cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boy with bilateral retinoblastoma due to an unusual ring chromosome 13 with activation of a latent centromere.

We present a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma and developmental delay who has an abnormal male karyotype containing 47 chromosomes, including an acentric derivative chromosome 13. We postulate that the derivative 13 occurred after a break at 13q14, with the proximal portion of the chromosome forming a ring and the distal portion undergoing duplication. Thus, this patient is trisomic for 13q14-->qter. The derivative chromosome with duplicated distal portion (13q14-->qter) lacked the 13 centromere and was negative for chromosome 13 alpha-satellite DNA by low stringency FISH. Nevertheless, this chromosome is stably transmitted in lymphocytes and fibroblasts. A single primary constriction was observed at band 13q21, consistent with activation of a latent centromere (neocentromere) at this band. The neocentromere on der(13) was positive for multiple centromeric proteins, suggesting that it acts as the functional centromere. By FISH, the Rb gene was present on the normal 13, the proximally derived ring chromosome, but not on the derivative chromosome. Although there was no evidence for disruption of the Rb gene, this chromosome rearrangement most likely results in abnormal expression of the Rb gene product.
Intersections between School Reform, the Arts, and Special Education: The Children Left Behind.

Arts education and special education within public schools have faced similar challenges in the wake of school reform. Services and programming have been reduced, leaving a larger gap in resources and accessibility. Because of loopholes in policy, new reform initiatives such as vouchers and charter schools will continue to marginalize students with exceptionalities, minorities, and students in poverty, as well as arts and humanities programs. Recommendations to reduce this gap include an alliance between arts, humanities, and special education organizations in order to create a stronger voice for advocacy and accessibility. In addition, the author recommends that charter schools and private schools that use federal and state dollars (e.g., voucher programs) should be subject to federal special education law and required to offer arts programs. Admission to charter schools should not be talent-based and should be accessible to all students.
The E-Book Lifestyle: An Academic Library Perspective

This case study describes an academic library's experiences in managing e-book collections amidst escalating expectations from users. A survey of student habits and attitudes reveals a steadily growing readiness to access e-books via handheld devices. Faculty use of e-books is also increasing. Current developments in the mobile technology market are addressed alongside issues of content, format, and marketing.
Influence of the Electrolyte Film Thickness on Charge Dynamics of Ionic Liquids in Ionic Electroactive Devices.

Developing advanced ionic electroactive devices such as ionic actuators and supercapacitors requires the understanding of ionic diffusion and drifting processes, which depend on the distances over which the ions travel, in these systems. The charge dynamics of [C4mim][PF6] ionic liquid films and Aquivion membranes with 40 wt % [C2mim][TfO] were investigated over a broad film thickness (d) range. It was found that the double layer charging time τDL follows the classic model τDL = λDd/(2D) very well, where D is the diffusion coefficient and λD the Debye length. In the longer time regimes (t ≫ τDL) where diffusion dominates, the charge dynamics become voltage dependent. For low applied voltage, the later stage charge process seems to follow the d2 dependence. However, at high voltages (>0.5 V) in which significant device responses occur, the charging process does not show d2 dependence so that τdiff = d2/(4D), corresponding to the ion diffusion from the bulk region, was not observed.
What's Wrong with Exploitation?

abstract This paper offers a new answer to an old question. Others have argued that exploitation is wrong because it is coercive, or degrading, or fails to protect the vulnerable. But these answers only work for certain cases; counter-examples are easily found. In this paper I identify a different answer to the question by placing exploitation within the larger family of wrongs to which it belongs. Exploitation is one species of wrongful gain, and exploiters always gain at the expense of others by inflicting relative losses on disadvantaged parties. They do harm to their victims, even when their interactions are mutually advantageous, by failing to benefit the disadvantaged party as fairness requires. This failure is the essential wrong in every case of wrongful exploitation. At the end of the paper I assess how wrong this failure is as a way to gain at another's expense.
The problems and prospects of the farm credit system

Harsh and inaccurately forecasted economic conditions placed stresses on the Farm Credit System (FCS) and caused the organization to incur losses beginning in the mid-1980s. In recent years, the FCS has been neither more nor less able to avoid problem farm loans than commercial banks. But, because of the composition of the FCS portfolio, the problems of the FCS are more severe than those of banks. Federal legislation designed to bolster the FCS achieved certain short-term objectives in 1985 and 1986. However, even with additional federal assistance, the longer-term prospects for the FCS are uncertain since problems which created difficulties for the FCS in the mid-1980s remain unsolved.
Laboratory‐scale continuous hydrogenation

Data required for modeling and simulation of continuous hydrogenation kinetics have been obtained in an isothernal, cocurrent flow-type reactor. A preheated suspension of catalyst in oil, mixed with hydrogen, is passed cocurrently through 10 m length of 0.12 cm ID Teflon tubing at flow rates varying from 1.5 to 4.5 ml/min, gas flow rates from 100 to 700 ml/min, and temperatures from 150 to 190 C. The hydrogenations are run using nickel catalyst at outlet pressures of one atmosphere. Samples are removed at equal intervals along the length of the reactor and analyzed by gas chromatography. The kinetics of the continuous reactor are satisfactorily modeled by the simple scheme Ln→Lo→01→S using first order kinetics. Reaction rates, calculated by a digital computer, are shown to be related to temperature by the Arrhenius equation.trans Content and degree of hydrogenation are increased with temperature are decreased as oil flow increases. Hydrogen flow rate has little or no effect over the range studied.
On luminance additivity and related topics.

Abstract Original and historical data regarding luminance additivity are considered in terms of the photometric systems of absolute foveal threshold, direct brightness matching, incremental threshold and flicker photometry. Evidence is provided in support of an empirically-based vector model which describes both bichromatic luminance additivity and colour-matching data at or near threshold, and new experiments are described which confirm that red-plus-green mixtures are grossly less than additive at threshold and high intensities. Also reported is the result that green-plus-violet mixtures are less than additive at threshold but superadditive (the whole is greater than the sum of the parts) at high levels. The facts of luminance additivity among normal and color blind observers are discussed within the framework of a physiologically based trichromatic opponent-colors theory which suggests that absolute threshold, direct brightness matching and incremental threshold judgments are mediated by the combined outputs of an opponent-type chromatic system and a nonopponent achromatic system, whereas flicker judgments are mediated only by the nonopponent system.
Some Spectrum Lines of Neutral Helium derived theoretically

IT is well known that, owing to the prohibitive nature of the general problem of three (or more) bodies, Bohr's quantum theory has proved so far to be unable to account for any spectrum lines but those forming a series of the simple Balmerian type, i.e. where N is the familiar Rydberg constant given by 2π2me4/ch3, and κ the number of unit charges contained in the nucleus, or the atomic number. Apart from X-ray spectra of the higher atoms, for which κ is replaced empirically by a smaller and not necessarily a whole number (Moseley, Sommerfeld), and where the requirements of precision are not high, this simple type of formula covers, as a matter of fact, only the spectra of atomic hydrogen (κ = 1) and of ionised helium (κ = 2), which, having been deprived of one of its electrons, presents again the same problem of two bodies as the hydrogen atom. Accordingly, the known spectrum series of He+, the ultraviolet Lyman series, the principal or Fowler's series, and the Pickering series, are all of the simple Balmer type, with n= 2, 3, 4 respectively.
The impact of stochastic variance on worm propagation and detection

The most commonly published analytic models of Internet worm behavior use differential equations that express mean field behavior; these equations have deterministic solution. Such models necessarily suppress the expression of stochastic variance in worm behavior. Variance in real worms' behavior have a variety of sources,most particularly that due to random scanning for susceptible hosts. Variance can be explained by a model that focuses on the times of next infection (TNI), which tells us that variance in infection times is due primarily to variance in inter-infection times early in the worm's life. This regime of worm behavior is particularly relevant to simulation-based studies of worm detection mechanisms. The main contributions of this paper are to validate the infection times of the TNI model with respect to a complex scan-oriented model based on Code Red structure, and to empirically evaluate the variance in intuitive and commonly used metrics for worm detection. Our experiments show that the variance is very very high, a result which strongly suggests that evaluation of worm defense mechanisms not overlook this variance as will occur when deterministic models of worm propagation are used.
In Vivo Gene Transfer of Prepro-Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide to the Lung Attenuates Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in the Mouse

Background—Calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) is believed to play an important role in maintaining low pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and in modulating pulmonary vascular responses to chronic hypoxia; however, the effects of adenovirally mediated gene transfer of CGRP on the response to hypoxia are unknown. Methods and Results—In the present study, an adenoviral vector encoding prepro-CGRP (AdRSVCGRP) was used to examine the effects of in vivo gene transfer of CGRP on increases in PVR, right ventricular mass (RVM), and pulmonary vascular remodeling that occur in chronic hypoxia in the mouse. Intratracheal administration of AdRSVCGRP, followed by 16 days of chronic hypoxia (Fio2 0.10), increased lung CGRP and cAMP levels. The increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), PVR, RVM, and pulmonary vascular remodeling in response to chronic hypoxia was attenuated in animals overexpressing prepro-CGRP, whereas systemic pressure was not altered while in chronically hypoxic mice, angiotensin II and endo...
Cells Proliferating in Vitro to Local Brain Injury Are Primarily of Hematic Origin and Differ from Those Associated with Anterograde Degeneration

(a) The PR elicited by excitotoxic destruction of intrinsic neurons in the CN has a rapid onset, peaks within 2 weeks, and persists indefinitely; (b) the majority of the proliferating cells are not intrinsic to the CNS but are of hematic origin; (c) a small mirror-image response is seen in the contralateral CN; (d) the proliferating response in anterogradely degenerating terminals in SN differs in time course, magnitude, and phenotypically from that initiated by direct neuronal loss. We conclude that the majority of proliferating cells at the site of selective neuronal injury in brain are of hematic origin in contrast to that initiated during anterograde degeneration, which consists primarily of intrinsic cells of brain (glia).
Demonstration of a receptor on rabbit neutrophils for chemotactic peptides.

Abstract [3H]formylNorleu-Leu-Phe, a potent leucocyte chemoattractant, binds specifically to a site on rabbit neutrophils with an affinity of 1.5 × 10−9 M. Other acylated peptide chemoattractants displace this binding at concentrations closely related to those levels required to elicit chemotaxis. The binding fulfills the major criteria for demonstration of specific receptor sites and indicates that a natural bacterial product and synthetic formyl-peptides produce chemotaxis by the same receptor mechanism.
The 11B(p, n)11C cross section from threshold to 4.9 MeV

Abstract The 0° neutron yield and the neutron angular distributions have been measured for proton energies from 3 to 4.9 MeV. Particular emphasis was placed on the target preparation so as to resolve a conflict between earlier cross section data. The angular distributions vary slowly with the incident proton energy as is expected from the rather broad resonances present. A spin of J π = 2 − was assigned to the 19.25 MeV level in 12 C.
The reduction of nitrate by molybdenum(V) complexes in dimethylformamide

Abstract As a model system for the molybdenum enzyme nitrate reductase, the reduction of NO−3 by monomeric Mo(V) complexes of the formula MoOCl3L (L = o-phenanthroline, cis- andtrans-bipyridyl) in anhydrous DMF has been investigated. The complexes reduce NO−3 in a one-electron reduction, producing NO2 and the corresponding Mo(VI) complex MoO2Cl2L. The reaction is first order in MoOCl2L and is inhibited by Cl−. The order with respect to NO−3 is complex and the kinetics are best represented by the rate expression — d[MoOCl 3 L] d t = a[ NO − 3 ] (b[ Cl − 3 ] + c[ NO − 3 ]) . A mechanism involving the preliminary dissociation of Cl− from the complex, followed by the formation of an intermediate NO−3 complex which subsequently undergoes electron transfer to produce products, has been developed.
Towards automated appliance recognition using an EMF sensor in NILM platforms

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) has been studied for a few decades now as a method of disaggregating information about appliance level power consumption in a building from aggregate measurements of voltage and/or current obtained at a centralized location in the electrical system. When such information is provided to the electricity consumer as feedback, they can then take the necessary steps to modify their behavior and conserve electricity. Research has shown potential for savings of up to 20% through this kind of feedback. The training phase required to allow the algorithms to recognize appliances in the home at the beginning of a NILM setup is a big hindrance to wide adoption of the technique. One of the recent advances in this research area includes the addition of an Electro-Magnetic Field (EMF) sensor that measures the electric and magnetic field nearby an appliance to detect its operational state. This information, when coupled with the aggregate power consumption data for the home, can help to train a NILM system, which is a significant step forward in automating the training phase. This paper explores the theory behind the operation of the EMF sensor and discusses the feasibility of automating the training and classification process using these devices. A case study is presented, where magnetic field measurements of eight appliances are analyzed to determine the viability of using these signals alone to determine the type of appliance that the EMF sensor has been placed next to. Various dimensionality reduction techniques are applied to the collected data, and the resulting feature vectors are used to train a variety of common machine learning classifiers. A vector subspace obtained using Independent Component Analysis (ICA), along with a k-NN classifier, was found to perform best among the different alternatives explored. Possible reasons behind the findings are discussed and areas for further exploration are proposed.
Abstract 670: Aurora kinase inhibitor VE 465 synergistically enhances cytotoxicity of carboplatin in ovarian cancer cells through induction of apoptosis and downregulation of histone 3

Aurora kinases are essential for the regulation of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis during mitosis and play a role in tumorigenesis and progression in human tumors, including ovarian cancer. Aurora A and Aurora B are frequently overexpressed in high-grade and low-grade ovarian cancers. Targeting aurora kinases has great potential for improving the efficacy of treatment of ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated whether the Aurora kinase inhibitor VE 465 will enhance the antitumor activity of carboplatin in human ovarian cancer cells. Cell viability was tested using the MTT assay in seven established human epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines with varying p53 status. We found that VE 465 and carboplatin had a synergistic effect (defined by the combination index) in both platinum-sensitive and -resistant ovarian cancers and that the growth-inhibitory effect was accompanied by reduction in expression of histone 3 and an increase in apoptosis. Aurora kinase inhibition in combination with carboplatin chemotherapy is an attractive combination for further development. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 670.
T1717 Contemporary Surgical Management for Ileosigmoid Fistulas in Crohn's Disease

Background Current diagnostic modalities and surgical treatments for ileosigmoid fistulas (ISF) in Crohn’s disease (CD) are not well characterized.
Evaluation of Truck Impact Hazards for Interstate Overpasses

Increased freight activities on Interstate highways escalate the risk of collision between trucks and overpass bridges. Although such events are rare, the consequences of such a collision may be catastrophic. Many overpass bridges were designed and constructed in the early years of development of the Interstate highway system and therefore did not meet the requirements specified in AASHTO's Load and Resistance Factor Design Bridge Design Specifications. In this study, 5-year truck run-off-the-road crash data, information on Interstate highway geometric characteristics, and traffic information were collected to develop crash prediction models for bridge bents. The bent-based predictive methods improved the collision risk estimate by evaluating the individual bents of a bridge on the basis of roadway geometrics and traffic conditions. The detour costs subsequently measured on the basis of the additional road user costs caused by the failure of a bridge were used to assess the importance of a bridge quantita...
Disclosing medical errors: a practical guide and discussion of radiation oncology-specific controversies.

The probability of a radiation oncologist remaining lawsuit free after 30 years in practice is 35% (1). Today’s litigious society has escalated the number of lawsuits, but the practice of medical error disclosure offers hope. Disclosure has been advised by the American Medical Association since 1982 and by the Joint Commission since 2001 (2, 3). In September 2010, California passed ground-breaking legislation with SB 1237, which mandates disclosing wrong site, wrong patient incidents, and dose variance of 20% or more of the total prescribed dose to the patient and reporting these facts to the department of public health. Full-disclosure hospitals have a process by which the institution looks at cases identified by patients, families, or caregivers as having an unanticipated outcome. The hospitals perform an institution-based review to determine whether there was an error. The institutions disclose the course of events to the injured patients, acknowledging any errors made, and offer financial compensation, all outside the tort system, without reporting to the National Practitioner Databank (4). Institutions like the University of Michigan that embrace full disclosure are decreasing malpractice costs by as much as 61%, as well as the total number of claims (4). The benefits extend beyond the financial realm: medical errors represent a significant contributor of stress to healthcare providers, and disclosure offers an opportunity for forgiveness (5); yet, most of us have no training in disclosure.
Hybrid Polymer/Ultrathin Porous Nanocrystalline Silicon Membranes System for Flow-through Chemical Vapor and Gas Detection

Here we discuss a novel capacitive-type chemical sensor structure that uses recently discovered porous nanocrystalline silicon (pnc-Si) membranes [1] covered with metal as the capacitor plates while a polymer layer sandwiched between them serves as the sensing layer for solvent vapor detection. Pnc-Si is new ultrathin (15 nm) membrane material with pore sizes ranging from 5 to 50 nm and porosities from < 0.1 to 15 % that is fabricated using standard silicon semiconductor processing techniques. We present a study of pnc-Si membranes as a platform for such a sensor. The degree of swelling and the reversibility of the polymer/pnc-Si membrane system immersed in analyte-containing vapors are observed using optical and electrical techniques.
Small area variation in diabetes prevalence in Puerto Rico

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the 2009 prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in Puerto Rico among adults ≥ 20 years of age in order to gain a better understanding of its geographic distribution so that policymakers can more efficiently target prevention and control programs. METHODS: A Bayesian multilevel model was fitted to the combined 2008-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and 2009 United States Census data to estimate diabetes prevalence for each of the 78 municipios (counties) in Puerto Rico. RESULTS: The mean unadjusted estimate for all counties was 14.3% (range by county, 9.9%-18.0%). The average width of the confidence intervals was 6.2%. Adjusted and unadjusted estimates differed little. CONCLUSIONS: These 78 county estimates are higher on average and showed less variability (i.e., had a smaller range) than the previously published estimates of the 2008 diabetes prevalence for all United States counties (mean, 9.9%; range, 3.0%-18.2%).
Berle and Means revisited: The governance and power of large U.S. corporations

In The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932), Berle and Means warned of the concentration of economic power brought on by the rise of the large corporation and the emergence of a powerful class of professional managers, insulated from the pressure not only of stockholders, but of the larger public as well. In the tradi- tion of Thomas Jefferson, Berle and Means warned that the ascendance of management control and unchecked corporate power had potentially serious consequences for the democratic character of the United States. Social scientists who drew on Berle and Means in subsequent decades presented a far more benign interpretation of the rise of managerialism, however. For them, the separation of ownership from control actually led to an increased level of democratization in the society as a whole. Beginning in the late 1960s, sociologists and other social scientists rekindled the debate over ownership and control, culminating in a series of rigorous empirical studies on the nature of cor- porate power in American society. In recent years, however, sociologists have largely abandoned the topic, ceding it to finance economists, legal scholars, and corporate strategy researchers. In this article, I provide a brief history of the sociological and finance/legal/strategy debates over corporate ownership and control. I discuss some of the similarities between the two streams of thought, and I discuss the reasons that the issue was of such significance sociologically. I then argue that by neglecting this topic in recent years, sociologists have failed to contribute to an understanding of some of the key issues in contemporary business behavior. I provide brief reviews of four loosely developed current perspectives and then present an argument of my own about the changing nature of the U.S. corporate elite over the past three decades. I conclude with a call for sociologists to refocus their attention on an issue that, however fruitfully handled by scholars in other fields, cries out for sociological analysis.
Caveats for Cross-Border Negotiators

Scholars and practitioners have detailed a number of ways that differences in national culture can affect bargaining behavior: from surface etiquette and protocol to deeper cultural characteristics and to systematic variations in decision making and governance. Such cross-national analysis can be quite useful but is prone to at least four hazardous fallacies described in this article and illustrated, in some cases, by probabilistic reasoning. Along with suggestions for avoiding them, these fallacies include: (1) “The John Wayne v. Charlie Chan Fallacy” (stereotyping); (2) “The Rosetta Stone Fallacy” (overattribution); (3) The Visual Flight Rules Fallacy (skewed perceptions and information processing); and (4) “St. Augustine's Fallacy” (“When in Rome...”).
Mechanistic study of enzyme catalyzed polymerization of 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonate using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed polymerization of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (HQS) has been studied by in-situ NMR spectroscopy. The 2, 4 and 7 positions of the HQS are involved in oxidative free radical coupling with other HQS molecules with the order of reactivity being 7 ≥ 2 > 4. A mechanism for the oxidative free radical coupling and structure of the resulting polymer is proposed, which is supported by 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Economic Development and the Escape from High Mortality

Summary This paper studies the characteristic features of the escape from high mortality as recorded from the historical experience of Northwestern Europe and from the current experience of less developed countries. The paper documents stylized facts of mortality change and measures the contribution of economic development, represented by income per capita, to the mortality decline during the second half of the 20th century. The paper argues that improvements in economic conditions since the 18th century are an important factor behind the decline in death rates in developed countries and in the subsequent reduction of death rates in less developed countries. We show that economic development lowers mortality through differential effects in infectious disease mortality and that quantitatively, income growth is able to account for between one-third and one-half of the recent mortality decline.
Effects of chronic excess salt ingestion. Genetic influence on the development of salt hypertension in parabiotic rats: evidence for a humoral factor.

Parabiosis has been found to modify the expected blood pressure response of rats from two strains with opposite genetic propensities for experimental hypertension. When a member from one strain was united in parabiosis with a member from the other and both were maintained on high NaCl diet, the rat from the strain ordinarily resistant to it rapidly developed hypertension, in contrast to appropriate controls from this strain. The development of hypertension in this resistant animal preceded that in its mate from the strain highly sensitive to hypertension. In the latter, both the level of hypertension and mortality were significantly less than in its control. It seems likely that the hypertension observed is the resistant parabiont was initiated in its partner from the sensitive strain. This modification in blood pressures was not observed in the absence of a high NaCl diet. Parabiosis between animals from the same strain did not alter their response. Thus, as in earlier experiences (1–4) the interaction of a nongenetic factor (NaCl) with the appropriate genetic substrate appeared to be necessary for the development of hypertension. The findings are interpreted as evidence that a transmittable humoral influence plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rat hypertension. The presence of this agent is genetically determined but, under the conditions of these experiments, it took the added stimulus of dietary NaCl to demonstrate its existence.
Might Cleaning Up Elections Keep People Away from the Polls? Historical and Comparative Perspectives

Many democracies in the developing world have enacted reforms to make their elections cleaner. It is often assumed that such reforms will make elections more participatory. The reality, however, is that we know little about the consequences of current reform efforts on voter turnout. In examining both historical and contemporary cases, this article identifies three mechanisms by which clean election reform today might actually keep potential voters away from the polls: legal disfranchisment, cutting out the go-between, and buying abstention.
Children's Attitudes Toward Older Adults and Aging: A Synthesis of Research

This paper serves as a summation of literature on children's attitudes toward older adults and aging. Research indicates that the vast amount of information available provides varying levels of understanding toward children's actual views of older adults. Differences between measurements, settings, and procedures stand as barriers in cross-comparison of studies and findings. There is a need for early aging education and as well as consistent research methods.
Trends and developments in physical anthropology, 1978-1979.

Members of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists were asked to supply information about their current programs and their own graduate training in order to compile a training directory and to analyze certain aspects of the discipline. The data indicate that the majority consider their graduate training to have been deficient, mainly in statistics, genetics, chemistry, physiology, and mathematics. The areas though most important for future research in physical anthropology include fields such a genetics, anatomy, ecology, physiology, and paleontology, although a great many individuals are engaged in teaching and research in other areas. A brief analysis of relative growth in the field over the last few decades indicates a serious imbalance between the number of new Ph.D.'s and available employment opportunities.
A Note on Artificially Infected Fowl as Carriers of Salmonella

Abstract THE finding of Salmonella types in Canadian dried egg powder (Gibbons and Moore, 1944) raised the question of their mode of entrance. According to Jungherr and Clancy (1939), Mallman et al. (1942), Darby and Stafseth (1942), Edwards and Bruner (1943) and Hinshaw et al. (1944), Salmonellae are widely distributed in fowl in the United States, and they are probably more common in Canada than is realized. The organisms may be transmitted from infected ovaries to the yolk, or from infected fecal matter to the shell or the egg contents. Although definite reference to the first mode of transfer has not been found in chickens (Bunyea, 1942), (except, of course, S. pullorum), Hinshaw and his co-workers (1942, 1943) have shown that this is possible in turkeys. The transmission through fecal matter is obvious and it has been shown by Schalm (1937) that the organisms can penetrate the shell of chicken eggs, . . .
Recursive Utility and Optimal Capital Accumulation II: Sensitivity and Duality Theory ?

Summary. This paper provides sensitivity and duality results for continuous-time optimal capital accumulation models where preferences belong to a class of recursive objectives. We combine the topology used by Becker, Boyd and Sung (1989) with a controllability condition to demonstrate that optimal paths are continuous with respect to changes in both the initial capital stock, and the rate of time preference. Under convexity and an interiority condition, we nd the value function is dierentiable, and derive a multiplier equation for the supporting prices. Finally, under some mild additional conditions, we show that supporting prices obeying the transversality and multiplier equations are both necessary and sucient for an optimum. This paper provides sensitivity and duality results for continuous-time optimal capital accumulation models where the planner’s preferences are represented by a recursive objective functional. Time preference is exible. A previous paper (Becker, Boyd and Sung, 1989) established the existence of optimal paths by choice of an appropriate topology. In this paper, we combine the same topology with a controllability condition to demonstrate the sensitivity of the optimal path with respect to changes in the initial endowment of capital, and changes in the planner’s rate of time preference. Under convexity and an interiority condition, we nd the value function is dierentiable, and derive a multiplier equation for the
Precinct resources and voter wait times

The amount of time that voters wait in line while casting their ballots has been a matter of consternation in electorates across the world and a subject of ongoing academic research in the field of election administration. With this as context, we offer here a study of voting lines that combines observed voter arrival times and measures of precinct processes with simulation results. Empirically, we focus on the town of Hanover, New Hampshire, during the 2014 United States General Election. Voters in Hanover initially authenticate themselves to election officials, mark their ballots in secret, and finally insert said ballots into optical scan tabulating machines. These steps are reasonably generic, and thus the way we study Hanover voters is generalizable to the study of voters in democracies across the world. Our simulations show that line voting evolution can be studied after a simple data-collection plan is implemented, and we show how scholars and election officials can evaluate the effects of changing precinct resources, like the numbers of voter authentication stations and voting booths, on the formation and duration of voting lines.
Reply to "On the Effect of Common Excipients on the Oral Absorption of Class 3 Drugs"

We previously concluded that 12 common excipients need not be qualitatively the same and quantitatively very similar to reference for Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based biowaivers. This conclusion for regulatory relief is based upon a series of bioequivalence studies in humans involving cimetidine and acyclovir. Limitations were also discussed. We understand the major concern of Garcia-Arieta et al. is that "results obtained by Vaithianathan et al. should not be extrapolated to other drugs." We understand that individuals conducting their own risk/benefit analysis may reach that conclusion, and we reply to the concerns of Garcia-Arieta et al. We continue to conclude that the 12 common excipients need not be qualitatively the same nor quantitatively very similar to reference, but rather, simply be not more than the quantities studied in our manuscript for cimetidine and acyclovir, and potentially other class 3 drugs with similar properties.
A REVIEW OF THE SPECTROSCOPY OF GAS-PHASE FLOW: THE MOLECULES AND MODERN METHODS

*An overview of the use of species-specific, spectroscopic techniques in gaseous flows is presented. Basic considerations for the spectroscopic detection of atoms and molecules in flows are reviewed, and the specific issues associated with molecules of primary interest to the aerospace community are highlighted. A summary of the current state of knowledge with regards to modeling molecular spectra is included to assess the uncertainties associated with comparison of modeling results to experiment. In addition, the impact of recent developments in equipment on spectroscopic measurements will be discussed in light of obtaining spectra of fainter sources with higher temporal resolution.
Proton Pump Inhibitors

Stomach acid is natural contributor to orderly digestion. But its excess is a menace, inflaming and irritating the esophagus, causing heartburn with possible development of ulcers in the stomach and the duodenum.
Thermoacclimatory Variations in the Haematology of the Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio

1. The haematology of winter, summer, and autumn populations of carp has been investigated as a function of acclimation temperature. 2. Red-cell number, packed-cell volume, and haemoglobin tend to vary directly with temperature. Mean erythrocyte volume is increased at very low temperatures but, like mean erythrocytic haemoglobin and mean haemoglobin/unit erythrocytic volume, tends to be stable at moderate to high temperatures. 3. Although the data suggest a temperature-correlated increase in blood oxygen capacity, it is apparent that the animals must invoke other forms of cardiovascular-respiratory adjustment as well. 4. On a seasonal basis increases in oxygen capacity are seen at low, but not high, acclimation temperatures. It is suggested that this form of response may be related to the pattern of capacity acclimation typical of cyprinid fishes.
Analysis of laboratory etiology detection results of national influenza monitoring network in Liaocheng from 2009 to 2012

Objective To analyze the influenza surveillance data from Liaocheng during 2009-2012,and understand the etiology characteristic and epidemic law of influenza virus,so as to provide scientific basis for control of the flu outbreak and epidemic.Methods Real–time RT-PCR technology was applied to test influenza A,influenza B,H1HA,H3HA and SWH1 gene in suspected influenza samples.Results A total of 1221 flu-like samples were tested,and the flu virus nucleic acid positive rate was 27.6%.In the positive samples,the positive rates of influenza A(H1N1),seasonal H3N2,seasonal H1N1 and influenza B were 13.27%(162 /1221),3.11%(38 / 1221),0.082%(1 /1221) and 5.65%(59 /1221).Conclusion The epidemic dominant strain was influenza A(H1N1) in 2009,while the influenza epidemic situation showed no significant fluctuation in 2010 and 2011.Influenza B was dominant in younger children in 2012,while the influenza A(H1N1) was most frequently found in the young and middle-aged population.In addition,seasonal influenza strains were not absent in 2011.
Helical Gear System Dynamic Character Analysis Based on Sliding Friction

In order to study the character of friction force in gear pairs,a 12-degree of freedom helical system dynamic model was built considering time-varying meshing stiffness and effects of friction force. Setting a pair of helical gears for example,the function of time-varying friction force in helical gear dynamic response was analyzed after series of dynamic simulation program code had been worked out. It compared results under the situations of whether or not taking the effect of friction into consideration and verified that friction force can strongly increase the vibration in the direction perpendicular to the line of action and do harm to the bearings. Taking varies of characters into consideration,the model can help people study the effect of friction force in gear meshing process which can play a important role in design of gear systems.
Factors Determining Efficacy of NSAIDS

This article reviews the efficacy of NSAIDs and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The assumption that classic pharmacokinetic dose/plasma concentration response relationships ca...
Ureteroscopy in Children

AbstractThe development of ureteroscopy has led to a dramatic change in the management of ureteral stones as well as other ureteral pathological conditions in adults. Until recently, size limitations have prevented the technique from being used in small children. We have used ureteroscopy for diagnosis and therapy in 4 children less than 10 years old. There was no significant morbidity from the procedure in our patients.
Progression of bisphosphonate-associated impending atypical femoral fracture despite prophylactic cephalomedullary nailing: A case report and review of literature

While bisphosphonates have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of typical osteoporotic fractures, long-term bisphosphonate may be associated with atypical femoral fractures. We report a case of a bisphosphonate-related impending atypical femoral fracture which progressed despite prophylactic cephalomedullary nailing. The fracture healed without further surgical intervention after correcting the patient's bone metabolic profile and stopping the possible offending factors. Although prophylactic fixation of these fractures is recommended, our case and relevant literature review demonstrate that a simple fixation without optimizing other possible predisposing factors may not prevent progression of these fractures.
Background and Origins

John Maurice Clark, who became a leading American Economist in the mid-twentieth century, was born on 30 November 1884 in Northampton, Massachusetts. He was the third son of John Bates Clark, himself the leader of the mainstream in American economics towards the close of the nineteenth century, and Myra Almeda (Smith) Clark, a graduate of Vassar College. As a member of this family, the young Clark had a number of unusual opportunities to make a decisive impact on the American intellectual and social tradition.
IMPACT OF AN INPATIENT ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD HEART FAILURE CHECKLIST ON READMISSIONS

Background: Heart failure (HF) 30-day readmissions continue to have a clinical and economic burden on hospitals. We implemented an inpatient electronic medical record (EMR) based HF checklist designed at reducing deficiencies in transition of care with a goal of improving patient outcomes and
Ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging of lymph nodes with biocompatible gold nanoparticles as a novel contrast agent (Conference Presentation)

A key step in staging cancer is the diagnosis of metastasis that spreads through lymphatic system. For this reason, researchers develop various methods of sentinel lymph node mapping that often use a radioactive tracer. This study introduces a safe, cost-effective, high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time method of visualizing the sentinel lymph node: ultrasound-guided photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging augmented by a contrast agent. In this work, we use clearable gold nanoparticles covered by a biocompatible polymer (glycol chitosan) to enhance cellular uptake by macrophages abundant in lymph nodes. We incubate macrophages with glycol-chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles (0.05 mg Au/ml), and then fix them with paraformaldehyde solution for an analysis of in vitro dark-field microscopy and cell phantom. The analysis shows enhanced cellular uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages and strong photoacoustic signal from labeled cells in tissue-mimicking cell phantoms consisting gelatin solution (6 %) with silica gel (25 μm, 0.3%) and fixed macrophages (13 X 105 cells). The in-vivo US/PA imaging of cervical lymph nodes in healthy mice (nu/nu, female, 5 weeks) indicates a strong photoacoustic signal from a lymph node 10 minutes post-injection (2.5 mg Au/ml, 80 μl). The signal intensity and the nanoparticle-labeled volume of tissue within the lymph node continues to increase until 4 h post-injection. Histological analysis further confirms the accumulation of gold nanoparticles within the lymph nodes. This work suggests the feasibility of molecular/cellular US/PA imaging with biocompatible gold nanoparticles as a photoacoustic contrast agent in the diagnosis of lymph-node-related diseases.
A New Approach to Model Predictive Control and Identification

Abstract We propose a novel approach to constrained model predictive control and identification (MPCI). This approach relies on augmenting the standard MPC on-line optimization with a persistent excitation constraint that current and future process inputs must satisfy over a finite moving horizon. For linear processes, the resulting online problem is transformed to a series of semi-definite (SP) programming problems, for which efficient numerical methods with guaranteed convergence can be used on-line. The effectiveness of the proposed new methodology is illustrated through simulations.
A PV Residential Microinverter With Grid-Support Function: Design, Implementation, and Field Testing

Microinverter-based photovoltaic (PV) systems now represent about 8% of the U.S. residential market, and offer many advantages including safety, performance, and simplified installation. The next-generation of PV microinverter will include more ancillary functions to support grid stability and reliability in more distributed generation smart-grid systems. A commercial ready PV microinverter not only focuses on efficiency and cost, but also on reliability, manufacturability, compliance of various grid-code, and electromagnetic interference regulations. This paper presents a detailed design and development process of a microinverter system from concept all the way to final commercial-ready prototype. Various design tradeoffs such as topology, control, filter solutions and power supplies, and mechanical packaging are provided. The required prototype testing and final system field tests are also presented. The presented design and test process intends to accelerate the future microinverter system design and development toward a commercial ready product.
Towards a Formal Safety Framework for Trajectories

Trajectory generation is at the heart of an autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Given a navigation context, the UAV has to conceive a trajectory that fulfills its mission goal while avoiding collisions with obstacles and surrounding traffic. This intended trajectory is an idealization of the various actual physical trajectories that the UAV may perform during flight. The validation of actual physical trajectories with respect to their intended counterparts is challenging due to the interaction over time of several uncontrolled factors such as the environmental conditions, measurement errors and the cyber-physical components of the UAV. For this reason, the most common validation technique for trajectory generators is flight simulation, which is not exhaustive and thus cannot prove the actual absence of collisions.
Reducción del contenido de azúcar, grasa y sal en la cadena alimentaria: objetivo nutricional para la población española

Durante los ultimos 30 anos han mejorado los criterios y los parametros de la higiene de los productos alimenticios. Se han alcanzado unos niveles de maxima seguridad en la Union Europea. Ademas, desde el 2006 en los paises europeos tambien estan poniendose las bases para establecer similares procesos para la consecucion de determinados objetivos en la mejora de los parametros nutricionales de los alimentos y de las bebidas (en concreto del azucar, la grasa y la sal). En este sentido, Espana es uno de los paises que mas avances ha hecho y que han culminado con un acuerdo entre la Agencia Espanola de Consumo, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricion (Aecosan) y la Federacion de Industrias de Alimentacion y Bebidas (FIAB) para la mejora de la composicion de los alimentos y de las bebidas como objetivo prioritario para el ano 2020. Aunque desde el ano 2010 ya se han producido avances en la reduccion de azucar, grasa saturada y sal en determinados alimentos y bebidas, esta situacion se ha generalizado desde el ano 2017.