seasonal-scale temperature change in sclerosponges, close to equilibrium precipitation of inorganic aragonite. Sclerosponge aragonite incorporates minor and trace elements according to general mineralogic constraints with less “vital” effects than other calcium carbonate secreting organisms. This is perhaps most obvious in the behavior of Mg/Ca ratios which show an inverse correlation to temperature unlike any other calcite or aragonite organism, despite having Mg concentrations (∼ 1 mmol/mol) within published estimates of equilibrium aragonite. Ratios of Mg/Ca and Ba/Ca show a strong positive correlation despite large differences in ionic radii and U/Ca values (∼ 3.15 μmol/mol) are 2.5× higher in sclerosponge aragonite than in aragonite from corals, supporting earlier work. Ratios of U/Ca show an insignificant correlation with temperature-dependent Sr/Ca ratios ( r 2 = 0.05), supporting existing theories that temperature signals recorded by U/Ca ratios can be convolved with pH, [CO 3 − 2 ], and phosphate signals. Differences between sclerosponge aragonite and other calcium carbonate arising from siliceous spicule contamination are unlikely because of the small mole percent of silicon in the aragonite. Small differences between the two sclerosponges were noticed in Pb/Ca and Sr/Ca because of the average ages of the sampled material and average temperatures of the ambient environment, respectively. Anomalies between LA-ICP-MS and ICP-OES were noticed in measurements of Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca due to standardization differences for LA-ICP-MS (Ba/Ca) and measurements close to the instrument detection limits of Pb (ICP-OES).
Bacteriophage N4-induced transcribing activities in Escherichia coli. II. Association of the N4 transcriptional apparatus with the cytoplasmic membrane.

Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that the two rifampicin-resistant transcribing activities induced by Escherichia coli phage N4 are associated with the cell membrane. First, under lysis conditions designed to avoid nonspecific DNA-membrane association, the N4 RNA-synthesizing activities (as well as the endogenous N4 DNA) cosediment with the E. coli DNA membrane complex in sucrose gradients. Second, it has not been possible to dissociate the activities from the DNA-membrane complex by any treatment which has been tested; for example, after high salt treatments (up to 4 M NaCl), which do not irreversibly inactivate the activities, the activities remain stably associated with the complex. However, low detergent concentrations inhibit the activities, and irreversible inactivation results from treatment with the anionic detergent, sodium deoxycholate. Third, upon separation of the cell envelope of N4-infected E. coli into inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane fractions, the N4-induced RNA-synthesizing activity is found associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. Based on electrophoretic migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, the N4-induced polypeptides found associated with the DNA-membrane complex are also found selectively associated with the cytoplasmic membrane.
Approaching Pomeranchuk instabilities from ordered phase: A crossing-symmetric equation method

Abstract We explore features of a 3D Fermi liquid near generalized Pomeranchuk instabilities using a tractable crossing-symmetric equation method. We approach the instabilities from the ordered ferromagnetic phase. We find “quantum multi-criticality” as approach to the ferromagnetic instability drives instability in other channel(s). It is found that a charge nematic instability precedes and is driven by Pomeranchuk instabilities in both the l = 0 spin and density channels.
A generalization of the Mariot theorem on congruences of null geodesics

It is shown that the property of a congruence of curves to consist of null geodesics can be defined in terms of a distribution of a co-dimension one, without reference to the conformal structure of the underlying differen­tiable manifold: if k is the vector field tangent to the congruence and k is a 1-form characterizing the distribution, then the congruence is said to be null if k ˩ k = 0 and geodesic if, and only if, k ∧£ k = 0. The geodesic property of the congruence, on an n -dimensional manifold, means that if F is an ( n —2)-form such that k ˩ F = 0 and k ∧ F = 0, then k ∧ d F = 0. A twisting geodesic null congruence on S 1 ᵡ S 2 l + 1 , associated with the Hopf fibration S 2 l + 1 → CP l , is constructed as an illustration.
A History and Overview of the Safety Parameter Display System Concept

Inquiries into the accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2, on March 28, 1979 brought to public attention the need to improve operators' capabilities to interact with the systems under their control. Recommendations ran the full gamut of human/machine interaction, from improvements in training and procedures to improvements in control and display hardware in the control room. This presentation briefly traces the history and development of a display concept that evolved in the post-TMI era, the Safety Parameter Display System or SPDS. The SPDS is intended to function as a detection aid for control room operators, providing an integrated overview of significant plant parameters. The purpose of this report is to describe the general concept of SPDS, its history, and its current regulatory status. A review of NRC guidance documents is included, as well as a discussion of NRC requirements placed on the SPDS. The presentation concludes with an outline of the NRC staff review process for safety parameter display systems and a synopsis of the results of generic SPDS reviews performed thus far.
Wave driven non-linear flow oscillator for the 22-year solar cycle

In the Earth's atmosphere, a zonal flow oscillation is observed with periods between 20 and 32 months, the Quasi Biennial Oscillation. This oscillation does not require external time dependent forcing but is maintained by non-linear wave momentum deposition. It is proposed that such a mechanism also drives long-period oscillations in planetary and stellar interiors. We apply this mechanism to generate a flow oscillation for the 22-year solar cycle. The oscillation would occur just below the convective envelope where waves can propagate. Using scale analysis, we present results from a simplified model that incorporates Hines' gravity wave parameterization. Wave amplitudes less than 10 m/s can produce reversing zonal flows of 25 m/s that should be sufficient to generate a corresponding oscillation in the poloidal magnetic field. Low buoyancy frequency and the associated increase in turbulence help to produce the desired oscillation period of the flow.
The interaction of rabbit adrenal norepinephrine N-methyl transferase isozymes with substrates

Abstract The steady-state kinetic behaviors of the five rabbit adrenal norepinephrine N -methyl transferase isozymes have been compared with particular reference to substrate inhibition patterns. Four distinct substrate inhibition patterns were observed. The E-1 isozyme was not subject to inhibition by either substrate, while the E-2 isozyme was inhibited by both substrates. The E-3 and E-4 isozymes were inhibited by norepinephrine only, while E-5 is inhibited only by S -adenosylmethionine. The substrate inhibition constants were sufficiently small in relation to the Michaelis constants to make substrate inhibition an important factor in regulation of activities of the isozymes.
MR myocardial perfusion analysis of first-pass enhancement kinetics with a lagrangian approach

Background Observation of the kinetics of tissue enhancement after the injection of a bolus of tracer has been used for the analysis of perfusion and related variables. In general, a gradient of concentration in the exchanging vascular compartment between the ar terial and venous ends is represented in models via focus on maintaining the detailed balance between the advective and diffusive exchange processes. Conventionally, this is by considering the exchange in an Eulerian framework, based on considering the exchange within each compartment as a separate unit (e.g., tissue homogeneity (TH) model [1]). Herein, we present a Lagrangian approach to the exchange modeling, such that the blood flowing between compartments is considered as the primary unit, and, thereby, allowing for coarser discretization and more efficient calculations (Figure 1a). Methods
What do Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Know about the HbA1c Test

The purpose of this study was to examine youths' knowledge of the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test and glycemic control. Seventy youths (11-16 year olds) with type 1 diabetes were interviewed concerning their knowledge of the HbA1c test, health risks associated with particular HbA1c values, and their own glycemic goals. Results revealed that only 13% of youths accurately described the HbA1c test. Fewer correctly identified the HbA1c ranges for good, fair, and poor glycemic control. The majority of youths did not know the blood glucose values corresponding to specific HbA1c results. Only a small number of youth correctly estimated the short-term and long-term risks associated with maintenance of HbA1c of 7% and 12%. In this sample of mostly lower-income, minority youths with type 1 diabetes, there was a significant lack of knowledge concerning the meaning and implications of the HbA1c test. Findings suggest that interventions for this patient population should use the HbA1c test results to help young patients to better understand and set goals for their glycemic control.
An Unintended Impact of One Grading Practice

Research shows that the distribution of grades among students remains constant in all grade levels even though a large percentage of students drop out each year The result is a depression of grades...
Family Financial Hardship and Adolescent Girls' Adjustment: The Role of Maternal Disclosure of Financial Concerns

The primary purpose of the present study was to assess whether maternal disclosure of financial concerns is related to difficulties in adolescent daughters' adjustment and whether such disclosure acts as a mediator in the relationship between family financial hardship and adolescent daughters' adjustment in a sample of 62 adolescent girls and their recently divorced mothers. Descriptive analyses revealed that the majority of participating mothers have disclosed their financial concerns to their adolescent daughters but vary with respect to the amount of detail they offer. Regression analyses revealed a positive direct relationship between family financial hardship and girls' psychological distress. In addition, family financial hardship was indirectly related to girls' psychological distress through maternal disclosure of financial concerns. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance and significance for developmental psychologists, counselors, and parent educators.
Numerical modeling of heat and mass transport during rapid heating and vaporization of binary solids by absorbing radiation - application to UO2

Pulsed surface irradiation of an absorbing material induces a temperature transient which leads to melting and vaporization. If the target is a two-component solid that evaporates incongruently, the near-surface composition is also perturbed. A mathematical model and numerical solution scheme have been developed to simulate the heat and mass transport processes which result from rapid energy deposition in the surface of a binary solid. The response surface method was used to determine the loss of precision in such a computation due to uncertainties in the material properties at high temperatures. Application of the method to incongruently-vaporizing UO2 irradiated by a pulsed laser demonstrated the extent of oxygen depletion of the surface and revealed the sensitivity of the computed temperatures and vaporization rates arising from lack of knowledge of the diffusivity of oxygen in liquid UO2.