cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results for primary bypass versus primary angioplasty/stent for lower extremity chronic limb-threatening ischemia

Abstract Background Long-term results comparing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without stenting (PTA/S) and open surgical bypass for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) in patients who have had no prior intervention are lacking. Methods All patients undergoing a first-time lower extremity revascularization for CLTI by vascular surgeons at our institution from 2005 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes included perioperative complications, wound healing, restenosis, primary patency, reintervention, major amputation, RAS events (ie, reintervention, major amputation, or stenosis), and mortality. Outcomes were evaluated using χ 2 , Kaplan-Meier, and Cox regression analyses. Results Of the 2869 total lower extremity revascularizations performed between 2005 and 2014, there were 1336 that fit our criteria of a first-time lower extremity intervention for CLTI (668 bypass procedures and 668 PTA/S procedures). Bypass patients were younger (71 vs 72 years; P = .02) and more often male (62% vs 56%; P P P P P = .63). Surgical site infection occurred in 10% of bypass patients. Freedom from reintervention was significantly higher in patients undergoing a first-time bypass procedure (62% vs 52% at 3 years; P = .04), as was freedom from restenosis (61% vs 45% at 3 years; P P Conclusions In this retrospective analysis, bypass for the primary treatment of CLTI showed improved 6-month wound healing, higher freedom from restenosis, improved patency rates, significantly fewer reinterventions, and higher survival than PTA/S within 3 years; however, a bypass-first approach was associated with increased total hospital LOS and wound infection. Perioperative mortality and amputation rates were similar between procedure types.
Computational identification of mutually homologous Zika virus miRNAs that target microcephaly genes

Background Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated with a variety of neuropathologies, including microcephaly. We hypothesize that ZIKV genes activate host microRNAs (miRNAs) causing dysfunctional development of human fetal brains. Objectives/methods A bioinformatics search for miRNA genome-wide binding sites in the prototypic ZIKV (strain MR766) was undertaken to hunt for miRNAs with significant similarities with MCPH genetic sequences responsible for inducing MCHP in human fetal brains. Results Six ZIKV miRNAs were found to share mutual homology with 12 MCPH genetic sequences responsible for inducing MCPH. Noteworthy was miR-1304, which expressed 100% identity to six different MCPH genes. Conclusions We suggest that following infection of fetal neurons ZIKV may modulate the action of various miRNAs, and miR-1304 in particular, resulting in microcephaly.
Stressors beget stressors: The effect of passive leadership on employee health through workload and work–family conflict

ABSTRACTThe current study examined passive leadership as a potential antecedent of two commonly studied workplace stressors (i.e. workload and work–family conflict), and investigated its negative effect on employee burnout and physical symptoms via these stressors. We collected two waves of data from 274 focal participants, and one wave of data from their co-workers. Results showed that both self-reported and co-worker-reported passive leadership was positively related to employee burnout and physical symptoms, as well as workload and work–family conflict. Additionally, workload and work–family conflict partially mediated the effects of passive leadership on burnout and physical symptoms, respectively. Our findings support the notion that passive leadership can create a stressful workplace and have a detrimental effect on employees’ health.
Robotic Abdominal Sacrocolpopexy

Abdominal sacrocolpopexy with synthetic mesh is a gold-standard technique for the repair of vaginal prolapse; however, the need for general anesthesia, longer operative time, and increased invasiveness compared with vaginal approaches limit its use. The addition of robotic technology is appealing to both the patient and the surgeon as a minimally invasive alternative with acceptable morbidity and complication rates. This chapter briefly reviews the indications and contraindications for repair and focuses on the technical aspects of the procedure. The current outcomes and complications literature are reviewed.
Dietary Restriction and AMPK Increase Lifespan via Mitochondrial Network and Peroxisome Remodeling.

Mitochondrial network remodeling between fused and fragmented states facilitates mitophagy, interaction with other organelles, and metabolic flexibility. Aging is associated with a loss of mitochondrial network homeostasis, but cellular processes causally linking these changes to organismal senescence remain unclear. Here, we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and dietary restriction (DR) promote longevity in C. elegans via maintaining mitochondrial network homeostasis and functional coordination with peroxisomes to increase fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Inhibiting fusion or fission specifically blocks AMPK- and DR-mediated longevity. Strikingly, however, preserving mitochondrial network homeostasis during aging by co-inhibition of fusion and fission is sufficient itself to increase lifespan, while dynamic network remodeling is required for intermittent fasting-mediated longevity. Finally, we show that increasing lifespan via maintaining mitochondrial network homeostasis requires FAO and peroxisomal function. Together, these data demonstrate that mechanisms that promote mitochondrial homeostasis and plasticity can be targeted to promote healthy aging.
Computational locality in morphological maps

This paper presents a computational investigation of a range of morphological operations. These operations are first represented as morphological maps, or functions that take a stem as input and return an output with the operation applied (e.g., the ing-suffixation map takes the input ‘dɹɪŋk’ and returns ‘dɹɪŋk+ɪŋ’). Given such representations, each operation can be classified in terms of the computational complexity needed to map a given input to its correct output. The set of operations analyzed includes various types of affixation, reduplication, and non-concatenative morphology. The results indicate that many of these operations require less than the power of regular relations (i.e., they are subregular functions), the exception being total reduplication. A comparison of the maps that fall into different complexity classes raises important questions for our overall understanding of the computational nature of phonology, morphology, and the morpho-phonological interface.
Changes In Hospital Utilization Three Years Into Maryland's Global Budget Program For Rural Hospitals.

In a substantial shift in payment policy, the State of Maryland implemented a global budget program for acute care hospitals in 2010. Goals of the program include controlling hospital use and spending. Eight rural hospitals entered the program in 2010, while urban and suburban hospitals joined in 2014. Prior analyses, which focused on urban and suburban hospitals, did not find consistent evidence that Maryland’s program had contributed to changes in hospital use after two years. However, these studies were limited by short follow-up periods, may have failed to isolate impacts of Maryland’s payment change from other state trends, and had limited generalizability to rural settings. To understand the effects of Maryland’s global budget program on rural hospitals, we compared changes in hospital use among Medicare beneficiaries served by affected rural hospitals versus an in-state control population from before to after 2010. By 2013—three years after the rural program began—there were no differential changes...
Create random assignments: A cloud-based tool to help implement alternative teaching materials

URL: https://bensresearch.com/CRA/Research has shown that learning is enhanced by variety (Bransford, Brown, and Cocking 2000; Halpern and Hakel 2003) such as popular press books, podcasts and vide...
Data Encryption on File Servers

A lot has been said about methods of protecting data stored on local computers. A very interesting question raised by many organizations is whether data stored on central file servers requires special protection. Does this data need encryption? What are the risks? What are the mitigation techniques? This paper tries to provide a brief answer to these questions. It also gives a few examples of different encryption solutions and technologies.
Identities Under Siege: Immigration Stress and Social Mirroring among the Children of Immigrants

Immigration is a phenomenon that involves more than 130 million people worldwide. In the United States, one out of every five children is the child of an immigrant. In New York City schools today, forty-eight percent of all students come from immigrant-headed households. This is not only an urban phenomenon: Schools across the country are encountering large numbers of children from immigrant families. It is increasingly clear that the adaptations of these children will be an important factor in the remaking of the American economy and society.
Beamed-energy propulsion: optical phase noise in 1064nm fiber amplifiers

Effective transfer of beamed optical energy to a spacecraft requires that the source have a sufficiently small angular divergence to contain the beam within the area of the spacecraft collector. Such a directed energy system could be achieved by coherently combining many small optical sources distributed throughout a large-scale array. The fundamental unit of such a system is a master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) which consists of a frequency stabilized laser source distributed to amplifier trees in the array. A fundamental challenge in long baseline coherent beam combination is that each source be combined with sub-wavelength accuracy over the entire array. In addition to perturbations due to mechanical and atmospheric disturbances, phase noise introduced by the amplifiers and the seed distribution network must also be accounted for in order to achieve the necessary accuracy. This work investigates the excess phase noise introduced by the amplifier stages and fiber optic links. Locking schemes that could be used to synchronize such an array are presented. The test bed used to interrogate phase noise is based on an all polarization maintaining fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), controlled by an FPGA based digital quadrature detection at a sampling rate of 1 MS/s yielding direct measurement of amplitude and phase with servo control for phase locking. Results for various MOPA and fiber link configurations based on Yb-doped fiber amplifiers operating at 1064 nm and kilometer scale link lengths are presented.
From Duty and Disclosure to Power and Participation in Social Enterprise

A growing number of businesses are social enterprises, with a dual mission of generating profits for investors while also pursuing various social goods. Statutes have created new legal forms of business association to be used by social enterprises, most prominently benefit corporations, but also L3Cs and social purpose corporations. These new forms use purpose, duty, and disclosure as corporate governance mechanisms to enable social enterprises. This paper argues that these forms have some advantages, but ultimately those governance mechanisms are too weak to help social enterprises credibly commit to pursuing their dual missions. Stronger governance mechanisms focus on voting power and participation, allowing stakeholders other than shareholders to vote either directly on some matters or else to elect representatives who in turn are involved in decisionmaking. Individual companies can and should adopt voting governance mechanisms in ways tailored to their individual needs and circumstances, and the paper analyzes ways they can do so, and what considerations may guide the choice of mechanisms for any given company. Moreover, the positive externalities generated by companies that effectively pursue various stakeholder interests suggest legal interventions beyond simply enabling private contracting. Social enterprises benefit society, and the law should do more to encourage effective enterprises that involve multiple stakeholders. The paper suggests tax and regulatory compliance innovations that could promote more stakeholder representation.
“The City of Tomorrow Must Reckon with the Lives and Living Habits of Human Beings”: The Joint Center for Urban Studies Goes to Venezuela, 1957-1969:

This essay explores the forgotten history of the founding of the Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Harvard University and the challenges it faced in ...
Dielectric permittivity-water content relationships in woodchips: Particle size and temperature effects

Abstract Information on the amount of water held by woodchips in the field is needed to assess environmental risks when they are kept in stockpiles or for inferring their efficiency as denitrifying bioreactors. Reflectometry is a widely used method for estimating volumetric water content ( θ ) in permeable media, but material-specific calibration functions should be developed. This study aimed at developing relationships between the bulk dielectric permittivity ( e b ) and θ in woodchips considering their particle size distribution (PSD), temperature ( T ) and the dielectric permittivity of the dry material plus air ( e sa ). The e b of fine, medium and coarse PSDs were measured with CS616-L water content reflectometers up to θ of 0.83 cm3/cm3 and at T (°C) of 10°, 24°, 37°, 55° and 70°. Calibration equations were developed using a multivariate power law function fitted to the data with a hierarchical Bayesian inference procedure. The best fit ( R 2 = 0.96; RMSE =0.04 cm3/cm3) was obtained for the fine PSD ( e sa ∼ 1.09); while medium ( e sa ∼ 1.09) and coarse ( e sa ∼ 1.03) PSDs were more influenced by T and the presence of large air voids ( R 2 ∼ 0.92; RMSE ∼0.06 cm3/cm3). A modified calibration equation independent of PSD ( e sa = 1) reduced only slightly the goodness-of-fit ( R 2 = 0.90; RMSE =0.07 cm3/cm3). The equations developed in this study are well suited for field applications as they cover a wider range of θ than previously published functions and they are applicable within the range of T found in field applications.
Low Incidence of Opportunistic Infections in CLL Patients Treated with Single Agent Flavopiridol.

Abstract Background: Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Standard therapies such as purine nucleoside analogs and alemtuzumab have been associated with a high incidence of opportunistic infections, particularly in heavily pretreated patients. To date no studies have evaluated the incidence of infections in patients receiving flavopiridol. Study design: Patients with CLL who had relapsed following fludarabine-based therapy were eligible for participation. Treatment consisted of single agent flavopiridol administered as a 30 minute bolus followed by a 4 hour infusion weekly for 4 weeks every six weeks for up to 6 cycles. There were no exclusions for neutropenia if it was attributable to disease. All patients received prophylactic antimicrobials for prevention of HSV/VZV reactivation and P. jerovici infection unless contraindicated. Myeloid growth factors support was not utilized. Patient outcomes were retrospectively analyzed for infectious toxicities. Results: From April 2004 to August 2006 121 patients received single agent flavopiridol as part of two clinical trials. Of these, 34 patients experienced either a febrile episode or an infectious complication, or both. Twenty-four patients were male, 10 were female. There were 43 total infectious episodes in 34 patients. Of the patients experiencing an infections complication, the median number of prior therapies was 4 (range 1–11). 17 had received a purine nucleoside analog within the previous 12 months and 9 had received alemtuzumab within the previous 12 months. Of total patients treated, 5 (4%) developed pneumonia, 1 (0.8%) developed bacterial sepsis, 10 (8.3%) developed sinusitis or bronchitis, and 3 developed suspected viral respiratory infections. There were 5 (4%) skin/soft tissue infections, 7 (5.8%) catheter-related infections, and 2 (1.7%) urinary tract infections. One patient developed esophagitis and was treated empirically, as an endoscopy was contraindicated due to thrombocytopenia. Two patients were found to have aspergillus species in sputum cultures, and one of these patients had a concurrent pulmonary infiltrate. One patient experienced exacerbation of his genital HSV. No patients experienced CMV reactivation, PCP, EBV, Candida, or Legionella infections. 9 patients (7.4%) had fever of unknown origin, 5 of these in the context of cytokine release syndrome during therapy. Twenty-two episodes were associated with grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Two patients died during infectious episodes. Conclusion: Flavopiridol is associated with an acceptable incidence of opportunistic infections when administered as a single agent, even in heavily pretreated patients. Most infections were bacterial in origin and may reflect altered immunity in patients with CLL, as well as therapy-associated myelosuppression. These results compare favorably to previous studies of infections in fludarabine-refractory patients.
Identities, Intersectionality, and Otherness: The Social Constructions of Deservedness in American Housing Policy

This paper examines how considerations of otherness and intersectionality could advance the theory of Social Construction and Policy Design. The paper utilizes housing policy and discrimination as ...
Using a Peer-Mediated Instructional Package to Teach College Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities to Navigate an Inclusive University Campus:

Colleges across the nation have seen an increase in programming for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) over the past decade. With this increase in programming comes the...
A simple screening test of filtration efficiency for protecting the gas sampling line from coronavirus using fluorescent microspheres.

BACKGROUND: During the coronavirus pandemic, preventing contamination of the anesthesia machine, critical to avoid cross-contamination between patients, has proven challenging when treating premature infants and neonates. While attaching a HEPA filter to the endotracheal tube will protect the anesthesia machine and the gas sampling line from contamination, this contribution to the dead space makes ventilation of these small patients challenging. Direct filtration of the gas sampling line eliminates this problem; however, appropriate filters are not readily available. AIMS: Identify a small filter capable of filtering out particles of a size similar to the SARS-CoV-2 virus for the gas sampling line. METHODS: We used fluorescence microspheres suspended in a solution for a challenge test to determine the filtration efficiency of various filters. The microspheres varied in diameter (0.02 µm, 0.042 µm, 0.109 µm, and 0.989 µm). A fluorescence plate reader was used to evaluate the degree of fluorescence intensity in the flow-through from various filters and referenced to the fluorescence intensity of the input. RESULTS: AHEPA filter, as recommended as an anti-viral filter, effectively filtered all the particles tested. The B. Braun PERIFIX Flat Epidural Filter was the second most effective filter, filtering particles larger than 0.042 µm. Other filters tested did not filter fluorescence microspheres equivalent in size to a single coronavirus particle (0.07 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved the Flat Epidural Filter for use as an anesthesia machine gas filter, our simple challenge test suggests that it could be used to effectively filter the anesthesia gas sampling line.
Increased Operative Time Impacts Rates of Short-Term Complications After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Previous evidence has demonstrated an exacerbating effect of increased operative time on short-term complications in total joint arthroplasty. While the same relationship may be expected for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA), supporting evidence remains sparse. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of operative time on short-term complication rates after UKA and determine a critical threshold in operative times after which complications may increase. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project was queried from 2007 to 2018 to identify 11,633 UKA procedures that were included in the final analysis. The effect of operative time on complications within 30 days was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. Receiver operating characteristics curves and spline regression models were used to identify critical thresholds in operative time that increase the likelihood of short-term complications. Results Longer operative times (in minutes) were associated with higher rates of surgical site infection (90.4 ± 26.7 vs 84.8 ± 25.5, P = .003), blood transfusions (94.9 ± 28.6 vs 84.9 ± 25.5, P = .007), as well as reoperation rates (90.8 ± 27.9 vs 84.9 ± 25.5, P = .01), extended hospital length of stay (93.4 ± 29.8 vs 84.5 ± 25.2, P Conclusion The present study found a positive correlation between increased operative times and short-term postoperative complication rates after UKA. Despite a statistically significant association with increasing operative time, odds ratios of reported complications are relatively low.
Neutrino Induced Electrostatic Waves in Degenerate Electron Plasmas

The plasma theory of electrostatic waves generated collisionlessly when neutrinos pass through degenerate electrons is developed. It is consistent with the results of calculations using quantum statistical field theory in the degenerate limit for kinetic instabilities, and using this formalism reactive instabilities may also be treated. For all neutrino distribution functions that might be appropriate to the neutrino burst during a core collapse supernova, no significant wave growth is found for non-magnetic electrostatic waves. It is speculated that this situation might be different for magnetic fields approaching the values believed to be present on magnetars.
A first-principles study of self-diffusion and dilute solute diffusion of Au in FCC Ag

Abstract Diffusion is of great interest to the materials science and engineering community, and computational techniques to calculate diffusion coefficients in a variety of systems provide useful data to the community. Here, the quasi-harmonic Debye model is combined with the PBEsol exchange correlation functional to create an efficient and reliable method for calculating self- and dilute solute diffusion properties in a Ag FCC host lattice. The nudged elastic band method is used for accurately calculating the properties of the transition state as an atom moves into an adjacent vacant lattice site. Comprehensive thermodynamic properties and all factors entering into vacancy mediated diffusion are calculated explicitly as a function of temperature for self-diffusion in a Ag lattice and for the solute diffusion of Au in a Ag host lattice. The calculated results for both systems are compared to known experimental data. For self-diffusion in Ag, the agreement with vacancy concentration, self-diffusion coefficients, and thermodynamic properties validate the methodology for use with solute diffusion in a host Ag lattice. The computational technique is combined with the 5-frequency model for dilute solute diffusion for robust calculation of dilute solute diffusion properties. Au diffusion in Ag is shown to be uncorrelated, and slower than self-diffusion in Ag.
Using administrative data to uncover how often and why supervisory neglect happens: Implications for child maltreatment prevention.

Abstract Background Despite supervisory neglect being the most prevalent and fatal neglect sub-type, the most common reasons why caregivers are substantiated for this type of maltreatment remains unknown. Objective Our study describes cases substantiated for supervisory neglect in a Midwestern state in an effort to inform prevention strategies against supervisory neglect. Participants and setting This study utilized state administrative data from substantiated child maltreatment investigations conducted between May 1st and October 31st, 2019 (N = 11,208). Methods We first identified the substantiated investigations where supervisory neglect was present and established investigation-level correlates for these cases. We then selected a random sample of investigations with a substantiated allegation of supervisory neglect (n = 150) for a qualitative review of written investigative narratives to uncover the contextual factors of supervisory neglect and identify which factors frequently co-occur. Results Supervisory neglect was the most common maltreatment type, present in 71% (n = 7945) of substantiated child welfare investigations. Our qualitative review of 150 randomly selected cases identified ten distinct, non-mutually exclusive contextual factors of supervisory neglect. Child exposure to domestic violence was the most prevalent contextual factor (45%), followed by caregiver's substance-related problems (42%). Childhood exposure to domestic violence and caregiver's substance-related problems was the most common co-occurrence of factors, present in 18% of cases. Conclusions Supervisory neglect accounts for the vast majority of child maltreatment incidents. To prevent the largest share of supervisory neglect cases, policy and programs are needed to address domestic violence and substance-related problems among caregivers.
Midazolam: Mechanism and perioperative applications

Abstract Midazolam is the most commonly administered benzodiazepine in the perioperative setting. Midazolam is effective at achieving procedural sedation, hypnosis, anxiolysis, and anterograde amnesia. The mechanism of action for midazolam is mediated via its interaction with the GABAA receptor. Binding of midazolam to GABAA potentiates the effect of GABA induced chloride conductance, resulting in hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This inhibitory postsynaptic potential decreases the probability of neurotransmission and is responsible for the clinical effects of midazolam. The rapid onset and relative short duration of action makes midazolam the benzodiazepine a safe choice for perioperative sedation. Midazolam’s multiple routes of administration makes it versatile even when IV access is unavailable. Flumazenil, which antagonizes benzodiazepines, further ensures the safety profile of midazolam in the setting of an overdose.
Effects of heavy metals on Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn

Heavy metal (Abiotic Factor) pollution is one of the most troublesomeenvironmental problems faced by mankind nowadays. Lead and Nickel in particular,pose serious problems due to its widespread industrial and agricultural use. Plants ingeneral are very sensitive to Pb and Ni toxicity, displaying metabolic disturbances andgrowth inhibition. Eleusine coracana (L) Gaertn (var. PR202) which mainly grows in drycondition faces the toxicity of Pb and Ni which may have negative effect on its yield.Some inorganic nutrients can overcome the toxicity of heavy metals and addition of theseinorganic nutrients in media can increase the resistance (tolerance level) of plant against heavy metal toxicity. Embryogenic sectors of seed callus from control (MS + 2 mg/l 2,4-D+ 0.5 mg/l Kn) were sub cultured on regeneration medium (MS + 1mg/l NAA)supplemented with of toxic level of heavy metals and varied concentrations of inorganicnutrients (MgSO4 and ZnSO4) to minimize the toxicity of heavy metals. Callus induction obtained only in the medium containing 100 I¼M concentrations of Pb and Ni but therewas better growth obtained in Ni containing medium than Pb. These results show that Pband Ni above 100 I¼M concentration were toxic for callus induction in Eleusine coracanabut Pb was more toxic than Ni and same results was observed during plantregeneration.It was concluded that ZnSO4 at the four times of MS level best to minimizethe toxicity of Nickel and MgSO4 at three times of MS level best to minimize the toxicityof Lead.
Chemoreception in Seabirds

In a world rich in odors, only the birds as a major group have been generally regarded as insensitive or oblivious to such stimuli—even, in Wood Jones’s (1937a) phrase, as emancipated from olfactory dominance. Yet olfaction is one of the three great modalities for distance communication, functioning as effectively in an aerial habitat as in terrestrial or aquatic habitats. Perhaps our own diminished sensitivity to external chemical messages and our inability to sustain an aerial existence have influenced our opinions about olfactory functioning in birds. Notably, however, we feel no such hesitation in the case of flying insects, which are readily accepted as being critically guided by odor signals. In contrast, taste seems to present less of a problem. Birds, like most other creatures, must ingest food through the mouth, and nothing seems more reasonable than that this food would be selected partly on the basis of taste.
Specifics for the Classical Groups

The Grassmannian variety G d,n , and the flag variety SL(n)/B are important varieties in algebraic geometry and algebraic groups. In this chapter, we spell out the generalities considered in the previous chapter for the semisimple group SL (n).We first review the results for the Grassmannians; we then review the results for SL(n)/B. For more details, one may refer to [49, 57]. Important details for the other classical groups Sp(2n),SO(2n + 1), and SO(2n)are also spelled out.
Computational molecular biology of genome expression and regulation

Technological advances in experimental and computational molecular biology have revolutionized the whole fields of biology and medicine. Large-scale sequencing, expression and localization data have provided us with a great opportunity to study biology at the system level. I will introduce some outstanding problems in genome expression and regulation network in which better modern statistical and machine learning technologies are desperately needed. Recent revolution in genomics has transformed life science. For the first time in history, mankind has been able to sequence the entire human own genome. Bioinformatics, especially computational molecular biology, has played a vital role in extracting knowledge from vast amount of information generated by the high throughput genomics technologies. Today, I am very happy to deliver this key lecture at the First International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence at the world renowned Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) where such luminaries as Mahalanobis, Bose, Rao and others had worked before. And it is very timely that genomics has attracted new generation of talented young statisticians, reminding us the fact that statistics was essentially conceived from and continuously nurtured by biological problems. Pattern/rule recognition is at the heart of all learning process and hence of all disciplines of sciences, and comparison is the fundamental method: it is the similarities that allow inferring common rules; and it is the differences that allow deriving new rules. Gene expression, normally referring to the cellular processes that lead to protein production, is controlled and regulated at multiple levels. Cells use this elaborate system of “circuits” and “switches” to decide when, where and by how much each gene should be turned on (activated, expressed) or off (repressed, silenced) in response to environmental clues. Genome expression and regulation refer to coordinated expression and regulation of many genes at large-scales for which advanced computational methods become indispensable. Due to space limitations, I can only highlight some of the pattern recognition problems in transcriptional regulation, which is the most important and best studied. Currently, there are two general outstanding problems in transcriptional regulation studies: (1) How to find the regulatory regions, in particular, the promoters regions in the genome (throughout most of this lecture, we use promoter to refer to proximal promoters, e.g. ~ 1kb DNA at the beginning of each gene); (2) How to identify functional cis-regulatory DNA elements within each such region.
Efficient multi-source multicasting in Information Centric Networks

Information Centric Multicasting (ICM) is introduced for the support of multicast groups with multiple sources in information centric networks. ICM supports two modalities: source-initiated multicasting and receiver-initiated multicasting. In contrast to all prior multi-source multicast approaches, routers do not have to flood the network from each multicast source, or know about the core or rendezvous point of a given multicast group. A multi-instantiated destination spanning tree (MIDST) is built to interconnect all sources or all receivers of a given multicast group. To disseminate content in a multicast group, receivers can send Interests to the nearest known source, or sources send content to the nearest receiver; either way, content flows over the MIDST to reach all receivers.
Biochemical Studies of Metalloendoprotease Activity in the Spermatozoa of Three Mammalian Species

Ejaculated porcine and human spermatozoa, hamster spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis, isolated hamster sperm heads and hamster cytoplasmic droplets contained activity that hydrolyzed the metalloendoprotease substrate ABZ-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ala-NBA (AAGLAN). Hamster sperm heads were isolated by treating spermatozoa with proteinase K and removing sperm tails with Dowex-50W beads. Hamster sperm activity was characterized using spermatozoa from which cytoplasmic droplets were removed by sonication and centrifugation. Porcine sperm preparations were essentially free of cytoplasmic droplets, while human sperm preparations retained somewhat more droplet material. Activity from all of these sources was inhibited by the metalloendoprotease inhibitors phosphoramidon, 1,10- phenanthroline, CBZ-D-Phe and CBZ-L-Phe but was not competitively inhibited by the metalloendoprotease substrate CBZ-Ser-Leu-amide. The AAGLAN hydrolyzing activity found in intact spermatozoa of all three species had a pH optimum of 6.2, while the optimum of the hamster sperm cytoplasmic droplet activity was 7.0. In addition, hamster sperm preparations were inhibited by ZnCl2 and dithiothreitol, but were not affected by toluene, benzamidine or chymostatin. The AAGLAN hydrolyzing activity of hamster sperm preparations was reduced, but not eliminated, by dialysis. It is concluded that spermatozoa from all three species, hamster sperm heads and hamster cytoplasmic droplets contain metalloendoprotease activity. Furthermore, metalloendoprotease activity found in hamster cytoplasmic droplets is different from that found in spermatozoa.
Dissociation in Britain During the Late Nineteenth Century: The Society for Psychical Research, 1882-1900

This paper reviews the Society for Psychical Research's (SPR) work on dissociation carried out between 1882-1900. The work of such SPR researchers and theorists as Edmund Gurney and Frederic W.H. Myers on hypnosis and mediums was part of nineteenth-century efforts to understand dissociation and the workings of the subconscious mind. It is also argued that the SPR's openness to these phenomena represented the first institutionalized attempt in Britain to study dissociation in a systematic manner. An analysis of the dissociation papers published in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research shows that hypnosis was the most frequently discussed phenomena. Attention to the contribution of psychical researchers will expand our understanding of the factors that have affected the development of the concept of dissociation and of the subconscious mind.
Claudius Galenus of Pergamum: Surgeon of Gladiators. Father of Experimental Physiology

(2002). Claudius Galenus of Pergamum: Surgeon of Gladiators. Father of Experimental Physiology. Journal of Investigative Surgery: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 299-301.
A Matrix Method for Expectancy Research

A matrix method is offered as a mechanism for solving four major problems inherent in the typical treatment of expectancy theory. The method combines the theoretical variables in a manner that is consistent with the traditional formulation and does not depend on unreasonable assumptions about the scale characteristics of questionnaire data.
Tear Immunoglobulins in Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis Induced by Contact Lenses

Each of 18 patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis induced by contact lenses had symptoms of increased mucous production with blurred vision, decreased contact lens tolerance, pruritus, and giant papillae of the upper tarsal conjunctiva. When the tears were collected and analyzed for immunoglobulins, the more symptomatic eye was the left in nine patients and the right in seven patients. The fellow eyes were equally symptomatic in two patients. Tear IgE levels in patients with giant papillary conjunctivitis were significantly increased, especially in the more symptomatic eye (geometric mean, 6.9 IU/ml; P 4.7 μg/ml), whereas none of the control groups had detectable amounts of IgM in their tears. Studies with transferrin as a marker for the vascular leakage of serum proteins into the tears showed that local production was responsible for the increased tear immunoglobulin levels.
Poly(N-vinylformamide) Nanogels Capable of pH-Sensitive Protein Release

Hydrogel particles have an historic presence in the field of drug formulation and delivery. Applications of particulate forms of gel materials continue to expand as a result of enhanced control over physicochemical properties including particle size, degradability, and environmental responsiveness. Here, acid-labile poly(N-vinylformamide) (PNVF) nanogels ∼100 nm in diameter were synthesized via inverse emulsion polymerization of N-vinylformamide in the presence of a ketal-containing cross-linker. The dissolution half-life of nanogels proved to be dramatically faster at low pH. Nanogels with a monomer:cross-linker ratio of seven demonstrated a 90 min half-life at pH 5.8 compared to ∼57 h at pH 7.4. Approximately 95% of lysozyme encapsulated in nanogels released over 200 min at pH 5.8 compared to only ∼15% released at pH 7.4. The encapsulation efficiency was moderate with optimal conditions leading to ∼60% encapsulation efficiency. In addition, released lysozyme retained about 50% of the original activity. ...
The economics of pest management

Abstract When is a pest a pest? Children are at times called pests, while at other times we call them darlings. Possums were, not so long ago, considered a resource to New Zealand society, in that they provided skins and recreational opportunities. The annual report of the Auckland Acclimatization Society 1916-1917 stated.
A light and electron microscopic study of epitheliocystis disease in the gills of Connecticut striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white perch (Morone americanus).

Abstract Six cases of epitheliocystis disease affecting the gills of Connecticut striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white perch (Morone americanus) were diagnosed by means of light and electron microscopy. The epitheliocystis organisms were found in the epithelial cells of lamellae and resulted in hypertrophy of the affected cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed the epitheliocystis agent to have morphologic characteristics similar to members of the Bedsonia group.
Copper Nanofilm Formation by Electrochemical ALD

This paper describes the formation of Cu nanofilms using atomic layer deposition (ALD) via surface-limited redox replacement, also referred to as monolayer-restricted galvanic displacement. An automated flow-cell electrodeposition system was employed to make Cu nanofilms using 100, 200, and 500 ALD cycles. The cycle was composed of a sequence of steps: Pb underpotential deposition (UPD), rinsing with blank, introduction of Cu 2+ at open circuit, and exchange of the Pb atoms for Cu, rinsing with a blank. The open-circuit potential was used to follow the replacement, exchange, of Pb for Cu, which shifted from that used to deposit Pb UPD (-0.44 V) up to the equilibrium potential for Cu 21 /Cu or -0.013 V upon a complete exchange. The resulting Cu films appeared homogeneous from inspection, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Electron probe microanalysis showed no Pb in deposits formed using -0.44 V for Pb UPD. However, for deposits formed with Pb deposition at potentials more negative than -0.44 V, Pb was evident in the deposit. A prominent Cu(111) peak was displayed in the X-ray diffraction pattern for the Cu nanofilms. Morphology studies of the Cu films were performed using ex situ scanning tunneling microscopy and attested to the layer-by-layer growth of the Cu film. The 250 nm flat terraces suggested that a surface may have become smoother during growth rather than roughened as normally experienced during the electrodeposition or growth of thin films in general. A decrease in coulometry for Pb UPD during the first 30 cycles could also be interpreted as a decrease in surface roughness, or surface repair during ALD.
The role of cognitive resources in determining our moral intuitions: Are we all liberals at heart?☆

article i nfo Recentresearchprovidesevidencethatoneimportantdifferencebetweenliberalsandconservativesistheirbasic moral intuitions. These studies suggest that while liberals and conservatives respond similarly to considerations of harm/care and fairness (what Graham and Haidt call the "individualizing" foundations), conservatives also respond strongly to considerations of in-group, authority, and purity (the "binding" foundations) while liberals donot.Ourstudyexaminedtwoalternativehypothesesforthisdifference—the firstbeingthatliberalscognitively override, and the alternative being that conservatives cognitively enhance, their binding foundation intuitions. Using self-regulation depletion and cognitive load tasks to compromise people's ability to monitor and regulate their automatic moral responses, we found support for the latter hypothesis—when cognitive resources were depleted/distracted, conservatives became more like liberals (de-prioritizing the binding foundations), rather than the other way around. This provides support for the view that conservatism is a form of motivated social cognition.
The extended f -vectors of 4-polytopes

Abstract For P a d-dimensional convex polytope and S = {i1,…, is} ⊂ {0, 1,…, d−1}, let fs(P) be the number of chains of faces O ⊂ F1 ⊂ F2 ⊂ … ⊂ Fs ⊂ P with dim Fj = ij. By the generalized Dehn-Sommerville equations the dimension of the affine span of the extended f-vectors (fs(P))S ⊂ {0,1,2,3} as P ranges over all 4-polytopes is 4, and the extended f-vectors are determined by the values of f0, f1, f2 and f02. Six linear and four nonlinear inequalities on extended f-vectors of 4-polytopes are given. The consequences for the basic f-vector, (f0, f1, f2, f3), are derived. These include the inequality, 4f2 ⩾ 3f0 − 10 + 7f3, conjectured by Barnette.
Accuracy of Parent Mental Health Service Reporting: Results From a Reverse Record-Check Study

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the feasibility of conducting a reverse record-check study to validate parent reporting on child mental health service use and to examine the accuracy of parent reports of child mental health services. Method Information about child service use was abstracted from medical records and subsequently compared with reports provided by caregivers in telephone interviews. A sample of children using outpatient psychiatric services was compared with a sample of children using outpatient orthopaedic services. Rates and correlates of successful caregiver tracking and of service use reporting accuracy were explored. Results Caregivers of nearly 30% of all index children were contacted and interviewed. Parent reports of lifetime mental health service use were more accurate than reports of lifetime receipt of orthopaedic services. Elapsed time between survey interview and last treatment episode was negatively associated with reporting accuracy. Number of clinic visits was positively associated with reporting accuracy. Preliminary findings suggested that questions about mental health services may be considered sensitive by parents whose children use them. Conclusions Reverse record-check studies based on telephone interviews are potentially problematic with a sample drawn from a large, inner-city medical center. Findings suggest that memory difficulties may be a more important correlate of reporting accuracy than response editing (social desirability). Potential discomfort with disclosure of mental health service use does not result in service use underreporting.
Apple pomace: A potential substrate for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger

Apple pomace was used as a fsubstrate for citric acid production by five strains of Aspergillus niger. A. niger NRRL 567 produced the greatest amount of citric acid from apple pomace in the presence of 4% methanol. The yield was 88% based on the amount of sugar consumed.
AIDS testing in the 1990s

Abstract The principal screening tests for HIV infection are serologic assays for viral-specific antibody. The most commonly used tests are either enzyme immunoassays or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The sensitivity of these tests is approximately 98%; the specificity is almost 100%. The Western blot is presently the definitive confirmatory test for HIV infection. To be considered positive, the assay must show reactivity to three specific viral proteins: p24 (“gag”), p31 (“pol”), and either gp41, gp120, or gp160 (“env”). The specificity of the Western blot is essentially 100%. Other diagnostic tests for HIV infection include direct detection of viral antigen by polymerase chain reaction and viral culture. Virus is cultured most readily from peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. These latter methods are not available as readily and are not as inexpensive as antibody detection assays and, thus, are not widely used in daily clinical practice.
The Cognitive Component in Locke's Theory of Goal Setting: Suggestive Evidence for a Causal Attribution Interpretation

Two laboratory experiments examined the role of causal attributions as the cognitive component in Locke's (1968) model of goal setting. Environmental incentives were found to be subject to causal i...
Synthetic Vision Enhanced Surface Operations With Head-Worn Display for Commercial Aircraft

Efficiency and safety of airport surface operations can be enhanced by using synthetic vision and associated technologies, employed on a head-up display (HUD) combined with a head-down display electronic moving map. Past research has noted that 2 major limitations of HUDs during ground operations were its monochrome form and its limited, fixed field of regard. These limitations can be overcome with the use of a head-worn display (HWD). This article describes the results of a simulation experiment that showed that a fully integrated HWD concept provided significantly improved path performance compared to using paper charts alone. When comparing the HWD and HUD concepts, there were no differences found for path performance or subjective ratings of workload and marginally significant differences found for reported situation awareness and pilot comments of perceived system safety. Implications and directions for future research are described.