cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ultrastructural study of pyrenoids inLeptosiropsis torulosa

The ultrastructure of the mature pyrenoid of the chaetophoracean algaLeptosiropsis torulosa is unlike any described for the green algae. The nucleus is surrounded by the pyrenoid, with only the endoplasmic reticulum interrupting the encircling pyrenoid. The pyrenoid possesses only the appressed plastid membranes that are in contact with the nucleus, with no traversing thylakoids present.
Dialectal Effects on a Clinical Spanish Word Recognition Test

Purpose American Spanish dialects have substantial phonetic and lexical differences. This study investigated how dialectal differences affect Spanish/English bilingual individuals' performance on a...
Magnetic field measurements via visible spectroscopy on the Z machine.

Sandia's Z Machine uses its high current to magnetically implode targets relevant to inertial confinement fusion. Since target performance is highly dependent on the applied drive field, measuring magnetic field at the target is essential for accurate simulations. Recently, the magnetic field at the target was measured through splitting of the sodium 3s-3p doublet at 5890 and 5896 A. Spectroscopic dopants were applied to the exterior of the target, and spectral lines were observed in absorption. Magnetic fields in excess of 200 T were measured, corresponding to drive currents of approximately 5 MA early in the pulse.
The effect of leukotrienes B and selected HETEs on the proliferation of colon cancer cells.

Abstract Eicosanoids have been implicated in colon carcinogenesis, but very little is known on the potential role of leukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) in this process; such compounds are produced by colonocytes and tumor infiltrating leukocytes. We studied the effect of LTB4, LTB4 methyl ester, LTB5, 12(R)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HETE (10−10, 10−8, 10−6 M) on the proliferation rate, the cell cycle distribution, and the rate of apoptosis in HT-29 and HCT-15 human colon carcinoma cells. Our data show that LTB4, a lipoxygenase product, increased the proliferation rate of both cell lines in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In HT-29 cells the concentration-response curve was bell-shaped (maximal effect at 10−8 M). The proliferative effects of LTB4 in HT-29 cells were inhibited by SC-41930, a competitive antagonist of LTB4, suggesting the existence of an LTB4 receptor in epithelial cells. The methyl ester of LTB4 stimulated the proliferation of these cells, but LTB5, an isomer of LTB4 derived from eicosapentaenoic acid, did not. Of the HETEs, only 12(R)-HETE, a P-450 product, stimulated the proliferation of both cell lines; the other HETEs, all lipoxygenase products, failed to affect the proliferation of these cells. None of these eicosanoids had any effect on cell cycle distribution or apoptosis in either cell line. Taken together with our previous data showing that PGs stimulate colon cancer cell proliferation (Qiao et al. (1995) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1258, 215–223), these findings indicate that arachidonic acid products synthesized via at least three different pathways (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, P-450) may be able to modulate the growth of colon cancer, and suggest a potential role in human colon carcinogenesis for LTB4 and 12(R)-HETE.
Deuteron stripping on the even isotopes of Ca (I)

Abstract Deuteron-stripping reactions on a special target consisting of approximately equal amounts of the five stable even calcium isotopes have been performed at 7.00 and 7.20 MeV. Angular distributions for the l n = 3 1 f 7 2 ground states and strongest 2 p 3 2 transitions were measured and analysed using the DWBA. Optical-model parameters for the analysis were obtained from 7.00 and 7.20 MeV elastic-scattering measurements. Transitions to the 2.017 MeV level of 41 Ca and 0.990 MeV level of 43 Ca both with l n = 2 were also obtained. Spectroscopic factors were deduced from the data and are discussed in terms of core excitation of the Ca ground-state target nuclei.
Food preferences in lambs after exposure to flavors in milk

Abstract This study determined whether experience with onion- or garlic-flavored milk affected intake of foods with those flavors. Orphaned lambs were exposed from 2 to 3 days of age for 50 days to either onion- or garlic-flavored milk at a 0.1% concentration. Lambs were then offered a choice of (1) onion- and garlic-flavored food; (2) onion-flavored and unflavored food; (3) garlic-flavored and unflavored food. Intake of foods offered in single choice tests with each flavor at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16% was also measured. Although all lambs ingested more onion-flavored food than garlic-flavored food, they ate relatively more ( P P P >0.05) intake of garlic-flavored food when offered with unflavored food. Regardless of which flavor they were exposed to in milk, intake of onion- and garlic-flavored food offered alone was similar
Interactions among mutualism, competition, and predation foster species coexistence in diverse communities

In natural systems, organisms are simultaneously engaged in mutualistic, competitive, and predatory interactions. Theory predicts that species persistence and community stability are feasible when the beneficial effects of mutualisms are balanced by density-dependent negative feedbacks. Enemy-mediated negative feedbacks can foster plant species coexistence in diverse communities, but empirical evidence remains mixed. Disparity between theoretical expectations and empirical results may arise from the effects of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi. Here, we build a multiprey species/predator model combined with a bidirectional resource exchange system, which simulates mutualistic interactions between plants and fungi. To reach population persistence, (1) the per capita rate of increase of all plant population must exceed the sum of the negative per capita effects of predation, interspecific competition, and costs of mycorrhizal association, and (2) the per capita numerical response of enemies to mycorrhizal plants must exceed the magnitude of the per capita enemy rate of mortality. These conditions reflect the balance between regulation and facilitation in the system. Interactions between plant natural enemies and mycorrhizal fungi lead to shifts in the strength and direction of net mycorrhizal effects on plants over time, with common plant species deriving greater benefits from mycorrhizal associations than rare plant species.
Bayesian Alternatives to the F Test for Two Population Variances

Bayesian alternatives to the classical F test comparing two population variances are explored. Shoemaker (2003) suggested two adjustments to the F test due to it being very sensitive to the normal assumption of the two populations. A simulation study is performed to compare the Bayesian alternatives to the F test and Shoemaker's adjusted F tests as well as to the Levene/Brown–Forsythe and the squared rank nonparametric tests. The Bayesian alternatives assume a normal parent distribution and non informative priors and the conjugate prior for the variances; in addition, an exponential power distribution is considered as the parent distribution with a non informative prior for the variances. The latter looks to be very promising provided that a suitable value of a parameter which measures the extent of non normality is chosen.
Meta-Analysis of Menstrual Cycle Effects on Women’s Mate Preferences:

In evolutionary psychology predictions, women’s mate preferences shift between fertile and nonfertile times of the month to reflect ancestral fitness benefits. Our meta-analytic test involving 58 independent reports (13 unpublished, 45 published) was largely nonsupportive. Specifically, fertile women did not especially desire sex in short-term relationships with men purported to be of high genetic quality (i.e., high testosterone, masculinity, dominance, symmetry). The few significant preference shifts appeared to be research artifacts. The effects declined over time in published work, were limited to studies that used broader, less precise definitions of the fertile phase, and were found only in published research.
Self-Control and Crime/Deviance: Cognitive vs. Behavioral Measures

Using survey data, various measures of self-control, based respectively on cognitive and behavioral indicators, are compared in their ability to predict eight measures of crime/deviance. The results show that either type of measure produces supportive evidence for the theory, and the behavioral measures provide no better prediction than do the cognitive measures. Unlike cognitive type indicators, and contrary to the implications of the theory, different types of crime-analogous, imprudent behaviors are not highly interrelated, making it difficult to develop reliable behavioral measures. These results suggest that general support for self-control theory would likely not be any greater if all researchers had used behaviorally based measures, as recommended by the authors of the theory. Improving the level of prediction to the point where self-control could claim to be the master variable, as envisioned by its proponents, does not seem to rest on a shift to behaviorally based measures. Instead, improvements in the theory itself, particularly the incorporation of contingencies, appears to offer more promise.
The stomach as a system and the pathogenesis of experimental ulcer.

Abstract The stomach is prone to ulceration because of the hostile environment that exists within its lumen. The most important etiologic factor remains a topic of debate. We have considered the stomach as a system to lend insight into which pathophysiologic mechanisms might be most important. Systems are described by their content, hierarchy, entropy and interactions. The states of health, disease and death (i.e. ulceration) are represented by progressively increasing levels of entropy. It is argued that many of the purported causes of ulcer disease, such as acid back-diffusion or alcohol related necrosis, represent alterations in the system that affect small groups of cells that are low in the hierarchy and cause the tissue to enter the diseased state. We hypothesize that because blood flow is high within the hierarchy it represents the major nomeostatic mechanism. If blood flow responds appropriately the system may return to the healthy state. If it does not the death of the system results in ulceration. Experimental evidence to support these contentions is presented.
An examination of the cocaine relapse process

Although empirical studies of the relapse process have been done with alcoholics, smokers, and opiate addicts, comparatively little information is available on the relapse process in cocaine abusers. This paper presents data from the Cocaine Relapse Interview (CRI), a structured interview that assesses factors associated with the onset, course, and termination of cocaine relapse episodes. In a sample of 95 cocaine dependent patients, the experiences that occurred with the greatest frequency immediately prior to relapse were wanting drugs, being alone, having money, and feeling extremely bored and lonely. Following the onset of the relapse, the most frequent experience was unpleasant affect, although positive reactions were also relatively common. The factors perceived as most important in terminating relapse were painful internal states, help-seeking behaviors, and other coping responses. Three types of relapse experiences, or pathways, were identified: (a) unpleasant affect--painful internal states prior to and throughout the relapse; (b) positive affect--positive affect and pleasant social experiences prior to relapse coupled with a relatively unproblematic course; and (c) sensation seeking--sensation seeking and interpersonal problems prior to relapse coupled with mixed emotional reactions and antisocial behavior during the relapse, and interpersonal problems at relapse termination.
Programmer's guide to Fortran 90

Written by members of the Fortran 90 ISO and ANSI committees, this book is the source of the most important information about the powerful Fortran 90 programming language. It is organized so that it may be read beginning to end, but also so that particular topics may be studied directly. All of the important new features of Fortran 90 are covered with examples and case studies are used to illustrate the practical use of features. There are also simple problems designed to enable the reader to exercise their knowledge of the topics learned. Amongst the features of this book are: - free source form, new do and case constructs, recursion, modules, data structures, array processing, internal procedures, optional and keyword arguments, and nonadvancing input/output; - extensive examples of Fortran 90 programs; - case studies that illustrate the practical use of Fortran 90 features; - style notes; - extensive discussion of input/output facilities; - the complete syntax of Fortran 90.
Effective training for chat reference personnel: An exploratory study

By surveying reference practitioners on their perceptions of chat reference training, this study presents effective training techniques that could enhance the professional preparation for chat reference personnel. Results indicate that the most effective training techniques involve hands-on practice among trainees and easy access to supporting materials. Librarians with different experiences and comfort levels with chat, who work in different chat reference service modes, and provide evaluation from different perspectives, have significantly different views on the effectiveness of certain training techniques.
Femtosecond Dynamics of DNA Photolyase: Energy Transfer of Antenna Initiation and Electron Transfer of Cofactor Reduction

Photolyase is an enzyme that uses light energy to repair UV-induced DNA damage. We report here our femtosecond studies of the complex dynamics of energy and electron transfer in E. coli photolyase. Under physiological conditions, the excitation energy transfer from the antenna molecule methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF) to the fully reduced cofactor flavin (FADH-) occurs in 292 ps, but it takes 19 ps to the in vitro oxidized neutral cofactor (FADH). The orientation factors were found to be 0.11 for the MTHF−FADH- pair and 0.28 for MTHF−FADH, unfavorable for energy transfer, indicating the existing structural constraints probably placed by three functional binding sites. The photoreduction of the neutral FADH to the catalytically active cofactor FADH- was revealed to evolve along two electron-transfer pathways: one is along a tryptophan triad with the initial electron hop in 10 ps; the other route starts with an initial electron separation in 40 ps through the neighboring phenylalanine followed by either tun...
Hybrid CdSe-dendron nanoparticle and polymer blend knodels at the interface

The interesting interfacial behavior of hybrid CdSe–dendron nanoparticles and poly(9-vinylcarbazole) blends at the air–water interface is reported. Surface pressure–area isotherms, compression–expansion cycles, and isobaric creep measurements were made along with Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) deposition. The blends resulted in better nanoparticle polydispersity and “knodel” formation as verified by AFM and PM-IRRAS.
Recent Variations of Sea Ice and Air Temperature in High Latitudes

A gridded sea-ice database, for which the record length is now approaching four decades for the Arctic and two decades for the Antarctic, is summarized here. The sea-ice fluctuations derived from the dataset are characterized by temporal scales of several seasons to several years and spatial scales of 30-180 deg of longitude. The ice data are examined in conjunction with air temperature data for evidence of recent climate change in the polar regions. The arctic sea-ice variations over the past several decades are compatible with the corresponding air temperatures, which show a distinct warming that is strongest over northern land areas during the winter and spring. Statistically significant decreases of the summer extent of arctic ice are apparent in the sea-ice data, and new summer minima have been achieved three times in the past 15 years. There is no significant trend if ice extent in the Arctic during winter or in the Antarctic during any season.
Limitations of size as a criterion in evaluating adrenal tumours

Background Size is considered the single best predictor of malignancy in evaluating adrenal neoplasms identified incidentally during abdominal imaging, yet small adrenal cortical cancers have been reported previously from several centres. Methods This was a retrospective evaluation of the value of tumour size and other preoperative clinical parameters in predicting the presence or absence of malignancy in adult patients who underwent adrenalectomy for an adrenal tumour at this institution. Results One hundred and sixteen patients underwent adrenalectomy. Diagnoses were adrenal cortical carcinoma (n = 38), phaeochromocytoma (n = 27), metastasis to the adrenal gland (n = 11) and benign tumours (n = 40) (cortical adenoma, 23; cyst, two; cortical hyperplasia, five; ganglioneuroma, four; myelolipoma, six). The median size of the adrenal cortical carcinomas was 9·2 (range 1·7–30) cm; five tumours were smaller than 5·0 cm. The median overall size of the benign tumours (excluding phaeochromocytomas) was 4·0 cm; the median size of the adrenal cortical adenomas was 3·0 cm. Eleven benign tumours were larger than 5·0 cm, including two cortical adenomas. The radiographic features of three of five small adrenal cancers correctly predicted malignancy; the remaining two patients with small cancers had symptoms related to functioning tumours. Conversely, the radiographic features of seven of 11 large benign adrenal tumours correctly predicted benign histology, including five of five myelolipomas. Conclusion While size remains a good predictor of histology and clinical behaviour of functioning and non-functioning adrenal neoplasms, both small adrenal cortical cancers and large benign tumours occur with measurable frequency. High-quality imaging studies (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) may be helpful in identifying relatively small yet radiographically atypical adrenal tumours more likely to be cancers, as well as radiographically characteristic benign myelolipomas which may be followed selectively. © 2000 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd
Differences in Learning Styles of Dominican and Puerto Rican Students: We Are Latinos from the Caribbean; Our First Language Is Spanish, However; Our Learning Preferences Are Different.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Dominican and Puerto Rican students’ learning style. Findings of the study demonstrated differences between the learning preferences of Dominican and Puerto Rican students in the elements of Motivation (t = 2.846, p = .005), Several Ways of Learning (t = 2.351, p = .020), and Tactile (t = 3.469; p = .001).
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of SO3- at 355 and 266 nm

Photoelectron spectra of SO3- were recorded at 266 and 355 nm to study photodetachment of the SO3- anion (2A1) to the ground state of neutral SO3 (1A‘1). A long vibrational progression in the 355 nm spectrum is attributed to excitation of the umbrella mode, ν2, consistent with predictions that C3v symmetry SO3- yields D3h symmetry SO3 upon photodetachment. At 266 nm, photodissociation of SO3- to SO2 + O- was also observed. The geometry and normal-mode frequencies of SO3- and SO3 as well as the adiabatic electron affinity (AEA) and vertical detachment energy (VDE) of SO3 have also been calculated with ab initio (MP2 and CCSD(T)) and DFT methods. Using theoretical predictions and experimental data, Franck−Condon simulations of the photoelectron spectra were found to be in good agreement with experiment. The calculated AEA agreed well with experiment, but the VDE was found to be less accurate, presumably because of the large geometry change between anion and neutral.
Report of the Nigeria Education Trust Fund ICT Capacity Building Programme

Provides a report on the progress of the Education Trust Fund (ETF) training programme in Nigeria, which originally started in 2002. The ETF training is an educative and skillful programme that is designed to build manpower.
Euler analysis of the three dimensional flow field of a high-speed propeller: Boundary condition effects

The results of an investigation of the effects of far field boundary conditions on the solution of the three dimensional Euler equations governing the flow field of a high speed single rotation propeller are presented. The results show that the solutions obtained with the nonreflecting boundary conditions are in good agreement with experimental data. The specification of nonreflecting boundary conditions is effective in reducing the dependence of the solution on the location of the far field boundary. Details of the flow field within the blade passage and the tip vortex are presented. The dependence of the computed power coefficient on the blade passage and the tip vortex are presented. The dependence of the computed power coefficient on the blade setting angle is examined.
Hiring, training and tetaining: managing student employee turnover

Coming from a large university with a student staff approximating 80, our hiring became overwhelming for one or two supervisors who had to hire 30-40 new consultants.We had to get the best results without sacrificing so much of our time. This paper will present a streamlined system that makes hiring and training a more efficient process. Our training begins when they are hired and continues throughout the course of their employment to ensure quality student consultants.
Quantum calculation of thermal effect in quantum-dot cellular automata

We present a theoretical study of thermal effect in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). An extended Hubbard-type model for the Hamiltonian of the QCA arrays, and canonical distribution were used to obtain thermal average of polarization for the QCA cells. A full-basis quantum method has been used for the calculation of response function for a two- and a three-cell array system. Each cell is composed of four dots located at the corners of the cells. Results show that the nonlinear behavior of the response function functions decay with the temperature as well as with the number of cells in the array. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 73–78, 2005
Fatty acid specificity of the lysosomal acid cholesterol esterase in intact human arterial smooth muscle cells

The fatty-acid specificity of the lysosomal cholesterol esterase was examined in cultured human arterial smooth muscle cells. The lysosomal compartment of cultured cells was enriched with cholesteryl esters by incubation of cells with 0.2 mg/ml low-density lipoprotein and 50 microM chloroquine for 24 h. The hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters was subsequently induced by incubating cells in a medium containing 5% lipoprotein-deficient serum without chloroquine. Cellular cholesteryl ester mass was markedly reduced after 23 h in the lipoprotein-deficient serum. Fatty-acid analysis of cholesteryl esters in cells before and after the 23 h incubation with lipoprotein-deficient serum revealed that polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters (linoleate and arachidonate) were preferentially hydrolyzed compared to cholesteryl oleate or saturated cholesteryl esters. An increase in the ratio of cholesteryl oleate to cholesteryl linoleate was observed even when the cellular activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase was inhibited with Sandoz Compound 58-035. We conclude that, in human arterial smooth muscle cells, the lysosomal acid cholesterol esterase preferentially hydrolyzes polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Japanese Experiences of Personal and Vicarious Shame

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural influences on shame. In particular, the focus was to assess the influence of the following factors on the object of shame (specifically, personal vs. vicarious shame): (1) the effect of individualism/collectivism, measured by a widely used standardized measurement; (2) the role of tightness/looseness (based on ecological factors); and (3) the patterns of within- and between-cultural differences and similarities. Data were collected from two American and two Japanese universities to test within- and between-cultural influences on the object of shame. Participants were asked to describe and rate three autobiographical experiences of shame, with each successive request being increasingly specific in asking for shame about something for which the participant did not feel responsible. Cultural differences in tightness and looseness, both within and between the two nations, were predictive of the likelihood that participants would report vicarious shame. In contrast, standard measures of individualism-collectivism did not predict these differences. These findings suggest that culture affects the object of shame. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism were not a significant predictor. Rather, tightness/looseness determined by ecological factors was the better predictor of some cultural differences on the object of shame. Furthermore, these findings imply that attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism may not agree with ecological measures, and that including multiple samples from each language/nation effectively reduces the confound between culture and language.
Examining the contribution of handwriting and spelling to written expression in kindergarten children

In this study, we examined the development of beginning writing skills in kindergarten children and the contribution of spelling and handwriting to these writing skills after accounting for early language, literacy, cognitive skills, and student characteristics. Two hundred and forty two children were given a battery of cognitive, oral language, reading, and writing measures. They exhibited a range of competency in spelling, handwriting, written expression, and in their ability to express ideas. Handwriting and spelling made statistically significant contributions to written expression, demonstrating the importance of these lower-order transcription skills to higher order text-generation skills from a very early age. The contributions of oral language and reading skills were not significant. Implications of these findings for writing development and instruction are addressed.
Optimization of ex vivo expansion of HER2 specific polyfunctional Th1/Th17 cells from HER2 vaccine primed PBMC.

Meeting abstracts Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded neu specific polyfunctional T-cells secreting TNF-alpha (α), IFN-gamma (γ), and IL-17 (Th1/Th17) cells into tumor bearing mice can result in complete resolution of disease as compared to the use of neu specific Th1 (Lai et al 2009). Murine
Characterization of nanoclay orientation in polymer nanocomposite film by small-angle X-ray scattering

Abstract The orientation distribution of layer-shaped nanoclays (e.g. organoclays and pristine clays) dispersed in a polymer matrix is an important parameter to control the properties of polymer nanocomposites. In this study, we demonstrate that the use of multi-directional 2-D small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can quantitatively describe the orientation distribution of organoclays (e.g. Cloisite C20A) in melt-pressed nanocomposite films, containing ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers as polymer matrices. Different weight fractions of organoclays were used to alter the orientation profile of nanocomposite films, in which the dispersion and morphology of organoclays were also characterized by complementary 2-D and 3-D transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All nanocomposites exhibited mixed intercalation/exfoliation clay morphology, where the intercalated structure possessed partial orientation parallel to the in-plane direction of the film. The higher content of the clay loading showed a higher clay orientation. A simple analytical scheme for SAXS data analysis to determine the orientation parameter ( P 2 ) was demonstrated, the results of which are in agreement with the gas permeation properties of the nanocomposite films.
Participation bias in a population-based echocardiography study.

Abstract Purpose To compare the characteristics of participants and non-participants in a population-based study of cardiac ventricular function. Methods Subjects aged 45 years and older on January 1, 1997 were recruited from a sampling frame of Olmsted County residents from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Subjects were asked to complete a 17-page questionnaire and participate in a 4-hour clinical examination that included a brief physical examination, echocardiography, spirometry, and an electrocardiogram. With specific IRB approval, the community medical records of participants and non-participants from the first wave of recruitment were examined by trained nurse abstractors to elicit details of past medical history. Results Of the first 963 persons invited to participate in the study, 488 (51%) completed all phases of the examination. Participation rates were similar among men and women (53% vs. 49%, respectively). By age, participation rates were lowest among persons aged 75 years and older (44.7% and 34.9%) and 45 to 54 years (45.4% and 44.3%) for men and women. Participation rates were not different according to past history of coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, or other cardiovascular disease. Persons with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were less likely to participate (19.4% vs. 51%; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.18, 0.76) after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbid conditions. Conclusions These results provide some reassurance that participation bias in this study may have little influence on its overall findings, although this cannot be conclusive.
New Infestation of Branched Broomrape, Orobanche ramosa (Orobanchaceae), on Black Medic, (Medicago lupulina) (Fabaceae), in Virginia.

Orobanche ramosa L. is arguably the most insidious of the major broomrapes, achlorophyllous root parasites of various row crops (4). It has a broad host range and is the most widely spread of any agronomically important broomrape. In the United States, California, Kentucky, and Texas have persistent populations. The California and Texas populations are carefully monitored. Isolated and ephemeral occurrences were reported from New Jersey and a New York greenhouse (1). In May 2006, remnants of capsules were found by a botany student in an urban area of Norfolk, VA. We visited the site during May 2007 and found a flowering population of approximately 100 plants parasitizing Medicago lupulina L. On the basis of size, color, and shape of the corolla and capsule and the branching pattern, the species was determined to be O. ramosa, part of a complex of closely related taxa that is currently undergoing revision. It differs from native broomrapes and the widely introduced O. minor because of its corolla color and...
Delineating new foot trails within the US-Mexico border zone using semi-automatic linear object extraction methods and very high resolution imagery

A consequence of illegal immigration and border law enforcement practices has been the development of a complex foot trail network in remote areas of San Diego County near the US–Mexico border. Comprehensive monitoring of changes in trail networks requires multitemporal remote sensing analyses. Three semi-automated, commercially available object extraction routines were evaluated for delineating new trails. Three types of multi-temporal image products were generated from two dates of scanned colour infrared (CIR) images of two US–Mexico border study sites, at four spatial resolutions (15, 30, 60 and 120 cm). Accuracy was assessed using reference data created by manual image interpretation. The semi-automated routines captured most of the new trail objects, but also contained gaps and high commission error. Products derived using a spatial contextual-based neural network classifier with CIR image difference or red band layer stack and 15 or 30 cm spatial resolution image inputs yielded the best extractions...
The Journalistic Referents: A Crucial Distinction Between Sources and Voices

This study emphasizes the significance of a functional distinction between two categories of journalistic referents: the ‘sources’ who are at the origin of the information and the ‘voices’ who react to the news. Drawing examples from the French press coverage of the Second Intifada, the paper analyzes the problems raised by fallacious shifts from the role of source to that of voice and vice-versa. It thus demonstrates the importance of such categorization for the journalists and their public.
End‐users in academia: meeting the information needs of university researchers in an electronic age

This paper is the first part of a two‐part paper, which examines the transition to the electronic information era in academia. Seeks to establish from the published literature to what extent university researchers have accepted, and adapted to, the changes wrought in information activity by seemingly endless technological developments. Within the wider context of the impact of the changing information environment on each of the three clearly discernible components of academic research (the creation of knowledge and standards, the preservation of information, and the communication of knowledge and information to others), disciplinary‐rooted differences in the conduct of research and their influence on information needs are identified, and the resulting inter‐ and intra‐ individual variations in researchers’ information seeking behaviour are explored. Reviewing a large number of studies investigating the integration of electronic media into academic work, an attempt is made to paint the picture of academics’ progressively harnessing the new technologies to scholarly information gathering endeavours, with the expressed hope of affording some insight into the directions and basic trends characterizing the information activity of university faculty in an increasingly electronic environment. *The author is a PhD student at City University and is also Vice‐Director of the Library at the University of Haifa, Israel.
Socialization in a Heteronomous Profession: Public School Teaching

This investigation focused on the conceptual modification of professional and bureaucratic role conceptions which accompanies passage from education student to public school teacher. Comparisons were made between 121 educa tion students and eighty-eight experienced teachers on measures of professional and bureaucratic role conceptions. Analyses of variance were employed to test the differences between groups on each dimension. No significant difference in professional orientation was found between students and experienced teachers, although females were significantly higher than males on the same dimension. Experienced teachers were significantly less bureaucrati cally oriented than education students. None of the interaction effects reached significance. It is suggested that the present work may serve to inform future longitudinal studies of socialization into public school teaching. PUBLIC SCHOOL teaching, along with sev eral other occupations including nursing and social work, has long sustained an image of pro fessionalism. In teaching, this professional ideol ogy has been promulgated in large part by teach ers' organizations, especially the National Edu cation Association and its state and local affil iates. Ideology notwithstanding, it seems fair to say that in the past public school teaching has not qualified as a profession in terms of criteria that will be discussed. However, within the last decade there has been mounting evidence that teachers are aggressively aspiring to genuine professional status (8). At the same time, the long standing tradition of local lay control over education and the in creasing size and complexity of school organiza tions have reinforced the bureaucratic-employee image of teaching. Although both professional and bureaucratic principles of organization share some common characteristics, they represent fun damentally different forms of social control. Moreover, the tension between the two patterns of control and their attendant role requirements represents a pervasive problem for those occupa tions subjected to both forms of social control. Such occupations have been termed heteronomous professions.1 The problem is especially acute in occupations like teaching, which are not yet "full fledged" professions but are engaged in the process of professionalization.2 The present paper describes a study of social ization and public school teaching. Specifically, the investigation focuses on the conceptual mod ification of professional and bureaucratic roles which accompanies passage from student to prac titioner.
Spectral versus temporal features in dichotic listening

Abstract Ear advantage for the processing of dichotic speech sounds can be separated into two components. One of these components is an ear advantage for those phonetic features that are based on spectral acoustic cues. This ear advantage follows the direction of a given individual's ear dominance for the processing of spectral information in dichotic sounds, whether speech or nonspeech. The other factor represents a right-ear advantage for the processing of temporal information in dichotic sounds, whether speech or nonspeech. The present experiments were successful in dissociating these two factors. Since the results clearly show that ear advantage for speech is influenced by ear dominance for spectral information, a full understanding of the asymmetry in the perceptual salience of speech sounds in any individual will not be possible without knowing his ear dominance.
Darkogenesis: A baryon asymmetry from the dark matter sector

In standard models of baryogenesis and of dark matter, the mechanisms which generate the densities in both sectors are unrelated to each other. In this paper we explore models which generate the baryon asymmetry through the dark matter sector, simultaneously relating the baryon asymmetry to the dark matter density. In the class of models we explore, a dark matter asymmetry is generated in the hidden sector through a first-order phase transition. Within the hidden sector, it is easy to achieve a sufficiently strong first-order phase transition and large enough CP violation to generate the observed asymmetry. This can happen above or below the electroweak phase transition, but in both cases significantly before the dark matter becomes nonrelativistic. We study examples where the asymmetric dark matter density is then transferred to the baryons both through perturbative and nonperturbative communication mechanisms, and show that in both cases cosmological constraints are satisfied while a sufficient baryon asymmetry can be generated.
Development of Anisotropy in Fibroblast Populated Collagen Gels

The development of anisotropic mechanical properties is critical for the successful tissue engineering of many soft tissues. Load bearing tissues naturally develop varying degrees of anisotropy, presumably in response to their specific loading environment. For example, the heart wall develops a collagen structure that varies in a predictable manner through its depth [1]. Tendon, on the other hand, develops a matrix that does not vary much in orientation and is highly aligned in the direction of muscle loading [2]. These varied levels of anisotropy may be due to inherent differences between the cells in each tissue, to differences in the mechanical load and boundary conditions seen by the cells, or to a combination of these factors.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1-benzylamino-1-deoxy-d-threo-pentulose, 1-dibenzylamino-1-deoxy-d-fructuronic acid, and d-glucuronic acid☆

Abstract Three compounds, 1-benzylamino-1-deoxy- d - threo -pentulose ( 1 ), 1-dibenzylamino-1-deoxy- d -fructuronic acid ( 2 ), and d -glucuronic acid ( 3 ) were converted into 2-furaldehyde in acidified, tritiated water. In the latter system, the 2-furaldehyde derived from 1 contained 13% of the activity of the solvent at the aldehyde carbon and 9% at positions 3–5 of the furan ring; that from 2 contained 8% at the aldehyde carbon and 29% at positions 3–5; and that from 3 contained 18% at positions 3–5 In deuterium oxide, the 2-furaldehyde derived from 1 contained 14 atom % of deuterium at position 3, 5% at position 4, and 0% at position 5. That from 2 contained 50% at position 3, 44% at position 4, and 7% at position 5. That from 3 contained 35% at position 3, 15% at position 4, and 5% at position 5. The data for 1 are discussed relative to prior data on incorporation collected for d -xylose Incorporation data for both 2 and 3 are qualitatively consistent with a decarboxylation step involving a β,γ-unsaturated, carboxylic acid intermediate. A mechanism for the decarboxylation of hexuronic acids is presented.
Psychological Theories and Low-Wage Work

Low-wage work is a modern social problem, affecting millions of individuals, families, and communities. The field of psychology is a critical starting point for examining the relationship between low-wage work and mental health. This literature review aims to identify psychological theories related to low-wage work. Psychological theories related to work and employment are explored, as is emerging research on the necessity of a paradigm shift from the dichotomous categories of “employed” and “unemployed,” which allows for the conceptualization of employment as a continuum. This research focuses on underemployment and may contribute to the development of theory directly relating to low-wage work.
The perceived intentionality of groups

Abstract Heider and Simmel [Heider, F., Simmel, M., 1944. An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology 57, 243–259] found that people spontaneously describe depictions of simple moving objects in terms of purposeful and intentional action. Not all intentional beings are objects, however, and people often attribute purposeful activity to non-object individuals such as countries, basketball teams, and families. This raises the question of whether the same effect found by Heider and Simmel would hold for non-object individuals such as groups. We replicate and extend the original study, using both objects and groups as stimuli, and introducing two control conditions with groups that are not engaged in structured movement. We found that under the condition that best promoted the attribution of intentionality, moving groups are viewed as purposeful and goal-directed entities to the same extent that moving objects are. These results suggest that the psychological distinction between the notion of `intentional entity' and the notion of `object' can be found even in the perception of moving geometrical figures.
A very original case of a mini accessory liver lobe with its own gallbladder

Anatomic variation of the hepatobiliary system is often related to the biliary tract and vascular supply of the liver. We present here one of the smallest accessory hepatobiliary system. The case of a 30-year-old male who was a living liver donor is presented. During the dissection of the portal hilum, 1.5 cm of accessory liver (AL) tissue was noted below the left lobe of the liver. This AL tissue had a gallbladder of 1.5 cm and which had a cystic duct opening to the bile duct of the accessory liver. The AL bile duct opened to the left bile duct of the liver. The arterial and portal supply of the AL came from the left artery and left portal vein of the liver. The accessory gallbladder also had a cystic artery coming from the arterial branch of the AL. It was noted that the hepatic vein of the AL opened directly to left lobe tissue. The hepatobiliary system has many anatomic variations, but this case is rare and original in the literature in that it may be a cause of confusion and even a false diagnosis.
Electronic and optical properties of periodically stacked orientational domains in CuPt-ordered GaInP2

Abstract Orientational domain twins that are periodically stacked in the growth direction are frequently observed in spontaneously ordered GaInP 2 alloys grown under special conditions. We present experimental evidence showing that the electronic and optical properties of such structures are altered from those of the uniform Cu–Pt ordered alloy.
A Numerical Technique for Tracking Sharp Fronts in Studies of Tertiary Oil-Recovery Pilots

A numerical front-tracking technique, based on a transformation of the governing equations into a moving coordinate system (MCS), is applied to a finite-element reservoir simulator. The method is especially suited for studies of tertiary oil-recovery pilots with chemical flooding and other miscible displacement procedures. The new front-tracking technique is compared to conventional finite-element formulations with a uniform grid over the entire domain. Comparisons with other methods show that computer time can be greatly reduced with the same accuracy.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) induces desensitization of the rat pituitary CRF receptor-adenylate cyclase complex.

The rise in circulating ACTH levels after adrenalectomy in the rat is associated with a decrease in CRF receptorbinding capacity in the anterior pituitary. To investigate the role of increased hypothalamic CRF release on pituitary CRF receptor regulation after withdrawal of glucocorticoid feedback by adrenalectomy, the effects of chronic CRF infusion and lesions in the medial basal hypothalamus were studied in the rat. Subcutaneous infusion of CRF at 10, 25, 50, and 100 ng/min for 48 h in intact rats caused dose-dependent increases in plasma ACTH levels from the control value of 32.1 ± 4.3 to 58.0 ± 4.9, 82.0 ± 7.1, 135.5 ± 11.6, and 149.2 ± 13.2 pg/ml, respectively. In contrast, the pituitary CRF receptor concentration was reduced by 25.3 ± 4.5%, 38.3 ± 2.5%, 43.8 ± 0.9%, and 45.8 ± 2.0%, respectively. Intravenous infusion of increasing doses of CRF caused a similar increase in plasma ACTH levels, which became maximum at the lowest infusion dose (32.4 ± 5.4,138.5 ± 12.3, 162.0 ± 18.3, and 167 ± 19.1 pg/m...
Order Statistics from Discrete Distributions

Summary. This is a survey of results on order statistics of a random sample taken from a discrete population. We discuss the finite sample distribution theory and characterization results, and study the dependence structure. We also discuss asymptotic results. While some of these results hold for both discrete and continuous populations, emphasis here is on the results which hold specifically for the discrete case. Results on order statistics from the discrete uniform, geometric, binomial, and multinomial distributions are presented and their applications to problems of testing and selection are indicated. The distribution of order statistics of a sample drawn at random without replacement is also covered.