cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equatorial Zonal Circulations from the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis

The NCEP-NCAR 1958-97 upper-air dataset has been evaluated for evidence of equatorial zonal circulation cells around the globe. For this it is essential not only to isolate the divergent part of the wind but also to ascertain the continuity following the flow between the centers of upward and downward motion. Over the eastern to central Pacific a well developed cell persists all year round, with subsidence in the East, but with the compensating divergent westward flow concentrated in the realm of a midtropospheric jet rather than at the surface. A cell over the western Atlantic in January is characterized by subsidence in the East and divergent westerly flow at the surface. In the Indian Ocean sector during July, a small cell is recognized over the western part of the basin, contained in the upper-to mid-troposphere and with subsidence over the East African coast. In October a well developed cell spans the entire basin, with subsidence over the East African coast and eastward flow in the lower tropophere.
Dependence of performance of a waveguide spectral encoding/decoding system on its planar element parameters

Modeling of an integrated waveguide spectral encoder/decoder shows that bit error rates of 10-9 are generally possible with current fabrication tolerances, but that code lengths longer than 24-bits require tighter tolerances for some device parameters.
RATES OF PRESCRIBING MEDICATIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

Lester (1990) found that the availabihty of prescribed medications (as measured by the accidental death rate from them) was associated with the suicide rate involving use of medications in the USA from 1950 to 1984. Further data to explore the association between the availability of medications and their abuse were available from Jack (1991) who presented data on the number of prescriptions for psychotropic medications per year and the number of patient admissions for adverse effects of medicinal agents in England and Wales from 1966 to 1985. Converting these numbers into rates, it was observed that both the prescription rate and the admission rate for adverse effects peaked in 1976. The Pearson r between these two measures was 0.79 (two-tailed p< .001) and the regression coefficient was also significant (b = 1.29, p = .04) in a time series regression with the Cochrane-Orcutt correction for serial autocorrelation (Doan, 1990). Thus, in England from 1966 to 1985, the higher the rate of prescribing medicinal agents, the higher the involvement of these agents in hospital admissions for adverse effects.
The adhesion of submicron silica particles on glass

Abstract A monolayer of individual particles of colloidal silica can be spread on glass by rubbing the surface with a powder made by drying a sol of uniform spherical particles under conditions minimizing cohesion between particles.
Effects of iron chelators and iron overload on Salmonella infection.

INCREASED susceptibility to infectious disease is observed in iron-overloaded states such as β-thalassaemia major and in haemolytic states such as sickle cell disease or Bartonellosis1,2. The virulence of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and other pathogens can be increased by administration of iron compounds to the host, and transferrin-induced inhibition of bacterial growth can be reversed by saturating transferrin3–6. Plasma and secretory iron-binding proteins such as transferrin and lactoferrin may function in host defence by limiting the availability of iron to invading pathogens7. Many microorganisms synthesise iron-binding compounds when little iron is available8; these compounds may compete with host iron-binding mechanisms. We report here the effects of iron-chelating drugs on this competition for iron in S. typhimurium infection in normal and iron-overloaded mice. Desferrioxamine (DF), a hydroxamic acid, and2,3-dihydroxy-benzoic acid (2,3-DHB), a phenolic iron chelator, represent two classes of iron-chelating compounds which are being tested in chelation therapy for iron overload. Our data provide evidence that DF increases iron availability to wild type S. typhimurium, promoting bacterial growth and thus enhancing virulence.
A new method for producing myosin subfragment-1.

Abstract Myosin subfragment-1 (S1) was produced from myosin by digestion with papain while the myosin was “in situ” in a muscle fibril. S1 was extracted from the fibrils using Mg-PP i , and chromatographed on Sephadex G-200. This S1 had sedimentation and diffusion coefficients similar to those found for S1 by previous workers. The Ca ++ activated ATPase was 10–15 μmoles/gm-sec. The actin activated ATPase, extrapolated to infinite actin concentration, was 250 μmoles/gm-sec, and could be decreased by further papain digestion of the S1. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed one predominant heavy chain at 10 5 Daltons and three light chains at 22K, 18K and 16K Daltons.
Mental concepts in the analysis of social action

(1990). Mental concepts in the analysis of social action. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 24, No. 1-4, pp. 299-310.
In vivo forces on dental implants: Hard-wiring and telemetry methods

Methods are presented for measuring vertical force components on bridged titanium dental implants in dog mandibles. These methods have included custom-made strain-gauge transducers, plus hard-wiring and telemetric schemes for data collection. The essential components of the measurement system are described, and typical bite force data are illustrated.
The Numerical and Experimental Study on DC Casting Process of Three-Layer Composite Ingots of 4045/3004/4045 Aluminum Alloys

In this study, experiments are combined with numerical simulation to study the temperature field and flow field during the casting process of 4045/3004/4045 three-layer composite ingots with section of 500mm×420mm. The effects of casting temperature, casting speed, contacting height and cooling intensity of cooling plate on the casting process were discussed. The macro-morphologies and microstructures of the composite ingots, the temperature distribution and the element distribution in the interface zone were investigated, also the interface bonding strength was measured. The optimal parameters for casting composite ingots were obtained. Results show that the solid supporting layer formed on the cooling plates plays a key role in the casting process of composite ingots. The solid supporting layer can prevent the blending of two melts by resisting the impact of alloy melt, which ensures the stable casting process and casting high quality composite ingots.
Detecting Adverse Drug Reactions Using Inpatient Medication Orders and Laboratory Tests Data

Introduction: Medication safety requires monitoring throughout a drug's market life. Early detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can lead to alerts that prevent patient harm. Recently, electronic medical records (EMRs) have emerged as a valuable resource for pharmacovigilance. This study examines the use of retrospective medication orders and inpatient laboratory results in the EMR to identify ADRs. Methods: Using 12 years of EMR data, we designed a study to correlate abnormal laboratory results with specific drug orders by comparing outcomes of a drug-exposed group and a matched unexposed group. We assessed the relative merits of six pharmacovigilance methods used in spontaneous reporting systems (SRS), including proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), Yule's Q, the Chi-square test, Bayesian confidence propagation neural networks (BCPNN) and a gamma Poisson shrinker (GPS). The time of admission was set as """"day zero"""" and all drug orders and laboratory results timings were represe
Application of chemical ionization mass spectrometry and the twin-ion technique to better define a mechanism in acetylhydrazine toxicity.

Chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to show that N-acetylcysteine is formed in microsomal incubations containing NADPH, oxygen, cysteine and acetylhydrazine. The twin-ion technique was used to compare the ratio of hydrogen and deuterium in the N-acetylcysteine product with the initial ratio in a mixture of acetylhydrazine-trideuteroacetylhydrazine used as substrate. The results showed that the entire acetyl group was trapped by cysteine, thereby eliminating ketene as the reactive acylating agent formed during the oxidation of acetylhydrazine by liver microsomes.
Investigation of human keratinocyte cell adhesion using atomic force microscopy

Abstract Desmosomal junctions are specialized structures critical to cellular adhesion within epithelial tissues. Disassembly of these junctions is seen consequent to the development of autoantibodies directed at specific desmosomal proteins in blistering skin diseases such as pemphigus. However, many details regarding cell junction activity under normal physiological and disease conditions remain to be elucidated. Because of their complex structure, desmosomal junctions are not well suited to existing techniques for high-resolution three-dimensional structure-function analyses. Here, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used for detailed characterization and visualization of the cell junctions of human epithelial cells. We demonstrate the ability to image the detailed three-dimensional structure of the cell junction at high magnification. In addition, the effect of specific antibody binding to desmosomal components of the cell junction is studied in longitudinal analyses before and after antibody treatment. We show that antibodies directed against desmoglein 3 (a major component of the desmosomal structural unit, and the major target of autoantibodies in patients with pemphigus vulgaris) are associated with changes at the cell surface of the human keratinocytes and alterations within keratinocyte intercellular adhesion structures, supporting the assertion that cell structures and junctions are modified by antibody binding. The present study indicates that the molecular structure of gap junctions can be more completely analyzed and characterized by AFM, offering a new technological approach to facilitate a better understanding of disease mechanisms and potentially monitor therapeutic strategies in blistering skin diseases. From the Clinical Editor Disassembly of desmosomal junctions is seen in blistering skin diseases such as Pemphigus. This present study demonstrates that the molecular structure of gap junctions can be more completely analyzed and characterized by atomic force microscopy.
New species of Curtara, Polana and Acuera (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Gyponinae) from Panama, Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela

The following 15 species of Gyponinae are described: Curtara exilia n.sp., C. breva n.sp., C. vurla n.sp., C. magna n.sp., C. kula n.sp., C. estribii n.sp., C. gatuna n.sp., (all from Panama), and C. subrufa n.sp. (Peru). Polana docera n.sp., P. tinae n.sp., P. diversita n.sp., P. julna n.sp., (all from Panama), P. clarita n.sp. (Venezuela), Acuera rana n.sp. (Panama), and A. luhea n.sp. (Panama).
Dipyridamole enhances tissue plasminogen activator release by brain capillary endothelial cells.

0049-3848/$ see front matter D 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserv doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2004.10.001 * Corresponding author. Department of Neurology, UC Irvine Me Orange, CA 92868-5120, United States. Tel.: +1 714 456 6808; fax: + E-mail address: mfisher@uci.edu (M. Fisher). in both thromboembolic and nonthrombotic stroke models produces reduced infarct size [4,5]. Moreover, tPA treatment has demonstrated efficacy in improving clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke [6]. Stroke prevention therapy has focused primarily on inhibition of various components of platelet activation, with limited emphasis on the hemostatic regulatory role of the endothelium. Dipyridamole (DP) is a commonly used agent for stroke prevention that is thought to exert its effects by platelet antiaggregation action [7]. The ESPS-2 study demonstrated that DP, alone or in combination with aspirin, significantly reduced the risk of recurrent stroke [7]. The mechanism of action for DP has been incompletely understood, and we hypothesized that DP regulates brain capillary endothelial fibrinolysis. Thrombosis Research (2005) 115, 435—438
Using Violin “Engineering” to Create Innovative Lecture Demonstrations to Actively Engage Materials Science Students

An introductory Materials Engineering course can be challenging for students since in that course it is often the first time where students must integrate their knowledge of mathematics, chemistry and physics to solve a wide variety of complex and, at times, abstract problems. Finding new methods to teach the course content in order to more actively engage students is equally challenging for instructors. Two years ago, students at Western Washington University began to study part of the course content in materials engineering within the less abstract framework of acoustic/materials signatures of stringed musical instruments (particularly, violin “engineering”). Students can be actively engaged in this subject by posing a rather simple question. Why does a violin or guitar sound the way it does? Trying to answer that very question with materials science (and geometry) in class is a new way instructors may use in their course to more actively engage their students in materials science. This paper describes the use of violin “engineering” to create innovative lecture demonstrations and presentations illustrating acoustic and materials signatures as course supplements for any basic materials engineering course. These demonstrations require only the use of a laptop computer, the academic version of the Adobe Audition® software package (or equivalent), an inexpensive condenser type microphone, an inexpensive student stringed instrument (violin or guitar), and aluminum and wood vibrating plates. The paper gives the exact specifications for the various components needed to create these new lecture and/or lab demonstrations. The approach is innovative in that it takes a fundamental (and expensive) methodology normally used in the acoustic research of violins and other stringed instruments and translates it into a format that is not only affordable, but has also shown promise in our materials course to be a practical tool to actively engage students in materials science. Initial assessment data shows that the students are indeed more engaged in the course and there is measurable improvement in classical test question scores. Also, many students in the class have chosen to complete their research papers required for the class in these subjects; others have volunteered to work on undergraduate research projects investigating the materials signature of stringed instruments and new materials for such instruments. Geometry to create flat vibrating plates, including the top plate of a violin, is also given in the paper (the “violin.dxf” or “violin.igs” file is available upon request). A lengthy reference section is included so that additional demonstrations can be created by other instructors to satisfy their local materials engineering course needs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Remnants of the quasars.

Assuming a standard black hole accretion model for quasars, we estimate the present total mass density, rho sub BH, of quasar remnants using recent observations of quasar populations and of typical quasar spectra over a wide wavelength range. We find rho sub BH of greater than about (1.4-2.2) x 10 exp 5 solar masses/cu Mpc for a quasar radiative efficiency of 0.1. This is an upward revision by a factor of 3.0-4.6 from a decade-old estimate by Soltan (1982). A typical bright galaxy is thus expected to contain a central black hole of greater than about 10 exp 7/cu h solar masses. Furthermore, we expect that greater than about 50 percent of rho sub BH is contributed by objects of mass greater than about 10 exp 8/sq h solar masses and greater than about 10 percent by those more massive than about 6 x 10 exp 8/sq h solar masses.
Rejoinder to Judea Pearl

The preceding example illustrates the impossibility of defining causation in terms of temporalfunctional relationships without attending to the mechanisms that sustain those relationships. In the branching case, for example, although all three variables are symmetrically constrained by the functional relationships: X = Y, X = Z, Z = Y, these relationships in themselves do not reveal the information that the three equalities are sustained by only two mechanisms, Y = X and Z = X, and that the first equality would still be sustained when the second is modified. A set of mechanisms, each represented by an equation, is not equivalent to the set of algebraic equations that can be assembled from those mechanisms. Mathematically, the latter is defined as one set of n equations, whereas the former is defined as n separate sets, each containing one equation. These are two distinct mathematical objects that admit two distinct types of solution-preserving operations. The calculus of causality deals with the dynamics of such modular systems of equations, where the addition and deletion of equations represent interventions. In summary, Professor Singpurwalla attempt to show that "the calculus of probabilities, endowed with a time dynamic, is indeed the calculus of causality" is deficient on three accounts: (1) the rules for his "calculus of semicolon" are not explicated formally, (2) these rules are not expressed in terms of probabilistic and temporal information alone and, finally, these rules cannot be formulated in terms of probabilistic and temporal information alone; knowledge of causal mechanism must be invoked.
Quantifying Scheduling Challenges for Exascale System Software

The move towards high-performance computing (HPC) applications comprised of coupled codes and the need to dramatically reduce data movement is leading to a reexamination of time-sharing vs. space-sharing in HPC systems. In this paper, we discuss and begin to quantify the performance impact of a move away from strict space-sharing of nodes for HPC applications. Specifically, we examine the potential performance cost of time-sharing nodes between application components, we determine whether a simple coordinated scheduling mechanism can address these problems, and we research how suitable simple constraint-based optimization techniques are for solving scheduling challenges in this regime. Our results demonstrate that current general-purpose HPC system software scheduling and resource allocation systems are subject to significant performance deficiencies which we quantify for six representative applications. Based on these results, we discuss areas in which additional research is needed to meet the scheduling challenges of next-generation HPC systems.
Computation of common normal between a wheelset and straight rail at singular position

Computation of common normal between a pair of wheel and rail surface is an important sub problem in railroad simulations. In this study, it is shown that there are special position and orientation of every wheelset that makes the governing equation for computation of the common normal degenerate. This condition leads to divergence of the Newton’s iterate. To develop a procedure that can successfully compute the common normal between a straight rail and a wheelset, first parametric equation for the rail and wheel surface in track coordinate system is developed. Then four nonlinear equations whose solution is location of common normal are constructed. Three of the equations are used to eliminate three unknown in fourth equation. The resulting equation has only one unknown. A hybrid procedure based on Newton method and bisection method is used to solve the roots of the last equation. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by reporting the common normal for a pair of wheel and rail surface at singular position.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Depletion of T and B lymphocytes during malarial infections

Abstract Malarial infections have been reported to cause depression of the immune response to a series of unrelated antigens. In an attempt to elucidate the nature of this phenomenon we studied the cellular composition of the lymphoid organs during the course of Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. The different categories of lymphocytes in the thymus and lymph nodes were identified by their cell surface markers, using the θ-isoantigen for T cells and the complement receptor for B cells (CRLs). Their percentages were determined by the use of anti-θ serum and rosette formation upon incubation with antibody and complement-coated erythrocytes, respectively. The main findings were (a) a progressive and profound reduction of the thymus weight and of the percentage of T cells in this organ, and (b) a reduction of the number of lymph node cells at a later stage of the infection. This corresponded to a decrease of both CRL and T cells, and a simultaneous increase of a “null cell” population, lacking both θ-antigen and complement receptors.
The Extremal Dependence Measure and Asymptotic Independence

Abstract Extremal dependence analysis assesses the tendency of large values of components of a random vector to occur simultaneously. This kind of dependence information can be qualitatively different than what is given by correlation which averages over the total body of the joint distribution. Also, correlation may be completely inappropriate for heavy tailed data. We study the extremal dependence measure (EDM), a measure of the tendency of large values of components of a random vector to occur simultaneously and show consistency of an estimator of the EDM. We also show asymptotic normality of an idealized estimator in a restricted case of multivariate regular variation where scaling functions do not have to be estimated.
VMCAnalytic: Developing a Collaborative Video Analysis Tool for Education Faculty and Practicing Educators

This paper describes the genesis, design and prototype development of the VMCAnalytic, a repository-based video annotation and analysis tool for education. The VMCAnalytic is a flexible, extensible analytic tool that is unique in its integration into an open source repository architecture to transform a resource discovery environment into an interactive collaborative where practicing teachers and faculty researchers can analyze and annotate videos to support a range of needs from longitudinal research to improving individual teaching performance. This paper presents an overview of the design and functionality of the VMCAnalytic, which is a key component of the NSF-funded Video Mosaic Collaborative (VMC), together with a description of the underlying repository service architecture. The paper also describes the synergistic collaboration between digital library technologists and education researchers to build a research environment that can integrate with the VMCAnalytic tool to create a digital collaboration space. The prototype tool is available in as of January 2010 at the VMC website: www.video-mosaic.org.
Prostaglandin A2 in the caribbean gorgonian Plexaura homomalla: Evidence against allelopathic and antifouling roles

Plexaura homomalla, a common Caribbean octocoral, contains levels of prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) that range from 1 to 8% of the wet tissue weight. Previous studies showed that PGA2 severe vomiting in fish, and suggested that PGA2 functions in P. homomalla as a chemical defense against predators. The use of PGA2 as an allelopathic agent or as an antifoulant, however, has not been considered. In this paper, I present data demonstrating that little or no PGA2 is released from colonies of P. homomalla, and suggesting that neither 15(S)-PGA2 nor 15(R)-PGA2 inhibits the fouling of gorgonian axial skeletons. These data, combined with the results of earlier investigations, suggest that the PGA2 of P. homomalla is not used to compete allelopathically or to reduce fouling, but to provide protection from predators.
Immobilization of Candida antarctica Lipase B on Fumed Silica

Abstract Enzymes are usually immobilized on solid supports or solubilized when they are to be used in organic solvents with poor enzyme solubility. We have reported previously on a novel immobilization method for subtilisin Carlsberg on fumed silica with results that reached some of the best previously reported catalytic activities in hexane for this enzyme. Here we extend our method to Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) as an attractive target due to many potential applications of this enzyme in solvents. Our CALB/fumed silica preparations approached the catalytic activity of commercial Novozym 435 for a model esterification in hexane at 90 wt.% fumed silica (relative to the mass of the preparation). An intriguing observation was that the catalytic activity at first increases as more fumed silica was made available to the enzyme but then decreased precipitously when fumed silica exceeded 90 wt.%. This was not the case for s. Carlsberg where the catalytic activity leveled off at high relative amounts of fumed silica. We determined adsorption kinetics, performed variations of the pre-immobilization aqueous pH, determined the stability, and applied fluorescence microscopy to the preparations. A comparison with recent concepts by Gross et al. may point towards a rationale for an optimum intermediate surface coverage for some enzymes on solid supports.
The Multifaceted Lifestyle Satisfaction Scale (MLSS): Psychometric properties of an interview schedule for assessing personal satisfaction of adults with limited intelligence

The purpose of this research was to assess the psychometric properties of the Multifaceted Lifestyle Satisfaction Scale (MLSS), an interview structured primarily for individuals with mental retardation to assess their professed satisfaction with their living arrangements and communities, their personal relationships, their recreation and leisure, their employment, and their degree of self-direction. Reliabilities, assessed as internal consistency coefficients, test-retest correlations, and interrater agreements were above .60 on cross-validation samples. Validity was supported through correlations with caretaker predictions of respondents' satisfactions, but not by the Quality of Life Questionnaire, an objective instrument to index quality of life in four dimensions: lifestyle satisfaction, production, independence, and integration. Regression analyses indicated moderate theory-based correlations between MLSS subscales and other variables. In sum, the MLSS appears to be a reliable and valid scale to measure personal satisfaction through the responses of consumers in areas of living arrangement, friendships, recreation, employment, and self-direction.
Standing and new policies and procedures for Arthritis & Rheumatism

● Open Access. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) now requests that authors of reports funded in whole or part by NIH deposit these reports within 1 year of publication into an open public database (PubMedCentral). Details regarding this NIH policy are available at http://nihms.nih.gov/. John Wiley & Sons, the publisher of A&R, is working closely with NIH to develop a process for depositing this content on behalf of authors when the NIH system is fully operational, with the understanding that the NIH will not make these articles publicly accessible until 12 months after publication in the journal. A&R, through its Web site for electronic submission of manuscripts, will ask authors to mark a check box indicating whether the submitted work has received NIH support (intramural or extramural, grant, cooperative agreement, or contract).
The Volatile Anesthetic Isoflurane Increases Endothelial Adenosine Generation via Microparticle Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase (CD73) Release

Endothelial dysfunction is common in acute and chronic organ injury. Isoflurane is a widely used halogenated volatile anesthetic during the perioperative period and protects against endothelial cell death and inflammation. In this study, we tested whether isoflurane induces endothelial ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) and cytoprotective adenosine generation to protect against endothelial cell injury. Clinically relevant concentrations of isoflurane induced CD73 activity and increased adenosine generation in cultured human umbilical vein or mouse glomerular endothelial cells. Surprisingly, isoflurane-mediated induction of endothelial CD73 activity occurred within 1 hr and without synthesizing new CD73. We determined that isoflurane rapidly increased CD73 containing endothelial microparticles into the cell culture media. Indeed, microparticles isolated from isoflurane-treated endothelial cells had significantly higher CD73 activity as well as increased CD73 protein. In vivo, plasma from mice anesthetized with isoflurane had significantly higher endothelial cell-derived CD144+ CD73+ microparticles and had increased microparticle CD73 activity compared to plasma from pentobarbital-anesthetized mice. Supporting a critical role of CD73 in isoflurane-mediated endothelial protection, a selective CD73 inhibitor (APCP) prevented isoflurane-induced protection against human endothelial cell inflammation and apoptosis. In addition, isoflurane activated endothelial cells Rho kinase evidenced by myosin phosphatase target subunit-1 and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Furthermore, isoflurane-induced release of CD73 containing microparticles was significantly attenuated by a selective Rho kinase inhibitor (Y27632). Taken together, we conclude that the volatile anesthetic isoflurane causes Rho kinase-mediated release of endothelial microparticles containing preformed CD73 and increase adenosine generation to protect against endothelial apoptosis and inflammation.
Computational simulation of vortex generator effects on transonic shock/boundary-layer interaction

THE present work describes a theoretical simulation of the effects of a vortex generator row ahead of a shock/boundary-layer interaction zone. The row is represented by parameters characterizing the Law of the Wall/Law of the Wake structure of the turbulent boundary layer. This model is then integrated into a previously developed twodimensional computational code that utilizes an appropriate triple-deck theory of a nonseparating shock/bbundary-layer interaction. The results imply that the shape factor reduction effect associated with a vortex generator can have powerful, favorable effects on the local and overall interactive properties, but can also promote earlier incipient separation in the immediate vicinity of the shock foot. Contents The influence of shock/boundar y-layer interaction on a supercritical wing can extend significantly downstream within the boundary layer and thus adversely affect global aerodynamic properties. This negative influence may be reduced by means of the boundary-layer control device known as the vortex generator, which delays separation by promoting mixing between the freestream and the boundary layer. The present paper describes a method that computationally simulates the gross spanwise-averaged two-dimensiona l effects of a vortex generator row located ahead of an unseparated shock/boundary-layer interaction zone such as that found on a supercritical wing (see Fig. 1). The model of this situation is based on fundamental Law of the Wall/Law of the Wake relations for the incoming turbulent boundary layer, combined with a triple-deck theory of the subsequent interaction zone. Triple-Deck Structure
Nonparametric adaptive density estimation on random fields using wavelet method

Abstract We consider non-linear wavelet-based estimators of density functions with stationary random fields, which are indexed by the integer lattice points in the N -dimensional Euclidean space and are assumed to satisfy some mixing conditions. We investigate their asymptotic rates of convergence based on thresholding of empirical wavelet coefficients and show that these estimators achieve nearly optimal convergence rates within a logarithmic term over a large range of Besov function classes B p , q s . Therefore, wavelet estimators still achieve nearly optimal convergence rates for random fields and provide explicitly the extraordinary local adaptability.
Determination of the interaction of deoxyribonucleate and magnesium ions by means of a metal ion indicator.

THIS communication presents a study of the binding of magnesium ions by deoxyribonucleate using eriochrome black T as an indicator of magnesium ion concentration. Earlier studies by conductometric and spectrophotometric titration procedures were interpreted as showing that, in the absence of other salts, magnesium was tightly bound by both undenatured and denatured deoxyribonucleic acid1; this conclusion was based primarily on the presence of breaks, in the titration curves which were, irrespective of the degree of denaturation, stoichiometrically related to the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid over a wide range of concentrations. However, using similar conductometric procedures, Zubay and Doty2 later concluded, from comparison of the increments of conductivity, that under these conditions magnesium was bound tightly by denatured but only loosely by undenatured deoxyribonucleic acid. Titration methods of this type do not of course yield direct information concerning either the extent or tightness of binding. In particular the increments of conductivity found in the conductometric titrations depend1 not only on the extent of binding but also on the balance of various other factors. In view of these facts and of the importance of ion binding to many aspects of the behaviour of deoxyribonucleic acid, it appeared desirable to obtain further information by methods which give a more direct measure of binding. Results obtained using the metal ion indicator show that magnesium is, in fact, bound even more tightly by undenatured than by denatured deoxyribonucleic acid.
Assessing social support in patients with cardiac disease

An increasingly large body of literature demonstrates the positive effects of social support for patients with all illnesses and cardiovascular disease in particular. However, social support is not the same, nor is it equally beneficial in all circumstances. This article reviews key aspects of the social support literature and presents a model for assessing social networks.
On probabilistic inference by weighted model counting

A recent and effective approach to probabilistic inference calls for reducing the problem to one of weighted model counting (WMC) on a propositional knowledge base. Specifically, the approach calls for encoding the probabilistic model, typically a Bayesian network, as a propositional knowledge base in conjunctive normal form (CNF) with weights associated to each model according to the network parameters. Given this CNF, computing the probability of some evidence becomes a matter of summing the weights of all CNF models consistent with the evidence. A number of variations on this approach have appeared in the literature recently, that vary across three orthogonal dimensions. The first dimension concerns the specific encoding used to convert a Bayesian network into a CNF. The second dimensions relates to whether weighted model counting is performed using a search algorithm on the CNF, or by compiling the CNF into a structure that renders WMC a polytime operation in the size of the compiled structure. The third dimension deals with the specific properties of network parameters (local structure) which are captured in the CNF encoding. In this paper, we discuss recent work in this area across the above three dimensions, and demonstrate empirically its practical importance in significantly expanding the reach of exact probabilistic inference. We restrict our discussion to exact inference and model counting, even though other proposals have been extended for approximate inference and approximate model counting.
Three dimensional crack closure measurements

This paper describes fatigue crack growth and retardation experiments conducted in polycarbonate test specimens. This transparent model material allowed optical interferometry measurements of through-the-thickness fatigue crack opening profiles. Crack surface displacements were then obtained through the specimen thickness and are discussed in terms of three-dimensional aspects of fatigue crack closure.
Ethical aspects of web log data mining

Web logs (blogs) are growing in use, expanding beyond a personal means to exchange and record ideas to tools that are used by organisations as forums, mechanisms for knowledge management, and for purposes of persuasion (such as advertising) or influence (such as dissemination of political viewpoints). Because ideas are expressed as electronically recorded words, blogs can be data mined (or web mined). This paper reviews the tools available, their uses in knowledge management and ethical aspects of blogs.
Explicit inversion formulas for a model in diffuse tomography

Optical, or diffuse tomography, refers to the use of low energy probes to obtain images of highly scattering media. This represents an emerging area for the application of new mathematical tools to important problems in medical imaging. It is our contention that it poses important mathematical challenges dealing with the solution of large systems of nonlinear equations. In this paper we present a case for which a complete solution is possible; however the consideration of any larger system presents at the moment a number of unresolved difficulties. A variety of mathematical models of the underlying physics are reviewed in [1] including the ones considered in [4,7–10], where we have discussed both the “direct”, as well as the more interesting “inverse problem” for a discrete model. The time evolution of the system is governed by a Markov chain with discrete state space and discrete time. The one step transition probability matrix is denoted by P . Some of the states are “incoming”, some are “outgoing”, and the rest are “hidden” states. The first two types correspond to sources and detectors respectively, and the hidden ones represent the state of a photon while it moves in the interior of the object.
On the analysis of the decay of a small number of radioactive atoms in radiochemical solar neutrino experiments

Abstract We check the statistical assumptions of the analysis currently used for the treatment of data of radiochemical solar neutrino experiments. It is shown, that the assumption that radioactive decay itself is a Poisson process is not exactly correct for the case of a small initial number of atoms of a radioactive isotope. Nevertheless, the combined process (including production of radioactive atoms, their extraction and detection of radioactive decay) can be correctly described by Poisson statistics. As a result, the current statistical analysis applied to the entire combined process is exact.
Bee Colony Inspired Metamodeling Based Fast Optimization of a Nano-CMOS PLL

The design and optimization complexity of analog/mixed-signal (AMS) components causes significant increase in the design cycle as the technology progresses towards deep nanoscale. This paper presents a two-tier approach to significantly reduce the design cycle time by combining accurate metamodeling and intelligent optimization. The paper first presents metamodeling which is a surrogate model of a parasitic-aware SPICE model of the circuit in order to simplify the optimization calculations and minimize the design space exploration time. The paper then introduces the Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) algorithm for nano-CMOS AMS circuit optimization. To best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first research combining metamodel and BCO for AMS design space exploration. The proposed design optimization flow is used on 5 metamodels with 21 design parameters each, corresponding to 5 distinct Figures of Merit (FoMs) to conduct multi objective optimization. A 180 nm LC-VCO PLL frequency generation circuit is used as case study. The optimization achieved approx. 90% power and 52% jitter reduction while keeping locking time constraints on the system. In comparison to an exhaustive simulation approach, metamodeling is 10^20 times faster.
Characteristics of Long-Term Renal Transplant Survivors

Abstract Despite the high rates of rejection, allograft failure, and patient death in the early years of renal transplantation, some patients have done remarkably well. Forty-three (17 living related donor and 26 cadaver donor recipients) such patients with an allograft that functioned for 19 years or more (range, 19 to 29 years) were followed up at this center. The patients included 24 men and 19 women, with a mean age at transplantation of 29 years, of whom 39 were white and four were black. At most recent follow-up, the mean daily dose of azathioprine was 104 mg (range, 50 to 175 mg) and that of prednisone was 10 mg (range, 5 to 20 mg). Mean serum creatinine level was 1.6 mg/dL (range, 0.7 to 5.4 mg/dL). Acute rejection occurred in 14 (33%) patients. Nine patients had one episode and five patients had two episodes of acute rejection. Long-term risks to the recipients appeared in the form of coronary artery disease in 10 (23%) patients; malignancy in 13 (30%) patients, which included nine patients with skin malignancy; and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in four patients, two of whom died of complications of liver failure. Other complications included avascular bone necrosis in five patients, which required total hip replacement in two patients; hyperlipidemia requiring treatment in 16 (37%) patients; posttransplantation diabetes mellitus in 10 (23%) patients after a median of 17.5 years (range, 1 to 23 years); and hypertension in 23 (53%) patients. There were seven deaths (three of coronary artery disease, two of liver failure, one each of sepsis and malignancy) and eight graft losses (five to death with function, two to chronic rejection, and one to focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis). Although long-term allograft success results in patients receiving minimal amounts of immunosuppression and having good renal function, long-term renal transplant survivors are at risk for significant morbidity even in the third decade posttransplantation. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Jul;32(1):101-6)
Reliability of chemically vapor deposited (CVD) copper interconnections

The reliability issues of chemically vapor deposited copper interconnections for applications in integrated circuits are discussed. The void-free conformal deposition of copper films into high aspect ratio trenches and via holes is demonstrated. The effectiveness of various dielectrics and metals as diffusion and drift barriers is compared. The electromigration properties of different copper interconnection structures and the dependence on microstructures, current densities and temperatures are evaluated.
Spermatogenic onset. II: FSH modulates mitotic activity of germ and Sertoli cells in immature rats

Summary By using high doses of testosterone propionate (TP) endogenous FSH was lowered to non-detectable levels in immature rats of different ages. Combined administration of TP and human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) or purified human FSH (hFSH) restored circulating FSH to normal or supranormal levels. This experimental model was used to investigate the influences of hormones on the proliferation of Sertoli and germ cells. Mitoses in seminiferous tubules were counted after being blocked by administration of colchicine. The mitotic index so determined showed a reduction with FSH withdrawal and a significant increase when the hormone levels were restored. Testicular DNA content was determined in testicular homogenates and showed similar changes. Autoradiographs were prepared and 3H-thymidine incorporation into germ and Sertoli cells was quantified. It was found that hFSH induced a significant increase in the labelling indices of gonocytes, type A-spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. All of these changes were effective in rats younger than 10 days but no modifications in any of the parameters under study were observed after 20 days. It is concluded that FSH exerts a stimulatory effect on the proliferation of spermatogonia, Sertoli cells and testicular DNA content during the first 10 days of life.
Neutrino masses in effective rank-5 subgroups of E 6 . I. Nonsupersymmetric case

The neutral fermion sectors of ${E}_{6}$-inspired low-energy models, in particular, the alternative left-right and inert models, are considered in detail within the nonsupersymmetric scenario. We show that in their simplest form, these models always predict, for each generation, the lightest neutrino to be a $SU(2{)}_{L}$ singlet, as well as two extra neutrinos with masses of the order of the up-quark mass. In order to recover standard model phenomenology, additional assumptions in the form of discrete symmetries and/or new interactions are needed. These are classified as the discrete symmetry, higher-dimensional operators, and additional neutral fermion methods. The discrete symmetry method can solve the problem, but requires additional Higgs doublets that do not get vacuum expectation values. The higher-dimensional operators method predicts no sterile neutrino, and that the active neutrinos mix with a heavy isodoublet neutrino, thus slightly suppressing the couplings of active neutrinos, with interesting phenomenological implications. The additional neutral fermion method also predicts this suppression, and also naturally includes one or more sterile neutrinos. This scenario allows the existence of sterile neutrino(s) in either a $\mathbf{3}+\mathbf{1}$ or $\mathbf{2}+\mathbf{2}$ structure at low energies, which are favored by the Los Alamos Liquid Scintillation Neutrino Detector result.
Multicultural Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills Among American Counselor Trainees: Group Differences in Self-Perceived Competence Based on Dispositional and Programmatic Variables

Multiculturalism has been a topic of scholarly discourse and inquiry for the last three decades. As the philosophical commitment to multiculturalism continues to be endorsed by the counseling field, it is becoming increasingly imperative that we integrate theory, research, and practice in an applied and compelling manner. This article provides the results from a quantitative study exploring the dispositional and programmatic variables that influence the level of self-perceived multicultural competence among a sample of counselor trainees in the United States of America. The research contributes to a foundation for discussing the current status of multicultural counseling competence as well as generating creative strategies for enhancing future competence in counselors.
Racial differences in aortic atheroma in patients undergoing transesophageal echocardiography for unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack

Racial differences in the prevalence of complex thoracic aortic atheroma were evaluated in 318 patients referred for transesophageal echocardiography after unexplained stroke or transient ischemic attack. African-Americans were found to have fewer complex thoracic aortic atheroma and fewer combined cardiac sources of embolus than Caucasian patients. This finding persists after adjusting for racial differences in atherosclerotic risk factors.
Synthesis of perfluorobicyclic ethers [1]. The electrochemical fluorination of cycloalkyl-substituted carboxylic acids

Abstract A new synthetic method for making perfluorobicyclic and perfluoromonospiro ethers by fluorinating the cycloalkyl-substituted carboxylic acid electrochemically is presented. Novel perfluoro(2-oxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane) and perfluoro(7-oxabicyclo- [4.3.0]nonane) were obtained by the fluorination of methyl cyclopentylacetate and methyl cyclohexylacetate in yields of 10.5% and 11.8% respectively. The fluorination of methyl 3-cyclopentylpropionate and methyl 3-cyclohexylpropionate afforded the new perfluoro(1-oxaspiro[4.4]nonane) and perfluoro(1-oxaspiro[4.5]- decane) as the main cyclization products in yields of 12.4% and 16.6% respectively. Several kinds of perfluorinated cyclization products having a perfluoroalkyl group at the β-carbon to oxygen were also prepared by the fluorination of α-alkyl-α-cycloalkyl- substituted acetic acids. These new fluorination products, including some perfluorocycloalkanes and perfluoroalkanoyl fluorides, have been characterized by elemental analysis and infrared, mass and 19 F nmr spectra.