cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TU‐FF‐A1‐06: Monte Carlo Based Retrospective Dose Calculations for Outcomes Modeling

Purpose: To improve the dosimetric accuracy of archived lung treatment plans, we use a novel Monte Carlo recalculation method based on pencil beam optimization methods. The impact of the dose corrections on outcome modeling of pneumonitis was assessed. Method and Materials: For 189 archived non‐small cell lungcancer plans, dose distributions were re‐calculated using the VMC++ Monte Carlo code (I.Kawrakow). Nominal input spectra for 6 or 18 MV photons were used; only radiation transport through the patient was modeled, using each patient's pre‐treatment CT scan. We derived approximate beam weights and wedge effects with a novel method based on optimization of MC‐derived pencil beams: MC and treatment planning results were matched for the water‐based (non‐heterogeneity corrected) results. Heterogeneity‐corrected plans were then produced using Monte Carlo with the derived beam profiles and weights. Results: The method showed good agreement when compared against a small series of treatment plans using a convolution‐superposition dose calculation. For the lung plans, the average absolute differences in metrics of interest (V20, maximum lungdose, and mean GTV dose) between water‐based TPS and water‐based MC data were 0.5%, 0.9 Gy, and 0.8 Gy; for water‐based TPS versus heterogeneity‐corrected MC data the absolute differences were greater: 2.0%, 1.8 Gy, and 2.5 Gy (typically heterogeneity corrected dose distributions produced higher dose values). The correlations between V20 and occurrence of pneumonitis for water‐based TPS, water‐based MC, and heterogeneity corrected MC data were (using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient) 0.13, 0.13, and 0.14 (respectively). For maximum lungdose, the correlations were 0.15, 0.14, and 0.09. Conclusion: The differences in some metrics (e.g., maximum lungdose) between water‐based and heterogeneity corrected data may have a significant impact on modeling treatment outcome. This method could be applied to any multi‐institutional data sets for which RTOG format plan archives are available.
On the existence of nonconstant periodic solutions II

On considere l'equation u″+g(u)=0 avec pour g les conditions suivantes: il existe des fonctions g i :R n →R n , i=1,2 et des constantes k et γ, γ<1, telles que pour tout x,yeR n , g(x)=g 1 (x)+g 2 (x), (g 1 (x)-g 1 (y), x-y)≤γ|x-y|2, g 2 (x)≤k
ENZYMICALLY AND PHYSICALLY INDUCED INHERITANCE CHANGES IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS.

When a culture of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 is treated with a solution of crystalline lysozyme, the bacteria pass through an osmotically sensitive bacillary phase to the protoplast stage. All of the protoplasts can be recovered as L-colony-forming elements on complex or chemically defined osmotically stabilizing agar media. Protoplasts or L-bodies can be propagated in the L-state indefinitely or can be mass-reverted to the bacillary state by altering medium ingredients. In particular, several D -amino acids and soft agar inhibit reversion to the bacillary state, while hard agar and 30% gelatin media induce reversion. Reversion in 30% gelatin is often 100% efficient and begins within 5 hr after plating. Penicillin-induced L-forms of B. subtilis differ in their resistance to penicillin from the bacillary form and seem to be identical to the lysozyme-induced L-forms. Their induction and resistance behavior constitutes an instance of Lamarckian inheritance. The conversion of bacteria to the L-state is attributed to the loss of a primer for cell wall formation and cell division while reversion is thought to be due to reinitiation of this primer. The primer is probably associated with the cell membrane. Its possible nature and parallels between the present inheritance system and previously described systems are discussed.
Perioperative Care Protocols for a Canine Model of a New Gastrocolonic Pouch for Continent Urinary Diversion

Traditionally, in continent urinary diversion (CUD), the ileum, ascending colon, or sigmoid colon is utilized to construct a urinary reservoir with a continence mechanism. When CUD was performed in women who had undergone extensive pelvic irradiation therapy for gynecologic cancer, the complication rate was exceedingly high due to the poor vascularity of the irradiated bowel incorporated in the reservoir. In order to avoid this very high complication rate, an animal study was conducted to test the feasibility of constructing a CUD utilizing nonradiated stomach, transverse colon, and proximal ureters. The development of this model in the canine necessitated prolonged abdominal surgery involving both the gastrointestinal and urinary systems. The immediate postoperative challenge included the need for continuous intravenous fluid infusion, maintenance of patent renal stents and neobladder stoma1 catheters, prevention of hypothermia and hypokalemia, and reduction of postoperative discomfort. Re-establishing a...
Diurnal CO variations in the Venus mesophere from CO microwave spectra

Abstract Microwave spectra of carbon monoxide (12CO) in the mesosphere of Venus were measured in December 1978, May and December 1980, and January, September, and November 1982. These spectra are analyzed to provide mixing profiles of CO in the Venus mesosphere and best constrain the mixing profile of CO between ∼ 100 and 80 km altitude. From the January 1982 measurement (which, of all our spectra, best constrains the abundance of CO below 80 km altitude) we find an upper limit for the CO mixing ratio below 80 km altitude that is two to three times smaller than the stratospheric (∼65 km) value of 4.5 ± 1.0 × 10−5 determined by P. Connes, J. Connes, L.D. Kaplan, and W. S. Benedict (1968, Astrophys. J. 152, 731–743) in 1967, indicating a possible long-term change in the lower atmospheric concentration of CO. Intercomparison among the individual CO profiles derived from our spectra indicates considerable short-term temporal and/or spatial variation in the profile of CO mixing in the Venus mesosphere above 80 km. A more complete comparison with previously published CO microwave spectra from a number of authors specifies the basic diurnal nature of mesospheric CO variability. CO abundance above ∼ 95 km in the Venus atmosphere shows approximately a factor of 2–4 enhancement on the nightside relative to the dayside of Venus. Peak nightside CO abundance above ∼95 km occurs very near to the antisolar point on Venus (local time of peak CO abundance above ∼95 km occurs at 0.6−0.6+0.7 hr after midnight on Venus), strongly suggesting that retrograde zonal flow is substantially reduced at an altitude of 100 km in the Venus mesosphere. In contrast, CO abundances between 80 and 90 km altitude show a maximum that is shifted from the antisolar point toward the morningside of Venus (local time of peak CO abundance between 80 and 90 km occurs at 8.5 ± 1.0 hr past midnight on Venus). The magnitude of the diurnal variation of CO abundance between 80 and 90 km is again, approximately a factor of 2–4. Disk-averaged spectra of Venus do not determine the exact form for the diurnal distribution of CO in the Venus mesosphere as indicated by comparison of synthetic spectra, based upon model distributions, and the measured spectra. However, the offset in phase for the diurnal variation for the >95 km and 80–90-km-altitude regions requires an asymmetric (in solar zenith angle) distribution.
Human motion tracking system using coded Fresnel lens arrays

We have designed and developed a low-cost human motion tracking system using pyroelectric detectors and coded Fresnel lens arrays. We have deployed sensor clusters implementing an 8x8 Hadamard code variant and will demonstrate motion tracking.
Unsteady Discharging of Wet Vapor From a Vessel

A saturated liquid-vapor mixture discharging from a pressurized thermal-insulated vessel through a nozzle or a valve is considered as an unsteady-flow problem. It is shown that in the case of relatively small energy losses a valve may be modeled as a converging nozzle. After losses exceed certain value a condition of constant enthalpy typical for throttling devices is applicable to a valve. On the basis of such consideration, the step by step calculation method for small time intervals or pressure drops is developed. The proposed approach allows obtaining all characteristics of the discharging process as functions of time. The expression defining the speed of sound in the case of discharging of wet vapor is derived. A special technique is proposed to calculate and correct the usually recommended value of critical pressure ratio. A numerical example of calculation is provided. To estimate the accuracy and limits of the applicability of the results presented in the paper a comparison with corresponding experimental data is needed.© 2005 ASME
Proton threshold states in 27Si and the destruction of 26Al at low stellar temperatures

Abstract Using the 27Al(3He, t)27Si reaction, we have located and measured accurate excitation energies for seven states in 27Si between the 26Al + p threshold and the lowest observed 26 Al ( p , γ) 27 Si resonance. By examining the mirror states in 27Al via the 27Mg(3He, d)27Al and 26 Mg (α, t ) 27 Al reactions, we find that in the 26AI + p channel there can be at most only one s-wave resonance that lies below the lowest directly observed resonance; this possible l = 0 resonance most probably corresponds to either the 7589, 7557 or 7533 keV state in 27Si. The remaining six states are most probably formed via l ⩾ 2 proton capture. Upper limits for the reduced proton widths of these states have been used to estimate an upper limit for the 26 Al ( p , γ) 27 Si thermonuclear reaction rate.
KEAP1 gene mutations and NRF2 activation are common in pulmonary papillary adenocarcinoma

Distinctive histological variants of lung cancer are increasingly recognized to have specific genetic changes that affect tumor biology and response to therapy. In this study, we evaluated true papillary adenocarcinoma of the lung, proposed as a distinct diagnostic category with relatively poor response to therapy, to determine whether these tumors also have specific molecular alterations that would affect sensitivity to chemotherapy. Specifically, we measured protein levels of P53, excision repair cross-complementation 1 (ERCC1) and ribonucleotide reductase M1 (RRM1) by immunohistochemistry and evaluated the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with cap-n-collar homology (ECH)-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) gene for mutations, correlating mutations of this gene with total and nuclear expression of the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2). We found high levels of P53 in 23 of the 55 specimens (41.8%), similar to the rate of P53 gene mutations observed in general for pulmonary adenocarcinoma, and levels of ERCC1 and RRM1 also showed distributions similar to those reported generally for non-small lung cell cancer (NSCLC). However, KEAP1 alterations were observed at a significantly higher frequency in papillary adenocarcinoma tumors (60%) than what has been reported previously for NSCLC (3-19%). These mutations of KEAP1 were associated with increased nuclear accumulation of NRF2 in tumors, as expected for functional alterations. Thus, high rates of KEAP1 mutations and NRF2 overexpression in true papillary adenocarcinoma could be related to poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, this distinctive molecular characteristic supports the recognition of true papillary adenocarcinoma as a diagnostic entity.
Children's Adjustment to Parental Death

This article reviews the evidence regarding the effects of parental death on children's acute and long-term psychological adjustment, as well as the clinical literature describing interventions for bereaved families. The risk of adjustment difficulties for bereaved children has shown no consistent relation to complications of grieving, but is instead largely accounted for by an increased probability of inadequate care following the loss of a parent. The literature describing interventions for bereaved families offers little formal evaluation, and reflects our incomplete understanding of children's grief responses, and thus of appropriate treatment goals. Further research should focus on more molecular analysis of grief processes, including grief-related interactions between children and parents, and should take into account developmental variation in children's needs and experiences. The use of multiple informants of child and parent behavior is strongly recommended, and the unique contributions of longitudinal research in understanding children's adjustment to loss are highlighted.
School-Age Follow-Up of Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to examine differences in speech/language and written language skills between children with suspected childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and children with ...
Electrical Conductivity and Density of the Molten CaCl2-NaCl-Al2O3 Electrolyte Materials

The low-melting CaCl2-NaCl-Al2O3 materials were used as the electrolyte of the low temperature aluminium electrolysis. The electrical conductivity and density of the materials were measured by the Continuously Varying Cell Constant Technique, ac-techniques, and Archimedes method. The materials were composed of 71wt.%~87wt.%CaCl2 (corresponding NaCl), NaCl and Al2O3(without and saturated). The measurement temperature ranges were 550°C~800°C. The results showed that Additive Al2O3 decreased the electrical conductivity of the materials, and resulted in the increase of the activation energy of conductance. The function relationship between the electrical conductivity and temperature was linear, and conformed to the Arrhenius equation. Increasing the CaCl2 content decreased the electrical conductivity of the materials, but the density was increased. With the increase of the CaCl2, the decrease scope of the electrical conductivity was small and the increase trend of the density was slow down. The decisive factor of the electrical conductivity of the materials was temperature.
Partitioning of naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes and biphenyl between wastewater treatment sludges and water

Partition coefficients (Kp) describing the partitioning of naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes and biphenyl between organic-rich wastes and water were determined using 14C-tracer techniques as well as high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the wastes and their aqueous extracts. Results of the two procedures were in good agreement. The concentrations of the specific organics in the wastes were not good predictors of concentrations in aqueous extracts, since Kp varied among the materials tested. Predictions of Kp based on organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) and organic carbon content of the sludges were well below observed values. Oil content of the wastes and oil-water partition coefficients appeared to be important factors in determining Kp.
Structure of a Mesoscale Convective System Embedded in Typhoon Robyn during TCM-93

Abstract A mesoscale convective system (MCS) embedded in the circulation of Typhoon (TY) Robyn was investigated by two aircraft missions during the tropical cyclone motion (TCM-93) mini field experiment. The MCS initially formed north of the typhoon center, but was rapidly advected to the west by the strong midlevel easterlies located between Robyn and the subtropical ridge to the north. Coincident with the occurrence of the MCS, the motion of the typhoon changed from west-northwestward to a slow drift to the north. The structure of the MCS is investigated to examine whether the changes in motion of TY Robyn could be related to a midtropospheric vortex circulation in the MCS. During the mature stage, the MCS has a convective region and an extensive stratiform region. A vigorous updraft in the convective region is tilted southward by the primary circulation around TY Robyn. Below the tilted updraft, descent in a mesoscale downdraft contributes to drying in the low levels, with a shallow surface layer of di...
Preliminary crystallographic studies of urease from jack bean and from Klebsiella aerogenes

Abstract Ureases from both jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) seeds and Klebsiella aerogenes have been crystallized by the hanging drop method. The plant-derived urease crystals are regular octahedra analogous to those obtained by Sumner. Preliminary X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystals belong to the cubic space group F4 1 32, with a = 364 A , and appear to contain one or two subunits in the asymmetric unit. Using a synchrotron source, the crystals diffract to near 3·5 A resolution. Crystals of urease from K. aerogenes belong to the cubic space group I23 or I2 1 3, with a = 170·8 A and appear to contain a single catalytic unit per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to better than 2·0 A resolution and are well suited for structural analysis.
J/Ψ suppression in heavy ion collisions and the QCD phase transition

Abstract We suggest that the new regime of J / ψ suppression found by the NA50 experiment in Pb–Pb collisions is the result of non-trivial space-time evolution due to specific behavior of the Equation of State (EOS) near the QCD phase transition. We also study another suppression channel, the conversion of J / ψ into η c during the late cool hadronic stage, and find it rather inefficient.
The Wronski map and Grassmannians of Real Codimension 2 Subspaces

We study the map which sends a pair of real polynomials (f0, f1) into their Wronski determinant W(f0,f1). This map is closely related to a linear projection from a Grassmannian GR(m,m + 2) to the real projective space ∝ℙ2m. We show that the degree of this projection is +-u((m + 1)/2) where u is the m-th Catalan number. One application of this result is to the problem of describing all real rational functions of given degree m + 1 with prescribed 2m critical points. A related question of control theory is also discussed.
Terminology Development and Organization in Multi-Community Environments: The Case of Statistical Information

It is becoming commonplace to worry about the vast amount of information that is now available to people on the Web. Searches return thousands ofweb pages, most ofwhich are not useful, yet there is the underlying belief that the information must be "out there somewhere". While it is clear that inadequate document surrogates and search engines are major contributors to this situation, another is that end users often do not know what words to use to describe what they want: if you do not know what to call it, you cannot find itS. This can inhibit successful searching even within a single website. If the target concept is described using one term by the document author, and a different term by the end user, the document will not be retrieved unless support tools (e.g., thesauri) exist that can act as intermediaries, mapping between the terms. The problem is exacerbated when the end user and the document author do not think of the topic in the same way; when there is only partial overlapping between their concepts, or when a concept just does not exist in one oftheir worlds.
Mineral Nutrition in Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer: Wildfire Effects, Species Distinctions, and Temporal Variation

An investigation of wildfire effects on mineral nutrition of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) along with species comparisons of the nutrition of unburned specimens of this pine to those of unburned California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.) were conducted in an eastern Sierran mixed conifer stand. Foliar Fe and Mn concentrations were frequently higher and Al was consistently so in burned than in the unburned pine as assessed in six sampling periods distributed over more than two postfire growing seasons while base cation/metallic element molar ratios consisting of Ca/Al, K/Al, K/Mn, Ca/Fe, Mg/Fe, K/Fe, and Ca/Zn were often lower in the former. Foliar N, P, Fe, Zn, and Cu were frequently higher in unburned pine than unburned fir while the reverse proved true concerning K, Ca, Mn, B, and Al; and likewise several molar ratios involving Al and Mn were higher in the former while several involving Fe, Zn, and Cu were higher in the latter. At midstudy, mineral soil in the burned ...
Transmembrane receptor cross-talk: Concurrent VIP and α1-adrenergic activation rapidly elevates pinealocyte cGMP > 100-fold

Abstract The transmembrane regulation of cGMP accumulation, which is poorly understood, was studied using isolated rat pinealocytes. It was found for the first time that VIP stimulates cGMP accumulation several-fold. This stimulation was amplified by phenylephrine acting via α1- adrenoceptors , resulting in a >100-fold increase in cGMP accumulation. These results raise the possibility that cGMP accumulation in other tissues might be regulated by VIP, and that the stimulating effects of VIP might be markedly amplified by catecholamine transmitters in these tissues. It is also possible that other pairs of receptors might control large changes in cGMP in the central nervous system through parallel mechanisms.
Butyrate-induced histone hyperacetylation in human and mouse cells: estimation of putative sites of histone acetylation in vivo.

Human and mouse cells in culture were treated with various concentrations of sodium butyrate. Acid-extracted histones of control and butyrate-treated cells were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. All core histones of the control cells contained modified forms. All core histones of the butyrate-treated cells were hyperacetylated. Depending on the number of acetylation sites per molecule, each histone or histone variant exhibited a characteristic number of acetylated forms. This number was the same for each histone common in human and mouse cells treated with butyrate. Histones 2A.1, 2A.2, and 2A.X have two sites of inner acetylation; 2A.Z has 3; 2B's have 5; and each one of the H3 variants as well as H4 have 4.
Steepening of Large-Amplitude Alfvén Waves

Steepening of the leading slopes of large-amplitude Alfven waves in a highly ionized plasma, resulting from increased distortions of the initial sinusoidal wave field, b/sub theta /, as points of larger b/sub theta / overtake the lower portions of the wave, is investigated. An expression for the ratio of the steepened wave front to the corresponding slope of the unsteepened wave, from which the steepening time is calculated, is given. The wave steepening is observed by probe measurements of partial delta b/sub theta // partial delta t and be and compared with calculated values. The experimental apparatus is shown. (L.B.S.)
State-space model identification of deterministic nonlinear systems: nonlinear mapping technology and application of the Lyapunov theory

Abstract This paper investigates the state-space mapping-based framework to identify deterministic nonlinear systems. The main intent is to introduce an innovative identification inroad by using nonlinear error mappings and to explore the theoretical aspects of the application of Lyapunov’s stability theory to systematically explore the convergence. This approach offers innovative and promising results. The Lyapunov stability theory has been widely used in stability analysis, and this paper demonstrates the application of the second method from parameter convergence perspectives. The systematic identification concept is introduced, and a novel scheme is developed by applying nonlinear error mappings. Another contribution is to demonstrate that in order to analyze the convergence, the nonquadratic Lyapunov candidates can be used. The unknown parameters of an electric drive, actuated by a permanent-magnet synchronous motor, are identified by using the experimental data. The example supports the procedure, and the simulation shows that the model dynamics match the experimentally measured states.
Does food abundance explain altitudinal migration in a tropical frugivorous bird

Many animals undergo annual migrations. These movements are well studied at proximate levels, but their fundamental causes are poorly understood. Among tropical frugivorous birds, annual migration is thought to have evolved in the context of exploiting reciprocal peaks in fruit abundance among locations and seasons, yet previous tests of this hypothesis have yielded equivocal results. In this paper, I tested whether protein and (or) fruit limitation explain both uphill and downhill migratory movements in a tropical frugivorous bird, the White-ruffed Manakin (Corapipo altera Hellmayer, 1906). While White-ruffed Manakins likely migrate uphill to exploit peaks in fruit abundance, I found no evidence that elevational differences in fruit abundance explain the downhill portion of the migratory cycle. This result challenges long-standing ideas regarding the causes of altitudinal migration because it implies that birds seeking to maximize fruit intake should remain sedentary at higher elevations. Data are also i...
Bolstering the Argument from Non-Belief

This article attempts to strengthen Theodore M. Drange's Argument from Non-belief for the non-existence of the evangelical Biblical Christian God. An argument is proposed for the claim that God, if construed as an omniscient, morally perfect being, does not have conflicting desires of any kind. This argument, combined with Drange's evidence, is used to support the most controversial premise of the Argument from Non-belief. Biblical evidence is also presented which seems to compel the evangelical Biblical Christian to admit God's omniscience and moral perfection, thus blocking one avenue of retreat.
Tandem mass spectrometry and density functional theory of RDX fragmentation pathways: Role of ion–molecule complexes in loss of NO3 and lack of molecular ion peak

Rationale Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is an explosive compound that finds a wide range of military and civilian applications. RDX has been a target in environmental matrices by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). MS/MS in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode of RDX provides important fragmentation patterns that are useful for structural elucidation. The fragmentation patterns are needed for proper identification of precursor and product ions in analytical methods that depend on MS/MS approaches for a reliable identification of RDX. Methods This study focuses on the MS fragmentation mechanisms of RDX in NCI mode using both MS/MS and density functional theory (DFT). The DFT studies were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Results The DFT results showed that NCI of RDX leads to the formation of an anion–molecule complex that was energetically more stable than the RDX anion. The fragmentation proceeds through two pathways, leading to the loss of NO2 and NO3. The loss of NO3 takes place in an anion–molecule complex leading to the formation of characteristic nitroso group fragment ions. Using the fragmentation schemes, important ion structures are proposed including structures for m/z 160, 129, 102, and 86. Conclusions The results demonstrate the importance of both charge-induced and charge-remote dissociations in RDX pathways. The ion structures identified along the pathways could be used as targets in analytical methods for reliable identification purposes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of the intention to generate a shoulder versus elbow torque by means of a time-frequency synthesized spatial patterns BCI algorithm.

In this paper, we attempt to determine a subject’s intention of generating torque at the shoulder or elbow, two neighboring joints, using scalp electroencephalogram signals from 163 electrodes for a brain–computer interface (BCI) application. To achieve this goal, we have applied a time–frequency synthesized spatial patterns (TFSP) BCI algorithm with a presorting procedure. Using this method, we were able to achieve an average recognition rate of 89% in four healthy subjects, which is comparable to the highest rates reported in the literature but now for tasks with much closer spatial representations on the motor cortex. This result demonstrates, for the first time, that the TFSP BCI method can be applied to separate intentions between generating static shoulder versus elbow torque. Furthermore, in this study, the potential application of this BCI algorithm for brain-injured patients was tested in one chronic hemiparetic stroke subject. A recognition rate of 76% was obtained, suggesting that this BCI method can provide a potential control signal for neural prostheses or other movement coordination improving devices for patients following brain injury.
A Fault Tolerance Approach for Enterprise Applications

Service oriented architectures (SOAs) have emerged as a preferred solution to tackle the complexity of large-scale, complex, distributed, and heterogeneous systems. Key to successful operation of these systems is their reliability and availability. In this paper, we propose an approach to creating fault tolerant SOA implementations based on an architectural pattern called Rich Services. Our approach is model-driven, focuses on interaction specifications as the means for defining services and managing their failures, and is technology independent. We leverage an enterprise service bus (ESB) framework to implement a system based on the fault tolerant Rich Service pattern. We evaluate our approach by measuring availability and reliability of an experimental system in the e-business domain.
Nonsmooth analysis of vector-valued mappings with contributions to nondifferentiable programming

We define order Lipschitz mappings from a Banach space to an order complete vector lattice and present a nonsmooth analysis for such functions. In particular, we establish properties of a generalized directional derivative and gradient and derive results concerning a calculus of generalized gradients (i.e., calculation of the generalized gradient of f when f = f1 + f2, f = f · 2, etc.). We show the relevance of the above analysis to nondifferentiaile programming by deriving optimality conditions for problems of the form min f(x) subject to x [euro] S. For S arbitrary we state the results in terms of cones of displacement of the feasible region at the optimal point; when S ={x ∊ A|g(x) ∊ B}, we obtain Kuhn-Tucker type results.
Mutation accumulation in finite outbreeding and inbreeding populations

We have carried out an investigation of the effects of various parameters on the accumulation of deleterious mutant alleles in finite diploid populations. Two different processes contribute to mutation accumulation. In random-mating populations of very small size and with tight linkage, fixation of mutant alleles occurs at a high rate, but decreases with extremely tight linkage. With very restricted recombination, the numbers of low-frequency mutant alleles per genome in randommating populations increase over time independently of fixation (Muller's ratchet). Increased population size affects the ratchet less than the fixation process, and the decline in population fitness is dominated by the ratchet in populations of size greater than about 100, especially with high mutation rates. The effects of differences in the selection parameters (strength of selection, dominance coefficient), of multiplicative versus synergistic selection, and of different amounts of inbreeding, are complex, but can be interpreted in terms of opposing effects of selection on individual loci and associations between loci. Stronger selection slows the accumulation of mutations, though a faster decline in mean fitness sometimes results. Increasing dominance tends to have a similar effect to greater strength of selection. High inbreeding slows the ratchet, because the increased homozygous expression of mutant alleles in inbred populations has effects similar to stronger selection, and because with inbreeding there is a higher initial frequency of the least loaded class. Fixation of deleterious mutations is accelerated in highly inbred populations. Even with inbreeding, sexual populations larger than 100 will probably rarely experience mutation accumulation to the point that their survival is endangered because neither fixation nor the ratchet has effects of the magnitude seen in asexual populations. The effects of breeding system and rate of recombination on the rate of molecular evolution by the fixation of slightly deleterious alleles are discussed.
Domain flow and streaming architectures

The author introduces the main ideas of a system compiler for affine dependence algorithm. The first idea is a streaming architecture, which is a machine model for the compiler that reduces control overhead in comparison with an ensemble of von Neumann architectures. Such a streaming architecture is a dedicated architecture programmed with an incremental array instruction to be able to run any instance of the problem. The second idea is the domain flow model, which is a program representation that captures the communication of the algorithm. The structure of the compiler reflects the division between synthesis and code generation. A general front-end generates a domain flow graph. Both synthesis and code generation phases work off this data structure. However, each phase has its own back-end. For the synthesis phase the back-end is a design critic combined with an expert system which makes decision about what to do next to satisfy the design goals. For the code generation phase the back-end iterates through different partitioning and code generation strategies. >
Microwave Power Absorption Characteristics of Ferrites

The microwave power absorption characteristics of five ferrites, BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19, CuFe2O 4, CuZnFe4O4 and NiZnFe4O4, have been studied by determining the average power absorption patterns of the ferrite slabs using the derived power equations with consideration of both microwave dielectric and magnetic losses. It is shown that microwave power dissipates rapidly in the ferrites with a thickness of microwave penetration depth Dp. The magnetic loss QH, av is much larger than the dielectric loss QE,av for these ferrites in the slab thickness range of 0-3Dp. The ratio of QH,av to QE,av remains above 1.5 as the slab thickness varies from Dp/4 to 3Dp although the difference between losses decreases with increasing thickness. The power absorption patterns of these ferrites also demonstrate that microwave resonance caused by magnetic loss occurs within the materials having a thickness less than a half-wavelength in the medium λm/2 . It is anticipated that microwave magnetic field heating of ferrites with a thickness smaller than λm/2 can be accelerated by magnetic loss resonance which leads to a significant increase in the power absorption in these ferrites.
Relativistic CASSCF/CI Calculations: Applications to Transition Metal Dihydrides

A complete active space MCSCF (multi-configuration self-consistent field) scheme (CASSCF) using relativistic effective potentials followed by configuration interaction and relativistic CI calculations provides a very good description of the electronic states and potential energy surfaces of transition metal dihydrides. Such calculations are of considerable value not only in our understanding of the transition metal-hydrogen bonding but also in the prediction of the barrier to insert the metal atom into the H2 bond. All-electron CASSCF/CI calculations are carried out on twelve electronic states of CoH2. Comparable RECPCASSCF/CI calculations are also carried out to show that the RECP-CASSCF/CI calculations provide an accurate method for the investigation of transition metal compounds. The general method of RECP-CASSCF/CI Calculations for molecules containing heavy atoms is described. The calculations on CoH2 are compared with similar calculations on ScH,, YH2, FW2, and PdH2. A critical comparison of all these transition metal hydrides reveals that in general the low-spin excited metal atom inserts into H2 spontaneously while the high spin ground state atom has to surmount a large barrier.
Divergent Incentives for Dictators: Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture

Although they are arguably the worst violators of human rights, dictators sometimes commit to international human rights treaties like the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT) to appease their domestic opposition. Importantly, however, executives facing effective judiciaries must anticipate ex post costs that can arise when international treaties are likely to be enforced domestically. This suggests that one domestic institution—a political opposition party—may provide a dictator with incentives to commit to international human rights treaties and violate human rights, while another—an effective domestic judiciary—may constrain the dictator’s ability to violate human rights and incentivize him to avoid international commitment. How do dictators make choices about commitment to human rights law and respect for human rights when they face conflicting domestic incentives? Furthermore, how do these divergent incentives affect compliance when dictators do commit to international treaties? In this ar...
An automated digging control for a wheel loader

An Automated Digging Control System (ADCS) for a wheel loader is developed that utilizes a behavior-based control structure combined with fuzzy logic. This controller exhibits the real-time reactive responses necessary for executing digging tasks in an uncertain, unstructured and dynamic excavation environment. This paper presents field test results of a prototype ADCS that was developed and implemented on a Caterpillar 980G wheel loader. Test results show that the performance of the automated system is comparable to that of an expert human operator in a wide range of excavation situations.
Analyzing the effect of installing diagnostic equipment in a manufacturing cell

An approach to determine whether diagnostic equipment should be incorporated in an FMS (flexible manufacturing system) is presented. The effect of installing diagnostics on the number of machines required and on material flow in a cell is studied. An attempt has been made to model the cost and benefits associated with the installation of diagnostic equipment. The approach uses Markovian modeling techniques to estimate the number of machines required with and without diagnostics. The methodology developed can be used by the designers of machines in an FMS to plan for providing diagnostic equipment for a level of production rate that represents maximum cost-effectiveness for the overall system. >
A CMOS wave-pipelined image processor for real-time morphology

This paper presents the implementation of a high-speed morphological image processor using CMOS wave-pipelining. A modular and expandable architecture, based on wave-pipelined transmission gate logic, has been developed for gray-scale and binary morphological operators. Using this architecture, 3/spl times/3 (2-dimensional) structuring element binary dilation and erosion units, and a two-stage morphological skeleton transform filter have been implemented in CMOS 1.2 /spl mu/m technology. The operating frequency is 333 MHz, which exceeds the speeds reported in literature for this functionality. Simulation results indicate a speed-up of 4-5 compared to non-pipelined processor implementations. The wave-pipelined implementation also offers a significant reduction in latency and hardware complexity compared to regular pipelined architectures.
Global flow control for wide area overlay networks: a cost-benefit approach

This paper presents a flow control protocol for multi-sender multi-group multicast and unicast in wide area overlay networks. The protocol is analytically grounded and achieves real world goals, such as simplicity, fairness and minimal resource usage. Flows are regulated based on the "opportunity" costs of network resources used and the benefit provided by the flow. In contrast to existing window-based flow control schemes, we avoid end-to-end per sender or per group feedback by looking only at the state of the virtual links between participating nodes. This produces control traffic proportional only to the number of overlay network links and independent of the number of groups, senders or receivers. We show the effectiveness of the resulting protocol through simulations and validate the simulations with live Internet experiments.
Maize Opaque Endosperm Mutations Create Extensive Changes in Patterns of Gene Expression

Maize starchy endosperm mutants have kernel phenotypes that include a brittle texture, susceptibility to insect pests, and inferior functional characteristics of products made from their flour. At least 18 such mutants have been identified, but only in the cases of opaque2 ( o2 ) and floury2 ( fl2 ), which affect different aspects of storage protein synthesis, is the molecular basis of the mutation known. To better understand the relationship between the phenotypes of these mutants and their biochemical bases, we characterized the protein and amino acid composition, as well as the mRNA transcript profiles, of nearly isogenic inbred lines of W64A o1 , o2 , o5 , o9 , o11 , Mucuronate ( Mc ), Defective endosperm B30 ( DeB30 ), and fl2 . The largest reductions in zein protein synthesis occur in the W64A o2 , DeB30 , and fl2 mutants, which have � 35 to 55% of the wild-type level of storage proteins. Zeins in W64A o5 , o9 , o11 , and Mc are within 80 to 90% of the amount found in the wild type. Only in the cases of o5 and Mc were significant qualitative changes in zein synthesis observed. The pattern of gene expression in normal and mutant genotypes was assayed by profiling endosperm mRNA transcripts at 18 days after pollination with an Affymetrix GeneChip containing � 1400 selected maize gene sequences. Compared with W64A sugary1 , a mutant defective in starch synthesis, alterations in the gene expression patterns of the opaque mutants are very pleiotropic. Increased expression of genes associated with physiological stress, and the unfolded protein response, are common features of the opaque mutants. Based on global patterns of
A novel small molecule that selectively inhibits glioblastoma cells expressing EGFRvIII.

Background: Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are a possible molecular target for cancer therapy. EGFR is frequently amplified in glioblastomas and 30 to 40% of glioblastomas also express the deletion mutation EGFRvIII. This frequent oncogenic mutation provides an opportunity for identifying new anti-glioblastoma therapies. In this study, we sought small molecule inhibitors specific for cancer cells expressing EGFRvIII, using isogenic parental cells without EGFRvIII as a control. Results: A screen of the NCI small molecule diversity set identified one compound, NSC-154829, which consistently inhibited growth of different human glioblastoma cells expressing EGFRvIII, but permitted normal growth of matched control cells. NSC-154829 had no previously established medicinal use, but has a purine-like structural component. Further experiments showed this compound increased apoptosis in cells with EGFRvIII, and moderately affected the expression of p21, independent of any changes in p53 levels or in Akt phosphorylation. Conclusion: These initial results suggest that NSC-154829 or a closely related structure might be further investigated for its potential as an anti-glioblastoma drug, although its precise molecular mechanism is still undefined.
VARIABILITY IN VEGETATION EFFECTS ON DENSITY AND NESTING SUCCESS OF GRASSLAND BIRDS

Abstract The structure of vegetation in grassland systems, unlike that in forest systems, varies dramatically among years on the same sites, and among regions with similar vegetation. The role of this variation in vegetation structure on bird density and nesting success of grassland birds is poorly understood, primarily because few studies have included sufficiently large temporal and spatial scales to capture the variation in vegetation structure, bird density, or nesting success. To date, no large-scale study on grassland birds has been conducted to investigate whether grassland bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changes in vegetation structure. However, reliable management recommendations require investigations into the distribution and nesting success of grassland birds over larger temporal and spatial scales. In addition, studies need to examine whether bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changing environmental conditions. We investigated the effect of vegetation ...
Activation of replication origins within yeast chromosomes.

PHYSICAL TESTS FOR REPLICATION ORIGINS 378 Mapping Origins by Nascent Strand Size 378 Mapping Origins by Branch Topology 380 Determining the Direction of Replication Fork Movement by in situ Cleavage 38 1 Comparison of Mapping Procedures 383
Cardio-respiratory ontogeny during chronic carbon monoxide exposure in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis.

The present study investigates the ontogeny of cardio-respiratory physiology in Xenopus laevis where O2 transport is obstructed. Animals were raised from eggs (NF stage 1) to metamorphic climax (NF stage 63), while maintained either in air or in chronic 2 kPa CO, which functionally ablates O2 transport by hemoglobin (Hb). Whole-animal rate of oxygen consumption (.MO2), whole-body lactate concentration, individual mass, heart rate (fh) and stroke volume (Vs) were measured. Additionally, cardiac output (.Q) and the ratio of the rate of oxygen consumption to the total rate at which oxygen is transported in the blood (.MO2/.QO2) were calculated to determine limitations imparted when O2 transport is impaired. Our data on early development suggest that the onset of convective blood flow occurs prior to the absolute need for convection to supplement diffusive transport. Values for .MO2, whole-body lactate concentration, mass and fh did not differ significantly between controls and CO-exposed animals. However, CO-exposed animals showed a significant (P
Is Motor Simulation Involved During Foreign Language Learning? A Virtual Reality Experiment:

This article presents a study performed to investigate the role of simulation in second language learning while using a virtual environment. Participants were asked to explore a virtual park while learning 15 new Czech verbs (action verbs that describe movements performed with either the hand or the foot, and abstract verbs). This learning condition was compared with a baseline condition, where movements (either virtual or real) were not allowed. The goal was to investigate whether the virtual action (performed with the feet) would promote or interfere with the learning of verbs describing actions that were performed with the same or a different effector. The number of verbs correctly remembered in a free recall task was computed, along with reaction times and number of errors during a recognition task. Results show that the simulation per se has no effect in verbal learning, but the features of the virtual experience mediate it.
Unifying Router Power Gating with Data Placement for Energy-Efficient NoC

Network-on-Chip (NoC) is a critical hardware supporting on-chip data movement in multicore and many-core processors. Data movement is predicted to become a major power-consuming operation compared to computation as the technology scales. This paper shows that unifying router power gating with data placement significantly reduces dynamic and static power needed for moving data in NoC for memory hierarchy. Region-based data placement enables to localize private data traffic and to concentrate shared data traffic in one region of NoC, which shapes traffic in a well-behaved way and increases power gating opportunities. In this regard, a dimensionally power-gated router with a region-based routing algorithm is proposed to reduce router static power and performance/energy overheads in power gating. Full-system evaluation using SPEComp benchmarks shows that the dynamic power gating management achieves NoC power savings by 46% and the static power gating management improves energy-efficiency by 20%.