cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computer simulation of free-volume distributions and related structural properties in a model lipid bilayer

A novel combined approach of molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo simulations is developed to calculate various free-volume distributions as a function of position in a lipid bilayer membrane at 323 K. The model bilayer consists of 2 x 100 chain molecules with each chain molecule having 15 carbon segments and one head group and subject to forces restricting bond stretching, bending, and torsional motions. At a surface density of 30 A2/chain molecule, the probability density of finding effective free volume available to spherical permeants displays a distribution with two exponential components. Both pre-exponential factors, p1 and p2, remain roughly constant in the highly ordered chain region with average values of 0.012 and 0.00039 A-3, respectively, and increase to 0.049 and 0.0067 A-3 at the mid-plane. The first characteristic cavity size V1 is only weakly dependent on position in the bilayer interior with an average value of 3.4 A3, while the second characteristic cavity size V2 varies more dramatically from a plateau value of 12.9 A3 in the highly ordered chain region to 9.0 A3 in the center of the bilayer. The mean cavity shape is described in terms of a probability distribution for the angle at which the test permeant is in contact with one of and does not overlap with anyone of the chain segments in the bilayer. The results show that (a) free volume is elongated in the highly ordered chain region with its long axis normal to the bilayer interface approaching spherical symmetry in the center of the bilayer and (b) small free volume is more elongated than large free volume. The order and conformational structures relevant to the free-volume distributions are also examined. It is found that both overall and internal motions have comparable contributions to local disorder and couple strongly with each other, and the occurrence of kink defects has higher probability than predicted from an independent-transition model.
Work load, tension, and coping : Moderating effects of supervisor support

This research investigated the buffering role of social support in the relationship of work load to both tension-anxiety and coping for police radio dispatchers (N= 60). Each dispatcher was observed throughout an entire 8-hour work shift by a trained observer. Objective load consisted of the hourly rate of incoming telephone calls, police radio transmissions, and face-to-face or written communications from superiors, co-workers, and others. At the end of each shift, measures were taken of dispatchers' perceived load, felt tension-anxiety, and coping actions. Hierarchical regression revealed that support from superiors moderated the effects of both objective and perceived loads; no main effects of support were found. Statistically significant interactions confirmed the hypothesized buffering role of support: under high perceived load, dispatchers with high social support engaged in more coping actions and felt less tension-anxiety than did low-support dispatchers. No differences were found when perceived load was low. Support also buffered effects of objective load on tension-anxiety but not on coping.
Microwave spectrum, centrifugal distortion, substitution structure, and dipole moment of sulfine, CH2SO

Abstract The microwave spectrum of the reactive species sulfine (CH 2 SO) has been studied. Assignments of 86 transitions of the ground vibrational state normal isotopic species, with J up to 60, have allowed a thorough centrifugal distortion analysis. With planarity implied by the I c - I a - I b value of 0.1333 amu A 2 , spectral assignments of seven other isotopic modifications have resulted in the following substitution bond lengths and angles: CH syn = 1.085 A, CH anti = 1.077 A, CS = 1.610 A, SO = 1.469 A, ⦠HCH = 121.86 ° , ⦠SCH syn = 122.51 ° , ⦠SCH anti = 115.63 ° , and ⦠CSO = 122.51 ° . From Stark effect measurements of the normal and d 2 species, the dipole moment has been determined to be 2.994 D, oriented 25.50° relative to the SO bond and 9.61° relative to the normal species “ a ” axis. At an initial pressure of 30 mTorr in a clean brass waveguide, the lifetime of sulfine at 25°C is ∼30 min.
Reduced viability of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, eggs exposed to novaluron.

BACKGROUND: Novaluron is a benzoylphenyl urea chitin synthesis inhibitor that combines good activity against larval stages of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with low mammalian toxicity. Previous studies suggest that it has deleterious sublethal effects on adults. RESULTS: Continuous exposure of adult Colorado potato beetles to novaluron-treated foliage as both ovipositional and feeding substrate did not affect their survivorship or the number of eggs produced, but viable larvae hatched only from the eggs that were laid on the first day of the experiment. Viability was restored after adult beetles spent 48–96 hours on untreated leaves. In a separate experiment, direct exposure to novaluron of eggs laid by unexposed beetles also reduced the number of larvae hatching. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm a negative effect of novaluron on the number of progeny produced by the Colorado potato beetle. Direct toxicity did not explain all of the reduction in egg hatch observed, suggesting that novaluron probably acted on reproductive adults as well as on eggs after they were deposited. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The Impact of Format-Specific Response Bias on Faces Scales

Summary This study examines the impact of subject bias in responding to faces formats, Likert formats, and other types of commonly used response formats. Students (N = 292) in a large urban university were instructed to respond randomly to several pages of contentless items. This procedure makes it possible to determine response format bias without contamination from item content. Results indicate that faces formats are subject eo considerably more positive bias than Likert and numerical formats and, consequently, that faces formats should not be used in empirical research.
Learning curve for endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: evaluation of a 277-patient single-center experience.

Purpose:To determine the minimum number of stent-graft deployments that an interventional team with endovascular skills must do to be considered well trained in endovascular abdominal aortic aneury...
Analysis of model parameters affecting the pressure profile in a circulating fluidized bed

This study focuses on continuum model validation of the flow of air and small catalyst particles in a circulating fluidized bed. Comparison with available experimental data of pressure drop and solids circulation rate in the riser clearly demonstrates the need to modify the homogeneous drag model to accurately predict the formation of clusters of particles, which are typically observed in the fluidization of small particles. The need to correct the drag law is also demonstrated in simulations of polydisperse powder flows wherein three solids species are used to represent a typical catalyst size distribution. Finally, particle-wall friction is found to have the most significant effect on the vertical gas pressure gradient while particle–particle friction has only a minor effect. Published 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 427–439, 2012
Californian Strawberries: Mexican Immigrant Women Sharecroppers, Labor, and Discipline

Mexican immigrant women, children and teenagers, and transnational female workers in the strawberry sharecropping industry in California present a problem in social sciences. Although sharecropping studies examine the family within the political economy of agrarian commercial production, the bulk of the research avoids the question of gender and intrafamilial relations inside the family. Based on long-term ethnographic research, this paper examines the Mexican immigrant strawberry sharecropping household in Santa Maria, California. It finds that sharecropping families do not only organize female workers to supply the needed labor in the strawberry farm, but that they also engender a female labor force by teaching discipline, fostering a work ethic, and producing a docile body to meet the stoop labor needs of strawberry markets. Through a gender focus, this paper adds to our understanding of Mexican female and children workers in rural labor regimes.
Association of increased polyamine levels with isoproterenol-stimulated mucin secretion in the rat submandibular gland.

Abstract Incubation of rat submandibular gland slices with 50 μM isoproterenol for 10–40 min stimulated mucin secretion and induced a 3- to 4-fold increase in tissue concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine. α-Difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, suppressed the isoproterenol-induced increase in submandibular polyamines and inhibited mucin secretion. Exogenous putrescine restored tissue polyamine levels and partially reversed the inhibitory effect of α-difluoromethylornithine on mucin secretion. Rapid increases in polyamine levels appear to mediate isoproterenol-stimulated mucin secretion in the rat submandibular gland.
Analysis of experimental data for neutralization of low-energy ions at a solid surface

Abstract When low-energy ions are incident on a solid surface, a large fraction is neutralized via an Auger or resonance process. Some useful information on details of the neutralization process can be obtained by studying the ion fraction of backscattered particles. An accurate evaluation of the characteristic velocity, which determines how fast the ion fraction varies with the incident ion velocity, is expected to be particularly useful. In this paper we give a theoretical analysis of experimental ion yield data that exist in the literature. It is shown that a successful interpretation of the ion yield data can be made by taking into account the variation of the characteristic velocity with respect to the incident ion energy.
Trichinella spiralis: alteration of gastrocnemius muscle kinetics in the mouse.

Abstract Male albino mice were orally infected with 440 Trichinella spiralis excysted larvae. Following encystation of the larvae (60–90 days), tests were made with a physiograph to determine strength-duration, rheobase voltage, chronaxie, progressive tetanus, and progressive fatigue of the gastrocnemius muscle of these infected mice. Similar tests were performed on uninfected mice. When the two groups were compared the tests showd that the infected mice had lower strength-durations, lower rheobase voltage, lower chronaxie, went into tetany sooner, and fatigued faster than similar uninfected mice. All of these kinetic differences were statstically significant ( P P > 0.05). These physiological results are discussed with respect to the morphological, biochemical, and histochemical changes known to occur intracellularly following invasion by T. spiralis larvae.
Theoretical and Experimental Prospects for Protein Identification Based Solely on Accurate Mass Measurement

We discuss the theoretical and experimental potential and limitations of protein identification by mass measurement of proteolytic peptides and database searching. For peptides differing in composition by one (or two or three) amino acids, a surprisingly high number turn out to have isomers: 10% (or 29% or 53%), considering the 20 common amino acids with equal relative abundance. Even if isomers differing by leucine/isoleucine are excluded, the latter numbers are 14% and 38%those isomeric peptides cannot be distinguished based on mass alone, and tandem mass spectrometry and/or other additional constraints are needed. However, for nominally isobaric peptides, the mass accuracy and resolving power of broadband Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry theoretically and experimentally suffice to resolve virtually all peptide doublets differing by up to two amino acidsincluding the smallest mass difference of 3.4 mDa. We demonstrate experimental resolution of another pair of peptid...
Guaranteeing consistency between large replicated writable disk images

We describe a distributed protocol that guarantees the consistency of multiple replicas of a given disk image represented by a large file. The image replicas are used as read/write caches for the primary disk image located at a server. The protocol allows stale caches to be incrementally invalidated minimizing the amount of data that must be copied and recopied from the server. We prove that the protocol ensures the consistency of the disk from the point of view of any client using it, and we describe an implementation within an existing streaming framework.
STOCHASTIC COLLOCATION METHODS ON UNSTRUCTURED GRIDS IN HIGH DIMENSIONS VIA INTERPOLATION

In this paper we propose a method for conducting stochastic collocation on arbitrary sets of nodes. To accomplish this, we present the framework of least orthogonal interpolation, which allows one to construct interpolation polynomials based on arbitrarily located grids in arbitrary dimensions. These interpolation polynomials are constructed as a subspace of the family of orthogonal polynomials corresponding to the probability distribution function on stochastic space. This feature enables one to conduct stochastic collocation simulations in practical problems where one cannot adopt some popular node selections such as sparse grids or cubature nodes. We present in detail both the mathematical properties of the least orthogonal interpolation and its practical implementation algorithm. Numerical benchmark problems are also presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the method.
Counselor emotional exhaustion and turnover intention in therapeutic communities

Counselor turnover is a significant problem facing substance abuse treatment agencies. Understanding the role of organizational culture in predicting burnout and turnover intention may yield important information on how to address turnover in treatment organizations. Using data collected from 817 counselors employed in a national sample of 253 therapeutic communities (TCs), structural equation modeling was used to estimate the associations between emotional exhaustion, turnover intention, and three measures of organizational culture: centralized decision making, distributive justice, and procedural justice. The model controlled for counselor demographics, credentials, and earnings. Counselors' emotional exhaustion scores were higher in TCs with greater centralized decision making (p < .01) but lower in TCs where greater distributive justice (p < .05) and procedural justice (p < .001) were reported. Likewise, turnover intention was positively associated with centralized decision making (p < .05) and inversely associated with the workplace justice measures (p < .001). These data suggest that management practices in TCs and perhaps in other types of substance abuse treatment facilities likely play a substantial role in counselors' well-being and in their decisions to leave their jobs. Because these practices are not structural features of organizations, they may be targeted for intervention and change.
Diffusion induced grain boundary migration in the zinc-cadmium system

We present a series of experiments on the motion of grain boundaries in zinc during inward cadmium diffusion. Diffusion induced grain boundary migration is shown to occur in a hexagonal metal, for the first time. Using the cylindrical symmetry of the elastic constants in hexagonal crystals, we are able to investigate the applicability of the coherency-strain model and the influence of grain boundary structure, independently.
Cellular and ultrastructural features of the adult and the embryonic eye in the marine gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta.

Light and electron microscopic techniques show that the eye of the marine prosobranch gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta, is composed of an optic cavity, lens, cornea, retina, and neuropile, and is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. The adult retina is a columnar epithelium containing three morphologically distinct cell types: photoreceptor, pigmented, and ciliated cells. The retina is continuous anteriorly with a cuboidal corneal epithelium. The neuropile, located immediately behind the retina, is composed of photoreceptor cell axons, accessory neurons, and their neurites. The embryonic eye is formed from surface ectoderm, which sinks inward as a pigmented cellular mass. At this time, the eye primordium already contains presumptive photoreceptor cells, pigmented retinal cells, and corneal cells. Several days later, just before hatching, the embryonic eye remains in intimate contact with the cerebral ganglion. It has no ciliated retinal cells, neuropile, optic nerve, or connective tissue capsule and its photoreceptor cells lack the electron-lucent vesicles and multivesicular bodies of adult photoreceptor cells. As the eye and the cerebral ganglion grow apart, the optic nerve, neuropile, and connective tissue capsule develop.
Space-time coded multi-transmission among distributed transmitters without perfect synchronization

For mobile users without antenna arrays, transmission diversity can be achieved with cooperative space-time encoded transmissions. However, a challenge is the lack of perfect synchronization on delay, timing and carrier frequency of distributed transmitters, which destroys the required space-time signal structure. In this letter, a new transmission scheme is proposed which employs distributed space-time block codes to achieve full diversity while tolerating imperfect synchronization. It is promising in distributed wireless networks such as sensor networks both to enhance transmission energy efficiency and to reduce synchronization cost.
Generalized frequency division multiplexing for photonic-assisted millimeter-wave carrier aggregation

We propose a spectrum efficient, photonic-assisted millimeter-wave carrier aggregation method using generalized frequency division multiplexing. For the first time, an experiment aggregating 18 component carriers demonstrates better EVM performance than OFDM with reduced guard bands.
The Lengthening Shadow: A Case Study in Adolescent, Out-of-Wedlock Pregnancy

The cycle of illegitimacy perpetuates itself readily and is difficult to interrupt. Various reasons for pregnancy among unwed teenagers are presented, and a case study of a 15-year-old black woman is discussed and analyzed. The pregnancy studied was complicated by poverty, toxemia, and malnutrition. A team approach evolved, and the failures and successes in the care plan are detailed in the article objectively. Suggestions for enhancing care in similar cases are offered. The basic message of the article is that it is practical to begin with the patient's personal situations and attitudes and then to provide care using the nursing process and the team approach.
Calculated potential for water enhanced crack growth in silicon

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been performed on the model molecules Si 8 H 17 OH (taking into consideration of the crack wall species -OH and -H) for the crack-tip strain simulation study of silicon and its reaction with water. The calculated equilibrium structure of silicon using a 6-31G ∗∗ basis set agreed well with experimental data. It was found that, regardless of the manner strain was applied, the values of net charge on the two crack-tip Si atoms are similar and that both become slightly more positive as strain increases. In addition to this absence of polarization of the crack-tip SiSi bond under strain, steric hindrance also inhibited the approach of the water molecule to the SiSi crack tip region. These calculations explain why moisture does not enhance crack-growth via chemical reaction in Si, which is different from that observed in silica.
Cytoplasmic Permeation Pathway of Neurotransmitter Transporters

Ion-coupled solute transporters are responsible for transporting nutrients, ions, and signaling molecules across a variety of biological membranes. Recent high-resolution crystal structures of several transporters from protein families that were previously thought to be unrelated show common structural features indicating a large structural family representing transporters from all kingdoms of life. This review describes studies that led to an understanding of the conformational changes required for solute transport in this family. The first structure in this family showed the bacterial amino acid transporter LeuT, which is homologous to neurotransmitter transporters, in an extracellularly oriented conformation with a molecule of leucine occluded at the substrate site. Studies with the mammalian serotonin transporter identified positions, buried in the LeuT structure, that defined a potential pathway leading from the cytoplasm to the substrate binding site. Modeling studies utilized an inverted structural...
4-HNE Adduct Stability Characterized by Collision-Induced Dissociation and Electron Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) alters numerous proteomic and genomic processes. Understanding chemical mechanisms of 4-HNE interactions with biomolecules and their respective stabilities may lead to new discoveries in biomarkers for numerous diseases of oxidative stress. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) MS/MS were utilized to examine the stability of a 4-HNE-Cys Michael adduct. CID conditions resulted in the neutral loss of 4-HNE, also known as a retro-Michael addition reaction (RMA). Consequently, performing ETD fragmentation on this same adduct did not result in RMA. Interestingly, 4-HNE adduct reduction via sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) treatment stabilized against the CID induced RMA. In a direct comparison of three forms of 4-HNE adducts, computational modeling revealed sizable shifts in the shape and orientation of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) density around the 4-HNE-Cys moiety. These findings demonstrate that ETD MS/MS analysis can be used to improve the detection of 4-HNE-protein modifications by preventing RMA reactions from occurring.
Microvascular disease in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: the story continues.

In their 1993 report, Moser and Bloor [1] described an array of microvascular “pulmonary hypertensive” lesions in patients with operable chronic thromboembolic disease. Although it was concluded that these findings in any one patient did not “preclude a positive haemodynamic and clinical result”, these early observations became the foundation of our current understanding of the evolution of pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure, following the establishment of proximal vessel, occlusive organised thromboembolic disease [2, 3]. Despite the significance and role of the microcirculation in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), our understanding of the histopathology remains rather rudimentary [4] and previously confined to descriptions of the precapillary pulmonary …
Carcinoma of the Prostate What Every Sonographer Should Know

Carcinoma of the prostate is a disease that threatens most men of advanced age. Early diagnosis can greatly improve the prognosis. With the use of ultrasound, the prostate can be visualized and man...
Biamperometric determination of glycerol and triglycerides with open tubular carbon electrodes in flow streams

Abstract Biamperometric measurements, with open tubular carbon electrodes in flowing streams, are used to monitor the concentration of hexacyanoferrate(II) produced by the diaphorasecatalyzed reaction between NADH and hexacyanoferrate(III). NADH produced by the glycerol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction between glycerol and NAD can be measured in this manner to determine glycerol concentrations; linear calibration plots are obtained in the range 5 × 10-5–6 × 10-1 M glycerol. Triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipase and the glycerol liberated is measured similarly. Glycerol and triglycerides are determined in serum control samples by the standard addition technique.
Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Iron Oxide Nanowhiskers

Iron oxide nanowhiskers with dimensions of approximately 2 × 20 nm were successfully synthesized by selectively heating an iron oleate complex. Such nanostructures resulted from the difference in the ligand coordination microenvironments of the Fe(III) oleate complex, according to our electronic structure calculations and thermogravimetric analysis. A ligand-directed growth mechanism was subsequently proposed to rationalize the growth process. The formation of the nanowhiskers provides a unique example of shape-controlled nanostructures, offering additional insights into nanoparticle synthesis.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE IN MICE I. EVIDENCE THAT AN X-LINKED GENE PLAYS A DECISIVE ROLE IN DETERMINING RESPONSIVENESS

The IgM antibody response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) was assessed in F1, F2, and backcross progeny derived from high (BALB/cAnN) and extremely low (CBA/HN) responding parental strains of inbred mice. The results of these studies indicated that a major component involved in the antibody response is X-linked, i.e., carried on the X chromosome; this component determines responsiveness to SSS-III in an almost quantal or "all-or-none" manner. Other factors, presumably autosomal genes, regulate the magnitude of the antibody response produced by mice possessing the X-linked gene; these appear to influence independently the number of antibody-producing cells found after immunization and the amount of antibody made by such cells. Strains of inbred mice varied widely in their ability to respond to SSS-III. Responsiveness was not associated with H-2 histocompatibility type. The implications of these findings with respect to the genetic control of the antibody response to SSS-III are discussed.
Orientation relationships for twinned massive α precipitates in Cu-Zn and Ag-Zn

Abstract According to nucleation theory, low index orientation relationships are expected between massive precipitates and their parent grains, but an earlier study of Cu-Zn and Ag-Zn massive α precipitates showed evidence of such relationships for only 7 of 16 precipitates studied. In this paper the data is further analyzed to determine whether twinning during growth of some of the precipitates may have masked the presence of such orientation relationships. The stereographic analysis indicates that seven more of the precipitates may have nucleated with an orientation relationship to one of the adjacent β grains and then twinned to the observed orientations. Statistical analysis of the data supports this conclusion. The two precipitates which still fail to exhibit a low index orientation relationship to either β grain in the plane of polish probably nucleated with the expected relationship, but on a grain not present in the plane of polish. It is again argued that the planar interfaces frequently observed on massive precipitates do not imply the presence of a special orientation relationship, and an hypothesis is advanced that the presence of a low index orientation relationship precludes massive growth into the grain with which the relationship exists.
Adnexal masses in pregnancy: a review of 130 cases undergoing surgical management

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine maternal and fetal outcome in patients undergoing surgery for pelvic mass in pregnancy. Study Design: Maternal and fetal records of 130 cases of adnexal masses associated with intrauterine pregnancy that required laparotomy or aspiration or that were diagnosed incidentally at the time of cesarean section were reviewed. The χ 2 and Fisher's exact tests were used for statistical analysis. A P value of ≤.05 was considered significant. Results: The incidence of adnexal masses in pregnant women who required surgical management was 1 in 1312 live births. A malignant tumor or a tumor of low malignant potential was found in 6.1% of cases. In 10 patients the only finding at the time of laparotomy was leiomyomas. Ultrasonography was not helpful in distinguishing tumors of low malignant potential from benign neoplasms or in identifying the source of the pelvic mass in patients found to have only leiomyomas. There were 2 intrauterine fetal deaths and 1 neonatal death in this cohort of patients. Patients who underwent laparotomy after 23 weeks' gestation had a significantly higher adverse pregnancy outcome compared with those who underwent laparotomy earlier in pregnancy ( P = .005). Conclusion: The incidence of an adnexal mass during pregnancy in our population was consistent with what has been reported in the literature. However, the percentage of malignant tumors or tumors of low malignant potential was 2-fold greater than previously reported. Preoperative ultrasonography was not helpful in differentiating tumors of low malignant potential from benign neoplasms. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:19-24.)
Parameterizing Convective Organization to Escape the Entrainment Dilemma

[1] Lateral mixing parameters in buoyancy-driven deep convection schemes are among the most sensitive and important unknowns in atmosphere models. Unfortunately, there is not a true optimum value for plume mixing rate, but rather a dilemma or tradeoff: Excessive dilution of updrafts leads to unstable stratification bias in the mean state, while inadequate dilution allows deep convection to occur too easily, causing poor space and time distributions and variability. In this too-small parameter space, compromises are made based on competing metrics of model performance. We attempt to escape this “entrainment dilemma” by making bulk plume parameters (chiefly entrainment rate) depend on a new prognostic variable (“organization,” org) meant to reflect the rectified effects of subgrid-scale structure in meteorological fields. We test an org scheme in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) with a new unified shallow-deep convection scheme (UW-ens, a 2-plume version of the University of Washington scheme). Since buoyant ascent involves natural selection, subgrid structure makes convection systematically deeper and stronger than the pure unorganized case: plumes of average (or randomly sampled) air rising in the average environment. To reflect this, org is nonnegative, but we leave it dimensionless. A time scale characterizes its behavior (here ∼3 h for a 2o model). Currently its source is rain evaporation, but other sources can be added easily. We also let org be horizontally transported by advection, as a mass-weighted mean over the convecting layer. Linear coefficients link org to a plume ensemble, which it assists via: 1) plume base warmth above the mean temperature 2) plume radius enhancement (reduced mixing), and 3) increased probability of overlap in a multi-plume scheme, where interactions benefit later generations (this part has only been implemented in an offline toy column model). Since rain evaporation is a source for org, it functions as a time-lagged but positive feedback on deep convection development. This evades the entrainment dilemma, since fully developed org–enhanced convection is not overly dilute, avoiding stability bias, while the pioneering updrafts of new convection are suppressed by entrainment, encouraging more large-scale variability.
Reconstruction of MR spectroscopic images using finite elements and spatial domain priors

This paper describes a method for reconstructing images in magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) using finite element methods and incorporating a priori information into the image reconstruction using a model. The reconstructed image is modeled as a projection of the desired metabolic intensity function onto a set of basis functions. For a general set of basis functions that span the reconstruction space, this problem is shown to result in a set of linear equations. For non- orthogonal basis functions, a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique can be used to obtain a least-squares estimate of the unknown coefficients. Polynomial basis functions with a large rectangular support region were tested and shown to lack the local control necessary to sufficiently resolve some important clinical features of interest (e.g., transmural myocardial infarction). Bilinear finite elements were selected for this problem because they are a basis set with very local support. Various sized finite elements were tested with simulated and phantom myocardium data similar to those that might be obtained from a gated phosphocreatine MRSI patient study. The conclusions of this investigation were: a) finite elements can give the desired local control to resolve clinically relevant lesions such as (simulated) transmural myocardial infarction, b) finite elements are robust in the presence of k-space additive Gaussian noise, and c)editing of the singular values was shown to be important to achieve optimum results. Remaining difficulties with the method include (a) O(N3) SVD computational complexity as the finite elements are made smaller, and (b) 'blockiness' in the reconstructed image due to the regular rectangular nature of elements.
Adaptive Linear Parameter Varying Control Synthesis for Actuator Failure

A robust linear parameter varying (LPV) control synthesis is carried out for a Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology (HiMAT) vehicle subject to loss of control effectiveness. The scheduling parameter is selected to be a function of the estimates of the control effectiveness factors. The estimates are provided online by a two-stage adaptive Kalman filter estimator. The inherent conservatism of the LPV design is reduced through the use of a scaling factor on the uncertainty block that represents the estimation errors of the effectiveness factors. Simulations of the controlled system with the online estimator show that a superior fault tolerance can be achieved.
Wolf Spider Sociobiology: Ii. Density Parameters Influencing Agonistic Behavior in Schizocosa Crassipes

1. The influences of social, spatial and population density parameters on agonistic behavior in the adult male wolf spider Schizocosa crassipes were analyzed. Social density varied the number of spiders present (N = 2, 3 or 5) in different spatial densities (U =90, 180, 270 or 450 cm 2 ). Population density varied the amount of space available per animal, irrespective of social and spatial density. 2. Multiple stepwise discriminant analysis revealed differences among the social, spatial and population density groups on the basis of the number and kinds of agonistic behaviors displayed. 3. As social density increased, the number of agonistic interactions increased. Although the spiders did not interact more frequently with any one partner over 10 days, they continued to respond differentially to one another with regard to established dominance-subordinance relations. 4. Within each spatial density, the amount of space had no effect on the total number of agonistic interactions. However, within each social density, the number of agonistic interactions varied according to the amount of space available. In less restricted spatial densities, agonistic interactions increased with the number of spiders. 5. The absolute distance maintained between spiders increased proportionally with spatial density. However, when distances were expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible distance between any two animals, spiders tested in the largest spatial density exhibited decreasing inter-individual distances over time, while those tested in the smallest spatial density exhibited increasing distances. These findings suggested social attraction among the spiders when sufficient space was available. 6. As population density increased the number of agonistic interactions increased. However, no differences in the number of interactions between specific partners occurred. 7. By comparing Equal and Low population density groups, an estimate of the personal space of male S. crassipes was calculated to be 5.35 cm, which agreed with field and laboratory observations. 8. When spiders are grouped within certain spatial limits, various types of agonistic behaviors serve to space the animals according to their personal distance. High population density may interfere with communicatory behavior patterns which in turn may weaken dominance-subordinance relationships.
P12: Benchmark dose for 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in rat 2-year study

Chronic exposure guideline levels for the public are generally based on doses that produce no effects, following a NOAEL/LOAEL approach. Benchmark dose (BMD) approach devised by Crump (1982) may use to determine critical effect dose that are more or less conservative than the NOAEL/LOAEL approach. In this study, the use of the BMD as an alternative to a NOAEL approach was investigated as a mean to improve current risk assessment values of 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). We reviewed for the critical toxicological endpoints of 3-MCPD, namely nephropathy, tubular hyperplasia and tubule adenoma identified from the two available critical studies. Using the USEPA BMD software, considering available dichotomous models, we calculated BMDs of 3-MCPD, and their lower confidence limits (BMDLs) at response levels of 10%. The BMDs and BMDLs for the three end points were estimated using the Weibull, Probit, Linear, and Log-logistic models for each end point. All models passed the x 2 test statistics ( p
Properties of monomeric phosphorylase B formed by the action of propylurea.

Abstract In the presence of moderate levels of propylurea, phosphorylase B undergoes dissociation into monomer units with minimal denaturation, as indicated by circular dichroism and other physical measurements. The physical properties which change significantly at dissociating levels of propylurea include the number of rapidly reacting sulfhydryl groups, the mobility of a sulfhydryl-linked spin label, the intensity of induced fluorescence of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, and the circular dichroism spectrum in the aromatic region. In the presence of AMP, the dimeric enzyme is reformed.
Multiple Child Care Arrangements and Child Well Being: Early Care Experiences in Australia.

Abstract Nearly one quarter of Australian children under the age of 5 experience multiple non-parental child care arrangements. Research focused on the relationship between multiple child care arrangements and child socioemotional development is limited, particularly in Australia. Evidence from the United States and Europe has linked multiple child care arrangements to increases in children's problem behaviors ( de Schipper et al., 2004 , Morrissey, 2009 ), but there is little corresponding evidence on Australian children's child care experiences. Using a nationally representative sample of Australian children, we examined the associations between concurrent multiple child care arrangements and child socioemotional and behavioral development at age 4.5. We found suggestive evidence that child care multiplicity at age 4.5 is related to higher levels of behavior problems. However, this relationship is moderated by prior child care experiences. We found that prior care multiplicity mitigates the relationship between concurrent multiplicity and children's prosocial skills and conduct problems. In contrast, moving from a single arrangement or no non-parental child care to multiple arrangements appears to be negatively associated with children's concurrent socioemotional skills. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Resection of Multiple Mediastinal Paragangliomas With Cardiopulmonary Bypass

The case of a patient who underwent simultaneous resection of two separate mediastinal paragangliomas is presented. The tumors were located in the aortopulmonary window and in the right atrioventricular groove. The patient had previously undergone resection of a glomus vagale tumor. The mediastinal lesions were removed with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass, and the patient is doing well postoperatively.
Large-scale reconstruction of 3D structures of human chromosomes from chromosomal contact data

Chromosomes are not positioned randomly within a nucleus, but instead, they adopt preferred spatial conformations to facilitate necessary long-range gene-gene interactions and regulations. Thus, obtaining the 3D shape of chromosomes of a genome is critical for understanding how the genome folds, functions and how its genes interact and are regulated. Here, we describe a method to reconstruct preferred 3D structures of individual chromosomes of the human genome from chromosomal contact data generated by the Hi-C chromosome conformation capturing technique. A novel parameterized objective function was designed for modeling chromosome structures, which was optimized by a gradient descent method to generate chromosomal structural models that could satisfy as many intra-chromosomal contacts as possible. We applied the objective function and the corresponding optimization method to two Hi-C chromosomal data sets of both a healthy and a cancerous human B-cell to construct 3D models of individual chromosomes at resolutions of 1 MB and 200 KB, respectively. The parameters used with the method were calibrated according to an independent fluorescence in situ hybridization experimental data. The structural models generated by our method could satisfy a high percentage of contacts (pairs of loci in interaction) and non-contacts (pairs of loci not in interaction) and were compatible with the known two-compartment organization of human chromatin structures. Furthermore, structural models generated at different resolutions and from randomly permuted data sets were consistent.
Control of Redox Balance by the Stringent Response Regulatory Protein Promotes Antioxidant Defenses of Salmonella

We report herein a critical role for the stringent response regulatory DnaK suppressor protein (DksA) in the coordination of antioxidant defenses. DksA helps fine-tune the expression of glutathione biosynthetic genes and discrete steps in the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle that are associated with the generation of reducing power. Control of NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ redox balance by DksA fuels downstream antioxidant enzymatic systems in nutritionally starving Salmonella. Conditional expression of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding gene zwf, shown here to be under DksA control, increases both the NADPH pool and antioxidant defenses of dksA mutant Salmonella. The DksA-mediated coordination of redox balance boosts the antioxidant defenses of stationary phase bacteria. Not only does DksA increase resistance of Salmonella against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but it also promotes fitness of this intracellular pathogen when exposed to oxyradicals produced by the NADPH phagocyte oxidase in an acute model of infection. Given the role of DksA in the adjustment of gene expression in most bacteria undergoing nutritional deprivation, our findings raise the possibility that the control of central metabolic pathways by this regulatory protein maintains redox homeostasis essential for antioxidant defenses in phylogenetically diverse bacterial species.
Mediating relationships between academic motivation, academic integration and academic performance

Abstract Using 81 first-year college students, researchers examined the indirect effects of seven types of academic motivation on academic performance when mediated by academic integration. When accounting for all other types of academic motivation in the statistical model, academic integration only mediated the relationship between intrinsic motivation to accomplish things and first-year grade point average (GPA). Therefore, students who attend college to gain a sense of accomplishment believe that college helps them develop intellectually and they perform well academically. However, when each motivation type was considered independently of the others, intrinsic motivation to know was also indirectly related to GPA, suggesting that students who enjoy learning are likely to perceive the intellectual benefits of college as well.
A Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase Suppresses Structural Defects in the Two Major Helical Domains of the Group I Intron Catalytic Core

Abstract The Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, the CYT-18 protein, functions in splicing group I introns by promoting the formation of the catalytically active structure of the intron RNA. The group I intron catalytic core is thought to consist of two extended helical domains, one formed by coaxial stacking of P5, P4, P6, and P6a (P4-P6 domain) and the other consisting of P8, P3, P7, and P9 (P3-P9 domain). To investigate how CYT-18 stabilizes the active RNA structure, we used an Escherichia coli genetic assay based on the phage T4 td intron to systematically test the ability of CYT-18 to compensate for structural defects in three key regions of the catalytic core: J3/4 and J6/7, connecting regions that form parts of the triple-helical-scaffold structure with the P4-P6 domain, and P7, a long- range base-pairing interaction that forms the guanosine-binding site and is part of the P3-P9 domain. Our results show that CYT-18 can suppress numerous mutations that disrupt the J3/4 and J6/7 nucleotide-triple interactions, as well as mutations that disrupt base-pairing in P7. CYT-18 suppressed mutations of phylogenetically conserved nucleotide residues at all positions tested, except for the universally conserved G-residue at the guanosine-binding site. Structure mapping experiments with selected mutant introns showed that the CYT-18-suppressible J3/4 mutations primarily impaired folding of the P4-P6 domain, while the J6/7 mutations impaired folding of both the P4-P6 and P3-P9 domains to various degrees. The P7 mutations impaired the formation of both P7 and P3, thereby grossly disrupting the P3-P9 domain. The finding that the P7 mutations also impaired formation of P3 provides evidence that the formation of these two long-range pairings is interdependent in the td intron. Considered together with previous work, the nature of mutations suppressed by CYT-18 supports a model in which CYT-18 helps assemble the P4-P6 domain and then stabilizes the two major helical domains of the catalytic core in the correct relative orientation to form the intron's active site.
Ferrate(VI) Oxidation of Weak-Acid Dissociable Cyanides

Cyanide is commonly found in electroplating, mining, coal gasification, and petroleum refining effluents, which require treatment before being discharged. Cyanide in effluents exists either as free cyanide or as a metal complex. The kinetics of the oxidation of weak-acid dissociable cyanides by an environmentally friendly oxidant, ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)), were studied as a function of pH (9.1-10.5) and temperature (15-45 degrees C) using a stopped-flow technique. The weak-acid dissociable cyanides were Cd(CN)4(2-) and Ni(CN)4(2-), and the rate-laws for the oxidation may be -d[Fe(VI)]/dt = k[Fe(VI)][M(CN)4(2-)]n where n = 0.5 and 1 for Cd(CN)4(2-) and Ni(CN)4(2-), respectively. The rates decreased with increasing pH and were mostly related to a decrease in concentration of the reactive protonated Fe(VI) species, HFeO4(-). The stoichiometries with Fe(VI) were determined to be: 4HFeO4(-) + M(CN)4(2-) + 6H2O --> 4Fe(OH)3 + M(2+) + 4NCO(-) + O2 + 4OH(-). Mechanisms are proposed that agree with the observed reaction rate-laws and stoichiometries of the oxidation of weak-acid dissociable cyanides by Fe(VI). Results indicate that Fe(VI) is effective in removing cyanide in coke oven plant effluent, where organics are also present.