cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of cranial flexure and Rathke's pouch in the chick embryo

Experiments were done to investigate the cause of the cranial (mesencephalic) flexure of the chick brain during stages 10 to 14. Measurements of the length and thickness of the roof and floor of the mesencephalon gave values similar to the values obtained previously by others. The labeling index was determined in the roof and floor of the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon as a preliminary measure of cell division. The labeling index was about the same in all regions, and was high enough to suggest that most of the cells were dividing. The labeling indices did not suggest that differential growth was caused by differential rates of cell division in the roof and floor of the mesencephalon. It was found through time lapse photography that the foregut and heart remained stationary along the rostrocaudal axis, whereas the prosencephalon moved rostrally and the mesencephalon underwent flexure. Measurements suggested that the neural tube cranial to the otic primordium grew in volume exponentially at a rate consistent with the labeling index. The rostral tip of the neural tube was observed to be linked to the rostral tip of the foregut by the ectoderm that formed Rathke's pouch at the neural tube and the pharyngeal membrane (prospective stomodeum) at the foregut. As the neural tube grew in length, the link between the neural tube and the foregut did not. We suggest that because of this link, the growing neural tube had to bend around the foregut, forming the cranial flexure, and the ectoderm folded where it attached to the prosencephalon, forming Rathke's pouch.
Low temperature Cd diffusion in InP using the leaky tube method

Diffusion of cadmium (Cd) acceptors into InP has been carried out, using leaky tube diffusion, achieving specular surfaces and high quality p-n junctions. Acceptor concentration profiles as well as atomic concentration profiles are examined, and the concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient is calculated. Pure Cd is used as the dopant source, and no external source of P is required in the ambient. Cadmium is found to be much less reactive with the InP surface than Zn. High quality p/sup +/-n junctions on the order of 1 to 2 mu m are produced in a controllable manner at 500 degrees C. Secondary ion mass spectrometry shows the atomic and electrically active Cd surface concentrations to differ by a factor of about two at the surface and then become essentially conformal at a concentration of approximately 7*10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/. >
Methylation of liver DNA guanine in hamsters given hydrazine

Formation of 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in liver DNA was measured 24 hr after administration of various single oral doses of 15 to 120 mg hydrazine/kg body wt to Syrian golden hamsters, and at various times up to 96 hr after a single oral dose of 90 mg hydrazine/kg body wt. Formation of these bases in hamster liver DNA appeared similar to that reported earlier for rats and mice treated with necrogenic doses of hydrazine; however, persistence of O6-methylguanine in liver DNA following hydrazine administration was longer in hamster than in rat liver DNA. Administration of hydrazine sulfate in the drinking water of hamsters over a 9-week period resulted in accumulation of both 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in liver DNA to the extent that about 2 out of every 10,000 guanine bases were methylated at each position on the base. Diethyl maleate pretreatment of hamsters depleted liver stores of glutathione and blocked DNA methylation in hydrazine-treated animals; however, buthionine sulfoximine, which also depleted glutathione stores, had no effect on the DNA methylation response to hydrazine poisoning in Sprague-Dawley rats. Hydrazine administration to hamsters and Swiss Webster mice resulted in more 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine in liver DNA than did administration of monomethylhydrazine, a proposed intermediate in the hydrazine-DNA methylation response. Even at the highest feasible dose of monomethylhydrazine to hamsters, no methylguanines could be detected, while these aberrant bases were readily quantifiable following hydrazine administration; thus, no evidence was obtained to support the proposal that monomethylhydrazine is an important intermediate in the methylation of DNA guanine in hydrazine-treated animals.
Guidelines for Stroke Center Development

To the Editor: The Brain Attack Coalition recently provided recommendations for establishment of stroke centers.1 Compared with the 2-tier approach recommended in their article, I propose a 3-tier approach. I believe a 3-tier approach would include more hospitals for stroke care and would not necessarily eliminate smaller medical centers. Though I agree with the comparison of stroke centers with trauma centers, a large part of stroke care is not very different from cardiac care. In spite of larger time windows in cardiology, patients are not routinely taken to larger hospitals for emergency cardiac care. I am afraid that a 2-tier approach would exclude a large number of hospitals from this effort and would have a resistance similar to the one we already face in emergency stroke care. I propose the following as the basic structure of a 3-tier stroke center. These centers would be defined mostly in hospitals and medical centers already in that business. After creation of this network of centers, it is expected that for a stroke patient, EMS would prefer a designated stroke center. 1. I. Level I Stroke Center 2. This designation carries minimum requirements. This type of center would provide minimum emergency or routine care to a patient with stroke. Anything more would be referred to the next-level stroke center. The basic elements of this center are as …
Hysteretic metal–ferroelectric– semiconductor capacitors based on PZT/ZnO heterostructures

Interfacing of ferroelectric and semiconductor materials provides a means of coupling unique properties associated with ferroelectric materials to high performance semiconductor devices. In this work we report the electronic properties of ferroelectric/ZnO heterostructures, where (Pb,Zr)TiO3 (PZT) is used as a prototypical ferroelectric oxide. Metal–PZT–metal structures demonstrate ferroelectric hysteresis with remanent polarization of 28 µC cm−2 and coercive field of 75 kV cm−1 for a loop of 15 V. The metal–PZT–ZnO capacitor structures demonstrate a characteristic metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitance–voltage (C–V) behaviour with a hysteretic memory window of approximately 4 V. The heterostructure C–V characteristics do not change significantly with varying frequency. Metal–PZT–ZnO capacitors are also used as part of a simple RLC circuit to demonstrate the ability to shift resonant frequency of the circuit with switching ferroelectric polarization.
Cluster Analysis of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

The intercorrelations among the 11 subtests of the WPPSI were analyzed for each of the six age groups in the standardization sample, and clusters were found that clearly corresponded to the Verbal and Performance Scales. The results were in general agreement with those of previous research in which factor analysis was employed with the same data. Alternative interpretations are offered for the absence of a Freedom from Distractibility cluster (or factor).
New Direction-of-Arrival-Based Source Localization Algorithm for Wideband Signals

Source localization for wideband signals using near-field acoustic sensor networks has been drawing a lot of research interest recently. In this paper, we would like to tackle the source localization problem based on the realistic assumption where the sources are corrupted by spatially-non-white noise. We explore the respective limitations of our recently proposed algorithm, namely EM source localization algorithm, and design a new direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation based (DEB) source localization algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed DEB algorithm significantly outperforms the previous EM method.
Genetic evidence supports larval retention in the Western Caribbean for an invertebrate with high dispersal capability (Ophiothrix suensonii: Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea)

The brittle star Ophiothrix suensonii is a common coral reef sponge commensal with high dispersal potential. Here, we utilize COI sequence data from 264 O. suensonii individuals collected from 10 locations throughout Florida and the Caribbean to investigate dispersal dynamics and demographic history. Locations separated by up to 1,700 km lacked genetic differentiation, confirming the ability for long-range dispersal. However, significant differentiation was detected among other regions. Samples from Utila, Honduras showed the greatest differentiation, suggesting that the circulation of the Mesoamerican gyre could be a significant factor restricting gene flow in this region. Demographic analyses provided strong evidence for a population expansion, possibly out of Florida, through the Caribbean, and into Honduras, which commenced in the early Pleistocene. However, the presence of a clade of rare haplotypes, which split much earlier (mid-Pliocene), indicates that O. suensonii persisted long before its recent expansion, suggesting a cyclic history of population contraction and expansion. Finally, patterns of gene flow are not concordant with contemporary surface currents; rather, they reflect historical movements possibly linked with changes in circulation during periods of Pleistocene climate change.
Effect of intravenous dose on hydralazine kinetics after administration

Six male hypertensive patients, three rapid and three slow acetylators, each received four different intravenous hydralazine doses by constant infusion over 100 sec. Two to four days elapsed between doses. Plasma or whole-blood hydralazine concentrations were measured by HPLC after each dose. There was no influence of acetylator phenotype on hydralazine kinetics after intravenous dosing. There also was no consistent effect of dose size on hydralazine clearance or volume of distribution at doses up to 0.45 mg (2.3 μmol/kg). One subject, who received doses up to 0.6 mg/kg (3.05 μmol), had an apparent decrease in clearance at the higher doses. These findings are consistent with the fact that hydralazine is converted intravascularly to hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone and the fact that potentially saturable hepatic metabolic pathways play only a modest role in systemic clearance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 148–152; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.144
Intimate association of Thy-1 and the T-cell antigen receptor with the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase.

Abstract Immunoprecipitation of Thy-1 from Triton X-100 detergent lysates of surface-iodinated and chemically cross-linked T cells precipitated at least five major and discrete bands. Four of these bands were identified as Thy-1, CD45 (a transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase), a major histocompatibility complex-encoded class I molecule, and beta 2-microglobulin. Similar analyses revealed that CD45 was coprecipitated from lysates of cross-linker-treated cells by antibodies to the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR). The same pattern of coprecipitated bands was observed when digitonin was used to lyse untreated cells. Immunoprecipitation of Thy-1 or the TCR from lysates of cross-linked T cells precipitated CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity. Calculations based upon the amounts of coprecipitated enzymatic activity or TCR zeta chain indicate that a substantial fraction of Thy-1 and TCR complexes can be cross-linked to CD45. These data support a model in which the dependence of Thy-1 signaling on TCR coexpression is due to their common interaction with a tyrosine phosphatase and provide a possible structural basis for the influence of CD45 on TCR-mediated signaling.
PAMAM-camptothecin conjugate inhibits proliferation and induces nuclear fragmentation in colorectal carcinoma cells.

Purpose To synthesize and characterize a poly (amido amine) dendrimer-camptothecin (PAMAM-CPT) conjugate and evaluate its activity on human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116).
Unconstitutional constitutional amendments in the case study of Colombia: An analysis of the justification and meaning of the constitutional replacement doctrine

Through a series of judgments, the Colombian Constitutional Court has developed the so-called constitutional replacement doctrine. This doctrine aims to justify the power of the Court to review the content of constitutional amendments despite the fact that the Constitution only grants the Court the power to review constitutional amendments exclusively on procedural grounds. This article aims to explain and assess the constitutional replacement doctrine. It contends that the justification provided by the Court is not able to overcome the democratic challenge that can be raised against the doctrine. Nonetheless, this article claims that the doctrine is justified within the context of hyper-presidential political systems such as that of Colombia. In support of this claim, it offers an alternative justification by means of a conceptual and a normative argument, and shows that they form the basis for an appropriate theory concerning the meaning of “constitutional replacement”.
Biomarkers of neurodegeneration for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutics

Rapid progress towards understanding the molecular underpinnings of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease is revolutionizing drug discovery for these conditions. Furthermore, the development of models for these disorders is accelerating efforts to translate insights related to neurodegenerative mechanisms into disease-modifying therapies. However, there is an urgent need for biomarkers to diagnose neurodegenerative disorders early in their course, when therapy is likely to be most effective, and to monitor responses of patients to new therapies. As research related to this need is currently most advanced for Alzheimer's disease, this Review focuses on progress in the development and validation of biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF TWO RED ALGAE. II. KINETICS OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE UPTAKE1, 2

Similar NH4+ and NO3−.uptake kinetic patterns were observed in Neoagardhiella baileyi (Harvey ex Kiitzing) Wyinne & Taylor and Gracilaria foliifera (Forssk?l) Borgesen. NO3− was taken up in a rate-sturating fashion described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. NH4+ uptake was multicomponent: a saturable component was accompanied by a diffusive or a high K component showing no evidence of saturation (at ≤50 μM [NH4+]). Nitrogen starved plantsi(C/N atom ratios > ca. 10) showed higher transient rates of NH4+ uptake at a given concentration than plants not N-Iimited. Only plants with high N content exhibited diel changes inNH4+ uptake rates, and showed transient rates of NH4+ accumulation which did not greatly exceed the capacity to incorporate N in steady-state growth. NH4+ was preferred over NO3−even in plants preconditioned on NO3−as the sole N. source, NO3− uptake was suppressed at 5μM [NH4+], but simultaneous uptake occurred at unsurpressed rates at lower concentrations. Potential for N accumulation was greater via NH4+uptake than via NO3−uptake. Changing capacity for NH4+ uptake with N content appears to be a mechanism whereby excessive accumulation of N was avoided by N-.satiated plants but a large accumulation was possible for N-depleted plants.
Cultural Differences and the Construction of Meaning

The relationships between student achievement, student culture and practitioners' attitudes and expectations were investigated. Student achievement was defined as academic performance but also included perceptions, rationales and explanations for student behaviors and conduct. Student culture described student's Mexican American origins, customs and beliefs. Practitioners' attitudes described how middle school personnel perceived Mexican American high and underachieving students generally, and practitioners' expectations described how personnel interacted and behaved toward Mexican American students. Results indicated that Mexican American students perceived themselves and school personnel perceived these students as different from Anglo students. Mexican American cultural traditions were also perceived as inferior and disadvantageous by high achieving Mexican American students and by personnel. Underachieving Mexican American students generally valued their cultural traditions more positively than high achieving students becoming resistant to learning when these traditions were marginalized in school. Student achievement was also related to student compliance, student appearance, styles in written and verbal communication and practitioners' perceptions about the willingness of Mexican American students to practice and support Anglo norms. These findings are congruent with theories that discuss relationships between student achievement, student culture and practitioners' attitudes and expectations. Theories about school failure occurring less frequently in minority groups that are positively oriented toward their own and the dominant culture were contradicted and not supported in this research.
Determinants of Farm Family Income Inequality

Income inequality is classified as “long run” when due to the distribution of resource ownership and “short run” when due to transitory disturbances or variations in returns to comparable resources. Owing to deficiencies of census size distributions of income, data pertaining to the distribution of human and non‐human resources are used to estimate long‐run inequality for each state. A cross‐sectional regression analysis of state differences in inequality and changes from 1949 to 1959 yields the following results: (1) labor market adjustments have been influential in reducing short‐run but not necessarily long‐run inequality; and (2) increases in the capital‐labor ratio, the average level of schooling, and research and extension are all associated with increasing dispersion of farm incomes, though also with increasing average incomes of farmers.
Literacy Outcomes of Children With Early Childhood Speech Sound Disorders: Impact of Endophenotypes

Purpose To demonstrate that early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD) and later school-age reading, written expression, and spelling skills are influenced by shared endophenotypes that may be in part genetic. Method Children with SSD and their siblings were assessed at early childhood (ages 4–6 years) and followed at school age (7–12 years). The relationship of shared endophenotypes with early childhood SSD and school-age outcomes and the shared genetic influences on these outcomes were examined. Results Structural equation modeling demonstrated that oral motor skills, phonological awareness, phonological memory, vocabulary, and speeded naming have varying influences on reading decoding, spelling, spoken language, and written expression at school age. Genetic linkage studies demonstrated linkage for reading, spelling, and written expression measures to regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 15 that were previously linked to oral motor skills, articulation, phonological memory, and vocabulary at early chil...
Why Jeffrey Eugenides' Middlesex Is So Inoffensive

ABSTRACT I read Jeffrey Eugenides' 2002 novel Middlesex as a book that endorses a narrative of heteronormativity and ethnic assimilation. Ethnocentrism is critiqued through irony, first with an incestuous marriage and then by parodying the Nation of Islam. But on the question of homosexuality, the text appears to stage the impasse of sexuality and gender, only to resolve its complexities as a coming of age narrative that affirms heterosexuality.
Lower hybrid wave phenomena associated with density depletions

A fluid description of lower hybrid, whistler and magnetosonic waves is applied to study wave phenomena near the lower hybrid resonance associated with plasma density depletions. The goal is to understand the nature of lower hybrid cavitons and spikelets often associated with transverse ion acceleration events in the auroral ionosphere. Three-dimensional simulations show the ponderomotive force leads to the formation of a density cavity (caviton) in which lower hybrid wave energy is concentrated (spikelet) resulting in a three-dimensional collapse of the configuration. Plasma density depletions of the order of a few percent are shown to greatly modify the homogeneous linear properties of lower hybrid waves and account for many of the observed features of lower hybrid spikelets.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of juvenile hemangioma of the parotid gland: A case report

A 4-mo-old child presented with a 20-day history of swelling of the left cheek. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy revealed a spindle-cell neoplasm with a bloody background. Subsequent surgical excision confirmed the presence of a juvenile hemangioma (juvenile hemangioendothelioma). The FNA biopsy and surgical pathology findings are presented along with a discussion of the differential diagnosis of this relatively rare neoplasm.
Structure of Aqueous Sodium Perchlorate Solutions

Salt solutions have been the object of study of many scientists through history, but one of the most important findings came along when the Hofmeister series were discovered. Their importance arises from the fact that they influence the relative solubility of proteins, and solubility is directly related to one of today’s holy grails: protein folding. In this work we characterize one of the more-destabilizing salts in the series, sodium perchlorate, by studying it as an aqueous solution at various concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 1.60 mol/L. Molecular dynamics simulations at room temperature permitted a detailed study of the organization of solvent and cosolvent, in terms of its radial distribution functions, along with the study of the structure of hydrogen bonds in the ions’ solvation shells. We found that the distribution functions have some variations in their shape as concentration changes, but the position of their peaks is mostly unaffected. Regarding water, the most salient fact is the noticeabl...
Removal of Residual Catalyst from Simulated Biodiesel's Crude Glycerol for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis to Propylene Glycol

The removal of sodium from glycerol solutions by crystallization/precipitation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) through the co-addition of lime [Ca(OH)2] and phosphoric acid was evaluated as a means to remove soluble catalyst from the glycerol byproduct of biodiesel production. Phosphate ions precipitated as hydroxyapatite upon reacting with calcium and hydroxide ions. Seed crystals and pH impacted crystallization. The yield decreased due to the polymerization of glycerol at high pH values (pH ≥ 11). The continuous removal of phosphate by a lime packed column method was also evaluated for process scale-up considerations. Higher temperatures favored the phosphate removal efficiency with higher temperatures raising the pH and the supersaturation region of the respective effluents to the desired level for HAP crystallization/precipitation. The suitability of the resulting product was evaluated as a hydrogenolysis feedstock for producing propylene glycol. The yield of propylene glycol increased with increasing filtrat...
Optical bus control for distributed multiprocessors

Abstract Optical interconnections offer a potential for gigahertz transfer rates in an environment free from capacitive bus loading, crosstalk, and electromagnetic interference. Device technology in electrooptics has matured to a point where small, low power, and low cost devices exist which are suitable for use in bus level implementations. Therefore, the realization of physically distributed, bus-interconnected multiprocessors is now possible. In this paper we propose a bus arbitration mechanism suitable for a large optical bus structure heavily populated with asynchronous bus masters. It is a two-level arbitration system with incoming requests hatched on a demand basis and serviced in a linear priority order within each batch. Low priority requests cannot be starved in high contention environments. For an optical bus of fixed length, propagation delay is bounded by the end-to-end transit time and is independent of the number of devices attached. In addition, as contention for the bus increases and batch sizes become larger, the time overhead paid for bus control decreases. Thus, a performance improvement is achieved dynamically under high contention conditions.
Growth hormone activity in the lungfish pituitary

Abstract In contrast to results previously obtained with extracts of the pituitaries of five different species of teleosts and with extracts of the elasmobranch Squalus acanthias , reported below, extracts of the pituitary of the lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus showed definite evidence of growth hormone activity in the tibia test assay in the hypophysectomized rat.
Identification of frequency domain models for nonlinear systems

Abstract This paper presents a computer-aided engineering approach for identification of linear models from a set of frequency response data. The approach is based on a new system identification technique. The primary intention of the developed system identification technique and the associated software is to identify linear models for nonlinear systems whose input/output behaviour is characterized by their corresponding sinusoidal-input describing function models. However, the technique may also be applied to identification of linear models from experimental frequency response data. At present, the identification approach and the associated software is limited to single-output, linear, deterministic, and time-invariant systems. A computer-aided engineering environment based on the developed system identification technique has also been developed. The software is developed on a Harris-800 super-minicomputer and a Tektronix 4115B high resolution, raster, and color graphics terminal.
Adsorption of Arsenic by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Versatile, Inquiry-Based Laboratory for a High School or College Science Course

There has been much interest in magnetite (Fe3O4) due to its utility in adsorbing high concentrations of arsenic in contaminated water. The magnetic properties of the material allow for simple dispersion and removal from an aqueous system. An inquiry-based laboratory has been developed that illustrates these unique properties of magnetite nanoparticles while developing cross-disciplinary and critical-thinking skills. The versatility of the pedagogic approach makes it suitable for both high school (grades 11 and 12) and college-level STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) courses. The lab experience exposes students to experimental design, environmental remediation, adsorption, and the surface area-to-volume ratio concept of nanotechnology.
Between the Material and the Figural Road: The Incompleteness of Colonial Geographies in Amazonia

Abstract This article asks what happens when the colonial dream of a road does not materialize as intended, and becomes instead a permanent project for distant state managers and rural Amazonian settlers. Roads have featured prominently in Brazil’s development designs, and ethnography along an unpaved road demonstrates how a wide array of actors negotiate the tension between the material challenges of moving in Amazonia and the bold modernist figurations that guide highway construction and territorial planning. Over the past 40 years, the unpaved road has itself become a central but unpredictable player in the plans and practices of colonists as well as in emerging governance projects of the Brazilian state. Colonists’ arrival in the region via what they perceive to be an abandoned and impassable road repositions their prefigured relationships with the histories, narratives, and infrastructures of colonial occupation and state-making. Newly local to a frontier zone not yet ‘connected’ to the rest of Brazi...
Facilitating orientation in shared hypermedia workspaces

Shared workspaces are an important means for supporting long-term synchronous and asynchronous collaboration. Shared workspaces themselves become difficult to manage due to increasing size and constant change. This is especially true for shared hypermedia workspaces. Thus means for managing the shared hypermedia workspace in terms of keeping an overview of the group's work and coordinating changes become necessary.In this paper we propose a shared hypermedia workspace model representing not only shared content but also team and process related information. Four complementary tools facilitate orientation and coordination in the shared workspace: a group aware content browser, a group aware overview browser, a shared workspace search tool, and a shared process space browser. Together, these tools should enable groups to stay aware of each other's activities and to control the level of awareness according to their needs.
Effect of gymnemic acid on single taste hairs of the housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract The effect of a gymnemate salt extract (KGE) on the behavioral and neurophysiological taste responses of Musca domestica to sugar and salt were studied. After exposure of single taste hairs to KGE, the behavioral positive response to a just-suprathreshold sugar stimulus was abolished, and the neuronal firing pattern was modified in a form that ranged from a waxing and waning of impulse frequency to an abolishment of impulses. The neurophysiological response to a salt stimulus was similarly modified, although the waxing and waning of spike frequency was more rapid and firing returned to a near-control pattern sooner. Neurophysiological studies were replicated with two other fly genera. The results uniformly suggest a narcotic effect on the dendrites of taste neurons.
Radiographic presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in severely immunosuppressed HIV-seropositive patients

Abstract Although the presence of typical postprimary or "reactivation" pattern tuberculosis (TB) on chest radiograph (CXR) strongly suggests TB infection in adults, the sensitivity of this finding, particularly in severely immunosuppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, is unclear. To investigate this issue, HIV status, CD4 counts, and CXR findings of all adult patients with culture-proven TB admitted to a tertiary-care hospital over a 2-year period were retrospectively studied. CXRs were classified as typical for postprimary TB if they showed upper lobe opacities with or without cavitation. No attempt was made to correlate the actual clinical phase of TB infection (primary versus postprimary) with CXR patterns, largely because differentiating primary from postprimary TB in HIV patients is difficult due to high anergy rates and inability to skin-test-convert. Of 46 patients who had chest radiographs and medical records documenting HIV status available for review, 23 were HIV-seropositive and 23 were HIV-seronegative. Of 22 HIV-seropositive patients whose CD4 counts were available, 18 (82%) had CD4 counts of P
Substituent effects on the physical properties and pKa of phenol

Substituent effects on the physical properties and pKa of phenol were studied using density functional theory [B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)] calculations. Substituents alter the physical properties of phenol such as the hydroxyl-group CO and OH bond lengths, the C OH bond angle, and the energy barrier to rotation about the C O bond, and also influence the hydroxyl-group pKa. Except for the rotational barrier, Hammett σ constants showed strong correlation with these property changes. Several quantum chemical parameters, including the natural charge on the phenolic hydrogen Qn(H) and the natural charge on the phenoxide oxygen Qn(O−), the HF/6-311G(d,p) HOMO energy Ehomo, and the proton-transfer energy ΔEprot, outperformed the empirical Hammett constants in modeling changes in the pKa. All of these latter parameters yielded correlation coefficients ∣r∣>0.94 for the pKa. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Modeling meaningful learning in chemistry using structural equation modeling

Ausubel and Novak's construct of meaningful learning stipulates that substantive connections between new knowledge and what is already known requires the integration of thinking, feeling, and performance (Novak J. D., (2010), Learning, creating, and using knowledge: concept maps as facilitative tools in schools and corporations, New York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.). This study explores the integration of these three domains using a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. A tripartite model was developed to examine meaningful learning through the correlational relationships among thinking, feeling, and performance using student responses regarding Intellectual Accessibility and Emotional Satisfaction on the Attitudes toward the Subject of Chemistry Inventory version 2 (ASCI V2) and performance on the American Chemical Society exam. We compared the primary model to seven alternatives in which correlations were systematically removed in order to represent a lack of interconnectedness among the three domains. The tripartite model had the strongest statistical fit, thereby providing statistical evidence for the construct of meaningful learning. Methodological issues associated with SEM techniques, including problems related to non-normal multivariate distributions (an assumption of traditional SEM techniques), and causal relationships are considered. Additional findings include evidence for weak configural invariance in the pre/post implementation of the ASCI(V2), mainly due to the poor structure of the pretest data. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for teaching and learning.
The prevalence of disability in the oldest-old is high and continues to increase with age: findings from The 90+ Study.

OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence and type of disability in the oldest-old (90+), the fastest growing age group in the US.
EFFECT OF QUALITY ATTRIBUTES UPON PROCESSING AND PALATABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIALLY CURED HAMS

SUMMARY –A total of 488 fresh hams were stratified according to method of cure (regular-cured and water-added) and quality scores (gross morphology, color and firmness). Each ham was pumped, cured and smoked using commercial procedures. Individual weights for each ham were obtained at each stage of the processing sequence. Center slices from 50 processed hams were evaluated for muscle color, chemical composition and organoleptic properties. Among both regular-cured and water-added hams, gross morphology groups were not significantly (P < 0.05) related to weight gains (fresh to chilled), weight losses during the period in transit (125 km), or to flavor, saltiness, moisture (%) or pigment concentration for the combined muscles of the center slices. A comparison of individual ham muscles revealed that the biceps femoris (BF) was less tender than the semitendinosus (ST); the ST was less salty than the semimembranosus (SM) and the ST had a higher fat content on a moisture-free basis than other muscles for both regular-cured and water-added hams. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among muscles for flavor and juiciness were evident for the regular-cured hams; however, there were no significant differences for the hams in the water-added group. There were significant differences in pigment concentration among muscles from the center-cut slices from water-added hams. Regular-cured hams in gross morphology group 5 were significantly (P < 0.05) more juicy and more tender than hams in the other four quality groups. Also, center slices from hams in the high quality gross morphology group (group 5) were more uniform in muscle color, more desirable in lean color and contained more fat than hams in group 1. Regular-cured hams in gross morphology group 5 also produced individual muscles which were more desirable in lean color (SM, BF), more flavorful (SM), more juicy (ST, BF) and more tender (ST, BF) than hams in group 1. Water-added hams in gross morphology group 5 did not differ from hams in group 1 in any of the traits but were significantly (P < 0.05) more tender than those in group 2.
Effects of Teachers’ Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching on Student Achievement:

This study explored whether and how teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching contributes to gains in students’ mathematics achievement. The authors used a linear mixed-model methodology in which first and third graders’ mathematical achievement gains over a year were nested within teachers, who in turn were nested within schools. They found that teachers’ mathematical knowledge was significantly related to student achievement gains in both first and third grades after controlling for key student- and teacher-level covariates. This result, while consonant with findings from the educational production function literature, was obtained via a measure focusing on the specialized mathematical knowledge and skills used in teaching mathematics. This finding provides support for policy initiatives designed to improve students’ mathematics achievement by improving teachers’ mathematical knowledge.
Korsgaard's Constitutive Arguments and the Principles of Practical Reason

Constitutive arguments for the principles of practical reason attempt to justify normative requirements by claiming that we already accept them in so far as we are believers or agents. In two constitutive arguments for the requirement that we must will universally, Korsgaard attempts first to arrive at the requirement that we will universally from observations about the causality of the will, and secondly to establish that willing universally is constitutive of having a self. Some rational requirements may be established by some version of this second argument, but the strategy does not seem promising when it comes to establishing the requirement that we will universally. I draw on the discussion of Korsgaard to highlight a challenge facing constitutive arguments in general.
Cardiovascular stability during arteriovenous extracorporeal therapy: a randomized controlled study in lambs with acute lung injury

Clinical application of arteriovenous (AV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) requires assessment of cardiovascular ability to respond adequately to the presence of an AV shunt in the face of acute lung injury (ALI). This ability may be age dependent and vary with the experimental model. We studied cardiovascular stability in a lamb model of severe ALI, comparing conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) with AV-ECMO therapy. Seventeen lambs were anesthetized, tracheotomized, paralyzed, and ventilated to maintain normocapnia. Femoral and jugular veins, and femoral and carotid arteries were instrumented for the AV-ECMO circuit, systemic and pulmonary artery blood pressure monitoring, gas exchange, and cardiac output determination (thermodilution technique). A severe ALI (arterial oxygen tension/inspired fractional oxygen 0.05; Fisher's exact test). Surviving and nonsurviving lambs in the AV-ECMO group, unlike the CMV group, required continuous volume expansion and inotropic support (P < 0.001; Fisher's exact test). Lambs in the AV-ECMO group were able to maintain normocapnia with a maximum of 30% reduction in the minute ventilation, as compared with the CMV group (P < 0.05). AV-ECMO therapy in lambs subjected to severe ALI requires continuous hemodynamic support to maintain cardiovascular stability and normocapnia, as compared with lambs receiving CMV support.
p300 and p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-associated factor acetylate the androgen receptor at sites governing hormone-dependent transactivation.

The androgen receptor (AR) is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that plays a key role in prostate cancer cellular proliferation by dihydrotestosterone and the induction of secondary sexual characteristics. In this study we demonstrate that the AR can be modified by acetylation in vitro and in vivo. p300 and p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein acetylated the AR at a highly conserved lysine-rich motif carboxyl-terminal to the zinc finger DNA-binding domain. [14C]acetate-labeling experiments demonstrated that AR acetylation by p300 in cultured cells requires the same residues identified in vitro. Point mutation of the AR acetylation site (K632A/K633A) abrogated dihydrotestosterone-dependent transactivation of the AR in cultured cells. Mutation of the p300 CH3 region or the p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein histone acetylase domain reduced ligand-dependent AR function. The identification of the AR as a direct target of histone acetyltransferase co-activators has important implications for targeting inhibitors of AR function.
Illicit anabolic steroid use : a controlled personality study

The illicit use of anabolic steroids for strength and cosmetic reasons appears to be an increasing problem. Although alcohol and drug abuse have been associated with increased risk for personality psychopathology, the personality correlates of illicit anabolic steroid abuse are unknown. To determine whether personality psychopathology is common among anabolic steroid users, we evaluated a series of illicit anabolic steroid users and compared them with a group of age-matched alcoholics and 2 control groups. Anabolic steroid users were found to have increased risk for personality psychopathology compared with community controls. The risk appeared to be partially explained by a group membership effect. Additionally, similar to the alcoholic group, illicit anabolic steroid users also demonstrated significant antisocial traits.
Response of Major Histocompatibility (B) Complex Haplotypes B22, B26, and B30 to Rous Sarcomas

Abstract The response to Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors was measured over a 2-yr period using Line UNH 105 New Hampshire chickens segregating for three major histocompatibility (B) complex haplotypes, B22, B26, and B30. Twelve sires and 49 dams were used to produce 489 pedigreed progeny consisting of six B genotypes B22/B22, B22/B26, B22/B30, B26/B26, B26/B30, and B30/B30. Six-wk-old chicks were inoculated in the wingweb with a pseudotype of Bryan high-titer Rous sarcoma virus designated as BH RSV (RAV-1). Resultant tumors were scored six times during a 10-wk period, which served as a basis for a tumor profile index (TPI) assigned to each chick. The B22/B26 chickens (x TPI = 2.6) had the greatest antitumor response, which was significantly different from that of B26/B26 (x TPI = 3.0) and B30/B30 chickens (x TPI = 3.4), the lowest responders. Lower mean TPI of two heterozygotes, B22/B26 (2.6) and B26/B30 (2.9), compared with those of appropriate homozygotes, suggested complementation between B22 and B26 as well as B26 and B30. Chi-square analysis revealed an additional beneficial effect of the B22 haplotype in tumor-bearing chickens, as B22-containing genotypes had a significantly higher survival rate than genotypes not containing B22.
Cell surface and organelle transport share the same enzymatic properties in Reticulomyxa

Reticulomyxa transports particulates, like bacterial and algal prey items, bidirectionally along the outside of its pseudopodia. This cell surface transport and intracellular organelle transport can be reactivated in detergent permeabilized cell models [Orokos et al., 1997: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton]. We have used this unique system to compare cell surface and organelle mechanochemistry in situ in the same reactivated pseudopodia. The ATPase activities of both types of transport were indistinguishable; each displayed identical nucleoside triphosphate specificity, transport ATPase kinetics, and inhibitor sensitivity. Organelle and cell surface transport reactivation required “hydrolyzable” adenosine nucleoside triphosphates; neither reactivated with GTP, CTP, UTP, ITP, AMP-PNP, AMP-PCP, or ATP-γ-S. However, other ATP analogues, such as 2′-deoxy-ATP and 3′-deoxy-ATP and 2′,3′-dideoxy-ATP, supported the reactivation of organelle and cell surface transport at similar, but markedly reduced, velocities. Both transport processes were inhibited similarly by known inhibitors of dynein ATPases such as erythro-9-(3-[2-hydroxynonyl]) adenine (EHNA) or sodium (Na)-orthovanadate. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the presence of Na-orthovanadate and ATP permanently disabled both transport processes. Organelle and surface transport followed identical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a calculated Km of 118 μM ATP and a maximum translocation velocity (Vmax) of 8.33 μm/sec. These findings strongly suggest that cell surface transport shares the same cytoplasmic dynein motor [Schliwa et al., 1991: J. Cell Biol. 112:1199–1203] that drives organelle transport. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 38:270–277, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Boundary string field theory, the boundary state formalism and D-brane tension

Abstract Recently a boundary string field theory that had been proposed some time ago, was used to calculate correctly the ratios of D-brane (both BPS and non-BPS) tensions. We discuss how this work is related to the boundary state formalism and open string closed string duality, and argue that the latter clarifies why the correct tension ratios are obtained in these recent calculations.
An Evaluation of Finding Aid Accessibility for Screen Readers

Since the passage of the American Disabilities Act in 1990 and the coincident growth of the Internet, academic libraries have worked to provide electronic resources and services that are accessible to all patrons. Special collections are increasingly being added to these Web-based library resources, and they must meet the same accessibility standards. The recent popularity surge of Web 2.0 technology, social media sites, and mobile devices has brought greater awareness about the challenges faced by those who use assistive technology for visual disabilities. This study examines the screen reader accessibility of online special collections finding aids at 68 public U.S. colleges and universities in the Association of Research Libraries.
Green‐fluorescent protein fusions for efficient characterization of nuclear targeting

Summary The green-fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria has been shown to be a convenient and flexible reporter molecule within a variety of eukaryotic systems, including higher plants. It is particularly suited for applications in vivo, since the mechanism of fluorophore formation involves an intramolecular autoxidation and does not require exogenous co-factors. Unlike standard histochemical procedures of fixation and staining required for analysis of the cellular or tissue-specific expression of other popular reporter molecules, such as the β-glucuronidase (GUS) marker, analysis of GFP can be done in living cells with no specific pretreatments. This implies that GFP might also be particularly suited for studies of intracellular protein targeting. In this paper, the use of GUS is compared with that of GFP for the analysis of nuclear targeting in tobacco. A novel oligopeptide motif from a tobacco protein is described which confers nuclear localization of GUS. The use of this oligopeptide and two from potyviral proteins to target GFP to the nucleus is examined. An essential modification of GFP is described, which specifically increases its molecular weight to eliminate its passive penetration into the nucleus. Three examples of the targeting of these enlarged GFP molecules to the nucleus are illustrated. GFP, in combination with confocal microscopy, offers significant advantages over traditional methods of studying nuclear targeting.
Growth rate dispersion in batch crystallization with transient conditions

Mise en place d'un modele mathematique pour decrire la distribution de taille de cristal dans un cristalliseur en discontinu en regime transitoire