cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistency of Multiple Renal Functional MRI Measurements Over 18 Months.

Background Identification of patients with progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) and those likely to respond to candidate therapeutics is urgently needed. Functional MRI measurements have shown promise. However, knowledge about the consistency of the measurements is essential to conduct longitudinal studies. Purpose/hypothesis To investigate the consistency of repeated functional MRI measurements in healthy subjects. Study type Prospective, longitudinal study. Subjects Seventeen healthy subjects were examined on two different occasions, 18 months apart. Field strength/sequence Multiple gradient-recalled-echo, 2D navigator-gated flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery True-FISP and spin-echo planar diffusion-weighted sequences were used on a 3T scanner. Images were acquired on two different scanner configurations. Assessment Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) R2*, arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion-derived blood flow (BF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were analyzed using a custom image processing toolbox. Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed on renal cortex, medulla, and whole kidney. Multiple researchers were involved in defining the ROIs. Statistical tests Intra- and intersubject coefficients of variation (CV) and Bland-Altman plots were used to measure consistency and evaluate bias in the measurements. A nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used to compare differences between two timepoints. Results The intrasubject CV for R2* and ADC were 6.8% and 5.3% with small (-3.8 and 5.3%) bias, respectively, comparing baseline and 18-month data. Intrasubject CV for renal cortex BF was higher (18.7%) compared to R2* and ADC, but comparable to prior literature values over shorter durations. It also exhibited a larger bias (-15.4%) between two timepoints and significantly lower values (P = 0.022) at 18-month data. Data conclusion All three MRI parameters over 18 months, even with a scanner upgrade and involving multiple observers, showed good consistency. These results are useful for the interpretation of longitudinal data and support the use of these methods to monitor progression in patients with CKD. Level of evidence 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2018;48:514-521.
Antitumorigenic Effects of Limonene and Perillyl Alcohol Against Pancreatic and Breast Cancer

Perillyl alcohol is a natural product from cherries and other edible plants. Perillyl alcohol and d-limonene, a closely related dietary monoterpene, have chemotherapeutic activity against pancreatic, mammary, and prostatic tumors. In addition, perillyl alcohol, limonene, and other dietary monoterpenes have chemopreventive activity. Several mechanisms may account for the antitumorigenic effects of monoterpenes. For example, many monoterpenes inhibit the post-translational isoprenylation of cell growth-regulatory proteins such as Ras. Perillyl alcohol induces apoptosis without affecting the rate of DNA synthesis in both liver and pancreatic tumor cells. In addition, monoterpene-treated, regressing rat mammary tumors exhibit increased expression of transforming growth factor β concomitant with tumor remodeling/redifferentiation to a more benign phenotype. Monoterpenes are effective, nontoxic dietary antitumor agents which act through a variety of mechanisms of action and hold promise as a novel class of antitumor drugs for human cancer.
A Re-Evaluation of Sulfur Budgets, Lifetimes, and Scavenging Ratios for Eastern North America

Lifetimes, scavenging ratios, andbudgets describe the cycling of atmosphericconstituents and are often used in formulating airpollution control strategies. Most previous studiesof sulfur lifetimes, budgets, and scavenging ratioshave been based on limited observational data or datafrom highly simplified models. The Regional AcidDeposition Model (RADM2.61) shows some skill inpredicting atmospheric mixing ratios of acidicmaterials and other related trace constituents andacid deposition patterns in North America, and so,analysis of its established, theoretical, databaseserves as a counterpoint to previous studies of sulfurbudgets, lifetimes, and scavenging ratios. The annualbudget shows that the net transport (outflow minusinflow) of sulfur compounds out of eastern NorthAmerica is equal to the total deposition within thedomain. Of the total deposition, 63% is from wetdeposition and 37% is from dry deposition. Theannual average lifetime of sulfur dioxide (38 hours),estimated by the turnover time, is limited by aqueousconversion, while that for sulfate aerosols (54 hours)is limited by their removal in precipitation. Theannual average lifetime of sulfur in this domain isslightly more than three days. Episodic lifetimes andbudgets, based on particular synoptic situations, showlarge variations around the annual values. Episodicprecipitation scavenging ratios exhibit similarvariability and are used to offer explanations ofseveral potential biases found in the wet sulfurdeposition amounts as predicted by the EMEP sulfurtransport model and other published results.
Metabolism of Adrenic and Arachidonic Acids in Nervous System Phospholipids

High concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the (n-6) and (n-3) series are found in the glycerophospholipids of the nervous system. The most plentiful are docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6 n-3, adrenic acid, 22:4 n-6, and arachidonic acid, 20:4 n-6. These fatty acids are distributed very differently in different glycerophospholipids (Tables 1 and 2). Generally, the ethanolamine lipids have higher proportions of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower proportion of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid. The comparison of human myelin with mouse brain compositions shows lower proportions of saturated and 22:6 fatty acids in myelin and higher proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids, mostly in oleic acid, 18:1. In human myelin the principal phospholipid is ethanolamine plasmalogen. This phospholipid contains about twice as much adrenic acid as arachidonic acid. The contents of these two fatty acids are about equal in the phosphatidylethanolamine. The mouse brain has lower proportions of adrenic acid than does the human brain. The proportion of adrenic acid in mouse brain ethanolamine glycerophospholipids is particularly important in the ether-linked types, ethanolamine plasmalogen and the alkylacyl type of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (Fig. 1). In contrast, in the choline glycerophospholipids of mouse brain adrenic acid is almost completely missing whereas some arachidonic acid is present.
Overcoming Collective Action Problems in Innovation: Evidence from the Automotive Supply Chain

Shared supply chains now characterize most US manufacturing, in contrast to the vertical integration that was dominant for most of the 20th century. We examine the impact of such supply chains in t...
Open Adaptable Architecture (OA2) for Agile Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance (ISR)

Warfighter mission scenarios have evolved, and show a greater need to cover more diverse sets of targets from a single platform, and require a number of different sensor packages. Increases in computing speed and global connectivity have expanded the rate of technological advances. This has evened the global playing field, and many have taken advantage of the situation, shrinking the significant advantage that the United States once held over its peers. Traditional acquisition processes and stove-piped proprietary weapon and sensor systems no longer suffice. Unique integrations, vendor-lock-in, and data rights issues have been shown to stifle competition, limit innovation, eliminate missionized capabilities, and drive life-cycle program costs. To maintain dominance in this environment, the DoD must create agile systems that are flexible, modular, rapidly reconfigurable, and adaptable to shifting priorities. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is responding by developing technologies for Agile Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR), or simply AgileISR. The AgileISR mission is to support rapid and affordable integration of emerging capabilities, delivering advanced sensing and communications capabilities to legacy aircraft and enables higher mission readiness and adaptability to the future needs of the Air Force. A key component of AgileISR is the Open Adaptable Architecture (OA2), which enables rapid integration of sensor systems built on open architecture standards and a Government-owned physical pod interface for developing and acquiring missionized solutions.
Sarcomatoid carcinoma presenting as cancers of unknown primary: a clinicopathological portrait.

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of unknown primary (SCUP) is a rare entity of either poorly differentiated carcinoma with sarcoma-like differentiation or a true mixed lineage neoplasm. Limited data regarding clinicopathological profile and management exists. We retrospectively reviewed the MD Anderson Cancer of Unknown Primary database and tumor registry to identify 48 SCUP patients between 2001 and 2017. Patient characteristics, pathology, molecular diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes were obtained. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and compared using log rank test. Median age at diagnosis was 59 years (range 27–86). Majority of patients were female (58%) and presented with ≥3 metastatic sites (52%), commonly lymph node (50%), bone (42%), lung (27%), and liver (21%). First line treatment included chemotherapy (35%), surgery (27%), and radiation (24%). Gemcitabine and docetaxel (18%) was the most common chemotherapy regimen. Median OS for entire cohort was 11 months (95% CI: 5.6 to 16.4). Poor performance status (PS), > 1 metastatic site, elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly associated with worse OS on univariate analyses. On multivariate analyses, poor PS (HR 8.7; 95%CI: 3.0–25.0; p < 0.001) and high NLR (HR 3.4; 95%CI: 1.3–8.8; p = 0.011) emerged as independent prognostic factors for OS. SCUP is a rare presentation with an aggressive clinical course and limited survival. Diagnosis is difficult to make and requires careful review and synthesis of histology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular diagnostics. Chemotherapy resistance remains a challenge. Early mutational profiling is warranted, and clinical trial participation should be encouraged for this subset.
Self-Learning Semi-Supervised Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection

Various machine learning techniques have been used for network intrusion detection. The supervised machine learning methods can achieve high accuracy in classifying the normal and abnormal network data. However, a large amount of labeled data is needed to acquire high accuracy. Labeling large amounts of data could be very costly. Semi-supervised machine learning techniques overcome this problem, since they only use a small amount of labeled data and large amount of unlabeled data. This paper describes our implementation of semi-supervised Support Vector Machine (SVM) and semi-supervised Deep Belief Network (DBN) methods for classifying network data to detect specific attacks. These methods were used to classify the Third International Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Tools Competition dataset (KDD 1999). The experiments results of both methods are compared and discussed.
Antioxidant Enzymes in Destructible and Non-Destructible Tissues in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)

Anthropogenic-derived stressors represent an ever-increasing risk to organisms worldwide. To understand the effects of stressors on organisms, many studies measure an organism's oxidative status. American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are long-lived, top trophic carnivores that have been suggested to serve as an indicator of environmental quality. Raised tail scutes on crocodilians are often marked to enable easy subsequent identifications. Recent studies have illustrated scutes can also serve as indicators of stress or toxicant exposure. In this study, we investigated another role of scutes: as potential non-destructive (i.e., not requiring euthanasia to obtain) indicators of oxidative status. Three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide-dismutase (SOD)-1, SOD2, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), were measured in non-destructible (i.e., tail scutes) and destructible tissues using Western blot. Enzyme levels were then compared with body condition and health using principal component analysis (PCA). Linear mixed models revealed that tissue had a significant effect on relative enzyme level (all P 1) of both tail scutes and destructible tissues. Levels of GPX1 in tail scutes were positively related with body condition and organ mass. Our results suggest antioxidant enzyme levels in alligator tail scutes may serve as important, non-destructive indicators of internal organ and whole-body oxidative status. In addition, tail scute antioxidants may also provide insight into alligator body condition and health. Future studies involving captive or wild individuals should incorporate measuring tail scute antioxidant enzyme levels, along with more traditional stress parameters, to better understand how stressors affect crocodilians.
Political Philosophy and its Limits: A Response to de Shalit

Avner de Shalit’s central claim in “Political Philosophy and What People Think” is that political philosophers should take seriously the views of the public, but in practice philosophers do not do ...
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in young adult patients with acute myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: a case series.

Background Messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine are known to cause minor side effects at the injection site and mild global systemic symptoms in first 24-48 h. Recently published case series have reported a possible association between acute myocarditis and COVID-19 vaccination, predominantly in young males. Methods We report a case series of 5 young male patients with cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)-confirmed acute myocarditis within 72 h after receiving a dose of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. Results Our case series suggests that myocarditis in this setting is characterized by myocardial edema and late gadolinium enhancement in the lateral wall of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium, reduced global LV longitudinal strain, and preserved LV ejection fraction. All patients in our series remained clinically stable during a relatively short inpatient hospital stay. Conclusions In conjunction with other recently published case series and national vaccine safety surveillance data, this case series suggests a possible association between acute myocarditis and COVID-19 vaccination in young males and highlights a potential pattern in accompanying CMR abnormalities.
Testing bidirectional within-person associations between mindful attention and sleep in adolescence

Abstract Developments during adolescence increase risk for sleep problems. Research in adults suggests mindfulness and sleep are associated, with two different theoretical explanations for direction of effects. Our goal was to directly test these competing theoretical models at the daily level in adolescents using objective and self-reported measurements of sleep. Adolescents (N = 138; 14–21 yrs) reported mindful attention and sleep for a week, while wearing an actigraph. Results indicated that, within-person, poor sleep at night predicted less mindful attention the next day; however, mindful attention during the day did not predict sleep that night. These findings provide support for the developmental model of sleep and regulation and suggest poor sleep may impair regulatory abilities the following day.
Controlling Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobactor jejuni, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Meat Products by Irradiation Combined with Modified Atmosphere Packaging

Four of the bacterial pathogens that are of major concern to the meat industry, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 were studied for their susceptibility to high carbon dioxide atmospheres during irradiation and storage by utilizing high-carbon-dioxide modified atmosphere packages (MAP) compared to vacuum packaging. Frankfurters and cooked pork chops (L. monocytogenes), chicken breasts (C. jejuni and S. enterica) and ground beef (E. coli O157:H7) were inoculated with the respective pathogens, packaged in vacuum or MAP and irradiated with doses appropriate to each pathogen. Surviving bacteria were monitored during refrigerated and temperature-abused storage. While irradiation was very effective for reducing the number of pathogens on each product, the use of high carbon dioxide atmosphere in MAP did not increase the effectiveness of irradiation as an antimicrobial treatment. The MAP treatment resulted in less recovery of L. monocytogenes than vacuum for cooked pork chops during refrigerated storage, and for E. coli O157:H7 on ground beef when exposed to room temperature, but not for the other pathogens or products. Consequently, while irradiation is a very effective means of reducing or eliminating bacterial pathogens on meat products, the addition of a high-carbon dioxide MAP system during storage of the products did not greatly improve the control of these pathogens.
Specification of ventral neuron types is mediated by an antagonistic interaction between Shh and Gli3

Specification of distinct neuron types in the ventral spinal cord is thought to be mediated by a graded concentration of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a secreted signaling protein. Shh is made in the notochord, the most ventral part of the spinal cord, and in mice lacking Shh, ventral cell types are reduced or absent. The response to Shh depends on transcription factors of the Gli family, but the detailed mechanism is not understood. Here we show that Gli3 represses ventral fates in a dose-dependent manner. Whereas Shh -/- mutant mice show reductions in several classes of ventral interneurons and a complete absence of motor neurons, these cell types were rescued in Shh-/-;Gli3 -/- double mutants. This rescue of the Shh null phenotype depended on the level of Gli3 function; a partial rescue was observed in Shh-/-;Gli3 +/- embryos. We propose that Shh is required to antagonize Gli3, which would otherwise repress ventral fates. Differences between rostral and caudal regions suggest that other signaling molecules-in addition to Shh-may be involved in specifying ventral fates, particularly in the caudal region of the spinal cord.
Laboratory Studies with a Selective Enterococcus Medium

Lancefield group D streptococci are involved with appreciable frequency in a variety of infectious processes. The presumptive recognition of these bacteria on initial culturing of clinical specimens is an objective not attained readily by selective media available in the clinical laboratory. Selective Enterococcus agar was evaluated with emphasis on its ability to sequester enterococci from specimens with many microbial components. In addition, the sensitivity of this new agar was compared with Trypticase Soy agar containing sheep blood and Mitis Salivarius agar. All enterococci isolated from clinical material were classified in accordance with accepted biochemical and immunochemical criteria. The enterococci grew on the new medium as distinctive colonies surrounded by a black zone. Only Listeria monocytogenes presented similar colonial morphology after 48 hr. Most other bacteria did not grow at all or appeared markedly different. The sensitivity of the new agar was of the same order of magnitude as on blood or Mitis-Salivarius agars, but its selectivity was superior.
Health‐related quality of life in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Summary Background The relative impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on health-related quality of life (HRQL) compared to other chronic liver diseases has not been fully explored. Aim To compare the domain scores of the 29-item Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) for patients with NAFLD to those with chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Methods A HRQL questionnaire, CLDQ, was routinely administered to patients attending a liver clinic. Additional clinical and laboratory data were obtained on patients with NAFLD, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C from our quality of life database. Scores for each of the six CLDQ domains were compared using one-way anova and multiple regression. Results Complete data were available for 237 patients. NAFLD patients scored lowest on multiple CLDQ domains. Based on the bivariate data, NAFLD patients have the poorest HRQL, followed by chronic hepatitis C and chronic hepatitis B patients. Multivariate analysis showed that some specific domain score correlations remained significant for NAFLD diagnosis, cirrhosis, gender, and body mass index. Conclusion NAFLD patients had significantly lower quality of life scores compared with patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C on multiple CLDQ domains, suggesting that HRQL was severely impaired in patients with NAFLD.
Learning to Select Team Strategies in Finite-Timed Zero-Sum Games

Games, by definition, offer the challenge of the presence of an opponent, to which a playing strategy should respond. In finite-timed zero-sum games, the strategy should enable to win the game within a limited playing time. Motivated by robot soccer, in this talk, we will present several approaches towards learning to select team strategies in such finite-timed zero-sum games. We will introduce an adaptive playbook approach with implicit opponent modeling, in which multiple team strategies are represented as variable weighted plays. We will discuss different plays as a function of different game situations and opponents. In conclusion, we will present an MDP-based learning algorithm to reason in particular about current score and game time left. Through extensive simulated empirical studies, we will demonstrate the effectiveness of the learning approach. In addition, the talk will include illustrative examples from robot soccer. The major part of this work is in conjunction with my PhD student Colin McMillen.
Uniform Laws in California

F OR MANY YEARS, the legal profession and the lay public have been confronted with the disturbing fact that the legal consequences of an act may be very different in o e state from what they are in the next, and that he who woul "know the law," which has long been said to be presumed of all persons, must know the law of 48 states. It may well be that as to certain actions, uniformity in legal consequence is neither desirable nor necessary. It is clear, however, that in other fields of activity, such as commerce, uniformity in the law is an urgent necessity, and the lack of it would be a insufferable burden on the commerce of the nation.
Fixed bed adsorption of diquat dibromide from aqueous solution using carbon nanotubes

While carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly studied as attractive adsorbents for wastewater treatments, research on adsorption characteristics of these materials is mostly restricted to batch studies. However, it is well known that continuous flow techniques can be more efficient in removing contaminants. The present work exploits the attributes of different types of CNTs in a fixed bed column for the dynamic uptake of diquat dibromide from aqueous solutions.
Gene stacking in plant cell using recombinases for gene integration and nucleases for marker gene deletion

Practical approaches for multigene transformation and gene stacking are extremely important for engineering complex traits and adding new traits in transgenic crops. Trait deployment by gene stacking would greatly simplify downstream plant breeding and trait introgression into cultivars. Gene stacking into pre-determined genomic sites depends on mechanisms of targeted DNA integration and recycling of selectable marker genes. Targeted integrations into chromosomal breaks, created by nucleases, require large transformation efforts. Recombinases such as Cre-lox, on the other hand, efficiently drive site-specific integrations in plants. However, the reversibility of Cre-lox recombination, due to the incorporation of two cis-positioned lox sites, presents a major bottleneck in its application in gene stacking. Here, we describe a strategy of resolving this bottleneck through excision of one of the cis-positioned lox, embedded in the marker gene, by nuclease activity. All transgenic lines were developed by particle bombardment of rice callus with plasmid constructs. Standard molecular approach was used for building the constructs. Transgene loci were analyzed by PCR, Southern hybridization, and DNA sequencing. We developed a highly efficient gene stacking method by utilizing powerful recombinases such as Cre-lox and FLP-FRT, for site-specific gene integrations, and nucleases for marker gene excisions. We generated Cre-mediated site-specific integration locus in rice and showed excision of marker gene by I-SceI at ~20 % efficiency, seamlessly connecting genes in the locus. Next, we showed ZFN could be used for marker excision, and the locus can be targeted again by recombinases. Hence, we extended the power of recombinases to gene stacking application in plants. Finally, we show that heat-inducible I-SceI is also suitable for marker excision, and therefore could serve as an important tool in streamlining this gene stacking platform. A practical approach for gene stacking in plant cell was developed that allows targeted gene insertions through rounds of transformation, a method needed for introducing new traits into transgenic lines for their rapid deployment in the field. By using Cre-lox, a powerful site-specific recombination system, this method greatly improves gene stacking efficiency, and through the application of nucleases develops marker-free, seamless stack of genes at pre-determined chromosomal sites.
Explicit and implicit horizons for simulated landing approaches

In a flight simulator experienced pilots flew landing approaches to a representation of an airport scene in which various sources of information had been distorted or removed. Reasonably accurate approaches could be made to a scene that contained only an aimpoint and a horizon. The addition of a runway outline did not enhance accuracy or stability, which lent credence to the hypothesis that the invariant angle between horizon and aimpoint can support glide slope control. Explicit distortion of this angle by simulation of up-sloping or down-sloping terrain beyond the runway had predictable effects on glide slope control. Implicit specification of a veridical horizon with texture lines parallel to the runway centerline weakened the effect of distortions in the explicit horizon. Thus both explicit and implicit specifications of the horizon contribute to perception of the glide slope angle. Implications of these results for the design of visual scenes for flight simulation are discussed.
Hemodynamic Collapse Following a Mainstem Intubation

This case examines an unrecognized mainstem intubation resulting in tension pneumothorax physiology in a healthy young patient. We also cover tracheal anatomy, proper use and understanding of the laryngeal mask airway, the differential for the “inability to ventilate” scenario, correct airway mask technique, ideal positioning of the endotracheal tube, and the pharmacology of succinylcholine.
Pulsed field electrophoresis

Pulsed field electrophoresis, or PFE, provides good separation between large molecules that under constant field electrophoresis are hard to isolate. This is due to the weak dependence of the constant field mobility on the molecular weight for these large molecules. If a spectrum of relaxation times exists that describes the recovery of the mobility to its constant field value after a reversal of the field, then we show that molecules with differing molecular weights are separated into two groups. Those with short relaxation times are unaffected by the cycling of the field and those with long relaxation times exhibit reduced mobilities. If the molecules adopt conformations that decrease their mobility initially, after a field reversal we demonstrate that a minimum develops in the mobility as a junction of the relaxation time. Using the model we demonstrate that effects of varying the switching times as a function of time. We predict that exponential rather than linear dependencies of the switching times on time increase the range of molecular weights over which enhanced separation can occur.
Type 2 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is recruited to CD4 in response to CD4 cross-linking

CD4 serves as a cell-cell adhesion molecule, with specific affinity for class II MHC molecules, and as a receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral coat protein. Phosphoinositide (PI)-3-kinase and 1-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)-4-kinase activities were previously found to associate with the CD4:p56lck complex, but the protein responsible for PtdIns 4-kinase activity was not identified. Here we demonstrate that the 53 kDa type 2 PtdIns 4-kinase associates with CD4 using a monoclonal antibody specific for this enzyme. We also show that an increase in PtdIns 4-kinase activity is due to recruitment of the type 2 PtdIns 4-kinase protein to the CD4:p56lck complex after cross-linking with anti-CD4.
On the differences between calorimetric detection of electrons and photons

Calorimetric particle detection plays an increasingly important role in particle physics experiments. For some particles, and in particular high-energy γ's, it is the only technique available for measuring the four vectors. Typically, the properties of the electromagnetic calorimeters intended for this purpose are experimentally established in test beams of electrons. However, the findings in such beam tests are not necessarily valid for photon-induced showers. In this paper, we examine the differences between photon- and electron-induced electromagnetic showers and the consequences for calorimetric detection of these particles.
The Reduction of SiO2 with Carbon in a Plasma

The feasibility of a process for the reduction of low impurity silica (SiO2) with carbon in a plasma heat source was investigated. An RF induction plasma reactor was fabricated and used to optimize process variables. Maximum silicon content of the product was 33% by weight. Emission spectrographic analysis of this product showed a reduction in some impurity levels of one to two orders of magnitude. While the plasma approach proved technically feasible, poor heat transfer from the plasma to the reactant and low yield make the process economically unattractive for large-scale use.
The reaction of dimethyldioxirane with chrysene: Formation of a trioxide

Abstract Oxidation of chrysene with dimethyldioxirane gives a number of products including the interesting trioxide, chrysene-5,6:4b,10b:11,12-trioxide, 3. The x-ray crystallographic stucture of 3 indicates that it is a non-planar system.
Volume Comparison and Its Applications in Riemann–Finsler Geometry

Abstract We introduce a new geometric quantity, the mean covariation for Finsler metrics, and establish a volume comparison theorem. As an application, we obtain some precompactness and finiteness theorems for Finsler manifolds.
Growth of the masseter muscle in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

The growth of the masseter muscle in eight infant, juvenile, and adolescent female rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) was examined over a 2.5 year period using serial radiographic cephalometric techniques with the aid of radiopaque muscle markers. The radiopaque markers, which are composed of small pieces of root canal broach inserted into the muscle belly, make it possible to determine longitudinal masseter muscle growth as well as migration of the masseter muscle relative to the mandible. It was found that the masseter muscle increased in length by 64% during the total growth period, most of which occurred between 6 and 18 months of age. Relative to the cranium, the masseter muscle grew markedly inferiorly and only slightly posteriorly. Relative to the mandible, the masseter migrated in a posterior and slightly superior direction, keeping pace with the ramus and condyle as they grew posteriorly and posterosuperiorly throughout the study period. It was concluded that: 1) radiopaque muscle markers are a valuable tool for analysis of muscle growth and alteration of muscle location; 2) the masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey undergoes elongation, probably due to addition of sarcomeres at the fiber-tendon junctions; and 3) posterior migration of the masseter muscle relative to the corpus of the mandible, probably due to the nature of its periosteal attachment, results in a stability of the anteroposterior position of the masseter muscle despite the anterior displacement of the mandible.
Affirmative action, negative reaction? Some moderating conditions

Abstract One hundred and seventy-five male and female college-bound high school students reviewed a description of a managerial job, indicated their interest in the job, and rated it on a number of descriptive dimensions. The proportion of women currently holding this position (8%, 28%) and how they came to acquire their jobs (merit, preferential treatment based on gender, no information) were systematically varied. Results indicated that increased proportions of women job-holders produced greater job interest among females only when it was believed they had acquired their positions on the basis of merit. Furthermore, lower job interest among males was evidenced in preferential treatment as compared to merit conditions. An additional finding of note was the tendency for males to treat no information about position acquisition as they did information of preferential treatment and for females to treat no information about position acquisition as they did information of merit-based placement. The implications of these findings for affirmative action programs are discussed.
Hormonal therapy in early and advanced breast cancer.

: While some of the most intriguing data on the development of hormonal therapy for breast cancer have come from studies on aromatase inhibitors (AIs), few trials have compared these agents directly, with the exception of the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial. Based on the latest results from this trial and on previous investigations of other AIs, a proposed sequence of hormonal therapies (including anastrozole, tamoxifen, letrozole, fulvestrant, and megestrol acetate) for the treatment of breast cancer is beginning to emerge for various patient populations.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic recognition of abnormal changes in the myocardium

The advent of real time two-dimensional echocardiography has made it possible to study myocardial echo patterns in detail and relate them to tissue pathology. Based on the available literature and our experience, we have described various types of myocardial echo patterns and their distribution in different cardiac entities. The mechanism of myocardial echo patterns and their potential clinical applications are reviewed.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Dissociative Polyatomic Molecules

Resonance Raman spectroscopy as a probe of the early stages in the dissociation dynamics of polyatomic molecules has become a valuable complement to photofragmentation studies. While these spontaneous Raman experiments are obtained in the frequency domain, they often reflect evolution of the molecule during the first few femtoseconds of bond breaking. Coupled with progress in classical and quantum calculations of large-amplitude motion, unique insights have become available for a number of small polyatomic molecules. The development of this field to date is reviewed.
Presaccadic spike potential in normal subjects

We examined the characteristics of the presaccadic spike potential (SP) in normal human subjects to clarify some of the discrepancies between previously reported studies. Measurement of SP was performed in 14 normal human volunteer subjects performing saccades to visual stimuli. These were compared left versus right, centripetal versus centrifugal, and in increments of 5, 10, 20, and 40 degrees. SP amplitudes for saccades to center were greater than from saccades away from center at higher degrees. SP amplitudes to abducting saccades were of larger amplitude than those of adducting saccades. This study clarifies some discrepancies in previous reports on SP which did not distinguish saccades to center versus from center. SP data of normal individuals, for multiple saccade angles and directions, provides a basis for studying patients with disorders of ocular motility.
A prospective study of findings and management in 214 patients with oral lichen planus

The findings in this prospective study of 214 patients with oral lichen planus were similar to those found in our 1985 evaluation of 570 patients with oral lichen planus. These two groups of patients with oral lichen planus patients constitute the largest series from one clinic. Oral lichen planus was found mainly in women and most commonly on the buccal mucosa. Spontaneous remissions were infrequent (6.5%), as were malignant transformations (2.3%) in a mean follow-up of 7.5 years. The erosive form of oral lichen planus was most common and was almost always associated with pain. Reproducibly successful management of this T-lymphocyte disease was obtained by selective use of systemic and/or topical corticosteroids. Oral lichen planus was not associated with any evident systemic disease, drug, smoking, or genetic predisposition. Although statistically Candida albicans does not appear to occur disproportionately in large samples of patients with oral lichen planus, in some of the Candida-positive patients, antifungal medications appeared to be useful.
Polarization-selective computer-generated holograms and applications

Polarization sensitive diffractive optical elements are useful for free space optical interconnection networks and packaging. We demonstrate a multi-phase level polarization selective computer generated hologram with independent functionality for two orthogonal linear polarizations using lithium niobate substrate. The adjustments for design and fabrication of such an element are shown in this paper.
What should the citizen know about 'science'?

In a world dominated by science and technology, every citizen requires some grasp of the principles of science. How, otherwise, are non-scientists to assess the information that bombards them? In particular, they need to understand that every scientific ‘truth’ is subject to correction or modification. In the early nineteenth century there was in some countries considerable unease about the public's ignorance of science. In 1825 Sweden set up a committee to reform schools and universities. It reported in 1829, when the great chemist Berzelius claimed ‘The literary education given to the generation that now leads in public affairs, classical languages, belles lettres and history, has resulted in nine-tenths of our civil servants and pastors not being able to explain what causes the moon to wax or wane and how it happens that the mercury rises in the barometer’.1 He persuaded his country to introduce science into schools. Here I look at public knowledge as revealed by surveys in the USA and the UK.
Centrifugal distortion analysis of the ground vibrational states of H217O and H218O

Abstract Centrifugal distortion analyses of combined infrared-microwave data sets of H 2 17 O and H 2 18 O have been performed. These analyses make possible critical evaluation of data points and results in substantially improved energy levels. The Fraley-Rao interpolation rule for the prediction of H 2 17 O energy levels is examined and extended.
Elucidating quantitative stability/flexibility relationships within thioredoxin and its fragments using a distance constraint model.

Numerous quantitative stability/flexibility relationships, within Escherichia coli thioredoxin (Trx) and its fragments are determined using a minimal distance constraint model (DCM). A one-dimensional free energy landscape as a function of global flexibility reveals Trx to fold in a low-barrier two-state process, with a voluminous transition state. Near the folding transition temperature, the native free energy basin is markedly skewed to allow partial unfolded forms. Under native conditions the skewed shape is lost, and the protein forms a compact structure with some flexibility. Predictions on ten Trx fragments are generally consistent with experimental observations that they are disordered, and that complementary fragments reconstitute. A hierarchical unfolding pathway is uncovered using an exhaustive computational procedure of breaking interfacial cross-linking hydrogen bonds that span over a series of fragment dissociations. The unfolding pathway leads to a stable core structure (residues 22–90), predicted to act as a kinetic trap. Direct connection between degree of rigidity within molecular structure and non-additivity of free energy is demonstrated using a thermodynamic cycle involving fragments and their hierarchical unfolding pathway. Additionally, the model provides insight about molecular cooperativity within Trx in its native state, and about intermediate states populating the folding/unfolding pathways. Native state cooperativity correlation plots highlight several flexibly correlated regions, giving insight into the catalytic mechanism that facilitates access to the active site disulfide bond. Residual native cooperativity correlations are present in the core substructure, suggesting that Trx can function when it is partly unfolded. This natively disordered kinetic trap, interpreted as a molten globule, has a wide temperature range of metastability, and it is identified as the “slow intermediate state” observed in kinetic experiments. These computational results are found to be in overall agreement with a large array of experimental data.
Semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of four 1.1-dimethylethyl 4- and 5-bromo-trans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate isomers

A semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure on 5-μm silica was developed for the isolation of gram quantities of four 1,1-dimethylethyl 4- and 5-bromo-trans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate isomers (trimedlure-related) for NMR studies and comparative biological evaluation as male medfly,Ceratitis capitata, attractants.
A concurrent validity study of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised and Columbia Mental Maturity Scale

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale were given to 51 preschool, kindergarten, first-, and second-grade students. Although two of three Pearson correlations between the two tests were statistically significant, they may not be of practical significance. It is not recommended that the Columbia be substituted for the Wechsler.
A stochastic model for purse seining in a two-species fishery.

Abstract Purse seine fishing in a two-species fishery is viewed as a semi-Markov process. Activities of a vessel during a fishing day are assigned to five states: searching, successfully setting on either species, and unsuccessfully setting on either species. Searching for fish schools is assumed to be a Poisson process. Transition probabilities are defined in terms of species densities in the fishing area, the chance that a sighted school is captured, and the chance of relocating an escaped school. Waiting time in the search state is determined by school density in the fishing area and search rate of the vessel. Waiting times in the remaining states depend on numerous factors such as vessel characteristics and weather. With results from renewal theory, expectations of the number of successful sets on each species during a time interval of arbitrary length are approximated. Numerical comparison with exact results from a simpler fishing model indicates the approximation from renewal theory for the expectations to be excellent. Several examples are given to demonstrate the model's utility. It can be used to develop abundance measures for the two species which account for temporal changes in efficiency of the vessels, dead time after a school is encountered while the vessel is not searching, and the fact that two species are being exploited simultaneously.
Duration of the planktonic larval stage of one hundred species of Pacific and Atlantic wrasses (family Labridae)

The planktonic larval durations of a preliminary sample of one hundred species of wrasses from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans were estimated with the use of the daily otolith-increment aging-technique. Larval durations were determined by counting the number of daily increments between the center of the otolith and the mark corresponding to settlement. The duration of the planktonic larval phase of wrasses appears to be extremely variable between species, ranging from 15 d in Diproctacanthus xanthurus to 121 d in a specimen of Thalassoma ballieui. Larval durations within species were also variable, especially in species with relatively long durations. Congeners tended to have similar larval durations and similar otolith-increment characteristics. Hawaiian and Eastern Pacific species had longer larval durations than their Caribbean or Western Pacific congeners. Similarly, Hawaiian populations had significantly longer larval durations than their Western Pacific conspecifics. The implications of these findings for biogeographical studies are discussed.
Agricultural Productivity in Africa: Discussion

Steven Block's paper is a most intriguing piece-so much so that I was driven to go to Block's thesis. One piece of good news, especially for doctoral students, is that theses do not have to be long and complicated to be good-and so it goes for this paper too. In seeking to come to grips with Jayne et al. (JKTR), I did not have an opportunity to read the cited Jayne and Rubey paper that seemingly has much of the detailed econometrics on which JKTR is based. I think I should have
MULTIPLE‐ACT CRITERIA IN THE VALIDATION OF COMMUNICATION TRAITS: WHAT DO WE GAIN AND WHAT DO WE LOSE?

Recent dissatisfaction with trait explanations of human communication has given rise to the use of multiple-act criteria in co-relational studies of trait/behavior relationships. In order to overcome the practical problems of gathering multiple-act data, researchers have relied on self-reports. It was hypothesized that the use of self-reports has led to biased estimates of the utility of the multiple-act approach. This hypothesis was generally supported and its implications examined.
L.e.e.d. and electrochemistry of iodine on Pt(100) and Pt(111) single-crystal surfaces

Abstract Pt(100) and (111) single-crystal surfaces containing adsorbed iodine were characterized by a combination of electron techniques in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and electrochemical methods in aqueous solution. The low-energy electron diffraction (l.e.e.d.) patterns varied with coverage, indicating long range order of the overlayer and occasional registry with the substrate. The observed structures were hexagonal, exhibiting distortion in some cases. Quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy (a.e.s.) corroborated the iodine coverages inferred from l.e.e.d. Thermal desorption mass spectrometry (t.d.m.s.) revealed maxima in the iodine desorption rate from the (100) surface near 600 and 900 K, corresponding to specific surface structures, with a broad continuum in between; only a continuum was produced by Pt(111) surfaces. Atomic iodine is the predominant thermal desorption product. Electrochemical current-potential curves obtained by linear scan voltammetry in aqueous acid of ordered layers produced in UHV differ markedly for different faces and from those for adsorbed layers produced on the same substrates from aqueous solutions. Integration of voltammetric curves (coulometry) verified, for iodine overlayers, the effectiveness of a.e.s. for quantitative analysis of an adsorbed monolayer.