cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence and Sediment Transport Measurements in a North Sea Tidal Inlet (The Jade)

A knowledge of the transport of sediment in a shallow, high energy environment such as the North Sea is important to the general understanding of such a system. The shape of the basin itself is largely a product of the interaction between the currents and the sediments. The engineers are interested in maintaining harbors and predicting morphological adjustments caused by man-made alterations of currents. The environmentally conscious are concerned about pollution and water quality which both are often strongly linked to the sediments. Sediment transport involves a complex interaction between the flow and the bottom. Ultimately an accurate knowledge of the forces acting on the bottom (i.e., the boundary shear stress) is necessary in order to predict the initiation of sediment movement and subsequent transport rates. In the North Sea this is complicated by the unsteady nature of the flow. This arises from both storms and tides. In order to better understand such a system, it was decided to begin by investigating the boundary layer in regions of active transport where the flow was dominated by tidal effects.
Numerical investigation of field-scale geysers in a vertical shaft

Geysers in dropshafts of stormsewer systems are consecutive eruptions of a mixture of gas and liquid that can attain heights of more than 30 m. The present study investigates the mechanisms and cha...
A Review of Virtual Classroom Environments for Neuropsychological Assessment

Differential diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychological disorders require assessments that can differentiate overlapping symptoms. Previous research has most often relied on paper-and-pencil as well as computerized psychometric tests of cognitive functions. Although these approaches provide highly systematic control and delivery of performance challenges, they have also been criticized as limited in the area of ecological validity. A possible answer to the problems of ecological validity in assessment of cognitive functioning in neurological populations is to immerse the participant in a virtual environment. This chapter reviews the potential of various virtual classroom environments that have been developed for neuropsychological assessment.
A Prospective Evaluation of Postoperative Opioid Use in Otologic Surgery.

OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate opioid consumption following adult outpatient otologic surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational. SETTING Single-tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Patients scheduled for otologic surgery who did not have a history of chronic opioid use were recruited between February 2018 and February 2019. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Opioid consumption was queried using telephone or in-person surveys administered between postoperative days 5 and 15. Patient demographics, surgical details, and opioid prescription patterns were abstracted from medical records. Opioid distribution was determined by querying records maintained by the California Department of Justice through a state-wide prescription drug monitoring program mandated since 2016. RESULTS Seventy patients were prescribed an average of 68.9 ± 31.8 mg of morphine equivalents (MME) and consumed 47.3 ± 42.9 MME over 2.4 ± 2.3 days postoperatively. Patients who received a postauricular incision were prescribed significantly more than those who underwent transcanal procedures (86.2 vs 55.9 MME; t test, p < 0.001), consumed significantly more (72.2 vs 28.6 MME; t test, p < 0.001), and for a significantly longer duration (3.4 vs 1.6 days; t test, p = 0.001). In the postauricular group, there was no significant difference in consumption between mastoidectomy and nonmastoidectomy subgroups (64.9 vs 89.2 MME; t test, p = 0.151). Eighty percent of transcanal patients consumed 50 MME (10 pills) or less, while 80% of postauricular patients consumed 80 MME (16 pills) or less. CONCLUSIONS Patients in our cohort consumed approximately 3/4 of the prescribed opioids. Those with postauricular incisions used significantly more than those with transcanal incisions. Postoperative opioid prescription recommendations should be tailored according to the extent of surgery.
Pain Intensity among Community-Dwelling African American Older Adults in an Economically Disadvantaged Area of Los Angeles: Social, Behavioral, and Health Determinants.

Background. Although social, behavioral, and health factors influence prevalence and intensity of pain, very few studies have investigated correlates of pain among economically disadvantaged older African American (AA) adults. Objective. This study explored social, behavioral, and health correlates of pain intensity among community-dwelling AA older adults in an economically disadvantaged area of Los Angeles. Methods. A cross-sectional study on 740 AA older adults (age ≥ 55 years) was conducted in South Los Angeles between 2015 and 2018. Exploratory variables were age, gender, educational attainment, financial difficulties, living alone, marital status, smoking, drinking, pain-related chronic medical conditions (CMCs), and depressive symptoms. Dependent variable was pain intensity. Linear regression was used for data analysis. Results. Age, financial difficulties, living alone, smoking, pain-related chronic medical conditions, and depressive symptoms were associated with pain intensity. Individuals with lower age, higher financial difficulties, those who lived alone, those with a higher number of pain-related chronic medical conditions, more depressive symptoms, and nonsmokers reported more pain intensity. Gender, educational attainment, marital status, and drinking were not associated with pain intensity. Conclusion. The results may help with the health promotion of economically disadvantaged AA older adults in urban areas.
Unsupervised segmentation algorithm based on an iterative spectral dissimilarity measure for hyperspectral imagery

We present an adaptive unsupervised segmentation technique, in which spectral features are obtained and processed without a priori knowledge of the spectral characteristics. The proposed technique is based on an iterative method, in which segmentation at a given iteration depends closely on the segmentation results at the previous iteration. The hyperspectral images are first coarsely segmented and then the segmentation is successively refined via an iterative spectral dissimilarity measure. The algorithm also provides reduced computational complexity and improved segmentation performance. The algorithm consists of (1) an initial segmentation based on a fixed spectral dissimilarity measure and the k-means algorithm, and (2) subsequent adaptive segmentation based on an iterative spectral dissimilarity measure over a local region whose size is reduced progressively. The iterative use of a local spectral dissimilarity measure provided a set of values that can discriminate among different materials. The proposed unsupervised segmentation technique proved to be superior to other unsupervised algorithms, especially when a large number of different materials are mixed in complex hyperspectral scenes.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thrombocytosis in Children

Elevated platelet count in pediatrics is a common incidental finding in hospitalized and outpatient children. Thrombocytosis in children is typically transient, occurring secondary to various underlying medical, and often inflammatory disorders as an increase in platelet count are part of the acute-phase response. Rarely, persistent thrombocytosis may be the result of inherited or acquired genetic mutations. Essential thrombocytosis is a rare pediatric myeloproliferative disorder with distinct biological and clinical features when compared to adult essential thrombocytosis. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of primary and secondary causes of thrombocytosis.
Cesium Lead Bromides—Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties

In recent years, it has been found that lowering the dimensionality of halide perovskites leads to enhanced photoluminescence and stability than their three-dimensional counterparts. Further, the change in the dimensionality of an inorganic halide perovskite can evoke surprising ramifications to its intrinsic behavior. The dimensionality in perovskites is governed by its octahedral cages. In zero-dimensional perovskites, the octahedral cages are discrete, whereas in two-dimensional perovskites, they are connected with one another resulting in the formation of a layer. Likewise, in three-dimensional perovskites, the octahedral cages share the corner atoms with each other. This study describes the two-dimensional counterpart of cesium lead bromide perovskites. The structural, electronic and optical properties, in conjunction with their three-dimensional structure, are presented. The emergence of new physical phenomena with respect to the decreasing dimensionality of cesium lead bromide perovskites is analyzed.
Socio‐ecological perspective on factors influencing acute recovery of younger stroke survivors: A mixed methods study

AIMS Stroke is affecting an increasing number of young and middle-aged adults. Given the substantial diversion from anticipated life trajectories that younger stroke survivors experience as a result of their stroke deficits, their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is likely to be negatively impacted during the immediate post-acute recovery period. The aim of this study was to generate a comprehensive understanding of the influences on HRQOL and acute recovery during the first three months following stroke for younger adults using a socio-ecological perspective. DESIGN Longitudinal, convergent mixed methods design. METHODS HRQOL survey data, assessed using the Patient Generated Index (N = 31), and qualitative interview data about survivors' recovery experiences (N = 20) were collected. Simple linear regression and effect size results were integrated with themes and sub-themes identified from conventional content analysis using joint data displays. RESULTS Depression and fatigue negatively affected recovery at the individual level. At the family and societal level, family functioning, social support including being married, having insurance, working, adequate income and being unemployed post-stroke all positively impacted recovery. Qualitative findings revealed determination, coping, and accessing healthcare to positively affect recovery though a meta-inference could not be drawn as no quantitative data addressed these concepts. CONCLUSION A variety of factors intersecting across socio-ecological levels were perceived by young stroke survivors to influence acute recovery experiences and outcomes. IMPACT This study identified individual-, family- and societal-level factors in younger adults' environments that may affect the acute stroke recovery experience. Findings underscore the need for research and clinical approaches that consider environmental factors at multiple levels of influence when supporting stroke recovery for younger adults.
Experiential Learning and Inclusion Through Service-Learning: Recommendations for Kinesiology to Support Students and People with Impairments

Adapted physical activity-based service-learning programs that pair kinesiology and physical education preservice professionals alongside people with impairments are common across college and unive...
Feedlot Respiratory Disease

Despite the development of new vaccines, and therapeutics, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be the primary health problem of feedlot cattle. Assessment of the entire feeding performance loss associated with BRD has not been studied. The Texas Ranch to Rail program includes the entire feeding disease loss. Their findings will be reviewed. Intervention of BRD includes the use of vaccines and timely therapeutics. Effort is given in feedlots to have properly trained employees daily evaluate the health of cattle in the belief that well timed therapy will alter the course of BRD. This paper will review two research projects designed to evaluate BRD intervention in ranch fresh weaning calves.
Retrieval of precipitable water using Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature-2 (SSM/T-2) millimeter-wave radiometric measurements

[1] Four years of Special Sensor Microwave/Temperature-2 (SSM/T-2) measurements over the high-latitude regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are used to retrieve precipitable water W < 0.8 cm. The retrieved W values compare well with several thousand near-concurrent radiosonde-derived estimates of W. Additionally, very good agreement is found between the retrieved SSM/T-2 W values and continuous ground-based radiometer-derived estimates of W during a couple of extended time periods. A bias (0.03–0.06 cm) exists between the W values retrieved from the SSM/T-2 and the values derived from the radiosonde/radiometer observations. This bias is caused primarily by the assumption of equivalent surface emissivity across the 150–183 GHz frequency range that is made during the development of the retrieval algorithm. The spatial distribution of the SSM/T-2-retrieved winter mean W values is examined together with digital elevation models for both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. This detailed comparison conveys expected climatological characteristics that are quite sensible when the combined effects of the surface elevation and the general atmospheric circulation patterns near and over the ice sheets are considered in unison. The SSM/T-2 W retrieval presented provides accurate W information with a high sampling rate for the potentially climate change-sensitive polar regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Central Nervous System Based Neurogenic Female Sexual Dysfunction: Current Status and Future Trends

The amount of information available regarding the impact of various central nervous system disorders on female sexual function has greatly increased. In this article, the most recent information regarding brain and spinal cord disorders in human females is reviewed. Evidence from women with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) supports findings in able-bodied females that the sympathetic nervous system provides regulation of psychogenic sexual arousal. In women with SCIs, the ability to achieve orgasm persists in approximately 50%; however, there is a relative inability to achieve orgasm with complete disruption of the sacral reflex arc. These natural effects of injury should be considered when educating patients about neurogenic sexual dysfunction and when developing treatment protocols. Published research protocols aimed at improving sexual responsiveness and future possibilities for treatment of neurogenic sexual dysfunction are also discussed.
Towards a Technology and Architecture Hybrid

The challenges to extending the delivered computing capabilities of semiconductor technology through Moore?s Law, while manageable in the short term, may prove difficult or possibly impractical in the long term. Even now, the complex interplay of power and performance is resulting in significant changes in previous trends. Clock rates of commodity microprocessors are flattening even as multi-core chips are emerging as the norm for next generation systems. While conventional wisdom has dictated an assumption of continued adherence to the pure CMOS tradition of the last decade and more, the supercomputing community must consider the possibility of alternative technologies, at least in combination with more conventional devices. More than just changing or augmenting the technology base, new architecture structures and programming models may need to be considered and multiple levels to exploit the potential of such advances. This panel addresses these issues with a focus on one possible alternative technology: superconductor devices. Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) logic exhibits operational properties in terms of performance and power that now positions it as a potential future leader among alternative digital technologies to augment semiconductor components in hybrid systems. But it is also challenged by lack of maturity and commercial market as well as its reliance on extreme operational temperature regimes. This panel brings together leaders in the fields of technology and computer architecture to consider the possible strategies and potential viability of superconductor based supercomputing.
Banning Corporal Punishment: A Constitutional Analysis

Scientific research on the adverse cognitive, emotional, and psychological consequences of spanking children warrant state action to ban all corporal punishment, including parental spanking. New state laws to ban child corporal punishment would be constitutional under either the state's police power or parens patrie power to protect children.
American Christians and Islam: Evangelical Culture and Muslims from the Colonial Period to the Age of Terrorism

List of Illustrations ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xix CHAPTER 1: Early American Christians and Islam 1 CHAPTER 2: The Barbary Wars, the Last Days, and Islam in Early National America 19 CHAPTER 3: Foreign Missions to Muslims in Nineteenth-Century America 37 CHAPTER 4: Samuel Zwemer,World War I, and "The Evangelization of the Moslem World in This Generation" 58 CHAPTER 5: The New Missionary Overture to Muslims and the Arab-Israeli Crisis 75 CHAPTER 6: Christians Respond to Muslims in Modern America 96 CHAPTER 7: Maturing Evangelical Missions and War in the Middle East 120 CHAPTER 8: American Christians and Islam After September 11, 2001 144 Epilogue 165 Notes 171 Index 195
The fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids from rat liver nuclear membrane and nuclei.

The phospholipid distribution and the fatty acid composition of the individual phospholipids were determined for the nucleus and the bileaflet nuclear membrane. The phospholipid to protein ratio (milligram per mg) for the nuclear membrane was 0.45 and lipid phosphorus comprised 65% of the total membrane phosphorus. No significant differences were noted in the phospholipid composition of the nucleus and the nuclear membrane. The values for the nuclear membrane were phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 18.3%; phosphatidyl serine plus inositol, 13.8%; phosphatidyl choline, 61.8%; sphingomyelin, 2.5%; lysophosphatidyl choline, 1.4%; cardiolipin plus phosphatidic acid, 1.4%. Differences between the nucleus and the nuclear membrane were detected in the fatty acid composition of the sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl serine plus inositol fractions. These differences were confined largely to variations in the levels of fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of C20 and above. Phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine contained the highest levels of unsaturated fatty acids for both the nucleus (∼53%) and nuclear membrane (∼49%). The lowest degree of unsaturation for the nuclear membrane (23%) was found in sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidyl choline, while the minimum level of unsaturation for the nucleus (24%) was observed in lysophosphatidyl choline. Phosphatidyl serine plus inositol contained the largest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids for both the nucleus (44%) and the nuclear membrane (33%). A comparison of the fatty acid composition of the nuclear membrane phospholipids to the corresponding literature values for plasma membrane, golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum revealed major differences.
Vortex movement into polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x loops

We have studied the fluxoid quantization and the critical state of a ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ (YBCO) loop, and vortex movement into the loop using a weakly coupled low-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The YBCO loop was made from a low-current-density polycrystalline film so that the critical-state behavior could be observed in modest magnetic fields at 4.2 K. As the magnetic field was swept, we observed a drastic change in the field responsivity of the SQUID when the loop went into and out of the critical state at a certain field ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{*}}$. At fixed magnetic fields above and below ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{*}}$, we measured the flux in the loop as a function of time by operating the SQUID in a flux-locked loop. Above ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ we observed flux-creep-like behavior as well as the movement of individual flux quanta into the loop. Below ${\mathit{H}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ we observed negligible dissipation in the form of flux quanta jumping into the loop, but did observe occasional hopping of individual vortices to other pinning sites in the YBCO.
Mapping the literature of nursing informatics.

Objective: This study was part of the Medical Library Association's Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section's project to map the nursing literature. It identified core journals in nursing informatics and the journals referenced in them and analyzed coverage of those journals in selected indexes. Method: Five core journals were chosen and analyzed for 1996, 1997, and 1998. The references in the core journal articles were examined for type and number of formats cited during the selected time period. Bradford's Law of Scattering divided the journals into frequency zones. Results: The time interval, 1990 to 1998, produced 71% of the references. Internet references could not be tracked by date before 1990. Twelve journals were the most productive, 119 journals were somewhat productive, and 897 journals were the least productive. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association was the most prolific core journal. The 1998 journal references were compared in CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, and OCLC Article First. PubMed/MEDLINE had the highest indexing score.
A Floor, Not a Ceiling

Abstract With the identification of twenty-six standards, this article argues that the child custody evaluation field has defined a set of minimum practice standards that go beyond the aspirational goals of existing “guidelines” and “parameters.7rdquo; These twenty-six standards constitute a floor, but not a ceiling, for conducting child custody evaluations (CCEs).
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Anxiety disorders are among the most common and functionally impairing mental health disorders to occur in childhood and adolescence. Primary care providers can expect to treat youth who have anxiety disorders frequently, and this article aims to provide the tools necessary to evaluate and manage patients who present with anxiety symptoms during childhood or adolescence. This article discusses the epidemiology of anxiety disorders, including the increased risk of future anxiety disorders and other mental health problems that are associated with having an anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence. Next, the etiology of anxiety disorders is delineated, including discussion of genetic, cognitive-behavioral, physiological, and ecological explanatory models, and a summary of neurophysiological findings related to childhood and adolescent anxiety. Next, methods and tools are presented for assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders, with a focus on assessment and treatment that can be initiated in a primary care setting. Evidence-based therapy and medication interventions are reviewed. The article includes a focus on developmental differences in symptom presentation, assessment techniques, and treatment strategies, such that a primary care provider will have tools for working with the wide age range in their practices: preschool children through adolescents. We conclude that many effective intervention strategies exist, and their improving availability and ease of use makes it both critical and achievable for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders to be accurately diagnosed and treated with evidence-based medication and therapy.
Base-neutral extractable organic pollutants in biota and sediments from Lake Pontchartrain

Abstract A study was conducted to screen the three passes that link Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico via Lake Borne for the presence of EPA base-neutral (BN) priority pollutants and any other pollutants detected in significant concentration. Biota and sediment samples were collected and analytical procedures were developed for the trace analysis of BN organics in these matrices. Compounds identified include alkanes (normal, branched, cyclic), alkenes, aromatics, alkylated aromatics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkylated derivatives, phthalates, ketones, furans, thiophenes, phenols, amines, nitriles, thiazoles, amides, aldehydes, alcohols, free fatty acids, fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters, phosphates, sterols. Concentrations were in the parts-per-billion range.
Epidemiologic evaluation of pharmaceuticals with limited evidence of carcinogenicity

Thorough review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has resulted in classifying many substances, including pharmaceuticals, as probably or possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on experiments on animals or limited data on humans. We evaluated 9 such pharmaceuticals for evidence of carcinogenicity in patients receiving them in a large medical care program with automated pharmacy records and a cancer registry. Nested case-control analyses were performed in a cohort of 6.5 million subscribers with up to 12 years of follow-up, focusing on cancer sites suggested by previous evidence and other sites with odds ratio of at least 1.50, p < 0.01 and some evidence of dose-response. Unmeasured confounding was estimated in sensitivity analyses. We found some supportive evidence for carcinogenicity of griseofulvin, metronidazole and phenytoin and for the known carcinogen, cyclophosphamide, which was added for validation of our data and analyses. Findings for chloramphenicol, iron-dextran complex, phenoxybenzamine and phenobarbital were essentially non-contributory. Confounding by cigarette smoking and prior thyroid disease could account, respectively, for associations of oxazepam with lung cancer and propylthiouracil with thyroid cancer. Although not definitive, these findings should be considered in the evaluations of these pharmaceuticals.
Theory links: Applications to automated theorem proving

We develop the notion of theory link, which is a generalization of ordinary link to a set of literals that are simultaneously unsatisfiable relative to a given set of clauses. We show that theory links may be 'activated' in much the same manner as ordinary links when inferencing with respect to the given set of clauses. Several link deletion results are shown to hold for 6heory links, and some examples are presented using first-order theory links.
Vaginal delivery disrupts vaginal smooth muscle (VaSM) contraction

Vaginal delivery is the single most important risk factor for developing pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Hence, using the sheep model, our study aimed to investigate the impact of vaginal delivery, on vaginal smooth muscle (VaSM) function, which is known to be compromised in women with POP. The results showed only minor disruption of smooth muscle morphology in the parous vagina, but there was a significant increase in both muscle and receptor mediated contractions. This evidence of altered VaSM function could be a mechanism leading to POP.
Fuzzy-trace theory and source monitoring

Abstract Fuzzy-trace theory and the source-monitoring framework are evaluated with respect to recent data on false memory. Lindsay and Johnson discuss key findings generated by fuzzy-trace theory from a source-monitoring perspective, such as independence between recognition judgments of true and false memories, increases in false recognition through mere-memory testing, vivid false recognition—phantom recollection—through repeated cuing of gist, and false-recognition reversal, in which semantically related items are misrecognized less often than unrelated items [Learn. Individ. Differ. 7 (1995) 1; J. Exp. Child Psychol. 71 (1998) 194; Learn. Individ. Differ. 9 (1997) 95]. Lindsay and Johnson qualify core assumptions of source monitoring (e.g., source similarity is said to increase, decrease, and have no effect on source confusions and false memories; records of internal cognitive operations might not discriminate reality from self-generated representations) to accommodate these effects, as well as opposite effects. Although the power and scope of the source-monitoring perspective is evident, their approach suffers from limitations of imprecision and unfalsifiability. Nevertheless, they are to be commended for actively engaging data generated by alternative perspectives and for advancing sorely needed theoretical understanding of false-memory effects.
On the effect of basicity on the kinetics of CO2 absorption in tertiary amines

Abstract The effect of basicity, as measured by p K a , on the reaction between CO 2 and tertiary amines in aqueous solution has been investigated in this work. Four tertiary amines (triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, diethylethanolamine and triethylamine) with p K a varying between 7.8 and 10.8 were studied at 25°C. It was found that the second-order kinetic rate constant increases with increasing basicity. The data were well correlated by κ 2 = 1.60×10 −3 exp(0.983 p K a )1/g mol s.
Lateral sinus thrombosis as a complication of otitis media: 10-year experience at the children's hospital of Philadelphia.

OBJECTIVES. Lateral sinus thrombosis is a rare intracranial complication of otitis media that is traditionally described in countries with poor access to medical care. Our goal was to describe the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of patients diagnosed with lateral sinus thrombosis in a US tertiary care center and to highlight the clinically relevant differences in presentation between these patients and those described in previous reports. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The medical charts of 13 patients diagnosed with otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis were reviewed. These patients were identified from a manual search of 156 subjects with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes corresponding with a diagnosis of mastoiditis or thromboembolism over a 10-year period (1997–2007) at the Children9s Hospital of Philadelphia. RESULTS. In contrast to previous reports in the literature, the majority of patients in this series exhibited cranial neuropathies and signs of raised intracranial pressure. Nearly all of the patients had a history of acute otitis media treated with antibiotics in the weeks preceding admission. However, many patients denied high fevers or active otomastoid symptoms, which are classically associated with lateral sinus thrombosis. The diagnosis was made in all of the children by using computed tomography and MRI/venography. Treatment strategies included myringotomy tube placement, simple mastoidectomy, intravenous antibiotics, and anticoagulation. Posthospitalization follow-up data revealed no significant long-term complications. CONCLUSIONS. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, lateral sinus thrombosis and other intracranial complications of otitis media are still a threat to children in the modern era. Neurologic, rather than otologic, symptoms may dominate the presentation of otogenic lateral sinus thrombosis. Thus, a high index of suspicion may be critical for ensuring timely diagnosis of this rare condition.
Myocardial infarction indicated by angina pectoris of effort or by brief attacks of angina of rest, with remarks on premonitory pain

Abstract This is a report of sixteen cases in which there was clinical and laboratory evidence suggestive of myocardial infarction, although characteristic, severe, and protracted anginal attacks were lacking. In nine cases, myocardial infarction was indicated by the sudden onset or aggravation of angina of effort; in seven instances, it was clinically signalized by brief attacks of angina of rest, lasting up to twenty minutes. Similar observations are quoted from the literature. The seriousness of such atypical anginal manifestations is often unrecognized, and proper management of the patients is neglected. Sudden death is frequent among this group of cases. A painstaking history, including an accurate estimate of the functional capacity of the heart and a comparison of present and past performances, furnishes the most significant diagnostic data. An increase in the sedimentation rate is often a more sensitive index of myocardial necrosis than are electrocardiographic changes. Lack of the latter should never be considered as conclusive evidence against serious myocardial involvement. Anginal pain like that in the cases in our report has often been designated as “premonitory pain,” which precedes the development of “actual myocardial infarction.” Our own experience and reports in the literature prove that “premonitory pain” is not invariably followed by typical anginal attacks signifying myocardial infarction. Moreover, “premonitory pain” is often by itself associated with evidence of myocardial necrosis. Hence, it appears that the distinction between “premonitory pain” and “actual myocardial infarction” is inappropriate. A sudden onset or aggravation of angina of effort, or brief attacks of angina of rest indicates progressive coronary insufficiency, and is in the majority of cases, associated with ischemic myocardial necrosis.
Ciclovía initiatives: engaging communities, partners, and policy makers along the route to success.

CONTEXT Recent efforts to increase physical activity through changes to the built environment have led to strategies and programs that use existing public space, including bicycle lanes, temporary parks, and the ciclovia initiative (scheduled events in which streets are closed to motorized vehicles and opened for recreational activities) popularized in South America. OBJECTIVE This article describes and compares the processes and structures involved in developing and implementing a ciclovia-type program in 2 US urban contexts: San Francisco, California, and St Louis, Missouri. Considering the current growth of and interest in ciclovia initiatives, important outcomes, lessons learned are offered for application in other, similar settings. DESIGN Primary sources from both initiatives and from published research on ciclovias constitute the body of evidence and include year-end reports, grant applications, meeting minutes, budgets, published ciclovia guidelines, evaluation studies and Web sites, media sources, and interviews and personal communication with the organizers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary source documents were reviewed and included in this analysis if they offered information on 3 grounded questions: What processes were used in developing the initiative? What are the current structures and practices used in implementation of initiatives? What are important lessons learned and best practices from initiatives for recommendations to stakeholders and policy makers in other contexts? RESULTS Among the categories compared, the structures and processes for implementation regarding buy-in and city department collaboration, route selection, programming, partnerships, media promotion, community outreach, and merchant support were relatively similar among the 2 initiatives. The categories that differed included staffing and volunteer engagement and funding. CONCLUSION Buy-in from community partners, merchants, residents, and city agencies is critical for a positive experience in developing and implementing ciclovia-type initiatives in urban environments. When funding and staffing are inconsistent or limited, the quality and sustainability of the initiative is less certain.
Effect of central air conditioning and meteorologic factors on indoor spore counts

We have studied the effect of residential central air conditioning on indoor spore counts. The air of 6 pairs of homes (air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned) was sampled volumetrically 4 times daily for 3 consecutive days at 2-hr intervals in the kitchens, bedrooms, and basements with an Anderson sampler. Nearly simultaneous samples were taken outdoors at the same intervals. The total spore count was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the kitchens and bedrooms of air-conditined as compared to non-air-conditioned homes. Logarithmic conversion of the total spore count showed significant reduction in all indoor locations of air-conditioned homes. Multiple regression analysis revealed the lower relative humidity of air-conditioned homes to be associated with the lower spore counts. There was no difference in the percent concentration of the major genera within both types of homes. Since reducing the influx of outdoor spores decreases the total spore count without altering the relative concentration of the genera whereas filtration preferentially removes the larger spores, we conclude that the major mechanism in reducing spore counts in air-conditioned homes is the closed windows, although the lower relative humidity and perhaps filtration are also associated with lower spore counts.
Adjunctive Aripiprazole, Olanzapine, or Quetiapine for Major Depressive Disorder: An Analysis of Number Needed to Treat, Number Needed to Harm, and Likelihood to Be Helped or Harmed

AbstractObjective: To describe the efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine for major depressive disorder. Data sources: Published registration study reports, supplemented by clinical trial synopses as disclosed by manufacturers and product labeling. Study selection: All available reports of studies were identified. Data extraction: Descriptions of the principal results and calculation of number needed to treat (NNT) for response and remission and number needed to harm (NNH) for relevant dichotomous adverse outcomes were extracted. Likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH) was subsequently calculated. Data synthesis: Three registration studies of adjunctive aripiprazole, 5 for olanzapine-fluoxetine combination, and 2 for quetiapine extended-release reveal NNT for response and remission to range from 7 to 14 and 7 to 13, respectively, for adjunctive antipsychotic versus antidepressant monotherapy, depending on the antipsychotic and/or dose. Adverse event profiles for the 3 d...
Electron-impact excitation of Li II in the distorted-wave approximation

The 1(1)S yields 2(3)P electron-impact-excitation cross section for Li II is calculated in the distorted-wave approximation. Two forms of the distorted-wave method are examined; in the first form both the initial and final wave functions are distorted, while in the second form only the initial wave function is distorted. In both forms a partial-wave expansion of the scattered amplitude is made, and exchange is incorporated in a consistent manner. The effects of including more than one configuration in the target-state wave function are also examined. For incident energies greater than 90 eV, distorted-wave calculations agree moderately well with recent experimental and theoretical results.
Giant spin Seebeck effect in a non-magnetic material

A giant spin Seebeck effect—three orders of magnitude greater than previously detected—has been observed in a non-magnetic material, InSb; the proposed mechanism relies only on phonon drag and spin–orbit interactions in a spin-polarized system, not on magnetic exchange. Heat cycles provide almost all of the energy that a modern civilization consumes. The thermoelectric cycle, a latecomer compared with steam and gases, generates electrical power through the Seebeck effect, whereby an electric voltage is generated when a conductor is placed in a temperature gradient. The 2008 discovery of the spin Seebeck effect ( go.nature.com/dlvhz2 ) — whereby a thermal gradient applied to a spin-polarized material leads to a spatially varying transverse spin current in an adjacent non-spin-polarized material — led to a new line of research in spintronics. In this issue of Nature, Jaworski et al. describe something similar but three orders of magnitude more powerful, a 'giant spin Seebeck effect' in a material (indium antimonide, InSb) that is non-magnetic but that has strong spin–orbit coupling and phonon–electron drag. They propose a mechanism for this phenomenon that relies on spin polarization only, not on magnetic exchange. The results, say the authors, show that the spin Seebeck effect can be of a magnitude that may make spin-based thermal-energy converters a reality, and possibly competitive with existing technologies. The spin Seebeck effect is observed when a thermal gradient applied to a spin-polarized material leads to a spatially varying transverse spin current in an adjacent non-spin-polarized material, where it gets converted into a measurable voltage. It has been previously observed with a magnitude of microvolts per kelvin in magnetically ordered materials, ferromagnetic metals1, semiconductors2 and insulators3. Here we describe a signal in a non-magnetic semiconductor (InSb) that has the hallmarks of being produced by the spin Seebeck effect, but is three orders of magnitude larger (millivolts per kelvin). We refer to the phenomenon that produces it as the giant spin Seebeck effect. Quantizing magnetic fields spin-polarize conduction electrons in semiconductors by means of Zeeman splitting, which spin–orbit coupling amplifies by a factor of ∼25 in InSb. We propose that the giant spin Seebeck effect is mediated by phonon–electron drag, which changes the electrons’ momentum and directly modifies the spin-splitting energy through spin–orbit interactions. Owing to the simultaneously strong phonon–electron drag and spin–orbit coupling in InSb, the magnitude of the giant spin Seebeck voltage is comparable to the largest known classical thermopower values.
Dynamics and implications of slab detachment due to ridge‐trench collision

[1] The approach of a buoyant spreading ridge to a subduction zone may lead to detachment of a subducted slab. Previous work has called upon the detachment process as an explanation for observed ridge abandonment and slab window related magmatism (e.g., in Baja California), but such a scenario has not been tested using fully dynamic numerical models. We use dynamic two-dimensional models including a non-Newtonian rheology to study the approach of a trench-parallel spreading ridge to a subduction zone. We find that before the ridge approaches within 100 km of the trench, detachment of the subducted slab occurs due to the combined effects of increased buoyancy and reduced strength of the lithosphere with ridge proximity. In models exploring effects of subducted slab length, distance of the ridge from the trench, shear zone strength, and lithospheric yield strength, we find the following: (1) a decrease in subduction velocity as the ridge approaches the trench, (2) a shrinking surface plate that maintains a uniform plate-like subduction velocity, (3) ridge abandonment distances 100-275 km from the trench, and (4) slab gap distances 195-285 km from the trench. These results are consistent with observations in Baja California, where detachment of the Cocos slab may explain abandonment of observed segments of the East Pacific Rise 50-200 km outboard of the trench and the presence of nonarc related magmatism located 100-250 km inboard of the trench. Ridge subduction does not occur within any of these two-dimensional cases of ridge-trench collision, indicating that 3-D geometric effects may be responsible for ridge subduction.
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of a Rat Hippocampal Slice Model for Acute Brain Injury

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a surrogate marker of acute brain pathology, yet few studies have resolved the evolution of water diffusion changes during the first 8 hours after acute injury, a critical period for therapeutic intervention. To characterize this early period, this study used a 17.6-T wide-bore magnet to measure multicomponent water diffusion at high b-values (7 to 8,080 s/mm(2)) for rat hippocampal slices at baseline and serially for 8 hours after treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187. The mean fast diffusing water fraction (Ffast) progressively decreased for slices treated with 10-microM/L A23187 (-20.9 +/- 6.3% at 8 hours). Slices treated with 50-micromol/L A23187 had significantly reduced Ffast 80 minutes earlier than slices treated with 10-microM/L A23187 (P CA3) to pathologic swelling induced by A23187, confirming that particular intravoxel cell populations may contribute disproportionately to water diffusion changes observed by MRI after acute brain injury. These data suggest diffusion-weighted images at high b-values and the diffusion parameter Ffast may be highly sensitive correlates of cell swelling in nervous issue after acute injury.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS UPON THE PARATHYROID GLAND OF THE VIRGINIA DEER, IN SPECIMENS TAKEN AT INTERVALS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR

IN AN EARLIER PAPER in this joumal(i),the occurrence of numerous small basophilic granules in the parathyroid gland has been reported for three specimens of the Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis)and for a single specimen of the Barasingha deer (Rucervus duvaucelli). In both species the parathyroid gland is composed of a single basic cell type, homologous with the ‘principal’ cell of man (2, 3). The granules were located within the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells, and stained readily with alum-hematoxylin or iron-hematoxylin after fixation in 10 per cent neutral formalin or Zenker-formol. The pictures were so striking as to suggest a granular secretory mechanism for the elaboration of the parathyroid hormone in the deer; however, no proof was forthcoming that the basophilic granules actually representedthe secretory antecedent of the hormone. Through the courtesy of the trustees of Naushon Island, Massachusetts, it has been possible to pursue this observation further upon specimens of the V...
A Numerical method for optimization of distributed parameter structures with displacement constraints

Recent results in design differentiation of structural displacement are used to develop an iterative optimization method that explicitly treats bounds on the maximum displacement of structural elements. Computable design derivative expressions are employed, and a finite-element computational algorithm is presented for obtaining design derivatives needed in structural optimization. A function-space, gradient-projection, optimization technique which uses these derivatives is presented. The method is applied to beam and plate optimization problems to illustrate its use and to evaluate its computational efficiency. Results obtained using this method are compared with solutions reported in the literature. The method is shown to be both generally applicable and numerically efficient.
Development of children’s word recall: Hemispheric specialization, strategy, or high-order cognitive process?

This study tested the assumption that the development of superordinate relationships activated from semantic memory may be related to the degree to which information is lateralized and strategically processed. Two age groups of children were presented stimulus lists that comprised semantically organized, phonemically organized, or unorganized words. The words were presented diotically or dichotically. Dependent measures were serial recall, adjusted ratio of clustering, and adjusted ratio of category organization. Recall increased with age and type of word processing, and developmental differences in recall interacted with mode of ear presentation and type of word processing. Most important, superordinate organization remained independent of the mode of ear presentation, suggesting that both hemispheres share a common information source (i.e., semantic memory). The results suggest that age-related hemispheric variations in lateralization and control processes may be linked to the organizational components of semantic memory.