cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical interaction: The modeling of a competing central place system

This paper presents a comparative analysis of alternative specifications of the competing destinations model. The competing central place extension is shown to be a model that is sensitive to the spatial and structural intricacies of hierarchical interaction. It is stressed that choice of estimation procedure is as important as model specification, where significance of extracted parameter estimates are subject to spatial autocorrelative transformations. An interactional simulation exercise is performed to expose conceptual and methodological differences in parameter estimates using ordinary least squares (OLS), estimated generalized least squares (EGLS), seemingly unrelated group regression (SUR), and a spatially adjusted version of the seemingly unrelated regression system (SASUR). The combination of a competing central place or weighted destinations model and SASUR is shown to exhibit some interesting results in the estimation of a simulated flow pattern. The competing central place variation of the competing destinations model is proposed as a generalization which recognizes the hierarchical components of flow patterns.
A new active metabolite of "Miracil D".

‘MIRACIL D’ (‘Lucanthone’, I)1 is an orally active schistosomicidal drug which is of limited value in the treatment of human S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections2. For a variety of reasons it was thought that the effects of this agent were mediated through a therapeutically more active metabolite. A number of abortive attempts have been made to identify and isolate this substance. The latest and most thorough investigation was carried out by Strufe3, who found that the drug underwent extensive metabolic transformation in all species studied. The major urinary metabolite in the mouse proved to be the sulphone (II), while the monkey furnished the sulphoxide (III) and man excreted a ‘chromopeptide’, a complex of III with polypeptide. It was concluded that none of the above ‘Miracil D’ derivatives qualified as the elusive active agent.
Increased Insensible Water Loss Contributes to Aging Related Dehydration

Dehydration with aging is attributed to decreased urine concentrating ability and thirst. We further investigated by comparing urine concentration and water balance in 3, 18 and 27 month old mice, consuming equal amounts of water. During water restriction, 3 month old mice concentrate their urine sufficiently to maintain water balance (stable weight). 18 month old mice concentrate their urine as well, but still lose weight (negative water balance). 27 month old mice do not concentrate their urine as well and lose even more weight than the 18 month old mice, indicating a larger negative water balance. Negative water balance in older mice is accompanied by increased vasopressin excretion, providing further evidence of dehydration. All 3 groups maintain water balance while consuming only the water in gel food containing 56% water. However, both older groups excrete a smaller volume of urine of higher osmolality, indicating greater extra urinary water loss. Since their feces also contain less water, the excess water lost by the older mice apparently is through other routes, presumably insensible loss through the respiratory tract and skin. The greater insensible water loss occurs at an earlier age (18 months) than decreased urine concentrating ability (27 months). We propose that insensible water loss through skin and respiration increases with age, making a major contribution to aging related dehydration.
Salinity effects on rye grain yield, quality, vegetative growth, and emergence

Relative grain yield of two cultivars, Maton and Bonel, was unaffected up to a soil salinity of 11.4 dS m −1 (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract; k e ). Each unit increase in salinity above 11.4 dS m −1 reduced yield by 10.8%. These results place rye in the salt-tolerant category. Yield reduction was attributed primarily to reduced spike weight and individual seed weight rather than spike number. Bread quality decreased slightly with increasing levels of salinity. Straw yield was more sensitive to salinity than was grain yield
Navier-Stokes Analysis of Tunnel-Wall Interference Effects on Pitching Delta Wings

A numerical method for the analysis of tunnel-wall interference effects in forced-oscillation testing is presented. The method is based on the wall-pressure signature concept and utilizes the computed wall-pressure distributions. The induced wall pressure field is computed by using an unsteady three-dimensional full Navier‐Stokes solver fo ra 70-deg pitching delta wing in a wind tunnel. To validate the code, the computed static results are shown to have good agreement with the experimental data of Wentz in lift and drag coefficients. On the other hand, the computed static and dynamic normal force coefficients are, in general, higher than those in a second set of data. However, the predicted hysteresis curves of normal force coefficient in large-amplitude-oscillation testing agree reasonably well with this second set of data. The computed unsteady pressures on the tunnel walls and floor are used to generate the interference flowfield that is analyzed for the upwash and blockage corrections. The corrected results are shown to agree well, in the slope and magnitude of hysteresis loops, with the computed results in free-air conditions. It is also shown that the hysteresis in upwash and blockage corrections increases with the reduced frequency.
The Political Thought of Bolivar: Selected Writings

Life of Bolivar.- Sources of Bolivar's Political Thought.- The Political Thought of Bolivar.- 1. The Cartagena Manifesto.- 2. Ideas on the Union of All America.- 3. The Jamaica Letter.- 4. The Angostura Discourse.- 5. A Letter to Guillermo White.- 6. Letter to General Narino.- 7. The Congress of Panama.- Circular Letter of Invitation to the Congress of Panama.- Views on the Congress of Panama.- Letter to Jose Rafael Revenga.- 8. Essay on Public Education.- 9. Letters to Sucre on Federation of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia.- Letter to Sucre of May 12, 1826.- Letter to Sucre of August 18, 1826.- 10. Message to the Congress of Bolivia.- 11. Message to the Grand Convention of Ocana.- 12. Letter to General Daniel O'Leary.- 13. A Panoramic View of Spanish America.- 14. Message to the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia.- 15. Proclamation to the People of Colombia.- 16. Testament of Simon Bolivar.
Powered DNA Logic Gates

Chemical computers process information at the molecular scale, facilitating the exploration of biological phenomena, and enabling bottom-up control over physical and biological materials. Synthetic DNA circuits are chemical computers noted for their scalability and ease of design. However, most existing DNA circuits cannot respond to changing input signals, because their reactants are consumed in the process of computing a single output product. Here we demonstrate a mechanism to continuously supply DNA circuits with fresh reactants while degrading old output products. This mechanism powers DNA based circuits to operate continuously in dynamic environments.
TROPHOBLAST-LIKE JAR CELLS CONTAIN PRO-IL-1 |[beta]| WHICH IS RELEASED WITH Fc|[gamma]|R ENGAGEMENT. |[dagger]| 351

There is considerable interest in the role of cytokines in pregnancy and the initiation of labor. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα have been detected in amniotic fluid late in the second trimester, and levels rise until term. Trophoblasts bear many similarities to monocytes, and they are likely sources of cytokines at the maternal-fetal interface. We examined trophoblast-like JAR cells to determine whether they secrete the cytokine IL-1β with Fcγ receptor cross-linking, as do normal monocytes.
Treatment of Ocular Disease in Eczema Herpeticum

Individuals with atopic dermatitis are particularly susceptible to herpes simplex viral infection and may develop dissemination (eczema herpeticum). Additionally, they may develop severe and bilateral herpetic ocular disease. The keratitis is commonly complicated by stromal scarring and slow epithelial healing despite topical antiviral therapy. We treated three patients who had herpetic keratoconjunctivitis associated with eczema herpeticum. In all three cases the keratitis resolved promptly (48 to 72 hours) without residual scarring after treatment with systemic acyclovir and topical trifluridine. The combined use of systemic acyclovir and topical trifluridine may be of similar value in treating all cases of atopic herpetic keratitis.
Themes in the cinema of Jean Rouch

This paper discusses major themes in Jean Rouch's cinema for the purpose of illuminating their interdependence with a conception of ethnographic practice. Four themes appear central to the corpus of Rouch's work. The most crucial of these is the attempt to create a filmic synthesis of the theories of Robert Flaherty and Dziga Vertov. From that synthesis follows the attempt to elaborate a method of cinema‐verite and cinema‐direct; the attempt to create a genre of filmic ethnographic fiction; and a preoccupation with filmic conventions of personal reflexivity, authorship, and anthropologie partagee. These themes are analyzed with reference to Rouch's writings and films.
Globalization, Labor Markets and Policy Backlash in the Past

The late nineteenth and twentieth centuries have many things in common. Both periods recorded fast growth, convergence, and labor-market integration between OECD members. Both periods witnessed intense debate about who gained and who lost from globalization. Furthermore, the earlier period saw a retreat from global liberalism long before the interwar deglobalization disaster. Did globalization of that time plant seeds of its own destruction? Are there lessons for the present?
The role of enhanced vagal activity on ischemic ventricular tachycardia: Pharmacologic basis of inefficiency

The effects of pharmacologic modulation of vagal activity on ischemic ventricular tachycardia were evaluated in 21 conscious dogs after permanent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion. Studies were done on spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (cycle length 383 +/- 100 msec, n = 21), 24 to 72 hours after LAD occlusion, and on inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (cycle length 251 +/- 30 msec, n = 6), 4 to 7 days after LAD occlusion. Edrophonium (1 mg/kg intravenously), a cholinesterase inhibitor, and methacholine (0.1 to 1 mg intravenously), a muscarinic agonist, had no significant effect on the rate or QRS morphology of either type of tachycardia, despite severe slowing of the sinoatrial rate. Similarly, atropine (up to 60 micrograms/kg intravenously) had no effect on the rate and QRS morphology of either type of tachycardia. In an attempt to enhance myocardial drug delivery to the ischemic and infarcted left ventricle, edrophonium (1 mg/kg) and methacholine (0.1 to 0.2 mg) were injected retrogradely through the great cardiac vein. This did not impart any significant therapeutic advantage over the systemic intravenous route. Sympathetic beta blockade did not affect the therapeutic outcome (n = 5) with either edrophonium or methacholine. It is concluded that direct or indirect enhancement of cardiac vagal activity has no effect on ischemic ventricular tachycardia in this model of subacute myocardial infarction. The lack of efficacy appears to be independent of myocardial drug delivery to ischemic ventricular site(s) and background sympathetic activity. Such a lack of efficacy may be caused by ischemia-mediated degeneration of vagal nerve terminals, by altered responsiveness of muscarinic receptors at infarcted arrhythmogenic myocardial sites, or both.
Coincidence counter models with applications to photographic detection theory

Various types of counter models have been treated in the literature over the past twenty years. In all these models the counter mechanism involves a fixed or random dead time following a registered event. In this paper a different type of counter mechanism is introduced in which the occurrence of two or more input events within a relatively short time is required to produce a registered (output) event. This model of an "R-fold coincidence counter" is applied to the development of grains in a photographic emulsion for both low-intensity and high-intensity reciprocity failure.
Taking stock of ten years of research on the relationship between assets and children's educational outcomes: Implications for theory, policy and intervention

Abstract This paper has two main goals. First, we provide a review of 34 studies on the relationship between assets and children's educational attainment. Second, we discuss implications for Child Development Accounts (CDAs) policies. CDAs have been proposed as a potentially novel and promising asset approach for helping to finance college. More specifically, we propose that CDAs should be designed so that, in addition to promoting savings, they include aspects that help make children's college-bound identity salient, congruent with children's group identity, and that help children develop strategies for overcoming difficulties.
An adaptive time domain deconvolution technique to characterize planar flaws in highly attenuative composites

To identify planar heterogeneities or flaws inside a structure using ultrasonic tests, it is necessary to characterize reflections originating from the boundaries of the heterogeneities. However, for composite materials with high, frequency-dependent wave attenuation, it is often not possible to clearly identify the reflections with either A-scan signals or conventional deconvolution techniques due to the combined effect of signal distortion and overlap. To enable deconvolution of a distorted propagating wave, a new time domain deconvolution technique which includes the frequencydependent acoustic properties of the host material has been developed. This approach is shown to be superior to conventional time domain deconvolution with L1 norm minimization in resolving flaw reflections in highly attenuative glass fiber reinforced polyurethane composites.
Conformational preferences of 1,3-diferrocenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane and its cocrystal with ferrocene: A theoretical and crystallographic study of the role of intra- and intermolecular interactions

The solid-state structure of 1,3-diferrocenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (1) exhibits significant differences between the pure crystal and the cocrystal with ferrocene. The structure of (1) show...
The effect of chloride-induced steel corrosion on service life of reinforced concrete structures

Chloride-induced corrosion is one of the most important deterioration mechanisms in reinforced concrete structures. This study presents detailed theoretical models for predicting service life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride attack. Three stages are considered in the corrosion process: the diffusion period, the rust accumulation period and the crack propagation period. For the diffusion period, the fully coupled moisture diffusion and chloride penetration in concrete are considered as the main driving forces of the deterioration process. Two-way coupled diffusion equations are used to characterize the length of this period. For the rust accumulation period, the chemo-mechanical coupling between the formation of the rust and the development of the interface pressure is considered as the driving force. For the crack propagation period, the interface pressure induced by the rust expansion and the fracture resistance of the cracked concrete determine the rate of crack propagation. The the...
An empirical analysis of driver perceptions of the relationship between speed limits and safety

In recent decades, it has become more common for speed limits to be set for political reasons rather than for safety reasons. As a consequence, the motoring public seems to have increasingly begun questioning the rationality of speed limits. This is evident in observed speed data that show that the majority of drivers routinely exceed posted speed limits. A key motivating factor in drivers' tendency to exceed the speed limit is that they believe that the excess speed does not threaten safety. This paper, specifically studies this matter by using a survey that asked drivers how fast above the speed limit they feel they can drive before safety is threatened. A probabilistic model is estimated using data gathered from 988 drivers in Indiana. Estimation findings show that drivers' perception of the speed above the speed limit at which they will receive a speeding ticket is a critical determinant of what they believe is a safe speed - suggesting that enforcement plays an important role in safety perceptions. Other variables found to be significant factors in determining the speed above the speed limit at which safety is first threatened include age, gender, being previously stopped for speeding, and drivers' ethnicity.
The significance of lymphovascular invasion in transurethral resection of bladder tumour and cystectomy specimens on the survival of patients with urothelial bladder cancer

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that patients with bladder cancer who had evidence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in their transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and radical cystectomy (RC) specimens would have a worse prognosis and higher likelihood of clinical understaging, and to assess the effect of LVI discovered at RC on subsequent disease-related mortality, as the prognostic significance of LVI in TURBT or RC specimens of patients treated for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is not completely established. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 163 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder seen at our institution, and who had TURBT (69) or RC (94) between 1995 and 2005. We compared patients with LVI on TURBT and/or RC specimens to a group of controls who did not have LVI on TURBT (34) or RC (32). RESULTS Patients with LVI present in their TURBT specimen had a shorter disease-specific survival than those without LVI, with a 5-year survival of 33.6% vs 62.9% (log-rank test P = 0.027; hazard ratio 2.21). LVI at TURBT varied with clinical stage (P = 0.049). Patients with LVI and who were clinical stage I or II had lower survival than those without LVI (P = 0.049; hazard ratio 2.68). LVI did not affect survival among those with clinical stage III or IV (P = 0.29). There was a trend for patients with LVI at TURBT to be clinically understaged compared to those without LVI (75% vs 46%) but the difference was not significant (P = 0.086). Patients with LVI detected in their RC specimen were significantly more likely to have cancer recurrence than were those with no evidence of LVI (48% vs 19%, P = 0.006). For the RC group there was also a significant difference in survival distribution between patients with evidence of LVI vs those without (5-year survival 45.5% vs 78.4%, P = 0.017). Those with LVI were significantly more likely to die from the disease than those without LVI (P = 0.017; hazard ratio 2.92). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that LVI is a histological feature that might be associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. The presence of LVI in TURBT specimens predicts shorter survival for patients with stage I or II disease. The presence of LVI in RC specimens predicts recurrence of disease and shorter survival. Further studies are needed to determine whether this group of patients would benefit from early RC and/or perioperative chemotherapy to improve clinical outcomes.
The Diabetes Education Renaissance

The Renaissance Period (1350–1650) is described as a time of renewal and rebirth. It served as the transition from the Middle Ages to modernism, with an end to feudalism and a rise of recognition of the individual. During the Renaissance, there were enormous intellectual and scientific accomplishments that enriched the developing world. In many ways, the influence of the Renaissance on society parallels the evolution of diabetes education.1 From the time that it was recognized that diabetes required complicated treatment and self-discipline, education became essential to its management. The earliest treatments involving starvation diets had to rely on the expertise of those who understood nutrition. Although it was an unsophisticated therapy, even that required an expertise akin to that of a dietitian to support nutritional needs. Later, with the discovery of insulin and the earliest attempts at facilitating appropriate delivery and care, the role of nurses was recognized. One of the first patients to receive insulin relied on a nurse who assisted with injections, nutrition, and activity plans. In the early days of insulin therapy, Elliott Joslin had the wisdom to introduce the concept of “traveling nurses.”2 After the discovery of insulin, when diabetes was considered for a time to be “cured,” the development of new therapies and educational interventions was stagnant. People soon realized, however, that diabetes complications were a serious consequence and that insulin therapy alone was not the final answer. Oral agents were introduced in the late 1950s. Blood glucose monitoring arrived in the 1970s and was heralded as the solution to the problem of complications. At a 1986 American …
The Effect of Low-Temperature Isothermal Heat Treatments on the Fracture of 4340 Steel

Specimens of 4340 steel either quenched and isothermally transformed to martensite or isothermally transformed to lower and upper bainite were subjected to instrumented CVN impact testing. All specimens were tempered at 200‡ C. The tempered martensitic and lower bainitic microstructures absorbed over twice the energy absorbed by the upper bainitic microstructure, 24 versus 11.5 joules. Fracture initiation occured by shear and absorbed the same energy in all microstructures. The low impact toughness of the upper bainite was due to cleavage fracture propagation and the absence of plane-stress-induced shear lip formation which accompanied the unstable fracture propagation in the other microstructures.
Does the First Week of Class Matter? A Quasi-Experimental Investigation of Student Satisfaction.

Teaching experts suggest that establishing clear expectations and a supportive environment at the beginning of a college course has a lasting impact on student attitudes. However, minimal empirical evidence exists to support these suggestions. Consequently, we randomly assigned instructors to either begin their course with a reciprocal interview activity aimed at these goals or in their typical fashion. At term's end, students experiencing the activity (n = 187) reported greater clarity regarding their course responsibilities, more support from their instructor, and greater course satisfaction on both official evaluations and experimenter-administered measures, compared to students who had not (n = 190). These results contribute to a converging body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of reciprocal interviews and similar activities generally.
The roles of computerized support systems: a decision subprocess-based analysis

Abstract This paper analyses the potential roles of computerized systems in supporting the decision-making process. Toward this end, we propose an expository process model of decision-making and develop a framework that provides the infrastructure for the analysis. The proposed process model draws on two well-known models in the literature and enumerates eight distinct phases in decision-making. The framework developed is based on an integration of this process model with Simon's notion of ‘decision-structuredness’. Unlike any of the existing frameworks, the suggested framework permits a micro-level analysis of support system roles. The analysis is intended as a pre-design guide, to help systems developers and users to identify support potential and possibilities, and to target their activities accordingly.
Performance of thin-film ferroelectric capacitors for EMC decoupling

This paper studied the effects of thin-film ferroelectrics as decoupling capacitors for electromagnetic compatibility applications. The impedance and insertion loss of PZT capacitors were measured and compared with the results from commercial off-the-shelf capacitors. An equivalent circuit model was extracted from the experimental results, and a considerable series resistance was found to exist in ferroelectric capacitors. This resistance gives rise to the observed performance difference around series resonance between ferroelectric PZT capacitors and normal capacitors. Measurements on paraelectric (Ba,Sr)TiO3-based integrated varactors do not show this significant resistance. Some analyses were made to investigate the mechanisms, and it was found that it can be due to the hysteresis in the ferroelectric thin films.
Digital predistortion method based on dynamic X-parameters

An original way is presented to predistort signals for microwave components that show modulation-induced baseband memory effects. The method is based on the recently introduced dynamic X-parameter modeling technique for power amplifiers.
The role of imagination in the disease process: pre-Cartesian history (the role of imagination in the disease process)

Ancient and Renaissance physicians implicated the soul's imaginative faculty in the genesis and remission of disease. The theory stated that images of objects of desire or aversion aroused emotions, which in turn set up humoral imbalances, disturbing digestion and other vital functions, culminating in various forms of pathology. This concept explained the therapeutic efficacy of ‘placebos’ in forms such as spells, charms and talismans. The theory merits close attention by contemporary physicians and researchers.
Ethics: toward globalization

The paper conveys selected Islamic perspectives on business ethics to encourage debate on the subject in the USA. The objective is to better prepare American businessmen for the ongoing shifts to global management. The regulatory climate that is currently arising is linked to the ascendancy of international accounting standards relative to the USA's generally accepted accounting principles. Islamic ethicists are seeking to install a climate of high level ethics and to weed out forbidden transactions. The revival of Muslim interest in accounting marks a revival of a historic pattern which is thought to have anticipated the rise of bookkeeping in the West. Also, there is a current tendency in Islamic states toward a unified political and economic system likely to affect international trade, hopefully with beneficial results for the USA.
Maximal neutrino mixing from a minimal flavor symmetry

The authors study a number of models, based on a non-Abelian discrete group, that successfully reproduce the simple and predictive Yukawa textures usually associated with U(2) theories of flavor. These models allow for solutions to the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems that do not require altering successful predictions for the charged fermions or introducing sterile neutrinos. Although Yukawa matrices are hierarchical in the models they consider, the mixing between second- and third-generation neutrinos is naturally large. They first present a quantitative analysis of a minimal model proposed in earlier work, consisting of a global fit to fermion masses and mixing angles, including the most important renormalization group effects. They then propose two new variant models: The first reproduces all important features of the SU(5) x U(2) unified theory with neither SU(5) nor U(2). The second demonstrates that discrete subgroups of SU(2) can be used in constructing viable supersymmetric theories of flavor without scalar universality even though SU(2) by itself cannot.
Research Priorities Regarding Multimodal Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Postoperative Analgesia and Anesthesia Based on Hospital Quality Data Extracted from Over 1,300 Cases (2011–2014)

The use of additives with local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blocks has received considerable attention [1] due to the patient-centered goals of prolonging analgesic duration and possibly reducing local anesthetic-related toxicity. Applying such additives to single-injection nerve blocks also has the potential to reduce overhead [2] and disposables [3] costs, when compared with the costs related to continuous perineural infusions. Furthermore, recent research has elucidated in vivo animal sciatic nerve safety of the preservative-free combination of clonidine, buprenorphine, and dexamethasone (CBD) with the local anesthetic bupivacaine (BPV) [4]. Ropivacaine–CBD was previously demonstrated to be no more neurotoxic than plain ropivacaine to cultured primary sensory neurons harvested from rat dorsal root ganglia in vitro [5]. In our institution (Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System [VAPHS]), the lead author was in charged with creating a regional anesthesia (RA) and analgesia program for patients eligible for peripheral nerve blocks. For this new program, hospital administration was unable to budget resources for a perineural catheter-based acute pain service. Instead, the Medical Executive Board approved the lead author's recommendation to routinely use BPV–CBD off-label. These single-injection nerve block procedures are typically placed before surgery to provide postoperative analgesia and intraoperative anesthesia when feasible, and thus avoiding general endotracheal anesthesia (GETA). The Medical Executive Board tasked the lead author with per-patient quality assurance/quality improvement (QA/QI) data collection to evaluate comparative effectiveness (against historical controls) and outcomes (block duration and rebound pain [6,7], perineural complications, etc.). In accordance with Veterans Health Administration Handbook 1058.05, this manuscript was processed for authentication of nonresearch status of the activities prior to submission to this journal. Our institutional review board declared these clinical operations as “not research” at the time of program initiation (mid-2011) and annually since then during required reviews. The objective is to describe the patient outcomes …
Chronic sleep restriction impairs spatial memory in rats

Although numerous experimental investigations have evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of either short periods of total sleep deprivation or selective rapid eye movement sleep deprivation, few studies have examined the effects of chronic sleep restriction (CSR). Long-Evans rats were deprived of sleep by the automated movement of activity wheels for 18 h/day for 5 consecutive days from 16:00 to 10:00 h, and were allowed 6 h/day of sleep opportunity (10:00-16:00 h; lights on from 10:00 to 22:00 h). Activity wheels were intermittently activated on a 3 s on : 12 s off schedule for the CSR condition, whereas a schedule of 36 min of continuous wheel movement in every 3 h was used for a cage movement control condition. A cross-over design was used with rats serving in both the CSR and the movement control conditions with 2 days of rest between conditions. Water maze acquisition training occurred at 16:00 h immediately after the 6-h sleep opportunity on each of the first 4 days, followed by a probe trial on day 5 to assess spatial memory recall. Although the rate of learning/acquisition was not affected by the daily 18 h of CSR, the day 5 recall of the platform location was impaired on three different probe trial measures. Thus, CSR impaired spatial memory, but did not affect the rate of learning/acquisition in the water maze.
Typicality in logically defined categories: exemplar-similarity versus rule instantiation.

A rule-instantiation model and a similarity-to-exemplars model were contrasted in terms of their predictions of typicality judgments and speeded classificalions for members of logically defined categories. In Experiment 1, subjects learned a unidimensional rule based on the size of objects. It was assumed that items that maximally instantiated the rule were those farthest from the category boundary that separated small and large stimuli. In Experiment 2, subjects learned a disjunctive rule of the form “x ory or both.” It was assumed that items that maximally instantiated the rule were those withbothpositive values (x andy). In both experiments, the frequency with which different exemplars were presented during classification learning was manipulated across conditions. Thesefrequency manipulations exerted a major impact on subjects’ postacquisition goodness-of-example judgments, and they also influenced reaction times in a speeded classification task. The results could not be predicted solely on the basis of the degree to which the rules were instantiated. The goodnessjudgments were predicted fairly well by a mixed-exemplar model involving both relative-similarity and absolute-similarity components. It was concluded that even for logically defined concepts, stored exemplars may form a major component of the category representation.
Chromosome painting for diagnosing a 10;11 translocation in a patient with infantile acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities occur in up to 90% of cases of childhood ALL. Two-thirds of these abnormalities are recurrent. The most common abnormalities are pseudodiploidy and t(1;19), occurring in 40% and 5-6%, respectively. Hyperdiploidy has the best prognosis, with 80-90% five-year survival. The 4;11 translocation has the worst prognosis, with a 10-35% five-year survival. We report a patient with infantile acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a nonrecurrent translocation, t(10;11). Structural rearrangements between chromosomes 10 and 11 have been observed in 0.5% of all cases of childhood ALL with cytogenetic abnormalities. The identification of this apparently unique structural abnormality was achieved using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome 10- and chromosome 11-specific painting probes as an adjunct to conventional cytogenetics. As is often the case, suboptimal preparations often preclude unequivocal identification of complex rearrangements by banding techniques. The cytogenetic diagnosis of our patient was established as 46,XY,t(10;11)(p15q25;q14p11). The benefits of FISH serve to increase the resolution of detection for chromosomal abnormalities and the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of childhood ALL.
The workings of the Japanese token hee in informing sequences

Abstract Employing the methodological framework of conversation analysis (cf. Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson, 1974), this study provides a detailed analysis of the ways in which the token hee is used in Japanese conversations. Hee has often been identified as a “news-receipt token,” and indeed it frequently occurs in response to deliveries of news or other types of informing in the current data. However, close examination of the sequential context, turn shape, and prosody involved in each occurrence of hee demonstrates the varying contributions this token can make in the development of informing sequences. On some occasions, the token displays its producer's “assessment” (cf. Goodwin, 1986; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1987, 1992) of the news received, whereas on other occasions it serves as a “continuer” (cf. Schegloff, 1982), occurring in the midst of a projected, extended informing, and yet on other occasions it is treated as a “repair initiator” (cf. Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks, 1997). The results of the current microanalysis reveal potential pitfalls in classifying variants of a particular token into one category by virtue of its prescriptive orthographic representation and perceived core function. The concluding discussion considers implications for methodological issues involved in cross-linguistic, cross-cultural comparisons of interactional styles.
Induction of flowering inLemna gibba G3 by aspirin

Die Zugabe von Aspirin in geringen Konzentrationen (ppm-Bereich) zur Nahrlosung der Wasserlins (Lemna gibba G3) beeinflusst das Wachstum sowie die Vermehrung und induziert die Blutenbildung.
Effectiveness of Wraparound Versus Case Management for Children and Adolescents: Results of a Randomized Study

In this study, we compared service experiences and outcomes for youths with serious emotional disorder (SED) randomly assigned to care coordination via a defined wraparound process (n = 47) versus more traditional intensive case management (ICM; n = 46) The wraparound group received more mean hours of care management and services; however, there ultimately were no group differences in restrictiveness of residential placement, emotional and behavioral symptoms, or functioning. Wraparound implementation fidelity was found to be poor. Organizational culture and climate, and worker morale, were poorer for the wraparound providers than the ICM group. Results suggest that, for less-impaired youths with SED, less intensive options such as ICM may be equally effective to poor-quality wraparound delivered in the absence of wraparound implementation supports and favorable system conditions.
A Clinical Study of the Forces Required to Dislodge Maxillary Denture Bases of Various Designs

Although the problem of the retention of complete dentures has often been in­ vestigated and, according to Schlosser, is “ considered one of the most difficult problems confronting the prosthetist,” 1 it remains almost as controversial a sub­ ject as it was at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The true nature of the forces involved is not much more completely understood today than it was in that bygone era when Fuller, a Lon­ don dentist, first mentioned the word “ adhesion” and described it as a means of holding upper dentures in situ.2 In early nineteenth century America, at­ mospheric pressure was considered the factor of major importance, as is evi­ denced by a lively discussion in the lit­ erature of the most efficacious designs for vacuum chambers and “ cavity plates” 3 and by the number of pages de­ voted to the subject in a description by Richardson,4 one o f the foremost author­ ities of the day. More recently, this theory was substantiated by experiments car­ ried on in a decompression chamber,5 which indicated that the lower the pres­ sure, the less was the retention of the denture. A modern concept of denture reten­ tion is perhaps best exemplified by the work of Stanitz,6 who utilized the classic analogy of two glass plates pressed to­ gether with a layer of fluid between them to exemplify the denture in the mouth, seated on the fluid film. He derived a for­ mula applicable to any fluid film, by which the force necessary to dislodge a denture can be determined mathemati­ cally if the area of the plate and the thickness of the fluid film are known. The formula is:
Performance, Livability, and Carcass Yield of Slow- and Fast-Growing Chicken Genotypes Fed Low-Nutrient or Standard Diets and Raised Indoors or with Outdoor Access

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of genotype, production system, and nutrition on performance and livability of meat chickens for niche markets. Slow-growing (SG) and fast-growing genotypes (FG) were raised for 91 and 63 d, respectively, in experiment 1 (females) or 84 and 56 d, respectively, in experiment 2 (males). In each trial, SG were placed before FG to achieve a similar BW at processing. In experiment 1, each genotype was assigned to 8 pens of 20 birds each, with 4 pens within each genotype raised indoors in a conventional research facility or in a small facility with outdoor access. All birds were fed a low-nutrient diet. In experiment 2, genotype assignment to pens was as in experiment 1; however, 4 pens within each genotype were fed a low-nutrient diet or a conventional diet, and birds were raised indoors. Birds were gait-scored and commercially processed; legs were examined for tibial dyschon-droplasia lesions and scanned for bone mineral density. In experiment 1, FG gained more weight than SG (P 0.05). For FG, the low-nutrient diet resulted in a poorer (P < 0.05) feed efficiency. Although weight gain of the FG was maintained on the low-nutrient diet, breast yield was reduced (P < 0.05). Genotype affected bone health in both experiments, with SG having better gait scores and less tibial dyschondroplasia (P < 0.05). Outdoor access and the low-nutrient diet also resulted in better gait score (P < 0.05). These data indicate differences among genotypes and provide information about the efficiency and potential for alternative poultry systems.
Extension to Negative Values of the Coupling Constant of Adiabatic Connection for Interaction-Strength Interpolation

A new exchange and correlation functional, called ISIN here, of the fifth rung of Jacob’s ladder is presented. It is based on the explicit approximation of Wλ, the integrand in the adiabatic connection (AC) with λ representing the coupling constant. Besides utilizing the two leading terms of each asymptotic expansion of Wλ at λ = 0 and ∞, the ISIN extends the coupling constant λ to negative values (i.e., to attractive electron−electron interactions). For the simple system of two electrons on the surface of a sphere (2ESS), the correlation energies yielded by the ISIN are in excellent agreement with the exact values. However, the ISIN seriously fails to approximate Wλ when W0′, the slope at λ = 0, goes to −∞, which leads to much more negative correlation energies for real systems.
Major depression in patients with substance use disorders: relationship to 12-Step self-help involvement and substance use outcomes.

Aims Many patients treated for substance use disorders (SUDs) who become involved in 12-Step self-help groups have improved treatment outcomes. However, due to high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and major depressive disorder (MDD), among SUD patients in particular, concerns have been raised over whether these benefits extend to dual diagnosis patients. This study examined the influence of comorbid MDD among patients with SUDs on 12-Step self-help group involvement and its relation to treatment outcome. Design A quasi-experimental, prospective, intact group design was used with assessments completed during treatment, and 1 and 2 years postdischarge. Participants A total of 2161 male patients recruited during in-patient SUD treatment, of whom 110 had a comorbid MDD diagnosis (SUD-MDD) and 2051 were without psychiatric comorbidity (SUD-only). Findings SUD-MDD patients were initially less socially involved in and derived progressively less benefit from 12-Step groups over time compared to the SUD-only group. However, substance use outcomes did not differ by diagnostic cohort. In contrast, despite using substantially more professional out-patient services, the SUD-MDD cohort continued to suffer significant levels of depression. Conclusions Treatment providers should allocate more resources to targeting depressive symptoms in SUD-MDD patients. Furthermore, SUD-MDD patients may not assimilate as readily into, nor benefit as much from, traditional 12-Step self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous, as psychiatrically non-comorbid patients. Newer, dual-diagnosis-specific, self-help groups may be a better fit for these patients, but await further study.
Deficit irrigation in a production setting: canopy temperature as an adjunct to ET estimates

Water available for agricultural use is declining worldwide as a result of both declining water resources and increasing application costs. Managing crop irrigation under conditions where the water need cannot be fully met represents the future of irrigation in many areas. On the southern high plains of Texas there is interest among producers to reduce the amount of water applied to cotton. In this study, a producer’s efforts to reduce water application to a cotton crop were assessed in terms of a comparison between evapotranspiration, rainfall, and irrigation that is widely used in the region. The producer was able to reduce water application to meet intended reductions relative to the evapotranspiration estimates but, depending on the method used for calculating the crop water need, he tended to over water the crop in two out of three intended deficit irrigation regimes. Analysis of continuously monitored canopy temperatures provided verification of over-irrigation. Continuously monitored canopy temperature is proposed as a useful adjunct to evapotranspiration approaches to deficit irrigation management.
Cloning a balanced translocation associated with DiGeorge syndrome and identification of a disrupted candidate gene

DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), a developmental defect, is characterized by cardiac defects and aplasia or hypoplasia of the thymus and parathyroid glands. DGS has been associated with visible chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletions of 22q11, but only one balanced translocation--ADU/VDU t(2;22)(q14;q11.21). We now report the cloning of this translocation, the identification of a gene disrupted by the rearrangement and the analysis of other transcripts in its vicinity. Transcripts were identified by direct screening of cDNA libraries, exon amplification, cDNA selection and genomic sequence analysis using GRAIL. Disruption of a gene in 22q11.2 by the breakpoint and haploinsufficiency of this locus in deleted DGS patients make it a strong candidate for the major features associated with this disorder.
Effect of temperature, solvent, Lewis acid and additives on the polymerization of tert-butyl vinyl ether using Lewis acid-induced N-methyleneamines as cationic initiators

N-Methyleneamines, formed by treating 1,3,5-trimethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazines with Lewis acids, have been shown to be capable initiators in the cationic polymerization of tert-butyl vinyl ether, yielding polymers with amine functionality at the chain ends. Previous work was limited to titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4) as the Lewis acid in dichloromethane solvent at 0 °C (with resulting polymers possessing relatively broad polydispersity index (PDI) values near 2), while this contribution details the effect of reaction parameters on the polymeric products; specifically, the role of temperature, solvent, Lewis acid and additives. Ultimately, performing the polymerization at −78 °C in dichloromethane with TiCl4 as the Lewis acid and tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (nBu4NCl) as the additive afforded the best control over the system, with polymers formed possessing low PDI values (<1.2). Dramatic changes in number-average molecular weight and PDI were observed in polymers formed by initiating systems of Lewis acid-induced N-methyleneamines, with temperature, solvent, Lewis acid and additives all playing a role. By varying single parameters, optimization of the system was achieved. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry