cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of a 40–50 Day Oscillation in the Zonal Wind in the Tropical Pacific

Abstract Nearly ten years of daily rawinsonde data for Canton Island (3S, 172W) have been subjected to spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis. In the course of this analysis a very pronounced maximum was noted in the co-spectrum of the 850- and 150-mb zonal wind components in the frequency range 0.0245–0.0190 day−1 (41–53 days period). Application of a posteriori sampling theory resulted in a significance level of ∼6% (0.1% prior confidence level). This type of significance test is appropriate because no prior evidence or reason existed for expecting such a spectral feature. Subsequent analysis revealed the following structure of the oscillation. Peaks in the variance spectra of the zonal wind are strong in the low troposphere, are weak or non-existent in the 700–400 mb layer, and are strong again in the upper troposphere. No evidence of this feature could be found above 80 mb, or in any of the spectra of the meridional component. The spectrum of station pressure possesses a peak in this frequency range and...
Homoallylic interaction of the double bond with substituents

Ab initio calculations were carried out on systems with a geometrically constrained relationship between a double bond and a homoallylic substituent X, as in YCCCCX. The axial–equatorial equilibria in 3-substituted methylenecyclohexanes and 4-substituted cyclohexenes are determined largely by the homoallylic interaction between X and the double bond. The homoallyic substituent was chosen to be OCH3, and the nature of the double bond was varied by changing Y (H, CH3, F, Cl, CN). NMR experiments previously had found very significant dependences of the axial–equatorial equilibrium on the nature of the X and Y substituents. Electrostatic calculations, based on Mulliken charges, reproduce the experimental (NMR) substituent effects on the axial–equatorial equilibrium and suffice to explain all the observations.
Core competencies in neurology resident education: a review and tips for implementation.

Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Core Competency project for graduate medical education was developed in the late 1990s and is now being implemented in residency programs across all specialties. Program directors and residents in neurology are seeking national guidance in how to adjust educational curricula and establish new evaluation tools that meet ACGME standards. Review summary This review summarizes the competency movement and outlines specific guidelines and resources for neurology programs including national efforts underway through the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), Neurology Residency Review Committee, and other subspecialty organizations. Resident and program director concerns for implementation are highlighted, with a focus on use of national resources and established evaluation tools. Conclusions All neurology programs must comply with new requirements generated by the competencies that will require significant time and energy for program directors. An effective approach to implementation involves careful review of existing evaluation tools established by other subspecialties and expansion of reliable tools used already in place in most programs such as the mock oral board and RITE In-Training Examination. The individual program director is encouraged to monitor resources nationally through the AAN Program Director's Consortium and locally through institutional projects which can incorporate neurology residents.
Models of Diffusion-Limited Uptake of Trace Elements in Fossils and Rates of Fossilization

Abstract Many fossils are assumed to take up trace elements by a process of combined diffusion plus adsorption (DA), yet in principle composition profiles can be explained by several different diffusion-limited processes, including diffusion plus reaction or recrystallization (DR) and double-medium diffusion (DMD). The DA and DMD models are supported by REE and U composition profiles across fossil teeth, measured by laser-ablation ICP–MS, that show error-function – like diffusion profiles into enamel from the dentine–enamel interface and concentrations in the interior of enamel that are at original biogenic levels or higher. Published composition and age profiles in some Pleistocene bones may be better explained by a DR model. All three diffusion models imply linear behavior between age and distance squared, vastly simplifying U-series dating methods for Pleistocene fossils. Modeled uptake rates for fossil teeth yield a strict minimum bound on durations of about one decade to one century. The similarity of diffusion profiles in teeth, irrespective of depositional ages ranging from ∼30 ka to >30 Ma, implies that uptake occurred quickly, with a maximum duration of a few tens of kyr for typical fossil enamel; faster uptake is implied for typical fossil bone and dentine. Disparities in these uptake estimates compared to some archeological bone may reflect sampling and preservation bias for paleontological vs. archeological materials.
Transfer of a Discrimination and a Discrimination Reversal between Two Manipulandum-Defined Responses

An experiment was performed to determine the extent to which the effects of continuous reinforcement, variable interval reinforcement, discrimination training, and discrimination reversal training would transfer between a vertical and a horizontal bar-pressing response in the free operant situation. No transfer of continuous or variable interval reinforcement was found. However, both discrimination training and discrimination reversal training showed very appreciable amounts of inter-response transfer. These results are discussed in terms of a mediational process involving classically conditioned mediators which exert discriminative control over overt responding.
Anti-Catholicism in U.S. History: A Proposal for a New Methodology

The essay is an examination of a variety of historical approaches to the study of Anti-Catholicism in American history. It explores works representative of the various methodologies used to explain anti-Catholic sensibilities and the discrimination faced by Catholics in the last two and a half centuries. The essay also offers a proposal for a new methodological approach in analyzing anti-Catholicism, using Human Identity Theory as explicated by Vern Neufeld Redekop.
The antisocial family tree: family histories of behavior problems in antisocial personality in the United States

Background Multiple avenues of research (e.g., criminal careers, intergenerational family transmission, and epidemiological studies) have indicated a concentration of antisocial traits and behaviors that cluster among families and within individuals in a population. The current study draws on each of these perspectives in exploring the intergenerational contours of antisocial personality disorder across multiple generations of a large-scale epidemiological sample.
ADAPTIVE REFINEMENT OF A VISCOELASTIC FLOW PROBLEM WITH THE EXPLICITLY ELLIPTIC MOMENTUM EQUATION

Abstract The explicitly elliptic momentum equation (EEME) of King et al. is applied with adaptive mesh refinement and a mixed Galerkin finite-element method for two model problems: planar and axisymmetric sudden contraction flow of a Maxwell fluid. Meshes for these problems were of an unstructured triangular nature, and were refined based on the mean of the seven residual equations of interest. Elements with high residuals were bisected, forming two new elements, and the solution was recomputed on the new, more refined mesh. Depending on Weissenberg number this process can or cannot be continued. Results with this method were mixed. Using the EEME formulation with quadratic interpolation for the velocities and stresses and linear interpolation for pressure (QQL) we obtained a significant improvement over QQL interpolation with the traditional Cauchy form of the momentum equation (CME). The quality of the solution was better for the EEME—QQL and higher Weissenberg number limits were found. However, quadratic velocity, linear stress and pressure interpolation (QLL) gave results for which the quality was similar using EEME and CME. The economy of mesh refinement is an important benefit of this technique since good solutions have been obtained using a highly refined mesh only near the singularity. If we covered our mesh with elements the size of our smallest element, we would need over 200 000 elements, rather than the 473 actually used. The most important point about adaptive finite-element methods is that we add degrees of freedom only in regions where the solution tells us to.
Effect of surface tension anisotropy on cellular morphologies

A three-dimensional weakly nonlinear analysis for conditions near the onset of instability at the crystal-melt interface was carried out to second order, taking into account the effects of latent heat generation and surface-tension anisotropy of the crystal-melt interface; particular consideration was given to the growth of a cubic crystal in the 001-, 011-, and 111-line directions. Numerical calculations by McFadden et al. (1987), performed for an aluminum-chromium alloy with the assumption of a linear temperature field and an isotropic surface tension, showed that only hexagonal nodes (and not hexagonal cells) occurred near the onset of instability. The results of the present analysis indicate that the nonlinear temperature field (which occurs when thermal conductivities of the crystal and the melt are different and/or the latent heat effects are not negligible) can modify this result and, for certain alloys and processing conditions, can cause the occurrence of hexagonal cells near the onset of instability.
An asphericity conjecture and Kaplansky problem on zero divisors

Suppose a group representationH = 〈A‖R〉 is aspherical,x ∉ A,W(A ∪ x) is a word in alphabet (A ∪ x) ± 1with nonzero sum of exponents onx, and the groupHnaturally embeds inG = 〈A ∪ x‖R ∪ W(A ∪ x)〉. It is conjectured that the presentationG = 〈A ∪ x‖R ∪ W(A ∪ x)〉 is aspherical if and only ifGis torsion free. It is proven that if this conecture is false andG = 〈A ∪ x‖R ∪ W(A ∪ x)〉 is a counterexample, then the integral group ring Z(G) of torsion free groupGwill contain zero divisors. Some special cases when this conjecture holds are also indicated.
Building an Evidence Base in Complementary and Integrative Healthcare for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Definition of Complementary and Integrative Health Care Complementary and integrative health care includes a range of therapeutic approaches.1 The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), within the National Institutes of Health (NIH), defines these health care strategies as “a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine” (http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/).2 Many of these treatments are aimed at promoting health by promoting overall well-being, but some interventions have been examined for their value in treating certain disorders or targeting specific symptoms. Based on the research methodological approaches needed to best study the effects, complementary medicine research falls into 2 basic categories: natural products and mind and body intervention research. Natural product therapies encompass a variety of herbal medicines (botanicals), probiotics, vitamins, minerals, other natural products, as well as diet-based therapies. Mind and body therapies include practices that focus on interactions among the mind/brain, body, and behavior (eg, meditation, biofeedback, deep breathing exercises, guided imagery, progressive relaxation, hypnotherapy, yoga, qi gong, tai chi), as well as approaches that entail procedures on bodily structures or systems performed by a therapist (eg, chiropractic or osteopathic spinal manipulation, massage therapy, acupuncture).
Low-level detector for alpha contamination monitor in continuosly flowing process waste water

Abstract A low-level alpha detector was designed and developed for monitoring waste water continuously flowing from radiochemical processing plants and other facilities to determine whether these discharges contain alpha contamination. This detector enables constant and automatic monitoring, with actuation of an alarm signal immediately on detection of alpha contamination. The alpha particles are detected by a 6″ diam. zinc sulfide scintillator, and the light flashes from the scintillator are detected by a 2 diam. photomultiplier tube. The alpha sensitivity of the detector is ≈ 1 × 10 −9 Ci/ml of 238 U. Ten units have been fabricated and placed in service at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The Iron Cage of Methodology The Vicious Circle of Means Limiting Ends Limiting Means...

This article addresses the strategies and tools that public administration scholars use to understand phenomena of interest. The range of qualitative methods used has been limited, and the kind of ...
Problems and Cautions With Sequence Mismatch Analysis and Bayesian Skyline Plots to Infer Historical Demography

Sequence mismatch analysis (MMA) and Bayesian skyline plots (BSP) are commonly used to reconstruct historical demography. A survey of 173 research articles (2009–2014), which included estimates of historical population sizes from mtDNA or cpDNA, shows a widespread genetic signature of demographic or spatial population expansion in species of all major taxonomic groups. Associating these expansions with climatic events can provide insights into the origins of lineage diversity, range expansions (or contractions), and speciation. However, several variables can introduce error into reconstructions of demographic history, including levels of sequence polymorphism, sampling scheme, sample size, natural selection, and estimates of mutation rate. Most researchers use substitution rates estimated from divergences in phylogenetic trees dated with fossils, or geological events. Recent studies show that molecular clocks calibrated with phylogenetic divergences can overestimate the timings of population-level events by an order of magnitude. Overestimates disconnect historical population reconstructions from climatic history and confound our understanding of the factors influencing genetic variability. If mismatch distributions and BSPs largely reflect demographic history, the widespread signature of population expansion in vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant populations appears to reflect responses to postglacial climate warming.
Corrected item-test correlations

Previous papers on this subject derive the correlation between an item and the remainder of the test. This correlation is unsatisfactory because the reliability of the remainder varies inversely with the reliability of the item omitted. The present paper derives the correlation between an item and the total test, with that item replaced by a rationally equivalent item. The general formula is then modified, for dichotomus items, to give the corrected point-biserial, biserial, and Brogden biserial correlations. The results apply strictly only to factorially homogeneous tests: those in which the same trait or combination of traits is measured (apart from error) by every item.
Thermally Stimulated Current Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence of Carbon-Doped Semi-Insulating GaN Grown by Ammonia-Based Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Semi-insulating GaN samples, grown by ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy and doped with carbon, were investigated by thermally stimulated current spectroscopy and photoluminescence at 4.2 K. In addition to a dominant trap at 0.90 eV, thought to be related to the N interstitial, a trap at 0.50 eV, presumably related to CGa, was observed in the samples with high carbon concentrations. For all of the carbon-doped samples, strong photoluminescence (PL) bands were observed in the yellow (YL), blue (BL), and near-band-edge regions, with the YL dominating, and the BL decreasing as the carbon concentration increased. Besides the PL and trap properties, the carbon doping also influenced the resistivity and effective carrier lifetime. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Performance Analysis and Tactics of Fighter Aircraft from WWI

On June 6, 2004, the Museum of Flight in Seattle, WA opened their Personal Courage Wing, a collection of 28 WWI and WWII fighter aircraft. This paper discusses performance and tactics of the 18 fighters in the WWI part of the collection. During the first one hundred years of flight great advances were made in fighter performance. However, fighter tactics developed in the early years of WWI are still in use today. A retrospective analysis of the Museum of Flight collection of WWI fighters will show why certain aircraft were successful, where others weren’t. Climb and turn performance of these airplanes are compared and the tactics they fostered will be discussed. Speed, handling and stall speeds will be discussed in relation to the utility of these aircraft.
Melamine and cyanuric acid do not interfere with Bradford and Ninhydrin assays for protein determination.

In the fall of 2007 pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid caused kidney stones in thousands of animals. In the summer of 2008, a more serious outbreak of adulterated dairy food caused the deaths of six infants and sickened about 290,000 children in China. In all cases, melamine was likely added to inflate the apparent protein content of the foods. To determine if we could measure protein without interference from melamine and cyanuric acid we tested these compounds in the Bradford and Ninhydrin assays, two common dye-based assays for protein, as well as by ammonia release, the most common assay used in the food industry. Neither compound was detected in the Ninhydrin and Bradford assays at concentrations of >100 μg/ml. The ammonia assay detected melamine but was inconclusive with respect to cyanuric acid. To develop an accurate test for food that would not detect either chemical as a protein, assays were run on cat food and reconstituted milk powder. The Bradford assay readily measured the protein content of each food, and importantly, the addition of melamine or cyanuric acid to reconstituted milk did not affect the readings. The protein concentrations obtained for reconstituted milk powder were as expected, but those for the cat food were 10 to 30-fold lower, due to its low solubility. We conclude that dye-binding assays can be employed to detect protein in food without interference from melamine and cyanuric acid, thus reducing the incentive to use them as additives.
Looking beyond research in doctoral education

Doctoral education in the natural sciences has traditionally focused on training students as researchers. However, this is no longer sufficient to provide students with the range of skills needed to succeed in academic and non-academic employment. Based on a review of national studies and current literature, we recommend a shift from the current model, with its focus on dissertation research, to a broader conception of doctoral education that includes training and mentoring that will be relevant to future careers. We also highlight some of the national initiatives that have made progress in these areas. Doctoral education programs cannot remain static if they are to continue to create marketable graduates. Instead, partnerships should be formed with hiring institutions, so that doctoral programs can evolve in parallel with the dynamics of the job market.
Referential semantic language modeling for data-poor domains

This paper describes a referential semantic language model that achieves accurate recognition in user-defined domains with no available domain-specific training corpora. This model is interesting in that, unlike similar recent systems, it exploits context dynamically, using incremental processing and limited stack memory of an HMM-like time series model to constrain search.
Software architecture for a cell controller

The primary objective of this study was to develop a versatile software architecture to integrate two NC machines, two robots, a vision station, and a conveyor based material transport system into a completely computer controlled manufacturing cell. Several home-built hardware/software interfaces were used in integrating the various manufacturing elements in this cell. The architecture of the cell control software is generic enough to be applicable to many small manufacturing facilities. From the system development perspective, the control software is a group of tasks working as a team in a multi-tasking environment. From the end user's perspective, it is a totally data-driven flexible manufacturing system. >
Circles of Influence and Chains of Command: The Social Processes Whereby Ethnic Communities Influence Host Societies

Research into immigration has for many years focused most of its attention on the issue of how immigrants adapt to host societies. This tendency is especially true in the work of sociologists. Yet if we acknowledge the growing ethnic diversity today in the United States and elsewhere, the most interesting questions arise as to how immigrants influence the host society - not how they adapt to it. This paper proposes a sociological theory to account for such influence. For evidence it draws on a variety of empirical examples from research on ethnic communities in the United States.
Assertion Training in Marital Counseling

Assertive behavior training is an evolving technique of great value to the marriage counselor. In this paper “assertive” behavior is differentiated from “non-assertive” and “aggressive” behavior in the text and an explanatory table. Specific components of behavior are identified, and techniques for facilitating assertiveness in clients are described in the context of marital counseling. Beginning with an illustrative example, the paper presents a step-by-step summary of the process and rationale for utilizing assertion training in marital counseling
Reversible inactivation of the auditory thalamus disrupts HPA axis habituation to repeated loud noise stress exposures

Although habituation to stress is a widely observed adaptive mechanism in response to repeated homotypic challenge exposure, its brain location and mechanism of plasticity remains elusive. And while habituation-related plasticity has been suggested to take place in central limbic regions, recent evidence suggests that sensory sites may provide the underlying substrate for this function. For instance, several brainstem, midbrain, thalamic, and/or cortical auditory processing areas, among others, could support habituation-related plasticity to repeated loud noise exposures. In the present study, the auditory thalamus was tested for its putative role in habituation to repeated loud noise exposures, in rats. The auditory thalamus was inactivated reversibly by muscimol injections during repeated loud noise exposures to determine if brainstem or midbrain auditory nuclei would be sufficient to support habituation to this specific stressor, as measured during an additional and drug-free loud noise exposure test. Our results indicate that auditory thalamic inactivation by muscimol disrupts acute HPA axis response specifically to loud noise. Importantly, habituation to repeated loud noise exposures was also prevented by reversible auditory thalamic inactivation, suggesting that this form of plasticity is likely mediated at, or in targets of, the auditory thalamus.
Calcium Phosphate Dental Cements

Cement systems composed of tetracalcium phosphate powder or powder mixtures of tetracalcium phosphate and brushite were investigated. The liquid components for making the cements include aqueous solutions of H 3 PO 4 , Ca(OH) 2 , or Na 2 SiO 3 . For the tetracalcium phosphate cement, strong acidic or basic solutions must be used in order to achieve a short setting time. Our results show that the tetracalcium phosphate and brushite cement can set in a short time under suitable conditions. Humidity, particle size, and pH of liquid have a strong influence on cement setting. Solutions of Ca(OH) 2 or Na 2 SiO 3 can be used for making high pH cements and a solution of H 3 PO 4 for a low pH setting cement. To reduce the setting time of cement, the key is to control the hydrolysis of tetracalcium phosphate. The results of hydrolysis indicate that, at 37°C, the single-phase tetracalcium phosphate can only be converted to hydroxyapatite when hydrolyzed in solutions with an H 3 PO 4 solution concentration of ∼5% or with a high pH solution. Both the single-phase tetracalcium phosphate cement and the mixture phase cement have good biocompatibility. Appropriate concentrations of the solutions of Na 2 SiO 3 ,Ca(OH) 2 , or H 3 P0 4 can be used in the cements from the perspective of both biocompatibility and cement properties.
EMULATING THE INTERFACIAL KINEMATICS OF CNS WHITE MATTER WITH FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES

Axonal injury represents a critical target for TBI and SCI prevention and treatment. Mechanical strain has been identified as the proximal cause of axonal injury, while secondary ischaemic and excitotoxic insults associated with the primary trauma potentially exacerbate the structural and functional damage. Many studies have been attempted to identify the states of stress and strain in white matter using animal and finite element models. These material models employed in finite element simulations of the central nervous system (CNS) of soft tissues heavily depend on phenomenological representations. The accuracy of these simulations depends not only on correct determination of the material properties but also on precise depiction of the tissues’ microstructure.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Tension and Constriction of the Cytokinetic Contractile Ring Depend on Anchoring of Ring Components to the Plasma Membrane

Cytokinesis involves constriction of a tension-producing actomyosin contractile ring that divides the cell. How the ring generates tension remains intensely debated. A sliding filament mechanism where myosin pulls actin filaments was proposed long ago, similar to striated muscle which has sarcomeric organization. However, contractile rings are far more disordered, and it is thought that random actomyosin bundles cannot generate tension. Recently, we presented evidence that tension originates in anchoring of actin filaments to the membrane (Stachowiak et al., Dev. Cell, 2014).Here we mathematically modeled the constricting ring to explain a recent study of permeabilized fission yeast protoplast that examined ring constriction in controlled environments (Mishra et al, Nature Cell Biol., 2013). The experiments directly tested the role of ring anchoring: following ATP addition, rings partially detached from the membrane and constricted at a constant rate independent of initial length.We extended our molecularly explicit model (Stachowiak et al., Dev. Cell, 2014) to explain these findings and to test the role of anchoring. The model assumes barbed end actin filament anchoring. In agreement with Mishra et al., simulated detached ring segments had almost zero tension and shortened at a rate somewhat less than twice the myosin-II load-free velocity. Our analysis explains why the shortening rate is independent of ring length: detached regions did not contract, but shortened by being reeled in at their end points, each end point contributing v0myo. Unanchored ring segments have zero tension but nevertheless shorten because they are connected to anchored segments with tension. Completely detached simulated rings did not constrict. Simulations reproduced other observations by Mishra et al, including the dependence of constriction on myosin-II but not on actin turnover, and retarded constriction by increased actin crosslinking.
Testosterone and partnering are linked via relationship status for women and 'relationship orientation' for men

Cross-cultural evidence links pair bonding and testosterone (T). We investigated what factors account for this link, how casual relationships are implicated, and whether gender/sex moderates these patterns in a North American sample. We gathered saliva samples for radioimmunoassay of T and self-report data on background, health, and social/relational variables from 115 women and 120 men to test our predictions, most of which were supported. Our results show that singles have higher T than long-term (LT) partnered individuals, and that casual relationships without serious romantic commitment are more like singlehood for men and LT relationships for women-in terms of T. We were also able to demonstrate what factors mediate the association between partnering and T: in women, frequency of partnered sexual activity mediated the effect in men, interest in more/new partners mediated the effect. This supported our prediction of relationship status interpretations in women, but relationship orientation in men. Results replicated past findings that neither sexual desire nor extrapair sexuality underlie the T-partnering link. We were able to rule out a large number of viable alternative explanations ranging from the lifestyle (e.g., sleep) to the social (e.g., social support). Our data thus demonstrate pattern and mediators for the development of T-pair bonding associations, and emphasize the importance of neither under- nor overstating the importance of gender/sex in research about the evolution of intimacy.
The Simbios National Center: Systems Biology in Motion

Physics-based simulation is needed to understand the function of biological structures and can be applied across a wide range of scales, from molecules to organisms. Simbios (the national center for physics-based simulation of biological structures, http://www.simbios.stanford.edu/ ) is one of seven NIH-supported national centers for biomedical computation. This article provides an overview of the mission and achievements of Simbios, and describes its place within systems biology. Understanding the interactions between various parts of a biological system and integrating this information to understand how biological systems function is the goal of systems biology. Many important biological systems comprise complex structural systems whose components interact through the exchange of physical forces, and whose movement and function is dictated by those forces. In particular, systems that are made of multiple identifiable components that move relative to one another in a constrained manner are multibody systems. Simbios' focus is creating methods for their simulation. Simbios is also investigating the biomechanical forces that govern fluid flow through deformable vessels, a central problem in cardiovascular dynamics. In this application, the system is governed by the interplay of classical forces, but the motion is distributed smoothly through the materials and fluids, requiring the use of continuum methods. In addition to the research aims, Simbios is working to disseminate information, software and other resources relevant to biological systems in motion.
Effects of Mean Flow Direction on Energy, Isotropy, and Coherence of Baroclinically Unstable Beta-Plane Geostrophic Turbulence

The effects of mean flow direction on statistically steady, baroclinically unstable, beta-plane quasigeostrophic (QG) turbulence are examined in a two-layer numerical model. The turbulence is forced by an imposed, horizontally homogeneous, vertically sheared mean flow and dissipated by bottom Ekman friction. The model is meant to be an idealization of the midocean eddy field, which generally has kinetic energies larger than the mean and is isotropic. Energetic eddies can be generated even when planetary beta (b) dominates gradients of mean potential vorticity (PV; also, q), as long as the mean shear has a substantial meridional component. However, eddies are isotropic only when the angle between layer mean PV gradients exceeds approximately 908. This occurs when planetary and shear-induced gradients are comparable. Maps of PV indicate that these gradients may indeed be comparable over much of the midocean. Coherent jets form when the mean flow has a substantial meridional component and b is large. When b is nonzero, but small enough to permit isotropy, and the zonal component of the mean flow is not strongly eastward, lattices of like-signed coherent vortices develop. Likesigned vortex formation from initial and forcing conditions without a vorticity preference has not been observed before in QG systems. The vortex arrays are sensitive to the details of small-scale dissipation. Both cyclonic and anticyclonic fields arise in the simulations, depending on initial conditions, but they have different energies, consistent with broken symmetries in the governing equations.
Value Creation Through International Acquisitions In A World Of One-Way Globalization: Toward A New Paradigm

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions have typically resulted in relatively poor returns for acquiring firm shareholders. Yet subsets from the universe of M&A deals have demonstrated positive returns, leaving open the question of determining the characteristics of cross-border deals that would be conducive to wealth formation. We use a study of large-capitalization firms as a springboard to investigating the performance of differentiated large-scale international acquisitions. We note that large acquisitions take place in a world frequently characterized by one-way rather than reciprocal globalization. This ongoing study seeks to identify determinants of value creation subject to imbalances in how the benefits from transnational business processes are distributed among the countries which accommodate the transactions.
Time–intensity characteristics of iron compounds

Discrete-interval time-intensity scaling was used to measure the sensory characteristics of three iron compounds, 0.05 M ferrous sulfate, 0.03 M ferrous chloride and 0.05 M ferrous gluconate. All three compounds exhibited strong and persistent metallic flavors. Ferrous chloride was highest in bitter taste and ferrous gluconate highest in initial sourness and astringency. Evidence of anionic inhibition was seen in that ferrous gluconate was lower in bitterness relative to ferrous chloride. Taste properties decayed rapidly over the 2-min test period but astringency had slower onset, reached a maximum at 60 s and remained at or near the maximum level during the test period. These common iron fortifying agents show complex and different sensory profiles. The sensations that are predominant change over time, with a lingering astringency and metallic taste that may lessen their suitability for use in food fortification.
Investigation of functionalization layers for NO 2 detection

Functionalization layers are investigated for NO2 detection using a highly sensitive and versatile potentiometric sensor platform for gas and vapor sensing applications. Work function changes were measured for different functionalization layers made of ln2O3 and SnO2 thin films and ZnO nanowires deposited on a Si substrate. A sensitivity of ~0.36 mV/sec for surface work function change was found out for 70 ppm NO2 concentration for isolated clusters of ZnO nanowires indicating that this technique is applicable even for nano-clusters of sensing materials where amperometric detection is impossible due to material discontinuity. A surface work function change of ~10 mV was observed in sub-ppm regime (600 ppb NO2) for highly insulating ln2O3 (resistivity >1 TOmega / ). Graphene layers and nanocrystalline graphite (NG) were compared with the transition oxide based functionalization layer for sensing sub-ppm NO2 (600 ppb) sensing. It was observed that NG shows much higher sensitivity and lower response times.
Recent developments in fuel-processing and proton-exchange membranes for fuel cells

In recent years, great progress has been made in the development of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for both mobile and stationary applications. This review covers two types of new membranes: (1) carbon dioxide-selective membranes for hydrogen purification and (2) proton-exchange membranes; both of these are crucial to the widespread application of PEMFCs. On hydrogen purification for fuel cells, the new facilitated transport membranes synthesized from incorporating amino groups in polymer networks have shown high CO2 permeability and selectivity versus H2. The membranes can be used in fuel processing to produce high-purity hydrogen (with less than 10 ppm CO and 10 ppb H2S) for fuel cells. On proton-exchange membranes, the new sulfonated polybenzimidazole copolymer-based membranes can outperform Nafion® under various conditions, particularly at high temperatures and low relative humidities. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationship of complement to allergic histamine release in blood of ragweed-sensitive subjects

Abstract The experiments reported in this article deal with the possible relation of complement (C′) to allergic histamine release from leukocytes of atopic (ragweed-sensitive) persons. The results show that no measurable consumption of C′ occurs during the release reaction. Systems composed of thrice-washed blood cells reconstituted with plasma which has been treated to destroy hemolytic C′ activity have the capacity to release histamine on introduction of ragweed antigen. Hemolytic activity was abolished by heating at 56° C. for thirty minutes (C′ 1 and C′ 2) and by treatment with zymosan (C′ 3) and ammonia (C′ 4). Washed cells resuspended in such plasmas released 73 to 100 per cent as much histamine as cells resuspended in untreated plasma. Blood cells washed three times in heparinized Locke-Ringer solution and resuspended in this fluid are capable of releasing 56 to 84 per cent as much histamine as washed cells resuspended in their own plasma. Extracts of washed leukocytes (some erythrocytes admixed) obtained after freezing and thawing did not show hemolytic C′ activity but, rather, were slightly anticomplementary, which suggests that C′ is not present in such cell extracts but does not rule out the possibility that anticomplementary effects mask its activity. The inhibition of histamine release brought about by iodoacetate is not accompanied by any change in plasma C′ activity.
Understanding Ornamental Plant Market Shares to Rewholesaler, Retailer, and Landscaper Channels

Market channel alternatives that include garden centers, landscapers, mass merchandisers, and rewholesalers have contributed to the growth of ornamental crops sales in the United States. The impact of growers’ business characteristics on shares of sales to these channels by firm size was estimated using the two-limit Tobit model. Important explanatory variables were regions of the United States, sales of plant groups, kinds of contract sales, and channel diversity. There were important differences in behavior by grower size. Overall, the results indicate a stronger than expected role for the rewholesaler channel as a preferred channel for ornamental plant sales.
Testosterone metabolites differentially maintain adult morphology in a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system.

The lumbar spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid-sensitive spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). Androgens are necessary for the development of the SNB neuromuscular system, and in adulthood, continue to influence the morphology and function of the motoneurons and their target musculature. However, estrogens are also involved in the development of the SNB system, and are capable of maintaining function in adulthood. In this experiment we assessed the ability of testosterone metabolites, estrogens and non-aromatizable androgens, to maintain neuromuscular morphology in adulthood. Motoneuron and muscle morphology was assessed in adult normal males, sham-castrated males, castrated males treated with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, or left untreated, and gonadally intact males treated with the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride or the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole. After 6 weeks of treatment, SNB motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin-HRP and reconstructed in three dimensions. Castration resulted in reductions in SNB target muscle size, soma size, and dendritic morphology. Testosterone treatment after castration maintained SNB soma size, dendritic morphology, and elevated target muscle size; dihydrotestosterone treatment also maintained SNB dendritic length, but was less effective than testosterone in maintaining both SNB soma size and target muscle weight. Treatment of intact males with finasteride or fadrozole did not alter the morphology of SNB motoneurons or their target muscles. In contrast, estradiol treatment was completely ineffective in preventing castration-induced atrophy of the SNB neuromuscular system. Together, these results suggest that the maintenance of adult motoneuron or muscle morphology is strictly mediated by androgens.
Accuracy of finite dimensional dynamic models of flexible manipulators for controller design

The dynamics of mechanical systems with distributed flexibility are described by infinite dimensional mathematical models, yet a real controller must be finite dimensional due to the limited bandwidth capabilities of the sensor-actuator system and real-time control computer hardware. Therefore, simplified finite dimensional dynamic models must be obtained for the purpose of controller design. This article addresses the issue of selecting the shape and number of mode functions in developing finite order models using a flexible robot arm as an example. The results of this work have consistently shown that the clamped-free mode shape predicts the closed-loop system dynamics under a feedback controller much more accurately than pinned-free mode shapes. However, as the hub inertia increases relative to the flexible beam inertia the difference between the clamped-free and pinned-free mode shape model predictions becomes smaller.
A Conditional Autoregressive Model for Detecting Natural Selection in Protein-Coding DNA Sequences

Phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms, has played an important role in modern biological research, such as genomic comparison, detecting orthology and paralogy, estimating divergence times, reconstructing ancient proteins, identifying mutations likely to be associated with disease, determining the identity of new pathogens, and finding the residues that are important to natural selection. Given an alignment of protein-coding DNA sequences, most methods for detecting natural selection rely on estimating the codon-specific nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratios (d N ∕ d S ). Here, we describe an approach to modeling variation in the d N ∕ d S by using a conditional autoregressive (CAR) model. The CAR model relaxes the assumption in most contemporary phylogenetic models, i.e., sites in molecular sequences evolve independently. By incorporating the information stored in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) file, the CAR model estimates the d N ∕ d S based on the protein three-dimensional structure. We implement the model in a fully Bayesian approach with all parameters of the model considered as random variables and make use of the NVIDIA’s parallel computing architecture (CUDA) to accelerate the calculation. Our result of analyzing an empirical abalone sperm lysine data is in accordance with the previous findings.
Commensurate Security: An Alternative Defense Paradigm

Commensurate security is proposed as a national defense paradigm that will compete increasingly with those of nuclear deterrence and arms control for the attention of the peoples and governments of Europe. The paradigm includes the concepts of threat assessment, unprovocative armaments, territorial defense, civilian resistance, and restructuring of military forces to provide better utilization of a nation's defense resources. It addresses the common weakness of deterrence and arms control, their reliance on nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction. Nations' adoption of commensurate security will stimulate the emergence of a composite paradigm integrating aspects of current models but increasingly focused on defense of homeland and avoidance of offensive threat.
REPLY TO DISCUSSION OF Why Do Auditors Over‐Rely on Weak Analytical Procedures? The Role of Outcome and Precision

The discussant begins her critique with the following two questions: ‘‘Do the results ... suggest that favorable outcomes lead auditors to over-rely on weak analytical procedures? Or could the findings mean that unfavorable outcomes reduce auditors’ evaluations of strong analytical procedures?’’ Although positive answers to either of these questions would be troubling, regulators have observed and expressed concern only for over-reliance on weak analytical procedures. Thus, the focus of our study has been to explain and document a potential explanation for over-reliance on weak analytical procedures. Given that over-reliance on weak analytical procedures and under-reliance on strong analytical procedures are not mutually exclusive explanations for our results, and given specific findings reported in our study (summarized briefly below), we believe that our study provides strong evidence of over-reliance on weak analytical procedures. The discussant offers an alternative explanation for our results revolving around the idea that auditors could be under-relying on a strong analytical procedure. Her argument hinges on the notion that, to maintain consistency in their assessments, participants in the unfavorable outcome condition reevaluated the initial procedure lower than they otherwise would have because they underestimated the strength of the stronger procedure in Part B of the experiment. However, this explanation cannot account for the following results reported in our paper:
Spectral Element Agglomerate Algebraic Multigrid Methods for Elliptic Problems with High-Contrast Coefficients

We apply a recently proposed [5] robust overlapping Schwarz method with a certain spectral construction of the coarse space in the setting of element agglomeration algebraic multigrid methods (or agglomeration AMGe) for elliptic problems with high-contrast coefficients. Our goal is to design multilevel iterative methods that converge independent of the contrast in the coefficients. We present simplified bounds for the condition number of the preconditioned operators. These bounds imply convergence that is independent of the contrast. In the presented preliminary numerical tests, we use geometric agglomerates; however, the algorithm is general and offers some simplifications over the previously proposed spectral agglomerate AMGe methods (cf., [3, 2]).
Insight into the Mechanism of Graphene Oxide Degradation via the Photo-Fenton Reaction.

Graphene represents an attractive two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial that holds great promise for applications such as electronics, batteries, sensors, and composite materials. Recent work has demonstrated that carbon-based nanomaterials are degradable/biodegradable, but little work has been expended to identify products formed during the degradation process. As these products may have toxicological implications that could leach into the environment or the human body, insight into the mechanism and structural elucidation remain important as carbon-based nanomaterials become commercialized. We provide insight into a potential mechanism of graphene oxide degradation via the photo-Fenton reaction. We have determined that after 1 day of treatment intermediate oxidation products (with MW 150–1000 Da) were generated. Upon longer reaction times (i.e., days 2 and 3), these products were no longer present in high abundance, and the system was dominated by graphene quantum dots (GQDs). On the basis of FTIR, ...
RH-5992, a new insect growth regulator active against corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Laboratory bioassays conclusively demonstrated the toxic effects of the insect growth regulator (IGR) RH-5992 against 1- and 7-d-old larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Baddie), and fall army worm, Spodopterafrugiperda (J. E. Smith). The IGR exhibits toxicity to both species at similar concentrations. Mortality ≥90% for both species was achieved at concentrations of >0.001% (AI). Larval death generally occurred within 4-7 d after treatment of both 1- and 7-d-old corn earworm and fall armyworm larvae. RH-5992 may be of value in controlling the com earworm and fall armyworm in integrated and areawide management programs.