cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SHIFTING ALLIANCES: RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIPS DURING TIMES OF ECONOMIC HARDSHIP IN URBAN BOLIVIA

Recent research indicates that urban reciprocity, a survival strategy used by the urban poor to self-insure against economic risks, has been eroded by deepening poverty and economic insecurity. This paper examines how the urban poor maintain reciprocal relationships in Villa Israel, a periurban settlement located on the outskirts of the city of Cochabamba, Bolivia. The results indicate that, while some reciprocal relationships do appear to be in decline, others have been transformed in ways that enhance security for participants. In particular, there appears to have been a shift away from reciprocal relationships formed on the basis of compadrazgo (ritual godparenthood) and �paisanidad� (shared origin) and toward those formed around commerce and evangelico (Protestant or evangelical) churches
Knowledge of language: its elements and origins

My approach to the study of language is based on the assumption that knowledge of language can be properly characterized by means of a generative grammar, i.e. a system of rules and principles that assigns structural descriptions to linguistic expressions. On this view, the basic concepts are those of ‘grammar’ and ‘knowledge of grammar’. The concepts of language’ and ‘knowledge of language’ are derivative: they involve a higher level of abstraction from psychological mechanisms and raise additional (though not necessarily important) problems. Of central concern, from this point of view, will be to determine the biological endowment that makes it possible for a grammar of the required sort to develop in human beings provided that they are exposed to some appropriate body of experience. This biological endowment may be regarded as a function that maps a body of experience into a particular grammar. The function itself is commonly referred to as universal grammar (u.g.) and can be expressed, in part, as a system of principles that determine the class of accessible particular grammars and their properties. Recent work suggests that u.g. consists, on the one hand, of a theory of so-called core grammar and, on the other, of a theory of permissible extensions and modifications of core grammar. Given the intricate internal structure of u.g., it can account for the superficially highly diverse grammars and languages that do in fact exist. Thus, what appear to be quite different systems of knowledge may arise from relatively little experience. A number of subsystems of u.g. have now been explored, each with its distinctive properties and possibilities of variation. Some current proposals concerning these systems are sketched, and some consequences considered with regard to the nature and acquisition of cognitive systems (including systems of knowledge) more generally.
Hepatitis B immunity in children vaccinated with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine beginning at birth: A follow-up study at 15 years ☆

Abstract Background The duration of protection after hepatitis B vaccination of infants is unknown. We determined antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and response to a booster dose 15 years after vaccination among Alaskan children born to hepatitis B surface antigen-negative mothers. These children had protective anti-HBs concentrations when tested after receiving a three-dose series of 2.5 μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine starting at birth. Methods Participants received 5 μg of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Sera were collected at baseline, 10–14 days and 1 month after vaccination, and tested for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and anti-HBs. An anamnestic response was defined as an anti-HBs increase within 15 days, from either undetectable to ≥10 mIU/mL, or, if the baseline concentration was detectable, a 4-fold increase. Results None of 37 participants (mean age 14.6 years) were anti-HBc positive. An anamnestic response (GMC = 254 mIU/mL, range 16–2767 mIU/mL) was observed in 18 (51%) of 35 participants who had sera collected within 15 days after the booster. Conclusions In this small study, half of children who had received hepatitis B vaccine starting at birth did not have evidence of immune memory as measured by development of anamnestic responses to booster vaccination. Additional studies are needed to assess whether this indicates susceptibility to infection and whether persons vaccinated starting at birth may benefit from a hepatitis B vaccine booster to maintain long-term protection.
Toxicology evaluation of radiotracer doses of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) for human PET imaging: Laboratory analysis of serial blood samples and comparison to previously investigated therapeutic FLT doses.

18F-FLT is a novel PET radiotracer which has demonstrated a strong potential utility for imaging cellular proliferation in human tumors in vivo. To facilitate future regulatory approval of 18F-FLT for clinical use, we wished to demonstrate the safety of radiotracer doses of 18F-FLT administered to human subjects, by: 1) performing an evaluation of the toxicity of 18F-FLT administered in radiotracer amounts for PET imaging, 2) comparing a radiotracer dose of FLT to clinical trial doses of FLT. Twenty patients gave consent to a 18F-FLT injection, subsequent PET imaging, and blood draws. For each patient, blood samples were collected at multiple times before and after 18F-FLT PET. These samples were assayed for a comprehensive metabolic panel, total bilirubin, complete blood and platelet counts. 18F-FLT doses of 2.59 MBq/Kg with a maximal dose of 185 MBq (5 mCi) were used. Blood time-activity curves were generated for each patient from dynamic PET data, providing a measure of the area under the FLT concentration curve for 12 hours (AUC12). No side effects were reported. Only albumin, red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin showed a statistically significant decrease over time. These changes are attributed to IV hydration during PET imaging and to subsequent blood loss at surgery. The AUC12 values estimated from imaging data are not significantly different from those found from serial measures of FLT blood concentrations (p = 0.66). The blood samples-derived AUC12 values range from 0.232 ng*h/mL to 1.339 ng*h/mL with a mean of 0.802 ± 0.303 ng*h/mL. This corresponds to 0.46% to 2.68% of the lowest and least toxic clinical trial AUC12 of 50 ng*h/mL reported by Flexner et al (1994). This single injection also corresponds to a nearly 3,000-fold lower cumulative dose than in Flexner's twice daily trial. This study shows no evidence of toxicity or complications attributable to 18F-FLT injected intravenously.
An information processing approach to cognitive development.

Developmental data from three experiments are reported in support of the assumptions that (a) there are two classes of preliminary transformations performed upon information at the early stages of thought: analyzing and memorializing; that (b) each transformation class has a characteristic ontogeny that (c) underlies the broader pattern of development of intelligence. Since most current developmental research may be characterized as concerned with the development of analytic transformations, some speculations on the additional role of memorializing transformations are proposed.
Physical testing procedure for latex stocks

Abstract Adjustment of stabilizers may be necessary in order to produce a smooth surface on an air-dried latex test slab. A combination of 1 per cent of casein and 1 per cent of Aquarex D on the rubber gave a satisfactory dried slab. Reproducible results cannot be obtained unless the test strips are conditioned at controlled relative humidity conditions. Zero per cent humidity gave highest tensile and modulus figures. Batch-to-batch accuracy of latex stocks using methods described herein was comparable to that of mill-mixed pure gum stock.
Family Structure as a Source of Female and Male Homicide in the United States

Recent advances in the ecology of crime have identified robust family structure effects on homicide but have not yet comprehensively explored these macro-level effects on cross-community variation in female homicide rates. The author addresses this omission by using seemingly unrelated regression techniques to comparatively assess family and other structural covariates of female and male homicide across 1,600 counties. Family structure is a robust predictor of cross-community differences in both female and male homicide levels, though it is more consequential for male rates of homicide. In addition, for both sexes, family structure exerts a stronger influence than structural disadvantage or other ecological predictors. The author concludes that the sources of female and male homicide offending overlap considerably, yet attention to gender-specific causal factors is also warranted.
Posttetanic potentiation and presynaptically induced long‐term potentiation at the mossy fiber synapse in rat hippocampus

A form of long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced at the mossy fiber (MF) synapse in the hippocampus by high-frequency presynaptic stimulation (HFS). It is generally accepted that induction of this form of LTP (MF LTP) does not depend on postsynaptic Ca2+ current gated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, but it has remained controversial whether induction depends on postsynaptic depolarization and voltage-gated entry of Ca2+. There are also contradictory data on the time course of both LTP and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), a shorter duration form of potentiation observed at MF synapses immediately following HFS. It has been proposed that some of these differences in results may have arisen because of difficulties in isolating monosynaptic responses to MF input. In the present study, whole cell recording was used to observe excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) elicited in CA3 pyramidal cells by input from MFs. Postsynaptic cells were dialyzed with 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) and F- to inhibit postsynaptic mechanisms that required Ca2+, cells were under voltage clamp during HFS, and conditions were selected to minimize the likelihood of polysynaptic contamination. Under these conditions, HFS nevertheless induced robust LTP (mean magnitude, 62%). The possibility that EPSCs were contaminated by polysynaptic components was investigated by exposing the slices to a suppressing medium (one that partially blocked neurotransmission). EPSC waveforms did not change shape during suppression, indicating that contamination was absent. The LTP observed always was accompanied by prominent PTP that lasted through the first 5 to 15 min following HFS (mean decay time constant, 3.2 min). Induction of this LTP was not cooperative; there was no relationship between the size of responses and the magnitude of the LTP induced. LTP magnitude also was unrelated to the extent to which postsynaptic cells depolarized during HFS. These results show that high rates of presynaptic MF activity elicit robust LTP whether or not there is accompanying postsynaptic depolarization or increase in the concentration of postsynaptic Ca2+. High-frequency MF activity also results in a PTP that is unusually large and long.
Fabrication of hydrogel microstructures using polymerization controlled by microcontact printing (PCmicroCP).

Hydrogels are widely applied as functional biomaterials in the diagnostic and therapeutic fields. For example, intelligent hydrogels containing ionic groups (pH responsive) and poly(ethylene glycol) have promising applications as pH responsive materials in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. For potential use of hydrogels in micro- and nano devices, methods are needed to fabricate structures of various geometries at the micro- and nano scale. In this work, polymerization controlled by microcontact printing (PCμCP) is utilized, which is a method that uses microcontact printing to spatially define polymerization zones. Specifically, gold surfaces were modified by a hydrophobic thiol self assembled monolayer via microcontact printing and then a hydrophilic prepolymer solution was applied and only spatially occupied the regions confined by the hydrophobic thiol. Subsequently, polymerization reactions were carried out to create hydrogel microstructures. The patterned hydrogel produced using these methods are highly uniform in size and shape, having potential application in the field of biomedical microdevices.
The frames of cognition

In his paper ''Socially Extended Mind,'' Shaun Gallagher aims to broaden the perspective of the philosophy of cognitive science and to bring theoretical discussions to new grounds. However, I argue that such comprehensive attempt needs to be worked out and underpinned in more detail. I start by sketching the theoretical landscape, and continue by pointing out some ambiguities that are in need of further clarification. In the last part, I introduce a distinction between global and local frames of cognition and argue that the idea of a local frame can contribute to critical inquiry.
Mating systems of some putative polypore-agaric relatives

Mating systems are reported for taxa of polypores and agarics considered related. Taxa areDictyopanus pusillus, Favolus alveolaris, F. tenuiculus, Lentinus bertierii, L. crinitis, L. punctaticeps, L. strigellus, L. strigosus, L. suavissimus, Pleurotus australis, P. levis, P. tuberregium, Polyporus ciliatus, P. elegans, P. squamosus, andP. varius. All are tetrapolar exceptP. elegans.
Guidelines for associate-degree programs in computer science

This poster presentation showcases the recently published ACM/IEEE-CS guidelines for computer science programs at associate-degree granting institutions. These guidelines were produced by the Two-Year College Education Committee, a standing committee of the ACM Education Board. Karl Klee is one of the Committee members.
An Exploration of Listener Variability in Intelligibility Judgments

Purpose This study was designed to assess potential contributors to listener variability in judgments of intelligibility. Method A total of 228 unfamiliar everyday listeners judged speech samples f...
Appointing silver and bronze standards for noncovalent interactions: a comparison of spin-component-scaled (SCS), explicitly correlated (F12), and specialized wavefunction approaches.

A systematic examination of noncovalent interactions as modeled by wavefunction theory is presented in comparison to gold-standard quality benchmarks available for 345 interaction energies of 49 bimolecular complexes. Quantum chemical techniques examined include spin-component-scaling (SCS) variations on second-order perturbation theory (MP2) [SCS, SCS(N), SCS(MI)] and coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) [SCS, SCS(MI)]; also, method combinations designed to improve dispersion contacts [DW-MP2, MP2C, MP2.5, DW-CCSD(T)-F12]; where available, explicitly correlated (F12) counterparts are also considered. Dunning basis sets augmented by diffuse functions are employed for all accessible ζ-levels; truncations of the diffuse space are also considered. After examination of both accuracy and performance for 394 model chemistries, SCS(MI)-MP2/cc-pVQZ can be recommended for general use, having good accuracy at low cost and no ill-effects such as imbalance between hydrogen-bonding and dispersion-dominated systems or non-parallelity across dissociation curves. Moreover, when benchmarking accuracy is desirable but gold-standard computations are unaffordable, this work recommends silver-standard [DW-CCSD(T**)-F12/aug-cc-pVDZ] and bronze-standard [MP2C-F12/aug-cc-pVDZ] model chemistries, which support accuracies of 0.05 and 0.16 kcal/mol and efficiencies of 97.3 and 5.5 h for adenine·thymine, respectively. Choice comparisons of wavefunction results with the best symmetry-adapted perturbation theory [T. M. Parker, L. A. Burns, R. M. Parrish, A. G. Ryno, and C. D. Sherrill, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 094106 (2014)] and density functional theory [L. A. Burns, A. Vazquez-Mayagoitia, B. G. Sumpter, and C. D. Sherrill, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 084107 (2011)] methods previously studied for these databases are provided for readers' guidance.
Setting the Integrity Agenda for Inspectors General

Is it better to attack the worst corruption first or to pursue smaller cases where convictions are likely? This article offers an overview of each approach. Several inspectors general weigh in: tradeoffs are complicated, involving much more than the cases at hand. They emphasize safeguarding agency resources and credibility, and building toward major cases over time.
Filarioid nematodes (Filarioidea: Onchocercidae) of Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm in southern Ontario, Canada and a consideration of the epizootiology of avian filariasis

Chandlerella chitwoodae Anderson, 1961 (prevalence 65%), Splendidofilaria caperata Hibler, 1964 (21%), Eufilaria longicaudata Hibler, 1964 (15.5%), C. quiscali (von Linstow, 1904) Robinson, 1971 (1.9%), Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi Strom, 1937 (0.4%) and Splendidofilaria wehri (0.3%) were found in crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm) wintering in southern Ontario, Canada. S. caperata, E. longicaudata, Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi and S. wehri are reported for the first time from this host.
The two P2 Ogr-like domains of the delta protein from bacteriophage P4 are required for activity.

Abstract The satellite P4 phage Delta protein positively regulates the late genes of its helper bacteriophage P2, as well as its own late genes. Delta is a member of a class of activators associated with P2- or P4-like phages and is the largest member of this family. It resembles a covalently joined head-to-tail dimer of the other members of this family of activators. We have analyzed the requirement for both standard domains of Delta through the isolation of amber mutants and the insertion of amber linkers. We show that both domains of Delta are required for DNA bindingin vivoand for transcriptional activity. Proper spacing between the two domains is important for activity at two of the four P2 promoters. Expression of both domains from different plasmids causes activation of late gene transcriptionin vivoof all six late promoters of P2 and P4. A monomric Delta from another satellite phage, φR73, can function efficiently as a covalent dimer but when this Delta is made dimeric with the second half of P4 δ, it activates less efficiently.
Catullus in Jerome? Notes on the Cohortatoria de paenitentia ad Sabinianum (Epist. 147)

Recently it has been argued that the letter in which Jerome urges Sabinian to repentance contains an echo of Catullus. The attempt is made in the present article to rebut this view: the wording in question would in fact appear to have been appropriated instead from St. Cyprian. Evidence is also adduced to show that the same epistle is characterized by a number of similarly unidentified reminiscences of the pagan classics: if Catullus must be discounted, this letter does evince a debt to Cicero, Florus, Sallust and Virgil.
The degree of the Nicolai map in supersymmetric quantum mechanics

In an earlier paper, we developed a degree theory for Wiener maps [O]. In this paper, we will give an application of this theory which arises in the study of path integrals for supersymmetric Hamiltonians in quantum mechanics. Before defining the map which we will be looking at, we must specify the Wiener space on which it acts. This is the space of HGlder loops C’(.S, R”‘), c( < 4, with the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck measure d;l-the Gaussian measure corresponding to the Hilbert subspace L’x’(S, R”“), which is the Hilbert space of functions on the circle for which the inner product
Patterns of Food Coping Strategies Among Food Pantry Clients

Patterns of food coping strategies used by food pantry clients can reveal the complexity of the food insufficiency experience but are understudied. Clients (n = 103) with children were surveyed to identify coping strategy factor patterns and the relationship of factor scores to personal and household risk factors. Respondents who more frequently sold or pawned items for money tended to be younger and to report a disability. “Used cash assistance programs” was an independent factor pattern to get more money for food. Results provide important information for nutrition education and other services offered at food pantries.
Enhanced capillary zone electrophoretic separation of dinitrophenyl-amino acid derivatives through control of electroosmotic flow by the buffer cation

Abstract The effect of Mg2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ are evaluated as buffer additives to reduce electroosmotic flow (EOF) to facilitate the capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) separation of 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives of amino acids. As the divalent cation concentration increases EOF decreases and reduction of EOF follows the order Zn2+>Cd2+>Mg2+. The electrophoretic mobility of the DNP-amino acid derivatives remains constant for a given buffer and pH over a change in divalent cation concentration. The effect of the divalent cation buffer additive is consistent with cation-exchange at the silanol sites on the fused-silica wall. Higher buffer pH favors greater cation-exchange and reduced EOF. Separation of multicomponent mixtures of DNP- l -amino acid derivatives in the presence of Mg2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ are compared at pH 7.00. Derivative migration time, resolution and peak shape are enhanced and are best for Mg2+ as the buffer additive although Mg2+ must be used at a higher concentration than either Cd2+ or Zn2+. Raising the buffer pH to 9.25 in the presence of Mg2+ increases migration time and resolution but analysis time is also increased.
Spatial applicability of emission factors for modeling mobile emissions.

Driving cycles are used to create mobile emission factors. Emission factors are, in turn, used to estimate mobile source inventories, provide standards for new vehicle emissions testing, and facilitate comparisons of laboratory experiments. This study examines the spatial representativeness of the driving cycles underlying California's CO, THC, and NOx emission rates that are applied when estimating regional mobile emissions inventories. Sixteen randomly selected vehicles were tested on a laboratory dynamometer using driving cycles representative of driving in different cities. A total of 214 tests, with repetitions, representing six driving cycles, were conducted on the 16 vehicles. We used a random effects analysis of variance to statistically examine the differences in the resulting emission rates. The study results suggest that California mobile source pollutant inventories prepared using emission rates based on the standard drive cycle may be off by as much as 30% for regions where traffic congestion...
Competitive food manufacturing: Evidence from the 1994 competitive manufacturing survey

Despite accounting for 10% of the US gross domestic product from manufacturing in 1991, the US food manufacturing industry has been, for the most part, neglected in the strategic management literature. In this article we use a survey of over 225 food manufacturing firms to explore the relationship between manufacturing strategy and competitiveness in this important-industry. Specifically, we examine the relationship between manufacturing objectives, manufacturing policy adoption rates, manufacturing performance, and financial performance. Our results suggest that many food manufacturing firms fail to fully exploit manufacturing's potential contributions to customer satisfaction and that they frequently adopt manufacturing policies that have little or no effect on manufacturing performance. Firms can use the results presented in this article to benchmark their performance relative to the best firms in the industry. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Studies on the Use of Activated Charcoal and Cholestyramine for Reducing the Body Burden of Polybrominated Biphenyls

Weanling male rats were exposed to a polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) mixture (Firemaster FF-1) in their diet so that they received 1 mg/kg/day for 6 months. They were then fed a normal diet for 4 months. Following this they were placed on diets containing either activated charcoal (AC) or cholestyramine (CSA) for 6 months to evaluate the usefulness of these compounds in reducing the body burdens of the retained PBBs. Periods of restricted caloric intake were also used in an effort to mobilize PBBs stored in fat. Neither compound nor restricted caloric intake was found to be effective in reducing tissue bromine levels but CSA proved useful in preventing the progression of chronic progressive nephropathy, a spontaneous lesion of aging rats.
Didactising: Continuing the Work of Leen Streefland.

In this paper we present three cases of instructional design that illustrates both horizontal didactising, the activity of using already established principles to design instruction, and vertical didactising the activity of developing new tools and principles for instructional design. The first case illustrates horizontal didactising by elaborating how the constructs chains of signification and models were used to design an instructional sequence involving linear growth. The second and third cases illustrate vertical didactising by developing argumentation analyses and generative listening, respectively, as instructional design tools. In the second case, argumentation analyses emerge as a tool that other designers can use to anticipate the quality of conversations that can occur as students engage in tasks prior to implementing the instructional sequence. The third case develops the notion of generative listening as a conceptual tool within the context of designing differential equations instruction to gain insights into what are, for students, experientially-real starting points that are mathematical in nature and to provide inspirations for revisions to instructional sequences.
Influence of laser parameters and material properties on micro drilling with femtosecond laser pulses

We report experimental results of drilling micro holes in Al, Mo, Ti, Cu, Ag, Au, and brass thin metal foils in air using 60-femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pulses. The influence of laser parameters and material properties on drilling processes at the sub-10-micron scale has been examined. Comparison of hole drilling using 60-fs pulses with that using 50-ps and 10-ns pulses at an energy fluence of ∼15 J/cm2 indicates that a significant amount of melting is present in both ps and ns regimes, whereas with fs pulses, fewer and much smaller droplets from the molten phase are observed.
Experimental determination of whole long bone sectional properties

A strain gage based experimental method is presented which provides an alternative to use of area sectional properties for obtaining the cross sectional centroids, flexural rigidities and axial stiffness of whole bone specimens. While area sectional property computations require detailed records on the geometry of cross sections, the experimental method presented here requires only gage locations plus the applied loads and recorded strains. Both techniques are used to analyze the midshaft sectional properties of canine radii. The results demonstrate the advantage of the experimental method for the analysis of heterogeneous cross sections with an unknown distribution of bone elastic modulus. By applying the experimental and area methods together, effective elastic modulus values for the sections were obtained.
The Effect of Autoclaving and Enzyme Supplementation of Guar Meal on the Performance of Chicks and Laying Hens

Four experiments with broilers and one with laying hens were conducted to study the effects of processing and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal (37.0% protein) on growth, feed efficiency, and egg production. Guar meal at 0, 10, and 15%, either in raw form or autoclaved at 100, 102, or 132 C for 3, 15, or 30 min, was fed alone or in the presence of 0 to 250 ppm hemicellulase. In an experiment utilizing full-term broilers, 10 and 15% autoclaved guar meal was fed in the presence of lincomycin (3.3 ppm) or in combination with lincomycin and hemicellulase (25 ppm). The laying hen experiment was conducted with 36-week-old hens for 8 weeks. They were fed the raw or autoclaved meal (102 C, 15 min) alone and in combination with 30 ppm hemicellulase. The raw guar meal depressed growth and the depression was dose-related. Autoclaving at 102 C for 15 min increased growth and feed efficiency. A higher temperature or a longer time of autoclaving failed to give any further increase in growth or feed efficiency. The lowest (16.5 ppm) hemicellulase was as effective as the highest (250 ppm) in increasing growth and feed efficiency of chicks when added to guar meal diets. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal in the presence of hemicellulase. Dry heating at 150 C for 6 hr or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Guar meal also increased stickiness of droppings; autoclaving enhanced the effect, whereas hemicellulase prevented the sticky droppings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Breakthrough of ultraviolet light from various brands of fluorescent lamps: lethal effects on DNA repair-defective bacteria

In a comparative study of 17 pairs of 15 W fluorescent lamps intended for use in homes and purchased in local stores, we detect over 10-fold differences in UVB + UVC emissions between various lamps. This breakthrough of ultraviolet (UV) light is in part correlated with ability of lamps to kill DNA repair-defective recA{sup {minus}}uvrB{sup {minus}} Salmonella. Relative proficiency of lamps in eliciting photoreactivation of UV-induced DNA lesions also plays a prominent role in the relative rates of bacterial inactivation by emissions from different lamps. Lamps made in Chile, such as Phillips brand lamps and one type of General Electric lamp, produce far less UVB + UVC and fail to kill recA{sup {minus}} uvrB{sup {minus}} bacteria. In contrast, all tested lamps manufactured in the USA, Hungary, and Japan exhibit readily observed deleterious biological effects. When an E. coli recA{sup {minus}} uvrB{sup {minus}} phr{sup {minus}} (photolyase-negative) triple mutant is used for assay, lethal radiations are detected from all lamps, and single-hit exponential inactivation rates rather closely correlate to amount of directly measured UVB + UVC output of each pair of lamps. Although all lamps tested may meet international and Unite States standards for radiation safely, optimal practices in lamp manufacture aremore » clearly capable of decreasing human exposure to indoor UV light. 38 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less
Implementation of Low-Complexity Principal Component Analysis for Remotely Sensed Hyperspectral-Image Compression

Remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery has vast data volume, for which data compression is a necessary processing step. Spectral decorrelation is critical to successful hyperspectral-image compression. Principal component analysis (PCA) is well-known for its superior performance in data decorrelation, and it has been demonstrated that using PCA for spectral decorrelation can yield rate-distortion and data-analysis performance superior to other widely used approaches, such as the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). However, PCA is a data-dependent transform, and its complicated implementation in hardware hinders its use in practice. In this paper, schemes for low-complexity PCA are discussed, including spatial down-sampling, the use of non-zero mean data, and the adoption of a simple PCA neural-network. System-design issues are also investigated. Experimental results focused on the fidelity of pixel values and pixel spectral signatures demonstrate that the proposed schemes achieve a trade-off between compression performance and system-design complexity.
Interleukin 1 activity in haemolymph from strains of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata varying in susceptibility to the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni: presence, differential expression, and biological function.

Abstract Cytokines control many of the steps in the complex pathways of immune and inflammatory responses in mammals. Recent reports also indicate that some invertebrates may produce cytokines such as interleukin 1 (IL-1). Certain strains of the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata (intermediate host for the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni ), possess a soluble plasma factor that stimulates the haemocyte-mediated killing of larval schistosomes, making them resistant to infection. In this study, we have sought to determine whether these snails possessed IL-1 in their plasma, and whether this cytokine was associated with resistance of B. glabrata to S. mansoni . Plasma from susceptible (M-line) and resistant (10-R2, 13-16-R1) strains of B. glabrata that had been unexposed or exposed to S. mansoni were tested for the presence of IL-1-like activity. Experiments employing both a bioassay and an immunoassay indicated that an IL-1-like molecule was present, in varying quantities, among the snail strains. Further, plasma IL-1 levels were significantly affected by exposure to S. mansoni , with levels dropping in M-line and 10-R2 snails, but increasing in the 13-16-R1 strain. However, both resistant strains maintained significantly higher IL-1 levels than M-line snails. Recombinant, human IL-1 (rhIL-1) was shown to prime haemocytes from both resistant snail strains for superoxide production, but had no effect on haemocytes from susceptible B. glabrata . Moreover, the addition of an IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) eliminated this priming effect. Priming with rhIL-1 and/or IRAP had no effect on phagocytosis rates in any of the snail strains tested. These findings suggest that IL-1 plays a significant role in the ability of B. glabrata to resist infection by S. mansoni . To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that a cytokine is associated with the immunological response of an invertebrate to a pathogen.
Items from the Construction of ESCAR

ESCAR is an experimental superconducting accelerator which is being built at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to gain timely, full-scale experience in the construction and operation of a fully cryogenic accelerator. A report is given of the construction of several non-conventional items.
E‐business success at Intel: an organization ecology and resource dependence perspective

Electronic business (e‐business) today plays a major role in the world economic growth, thanks to the rapid advance in information technology. Recent estimates from Forester Research show that by 2003 the value of e‐commerce of US and Europe will reach US$3 trillion, the number of households in the USA that have PCs will reach 64 million, those that have access to the Internet will reach 60 million, and the number of mobile phones will reach 69 million. There are many spectacular successful e‐businesses but there are also numerous failures. Presents a study of e‐business success at Intel Corp. Intel reached $1 billion value in e‐business in its first month of deployment in July 1998. For the year of 2000, Intel’s profits climbed to $10.5 billion to become the fifth most profitable company in the USA, up from the eighth rank last year. Concludes with lessons learned and success factors.
The Inevitable Conflict Between Religious and Social Work Values

There exists considerable conflict between the current social work worldview and that espoused by traditional Christianity. While the conflict is most evident in specific definitions of general social work values, innate differences in foundational assumptions of competing philosophical perspectives make such conflict inevitable. An attempt to utilize pluralism in two forms to reconcile differences while somewhat successful is inherently incomplete. The failure of pluralistic solutions is primarily due to the issue of exclusivity. New philosophical principles need to be explored and applied to the problem of competing and exclusive worldviews if social work is to advance developing a comprehensive value base
Nucleotide sequences of the retroviral long terminal repeats and their adjacent regions

The nucleotide sequences of the LTRs and their adjacent regions from 19 type C and one type B retrovirus were compared. Salient features are: (a) The R regions in the genomes of most of the type C retroviruses begin with GC and end with CA. (b) The mammalian type C retroviruses have a polyadenylation signal "AATAAA" in the R region, and most have a "CAT" box and a "TATA" box in the U3 region. (c) The avian type C retroviruses have an AATAAA sequence, and some also have "CAT-like" and "TATA-like" boxes, in the U3 region. (d) As with many transposable elements, the IR regions of the proviruses begin with TG and end with CA, and the DR sequences in the host genomes flanking the proviruses are different from one another. Although SNV is an avian retrovirus, the nucleotide sequences in the R, U5, TBS, and PU region are more similar to the mammalian type C than to the avian type C retroviruses.
Upwind compact finite difference schemes

It was shown by Ciment, Leventhal, and Weinberg (J. Comput. Phys. 28 (1978), 135) that the standard compact finite difference scheme may break down in convection dominated problems. An upwinding of the method, which maintains the fourth order accuracy, is suggested and favorable numerical results are found for a number of test problems.
ShapeSift: Suggesting Sustainable Options in Design Reuse From Part Repositories

ShapeSift is a framework for supporting sustainability-based decision making during selection of similar previous designs from part repositories. Our framework is designed for 3D part repositories that contain metadata pertaining to materials and manufacturing processes as well as the functionality of a given part. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed framework we develop an example multi-dimensional visualization that encodes part similarities as well as a calculated environmental sustainability indicator. This visualization is incorporated in a prototype interface that focuses on enhancing the intuitiveness of the exploration process by the use of sketch-based retrieval.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Characterization of Scavenger Receptor Activity in Resident Human Lung Macrophages

We characterized scavenger receptor pathways of human alveolar macrophages and cultured monocytes using radiolabeled maleylated bovine serum albumin (MAL-BSA) and acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) as ligands. Human alveolar macrophages and cultured human monocytes degraded both MAL-BSA and Ac-LDL. Both ligands were bound and degraded in a specific and saturable fashion. Specificity of degradation was tested using excess MAL-BSA and Ac-LDL, polyanionic compounds, and alpha-casein as inhibitors. Alveolar macrophages utilized the classical scavenger receptor pathway to degrade MAL-BSA and Ac-LDL. In contrast, cultured monocytes utilized two receptor pathways to degrade MAL-BSA: the classical scavenger receptor pathway and a secondary alpha-casein-inhibitable pathway. These results demonstrate differences in the activities of receptor systems in cultured monocytes compared to alveolar macrophages.
Chain-Pooling ANOVA for Two-Level Factorial Replication-Free Experiments

In many experimental situations, a large portion of mean squares (including the higher-order interactions) may contain real effects. This paper introduces chain pooling, a procedure that, tests for differences in treatment effects. The operating characteristics for various strategies of chain pooling were investigated by Monte Carlo methods for designs of 24 treatment combinations. These computations were performed with real effects whose magnitudes were distributed in a manner unfavorable to chain pooling. The actual type 1 and type 2 error probabilities depend on the magnitudes of the real effects. A method is given for estimating weighted average error probabilities after the real effects are estimated. The procedures are illustrated by an example.
Modifications of solid phase peptide synthesis to obtain homogeneous oligoprolines in high yield.

When oligoprolines containing a [3H] proline in the second residue from the carboxyl terminus are synthesized by the standard solid phase method using stepwise addition of prolines there appears, in addition to the oligoprolines, a steady increase of ninhydrin-negative, but radioactive, impurities. These impurities were found to be N-trifluoroacetyl oligoprolines, and a substantial amount of diketopiperazine was present at the diproline stage. The trifluoroacetyl blockage of the N-termini was almost complete by the time 14 residues were added. To eliminate these side reactions, a block of Boc[3H]Pro2 was coupled to prolyl-resin in order to avoid the diprolyl-resin stage, and 25% CF3CO2H in CHCl3 was replaced by 4N HCl in dioxane as the deprotecting reagent. These changes eliminated the formation of diketopiperazine and trifluoroacetyl impurities, but still a steady increase of ninhydrin-negative, but radioactive, impurity was seen, reaching 22% after three couplings. These side reactions were traced to the neutralization step, and in order to avoid them it became necessary to eliminate the neutralization step, and replace it by incremental additions of Et3N during the coupling step. As a result of these modifications, we now obtain homogeneous length oligoprolines upon cleavage from the resin, with no further purification, when analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Attitudes and Characteristics of U.S. Hog Producers Under Alternative Business Arrangements

This study compares four business arrangements using variables such as farm characteristics, producer attitudes, farm financial, and producer characteristics. Data were obtained from a national survey of hog farmers conducted during the summer and fall of 2000. Results reveal that these factors differ significantly among business arrangements.
Stomatal Conductance Is Essential for Higher Yield Potential of C3 Crops

The present review of gas-exchange studies conducted in rainfed or irrigated field conditions clearly indicates that stomatal conductance (gs) of major crops has been inadvertently increased in the last 50 to 80 years as higher yields were being reached through conventional plant breeding. These findings suggest that high gs rates are critical to optimum growth and yield of modern crops, in particular to crop growth rate (CGR) during seed formation and filling. Several hypotheses are presented that may account for this increase. This review also includes studies in which increases in gs were documented for genetically-engineered plants. However, field evaluations of their gas-exchange performance remain sparse. The main finding of this review is that higher rates of gs should be sought, as we forego the usual consideration of crop plants as single organisms losing water, but rather acknowledge that water does exit a crop canopy along a Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC). In non-limiting or moderately-...
Razing Cain with Chandler and Wilder: The Prometheus-Pandora Myth in Double Indemnity

During the eight lucrative but unhappy years Raymond Chandler worked as a Hollywood writer, he wrote or cowrote six screenplays which were made into movies. Surprisingly, he was approached to adapt only one of the Philip Marlowe novels which had made him famous. Chandler’s finest screenplay—coauthored with Billy Wilder—was an adaptation of James M. Cain’s 1936 “roman noir,” Double Indemnity (1944), for Paramount Pictur es. Chandler’s hiring was ironic; it was his first attempt at screenwriting, and he detested Cain’s fiction. In a letter to Alfred Knopf, Chandler—furious over being compared to Cain—launched into a vitriolic attack: But James Cain—faugh! Everything he touches smells like a billy goat. He is every kind of writer I detest, a faux naif, a Proust in greasy overalls, a dirty little boy with a piece of chalk and a board fence and nobody looking. Such people are the offal of literature, not because they write about dirty things, but because they do it in a dirty way. Nothing hard and clean and cold and ventilated. A brothel with a smell of cheap scent in the front parlor and a bucket of slops at the back door. Do I, for God’s sake, sound like that? (quoted in MacShane 101) Chandler’s violent distaste for Cain’s novels must have sparked something, however, for his work on Double Indemnity far surpassed anything he was to do thereafter as a scenarist. According to biographer Frank MacShane, Paramount next recruited Chandler to polish the dialogue on two plodding scripts for movies now virtually forgotten: a melodrama, And Now Tomorrow (1944), and an obscure mystery, The Unseen (1945). Both projects exasperated Chandler because their directors, Irving Pichel and Lewis Allen, respectively, omitted so much of the dialogue he had carefully crafted. Chandler based a third, more promising, film, The Blue
A pilot trial of combination therapy with mitoxantrone and interferon beta-1b using monthly gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: To examine the safety of combination therapy with mitoxantrone (MITX) and interferon β-1b (IFNβ-1b) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and a high on-therapy relapse rate and enhanc...
Pure natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery partial cystectomy: intravesical transurethral and extravesical transgastric techniques in a porcine model

Objectives To describe 2 pure natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) techniques for partial cystectomy in a porcine model. NOTES is a new minimally invasive modality for performing abdominal surgery without transcutaneous incision. Methods Transurethral—A rigid cystoscope is inserted into the porcine bladder with CO2 insufflation. With an endoscopic loop device and a grasping device, the targeted area of the bladder is manipulated into the loop. The bladder segment is excised with electrocautery. Transgastric—A gastrotomy is made with a dual channel endoscope in the porcine stomach. The endoscope is inserted and pneumoperitoneum is established by insufflation through a channel. After identifying bladder, 2 endoscopic loops are placed at the intended area of resection. An incision is made between the loops to excise the specimen. In both cases, full-thickness specimen is removed en bloc with the scope and the defect is reapproximated with endoscopic clips. Results Transurethral and transgastric NOTES approaches were achieved using standard endoscopic equipment in a porcine model. Transurethral NOTES partial cystectomy was successful in acute (n = 2) and chronic (n = 2) models. The transgastric NOTES approach was successfully performed in an acute animal. Conclusions NOTES partial cystectomy could potentially reduce morbidity of conventional methods of partial cystectomy. Transurethral NOTES may be the least invasive method possible for partial cystectomy. Potential advantages of a transgastric NOTES approach include visualization of adjacent structures, access to sites difficult to reach transurethrally, and lymph node sampling. However, a gastrotomy could be a source of morbidity. Further investigation is required to assess safety, efficacy, and adequate bladder healing.
An ESOL Methods Course in a Latino Neighborhood

: This article describes a model for situating an ESOL methods course in a Spanish-speaking community. The methods course had two specific goals: (1) to organize ESOL classes for children and adults in a Latino neighborhood that serve as a practicum for university students working for an ESOL teaching endorsement and (2) to include a service-learning project in the methods course so that the university students can become acquainted with the milieu of the children growing up in a Latino community. While it is not a difficult task to place an ESOL methods course in an ethnic neighborhood, the amount of planning and organization required exceeds to some degree the preparation necessary for a traditional university course held on campus. The rewards, however, far outweigh the extra effort, because the university students benefit from gaining actual ESOL teaching experience as they learn about an ethnic neighborhood, and the community residents benefit from the collaboration between the university and their neighborhood.
Feminist Approaches to Triangulation: Uncovering Subjugated Knowledge and Fostering Social Change in Mixed Methods Research

This article explores the deployment of triangulation in the service of uncovering subjugated knowledge and promoting social change for women and other oppressed groups. Feminist approaches to mixe...