cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adults with knee osteoarthritis use different coordinative strategies to transition from swing to stance compared to young asymptomatic adults

Abstract Background Neuromuscular changes that occur with aging or joint pathology likely alter the coordinative strategies that adults use to walk and to recover from perturbations during gait. Differences in coordination patterns or in how coordination changes in response to a challenge may provide insight into neuromuscular targets for falls prevention interventions. Research question Do young asymptomatic adults, older asymptomatic adults, and older adults with knee OA alter their lower extremity segment coordination differently in response to an increase in walking speed?. Methods We captured lower extremity kinematics using inertial measurement units as 29 participants (10 young, 10 older, 9 older with knee osteoarthritis) walked on a treadmill at self-selected preferred and faster speeds. We calculated lower extremity segment coordination and coordination variability using vector coding. We compared coordination and its variability among groups and speeds. Results There were no significant interactions between group and speed. Overall group or speed differences in coordination or variability occurred mostly during terminal swing or early stance. Coordination patterns differed between young adults and adults with knee osteoarthritis in all segment couples during terminal swing and at the foot vs. shank during early stance. During these same gait cycle phases for the foot vs. shank and shank vs. thigh segment couples, coordination patterns shifted towards those of young adults when participants walked faster. Where coordination variability differed by group or speed, it was lower in the young adults than in the older adults with or without knee osteoarthritis and at faster walking speed. Significance Our results identified that older adults with knee osteoarthritis have a different strategy for transitioning from swing to stance compared to young adults, especially at distal limb segments. These results may help target fall prevention interventions to specific gait cycle phases or strategies.
Critical Evaluation Capital (CEC): A New Tool for Applying Critical Race Theory to the Evaluand:

This article presents a new tool called Critical Evaluation Capital (CEC) designed to address issues of equity and social justice in program evaluation. CEC is grounded in the tenants of critical r...
Identification and characterization of Phytophthora species associated with crown and root rot of pistachio trees in California.

Pistachio is one of the most widely cultivated nut crops in California with approximately 115,000 hectares of bearing pistachio trees. In recent years, several orchards were identified with declini...
Do accounting changes affect the economic behaviour of financial firms

This study examines whether accounting changes result in changes in the economic behaviour of financial institutions. The results of several papers examining how banks respond to accounting changes that affect their regulatory capital ratios are consistent with Furfine's (2000) summary that "capital regulation, broadly speaking, can significantly influence bank decision-making." These papers do not attempt to disentangle the effects of capital regulation versus market discipline. This paper examines banks' response to recent changes in accounting for Trust Preferred Securities that effect how these securities are reported in the balance sheet but do not change the calculation of Tier 1 capital. This provides a good setting to examine whether accounting changes induce changes in banks' economic behaviour in the absence of an effect on regulatory capital. I test five hypotheses related to banks' decisions to issue Trust Preferred Stock during the period from 1997 through 2004. Specifically, I examine whether there was an overall decrease in banks' propensity to issue these securities after the accounting change, whether publicly traded banks and those that access the external debt markets were more likely to issue these securities before the accounting change but not after, and whether banks with low regulatory capital ratios and with high marginal tax rates were more likely to issue these securities both before and after the accounting change. The results suggest that accounting changes can lead to changes in banks' economic behaviour even when the change in accounting does not affect regulatory capital calculations. This is consistent with bank managers acting as if they are concerned with the markets' response to the numbers reported after the accounting change.
Specification and Estimation of Econometric Models with Generalized Expectations

Construction of econometric models containing unobserved variables has presented the econometrician with difficult problems because contemporary methodology of these variables demands that they not be ignored, accepted practice has sought to find proxies for them in terms of only observed variables. It is argued that this substitution procedure is unnecessary. By introducing the generalized expectations model representation, explicit treatment of unobserved variables is permitted. This new representation is seen to contain the various econometric proxies as special cases. Furthermore, the generalized expectations representation yields a type of nonlinear state-space model which may be estimated using the techniques already existant in the control theory literature.
From the Reservation: A Theory Regarding the Development of Native American Students

Native American students are a diverse yet underrepresented population in higher education. Little research has been done regarding identity development of these students. This paper focuses on influences to Native American identity and the commonalities between the experiences of traditional-aged students from reservations and adult returners to college. It concludes with a proposal for a developmental theory for Native American students from reservations structured around Goodman, Schlossberg, and Anderson’s (2006) transition theory.
Evidence on the Effect of Multiple Corporate Restructurings on Analysts' Earnings Forecasts: Do Analysts Learn from Prior Restructuring Events?

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of prior and multiple restructuring charges on analysts? earnings forecasts. We investigate the effect of restructuring charges on analysts'forecasts by examining both forecast accuracy and dispersion. Chaney et al. (1999) provide evidence that analyst forecast accuracy is impaired by restructurings. However, they. find no empirical link between prior restructuring events and forecast accuracy. In contrast to the findings of Chaney et al., we predict that analysts will learn from prior restructuring charges. By "learn" we mean that current restructuring charges impair forecast accuracy to a lesser extent when prior restructuring charges are present. To document learning, we adapt the Chaney model and partition the sample to identify restructuring plans that have been fully implemented. Additionally, we control for the complexity of the prior charges. Consistent with our prediction, we find that analysts are able to learn from prior restructuring events. Further tests suggest that this learning is only related to restructurings that have been fully implemented, that is, previous events that were announced more than two years prior to the current forecast. Additionally, we find that the relative magnitude of restructuring charges are associated with a decrease (increase) in forecast accuracy (dispersion) for up to two years after the announcement of the event. This result is consistent with the findings of Hanna (1999). Overall, our results are generally consistent with the conclusion that restructurings create uncertainty for analysts that lasts for at least two years subsequent to the announcement of the event and that analysts do in fact learn from the existence of prior events.
Potentiation by glucose metabolites of inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium mobilization in permeabilized rat pancreatic islets.

Saponin-permeabilized rat pancreatic islets degraded exogenously added inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), and degradation was inhibited in the presence of either fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or diphosphoglycerate. The addition of either fructose-1,6-P2 or diphosphoglycerate to 45Ca2+-labeled permeabilized islets potentiated 45Ca2+ release caused by IP3 (by either exogenously added IP3 or IP3 generated endogenously in the presence of carbachol or guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S). The effect of diphosphoglycerate and fructose-1,6-P2 on 45Ca2+ release correlated well with the effects of these agents on the recovery of radioactivity in IP3. These results further support our previous proposal that in pancreatic islets intracellular calcium mobilization may be sustained in part via the inhibition of IP3 degradation by metabolites produced during stimulation with insulinotropic concentrations of glucose (Rana, R.S., Sekar, M.C., Hokin, L.E., and MacDonald, M.J. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5237-5240).
Controlling Residual Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Domain Wall Fermion Simulations

At stronger gauge-field couplings, the domain wall fermion (DWF) residual mass, a measure of chiral symmetry breaking, grows rapidly. This measure is largely due to near zero fermion eigenmodes of logarithm of the 4D transfer matrix along the fifth dimension, and these eigenmodes increase rapidly at strong coupling. To suppress these eigenmodes, we have added to the DWF path integral a multiplicative weighting factor consisting of a ratio of determinants of Wilson-Dirac fermions having a chirally twisted mass with a large negative real component and a small imaginary chiral component. Numerical results show that this weighting factor with an appropriate choice of twisted masses significantly suppresses the residual mass while allowing adequate topological tunneling.
Pursuing Global Competence in Undergraduate Business Education

SUMMARY Most approaches used- by business schools to teach international business assist students in developing an awareness of global business issues. They help students to begin to recognize the international implications of their decisions. However, it is also important to actively move students towards “global competence.” If students are going to be effective in an international economy they need to develop skills to be able to learn how to understand and operate effectively in other cultures. The program described here utilizes a project-based action learning approach to assist undergraduate students to learn “global competence.”
Enabling domain-awareness for a generic natural language interface

In this paper, we present a learning-based approach for enabling domain-awareness for a generic natural language interface. Our approach automatically acquires domain knowledge from user Interactions and Incorporates the knowledge learned to improve the generic system. We have embedded our approach in a generic natural language interface and evaluated the extended system against two benchmark datasets. We found that the performance of the original generic system can be substantially improved through automatic domain knowledge extraction and incorporation. We also show that the generic system with domain-awareness enabled by our approach can achieve performance similar to that of previous learning-based domain-specific systems.
Ask and you shall receive: desire and receipt of feedback via Facebook predicts disordered eating concerns.

Objective The current study examined whether certain types of Facebook content (i.e., status updates, comments) relate to eating concerns and attitudes. Method We examined the effects of seeking and receiving negative feedback via Facebook on disordered eating concerns in a sample of 185 undergraduate students followed for approximately 4 weeks. Results Results indicated that individuals with a negative feedback seeking style who received a high number of comments on Facebook were more likely to report disordered eating attitudes four weeks later. Additionally, individuals who received extremely negative comments in response to their personally revealing status updates were more likely to report disordered eating concerns four weeks later. Discussion Results of the current study provide preliminary evidence that seeking and receiving negative feedback via social networking sites can increase risk for disordered eating attitudes, and suggest that reducing maladaptive social networking usage may be an important target for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing disordered eating attitudes.
Modeling of intracell metallic elements using the MRTD technique

A new method has been developed which enables the modeling of metallic structures that are placed within the boundaries of a cell in the multiresolution time-domain electromagnetic modeling technique. This technique takes advantage of the unique multiresolution properties of MRTD that are due to the wavelet expansion of the electromagnetic fields. In order to represent a PEC in a time domain simulator, the boundary condition of zero electric field on the PEC surface must be met. By setting the coefficients of the wavelets that intersect the metal to zero, a metal structure of arbitrary size and shape can be represented in the grid. It is required that the space wavelets used in this technique be finite-domain in nature.
The Modern Role of Morgan's Canon in Comparative Psychology.

C. Lloyd Morgan is widely credited as the “father of comparative psychology” due to his contribution of guidelines for the psychological interpretation of animal behavior. Many modern comparative psychologists believe that constraints encouraged by Morgan are now obsolete and some assert that adherence to the canon restricts further progress in the field. Nonetheless, Morgan’s guidance continues to be important in comparative psychology. A review of Morgan’s canon, its historical misuse, and consideration of popular alternatives reinforce Morgan’s role in comparative psychology. A recent model of cognitive evolution highlights the importance of Morgan’s guidelines and an illustration of the continued usefulness of the canon is given in the context of investigations of theory of mind in chimpanzees.
Sensitivity Analysis of Material Parameters on Performance of Lithium Ion Battery Using Electrochemical Modeling

A variety of materials variables affect the performance of an automotive lithium ion battery. Some of the most important materials parameters include dynamic transport properties of electrolyte and solid material, including ionic conductivity, electronic conductivity, reaction rate, and lithium diffusivity. Understanding the relationship between changes to these materials parameters and performance of the battery is critical to battery design. In this work, we consider the impact of the sensitivity of these fundamental parameters within the context of two different systems: a power cell for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) applications, and an energy cell for electric vehicle (EV) applications. These applications are simulated using high-pulse power capability (HPPC) and constant-current discharge tests. The range of variance and sensitivity of key electrochemical parameters are presented.
Constitutional changes in the FASB: A note

Notwithstanding the normative basis of BT's theory of constitutions, this note shows that it has descriptive power. A key change in the constitution of the U.S. accounting standard-setting body was examined. It was found that an exogenous shock to an organization in apparent equilibrium led to an offsetting change in constitutional variables, in the manner BT portray in their theory. The note extends BT's theory by identifying an additional constitutional variable, namely, qualifications for membership of an assembly. Consideration of this variable requires the individual to trade external against decisionmaking costs in the same way he balances them when considering other constitutional variables.
Bringing Political Science to Bear on Tropical Conservation

With the renewed international emphasis on governance for sustainable develop- ment, political scientists wishing to have an impact on global environmental problems will find significant opportunities to collaborate with practitioners. These collaborations can be very rewarding, but academics should enter them with their eyes open to the associated challenges. Bridging the worlds of research and practice entails tensions between what is true according to the research, and what is possible given the constraints of specific organizations; between the problems that practitioners need solved and the puzzles that researchers find appealing; and, importantly, between the divergent cultures that shape the expectations and incentives of academics and their counterparts.
Pricing problems with a continuum of customers as stochastic stackelberg games

The pricing problem where a company sells a certain kind of product to a continuum of customers is considered. It is formulated as a stochastic Stackelberg game with nonnested information structure. The inducible region concept, recently developed for deterministic Stackelberg games, is extended to treat the stochastic pricing problem. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a pricing scheme to be optimal are derived, and the pricing problem is solved by first delineating its inducible region, and then solving a constrained optimal control problem.
Effects of toluene and its metabolites on cerebral reactive oxygen species generation

The effects of toluene on lipid peroxidation and rates of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation have been studied in isolated systems and in vivo. The induction of reactive oxygen species was assayed using the probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA). Toluene exposure (1 g/kg, 1 hr, i.p.) did not stimulate cortical lipid peroxidation as evaluated by measurement of conjugated dienes. Exposure to toluene, however, both in vivo and in vitro, caused a significant elevation of ROS formation within cortical crude synaptosomal fractions (P2) and microsomal fractions (P3). The ROS-inducing properties of toluene were blocked in vivo in the presence of a mixed-function oxidase inhibitor, metyrapone. This suggested that a metabolite of toluene may catalyze reactive oxygen formation. Both benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid, in vitro, were found to have free radical quenching properties, while benzaldehyde exhibited significant induction of ROS generation. It appears that benzaldehyde is the metabolite responsible for the effect of toluene in accelerating reactive oxygen production within the nervous system. Benzaldehyde may also contribute to the overall neurotoxicity of toluene.
Hypoxia induces HIF-1α and VEGF expression in chondrosarcoma cells and chondrocytes

Like other tumors, chondrosarcoma must induce neovascularity as they grow. Recent studies have demonstrated that chondrosarcoma are vascular. Since normal cartilage is a hypoxic, yet avascular tissue and since chondrosarcoma bears some phenotypic relation to cartilage, it is not clear if hypoxic pathways remain intact in these tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is the inducible subunit of the HIF-1 transcription factor that regulates genes involved in the response to hypoxia, some of which promote neovascularity. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the genes upregulated by HIF-1 and is the primary cytokine related to angiogenesis. In this study we examined the response of chondrocytes and chondrosarcoma cell lines to hypoxia. We found that both normal and malignant chondrocytes increased HIF-1alpha protein expression in an oxygen concentration dependent manner and also increased VEGF mRNA expression in response to hypoxia. HIF-1alpha protein and VEGF mRNA decreased when chondrosarcoma cells were transfected with siRNA targeting HIF-1alpha prior to hypoxia exposure, suggesting that HIF-1alpha expression resulted in increased VEGF expression. The role of the HIF-1alpha/VEGF pathway in angiogenesis in chondrosarcoma in vivo and its usefulness as a target for antiangiogenic treatment strategies for this tumor requires further investigation.
A 2 GS/s Frequency-Folded ADC-Based Broadband Sampling Receiver

A frequency-folded ADC-based broadband sampling receiver that merges sampling within the structure of a broadband downconverter is presented. The receiver channelizes a broadband input into sub-bands after digitization, while employing digital-domain harmonic and image rejection. The design offers a frequency-domain approach to simultaneously achieving high sample rate and dynamic range per-unit power consumption. Noise and distortion performance of the architecture is described. An analysis of SNR improvement during signal reconstruction that results from the use of multiple paths at baseband is presented. A 2 GS/s receiver based on this approach is implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process. The receiver spans a bandwidth from 125 MHz to 1000 MHz, and achieves a mean SNDR of 49 dB across the input bandwidth, while providing 38-43.3 dB of gain and a NF of 8.5-13.4 dB. Equalization-based calibration results in harmonic and image rejection greater than 59 dB and 58 dB, respectively, across the input bandwidth, while even better performance may be achieved for tonal interferers. The receiver consumes 104 mW from a dual 1.2/2.5 V supply.
An individual-based model of an acarine tritrophic system: lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus L., twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract An individual-based simulation (IBS) was constructed that represents the dynamics among a lima bean seedling, twospotted spider mite (TSM), and Phytoseiulus persimilis . The parameters were derived from a combination of experiments and values found in the literature. The reductionist nature of individual-based modeling makes use of highly specific behavioral experiments. The simulation’s complex population dynamics compare well with data taken from validation experiments (adj R 2 =0.85). The major practical advantage of this technique is the degree of detail that the simulation can predict in population structure. Because IBSs accommodate behavioral complexity, they can make better predictions of the interactions in small populations than simplified analytical models. This reductionism takes questions about population dynamics and reduces them to the experimentally measurable behavioral factors that are important to the emergent population.
Increased Psychopathology in Parents of Children with Autism: Genetic Liability or Burden of Caregiving?

The goals of this research were to identify which psychopathologies are common in parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and to explore competing hypotheses regarding mechanisms contributing to this risk. By comparing rates of psychopathology in mothers and fathers of children with ASD to rates of psychopathology in parents of typically developing children, this study examined whether increased risk for psychopathology was likely related to genetics or to the burden of caring for a child with a disability. Participants were 269 parents of children with ASD and 446 parents of typically developing children. Mothers and fathers of children with ASD reported significantly more depression, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. The pattern of findings suggests that genetic factors, as opposed to caregiving demands, may contribute to the risk for psychopathology in parents of children with ASD.
User-centered design guidelines for collaborative software for intelligence analysis

In this position paper we discuss the necessity of using User-Centered Design (UCD) methods in order to design collaborative software for the intelligence community. We discuss a number of studies of collaboration in the intelligence community and use this information to provide some guidelines for collaboration software.
On multicyclic operators and the Vasjunin-Nikol'ski206-1206-1206-1discotheca

If A is a bounded linear multicyclic operator acting on a complex Banach spaceX, then thedisc of A is defined by: disc A = sup(R ∈ Cyc A) min{dimR′: R′ ⊂ R, R′ ∈ Cyc A}, where Cyc A denotes the family of all finite dimensional subspacesR ofX such that X = (R+AR+A 2 R+⋯)−. It is shown that if the set {λ ∈ ℂ: dim ker (λ-A)* ≥ n} has nonempty interior (in particular, if A is a Fredholm operator of index -n), then disc A ≥ n+1. This result affirmatively answers a question of V.I. Vasjunin and N.K. Nikol'skii. In the case whenX is a Hilbert space, it is shown that the set of all operators A such that A is n-multicyclic, but disc A =∞, is dense in the set of all n-multicyclic operators. If Mλ = "multiplication by λ" acting on the disk algebra (and many other spaces of continuous and/or analytic functions), then Mλ is cyclic, but disc Mλ = ∞. However, the analogous result is false if the disk algebra is replaced by the algebra of functions analytic on the disk and smooth on the boundary, or algebras of Lipschitz functions. If T is a multicyclic unicellular operator, then T is cyclic and disc T=1.
Transposition of a Rice Mutator -Like Element in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutator-like transposable elements (MULEs) are widespread in plants and are well known for their high transposition activity as well as their ability to duplicate and amplify host gene fragments. Despite their abundance and importance, few active MULEs have been identified. In this study, we demonstrated that a rice (Oryza sativa) MULE, Os3378, is capable of excising and reinserting in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), suggesting that yeast harbors all the host factors for the transposition of MULEs. The transposition activity induced by the wild-type transposase is low but can be altered by modification of the transposase sequence, including deletion, fusion, and substitution. Particularly, fusion of a fluorescent protein to the transposase enhanced the transposition activity, representing another approach to manipulate transposases. Moreover, we identified a critical region in the transposase where the net charge of the amino acids seems to be important for activity. Finally, transposition efficiency is also influenced by the element and its flanking sequences (i.e., small elements are more competent than their large counterparts). Perfect target site duplication is favorable, but not required, for precise excision. In addition to the potential application in functional genomics, this study provides the foundation for further studies of the transposition mechanism of MULEs.
The UCS preexposure effect in taste aversion learning: Tolerance and blocking are drug specific

Following drug preexposure, rats were given taste aversion conditioning in either the preexposure environment or the home cage. For animals preexposed to LiCl, only the subjects conditioned in the preexposure environment showed the typical UCS preexposure effect, that is, an attenuated aversion, an effect consistent with a blocking interpretation of the LiCl-induced preexposure effect. On the other hand, all rats preexposed to morphine displayed attenuated aversions, independent of the preexposure and conditioning environments, an effect consistent with a pharmacological tolerance explanation of the UCS preexposure effect to morphine. The specific mechanism underlying the drug-induced attenuation appears to be drug-dependent.
Diversity Practice in Social Work: Examining Theory in Practice

Individualized care in children's services requires practitioners to move beyond individual worldviews to gain a cultural context for service planning and delivery to an increasingly diversifying U.S. population. As such, research is needed to empirically support diversity practice models used to prepare practitioners for cross-cultural work. This qualitative study compares family and professional perceptions of cultural competence in children's mental health systems of care to four diversity practice models advanced in social work education. While substantial overlap is identified between practice models and participant conceptualizations, comparative analysis indicates that no one model of practice wholly accounts for all concepts generated by systems of care communities. In contrast, a number of practice model emphases are not identified in community conceptualizations. Discrepancies are discussed in relation to implications for social work that may inform further development of diversity practice mode...
Modeling of Temperature Increase Due to Joule Heating During Electromigration Measurements

Electromigration (EM), the mass transport phenomenon under applied electrical field, is known to cause degradation in interconnections and thus to compromise the devices' reliability. High current density and high temperature conditions are usually adopted to evaluate the EM lifetime. Such high current density will raise the temperature at the test sites because of Joule heating. Thus the actual temperature on the test surface, not the ambient temperature, is an important parameter affecting the lifetime of the metallization. A simple model is proposed here to predict the temperature rise in such interconnections and the calculated values agree well with the experimentally measured rise in temperature. Only heat conduction and convection are considered and illustrative equivalent electrical analogy technique is used to solve the problem. This model, using a commercially available spreadsheet and its iteration functions, is shown to match closely with experimental results.
DIALOG CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION PROGRAM (CIP) IMPLEMENTED IN A CONSORTIAL ACADEMIC LIBRARY ENVIRONMENT — A CONTINUING DISCUSSION

Today's university students have now, and will have in the future, greater information needs than ever before. As end‐users, they will take the skills they learn and the knowledge about the resources used to fill those needs with them into the workplace and beyond. In an effort to provide undergraduates at the University of Maryland with these skills, the University of Maryland System (UMS) solicited proposals for projects to enhance undergraduate education. In July 1994, The Council of Library Directors was awarded three year funding for their proposal for implementation of access to 150 DIALOG Classroom Instruction Program (CIP) files, part of the online database service of Knight‐Ridder Information Inc., using the UMS online public access catalogue as a gateway to these files. The University of Maryland System consists of 13 academic institutions situated throughout the state of Maryland. This project is being implemented by four of those institutions, refecting differences in demographics, geography and academic disciplines. They include a large, urban research university; a suburban university with concentrations in science and engineering; an urban non‐traditional university of upper‐level undergraduates majoring in business and pre‐law; and a rural university with various majors, including education and business.
The mitochondrial fatty acid synthesizing system: general properties and acetate incorporation into monoenoic acids.

Abstract The incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by mitochondria was investigated. The cofactor requirements, the effect of anaerobiosis and of aging the mitochondria were determined. The labeling pattern obtained when [1-14C]acetate was used as substrate was also examined. More acetate was incorporated into fatty acids under anaerobic conditions and after aging the mitochondria at 4°. There appeared to be more synthesis de novo under anaerobic conditions and less when “aged” mitochondria were used. The labeling pattern of the saturated fatty acids confirm the findings of Harlan and Wakil 8,9, in that the synthesis of myristic and palmitic acids de novo can occur as well as chain elongation of a large number of the saturated acids. At least two C2 units can be added to the fatty acids. The labeling pattern of the monounsaturated fatty acids show that Δ9 acids can be chain elongated to produce Δ11 and Δ13 acids. Furthermore, the Δ9 acids themselves can become labeled. The present evidence suggests that they become labeled by an exchange mechanism whereby the terminal carboxyl C2 unit of the Δ9 acid is exchanged with the acetate pool or the carboxyl C2 unit of another acid or both.
Alternative mitochondrial fuel extends life span

In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Ristow and colleagues (Zarse et al., 2012) elucidate a conserved mechanism through which reduced insulin-IGF1 signaling activates an AMP-kinase-driven metabolic shift toward oxidative proline metabolism. This, in turn, produces an adaptive mitochondrial ROS signal that extends worm life span. These findings further bolster the concept of mitohormesis as a critical component of conserved aging and longevity pathways.
Factors affecting the activity of bovicin HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5: release, stability and binding to target bacteria.

Aims: To determine the factors affecting the release, stability and binding of bovicin HC5 to sensitive bacteria. Methods and Results: Stationary phase Streptococcus bovis HC5 cultures had little cell-free bovicin HC5 activity until the final pH was 5·6, peptidases destroyed much of the activity. Conclusions: Bovicin HC5 remains cell associated until the culture pH is <5·0, but it can be easily dissociated from the cell surface by acidic NaCl. It is highly stable in acidic environments and only binds sensitive bacteria at pH values <6·0. Significance and Impact of the Study: Streptococcus bovis HC5 does not have generally regarded as safe status. However, bovicin HC5 has a broad spectrum of activity and sensitive bacteria do not become resistant. Based on these results, bovicin HC5 may be a useful bacteriocin model.
Only a Papert mind: A response to Papert

As a commentary on or a version of Piaget’s notions of accommodation and assimilation, Papert’s use of the computer, the Turtle, and the LOGO language is interesting. It is perfectly reasonable to assume that in a new environment, with new and more responsive objects like the Turtle and its accompanying language, the child will accommodate to and assimilate new concepts. It is an exciting idea that children of the present generation in our society might be able to make transitions to big, but seemingly abstract, notions of physics and mathematics earlier in their childhood than the children of Piaget’s generation because they have, for the first time, a language and a concrete situation which enables them to visualize and express the physical or mathematical relationships. The idea is not only exciting, but generally consistent with Piaget’s o\\vn views; he certainly would have agreed did agree, in effect that the social conditions which confront a child substantially affect how fast the child makes transitions from stage to stage, and what stage the child attains at maturity. In a society which does not make use of the relatively abstract relationships of modern economic and scientific life, people may not make the transition to Piaget’s highest stage of development because, it seems the) do not need to*. There is little in their accommodation and assimilation which would pull them forward to that stage. It is just because Piaget considers the last or highest stage to be linked to abstract thinking that he has often been accused, like Papert after him, of tailoring his psychology to the instrumental and industrial needs of the moderri West. Correspondingly, it is interesting but not surprising, in the Piagetian scheme, if a machine designed to represent just the physical or logical relations a child needs to grasp in order to advance should help children to develop more rapidly in the modern world. Papert might be criticized, as he has been in these pages, for furthering the project of instrumental reason, or for widening the gap between the developing and the developed world. But those criticisms, it seems to me. are not such as would be likely to carry much weight with him, because he obviously feels himself to be more or less at ease in the abstract world of modern science. His findings are not less interesting or less valid (if they are valid) because they fit into a social world that his radical critics would like to change. Accordingly, 1
On the Stability of the Common and Newton Black Films

The effect of electrolyte concentration on the transition from common to Newton black films and the stability of both types of films are explained using a model in which the interaction energy for films with planar interfaces is obtained by adding to the classical DLVO forces the hydration force. The theory takes into account the reassociation of the charges of the interface with the counterions as the electrolyte concentration increases and their replacements by ion pairs. This affects both the double layer repulsion, because the charge on the interface is decreased, and the hydration repulsion, because the ion pair density is increased by increasing the ionic strength. The theory also accounts for the thermal fluctuations of the two interfaces. Each of the two interfaces is considered as formed of small planar surfaces with a Boltzmannian distribution of the interdistances across the liquid film. The area of the small planar surfaces is calculated on the basis of a harmonic approximation of the interact...
Assessment of geometrical accuracy of magnetic resonance images for radiation therapy of lung cancers

The purpose of this research was to investigate the geometrical accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) images used in the radiation therapy treatment planning for lung cancer. In this study, the capability of MR imaging to acquire dynamic two-dimensional images was explored to access the motion of lung tumors. Due to a number of factors, including the use of a large field-of-view for the thorax, MR images are particularly subject to geometrical distortions caused by the inhomogeneity and gradient nonlinearity of the magnetic field. To quantify such distortions, we constructed a phantom, which approximated the dimensions of the upper thorax and included two air cavities. Evenly spaced vials containing contrast agent could be held in three directions with their cross-sections in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes, respectively, within the air cavities. MR images of the phantom were acquired using fast spin echo (FSE) and fast gradient echo (fGRE) sequences. The positions of the vials according to their centers of mass were measured from the MR images and registered to the corresponding computed tomography images for comparison. Results showed the fGRE sequence exhibited no errors >2.0 mm in the sagittal and coronal planes, whereas the FSE sequence produced images with errors between 2.0 and 4.0 mm along the phantom's perimeter in the axial plane. On the basis of these results, the fGRE sequence was considered to be clinically acceptable in acquiring images in all sagittal and coronal planes tested. However, the spatial accuracy in periphery of the axial FSE images exceeded the acceptable criteria for the acquisition parameters used in this study.
Assessment of Familial Patterns of Microbial Infection in Periodontitis

The purpose of this article is to review approaches to the assessment of familial patterns of microbial infection and disease in periodontitis, and to identify statistical methods appropriate to such considerations of family data. Previous studies have provided evidence for the presence of familial aggregation of periodontal pathogens and periodontitis and have alluded to possible transmissibility of these organisms within families. Modern statistical techniques permit the appropriate analysis of the correlated data inherent in families, properly allowing for these statistical dependencies while including the possibility of adjustment for risk factors which may also aggregate in families. Such approaches as multiple linear regression, multivariate logistic regression, and regressive modeling provide the necessary tools to assess the familial aggregation of risk factors and disease in periodontitis. In particular, regressive models permit the analysis of familiality (membership to family) as a risk factor ...
Breast-milk Jaundice

The syndrome of breast-milk jaundice, which often results in cessation of breastfeeding, maternal anxiety, and guilt, may be increasing. Research to date on pregnanediol, increased lipase, and free fatty acids as the causes of breast milk jaundice is reviewed. Variations in current treatment are presented and nursing measures supportive of parents and continued breastfeeding are provided.
Synthesis and characterization of zirconium diphosphate by microwave assisted metathesis approach

Abstract A novel solid-state metathesis (SSM) approach [ZrCl 4 + 2(NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 → 4NH 4 Cl + ZrP 2 O 7 + H 2 O] has been applied to synthesize technologically important zirconium diphosphate, ZrP 2 O 7. The SSM reaction is facilitated by the formation of a high lattice energy by-product such as NH 4 Cl, which is the driving force for product formation. The structural, optical, chemical, magnetic and electrochemical properties of the synthesized powders were determined by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission Fourier transform infrared measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, diffused reflectance spectra in the UV–vis range, magnetization measurements, and electrochemical characterization to establish structure–property relationship in the zirconium phosphate materials.
Interatrial septal defect associated with syphilitic aortic insufficiency

Abstract 1. 1. Two cases of syphilitic aortic insufficiency associated with a large interatrial septal defect are presented. 2. 2. The diagnosis of such a combination of lesions may be suspected before death when the clinical syndrome of syphilitic aortic insufficiency is associated with electrocardiographic evidence of right axis deviation and possibly auricular fibrillation, with roentgenographic findings of a distinctly dilated pulmonary artery.
Effect of Organic Matter on the Flocculation of Colloidal Montmorillonite: A Modeling Approach

Abstract FURUKAWA, Y. and WATKINS, J.L., 2012. Effect of organic matter on the flocculation of colloidal montmorillonite: A modeling approach. The effect of organic matter (OM) on the flocculation of colloidal montmorillonite was investigated through a complementary use of laboratory experiments and computational flocculation modeling. The model, based on Smoluchowski's coagulation model and population balance equation (PBE), was established with two key flocculation parameters: sticking efficiency and breakup parameter. The laboratory flocculation experiments tracked the temporal evolution of the mean floc sizes for aqueous systems with colloidal bare montmorillonite as well as those with montmorillonite and OM (humic acid, chitin, or xanthan gum). The key flocculation parameters were derived and calibrated through the interactive optimization of the model results by juxtaposing against the laboratory results. The calibrated flocculation parameter values revealed that OM has a complex influence on the fl...
Three-nucleon forces and trinucleon observables

Abstract Three-body forces in classical, atomic, solid-state, and nuclear physics are reviewed. The basic ingredients used in constructing three-nucleon forces are discussed. The experimental evidence for three-nucleon forces is presented, as well as the results of calculations using these forces.
Diagnostic imagings for primary cardiac fibrosarcoma

Primary tumors of the heart are rare; primary cardiac fibrosarcoma is even rarer. We report a patient with primary cardiac fibrosarcoma widespread metastases presenting with pulmonary metastases initially. The cardiac lesion was identified by bone-imaging localization on bone scan, by hypodense areas in the cardiac chambers of contrast computed tomography of the chest, and by protruding masses in ventricular cavities causing aortic valve outflow-tract obstruction by echocardiogram. At autopsy, a large tumor invaded the interventricular septum and both ventricular cavities of the heart (880 g in weight), and accounted for these imaging findings. While bone-agent localization in the heart does not differentiate malignant from benign conditions, computed tomography and echocardiography of the interatrial and interventricular septal, and right atrial and biventricular cavitary involvement may differentiate fibrosarcoma from myxoma.
CD28-mediated pro-survival signaling induces chemotherapeutic resistance in multiple myeloma

Chemotherapeutic resistance remains a significant hurdle in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and is significantly mediated by interactions between MM cells and stromal cells of the bone marrow microenvironment. Despite the importance of these interactions, the specific molecules and downstream signaling components involved remain incompletely understood. We have previously shown that the prototypic T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28, which is also expressed on MM cells, is a key mediator of MM survival and apoptotic resistance. Crosslinking CD28 by agonistic antibodies or myeloid dendritic cells (DC; these express the CD28 ligands CD80/CD86) prevents apoptosis caused by chemotherapy or serum withdrawal. We now report that CD28 pro-survival signaling is dependent upon downstream activation of phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt, inactivation of the transcription factor FoxO3a, and decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim. Conversely, blocking the CD28–CD80/CD86 interaction between MM cells and DC in vitro abrogates the DC’s ability to protect MM cells against chemotherapy-induced death. Consistent with these observations, in vivo blockade of CD28–CD80/CD86 in the Vk*MYC murine myeloma model sensitizes MM cells to chemotherapy and significantly reduces tumor burden. Taken together, our findings suggest that CD28 is an important mediator of MM survival during stress and can be targeted to overcome chemotherapy resistance.
Are the Medical Humanities for Sale? Lessons from a Historical Debate

In November of 1959, William Bean published in the Archives of Internal Medicine a scathing review of Felix Marti-Ibanez's Centaur: Essays on the History of Medical Ideas. Marti-Ibanez and Bean were two of the leading exponents of the importance of medical humanism during a formative period from the 1950s through the 1970s. But the two physicians differed fundamentally in their views of the ideal relationships among the pharmaceutical industry, the medical profession, and the medical humanities. We situate Bean's review within its historical context, shedding light on the history and diverging uses of the medical humanities.
The Ferret's vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb: Effect of hormone manipulation in adult males and females

The male ferret, a carnivore, was recently shown to possess a vomeronasal organ (VNO). We compared the morphology of the VNO and its associated accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) in male and female ferrets that were killed in adulthood. The volume and surface area of the VNO neuroepithelium were similar in adult gonadectomized male and female ferrets regardless of whether they were treated with testosterone propionate (TP) or oil vehicle. An AOB was localized bilaterally in the medial caudal part of the olfactory bulbs of adult ferrets using soybean agglutin binding and immunostaining for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase as well as Nissl staining of coronal, horizontal, and sagittal brain sections. There was no effect of sex or TP treatment on AOB cell layer volume in adult gonadectomized animals. We found the ferret's AOB to be more medially located and much smaller than previously reported in this species, thus highlighting the importance of using several histochemical markers to characterize this structure in any previously unexamined species. Adult male and female ferrets both have a VNO and an associated AOB. More research is needed to determine what role, if any, this accessory olfactory system plays in mediating behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to pheromones in ferrets of either sex.