cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Instruction in MIDI-based Composition Through a Critical Theory Lens

This paper considers the issue of computer-assisted composition in formal music education settings from the perspective of critical theory. The author examines the case of MIDI-based software applications and suggests that the greatest danger from the standpoint of ideology critique is not the potential for circumventing a traditional understanding of theoretical knowledge and notation when composing. Instead, it is false subjectivity, or the potential belief that what one creates is free from the mediation of tacit musical conventions and the ideological biases of the technology itself. Developing a framework for critique that is partially based on the writings of Theodor Adorno and draws on a dialectical conception of composing, the author applies this framework to the issue of MIDI-based composition in order to make this case.
Transient Multi-Field FEA Model for Predicting Current Density Distribution When Deforming Sheet Metal Under a Direct Current

Previous investigations have been performed that involve developing new ways in which to deform a material while minimizing the energy required to do so. More recent research involves applying an electric current to the workpiece to achieve superplasticity. However, those investigations only utilized uniaxial workpieces and lack the ability to be used for more common geometries. The research presented herein, however, the effect is investigated under three-dimensional conditions so that the results could be projected to more realistic sheet metal geometries. A working finite element analysis (FEA) model has been developed to analyze these more complicated three-dimensional flow fields and will be presented as a part of this research. The model was used to solve for the temperature and current density distributions across the workpiece. The results from the FEA model are compared to results obtained from experimental tests. In the experimental setup, the two dome heights were separately tested under the same conditions that the FEA model simulated, however, only a temperature distribution was obtained here. The comparison of the FEA results and the experimental results related the temperature distribution to the current density distribution across the workpiece. From here, the individual effects of certain parameters on the distributions were found. The parameters included: duration of current, amount of current, electrode placement, and dome height geometry. The results showed that the current density distribution can be manipulated by varying the above parameters. This capability can be used to delay tearing/necking of a sheet metal workpiece under deformation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Human monoclonal antibody to tumor-associated ganglioside GD2: Suppressed growth of human melanoma in nude mice

Human IgM kappa monoclonal antibody (anti-GD2) to a tumor antigen, ganglioside GD2, has been produced by Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B lymphoblasts. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of passively administered anti-GD2 against an ascites-form human melanoma cell line, M14-A, transplanted into athymic nude mice. M14-A expresses GD2 in vivo. Cells (5 X 10(5) were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) into CD-1 nude mice that had received i.p. injections of 200 micrograms anti-GD2 and rabbit complement. Significant tumor-free intervals were observed in the treated mice (P less than 0.005) for i.p. tumors and P less than 0.025 for s.c. tumors). M14-A formed well-vascularized s.c. tumors if injected into young nude mice. Three-wk-old CD-1 nude mice bearing 2-3 mm M14-A s.c. tumor nodules were treated i.p. with anti-GD2 and rabbit complement. Tumor growth was delayed for 25 days. On day 15, treated tumors were 20% the size of control tumors. Because most biopsied or autopsied melanomas express GD2, and because patients with melanoma produce autoantibodies to GD2, the results in this study may provide important information for future passive immunization with human monoclonal antibody and for active specific immunization with GD2 antigen.
Externally adjusted Rayleigh aperture for the Spinco model E ultracentrifuge.

Abstract The use of the Rayleigh interference optical system in analytical ultracentrifugation has found an ever-increasing popularity since it was first demonstrated by Richards and Schachman (1) that it can provide an extremely precise record of refractive index differences as a function of radius within the centrifuge cell. As theoretical and experimental developments in this field have imposed increased demands for accurate optical alignment, provisions have been made available as standard equipment on the Spinco model E ultracentrifuge for precise and flexible adjustability of the Rayleigh optical components to allow fulfillment of alignment criteria by incremental photographic determination of optimal settings (2). The currently available Rayleigh aperture assembly has provisions for transverse and rotational adjustment. However, it is not accessible during centrifugation required to provide gradients in the cell used in many procedures of rotational alignment, so that incremental adjustment for photographic examination of fringe patterns as a function of angle becomes a time-consuming operation. In this communication, we describe a procedure for minimal modification of existing Spinco components which removes this restriction and ensures rapid and reproducible rotational alignment of the Rayleigh aperture.
Noticing Noticing How Does Investigation of Video Records Change How Teachers Reflect on Their Experiences

This study investigated the following question: To what extent and in what ways might using video help interns reflect on their discussion-based teaching in a more complex manner than when they use...
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 175☆

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reaction studies are presented for all nuclei with mass number A = 175. This evaluation for A = 175 supersedes the earlier one by A.O. Macchiavelli and E. Browne (1993Ma79), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 69, 903 (1993). Highlights of this publication are the following: This evaluation includes the first study (1996Zh03) of 175Er β− decay, which has been used to interpret a predicted ground state doublet in 175Tm. The deep-inelastic reaction studies (1999As05, 1997Le11, and 1997Le10) extended the yrast band of 175Yb to the J π = 41 / 2 − level at 4426 keV. New studies (1994Mi04) of 175Yb β− decay have provided significantly more precise γ-ray intensities. New data (2002Ro17 and 1998To14) from the alpha decay of 179Tl have been used for tentatively assigning spin and parity to 175Au ground and first-excited states. Tentative assignment of 175Hg g.s. is adopted from 176Tl proton decay (2004Ke06).
A comparative study on anonymous 802.11n protocols

Many anonymous communication solutions have been proposed to provide anonymous mobile ad hoc network (MANET) communications. However, they mainly focus on the routing layer and above to hide the end-to-end traffic patterns. The point-to-point communication relations are often considered as non-critical information in terms of anonymity, which actually exposes the traffic patterns on the PHY/MAC layer. Adversaries may utilize the MAC layer protocol to derive the end-to-end communication relations by using statistical traffic analysis. Unfortunately, the most popular wireless MAC protocol used in MANETs, i.e., IEEE 802.11, will reveal the point-to-point communication relations to attackers. In this paper, we investigate several solutions to hide the 802.11 point-to-point communication relation. We perform a comparative study to analyze the feasibility of these potential solutions. Our research results indicate that the pure physical carrier sensing approximately archives the similar performance compared to the standard 802.11 protocols, while achieving better point-to-point anonymity.
Prime and prime power divisibility of Catalan numbers

Abstract For any prime p, the sequence of Catalan numbers a n = 1 n 2n−2 n−1 is divided by the an prime to p into blocks Bk(k > 0) of an divisible by p. The lengths and positions of the Bk are determined. Additional results are obtained on prime power divisibility of Catalan numbers.
The stability of the eating disorder inventory

This research assessed the stability of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI; Gamer, Olmstead, & Polivy [1983]. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2, 75–34). over a 7-year period in a female, non-clinical population. Of 401 women who initially completed the EDI, 282 (70.3%) completed the EDI again 1 year later. Pearson correlations calculated between the EDI total score and its eight subscale scores indicate considerable stability in the total score and the Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism, and Interpersonal Distrust subscales of the EDI. There was less stability in the Bulimia, Interoceptive Awareness, and Maturity Fears subscales. Several explanations of these findings are discussed.
BENDAVIA (MTP-131), A NOVEL MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETING PEPTIDE, IMPROVES ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE AND ATTENUATES MEDIATORS OF CARDIOMYOCYTE APOPTOSIS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIUM OF DOGS WITH ADVANCED HEART FAILURE

Dysfunctional mitochondria (MITO) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis occur in heart failure (HF). Bendavia (MTP-131), a first-in-class MITO protective agent, improves LV function and ATP synthesis in HF dogs. We examined the effects of Bendavia on protein level and activity of cytochrome-c oxidase complex
Effect of Material Structure on the Non-linear Fracture Parameters of Aggregative Concrete

ABSTRACT Comparisons of experimental data on the effect of material structure on the composite fracture properties of concrete with a recently developed theoretical model is presented. The meso-scale theoretical model of tension-softening behavior is based on the initiation and spreading of a dominant crack from the largest aggregate particle, subsequently intersecting other aggregates in its path, followed by complete material separation of the eventual crack plane by frictional pull-out of the aggregates. The limited but favorable comparisons between data and the theoretical predictions suggest the usefulness for further investigation into this preliminary model.
Is a fourth year necessary? The need for subspecialization: total body irradiation.

Abstract Although the number of radiation oncologists performing TBI procedures has increased in the last decade and three exists a significant body of unique medical knowledge pertinent to its use, there is little cohesiveness as a discipline within radiation oncology. There are no specific societies, journals, and no hospital divisions devoted to this area. Therefore, I contend that subspecialty accreditation is not justified at this time. However, there are many fascinating scientific questions at the cellular, tissue, and clinical level which remain to be answered with regard to TBI, making it an exciting area for both laboratory and clinical research. Specialized training should be offered by institutions with expertise as a possible research year for residents and/or fellows who have a particular interest in pursuing an academic career along these lines.
Controlled-Release Theophylline Tablet Formulations Containing Acrylic Resins, II. Combination Resin Formulations

AbstractTheophylline tablet formulations containing a combination of cationic and anionic acrylic resins were prepared and evaluated. Equal amounts of Eudragit RSPM (cationic resin) and Eudragit L100 (anionic resin) were included at the 15% level (total polymer content) into the tablet formulations. Pressure-hardness profiles with theophylline-resin compacts (4:1) demonstrated that compacts containing the RSPM resin were the most compressible. The dissolution profiles for theophylline in acidic media showed slower release rates from tablets containing the combined resins than from those containing each of the single resins. It was proposed that this decrease in drug release rate was a result of a solid state interaction between the oppositely charged polymers. As the amount of retardant in the matrix increased, the release rates in acidic media decreased. In pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, much faster release was seen due to the higher solubility of the Eudragit L-100 resin at this pH level. Tablet hardness betw...
Evaluation of PLED as a chelating ligand for the preparation of gallium and indium radiopharmaceuticals

The 68 Ga and 111 In complexes of PLED (N,N'-dipyridoxylethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid) were prepared and their biodistribution determined as a function of time following i.v. injection into rats. The 68 Ga and 111 In complexes behaved identically and were rapidly cleared from the blood via the kidneys into the urine. Similar rapid urinary excretion was observed in the gamma images obtained from a stump-tailed macaque injected with 111 In-PLED. Paper electrophoresis at pH 7.35 showed a single radioactive peak for 111 In-PLED which migrated towards the anode. PLED administered by i.p. injection was found to speed the blood pool clearance of previously administered 68 Ga-citrate.
Computer Based Self-Study Modules for Breastfeeding Education of Health Professionals

Abstract The ADA's recent Promotion of Breastfeeding Position Statement has clearly made breastfeeding promotion and support a priority for dietitians. Research on the breastfeeding knowledge of health professionals, including dietitians, nurses and physicians, demonstrates that many do not have the information they need to accomplish this goal. Thus, it is critical to find ways to provide clinically relevant information to people in a wide variety of practice and educational settings, in an efficient and economical format. Computer based technology is one way to provide didactic and clinical training. Computer technology allows for interactive learning, and can provide clinical simulations using movies, graphics, and animations as well as text. Immediate feedback to the viewer can be provided. These features can provide a clinical component to lactation education that is not available in traditional teaching methodologies. Even without a live mother-baby couple, viewers can develop beginning clinical breastfeeding assessment skills. The authors will discuss the status of computer technology based education. Methods of implementing computer technology into training activities across disciplines and work sites will be discussed. A demonstration of self-study modules developed by the authors for teaching breastfeeding basics to health professionals across disciplines and training levels will be provided. These modules have been favorably reviewed by both students and professionals.
Optimal Sensor Placement for Mode Shapes Via Shannon's Sampling Theorem

: The feasibility of using Shannon's sampling theorem to reconstruct exact mode shapes of a structural system from a limited number of sampling points is investigated. Shannon's sampling theorem for the time domain is reviewed. The theorem is then extended to the spatial domain. Mode shapes are reconstructed from a limited amount of data, and the reconstructed mode shapes are compared with the exact mode shapes. On the basis of the results, simple rules are proposed for the placement of accelerometers in modal parameter extraction experiments. The feasibility of applying the rules and the extended Shannon's theorem to damage localization in a simple structure is demonstrated.
Non‐optimal uses of video in the classroom

This paper examines some instructional practices concerning the non‐optimal uses of video, films and other mass media in the K–12 classroom. Based on a six‐year process of observing and interviewing teachers regularly in two school districts in Massachusetts, USA, this paper presents a typology of seven common patterns of non‐optimal media use, instructional practices that diminish or weaken the value of film and video viewing as a learning tool. A telephone survey was conducted with a purposive sample of 130 middle‐school and high‐school teachers to provide additional evidence concerning teacher perceptions of the frequency of their colleagues' non‐optimal use of video. Teachers in the USA report that their colleagues frequently use media for non‐educational purposes, including to fill time, to keep students quiet, as a break from learning, or as a reward for good behavior. The implications of non‐optimal media use are considered in light of renewed interest in integrating media literacy into K–12 instru...
The Status of EMR Adoption in University Psychology Clinics

Based on US healthcare policy there has been a movement toward increased adoption and use of electronic medical records [12, 18]. As Hersh noted in his comment on the 2009 HITECH Act, it is time for U.S. physicians to `catch up with the pack' [11, p. 327]. The same may be said for university clinics that train future healthcare providers. The paper reports findings from a 2012 survey of Psychology Clinic Directors within doctoral psychology training programs in the United States and Canada, whose clinics were members of the Association of Psychology Training Clinics (APTC). The findings indicate that Clinics are indeed `catching up with the pack' and identifies significant differences in the perceived concerns and benefits regarding adoption of Clinic adopters, Clinics that plan to adopt, and Clinic non-adopters. Overall, the findings suggest that the Clinics that have adopted EMRs are satisfied with their decision and experience.
The Numerical Toolbox: An approach for modeling and optimizing microfluidic components

Abstract A suite of numerical algorithms called the Toolbox has been designed to model the flow of low-velocity liquids and gases through microfluidic components. High-resolution, three-dimensional flow is precomputed for a set of basic geometrical features using traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. Then, for each geometric feature, an advection map is stored that encapsulates the net transport generated by the feature in a way that can be retrieved efficiently. Then the Toolbox retrieves and combines data from the library of advection maps to predict the transport through complex components that combine these geometric features. The speed-up relative to traditional CFD approaches enables automated design and optimization based on user-specified performance criteria without requiring the user to specify an initial prototype design. The basic Toolbox approach is described here, and an example is presented for optimizing surface delivery in a device designed to detect TNT in seawater.
Formative evaluation of a multimedia program for patients about the side effects of cancer treatment

Formative evaluation of multimedia programs can prevent costly and time-consuming revisions and result in more effective programs. Yet systematic formative evaluation is seldom conducted. This paper reviews the basic principles of formative evaluation and describes how we applied those principles to the formative evaluation of a multimedia program for patients about the side effects of cancer treatment. It discusses the challenges of developing multimedia programs for patients and provides guidance to other health professionals interested in developing programs on other topics.
Performance comparisons of classification techniques for multi-font character recognition

This paper reports the performance of several neural network models on the problem of multi-font character recognition. The networks are trained on machine generated, upper-case English letters in selected fonts. The task is to recognize the same letters in different fonts. The results presented here were produced by back-propagation networks, radial basis networks and a new hybrid algorithm which is a combination of the two. These results are compared to those of the Hogg-Hubermann model as well as to those of nearest neighbor and maximum likelihood classifiers. The effects of varying the number of nodes in the hidden layer, the initial conditions, and the number of iterations in a back-propagation network were studied. The experimental results indicate that the number of nodes is an important factor in the recognition rate and that over-training is a significant problem. Different initial conditions also had a measurable effect on performance. The radial basis experiments used different numbers of centers and differing techniques for selecting the means and standard deviations. The best results were obtained with one center per training vector in which the standard deviation for each center was set to the same small number. Finally, a new hybrid technique is discussed in which a radial basis network is used to determine a starting point for a back-propagation network. The back-propagation network refines the radial basis means and standard deviations which are replaced in the radial basis network and used for another iteration. All three networks out-performed the Hogg-Hubermann network as well as the maximum likelihood classifiers.
Effect of stimulatory and inhibitory drugs on uterine electrical activity measured noninvasively from the abdominal surface of pregnant rats.

OBJECTIVE: Our purposes were (1) to identify and analyze parameters of uterine electrical activity that change during active term and preterm labor in response to stimulatory (oxytocin) or inhibitory (terbutaline) agents and (2) to correlate the information obtained from abdominal surface measurement of electrical activity with intrauterine pressure and with the electrical activity measured directly from the uterine surface in vivo. STUDY DESIGN: Electromyographic activity was acquired simultaneously from the uterine wall and the abdominal surface by means of unipolar electrodes. Electromyographic activity was recorded in the 0.3 to 50-Hz range and digitized at 200 samples per second. Intrauterine pressure was measured via an intrauterine catheter. The effect of cumulative doses of oxytocin and terbutaline on power density spectrum, amplitude, number and duration of electromyographic bursts, and intrauterine pressure was recorded in anesthetized rats during spontaneous active term labor (n = 7) and induced preterm labor (n = 6). RESULTS: Bursts of electromyographic activity recorded from the abdominal surface mirrored those from the uterine wall, albeit at a lower amplitude. During active term labor, lower concentrations of oxytocin did not significantly affect power-density-spectrum energy, amplitude, or number of bursts per unit time. The duration of electromyographic bursts increased dose dependently. Myometrial contractions were phasic, with return to the baseline between phases. As the concentration of oxytocin increased, the energy, amplitude, and number of bursts per unit time declined while the intrauterine pressure continued to rise until the contraction became tetanic, without return to the baseline. In rats with induced preterm labor, terbutaline inhibited uterine contractility by decreasing the intrauterine pressure. This was accompanied by a progressive decrease in the power density spectrum, amplitude, number, and duration of the uterine wall and abdominal surface electrical bursts. CONCLUSIONS: First, uterine electromyographic activity measured noninvasively from the abdominal surface reflects changes in uterine electrical activity and intrauterine pressure measured directly and invasively in term and preterm labor, as well as during treatments to stimulate or inhibit labor. Second, this noninvasive method may be useful in monitoring uterine activity in vivo. Third, clinical studies to evaluate this technology in human subjects are warranted.
31 Flavors of Inclusionary Zoning: Comparing Policies From San Francisco, Washington, DC, and Suburban Boston

Problem: Over the past several decades, inclusionary zoning (IZ) has become an increasingly popular, but sometimes controversial, local means of producing affordable housing without direct public subsidy. The conversation about IZ has thus far largely ignored variations in the structure of IZ policies, although these variations can impact the amount of affordable housing produced and the effects of IZ on production and prices of market rate housing. Purpose: We provide a detailed comparison of the ways in which IZ programs have been structured in the San Francisco and Washington metropolitan areas and in suburban Boston. Methods: We create a unique dataset on IZ in these three regions by combining original data collected from several previous surveys. We use these data to compare the prevalence, structure, and affordable housing output of local IZ programs. Results and conclusions: In the San Francisco Bay Area, IZ programs tend to be mandatory and apply broadly across locations and structure types, while...
Toward Integration: Environmental Psychology in Relation to other Subfields of Psychology

The manner in which a particular theoretical approach (the holistic, developmental, systems-oriented perspective) operates to integrate environmental psychology with other subfields of psychology-i...
Anion dependent molecular recognition of cations

Abstract In DMF- d 7 tetrabenzimidazole cavitands 2 exist as monomeric species and vase-like conformers. Several possible arrangements of the four benzimidazole NHs are indicated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The cavitands form 1:1 inclusion complexes with tetraethyl ammonium and phosphonium cations only when strong hydrogen bonding anions like chloride or acetate are present. These complexes are stable on the NMR time scale at 295 K feature a C 2 V -symmetrical arrangement of benzimidazole functions. The stability of the C 2 V -symmetrical tetramethylammonium acetate complex is independent of the temperature. In contrast, tetramethylammonium and phosphonium chloride complexes exist at 233 K as several isomers. This complicated behavior is, in part, attributed to the hydrogen bonding interactions between the anions and the NH groups of benzimidazole functions.
Adenosine pressor and depressor systems in the nucleus tractus solitarius of rats

This report discusses the neuronal and cardiovascular responses elicited by adenosine in two subareas of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Pressor and tachycardic responses were obtained from the rostral NTS (adenosine pressor system), and depressor and bradycardic responses were obtained from the caudal NTS (adenosine depressor system). In both areas, adenosine inhibited the firing rate of barosensitive neurons. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD), SHR, and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were anesthetized with urethane and prepared for blood pressure and heart rate recording, stereotaxic microinjection of adenosine into the NTS, and extracellular recording of single-unit neuronal activity of NTS neurons. Chemical identification of the targeted neuronal pool was made by L-glutamate (5 nmol) and confirmed by histology. Adenosine elicited dose-related neuronal and cardiovascular responses. However, SHR exhibited differential alterations in both adenosine systems. Compared with WKY, SHR exhibited attenuated pressor, tachycardic, and neuronal responses mediated by the adenosine pressor system and exaggerated depressor, bradycardic, and neuronal responses mediated by the adenosine depressor system. The responses elicited by adenosine were virtually abolished by theophylline (10 mg/kg IV) and by microinjection of 8(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline) into the same area, suggesting that these responses were mediated by adenosine receptors in the NTS. Furthermore, the theophylline-evoked increase in blood pressure was twofold higher in SHR compared with WKY. These findings suggest: 1) adenosine pressor and depressor systems involve different neuronal pools in the NTS, and 2) the differential alterations in adenosine pressor and depressor systems in the NTS of SHR may be implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension.
Genetics of Ustilago violacea. XXXII. Genetic evidence for transposable elements.

Crosses between Ustilago violacea mutant strains with different color phenotypes that were derived from the 1.A1 and 2.A2 laboratory strains yielded, as expected, bisectored teliospore colonies with the parental colors as well as the a-1 and the a-2 mating-types. Generally, wild teliospore collections usually produced sporidia of both mating-types, providing two-mating-type (TMT) strains. Occasionally, however, sporidia with only one mating-type allele, a-1 or a-2, were obtained from teliospores, providing one-mating-type (OMT) strains. Crosses between OMT and laboratory strains with different color phenotypes gave (1) bisectored teliospore colonies with the parental colors or colonies with a parental color and a nonparental color and (2) nonsectored colonies with the nonparental color or with the parental color. The frequencies for the occurrence of non-parental color ranged from 41% to 93%, depending on the strain. The yield of teliospore colonies was usually reduced for these crosses. In many of these teliospore colonies, morphologically-altered sporidia (MAS phenotype) were observed. The morphology and the size of the sporidia with the MAS phenotype differed from those of teliospore colonies of the crosses between the laboratory strains. In addition, these sporidia did not form conjugants. A cross involving the TMT strains C449 yielded the MAS phenotype as well as a high incidence of tetrad colonies with a nonparental color. The high degree of instability of the parental color phenotypes, and the high frequency of the appearance of nonparental color phenotypes as well as the appearance of the MAS phenotype, are in accord with the presence of active and inactive transposable elements in the OMT strains, TMT strains, and laboratory strains.
Sediment Budget Template applied to Aberdeen Pool

This work creates a Sediment Budget Template (SBT) with Aberdeen Pool on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway as the demonstration site. USGS data are the basis for the Power Curve Program which defines the sediment behaviour in terms of a power function. The second program, Tier 1 Program, uses the power curve coefficients along with the bankfull discharge to define the sediment fluxes. Thirdly, the Tier 2 Program uses power curve coefficients to calculate daily sediment flux which are integrated over each year. Lastly, the computer program SIAM is used. Comparison among the methods provides an estimate of the final depositional approximation. Purpose: The intent of this paper is to define a template that outlines recommended steps for constructing a sediment budget for either a river or an estuary system. As seemingly simple as a sediment budget evaluation appears, it in fact is a difficult process even with the use of known methods. By using a multi-prong approach the goal is to reduce uncertainty and target a value that is appropriate. Steps include using three Visual Basic Assistant (VBA) based programs and (SIAM) to calculate the overall change in mass balance and magnitudes of sediment fluxes. The main purpose of this paper is to outline the required approach for this SBT.
Painful whole body vibration increases NGF & BDNF in cervical intervertebral discs in the rat

Neck pain is a common and costly condition in the United States. Whole body vibration, such as that experienced during occupational driving, has been linked to low back pain and disc degeneration. With more Warfighters wearing heavy helmets and headgear while riding in ground vehicles over rough terrains for extended periods of time, the risk of painful neck injury from whole body vibration is rising. This study used a rat model of painful whole body vibration to investigate the potential for inducing changes in cervical intervertebral discs that may relate to degeneration and pain. Increased expression of two neurotrophic factors, NGF and BDNF, known to be involved in neuron growth and survival, was detected in association with pain. Studies investigating the specific mechanisms by which these changes occur and how they may relate to potential ingrowth of nerves into a painful disc are needed.
Efficient spatial sampling of large geographical tables

Large-scale map visualization systems play an increasingly important role in presenting geographic datasets to end users. Since these datasets can be extremely large, a map rendering system often needs to select a small fraction of the data to visualize them in a limited space. This paper addresses the fundamental challenge of thinning: determining appropriate samples of data to be shown on specific geographical regions and zoom levels. Other than the sheer scale of the data, the thinning problem is challenging because of a number of other reasons: (1) data can consist of complex geographical shapes, (2) rendering of data needs to satisfy certain constraints, such as data being preserved across zoom levels and adjacent regions, and (3) after satisfying the constraints, an optimal solution needs to be chosen based on objectives such as maximality, fairness, and importance of data.This paper formally defines and presents a complete solution to the thinning problem. First, we express the problem as a integer programming formulation that efficiently solves thinning for desired objectives. Second, we present more efficient solutions for maximality, based on DFS traversal of a spatial tree. Third, we consider the common special case of point datasets, and present an even more efficient randomized algorithm. Finally, we have implemented all techniques from this paper in Google Maps visualizations of Fusion Tables, and we describe a set of experiments that demonstrate the tradeoffs among the algorithms.
Soap: a pointing device that works in mid-air

Soap is a pointing device based on hardware found in a mouse, yet works in mid-air. Soap consists of an optical sensor device moving freely inside a hull made of fabric. As the user applies pressure from the outside, the optical sensor moves independent from the hull. The optical sensor perceives this relative motion and reports it as position input. Soap offers many of the benefits of optical mice, such as high-accuracy sensing. We describe the design of a soap prototype and report our experiences with four application scenarios, including a wall display, Windows Media Center, slide presentation, and interactive video games.
A personality process model of cyber harassment

Cyber harassment is a costly concern for organisations but little is known about the motivations behind individuals who engage in this behaviour. This article proposes a personality process model of cyber harassment in an attempt to add to the theoretical foundation in this area and stimulate additional research on this issue. Drawing from the general aggression model (Anderson and Bushman, 2002), the Dark Triad personality traits (Paulhus and Williams, 2002), and the cognitive-affective personality system theory (Mischel and Shoda, 1995), this model proposes that both situational triggering events and individual characteristics come together to produce cyber harassment. Specifically, the model proposes that Dark Triad characteristics (particularly narcissism and psychopathy) combined with particular triggering events (specifically ego threats and physical threats) lead to patterns of cognitive and affective processing that ultimately result in corporate cyber harassment behaviours. After detailing these proposed pathways associated with harassment, theoretical contributions as well as research and practical implications of the model are discussed.
A Model of Self-Treatment Behavior, Glucose Variability, and Hypoglycemia-Associated Autonomic Failure in Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Type 1 diabetes patients face a lifelong behaviorally controlled optimization problem: maintaining strict glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. Because internal insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is practically absent, this optimization is entirely dependent on the interplay among (i) self-treatment behavior, (ii) interaction between exogenous insulin and carbohydrates utilization, and (iii) internal defenses against hypoglycemia. This article presents a mathematical model and a computer simulation of the relationship among self-treatment in T1DM, blood glucose (BG) variability, and hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF). Method: A stochastic behavioral self-control process was coupled with a dynamical system simulation of the dampening effect of counterregulation on BG oscillations. The resulting biobehavioral control system was compared to data from a field clinical trial (85 T1DM patients, 21–62 years old, T1DM of at least 2 years duration, and at least two documented severe hypoglycemia episodes during the previous year). Results: The mathematical simulation was able to reproduce characteristics of hypoglycemic events observed during a field clinical trial, such as temporal clustering of hypoglycemic episodes associated with HAAF and occurrence of severe hypoglycemia as a result of periods of HAAF augmented by increased BG variability. Conclusion: This investigation offers a mathematical model of HAAF—the primary barrier to intensive insulin treatment. This combined modeling/computer simulation/data analysis approach explains the temporal relationship among behaviorally induced hypoglycemia, glucose variability, and autonomic failure in T1DM. This explanation is valuable not only because it indicates that signs of HAAF can be detected in patients’ natural environment via self-monitoring or continuous glucose monitoring, but also because it allows for tracking of the risk of severe hypoglycemia over time.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke-LIV Determination of Hydroxybenzyl Alcohols and Hydroxyphenyl Ethanols in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke

p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol (PHPE) end m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (MHBA) were major components of subfractions of the tumor-promoting fractions of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Tofurther Investigate the possible role of these and related compounds in tumor promotion and cocarclnogenesls by CSC, an analytical method was developed for hydroxyphenyl ethanols and hydroxybenzyl alcohols In tobacco and tobacco smoke. The method consisted of a series of solvent partitions followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography of the silylated hydroxyphenyl alcohol fraction, p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (PHBA) was used as Internal standard. The main- stream smoke of a typical 85-ram U.S. non-filter cigarette contained 3.3---0.3/~g/cig of PHPE and 1.0  0.1 /Jg/clg of MHBA; that from filter cigarettes contained from 1.2-2.8 /Jg/cig PHPE and 0.28-0.66 Hg/cig MHBA. PHPE, but not MHBA, was detected in unburned tobacco (0.96-15.0/Jg/g). The major source of PHPE In mainstream smoke was apparently transfer from tobacco, while MHBA was formed, at least partially, from cellulose. PHPE levels in cigarette tobacco and smoke were reduced by extraction of the tobacco with the hexane-ethanol azeotrope.
The effects of impulsivity, sexual arousability, and abstract intellectual ability on men's and women's go/no-go task performance.

While a number of studies have assessed the role of personality traits, situational variables, and drug use on sexual risk behaviors, fewer studies have employed experimental methods to examine cognitive processes that may underlie risky sexual decision making. This study used a go/no-go paradigm to examine how individual difference variables and sexual arousal influence discrimination learning and sexual and nonsexual decision making. A total of 28 men (M age = 20 years) and 25 women (M age = 19 years) completed self-report measures of impulsivity, abstract intellectual ability, and sexual excitation and inhibition and participated in a laboratory experiment. The experiment consisted of two go/no-go tasks with sexual stimuli and two tasks with neutral stimuli, preceded by either sexually arousing or sexually neutral stimulus presentations. Task performance was measured by totals of false alarms and misses. Individuals high in impulsivity and low in abstract intellectual ability committed more false alarms in conditions involving sexually arousing stimuli. Furthermore, higher sexual excitation scores were linked to more misses. These findings indicate that cognitive processes associated with decision making that occurs in the “heat of the moment” are influenced by a combination of situational and sexual and nonsexual individual difference variables.
The effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the tracer and gradient diffusion of integral membrane proteins in lipid bilayers

Biological membranes can be considered two-dimensional fluids with suspended integral membrane proteins (IMPs). We have calculated the effect of hydrodynamic interactions on the various diffusion coefficients of IMPs in lipid bilayers. The IMPs are modelled as hard cylinders of radius a immersed in a thin sheet of viscosity mu and thickness h bounded by a fluid of low viscosity mu`. We have ensemble averaged the N-body Stokes equations to the pair level and have renormalized them following the methods of Batchelor (1972) and Hinch (1977). The lengthscale for the hydrodynamic interactions is lambda a = (mu h)/mu`, which is O(100a), and the slow decay of the interactions introduces new features in the renormalizations compared to the analogous analyses for three-dimensional suspensions of spheres. We have calculated the asymptotic limits for the short- and long-time tracer diffusivities, D{sub s} and D{sub l}, respectively, and for the gradient diffusivity, D{sub g}, for phi very much less than 1 and lambda very much greater than 1, where phi is the IMP area fraction and lambda = mu h/(mu` a). The diffusivities are D{sub s}/D{sub 0} = 1 - 2phi(1 - (1 + ln(2) - 9/32)/(ln(lambda) - gamma)), D{sub l}/D{sub 0} = D{sub s}/D{submore » 0} - 0.07/(ln(lambda) - gamma), D{sub g}/D{sub 0} = 1 + phi(-7 + (6 ln(2) + 7/16 + 0.37)/(ln(lambda) - gamma)), where D{sub 0} is the diffusivity in the limit of zero area fraction, and gamma = 0.577216 is Euler`s constant. The results for D{sub l} and D(sub s) differ only slightly. The decrease in D{sub g}/D{sub 0} as phi increases contrasts with the result for spheres for which D{sub g}/D{sub 0} greater than 1. 25 refs.« less
Aligning Performance: The End of Personnel and the Beginning of Guided Skilled Performance **

For almost twenty years researchers have predicted the end of personnel as HRM practices increasingly became a line management function. However, while useful for describing shifts in human resource responsibilities, this practice-based view obscures the fundamental strategic reason for this shift – executive demands for effective means to manage performance. This paper contributes a new approach for HRM that may better predict which current practices will be most successful and suggests the characteristics of new practices that may be developed using an example of goalsetting and performance appraisal. The theory includes a model of human performance based on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience that suggests HRM may fulfill a strategic role by reestablishing its core competence as specialists in industrial psychology who create systems for guiding skilled performance. We conclude by proposing a measure that assesses the link between performance and customer perceived value across the value chain, thereby demonstrating the return on investment in human resources.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Chronic Kidney Disease

CKD is a national public health problem that afflicts persons of all segments of society. Although racial/ethnic disparities in advanced CKD including dialysis-dependent populations have been well established, the finding of differences in CKD incidence, prevalence, and progression across different socioeconomic groups and racial and ethnic strata has only recently started to receive significant attention. Socioeconomics may exert both interdependent and independent effects on CKD and its complications and may confound racial and ethnic disparities. Socioeconomic constellations influence not only access to quality care for CKD risk factors and CKD treatment but may mediate many of the cultural and environmental determinants of health that are becoming more widely recognized as affecting complex medical disorders. In this article, we have reviewed the available literature pertaining to the role of socioeconomic status and economic factors in both non-dialysis-dependent CKD and ESRD. Advancing our understanding of the role of socioeconomic factors in patients with or at risk for CKD can lead to improved strategies for disease prevention and management.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), but Not Secretory PLA2, Potentiates Hydrogen Peroxide Cytotoxicity in Kidney Epithelial Cells

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and reactive oxygen species have been implicated both individually and synergistically in various forms of cellular injury. The form(s) of PLA2 important for cell injury and the implications of enhanced activity of the enzyme, however, have not been discerned. Previous studies reveal an increase in PLA2 activity associated with cell injury, but this association does not establish a causal relationship between the increase in activity and the injury. LLC-PK1 cell lines were created that express either the cytosolic PLA2 or a group II PLA2. The susceptibility of these cells to hydrogen peroxide toxicity was determined in order to evaluate the relative importance of these two forms of PLA2 in oxidant injury. Expression of cytosolic PLA2 in the LLC-cPLA2 cell line was associated with a 50-fold increase in PLA2 activity in the cytosolic fraction, an increase in agonist-stimulated arachidonate release, and immunodetection of the cytosolic PLA2 protein that was undetectable in control cells. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide or menadione, but not mercuric chloride, resulted in significantly greater lactate dehydrogenase release in LLC-cPLA2 cells when compared with control cells. Exogenous arachidonic acid (150 µ) did not enhance hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. The intracellular calcium chelator, 1,2-bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid/tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester, protected the cells against injury, but the calcium ionophore, A23187, did not increase injury. Glycine conferred no protective effect against hydrogen peroxide toxicity. By contrast to these results with cytosolic PLA2-expressing cells, secretory PLA2 expression to very high levels did not increase susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide. Thus, cytosolic PLA2 may an be an important mediator of oxidant damage to renal epithelial cells.
Full motion compensation for LFM-CW synthetic aperture radar

Small, low-cost, high-resolution SAR systems, such as the Brigham Young University (BYU) muSAR, are made possible by using a linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFM-CW) signal. SAR processing assumes that the sensor is moving in a straight line at a constant speed, but in actuality a UAV or airplane will deviate, often significantly, from this ideal. This non-ideal motion can seriously degrade the SAR image quality. In a continuous wave system this motion happens during the radar pulse which means that existing motion compensation techniques, which approximate the position as constant over a pulse, are limited for an LFM-CW SAR. In this paper, the LFM-CW SAR signal model is presented and processing algorithms are discussed. The effects of non-ideal motion during the SAR signal are derived and new methods for motion correction are developed which correct for motion during the pulse. These new motion correction algorithms are verified with simulated data and with actual data collected using the BYU muSAR system.