cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a determinant of breast cancer metastasis

4664 Chemokine receptors are expressed by normal cells to enable migration in response to chemotactic gradients. Several chemokine receptors have now been identified on malignant cells and are implicated as determinants of tumor growth and metastasis. We have examined the expression and function of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in metastatic breast cancer. We previously reported that malignant breast tumor cells express CXCR3 and that pharmacologic antagonism of CXCR3 inhibits experimental metastasis (Cancer Res. 66:7701, 2006). In the current study, we expressed an shRNA that targets CXCR3 in metastatic murine mammary tumor cells and show that, like pharmacologic antagonism, genetic inhibition of CXCR3 inhibits metastasis compared to vector-shRNA expressing cells. We have compared the expression and function of CXCR3 on normal versus malignant mammary epithelial cells. Each murine mammary cell type expresses surface CXCR3 although normal cells express significantly less CXCR3 than malignant cells. Likewise, normal human mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A expresses less CXCR3 than any malignant breast cell line examined. We also assessed the function of CXCR3 in migration assays in vitro . We observe that migration of normal epithelial cells in response to CXCR3 ligands requires much higher concentrations of ligand to induce significant migration. We are currently evaluating CXCR3 expression in a large series of breast tumors from women for whom longterm follow up information is available. Immunohistochemical examination of CXCR3 reveals a range of staining intensities with the majority of normal ducts expressing little or no CXCR3, whereas malignant epithelium is more highly positive. The relationship to clinical parameters is under examination. These studies confirm that inhibition of CXCR3 by either genetic or pharmacologic approaches reduces metastatic potential. These results identify CXCR3 as a determinant of tumor metastasis and as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Inhibition of cartilage degradation and suppression of PGE2 and MMPs expression by pomegranate fruit extract in a model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

Abstract Objective Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation in the affected joints. Pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) inhibits cartilage degradation in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether oral consumption of PFE inhibits disease progression in rabbits with surgically induced OA. Methods OA was surgically induced in the tibiofemoral joints of adult New Zealand White rabbits. In one group, animals were fed PFE in water for 8 wk postsurgery. In the second group, animals were fed PFE for 2 wk before surgery and for 8 wk postsurgery. Histologic assessment and scoring of the cartilage was per Osteoarthritis Research Society International guidelines. Gene expression and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activity were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and fluorometric assay, respectively. Interleukin (IL)-1 β, MMP-13, IL-6, prostaglandin (PG)E2, and type II collagen (COL2A1) levels in synovial fluid/plasma/culture media were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of active caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase p85 was determined by immunohistochemistry. Effect of PFE and inhibitors of MMP-13, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was studied in IL-1 β-stimulated rabbit articular chondrocytes. Results Safranin-O-staining and chondrocyte cluster formation was significantly reduced in the anterior cruciate ligament transaction plus PFE fed groups. Expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 mRNA was higher in the cartilage of rabbits given water alone but was significantly lower in the animals fed PFE. PFE-fed rabbits had lower IL-6, MMP-13, and PGE2 levels in the synovial fluid and plasma, respectively, and showed higher expression of aggrecan and COL2A1 mRNA. Significantly higher numbers of chondrocytes were positive for markers of apoptosis in the joints of rabbits with OA given water only compared with those in the PFE-fed groups. PFE pretreatment significantly reduced IL-1 β induced IL-6 and MMPs expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes. These effects were also mimicked using MMP-13, MAPK, and NF-κB inhibitors in IL-1 β-stimulated rabbit chondrocytes. In an in vitro activity assay, PFE blocked the activity of MMP-13. Like MAPK and NF-κB inhibitors, PFE was also effective in inhibiting IL-1 β-induced PGE2 production in rabbit chondrocytes. PFE also reversed the inhibitory effect of IL-1β on COL2A1 mRNA and protein expression in IL-1 β-stimulated rabbit chondrocytes. Conclusion The present data highlight the chondroprotective effects of PFE oral consumption in a model of posttraumatic OA and suggest that PFE-derived compounds may have potential value in the management of OA.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Molecular Markers in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid nodules are extremely common, which is accompanied with a rapidly rising incidence of diagnosed thyroid cancer in recent years. The main challenges currently encountered in the clinical management of thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer are the often indeterminate cytology on thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy in the former case, which creates problematic diagnostic dilemmas, and the often prognostic uncertainty in the latter case, which causes much controversy in managing the risk-harm balance of treatment of thyroid cancer. Molecular markers have emerged to be highly promising in tackling these challenges. Considerable progress has occurred in recent years in the identification and development of diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer. Many such markers have been investigated and several of them are proven to be clinically useful and are increasingly used as adjunct diagnostic molecular tests with thyroid biopsy. The most prominent examples include the gene expression classifier, genetic panel of BRAF mutation, RAS mutations, RET-PTC and PAX8-PPARγ, and the protein marker galectin-3. The best characterized prognostic molecular maker is BRAF V600E mutation, which has been proven to be useful in assisting the risk stratification of PTC; this will now be further enhanced by the recently discovered TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer. Several other molecular markers, such as the peripheral blood-based DNA methylation markers and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor mRNA, also hold promises as diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for thyroid cancer. It is expected that further optimization and appropriate selection and application of the current and new molecular markers will significantly improve the management of thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer in various clinical settings.
Die Sinai-Halbinsel

Die nach dem Berg der alttestamentarischen Gesetzesverkundung an Moses genannte Sinai-Halbinsel hat eine geringere Flache als Bayern, stellte aber mit ihrer unwirtlichen Sandwuste el-Tih im Norden und der schroffen Bergwelt im Suden bis in die Moderne einen Flaschenhals im Austausch zwischen dem nordostafrikanischen Nildelta und dem westasiatischen Palastina dar. Erst seit dem Bau des Suez-Kanals wird dieser gemeinhin als Scharnier der beiden Kontinente betrachtet. Weder der heutige Hauptort al-Arisch an der Mittelmeerkuste noch die Touristenorte am Westufer des Golfs von Aqaba von Sharm El-Sheikh an der Sudspitze der Halbinsel bis hinauf zum israelischen Eilat spielten bis vor wenigen Jahrzehnten eine Rolle. Stattdessen dominierten noch im 19. Jahrhundert die Beduinenweidewirtschaft und die viel begangene Pilgerroute von Kairo nach Mekka, die den Sinai von Suez nach Aqaba querte.
A Note on Adding Viscoelasticity to Earthquake Simulators

Abstract Here, I describe how time‐dependent quasi‐static stress transfer can be implemented in an earthquake simulator code that is used to generate long synthetic seismicity catalogs. Most existing seismicity simulators use precomputed static stress interaction coefficients to rapidly implement static stress transfer in fault networks with typically tens of thousands of fault patches. The extension to quasi‐static deformation, which accounts for viscoelasticity of Earth’s ductile lower crust and mantle, involves the precomputation of additional interaction coefficients that represent time‐dependent stress transfer among the model fault patches, combined with defining and evolving additional state variables that track this stress transfer. The new approach is illustrated with application to a California‐wide synthetic fault network.
Verbal memory functioning moderates psychotherapy treatment response for PTSD-Related nightmares

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cognitive deficits in attention, executive control, and memory, although few studies have investigated the relevance of cognitive difficulties for treatment outcomes. We examined whether cognitive functioning and history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) were associated with response to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD-related sleep problems. In a randomized controlled trial of Imagery Rehearsal (IR) added to components of CBT for Insomnia (IR + cCBT-I) compared to cCBT-I alone for PTSD-related recurrent nightmares, 94 U.S. veterans completed a battery of cognitive tests. TBI was assessed via structured clinical interview. Mixed-effects models examined main effects of cognitive functioning and interactions with time on primary sleep and nightmare outcomes. Significant verbal immediate memory by time interactions were found for nightmare distress, nightmare frequency, and sleep quality, even after controlling for overall cognitive performance and depression. TBI exhibited main effects on outcomes but no interactions with time. Findings indicated that individuals with lower verbal memory performance were less likely to respond to treatment across two sleep interventions. Veterans with TBI displayed greater symptoms but no altered trajectories of treatment response. Together with prior literature, findings suggest that verbal memory functioning may be important to consider in PTSD treatment implementation.
Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm Concomitant with a Complicated Endocrine History: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare, and metastases when present are most commonly found in the liver or the peripancreatic lymph nodes. In this study, we present a patient who developed a metastatic PNET in the liver in the setting of multiple concomitant autoimmune disorders, including pernicious anemia and atrophic gastritis with hypergastrinemia. Case presentation: The patient is a 70-year-old woman with a history of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thymoma, gastric carcinoid tumors, and autoimmune atrophic gastritis with pernicious anemia. She was found to have a 2 cm mass in the pancreaticoduodenal groove originating from the pancreas. A preoperative endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration showed a well-differentiated PNET. During surgery, she was found to have multiple subcentimeter liver lesions, which on frozen section were shown to be a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. After surgical resection, final pathology revealed a PNET with metastases to the liver. The...
Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall Assemblies

This paper gives the results of an investigation of one-story and two-story reinforced concrete shear wall assemblies. Tests were made on four one-story models with parallel shear walls connected by a reinforced concrete diaphragm. Loads were applied to the diaphragm, and three separate diaphragm tests were then made. Following these tests, two one-story specimens with face walls were tested. Finally, two two-story models were tested. Theoretical studies were made for all tests and practical design approximations are suggested.
Converging Mechanisms of p53 Activation Drive Motor Neuron Degeneration in Spinal Muscular Atrophy

Summary The hallmark of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an inherited disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the SMN protein, is the selective degeneration of subsets of spinal motor neurons. Here, we show that cell-autonomous activation of p53 occurs in vulnerable but not resistant motor neurons of SMA mice at pre-symptomatic stages. Moreover, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of p53 prevents motor neuron death, demonstrating that induction of p53 signaling drives neurodegeneration. At late disease stages, however, nuclear accumulation of p53 extends to resistant motor neurons and spinal interneurons but is not associated with cell death. Importantly, we identify phosphorylation of serine 18 as a specific post-translational modification of p53 that exclusively marks vulnerable SMA motor neurons and provide evidence that amino-terminal phosphorylation of p53 is required for the neurodegenerative process. Our findings indicate that distinct events induced by SMN deficiency converge on p53 to trigger selective death of vulnerable SMA motor neurons.
"Congo" red: out of Africa?

Context Congo red is the essential histologic stain for demonstrating the presence of amyloidosis in fixed tissues. To the best of my knowledge, nothing has been written about why the stain is named "Congo." Objective To understand the etymology and history of the Congo red histologic stain. Design Primary sources were consulted extensively, including 19th-century corporate documents, newspapers, legal briefs, patents, memoirs, and scientific papers. Setting Sources were obtained from multiple university libraries and German corporate archives. Results To Europeans in 1885, the word Congo evoked exotic images of far-off central Africa known as The Dark Continent. The African Congo was also a political flashpoint during the Age of Colonialism. "Congo" red was introduced in Berlin in 1885 as the first of the economically lucrative direct textile dyes. A patent on Congo red was filed by the AGFA Corporation of Berlin 3 weeks after the conclusion of the well-publicized Berlin West Africa Conference. During these important diplomatic talks, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck presided over a discussion of free trade issues in the Congo River basin. A challenge to AGFA's Congo red patent led to a precedent-setting decision in intellectual property law. Conclusions The Congo red stain was named "Congo" for marketing purposes by a German textile dyestuff company in 1885, reflecting geopolitical current events of that time.
Perceptions of the Function of Rights

An understanding of the Miranda warning statements per se is not enough to prepare a suspect to make a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary decision to waive or assert his or her rights. The Miranda warnings are merely notifications of those rights. They inform a suspect that certain optional choices are available, but they do not explain how the rights work in the context of police and court procedure. To know that one has choices is of limited value if one does not also have an understanding of the significance and function of those choices within the legal system.
Pigtail drain tubes: a guide for nurses.

Pigtail drain tubes are widely used in Australian hospitals to facilitate the drainage of body fluids such as urine, blood and bile. Nurses working in surgical wards should be aware of the design, purpose, care and removal of pigtail drains to reduce the risks of haemorrhage and infection associated with these drains. (non-author abstract)
Microstructures and leachability of vitrified radioactive wastes

Metal oxide precipitates (primarily iron oxide compounds) will form in the glass matrix of some compositions of vitrified nuclear waste, during cooling of the melt, whenever solubility limits are exceeded. These precipitates, containing part of the cesium and strontium radionuclides from the waste, are more resistant to leaching by water than the as-cast glass matrix. Some of the glass matrix compositions devitrify during heating for 1 month at 600/sup 0/C with the formation of equal amounts of NaAlSiO/sub 4/ (nepheline or carnegieite) and (Ca, Mn) (Mg, Fe, Mn) Si/sub 2/O/sub 6/, plus a small amount of Ca/sub 4/Fe/sub 14/O/sub 25/. The leachability of devitrified glass can be up to 100 times greater than the leachability of as-cast glass. The appearance and structure of the metal oxide precipitates are unaffected by the temperature conditions that caused devitrification of the glass matrix. The metal oxide precipitate particles are less leachable in water than any of the phases in the devitrified matrix.
Sexual selection and the evolution of animal signals

Sexual selection is natural selection due to variation in mating success. Sexual selection acting through female choice of mates has been extremely important in shaping the evolution of animal communication. Females of many species show preferences based on male signal characteristics such as the rate or complexity of vocal signals or the wavelength of visual signals. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the evolution of such preferences, including ones in which preferences benefit females directly, by enhancing their survival or reproduction, and ones in which preferences benefit females indirectly, through the increased fitness of their offspring.
Terahertz RF Front-End Employing Even-Order Subharmonic MOS Symmetric Varactor Mixers in 65-NM CMOS for Hydration Measurements at 560 GHz

A 560-GHz RF front-end employing MOS symmetric varactor (SVAR) subharmonic mixers achieves a minimum SSB noise figure (NF) of 35 dB in the 4th order subharmonic mixing (SHM) mode which is 5–7 dB lower than that of SiGe HBT mixers. The front-end fabricated in 65-nm CMOS also achieves 45-dB SSB NF for 6th order SHM at RF=810 GHz and 60-dB SSB NF for 10th order SHM at RF=1.2 THz. Use of SVAR's in a mixer is the first and the 1.2-THz RF is the highest among the silicon coherent RF front-ends.
The lowdown on low-dose naltrexone

Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has become a hot topic in many fields of medicine, including dermatology. It has gained popularity as an alternative, off-label treatment that works by targeting inflammation. Patients may ask you about LDN as a treatment option for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions, specifically in comparison to more traditional systemic treatments. It is important for dermatologists to know what LDN is, how it works, how to prescribe it, and what side effects should be monitored.
Co-registration of dual-channel fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution optical coherence tomography

A multi-modal system with dual-channel fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution optical coherence tomography was developed to enable the co-registration of structural and functional information. The system’s performance was demonstrated with microscopic beads sandwiched between multi-layer tapes.
6 – Gasification fundamentals

This chapter presents fundamentals of gasification, with a focus on solid fuel gasification, although there are some industrial applications of liquid and gaseous fuel gasification. Fundamental concepts, mechanisms, and rate laws pertaining to gasification of solid fuels are presented. Fuel characterization techniques and classification of fuels based on elemental composition ratios are described. Models of moisture evaporation, devolatilization, and heterogeneous char oxidation and gasification are reviewed, along with some commonly used rate expressions and particle energy balances. The occurrence of mineral matter in coals is reviewed, along with a description of common types of ash transformations (especially important in high-temperature applications). A few examples of syngas compositions are given, along with a short discussion of the tradeoffs between air-blown and oxygen-blown gasifiers.
A One-Pass Private Sketch for Most Machine Learning Tasks

Differential privacy (DP) is a compelling privacy definition that explains the privacy-utility tradeoff via formal, provable guarantees. Inspired by recent progress toward general-purpose data release algorithms, we propose a private sketch, or small summary of the dataset, that supports a multitude of machine learning tasks including regression, classification, density estimation, near-neighbor search, and more. Our sketch consists of randomized contingency tables that are indexed with locality-sensitive hashing and constructed with an efficient one-pass algorithm. We prove competitive error bounds for DP kernel density estimation. Existing methods for DP kernel density estimation scale poorly, often exponentially slower with an increase in dimensions. In contrast, our sketch can quickly run on large, high-dimensional datasets in a single pass. Exhaustive experiments show that our generic sketch delivers a similar privacy-utility tradeoff when compared to existing DP methods at a fraction of the computation cost. We expect that our sketch will enable differential privacy in distributed, large-scale machine learning settings.
Preparing Teachers to Teach the Language of History

The preparation of history teachers has not traditionally included a focus on teaching the language of history. However, in order to think like historians, students in middle and high school history classrooms must learn to read and write like historians. This article describes how two preservice history teachers identified and taught language in fieldwork placements. Their experiences illustrate the challenges that history teachers face in incorporating meaningful language instruction. The findings suggest that training preservice and in-service teachers to identify and teach the language of history would be necessary to ensure that language instruction is implemented in history classrooms.
Soil Organic Matter, Anaerobic Respiration, and Oxidation—Reduction

Oxidation—reduction reactions are important in pond aquaculture because many biological processes that affect soil condition, water quality, and aquatic animal production are biologically mediated oxidations and reductions. Photosynthesis is a well-known reduction reaction; inorganic carbon in carbon dioxide is reduced to organic carbon in carbohydrate with the capture of energy. Aerobic respiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbon in organic matter is oxidized to carbon dioxide with the release of energy. Respiration by microorganisms decomposing organic matter in pond soil consumes oxygen faster than it can penetrate the soil mass, and only the surface layer is aerobic. Pond soil is vertically stratified according to electron acceptors used by microbes in respiration. Below the thin, aerobic surface layer where oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in respiration are successive layers where nitrate, iron and manganese, sulfate, and carbon dioxide, respectively, are used as electron acceptors or oxidants in respiration. Fermentation also occurs in anaerobic soil.
Particulate generation with different oxygen delivery devices.

Abstract Background The Coronavirus pandemic has a high mortality rate in patients that are mechanically ventilated, which has led to an ever increasing interest in noninvasive forms of oxygenation. The use of these devices has the theoretical risk of increased exposure risk because of possible particulate generation. This study aimed to quantify the particulate generation associated with different oxygen devices. Methods This was a prospective single center study conducted during September 2020 using ten healthy adult volunteers. Testing was conducted in a negative pressure hospital room using a light scattering particle counter. The oxygen devices used were a nasal cannula, an OxyMask™, a non-rebreathing mask, and a high flow system. Particle measurements were obtained at baseline in the room and then with each oxygen delivery device and pre-specified oxygen flow rates. These measurements were obtained different distances from the volunteer with their mouth open. A Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis test was performed on each separate oxygen modality with all flow rates as one model. Results The particle concentrations were slightly non-significantly increased with the OxyMask™ and non-rebreathing mask at the closest distance measured. As the distance increased, these counts decreased closer to ambient levels. The nasal cannula and high flow nasal cannula particle counts were not significantly different from ambient measurements at either distance. Conclusion Nasal cannula, OxyMask™, non-rebreathing mask, and high flow oxygen did not generate any additional aerosols or droplets above a baseline room measurement, but further studies are necessary to determine infectious risk.
The Clear Expectation of Cultural Betterment in the Face of Rising Living Standards

Rising Real Gross Domestic Product Per Capita data indicates rises in living standards. Nonetheless, cultural pessimism is the received view. This paper makes a series of arguments that we should expect our cultural products (e.g. art or cuisine) to be on an upwards trajectory, just as RGDP per capita is. To do so, I expand on Bill James’s “Peripheral Quality Indicia” in order to argue that analogous indicators for our cultural products strongly suggest that they have improved. I also claim that RGDP per capita is itself a peripheral quality indicium for essentially any good in the economy. I then sketch the conditions under which cultural products are actually lower in quality today than they were in previous periods to demonstrate their general unlikelihood.
Side Effects of Opioid Analgesic Therapy

Pain management in the intensive care unit (ICU) can be challenging for physicians. Opioids are nearly ubiquitous in their use for analgesia given their effectiveness, versatility, physician familiarity, and, oftentimes, the lack of an equally efficacious alternative. They are often also used for sedation. In the ICU, where survivors of critical illness cite pain as being one of the most significant causes of stress, the role of opioids is an especially important one (Fraser and Gagnon , CCSAP 2016 Book 3: Pain and Sedation/Support. ACCP, Kansas, 2016; Martyn et al. New Engl J Med. 380:365–378, 2019). Though a key tool instrument to alleviate suffering, opioids are certainly not without significant consequences and their many receptor targets involve nearly every physiologic system. The adage that every drug is also a poison is never truer; a fact that is made clearest by the 400,000 Americans who have died from opioid use since the turn of the century (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the Epidemic [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 [updated 2018, cited 2019 November] Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html).
Remote Patient Monitoring Process Improvement

Background: Overnight oximetry studies along with pulmonary function tests are used to determine the need for nocturnal noninvasive ventilation needs for the ALS patient population. As an ALS research center, many patients travel great distances to attend our ALS clinic. Overnight oximetry studies are usually performed the night before the quarterly ALS visit. During the COVID-19 pandemic many visits were performed virtually. This led our team to explore alternatives to our traditional testing methods. We needed to be able to provide overnight oximetry tests remotely. We found local DME companies to be inconsistent with services provided. Methods: A multidisciplinary team reviewed our institutional overnight oximetry study process for our ALS patient population. Currently, many of our ALS patients are performing overnight oximetry studies the night before their scheduled quarterly ALS clinic appointment. Patients pick up the overnight oximeter, perform the overnight test, and then drop off the oximeter prior to their appointment. During the COVID-19 pandemic many visits were done virtually, leaving us many times with no overnight oximetry study. We sought to investigate ways to improve this process. We developed a process whereby portable overnight oximeters are mailed to ALS patients (one week) prior to their scheduled quarterly multidisciplinary appointment. If patients were scheduled for a virtual visit, a Fed-Ex return label was included. If they were scheduled for a face-to-face visit, the oximeters were downloaded during their appointment. A six question Likert type survey was developed as tool to measure things like patient satisfaction, test process, quality of sleep, and patient convenience. Patients filled out surveys of the overnight oximetry process pre and post implementation. Results: Results show improved sleep and increased patient satisfaction. 82% of patients also rated the process as easy and 93% preferred to have the oximeter mailed to them rather than having to pick it up at our clinic. Conclusions: As ALS progresses, making tests like overnight oximetry studies more convenient for those with ALS increases patient satisfaction. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, virtual visits are becoming more popular. Remote patient testing and monitoring is a must.
Графические серии Николая Каразина к Амударьинской и Самарской экспедициям 1874 и 1879 годов

The article examines the drawings and watercolors by the artist Nikolay Nikolayevich Karazin (1842—1908), based on the materials of the Amu Darya and Samara expeditions of 1874 and 1879. The paper aims at reviewing the graphic series “Amu Darya Scientific Expedition”, published in the magazine “Niva” in 1874—1875, and a series of watercolor portraits made during the Samara expedition, in comparison with the pencil portraits by Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1842—1904) in the album of photographs “Russian Turkestan”, published in 1874. This collection of artworks has not previously been the subject of a special art history study. Their examination introduces into the field of specialists’ view a significant stage of Nikolay Karazin’s creative path. The relevance of the article, in view of the investigations of recent years, lies in the representation of the image of an artist-traveler, a draftsman during expeditions in the second half of the 19th century. The study of the first series is based on the nature and national types of the Amu Darya delta. The analysis of individual examples of journal graphics is accompanied by a description of some of the author’s simultaneous graphic originals, as well as works of other artists interested in Central Asian ethnography. The article uses a comparative methodological principle, with the analysis of fragments of N.N. Karazin’s literary works — travel essays with a pronounced ethnographic component. The artist’s series of watercolors based on the Samara expedition also presents several images of the ethnotypes of Russian Turkestan, a region of Central Asia in its western part. As a result, there are identified the similarities and differences in the artistic methods and manners, as well as the conditions of creative work, of the two artists — Nikolay Karazin and Vasily Vereshchagin. The analysis is carried out using a comparative method and a socio-historical background. The Amu Darya and Samara graphic cycles represent N.N. Karazin as a mature creator who intuitively used the means of the approaching new time and modern style. At the same time, he did not leave the boundaries of the literary and artistic genre “voyage pittoresque”, overall successfully combining realistic tendencies with the vision of a romantic.
Networking Big Data: Definition, Key Technologies and Challenging Issues of Transmission

The big data has been touted as the new oil, which is expected to transform our society. Specially, the data source from the networking domain (networking big data) has higher volume, velocity, and variety compared with others. Thus in this article, we make a short survey on existing works investigating key technologies of networking big data, and propose challenging issues of transmission that is the most important stage for networking big data.
Atmospheric structure and variability in areas of convective storms determined from 3-h rawinsonde data

The structure and variability of the atmosphere in areas of radar-observed convection were established by using 3-h rawinsonde and surface data from NASA's second Atmospheric Variability Experiment. Convective activity was shown to exist in areas where the low and middle troposphere is moist and the air is potentially and convectively unstable and has upward motion, in combination with positive moisture advection, at either the surface or within the boundary layer. The large variability of the parameters associated with convective storms over time intervals less than 12 h was also demonstrated so as to possibly produce a change in the probability of convective activity by a factor of 8 or more in 3 h. Between 30 and 60 percent of the total changes in parameters associated with convective activity over a 12-h period were shown to take place during a 3-h period. These large changes in parameters are related to subsynoptic-scale systems that often produce convective storms.
Monitoring Krypton-85 During Three Mile Island Unit 2 Purging

The Penn State noble gas monitor played an important role in measuring environmental levels of /sup 85/Kr during the purging of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 primary containment. It filled a gap in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency monitoring program, which existed between their real time monitors and their cryogenic gas chromatographic separation technique. During the 15-day purging period, the system analyzed a total of 124 samples, of which 37 were quantified to contain /sup 85/Kr in concentrations ranging from 3 X 10/sup 4/ to 1.5 X 10/sup 6/ pCi/m/sup 3/. The maximum whole body beta dose rate was found to be 0.28 mrem/h.
3-bit dictator testing: 1 vs. 5/8

In the conclusion of his monumental paper on optimal inapproximability results, Hastad [13] suggested that Fourier analysis of Dictator (Long Code) Tests may not be universally applicable in the study of CSPs. His main open question was to determine if the technique could resolve the approximability of satisfiable 3-bit constraint satisfaction problems. In particular, he asked if the "Not Two" (NTW) predicate is non-approximable beyond the random assignment threshold of 5/8 on satisfiable instances. Around the same time, Zwick [30] showed that all satisfiable 3-CSPs are 5/8-approximable and conjectured that the 5/8 is optimal.In this work we show that Fourier analysis techniques can produce a Dictator Test based on NTW with completeness 1 and soundness 5/8. Our test's analysis uses the Bonami-Gross-Beckner hypercontractive inequality. We also show a soundness lower bound of 5/8 for all 3-query Dictator Tests with perfect completeness. This lower bound for Property Testing is proved in part via a semidefinite programming algorithm of Zwick [30].Our work precisely determines the 3-query "Dictatorship Testing gap". Although this represents progress on Zwick's conjecture, current PCP "outer verifier" technology is insufficient to convert our Dictator Test into an NP-hardness-of-approximation result.
The Formation of Common-Envelope, Pre-Main-Sequence Binary Stars

Recent observational investigations of the frequency of occurrence of premain-sequence binary stars have reinforced earlier suspicions that “binary formation is the primary branch of the star-formation process” (Mathieu 1994). As Bodenheimer et al. (1993) have reviewed, a number of different theories have been proposed to explain the preponderance of binary stars. Klein et al. (1998) show how the direct fragmentation of protostellar gas clouds may occur in early phases of collapse (at cloud densities n ∼ 103 -1010cm−3). But at higher densities, clouds are unable to cool efficiently upon contraction. Consequently, direct fragmentation becomes problematical. Because higher mean densities are associated with systems having shorter dynamical times, one is led to consider mechanisms other than direct cloud fragmentation for forming binary systems with orbital periods less than a few hundred years. Here we investigate whether such binaries can form by spontaneous fission of rapidly rotating protostars.
Radon transforms and finite type conditions

The purpose of this paper is to study averaging operators of Radon transform type. We shall formulate suitable finite type conditions and prove LP-Sobolev and LPLq estimates. The results will be essentially sharp for operators associated with families of curves in the plane. Let XC and T be smooth manifolds, dimX3 = nL, dim2 = nR, and let M be a submanifold in XC x T with conormal bundle N*M; we denote by t the codimension of M. We shall always assume that the projections lry M -* X and 7rT M 42 are surjective with rank DirX = nL, rank Dr9 = nR. This in particular implies that N*M C T*X\O x T* \O where 0 refers to the zero sections in T*X and T*2, respectively. This is the usual assumption for the canonical relation associated with Lagrangian distributions arising as kernels of Fourier integral operators. The assumptions on Dirx, D7rT imply that for fixed x E X, y E 2 the sets AMX = {y E T; (X, y) E MI, M = x{yE2X;(x,y) EM}I
Teton Russet: An Early-Maturing, Dual-Purpose Potato Cultivar Having Higher Protein and Vitamin C Content, Low Asparagine, and Resistances to Common Scab and Fusarium Dry Rot

Teton Russet is an early-maturing, medium-russeted, potato cultivar with high merit for both fresh-pack and processing. In early harvest trials in the Pacific Northwest, Teton Russet had total yields similar to Russet Norkotah, and higher than Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank. Marketable yield of Teton Russet in the early harvest trials was also comparable to or higher than Russet Norkotah in Washington and Oregon, and higher than Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank at these sites, as well as in Idaho. In full-season trials, while total yield of the earlier-maturing Teton Russet tended to be lower than Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank, marketable yield was generally higher than Russet Burbank across the majority of sites due to its higher percentage of U.S. No. 1 tubers. Teton Russet is suitable for processing, with acceptable fry color following up to 8 months of storage at 8.9 °C. Uniformity of fry color was also very consistent. Teton Russet has shown lower levels of the amino acid asparagine relative to Ranger Russet and Russet Burbank which may contribute to lower acrylamide levels in French fries and other processed potato products. Teton Russet is notable for having resistance to common scab (Streptomyces spp.) and Fusarium dry rot, and is moderately resistant to tuber net necrosis. Analyses have also shown Teton Russet to have significantly higher protein levels than Russet Norkotah, Ranger Russet, and Russet Burbank, as well as higher vitamin C content than Russet Norkotah and Russet Burbank. Teton Russet was released in 2011 by the USDA-ARS and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, and is a product of the Pacific Northwest Potato Variety (Tri-State) Development Program.
Dielectric Constant Anomaly of CO near its Liquid-Vapor Critical Point

The first observation of the predicted anomaly in the static dielectric constant of a pure fluid near its critical point is reported. This anomaly, not observed to date in nonpolar fluids, is now seen in CO, a polar fluid. The anomalous increase in the dielectric constant, $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$, reaches 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for fluid with density very close to the critical value. The functional form of the anomaly is consistent with current theoretical predictions.
Changes in the Structure of Global Food Demand

May 1998 Purdue AGEC Staff Paper #98-5 A newly developed demand system is used to estimate the response of food and food product demand to per capita expenditure changes. The resulting Engel elasticities are then used to project food and food product demand in 2020 assuming per capita expenditure and population changes. Results suggest that while food expenditure is projected to grow, it accounts for a smaller proportion of total expenditure. Further analysis indicates change in the composition of food demand away from a grain and towards livestock is projected to occur in lower income countries in 2020.
Discovery of Wild-Type and Y181C Mutant Non-nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Using Virtual Screening with Multiple Protein Structures

To discover non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs) that are effective against both wild-type (WT) virus and variants that encode the clinically troublesome Tyr181Cys (Y181C) RT mutation, virtual screening by docking was carried out using three RT structures and more than 2 million commercially available compounds. Two of the structures are for WT-virus with different conformations of Tyr181, while the third structure incorporates the Y181C modification. Eventually nine compounds were purchased and assayed. Three of the compounds show low-micromolar antiviral activity toward either or both the wild-type and Y181C HIV-1 strains. The study illustrates a viable protocol to seek anti-HIV agents with enhanced resistance profiles.
Race, Rationality, and Melodrama: Aesthetic Response and the Case of Oscar Micheaux

Until recently, types of black human beings were not created in film; black people were stereotypesmammies, shiftless servants, loyal retainers, entertainers. We were not given, and were not in a position to be given, individualities that projected particular ways of inhabiting a social role; we recognized only the role. Occasionally the humanity behind the role would manifest itself; and the result was a revelation not of a human individuality, but of an entire realm of humanity becoming visible. Stanley Cavelll
Nucleoside uptake by rat retina cells.

Abstract Adenosine and guanosine uptake have been studied in the rat retina. Both nucleosides are taken up in a time- and temperature-dependent manner by dispersed rat retinal cells. The uptake of both nucleosides is Na + -dependent and Ca ++ -independent. Initial rate studies of guanosine and adenosine uptake demonstrate a single uptake process for each nucleoside with K D values of 2.1 and 2.9 uM, and maximal rates of 24 and 17 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Guanosine uptake was inhibited by adenosine with a K I of 12.1 uM whereas guanosine inhibited adenosine uptake with a K I value greater than 10 −3 M. LN 6 -phenylisopropyladenosine, a nucleoside analog, was the most potent inhibitor of adenosine and guanosine uptake with K I values of 25 and 8 uM, respectively. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (isobutylmethylxanthine and theophylline) and biogenic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine) had no significant effect on the uptake of guanosine or adenosine at concentrations up to 100 uM.
Laminar compressible flow in a tube

A two-dimensional solution for the velocity and pressure distributions in steady, laminar, isothermal flow of an ideal gas in a long tube is obtained as a double perturbation expension in β, the radius to length ratio, and e, the relative pressure drop. It is found that simple approximations estimate the exact flow rate-pressure drop relationship accurately.
Real Time Monitoring for the Most Vulnerable: Yemen Social Protection Monitoring Survey 2011–2012

Yemen has confronted multiple emergencies prompted, in part, by a protracted political crisis but the impacts of these emergencies on household wellbeing were not well understood. This UNICEF monitoring project sought to fill the information gap by providing panel data, taken at biweekly intervals, from beneficiaries of the government of Yemen's Social Welfare Fund (SWF). With the use of iPads from the second phase of the pilot, data collectors entered household responses directly into data files, which were then uploaded into a common dataset. The analytic report, along with several tables of key indicators was distributed to a list of approximately 100 recipients via email. Despite interesting results with important humanitarian implications, use of the monitoring results has been inconsistent. Opportunities to respond pre‐emptively to emerging problems have been missed. As the project scales up, an important revision will be to better integrate and strengthen data analysis and programmatic response.
Calibration of methods for determining numbers of dorsal root ganglion cells

Numbers of primary afferent neurons underlie important generalizations concerning the organization of primary sensory systems. A major difficulty, however, is that different investigators do not agree on the neuronal counts. The problem, in our opinion, is that the various methods used to determine these numbers do not provide the same results. Thus to be certain that a method provides accurate counts, calibration is necessary. To do this, true numbers of ganglion cells were determined by serially reconstructing significant parts of four rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion cell populations. Then 6 commonly used methods of counting neurons were used to determine neuron numbers for these same populations. The data indicate that the empirical method, using the modifications recommended in this paper, estimates numbers of neurons with the needed accuracy whereas the other 5 do not. Thus, of the tested counting procedures, the empirical method is recommended. If other methods are to be used, they should also be calibrated.
Con: the FloTrac device should not be used to follow cardiac output in cardiac surgical patients.

HE FLOTRAC/VIGILEO (FTV) (Edwards LifescienceCorp, Irvine, CA) is a pulse contour analysis–based devicethat measures cardiac output (CO) from a standard arterialcatheter. Advantages of this system include the ability to mea-sure CO using an existing arterial catheter and eliminating theneed for system calibration. Disadvantages include the inabilityto provide data regarding right-sided heart pressures, pulmo-nary artery pressures, and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Inaddition, the validity and reproducibility of the data providedby this system have been questioned in the literature.Since being introduced in 1970, pulmonary artery catheter-ization has been considered the gold standard for the measure-ment of CO. The utility, accuracy, and safety of this technologyhave been challenged by several observational and randomizedcontrolled studies.
Problems with six-point vertebral morphometry

In this study we have examined errors in measurements of vertebral heights and vertebral area resulting from spin rotation and projection effects in x-ray images. Measurement errors were evaluated with phantom images, and simulated rotations of a 3D spine model. An active contour model (snake) was used for measurements of vertebral area. The model contained two pressure parameters which were needed to obtain good fits of the snake to upper and lower edges (endplates) of rotated vertebral bodies. Details of the snake model are included in this report. The results of this study indicate that six point vertebral morphometry can result to significant measurement errors, representing an overestimation of vertebral height and area, in cases showing projection effects and concealed endplate contours. In serial studies, such errors could produce the erroneous appearance of `growing' vertebral bodies. One can improve the accuracy of the morphometric analysis by using additional fiducial points placed on corresponding endplate contours. Additional useful information on fracture and vertebral deformity can be obtained by accurately tracking edge contours, using an active contour model, or comparable techniques.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.