cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace Fossils with Spreiten from the Late Ediacaran Nama Group, Namibia: Complex Feeding Patterns Five Million Years Before The Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary

Here we describe large, complex trace fossils in the late Ediacaran Omkyk Member of the Zaris Formation, Nama Group, southern Namibia. The horizontal trace fossils are preserved on a number of talus blocks from a bedding plane of a cm-thick sandstone lens from a single stratigraphic horizon less than 100 m below an ash bed dated at 547.3 ± 0.7 Ma. The forms consist of overlapping U-shaped spreiten elements with parallel limbs surrounded by an outer tube. Individual U-shaped elements are 0.2 to 1 cm in diameter, the outer tube is less than 3 mm in diameter, and the forms as a whole range from 5 to 30 cm long and 3 to 10 cm wide. The specimens commonly show a change in direction and change in diameter. The morphology of these trace fossils is comparable to backfill structures, particularly specimens of Paleozoic Zoophycos from shallow water environments. Here we interpret these horizontal spreiten-burrows to record the grazing of the trace-maker on or below a textured organic surface. The identification of large late Ediacaran trace fossils is consistent with recent reports of backfilled horizontal burrows below the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary and is suggestive of the appearance of complex feeding habits prior to the Cambrian trace fossil explosion.
Genome-wide analysis of transcriptional dependence and probable target sites for Abf1 and Rap1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abf1 and Rap1 are general regulatory factors (GRFs) that contribute to transcriptional activation of a large number of genes, as well as to replication, silencing and telomere structure in yeast. In spite of their widespread roles in transcription, the scope of their functional targets genome-wide has not been previously determined. Here, we use microarrays to examine the contribution of these essential GRFs to transcription genome-wide, by using ts mutants that dissociate from their binding sites at 37°C. We then combine this data with published ChIP-chip studies and motif analysis to identify probable direct targets for Abf1 and Rap1. We also identify a substantial number of genes likely to bind Rap1 or Abf1, but not affected by loss of GRF binding. Interestingly, the results strongly suggest that Rap1 can contribute to gene activation from farther upstream than can Abf1. Also, consistent with previous work, more genes that bind Abf1 are unaffected by loss of binding than those that bind Rap1. Finally, we show for several such genes that the Abf1 C-terminal region, which contains the putative activation domain, is not needed to confer this peculiar ‘memory effect’ that allows continued transcription after loss of Abf1 binding.
The chemical compositions of Galactic disc F and G dwarfs

Photospheric abundances are presented for 27 elements from carbon to europium in 181 F and G dwarfs from a differential local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) analysis of high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectra. Stellar effective temperatures (T eff) were adopted from an infrared flux method calibration of Stromgren photometry. Stellar surface gravities (g) were calculated from Hipparcos parallaxes and stellar evolutionary tracks. Adopted T eff and g values are in good agreement with spectroscopic estimates. Stellar ages were determined from evolutionary tracks. Stellar space motions (U , V , W ) and a Galactic potential were used to estimate Galactic orbital parameters. These show that the vast majority of the stars belong to the Galactic thin disc. Relative abundances expressed as (X/Fe) generally confirm previously published results. We give results for C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, Ce, Nd and Eu. The α elements - O, Mg, Si, Ca and Ti - show (α/Fe) to increase slightly with decreasing (Fe/H). Heavy elements with dominant contributions at solar metallicity from the s-process show (s/Fe) to decrease slightly with decreasing (Fe/H). Scatter in (X/Fe) at a fixed (Fe/H) is entirely attributable to the small measurement errors, after excluding the few thick disc stars and the s-process-enriched CH subgiants. Tight limits are set on 'cosmic' scatter. If a weak trend with (Fe/H) is taken into account, the composition of a thin disc star expressed as (X/Fe) is independent of the star's age and birthplace for elements contributed in different proportions by massive stars (Type II supernovae), exploding white dwarfs (Type Ia supernovae) and asymptotic red giant branch stars. By combining our sample with various published studies, comparisons between thin and thick disc stars are made. In this composite sample, thick disc stars are primarily identified by their V LSR in the range −40 to −100 km s −1 . These are very old stars with origins in the inner Galaxy and metallicities (Fe/H) −0.4. At the same (Fe/H), the sampled thin disc stars have V LSR ∼ 0k m s −1 , and are generally younger with a birthplace at about the Sun's Galactocentric distance. In the range −0.35 (Fe/H) −0.70, well represented by present thin and thick disc samples, (X/Fe) of the thick disc stars is greater than that of thin disc stars for Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti and Eu. (X/Fe) is very similar for the thin and thick disc for - notably - Na and iron-group elements. Barium ((Ba/Fe)) may be underabundant in thick relative to thin disc stars. These results extend previous ideas about composition differences between the thin and thick disc.
Pontine neurons are elements of the network responsible for the 10-Hz rhythm in sympathetic nerve discharge

The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that pontine neurons are elements of the network responsible for the 10-Hz rhythm in sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). The first series of exp...
Use of proton pump inhibitors and other acid suppressive medications in newly admitted nursing facility patients.

Introduction Many patients are not only prescribed proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or other acid-suppressive medications (ASMs) during their hospital stay, but are discharged to the nursing facility on these medications. We wanted to quantify the amount of acid-suppressive prescription in new admissions, and how many patients had diagnoses that would justify their use. Methods A chart review of 98 admissions to a 128-bed for-profit nursing facility in Pennsylvania was performed to assess how many patients were transferred on a PPI or H2 blocker. Data were collected on age, sex, and any diagnoses relevant to the prescription of a PPI. Results Sixty (61%) of 98 patients had a PPI on their transfer orders to the skilled nursing facility (SNF). An additional 3 patients were on an H2 receptor antagonist, totaling 64.3% prescribed acid suppression therapy. Only 30 patients (50%) had an appropriate diagnosis in their medical record justifying prescription of an ASM based on our criteria. In addition, 3 (3.1%) of 98 patients had a qualifying diagnosis in their medical records, but were not on PPI or H2 receptor antagonists on admission to the SNF. Conclusion Many patients admitted to an SNF may be prescribed acid-suppressive therapy with no clear indication. Inappropriate use of PPI therapy should be minimized as overuse will not only increase drug costs, but also the risks of drug side effects and polypharmacy.
MRI Abnormalities After Prolonged Febrile Seizures

The clinical, radiologic, and laboratory findings of 17 Asian patients with encephalopathy following a prolonged febrile seizure were reviewed retrospectively at Kameda Medical Center, and other centers in Japan and San Francisco, USA.
A ClusNet architecture for prediction

A neural network architecture, ClusNet, for accurately predicting the temporal continuation of a time series is described. This network is designed to retain much of the advantages associated with instance-based methods. Prediction results obtained with ClusNet are compared with other popular neural network methods. Without the need for tuning, ClusNet achieves reasonable results using a fraction of the resources required by instance-based methods in the Mackey-Glass time series prediction problem. ClusNet is ideal as a rapid prototyping tool for applications in which fast online learning is required. Its convergence can be proven and in the authors' experiments, it converges quickly. >
Multi-Objective Optimization Models for Improved Decision-Support in Humanitarian Infrastructure Project Selection Problems

The process by which U.S. military organizations select humanitarian infrastructure projects in host countries is hampered by a lack of quantitative decision-support. Addressing this problem is important because the degree of effectiveness of projects selected and completed significantly impacts geo-political implications for the U.S. and, further, directly impacts the quality of life for citizens in host countries. In this paper, a family of multi-objective optimization problems are formulated and solved to explore quantitative, system-level insights on optimal project groupings and comparisons to historical data. Objective functions are found which produce project groupings that match well with historical data, and the optimization model expresses significant information about the sensitivity of solutions in the decision-space. However, imperfection in the matching as well as insights from sensitivities suggests the need for augmentations to improve upon a single organization, optimization-only model. In particular, the use of agent-based modeling is presented for extended work to capture the unmodeled dynamics in the system.
Extracting a Representation from Text for Semantic Analysis

We present a novel fine-grained semantic representation of text and an approach to constructing it. This representation is largely extractable by today's technologies and facilitates more detailed semantic analysis. We discuss the requirements driving the representation, suggest how it might be of value in the automated tutoring domain, and provide evidence of its validity.
Nucleotide sequence of rabbit eIF-4E cDNA.

Eukaryotes. CRCPress, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 109-148.3. Thach,R.E. (1992) Cell 68, 177-180.4. Rychlik,W., Domier,L.L., Gardner,P.R., Hellmann,G.M. andRhoads,R.E.(1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA84, 945-949.5. Altmann,M., Handschin,C. and Trachsel,H. (1987) Mol. Cell. Biol. 7,998-1003.6. McCubbin,W.D., Edery,I., Altmann,M., Sonenberg,N. and Kay,C.M.(1988)J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17663-17671.
Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections

Escherichia coli entry into the bladder is met with potent innate defenses, including neutrophil influx and epithelial exfoliation. Bacterial subversion of innate responses involves invasion into bladder superficial cells. We discovered that the intracellular bacteria matured into biofilms, creating pod-like bulges on the bladder surface. Pods contained bacteria encased in a polysaccharide-rich matrix surrounded by a protective shell of uroplakin. Within the biofilm, bacterial structures interacted extensively with the surrounding matrix, and biofilm associated factors had regional variation in expression. The discovery of intracellular biofilm-like pods explains how bladder infections can persist in the face of robust host defenses.
Non-quasi-static transient and small-signal two-dimensional modeling of GaAs MESFET's with emphasis on distributed effects

The operation of micron and submicron GaAs MESFETs under high-speed transient and high-frequency small-signal conditions is analyzed using a two-dimensional model. The effects of displacement currents, dipole due to negative differential mobility or current continuity, and two-dimensional transport are emphasized. The origin of delay effects, such as the phase delay incorporated in small-signal models, is explored in order to relate it to the behavior under switching conditions. Broadband expressions for the extraction of a complete small-signal model are presented. Using the expressions derived, the variation of model elements with frequency and the effect of this on the unilateral gain of the device are studied. >
Families in Partnership: Qualitative Interviews and Community Change

The most meaningful and lasting social change is that initiated and sustained by people affected by that change. Penetrating the apathy born of severe social and environmental stress, as well as the failure of successions of well-meaning but underfunded or ill-conceived top-down interventions, is a primary concern of community developers.
An expert system solution to a constraint satisfaction problem in academic administration

The authors present the design of a system to assist academic department chairs in the preparation of semester course schedules. A prototype has been implemented and has been successfully used in the authors' department. Input includes the credit hour load and the number of preparations for each faculty member, a list of courses to be offered, and the number of sections of each course. Data on room availability, faculty time and course preferences and faculty qualifications enable the system to build a schedule that satisfies a large number of constraints. >
Spontaneous and Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias in Subendocardial Purkinje Fibers Surviving Extensive Myocardial Infarction in Dogs

The cellular electrophysiological mechanisms underlying the ventricular arrhythmias that accompany myocardial infarction were studied in isolated, superfused infarcted myocardium excised from dogs previously subjected to a two-stage ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. Ventricular arrhythmias frequently occurred in the intact heart 24 hours after coronary occlusion. Surviving subendocardial Purkinje fibers in infarcts excised at this time were highly arrhythmic when they were studied with intracellular microelectrodes in vitro. These arrhythmias consisted of rapid, repetitive depolarizations and occurred spontaneously or could be induced by premature electrical stimulation. Premature stimulation also resulted in single unstimulated responses. In such instances, premature impulses conducted extremely slowly through the infarcted region where surviving Purkinje fiber action potential durations were extraordinarily prolonged. Conduction block at some sites in the infarct caused phenomena which were interpreted as reentrant beats. Some surviving subendocardial Purkinje fibers in the infarct demonstrated spontaneous diastolic depolarization and appeared to function as pacemakers in the absence of electrical stimulation. In some instances, these fibers constituted typical parasystolic foci, demonstrating both entrance and exit block. These results suggest that subendocardial Purkinje fibers which survive in an infarct may be the site of origin of some of the ventricular arrhythmias that accompany myocardial infarction.
Automatic residue removal for high-NA extreme illumination

An epidemic for smaller node has been that, as the device architecture shrinks, lithography process requires high Numerical Aperture (NA), and extreme illumination system. This, in turn, creates many lithography problems such as low lithography process margin (Depth of Focus, Exposure Latitude), unstable Critical Dimension (CD) uniformity and restricted guideline for device design rule and so on. Especially for high NA, extreme illumination such as immersion illumination systems, above all the related problems, restricted design rule due to forbidden pitch is critical and crucial issue. This forbidden pitch is composed of numerous optical effects but majority of these forbidden pitch compose of photo resist residue and these residue must be removed to relieve some room for already tight design rule. In this study, we propose automated algorithm to remove photo resist residue due to high NA and extreme illumination condition. This algorithm automatically self assembles assist patterns based on the original design layout, therefore insuring the safety and simplicity of the generated assist pattern to the original design and removes any resist residue created by extreme illumination condition. Also we tested our automated algorithm on full chip FLASH memory device and showed the residue removal effect by using commercial verification tools as well as on actual test wafer.
EMERGING ISSUES FOR THE RESTORATION OF TIDAL MARSH ECOSYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF PREDICTED CLIMATE CHANGE

ABSTRACT There is currently a large regional effort to restore tidal marsh ecosystems in the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary involving the commitment of hundreds of millions of dollars and broad landscape-scale habitat manipulations. Although climate change has been on the horizon for many years, recent developments suggest that it must be taken seriously as a factor to be considered in future planning for marsh restoration efforts. Tidal marshes are vulnerable to changes in salinity and inundation rates, both of which will be affected by climate change. Restoration sites may be particularly vulnerable given unpredictable sediment inputs and newly established vegetation. Predicted shifts in snowmelt and altered runoff will change estuarine salinity patterns and could have large-scale impacts on marsh dominance, especially for freshwater marshes. Even relatively small salinity changes could lead to shifts in dominant species, with freshwater marshes being replaced by brackish marshes and brackish marshes c...
Sex, Anger and Depression

A social problem that has preoccupied sociologists of gender and mental health is the higher rate of depression found among women. Although a number of hypotheses about this health disparity between men and women have been advanced, none consider the importance of subjectively experienced anger. Drawing on theoretical and empirical insights from the sociology of emotion, we hypothesize that: (1. intense and persistent anger are associated with more symptoms of depression, and (2. sex differences in the intensity and persistence of anger are involved in the sex difference in depressed affect. Analyses of data from the 1996 GSS Emotions Module provide support for these two hypotheses and strongly suggest that women's intense and persistent anger play a pivotal role in their high rate of depression. We discuss the extent to which sex differences in these emotions are a function of social factors, biological factors, or a complex interaction between them. We also comment on the implications of our findings for future theory and research on gender, emotion and mental health.
Using published evidence to guide the examination of the sacroiliac joint region.

Although some people in the medical community accept the premise that the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) can be a source of pain secondary to pathology (eg, spondyloarthropathy, infection, malignancy, fracture),1 whether SIJ dysfunction exists remains controversial. “Sacroiliac joint dysfunction” is a term often used to describe pain in or around the region of the joint that is presumed to be due to biomechanical disorders of the joint (eg, hypomobility, malalignment, fixation, subluxation).2,3 Some people consider the term “SIJ dysfunction” to be a misnomer because it is difficult to determine whether the joint itself is the source of the pain.4,5 Due to the anatomy and location of the SIJ, examination procedures presumed to test the joint may test other structures in the region. Others dismiss the SIJ as a source of pain because well-recognized pain-sensitive structures, such as the posterior facet joints and nerve roots, may refer pain to the SIJ region.5,6 Still other investigators have reported that 22%7 to 30%8 of subjects with pain around the SIJ region experienced some relief following anesthetic injection of the joint. Pain relief following anesthetic injection, however, does not necessarily indicate dysfunction of the joint. Structures unrelated to the joint, but in the same region, may be affected due to infiltration of anesthetic to soft tissues beyond the SIJ.9 Despite the controversy and differing views on the sources of pain in the SIJ region, we believe many therapists commonly examine some of their patients for the presence of what they call “SIJ dysfunction.” Battie and colleagues,10 for example, surveyed 186 Washington State therapists about the care of patients with low back pain (LBP) and found that 75% of the therapists would use screening procedures they believed tested SIJ function. A variety …
Massive-training artificial neural networks for CAD for detection of polyps in CT colonography: False-negative cases in a large multicenter clinical trial

A major challenge in computer-aided detection (CAD) of polyps in CT colonography (CTC) is the detection of "difficult" polyps which radiologists are likely to miss. Our purpose was to develop massive-training artificial neural networks (MTANNs) for improving the performance of a CAD scheme on false-negative cases in a large multicenter clinical trial. We developed 3D MTANNs designed to differentiate between polyps and several types of non- polyps and tested on 14 polyps/masses that were actually "missed" by radiologists in the trial. Our initial CAD scheme detected 71.4% of "missed" polyps with 18.9 false positives (FPs) per case. The MTANNs removed 75% of the FPs without loss of any true positives; thus, the performance of our CAD scheme was improved to 4.8 FPs per case at the sensitivity of 71.4% of the polyps "missed" by radiologists.
A review and reassessment of lake phosphorus retention and the nutrient loading concept

SUMMARY 1. We conducted a statistical reassessment of data previously reported in the lake total phosphorus (TP) input/output literature (n ¼ 305) to determine which lake characteristics are most strongly associated with lake phosphorus concentration and retention. We tested five different hypotheses for predicting lake TP concentrations and phosphorus retention. 2. The Vollenweider phosphorus mass loading model can be expressed as: TPout ¼ TPin/ (1 + rsw), where TPin is the flow-weighted input TP concentration, sw is the lake hydraulic retention time and r is a first-order rate constant for phosphorus loss. 3. The inflow-weighted TP input concentration is a moderately strong predictor (r 2 ¼ 0.71) of lake phosphorus concentrations when using log‐log transformed data. Lake TP retention is negatively correlated with lake hydraulic retention time (r 2 ¼ 0.35). 4. Of the approaches tested, the best fit to observed data was obtained by estimating r as an inverse function of the lake’s hydraulic retention time. Although this mass balance approach explained 84% of the variability in log‐log transformed data, the prediction error for individual lakes was quite high. 5. Estimating r as the ratio of a putative particle settling velocity to the mean lake depth yielded poorer predictions of lake TP (r 2 ¼ 0.77) than the approach described above, and in fact did not improve model performance compared with simply assuming that r is a constant for all lakes. 6. Our results also demonstrate that changing the flow-weighted input concentration should always have a directly proportionate impact on lake phosphorus concentrations, provided the type of phosphorus loaded (e.g. dissolved or particulate) does not vary.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Resuscitation and Cardiac Arrest Management

This article reviews the potential application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technology to cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and discusses the current evidence on the subject. The possible strategies for organ protection during ECMO and the concept of ECMO networks are also reviewed.
Diversification of CYCLOIDEA expression in the evolution of bilateral flower symmetry in Caprifoliaceae and Lonicera (Dipsacales)

Background and aims The expression of floral symmetry genes is examined in the CYCLOIDEA lineage following duplication, and these are linked to changes in flower morphology. The study focuses on Dipsacales, comparing DipsCYC2 gene expression in Viburnum (radially symmetrical Adoxaceae) to members of early-diverging lineages of the bilaterally symmetrical Caprifoliaceae (Diervilla and Lonicera). Methods Floral tissue from six species, which included dorsal, lateral and ventral regions of the corolla, was dissected. RNA was extracted from these tissues and each copy of DipsCYC2 was amplified with reverse transcriptase PCR. Key results Members of DipsCYC2 were expressed across the corolla in the radially symmetrical Viburnum plicatum. A shift to bilaterally symmetrical flowers at the base of the Caprifoliaceae was accompanied by a duplication of the DipsCYC2 gene, resulting in DipsCYC2A and DipsCYC2B, and by loss of expression of both of these copies in the ventral petal. In Lonicera (Caprifolieae), there is a shift from flowers with two dorsally and three ventrally oriented corolla lobes to a clear differentiation of dorsal, lateral and ventral lobes. This shift entailed a decoupling of expression of DipsCYC2A and DipsCYC2B; DipsCYC2B continues to be expressed in the dorsal and lateral lobes, while DipsCYC2A expression is restricted to just the two dorsal lobes. A reversion to more radially symmetrical flowers within Lonicera was accompanied by a re-expansion of expression of both DipsCYC2A and DipsCYC2B. Conclusions The transition to bilateral symmetry in Caprifoliaceae involved: (a) duplication of an ancestral DipsCYC2 gene; (b) the loss of expression of both of these copies in the ventral petal; and (c) changes in the zone of expression, with one copy continuing to be expressed across the dorsal and lateral petals, and the other copy becoming restricted in expression to the dorsal corolla lobes.
Somatosensory thalamus of a prosimian primate (Galago senegalensis). I. Configuration of nuclei and termination of spinothalamic fibers.

The configuration of somatosensory relay nuclei and termination of spinothalamic fibers were studied in the dorsal thalamus of a prosimian primate(Galago senegalensis) using Nissl, Kluver and Barrera ('53), Weil ('45), and Fink and Heimer ('67) methods. The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is divided into medial and lateral parts (VPLm and VPLl, respectively) by a sheet-like lamina of fibers. Spinothalamic input to Galago VPL is somatopically arranged; input from the forelimb terminates in VPLm and that from hindlimb in VPLl. In addition, preterminal debris in caudal VPL is dense and organized into "parcellated bursts" (terminology of Mehler, '69). Consequently, the nature of the spinothalamic debris in VPL of Galago is similar to that reported for higher primates (Mehler et al., '60). Located dorsomedial to the rostral extension of VPL is a zone of large, deeply staining cells designated as the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim). Following hemisection at either cervical or lumbar spinal cord levels, preterminal debris, independent of that coursing into VPL, enters the Vim. This substantiates the presence of an intermediate nucleus (i.e., Vim) between VPL and the more rostral ventral lateral nucleus. In the medial thalamic region, axonal degeneration is located in the central lateral nucleus (CL) and in the densocellular and the multiform portions of the dorsomedial nucleus. Only fibers of passage are identified in the centre median, the paracentral and the subparacentral nuclei. The posterior nuclear group (PO) in Galago is divided into medial and lateral parts designated as POm and POl, respectively. In addition, PO contains three distinct nuclei: 1) the magnocellular (MC) portion of the medial geniculate nucleus; 2) the nucleus limitans (Lim); and 3) the suprageniculate nucleus (SG). Following spinal cord hemisection, preterminal debris is located throughout the POm and around cells of the MC. Lim and SG contain no discernible degeneration. Preterminals are also found in a group of cells designated as the caudal part of the central lateral nucleus (CLC).
Assessment of greening and collective participation in the context of agri-environmental schemes: The case of Andalusian irrigated olive groves

Agri-environmental schemes (AES) in irrigated olive groves (IOG) in southern Spain were assessed based on farmers’ preferences toward these schemes. A choice experiment was used in this ex-ante assessment, with the inclusion of some innovative elements, such as collective participation and ecological focus areas (EFA). The results showed that farmers’ mean willingness to accept (WTA) participation in collective rather than individual AES was €124.5/ha. Their mean WTA for an additional 1% of EFA was €64.6/ha, while regarding the use of other agri-environmental practices, they showed a WTA of €6.3/ha and €114.7/ha for an additional 1% in the use of cover crops (CC) in olive grove areas and restrictive management of CC, respectively. These estimates were strongly influenced by farmers’ expectations and socio-economic characteristics, as well as farm management. We obtained that farmers’ expectations of no farm takeover reduce WTA for collective participation, whereas agricultural training and having at least a secondary-school education reduce farmers’ WTA for EFA and restrictive management of the CC, respectively. Conversely, harvesting ground olives increased farmers’ WTA for a high proportion of the area under CC. The analysis of the AES scenarios showed moderately high estimates of total WTA (€101-349/ha), especially when collective participation is required (€225-474/ha). The results supported the argument that there are efficient ways to encourage public goods provision, overcoming trade-offs with private goods provision by identifying the type of joint production.
Under pressure: pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with left heart disease (PH-LHD) is the most common type of PH, but its natural history is not well understood. PH-LHD is diagnosed by right heart catheterisation with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mmHg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >15 mmHg. The primary causes of PH-LHD are left ventricular dysfunction of systolic and diastolic origin, and valvular disease. Prognosis is poor and survival rates are low. Limited progress has been made towards specific therapies for PH-LHD, and management focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the disease with supportive therapies, surgery and pharmacological treatments. Clinical trials of therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with PH-LHD have thus far been limited and have provided disappointing or conflicting results. Robust, long-term clinical studies in appropriate target populations have the potential to improve the outlook for patients with PH-LHD. Herein, we discuss the knowledge gaps in our understanding of PH-LHD, and describe the current unmet needs and challenges that are faced by clinicians when identifying and managing patients with this disease.
Is There a Future for AKT Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cancer

An AKT inhibitor plus an antiestrogen exhibited no significant clinical activity in patients with ER(+)/HER2(-) breast cancer despite laboratory studies supporting an antitumor effect for both drugs combined. These results raise concerns about the development of AKT inhibitors in unselected patients whose tumors have unknown dependence on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2599-601. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Ma et al., p. 2650.
The Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS): Measurement Properties:

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills (ACIS). The ACIS is an observational rating scale designed to capture, in detail, a pers...
Impact of Nosema pyrausta (Microsporida: Nosematidae) on a Predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) larvae fed Nosema pyrausta (Paillot)-infected Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) eggs developed normally and produced adults with unimpaired fecundity, fertility, and longevity. The microsporidium evidently failed to cause any infection in C. carnea . The ingested spores remained in the midgut throughout the larval feeding period and were eliminated in meconium during imaginal eclosion. These spores, which had been within C. carnea for at least 7 d, remained infective in bioassays against O. nubilalis larvae. In nature, this general insect predator may suppress O. nubilalis not only by predation but also by dispersing microsporidian spores. Furthermore, C. carnea and N. pyrausta are compatible entities to be utilized in a pest management program.
Abstract Dynamical Systems and Evolution Equations

When a physical system is modeled by a “formal” equation of evolution (e. g., a P.D.E. or F.D.E.), often assumptions are made that have little to do with the physics of the system but are made for the convenience of the modeler; that is, they are made so that the formal equation “makes sense.” To a mathematician not interested in applications, such artificial assumptions are as good as any others, and their occasionally disruptive effect on existence, uniqueness, and continuity of solutions (of the formal equation) is an interesting phenomenon, worthy of considerable study. However, to someone interested in applications, such phenomena are irritating rather than interesting, indicating only that a better model is needed. Experience indicates that a physical system does have a unique “motion” for any physically possible initial data and that physical motions are usually in some sense continuously dependent on time; hence, a good mathematical model should also have these properties.
Where am I? directed by Bruce Mohun

The 44-minute documentary Where Am I, part of ‘The Nature of Things’ Series by Bullfrog Films, blazes through a number of findings on spatial cognition from various researchers around the world. So...
Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy: A New Catalytic Approach for Sustainable Environmental Remediation.

We report a synthetic approach to form cubic Cu2O/Pd composite structures and demonstrate their use as photocatalytic materials for tandem catalysis. Pd nanoparticles were deposited onto Cu2O cubes, and their tandem catalytic reactivity was studied via the reductive dehalogenation of polychlorinated biphenyls. The Pd content of the materials was gradually increased to examine its influence on particle morphology and catalytic performance. Materials were prepared at different Pd amounts and demonstrated a range of tandem catalytic reactivity. H2 was generated via photocatalytic proton reduction initiated by Cu2O, followed by Pd-catalyzed dehalogenation using in situ generated H2. The results indicate that material morphology and composition and substrate steric effects play important roles in controlling the overall reaction rate. Additionally, analysis of the postreacted materials revealed that a small number of the cubes had become hollow during the photodechlorination reaction. Such findings offer impor...
Keynes and Social Reform

In the past few years there has grown up a large group of young economists who h ave accepted the theoretical doctrines of the Keynesian Revolution and who have come into national prominence through their support of an economic policy of full employment. The general public has closer acquaintance with the policy measures of these economists than with their theory, especially since such confused versions of their theories have been presented on a large scale to the public by the opponents of Keynesian economics. The preceding chapters have dealt largely with the historic development of a body of economic thought. We are now ready to conclude this volume with a chapter on the relationship of this new theory to our actual economic life.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a common cause of chronic uveitis in the pediatric population. Disease onset can be insidious and patients can develop significant ocular complications. Screening and adequate treatment of ocular inflammation with systemic immunosuppression is paramount to preventing vision loss.
A Comprehensive Guide to the MAGE Family of Ubiquitin Ligases

Melanoma antigen (MAGE) genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and encode for proteins sharing a common MAGE homology domain. Although only a single MAGE gene exists in lower eukaryotes, the MAGE family rapidly expanded in eutherians and consists of more than 50 highly conserved genes in humans. A subset of MAGEs initially garnered interest as cancer biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets due to their antigenic properties and unique expression pattern that is primary restricted to germ cells and aberrantly reactivated in various cancers. However, further investigation revealed that MAGEs not only drive tumorigenesis but also regulate pathways essential for diverse cellular and developmental processes. Therefore, MAGEs are implicated in a broad range of diseases including neurodevelopmental, renal, and lung disorders, and cancer. Recent biochemical and biophysical studies indicate that MAGEs assemble with E3 RING ubiquitin ligases to form MAGE-RING ligases (MRLs) and act as regulators of ubiquitination by modulating ligase activity, substrate specification, and subcellular localization. Here, we present a comprehensive guide to MAGEs highlighting the molecular mechanisms of MRLs and their physiological roles in germ cell and neural development, oncogenic functions in cancer, and potential as therapeutic targets in disease.
Thermal performance of TIMs during compressive and tensile stress states

Due to the differences in thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) of materials within a microelectronic package, a package can warp in convex and concave shapes during temperature excursions of assembly and end use conditions. In large flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) style packages, warpage plays a major factor in the long term reliability and performance of the package. When fitted with a lid, FCBGA packages use a thermal interface material (TIM) between the die and lid surfaces. Due to package warpage and other mechanical stresses, a TIM can experience a range of compressive and tensile loads during package assembly, board mount, and end use conditions. High power applications using FCBGA style packages require accurate estimates for the resistance of the TIM layer to enable accurate prediction of junction temperatures and performance. Literature indicates that the TIM resistance is higher along the edge and corner regions of the die due in part to the larger bond line thickness (BLT) in these regions. Measurements reported in this study show that this increase cannot fully be explained by larger BLT. An alternative theory is proposed that suggests the thermal performance of a TIM in a package is also dependent on its stress state and stress history. The stress state of a TIM impacts the material's contact resistance, cohesive/adhesive bond behavior, and internal resistance between filler particles. The increase in resistance for the same BLT in compression versus tensile stress can be greater by over fifty percent. In addition, experimental testing has demonstrated that tensile stress in TIMs may contribute to voiding.
Calcite and Barite Solubility Measurements in Mixed Electrolyte Solutions and Development of a Comprehensive Model for Water-Mineral-Gas Equilibrium of the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Ba-Sr-Cl-SO4-CO3-HCO3-CO2(aq)-H2O System up to 250 °C and 1500 bar

Calcite and barite are two of the most common scale minerals that occur in various geochemical and industrial processes. Their solubility predictions at extreme conditions (e.g., up to 250 °C and 1500 bar) in the presence of mixed electrolytes are hindered by the lack of experimental data and thermodynamic model. In this study, calcite solubility in the presence of high Na2SO4 (i.e., 0.0407 m Na2SO4) and barite solubility in a synthetic brine at up to 250 °C and 1500 bar were measured using our high-temperature high-pressure geothermal apparatus. Using this set of experimental data and other thermodynamic data from a thorough literature review, a comprehensive thermodynamic model was developed based on the Pitzer theory. In order to generate a set of Pitzer theory virial coefficients with reliable temperature and pressure dependencies which are applicable to a typical water system (i.e., Na-K-Mg-Ca-Ba-Sr-Cl-SO4-CO3-HCO3-CO2-H2O) that may occur in geochemical and industrial processes, we simultaneously fit...
State Variable Based Statistical Methods for Auditing Sensors of Multivariable Dynamic Processes

Abstract A statistical process monitoring method based on a state space model of a dynamic process is introduced for auditing sensor status for bias, drift and excessive noise affecting the sensors of multivariable continuous processes. Changes in the magnitudes of means and variances of residuals between measured and predicted process variables are used to detect and discriminate sensor abnormalities. The statistical model that describes the in-control variability is based on a canonical variate state space (CVSS) model. The CV state variables obtained from the state space model are linear combinations of the past process measurements which explain the variability of the future measurements the most, and they are regarded as the principal dynamic dimensions. The method can detect and discriminate between bias change, drift, and variations in noise levels of process sensors based on the analysis of data batches. An experimental application to a high-temperature short-time (HTST) milk pasteurization process illustrates the proposed methodology.
Abstract 470: Development of Control Cells in a Cell-Based Assay for Salt Sensitivity

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (BP) affects 25% of the world’s population and has a cardiovascular risk that is similar to hypertension, but can be present in normotensive individuals. Salt sensitivity can be detected with a two week controlled diet, which is difficult to administer in the clinical setting. Our previous method of determining an individual’s salt sensitivity status through the use of confocal microscopy is challenging as a clinical assay due to its complexity. We therefore developed a rapid method of diagnosis based on exfoliated renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC) in urine. Our streamlined approach made use of an Accuri™ C6 (BD Biosciences) flow cytometer to measure monensin (MON)-stimulated dopamine-1 receptor (D1R) and angiotensin-2 receptor (AT2R) recruitment to the plasma membrane. In order to control for method-induced variability and biological variation, we developed external controls. Two different immortalized cell lines, i22 (D1R coupled) and i19 (D1R uncoupled) were chosen for their consistent level of response to stimulation by MON, a sodium ionophore. These cell lines were each labeled with D1R or AT2R antibodies directly conjugated to R-Phycoerythrin (RPE) (Ex: 535nm, Em: 575nm) to obtain a basal level of surface receptor. Afterwards, the cells were stimulated with MON (1μM) to elicit a Na+ -induced receptor recruitment response. Finally, the cells were stained with directly labeled D1R or AT2R antibodies conjugated to Allophycocyanin (APC) (Ex: 650 nm, Em: 660 nm), after which they were read on the Accuri. Normally coupled i22 cells showed a significantly higher (p
The Challenges Within Ethical Leadership Theories

This chapter considers the history of research regarding leadership ethics, specifically how classical philosophical ethical theories articulate with established leadership theories. The chapter also explains how ethical leadership theories predominantly use normative ethical action theory and then resolves by suggesting how prosocial behavioral theory offers a new paradigm when considering ethical or others-directed leadership. Prosocial behavioral theory, as opposed to ethical theories, would be better suited to the identification of authentic others-directed behavior and ultimately to understanding how prosocial leaders are developed.
Development of a novel visuomotor integration paradigm by integrating a virtual environment with mobile eye-tracking and motion-capture systems

Visuomotor integration (VMI), the use of visual information to guide motor planning, execution, and modification, is necessary for a wide range of functional tasks. To comprehensively, quantitatively assess VMI, we developed a paradigm integrating virtual environments, motion-capture, and mobile eye-tracking. Virtual environments enable tasks to be repeatable, naturalistic, and varied in complexity. Mobile eye-tracking and minimally-restricted movement enable observation of natural strategies for interacting with the environment. This paradigm yields a rich dataset that may inform our understanding of VMI in typical and atypical development.
Comparing motor performance, praxis, coordination, and interpersonal synchrony between children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have basic motor impairments in balance, gait, and coordination as well as autism-specific impairments in praxis/motor planning and interpersonal synchrony. Majority of the current literature focuses on isolated motor behaviors or domains. Additionally, the relationship between cognition, symptom severity, and motor performance in ASD is unclear. We used a comprehensive set of measures to compare gross and fine motor, praxis/imitation, motor coordination, and interpersonal synchrony skills across three groups of children between 5 and 12 years of age: children with ASD with high IQ (HASD), children with ASD with low IQ (LASD), and typically developing (TD) children. We used the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Bilateral Motor Coordination subtest of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests to assess motor performance and praxis skills respectively. Children were also examined while performing simple and complex rhythmic upper and lower limb actions on their own (solo context) and with a social partner (social context). Both ASD groups had lower gross and fine motor scores, greater praxis errors in total and within various error types, lower movement rates, greater movement variability, and weaker interpersonal synchrony compared to the TD group. In addition, the LASD group had lower gross motor scores and greater mirroring errors compared to the HASD group. Overall, a variety of motor impairments are present across the entire spectrum of children with ASD, regardless of their IQ scores. Both, fine and gross motor performance significantly correlated with IQ but not with autism severity; however, praxis errors (mainly, total, overflow, and rhythmicity) strongly correlated with autism severity and not IQ. Our study findings highlight the need for clinicians and therapists to include motor evaluations and interventions in the standard-of-care of children with ASD and for the broader autism community to recognize dyspraxia as an integral part of the definition of ASD.
Absolute lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in neonatal ischemic brain injury.

Objectives:This study aimed to identify differences in absolute neutrophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio between neonates with two forms of ischemic brain injury, hypoxic-ischem...