cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cantor sets arising from continued radicals

If a 1,a 2,a 3,… are nonnegative real numbers and $f_{j}(x) = \sqrt{a_{j}+x}$ , then lim n→∞ f 1∘f 2∘⋯∘f n (0) is a continued radical with terms a 1,a 2,a 3,…. The set of real numbers representable as a continued radical whose terms a i are all from a set S={a,b} of two natural numbers is a Cantor set. We investigate the thickness, measure, and sums of such Cantor sets.
Stoichiometry of a tetraalkylammonium “amalgam”

Etudes des composes formes lors de la reduction des ions tetraalkyl-ammonium sur des electrodes de mercure
Bifurcation behavior in homogeneous-heterogeneous combustion: I. Experimental results over platinum☆

Abstract Ignition, extinction, and autothermal behavior of the homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation reactions in air of NH3, CH4, C3H8, and an equimolar NH 3 CH 4 mixture over resistively heated polycrystalline platinum foils was studied in an atmospheric pressure flow reactor as a function of flow rate, fuel concentration, preheat temperature, and reactor geometry. Surface temperature versus power curves were experimentally determined for different compositions in these systems, which were in turn summarized in bifurcation diagrams of surface temperature or power as a function of fuel composition. Two ignitions (heterogeneous and homogeneous), one extinction and one self-sustaining autothermal steady state, were observed for all systmes except NH 3 CH 4 oxidation. The heterogeneous ignition occurred around 600°C for CH4 and 200°C for all other systems and was weakly dependent on the fuel composition. Long transients due to carbon formation were observed in the autothermal behavior for fuel-rich compositions in the CH4 system. A second heterogeneous ignition occurred in NH 3 CH 4 oxidation, which ranged from 400° to 600°C. Homogeneous reaction ignited at surfaca temperatures ranging from 1050°C for C3H8 oxidation to 1500°C for CH4 and NH3 oxidation. For C3H8 and CH4 oxidation, the flame generally left the foil, but in NH3 oxidation a stable boundary layer flame was also observed under some conditions.
The Role of Choke Points in the Ocean Context

Choke points are narrow international waterways where three characteristics are present. The waterway should be narrow and capable of being closed off to both commercial and military snipping. There should be no readily available maritime route to utilize in the event of closure. Finally, the choke point should be of considerable significance to at least several States. This article identifies seven “primary” choke points which seem to satisfy these criteria.
Effects of intracellular injections of chloride and EGTA on postepileptiform-burst hyperpolarizations in hippocampal neurons.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were obtained from CA1 neurons of hippocampal slices maintained in vitro. Epileptiform activity was induced by bath application of either penicillin (3.4 mM) or picrotoxin (5 × 10 −4 M). The afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) following evoked epileptiform events induced by penicillin were inverted by diffusion of chloride ions from KC1 electrodes but were insensitive to injection of EGTA. Picrotoxin produced epileptiform events qualitatively similar to those seen with penicillin, but the AHPs were reduced or abolished by injection of EGTA and were chloride insensitive. AHPs that were evoked directly by depolarizing-current pulses when penicillin or picrotoxin was present were sensitive to EGTA. These results indicate that hippocampal CA1 neurons are capable of generating two types of hyperpolarizing events and that penicillin is apparently ineffective in completely blocking the chloride-mediated event.
ERROR ANALYSIS FOR COMPLEX KINETICS SYSTEMS METHYL-VINYL CROSS-RADICAL REACTIONS

Many rate constants, particularly for radical-radical reactions, are determined in systems exhibiting complex kinetics. Parameters often comprise several species concentrations, absorption cross sections, and rate constants. They cannot be obtained from an exact analytic expression, and therefore, must be solved iteratively through an efficient numerical differential equation solver. We examine here the reaction kinetics of the CH3 and the C2H3 mixed-radical system, generated by excimer laser photolysis of methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) at 193.3 nm. As a model, a detailed error analysis for determination of the cross-radical reaction rate constant, the initial CH3 and C2H3 radical concentrations are performed using a least-squares modeling program (Acufit). The least-squares program, an assumed mechanism, a detailed set of signal-averaged data, are viewed as the measuring “instrument.” The output of the “instrument” consists of a “signal” that is fit to the data using the least-squares criterion. This gives estimated parameters that are examined with respect to random as well as systematic errors. The biases due to uncertainties of each known parameter and combined uncertainties on the measured parameters are assessed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1
Formaldehyde and clinical anatomy: Safe use and regulatory concerns

The use of formaldehyde and formalin in clinical anatomy procedures presents special concerns relating to personnel safety, environmental safety, and regulatory compliance. It is incumbent on all clinical anatomy practitioners to appreciate these concerns and use formaldehyde in a manner that assures safe practice, environmental stewardship, and regulatory compliance. It is only with these needs in mind that it will be assured that formalin will continue to be an acceptable preservation media, and continued, uninterrupted clinical anatomy study will be possible. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the transition from classical to quantum mechanics in generalized coordinates

The classical Hamiltonian in generalized coordinates is given asH=1/2 Σi.kpigikpk. We show that there is no operator of the formPi= −iA(qi) (∂/∂qi)+Gi(qi) (note that the Hermitian momentum operatorPiH is of this form) such that the quantum Hamiltonian operatorHQ is given asHQ=1/2 Σi,kPigikPk or1/2 Σi,kgikPiPk, etc. In order to maintain a direct transition of this sort from classical to quantum theory, using the classical Hamiltonian as a starting point, we must rely on our previous prescriptions, writing the quantum Hamiltonian asHQ=1/2 Σi,kPi+gikPk, wherePi+ denotes the adjoint of the operatorPi=−ih ∂/∂qi.
Submillimeter measurements of N2 and air broadening of hypochlorous acid

Abstract The pressure induced broadening of a several Q 0 r pure rotational transitions of hypochlorous acid, HOCl, have been measured as a function of temperature. This set of rotational transitions is the dominant feature of the submillimeter spectrum in the 500 μ m range where several remote sensing instruments currently operate. Additional features throughout the submillimeter spectrum have been recorded at the full-resolution of the room temperature Doppler linewidth using multiplier chains in the 110– 500 μ m wavelengths.
Comparison of transcatheter intraarterial perfusion MR imaging and fluorescent microsphere perfusion measurements during transcatheter arterial embolization of rabbit liver tumors.

Purpose Transcatheter intraarterial perfusion (TRIP) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is clinically used in the interventional MR imaging setting to verify distribution of injected embolic or chemoembolic material during liver-directed transcatheter therapies and to monitor reductions in perfusion. The accuracy of this technique remains unknown. In the present study, rabbit VX2 liver tumors were used to test the hypothesis that TRIP MR imaging accurately measures changes in tumor perfusion during transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE), with injection of fluorescent microspheres used as the gold-standard technique. Materials and Methods Five New Zealand White rabbits were used for this study (two donor rabbits and three with VX2 liver tumors). In three rabbits with implanted VX2 liver tumors, catheters were superselectively placed under digital subtraction angiographic guidance into the left hepatic artery supplying the targeted tumor. Fluorescent microspheres were injected into each rabbit's left ventricle before and after TAE. TRIP MR images were obtained at baseline and after embolizations for all rabbits with intraarterial injections of 2.5% gadopentetate dimeglumine solution. Linear regression was used to compare relative reductions in tumor perfusion between TRIP MR imaging and fluorescent microspheres. Results were considered statistically significant at a P value less than .05. Results There was good correlation between TRIP MR imaging and fluorescent microsphere measurements of reduction in tumor perfusion ( r = 0.722, P Conclusions TRIP MR imaging provides accurate semiquantitative measurement of perfusion reduction during TAE in rabbit liver tumors.
Were West Antarctic Ice Sheet grounding events in the Ross Sea a consequence of East Antarctic Ice Sheet expansion during the middle Miocene

Abstract Seismic correlation of glacial unconformities from the Ross Sea outer continental shelf to chronostratigraphic control at DSDP sites 272 and 273 indicates that at least two West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) expansions occurred during the early part of the middle Miocene (i.e. well before completion of continental-scale expansion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) inferred from δ18O and eustatic shifts). Therefore, if the volume of the EAIS was indeed relatively low, and if the Ross Sea age model is valid, then these WAIS expansions/contractions were not a direct consequence of EAIS expansion over the Transantarctic Mountains onto West Antarctica. An in-situ development of the WAIS during the middle Miocene suggests that either West Antarctic land elevations were above sea level and/or that air and water temperatures were sufficiently cold to support a marine-based ice sheet. Additional chronostratigraphic and lithologic data are needed from Antarctic margins to test these speculations.
Challenges of cholangiocarcinoma detection in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, cholestatic, idiopathic liver disease characterized by fibro-obliterative inflammation of the hepatic bile ducts. In a clinically significant proportion of patients, PSC progresses to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and in some cases, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The development of CCA in PSC is unpredictable, its surveillance and diagnosis complex, and its treatment options limited unless detected early. Herein we provide a focused review of the current literature regarding CCA surveillance in patients with PSC and discuss the diagnostic and management challenges that exist. Where evidence is limited, we present our perspective and approach as well as directions for future research.
Experiments On Constrained Optimization With Spencer's Method

Nonlinearities infesting optical systems keep Spencer's optimization method from operating in an orderly manner. Experiments with simple nonlinear functions give some insight into peculiarities that are often hidden by the complexity of the design problem.
Corneal Endothelial Cell Counts After Molteno Implantation

Implantation of a Molteno drainage shunt has been shown to be effective in advanced glaucoma. Foreign substances within the anterior chamber have been known to cause progressive endothelial cell loss. We undertook a study to evaluate the endothelial effects of an indwelling Molteno drainage shunt. Nineteen patients who underwent uneventful implantation of a Molteno drainage shunt for advanced aphakic or Pseudophakie glaucoma were followed up. Serial endothelial cell counts were obtained in a masked fashion. During follow-up periods ranging from 5.4 to 25.7 months, endothelial cell loss averaged two cells per square millimeter per postoperative month with a 95% confidence interval of positive seven cells to negative ten cells per square millimeter per postoperative month. No clinically significant progressive trend in endothelial cell loss was seen in patients undergoing uncomplicated Molteno drainage procedures. Larger sample sizes with longer follow-up will be necessary to establish whether a Molteno drainage shunt causes clinically remarkable endothelial cell loss.
Comparison of NOHARM and DETECT in Item Cluster Recovery: Counting Dimensions and Allocating Items

This study examines the performance of a new method for assessing and characterizing dimensionality in test data using the NOHARM model, and comparing it with DETECT. Dimensionality assessment is carried out using two goodness-of-fit statistics that are compared to reference χ2 distributions. A Monte Carlo study is used with item parameters based on a statewide basic skills assessment and the SAT. Other factors that are varied include the correlation among the latent traits, the number of items, the number of subjects, skewness of the latent traits, and the presence or absence of guessing. The performance of the two procedures is judged by the accuracy in determining the number of underlying dimensions, and the degree to which items are correctly clustered together. Results indicate that the new, NOHARM-based method appears to perform comparably to DETECT in terms of simultaneously finding the correct number of dimensions and clustering items correctly. NOHARM is generally better able to determine the number of underlying dimensions, but less able to group items together, than DETECT. When errors in item cluster assignment are made, DETECT is more likely to incorrectly separate items while NOHARM more often incorrectly groups them together.
The liver is populated by a broad spectrum of markers for macrophages. In alcoholic hepatitis the macrophages are M1 and M2

Abstract Background Liver cell injury in alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is in part, due to macrophage generated proinflammatory cytokines i.e., M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c might be involved in ALD. The T cell response to chemokines and cytokines differs not only when M1 and M2 macrophages are compared but even when individual M2 subtypes are profiled. Purpose In AH, M1 monocytes in the blood show increased sensitivity in the TNF-α response to LPS. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies showed that the liver sinusoids in ALD are abundantly populated by CD163 expressing type 2 macrophages. In this report, we profile many of the molecules associated with M1 and M2 macrophages in livers with AH using IHC. Methods Using immunofluorescent antibody-labeling, we profiled the receptors, cytokines and chemokines observed in M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c macrophages in liver biopsies from patients with AH. Results The increased CD 163 expression found in previous studies was confirmed as well an additional macrophage phenotypic marker CD206, suggesting that AH pathogenesis at least partially involves M2a and M2c macrophages. TGF-β was found to be robustly over expressed by liver sinusoidal macrophages. Macrophage expression of the phenotypic markers TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-8 – found in both M1 and M2 macrophages – as well as the chemokines CCL-1 and CCL-18 was found. However, IRF-4, which is related to IL-4 production and M2a polarization as well as the cytokines CCL-1 and Il-1β and the chemokine CXCL-1 were also observed, suggesting that M2a and M2b also play a role in AH pathogenesis. Conclusion Livers with AH show robust macrophage over expression of TGF-β, a growth factor more commonly associated with M2 type macrophages and mostly known for its fibrogenetic properties. However, our immunoprofiling of macrophage over expression also shows that AH is driven by receptors, interferons, and cytokines that are commonly associated not just with M2 macrophages, but with M1 as well. Thus, a complex interplay between different types of macrophages expressing a diverse array of molecules and receptors is involved in AH.
The utilization of conception cohorts for the evaluation of family planning programs

Abstract Data were collected from women who conceived during specified period from 1971 through June 1973 in order to determine: (a) the rates of planned and unplanned conception throughout the state, over time and by clinic service area; and (b) the characteristics which are known to influence fertility behavior (age, marital status, and ethnic group) of those women who failed to plan their conceptions. These data were compared with the characteristics of women served by the family planning clinics in various areas to determine whether services were being extended to high risk groups. Evaluation of the groups in need of service in each clinic area, and comparison of these findings with the characteristics of women actually served by the clinic, identified areas where services were not being directed to groups in need. These area differences provided examples of situations potentially amenable to application of evaluation results in order to give direction to family planning services.
New Practice Model for Latinos in Need of Social Work Services

The practice model described in this article represents a new synthesis of some of the best and most pragmatic models and concepts in the cultural competence literature. The article begins by infusing the ecosystems perspective with Latino-relevant theories and research for enhancing cultural sensitivity, both heightened awareness of the Latino experience and understanding of problem patterns in their historical, social, and cultural contexts. The article builds to a description of the practice model by selectively reviewing and synthesizing state-of-the-art models and methods of culturally competence practice. The resulting 2 x 4 matrix describes four major dimensions of culturally competent practice, across generalist and domain-specific levels of practice, considered essential to practice with U.S. Latinos: (1) increasing service availability and access, often through outreach; (2) assessment in social and cultural context, emphasizing basic grounding in the nature of oppression and social justice-oriented services; (3) selecting interventions acceptable to Latinos on the basis of their social and cultural experience and diverse subgroup memberships; and (4) institutionalizing multiple forms of social work service accountability to Latino clients and communities.
Stability of Acid-Base Equilibrium of Blood in Animals Falling in Different Age Periods.

Conclusions1. Adult dogs varying in age from 1 to 6 years give greater evidence of stabilization in the alkali reserve of the blood than do young dogs, puppies, with an age limit of 6 months or older and senile animals varying in age from years to 19 years and 2 months. 2. In certain instances dogs with evidence of renal injury may stabilize against strain the alkali reserve of the blood at a point below the normal determination for such a value.
Semibranched polyglycidols as “fillers” in polycarbonate hydrogels to tune hydrophobic drug release

We report on the synthesis of polycarbonate based hydrogels that contain semibranched polyglycidols entrapped into the polycarbonate-diethylene oxide matrix. The primary OH groups of the polyglycidol can also react in a transesterification reaction to form reconfigurable crosslinked materials. We first synthesized allyl and ethylene-oxide functionalized linear polycarbonates with Sn(OTf)2 as catalyst and isoamyl alcohol as initiator. In a reaction with dithiol ethylene oxide and dithiol (poly ethylene oxide) 1.5k, a crosslinked network was formed via thiolene click reactions in the presence or absence of semibranched polyglycidols. The resulting four hydrogels were analyzed for their swelling capabilities, mechanical properties and degradation in phosphate buffered saline. Paclitaxel was chosen as a model drug to study the drug release from these two carriers and was incorporated during the crosslinking reaction. The presence of the polyglycidol as well as the length of the dithiol crosslinker influenced the swelling capabilities, were responsible for a varied drug release behavior and the remarkable stress resistance. The present work introduces and compares polyglycidols as components in polycarbonate crosslinked materials that are either entrapped or covalently attached to the polycarbonate backbone to establish models of structure property relationships for hydrogels used for controlled drug delivery in vivo.
Acute rhadomyolysis associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome

nent neurologic deficits result from C N S involvement. Previously reported peripheral nerve complications include lesions of femoral, 5 sciatic, 3 and facial nerves, 4 and polyneuropathy resembling Guillain-Barr6-Strohl syndrome, 7 These complications are usually self-limited and resolve completely without specific therapy. Several mechanisms may underlie development of neurologic lesions in anaphylactoid purpura. The C N S dysfunction may result from hypertension or metabolic derangements that accompany kidney failure, z Intracranial vasculitis may cause cerebral ischemia or infarction that produces generalized or focal C N S deficits. Although peripheral nerve dysfunction might also result from metabolic disturbances, vasculitis, and possibly autoimmune mechanisms, 7 mechanical compression is the more probable mechanism?' ~ In our patient, knee joint swelling may have caused peroneal nerve compression, but vasculitis leading to nerve ischemia cannot be excluded as an underlying contributing mechanism.
Rhythm Control for Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Balancing the Use of Antiarrhythmic Drugs and Catheter Ablation

Antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy may be beneficial for patients with symptoms attributable to atrial fibrillation despite adequate rate control. The limited long-term efficacy of AAD and the relatively large proportion of patients discontinuing therapy because of side effects led to the development of nonpharmacological therapies to achieve rhythm control. Pressing questions remain about the effect of ablation therapy on long-term patient outcomes. Based on recent clinical trials and meta-analyses, ablation appears more effective and possibly safer than AAD for long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm in selected patients, but the evidence is insufficient to recommend ablation in preference to drug therapy as the first AAD therapy for the majority of patients in whom a rhythm control strategy is justified. Herein, we review the most current evidence supporting the use of AAD and catheter ablation in atrial fibrillation.
Photometric evidence on long-term stability of albedo and colour markings on Io

Photometric measurements of the color and albedo of Io during the last 50 years are examined in order to determine the stability of the Ionian surface. Brightness measurements of Io relative to Ganymede show a slight, however inconclusive, increase with time, while light curve amplitudes and shapes are found to agree well during this period. The extent of volcanic activity observed by Voyager 1, however, is shown to be undetectable with the precision attainable by earth-based albedo determinations, and just barely detectable as color changes, which explains the observed photometric stability. Possible mechanisms for the preservation of the observed longitudinal distribution of color on Io are also discussed.
Varieties of Analog and Digital Representation

The `received view' of the analog---digital distinction holds that analog representations are continuous while digital representations are discrete. In this paper I first provide support for the received view by showing how it (1) emerges from the theory of computation, and (2) explains engineering practices. Second, I critically assess several recently offered alternatives, arguing that to the degree they are justified they demonstrate not that the received view is incorrect, but rather that distinct senses of the terms have become entrenched specific fields, perhaps most notably in the cognitive psychology of mental imagery.
On the magnetization and origin of the millisecond pulsar 1937 + 214

Lack of an analogue of the Crab Nebula around PSR1937 + 214 is shown to be consistent with theory of pulsar magnetospheres only if the surface magnetic field is unusually weak, ∼109 G. Predictions are made for observations of the weak nebular emission around this object. It is suggested that the neutron star was born as a weakly magnetized, rapidly rotating pulsar, and now is 105–106 yr old.
The Institutional Ombudsman: A University Case Study

The experience of a university ombudsman is utilized to examinetraditional elements within the organizational ombudsman role. History andcontext of role and person in it are discussed in relation to organizationexperience, independence, impartiality and neutrality, investigative power,responsibility for recommendations, and confidentiality. Implications ofthese elements in practice are described, and then explored through threecase examples.
An illusory depth reversal dependent upon rotary motion.

A textured rotating disk viewed obliquely was found to perceptually reverse its orientation in depth under a variety of conditions, none of which were able to eliminate the illusory depth reversal. The only necessary conditions for its production appear to be that some texture be present, that the stimulus be moving, and that the stimulus be viewed from an oblique angle. Qualitative observations indicated that changes in the perceived size and speed of the texture elements of the rotating stimulus consistent with constancy mechanisms for size and speed accompanied changes in apparent depth orientation.
Drift wave turbulence in a plasma with sheared flow

Abstract A single-equation model of long-wavelength drift waves has been used to study the behavior of turbulent plasma fluctuations in the presence of sheared flow. These waves, which have a real frequency, are calculated using a time-evolution algorithm that includes flow effects. Linear tests show that growth rates and flow-shear damping agree with the predictions of analytical theory, even in the presence of a large real frequency. Criteria for selecting the propel spatial and temporal resolution for nonlinear calculations are described. Convergence tests show that, within these limits, solutions have a weak dependence on variations of these resolution parameters. Tests of energy conservation indicate that calculated solutions remain accurate for large numbers of time steps.
The spiny lobster fishery of British Honduras

(1968). The spiny lobster fishery of British Honduras. Scottish Geographical Magazine: Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 172-178.
Planetary Science: Catch a falling star.

The European Fireball Network has recovered a meteorite after photographing its violent entry into the Earth's atmosphere. This is only the fourth such recovery, and analysis points to a surprising past for this primitive object.
A Lower Bound on Blocking Semiovals

A semioval in a projective plane ? is a set S of points such that for every pointP?S, there exists a unique line ? of ? such that??S= { P }. In other words, at every point of S, there exists a unique tangent line. A blocking set in ? is a set B of points such that every line of? contains at least one point of B, but is not entirely contained in B. Combining these notions, we obtain the concept of a blocking semioval, a set of points in a projective plane which is both a semioval and a blocking set. Batten indicated applications of such sets to cryptography, which motivates their study. In this paper, we give some lower bounds on the size of a blocking semioval, and discuss the sharpness of these bounds.
Spinal subdural empyema: Diagnosis by spinal computed tomography

The authors describe the use of metrizamide spinal computed tomography scan to delineate the surgical extent of spinal subdural empyema in a 65-year-old diabetic female.
Hyperfine splittings of strange baryons in the Skyrme model.

We calculate the complete order 1/N corrections to baryon masses in the rigid rotator approach to the three-flavor Skyrme model.
Toxicity of parenteral iron dextran therapy.

Toxicity of parenteral iron dextran therapy. Parenteral iron dextran is efficacious and safe for iron repletion in patients with iron-deficiency anemia. The risk for developing reactions to parenteral iron infusion can be attenuated if patients are carefully selected. Patients with underlying autoimmune disease, malnutrition with indolent infection, and risk for iron overload syndromes should be carefully monitored for complications. Further, the rate of infusion and the route of administration of iron dextran play roles in the risk of adverse reactions. The purpose of this review is to identify and elucidate the mechanisms of the acute and chronic toxicities associated with parenteral iron dextran use.
Computational modeling of multibody aerodynamic interference

Abstract The research effort has focused on the development and application of a versatile overset grid numerical technique to solve multibody aerodynamic problems. The developed numerical capability has been used successfully to determine the aerodynamics and provide critical information on the design and development of two multibody systems: sabot discard from the kinetic-energy (KE) projectile and brilliant anti-armor (BAT) submunition dispersal from the Army Tactical Missile System (TACMS). The complexity and uniqueness of these types of multibody problems result from the aerodynamic interference of the individual components, which include three-dimensional (3-D) shock–shock interactions, shock–boundary layer interactions, and highly viscous-dominated separated-flow regions. The overset grid technique, which is ideally suited to this problem, is used to determine the 3-D interacting flow field of the multibody system and the associated aerodynamic forces and moments at different positions and orientations without the need for costly regridding. The complex physics and fluid dynamics structure of the 3-D aerodynamic interference for these multibody problems has been uniquely identified.
TNFα concentrations and mRNA expression are increased in preeclamptic placentas

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), a cytokine produced mainly by macrophages, is involved in immunoregulation, the modulation of cell growth and differentiation, as well as in the induction of oxygen free radicals. In preeclamptic placentas, lipid peroxides are increased as compared to normal placentas. If TNFα was abnormally increased in preeclamptic placentas, it might contribute to the increased oxidative stress and the formation of lipid peroxides. We hypothesized that TNFα levels would be higher in preeclamptic than in normal placentas. We determined: (1) the levels of TNFα protein in whole placental tissue; (2) the concentrations of TNFα protein and lipid peroxides in the medium after 48 h of incubation of whole placental villi; (3) mRNA expression of TNFα. Placental TNFα protein levels were measured by ELISA, lipid peroxides by a spectrophotometric method specific for peroxides, and TNFα mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Results: (1) TNFα tissue levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic than in normal placentas, P P . (3) TNFα concentrations in the incubation medium were positively correlated with lipid peroxide concentrations, r = 0.608. (4) TNFα mRNA was expressed in preeclamptic placentas, but not in normal placentas. Conclusions: TNFα protein concentrations and mRNA expression are higher in preeclamptic than normal placentas and this is associated with increased lipid peroxidation.
The persistent threat of lead: Medical and sociological issues

Lead exposure is an ancient malady. Its history serves as a useful paradigm through which to understand many other pollutants that our technological society has inserted into the human environment and may guide preventive steps for other agents. Lead poisoning was first recognized in workers exposed to high doses. The discovery of childhood toxicity occurred a century ago in Australia, when children with striking symptoms of paralysis, ophthalmoplegia, or meningitis were found to be highly lead exposed. Encephalopathy generally occurs at blood lead levels of 80 micrograms/dL or more, but unequivocal brain damage has been demonstrated at doses well below this level. At lower doses, the neurocognitive effects of lead are expressed as diminished psychometric intelligence, attention deficits, conduct problems, alterations in the electroencephalogram, school failure, and increased referral rates for special needs. Careful epidemiologic studies, which have controlled for the important confounders, have set the effect level at 10-15 micrograms/dL. Elegant animal studies in which confounding is not an issue have confirmed these findings. Although blood lead levels in the population have dropped over time for a number of reasons, there are some 3-4 million American children with blood lead levels of more than 15 micrograms/dL. Biochemical and functionalmore » changes have been demonstrated in the heme biosynthetic pathway and in the renal, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. The threshold for effect depends on the sensitivity of the methods used. A no-effect level has not been found. Further, this is not a disease of the poor alone. But the poor are exposed to much more lead than are the more economically favored. Deficiencies in body calcium, zinc, iron, and protein stores are associated with increased uptake. Optimizing nutrition enhances the resistance to lead. 110 references.« less
Behavioral Responses of Rainbow Smelt to in situ Strobe Lights

Abstract We conducted in situ testing of strobe lights as a potential fish deterrent by examining avoidance and acclimation behaviors of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax in Lake Oahe, South Dakota. Split-beam hydroacoustics were used to assess the effectiveness of the deterrent system by comparing proximal densities of rainbow smelt before and after the device was activated. In summer 2005, strobe lights successfully repelled rainbow smelt to a minimum horizontal distance of 21 m at both 1 h and 4 h postactivation; the model AGL-FH 920 flashhead produced a light intensity of 6,585 lumens per flash. Similarly in 2004, a model AGL-FH 901 flashhead, which produced a light intensity of 2,634 lumens per flash, repelled rainbow smelt to a horizontal distance of 15 m. A comparison of strata 10 m above and below the strobe light system showed that rainbow smelt were vertically displaced to approximately 6 m. We conclude that strobe lights elicit behavioral avoidance by rainbow smelt and may provide an effective means...
Functions of baseplate components in bacteriophage T4 infection. I. Dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroylhexaglutamate.

Abstract Phage T4 are known to be inactivated by conjugase, anti-dihydrofolate reductase, and NADPH. We examined the specificity and mechanisms of action of these agents on the normal phage and some adsorption intermediates in order to clarify the stages of infection in which the phage structural components dihydropteroylhexaglutamate and dihydrofolate reductase are involved. Dihydrofolate reductase plays no enzymic role in the virion, but is structurally important during the early stages of phage adsorption. Dihydropteroylhexaglutamate plays a role in the later stages of phage adsorption.
Step-wise specification of retinal stem cells during normal embryogenesis

The specification of embryonic cells to produce the retina begins at early embryonic stages as a multi-step process that gradually restricts fate potentials. First, a subset of embryonic cells becomes competent to form retina by their lack of expression of endo-mesoderm-specifying genes. From these cells, a more restricted subset is biased to form retina by virtue of their close proximity to sources of bone morphogenetic protein antagonists during neural induction. During gastrulation, the definitive RSCs (retinal stem cells) are specified as the eye field by interactions with underlying mesoderm and the expression of a network of retina-specifying genes. As the eye field is transformed into the optic vesicle and optic cup, a heterogeneous population of RPCs (retinal progenitor cells) forms to give rise to the different domains of the retina: the optic stalk, retinal pigmented epithelium and neural retina. Further diversity of RPCs appears to occur under the influences of cell-cell interactions, cytokines and combinations of regulatory genes, leading to the differentiation of a multitude of different retinal cell types. This review examines what is known about each sequential step in retinal specification during normal vertebrate development, and how that knowledge will be important to understand how RSCs might be manipulated for regenerative therapies to treat retinal diseases.
A systematic lifting of exchange-degeneracy that clarifies the relationship between pomeron, reggeons and SU3-symmetry violation

Abstract The cylinder correction to the planar S matrix splits I = 0 from I = 1, lifts exchange degeneracy of I = 0 states and induces deviations from ideal mixing. All three effects are approximately described by one parameter which gives the shift of the ω intercept below the ϱ, the couplings of f, f′, ω, ф, the shift of the f above the ϱ, and its tendency to become an SU3 singlet heretofore labeled at t = 0 as the pomeron.
Analysis of clamping versus cutting of T3 sympathetic nerve for severe palmar hyperhidrosis.

Objectives Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy can predictably eliminate the disabling symptoms of palmar hyperhidrosis. Debate has ensued over competing techniques, in particular, cutting versus clamping of the sympathetic chain. We subjectively assessed the sweat severity in different areas of the body and evaluated changes in the quality of life in patients undergoing either the cutting or clamping technique. Methods Patients examined between June 2003 and March 2007 were asked to quantify the severity of their symptoms before and after endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. The interviews were conducted approximately 1 year after the procedure. Only the patients undergoing sympathectomy at the T3 level for a chief complaint of palmar hyperhidrosis were included in the analysis (n = 152). In 45% of these patients, clamping of the sympathetic chain was performed, and the remaining 55% had the chain cut. Results After surgery, no patients had continued excessive sweating of the hands. Of all the patients, 95% were satisfied with the results after the cutting procedure and 97% were satisfied after clamping. No difference was seen in any outcome between the patients undergoing clamping versus cutting of the sympathetic chain, including sweating on the hands, face, armpits, feet, trunk, and thighs or in the quality of life. Conclusions We found high rates of success and patient satisfaction when T3 sympathectomy was performed for palmar hyperhidrosis, with no differences found between the cutting and clamping techniques.
MRI vs. ultrasound for suspected appendicitis during pregnancy.

Purpose To compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound (US) and MRI in evaluation of pregnant patients with a clinical suspicion of appendicitis. Materials and Methods A total of 33 pregnant patients with suspected appendicitis underwent US and MRI. The original imaging reports generated at the time of presentation were used for data analysis. Pathology reports were used for disease confirmation in patients who underwent appendectomy. When surgery was not performed, a medical record review was performed. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were calculated for US and MRI in the diagnosis of appendicitis. Results Five of the 33 patients had pathologically-proven appendicitis. Four of the five patients with appendicitis were correctly diagnosed at MRI while one was interpreted as indeterminate (appendix not seen). At US, one was correctly diagnosed, one was incorrectly diagnosed as normal, and three were interpreted as indeterminate (appendix not seen). In 13 patients, a normal appendix was diagnosed at MRI, none of whom had appendicitis. In three patients, a normal appendix was diagnosed at US, one of whom had appendicitis. When the appendix was visualized at MRI, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for the diagnosis of appendicitis was 100% for all parameters. When the appendix was visualized at US, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for the diagnosis of appendicitis was 50%, 100%, 100%, and 66%, respectively. Conclusion Based on a relatively small number of true-positives, our data suggests that MRI is very useful for the diagnosis and exclusion of appendicitis in pregnant women. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:428–433. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fetal Therapy: Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence

This chapter describes the diagnosis, pathophysiology, treatments, and diagnosis of twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP). Existence of TRAP requires two conditions: pump or forward flow failure in the acardiac twin and a set of arterioarterial and venovenous placental anastomoses connecting the acardiac and pump twins' circulatory systems. Ultrasonography with color Doppler is the primary method for diagnosing TRAP. The added benefits of color Doppler sonography include ability to trace fetal vessels and document reversed flow through an arterioarterial anastomosis confirming diagnosis of TRAP. MRI has also been used as an adjunct modality in the diagnosis of TRAP. Using MRI, one can determine the extent of blood flow in the umbilical cord of the acardiac, as well as evaluate the pump twin for anomalies, cardiac decompensation, and signs of chronic hypoxia such as brain ischemia. However, no single surgical technique has been found to be unequivocally superior.
Hypsarhythmia or Hypsarrhythmia

Hypsarhythmia was originally spelled with one ‘r’ by Drs Frederick and Erna Gibbs when they coined the term in 1952.
Miscellaneous methods: authors, societies and journals in early modern England

Historians of science have long acknowledged the important role that journals play in the scientific enterprise. They both secure the shared values of a scientific community and certify what that community takes to be licensed knowledge. The advent of the first learned periodicals in the mid-seventeenth century was therefore a major event. But why did this event happen when it did, and how was the permanence of the learned journal secured? This paper reveals some of the answers. It examines the shifting fortunes of one of the earliest of natural-philosophical periodicals, the Philosophical Transactions, launched in London in 1665 by Henry Oldenburg. The paper shows how fraught the enterprise of journal publishing was in the Europe of that period, and, not least, it draws attention to a number of publications that arose out of the commercial realm of the Restoration to rival (or parody) Oldenburg's now famous creation. By doing so it helps restore to view the hard work that underpinned the republic of letters.And as for natural philosophy, is it not removed from Oxford and Cambridge to Gresham College in London, and to be learned out of their gazettes?Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth (written c. 1668).
Classified context quantization of VQ indexes for image compression

A classified context quantization (CCQ) technique is proposed to code basic image VQ indexes in the setting of high order context models. The context model of an index is first classified into one of three classes according to the smoothness of the image area they represent. Then the index is coded with a context quantizer designed for that class. Experimental results show that CCQ achieves about three percent improvement over the previous best results of image VQ by conditional entropy coding of VQ indexes (CECOVI), and does so at a lower computational cost.
Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma arthritidis Variable Surface Protein MAA2

Earlier studies implied a role for Mycoplasma arthritidis surface protein MAA2 in cytadherence and virulence and showed that it exhibited both size and phase variability. Here we report the further analysis of MAA2 and the cloning and sequencing of the maa2 gene from two M. arthritidis strains, 158p10p9 and H606, expressing two size variants of MAA2. Triton X-114 partitioning and metabolic labeling with [3H]palmitic acid suggested lipid modification of MAA2. Surface exposure of the C terminus was indicated by cleavage of monoclonal antibody-specific epitopes from intact cells by carboxypeptidase Y. The maa2 genes from both strains were highly conserved, consisting largely of six (for 158p10p9) or five (for H606) nearly identical, 264-bp tandem direct repeats. The deduced amino acid sequence predicted a largely hydrophilic, highly basic protein with a 29-amino-acid lipoprotein signal peptide. The maa2 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli from the lacZ promoter of vector pGEM-T. The recombinant product was approximately 3 kDa larger than the native protein, suggesting that the signal peptide was not processed in E. coli. The maa2 gene and upstream DNA sequences were cloned from M. arthritidis clonal variants differing in MAA2 expression state. Expression state correlated with the length of a poly(T) tract just upstream of a putative -10 box. Full-sized recombinant MAA2 was expressed in E. coli from genes derived from both ON and OFF expression variants, indicating that control of expression did not include alterations within the coding region.
A New Kind of Fictitious Play

Gass, Zafra, and Qiu (1996) introduce a modified version of fictitious play for matrix games where only the more successful player's strategy is retained. This paper introduces additional modifications that appear to converge faster. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* Naval Research Logistics 48: 270–280, 2001
The influence of hydrochloric acid concentration and measurement method on the determination of amino acid levels in soya bean products

Abstract Accurate determination of amino acid levels in soya products facilitates optimum diet formulation and amino acid supplementation. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration and method of amino acid measurement on the measurement of amino acid levels. Six different soya bean products were evaluated. Hydrolysis was carried out with five different acid concentrations (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 M HCl). Amino acids were analysed by both ion-exchange chromatography with ninhydrin detection and pre-column derivatisation with phenyl isothiocyanate. Both acid concentration and measurement method affected (P
Metalloenzymartige Zeolithe als Lewis‐Säure‐Katalysatoren für die C‐C‐Bindungsbildung

In den letzten Jahren wurde der Verwendung von metalloenzymartigen Zeolithen als Lewis-Saure-Katalysatoren fur C-C-Kupplungen zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Insbesondere die Beobachtung, dass hydrophobe Zeolithe mit isolierten Metallzentren im Gerust direkte Aldolkondensationen ermoglichen, hat die Entwicklung von Katalyseverfahren fur die Herstellung von Chemikalien ausgehend von aus Biomasse stammenden Verbindungen angestosen. Die Entdeckung von neuen Diels-Alder-Cycloadditions-/Dehydratisierungswegen sowie experimentelle und rechnerische Untersuchungen von Lewis-Saure-katalysierten Carbonyl-En-Reaktionen haben die Entwicklung dieses schnell wachsenden Forschungsgebietes weiter vorangetrieben.