cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurologic complications of ovarian carcinoma

BACKGROUND Neurologic complications of ovarian carcinoma are uncommon and to the authors' knowledge the full spectrum has not been delineated previously. METHODS The authors reviewed the findings of 121 neurologic consultations on 83 ovarian carcinoma patients between 1993 and 1996; this represents 4% of all ovarian carcinoma patients seen at the study institution in this time period. RESULTS The most common reasons for consultation were altered mental status, pain, weakness, numbness, headache, and seizure. Twenty-seven consultations diagnosed metastatic disease, 14 diagnosed cerebrovascular disease, and 4 diagnosed paraneoplastic syndromes; however, iatrogenic complications (n = 38) comprised the majority of diagnoses. Greater than 50% of patients improved neurologically after diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS Neurologic disease accompanying ovarian carcinoma may be more common and more diverse than recognized previously. Definitive neurologic diagnosis and treatment benefits the majority of patients. Cancer 1999;85:127–33. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Renal sodium–glucose transport: role in diabetes mellitus and potential clinical implications

The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of glucose in humans, reabsorbing 99% of the plasma glucose that filters through the renal glomeruli tubules. The glucose transporter, SGLT2, which is found primarily in the S1 segment of the proximal renal tubule, is essential to this process, accounting for 90% of the glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Evidence has suggested that selective inhibition of SGLT2 induces glucosuria in a dose-dependent manner and may have beneficial effects on glucose regulation in individuals with type II diabetes. Preclinical data with SGLT2 inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin and sergliflozin, show that these compounds are highly selective inhibitors for SGLT2, have beneficial effects on the glucose utilization rate, and reduce hyperglycemia while having no hypoglycemic adverse effects. Clinical research remains to be carried out on the long-term effects of glucosuria and other potential effects of this class of drug. Nonetheless, these compounds represent a very promising approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Gas flow effects in synthesis of diamond by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Hot-filament chemical vapor deposition was employed to study the effect of gas flow dynamics on diamond growth. The density and growth rate of diamond within the patterned region of copper and silicon substrates was found to be twice as large as compared with that on a flat (unpatterned) surface. The density of diamond nucleation increased on patterned silicon and copper substrates with an increase in the methane concentration from 1.0% to 1.5% in the gas mixture of methane and hydrogen (CH4 + H2). Selective growth of diamond was achieved without using diamond seed or paste, or scratching the patterned silicon substate. About 90% diamond coverage and a continuous diamond film (75 μm) were achieved on the square-patterned silicon and copper substrates, respectively, at a methane concentration of 1.5%. The growth of diamond within the wells was discussed on the basis of gas flow dynamics. The present analysis is consistent with available theoretical models.
Induction, prevention and mechanisms of contrast media-induced acute renal failure.

This study describes the development of an experimental model of reversible acute renal failure following infusion of contrast media radiographic dye. Experiments were also performed to investigate possible methods of prevention as well as examine single nephron mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the renal failure. Acute renal failure was consistently produced by indomethacin treatment (18 mg/kg) and an intravenous infusion of contrast media (7 ml/kg) into New Zealand rabbits that had been on a low sodium diet for one week. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured by daily creatinine clearance in unanesthetized animals, was significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) 24, 48, and 72 hours following infusion of the contrast dye. Two weeks after induction of acute renal failure, GFR had returned to control. GFR was unchanged during the same time period when the sodium deprived rabbits were given either indomethacin or contrast media alone. Chronic administration of DOCA (1 mg/kg s.c.) and saline drinking water which increased sodium and solute excretions and decreased plasma renin activity also prevented the decrease in GFR. However, acute infusion of either saline or mannitol, which transiently increased sodium and solute excretions and decreased plasma renin activity, did not protect against the development of acute renal failure. Light microscopy revealed no glomerular or tubular changes and no visible obstruction. Micropuncture experiments were performed on three additional groups of anesthetized rabbits: control, acute renal failure, and recovery. Recovery rabbits were allowed a two week period after renal failure before they were micropunctured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Attentional control capacity for emotion: An individual-difference measure of internal controlled attention

The purpose of this study was to develop an individual-difference measure of the ability to apply internal controlled attention to emotional mental representations and investigate this measure's relationship to emotion regulation. Attentional control capacity for emotion (ACCE) was measured by adapting a task-switching paradigm where participants had to shift between emotional and neutral task sets. Undergraduate students (N = 91) were randomly assigned to perform either a task measuring ACCE or an emotionally neutral switching task to determine the discriminant validity of ACCE. ACCE predicted behaviour during a stressful anagram task. Individuals who were more efficient at an emotional to neutral task switch persisted longer on the stressful task. In contrast, individuals who more efficient at a neutral to emotional task switch persisted for a shorter time on the stressful task. These results provide insight into the role of attentional deployment in emotion regulation and clinical theories of ruminatio...
Epithelial cell motility: The effect of 2‐deoxyglucose on cell migration, atp production, and the structure of the cytoplasmic ground substance in lamellipodia of epithelial cells in culture

Using a line of epithelial cells (SCCA5) derived from a spontaneous rat carcinoma, the glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) has been shown by time-lapse cinemicrography to produce a cessation of motility by 1 hour that can be reversed by replacement of the 2DG, and does not occur in equivalent media with or without glucose or in 2DG-containing media with added pyruvate and citrate. The effect on the cells at the edge of an epithelial island is to prevent the formation of new lamellipodia and produce a progressive retraction and condensation of lamellipodia already present. This effect of 2DG on motility corresponds with a significant reduction in the level of ATP that is partially restored after 30 minutes in the recovery incubation. Only a slight reduction in protein synthesis occurs in the presence of 2DG. The external morphology and the cytoplasmic ground substance of the cells were studied by scanning electron microscopy and high voltage electron microscopy respectively. It was found that after incubation in 2DG for 1 hour the outline of the free edges of the cells was distorted resulting in redistribution of microvilli, condensation of cytoplasm into strands, and irregular projections from the edges of residual lamellipodia. The structure of the cytoplasmic ground substance in lamellipodia from cells incubated in 2DG for 3 hours was distinctly different from that in cells incubated for 3 hours in 2DG then recovered for 25 minutes, or in cells incubated in glucose-containing medium for 3 hours. In the 2DG-treated cells the lattice-like structure evident in critical-point-dried cells was condensed into short thick strands that terminated in bulbous ends, whereas in cells recovered for 25 minutes the lattice material was elongated and tapering and the interlattice space relatively expanded. The results obtained support the concept of modulation occurring in the structure of the microtrabecular lattice component of the cytoplasmic ground substance coincident with alterations in cell function and metabolic state.
Use of Surfactant Micelles to Control the Structural Phase of Nanosize Iron Clusters

We have synthesized iron nanoclusters using two chemical types of inverse micelle systems to control the growth process. Surprisingly, we have found that the phase of the resulting nanosize iron depends strongly on the chemical nature of the surfactant used during the growth of the clusters. For example, use of nonionic surfactant micelles for this room-temperature synthesis produces the normally-high-temperature γ-phase with a fcc structure as determined by selected area electron diffraction (SAD) and high-resolution lattice fringe images. Use of a cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant micelle system, on the other hand, produces the normal bcc α-iron phase as determined by SAD. This strong dependence of the structure of nanosize clusters on surfactant type may reflect different binding-site preferences for the chemically different surfactants during the growth stage of the cluster synthesis. This is analogous to the well-known role of surfactants as habit modifiers during macroscopic crystalline growth...
Algorithms and analyses: pre-reckoning algorithm for distributed virtual environments

This paper proposes a pre-reckoning algorithm for distributed virtual environments. First, an overview of dead reckoning techniques used in distributed virtual environments is provided. The benefits and drawbacks of implementing dead reckoning within specific types of distributed virtual environments are discussed. An alternative to traditional dead reckoning techniques used in DIS-compliant distributed virtual environments is proposed. The alternative, referred to as "pre-reckoning," seeks to significantly reduce prediction error with a minimal increase in the number of entity state update packets issued. The performance of the pre-reckoning algorithm is compared to one of the DIS standard algorithms for location prediction. The test cases are based upon a game-based environment where the movements of participants are influenced by physical boundaries.
A wind tunnel investigation of the hydrodynamic behaviour of growing, freely falling graupel

The hydrodynamic behaviour of riming frozen drops and riming simulated ice crystal plates was studied by means of a vertical wind tunnel. At all times the ice particles were freely suspended in the vertical airstream of the wind tunnel where temperature and liquid water content could be accurately controlled. The ice particles studied had initial radii between 100 and 300 μm and final radii between 400 and 600 μm. The supercooled cloud in which riming of the ice particles was observed had a temperature near −15°C, a liquid water content of 2g m−3, and consisted of drops with a modal radius of 7μm. Spinning, helical, and various oscillating motions, or simple straight fall with an almost fixed orientation of the ice particle, but no tumbling motions, were observed. These fall modes appeared to be closely related to the instantaneous shape, surface roughness, and mass loading of the ice particle. Frozen drops as well as ice crystal plates were found to develop into conically shaped graupel. During the initial stages of the observed dry growth riming, the terminal velocity of rimed frozen drops decreased with increasing ice particle size as a result of a less rapid increase of the mass of the ice particle compared with its cross-sectional area perpendicular to the airstream, i.e. as a result of a less rapid increase in time of the force the ice particle experiences in the earth's gravitational field compared with the hydrodynamic drag acting on it. This behaviour may have some important bearing on the lifetime of graupel and hailstones in atmospheric clouds.
Criminal Law and Tax Compliance in Argentina: Testing the Limits of Deterrence

L'A. analyse l'attitude de la justice criminelle en Argentine face a la fraude fiscale. Il passe en revue les differentes formes de fraude fiscale, enumere les facteurs qui contribuent a dissuader les eventuels fraudeurs en matiere fiscale et presente les legislations contre la fraude fiscale en vigueur. Il s'efforce, d'une part, d'evaluer l'importance de ce phenomene dans ce pays et, d'autre part, de mesurer l'impact des legislations sur le nombre des delits en ce domaine. Il presente un certain nombre de donnees collectees entre 1989 et 1995
Chronobiologic evaluation of blood pressure in school children.

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) data were collected over 24 h with an ambulatory BP monitor to (a) determine the existence of 12-, 24-, and combined 12- and 24-h BP patterns in children as previously noted for adults; (b) provide MESOR (an acronym for midline estimating statistics of rhythm), amplitude, and acrophase data for subgroups of students by race and gender; and (c) determine the influence of HR (as an estimate of activity) on BP and BP patterns for 100 normal, healthy students 9-12 years of age. We found no statistically significant differences between various racial groups or between gender for MESOR, amplitude, acrophase, or degree of sinusoidality of circadian rhythmicity (R2 values) for BP; clinically interesting differences were observed, including lower MESOR BPs in Hispanic males when compared with their female counterparts and slightly higher MESOR BPs in blacks of both genders when compared with whites. In addition, we demonstrated subgroups of students who exhibited specific 24...
Legal and Illegal Patterns of Drug Distribution in the United States

Along with large supply sources of legal and illegal drug substances, diversion and distribution systems have developed to feed and maintain the demand. This presentation provides information on th...
B cells from periodontal disease patients express surface Toll-like receptor 4

Chronic systemic inflammation links periodontal disease (PD) to increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Activation of TLRs, particularly TLR4, promotes chronic inflammation in PD by stimulating myeloid cells. B cells from healthy individuals are generally refractory to TLR4 agonists as a result of low surface TLR4 expression. Unexpectedly, a significantly increased percentage of gingival and peripheral blood B cells from patients with PD expressed surface TLR4. Surface expression correlated with an active TLR4 promoter that mimicked the TLR4 promoter in neutrophils. B cells from PD patients were surface myeloid differentiation protein 2-positive and also packaged the enhancer of a proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, into an active structure, demonstrating that these cells harbor key characteristics of proinflammatory cell types. Furthermore, B cells lacked activating signatures of a natural IL-1β inhibitor, IL-1 receptor antagonist. Surprisingly, despite multiple signatures of proinflammatory cells, freshly isolated B cells from PD patients had decreased expression of TLR pathway genes compared with B cells from healthy individuals. Decreases in inflammatory gene expression were even more dramatic in B cells stimulated with a TLR4 ligand from a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS 1690. In contrast, B cell TLR4 was not activated by the prototypic TLR4 ligand Escherichia coli LPS. These findings raise the unexpected possibility that TLR4 engagement modulates B cell activation in PD patients.
Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes of Nursing Students Regarding Culturally Congruent Care of Native Americans:

The provision of culturally congruent care for Native Americans can improve health care compliance and outcomes. The purpose of this survey was to determine the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students deem essential to provide culturally competent healthcare for Native American clients. This information provides nurse educators with critical information regarding the cultural competence of nursing students and may be used to direct curriculum development. An open-ended survey was administered to associate degree nursing students, and conceptual analysis was used for data analysis. The researcher identified four knowledge themes, two skill themes, and two attitude themes. These themes were interrelated and connected. Findings from this study indicate that the current nursing curriculum supports the development of cultural competence among the student nurses who will practice in a multicultural climate. Practice implications include the use of a cultural assessment tool by the students.
Effort-Based Decision-Making in Major Depressive Disorder: A Translational Model of Motivational Anhedonia

Anhedonia is a core feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), but the precise nature of anhedonic symptoms is unknown. Whereas anhedonia has traditionally been viewed as a deficit in the experience of pleasure, more recent evidence suggests that reduced anticipation and motivation may also be a core feature of this symptom. Here, we provide data from a study in MDD patients and healthy controls using a translational measure of reward motivation, the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT or “effort”). This task offers subjects a series of trials where they may choose to expend more or less effort for the opportunity to win varying amounts of monetary rewards. We found that MDD patients were less willing to expend effort for rewards than controls. Additionally, we observed that patients were less able to effectively use information about magnitude and probability of rewards to guide their choice behavior. Finally, within the MDD patient group, duration of the current episode was a significant negative predictor of EEfRT task performance. These findings offer novel support for theoretical models proposing that anhedonia in MDD may reflect specific impairments in motivation and reward-based decision-making.
Impacts of Function-Related Research on Education and Industry

Designers have long understood that a device must function well in order to satisfy its users, but only relatively recently has function been studied formally and extensively. The corresponding function-based paradigm focuses on abstracting what a system does separately from what it is. Within this paradigm, it is important to communicate abstract functions in a consistent manner, without binding them to their embodiments. This chapter discusses two recent outcomes in function-based design research, their impacts on education and industry, and the authors’ observations regarding their adoption into practice. The first of these outcomes is an information schema for capturing design artifact knowledge, which includes a standardized function taxonomy. The information schema provides guidance for teaching functional thinking, and also supports basic computational design techniques during conceptual design. The second research outcome is a conceptual linking between functions and failure modes, enabling new types of failure analysis techniques in early design. Both research outcomes are likely still in the early stages of impacting practice, but evidence points toward the most immediate impacts occurring during education. While the industry is typically more reserved regarding the details of their design practices, the chapter also presents several instances of practical interest in function-based design approaches.
Rethinking Multicultural Counseling: Implications for Counselor Education.

This article looks at the current usage of the term multicultural counseling and analyzes the emerging concept by identifying the premises on which it is based. It explores the potential contribution of multiculturalism to the theory and practice of counseling. The current status of training in cross-cultural and multicultural counseling is briefly reviewed, and curricular content is suggested for upgrading the preparation of multicultural counselors in light of the new standards set by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Some concrete proposals toward implementing CACREP standards are presented.
One-wire smart motors communicating over the DC power bus-line with application to endless rotary joints

A system of multi-axis networked smart motors is developed to reduce complex cable harnesses. Motor control signals are sent over the DC power bus line and received by motors with integrated power amplifiers and controllers. The noise level and signal attenuation are low, allowing for high fidelity, broadband communication among many smart motors without bulky, costly cables. A modem is designed to exploit the features of the DC power bus communication. A power-signal coupling circuit with an impedance trap filter is designed for superimposing control signals over the DC power bus line with a maximum of signal transmissibility and reduced line noise. An experimental setup was developed to identify the noise spectrum and signal transmissibility of the consolidated power-signal line. Optimal carrier frequency and filter parameters are then obtained based on the experiments. A simple protocol for bi-directional communication between the motors and the central controller is designed and tested. Finally, the design of a joint undergoing continuous rotation is proposed utilizing the consolidated power-signal cable connected to endlessly spinning smart motors.
Work in progress - A mixed-methods approach to developing an instrument measuring engineering students' positive ethical behavior

Ethics education and the drive to produce ethical professional engineers is an important focus of one body of research on engineering education. This research often defines the positive outcome of ethics education as students and professional engineers choosing not to engage in unethical behavior. This paper discusses a portion of a larger research project and details efforts to identify and validate a definition of ethical behavior that includes the decision to engage in a positive behavior, defined as a service to a larger community. Through a series of interviews and focus groups with engineering administrators, faculty, and students, the authors attempt to confirm the construct validity of service participation as ethical behavior. They also investigate the validity of the aspects of service participation to be included as a part of a national survey on engineering ethics education practices and outcomes. They then discuss the final steps that will be taken to test and further validate the development of the service participation portion of the survey.
Lipidoid-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient DNA and siRNA delivery

The safe, targeted and effective delivery of gene therapeutics remains a significant barrier to their broad clinical application. Here we develop a magnetic nucleic acid delivery system composed of iron oxide nanoparticles and cationic lipid-like materials termed lipidoids. Coated nanoparticles are capable of delivering DNA and siRNA to cells in culture. The mean hydrodynamic size of these nanoparticles was systematically varied and optimized for delivery. While nanoparticles of different sizes showed similar siRNA delivery efficiency, nanoparticles of 50–100 nm displayed optimal DNA delivery activity. The application of an external magnetic field significantly enhanced the efficiency of nucleic acid delivery, with performance exceeding that of the commercially available lipid-based reagent, Lipofectamine 2000. The iron oxide nanoparticle delivery platform developed here offers the potential for magnetically guided targeting, as well as an opportunity to combine gene therapy with MRI imaging and magnetic ...
Lice update: New solutions to an old problem

An estimated 6 to 12 million children are affected by lice annually in the United States.(1) Knowledge of the various treatment options for this diagnosis is essential. This paper aims to provide an overview of the myriad therapeutic options available for lice infestations in children. U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, off-label drug therapies, over-the counter-products, and herbal remedies are all discussed in detail. Clinicians may use this information to teach patients and families about the latest available care for the eradication of head lice in pediatric patients.
Configuration of the mitral valves subvalvular complex and its effect on the chordal force distribution

Three mitral valves (MV) with annulus, leaflets, chordae tendineae (CT) and papillary muscles (PM) were extracted intact from fresh porcine hearts. The valves were inserted in an in vitro left heart simulator that provided physiological flow and transmitral pressures. Four C-shaped chordal force transducers were attached to four chordae tendineae; anterior strut, basal posterior, marginal posterior stem and a commissure. All four chordae originated from the posteromedial papillary muscle. The force transducers measured the force exerted on the four individual chordae during cardiac cycles, under different conditions: two peak transmitral pressures (120 mmHg and 150 mmHg) and three papillary muscle positions (normal, taut and slack). Taut was 5 mm from normal position, and slack 3 mm from normal position. The chordal force distribution changed with papillary muscle displacement. The anterior strut and the basal posterior chordae bore the biggest tension in normal and taut position, whereas the posterior marginal stem bore most of the tension in the slack papillary muscle position. Increasing transmitral pressure increased the magnitude of the chordal forces, but not the force distribution between the chordae.
Empire and Epistles: Anti-Roman Rhetoric in the New Testament Epistles

Recent studies of the letters of the New Testament have uncovered intentional words, phrases, ideology and imagery that carry the weight of anti-imperial rhetoric. The second of three articles, thi...
Novel combiner for hybrid digital/RF fiber-optic application

In this paper, a combiner for a hybrid digital/RF fiber-optic link system is designed and implemented via the multi-layer organic (MLO) process. This combiner aggregates the baseband signal (7 Gbit/s PRBS) with the modulated RF signal (14 GHz) through the vertical coupling structure. The insertion loss between the RF port and output port of the combiner is measured as 1.9 dB. Measurement results also show isolation greater than 10 dB at 7 GHz and 38 dB at 14 GHz between the baseband port and RF port. This new type of combiner can work as a key component in hybrid fiber-optic applications.
Differentiating parts of Cinnamomum cassia using LC‐qTOF‐MS in conjunction with principal component analysis

Cinnamon bark (Rou Gui in Chinese), cinnamon twig (Gui Zhi) and shaved cinnamon bark (Gui Sin) have been widely used as spices and in traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. On-going issues related to quality and authenticity necessitate the development of analytical methods capable of providing an objective evaluation of samples. In this study, chemical fingerprints of cinnamon bark, cinnamon twigs and shaved cinnamon bark were established using liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry in conjunction with principal component analysis (PCA). From 125 samples of cinnamon, we identified the following eight compounds and their the detection ratios: coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde and 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Of these, 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde presented the largest variations in detection ratio, making up 64.0, 97.4 and 50.0% in cinnamon bark, cinnamon twig, and shaved cinnamon bark, respectively. The quantities of cinnamyl alcohol, coumarin and cinnamaldehyde also varied between the three parts of the plant. Chemical fingerprints of the three cinnamon samples were established using principal component analysis, the results of which indicate that cinnamon bark and shaved cinnamon bark could be easily differentiated, despite a marked similarity in outward appearance. Cinnamon twig was also shown to depart from the other clusters. The proposed method provides a fast and efficient means of identifying cinnamon herbs for quality control purposes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demand smoothing

Mismatch between demand and capacity introduces inefficiencies in the form of underutilized capacity and missed customer orders. This mismatch can be minimized by smoothing demands using a forward looking approach that also takes into account the relative importance of certain demands to the end customer.
Appraisal of transport and deformation in shale reservoirs using natural noble gas tracers

This report presents efforts to develop the use of in situ naturally-occurring noble gas tracers to evaluate transport mechanisms and deformation in shale hydrocarbon reservoirs. Noble gases are promising as shale reservoir diagnostic tools due to their sensitivity of transport to: shale pore structure; phase partitioning between groundwater, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons; and deformation from hydraulic fracturing. Approximately 1.5-year time-series of wellhead fluid samples were collected from two hydraulically-fractured wells. The noble gas compositions and isotopes suggest a strong signature of atmospheric contribution to the noble gases that mix with deep, old reservoir fluids. Complex mixing and transport of fracturing fluid and reservoir fluids occurs during production. Real-time laboratory measurements were performed on triaxially-deforming shale samples to link deformation behavior, transport, and gas tracer signatures. Finally, we present improved methods for production forecasts that borrow statistical strength from production data of nearby wells to reduce uncertainty in the forecasts.
PHOSPHORYLATION OF ALCOHOLS BY CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERS IN APROTIC SOLVENTS

Abstract The reactions of alcohols with 4,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-1,3,2-dioxaphosphole and 4,5-dimethyl-2-alkoxy-2-oxo-2H-1,3,2-dioxaphosphole have been studied in 0.2 M CD2Cl2 solutions at 25°. The data show that, the phosphorylation of alcohols in aprotic solvents of relatively low polarity are faster with a cyclic enediol phosphodiester than with the corresponding phosphotriester. The alcohol-phosphotriester reactions are catalyzed by trifluoroacetic and acetic acids, and the acid-catalyzed rates are still somewhat slower than the acid-autocatalyzed rates of the alcohol-phosphodiester reactions. It is suggested that both types of phosphorylation involve protonation of the phosphoryl-oxygen and formation of an intermediate with pentacoordinate phosphorus (‘oxyphosphorane’ or ‘addition-elimination’ mechanism). Steric effects in the alcohol and in the phosphorylating reagents play an important role in this mechanism. The conjugate base of the cyclic enediol phosphodiester fails to react with alcohol...
Ethnological Counterpoint: Fernando Ortiz and Jean Price-Mars, or Santeria and Vodou

This article is a comparative reading of Ortiz’s Los negros brujos published in 1906 and Price-Mars’s Ainsi parla l’oncle published in 1929. This reading goes back to the beginning of the 20th century and also takes into account more recent Santeria and Vodou scholarship in an effort to determine if these religions are still cooking (Palmie) now that anthropology has happened.
Involvement of the fastigial nuclei in vagally mediated respiratory responses

Xu, Fadi, and Donald T. Frazier. Involvement of the fastigial nuclei in vagally mediated respiratory responses.J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1853–1861, 1997.—Previous studies have demonstrated that the ...
Treatment of tuberculosis in children.

This article discusses and gives rational guidelines for the treatment and control of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children, giving special consideration to questions of antibiotic resistance. Also featured is a discussion of the special problems of managing a tuberculous mother and her infant.
The treatment of comorbid insomnia.

There are many new findings in the area of comorbid insomnia. Almost 50% of all cases of chronic insomnia are due to a mental disorder, with depressive illness explaining the majority of cases related to mental disorder (Slide 1). Other common causes of comorbid, or secondary, insomnia include chronic respiratory disease such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic pain, degenerative neurological disease, and some medications such as glucocorticoids and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. A general principle of management of insomnia related to mental or medical disorders is that the principal disorder must be fully treated as part of the insomnia treatment plan. If there is an offending medication, it must be discontinued if possible.
AGRICULTURAL SANITATION OF LIVESTOCK MANURES FOR CONTROL OF FLIES, ODORS, AND DUSTS

Industrial agriculture and urban-rural growth are mainly responsible for the FOD (Flies, Odors, Dusts) nuisance problems associated with livestock industries in many states. Manure from animal conf...
Induction of apoptosis and ovarian cyst formation in the mouse ovary by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) produces ovarian cysts and atretic follicles in mice. We sought to test the hypothesis that the abnormal follicular development found after DHEA administration in mice results from aberrant ovarian apoptosis. DHEA was injected subcutaneouly for 15 days. Controls received an equivalent volume of vehicle. Follicle size was measured, and the proportion of ovarian follicles containing apoptotis was assessed by in situ end-labeling of DNA. DHEA resulted in a greater proportion of follicles with evidence of apoptosis (62.4% in the DHEA group [n = 789 follicles] vs. 53.0% in the vehicle group [n = 440 follicles]; p = 0.031). DHEA also produced larger follicles (mean diameter: 234.7um +/- 24.6um in the DHEA group vs. 204.6um +/- 11.4um in the vehicle group; p 500um while only one of the mice in the vehicle group contained a follicle > 500um in diameter (p < 0.001). We conclude that DHEA administration results in increased ovarian apoptosis and in larger follicle size, thereby producing a characteristic cystic and atretic appearance in the mouse ovary. This may be the mechanism by which androgens cause ovarian cyst formation.
Detecting black-hole attacks in WSNs using multiple base stations and check agents

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of multiple sensors distributed in a certain geographic area. The goal of using WSNs is to monitor certain phenomena such as; environmental or physical. The nodes in WSNs transmit data through a wireless network that lacks infrastructure, which makes those networks exposed to security threats. One of those security threats is the black-hole attack which can be considered as a Denial of Service (DoS) attack that is very difficult to detect. In this attack, the intruder re-programs a set of nodes in the target network to prevent the received packets from being sent to the destination. Such changes to the sensors results in high delay and low throughput. Therefore, we propose in this paper a novel technique for detecting black-hole attacks in WSNs using multiple base stations and check agents.
Fractal Surfaces, Multiresolution Analyses and Wavelet Transforms

Certain classes of multivariate vector-valued functions are constructed whose graphs are fractal sets. These functions generalize those introduced earlier by Barnsley and the authors, and they may provide a means of describing the many scale structure of real-world images. This class of functions is then used to generate a sequence of nested spaces as they occur in wavelet theory. Wavelet expansions, decomposition and reconstruction algorithms for the function representing the image are given.
Neoliberal Beliefs and Perceptions of Unintended Adolescent Pregnancy after Consensual or Forced Sex

From a neoliberal perspective, young women are free to make autonomous choices and are personally responsible for the outcomes of these choices. Neoliberal ideals may appear to empower women as free sexual agents; however, an individualistic focus on self-sufficiency and personal responsibility may lead to harsh, decontextualized responses to those who experience unintended outcomes. We hypothesized that observers with stronger neoliberal beliefs would show more stigmatizing responses to an unintentionally pregnant adolescent. We also explored whether these expected associations would be moderated by whether or not the young woman chose to consent to sex. U.S. undergraduate students (n = 200) completed a measure of neoliberal beliefs and were randomly assigned to read one of two scenarios in which an adolescent became pregnant after either consensual or forced sex. As expected, participants with stronger neoliberal beliefs were more blaming toward the adolescent for becoming pregnant, felt less sympathy toward her, and had less positive attitudes about her receiving help. These associations remained after controlling for general political ideology and regardless of whether the pregnancy was due to consensual or forced sex. Our results suggest that, for the neoliberal observer, young women are held personally responsible for even uncontrollable sexual and reproductive outcomes.
Energy-Based Devices in Male Skin Rejuvenation

Men seek cosmetic procedures for vastly different reasons than women. Men often seek discrete cosmetic services with little downtime. Male skin structure generally differs from female skin structure. Dermatologists should consider subtle differences in the psyche of the male cosmetic patient.
Abstract 19337: Preliminary Evaluation of a Pressor-Enhanced Approach to Robotic Signal-Guided Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Swine Model of Ventricular Fibrillation

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is largely a fixed process that does not adapt to the patient. Signal-guided (SG) CPR uses real-time signal analysis to optimize CPR and improve outcomes. The effects of pressors on SG-CPR are not fully known. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that SG-CPR with SG-pressor administration would be feasible and would outperform standard CPR in a swine model of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Methods: Mixed-breed (n = 19) swine were sedated, anesthetized, paralyzed, intubated and ventilated. Aortic and right atrial pressures were measured invasively. Coronary perfusion pressure was taken as the difference. Electrocardiogram (ECG) leads were placed for Leads I, II, and III, and the VF ECG median slope (MS) was calculated. VF was induced with a 3-second transthoracic shock and untreated for 8 minutes. Animals were randomized to SG-CPR or standard mechanical CPR (Std-CPR) with a custom SG-CPR device. Starting compression rate and depth were 100/minute and 2 inches, in 30:2 CPR configuration. In the SG-CPR group, the device incremented rate by 5 compressions/minute and depth by 0.2 inches per minute until a CPP threshold of 35mmHg or MS exceeded 75% its value at start of VF. In the Std-CPR group, epinephrine (0.015mg/kg) was administered at 2 minutes and repeated q3 minutes; in the SG-CPR group it was administered every 30 seconds until CPP exceeded 35mmHg. Defibrillation was attempted after 5 minutes of CPR, and CPR continued until return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or 20 minutes. Outcomes were time-to-peak CPP and MS, threshold passed, and ROSC. Continuous measures were compared with t-tests, dichotomous outcomes with Chi Squared tests. Results: Mean (SD) time to peak CPP was 162s (87) Std-CPR and 57s (109) for SG-CPR (p=0.35). Time to peak MS was 194s (46) Std-CPR and 65s (114) for SG-CPR (p=0.88). Threshold achievement for CPP (p = 0.22) and MS (p = 0.22) was 50% and 38% for SG-CPR and 22% and 67% for Std-CPR. ROSC was 75% for SG-CPR and 44% for Std-CPR (p = 0.20). Conclusions: SG-CPR with SG-epinephrine was feasible but did not outperform Std-CPR in hemodynamic, ECG or ROSC outcomes.
Effects of urban debris material on the extraction chromatographic separation of strontium—part I: steel

An incident involving a radiation dispersal device (RDD) would most likely occur in an urban or metropolitan area. However, the majority of radiochemical separation schemes available have been developed for environmental samples that are not necessarily representative of those found in an urban environment. 90Sr is one of the possible radioisotopes that could be used in an RDD. It is therefore important to find efficient and accurate ways to separate it from debris in the area of deployment. This research demonstrates that the presence of steel in dissolved samples shows no appreciable interference with extraction chromatographic separations. Instead, it indicates that the separation could actually be improved by the presence of the steel constituents.
Emotions, Children's Understanding of

Children's understanding of emotion reflects a process of development that can be characterized by both functionalist and social constructivist perspectives. A functionalist view emphasizes that emotions derive from our goals relative to our transactions with an affordant environment. This environment is typically a social one in which our goals are given meaning, and our emotional experience is constructed via diverse social influences (e.g., culture, media, family, peers), albeit constrained by the complexity of our cognitive development. With maturation and beneficial social exposure, children acquire emotional competence such that they can pursue their goal-directed activity with self-efficacy. Assuming a healthy social environment and normal cognitive development by late childhood, children's understanding of emotion should reflect a number of skills of emotional competence: (a) awareness of their own emotional state, including that one may have multiple emotional responses to the same situation or relationship; (b) skill at discerning and understanding others' emotional experience; (c) skill at using an emotion-descriptive lexicon and concepts; (d) capacity for empathy and sympathy with others; (e) skill at managing emotional-expressive behavior for social goals; and (f) skill at regulating emotional experience, particularly when circumstances require adaptive coping.
Online and incremental machine learning approaches for IC yield improvement

In the competitive semiconductor manufacturing industry where large amounts of data are generated, data driven quality control technologies are gaining increasing importance. In this work, we build machine learning models for high yield and time varying semiconductor manufacturing processes. Challenges include class imbalance and concept drift. Batch, online and incremental learning frameworks are developed to overcome these challenges. We study the packaging and testing process in chip stack flash memory as an application, and show the possibility of yield improvement with machine learning based classifiers detecting bad dies before packaging. Experimental results demonstrate significant yield improvement potential using real data from industry. Without concept drift, for stacks of 8 dies, an approximately 9% yield improvement can be achieved. In a longer period of time with realistic concept drift, our incremental learning approach achieves approximately 1.4% yield improvement in the 8 die stack case and 3.4% in the 16 die stack case.
Assessing the Association Between Depression and Savings for Kenyan Youth Using a Validated Child Depression Inventory Measure

Abstract Purpose The Child Depression Inventory (CDI) is a commonly used measure of depression among youth and has been used in studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrating positive effects of financial asset-building interventions on physical and mental health outcomes. However, before we can be certain that asset building does indeed improve mental health functioning, we must first be sure that the instruments used to measure mental health in this population are valid and culturally appropriate. Methods This two-part study used baseline data from a sample of youth (N = 1,348, 13–18 years) participating in the YouthSave-Impact Study Kenya to clarify the psychometric properties of the 10-item CDI (study A), and then used the 10-item CDI to assess the relationship between financial assets and mental health functioning among this sample of adolescents (study B). Results Factor analysis on the 10-item CDI indicated a one-factor eight-item measure with excellent model fit. Invariance testing indicated that the measure performed differently for male and female respondents. Finally, using the latent structure as the dependent variable, the second part of the analysis established that cash savings were associated with depression. Female and male adolescents with savings reported lower depression (female β = −.17, p ≤ .003; male β = −.12, p ≤ .020) than other youth. Conclusion This study identified a reasonable one-factor eight-item depression measure that was noninvariant across gender. This validated measure was used to confirm the association between financial assets and mental health outcomes, hence, supporting the hypothesis that financial assets are associated with mental health outcomes.
Characterization and suppression of stripe artifact in velocity‐selective magnetization‐prepared unenhanced MR angiography

PURPOSE To characterize and suppress stripe artifact associated with velocity-selective (VS) magnetization for unenhanced MRA. METHODS Extended phase graph formalism was used to show that the stripe artifact contains multiples of the fundamental frequency that is determined by the area of unipolar VS gradient. Four VS preparation pulses whose excitation profiles are spatially shifted by quarter the fundamental period of the stripes, were applied alternately. For further suppression of the artifact, k-space data at kz = 0 were averaged over the 4 VS preparations. The proposed schemes were tested in a chicken breast phantom and healthy human subjects. RESULTS When the standard VS preparation scheme was used, stripe artifact was shown in all the reconstructed images and appeared as artifactual peaks in k-space that corresponded to the first and second order harmonics of the fundamental frequency. Alternate application of the 4 phase-shifted VS preparation pulses suppressed the stripes, but not completely, as evidenced by residual erroneous peaks in k-space. After the k-space averaging, the stripe artifact was nearly eliminated. CONCLUSION Stripe artifact in VS-MRA consists of multiples of the fundamental frequency and can be effectively suppressed through alternate application of phase-shifted VS preparations along with k-space averaging.