cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communists and the Fight for Jobs and Revolution

Winning in the battle for jobs is two-fold: making gains in jobs and relief, and making gains in the development of anti-racist revolutionary class consciousness. Marxists and institutionalists have shown theoretically that unemployment is endemic to capitalism. The global experience of the 20th century validates this view. Efforts to ease the negative social effects of unemployment can modestly and temporarily assist distressed unemployed workers and their families, but only when there is a significant grassroots mobilization—at both local and national levels—to struggle for such improvements. Communist organizers have often been the most effective leaders of struggles against unemployment and its effects by relying on mobilizations of unemployed, employed, and unionized workers. Communist organizations have often combined efforts to win “survival” reforms (i.e., attempts to keep unemployed workers’ heads above water) with agitation and education about the need to end unemployment permanently with socialist and/or communist revolution. Two examples of these struggles are described: the Unemployed Council of St. Petersburg in 1905–06 and the unemployed councils initiated by the Communist International (the Comintern) during the early 1930s, with an emphasis on the U.S. experience. Lessons for today’s global struggle against unemployment are drawn from these earlier experiences.
Athymic rat model for studying acellular human allograft

Abstract Background Although human acellular nerve allograft is a promising nerve repair tool, optimizing graft application and understanding effective graft dimensions has been hampered by lack of an appropriate animal model. Rodent nerve acellular allograft can be tested in the utilitarian rodent nerve repair model, but testing different size options is limited by the size of the rodent donor animal. Human acellular nerve allograft offers the variety of sizes desired for more complete study but poses a high risk of rejection as xenograft tissue in the rodent model. Athymic nude rats are less prone to reject xenograft tissue due to their immunocompromised state and may offer an animal model for testing human acellular allograft. Methods Fifteen athymic nude and 15 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral excision and repair of a 10 mm tibial nerve segment using 10 mm of human acellular nerve graft. Testing at 3 months consisted of muscle force measurements, wet muscle weight, and histological assessment from the middle of the nerve grafts. Results Athymic rats repaired with human acellular xenograft demonstrated higher reinnervated muscle weight Gross inspection of the xenograft in euthymic rats revealed a brown and scarred center and histological inspection demonstrated larger axon diameters, and higher midgraft axon counts in the grafts of athymic rats. Comparison with existing methods: The athymic rat has been used in many studies that require an immunocompromised host, including implantation of foreign nervous tissue. Previous attempts at implanting acellular nerve xenograft into immunocompetent rats have yielded suboptimal results when compared to allograft. This study is the first to test acellular human nerve allograft in an athymic rat. Conclusion The nerve regeneration was better in human acellular nerve allograft implanted into immunocompromised athymic rats when compared to euthymic rats supporting a potential role of this model in studying acellular human nerve tissue.
Coordinate Transactivation of the Interleukin-2 CD28 Response Element by c-Rel and ATF-1/CREB2

The interleukin-2 CD28 response element (CD28RE) acts as a composite enhancer, in conjunction with a 3′-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element (TRE)-like element, to confer CD28 receptor-dependent inducibility to the interleukin-2 promoter in T-cells. When inserted as a single copy upstream of a basal promoter, this composite enhancer, termed the CD28RE-TRE, is both highly active and CD28-inducible in transactivation assays. A multicomponent nuclear protein complex that binds the CD28RE-TRE was isolated by DNA affinity chromatography from nuclear extracts of mitogen- and CD28 receptor-costimulated human T-cells. Immunological and biochemical analyses of this complex reveal the presence of c-Rel, ATF-1, and CREB2 as major DNA-binding components. Coexpression of c-Rel in combination with ATF-1, CREB2, or ATF-1/CREB2 leads to synergistic transactivation of a CD28RE-TRE reporter plasmid in quiescent Jurkat T-cells. Furthermore, CD28-dependent transactivation of the CD28RE-TRE is specifically inhibited by cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) dominant-negative expression vectors. Moreover, mutant promoter constructs in which the internal 5′-CD28RE and 3′-TRE-like sequences have been topologically positioned 180° out of phase with one another show loss of mitogen- and CD28-dependent inducibility. Finally, the addition of the CREB-binding transcriptional coactivator p300 leads to a dramatic CREB-dependent increase in both mitogen- and CD28-mediated transactivation of the CD28RE-TRE. These findings demonstrate that full physiological responsiveness to CD28 receptor stimulation in T-cells is dependent on topologically linked sequences within the CD28RE-TRE composite enhancer and provide strong support of a direct role for the CREB family of transcription factors and p300/CREB-binding protein coactivator proteins in cytokine gene induction during T-cell activation.
Effects of license revocation on drunk-driving offenders∗☆

Revoking or suspending the licenses of persons convicted of driving while intoxicated has often been claimed to be uniquely effective in reducing subsequent dangerous driving, as indexed by crashes and violations. This finding holds despite the impression that many suspended and revoked drivers continue to drive illegally. The research described here inquires into the operation of license actions. It uses intensive personal interviews with offenders to obtain information concerning the nature and amount of illegal driving and the effects of license deprivation on employment and other aspects of the offenders' lives.
Inhibiting ACAT1/SOAT1 in microglia stimulates autophagy-mediated lysosomal proteolysis and increases Aβ1-42 clearance.

Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) is a resident endoplasmic reticulum enzyme that prevents the buildup of cholesterol in membranes by converting it to cholesterol esters. Blocking ACAT1 pharmacologically or by Acat1 gene knock-out (KO) decreases amyloidopathy in mouse models for Alzheimer's disease. However, the beneficial actions of ACAT1 blockage to treat Alzheimer's disease remained not well understood. Microglia play essential roles in the proteolytic clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Here we show that Acat1 gene KO in mouse increases phagocytic uptake of oligomeric Aβ1–42 and stimulates lysosomal Aβ1–42 degradation in cultured microglia and in vivo. Additional results show that Acat1 gene KO or a specific ACAT1 inhibitor K604 stimulates autophagosome formation and transcription factor EB-mediated lysosomal proteolysis. Surprisingly, the effect of ACAT1 blockage does not alter mTOR signaling or endoplasmic reticulum stress response but can be modulated by agents that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis. To our knowledge, our current study provides the first example that a small molecule (K604) can promote autophagy in an mTOR-independent manner to activate the coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation network. Autophagy is needed to degrade misfolded proteins/peptides. Our results implicate that blocking ACAT1 may provide a new way to benefit multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
Alcohol's Role in Creating a Leisure Subculture and Destination Mecca: The case of shag dancing

Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine alcohol's role in the evolution of a regional dance subculture and in the construction of a destination mecca for shaggers in North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Stebbins's (1982) concept of serious leisure and Meethan's (2001) tourist space concept were used as theoretical frameworks. Data collection occurred over a three‐year period through in‐depth interviews with 33 individuals and 17 couples. A general interview guide, consisting of open‐ended questions, was used to provide structure. The constant comparison method was used during data analysis. Three themes emerged from the data. First, alcohol plays an important role in the development of a unique leisure environment. Second, alcohol consumption patterns contribute significantly to the construction of various shagger identities. Third, North Myrtle Beach is perceived as a destination mecca for shaggers where drinking, dancing, and socialising are lived experiences, existing within the contested lei...
An interpretation of the polarized crystal spectra of Mn(II) and Co(II) in D2h symmetry

Abstract Crystals of TMA M x M ′ 1− x Cl 3 · 2H 2 O where TMA = (CH 3 ) 3 NH + and M = Mn 2+ , M ′ = Co 2+ are strikingly pleochroic. The polarized spectra of these highly colored orthorhombic salts are reported and transition assignments are made based on D 2 h symmetry. Peaks in the Mn(II) spectra are explained as electric dipole transitions while peaks in the Co(II) spectra are explained as magnetic dipole transitions.
Evidence for energy band tailing and localization of states in highly disordered crystalline GeTe

Abstract Substantial absorption coefficient ‘tails’ at energies below the absorption edge have been observed in the crystalline Ge 1− x Te x system. For part of this ‘tail’ region the absorption coefficient is found to vary as the photon energy squared, and the extent of this behavior to depend on the stoichiometry of the sample, while near the band edge a more suitable variation is αE = B ( E − E 0 ) 2 . At very low energies an exponential variation α = const · exp ( E / Δ ), with Δ ≈ 0.1 eV (3.8 kT ), is more appropriate. This behavior can be understood only if localized states ( α = kE 2 ) and band edge tailing ( α = const · exp ( E / Δ ), features normally associated with the Mott model of the amorphous state, are present in the band structure of the crystalline material. The variation of the extent of the α = kE 2 region with stoichiometry supports this model, as the depth of localization, being comparable to the strength of the fluctuation potential due to the disorder, depends on the amount of disorder present in the lattice.
Angiotensin II–Induced Phosphorylation of the AT1 Receptor From Rat Brain Neurons

Abstract The neuronal angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor is coupled to the Ras-Raf-1–mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal-transduction pathway (Yang H, Lu D, Yu K, Raizada MK. Regulation of neuromodulatory actions of angiotensin II in the brain neurons by the Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Neurosci. 1996;16:4047-4058). In this study we compared the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) on AT 1 receptor phosphorylation and the ability of the phosphorylated receptor to bind Ang II in neuronal cultures of Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) brains to further our understanding of the Ang II signaling mechanism. Ang II caused a time-dependent phosphorylation of AT 1 receptors in both WKY and SHR brain neurons. The level of phosphorylation was higher in the SHR brain neurons; this finding was consistent with increased AT 1 receptors in these cells. MAP kinase was involved in this phosphorylation, a conclusion supported by the following evidence: (1) exogenous MAP kinase phosphorylated the AT 1 receptor; (2) PD98059, a MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, attenuated Ang II–stimulated AT 1 receptor phosphorylation; and (3) MAP kinase and AT 1 receptors were coimmunoprecipitated in Ang II–stimulated neurons. Finally, MAP kinase phosphorylation was associated with the loss of 125 I-[Sar 1 -Ile 8 ]-Ang II binding ability of the AT 1 receptor in both strains of neurons. These observations show that Ang II stimulates phosphorylation of the neuronal AT 1 receptor by a mechanism involving MAP kinase and that the phosphorylated neuronal AT 1 receptor does not exhibit Ang II binding activity in the brains of either WKY or SHR.
Parallel recognition of series-parallel graphs

Recently, He and Yesha gave an algorithm for recognizing directed series-parallel graphs in time O(log2 n) with linearly many EREW processors. We give a new algorithm for this problem, based on a structural characterization of series-parallel graphs in terms of their ear decompositions. Our algorithm can recognize undirected as well as directed series-parallel graphs. It can be implemented in the CRCW model of parallel computation to take time O(log n). In the EREW model the time is O(log2 n) but the number of processors required improves the bounds of the previous algorithm.
Intergovernmental competition, voice and exit options and the design of fiscal structure

Taxpayers may reveal their assessment of policy through exercise of available voice and exit options within the fiscal constitution. The voice option is utilized when taxpayers remain within political boundaries and attempt to communicate their assessments regarding the institutionalstatus quo to policymakers. Exercise of the exit option occurs when taxpayers signal discontent with thestatus quo by purchasing from another government supplier. This paper discusses and contrasts theconventional andconstitutional economics views toward fiscal design and argues that a major difference exists regarding the issue of who should be awarded primary responsibility in the policy process: taxpayers or policymakers? Because voice and exit options determine the relative leverage of taxpayers and policymakers in the policy process, it is argued that the design of voice and exit options in the fiscal constitution exerts a predictable influence on policy. The paper concludes that one's view toward the design of voice and exit options is affected by one's perception of the appropriate size of government. Competitive fiscal structures tend to be advocated by those who believe that government tends to overexpand and monopolistic structures tend to be advocated by those who believe that government tends to be too small.
Objective monitoring of physical activity after a cancer diagnosis: challenges and opportunities for enhancing cancer control

Abstract Background: Because physical activity (PA) provides multiple medical and psychosocial benefits after a cancer diagnosis, greater integration of objective activity monitoring into research and clinical practice is warranted. Objectives: To review randomized PA trials in cancer survivors after diagnosis using an accelerometer or pedometer and make recommendations for integrating objective monitoring into research and practice. Major findings: 10 published PA and post-cancer diagnosis randomized trials have used pedometers (n=3), accelerometers (n=3), or both (n=4). Pedometers were primarily used to motivate PA adherence with several studies also using unblinded pedometers to assess the intervention effect on PA adherence. Accelerometers were primarily used to assess PA adherence after a PA intervention with one study using accelerometers to assess PA increase as a benefit of a non-PA intervention. One study used accelerometers to document sufficient ground forces for improving bone density in cance...
Variable Growth and Acid Production of Lactococci in Whole Milk Concentrated by Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration

Abstract Growth and acid production of several commercial strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. were followed in whole milk, and whole milk retentate containing 32% solids, diafiltered to reduce lactose content. Generation times of some strains were longer in retentate than in whole milk. Because of the importance of acid production rates in cheese making, increased buffer capacity of UF retentate, and the potential for bacteriophage infection, starter growth and acid production in retentate should be considered before starter blends are used to make UF cheese. Growth rates of each strain in retentate should be considered when starter blends to be grown in UF retentate are formulated. Equal inocula of two unmatched strains can result in domination by one strain by as much as 96:4 after bulk starter has been grown to high cell density. To avoid serious problems with starters in UF retentate, blends should be formulated using strains with similar growth characteristics in UF retentate, or strain ratios should be adjusted to provide viable final numbers of all strains in a given blend.
Comparative properties of human erythrocyte sialoglycopeptides released by trypsin.

Summary Several sialoglycopeptides which possess weak M and N anti-hemagglutinating activity are liberated from the peripheral zone of intact human erythrocytes or stroma by the action of trypsin. Some of the glycopeptides have been isolated and partially characterized; they differ from one another in molecular weight, net charge, and in amino acid and carbohydrate composition. One glycopeptide possessed alanine as its N-terminal amino acid, another serine and a third had a blocked N-terminus.
Validity of Edmond's Marital Conventionalization Scale.

Summary Edmonds's Marital Conventionalization Scale (MCS) has received wide acceptance as a valid measure of the tendency of some survey respondents to describe their marriages in socially desirable but impossibly perfect terms. His research has supported the validity of the MCS as a response set associated with various measures of a conservative, traditional, or “conventional” orientation. In the present study a popular abbreviated version of the MCS was administered along with the other measures of “conventionality” to 181 married couples randomly selected from two midwestern communities. Correlational analysis of the measures failed to confirm the construct validity of the MCS as defined by Edmonds. Because of the questionable association found between the MCS and conventionality, it was purposed that the response set in question be more accurately renamed “marital social desirability” (MDS) rather than “marital conventionalization”.
A STUDY OF DRY-PROCESS CAST-IRON GROUND-COAT ENAMELS*

This investigation covers a study of varying firing treatment of ground coats for cast iron and the resulting effect on the quality of adherence and the tendency to blister of dry-process enamels. Five ground coats have been used, composed of one and two frits and with varying clay and flint additions at the mill. Data on the impact resistance of the enameled specimens obtained with a pendulum-type impact tester are included. Conclusions are noted on some of the factors affecting firing range, and plans for further studies are outlined.
Aeroelastic considerations for continuous patrol/high altitude surveillance platforms

For the last several years, an investigation has been conducted regarding the feasibility of unmanned, airborne, High-Altitude Powered Platforms (HAPP), and High Surveillance Platforms for Over-the-Horizon Targeting (HI-SPOT). These airborne platforms have been proposed as a means of achieving a continuous regional communication-relay or for continuous regional surveillance for use in agricultural research or military applications, i.e., fleet support. These platforms would offer improvements over existing orbiting satellites. These improvements are related to better resolution and increased mission flexibility. The required mission endurance up to six months, would be obtained through the use of either solar power, a cryogenically fueled engine, or microwave-power. Attention is given to airborne platform configuration, structure, structural and aerodynamic modeling, modal analysis, and flutter analysis.
A conditioning technique applicable to elementary school classrooms

A procedure was developed for use in a public school classroom where only one of the children needed treatment, sophisticated apparatus was not feasible, personnel were untrained in conditioning techniques, and where disruption had to be minimized. Candy reinforcers were contingent upon working behavior. The total candy earned in the session was divided equally among the class. Portable radio control apparatus was adopted to give feedback to the child when he was displaying the desired working behavior. An increase in working behavior and a decrease in talking aloud and out-of-seat behavior was observed for each of the four subjects. When the feedback apparatus was removed, the desired behavior was maintained through candy reinforcement alone in all four subjects.
The Lunar L1 Gateway: Portal to the Stars and Beyond

Our Solar System is interconnected by a vast system of winding tunnels generated by the Lagrange Points of all the planets and their moons. These passageways are identified by portals around L1 and L2, the halo orbits. By passing through a halo orbit portal, one enters the ancient and colossal labyrinth of the Sun. This natural Interplanetary Supher highway System (IPS) provides ultra-low energy transport throughout the Earth's Neighborhood, the region between Earth's L1 and L2. This is enabled by an accident: the current energy levels of the Earth L1 and L2 Lagrange points differ from that of the Earth-Moon by only about 50 rn/s (as measured by AV). The significance of this happy coincidence to the development of space cannot be overstated. For example, this implies that Lunar L1 halo orbits are connected to halo orbits around Earth's L1 or L2 via low energy pathways...
Depth and Nature of Giant Petroleum Discoveries Through Time as an Indicator of Resource Depletion

Summary A striking increase of the depth of giant petroleum discoveries in the past 15 years coincides with a shift to discoveries in subsalt plays that require more challenging exploration and drilling. Technological advances have facilitated these changes, but technological advances alone could not have induced these changes in petroleum exploration on a planet in which shallow and less challenging targets remained in abundance like that of previous decades. Instead, the trends toward greater discovery depths and more challenging plays suggest that most of the conventional petroleum accumulations of the kind that fueled the global economic system of the 1900s have already been found.
Long-term stable timing distribution of an ultrafast optical pulse train over multiple fiber links with polarization maintaining output

The distribution of an ultrafast optical pulse train over multiple fiber links with long-term stable timing precision within 2 femtoseconds rms is accomplished by integrating a polarization maintaining output with 300 meter long fiber links.
PRIMARY INTRAOSSEOUS MAST CELL TUMOUR OF THE THIRD PHALANX IN A QUARTER HORSE

Few cases of equine mast cell tumour have been reported in the literature. Most describe solitary nodular lesions of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that occasionally involve the underlying musculature (Altera and Clark 1970; Doran and Collins 1986; Nyrop et al. 1986; McEntee 1991). Lesions are generally confined to soft tissues and appear to be hyperplastic rather than neoplastic. One case involving local invasion of bone by a cutaneous neoplasm has been reported (Riley et al. 1991). The present report describes a case of hindlimb lameness due to a pathological fracture of the third phalanx resulting from a primary intraosseous mast cell tumour. This unique clinical presentation demonstrates that equine mast cell tumours are not always benign soft tissue lesions.
SIMPLE TOY MODEL OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

We examine a simple "toy" model of high-temperature superconductivity, having Tc = ∞. It has the attributes of a two-fluid theory, with some novel twists. For example, although the quasiparticles have a continuous spectrum the optical absorption exhibits a gap g at low temperatures. The normal spectrum and most other normal-state properties are recovered for kT ≫ g, although some superconductivity persists out to arbitrarily high T.
Effect of Synthesis Conditions on the First Charge and Reversible Capacities of Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes

The influence of synthesis temperature and time on the length (capacity) of the plateau region during first charge in the high-capacity lithium-rich layered oxide Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 and on the reversible capacity during subsequent charge–discharge cycles has been systematically investigated. The samples were synthesized by firing a sol–gel precursor obtained at 450 °C at various temperatures (850–1000 °C) for 24 h and at the optimum temperature of 900 °C for 6–72 h. The maximum length of the plateau region during the first charge and, consequently the maximum reversible capacity were achieved with the sample fired at 900 °C for 24 h. In contrast, the sample fired at 1000 °C for 24 h does not show any plateau region. In-depth characterization by X-ray diffraction, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma analysis, and electrochemical charge–discharge measurements reveals that the actual lithium content in the synthesized samples, composi...
IMPROVEMENT OF VISUAL SIMILARITY OF SIMILAR BREAST MASSES SELECTED BY COMPUTER-AIDED DIAGNOSIS SCHEMES

We developed a new method to improve visual similarity between a queried mass region and a set of reference regions selected by computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) schemes. For each queried region, CAD scheme first segmented the region, detected its boundary spiculation level, and computed 14 image features. The scheme then used a k-nearest neighbor algorithm to select a set of 25 most "similar" regions with the same computed spiculation level from a large reference library. The scheme computed the mutual information (MI) between the queried region and each of these 25 reference regions. The scheme finally selected and displayed six reference regions with the highest MI scores. In an observer preference study involving 85 queried regions, two sets of reference regions selected by this new scheme and the previously developed interactive method were randomly displayed with the queried region. Four observers participated in the study to select the more visually similar reference image set. On average for 54.1% of the queried regions, four observers preferred the automated selected reference region sets as being more visually similar to the queried region. The results suggested that both this automated and the interactive methods achieved the comparably visual similarity, which is significantly higher than the traditional CAD schemes
Intraclutch Variation in Egg Appearance Constrains Rejection of Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) Eggs in Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula)

ABSTRACT. Variation in the appearance of eggs within a clutch has been hypothesized to decrease the likelihood of rejection of brood-parasite eggs, but tests of the hypothesis have produced mixed results among cuckoo (Cuculus canoras and Clamator glandarius) hosts. The hypothesis has not been tested in cowbird hosts because they typically show little intraspecific variation in responses to cowbird eggs. However, the Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) is unusual among potential hosts of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) because it shows both acceptance and rejection of cowbird eggs and it demonstrates high intraclutch variation in egg appearance, which makes it one of the few potential cowbird hosts suitable for a test of the intraclutch variation—host rejection hypothesis. We tested whether intraclutch variation in the appearance of Common Grackle eggs influenced the likelihood of egg rejection and found that Common Grackles with greater variation in intraclutch egg appearance were more likely to...
Surface Textures for Enhanced Lubrication: Fabrication and Characterization Techniques

In hydrodynamic lubricated thrust load bearing contacts, commonly found in mechanical seals and bearings, ‘engineered’ surface textures have the potential to enhance lubrication in terms of reduction in friction, leakage and increasing load support. These surface textures or features are in the form of micron scaled posts or cavities having arbitrarily definable geometries. The height/depth of these features is of the same order of magnitude as the film thickness of the lubricated contact. This paper presents an overview of a photolithographic process for fabricating the deterministic asperities on a ‘flat’ stainless steel surface. The textured surface is then characterized using an optical profiler to evaluate the surface form error and edge rounding error in surface texture features. It was found that the circumferential waviness of the substrate was sinusoidal with amplitude of 0.2μm. When the micro features are lapped for height control, slight rounding around the edges of the features having an average radius of about 10% of asperity length is observed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sociological measurement confusion, paradigmatic imperfection, and etiological nirvana: Striking a pragmatic balance in pursuing science

(2002). Sociological measurement confusion, paradigmatic imperfection, and etiological nirvana: Striking a pragmatic balance in pursuing science. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 793-808.
γ-Glutamyl Hydrolase, Not Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II, Hydrolyzes Dietary Folate in Rat Small Intestine

Dietary polyglutamyl folates are hydrolyzed to monoglutamyl folate derivatives prior to intestinal transport. In humans and pigs, the reaction occurs at pH 6.5 at the jejunal brush border membrane by folate hydrolase and is encoded by the glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) gene. Intracellular folate hydrolase with an optimal pH of 4.5 is encoded by the gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (gamma-GH) gene and predominates in rats. We determined the respective roles of GCPII and gamma-GH in dietary folate hydrolysis in rat small intestine. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosa, pancreas, and duodenal luminal fluid were collected from 10 Sprague-Dawley rats that had not been food deprived. Folate hydrolase was assayed at pH 4.5 and 6.5 with and without parahydroxymercuribenzoate (pHMB), an inhibitor of intracellular folate hydrolase. Folate hydrolase activity occurred at pH 4.5 in all tissues, was significantly inhibited by the addition of pHMB at both pH 4.5 and 6.5, and was virtually absent from brush border fractions at pH 6.5. The highest activity was in the postprandial duodenal luminal fluid at pH 4.5. Rat-specific primers for GCPII and gamma-GH were used to detect mRNA expression in pancreas, jejunal mucosa, and liver. GCPII expression was detected only in the liver, whereas gamma-GH was expressed in all 3 tissues. These results suggest that the hydrolysis of polyglutamyl folates in rats requires the intracellular folate hydrolase that is expressed by pancreatic gamma-GH, in contrast to GCPII that is expressed in the jejunal mucosal brush border in pigs and humans. gamma-GH folate hydrolase is abundant in rat postprandial pancreatic secretions and appears to hydrolyze dietary folates in the intestinal lumen prior to intestinal absorption.
Representation, Processing and Working Memory in a Second Language

Current theories of morphosyntax propose that features play a key role in determining some aspects of word order and in the argument structure of verbs. Thus, knowledge of language consists of features and mechanisms that ensure that elements in a clause are assembled correctly for interpretation and phonological processing. Therefore, the nature of the grammar of an L2 can be explored by assessing whether features and the mechanisms through which they are assembled and checked is ‘impaired’ or not. This article assumes that processing performance can provide a window onto this grammatical competence. Evidence is presented from online processing of English by thirty Chinese-speaking, twenty-eight Japanese-speaking, and forty-six Spanish-speaking participants which shows that the basic mechanisms of grammar remain intact for L2 learners in spite of inferior performance on judgements of those same sentences. Data suggest that working memory, as measured by the reading-span test (Daneman and Carpenter 1980), is not a source of individual variation in online L2 performance, whereas word span might be.
A Theory of the Fundamental Interactions

This note is an account of some developments in an effort to find a description of the present stock of elementary particles within the framework of the theory of quantized fields’. The theory of fields suggests that the spin values of $5 for F(ermi)-D(irac) fields, and of 0 and 1 for B(ose)-E(instein) fields are not only exceptional in their simplicity but. are likely to be unique in the possibility of constructing a consistent formalism for particles with mass and electric charge. We shall attempt to describe the massive, strongly interacting particles by means of fields with the smallest spin appropriate to the statistics, O(B.E.) and s(F.D.). Spin 1 remains a possibility for B.E. fields but will be assumed to refer to a different family of particles, of which the electromagnetic field may be a special example. If the spin values are thus limited, the origin of the diversity of known particles must be sought in internal degrees of freedom. We suppose that the various intrinsic degrees of freedom are dynamically exhibited by specific interactions, each with its characteristic symmetry properties, and that the final effect of interactions with successively lower symmetry’ is to produce a spectrum of physically distinct particles from initially degenerate states. Thus we attempt to relate the observed masses to the same couplings responsible for the production and interaction of these particles The general multicomponent Hermitian field x separates into the F.D. field J/ and the B.E. field 4. The representation of spin $5 requires 4 components, while spin 0 demands 5 components, decomposable into a scalar and a vector. The existence of internal degrees of freedom is expressed by an additional multiplicity
An investigation of grasp type and frequency in daily household and machine shop tasks

This paper presents a study on the usage frequency of different grasp types throughout the daily functions of a professional house maid and a machinist. Subjects wore a head-mounted camera that recorded their hand usage during their daily work activities. This video was then analyzed, recording grasp type and associated time stamps, as well as information related to the task and object. The results show that nearly 80% of the time the house maid used just six grasps and the machinist used nine. This data, in conjunction with established grasp taxonomies, will enable a better understanding of how people utilize different grasps to accomplish tasks throughout the day, as well as inform the design of robotic and prosthetic hands.
Do Depression and Low Self‐Esteem Follow Abortion Among Adolescents? Evidence from a National Study

CONTEXT: A 2008 report by the American Psychological Association found no evidence that an induced abortion causes mental health problems in adult women. No conclusions were drawn with respect to adolescents because of a scarcity of evidence. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine whether abortion in adolescence was associated with subsequent depression and low self-esteem. In all, 289 female respondents reported at least one pregnancy between Wave 1 (1994–1995) and Wave 2 (1996) of the survey. Of these, 69 reported an induced abortion. Population-averaged lagged logistic regression models were used to assess associations between abortion and depression and low self-esteem within a year of the pregnancy and approximately five years later, at Wave 3 (2001–2002). RESULTS: Abortion was not associated with depression or low self-esteem at either time point. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics did not substantially modify the relationships between abortion and the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who have an abortion do not appear to be at elevated risk for depression or low self-esteem in the short term or up to five years after the abortion.
Mechanical Properties of Porous Asphalt Pavement Materials with Warm Mix Asphalt and RAP

The objectives of this paper are (1) to characterize the mechanical properties of porous asphalt pavement mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and a WMA additive (Advera® WMA) using Superpave™ gyratory compactor and dynamic modulus testing. Four types of porous asphalt mixtures were evaluated in this study. They are 1) control mixture, a conventional porous asphalt mixture; (2) porous asphalt mixture with WMA additive (Advera® WMA in this case); (3) porous asphalt mixture containing 15% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP); and (4) porous asphalt mixture containing 15% RAP and additional WMA additive. This study evaluated com- paction energy index (CEI), permeability, indirect tensile strength, and dynamic modulus (E � ) for all types of porous asphalt mixtures. All of the porous asphalt mixtures meet the typical minimum coefficient of permeability in this study. Compaction energy required for the WMA containing 0.25% Advera® WMAwas found to be lower compared with the control mixture (HMA). The results from the dynamic modulus test show that WMA made with 0.25% Advera® WMA had significantly lower values than the control HMA mixture. In addition, only a slight decrease in Ewas found when WMA additive was added to the porous asphalt mixture containing RAP. For indirect tensile strength testing, WMA containing RAP was found to have the highest tensile strength among all of the mixtures tested. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE .1943-5436.0000307. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Porous media; Asphalts; Mixtures; Asphalt pavements; Mechanical properties. Author keywords: Porous asphalt mixture; Warm mix asphalt; Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP).
Informative inducement: study payment as a signal of risk.

In research involving human subjects, large participation payments often are deemed undesirable because they may provide ‘undue inducement’ for potential participants to expose themselves to risk. However, although large incentives may encourage participation, they also may signal the riskiness of a study’s procedures. In three experiments, we measured people’s interest in participating in potentially risky research studies, and their perception of the risk associated with those studies, as functions of participation payment amounts. All experiments took place 2007–2008 with an on-line nationwide sample or a sample from a northeastern U.S. city. We tested whether people judge studies that offer higher participation payments to be riskier, and, if so, whether this increased perception of risk increases time and effort spent learning about the risks. We found that high participation payments increased willingness to participate, but, consistent with the idea that people infer riskiness from payment amount, high payments also increased perceived risk and time spent viewing risk information. Moreover, when a link between payment amount and risk level was made explicit in Experiment 3, the relationship between high payments and perceived risk strengthened. Research guidelines usually prohibit studies from offering participation incentives that compensate for risks, yet these experiments’ results indicate that potential participants naturally assume that the magnitude of risks and incentives are related. This discrepancy between research guidelines and participants’ assumptions about those guidelines has
Implementing an educational program to increase preoperative screening for obstructive sleep apnea using the stop-bang questionnaire

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a potentially fatal disease process that has been linked to higher rates of morbidity and mortality as well as increased perioperative complications. OSA is characterized by repetitive pauses in breathing during sleep. Greater than 92% of women and 82% of men who are plagued by moderate to severe sleep apnea are undiagnosed and may go unrecognized in the perioperative setting. The gap between a high prevalence of undiagnosed OSA in the adult population and the low level of clinical recognition has been well-documented. The term “STOP-BANG” is an acronym for eight independent elements predictive of OSA—three are OSA-related symptoms, three are physiological measurements, and two are patient characteristics. Methods: This project used a quasi-experimental design using a 16-question self-developed survey based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). Participants were asked to read an educational pamphlet on OSA and then complete the survey. Results: This study found strong evidence to suggest that among Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) and Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists (SRNAs), those with higher scores on Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Attitude toward Use (AT), tend to have a higher Behavioral Intention to Use (BIU) the STOP-BANG screening tool. Conclusions: The results suggest that programs targeted at raising CRNAs’ and SRNAs’ PEOU, PU, and AT regarding the STOP-BANG questionnaire will culminate in increased use of the STOP-BANG screening tool. The use of this screening tool will detect patients previously unidentified as having OSA, and ultimately prevent perioperative complications associated with this disease.
Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

Three different systems were employed for parallel observations of clot lysis and retraction. Potassium and calcium concentration was found to influence significantly these phenomena in some systems but not in others. Under a variety of conditions, both retraction and fibrinolysis are affected in a parallel manner, suggesting that the retraction state of a clot used as a substrate may influence the apparent fibrinolytic activity of an enzyme system.
Young Children in Foster Care: Multiple Vulnerabilities and Complex Service Needs

Young children who have been removed from their biological families and placed in foster care are at significant risk for poor developmental outcomes. Their vulnerability is often the result of adverse biological and psychosocial influences: prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs, premature birth, abuse and neglect leading to foster placement, and failure to form adequate attachments to their primary caregivers. Children younger than 6 years form the largest group entering foster care, and remain longest in care. Meeting the complex needs of this vulnerable group of young children and their families presents extensive challenges for early intervention service systems. The purpose of the following discussion is to describe the foster care population and the kinds of medical conditions, mental health problems, and developmental disabilities experienced by young children in foster care, and to explore implications for intervention. By increasing their understanding of risk factors, vulnerabilities, and complex service needs, early childhood professionals can become effective advocates and provide services that ameliorate risk and optimize outcomes for these children and their families.
Coulometric Analysis of Oxygen by I-Q Recorder

Recently, a variety of methods have been developed for the determination of oxygen in liquid media by polarography and voltammetry. In many of those, however, electrolytic current is to be compared with the oxygen content in solution determined by an absolute quantitative method such as Winkler's method. Coulometry is a means for an absolute measurement of depolarizers in electrolytic solution and for giving the value determined purely electrochemically. Hanamura has devised a current-coulomb recorder (I-Q Recorder) which enables to integrate a micro intensity of current while linear characteristic of the integrating mechanism being maintained, and proved that the recorder is very useful for coulometric determination of micro amounts of metals. Since amounts of electricity (Q) consumed in electrolysis is a linear function of electrolytic current (I), i.e. Q=coast.×I according to Lingane's equation, an I-Q curve recorded by this instrument is essentially to be a straight line. The authors attempted to apply I-Q Recorder to coulometric analysis of oxygen and found that oxygen dissolved in solution could be determined very easily with precision of ±2% by the instrument incorporated with a novel type of electrolytic cell designed for this purpose.
Analysis on Testing Results of CD_4~+ T Lymphocyte among HIV Infectors and AIDS Patients in Anyang City

[Objective]To test the CD_4~+T Lymphocyte of 56 HIV infectors and AIDS patients in Anyang Area,to analyze their CD_4~+,CD_8~+T lymphocyte levels so as to understand the progression of HIV and AIDS cases,and provide evidence for antiviral therapy.[Methods]BD FACS count flow cytometry was adopted to test the absolute value of lymphocyte of CD_4~+,CD_8~+T lymphocyte,and the ratio of CD_4~+/CD_8~+ of 56 anticoagulant specimens collected from HIV infectors and AIDS patients.The results were analyzed.[Results]Of 56 specimens,32 specimens' CD_4~+T lymphocyte counts 200/μl 200/ul,accounting for 57.14%;12 specimens' CD_4~+T lymphocyte counts were between 200-300/ul,accounting for 21.43 %;8 examples' CD_4~+T lymphocyte counts were 300-500/ul,accounting for 14.29 %.There were 96.43% specimens whose ratio of CD_4~+/CD_8~+ 1.[Conclusion]According to the criterion of the "National Free AIDS Antivirotic Medicine Treatment Handbook"(the second edition),HIV Infectors who could be followed in Anyang City has reached the peak of onset.
Current concepts in the management of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Purpose of review The purpose of this manuscript is to review the initial management strategies for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, with an emphasis on the role that steroids play in treatment of this condition, and discuss options for auditory rehabilitation of persistent unilateral hearing loss. Recent findings Recent data suggest that hearing improvement may be greater for patients initially treated with both systemic and intratympanic steroid when compared with those treated with systemic steroids alone. Salvage intratympanic steroids have been shown to confer hearing benefit if initial management fails. The ideal dosing regimen for intratympanic steroids has not been established, but evidence supports that higher dosing strategies are advantageous. Cochlear implantation has emerged as a strategy for auditory rehabilitation of persistent unilateral hearing loss. Recent studies have demonstrated high patient satisfaction, subjective improvement in tinnitus, and objective performance benefit after cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness. Summary Patients can be offered steroid therapy in the initial management of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, but should be counseled that the efficacy of steroids remains unclear. If patients fail to improve with initial management, salvage intratympanic steroid administration should be considered. If hearing loss persists long term, options for auditory rehabilitation should be discussed.
A Rope of Sand

When parliament met on 3 February 1859 it was clear that Italy was an issue of nominal agreement, and reform a question exciting deep animosity. Whigs, Peelites and Liberals felt ‘the importance of the first discussion in the H. of Commons and the mischief which John Russell [might] do [was] almost incalculable if he pronounce[d] in favour of Piedmontese aggression’.1 In turn, Palmerston would ‘not like to be outbid by [Russell]’.2 Clarendon visited Palmerston and Russell and received assurances that ‘both [would] be guarded and moderate in their language’ on foreign affairs. But ‘no one could answer’, Clarendon noted, ‘for the effect that a debate [might] have on them, particularly on Lord John’.3 As some further comfort, it was observed that Minto saw ‘no good for Italy in replacing one despotism by another, and that [might] have its calming influence’.