cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of advertising features on smokers' and non-smokers' perceptions of a reduced nicotine cigarette modified risk tobacco product.

INTRODUCTION Research is needed to determine the impact of marketing on perceptions and use of reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes, particularly as US regulators have permitted the sale of an RNC cigarette modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) that seeks further authorisation to advertise using modified risk claims. This study examined the effects of two advertising elements (product name and disclaimer content) on perceptions of an RNC cigarette MRTP. METHODS Adult participants (n=807, 28.7% smokers, 58.2% male, 74.2% non-Latinx white) completed an online MTurk survey. Participants were randomised to view one of six RNC cigarette advertisements, using a 2×3 between-subject factorial design to manipulate product name ('Moonlight' vs 'Moonrise') and disclaimer content (industry-proposed: 'Nicotine is addictive. Less nicotine does NOT mean a safer cigarette' vs focused: 'Less nicotine does NOT mean a safer cigarette' vs no content), then completed recall and product perception questionnaires. RESULTS All participants who viewed the industry-proposed disclaimer (vs no content) perceived greater addiction risk (p's<0.05). Non-smokers who viewed this disclaimer also perceived greater health risks and held fewer false beliefs (p's<0.05). Smokers who viewed Moonlight (vs Moonrise) ads perceived lower health risks (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Disclaimer content may effectively inform consumers about addiction risk of a new RNC cigarette MRTP, and further inform non-smokers about health risks. This element, however, had little effect on perceived health risks among smokers, among whom the Moonlight product name was associated with health risk misperceptions similar to the banned 'light' descriptor.
The role of facial coloration in emotion disambiguation.

Previous research has demonstrated that some pairs of emotion expressions are confusing to observers because they share common facial-muscular expressive features. Recent research has suggested that another expressive feature, facial coloration, can facilitate the disambiguation of these emotion expressions. The current work tests this hypothesis by presenting participants with pairs of ambiguous emotion expressions with varying facial coloration, then assessing perceived emotion via continuous ratings and categorizations. The results demonstrated that facial coloration can influence perceived emotion within the emotion pairs of anger-disgust (Experiment 1), surprise-fear (Experiments 2a and 2b), and tearful sadness-happiness (Experiment 3). Further, this influence contributed to emotion disambiguation nonuniformly between emotion pairs. Implications discussed include the role of facial coloration in emotion perception, conceptualizations of emotion categories, and the use of posed facial expression stimuli in emotion research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Abstract P193: Effect Of Nitroglycerin And Sympathetic Withdrawal On Splanchnic Capacitance And Cardiac Blood Volumes

The splanchnic vasculature is the largest blood volume reservoir in the human body. Reduced capacitance of this vascular bed, in part due to sympathetic venoconstriction, is proposed to play a role...
Control of Microparticle Assembly

A colloidal system is a large collection of micrometer-sized particles suspended in a liquid, and the state of the system can be measured in real time, using imaging techniques and image processing...
Some Unpleasant Poverty Determination Procedures: Different Researchers, Different Poverty Rates

There is a lot of interest in measuring poverty, comparing it across regions and countries and analyzing its evolution over time. This interest has spurred a large literature on poverty, especially in developing countries where poverty is considered as a primary indicator of development. A “cookbook” methodology for poverty determination was progressively developed by the World Bank. It is widely assumed that it produces poverty measures which depend only on the survey data, so that different researchers working on the same household survey and following the methodology reach identical poverty rates. The paper shows that this understanding is incorrect. It shows that different practitioners can derive different poverty rates while working on the exact same survey. The paper formalizes the existing methodology and illustrates its shortcomings. It proposes a number of improvements on the methodology. These improvements which include the use of more efficient kernels with bandwidths derived from the data seek to make it fully automatic. More efficient and less ad-hoc estimates of food and non-food expenditures are then obtained. In the end, the researcher is left to smooth the data “by eye” by setting one single parameter. These improvements produce a fully automatic procedure which ensures that different researchers working on the same household survey derive identical poverty rates. The paper applies the methodologies to the 1995/96 Nepal Living Standard Survey.
PROBLEMS IN DEFINING QUALITY OF LIFE

The main goal of my remarks is to point out the problems of the customary approach, commonly used in clinical trials and other studies of therapy, that measures “quality of life” as though it were a state of health. With this approach, quality of life is expressed as the sum of ratings for a series of domains referring to symptoms, physical functions, and other components of “health”.
Five million years of compositionally diverse, episodic volcanism: Construction of Davidson Seamount atop an abandoned spreading center

Davidson Seamount, a volcano located about 80 km off the central California coast, has a volume of ∼320 km3 and consists of a series of parallel ridges serrated with steep cones. Davidson was sampled and its morphology observed during 27 ROV Tiburon dives. During those dives, 286 samples of lava, volcaniclastite, and erratics from the continental margin were collected, with additional samples from one ROV-collected push core and four gravity cores. We report glass compositions for 99 samples and 40Ar-39Ar incremental heating age data for 20 of the samples. The glass analyses are of hawaiite (62%), mugearite (13%), alkalic basalt (9%), and tephrite (8%), with minor transitional basalt (2%), benmoreite (2%), and trachyandesite (2%). The lithologies are irregularly distributed in space and time. The volcano erupted onto crust inferred to be 20 Ma from seafloor magnetic anomalies. Ages of the lavas range from 9.8 to 14.8 Ma. The oldest rocks are from the central ridge, and the youngest are from the flanks and southern end of the edifice. The compositions of the 18 reliably dated volcanic cones vary with age such that the oldest lavas are the most fractionated. The melts lost 65% to nearly 95% of their initial S because of bubble loss during vesiculation, and the shallowest samples have S contents similar to lava erupted subaerially in Hawaii. Despite this similarity in S contents, there is scant other evidence to suggest that Davidson was ever an island. The numerous small cones of disparate chemistry and the long eruptive period suggest episodic growth of the volcano over at least 5 Myr and perhaps as long as 10 Myr if it began to grow when the spreading ridge was abandoned.
Prevention of postoperative pericardial adhesions with a hyaluronic acid coating solution:Experimental safety and efficacy studies

Postoperative pericardial adhesions complicate reoperative cardiac procedures. Topical application of solutions containing hyaluronic acid have been shown to reduce adhesions after abdominal and orthopedic surgery. The mechanism by which hyaluronic acid solutions prevent adhesion formation is unknown but may be due to a cytoprotective effect on mesothelial surfaces, which would limit intraoperative injury. In this study, we tested the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid coating solutions for the prevention of postoperative intrapericardial adhesion formation. Eighteen mongrel dogs underwent median sternotomy and pericardiotomy followed by a standardized 2-hour protocol of forced warm air desiccation and abrasion of the pericardial and epicardial surfaces. Group 1 (n = 6) served as untreated control animals. Group 2 (n = 6) received topical administration of 0.4 % hyaluronic acid in phosphate-buffered saline solution at the time of pericardiotomy, at 20-minute intervals during the desiccation/abrasion protocol, and at pericardial closure. The total test dose was less than 1 % of the circulating blood volume. Group 3 (n = 6) served as a vehicle control, receiving phosphatebuffered saline solution as a topical agent in a fashion identical to that used in group 2. At resternotomy 8 weeks after the initial operation, the intrapericardial adhesions were graded on a 0 to 4 severity scale at seven different areas covering the ventricular, atrial, and great vessel surfaces. In both the untreated control (group 1, mean score 3.2 ± 0.4) and vehicle control (group 3, mean score 3.3 ± 0.2) animals, dense adhesions were encountered. In contrast, animals treated with the hyaluronic acid solution (group 2, mean score 0.8 ± 0.3) characteristically had no adhesions or filmy, transparent adhesions graded significantly less severe than either the untreated control (group 2 versus group 1, p
Student Group Project Work: A Pioneering Experiment in Interactive Engagement

Fully half of the curriculum of Roskilde University, Denmark(RUC), is student-driven group research project work, often interdisciplinary. I shall describe the practice of group project work in the sciences at RUC, and evaluate implications for educational practice in the U.S.
The common sense model applied to hepatitis C: a qualitative analysis of the impact of disease comparison and witnessed death on hepatitis C illness perception

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for 15,000 deaths in the United States yearly because people living with HCV are not identified in time to seek treatment, are ineligible for or refuse treatment, or face structural impediments to obtaining treatment such as lack of access to health care or lack of insurance. People who inject drugs (PWID) comprise a large proportion—estimates of up to 60–70 %—of current and new HCV infected individuals and face many barriers to completing HCV treatment. We conducted 30 qualitative semi-structured interviews of current and former PWID seeking HCV treatment at an opioid-agonist treatment facility in New York City. We used thematic analysis, informed by grounded theory, to examine perceptions of HCV and decisions to initiate HCV treatment. We analyzed the themes that emerged via the common sense model (CSM) of illness perception theoretical framework. Using thematic analyses, two major themes emerged related to engagement in HCV treatment. First, participants independently compared HCV to HIV, and in so doing, emphasized the potential fatality of HCV and the need for treatment. Second, participants described witnessing others suffer or die from untreated HCV and expressed how these recollections impacted their desire to undergo treatment themselves. Together, these themes contributed to the way participants perceived HCV and informed their decisions to initiate treatment. Both themes reflect the CSM’s “self-regulation” process, which posits that understanding the causes and consequences of an illness impacts one’s ability to seek treatment to overcome this illness state. This paper offers insight into how clinicians can better understand and utilize HCV illness perceptions to evaluate willingness to engage in HCV treatment among PWID considering antiviral treatment modalities.
Sleep disorders and neurological disease

Historical Perspective on Sleep and ManMichael J. ThorpyNeurobiology and Segmental Neurology of SleepAntonio CulebrasDisorders of Development and Maturation of Sleep, and Sleep Disorders in Infancy, Childhood, and Cerebral PalsyStephen H. SheldonSleep-Related Respiratory Physiology in Infancy, Sleep Apnea Syndromes in Infancy and Childhood, and PolysomnographyGabriele M. Barthlen and Stephen H. SheldonDissociated States of Brain and MindMark W. Mahowald and Carlos H. SchenckThe Role of Melatonin in Sleep and Sleep DisordersIrina V. ZhdanovaDelayed-Sleep-Phase Syndrome and Other Circadian-Rhythm Sleep DisordersCharles P. PollakInsomnia in NeurologyElio Lugaresi, Federica Provini, and Giuseppe PlazziMotor Disorders of Sleep: Periodic, Aperiodic, and Rhythmic Motor Disorders and ParasomniasPasquale MontagnaSleep in Neurodegenerative DisordersSudhansu ChokrovertyParkinson's Disease and Extrapyramidal DisordersRobert L. RodnitzkySleep and Nocturnal Delirium in the Dementias: Alzheimer's Disease, Multi-Infarct Dementia, and Parkinson's DiseaseDonald L. BliwiseObstructive and Nonobstructive Sleep Apnea: The Neurological PerspectiveChristian Guilleminault and Ali G. BassiriSleep and StrokeHeikki Palom?ki and Markku PartinenSleep, Epilepsy, and Sudden DeathChristine Quinto and Sudhansu ChokrovertyNarcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Periodic HypersomniasClaudio Bassetti and Michael S. AldrichHeadache Disorders and SleepAntonio CulebrasSleep in Traumatic Brain Injury and Other Acquired CNS ConditionsMark W. MahowaldSleep Disorders Associated with Multiple SclerosisAntonio CulebrasSleep Disorders and Neuromuscular DisordersAntonio Culebras
Nonperturbative Corrections to the Dilepton Cross Section

We study the sensitivity of the dilepton production cross section to higher twist terms. A method for calculating the resummed cross section is introduced in moment space, where the leading higher twist terms can be easily parametrized and calculated. We find that a $1/Q$ power correction may significantly affect the cross section at fixed-target energies.
Optical and chemical analysis of the interface formed at low temperature

Abstract The barrier height is found to increase from 0.25 to 0.60 eV for Schottky contacts on n -InGaAs using deposition of Ag on a substrate cooled to 77 K (LT). Surface analysis leads to an interface model for the LT diode in which there are oxide compounds of In:O and As:O between the metal and semiconductor, leading to behavior as a metal-insulator-semiconductor diode. The metal film deposited at LT has a finer and more uniform structure, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and in situ metal layer resistance measurement. This increased uniformity is an additional reason for the barrier height improvement. In contrast, the diodes formed at room temperature exhibit poorer performance due to an unpassivated surface and non-uniform metal coverage on a microscopic level.
Latent place learning in a novel environment and the influences of prior training in rats

Latent place learning in a novel environment was studied in rats, using a variation on the Morris (1981) water task. Groups of rats received 30 trials over 3 days in a training environment in which they learned to swim to an escape platform, were permitted to swim around the maze with no platform, or were placed on the platform by the experimenter. In a subsequent test, groups that had learned to swim to the escape platform during initial training were quicker to locate the platform in a novel environment after viewing the room from the location of the escape platform than were similarly pretrained subjects that were not allowed to view the room from the platform. Groups that were not trained to swim to the platform but received training on other procedural aspects of the task in the first environment did not benefit from standing on the escape platform in the novel environment. These results show that animals that are familiar with the requirements of the water maze task can generate accurate trajectories through a novel area based on information obtained while viewing the environment from the goal location.
Estimated accuracies of regional water storage variations inferred from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)

[1] The satellite Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) provides data describing monthly changes in the geoid, which are closely related to changes in vertically integrated terrestrial water storage. Unlike conventional point or gridded hydrologic measurements, such as those from rain gauges, stream gauges, rain radars, and radiometric satellite images, GRACE data are sets of Stokes coefficients in a truncated spherical harmonic expansion of the geoid. Swenson and Wahr [2002] describe techniques for constructing spatial averaging kernels, with which the average change in vertically integrated water storage within a given region can be extracted from a set of Stokes coefficients. This study extends that work by applying averaging kernels to a realistic synthetic GRACE gravity signal derived in part from a large-scale hydrologic model. By comparing the water storage estimates inferred from the synthetic GRACE data with the water storage estimates predicted by the same hydrologic model, we are able to assess the accuracy of the GRACE estimates and to compare the performance of different averaging kernels. We focus specifically on recovering monthly water storage variations within North American river basins. We conclude that GRACE will be capable of estimating monthly changes in water storage to accuracies of better than 1 cm of water thickness for regions having areas of 4.0 · 105 km2 or larger. Accuracies are better for larger regions. The water storage signal of the Mississippi river basin (area = 3.9 · 106 km2), for example, can be obtained to better than 5 mm. For regional- to global-scale water balance analyses, this result indicates that GRACE will provide a useful, direct measure of seasonal water storage for river-basin water balance analyses; such data are without precedent in hydrologic analysis.
Petrographic and Geochemical Constraints on the Provenance of Sanidine-Bearing Temper in Ceramic Potsherds, Four Corners Region, Southwest USA

Previous researchers proposed that trachybasalt temper with “poikilitic” sanidine, found in pottery from the Mesa Verde region of the American Southwest, was procured along the eastern Chuska Mountains. This served as one line of evidence that Chaco Canyon was a regional trade center linked to the Chuska Mountains in the ninth to thirteenth centuries. Recent geologic studies, however, revealed other potential sources for the trachybasalt temper. A comparison of petrographic features and geochemical signatures of poikilitic sanidine in rock samples and potsherds shows no definitive correlation of temper materials and a specific geologic source. Several outcrops of trachybasalt are identified as less viable prospects, but the results do not support the idea that the sanidine-rich temper was exclusively gathered in the Chuska Mountains. This conclusion opens up the possibility that raw materials were gathered from local sources that were more accessible, reducing the dependence on a regional trade center.
Use of concatenated FEC coding for real-time packet video over heterogeneous wired-to-wireless IP networks

In this paper, we address the problem of robust packet video transmission over heterogeneous wired-to-wireless IP networks. We propose the use of a concatenated FEC coding scheme employing interlaced Reed-Solomon (RS) codes and rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes to protect the video data from packet loss and bit errors, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of a joint source-channel coding (JSCC) approach employing this concatenated FEC coding scheme for video transmission is also studied. Results indicate that with an appropriate JSCC approach, concatenated FEC-based error-control techniques, together with passive error-recovery techniques, can significantly improve the effective video throughput and lead to acceptable video delivery quality over time-varying heterogeneous wired-to-wireless IP networks.
The relationship between mothers’ coping patterns and children’s anxiety about their hospitalization as reflected in drawings

This study explored the relationships between hospitalized children’s anxiety level, mothers’ use of coping strategies, and mothers’ satisfaction with the hospital experience. Twenty-four hospitalized children and their mothers participated in this study. Children were asked to draw a person in the hospital, which was then coded as a projective measure of anxiety; mothers were asked to complete questionnaires on their coping behaviors and their satisfaction with their child’s hospital experience. The use of more coping strategies by the mothers was related to less anxiety in the children. In addition, the more coping strategies the mothers used, the higher they reported their satisfaction. The findings suggest the importance of providing resources aimed at increasing maternal coping and satisfaction with the quality of care of a child’s hospitalization in order to minimize the negative effects of the hospitalization on the children.
University-industry relationships in genetic research: potential opportunities and pitfalls.

Changes in the environment in which university research is conducted, in conjunction with the development of new research technologies such as biotechnology, are contributing to the proliferation and diversification of university‐industry relationships. This paper describes and documents university‐industry relationships in five categories: research contracts, technology transfer activities, consultancies, employment, and gifts. Special emphasis is given to biotechnology research relations. Conflicts that may arise from these relations are discussed and studies evaluating the potential impacts of university‐industry relationships are summarized. While wide‐spread abuse has not been reported, subtle changes in university research may be occurring. Using the University of Tennessee as a case study, the paper ends with a discussion of the difficulties of establishing guidelines and procedures to prevent and settle conflicts of interest that might result from university‐industry relationships.
On de-coupling of Shvab-Zel'dovich variables in the presence of diffusion

In multi-component reacting flows, it is well-known that significant simplifications are available when the “all-Lewis-numbers-are-unity” assumption can be justified. Under this assumption, certain linear combinations of the dependent variables, commonly known as the Shvab-Zel’dovich (SZ) variables, are “decoupled” from the chemistry terms. A derivation is presented here showing that the same simplifications can be achieved under less-restrictive conditions. The means to check whether these conditions are satisfied is provided.
Comparison of Plastic Mulch and Nitrogen Form on the Incidence of Verticillium Wilt of Eggplant.

ABSTRACT Eggplants (cv. Midnite) were grown during 1996 to 1998 in soils naturally infested with Verti-cillium dahliae. Experimental plots were either mulched with black plastic or grown on bare ground and fertilized with either (NH4)2SO4 or Ca(NO3)2 at 224 kg of N per hectare each season. Compared to bare ground, mulch resulted in a 42 and 68% increase in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Compared to Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4 fertilization increased yield by 22 and 18% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In both years, there were no significant interactions between the mulch and fertilizer treatments on yield or on integrated estimates of the plant canopy growth curve or disease severity. However, the treatment effects were additive. When compared to bare ground, mulching increased the plant canopy 3 weeks after planting and reduced the percentage of symptomatic foliage 8 weeks after planting. Compared to Ca(NO3)2, fertilization with (NH4)2SO4 increased the plant canopy after 6 weeks, but did not affect the percentage ...
Characterization of a mutant GLUT4 lacking the N-glycosylation site: studies in transfected rat adipose cells

GLUT4, the insulin-responsive glucose transporter expressed primarily in muscle and adipose tissue, contains a single N-glycosylation site. We characterized a mutant GLUT4 lacking the N-glycosylation site (Asn57-->Gln) in primary cultures of rat adipose cells. We transiently transfected cells with expression vectors for epitope-tagged GLUT4 containing either wild-type (GLUT4-HA) or mutant (GLN57-HA) cDNA sequences. Expression of GLN57-HA in adipose cells was approximately 10-fold lower than for GLUT4-HA even though mRNA levels for both recombinant transporters were comparable. Biosynthetic labeling studies showed markedly decreased incorporation of [35S]-methionine/cysteine into GLN57-HA relative to GLUT4-HA consistent with either a decreased synthetic rate or accelerated degradation of GLN57-HA. Interestingly, transient transfection of GLUT4-HA and GLN57-HA in COS-7 cells (which do not express endogenous GLUT4) resulted in comparable levels of protein expression for both transporters. Thus, in the physiologically relevant adipose cell, glycosylation of GLUT4 appears to play an important functional role.
Hybrid biotic/abiotic nanofactory

In vitro biochemical synthesis is considered a major challenge in replicating cellular functions in engineered systems. Presented is the first nanosized hybrid factory where biochemical reactions take place resulting in the production of biomolecules. A cellular ATP synthesis process is reconstructed in vitro within a bubble architecture using engineered artificial organelles. This is the first introduction of biochemical synthesis from a multiprotein polymersome system and the demonstration of complex proteins' stable functionality in an artificial structure. This hybrid system is expected to have wide application in a number of fields ranging from the in vitro investigation of cellular metabolism to the synthesis of a new class of functional materials.
Designing for repair?: infrastructures and materialities of breakdown

This paper explores issues that come up in practices of breakage and repair through two projects: the 'XO' laptops of One Laptop Per Child in Paraguay and public sites of facilitated repair in California, USA. Collectively drawing on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork, 156 interviews, and archival research, we find that breakdown and repair are not processes that designers can effectively script ahead of time; instead, they emerge in everyday practice. These practices are shaped by material, infrastructural, gendered, political, and socioeconomic factors -- such as manufacturing limitations, access to repair parts and expertise, and environmental convictions -- which designers often did not, and may not have been able to, anticipate. We call the material realities and practices of repair negotiated endurance, which is illustrated by four themes from our findings: the negotiated identification of breakdown, collaborative definitions of worth, the fraught nature of collaborative expertise, and the gendered stakes of repair.
The Minor Planet Center

The history and current status of the Minor Planet Center are described, and thoughts are presented on future plans for the Center.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ABSCISSION LAYER FORMATION IN THE BEAN

A B S T R A C T In debladed bean petioles calcium and dry weight increased in the abscission zone during an induction period of 14 hr. Before the microscopic appearance of the abscission layer calcium decreased in the abscission zone and increased in the petiole. Dry matter began to decrease in both the abscission zone and the petiole 24 hr after deblading. The first visual change in the cells of the abscission zone was a swelling of the pectic materials of the cell walls. This was followed by breakdown of other cell wall components, i.e., non-cellulosic polysaccharides and cellulose. The cellulose of the cell walls adjacent and distal to the abscission layer was found to be altered; however, no lignin was present during abscission layer development. The alteration of pectic materials, coupled with breakdown of cell wall components, resulted in the collapse of cells of the abscission layer just prior to separation. Auxin delayed abscission and also delayed the initial increase in calcium, the movement of calcium from the abscission zone to the petiole, and the decrease in dry weight. THE ANATOMICAL ASPECTS of leaf abscission in the bean (Brown and Addicott, 1950; Gawadi and Avery, 1950) and cotton (Hall, 1958; Leinweber and Hall, 1959) have been well defined; however, information correlating the physiological and chemical changes with anatomical changes in the abscission zone is sparse. Sampson (1918) found high levels of nitrates, reducing sugars, iron, and certain oxidative enzymes in abscission layer tissue of Coleus. He also observed that calcium moved out of the abscission zone during abscission layer formation. Eames and MacDaniels (1925) reported that the middle lamella of the abscission layer cells becomes chemically changed and possibly the cellulose secondary wall could be altered. Further, the outer layers of the wall dissolve structurally, weakening the abscission layer. This study concerns the use of histochemical and microchemical methods to investigate some of the physiological and chemical events of the abscission process in bean. The findings are correlated with the anatomical development of the abscission layer.
Neuroimaging of ischemia and infarction

Since the introduction of thrombolytic therapy as the foundation of acute stroke treatment, neuroimaging has rapidly advanced to empower therapeutic decision making. Diffusion-weighted imaging is the most sensitive and accurate method for stroke detection, and, allied with perfusion-weighted imaging, provides information on the functional status of the ischemic brain. It can also help to identify a response to thrombolytic and neuroprotective therapies. Additionally, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, including magnetic resonance angiography, offers information on stroke mechanism and pathophysiology that can guide long-term medical management. Multimodal computed tomography is a comprehensive, cost-effective, and safe stroke imaging modality that can be easily implemented in the emergency ward and that offers fast and reliable information with respect to the arterial and functional status of the ischemic brain. Accessibility, contraindications, cost, speed, and individual patient-determined features influence which is the best imaging modality to guide acute stroke management.
A strip-shield improves the efficiency of a solenoid coil in probes for high-field solid-state NMR of lossy biological samples

A strip-shield inserted between a high inductance double-tuned solenoid coil and the glass tube containing the sample improves the efficiency of probes used for high-field solid-state NMR experiments on lossy aqueous samples of proteins and other biopolymers. A strip-shield is a coil liner consisting of thin copper strips layered on a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) insulator. With lossy samples, the shift in tuning frequency is smaller, the reduction in Q, and RF-induced heating are all significantly reduced when the strip-shield is present. The performance of 800MHz (1)H/(15)N and (1)H/(13)C double-resonance probes is demonstrated on aqueous samples of membrane proteins in phospholipid bilayers.
Authenticating Strategic Essentialisms: The Politics of Indigenousness at the United Nations:

In the politics of indigenousness in international fora there are discourses and practices that strategically delimit the universe of meanings and that seek to define what are indigenous traditions, histories, collective memories, worldviews, present conditions, ways of life, and future aspirations. I argue that indigenous intellectuals and activists depict a strategically essentialized indigeneity to legitimize claims for social justice and rights; thus, this depiction should not be understood simply as an uncritical and retrograde essentialism. The (re)construction of peoplehood involves negotiating concepts used by nation states and, at the same time, a continuous conscious redrawing of cultural boundaries.
Center Stage: Helen Gahagan Douglas, A Life

Best remembered today as the victim of Richard Nixon's smear campaign in their 1950 senatorial race in California, Helen Gahagan Douglas had a truly remarkable double career, in entertainment and in politics. A tall, stunning woman, dignified and fashionable, Douglas dropped out of Barnard College in her sophomore year to star in Dreams for Sale, a Broadway play written by Owen Davis, who would win a Pulitzer Prize that year. With nothing more than sheer talent and little training, she was soon the peer of Helen Hayes and Katherine Cornell--Heywood Broun called her "ten of the twelve most beautiful women in the world"--and she played the lead in a string of hits. Then she changed course, and after two years of intensive training in a tiny Manhattan apartment, she debuted in Europe as an opera singer, and sang there for several seasons. And in the late '30s and early '40s, as she and her husband (actor Melvyn Douglas) became deeply involved in FDR's Democratic Party, she once again rose rapidly to the top, serving as a Democratic National Committeewoman after only five months in politics, and winning a seat in Congress in 1944, 1946, and 1948. In Center Stage, Ingrid Winther Scobie presents a sweeping biography of an unusual and talented woman, set against the background of the Great White Way in the 1920s, Hollywood in the 1930s, and California and national politics in the 1940s. We see young Helen Gahagan growing up in posh, turn-of-the-century Park Slope ("really the Park Avenue area of Brooklyn," as she described it), developing an intense passion for acting. We witness her first meeting with Melvyn Douglas, in famed producer David Belasco's office (Belasco asked Helen for her opinion of Melvyn as a possible leading man and she answered simply, "he will do"). And we follow their life together, moving from coast to coast, trying to raise a family and maintain two careers, and gradually becoming more involved in politics--Helen especially with the plight of California's migrant workers. Scobie describes Douglas's long, close friendship with Eleanor Roosevelt, traces her political rise as one of the most outspoken liberals in Washington, examines in detail her three terms in Congress, and sheds considerable light on the most notorious event in Douglas's political career: her defeat in the 1950 senatorial race at the hands of Richard Nixon, long considered the quintessential red-smear campaign. Indeed, this is the first book to examine the 1950 campaign from Douglas's side, and its conclusions are revelatory. Based on extensive archival research, on exclusive access to Douglas's private papers including letters to and from Melvyn spanning fifty years, and on interviews with Douglas's colleagues, friends, and family, this absorbing biography skillfully interweaves the private and public life of a woman who was both a glamorous celebrity and a charismatic political figure.
Fatty acid and amino acid composition of teratocytes from Lygus hesperus (miridae: hemiptera) parasitized by two species of parasites, Leiophron uniformis (braconidae: hymenoptera) and Peristenus stygicus (Braconidae: Hymenoptera)

Abstract 1. 1. Teratocytes (dissociated trophamnion cells liberated from eggs of certain hymenopteran endoparasites into host hemolymph upon hatch) from Lygus hesperus parasitized by Peristenus stygicus or Leiophron uniformis were analyzed and compared. 2. 2. Fatty acid profiles were similar in the 2 types of teratocytes except for myristic acid (C14:0) which was found in higher concentrations in P. stygicus and linolenic acid (C18:3) which was found in higher concentrations in L. uniformis . 3. 3. Of 22 amino acids found in both species, there were 12 that differed significantly between the 2 species (aspartic acid, threonine, α-aminoadipic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and arginine). Most of these were essential amino acids, and in every case, concentrations were higher in P. stygicus than in L. uniformis associated teratocytes.
Reference bases in natural language and technical language

Distinctions between natural language and technical language relative to concept structures, definitions, and reference bases are discussed. The role of reference bases in constructing concepts, in constructing meanings associated with what is read or heard, and in testing to confirm that interpretation matches intention is addressed. >
Design of predictable production scheduling model using control theoretic approach

As one of the most important planning and operational issues in manufacturing systems, production scheduling generally deals with allocating a set of resources over time to perform a set of tasks. Recently, control theoretic approaches based on nonlinear dynamics of continuous variables have been proposed to solve production scheduling problems as an alternative to traditional production scheduling methods that deal with decision-making components in discrete nature. The major goal of this paper is to improve predictability and performance of an existing scheduling model that employs the control theoretic approach, called distributed arrival time controller (DATC), to manage arrival times of parts using an integral controller. In this paper, we first review and investigate unique dynamic characteristics of the DATC in regards to convergence and chattering of arrival times. We then propose a new arrival time controller for the DATC that can improve predictability and performance in production scheduling. We call the new mechanism the double integral arrival-time controller (DIAC). We analyse unique characteristics of the DIAC such as oscillatory trajectory of arrival times, their oscillation frequency, and sequence visiting mechanism. In addition, we compare scheduling performance of the DIAC to the existing DATC model through computational experiments. The results show that the proposed system can be used as a mathematical and simulation model for designing adaptable manufacturing systems in the future.
Linear third order inclusions: the adjacent vector

Stability of linear inclusions arising in absolute stability problem for control systems with one sector nonlinearity is studied. It is shown that asymptotic stability of this inclusion is equivalent to asymptotic stability of special three dimensional autonomous system with switches at points with zero output and at points orthogonal to a special vector, which is called the adjacent vector. The Lyapunov exponent of each nonzero solution of corresponding autonomous system is proved to be equal to the Lyapunov exponent of the original linear inclusion. Thus, the result known for two dimensional inclusions is generalized to inclusions of dimension three.
PDMS and tubing-based peristaltic micropumps with direct actuation

Abstract This work presents the design and characterization of novel PDMS and tubing-based micropumps based on ‘direct actuation.’ A simple PDMS microchip consisting of a microchannel formed around a circular hole in the center of the microchip was pumped peristaltically. The center hole housed a miniature-motor driven, roller-type actuator, analogous to that used in bench-top peristaltic pumps. The roller-type actuator compressed the channel walls together as it rotated, thereby invoking peristalsis. A miniaturized tubing-based micropump was designed to utilize the same actuator by employing a polycarbonate housing fabricated to hold commercial peristaltic pump tubing. Channel/tubing dimensions, actuation frequency (RPM), percent compression of the PDMS microchip, and roller diameter can be varied to provide a large range of flow rates. Additionally, when stopped, the pumps also provide normally closed valve functionality. A linear flow rate range spanning 0.5–27 μL/min was obtained for the PDMS micropump by simply varying RPM and channel cross-section while one size of commercial tubing provided a range from 0.65 to 41 μL/min. The PDMS micropump valved up to 2 psi, while the tubing-based pump exhibited no leakage up to 50 psi. The two micropumps have similar dimensions with the fluid/actuator portions being ∼2 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm and the mini-motor/gearbox having dimensions of 2.1 cm × 1.0 cm × 1.2 cm with a 0.25-cm diameter, 0.8-cm long shaft. The micropumps performed comparably to a much larger commercial peristaltic pump, while consuming much less space and power. When pump driver size is included, the complete package is miniaturized enough to be portable. The tubing-based pump provides an inexpensive, modular micropump while the PDMS microchannel pump design facilitates pump integration into a microfluidic substrate.
Low-cost conversion of a bi-directional reflectance distribution station to off-axis rejection testing of a cold stop

An existing 10.6 micrometers CO2 laser bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) station was converted into a small scale off-axis rejection (OAR) facility for testing the point source transmittance (PST) of an infrared (IR) sensor cold shield at room temperature with a room temperature detector. A cold shield with a defective coating was identified; the coating was refurbished and performance remeasured. An improved performance was observed. A simple Gaussian integration technique for total transmitted energy was applied to assess performance in the sensor. Construction of a combined BRDF/OAR facility for component and telescope testing is discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermal NOx in stretched laminar opposed-flow diffusion flames with CO/H2/N2 fuel

The effect of flame stretch (variations in velocity and concentration gradients) on thermal NOx formation has been studied in laminar opposed-flow diffusion flames. Detailed chemistry-transport model calculations show agreement (within 150 K for peak flame temperature and within 3 ppm for peak thermal nitric oxid concentrations) with previous experimental measurements in CO/H2/N2 laminar opposed-flow diffusion flames at three different velocity gradients (α = 70, 180, and 330 s−1). Major corrections were required to account for the finite spatial resolution of the probe sampling measurements. Additional model calculations were obtained over a wider range of stretch (α = 0.1–5000 s−1). Calculated NOx concentrations decreased dramatically as flame stretch was increased (with peak NOx values of 2300, 1100, 280, 20, and ≤1 ppm obtained for flames with α = 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and ≥500 s−1, respectively). This decrease was caused by declines in both the reaction time in high temperature flame zones (proportional to α−1) and in the net NOx formation rates. The net NOx formation rates are affected by flame stretch due to changes in peak flame temperature, superequilibrium O atom concentrations, NO destruction reactions, and N2O formation reactions. Most of the NOx in flames at low stretch is formed by the Zeldovich mechanism, while the N2O pathway dominates NOx formation in flames at very high stretch where the peak flame temperatures are lower. Reactions involving the formation and destruction of NO2 occur in lean flame zones, but the amount of NO2 formed is small (≤10 ppm). Both experiments and model calculations show that a very effective way to reduce thermal NOx formation in the forward stagnation regions of laminar opposed-flow diffusion flames (and possibly in turbulent diffusion flames as well) is to increase flame stretch.
Amyloid-bearing tumors of mice.

Abstract Studies with the polarizing microscope on 13 mouse adenocarcinomas have shown that all contain amyloid deposits. Much of the amyloid appears in the tumor stroma where it is formed into fibril bundles sometimes condensed into complexes. Stromal histiocytes are typically associated with strongly birefringent areas but the same is not true of stromal fibroblasts. Intracellular birefringence was sometimes seen within the parenchymal epithelium and stromal macrophages. There are numerous examples of degenerating carcinomatous tubules whose lumina contain amyloid deposits which are fibrillar or diffuse in character. Presumably, such deposits were secreted by the surrounding epithelial cells. It is suggested that polarizing microscopic studies on other types of tumors may reveal that the presence of amyloid deposits is relatively common.
Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Match-Related Collegiate Women’s Soccer Injuries on FieldTurf and Natural Grass Surfaces A 5-Year Prospective Study

Background:Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. Over the past 2 decades, however, newer generations of synthetic turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. Although synthetic turf has been determined to be safer than natural grass in some studies, few long-term studies have been conducted comparing match-related collegiate soccer injuries between the 2 playing surfaces.Hypothesis:Collegiate female soccer athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related injuries on FieldTurf and on natural grass.Study Design:Cohort study: Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Female soccer athletes from 13 universities were evaluated over 5 competitive seasons for injury incidence, injury category, time of injury, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, primary type of injury, injury grade and anatomic location, field location at the time of injury, injury severity, head and lower...
Methodological Note on Trait-Treatment Interactions

A procedure is described for determining trait-treatment interactions when the effects of potentially confounding variables have been controlled in the original design through the analysis of covariance or the calculation of residual gain scores. The procedure determines the homogeneity of group regressions, the regions of covariable values for which group regressions are significantly different, and the percent of error that may be expected from this procedure when subjects are differentially assigned to treatments. Implications for recasting research designs based on the post hoc analysis of trait-treatment interactions are discussed.
Calculations of dynamical properties of skutterudites: Thermal conductivity, thermal expansivity, and atomic mean-square displacement

While the thermal conductivity of the filled skutterudites has been of great interest it had not been calculated within a microscopic theory. Here a central force, Guggenheim-McGlashen, model with parameters largely extracted from first-principles calculations and from spectroscopic data, specific to ${\text{LaFe}}_{4}{\text{Sb}}_{12}$ or ${\text{CoSb}}_{3}$, is employed in a Green-Kubo/molecular dynamics calculation of thermal conductivity as a function of temperature. We find that the thermal conductivity of a filled solid is more than a factor of two lower than that of an unfilled solid, assuming the ``framework'' interatomic force parameters are the same between filled and unfilled solids, and that this decrease is almost entirely due to the cubic anharmonic interaction between filling and framework atoms. In addition, partially as a test of our models, we calculate thermal expansivity and isotropic atomic mean-square displacements using both molecular dynamics and lattice dynamics methods. These quantities are in reasonable agreement with experiment, increasing our confidence in the anharmonic parameters of our models. We also find an anomalously large filling-atom mode Gruneisen parameter that is apparently observed for a filled skutterudite and is observed in a clathrate.