cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between emerging measures of heart failure processes of care and clinical outcomes.

Background Previous studies have not confirmed associations between some current performance measures for inpatient heart failure processes of care and postdischarge outcomes. It is unknown if alternative measures are associated with outcomes. Methods Using data for 20,441 Medicare beneficiaries in OPTIMIZE-HF from March 2003 through December 2004, which we linked to Medicare claims data, we examined associations between hospital-level processes of care and patient outcomes. Performance measures included any β-blocker for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD); evidence-based β-blocker for patients with LVSD; warfarin for patients with atrial fibrillation; aldosterone antagonist for patients with LVSD; implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for patients with ejection fraction ≤35%; and referral to disease management. Outcome measures were unadjusted and adjusted associations of each process measure with 60-day and 1-year mortality and cardiovascular readmission at the hospital level. Results Adjusted hazard ratios for 1-year mortality with a 10% increase in hospital- level adherence were 0.94 for any β-blocker (95% CI, 0.90-0.98; P = .004), 0.95 for evidence-based β-blocker (95% CI, 0.92-0.98; P = .004); 0.97 for warfarin (95% CI, 0.92-1.03; P = .33); 0.94 for aldosterone antagonists (95% CI, 0.91-0.98; P = .006); 0.92 for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (95% CI, 0.87-0.98; P = .007); and 1.01 for referral to disease management (95% CI, 0.99-1.03; P = .21). Conclusions Several evidence-based processes of care are associated with improved outcomes, can discriminate hospital-level quality of care, and could be considered as clinical performance measures.
Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference: reinstatement by priming injections of cocaine after extinction.

To explore the way in which drugs act to reinstate drug-seeking behavior, we studied drug-induced reinstatement of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). In a series of experiments, we studied the establishment, maintenance, extinction and reinstatement of a cocaine-induced CPP in a three-chamber 'unbiased' apparatus. Groups of rats were given four 20-min pairings of one chamber with cocaine (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and four of the other with saline on alternate days. In 15-min tests for CPP, drug-free rats were placed in the center choice chamber with access to the entire apparatus. Experiments were designed to study the expression of the CPP, the maintenance of the CPP in tests given at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after training, and the reinstatement of the CPP by cocaine (5.0 mg/kg) after extinction by 12 repeated tests in the non-drugged state, and after extinction by pairing each chamber, on alternate days, with saline on four occasions. Robust CPPs were obtained that endured for 4 weeks and were maintained for up to 6 weeks when tests were given at 2-week intervals. Both extinction procedures led to the loss of the CPP that was in turn reinstated by priming injections of cocaine. These results indicate that a cocaine-induced CPP, once developed, endures for several weeks, and is maintained by occasional testing even in the absence of additional drug experience. The fact that the CPP is easily reinstated when testing is preceded by a priming injection of cocaine suggests that drugs may induce relapse by renewing the incentive value of drug-associated cues.
Instrument Association Skills: Children in First and Second Grades

The purpose of this study was to investigate one aspect of music perception and music knowledge of children at the beginning of formal music training, and to compare the profiles of perception and knowledge of children at two levels of maturation and learning. Subjects were asked to listen to the sound of individual musical instruments and then to match the sound heard with one of the two instrument pictures displayed. Second graders scored significantly higher (p < .001) than first graders in instrument association; rank orders of instruments according to association difficulty, however, were markedly similar between grades. These results support the opinion that children bring much music knowledge to their first music classes.
Economic Stress Among Adult-Child Caregivers of the Oldest Old in China: The Importance of Contextual Factors

Guided by Pearlin's stress process model, this study tested the association between parents' care needs, caregivers' structural context, and caregivers' perception of economic stress in providing care for their parents. Multinomial probit regression was conducted with the cross-sectional data from 895 pairs of Chinese oldest-old parents and their adult-child caregivers. The results indicate that caregiver's low income, and reporting "eldest son" status increased the likelihood of reporting higher levels of economic stress. Caregivers who lived in urban areas, had poor health, or were divorced, widowed or unmarried reported higher levels of economic stress. These findings indicate the need of research on low-income caregivers and the relationship between filial norms and caregiving experience. This study also implies the need for culturally congruent social services and policies designed to enhance the family's ability to care for elders.
Population growth away from the coastal zone: thirty years of land use change and nutrient export in the Altamaha River, GA.

Abstract We used more than thirty years of water quality monitoring data collected by the United States Geological Survey at several stations in the Altamaha River and its tributaries to examine the relationship between population density, agricultural land use, and nutrient export from the watershed. Population densities in the Altamaha River watershed increased during the study period, most notably in the upper watershed near metropolitan Atlanta, while agricultural land use declined throughout the watershed. NO x , TN and P in rivers were related to human population densities, while OC and NH 4 + concentrations in rivers were apparently related to agricultural land use. A general pattern of increasing NO x and TN and decreasing NH 4 + , P and OC over time throughout the watershed reflected changing population and land use. The overall average load from the Altamaha River to the coastal zone during the study period was 1.1, 5.6, 16.9, 0.9 and 262 kmol km − 2 yr − 1 , delivering 40, 197, 596, 30, and 9213 · 10 6 mol yr − 1 of NH 4 + , NO x , TN, P and OC, respectively, to the coastal zone. The nutrient export patterns suggest that N and P loading to rivers in the Altamaha River watershed was greatest in the upper watershed where high population densities were found, and in-stream processing, dilution, and only moderate inputs during transit through the lower watershed resulted in relatively low export from the watershed to coastal waters.
Three-dimensional object pose estimation for robotic assembly applications

3D image processing is a subset of computer vision area. Object pose estimation is an important application in 3D object recognition. A 3D object pose estimation method is developed for an automated manufacturing assembly application. The target parts are extracted from the original range images using the traditional edge detection and segmentation methods. The center position is then computed through the circle Hough transform algorithm. For the 3D orientation estimation, a 3D geometrical feature descriptor, angle distance map (ADM), is proposed to describe the 3D local surface feature. A triangular mesh model of 3D object is used for reducing the computational complexity. The principal components analysis method is applied on the ADM descriptions for efficient comparison. The orientation information is computed according to the extracted 3D feature points. The proposed method is tested in an application for flexible robot assembly. The experimental results show that accurate 3D pose estimation can be obtained.
A 1.5GHz 1.35mW −112dBc/Hz in-band noise digital phase-locked loop with 50fs/mV supply-noise sensitivity

A highly digital PLL employs a 1b TDC and a low power regulator to reduce output jitter in the presence of large amount of supply-noise. Fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS process, the ring-oscillator based DPLL consumes 1.35mW at 1.5GHz output frequency and achieves better than 50fs/mV worst-case noise sensitivity (≡10ps pp jitter degradation with 200mV pp noise).
Nonlinear transmission using highly nonlinear Bragg mirrors

Nonlinear transmission upon the formation of an optically induced photonic band gap (PBG) is demonstrated by using periodic layers of optical polymers doped with highly nonlinear transition metal oxides. The refractive indices of the alternating layers are designed to be close and no PBG is formed at low power densities. Under high power illumination, the index difference becomes large because of the high optical nonlinearities of the transition metal oxides. Consequently, nonlinear transmission is accomplished with the formation and the broadening of the PBG. Compared to typical optical limiters based on a PBG approach, our devices provide a large dynamic range and a broad operation wavelength range. The experiments on a nonlinear Bragg mirror consisting of only 4 pairs of PVA:Co 3 O 4 -PVK, each with a layer thickness of 85 nm, show a linear transmittance of greater than 50% throughout the visible, and nonlinear transmission for a 10 ns laser pulse at 523 nm with a threshold of 30 mJ/cm 2 and a minimum transmission of about 10%. The minimum transmission reduces to 5% for a 12-pair device. Improving the uniformity of each layer and adding more pairs can result in even lower transmission at high intensities. The threshold can be further reduced through precise design and control of the thickness of each layer. The device and material approach is promising for applications such as protection for broadband detectors and human eyes.
Probing photocatalytic reactions in semiconductor systems: Study of the chemical intermediates in 4 -chlorophenol degradation by a variety of methods

The photocatalytic transformation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) has been studied in aqueous slurries, on powders and on immobilized particulate films of TiO2. These results are compared to those obtained using gamma and pulse radiolysis in order to establish a comprehensive picture of the 4-CP reaction pathway in TiO2 systems. The disappearance of 4-CP and its reaction intermediates in TiO2 slurries involves a combination of hydroxyl radical oxidation, direct electron transfer and surface chemical reactions.
Habituation, memory and the brain: the dynamics of interval timing

Memory decay is rapid at first and slower later-a feature that accounts for Jost's memory law: that old memories gain on newer ones with lapse of time. The rate-sensitive property of habituation-that recovery after spaced stimuli may be slower than after massed-provides a clue to the dynamics of memory decay. Rate-sensitive habituation can be modeled by a cascade of thresholded integrator units that have a counterpart in human brain areas identified by magnetic source imaging (MSI). The memory trace component of the multiple-time-scale model for habituation can provide a 'clock' that has the properties necessary to account for both static and dynamic properties of interval timing: static proportional and Weber-law timing as well as dynamic tracking of progressive, 'impulse' and periodic interval sequences.
Mapping compositional diversity on the surface of Mars: The Spectral Variance Index

[1] The advent of high spatial resolution instruments onboard orbiting Mars missions entails the need for identification of critical regions to be analyzed in further detail. We present the Spectral Variance Index (SVI), a method to detect regions of large surface materials diversity compared to the average of the planet. Such diversity may be indicative of significant active and past geological processes, such as hydrothermal activity, chemical and mechanical sedimentation, pyroclastic volcanism, erosion unveiling layering of diverse composition, and weathering, among others. The SVI was derived from statistical analysis of the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectral data set for 5 × 5 degree cells covering the entire planet; global SVI maps depicting surface materials diversity were produced. Regions of elevated SVI occur clustered in low-albedo, high-thermal inertia regions, indicative of rock-dominated surfaces. The surface geology of two regions of anomalously high SVI (Nili Fossae and Mare Tyrrhenum), and one region of low SVI (Amazonis Planitia), was investigated utilizing spectroscopic, thermophysical, and morphological data. The following data-derived spectral end-members were identified in all three regions: atmospheric water-ice, surface dust (both in close spatial relationship), and instrument noise. The high SVI regions show also signatures characteristic of surfaces type 1 and 2, forsterite (Nili), phyllosilicates and/or high-Si glass (Nili), and another end-member most consistent with fayalite (or, alternatively, high-Ca pyroxene) in volcanic materials (Tyrrhenum). The SVI method effectively identifies regions, both previously known and new ones, of surface material diversity on Mars; spectroscopic data of higher spatial resolution will improve our understanding of their compositional diversity.
Complications of peripheral blockade.

This chapter presents a framework in which to consider the myriad possible complications of the broad array of peripheral regional anesthesia techniques. The basis of that framework is an organization of those complications into four simple categories: psychogenic reactions, coincident complications, trauma from the technique, and untoward effects of the local anesthetic and adjuvant drugs. The two former categories are discussed in the overview. This chapter considers the latter two categories.
Premeiosis and meiosis in Lilium “Enchantment”

Various aspects of premeiosis and meiosis in Lilium “Enchantment” are described. There was evidence of a premeiotic slow-down but no cells in premeiotic despiralization were observed. A relationship was found between sequence of bud development, or reproductive age of the individual, and degree of preleptotene chromosome contraction. The sequence of development of microsporocytes in the anther differed from the apex-to-base order previously reported in Lilium and, in contrast to observations in L. longiflorum cultivars, the maximum degree of preleptotene contraction was found in basal, last developing microsporocytes. Delayed despiralization of telophase nuclei was observed. There were extremely rare cells in meiotic division in anthers in which all other archesporial cells had not yet reached premeiotic interphase. Extreme variation was observed among anthers in proportions of microsporocytes in mid-stages of meiosis as well as in preleptotene contraction. These observations are discussed in relation to meiosis readiness, meiotic behavior in early and late developing regions of reproductive organs and in aging individuals, synchrony of meiotic development and rates of meiotic division.
Multiphase support vector regression for function approximation with break-points

In this paper, we propose a novel multiphase support vector regression (mp-SVR) technique to approximate a true relationship for the case where the effect of input on output changes abruptly at some break-points. A new formulation for mp-SVR is presented to allow such structural changes in regression function. And then, we present a new hybrid-encoding scheme in genetic algorithms to select the best combination of the kernel functions and to determine both break-points and hyperparameters of mp-SVR. The proposed method has a major advantage over the conventional ones that different kernel functions can be possibly adapted to different regions of the data domain. Computational results in two examples including a real-life data demonstrate its capability in capturing the local characteristics of the data more effectively. Consequently, the mp-SVR has a high potential value in a wide range of applications for function approximations.
DIFFERENTIAL WEIGHTING OF MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS

This paper outlines a technique for differentially weighting options of a multiple choice test in a fashion that maximizes the item predictive validity. The rule can be applied with different number of categories and the “optimal” number of categories can be determined by significance tests and/or through the R2 criterion. Our theoretical analysis indicates that more complex scoring rules have: higher item validities, higher item variances, higher score variances, and are also likely to increase the interitem correlations and the test reliability. A plausible explanation for the apparent paradox of lack of improvement in the test validity, based on the relation between interitem correlations and item validities, is offered.
Seafood Allergy and Allergens: A Review

Seafoods are composed of diverse sea organisms and humans are allergic to many of them. Tropomyosin is a major allergen in many shellfish, especially crustacea and mollusks. Interestingly, tropomyosin has also been identified as an important allergen in other invertebrates including dust mites and cockroaches, and it has been proposed by some to be an invertebrate pan allergen. Different regions of shrimp tropomyosin bind IgE; 5 major IgE-binding regions have been identified in shrimp tropomyosin containing 8 epitopes. Mutations of these shrimp allergenic epitopes can reduce seafood allergenicity; methods utilizing such mutations will provide safer vaccines for more effective treatment of seafood-allergic patients, and in the future less-allergenic seafood products for consumption.
Longitudinal stability of specific barriers to medication adherence.

Objective Higher levels of barriers are related to lower medication adherence and negative medical outcomes in pediatric transplant recipients. Although total number of barriers appears to be stable over time, it is unclear whether the same is true for specific barriers. This study examined the frequency of endorsement and the stability of specific barriers over 18 months. Method Participants included 63 parents and 51 adolescents and young adults. Transplant types included 39 kidneys, 16 livers, 10 hearts, and 1 double lung. Participants completed measures of perceived barriers to adherence at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2). Results The majority of parent- and adolescent-reported specific barriers showed a positive relationship from T1 to T2. Few specific barriers showed significant differences in the level of endorsement between time points. Conclusion Specific barriers to medication adherence tend to be stable over time. Patients’ specific barriers appear unlikely to change without targeted intervention.
AMR Code Simulations of Turbulent Combustion in Confined and Unconfined SDF Explosions

A heterogeneous continuum model is proposed to describe the dispersion and combustion of an aluminum particle cloud in an explosion. It combines the gasdynamic conservation laws for the gas phase with a continuum model for the dispersed phase, as formulated by Nigmatulin. Inter-phase mass, momentum and energy exchange are prescribed by phenomenological models. It incorporates a combustion model based on the mass conservation laws for fuel, air and products; source/sink terms are treated in the fast-chemistry limit appropriate for such gasdynamic fields, along with a model for mass transfer from the particle phase to the gas. The model takes into account both the afterburning of the detonation products of the booster with air, and the combustion of the Al particles with air. The model equations were integrated by high-order Godunov schemes for both the gas and particle phases. Numerical simulations of the explosion fields from 1.5-g Shock-Dispersed-Fuel (SDF) charge in a 6.6 liter calorimeter were used to validate the combustion model. Then the model was applied to 10-kg Al-SDF explosions in a vented two-room structure and in an unconfined height-of-burst explosion. Computed pressure histories are in reasonable (but not perfect) agreement with measured waveforms. Differences are caused by physical-chemical kinetic effects of particle combustion which induce ignition delays in the initial reactive blast wave and quenching of reactions at late times. Current simulations give initial insights into such modeling issues.
Cognitive simulation of academic science

This work describes a cognitively realistic approach to social simulation. It begins with a model created by Gilbert [4] for capturing the growth of academic science. Gilbert's model, which was equation-based, is replaced here by an agent-based (neural network) model, with the (neural network based) cognitive architecture CLARION providing greater cognitive realism. Using this agent model, results comparable to previous simulations and to human data are obtained. It is found that while different cognitive settings may affect the aggregate number of scientific articles produced by the model, they do not generally lead to different distributions of number of articles per author. It is argued that using more cognitively realistic models in simulations may lead to novel insights.
Effects of Modifying Topoisomerase II Levels on Cellular Recovery from Radiation Damage

Abstract Gaffney, D. K., Lundquist, M., Warters, R. L. and Rowley, R. Effects of Modifying Topoisomerase II Levels on Cellular Recovery from Radiation Damage. Experiments were performed with the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to test whether DNA topoisomerase II is involved in repair of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. Topoisomerase II was inactivated by use of a temperature-sensitive mutation. Enzyme inactivation increased cellular radiosensitivity, blocked the restitution of broken chromosomes, assayed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and prolonged the induction of a DNA damage-inducible gene (RNR3). Overexpression of the topoisomerase II gene did not alter cellular radiosensitivity. The data support a role for topoisomerase II in the repair of DNA strand breaks.
Scleroderma-like Fibrosing Disorders

Many conditions presenting with clinical hard skin and tissue fibrosis can be confused with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). These disorders have very diverse etiologies and often an unclear pathogenetic mechanism. Distinct clinical characteristics, skin histology, and disease associations may allow one to distinguish these conditions from scleroderma and from each other. A prompt diagnosis is important to spare patients from ineffective treatments and inadequate management. This article highlights nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy), eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman's syndrome), scleromyxedema, and scleredema. These often are detected in the primary care setting and referred to rheumatologists for further evaluation. Rheumatologists must be able to promptly recognize them to provide valuable prognostic information and appropriate treatment options for affected patients.
Agitation in Severely Demented Patients

AbstractThe evaluation and treatment of agitation in severely demented patients is a difficult clinical problem. The paucity of empirical data from controlled medication trials requires that clinicians adopt a rational treatment approach to these patients based on a thorough clinical assessment. This paper presents a theoretical framework based on literature review and clinical experience that the practicing clinician can use to better understand and assess the behavioral disturbances commonly called “agitation.” Guidelines for treatment strategies are discussed.
The Social Ecology of Child Development in the Mexican American Population: Current Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives

This article explores the influence of contextual factors on the developmental outcomes of Mexican American children. The contextual structure of child development is conceptualized as a complex system of environments, including the socio-demographic, social service, academic, and parental home environments. Based on an extensive review of the current theoretical and empirical literature, we find that the disadvantaged social position of Mexican American children has detrimental implications for all other aspects of their environment, thus hindering their development. In addition, although Mexican American parents are highly competent in providing a nurturing and culturally-rich environment, there is a often a discontinuity between the home environment and both the academic and the social service environments.
Modulation of NF-κB-dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase

NF‐κB is responsible for upregulating gene products that control cell survival. In this study, we demonstrate that SIRT1, a nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide‐dependent histone deacetylase, regulates the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB. SIRT1, the mammalian ortholog of the yeast SIR2 (Silencing Information Regulator) and a member of the Sirtuin family, has been implicated in modulating transcriptional silencing and cell survival. SIRT1 physically interacts with the RelA/p65 subunit of NF‐κB and inhibits transcription by deacetylating RelA/p65 at lysine 310. Treatment of cells with resveratrol, a small‐molecule agonist of Sirtuin activity, potentiates chromatin‐associated SIRT1 protein on the cIAP‐2 promoter region, an effect that correlates with a loss of NF‐κB‐regulated gene expression and sensitization of cells to TNFα‐induced apoptosis. While SIRT1 is capable of protecting cells from p53‐induced apoptosis, our work provides evidence that SIRT1 activity augments apoptosis in response to TNFα by the ability of the deacetylase to inhibit the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 protein.
The extent of linkage disequilibrium caused by selection on G6PD in humans.

The gene coding for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is subject to positive selection by malaria in some human populations. The G6PD A− allele, which is common in sub-Saharan Africa, is associated with deficient enzyme activity and protection from severe malaria. To delimit the impact of selection on patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and nucleotide diversity, we resequenced 5.1 kb at G6PD and ∼2–3 kb at each of eight loci in a 2.5-Mb region roughly centered on G6PD in a diverse sub-Saharan African panel of 51 unrelated men (including 20 G6PD A−, 11 G6PD A+, and 20 G6PD B chromosomes). The signature of selection is evident in the absence of genetic variation at G6PD and at three neighboring loci within 0.9 Mb from G6PD among all individuals bearing G6PD A− alleles. A genomic region of ∼1.6 Mb around G6PD was characterized by long-range LD associated with the A− alleles. These patterns of nucleotide variability and LD suggest that G6PD A− is younger than previous age estimates and has increased in frequency in sub-Saharan Africa due to strong selection (0.1 < s < 0.2). These results also show that selection can lead to nonrandom associations among SNPs over great physical and genetic distances, even in African populations.
Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the jaw with distant metastasis: a case report and review of the literature.

We report a patient with central mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the mandible with distant metastasis but without regional lymph node metastasis
Precise exception handling in discontinuous control flow scenarios for area-constrained systems

Exception handling is one of the most complicated issues in pipelined processors. Several incomplete instructions are in process in the pipeline at any instant in time, and an exception may cause a state change of the processor (Hennessy and Patterson, 2002) at any such instant. Prior research efforts have proposed mechanisms for precise exception handling, but it is difficult to achieve precise exception handling in minimal area as required by embedded and processing-in-memory systems. This paper presents a correct and efficient exception handling scheme with a modest hardware resource. The presented idea maintains precise exception handling in the case of discrete control flow and has been implemented in 90 nm technology.
A Numerical Simulation of Winter Cumulus Electrification. Part I: Shallow Cloud

Abstract The development of electricity in a shallow wintertime cumulus was studied using an axisymmetric cloud model containing both microphysical and electrical charge separation processes during graupel formation. The charge separation mechanisms considered included ion induction, ion diffusion, polarization and riming electrification. An unexpected result was that polarization did not intensify cloud electrification. Instead, riming electrification appears to be the principal charge separation process acting to intensify cloud electricity. The cloud is electrified during graupel formation, and a relatively large positive potential gradient forms initially near the cloud top along the cloud boundary between negative graupel and positive ions. Later, graupel particles, electrified positively through riming electrification, produce a relatively strong negative potential gradient between the positive space charge and the upper-level negative space charge produced by snow crystals. As these positively char...
Domain-Independent Novel Event Discovery and Semi-Automatic Event Annotation

Information Extraction (IE) is becoming increasingly useful, but it is a costly task to discover and annotate novel events, event arguments, and event types. We exploit both monolingual texts and bilingual sentence-aligned parallel texts to cluster event triggers and discover novel event types. We then generate event argument annotations semiautomatically, framed as a sentence ranking and semantic role labeling task. Experiments on three different corpora -ACE, OntoNotes and a collection of scientific literature -have demonstrated that our domain-independent methods can significantly speed up the entire event discovery and annotation process while maintaining high quality.
Organic LED (OLED) for Automotive Display Applications

Organic LED (OLED), also called as OEL, has the potential to contribute significantly to our automotive lifestyles in the near future. Some of the advantages of OLED are: Good visibility Fast response time Low power consumption
The Video Revolution: A New View of Laryngoscopy

The development of less expensive, smaller, and more reliable video cameras has revolutionized the design of laryngoscopes and the process of endotracheal intubation. The term video laryngoscopy defines a broad range of devices, distinct from fiberoptic bronchoscopes, in which a video camera is used in place of line-of-sight visualization to accomplish endotracheal intubation. Over a dozen laryngoscopes are marketed currently. Each model of video laryngoscope has its own unique strengths, weaknesses, and best applications. For the purposes of this review, video laryngoscopes are grouped into 3 different designs: stylets, guide channels, and video modifications of the traditional (usually Macintosh) laryngoscope blades.
Mechanical workload-myocardial water content relationship in isolated rat hearts

We tested the hypothesis that the mechanical workload of the heart inversely determines the rate of myocardial edema formation in an isolated, perfused rat heart preparation. Heart rate (HR) was varied in three groups by pacing at 125 (HR125), 250 (HR250), or 350 beats/min (HR350). Left ventricular pressure (LVP) was varied in two additional groups by pacing at 250 beats/min and with the addition of either epinephrine (Epi) or propranolol (Pro) to the perfusate. In five otherwise identical groups, variation of coronary vascular resistance was minimized by adenosine. Myocardial water content (MWC) varied significantly and inversely with HR in the HR125, HR250, and HR350 groups. MWC of the HR250 group was significantly less than that of the Pro group but did not differ from the Epi group. However, when adenosine was used, MWC had significant inverse relationships with HR and LVP. We concluded that the mechanical workload of the heart inversely determines the rate and degree of myocardial edema formation in this isolated heart preparation, and both HR and LVP are determinants of this relationship.
Sweet Concepts, Inc.: Trade Show Marketing

Brooks West of Sweet Concepts has recently adopted a new brand strategy for Butterfields, the company's line of hard candy. West must decide how the new branding strategy should affect his trade-show marketing program.
Isolation and Structural Characterization of the Polypeptide Subunits of Membrane Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa From Human Platelets

We have previously demonstrated the isolation of platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa by affinity chromatography with a specific monoclonal antibody. We have now separated the polypeptide subunits IIb and IIIa of the isolated glycoprotein by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and have compared their structural features. Both IIb and IIIa contain approximately 15% carbohydrate, but IIIa contains a larger percentage of mannose residues, suggesting the presence of high mannose as well as complex N- linked oligosaccharide chains. The amino acid compositions are sufficiently similar to imply areas of sequence homology between the two subunits. To examine further the relationship between the subunits, we digested a mixture of 125I-IIb and 131I-IIIa with trypsin and then separated the radiolabeled peptides by high performance liquid chromatography. The resultant peptide maps of IIb and IIIa are completely different. This indicates that neither subunit is derived from the other and suggests that polypeptides IIb and IIIa are products of separate genes.
Intrusion detection in wireless sensor networks for destructive intruders

Intrusion detection in a wireless sensor network (WSN) has drawn intensive attentions recently due to its wide applications. Many issues in intrusion detection, such as sensor deployment, mobility of sensors and data fusion have been investigated extensively. However, the behavior of the intruder has rarely been investigated. In this paper, we introduce a novel situation where the intruder can destroy encountered sensors. This situation is analyzed theoretically and experimentally under our system model. The key point is to discuss the intrusion detection problem differently according to the speed of the intruder. We derive the detection probability, which can be applied to any sensor deployment utilizing the disc model. The detection model we used includes a single-sensing detection model and a multiple-sensing detection model. Some interesting factors in intrusion detection, such as transmission period, sampling period, and the random entrance time of the intruder are also considered. Finally, our Monte-Carlo simulation results validated our analytical results.
Program Behavior

Among the performance characteristics of programs, the patterns of memory references they generate have the unique property of being totally irrelevant in a non-virtual memory context and perhaps the most important aspect of program behavior in a virtual memory system. It is because of their importance in the latter case that the referencing behavior is so often referred to as the "behavior" par excellence.
Switch or persevere? The effects of experience and metacognition on persistence decisions

This paper extends the scholarly understanding of entrepreneurial persistence decisions by identifying individual-level constructs that moderate which decision criteria have the most influence on entrepreneurs’ persistence decisions. Prior research demonstrates that contextual factors, such as feedback through adversity and the attractiveness of opportunities in an entrepreneur’s environment, determine whether or not an entrepreneur will persist with their current venture. We contribute to this literature by theoretically proposing and empirically testing how individual differences in entrepreneurial experience, metacognitive experience, and metacognitive knowledge moderate which aspects of environmental information entrepreneurs pay the most attention to when deciding whether or not to persist. We test our proposed model using a conjoint experiment that allows for monitoring actual persistence decisions of 124 entrepreneurs. Results suggest that metacognitive knowledge influences persistence decisions primarily through altering the impact that probability of expected outcomes associated with potential alternatives has on entrepreneurs’ persistence decisions. Furthermore, the results provide evidence that more experienced entrepreneurs weigh financial returns and switching costs more heavily when making persistence decisions.
Firm‐specific human capital investments as a signal of general value: Revisiting assumptions about human capital and how it is managed

Research summary: Prior scholarship has assumed that firm-specific and general human capital can be analyzed separately. This article argues that, in some settings, this is not the case because prior firm-specific human capital investments can be a market signal of an individual's willingness and ability to make such investments in the future. As such, the willingness and ability to make firm-specific investments is a type of general human capital that links firm-specific and general human capital in important ways. The article develops theory about these investments, market signals, and value appropriation. Then, the article examines implications for human resource management and several important questions in the field of strategic management, including theories of the firm and microfoundations of competitive advantage. Managerial summary: While managers don't often use the terms firm-specific and general skills, they certainly recognize that investments employees make in their skill sets are more or less relevant to a specific firm. For instance, investing in specific relationships within a firm or learning a firm's proprietary software would be considered firm-specific investments. While such skills may seem relevant only to the particular firm in which they were invested, these investments may also send valuable signals to competing firms that such employees are willing and able to make similar investments elsewhere. Hence, managers should be interested in determining if a potential hire has made prior firm-specific investments to help them know whether that person might be likely to make such investments in his or her future place of employment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopant Site Location by Electron Channeling in Ion Implanted Silicon

A simple ratio technique using the phenomenon of electron channeling can be used to measure the substitutional concentrations of dopants in semiconductors on a submicron scale.A comparison was made between electron and ion channeling measurements on Si-Sb alloy samples having a range of nonsubstitutional fractions of Sb.Good agreement was obtained but both measurements indicated considerably more nonsubstitutional dopant than could be accounted for by precipitates observed in electron micrographs. The discrepancy can be explained if the precipitates are coherent in the early stages of growth and have their planes located interstitially with respect to the Si planes. The sensitivity of the electron channeling measurements to the implantation profile was investigated and found to be small.The determination of local dopant profiles in the electron microscope is described.
Complement Fixation: A Modified Procedure Designed to Eliminate Anticomplementary and Proeomplementary Effects.

SummaryA modified complement fixation (C'F) technic designed to eliminate anticomplementary and procomplementary effects of antigens and antisera is presented. In the modified procedure antigen and antiserum are allowed to interact in the absence of added complement, the immune aggregates are washed and then resuspended in a standard dose of complement. The relative merits of the standard and modified procedures are discussed.
Delinquency Prevention and Treatment: A Community-Centered Perspective

A general rationale for community-centered delinquency programs is presented. Several theories are described that provide guidance for prevention and intervention efforts. The most robust psychological model for intervention, it is argued, appears to be cognitive-behaviorism. Applications, however, must also address community practices which exacerbate delinquency. Successful programs and strategies aimed at diversion, neighborhoods, families, and school are reviewed and future directions are suggested.
Definition of a Skp2-c-Myc Pathway to Expand Human Beta-cells

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and reduced functional β-cell mass. Developmental differences, failure of adaptive expansion and loss of β-cells via β-cell death or de-differentiation have emerged as the possible causes of this reduced β-cell mass. We hypothesized that the proliferative response to mitogens of human β-cells from T2D donors is reduced, and that this might contribute to the development and progression of T2D. Here, we demonstrate that the proliferative response of human β-cells from T2D donors in response to cdk6 and cyclin D3 is indeed dramatically impaired. We show that this is accompanied by increased nuclear abundance of the cell cycle inhibitor, p27(kip1). Increasing nuclear abundance of p27(kip1) by adenoviral delivery decreases the proliferative response of β-cells from non-diabetic donors, mimicking T2D β-cells. However, while both p27(kip1) gene silencing and downregulation by Skp2 overexpression increased similarly the proliferative response of human β-cells, only Skp2 was capable of inducing a significant human β-cell expansion. Skp2 was also able to double the proliferative response of T2D β-cells. These studies define c-Myc as a central Skp2 target for the induction of cell cycle entry, expansion and regeneration of human T2D β-cells.
Self-consistent Mode-Coupling Formulation of Spectra of Nonlinear (Anharmonic) Systems

The calculation of spectra of nonlinearly coupled oscillators is a basic problem in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics which has broad range of implications (e.g. the vibrational spectra of polyatomic molecules). It is well established that classical trajectories of nonlinear systems may be classified as “quasiperiodic” or “stochastic” (chaotic) depending on the nonlinear coupling and the initial conditions.1–3 The quantum mechanical significance of these concepts is however not at all clear and is the subject of numerous current studies.4,5 There is obviously a need to develop a theoretical framework which will allow us to study classical and quantum systems along similar lines and to compare their behaviour in detail. In the present paper, an exact reduced equation of motion which allows the calculation of zero temperature correlation functions in nonlinear (anharmonic) quantum systems is derived. A self consistent procedure is subsequently developed which enables us to solve for the correlation functions by mapping the anharmonic problem into a harmonic problem with higher dimensionality. The latter assumes the form of a nonlinear map analogous to those used in classical nonlinear dynamics and may exhibit critical dependence on the anharmonic potential.6 The present approach is based on the mode-coupling formalism7 and utilizes a new type of reduced equation of motion developed recently.8, 9
Generalized dynamic opaque predicates: A new control flow obfuscation method

Opaque predicate obfuscation, a low-cost and stealthy control flow obfuscation method to introduce superfluous branches, has been demonstrated to be effective to impede reverse engineering efforts and broadly used in various areas of software security. Conventional opaque predicates typically rely on the invariant property of well-known number theoretic theorems, making them easy to be detected by the dynamic testing and formal semantics techniques. To address this limitation, previous work has introduced the idea of dynamic opaque predicates, whose values may vary in different runs. However, the systematical design and evaluation of dynamic opaque predicates are far from mature. In this paper, we generalize the concept and systematically develop a new control flow obfuscation scheme called generalized dynamic opaque predicates. Compared to the previous work, our approach has two distinct advantages: (1) We extend the application scope by automatically transforming more common program structures (e.g., straight-line code, branch, and loop) into dynamic opaque predicates; (2) Our system design does not require that dynamic opaque predicates to be strictly adjacent, which is more resilient to the deobfuscation techniques. We have developed a prototype tool based on LLVM IR and evaluated it by obfuscating the GNU core utilities. Our experimental results show the efficacy and generality of our method. In addition, the comparative evaluation demonstrates that our method is resilient to the latest formal program semantics-based opaque predicate detection method.
Against Imagination: On the Ambiguities of a Composite Concept

In this article, I argue that “imagination” and “imaginaries” (arguably quite different but often conflated) have acquired too many meanings, which are in turn too imprecisely applied and combined, to usefully illuminate mechanisms of social belonging. I begin by reviewing others’ critiques of the concepts and the ways scholars have sought to organize and manage its meaning(s) and offering a synthesis of these. I argue for the arbitrariness of such lineages before demonstrating the ways in which various combinations of imagination-imaginaries have been assembled and deployed in current literature. I contend that ongoing efforts to use and extrapolate the term, or to decipher or cull its meaning, merely recuperate its value as a catchall device for asserting social collectivity and claiming broad relevance of often limited ethnographic data. After arguing, through example, that other theories and concepts often better do the analytical work that anthropologists intend imagination and imaginaries to perform, I conclude with a metatheoretical reflection on the relationship between imagination and contradiction.
Convention Versus Deviance: Moral Agency in Adolescent Gang Members' Decision Making

Background: Adolescent gang members are a source of concern due to their involvement in criminal activity, violence, substance use, and high-risk sexual behaviors. Adolescent gang theories hypothes...
An image guidance system for positioning robotic cochlear implant insertion tools

Cochlear implants must be inserted carefully to avoid damaging the delicate anatomical structures of the inner ear. This has motivated several approaches to improve the safety and efficacy of electrode array insertion by automating the process with specialized robotic or manual insertion tools. When such tools are used, they must be positioned at the entry point to the cochlea and aligned with the desired entry vector. This paper presents an image guidance system capable of accurately positioning a cochlear implant insertion tool. An optical tracking system localizes the insertion tool in physical space while a graphical user interface incorporates this with patient- specific anatomical data to provide error information to the surgeon in real-time. Guided by this interface, novice users successfully aligned the tool with an mean accuracy of 0.31 mm.
Does Brainstorming Promote Cohesiveness? How the Rules of Brainstorming Mirror Symbolic Convergence

Brainstorming is a technique to promote idea generation that may also promote cohesiveness in idea generating groups. Similarities between the rules of brainstorming and the logic of fantasy chaini...