cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analysis Applied to Radial Aircraft Tyre Engineering

The application of finite element analysis (FEA) to the design of radial aircraft tyres is shown to be an effective and efficient tool which can be used for conducting tyre and tyre wheel design studies. This paper describes the specific conditions under which FEA is applied by Michelin to the radial aircraft tyre, and presents an example of its application to the analysis of the tyre and wheel rim contact pressures. Model definition, calculated tyre displacement and rim contact pressure distributions are included. Validation of the FEA prediction against experimental results is demonstrated for a main landing gear tyre.
The study of phase angle effects to wafer process window using 193-nm EAPSM in a 300-mm wafer manufacturing environment

As the semiconductor-process technology advances towards the 90nm-node, more and more wafer-fabs start to use 193nm EAPSM (Embedded Attenuated Phase-Shift Mask) technology as the main lithography strategy for the most critical-layers. Because the 193nm EAPSM is a relative new technology in the semiconductor industry, it is important for us to understand the key-mask-specifications in a 193nm EAPSM and their impact to the wafer process windows. In this paper, we studied the effects of phase-angle and transmission to the wafer process window of a 193nm-EAPSM in a 300mm wafer-manufacturing environment. We first fabricated a special multi-phase EAPSM by a combination of extra Quartz-etch and Mosi-removal. We then used a high NA 193nm scanner (ASML-ALTA1100) and high contrast resist to perform the wafer-level printing study. To fully understand the impact of phase-angle and transmission to wafer process windows, we also used AIMS (Aerial-Image Measurement System) and Prolith simulation software to study the lithographic performances of various phase-angle and transmission combinations. By combining the wafer-level resist imaging printing results, AIMS studies and Prolith-2 lithography simulations, we proposed the practical phase-angle and transmission specifications for the 90nm-node wafer process.
SUSANNA AND THE PRE-CHRISTIAN BOOK OF DANIEL: STRUCTURE AND MEANING†

The structure of the pre-Christian book of Daniel as newly edited in Palestine in the first century B.C. is coherent, often symmetrical, and meaningful and was the version used by Jesus and the early Christians. Origen's and Jerome's reordering of the fourteen-chapter book in conformity with the extant Hebrew, however, vitiated that structure. Susanna's account opened the pre-Christian Palestinian version. That account inaugurates the themes of wisdom and judgment and provides the restoration of right order within the community in exile, a restoration essential for what transpires thereafter. Her experience is the first of four holy ordeals placed symmetrically in the first half of the book and framing the book as a whole. Significantly, the two chapters of Daniel most quoted in the Gospels are the ones that open the two halves of the book: Susanna, and the first vision of Daniel. Those two chapters are linked thematically and by diction, including the pair of unique phrases ‘[one grown] ancient of evil days' and ‘Ancient of Days’. Susanna exemplifies the experiences of the saints – suffering and then vindicated – and also, for the writers of the synoptic Gospels – the experiences of Jesus in his passion.
The vacuum ultraviolet spectrum of molecular fluorine

Abstract The absorption spectrum of molecular fluorine has been observed in the vacuum ultraviolet region at wavelengths below 1500 A, at a dispersion of 3.75 A/mm. Spectra have been observed at pressures from 80 to 600 μ and at temperatures both somewhat below 20°C and at approximately 100°C. Previously observed spectra in the vacuum ultraviolet region have been reinterpreted and extended. The spectroscopic determination of the fluorine dissociation energy is discussed. A previously identified progression of bands at 877 A is used to fix a minimum value for the dissociation energy of 33.05 kcal/mole for F2. The implication of this result to other recent studies is discussed. Rydberg series converging to the first ionization potential of F2 have been established and further Rydberg series are discussed. The current data are compared with previous studies in the ultraviolet region and data from photoelectron spectroscopy to reinterpret data on F2+. Insight is provided on the binding energies of the “π” molecular orbitals. Some evidence suggests that the “π” molecular orbitals may be more important than previously anticipated.
A high-energy neutrino signature from supersymmetric relics

Abstract We compute the energy spectrum of high-energy (0.1–10 GeV) neutrinos produced by the annihilation of supersymmetric (SUSY) cold dark matter trapped in the sun. We compare this spectrum to the spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos and find that in the direction of the sun the solar flux of neutrinos can exceed the atmospheric background for neutrino energies E ν ⪆ 1 GeV , and are as much as a factor ∼ 30 above background for energies Eν ∼ few GeV. We discuss these signatures for standard SUSY relics as well as for superstring relics.
Pharmacokinetics and excretion of phenol red in the channel catfish.

1. Disposition of phenol red was examined in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after oral or intravascular (i.v.) dosing at 10mg/kg body weight.2. Phenol red was not detectable in plasma, urine, or bile after oral administration.3. After i.v. dosing, plasma concentrations of phenol red were best described by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with distribution and elimination half-lives of 2–3 and 21min, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was 225 ml/kg and total body clearance (Clb) was 658 ml/h per kg. Plasma protein binding was 19%.4. Biliary excretion was the primary route of elimination of phenol red; in 24 h, 55% of the i.v. dose was excreted in bile compared with 24% in urine. No metabolites were detected in these fluids.5. The use of anaesthesia during dosing had no effect on the quantitative excretion of phenol red by renal or biliary routes.
MERCURY POLLUTION FROM THE PAST MINING OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE AMERICAS

The development of the patio amalgamation process into an industrial scale operation in 1554 stimulated the massive production of silver in the New World but left behind an unprecedented quantity of mercury pollution. The annual loss of mercury in the silver mines of Spanish America averaged 612 tonnes/year (range 292-1085 tonnes/year) between 1580 and 1900. The production and importation of mercury into the United States ranged from 268 to 2820 tonnes/year and averaged - 1360 tonnes/year between 1850 and 1900. Approximately 90% of the mercury consumed in the United States during this period was employed in gold and silver extraction. The cumulative losses of mercury to the environment due to the production of precious metals in the Americas totalled - 257 400 tonnes, with 196 000 tonnes dispersed in South and Central America and 61 380 tonnes in the United States. Approximately 60-65% of the mercury lost is believed to have been released to the atmosphere, suggesting that gold and silver mines were a dominant source of atmospheric mercury pollution. Because of its high volatility, any deposited mercury can readily be re-emitted to the atmosphere. The continuing recycling of this large mass of mercury may partly be responsible for the high fluxes of mercury in many parts of North and South America and the high background levels of mercury in the global environment.
The compressibility of ice to 2.0 kbar

Abstract To understand in situ properties of ice under pressure, we need an accurate model for ice compressibility. Many studies have estimated ice compressibility, but there still remains considerable controversy with respect to the magnitude and temperature dependence of ice compressibility. The specific objectives of this study were to (1) present a new model for estimating the compressibility of ice based on chemical thermodynamic principles, and (2) compare these model results with previous work. A thermodynamic equation that relates equilibrium constants to molal volumes and compressibilities of water and ice was the basic model used to estimate ice compressibilities. All terms in this equation (equilibrium constants, temperature, pressure, molal volumes of ice and water at 1 atm, and water compressibilities) are definable along the pressure ice/water melting curve except for ice compressibility, which we estimated from the equation. Our estimate of ice compressibility demonstrated a significant temperature dependence. In contrast, most other studies, especially those that rely on elastic parameters, only demonstrate a weak temperature dependence. All recent studies show a significantly lower ice compressibility than the classic Bridgman studies. The results of this work are in agreement with most other databases and models and indicate a general consensus on the compressibilities of water and ice up to 1200 bar of pressure. Between 1200 and 2000 bar, there are discrepancies that are unlikely to be resolved without further experimental work that directly estimate the compressibility of ice over a range of temperatures. A comparison of calculated ice core densities from Antarctica, with and without corrections for pressure, demonstrate the utility of this model for understanding in situ ice properties under pressure.
Modes of deformation and weak boundary conditions in wedge indentation

We study strain fields and deformation patterns produced by wedge indentation of metals using high-resolution imaging, image correlation and simulation. A long-standing problem associated with simulation of narrow angle wedge indentation is overcome by introducing a weak form of the symmetry boundary conditions. The simulated deformation fields show good agreement with experiment. Based on strain localization, three distinct modes of deformation largely cover the range of wedge angles. Importantly, narrow angle wedge indentation is characterized by intense strain localization at points close to the free surface and thus offers a possible new tool to probe strain gradient effects.
Impairment of the CD8+ T cell response in lungs following infection with human respiratory syncytial virus is specific to the anatomical site rather than the virus, antigen, or route of infection.

A subset of the virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) isolated from the lungs of mice infected with human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is impaired in the ability to secrete interferon γ (IFNγ), a measure of functionality. It was suggested that the impairment specifically suppressed the host cellular immune response, a finding that could help explain the ability of RSV to re-infect throughout life. To determine whether this effect is dependent on the virus, the route of infection, or the type of infection (respiratory, disseminated, or localized dermal), we compared the CTL responses in mice following intranasal (IN) infection with RSV or influenza virus or IN or intradermal (ID) infection with vaccinia virus expressing an RSV CTL antigen. The impairment was observed in the lungs after IN infection with RSV, influenza or vaccinia virus, and after a localized ID infection with vaccinia virus. In contrast, we observed a much higher percentage of IFNγ secreting CD8+ lymphocytes in the spleens of infected mice in every case. The decreased functionality of CD8+ CTL is specific to the lungs and is not dependent on the specific virus, viral antigen, or route of infection.
Infant carrying behaviour in dolphins: costly parental care in an aquatic environment

1. Infant carrying behaviour occurs across diverse taxa inhabiting arboreal, volant and aquatic environments. For mammals, it is considered to be the most expensive form of parental care after lactation, yet the effect of infant carrying on the energetics and performance of the carrier is virtually unknown. 2. Echelon swimming in cetacean (dolphin and whale) mother-infant dyads, described as calf in very close proximity of its mother's mid-lateral flank, appears to be a form of aquatic 'infant carrying' behaviour as indicated by the hydrodynamic benefits gained by calves in this position which enables them to maintain proximity of their travelling mothers. Although this behaviour provides a solution for minimizing separations of mother-infant dyads, it may be associated with maternal costs. 3. Through kinematic analyses this study demonstrates empirically that 'infant carrying' impacts the locomotion of dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) mothers as evident by decreased swim performance and increased effort. 4. The mean maximum swim speed of mothers swimming in echelon only represented 76% of the mean maximum swim speed of these mothers swimming solitarily. In addition, there was a concomitant 13% reduction in distance per stroke for mothers swimming in echelon compared to periods of solitary swimming. 5. Thus, 'infant carrying' in an aquatic environment is associated with maternal costs, and could ultimately impact maternal energy budgets, foraging efficiency and predator evasion.
Cost-effectiveness model of endoscopic screening and surveillance in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Background & Aims: Endoscopic screening and periodic surveillance for patients with Barrett's esophagus has been shown to be cost-effective in patients with esophageal dysplasia, with treatment for esophageal cancer limited to esophagectomy. Most gastroenterologists refer patients with high-grade dysplasia for esophagectomy, and effective endoscopic therapies are available for nonoperative patients with esophageal cancer. The cost-effectiveness of screening strategies that incorporate these nonsurgical treatment modalities has not been determined. Methods: We designed a Markov model to compare lifetime costs and life expectancy for a cohort of 50-year-old men with chronic reflux symptoms. We compared 10 clinical strategies incorporating combinations of screening and surveillance protocols (no screening, screening with periodic surveillance for both dysplastic and nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus, or periodic surveillance for dysplasia only), treatment for high-grade dysplasia (esophagectomy or intensive surveillance), and treatment for cancer (esophagectomy or surgical and endoscopic treatment options). Results: Screening and surveillance of patients with both dysplastic and nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus followed by esophagectomy for surgical candidates with high-grade dysplasia or esophageal cancer and endoscopic therapy for cancer patients who were not operative candidates cost $12,140 per life-year gained compared to no screening. Other screening strategies, including strategies that had no endoscopic treatment options, were either less effective at the same cost, or equally effective at a higher cost. Conclusions: The cost-effectiveness of screening and subsequent surveillance of patients with dysplastic as well as nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus followed by endoscopic or surgical therapy in patients who develop cancer compares favorably to many widely accepted screening strategies for cancer.
Analyzing ranch profitability from varying cow sales and heifer replacement rates for beef cow-calf production using system dynamics

Abstract Ranching involves complex systems and management decisions, which play an important role in financial profits and herd dynamics. A simulation model was built to evaluate the dynamics of a cow-calf ranch under various marketing scenarios. The main objective of this project was to evaluate the impact of three different total cow sales scenarios (low = 10%, medium = 20% and high = 30% of the total cowherd) on ranch Net Income (NI) and Return on Investment (ROI). The system dynamics methodology was used to develop the model and data from a ranch over the period 1996 to 2007 was used to calibrate the model and to perform sensitivity analysis. The data analysis indicated the ranch retained as much as 95% of their annual weaned heifer calves ( Bos taurus ) to be used in their heifer development program because a large portion of the cowherd was marketed every year. Furthermore, management was rewarded based on performance related to NI and this incentive system has caused an increase in the sales rate of older cows as bred cow replacements. The primary research question was whether the same marketing decisions would have been made if rewards were based on ROI compared to NI. Identifying profit leverage points and understanding what the impact in decreasing heifer replacement rate on NI were secondary interests. Profit leverage points were identified by changing selected variables ±10% from the observed values for the 12-year period while all other variables were held constant. The NI was sensitive to cow pregnancy rate, but it was not sensitive to heifer pregnancy rate or decreasing heifer retention rate prior to the development phase. The model predicted that as cow culling rate increased (i.e. from low to high), NI and ROI also increased. Over the simulated timeframe (i.e. 12 years), the high cull rate scenario returned the highest average NI (44% and 19% greater than low and medium, respectively), the greatest average net investments (1.19% and 0.66% greater than low and medium, respectively) and the highest average ROI at 20.55% (versus 14.64% and 17.27% for low and medium, respectively). These results suggested the same marketing decisions would have been made regardless of the bonus incentive structure. The SD model built for this project can be used to develop a web-based, distance education flight simulator that cattle producers and academic researchers can use to model specific production scenarios for their own operation or geographic region.
Closed-Form Equilibrium Analysis of Planar Tensegrity Structures

This paper presents a closed-form analysis of a two-spring planar tensegrity mechanism to determine all possible equilibrium configurations for the device when no external forces or moments are applied. The equilibrium position is determined by identifying the configurations at which the potential energy stored in the two springs is a minimum. A 28th degree polynomial expressed in terms of the length of one of the springs is developed where this polynomial identifies the cases where the change in potential energy with respect to a change in the spring length is zero. A numerical example is presented.
The microgenesis of priming effects in lexical access.

The implications of priming experiments for a structural theory of the mental lexicon depend critically on the development of an adequate theory of the mechanics of priming. Masked priming techniques may simplify this task, since consciously perceived relationships play no role in masked priming. The implications of adopting an activation-based approach to morphological priming is discussed, and an alternative model is described.
The Zero Time Dynamic Interfacial Tension

ABSTRACT It has been shown earlier that interfacial tensions between organic liquids and a polar liquid such as water, when measured by drop shape (or drop weight) analysis only closely relate to the mutual solubility of the two liquids as well as to the free energies of interaction between and in the two liquids, when using completely apolar liquids such as alkanes. In all other cases, with partly polar liquids (even including aromatic compounds), the interfacial tension with water (as relates to the mutual solubility of the two liquids) is significantly underestimated by this method, due to unavoidable hysteresis caused by the almost instantaneous orientation of the polar moieties of the organic compound toward the water interface. It is therefore appropriate to introduce the concept of zero time dynamic (ZTD) interfacial tension, where ZTD interfacial tension is designated as γij o. Now, two methods for determining ZTD interfacial tensions between polar condensed-phase compounds and water correlate clo...
Tidal acceleration of the Moon

Tidal dissipation causes a misalignment of the tidal bulge of the Earth with the Earth-Moon direction. The bulge exerts a secular torque which expands the lunar orbit while slowing Earth rotation. Because the lunar orbit is neither circular nor coplanar with the Earth’s equator, the tide can be separated into several distinct frequency components with bands near 0, 1, and 2 cycles/day. The tidally induced secular acceleration ri of the lunar mean longitude is particularly sensitive to the dominant semi-diurnal M 2 constituent, with smaller contributions from the diurnal O 1 and semi-diurnal N 2 components.
Microbially mediated manganese oxidation in a freshwater lake1

Geochemical and microbiological studies support the hypothesis that bacteria mediate manganese oxidation in aerobic bottom waters of Oneida Lake, N.Y. In lake water samples maintained in the laboratory, decreases in soluble Mn2+ and the formation of oxidized manganese (MnO,) occurred only in summer samples which supported metabolically active Mn-oxidizing bacteria. The effect of initial Mn2+ concentrations on Mn oxidation and on the disappearance of soluble Mn2+ (binding) was studied in water enriched from natural levels (1.2 k 0.4 PM in June and 0.48 PM in August 1979) to 9.1-200 PM Mn 2i. Highly enriched lake water (265 @4 Mn2+) inhibited Mn oxidation. Binding and oxidation of Mn was inhibited in filtered samples when particles X.4 pm were removed, ancl inhiljition persisted when the particles were first ethanol treated and then reintroduced into filtered lake water. Within the range of O-20 PM Mn2+ rates of Mn 2+ binding varied with the initial Mn2+ concentrations in August water samples.
Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)

Bengali ( /baŋla/) is an Indo-European language (Indic branch) spoken by over 175 million people in Bangladesh and eastern India (Dasgupta 2003: 352; Lewis 2009). The speech illustrated below is representative of the standard variety widely spoken in Dhaka and other urban areas of Bangladesh.
Benefits of matching domain structure for planning software: the right stuff

We investigated the role of domain structure, in designing for software usefulness and usability. We ran through the whole application development cycle, in miniature, from needs analysis through design, implementation, and evaluation, for planning needs of one NASA Mission Control group. Based on our needs analysis, we developed prototype software that matched domain structure better than did the legacy system. We compared our new prototype to the legacy application in a laboratory, high-fidelity analog of the natural planning work. We found large performance differences favoring the prototype, which better captured domain structure. Our research illustrates the importance of needs analysis (particularly Domain Structure Analysis), and the viability of the design process that we are exploring.
BODY SIZE, ENERGY USE, AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF SMALL MAMMALS

Body size has long been hypothesized to play a major role in community structure and dynamics. Two general hypotheses exist for how resources are distributed among body sizes: (1) resources are equally available and uniformly utilized across body sizes and (2) resources are differentially available to organisms of different body sizes, resulting in a nonuniform or modal distribution. It has also been predicted that the distri- bution of body sizes of species in a community should reflect the underlying availability of resources, with the emergence of aggregations of species around specific body sizes. I examined the relationship between energy utilization, body size, and community structure in nine small-mammal communities in North America. In all communities, energy use across body sizes was significantly different from uniform. In contrast, none of the nine species-level body size distributions were significantly different from uniform. Cross-site comparisons showed that, while the species-level body size distribution did not vary sig- nificantly among sites, the utilization of energy across body sizes did. These results suggest that uniform energy utilization does not occur in small-mammal communities and that the species-level body size distribution of a community is not determined by resource utili- zation.
Population Structure and Seasonal Migration of the Spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari

Few studies have reported on the fine-scale population genetics of batoid species in the Atlantic basin. Here, we investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the spotted eagle ray, Aetobatus narinari, sampled in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the Gulf of Mexico and in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Samples were collected from 286 individuals sampled across 3 geographic localities. Estimates of divergence based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci reveal weak but significant genetic structure among A. narinari populations in this region. Analysis of molecular variance estimates based on both marker types indicate significant differentiation between Florida and Mexico populations, while comparisons with Cuba suggest high levels of gene flow with rays from both Mexico and Florida. Conflicting results were found from the different marker types when sexes were analyzed separately underscoring the importance of applying multiple marker types when making inferences about population structure and sex-biased dispersal. Results from Bayesian clustering analyses suggest rays may be migrating south out of the Gulf of Mexico and into the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Given the impacts of fisheries on this species, coupled with the lack of population genetic data available, these findings offer valuable information to aid with conservation management strategies.
Label-free brain injury biomarker detection based on highly sensitive large area organic thin film transistor with hybrid coupling layer

We describe a sensitive, large-area thin film transistor (TFT) sensor platform for real time detection of low-concentration protein analytes in solution. The sensing area is 7 mm by 7 mm. p-channel (pentacene) and n-channel (a naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide, NTCDI) organic molecules were each used as semiconductors in conjunction with a newly designed receptor–antibody-functionalized top dielectric layer. This layer, incorporating both a fluorinated polymer and vapor-deposited hydrocarbon, provided maximum capacitive coupling and minimal interference from the aqueous analyte solution, and allowed convenient solvent processing of the antibody coupling layer. Additionally, a new antibody immobilization method was introduced, which led to high immobilization yield and surface coverage. Using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as a model protein analyte, this sensor platform demonstrated significant selectivity and recognition of target protein even in much more concentrated non-target protein backgrounds. The dose–response relationship yielded a Langmuir isotherm from which a reasonable affinity constant was calculated for the protein and antibody. A zeta potential measurement provided further evidence of the surface potential change being detected by the TFTs. We explicitly verified for the first time that the response is in fact predominantly from perturbations of TFT channel current. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most sensitive organic TFT (OTFT) protein sensor yet reported, and also the first demonstration of the expected opposite current responses by p- and n-channel semiconductors to the same protein.
The Role of the Nucleolus in the Stress Response

The TP53 tumor suppressor gene and its protein product p53, play a critical role in the cellular stress response. Upon exposure to stressors, such as DNA damage, oncogene activation, or perturbations to the ribosome biogenesis, p53 is activated and is capable of inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or senescence via the transactivation of genes such as p21, Noxa, Bax, Puma, and GADD45. While p53 expression, and activity, is integral to the cellular stress response, overexpression of p53 is inhibitory to embryonic development, illustrating the importance of proper p53 regulation. Growing evidence has implicated the nucleolus, as well as nucleolar proteins, in the regulation of both p53 and its primary negative regulator Mdm2. The role of nucleolar proteins, including ARF, B23/NPM, and ribosomal proteins, in mediating the p53 stress response serves to link the cell cycle progression and protein synthesis, and suggests p53 is a common regulator capable of coordinating these processes to best maintain the genetic integrity of the cell.
Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress anti-porcine xenogeneic responses.

Due to the shortage of human organs, xenotransplantation is being explored as an alternative to allotransplantation, but immune rejection remains a major hurdle to its implementation. We tested the ability of human CD4+CD25+ T cells (Treg cells) to suppress CD4+ T cell-mediated anti-porcine xenoresponses usingin vitroassays. Human Treg cells were hyporesponsive to porcine cell stimulation and suppressed the proliferative response of CD4+CD25− T cells in a dose-dependent manner, and comparison of the allo- and xenoresponses indicated that more Treg cells might be required to suppress the xenogeneic response than the allogeneic response. Stimulation of CD4+CD25− T cells with porcine cells resulted in secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-2, and Treg cells suppressed the secretion of these cytokines, as well as the CD4+CD25− T-cell cytolytic response against porcine cells. These results suggest a potential role for Treg cells in promoting xenograft survival.
Laterally-scaled Si/SiGe n-MODFETs with in situ and ion-implanted p-well doping

In order to fulfill their potential for enhanced performance, MODFETs must be scaled, both laterally and vertically. However, lateral scaling is particularly challenging because well and/or halo doping can lead to dopant incorporation in the 2D channel which can significantly degrade the mobility. Recently, we have demonstrated a technique for growing Si/SiGe n-MODFET layer structures with buried p-well doping while retaining an undoped channel region. In this paper, we describe the operation of laterally-scaled Si/SiGe n-MODFETs with buried in situ and ion-implanted p-well doping. We show that the devices have improved subthreshold behavior, greatly improved self-gain and improved speed-power product compared with undoped controls.
Eocene and Upper Cretaceous Carbonate Reservoirs in East-Central Tunisia: ABSTRACT

Regionally, well-defined belts of lowest Eocene (Ypresian) Metlaoui carbonates trend northwest-southeast. On the northeast is an open-marine, basinal facies of planktonic foraminiferal micrite and marl. Thick bars of shallow marine nummulitic wackestone, packstone, and grainstone trend northeastward at an angle to the paleoshelf. Lagoonal or supratidal carbonates are widespread between the shelf deposits and thick evaporites that crop out in intermontane basins. The reservoir is confined largely to nummulitic packstone, and visible effective porosity is best developed between forams in zones filled with sand-size debris where secondary solution-enlargement has occurred. Porosity within nummulite chambers, while abundant, is ineffective, although a few open fractures were observed in cores. This lithology tested oil in 2 recent wildcats and is a commercial reservoir at Sidi El Itayem and Ashtart fields. Distribution of Zebbag carbonates of Late Cretaceous (Turonian) age is more complex. A northwest-southeast-trending platform is bounded on 3 sides by basinal shale and micrite with planktonic forams which grade into a transitional facies of micrite and wackestone that shows some evidence of shallow-water deposition, such as dolomitization, bioclasts, rare ooliths, etc. Predominately back-reef and lagoonal bioclastic wackestones and packstones occur in narrow belts, apparently controlled at least locally by block faulting. The rest of the platform lithology comprises mostly dolomite and dolomitic limestone. The most significant porosity is interparticle (generally solution-enlarged) in foram packstones, but intraparticle porosity in forams and rudists commonly enhances the reservoir. Intercrystalline porosity in dolomitized zones is common, and fenestral porosity occurs in a few places. All are modified by nonfabric-selective channel and vuggy porosity and in some instances by fractures. End_of_Article - Last_Page 238------------
Design and Evaluation of a Dynamic Programming Flight Routing Algorithm Using the Convective Weather Avoidance Model

The optimization of traffic flows in congested airspace with varying convective weather is a challenging problem. One approach is to generate shortest routes between origins and destinations while meeting airspace capacity constraint in the presence of uncertainties, such as weather and airspace demand. This study focuses on development of an optimal flight path search algorithm that optimizes national airspace system throughput and efficiency in the presence of uncertainties. The algorithm is based on dynamic programming and utilizes the predicted probability that an aircraft will deviate around convective weather. It is shown that the running time of the algorithm increases linearly with the total number of links between all stages. The optimal routes minimize a combination of fuel cost and expected cost of route deviation due to convective weather. They are considered as alternatives to the set of coded departure routes which are predefined by FAA to reroute pre-departure flights around weather or air traffic constraints. A formula, which calculates predicted probability of deviation from a given flight path, is also derived. The predicted probability of deviation is calculated for all path candidates. Routes with the best probability are selected as optimal. The predicted probability of deviation serves as a computable measure of reliability in pre-departure rerouting. The algorithm can also be extended to automatically adjust its design parameters to satisfy the desired level of reliability.
Matrix Switch and Drive System for a Low-Cost Magnetic-Core Memory

A unique system of ferrite-core matrix switches and drivers has been developed for a low-cost magnetic-core memory. The memory uses coincident-current techniques and has a capacity of 10,000 characters with seven bits per character. A 20-?sec read-compute-write cycle features serial-by-character processing. Approximately 7 ?sec is computing time, and 13 ?sec is read-write time. The matrix switch requires only two sets of five drivers to select one out of 100 individual outputs. The drivers operate in an unusual three-out-of-five coding arrangement. A Set and Reset a driver, each using four transistors in parallel, are also required for the matrix switch. Two matrix switches provide the 200 X-Y half-select drives for a 100 × 100 seven-plane core array. At read time, two half-select current pulses of 250 ma to 300 ma are emitted with an effective 10 per cent to 90 per cent rise time of 0.3 ?sec. At write time, half-select current pulses with 1.2-?sec rise time are emitted on the same selected lines, but in the opposite direction. A new method of timing the drive current allows the read pulse to rise in 0.3 ?sec, even with a low-voltage power supply and an inductive load that would otherwise limit the rise time to 0.8 ?sec. All current-driving circuits use alloy junction transistors. The drive current is furnished from a 10 to 12 volt power supply, and temperature compensation of the drive currents is accomplished through control of power-supply voltage. Operating temperatures range from 10°C to 40°C.
Misdiagnosing aortic dissection: A fatal mistake

Acute aortic dissection is one of the most fatal cardiovascular disorders that can challenge the most experienced practitioner. Despite recent progress in diagnostic tools, this vascular catastrophe is often misdiagnosed or undetected which can result in a 1%-3% mortality risk per hour. Many patients die before presenting to the hospital or prior to diagnosis. Therefore, a high index of clinical suspicion is critical to reach the correct diagnosis, if proper management is to be achieved. Clinical predictors for aortic dissection include abrupt chest pain or back pain, pulse and blood pressure differentials, and a radiographic widening of the mediastinum. A clear understanding of the pathophysiology and risk factors associated with aortic dissection is the cornerstone of prompt diagnosis and treatment. This paper will provide an overview of the etiology, pathology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
A phonocardiographic study of the heart sounds in acute coronary occlusion

Abstract A phonocardiographic analysis employing microphones of different frequency filtering and transmission range was made of the heart sounds in seventy-eight cases of acute coronary occlusion and in 100 normal control subjects. The results were correlated with the clinical findings. The first heart sound was absolutely diminished in amplitude in 24 per cent and relatively to the second sound in 54 per cent of the patients with acute coronary occlusion. This diminution in amplitude affected the central group of high-frequency vibrations and was attributed to the change in the physical character of the infarcted left ventricle and possibly, in the first few days of illness, to the lowered intraventricular pressure following acute myocardial infarction. Occasionally the second sound at the apex is increased to an absolute as well as a relative value. An auricular sound was present in 83 per cent of cases of coronary occlusion compared to 38 per cent in normal subjects. In one-third of the cases of coronary occlusion the auricular sound was accentuated and formed presystolic gallop rhythm. This never occurred in normal subjects. Accentuation of the auricular sound was probably the result of the increased intra-auricular pressure following ventricular infarction. It was practically always associated with heart failure. A third sound occurred in 47 per cent of the cases of coronary occlusion as compared to 12 per cent in normal subjects. The high incidence in the former was attributed to the decreased tonus of the infarcted ventricular muscle. In 9 per cent of the cases the third sound appeared accentuated and produced protodiastolic gallop rhythm. Heart failure was invariably associated with it. Superimposition of the auricular and third sounds of normal or accentuated amplitude occurred in 6 per cent of cases, forming summation gallop. This type of gallop rhythm was also associated with heart failure. Clinical heart failure was present in 63 per cent of the cases of coronary occlusion. It occurred predominantly in those who presented a first sound of diminished amplitude (88 per cent) and gallop rhythm (95 per cent). It was much less common in those with an unimpaired first sound (33 per cent). This emphasizes not only the close relationship between impaired heart sounds and heart failure but also the serious import of a diminished first heart sound and gallop rhythm. Gallop rhythm may be present before signs of heart failure are apparent. The impairment of the first heart sound following coronary occlusion is often permanent and may be the only persistent sign following recovery. It thus may be of diagnostic significance.
Strongly sheared stratocumulus convection: an observationally based large-eddy simulation study

Abstract. Unusually large wind shears across the inversion in the stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer (MBL) were frequently observed during VOCALS-REx. To investigate the impact of wind shear on the MBL turbulence structure, a large-eddy simulation (LES) model is used to simulate the strongly sheared MBL observed from Twin-Otter RF 18 on 13 November 2008. The LES simulated turbulence statistics agree in general with those derived from the measurements, with the MBL exhibiting a decoupled structure characterized by an enhanced entrainment and a turbulence intensity minimum just below the clouds. Sensitivity simulations show that the shear forcing tends to reduce the dynamic stability of the inversion, characterized by the bulk (or gradient) Richardson number. This decrease enhances the entrainment mixing, leading to reduced cloud water. Consequently, the turbulence intensity in the MBL is significantly weakened by the intense wind shear. The inversion thickens considerably and the MBL top separates from the cloud top, creating a finite cloud-free sublayer of 10–50 m thickness within the inversion, depending on the Richardson number. The weakened inversion tends to enhance the turbulence buoyant consumption and simultaneously lead to a reduced buoyant production in the cloud layer due to less radiative cooling. These effects may result in a decoupling process that creates the different heating/moistening rates between the cloud and subcloud layer, leading to a two-layered structure in the strongly sheared stratocumulus-topped MBL.
Social protection for the poor and poorest

Social protection is fast becoming one of the most important themes in development policy. This collection examines the political processes shaping the formulation of social protection policies; compares the key conceptual frameworks available for analysing social protection; and provides a comparative discussion on the policies focused on the poor and the poorest. Drawing on key case studies from Africa, Latin America and Asia, the contributors outline solutions for the future of social protection in developing countries.
Numerical Simulation of Surface Roughness Effects on Receptivity of Hypersonic Flow over Blunt Cones

The accurate prediction of laminar-turbulent transition in hypersonic boundary layers is a critical part of the aerodynamic heating analyses on hypersonic vehicles. Despite decades of extensive research, the prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition is still mostly based on empirical correlation methods or the semi-empirical n e method because a number of physical mechanisms leading to transition are currently not well understood. The receptivity phenomenon, which is the process of environmental disturbances initially entering the boundary layers and generating disturbance waves, is one of these important, but less understood, mechanisms.
Current Status of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy and Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion

Robot-assisted surgery has become a widely used surgical approach in the management of urologic malignancies. With its initial experience in the treatment of prostate cancer, the technology rapidly expanded to other urologic malignancies including bladder cancer. Since its introduction in 2003, robot-assisted radical cystectomy has seen refinement and increased penetration over the last decade. Furthermore, urologic surgeons have expanded its use to perform urinary diversions. The concept of intracorporeal urinary diversion is still in development but continues to see increased refinement among high volume academic centers.
IMPROVEMENT OF PROTECTION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR STEAM TURBINE OF LARGE-CAPACITY THERMAL POWER UNITS

Directing against hidden troubles existing in typical control logics of main protection functions for steam turbines of many large-capacity thermal power units in Henan province,namely malfunctions and miss operation,improments of protection control logics for high metal temperature of steam turbine bearings,too fast temperature dropping of main steam and reheated steam,large vibration of bearings,large displacement of shaft,over-speed,and large interlock among turbine,boiler,and generators etc.,have been carried out,measures for enhancing the reliability of protection control logics for steam trubines have been put forward from aspects of power supply allocation,on-line test,supervision,and alarm etc.for protective functions.Application shows that the remarkable enhancement of reliability for protection control has been obtained after improvement.
Nursing secrets: managing our work life.

We improve our effectiveness and personal satisfaction with work by prioritising, organising, completing, and balancing. As John Ruskin summarises, 'In order that people may be happy in their work, they must be fit for it, they must not do too much of it, and they must have a reasonable amount of success in it.'
Percutaneous Ventricular Septal Defect Closure

Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD) are common in early childhood but the prevalence in adulthood is low due to spontaneous closure. Echocardiography can assess the location and size of the VSD, the direction of the intra-cardiac shunt, the effect of the VSD on the cardiac chambers and other associated anomalies. Percutaneous closure of the VSD has become an alternative to surgery. The location of the VSD determines it’s feasibility for device closure. Echocardiography guidance is critical for the safe and successful VSD closure as well for the follow up evaluations.
Leisure and society in colonial Brazzaville: The emergence of leisure

The sounds and sights of time were evident in the colonial town in the form of bugles, gunshots, bells, drums, watches and clocks. People responded to them according to the level of their contact with urban institutions. The most affected were wage-labourers and Christians. There is evidence that an ‘uneven’ experience of time persisted and that the articulation of temporal patterns was central in the negotiation of relationships. Those most oppressed by time through their conditions of employment developed a keen awareness of their right to ‘free time’ and resisted attempts by employers, administrators or teachers to encroach on it. Europeans had a large stake in the time of their workers, subjects and converts. Missionaries everywhere were engaged in the grand task, ‘to remake Africans through their everyday activities’ and Congo was no exception. In their quest to develop a Christian elite, missionaries prescribed disciplined notions of time, work and leisure, as the panacea for the prevailing sickness of ‘laziness’. Administrators and employers shared similar notions that time-discipline was a basic step in ‘accustoming the native to regular work’ and ‘creating a disciplined workforce to open up the country’. Europeans intervened in African leisure time when the health and efficiency of the workforce seemed to be at stake, or when African activities impinged on the insulated life of the white community. The self-employed or unemployed were not outside the range of European interest, as they were part of the environment in which labour was reproduced. Laws against vagrancy and fines levelled against unpunctual employees show a continuing struggle over defini'tions of time and order.
A control system framework for the Hobby-Eberly telescope

We present the development framework for the distributed control systems, scripting frontend, and monitoring facilities of the recently upgraded Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). A common flexible control and data acquisition layer in C++, with message passing implemented on top of ZeroMQ, wraps the final designs of each new hardware component including tracking, metrology, instrumentation and calibration equipment. A homogeneous command, response and event layer normalizes the diversity of the lower level software interfaces easing the development of the Telescope Control System (TCS). Applications developed in the framework easily interface to the new tracker and legacy instrumentation of the primary mirror, weather, dome, and tracker support structure. The framework facilitates testing, vetting, and characterization of the telescope and TCS. Examples of the real-time monitoring capabilities and the Python scripting methods of various telescope components yield insight into overall system performance. Lessons learned along the way, future refinements, and anticipated enhancements, are detailed.