cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Groundwater as a major source of dissolved organic matter to Arctic coastal waters

Groundwater is projected to become an increasing source of freshwater and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean as permafrost thaws, yet few studies have quantified groundwater inputs to Arctic coastal waters under contemporary conditions. New measurements along the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast show that dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC and DON) concentrations in supra-permafrost groundwater (SPGW) near the land-sea interface are up to two orders of magnitude higher than in rivers. This dissolved organic matter (DOM) is sourced from readily leachable organic matter in surface soils and deeper centuries-to millennia-old soils that extend into thawing permafrost. SPGW delivers approximately 400–2100 m3 of freshwater, 14–71 kg of DOC, and 1–4 kg of DON to the coastal ocean per km of shoreline per day during late summer. These substantial fluxes are expected to increase as massive stocks of frozen organic matter in permafrost are liberated in a warming Arctic. In this study, the authors show that water flowing through thawed soils below the tundra surface (supra-permafrost groundwater) can be a major source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to Arctic coastal waters during the summer. This DOM contains leachates from old soil carbon stocks, including potential contributions from thawing permafrost.
Should Art About Child Abuse Be Exhibited in Corridors of Health Professional Schools

Imagine an exhibition-on a topic like child sexual abuse, dementia, or epilepsy, for example-not typically considered by museums or galleries. The question, then, is Where might such an exhibit be displayed? How about a medical school, for instance? An exhibition of this kind might include visceral psychological portraits and explanatory text tailored to the learning activities of medical students. This article examines these curatorial and ethical considerations.
Abstract 15463: Pre-procedural Inr, Bleeding, and Mortality in the Catheterization Lab: Does INR Still Matter in the Radial First Era?

Background: Warfarin anticoagulation presents a common barrier to undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures. Using radial access and other bleeding mitigation strategies, it is not known if ele...
Zwanzig’s Projection Operators: How They Yield Memories

Chapter 1 showed that looking at part of a system naturally gave rise to memories. This happens also in the quite different context of the study of the central problem of statistical mechanics, viz. understanding how reversibility in the microscopic equations of motion gives rise to irreversibility in the macroscopic equations of motion. Memories arise as an intermediate feature in this voyage from the microscopic to the macroscopic levels of description. Projection operators are particularly designed to perform this passage. After learning the basic concept from the Zwanzig technique of looking at only the diagonal part of a density matrix, the chapter analyzed four examples constituting a mix for simple and involved systems, the final one of which was assigned as an exercise, with solution provided in the literature: a time-dependent complex quantity, the Bloch vector appearing in the control of dynamic localization, the modification of a memory in a lattice due to reservoir interactions, and the open quantum trimer. Attempting the associated exercises should familiarize the reader with analytic calculational details of the projection technique.
GABA and IA Independently Regulate rNST Responses to Afferent Input

Abstract Taste responses in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) influence motivated ingestive behavior via ascending pathways, and consummatory reflex behavior via local, brainstem connections. Modifications to the afferent signal within the rNST include changes in gain (the overall rate of neuron activity) and changes in gustatory tuning (the degree to which individual neurons respond to divergent gustatory qualities). These alterations of the sensory signal derive from both synaptic interactions within the nucleus and the constitutive cellular membrane properties of rNST neurons. GABA neurons are well represented within the rNST, as is expression of KV4.3, a channel for a rapidly inactivating outward K+ current (IA). GABAergic synapses suppress rNST responses to afferent input and previous studies showed that this suppression is greater in cells expressing IA, suggesting a possible interaction. Here, we examine the potential interaction between GABAergic inhibition and IA channels in a series of patch clamp experiments. Optogenetic release of GABA suppressed rNST responses to afferent (electrical) stimulation and this effect was greater in cells with IA, confirming an earlier report. We further observed that the composite inhibitory postsynaptic potential was larger in IA positive cells, suggesting one mechanism for the greater afferent suppression. Blocking IA with the channel blocker AmmTX3, enhanced the response to afferent stimulation, suggesting a suppressive role for this channel in regulating afferent input at rest. However, pharmacologic blockade of IA did not suppress GABAergic inhibition, indicating that IA and GABA independently regulate excitatory afferent input.
Structure and Superconductivity of Tl2Ca3Ba2Cu4Ox Single Crystals

The crystal structure and superconducting properties of Tl2Ca3Ba2Cu4Ox single crystals were investigated. Based on the preliminary study of phase relations in the Tl2Can-1Ba2CunOx system, 2324-phase single crystals with dimensions of from 0.5 to 1mm2 were grown by the flux method. The superconducting onset transition temperatures of grown crystals, determined by DC SQUID magnetometer, were 113 to 115K. According to anQX-ray diffraction measurement, the lattice constant of the c-axis was 42.0A, and the crystal was confirmed to be single phase of 2324. The results of a high-resolution transmission electron microscopic study are also reported.
A computational model for self-assembling flexible tiles

We present a theoretical model for self-assembling tiles with flexible branches motivated by DNA branched junction molecules. We encode an instance of a “problem” as a pot of such tiles, and a “solution” as an assembled complete complex without any free sticky ends (called ports), whose number of tiles is within predefined bounds. We develop an algebraic representation of this self-assembly process and use it to prove that this model of self-assembly precisely captures NP-computability when the number of tiles in the minimal complete complexes is bounded by a polynomial.
Heat and Freshwater Budgets and Pathways in the Arctic Mediterranean in a Coupled Ocean/Sea-ice Model

The Arctic Mediterranean is important for climate studies because of its unique thermodynamic characteristics and its potential role in freshwater export, which would influences air-sea and ice-sea interactions and may change the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. It is difficult to obtain consistent and complete estimates of heat and freshwater budgets due to sparse observation. In this paper, we use a coupled Arctic ocean/sea-ice model with NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data, long-term gauged river runoff data, precipitation data and estimates of volume transports to examine heat and freshwater budgets and pathways in dynamically and thermodynamically consistence. The model implements “Neptune effect”, flux-corrected-transport algorithm and more sophisticated treatments of heat and freshwater fluxes. Uncertainties and deficiencies in the modeling were also evaluated. Results indicate that the Arctic Ocean is provided heat mainly from the Fram Strait branch of Atlantic water at about 46 TW, which is within the range in literature. The Barents Sea branch carries about 43 TW of net heat entering the Barents Sea, but only 2 TW of net heat enters the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic water is significantly modified in the Barents Sea. About 39 TW of heat is lost, which is consistent with the range of estimates by Simonsen and Haugan (1996). The model suggests 79,422 km3 of freshwater storage mainly distributing the Canada Basin, the Beaufort Sea and the Eurasian coast, which is in a good agreement with estimate by Aagaard and Carmack (1989). Freshwater origins from river runoff, precipitation and the Bering Strait throughflow. Liquid freshwater mainly exports via the Canadian Archipelago and Fram Strait at the rates of 3100 km3/yr and 1400 km3/yr. Sea-ice is dominantly transported through Fram Strait with 1923 km3/yr. Model discrepancies exist and climate drift is clear, which require comprehensive physical treatments of mixing processes and dense water processes in the model.
Something's Wrong Here and It's Not Me: Challenging the Dilemmas that Block Girls' Success.

This article draws upon ethnographic research with elementary school girls to explore internal barriers to female achievement. A multiethnic group of girls in third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades in one urban elementary school met weekly with researchers for fourteen weeks to engage in activities and discussions of issues identified in psychological and educational literature as problematic for females. This paper analyzes some of the major themes that emerged and presents five core dilemmas that block girls' success in school. The recommendation is made that counselors and educators intervene by helping girls to externalize and confront these dilemmas through group support.
Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) as surveillance for subsequent malignancies in survivors of hereditary retinoblastoma: a pilot study

Background Individuals with hereditary retinoblastoma (RB) are at very high risk of developing subsequent malignant neoplasms (SMNs) of which osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common. We hypothesized that annual surveillance using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) in asymptomatic survivors of hereditary RB would detect SMN of the bone and soft tissues at an early stage. Procedure Retrospective review of the results of a WB-MRI screening program in hereditary RB survivors from February 2008 to August 2012. The primary outcome was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of WB-MRI in detecting SMNs. Results Twenty-five patients had at least one WB-MRI performed (range: 1–5). First WB-MRI was performed at a median age of 16 years (range: 8–25 years). WB-MRI detected new osseous abnormalities suspicious for malignancy in five patients: two were diagnosed with localized high-grade OS of the extremity and three were found to have benign osseous abnormalities after dedicated imaging (n = 5/5) and/or biopsy (n = 3/5). One patient was diagnosed with secondary OS 3 months after a normal screening WB-MRI exam. Among a total of 41 WB-MRI screening tests performed in survivors of hereditary RB, the sensitivity of detecting SMN was 66.7% and the specificity was 92.1%. Conclusions Preliminary results suggest that annual WB-MRI surveillance detects SMN in survivors of hereditary RB, but with modest sensitivity. Further study is needed to assess the performance of annual surveillance WB-MRIs and whether this modality decreases SMN-related mortality in RB survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1440–1444. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GSK-3: Functional Insights from Cell Biology and Animal Models.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase encoded in mammals by two genes that generate two related proteins: GSK-3α and GSK-3β. GSK-3 is active in cells under resting conditions and is primarily regulated through inhibition or diversion of its activity. While GSK-3 is one of the few protein kinases that can be inactivated by phosphorylation, the mechanisms of GSK-3 regulation are more varied and not fully understood. Precise control appears to be achieved by a combination of phosphorylation, localization, and sequestration by a number of GSK-3-binding proteins. GSK-3 lies downstream of several major signaling pathways including the phosphatidylinositol 3’ kinase pathway, the Wnt pathway, Hedgehog signaling and Notch. Specific pools of GSK-3, which differ in intracellular localization, binding partner affinity and relative amount are differentially sensitized to several distinct signaling pathways and these sequestration mechanisms contribute to pathway insulation and signal specificity. Dysregulation of signaling pathways involving GSK-3 is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders and there are data suggesting GSK-3 isoform-selective roles in several of these. Here, we review the current knowledge of GSK-3 regulation and targets and discuss the various animal models that have been employed to dissect the functions of GSK-3 in brain development and function through the use of conventional or conditional knock-out mice as well as transgenic mice. These studies have revealed fundamental roles for these protein kinases in memory, behavior and neuronal fate determination and provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions.
Acetylcholinesterase from a Non-membrane Source (Bungarus fasciatus Venom)

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase from Bungarus fasciatus venom has been purified by a conventional procedure with a specific activity of 230 millimoles acetylcholine hydrolysed mg protein−1 hr−1. The enzyme with a molecular weight of 126, 000 has an excess of acidic amino acids over basic amino acids. The N-terminal amino acid analysis gave leucine as the only N-terminal amino acid with a free amino group. There are no common antigenic sites between the B. fasciatus venom acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterases from bovine erythrocytes and electric eel.
Differential outcomes with early and late repeat transplantation in the era of the lung allocation score.

Background Rates of repeat lung transplantation have increased since implementation of the lung allocation score (LAS). The purpose of this study is to compare survival between repeat (ReTx) and primary (LTx) lung transplant recipients in the LAS era. Methods We extracted data from 9,270 LTx and 456 ReTx recipients since LAS implementation, from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry. Propensity scoring was used to match ReTx and LTx recipients. Kaplan-Meier analysis compared survival between LTx and ReTx groups, with and without stratification based on time between first and second transplant. Multivariable Cox models estimated predictors of survival in lung recipients. Results Comparing all ReTx to LTx demonstrates a survival advantage for LTx that is diminished with propensity score matching ( p = 0.174). Considering LTx against ReTx greater than 90 days after the initial procedure, there are similar survival results ( p p = 0.011). In ReTx populations, factors conferring worse outcomes include intensive care unit admission, unilateral transplantation, poor functional status, and primary graft dysfunction as the indication for retransplantation ( p Conclusions Late lung retransplantation appears to be as beneficial as primary transplantation in propensity-matched patients. However, survival is severely diminished in those retransplanted less than 90 days after primary transplantation. The utility of early retransplantation needs to be carefully weighed in light of risks.
Neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL): A new marker of kidney disease

The incidence of both acute kidney injury (AKI, previously referred to as acute renal failure) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is reaching epidemic proportions. In both situations, early intervention can significantly improve the prognosis. However, the paucity of early, predictive, non-invasive biomarkers has impaired our ability to institute potentially effective therapies for these common clinical conditions in a timely manner. The current status of one of the most promising novel biomarkers, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is presented in this review. The evidence for the role of NGAL measurements in a variety of clinical situations leading to AKI (cardiac surgery, kidney transplantation, contrast nephropathy, haemolytic uraemic syndrome and in the intensive care setting) or to CKD (lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritides, obstruction, dysplasia, polycystic kidney disease, IgA nephropathy) is explored. The emerging utility of standardized clinical platforms for reliable measurement of NGAL in plasma (Triage NGAL Device; Biosite Incorporated) and urine (ARCHITECT analyzer; Abbott Diagnostics) is also discussed. It will be important in future studies to validate the sensitivity and specificity of NGAL concentration measurements in clinical samples from large cohorts and from multiple clinical situations. Such studies will be facilitated by the anticipated widespread availability of standardized commercial tools in the near future.
Lacrimal Gland Uptake and Metabolism of Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbic acid is thought to contribute to protection against the potentially damaging effects of radiation, oxygen toxicity, and abrasion in the eye. The anterior surface of the cornea is particularly subject to insult from each threat. We considered the possibility that the lacrimal gland of pigs has transport and/or metabolic capability to sequester the reduced or oxidized form of ascorbic acid and prepare it for secretion in the tears. Slices of fresh lacrimal gland were incubated in a physiologic buffer and exposed to < or = 12 microM 14C-labeled ascorbic acid or dehydro-l-ascorbic acid over 40-min incubation periods. Dehydro-l-ascorbic acid was taken up to a greater extent than the reduced compound. 14C-Label recovered from the tissue was at least 75% in the form of ascorbic acid after incubation with either substrate. Uptake of both the reduced and oxidized substrates proceeded to a tissue to medium ratio in excess of unity; the former was prevented by the presence of nonlabeled ascorbate in the bathing medium, but was unaffected by the removal of Na+ from the bath. The uptake of both substrates was less after inhibition of cellular metabolic energy. The lacrimal gland in this diurnal animal species has transport and metabolic capabilities that could serve in secretion of ascorbic acid into tears. This might help to protect the corneal epithelium against various forms of damage.
Catalyst Activity Enhancement of PtRu/CB for Methanol Oxidation by Carbon Nanotube Doping

A hybrid support material for catalyst is proposed and studied in the paper. A small fraction of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were added into commercial carbon black (CB)-supported PtRu electrocatalyst. Catalyst inks with different SWCNTs' doping concentrations were prepared, characterized, and investigated for methanol electrooxidation using cyclic voltammetry. Compared with the control group (no SWCNTs' doping), catalyst with a proper amount of SWCNTs' doping has five times catalytic activity enhancement for methanol oxidation for the same amount of PtRu loading. Catalyst films with different SWCNTs' doping concentrations were inspected with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Results suggested that addition of a SWCNT into PtRu/CB altered the catalyst-supporting material from pure CB spheres to hybrid SWCNT-CB matrix and, therefore, significantly changed PtRu nanoparticles distribution, catalyst film morphology, and, consequently, the catalyst activity toward methanol oxidation. A proper fraction of SWCNTs will attract PtRu onto surrounding SWCNTs without causing aggregation, which improves the effective surface reaction area and catalyst activity for methanol oxidation. This hybrid catalyst-support matrix provides a solution to the challenging issue of catalyst dispersion and accessibility dilemma and is very promising as a highly efficient and cost-effective catalyst system.
Investigation into fiber formation in N-alkyl urea peptoid oligomers and the synthesis of a water-soluble PEG/N-alkyl urea peptoid oligomer conjugate

The synthesis and self assembly of an N-alkyl urea peptoid oligomer/polymer conjugate that self-assembles into ribbon-like structures is reported. The aggregation of the N-alkyl urea peptoid oligomers has been investigated using NMR spectroscopy, with long and highly uniform fibers with micron dimensions observed in scanning electron microscopy images from both organo-soluble and water-soluble versions. The results of these studies indicate that hydrogen bonding likely is the major driving force for the self assembly. The oligomer was conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) producing a water soluble polymer/N-alkyl urea peptoid conjugate where the self-assembly of the N-alkyl urea peptoid was retained. These polymer conjugates represent a new approach to polymer biomimetic conjugates.
Vibration analysis of shear deformable circular arches by the differential quadrature method

The differential quadrature method is applied in the computation of the eigenvalues of the equations of motion governing in-plane and out-of-plane vibration of circular arches, based on the Bresse-Timoshenko beam theory in which both rotatory inertia and shear deformation are taken into account. Fundamental frequencies are calculated for arches of rectangular and circular cross sections under clamped-clamped end conditions and the results are compared with numerical solutions by another method. The present method gives good accuracy with only a limited number of grid points.
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Cilioretinal Artery Infarction

Purpose/Methods The blood flow in the posterior ciliary and retinal vascular circulations was studied by fluorescein angiography in a patient with a central retinal vein occlusion and cilioretinal infarction. Results/Conclusions Fluorescein dye appeared in two cilioretinal arteries before the dye appeared in the retinal arterial circulation. This finding supports the concept of a relative hypoperfusion of the cilioretinal arteries secondary to increased retinal venous pressure.
Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds on Al2O3, Pd/Al2O3, and PdO/Al2O3Catalysts

Abstract Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and oxidation (TPO) were used to study the decomposition and oxidation of methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, formic acid, and acetic acid on Al 2 O 3 , Pd/Al 2 O 3 , and PdO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts. The oxidation and decomposition rates were much higher on Pd/Al 2 O 3 than on Al 2 O 3 , even though the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were adsorbed on the Al 2 O 3 support in both cases. The VOCs surface-diffused to Pd and mostly dehydrogenated during TPD whereas they oxidized to CO 2 and H 2 O in the presence of oxygen. Partial oxidation products also apparently formed on the surface during TPO and they oxidized completely above 550 K. Above 600 K, VOCs oxidation was consistent with the Mars–van Krevelen mechanism, involving the oxidation and reduction of Pd and PdO. On PdO/Al 2 O 3 adsorbed VOCs were oxidized by lattice oxygen from PdO, but PdO was less active than Pd metal for VOC decomposition. Oxidation began at the same temperatures on PdO/Al 2 O 3 whether or not O 2 was present, indicating that extraction of lattice oxygen from PdO was the limiting factor initially. After lattice oxygen was removed, metallic Pd decomposed VOCs and also adsorbed O 2 , which was incorporated into the Pd lattice above 600 K. The reduction of PdO during TPD resulted in an autocatalytic oxidation since metallic Pd was more active than PdO. A portion of the VOCs reacted in parallel on Al 2 O 3 since these sites are active for dehydration and dehydrogenation at moderate to high temperatures.
Cortical-thalamic relationships in the rat

Abstract Single electrolytic lesions were made in the ventrobasal or posterior thalamic nuclear complex of 12 rats with a microelectrode after having first recorded the activity evoked by light tactile stimulation of various body parts. Resultant cortical axonal degeneration was studied with the Fink-Heimer I technique. Lesions in a region of the ventrobasal complex responding to stimulation of contralateral mystacial vibrissae led to somatotopically organized degeneration in the barrel field of the first somatic sensory cortex (SI), i.e., caudoventral vibrissae were represented dorsocaudally in the barrel field while rostrodorsal vibrissae were represented in the rostroventral barrel field. Degenerating axons ascended through deep cortical layers in bundles and terminated densely on the cells of lamina IV, involving neurons within the core and walls of the barrels as well as those in septal areas between barrels. A lesion in a lateral portion of the ventrobasal complex, Emmers' ventrobasal complex SII area, which was responsive to bilateral stroking of the hairs of the rat's dorsum, produced degeneration caudal to and overlapping cortical SI, but not in SII. Lesions of the posterior complex led to axonal degeneration caudal to SI, overlapping both visual and auditory cortices. A lesion in the medial portion of the ventrobasal complex, the thalamic gustatory nucleus, resulted in dense degeneration in a region of cortex dorsal to the rhinal fissure at the rostrocaudal level of the middle cerebral artery. This study answers the question of the cortical target of a portion of Emmers' ventrobasal complex SII region and of the posterior complex and confirms the position of the gustatory area and somatotopic representation of mystacial vibrissae.
A real space investigation of the dimer defect structure of Si(001)-(2times8)

SUMMARY The atomic arrangement of the Si(001)-(2 times 8) surface has been directly imaged in real space by scanning tunnelling microscopy. The superstructure is impurity induced and stablilized by as little as 1% Ni. Clean Si(001) surfaces do not form the (2times8) phase. The two-dimensional Fourier transforms of the STM topographs correspond well to the (2times8) LEED pattern, but the real space images are in fact considerably more complex than previously concluded on the basis of recent diffraction technique measurements. The STM images clearly demonstrate that the (2times8) surface consists of a complex missing dimer structure, namely one and multiple dimer vacancies. Such a dimer defect appears related to the Ni impurity and intimately related to the ordering of the dimer defects probably by third layer dimerization to produce quasi-ordered ‘channels’.
Analysis of Heme Structural Heterogeneity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Catalase-Peroxidase (KatG)

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosiscatalase-peroxidase (KatG) is a heme enzyme considered important for virulence, which is also responsible for activation of the anti-tuberculosis pro-drug isoniazid. Here, we present an analysis of heterogeneity in KatG heme structure using optical, resonance Raman, and EPR spectroscopy. Examination of ferric KatG under a variety of conditions, including enzyme in the presence of fluoride, chloride, or isoniazid, and at different stages during purification in different buffers allowed for assignment of spectral features to both five- and six-coordinate heme. Five-coordinate heme is suggested to be representative of “native” enzyme, since this species was predominant in the enzyme examined immediately after one chromatographic protocol. Quantum mechanically mixed spin heme is the most abundant form in such partially purified enzyme. Reduction and reoxidation of six-coordinate KatG or the addition of glycerol or isoniazid restored five-coordinate heme iron, consistent with displacement of a weakly bound distal water molecule. The rate of formation of KatG Compound I is not retarded by the presence of six-coordinate heme either in wild-type KatG or in a mutant (KatG[Y155S]) associated with isoniazid resistance, which contains abundant six-coordinate heme. These results reveal a number of similarities and differences between KatG and other Class I peroxidases.
A Field Test of Electromigration as a Method for Remediating Sulfate from Shallow Ground Water

Eloctromigraiion offers a potential tool for remediating ground water contaminated with highly soluble components, such as Na+, Cl, NO3 and SO4−. A field experiment was designed to lest the efficacy of electromigration for preconcontrating dissolved SO42 in ground water associated with a fossil-fuel power plant. Two shallow wells, 25 feel apart (one 25 feel deep, the other 47 feet deep), were constructed in the upper portion of an unconfined alluvial aquifer. The wells were constructed with a double-wall design, with an outer casing of 4-inch PVC and an inner lube of 2-inch FVC; both were fully slotted (0.01 inch). Electrodes were constructed by wrapping the inner lulling with a 100-foot length of rare-earth metal oxide/copper wire. An electrical potential of 10.65 volts DC Was applied, and tests were run for periods of 12, 44, and 216 hours. Results showed large changes in the pH from the initial pH of ground water of about 7.5 to values of approximately 2 and 12 at the anode and cathode, respectively. Despite the fact that the test conditions were far from ideal, dissolved SO42-; was significantly concentrated at the anode. Over a period of approximately nine days, the concentration of SO42- at the anode reached what appeared to he a steady-state value of 2200 mg/L. compared lo the initial value in ground water of approximately 1150 mg/L. The results of this field lest should encourage further investigation of electromigration as a tool in the remediation of contaminated ground water.
Management strategies for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from diagnosis through death.

Background:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that is inevitably fatal. There are no effective treatments to stop or reverse the natural course of the disease. The role of the physician is to provide comfort and optimize quality of life.Review Summary:Managem
The vas deferens of the Spanish lobster, Scyllarus chacei

Summary The male reproductive tract of Scyllarus chacei consists of paired testes and vasa deferentia that conduct sperm containing spermatophores to the genital pores at the base of each fifth walking leg. The testis is joined to the vas deferens which can be divided into four regions: (1) the anterior vas deferens can be further divided into three regions. It is highly convoluted and is the region in which the sperm become encapsulated in ovoid spermatophores of approximately 100 sperm as well as produces seminal fluids. (2) The middle vas deferens is the primary site of sperm storage and adds to seminal fluids which formed in the anterior region. (3) The posterior region is highly muscularized and may serve for limited sperm storage. (4) The most distal portion is the ejaculatory duct which is highly muscularized for extruding the spermatophoric mass for transfer to the female. A final seminar product is added here.
Cell survival following multiple-track alpha particle irradiation.

In experiments in which mammalian cells were irradiated with 5 . 6 MeV alpha particles from a Tandem Van de Graaff machine, we have confirmed the finding of others that the mean lethal dose (Do) is about 60 rad. However, on measuring the area of the nuclei of the flattened cells as they were irradiated, we found that this mean lethal dose corresponds to the passage of not one or two alpha particles per cell nucleus as expected but to between 10 and 20 particles. This allows for the possibility that the direct action of alpha particles on the nucleus may be the important event in carcinogenesis.
Effect of water content of ethylene glycol as electrolyte for synthesis of ordered titania nanotubes

Anodization of Ti using fluoride containing polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol or glycerol as electrolyte results in ordered arrays of TiO2 nanotubes with a smooth surface and a very high aspect ratio. However, the reproducibility of the result is affected by many experimental parameters, notably the water content. In this investigation, anodizations of Ti foil in anhydrous ethylene glycol +0.2 wt% NH4F solution (EG solution) with 0–1.0 wt% water additions were carried out at 20 V for 45 min in a dry-argon filled controlled-atmosphere glove box. It was observed that a minimum amount of 0.18 wt% of water addition was required to form a well ordered TiO2 nanotubular arrays. When the anhydrous EG solution was reused for third time, ordered arrays of nanotubes started to form. When the water addition to the EG solution was more than 0.5 wt%, formation of ridges was observed on the nanotubes. XPS results showed presence of un-anodized Ti element in the anhydrous condition and presence of organic and (NH4)2TiF6 type compounds in all the anodized samples in addition to the regular TiO2 phase. The results underline the influence of water content and local pH condition to form the ordered nanotubular arrays. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Complexity of Homemaking Tasks

The cognitive demands of homemaking tasks were studied by asking young wives to name tasks high and low in certain cognitive requirements and to provide explanatory information, ratings, and rankings. Their explanations of the cognitive factors (attention, judgment, planning) concerned most often the content of the work and less often the environmental context and more general cognitive and affective factors. For the high cognitive tasks, the homemakers often noted quality and quantity considerations, timing, and procedural activities. For the low cognitive tasks, the homemakers indicated less demanding aspects of timing, effort, and procedural matters. Through their ratings and rankings of the tasks, the wives consistently indicated that high cognitive tasks were complicated and low cognitive tasks uncomplicated. Their responses to direct questions asking what made homemaking tasks complicated or uncomplicated supported the working definition that the cognitive factors were dimensions of complexity. Results can be used in planning educational programs to help young consumers choose and control their personal effort levels in managing homemaking tasks and to assist manufacturers, product designers, architects, and builders in providing more humane options for consumers.
Neuronal Differentiation and Morphological Integration of Hippocampal Progenitor Cells Transplanted to the Retina of Immature and Mature Dystrophic Rats

Attempts to repopulate the retina with grafted neurons have been unsuccessful, in large part because donor cells prefer not to integrate with those of the host. Here we describe the first use of neural progenitor cells in the diseased adult retina. Adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells were injected into the eyes of rats with a genetic retinal degeneration. After survival times up to 16 weeks, the retinae of 1-, 4-, and 10-week-old recipients exhibited widespread incorporation of green fluorescent protein-expressing (GFP+) donor cells into the host retina. The 18-week-old recipients showed a similar pattern, but with fewer cells. Grafted cells expressed the mature neuronal markers NF-200, MAP-5, and calbindin. GFP+ cells extended numerous neurites into the host plexiform layers and these processes were intimately associated with synaptophysin+ profiles. GFP+ neurites also extended into the host optic nerve head. These results demonstrate the differentiation of substantial numbers of new neurons within the mature dystrophic retina.
Colorectal cancer cell lines lack the molecular heterogeneity of clinical colorectal tumors.

Abstract Background Histologically similar colorectal cancers (CRCs) exhibit a wide range of outcomes, suggesting that knowledge of the molecular differences might provide insight into this heterogeneity. Cancer cell lines have been used in preclinical studies to identify gene expression alterations that influence response to chemotherapeutic agents. However, it is not clear to what extent available CRC cell lines reflect the molecular heterogeneity observed in clinical colorectal tumors. Materials and Methods We compared genome-wide gene expression data from 22 CRC cell lines and 276 clinical colorectal tumors to determine whether the cell lines were able to represent the variability in expression profiles seen in the clinical tissues. Following mean centered data normalization, hierarchical clustering was performed on the samples using literature-derived biologic and pharmacogenomic gene sets. Results In general, the majority of cell lines tended to cluster together in a single group, as a subcluster within the clinical tissues, although a few cell lines showed distinct expression profiles from the majority of cell lines. Conclusion The gene expression data comparison suggests that CRC cell lines do not adequately reflect the molecular heterogeneity of clinical colorectal tumors.
A relativistic transformation for temperature

Abstract A relativistic transformation for temperature is derived from the statistical mechanics of an ideal relativistic gas. The partition function is calculated in two coordinate systems, one moving uniformly relative to the other, and the entropies computed from the partition functions. The temperature transformation is obtained by equating the entropies. The results differ from those previously proposed by others.
Localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 on primary afferent axons in the rat

Abstract The goal of the present study is to determine the relationship of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 (mGluR2/3) to dorsal root ganglion cells, peripheral primary afferent fibers in digital nerves and central primary afferent fibers in the spinal cord. We demonstrate that approximately 40% of L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglion cells contain mGluR2/3-like immunoreactivity. These mGluR2/3-positive cells are small in diameter (23 μm) and 76% stain for the isolectin Griffonia simplicifolia (I-B4), while 67% of I-B4 cells have mGluR2/3-like immunoreactivity. Electron microscopic analyses of mGluR2/3-like immunoreactivity in axons in digital nerves indicate that 32% of unmyelinated and 28% of myelinated axons are labeled. In the lumbar dorsal horn, mGluR2/3-like immunoreactivity is localized preferentially in lamina IIi with lighter staining in laminae III and IV. The dense mGluR2/3-like immunoreactivity in lamina IIi is consistent with the localization of these receptors in I-B4-labeled dorsal root ganglion cells. Elimination of primary afferent input following unilateral dorsal rhizotomies significantly decreases the mGluR2/3-like immunoreactivity density in the dorsal horn although some residual staining does remain, suggesting that many but not all of these receptors are located on primary afferent processes. The finding that mGluR2/3s are located on peripheral sensory axons suggests that they are involved in peripheral sensory transduction and can modulate transmission of sensory input before it reaches the spinal cord. This offers the possibility of altering sensory input, particularly noxious input, at a site that would avoid CNS side effects. Since many but not all of these receptors are located on primary afferent terminals, these receptors may also influence primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn through presynaptic mechanisms and glutamatergic transmission in general through both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. Since these receptors are concentrated in lamina IIi and also largely co-localized with I-B4, they may have considerable influence on nociceptive processing by what are considered to be non-peptidergic primary afferent neurons.
Panniculitis, infection, and dermatomyositis: case and literature review

The most common cause of panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue) is infection. Clinical panniculitis in dermatomyositis is rare. We found in the English literature 24 cases, including ours. Six cases involved children. Buttocks or thighs and arms were involved more frequently. Lobular panniculitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was the usual pathology. Calcifications of the panniculus were found in 6/24 (25%) of the cases. Membrano-cystic changes were associated with worse prognosis. Sixteen of 18 cases (89%) without associated infection, responded to increased immunosuppression. Eighty-nine percent responded to steroids alone. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) was effective in steroid-resistant cases. No spontaneous improvement was reported. Three cases were associated with infection; Staphylococcus aureus in two and Mycobacterium chelonae in one. All three responded to antibiotics with simultaneous decrease of the immunosuppressive therapy. Concomitant infection may play a role in the worsening of panniculitis and needs to be aggressively identified and treated.
The blue-green alga agmenellum quadruplicatum contains covalently closed DNA circles.

Abstract This paper reports the first direct visualization of covalently closed, circular DNA from a blue-green alga. Agmenellum quadruplicatum lysates, fractionated on CsCl-ethidium bromide density gradients, yield a minor band of covalently closed DNA circles which we have analyzed by electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA consists of a number of discrete classes of DNA circles ranging in molecular weight from 3 × 10 6 daltons to 65–80 × 10 6 daltons. The function of these circles is at present entirely unknown.
Loss of serotonin transporter protein after MDMA and other ring-substituted amphetamines.

We studied in vivo expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) protein after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), or fenfluramine (FEN) treatments, and compared the effects of substituted amphetamines to those of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), an established serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxin. All drug treatments produced lasting reductions in 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and [3H]paroxetine binding, but no significant change in the density of a 70 kDa band initially thought to correspond to the SERT protein. Additional Western blot studies, however, showed that the 70 kDa band did not correspond to the SERT protein, and that a diffuse band at 63–68 kDa, one that had the anticipated regional brain distribution of SERT protein (midbrain>striatum>neocortex>cerebellum), was reduced after 5,7-DHT and was absent in SERT-null animals, was decreased after MDMA, PCA, or FEN treatments. In situ immunocytochemical (ICC) studies with the same two SERT antisera used in Western blot studies showed loss of SERT-immunoreactive (IR) axons after 5,7-DHT and MDMA treatments. In the same animals, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-IR axon density was comparably reduced, indicating that serotonergic deficits after substituted amphetamines differ from those in SERT-null animals, which have normal TPH levels but, in the absence of SERT, develop apparent neuroadaptive changes in 5-HT metabolism. Together, these results suggest that lasting serotonergic deficits after MDMA and related drugs are unlikely to represent neuroadaptive metabolic responses to changes in SERT trafficking, and favor the view that substituted amphetamines have the potential to produce a distal axotomy of brain 5-HT neurons.
Management of hemorrhage from severe scalp lacerations with raney clips

A 23-year-old man was assaulted about the head and face with a wrench, sustaining multiple severe scalp lacerations. Massive bleeding from the lacerations ensued, resulting in refractory hypovolemic shock. Emergency department control of this hemorrhage was accomplished by the application of Raney clips to the edges of the scalp lacerations. Following stabilization and radiologic studies, the patient was admitted to the ICU, where his scalp wounds were managed definitively. The remainder of his hospital course was unremarkable, and he was discharged on the third hospital day to be followed in the surgical clinic as an outpatient.
A predictive model to help identify intimate partner violence based on diagnoses and phone calls.

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant health problem but goes largely undiagnosed, undisclosed, and clinically undocumented. Purpose To use historical data on diagnoses and telephone advice calls to develop a predictive model that identifies clinical profiles of women at high risk for undisclosed IPV. Methods A case–control study was conducted in women aged 18–44 years enrolled at Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) in 2005–2006 using symptoms reported by telephone and clinical diagnosis from electronic medical records. Analysis was conducted in 2007–2010. Overall, 1276 cases were identified using ICD-9 codes for IPV and were matched with 5 controls each. A full multivariate model was developed to identify those with IPV, as well as a reduced model and a summed-score model whose performance characteristics were assessed. Results Predictors most highly associated with IPV were history of remote IPV (OR=7.8); calls or diagnoses for psychiatric problems (OR=2.4); calls for HIV concerns (OR=2.4); and clinical diagnoses of prenatal complications (OR=2.1). Using the summed-score model for a population with IPV prevalence of 7%, and using a threshold score of 3 for predicting IPV with a sensitivity of 75%, 9.7 women would need to be assessed to diagnose one case of IPV. Conclusions Diagnosed IPV was associated with a clinical profile based on both telephone call data and clinical diagnoses. The simple predictive model can prompt focused clinical inquiry and improve diagnosis of IPV in any clinical setting.
Making Every Dollar Count: Local Government Expenditures and Welfare

The paper aims at examining the relationship between the allocations of funds at the local government level and the economic well-being of citizens. The results of this study help shed light on ways to get the best out of every dollar spent by local governments. Three empirical proxy measures for citizen well-being were used in the estimation of three different panel data models. Results suggest that some types of government expenditure can have a positive influence on citizen well-being. The analysis provides insights into how economic development policies may be conceived by local governments to ensure sustained economic prosperity of its citizens.
Loss of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Activity in Cortical Astrocytes Decreases Glutamate Uptake and Induces Neurotoxic Release of ATP

The extent of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inactivation in the brain after ischemia correlates with the extent of damage. We have previously shown that a loss of CaMKII activity in neurons is detrimental to neuronal viability by inducing excitotoxic glutamate release. In the current study we extend these findings to show that the ability of astrocytes to buffer extracellular glutamate is reduced when CaMKII is inhibited. Furthermore, CaMKII inhibition in astrocytes is associated with the rapid onset of intracellular calcium oscillations. Surprisingly, this rapid calcium influx is blocked by the N-type calcium channel antagonist, ω-conotoxin. Although the function of N-type calcium channels within astrocytes is controversial, these voltage-gated calcium channels have been linked to calcium-dependent vesicular gliotransmitter release. When extracellular glutamate and ATP levels are measured after CaMKII inhibition within our enriched astrocyte cultures, no alterations in glutamate levels are observed, whereas ATP levels in the extracellular environment significantly increase. Extracellular ATP accumulation associated with CaMKII inhibition contributes both to calcium oscillations within astrocytes and ultimately cortical neuron toxicity. Thus, a loss of CaMKII signaling within astrocytes dysregulates glutamate uptake and supports ATP release, two processes that would compromise neuronal survival after ischemic/excitotoxic insults.