cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung Ultrasound in Children With COVID-19.

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 LUS — : lung ultrasound The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading all around the world, affecting both adults and children. Recently, the clinical and radiographic characteristics of children infected have been described.1 Although lung ultrasound (LUS) is recognized as a valid imaging technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of pneumonia in pediatric age,2 no data are currently available about LUS use in children with COVID-19. Considering the well-known advantages of point-of-care ultrasound,3 including the possibility of reducing the patient’s movement across the hospital department, we investigated LUS findings in … Address correspondence to Marco Denina, MD, Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy. E-mail: marco.denina{at}gmail.com
Psychiatric emergencies during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in the suburban New York City area

Background This report characterizes patients presenting for psychiatric emergencies during the COVID-19 pandemic and describes COVID-19-related stressors. Methods Patients seen for emergency psychiatric evaluation during the height of the COVID-19 period (March 1-April 30, 2020; N = 201) were compared with those in the immediate Pre-COVID-19 period (January 1-February 28, 2020; N = 355), on sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnoses, symptoms, and disposition. Patients tested positive for COVID-19 were compared with those that tested negative on the same outcomes. Prevalence and nature of COVID-19-stressors that influenced the emergency presentation were rated. Outcome The most common psychiatric diagnoses and presenting symptoms during both periods were depression and suicidal ideation. Comparing the Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods, a significant decline in emergency psychiatric volume was observed in children and adolescents (C/A), but not adults. COVID-19 period C/A patients had more new onset disorders and were more likely to be admitted to inpatient care, but were less likely to present with suicide attempts, impulse control disorders and agitation/aggression. Adults were more likely to have no access to outpatient care, present with anxiety disorders, and were also more likely to be admitted for inpatient care. COVID-19 directly affected the psychiatric emergency in 25% of patients, with the more severe stressors triggered by fear of COVID infection (including psychosis), actual COVID infection in self or family members, including death of a loved one. COVID-positive patients were more likely to have psychosis, including new-onset, and were less likely to be depressed/suicidal compared to their COVID-negative counterparts. Conclusion This report demonstrates the need for emergency psychiatric services throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for clinical and diagnostic COVID-19 screening of psychiatric emergency patients. New and severe pathology underscore the need for enhanced outpatient access to tele-mental health, crisis hotline and on-line psychotherapeutic services, as well as psychiatric inpatient services with capacity to safely care for COVID-19 patients.
Facial Aging: A Quantitative Analysis of Midface Volume Changes over 11 Years.

BACKGROUND Anatomical studies have identified separate superficial and deep facial fat compartments, leading some to theorize that volume loss from the deep midface causes overlying superficial fat pseudoptosis. Unfortunately, a paucity of evidence exists regarding whether facial fat volume is truly lost with age and, if so, whether it is lost equally or differentially from the superficial and deep compartments. The aim of this study was to quantify volume changes occurring with age within the superficial, deep, and buccal fat compartments of the midface. METHODS A retrospective longitudinal study was performed evaluating individuals aged 30 to 65 years who underwent facial computed tomography followed by facial computed tomography greater than or equal to 10 years later. Superficial midface, deep midface, and buccal fat volumes were quantified using Horos radiology software. RESULTS Nineteen subjects met inclusion criteria. Mean total fat volume decreased significantly from 46.47 cc to 40.81 cc (p < 0.01). The mean superficial and deep fat volumes both decreased significantly from 26.10 cc to 23.15 cc (p < 0.01) and from 11.01 cc to 8.98 cc (p < 0.01), respectively. No significant difference was observed in buccal fat volume over time (9.36 cc to 8.68 cc; p = 0.04). Patients lost an average of 11.3 percent of their initial superficial fat volume and 18.4 percent of their initial deep fat volume. CONCLUSIONS Significant volume loss was observed from both superficial and deep facial fat compartments over a mean 11.3 years. Patients lost a greater percentage of deep facial fat volume, providing support for the theory of pseudoptosis caused by deep midface fat loss.
The Misuse of Expected Returns

Much textbook emphasis is placed on the mathematical notion of expected return and its historical estimate via an arithmetic average of past returns. But those wanting to forecast a typical future cumulative return should be more interested in estimating the median future cumulative return than in estimating the mathematical expected cumulative return. For that purpose, continuous compounding of the mathematical expected log gross return is more relevant than ordinary compounding of the mathematical expected gross return.
Fr. John Long on Ukraine Between the Three Romes

Fr. John Long, S.J. engaged in ecumenical activity between Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and Eastern Catholics during the second half of the Cold War. This chapter analyzes his reflections on the origins and development Ukrainian Catholics over the longue duree and attempts to situate his understanding within Long’s broader ecumenical commitments during the Soviet era. In a still unpublished essay, Fr. Long positions Ukraine between the Three Romes of Rome, Constantinople, and Moscow, recognizing Ukraine’s unique status as a contested ecclesiastical and political space which deeply impacts ecumenical engagement. Charting his historical reflection and its impact on late-Soviet ecumenical engagement, this chapter articulates how his essay still bears relevance on the contemporary post-Soviet ecumenical landscape.
Introduction: The Importance of Ultrasound in a Surgical Practice

This chapter will review the importance and necessity of intraoperative ultrasound in abdominal surgery. Considering the importance of this tool, the history of surgical ultrasound will be reviewed in addition to the challenges and the eventual rewards when incorporating ultrasound into a surgical practice.
Use of Web Technology for Interactive Remote Instruction

Advancements in web technology are changing learning paradigms. In this paper we relate various learning paradigms to existing technology and describe two approaches in IRI to use web technology for synchronous sessions: web steering and control and automatic content synthesis using the web. IRI (for Interactive Remote Instruction) is a computer-based system to support distance education developed at Old Dominion University; it is being used to teach courses between sites up to 200 miles apart.
Quad charts in software project management

Quad charts that have been primarily used in government procurement are finding their way into the area of software project management. We present an overview of quad charts, describe their use in software project management, and discuss three different methods of their construction. Implications for the use of quad charts in the curriculum are addressed.
"supermale" Caddisflies (Trichoptera : Hydropsychidae, Philopotamidae) From The North Central United States

Specimens of Chimarra socia and Cheumatopsyche campyla from Minnesota and Ohio, respectively, are reported with the unusual condition of possessing two sets of male genitalia. These specimens, the first report of "supermale" caddisflies from the United States are described and illustrated herein. The cause of the supermale condition remains unclear.
The Paradox of Fission and the Ontology of Ordinary Objects

What happens to a person in a case of fission? Does it survive? Does it go out of existence? Or is the outcome indeterminate? Since each description of fission based on the persistence conditions associated with our ordinary concept of a person seems to clash with one or more platitudes of common sense about the spatiotemporal profile of macroscopic objects, fission threatens the common-sense conception of persons with inconsistency. Standard responses to this paradox agree that the common-sense conception of persons is unstable, differing over which part of the conception requires revision. I will show that this entrenched view of fission is not compulsory. I will develop a solution to the paradox that maintains the consistency of the common-sense conception of persons on the basis of an ontology of persons and other ordinary objects as double-layered compounds. Each of various descriptions of the outcome of personal fission is compatible with principles about the spatiotemporal profile of persons, because the descriptions and the principles manifest different perspectives on persons and are made true or false by different ontological components of the latter. What holds for the fission of persons, holds for the fission of other kinds of objects.
Fasting glucose GWAS candidate region analysis across ethnic groups in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Fasting glucose is an important diabetes-related quantitative trait; investigations into its genetic etiology in non-diabetic individuals will lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes. There has been recent success in identifying genetic variants associated with fasting glucose using GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies). Several studies in Caucasians [Bouatia-Naji, et al. 2009; Bouatia-Naji, et al. 2008; Chambers, et al. 2009; Chen, et al. 2008; Prokopenko, et al. 2009] have produced consistent results, showing some variants in regions near MTNR1B, GCK, and G6PC2 to be significantly associated (p < 5 × 10−8) with fasting glucose, and a recent large (~100,000 subjects) meta-analysis of fasting glucose replicated the above associations, plus that in GCKR, and found variants in 12 novel gene regions to be significantly associated with fasting glucose [Dupuis, et al. 2010]. According to the NHGRI GWAS catalog, to date, all the published GWAS of fasting glucose (with the exception of one study which included Asian Indians [Chambers, et al. 2009]) have taken place in populations of European ancestry. Some studies examining the association of fasting glucose with SNPs identified from previous GWAS have been undertaken in non-Caucasian populations [Abate, et al. 2003; Demirci, et al. 2010; Hu, et al. 2009; Hu, et al. 2010; Kan, et al. 2010; Ramos, et al. 2010; Ronn, et al. 2009; Song, et al. 2011; Takeuchi, et al. 2010; Tam, et al. 2009; Yang, et al. 2010], but most of these studies have examined only 1 or 2 SNPs per gene region in a single ethnic group. There is a need to perform more comprehensive genetic analyses in multiple non-Caucasian populations to see if regions associated with fasting glucose in Caucasians are associated with fasting glucose in other ethnic groups. If some previously detected regions are replicated in other ethnic groups, the differing linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns across populations may provide the opportunity to narrow the search for causative variants in the regions. We investigated the three gene regions (MTNR1B, GCK, and G6PC2) shown most consistently to be associated with fasting glucose in Caucasians, across the four ethnic groups in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). MESA represents a unique opportunity to conduct such an analysis as extensive genotype data is available and glucose measurements and other data collection procedures were identical across all sites and ethnic groups, thereby permitting direct comparisons of the direction and magnitude of association.
Teaching software engineering from a maintenance-centric view

Software engineering (SE) careers are overwhelmingly devoted to maintenance and evolution of existing large software systems, rather than building such systems from ground up. Code comprehension, especially in the face of inadequate documentation and support, is a key challenge in efficiently conducting these maintenance activities. Therefore, SE courses in the computing curricula must adequately prepare the students to meet this challenge. We believe that Open Source Software (OSS) furnishes a useful source of realistic, sizeable projects for inculcating the appreciation and skills useful for comprehension and maintenance. We evaluate and observe that an OSS-based SE course emphasizing maintenance and evolution expanded students' appreciation of the difficulty in comprehending existing code and designs, especially when not well documented. We hope that this learned appreciation will encourage them to value and adopt a systematic, disciplined approach in building and documenting software systems.
PCB resistance within phytoplankton populations in polluted and unpolluted marine environments

Abstract A comparison between clones of two species of diatoms, Asterionella japonica and Ditylum brightwellii , isolated from Sandy Hook, New Jersey (polluted site) and Montauk, New York (unpolluted site) indicated that some of the clones from Sandy Hook were more resistant to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). A japonica was less sensitive to PCB than D. brightwellii since seven clones of A. japonica from both sites were tolerant of 25 μg litre −1 PCB whereas no clones from either site of D. brightwellii showed such resistance. Growth under high light intensity increased the sensitivity to PCB in all clones except one super-resistant clone from Sandy Hook which was not affected even by additions of 50 μg litre −1 to the growth medium. This interactive effect of light on PCB sensitivity may relate to the photo-adaptive characteristics of each clone.
Aggregators, search and the economics of new media institutions

Abstract Proliferation of content on the internet offers consumers access to more sources than had been possible with traditional media. Disaggregated content also increases the relevance of targeting for advertisers. But at the same time, search costs increase the role of intermediaries in media consumption in ways that are poorly understood. This paper studies the effects of search technology and aggregators in digital media markets. A simple model shows how these institutions can alter both market participation and the number of sites visited, which in turn affects equilibrium prices and profits in the advertising market. When consumers have a taste for variety and advertisers are horizontally differentiated, intermediaries can alter advertising strategies in ways that reduce the value of targeting. The results offer both positive and normative predictions about the value of new media institutions for consumers, advertisers and media outlets.
Index of refraction of noble gases for sodium matter waves

We present a theoretical study of the index of refraction of the light noble gases He and Ne for the propagation of sodium matter waves. Our approach is based on the well known multiple scattering theory inside a medium, which leads to an approximation for the index of refraction that depends only on the single forward scattering amplitude and the density distribution functions for the atoms of the medium. The forward scattering amplitude between a sodium atom and a noble gas atom is calculated from molecular potential curves using the eikonal approximation. An explicit phase space average is performed over the noble gas atom distribution in the medium. Our results show very good agreement with the recent interferometry measurements of Schmiedmayer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1043 (1995)]. Our calculations provide an interpretation of the experimental data, and may shed some light on possibilities for obtaining improved interatomic potentials through atomic interferometry measurements. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Cervical pain: a comparison of three pillows.

Abstract Objective: To compare three pillows with regard to pain intensity, pain relief, quality of sleep, disability, and overall satisfaction in subjects with benign cervical pain. The three pillows evaluated were the subjects' usual pillow, a roll pillow, and a water-based pillow. Study Design: Subjects used their usual pillows for the first week of this 5-week randomized crossover design study. They were subsequently randomly assigned to use each of the other two pillows for 2-week periods. Setting: Outpatient neurology and physiatry clinics. Patients: Forty-one subjects with benign cervical pain syndromes and free of cognitive impairments. Main Outcome Measures: Visual analog scale (VAS), Sleep Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), and a satisfaction scale rating the pillows. Results: The water-based pillow was associated with reduced morning pain intensity, increased pain relief, and improved quality of sleep. The duration of sleep was significantly shorter for the roll pillow. Overall SIP findings showed a significant advantage for the water-based pillow over the roll pillow and standard pillow. Conclusions: Proper selection of a pillow can significantly reduce pain and improve quality of sleep but does not significantly affect disability outcomes measured by the SIP.
A closed queueing network of counting processes

We study a general closed queueing network, where the service processes are characterized by point processes and their (stochastic) intensities. We show that given any time t, the joint queue-length vector has a probability distribution that is determined, through a system of differential equations (of Kolmogorov type), by the conditional service intensities. Various applications of this result are outlined.
Towards on-chip, integrated chalcogenide glass based biochemical sensors

This paper reviews ongoing progress in the development of novel on-chip planar molecular sensors in infrared-transparent chalcogenide glasses. We demonstrate on-chip cavity-enhanced refractometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy for sensitive detection of proteins and small molecules.
Active Efflux Influences the Potency of Quorum Sensing Inhibitors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Many bacteria regulate gene expression through a cell-cell signaling process called quorum sensing (QS). In proteobacteria, QS is largely mediated by signaling molecules known as N-acylated L-homoserine lactones (AHLs) and their associated intracellular LuxR-type receptors. The design of non-native small molecules capable of inhibiting LuxR-type receptors (and thereby QS) in proteobacteria is an active area of research, and numerous lead compounds are AHL derivatives that mimic native AHL molecules. Much of this previous work has focused on the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which controls an arsenal of virulence factors and biofilm formation through QS. The MexAB-OprM efflux pump has been shown to play a role in the secretion of the major AHL signal in P. aeruginosa, N-(3-oxododecanoyl) L-homoserine lactone. In the current study, we show that a variety of non-native AHLs and related derivatives capable of inhibiting LuxR-type receptors in P. aeruginosa display significantly higher potency in a P. aeruginosa Δ(mexAB-oprM) mutant, suggesting that MexAB-OprM also recognizes these compounds as substrates. We also demonstrate that the potency of 5,6-dimethyl-2-aminobenzimidazole, recently shown to be a QS and biofilm inhibitor in P. aeruginosa, is not affected by the presence/absence of the MexAB-OprM pump. These results have implications for the use of non-native AHLs and related derivatives as QS modulators in P. aeruginosa and other bacteria, and provide a potential design strategy for the development of new QS modulators that are resistant to active efflux.
Compact digital implementation of a quadratic integrate-and-fire neuron

A compact fixed-point digital implementation of a quadratic integrate-and-fire (QIF) neural model was developed. Equations were derived to determine the minimum number of bits the digital QIF model requires to represent all four states of the QIF model and control the switching threshold of the output voltage. In addition, the equations were used to minimize the size of the multiplier used for the nonlinear squaring function, V2. These design equations were used to develop test vectors that could unambiguously show all four states of a digital QIF model. The FPGA implementation of the QIF model was shown to be computationally efficient, requiring only two fixed-point adders and one fixed-point multiplier.
Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex is highly enriched in isolated skeletal muscle sarcolemma

mAbs specific for protein components of the surface membrane of rabbit skeletal muscle have been used as markers in the isolation and characterization of skeletal muscle sarcolemma membranes. Highly purified sarcolemma membranes from rabbit skeletal muscle were isolated from a crude surface membrane preparation by wheat germ agglutination. Immunoblot analysis of subcellular fractions from skeletal muscle revealed that dystrophin and its associated glycoproteins of 156 and 50 kD are greatly enriched in purified sarcolemma vesicles. The purified sarcolemma was also enriched in novel sarcolemma markers (SL45, SL/TS230) and Na+/K(+)-ATPase, whereas t-tubule markers (alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits of dihydropyridine receptor, TS28) and sarcoplasmic reticulum markers (Ca2(+)-ATPase, ryanodine receptor) were greatly diminished in this preparation. Analysis of isolated sarcolemma by SDS-PAGE and densitometric scanning demonstrated that dystrophin made up 2% of the total protein in the rabbit sarcolemma preparation. Therefore, our results demonstrate that although dystrophin is a minor muscle protein it is a major constituent of the sarcolemma membrane in skeletal muscle. Thus the absence of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy may result in a major disruption of the cytoskeletal network underlying the sarcolemma in dystrophic muscle.
An NC recognition algorithm for cographs

Abstract The class of cographs, or complement-reducible graphs, arises naturally in many different areas of applied mathematics and computer science. In this paper we present two new characterizations of the cographs and show how to use them for the purpose of producing a parallel recognition algorithm for this class of graphs. In addition, if the graph under investigation turns out to be a cograph, our algorithm constructs its corresponding cotree. With an arbitrary graph G with n vertices and m edges as input, the proposed algorithm runs in O(log n) time using O((n2 + mn)/log n) processors on an EREW parallel random access machine.
Activation of O2, CO, and CO2 by Pt+: The Thermochemistry of PtO+

Reactions of Pt+ with O2, CO, and CO2 have been studied as a function of kinetic energy using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry in order to elucidate the bond energy of the PtO+ product. To further characterize the reaction of Pt+ with CO2, the reverse reaction of PtO+ with CO, and the collision-induced dissociation of PtCO2+ with Xe and Ar are also studied. In all cases, the kinetic energy dependences for these reactions show endothermic behavior except for PtO+ + CO → Pt+ + CO2 and PtCO2+ + Xe → PtXe+ + CO2. Analyses of the endothermic reaction cross sections yield the 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) in eV (kJ/mol) of D0(Pt+−O) = 3.26 ± 0.07 (315 ± 7), D0(Pt+−CO) = 2.28 ± 0.05 (220 ± 5), D0(Pt+−CO2) = 0.62 ± 0.05 (60 ± 5), and D0(Pt+−C) = 5.46 ± 0.05 (527 ± 5), reasonably consistent with available theoretical values. Combining the PtO+ BDE measured here with literature data also yields the ionization energy of PtO as 9.52 ± 0.25 eV. These data, along with ab initio calculations at the B3LYP...
Changes in phosphate availability of ultisols with long‐term cropping

Abstract Many soils in the southeastern United States have high levels of available P. Long‐term field studies were conducted to determine the amount of phosphorus (P) that could be supplied before corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] responded to P fertilization and changes that occurred in soil test P. The soils were a Norfolk loamy sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult), Lynchburg loamy fine sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquult), and a Davidson clay loam (clayey, kaolintic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudult). Phosphorus as concentrated superphosphate was broadcast annually at rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg P ha‐1. Response to P was obtained the 13th year of the study on the Davidson and the 14th year on the Norfolk. No response was obtained on the Lynchburg which had the highest level of available P. The Davidson soil supplied 130 kg P ha‐1 and the Norfolk 204 kg P ha‐1 before a response was obtained. The Lynchburg supplied 178 kg P ha‐1 during the...
EFFECTS OF ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR DYNAMICS IN RESERPINIZED DOGS.

Abstract Hemodynamic effects of atrial and ventricular tachycardia in control dogs were compared with those in reserpinized dogs. In control dogs, at the onset of tachycardia, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial contractile force decreased suddenly and then improved fairly soon toward control values. Myocardial contractile force generally increased above control. On the other hand, in reserpinized dogs, initial, abrupt decreases in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output and myocardial contractile force were followed by further decreases in these parameters before stabilizing at lower levels than those observed in control dogs. In addition, tachycardia was always accompanied by pulsus alternans with the alternation of the amplitude of myocardial contractile force. On cessation of tachycardia in control dogs, both mean arterial pressure and cardiac output increased suddenly and markedly before their recovery to controls, whereas in reserpinized dogs, both mean arterial pressure and cardiac output recovered very slowly without showing a phase of “reactive hyperemia.” The causative mechanisms responsible for the present observations are discussed.
MULTIGRID SOLUTION OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN A VERTICAL SLOT

Numerical study of natural convection in a vertical cavity with end walls either insulated or conducting is reported. Multigrid methods were used to accelerate the convergence of the iterative solution of Ike steady-state form of the Boussinesq equations. Well-resolved solutions in the ends show how thermal conditions influence local Nusselt numbers. The numerically determined Nusselt numbers are compared with experiments and are shown to agree with them well.
Biaxial creep behavior of textured zircaloy tubing

Zirconium alloys are commonly used in light-water reactors as thin-walled tubing to clad highly radioactive fuel. The tubes experience varied stresses at high temperatures while being exposed to high-neutron radiation, resulting in thermal creep and radiation growth and creep. However, the dimensional stability of these materials is important to preventing leakage of fission gases and contamination of the coolant water. Predicting the dimensional changes of the thin-walled tubes is further complicated by the anisotropic nature of the hexagonal close-packed metals. This article summarizes the procedures used in the texture analyses and crystal plasticity in developing model equations to predict the dimensional changes of Zircaloy fuel cladding, both out-of-pile and in-reactor. These methodologies can be extended to the life prediction of these important structures in nuclear reactors.
Circadian biology: environmental regulation of a multi-oscillator network.

Summary How does the Drosophila circadian control network respond to seasonal environmental changes? Genetic manipulations that target a small subset of clock neurons reveal that they integrate seasonal cues of light and temperature to modulate the daily distribution of rest and activity.
Utilization of sorghum bagasse hydrolysates for producing microbial lipids

Abstract Pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse at 100 °C at three lime doses (g per g bagasse), 0, 0.05, and 0.1; two water contents (ml per g bagasse), 7 or 10; and two treatment durations (h), 1 or 2 were evaluated. Composition analysis of pretreated samples revealed that the higher the lime dose, the more loss of lignin and xylan occurred. From the combined effects of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, one pretreatment condition was identified to be optimal. Under this condition of 0.1 g lime/g bagasse, 10 ml water/g bagasse, and 2 h treatment time, the total reducing sugar (TRS) recovery was 44.6 g TRS/100 g bagasse, which was equivalent to 73.6% of maximum sugar available. Unwashed hydrolysates, either the supernatant or the whole slurry promoted excellent growth of Cryptococcus curvatus , an oleaginous yeast. Maximal cell biomass dry weight as 6 g/l was achieved in 5 days. Maximal neutral lipid content as 2.6 g/l was observed by day 3. Neutral lipid yield (g neutral lipid/g sugar) was calculated as 0.19 which is close to the theoretical value. In summary, converting sorghum bagasse to biodiesel-suitable lipids represents a valuable pathway for utilizing an agricultural by-product for generating renewable biodiesel feedstocks.
A grating-based single-shot x-ray phase contrast and diffraction method for in vivo imaging

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a single-shot version of the grating-based phase contrastx-ray imaging method and demonstrate its capability ofin vivo animal imaging. Here, the authors describe the principle and experimental results. They show the source of artifacts in the phase contrast signal and optimal designs that minimize them. They also discuss its current limitations and ways to overcome them. Methods: A single lead grid was inserted midway between an x-ray tube and an x-raycamera in the planar radiography setting. The grid acted as a transmission grating and cast periodic dark fringes on the camera. The camera had sufficient spatial resolution to resolve the fringes. Refraction and diffraction in the imaged object manifested as position shifts and amplitude attenuation of the fringes, respectively. In order to quantify these changes precisely without imposing a fixed geometric relationship between the camera pixel array and the fringes, a spatial harmonic method in the Fourier domain was developed. The level of the differential phase (refraction) contrast as a function of hardware specifications and device geometry was derived and used to guide the optimal placement of the grid and object. Bothex vivo and in vivoimages of rodent extremities were collected to demonstrate the capability of the method. The exposure time using a 50 W tube was 28 s. Results: Differential phase contrastimages of glass beads acquired at various grid and object positions confirmed theoretical predictions of how phase contrast and extraneous artifacts vary with the device geometry. In anesthetized rats, a single exposure yielded artifact-free images of absorption, differential phase contrast, and diffraction. Differential phase contrast was strongest at bone-soft tissue interfaces, while diffraction was strongest in bone. Conclusions: The spatial harmonic method allowed us to obtain absorption, differential phase contrast, and diffractionimages, all from a single raw image and is feasible in live animals. Because the sensitivity of the method scales with the density of the gratings, custom microfabricated gratings should be superior to off-the-shelf lead grids.
Dynamics and scission of rodlike cationic surfactant micelles in shear flow.

Flow-induced configuration dynamics and scission of rodlike micelles are studied for the first time using molecular dynamics simulations in the presence of an explicit solvent and salt. Predicted dependence of tumbling frequency and orientation distribution on shear rate $S$ agrees with mesoscopic theories. However, micelle stretching increases the distance between the cationic head groups and adsorbed counterions, which reduces electrostatic screening and increases the overall energy $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}$ linearly with micelle length. Micelle scission occurs when $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Phi}}$ exceeds a threshold value, independent of $S$.
Comparison of low-voltage field emission from TaC and tungsten fiber arrays

Field emitter array (FEA) devices were constructed using thin-film fabrication techniques based on in situ eutectic composites containing either TaC or NbC fibers in a NiCr alloy matrix. The emission characteristics of the TaC devices were measured and compared to those of W--ZrO/sub 2/ FEA's. Both devices produced the linear Fowler--Nordheim plots common to all field emission devices; however, the array current density of the TaC FEA's was more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of the W--ZrO/sub 2/ FEA's. This was primarily due to the lower fiber density and lower field enhancement of the carbide fiber devices. If it were possible to produce cathode geometries comparable to those of the W--ZrO/sub 2/ FEA's, a theoretical analysis indicates that emission performance of the TaC devices would be superior because of the lower work function of TaC. However, post-emission observations indicated that the carbide fiber emitters failed more readily than the tungsten emitters under comparable operating conditions.
Frictional sliding across Coulombic faults in first‐year sea ice: A comparison with freshwater ice

[1] Frictional sliding plays a fundamental role in the deformation of the Arctic Ocean ice cover and in ice-structure interactions. To examine its character, sliding experiments were performed along freshly created Coulombic faults in first-year S2 sea ice harvested from the Beaufort Sea during the winters of 2003, 2007, and 2009. For comparison, and to complement experiments performed earlier, we also examined freshwater ice of similar microstructure. The principal variables were sliding velocity (from 8 × 10−7 m s−1 to 4 × 10−3 m s−1), temperature (−40°C, −10°C, and −3°C) and normal stress (from 0.02 to 2.7 MPa). Over the ranges explored, the coefficient of friction varies by a factor of four, from ∼0.4 to ∼1.6. The coefficient for both materials reaches a maximum value at an intermediate velocity, which is an order of magnitude higher for sea ice (∼10−4 m s−1) than for freshwater ice (∼10−5 m s−1). At lower velocities, sliding is characterized by velocity strengthening where, for a given velocity, the coefficient of friction of sea ice is lower than that of freshwater ice. At higher velocities, sliding is characterized by velocity weakening, where, for a given velocity, the coefficients of friction for sea ice is closer to that of freshwater ice. Velocity strengthening is explained in terms of creep deformation within contact zones along the fault. Velocity weakening is tentatively attributed to a combination of fracture and localized melting. An implication of stable versus unstable sliding is discussed for sea ice mechanics.
Characterization of MBa2Cu3O7-x thin films by Raman microspectroscopy.

Thin film embodiments of MBa2Cu3O7- (MBCO, M = yttrium or a rare-earth metal) prepared by several different deposition methods on a variety of substrates were investigated by Raman microspectroscopy. Several of the unique characterization capabilities of Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of MBCO thin films are highlighted by the results of these investigations. The Raman active phonons of the orthorhombic and tetragonal forms of MBCO that are most useful for characterization of textured MBCO films are diagrammed and discussed. A rapid procedure for qualitative texture mapping of MBCO thin films using Raman microscopy techniques is presented, and a new approach for investigating phase separation at the sub-micrometer level in MBCO thin films based on curve resolution of the MBCO Cu2 phonon is described. The assignment of a particular feature often observed in Raman spectra of MBCO films to cation disorder is reinforced by results of a cation substitution study. The depth of penetration of the laser into MBCO films and the type of information that can be obtained by varying the extent of defocusing of the laser are also discussed.
Surgical management of recurrent ovarian cancer: The advantage of collaborative surgical management and a multidisciplinary approach

Abstract Objective. Primary cytoreductive surgery is well accepted in the initial management of ovarian cancer with a goal of maximal tumor reduction. The role of cytoreductive surgery at disease recurrence is controversial and guidelines are not standardized. We aimed to review cases of women with recurrent ovarian cancer who were collaboratively managed by two teams of oncologic surgeons with different areas of surgical expertise. Methods. A list of 616 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer from 1995 to 2009 was generated at a single institution. 20 cases of recurrent ovarian cancer were identified that were managed collaboratively. Data collected included date of diagnosis, initial treatment, recurrence date, location and number of sites of recurrence, secondary cytoreductive procedure performed, residual disease after surgery, pre-operative status, post-operative course, and pathologic findings. Results. Of the 20 cases that fit eligibility criteria, 11 were completely resected, 5 were incompletely resected, and 4 were biopsied only. Median disease-free interval following primary surgery was 18months (6–147). Median interval from diagnosis to collaborative cytoreduction was 63months (13–170). Our patients had metastatic disease to the liver (11), lymph nodes (8), the diaphragm (7), other locations including colon, pancreas, lung, adrenal, kidney (9). Two patients had additional miliary disease. All patients underwent joint surgical management by gynecologic and surgical oncologists. There were no deaths in the immediate post-operative period. The 5year survival rate was 45% following the joint surgical effort, with a median post-collaborative surgery survival duration of 42months. Conclusions. Previous studies document survival benefit of surgery for women with recurrent ovarian cancer when there has been a long disease-free interval, localized pelvic or intra-abdominal recurrences and an optimal performance status. Most gynecologic oncologists do not perform extensive liver or diaphragm resections or lymph node excision above the renal vessels; thus, collaboration with a surgical oncologist is a viable option. In this small descriptive study, the feasibility of this reasonably well-tolerated approach, with possible survival benefit, is documented.
Vertesszöllös and the Presapiens theory

The Presapiens theory, suggesting completely separate lineages leading to Neandertals and to Homo sapiens, has recently received a number of setbacks. However, the discovery of two hominids at Vertesszollos could be corroborating evidence. The teeth of the first individual were described as those of Homo erectus, as were most features of the second, represented by an occipital. The two main characteristics used to support the Homo sapiens classification of the second individual are the long lambda-opisthion chord and the high cranial capacity, based on a regression using the lambda-opisthion chord. However, the real position of lambda is obscured by the presence of wormian bones, and the regression used to predict capacity was derived from a sample with more Neandertals than Homo erectus specimens. A comparative treatment of the morphological features and recalculation of the regression suggests that separating the occipital from Homo erectus is not justified. Other evidence indicates Homo erectus specimens as big as Vertesszollos 2. It is unlikely that two hominid lineages occur in the Mid-Pleistocene.
Role of adhesion in optical-fiber-based smart composite structures and its implementation in strain analysis for the modeling of an embedded optical fiber

cycle, and fiber/resin handling and pretreatments1; the mode of failure varied greatlybetween fiber/resin combinations. Expected modes of failure, such as the delaminationbetween glass fiber and fiber coating, the delamination between fiber coating andembedding resin and the onset of resin microcracking were observed. The failure modewas dependent upon coating chemistry, coating quality, resin chemistry, resin physicalproperties and resin cure cycle. Based on this previous collection of data, the choice ofspecific fiber coating and resin was made for the development of the strain sensors.A model system was employed to determine the initial performance characteristics of thefiber optic sensor as related to strain-induced structural changes and failure modes. Theoptical fiber chosen permitted both modal domain and intensity modulation-based sensing.The selected polyimide coating limited the mode of failure to the glass/polyimide interface.Such a coating would permit sensors to function at loads much higher than the acrylatecoated counterpart and insured a high degree of interfacial activity such as delamination,fiber pull-out and fracture. The preliminary results of the fiber sensor experiments showeda strong correlation to the load-frame data and gave support to the appropriateness of thecharacterization of the fiber/coating/resin choice.
Measurement and Calculation of the Viscosity of Mixed Aqueous Solutions of NaCl and KCl in the Temperature Range 25150°C and the Pressure Range 0–30 MPa

In order to facilitate the development of predictive methods for the calculations of the viscosity of brines containing several salts, we present measurements of the viscosity of mixtures of aqueous solutions, each containing a single salt, namely KCl and NaCl in this case. The mixtures studied included one of a total nominal molality of 2 mol/kg, and three of a total nominal molality of 4 mol/kg. - The measurements cover a pressure range of 030 MPa and a temperature range of 25150°C and their uncertainty is somewhat better than ± 1%. - The measurements are compared with calculations based on Young's rule, which was successfully used in the past for volumetric properties of mixed brines. The comparison is positive and indicates that a start has been made towards the formulation of a predictive method of calculation. Um die Entwicklung von Methoden zur Vorausberechnung der Viskositat von Salzlosungen, die mehrere Salze enthalten, zu erleichtern. stellen wir Messungen der Viskositat von Mischungen wasriger Losungen vor, wobei jede je ein Salz enthalt, und zwar KCl bzw. NaCl. Die untersuchten Gemische bestanden aus einem mit einer totalen, nominalen Molalitat von 2 mol/kg, und drei mit einer totalen. nominalen Molalitat von 4 mol/kg. - Die Messungen umfasten einen Druckbereich von 030 MPa und einen Temperaturbereich von 25150 C: die Messungsunsicherheit war etwas besser als ± 1%. - Die Messungen wurden mit Rechnungen, die auf Youngs Regel basierten, verglichen. Diese Regel wurde in der Vergangenheit zur Berechnung volumetrischer Eigenschaften von Salzlosungen benutzt. Der Vergleich ist positiv und ist ein erster Schritt zur Formulierung einer Methode zur Vorausberechnung dieser Grosen.
Chance and the Patterns of Drift: A Natural Experiment

Evolutionary models can explain the dynamics of populations, how genetic, genotypic, or phenotypic frequencies change with time. Models incorporating chance, or drift, predict specific patterns of change. These are illustrated using classic work on blood types by Cavalli‐Sforza and his collaborators in the Parma Valley of Italy, in which the theoretically predicted patterns are exhibited in human populations. These data and the models display properties of ensembles of populations. The explanatory problem needs to be understood in terms of how likely an observed change, in either a population or an ensemble, would be under drift alone; this is fundamentally a matter of chance. Understood in this way, issues of drift and chance undercut most recent philosophical, but not biological, discussions of the role of “genetic drift.”
The Reconstruction of Early Childhood Trauma: Fantasy, Reality, and Verification

The contrasting perspectives of historical (actual, material) truth as opposed to narrative (intrapsychic) truth in psychoanalytic reconstruction parallel the controversial shift in Freud's thinking from a traumatic theory of neurosogenesis to a greater emphasis on fantasy and psychic reality. Freud and analysts since have sought to tease apart psychic and material reality as they dovetail in the transference. However, published cases in which a patient's memory of a childhood trauma turned out to be a verifiable fantasy or false belief and not an actuality appear to be remarkably scarce. This paper describes a case in which the patient indicated that in early childhood she had been subjected to antimasturbatory measures and finally to clitoridectomy that had ongoing traumatic effects. The case strikingly illustrates how a false memory of shock trauma may represent effects of strain traumatization interacting with fantasy and the state of drives and ego development in early childhood. It also highlights issues in the areas of trauma and memory, historical and intrapsychic truth, and the theory and technique of psychoanalytic reconstruction. Although it may not always be possible in the psychoanalytic situation to differentiate actual and plausible past events, in some cases the distinction between these perspectives on truth has clinical relevance that is more than academic.
Dutch disease — how much sickness, how much boon?

Abstract This paper sets out a very simple neo-classical, small-country, open-economy model with nontradeable goods, tradeables other than oil, and oil. Using the comparative static version of the model it is shown that a rise in the world price of oil must, ceteris paribus, cause the price level of non-tradeables to rise if a fixed exchange rate is maintained. Using the dynamic version of the model it is shown that the path of the non-tradeables price level in response to an oil shock may carry it through substantial overshooting before the final equilibrium is reached. However, it is also shown that the degree of overshooting can be reduced dramatically by the simple expedient of seeing to it that the increase in spending generated by the added revenues takes place gradually through time, rather than precipitously. In this way the rise in the domestic price level caused by the oil shock can be limited (for practical purposes) to approximately the amount dictated by the degree of appreciation of the real exchange rate necessary to restore equilibrium.
A constraint on preposition sequences in English complex predicates

This paper makes two main arguments. First, I show that certain V + P + P constructions with a verb and two intransitive prepositions are constituents involving a sequence of verb and two small clauses that together constitute a complex predicate. Second, after noting that the first P is restricted to the preposition back, I then argue that this restriction stems from back's unaccusative status that allows adjunction of the second PP to back's internal argument position. A preposition like through does not permit such an adjunction because its sister position, if phonetically expressed, must be an object DP.
The specification and estimation of interrelated factor demands under uncertainty

Abstract This paper studies a model of the firm's interrelated demands for the factors of production incorporating exogenous variables with uncertain future values, multiple quasi-fixed factors, depreciation in use, and non-symmetric internal costs of adjustment. The inputs considered are production labor, non-production workers, capital, inventories of non-finished goods, and capacity and non-production worker utilization rates. A simultaneous system of factor demand equations with constraints is estimated and using U.S. manufacturing data. The model is shown to be tractable under certain assumptions. The results are encouraging given the complexity and the nature of the model.