cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral health survey of 5-12-year-old children of National Guard employees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Objectives. To assess the oral health status, preventive practices and mutans streptococci (MS) levels among the children of National Guard personnel living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Design. Cross-sectional study of schoolchildren. Setting. Dental Clinic of the National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sample and methods. A sample of 272 5–12-year-old children, 154 males and 118 females (95% Bedouin), were selected from approximately 35 National Guard schools in the Riyadh area. An examination was performed in the dental clinic in the National Guard hospital. Oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Debris Index (DI-S); Gingival Index (GI) was used to measure gingival health; dental fluorosis was recorded according to the criteria of Dean. Dental caries (dmft, dmfs, DMFT and DMFS) was recorded according to the recommendations of Haugejorden. Concentration of MS in saline rinse samples was assessed by routine laboratory methods and expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per ml (log10). Results. There was a high level of dental caries (mean dmft = 3·8 ± 3·2; mean dmfs = 21·5 ± 15·7; mean DMFT = 2·0 ± 1·9; mean DMFS = 3·1 ± 3·7). Only 0·7% of the children had no caries experience (dmft + DMFT). MS levels ranged from 0 to 7·5×105 CFU per ml (mean MS = 4·10 ± 0·90 log10 CFU per ml). A significant relationship between MS and caries experience was observed (P = 0·003). Mild fluorosis was observed in 14% of the children. Oral hygiene scores indicated that most of the examined tooth surfaces had detectable plaque (mean DI-S = 1·78). Gingivitis was present in 100% of the children and was considered moderate to severe in 14% (mean GI = 1·18). Conclusions. The study revealed a high level of oral diseases and poor oral hygiene in the study population and a need for therapeutic and preventive measures.
Assessing Social and Communication Skills in Infancy

This paper describes a set of scales designed to assess social and communication skills that an infant typically acquires in the first 30 months of life. The advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods for gathering the assessment information, ranging from caregiver interview to structured testing, are considered. One of the most critical aspects of the structured test, the role of the tester as an interactive partner for the infant, is discussed at length. The paper presents reliability data suggesting that the child's communication performance is highly stable over time with the same partner, but that there are substantial differences with different partners. The implications of the findings for assessment and intervention practices are noted.
Baby X revisited

The present study is a replication of a study reported by Seavy, Katz, and Zalk (1975) in which subjects interacted with a 3-month-old female infant who was either introduced as a boy, a girl, or without any specific gender information. In the present study infants of both genders were used as stimuli, and 60 college undergraduates served as subjects. The results of the present study are similar to the findings of the original investigators. The gender labels provided to the subject resulted in highly sex-stereotyped behavior concerning toy choice.
The distribution of desmin (100 A) filaments in primary cultures of embryonic chick cardiac cells.

Abstract Using antibodies to desmin, the major component of the 100A-filaments from smooth muscle cells, we studied by indirect immunofluorescence the distribution of this protein in primary cultures of embryonic chick cardiac cells. We show that desmin is a component of cytoplasmic filamentous structures which comprise a network distinct from actin filament bundles and microtubules. Exposure of these cells to colcemid results in a rapid disaggregation of microtubules, and a slow aggregation of the desmin-containing filaments towards the nuclear area with the ultimate formation of a perinuclear ring. In differentiated skeletal or cardiac muscle cells, in addition to its cytoplasmic filamentous distribution, desmin is found intimately associated with the Z lines of sarcomeres. We further show that approx. 50% of the cells in these primary cardiac cultures are unreactive with desmin antibodies. Similarly the majority of the cells in a number of established cell lines from various species grown in tissue culture, are unreactive to desmin antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence, despite the fact that these cells are known to contain cytoplasmic 100A-filaments. These results indicate that desmin occurs in at least two distinct cytoplasmic distribution in cardiac cells. They also demonstrate the existence of immunological and biochemical differences in the major component of 100A-filaments between muscle and non-muscle cells as evidenced by the failure of non-muscle cells to react with antibodies to chick smooth muscle desmin.
Relationship between protein and nucleic acid synthesis in Pseudomonas azotogensis grown in hexetidine.

Abstract The ratio of Δ protein/Δ nucleic acid has been studied in exponentially growing cultures of Pseudomonas azotogensis. In the presence of hexetidine, this ratio is doubled, resulting in cells containing 50 % more material (carbon) and twice as much protein as cells of a control culture. The implications of these findings in relation to current theories of protein synthesis are discussed.
Evaluation of GO/MnO2 composites as supercapacitors in neutral electrolytes: role of graphite oxide oxidation level

Manganese oxide/graphite oxide (GO) composites containing GO of two different oxidation levels are investigated as supercapacitors in neutral electrolytes, Na2SO4 and Li2SO4. Addition of only 10 wt% of GO with a low oxidation level results in an 18 times improvement in the capacitance in lithium sulfate and in a 60 times improvement of the capacitance in sodium sulfate as compared to that measured on manganese oxide. Even though the performance of the composites is similar in both electrolytes, in Na2SO4 the electrodes are more stable and the capacitance retention ratio is higher. The charge storage in sodium sulfate is linked to the double layer capacitance in the small pores of the composites and to the pseudocapacitance of the manganese oxide phase. In lithium sulfate the insertion of the lithium cation into the structure of the manganese oxide phase enhances the performance. Addition of GO with a high oxidation level is not favorable owing to the defects in the graphene layers limiting the conductivity and charge propagation for Faradaic reactions.
Dental materials citations: Part B, July to December 1996

Abstract A search was conducted in biomedical journals from July 1996 to December 1996 to identify dental materials publications and sort them into major categories. They were compared by frequency in different journals and in different categories during recent years. Tables of contents for 16 primary and 51 secondary journals were inspected from July to December of 1996 and were divided into 17 categories. The frequencies of citations for primary journals and for different citation categories were examined over a four-year period from 1993 to 1996. There were 334 total citations from July to December 1996. The greatest number of citations continued to involve bonding (n = 159) and resin-based (composites; glass ionomers) restorative materials (n = 158). The numbers of articles by journal and by category were very similar over the last four years. The average number of articles per year was 531 ± 15. The literature citations compiled in this list provide a supplement for researchers and academicians to the current electronic databases.
Reply to “On Cochlear Impedances and the Miscomputation of Power Gain” by Shera et al. J. Assoc. Re. Otolaryngol.

Using a scanning laser interferometer, we recently measured the volume velocity of the basilar membrane vibration in the sensitive gerbil cochlea and estimated that the cochlear power gain is ~100 at low sound pressure levels (Ren et al., Nat Commun 2:216–223, 2011a). We thank Shera et al. for recognizing the technical challenges of our experiments and appreciating the beauty of our data in their comment (Shera et al., J Assoc Res Otolaryngol (in press), 2011). These authors argue that our analysis is inappropriate, invalidating our conclusion; moreover, they suggest that our finding of a power gain of >1 could arise from a passive structure or cochlea. While our analysis and interpretation remain to be verified, they are justified according to commonly accepted assumptions and theories in cochlear mechanics. Here, we also show that the mathematical demonstration of a power gain of >1 in a passive cochlea by Shera et al. is inconsistent with our data, which show that the volume velocity and power gain decrease and become <1 as the sound level increases.
Investigation of tissue extraction and liquid scintillation counting of tritium in dried whole tissue

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Auflosung von tierischem Trockengewebe aus Leber und Gehirn mit Ammoniumbasen zur Flussigkeits-Szintillationsspektrometrie von tritium untersucht. Erwarmung und volliger Luftabschuluβ ermoglichen eine gute Auflosung der Gewebe mit Hyamin, NCS und Digestin und einen geringen Farbloscheffekt. Als Szintillatoren werden BBOT, Butyl-PBD, BIBUQ und PPO-Dimethyl-POPOP, in Toluol gelost, auf ihr Floureszenz- und Loschverhalten, ihre optimale Konzentration und ihre Basenvertraglichkeit gepruft. Eingehend weden der Einfluβ des pH auf die Ausbeute und die Wirkungen von anorganischen und organischen Sauren auf die Szintillatoren untersucht. Durch Neutralisation oder leichtes Ansauren lassen sich hohere Ausbeuten fur Tritium und gleichbleiblende Zahlraten erzielen. Fur eine rationelle Ausbeutenberechnung erweist sich die Methode des Ausseren Standards als sehr brauchbar.
Template structure at the silicon/amorphous-silicide interface.

Surface x-ray diffraction was used to monitor the reaction of Ni on Si(111) at room temperature. Intensity oscillations during deposition signify that a layerwise reaction occurs for the first 30 \AA{} of metal deposited, forming a silicide overlayer with stoichiometry N${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$Si. Structural analysis of the interfacial layers detects an epitaxial and commensurate phase, N${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$Si- $\ensuremath{\theta}$, with long range order imposed by the substrate but with very large local atomic displacements. This epitaxial structure remains at the interface as amorphous silicide forms above it.
Eolian Dust Erosion from an Agricultural Field on the North Carolina Coastal Plain

Eolian erosion typically has not been considered a significant process on the humid southeastern coastal plain of the United States. A preliminary study of eolian ero- sion from an agricultural field was undertaken during the late winter of 2002 and early spring of 1999. During those times local agricultural practices leave fields bare while frontal systems produce frequent high wind events. Dust emissions were measured with two samplers; modified Wilson and Cooke passive dust traps and high-volume air sam- plers. Results of the study indicate that wind erosion is a significant process on agricultural fields of the North Carolina Coastal plain. Dust flux off of the field during the largest of five measured events was estimated as high as 126 kg/m with total losses of 3070 kg/ha. Atmo- spheric concentrations of suspended material were measured at 58,815 µgm -3 . Sediment erosion was not evenly distributed across the field. Erosion was focused over soils that are better drained. Low levels of soil moisture did not eliminate erosion but instead produced pulses of sediment emission as sustained wind continually dried then activated sequential layers of the field surface. Soil moisture and topography appear to be the primary controls on spatial erosion differences and soil characteristics likely play a secondary role. (Key words: wind erosion, aeolian erosion, agricultural erosion, dust.)
Young motherhood and infant hospitalization during the first year of life.

Abstract We studied the relationship of young maternal age with infant hospitalization using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 3,130 infants born between 1979 and 1983 to mothers aged 14–25 years. Data on the mothers were first collected in 1979 and yearly thereafter. Data on their children were collected starting in 1982. Logistic regressions of infant hospitalization rates were estimated for first and second and higher births. The odds of infant hospitalization during the first year of life increased with decreasing maternal age, even with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, preventive health-care practices, and newborn health status, factors hypothesized to explain the maternal age effect. The maternal age relationship with hospitalization differed by birth order; among second and higher births, the odds of hospitalization was increased only for infants of mothers aged 20–22 years. Male infants, infants with a first well-baby visit after the first month of life, with birth weights between 1501 and 2500 g, and with nursery stays longer than 1 week also had increased odds of hospitalization. Ethnicity, grandmother's education, poverty status, mother's school enrollment, and family composition were not related to the odds of hospitalization, nor was smoking during pregnancy when adjustment was made for birth weight and length of nursery stay.
AN INVESTIGATION OF VOCABULARY LEARNING THROUGH VOCABULARY BUILDER

Vocabulary Builder (VB) is an interactive, gamelike, educational task where students are presented with unknown words in natural reading environments and required to make word meaning inferences. VB supplies sentences through an automated text selection tool that finds text proposed to promote word learning. The students' goal is to try to supply the meaning of an unknown word based on contextual cues given in the text. Feedback is given indicating how close the students' responses are to the meaning of the target word using natural language processing tools. Results from a pilot study of 164 students revealed significant learning gains between pre- and posttest sessions using VB. VB appears to aid in the learning of new vocabulary terms.
Efficient grasping of novel objects through dimensionality reduction

A learning method capable of empowering a robot to successfully grasp a novel object through vision has recently been demonstrated, and generated much interest in the robotics community. In this paper we carefully analyze this new approach and apply dimensionality reduction techniques to decrease the number of features that need to be computed in order to classify whether a given pixel in an image is associated with a good or bad grasping point. Exploiting the ideas behind principal component analysis, we formulate two hypotheses about possible ways to eliminate certain features from training and classification. We then experimentally verify that the feature reduction significantly improves speed while retaining classification accuracy. Overall, the combination of the two hypotheses leads to a speedup factor of almost ten. The hypotheses are validated on third party synthetic data and also demonstrated on a seven degrees-of-freedom manipulator.
Leadership Horizons in Education.

The emergence of the information society as a product of the microelectronic revolution is viewed as not only creating a whole new field of endeavor in and of itselfbut also as a force that is irrevocably changing the traditional sectors of industry, service, and social service. Implications of the information society for education, in general, and for the leaders of schools, in particular, are examined. Special challenges that will have to befaced by school leaders include purpose setting, program adaptation, and effective use of the new electronic media, while remaining vigilant to the threats to individual self-realization that the information society poses.
Dielectric Tunability of (Sr0.8Pb0.2)TiO3-MgO Composites Under High Electric Fields

A family of ceramic composites fabricated from (Sr1-xPbx)TiO3 (SPT) and MgO show promise for room temperature electric field tunable ferroelectric applications. At the SPT (x = 0.2) composition room temperature is far above the Curie temperature and in a SPT-MgO (50:50 by weight) composite the dielectric response is almost anhysteretic. At this composition the composite is dielectrically robust and can be operated at field levels up to 175 kV/cm leading to tunability of 30% and a figure of merit, K-factor (tunability over tan δ) of more than 800. SPT-MgO composites with ionic polarization would be tuned by induced polarization under bias.
RENTIER STATE AND SHI'A ISLAM IN THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION

The recent overthrow of the Shah of Iran, the launching of the Iranian Revolution between 1977 and 1979, came as a sudden surprise to outside observers from the American friends of the Shah, to journalists and political pundits, and to social scientists including those, like me, who are supposed to be "experts" on revolutions. All of us have watched the unfolding of current events with fascination and, perhaps, consternation. A few of us have also been inspired to probe the Iranian sociopolitical realities behind those events. For me, such probing was irresistible - above all because the Iranian Revolution struck me in some ways as quite anomalous. This revolution surely qualifies as a sort of "social revolution". Yet its unfolding - especially in the events leading to the Shah's overthrow - challenged expectations about revolutionary causation that I developed through comparative-historical research on the French, Russian, and Chinese Revolutions.' "Social revolutions" as I define them are rapid, basic transformations of a country's state and class structures, and of its dominant ideology. Moreover, social revolutions are carried through, in part, by class-based upheavals from below. The Iranian Revolution seems to fit this conception. Under the old regime, the Shah ruled through an absolutist-monarchical military dictatorship, styling himself a cosmopolitan Persian King in the 2,500-year-old image of Cyrus the Great. Iran's dominant class, ostentatiously pro-Western in its cultural style, consisted of state bureaucrats, foreign capitalist investors, and domestic capitalists closely tied by patronage and regulation to the state machine. The Revolution itself involved revolts against this dominant class by urban workers, unemployed people, and old and new middle classes. Finally, the removal of the Shah was accompanied by the dispossession of many (especially politically privileged) capitalists, by the removal of all top officials
Proton transfer and triol formation in the simulation of GABA solvation

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory transmitter used by interneurons in the central nervous system (CNS). In aqueous solution GABA exists as a zwitterion, but in the gas phase the stable form of GABA is a nonzwitterion. Since zwitterions are difficult to transport into the CNS, details of the mechanism for the transformation between nonzwitterionic and zwitterion forms of GABA provide potentially important suggestions for enhancing transport of GABA and GABA analogues into the CNS. A mechanism for the conversion of GABA into the zwitterion form upon aqueous solvation is suggested as a multistage process by simple quantum chemical simulation. Initially, hydrogen bonding at the carbonyl oxygen is followed by attack of water at the carbonyl carbon and results in the formation of a triol. Hydrogen bond bridging, through solvent, from the triol end of the molecule to the amino terminus, facilitates N-protonation from the solvent. The latter appears to trigger rearrangement of the hydrogen bonding at the triol function, thus giving the anionic precursor to the zwitterion. This mechanism is based upon full INDO calculations using a supermolecule composed of GABA and 14 water molecules and resembles part of one of the mechanisms for the hydrolysis of esters as well as a process for the hydration of aldehydes.
The relationship between fibromyalgia and interstitial cystitis.

Abstract Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a relatively uncommon and enigmatic disorder characterized by pain in the bladder and pelvic region, typically accompanied by urinary urgency and frequency. Fibromyalgia is a more common disorder, with the prominent symptoms being diffuse musculoskeletal pain and fatigue, and it has been well established that there is substantial clinical overlap between fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although genitourinary and musculoskeletal symptoms predominate in IC and fibromyalgia respectively, both disorders share a number of features, including similar demographics, “allied conditions” (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome, headaches, etc.), natural history, aggravating factors, and efficacious therapy. We hypothesized that there was substantial clinical overlap between fibromyalgia and IC, and examined cohorts of individuals with these two disorders in parallel, to compare the spectrum of symptomatology. Sixty fibromyalgia patients, 30 IC patients, and 30 age-matched healthy controls were questioned regarding current symptomatology. A dolorimeter examination was also performed in the three groups to assess peripheral nociception. We found that the frequency of current symptoms was very similar for the fibromyalgia and IC groups. Both the fibromyalgia and IC patients displayed increased pain sensitivity when compared to healthy individuals, at both tender and control points. These data suggest that IC and fibromyalgia have significant overlap in symptomatology, and that IC patients display diffusely increased peripheral nociception, as is seen in fibromyalgia. Although central mechanisms have been suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia for some time, we speculate that these same types of mechanisms may be operative in IC, which has traditionally been felt to be a bladder disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and romantic functioning.

The current study examined the romantic relationships of individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants were 64 individuals recruited from a national conference who completed measures of OCD symptoms, depressive symptoms, intimacy, self-disclosure, relationship satisfaction, and relationship worry. Severity of obsessions was negatively correlated with intimacy, relationship satisfaction, and self-disclosure. In contrast, two compulsive behaviors (washing and neutralizing) were positively correlated with several relationship variables. Fears of contamination from sexual activity were positively correlated with the severity of OCD symptoms. The clinical implications of the findings from this study and suggestions for future research are presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 1181–1192, 2007.
Nipping Cue Reactivity in the Bud: Baclofen Prevents Limbic Activation Elicited by Subliminal Drug Cues

Relapse is a widely recognized and difficult to treat feature of the addictions. Substantial evidence implicates cue-triggered activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system as an important contributing factor. Even drug cues presented outside of conscious awareness (i.e., subliminally) produce robust activation within this circuitry, indicating the sensitivity and vulnerability of the brain to potentially problematic reward signals. Because pharmacological agents that prevent these early cue-induced responses could play an important role in relapse prevention, we examined whether baclofen—a GABAB receptor agonist that reduces mesolimbic dopamine release and conditioned drug responses in laboratory animals—could inhibit mesolimbic activation elicited by subliminal cocaine cues in cocaine-dependent individuals. Twenty cocaine-dependent participants were randomized to receive baclofen (60 mg/d; 20 mg t.i.d.) or placebo. Event-related BOLD fMRI and a backward-masking paradigm were used to examine the effects of baclofen on subliminal cocaine (vs neutral) cues. Sexual and aversive cues were included to examine specificity. We observed that baclofen-treated participants displayed significantly less activation in response to subliminal cocaine (vs neutral) cues, but not sexual or aversive (vs neutral) cues, than placebo-treated participants in a large interconnected bilateral cluster spanning the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, amygdala, midbrain, and orbitofrontal cortex (voxel threshold p < 0.005; cluster corrected at p < 0.05). These results suggest that baclofen may inhibit the earliest type of drug cue-induced motivational processing—that which occurs outside of awareness—before it evolves into a less manageable state.
Social Work's Evolution in the United Kingdom: A Study of Community Care and Social Control:

Community social work was a model of practice that was advocated by many roughly from the late 1970s through the 1980s, in the United Kingdom. The approach faded as the field of social work and soc...
Pharmacological postconditioning treatment of myocardial infarction with netrin-1.

The present study investigated whether pharmacological postconditoning with netrin-1 is cardioprotective against ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, and the underlying signaling mechanisms. Langendorff perfused hearts isolated from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 or DCC+/− mice underwent a 20 min of ischemia, followed by a 60 min of reperfusion, in the presence or absence of netrin-1, or netrin-1 in combination with U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor), or PTIO (nitric oxide/NO scavenger). In WT mice, netrin-1 postconditioning dramatically reduced infarct size to 17.0±2.5%, from 40.5±4.2% in the untreated I/R group. U0126 or PTIO alone had no effect on infarct size but abolished the effects of netrin-1. The protective effect of netrin-1 was markedly diminished in DCC+/− mice (44.5±2% vs. 15±2.6 % for infract size in DCC+/− vs. DCC+/+ group). Our results indicate that netrin-1, given as a pharmacological postconditioning agent, induces cardioprotection via a DCC-dependent mechanism that involves ERK1/2 activation and NO production. Combined with our previous findings, netrin-1 treatment proves to be extremely and consistently beneficial whenever delivered to the heart, establishing its substantial promises for being developed into a robust therapeutic strategy for acute myocardial infarction.
Neurotoxic effects of colchicine: Differential susceptibility of CNS neuronal populations

Colchicine injected into the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in adult rats preferentially destroys dentate granule cells. In the present study, we examine the light- and electron-microscopic correlates of the degeneration and evaluate whether the selectivity is preserved across the range of doses between 0.18 and 25 micrograms. Colchicine in a similar dose range was also injected into the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, striatum and cerebral cortex to examine local and regional differences in susceptibility to colchicine. The morphological changes accompanying degeneration in the dentate gyrus include fragmentation of the granule cell layer, appearance of small dark staining bodies in the cell layer, massive microglial invasion and profound disruption of granule cell axons and dendrites. Electron-microscopic observations suggest that the small dark bodies are probably condensed nuclei. The preferential vulnerability of dentate granule cells following intrahippocampal injection was observed at all doses. At doses between 0.18 and 2.5 micrograms there was little evidence of damage to neurons other than dentate granule cells. At the highest dose tested (25 micrograms) some pyramidal cells of regio superior near the injection site were destroyed, while granule cell destruction extended several mm from the injection site. Injection of 0.5-25 micrograms into the cerebellum resulted in the destruction of both granule cells and Purkinje cells, while cells which appeared to be neurons in the molecular layer were less affected. Following injection of 0.5 microgram into the olfactory bulb, granule cells were extensively destroyed and there appeared to be some loss of mitral cells and an overall shrinkage of the injected bulb. Neuronal destruction in the striatum was observed with colchicine injections ranging from 2.5 to 25 micrograms, but at a given dose, the destruction was less extensive than for any other region tested except cerebral cortex. A possible application of this method and the implications of these results for other investigators using colchicine in the brain are discussed.
Barriers to the use of research-based instructional strategies: The influence of both individual and situational characteristics

Many proven research-based instructional strategies have been developed for introductory college-level physics. Significant efforts to disseminate these strategies have focused on convincing individual instructors to give up their traditional practices in favor of particular research-based practices. Yet evidence suggests that the findings of educational research are, at best, only marginally incorporated into typical introductory physics courses. In this paper we present partial results of an interview study designed to generate new ideas about why proven strategies are slow to integrate in mainstream instruction. Specifically we describe the results of open-ended interviews with five physics instructors who represent likely users of educational research. We found that these instructors have conceptions about teaching and learning that are more compatible with educational research than with their self-described instructional practices. Instructors often blamed this discrepancy on situational factors that favor traditional instruction. A theoretical model is introduced to explain these findings.
Phospholipid methylation unmasks cryptic beta-adrenergic receptors in rat reticulocytes

The effect of phospholipid methylation on the number of beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites was examined in rat reticulocyte membranes. Stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis by the introduction of the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine into reticulocyte ghosts increased the number of beta-adrenergic receptor sites. The appearance of beta-adrenergic binding sites was dependent on the formation of phosphatidylcholine by the enzyme that converts phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine from phosphatidylethanolamine. Both the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and the unmasking of cryptic receptors were time and temperature dependent and did not occur in the presence of the methyl transferase inhibitor, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
A market-based operation method for distribution system with distributed generation and demand response

The growing penetration of renewable energy in power system and the increasing adoption of demand response have brought about the challenges of operation in distribution systems with more uncertainty. Due to the intermittency of distributed generation, the centralized control of distribution systems must coordinate the operation of distributed generation and responsive load in a fast and reliable manner, while still attempting to achieve the profit maximization. This paper proposes a market based operation method for distribution companies, by smoothing out the fluctuating renewable generation with responsive load to ensure the reliable feeding of ordinary load. By going through the proposed steps which consists of responsive load grouping, mapping and shedding in an optimal way, the distribution company is able to perform the most economical control over the distributed sources and load. A case study demonstrated the use of the proposed method.
Sex Offender Recidivism Revisited: Review of Recent Meta-analyses on the Effects of Sex Offender Treatment

The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs continues to generate misinformation and disagreement. Some literature reviews conclude that treatment does not reduce recidivism while others suggest that specific types of treatment may warrant optimism. The principal purpose of this study is to update the most recent meta-analyses of sex offender treatments and to compare the findings with an earlier study that reviewed the meta-analytic studies published from 1995 to 2002. More importantly, this study examines effect sizes across different age populations and effect sizes across various sex offender treatments. Results of this review of meta-analyses suggest that sex offender treatments can be considered as "proven" or at least "promising," while age of participants and intervention type may influence the success of treatment for sex offenders. The implications of these findings include achieving a broader understanding of intervention moderators, applying such interventions to juvenile and adult offenders, and outlining future areas of research.
CRISPR-CAS9 D10A nickase target-specific fluorescent labeling of double strand DNA for whole genome mapping and structural variation analysis

We have developed a new, sequence-specific DNA labeling strategy that will dramatically improve DNA mapping in complex and structurally variant genomic regions, as well as facilitate high-throughput automated whole-genome mapping. The method uses the Cas9 D10A protein, which contains a nuclease disabling mutation in one of the two nuclease domains of Cas9, to create a guide RNA-directed DNA nick in the context of an in vitro-assembled CRISPR-CAS9-DNA complex. Fluorescent nucleotides are then incorporated adjacent to the nicking site with a DNA polymerase to label the guide RNA-determined target sequences. This labeling strategy is very powerful in targeting repetitive sequences as well as in barcoding genomic regions and structural variants not amenable to current labeling methods that rely on uneven distributions of restriction site motifs in the DNA. Importantly, it renders the labeled double-stranded DNA available in long intact stretches for high-throughput analysis in nanochannel arrays as well as for lower throughput targeted analysis of labeled DNA regions using alternative methods for stretching and imaging the labeled long DNA molecules. Thus, this method will dramatically improve both automated high-throughput genome-wide mapping as well as targeted analyses of complex regions containing repetitive and structurally variant DNA.
Unilateral induced neocortical malformation and the formation of ipsilateral and contralateral barrel fields

Freezing lesions to the developing cortical plate of rodents results in a focal malformation resembling human 4- layered microgyria, and this malformation has been shown to result in local and widespread disruptions of neuronal architecture, connectivity, and physiology. Because we had previously demonstrated that microgyria caused disruptions in callosal connections, we hypothesized that freeze lesions to the postero-medial barrel sub-field (PMBSF) in one hemi- sphere would affect the organization of this barrel field contralaterally. We placed freeze lesions in the presumptive PMBSF of neonatal rats and, in adulthood, assessed the architecture of the ipsilateral and contralateral barrel fields. Malformations in the PMBSF resulted in a substantial decrease in the number of barrels as identified by cytochrome oxidase activity. More importantly, we found an increase in the total area of the contralateral PMBSF, although there was no difference in individual barrel cross-sectional areas, indicating an increase in the area of inter-barrel septae. This increase in the septal area of the contralateral PMBSF is consistent with changes in callosal and/or thalamic connectivity in the contralateral hemisphere. These results are another example of both local and widespread disruption of connectional architecture following induction of focal microgyria. q 2001 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A Hierarchical Rater Model for Constructed Responses, with a Signal Detection Rater Model

The hierarchical rater model (HRM) recognizes the hierarchical structure of data that arises when raters score constructed response items. In this approach, raters’ scores are not viewed as being direct indicators of examinee proficiency, but rather as indicators of essay quality; the (latent categorical) quality of an examinee’s essay in turn serves as an indicator of the examinee’s proficiency, thus giving a hierarchical structure. Here it is shown that a latent class model motivated by signal detection theory (SDT) is a natural candidate for the first level of the HRM, the rater model. The latent class SDT model provides measures of rater precision and various rater effects, above and beyond simply severity or leniency. The HRM-SDT model is applied to data from a large-scale assessment and is shown to provide a useful summary of various aspects of the raters’ performance. Constructed response (CR) items, such as essay questions, are widely used in
The Rise of Online News Aggregators: Consumption and Competition

The rise of news aggregator sites is a notable phenomenon in the contemporary media landscape. Outperforming traditional news outlets, online news aggregators, such as Yahoo News, Google News, and the Huffington Post, have become major sources of news for American audiences. Facing economic hardships, some news organizations cast blame on news aggregators for stealing their content and audiences. However, the relationship between news aggregators and traditional media outlets on the demand side has not received sufficient scholarly attention. Through a national survey of 1,143 U.S. Internet users, this study integrates the uses and gratifications paradigm and an economic approach to predict aggregator consumption and examine market competition. In terms of consumption, among demographic factors, age and ethnicity are the two major predictors of aggregator use. Among psychological factors, opinion motivations is the only non-predictor of aggregator use, suggesting that users do not seek opinion-driven content when they visit aggregator sites. In terms of competition, this study uncovers non-competitive relationships between three major news aggregators and 13 major TV, print, and social media news outlets. Such findings are at odds with industry sentiment and the proposed model serves as a basis for further theorizing news aggregator consumption. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
The viscous boundary layer at the free surface of a rotating baroclinic fluid

The properties of the viscous boundary layer at the free surface of a rotating baroclinic fluid are analyzed and compared with those of the well-known Ekman boundary layer at a rigid surface. Although the ageostrophic components of the flow in the free surface boundary layer are weaker than in the Ekman layer, there are problems of practical interest in which their effects are not negligible. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00188.x
Estrogens in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer

AbstractPurpose: The history, mechanisms of action, efficacy and complications of estrogen therapy for prostate cancer are reviewed, and the current and future roles of estrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer are addressed.Materials and Methods: An extensive review of the literature was done.Results: Estrogens are effective in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. High dose oral estrogens are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death. A dose of 1 mg. diethylstilbestrol daily is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death. Estrogens are associated with other toxicities. Parenteral estrogens may not have the risk of cardiovascular death that is ascribed to oral estrogens. Estrogens have not been adequately compared to the combined androgen blockade regimen.Conclusions: A 1 mg. dose of diethylstilbestrol remains a medical alternative to bilateral orchiectomy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Doses of 3 mg. diethylstilbestrol or more have a prohibitivel...
DNA barcoding using chitons (genus Mopalia)

Incorporating substantial intraspecific genetic variation for 19 species from 131 individual chitons, genus Mopalia (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), we present rigorous DNA barcodes for this genus as per the currently accepted approaches to DNA barcoding. We also have performed a second kind of analysis that does not rely on blast or the distance-based neighbour-joining approach as currently resides on the Barcode of Life Data Systems website. Our character-based approach, called characteristic attribute organization system, returns fast, accurate, character-based diagnostics and can unambiguously distinguish between even closely related species based on these diagnostics. Using statistical subsampling approaches with our original data matrix, we show that the method outperforms blast and is equally effective as the neighbour-joining approach. Our approach differs from the neighbour-joining approach in that the end-product is a list of diagnostic nucleotide positions that can be used in descriptions of species. In addition, the diagnostics obtained from this character-based approach can be used to design oligonucleotides for detection arrays, polymerase chain reaction drop off diagnostics, TaqMan assays, and design of primers for generating short fragments that encompass regions containing diagnostics in the cytochrome oxidase I gene.
Identification of common genetic variants that account for transcript isoform variation between human populations.

In addition to the differences between populations in transcriptional and translational regulation of genes, alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) is also likely to play an important role in regulating gene expression and generating variation in mRNA and protein isoforms. Recently, the genetic contribution to transcript isoform variation has been reported in individuals of recent European descent. We report here results of an investigation of the differences in AS patterns between human populations. AS patterns in 176 HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individuals of European and African ancestry were evaluated using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Exon 1.0 ST Array. A variety of biological processes such as response to stimulus and transcription were found to be enriched among the differentially spliced genes. The differentially spliced genes also include some involved in human diseases that have different prevalence or susceptibility between populations. The genetic contribution to the population differences in transcript isoform variation was then evaluated by a genome-wide association using the HapMap genotypic data on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The results suggest that local and distant genetic variants account for a substantial fraction of the observed transcript isoform variation between human populations. Our findings provide new insights into the complexity of the human genome as well as the health disparities between the two populations.
Specific methods for the microdetermination of pyridine nucleotides and pyridine nucleotide enzymes

Abstract 1. 1. Specific fluorometric methods for the determination of TPN, TPNH, DPN, and DPNH in quantities of about 10 −8 M are described. 2. 2. The course of reactions involving very small quantities of pyridine nucleotides may be followed by the fluorescent character of oxidized DPN and TPN. Techniques for following specific enzymic reactions and the principles for designing other assays are described.
VIRULENCE OF CORYNOSOMA CONSTRICTUM (ACANTHOCEPHALA: POLYMORPHIDAE) IN HYALELLA AZTECA (AMPHIPODA) THROUGHOUT PARASITE ONTOGENY

Development and growth of parasites depend on resources provided by the host and the parasite's ability to use them. Identifying specific costs incurred by the host provides insight for assessment of parasite energy budgets, which differ among taxa and ontogenetic stages. Data from this study were analyzed using an accelerated failure-time model with intensity as a covariate. Results indicated significantly reduced survival of amphipods, Hyalella azteca, infected with the acanthocephalan Corynosoma constrictum compared with uninfected controls. Male and female amphipod survivorship and infection intensity did not differ; however, amphipods with high-intensity infections (>16 larvae) died earlier compared with amphipods with low-intensity infections (<3 larvae). The majority of infected amphipods died between 12 and 24 days postexposure, a period of rapid larval development. It is hypothesized that host death may be due either to an increase in overall larval nutritional demands or to parasite-mediated dep...
Hyperhomocysteinemia and Lower Extremity Wounds

Chronic lower extremity wounds include ulceration of the leg and foot. The underlying pathology that causes these conditions includes venous insufficiency, arterial disease, diabetes, and other less common disorders. Since the introduction of the homocysteine theory more than 30 years ago, considerable evidence has demonstrated hyperhomocysteinemia to be an independent risk factor for venous and arterial thrombosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Although any cause-effect relationship remains to be determined, hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for these events suggests that elevated levels of homocysteine may also be a marker of chronic lower limb ulceration. This review addresses the metabolism of homocysteine, mechanisms of vascular injury, a role for hyperhomocysteinemia in lower extremity wounds and possible means of treatment.
UNEXPECTED READING FAILURE

Eliminating children with any condition in medical history or present status that might indicate a predisposition to learning problems, the remaining population of 54 contained only one girl and was characterized by superiority in certain visual skills. A genetic linkage between spatial visualization and difficulty in acquiring reading skills is postulated.
Beyond chat on the Internet

Abstract Synchronous Computer Mediated Communications (CMC) are becoming increasingly important to education. Not only do they offer quick access to information over the Internet, but they also fit well into the current emphasis on collaboration and communications in education in general. The simplest such programs, such as Internet Relay Chat, allow learners to exchange information in real time. Others, such as, MUDs and MOOs, immerse learners into a virtual world, although still entirely text-based. Other synchronous CMC or chat programs include 2D graphical backgrounds, characters associated with each participant, props and costumes for those characters, and other elements that enhance the communications experience. This paper describes the opportunities and pitfalls of using graphical chat programs in education, in addition to ongoing research and development. Some guidelines for using the program in education are derived from both our research and our experience.