cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE COMPLEXITY OF DECLINE: EXPLAINING THE MARGINALIZATION OF THE EAST GERMAN WOMEN'S MOVEMENT*

†The case of the East German women's movement is used to examine a understudied and undertheorized area of social movement research, movement decline. The political marginalization of this movement in 1990, only a few months after its promising beginning, can best be explained by integrating three fundamental concepts in social movement theory: political opportunity, mobilizing structures, and framing processes. Based on the analysis of movement documents and forty interviews with women's movement activists, it is demonstrated that none of these approaches by itself is sufficient to explain the decline of the East German women's movement. Instead, the symbiotic interrelationships among political opportunities, framing, and mobilizing structures are crucial to understanding movement decline. The analysis identifies key dimensions on which these three factors interact, and suggests that they can be used to explain other cases of movement decline, particularly in political transitions. Newly formed social movements were integral players in the dramatic events that toppled East German communism in 1989. On September 25, 8000 people marched in the streets of Leipzig demanding the legalization of a movement called New Forum. Despite threats of police retribution against movement supporters, more than 4500 people had already signed New Forum's declaration calling for systemic reform. Throughout the autumn, the mobilization wave grew in scope and stature. On December 3, more than 1200 women and a few men packed an East Berlin theater to form a national feminist organization. Within four days, representatives from the women's movement and other citizens' movement organizations (Burgerbewegungen) joined representatives of the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) at a Round Table to negotiate the future of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Within three months, however, the East German social movements became marginal players in East German politics. How can social movement theory help explain this rapid movement decline? This article examines the decline of one East German movement, the feminist women's movement. I take my cue from two features of the social movement literature: the insufficient examination of post-emergence movement development and decline; and the call for synthesis of various theoretical approaches to movements and analysis of the relationships among them (Tarrow 1994; McAdam, McCarthy, and Zald 1988, 1996; Klandermans 1991). I argue that movement marginalization can best be explained by analyzing the interactions of political opportunity, mobilizing structures, and framing processes. The claim is not simply that each set of factors affect movement development, nor that all three are factors in movement decline
Situation-bound utterances in Chinese

This article argues that, when analysing formulaic language use in Chinese, besides the three main groups, proverbs (yanyǔ 谚语), idioms (chengyǔ 成语), and guanyongyǔ 惯用语 compounds, we need to distinguish and pay special attention to a fourth category: situation-bound utterances (qingjing zhuānyongyǔ 情境专用 语). Situation-bound utterances (SBUs) constitute a unique group within idiomatic expressions because their use is tied to particular situations. SBUs fulfil social needs in conversation. People know that if they use these prefabricated expressions they are safe: nobody will misunderstand them because these phrases usually mean the same to most speakers in a speech community. The article aims to introduce SBUs as a separate category among Chinese formulaic expressions, discuss its relationship to yanyǔ, chengyǔ, and guanyongyǔ compounds, explain why it is important to handle it as a separate lexical category, and highlight the unique nature and use of SBUs. However, it is not the goal of the article to give a full and detailed description of the new category, which will need further research.
Abstract 844: Comparison of HPV prevalence between HPV-vaccinated and non-vaccinated young adult women (20-26 years)

Background Although the HPV vaccine provides protection against genital warts and HPV-associated anogenital cancers among young girls, there is some concern about its effectiveness when administered to young adult women due to the risk of prior HPV infections before vaccination and potentially reduced immunogenicity when administered at older ages. This study used 2 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data to evaluate the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine among women 20-26 years of age. Methods This cross-sectional study included 592 young adult women (20-26 years) with complete information on HPV prevalence and HPV vaccination status from NHANES 2007-2010. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine differences in HPV prevalence between vaccinated and unvaccinated young women. Results After controlling for past sexual behaviors, vaccinated women had a lower risk of testing positive for the 4 types included in the HPV vaccine (6, 11, 16, or 18; Table 1). This association became stronger when the number of recent sexual partners was controlled for. However, vaccinated women had a higher prevalence of nonvaccine high-risk types than unvaccinated women (61.5% vs 39.7%, prevalence ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.22-1.98). After adjusting for the number of recent sexual partners, the difference in prevalence of high-risk nonvaccine types was reduced, but remained significant. Conclusion HPV vaccination was effective for the protection against all four vaccine types in young adult women. Vaccinated women had a higher prevalence of nonvaccine high-risk types, which suggests that they may benefit from vaccines that cover additional types of HPV. Table 1. Type-specific HPV prevalence among US adult women by HPV vaccination status. Citation Format: Fangjian Guo, Jacqueline M. Hirth, Abbey B. Berenson. Comparison of HPV prevalence between HPV-vaccinated and non-vaccinated young adult women (20-26 years). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 844. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-844
Is NEAT-Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis-a Target for Reversing Obesity (Part 2)

体重增加或者肥胖时的非运动性日常活动热效应 人体中的能量平衡取决于NEAT的改变.有研究显示,12对双胞胎每天接受4 184 kj(1 000 kcal)的额外热量摄入,他们体重的增加是其基础能量消耗改变的4倍[11].既然能量消耗的改变不仅仅取决于基础代谢率的变化,NEAT的改变也会产生间接的影响。
Clinical Epidemiology, Prevention, and Rehabilitation

No matter how effective the treatment of an eye injury proves to be, prevention is always preferred. Effective prevention, in turn, must be based on data collected and analyzed in a scientifically rigorous manner. Ideally, such data are population-based, instead of representing a survey of patients presenting to a single institution over a limited period of time (snapshot). An overview of different study characteristics is given in Table 1.7.1.
Three Types of Indefinites in Persian: Simple, Complex, and Antidefinite

This paper investigates three indefinite constructions in Persian: simple (ye-NP), complex (ye-NP-i), and antidefinite (NP-i). It shows that simple indefinites with the determiner ye carry an at-issue existence implication ( | NP | ≥ 1), similar to their English counterpart with the indefinite determiner a(n) . Complex indefinites with both ye and -i introduce an antisingleton implication ( | NP | > 1), similar to Spanish indefinites with algun . Antidefinites with only the clitic -i are a novel category which trigger a projective non-uniqueness implication ( | NP | = 1). The paper provides a compositional account in which the antisingleton implication of complex indefinites is derived from the existence implication of the determiner " ye" and the non-uniqueness implication of the clitic " -i" . The predictions of this account as well as the pragmatic effects of complex indefinites such as ignorance, indifference, free choice, and domain widening implications are discussed.
Music Videos and Locker Room Humor: Rescue Me Reckons with Post-9/11 Hero Worship

This essay argues that the cable television show Rescue Me asks it audience to contend with the impulse to easily valorize and create heroes in the wake of 9/11. As Manis frames her argument, "reckoning" with the emotional aftermath of 9/11 is a complicated process and has no easy solutions. There is a certain sense of "iconographic inadequacy," as David Simpson would have it, that makes memorializing the event nearly impossible, as we are stuck between oversimplifying what happened on that day and capitalizing on the terrible loss. The problems of representation and reckoning are ones of integration: of both confronting the reality of the pain and suffering inflicted on that day but also making sure that we are not compelled to "reenact the primary shock of suffering itself as a state not to be overcome but endlessly made present" (Simpson 3). Ultimately, the aesthetic of Rescue Me treads the fine line between asking viewers to "get over it" and inviting them to relive the trauma by simultaneously embracing the ghosts of 9/11 and mocking the idea that there is, or should be, such a thing as getting over it.
Assembly of Effective Halide Receptors from Components. Comparing Hydrogen, Halogen, and Tetrel Bonds.

Receptors for halide anions are constructed based on the imidazolium unit and then replacing the H-bonding C–H group first by halogen-bonding C–I and then by tetrel-bonding C–SnH3 and C–SiF3. Attaching a phenyl ring to any of these species has little effect on its ability to bind a halide, but incorporation of a second imidazolium to the benzene connector, forming a bidentate dicationic receptor, greatly enhances the binding. Addition of electron-withdrawing F atoms to each imidazolium adds a further increment. F– consistently binds more strongly to the various receptor models than does Cl–. Whereas replacement of the H atom on the imidazolium groups with the halogen-bonding I has an inconsistent perturbing effect, tetrel-bonding SnH3 significantly enhances the binding with either halide, and SiF3 even more so. Placement of the various complexes into aqueous solution reduces binding energies but the trends that occur in the gas phase are largely reproduced in water. The tetrel-bonding receptors are the mo...
Beta2 Agonists for Acute Cough or a Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Bronchitis.

There is insufficient evidence to determine whether beta2 agonists can improve symptoms for children with acute cough or bronchitis with wheeze. Beta2 agonists are not likely to benefit and may cause adverse effects in adults who do not have evidence of airflow restriction (number needed to harm [NNH] = 2).
Ecology of the Opossum Shrimp (Neomysis mercedis) in a Lower Snake River Reservoir, Washington

The opossum shrimp Neomysis mercedis has expanded its range from the lower Columbia River upstream 695 kilometers into Lower Granite Reservoir where it is now very abundant. We studied Neomysis ecology in the reservoir during 2011–2015 to better understand the physical and biological factors that shape their distribution as well as their potential role in the food web. Benthic densities in offshore habitats ranged from 19 to 145 mysids m-2 in shallow (2–12 m) water and from 3 to 48 mysids m-2 in deep (> 12 m) water. Water velocity, depth, substrate, and seasonal interactions were important variables for explaining variation in Neomysis densities in offshore habitats. During spring, daytime densities in shoreline habitats (< 2 m deep) were variable, but nighttime densities generally decreased in summer following reproduction and as temperatures approached 23 °C. Neomysis were mainly collected from the water column during nighttime vertical tows in the downstream end of the reservoir when water velocities were low during summer and autumn. Reproduction occurred mainly in spring and early summer, but a second, smaller reproductive event was observed during autumn. The diet of Neomysis consisted primarily of detritus, rotifers, and copepods, but cladocerans were more prominent during summer and autumn. Physical factors like water velocity may have limited vertical migrations of Neomysis to feed in the water column and influenced use of different habitats in the reservoir. Neomysis are prey for a number of species, including juvenile salmon, but their relations are still largely unknown, and continued monitoring and research is warranted.
Characterizing and predicting mental fatigue during programming tasks

Mental fatigue reduces one's cognitive and physical abilities. In tasks requiring continuous attention, such as driving, fatigue is a well-known risk. However, when fatigued during daily tasks, such as programming, the nature of risk is more diffuse and accumulative, yet the consequences can be just as severe (e.g. defects in autopilot software). Identifying risks of fatigue in the context of programming can lead to interventions that prevent introduction of defects and introduce coping mechanisms. To character and predict these risks, we conducted two studies: a survey study in which we asked 311 software developers to rate the severity and frequency of their fatigue and to recall a recent experience of being fatigued while programming, and an observational study with 9 professional software developers to investigate the feasibility of predicting fatigue from interaction history. From the survey, we found that a majority of developers report severe (66%) and frequent (59%) issues with fatigue. Further, we categorized their experiences into seven effects on programming tasks, which include reduced motivation and reduced ability to handle tasks involving large mental workloads. From our observational study, our results found how several measures, such as focus duration, key press time, error rates, and increases in software quality warnings, may be applied for detecting fatigue levels. Together, these results aims to support developers and the industry for improving software quality and work conditions for software developers.
Assessing and Selecting Patients for Bariatric Surgery

The use of bariatric procedures in general appears to be steeply increasing in pediatric age groups over recent years, suggesting a need for appropriate assessment criteria prior to surgery and for prospectively and rigorously collected adolescent outcome data. As of yet, the scientific evidence base is not sufficiently robust to allow a precise discrimination of which procedures are optimal for adolescents. Indeed, experts have broadly characterized the quality of evidence for effectiveness and safety of adolescent bariatric surgery as fair to poor for all procedures that have been reported. Despite limitations in the evidence base, clinicians are faced with a need to manage myriad health problems in adolescents with extreme obesity and more recently, higher quality prospectively collected data have emerged documenting efficacy and safety of adolescent bariatric procedures. Recommendations for assessment and selection of adolescent patients that are thoughtfully derived from our knowledge of obesity and bariatric surgery provide useful tools for those faced with sometimes difficult treatment decisions.
Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer

Nerves closely associate with blood vessels and help to pattern the vasculature during development. Recent work suggests that newly formed nerve fibers may regulate the tumor microenvironment, but their exact functions are unclear. Studying mouse models of prostate cancer, we show that endothelial β-adrenergic receptor signaling via adrenergic nerve–derived noradrenaline in the prostate stroma is critical for activation of an angiogenic switch that fuels exponential tumor growth. Mechanistically, this occurs through alteration of endothelial cell metabolism. Endothelial cells typically rely on aerobic glycolysis for angiogenesis. We found that the loss of endothelial Adrb2 , the gene encoding the β 2 -adrenergic receptor, leads to inhibition of angiogenesis through enhancement of endothelial oxidative phosphorylation. Codeletion of Adrb2 and Cox10 , a gene encoding a cytochrome IV oxidase assembly factor, prevented the metabolic shift induced by Adrb2 deletion and rescued prostate cancer progression. This cross-talk between nerves and endothelial metabolism could potentially be targeted as an anticancer therapy.
Inductance testing according to the new IEEE Std 1812-application and possible extensions for IPM machines

Equivalent circuit parameters are very important for permanent magnet synchronous machines since they serve as the basis for performance estimation and implementation of power electronic drives controls. Specified in the newly approved IEEE Std 1812, a short-circuit test can be employed, in combination with an open-circuit measurement, in order to determine the back emf and the synchronous inductance. In this paper, it is shown that for interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines this approach can be used only to determine the d-axis inductance and additional and separate measurements are required for the q-axis inductance. In this respect, one method widely used in industry, which involves locked-rotor measurements at variable voltage and constant frequency supply, is studied in detail. Other lockedrotor methods based on DC current supply and static torque versus rotor position measurements are introduced for determining q-axis inductance in combination with the standardized open-circuit and short-circuit tests. Test results on an IPM motor design with non-sinusoidal back emf, relatively high torque ripple, and low leakage for the IEEE Std 1812 approach and the newly proposed method for inductance determination are both compared with those from finite element (FE) based simulations.
Detection of skin temperature differences using palpation by manual physical therapists and lay individuals.

Objectives—To evaluate the accuracy of detection of temperature differences among skin sites of lay individuals and manual physical therapists.Methods— Forty-four manual physical therapists and 44 ...
Performing a Large-Scale Modal Test on the B2 Stand Crane at NASA's Stennis Space Center

A modal test of NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) Core Stage is scheduled to occur prior to propulsion system verification testing at the Stennis Space Center B2 test stand. A derrick crane with a 180-ft long boom, located at the top of the stand, will be used to suspend the Core Stage in order to achieve defined boundary conditions. During this suspended modal test, it is expected that dynamic coupling will occur between the crane and the Core Stage. Therefore, a separate modal test was performed on the B2 crane itself, in order to evaluate the varying dynamic characteristics and correlate math models of the crane. Performing a modal test on such a massive structure was challenging and required creative test setup and procedures, including implementing both AC and DC accelerometers, and performing both classical hammer and operational modal analysis. This paper describes the logistics required to perform this large-scale test, as well as details of the test setup, the modal test methods used, and an overview of the results.
A novel role for PTK2B in cultured beige adipocyte differentiation.

Abstract Adipocyte differentiation is a tightly regulated process which requires the sequential and organized expression of numerous genes and proteins. Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins and key transcription factors represents a critical regulatory mechanism of the process leading to adipocyte maturation and modulation of associated metabolic pathways. Despite the recognition of the importance of protein phosphorylation in adipocyte biology, relatively little is known about the role of specific kinases in thermogenic (brown or beige) adipocyte differentiation and function. In this study, we demonstrate that the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase 2 beta (PTK2B) plays a critical role in murine beige adipocyte differentiation. We observed that PTK2B protein expression is associated with beige adipocyte differentiation in cultured, immortalized, inguinal stromal vascular fraction cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out of Ptk2b results in non-differentiating white adipocytes, and differentiated beige adipocytes with significantly reduced thermogenic gene and protein expression, enlarged lipid droplet size, and altered mitochondrial respiration. Together, our data in a cell culture system provides evidence for a role of PTK2B in the differentiation of murine beige adipocytes.
α,ω-Diphenylpolyenes and Related Compounds

Representatives of this series, up to n = 8, have been synthesized by Kuhn and Winterstein long ago (269). In each set they obtained the same end product, even when ten different routes had been followed. Although the all-trans configuration had been proved by X-ray studies for the samples n = 3 and 4 [Hengstenberg and Kuhn (160)], the existence of cis forms was predicted by Kuhn and Winterstein (270) (p. 8). In 1939 Cook and Jones wrote (71): “…the behaviour of diphenyl-hexatriene and -octatetraene on a chromatographic column after irradiation in benzene-petroleum ether solution…indicates the formation of labile (cis-) isomerides.”
Inheritance of albinism in the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L

Occasional trees of Rhizophora mangle L. have been found in Puerto Rico and South Florida that bear approximately one fourth albino propagules, apparently a consequence of self-pollination and segregation for a recessive gene. Counts of propagule types on a series of trees that produce albino propagules showed that the albino class is sometimes smaller than one fourth of the total, suggesting that there may be a variable degree of outcrossing.
ciclesonide in the Management of Asthma

Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid (ICSs) approved in most countries for the management of persistent asthma. Although inhaled corticosteroids are first-line therapy in the treatment of asthma, long term use and high-doses of these products may result in significant side effects. When developing a new ICSs, the goal is to identify a drug with comparable (or superior) efficacy to active comparators, and an improved safety profile. Ciclesonide is a prodrug which is administered through a hydrofluoroalkane- propellant metered dose inhaler (HFA-MDI). Once it reaches the lungs, the parent compound is metabolized by esterases to des- isobutyryl ciclesonide (des-CIC), an active metabolite with a 100-fold greater affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor. Ciclesonide has a unique pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile which confers an improved therapeutic ratio. Several clinical trials have shown that its efficacy is superior to placebo and similar to several active comparators. However, its high pulmonary deposition and on-site activation minimizes the risk for local side effects. Also, its low oral bioavailability, high hepatic clearance, and extensive plasma protein binding, among other factors, decrease the risk for systemic side effects. Doses of ciclesonide as high as 1280 µg/day (ex-actuator) result in minimal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression, a measure commonly used to assess systemic bioavailability for an ICSs. This review will provide a summary of ciclesonide’s role in the management of asthma, including a discussion of relevant clinical trials designed to evaluate its efficacy and safety.
OntOWLClean: Cleaning OWL ontologies with OWL

OWL is now very widely used for ontology development and several attempts have been made at incorporating OntoClean analysis into an OWL-based tool. I present here an OWL ontology representing the basic OntoClean distinctions, and a tool and methodology for applying it to OWL ontologies. I briefly touch on the semantic issues implied by using OWL Full syntax to characterize the OntoClean meta-properties as properties of OWL Classes, and how that was solved to employ an off-the-shelf OWL DL reasoner to check the OntoClean constraints on the taxonomy.
Head and Neck Neuroendocrine Tumors

The head and neck region contains a number of disparate organs ranging from skin to brain, and many of the neuroendocrine tumors of these organs have been discussed elsewhere in this book (skin, thyroid, and pituitary gland). Extra-adrenal paragangliomas, although also discussed elsewhere, will be mentioned and discussed briefly as they pertain to the ear and upper aerodigestive tract. This chapter will concentrate on neuroendocrine tumors of the ear, upper aerodigestive tract, and salivary glands. Focusing on these entities leaves only a few head- and neck-specific tumors to discuss, including middle ear adenoma, neuroendocrine carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract and salivary glands, uncommon and unique neuroectodermal tumors of the area, and, as mentioned, paraganglioma. Even if taken together, these tumors are exceedingly rare and little is known regarding the genetics of the tumors. While this limits our discussion, it does leave open some exciting avenues of possible research.
Tender, red skin in a 5-year-old

An uncomfortable 5-year-old girl with progressively tender, red skin that began as fine crusting around her eyes, nose, and mouth 2 days ago.
Fraud, Anonymization, and Privacy in the Internet: A Database Perspective.

Data is everywhere, and manifests itself in various formats. Data can be publicly available and can be privately owned. Data can be persistent on a server or ephemeral in a data stream. Society depends on data and hence the security, privacy and reliability of the data are critical in diverse ways. In this talk I will touch on various security aspects of data in different contexts that arise in diverse internet applications.
NASA's Understanding of Risk in Apollo and Shuttle

Mathematical risk analysis was used in Apollo, but it gave unacceptably pessimistic resultsand was discontinued. Shuttle was designed without using risk analysis, under the assumptionthat good engineering would make it very safe. This approach led to an unnecessarily riskydesign, which directly led to the Shuttle tragedies. Although the Challenger disaster wasdirectly due to a mistaken launch decision, it might have been avoided by a safer design. Theultimate cause of the Shuttle tragedies was the Apollo era decision to abandon risk analysis.
Viral RNA structure-based strategies to manipulate translation

Viruses must co-opt the cellular translation machinery to produce progeny virions. Eukaryotic viruses have evolved a variety of ways to manipulate the cellular translation apparatus, in many cases using elegant RNA-centred strategies. Viral RNAs can alter or control every phase of protein synthesis and have diverse targets, mechanisms and structures. In addition, as cells attempt to limit infection by downregulating translation, some of these viral RNAs enable the virus to overcome this response or even take advantage of it to promote viral translation over cellular translation. In this Review, we present important examples of viral RNA-based strategies to exploit the cellular translation machinery. We describe what is understood of the structures and mechanisms of diverse viral RNA elements that alter or regulate translation, the advantages that are conferred to the virus and some of the major unknowns that provide motivation for further exploration. Eukaryotic viruses have evolved a variety of ways to manipulate the cellular translation apparatus. In this Review, Jaafar and Kieft present important examples of viral RNA-based strategies to exploit the cellular translation machinery.
Repair of membrane hyperpermeability in L. plantarum during partial reversal of lipid deficiency.

Previous studies suggest that the reduced amino acid accumulation capacity of pantothenate-deficient L. plantarum is caused by a lipid deficiency which results in membrane hyperpermeability. The accumulation defect can be reversed by supplying such cells with saturated or unsaturated fatty acids which are incorporated into the major lipid constituents. Simultaneous measurement of 3H-amino acid uptake and 14C-fatty acid incorporation revealed that some unsaturated fatty acids promote an 80% reversal of the amino acid accumulation deficit when the cells have taken up only enough fatty acid to replace 12 to 20% of the lipid deficit. Apparently, only a small fraction of the absent lipid plays a decisive role in membrane permeability.
Concepts of Reality and Śūnya from the Perspective of a Physicist

This paper discusses the philosophical concepts of Reality, Śūnya, and Śūnyatā which are integral parts of many Hindu and Buddhist scriptures from the perspective of a physicist. Amazingly, these concepts find strong parallels in areas of modern physics such as quantum physics and cosmology. These concepts in modern physics will be explained, and it will be shown that they have strong resemblance to these concepts mentioned in Indian scriptures. Especially intriguing is the finding of the lack of objective reality, subjective role of observer, and nonrealistic interpretation of quantum phenomena. Some speculations, on how this close agreement between such completely diverse areas could come about, will be also presented.
Causality and History: Modes of Causal Investigation in Historical Social Sciences

Studies at the confluence of history and social science address issues of causation in three ways: morphological, variable-centered, and genetic. These approaches to causal investigation differ wit...
Evaluation of a Role for Prolactin in Growth and the Photoperiod-Induced Growth Response in Sheep

An experiment was conducted to determine whether prolactin is involved in growth or in mediating the photoperiod-induced growth response in sheep. Prolactin was manipulated by im injections of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB154) or sc injections of ovine prolactin (oPRL) and by two light:dark regimens (16L:8D and 8L:16D). Fifty-six wether lambs (two/pen) were allotted to one of four treatments for a 9-wk growth study. Treatments were: 1) 16L:8D, placebo injections; 2) 16L:8D, CB154 injections; 3) 8L:16D, placebo injections and 4) 8L:16D, oPRL injections. Daily injections of CB154 (.1 mg/kg body weight.75), oPRL (.8 mg/kg body weight.75) or placebo were in 1 ml volume. Animals were fed ad libitum a complete mixed diet. At wk 8, plasma prolactin concentrations at 3 to 6 h postinjection were 214, 3, 90 and 228 ng/ml for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Pattern of feed intake, measured at 8-h intervals for a 48-h period, was affected by photoperiod. Animals exposed to the 16L:8D photoperiod consumed 40.0, 42.4 and 17.6% of their total daily feed intake during the first 8 h of light, second 8 h of light and 8 h dark interval, respectively. Those exposed to the 8L:16D regimen consumed 55.2, 22.2 and 22.6% during their 8-h light interval, first 8 h of dark and second 8 h of dark, respectively. Both cumulative gain and feed intake were greater in 16L:8D control animals than in those animals receiving CB154.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design and Test of a Combined PV and Battery System Under Multiple Load and Irradiation Conditions

The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) energy source along with a battery energy storage system (BESS) is investigated under several system conditions. The study examines the responses of the system under varying levels of solar irradiation of the PV model due to weather conditions. We also test the system while changing the load condition with fixed solar irradiation. An electromagnetic transient program (EMTP)-type model has been developed to simulate the power system and the related control circuitry. The system consists of three types of converters a boost DC/DC converter, a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and the grid-imposed DC/AC inverter. Different simulation scenarios are tested and evaluated. The simulation results demonstrate how the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control would react corresponding to the irradiation state. The DC link voltage and the state of charge of the battery (SOC) are affected as well.
Generalized Empirical Method in the Biological Sciences

Robert Henman’s article, Can brain scanning and imaging techniques contribute to a theory of thinking?(Henman, 2013) came to my attention recently. My own work over the years has included applications of mathematics in the biological sciences, collaboration in experimental work in biochemistry, as well as work in the philosophy of the biological sciences. Henman suggests something that, at present, would be out of the ordinary. As I understand it, throughout the paper he develops the view that “refl ection on one’s own performance” would contribute to helping us move toward an improved heuristics in the biological sciences and, in particular, would help us toward better identifying reductionist views. In the last section of his article Henman points to what Bernard Lonergan called “generalized empirical method”: Generalized empirical method operates on a combination of both the data of sense and the data of consciousness: it does not treat of objects without taking into account the corresponding operations of the subject: it does not treat of the subject’s operations without taking into account the corresponding object (Lonergan, 1985, p. 141). A method that would include attention to operations would be new. But, is it needed? Is such a method even feasible? These questions are for the community to gradually sort out. Still, it is possible to draw attention here to questions that, in various ways, continue to surface in the contemporary biological sciences: How are we to assemble, order, hold together, or move forward, with increasingly vast ranges of aggregates of results from developing areas such biophysics; biochemistry; neurochemistry; behavioural science; and cognitive science (Agoritas and Guyatt, 2013),1 and the many emergent interdisciplinary areas of specialization? The evidence is that they all have important contributions to make. At the same time, each area has its own expertise, its own data, its own understandings and strategies. Henman suggests the possibility of a development in method for biological sciences that would not only be informed by results from each area, but would include attention on what one is doing in each area to get those results. Such a tandem approach would help meet the challenge described in the previous paragraph. Learning how to implement such a method would, though, be a long term project for the scientifi c community, and would involve a major shift. Yet, developments in method are not new in the history of science, so that in itself should not discourage. Henman’s section on Generalized Empirical Method includes helpful preliminary pointers toward what would be an important development in scientifi c method. Admittedly, a generalized empirical method is rather remote to present practice. But such a method would be coherent with the essential dynamics of scientifi c progress, and if implemented, promises to be a way toward new and practical results. Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences
Emerging Therapies for Prehospital Control of Hemorrhage.

Abstract Background The aim of this review was to describe emerging therapies that could serve as a prehospital intervention to slow or stop noncompressible torso hemorrhage in the civilian and military settings. Hemorrhage accounts for 90% of potentially survivable military deaths and 30%-40% of trauma deaths. There is a great need to develop novel therapies to slow or stop noncompressible torso hemorrhage at the scene of the injury. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed (1966 to present) for therapies not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for noncompressible torso hemorrhage in the prehospital setting. Therapies were divided into compressive versus intravascular injectable therapies. Ease of administration, skill required to use the therapy, safety profile, stability, shelf-life, mortality benefit, and efficacy were reviewed. Results Multiple potential therapies for noncompressible torso hemorrhage are currently under active investigation. These include (1) tamponade therapies, such as gas insufflation and polyurethane foam injection; (2) freeze-dried blood products and alternatives such as lyophilized platelets; (3) nanoscale injectable therapies such as polyethylene glycol nanospheres, polyethylenimine nanoparticles, SynthoPlate, and tissue factor–targeted nanofibers; and (4) other injectable therapies such as polySTAT and adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium. Although each of these therapies shows great promise at slowing or stopping hemorrhage in animal models of noncompressible hemorrhage, further research is needed to ensure safety and efficacy in humans. Conclusions Multiple novel therapies are currently under active investigation to slow or stop noncompressible torso hemorrhage in the prehospital setting and show promising results.
Thresholds of perceivable color difference in silicone: A pilot study

Purpose: The relationship of instrument measured color difference to observer perception of color difference is not currently well-defined in applications related to color for facial prosthetic devices. Determining the threshold of perceivable color difference (âˆ†E) in silicone will improve the quality of patient treatment and allow for better applications of technology in the production of facial prostheses. The purpose of this study is to determine the threshold of perceivable color difference in silicone and to examine if this threshold varies with light versus dark colors, and/or among three different observer groups. Material and Methods: Two sets of 40 silicone samples (one simulating light skin and one simulating dark skin) were compared to one standard sample. Sample color was measured using a portable spectrophotometer, and âˆ†E values between each sample and a standard sample were calculated (Commission Internationale de lâ€™Eclairage CIE (L*a*b*)). Samples were shown to 29 subjects from three groups (12 professionals who work with color, 6 patients with a facial prosthesis, and 11 laypeople) in random order next to a standard sample under controlled viewing conditions. Subjects were asked â€œDo these samples appear to be the same color?â€ and responses were analyzed to calculate the âˆ†E value of the threshold of perceivable color difference in silicone for each subject. Subject thresholds were used to determine average thresholds for each subject group, and for all participants.Results: No significant difference in the thresholds of perceivable color difference among the three subject groups, or between light and dark sample sets was found. âˆ†E = 1.025 was calculated as the average threshold of perceivable color difference. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that âˆ†E = 1.0 can be used as a threshold of perceivable color difference in silicone used in facial prosthesis fabrication. Understanding this threshold will be useful in evaluating and integrating technology into the color-matching process of prosthesis production. It can also be used as a clinical standard for color difference comparisons and quality control in prosthetic outcomes. (Int J Maxillofac Prosthetics 2020;3:12-22)
Investigation of the effect of super-resolution in nonlinear inverse scattering

The idea that a solution to a nonlinear inverse scattering problem (ISP) can contain information about the target on a subwavelength scale and thus allow one to achieve super-resolution (spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit) has been around since the 1990s. However, a solid mathematical theory of super-resolution in nonlinear image reconstruction is still lacking. In this paper, we investigate the effect of super-resolution in nonlinear ISPs (both analytically and numerically) by analyzing several inverse problems in which the limit of spatial resolution can be defined precisely. The conclusions we obtain are not optimistic. Although it is possible to create examples of exactly solvable models in which account of nonlinearity in the ISP results in additional mathematically independent equations (one such example is shown herein), our results indicate that super-resolution is not achievable in any practical sense. Rather, we find that the linear subspace of possible solutions to a band-limited linearized ISP is transformed into a more general curved manifold due to the effects of nonlinearity. In the one-dimensional problem with realistic interaction that we have considered, the manifold can have a slightly smaller dimensionality that the subspace of solutions to the linearized problem but it does not contract to a point and the effect is practically insignificant.
Lactate Limits T Cell Proliferation via the NAD(H) Redox State.

Summary Immune cell function is influenced by metabolic conditions. Low-glucose, high-lactate environments, such as the placenta, gastrointestinal tract, and the tumor microenvironment, are immunosuppressive, especially for glycolysis-dependent effector T cells. We report that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which is reduced to NADH by lactate dehydrogenase in lactate-rich conditions, is a key point of metabolic control in T cells. Reduced NADH is not available for NAD+-dependent enzymatic reactions involving glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH). We show that increased lactate leads to a block at GAPDH and PGDH, leading to the depletion of post-GAPDH glycolytic intermediates, as well as the 3-phosphoglycerate derivative serine that is known to be important for T cell proliferation. Supplementing serine rescues the ability of T cells to proliferate in the presence of lactate-induced reductive stress. Directly targeting the redox state may be a useful approach for developing novel immunotherapies in cancer and therapeutic immunosuppression.
The Importance of Family Members in Love Letters

In an analysis of the love letters of 10 couples living in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries in the United States or Europe, close family members were typically mentioned early and often in the letters. Letter writers told lovers about family members and family members about lovers and reported on the process of the family acceptance of the lover. Letter writers expressed concern and caring for members of the lover’s family and were told of expressions of caring for them from members of their lover’s family. Family members would reach out to a lover and a lover would reach out to members of the other’s family. These findings suggest the possibility that in an escalating couple relationship in some cultural contexts the couple is not an isolated dyad. They may be connected to their families of origin and communicating that to their lover and perhaps quite possibly looking forward to a committed couple relationship in which family members of one or both of them will have a significant place. Culture intersects these matters in a number of ways, including the etiquette of what is said about one’s own and the other’s family in letter writing, cultural expectations for where married couples will live, cultural ideas about the role of male family authorities in the lives of unmarried women, and cultural expectations regarding in-law relationships and exchanges of help between married couples and their families of origin.
48 Evaluation of soybean cultivars for forage yield and nutritive qualities

Equine producers frequently utilize legumes, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata), as forages in their feeding programs. Due to challenges related to production and shipping in the Southeast, producers may be looking for other viable legume options to reduce feeding costs. Soybean (Glycine max L.) may prove to be a useful option. The current study evaluated 3 forage soybean varieties (V), ‘Tower of Leaves’ (T), ‘Stonewall’ (S), and ‘Laredo’ (L), and 2 grain varieties, ‘AG64 × 8’ (A) and ‘AG79 × 9’ (X), during the 2019–2020 growing seasons for forage yield and nutritive value. Row spacing (RS; 36 and 71 cm), harvest height (HH; 10, 15, and 20 cm), and location [E.V. Smith Research and Extension Center (EVS) and Wiregrass Research and Extension Center (WG)] were also evaluated. Plots were harvested using a small plot harvester. A subsample was dried in a 55°C forced air oven and then ground to 1 mm. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was determined using NIRS analysis. Wet chemistry was performed on 10% of samples for verification. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was determined using batch culture inoculated with an equine fecal matter (10%) and buffer solution (90%) mixture. This study was a randomized, complete block design (n = 4) and stats were analyzed using PROC Glimmix of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC). There was no effect of RS on any parameter evaluated (P > 0.17). All dependent variables were affected by HH (P
The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare's Poetry

1. Shakespeare and English poetry 2. Shakespeare's banquet of sense: 'Venus and Adonis' 3. 'My tongue shall utter all': constraint and complaint in 'Lucrece' 4. Mysteries of the Sonnets 5. 'All in war with time': progeny, poetry, and entropy in the Sonnets 6. Friendship and love, darkness and lust: desire in the Sonnets 7. Solitary and mutual flames: 'A Lover's Complaint' and 'The Phoenix and the Turtle' 8. Passionate pilgrims: fantasies of Shakespearean authorship Further reading.
Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens in the Pediatric Population: A Life-threatening Condition.

Abstract Background Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is a rare complication of deep venous thromboembolism that can have life-threatening consequences. It is more commonly reported in the adult population, and rarely in the pediatric population, especially in a healthy child. Case Report We report a case of a healthy 7-year-old girl who presented with right leg pain and fever, found to have a thrombus involving her inferior vena cava and right lower extremity. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? This case illustrates the importance of early recognition and a multimodal approach to treatment of phlegmasia cerulea dolens.
Interface Studies of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites

In both continuous- and discontinuous-fiber aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC) the interface plays a major role in fracture. The interface chemistry and crystallography of both graphite/aluminum continuous-fiber and silicon carbide/aluminum (SiC/Al) discontinuous-fiber MMCs were observed on ion beam thinned specimens in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The fracture mode and fracture surface chemistry of SiC/Al MMCs were investigated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) combined with inert ion sputtering. The materials investigated were representative of the discontinuous-fiber SiC/Al composite (ARCO, SILAG) and the particulate SiC/Al composites (DWA) at the time of the study. The TEM results show that an oxide is present at some of the SiC/Al interfaces, often in the form of γ-Al 2 O 3 (along with MgAl 2 O 4 when the aluminum matrix contains magnesium). The fracture path is not dominated by the interfacial failure but is primarily a matrix failure path. The more ductile the matrix, the less interfacial fracture. The large volume fraction of silicon carbide plays a major role in the fracture behavior by influencing the localized volume of material being deformed. Some of the fracture energy may have been reduced due to prior formation of dislocation networks due to thermal coefficient of expansion mismatch between the silicon carbide and the aluminum matrices. These networks were not apparent in the particulate SiC/Al MMC. Both fine-grained γ-Al 2 O 3 and small amounts of coarse-grained Al 4 C 3 were found in the interfaces of the as-received graphite/aluminum composite specimens. During heat treatment, some of the Al 4 C 3 phase grows into and along the graphite fiber surface.