cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilayer, Multimaterial Thermal Barrier Coating Systems: Design, Synthesis, and Performance Assessment

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are increasingly playing a vital role in enhancing efficiency and performance of gas turbine engines. As engine operating temperatures rise, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the currently principal TBC material, reaches its operational limits. Gadolinium Zirconate (GDZ)-based pyrochlore oxides are now emerging contenders, not only due to their lower thermal conductivity, but also their ability to resist attack by silicate deposits. However, GDZ cannot be directly substituted for YSZ due to its incompatibility with the thermally grown alumina layer, therefore requiring to be a component of multilayer system. Although industry has already adopted these materials in various applications, a number of fundamental issues arise with respect to layered-coating design, their properties and processing dependence. In this study several multilayer architectures, based on the YSZ–GDZ system, have been developed and tested for durability under furnace thermal cycling conditions. Coating designs considered optimization of microstructure and properties of individual layers based on their location within the top-coat thickness to address competing interests of thermal conductivity, compliance, and resistance to silicates. A large variance in durability was observed in coatings made with different multilayer designs. The results and the associated failure mechanisms are rationalized through preliminary evaluation of elastic energies at the failure locations and corresponding energy release rates. The results point to new strategies in the design and manufacturing of optimal multilayer coatings.
Shackled: The Challenge of Caring for an Incarcerated Patient

Hospice care for inmates is widely recognized as an important way of providing efficient, cost-effective palliative care to a growing number of dying inmates. The case presented here is of a 34-year-old inmate who was admitted to a tertiary-care hospital for diagnostic tests and treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. While he was in the hospital, his clinical status rapidly deteriorated and it was clear that palliative care was most appropriate. Prison restrictions prevented the health care team from sharing the patient's clinical status with his family. He was forbidden many interventions that would have improved his comfort, such as watching television. The problems illustrated by this case occur many times in United States tertiary-care hospitals, and it is hoped that by describing it, more compassionate care for inmate patients, regardless of location, can be provided.
Cystitis-induced upregulation of tyrosine kinase (TrkA, TrkB) receptor expression and phosphorylation in rat micturition pathways

This study examined tyrosine kinase receptor (Trk) expression and phosphorylation in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after acute (8 or 48 hours) or chronic (10 days) cyclophosphamide (CYP)–induced cystitis. Increases in the number of TrkA-immunoreactive (IR) cell profiles were detected in the L1 and L6 DRG (four-fold; P ≤ 0.01) and the S1 DRG (1.5-fold; P ≤ 0.05) but not in the L2, L4, and L5 DRG with CYP-induced cystitis of acute and chronic duration compared with control rats. The number of TrkB-IR cell profiles increased in the L1 and L2 DRG (L1: 2.6-fold; L2: 1.4-fold; P ≤ 0.05) and in the L6 and S1 DRG (L6: 2.2-fold; S1: 1.3-fold; P ≤ 0.05) only after acute CYP treatment (8 hours). After CYP treatment, the percentage of bladder afferent cell profiles expressing TrkA-IR (∼50%; P ≤ 0.05) increased in L1 and L6 DRG. The percentage of bladder afferent cell profiles expressing TrkB-IR (∼45%; P ≤ 0.05) in L1, L2, L6, and S1 DRG also increased compared with control cell profiles. The increase in TrkA-IR in bladder afferent cells occurred 8 hours after CYP treatment and was maintained in L1 DRG with chronic (10 days) CYP-induced cystitis. However, the increase in bladder afferent cells expressing TrkB-IR only occurred at the most acute time point examined (8 hours). TrkA-IR and TrkB-IR cell profiles also demonstrated phosphorylated Trk-IR with acute and/or chronic CYP-induced cystitis. These results demonstrated that CYP-induced cystitis increases the expression and phosphorylation of Trk receptors in lumbosacral DRG. Expression of neurotrophic factors in the inflamed urinary bladder may contribute to this increased expression, and neurotrophic factor and Trk interactions may play unique roles in decreased urinary tract plasticity with CYP-induced cystitis. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:200–211, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In vitro killing of tumor cells by soluble products of activated guinea pig peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract A partially purified fraction from supernatants of macrophage cultures from BCG-infected guinea pigs, which is rich in anti- Listeria activity, was cytotoxic to malignant and not normal cells. The susceptibility of target cells to this material varied considerably. Concentrations of egg white lysozyme, equal to those of the macrophage product, had considerably less effect on line 1 hepatoma cells.
Visualization and identification of the structures formed during early stages of fibrin polymerization

We determined the sequence of events and identified and quantitatively characterized the mobility of moving structures present during the early stages of fibrin-clot formation from the beginning of polymerization to the gel point. Three complementary techniques were used in parallel: spinning-disk confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and turbidity measurements. At the beginning of polymerization the major structures were monomers, whereas at the middle of the lag period there were monomers, oligomers, protofibrils (defined as structures that consisted of more than 8 monomers), and fibers. At the end of the lag period, there were primarily monomers and fibers, giving way to mainly fibers at the gel point. Diffusion rates were calculated from 2 different results, one based on sizes and another on the velocity of the observed structures, with similar results in the range of 3.8-0.1 μm2/s. At the gel point, the diffusion coefficients corresponded to very large, slow-moving structures and individual protofibrils. The smallest moving structures visible by confocal microscopy during fibrin polymerization were identified as protofibrils with a length of approximately 0.5 μm. The sequence of early events of clotting and the structures present are important for understanding hemostasis and thrombosis.
Regulation of acetylcholine-induced phosphorylation of PLD1 in porcine tracheal smooth muscle

The muscarinic agonist, acetylcholine (ACh), stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity in tracheal smooth muscle cells. Direct activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) also stimulates PLD in this tissue. Activation of ACh-induced PLD was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein in a concentration-dependent manner. Presently known isoforms of PLD, PLD1 and PLD2, were identified in tracheal smooth muscle and their activation-induced phosphorylation status studied. Both ACh and PMA increased phosphorylation of PLD1 that was significantly blocked by genistein or the PKC inhibitor calphostin C. PLD2 phosphorylation was not detected in the present experiments. Western blots probed with an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody indicate that PLD1 in this tissue is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after ACh or PMA stimulation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PLD1 was blocked by genistein and calphostin C. No tyrosine residues were phosphorylated on PLD2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that porcine tracheal smooth muscle cells express both isoforms PLD1 and PLD2. However, on muscarinic activation only PLD1 in this tissue is phosphorylated by PKC via a tyrosine-kinase-dependent pathway.
Trust as an Underlying Dynamic in the Counseling Process: How Clients Test Trust

Trust is a basic issue for clients entering into the counseling process. Counselors need to recognize and respond to clients' ways of testing trust.
Clinical update: proteasome inhibitors in hematologic malignancies

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (VELCADE; formerly PS-341, LDP-341, MLN341) is a novel dipeptide boronic acid. In cell culture and xenograft models, bortezomib showed potent activity, enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to traditional chemotherapeutics, and appeared to overcome drug resistance. In vitro, bortzomib downregulated the NF-kappaB pathway. NF-kappaB is a transcription factor that enhances the production of growth factors (e.g., IL-6), cell-adhesion molecules, and anti-apoptotic factors, all of which contribute to the growth of the tumor cell and/or protection from apoptosis. Phase II trials have been conducted in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (SUMMIT trial, 202 patients) or relapsed myeloma (CREST trial, n=54) using a 1.3mg/m(2) dose given twice weekly for 2 weeks (days 1, 4, 8, 11; rest days 12-21). Both trials showed responses (including complete responses) with manageable toxicities, forming the basis for an ongoing phase III trial comparing response to bortezomib versus high-dose dexamethasone.
Hypervelocity impact of dual-wall space structures with graphite/epoxy inner walls

Abstract The design of a spacecraft for an earth-orbiting mission must take into account the possibility of high-speed impacts by pieces of orbital debris and their effects on the spacecraft structure and on all of its exposed subsystem components. This paper presents the results of a preliminary experimental investigation in which the perforation resistance of dual-wall structures with aluminum outer walls and graphite/epoxy inner walls was compared against that of all-aluminum structures under simulated orbital debris impact loadings. The advantages and disadvantages of using graphite/epoxy as the inner wall material of a dual-wall structure are presented and discussed. The analyses performed showed that the effectiveness of the graphite/epoxy panels varied significantly depending on the velocity of impact. Based on the results obtained, the primary advantage of using graphite/epoxy as the inner wall material appears to be that it eliminates the severe cracking and petalling sustained by aluminum inner walls in dual-wall systems with internal multi-layer thermal insulation.
An NMR study of the interaction of daunomycin with dinucleotides and dinucleoside phosphates.

Abstract The mode of action of the widely used anticancer drug daunomycin was studied by 360 MHz and 100 MHz proton NMR. Information obtained from scalar coupling constants indicates that the conformation of the A ring of the aglycone moiety of daunomycin is maintained upon binding to dinucleotides but that the conformation of the daunosamine ring moiety is altered upon binding. Ring-current-induced chemical shifts of the drug protons were observed as the drug was titrated with deoxydinucleotides. The chemical shift results suggest that daunomycin forms 1 : 1 complexes with deoxydinucleotides and that the strength of the drug-nucleotide interaction is dependent upon the base composition of the dinucleotide. On the basis of the NMR data, a model for the drug deoxydinucleotide complex is presented featuring intercalation of the drug between the bases of the dinucleoside.
Free Radical Chlorination of Alkanes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: The Chlorine Atom Cage Effect as a Probe for Enhanced Cage Effects in Supercritical Fluid Solvents

The chlorine atom cage effect was used as a highly sensitive probe for studying the effect of viscosity and the possible role of solvent clusters on cage lifetimes and reactivity for reactions carr...
Green Electrochemiluminescence from Ortho-Metalated Tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III)

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) is reported in acetonitrile (CH3CN), mixed CH3CN/H2O (50:50 v/v), and aqueous (0.1 M KH2PO4) solutions with tri-n-propylamine as an oxidative−reductive coreactant. ECL efficiencies (φecl, photons emitted per redox event) of 0.000 92 in aqueous, 0.0044 in mixed, and 0.33 in CH3CN solutions for Ir(ppy)3 were obtained using Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine) as a relative standard (φecl = 1). Photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of 0.039, 0.050, and 0.069 were obtained in aqueous, mixed, and acetonitrile solutions, respectively, compared to Ru(bpy)32+ (φem = 0.042). The ECL spectra were identical to photoluminescence spectra (λmax ≅ 517 nm), indicating formation of the same metal-to-ligand (MLCT) excited states in both ECL and PL. The ECL is linear over several orders of magnitude in mixed and acetonitrile solution with theoretical detection limits (blank plus three times the standard deviation of the noise) of 1.23 nM in CH3CN and 0.23 μ...
The effect of high protein diets on the kidneys of rats.

As a part of a series of experiments designed to study the etiology of chronic nephritis, a number of rats were placed on diets made up of pure food materials, pure salts and vitamins. Diet A contained 20 per cent casein by weight, and was used as the standard or base diet. Diet B contained 76 per cent casein. Diet C contained 76 per cent casein plus the calculated amount of sodium bicarbonate necessary to neutralize the phosphorus and the sulphur derived from the casein. Diet D contained by weight, 20 per cent casein and 56 per cent purified egg albumen.The rats, all of which came from the same stock, were, at the beginning of the experiment, from 50 to 300 grams in weight. They were kept on the various diets for 8 to 14 months.Those on standard diet consumed 0.97 grams protein per 100 grams rat body weight per day. Those on Diets B and C ate 3.65 grams protein per 100 grams rat per day; those on high egg albumen Diet D, 3.60 grams. Figured in calories, the standard series ate 21.4 calories per 100 grams...
Stress-strain analysis of adhesive-bonded single-lap composite joints under cylindrical bending

Abstract An analytical study is proposed to develop an advanced model for determining the stress and strain distributions of adhesive-bonded composite single-lap joints under cylindrical bending. The anisotropic laminated plate theory and mechanics of composite materials are first used to derive the governing equations of the two bonded laminates. The entire coupled system is then obtained through assuming the peel stress between the two laminates. With the Fourier series and appropriate boundary conditions, the solutions of the system are obtained. Based on the proposed model, the stress and strain distributions of the adherends and the adhesive can be predicted. The coupling effects between tension and bending for asymmetric laminates are also included in this analysis. With the predicted stress distribution, the maximum peel and shear stresses, which are believed to be the most critical criteria on the joint strength, can be located and their values can be determined. An existing FEA code, “ALGOR”, is used as a comparison with this proposed analytical model. Based on the proposed analytical model, the maximum adhesive stress for different overlay lengths is predicted. An optimal overlay length is found to minimize the adhesive stress at the ends of the overlay. This study will be of interest to the aircraft industry since many advanced composite materials and adhesive-bonded lap joints are widely used in this field.
Correcting the Site Frequency Spectrum for Divergence-Based Ascertainment

Comparative genomics based on sequenced referenced genomes is essential to hypothesis generation and testing within population genetics. However, selection of candidate regions for further study on the basis of elevated or depressed divergence between species leads to a divergence-based ascertainment bias in the site frequency spectrum within selected candidate loci. Here, a method to correct this problem is developed that obtains maximum-likelihood estimates of the unascertained allele frequency distribution using numerical optimization. I show how divergence-based ascertainment may mimic the effects of natural selection and offer correction formulae for performing proper estimation into the strength of selection in candidate regions in a maximum-likelihood setting.
The urban process under capitalism: a framework for analysis

L'objectif de cet article est d'esquisser une problematique generale pour l'interpretation du processus urbain capitaliste. A cette fin, deux themes apparentes, l'accumulation et la lutte de classes, sont examines. Un examen de la theorie marxiste de l'accumulation mene a une comprehension theorique du role de l'investissement dans le cadre bati en relation avec l'ensemble de la structure et des contradictions du processus d'accumulation. Plus precisement, l'investissement dans le cadre bâti est percu en relation avec les differentes formes de crise qui peuvent surgir sous le capitalisme. Une selection d'exemples empiriques est presentee et discutee afin d'illustrer comment le support theorique est relie a l'evidence historique. Ceci permet de mettre a l'interieur d'une perspective theorique coherente les ‘long cycles’ d'investissement observes, ainsi que les changements geographique des fluxes d'investissements. Ensuite la maniere dont le cadre bâti lui-meme exprime et contribu aux crises capitalistes est examinee. Il est demontre que sous le capitalisme il existe une lutte perpetuelle selon laquelle le capital essaye de construire un environnement propre a son image seulement pour le detruire avec la reapparition d'une nouvelle crise. L'analyse considere alors comment la lutte de classes—c'est a dire la reaction organisee de la force du travail aux depredations du capital—influence la direction et la forme de l'investissement dans le cadre bâti. D'un interet particulier est la maniere dont la lutte de classes au lieu du travail se trouve deplacee a travers le processus urbain vers des luttes centrees autour de la reproduction de la force du travail au foyer. Quelques exemples de ces luttes sont presentes afin d'illustrer comment elles se rattachent a la lutte fondamentale au point de production en meme temps qu'elles influencent la direction et la forme de l'investissement dans le cadre bâti.
The effect of partially valid cues on children's discrimination learning

Abstract Second grade children were administered a two-choice discrimination learning task in which irrelevant dimensions were correlated .50, .75, or 1.00 with the 100 percent rewarded cue. The results indicated that when a cue was partially correlated with reward .75, learning was retarded. When all cues were relevant and redundant (r = 1.00), learning was most rapid. These results supported an implication of Hypothesis Testing Theory that partially correlated or partially valid cues would not be eliminated rapidly, thus retarding acquisition of the correct response.
Synchronization of North Pacific and Greenland climates preceded abrupt deglacial warming

Some proposed mechanisms for transmission of major climate change events between the North Pacific and North Atlantic predict opposing patterns of variations; others suggest synchronization. Resolving this conflict has implications for regulation of poleward heat transport and global climate change. New multidecadal-resolution foraminiferal oxygen isotope records from the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) reveal sudden shifts between intervals of synchroneity and asynchroneity with the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) δ 18 O record over the past 18,000 years. Synchronization of these regions occurred 15,500 to 11,000 years ago, just prior to and throughout the most abrupt climate transitions of the last 20,000 years, suggesting that dynamic coupling of North Pacific and North Atlantic climates may lead to critical transitions in Earth’s climate system.
Abnormal Induction of Aromatase Activity by Dexamethasone in Fibroblasts from a Patient with Cortisol Resistance

Cortisol resistance is a rare condition due to abnormal glucocorticoid receptor function. Stimulation of aromatase activity by dexamethasone (DEX) in cultured human skin fibroblasts provides a model for studying the biological activity of glucocorticoid receptors in cells. Skin fibroblasts derived from an affected father and his less severely affected son with cortisol resistance were used for this study. Saturation analysis of DEX receptor binding was performed after incubation of cells with various DEX concentrations (1–50 nmol/L). In normal cells, the mean maximal binding capacity (Bmax and dissociation constant (Kd) were 24 ± 3 pmol/mg DNA and 14 ± 3 nmol/L, respectively. Although the Bmax in cells of the father (33 ± 2 pmol/mg DNA) was normal, the Kd (31 ± 7 nmol/L) was abnormally elevated. By contrast, both the Bmax and Kd in cells of the son were normal. The dose response of aromatase activity to DEX stimulation was determined by assay of aromatase activity after incubation of cells in the absence ...
UV-LIGA microfabrication of a power relay based on electrostatic actuation

A novel type of micro power relay has been designed and fabricated using UV-LIGA technology. The relay is based on electrostatic actuation and SU-8 was used as a functional material. The unique character of this novel power relay is that other than a SU-8 structure used both as an electrical insulator and a mechanical connector, all other components are made of metal or alloys. Because UV-LIGA technology has the advantages of broad material selection and the capability of making high aspect ratio microstructures, the technology is best suited for fabricating microelectromechanical power relays. A multi-step, multi-layer UV-LIGA process has been successfully developed and a prototype relay has been successfully fabricated.
Risk and rationality: the influence of decision domain and perceived outcome control on managers' high‐risk decisions

The issue of when managers will undertake different forms and amounts of risk in their new business creation decisions is still not fully understood. To address one facet of this issue, this paper advances the proposition that decision domain and perceived outcome control interact to impact managers' new-product introduction decisions. Employing a causal method, a nested experimental design and indicators of risk's probability of loss and magnitude of loss elements, the study's results demonstrate that the manager's level of perceived outcome control combines with decision domain to determine subsequent levels of risk taking that are specific to each element of risk. Implications for theory, including prospect theory, and practice, especially firms wanting to pursue today's high-risk new-economy based initiatives, are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imidazoline receptor proteins are decreased in the hippocampus of individuals with major depression.

Background: A downregulation of I2-imidazoline binding sites has been reported in frontal cortices of depressed suicide victims, according to I2-radioligand binding and confirmed by Western blotting. We now report Western blots of imidazoline receptor proteins in hippocampi of subjects with and without depression at the time of death. Methods: Postmortem diagnoses were obtained from 17 cases of Axis I major depressive disorder and 17 cases without Axis I psychopathology. No psychotropic compounds were found in body fluids. Hippocampi were removed, sectioned, and assessed histologically. Throughout the analysis, each major depressive disorder sample was paired with a sample from a psychiatrically healthy subject based on equivalent life spans and postmortem delays. The antiserum was identical to that used in previous studies that reported a downregulation of cortical 29/30-kd imidazoline receptor–binding proteins in depression. Results: A triad of imidazoline receptor–binding protein bands (40–50 kd) was detected in the human hippocampus. Subjects with major depressive disorder had significantly less intensity in each imidazoline receptor–binding proteins band compared with control subjects (p = .01 for overall bands). Conclusions: The present results can be aligned with previous reports of downregulation of I2-radioligand binding sites in both cortices and platelets of depressed patients.
Indentation-induced dislocations and microtwins in GaSb and GaAs

Abstract The {100} and (110) faces of n-type GaSb and the {110) face of n-type GaAs have been indented at room temperature and 200°C, and the plastic zone around the microindents has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In both materials, indentation rosettes with approximate twofold symmetry form around the indents. In general, the rosettes consist of dislocations and microtwins. The rosette arms in n-type (001) GaSb are only slightly asymmetric along the two (110) directions, with the longer arms corresponding to α-type dislocations. This implies that the mobility of α-dislocations in GaSb is higher than the mobility of β dislocations. In both GaSb and GaAs, the 90° perfect and partial dislocations have the highest mobility. Based on the experimental results, it is proposed that, in both GaSb and GaAs, perfect dislocations nucleate on the indentation facets as half-loops with Burgers vectors parallel to the propagation directions of the rosette arms. On the other hand, twinning disloca...
Dynamics of GaAs/AlGaAs microdisk lasers

Dynamic response of a GaAs/AlGaAs microdisk laser has been experimentally investigated using femtosecond optical pumping. Below the lasing threshold, the delay time of the emission pulse from the microdisk hardly changes with the pump power. Above the lasing threshold, the delay time is shortened dramatically, and it decreases with increasing the pump power. The theoretical simulation based on the rate equations reproduces the experimental observation after the effect of carrier diffusion is taken into account. The simulation result illustrates that the speed of a microdisk laser is limited mainly by the carrier diffusion in the disk plane.
Glass research for optical waveguides

Abstract Progress continues to be made in glasses for optical waveguides on the basis of the general principles originally established. These original principles have guided an intensive investigation to find optimum glass properties consistent with fabrication constraints. The properties of attenuation, refractive index, and strength can be used as illustrations. For the former two, interest is centered at longer wavelengths than current systems. For the latter, general improvement is still desired.
Single-Voxel Recording of Voltage Transients in Dendritic Spines

We report sensitive recording of membrane potential in single dendritic spines in cortical neurons within a brain slice using two-photon excitation and a new, fluorinated, intracellularly loaded organic dye, di-2-AN(F)EPPTEA. With a two-photon excitation wavelength of 1060 nm, we achieve voltage sensitivity of >16% change in fluorescence per 100 mV. By targeting single spines in single-voxel recordings, we attain excellent single/noise quality, with back-propagating action potentials (bAPs) visible in single sweeps while recording at 10 kHz. This recording rate allows us to reliably assess fast bAP dynamics on single sweeps including bAP rise times of 0.5 ms. The amplitude and propagation delays of the bAPs are similar among different spines located within the same dendritic region, and this is true despite large differences in spine size. The interregion differences in bAP waveforms in spines vary in relation to their distance from the soma and the caliber of their parent dendrites.
Mitotic analysis of root tips from cryopreserved and artificially aged seeds of wheat

Seeds of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Vona were stored at various temperatures (-196°C, -18°C, 5°C, 21°C, and 32°C), moisture contents (6%, 8%, and 15% m.c.) and storage periods (0, 1, 7, 30, 90, 180, 360, 540, and 720 days). Mitosis in root tip cells were examined for chromosome aberrations. Aberrations increased with increased storage time at high temperatures (21°C and 32°C) and high moisture contents (8% and 15% m.c.). Most of the aberrations were chromatid fragment(s) and bridge(s). Lagging chromosomes or combinations of bridge(s) and fragment(s) were also observed. Seeds stored in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) or at low temperatures (-18°C and 5°C), even at high moisture contents (8% or 15% m.c.), for up to two years showed no difference in chromosome aberrations from the control.
Neighborhood disadvantage in context: the influence of urbanicity on the association between neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent emotional disorders

PURPOSE: Inconsistent evidence of a relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent mental health may be, in part, attributable to heterogeneity based on urban or rural residence. Using the largest nationally representative survey of US adolescent mental health available, we estimated the association between neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent emotional disorders and the extent to which urbanicity modified this association. METHODS: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) sampled adolescents aged 13-17 years (N = 10,123). Households were geocoded to Census tracts. Using a propensity score approach that addresses bias from non-random selection of individuals into neighborhoods, logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative odds of having a DSM-IV emotional disorder (any past-year anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder or dysthymia) comparing similar adolescents living in disadvantaged versus non-disadvantaged neighborhoods in urban center, urban fringe, and non-urban areas. RESULTS: The association between neighborhood disadvantage and emotional disorder was more than twice as large for adolescents living in urban centers versus non-urban areas. In urban centers, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood was associated with 59 % (95 % confidence interval 25-103) increased adjusted odds of emotional disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Urbanicity modifies the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and emotional disorder in adolescents. This effect modification may explain why evidence of a relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent mental health has been inconsistent. Recognizing the joint influence of neighborhood socioeconomic context and urbanicity may improve specificity in identifying relevant neighborhood processes. Language: en
To Tell or Not to Tell: Current Functioning of Child Sexual abuse Survivors who Disclosed their Victimization

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of childhood disclosure on current mental health functioning of female survivors of child sexual abuse and to identify characteristics of abuse that were associated with disclosure. Two hundred and four women with a history of child sexual abuse completed questionnaires describing sexual victimization history, circumstances of childhood disclosures, and measures of current symptoms. Disclosure was not directly related to overall current functioning; however, disclosure was associated with fewer intrusive and avoidant symptoms. Disclosure tended to be less common with more severe levels of assault and when the assailant was related to the victim. The results suggest that disclosure may be beneficial in preventing the development of specific post-traumatic symptoms; however, disclosure was found to be least common for the types of assaults that produced the greatest psychological distress.
Impaired IKs channel activation by Ca2+-dependent PKC shows correlation with emotion/arousal-triggered events in LQT1

Abstract Background The most common inherited cardiac arrhythmia, LQT1, is due to IKs potassium channel mutations and is linked to high risk of adrenergic-triggered cardiac events. We recently showed that although exercise-triggered events are very well treated by s-blockers for these patients, acute arousal-triggered event rate were not significantly reduced after beta-blocker treatment, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying arousal-triggered arrhythmias may be different from those during exercise. IKs is strongly regulated by β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling, but little is known about the role of α1-AR-mediated regulation. Methods and results Here we show, using a combination of cellular electrophysiology and computational modeling, that IKs phosphorylation and α1-AR regulation via activation of calcium-dependent PKC isoforms (cPKC) may be a key mechanism to control channel voltage-dependent activation and consequently action potential duration (APD) in response to adrenergic-stimulus. We show that simulated mutation-specific combined adrenergic effects (β + α) on APD were strongly correlated to acute stress-triggered cardiac event rate for patients while β-AR effects alone were not. Conclusion We were able to show that calcium-dependent PKC signaling is key to normal QT shortening during acute arousal and when impaired, correlates with increased rate of sudden arousal-triggered cardiac events. Our study suggests that the acute α1-AR-cPKC regulation of IKs is important for QT shortening in “fight-or-flight” response and is linked to decreased risk of sudden emotion/arousal-triggered cardiac events in LQT1 patients.
Fucosylglycolipid metabolism in oncornavirus-transformed cell lines.

CONSIDERABLE evidence suggests that modifications of the cell surface are responsible for cardinal properties acquired by malignant cells1. Investigations of these membrane changes have centred on the heterosaccharide moiety of both proteins and lipids2. The status of glycolipids in a wide range of cultured cells transformed by DNA oncogenic viruses has been examined3–9. Such viral transformations usually resulted in incomplete elongation of the lipid carbohydrate chain, often attributable to a reduction in the activities of certain of the glycosyl transferases10,11. Sometimes incomplete synthesis of gangliosides was accompanied by accumulation of a precursor glycolipid2. Related biochemical lesions were induced by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), the only RNA oncogenic virus thoroughly examined12. The work cited concentrated on the chief surface membrane glycolipids, the gangliosides containing sialic acid and their neutral glycolipid precursors13. The glycosphingolipids containing fucose, prominent blood group haptens14–17 and surface components of cultured cells18 have not been implicated in virus-induced oncogenesis, until this report which used a number of RNA oncogenic virus systems.
Facile Synthesis of Mesoporous Gold−Silica Nanocomposite Materials via Sol−Gel Process with Nonsurfactant Templates

Mesoporous gold−silica nanocomposites have been synthesized through simple one-step sol−gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with a gold sol in the presence of dibenzoyl tartaric acid (...
Locke on superaddition and mechanism

L'A. propose une nouvelle interpretation de la doctrine de la suraddition de la these du mecanisme pur chez Locke. Rejetant toute lecture deflationniste des remarques de Locke sur la suraddition, l'A. defend l'idee d'une annexation divine des pouvoirs sans aucun lien intelligible avec l'essence de la matiere. Examinant la conception volontariste de la loi naturelle que Locke partage d'abord avec Descartes et Boyle, l'A. montre qu'il s'en detache ensuite pour affirmer l'arbitraire divin accordant des pouvoirs au corps. L'A. conclut a l'incompatibilite de la conception de la suraddition avec le mecanisme de Locke
Assessing the impact of faculty advising and mentoring in a project-based learning environment on student learning outcomes, persistence in engineering and post-graduation plans

In 2000, we introduced an undergraduate engineering curricular option to serve as an alternative to the traditional two-semester senior capstone experience, and intended to better meet the needs of students and industry. Initially funded through NSF, this program offers teams of students from varied disciplines the opportunity to work for several years in a business-like setting solving real-world problems supplied by industry. This program has converted the traditional classroom into a multi-year, interdisciplinary, experiential learning environment, and the role of instructor from one who imparts knowledge to that of mentor, guiding students as they discover and apply knowledge. The program is now self-sustaining and successfully attracts and retains STEM-discipline students, making them more marketable to employers upon graduation. Under NSF's IEECI program, we undertook a study to determine whether participation in such a project-based learning environment, together with the redefined role of faculty mentors, are positively correlated to student education outcomes. One measurement tool used to capture student perceptions was a modified form of the Academic Pathways of People Learning Engineering Survey (APPLES), to look at contributors to students' persistence in engineering. In this paper, we will share the results of the APPLES survey component of our study as related to the faculty mentor role and project-based team learning environments.
Synthesis, X-Ray Structural Determination and Coordination Chemistry of 4'-Ferrocenyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine

4'-Ferrocenyl-2,2' : 6',2"-terpyridine(Fctrpy) has been prepared from ferrocene carboxaldehyde and 2-acetylpyridine. A single crystal X-ray structure analysis indicates typical bond distances and angles with nearly coplanar aromatic rings. The angle between the cyclopentadienyl ring of the ferrocene moiety and the central pyridyl ring of the terpyridine is 19.2° Ruthenium complexes, Ru(Fctrpy) 2 2+ and Ru(trpy) (Fctrpy) 2+ (trpy = 2,2' : 6',2"-terpyridine) have been prepared and characterized electrochemically and spectrophotometrically.
Piecewise Linear Approximation of Smooth Compact Fibers

Let H:RN?Rm be a twice differentiable map. Let N?n+m. Assume that the fiber F?H?1(y0) of H over a point y0?Rm is a compact n-dimensional differentiable manifold and that ?H is of maximal rank in a neighborhood of F. Works of Allgower and Gnutzmann, and of Allgower and Schmidt give an algorithm to find a global piecewise linear approximation of F based on a triangulation of RN. Several authors have given algorithms for obtaining a piecewise linear approximation of F in a way that does not depend on the triangulation in RN. This effects a reduction of the combinatorial complexity from O(N!) to O(n!), but the approximations are not global. In this paper, a probability one algorithm is given, which, given H, F, N, m as above, uses homotopy continuation to construct a differentiable map H:R2n+1?Rn+1 with a compact differentiable manifold F?H?1(0), which is diffeomorphic to F by an explicit diffeomorphism, and with ?H of maximal rank in a neighborhood of F. This reduces the problem when N>2n+1 to the known piecewise linear algorithm in R2n+1 at the simpler expense of carrying out a well-behaved homotopy continuation starting at vertices of the simplices of the triangulation of a neighborhood of ?(F)?R2n+1, where ?:RN?R2n+1 is a generic linear projection. Consequently, a global algorithm is obtained with a combinatorial complexity of O((2n+1)!).
Excitation induced by acetylcholine after injection of Limulus ventral photoreceptor with ml muscarinic receptor mRNA

We investigated whether a human neurotransmitter receptor for acetylcholine (Ach) could couple Ach to light-sensitive pathways in Limulus photoreceptors. Two to three days after injection of human ml muscarinic mRNA into Limulus ventral photoreceptors the cells depolarized in response to Ach.
Regulation and Signaling: When a Tax is not Just a Tax

Excise taxes are popular as regulatory policy. This popularity stems in part from their simple disincentive mechanism: higher prices mean less consumption of the regulated item. The size of the disincentive, however, may not be the whole story since governments rarely regulate without sending signals about why the regulation is necessary. This paper integrates signaling into a model designed to test the effectiveness of regulatory policies. By focusing on how signaling can be used in conjunction with more traditional policy analysis models, we offer a more complete understanding of regulation.
Resonantly enhanced near-field lithography

We propose the combination of a planar optical resonator and a solid immersion lens for resonantly enhanced non-contact near-field lithography. Subwavelength small spots can be produced by exciting the Bessel modes of the resonator.
An intercultural study of aggressive behavior on children's playgrounds.

Playground behavior of children in Germany, Italy, and Denmark was subjected to structured observation by teams of psychologists in the respective countries, with particular reference to aggression of adults toward children and of children toward each other. Results indicate that German adults are significantly more often aggressive toward German children, and German children toward other children, than are either the Italians or the Danes. Further implications of these observations are discussed, and other applications suggested.
A phase space approach to wave propagation with dispersion.

A phase space approximation method for linear dispersive wave propagation with arbitrary initial conditions is developed. The results expand on a previous approximation in terms of the Wigner distribution of a single mode. In contrast to this previously considered single-mode case, the approximation presented here is for the full wave and is obtained by a different approach. This solution requires one to obtain (i) the initial modal functions from the given initial wave, and (ii) the initial cross-Wigner distribution between different modal functions. The full wave is the sum of modal functions. The approximation is obtained for general linear wave equations by transforming the equations to phase space, and then solving in the new domain. It is shown that each modal function of the wave satisfies a Schrodinger-type equation where the equivalent “Hamiltonian” operator is the dispersion relation corresponding to the mode and where the wavenumber is replaced by the wavenumber operator. Application to the beam equation is considered to illustrate the approach.
Working better together? Empowerment, panopticon and conflict approaches to teamwork:

Scholars often offer competing accounts of the consequences of workplace teams. Researchers in the empowerment tradition describe autonomy in teams as generating satisfaction and pro-social behaviors. The panopticon approach emphasizes the disciplinary aspect of teamwork – arguing that peer monitoring elicits intense effort and discourages resistance through visibility and normative control. The conflict school highlights variation in experiences of and responses to teamwork, calling particular attention to worker resistance. This study uses mixed methods to investigate these perspectives simultaneously, analyzing content-coded data on 204 work groups. Though evidence supports both empowerment and panopticon theories, especially when used in combination, the conflict perspective emerges as pivotal to understanding not only worker resistance but also consent to empowerment and even panoptic control.
A Corpus of Scope-disambiguated English Text

Previous work on quantifier scope annotation focuses on scoping sentences with only two quantified noun phrases (NPs), where the quantifiers are restricted to a predefined list. It also ignores negation, modal/logical operators, and other sentential adverbials. We present a comprehensive scope annotation scheme. We annotate the scope interaction between all scopal terms in the sentence from quantifiers to scopal adverbials, without putting any restriction on the number of scopal terms in a sentence. In addition, all NPs, explicitly quantified or not, with no restriction on the type of quantification, are investigated for possible scope interactions.
Definition of the immunogenic forms of modified human LDL recognized by human autoantibodies and by rabbit hyperimmune antibodies

Humans and laboratory animals recognize human modified LDL as immunogenic. Immune complexes (ICs) isolated from human sera contain malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) and N (epsilon)(carboxymethyl)lysine-modified LDL (CML-LDL) as well as antibodies reacting with MDA-LDL, copper-oxidized LDL (OxLDL), CML-LDL, and advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-modified LDL. OxLDL and AGE-LDL antibodies isolated from human sera recognize the same LDL modifications and do not react with modified non-LDL proteins. Rabbit antibodies have different reactivity patterns: MDA-LDL antibodies react strongly with MDA-LDL and MDA-BSA but weakly with OxLDL; OxLDL antibodies react strongly with OxLDL and weakly with MDA-LDL; CML-LDL antibodies react with CML-LDL > CML-BSA > AGE-LDL > OxLDL; AGE-LDL antibodies react strongly with AGE-LDL, react weakly with OxLDL, and do not react with CML-LDL. Thus, human and rabbit antibodies seem to recognize different epitopes. Capture assays carried out with all rabbit antibodies showed binding of apolipoprotein B-rich lipoproteins isolated from ICs, suggesting that laboratory-generated epitopes are expressed by in vivo-modified LDL, although they are not necessarily recognized by the human immune system. Thus, the definition of immunogenic forms of modified LDL eliciting human autoimmune responses requires the isolation and characterization of autoantibodies and modified LDL from human samples, whereas rabbit antibodies can be used to detect in vivo-modified human LDL.
Inside the Black Box: Identifying the Variables That Mediate the Effects of an Experimental Intervention for Adolescents

In recent decades, researchers have identified many programs that successfully reduce juvenile delinquency. Evaluations of these programs generally do not, however, assess the mediating variables that intervene between program participation and reduced delinquency. Thus, although much insight has been gained on which programs are effective, the question of why they are effective is often neglected. This study addresses this issue by considering the risk factors that mediate the effects of a comprehensive intervention on juvenile offending. This was considered with data from the Children at Risk program, a 2-year multimodal intervention with random assignment that has been shown to reduce delinquency among high-risk early adolescents.
Condition Monitoring Methodology for Manufacturing and Design

Part production requires constant monitoring to assure the effective manufacturing of high-quality components. The choice of monitoring methods can become a crucial factor in the decisions made during and prior to manufacturing. In an ideal world, designers and manufacturers will work together to interpret manufacturing and part data to assure the elimination of faults in manufacturing. However, manufacturing still lacks mathematically robust means of interpreting the manufacturing data so that a channel of communication can be established between design and manufacturing. To address part production concerns, we present a systematic methodology to interpret manufacturing data based on signals from manufacturing (e.g., tool vibrations, part surface deviations). These signals are assumed to contain a fingerprint of the manufacturing condition. The method presented in this paper is based on a mathematical transform to decompose the signals into their significant modes and monitor their changes over time. The methodology is meant to help designers and manufacturers make informed decisions about a machine and/or part condition. An example from a milling process is used to illustrate the method’s details.