cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nomenclator descriptive query optimization for large X.500 environments

Nomenclator is an architecture for providing efficient descriptive (attribute-based) naming in a large internet environment. As a test of the basic design, we have built a Nomenclator prototype that uses X.500 as its underlying data repository. X.500 SEARCH queries that previously took several minutes, can, in many cases, be answered in a matter of seconds. Our system improves descriptive query performance by trimming branches of the X.500 directory tree from the search. These tree-trimming techniques are part of an active catalog that constrains the search space as needed during query processing. The active catalog provides information about the data distribution (meta-data) to constrain query processing on demand. Nomenclator caches both data (responses to queries) and meta-data (data distribution information, tree-trimming techniques, data access techniques) to speed future queries. Nomenclator relieves users of the need to understand the structure of the name space to locate objects quickly in a large, structured name environment. Nomenclator is a meta-level service that will eventually incorporate other name services in addition to X.500. Its techniques for improving performance should be generally applicable to other naming systems. hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh Research supported in part by an AT&T Ph.D. Scholarship, National Science Foundation grants CCR8703373 and CCR-8815928, Office of Naval Research grant N00014-89-J-1222, and a Digital Equipment Corporation External Research Grant.
Composite semijoins in distributed query processing

Abstract Distributed query processing algorithms which use semijoins to reduce data transmission abound in the literature today. In most cases, the strategies of local processing activity and intersite semijoins generated by the algorithms can involve multiple semijoins having a common origination site and a common destination site. Whenever this situation arises in a semijoin strategy, there may be cost benefit in performing the two semijoins as one composite semijoin in which the two joining attributes are treated as one joining composite. We investigate this option and apply it to several well-known query processing algorithms. We show by example and through simulation that composite semijoins can be beneficial. The method of implementation in this paper is such that the response time cost of answering a query cannot be greater than the corresponding response time cost when no composities are used. The simulation shows that, statistically, benefit can be expected in all cases.
Syntheses, X-ray Structures, and Solution Properties of [V4O4{(OCH2)3CCH3}3(OC2H5)3] and [V4O4{(OCH2)3CCH3}2(OCH3)6]: Examples of New Ligand Coordination Modes

Tetranuclear vanadium complexes with alkoxy ligands, [V4O4{μ,μ,μ3-(OCH2)3CCH3}2(OCH3)6] (1) and [V4O4{μ-(OCH2)3CCH3}{μ,μ3-(OCH2)3CCH3}{μ,μ,μ3-(OCH2)3CCH3}(OR)3] (R = C2H5 (2), R = CH(CH3)2 (3), R = CH3 (4)), were synthesized by reacting VO(OR)3 and H3thme (H3thme = 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane) in alcohol. Complex 1 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 9.646(4) A, b = 11.502(3) A, c = 11.960(3) A, β = 90.20(3)°, V = 1326.9 (7) A3, Z = 2 and R (wR2) = 0.045 (0.143). Complex 2 also crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.290(8) A, b = 12.237(2) A, c = 29.118(4) A, β = 89.455(9)°, V = 2954(3) A3, Z = 4, and R (wR2) = 0.049 (0.126). Both 1 and 2 are neutral, discrete complexes possessing a common [V4O16]12- core, which consists of four vanadium(V) atoms chelated by two (1) or three (2) tridentate thme3- ligands and by six (1) or three (2) RO- groups. Compound 1 exhibits a crystallographically required inversion center; in contrast, complex 2 exhibits no crystallogra...
Early and Middle Woodland Earthwork Enclosures in Iowa

Earthen enclosures are hallmarks of both the Early Woodland Adena complex and the Middle Woodland Hopewell Interaction Sphere of the eastern United States. Early and Middle Woodland enclosures also exist west of the Mississippi River, but these generally have been overlooked. Eastern Iowa has at least five enclosures of apparent Early or Middle Woodland affiliation and numerous others with later or undetermined affiliations. The Woodland enclosures contain many of the characteristics associated with Adena and Hopewell in terms of their size, apparent non-defensive function, and association with ritual areas including burial mounds. The distribution of these earthworks suggests that the Mississippi River valley was the western limit of Adena- and Hopewell-related ceremonial enclosures but that their importance may have extended more widely.
A note on waist-to-waist transfer in particle optics

Abstract Equations are obtained for waist-to-waist transfer for thick lens elements. The equations are simplified by considering the transfer between the focal planes of a lens. Examples are given
A predictive tool for emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

Traditional emissions inventories for trucks and buses have relied on diesel engine emissions certification data, in units of g/bhp-hr, processed to yield a value in g/mile without a detailed accounting of the vehicle activity. Research has revealed a variety of other options for inventory prediction, including the use of emissions factors based upon instantaneous engine power and instantaneous vehicle behavior. The objective of this paper is to provide tabular factors for use with vehicle activity information to describe the instantaneous emissions from each heavy-duty vehicle considered. To produce these tables, a large body of data was obtained from the research efforts of the West Virginia University-Transportable Heavy Duty Emissions Testing Laboratories (TransLabs). These data were available as continuous records of vehicle speed (hence also acceleration), vehicle power, and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and hydrocarbons (HC). Data for particulate matter (PM) were available only as a composite value for a whole vehicle test cycle, but using a best effort approach, the PM was distributed in time in proportion to the CO. Emissions values, in g/sec, were binned according to the speed and acceleration of a vehicle, and it was shown that the emissions could be predicted with reasonable accuracy by applying this table to the original speed and acceleration data. The test cycle used was found to have a significant effect on the emissions value predicted. Tables were created for vehicles grouped by type (large transit buses, small transit buses, and tractor-trailers) and by range of model year. These model year ranges were bounded by U.S. national changes in emissions standards. The result is that a suite of tables is available for application to emissions predictions for trucks and buses with known activity, or as modeled by TRANSIMS, a vehicle activity simulation model from Los Alamos National Laboratories.
Substituent effects on magnetic non‐ equivalence in acetals

The proton and 13CH satellite spectra of five diethyl haloacetals have been analyzed and their spectral parameters obtained. The parameters for the ethoxy methylene protons indicate the extent of their magnetic nonequivalence. It has been found that these parameters are dependent on the degree of halogen substitution in the group Z, which is bonded to the central carbon atom, and correlate well with the corresponding group electronegativity values, a′ z, proposed by Huheey. The parallel behavior of the methylenic J(CH) and chemical shifts indicates that a primarily through-bond mechanism is responsible for propagation of both the electronic and symmetry effects observed. Transmission factors calculated from the spectral data agree with independent estimates reasonably well, thus supporting the conclusions reached here.
Compilation and architecture support for customized vector instruction extension

Vectorization has been commonly employed in modern processors. In this work we identify the opportunities to explore customized vector instructions and build an automatic compilation flow to efficiently identify those instructions. A composable vector unit (CVU) is proposed to support a large number of customized vector instructions with small area overhead. The results show that our approach achieves an average 1.41X speedup over the state-of-art vector ISA. We also observe a large area gain (around 11.6X) over the dedicated ASIC-based design.
Sandwich buckling formulas and applicability of standard computational algorithm for finite strain

Abstract Although, for homogeneous columns, the differences between Engesser's and Haringx's formulas for shear buckling have been explained in 1971 by the dependence of shear modulus on the axial stress, for soft-core sandwich columns the choice of the correct formula has baffled engineers for half a century. Recently, Bažant explained this difference by a variational analysis which showed that an agreement is achieved if the shear modulus of the light core is considered to depend on the compressive stress in the skins even when small-strain elasticity applies. To clarify this paradoxical dependence, first the variational framework is briefly reviewed. Subsequently, the mathematical results from Bažant's recent study are physically reinterpreted, with the conclusion that only the Engesser-type theory (rather than Haringx-type theory) corresponds to constant shear moduli as obtained, for example, by the torsional test of a tube made from the foam. This is a rather fundamental point for applications because the discrepancy between these two theories can be very large in the case of short columns with thin skins. The implications for standard finite element programs are then explored by computing the critical loads of several sandwich columns with different material and geometric properties. The finite element computations show agreement with the Engesser-type formula predictions, while the Haringx-type prediction can be obtained with the finite element program somewhat artificially—by updating the core modulus as a function of the axial stress in the skins.
Palaeomagnetism and magnetostiatigraphy of Triassic strata in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and Tucumcari Basin, New Mexico, USA

SUMMARY We report palaeomagnetic data and a composite magnetic polarity sequence for Middle and Upper Triassic rocks assigned to the Anton Chico Member of the Moenkopi Formation and Chinle Group, respectively, exposed along the eastern flank of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and in the Tucumcari Basin of eastern and northeastern New Mexico. Thermal demagnetization isolates a well-defined, dual polarity, characteristic magnetization, carried in most cases by haematite and interpreted as an early acquired chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). Characteristic magnetizations from 74 palaeomagnetic sites (one site = one bed) are used to define a magnetic polarity sequence, which we correlate with previously published Triassic data obtained from both marine and non-marine rocks. Preliminary correlation suggests that the resolution of magnetostratigraphic data derived from continental strata is not necessarily of lesser quality than that from marine rocks. On the basis of the magnetostratigraphic data, a profound unconformity is believed to separate lower-middle Norian and upper Norian-Rhaetian strata of the Chinle Group. Palaeomagnetic poles derived from selected sites in steeply dipping (> 85°) strata for the Middle Triassic (Anisian, ∼240 Ma: 50°N 121°E; N= 8), late Carman-early Norian (∼225 Ma: 53°N 104°E; N= 16), and late Norian-Rhaetian (∼208 Ma: 59°N 77°E; N= 8) are in relatively good agreement with previously published data for the Moenkopi Formation and Chinle Group and related strata in southwest North America. None the less, comparison with palaeomagnetic poles obtained from gently dipping or flat-lying Triassic strata from this study (Anisian, 46°N 112°E; N= 13; late Carnian, 54°N 87°E; N=12) and previously published Triassic poles in southwest North America suggest that a modest ‘apparent rotation’ not greater than about 5° affects declinations from steeply dipping rocks. The distribution of palaeomagnetic poles indicates ∼25° (angular distance) of apparent polar wander between about 240 and 208 Ma.
A Clinical, Laboratory and Pathological Study of a Partially Hypophysectomized Human Female

IN A previous communication in 1936 (1) the effect of estradiol and anterior pituitary gonad-stimulating hormone was reported in a supposedly completely hypophysectomized colored female and other laboratory data were presented. Since that time, the patient has had repeated laboratory and clinical studies until her death Jan. 31, 1942. These data (table 1), together with significant pathological findings, are presented. The patient was admitted in January, 1942, in extremis, having been acutely ill only 48 hours. She died before a clinical diagnosis could be made. A provisional clinical diagnosis of hypoglycemia, pituitary deficiency, and pyrexia of unknown origin was made. Pathologically there was an acute bronchitis with pulmonary edema and hydrothorax, together with ascites. No evidence of acute abdominal inflammation other than ascites was noted. It should be noted that an estimated 10 per cent of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland remained. The B.M.R., which dropped to low levels soon after oper...
The 3′-terminal nucleotide sequences of λ DNA

Abstract The base sequences of the 3′-termini of coliphage λ DNA have been analyzed by a new technique. Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I was used to add a single radioactive nucleotide to the 3′-OH terminus of one of the DNA strands. The DNA was then digested with pancreatic DNase I, and the resulting oligonucleotides were separated by two dimensional ionophoresis. Terminal oligonucleotides were identified by the presence of the radioactive label, and the base sequence of the labelled terminus was deduced from the base compositions of the terminal di-, tri-, tetra-, etc., oligonucleotides. It is found that the left 3′-terminus of λ DNA ends with the sequence d(pCpGpCpG) and the right 3′-terminus ends with the sequence d(pCpG).
A Data Link between Small Computers and a CDC 6600

At Lawrence Radiation Laboratory small computers are used on-line with high-energy physics experiments. When the experimenter desires to estimate the relative value of the experimental data, the necessary analysis can only be performed on a large computer. Hence, the need arose for a fast two-way Data Link between one or more small computers and a large computer. The lack of interrupt facilities in the available large computer and the necessity of using twisted-pair telephone lines both posed unusual design problems. The main components of the Data Link are interfaces for the two computers, a buffering and error-correcting system, and a transceiver system using 4-mile-long telephone lines. A unique demand and response system both maintains synchronization and supports a highly accurate errorcorrection system. Control words communicate word count, transfer direction, etc., between the computer programs. Special high-reliability pulse-train signals transmit critical information, such as "error" and "end of record" between the interfaces. The data-link system provides a reliable and satisfactory solution in its present context to the problem of interfacing small data-gathering computers to a large computer for the analysis of a comparatively small quantity of data at infrequent intervals. Should this type of service become more popular in the future, the link can be readily modified to accept changes in the 6600 operating system (such as using a dedicated peripheral processors for all link data) or interfacing to a time-sharing computer devoted to link data handling.
Quantal description of inelastic heavy-ion scattering

Abstract A model Schrodinger equation for scattering with energy loss is discussed. The equation is linear and is closely related to the coupled-channels approach to elastic and inelastic scattering. A possible parametrization of the model for applications to heavy-ion scattering is considered.
Production of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) by a vaccinia virus transient expression system and in vitro processing of the expressed prohormone by POMC-converting enzyme.

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) was expressed in CV-1 (green monkey kidney) cells using a vaccinia virus transient expression system [(1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8122]. The system involved infection of cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus carrying the T7 RNA polymerase gene and transfection with a plasmid containing the mouse POMC sequence flanked by the T7 RNA polymerase promoter at its 5′-end and the T7 RNA polymerase terminator at its 3′-end. Assay of the medium from transfected cells showed that 1–2 μg of immunoreactive ACTH was produced/106 cells. Analysis of the same medium by SDS-PAGE/Western blots revealed a band of 30–36 kDa, which was immunostained with both ACTH and β-endorphin antisera. Labeling the transfected cells with [3H]Arg, followed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE showed the synthesis of a major peak of POMC, 33 kDa. Purified [3H]POMC expressed by CV-1 cells was cleaved in vitro by bovine intermediate lobe secretory vesicle pro-opiomelanocortin-converting enzyme to ACTH intermediates (19–25 kDa), β-lipotropin and β-endorphin. Thus, this work has demonstrated a technique for expressing microgram quantities of prohormones in mammalian cells, suitable for use as substrates for prohormone-converting enzymes in vitro.
Field-controllable electro- and magneto-rheological fluid dampers in flow mode using Herschel-Bulkley theory

The Bingham plastic constitutive model has been widely used to predict the post-yield behavior of electro- and magneto- rheological fluids (ER and MR fluids). However, if these fluids experience shear thinning or shear thickening, the Bingham plastic model may not be an accurate predictor of behavior, since the post-yield plastic viscosity is assumed to be constant. In a recent study, it was theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the Herschel-Bulkley fluid model can be successfully employed when evaluating non- Newtonian post-yield behavior of ER and MR fluids. In this paper, the Herschel-Bulkley model is employed to include a detailed analysis of ER and MR fluid dynamics through pipes and parallel plates. Simplified explicit expressions for the exact formulation are also developed. It is shown that the proposed simplified model of the Herschel-Bulkley steady flow equations for pipes and parallel plates can be used as an accurate design tool while providing a convenient and generalized mathematical form for modeling ER and MR fluids. Theoretical and experimental analyses are presented for a MR fluid damper, which is designed, developed, and tested at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR).
Conceptual models in exploration geochemistry—The Basin and Range Province of the Western United States and Northern Mexico

Abstract This summary of geochemical exploration in the Basin and Range Province is another in the series of reviews of geochemical-exploration applications covering a large region; this series began in 1975 with a summary for the Canadian Cordillera and Canadian Shield, and was followed in 1976 by a similar summary for Scandinavia (Norden). Rather than adhering strictly to the type of conceptual models applied in those papers, we have made use of generalized landscape geochemistry models related to the nature of concealment of ore deposits. This study is part of a continuing effort to examine and evaluate geochemical-exploration practices in different areas of the world. Twenty case histories of the application of geochemical exploration in both district and regional settings illustrate recent developments in techniques and approaches. Along with other published reports these case histories, exemplifying generalized models of concealed deposits, provide data used to evaluate geochemical-exploration programs and specific sample media. Because blind deposits are increasingly sought in the Basin and Range Province, the use of new sample media or anomaly-enhancement techniques is a necessity. Analysis of vapors or gases emanating from blind deposits is a promising new technique. Certain fractions of stream sediments show anomalies that are weak or not detected in conventional minus 80-mesh fractions. Multi-element analysis of mineralized bedrock may show zoning patterns that indicate depth or direction of ore. Examples of the application of these and other, more conventional methods are indicated in the case histories. The final section of this paper contains a brief evaluation of the applications of all types of sample media to geochemical exploration in the arid environment of the Basin and Range Province.
Naturalizing Cognition: The Integration of Cognitive Science and Biology

Descartes drove a wedge between human cognition and biology. Cognitive neuroscience is beginning to bridge the gap, and the application of mirror neuron theory to a range of problems in psychology has demonstrated the possibility of developing an understanding that spans from neural anatomy to language and empathy.
Osteoarthritis Prevalence Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Numbers-Needed-to-Treat Analysis

Objective: To determine the prophylactic capability of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in decreasing the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) when compared with ACL-deficient patients, ...
Role for endogenous estrogen in prepubertal Sertoli cell maturation.

a b s t r a c t Reducing prepubertal endogenous estrogens led to increased numbers of Sertoli cells and the associated increased testicular size and testicular sperm production capacity in boars. The increased number of Sertoli cells might be due to a longer time for proliferation; delayed differentiation of Sertoli cells during suppressed endogenous estrogens would be consistent with this hypothesized, prolonged proliferation interval. This study used immunohistochemical detection of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a marker of immature Sertoli cells, and of CDKN1B, a cell cycle inhibitor associated with more mature Sertoli cells, to determine if suppressing endogenous estrogens detectably delayed “differentiation” of porcine Sertoli cells. Testes were from littermate pairs of boars previously treated with Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, or vehicle, from the first week of age until tissue collection at 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 months of age. Four animals were examined at each age following Letrozole treatment and their corresponding littermates evaluated following treatment with vehicle. Amount of AMH protein in Sertoli cells decreased with age of boar and could not be detected at 6 months of age. The AMH labeling was greater in the Letrozole-treated boars compared with littermate vehicle controls at 4 months of age (P = 0.03). The percentage of CDKN1B-labeled Sertoli cells apparently increased with age through 5 months of age. At 4 and 5 months of age, the mean percentage of CDKN1B-labeled Sertoli cells was less in the Letrozoletreated animals than in the vehicle control animals (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that continual inhibition of aromatase (and concomitatant reduced estrogen synthesis) causes a delay in Sertoli cell maturation in boars.
Developing benchmarks for adherence studies.

In the context of evidence-based medicine and increasing pressure on limited healthcare resources, more attention has recently turned to extending the information from clinical trials to clinical p...
Assessing Knowledge Management Needs: A Strategic Approach to Developing Knowledge

Most knowledge management work encourages practicing managers to pursue ever more knowledge development and sharing. There is an assumption that more knowledge always leads to greater competitive advantage and superior financial performance. Even though this may be the case, it is far from proven, and the application and use of knowledge management techniques may actually be more strategic, with optimal levels of effort and spending determined by differing circumstances. This study investigates these topics by assessing whether knowledge strategies might vary by industry, asset structure, and other potential variables.
Host-rotaxanes model proteins that promote ligand association through a favorable change in configurational entropy.

Proteins can reduce the entropic penalty for ligand association through a favorable change in configurational entropy. To investigate this process, the ΔGo, ΔHo, and ΔSo of complexes formed between host-rotaxanes and guests were determined and compared to discover the relationship between rotaxane-structure and the energies involved in guest-association in water and DMSO. Fluorescence quenching assays provided the association constants. Van't Hoff analysis of variable temperature assays gave the enthalpies of binding. The driving force for the association of a guest and a host-rotaxane can switch from being enthalpically to entropically driven with a change in the solvent or guest. This study shows that a dramatic increase in the entropy of binding can be obtained through the addition of a rotaxane-wheel to a synthetic host. An increased motion of the wheel appears to be the source of the positive binding entropy, which would be an example of favorable configurational entropy promoting complex formation.
Dose Response of Dairy Cows to Abomasal Administration of Four Amounts of L-Carnitine'

Four Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods to determine the response to increasing amounts of L-carnitine infused into the abomasum. During d 1 to 7 of each period, cows were abomasally infused with 4 IJd of water; during the remainder of each period, 0, 3, 6, or 12 g/d of carnitine dissolved in 4 L of water were infused continuously into the abomasum. The DMI, milk yield, and milk composition were not affected by carnitine infusion. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, ADF, NDF, and energy decreased linearly, and fatty acid digestibility tended to decrease linearly, when up to 12 g/d of carnitine were infused. Balances of energy and N generally were unaffected by carnitine infusion. The concentrations of carnitine in plasma and urine increased linearly, and that in milk increased quadratically, as the amount of infused carnitine increased; the concentrations of carnitine in plasma and milk appeared to be maximized when 6 g/ d of carnitine were infused. Total carnitine excreted and carnitine excretion above basal excretion increased linearly as amounts of infused carnitine increased; however, 123% of the daily carnitine dosage was excreted above basal carnitine excretion. Infusion of up to 12 g/d of carnitine into the abomasum did not improve milk yield or nutrient digestibilities.
BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN THE BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA COMPLEX. V. MEGASPOROGENESIS AND EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT

warnockii (2n = 22), B. media (2n = 20), B. uniflora Vasey var. uniflora (2n = 20), B. uniflora var. coahuilensis Gould and Kapadia (2n = 20), and B. curtipendula var. curtipendula (2n = 40) all were found to be of the Adoxa type, in which all 4 megaspores peisist and divide once to form an 8-nucleate embryo sac. On the other hand, evidence indicated that plants of B. curtipendula var. caespitosa with high aneuploid chromosome numbers reproduce by pseudogamous fertilization of an aposporous embryo sac. In this taxon the megaspore mother cell did not go beyond the first anaphase of meiosis and the functional embryo sac developed from a nucellar cell. Although the 8-nucleate embryo sac was typical, a 3-nucleate embryo sac was observed to develop in some cases.
Surgical approach to cecal diverticulitis.

Abstract Background: Cecal diverticulitis is a rare condition in the Western world, with a higher incidence in people of Asian descent. The treatment for cecal diverticulitis has ranged from expectant medical management, which is similar to uncomplicated left-sided diverticulitis, to right hemicolectomy. Study Design: A retrospective chart review was conducted of the 49 patients treated for cecal diverticulitis at Olive View-UCLA Medical Center from 1976 to 1998. This was the largest-ever single-institution review of cecal diverticulitis reported in the mainland US. Results: The clinical presentation was similar to that of acute appendicitis, with abdominal pain, low-grade fever, nausea/vomiting, abdominal tenderness, and leukocytosis. Operations performed included right hemicolectomy in 39 patients (80%), diverticulectomy in 7 patients (14%), and appendectomy with drainage of intraabdominal abscess in 3 patients (6%). Of the 7 patients who had diverticulectomy, 1 required right hemicolectomy at 6 months followup for continued symptoms. Of the three patients who underwent appendectomy with drainage, all required subsequent hemicolectomy for continued inflammation. Of the 39 patients who received immediate hemicolectomies, there were complications in 7 (18%), with no mortality. Conclusions: We endorse an aggressive operative approach to the management of cecal diverticulitis, with the resection of all clinically apparent disease at the time of the initial operation. In cases of a solitary diverticulum, we recommend the use of diverticulectomy when it is technically feasible. When confronted with multiple diverticuli and cecal phlegmon, or when neoplastic disease cannot be excluded, we advocate immediate right hemicolectomy. This procedure can be safely performed in the unprepared colon with few complications. Excisional treatment for cecal diverticulitis prevents the recurrence of symptoms, which may be more common in the Western population.
The Emergence of Growth Management Planning in the United States: The Case of Golden v. Planning Board of Town of Ramapo and Its Aftermath

The modern growth management movement in the United States solidly emerged with the 1972 decision of the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, in Golden v. Planning Board of Town of Ramapo. Here, the court upheld a phased development timing ordinance in which the approval of a special permit for residential development was linked to the provision of public infrastructure in accordance with an 18-year capital improvement program. This article examines how the Ramapo officials proceeded, the circumstances in which they operated, the resulting litigation, and the aftermath. It contends that, despite its influence on planning law and practice, the Ramapo system still had significant problems as an instrument of modern planning policy, creating a sprawling development pattern that is often viewed as exclusionary in places with few development options.
Using adaptive tracking to classify and monitor activities in a site

We describe a vision system that monitors activity in a site over extended periods of time. The system uses a distributed set of sensors to cover the site, and an adaptive tracker detects multiple moving objects in the sensors. Our hypothesis is that motion tracking is sufficient to support a range of computations about site activities. We demonstrate using the tracked motion data to calibrate the distributed sensors, to construct rough site models, to classify detected objects, to learn common patterns of activity for different object classes, and to detect unusual activities.
Location- and delay-aware cross-layer communication in V2I multihop vehicular networks

Intelligent transportation systems are targeted to improve the traffic safety and driving experience of passengers. Vehicular ad hoc networks are wireless communication networks proposed to be used as parts of ITS. VANETs facilitate communication among vehicles, and between vehicles and roadside equipment. A key challenge in developing such systems is to design routing and MAC protocols that not only provide good end-to-end packet delay but can also quickly adapt to changes in the network topology due to vehicular mobility. In this article we outline a new framework for location- and delay-aware cross-layer communication that addresses these challenges. Our framework provides an efficient V2I data delivery system that relays packets over low-delay paths to a fixed base station or access point. Furthermore, an instance of this framework is also presented as a protocol. Our preliminary evaluations show that our design approach is promising, and provides delay predictability, fairness, and a good packet delivery ratio.
Magnetohydrodynamic flow of a viscous fluid past a sphere

The flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid past a sphere is studied; the uniform ambient flow field is colinear with the ambient uniform magnetic field. The force exerted on the sphere is computed for various conductivities and Reynolds numbers; of particular interest is the distinction in behavior between the flow with ambient particle speed greater than ambient Alfven speed and that with particle speed less than Alfven speed. (auth)
Magnitude of Impact, Overall and on Subspecialties, of Transitioning in Radiology from ICD-9 to ICD-10 Codes

Abstract Purpose Converting the nation’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis coding system, from 14,025 ICD-9 to 69,823 ICD-10 codes, is projected to have enormous financial and operational implications. We aimed to assess the magnitude of impact that this code conversion will have on radiology claims. Methods The most frequently billed ICD-9 diagnosis codes for 588,523 radiology claims from five hospitals and affiliated outpatient sites during a 12-month period were mapped to matching ICD-10 codes using a Medicare-endorsed tool. The code-conversion impact factor was calculated for the entire radiology system, and each individual subspecialty division. Results Of all ICD-9 codes, only 3,407 (24.3%) were used to report any primary diagnosis. Of all claims, 50% were billed using just 37 (0.3%) primary codes; 75% with 131 (0.5%), and 90% with 348 (2.5%). Those 348 ICD-9 codes mapped onto 2,048 ICD-10 codes (5.9-fold impact), representing just 2.9% of all ICD-10 codes. By subspecialty, the conversion impact factor varied greatly, from 1.1 for breast (11 ICD-9 to 12 ICD-10 codes) to 28.8 for musculoskeletal imaging (146 to 4,199). The community division, reflecting a general practice mix, saw a conversion impact factor of 5.8 (254 to 1,471). Conclusions Fewer than 3% of all ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes are used to report an overwhelming majority of all radiology claims. Although the number of commonly used codes will expand 5.9-fold overall, musculoskeletal imaging will experience a projected 28.8-fold explosion. Radiology practices should target their ICD educational and operational conversion efforts in an evidence-based manner.
Social determinants of health behaviours and social change.

There is wealth of literature on social determinants of health. The mechanisms through which social determinants influence health and health inequities are multiple. Many agree that health behaviours are in key position. In populations with marked social characterization of health behaviours, smoking, alcohol use, food habits and physical activity count for much of mortality differences between socioeconomic groups.1 Although there is a lot of cross sectional data, there is relatively little research how social changes in a population are reflected in health behaviours within the same population and its subgroups. Health behaviours are relatively stable; people follow—under social, economic and cultural constraints—behavioural patterns adapted in childhood and youth. However, the many intervention and monitoring studies show that population-wide behavioural changes are possible.2,3 But …
Mass Spectrometric Characterization of the β-Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A high-performance liquid chromatographic/electrospray mass spectrometric (HPLC/MS) technique is described for the characterization of the β-subunit of the glycopeptide human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The β-subunit of hCG was dissociated from the α-subunit using 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and separated by reversed-phase HPLC using a 0.1% TFA–acetonitrile gradient. Although reductive alkylation with 4-vinylpyridine allowed direct observation of the intact β-subunit of hCG by HPLC/MS due to the increase in charge, the heterogeneity of the carbohydrate fractions resulted in poor detection limits and extremely complex spectra. After reductive alkylation with either iodoacetate or 4-vinylpyridine, tryptic fragments of either the α- or β-subunit can be observed using reversed-phase HPLC/MS. HPLC/MS data were consistent with the reported primary sequence, although oligosaccharide attachment sites at both 127Ser and 132Ser could not be documented. Microheterogeneity of the carbohydrate moiety on both N-glycosylation sites on the β-subunit could be readily observed. A larger degree of heterogeneity was observed on 13Asn. Differences were also observed in the oligosaccharide distribution in three commerial preparations of hCG. Detection of the C-terminal portion of the β-subunit required enzymatic deglycosylation prior to HPLC/MS analysis. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Gibbs sampler for the identification of gene expression and network connectivity consistency

Motivation: Data from DNA microarrays and ChIP-chip binding assays often form the basis of transcriptional regulatory analyses. However, experimental noise in both data types combined with environmental dependence and uncorrelation between binding and regulation in ChIP-chip binding data complicate analyses that utilize these complimentary data sources. Therefore, to minimize the impact of these inaccuracies on transcription analyses it is desirable to identify instances of gene expression-ChIP-chip agreement, under the premise that inaccuracies are less likely to be present when separate data sources corroborate each other. Current methods for such identification either make key assumptions that limit their applicability and/or yield high false positive and false negative rates. The goal of this work was to develop a method with a minimal amount of assumptions, and thus widely applicable, that can identify agreement between gene expression and ChIP-chip data at a higher confidence level than current methods. Results: We demonstrate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that currently available ChIP-chip binding data explain microarray data from a variety of environments only as well as randomized networks with the same connectivity density. This suggests a high degree of inconsistency between the two data types and illustrates the need for a method that can identify consistency between the two data sources. Here we have developed a Gibbs sampling technique to identify genes whose expression and ChIP-chip binding data are mutually consistent. Compared to current methods that could perform the same task, the Gibbs sampling method developed here exceeds their ability at high levels (>50%) of transcription network and gene expression error, while performing similarly at lower levels. Using this technique, we show that on average 73% more gene expression features can be captured per gene as compared to the unfiltered use of gene expression and ChIP-chip-derived network connectivity data. It is important to note that the method described here can be generalized to other transcription connectivity data (e.g. sequence analysis, etc.). Availability: Our algorithm is available on request from the authors and soon to be posted on the web. See author's homepage for details, http://www.seas.ucla.edu/~liaoj/ Contact: liaoj@ucla.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Online.
Fishing in a Sea of Court Orders: Puget Sound Salmon Management 10 Years after the Boldt Decision

Abstract The United States obtained title to nearly all of western Washington from the Indians in the mid-1850's in exchange for a small amount of money and the promise that the Indians would be able to go on fishing for salmon as they always had in common with all citizens …. This promise presented no difficulty as long as people were scarce and fish were abundant, but the situation changed in this century and harvestable fish had to be allocated between Indians and non-Indians. Judge George Boldt of the federal district court divided the fish evenly in 1974, and since then a unique fishery management system has evolved under court supervision. The goals of this system are to maintain the salmon runs and divide the harvests evenly. These objectives are achieved by a number of court orders that require the State of Washington and 21 Indian tribes to agree on methods for estimating run sizes and setting escapement goals. The total harvestable number from each run is then determined as the excess (if any) o...
Hierarchical Bayesian spatial models for predicting multiple forest variables using waveform LiDAR, hyperspectral imagery, and large inventory datasets

a b s t r a c t In this paper we detail a multivariate spatial regression model that couples LiDAR, hyperspectral and for- est inventory data to predict forest outcome variables at a high spatial resolution. The proposed model is used to analyze forest inventory data collected on the US Forest Service Penobscot Experimental Forest (PEF), ME, USA. In addition to helping meet the regression model's assumptions, results from the PEF analysis suggest that the addition of multivariate spatial random effects improves model fit and pre- dictive ability, compared with two commonly applied modeling approaches. This improvement results from explicitly modeling the covariation among forest outcome variables and spatial dependence among observations through the random effects. Direct application of such multivariate models to even moder- ately large datasets is often computationally infeasible because of cubic order matrix algorithms involved in estimation. We apply a spatial dimension reduction technique to help overcome this computational hurdle without sacrificing richness in modeling.
Optical imaging in an Alzheimer’s mouse model reveals amyloid-β-dependent vascular impairment

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease are often comorbid conditions, but the relationship between amyloid-β and in vivo vascular pathophysiology is poorly understood. We utilized a multimodal, multiscale optical imaging approach, including spatial frequency domain imaging, Doppler optical coherence tomography, and confocal microscopy, to quantify AD-dependent changes in a triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD) and age-matched controls. From three months of age (naive) to 20 months (severe AD), the brain tissue concentration of total and oxy-hemoglobin (Total Hb, ctO2Hb) decreased 50 and 70%, respectively, in 3xTg-AD mice. Compared to age-matched controls, significant differences in brain hemoglobin concentrations occurred as early as eight months (Total Hb: 126±5 μM versus 108±4 μM; ctO2Hb: 86±5 μM versus 70±3 μM; for control and AD, respectively). These changes were linked to a 29% vascular volume fraction decrease and 35% vessel density reduction in the 20-month-old 3xTg-AD versus age-matched controls. Vascular reduction coincided with increased brain concentration of amyloid-β protein, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at eight and 20 months compared to the three-month baseline. Our results suggest that amyloid-β blocks the normally reparative effects of upregulated VEGF and eNOS, and may accelerate in vivo vascular pathophysiology in AD.
Visualizing space science data in 3D

Imagine being able to manipulate static, 2D data into 3D objects that you can almost touch. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) can help make it happen, even in a traditionally 2D field like space science. Although visualizing space science data has used high-end computing applications to create virtual environments such as the Cosmic Explorer Project, most space science data is still 2D. Scientists with low- to high-end computers need to develop and navigate 3D virtual environments to further their research efforts. VRML is an ASCII description of a 3D world that can be shared across platforms (Unix, Macintosh, and Windows) over the World Wide Web. VRML describes 3D worlds just as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) describes 2D text pages on the Web-both can have hyperlinks to other resources on the Web. A VRML browser-which may be a Web browser plug-in or a separate stand-alone application-allows users to manipulate objects, fly over landscapes, and interact in a virtual environment. Although VRML is still evolving, software developers are rapidly building VRML browsers for a variety of computing platforms.
A new filtering strategy to combat delay spread

A class of nonlinear-phase intersymbol-interference (ISI)-free filters, that lead to asymmetrical pulse shapes and provide a more robust performance in a delay spread controlled mobile environment without increasing signaling bandwidth, is proposed. A piecewise linear-phase filter with cosine roll-off is designed. Coherent QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) and the two-ray Rayleigh fading model are assumed in the analyses. When the delay power is 10 dB lower than the first path, the performance is improved. It is also found that increasing the excess bandwidth leads to reduction of error floors for both linear- and nonlinear-phase filters. The reduction of error floors could lead to the use of low-overhead forward error-control coding, increasing the overall capacity. >
'Sneak-shoes', 'sworders' and 'nose-beards': a case study of lexical innovation:

Children often invent new words to express meanings for which they have learned no words or cannot recall conventional words. They do not do so randomly, but appear to utilize their knowledge of word-formation devices. The present study investigated the development of spontaneous lexical innovations during the preschool years. Instances of lexical innovations were identified in transcripts of 210 naturalistic conversations between an American English-speaking boy (2;4 through 5;0) and his parents. The boy's innovations generally support and extend Clark's findings regarding categories of innovations and provide some support for her developmental predictions based on the principle of simplicity. Many usages seem to be based on common, productive word-formation devices in English, particularly compounding, whereas others appear to be based on novel rules and language play. Various influences on the development of lexical innovation are discussed.
Time-Reversed Ultra-wideband (UWB) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Based on Measured Spatial Channels

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is envisioned for future wireless high-data-rate transmission. A UWB system with multiple antennas takes advantage of the rich scattering environment to increase the data rate. On the other hand, given rich multipath, time reversal (TR) uses scatterers to create space and time focalization at a target point by coherent addition of all scattered contributions at that point. This paper analyzes the performance of an impulse TR-multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)-UWB system with a simple one-correlator receiver. The performance analyses are based on UWB spatial channels measured in an office environment.
Epilepsies of infancy and childhood.

This review deals with selected forms of epilepsy beginning after the neonatal period, with special emphasis on those that are highly age dependent for their expression. Experience accumulated in the past decade provides helpful data concerning the clinical-electroencephalographic correlations, remission rate, differential response to medications, and prognosis, although many questions remain unanswered.