cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of novel carbon nanotube TSV technology

The design and development of reliable 3D integrated systems require high performance interconnects, which in turn are largely dependent on the choice of filler material used in TSV. Cu, W, and poly-silicon have been explored as filler materials; however, issues like thermal incompatibility, electromigration and high resistivity are still a bottleneck. In this paper, we investigate SW-CNT bundles as a prospective filler material for TSV.
Robust Coarse Position Estimation for TDOA Localization

The non-linear least squares (NLLS) algorithm is widely used in localization systems. Its performance approaches the Cramer-Rao lower bound under i.i.d. additive white Gaussian noise. However, when the initial position chosen is not close enough to the actual target position, the NLLS algorithm will very likely diverge. The non-iterative method of moments estimator does not have this divergence problem, but it performs worse than NLLS and requires at least one more anchor to linearize the range measurement equations. In this paper, we develop a coarse position estimation algorithm based on scaling by majorizing a complicated function for time-difference-of-arrival localization, which is robust with regard to the initial position and does not require redundant receivers.
Effective CD4+ T-cell restoration in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected patients is associated with enhanced Th17 cells and polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell responses

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that persists despite the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is not known whether restoration of gut mucosal CD4+ T cells and their functions is feasible during therapy and how that relates to immune correlates and viral reservoirs. Intestinal biopsies and peripheral blood samples from HIV-infected patients who were either HAART naive or on long-term HAART were evaluated. Our data demonstrated that gut CD4+ T-cell restoration ranged from modest ( 50%), compared with uninfected controls. Despite persistent CD4+ T-cell proviral burden and residual immune activation in GALT during HAART, effective CD4+ T-cell restoration (>50%) was achieved, which was associated with enhanced Th17 CD4+ T-cell accumulation and polyfunctional anti-HIV cellular responses. Our findings suggest that a threshold of>50% CD4+ T-cell restoration may be sufficient for polyfunctional HIV-specific T cells with implications in the evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics.
Survival of four commercial probiotic mixtures in full fat and reduced fat peanut butter.

A well-documented health benefit of probiotics is their ability to reduce the incidence of diarrhea in young, malnourished children in the developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine whether peanut butter, a nutritious, low-moisture food could be a carrier for probiotics by observing the survivability of selected probiotic mixtures in peanut butter under different storage conditions. Commercial probiotic mixtures (B, U, N and S) comprising of multiple strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus and Lactococcus were inoculated into full fat or reduced fat peanut butter at 107 CFU/g. Resulting products were stored at 4, 25 or 37 °C for 12 months. Populations of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus/Lactococcus were determined periodically. The average viable cell counts of N and S were significantly lower than those of B and U (p < 0.05). In all probiotic products stored at different temperatures, Bifidobacterium had the greatest survivability, followed by Lactobacillus and Streptococcus/Lactococcus. The probiotics used in the study had different surviving patterns, and their survival was influenced by storage conditions. Fat content of peanut butter had no significant impacts on probiotic viability. Results suggest that peanut butter can be a vehicle to deliver probiotics for preventing diarrhea among malnourished children.
EXCITOTOXIC AMINO ACIDS AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

A wealth of new information pertaining to excitatory amino acids (EAA) has been generated over the past two decades. The prototypic EAA, glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp), which are abundantly present in the mammalian central nervous system, have become recognized as Jekyll and Hyde mole­ cules that serve vitally important metabolic and neurotransmitter functions while simultaneously harboring treacherous neurotoxic potential. The neurotoxicity of Glu and Asp, although first described 30 years ago, was relatively ignored until studies in the early 1970s linked the phenomenon to an excitatory mechanism. In subsequent years, mechanisms underlying ex­ citotoxic phenomena have been further elucidated, several EAA receptor subtypes have been delineated, drugs with anti-excitotoxic actions have been identified, and evidence for the potential complicity of excitotoxins in neurodegenerative disorders has begun to unfold. A specific subtype of EAA receptor, the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, has become a primary focus of attention because of evidence implicating it in a wide range of both neurophysiological and pathological processes. Evidence for the involvement of other EAA receptor subtypes in human neuropathological syndromes has also begun to appear and there is basis for believing that central neurons may be particularly vulnerable to excitotoxic degeneration during certain periods of development and in old age. Here I review highlights of research de-
Right ventricular echocardiographic predictors of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias after thoracic surgery: a pilot study.

Background We used echocardiographically derived myocardial performance index (MPI) to assess changes in global right ventricular function with lung isolation. We hypothesized that changes in MPI with lung isolation may be related to the incidence of postoperative supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Methods Transesophageal echocardiographic examinations were performed after induction of general anesthesia in patients undergoing elective lung resections. Doppler tissue imaging was used to calculate MPI at baseline and 10 minutes after institution of one-lung ventilation (OLV). Arrhythmias occurring within the first 5 postoperative days were recorded. Results Fifty-nine patients completed the study. Nineteen of 59 patients with a normal baseline MPI ( Conclusions Lung isolation is associated with acute changes in global right ventricular function. A normal baseline MPI that worsens after lung isolation is a better predictor of postoperative SVT as compared with baseline abnormal MPI that does not worsen after lung isolation. Myocardial performance index has a potential to be used as a right ventricular stress test to tolerate OLV before thoracic surgery.
Methoxychlor and Estradiol Induce Oxidative Stress DNA Damage in the Mouse Ovarian Surface Epithelium

Estrogenic compounds such as 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) and methoxychlor (MXC) induce oxidative stress damage in breast cells and mouse ovarian follicles, respectively. However, little is known about whether estrogenic compounds cause oxidative stress in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Thus, this work tested the hypothesis that E(2) and MXC cause oxidative stress in the OSE. To test this hypothesis, we employed an improved mouse tissue culture assay in which OSE cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; positive control), MXC, or E(2) +/- the anti-oxidant vitamin E, or progesterone. The cells then were subjected to a novel direct immunofluorescent assay in which cells in the microtiter plate were reacted with antibodies that detect oxidative damage to DNA (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine). The signal was identified with a tyramide Alexa Fluor fluorescent probe and quantified by microfluorimetry. Correction for cellularity was carried out for each well with a fluorescent DNA dye system (CyQuant) at a different wavelength. After 24 h, the mean Alexa Fluor CyQuant ratio was 11.3 +/- 0.9 for controls, 132 +/- 15 for H2O2 treated positive control cells (p < or = 0.01 from control), 105 +/- 6.6 for E(2) treated cells (p < or = 0.01 from control), and 64 +/- 5.1 for MXC-treated cells (p < or = 0.01 from control). After 72 h, the mean ratio was 121 +/- 10.6 for controls, 391 +/- 23 for H2O2 treated cells (p < or = 0.01 from control), 200 +/- 15 for E(2) treated cells (p < or = 0.03), and 228 +/- 21 for MXC-treated cells (p < or = 0.01). Further, vitamin E, but not progesterone, protected OSE cells from E(2)- and MXC-induced oxidative damage. This study demonstrates the feasibility of direct immunofluorescent quantitation of DNA adducts in cell cultures without DNA extraction. Moreover, these data indicate that E(2) and MXC produce oxidative DNA damage in the OSE, and that this damage is prevented by the anti-oxidant vitamin E.
Elliptic functions, theta function and hypersurfaces satisfying a basic equality

In previous papers [ 4 , 6 ], B.-Y. Chen introduced a Riemannian invariant δ M for a Riemannian n -manifold M n , namely take the scalar curvature and subtract at each point the smallest sectional curvature. He proved that every submanifold M n in a Riemannian space form R m (e) satisfies: δ M [les ][ n 2 ( n −2)]/ 2( n −1) H 2 +[half]( n +1)( n −2)e. In this paper, first we classify constant mean curvature hypersurfaces in a Riemannian space form which satisfy the equality case of the inequality. Next, by utilizing Jacobi's elliptic functions and theta function we obtain the complete classification of conformally flat hypersurfaces in Riemannian space forms which satisfy the equality.
Carbohydrates blended with polydextrose lower gas production and short-chain fatty acid production in an in vitro system

Maximizing health benefits of prebiotics, while limiting negative side effects, is of importance to the food industry. This study examined several oligosaccharides and their blends in an in vitro fermentation model. Substrates included medium- and long-chain fructooligosaccharides (FOS), oligofructose-enriched inulin, galactooligosaccharide, polydextrose (POL), and 50:50 substrate blends. Substrates and blends were fermented in vitro using human fecal inoculum, and fermentation characteristics were quantified at 0, 4, 8, and 12 hours. We hypothesized that mixtures of short- and long-chain oligosaccharides would generate less gas than do short-chain oligosaccharides and modulate gut microflora to a greater extent than do long-chain oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates blended with POL had decreased (P < .01) total gas volume and H(2) produced after 4, 8, and 12 hours of fermentation compared with individual carbohydrates. Mixing of 2 oligofructose-enriched inulin products led to less (P < .05) gas produced and a slower (P < .05) rate of production. When mixed with POL, all carbohydrates tested in the present study produced less total short-chain fatty acids (P < .04) and butyrate (P < .0001) after 12 hours of in vitro fermentation, compared with individual carbohydrates. The bifidogenic effect of medium-chain FOS and oligofructose-enriched inulin after 12 hours of in vitro fermentation was lower (P < .05) when mixed with POL. Mixing the pure carbohydrates with galactooligosaccharide increased (P < .05) bifidobacteria counts measured after 12 hours of in vitro fermentation, except when mixed with medium-chain FOS. In general, when mixed with POL, all carbohydrates had lower gas production, gas production rates, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acid production, and bifidobacteria counts than when fermented alone for 12 hours.
Logic Forest

Motivation: Highly sensitive and specific screening tools may reduce disease -related mortality by enabling physicians to diagnose diseases in asymptomatic patients or at-risk individuals. Diagnostic tests based on multiple biomarkers may achieve the needed sensitivity and specificity to realize this clinical gain. Results: Logic regression, a multivariable regression method predicting an outcome using logical combinations of binary predictors, yields interpretable models of the complex interactions in biologic systems. However, its performance degrades in noisy data. We extend logic regression for classification to an ensemble of logic trees (Logic Forest, LF). We conduct simulation studies comparing the ability of logic regression and LF to identify variable interactions predictive of disease status. Our findings indicate LF is superior to logic regression for identifying important predictors. We apply our method to single nucleotide polymorphism data to determine associations of genetic and health factors with periodontal disease. Availability: LF code is publicly available on CRAN, http://cran.r-project.org/. Contact: wolfb@musc.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Solidarity and competitiveness in a global context: Comparable concepts in global citizenship education?

Any study linking terms such as global education, internationalization, and global citizenship facing the dilemmas of local and global tensions, invariably has to address the questions of globalizations and neoliberalism, two concepts and two global movements that define our time and age, the age of interdependence. Neoliberal globalization, as I have analyzed in other places defines the top down model of global hegemonic dominance, resting on the power of corporations, bilateral and multilateral organisms, and the global and regional power of nations who exercise control over people, territories, capital and resources of all kinds, including the environment. Neoliberalism has utterly failed as a viable model of economic development, yet the politics of culture associated with neoliberalism is still in force, and has become the new common sense shaping the role of government and education. This ‘common sense’ has become an ideology playing a major role in constructing hegemony as moral and intellectual leadership in contemporary societies. Universities play a major role in knowledge production and teaching of comparative education. How to cope with these challenges of globalization in the universities is a central concern of this keynote in which I address the challenges of global education for social transformation, focusing on frontiers and boundaries of citizenship. Three themes are central for this conversation namely a) how multiple globalizations are impacting global life and academics b) how networks have become privileged sites for global education collaboration, and c) what are the implications of globalization and networks for global citizenship, global universities and comparative education. Looming in the shadows of this conversation is an important question: What should be the goals of global citizenship education in a decade marked by the UN Education First Initiative with a special focus on the question of furthering global citizenship and the responsibilities of universities and governments?
Tropical Rice Corrected

With reference to my review of Field Problems of Tropical Rice (Bulletin, Summer 1987, p. 109), I'd like to point out that the defects observed in my review copy were corrected in the final edition. The book's publisher sent me a copy in which all illustrations were printed in the correct order.
A community strategy for Medicaid child dental services.

Objectives. The authors present second-year utilization data and first- and second-year cost data for a community-based program in Spokane County, Washington, designed to increase access to dental care for Medicaid-enrolled children from birth to 60 months of age Methods. The authors used Medicaid eligibility and claims data for 18,727 children 5 years of age and younger to determine utilization of dental care from January 15, 1996, through January 15, 1997. They also used accounting records from the agencies involved to calculate the first- and second-year costs of the progran Results. A child in the ABCD program was 7.2 times as likely to have at east one dental visit as a Medicaid-enrolled child not in the program. Estimated costs per chilc with at least one dental visit (in 1995 dollars) were $54.30 for the first year and $44.38 for the second year, or $20.09 per enrolled child for the first year and $18.77 for the second year. Conclusion. Public-private joint efforts are effective in improving access to dental care for Medicaid-enrolled children.
Flooding the Market

Congratulations to Ross H. Miller for his courageous, right-on-the-target, article on the problem of universities training more entomologists than the job market can absorb [pp. 4–6, Bulletin , Vol. 33(1)]. Such has been a problem for about 15 years, and there is no reason to expect the situation to improve in the future. And I think it is unrealistic to expect the situation to be corrected. Universities, departments, and most faculty members will continue to put their own interests first. When entomologists wonder about reasons for the relative lowness of their salaries, they should consider the realities of supply and demand. Unfortunately, most disciplines in biology are as shortsighted.
Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Field Testing a New Polyethylene Tube Dispenser for Gossyplure

Gossyplure, a sex attractant for the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was applied by hand on 5 June to 2-ha cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., fields using a polyethylene tube dispenser. Three doses were tested: 64.4 g (AI)/ha in one application (=894 dispensers/ha), and totals of 66.9, or 31.2 g (AI)/ha divided into three applications of 22.3 or 10.4 g each, respectively, on a 31-day schedule. In addition, untreated and insecticide-treated blocks of cotton were included for comparison. Trap catches in gossyplure-treated fields averaged <1 moth per trap per night until 13 August, an average reduction in catch of 94–98% compared to untreated and insecticide-treated cotton. The field treated with three applications of 10.4 g each had a significantly greater number of larvae per ha in blooms than the other test fields during the 27 June–20 July observation period. Fields treated with 64.3 g, or three applications of 22.3 g each, had significantly lower boll infestations than the field treated with three applications of 10.4 g each or the untreated field in 6 and 13 August samples. Populations of pink bollworm were not detected in the insecticide-treated field until late August. Females in mating stations in gossypluretreated fields remained unmated through mid-August tests. Mating occurred in untreated and insecticide-treated fields on six of seven test dates. Tests of tube dispensers collected from fields during the test period indicated a half-life of ca. 58 days and a gossyplure emission rate of 1.03 mg/day and 0.35 mg/day for the first and last 10 days of that period.
Inhibition of experimental dental caries in the rat by fluoride and iodoacetic acid.

SummarySodium fluoride and iodoacteic acid added to a caries-producing diet fed to albino rats diminished greatly the incidence of carious lesions in the molar teeth.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) career attractiveness system dynamics modeling

A system dynamics model was developed in response to the apparent decline in STEM candidates in the United States and a pending shortage. The model explores the attractiveness of STEM and STEM careers focusing on employers and the workforce. Policies such as boosting STEM literacy, lifting the H-1B visa cap, limiting the offshoring of jobs, and maintaining training are explored as possible solutions. The system is complex, with many feedbacks and long time delays, so solutions that focus on a single point of the system are not effective and cannot solve the problem. A deeper understanding of parts of the system that have not been explored to date is necessary to find a workable solution.
Initial Analysis on Wi-Fi Indoor Distribution System Based on IEEE 802.11g Protocol

Firstly,it analyses the receiver's sensitivity and noise figure of AP and STA,and obtains the SNR thresholds for the different air rates demodulated correctly in theory.Based on the above results,it researches the design of the edge field strength and the indoor-antenna-power.Finally,it discusses the transmission balance between the uplink and the downlink,and presents some suggestions on Wi-Fi indoor signal distribution system design.
Modeling the Propensity to Default on Microloans in Mali, Africa

Microfinance is a global phenomenon that is focused on sustainable poverty alleviation. By providing people in developing countries with the capital to sustain themselves and an educational background on which to build their futures, microfinance institutions (MFIs) have given the poor an opportunity to get out of poverty. For the purposes of this study, a specific MFI in Mali Africa was utilized to model the propensity for micro-borrowers to default on their loans. Using the MFI's historical data on each of their loans, this study models the repayment percentage of individual loans, contingent upon qualitative and quantitative factors. Employing an Ordinary Least Squares Model I am able to analyze how each independent factor influences default rates. I also harness fuzzy analysis to group together factors that contribute to high default rates. I hypothesize that high default rates were encouraged by a longer time between payments, a large initial loan size, business development in investment heavy industries, and starting a business in a hostile market environment. By utilizing these results, the MFI can optimize its loan repayment success by targeting specific borrowers and modifying their loan structure. The purpose of this study is to provide the Mali MFI with tangible results that they can utilize to increase their loaning effectiveness. This model is important because microfinance is a relatively new field and it seeks to improve the Mali MFI's poverty alleviating capacity.
Calcium dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle contraction.

It is well established that an increase in cytosolic free calcium (Ca2+) initiates contraction of smooth muscle, but precisely how this transduction occurs is a subject of considerable debate. Two significant advances in our understanding of the biochemical regulation of smooth muscle contraction, made in the mid 1970’s, served as the basis for many subsequent investigations. In 1974, Bremel demonstrated that the primary Ca2+ dependence of vertebrate smooth muscle contraction is associated with the thick filament, rather than the thin filament which is the case for striated muscle (1). Later, Sobieszek (2) and Aksoy et al. (3) independently demonstrated that the Ca2+ sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase activity was associated with phosphorylation of the 20,000 Mr myosin light chain (MLC). Phosphorylation of the MLC resulted from the activation of a Ca2+ and calmodulin dependent enzyme, the MLC kinase (4). The demonstration of a direct correlation between MLC phosphorylation and both Ca2+ dependent actin-activated myosin ATPase activity (2,3,5) and force development in either skinned (6,7) or intact (8,9) muscle fibers has resulted in an almost universal acceptance of this system as the primary regulator of smooth muscle contraction.
Wright–Fisher and Moran models

The first references introducing the Wright–Fisher model and the Moran model discussed in this chapter are [97] and [73], respectively. Contrary to the logistic growth process, these stochastic processes are competition models. In particular, the relevant mathematical tools to study these models are quite different. However, all three models are closely related from the point of view of the level of complexity they take into account, in that all three stochastic models are spatially implicit dynamical systems. In particular, as in the logistic growth process, the models can be described starting from a set of sites that we think of as spatial locations and the dynamics is dictated by global interactions. Rather than being either empty or occupied, these sites are now occupied by one of two possible types of individuals that we call type 0 and type 1.
Abstract 4736: ADAMs: potential biomarkers and oncotargets in breast cancer

Background: There is growing evidence that ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) family proteins are involved in multiple types of cancer, including breast cancer. More than 50 members of the ADAM family have been identified thus far. Previous studies have focused on one or two ADAMs but comparative research among the members of the family is lacking. This study was undertaken to identify the most important ADAMs associated with breast cancer. Methods: We analyzed mRNA expression of ADAMs in tumor bed stroma and paired normal adjacent stroma from 31 breast cancer patients. The original raw data was adapted from a breast dataset (Finak et al, 2008). We next analyzed RNA expression of 35 ADAMs in different subtypes of breast cancers [dataset from Affymetrix U133A arrays using methods available in the R statistical software package (http://cran.r-project.org)]. We further evaluated protein expression of ADAMs and related signaling molecules in 187 breast cancers, including 110 untreated primary tumors and 77 residual tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 167 matched ‘normal’ mammary tissues using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA). The association between ADAMs expression and survival was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: The microarray analysis of tumor bed stroma revealed significantly elevated mRNA levels of 12 ADAMs, including ADAM8, ADAM 12, ADAM 19, ADAM 21, ADAM 17, ADAM 10, ADAM 28, ADAM 7, ADAM 33, ADAM 22, ADAM 6 and ADAMTS20, compared to their normal adjacent stroma. We evaluated the expression of 35 ADAMs in total 369 breast cancers, including 201 hormone receptor positive (HR+), 60 HER2 amplified (HER2+) and 108 triple negative (TN) patients using RNA array and demonstrated that 24 of 35 ADAMs were significantly upregulated in TNBC compared to that in HR+ and HER2+ subtypes. We further analyzed protein expression of ADAMs in 189 breast cancers and 172 matched “normal” breast tissues with RPPA. Compared to “normal” breast tissues, ADAM17, ADAM10, ADAM15, ADAM8 and ADAM9 were significantly increased in tumors (P Conclusion: Several ADAM proteins have elevated expression in breast cancer and are associated with decreased patient survival. ADAMs may, therefore, serve as potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes and oncotargets in breast cancer. Citation Format: Shuying Liu, Michael Z. Gilcrease, Huiqin Chen, Wenbin Liu, Fan Zhang, Kim-Anh Do, Gordon B. Mills, William F. Symmans, Naoto T. Ueno, Ana M. Gonzales-Angulo, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, Debasish Tripathy. ADAMs: potential biomarkers and oncotargets in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4736. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4736
Hydro-instability growth of perturbation seeds from alternate capsule-support strategies in indirect-drive implosions on National Ignition Facility

Hydrodynamic instability growth of the capsule support membranes (or “tents”) and fill tubes has been studied in spherical, glow discharge polymer plastic capsule implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Campbell et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 429, 3 (1998)]. In NIF implosions, the capsules are supported by tents because the nominal 10-μm thick fill tubes are not strong enough to support capsules by themselves. After it was recognized that the tents had a significant impact of implosion stability, new support methods were investigated, including thicker, 30-μm diameter fill tubes and cantilevered fill tubes, as described in this article. A new “sub-scale” version of the existing x-ray radiography platform was developed for measuring growing capsule perturbations in the acceleration phase of implosions. It was calibrated using hydrodynamic growth measurements of pre-imposed capsule modulations with Legendre modes of 60, 90, 110, and 140 at convergence ratios up to ∼2.4. Subsequent experiments with 3-D ...
“How does This Man have Learning, Since He is without Education” (John 7:15):

Paul says that he “knows the mind of Jesus.” And this study seeks the same goal, but one that focuses on Jesus' socialization into the cultural world of the House of Israel. We will consider the Gospel of Luke from the perspective of several social science models. We can learn much about Jesus when we consider him (1) as a group-oriented person; (2) as “socialized” to know about Israel's cultural world; (3) as a participant in Israel's purity system. (4) when we employ native rhetorical genres which instruct a speaker/writer to look for certain things, such as chreiai, which demonstrate the superior wit and wisdom of a recognized wise man, and two of the encomium's topics, “Nurture and Training” and “Accomplishments”; (5) when we evaluate the recovered materials in terms of the social-science concepts of “norms,” “customs,” and “laws”; and (6) when we consider the treatment of Jesus' paideia in Hebrews. Thus we recover and evaluate the materials concerning Jesus' socialization of the laws and traditions o...
Correctional Decisions in Institutions

Decisions made in correctional institutions may be classed as program decisions (on program planning or resource allocation) or as individual decisions (affecting the placement of persons in differing institutions, custody levels, degrees of supervision, or treatment programs). As with correctional decisions in the community, these decisions are subject to a complexity of goals, alternatives, and information. Goals are diverse, and again they may be apparently conflicting—a criminal justice problem not unique to correctional management. Alternatives, too, are found to have a great variety of forms; moreover, they are subject to wide variation in both resources and imagination. Information demonstrably relevant to correctional objectives, as in other areas of criminal justice decision making, often is lacking, or evidence is conflicting, or questions of the reliability of potentially useful information must be weighed.
Chapter 3 Breaking the symmetry of silacyclic templates to assemble pinolidoxin and herbarumin I

Publisher Summary The architectural rigidity of silicon atom is suited for introducing novel stereogenic elements to the existing cyclic scaffold with high level of precision. The removal of the temporary silicon linkage unravels a complex structural motif containing multiple stereogenic centers. This approach seems attractive provided that the entire process could be initiated with a catalytic enantioselective step, followed by a series of simple diastereoselective operations. In the summer of 2000, a program was initiated at Chicago aimed at developing an arsenal of new stereoselective methods based on the utilization of readily available organosilicon templates. The emphasis of the effort had been on novel catalytic asymmetric processes and their application to complex target synthesis designed to demonstrate general synthetic utility of this class of organosilanes as new versatile platforms for asymmetric synthesis. This chapter describes the selected aspects of this program, which entails the development of a well-enantioselective, catalytic base-promoted rearrangement of silacyclopentene oxides.
Optimization on metasurface-enabled sound absorbing panels

An optimization scheme based on the genetic algorithm is proposed to achieve a desired sound absorption spectrum using coupling of multiple resonators at a minimum thickness. The proposed optimization strategy considers the area of supercell, the number of unit cells in a supercell and the shape of each unit cell. Besides the optimization based on the mechanism of coupled resonances, topology optimization with thermoviscous losses being taken into account is further proposed to explore the absorption performance of metasurface-enabled sound absorbing panels. A simplified set of equations and a relatively simple interpolation for the distribution of design variables make the topology optimization an viable option.
1990 A predator-prey arms race

Abstract Anti-predator defenses of the newt Taricha granulosa are countered by a garter snake that feeds on them. These predator responses appear to be proportional to the level of defense mounted by the newt, consistent with an evolutionary arms race.
Insights on the Conformational Ensemble of Cyt C Reveal a Compact State during Peroxidase Activity

Cytochrome c (cyt c) is known for its role in the electron transport chain but transitions to a peroxidase-active state upon exposure to oxidative species. The peroxidase activity ultimately results in the release of cyt c into the cytosol for the engagement of apoptosis. The accumulation of oxidative modifications that accompany the onset of the peroxidase function are well-characterized. However, the concurrent structural and conformational transitions of cyt c remain undercharacterized. Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) coupled with mass spectrometry is a protein footprinting technique used to structurally characterize proteins. FPOP coupled with native ion mobility separation shows that exposure to H2O2 results in the accumulation of a compact state of cyt c. Subsequent top-down fragmentation to localize FPOP modifications reveals changes in heme coordination between conformers. A time-resolved functional assay suggests that this compact conformer is peroxidase active. Altogether, combining FPOP, ion mobility separation, and top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometry allows us to discern individual conformations in solution and obtain a better understanding of the conformational ensemble and structural transitions of cyt c as it transitions from a respiratory role to a proapoptotic role.
Microglial Calcium Signaling is Attuned to Neuronal Activity

Microglial calcium signaling underlies a number of key physiological processes in situ, but has not been studied in vivo in an awake animal where neuronal function is preserved. Using multiple GCaMP6 variants targeted to microglia, we assessed how microglial calcium signaling responds to alterations in neuronal activity across a wide physiological range. We find that only a small subset of microglial somata and processes exhibited spontaneous calcium transients. However, hyperactive and hypoactive shifts in neuronal activity trigger increased microglial process calcium signaling, often concomitant with process extension. On the other hand, changes in somatic calcium activity are only observed days after severe seizures. Our work reveals that microglia have highly distinct microdomain signaling, and that processes specifically respond to bi-directional shifts in neuronal activity through calcium signaling.
AIRLINE SPONSORSHIPS AND SPORTS – AN EXPLORATORY REVIEW OF MAJOR AIRLINE ENGAGEMENT

Airline involvement in sport sponsorship has grown over the last few years as sponsorship activity has proven effective as one method to reach a global audience. Aiding in this move to the use of sponsorship is the growing role of social media networks that can be utilized with traditional media and event marketing activities to leverage the impact of the sponsorship. However, the extent of involvement in sports, the leading area of sponsorship activity, and across other events by the world’s major air carriers varies greatly. This review examines the reported sponsorships engagements in sports by leading global airlines at the airline’s web site.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance receptor modulator therapy in cystic fibrosis, an update.

Purpose of review Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance receptor (CFTR) modulators are a new class of drugs that treat the underlying cause of cystic fibrosis. To date, there are four approved medications, which are mutation-specific. Although the number of mutations that respond to these agents is expanding, effective CFTR modulators are not available to all cystic fibrosis patients. The purpose of this article is to review the approved CFTR modulators and discuss the mutations that can be treated with these agents, as well as, review the long-term benefits of modulator therapy. Recent findings More people with cystic fibrosis can be effectively treated with CFTR modulators. The new, highly effective triple therapy, elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor is indicated for more than 90% of patients with cystic fibrosis and ivacaftor is now approved for children as young as 6 months of age with 1 of 30 CFTR mutations. Long-term use of modulator therapy is associated with fewer pulmonary exacerbations, maintenance of lung function, improved weight gain, and quality of life. Summary CFTR modulators are the first therapies developed to treat the underlying defect in cystic fibrosis. Their use is associated with preserved lung function and improved health in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Black History Month Jeopardy at a PWI: a how-to

Many small towns in predominantly white spaces offer rather few opportunities to celebrate the cultural life and contributions of underrepresented groups in society. Libraries may have the capacity...
Diagnostic discrepancy in second opinion reviews of primary epithelial neoplasms involving salivary gland: An 11-year experience from a tertiary referral center focusing on useful pathologic approaches and potential clinical impacts

Aims In the era of precision medicine, accurate pathologic diagnoses are crucial for appropriate management. Methods We herein described the histologic features and clinical impacts of 66 salivary gland epithelial neoplasms in which the diagnosis was altered after expert review. Results The most common revised diagnosis was that of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC, n = 12), adenoid cystic carcinoma (n = 12), and myoepithelial carcinoma (n = 10). The most common initial diagnosis was mucoepidermoid carcinoma (n = 19) with SDC being the most common revised diagnosis (7/19). Thirteen salivary gland carcinomas were initially diagnosed as benign entities, whereas five benign tumors were initially interpreted as carcinoma. The change in diagnosis was considered to be clinically significant in 65 (97%) cases. Conclusions Given their rarity, salivary gland neoplasms are prone to diagnostic inaccuracy and discrepancy. A constellation of histologic features and ancillary studies are useful in reaching the correct diagnosis, which can have significant clinical impacts.
Van Hove Exciton-Cageons and High-T$_c$ Superconductivity: VIIID Solitons and Nonlinear Dynamics

The low-temperature orthorhombic (LTO) phase transition in La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ can be interpreted as a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect, in which the degenerate electronic states are associated with the large densities of states at the two van Hove singularities. The equations describing this phase are strongly nonlinear. This paper illustrates some consequences of the nonlinearity, by presenting a rich variety of exact nonlinear wave solutions for the model. Of particular interest are soliton lattice solutions: arrays of domain walls separating regions of local low-temperature tetragonal (LTT) symmetry. These arrays have a {\it macroscopic} average symmetry higher than LTT. These lattices can display either orthorhombic (`orthons') or tetragonal (`tetrons') symmetry, and can serve as models for a microscopic description of the dynamic JT LTO and high-temperature tetragonal phases, respectively.
Scheduling under demand uncertainty using a new multiparametric programming approach

Abstract In this paper, a novel framework is developed to deal with multiple uncertain parameters on the right-hand-side (RHS) that can vary independently. The issue is also addressed using parametric mixed integer linear programming (pMILP) analysis where uncertain parameters are present on the right hand side (RHS) of the constraints. For the case of multiple uncertain parameters, a new algorithm of multiparametric linear programming (mpLP) is proposed that does not require the construction of the LP tableaus but relies on the comparison between solutions at leaf nodes. Given the range of uncertain parameters, the output of this proposed framework is a set of optimal integer solutions and their corresponding critical regions and optimal functions
Ocean Governance for the 21st Century: Making Marine Zoning Climate Change Adaptable

The variety of anthropogenic stressors to the marine environment - including, increasingly, climate change - and their complex and synergistic impacts on ocean ecosystems testifies to the failure of existing governance regimes to protect these ecosystems and the services that they provide. Marine spatial planning has been widely hailed as a means of improving ocean governance through holistic ecosystem-based planning. However, that concept arose without reference to climate change, and hence it does not automatically account for the dynamic alterations in marine ecosystems that climate change is bringing. This Article attempts to adapt marine spatial planning to climate change adaptation. In so doing, it explores three main topics. First, it examines how established marine protected areas can aid climate change adaptation. Second, the Article looks at how nations have incorporated climate change considerations into marine spatial planning to increase marine ecosystem resilience, focusing on the international leader in marine spatial planning: Australia. Finally, the Article explores how marine spatial planning could become flexible enough to adapt to the changes that climate change will bring to the world’s oceans, focusing on anticipatory zoning. Governments, of course, can establish marine zoning governance regimes in anticipation of climate change impacts, as has already occurred in the Arctic. However, drawing on work by Josh Eagle, Barton H. Thompson, and James Sanchirico, this Article argues that governments could also combine anticipatory zoning and closely regulated marine use rights bidding regimes to encourage potential future private users to make informed bets about the future productivity value of different parts of the ocean, potentially improving both our knowledge regarding climate change impacts on particular marine environments and ocean governance regimes for climate-sensitive areas.
Biological activity of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the rat.

Abstract The biological activity of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3 has been determined in vitamin D-deficient rats. In the accumulation of mineral in bone and cartilage, maintenance of serum calcium, and in efficiency of calcium absorption the 1α-hydroxyvitamin D 3 was approximately two to five times more active than vitamin D 3 or 80–200 units of activity per microgram.
Hacia un nuevo modelo: la empresa global integrada

Resumen es: La globalizacion de la economia esta teniendo multiples efectos sobre la sociedad, el modo en el que vivimos, los habitos de consumo de la poblacion, e...
ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WORKERS’ RETIREMENT DECISIONS

The landscape for older workers has changed dramatically in recent decades. Governments have made cuts to public pension programs, private pensions have shifted from defined benefit to defined contribution plans, equity and housing markets have been unusually volatile, and workers have experienced declining morbidity and mortality. At the same time, the labor force participation rate for older men and women has been rising over the past two decades, implying later retirement. Are these phenomena related? This paper reviews the large and growing body of literature exploring the economic determinants of workers’ retirement decisions, including public and private pensions, wealth and savings, health and health insurance, and labor demand.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of evapotranspiration at the Glacial Ridge prairie restoration in northwestern Minnesota

Among the various indicators of success in wetland restoration, hydrology is the most important and relatively easy to monitor. Evapotranspiration (ET) was used to assess the ecohydrologic changes at the Glacial Ridge prairie restoration site in northwestern Minnesota. Twelve Landsat images from 2000–03 for the months of June, July and August were used to study the spatial ET changes. Spatial monthly and seasonal ET were estimated using a surface energy budget technique from Landsat images. Five sub-basins within the study area were delineated to represent the different conditions of the wetlands. Their spatial and temporal ET responses to the restoration activities (native species planting, burning and ditch closures) were studied. Spatial statistics showing mean and standard deviation of monthly ET were computed. Comparisons were made between these watersheds and the preserved sub-watershed of the study area. The average annual ET increases for the five sub-basins were in the range of 9% (2002–03) to 25% (2001–02). Over the study period, ET increased by nearly 50%. After considering the effect of variations in precipitation, wind speed and solar radiation on the resulting ET, the results show that ET increased in recent years as result of the restoration activities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A functional dichotomy in CD4+ T lymphocytes

Abstract T cells bearing CD4 recognize antigen in association with class II MHC molecules. Such cells have a variety of different functions. In this review, Kim Bottomly summarizes recent evidence from studies of cloned T-cell lines and normal T-cell populations which suggests that two major functional phenotypes exist, each one having a distinct role to play in protective immunity. Helper CD4 + T cells (or T H 2) are essential for effective humoral immune responses to extracellular pathogens, while inflammatory CD4 + T cells (or T H 1) are required for effective immunity to intracellular pathogens. These cell subsets have distinctive functions, lymphokine secretion patterns, growth factor requirements, activation pathways and cell surface markers.
Modifications in the Optical Properties of Thin Film Oxides with Annealing

Post-annealing of HfO2and SiO2thin films affects the absorption loss at 1 ?m, and the subpicosecond laser breakdown. These effects are explained by modifications in the density of intrinsic defects and photo-induced defects respectively.
Effects of ethyl alcohol on central neurons.

Abstract A method was developed for the electrophoretic application of ethyl alcohol through one capillary in a multibarrel microelectrode array in the vicinity of the recording electrode. Effects of ethyl alcohol and angiotensin II applied by means of electrophoretic ejection and ethanol administered intravenously on the frequency of extracellularly recorded action potentials of brain cells were determined. A total of 87 neurons in four different parts of the brain in female hooded rats anesthetized with a mixture of urethan and chloralose were tested. Results reveal that a most sensitive neurons appear to be those of the lateral hypothalamus within the medial forebrain bundle. Cells of the zona incerta nd thalamus were also sensitive to ethanol. Cells of the cerebral cortex appear to be relatively less sensitive. many of the ethanol sensitive cells also responded to angiotensin II and when tested the effects were potentiated by Na.
Collection and Analysis of Trace Organic Vapor Pollutants in Ambient Atmospheres. the Performance of a Tenax gc Cartridge Sampler for Hazardous Vapors

Abstract The performances of several sorbents as collection media for the quantitative concentration and analysis of volatile, hazardous, vapor-phase compounds from ambient atmospheres were evaluated under a variety of conditions relevant to field sampling. Tenax GC was found to be superior to other sorbents in most cases. The effects of humidity, background air pollution, repeated re-use of sorbent, and transportation and storage of collected samples were investigated.
MUNICIPAL RETRENCHMENT AS VALUE CONFLICT

One way researchers can help cost cutters is to clarify the values that are at stake in retrenchment, assuming that in most municipalities spending will continue to grow unless the values that sustain it are weakened. This essay is a start in the direction of systematically identifying values used as resources to defend current spending practices and to challenge them. The several values listed here have been used in the contest over municipal spending in the Milwaukee area.