cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Dependency Graphs: Abstraction and Methodology for Mapping Systolic Array Designs to Multicore Processors

Systolic array designs and dependency graphs are some of the most important class of algorithms in several scientific computing areas. In this paper, we first propose an abstraction based on the fundamental principles behind designing systolic arrays. Then, based on the abstraction, we propose a methodology to map a dependency graph to a generic multicore processor. Then we present two case studies: Convolution and Transitive Closure, on two state of the art multicore architectures: Intel Xeon and Cell multicore processors, illustrating the ideas in the paper. We achieved scalable results and higher performance compared to standard compiler optimizations and other recent implementations in the case studies. We comment on the performance of the algorithms by taking into consideration the architectural features of the two multicore platforms.
Professional Judgment: A Critical Appraisal.

Professional judgment is the term used to describe personal processes that guide scientist and practitioner behavior in controversial and ambiguous circumstances. Practitioners are expected to base...
Language and Survival : Will Sranan Tongo, Suriname's Lingua Franca, Become the Official Language?

(1982). Language and Survival: Will Sranan Tongo, Suriname's Lingua Franca, Become the Official Language? Caribbean Quarterly: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 1-16.
In vitro hormonal effects of soybean isoflavones.

Isoflavones exhibit a multitude of biological effects that influence cell growth and regulation, and, thus, may have potential value in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Isoflavones are weak estrogens and can function both as estrogen agonists and antagonists depending on the hormonal milieu and the target tissue and species under investigation. Genistein, one of the two primary isoflavones in soybeans, has attracted much attention from the research community, not only because of its potential antiestrogenic effects, but because it inhibits several key enzymes thought to be involved in carcinogenesis. Although still speculative, greater dietary incorporation of soybean products, because of the high concentration of isoflavones, may be a safe and effective means of reducing cancer risk
Frechet Differentiability, $p$-Variation and Uniform Donsker Classes

Classically, a stastistical functional is defined on a space of distribution F on the real line with the supremum norn. The values may be real or themselves functions such as the quantile function \(F^{-1}\). Nonlinear functionals are studied via their derivatives. This paper and a related one [Dudley (1991a)] will show that the differentiability properties originally proved by Reeds (1976), also treated in Fernholz (1983), can be improved substantially.
Axisymmetric shrink fit problems of the elastic cylinder of finite length

The general case of the axisymmetric shrink fit problems of a solid elastic cylinder whose ends are free from tractions is formulated in terms of the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. This is accomplished by the use of Papkovich-Fadle eigenfunction and the calculus of residues. Indentation by three types of sleeve is considered; (i) Edge Sleeve, (ii) Symmetrical central Sleeve and, (iii) Two identical edge sleeves. For each case, numerical results of effective resistance and contact pressure are reported for various values of the Poisson's ratio, radius of the cylinder and the sleeve width.
Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of uterine RNA—Effects of estradiol-17β on uridine incorporation

Abstract Estradiol-17β treated and control ovariectomized mice received injections of isotopically labeled uridine at 2 hours and 20 minutes before killing. RNA was extracted from the uterus by phenolic and alkaline hydrolysis procedures, and recoveries of total RNA and isotopically labeled RNA by these procedures were contrasted. Samples of RNA were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Estradiol-17β treatment appeared to increase the incorporation of uridine into all RNA species on the gels, but to stimulate preferentially incorporation into mature 18s and 28s ribosomal RNA.
An Experimental Analogue of the Anxiety-Stuttering Relationship

Four adult subjects who stuttered were exposed to the Estes-Skinner conditioned anxiety paradigm. After buzzer-shock pairings were introduced, instances of stuttering and reading rates were affecte...
Ethanol Self-Administration Is Genetically Independent of Locomotor Stimulation in Fast and Slow Mice

One substance abuse hypothesis proposes that rewarding effects of drugs are causally related to their psychostimulant effects. We examined this hypothesis by comparing operant self-administration of ethanol in mice selectively bred for either high (Fast) or low (Slow) locomotor stimulation response to ethanol. Mice were trained to lever press for ethanol using postprandial induction and were then tested over a range of conditions to determine the degree of self-administration. There were no significant differences between Fast and Slow mice in either the amount of work produced to obtain ethanol or the amount of ethanol consumed. In general, none of the groups of mice showed robust ethanol-reinforced behavior. This is in contrast with C57BL/6J mice tested concurrently, which showed substantial ethanol-reinforced behavior. Further analysis revealed individual differences in responding within each of the selected lines. However, there was no systematic pattern within or between groups for these individual differences, suggesting that the genes mediating ethanol-reinforced behavior are segregating in a manner independent from genes mediating the locomotor stimulant response to ethanol, and thus, the mechanistic processes mediating reinforcement from ethanol are distinct from those that influence the psychomotor stimulant response to this drug.
Monitoring Tolerance to Insecticides in Boll Weevil Populations (Cole opera: Curculionidae) from Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Mississippi, and Mexico

A glass vial technique was developed to estimate the toxicity of oregano phosphorus, carbonate, cyclocliene, and pyre throed insecticides to the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Bohemian, and to monitor field populations for tolerance to such insecticides. In tests in which responses of the USDA Ebony strain boll weevils were compared With those collected in the field in the Bravos Valley, TX, in 1988, tolerance to oregano phosphorus, pyre throed, and carbonate insecticides was demonstrated. The usefulness of the glass vial technique for monitoring tolerance was confirmed in 1991 and 1992 by field data from Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Sonora, Mexico. These tests indicated tolerance to oregano phosphorus and pyre throed insecticides in several boll weevil populations. Tolerance monitoring may be a useful technique in the implementation of boll weevil eradication programs.
Bimodal distribution of sulfuric acid aerosols in the upper haze of Venus

Observations by the SPICAV/SOIR instruments aboard Venus Express have revealed that the upper haze (UH) of Venus, between 70 and 90 km, is variable on the order of days and that it is populated by two particle modes. We use a one-dimensional microphysics and vertical transport model based on the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres to evaluate whether interaction of upwelled cloud particles and sulfuric acid particles nucleated in situ on meteoric dust are able to generate the two observed modes, and whether their observed variability are due in part to the action of vertical transient winds at the cloud tops. Nucleation of photochemically produced sulfuric acid onto polysulfur condensation nuclei generates mode 1 cloud droplets, which then diffuse upwards into the UH. Droplets generated in the UH from nucleation of sulfuric acid onto meteoric dust coagulate with the upwelled cloud particles and therefore cannot reproduce the observed bimodal size distribution. By comparison, the mass transport enabled by transient winds at the cloud tops, possibly caused by sustained subsolar cloud top convection, are able to generate a bimodal size distribution in a time scale consistent with Venus Express observations. Below the altitude where the cloud particles are generated, sedimentation and vigorous convection causes the formation of large mode 2 and mode 3 particles in the middle and lower clouds. Evaporation of the particles below the clouds causes a local sulfuric acid vapor maximum that results in upwelling of sulfuric acid back into the clouds. In the case where the polysulfur condensation nuclei are small and their production rate is high, coagulation of small droplets onto larger droplets in the middle cloud may set up an oscillation in the size modes of the particles such that precipitation of sulfuric acid “rain” may be possible immediately below the clouds once every few Earth months. Reduction of the polysulfur condensation nuclei production rate destroys this oscillation and reduces the mode 1 particle abundance in the middle cloud by two orders of magnitude. However, it better reproduces the sulfur-to-sulfuric-acid mass ratio in the cloud and haze droplets as constrained by fits to UV reflectivity data. In general we find satisfactory agreement between our nominal and transient wind results and observations from Pioneer Venus, Venus Express, and Magellan, though improvements could be made by incorporating sulfur microphysics.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF PEAK RATES OF LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL MOTION IN CHILDREN

To evaluate their usefulness as indices of left ventricular(LV) function, the peak rate of change of LV diameter (ΔD/Δt) was determined in 62 normal children (N) and 15 with congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM). From digitized echocardlograms of the septum and LV posterior wall, continuous plots of LV diameter were generated and the peak ΔD/Δt computed. The peak shortening rate (PSR) and peak relaxation rate (PRR) were determined in each subject and compared to conventional echocardiographic indices of LV function: % change in LV diameter (%ΔLVD) and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf). In N, PSR was directly proportional (r = 0.70) to LV end-diastolic diameter (EDD) and when Indexed for EDD, PSR was directly related (r = 0.48) to heart rate (HR). but not to age (r = -0.17). The PRR was not related to EDD, HR or age. In CCM, PRS/EDD was de-creased(0.90 ± 0.42 SD vs 2.2 ± 0.54 in N, p< 0.001), and 13/15 pts were more than 2 SD below normal. The PRR was also reduced in CCM (42.22 ± 21.22 mm/sec vs 84.60 ± 32.88 mm/sec in N, p< 0.001), although PRR was within 2 SD of normal in 14/15 patients. All pts with CCM had decreased %ΔLVD and Vcf. This study Indicates that echocardiographically determined peak rates of LV wall motion are related to EDD and, to a lesser extent, HR. When corrected for these variables, PSR and PRR are decreased in pts with CCM.
Metal-metal transition in perovskite PbRuO 3

The high-pressure perovskite phase of ${\text{PbRuO}}_{3}$ is orthorhombic $Pbnm$ at room temperature and transforms in a first-order transition to $Imma$ below ${T}_{t}\ensuremath{\approx}90\text{ }\text{K}$; there is no long-range magnetic order above 1.5 K. We report a systematic study of the transport and magnetic properties versus temperature under high pressure of a single grain as well as the structural study under high pressure at room temperature. We found a metal-metal transition at 90 K in contrast to the semiconductor-insulator transition reported in the literature. We also compare the LT $Imma$ phase of ${\text{PbRuO}}_{3}$ with the $Imma$ phase found in the ${\text{Sr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Ba}}_{x}{\text{RuO}}_{3}$ system. An important hybridization of the $\text{Pb-}6s$ and $\text{Ru-}4d$ orbitals is implicated.
Superfields with higher spin fermionic coordinates

We consider superspaces with fermionic coordinates belonging to representations of the Lorentz group other than spin 1/2. A general diagrammatic method is introduced which facilitates the identification of the various component fields comprising the superfields. Explicit examples of superfields with fermionic coordinates belonging to (1, 1/2)+(1/2, 1) and (3/2, 0)+(0, 3/2) representations of the Lorentz group are worked out in detail.
Effect of Growth Conditions on Optical Response of GaAs Grown at Low Substrate Temperature by MBE

The effect of growth conditions on the properties of GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy at low substrate temperatures has been studied. It has been found that the response time to 100 fsec 830nm light pulses is a function of substrate temperature and arsenic flux. The reason for variation of optical response with growth conditions is related to the nature of the incorporation of excess arsenic. A recent model proposed by Warren and others is invoked to explain the change in optical response with growth conditions. Further substantiation of this model comes from experiments on the annealing of low substrate temperature GaAs which has been doped with silicon.
Interpretation of the scalar fields of the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock formalism.

We discuss matrix elements of the axial current and the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation in the presence of nuclear matter. The density dependence of hadron masses and of the pion decay constant is also considered. We define a scalar order parameter that describes the modification of the quark scalar density in the presence of nuclear matter and go on to relate that parameter to the scalar field that appears in the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (RBHF) theory. We suggest that the field-theoretic formulation provides a value for only the Hartree term in the calculation of the nucleon self-energy and present some estimates of how exchange (Fock) terms and short-range correlations modify the value obtained for the nucleon self-energy when calculations are made in the RBHF formalism. (Because of various cancellations, it is seen that the magnitude of the scalar part of the nucleon self-energy is largely unchanged when exchange (Fock) terms and short-range correlations are taken into account.)
Metachronous malignant primary salivary gland neoplasms

Multiple primary salivary gland neoplasms are rare. When they do occur, they are most frequently both benign and of the same histologic type. Although there are a number of reports in the literature of individuals with multiple benign or both a benign and a malignant primary salivary gland neoplasm, there are few reports of individuals with multiple malignant primary salivary gland neoplasms. Primary malignant neoplasms of salivary glands are not uncommon, but multiple primary malignant salivary gland neoplasms, occurring synchronously or asynchronously, are exceedingly rare. We report a case of an adult male that presented with a mucoepidermoid carcinoma involving the minor salivary glands of the palate at age 57 years, followed by an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the floor of mouth at age 63 years. The patient later succumbed to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of unknown type at age 79 years. An autopsy was not performed. The palatal mucoepidermoid carcinoma was treated surgically by a hemimaxillectomy. The floor of mouth adenoid cystic carcinoma was treated surgically by wide local excision, including a marginal excision of the mandibular lingual cortex and a neck dissection. The histopathology of the palatal lesion exhibited an intermediate grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, composed of sheets and nests of intermediate cells containing foci of mucous cells and little cytologic atypia. The adenoid cystic carcinoma was of the typical cribriform type. Individuals with a history of malignancy are at risk for the development of additional malignant tumors and should receive appropriate clinical follow-up.
Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein: The Structure and Stability of a Helix-less Variant†

The structure of Escherichia coli-derived rat intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) exhibits a β-clam topology comprised of two five-stranded antiparallel β-sheets surrounding a large solv...
The electroactive species in the catalysis of cyclohexadiene to benzene by Rh2(TM4) 4 +2 (TM4=2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane)

Upon further investigation of the recently reported electrocatalytic oxidation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene to benzene by Rh2(TM4) 4 +2 (TM4=2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane), we have obtained data which strongly implicates the 2e− oxidized d7-d7 complex as the electroactive species. This contrasts with the original report which suggested that the le− oxidized d7-d8 radical acted as the key species via hydrogen atom abstraction from 1,4-cyclohexadiene. A possible mechanism for the catalysis is proposed.
Review of Handbook of Religion and Health (2nd Edition). By Harold Koenig, Dana King, and Verna B. Carson

New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012. xv + 1169 pp. $175.00 hardcover.A hallmark of American thinking is its bent toward practical application. It is no surprise, then, that within the psych...
Failure of the Frank-Starling Relationship in Infarcted Hearts is Correlated with Infarct Size

Heart failure has been associated with a depression or loss of the ability of the heart to increase cardiac output in response to increased ventricular filling (i.e., the Frank-Starling Relationship). This loss is often seen as a long-term effect of conditions such as congestive heart failure, but the response of the heart to more acute pathological conditions such as following a myocardial infarction (MI) is less well known. Experiments here were designed to test the hypotheses that responsiveness to preload is reduced within 3 weeks following MI, and that the relative loss of function will correlate with the size of the infarct. MI was induced with permanent ligation of the left ascending coronary artery and cardiac function was monitored every week using echocardiography to calculate fractional shortening (FS). After three weeks, heart function was assessed using a modified whole working heart preparation with precise control of preload, afterload, and heart rate. The hearts were then vibratomed in 1mm thick cross-sections from apex to base and infarct size was calculated using Image-J on bright field microscopy images. FS was decreased over sham-operated control, and correlated well with infarct size (2%, 6%, and 10% infarct size presented with 50%, 25%, and 20% FS, respectively). Interestingly, the 2% infarct working heart had a nearly normal response to increases in preload from 7.5 to 25 cm H2O, while the 6% infarct response was blunted above 12.5 cm H2O and the 10% infarct was completely unresponsive to changes in filling pressure. These data imply that the Frank-Starling relationship is impaired following MI in an infarct size dependent manner. Future studies will focus on whether this can be reversed with cellular or genetic therapies. Support: NIH R24 HL64387 (MR, CEM).
Central administration of morphine inhibits brain and liver ornithine decarboxylase activity in neonatal rats: involvement of transcription- and non-transcription-dependent mechanisms.

This study examined whether the developmental deficits usually observed in infants born to opiate addicted mothers could involve effects on ornithine decarboxylase, a growth-controlling enzyme. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of a single dose of morphine (2 microg) to 6-day-old rats markedly decreased basal brain and liver ornithine decarboxylase activity as well as the increases in hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity produced by subcutaneously (s.c.) administered insulin, an important trophic hormone. Centrally applied morphine acts supraspinally to downregulate peripheral ornithine decarboxylase activity, since s.c. administration of the same dose as used i.c.v. decreased neither basal liver ornithine decarboxylase levels nor tissue responsiveness to insulin. This does not imply that the opiate is unable to affect ornithine decarboxylase when applied systemically. In fact, a robust inhibition of both basal and induced liver ornithine decarboxylase activity was obtained in rat pups given 20 microg of morphine s.c. This larger dose is able to trigger the hepatic ornithine decarboxylase effects presumably by stimulating opiate receptors located at central sites after crossing the blood-brain barrier and penetrating into the brain. Concomitant administration of naloxone plus morphine i.c.v. prevented morphine from downregulating ornithine decarboxylase activity, confirming the participation of supraspinal opioid receptors in morphine ornithine decarboxylase actions. Finally, as was the case for insulin induced stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity, i.c.v. injection of morphine markedly diminished insulin induced stimulation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase mRNA accumulation. In turn, contrary to the inhibition of basal ornithine decarboxylase activity, morphine did not lower basal hepatic ornithine decarboxylase mRNA levels when given alone. Thus, CNS morphine can apparently suppress tissue ornithine decarboxylase expression through both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. The evidence obtained suggest that postnatal exposure to opiate drugs might detrimentally affect development by altering normal tissue ornithine decarboxylase ontogeny.
Spatial decomposition of functionally commutative matrices

Abstract Let I⊆ R and D⊆ C , where R and C are the fields of real and complex numbers, respectively. Let C n×n be the space of square matrices of order n over C . A matrix-valued function F: I → C n×n is said to be proper on I if F(t) = f(t, A), where Aϵ C n×n and f: I×D → C is a scalar function, and F is said to be semiproper on I if F(t)F(t) = F(τ)F(t) for all t, τ ϵ I. The main results presented here are: (1) a characterization together with some potentially useful results for proper matrix functions; (2) a characterization of semiproper matrix functions in terms of proper ones; (3) a new and systematic procedure for decomposing a semiproper matrix function into a finite sum of mutually commutative proper ones. Some important applications of these new results in control engineering, linear systems theory, and the theory of linear differential equations are also included.
Dry etching of GaN using chemically assisted ion beam etching with HCl and H 2 /Cl 2

The dry etching characteristics of GaN were investigated using chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) with HCI and H2/Cl2 gas. Etch rates using CAIBE/HC1 were investigated as a function of Ar ion beam energy and substrate temperature. These results were compared to CAIBE/C12. Etch rates were also investigated for CAIBE/H2/Cl2 for various ratios of H2:C12. Highly anisotropic submicron lines are demonstrated using CAIBE/HC1. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to investigate surface stoichiometric changes of samples etched with CAIBE/HC1, CAIBE/H2/Cl2,, and CAIBE/C12. The diffusion of deuterium into GaN during etching was also investigated using secondary ion mass spectrometry.
Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys Crack Nuts Dexterously

Summary Dexterous tool use has been crucial in the evolution of hominid percussive technology [1–3]. According to Newell [4], "dexterity" is the ability of an organism to make goal-directed corrections in movements to optimize effort. Dexterous movements are smooth and effective and accomplish the same goal with less energy than less dexterous movements. Dexterity develops during the later phases of refining a motor skill as the actor becomes sensitive to the outcome of the preceding movement, or to its modulation. In the present study, we examined how wild bearded capuchin monkeys, Sapajus libidinosus , at Fazenda Boa Vista in Piaui, Brazil, that routinely crack palm nuts using stones by placing them on rock outcrops, boulders, and logs (collectively termed anvils) [5] modulate the kinematic parameters of the strikes while processing a single tucum, Astrocaryum campestre nut. The monkeys cracked the nuts by repeatedly striking them with moderate force (i.e., not exceeding a threshold), rather than by striking them more forcefully once, and modulated the kinematic parameters of the current strike on the basis of the condition of the nut following the preceding strike (i.e., the development of any fracture or crack). Repeatedly striking the nuts with moderate force is energetically more efficient than forcefully striking them once and reduces the likelihood of smashing the kernel. Determining the changing energetic constraints of the task and dynamically optimizing movements using those as criteria are dexterous accomplishments. We discuss the implications of the present findings.
Stereotest artifacts and the strabismus patient

A new use of nonstereoscopic cues in stereopsis testing is described. It consists of alternation of fixation while observing for image jump in the disparate portions of the test target. This may enable some stereoblind strabismus patients to achieve artifactually good stereotest scores and explain those patients who appear to have gross stereopsis on the Titmus test, but are unable to perform any random-dot test of stereopsis. A new stereotest is described which does not resort to a random-dot format and yet is free from lateral displacement and alternation cues.
A logic for deontic dilemmas

Abstract The possibility of deontic dilemmas poses a significant problem for deontic logic. Here I review some proposals to resolve this problem, and then offer a new account. This is a simple modification of standard deontic logic that enables the system to accommodate deontic dilemmas without inconsistency and without deontic explosion, while at the same time accounting for the range of genuinely valid inferences.
Comment on Atmospheric carbon isotope signatures in phytolith occluded carbon, Carter, J.A., Quaternary International, this volume

In this paper, Carter presents a new method to obtain paleoatmospheric dCO2 using the carbon occluded in phytoliths (opal silica precipitated in the plant tissue). For the method to be successful, two hypotheses must be true: (A) the carbon occluded into phytoliths is photosynthesized and is therefore from the atmosphere and, (B) that direct radiocarbon measurements on phytoliths will determine the time that the occluded carbon was trapped by the plant. To support the second hypothesis, the author cites Kelly et al. (1991) (in Section 4, paragraph 3), indicating that Kelly and his colleagues directly radiocarbon dated phytolith-occluded carbon and ‘‘confirmed that the oldest phytoliths were found at depth, becoming younger towards the surface’’. However, this statement overlooks several problems:
Guanylate cyclase. Existence of different forms and their regulation by nucleotides in calf uterus

The activity of calf uterus guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.2) exists in at least two and most probably three distinct forms. The cytosolic enzyme exhibits hyperbolic substrate curves with respect to GTP and Mn2+, while the particulate cyclases (nuclear and microsomal)display sigmoidal (GTP) and hyperbolic (Mn2+) relationships. The Hill coefficient for the GTP dependence is 0.9 for the cytosolic, 1.5 for the nuclear, and 1.4 for the microsomal enzyme. The cytosolic enzyme has a Km for GTP of 70 muM while half maximal velocity occurs at 90 and 100 muM GTP for the nuclear and microsomal enzymes, respectively. The Ka for Mn2+ is 0.57, 0.71 or 0.75 mM for the cytosolic, nuclear, or microsomal enzyme, respectively.
Morphochemical analysis of phosphorus pools in calcifying cartilage

The objective of this investigation was to measure phosphorus (P) levels in the epiphyseal growth cartilage and to relate pool sizes to chondrocyte maturation and tissue mineralization. To carry out these studies, we utilized a morphochemical technique that permitted measurements of insoluble mineral phosphate, soluble inorganic phosphate (Pi), low and high molecular weight phosphorylated macromolecules and lipid P in freeze-trapped histological sections. Analysis of the sections revealed that very low levels of P are present in pre-mineralized cartilage; at the mineralization front, a large increase in Pi is correlated with mineral formation. Moreover, with calcification of the cartilage, a decrease in the concentration of low molecular weight compounds was observed. It is suggested that these latter components may provide the initial source of Pi for the development of mineral. The results of the study support the view that metabolic regulation of P pool size may be a rate-limiting factor in the mineralization of cartilage.
A study of effectiveness of dynamic slicing in locating real faults

Dynamic slicing algorithms have been considered to aid in debugging for many years. However, as far as we know, no detailed studies on evaluating the benefits of using dynamic slicing for locating real faults present in programs have been carried out. In this paper we study the effectiveness of fault location using dynamic slicing for a set of real bugs reported in some widely used software programs. Our results show that of the 19 faults studied, 12 faults were captured by data slices, 7 required the use of full slices, and none of them required the use of relevant slices. Moreover, it was observed that dynamic slicing considerably reduced the subset of program statements that needed to be examined to locate faulty statements. Interestingly, we observed that all of the memory bugs in the faulty versions were captured by data slices. The dynamic slices that captured faulty code included 0.45 to 63.18% of statements that were executed at least once.
Failure to establish a persistent response producing a net loss in reinforcement

Sixteen rats, food-deprived for 23 hr. and trained on 29 trials to a median running time of 3 or less sec, failed to run over a large pile of wet mash to reach a goal box containing.20 gm of wet mash. The position of the food box in the alley had no effect on the response. The results are interpreted as evidence against the generality of a theory of persistent response sequences.
The Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID).

The NIAID-funded Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) is a consortium established to apply structural genomics approaches to potential drug targets from NIAID priority organisms for biodefense and emerging and re-emerging diseases. The mission of the SSGCID is to determine ~400 protein structures over five years ending in 2012. In order to maximize biomedical impact, ligand-based drug-lead discovery campaigns will be pursued for a small number of high-impact targets. Here we review the centers target selection processes, which include pro-active engagement of the infectious disease research and drug therapy communities to identify drug targets, essential enzymes, virulence factors and vaccine candidates of biomedical relevance to combat infectious diseases. This is followed by a brief overview of the SSGCID structure determination pipeline and ligand screening methodology. Finally, specifics of our resources available to the scientific community are presented. Physical materials and data produced by SSGCID will be made available to the scientific community, with the aim that they will provide essential groundwork benefiting future research and drug discovery.
On the etiology of congenital malformation of the meniscus.

In order to explain the occurrence of malformed meniscus in man, dissections were carried out in various vertebrates; they revealed that menisci shaped like a plate, disc, or ring are physiological components of the knee joint in several vertebrates. Microscopic examinations of tissue sections through the knee joints of human embryos revealed that the meniscus develops from an intermediate mesodermal blastema, which has the shape of a thick plate in the early embryonic period. The occurrence of a malformed meniscus in man may be explained by persistence of a very early embryonic stage and also possibly by reversal to a phylogenetic shape.
Food insecurity and dyslipidemia among adults in the United States

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to estimate the likelihood of dyslipidemia among food insecure men and women. Method Men, n = 2572 and women, n = 2977, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002 cholesterol screening sample were included in this study. Gender-stratified descriptive comparisons and logistic regression models were used to study associations between food insecurity and dyslipidemia indicated by abnormal levels of fasting serum triglyceride (TRG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and their ratios. Results Food insecurity did not associate with dyslipidemia among men. Among women, the associations between food insecurity and dyslipidemia were not consistent. Compared with the fully food secure, women who were marginally food secure were more likely to have abnormal levels of LDL-C (adjusted OR, 1.85; P = 0.045) and TRG/HDL-C ratio (adjusted OR, 1.91; P = 0.046). Women who were food insecure without hunger were more likely to have abnormal levels of TRG (adjusted OR, 1.90; P = 0.041). Conclusion Intermediate-level food insecurity associated with some indicators of dyslipidemia among women but not among men. This observation shows food insecure women may be at risk of dyslipidemia.
Postnatal lethality and cardiac anomalies in the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model.

The Ts65Dn mouse is a well-studied model for Down syndrome (DS). The presence of the translocation chromosome T1716 (referred to as T65Dn) produces a trisomic dosage imbalance for over 100 genes on the distal region of mouse Chromosome 16. This dosage imbalance, with more than half of the orthologs of human Chromosome 21 (Hsa21), causes several phenotypes in the trisomic mice that are reminiscent of DS. Careful examination of neonates in a newly established Ts65Dn colony indicated high rates of postnatal lethality. Although the transmission rate for the T65Dn chromosome has been previously reported as 20%–40%, genotyping of all progeny indicates transmission at birth is near the 50% expected with Mendelian transmission and survival. Remarkably, in litters with maternal care that allowed survival of some pups, postnatal lethality occurred primarily in pups that inherited the T65Dn marker chromosome. This selective loss within 48 h of birth reduced the transmission of the marker chromosome from 49% at birth to 34% at weaning. Gross morphologic examination revealed cardiovascular anomalies, i.e., right aortic arch accompanied by septal defects, in 8.3% of the trisomic newborn cadavers examined. This is an intriguing finding because the orthologs of the DiGeorge region of HSA22, which are posited to contribute to the aortic arch abnormalities seen in trisomy 16 mice, are not triplicated in Ts65Dn mice. These new observations suggest that the Ts65Dn mouse models DS not only in its previously described phenotypes but also with elevated postnatal lethality and congenital heart malformations that may contribute to mortality.
Mechanisms of Signal Transduction in Mouse Spermatozoa

Sperm from all species studied thus far contain G-proteins. The presence of such signal-transducing proteins in these cells suggests that the regulation of sperm function might have control elements that are similar to ligand:receptor:G-protein:second messenger systems common to many somatic cells. This hypothesis is supported by experiments that demonstrate a potential intermediary role for the mouse sperm Gi-like protein in the acrosome reaction induced by ZP3. The specific function of this Gi-like protein in this important physiologic event is not known at this time, although possible roles in regulating ionic movements, cyclic nucleotide metabolism, and polyphosphoinositide turnover are possible candidates. Studies directed at the localization and biochemical identity of the mouse sperm Gi-like protein, as well as the nature of the second messenger system(s) modulated by this protein, are in progress and should help to delineate the sequence of events involved in some of the early steps of sperm-ZP interaction.
Afterloading interstitial radiation therapy

Abstract A technique for afterloadiug interstitial radiation therapy employing Angiocath- 192 Ir is hereby described. Its flexibility and applicability to various lesions arising from the skin, breast, lymph nodes and oral cavity is discussed. Four cases are presented to illustrate various points.
Investigating security-price performance in the presence of event-date uncertainty

Abstract This paper introduces an event-study method that incorporates the possibility of a random event date. Consistent with empirical evidence, we assume an event may affect not only the conditional mean of a security's return, but also its conditional variance. We compare the statistical power and efficiency of our maximum-likelihood method with the standard application of traditional event-study methods to multiday security returns. Assuming a two-day event period, our empirical results provide evidence that the multiday approach is robust. We use our maximum-likelihood method to investigate the valuation effects of stock splits and stock dividends.
On the economic lot scheduling problem: stock-out prevention and system feasibility

The Economic Lot Scheduling Problem is a classical scheduling problem with the objective of minimising the long-run inventory and set-up costs of a single machine, multi-product inventory system. Demand rates, production rates and set-up times are assumed to be deterministic. The problem has been extensively studied and methods exist to obtain cyclic schedules which minimise total cost. In order to apply a cyclic schedule without a stock-out occurring, certain initial inventory levels are required. This paper considers the scenario where inventory levels are critically low and the cyclic schedule cannot be applied. Analytical methods are developed to determine: if the initial inventory is sufficient to prevent a stock-out from occurring; the maximum time until a stock-out will occur if a stock-out is unavoidable; and the minimum time required to obtain the necessary inventory to resume the cyclic schedule if a stock-out can be avoided.
On the shift of H2O between the carbons of the radical cation [CH2CH2OH2]+˙

Computations predict that H2O will shift rapidly between the carbons of over most of the energy range between the threshold for formation of the ion and the onset of its decomposition. This prediction is important to understanding the relationships and contrasts between the chemistries of free radicals and carbonium ions. We present experimental evidence that the theoretical predictions are correct.
Nucleotide binding by Escherichia coli membranes and solubilized membrane proteins

Abstract Isolated E. coli membranes bind a variety of nucleotides to form a complex which is retained on a nitrocellulose filter. The kinetics and other characteristics of this reaction have been studied with ATP and GTP. Sonication of the membranes solubilized, in part, the ATP- and GTP-binding factors. The binding of GTP may involve the soluble aminoacyl polymerization factor Tu, which is known to bind GTP, since evidence has been obtained that the three transfer factors Ts, Tu, and G are present in the membranes and released by sonication.
Mechanical Ideas in Geometry

(1998). Mechanical Ideas in Geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 8, pp. 697-703.
Loss of correction in spinal cord injury-related scoliosis after pedicle screw fixation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) in the pediatric population is an infrequent but clinically important disease to scoliosis surgeons. Spinal deformity after SCI is extremely common and almost uniformly develops in patients being injured before the growth spurt. Most treatment paradigms extrapolate management from both the adult literature as well as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis data. Since these patient populations are different in many respects, we sought out to investigate the rates of loss of correction over time as well as the factors associated with loss of correction in pediatric patients undergoing pedicle screw fixation for treatment of SCI-related scoliosis. All consecutive pediatric patients with spinal cord injury and paralytic scoliosis managed with pedicle screw constructs were identified at a single institution. Clinical and radiographic parameters were reviewed and analyzed with specific focus on parameters associated with loss of correction at an average follow-up of 2 years. Approximately 15 % of patients had a loss of correction of greater than 10° of Cobb angle. Postoperative sagittal imbalance was found to be significantly greater in patients who lost greater than 10° of correction compared to patients who did not lose correction (53.6 ± 39.9 vs 4.3 ± 41.3 mm, p = 0.02). Correction of patients with paralytic associated scoliosis should aim for a neutral sagittal balance in order to prevent postoperative loss of correction. Further study is needed on this subgroup of patients with scoliosis given the differences in strategies needed to correct and maintain their deformity correction.
Modeling the adsorption of U(VI) onto animal chitin using coupled mass transfer and surface complexation

This paper reports the development of a treatment system, using animal chitin as a passive biosorbent, for removing U(VI) from aqueous waste streams. An integral part of this system is a model that provides for the optimization of the treatment system through simulation of U(VI) removal efficiency based on the characteristics of the influent waste stream. The model accounts for changing solution matrix conditions through the coupling of surface complexation and mass transfer models. Complexation of U(VI) by chitin surface sites was modeled using FITEQL. Application of FITEQL in the “forward” mode provided the sorbed and aqueous phase concentrations needed for the mass transfer model. The mass transfer model was derived for both batch and continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) configurations using Fick's Law, reactor mass balances and rate law expressions. The coupled model was successfully validated using CSTR data at pH 6.5 and rate constants determined from batch sorption experiments. The CSTR configuration yields a steady-state, eighty percent U(VI) removal for 1 μM influent U(VI) with a solution-phase pH of 6.5 and 3.9 g l−1 chitin.
Co-contractive activation of the superficial multifidus during volitional preemptive abdominal contraction.

Objective To investigate whether the superficial multifidus (MF) muscle at the lower lumbar spine displayed co-contraction during volitional preemptive abdominal contraction (VPAC) through the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) or the abdominal bracing maneuver (ABM) in 3 different postural positions. Design A within-subject cohort design. Setting A clinical laboratory. Participants A healthy convenience sample of 21 women and 13 men; mean age (SD), 25.5 ± 6.5 years. Methods We collected surface electromyographic measurements for the superficial MF at the L5 vertebral level and abdominal wall muscles. Ultrasound imaging was used during screening and testing sessions for confirming transverse abdominis muscle activation while subjects maintained a relaxed state without volitional abdominal contraction (no-VPAC) and performed ADIM and ABM in 3 postural positions: supine, 4-point kneeling, and upright standing. Main Outcome Measurement The frequency of superficial MF co-contraction occurrences (percentage of the total number of conditions) was measured during ADIM and ABM in 3 different postural positions. Data Analyses A Cochran Q test for k-related samples (α = 0.05) was used for data analysis. Results Activation of the abdominal wall by using either VPAC strategy resulted in a significantly greater MF co-contraction occurrence when compared with no-VPAC in each position. The ABM produced a significantly higher MF co-contractive occurrence versus the ADIM in the supine position. Conclusion Both VPAC strategies produced a co-contractive MF response, which appears to be important for lumbar segmental stabilization and control. Analysis of the results suggests that VPAC strategies are appropriate for coactivating the MF, which can enhance spinal protection and rehabilitation responses.
2H NMR study of molecular motion in collagen fibrils.

Collagen was labelled through tissue culture with [3,3,3-d3]alanine. 2HNMR spectra were obtained of the labelled collagen as fibrils and in solution using the quadrupolar echo technique for solids. The 2HNMR data were analysed in terms of a model for reorientation in which the molecule is considered to jump between two orientations in a time which is short compared to the residence time in each site, and short compared to (Δvq)−1. The best fit of the data indicates that the collagen molecule in the fibrils experiences reorientation about its long axis over an angular range of ∼30–40°. The T2 for [3,3,3-d3]alanine-labelled collagen fibrils is estimated to be ∼110 μS.
Global Patterns of Low-Mode Internal-Wave Propagation. Part I: Energy and Energy Flux

Abstract Extending an earlier attempt to understand long-range propagation of the global internal-wave field, the energy E and horizontal energy flux F are computed for the two gravest baroclinic modes at 80 historical moorings around the globe. With bandpass filtering, the calculation is performed for the semidiurnal band (emphasizing M2 internal tides, generated by flow over sloping topography) and for the near-inertial band (emphasizing wind-generated waves near the Coriolis frequency). The time dependence of semidiurnal E and F is first examined at six locations north of the Hawaiian Ridge; E and F typically rise and fall together and can vary by over an order of magnitude at each site. This variability typically has a strong spring–neap component, in addition to longer time scales. The observed spring tides at sites northwest of the Hawaiian Ridge are coherent with barotropic forcing at the ridge, but lagged by times consistent with travel at the theoretical mode-1 group speed from the ridge. Phase c...
Separation Property for the Rigid-Body Attitude Tracking Control Problem

Quaternion-based proportional-derivative controllers for rigid-body attitude dynamics provide globally stabilizing solutions to both set-point regulation and trajectory tracking problems. Because the quaternion vector, or for that matter, any other attitude representation, can never be directly exactly measured, proportional-derivative controllers are invariably implemented under the assumption that the attitude error is available from suitable observers whose estimates converge sufficiently fast to the corresponding true attitude. To compound the situation, given the nonlinearities within the governing dynamics, most existing attitude observers can at best be proven to provide only asymptotic (i.e., nonexponential) convergence for the attitude estimation errors. This has the serious consequence that closed-loop stability assurances provided by classical proportional-derivative control laws no longer remain valid when the true attitude errors are replaced by their corresponding estimates. In this paper, we present a new quaternion-based attitude tracking controller that guarantees global asymptotic stability for the closed-loop dynamics while adopting an observer to generate the quaternion-based attitude estimates. We show that the state feedback control law and the estimator can be independently designed so that closed-loop stability is maintained even when they are combined. Accordingly, a separation property is established for the rigid-body attitude tracking problem, the first such result to our best knowledge. The crucial step in our stability analysis involves introduction of a novel class of strict Lyapunov functions whose time derivatives contain additional negative terms that help dominate the error terms arising due to the attitude observer implementation. Detailed proofs and numerical simulation examples are presented to help illustrate all the technical aspects of this work.