cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lasting effects of short-term training on preschoolers’ street-crossing behavior

Can short-term training improve preschoolers' knowledge of road-crossing concepts as well as behavior in a real traffic situation? Forty children, aged four to five years, were assigned to one of four conditions (game, story, song, and control). Each condition participated in four 15-min classroom-based lessons over four weeks. Two assessments measuring knowledge of street-crossing concepts and one assessment measuring behavior on a real street were used to evaluate performance at baseline and one week and six months post-training. Children in all three experimental conditions showed a significant improvement over the control on the two conceptual assessments. Only children in the game condition significantly improved their behavior on the street-crossing assessment. Furthermore, children in all three experimental conditions retained the same levels of improvement at the six-month follow-up. These results demonstrate that one hour of training can create lasting improvements on preschool children's conceptual knowledge of traffic safety and road-crossing behavior on a real street.
Pneumocystis carinii Interactions with Lung Epithelial Cells and Matrix Proteins Induce Expression and Activity of the PcSte20 Kinase with Subsequent Phosphorylation of the Downstream Cell Wall Biosynthesis Kinase PcCbk1

Eukaryotic cell proliferation and phenotype are highly regulated by contact-dependent mechanisms. We have previously shown that the binding and interaction of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Pneumocystis carinii to lung epithelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins induces mRNA expression of both the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase P. carinii Ste20 (PcSte20) and the cell wall-remodeling enzyme PcCbk1 (16). Herein, we report that in addition to PcSte20 mRNA expression being upregulated, Pneumocystis PcSte20 kinase activity is increased upon interacting with these same lung targets. This activity is also significantly suppressed by Clostridium difficile toxin B, a pan-specific inhibitor of small GTPases, demonstrating the potential role of a Cdc42-like molecule in this signaling cascade. We further observed that the PcSte20 kinase physically interacts with a specific region of the P. carinii cell wall biosynthesis kinase, PcCbk1, a downstream kinase important for mating projection formation and cell wall remodeling. This direct binding was mapped to a specific region of the PcCbk1 protein. We also demonstrated that PcSte20 obtained from whole P. carinii lysates has the ability to phosphorylate PcCbk1 after the organism interacts with lung epithelial cells and extracellular matrix components. These observations provide new insights into P. carinii signaling induced by interactions of this important opportunistic fungal pathogen with lung epithelial cells and matrix.
On the molecular spin density and the electrostatic potential as determinants of the relaxivity of metalloporphyrins

The origin of the unexpectedly large relaxivity of a manganese metalloporphyrin is explored through computer simulations that include a description of the molecular spin density and the molecular electrostatic potential. These molecular properties describe not only the distribution of unpaired electrons in the coordination complex, but also a major driving force responsible for the dynamic behavior of the water molecules. By comparing the computed properties for the manganese complex with those of its congeneric iron complex, we gain insight into the origin of the unusually large relaxivity of the manganese metalloporphyrin. In the process, we learn how to use the computed molecular properties to formulate rules on how to modify the chemical structure of the metalloporphyrins to improve their relaxivity. Specifically, we show how to spatially direct the molecular spin density by the splitting of d orbitals and by the delocalization of electronic spin across unsaturated rings. We also learn how to attract water protons to the areas of high spin density by designing electrostatic focusing fields.
Decomposing tree annual volume increments and constructing a system dynamic model of tree growth

We developed a dynamic system growth model of 55-year-old Pinus resinosa trees, compartmentalizing growth based on statistical approaches. Annual volume increment of trees was subdivided into several distinct components, each of which has some unique properties and responds to different factors that influence growth. The formulas for different growth components were estimated by statistical or numerical methods. The software STELLA was used to transfer a conceptual dynamic growth model into a practical computer model. Using STELLA, tree growth can be simulated over time and examined in relation to prevailing environmental events or conditions. The model can aid in evaluation of tree growth response to environmental stimuli and intrinsic factors, and provides a basis to predict future growth. Extrapolation of model results should be limited to conditions under which the model was developed and not to novel environmental change or for older trees.
Pathogenicity of exonic indels in fused in sarcoma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Insertion and deletion variants (indels) within poly glycine tracts of fused in sarcoma (FUS) were initially reported as causative of disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Subsequent studies identified similar indels in controls and suggested that these indels may confer susceptibility to ALS. We aimed to elucidate the role of previously published and novel exonic indels in FUS in an extensive cohort of 630 ALS patients and 1063 controls. We detected indels in FUS exons 5, 6, 12, and 14 with similar frequencies in patients (0.95%) and controls (0.75%). Exonic indels in poly glycine tracts were also observed with similar frequencies. The largest indel (p.Gly138_Tyr143del) was observed in 1 control. In 1 patient, a 3 base pair deletion in exon 14 (p.Gly475del) was identified, however in vitro studies did not reveal abnormal localization of p.Gly475del mutant FUS. These findings suggest that not all exonic indels in FUS cause disease.
Puerto Ricans in the United States and language shift to English

In this essay, I examine language use among Puerto Ricans in the U.S., and evaluate evidence that suggests that they are shifting to English more quickly than other Latino groups. This accelerated adoption of English might seem to be a positive trend to proponents of English-only or to those who fetishize assimilation as the route to success in the U.S.; however, the fact that it is very often accompanied by a loss of Spanish is troubling to those who value multiculturalism and bilingualism. The idea that Puerto Ricans are the group that takes the lead in the loss of bilingualism among Latinos is a source of debate for observers of the sociolinguistic reality of Latinos in the U.S.With a particular focus on the Puerto Rican community in Chicago, I first discuss language loss among Latino populations in the U.S. Then, I offer a brief overview of Puerto Rican immigration history, and of Latino presence in Chicago. Lastly, I address the allegedly exceptionally rapid shift of Puerto Ricans to English, and discuss possible reasons for this phenomenon. I conclude that even though there are sites where this assertion seems to be true, we need more evidence that captures actual language use patterns across a range of contexts before we can arrive at a definitive characterization of Puerto Rican speech practices.
Deficient interleukin-2-activated killer cell cytotoxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

This study was undertaken to determine if the cytotoxic activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated killer (LAK) cells, which is induced by the direct activation of lymphocytes by IL-2, is defective in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The killer cell activity of SLE patients, whether it be generated in autologous plasma or serum-free media, was significantly less than the controls against three different target cells. It was observed, by incubating control lymphocytes in 10% fresh SLE plasma, that soluble factors were responsible for a portion of the reduced generation of LAK cell cytotoxicity (P < 0.05). Suppression ranges from 4 to 70% with a mean of 33%. However, when SLE LAK cells were generated in serum-free media, a greater reduction of generated LAK cell activity was observed (P < 0.005). Using a disease activity score, it was determined that SLE cytotoxicity negatively correlated with disease activity only when the cells were cultured in serum-free media. Irrespective of the culture conditions, lytic activity did not correlate with levels of anti-DNA antibodies, anti-Sm antibodies, circulating immune complexes, or prednisone therapy.
Lepton pairs from heavy quarks produced in hadron colliders

Distributions with respect to rapidity and transverse momenta are studied for lepton pairs arising from decays of heavy quarks produced in hadron-hadron colliders. Particular attention is paid to the merits of complete angular coverage and low threshold in transverse momentum.
Deriving Interventions from the NDB Model: Using Natural Environment and Implicit Memory Theories

By drawing on theoretical propositions developed outside nursing, and by modifying and synthesizing these with nursing experiential data, useful statements for practice may be developed for further examination. Because practice theory for the care of patients with dementia is not well-developed or well-examined yet, the process described here to develop meaningful interventions for practice should be further explored and evaluated.
Professional minutia and their consequences: provenance, context, original identification, and anthropology at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois

Historical settings structure how archivists and museum staff understand their work and how they apply relevant professional principles including the three core principles of provenance, context, and original identification. Their professional practices shape how the public understands or reads “original” artifacts and records. In helping to define what originals (artifacts and documents) are at a particular point in time, archivists and museum staff reinforce, support, or contradict theoretical paradigms, discourses, and social narratives on ethnicity, empire/internal colonialism, class, and gender among others. The article discusses two exemplary cases from the museum world that illustrate how the application of the three core principles is influenced by historical conditions and theoretical concepts and how these contingent applications influence what originals come to signify. In the first example, the theoretical concept of social evolution and the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago informed the founding, collecting, describing, and displaying of American Indian objects at the Field Museum of Natural History in 1894. Reflecting this, provenance, context, and original identifications were defined to mean different things for Euro-American versus American Indian objects and records, and Native Americans and others challenged these definitions and practices at the time. In the second example, the 1929–1933 making and displaying of the Hall of Races, a specific race anthropological understanding of race created unambiguous race anthropological provenance, context and original titles (identifications) for both the exhibit and individual race sculptures. By altering information concerning the three principles over the next 60 years, the Field Museum consciously destroyed the integrity of the originals and their meanings. The exhibit had become a political liability and the museum wanted to erase any trace of the race anthropological roots of the project and its sculptures. The article ends by asserting the contingency and importance of the three core principles for archivists and museum staff regardless of the format of the material involved and adds a few related observations for our contemporary hybrid, that means physical and digital, work world.
Gene transfer of endothelial NO synthase and manganese superoxide dismutase on arterial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and superoxide production in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension

Enhanced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression directly contributes to vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Decreased NO and/or increased superoxide are causative factors for such an event in the vessel wall. The present study was undertaken to determine whether gene transfer of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) affects VCAM-1 levels in arteries from hypertensive rats. Isolated carotid and femoral arteries from deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats were transduced for 4 hours with adenoviral vectors encoding eNOS, MnSOD, or beta-galactosidase reporter genes. Recombinant eNOS or MnSOD expression was evident morphologically and quantitatively 24 hours after gene transfer. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blot techniques were used to determine VCAM-1 expression and levels. In addition, endogenous eNOS and MnSOD and in situ superoxide levels were analyzed by immunoblotting and fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. Arterial VCAM-1 expression was significantly higher in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats than in sham-operated rats; this expression was accompanied by decreased MnSOD but unaltered endogenous eNOS levels. VCAM-1 expression was significantly lower in MnSOD- and eNOS-transduced hypertensive arteries, with a concomitant reduction of superoxide level. These results suggest that gene transfer of MnSOD or eNOS suppresses arterial VCAM-1 expression in DOCA-salt hypertension by reducing the superoxide level.
Latest performance of immersion scanner S620D with the Streamlign platform for the double patterning generation

Currently, it is considered that one of the most favorable options for the 32 nm HP node is pitch-splitting double patterning, which requires the lithography tool to achieve high productivity and high overlay accuracy simultaneously. In the previous work [1] , we described the concepts and the technical features of Nikon's immersion scanner based on our newly developed platform, Streamlign, designed for 2nm overlay, 200wph throughput, and short setup time. In this paper, we present the latest actual performance of S620D with the Streamlign platform. Owing to the high repeatability of our new encoder metrology system, Bird's Eye Control, and Stream Alignment, S620D achieves less than 2 nm overlay accuracy, less than 15nm focus accuracy, and successful 32 and 22 nm L/S pitchsplitting double patterning exposures. Furthermore, the results at high scanning speed up to 700 mm/s are fine and we have successfully demonstrated over 4,000 wpd throughput, which confirms the potential for high productivity. Nikon has developed this Streamlign as an optimized long life platform based on the upgradable Modular 2 structure for upcoming generations. The performance of S620D indicates the possibility of immersion extension down through the 22 nm HP node and beyond.
Study of the use of particle channeling in time-of-flight fission-fragment mass-yield measurements

Abstract A direct physical measurement of the mass distribution in the thermal-neutron fission of 235U was made using the single time-of-flight method and particle channeling in the energy detector. Particle channeling was employed in an attempt to achieve good energy resolution to give a mass resolution of better than 1 amu. A totally depleted silicon surface-barrier detector having the [110] crystal axis approximately perpendicular to its face was used as the energy detector with the fragments entering the Al (20 μg/cm2) window. Channeling of fragments was achieved with about 80% of the light fragments and 55% of the heavy fragments remaining in the channels. From the results of the experiment a new picture for dechanneling was postulated. Previous results indicated that some of the heavy ions entering a detector within the critical acceptance angle for channeling were dechanneled in the metallic window. Our results indicated that the fragments dechanneled in the silicon detector somewhere in the middle of the fragment path. The results of the experiment also suggest that channeling of fragments eliminates the nuclear stopping defect and most of the recombination defect. The mass distribution calculated from the data for the channeled fragments, however, did not show that 1-amu mass resolution had been achieved. Subsequent experiments at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator with the same detector showed that the energy resolution achieved with Al entrance window was not good enough for 1-amu mass resolution.
The two-photon transition in indirect-band-gap semiconductors

Abstract The absorption coefficient of the two-photon excitation process in which phonons of the crystals participate during the transition process is calculated for ionic and covalent indirect-band-gap semiconductors. It is shown that this absorption coefficient can reduce to a form which can readily be used to estimate the absorption coefficient for a number of crystals if we use certain approximations. A numerical example was carried out for the GaP crystal. This calculation shows that both the optical phonon-assisted and the acoustical phonon-assisted two-photon absorption coefficients are within the same order of magnitude.
Effect of dietary cholesterol on bile-acid composition of gall bladder bile from guinea pigs

The composition of gall bladder bile acids from control and cholesterol-fed, anemic guinea pigs was analyzed by thinlayer-chromatographic and colorimetric techniques. In both control and cholesterol-fed animals, the gall bladder bile acids constituted about one third of the total bile solids. The main component of the bile acids of both groups of animals was chenodexycholic acid, which was predominantly conjugated with glycine. No cholic acid was present although this is the main bile acid in most mammals. The major difference in bile composition between control and cholesterol-fed animals was the conjugation pattern of chenodeoxycholic acid. The ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic to taurochenode-oxycholic acid was high, 6.4, for control animals, and decreased to 2.4 for the cholesterol-fed, anemic animals. Impaired liver function, limited availability of glycine, and greater efficiency of taurocholanic acids for the disposal of excess cholesterol may be involved in the mechanism for this phenomenon.
Influencing seed tuber yield of Ranger Russet and Shepody potatoes with gibberellic acid

Freshly-cut seed pieces of the potato cultivars Ranger Russet and Shepody were dipped in 0, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/1 Gibberellic Acid (GA3) prior to planting. GA3 treatments increased stem and tuber numbers per hill of both cultivars and shifted tuber size profile toward the production of more seed-sized (up to 226 g) tubers and fewer large (greater than 340 g) tubers. The effect of GA3 on reducing average tuber size was similar for the two cultivars. Total tuber yields were not affected. A 2 mg GA3/1 seed piece dip decreased the yield of US#1 tubers in Ranger Russet primarily due to a significant increase in yield of tubers less than 226 g. Also, yields of culls were greater after a 1 mg GA3/1 seed piece treatment, suggesting Ranger Russet is sensitive to this concentration of GA3. One and 2 mg GA3/1 seed piece dips to Shepody increased yields of tubers less than 113 g by 93% and reduced the yield of tubers greater than 340 g by 25% to 50%. GA3 at 1 to 2 mg/1 may be useful in the production of seed potatoes with the cultivar Shepody which tends to produce many large tubers.
Old age in sociocultural context: China and the United States

Abstract With the increasing interest in comparative studies of the elderly, China has become the focus of research attention. This society, which has been inaccessible to most Western researchers, offers a special site for studies of aging because of its sheer size as a world power, its relationship to Third World countries, and its population problem—a growing segment of elderly people. Available data from a variety of social science sources are utilized to compare how the sociocultural context of China and the United States impact differentially upon the older population in each society. Three major determinants specify the theoretical context: economic development (the level of production an economic system achieves); traditional cultural patterns (norms, roles, relationships); and the social control mechanisms (regulatory processes based upon the legal and sanctioning systems). These determinants provide a theoretical orientation for analyzing the outcome variables involved in the behavior and adaptation of the old. In American society, cultural norms and values are advantageous for active older persons in good health, particularly those with a favorable economic situation. In contemporary Chinese society, which blends traditional customs with the values of a revolutionary and changing society, there are advantages for the frail elderly.
The mental health clinical nurse specialist and the "difficult" patient: evolving meaning.

Twelve mental health clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) working in outpatient mental health settings were interviewed and asked to describe situations where they had experienced difficult client beh...
Minimal access approach for the repair of atrial septal defect: the initial 135 patients.

Abstract Background . From May 1996 to August 1998 a minimal access approach was used for 135 of 200 consecutive surgical atrial septal defects closures in children through young adults ranging in age from 6 months to 25 years (median 5 years). Methods . A 3.5- to 5-cm midline incision was centered over the xiphoid with division of the xiphoid alone (transxiphoid) or of the lower sternum (ministernotomy); both groups underwent bicaval venous cannulation through the incision. Cardioplegia and aortic cross-clamping were administered through the incision. Cephalad retraction of the sternum with a fixed-arm retractor aided exposure. Results . There have been no early or late deaths and no bleeding or wound complications. No procedure required conversion to a full sternotomy, and no cannulation attempt was abandoned for an alternate site. Cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass times were equivalent to those in the full sternotomy group. The mean length of hospital stay in the ministernotomy group was 2.7 days. Conclusions . The closure of atrial septal defects can be performed through a transxiphoid or ministernotomy approach, conferring a satisfactory cosmetic result without compromising the safety or accuracy of the repair.
Rate of N-P-K and yield of red- and green-fruit of pungent and non-pungent peppers

ABSTRACT Fertilizer amount affects pepper yields (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.), and can affect fruit color. An N-P-K fertilizer was applied at the rate recommended for this location, based on soil test results, and 1.5-times that rate. Green and red fruit yields of five bell and five non-bell pepper cultivars, as affected by fertilizer rate, were determined. Yields of all cultivars were higher in 1996 than in 1998 when day and night temperatures were much above normal. In 1996, increasing fertilizer rate caused decreases in green and total yield of bell peppers, but had no effect on red fruit yield. In 1998, additional fertilizer increased total yield of ‘Melody’, and decreased that of ‘Red Beauty’. In both years, increasing fertilizer rate increased green and total, but not red, fruit yield of some, or all, non-bell peppers tested. Additional fertilizer above the standard rate did not improve red fruit yield at this location.
Bakhtin's "Rough Draft": Toward a Philosophy of the Act, Ethics, and Composition Studies1

Helen Rothschild Ewald's 1993 essay, "Waiting for Answerability: Bakhtin and Composition Studies," attempts to consolidate and redirect nearly a decade's appropriation of Bakhtin's work in composition studies. Its ambition to provide an authoritative map of and a new direction to Bakhtinian composition studies has been fulfilled in both its original place of publication and in its recent republication as the culminating essay in the first collection of "landmark" essays on Bakhtin, rhetoric, and writing (Farmer). While demonstrating the widespread use of Bakhtin in the field, Ewald characterizes this work as predominantly social-constructionist and heralds a new ethical emphasis that might be drawn from his earlier work on answerability. With heavy irony she deprecates how "handy" (332, 337) Bakhtin's work has been to a range of social-constructionist writers but chooses not to undertake a direct refutation of their claims. Instead, she chooses to suggest some teaching practices as part of a general reorientation of composition studies that would "focus on answerability" and examine "our specific situational responses to ethical issues that arise when we engage in writing or the teaching of writing" (345). Connecting with a crossdisciplinary revival of inquiry into ethical issues, Ewald's intervention could be taken to herald an important ethical turn in Bakhtinian composition studies. Ewald necessarily draws much of her account of Bakhtin's early themes of ethics and answerability, as she acknowledges, from Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson, Slavicists who have provided the most extensive and authoritative reading of Bakhtin to date and joined vigorously in the revival of ethical issues in literary criticism. Ewald shares not only their emphasis in Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a Prosaics on the superior authenticity and ethical seriousness of Bakhtin's early work but also their impatience with readers of his work who have confined their interest to his socially oriented theories of dialogue and carnival. Like Morson and Emerson, she eschews refutation of these readers but identifies herself with a more serious and worthy future line of inquiry into "answerability in the ethical sense of individual accountability" as
Communicating everyday experiences

In this paper, we present our approach to the problem of communicating everyday experiences. This is a challenging problem, since media from everyday events are unstructured, and often poorly annotated. We first attempt to communicate everyday experiences using a dramatic framework, by categorizing media and by introducing causal relations. Based on our experience of the dramatic framework for the everyday media, we introduce an event based framework as well as a viewpoint centric visualization that allows the viewer to have agency, in a highly interactive, non-linear manner. Our approach focuses on structured interaction for consumption of everyday experiences, in contrast to non-interactive consumption of structured communication. Our results indicate that dramatic structures do not work well with everyday media, and novel interactions / visualizations are needed. Experimental results indicate that the viewpoint centric visualization works well. We are in the process of creating a large event database of everyday events, and we are creating the necessary recording and annotation tools.
Exact tree-based FPGA technology mapping for logic blocks with independent LUTs

The logic blocks (CLBs) of a lookup table (LUT) based FPGA consist of one or more LUTs, possibly of different sizes. In this paper, we focus on technology mapping for CLBs with several independent LUTs of two different sizes (called ICLBs). The Actel ES6500 family is an example of a class of commercially available ICLBs. Given a tree network with n nodes, the only previously known approach for minimum area tree-based mapping to ICLBs was a heuristic with running time /spl Theta/(n/sup d+1/), where d is the maximum indegree of any node. We give an O(n/sup 3/) time exact algorithm for mapping a given tree network, an improvement over this heuristic in terms of run time and the solution quality. For general networks, an effective strategy is to break it into trees and combine them. We also give an O(n/sup 3/) exact algorithm for combining the optimal solutions to these trees, under the condition that LUTs do not go across trees. The method can be extended to solve mapping onto CLBs that can be configured into different ICLBs, (e.g. Xilinx' XC4000E).
Hepatic reticuloendothelial system cell iron deposition is associated with increased apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the presence of hepatic iron deposition, apoptosis, histologic features, and serum markers of oxidative stress (OS) and cell death in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Clinical, biochemical, metabolic, and independent histopathologic assessment was conducted in 83 unselected patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD from a single center. Apoptosis and necrosis in serum was quantified using serum cytokeratin 18 (CK18) M30 and M65 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and in liver by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in situ. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) levels were measured to evaluate OS. Presence of reticuloendothelial system (RES) cell iron in the liver was associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (P < 0.05) and increased hepatic TUNEL staining (P = 0.02), as well as increased serum levels of apoptosis-specific (M30; P = 0.013) and total (M65; P = 0.006) CK18 fragments, higher MDA (P = 0.002) and lower antioxidant Trx1 levels (P = 0.012), compared to patients without stainable hepatic iron. NAFLD patients with a hepatocellular (HC) iron staining pattern also had increased serum MDA (P = 0.006), but not M30 CK18 levels or TUNEL staining, compared to subjects without stainable hepatic iron. Patients with iron deposition limited to hepatocytes had a lower proportion of apoptosis-specific M30 fragments relative to total M65 CK18 levels (37% versus ≤25%; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of iron in liver RES cells is associated with NASH, increased apoptosis, and increased OS. HC iron deposition in NAFLD is also associated with OS and may promote hepatocyte necrosis in this disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
Double sample tests for the equality of two means

A double sample (two stage) testing procedure is proposed as an alternative to the usual one stage
Pixel me this – digitisation in art and science

Stephen Wilson discusses the impact of digitisation on art, science and collaborations between the two
Isolation and partial purification of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from calf pancreas

Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing at least five mannose residues (0.7 nmol/g of tissue) were isolated from calf pancreas by chloroform-methanol-water extraction and purification on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20, and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose in the presence of nonionic detergent. The addition, prior to the chromatographic steps, of 14C-labeled lipid-linked oligosaccharides (synthesized in vitro by calf pancreas microsomes in the presence of GDP-D-[14C]mannose and UDP-D-[14C]glucose, respectively) as internal standards, indicated a final yield ranging from 38 to 50%. Analysis of the oligosaccharide residues by liquid chromatography of the lipid-free preparation, monitored by u.v. absorbance and radioactivity measurement of the tritiated compounds, indicated a heterogeneous mixture of oligosaccharides. Its components, ranging from Man5(GlcNAc)2 to Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2, cochromatographed with the 14C-labeled derivatives from in vitro synthesis. Calf pancreas contains lipid intermediates bearing at least six mannose residues, such as Man9(GlcNAc)2-P-P-lipid, in almost equal or even higher amounts than Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2-P-P-dolichol.
Histochemical evidence for lipoidal material in secretory granules of rat salivary glands.

The granules of parotid acinar cells and submandibular granular tubule cells of rats contain one or more periodic acid-Schiff positive substances that are extracted during fixation with lipid solvents or acidic solutions or if frozen sections are stained in aqueous solutions. The granules in these cells can be stained by Schmorl's reaction, Luxol Fast Blue and a permanganate-Aldehyde Fuchsin sequence. The results obtained with these stains after a variety of fixation procedures strongly suggest that the secretory granules of these two cell types contain several components and that in parotid acinar and submandibular granular tubule cells, at least one of these components is a lipoidal substance.
The ranschburg effect: Repetition and guessing factors in short-term memory

The Ranschburg effect—poorer recall of repeated items in a short sequence—was interpreted as being primarily the result of a restricted guessing strategy that excludes repetitions of remembered items as possible responses. Experimental evidence supporting the guessing interpretation was reviewed and the results of three experiments were reported. Experiment I showed that the Ranschburg effect decreased as the item set size increased and that the magnitude of the effect was dependent upon a performance increase on control (nonrepeated) items. Experiments II and III demonstrated that the guessing bias could be modified by situational experience. The Ranschburg effect appears to be attributable to a combination of two factors, failure to detect repetitions and application of an inappropriate guessing strategy.
FINITE-SIZE EFFECTS IN VORTEX LOCALIZATION

The equilibrium properties of flux lines pinned by columnar disorder are studied, using the analogy with the time evolution of a diffusing scalar density in a randomly amplifying medium. Near ${H}_{c1}$, the physical features of the vortices in the localized phase are shown to be determined by the density of states near the band edge. As a result, ${H}_{c1}$ is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the sample size, and the screening length of the perpendicular magnetic field decreases with temperature. For large tilt the extended ground state turns out to wander in the plane perpendicular to the defects with exponents corresponding to a directed polymer in a random medium, and the energy difference between two competing metastable states in this case is extensive. The divergence of the effective potential associated with strong pinning centers as the tilt approaches its critical value is discussed as well.
Introduction to the special section on racial and ethnic identity in counseling psychology: Conceptual and methodological challenges and proposed solutions.

Racial and ethnic identity development have been important topics in counseling psychology research for the last four decades. At present, however, there appears to be some confusion and debate regarding the quality of theory and measurement in the topical area. The present article serves as an introduction to this Journal of Counseling Psychology special section on “Racial and Ethnic Identity in Counseling Psychology: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges and Proposed Solutions.” A rationale is provided for the special section, the place of racial and ethnic identity scholarship is located within the history of multicultural counseling research, and the invited special section contributions by K. O. Cokley (2007), J. E. Helms (2007), J. E. Trimble (2007), S. M. Quintana (2007), J. S. Phinney and A. D. Ong (2007), and J. G. Ponterotto and J. Park-Taylor (2007) are introduced.
Comprehensive evaluation of automated pavement condition survey service providers' technical competence

High-quality pavement condition data are fundamental to pavement management, but the collection of these data is costly and time-consuming with steadily increasing complexity in equipment and procedures. Evaluating the technical competence of an automated pavement condition survey service provider presents unique challenges to highway agencies, because the technologies are rapidly advancing and the technical details are often outside the skill set of pavement engineers and managers. This study presents recent technological and procedural innovations in evaluating multiple bids for a statewide survey of California. These include evaluation on an item-by-item basis instead of comparing a derived composite index, combining several independent measurements of the same item to improve the quality of ground truth results and the synchronisation of profiles and pavement images to strengthen the credibility of assessment.
Myocardial blood flow at rest and during pharmacological vasodilation in cardiac transplants during and after successful treatment of rejection.

BACKGROUNDThe relative intracoronary flow reserve has been found to be reduced during acute transplant rejection, but the effects of rejection on absolute flows at rest and during hyperemia have not been established previously. This has now become possible through noninvasive quantification of myocardial blood flow with positron emission tomography.METHODS AND RESULTSMyocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest and during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia was quantified in 10 transplant patients (group A) during an acute, biopsy-proven rejection episode and again after successful immunosuppressive treatment and in 6 transplant patients (group B) without prior rejection episode. In group A patients, MBF during rejection averaged 1.7 +/- 0.3 mL.min-1.g-1 at rest and 2.5 +/- 0.9 mL.min-1.g-1 during hyperemia; after recovery, MBF at rest had declined to 1.2 +/- 0.3 mL.-1.g-1 (P < .001) but had increased to 3.9 +/- 1.1 mL.-1.g-1 (P < .001) during hyperemia. Flows after recovery from rejection were similar to those in the ...
Functional response ofAllothrombium pulvinum deutonymphs (Acari: Trombidiidae) on two-spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Functional responses of deutonymphs of the predatory mite,Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, on eggs and adult females of two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch, were determined in the laboratory. Predation experiments were conducted on lima bean leaf discs over a 24-h period at 25±2°C, 30–50% RH and 24L: 0D photoperiod. Prey densities ranged from 10 to 120T. urticae eggs per disc or 2 to 32 adult females per disc.Allothrombium pulvinum deutonymphs were more effective againstT. urticae eggs than its adult females. The role ofA. pulvinum deutonymphs in integrated and biological pest control is discussed.
An Iterated Procedure for Testing the Equality of Several Exponential Distributions

Abstract This iterated procedure is used to test the equality of the scale and location parameters of several independent exponential distributions. In essence, these applications of this procedure consist of repeated use of certain two-sample statistics which were considered by Epstein and Tsao. A rejection by this iterated scheme provides some reason why all the distributions are not equal. In addition, under the null and alternative hypotheses, certain of these test statistics are independent. This means that it is very easy to compute the power at certain alternative hypotheses as well as the significance level of the procedure. A few comparisons are made with some over-all tests which are essentially due to Sukhatme.
The effect of nonionic surfactants on bubble entrapment in elastomeric impression materials

The incorporation of certain nonionic surfactants into silicone and polysulfide elastomers increases their wettability by gypsum products and consequently results in less bubble entrapment in poured casts. The choice of the most effective surfactant is critical and differs not only between types of elastomer, but also between brands of a single type. The beneficial effect of the optimal surfactant is not reduced by rinsing the impression prior to pouring. While the working time of silicone is increased by surfactant additions, that of polysulfide is essentially unaffected, as are the dimensional accuracies and permanent deformations of both materials.
Topological origin of the angular momentum induced by the Chern-Simons form

Abstract We show that the angular momentum of an abelian flux tube induced by the topological mass of the gauge bosons can be understood in terms of topologically inequivalent patchings of spacetime around the tube. Appropriate correction terms then must be included in the action in order to obtain the correct result. It turns out that, in the present case, flux tubes in non-zero total flux states can have only standard spin and statistics.
Enhanced agglutination of all the erythrocytes when only half are trypsinised.

ENHANCED lectin-mediated agglutination following alteration of cells by transformation or protease treatment is well documented1,2. However, the mechanism underlying these observations remains obscure. Recent evidence suggests that enhanced agglutinability of erythrocytes treated with pro-teolytic enzymes, neuraminidase or both, may be the result of reduced surface charge and/or loss of sterically hindering peptides and glycopeptides3. We wondered whether the alteration in a part of the cell population would be sufficient to enhance the agglutinability of the entire cell population with concanavalin A (con A) and soybean agglutinin (SBA). We report here that the extent, and to a slightly lesser degree, the rate of lectin-mediated agglutination of untrypsinised erythrocytes mixed with equal volumes of trypsinised erythrocytes closely parallel the values obtained for trypsinised cells alone. We conclude that the proteolytic alteration of only some of the erythrocytes is sufficient to promote enhanced lectin-mediated agglutination of all cells when mixed with equal numbers of native cells. A similar phenomenon holds true for native cells when mixed with neuraminidase-treated cells.
Available technologies for small satellites

Abstract This paper presents a survey of low-cost technologies which either have been used in the past for small satellite missions, or which are currently being used, or which are planned for use in the future. It is recognised that such a survey cannot be comprehensive because of the large number of missions involved, but the paper does include a representative cross-section of missions to illustrate how different countries and groups have tackled the technological problems involved, with the emphasis very much on low-cost techniques. Unusual or innovative technologies that have been used on past missions are covered in the paper by summarising the technologies used on the United Kingdom's AMPTE-UKS; Germany's AMPTE-IRM; Sweden's VIKING; and the University of Surrey's UoSAT series of micro-satellites. Current or recent missions include: Portugal's PoSAT-1 micro-satellite; Germany's BREMSAT; and the UK's STRV-1A and STRV-1B. Future missions summarised in the paper include: South Africa's GREENSAT; Pakistan's BADR-B micro-satellite; Denmark's ORSTED mini-satellite; Israel's TECHSAT; and the USA's MICROLAB. The paper goes on to suggest areas where technological developments are still needed to enable or enhance future missions.
Effects of ocean acidification on juvenile red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) growth, condition, calcification, and survival.

Ocean acidification, a decrease in the pH in marine waters associated with rising atmospheric CO2 levels, is a serious threat to marine ecosystems. In this paper, we determine the effects of long-term exposure to near-future levels of ocean acidification on the growth, condition, calcification, and survival of juvenile red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, and Tanner crabs, Chionoecetes bairdi. Juveniles were reared in individual containers for nearly 200 days in flowing control (pH 8.0), pH 7.8, and pH 7.5 seawater at ambient temperatures (range 4.4–11.9 °C). In both species, survival decreased with pH, with 100% mortality of red king crabs occurring after 95 days in pH 7.5 water. Though the morphology of neither species was affected by acidification, both species grew slower in acidified water. At the end of the experiment, calcium concentration was measured in each crab and the dry mass and condition index of each crab were determined. Ocean acidification did not affect the calcium content of red king crab but did decrease the condition index, while it had the opposite effect on Tanner crabs, decreasing calcium content but leaving the condition index unchanged. This suggests that red king crab may be able to maintain calcification rates, but at a high energetic cost. The decrease in survival and growth of each species is likely to have a serious negative effect on their populations in the absence of evolutionary adaptation or acclimatization over the coming decades.
Evaluating the Patient With Diarrhea: A Case-Based Approach

The evaluation of the patient with diarrhea can be complex and the treatment challenging. In this article, the definition of diarrhea and the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to diarrhea are reviewed. A simplified 5-step approach to the patient with diarrhea is provided and applied in a case-oriented manner applicable to everyday clinical practice. On completion of this article, you should be able to (1) define diarrhea, (2) outline various pathophysiologic mechanisms of diarrhea, and (3) describe a simplified 5-step approach to facilitate the evaluation of diarrhea.
High-Stiffness Distal Fixation Restores Anterior Laxity and Stiffness as Well as Joint Line Fixation With an Interference Screw

Background: Fixation of an anterior cruciate ligament graft at the joint line with an interference screw restores anterior laxity better than low-stiffness distal fixation with double staples and sutures tied to a post at implantation in porcine bone.Hypothesis: Fixation of an anterior cruciate ligament graft with a high-stiffness distal fixation device restores anterior laxity and knee stiffness as well as joint line fixation with an interference screw in human bone.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Eleven cadaveric knees with foam reinforcement of the bone were reconstructed with a double-looped tendon graft and fixed with an interference screw and 3 high-stiffness methods of fixation (tandem washer, WasherLoc, and WasherLoc with bone dowel). Anterior laxity at 225 and 110 N of anterior load and knee stiffness were measured at 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of flexion with a 6 degrees of freedom load application system.Results: The increase in anterior laxity and knee stiffness with the in...
The (11;14)(q13;q32) Translocation in Multiple Myeloma A Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Study

We identified 24 cases of multiple myeloma with the t(11;14)(q13;q32). In 22 cases, the t(11;14)(q13;q32) was part of a complex karyotype, and in 2 cases it was an isolated abnormality. All patients had clinical and laboratory features consistent with multiple myeloma. The median degree of plasma cell involvement in the bone marrow was 60%, and in 10 cases, the plasma cells had a lymphoplasmacytoid appearance. Of the 24 cases, 21 had intermediate or high proliferative rates based on labeling index studies. Immunohistochemical studies performed on all bone marrow biopsy specimens showed strong cyclin D1 nuclear positivity in 19 cases. There also was strong cyclin D1 nuclear positivity found in 6 of 30 additional cases without the t(11;14)(q13;q32) demonstrated by routine cytogenetics. The t(11;14)(q13;q32) in multiple myeloma results in overexpression of the cyclin D1 protein, which can be demonstrated by immunohistochemical stain. The cyclin D1 stain results in the additional cases of multiple myeloma suggest that the t(11;14)(q13;q32) may be more common than previously thought and may be missed by routine cytogenetics, particularly if the proliferative rate is low.