cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating values and ethics into post secondary teaching for leadership development: Principles, concepts, and strategies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of moral literacy as it applies to leadership development and the processes for promoting moral literacy through teaching in colleges and universities.Design/methodology/approach – The ethics of authenticity and moral agency in education settings are proposed as a means for promoting and achieving moral literacy among teachers and students.Findings – Instructional principles for the integration of values and ethics into post secondary teaching are outlined and several successful techniques are illustrated.Research limitations/implications – The use of values and ethics frameworks as content is contrasted with their application as process.Practical implications – Examples of applications are included in the form of teaching activities such as the “value audit”, “personal inventories”, “problem interpretation protocols” and the “use of case studies”.Originality/value – A theoretically grounded justification for incorporating moral literacy framewo...
Pregnancy complicated by primary carcinoma of the ovary

Abstract 1. 1. Malignancy is present in about 2 to 3 per cent of the ovarian tumors which occur during pregnancy. 2. 2. Twenty-eight cases of cancer of the ovary in pregnancy were found in the literature. 3. 3. The management of a case of papillary adenocarcinoma in the first trimester of pregnancy in a 20-year-old multipara is presented.
Titanium Catalyzed Perchlorate Reduction and Applications

This work provides a proof-of-principle demonstration that Ti(III)-catalyzed electrochemical techniques could potentially be used for reduction of ClO4− in small waste streams, such as the regeneration of selective anion-exchange resins that are loaded with ClO4−. The technique may not be directly applied for the treatment of large volumes of ClO4−-contaminated water at relatively low concentrations because of its slow reaction kinetics and the use of chemical reagents. Further studies are needed to optimize the reaction conditions in order to achieve a complete reduction of ClO4− and the regeneration of spent resin beds. Alternative complexing and reducing agents may be used to enhance the reaction completeness of sorbed ClO4− in the resin and to overcome potential clogging of micropores within the resin beads resulting from the precipitation of TiO2.
Increased transcription and coordinate stabilization of mRNAs for secreted immunoglobulin alpha heavy chain and kappa light chain following stimulation of immunoglobulin A expressing B cells.

Abstract Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in host protection at mucosal surfaces, yet little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms that govern the expression of this isotype. The studies herein investigated mechanisms that control IgA secretion in response to stimulation with interleukin-4 and interleukin-5, cytokines which are known to regulate IgA responses, and to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Two mechanisms were shown to govern agonist induced IgA expression in a murine IgA expressing B cell line. In the initial period after stimulation, increased mRNA levels for the secreted form of alpha heavy chain (alpha s), and kappa light chain were paralleled by a transient increase in transcription rates of the corresponding genes. However, with prolonged agonist stimulation, gene transcription rates decreased to near control levels, and increased mRNA levels were associated with a coordinate increase in alpha s and kappa mRNA stability. In striking contrast, these agonists did not affect levels or stability of mRNA for the membrane form of alpha heavy chain (alpha m). Alpha s mRNAs contained multiple poly(A) addition sites located 13-32 nucleotides downstream of a single AAUAAA sequence. Nonetheless, the differential usage of these sites as a mechanism for controlling alpha s mRNA stability could be excluded, since the relative abundance of these different alpha s mRNAs did not differ significantly after agonist stimulation. These data, taken together, suggest that sequences within 107 nucleotides of the 3' end of alpha s mRNA, which are absent in alpha M mRNA, are required for the regulation of alpha s mRNA stability, possibly by acting as targets for regulated trans-acting cellular factors.
Body Size and Scaling of Limb Proportions in Primates

Extant terrestrial mammals span an enormous size range, from tiny pygmy shrews weighing in at less than 5 g to massive African elephants tipping the scales at over 2500 kg (Eisenberg, 1981). Despite such marked differences in adult body mass, Alexander et al. (1979) report that the lengths and diameters of limb bones in a shrew-to-elephant size series scale surprisingly close to geometric similarity; i.e., linear dimensions are almost proportional to (mass)173. Although adult members of the order Primates cannot match the overall range of body sizes in mammals, the size distribution of living primate species is still quite impressive, ranging from dwarf galagos and mouse lemurs (—60–70 g) at one end of the spectrum to male gorillas (>200 kg in some individuals) at the other. Given the unexpected results of the Alexander et al. (1979) study, it is reasonable to wonder if the linear dimensions of the long bones of adult primates also conform to the expectations of geometric similarity. A few minutes of casual observation at the zoo or natural history museum would probably suffice to allow one to reject this null hypothesis for primate limb proportions. Galagos and tarsiers simply do not resemble gibbons or gorillas very much with regard to their respective bodily proportions. Locomotor differences between these extremes seem equally obvious and appear to be correlated with differences in limb proportions.
An Improved Method With High Specificity for KIR2DL1 Functional Allele Typing

As new killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) alleles are discovered, a challenge in KIR typing is maintaining sensitivity and specificity. A single nucleotide polymorphism assay can be used to type functional KIR2DL1 alleles. We improved recently on the earlier method by using a higher-specificity assay. The major modifications include the development of sequence-specific primers to selectively amplify the transmembrane domain of all known KIR2DL1 alleles via polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), and using the PCR products as the template for a revised KIR2DL1 functional allele-typing assay. This modified method allows high-throughput typing with high specificity.
How are Venture Capitalists Rewarded? The Economics of Venture Capital Partnerships

We develop a model showing how investors, venture capitalists (VCs), and entrepreneurs integrate into a venture capital fund (VCF). Investors’ demand for VC services will depend on their beliefs about the accuracy of VC screening and their expected revenue without a VC. The quality of screening will depend on VCs’ information, incentives, and expected profits. The model characterizes equilibrium prices that VCs charge for their services and the individual payoff schedules of VCs and investors as function of project cash flows. We calibrate the model using data from existing empirical studies and find results that match the management fees charged by real-world VCs and the industry returns. Our analysis provides new insights into the formation of VC-investor partnerships and suggests that the services provided by VCs improve capital market efficiency.
Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis of type I portland cement pastes containing parachlorophenol

Abstract Four mixtures of Type I Portland Cement, parachlorophenol (pCP) and water were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis after hydrating 7, 28, and 90 days. All mixtures were prepared with a water/cement weight ratio of 0.4. Weight ratios of pCP/cement were as follows: 0, 0.04, 0.1 and 0.2. Samples were polished and examined for morphological differences and compositional variations. The smoothness of the polished surface was found to increase with hydration time as well as pCP concentration. X-ray dot maps and microprobe analyses indicate an even distribution of pCP within the hydrated cement paste. However, there is an increase in the mean and standard deviation of the Ca+Mg)/Cl atomic ratio with increasing hydration time for all pCP containing specimens. Although this ratio was higher for inclusions than for the matrix, the detection of Cl in the inclusions suggests a possible interaction between pCP and unhydrated clinker.
Cotton fiber growth and development in vitro: effects of tunicamycin and monensin

Abstract The effects of tunicamycin, an inhibitor of lipid-linked glycosyl transfer, and monensin, an inhibitor of Golgi function, on ovule growth and fiber development in fertilized cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovules grown in vitro were examined. Ovules were treated with inhibitors at the fiber elongation stage of development and at the time when secondary wall synthesis was initiated. Ovules were examined after 21 days in culture. A 24-h tunicamycin treatment (0.5–1.0 μg/ml) at 2–6 days post anthesis inhibited fiber elongation and secondary wall deposition. A 24-h monensin treatment (1.5 μM) at 6–11 days post anthesis did not inhibit elongation but suppressed secondary wall deposition. The time period 2–11 days post anthesis is important in fiber development. A perturbation of fiber growth at that time period inhibited both fiber elongation and subsequent secondary wall deposition that occurred several days after treatment.
Pharmacokinetics of Famotidine in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Famotidine pharmacokinetics were studied in 13 patients with severe cystic fibrosis (CF) ranging from 10 to 47 years of age and 25 to 72 kg in weight. Patients were randomized to first receive famotidine either 20 mg intravenously or 40 mg orally. Twelve patients were crossed over to the alternate treatment. Repeated blood samples were obtained over 12 hours after intravenous and oral administration and urine was collected over 24 hours for quantitation of famotidine by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A compartment model-dependent approach was used to characterize the disposition of famotidine. From the intravenous data, the mean +/- standard deviation elimination half-life (t1/2) was 2.11 +/- 0.75 hours, the total clearance (Cl) was 0.79 +/- 0.41 L/kg/hr, the renal clearance was 0.57 +/- 0.26 L/kg/hr, the fraction eliminated unchanged in the urine was 83% +/- 16%, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vdss) was 1.33 +/- 0.53 L/kg. The bioavailability determined from comparison of intravenous and oral area under the curve data was 71% +/- 27%. Results of this study support an initial famotidine dose of 20 mg intravenously or 40 mg orally every 12 hours in patients with CF who are older than 9 years of age.
Coherent reflection of a Gaussian beam at optical frequencies from a large convex mirror

In some modern laser-system application and performance evaluations, an accurate formula is needed for the spatial distribution of intensity in the reflected or backscattered field that is produced by a coherent Gaussian beam incident upon an optical-grade convex mirror. This paper presents the development of such an analytical formula. The formula is rigorous within the Fresnel approximation, is easy to evaluate, and consists of only a few terms. However, it requires that the mirror size and distance to satisfy the Fresnel condition and the radius of curvature of the mirror be large compared with the wavelength of radiation. With the Gaussian beam transformed to a plane uniform beam and the mirror approximated to a flat circular disk, the formula reduces to the well-known Airy diffraction-pattern formula when subjected to the Fraunhofer condition. Although the formula presented here is strictly applicable only to spherical mirrors with a small aperture-radius-to-radius-of-curvature ratio, when pushed to the full sphere limit, it yields results that have good order-of-magnitude agreement with the machine-calculated results that use the rigorous Mie theory of scattering from a full sphere.
Computed tomography utilization rates after the placement of a scanner in an emergency department: a single-center experience

The convenience of a computed tomography (CT) scanner in the emergency department (ED) may impact utilization rates. Our primary aim was to determine the rate of utilization before and after the placement of an ED CT scanner. Secondary aims were to determine the rate of utilization by anatomic region and during a 5-month period when the ED scanner was unavailable. We performed an electronic chart review of our ED with an annual census of 70,000 patients. We identified all patients over the age of 21 who had a CT scan performed from January 2008 to October 2010. Predetermined data elements were extracted by trained, hypothesis-blinded abstractors. Comparisons overall and within scan subtype were performed using seasonal matching. We found a CT utilization rate of 114 per 1,000 patient visits before and 139 per 1,000 patient visits after the placement of a CT scanner in the ED (p<0.0001). Linear regression analysis found a line with a slope of β=0.114 (95 % CI=0.107-0.121) and an R2 of 0.508. CT rates increased in the following regions: head CTs by 14 per 1,000 visits (p<0.0001); neck CTs by 3 per 1,000 visits (p<0.0001); abdomen/pelvis CTs by 4 per 1,000 visits (p=0.0015); "other" CTs by 2 per 1,000 visits (p<0.0001). Increased rates of chest and facial CTs approached significance with p values of 0.05. During the 5-month downtime, utilization remained unchanged at 141 per 1,000 visits (p=0.38). Overall CT utilization increased after the placement of a scanner in the ED. Most subtypes of scan increased. Utilization was unchanged during a period of ED scanner unavailability, suggesting that increased utilization may be difficult to reverse.
Vesicle size: dependence on experimental parameters

Abstract Dynamic light scattering was used to monitor the response of vesicle size to a variety of key experimental parameters. Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) of reproducible diameters (28 nm) were generated using a mixture of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and distearoyl phosphatidic acid (PA). Vesicle size was found to be constant while varying the following conditions: (a) sonication mode (Bransonic 12 bath or Branson 185 probe); (b) sonication temperature (60–70°C); (c) sonication time (10–55 min); (d) configuration of sonication vessel; (e) vesicle age (up to 20 h); (f) pH (2.0–9.0); (g) concentration of lipid (DSPC/PA ratios of 1.0 mM/0.050 mM to 5.0 mM/0.50 mM); (h) buffer concentration (0.01–0.05 M); (i) ionic strength (20 mM–2.0 M KCl); (j) low concentration of probe (2.0 × 10−4M pyranine). In contrast, vesicle size was affected by the following: (a) absence of PA; (b) pH = 10.00; (c) ionic strength below 5 mM KCl; (d) presence of Ca2+; (e) presence of high probe concentrations (2.7 × 10−2M p-nitrophenyl phosphate). Dynamic light scatterng on LUV systems (prepared by the injection method) gave only approximate mean diameters, centering around 130 nm in a 50–350 nm range, owing to their polydispersity even after microfiltration. Size distributions of positive and negative vesicles prepared from commercial “kits” remained relatively constant over a 24-h period.
Impact of housekeeping on lead exposure in indoor law enforcement shooting ranges.

Lead is a toxic metal that can lead to many adverse health effects. (1) Lead is classified as a probable human carcinogen and is known to manifest itself as acute lead poisoning or chronic lead tox...
Experiments on Slotted, Coaxial, High Power Gyrotrons

This research program investigates high power microwave generation utilizing a microsecond electron beam accelerator to study means of eliminating microwave pulse-shortening. The particular device under study is the coaxial gyrotron oscillator in the S-band frequency range. Experiments have concentrated on three types of gyrotron cavities: (1) coaxial, unslotted, (2) coaxial, slotted, and (3) noncoaxial, unslotted. The first major result is that the coaxial rod raises the limiting current in the e-beam diode, permitting reliable, higher current extraction into the microwave tube. The second major finding is that the slotted cavity gives the highest peak powers (approximately 90 MW) but very short pulselengths (approximately 10 - 20 ns). The unslotted coaxial gyrotron emits power levels of 20 - 40 MW with longer pulselengths (up to 40 ns). The noncoaxial gyrotron radiates lower peak power levels (approximately 20 MW). All of the gyrotron types exhibited signs of the pulse shortening mechanisms of mode hopping and mode competition as diagnosed by time-frequency-analysis (TFA). TFA also shows that lower power microwave oscillation is maintained over some 300 ns, but the power level may be modulated due to e-beam voltage fluctuations.
An Innovative Model of Management Education for the Poor: The South African Experience

Community and Individual Development Association (CIDA) City Campus is a private business college that provides bachelor's degrees to economically disadvantaged students in South Africa. CIDA's model of management education is in stark contrast to conventional business schools, which are not accessible to or adapted to students from extreme poverty. To help overcome their disadvantaged backgrounds, CIDA students are provided with holistic education encompassing inner development and community spirit, not just career-oriented skills and knowledge. Furthermore, CIDA students are engaged in creating economic value for their school and their communities, in contrast to traditional education that sequesters students from productive engagement with their communities. The CIDA model provides lessons for management educators seeking to target impoverished students and their communities.
A more accurate projection in the rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium method for dimension reduction of combustion chemistry

The rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) method for dimension reduction of combustion chemistry is revisited from a geometric viewpoint. A constrained equilibrium manifold (CEM) is defined as all compositions that satisfy the maximum-entropy or minimum-free energy conditions of the gas mixture, subject to specified constraints. The RCCE method is based solely on thermodynamics, and it is shown that this method contains a hidden assumption of an orthogonal projection that projects the rate equation of the chemical system onto the CEM. An extension of the RCCE method is constructed by making an alternative projection based on the conjecture that, near the CEM, there is a close parallel inertial manifold (CPIM). The CPIM assumption introduces the chemical kinetics directly through the local Jacobian and hence leads to greater accuracy than RCCE. The comparison between the RCCE method and its extension is made in the test calculations of hydrogen–air and methane–air autoignition.
Identification of plasticity―associated genes regulated by Pavlovian fear conditioning in the lateral amygdala

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 636–650. Abstract Most recent studies aimed at defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Pavlovian fear conditioning have focused on protein kinase signaling pathways and the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) that promote fear memory consolidation in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA). Despite this progress, there still remains a paucity of information regarding the genes downstream of CREB that are required for long-term fear memory formation in the LA. We have adopted a strategy of using microarray technology to initially identify genes induced within the dentate gyrus following in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) followed by analysis of whether these same genes are also regulated by fear conditioning within the LA. In the present study, we first identified 34 plasticity-associated genes that are induced within 30 min following LTP induction utilizing a combination of DNA microarray, qRT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. To determine whether these genes are also induced in the LA following Pavlovian fear conditioning, we next exposed rats to an auditory fear conditioning protocol or to control conditions that do not support fear learning followed by qRT-PCR on mRNA from microdissected LA samples. Finally, we asked whether identified genes induced by fear learning in the LA are downstream of the extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. Collectively, our findings reveal a comprehensive list of genes that represent the first wave of transcription following both LTP induction and fear conditioning that largely belong to a class of genes referred to as ‘neuronal activity dependent genes’ that are likely calcium, extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase, and CREB-dependent.
A possible mechanism for the peroxidation of lipids due to chronic ethanol ingestion.

Abstract The effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on NADPH-oxidase and on the NADPH-catalyzed peroxidation of lipids in rat liver microsomes have been studied. It was demonstrated that the rates of NADPH oxidation, of oxygen consumption, and of malondialdehyde formation increased significantly above control values after one month of ethanol ingestion. Further, the fatty acid composition of these microsomes revealed a decrease in arachidonate and in the C22 polyenes. Also, the energies of activation for the formation of malondialdehyde increased in the microsomes from tile ethanol-treated animals. These results were interpreted to mean that ethanol ingestion had induced changes in the microsomal membranes such that additional or alternate, possibly abnormal, pathways for lipid peroxidation were functional. Finally, these data suggest a mechanism whereby chronic ethanol ingestion inhances the production of lipid peroxides via the microsomal-catalyzed oxidation of NADPH.
Feasibility of tapping atmospheric charge as a power source

Mechanisms which generate atmospheric charge are examined in order to estimate the rate of field regeneration. Energy density contained in the atmospheric electric field is examined. Charge-harvesting methods are suggested and a practical use of electrostatic motors examined. Comparisons to projected energy consumption, and comparison to other energy sources are made, and viability of tapping atmospheric charge is assessed.
Fracture behavior of short fiber reinforced thermoplastics I. Crack propagation mode and fracture toughness

The fracture behavior of several short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics has been studied. The fracture toughness of these materials may be related to local crack propagation mode, which is found to be highly rate dependent. At low test rates the crack growth in the reinforced polymers tend to follow a fiber avoidance mode, creating a greater area of new surfaces, which in conjunction with greater degree of interfacial debonding and fiber pullout friction leads to a higher fracture resistance. An increase in loading rate in general results in a more straight and flat crack path, as well as a lesser extent of fiber debonding and pullout. Therefore the fracture toughness is reduced although the frequency of fiber breakage is increased. The fracture behavior of these short fiber reinforced polymers appears to be dictated by the matrix properties when the loading rate is high.
Improved Calculation of High Speed Inlet Flows: Part I. Numerical Algorithm

An improved numerical algorithm has been developed for the calculation of flowfields in two-dimensional high speed inlets. The full mean compressible Navier-Stokes equations are employed, with turbulence represented by an algebraic turbulent eddy viscosity. A body-oriented coordinate transformation is used to facilitate treatment of arbitrary inlet contours. The explicit finite-difference algorithm of MacCormack is utilized. Several well-known techniques for improving computational efficiency are incorporated, including time-splitting of the finite-difference operators and splitting of the mesh into several regions in the cross-stream direction. A number of new computational techniques are introduced; namely, a procedure for automatic determination of the optimal mesh splitting, and a separate treatment of the viscous sublayer and transition wall region of the turbulent boundary layers. The accuracy and efficiency of the approach is demonstrated for the specific examples of the development of a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, and the interaction of a shock wave with a flat plate turbulent boundary layer. In all cases, the results compare very favorably with previous numerical calculations and experimental results.
Malignant nodule detection on lung CT scan images with kernel RX-algorithm

In this paper, we present a nonlinear anomaly detector called kernel RX-algorithm and apply it to CT images for malignant nodule detection. Malignant nodule detection is very similar to anomaly detection in military imaging applications where the RX-algorithm has been successfully applied. We modified the original RX-algorithm so that it can be applied to anomaly detection in CT images. Moreover, using kernel trick, we mapped the data to a high dimensional space to obtain a kernelized RX-algorithm that outperforms the original RX-algorithm. The preliminary results of applying the kernel RX-algorithm on annotated public access databases suggests that the proposed method may provide a means for early detection of the malignant nodules.
Women's Experiences With Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia

ABSTRACT Objective To explore women's experiences with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia during diagnosis and treatment. Design Two focus groups, each with 3 participants, were conducted as a pilot study. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their experiences, quality of life, sexual functioning, body image, and well-being. Responses were audio taped, transcribed, and independently analyzed by 2 researchers to identify themes and develop categories of the participants' experiences. Setting Participants were recruited from an urban oncology clinic. Patients/Participants The study population consisted of 6 White women ranging in age from 22 to 72 years. Methods Participants with a diagnosis of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia were recruited using flyers posted in their oncologist's office. An interview guide was used focusing on participants' experiences. Results Participants described a cyclic journey with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia related to the recurrent nature of the disease. Two internal influences on the journey were described: spirituality and time in life. Five external influences were discussed: significant others, health care providers, family, friends, and others with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Conclusion Health care providers cannot alter the recurrent nature of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia; however, they can better understand a woman's experience and the variables that impact her experience in a negative or positive way.
Activation of the C-H bond of methane by intermediate Q of methane monooxygenase: a theoretical study.

The dydroxylase component (MMOH) of the multicomponent soluble methane monooxygenase (MMO) system catalyzes the oxidation of methane by dioxygen to form methanol and water at non-heme, dinuclear iron active sites.
Demonstration of tubulin-glycolytic enzyme interactions using a novel electrophoretic approach

A gel electrophoretic technique was used to demonstrate an interaction with the soluble enzymes aldolase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and muscle type lactate dehydrogenase to the cytoskeletal protein tubulin. It is suggested that tubulin, like actin, is a key cytoskeletal structure with which soluble proteins may associate.
Stress relaxation studies of model silicone RTV networks

The stress relaxation behavior of model silicone room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) elastomers has been used to examine the chemistry of the cured silicone network. It has been shown that the tin crosslinking catalyst, together with water, produces siloxane bond rearrangement which results in chemical stress relaxation. The measurement of the rate of stress relaxation of unfilled model elastomers at various temperatures gave an apparent activation energy of 10.3 kcal/mole−1 for the relaxation process. In addition, the effects of some of the constituents of the RTV on relaxation behavior have been examined.
Effects of aflatoxin B1 and other carcinogens upon nucleolar RNA of various tissues in the rat.

Studies were made on the acute effects of aflatoxin B1, 3′-methyl-4-di-methylaminoazobenzene, and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide on nucleolar RNA synthesis of normal liver, regenerating liver, and Novikoff hepatoma. Sedimentation profiles obtained from density gradient centrifugation of the nucleolar RNA of these tissues showed that these carcinogens inhibited the synthesis of rapidly sedimenting nucleolar RNA and electron microscopic studies showed that each produced segregation of nucleolar granular and fibrillar elements. Unlike results with actinomycin D, which produces similar morphological effects, the 32P base compositions of the rapidly sedimenting nucleolar RNA showed no changes in comparison with base compositions of corresponding fractions of untreated tissues. Electron microscopic studies showed that aflatoxin B1, 3′-MeDAB and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide had similar compact nucleoli, a decrease in nucleolar size, segregation of the fibrillar from granular components. Dense material in the nucleoli was produced by aflatoxin B1 and by 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide. These results show that any substance that inhibits nucleolar biosynthesis also produces segregation of nucleolar granular and fibrillar elements.
Cave of the Jagua: The Mythological World of the Taínos

Cave of the Jagua: The Mythological World of the Tafnos. ANTONIO M. STEVENS-ARROYO. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. 282 pp., tables, figures. $27.50 (cloth). ISBN 0-8263-1102-4.
Effects of spatial locations and luminance on finding and re-finding information in a desktop environment

We studied how spatial locations and luminance affect finding and re-finding information in a desktop environment. In an experiment conducted with computer icons, fixed locations led to more frequent accesses to icons while change of luminance led to worse recall of icon titles and locations. Results are consistent with the notion that information search behavior is adaptive to the cost-benefit structure of the interface, and search strategies are adaptive to different external representations of icons. Results also suggest that both external representations and human information processes are critical in determining the effectiveness of different GUI designs.
Testimony On Space Based And Space Directed Weapons

The President's "star wars" speech last year challenged the most basic premises of the U.S.-Soviet strategic relationship. It has led to the Administration's new strategic defense (ABM) initiative which deserves the most careful examination. Advances in ABM technology will inevitably contribute to advances in anti-satellite technology (ASAT) which is a much simpler technical challenge. Hence policy and restraints in both areas should be coupled to one another. In my statement I will first address the issues raised by the defense initiative; and then ASAT.
Latent Effects of Chronic Whole-Body Irradiation Upon the Performance of Monkeys on the Spatial Delayed-Response Problem

Eight normal, 13 low-dose irradiated, and 13 high-dose irradiated rhesus monkeys were tested for 24 trials a day over a 16-day period on a 10-second delayed-response problem. Previous delayed-response testing had failed to differentiate these groups during the first 100 days following the radiation exposure to which the experimental animals had been subjected two years prior to the initiation of the present experiment. The results of the present experiment demonstrated that the hypothesis of a facilitation of delayed-response performance by monkeys as a latent effect of whole-body irradiation is tenable. Normal monkeys can and do perform as efficiently at some points in time as chronic irradiated monkeys, but they appear to suffer interference from stimulus factors extraneous to solution of the problem at hand. (auth)
Identification of metabolites of progesterone-4-14c in domestic sow urine

Abstract Some of the urinary 14 C metabolites of progesterone were characterized following the intravenous injection of progesterone-4- 14 C. Nearly two-thirds of the 14 C extracted following enzyme hydrolysis was in the neutral fraction. Sulfuric acid spectra, derivative formation, paper, repeat thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography were used to identify 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one and 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one as the only detectable pregnanolones. By similar procedures, the predominant isomer of pregnanediol isolated was 3α, 20α-dihydroxy-5β-pregnane. The ratio of 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one to 3β-hydroxy 5α-pregnan-20-one was found to change during the estrous cycle. In contrast to the human, 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one is present in greater amounts than 3α, 20α-dihydroxy-5β-pregnane.
Polarization in lidar: a review

This paper reviews the history and applications of the laser backscatter depolarization technique for atmospheric remote sensing. A relatively simple method, polarization diversity was among the earliest laser-radar (lidar) applications tested in the field, and soon proved to be uniquely suited for the study of the shape and orientation of hydrometeors, and hence the discrimination of water and ice clouds. More recent research has focused on atmospheric aerosols and the exotic clouds of the middle atmosphere, and on enhancing the information content of observations from lidars based on more sophisticated technologies. Various findings from polarization lidar research will be presented.
An Exact Solution to Steady Heat Conduction in a Two-Dimensional Annulus on a One-Dimensional Fin: Application to Frosted Heat Exchangers With Round Tubes

The fin efficiency of a high-thermal-conductivity substrate coated with a low-thermalconductivity layer is considered, and an analytical solution is presented and compared to alternative approaches for calculating fin efficiency. This model is appropriate for frost formation on a round-tube-and-fin metallic heat exchanger, and the problem can be cast as conduction in a composite two-dimensional circular cylinder on a one-dimensional radial fin. The analytical solution gives rise to an eigenvalue problem with an unusual orthogonality condition. A one-term approximation to this new analytical solution provides fin efficiency calculations of engineering accuracy for a range of conditions, including most frosted-coated metal fins. The series solution and the one-term approximation are of sufficient generality to be useful for other cases of a low-thermal-conductivity coating on a high-thermal-conductivity substrate. DOI: 10.1115/1.2165210
Magnetocapacitance measurements in GaAs heterostructures

Abstract Measurements of the magnetocapacitance of a two-dimensional electron gas in high mobility GaAs(Ga, Al)As heterostructure confirm, for the first time, the relationship between the density of states and the capacitance of a two-dimensional electron gas. We present the first magnetocapacitance measurements in the fractionally quantized Hall regime.
Remarks on the syntax of Mandarin yes-no questions

According to C.-T. Huand (1991), Chinese “A-not-a questions” are not syntactically unitary but fall into two types whose syntax has literally nothing in common. I argue that Huang is incorrect in assimilating the “disjunctive” variety of A-not-A questions to alternative questions, in that disjunctive questions are subject to a number of restrictions that do not apply to alternative questions, for example, a restriction that the positive conjunct precede the negative one. While accepting the basic idea of Huang's rule for “reduplicative” A-not-A questions, I note that restrictions on negation are mirrored not only in disjunctive questions where, for Huang the negative element is a real negation, but also in reduplicative questions, where for Huang there is only an apparent negation. I conclude that the full spectrum of A-not-A questions in Chinese reflects not synchronically unrelated constructions but rather different ways of specializing an, alternative question for the function of a yes-no question.
Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, and the Chinese State

AbstractIn the past two decades, the government of the People’s Republic of China has become a strong supporter of UNESCO material culture preservation efforts within China, including ethnic minority areas such as the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). This article uses a range of materials including fieldwork findings, museum research, and anthropological studies of ethnicity and development in China to examine this shift in state policy from the “modernization” of minority peoples through state-directed development to cultural preservation. Major findings are that these policies serve development in a different way, by supporting political claims to regions such as Tibet through the promotion of historical and cultural ties between China and Tibet, and by fostering and encouraging a rapidly expanding domestic tourism industry in minority regions.
Plasma flow in the near and distant geomagnetic tail

Abstract Measurements of the bulk flow of plasma in the outer magnetosphere were first made a little over a decade ago with Los Alamos instruments on the Vela satellites. During the intervening years, as flow measurements have been made with improved instruments and by other satellites they have come to play a crucial role in the development of our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere. For example, they were the means of discovery of the magnetosphere's boundary layer and of plasma vortices within the plasma sheet. They were the essential ingredient in the identification of signatures of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause. And they were indispensible in clarifying the complex phenomena in the magnetotail accompanying substorms and in showing that these phenomena are consistent with a substorm model involving magnetic reconnection at a near-earth neutral line. Most recently, magnetotail plasma flow measurements by the ISEE-3 satellite at distances as great as 230 RE have been instrumental in fixing the average location of the “distant” neutral line at ∼ 60 to 120 RE and in identifying plasmoids (i.e., severed sections of the plasma sheet), released during substorms and escaping down-tail. This paper reviews the features of magnetotail plasma flow, describes the most recent observations, and discusses their implications for magnetospheric physics.
Trabecular bone morphometry in beagles with chronic renal failure.

A morphometric study was performed on undecalcified sections of trabecular bone from the ribs of adult dogs that were controls (n=8), or had various degrees of renal failure as a result of perinatal irradiation (n=16). In a group identified as markedly uremic there was an increase in the proportion of surface with osteoid seams (P<0.01), osteoblasts (P<0.01) and osteoclastic resorption (P<0.01) as well as the % osteoid volume (P<0.01). Aside from a decrease in the % trabecular bone which was of unclear significance, the results agree well with those of similar studies in man. Within this group, 6 of the samples had a histologic pattern that was principally that of hyperparathyroidism and in the remaining 2 there was evidence of a mineralization defect and osteomalacic changes. These 2 dogs had the poorest renal function and one that had been biopsied 5 months earlier, when its renal function was less impaired, had had a hyperparathyroid pattern.
Interracial marriage and family socio-economic well-being: Equal status exchange or caste status exchange?

Abstract Minorities outmarried to Whites are often assumed to exchange their higher achieved status for an ascribed racial status. This study challenges this traditional exchange perspective by examining three SES measures (education, job prestige and income), using census 2000 PUMS data. Findings indicate that couples have similar statuses in all types of marriages, either endogamous or exogamous, and there is no evidence of status-caste exchange in intermarriage to Whites, except in Asian husband–White wife marriages in income (not in education or job prestige). Equal status exchange in intermarriages, however, may have stratified racial groups, especially for Native Americans, Native Hawaiians and Hispanics. Intermarriage thus widens gaps of inequality between endogamous minorities and endogamous Whites through equal status exchange between spouses.
A COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLUTIONS FOR VERBAL, INFORMAL, AND FORMAL-DEDUCTIVE REASONING PROBLEMS

A previous study of new item types for the analytical measure of the GRE General Test found that the items loaded on three of four separable factors that were labeled verbal reasoning, informal reasoning, formal-deductive reasoning, and quantitative reasoning. The present study examined the issue of how processing differed for these item types in the context of a problem-space framework. Protocols of examinees solving a small set of problems aloud were collected. These protocols were examined with respect to two phases of the problem-solving process: problem representation and problem solution. For formal-deductive items, all the information necessary to solve the problem was provided in the problem statement. The representation of formal-deductive items involved the use of meaning-reduced tokens and spatial diagrams. The units involved in the representation of informal reasoning and verbal reasoning item types included meaningful propositions and meaning-emphasizing paraphrases. Reference to common background knowledge occurred. The analysis of the problem-solution phase focused on the processes of evaluation, (judgments of the correctness of an option) and justification (statements of an argument or of evidence for why an option was or was not correct). First, the order of these processes was found to differ for formal-deductive items and other item types. Secondly, item solutions varied in terms of the kinds of justifications that were offered by the examinees for accepting or rejecting options. These results illustrate how the addition of some item types to the GRE analytical measure will expand the variety of reasoning skills assessed. Implications of these results for cognitive models of reasoning are also discussed.
Optical system to detect volume of medical samples in labeled test tubes

A novel system for liquid-level detection is reported. The system uses two different wavelengths of light to detect the liquid level of medical samples in tubes that are covered by an unknown number of paper labels. By measuring the intensity of the transmitted light at two distinct wavelengths and computing their ratio, which is compared to a threshold value, a system was developed that is self-compensating for the number of tube labels and the type of medical sample to be analyzed. A laboratory prototype was built, and the test results were analyzed using different types of medical samples. Based on a series of experiments, the system was found to detect the liquid level of 0.4 mL with a maximum allowable tolerance of ±0.1 mL with better than 99.73% reliability and a total test time of 0.5 s. These results were achieved with test tubes that had up to six layers of labels attached to the outside of the tube, thereby making the tube completely opaque.
Viewpoint: teaching respect for patients.

Abstract Respect is a core value of medical professionalism. Respect for patients often manifests itself as an attitude, of which the physician is only partially self-aware. To teach respect means bringing it fully into consciousness. Physicians then should strive to make respect an inner quality, beyond being a behavior. The author illustrates the depth of feeling involved in respecting another person by citing passages from Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, James Agee's classic book that describes Depression-era tenant farmers. However, major barriers inhibit teaching of respect in clinical settings. The author proposes that synergies can be achieved that overcome the barriers by combining the effective modeling of respect in bedside teaching with formal teaching exercises involving patients and deep critical reflection using narratives wherein learners describe their experiences in patient care.
Raman spectra of diamond at high pressures.

The first-order Raman spectrum of diamond has been measured in a diamond-anvil cell up to 27 GPa. The fundamental phonon line varies linearly in pressure with a shift of 2.87 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$/GPa. This line appears to be an excellent pressure-calibration standard as an alternate to the ruby pressure scale.
D = 3 Gauge Dynamics: Yang-Mills and Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons Theory

We summarize recent progress in understanding non-perturbative effects of Yang-Mills (YM) and Yang-Mills Chern-Simons (YMCS) theories in three dimensions, based on a monopole-vortex vacuum condensate. In YM theory these include dynamical generation of a gluon mass, quantum vortex solitons, and and entropy-driven condensate of these solitons. This leads to confinement as well as CS fluctuations (related to B+L violation). These two phenomena are both described in terms of topological linkings of closed vortices with a Wilson loop (confinement) or with each other (CS fluctuations). In SU(N) YMCS theory with a level-k CS term, similar effects occur for k less than a critical value kc ≈ 2N, while for larger k there is a phase transition to a purely perturbative regime with no dynamical mass (just the perturbative CS mass), solitons, or condensate.
New Developments for TGFβ

Abstract A recent FASEB meeting was held in Tucson, Arizona that encompassed TGFβ superfamily signaling pathways and their roles in development. This review focuses on the developmental biology presented at the meeting.
Perceptual invariance and the psychophysical law

The psychophysical power law, demonstrated empirically by Stevens, is derivable from two postulates concerning (1) the tendency of perceptual organizations to model the environment and (2) the tendency for perceptual relations to remain constant. The two postulates appear to rule out logarithmic laws of the Fechner type. The theory is extendable to multidimensional perceptions such as those encountered in speech and color vision. The power transformations produced by the sense organs may be of such form that they produce a perceptual space in which subsequent transformations need be only linear.
Papillary Muscles Do Not Attach Directly to the Solid Heart Wall

Background— The papillary muscles (PMs) play an important role in normal cardiac function, helping to prevent leakage through the AV valves during systole. The nature of their attachment to the hea...
Laryngeal reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy

Laryngeal reconstruction following vertical partial laryngectomy (VPL) with arytenoidectomy was studied in 30 dogs. Variations of a superiorly based thyroid cartilage lap (TCF) were used for reconstruction. In addition, sternohyoid muscle reconstruction and endolaryngeal muscle coverage were studied. Larynges were recovered after a 6-month period in 28 surviving dogs and were analyzed by endoscopic photographs and axial whole-organ sections. Endoscopic assessment (n=18) demonstrated good results for arytenoid replacement (100%), pseudocord position (94%), pseudocord development (94%), and airway patency (100%)