cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in visuospatial abilities persist during induced hypogonadism

Abstract Background Despite well-established sex differences in the performance on tests of several cognitive domains (e.g., visuospatial ability), few studies in humans have evaluated if these sex differences are evident both in the presence of circulating sex hormones and during sex steroid hormonal suppression. Sex differences identified in the relative absence of circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone suggest that differences in brain structure or function exist independent of current hormonal environment and are more likely a reflection of differing developmental exposures and/or genetic substrates. Objective To evaluate cognitive performance in healthy eugonadal men and women before and again during GnRH agonist-induced hypogonadism. Methods Men ( n =16) and women ( n =15) without medical or psychiatric illness were matched for IQ. Cognitive tests were performed at baseline (when eugonadal) and after 6–8 weeks of GnRH agonist-induced gonadal suppression. The test batteries included measures of verbal and spatial memory, spatial ability, verbal fluency, motor speed/dexterity, and attention/concentration. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures models. Results During both eugonadism and hypogonadism, men performed significantly better than women on several measures of visuospatial performance including mental rotation, line orientation, Money Road Map, Porteus maze, and complex figure drawing. Although some test performances showed an effect of hormone treatment, the majority of these differences reflected an improved performance during hypogonadism compared with baseline (and probably reflected practice effects). Conclusion The well-documented male advantage in visuospatial performance, which we observed during eugonadal conditions, was maintained in the context of short-term suppression of gonadal function in both men and women. These findings suggest that, in humans, sex differences in visuospatial performance are not merely dependent on differences in the current circulating sex steroid environment. Thus sex differences in visuospatial performance in adulthood could reflect early developmental effects of sex steroid exposure or other environmental exposures differing across the sexes as our data confirm that these differences are independent of circulating estradiol or testosterone levels in men and women.
Diffusion of nonelectrolytes in the canine trachea: effect of tight junction

We recently demonstrated through theoretical modeling that the exhaled ethanol (EtOH) profile from humans is consistent with a molecular diffusion coefficient (cm2/s) in the bronchial mucosa (Dti) that is only 8% of the diffusion coefficient in water (Dw; J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 2439-2449, 1993). Because of the small oil-water partition coefficient (lambda o:w) of EtOH (lambda o:w = 0.074), the reduced diffusion coefficient may be due, in part, to the epithelial tight junction in the paracellular pathway. We hypothesized that opening the tight junction would open an aqueous pathway and increase the diffusion coefficient of small (mol wt < 100) hydrophilic compounds. We mounted the mucosa from the membranous canine trachea in an Ussing-type diffusion cell and measured the diffusion coefficient of 2-ethoxyethanol (2-Ethx; lambda o:w = 0.042), EtOH, and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK; lambda o:w = 1.04) in the presence and absence of the epithelial tight junction. The tight junction was opened using a phosphate-buffered saline free of Ca2+ and Mg2+ with 0.5 mM ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, and its integrity was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance. Dti/Dw in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was 0.39, 0.34, and 0.39 for 2-Ethx, EtOH, and MEK, respectively, and increased 24.6, 11.7, and 1.11% in the absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. We conclude that the effect of the tight junction on Dti increases with increasing water solubility but can account for only a small portion of the reduced Dti of EtOH as predicted by exhaled profiles.
Protection against lethality of endotoxin with isoproterenol: the chick embryo as an experimental model.

SummaryThe susceptibility of the chick embryo to endotoxin is confirmed. Embryos tolerate up to 20 μg of Isoproterenol when injected intravenously. Isoproterenol in amounts of only 0.1 μg significantly protect embryos against 0.05 μg of endotoxin, which is greater than an LD50 dose. The mechanism of the protective action of Isoproterenol is not known.
Construction by Induction

With the help of the following theorem we will solve the non-orientable Case 1. We do not really need the orientable version of Theorem 10.1 because we already have easy solutions in Cases 1 and 7.
Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for Photovoltaic Generation Based on Combination of Hysteresis Comparison With Optimal Gradient

The output power characteristics of photovoltaic(PV) cells vary with the variation of external environment.To utilize PV cell array high-efficiently,it is necessary to trace the maximum power point of grid-connected PV generation system.To overcome the shortcomings such as oscillation and misjudgment during the process of tracing maximum power point,an improved maximum power point tracking(MPPT) based on the combination of hysteresis comparison with optimal gradient was proposed.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm,a three-phase single-stage grid-connected PV generation system was constructed on PSCAD/ EMTDC platform to perform simulation and comparative analysis on both conventional perturbation and observation method with fixed step length and the proposed improved algorithm.Simulation and analysis results showed that the proposed improved MPPT algorithm could effective eliminate interference ripples in output DC voltage of the PV system;when external environment suddenly changed,the PV generation system could be rapidly stabilized at the new maximum power point.
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis.

Purpose of review Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging diarrheal pathogen, implicated in traveler's diarrhea and endemic diarrhea in developing and industrialized countries. Understanding of EAEC pathogenesis is rapidly increasing, and advances are proving relevant to epidemiologic and clinical investigations. Recent findings The pathogenesis of EAEC infection comprises colonization of the intestinal mucosa with elaboration of enterotoxins and cytotoxins. In addition, EAEC infections elicit mucosal inflammation, which can be observed in infected subjects. A large set of EAEC virulence factors is under the control of a global regulator of EAEC virulence, called AggR. AggR controls expression of adherence factors, a dispersin protein, and a large cluster of genes encoded on the EAEC chromosome. Summary Identification of AggR or members of the AggR regulon may identify pathogenic EAEC strains, called typical EAEC. Epidemiologic and clinical investigations in many settings should now include detection of typical EAEC.
Craving versus control: Negative urgency and neural correlates of alcohol cue reactivity.

Abstract Background Alcohol abuse is a common and costly practice. Individuals high in negative urgency, the tendency to act rashly when experiencing negative emotions, are at particular risk for abusing alcohol. Alcohol abuse among individuals high in negative urgency may be due to (a) increased activity in the brain’s striatum, (b) decreased activity in brain regions associated with self-control, or (c) a combination of the two. Methods Thirty eight non-alcohol-dependent participants completed a measure of negative urgency and then underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while passively viewing pleasant and alcohol images. Results Alcohol images (as compared to pleasant images) were associated with activation in the caudate nucleus, a brain region associated with linking reward to external stimuli. Negative urgency (above and beyond other facets of impulsivity) correlated positively with this caudate activation in response to alcohol images. Alcohol images and negative urgency were unassociated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, a self-regulatory brain region. Conclusions These findings provide initial support that the alcohol abuse observed among individuals high in negative urgency may be due, in part, to heightened reactivity in the striatum to alcohol. Investigating such neural contributors to self-regulation failure is crucial to reducing substance abuse.
Perioperative coagulation management during ascending aorta replacement on apixaban

The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) present a valid therapeutic alternative to vitamin K antagonists in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, for the prevention of venous thromboembolism, and for the treatment and prevention of the recurrence of pulmonary embolisms and deep vein thrombosis. Despite Idarucizumab as an antagonist of Dabigatran there are no other specific antidotes available yet. Therefore, perioperative coagulation management by DOACs is challenging in patients undergoing emergency surgical procedures with a high risk of bleeding complications. This case study describes the perioperative procedure during ascending aorta replacement after aortic dissection with apixaban administration.
A Brief LDS Faith; Based Dialogue for the Treatment of Conditional Self;Worth

This paper presents a sample dialogue which has been used effectively in psychotherapy with Latter-day Saint (LDS) clients who suffer from the belief that their worth as individuals is based on their performance (i.e., "conditional self-worth"). The dialogue maizes use of LDS theology and strategic questioning in order to dispute and ultimately replace the client's paradigm of conditional self-worth with beliefs in unconditional httman worth. The dialogue is considered as one component of a larger religio-psychotherapeutic approach which has as its goal increasingj/exible, rational thinking, including the belief that all human beings have unconditional worth.
Effects of cognitive training on the structure of intelligence

Targeted cognitive training, such as n-back or speed of processing training, in the hopes of raising intelligence is of great theoretical and practical importance. The most important theoretical contribution, however, is not about the malleability of intelligence. Instead, I argue the most important and novel theoretical contribution is understanding the causal structure of intelligence. The structure of intelligence, most often taken as a hierarchical factor structure, necessarily prohibits transfer from subfactors back up to intelligence. If this is the true structure, targeted cognitive training interventions will fail to increase intelligence not because intelligence is immutable, but simply because there is no causal connection between, say, working memory and intelligence. Seeing the structure of intelligence for what it is, a causal measurement model, allows us to focus testing on the presence and absence of causal links. If we can increase subfactors without transfer to other facets, we may be confirming the correct causal structure more than testing malleability. Such a blending into experimental psychometrics is a strong theoretical pursuit.
Smart hydrogel sensor for detection of organophosphorus chemical warfare nerve agents

ABSTRACTA novel “turn-off” fluorescence, smart hydrogel sensor for detection of a nerve agent simulant has been developed and tested. The smart hydrogel chemosensor has demonstrated an extremely fast and select fluorescence quenching detection response to the Sarin simulant diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in the aqueous and vapor phases. The fluorogenic sensor utilizes 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin embedded in an polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix as the fluorescent sensing material. The rapid fluorescence quenching of the smart hydrogel films could easily be observed with the naked eye using a hand-held UV light at λ = 365 nm which demonstrates their practical application in real-time on-site monitoring.
Uber and Society

This chapter examines the flaws in perfect competition and in competition regulation. Perfect competition takes agents in the market processes to do what all others do. This has nothing to do with the real idea of competition, which is trying to offer something better or different from what is available in the market. The unrealistic and uneconomic view that perfect competition takes on market processes becomes mandatory if translated into competition regulation. But since competition regulation attempts to regulate future markets by using the past as an anchor, it significantly distorts the markets. It creates market-entry barriers, it favors incumbents, and it increases transaction costs. In fact, competition regulation creates collusions and instigates arbitrage.
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Morphotype Correlates With Regional Antioxidant Gene Expression Profiles in the Proximal Ascending Aorta

Background Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is associated with asymmetric dilatation of the proximal ascending aorta. We previously demonstrated increased susceptibility of smooth muscle cells to oxidative stress in the BAV-aneurysmal aorta and hypothesized that antioxidant expression is regionally defined and influenced by the BAV morphotype. Methods BAV valve morphology was defined according to number of raphes: type 0 (0 raphes), type 1 (1 raphe), or type 2 (2 raphes) and by the raphe location among the left (L), right (R) or non (N) coronary cusps. Ascending aortic specimens were partitioned into three regions corresponding to the sinuses of Valsalva, denoted R, N (greater curve), and L (lesser curve). Transcripts 1, 2, and 3 from the gene expressing superoxide dismutase ( Sod ) were quantified in all three regions. Results were compared with aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal aortic specimens from patients with a tricuspid aortic valve. Results Region-specific Sod1 upregulation and Sod2 downregulation were dependent on the BAV morphotype. Sod3 was uniformly downregulated in all regions in a morphotype-independent manner. Sod1 upregulation was noted in the R region of the nonaneurysmal type 1 L/R morphotype. Aortic valve regurgitation, but not stenosis, affected the expression of Sod isoforms in specimens of degenerative aneurysms. Conclusions Region-specific transcription profiles of Sod on the basis of BAV morphotype deepen our understanding of its associated aortopathy and provide biological insight on the asymmetric dilatation pattern. This work indicates regional differences exist in the oxidative stress biology of the proximal aortic wall, and this may lead to newer diagnostic techniques to adjudicate aortic catastrophe risk.
How Many Heart Failure Patients Might We SHIFT to a Lower Heart Rate

See Article by Das et al > For fast acting relief, try slowing down. > > –Lily Tomlin For years, β-blockers were strongly contraindicated in patients with heart failure. The pendulum has swung far from that position, and for patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, β-blockers are now standard of care. It has been argued that persistent tachycardia may pose ongoing risk, and additional efforts to slow heart rate may further relieve a failing heart. Ivabradine presents an alternative option for reducing heart rate through I f channel current inhibition. SHIFT (Systolic Heart Failure Treatment With the IF Inhibitor Ivabradine Trial) studied its use in patients with New York Heart Association functional class II-IV heart failure with ejection fraction ≤35% and heart rate >70 beats per minute, despite background medical therapy, and found a reduction in the end point of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization.1 This finding was driven mostly by reduction in hospitalization, and 2 important outstanding questions were highlighted in the accompanying editorial: concern over generalizability/applicability and whether the findings may have been an association with and not a consequence of treatment.2 Despite these limitations, SHIFT was a landmark heart failure trial of a novel agent, and ivabradine has earned a IIa recommendation (level of evidence: B-R) in the recently published American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Failure Society of America HF Guideline Focused Update.3 Ongoing awareness of the importance of adequate background β-blocker therapy was highlighted in the commentary, “Given the well-proven mortality benefits of β-blocker therapy, it is important to initiate and uptitrate these agents to target doses, as tolerated, before assessing the resting …
Historic Creek Indian Responses to European Trade and the Rise of Political Factions

In the aftermath of the midsixteenth-century Spanish expeditions of exploration and attempted colonization in the interior of southeastern North America, there followed a period lasting over a century during which no serious efforts were made by Europeans to contact directly the indigenous Indian inhabitants of the region. Spanish intrusions had severely disrupted native societies, apparently precipitating widespread population dislocations, massive population loss through introduced diseases, and a significant decline in sociopolitical complexity (Brain 1985:106–107; Ramenofsky 1987; Smith 1987; Thomas 1990:3–222). The ensuing 100-year hiatus in European colonizing efforts allowed protohistoric peoples of the region to reformulate their cultures in the face of drastically changed natural, epidemiological, and cultural-environmental influences, while they remained buffered from face-to-face contacts with Europeans from the coastal areas of Spanish and English settlement.
Ultra-Wideband High Gain Vivaldi Antennas Using Additive Manufacturing

Abstract In this paper, a low-cost fabrication technique using additive manufacturing (3D printing) is demonstrated for the fabrication of ultra-wide band (UWB) Vivaldi antennas. In communications, UWB antennas are required that have high gain and wide bandwidth (3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) enabling high-data rates and efficient use of frequency spectrum. 3D printing has evolved into an important technology that allows rapid and simple fabrication method for printing antennas, and other components. Two different Vivaldi antennas designs (i) Vivaldi with a slot line, and (ii) Corrugated Vivaldi are presented. The fabricated antennas have a wide bandwidth of 14 GHz and a high gain of 10 dBi. For example, the corrugated antenna exploits the capability of 3D printing to incorporate slots in the design that aids in low frequency matching with increased gain.
Double Integral Sliding Mode Control of Continuous Gain Four Quadrant Quasi-Z-Source Converter

A constant frequency double-integral sliding mode controller (DISMC) is proposed for the regulation of a four-quadrant continuous gain dc–dc converter based on quasi- $Z$ -source (ZS) topology. No controller has yet been proposed for the control of this particular converter in the literature so far. Four-quadrant converters based on hybrid ZS networks or coupled inductors have been proposed in the past, but this converter is unique in the sense that it uses minimum number of passive devices and active switches to provide bidirectional current and bipolar output voltage. This makes the converter preferable to use in renewable energy or motor drive applications that require a four-quadrant operation. The proposed controller eliminates steady-state errors and provides robust control in the face of large input voltage or load variations. It enables the converter to provide a fast dynamical response over a wide operating range. Simulations of the proposed controller have been performed in MATLAB/Simulink, where the results of DISMC have also been compared with those of single integral sliding mode control.
Second Language Acquisition

Second language acquisition (SLA) involves the development of the knowledge of a complex system of sound, word, sentence structure, and meaning of any non-native language by children as well as adults; it also involves the acquisition of the ability to use that system appropriately in different social settings. Keywords: automaticity; critical period; implicit learning; processing; Universal Grammar
A Fluorescent Flavonoid for Lysosome Imaging: the Effect of Substituents on Selectivity and Optical Properties

Lysosome selective bright orange-red emitting flavonoid (2) was synthesized by attaching a strong donor (NPh2) group into flavonoid skeleton. As a result of efficient intra molecular charge transfer due to the strong donor group, a significant bathochromic shift was observed from the emission of 2b (with a –NPh2 group, λem ≈ 590 nm), in comparison that of 1b (with a –NMe2 group, λem ≈ 519 nm). The role of the substituent effect towards ICT was further studied by low temperature spectral analysis. Fluorescence spectra at low temperature confirmed that large Stokes shift for probe 2 (Δλ ≈ 150 nm) was due to strong ICT. Probe 2b exhibited exceptional selectivity towards cellular lysosomes in live cells studies thus generating bright orange-red emission upon localization. Intra-cellular pH analysis results confirmed that probe 2b did not participate in the elevation of lysosomal pH upon staining with different probe concentrations (0.5 μM – 2.0 μM) which is a potential advantage compared to acidotropic commercial LysoTracker® probes. This study further illustrated that the substituents in probe 2 play a significant role towards probe’s organelle selectivity since probe 2a (R = OH) did not show any lysosomal localization compared with 2b. In addition, the calculated cytotoxicity data further revealed that this new probe design is highly biocompatible (LC50 > 50 μM) and suitable for long term imaging.
A cytorhabdovirus phosphoprotein forms mobile inclusions trafficked on the actin/ER network for viral RNA synthesis

As obligate parasites, plant viruses usually hijack host cytoskeletons for replication and movement. Rhabdoviruses are enveloped, negative-stranded RNA viruses that infect vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants, but the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of plant rhabdovirus proteins are largely unknown. Here, we used Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV), a plant cytorhabdovirus, as a model to investigate the effects of the actin cytoskeleton on viral intracellular movement and viral RNA synthesis in a mini-replicon (MR) system. The BYSMV P protein forms mobile inclusion bodies that are trafficked along the actin/endoplasmic reticulum network, and recruit the N and L proteins into viroplasm-like structures. Deletion analysis showed that the N terminal region (aa 43-55) and the remaining region (aa 56-295) of BYSMV P are essential for the mobility and formation of inclusions, respectively. Overexpression of myosin XI-K tails completely abolishes the trafficking activity of P bodies, and is accompanied by a significant reduction of viral MR RNA synthesis. These results suggest that BYSMV P contributes to the formation and trafficking of viroplasm-like structures along the ER/actin network driven by myosin XI-K. Thus, rhabdovirus P appears to be a dynamic hub protein for efficient recruitment of viral proteins, thereby promoting viral RNA synthesis.
Traditional and emerging ethical concerns in advertising

Ethical issues surrounding advertising have been well-discussed. However, over time and alongside societal and media changes, different questions have moved to the forefront in the discussion on advertising ethics. This paper presents an overview of traditional ethical issues of importance in the United States, and analyzes the changes that have come about as a result of newer, more interactive media for ad placements. Although many of the traditional ethical dilemmas remain, the more personalized and interactive nature of new media and an expanded landscape for advertisers to stake their claims have introduced new issues that were previously not of concern, such as privacy.
Distributed finite-time termination for consensus algorithm in switching topologies

In this article, we present a finite time stopping criterion for consensus algorithms in networks with dynamic communication topology. Recent results provide asymptotic convergence to the consensus algorithm. However, the asymptotic convergence of these algorithms pose a challenge in the practical settings where the response from agents is required in finite time. To this end, we propose a Maximum-Minimum protocol which propagates the global maximum and minimum values of agent states (while running consensus algorithm) in the network. We establish that global maximum and minimum values are strictly monotonic even for a dynamic topology and can be utilized to distributively ascertain the closeness to convergence in finite time. We show that each node can have access to the global maximum and minimum by running the proposed Maximum-Minimum protocol and use it as a finite time stopping criterion for the otherwise asymptotic consensus algorithm. The practical utility of the algorithm is illustrated through experiments where each agent is instantiated by a NodeJS this http URL server.
Factores de riesgo para tuberculosis pulmonar en trabajadores de salud. Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Perú

espanolObjetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo para tuberculosis pulmonar en trabajadores de salud del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Peru. Materiales y metodos: Estudio analitico de casos y controles. La poblacion de estudio fueron trabajadores de salud con diagnostico de tuberculosis pulmonar del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Lima, Peru. Se recolectaron variables epidemiologicas (edad, sexo, comorbilidad, grupo ocupacional), variables ventilatorias (velocidad, direccion y patron del flujo aereo, sistema de ventilacion cerrada) y ambientales (luz ultravioleta, aire acondicionado). Se utilizo analisis univariado, se determino el riesgo relativo, estimado por Odds Ratio con su respectivo intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Posteriormente, se utilizo un modelo predictivo de regresion logistica multivariado paso a paso para identificar los factores de riesgo. Se considero el valor de p Resultados: La tasa de incidencia habitual de tuberculosis pulmonar fue de 348 por 100 000. Los factores asociados fueron velocidad del flujo aereo menor de 0,7m/s, presencia de aire acondicionado en los ambientes hospitalarios, elevado grado de hacinamiento (espacio libre menor de 2 m2/persona), edad menor de 40 anos, presencia de al menos una comorbilidad, y el tiempo de trabajo hospitalario menor de 20 anos. Conclusiones: La presencia de alto grado de hacinamiento y el tiempo de trabajo hospitalario menor a 20 anos constituyen importantes factores de riesgo para tuberculosis pulmonar activa en trabajadores de salud del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. EnglishObjective: To determine the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in health-care workers of the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: A case-control analytical study. The study population consisted of health-care workers of the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo in Lima, Peru, diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Epidemiological variables (age, sex, comorbidity, occupational group), ventilatory variables (airflow velocity, direction and pattern; closed ventilation system) and environmental variables (ultraviolet light, air conditioning) were collected. A univariate analysis was performed, and the relative risk was estimated by odds ratio and its corresponding 95 % confidence interval. Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression predictive model was used step by step to identify the risk factors. A p value Results: The usual incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis was 348 per 100,000 health-care workers. The associated factors were airflow velocity less than 0.7 m/s, use of air-conditioning in hospital rooms, high levels of overcrowding (available space less than 2 m2/person), age less than 40 years, presence of at least one comorbidity, and hospital job time less than 20 years. Conclusions: High levels of overcrowding and hospital job time less than 20 years are important risk factors for active pulmonary tuberculosis in health-care workers of the Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo.
Using Visualization to Reduce the Cognitive Load of Threshold Concepts in Computer Programming

This Full Paper in the Research to Practice Category reports on an empirical empirical study in which novel educational tools and techniques were employed to teach fundamentals of problem decomposition - a cognitive task transcending disciplines. Within the discipline of computer science, problem decomposition is recognized as a foundational activity of software development. Factors that contribute to the complexity of this activity include: (1) recognizing patterns within an algorithm, (2) mapping the understanding of an algorithm to the syntax of a given programming language, and (3) complexity intrinsic to the problem domain itself.Cognitive load theory states that learning outcomes can be positively affected by reducing the extraneous cognitive load associated with learning objectives as well as by changing the nature of what is learned. In the study reported upon here, a novel instructional method was developed to decrease students’ cognitive load. Novel instructional content supported by a custom visualization tool was used in a classroom setting in order to help novice programmers develop an understanding of function-based problem decomposition within the context of a visual domain. Performance on outcome measures (a quiz and assignment) were compared between the new method and the traditional teaching method demonstrated that students were significantly more successful at demonstrating mastery when using the new instructional method.
Extensible Extraction of Efficient Imperative Programs with Foreign Functions, Manually Managed Memory, and Proofs.

We present an original approach to sound program extraction in a proof assistant, using syntax-driven automation to derive correct-by-construction imperative programs from nondeterministic functional source code. Our approach does not require committing to a single inflexible compilation strategy and instead makes it straightforward to create domain-specific code translators. In addition to a small set of core definitions, our framework is a large, user-extensible collection of compilation rules each phrased to handle specific language constructs, code patterns, or data manipulations. By mixing and matching these pieces of logic, users can easily tailor extraction to their own domains and programs, getting maximum performance and ensuring correctness of the resulting assembly code.
An ADMM-based MIQP platform for the EV aggregation management.

Electric vehicle (EV) aggregation can significantly influence the EVs charging/discharging behavior. In this paper, we use a distributed algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to coordinate EV charging and discharging procedures for EVs with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities. The optimization model is formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) problem to consider the efficiency of EV batteries and different energy prices in both charging and discharging processes. Numerical tests using real-world data confirms that the implemented method allows obtaining both the electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) and individual EV goals while considering the power grid and each EV constraints. Moreover, we show the significant impact of our model on the final demand profile and computation time.
Treatment with Atorvastatin During Vascular Remodeling Promotes Pericyte-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Maturation Following Ischemic Stroke

We previously showed that newly formed vessels in ischemic rat brain have high blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability at 3 weeks after stroke due to a lack of major endothelial tight junction proteins (TJPs), which may exacerbate edema in stroke patients. Atorvastatin was suggested a dose-dependent pro-angiogenic effect and ameliorating BBB permeability beyond its cholesterol-lowering effects. This study examined our hypothesis that, during vascular remodeling after stroke, treatment with atorvastatin could facilitate BBB maturation in remodeling vasculature in ischemic brain. Adult spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion (MCAO/RP). Atorvastatin, at dose of 3 mg/kg, was delivered daily starting at 14 days after MCAO/RP onset for 7 days. The rats were studied at multiple time points up to 8 weeks with multimodal-MRI, behavior tests, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry. The delayed treatment of atorvastatin significantly reduced infarct size and BBB permeability, restored cerebral blood flow, and improved the neurological outcome at 8 weeks after MCAO/RP. Postmortem studies showed that atorvastatin promoted angiogenesis and stabilized the newly formed vessels in peri-infarct areas. Importantly, atorvastatin facilitated maturation of BBB properties in the new vessels by promoting endothelial tight junction (TJ) formation. Further in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that proliferating peri-vascular pericytes expressing neural-glial antigen 2 (NG2) mediated the role of atorvastatin on BBB maturation through regulating endothelial TJ strand formations. Our results suggested a therapeutic potential of atorvastatin in facilitating a full BBB integrity and functional stroke recovery, and an essential role for pericyte-mediated endothelial TJ formation in remodeling vasculature.
Entropy Based China Income Distributions and Inequality Measures

We use entropy based methods on a sample of household income data from the 2005 Chinese Inter-Census as a basis for summarizing the income data in the form of a probability density function(PDF), and to obtain measures of income inequality. We estimate the income probability density functions using information theoretic entropy based divergence measures and recover the corresponding inequality measures for each of China’s provinces. In the entropy criterion-measure we seek a probability density function solution that is as close to a uniform PDF-distribution of income (an equal distribution with the least inequality), as the micro sample data will permit. These entropy measures reflect cross sectional measures of income inequality and reflect how the province level economic behavioral system is functioning and how the allocation and distribution systems is performing. Finally we use a sample of data from the China Family Panel Study to recover an estimate of the income PDF for China in 2016.
Emergency and Escape: Explaining Derogations from Human Rights Treaties

Several prominent human rights treaties seek to minimize violations during emergencies by authorizing states to “derogate”—that is, to suspend certain civil and political liberties—in response to crises. The drafters of these treaties envisioned that international restrictions on derogations, together with international notification and monitoring mechanisms, would limit rights suspensions during emergencies. This article analyzes the behavior of derogating countries using new global data sets of derogations and states of emergency from 1976 to 2007. We argue that derogations are a rational response to domestic political uncertainty. They enable governments facing serious threats to buy time and legal breathing space from voters, courts, and interest groups to confront crises while signaling to these audiences that rights deviations are temporary and lawful. Our findings have implications for studies of treaty design and flexibility mechanisms, and compliance with international human rights agreements.
Differential outcomes of tonic and phasic irritability in adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND Irritable mood is a transdiagnostic clinical feature that is present in multiple psychiatric disorders. Although irritability is frequently examined as a unitary construct, two dimensions of irritability, tonic (i.e., irritable mood) and phasic (i.e., temper outbursts), have been hypothesized. However, few studies have examined whether tonic and phasic irritability are empirically separable and predict different forms of psychopathology. METHODS We utilized data from a longitudinal study of a community sample of 550 girls (age 13.5-15.5 years) followed at 9-month intervals for 3 years. We conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using items from three self-report inventories: the International Personality Item Pool Anger scale, Temperament and Affectivity Inventory Anger scale, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Anger scale. RESULTS The EFA identified dimensions that were consistent with tonic and phasic irritability. Tonic irritability at baseline independently predicted the development of depressive disorders and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in subsequent waves. Phasic irritability independently predicted a decreased probability of GAD, but an increased probability of oppositional defiant, conduct, and substance use disorder, and greater risky sexual behavior and relational aggression during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Tonic and phasic irritability appear to be separable constructs with unique implications for later psychopathology and related behavior among adolescent girls. It is important to consider this distinction in research on the etiology and pathophysiology of irritability and developing effective treatments.
Multiple Sclerosis: Improving Quality of Life with Yoga

Adaptive personal fitness and training classes are becoming more available in society. Incorporating modified classes allows for greater inclusion of individuals with disabilities. Personal fitness classes increase over health, muscle strength and decreases mental stressors. Unfortunately, personal trainers are taught modification for injuries, obesity, joint problems and not typically disabilities. Adhering toward generalized public and as inclusive towards individuals with disabilities. This leads to lack of knowledge in allowing individuals specifically with multiple sclerosis into training classes due to not knowing how to work with this specific disability. The purpose of this article is to describe what multiple sclerosis is and how yoga can be beneficial in enhancing everyday life and decreasing fatigue in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.
Chemoselective nickel-catalyzed coupling through substrate photoexcitation

Metallaphotoredox catalysis combines the well-established mechanisms of transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with one-electron redox manipulations enabled by light. In most cases, a transition metal or organic dye serves as the photoredox catalyst while a ground-state Pd or Ni catalyst performs the organometallic steps. Cross-coupling mechanisms that rely on direct photoexcitation of a light-absorbing substrate have the potential to access distinct mechanisms and deliver unique selectivity based on the substrate’s excited-state properties. In this report, we describe a photoinduced, Ni-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reaction that selectively functionalizes BODIPY chromophores, a versatile class of tunable, bright, photostable fluorophores. Using a bis-iodo BODIPY substrate, the selectivity for mono- vs. bis-arylation was found to be governed by a remote substituent that subtly alters the excited-state properties of the substrate. Consistent with a substrate photoexcitation mechanism, high chemoselectivity is also observed in mixtures of chromophores with distinct excited-state properties. This reaction is compatible with a variety of substituted BODIPY chromophores and boronic acids and esters, enabling the rapid synthesis of unsymmetrically-substituted chromophores.
Selected Topics from the Experiments with High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions: Hot QCD in the Laboratory

The main aspects of the physics of heavy-ion collisions are presented, as well as the fundamental features of the study of hot QCD in the laboratory. Thus, it is first included a detailed description of the soft probes of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation (centrality of a heavy-ion collision, particle production, particle identification, particle spectra, particle yields at freeze-out, freeze-out temperature and thermal models, the radial flow, baryon anomaly, and elliptic flow). Also, the current state-of-the-art of the hard probes of QGP is exposed (jet quenching with hadron observables, particle correlations at high-p\(_T\), jet quenching with fully reconstructed jets, experimental aspects of jet reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions, jets in AA collisions at the LHC, jet fragmentation, energy loss of the heavy-flavor, and thermalization of charm). Finally, the important questions connected to quarkonia (J/\(\varPsi \) R\(_{AA}\) at RHIC and the LHC, sequential suppression of quarkonia, J/\(\varPsi \) \(\nu _2\), and cold nuclear matter effects) are discussed.
Ultra-Clean Air Ionizers for Suppression of Particulate Surface Contamination

We describe two air ionization techniques for use in semiconductor processing, which do not themselves cause contamination. The first is a method for eliminating the characteristic emissions of metal and ammonium nitrate particles from corona air ionizers; it consists of a very simple modification to a standard bipolar DC corona ionizer, permitting the discharge to occur in a clean, dry environment in which ammonium nitrate cannot form and corona point corrosion is minimized. The particulate emission is essentially eliminated, and the point life greatly prolonged, allowing these units to be used in Class 1 clean rooms and reducing maintenance costs.
Methods for analysis of two-functional, two-terminal photovoltaic devices

Accurate measurement techniques are essential to the advancement of photovoltaic device technologies. Measurements of multijunction, two-terminal devices (Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/As/GaAs solar cells) are especially difficult because researchers need to be able to characterize the individual cells but are unable to connect directly to them. We describe a single-source simulator (with large-area filters) method for obtaining current-voltage (I-V) curves of both the individual cells and the tandem cell for arbitrary spectra. The filters used for the I-V measurements and for quantum efficiency (QE) measurements are somewhat different. Voltage biasing for QE measurements is useful when one cell is shunted or has a small reverse breakdown voltage, but is often unnecessary for Ill-V devices.
Scientific Uncertainty and Science-Based Precaution

The debate between advocates of the "Precautionary Principle" and those of "science-based regulation" hinges in large part on the standard of proof to be applied to the scientific evidence that a given action poses a danger of serious and irreversible environmental harm. We propose an intermediate approach, which we term "science-based precaution," intended to facilitate adaptive management of environmental issues – that is, learning through experience and experimentation.We propose that evidence justifying precautionary action must be sufficient to create a "reasonable belief" of serious and irreversible environmental danger. In other cases, in which the proponents of an action bear the burden of proof that the actions they propose will not cause environmental harm, we propose that they must make a "clear showing"to that effect. Both of these standards of proof are derived from a scale constructed from the standards of proof used in various branches of US law.The "reasonableness" standard of proof for the application of the Precautionary Principle is more cautious than the record of international efforts to protect the stratospheric ozone layer and to deal with climate change. It is analogous to the standard of proof imposed by US administrative law, and is also consistent with the position of the European Union and the holdings of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body in the beef hormones case. We further propose a Reasonableness Principle: that scientific research and technological innovations promising major benefits not be unreasonably blocked before their full implications are understood.
Virtualization and Programming Support for Video Sensor Networks with Application to Wireless and Physical Security

Network Security Systems are heavily anchored in the digital plane of “cyber space” and hence cannot be used effectively to derive the physical identity of an intruder in order to prevent further malicious wireless broadcasts (i.e., escorting an intruder off the premises based on physical evidence). Embedded Sensor Networks (SNs) can be used to bridge the gap between digital and physical security planes, and thus can provide reciprocal benefit to security tasks on both planes. Toward that end, we present our experience integrating wireless networking security services into snBench (the Sensor Network workBench). snBench provides an extensible framework that enables the rapid development and automated deployment of SN applications on a shared, embedded sensing and actuation infrastructure. snBench’s extensible architecture allows an engineer to quickly integrate new sensing and response capabilities into the snBench framework, while high-level languages, compilers and execution environments allow novice SN programmers to compose SN service logic, unaware of the lower-level components on which their services rely. Concrete examples are provided to illustrate the power and potential of Wireless Security Services that span both the physical and digital plane.
Metaphors in the History of Psychology

Preface 1. Psyche's music: the role of metaphor in the history of psychology David E. Leary 2. From metaphors to models: the use of analogy in neuropsychology Karl H. Pribram 3. Inner feelings, works of the flesh, the beast within, diseases of the mind, driving force, and putting on a show: six metaphors of emotion and their theoretical extensions James R. Averill 4. Motives metaphors: a study in scientific creativity Paul McReynolds 5. Cognitive metaphors in experimental psychology Robert R. Hoffman, Edward L. Cochran and James M. Nead 6. Metaphors of consciousness and cognition in the history of psychology Jerome Bruner and Carol Fleisher Feldman 7. Metaphors of knowledge and behaviour in the behaviorist tradition Laurence D. Smith 8. Metaphor, metatheory, and the social world Kenneth J. Gergen 9. Metaphors of unwanted conduct: a historical sketch Theodore R. Sarbin 10. Generative metaphor and the history of psychological discourse Kurt Danziger 11. Metaphor, theory, and practice in the history of psychology David E. Levy Name index Subject index.
The efficacy and safety profile of albumin administration for patients with cirrhosis at high risk of hepatorenal syndrome is dose dependent

Background: Albumin is a critical component in the standard therapeutic approach to acute renal failure (ARF) and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in the setting of ascites. However, data regarding the safety and minimum effective dose are limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with decompensated cirrhosis who received albumin within the first 48 hours of hospitalization at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center between 2010 and 2013. Outcomes included 90-day risk of death or transplantation (primary) and (secondary) complications of albumin infusion (length of stay (LOS) and need for critical care)), all adjusted for comorbidity and severity of illness. Results: We included 169 patients with ARF and 88 patients with SBP. The optimal doses of albumin for a survival benefit were found to be 87.5 g and 100 g in the ARF and SBP cohorts, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for the 90-day risk of death or liver transplantation associated with the optimal loading dose was 0.36 (95% CI: 0.17‐0.76, P ¼ 0.008) and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.07‐0.97, P ¼ 0.04) for the ARF and SBP cohorts, respectively. This effect persisted for patients with ARF who had neither hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) nor SBP (OR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.007‐0.79, P ¼ 0.02). LOS (beta coefficient per log albumin dose: 1.69; 95% CI: 0.14‐3.24, P ¼ 0.03) and risk of critical care (OR/g albumin: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01‐1.05, P ¼ 0.01) were also dose dependent. Conclusion: Albumin has a dose-dependent effect on both survival and complications in patients with cirrhosis with ARF (HRS and otherwise) and/or SBP.