cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Study of the Compensating Downward Motions Associated with Cumulus Clouds

Abstract An attempt is made to investigate theoretically the controlling influence of compensating downward motions on the development of cumulus clouds and the size of the cloudless areas associated with them. The model consists of two circular concentric air columns, the inside column corresponding to the updraft (cloud) region and the outside concentric annular column to the downward motion region. The combined cell is surrounded by the atmospheric at rest. The governing equations of both the updraft and the compensating downward motion are derived from the conservation equations of momentum, heat, moisture and mass. The differential equations are solved numerically to compute the vertical velocity, temperature, specific humidity and liquid water content in and out of the cloud as functions of height and time. Two experiments were performed with and without the effect of compensating downward motion. The main conclusions are the following: Without the effect of the compensating motion, the structure of...
Reaction Condition Effects on Nickel Sorption Mechanisms in Illite–Water Suspensions

Nickel sorption in illite suspensions was studied as a function of pH (4.5–8.0), reaction time (3 h, 24 h, and 1 wk) and ionic strength (I = 0.1 and 0.003 M) using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to characterize the Ni sorption complexes formed. The formation of Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) phases was observed at pH values >6.25, with increasing formation of these phases with time, and a faster formation rate with increasing pH. Comparison among samples with the same Ni loading, but different reaction times and pH values, showed larger second neighbor scattering for the samples reacted at higher pH, which had a faster Ni sorption rate. Most likely this was due to a greater importance of Ni-Al LDH precipitation relative to other (mononuclear) Ni sorption mechanisms at higher pH, and/or a higher Al content in the Ni-Al LDH phase formed at lower pH (slower Ni sorption rate). Lowering the ionic strength resulted in increased Ni sorption for the entire pH range studied. Our extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) data indicated that this was due to significant outer-sphere Ni sorption occurring at the planar sites at low I, leading to a reduced importance of Ni-Al LDH formation in the overall Ni sorption process at pH > 6.50.
Biodiversity, exotic plant species, and herbivory: The good, the bad, and the ungulate

Abstract Invasion of natural ecosystems by exotic plant species is a major threat to biodiversity. Disturbance to native plant communities, whether natural or management induced, is a primary factor contributing to successful invasion by exotic plant species. Herbivory by both wild and domestic ungulates exerts considerable impact on structure and composition of native plant communities. Intensive herbivory by ungulates can enhance exotic plant invasion, establishment, and spread for three reasons: (1) many exotic plants are adapted to ground disturbances such as those caused by ungulate feeding, trampling, and movements; (2) many exotic plants are adapted for easy transport from one area to another by ungulates via endozoochory and epizoochory; (3) many exotic plants are not palatable or are of low palatability to ungulates, and consequently, their survival is favored as ungulates reduce or eliminate palatable, native plants. Ungulate herbivory is a chronic, landscape-scale disturbance capable of influencing plant communities as much as episodic events such as fire. Consequently, ungulate herbivory has the potential to facilitate the invasion and establishment of exotic plants in the interior Pacific Northwest where ungulates occupy nearly every ecosystem. Moreover, ungulate herbivory has intensified in many ecosystems, owing to the addition of domestic ungulates with that of existing, wild ungulates, coupled with the reduction or elimination of migratory movements and predators that previously regulated wild ungulate populations and influenced their distributions. Despite the observational evidence for ungulate herbivory as a strong facilitator of exotic plant invasion and establishment, current knowledge of cause–effect relations is severely limited by a lack of manipulative experiments. Most studies have been observational, unreplicated, and lack the experimental controls needed to eliminate or account for confounding sources of variation. Heightened attention to conservation of biodiversity will increase the importance of managing ungulates in balance with the plant communities that support them.
Organic Matter and Water-Stable Aggregate Distribution in Ridge-Tilled Surface Soil

Soil surface conditions improve with increased organic matter (OM) and water-stable aggregation (WSA), but surface variability may influence values obtained when soils are sampled to evaluate these factors. My hypothesis was that cultural operations for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown on ridges produce zones of differing soil OM and WSA. Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) was sampled at the 0- to 4-cm depth in furrows, on ridge tops, and on ridge sides before and after planting, after reforming ridges, and after harvest in 1992. Tillage (conventional [CT] and ridge [early (RT-E) or late (RT-L) stalk shredding]), position, and crop cycle (sampling) stage affected OM and WSA. Compared with ridges, OM in furrows was greater due to residue accumulations. Mean WSA was greater on ridges with CT than with RT-E or RT-L because disk-bedding to build the CT ridges moved more stable aggregates to ridges than the other treatments. More thorough mixing of residues by CT may have been involved also. Ridge and furrow positions and possibly ridge sides require separate sampling for obtaining representative OM and WSA data from ridge-tilled soil, especially where ridge tops are cleared at planting. Ridge clearing at planting should be limited to avoid residue reduction and lowered WSA that could lead to soil crusting and impaired seedling emergence.
Signaling of the human P2Y1 receptor measured by a yeast growth assay with comparisons to assays of phospholipase C and calcium mobilization in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells

The human P2Y1 receptor was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain MPY578q5, which is engineered to couple to mammalian G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and requires agonist-induced activation for growth. A range of known P2Y1 receptor agonists were examined with the yeast growth assay system, and the results were validated by comparing with potencies in the transfected 1321N1 astrocytoma cell line, in which calcium mobilization was measured with a FLIPR (fluorometric-imaging plate reader). The data were also compared with those from phospholipase C activation and radioligand binding with the use of a newly available radioligand [3H]MRS2279 (2-chloro-N6-methyl-(N)-methanocarba-2’-deoxyadenosine-3’,5’bisphosphate). In the yeast growth assay, the rank order of potency of 2-MeSADP (2-methylthioadenosine 5’-diphosphate), ADP (adenosine 5’-diphosphate), and ATP (adenosine 5’-triphosphate) is the same as those in other assay systems, i.e., 2-MeSADP>ADP>ATP. The P2Y1-selective antagonist MRS2179 (N6-methyl-2-deoxyadenosine-3’,5’-bisphosphate) was shown to act as an antagonist with similar potency in all systems. The results suggest that the yeast expression system is suitable for screening P2Y1 receptor ligands, both agonists and antagonists. The yeast system should be useful for random mutagenesis of GPCRs to identify mutants with certain properties, such as selective potency enhancement for small synthetic molecules and constitutive activity.
Chiral vacuum effects in a topological bag model of the light baryons

Abstract We study the effects of a hedgehog pion configuration, π(β) = fπrβsin 0, on the vacuum fluctuations of confined quarks in a two-phase model of the light baryons, at the one-loop level. We explicitly construct the confined chiral propagator for a two-flavor massless Dirac field. By using the Debye expansion, we show that the chiral Casimir energy ΔE(0) = E(0) − E(0) diverges logarithmicallly ΔE(θ)∼− 2 15πR sin 2 θ In τ + 1 4πR [θ 2 − sin 2 θ 6.644+ sin 4 θ0.482], while the normal flux of the vacuum axial currect diverges both linearly and logarithmically ∫ d 2 s β r i β r β a 〈J 5i a (β)〉 = sin 2θ 2πR 1 τ tan −1 4 τ + dE dθ + 31 120πR sin 2θ where τ → 0+ is a cut-off parameter. The character of the divergences is examined and various subtraction procedures analyzed. The chiral vacuum effects on the fermion condensate are investigated, and their relevance to a bag model of the QCD vacuum discussed.
Electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus attenuates pyrogen fever in the rabbit.

Abstract Arginine vasopressin (AVP) perfused within the ventral septal area (VSA) suppresses fever normally evoked by pyrogenic substances, including Salmonella abortus equi (SAE). Neurons containing AVP and located within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or the nearby bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BnST) are believed to have projections to this septal region. A series of experiments was undertaken to determine whether electrical stimulation of these areas, which might be expected to cause the release of AVP within the VSA, would affect similarly the pathogenesis of fever. A stainless steel cannula was implanted surgically in each of 22 male New Zealand White rabbits and a monopolar electrode was lowered through this guide cannula to the PVN or BnST areas. Electrical stimulation (20 Hz, 10 s on, 10 s off, 2.6–3.2 V) was initiated 30 min prior to and was continued until 90 min after the intravenous (i.v.) adminisstration of 0.1–1.0 μg of SAE (1.0 ml carrier vehicle ). While afebrile body temperature remained unchanged, electrical stimulation of sites located in the rostral extension of the PVN effectively attenuated the pyrogen-induced fever. Stimulation of sites outside these areas did not affect either the absolute magnitude or the duration of the fever. Although the reduction in fever was most pronounced during the period of electrical stimulation, in some cases the fever remained suppressed beyond the application of the current. These experiments provide the first evidence that electrical stimulation of paraventricular areas with AVP-containing cell bodies is effective in suppressing a fever evoked by systemic administration of a pyrogen. Although untested, it is possible that a stimulus-induced release of AVP within the VSA is responsible for the attenuation of the fever.
Some reactions of levoglucosenone

Abstract The role of the major variables in the pyrolytic production of levoglucosenone from acid-treated cellulose and paper has been established. Reduction, oxidation, acid- and base-catalyzed addition, acetolysis, and rearrangement reactions of this product have been investigated. These reactions proceed with considerable stereo-selectivity to give a variety of novel compounds. Nucleophilic addition to the double bond provides a facile method for the synthesis of 4-thio and other 4-substituted sugar derivatives.
Trizol-based method for sample preparation and isoelectric focusing of halophilic proteins

A persisting complication in the development of well-resolved two-dimensional PAGE maps of halophilic proteins is their natural incompatibility with isoelectric focusing (IEF). The complete desalting of samples, which is necessary for IEF, tends to aggregate halophilic proteins, often requires relatively large amounts of starting material due to significant loss of sample, and is relatively time-consuming. Here, we describe a method of preparing protein samples from the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii that not only desalts the samples thoroughly but also drastically reduces the amount of protein loss associated with previous sample preparation methods and prevents protein aggregation during the removal of salt. This method of sample preparation, which incorporates Trizol (phenol/guanidine isothiocyanate), can easily be extended to analyze halophilic proteins from other organisms.
Topics in pharmacokinetics—IV: approximation in process space and fitting by sums of exponentials

Abstract The approximation of a function by a sum of exponentials may be carried out effectively in some cases by associating the function with a process. This provides a useful parametrization for the coefficients and exponents.
Precipitation, melt and runoff in the northern Tien Shan

Abstract Precipitation and snow distribution, melt of glaciers and snow, and runoff formation in two basins in the northern Tien Shan are calculated and described. Major climatic features are a spring-summer precipitation maximum occurring simultaneously with ice and snow melt. Precipitation increases with altitude except in winter when an air temperature inversion occurs. Air temperature is a good predictor of glacial melt. Typical hydrographs have two floods: one is formed from melt of seasonal snow cover, and the other is formed from melt of glacial ice. The second flood is usually larger than the first. In mountain basins of the northern Tien Shan direct runoff from rainfall averages about 7–12% of annual volume. The glacial runoff is 18–28% of average annual runoff in basins with area of glaciation not less than 30–40%, but during summer it can increase to 40–70% of average annual runoff. Surface runoff from seasonal snow melt during spring and summer is 18% of average annual runoff, the groundwater component is 34–38% of average annual runoff.
The effects of white noise on complexity in a two-dimensional driven damped dynamical system

Abstract The effects of white noise on complexity in a two-dimensional driven damped dynamical system are studied by numerical simulation.
Sequence of puff formation inRhynchosciara polytene chromosomes

The chief characteristics of the life cycle ofRhynchosciara sp. are: egg stage (12 days); three larval instars of approximately 6 days each, followed by a 4th instar of approximately 40 days duration; pupation (6 days); and adult form (5–6 days). Maps of the 4 polytene chromosomes ofRhynchosciara sp. have been prepared, and the temporal sequence of puff formation on the chromosomes described. The cocoon is synthesized during the prepupal period, and at this time major puffs are seen on all chromosomes. The largest and most numerous puffs occur on the salivary gland chromosomes during the 24 hours prior to the last or prepupal molt. Three of the puffs that occur at this time are DNA-puffs (Summary see p. 249).
Proposed reaction mechanism for the (Na + + K + )-dependent adenosine triphosphatase.

ALTHOUGH a definitive description of the reaction mechanism of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase1,2 must await deter-mination of the three dimensional structure of the enzyme, some clues can be gained from studies of the amino-acids that seem to participate in the active site.
Hydrogen atom abstraction from aldehydes: OH+H2CO and O+H2CO

The essential features of the potential energy surfaces governing hydrogen abstraction from formaldehyde by oxygen atom and hydroxyl radical have been characterized with ab inito multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) and configuration interaction (CI) wave functions. The results are consistent with a very small activation energy for the OH + H2CO reaction, and an activation energy of a few kcal/mol for the O + H2CO reaction. In the transition state structure of both systems, the attacking oxygen atom is nearly collinear with the attacked CH bond.
Metoclopramide and tardive dyskinesia.

Metoclopramide (MCP) is a D-2 receptor blocker (Kebabian and Calne 1979), which has been available by prescription in the United States since 1979 for use as an antiemetic in a wide range of situations. One of the common indications for MCP is the e Woerner et al1993). There have been case reports but few systematic studies of MCP-associated TD (Sewell et al 1992; Sewell and Jeste 1992; Ganzini et a1 1993). We present hkre preliminary results of a clinical study of MCPassociated TD. We wished to study the frequency of dy&esia in patients with a history of exposure to MCP compared to a non MCP-treated comparison group. We also wished to study localization and course of MCP-associated TD, as well as factors such as the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus which might be associated with an increased risk of TD.
Mechanism of ribosomal subunit joining during eukaryotic translation initiation

Decades of research have yielded significant insight into the mechanism by which a cell translates an mRNA into the encoded protein. However many of the molecular details of the process remain a mystery. Translation initiation is an important control point in gene expression, and misregulation can lead to diseases such as cancer. A better understanding of the mechanism of translation initiation is imperative for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Recently, a combination of genetic, biochemical and biophysical studies has begun to shed light on how, at a molecular level, the translational machinery initiates protein synthesis. In the present review, we briefly compare and contrast the initiation pathways utilized by bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes, and then focus on translation initiation in eukaryotes and recent advances in our understanding of the subunit joining step of the process.
Synthesis of random or tapered solution styrene–butadiene copolymers in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as a polar modifier

Random or tapered solution styrene–butadiene copolymer (SSBR) is very difficult to prepare in an isothermal batch process without the use of polar modifiers because of the diverse reactivity ratios of the styrene and the butadiene in hydrocarbon solvents. In the presence of polar modifiers, the random SSBR can be synthesized by anionic living polymerization with the variety of microstructures, which results in the change of glass transition temperature (Tg). This article will discuss the use of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as a polar modifier in isothermal batch process that controls the microstructure of the SSBR resulting in a random as well as tapered SSBR with low Tg (−67°C to −80°C). The Tg of SSBR was controlled by the styrene content rather than the microstructure of polybutadiene. Physical properties of SSBR compounding were discussed for tire tread applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The visible absorption spectra of Mn2, Fe2, and Ni2 in argon matrices

Abstract Electronic absorption bands in the visible spectral region have been observed for Mn 2 , Fe 2 and Ni 2 in argon matrices at 10 K.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom dimensions show specific relationships to psychiatric comorbidity

The goals of this study were to examine relationships among symptom categories in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), to establish OCD symptom dimensions by factor- and cluster-analytic analyses, and to explore associations between OCD symptom dimensions and comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions. A total of 317 OCD participants underwent a systematic diagnostic interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. OCD symptoms assessed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (N=169) and by the Thoughts and Behaviors Inventory (N=275) were subjected to factor and cluster analyses. An identical four-factor solution emerged in two different data sets from overlapping samples, in agreement with most smaller factor-analytic studies employing the YBOCS checklist alone. The cluster analysis confirmed the four-factor solution and provided additional information on the similarity among OCD symptom categories at five different levels. OCD symptom dimensions showed specific relationships to comorbid psychiatric disorders: Factor I (aggressive, sexual, religious and somatic obsessions, and checking compulsions) was broadly associated with comorbid anxiety disorders and depression; Factor II (obsessions of symmetry, and repeating, counting and ordering/arranging compulsions) with bipolar disorders and panic disorder/agoraphobia; and Factor III (contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions) with eating disorders. Factors I and II were associated with early onset OCD. This study encourages the use of cluster analyses as a supplementary method to factor analyses to establish psychiatric symptom dimensions. The frequent co-occurrence of OCD with other psychiatric disorders and the relatively specific association patterns between OCD symptom dimensions and comorbid disorders support the importance of OCD subtyping for treatment, genetic, and other research studies of this heterogeneous disorder.
Axisymmetric critical withdrawal of a rotating fluid

Abstract The problem of inertial critical flow out of a rotating cylindrical container is addressed theoretically and experimentally. The inviscid steady-state Navier—Stokes equations with the approximation of no vertical shear and the hydrostatic approximation are solved by closing the problem with a critical condition which is applied at the radius of the exit sink. Although the results are presented in general, attention is focused upon the problem when the exit radius is less than the source radius, in which case rotation can be important even when the apparatus size is much less than the Rossby radius of deformation. The results of the analysis are compared to experiments to see if the assumptions were justified. The experiment leads to results that agree closely with predictions of the theory. However, one result is gleaned from the experiment which the theoretical results did not predict. It is that an instability in the flow occurs and is manifested as an azimuthally travelling wave. The role of axisymmetry in producing intense rotational effects is discussed in conext with the experimental findings, and possible implications to withdrawal of oceanic waters by ocean thermal difference power plants are discussed.
Prediction of L70 lumen maintenance and chromaticity for LEDs using extended Kalman filter models

Solid-state lighting (SSL) luminaires containing light emitting diodes (LEDs) have the potential of seeing excessive temperatures during operation or during transportation and storage. Presently, the TM-21 test standard is used to predict the L70 life of SSL Luminaires from LM-80 test data. The underlying TM-21 Arrhenius Model is based on population averages, may not capture the failure physics in presence of multiple failure mechanisms, and does not predict the chromaticity shift. In this paper, Kalman Filter (KF) and Extended Kalman Filters (EKF) have been used to develop models for 70-percent Lumen Maintenance Life Prediction and chromaticity shift for a LEDs used in SSL luminaires. Ten-thousand hour LM-80 test data for various LEDs have been used for model development.
An Explicit Finite Difference Model for Unconfined Aquifers

Most of the current simulation models for unconfined aquifers are based on the assumption that the free surface variation is small so that it can be combined with permeability to reduce the nonlinear Boussinesq equation to a linear partial differential equation (PDE). One of the most obvious reasons for using the linearization assumption is for the ease of numerical solution. This work presents a simpler alternative which permits an easy direct solution of the Boussinesq equation. A forward in time, central in space (FTCS) explicit finite difference method is used in the simulation model. The model was first validated by comparing its results with known analytical solution. It was then applied to an actual situation in which the short-term responses (from pumping) of an unconfined aquifer were simulated. The study shows that the stability of the model can be easily controlled, and because of the simple algorithm used, the code can be expeditiously developed and economically run on smaller machines. Due to the uncertainties in the calibration results, it is recommended here that more data be collected to improve the calibration before the model is used as a real-time simulation tool.
Hadley-Halley Circulation on Venus

Abstract In 1686 Halley proposed that a heat source moving over a layer of fluid would induce an average horizontal flow. Recent work on this problem is reviewed and related to the literature on Hadley cells. An Oseen-type solution is constructed for the composite nonlinear problem. The application of this solution to the atmosphere of Venus determines a value for the zonal flow in keeping with the observed circulation of the visible clouds. This is possible because the theoretical maximum velocity depends only very weakly on the atmospheric mixing processes. Other aspects of the theory relate potential observables, such as the solar-antisolar temperature contrast and the depth of the high-velocity region, to the unknown magnitudes of the turbulent transport of heat and momentum.
The NOS Inhibitor, 7-Nitroindazole, Decreases Focal Infarct Volume but not the Response to Topical Acetylcholine in Pial Vessels.

We examined whether 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a putative inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), decreases cerebral infarction 24 h after proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. In preliminary experiments, we determined that 7-NI (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg i.p.) decreased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity within cerebral cortex by 40-60% when measured up to 120 min, but not 240 min after administration. At 25 or 50 mg/kg, 7-NI did not alter the systemic arterial blood pressure or the dilation of pial arterioles after topical acetylcholine (10 and 100 microM). To examine the effect of 7-NI on infarct size, 55 Sprague-Dawley halothane-anesthetized rats were subjected to proximal MCA occlusion (modified Tamura method). Five minutes after occlusion, 7-NI (25 or 50 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle was injected. Animals treated with 25 or 50 mg/kg showed 25 and 27% reductions in infarct volume, respectively. Coadministration of L-arginine (300 mg/kg i.p.) plus 7-NI (25 mg/kg i.p.) reversed the effect. If, indeed, the effects of 7-NI are mediated by inhibition of nNOS activity, these results suggest that enzymatic products of the neuronal isoform promote ischemic injury and that they do so at least within the first few hours after permanent occlusion. The results also emphasize the importance of developing strategies to selectively inhibit the neuronal isoform inasmuch as we observed previously that administering the less selective NOS inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), in the same model either caused no change or increased the volume of ischemic injury.
Traumatic refracture of the mandible.

Abstract A true refracture of bone occurs if the fracture line is at the callus of the primary fracture and presents a necessary and connecting cause. This usually results from a traumatic event of the lightest nature. A parafocal refracture occurs in the vicinity of the callus and is the result of more severe trauma. This type is due to the resistance of the definitely formed callus and the adjacent parts of the bone.
Impact of Blood Transfusions and Transfusion Practices on Long-Term Outcome Following Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgery

The long-term impact of transfusions with packed red blood cells (PRBC) among patients undergoing hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery remains ill-defined. We sought to determine the impact of overall blood utilization, as well as a restrictive transfusion strategy, on long-term outcomes among patients undergoing an HPB resection for a malignancy. Data on overall blood utilization and hemoglobin (Hb) levels that triggered a transfusion were obtained for patients with cancer undergoing pancreas or liver surgery between 2009 and 2013. Risk-adjusted recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed based on receipt of PRBC and whether the patient received a transfusion using a restrictive transfusion strategy (intraoperative: Hb <10 g/dL; postoperative: Hb <8 g/dL). Four hundred forty-two patients underwent either a pancreas (58.1 %) or liver (41.9 %) resection. Most tumors were pancreatic in origin (41.8 %), while a subset were primary (23.1 %) or secondary (18.8 %) liver tumors. One hundred seventy-five (39.6 %) patients received ≥1 PRBC transfusion either intraoperatively (16.7 %), postoperatively (12.7 %), or both (10.2 %). There was a higher incidence of PRBC transfusion among patients undergoing a pancreas resection, those with higher comorbidities, and those with lower preoperative Hb levels. Perioperative morbidity was higher among patients receiving either 1–2 units (OR 3.14) or 3 or more units of PRBC (OR 8.54). Median OS was 31.9 months. Receipt of a blood transfusion was associated with a worse OS (1–2 units: HR 1.76; 3 + units: HR 2.50; both P < 0.05), and RFS (3 + units: HR 2.91; P = 0.02). Utilization of a restrictive transfusion strategy did not impact perioperative morbidity or long-term RFS or OS. Adoption of a more restrictive transfusion strategy in patients undergoing resection for cancer may preserve a limited resource, reduce costs, as well as avoid exposing oncology patients to the unnecessary risks associated with a transfusion.
Social Problem-Solving Abilities and Psychological Adjustment of Persons in Low Vision Rehabilitation.

Objective: Tested the relations of social problem-solving abilities to distress, depression, and well-being and impairment reported by persons participating in a low vision rehabilitation program. Study Design: Correlational and multiple regression analyses. Setting: Outpatient low vision rehabilitation clinic. Participants: 25 men (M 73.88 years old, SD 11.94 years) and 29 women (M 68.79 years old, SD 17.25 years) participating in a comprehensive admitting examination. Main Outcome Measures: Emotional distress specific to the condition, depressive behavior, satisfaction with life, and functional ability. Results: A negative problem orientation significantly predicted depression and emotional distress; rational problem-solving skills predicted life satisfaction. Conclusions: A negative problem orientation toward problem solving predicts poor emotional adjustment reported by persons with low vision, and proactive problem-solving skills appear to promote optimal adjustment.
Chromatographic Separation of the Halides

Abstract Column chromatography with the liquid ion exchanger Aliquat 336 was evaluated for the separation of the halides in aqueous solution. The separation was successfully accomplished by a gradient elution technique using 0.1 M sodium acetate and various concentrations of sodium nitrate as eluants. A comparison of two methods of column loading was made.
Impact of surface water conditions on preservative leaching and aquatic toxicity from treated wood products

New alternative wood preservatives contain higher levels of copper (Cu) which can promote aquatic toxicity in natural water systems. Earlier work focused on evaluating toxicity using laboratory generated leaching solutions. In this study, the impact on preservative leaching and aquatic toxicity from treated wood products was evaluated using natural surface waters including waters from two rivers, three lakes, two wetlands, and one seawater, in addition to synthetic moderate hard water and deionized water. Blocks of wood treated with Cu based alternatives such as alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) and copper boron azole (CBA), along with chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood, were leached under quiescent conditions, and total Cu, labile Cu, and heavy metal toxicity were measured. Results show that ACQ- and CBA-treated wood leach approximately 10 and 20 times more total Cu relative to CCA-treated wood and that the presence of organic and inorganic ligands in natural waters lowered the labile fraction of Cu relative to that from laboratory generated leaching solutions. Aquatic toxicity was found to correlate with the labile Cu fraction, and hence, the aquatic toxicity of the treated wood leachates was lower in natural waters in comparison to laboratory leaching solutions. The results of the present study suggest that studies designed to evaluate the impacts of treated wood should therefore consider the role of complexation in reducing the labile Cu fraction and its potential role in decreasing toxicity.
The transpiration of water at negative pressures in a synthetic tree

Plant scientists believe that transpiration-the motion of water from the soil, through a vascular plant, and into the air-occurs by a passive, wicking mechanism. This mechanism is described by the cohesion-tension theory: loss of water by evaporation reduces the pressure of the liquid water within the leaf relative to atmospheric pressure; this reduced pressure pulls liquid water out of the soil and up the xylem to maintain hydration. Strikingly, the absolute pressure of the water within the xylem is often negative, such that the liquid is under tension and is thermodynamically metastable with respect to the vapour phase. Qualitatively, this mechanism is the same as that which drives fluid through the synthetic wicks that are key elements in technologies for heat transfer, fuel cells and portable chemical systems. Quantitatively, the differences in pressure generated in plants to drive flow can be more than a hundredfold larger than those generated in synthetic wicks. Here we present the design and operation of a microfluidic system formed in a synthetic hydrogel. This synthetic 'tree' captures the main attributes of transpiration in plants: transduction of subsaturation in the vapour phase of water into negative pressures in the liquid phase, stabilization and flow of liquid water at large negative pressures (-1.0 MPa or lower), continuous heat transfer with the evaporation of liquid water at negative pressure, and continuous extraction of liquid water from subsaturated sources. This development opens the opportunity for technological uses of water under tension and for new experimental studies of the liquid state of water.
Morphology and distribution of nitric oxide synthase-, neurokinin-1 receptor-, calretinin-, calbindin-, and neurofilament-M-immunoreactive neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the rat small intestine.

Characterization of the enteric neurons is vital for understanding their physiological role. We have used single and dual label fluorescence and peroxidase-based immunohistochemistry in myenteric and submucosal whole mounts from the rat small intestine to evaluate the morphology and distribution of enteric neurons immunoreactive for the following phenotypic antigens: neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), calretinin (Calr), calbindin (Cal), and neurofilament-M (NF-M). NOS-immunoreactive neurons had Dogiel type I morphology, were abundant in the myenteric plexus compared to the submucosal plexus, and never coexpressed NK-1R immunoreactivity. NK-1R- and Calr-immunoreactive neurons had Dogiel type II morphology and were distributed comparably in both plexuses. NK-1R and Calr-immunoreactivity were coexpressed in many of the same neurons. Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons exhibited four distinct morphologies: small and large Dogiel type II neurons, Dogiel type I neurons, and small elongated neurons. These neurons were significantly fewer in number in the myenteric plexus compared to the submucosal plexus. Neurofilament-M-immunoreactive neurons had three morphologies, Dogiel type II neurons, small Dogiel type II neurons, and a less common subpopulation of small, elongated, multipolar neurons. These neurons were also fewer in number in the myenteric plexus compared to the submucosal plexus. The distribution of these phenotypic markers may assist future work that elucidates the functional activities of these enteric neurons such as control of intestinal motility and adaptation to the entry of gastric contents.
Thermodynamic properties of several soil- and sediment-derived natural organic materials.

Abstract Improved understanding of the structure of soil- and sediment-derived organic matter is critical to elucidating the mechanisms that control the reactivity and transport of contaminants in the environment. This work focuses on an experimental investigation of thermodynamic properties that are a function of the macromolecular structure of natural organic matter (NOM). A suite of thermal analysis instruments were employed to quantify glass transition temperatures ( T g ), constant-pressure specific heat capacities ( C p ), and thermal expansion coefficients ( α ) of several International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) soil-, sediment-, and aquatic-derived NOMs. Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) of selected NOMs identified T g s between 36 and 72 °C, and α s ranging from 11 μm/m °C below the T g to 242 μm/m °C above the T g . Standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) measurements provided additional evidence of glass transition behavior, including identification of multiple transition behavior in two aquatic samples. TMDSC also provided quantitative measures of C p at 0 and 25 °C, ranging from 1.27 to 1.44 J/g °C. Results from TMA, DSC, and TMDSC analyses are consistent with glass transition theories for organic macromolecules, and the glass transition behavior of other NOM materials reported in previous studies. Discussion of the importance of quantifying these thermodynamic properties is presented in terms of improved physical and chemical characterization of NOM structures, and in terms of providing constraints to molecular simulation models of NOM structures.
On the error indication of shells in unilateral frictionless contact

An error indication procedure for the shell in unilateral contact is proposed. The applied shell model is formulated on the basis of the Kirchhoff theory assuming that the transversal shear strains are neglectable and the plane–stress state through the thickness direction; the frictionless contact with the rigid body is formulated with a penalty approach. The formulation of the proposed error indication is hereby limited to the contact terms; the indication of the shell structure itself can be found elsewhere. The error indication for the contact terms is based on an Hermitian interpolation of the bilinear FE-shell elements, a refined integration of the contact terms, and unidirectional equilibrium considerations. Numerical simulations are shown to assess the proposed approach.
QSAR evaluation of monoterpenoids' insecticidal activity.

Monoterpenoids are naturally occurring compounds that are found in higher-order plants. These compounds are secondary metabolites that seem to play no major role in the metabolic functioning of the plants. One role of monoterpenoids in the plants is to defend against plant-directed pathogens, herbivores, or competing plant species. These compounds are good leads for synthesis or isolation of more effective insecticides. To accomplish these goals, we developed quantitative structure−activity relationships (QSARs) in order to predict insect toxicity of monoterpenoids and derivatives that have not yet been synthesized or experimentally tested. Correlations were found between toxicity and certain quantum and traditional chemical parameters. We found a linear relationship between LD50 values for house fly toxicity and Mulliken populations in aromatic monoterpenoids. Multiple linear regression of an E-State descriptor and a GETAWAY (GEometry, Topology and Atomic Weights AssemblY) descriptor also showed a relati...
Adsorption of ions to the surface of dilute electrolyte solutions: the Jones-Ray effect revisited.

The controversial observation of a minimum in the surface tension of dilute aqueous electrolyte solutions by Jones and Ray in the 1930s is confirmed by new resonance-enhanced second harmonic generation (SHG) experiments demonstrating surface enhancement of simple inorganic anions in the same concentration range. New experiments show that the quadruply charged ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64-, anion is not surface active at high concentrations, as expected, but at dilute concentrations, the anion is strongly attracted to the interface with a Gibbs free energy of adsorption of −6.8 kcal/mol. Using this value, the original Jones and Ray data are fit to a simple model of the surface tension with qualitative agreement, although better agreement is found for all 13 Jones and Ray salts with an even stronger surface adsorption.
A BASIC program to compute Hotelling's T2 and related measures

2statis­ tic can be computed whenever two independent groups of subjects are tested on two or more dependent variables. P may be conceptualized variously as a multivariate analog of an independent groups t-test, as a counterpart to multivariate analysis of variance with two groups, or as the equivalent of a two-groups discriminant analysis (Green, 1978). It is integral to proftle analysis on test batteries (Groff, 1983). Unfortunately, computation of P by hand is cumber­ some with two dependent variables and impractical with three or more. While it is entirely practical to perform the computations on microcomputers, appropriate pro­ grams apparently are not widely available. The present program, T-SQUARED, computes P and a number of related statistics on the Apple II family of computers. Requirements. The program was written in Applesoft BASIC on a 48K Apple 11+. Because the program was written with conversion in mind, conversion to computers using other dialects of Microsoft BASIC should be ex­ ceptionally easy, and to facilitate this process, the manual contains a discussion of Applesoft-specific code. The pro­ gram was ported to the Commodore 64 microcomputer with no difficulty, although the conversion required fa­ miliarity with the Commodoreoperating system. Memory requirements are minimal: The program loads in 8K and runs in 24K. It is presently dimensioned to handle up to 30 dependent variables and a virtually unlimited number of subjects (unequal ns are permitted); the number of vari­ ables can be increased in a 48K machine. A printer is desirable but not necessary. Input/Output Options. Data may be entered either from the keyboard as the program executes (the default option), or from a previously created data ftle in DIF for­ mat. Prompts and a record of the data may be directed to any slot number, and an error correction routine is available. Output may also be directed to any slot num­ ber; the default sends output to the 4O-columnscreen. The user may elect to have the computer pause periodically, until a keypress is detected, to prevent results from scroll­ ing off the screen. Methodology and Results Provided. T-SQUARED computes P indirectly, by creating a dummy variable representing group membership, and by generating a mul
Observations on the pineal system in the hamster. II. Fine structure of the deep pineal.

The fine structure of the deep pineal, a mass of pineal parenchyma positioned in the roof of and caudal to the pineal recess is described. The fine structure of deep pineal is similar to earlier descriptions of superficial pineal. The parenchymal cell displays abundant mitochondria, many of which contain a tubular internal structure, a prominent Golgi apparatus, and smooth and granular endoplasmic reticulum. The parenchymal cells are extensively branched and terminate in club-like endings. Pineal cell process terminations contain a profusion of vesicles of varying size, many of which contain an electron-dense granule. The granules are presumed to be associated with the secretory product of the parenchymal cell. The deep, unlike the superficial, pineal contains a relatively high concentration of glial cells and processes, some of which contain mitochondria with a unique internal structure.
On an Indicator of Good Prediction

A high correlation between predicted and criterion values in cross-validation may not always be a sufficient indicator of goodness of prediction. An alternative indicator of goodness of prediction is reviewed in terms of what kind of prediction is sought.
Recent advances in synthesis, characterization and rheological properties of polyurethanes and POSS/polyurethane nanocomposites dispersions and films

Abstract Aqueous polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) have recently emerged as important alternatives to their solvent-based counterparts for various applications due to increasing health and environmental awareness. There are a number of important variables in the preparation of aqueous PUDs such as carboxylic acid content, solid content, degree of pre-/post-neutralization of the carboxylic acids and chain extension that all impact the dispersion particle sizes and distributions, viscosity, molecular weights, and glass transition temperatures of the PUDs and thin films made from them. This article reviews some new insights into the synthesis, characterization, structure evolution and kinetics, and rheological properties of representative examples of polyurethanes and POSS/polyurethane nanocomposites dispersions and films with prescribed rheological properties, macromolecular structure dynamics and function with the aim of understanding the complex relationships amongst the polymer structure, rheological properties, and performance of the PUDs and nanocomposite films under conditions that they are likely to encounter during use. It will be demonstrated that incorporation of small amounts of POSS into PU films can significantly enhance the thermal stability and mechanical properties, and present a new class of materials for special industrial applications. The unanswered questions are discussed to guide future research directions, and facilitate progress in this area so that the materials can be rationally engineered during synthesis and processing to yield new materials with enhanced properties for a number of applications. Overall, the present review article will provide a quantitative experimental basis for any future theory development of the relatively new waterborne PUDs and hybrid PU/POSS nanocomposites, and their structural dynamics, phase behavior, molecular relaxation, and rheological properties, increasing our level of understanding of the behavior of this important class of polymeric materials and other similar water soluble polymers.
Multidisciplinary integrative approach to treating knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis.

Although future studies might show that leech therapy is a practical, effective therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee, the work by Michalsen and colleagues in this issue is most exciting precisely...
A theory for grain-size reduction in granular flows of spheres

We derive a kinetic theory for homogeneous granular shear flows of identical spheres in which collisions between particles result in small fractures on their peripheries and, over time, effectively reduce their average diameter. In obtaining statistically averaged constitutive relations for the rates of energy dissipation and mass loss, we employ the integral expression derived by Jenkins and Savage [1983] for the collisional source of a particle property. However, in calculating the stress, we modify their expression for the collisional flux in order to ensure that the stress is symmetric when the particles interact through central forces. The constitutive relations are employed in the balance equations for mass, momentum, and energy in order to predict, for a fixed shear rate and particle number density, the manner in which the solid fraction, granular temperature, and induced stresses vary with time.