cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerobic diving limits of immature Weddell seals

1. Consistent with previous studies on adult seals, post-dive blood lactic acid (LA) concentrations in immature Weddell seals did not increase above resting levels after short voluntary dives (Fig. 1). 2. Following longer dives, peak blood LA values increased rapidly according to the duration of the dive (Fig. 1). 3. The peak post-dive blood LA concentration relative to dive duration demonstrate that there is a positive relationship between aerobic dive limit (ADL) and body size (Fig. 1 and 3). 4. The ADL for 130 to 145 kg seals was about 10 min, and it was 13 min for 185 to 205 kg seals (Fig. 1). 5. The calculation of the ADL from available oxygen stores correlates well with the lactate/endurance curve intercept, where peak post-dive LA concentration rises rapidly above resting levels as the dive duration increases in adult and immature animals (Table 2 and Fig. 3). 6. Of total dives, 4% of the dive durations exceeded the measured ADL in 130 to 145 kg seals and 8% in the 205 kg seal (Fig. 2). 7. Dive depths of immature seals did not exceed 315 m (Table 1).
Clinically Meaningful Rehabilitation Outcomes of Low Vision Patients Served by Outpatient Clinical Centers.

Importance To facilitate comparative clinical outcome research in low vision rehabilitation, we must use patient-centered measurements that reflect clinically meaningful changes in visual ability. Objective To quantify the effects of currently provided low vision rehabilitation (LVR) on patients who present for outpatient LVR services in the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective, observational study of new patients seeking outpatient LVR services. From April 2008 through May 2011, 779 patients from 28 clinical centers in the United States were enrolled in the Low Vision Rehabilitation Outcomes Study. The Activity Inventory, a visual function questionnaire, was administered to measure overall visual ability and visual ability in 4 functional domains (reading, mobility, visual motor function, and visual information processing) at baseline and 6 to 9 months after usual LVR care. The Geriatric Depression Scale, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey physical functioning questionnaires were also administered to measure patients’ psychological, cognitive, and physical health states, respectively, and clinical findings of patients were provided by study centers. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean changes in the study population and minimum clinically important differences in the individual in overall visual ability and in visual ability in 4 functional domains as measured by the Activity Inventory. Results Baseline and post-rehabilitation measures were obtained for 468 patients. Minimum clinically important differences (95% CIs) were observed in nearly half (47% [95% CI, 44%-50%]) of patients in overall visual ability. The prevalence rates of patients with minimum clinically important differences in visual ability in functional domains were reading (44% [95% CI, 42%-48%]), visual motor function (38% [95% CI, 36%-42%]), visual information processing (33% [95% CI, 31%-37%]), and mobility (27% [95% CI, 25%-31%]). The largest average effect size (Cohen d = 0.87) for the population was observed in overall visual ability. Age ( P = .006) was an independent predictor of changes in overall visual ability, and logMAR visual acuity ( P = .002) was predictive of changes in visual information processing. Conclusions and Relevance Forty-four to fifty percent of patients presenting for outpatient LVR show clinically meaningful differences in overall visual ability after LVR, and the average effect sizes in overall visual ability are large, close to 1 SD.
Role of the fornix in the septal syndrome.

Abstract Rats were tested for their reactivity to a puff of air, loud noise, and touch on the back following fornix and septal lesions. Septal lesions produced the expected hyperreactivity. Large fornix lesions 9 days prior to the septal lesion, or fornix lesions within 10 min of the septal lesions, blocked the hyperreactivity expected from the septal lesions. Partial fornix lesions partially suppressed the hyperreactivity. The data indicate that intact septohippocampal connections are necessary for the appearance of hyperreactivity following a septal lesion.
Composition of lipids of bovine optic nerve.

Lipids from bovine optic nerve were analyzed. The total content of 16.5% by weight included 27.2% nonpolar lipids, 26.1% glycolipids, and 46.7% phospholipids by weight. Free cholesterol was the major component of the nonpolar lipid fraction. The cerebrosides, 73.5% of total glycolipids, were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) into two bands (upper and lower) that were present in equal proportion. Cerebroside sulfates comprised about 27.5% of total glycolipids. Gangliosides were also detected in the glycolipid fraction. In order of predominance, choline glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, ethanolamine plasmalogens, serine glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, and inositol glycerophospholipids were the major phospholipids. Palmitoyl (16∶0), stearoyl (18∶0), and oleoyl (18∶1) groups were the major acyl groups in all neutral and phospholipid classes. However, ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, serine glycerophospholipids, and inositol glycerophospholipids contained a large percentage of 22∶6 (docosahexaenoyl) group. The major alk-1-enyl groups of the plasmalogens were 16∶0, 18∶0, and 18∶1. Steroyl (18∶0), lignoceroyl (24∶0), and nervonoyl (24∶1) were the major acyl groups in all sphingolipids. Lower cerebroside band and cerebroside sulfates contained large amount of hydroxylignoceroyl (cerebronoyl) and hydroxynervonoyl groups.
Interferometric probing of rapid vaporization at a solid–liquid interface induced by pulsed-laser irradiation

Abstract In situ monitoring of rapid vaporization process on a submicron length scale is essential for understanding the phenomena induced by pulsed-laser heating of solid surfaces in contact with liquids. A number of laser-processing applications including steam laser cleaning and liquid-assisted material ablation take advantage of enhanced acoustic excitation in the explosive vaporization process. In this paper, a novel technique based on Michelson interferometry is developed to study the liquid vaporization process induced by a KrF excimer-laser pulse ( λ =248 nm, full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) = 24 ns) at relatively low fluences typically used for laser cleaning processes. The dynamics of rapid vaporization in a highly superheated liquid layer is measured in a semi-quantitative manner. In addition, optical-reflectance and forward-scattering measurements are performed to elucidate the vaporization dynamics. The results suggest that separate bubble nuclei begin to grow in the early stage of vaporization and tend to coalesce later. The maximum bubble size and growth rate are estimated to be of the order of 0.1 μm and 1 m/s, respectively. The bubbles decay at a significantly slow rate in comparison with the growth rate. The interference probe detects the long-term acoustic cavitation, so called memory effect, more effectively than the previously employed reflectance probe. This study reveals that the acoustic enhancement in the laser induced vaporization process is caused by bubble expansion in the initial growth stage, not by bubble collapse.
Stentless Aortic Bioprosthesis for Disease of the Aortic Valve, Root and Ascending Aorta

Disease of the aortic valve is frequently associated with morphologic abnormalities of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch. Ectasia of the ascending aorta is commonly associated with bicuspid aortic valve. Degenerative aortic valve disease is often associated with atherosclerotic deposits or aneurysm in the ascending aorta and the aortic arch. Aortic valve disease causing hemodynamic burden sufficient to affect left ventricular structure or function is indication for operation to replace the aortic valve. Current practice dictates replacement of the ascending aorta and/or arch in combination with replacement of the aortic valve because the aortic disease usually does not stabilize and, in fact, progresses despite resolution of disease of the aortic valve. Similarly, aortic disease requiring primary operative intervention in the presence of morphologic abnormalities of the aortic valve is best treated by combined replacement operation because of the frequency of early reoperation on the aortic valve. More aggressive treatment of combined aortic valve and aortic disease has been prompted by the frequent necessity of reoperation for progression of associated morphologic abnormalities, availability of improved aortic valve bioprostheses, and improved ability of surgeons to treat associated disease in a single operation. This article demonstrates use of a stentless aortic root bioprosthesis to replace the aortic valve and aortic root for aortic valve disease associated with (1) aneurysm of ascending aorta; (2) extensive atherosclerotic ulcerated plaque disease of aorta; and (3) coarctation of aorta. These operations are applied in adults and in all cases used the Medtronic Freestyle® aortic root bioprosthesis (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). This device was chosen because of proven efficacy and durability, excellent hemodynamic performance, and no requirement for anticoagulant therapy. 1
CEO Severance Agreements: A Theoretical Examination and Research Agenda

CEO severance has captured the attention of a wide array of audiences, yet it remains largely unexplored by management scholars. In this article we offer a rigorous theoretical examination of CEO severance with the goal of developing a foundation for a systematic research agenda. In particular, we consider if, and how, severance agreements can be effective in serving the interests of both CEOs and shareholders. We argue that severance agreements have potential value as both an executive recruitment and a governance tool but that the way they are conventionally structured undermines the value shareholders realize from them. The implications of structure have been almost entirely overlooked by scholars, perhaps because the influence of compensation consultants has left little variance in how severance agreements are implemented across firms. We address this gap by theorizing about how severance agreements could be structured to effectively generate value for executives and shareholders. To do this, we intro...
Active Circuits for Direct Linear Measurement of Skin Resistance and Conductance

Passive voltage-divider circuitries typically used for measuring skin resistance and conductance provide only indirect measures of these variables. Although the resulting errors of nonlinearity may not be critical for some research purposes, there is no reason why they should be tolerated, because it is possible to design simple active circuitry which avoids the errors by measuring skin resistance and conductance directly. Two such circuits are presented: a) a variable-gain voltage amplifier for direct linear measurement of skin resistance; and b) a current-to-voltage transducer for direct linear measurement of skin conductance. A combined working circuit, suitable for practical research applications, is also presented.
Free radical rearrangement of bicyclo[2.2.2]- and bicyclo[4.2.0]octenones systems

Abstract Intramolecular cyclization of carbon radicals to carbnyl groups was carried out on bicyclo[2.2.2]- and bicyclo[4.2.0]octenones. An unexpected ring expansion product 19 , produed by β-scission of the intermediate alkoxyl radical 22 , was observed. the β,γ-situated double bond of the bicyclic ketones appears to have a dampening effect on th carbon radical-ketone cyclization and the allylic cleavage of the alkoxyl radical.
Stimulated emission, gain, and coherent oscillations in II-VI semiconductor microcavities

The large oscillator strength for excitons in ZnSe-based quantum wells (QW's) is reflected in a normal-mode (Rabi) splitting which exceeds 10 meV per QW at low temperatures when measured by conventional linear optical probes or by four-wave mixing technique. The dominating impact of the electron-hole Coulomb interaction extends to high pair densities, including the regime of vertical cavity laser operation. Measurement of gain spectra shows how the composite photon-exciton oscillator supplies the optical gain for a laser operating beyond the perturbative regime.
A sequence-dependent monoclonal antibody specific for single-chain urokinase.

To mimic the sequence spanning the primary site (the Lys158–Ile159 bond) cleaved by plasmin in its conversion of single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) to urokinase, we synthesized the peptide Cys(Acm)-Leu-Arg-Pro-Arg-Phe-Lys-Ile-Ile-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Cys [Cys(Acm)scuPA(153–164)Cys]. Immunization of A/J mice with the Cys(Acm)scuPA(153–164)Cys peptide linked to hemocyanin, followed by somatic cell fusion with a myeloma cell line (SP2/0), yielded a monoclonal antibody (SCOOP1) that bound to single-chain urokinase but not to urokinase or plasmin-treated single-chain urokinase. SCOOP1 could discriminate between single-chain urokinase and urokinase by greater than three orders of magnitude. In a radioimmunoassay, Cys(Acm)scuPA(153–164)Cys completely inhibited SCOOP1 binding to single-chain urokinase, whereas an equimolar mixture of two heptapeptides comprising the amino terminal [Cys-scuPA(153–158)] and carboxy terminal [scuPA(159–164)Cys)] halves of the cleavage site peptide did not. Thus the epitope recognized by SCOOP1 includes the Lys158–Ile159 peptide bond.
Gender specific pelvic pain severity in neurogenic cystitis

Purpose: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome is a chronic bladder inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is often regarded as neurogenic cystitis. The condition is associated with focal inflammation, urothelial lesions, voiding dysfunction and pain in the pelvic/perineal area. Approximately 90% of patients with the condition are women, suggesting the possibility of hormonal involvement in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome symptoms. We examined the basis of gender specific pelvic pain in a murine model of neurogenic cystitis that recapitulates features of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and in which pelvic pain is mediated by mast cell histamine.Materials and Methods: Murine neurogenic cystitis was induced by tail base inoculation of C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice with the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus. Pelvic pain behavior was assessed by quantifying tactile allodynia in response to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments. Bladder mast cells were quantifi...
"Africa Joins the World": The Missionary Imagination and the Africa Motion Picture Project in Central Africa, 1937-9

This paper explores the films and filmmaking process of the Africa Motion Picture Project (AMPP) in Central Africa, 1937-39. Involving a missionary film experiment designed to portray Africa 'as it really is' to American church-goers for fund-raising and recruitment purposes, recently discovered diaries and scrapbooks of the film crew offer a counter-narrative to the early twentieth century stereotypes of Africa guiding the AMPP narratives. Focusing on production issues in the field as well as the final product allows us to resurrect a measure of agency on the part of the colonized, including on-going cultural negotiations, forms of micro-resistance, and demands for remuneration on the part of Africans acting in the films.
Homohysteria: Useful Construct? Or an Unnecessary Splitting of Hairs?

In this commentary to McCormack and Anderson (2014, this issue), I offer my reaction to a relatively new construct—homohysteria—that characterizes heterosexual men’s negative attitudes and affective reactions toward gay men in the context of gendered (traditional) behaviors. I propose that similar to other forms of “isms” used in both academia and the general community (e.g., racism, sexism), little is to be gained by continuing to splinter established terms such as heterosexism or homophobia. More specifically, I argue that by creating new terms for prejudice against gays and lesbians—terms that simply reflect either different degrees or motives of heterosexism—we risk muddling research findings and ultimately trivializing the pernicious phenomenon of prejudice and discrimination against the LGBT community. I also argue that in the absence of empirical support for the validity of homohysteria (as a distinct construct from heterosexism or homophobia), those embracing this new term are investigatively putting the cart before the horse.
A prototype system for the electronic storage and retrieval of document images

A prototype system has been implemented for electronic scanning, digitization, storage, retrieval, and display of images of biomedical documents. Paper documents are scanned and digitized at a scan density of 200 picture elements (pels) per inch by either a high-speed loose-leaf scanner with an automatic document transport or a book scanner with a manual book holder. Each scanner employs a high-resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) linear array operating at a sampling rate close to 10 MHz. The analog output signal of the CCD array is digitized into 1 bit per pixel two-tone images by means of dynamic thresholding. The digitized images are stored on magnetic disks to be processed and will eventually be transferred onto optical disks for archival storage. Existing on-line bibliographic databases developed by the National Library of Medicine are used as directories for the retrieval of document images. These images are displayed at a resolution of 200 pels/inch in both soft-copy (raster-refreshed CRT) and hard-copy forms.This prototype system, developed as part of a research and development program, offers the opportunity to investigate the areas of document image enhancement, image compression, and omnifont text recognition and to conduct experiments designed to answer key questions on the role of electronic document storage and retrieval technology in library information processing and the preservation of library documents.
Teaching the child with leukemia to cope with teasing.

This paper describes a training program for teaching children with leukemia to handle ridicule, derogation, and harassment in the form of teasing by peers. It first outlines the basic principles of teasing interactions, then describes the nonverbal behaviors that the teased child must not/must exhibit and the verbal strategies that he must learn to use. The procedures for teaching these new responses are provided in sufficient detail that the interested adult could adapt the program to the teasing problems of a specific child. The paper concludes with a discussion of the strong positive impact the program has on the self-confidence of children who are now able to cope with what previously had been, for them, an insurmountable problem.
Long-term lake water quality predictors

Daily water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles in 3002 Minnesota lakes have been simulated by deterministic process-based water quality models with daily meteorological conditions from 1955 to 1979 as input. From the simulated results, indicators of lake water quality and fish habitat characteristics have been extracted and correlated selectively with normal air temperature, lake mean depth, wind-related densimetric Froude number and Lake number. A seasonal maximum Lake number was found to be a good predictor for volume averaged water temperatures, maximum water temperatures near lake bottom, seasonal stratification characteristics, volume averaged dissolved oxygen concentrations, anoxia characteristics and fish good-growth habitat. Lakes with a maximum daily Lake number bigger than 1.0, are seasonally stratified, have low hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentration, and only a fraction of lake depth available for good-growth of fish. Lakes with maximum daily Lake number less than 1.0 are polymictic, with high dissolved oxygen concentration, and with maximum depth available for good fish growth. Empirical formulas for lake water quality and stratification indicators derived from the simulation results give good predictions of temperature and dissolved oxygen characteristics estimated from measurements in seven Minnesota lakes.
Status and future of GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer distinct advantages over conventional edge-emitting lasers, including lower power consumption, single-longitudinal-mode operation, circularly symmetric output beams, waferlevel testing, and the ability to form densely packed, two-dimensional arrays. High-performance GaN-based VCSELs are well suited for applications in high-density optical data storage, high-resolution printing, lighting, displays, projectors, miniature atomic clocks, and chemical/biological sensing. Thus far, the performance of these devices has been limited by challenges associated with the formation of high-reflectance distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), optical mode confinement, carrier transport, lateral current spreading, polarization-related electric fields, and cavity-length control. This manuscript discusses the state-of-the-art results for electrically injected GaN-based VCSELs and reviews approaches to overcome the key challenges currently preventing higher performance devices. The manuscript also describes the development of nonpolar GaN-based VCSELs on free-standing GaN. Nonpolar orientations exhibit anisotropic optical gain within the quantum well plane and uniquely enable VCSELs with a well-defined and stable polarization state. In addition, a detailed description of a band-gap-selective photoelectrochemical etching (BGS PECE) process for substrate removal and fine cavity length control on free-standing GaN substrates is provided.
THE IMPACT OF SOME OBVIOUS VARIABLES ON ESSAY TEST SCORES

Any condition on an essay test paper that attracts the reader's attention away from the content of the essay would appear to have a potential effect on scores given to that test. In fact, the early studies by James (1927) and Sheppard (1929) found that quality of handwriting significantly influenced grades given to essays. It may be reasonably hypothesized that other conditions, such as poor spelling, which cause the reader to attend to the physical structure of the essay would also result in lower marks than those given to papers with perfect mechanics of expression.
Community based cooperative content caching in social wireless networks

This paper presents a conceptual framework of social community based cooperative caching for minimizing electronic content provisioning cost in Mobile Social Wireless Networks (MSWNET). Drawing motivation from Amazon's Kindle electronic book delivery model, this paper develops practical network, service, and pricing models which are then used for creating an optimal cooperative caching strategy based on social community abstraction in wireless networks.
Biomarkers of vascular dysfunction in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1.

BACKGROUND : We compared biomarkers of vascular dysfunction among HIV-infected children to a demographically similar group of uninfected children and determined factors associated with these biomarkers. METHODS AND RESULTS : We measured several biomarkers of vascular dysfunction: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) (inflammation); fibrinogen and P-selectin (coagulant dysfunction); soluble intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM), and E-selectin (endothelial dysfunction); and leptin (metabolic dysfunction). Anthropometry, body composition, CD4%, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy were recorded. Mean age was 14.8 years (106 HIV-infected children) and 12.3 years (55 control children). Sex and body mass index Z scores were similar. Infected children had higher sICAM, sVCAM, MCP-1, IL-6, and fibrinogen levels. E-selectin (P = 0.07), and CRP (P = 0.08) trended to be greater in the HIV group, yet leptin and P-selectin were similar. In multivariable analyses in the HIV-infected children alone, each 1 standard deviation increase in waist to hip ratio was associated with increases in sICAM (17%), MCP-1 (19%), IL6 (18%), and CRP (59%). CD4% was inversely associated with sVCAM, MCP-1, IL6, fibrinogen, and CRP. CONCLUSIONS : HIV-infected children have higher levels of biomarkers of vascular dysfunction than healthy children. Risk factors associated with these biomarkers include higher waist to hip ratios and HIV disease severity.
On Finite-Size Corrections to the Free Energy of Ionic Hydration

Efforts to compare thermodynamic predictions of simulations with experiment have been thwarted by the approximations used in modeling the long-range electrostatic interactions. In a recent article Hummer et al. proposed an explicit formula that accounts for most of the finite-size effect in simulations of ion charging using periodic boundary conditions. In this Letter we have verified the numerical results of Hummer et al. and we provide a simple theoretical argument that explains why the solvent polarization free energy contains a contribution that largely cancels the lattice self-energy. The cancellation depends on the fact that the solvent is a high dielectric. We propose a finite size correction formula that can be applied in both the low and high dielectric limits.
Reliability and Validity of the Computerized Revised Token Test: Comparison of Reading and Listening Versions in Persons With and Without Aphasia

Purpose This study assessed the reliability and validity of intermodality associations and differences in persons with aphasia (PWA) and healthy controls (HC) on a computerized listening and 3 read...
Assessment and stability of early learning abilities in preterm and full-term infants across the first two years of life

Infants born preterm have increased risk for learning disabilities yet we lack assessments to successfully detect these disabilities in early life. We followed 23 full-term and 29 preterm infants from birth through 24 months to assess for differences in and stability of learning abilities across time. Measures included the Bayley-III cognitive subscale, the mobile paradigm assessment, and a means-end learning assessment. Preterm infants had poorer performance on measures of cognition and learning across the first two years of life. Learning performance at 3–4 months was consistent with learning performance at 12–24 months of age. At 3–4 months, the mobile paradigm had better sensitivity and predictive values for predicting 24-month cognitive delays on the Bayley-III than did the Bayley-III itself. At 12–18 months, the means-end learning assessment had better sensitivity than the Bayley-III for identifying 24-month cognitive delays on the Bayley-III. The results suggest that: (1) infants born preterm may demonstrate learning differences as early as the first few months of life, (2) learning differences identified in the first months of life are likely to persist throughout the second year of life, and (3) learning assessments that measure how infants and toddlers use their typical behaviors to problem-solve to control external events may be more effective than traditional standardized assessment tools for detecting early learning delays.
Comparison of detectability of radar compression waveforms in classic passive receivers

Several types of passive receivers can be used to detect radar emissions over considerable distances. Previous work has been performed which compares the detectability of bi-phase waveforms to a classic rectangular pulse. It is also of interest to compare the detectability of equal-bandwidth/equal-energy FMCW, quadriphase, and polyphase waveforms. The quadriphase waveform is the quadriphase version of the bi-phase Welti code. The polyphase waveforms are the PI, P2, P3, and P4 codes. Relative detection ranges are predicted using a simulation of the square-law, wideband crystal video, and channelized passive receivers possessing typical bandwidth, noise-floor, and loss parameters. A comparison is given showing the relative LPI/LPD attributes of each waveform and the relative detection attributes of each receiver.
Efficient drug screening and gene correction for treating liver disease using patient-specific stem cells.

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a potential source for developing novel drugand cell- therapies. Although increasing numbers of disease-specific iPSCs have been generated, there has been limited progress in iPSC-based drug screening/discovery for liver diseases, and the low gene targeting efficiency in human iPSCs warrants further improvement. Using iPSC lines from patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, for which there is currently no drug- or gene- therapy available, we established a platform to discover new drug candidates and to correct disease-causing mutation with a high efficiency. A high-throughput format screening assay based on our hepatic differentiation protocol was implemented to facilitate automated quantification of cellular AAT accumulation using a 96-well immunofluorescence reader. To expedite the eventual application of lead compounds to patients, we conducted drug screening utilizing our established library of clinical compounds, the Johns Hopkins Drug Library, with extensive safety profiles. Through a blind large-scale drug screening, five clinical drugs were identified to reduce AAT accumulation in diverse patient iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells. In addition, using the recently developed transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology, we achieved high gene targeting efficiency in AAT-deficiency patient iPSCs with 25–33% of the clones demonstrating simultaneous targeting at both diseased alleles. The hepatocyte-like cells derived from the gene-corrected iPSCs were functional without the mutant AAT accumulation. This highly efficient and cost-effective targeting technology will broadly benefit both basic and translational applications. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the feasibility of effective large-scale drug screening using an iPSC-based disease model and highly robust gene targeting in human iPSCs; both of which are critical for translating the iPSC technology into novel therapies for untreatable diseases.
Incidence and susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria vary between intensive care units within a single hospital: implications for empiric antibiotic strategies.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the incidence of recovery and patterns of antibiotic susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria vary between intensive care units (ICUs) in a single teaching hospital. Methods: Culture and susceptibility results were collected prospectively for a 3-month period (April through June 1999) in each of the surgical, trauma, and medical ICUs. The number of unique isolates and susceptibility patterns were determined. Susceptibility of isolates among ICUs was compared with X 2 . Results: Statistically significant differences between ICUs in susceptibility to various antibiotics were found for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp, Acinetobacter sp, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, and Pseudomonas sp. Notably, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus was not seen in the medical ICU, whereas it was seen in both the surgical and trauma ICUs. Klebsiella spp resistant to ceftazidime were seen only in the trauma ICU. The aminoglycosides and quinolones had attenuated activity against Pseudomonas sp in the surgical ICU, whereas they remained highly effective in the trauma ICU. Cefazolin had no activity against the Enterobacter sp in either of the surgical ICUs, but was highly effective in the medical ICU. Conclusion: Although the microbiologic results of this study should not be extrapolated to other institutions, the principle is of value. There is variability between ICUs in a single large teaching hospital in susceptibility of bacterial pathogens to various antibiotics. This may have implications in the design of empiric antibiotic strategies and the planning of the hospital formulary. Hospital wide or composite ICU antibiograms are inadequate for planning empiric therapy in the ICU.
Locating the local in the Coastal Rebellion of 1888-1890

Abstract This article reopens debate and discussion about the so-called Abushiri Uprising of 1888. Previous scholars have examined the origins of the rebellion, or the motivations of its participants. This article focuses upon the way in which the rebellion unfolded along the central East African coastline. As a means of interpretation, it looks at the influence of local factors such as the significance of place, and the attachments of particular groups towards place, on the rebels’ behavior and the outcome of the uprising. This local framework permits scholars to situate events more accurately in larger narratives of anti-colonial resistance.
Bipolar transistor modeling of avalanche generation for computer circuit simulation

An avalanche generation model is developed and incorporated into computer circuit analysis programs SLIC and NICAP. A modified form of Miller's empirical expression for generation is found to agree well with measured data for Western Electric and commercial n-p-n transistors. Measurement techniques and parameter determination for the three model coefficients are discussed. Equation constraints appropriate for computer implementation are presented.
Animal Trademark Emblems on Fashion Apparel: A Semiotic Interpretation: Part II. Applied Semiotics

In Part I Peirce's trichotomy of icon, index, and symbol is described as the theoretical frame for analyzing signifying aspects of animal emblems; Panofsky's model of interpreting visual art forms ...
Local thermal measurements of a confined array of impinging liquid jets for power electronics cooling

The local surface temperature, heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number were measured for an inline array of circular normal jets of single phase liquid water impinging on a copper block. An experimental 2-D surface map was obtained by translating the jet array relative to the sensors. The effects of variation in jet height, nozzle length, and Reynolds number were investigated. The local maximum heat transfer coefficients were observed within the stagnation region for all configurations with secondary peaks occurring halfway between the jets. The maximum local heat transfer coefficient of 15,600W=m2K and local Nusselt number of 80.5 were observed for H/Dn = 1, Ln/Dn = 2, and ReDn = 14,000; while the maximum surface average heat transfer coefficient of 13,700W=m2K and average Nusselt number of 71.0 were observed for H/Dn = 3, Ln/Dn = 0, and ReDn = 14,000.
INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER IN PENTAAMMINERUTHENIUM(III)-MODIFIED COBALTOCYTOCHROME C

The iron in the heme group of horse-heart cytochrome c was replaced by cobalt according to established methods. The resulting cobalticytochrome c was subsequently modified at histidine-33 with a pe...
Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes with sulfonated graphene oxide fillers for direct methanol fuel cells

Abstract Sulfonated organosilane functionalized graphene oxides (SSi-GO) synthesized through the grafting of graphene oxide (GO) with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane and subsequent oxidation have been used as a filler in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes. The incorporation of SSi-GOs greatly increases the ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, and proton conductivity of the membrane. With well-controlled contents of SSi-GOs, the composite membranes exhibit higher proton conductivity and lower methanol permeability than Nafion ® 112 and Nafion ® 115, making them particularly attractive as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The composite membrane with optimal SSi-GOs content exhibit over 38 and 17% higher power densities, respectively, than Nafion ® 112 and Nafion ® 115 membranes in DMFCs, offering the possibilities to reduce the DMFC membrane cost significantly while keeping high-performance.
The legal status of collective bargaining by public school teachers

This paper examines the characteristics of area populations that predict the content of bargaining legislation for public school teachers. The authors provide evidence suggesting that 1) pro-bargaining legislation is correlated with the representation of union members and related workers who benefit from collective bargaining, and 2) the legislation appears to be demanded by career workers as a means of transferring resources away from teachers with relatively short career horizons. An N-chotomous probit model is used to estimate the form of legislation that ranges from bargaining prohibition to prescribed bargaining. Data for the study were obtained from 95 SMSAs in 35 states.
Cyber security infrastructure of smart grid communication system

Solve the power communications network security issues, so that from malicious attacks. Through the establishment of electric power communications system dynamic security model for the whole network, the introduction of quantum cryptography communications technologies, building electric power communications system network security protection systems and communications network security framework system, and access to services on the smart grid of electric power communications network security technology system. And defence of the communications network to avoid controllability attacks (namely, illegal use), confidentiality attacks (namely, the secret to detect) and availability attacks (namely, vandalism). Support the smart grid of the power generation, transmission, substations, distribution, customer service, power dispatch, six links, and information platform for normal operation. Based on traditional cryptography communications technology, whole network dynamic security model of electric power communications system was established, quantum cryptography communications technology was introduced. Those are unique keys for cyber security infrastructure of smart grid communications system.
A Geometric Model for the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea Thermohaline Structure

A geometric model has been developed for analyzing observed Beaufort/Chukchi Sea temperature and salinity profiles based on their geometric features. It contains four major components: (a) a nonhomogeneous mesh difference scheme for second derivatives ] 2T(zk)/]z 2 and ] 2S(zk)/]z 2 at each data point (zk, Tk, Sk); (b) a set of key depths (depths of mixed layer, upper and lower thermoclines and haloclines, and deep layers) determined mostly by the geometric features of profiles, such as depths of minimum and maximum of ] 2T(zk)/]z 2 and ] 2S(zk)/]z 2 for shelf water and upper portion deep water ; (c) modeled profiles T ˆ(zk) and S ˆ(zk), which are linearly interpolated from observed T, S values at the key depths; and (d) statistical tests for accepting [ T ˆ(zk), S ˆ(zk)] as a good representative of (zk, Tk, Sk). The output of this geometric model is a set of major characteristics of each profile: sea surface temperature (salinity), mixed layer depth, upper- and lower-thermocline (halocline) depths, thermocline (halocline) temperature (salinity) gradient, and deep layer stratification. Analyzing 3562 Beaufort/ Chukchi Sea historical (1970‐93) temperature and salinity profiles from the Naval Oceanographic Office’s Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set by this geometric model, the Beaufort/Chukchi Sea thermohaline field reveals a dual structure: one layer (vertically uniform) on the continental shelf (depth , 150 m) during winter and multiple layers (mixed layer, thermocline/halocline, sublayer) during summer. Strong seasonal variations were also found in mixed layer depth, upper thermocline/halocline depth, and strength.
Thermal Decomposition of energetic materials. 39. Fast thermolysis patterns of poly(methyl), poly(ethyl), and primary alkylammonium mononitrate salts

Fast thermolysis (> 100°C/s)/FTIR spectroscopy of alkylammonium mononitrate salts is described in terms of the gas products and the temperature and time correlations of their evolution. The salts studied are [(CH3)nNH4-n]NO3, n = 1–3; [(CH3CH2)nNH4-n]NO3, n = 1–4; and [CH3(CH2)nNH3]NO3, n = 0–3. In addition to the patterns among the small molecule thermolysis products, the tendency to form nitrosamines, amides, and alkylnitrates is presented. The release of HNO3 qualitatively correlates with the basicity of the parent amine. The tertiary ammonium nitrate salts did not release HNO3(g). The release of NH3(g) appears only to occur when the residue can stabilize itself. Otherwise, the parent alkylamine is released. The formation of nitrosamines upon fast thermolysis of di- and trialkylammonium nitrate salts makes these materials a potential health risk in formulations. There is no evidence that the nitrate salts convert to nitrosamines through a nitramine intermediate.
The Moderating Influence of Demographic Characteristics, Social Support, and Religious Coping on the Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Psychosocial Caregiver Intervention in Three Racial Ethnic Groups

This article extends the findings from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH II) program, a multisite randomized clinical trial of a multicomponent psychosocial intervention, to improve the well-being of informal caregivers (CGs) of persons with dementia. We used residual change scores and stepwise hierarchical regression analyses to explore separately in 3 racial ethnic groups (Hispanic or Latino, Black or African American, and White or Caucasian) how the effects of the intervention were moderated by CG characteristics (sex, age, education, and relationship), CG resources (social support), and religious coping. The results indicated that CG’s age and religious coping moderated the effects of the intervention for Hispanics and Blacks. The older Hispanic and Black CGs who received the intervention reported a decrease in CG burden from baseline to follow-up. Black CGs with less religious coping who received the intervention also reported a decrease in depressive symptoms from baseline to follow-up.
On resolving simultaneous congruences using belief propagation

Graphical models and related algorithmic tools such as belief propagation have proven to be useful tools in approximately solving combinatorial optimization problems across many application domains. A particularly combinatorially challenging problem is that of determining solutions to a set of simultaneous congruences. Specifically, a continuous source is encoded into multiple residues with respect to distinct moduli, and the goal is to recover the source efficiently from noisy measurements of these residues. This problem is of interest in multiple disciplines, including neural codes, decentralized compression in sensor networks, and distributed consensus in information and social networks. This letter reformulates the recovery problem as an optimization over binary latent variables. Then we present a belief propagation algorithm, a layered variant of affinity propagation, to solve the problem. The underlying encoding structure of multiple congruences naturally results in a layered graphical model for the problem, over which the algorithms are deployed, resulting in a layered affinity propagation LAP solution. First, the convergence of LAP to an approximation of the maximum likelihood ML estimate is shown. Second, numerical simulations show that LAP converges within a few iterations and that the mean square error of LAP approaches that of the ML estimation at high signal-to-noise ratios.
The Mechanism of Tongue Projection in Chameleons: I. Electromyographic Tests of Functional Hypotheses

Summary In this paper we document the activity of key muscles of the tongue, hyobranchial apparatus and head during prey capture in the lizard Chanzaeleo jacksonii Boulcnger and use these data to test current hypothescs of chameleon tongue function. Electromyographic recordings were made during 27 feedings from nine individuals and synchronized with high-speed video recordings (200fields sl), permitting an assessment of the activity of muscles relative to the onset of tongue projection, contact between tongue and prey, and tongue retraction. Four major results were obtained. (1) The hyoglossi muscles exhibit a single burst of activity that begins between 10 ms before and 20 ms after the onset of tongue projection and continues throughout the period of tongue retraction. (2) The accelerator muscle exhibits a biphasic activity pattern, with the first burst lasting about 185ms and ending an average of 10.6ms prior to the onset of projection. (3) The accelerator muscle shows regional variation in morphology that corresponds with variation in motor pattern. The anterior region of the muscle, unlike the posterior portion, exhibits only a single burst of activity that begins 2.5ms after the onset of tongue projection and is thus not involved in launching the tongue. (4) The geniohyoidei, sternohyoidei, sternothyroidei, depressor mandibulae, adductor mandibulae and pterygoideus all exhibit activity patterns consistent with previously reported kinematic patterns and their proposed roles. The major implications of these results for models of the chameleon feeding mechanism are (1) that the hyoglossi do not act to hold the tongue on the entoglossal process during a loading period prior to tongue projection, and (2) that the presence of 185 ms of intense activity in the accelerator muscle prior to tongue projection suggests the presence of a preloading mechanism, the nature of which is the subject of the companion paper.
Genetic factors in the pathogenesis of breast cancer: their role and relative importance.

Aggregation of breast cancer in families is an established risk factor associated with increased incidence of the disease, which is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women in this country. Three genes have now been identified that confer increased susceptibility in families with a clear hereditary (i.e., Mendelian) pattern of expression: BRCA1, BRCA2 and p53. However, a significant number of women have an identified family history of breast cancer without clear Mendelian patterns of disease. Such patterns are consistent with the effect of more common genes with lower associated risk. Some evidence is available to implicate three additional genes that fit this category: AT, ESR and HRAS1. An area of active interest is genetically mediated variation in the metabolism of estrogens, a process controlled by several genes, each with more modest effects. The interaction of genes and environmental factors in breast cancer pathogenesis is of considerable public health importance.