cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Single-Stage Gradient-Based Approach for Solving the Joint Product Family Platform Selection and Design Problem Using Decomposition

A core challenge in product family optimization is to develop a single-stage approach that can optimally select the set of variables to be shared in the platform(s) while simultaneously designing the platform(s) and variants within an algorithm that is efficient and scalable. However, solving the joint product family platform selection and design problem involves significant complexity and computational cost, so most prior methods have narrowed the scope by treating the platform as fixed or have relied on stochastic algorithms or heuristic two-stage approaches that may sacrifice optimality. In this paper, we propose a single-stage approach for optimizing the joint problem using gradient-based methods. The combinatorial platform-selection variables are relaxed to the continuous space by applying the commonality index and consistency relaxation function introduced in a companion paper. In order to improve scalability properties, we exploit the structure of the product family problem and decompose the joint product family optimization problem into a two-level optimization problem using analytical target cascading so that the system-level problem determines the optimal platform configuration while each subsystem optimizes a single product in the family. Finally, we demonstrate the approach through optimization of a family of ten bathroom scales; Results indicate encouraging success with scalability and computational expense.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Toward Culturally Sensitive Theories of Culture Change

Existing theories of culture change in organizations generally fail to take the nature of the culture to be changed into account. It is suggested here that different cultures may change through different processes. Factors that influence the persistence of culture and the impact that organizational history has on culture change are discussed. Implications for future research are explored.
Parental Hostility and Depression as Predictors of Young Children's Aggression and Conduct Problems

Parental hostility and parental depression are associated with childhood behavior problems, but these have been studied independently in the literature. This study examined the relationships between parental hostility and depression and childhood aggression and conduct problems. Parental hostility was hypothesized to predict children's current and future (two months later) aggression and conduct problems. Participants were primary caregivers of children 0 to 10 years of age. Results indicate that hostility is a better predictor of present and future childhood aggression and conduct problems than depression. Implications of this finding for preventing and treating childhood aggression and conduct problems are discussed.
Neural control of smart electromagnetic structures [patch antennas]

Smart electromagnetic structures (SEMS) are capable of interacting with the surrounding electromagnetic field and responding to it. A system is "smart" when it integrates sensing, processing, and control elements (e.g. antennas, neural networks, diodes) in an autonomous manner. A SEMS capable of tuning frequency autonomously is described. Data are presented showing that the system can extend the useable bandwidth of a microstrip patch antenna in a frequency hop environment to more than twice the static value. >
Wall interference calculation in a transonic test section including simulation of discrete slots

A computational simulation of a transonic wind tunnel test section with longitudinally slotted walls is described. This nonlinear slot model includes dynamic-pressure effects and a plenum pressure constraint. The simulation method developed is found to be a useful tool for analyzing the nature of the flowfield that exists in a longitudinally slotted transonic test section. Results obtained from the discrete-slot model are similar to those of a homogeneous model when a plenum pressure coefficient of zero is utilized, indicating little effect of slot discreteness with the transport aircraft models examined.
There is no such thing as environmental ethics

Engineers and scientists, whose professional responsibilities often influence the natural environment, have sought to develop an environmental ethic that will be in tune with their attitudes toward the non-human environment, and that will assist them in decision making regarding questions of environmental quality. In this paper the classical traditions in normative ethics are explored in an attempt to formulate such an environmental ethic. I conclude, however, that because the discipline of ethics is directed at person-person interactions, ethics as a scholarly discipline does not help us understand how we ought to treat non-human nature. We therefore cannot look to ethics as a source for understanding our attitudes and for providing guidance to our actions with regard to the environment. To do so is to ask too much of ethics.
High dose chemotherapy with autologous marrow rescue in the treatment of resistant solid tumors

Toxicity in the form of marrow suppression has hampered the investigation of intensive chemotherapy as it applies to the treatment of solid tumors. The use of autologous marrow rescue to ameliorate protracted aplasia permits the application of high dose chemotherapy to the treatment of solid tumors. We review the theoretical limitations of this technique and present results reported in selected solid tumors. Autologous marrow rescue from intensive chemotherapy is an innovative approach in overcoming the resistence to chemotherapy that is typical of solid tumors. The role of this therapy in the treatment of solid tumors remains to be defined.
Cost/benefit analysis for circuit breaker maintenance planning and scheduling

Maintenance planning and scheduling of circuit breakers (CBs) always involves the cost and benefit analysis. This paper introduces a new framework for cost/benefit assessments using condition-based monitoring data. The signals monitored at the CB control circuit are first utilized to determine the CB deterioration status. This information is used to decide which type of maintenance, e.g., minor, major, or replacement, needs to be practiced for different CBs. System wide analysis is then performed to assess the cost benefits of the maintenance by calculating the costs imposed to the system in the case of CB mal-operation. A new benefit to cost ratio (BCR) index is introduced to deal with the CB maintenance prioritization process. The proposed approach is implemented on a breaker-and-a-half substation configuration and the results demonstrate the applicability of the presented framework in real world scenarios.
Mary Garber's Coverage of Black Sports in the US Segregated South, 1944–1964

This paper addresses the gap in literature that ignores sport as practiced, managed or communicated by women by focusing on sportswriter Mary Garber, and the meanings engendered through her coverage of black high school and collegiate athletics in the Twin City Sentinel of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, during the mid-1940s through early 1960s. She received numerous prestigious awards during a career that spanned seven decades, but limited historical treatises examine this influential figure. Few scholars have attempted to understand the history of women in this male-dominated field or the sociocultural forces and obstacles that contextualise and hinder their contributions. It is a sad irony that Garber was atypical for her time, and remains so in the contemporary climate. Therefore, one major objective of this paper is to create a discourse through Garber's body of work that will help to eradicate the gender inequalities of women in sport media. In contrast with representations of women and racial minori...
A spatially supported forced-choice recognition test reveals children's long-term memory for newly learned word forms

Children’s memories for the link between a newly trained word and its referent have been the focus of extensive past research. However, memory for the word form itself is rarely assessed among preschool-age children. When it is, children are typically asked to verbally recall the forms, and they generally perform at floor on such tests. To better measure children’s memory for word forms, we aimed to design a more sensitive test that required recognition rather than recall, provided spatial cues to off-set the phonological memory demands of the test, and allowed pointing rather than verbal responses. We taught 12 novel word-referent pairs via ostensive naming to sixteen 4- to 6-year-olds and measured their memory for the word forms after a week-long retention interval using the new spatially supported form recognition test. We also measured their memory for the word-referent links and the generalization of the links to untrained referents with commonly used recognition tests. Children demonstrated memory for word forms at above chance levels; however, their memory for forms was poorer than their memory for trained or generalized word-referent links. When in error, children were no more likely to select a foil that was a close neighbor to the target form than a maximally different foil. Additionally, they more often selected correct forms that were among the first six than the last six to be trained. Overall, these findings suggest that children are able to remember word forms after a limited number of ostensive exposures and a long-term delay. However, word forms remain more difficult to learn than word-referent links and there is an upper limit on the number of forms that can be learned within a given period of time.
Polynuclear Manganese Complexes with the Dicarboxylate Ligand m-Phenylenedipropionate: A Hexanuclear Mixed-Valence (3MnIII, 3MnIV) Complex

The dicarboxylate group m-phenylenedipropionate (mpdp2-) has been used for the synthesis of four new Mn compounds of different nuclearities and oxidation states: [Mn2O(mpdp)(bpy)2(H2O)(MeCN)](ClO4)2 (3), [Mn3O(mpdp)3(py)3](ClO4) (4), [Mn3O(mpdp)3(py)3] (5), and [Mn6O7(mpdp)3(bpy)3](ClO4) (6). Compound 3 (2MnIII) contains a [Mn2(μ-O)]4+ core, whereas 5 (MnII, 2MnIII) and 4 (3MnIII) contain the [Mn3(μ3-O)]6+,7+ core, respectively. In all three compounds, the mpdp2- ligand is flexible enough to adopt the sites occupied by two monocarboxylates in structurally related compounds, without noticeable distortion of the cores. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility studies establish that 3 and 5 have ground-state spin values of S = 0 and S = 1/2, respectively. Compound 6 is a highly unusual 3MnIII, 3MnIV trapped-valent compound, and it is also a new structural type, with six Mn atoms disposed in a distorted trigonal antiprismatic topology. Its electronic structure has been explored by variable-temperature me...
Health and Psychosocial Correlates of Disordered Gambling in Older Adults.

Objective A number of regional prevalence studies suggest that disordered gambling is a clinically significant problem among older adults. However, little research has evaluated whether older adults with a gambling disorder experience increased health, psychiatric, substance use, and social problems as compared with older adults without a gambling disorder. Methods A group of 48 older-adult disordered gamblers and 48 older adult non/infrequent gamblers, matched by age, sex, race, and recruitment site, completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and Short Form–36 Health Survey (SF–36). Multivariate general-linear models evaluated between-group differences on these indices. Results Compared with non/infrequent gamblers, disordered gamblers reported increased severity of medical, family/social, psychiatric, and alcohol problems on the ASI. They also scored higher on depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism subscales of the BSI, and lower on vitality, physical functioning, role-physical, general health, and social functioning subscales of the SF–36. Conclusions These results suggest that older adults with a gambling disorder experience increased severity of health and psychosocial problems, compared with older adult non/infrequent gamblers matched by age, sex, race, and recruitment site.
Two-dimensional hexatic glass with dipole interactions.

The low-temperature phase and melting of a dilute, binary, two-dimensional array of colloidal particles with dipolar interactions are studied. The system consists of a 1% concentration of larger particles in an otherwise monodispersed array of polymer spheres confined between two glass plates. The translational and bond-orientational correlations in the condensed phase are those of a quenched hexatic glass with dislocations pinned to the larger particles. Melting into the fluid phase is consistent with the disclination-pair-dissociation-mediated theory of melting.
Minimally invasive epicardial defibrillator or biventricular pacemaker implantation

SESSION 45: CATHETER ABLATION VII: Experimental Studies and Surgical Therapy Friday, May 6, 2005 4:45 p.m.–6:15 p.m.
Purification and partial characterization of a malignancy-associated glycoprotein

Abstract The isolation from cancer patient serum of a glycoprotein (Cc) associated with the presence of a variety of malignancies was previously reported. Although preliminary chemical and physical data indicated that Cc was different from identified circulating glycoproteins, subsequent immunological studies suggested that it was closely related to α 1 -acid glycoprotein. Further analysis revealed the presence of two components in some Cc preparations and prompted a re-examination of the isolation and characterization data. In the present study, Cc was purified by a modified protocol which involved the use of pleural fluid obtained from individuals with cancer, and an α 1 -acid glycoprotein antibody column to remove contaminating α 1 -acid glycoprotein. Typically, the material not retained by the antibody column gave a single band with M r 53 000 when subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Amino terminal analysis revealed that the protein contained a blocked amino terminus, and carbohydrate analysis indicated that complex, asparagine-linked saccharide units were present. The product could be distinguished from α 1 -acid glycoprotein and other previously described circulating glycoproteins by several criteria, including molecular weight, isoelectric point, and amino acid and carbohydrate composition. One of three preparations isolated had an apparent M r of 59 000. Carbohydrate analysis as well as deglycosylation studies showed that the change in molecular weight was due to increased glycosylation.
Leukocytic response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone as influenced by the infectious history of the mammary gland.

Abstract Twenty-two cows were divided among three groups by mammary gland infection: Corynebacterium bovis -infected (nine cows), pathogen-infected (six cows), and uninfected (seven cows). All cows were given four daily intramuscular injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (250 IU). Despite elevations in circulating leukocytes for all groups, there were no significant increases in milk somatic cells that could be attributed to exogenous hormone.
Evolutionary genetics: Autosomes behaving badly

At the heart of the male/female dichotomy in human beings are two morphologically and functionally distinct chromosomes: the X and Y sex chromosomes. Understanding the origin and evolution of these chromosomes is fundamental to understanding what makes us human. Indeed, one of our most detailed models of sex chromosome evolution comes from genomic analysis of the human sex chromosomes. However, human sex chromosomes are evolutionarily old, having arisen 240–320 million years ago (Lahn and Page, 1999), obscuring the early events in sex chromosome evolution. Would not it be nice to step back in time and observe the initial events leading to the differentiation of the X and Y chromosomes?
Formative field experiments of a NIOSH alert to reduce the risks to firefighters from structural collapse: applying the cascade framework.

The authors report two field experiments aimed at testing the impact of government safety recommendations. Using a cascade framework from the Communication Matrix (McGuire, 1985, 1989), the study tested effects of reminder cards, message format, argument quality, and mailer types on indicators of reception, processing, and response. Systematic combinations of these variables were mailed to randomly selected firefighting units in the United States. Fire chiefs were contacted by phone to complete a survey within the next month (Experiment 1, N = 2,000, 44% completion; Experiment 2, N = 600; 77% completion). Results showed highest reception rates (∼50%) with one reminder card and the standard government low-graphics format and that greater reception produced stronger intentions. Processing was stronger with the standard government low-graphics format, and processing was correlated with more positive attitudes and intentions. Response indexes were favorable (>4 on -point scale) under all conditions. Outcomes ...
Investigation of the Conditions for the Production of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) Road Deicer in an Extractive Crystallization Process

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is considered as the best road deicer to replace the environmentally unacceptable NaCl and CaCl2. However, the high cost of CMA prohibits its widespread use. The present study is dealing with the investigation of a crystallization method for the production of deicing CMA crystals of desired physical properties and the elucidation of the conditions under which such a product can be formed. Extractive crystallization is promising for the low cost production of CMA crystals considering that acetic acid is produced by a biochemical method and removed from the fermentation broth in situ by organic extractant systems. In this method, this organic phase, which contains the acetate ions is contacted with an aqueous phase which is the source of calcium and magnesium ions. The extractive crystallization process resulted in the production of well-formed, large, and non-spherical crystals of calcium acetate (CA), magnesium acetate (MA), and calcium magnesium acetate double salt (CMADS). The crystal size was affected by the concentration of acetic acid in both the organic and aqueous phases, whereas the crystal type and hydration level were determined primarily by the acetic acid concentration in the aqueous phase. The molar ratio of the precursor salts (CaCO3/MgCO3) in the reaction mixture was found to be the major factor for determining the habit and Ca/Mg content of crystals. Crystallization of CMADS was favored at high concentrations of acetic acid in the aqueous phase and at higher temperatures as shown from supplementary evaporation-to-dryness experiments.
Surface correction to Landau diamagnetism

For a semi-infinite free-electron model with a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the surface, we show that ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{d}^{s}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{p}^{s}}{3}$, where ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{d}^{s}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{p}^{s}$ are, respectively, the surface corrections to the Landau diamagnetism and the Pauli paramagnetism. The total surface contribution to the susceptibility is ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{s}=(\frac{2}{3})(\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}})A[\ensuremath{\gamma}({k}_{F})\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{4}]$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}({k}_{F})$ is the phase shift for ${k}_{z}={k}_{F}$. Since $〈\ensuremath{\gamma}〉=\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{4}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}({k}_{F})g〈\ensuremath{\gamma}〉$, the surface contributions to the magnetic susceptibility and electronic heat capacity are positive.
Nitric oxide production during focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Nitric oxide has been implicated as a mediator of glutamate excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures.A number of indicators of brain nitric oxide production (nitric and cyclic guanosine monophosphate [cGMP] concentrations and nitric oxide synthase activity) were examined after bilateral carotid ligation and right middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult rats.Brain nitrite was significantly increased in the right versus left cortex 5, 10, and 20 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion (P < .05), with a return to baseline at 60 minutes. There were no significant changes in cerebellar concentrations. Cortical levels of cGMP were increased at 10, 20, and 60 minutes after occlusion, with significant right-to-left differences (P < .05). Cerebellar concentrations of cGMP were also increased but without significant side-to-side differences. Nitric oxide synthase activity increased approximately 10-fold from baseline 10 minutes after occlusion in the right cortex but decreased markedly by 60 minutes fro...
The Improvement of the Backward Cladding–Core Coupling in a Tilted Fiber Grating by Two Acoustic Flexural Waves

The cladding modes of a tilted fiber grating can be coupled back to the core modes by acoustooptic interactions. However, the coupling of high-order diffractions by acoustic-optic interaction is not apparent, owing to the insufficiency of acoustic power. In this paper, we will demonstrate that as two acoustic flexural waves with appropriate frequency are launched to a tilted fiber Bragg grating, high-order harmonic acoustic waves can be superposed to improve the coupling efficiency between the backward cladding modes and core modes. This phenomenon may be applied to induce several optical channels for multichannel laser and wavelength-division multiplexing filters.
Endo-β-1,4-Glucanase Expression in Compatible Plant–Nematode Interactions

Cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes elaborately transform cells within the vascular cylinders of plant roots into enlarged, multinucleate, and metabolically active feeding cells. The giant cells of root-knot nematodes are formed by repeated karyokinesis uncoupled from cytokinesis, whereas the syncytia formed by cyst nematodes arise from coordinated cell wall dissolution and the coalescing of cell cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Both giant cells and syncytia undergo extensive cell wall architectural modifications, including thickening and the formation of numerous ingrowths that increase the plasmalemma surface area for solute uptake. The origin of enzymes involved in these cell wall modifications has been the subject of debate for several decades. Immunolocalization of endo-β-1,4-glucanases (EGases) secreted from cyst nematodes was observed in root cortical tissue during the intracellular migration of the nematodes, but secretion of cyst nematode EGases into developing syncytia was not detected. We have identified five EGase genes from tobacco that are upregulated within plant roots upon infection by both root-knot and cyst nematodes. In situ localization of tobacco EGase transcripts demonstrated that their expression was specifically and developmentally upregulated within giant cells, syncytia, root tips, and lateral root primordia. These data confirm that cell wall modifications within plant-parasitic-nematode feeding cells arise from cell wall–modifying enzymes of plant, rather than nematode, origin.
Multiple Origins and Rapid Evolution of Duplicated Mitochondrial Genes in Parthenogenetic Geckos (Heteronotia binoei; Squamata, Gekkonidae)

Accumulating evidence for alternative gene orders demonstrates that vertebrate mitochondrial genomes are more evolutionarily dynamic than previously thought. Several lineages of parthenogenetic lizards contain large, tandem duplications that include rRNA, tRNA, and protein-coding genes, as well as the control region. Such duplications are hypothesized as intermediate stages in gene rearrangement, but the early stages of their evolution have not been previously studied. To better understand the evolutionary dynamics of duplicated segments of mitochondrial DNA, we sequenced 10 mitochondrial genomes from recently formed (∼300,000 years ago) hybrid parthenogenetic geckos of the Heteronotia binoei complex and 1 from a sexual form. These genomes included some with an arrangement typical of vertebrates and others with tandem duplications varying in size from 5.7 to 9.4 kb, each with different gene contents and duplication endpoints. These results, together with phylogenetic analyses, indicate independent and frequent origins of the duplications. Small, direct repeats at the duplication endpoints imply slipped-strand error as a mechanism generating the duplications as opposed to a false initiation/termination of DNA replication mechanism that has been invoked to explain duplications in other lizard mitochondrial systems. Despite their recent origin, there is evidence for nonfunctionalization of genes due primarily to deletions, and the observed pattern of gene disruption supports the duplication-deletion model for rearrangement of mtDNA gene order. Conversely, the accumulation of mutations between these recent duplicates provides no evidence for gene conversion, as has been reported in some other systems. These results demonstrate that, despite their long-term stasis in gene content and arrangement in some lineages, vertebrate mitochondrial genomes can be evolutionary dynamic even at short timescales.
Early Sequential Ultrastructural Renal Alterations Induced by 2-Bromoethylamine Hydrobromide in the Swiss ICR Mouse

Thirty-two male Swiss ICR mice were injected intraperitoneally with 300 mg 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide/kg body weight, anesthetized, and perfused with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde solution at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after treatment. Eight control mice were injected intraperitoneally with sterile diluent, and one was perfused at each of the same time periods as the treated mice. Proximal tubule epithelial alterations progressed over time from increased secondary lysosome and myeloid body formation to cellular and mitochondrial swelling and eventually cell necrosis. The glomerular, peritubular, and vasa recta capillaries had endothelial cell swelling and desquamation and platelet aggregation. Bromoethylamine nephrotoxicosis in the male Swiss ICR mouse is an ischemic necrosis of the proximal tubules and papilla initiated by endothelial cell damage and makes an excellent model of chemically induced damage to endothelial cells and tubular necrosis.
HIF-dependent hematopoietic factors regulate the development of the embryonic vasculature.

Summary Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) regulate adaptive responses to changes in oxygen (O 2 ) tension during embryogenesis, tissue ischemia, and tumorigenesis. Because HIF-deficient embryos exhibit a number of developmental defects, the precise role of HIF in early vascular morphogenesis has been uncertain. Using para-aortic splanchnopleural (P-Sp) explant cultures, we show that deletion of the HIF-β subunit (ARNT) results in defective hematopoiesis and the inhibition of both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. These defects are rescued upon the addition of wild-type Sca-1 + hematopoietic cells or recombinant VEGF. Arnt −/− embryos exhibit reduced levels of VEGF protein and increased numbers of apoptotic hematopoietic cells. These results suggest that HIF coordinates early endothelial cell emergence and vessel development by promoting hematopoietic cell survival and paracrine growth factor production.
Creatine metabolism and psychiatric disorders: Does creatine supplementation have therapeutic value?

Abstract Athletes, body builders, and military personnel use dietary creatine as an ergogenic aid to boost physical performance in sports involving short bursts of high-intensity muscle activity. Lesser known is the essential role creatine, a natural regulator of energy homeostasis, plays in brain function and development. Creatine supplementation has shown promise as a safe, effective, and tolerable adjunct to medication for the treatment of brain-related disorders linked with dysfunctional energy metabolism, such as Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Impairments in creatine metabolism have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, leaving clinicians, researchers and patients alike wondering if dietary creatine has therapeutic value for treating mental illness. The present review summarizes the neurobiology of the creatine–phosphocreatine circuit and its relation to psychological stress, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. While present knowledge of the role of creatine in cognitive and emotional processing is in its infancy, further research on this endogenous metabolite has the potential to advance our understanding of the biological bases of psychopathology and improve current therapeutic strategies.
Early Cold War Spies: Introduction: Early Cold War Spy Cases

A t the height of the early cold war, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, newspaper headlines repeatedly trumpeted the exposure of yet another nest of Communist spies or saboteurs who had infiltrated American laboratories or labor unions or government agencies. Many Americans worried that a Communist “fifth column,” more loyal to the Soviet Union than to the United States, had burrowed into their institutions and had to be exposed and removed. The issue of Soviet espionage became a U.S. obsession, and domestic security dominated public discourse. Legislative committees vied with one another to expose Communists. The executive branch labored to root out disloyal government employees. The courts wrestled with the balance between constitutional rights and societal self-protection. The trade-union movement expelled from its ranks those unions with hidden Communist leadership. Liberalism, the dominant political movement of the era, fought an internal civil war over whether Communists were legitimate participants in the New Deal coalition, a struggle that ended with the triumph of anti-Communist liberalism and the assignment of Communists and their allies to the fringes of politics. There was a widespread consensus that Soviet espionage was a serious problem, American Communists assisted the Soviets, and some high officials had betrayed the United States. But in the 1960s this consensus disintegrated. The use of anticommunism for partisan purposes by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s produced a backlash of incredulity about the extent of the domestic Communist problem.
Football feminine – development of the African game: Senegal, Nigeria and South Africa

Football is by far the most popular sport throughout Africa. More than a sport, football in most African countries has deep political, social and economic ramifications. Yet, the game that garners this position is explicitly the men's game. What of the women's game? African women are playing football. In some nations, officials, both in sport and political realms, have actually prioritized the development of the women's game. Yet, women footballers are often greeted with scepticism, neglect, and sometimes outright hostility. This study explores the major issues facing the development of African women's football and suggests many avenues for research, policy and advocacy.
Spin dynamics of the low-dimensional magnet (CH3)2NH2CuCl3

Dimethylammonium copper (II) chloride (also known as DMACuCl3 or MCCL) is a low–dimensional S ¼ 1 quantum spin system proposed to be an alternating ferro-antiferromagnetic chain with similar magnitude ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) exchange interactions. Subsequently, it was shown that the existing bulk measurements could be adequately modeled by considering DMACuCl3 as independent AFM and FM dimer spin pairs. We present here new inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the spin excitations in single crystals of DMACuCl3. These results show significant quasi-one-dimensional coupling, however the magnetic excitations do not propagate along the expected direction. We observe a band of excitations with a gap of D ¼ 0.95 MeV and a
Multigrid acceleration of an upwind Euler solver on unstructured meshes

Multigrid acceleration has been implemented for an upwind flow solver on unstructured meshes. The flow solver is a straightforward implementation of Barth and Jespersen's unstructured scheme, with least-squares linear reconstruction and a directional implementation of Venkatakrishnan's limiter. The multigrid scheme itself is designed to work on mesh systems that are not nested, allowing great flexibility in generating coarse meshes and in adapting fine meshes. A new scheme for automatically generating coarse unstructured meshes from fine ones is presented. A subset of the fine mesh vertices is selected for retention in the coarse mesh. The coarse mesh is generated incrementally from the fine mesh by removing one rejected vertex at a time. In this way, a valid coarse mesh triangulation is guaranteed. Factors affecting multigrid convergence rate for inviscid flow are thoroughly examined, including the effect of the number of coarse meshes used, the type of multigrid cycle employed, the spatial discretization used on coarse meshes, and the nature of the flow. The present multigrid scheme is very successful in reducing computational time for inviscid flows in the subsonic and transonic regime. Nomenclature
Atlantic SST gradient and the influence of ENSO

[1] The relationship between the boreal winter El Nino SST anomaly and boreal spring tropical Atlantic SST gradient (North Atlantic minus South Atlantic) is investigated using a long, detrended SST record. For both El Nino and La Nina, concordant cases (same sign for NINO3 index and Atlantic SST gradient) slightly dominate over discordant ones, reflecting the fact that the NINO3 index correlates more strongly with the North Atlantic than the South Atlantic SST anomaly. The ratio of the numbers of concordant and discordant cases is 4:3 overall, indicating strong non-ENSO influences on the Atlantic SST gradient. The composite of the concordant cases shows an SST anomaly in the North Atlantic with the same sign as NINO3 and an opposite-signed anomaly off the southwest coast of Africa resembling “Benguela Nino”. That of the discordant cases is dominated by a pre-existing SST anomaly with the same sign as NINO3 in the south-central South Atlantic.
Traveled distance minimization and hierarchical strategies for robotic networks

We study the distance optimal assignment of n mobile robots to an equal number of targets under communication and target-sensing constraints. Extending previous results over uniform distributions, we show that when the robots and targets assume the same but arbitrary distribution over the unit square, a carefully designed distributed hierarchical strategy has expected travel distance that matches the best known upper bound assuming global communication and infinite target-sensing range. In a sense, our result shows that for target assignment problems in robotic networks, local optimality also offers good guarantees on global optimality.
E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Pellinos as Regulators of Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling and Immune responses

Pellinos are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases discovered for their role in catalyzing K63-linked polyubiquitination of Pelle, an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase homolog in the Drosophila Toll pathway. Subsequent studies have revealed the central and non-redundant roles of mammalian Pellino-1, Pellino-2, and Pelino-3 in signaling pathways emanating from IL-1 receptors, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, T- and B-cell receptors. While Pellinos ability to interact with many signaling intermediates suggested their scaffolding roles, recent findings in mice expressing ligase-inactive Pellinos demonstrated the importance of Pellino ubiquitin ligase activity. Cell-specific functions of Pellinos have emerged, e.g. Pellino-1 being a negative regulator in T lymphocytes and a positive regulator in myeloid cells, and details of molecular regulation of receptor signaling by various members of the Pellino family have been revealed. In this review, we summarize current information about Pellino-mediated regulation of signaling by pattern recognition receptors, T-cell and B-cell receptors and tumor necrosis factor receptors, and discuss Pellinos roles in sepsis and infectious diseases, as well as in autoimmune, inflammatory, and allergic disorders. We also provide our perspective on the potential of targeting Pellinos with peptide- or small molecule-based drug compounds as a new therapeutic approach for septic shock and autoimmune pathologies.
Labor matching behavior and trade adjustment

This paper develops a model of costly trade and team production to examine the matching behavior of skilled workers in an open economy. Trade liberalization changes the supply of skilled production teams available for hire, even when firm production techniques remain fixed. As trade barriers fall, some workers choose to quit small firms in order to accept less skill intensive jobs at large firms that participate in foreign markets. Changes in worker matching behavior can explain several stylized features of firm-level adjustments to trade, with effects that are not limited to firms on the margin of exit or exporting. Trade is shown to rationalize the matching behavior of workers, leading to aggregate gains in productivity and lower prices. Openness benefits workers employed at exporting firms, however the likelihood of gaining from trade is not necessarily increasing in skill. Wages in the open economy are tied to both worker skill and job type.
UniFrac: a New Phylogenetic Method for Comparing Microbial Communities

We introduce here a new method for computing differences between microbial communities based on phylogenetic information. This method, UniFrac, measures the phylogenetic distance between sets of taxa in a phylogenetic tree as the fraction of the branch length of the tree that leads to descendants from either one environment or the other, but not both. UniFrac can be used to determine whether communities are significantly different, to compare many communities simultaneously using clustering and ordination techniques, and to measure the relative contributions of different factors, such as chemistry and geography, to similarities between samples. We demonstrate the utility of UniFrac by applying it to published 16S rRNA gene libraries from cultured isolates and environmental clones of bacteria in marine sediment, water, and ice. Our results reveal that (i) cultured isolates from ice, water, and sediment resemble each other and environmental clone sequences from sea ice, but not environmental clone sequences from sediment and water; (ii) the geographical location does not correlate strongly with bacterial community differences in ice and sediment from the Arctic and Antarctic; and (iii) bacterial communities differ between terrestrially impacted seawater (whether polar or temperate) and warm oligotrophic seawater, whereas those in individual seawater samples are not more similar to each other than to those in sediment or ice samples. These results illustrate that UniFrac provides a new way of characterizing microbial communities, using the wealth of environmental rRNA sequences, and allows quantitative insight into the factors that underlie the distribution of lineages among environments.
THE MAYFLY FAUNA OF NEW YORK STATE (INSECTA: EPHEMEROPTERA)

Abstract A total of 173 species of mayflies, representing 15 families and 45 genera, are reported from the state of New York. First state records for 43 species and 891 new county reports for 129 species are included. Previously published reports are summarized, and pertinent remarks on species are annotated. The occurrence of Dannella provonshai, Heptagenia julia, and Plauditus gloveri in New York represent significant range extensions. The discovery of Epeorus frisoni in New York represents only the second report of the species. Species potentially of environmental concern are noted.
Removal of Nonnative Vines and Post-Hurricane Recruitment in Tropical Hardwood Forests of Florida1

Abstract In hardwood subtropical forests of southern Florida, nonnative vines have been hypothesized to be detrimental, as many species form dense “vine blankets” that shroud the forest. To investigate the effects of nonnative vines in post-hurricane regeneration, we set up four large (two pairs of 30 × 60 m) study areas in each of three study sites. One of each pair was unmanaged and the other was managed by removal of nonnative plants, predominantly vines. Within these areas, we sampled vegetation in 5 × 5 m plots for stems 2 cm DBH (diameter at breast height) or greater and in 2 × 0.5 m plots for stems of all sizes. For five years, at annual censuses, we tagged and measured stems of vines, trees, shrubs and herbs in these plots. For each 5 × 5 m plot, we estimated percent coverage by individual vine species, using native and nonnative vines as classes. We investigated the hypotheses that: (1) plot coverage, occurrence and recruitment of nonnative vines were greater than that of native vines in unmanage...
Local/Global Phenomena in Geometrically Generated Graphs

We study a geometric random tree model which is a variant of the FKP model proposed in [1]. We choose vertices v 1 , ..., v n in some convex body uniformly and fix a point . We then build our tree inductively, where at time twe add an edge from v t to the vertex in v 1 , ..., v t? 1 which minimizes for i 0. We categorize an edge v i ?v j in this graph as local or global depending on the edge length relative to the distance from v i to . It is shown that for ?bounded away from 1 either all edges are local or all are global a.a.s. However, as ??1 we show that in fact the number of local and global edges are asymptotically balanced.
Technology and Realtor Income

The ever-expanding use of the Internet and various other information technologies may directly impact the income levels of the real estate brokerage community. With a database of more than 6,000 usable observations from the 1999 National Association of Realtors® member profile, we examine the impact of technology usage on the incomes of Realtors®. In a two-step procedure, we first develop factor loadings, using factor analysis, for multifaceted technology usage by Realtors®. Then we perform a regression analysis of Realtors® income incorporating a variety of independent variables representing licensee (brokers and salespersons) demographics and brokerage firm characteristics as well as the factor score for technology usage. Our results show that the use of the Internet and other information technologies is positively related to the earnings of Realtors®.
Institutional Hysterisis: Courts and Politics in the American States (Chapters 5&6 of a Book Project)

These chapters document that civil law origins in the American States have had a persistent influence on the interactions between state courts and state legislatures during the twentieth century. One important philosophical difference between civil-law and common-law legal systems arises from differences in their beliefs regarding the appropriate degree of judicial independence. We document that legislatures in civil law states have been relatively slow in granting their judges independence during 1912-2000. Then, using data during 1960-2000, we show that civil law legislatures tend to cut judicial budgets when their judges become more independent. This legislative behavior is consistent with the predictions of a model that we build where legislatures have preferences for a weak or strong judiciary. Our results are consistent with previous chapters of this book which show that the political culture in state legislatures is slow-moving.
Modeling, control, and dynamic performance analysis of a reverse osmosis desalination plant integrated within hybrid energy systems

Abstract An RO (reverse osmosis) desalination plant is proposed as an effective, FLR (flexible load resource) to be integrated into HES (hybrid energy systems) to support various types of ancillary services to the electric grid, under variable operating conditions. To study the dynamic analysis of such system, special attention is given here to the detailed dynamic modeling and control design of RO desalination process that employs a spiral-wound membrane module. In particular, the solution-diffusion model modified with the concentration polarization theory is applied to predict RO performance over a large range of operating conditions. Simulation results involving several case studies suggest that an RO desalination plant can provide operational flexibility to participate in energy management at the utility scale by dynamically optimizing the use of excess electrical energy. The incorporation of additional commodity (fresh water) produced from a FLR allows a broader range of HES operations for maximizing overall system performance and profitability.
Spatially explicit global population scenarios consistent with the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

The projected size and spatial distribution of the future population are important drivers of global change and key determinants of exposure and vulnerability to hazards. Spatial demographic projections are widely used as inputs to spatial projections of land use, energy use, and emissions, as well as to assessments of the impacts of extreme events, sea level rise, and other climate-related outcomes. To date, however, there are very few global-scale, spatially explicit population projections, and those that do exist are often based on simple scaling or trend extrapolation. Here we present a new set of global, spatially explicit population scenarios that are consistent with the new Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) developed to facilitate global change research. We use a parameterized gravity-based downscaling model to produce projections of spatial population change that are quantitatively consistent with national population and urbanization projections for the SSPs and qualitatively consistent with assumptions in the SSP narratives regarding spatial development patterns. We show that the five SSPs lead to substantially different spatial population outcomes at the continental, national, and sub-national scale. In general, grid cell-level outcomes are most influenced by national-level population change, second by urbanization rate, and third by assumptions about the spatial style of development. However, the relative importance of these factors is a function of the magnitude of the projected change in total population and urbanization for each country and across SSPs. We also demonstrate variation in outcomes considering the example of population existing in a low-elevation coastal zone under alternative scenarios.
Gamma-ray bursts, black holes and the Universe: long, long ago and far, far away

GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: YET ANOTHER COSMIC MYSTERY There was a revolution in astronomy in the first few months of 1997. A major breakthrough occurred in one of the outstanding mysteries of modern astrophysics, the cosmic gamma-ray bursts . This story began in the 1960s. The United States launched a series of satellites that orbited the Earth at great distance, halfway to the Moon. They were called the Vela series, and they were designed to detect gamma rays and other high-energy photons and particles. If it strikes you that there must be something special about them to be so far from Earth, you are on the right track. They were not designed for astronomy, but primarily to detect terrestrial nuclear-bomb tests. They were also intended to study the background, other natural sources of high-energy photons and particles in the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere, to aid in the separation of bomb signals from natural signals. Stirling Colgate was on the team in Geneva in 1959 working on the treaty to ban space, atmospheric, and underwater nuclear tests. He had done some calculations that suggested that when a supernova shock wave broke through the surface of the star there could be a pulse of gamma rays (see Section 11.4 in this chapter for an update of this topic). He was afraid that such an event would be misunderstood as a nuclear bomb and might trigger a serious miscalculation by one side or the other.
Psychoeducational Assessment and Report Writing

Psychoeducational assessment and report writing , Psychoeducational assessment and report writing , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران