cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Supplemental Tutorial for Using z-Tree in a Non-Interactive Accounting Experiment

As described in the z-Tree tutorial (Fischbacher 2002), use of the z-Tree software for designing and administering research experiments is quite straightforward. z-Tree is likely to be a viable alternative for accounting researchers interested in administering a computerized experimental game, and it could offer some advantages over web-based administration or use of complicated spreadsheet tools. With little or no programming experience and no familiarity with z-Tree, a researcher can likely program the example experiment described herein to be functional within a day and ready to administer within a week. Thus, one appeal of z-Tree is the ease of programming and execution and possibly reduced investment of time by the researcher. This tutorial describes use of the z-Tree software to program a non-interactive accounting research experiment; as such, it should serve as a supplemental and more specific tutorial, with many illustrations, for accounting researchers considering using the z-Tree program.
Toichiro Kuwabara on Dave Cogan

In this interview, Dr. Kuwabara recounts his first meeting with Dr. Cogan and describes his work at the Howe Laboratory, their pioneering research on diabetic retinopathy, histochemical and electronmicroscopical studies. This warm recollection exemplifies the mutual respect and deep friendship between Drs. Kuwabara and Cogan.
Discrete stochastic process monitoring for large-scale distributed circuits

A motivation and basis for a new type of state space mapping which will find various applications, including power system control centers, is presented. The underlying principle involves the characterization of pertinent stochastic information in a three-dimensional manner. Traditionally, such information has been manipulated with two-dimensional approaches. Some features of the proposed framework are similar to electromagnetic monitoring schemes applied in optics and radar backscattering problems, with the exception that appropriate means for automatic control of the associated stochastic events are also provided. >
Sequential PN acquisition scheme based on a fuzzy logic controller

One of the most important problems to be solved in a DS-SS system is the acquisition of the PN sequence. In time-varying environments this fact becomes even more important because the data decoding depends on the performance of the acquisition and tracking. In this work a new sequential acquisition system based on a fuzzy logic controller is proposed. The fuzzy logic controller extracts rellevant information about the transmission conditions improving the the stability and robustness of the receiver.
Binding properties of the human complement protein Clq.

Abstract The interaction between human Clq and immunoglobulins was measured quantitatively by determining the ability of IgG, IgM, and (Fc)5µ to inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled Clq to IgM covalently linked to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose. The following inhibition constants were determined: Ki for IgM = 6.42 x 10-6 m; Ki for (Fc)5µ = 4.35 x 10-6 m; and Ki for IgG = 1.10 x 10-4 m. The heat aggregation of IgM and IgG increased the ability of these proteins to bind 125I-labeled Clq, but had no significant effect on the binding properties of (Fc)5µ. The binding between the 125I-labeled Clq and the IgM-Sepharose complex was inhibitable with aromatic and alkyl diamino compounds. The most potent inhibitor was 2,5-diaminotoluene.
A random walk approach to modeling the dynamics of the blogosphere

It is important to develop intuitive and tractable generative models to simulate the topological and temporal dynamics of the blogosphere because these models provide insights about its structural evolution. In such generative models, independent instances of individual bloggers are initiated and these instances interact with each other to simulate the evolution of the blogosphere. Existing generative models of the blogosphere have certain limitations: (1) they do not simultaneously consider the topological and temporal properties, or (2) they utilize the global information about the blogosphere that is typically not available. In this paper, we propose a novel generative model for the blogosphere based on the random walk process that simultaneously considers both the topological and temporal properties and does not utilize the global information about the blogosphere. The results of our experiments show that the proposed random walk based model successfully captures the scale-free nature of both topological and temporal dynamics of the blogosphere.
Upgrading shortest paths in networks

We introduce the Upgrading Shortest Paths Problem, a new combinatorial problem for improving network connectivity with a wide range of applications from multicast communication to wildlife habitat conservation. We define the problem in terms of a network with node delays and a set of node upgrade actions, each associated with a cost and an upgraded (reduced) node delay. The goal is to choose a set of upgrade actions to minimize the shortest delay paths between demand pairs of terminals in the network, subject to a budget constraint. We show that this problem is NP-hard. We describe and test two greedy algorithms against an exact algorithm on synthetic data and on a real-world instance from wildlife habitat conservation. While the greedy algorithms can do arbitrarily poorly in the worst case, they perform fairly well in practice. For most of the instances, taking the better of the two greedy solutions accomplishes within 5% of optimal on our benchmarks.
Stability and Chaos in Passive-Dynamic Locomotion

Human locomotion is a complicated process, controlled and actuated by the neuro-muscular system. Tad McGeer [8], however, studied bipedal walking and completely neglected the neuro-muscular system in his models. Some of his machines, powered only by gravity, can walk stably and somewhat anthropomorphically down shallow slopes. We have continued study of the dynamics of McGeer-like physical and mathematical biped models that have little or no actuation or control. This paper summarizes some of our results.
Building business intelligence applications having prescriptive and predictive capabilities

Traditional Business Intelligence applications have focused on providing a one shop stop to integrate the enterprise information. The resulting applications are only capable of providing descriptive information viz: standard and ad-hoc reporting and drill-down capability. As part of an effort to provide prescriptive and predictive capability, we demonstrate a new architecture, methodology and implementation. Based on Cognos Business Intelligence platform and ILOG optimization engine, we showcase a truly predictive application that enables an optimal decision making in real-time analytical scenario.
An effect of penetrating ions on magnesium efflux from rat small intestine, in vitro.

Abstract Incubation of isolated intestinal segments in varying concentrations of sodium, potassium, and lithium showed magnesium-ion displacement from the mucosal cells during and in the absence of glucose absorption. The extent of this displacement appears to be a function of monovalent cation entry into the epithelial surface as no loss of magnesium occurred when relatively non-permeable substitutes for electrolytes were used. It is suggested that a possible role of penetrating ions on the intestinal epithelium may be the unbinding of membrane magnesium for participation in regulating passive permeability, Magnesium unbinding may also be associated with activation of mucosal ATPase, possibly necessary for increased activity of the sodium pump.
Numerical Simulation of Supersonic and Hypersonic Turbulent Compression Corner Flows

A relaxation turbulence eddy viscosity model is incorporated to solve the complete Navier-Stokes equations for supersonic and hypersonic flows over a two-dimensiona l compression corner. The system of equations is solved by a time-split, second-order accurate numerical scheme. Details of the relaxation process are studied. In general, using the relaxation model, the eddy viscosity value in the outer layer of the separation region is reduced substantially, and good improvement in the prediction of upstream pressure propagation is obtained for a Mach number of 2.96 and Reynolds number of 10 7, with wedge angle of 25°. However, the application of the relaxation model to hypersonic flow at Mach number 8.66 and Reynolds number of 22 x 106, with highly cooled wall, shows unfavorable effects on heat transfer and skin friction in the reattachment and recompression regions.
Review of Archaeological Preservation and Civil Engineering Professional Practice

AbstractArchaeological sites continue to be discovered and explored around the world. The archaeological materials buried within these sites can be of great cultural significance, but the process of exploration and preservation is challenging in these fragile and complex environments, especially in high population areas with substantial development. Civil engineers are often engaged with archaeologists in one of two roles, either as first finders on construction sites or as active contributors in preservation efforts on existing archaeological sites. In both cases, the effect of the interactions between the two parties can be elevated through improved understanding of archaeological needs, with the goal of establishing more routine and productive collaborations. A review of the professional intersections between the civil engineering profession and the archaeological community is presented in this paper. In the last few decades, there have been increased legislative efforts to protect archaeological sites...
Revisiting Major Discoveries in Linguistic Geometry with Mosaic Reasoning

Abstract In discovering the nature of the Primary Language of the human brain introduced by J. von Neumann, two components have been investigated. The first component is Linguistic Geometry (LG), the algorithm of optimizing war-fighting strategies. LG's universal applicability in various domains and its power in generating human-like strategies suggested that LG should be a component of the Primary Language. The second component is the algorithm of inventing new algorithms. This paper researches the role of mosaic reasoning, a component of the Algorithm of Discovery, in obtaining the key results in LG such as the algorithms for generating trajectories and zones.
Distribution and abundance of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Laikipia, Kenya, 1979-2004.

Patas monkeys may be especially vulnerable to local extinction because they live in relatively small, female-philopatric groups at low densities and are strongly polygynous. We assessed a patas monkey population in Kenya's 9,700 km2 Laikipia District over 25 years, using data collected in 1979–1981 and 1992–2004. The data were based on intensive observations of three study groups, “on the ground” counts, and surveys of Laikipia residents. In 1979–1981, a minimum of 415 patas monkeys lived in 14–15 groups. By 2000, the best estimate suggested 310–445 patas monkeys living in 13–17 groups over a greater surveyed area, suggesting that patas monkeys in Laikipia may have undergone a slight decline in numbers over time. Their distribution, however, was similar over time. The relative stability of this population has likely been the result of beneficial co-existence with large-scale cattle ranching. Outside Laikipia, substantial habitat alteration from rising human populations has coincided with the near disappearance of patas monkeys where they were previously more numerous. The small population in Laikipia, probably the largest remaining in Kenya, may therefore be critical to the continued existence of patas monkeys in that country and may be dependent on maintenance of large-scale ranches. Such land use provides patas monkeys with water and broad expanses of Acacia drepanolobium woodlands, the habitat to which patas are restricted in Laikipia. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1223–1235, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computer-navigated joint-replacement surgery

Computer-navigated total joint arthroplasty (TJA) surgery is a recently introduced technique used to improve alignment of total knee and total hip replacement surgeries. Alignment of components has been found to be associated with implant longevity in TJA. Recent clinical studies of computer navigation surgery have shown a decrease in variability of component positioning and limb alignment. However, no long-term clinical data is available regarding the impact of computer-navigated TJA. The widespread adoption of computer navigation in TJA will be dependent on clinical outcomes and cost–effectiveness. Rising implant costs and large healthcare spending on TJA procedures will force further scrutiny of the incremental cost of computer navigation.
The ESCAR Helium Refrigeration System

The ESCAR cryogenic system, with its two distribution loops offers many advantages. The system models the kind of system that can and should be used in future accelerators. The refrigerator cold box, with its turbine expanders, and the helium screw compressor system represent a significant step in the development of reliable helium refrigeration systems.
High Precision Position Readout for Large Area Neutron Detectors

A new, continuous subdivided readout system for large area position sensitive thermal neutron detectors is described. The centroid of induced charge is determined by convolution of the multiplexed subdivision outputs with a linear centroid finding filter. The position output is a continuous linear function of the particle position over the whole length of the detector. The method is shown to have high position resolution with a small signal (avalanche size), very high inherent position accuracy and linearity and a short total processing time.
Electrodeposition of Fe-Ni-Co alloys Part I: Direct current deposition

Effects of hydrodynamic conditions, current density and solution temperature on the d.c. electrodeposition of Fe−Ni−Co alloys have been investigated with stationary planar and rotating cylindrical electrodes. The deposition rate of Fe showed mass transfer effects at cathodic potentials ≤−1.35 V/sce. Deposition of Ni appeared to be kinetically controlled; deposition of Co appeared to be under kinetic control at potentials ≥−1.35 V/sce but under mixed control at −1.65 V. Current efficiency of the codeposition process increased with increasing current density and decreased with increasing rotation rate. Higher solution temperatures and rotation rates extended the applied current density range where smooth, adherent, and metallic-looking deposits could be obtained. An increase in solution temperatures also decreased anomalous codeposition of Fe−Ni−Co. Calculations based on the Hessami-Tobias model provide qualitative agreement with dependence of experimental electrodeposition on applied current density, hydrodynamics and temperature.
Hybrid computer simulation of wind-driven ocean currents

This paper describes the application of a hybrid computer in the simulation of wind-driven ocean currents. The simulation is based on the mathematical model developed by Ekman. Pure digital simulation is not economical due to excessive computer time required for the solution of the partial differential equations in the model. In the hybrid computer simulation, the ability of the analog computer to solve differential equations fast and the data handling capability and programming simplicity of the digital computer are taken advantage of. The results of the computer simulation for the simplified case of a step-function change in wind show good agreement with the results obtained by other investigators. Actual time-series wind data measured from a fixed buoy were used to calculate the wind stress, which was used as input to the model. The currents computed during the simulation were then compared to currents measured concurrently with the wind data. The current meter records contained tidal components superimposed on the wind-driven currents; so statistical time-series analysis techniques were applied in correlating the data and the computer results.
Time is money—or is it?: Estimating the costs of informal caregiving

In this issue of Neurology , Hickenbottom et al. estimate the annual costs of informal care for elderly patients with stroke in the United States to be $6 billion.1 This estimate was based on interview data from a representative cohort of the community-dwelling US elderly population aged 70 and over. This estimate would presumably be higher if younger community-dwelling patients as well as institutionalized patients (many of whom receive some unpaid caregiving) were also included. Nevertheless, informal caregiving costs for stroke would not likely exceed 20% of the recent estimate of $43 billion for other direct and indirect costs of stroke care in the United States.2 In deriving their estimate, the authors make several assumptions: 1) respondent (or proxy) reports of physician-diagnosed stroke are accurate; 2) respondents (or their proxies) accurately report the hours of informal care; 3) statistical adjustment for various covariates associated with the use of informal care allows accurate quantification of the additional hours of informal care attributable specifically to stroke; 4) all individuals surveyed live a full year, and their informal caregiving is constant over the year; and 5) the opportunity cost of informal caregiving provided by a retired elderly person is the same as the national median wage for a home health aide. Although these assumptions could be tested and refined, the authors’ assumptions are typical of similar studies for other conditions (e.g., AD). Certainly, the authors’ estimate of less …
Failure to replicate effect of visual pattern restriction on brain and behaviour.

KEEPING rats in conditions of environmental complexity affects their brain and behaviour1. For example, cortical weight and the activity of the enzyme Cholinesterase (ChE) both increase when expressed as a function of brain weight and the activity of the more specific enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreases. An appealing explanation of these cerebral effects of experience is that they reflect work done by the brain during learning2, but an alternative hypothesis, suggested by the work of Singh, Johnston, Klosterman and myself3–6, suggests that the effects of environmental complexity may be due to increased visual pattern experience. The work reported here, however, casts doubt on this alternative, for I have failed to repeat these effects of differential visual pattern experience on rat brain.
Impact of ocean carbon system variability on the detection of temporal increases in anthropogenic CO2

[1] Estimates of temporal trends in oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) rely on the ability of empirical methods to remove the large natural variability of the ocean carbon system. A coupled carbon-climate model is used to evaluate these empirical methods. Both the ΔC* and multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques reproduce the predicted increase in dissolved inorganic carbon for the majority of the ocean and have similar average percent errors for decadal differences (24.1% and 25.5%, respectively). However, this study identifies several regions where these methods may introduce errors. Of particular note are mode and deep water formation regions, where changes in air-sea disequilibrium and structure in the MLR residuals introduce errors. These results have significant implications for decadal repeat hydrography programs, indicating the need for subannual sampling in certain regions of the oceans in order to better constrain the natural variability in the system and to robustly estimate the intrusion of anthropogenic CO2.
The Effects of Cost and Asset Retrenchment on Firm Performance: The Overlooked Role of a Firm’s Competitive Environment

When firms face declining financial performance, research suggests that cost and asset retrenchment can lead to improved performance among poorly performing firms. However, previous studies have largely focused on firms operating in mature industries. This research develops and tests arguments that cost and/or asset retrenchment strategies will have different effects on firm performance in competitive environments characterized as growing and declining. In growth industries, asset retrenchment was positively related to performance improvement while cost retrenchment was unrelated. In declining industries, cost retrenchment was positively related to improved performance while asset retrenchment had a negative effect on firm performance. Implications of these findings for turnaround strategies are discussed.
The impact of information technology on US industry

Abstract This work analyzes firm-level investment in information technology and corresponding productivity through the use of a production function over the period from 1995 to 1997. The results are then compared to previous studies that utilized similar data and methodologies to compare productivity estimates over time. The analysis indicates that investment in IT enhances productivity over the period in question and has illustrated increasing returns over time. It cites such factors as advanced computer processing, software applications and Internet related technology, that facilitate communication of information, as potential drivers of productivity. This work then ranks US industries according to IT intensity and categorizes industry groups as either high, normal or low IT intensity. Once again, through the use of economic theory, we estimate productivity of investment in IT according to industry grouping and find that the higher IT intensive group experienced greater returns from investment in information technology.
Evidence for the Onset of Semi-inclusive Scaling in Proton-Proton Collisions in the 5 0 − 3 0 0 − GeV c Momentum Range

Evidence is presented to support the onset, in the $50\ensuremath{-}300\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ region of incident momentum, of the asymptotic prediction of Koba, Nielsen, and Olesen regarding the scaling behavior of the charged-prong multiplicity distribution in proton-proton collisions. Lower-energy data, typified by data at $19\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$, are found not to demonstrate this limiting behavior.
Trigeminal Neuralgia —Symptoms, Diagnosis, Classification, and Related Disorders—

Abstract Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) causes sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief stabbing recurrent pains in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Radiological examination is not required, however, patient interview and physical examination are necessary for diagnosis alone. When a patient is diagnosed with TN, an MRI is recommended to exclude tumor, cyst or multiple sclerosis, irrespective of the patient's age. From the etiological viewpoint, TN is classified into primary or idiopathic TN and secondary or symptomatic TN. From the symptomatic viewpoint, TN is classified into typical TN and atypical TN. Atypical TN, trigeminal neuropathy, pretrigeminal neuralgia, and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) are also described.
Immune responses to HIV and SIV in mucosal tissues: 'location, location, location'.

Purpose of review This review summarizes research literature regarding mucosal immunity to HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), with an emphasis on work published within the past 18 months. Recent findings Notable recent studies have focused on the pivotal events occurring within mucosal tissues during acute HIV/SIV infection that serve to establish a balance between detrimental immune activation and beneficial adaptive responses. In cervicovaginal mucosa, an early inflammatory response leads to recruitment of susceptible target cells. At this acute stage, the in-vivo ratio between CD8+ effector cells and infected CD4+ T-cells may be critical for limiting viral dissemination. Acute infection is also accompanied by loss of germinal center architecture and T/B cell apoptosis in Peyer's patches of the gastrointestinal tract. During chronic infection, mucosal CD8+ T-cells may play a role in immune control, as suggested by studies of elite controllers. Summary Mucosal tissues serve as the major portal of entry for HIV, and house a majority of the body's lymphocytes, including CD4+ T-cells that are targets for infection. Recent studies have focused renewed attention on events occurring immediately after transmission, and underscore the concept that the balance between inflammation and protective immunity is established by host responses in mucosal tissues.
Integrating patient and worker safety policies.

Within the United States a number of federal and state legislative efforts, federal agency regulatory initiatives, and public/private policy efforts have attempted to improve patient safety or health care worker safety, but these initiatives have typically not been linked, in either conceptual development or implementation. Recently, policymakers and stakeholders have acknowledged that the two areas are inherently connected and that efforts to improve safety for frontline health care workers have not been adequately coordinated with initiatives addressing patient safety. Experts at prominent organizations recommend that subsequent discussions involve the integration of patient and worker safety advocates and strategies. This article was commissioned to stimulate discussion at a recent workshop in which nationally recognized patient and worker safety advocates participated in an open forum with discussion focused on policies impacting the U.S. hospital sector, resulting in an overall assessment of efforts ...
The congressional fellowship as an ethnographic extravaganza

I knew my undergraduate degree in anthropology would come in handy one day. I never guessed, though, that with a Ph.D. in geology and two years of postdoctoral experience under my belt (and my anthropology days far behind), AGU would choose me for a year-long, total-immersion ethnographic extravaganza of my very own. I have been dropped into the proverbial wilds, to live among the natives to attempt to understand their culture in all its byzantine ritual, hierarchy, and ceremony.
Examining racial differences in the effect of popular sports participation on academic achievement

Abstract Using data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, this study employs propensity score modeling to measure the effects of participation in varsity football (among men) and varsity basketball (among men and women) in the 10th grade on students’ GPAs and math test scores in the twelfth grade. This study also investigates whether the effect of sports participation on student achievement differs between black and white students. The results show that participation in varsity football negatively affects the 12th grade GPAs of black, but not white, men but does not affect the math test scores of either of these subgroups. Moreover, varsity basketball participation leads to higher GPAs in the 12th grade among white, but not black, women. Implications of the different operationalizations of sports participation, the investigation of different student subpopulations, and the different methods of analysis are discussed.
Length reduction of tapered N x N MMI devices

The length of N/spl times/N multimode interference-based (MMI) devices scales as the square of the MMI region width, and as a result, the use of these structures for large-N applications can require large chip areas. We discuss the N/spl times/N applications of a recently proposed MMI structure that has smaller device dimensions than conventional multimode interference structures. Numerical simulations of such structures and design rules are presented. Limitations on device performance are discussed.
Effects of visual cues on the standing body sway of males and females.

6 male and 6 female Ss, in a standing position, were exposed for 4 min. to the following conditions: eyes closed, vertical luminous red, horizontal luminous rod, diagonal right luminous rod, eyes closed—body lean left, and eyes open with view of experimental room. Each student was tested in a single session, with the six conditions presented according to their position in a Latin square design. Power spectral density analysis of body sway showed little influence of the visual system in the maintenance of static equilibrium. Possible effects of the visual system in more active or stressful body conditions were discussed.
Multicentre study comparing aggressive behaviour of familial non‐medullary thyroid carcinoma and sporadic thyroid cancer

Background Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer represents about 5 per cent of all thyroid cancers of follicular cell origin. Whether familial non-medullary thyroid cancer is more aggressive than sporadic thyroid cancer is controversial. Methods Each patient with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer was matched with three controls for age, sex and tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage of disease. Possible prognostic factors were compared in relation to recurrence, metastases and mortality rate in both groups. Univariate analysis was performed using contingency table analysis and McNemar's χ2 test for paired measurements. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate factors significant in univariate analysis. Results Forty-eight cases (ten men) and 144 matched controls (30 men) were analysed with a mean follow-up of 102 and 94 months respectively. The mean age was 39 years for cases and 46 years for controls. Some 29 per cent of the cases and 12 per cent of the controls had history of prior or coexistent benign thyroid disease (P < 0·05). Ninety-four per cent of cases and 90 per cent of controls had papillary cancers; the remainder were Hurthle cell cancers. Based on TNM staging, there were 66 per cent stage I, 21 per cent stage II and 13 per cent stage III tumours in the familial non-medullary thyroid cancer group; the distribution was similar in the control group. Modified radical neck dissection was performed in 42 per cent of cases and 22 per cent of controls. Multifocal or bilateral disease was seen in 75 per cent of cases and 41 per cent of controls (P < 0·05); 35 per cent of cases and 16 per cent of controls had at least one recurrence (P < 0·05). Ten per cent of cases and 2 per cent of controls developed distant metastases (P < 0·05). Six per cent of cases but no controls died from thyroid cancer (P < 0·05). In patients with familial non-medullary thyroid cancer aged over 45 years (n = 14), distant metastases affected four, of whom three died. In multivariate analysis, age was the only significant variable that affected the disease outcome (P < 0·01). Conclusion Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer is more aggressive than sporadic thyroid cancer and is associated with increased recurrence, metastasis and death, especially in patients over 45 years of age. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Fertility labor force participation and tastes: an economic psychology perspective.

Abstract Economic and economic psychology models of wife's labor force participation and family size decisions are examined within the context of a marriage cohort. Among other results, it was found that tastes influence the demand for work and number of children, along with traditional economic determinants such as opportunity costs and income. Tastes have an especially strong impact when modeled as unobservables, in order to correct for measurement error. Further, the often observed empirical association between labor force participation and fertility is found to be spurious and not necessarily causal in nature. That is, labor force participation and fertility negatively covary largely as a consequence of common economic and taste antecedents and not due to reciprocal interactions. Hypotheses were tested using a new structural equation methodology.
Assessing Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Affirmative Training in Couple and Family Therapy: Establishing the Validity of the Faculty Version of the Affirmative Training Inventory

This study established the validity and factor structure of the Faculty Version of the Affirmative Training Inventory (ATI-F), which assesses faculty members’ perceptions of the level of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) affirmative training that occurs in clinical programs. Additionally, this study examined the latent associations among the subscales of the ATI-F and three convergent validity items utilizing a sample of 117 faculty members from accredited family therapy programs. The findings provide empirical support for the relationship between including classroom content on LGB affirmative therapy and faculty members’ beliefs about LGB individuals and relationships. Specifically, faculty members who report more positive beliefs about LGB clients appear to be more likely to include LGB affirmative therapy content in the courses they teach.
Neonatal maternal separation-induced changes in glucocorticoid receptor expression in posterior interpositus interneurons but not projection neurons predict deficits in adult eyeblink conditioning

Neonatal maternal separation impairs adult eyeblink conditioning. This impairment is correlated with increases in adult glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the posterior interpositus nucleus [A.A. Wilber, C. Southwood, G. Sokoloff, J.E. Steinmetz, C.L. Wellman, Neonatal maternal separation alters adult eyeblink conditioning and glucocorticoid receptor expression in the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum, Developmental Neurobiology 67 (2007) 1751-1764], a key structure in the neural circuitry controlling eyeblink conditioning. To further localize this effect, we assessed adult eyeblink conditioning and GR expression in projection versus interneurons in the interpositus of rats that had undergone standard rearing or maternal separation (1h/day) on postnatal days 2-14. At 3 months of age, interpositus neurons were labeled with the retrograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). After delay eyeblink conditioning, brains were processed immunohistochemically for GR and BDA labeling of interpositus neurons. GR expression was quantified in BDA-labeled and unlabeled neurons. Neonatal maternal separation impaired adult eyeblink conditioning. Control rats had significantly less GR expression in posterior interpositus BDA-unlabeled versus BDA-labeled neurons, but this difference was absent in maternally separated rats. While neonatal separation significantly increased GR expression in BDA-labeled and unlabeled posterior interpositus neurons, only GR expression in non-BDA-labeled neurons was associated with eyeblink conditioning. Thus, neonatal maternal separation may alter interneuronal modulation of interpositus output neurons, producing deficits in adult eyeblink conditioning.
Guidelines for the Design and Analysis of Studies on Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in Humans: Summary Report From a Workshop of the International Consortium for Oral Clefts Genetics

Abstract Objective: The members of the International Consortium for Oral Clefts Genetics recognize the need for collaboration between researchers involved in etiologic studies of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate and cleft palate. To address this need, the consortium established four working subcommittees: diagnostic and phenotypic assessment, molecular genetic studies, epidemiologic data collection and analysis, and genetic data collection and analysis. These subcommittees were charged with the development of guidelines for data collection and analysis that would facilitate both a priori and a posteriori comparisons and pooling of data from multiple centers. This report presents summary statements of the four subcommittees.
Aggregative oviposition of a phytophagous beetle overcomes egg‐crushing plant defences

1. Gregarious behaviours in phytophagous insects are common, but their adaptive value is rarely well understood. In the present study, we document a novel case of cooperative behaviour, the aggregative oviposition of a leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni Paykull, and the realised fitness benefit of overcoming a plant defensive response (wound tissue production). 2. In laboratory choice-tests, females exhibited aggregative oviposition, characterised by (i) a preference for twigs already infested by conspecifics, and (ii) positioning of new egg masses adjacent to existing ones. Field observations supported laboratory results, showing that P. viburni egg masses are most commonly found aggregated in large clusters. 3. In a field experiment using three host plants (Viburnum dentatum L., Viburnum opulus L. and Viburnum×bodnantense Aberc. ex Stearn), mean egg survivorship and twig mortality increased, while twig wound response decreased, with an increasing level of infestation. Egg survivorship was consistently higher on twigs that died than on twigs that remained alive. 4. Overall, these results suggest that, by aggregating their egg masses, P. viburni females overwhelm the twig wound response, often killing the twig in the process. Aggregative oviposition and low defences of V. dentatum to P. viburni could have facilitated the establishment and spread of this beetle in its introduced range (northeastern North America), in areas where V. dentatum is abundant.
Estimating the environmental costs of soil erosion at multiple scales in Kenya using emergy synthesis

The intrinsic value of soil to national, regional and local agroecological and economic productivity in sub-Saharan Africa is not adequately manifestinfinancialplanninganddecisionmaking,challenginglong-termsustainabilityasthatresourcedegrades.Whileeffortstointernalize the external costs of soil erosion in monetary units are available in the literature, we offer an alternative approach based on emergy synthesis, which enumerates the value of soil based on the environmental work required to produce it rather than based on surveys or derived pricing techniques. Emergy synthesis integrates all flows within a system of coupled economic and environmental work in common biophysical units (embodied solar energy or solar emjoules—sej), facilitating direct comparisons between natural and financial capital. Insight into long-term sustainability of human economic production and its basis in natural capital stocks is achieved via a suite of emergy-based indices. Our objective was to provide context for the magnitude of soil erosion losses within the larger resource basis of the Kenyan economy at three scales. Our results suggest that erosion losses at the national scale (4.5E21 sej/yr) are equal in magnitude to national electricity production or agricultural exports (equivalent to $ 390 million annually or 3.8% of GDP). This significant hidden, long-term cost is magnified in the selected district economies. In particular, in Nyando district (a densely populated rural district in western Kenya) we estimate that soil erosion represents over 14% of total emergy flows. The soil intensity of agriculture (SIA = agricultural yield/soil loss, both in emergy units) of Nyando (2.25) illustrates a severely marginalized agricultural sector in comparison with the nation as a whole (SIA = 7.56) or other nations (SIAUSA = 81.9,SIABrazil = 15.6).Soilloss measurements across land uses typical in westernKenyaallowedemergyevaluation ofdifferential costs and benefits; soil loss represented between 12 and 62% of total emergy use (subsistence agriculture SIA = 8.13, communal rangeland SIA = 1.62). By quantifying the ecological costs of soil erosion in units directly comparable with flows in other sectors of the economic system, we provide a baseline measure of sustainability against which appropriate investment (i.e., scaled to problem magnitude, targeted to hot-spots) in soil conservation may be evaluated. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Automatic video summarization for wireless and mobile environments

In this paper, we propose a novel video summarization technique using which we can automatically generate high quality video summaries suitable for wireless and mobile environments. The significant contribution of this paper lies in the proposed clustering scheme. We use Delaunay diagrams to cluster multidimensional point data corresponding to the frame contents of the video. In contrast to the existing clustering techniques used for summarization, our clustering algorithm is fully automatic and well suited for batch processing. We illustrate the quality of our clustering and summarization scheme in an experiment using several video clips.
In search of an organizing principle for the behavioral science literature

Knowledge about man, the philosophical concern of the "anthropological sciences" in the early 19th century, has now become a unifying concept for the scientific study of human behavior. The literature of the behavioral sciences and of the field of mental health, however, remains to be unified. The worldwide system of bibliographic organization, conceptually rooted in the late 19th century, needs to be supplemented by a bibliographic superstructure that can show the progress of the behavioral sciences. The paper proposes an orbital rather than a classified system as a bibliographic organizing principle, suited to the "anthropotropic" orientation of the behavioral science literature.
Native American race, use of the Indian Health Service, and breast and lung cancer survival in Florida, 1996-2007

We evaluated associations of race, primary payer at diagnosis, and survival among patients diagnosed in Florida with lung cancer (n = 148,140) and breast cancer (n = 111,795), from 1996 through 2007. In multivariate models adjusted for comorbidities, tumor characteristics, and treatment factors, breast cancer survival was worse for Native American women than for white women (hazard ratio [HR], 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.20) and for women using the Indian Health Service than for women using private insurance (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.33–2.19). No survival association was found for Native American compared with white lung cancer patients or those using the Indian Health Service versus private insurance in fully adjusted models. Additional resources are needed to improve surveillance strategies and to reduce cancer burden in these populations.
Advanced Clinical States in Prostate Cancer

The classification of clinical disease states within advanced prostate cancer is set apart from other solid tumors largely through measurement of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. This testing has allowed the distinction between the castration-sensitive and the castration-resistant states, to complement radiographic distinction within advanced prostate cancer. This has paved the way for advances in prognostication and treatment of patients within a heterogeneous disease group. Currently used clinical classifications have limitations and continue to evolve. The authors define the current disease states and discuss implications for prognosis and treatment decisions, as well as the limitations of existing classifications and emerging discoveries.
Microfluidic Electroporative Flow Cytometry for Studying Single-Cell Biomechanics

Biomechanical properties of cells yield important information on the disease state of cells such as transformation and metastasis. Screening of cells based on their biomechanical properties provides rapid tools for label-free diagnosis and staging of cancers. However, existent single-cell techniques for measuring biomechanical properties suffer from low throughput (<1 cell/min). This prevents the application of these assays to a large cell population, which produces information with statistical significance. In this study, we applied microfluidics-based electroporative flow cytometry (EFC) that combined electroporation with flow cytometry to study deformability of cells at the single-cell level with a throughput of approximately 5 cells/s. The cell swelling during flow-through electroporation was recorded in real time. We believe that the degree of such swelling was indicative of the cell deformability and the cytoskeleton mechanics. Three cell types (MCF-10A, MCF-7, and 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-treated MCF-7) with different malignancy and metastatic potential were tested using our approach. We found that the more malignant and metastatic cell types exhibited more swelling due to higher cell deformability. Furthermore, the disruption of microtubules by colchicine caused substantial change in the EFC results, which confirmed that EFC data strongly reflected the cytoskeletal mechanics. Finally, the cell type with the highest metastatic potential also suffered the most cell death due to the flow-through electroporation treatment, presumably due to the most substantial cell swelling, which could irreversibly rupture the membrane. EFC provides a new method for examining single-cell biomechanics with high throughput. We believe that this technique will be useful for mechanistic studies of cytoskeleton dynamics and clinical applications such as diagnosis and staging of cancers in general.
Relationships Among Concentrations of Individual Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Congeners, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin Equivalents (TCDD-EQ), and Rearing Mortality of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) Eggs from Lake Michigan

A study was conducted to investigate possible correlations between concentrations of individual polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) and mortality in early life stages of Chinook salmon. Eggs were collected from adult Lake Michigan Chinook salmon in October, 1986, and were analyzed for concentrations of individual PCB congeners and total PCBs. Concentrations of mono- and non-ortho-substituted congeners were determined after fractionation of PCB-containing extracts with a carbon column. Three types of TCDD-EQ were calculated using an additive potency model by multiplying concentrations of individual PCB congeners by each of three different sets of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and summing the products. The mean total concentration of PCBs in the eggs was 7.02 μ/g, wet weight, and measured concentrations of the non-ortho-substituted PCB congeners ranged from 0.2 to 12 ng/g, wet weight. Mean concentrations of TCDD-EQ depended on the set of TEFS which were used in the calculations and ranged from 29 to 514 pg/g. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ were positively correlated with total concentrations of PCBs (r2 = 0.60), although the magnitude of correlations between concentrations of individual non-ortho-substituted congeners and total PCBs were less than those for TCDD-EQ and total PCB. Mortality of eggs and fry differed significantly among clutches of eggs from different females but was not correlated with concentrations of TCDD-EQ, individual PCB congeners, or total PCBs in the eggs.
Tricuspid Valve Fluttering: Echocardiographic Features of Ventricular Septal Defect

M-mode echocardiographic features are presented in four patients with membranous ventricular septal defect. The most consistent echo findings in all the patients were the presence of fuzzy, fluttering echoes of the tricuspid valve during systole. More careful echocardiographic evaluation of the tricuspid valve in ventricular septal defect is therefore recommended.
Measurement of trench depth by infrared interferometry.

Measurement and control of high-aspect-ratio structures such as dynamic random-access memory trenches is an important step in the manufacture of modern memory devices. We present a novel technique based on infrared interferometry that has been implemented in manufacturing and is capable of measuring sub- 0.25-mum -wide and 10-mum -deep trenches nondestructively and with an accuracy of better than 0.1mum .