cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and spatial changes in carbon and nitrogen fluxes estimated using 234Th:238U disequilibria in the North Pacific tropical and subtropical gyre

Abstract Particle dynamics are an essential component of global ocean biogeochemistry as they transport essential nutrients, carbon, and other reactive elements and compounds from the surface ocean to depth in the water column. The North Pacific Ocean is characterized by spatial and temporal variations in particle export mediated by a diverse food web and variations in environmental conditions, such as oxygenation. Here we explored temporal variability in the downward flux of particulate carbon (PC) and nitrogen (PN) using 238U 234Th disequilibria, sediment traps and in situ pumps in winter, spring and summer at the time-series site Station ALOHA, a region characterized by a well-defined summer export pulse that influences the composition and structure of the biological community within the mesopelagic zone. We further explored spatial variability in PC and PN fluxes along a latitudinal gradient (17.5°-5°N x 150°W) that transitions from a low to high productivity region influenced by equatorial upwelling, with several stations further characterized by a shallow (~ 130 m) oxygen minimum zone. Winter PC and PN fluxes at 150 m at Station ALOHA were low, while summer and spring fluxes were significantly higher, coinciding with a seasonal export pulse associated with diazotrophs. PC and PN fluxes along the 155°W transect were also low at 150 m and similar to those measured at Station ALOHA in winter. At Station ALOHA zooplankton impart a greater influence over both small and large PC (and PN) fluxes in February relative to September or May, when heterotrophic bacteria play a proportionally larger role in particle remineralization and cycling. Along the transect stations, PC fluxes were too low to discern any clear trends with latitude, likely due to El Nino conditions at the time of sampling. Where vertical water column profiles of PC and PN fluxes were available, PC (and PN) fluxes were found to peak in the subsurface at 8°N (50 m) and 5°N (75 m) with zooplankton grazing and microbial remineralization following patterns similar to those found in February at Station ALOHA. Combined, these results support the hypothesis that small and large particles contribute to mesopelagic carbon demand depending on season, with smaller particles having greater contributions to mesopelagic food webs when surface derived particle export is low.
Reactions of Novice Interviewers Conducting Trauma Research With Marginalized Communities: A Qualitative Analysis:

Trauma-focused research highlights the reactions of seasoned professionals when engaging with vulnerable clients; however, less is known about the common reactions of novices engaged in trauma research, who may lack the skills to cope and interact with traumatized participants. The purpose of this study is to (a) describe common reactions experienced by novice trauma interviewers; (b) examine whether the issues they face are similar to those of seasoned helping professionals; and (c) discuss ways in which training and supervision can increase the well-being of interviewers in trauma research. A semi-structured assessment was administered to novice interviewers who had previously conducted psychosocial and trauma assessments with diverse community participants. Participation was voluntary. The assessment elicited responses concerning secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, posttraumatic growth, and self-help and resources. Audio files were transcribed; responses were compiled to explore themes and identify illustrative quotes. Eight interviewers (two males, six females) participated. Six reported no prior experience working with populations with histories of trauma. Novice interviewers described experiences of secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, compassion fatigue, posttraumatic growth, and resilience. Novice interviewers described symptoms consistent with those reported by seasoned helping professionals; positive and negative symptoms often coexisted. Interviewers who completed more assessments described reactions of sadness, anger, insomnia, and changes in worldview. Interviewers who shared similar traumatic histories or environments reported more examples of countertransference. All reported similar feelings of posttraumatic growth, such as hope and optimism, for their participants and an increased appreciation of their resilience. Implications for training and supervision are discussed.
Differences in presenting symptoms of acute stroke among young and older adults.

Abstract Background Prior studies demonstrated that young adults with stroke present later to medical attention, have lower initial NIHSS, and are frequently misdiagnosed as compared to older adults. We sought to assess potential differences in temporal and clinical characteristics of stroke symptoms between young (age 18–50 years) and older adults (age > 50). Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients age ≥ 18 years hospitalized at a comprehensive stroke center with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Outcomes included progression of neurologic deficits over the first 24 h, fluctuation in neurologic deficits, and characterization of the triage chief complaint as typical or atypical (less specific) for stroke. Univariate analyses for baseline covariates were performed with Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U tests. Associations with the three outcomes were assessed with multivariable logistic regression. Results 432 adults (73 young adults, 359 older adults) were included in the analysis. Overall, 28% demonstrated progression of neurologic deficits, 14% had fluctuating deficits, and 26% presented with symptoms considered atypical for stroke. After adjustment for demographics, stroke subtype, diabetes, admission blood pressure, and acute revascularization treatments, increased age was inversely associated with progression of deficits (OR 0.97 per year of age, 95% CI 0.95–0.98) and fluctuation in deficits (OR 0.98 per year of age, 95% CI 0.96–0.99). Hemorrhagic stroke subtype was inversely associated with fluctuation in neurologic deficits (OR 0.050, CI 0.0028–0.24). Conclusion Young adults are more likely to have progression or fluctuation of neurologic deficits in acute stroke. Patients with ischemic stroke are more likely to have fluctuation in neurologic deficits.
Supervisory Energy Management in Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids Based on a Hybrid Distributed Algorithm

As awareness of human global footprint grows, solution is investigated to reduce greenhouse gas emission (GHG). To reduce the carbon intensity of electricity production, a large deployment of renewable energy sources (RESs), such as solar panels and wind turbine, has become a mandatory goal. Therefore, more and more microgrids (MGs) appear. In this context, this paper proposes an effective framework for optimal operation management of hybrid AC-DC microgrids (MGs) incorporating both dispatchable and non-dispatchable energy sources as well as battery energy storage system (BESS). The proposed method is constructed based on mixture of an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and firefly algorithm (FA) as a non-linear optimization algorithm. The performance of the ADMM-MFA is assessed using a typical hybrid AC-DC microgrid. The simulation results show the high efficacy and accuracy of the proposed method in comparison with other well-known methods.
The Effect of Prearrest Acid-Base Status on Response to Sodium Bicarbonate and Achievement of Return of Spontaneous Circulation.

BackgroundThe efficacy of sodium bicarbonate (SB) administration during in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) for treatment of acidosis is not well described. The available literature has only evaluate...
Remote monitoring for heart failure using implantable devices: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

In heart failure (HF) patients, remote monitoring using implantable devices may be used to predict and reduce HF exacerbations and mortality. Data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed to determine the effectiveness of implantable remote monitoring on the improvement of outcomes in HF patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs testing remote monitoring versus standard of care for management of HF patients was performed. Primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and a composite of cardiovascular (CV) and HF hospitalizations. Rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. A secondary analysis tested for heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) comparing right ventricular/pulmonary pressure monitoring versus impedance-based monitoring on hospitalization. A regression analysis was performed using the mean follow-up time as the moderator on each primary endpoint. Eleven RCTs (n = 6196) were identified with a mean follow-up of 21.9 months. The mean age and reported ejection fraction were 64.1 years and 27.7%, respectively. Remote monitoring did not reduce mortality (RR 0.89 [95% CI 0.77, 1.03]) or the composite of CV and HF hospitalizations (RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.19]). Subgroup analysis found significant HTE for hospitalizations between those studies that used right ventricular/pulmonary pressure monitoring versus impedance-based monitoring (I2 = 87.1%, chi2 = 7.75, p = 0.005). Regression analysis found no relationship between the log rate ratio of remote monitoring’s effect on mortality, CV hospitalization or HF hospitalization, and mean follow-up time. Compared to standard of care, remote monitoring using implantable devices did not reduce mortality, CV, or HF hospitalizations. However, right ventricular/pulmonary pressure monitoring may reduce HF hospitalizations, which will need to be explored in future studies.
Remote Sensing of Deep Snow With C Band Radar Data: Volume and Surface Scattering

The capability of Sentinel 1 C band radar observations for mapping snow depth or snow water equivalent (SWE) has been demonstrated recently. However, theoretical models of C band radar signatures for snow retrieval are still lacking. In this paper, we study the volume scattering of snowpack and the surface scattering from the snow/soil interface. The snowpack is computer generated including dense ice aggregates. The volume scattering is calculated by the dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) model and the surface scattering is computed with the Oh model. With well characterized surface scattering, surface scattering contributions can be subtracted from radar observations to enhance sensitivity of volume scattering to SWE. The study will help improve C band SWE retrieval and provide the theoretical basis for retrieval algorithms.
Regulation of mitochondrial fission by GIPC-mediated Drp1 retrograde transport.

Drp1 is a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, a large cytoplasmic GTPase recruited to the mitochondrial surface via transmembrane adaptors to initiate scission. While Brownian motion likely accounts for the local interactions between Drp1 and the mitochondrial adaptors, how this essential enzyme is targeted from more distal regions like the cell periphery remains unknown. Based on proteomic interactome screening and cell-based studies, we report that GIPC mediates the actin-based retrograde transport of Drp1 towards the perinuclear mitochondria to enhance fission. Drp1 interacts with GIPC through its atypical C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. Loss of this interaction abrogates Drp1 retrograde transport resulting in cytoplasmic mislocalization and reduced fission despite retaining normal intrinsic GTPase activity. Functionally, we demonstrate that GIPC potentiates the Drp1-driven proliferative and migratory capacity in cancer cells. Together, these findings establish a direct molecular link between altered GIPC expression and Drp1 function in cancer progression and metabolic disorders.
The Production and Characterization of Banded GDP Capsules for Defect Implosion Experiments on Omega

AbstractGeneral Atomics has supported the Los Alamos National Laboratory Defect Implosion Experiment series on OMEGA with the process design and production of banded, gas-tight, glow discharge polymer (GDP) capsules. Production of a banded target is a multistep, multidisciplinary process requiring micromachining for the band, GDP coating for the capsule wall, and aluminum sputter coating to seal the capsules for subsequent gas fill. Challenges included applying a micromachining technique to create the channel that would result in the desired band after coating, and modification of the aluminum coating process to create a permeation barrier that would cover the banded region to allow for gas filling. Information describing the fabrication steps and characterization techniques employed to analyze the banded targets will be presented.
TeV-Scale Gravity: Detecting Black Holes with Cosmic Ray Air Showers

In models of large extra dimensions, gravitational effects may become relevant to particle processes at the TeV scale. In this scenario, extra-dimensional graviton production and graviton exchange events occur at sub-TeV scales, whereas black holes and branes are formed at super-TeV scales. Black holes could soon be detected in particle colliders and in Earth’s atmosphere by cosmic ray telescopes on the ground and in space. The phenomenology of gravitational events is significantly different from that of standard model processes. We review the differences between extensive air showers generated by black holes and standard model interactions.
Testing the Neurovascular Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: LRP-1 Antisense Reduces Blood-Brain Barrier Clearance, Increases Brain Levels of Amyloid-β Protein, and Impairs Cognition

Decreased clearance is the main reason amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) is increased in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The neurovascular hypothesis states that this decreased clearance is caused by impairment of low density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1 (LRP-1), the major brain-to-blood transporter of Abeta at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As deletion of the LRP-1 gene is a lethal mutation, we tested the neurovascular hypothesis by developing a cocktail of phosphorothioate antisenses directed against LRP-1 mRNA. We found these antisenses in comparison to random antisense selectively decreased LRP-1 expression, reduced BBB clearance of Abeta42, increased brain levels of Abeta42, and impaired learning ability and recognition memory in mice. These results support dysfunction of LRP-1 at the BBB as a mechanism by which brain levels of Abeta could increase and AD would be promoted.
The Stereoisomerization of 11-cis-Retinal

The thermodynamic parameters of the stereoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to the all-trans configuration have been measured in n-heptane between 20 and 80° (C). ΔF = -1100 to -1400 cal mole-1, ΔH = +150 cal mole-1, and ΔS = +4.4 e.u. The kinetic parameters have been measured in several solvents, which differ in their polarity, and in the presence of I2 as catalyst. For the uncatalyzed isomerizations, the Arrhenius energy (Ea) varies between 22,400 and 26,200 cal mole-1, and the Arrhenius or frequency factor (A) between about 108 and 1011 sec-1. In the presence of I2, A increases with relatively little change in Ea. In terms of the theory of absolute reaction rates, this means that chiefly the configurational parameter, ΔS‡, changes; ΔH‡ varies only slightly. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of isomerization are discussed.
Fechner's Law

Gustav T. Fechner (1801–1887), professor of physics at the University of Leipzig, sought to measure the mind quantitatively. In approaching this task he studied stimuli and the sensations they aroused. His interest was in ascertaining how sensations changed with changing stimulation. While lying in bed on the morning of October 22, 1850, he conceived the essential idea of what was later to be called Fechner's law. In his subsequent derivation of the law (which appears at the beginning of the second volume of Elemente der Psychophysik), he began with Weber's law (that the just-noticeable difference in stimulation is a constant proportion of the stimulus magnitude, or JND=kI) and the assumption that the sensation (R) of a stimulus is the cumulative sum of equal sensation increments. Translating this into differential form, he started with dR = dI/I and integrated, under the assumption that R = 0 at absolute threshold (I°), to get the equation R = clog (I/I°).
Right anterior insula connectivity is important for cue-induced craving in nicotine-dependent smokers.

The insula has been implicated in cue-induced craving and relapse in nicotine-dependent tobacco cigarette smokers. The aims of the present study were to identify brain regions that exhibit greater functional connectivity with the right anterior insula in response to smoking cues than to neutral cues and the role of functional connectivity between these regions in mediating cue-induced craving in healthy (free of Axis I psychiatric disorders) nicotine-dependent tobacco cigarette smokers. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 63 healthy nicotine-dependent smokers viewing blocks of smoking and neutral cues. Craving ratings were obtained after each block. A psychophysiologic interaction (PPI) approach was used to identify regions that exhibited significantly greater functional connectivity with the right anterior insula (seed) during the smoking cues than during the neutral (corrected cluster thresholding, Z>2.3, p=0.05). Parameter estimates of the interaction effects from each region were regressed against the mean cue-induced craving scores. Significant task by seed interactions were observed in two clusters centered in the bilateral precuneus and left angular gyrus. The strength of connectivity between the right anterior insula and the precuneus, which is involved interoceptive processing and self-awareness, was positively correlated with the magnitude of the craving response to the smoking cues (r2=0.15; p<0.01). These data suggest that among smokers, cue-induced craving may be a function of connectivity between two regions involved in interoception and self-awareness. Moreover, treatment strategies that incorporate mindful attention may be effective in attenuating cue-induced craving and relapse in nicotine-dependent smokers.
On nanonet electronics, percolation doping, and the limits of ohm's law

As the future of Moore's law appears uncertain, Electronics is being reinvented with a broader focus on flexible electronics, bioelectronics, and energy-harvesting. In this regard, a material based on nanonets of Carbon Nanotubes or Si/ZnO/SiGe Nanowires have been used as channel materials for thin-film transistors for flexible/transparent electronics, as sensor elements for label-free bio-sensors, and as transparent top electrode for solar cells. A lack of predictive transport models, however, had stymied the translation of impressive laboratory experiments to practical, disruptive technology. The classical theory of bulk semiconductors, developed over last 50 years in close collaboration with experimentalists, device physicists, numerical analysts, and computer scientists, does no longer apply. In this talk, I will discuss a simple theory of the Nanonet devices based on 2D percolation and fractal dynamics to show how these simple/intuitive approach challenged conventional wisdom and helped us achieve world record performance in several very different technology applications.
Discovery of the 3 °K Radiation

Perhaps all discoveries in science have some elements of a good mystery story. This one does. In 1964 the major cosmic puzzle was whether the Universe is Evolving (Big Bang) or Steady State; both ideas had merit, neither had proof. However, the Big Bang had left a deliberate clue — a shadowy remnant of its firey youth. Three groups of physicists are on the case, each starting from a different premise, and unaware of the others. One group (in Russia) is putting together published theoretical and experimental evidence; they are very close, but misinterpret a clue. Another group, ignorant of the past, starts from the beginning and plods systematically toward the solution. The third group is looking, very carefully, right at the clue, and wonder what it is. Thermal Radiation from the Big Bang is about to be discovered. Proving again that nothing is new, the Radiation had been predicted 15 years earlier, but not searched for. And at least two published observations — one 25 years old — gave strong evidence for the existence of the Radiation prior to its discovery.
Performance and Retention in Introductory Economics: Additional Evidence

In fall 2003, the old adage that economics is the “dismal science” lived up to its name at the institution where I teach. That fall, 40% of our introductory students received grades of D or F, or withdrew. To better understand this, I collected data from principles students in 2005, including from students who withdrew. I use the Heckman 2-step procedure to account for drops and correct for sample selection bias. Results indicate that the effects of gender and ability are understated in uncorrected performance estimations, that female students and freshmen do not perform as well, and student aptitude is positively related to the probability of dropping and to the final grade. I also find that high school economics does not affect performance, and although race influences the probability of withdrawing, it does not influence the final grade.
In vitro self-assembly of gold nanoparticle-coated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granules exhibiting plasmon-induced thermo-optical enhancements

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase attached to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) upon the addition of 3-hydroxybutyrate-CoA, and then coalesce to form micrometer-sized AuNP-coated PHB granules. These AuNP-coated PHB granules are potential theranostic agents that have enhanced imaging capabilities and are capable of heating upon near-infrared laser irradiation. The AuNP-coated PHB exhibited 11-fold enhancement in surface-enhanced Raman scattering over particles prior polymerization. Stained AuNP-coated PHB exhibited a 6-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity as well as a 1.3-fold decrease in photobleaching rate compared to PHB granules alone. The granules were also shown to emit heat when illuminated at 808 nm with a 3.9-fold increase in heating rate compared to particles alone.
Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA of human apolipoprotein A-l

ApoA-I is the major human HDL apoprotein. By oligonucleotide hybridization, we have isolated 5 dscDNA clones to human hepatic apo A-I mRNA. One of these clones (pA1-3) was completely sequenced. It has 878 bp plus a poly A tail of 48 and includes all the coding and 3'-untranslated regions of the mRNA and part of the 5'-untranslated region. It predicts a peptide sequence of 267 amino acids (including the 24 amino acid prepropeptides) which is very similar to the sequence reported by Brewer et al., (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80:623-630. The predicted signal peptide sequence is highly homologous to the rat apoA-I signal peptide. There is no evidence for any internally repeated segments in apoA-I either at the amino acid or at the DNA level. Using pA1-3 as a probe, we have detected on Northern gels apo A-I mRNA sequences of approximately 1100 nucleotides in human hepatic and baboon hepatic and intestinal RNAs, but not in RNAs from baboon skeletal muscle, kidney or spleen. The demonstration of apo A-I mRNA sequences in specific organs is important to our concept of "reverse cholesterol transport".
Properties of ultra low frequency upstream waves at Venus and Saturn: A comparison

The upstream regions of all planets, except Pluto, have been investigated, using in situ spacecraft measurements and a variety of analysis techniques. The detailed studies at Earth indicate that these waves are generated locally in the magnetically connected solar wind by the interaction with ions backstreaming from the shock. However, since the properties of the solar wind vary with heliocentric distance and since properties of planetary shocks depend on plasma beta, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) spiral angle and Mach number, the amount of heating, acceleration efficiencies, etc. significantly change with heliocentric distance. In turn the waves seen at each planet propagate not in the same but different (physical) propagation modes. In this paper we compare the ULF wave observations at an outer and an inner planet. We use the results of the ratio, quantites easily derivable with sufficient accuracy at each planet. We use the full electromagnetic dispersion relation for comparison with theoretical predictions.
The Tacit Organization

The article reviews the book “The Tacit Organization,” by Virginia H. Ingersoll and Guy B. Adams.
Design Optimization of Fixed-Valve Micropumps for Miniature Cooling Systems

The piezoelectrically driven fixed-valve micropump may be an attractive choice for miniature liquid cooling systems due to its low-cost potential and simple fabrication. The thin, stackable design can be fabricated in many materials, including silicon, metal and plastic. Previous linear system modeling has been used to predict resonant behavior in terms of valve Reynolds number and used as a guideline for design, but can not yield predictions of pressure and flow, which depend on nonlinear fluid dynamic phenomena. In this study we report an extended model that incorporates the calculation of block-load pressure and no-load flow in a manner such that thousands of designs can be analyzed quickly. The results indicate that by calculating these two pump performance parameters over a design space of valve size and actuator stiffness, pump design is better able to match pump performance to system requirements. Experimental verification was performed using prototype pumps with interchangeable plastic and metal parts to demonstrate the approach for these two low cost materials.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Disparities in complementary and alternative medical therapy recommendations for children in two different socioeconomic communities.

Objective To compare the content, quality, and cost of recommendations for children made by complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) retailers within 2 New York City neighborhoods of divergent socioeconomic status (SES). Methods Posing as consumers, researchers sought recommendations from CAM retailers for 2 clinical scenarios: 1) a febrile 6-week-old and 2) a 4-year-old with an upper respiratory infection (URI). All retailers selling CAM therapies outside the direction of a licensed provider within East Harlem (EH) and the Upper East Side (UES) were eligible and mapped. The febrile infant scenario was posed at sites in business in March (n = 23) and the URI scenario at sites that remained in business in April (n = 20) of 2004. Results In response to the febrile infant scenario, 33% of UES retailers referred to a MD, 0% to the emergency department, and 47% made other recommendations—of which 43% were not indicated. In EH, 50% referred to a MD, 5% to the emergency department, and 37% made other recommendations. The mean price of UES recommendations was $9.66, whereas EH was $2.33 ( P = .04). In response to the URI scenario, 93% of UES and 83% of EH retailers made recommendations. The mean price of UES recommendations was $10.55 while EH was $4.26 ( P = .002). Conclusions Complementary and alternative medicine retailers made numerous recommendations for children, including some that were contraindicated for age. East Harlem retailers tended to refer an infant with a potentially serious condition to the emergency department or to an MD and made less expensive recommendations than their UES counterparts.
Applying Controlled Non-Homogeneous Deformation for In Vitro Mechanobiological Studies

The goal of this work is to develop and validate an experimental system to produce non-uniform strain patterns for studying the effects of strain magnitude, anisotropy, and gradients on cells culture. A commercially available cell stretching system was modified by affixing a 5 mm diameter glass coverslip to the center of each 35mm diameter flexible-bottomed well. The two-dimensional strain field was measured using high density mapping (HDM). Dermal fibroblasts were plated in the wells and cycled at 0.2 Hz for 2 days, stained for cytoskeletal observation, and their orientation was examined with respect to the local principle strain directions. Preliminary results indicate that the addition of the rigid inclusion creates strong radial and circumferential strain gradients with simultaneous regions of strip biaxial and equibiaxial stretch in a single well. As expected from previous work, the cells oriented themselves perpendicular to the direction of principal strain. This study demonstrates the potential utility of using non-homogeneous but symmetric and reproducible strain fields for studying mechanobiology.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Sensitivity of optimal programs with respect to changes in target stocks: The case of irreversible investment☆

Abstract Consider an aggregative model of economic growth with changing technology and tastes, in which investment is irreversible. It is shown that initial decisions in finite-horizon optimal programs are insensitive to changes in terminal stocks, provided the horizon is long enough. This generalizes Brock's result, which was proved assuming investment to be reversible. The irreversibility constraint does not allow one to follow Brock's method of proof, using the dual (Shadow Price) properties of optimal programs. An alternative method of proof is developed, using a primal approach, and exploiting dynamic programming arguments.
Explaining the Amish

Attempts to explain the survival and success of the American Amish community by examining its history, tenets, structures and life style. Concludes by stressing the importance of the community’s unambiguous value system, its clear borders/boundaries, its emphasis on integration and continuity, its commitment to the “work ethic”, its techniques of separation, and its meaningful and efficacious rites and rituals.
PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF UNSTEADY ENDWALL BLOWING ON A HIGHLY LOADED LPT

Efforts to reduce blade count and avoid boundary layer separation have led to low-pressure turbine airfoils with significant increases in loading as well as front-loaded pressure distributions. These features have been independently shown to increase losses within the secondary flow field at the endwall. Compound angle blowing from discrete jets on the blade suction surface near the endwall has been shown to be effective in reducing these increased losses and enabling the efficient use of highly loaded blade designs. In this study, experiments are performed on the front loaded L2F low-pressure turbine airfoil in a linear cascade. The required mass flow is reduced by decreasing hole count from previous configurations and from the introduction of unsteady blowing. The effects of pulsing frequency and duty cycle are investigated using phase-locked stereo particle image velocimetry to demonstrate the large scale movement and hysteresis behavior of the passage vortex interacting with the pulsed jets. Total pressure loss contours at the cascade outlet demonstrate that the efficiency benefit is maintained with the use of unsteady forcing.© 2013 ASME
Financial Conflicts of Interest and Criteria for Research Credibility

The potential for financial conflicts of interest (COIs) to damage the credibility of scientific research has become a significant social concern, especially in the wake of high-profile incidents involving the pharmaceutical, tobacco, fossil-fuel, and chemical industries. Scientists and policy makers have debated whether the presence of financial COIs should count as a reason for treating research with suspicion or whether research should instead be evaluated solely based on its scientific quality. This paper examines a recent proposal to develop criteria for evaluating the credibility of research without considering its source of funding. It concludes that proposals of this sort are likely to be either ineffective or impractical in many cases. Nevertheless, this does not imply that all research funded by those with an interest in the outcome must be placed under a cloud of suspicion; there are conditions under which research is at much more serious risk of being corrupted than in other cases, and attention to these conditions can guide productive responses to financial COIs.
The perception of shrinking in apparent motion

Apparent motion was produced using two triangular patterns of different sizes, each exposed for 100 msec, with a 50-msec interstimulus interval and 200-msec recycle interval. The triangles were aligned either on center or on the midpoints of the bases. Experiment 1, filled, outline, and three-dot triangles were viewed over four backgrounds: a blank illuminated field, and texture gradients constructed from horizontal lines, perspective lines, or a combination of these (full texture). In Experiment 2, outline and dot triangles were presented in one of three orientations: base down, base right, and base up over a blank background. Subjects made two forced-choice responses: apparent size was categorized as shrinking or not shrinking, and apparent motion was categorized as motion in depth or motion in a fixed frontal plane. The type of alignment was the major determiner of responses. When the midpoints of the base were aligned, the predominant response described a shrinking object in a fixed-position in depth. When the centers were aligned, the predominant response described an object of constant size moving in depth.
Brains rule! Fun = learning = neuroscience literacy

Brains Rule! Neuroscience Expositions is a project designed to improve neuroscience literacy among children and the general public by applying a model where neuroscience professionals transfer knowledge and enthusiasm about neuroscience through fun, engaging hands-on activities. This educational model draws strength from many national and local partnerships of neuroscience professionals to coordinate expositions across the country in a variety of local communities. Brains Rule! Neuroscience Expositions uses a flexible science fair-like format to engage children in the process of science and teach about neuroscience concepts, facts, and professions. Neuroscience literacy is important to everyday life and helps individuals better understand themselves, make informed decisions about health and drug use, participate knowledgeably in governmental and social issues, and better understand scientific advancements. In this study, children's ratings of Brains Rule! Neuroscience Expositions activities were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis of the responses revealed that overall the children perceived the learning activities as fun and interesting and believed that they learned something about the brain and nervous system after engaging in the activities. The Brains Rule! Neuroscience Expositions education model can be an effective tool in improving neuroscience literacy for both children and adults.
Functions of Arginine Vasopressin and Its Receptors: Importance of Human Molecular Genetics Studies in Bidirectional Translational Research

The paper by Maher, Vanyukov and colleagues is an extensive study of two cohorts phenotyped with a common liability of substance abuse disorders that reports an association of an arginine vasopressin (AVP) 1A receptor gene variant with these disorders (1). The AVP1A receptors are located throughout the brain and function in many roles, especially in stress responsivity. In contrast, the AVP1B receptors are located on corticotropes in the anterior pituitary and work primarily as part of the activating system of the stress-responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by driving the processing and release of the constitutive peptides, ACTH and beta-endorphin, of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), of particular interest for the field of addictive diseases. The AVP1B receptor acts in parallel to the CRF-R1 receptor, where corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) acts to similarly drive the processing and release of POMC peptides of the HPA axis.
Quasi-elastic light scattering determination of the size distribution of extruded vesicles.

Abstract The size distribution of phospholipid vesicles prepared by the freeze thaw-extrusion method were determined by the non-perturbing technique of quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) and compared to latex particles of known size. Multiangle QELS experiments were performed to avoid errors due to the angular dependence of the scattering function of the particles. The experimentally determined autocorrelation function was analyzed by multiple mathematical procedures, i.e. single exponential, CUMULANT, exponential sampling, non-negatively constrained least square and CONTIN, in order to select suitable models for vesicle characterization. The most consistent results were obtained with CUMULANT, non-negatively constrained least square and CONTIN. In many instances single exponential analysis gave comparable results to these procedures, which indicates the vesicles have a narrow distribution of sizes. The influence of filter pore size, extrusion pressure and lipid concentration on the size and size distribution of extruded vesicles was determined. Extrusion through 100-, 200- and 400-nm pore size filters produced a unimodal distribution of vesicles, with somewhat smaller diameters as the extrusion pressure increased. The larger the filter pore size, the more dependent the vesicle size was on applied pressure. The observed vesicle size was independent of the lipid concentration between 0.1 and 10 mg ml −1 .
Metabolism in vivo of [7α−3H]pregnenolone by the ovary of dogs treated with follicle stimulating hormone

Abstract In order to determine the effect of gonadotropins on the metabolism of pregnenolone in the dog ovary, [7 α −3 H]pregnenolone was infused bu the ovarian artery in anesthetized dogs pretreated with the gonadotropins under investigation and steroids containing tritium were isolated in ovarian vein blood. 1. 1. Within 10 min the canine ovary metabolized pregnenolone to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone and estradiol. 2. 2. Compared to dogs treated with follicle stimulating hormone, dogs treated with luteinizing hormone produced relatively more testosterone than androstenedione. 3. 3. The amount of progesterone formed in the luteinizing hormone treated dogs 4. was not significantly different from that in the follicle stimulating hormone treated dogs, although there was a considerable difference in the histological picture.
Effect of pressure on the output characteristics of p-GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction field effect transistor

Abstract We report current-voltage measurements on p-channel GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction field effect transistor as a function of pressure up to 1.3 GPa at room temperature. Under high pressure conditions, the main effect observed is an increase in the saturated current ( I dss ). This increase in I dss is associated with a change in the threshold voltage ( V t ), and carrier mobility in the two dimensional hole gas at the interface. The shift in V t with pressure can be interpreted in terms of the increase in the valence band offset due to the relative change in the bandgap of the materials. Through model fits to the device characteristics at various pressures, the pressure dependence of mobility was extracted.
The dynamics and control of the orbiting spacecraft control laboratory experiment (SCOLE) during station keeping

A mathematical model is developed to predict the dynamics of the proposed orbiting Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment during the station keeping phase. The Shuttle as well as the reflector are assumed to be rigid, the mast is flexible and is assumed to undergo elastic displacements very small as compared with its length. The equations of motion are derived using a Newton-Euler formulation. The model includes the effects of gravity, flexibility, and orbital dynamics. The control is assumed to be provided to the system through the Shuttle's three torquers, and through six actuators located by pairs at two points on the mast and at the mass center of the reflector. At each of the locations, an actuator acts parallel to the roll axis while the other one acts parallel to the pitch axis. It is seen that, in the presence of gravity-gradient torques in the system dynamics, the system assumes a new equilibrium position about which the equations must be linearized, primarily due to the offset in the mast attachment point to the reflector. The linear regulator theory is used to derive control laws for the linear model of the SCOLE including the first four flexible modes. Numerical results confirm the robustness of this control strategy for station keeping with maximum control efforts significantly below saturation levels.
"Hominoid clavicle" from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib.

A late Miocene/early Pliocene mammalian fossil from the site of Sahabi, Libya, was identified in previous publications as a clavicle belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea. After studying both a cast of the specimen and previously published descriptions and photographs we have concluded that the fossil is not a clavicle, but a rib fragment. In addition, our study demonstrates beyond reasonable doubt that this rib belongs not to a primate, but to a marine mammal. Following comparisons with 19 species in 14 genera of marine mammals, as well as six hominoid and three cercopithecoid species, both modern and fossil, we conclude that the specimen is best attributed to the Odontoceti, the cetacean suborder containing dolphins and porpoises. The rib indicates an animal in the size range of Recent Tursiops or Lagenorhynchus.
Are Simple Change Scores Obsolete? An Approach to Studying Correlates and Predictors of Change.

This paper complements recent discussions about the reliability of observed change scores (Collins, 1996a; Humphreys, 1996; Williams & Zimmerman, 1996a, 1996b). It is argued that modeling change on the latent dimension of interest is a better approach to measuring change than focusing on observed change scores and their properties. It is proposed that research be directed toward correlates and predictors of ability change (Rogosa & Willett, 1985b) and away from recorded change scores and their reliability. A latent variable modeling approach is discussed that focuses on ability change scores. It permits estimation of both individual latent change scores and the relationship of ability change scores to other variables.
Packaging and structural phenotype of brome mosaic virus capsid protein with altered N-terminal β-hexamer structure

The first 45 amino acid region of brome mosaic virus (BMV) capsid protein (CP) contains RNA binding and structural domains that are implicated in the assembly of infectious virions. One such important structural domain encompassing amino acids 28QPVIV32, highly conserved between BMV and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), exhibits a β-hexamer structure. In this study we report that alteration of the β-hexamer structure by mutating 28QPVIV32 to 28AAAAA32 had no effect either on symptom phenotype, local and systemic movement in Chenopodium quinoa and RNA profile of in vivo assembled virions. However, sensitivity to RNase and assembly phenotypes distinguished virions assembled with CP subunits having β-hexamer from those of wild type. A comparison of 3-D models obtained by cryo electron microscopy revealed overall similar structural features for wild type and mutant virions, with small but significant differences near the 3-fold axes of symmetry.
Optical Aspects Of Laser Doppler Velocimetry On The Seafloor And In Surface Layers

There exist unique situations in oceanography where the small space and time scale measurements possible with laser velocimetry are required. In this paper, we review some of the aspects of instrument development for applications in these situations. Aside from the obvious field ruggedness requirements, a number of other factors must be considered; for example, battery consumption per signal photoelectron, platforms, optical coatings, pressure windows and related birefringent considerations, velocity profiling, appropriate signal processors and automatic control including protection of photodetectors from accidental overexposure. We include a discussion of the choices made for our two systems and present example data obtained in the field.
Memory, Sleep and Dreaming: Experiencing Consolidation

It is now well established that post-learning sleep is beneficial for human memory performance. At the same time, it has long been known that learning experiences influence the content of subsequent sleep mentation (i.e., "dreaming"). Here, we review evidence that newly encoded memories are reactivated and consolidated in the sleeping brain, and that this process is directly reflected in the content of concomitant sleep mentation, providing a valuable window into the mnemonic functions of sleep.
Cross sections, angular distributions, and magnetic substate populations in the /sup 23/Na(n,n'. gamma. ) reaction

Neutron inelastic scattering cross sections have been determined for six levels in $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ over the incident neutron energy range 0.52 to 4.23 MeV by measuring the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production cross sections for 10 deexcitation $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transitions in the $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction. $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distributions from the first two excited levels were obtained at various incident neutron energies. From these, the magnetic substate populations were evaluated for the 0.440-MeV (${5/2}^{+}$) first excited level and the 2.078-MeV (${7/2}^{+}$) second excited level in $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$. Comparisons have been made between the distributions and magnetic substate populations calculated from compound-nuclear and direct-interaction theory, the former yielding better agreement in the interpretation of experimental results.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$, ${E}_{n}=0.52\ensuremath{-}4.23$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{n},{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}})$; deduced $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{n})$ and magnetic substate populations; calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{n},{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}})$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{n})$, magnetic substate populations; CN and DWBA analysis; natural (Na) target.
The effects of NBPTS-certified teachers on student achievement

In this study, we consider the efficacy of a relatively new and widely accepted certification system for teachers established by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS). We utilize an extensive database covering the universe of teachers and students in Florida for a four-year span to determine the relationship between NBPTS certification and the impact of teachers on student test scores from both low-stakes and high-stakes exams. Contrary to some previous studies, we find evidence that NBPTS certification provides a positive signal of a teacher's contribution to student achievement only in a few isolated cases. However, our results do reinforce evidence from previous research that the process of becoming NBPTS certified does not increase teacher productivity. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.