cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Modeling of Robotic Fish With a Flexible Caudal Fin

Among the various designs of robotic fish, tail-actuation is particularly attractive since it is simple, enables both swimming and turning, and allows a rigid body for housing sensors and electronics. In this paper we present a new dynamic model for robotic fish propelled by a flexible tail that is actuated at the base, and explore the effect of stiffness of the tail beam on the locomotion performance of the robot. The tail is approximated by multiple rigid elements connected in series through rotational springs and dampers, to effectively and efficiently capture the large deformation of the beam. The hydrodynamic force on each segment is evaluated with Lighthill’s large-amplitude elongated-body theory. Model analysis shows that, given the same base movement, the stiffness of the tail has a prominent influence on the tail dynamics and the resulting motion (e.g., speed) of the robotic fish. Experiments are conducted on a robotic fish prototype when it is mounted with a rigid and flexible tail, respectively. The results show that the model is able to predict the motion of the robot for both cases, when the tail base is actuated with a variety of patterns. The model is expected to be instrumental in the optimization and control of robotic fish.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Evaluation of 10MeV Proton Irradiation on 5.5 Mpixel Scientific CMOS Image Sensor

We evaluate the effects of 10 MeV proton irradiation on the performance of a 5.5 Mpixel scientific grade CMOS image sensor based on a 5T pixel architecture with pinned photodiode and transfer gate. The sensor has on-chip dual column level amplifiers and 11-bit single slope analog to digital converters (ADC) for high speed readout and wide dynamic range. The operation of the sensor is programmable and controlled by on-chip digital control modules. Since the image sensor features two identical halves capable of operating independently, we used a mask to expose only one half of the sensor to the proton beam, leaving the other half intact to serve as a reference. In addition, the pixel array and the digital logic control section were irradiated separately, at dose rates varying from 4 rad/s to 367 rad/s, for a total accumulated dose of 146 krad(Si) to assess the radiation effects on these key components of the image sensor. We report the resulting damage effects on the performance of the sensor including increase in dark current, temporal noise, dark spikes, transient effects and latch-up. The dark signal increased by about 55 e-/pixel after exposure to 14 krad (Si) and the dark noise increased from about 2.75e- to 6.5e-. While the number of hot pixels increased by 6 percent and the dark signal non uniformity degraded, no catastrophic failure mechanisms were observed during the tests, and the sensor did not suffer from functional failures.
Chemical synthesis of p-nitrophenyl β-sophoroside and p-nitrophenyl β-laminarabioside

Abstract Condensation of tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -glucopyranosyl bromide with p -nitrophenyl 4,6- O -benzylidene-β- d -glucopyranoside followed by appropriate deblocking reactions gives rise to an approximately equimolar mixture of p -nitrophenyl β-sophoroside and p -nitrophenyl β-laminarabioside. The two glycosides are readily separated and isolated in pure form by cellulose-column chromatography.
Clinical hepatic imaging with paramagnetic positive enhancers.

At the present time, there are two types of paramagnetic positive enhancers for hepatic imaging in the United States. One is gadolinium (DTPA) and nonionic forms, and the other is manganese DPDP. Gadolinium derivitives cause the liver to become hyperintense relative to tumors. However, the signal intensity may vary with time. Mn-DPDP causes the liver to be positively enhanced while tumors are negative defects, thus contrasted against the hyperintense background. Both agents have advantages and drawback. During the past 4 years, we have had the opportunity to evaluate both agent. The following will be a clinical summation of our experience with these two compounds. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
International Service–Learning: An Opportunity to Engage in Cultural Competence

One-day international service–learning projects are an opportunity for nursing students to engage in learning cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. At XXX University, faculty developed these international service–learning projects in Mexico where students participated in health promotion teaching for children and families and providing health care for older adults. The purpose of this article is to describe 3 types of student experiences gained during 1-day international service–learning projects. We named these experiences cultural communication, cultural confidence, and cultural surprise.
Meniscal tears and articular cartilage damage in the dislocated knee

Knee dislocations can cause significant damage to intra-articular knee structures, but currently there are limited data reporting articular cartilage and meniscal injuries in this setting. The purpose of this study is to (1) report the rate of concomitant intra-articular injuries at the time of multiligament reconstruction for knee dislocation, (2) determine whether the pattern of ligament injury is associated with the presence of chondral and meniscal injuries, and (3) assess the relationship between timing of surgery and incidence of chondral and meniscal injuries. The records of patients who sustained a knee dislocation between 1992 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients included for further review had a PCL-based multiligament knee injury or a minimum of three disrupted ligaments, both indicative of knee dislocation. Patient demographics, ligament injury patterns, meniscal tears and chondral injuries at arthroscopy, and interval from injury to surgery were recorded. Early surgical intervention was defined as 12 months. Data analysis compared ligament injury pattern with chondral and meniscal injuries, as well as the rates of intra-articular injury by timing of surgery. One-hundred and twenty-one patients (122 knees) were included (93 males, 28 females) with a median age at time of surgery of 31 years (range 15–62). Ninety-three knees (76 %) had associated chondral or meniscal injury. Sixty-seven knees (55 %) presented with meniscal tears (26 isolated medial, 27 isolated lateral, and 14 combined medial/lateral), while 52 knees (48 %) had chondral damage, most commonly in the medial compartment. Schenck classification as well as side of injury did not demonstrate consistent relationships with intra-articular injury. A higher incidence of damage to the lateral femoral condyle (20 % vs 3 %; p = 0.02), lateral tibial plateau (20 % vs 2 %; p < 0.01), and patella (40 % vs 13 %; p = 0.01) was found in the chronic group compared to the early group. The chronic group contained significantly more patients with bicompartmental and tricompartmental chondral lesions (25 % vs 6 %; p = 0.03 and 10 % vs 0 %; p = 0.02, respectively). Meniscal tears and chondral damage occur frequently in patients with a knee dislocation. A longer interval from injury to surgical reconstruction is associated with higher rates of articular cartilage lesions, especially in multiple compartments. IV.
Cell culture quality control by rapid isoenzymatic characterization.

Procedures that involve cell cultures require careful quality control to avoid inter- and intraspecies contamination. We have developed and electrophoresis technique that can be used routinely in cell culture laboratories to monitor cell line integrity. The method involves the isoenzymatic separation of nine polymorphic enzymes, three of which can be used for cell line species determinations and seven of which can be used for human cell line characterizations. Examples of how the system has been applied to both inter- and intraspecies identifications are described. The routine application of this protocol would be a valuable asset for laboratories concerned with establishing effective cell culture quality control.
Fatigue life prediction of copper single crystals using a critical plane approach

Abstract A critical plane multiaxial fatigue criterion was employed to predict the fatigue life of copper single crystals. The detailed stress–strain response was obtained through the constitutive modeling using a newly developed crystal plasticity theory. The constitutive model was capable of capturing the major deformation features of copper single crystals under cyclic loading including the cyclic stress–strain curves, cyclic hardening behavior, and the evolution of the hysteresis loops with increasing number of loading cycles. Fatigue life prediction of the single crystal copper was conducted based upon the stress–strain response obtained from the cyclic plasticity model. The fatigue criterion takes into account the plastic strain localization within a single crystal. The critical plane (cracking plane) was identified as the material plane where the fatigue damage accumulation first reached a critical value. For copper single crystals with the crystal orientations being within the standard crystallographic triangle, the fatigue criterion can predict both fatigue life and cracking direction consistent with the experimental observations. More importantly, the constants used in the fatigue criterion were found to be identical to those used for the pure polycrystalline copper with different grain sizes and texture.
Translation Exposure Hedging Post SFAS No. 52

Translation exposure hedging is frequently said to have begun after firms adopted SFAS No. 8 and assumed to have ceased–or at least decreased–after adoption of SFAS No. 52 due to different treatments of translation gains (losses). Based on proprietary data, this study presents evidence from a small sample of firms which would be predicted to cease hedging translation exposure, but of which the majority did not. The study focuses on eighteen firms which exclude at least 50% and up to 100% of the translation gains (losses) from the income statement after adopting SFAS No. 52. Of those eighteen firms, only seven ceased hedging. The other eleven firms not only continued hedging translation exposure, but hedged translation exposure of only those subsidiaries whose translation gains (losses) are now excluded from the income statement. Characteristics which might explain the different decision are investigated: proportion of assets which are nonmonetary; the proportion of net assets located abroad; the geographic dispersion of subsidiaries; and the estimated effect on the balance sheet and income statement of changing from the temporal method to the current rate method of translation. Univariate test results indicate that the geographic dispersion of die foreign subsidiaries as well as the proportion of net assets located abroad differ significantly between firms which ceased hedging and those which continued hedging after adopting the standard. Weak evidence of differential effects of the change to the current rate method on individual firm income statements and of different composition of assets between the two groups also was found. Multivariate analysis, using a linear probability model as well as a randomization procedure, provided weak results corroborating the significance of the proportion of net foreign assets to consolidated assets in differentiating between firms which ceased hedging and those which continued.
Sticking probability of oxygen molecules on single crystals of germanium

Abstract The sticking probability α of oxygen molecules in a molecular beam impinging on single-crystal wafers of germanium was determined by a gravimetric technique. The value of α = 0.04 was obtained for surface temperatures between 460 ° and 900 °C and for gas temperatures between 30 ° and 450 °C prior to expansion in generating the molecular beam. Under the conditions of this work, the molecules of oxygen sticking to the surface formed volatile germanium monoxide. It is believed that α represents a steric factor, oxygen molecules being adsorbed only if they lie flat on the surface prior to adsorption.
Analysis and Precautionary Measures for T23 Steel Water Wall Leakage of 1000MW Ultra-Supercritical Tower Boiler

Taking the case of the T23 steel water wall leakage in a 1000MW ultra-supercritical tower boiler as an example, the reasons why the T23 steel water wall leakage of this type tower boiler may take place easily were analyzed from several aspects such as the material characteristics of T23 steel, the jointing and welding technology, the heat sensitivity of water walls and the rationality of operating ways. Then the measures to decrease water wall leakage were brought in, which improved the operating security of the tower boiler.
The influence of modifier genes on the intensity and stability of self-incompatibility in cabbage

Four inbred cabbage lines have been derived from a single parental plant through several generations of selfing. Two inbreds have been found homozygous for an “S1” allele while the other two are each homozygous for “S2”. Each inbred is self-incompatible, cross-incompatible with the inbred carrying the same “S” allele, and fully cross-compatible with inbreds carrying the other “S” allele. The S1 and S2 pairs of inbreds were each found to consist of one inbred with very high self-incompatibility (mean seed set of 0.15–0.25 seeds per pod) and one inbred with less intense self-incompatibility (mean seed set of 1.25–1.70 seeds per pod). For the S1 pair, flower to flower and plant to plant variation in seed set per pod was much larger for the less incompatible inbred that for the highly incompatible inbred. Further, incompatibility expression of the less incompatible inbred was influenced by temperature variation while that of the highly incompatible inbred was stable under different temperature regimes. The F1 between the two inbreds of high and low incompatibility with the common “S1” allele behaved like the less incompatible parent. F2 plants showed intermediate intensities of selfincompatibility as well as variation for both lesser and greater intensities than those exhibited by the parents. The variations of self-compatibility and the sensitivity to environmental differences are considered to be conditioned by genes which modify incompatibility expression of the “S” alleles.
ATP as a positive effector of the sodium efflux in single barnacle muscle fibers.

A study has been made of the mechanism by which the injection of ATPNa2 stimulates the ouabain-insensitive Na efflux in fibers from the barnacle, Balanus nubilus. The results of this study are as follows: ATPNa2 is found to be a more potent effector of the Na efflux in unpoisoned fibers than ATPMg on an equimolar basis, but not more potent than ADPNa2. In ouabain-poisoned fibers ATPNa2 and ATPMg are equipotent but the former is more potent than ADPNa2. The magnitude of the response to ATPNa2 injection into ouabain-poisoned fibers depends on: (i) the ouabain concentration used; (ii) the concentration of ATPNa2 injected, and (iii) the external Ca2+ concentration. Ouabain is without effect when it is applied at the time of ATPNa2 injection. Responsiveness to ouabain, however, is found to return if the glycoside is applied after complete decay of the response to ATP. Under these conditions, the effect of ouabain in fibers injected with ATPNa2 is significantly less than in fibers injected with ATPMg. Preinjection of EGTA in high concentrations fails to reduce the size of the response to ATPNa2 injection. Injection of Mg2+ following peak stimulation by ATP almost completely reverses the response. The response to Mg2+ is concentration-dependent. Ryanodine but not neomycin reduces the response to ATP. ATPγS is not as effective as ATPNa2. Nor is AMP-PNP consistently as effective as ATPNa2. Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that the response of the Na efflux to ATPNa2 injection involves the operation of the putative Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in the reverse mode and that a raised Cai2+ is not an absolute requirement. They also strongly suggest that two other governing factors are the Na+ gradient across the sarcolemma and the myoplasmic pMg. Mg2+ seems to act as an inhibitor.
Antimitochondrial Antibody in Diagnosis of Liver Disease

Excerpt To the editor: Failure to recognize that the usefulness of a diagnostic test in differential diagnosis is related to the prevalence of the diseases requiring differentiation may lead to err...
The Results of Catheter-Based Therapy Compared With Surgical Repair of Adult Aortic Coarctation

A review was performed to compare the results of endovascular therapy (stenting and angioplasty) with surgical techniques to repair adult aortic coarctation. The immediate improvement in hypertension and the morbidity were similar across all groups. Surgical therapy was associated with a very low risk of restenosis and recurrence, whereas endovascular therapy had a much higher incidence of restenosis and the need for repeat interventions. The long-term outcome of endovascular approaches will need to be assessed in the future.
The prevalence of sequences homologous to IS256 in clinical enterococcal isolates.

Abstract Using dot blot hybridization techniques and an internal IS256 probe, we screened 103 clinical enterococcal isolates for the presence of sequences homologous to IS256. Most screened isolates exhibited resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents. Overall, hybridization to the internal IS256 probe was demonstrable in 88/103 (85%) isolates, 49/53 (92%) gentamicin-resistant isolates hybridized with the IS256 probe. In addition, 34/45 (76%) gentamicin-susceptible, aph2″(-) strains possessed sequences homologous to IS256. Southern hybridization experiments indicated that IS256 was frequently present in multiple copies in gentamicin-susceptible strains. These results suggest that IS256 is highly prevalent in clinical enterococcal isolates and that we may anticipate the emergence of novel, IS256-based composite mobile elements.
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia; assessment of the response to platelet transfusions.

The response to platelet transfusions was studied in two patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Antibodies to platelets were detected in one patient who had failed to respond to platelet transfusions, and bled during and after surgery despite fresh whole blood transfusions. The other patient had no detectable antiplatelet antibodies, exhibited improved platelet function when normal platelets were added to her platelet-rich plasma and experienced a favorable response to platelet transfusions during major surgery. These cases demonstrate the importance of antiplatelet antibodies as a determinant of a patient's response to platelet transfusion, the value of this therapy in qualitative platelet disorders, and the potential usefulness of in vitro studies to predict the outcome of platelet transfusions in such patients.
Factors associated with anal sphincter laceration in 40,923 primiparous women

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with anal sphincter laceration in primiparous women. A subpopulation of 40,923 primiparous women at term with complete data sets was abstracted from a state-wide perinatal database in Germany. Outcome variable was anal sphincter laceration. Independent variables were 17 known obstetrical risk factors/conditions/interventions impacting childbirth recorded on the perinatal data collection sheet. Cross table analysis followed by logistic regression analysis was used for data analysis. Logistic regression showed episiotomy (OR, 3.23; CI, 2.73–3.80) and forceps delivery (OR, 2.68, CI, 2.17–3.33) to be most strongly associated with anal sphincter laceration. Women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, and smokers had a significantly lower risk of anal sphincter laceration. Local, pudendal, and epidural analgesia all reduced the risk of anal sphincter laceration. Iatrogenic factors most strongly associated with anal sphincter laceration in primiparous women include routine episiotomy and forceps delivery.
Can Rich Countries Become Pollution Havens

This paper bridges the gap between two-country Ricardian trade models where differences in environmental policies create pollution havens in a poorer region with weaker pollution regulations, and 2 × 2 Heckscher–Ohlin models that predict under certain conditions that pollution havens may occur in a richer region with tighter regulations. By relaxing the Heckscher–Ohlin assumptions of factor price equalization and no specialization, we show how creation of pollution havens in either region is possible, due to the interplay of policy and factor-endowment motives. We also analyze the conditions for creating pollution havens in the cases of exogenous and endogenous environmental policy.
Two forms of blindness: On the need for both cultures

Abstract C.P. Snow's famous lecture was concerned with a problem he perceived in post-war British education. I focus on what relevance Snow's worries might have to contemporary American education and contemporary American culture. My central thesis is that the United States, and other affluent democracies, are often prey to two forms of short-sightedness, one that embodies attitudes of distrust (or worse) toward the consensus views of natural scientists, and another that dismisses the potential contributions that the humanistic disciplines might make.
Q 1114–2846: a quasar–galaxy binary

On rapporte la detection d'une paire quasar-galaxie dont les deplacements vers le rouge sont identiques et la separation angulaire est de 5 secondes d'arc
Rapid tearing along an interface

A half-space composed of two joined elastic quarter spaces of different material properties is subjected to anti-plane surface tractions parallel to the interface. We investigate the case that the application of the surface tractions instantaneously gives rise to rupture at the surface trace of the interface. A zone of rupture, or delamination, subsequently propagates at a relatively large velocity as a stress-free crack along the interface. Wave motions in the two quarter spaces are analyzed, and the elastodynamic stress intensity factor of the interface stress is computed. An expression is derived for the rate of energy flux into the propagating crack tip.
Late Cretaceous genesis of the Kula plate

Abstract We propose that the Pacific-Kula ridge began spreading approximately 85 m.y. B.P., during Late Cretaceous time. Extrapolation of the Great Magnetic Bight backwards in time results in an implausible ridge configuration. This implies that plate velocity vectors for the Pacific, Kula, and Farallon plates were not constant during this interval. Evidence for splitting of the Kula plate from the Pacific plate along the Chinook trough is the relationship between the north-striking Amlia and Adak fracture zones, the Chinook and Emperor troughs, and the magnetic lineations south of the Aleutian trench. If this hypothesis is correct, it will require that Mesozoic reconstructions of the Pacific basin and their relation to Cenozoic reconstructions be re-examined. A previously unrecognized Mesozoic plate may be required. We propose calling this the Izanagi plate.
Separation and detection of peroxynitrite and its metabolites by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection

Abstract A method for the separation and direct detection of peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) and two of its degradation products, nitrite (NO 2 − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ), using capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection is described. The separation parameters were optimized and included electrokinetic injection, a run buffer consisting of 25 mM K 2 HPO 4 7.5 mM DTAB, pH 12, and a field strength of −323 V/cm. A diode array UV detector was employed in these studies as it allowed the determination of all three species simultaneously. Nitrate and nitrite provided the maximum response at 214 nm while peroxynitrite generated the best response at 302 nm. All three species could be detected at 214 nm, while simultaneous detection at 214 and 302 nm positively identified each peak.
Regions With Higher Medicare Part D Spending Show Better Drug Adherence, But Not Lower Medicare Costs For Two Diseases

A quarter-century of research on geographic variation in Medicare costs has failed to find any positive association between high spending and better health outcomes. We conducted this study using a 5 percent random sample of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes or heart failure in 2006 and 2007 to see whether there was any correlation between geographic variation in Part D spending and good medication-taking behavior—and, if so, whether that correlation resulted in reduced Medicare Parts A and B spending on diabetes and heart failure treatments. We found that beneficiaries residing in areas characterized by higher adjusted drug spending had significantly more “therapy days”—days with recommended medications on hand—than did beneficiaries in lower-spending areas. However, we did not find that this factor translated into short-term savings in Medicare treatment costs for these two diseases. This result might not be surprising, since returns from medication adherence can take years to manifest. At the same t...
IFN-alpha wakes up sleeping hematopoietic stem cells

The cytokine interferon-α stimulates the turnover and proliferation of hematopoietic cells in vivo ( pages 696–700 ). The findings hint at a new strategy to treat hematopoietic cancers.
VAPoR - Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith - an Instrument for In Situ Detection of Water, Noble Gases, and Organics on the Moon

We present the Volatile Analysis by Pyrolysis of Regolith (VAPoR) instrument design and demonstrate the validity of an in situ pyrolysis mass spectrometer for evolved gas analyses of lunar and planetary regolith samples. In situ evolved gas analyses of the lunar regolith have not yet been carried out and no atmospheric or evolved gas measurements have been made at the lunar poles. VAPoR is designed to do both kinds of measurements, is currently under development at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and will be able to heat powdered regolith samples or rock drill fines up to 1400 C in vacuo. To validate the instrument concept, evolved gas species released from different planetary analogs were determined as a function of temperature using a laboratory breadboard. Evolved gas measurements of an Apollo 16 regolith sample and a fragment of the carbonaceous meteorite Murchison were made by VAPoR and our results compared with existing data. The results imply that in situ evolved gas measurements of the lunar regolith at the polar regions by VAPoR will be a very powerful tool for identifying water and other volatile signatures of lunar or exogenous origin as potential resources for future human exploration.
Application of hormetic UV-C for delayed ripening and reduction of Rhizopus soft rot in tomatoes : the effect of tomatine on storage rot development

The application of ultraviolet-light C (UV-C, 254 nm) hormesis on tomato fruits to stimulate beneficial responses is a new method of inducing host resistance to Rhizopus soft rot, with maximum protection at 72 h following artificial inoculation with Rhizopus stolonifer and delay fruit ripening. In the tomato-Rhizopus soft rot pathosystem, UV-C induced resistance of tomatoes to soft rot was reversed by fluorescent light, and not by storage under dark condition. The present study was aimed at finding a possible fungal toxic mechanism that was involved in the control of Rhizopus soft rot. The development of carotenoids, loss of chlorophyll and ethylene production were significantly retarded during storage after treatment with hormetic doses of UV-C. The delayed ripening of UV-C treated fruits was attributed in part to the high level of putrescine and spermine polyamines. In a time-control study, it was found that the resistance of UV-C-treated tomatoes artificially inoculated with R. stolonifer correlated with a high concentration of tomatine which accumulated up to 72 h after UV-C treatment. However, there was a higher tomatine content in UV-C-treated fruits compared to untreated fruits where it was transitory at 96 h after treatment in the time-course study.
Eco-governmentality revisited: Mapping divergent subjectivities among Integrated Water Resource Management experts in Paraguay

Abstract In this paper I adopt Q methodology to engage critically, constructively, and empirically with Michael Goldman’s (2004, 185) thesis that the introduction of standardized models of environmental governance inscribes on developing county officials an “eco-governmentality” that is both “hegemonic” and “neoliberal”. In particular, I ask what it is that people trained in one of the more pervasive models of market-oriented environmental rule-making – Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) – believe in when they indicate that they support an “integrated” approach to water management. More specifically, I am interested in what it means to IWRM experts in Paraguay to be involved in a policy and planning environment in which it is virtually impossible to avoid entanglement with discourses and technologies of neoliberal rule. The combination of Q method with semi-structured interviews and participant observation techniques permits an empirical examination of the processes of ecogovernmental transformation at multiple scales – from patterns of convergence and divergence in the conceptual mappings of local officials, to coping strategies that individuals adopt in order to sustain themselves and their projects in the face of changing (ecogovernmentalizing) institutional and political contexts, to transformations in regulatory regimes.
The Brown Alga Delmarea attenuata Does Not Occur in New England

Delamarea attenuata (Kjellman) Rosenvinge is a species of brown algae restricted to cold waters of the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. This monotypic genus is distinguished by its unbranched cylindrical parenchymatous axes with a surface layer of large, loosely connected vesicular pigmented cells called paraphyses (Hariot 1889; Kawai and Kurogi 1980; Rosenvinge and Lund 1947). Ovate unilocular sporangia or elongate plurilocular sporangia are typically produced on separate thalli but sometimes on the same thallus (Pedersen 1984). The family Delamareaceae has been recognized by Zinova (1953), primarily on the unique structure of the paraphyses. The order Delamareales was established by Lund (1959), but Pedersen (1974, 1984) argued against ordinal recognition, placing the Delamareaceae within the Dictyosiphonales. Evidence from gene-sequencing analyses, which have included Delamarea, currently places the Dictyosiphonales within a broadly circumscribed Ectocarpales (Draisma et al. 2001). This note is to point out that an error has persisted in the literature regarding the alleged occurrence of this distinctive species in New England (Guiry and Guiry 2007; Sears 1998, 2002; Taylor 1957). Taylor (1957) reported it to occur from both ‘‘southern Massachusetts and Ile Miquelon’’ off the south coast of Newfoundland. The latter location is correct in that Hariot (1889) first described Delamarea from there (as D. paradoxa Hariot). Later, Rosenvinge (1893) recognized that Kjellman’s (1883) Scytosiphon attenuatus, described from Spetsbergen, was a taxonomic synonym that had priority over Hariot’s binomial. Taylor’s (1957) record of Delamarea attenuata from Massachusetts is here questioned. Taylor cited Doty’s (1948) report of Scytosiphon attenuatus from Woods Hole, Massachusetts. It is RHODORA, Vol. 110, No. 942, pp. 231–234, 2008 E Copyright 2008 by the New England Botanical Club
Mixed convection heat transfer from a vertical heated cylinder in a crossflow

Mesure du coefficient de transfert de chaleur par convection mixte de cylindres lisses dans un ecoulement transversal
Cost-effectiveness of a community-level HIV risk reduction intervention.

OBJECTIVES: The authors evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a community-level HIV prevention intervention that used peer leaders to endorse risk reduction among gay men. METHODS: A mathematical model of HIV transmission was used to translate reported changes in sexual behavior into an estimate of the number of HIV infections averted. RESULTS: The intervention cost $17,150, or about $65,000 per infection averted, and was therefore cost-saving, even under very conservative modeling assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: For this intervention, the cost of HIV prevention was more than offset by savings in averted future medical care costs. Community-level interventions to prevent HIV transmission that use existing social networks can be highly cost-effective.
Automated sample-scanning methods for radiation damage mitigation and diffraction-based centering of macromolecular crystals

Automated scanning capabilities have been added to the data acquisition software, JBluIce-EPICS, at the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the National Cancer Institute Collaborative Access Team (GM/CA CAT) at the Advanced Photon Source. A `raster' feature enables sample centering via diffraction scanning over two-dimensional grids of simple rectangular or complex polygonal shape. The feature is used to locate crystals that are optically invisible owing to their small size or are visually obfuscated owing to properties of the sample mount. The raster feature is also used to identify the best-diffracting regions of large inhomogeneous crystals. Low-dose diffraction images taken at grid positions are automatically processed in real time to provide a quick quality ranking of potential data-collection sites. A `vector collect' feature mitigates the effects of radiation damage by scanning the sample along a user-defined three-dimensional vector during data collection to maximize the use of the crystal volume and the quality of the collected data. These features are integrated into the JBluIce-EPICS data acquisition software developed at GM/CA CAT where they are used in combination with a robust mini-beam of rapidly changeable diameter from 5 µm to 20 µm. The powerful software–hardware combination is being applied to challenging problems in structural biology.
JCQ scale reliability and responsiveness to changes in manufacturing process.

Background The job content questionnaire (JCQ) was administered to automobile manufacturing workers in two interviews, 5 years apart. Between the two interviews, the company introduced substantial changes in production technology in some production areas. The aims were: (1) to describe the impact of these changes on self-reported psychosocial exposures, and (2) to examine test–retest reliability of the JCQ scales, taking into account changes in job assignment and, for a subset of workers, physical ergonomic exposures as assessed through field observations. Methods The study population included 790 subjects at the first and 519 at the second interview, of whom 387 were present in both. Differences in demand and control scores between interviews were analyzed by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Test–retest reliability of these scales was evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Spearman's ρ coefficient. Results The introduction of more automated technology produced an overall increase in job control but did not decrease psychological demand. The reliability of the control scale was low overall but increased to an acceptable level among workers who had not changed job. The demand scale had high reliability only among workers whose physical ergonomic exposures were similar on both survey occasions. Conclusions These results show that 5-year test–retest reliability of self-reported psychosocial exposures is adequate among workers whose job assignment and ergonomic exposures have remained stable over time. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:138–147, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Validating The Retail Store Image Concept

The perceived images of seven retail firms encompassing several lines of trade are presented in this paper. To determine these images, data on store attributes and the importance of these attributes were collected from a random sample within selected census tracts of a Southwestern city. The linear compensatory multi-attribute model approach of product attitudes was extended to that of store patronage. The ability of these image models to predict attitudes towards the retail outlets as well as patronage behavior is investigated. In addition, the power of importance weights in these models is statistically examined.
Spatial configurations: Erikson reexamined

In a 1951 study, Erik Erikson reported differences in preadolescents' play constructions. He claimed that his findings reflected differences between males and females in their experience and perception of space. The present study replicated but also expanded the original design. In order to control for possible sex bias of materials, a constructed scene using only blocks was added to Erikson's original design. The results failed to replicate Erikson's findings. In fact, in the construction of scenes from blocks, more females than males built erected structures; this was true across all ages. These findings are in direct contrast to Erikson's results, and they lead to the conclusion that the materials provided, not innate anatomical sex differences, account for the resulting spatial configurations.
Probable Case of Torsades de Pointes Induced by Fluconazole

A 25-year-old woman who was hospitalized for worsening endocarditis had a prolonged QT interval at baseline and developed monomorphic ventricular arrhythmias, which were managed successfully with pacing and antiarrhythmic therapy. Several days later, the patient started receiving high-dose fluconazole for fungemia and subsequently experienced episodes of torsades de pointes, a polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia associated with a prolonged QT interval or prominent U wave on the electrocardiogram. The arrhythmia developed in the presence of known risk factors. Clinicians should be aware of these risk factors and other relevant structural similarities with drugs that cause torsades de pointes so that they can recognize patients who may be at risk for fluconazole-associated arrhythmia.
Are American children's problems getting worse? A 13-year comparison.

Abstract Objective To determine whether the prevalence of children's behavioral/emotional problems changed significantly over a 13-year period. Method Problems and competencies reported by parents and teachers for a random sample of 7 to 16 year olds assessed in 1989 were compared with those reported by parents for a 1976 sample and by teachers for a 1981 to 1982 sample. Parent reports were obtained with the Child Behavior Checklist; teacher reports were obtained with the Teacher's Report Form. Results Problem scores were higher and competence scores were lower in 1989 than in the earlier assessments. The secular changes were small but included diverse problems, syndromes, and competencies. Changes did not differ significantly by age, gender, socioeconomic status, nor black/white ethnicity. Correlations of 0.97 to 0.99 between rankings of item scores across 7.5− and 13-year intervals support the stability of the assessment procedures. Despite increases in problem scores, the 1989 U.S. scores were not higher than those in several other cultures. Conclusions Viewed categorically in terms of caseness, more untreated children in the 1989 than the 1976 sample would be considered to need help. Multicohort longitudinal studies now in progress will test predictors of within- and between-cohort change. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993,32,6:1145–1154.
OPTIMIZATION OF ION ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES

OLE — acceleration of earth with respect to sun and moon ttgat = acceleration of satellite with respect to sun and moon Km^ = moon's gravitational constant Ks* = sun's gravitational constant r = vector distance between satellite and earth "JP = acceleration of satellite with respect to earth R = vector distance between moon and earth fts = vector distance between sun and earth Z = perpendicular distance from equatorial plane a. = right ascension of moon 6 = declination of moon f = declination of sun 17 = right ascension of sun v = right ascension of satellite
Androgens and immunocompetence in salmonids: Specific binding in and reduced immunocompetence of salmonid lymphocytes exposed to natural and synthetic androgens

Abstract Leukocytes from spleen and anterior kidney of both juvenile chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and rainbow trout ( O. mykiss ) demonstrated specific binding of 3 H-testosterone and the synthetic androgen 3 H-mibolerone. Saturation analysis of leukocytes from anterior kidney of rainbow trout using 3 H-mibolerone indicated a single class of high affinity binding sites with K d = 1.04 nM ± 0.31 nM and B max = 0.11 nM ± 0.01 nM . Specific binding of 3 H-mibolerone could be displaced by the natural androgens testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone and by the synthetic androgens mibolerone and 17 α-methyltestosterone, while even 500-fold excess of the known immunosuppressive steroid cortisol did not displace specifically bound 3 H-mibolerone. A link between these steroid binding sites and androgen induced immunosuppression is indicated by the fact that the androgens which demonstrated specificity for the binding sites (testosterone, mibolerone and 17α-methyltestosterone) all significantly reduced the number of antibody producing cells in in vitro cultures of chinook salmon anterior kidney leukocytes.
Intra-experimental income effects and risk aversion

Abstract Harrison's (1986) modification of the Bekker, DeGroot and Marshak (1964) mechanism for eliciting risk preferences is employed to test the hypotheses of expected utility theory (with respect to changes in income): increasing relative risk aversion and decreasing absolute risk aversion. Subjects in the laboratory are shown to exhibit such behavior.
Multi-aspect target identification with wave-based matching pursuits and continuous hidden Markov models

A wave-based matching-pursuits algorithm is used to parse multi-aspect time-domain backscattering data into its underlying wavefront-resonance constituents, or features. Consequently, the N multi-aspect waveforms under test are mapped into N feature vectors, y/sub n/. Target identification is effected by fusing these N vectors in a maximum-likelihood sense, which we show, under reasonable assumptions, can be implemented via a hidden Markov model (HMM). The algorithm performance is assessed by considering measured acoustic scattering data from five similar submerged elastic targets.
The impact of changes in tobacco control funding on healthcare expenditures in California, 2012–2016

Objective This study presents estimates of the impact of changes in California tobacco control funding on healthcare expenditures for 2012–2016 under four funding scenarios. Methods Smoking prevalence is projected using a cointegrated time series regression model. Smoking-attributable healthcare expenditures are estimated with econometric models that use a prevalence-based annual cost approach and an excess cost methodology. Results If tobacco control spending in California remains at the current level of 5 cents per pack (base case), smoking prevalence will increase from 12.2% in 2011 to 12.7% in 2016. If funding is cut in half, smoking prevalence will increase to 12.9% in 2016 and smoking-attributable healthcare expenditures will be $307 million higher over this time period than in the base case. If the tobacco tax is increased by $1.00 per pack with 20 cents per pack allocated to tobacco control, smoking prevalence will fall to 10.4% in 2016 and healthcare expenditures between 2012 and 2016 will be $3.3 billion less than in the base case. If funding is increased to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended level, smoking prevalence will fall to 10.6% in 2016 and there will be savings in healthcare expenditures of $4.7 billion compared to the base case due to the large reduction in heavy smoking prevalence. Conclusions California9s highly successful tobacco control program will become less effective over time because inflation is eroding the 5 cents per pack currently allocated to tobacco control activities. More aggressive action needs to be taken to reduce smoking prevalence and healthcare expenditures in the future.
Understanding genetic risk for substance use and addiction: a guide for non-geneticists.

Abstract There is considerable enthusiasm for the potential of genetics research for prevention and treatment of addiction and other mental disorders. As a result, clinicians are increasingly exposed to issues of genetics that are fairly complex, and for which they may not have been adequately prepared by their training. Studies suggest that the heritability of substance use disorders is approximately 0.5. Others report that family members of affected individuals experience a 4- to 8-fold increased risk of disorder themselves. Statements that addiction is “50% genetic” in origin may be taken by some to imply one's chances of developing the disorder, or that a lack of a positive family history confers immunity. In fact, such conclusions are inaccurate, their implications unwarranted given the true meaning of heritability. Through a review of basic concepts in genetic epidemiology, we attempt to demystify these estimates of risk and situate them within the broader context of addiction. Methods of inferring population genetic variance and individual familial risk are examined, with a focus on their practical application and limitations. An accurate conceptualization of addiction necessitates an approach that transcends specific disciplines, making a basic awareness of the perspectives of disparate specialties key to furthering progress in the field.
The Rate of Fall of Arterial Oxyhemoglobin Saturation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

During breath holding, correlations have been demonstrated between the rate of fall of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (dSaO2/dt) and the following: thoracic gas volume at apnea onset, resting oxygen consumption, preapneic arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) and obesity. A key factor influencing dSaO2/dt is mixed venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (SvO2) as recently demonstrated in an animal model of obstructive apnea. The purpose of the present study was to see if dSaO2/dt was related to SvO2 during sleep in a group of subjects with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and varying levels of SvO2. Eight OSA subjects were studied during sleep with indwelling arterial and central venous catheters. Continuous SaO2 was measured by ear oximetry while continuous SvO2 was measured through the fiberoptic bundle of a Shaw Opticath catheter. Thirty percent or more of all obstructive apneas were scored for duration, preapneic SaO2, SvO2 and dSaO2/dt. Least squares regression was used to examine the relationship between dSaO2/dt and other measured variables. The dSaO2/dt showed a consistent negative correlation with preapneic SvO2 and was not related to duration. Mean dSaO2/dt during sleep correlated to some degree with the degree of gas exchange (Qva/Qt) abnormality prior to sleep. It is concluded that in humans, SvO2 plays a substantial role in determining dSaO2/dt. Potentially, the presence of gas exchange abnormalities (eg, found in intrinsic lung disease) causing hypoxemia and low SvO2 may steepen dSaO2/dt, lowering the nadir level of apneic desaturation for the same duration of apnea found in a patient with more normal gas exchange.