cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Brooklyn mediation field test

This paper describes an experiment in which 465 felony arrest cases in Kings County, NY, USA, were, randomly, either filed in court and prosecuted or sent to a dispute resolution center for adjudication. The cases all involved persons who were acquainted, and nearly half were either intimate partners or in other immediate family relationships. The results indicated that the mediation process was perceived more positively by complainants than was prosecution and that going through mediation enhances complainants’ perceptions of their relationships with defendants to a greater degree than going through the court process. However, there was no evidence that mediation was no more effective than prosecution in preventing recidivism. Not surprisingly, in cases involving intimate partners or immediate family members, the offenders were most likely to experience continuing problems whether they were sent to mediation or were prosecuted. One of the values of this study is that, in the late 1970s, when this research was conducted, mediation was considered by many to be a legitimate alternative to prosecution in family violence cases, including cases arising from intimate partner violence. The data that we collected would be difficult to replicate in today’s political climate. While our study did not find that mediation reduced the odds of recidivism in these cases, neither did we find that mediation made victims less safe. Thus, it partially supports the sentiments of researchers such as Braithwaite and Strang (Restorative justice and family violence. In Strang H, Braithwaite J (eds) Restorative justices and family violence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 1−22; 2002), who argue that—given the evidence for success of restorative justice in reducing re-offending in cases other than family violence—it is worth testing whether similar beneficial effects could be found in applying restorative justice approaches to family violence cases.
Assessment of Positive Sex-Role Characteristics:

Investigation of bias related to either gender or gender-related attributes has been hampered by the lack of a scale which would address the gender-relatedness of characteristics and which also would indicate how positively or negatively the stereotypical characteristics are viewed. The new scale, Positive Sex-role Inventory, was developed to have three dimensions: masculine, feminine and neutral. All of the characteristics are positive in terms of employability or market value. Empirical investigation of the instrument for the profession of counseling psychologist showed a three factor-structure and adequate estimates of internal consistency reliability.
A planar four-port channel drop filter in the three-dimensional woodpile photonic crystal.

A compact planar channel four-port drop filter is developed experimentally and theoretically in the three-dimensional woodpile photonic crystal having a complete band gap. This consists of two waveguides separated by a defect in a single layer of the photonic crystal. Frequencies for channel dropping can be tuned throughout the band gap, by changing the size of the defect. Quality factors of ~1000 were measured. Simulations demonstrate directional energy transfer between the input and out put waveguides, through excitation of fields in the defect region. The planar nature of the filter is much more amenable to fabrication at optical length wavelengths.
Remarkable fossil locality: Crinoid stems from migmatite of the Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia

Well-preserved, unstrained casts of crinoid stem fragments have been discovered in a calc-silicate boudin in deformed migmatitic gneiss of the Coast Plutonic Complex, west-central British Columbia. This is among the first reports of macrofossils in rock of such high metamorphic grade.
The Effectiveness of Injury Prevention Strategies: What Does the Public Believe?

This article is based on a random digit dialed telephone survey in which adults were asked to name effective strategies for preventing deaths due to motor vehicle crashes, falls, drowning, fires/burns, and poisoning. A majority of the 943 respondents could name prevention techniques, although they were least likely to do so for fatal falls. Participants at highest risk for not naming a countermeasure were those with fewer years of education. The strategy cited most often for preventing deaths due to falls, poisoning, and drowning was safety education. These findings suggest that more advantaged members of the public feel they know how to prevent America's leading causes of injury death. They may not fully appreciate, however, the options of creating health-promoting environments and safer products. This work makes it very clear that people with less education also need to be exposed to the breadth of effective injury countermeasures.
Things That are Right with the Traditional Square of Opposition

The truth conditions that Aristotle attributes to the propositions making up the traditional square of opposition have as a consequence that a particular affirmative proposition such as ‘Some A is not B’ is true if there are no Bs. Although a different convention than the modern one, this assumption remained part of centuries of work in logic that was coherent and logically fruitful.
Parental Inducement of Emotional Intelligence

One hundred and nine junior high school students were surveyed to assess their perception of their parent's influence on their emotional intelligence (EI) and their own EI; and their task orientati...
An introduction to programming microcontrollers

Microcontrollers can be found everywhere. They are becoming more numerous and more powerful. Programming them is well within the reach of the average computer scientist.This tutorial will introduce computer scientists to microcontrollers, their capabilities, applications, development environments, programming styles, and uses in the computer science curriculum.
Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains: Quantum-classical crossover

Abstract An unusual crossover mechanism has been discovered by numerical investigation of the dispersion spectrum of Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains with various spin values in a magnetic field. This result is reflected in novel behavior of static properties such as the integrated intensity. A study of various excitation gaps using finite chain calculations extended by quantum Monte Carlo studies indicates unusual behaviour in the T =0 magnetization isotherms.
"Concerted" transition state, stepwise mechanism. Dynamics effects in C2-C6 enyne allene cyclizations.

The C2−C6 (Schmittel)/ene cyclization of enyne-allenes is studied by a combination of kinetic isotope effects, theoretical calculations, and dynamics trajectories. For the cyclization of allenol acetate 9, the isotope effect (kCH3/kCD3) is approximately 1.43. The isotope effect is interpreted in terms of a highly asynchronous transition state near the concerted/stepwise boundary. This is supported by density functional theory calculations that locate a highly asynchronous transition structure for the concerted ene reaction. However, calculations of both the experimental system and a model reaction were unable to locate a transition structure for formation of the diradical intermediate of a stepwise mechanism. The stepwise mechanism and the asynchronous concerted mechanism start out geometrically similar, and the two pathways appear to have merged as far as the initial transition structure. For the model reaction, quasiclassical direct dynamics trajectories emanating from the initial transition structure a...
Modular units and the surjectivity of a Galois representation

Abstract For a prime p⩾7 the pth roots of certain modular units are shown to generate the second layer of the extension of function fields cut out by the universal Galois deformation of the representation on p-division points of a universal elliptic curve. It follows that certain Galois representations obtained by specializing the modular invariant to a rational number have large image.
Towards a cognitive theory of information retrieval

Abstract A framework for constructing a cognitive model of users' information searching behaviour is described. The motivation for the framework is to create explanatory and predictive theories of information searching to improve the design of information retrieval (IR) systems. The framework proposes a taxonomy of components for process models of the information seeking task, information need types and knowledge sources necessary to support the task. The framework is developed into a preliminary version of a cognitive theory of information searching by the addition of strategies and correspondence rules which predict user behaviour in different task stages according to information need types, facilities provided by the IR system and knowledge held by the user. The theory is evaluated by using claims analysis based on empirical observations of users information retrieval and by a walkthrough of an IR session to investigate how well the theory can account for empirical evidence. Results show that the theory can indicate the expert strategies which should be followed in different task contexts but predictions of actual user behaviour are less accurate. The future possibilities for employing the theoretical model as a tutorial advisor for information retrieval and as an evaluation method for IR systems are reviewed. The role and potential of cognitive theories of user task-action in Information Retrieval and Human Computer Interaction are discussed.
The relationship between the strategies of inquiry in science and Student Cognitive and Affective Behavioral Change

Researchable questions may have a theoretical base. Empirical evidence feeds back to re-structure the theory. The case in point is children's problem solving behavior.
Validation of Rayleigh-Taylor turbulent mixing simulations for real fluids

Summary form only given. Turbulent mixing displays experimentally universal growth rates, but simulations in most cases disagree with experiments by a factor of 2 or more. We report on a new class of simulations based on (a) an improved front tracking algorithm and (b) inclusion of real fluid effects which agree with experiment. Here the real fluid effects are surface tension for immiscible fluids and mass diffusion for miscible fluids. We document significant dependence of the mixing rate on both physical scale breaking effects (surface tension, mass diffusion and compressibility) and on numerical artifacts such as numerical mass diffusion (for untracked simulations). We conclude that modeling of turbulent mixing is sensitive to details of transport, surface tension, and to their numerical analogues. We also consider the problem of closure for the averaged equations. The numerical data base resulting from experimentally validated simulations is an invaluable resource in providing a rational and systematic way to evaluate proposed closures. We compare some leading closure models and find an approximate agreement, but in some cases, regions of disagreement
Biohybrid photosynthetic antenna complexes for enhanced light-harvesting

Biohybrid antenna systems have been constructed that contain synthetic chromophores attached to 31mer analogues of the bacterial photosynthetic core light-harvesting (LH1) β-polypeptide. The peptides are engineered with a Cys site for bioconjugation with maleimide-terminated chromophores, which include synthetic bacteriochlorins (BC1, BC2) with strong near-infrared absorption and commercial dyes Oregon green (OGR) and rhodamine red (RR) with strong absorption in the blue-green to yellow-orange regions. The peptides place the Cys 14 (or 6) residues before a native His site that binds bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl-a) and, like the native LH proteins, have high helical content as probed by single-reflection IR spectroscopy. The His residue associates with BChl-a as in the native LH1 β-polypeptide to form dimeric ββ-subunit complexes [31mer(−14Cys)X/BChl]2, where X is one of the synthetic chromophores. The native-like BChl-a dimer has Qy absorption at 820 nm and serves as the acceptor for energy from light abso...
CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTURE PATTERNS IN CT LUNG IMAGING

Since several lung diseases can be potentially diagnosed based on the patterns of lung tissue observed in medical images, automated texture classification can be useful in assisting the diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a methodology for discriminating between various types of normal and diseased lung tissue in computed tomography (CT) images that utilizes Vector Quantization (VQ), an image compression technique, to extract discriminative texture features. Rather than focusing on images of the entire lung, we direct our attention to the extraction of local descriptors from individual regions of interest (ROIs) as determined by domain experts. After determining the ROIs, we generate "locally optimal" codebooks representing texture features of each region using the Generalized Lloyd Algorithm. We then utilize the codeword usage frequency of each codebook as a discriminative feature vector for the region it represents. We compare k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine and neural network classification approaches using the normalized histogram intersection as a similarity measure. The classification accuracy reached up to 98% for certain experimental settings, indicating that our approach may potentially assist clinicians in the interpretation of lung images and facilitate the investigation of relationships among structure, texture and function or pathology related to several lung diseases.
12.7 A power-management ASIC with Q-modulation capability for efficient inductive power transmission

A wide variety of applications can benefit from near-field wireless power transfer using coupled inductive links, such as wireless sensors and implantable microelectronic devices. The use of inductive power transmission is expected to see an explosive growth over the next decade as engineers try to cut the last cord from mobile electronics, small home appliances, and even electric vehicles [1]. The inductive link power transfer efficiency (PTE) is highly dependent of the loading of the receiver (Rx) coil, referred to as R L . As shown in Fig. 12.7.1a, magnetic resonance-based power transmission in the form of a 3-coil link has been proposed to maximize PTE for any given R L by transforming it to an optimal load, using k 34 variable [2,3]. Alternatively, an off-chip matching circuit has been used to transform R L [4]. However, these methods need either an additional coil or a network of off-chip capacitors and inductors, which add to the size/cost of Rx. Moreover, in the above applications, R L can change drastically during operation and there is a need for Rx to dynamically compensate for a wide range of R L to maintain high PTE.
Type II DNA topoisomerases

Type II DNA topoisomerases are enzymes capable of passing one DNA duplex through another. A combination of structural and biochemical analyses is illuminating the mechanistic details of this transport reaction, revealing the sites of DNA and nucleotide binding and the existence of large-scale domain motions.
Patterns and predictors of state adult obesity prevention legislation enactment in US states: 2010–2013

Objective This study examined bill- and state-level factors associated with enactment of adult obesity prevention legislation in US states.
Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Linear Multiplexed Electrospray Atomizers Micro-Machined from Metal and Polymers

Multiplexed electrospray is a promising aerosol generation technique to produce high throughput quasi-monodisperse droplets in the nanometer and micron size range. Here we report the design, fabrication, analysis, and performance of a linear electrospray (LINES) system. The fabrication of the nozzle array is based on a precision computer numerical control (CNC) micromachining platform with 1-micron resolution. This rapid prototyping approach offers the flexibility of creating devices from a wide range of materials including metals and polymers with packing densities on par with silicon microfabrication at 20 sources/cm for LINES devices and 460 sources/cm2 for the two-dimensional array. The LINES device uses a slot extractor design to simplify alignment and enhance operation robustness. We also used dummy nozzles (posts without fluidic channels) to offset edge effect on electric field and improved droplet size uniformity. We derived the approximate spray expansion model from charge conservation and Gauss’...
A High-Pressure Polymorph of Troilite, FeS

A new polymorph of FeS was produced in a diamond-anvil cell and observed at high pressure both optically and by x-ray diffraction. Fourteen x-ray reflections of the high-pressure FeS were recorded; however, the crystal structure is unknown. This form of FeS is stable at 25°C only at pressures above approximately 55 kilobars. The transition to the lower pressure polymorph, troilite, is rapid and reversible.
Modeling of the type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum well designs for mid-infrared laser diodes by k∙p method

Different type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum well design structures on InP substrate for mid-infrared emission has been modeled by six band k•p method. The dispersion relations, optical matrix element, optical gain and spontaneous emission rate are calculated. The effects of the parameters of quantum wells (thickness, composition) and properties of cladding layers were investigated. For injected carrier concentration of 5×10 12 cm -2 , peak gain values around 2.6-2.7 μm wavelengths of the order of 1000 cm -1 can be achieved, which shows that type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum wells are suitable for infrared laser operation beyond 2μm at room temperature.
Prevention of elbow injuries in youth baseball pitchers.

Context:Although baseball is a relatively safe sport, numerous reports suggest a rapid rise in elbow injury rate among youth baseball pitchers.Evidence Acquisition:PubMed was searched for epidemiol...
Evaluating Multiple‐Attribute Decision Support Systems

Differences in the perceived usefulness of five multiple-attribute decision support systems versus a basic spreadsheet are empirically assessed. Twenty-four college faculty members participated in a repeated measures experiment in which they used decision support software for personal computers to analyse semistructured multiple-attribute problems. The software packages employed were Criterium, Expert Choice, Logical Decision, VIMDA, VISA and the spreadsheet package Quattro Pro. A questionnaire was developed to assess user-friendliness of the software, confidence in the procedure implemented by the software, and users’ confidence in their results when employing the decision aids. Time to reach a decision was also measured. Significant differences were fund in the overall way users ranked these aids, in the perceived user-friendliness and the confidence in procedure among aids, and in the time it took to arrive at a result. Comments from users are also reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intuitive statistical inference: How pigeons categorize binomial samples

Pigeons categorized binomial samples produced by two complementary random processes. Samples were 1, 2, 4, or 8 successively presented outcomes (vertical or horizontal lines) of, in effect, tossing one of two equally likely coins. One coin (A) was biased in favor of vertical, and the other coin (B) was similarly biased in favor of horizontal. Choosing red or green stimuli presented after each sample was reinforced with food if coin A or coin B had been tossed, respectively. In that sense, choosing red or green was logically analogous to inferring that the statistical evidence reflected tossing of coin A or coin B, respectively. The statistical diagnosticity of a sample, the relative likelihood of its having been produced by a particular coin, equaled, except for sampling fluctuation, the relative frequency of reinforcement of a particular color given that sample, and was experimentally varied by the bias on the coins and by sample size. All the variables that affect optimal, formal inference about binomial samples also affected intuitive inference. But inferences were very suboptimal: “undermatching” was obtained in part due to control of categorization by the sequential structure of binomial samples. These results reveal limitations of optimality theories for animal decision making in the face of uncertainty when observations in samples are presented successively. On the other hand, they are generally compatible with molecular analyses of instrumental learning which assign an important role to the local temporal organization of events preceding reinforcement. Most generally, they show that maladaptive control over intuitive statistical inference by a variable upon which optimal performance does not depend is neither a uniquely human phenomenon nor dependent upon linguistic strategies.
Managing human resources in small organizations: What do we know?

Abstract While much of our knowledge concerning traditional HR topics (e.g., recruiting, compensation, or performance management) in large firms may also apply in small or emerging organizations, evidence suggests that new ventures are different and that management of people within them may not clearly map to management within larger, more established organizations. This paper reviews extant research on managing people within small and emerging ventures and highlights additional questions that have not yet been addressed. Our review suggests that as scholars, our understanding of the HR issues important to small and emerging firms is limited. While we have begun to understand how these firms should hire, reward, and perhaps even motivate their employees, we lack much of the theory and data necessary to understand how small and emerging firms train their employees, manage their performance, promote or handle organizational change, or respond to potential labor relations and union organization issues. The existing literature presents an often-confounded relationship between size and age, between the issues important to small firms and the issues important to young ones. Given the potential early HR decisions have to impact the organization's downstream success, it is important that we understand how these functional areas of HR (as well as their integration and evolution) affect small and emerging firms, and how the HR decisions made during the formative stages of firm development impact the firm's long-term goals.
Arginine 302 (Helix IX) in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli Is in Close Proximity to Glutamate 269 (Helix VIII) as Well as Glutamate 325 (Helix X)

By using a variety of biochemical and biophysical approaches, a helix packing model for the lactose permease of Escherichia coli has been proposed in which the four residues that are irreplaceable with respect to coupling are pairedGlu269 (helix VIII) with His322 (helix X) and Arg302 (helix XI) with Glu325 (helix X). In addition, the substrate translocation pathway is located at the interface between helices V and VIII, which is in close vicinity to the four essential residues. Based on this structural information and functional studies of mutants in the four irreplaceable residues, a molecular mechanism for energy coupling in the permease has been proposed [Kaback, H. R. (1997) Pro.c Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 5539]. The principle idea of this model is that Arg302 interacts with either Glu325 or Glu269 during turnover. Evidence that Arg302 is in close proximity with Glu325 has been presented [Jung, K., Jung, H., Wu, J., Prive, G. G., & Kaback, H. R. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 12273; He, M. M., Voss, J., Hu...
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SOMEONE ACTS COMPULSIVELY

The standard philosophical view is that compulsive behaviors are caused by “irresistible” desires. Gary Watson famously argued that this view conflates compulsion with weakness of the will, and proposed differentiating weakness and compulsion by appealing to the normal strength-of-will of members of the community. This extrinsic distinction leaves no room for phenomenological differences between weakness and compulsion. Evidence from clinical psychology shows, however, that compulsion is associated with certain phenomenological features that are absent in cases of weakness. I therefore reject the irresistible desire account. Instead, I propose that psychological compulsions “wear down” an individual’s normal faculty of self-control, i.e., the will. The recurrent inhibition of the behavior by the will overexerts this faculty, causing the psychological stress noted by psychologists. This stress raises the cost of resistance until it is unbearable. The subject abandons resistance and therefore performs the behavior.
Rhythmicity of intermale aggression in mice: Potential pineal influences∗∗

Abstract In order to investigate the rhythmicity of intermale aggression in mice, and the potential influence of the pineal gland, we maintained 20 male SJL mice who were singly housed in LD 10:14.10 animals were pinealectomized and 10 animals were given sham operations. Pairs of subjects within each group were placed in a testing arena and allowed to fight for 6 minute encounters. Each animal encountered a different member of his group every 27 h so that after 8 days there had been an aggression test for every 3 h of the 24‐h cycle. Beginning on the ninth day the entire test cycle was replicated. During testing five agonistic behaviors were scored for each animal: tail lashing, offensive posture, biting, sniffing and defensive posture. Dominance was also scored on a 5‐point scale. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, multiple regression and analysis of covariance and Mests. Results of the study confirm the hypothesis that agonistic behaviors vary rhythmically in male albino mice. Although pinealecto...
Voracity and growth in discrete time

Abstract Several developing countries have frequently responded to favorable shocks by increasing government spending more than proportionally and by investing in inefficient capital projects. As a result, transitory windfalls have frequently lead to a contemporaneous deterioration of the current account, an increase of the fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio, and a decline in the quality of investment. Representative agent models cannot rationalize these facts. Tornell and Lane (1998) [Tornell, A., Lane, P., 1998. Voracity and growth. American Economic Review, 1998, forthcoming] rationalize them considering a differential game among several powerful groups. We present the discrete time analog of that model and show that the results are not specific to the continuous time specification.
A symbolic algorithm for maximum flow in 0-1 networks

We present an algorithm for finding the maximum flow in a 0-1 network. The algorithm is symbolic and avoids explicit enumeration of the nodes and edges of the network. Therefore, it can handle much larger graphs than it was previously possible (more than 10/sup 36/ edges). The main idea is to trace (implicitly) sets of edge-disjoint augmenting paths. Disjointness is enforced by solving an edge matching problem for each layer of the network with the help of newly defined priority functions.
Necdin-E2F4 interaction provides insulin-sensitizing effect after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery

Abstract Background The insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway promotes adipocyte differentiation and, therefore, insulin sensitivity by suppression of necdin expression, which represses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma promoter activity by interaction with E2F4 in mouse adipocytes. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that this pathway represents one of the mechanisms by which Roux-en- Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) induces resolution of insulin resistance. Methods Clinical samples were collected and the key biomarkers measured to test the hypothesis that the IGF-1 pathway represents 1 of the mechanisms by which RYGB induces resolution of insulin resistance in obese individuals. Results Free IGF-1 levels were significantly greater in the post-RYGB patients than in the pre-RYGB obese patients (2.55 ± 1.54 versus 1.32 ± .65 μg/L, P = .03) and similar to that in normal weight controls (2.54 ± 1.27 μg/L). Necdin and E2F4 gene expression in the adipose tissue was significantly downregulated after RYGB compared with obese and were similar to the levels observed in the controls. In mature human adipocytes cultured in vitro, treatment with des-IGF-1 induced downregulation of necdin and E2F4 gene expression in a dose-dependent manner ( P = .01). Conclusion After RYGB, the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway is activated and could account for the observed decrease in the expression of necdin, which represses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma promoter activity by interaction with E2F4. This could represent one of the mechanisms that induce resolution of insulin resistance after RYGB.
Periodicals collection management: Organizing, creating, and maintaining a system

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Providence College's experience in organizing, creating, and implementing the library's collection management system.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the need for and the development of a collection management system to help make decisions regarding the cancellation and retention of periodical titles.Findings – The collection management system provided the librarians with information required to integrate the periodicals collection. It allows the academic departments to manage the periodical titles in their respective areas and to make decisions about which periodical titles they would like the library to subscribe or to cancel. It allows the library to inventory the collection.Originality/value – The paper provides insight into the integration of a collection management system and would be useful to those involved in that field who are looking to follow suit.
Coarse woody debris carbon storage across a mean annual temperature gradient in tropical montane wet forest

Coarse woody debris (CWD; defined here as fallen and standing dead trees and tree ferns) is a critical structural and functional component of forest ecosystems that typically comprises a large proportion of total aboveground carbon (C) storage. However, CWD estimates for the tropics are uncommon, and little is known about how C storage in CWD will respond to climate change. Given the predominant role that tropical forests play in global C cycling, this information gap compromises efforts to forecast climate change impacts on terrestrial C balance. The primary objectives of this study were to: (i) quantify CWD C storage in a tropical montane wet forest; and (ii) determine if CWD C storage varies with mean annual temperature (MAT). Coarse woody debris C was quantified with line-intercept sampling techniques in nine permanent plots located across a highly constrained 5.2 degree C MAT gradient spanning 800 m elevation on the eastern slope of Mauna Kea Volcano, Island of Hawaii. Forests across this tropical montane MAT gradient contained large quantities of CWD C (44.3 ± 11.2 Mg ha-1; Mean ± 1 SE), which accounted for an estimated 17% of total aboveground C storage. Across the entire gradient, CWD C was found primarily as: moderately decayed CWD (Decay Class 2); tree CWD; fallen CWD; and small diameter CWD (2–10 cm). Tree ferns accounted for an average of ∼20% of total CWD C, but are rarely included in tropical CWD estimates. Overall, total CWD C ranged from 12.2 to 104.6 Mg ha-1 across the MAT gradient, and decreased with increasing MAT. The negative relationship between CWD and MAT was driven by large accumulations of standing tree CWD at cooler MATs, as fallen CWD did not vary with MAT. The results presented here are in line with limited evidence from tropical studies showing that CWD can make up a large fraction of total aboveground C storage. In addition, these data suggest that CWD could become a net C source to the atmosphere in tropical forests with future warming. A decrease in tropical montane CWD C storage would have important implications for global C dynamics and atmospheric CO2 levels.
Using mobile beacons to locate sensors in obstructed environments

Locating sensors in an indoor environment is a challenging problem due to the insufficient distance measurements caused by short ultrasound range and the incorrect distance measurements caused by multipath effect of ultrasound. In this paper, we propose a virtual ruler approach, in which a vehicle equipped with multiple ultrasound beacons travels around the area to measure distances between pairwise sensors. Virtual Ruler can not only obtain sufficient distances between pairwise sensors, but can also eliminate incorrect distances in the distance measurement phase of sensor localization. We propose to measure the distance between pairwise sensors from multiple perspectives using the virtual ruler and filter incorrect values through a statistical approach. By assigning measured distances with confidence values, the localization algorithm can intelligently localize each sensor based on high confidence distances, which greatly improves localization accuracy. Our performance evaluation shows that the proposed approach can achieve better localization results than previous approaches in an indoor environment.
The relatioship between plasma membrane lipid composition and physical-chemical properties II. Effect of phospholipid fatty acid modulation on plasma membrane physical properties and enzymatic activities

Abstract The fatty acid composition of plasma membrane phospholipids of the murine T lymphocyte tumor EL4 were systematically modified in an attempt to understand the relationship between lipid bilayer composition and plasma membrane physical and biological properties. Two plasma membrane enzyme activities, adenylate cyclase and ouabain-sensitive ( Na + + K + )-ATPase, were measured in normal and fatty acid-substituted EL4 plasma membrane fractions. The fatty acid effect on enzyme activities was similar to previously reported effects of fatty acids on cytotoxic T cell function. The activity of both enzymes was inhibited by saturated fatty acids, while unsaturated fatty acids had a moderate enhancing effect on both enzyme activities. Using two different nitroxide derivatives of stearic acid, the order parameter and approximate rotational correlation times were calculated from ESR spectra of normal and fatty acid-modified plasma membranes. No significant difference was found in either parameter in these membranes. These results, in conjunction with earlier data from our laboratory and others, suggest that caution should be exercised in inferring changes in membrane ‘fluidity’ based on lipid modulation of biological membranes.
Androgen Metabolism in the Brain of the Green Anole Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)

Activities of the steroid metabolizing enzymes aromatase and 5α-reductase have been documented in species ranging from fish to humans, yet relatively little work has been done in this area in reptiles. In the green anole lizard,Anolis carolinensis,steroid hormones are critical to the display of both masculine and feminine sexual behaviors. For example, dihydrotestosterone and testosterone can stimulate both masculine courtship and copulatory behaviors, and estrogen and testosterone facilitate feminine receptivity. These results suggest roles for both aromatase (which catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol) and 5α-reductase (which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone). This study documents the presence of both enzymes in the brain of the green anole and indicates that the activity of 5α-reductase is much higher than that of aromatase in whole brain homogenates. However, differences exist among brain regions, such that aromatase activity is higher in preoptic area/hypothalamic dissections, whereas 5α-reductase is much more active in the brain stem. These variations in regional enzyme activity may influence steroid hormone regulation of specific sexual behaviors in male and female anoles.
Susceptibility to Infection and Altered Hematopoiesis in Mice Deficient in Both P- and E-Selectins

We describe the phenotype of mice lacking both endothelial selectins after sequential ablation of the genes encoding P- and E-selectins. In contrast with the rather mild phenotypes observed in mice deficient in a single selectin gene, the doubly deficient mice present extreme leukocytosis, elevated cytokine levels, and alterations in hematopoiesis. Granulocytopoiesis is increased both in bone marrow and spleen, while erythropoiesis is partially translocated to the spleen. Virtual lack of leukocyte rolling and low extravasation at sites of inflammation make these animals susceptible to opportunistic bacterial infections, to which they succumb. Our results show that the absence of endothelial selectins severely affects leukocyte homeostasis and indicate that these two selectins are as important for normal leukocyte function as are the leukocyte beta2 integrins.
Effect of eluant properties on drug release from cellulose acetate butyrate-coated drug resin complexes

Abstract Phenylpropanolamine adsorbed onto sulfonic acid cation-exchange resin particles was coated with cellulose acetate butyrate using an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Release of drug from such microcapsules required counter-ions in the eluting media, which permeated the coating and displaced the drug from its binding sites. The type of counter-ion had a significant influence on the rate of drug release; in the presence of hydrogen ions release was rapid, but if the eluant contained calcium ions release was slow. Eluants with low pH values caused a more rapid release of drug from the coated drug-resin complexes when compared to eluants of higher pH values, even though the ionic strenght was maintained constant. An increase in ionic strenght at selected pH values resulted in an enhancement of the drug release rate, with the increase being more noticeable at lower pH values.
Applications of contour dynamics to two layer quasigeostrophic flows

We determine stationary states and examine dynamic mergers of isolated piecewise constant regions of potential vorticity in a two-layer quasigeostrophic model. We focus on the behavior of the critical initial separation distance for merger, dc, as a function of γ-1 (inverse Rossby radius) and δ, the ration of layer depths.
Vehicle parameterization and tracking from traffic videos

The popularity of surveillance cameras used in traffic management systems have produced large quantities of video data that cannot be processed easily by humans. We present a method used on high resolution traffic surveillance videos to track and estimate vehicles' state when the cameras are mounted on moderate height structures typically less than 10 meters. This tracking method enables a number of applications and does not have the infrastructure requirements of other vehicle tracking methods. The method requires that both the internal and external camera parameters are calibrated and that vehicles move on a ground plane. Each of the vehicles using this tracking process is parameterized as a rectangular cuboid with dimensions (length, width, and height) and state (position and attitude) reflecting that of the vehicle. From a traffic video stream, visible features on the surface of a vehicle are selected and tracked. A particle filter is used to infer the vehicle's state as the vehicle moves through the camera's field of view. In this paper, we present the method, as well as results from real and simulated data, which demonstrate robust tracking and state estimation for a variety of vehicle types.
The Impact of Maternal Depressive Symptoms on Adolescents’ Aggression: Role of Parenting and Family Mediators

Previous research has found an association between mothers’ depressive symptoms and their adolescents’ involvement in aggression. The present study examined three mechanisms believed to account for this relation: parenting practices, family functioning, and informant discrepancy. Participants were a high-risk sample of 927 mother–adolescent dyads (66% African American) who completed baseline assessments for the Multisite Violence Prevention Project. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Adolescents’ aggression was assessed using parent- and teacher-report on the Behavior Assessment System for Children and student-report on the Problem Behavior Frequency Scale. Mothers’ reports of depressive symptoms were significantly related to their adolescents’ aggression based on student, teacher, and mothers’ reports, with the strongest correlations found with mothers’ reports. Multilevel modeling indicated that maternal depressive symptoms were related to the degree of discrepancy between mothers’ ratings of their adolescents’ aggression and ratings by adolescents and their teachers. Smaller discrepancies between mothers’ and teachers’ ratings of adolescents’ aggression were found for depressed mothers, as compared to non-depressed mothers. Structural equation models indicated that the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and mothers’ report of adolescents’ aggression was mediated by several parenting and family functioning variables, with the clearest effects for parenting practices. Similar findings were not found in analyses predicting adolescents’ ratings and teachers’ ratings. These findings underscore the potential direct and indirect benefits of interventions focused on reducing depression among mothers with adolescent children.
Aggregate size distribution evolution for Brownian coagulation—sensitivity to an improved rate constant

Brownian motion causes small aggregates to encounter one another and grow in gaseous environments, often under conditions in which the coalescence rate (say, spheroidization by "sintering") cannot compete. The polydisperse nature of the aerosol population formed by this mechanism is typically accounted for by formulating an evolution equation for the joint PDF of the state variables needed for describing individual particles. In the simple case of fractal-like aggregates (prescribed morphology and state, characterized just by the number of aggregated spherules, or total aggregate volume), we use the quadrature method of moments and Monte Carlo simulations to show that recent improvements in the laws governing free molecule regime coagulation frequency (rate "constant") of these aggregates cause systematic changes in the shape of the asymptotic aggregate size distribution, with significant implications for the light-scattering power and inertial impaction behavior of such aggregate populations.
Gradient innterpenetrating polymer networks. II. Polyacrylamide gradients in poly(ether urethane)

The surface of poly(ether urethhane) is modified by preparing gradient interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with polyyacrylamide hydrogels. Soveral experimental methods are used for preparing the gradient IPNs. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) is used as the main characterization technique.
Cyanotoxins from Black Band Disease of Corals and from Other Coral Reef Environments

Many cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins, which has been well documented from freshwater environments but not investigated to the same extent in marine environments. Cyanobacteria are an obligate component of the polymicrobial disease of corals known as black band disease (BBD). Cyanotoxins were previously shown to be present in field samples of BBD and in a limited number of BBD cyanobacterial cultures. These toxins were suggested as one of the mechanisms contributing to BBD-associated coral tissue lysis and death. In this work, we tested nine cyanobacterial isolates from BBD and additionally nine isolated from non-BBD marine sources for their ability to produce toxins. The presence of toxins was determined using cell extracts of laboratory grown cyanobacterial cultures using ELISA and the PP2A assay. Based on these tests, it was shown that cyanobacterial toxins belonging to the microcystin/nodularin group were produced by cyanobacteria originating from both BBD and non-BBD sources. Several environmental factors that can be encountered in the highly dynamic microenvironment of BBD were tested for their effect on both cyanobacterial growth yield and rate of toxin production using two of the BBD isolates of the genera Leptolyngbya and Geitlerinema. While toxin production was the highest under mixotrophic conditions (light and glucose) for the Leptolyngbya isolate, it was highest under photoautotrophic conditions for the Geitlerinema isolate. Our results show that toxin production among marine cyanobacteria is more widespread than previously documented, and we present data showing three marine cyanobacterial genera (Phormidium, Pseudanabaena, and Spirulina) are newly identified as cyanotoxin producers. We also show that cyanotoxin production by BBD cyanobacteria can be affected by environmental factors that are present in the microenvironment associated with this coral disease.
A New Phytosaur (Archosauriformes, Phytosauria) from the Lot's Wife Beds (Sonsela Member) within the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona

ABSTRACT A new phytosaur taxon from Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, is here described based on cranial material from a single individual. This specimen previously was included in an extensive phylogenetic analysis, and it was found to possess a combination of character states that differs from all known phytosaur taxa in addition to two autapomorphies within the braincase and an autapomorphy of the mandible. The new taxon adds to the taxonomic diversity recognized from the Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation. The continued increase in phytosaur diversity emphasizes the need to more accurately characterize and identify taxa within a phylogenetic systematic context in order to produce a more refined signal for biostratigraphic correlations, biochronologic inferences, and faunal dynamics during the Late Triassic.
Electron transport in a model Si transistor

Abstract A model transistor is defined and used to understand steady-state electron transport in nanoscale silicon transistors. For this model device, the electric field profile is fixed and not computed self-consistently from the carrier density profile. The current versus voltage ( I – V ) characteristics of the model device as well as the internal carrier density and velocity profiles are computed by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. We find that the I – V characteristics of the model transistor can be explained by simple, physical arguments even when the critical regions are of the order of a mean free path and strong off-equilibrium transport occurs. This analysis provides insight into the current-limiting mechanisms of a nanoscale transistor. It also provides a basis for testing some commonly used transport models and shows that many of them are seriously unphysical at nanoscale dimensions.