cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Massive transformations revisited

Massive transformations are composition-invariant phase transitions that can be distringuished from other transitions in the solid state by certain characteristic features in their nucleation and growth behavior. The occurrence of several massive transformations will be discussed with reference to these features, and with reference to the history of the studies of massive transformations, the controversies that have arisen, and several questions that still remain unanswered. A modified definition of a massive transformation is proposed.
A low cost flexible passive UHF RFID tag for sensing moisture based on antenna polarization

Cost optimization and performance are the continuous improvement areas in any technology. In this paper a flexible dipole antenna on a passive UHF RFID tag is designed on an inexpensive paper substrate which can sense the moisture based on the polarization of the antenna. An inexpensive paper substrate and copper (Cu) layer are used for the flexibility and the optimization of manufacturing cost. The dipole antenna is matched with the complex conjugate of the power harvesting circuit of the Higgs2 Integrated Circuit (13.88 -j143.6 at the frequency of 915 MHz). The key characteristic of this design is the sensitivity of the antenna polarization on the passive RFID tag to the moisture content in the paper substrate. In simulations, the antenna is circularly polarized when the substrate is dry (relative permittivity, ϵ r = 2.38) and the antenna is linearly polarized when the substrate is wet (relative permittivity, ϵ r = 35.35). The read ranges of the fabricated dipole antenna (i.e., prototype RFID moisture sensor) are measured and the desired performance is achieved with overall tag dimensions of 0.144λ o × 0.133λ o where λ o is the free space wavelength at 915 MHz.
Evidence that the G1-S and G2-M transitions are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Abstract Xenopus eggs contain two distinct cdc2 homologs of 34 and 32 kd. We show that the 32 kd cdc2 protein, like the 34 kd protein, is a kinase. However, unlike the 34 kd homolog, the 32 kd cdc2 kinase activity does not decrease dramatically at the end of mitosis. The 32 kd protein does not associate with mitotic cyclins B1 and B2 but does associate with cyclin A and a novel doublet of proteins of 54 kd that may regulate its activity. We also show that depletion of the 32 kd cdc2 homolog from a Xenopus extract blocks DNA replication, but does not inhibit entry into mltosis. By contrast, depletion of the 34 kd cdc2 homolog or absence of mitotic cyclins from an extract does not inhibit replication, but does block entry into mitosis. Our results indicate that in higher eukaryotes, DNA replication (G1-S) and mitosis (G2-M) may be controlled by distinctly different cdc2 proteins.
In search of coherence: ‘inquiring’ at multiple levels of a teacher education system

Inquiry-into-practice represents a valuable disposition for teachers; reflecting on one’s teaching to derive insights for subsequent practice can enhance professional efficacy and promote student achievement. To support this disposition among teacher candidates (TCs), Lynch School of Education faculty at Boston College created a capstone course, Inquiry Seminar, where TCs complete a formal inquiry project. Conducted while student-teaching, the project requires candidates to research their teaching practice, identify areas of concern, and modify their teaching accordingly. To assess the teacher education system’s coherence, we explored how Inquiry Seminar did, and did not, align with program objectives. We drew on varied data sources, including interviews, course observations, archival data, and inquiry project papers. We found that when Inquiry Seminar experiences complemented TCs’ field experience, program objectives were more often realized. Two factors proved critical to our research: integrating the o...
Evidence for Compounds Hydrolyzable to Amino Acids in Aqueous Extracts of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 Lunar Fines

Hydrolyzates of aqueous extracts of Apollo 11 fines, an Apollo 12 trench sample, and an Apollo 12 surface sample have been analyzed on an ultrasensitive amino acid analyzer. The total content of amino acids recovered ranged from 20 to 70 parts per billion of lunar soil. Amino acids are not recovered by the direct hydrolysis of lunar fines, presumably because of decomposition in the presence of the large excess of lunar mineral. As judged by retention time, glycine is the dominant amino acid found; alanine is secondarily present in each case in the profile. Only a few amino acids have been recorded in each analysis. The pattern is relatively consistent in the samples from the three locations; the pattern from either hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed extracts differs markedly from that of hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed handprints. The evidence is not consistent with contamination of the kind expected by many investigators.
Multiple hit hypotheses for dopamine neuron loss in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease arises from genetic and possibly neurotoxic causes that produce massive cell death of the neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Loss of these neurons is essential for the diagnostic parkinsonian features. Although many genetic mutations have been suggested as causes or risk factors for Parkinson's disease, the low penetrance of some mutations and the low disease concordance in relatives suggests that there must be interactions between multiple factors. We suggest that 'multiple hits' that combine toxic stress, for example, from dopamine oxidation or mitochondrial dysfunction, with an inhibition of a neuroprotective response, such as loss of function of parkin or stress-induced autophagic degradation, underlie selective neuronal death. We discuss the properties of substantia nigra dopamine neurons that might make them particular targets of such multiple hits.
Calorie Restriction à Lamarck

Epigenetic inheritance of resistance to exogenous nucleic acids via small interfering (si) RNA is well established in animal models. Rechavi et al. demonstrate epigenetic inheritance of a starvation-induced pattern of gene silencing caused by endogenous siRNAs and resulting in an increased longevity in the third generation progeny. Combined with recent findings in prokaryotes, these results suggest that Lamarckian-type inheritance of acquired traits is a major evolutionary phenomenon.
Intact Tissue Assay for Nitrite Reductase in Barley Aleurone Layers

A method has been devised for the detection and measurement of nitrite reductase activity in intact barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone layers. The technique involves feeding aleurone layers nitrite and measuring nitrite disappearance after a given time period. The method also allows simultaneous determination of nitrite uptake by the tissue. Quantitative recovery of nitrite is obtained by rapid heating of tissue in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide.Using the procedure described, nitrite reductase activity in intact barley aleurone layers was determined. Enzyme activity was increased by prior incubation of the tissue with nitrate, but considerable activity was present in tissue incubated without nitrate. Nitrate-induced activity was inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. Enzyme activity in induced layers was inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol, and partially by antimycin A and 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. Activity in noninduced tissue appeared to be less sensitive to these respiratory inhibitors. In contrast, both activities were inhibited more than 90% by anaerobiosis; but nitrate-induced and noninduced aleurone layers were able to reduce nitrite anaerobically when the concentration of substrate in the assay medium was reduced from 250 mum to 25 mum. Nitrite uptake was relatively insensitive to anaerobiosis and to the inhibitors tested.Nitrite depletion from the medium by aleurone layers was rapid at pH 4.5 and negligible at pH 7.5. Nitrite accumulated at pH 4.5 under anaerobic conditions was rapidly released when the tissue was transferred to medium at pH 7.5. Nitrite release at pH 7.5 occurred whether the tissue was maintained under anaerobic or aerobic conditions.
Groups which produce generalized quadrangles

The structure of groups which produce generalized quadrangles under a construction of Kantor is investigated. It is shown in particular that if the quadrangle's parameter s and t satisfy s ⩾ t then both are powers of the same prime number.
Attenuation of taste-aversion conditioning in rats recovered from thiamine deficiency: Atropine vs. lithium toxicosis

Four groups of rats (the recovery groups) were fed on a synthetic thiamine-deficent diet while two other groups (the supplemented groups) were fed on the same diet but received thiamine in their water so as not to become deficient. Following a 5-day recovery period during which all rats were given a choice between the deficient diet and a chocolate-flavored thiamine-enriched diet that preceded a single exposure to the chocolate-enriched diet only, two recovery groups received injections of one of two concentrations of lithium chloride (.3 M or.5 M), the two other recovery groups received injections of one of two levels of methyl atropine (1.0 mg/kg or 3.0 mg/kg), one supplemented group received injections of lithium chloride (.3 M only), and the other supplemented group received injections of methyl atropine (1.0 mg/kg only). Rats avoided the chocolate-enriched diet paired with toxicosis, except when that food had been previously paired with recovery from vitamin deficiency. These results confirm earlier studies that reported attenuation of taste aversions in rats recovered from thiamine deficiency and extend the generality of this “attenuation effect” to include resistance to taste-aversion otherwise readily induced by a different toxic agent: methyl atropine.
Combining classical trait and microarray data to dissect transcriptional regulation: a case study

The selective transcriptional profiling approach involves selecting an optimal subset of individuals to microarray from a larger set of individuals for which relatively inexpensive quantitative trait and molecular marker data are available. The goal of the selection and subsequent analyses is to identify genes whose expression is associated with a quantitative trait or quantitative trait locus (QTL). In this paper, we applied the selective transcriptional profiling approach to data sets concerning flowering time and gene transcription levels of Arabidopsis recombinant inbred lines. Our results confirm that the selective transcriptional profiling approach can achieve much greater power for uncovering associations than standard approaches that ignore information from classical traits. In addition, we show that selective transcriptional profiling can achieve power similar to standard approaches at a fraction of the cost and effort. We also identified three groups of genes which show distinctive patterns with regard to gene expression levels, QTL genotype, and a classical trait. This study represents the first application of selective transcriptional profiling to real data and serves as a template for dissecting gene regulation networks related to a classical trait using the selective transcriptional profiling approach.
Subpicosecond Proximity-Focused Streak Camera For X-Ray And Visible Light

Laser-fusion requires diagnostics of high-density, high-temperature plasmas on the pico-second time scale. To this end a proximity-focused streak camera has been under development. An x-ray version of this device has been constructed and tested using x-rays generated by irradiating microballoon targets with a two-beam Nd:glass laser. Results indicate the pro-totype to be of high sensitivity with temporal resolution of 2.5 to 3 ps. Later production cameras based upon this design are expected to give sub-picosecond temoral resolution for both x-ray and visible light. The camera is simple, compact, rugged and vacuum compatible. It has proved 98% reliable in over 350 laser shots. Applications to other disciplines are being studied and will be discussed.
Aquatic turning performance by the whirligig beetle: constraints on maneuverability by a rigid biological system.

Turning performance is constrained by morphology, where the flexibility of the body and the mobility and position of the control surfaces determine the level of performance. The use of paddling appendages in conjunction with the rigid bodies of aquatic arthropods could potentially limit their turning performance. Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are rigid-bodied, but these aquatic insects can swim rapidly in circular patterns. Turning performance of swimming whirligig beetles ( Dineutes horni ) was assessed by videotaping beetles in a small (115 mm diameter) arena at 500 frames s–1 and 1000 frames s–1. Curved trajectories were executed as continuous powered turns. Asymmetrical paddling of the outboard legs was used to power the turn. Turns were produced also by abduction of the inboard elytra and vectored thrust generated from sculling of the wing at 47.14 Hz. The abducted elytra increased drag and acted as a pivot. Swimming speeds varied from 0.06 m s–1 to 0.55 m s–1 (4.7–44.5 L s–1). Relative minimum radius was 24%of body length. Maximum rate of turn was 4428 degrees s–1 with maximum centripetal acceleration of 2.86 g . Turning radius was weakly associated with swimming velocity, although minimum values of the radius showed no correlation with velocity. Turning rate was also related indirectly to radius and directly to centripetal acceleration. Compared to vertebrates with flexible bodies, the relative turning radius of whirligig beetles is constrained by a rigid body and use of drag-based propulsive mechanisms. However, these mechanisms permit continuous turning, and the size of the beetle permits higher turn rates with lower centripetal accelerations.
Heuristics for scheduling periodic real-time streams in wireless sensor networks

Simultaneous transmissions in the same radio range of a wireless sensor network causes interference and packets are lost. Knowing the interference pattern in advance, the transmission links can be scheduled so that no packet is lost due to interference and all streams meet their deadlines. This problem is NP-hard in general and therefore we resort to heuristics. In this paper, we present a set of heuristics for scheduling periodic, real-time data streams over a wireless sensor network. Simulation results show that our heuristics produce feasible schedules in almost all cases.
Model of Soft CP Violation Using Scalars with Quark Number Two

We propose a model of soft CP violation that evades the strong CP problem and can describe observed CP violation in the neutral kaon sector, both direct and indirect. Our model requires two {open_quotes}duark{close_quotes} mesons carrying quark number two that have complex (CP -violating) bare masses and are coupled to quark pairs. Aside from the existence of these potentially observable new particles with masses of several hundred GeV, we predict a flat unitarity triangle (i.e., no observable direct CP violation in the B -meson sector) and a possibly anomalous branching ratio for the decay mode K{sup +}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup +}+{bar {nu}} {nu} .
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: The American Experience

primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a lethal disease of unknown etiology. Because of the difficulties involved in evaluating the pulmonary vascular bed and the often subtle presentation of the disorder, the pathophysiology, epidemiology, natural history, and optimal treatment of PPH has been difficult to define. To fill this void, the Lung Division of the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, in 1981 initiated the Patients Registry for the Characterization of PPH. Thirty-two medical centers agreed to report standardized information on patients with PPH and eventually, 194 patients were registered. 1 Pulmonary hypertension was defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >25 mm Hg at rest or 30 mm Hg during exercise
Development of mental rotation in 3- to 5-year-old children

Abstract We assessed 3- to 5-year-olds’ mental rotation abilities using a new puzzle paradigm. It allows for assessment of mental rotation abilities in children younger than 5 years, using a task comparable to ones used with older children and adults. Children saw pairs of asymmetrical ghost figures, either as three-dimensional cut-outs or two-dimensional paper versions, in seven orientations. One of the ghosts fit into a hole if rotated right-side up – the other ghost was its mirror image and would not fit. Children were asked to turn the ghosts in their heads and choose the one that would fit into the hole. The number of children who chose the correct ghost above chance in the three-dimensional version of the task increased dramatically from 10% of 3-year-olds to 95% of 5-year-olds; average accuracy also increased significantly, from 54% to 83%. The two-dimensional paper version yielded similar results. These results indicate considerable development in mental rotation between 3 and 5 years.
Neutron-Electron Interaction proposed by Kikuchi

IT is known that a Geiger-Muller counter operated near a source of fast neutrons gives a rather large number of counts. Kikuchi, Aoki and Husimi1,2, working with a D-D source of neutrons, have postulated that these counts arise in part from a direct interaction of fast neutrons with electrons in the thin lead foil surrounding their counter. However, the recent discovery by Kallmann and Kuhn3 that gamma-rays are emitted in the D-D reaction seems to offer a simple and more satisfactory explanation for the phenomena observed by Kikuchi and co-workers. Confirmatory evidence is the discovery by Bonner4 of two groups of neutrons from the D-D reaction.
Strain effects on Si(001)

Abstract There has been considerable progress in our understanding of the steps and their configuration on the Si(001) surface. Much of this has come from the realization of the role of the intrinsic surface stress of the reconstructed surface. LEED and STM experiments have given us information about the microscopic and statistical properties of the steps on this surface. First-principles theory has been able to calculate surface stresses and treat the elasticity problem. From these, statistical mechanical calculations can describe the surface step morphology. This paper is an overview of some of these developments.
Collagen composition and turnover in ocular tissues of the rabbit

Abstract The changes in the collagen composition of the rabbit sclera, cornea and eyelid with maturation were determined. Type I collagen was the major constituent. The cornea, sclera and eyelid contained about 2%, 7% and 25% type III respectively after birth, dropping to 0, 0 and 5% in the mature rabbit. The AB collagen in the sclera and eyelid decreased from about 2% and 3% to near 0% during the same time period. The AB collagen in the cornea, however, increased from about 5% at birth to about 9% at 4 years of age. A pulse of [ 3 H]proline into the collagen of the cornea of newborn rabbits was used to demonstrate that the collagen on average has a half-life of 50 hr or less.
Successful acne management in Apert syndrome twins.

: Apert syndrome, or acrocephalosyndactyly, is characterized by craniosynostosis and early epiphyseal closure resulting in various deformities of the skull, hands, and feet. Typically a sporadic condition, autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance has been known to occur. Most adolescents with the disorder are prone to the development of severe pustular facial and truncal acne, with extension to the upper arms and forearm. We report twin brothers with Apert syndrome who, after 2 years of standard management by their pediatrician, were referred for management of complicated acne. In our patients there were a constellation of findings consistent with the disorder and, of importance to this report, significant dermatological manifestations. On presentation, each brother was found to have acne vulgaris of a different stage. Our patients were refractory to conventional treatment for acne but one required and had a significant response to isotretinoin. The risk/benefit ratio in treating acne lesions with isotretinoin in a teenager with Apert syndrome is reviewed.
Biochemical characteristics of insect microsomes: NADPH oxidation by intact microsomes from the housefly, Musca domestica.

Abstract 1. 1. The oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotides by microsomal preparations from the abdomen of the adult housefly, Musca domestica , has been examined and characterized. 2. 2. NADPH oxidation is stimulated by exogenous cytochrome- c and inhibited by CO and sulfhydryl inhibitors. 3. 3. The effect of metal ions, synergists and known substrates for microsomal mixed function oxidases is also examined. 4. 4. Added xenobiotics substrates are not required for NADPH oxidation by these preparations.
Experimental Determination of Hydraulic Anisotropy in Fractured Formations

Discontinuities in a rock mass are defined as the planes of weakness of structural origin and commonly include fractures, faults, and joints. Many numerical solutions have been proposed which are based on stochastic generation of fractures to represent the actual field conditions; however, this approach neglects the role of the actual discontinuities, and results in misleading conclusions. A model was constructed based on fracture trace mapping. Fracture traces are the surficial expressions of the planes of weakness present in the underlying rock mass and can be seen on aerial photographs and Landsat images. Two fractured formations present in the Black Hills region of South Dakota were selected as prototypes. The Madison Formation composed of limestone and dolomite, and the Minnelusa Formation consisting of sandstone and shale with interbeds of limestone and dolomite. Fracture trace patterns served as overlays for the laboratory flow experiments. A two-dimensional flow cell was constructed. To simulate the field conditions, cuts were made of the fracture trace patterns in impervious glazed vinyl sheets. This resulted in smooth walled polygonal shaped pieces which were glued firmly onto the flow cell. The flow was thus restricted within the fracture walls, conforming to the parallel plate analogy. By scalingmore » down the hydrodynamic field conditions, outflow was measured for each run. The plot of the measured data resulted in the best fit ellipse. The major and minor principal axes of this ellipse indicate the maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivities. A close match of the experimental hydraulic conductivity values with that of the field data validated the use of fracture trace analysis for determining the hydraulic anisotropy in fractured formations.« less
THERMOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOVISCOELASTIC SOLID DURING DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION

The constitutive relations of the thermoviscoelasticity are rigorously formulated, and the corresponding finite-element equations are derived. Due to the second law of thermodynamics, a nonlinear term, which appears in both the energy equation and the Clausius-Duhem inequality, is incorporated in the finite-element equations. This work is focused on the effect of this dissipative energy term on the stress and temperature field of an isotropic thermoviscoelastic solid during dynamic crack propagation through a finite-element analysis. The numerical solutions clearly demonstrate that the temperature elevates on the cracked surface in the wake of the advancing crack tip. This is the consequence of truthfully incorporating the second law of thermodynamics in the analysis of the dynamic process for materials that possess viscosity. Meanwhile, the effect of different crack propagation speeds on the stress and temperature distributions is also investigated.
African American males’ reported involvement in the criminal justice system: A descriptive analysis

American males get along with city police officers: close to half of the respondents report not getting along well. Criminal victimization and perceived gang involvement were also assessed in the analysis . The implications of these findings are discussed along with policy and future research suggestions for reducing the number of Black males Involved in the criminal justice system . INTRODUCTION
Persistence of the sexes in metapopulations under intense asymmetric competition

Summary 1 When the two sexes compete so intensively that one of them may be consistently excluded from patches of habitat, how can they coexist in the population as a whole? 2 To address this question, we constructed a population model capable of simulating the dynamics of sex-specific life-history stages within frequently disturbed patches and across a multipatch system strongly influenced by extinction and colonization (metapopulation). 3 We parameterized the model based on the dioecious bryophyte Marchantia inflexa, attempting to capture sufficient biological realism for the results to be quantitatively comparable with natural patterns. 4 In nature, M. inflexa spreads by tissue extension and dispersal of asexual propagules within patches or sexual spores between patches. Females have faster tissue expansion and males greater production of asexual propagules. Some patches and even entire populations lose males or, more rarely, females. 5 In the model, males were often eliminated by competition from individual patches, but both sexes almost always persisted in the metapopulation (as in nature), with females typically predominating. Male advantage during patch filling and spores produced and dispersed where males (the fugitive sex) had not yet been eliminated kept both sexes in the model system. 6 Similar mechanisms may maintain both sexes in other systems, particularly small, highly disturbed populations where life-history traits and mortality differ between the sexes.
Color signal systems for the red-green color blind: an experimental test of the three-color signal system proposed by Judd.

An experimental investigation is made of Judd’s proposed three-color code for instrument panel lights. The adequacy of these specifications is tested using both normal and color-deficient subjects. It is shown that if certain specific limiting conditions are met as to the luminance, subtense, and chromaticity of the light signals, all normal observers and a majority of color-deficient observers can make the necessary identifications. The possible explanations for the poor performance of some, but not all, protanopes are discussed.
Insinuation Anxiety: Increased Pressure to Follow Distrusted Advice after Disclosure

Disclosure (informing an advisee of an advisor’s conflict) is often advocated as a strategy for managing conflicts of interest. Yet, in three experiments, conducted in medical contexts, we show tha...
ENHANCED ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION AND RESOLUTION OF MYOSIN HEAVY CHAINS IN MAMMALIAN AND AVIAN SKELETAL MUSCLES

We report a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protocol for the reliable separation, with high resolution, of myosin heavy chain isoforms in adult avian (chicken) and mammalian (mouse) skeletal muscles. The sample preparation time can be relatively short, thereby minimizing endogenous proteolytic activity which may otherwise result in dispersed and spurious bands. Inclusion of 2-mercaptoethanol in the upper electrode buffer greatly improves band resolution. Glycerol is commonly included in the reported protocols for myosin heavy chain separation and our results demonstrate that the concentration of glycerol employed can have a marked effect on the relative order of migration among myosin heavy chain isoforms.
Relationships between demographic variables and lead toxicosis in cattle evaluated at North American veterinary teaching hospitals.

Objective—To determine associations between age, sex, breed, and month and year of admission and the diagnosis of lead toxicosis in cattle. Design—Retrospective case-control study. Sample Population—Records of all cattle evaluated at North American veterinary teaching hospitals during the years 1963 to 2002, which were available through the Veterinary Medical Database. Procedures—Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between postulated risk factors and the occurrence of lead toxicosis in cattle and predict the occurrence of the diagnosis of lead toxicosis in cattle. Results—413 cases of lead intoxication and 202,363 control cattle were identified and met the inclusion criteria. Cattle < 4 years of age were at increased risk for the diagnosis of lead intoxication relative to cattle ≥ 4 years of age. Cattle ≥ 2 months and < 6 months of age had the greatest risk for lead intoxication (odds ratio, 12.3). Angus cattle were at greater risk for toxicosis (odds ratio, 1.95), compared with othe...
Evaluation of mode estimation accuracy for small-signal stability analysis

This paper proposes a method for determining electromechanical mode estimate accuracy by relating mode estimate error to residual values. Mode frequency and damping ratio were estimated using Prony analysis and residuals were calculated for a 17-machine model with varying levels of load noise. Mode estimate error and residuals were found to increase proportionally to each other as noise values were increased, revealing a distinctly linear relationship. The use of these results to develop appropriate confidence in models is discussed. With the relationship established, a method of predicting mode estimate error values based on residuals in the western North American power system (wNAPS) was developed. The potential of this method to evaluate the confidence level of mode estimates is examined.
Inference errors in deductive reasoning

Recent experimental research on logical reasoning has focused on a limited number of tasks. The present study reports normative data for college students on the Inference Test, a different type of task and a marker test for the factor of logical reasoning. Six difficult items are identified, and factors that might account for the errors are discussed. These factors include over-generalization, extrapolation, addition of information, and erroneous integration of information. More general issues, such as the failure to accept the deductive task and failure to consider alternative possibilities, are noted. In the main, these tendencies are consistent with the findings of other studies of logical reasoning.
Science curriculum review: Evaluating materials for high-ability learners

This article describes the findings of a review of existing K-8 science curriculum materials that was carried out under the National Science Curriculum Project for High-Ability Learners. Twenty-sev...
The T-cell-independent immune response to the hapten NP uses a large repertoire of heavy chain genes

Hybridomas generated from C57BL/6 mice immunized with the hapten NP coupled to ficoll, a T-cell-independent carrier, produce monoclonal antibodies that use a large repertoire of VH regions and light chains. This contrasts with the homogeneity of the strain-specific response to NP observed with T-cell-dependent carriers, where most of the antibodies use a single VH region, V186.2, in combination with the lambda-1 light chain. There is no evidence for somatic mutation in any of the sequenced regions of the antibodies generated by NP-ficoll. Thus T cell participation is required for the homogeneity of the strain-specific hapten response, and probably for somatic mutation as well.
Intracellular signalling: More jobs for Gβγ

Abstract G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate Ca 2+ channels that mediate synaptic transmission seem to use the Gβγ, and not the G α , subunits of the trimeric G protein to slow and inhibit the Ca 2+ currents.
Employee involvement, pollution control and pieces to the puzzle

Employee involvement is essential to improving pollution control. Organizations like Dow Chemical have been able to use employee involvement to reduce pollution. It begins by understanding, as Dow does, that “If pollution is a cost to you (my competitor) and a cost to me, I win if my costs are lower”. Controlling these costs requires people to think about it ‐ a lot. Everyone must accept ownership for pollution. All the pieces must fit together. Unfortunately, even the most advanced companies are still struggling with these issues. An anonymous survey was sent to some of the top pollution‐reducing companies in the world. Responses to the questionnaire that focused on a wide range of issues often proved surprising to disturbing. Executives in charge sometimes felt they had employee involvement but few of the operational conditions for it to exist. Dow Chemical provides a rare example of being able to connect all the pieces, through its three keys.
Hyperprolactinemia and male sexual behavior: Effects of steroid replacement with estrogen plus dihydrotestosterone

To determine if alterations in the availability of the active metabolites of testosterone (T) are involved in the inhibition of sexual activity in hyperprolactinemic animals, the effects of four ectopic pituitary grafts on copulatory behavior were examined in castrated male rats given subcutaneous implants of T or estradiol-17 beta (E2) plus 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Two weeks after implantation of the steroid-filled capsules, half the animals of each group were given pituitary grafts and the remainder were sham-operated. Tests of copulatory behavior were performed prior to, and one, two, and three months following pituitary transplantation. Pituitary grafting caused significant inhibition of copulatory behavior in both T and E2 + DHT treated animals. PRL levels were significantly higher in E2 + DHT treated grafted males than in T treated grafted animals (2000 +/- 140 vs. 395 +/- 26 ng/ml), but did not differ between the corresponding control groups (61 +/- 8 vs. 73 +/- 6 ng/ml). The results of these experiments preclude the possible involvement of alterations in steroid secretion by the testes or modifications of the conversion of T to its active metabolites in the effects of hyperprolactinemia on copulatory behavior.
The Effect of the Foresummer Drought on Carbon Exchange in Subalpine Meadows

Climate in subalpine meadows of the Rocky Mountains can be characterized by an early (foresummer) drought that occurs after snowmelt (May) and lasts until the start of the summer monsoon season (July). Climate change models predict an increase in the length and severity of this dry period due to earlier snowmelt dates, rising air temperatures, and shifts in the start and/or intensity of the North American monsoon. However, it is unknown how changes in the severity of this early season dry period will affect ecosystem carbon exchange. To address the importance of early season drought, we combined a watering manipulation with 11 years of ecosystem carbon exchange data across an elevational gradient at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado. Long-term trends reveal that earlier snowmelt dates lead to a decrease in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), in part because of the positive effect on early growing season drought conditions. Manipulating the strength of the foresummer drought by watering revealed that the timing of growing season precipitation is more important than the total amount for determining cumulative NEP. The strength of the foresummer drought did not significantly impact ecosystem respiration rates, but plants that experienced a strong foresummer drought exhibited more water stress, and lower instantaneous rates of NEP, even during the rainy season. Our results highlight the central role of the foresummer drought in determining rates of carbon exchange throughout the growing season, and the potential for an increasingly negative balance of carbon in subalpine meadows under future climate change.
HEDGING INTEREST RATE RISK UNDER TERM STRUCTURE EFFECTS: AN APPLICATION TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

In this paper we investigate the use of the structured full rank model for hedging the balance sheet of a financial institution. Simulation results suggest that the optimal hedge is insensitive to changes in parameter estimates. In addition, we hedge a portfolio of Treasury bills using both the full information covariance matrix and the structured covariance matrix. We then contrast these results with those obtained from a duration-based model. Empirical results suggest that the structured full rank model is generally more effective in hedging applications than either the full information model or duration-based model.
Uses of Southern-sounding speech by contemporary Texas women

Anglo-Texas women typically do not think of themselves as Southerners, but many can use speech forms that came to Texas from the American South. The relationship of Texas women to Southern speech is complex, and Texas women orient to and use Southern forms in various ways. Several of the possibilities are briefly illustrated. These examples serve to raise questions about language crossing and stylization in contexts in which the variety being adopted does not clearly ‘belong’ to an outgroup, and to suggest some new avenues for thought about what ‘regional varieties’ are and how regionally-marked speech forms can serve as rhetorical resources.
A comparison of the circadian rhythms and concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine in the telencephalon of four rodent species.

Abstract 1. 1. Significant daily rhythms in serotonin (5-HT) concentration occurred in the telencephalon of the rat, hamster, gerbil and guinea pig with a low at 1200 hr in all 4 species and a high either late in the light phase or in the dark phase. 2. 2. Significant daily rhythms of telencephalic norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were found in the rat and gerbil with nadirs in the light phase and zeniths in the dark phase. 3. 3. Daily fluctuations in concentrations of 5-HT and NE were greatest in the gerbil. 4. 4. 5-HT: NE ratio were largest in the gerbil.
260. A 1H-MRSI hippocampal study in bipolar patients with a history of alcohol abuse

tion body mass index (BMI) categories: underweight 5 BMI , 18.5, normal weight 5 18.5–24.9, overweight 5 25.0–29.9, class I obese 5 30.0–34.9, class II obese 5 35.0–39.9, class III obese .39.9. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were gauged by respondents’ reports of the number of days in the last 30 days in which they felt sad, blue, or depressed or worried, tense, or anxious, respectively. Overall, 52% of respondents were overweight or obese and 2.5% were underweight. Overweight or obesity were more prevalent among men than women (61.3% vs. 44%) and among American Indians/Alaskan Natives and blacks (59.7%, 63.6%) than among Asians/Pacific Islanders and whites (30.0%, 51.6%). A J-shaped function generally characterized the relationship between BMI and mean number of days depressed or anxious. Underweight and obese respondents reported a greater mean number of days during which they felt depressed or anxious than those with normal BMIs or who were moderately overweight. The association between anxiety and depressive symptoms and obesity was more pronounced among women than men. These findings suggest that among obese individuals, a dose-response relationship exists between BMI and the probability of anxious and depressive symptomatology.
Viking Orbiter observations of atmospheric opacity during July–November 1976

Viking orbiter photography during the primary mission combined with lander indications of surface properties have permitted the estimation of atmospheric optical depths and phase functions. Highly variable time of day opacities ranging from 0.05 to 0.6 are seen to occur in three principle regions. A wavelength-dependent particulate component plus a time variable grey aerosol of higher density may explain these opacities versus time of day. These data should serve as a basis for extended mission comparisons.
Little houses and casas pequeñas: message formulation and syntactic form in unscripted speech with speakers of English and Spanish.

During unscripted speech, speakers coordinate the formulation of pre-linguistic messages with the linguistic processes that implement those messages into speech. We examine the process of constructing a contextually appropriate message and interfacing that message with utterance planning in English (the small butterfly) and Spanish (la mariposa pequena) during an unscripted, interactive task. The coordination of gaze and speech during formulation of these messages is used to evaluate two hypotheses regarding the lower-limit on the size of message planning units, namely whether messages are planned in units isomorphous to entire phrases or units isomorphous to single lexical items. Comparing the planning of fluent pre-nominal adjectives in English and post-nominal adjectives in Spanish showed that size information is added to the message later in Spanish than English, suggesting that speakers can prepare pre-linguistic messages in lexically-sized units. The results also suggest that speakers can use disfluency to coordinate the transition from thought to speech.
Low-fasting triglyceride levels are associated with non-invasive markers of advanced liver fibrosis among adults in the United States.

Summary Background Elevated fasting triglyceride is often associated with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease. On the other hand, as liver disease progresses, patients may develop hepatocellular dysfunction that impairs triglyceride production. Aim To test the hypothesis that lower fasting triglyceride levels may paradoxically indicate more advanced liver disease. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of 11 947 adults aged 20 years or older without chronic viral hepatitis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010 was performed to analyze the relationships between fasting triglyceride levels and five validated non-invasive indices of liver fibrosis, including Fibrosis 4 Score (FIB4), NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS), Ast-Platelet Ration Index, AST/ALT ratio and BARD. Results Low-fasting triglyceride levels were consistently associated with elevated liver fibrosis indices. Individuals in the lowest quintile of triglycerides (TG) had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.0 (95% CI, 1.7–5.2; P < 0.001) for advanced fibrosis estimated by FIB4 score and OR of 1.8 (95% Cl, 1.2–2.7; P = 0.009) estimated by NFS, compared to individuals in the highest quintile. This association remained highly significant when restricted to individuals with abnormal LFTs from suspected NAFLD. This inverse relationship was continuous, and more pronounced among men and whites (P interaction <0.001 and 0.008 respectively), but not modified by age or body mass index. In addition, fasting TG had a stronger, more direct association with liver fibrosis indices than did albumin or total bilirubin. Conclusions Fasting triglyceride levels were inversely associated with liver fibrosis indicators in American adults, especially among white men. Our findings suggest that sequential lipid measurements may serve as a useful disease marker in the management of chronic liver disease patients.
Kinetics of Magnetic Annealing in Cobalt-Substituted Magnetite

The time dependence of the magnetic annealing effect in single crystals of magnetite containing various amounts of substituted cobalt has been investigated by a technique which permits observation of the effect at the annealing temperature. The annealing kinetics in a particular crystallographic direction are determined by measuring the decay of the torque in the (001) plane following a preparatory anneal in a direction 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} removed. The directions chosen for study are the [100] and [110] directions, which are nodes of the cubic torque curve. The absence of a cubic torque in the directions of measurement allows precise observation of the anneal-induced uniaxial torque. The annealing kinetics observed in the two directions are different, and the nature of the torque decay in both directions depends upon the cobalt concentration of the sample. The torque decay in the [100] direction is attributed to the redistribution of single cobalt ions and certain pairs of adjacent cobalt ions over the octahedral cation sites, whereas the decay in the [110] direction is attributed to the redistribution of cobalt ion pairs only. The results of a theoretical analysis of the annealing kinetics that would result from such ionic redistribution are in good agreement with the experimental observations. Comparison of the annealing behavior of samples in different states of oxidation indicates that ionic redistribution occurs by a vacancy diffusion mechanism, and the activation energy observed for this process is 1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 ev. In addition to the measurements performed at the annealing temperature, the torque in the [110] direction was determined as a function of temperature in a sample which had been quenched at the end of its preparatory anneal. These two measurements are used to show that there exists a repulsive interaction energy of 0.093\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 ev between two adjacent cobalt ions.
A prototype sampling calorimeter with photodiode readout (SPED)

We have built and tested a new type of sampling calorimeter using scintillator as the active material, and thin vacuum photodiodes for signal readout, the new feature. We measure an energy resolution of about 22%/✓E for electrons of 10–37.5 GeV. For muons the signal to noise ratio is about 2.4, corresponding to about 1000 pe/cm of scintillator. Important merits of such a design such as the excellent gain stability (photodetector gain=1), absence of the need for high voltages, and system simplicity in construction and operation, have been demonstrated.
The Submillimeter Wave Spectrum of Isotopic Methyl Cyanide

The laboratory submillimeter wave rotational spectrum of the 13CH3CN, CH3C13CN, and CH3C15N isotopomers of methyl cyanide has been observed in natural abundance in the 294 to 607 GHz region. The maximum J and K values are 34 and 14, respectively. Fifteen additional CH3CN transitions up to K = 21 were also measured. The transitions of all four species are fitted to a symmetric top Hamiltonian, and the rotation and distortion constants are determined. The 14N quadrupole and spin rotation coupling constants are also calculated and presented. Suggested values for many other parameters, which could not be directly determined from the isotope spectra, are calculated from the normal species values and isotope relationships. The determined and calculated constants should predict the spectrum of the three isotopomers to well over 1 THz accurately enough for astronomical assignments.
Selective orientation of discotic films by interface nucleation

Abstract Thin films deposited from solution by the hollow capillary writing technique exhibit macroscopic uniaxial grains with an in-plane arrangement of discotic stacks. We report a method to change the orientation of thin films from in-plane to homeotropic (discotic columns perpendicular to the substrate). It is observed that annealing of open supported films at a temperature 25 °C below the equilibrium LC/isotropic phase boundary induces homeotropic alignment, while rapid cooling leads to predominantly in-plane alignment. A model based on heterogeneous nucleation at the film/substrate interface accounts for the experimental observations.