cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A literature review and citation analyses of air travel demand studies published between 2010 and 2020

Abstract Accurate forecasting of air travel demand is vital for the resource planning of the air transportation industry. Therefore, identifying contributing factors and understanding the effect of these factors in causing the variation of air travel demand have been one of the key focus areas in air transportation research. This article reviews 87 air travel demand studies published from 2010 to 2020 and summarizes these studies using their input data and primary analytical methods. We also devise and conduct three citation analyses to further explore the relationships among the reviewed studies. Our review finds that a typical empirical study of air travel demand analysis would focus on the demand at the national level, employ time-series data concerning socio-economic and airline operational factors and use time-series based methods to estimate the relationship among the selected time-series. These studies are mostly applying existing analytical frameworks to specific problems rather than developing original methods, therefore their relationship to each other is parallel rather than sequential. A small number of references are frequently cited by the reviewed studies primarily because of their methodological contribution to time-series analysis. A common limitation of existing literature is that very few reviewed studies provide validation of their analyses. In addition, methods that are not regression or time-series based have very limited application in this area so far, so are the non-convention data such as mobility data or social media data. Besides providing a systematic summary of recent publications in a specific field, this review uses a relatively objective and replicable framework to compare and link studies by their references, which can be visualized by the figures included in this review. This review is expected to benefit future researchers that are interested in either air transportation or the application of time-series forecasting in an applied domain.
Simulated and Measured Output From a Composite Nonlinear Transmission Line Driven by a Blumlein Pulse Generator

Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) provide a means to generate high-repetition-rate, high-power microwaves with fewer auxiliary systems than conventional sources. They are typically driven by pulse forming networks (PFNs) or Marx generators, and one would intuitively hypothesize that the microwave generation would not depend significantly on the method used to generate the input pulse to the NLTL. This study examines the implications on microwave output by using a Blumlein pulse generator with a 10-ns pulse duration and 1.5-ns rise and fall times to drive coaxial NLTLs produced using composites with nickel zinc ferrite and barium strontium titanate (BST) inclusions. Applying a 30-kV pulse to the composite NLTLs produced frequencies ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 GHz with output powers over 20 kW. The output frequencies increased with increasing volume fraction of BST. Measured results and simulations using LT SPICE showed that Blumlein modulators were insufficient to drive NLTLs to produce high-power oscillations; however, LT SPICE simulations showed that applying a standard PFN to the same NLTL produced the expected oscillations. This difference arises because the mechanism for Blumlein pulse formation cancels the shockwaves responsible for inducing microwave production by the NLTL.
Cultivation of agarose-based microfluidic hydrogel promotes the development of large, full-thickness, tissue-engineered articular cartilage constructs.

The fabrication of tissue-engineered constructs of clinically relevant sizes continues to be plagued by poor nutrient transport to the interior of the construct. Consequences of poor mass transfer to the construct core include large gradients in cell viability and matrix deposition, as well as inadequate mechanical functionality. Prior literature has shown that embedded microfluidic channels offer the potential to control the spatial and temporal presentation of hydrodynamic and chemical cues within the developing tissue construct toward improved mass transfer. The current state of the art in microfluidic constructs, however, has fallen short of achieving sufficient thickness and robustness of constructs for further development towards translation. Towards this goal, we designed a microfluidic tissue construct and established bioprocessing conditions to meet nutrient transport requirements of a large, full-thickness, articular cartilage construct over a 2 week culture period. Our microfluidic constructs of 2.5 and 5 mm thicknesses showed enhanced cell proliferation relative to statically cultured constructs. These constructs, which are both thick and robust to culture periods of sufficient length to support extracellular matrix development, represent an important improvement over previously reported constructs which were thinner and lacking in extracellular matrix (most likely attributable to too-short culture periods). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative VUV Absorption Spectroscopy of Free Ions

In this paper we present some results of our studies of Quantitative Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy of Free Ions using Laser Driven Ionization. Details of the experiments have been published elsewhere [1]. A metal vapor is contained in a heat-pipe oven with a known density and column length. The resonance line of the atoms is excited with a long pulse (≈lµs) dye laser at ≈1MW/cm2 powers. Collisional processes involving free electrons lead to nearly complete ionization (95±5%) of the vapor in a time scale which is too short for any migration out of the line of sight. Absorption spectra are obtained photographically in the 10–60nm region with a 3m grazing incidence spectrograph. If the ion has a resonance line which can be reached with an appropriate laser, e.g. Ba, Ca, La, etc., then the first ion can subsequently be pumped to produce complete conversion to the second stage of ionization and so forth. Only one stage of ionization is generally present at one time if the driving laser saturates the resonance transition. The electron excitation temperature depends on the ionization temperature of the species being ionized and is generally ≲lev. Fig.1 shows the absorption spectra of Li during the long pulse excitation as the vapor evolves from entirely neutral Li to 95±5% helium-like Li+ From these data we obtained a photoionization cross section for Li+→Li++ at the series limit (16.39nm) of 2.0±1.0Mb [2].
Multi-way number partitioning

The number partitioning problem is to divide a given set of integers into a collection of subsets, so that the sum of the numbers in each subset are as nearly equal as possible. While a very efficient algorithm exists for optimal two-way partitioning, it is not nearly as effective for multi-way partitioning. We develop two new linear-space algorithms for multi-way partitioning, and demonstrate their performance on three, four, and five-way partitioning. In each case, our algorithms outperform the previous state of the art by orders of magnitude, in one case by over six orders of magnitude. Empirical analysis of the running times of our algorithms strongly suggest that their asymptotic growth is less than that of previous algorithms. The key insight behind both our new algorithms is that if an optimal k-way partition includes a particular subset, then optimally partitioning the numbers not in that set k-1 ways results in an optimal k-way partition.
ENZYMATIC BASIS OF TYPICAL X-LINKED ICHTHYOSIS

Steroid sulphatase activity was determined in cultured fibroblasts from 25 individuals with X-linked ichthyosis from four countries. All those with X-linked disease had markedly reduced enzyme levels compared with controls and patients with other types of ichthyosis. X-linked ichthyosis seems to be the result of a common mutation affecting the expression of steroid-sulphatase activity.
Immunoreactive somatostatin in the rat retina: light microscopic immunocytochemistry and chromatographic characterization

The retinas of adult, male Long-Evans rats contain somatostatin-like immunoreactive material (SLI) as detected by radioimmunoassay. The SLI co-chromatographs with synthetic somatostatin-14 on both gel permeation chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; no somatostatin-28-like material or higher molecular weight forms have been detected. Immunocytochemical methods detect SLI in at least two cell populations. The more abundant stained cells are at the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer and give off processes which form a dense meshwork of fine, varicose fibers at the outer border of the inner plexiform layer, as well as processes which pass into other sublaminas of the inner plexiform layer. Varicose immunoreactive fibers run vertically or obliquely through the inner nuclear layer and bifurcate at its outer margin, giving rise to horizontally running fibers in the outer plexiform layer. These observations are consistent with rat retinal SLI being contained within amacrine cells, at least some of which are interplexiform cells. With cholchicine pretreatment, a more sparse population of stained cells is detected in the ganglion cell layer. These cells give rise to processes which enter the inner plexiform layer. It is not known if these are ganglion cells or displaced amacrine cells.
Stand of Cabbage and Broccoli in Single- and Double-Drill Plantings on Beds Subject to Erosion

ABSTRACT Vegetables are usually planted on raised beds in the Southeastern U.S. Both single and double drills per bed are common. Double drills offer higher yields in some cases, but may be difficult to maintain because of erosion of the sides of the beds from heavy rainfall. A series of 18 plantings was made to compare stands of cabbage and broccoli, expressed as percent of viable seed planted, from single and double drills over a total of six months. Stand counts were taken approximately 10–20 days after planting. The crops were not taken to yield. Heavy rainfall did not occur after any of the 18 plantings, so serious bed erosion did not occur. Differences in percent stand were few, although in a few cases the double-drill planting resulted in higher stand (expressed as a percentage of viable seed planted).
Beam-foil lifetimes of neutral nickel

Abstract The beam-foil spectrum of nickel at energies of 65 keV and 100 keV has been surveyed from 1560 A to 5556 A and the decay curves of the eighteen most intense transitions of neutral nickel have been measured. The velocity of the excited beam was determined by Doppler-shift measurements at frequent intervals during the course of the experiment. This procedire eliminated the problems associated with changing energy loss due to foil thickening. Multiple scans of the decay curve minimized the effects of fluctuations in beam current. The resulting lifetimes are compared with oscillator strengths and lifetime measurements made by others.
Absence of pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) activity in neoplastic cells: isolation, characterization, and expression of PNPO cDNA.

Major differences in the metabolism of vitamin B6 in various cancers compared to their normal cellular counterparts have been documented. In particular, pyridoxine- 5‘-phosphate oxidase (PNPO), the rate-limiting enzyme in pyridoxal 5‘-phosphate (PLP) biosynthesis, is absent in liver and neurally-derived tumors. We show that the expression of PNPO is developmentally regulated not only in liver but also in brain. Specifically, PNPO activity in fetal brain tissue is 7.5-fold lower than that found in adult brain tissue. Furthermore, the isolation and characterization of a PNPO cDNA are described. The isolated cDNA was verified to be the authentic PNPO cDNA on the basis of two criteria. First, the translated product from the PNPO cDNA is immunologically reactive to a polyclonal PNPO antibody. Second, PNPO negative hepatoma cell lines stably transfected with the PNPO cDNA express enzymatically active PNPO protein. The availability of these biological reagents will not only facilitate in depth investigations of ...
Abstract 3401: The natural products, parthenolide and andrographolide, exhibit anti-cancer stem cell activity in multiple myeloma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy where even patients in remission succumb to an inevitable relapse. Pre-clinical testing of emerging therapeutics is hindered by the failure of the standard models to sustain the ex vivo growth of the MM clone. We have recently described a 3-D culture system where the extracellular matrix and cellular compartments of the bone marrow (BM) are reconstructed in vitro, recapitulating the native microenvironment of the human BM where cells occupy distinct niches. Cells from the BM aspirates are grown in a fibronectin, laminin, and collagen rich extracellular matrix designed to reconstruct endosteal and central marrow compartments of the BM (rBM). In the rBM model, the MM undergoes up to 15-fold expansion of malignant cells harboring the clonotypic IgH VDJ. The currently used MM pre-clinical models only target the plasma cells, comprising the bulk of the tumor, leaving the cancer stem cells (CSCs) to repopulate the tumor and trigger the relapse. The localization of non-proliferating, drug resistant CD20+ B cells to the reconstructed endosteum, in contact with N-cadherin and osteocalcin positive osteoblastic cells, suggests the presence of MM-cancer stem cells (MM-CSC) in the endosteal niche of rBM; the niche known to harbor the hematopoietic stem cells. MM-CSCs exhibit tumorigenic and self-renewal potential, measured by their ability to generate clonotypic colonies and differentiate into plasma cells in colony forming unit assays. Thus, the rBM model provides biologically relevant pre-clinical paradigm enabling the evaluation of therapeutic vulnerabilities of all compartments of the MM clone, including the drug-resistant MM-CSC. We have previously demonstrated that melphalan, dexamethasone, vincristine, and bortezomib therapies are not curative because these drugs target CD138+CD56+ MM plasma cells, thus failing to eliminate the MM-CSC. Utilizing the rBM culture system, we tested anti-MM-CSC potential of two natural product inhibitors of NFkB, parthenolide and andrographolide. Here we show that parthenolide and andrographolide are potent anti-MM-CSC agents (LC50=1.5-3.5μM), inducing apoptosis in MM-CSCs through the activation of caspases 8 and 3. Both natural products showed preferential toxicity toward MM-CSCs over non-tumorigenic MM cells. Addition of bone marrow stromal compartment abrogated andrographolide activity while having no effect on parthenolide cytoxicity. This is a first report of a natural product with anti-CSC activity in myeloma, suggesting that it has the potential to improve the survival of patients with MM by eliminating the relapse-causing MM-CSCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3401. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3401
SOLAR OSMOVAC‐DEHYDRATION of PAPAYA

A solar osmotic dryer was designed and constructed to test the utilization of solar energy in the two-step osmovac-dehydration of papaya. Drying rates measured in solar versus nonsolar osmotic dehydration experiments showed that solar osmotic drying had higher drying rates and sucrose uptake in the papaya samples (0.6 cm thick × 4 cm long × 2 cm wide) than in the nonsolar runs. In separate experiments, drying rates from solar vacuumdrying (as a second step of the osmovac-drying process) were about twice those of nonsolar vacuum-drying. Drying rates of both solar and nonsolar vacuum-drying reached the end of the constant-rate period in about 3 h. Sensory qualities of solar osmovac-dried papaya were comparable to those of vacuum-dried or solar osmotic-nonsolar vacuum-dried. These results suggest the possibility of drying rate increase and quality retention in utilizing solar energy in the osmovac-dehydration process.
Traffic-independent function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in proteasomal sorting of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Newly synthesized proteins that do not fold correctly in the ER are targeted for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) through distinct sorting mechanisms; soluble ERAD substrates require ER-Golgi transport and retrieval for degradation, whereas transmembrane ERAD substrates are retained in the ER. Retained transmembrane proteins are often sequestered into specialized ER subdomains, but the relevance of such sequestration to proteasomal degradation has not been explored. We used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a model ERAD substrate, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), to explore whether CFTR is sequestered before degradation, to identify the molecular machinery regulating sequestration, and to analyze the relationship between sequestration and degradation. We report that CFTR is sequestered into ER subdomains containing the chaperone Kar2p, and that sequestration and CFTR degradation are disrupted in sec12ts strain (mutant in guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Sar1p), sec13ts strain (mutant in the Sec13p component of COPII), and sec23ts strain (mutant in the Sec23p component of COPII) grown at restrictive temperature. The function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in CFTR sequestration and degradation is independent of its role in ER-Golgi traffic. We propose that Sar1p/COPII-mediated sorting of CFTR into ER subdomains is essential for its entry into the proteasomal degradation pathway. These findings reveal a new aspect of the degradative mechanism, and suggest functional crosstalk between the secretory and the degradative pathways.
Optoelectronic master chip for optical computing

GaAs optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) require the combination of several types of devices that place widely differing demands upon the layer structure and processing technologies. We report on the development of MESFETs, bipolar transistors, detectors, and a unique class of beam-steered facetless grating surface-emitting lasers, and the integration of up to 300 devices of multiple types.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Magnetic character of V 2 dimers on Cu(001)

Theoretical electronic-structure calculations of a ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$ dimer adsorbed on a Cu(001) surface have been carried out to determine the ground-state geometry and magnetic moment at the V sites. For the unrelaxed surface, the V sites have a large magnetic moment as predicted by previous studies. The surface Cu atoms, however, undergo significant relaxations and the V-V distance at the surface is close to that of an isolated ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$ molecule. These relaxations quench the magnetic moments at the V sites showing that V dimers on a Cu(001) are actually nonmagnetic.
Net CO2 assimilation of taro and cocoyam as affected by shading and leaf age

Taro and cocoyam were grown outdoors in either full sun or under 40% shade. Leaves were tagged as they emerged and the effect of leaf age on net CO2 assimilation rate (A) was determined. The effects of shading on A, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance for CO2 (gc) and H2O (gs), and water use efficiency (WUE) were also determined for leaves of a single age for each species. The effect of leaf age on A was similar for both species. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased as leaf age increased up to 28 days with the exception of a sharp decline in A for 21 day-old leaves which corresponded to unusually low temperatures during the period of leaf expansion. A generally decreased as leaves aged beyond 28 days. Cocoyam had higher A rates than taro. Leaves of shade-grown plants had higher rates of A and E for both species at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) up to 1600 μmol s−1 m−2. Shade-grown leaves of cocoyam had greater leaf dry weights per area (LW/A) and a trend toward higher gc and gs than sun-grown leaves. Shade leaves of taro had greater gc and g3 rates than sun-grown leaves. The data suggest that taro and cocoyam are highly adapted to moderate shade conditions.
ANOTHER LOOK AT PREEMPLOYMENT PREDICTORS OF GENERAL UNION ATTITUDES

Strmmary.-This study replicated and extended the family socialization model of development of attitudes toward unions. Previous tests of chis model were conducted using Canadian samples, and chis study used a sample From the United States. The results were generally supportive of the model, although the magnirude of the correlations was much smaller. Contrary to expecrations, only Marxist beliefs about work were signiFicantly related to general attitude about unions, while Humanistic beliefs about work and Protestant Work Ethic were not. Research has consistently shown that general attitude toward unions prec however, until recently, little was known about how attitudinal predictors of union voting behaviors develop (Gordon, Barhg, & Tetrick, 1995). Barhg and associates' (Barling, Kelloway, & Bremmermam, 1991; Kelloway & Watts, 1994) family sociahzation model of attitude toward unions is perhaps the most promising framework for extending our understanding of how union-related attitudes develop. Based largely on Bandura's (1977) social learning theory, Barlmg, ct al.'s (1991) model of family sociahzation suggests that parents' participation in union activities and parents' attitudes were key variables in predicting an individual's own attitude toward unions. Two studies have shown that perceptions of parental participation in union activities influences an individual's general attitude toward unions, and this relationship is mediated by the individual's perception of the parents' general attitude toward unions (Barhg, Kelloway, & Bremmermann, 1991; Kelloway & Watts, 1994). Results of these two studies also indicate that scores on the stated Marxist and Humanistic work beliefs were positively related to general attitude toward unions. Both of these studes were conducted in Canada, however, and Barling, Fullagar, and Kelloway (1992) suggest that it is important to assess whether findings obtained in one country can be generalized to other national groups.
Curved-space magnetic monopoles.

Explicit solutions of the coupled Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs field equations representing a 't Hooft--Polyakov--type magnetic monopole are constructed, both in and away from the Bogomolny-Prasad-Sommerfield limit. The solutions are seen to tend towards black-hole solutions as the strength of the gravitational coupling is increased, as might be expected. A careful analysis of solutions near the transition to a black hole shows that the monopole loses its non-Abelian hair as it develops a horizon. In certain cases, solutions without a horizon are seen to be unstable to gravitational collapse.
Text network analysis: exploring relationships with qualitative methodology and rhetorical criticism

Dmitry Paranyushkin's article, “Addresses to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation by Russian Presidents. 2008 to 2012. Comparative Analysis,” models and promotes a method for the analysis...
Solid-phase organic synthesis of 2-tridecanyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-tridecanyl-1,4-naphthodiol that form redox-active micelles and vesicles

The solid-phase synthesis of new amphiphilic compounds is reported. It is based on a newly designed 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative that contains polar and nonpolar groups and self-assembles into micelles or vesicles in water depending on the concentration. They also display redox-active properties.
Cultivation of Endamoeba histolytica in the Chick Embryo.

Abstract After chorio-allantoic inoculation of chick embryos with Endamoeba histolytica , two-thirds of the embryos were dead when examined after 2–6 days, and no amebae were found, although survival up to 12 hours was demonstrated. After allantoic inoculation 10 of 16 embryos died but 2 of the dead ones were positive for amebae. Yolk sac inoculations were negative. After amniotic inoculations, a considerable number were positive for amebae up to 72 hours, although a large proportion of these embryos were dead. The amebae were in the amniotic fluid as well as on and in the membrane. No proof of multiplication was obtained. Death of the embryos appeared to be due mainly to accompanying bacteria which were insufficiently inhibited by the antibiotics used.
Properties of a first-order functional language with sharing

A calculus and a model for a first-order functional language with sharing is presented. In most implementations of functional languages, argument subexpressions in a function application are shared to avoid their repeated evaluation. Recursive functions are typically implemented using graphs with cycles. Compilers for these languages sometimes employ non-left-linear and left-cyclic rules for optimizations. A graph rewriting system (GRS) to address these concerns is developed. It is shown that a GRS without interfering rules is confluent. Along the lines of Levy's term model for the λ-calculus, a semantics of such a GRS is also presented. An application of the term model to compiler optimizations is discussed.
The Placenta: the Celibate Sibling

The human placenta is in a unique position in regard to sociobiological theory. The human placenta is unequivocally a manifestation of the human genotype; yet, its form and function are independent of sociocultural symbols and socialization tranditions. Consequently, predictions of the placental biogram generated by sociobiological theory—which are validated by empirical reality—would be without competing explanations from a socialisation-tradition ( tabula rasa ) paradigm. Sociobiological theory predicts that placental strategies would develop a placental metabolism and biogram which would minimize maternal deaths at the expense of fetal deaths. An empirical test supports the sociobiological theory.
Soy-based, high biorenewable content UV curable coatings

Abstract Utilization of biorenewable materials in UV curing coatings technology is a “green + green” solution to sustainable development. In this work, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil based UV curable coating performance was significantly enhanced by incorporating synthesized acrylated sucrose and hyperbranched acrylates. Acrylated sucrose monomers were synthesized using solventless bulk reactions and characterized by mass spectroscopy and infra-red spectroscopy. Synthesized acrylated sucrose comprised of acrylated monomers with varying degree of acrylation, and the degree of acrylation of the acrylated sucrose increased with reaction time. Acrylated sucrose monomers obtained after 6 and 12 h reactions were formulated into acrylated soybean oil based UV curable coatings with commercial hyperbranched acrylates to produce biorenewable materials based UV curable coatings. Acrylated sucrose monomers increased the toughness but reduced the water resistivity and thermal stability of the coatings, the toughening effect was explained by the soft and hard micro phase separation in the cured coating films. Hyperbranched acrylates increased the coating hardness, adhesion, modulus, solvent resistance and glass transition temperature. Coating formulations containing both the acrylated sucrose monomers and the hyperbranched acrylates exhibited balanced coating performance with reasonably high biorenewable content.
Diameters of Cayley graphs generated by transposition trees

Let G = { S } be a group, and let ? be its Cayley graph. Computing the diameter of ? is a computationally hard problem which comes up in several contexts. Thus, it is useful to be able to compute bounds on the diameter of Cayley graphs. Ganesan 6 studied the case where S is a minimal set of transpositions which generate G , and provided an algorithm to find an upper bound on diam ? without examining each permutation. Expanding on this work, we give several new algorithms to compute upper bounds on the diameter of ? , without examining individual elements of G . In particular, we give one algorithm which is much faster to compute than Ganesan's, and one which produces better bounds than previous algorithms.
Evaluation of the laxative effect of some commonly used laxative substances: with particular reference to dosage

Habitual constipation is a common disorder, which, some opinion to the contrary notwithstanding, frequently requires laxative drugs for its most satisfactory treatment.
Testing bio-chips

Dependability is an essential attribute for microfluidic biochips that are being developed for safety-critical applications such as point-of-care health assessment, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. Therefore, these devices must be adequately tested after manufacture and during bioassay operations. This paper describes testing and diagnosis techniques for droplet-based "digital" microfluidic biochips. Defects are related to logical fault models that can be viewed not only in terms of traditional shorts and opens, but which also target fluidic malfunctions and overall biochip functionality. Based on these fault models, test techniques for biochips and digital microfluidic modules are presented. Finally, built-in self-test methods using microfluidic logic gates are described. These emerging test techniques are expected to facilitate the deployment and use of fault-tolerant biochips for clinical diagnostics and laboratory applications.
Absolute 108Agm characterization based on gamma-gamma coincident detection by two NaI(Tl) detectors.

Abstract A two-dimensional analysis of three coincident γ-rays in 108Agm decay, detected by two NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors, allows a direct measurement of the source activity. A modification of the Eldridge–Crowther formulas derived originally for 125I was done recently for the case of two coincident γ-rays in 60Co decay ( Volkovitsky and Naudus, 2009 ). A similar approach is applied to a more complicated case of three coincident γ-rays in the 108Agm decay. The large number of experimental quantities, measured both in coincidence and anticoincidence modes, allows the determination of both detector efficiencies for all three γ-ray photopeaks and to find the source activity. Results are compared with measurements of the activity of the same source with HPGe detectors.
Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amination of Alkenes: Development of Intra- and Intermolecular Aza-Wacker Reactions

Palladium-catalyzed methods for the aerobic oxidative coupling of alkenes and oxygen nucleophiles (e.g., water and carboxylic acids) have been known for nearly 50 years. The present account summarizes our development of analogous aerobic oxidative amination reactions, including the first intermolecular aza-Wacker reactions compatible with the use of unactivated alkenes. The reactions are initiated by intra- or intermolecular aminopalladation of the alkene. The resulting alkylpalladium(II) intermediate generally undergoes β-hydride elimination to produce enamides or allylic amide products, but in certain cases, the Pd−C bond can be trapped to achieve 1,2-difunctionalization of the alkene, including carboamination and aminoacetoxylation. Mechanistic studies have provided a variety of fundamental insights into the reactions, including the effect of ancillary ligands on palladium catalysts, the origin of the Bronsted-base-induced switch in regioselectivity in the oxidative amination of styrene, and evidence t...
On the Prediction of Secondary Flows in a U-Bend

The secondary flows inside a sharp U-bend are numerically studied by using non-linear low Reynolds number (low-Re) k – ω model in which the cubic terms are included to represent the effects of extra strain-rates such as streamline curvature and three-dimensionality on both turbulence normal and turbulence shear stresses. The finite volume difference method incorporated with the higher-order bounded interpolation scheme has been employed in the present study. For the purpose of comparison, the predictions with the Launder-Sharma model (the linear low-Re k – e model) are also given. The present results reveal that non-linear low-Re k – ω model and linear model produce the quite different secondary flow patterns. It is shown that the present non-linear model produces satisfactory predictions of the flow development inside the sharp U-bend comparing with linear Launder-Sharma model.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Studies of odd bases in yeast mitochondrial tRNA: Absence of the fluorescent “Y” base in mitochondrial DNA coded tRNAPhe, absence of 4-thiouridine

Abstract Reversed phase chromatography of mitochondrial [3H] Phe-tRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae shows only one peak which elutes distinctly from cytoplasmic [14C] Phe-tRNA. Mitochondrial tRNAPhe from this peak hybridizes specifically with ϱ+ and a ϱ− mitochondrial DNA. Search for rare bases in mitochondrial tRNA shows the absence of the eukaryotic “Y” base and of the prokariotic s4U base.
Convergence of a Tuy-type algorithm for concave minimization subject to linear inequality constraints

A modification of Tuy's cone splitting algorithm for minimizing a concave function subject to linear inequality constraints is shown to be convergent by demonstrating that the limit of a sequence of constructed convex polytopes contains the feasible region. No geometric tolerance parameters are required.
Generalized exterior boundary-value problems and optimization for the Helmholtz equation

A class of radiation problems is considered for the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains bounded by a smooth surface on which Dirichlet, Neumann, or Robin boundary conditions are imposed. The problem of finding the boundary data which maximizes far field power in a restricted subset of far field directions is formulated as a constrained maximization problem. Existence of an optimal solution in a variety of control domains is established. The particular case when the boundary is circular and the control domain is the unit ball inL2 is treated in detail. An algorithm for constructing the optimal solution is derived and used to obtain explicit numerical results.
LaneTrak: a vision-based automatic vehicle steering system

Computer vision technology that automatically steers a passenger vehicle to keep it in its lane on a limited-access freeway is described. This system, LaneTrak, uses a forward looking monochrome CCD camera and a real-time image processing system on-board the vehicle. The image processing system identifies the lane boundaries based on lane markers and road edges. A pair of Kalman filters uses this information combined with vehicle dynamics sensor data to determine the vehicle angular heading error, lateral offset from the center of the road, and the lane curvature ahead. A preview proportional-integral control system determines the desired steering angle to keep the vehicle in the lane. The steering angle is then passed to another controller which activates an electric steering mechanism that positions the front wheels of the vehicle. We verified the full operation of LaneTrak with computer simulation before the system was designed and used a driving simulator to evaluate drivers' reaction to system failure. LaneTrak has been successfully demonstrated on a test track and on an unopened section of a limited-access freeway at highway speeds.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Monitoring the critically III patient with the aid of a digital computer

Abstract A comprehensive system, including a digital computer, has been developed for intensive monitoring of critically ill patients. Hemodynamic, respiratory, metabolic and electrocardiographic variables are monitored. An automatically operated sample controller is used to facilitate pressure monitoring, flushing of catheters, calibration of pressure transducers and withdrawal of blood samples for blood gas and lactate analyses. The data is displayed in digital, textual and graphic form at the bedside. Physicians, nurses and technicians may enter and retrieve numerical and textual data and initiate procedures. Infusion of intravenous fluids is accomplished with the use of peristaltic pumps under computer control, in response to changes in hemodynamic parameters. A multivariate index of the likelihood of patient survival is computed and displayed in real time. Clinical staff are alerted to significant changes in the values of the automatically monitored variables by a multivariate alarm system.
An Introduction to a Special Issue on Large-Scale Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Restoration Research in the Chesapeake Bay: 2003-2008

The Chesapeake Bay is one of the world’s largest estuaries. Dramatic declines in the abundance and distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Chesapeake Bay over the last few decades led to a series of management decisions aimed at protecting and restoring SAV populations throughout the bay. In 2003, the Chesapeake Bay Program established a goal of planting 405 ha of SAV by 2008. Realizing that such an ambitious goal would require the development of large-scale approaches to SAV restoration, a comprehensive research effort was organized, involving federal and state agencies, academia, and the private sector. This effort differs from most other SAV restoration programs due to a strong emphasis on the use of seeds rather than plants as planting stock, a decision based on the relatively low labor requirements of seeding. Much of the research has focused on the development of tools and techniques for using seeds in large-scale SAV restoration. Since this research initiative began, an average of 13.4 ha/year of SAV has been planted in the Chesapeake Bay, compared to an average rate of 3.6 ha/year during the previous 21 years (1983–2003). The costs of conducting these plantings are on a downward trend as the understanding of the limiting factors increases and as new advances are made in applied research and technology development. Although this effort was focused in the Chesapeake Bay region, the tools and techniques developed as part of this research should be widely applicable to SAV restoration efforts in other areas.
948-46 Preserved Cardiac Baroreflex Control of Renal Cortical Blood Flow in Advanced Heart Failure Patients: A Positron Emission Tomography Study

Cardiac baroreflex (CBR) control of forearm blood flow (FBF) is blunted or reversed in humans with heart failure (HF). but little is known about CBR control of renal cortical blood flow (RCBF) in HF due to technical limitations. Positron emission tomography (PET) 0–15 water is a new, precise method to measure RCBF quantitatively. We compared CBR control of RCBF and FBF (venous plethysmography) in 8 patients with HF (mean age, 47 ± 3 y, ejection fraction 0.25 ± 0.02) and 10 normal humans (mean age 35 ± 5 y) during CBR unloading with phlebotomy (450 ml). In 5 normals, cold pressor test was used as a strong, non-baroreflex mediated stimulus to vasoconstriction. Results Phlebotomy decreased central venous pressure (p l 0.001), but did not change mean arterial pressure or heart rate in HF patients or controls. The major findings of the study are: 1) At rest, RCBF is markedly diminished in HF vs normals (2.4 ± 0.1 vs 4.3 ± 0.2 ml/min/g, p l 0.001). 2) In normal humans during phlebotomy, FBF decreased substantially (basal vs phlebotomy: 3.3 ± 0.4 vs 2.6 ± 0.3 ml/min/100 ml, p = 0.021, and RCBF decreased slightly, but significantly (basal vs phlebotomy: 4.3 ± 0.2 vs 4.0 ± 0.3 ml/min/g, p = 0.01). 3) The small magnitude of reflex renal vasoconstriction is not explained by the inability of the renal circulation to vasoconstrict since the cold pressor stimulus induced substantial decreases in RCBF in normals (basal vs cold pressor: 4.4 ± 0.1 vs 3.7 ± 0.1 ml/min/g, p = 0.003). 4) In humans with heart failure during phlebotomy, FBF did not change (basal vs phlebotomy: 2.6 ± 0.3 vs 2.7 ± 0.2 ml/min/100 ml, p = NS), but RCBF decreased slightly but significantly (basal vs phlebotomy: 2.4 ± 0.1 vs 2.1 ± 0.1 ml/min/g, p = 0.01). Thus, in patients with heart failure, there is an abnormality in cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of the forearm circulation, but not the renal circulation Conclusion This study 1) shows the power of PET to study physiologic and pathophysiologic reflex control of the renal circulation in humans, and 2) describes the novel finding of selective dysfunction of cardiac baroreflex control of the forearm circulation, but its preservation of the renal circulation, in patients with heart failure
Effect of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on the Thymus of Rats.

Conclusions1. A-C-T caused acute thymic atrophy in normal 21-23-day-old rats. 2. Castration did not prevent thymic atrophy produced with A-C-T. 3. This atrophy was observed in hypophysec-tomized rats although to a lesser degree. 4. A-C-T did not cause thymic atrophy in adrenalectomized rats. 5. It would seem likely that thymic atrophy produced with A-C-T is through the adrenal cortical steroids.
Functions of the Stem Region of the Semliki Forest Virus Fusion Protein during Virus Fusion and Assembly

Membrane fusion of the alphaviruses is mediated by the E1 protein, a class II virus membrane fusion protein. During fusion, E1 dissociates from its heterodimer interaction with the E2 protein and forms a target membrane-inserted E1 homotrimer. The structure of the homotrimer is that of a trimeric hairpin in which E1 domain III and the stem region fold back toward the target membrane-inserted fusion peptide loop. The E1 stem region has a strictly conserved length and several highly conserved residues, suggesting the possibility of specific stem interactions along the trimer core and an important role in driving membrane fusion. Mutagenesis studies of the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) here demonstrated that there was a strong requirement for the E1 stem in virus assembly and budding, probably reflecting its importance in lateral interactions of the envelope proteins. Surprisingly, however, neither the conserved length nor any specific residues of the stem were required for membrane fusion. Although the highest fusion activity was observed with wild-type E1, efficient fusion was mediated by stem mutants containing a variety of substitutions or deletions. A minimal stem length was required but could be conferred by a series of alanine residues. The lack of a specific stem sequence requirement during SFV fusion suggests that the interaction of domain III with the trimer core can provide sufficient driving force to mediate membrane merger.
Successful balloon dilation of an abdominal coarctation of the aorta in a patient with presumed Takayasu's aortitis

An 11-year-old male with a severe abdominal aortic coarctation, presumably secondary to aortitis, underwent successful percutaneous balloon dilation that resulted in near-complete relief of the obstruction. Intravascular ultrasound imaging showed a major endovascular tear immediately following dilation and satisfactorily excluded significant branch (superior mesenteric) artery compromise. Arterial remodeling was demonstrated with persistence of the gradient relief over a 12-month follow-up period.
Advances in polycystic kidney disease

Until recently, the nature of the molecules involved in inherited cystic disease of the kidney remained unknown. These diseases are characterized by the development of multiple abnormal fluid-filled sacs or dilations in the kidney parenchyma, often leading to significant renal failure. The recent characterization of the PKD1 gene product and of other genes involved in murine polycystic models underscores the complexity of the pathways that lead to renal cystic disease.
Real-Time Intravital Imaging of RGD−Quantum Dot Binding to Luminal Endothelium in Mouse Tumor Neovasculature

Nanoscale materials have increasingly become subject to intense investigation for use in cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, there is a fundamental dearth in cellular-level understanding of how nanoparticles interact within the tumor environment in living subjects. Adopting quantum dots (qdots) for their excellent brightness, photostability, monodispersity, and fluorescent yield, we link arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides to target qdots specifically to newly formed/forming blood vessels expressing alpha vbeta 3 integrins. Using this model nanoparticle system, we exploit intravital microscopy with subcellular ( approximately 0.5 microm) resolution to directly observe and record, for the first time, the binding of nanoparticle conjugates to tumor blood vessels in living subjects. This generalizable method enabled us to show that in this model qdots do not extravasate and, unexpectedly, that they only bind as aggregates rather than individually. This level of understanding is critical on the path toward ensuring regulatory approval of nanoparticles in humans for disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Equally vital, the work provides a platform by which to design and optimize molecularly targeted nanoparticles including quantum dots for applications in living subjects.
Iterative rule induction methods

We examine heuristic techniques for inducing production rules to cover artificially generated boolean expressions with irrelevant noise attributes. The results of different rule induction methods are compared, and it is shown that an iterative tree-based single-best-rule technique performs best on a set of widely-studied applications. We also introduce a new class of iterative Swap-1 rule induction techniques that also solve these problems. While the primary focus is on rule-based solutions, the results for k-nearest neighbor methods and back-propagation neural networks are also reviewed. The results cannot be immediately extrapolated to the more general class of problems with unknown distributions and numerical variables. However, they do offer some comparisons of the effectiveness of competitive rule induction methods that use substantially the same representation.
Fatigue before, during and after antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C: Results from the Virahep-C study

Background & Aims: Fatigue is the most frequent and often debilitating symptom of chronic hepatitis C. It is unclear whether successful therapy of hepatitis C leads to its clinical improvement. In the Virahep-C study, patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection were treated with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for up to 48 weeks while undergoing assessment of viral kinetics and clinical symptoms. Methods: Fatigue measurements were conducted, before, during and after therapy, as ‘presence’ (yes/no) and ‘severity’ (visual analog scale: 0–100 mm). The clinical, histologic, and virologic features that correlated with the presence and degree of fatigue were assessed focusing upon changes associated with sustained virological response (SVR). Results: At baseline, 52% (n = 401) of participants reported having fatigue, which was more common in women than men (59% vs. 48%, p = 0.02) and slightly more severe (30 vs. 22 mm, p = 0.056). Fatigue was frequent and worse in cirrhotics versus those with lesser fibrosis (66% vs. 49%; 34 vs. 24 mm). Fatigue did not correlate with other parameters. The proportion of patients and median fatigue scores increased on treatment (52–78%; 25–40 mm, p <0.0001) with higher fatigue noted amongst those who ultimately achieved SVR (p <0.0001). On achieving SVR, there was a significant decrease in both frequency and severity of fatigue compared to their baseline (53–33%; 27–13 mm, both p <0.0001). Conclusions: Fatigue is common in patients with chronic hepatitis C but is poorly associated with biochemical parameters. Sustained response is accompanied by substantial improvement of fatigue. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the European Association for the Study of the Liver.