cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of human antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum antigens in blood meals of anopheline mosquitoes.

Human IgG antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum asexual stages, gametocytes and sporozoites were detected by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques in the blood meals of Anopheles gambiae s.l. from a malaria-endemic area of western Kenya. Field-collected mosquitoes, which had been stored dry for over 2 years, were screened first for human IgG by ELISA. In 141 blood meal samples from human-fed mosquitoes, the prevalence of stage-specific antibodies was 87.9% for asexual-stage parasites, 78.0% for gametocytes, and 87.9% for sporozoites. There were no differences in the prevalence of stage-specific antibodies for mosquitoes collected from 2 sites, before and after the long rainy season of 1988. The detection of specific human antibodies in mosquito blood meals by IFA, or by more efficient methods, may provide alternative approaches for large-scale, epidemiologic studies of malaria and other vector-borne diseases.
Reading Integration in Bilingual Speakers

The purpose of this chapter is to describe research methodologies that can be used to examine when and how bilingual readers integrate their representations of texts across languages and how their languages influence these representations. Text representations are described in terms of Kintsch and van Dijk’s concepts of Surface Form, Textbase, and Situation model. We review research methodologies designed to explore each of these levels of representation, such as script manipulations (surface form manipulation), code switching, and mixed-language reading (textbase manipulations), and transfer benefits and background knowledge (situation model manipulations). For each study reviewed, we describe key independent and dependent variables and key procedural issues that need to be controlled, such as properties of the stimuli. The research described here supports the conclusion that bilinguals can integrate text representations at multiple levels.
Taking the risk to engage in race talk: professional development in elementary schools

ABSTRACTDeveloping public education where every child has the right to learn requires that teachers pay attention to and engage in race talk – open discussion about race, social construction of race, and racism. While it is clear that children engage and reflect critically about these aspects of race even at a young age, teachers rarely engage in race talk with them. In this study, an African-American preservice teacher and a White teacher educator explore how African-American, Polynesian, and White in-service teachers, participating in Courageous Conversations professional development, address or avoid race talk in their elementary schools through the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT) and what risks they take when they do. Findings, through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, demonstrate that (1) racism was observed and/or experienced by all teachers in elementary schools; (2) lived racial experiences impacted teachers’ approach to conversations about race; (3) creating an open space was crucial for r...
Technology as Metaphor: Tropes of Construction, Destruction and Instruction in Globalization

This chapter probes two common, but also unstable, terms used in contemporary analyses of political change: technology and globalization. It defamilarizes dogmatic ways of seeing reality by exploring technology as metaphor. How does technology leave individuals regarding new relations of power, knowledge and control as if they are only shifts in things, products, or images as globalization subjects peoples and places to radical change? This analysis, firstly, examines how technology can be reconsidered metaphorically in globalization studies as a trope of construction, destruction and/or instruction all at the same time. By showing material bases for seeing technology as a ‘boundary object’ (Bowker and Starr, 1999) in existing relations of globalizing change, the study considers, secondly, how material realities can be grasped in social change metaphors, such as , for example, the rhetoric of electrification as terms for appraising globalization positively and negatively in political discourse.
Automated segmentation of cerebral aneurysms based on conditional random field and gentle adaboost

Quantified geometric characteristics of cerebral aneurysms such as volume, height, maximum diameter, surface area and aspect ratio are useful for predicting the rupture risk. Moreover, a newly developed fluid structure interaction system requires healthy models generated from the aneurysms to calculate anisotropic material directions for more accurate wall stress estimation. Thus the isolation of aneurysms is a critical step which currently depends primarily on manual segmentation. We propose an automated solution to this problem based on conditional random field and gentle adaboost. The proposed method was validated with eight datasets and four-fold cross-validation, an accuracy of 89.63%±3.09% is obtained.
Biosimilars in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Accumulating Clinical Evidence.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Biologic antagonists to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) are effective medications and have become well established in the treatment of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Biosimilar medications, which are medications deemed to be equivalent to reference biologic products in terms of clinical effectiveness, safety, pharmacokinetic analysis, and immunogenicity, have now been approved in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) based on indication exploration from clinical data in alternate disease states. Clinicians use these products with caution secondary to lack of clinical experience.Areas Covered: The authors performed a literature search using the following keywords: CT-P13, biosimilar, adalimumab, infliximab, ABP 501, and inflammatory bowel disease. Bibliographies were also reviewed for pertinent articles. Articles pertaining to the clinical efficacy of biosimilars in IBD were included.Expert commentary: The phase 3 trials, which provided the clinical justification to bri...
Changing Patterns in Rates and Means of Suicide in California, 2005 to 2013.

Objectives. To describe recent trends in suicide throughout California and to compare rates and methods of suicide (“means”) across demographic groups.Methods. Data from statewide mortality records were used to estimate age-adjusted rates of suicide from 2005 to 2013, overall and by means, age, gender, race/ethnicity, urbanicity, and county.Results. The suicide rate increased 12.6% between 2005 and 2013, from 11.2 to 12.6 per 100 000 population, but this overall trend masks substantial heterogeneity across subgroups. In particular, rapid increases were observed for individuals of multiple races/ethnicities. Means of suicide changed, trending away from firearms toward suffocation and drug poisoning.Conclusions. High-risk groups and means of suicide are changing rapidly in California, so appropriate public health programming should prioritize population-based strategies.
Mass spectrometry imaging: towards mapping the elemental and molecular composition of the rhizosphere

This short review provides perspective regarding the use of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to study the rhizosphere. It also serves to complement the multi-omic-focused review by White et al. (in press). MSI is capable of elucidating chemical distributions within samples of interest in situ, and thus can provide spatial context to MS omics data in complementary experimental endeavors. Most MSI-based studies of plant-microbe interactions have focused on the phyllosphere and on the “associated rhizosphere” (our term for material that is not removed during harvesting). Sample preparation for these in situ analyses tends to be a limiting factor. These studies, however, have provided valuable insights into the spatial arrangement of proteins, peptides, lipids, and other metabolites within these systems. We intend this short review to be a primer on the fundamentals of MSI and its role in plant-microbe analysis. Lastly, we offer a perspective on the future of MSI and its use in understanding the molecular transformations beyond what we call the associated rhizosphere, one which extends to the rest of rhizosphere and into the bulk soil.
Information content of visible and midinfrared radiances for retrieving tropical ice cloud properties

Hyperspectral instruments such as AIRS have spectrally dense observations effective for ice cloud retrievals. However, due to the large number of channels, only a small subset is typically used. It is crucial that this subset of channels be chosen to contain the maximum possible information about the retrieved variables. This study describes an information content analysis designed to select optimal channels for ice cloud retrievals. To account for variations in ice cloud properties, we perform channel selection over an ensemble of cloud regimes, extracted with a clustering algorithm, from a multi-year database at a tropical ARM site. Multiple satellite viewing angles over land and ocean surfaces are considered to simulate the variations in observation scenarios. The results suggest that AIRS channels near wavelengths of 14, 10.4, 4.2, and 3.8 μm contain the most information. With an eye toward developing a joint AIRS-MODIS retrieval, the analysis is also applied to combined measurements from both instruments. While application of this method to MODIS yields results consistent with previous channel sensitivity studies, the analysis shows that this combination may yield substantial improvement in cloud retrievals. MODIS provides most information on optical thickness and particle size, aided by a better constraint on cloud vertical placement from AIRS. An alternate scenario where cloud top boundaries are supplied by the active sensors in the A-Train is also explored. The more robust cloud placement afforded by active sensors shifts the optimal channels towards the window region and SWIR, further constraining optical thickness and particle size.
Rhetoric: How Politicians Manipulate Language and the Media to Shape Public Thought

This essay analyzes how politicians use the art of political rhetoric and framing to alter public opinion and the mediaâ€˜s receptiveness to the rhetoric. By analyzing the way politicians have used the terms â€œglobal climate change,â€ â€œtax relief,â€ â€œthe war on terror,â€ â€œtheory,â€ â€œtorture vs. abuse,â€ and the language framing abortion and controversial George W. Bush administration policies, the essay shows how politicians can use the power of words to gain political support from the public. The analysis then turns to the mediaâ€™s failure to act as a middle ground for the public. The essay examines how the media, due to the influence of money, does not offer an unbiased opinion. Finally, the essay explores the mediaâ€™s failure to act as an extra-constitutional â€œcheck and balanceâ€ to governmentâ€™s power.
Extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease arising in the heart: clinical course and review of literature

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, is a nonmalignant disease of unknown etiology. It may present as bilateral, massive, painless cervical lymphadenopathy; however, one third of the cases have extranodal involvement. Extranodal sites include soft tissue, skin, upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and central nervous system, with head and neck being the most common. Here we report a rare case of intracardiac RDD in a 46-year-old, African-American female who presented with worsening shortness of breath and fatigue for 7 weeks. Comprehensive physical examination was within normal limits; the patient had no lymphadenopathy. Echocardiogram revealed a large mass in the left atrium extending into the mitral valve. The mass was resected under the pretext of clinical diagnosis of myxoma, and the patient underwent a radical extended interatrial septectomy with bovine pericardial patch reconstruction. The 8-cm resected mass consisted of areas of fibrosis alternating with sheets of histiocytes enmeshed in a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Histiocytes contained intact lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, and erythrocytes suggesting emperipolesis. The diagnosis of RDD was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. This case highlights the extranodal manifestation of RDD in the heart which could be easily mistaken for a myxoma on clinical and radiologic evaluation. RDD must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient who presents with a cardiac mass.
Liquid-infused nitric oxide-releasing (LINORel) silicone for decreased fouling, thrombosis, and infection of medical devices

Recent reports on liquid-infused materials have shown promise in creating ultra-low fouling surfaces, but are limited in their ability to prevent bacterial proliferation and prevent platelet activation in blood-contacting applications. In this work, a liquid-infused nitric oxide-releasing (LINORel) material is created by incorporating the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitroso-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and silicone oil in commercial medical grade silicone rubber tubing through a solvent swelling process. This combination provides several key advantages over previous NO-releasing materials, including decreased leaching of NO donor, controlled release of NO, and maintenance of ultra-low fouling property of liquid-infused materials. The LINORel tubing reduces protein adhesion as observed using fluorescence imaging, and platelet adhesion (81.7 ± 2.5%) in vitro over a 2 h period. The LINORel combination greatly reduces bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation of two most common pathogens responsible for hospital acquired infections: gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (99.3 ± 1.9% and 88.5 ± 3.3% respectively) over a 7-day period in a CDC bioreactor environment. Overall, the LINORel approach provides a synergistic combination of active and passive non-fouling approaches to increase biocompatibility and reduce infection associated with medical devices.
The Costs of Loyalty. On Loyalty Rewards and Consumer Welfare

Loyalty rewards are pervasive. Airlines offer frequent flyer programs; credit cards provide miles, points, and cash-back; and groceries stores and pharmacies offer points to redeem “free” products. Despite their framing, however, “rewards” can harm consumers. Academics have recently argued that while rewards lock-in consumers and increase the prices of goods, courts and regulators have paid little attention to them. However, they have also suggested that consumer learning can cure current problems loyalty rewards produce on markets. In this article, I develop an alternative view, arguing that there are economic and psychological constraints to the self-corrective power of markets, and that loyalty rewards are more harmful than previously stated. Regarding the limits of markets to eradicate rewards, I argue that loyalty rewards provide sellers with valuable information about consumer behavior in an efficient way. This information allows sellers to segment the market and tailor especial marketing strategies to keep their most valuable consumers loyal to them and enhance their spending. In addition, I discuss that consumers tend to overestimate the value of rewards, which leads them to pick bundles that include rewards as part of the deal. According to psychological evidence, this is more patent when a reward is not valuable in itself but a medium that allows redeeming a valuable good in the future. This is the case of miles and points, which consumers tend to maximize despite not assessing their real exchange value. I survey the evolution of rewards in the credit card and airline markets, claiming that loyalty programs cause particular problems in each market. Nonetheless, I argue that successful loyalty programs, in addition to lock-in and higher prices, may generally produce three other issues. First, loyalty rewards might produce affective reactions and cravings on buyers, which soften switching rates and lessen market competition. Second, loyalty rewards that involve “media” tend to create an illusion of advantage that distorts people’s preferences and might lead to inefficiencies. Third, loyalty rewards can impose distributional costs on low-income consumers. This is patent in the credit card market, where loyalty rewards cause a general increase in prices but only a handful of high-income consumers benefit from loyalty rewards. The main implication of this article is that both consumers and buyers tend to prefer markets with loyalty rewards. If the self-corrective power of markets is limited, then legal intervention may be necessary, as demonstrated by countries where regulators have in fact regulated rewards. Of course, a detailed market-specific assessment is necessary to determine whether regulation is worth its costs.
Neighborhoods That Matter: How Place and People Affect Political Participation:

Well established in the literature is that social context, like the racial or partisan composition of neighborhoods, affects individual political behavior. Less understood is how the design of neig...
Telomere Diagnostics for Pancreatic Neoplasms and Cysts.

This commentary highlights the article by Hata et al that examines markers for assessing pancreatic neoplastic progression.
Evidence for episodic oxygenation in a weakly redox-buffered deep mid-Proterozoic ocean

Abstract Over the last two decades, popular opinion about prevailing conditions in the mid-Proterozoic deep ocean has evolved from fully oxygenated to globally euxinic (sulfidic) to a more heterogeneous, stratified water column with localized pockets of euxinia existing in predominantly iron-rich (ferruginous) deep waters. The Animikie Basin in the Lake Superior region has been essential in shaping our view of marine redox evolution over this time period. In this study, we present a multi-proxy paleoredox investigation of previously unanalyzed strata of the late Paleoproterozoic Animikie Basin using drill cores through the ~1.85 Ga Stambaugh Formation (Paint River Group) in the Iron River-Crystal Falls district of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. Based on previous tectonic reconstructions and analysis of sedimentary regimes, the Iron River-Crystal Falls section captures strata from among the deepest-water facies of the Animikie Basin. In contrast to previous work on sedimentary rocks in this basin, we find evidence from iron speciation, trace metal, and Mo isotope data for episodes of at least local deep-water oxygenation within a basin otherwise dominated by ferruginous and euxinic conditions. While trace-metal enrichments and iron speciation data suggest predominantly anoxic conditions, the occurrence of Mn-rich intervals (up to 12.3 wt% MnO) containing abundant Mn-Fe carbonate, and a wide range of Mo isotope data with extremely negative values (δ98/95Mo = −1.0 to +1.1‰), record the shuttling of Mn-oxides from surface waters through oxic or suboxic waters to the sediment-water interface. We propose that such conditions are analogous to those of locally restricted modern and Holocene basins in the Baltic Sea, which receive episodic inflow of oxygenated water, producing similar geochemical signatures to those observed for the Animikie Basin. We argue that the mid-Proterozoic was characterized by a lack of a strong redox buffer (low sulfide, ferrous iron, and oxygen contents), and thus was vulnerable to dramatic, and at least local, redox shifts—including briefly oxygenated bottom waters. A refined view of the mid-Proterozoic ocean is emerging: one that was still predominantly anoxic, but marked by regional heterogeneities and short-term redox variability that may, in part, reflect a transitional state between prevailingly anoxic Archean and predominantly oxic Phanerozoic oceans.
Statistiksoftware am PC — eine Marktanalyse

In diesem Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse einer mit Hilfe von Verfahren der multivariaten Datenanalyse erstellten Marktubersicht uber die fur Personal Computer verfugbaren Statistiksoftwarepakete dargestellt. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei die Moglichkeiten einer Segmentation des Gesamtmarktes sowie die Untersuchung einiger ausgewahlter Statistiksoftwarepakete im Hinblick auf ihre numerische Stabilitat.
The Role of CNT and CNT/Composites for the Development of Clean Energy

Applicability of CNT/CNT composites in clean energy applications has been demonstrated in a wide range from solar thermal conversion to more advanced antenna solar energy conversion (ASEC). So far the solar photovoltaic cells are the most promising and reliable way of converting solar power directly to electric power. Repeated demonstrations of single-wall carbon nanotubes’ (SWNT) suitability to form ideal p-n junction diodes enhanced the possibility of photovoltaic cells made out of CNT and CNT/composites. Hydrogen is considered to be a clean energy carrier. But high production cost and lack of a feasible storage system hindered the potential use of hydrogen. Photocatalytic water splitting is one of the cheapest ways of producing hydrogen gas. TiO2 has been the most widely used photocatalyst, but it has a low efficiency and a narrow light-response range. Combining TiO2 with CNT is being investigated as a means of increasing the photocatalytic activity and has proven the ability to fabricate an efficient heterogonous catalyst. Also the convenient adsorption of hydrogen in CNT makes it a good candidate for developing a feasible hydrogen storage system. Lack of an easy and effective CNT purification procedure is a major drawback to have such a storage system. Antenna solar energy conversion is an upcoming technology to convert the power of solar radiation directly to electric power utilizing the wave nature (electromagnetic) of light. It has demonstrated the applicability of CNT/CNT composites for this concept too. A good processability of materials is what requires for fabrication of potential complex geometries in ASEC as well as in photovoltaic cells. Polymer/CNT composites are expected to have good processing characteristics of the polymer and excellent functional properties of the CNTs.
Identifying protein subsets and features responsible for improved drug repurposing accuracies using the CANDO platform

Drug repurposing is a valuable tool for combating the slowing rates of novel therapeutic discovery. The Computational Analysis of Novel Drug Opportunities (CANDO) platform performs shotgun repurposing of 3,733 drugs/compounds that map to 2,030 indications/diseases by predicting their interactions with 46,784 protein structures and relating them via proteomic interaction signatures. The accuracy of the CANDO platform is evaluated using our benchmarking protocol that assesses indication accuracies based on whether or not pairs of drugs associated with the same indication can be captured within a certain cutoff, which is a measure of the drug repurposing recovery rate. To identify subsets of proteins that exhibit the same therapeutic effectiveness as the full set, groups of 8 proteins were randomly selected and subsequently benchmarked 50 times. The resulting protein sets were ranked according to average indication accuracy, pairwise accuracy, and coverage (count of indications with non-zero accuracy). The best 50 subsets of 8 according to each metric were progressively combined into supersets after each iteration and benchmarked. These supersets yield up to 14% improvement in benchmarking accuracy, and represent a 100-1,000 fold reduction in the number of proteins relative to the full set. Protein supersets optimized using independent compound libraries derived from the full library were cross-tested and were shown to reproduce the performance relative to using all 46,784 proteins, indicating that these reduced size supersets are broadly applicable for characterizing drug behavior. Further analysis revealed that sets comprised of proteins with more equitably diverse ligand interactions are important for describing drug behavior. Our work elucidates the role of particular protein subsets and corresponding ligand interactions that play a role in computational drug repurposing, and paves the way for the use of machine learning approaches to further improve the accuracy of the CANDO platform and its repurposing potential.
Reducing interfacial thermal resistance between metal and dielectric materials by a metal interlayer

Interfacial thermal resistance between metal and dielectric materials is a bottleneck of the thermal management for modern integrated circuits as interface density increases with thinner films. In this work, we have observed that the interfacial resistance across gold and aluminum oxide can be reduced from 4.8 × 10 − 8 m 2 K / W to 1.4 × 10 − 8 m 2 K / W after adding a nickel layer in between, which represents a 70% reduction. The two temperature model is applied to explain the reduction of interfacial resistance, and the results show that the nickel layer functions as a bridge that reduces the phonon mismatch between gold and aluminum oxide. Moreover, nickel has strong electron-phonon coupling, which reduces the thermal resistance caused by the weak electron-phonon coupling in gold.
Adolescents' Subjective Social Status Predicts Day-to-Day Mental Health and Future Substance Use.

Adolescents' subjective social status (SSS) is associated with mental and behavioral health outcomes, independent of socioeconomic status (SES). Many previous findings, however, come from cross-sectional studies. We report results from a longitudinal study with 151 adolescents identified as at risk for early substance use and behavioral problems sampled from low-SES neighborhoods. We examined whether adolescent's SSS predicted mental health (depression, anxiety, and inattention/impulsivity) measured over 30 days via ecological momentary assessment and risk for substance use at an 18-month follow-up. Results showed that with each perceived step "up" the SSS ladder, adolescents experienced fewer mental health symptoms in daily life and lower future substance use risk after adjusting for objective SES and previous psychopathology. Implications of these findings are discussed.
ANTECEDENTS OF MODERN EARNINGS MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: INCOME SMOOTHING IN LITERATURE, 1954–1965

An earlier article reviewed income smoothing in literature published up through 1953. This article extends that review through 1965, the year preceding the publication of the first modern empirical earnings management studies. The focus of this article is on the 1964 Gordon article which was the stimulus for those early income smoothing studies that began to appear in 1966 and marked the beginning of modern empiricism in accounting literature. Critical reading of Gordon's article suggests that he drew upon both earlier accounting and economics literature in formulating his theory of income smoothing. Review of the relevant earlier literature demonstrates that the primary elements of Gordon's article were present in both the earlier accounting and economics literature. Gordon's contribution was a more disciplined formulation of a theory of accounting choice than was present in the literature of this period and that theory included a series of seemingly straightforward, testable hypotheses.
Characterization of the cit-1 gene from Neurospora crassa encoding the mitochondrial form of citrate synthase

We have isolated the cDNA and corresponding genomic DNA encoding citrate synthase in Neurospora crassa. Analysis of the protein coding region of this gene, named cit-1, indicates that it specifies the mitochondrial form of citrate synthase. The predicted protein has 469 amino acids and a molecular mass of 52002 Da. The gene is interrupted by four introns. Hybridization experiments show that a cit-1 probe binds to two different fragments of genomic DNA, which are located on different chromosomes. Neurospora crassa may have two isoforms of citrate synthase, one in the mitochondria and the other in microbodies.
Locality and strength of intermolecular interactions in organic crystals: using conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) to characterize a highly polymorphic system

Intermolecular interactions of seven polymorphs of a model organic compound were elucidated through electronic structure-based local descriptors, derived from conceptual density functional theory, and their correlations with interaction energies. Visual and statistical analyses were conducted to inspect the underlying connections between interacting modes and electronic properties. It was found that Fukui function and Fukui potential determine interactions especially where π–π stacking is predominant in a contacting motif. The overall large regions of negative and positive values of electronic properties on interacting motifs unveil the significant correlation of the local electronic properties with the intermolecular interactions. This study further confirmed our previous reports that local softness and hardness descriptors, such as Fukui functions, are capable of characterizing the locality and strength of intermolecular interactions.
Metallo-β-lactamase resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is an artefact of currently utilized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods.

Background MBLs are a major contributor to β-lactam resistance when tested using CAMHB. Despite in vitro resistance, positive outcomes have been reported in MBL-infected patients following carbapenem treatment. The impact of physiological zinc concentrations on this in vitro-in vivo MBL discordance warrants investigation. Objectives To evaluate meropenem in vitro activity against MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in zinc-depleted broth (Chelex-CAMHB, EDTA-CAMHB) and assess meropenem efficacy in murine infection models. Methods Neutropenic mice received a meropenem human-simulated regimen of 2 g q8h or levofloxacin 750 mg q24h (for model validation). Zinc concentrations were determined in conventional CAMHB, zinc-depleted CAMHB and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of lung-infected mice. Results All MBL-producing isolates (NDM, n = 25; VIM, n = 3; IMP, n = 2) examined were meropenem resistant in CAMHB and susceptible in zinc-depleted CAMHB (5- to 11-fold reduction), with zinc depletion having no impact on levofloxacin MICs. Zinc concentrations (mean ± SD) in CAMHB were 0.959 ± 0.038 mg/L and in both zinc-depleted CAMHB and ELF were 1 log unit bacterial killing despite in vitro resistance in conventional CAMHB. Conclusions Results indicate that meropenem in vivo efficacy is best represented by the pharmacodynamic profile generated using MICs determined in zinc-depleted media for MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. These translational data suggest that the use of conventional CAMHB for MBL susceptibility testing is inappropriate in distinguishing meaningful in vivo resistance given that zinc concentrations are supraphysiological in conventional CAMHB and negligible at infection sites.
The Super-Rank of a Locally Nilpotent Derivation of a Polynomial Ring

The super-rank of a k-derivation of a polynomial ring \(k^{[n]}\) over a field k of characteristic zero is introduced. Like rank, super-rank is invariant under conjugation, and thus gives a way to classify derivations of maximal rank n. For each \(m\ge 2\), we construct a locally nilpotent derivation of \(k^{[m(m+1)]}\) with maximal super-rank \(m(m+1)\).
Sampling event dataset for ecological monitoring of riparian restoration effort in Colorado foothills.

Background The foothills and shortgrass prairie ecosystems of Colorado, United States, have undergone substantial and sustained anthropogenic habitat change over the past two centuries. Riparian systems have been dramatically altered by agriculture, hydrological engineering, urbanisation and the introduction of non-native invasive species. In 2016, Denver Botanic Gardens began a restoration effort of Deer Creek which seeks to modify the hydrology of the creek by mimicking the effects of beaver dams with artificial structures. The site, owned by the US Army Core of Engineers and managed by Denver Botanic Gardens, had been the subject of previous botanical surveys. With the initiation of the restoration project, permanent transects were established along the stream and are sampled for ground vegetation richness and abundance, canopy cover, soil and stream conditions and aquatic macroinvertebrate community makeup on an annual basis. To provide a means for tracking any post-intervention changes in the riparian ecosystem, this resource reports all recorded occurrences and measurements, along with methodologies and motivations from past and current surveys in the form of a sampling event dataset. New information The current project and past surveys document 382 plant taxa and 157 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa. A total of 16304 occurrences and 7422 measurements are included in the resource. Occurrence and measurement data taken from transects provide a means to measure species abundance, ground cover and other biotic and abiotic characteristics relevant to assessing the effects of hydrological restoration on riparian plant communities.
Rectification in Nonequilibrium Parity Violating Metamaterials

Mathematical analysis of a model network of linked masses on springs reveals how complex patterns of directed energy motion can arise from random fluctuations.
An Assessment of the Temporal Variability in the Annual Cycle of Daily Antarctic Sea Ice in the NCAR Community Earth System Model, Version 2: A Comparison of the Historical Runs With Observations

Understanding the variability of Antarctic sea ice is an ongoing challenge given the limitations of observed data. Coupled climate model simulations present the opportunity to examine this variabil...
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Genetic Kidney Disease: Addressing Moral Uncertainties and Access Inequity

Preimplantation genetic testing involves the genetic analysis of embryos after in vitro fertilization (IVF) to determine whether they have a genetic condition. Only embryos free of the condition are then selected for implantation. The procedure represents one of the first clinical innovations to
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Ulcerative Colitis. Are We Ready for Primetime

"Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease, have altered gut microbiomes. The success of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection, a disease that is also marked by dysbiosis, has spurred research in applying FMT to UC. So far, 3 randomized controlled trials have demonstrated benefit in mild to moderate UC disease course after FMT. However, important questions regarding optimal stool preparation, route, and frequency of administration, as well as characteristics of the stool donor and recipient still remain."
2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression after thyroid lobectomy.

Background 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines recommended more conservative treatment in low-risk well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC), stating that lobectomy alone may be sufficient. The guidelines further recommend mild thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level suppression (0.5-2 mU/L) for this population. Our goal is to evaluate the natural history of patients undergoing lobectomy to determine the percentage that would require postoperative levothyroxine supplementation under these guidelines. Methods Retrospective chart review of 168 patients that underwent lobectomy between 2010 and 2019 was performed. Preoperative and postoperative TSH values and the rate of patients prescribed levothyroxine were analyzed. Results Thirty-five percent of patients were prescribed levothyroxine postoperatively. At 6 weeks postoperatively, 66% had TSH value of >2; this increased to 76% by 6 to 12 months. Conclusion To adhere to ATA guidelines for WDTC managed with lobectomy alone, the majority of patients (76%) would require postoperative levothyroxine supplementation. Low preoperative TSH was found to be the most significant predictor for postoperative TSH
Hessian-driven unequal protection of DNN parameters for robust inference

This paper presents an algorithmic approach to design reliable deep neural networks (DNN) in the presence of stochastic variations in the network parameters induced by process variations in the bit-cells in a processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture. We propose and derive a Hessian based sensitivity metric that can be computed without computing or storing the full Hessian to identify and protect the "important" network parameters while allowing large variations in unprotected parameters. Experiments on modern DNNs like ResNet, MobileNetv2, DenseNet on CIFAR10 demonstrates that by shielding only a small (1% -- 5%) fraction of parameters one can achieve less than 1% accuracy degradation even under large (50%) stochastic variations in other parameters.
Twisting the thermoelectric potential

A multifunctional device produces a much-improved thermoelectric-driven transverse voltage by exploiting a thermoelectric current to drive an anomalous Hall effect in a ferromagnet.
Ownership Structure and Short Covering: Evidence from Earnings Announcements

“Sticky” ownership (including passive, insider, and long-term ownership) could hurt short-sellers by reducing the supply of shares available to buy-to-cover their positions. We examine the adverse effect of sticky ownership on short covering by focusing on the trading around earnings announcements. Heavily-shorted firms with sticky ownership experience higher returns and subsequent reversals after positive earnings surprises. The higher returns are the result of higher volume and greater price impact of short covering. Our inferences are robust to alternative samples around large changes in sticky ownership, a two-stage approach using residual ownership, and an exogenous short-covering trigger caused by macro funding shocks. The paper highlights a “dark-side” of sticky ownership to short-sellers, in contrast to prior work showing that passive ownership helps them by increasing lendable shares. The findings also suggest that the short covering and its interaction with ownership structure are correlated omitted variables in explaining earnings announcement returns.
A novel class III endogenous retrovirus with a class I envelope gene in African frogs with an intact genome and developmentally regulated transcripts in Xenopus tropicalis

Retroviruses exist as exogenous infectious agents and as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) integrated into host chromosomes. Such endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are grouped into three classes roughly corresponding to the seven genera of infectious retroviruses: class I (gamma-, epsilonretroviruses), class II (alpha-, beta-, delta-, lentiretroviruses) and class III (spumaretroviruses). Some ERVs have counterparts among the known infectious retroviruses, while others represent paleovirological relics of extinct or undiscovered retroviruses. Here we identify an intact ERV in the Anuran amphibian, Xenopus tropicalis. XtERV-S has open reading frames (ORFs) for gag, pol (polymerase) and env (envelope) genes, with a small additional ORF in pol and a serine tRNA primer binding site. It has unusual features and domain relationships to known retroviruses. Analyses based on phylogeny and functional motifs establish that XtERV-S gag and pol genes are related to the ancient env-less class III ERV-L family but the surface subunit of env is unrelated to known retroviruses while its transmembrane subunit is class I-like. LTR constructs show transcriptional activity, and XtERV-S transcripts are detected in embryos after the maternal to zygotic mid-blastula transition and before the late tailbud stage. Tagged Gag protein shows typical subcellular localization. The presence of ORFs in all three protein-coding regions along with identical 5’ and 3’ LTRs (long terminal repeats) indicate this is a very recent germline acquisition. There are older, full-length, nonorthologous, defective copies in Xenopus laevis and the distantly related African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus. Additional older, internally deleted copies in X. tropicalis carry a 300 bp LTR substitution. XtERV-S represents a genera-spanning member of the largely env-less class III ERV that has ancient and modern copies in Anurans. This provirus has an env ORF with a surface subunit unrelated to known retroviruses and a transmembrane subunit related to class I gammaretroviruses in sequence and organization, and is expressed in early embryogenesis. Additional XtERV-S-related but defective copies are present in X. tropicalis and other African frog taxa. XtERV-S is an unusual class III ERV variant, and it may represent an important transitional retroviral form that has been spreading in African frogs for tens of millions of years.
Magnetic resonance imaging of bilateral split lateral rectus transposition to the medial globe

Purpose Medial transposition of the split or intact lateral rectus (LR) muscle in oculomotor palsy improves extreme exotropia. We studied rectus pulley positions using high-resolution surface coil MRI before and after LR split with medial transposition surgery in a patient with bilateral oculomotor and trochlear nerve palsies.
Some Results from Classical Statistics

In this section we provide some definitions and state some theorems (without proof) from classical statistics. More details can be found in Schervish (1995). Let \(\textbf{y} = {[{y}_{1},\ldots,{y}_{n}]}^ T\) be a random sample from p(y∣θ).
Elevated carboxyhemoglobin in a marine mammal (698.1)

Low concentrations of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO), generated through catabolism of heme-proteins, have been shown to protect tissues against inflammatory diseases, and ischemia-reperfusion injuries. However, elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) formed by CO binding to hemoglobin, prevents adequate O2 delivery to tissues by lowering arterial O2 content. Therefore there must be a balance in the level of endogenous CO which maximizes cytoprotective effects and minimizes inhibition of O2 delivery. The elevated heme-protein concentrations as found in marine mammals, are likely associated with increased heme catabolism, and subsequently increased endogenous CO production and COHb values. We measured COHb in elephant seals, a species with exceptional blood volumes, hemoglobin concentrations and myoglobin content. The mean value in adult seals was 8.7 ± 0.3%, while juveniles and pups (with lower heme-protein stores) had COHb values of 7.6 ± 0.2% and 7.1 ± 0.3%, respectively. Serial samples over several hours rev...
Accounting Faculty Ethical Codes: A Time for Action?

AACSB eligibility standards state that accounting academic units must establish expectations for ethical behavior by faculty and administrators. Obviously, this requirement can be met in a variety of ways but the most direct is to establish an accounting faculty ethical code. This paper reports on a two phase empirical study of 70 AACSB accredited accounting doctoral programs in the U.S. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which the accredited accounting doctoral programs have adopted separate faculty codes of ethics. No separate codes for accounting academic units were found. Implications of these findings are discussed in this article. We believe the lack of specific ethical codes for accounting educators is of concern given the importance of ethics in both the educational process and in the business world. There is a need for a serious dialogue in the accounting academy about this issue.
Molecular orbital approaches to the interpretation of organic mass spectra

Abstract High and low resolution mass spectral data are presented for a series of seven ψ-1,3,4-thiadiazole- 2-thiones; seven other mesoionic heterocycles and two nonmesoionic analogs of the ψ-1,3,4-thiadiazole- 2-thione ring system. The fragmentation pathways for the mesoionic systems and the marked differences with the non-mesoionic analogs can be easily rationalized by application of MO theory. In its present form, this MO interpretation is an extension of the usual resonance approach to the explanation of mass spectral reactions, which has been successfully applied to other heterocycles.
Regulatory sequences and protein-binding sites involved in the expression of the rat plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor that inhibits both tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators. Expression of PAI-1 is regulated by growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in the basal expression of the rat PAI-1 gene, we have analyzed the cis-acting sequences and the trans-acting factors involved in the transcription of this gene in the HTC rat hepatoma cell line. DNase I protection analyses revealed eight regions within the first 764 base pairs of 5'-flanking sequence that interact specifically with HTC cell nuclear proteins. The proteins that bind to five of the eight footprinted sites were identified as PEA3-, Sp1-, and CTF/NF-1-like proteins using competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The expression of fusion genes containing progressive 5' deletions of the rat PAI-1 promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene were analyzed in transient transfection experiments in HTC cells. These studies demonstrated the Sp1 and CTF/NF-1 sites to be important for transcriptional activation. Two of the footprinted sites contain the sequence 5'-TTTGn(n)TCAAT-3' and were shown in competition electrophoretic mobility shift assays to bind the same or related protein(s). Sequences containing these sites, from -764 to -628 base pairs, and from -266 to -188 base pairs, were identified in functional studies as repressor elements of transcription.
Replica Modeling in Soil Dynamics

Comparisons between the displacement experienced by 1/5 scale models and prototypes for a series of drop tests under controlled conditions and a series of artillery foundation tests in the field demonstrate the importance of modeling soil layering and compaction in granular soils. Only by simulating soil compaction does correlation occur in sand and remolded clays. Replica model and prototype results relate reasonably to preconsolidated clays.