cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regression and reabsorption of mammary tumors by extracts of degenerating amphibian skin.

SummaryNeutralized acid extracts of degenerating tail skin from involuting R. catesbeiana larvae were injected into rapidly growing spontaneous mammary tumors in mice. Marked regression of the tumors was obtained in all instances resulting in complete disappearance of all tumorous tissue in 5 out of 13 cases within eight to eighteen days after the initial injection.
Influence of dietary safflower oil and tallow on growth, plasma lipids and lipogenesis in rats, pigs and chicks.

SummaryRats, chicks and pigs were fed diets containing safflower oil or tallow. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated when tallow, rather than safflower oil was added to the diet of rats, unchanged in chicks and lowered when tallow, rather than safflower oil was fed to pigs. The rate of fatty acid synthesis in rat and chick liver was higher, whereas the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue preparations from rats and pigs was lower when tallow, rather than safflower oil was fed. These results indicate that there are species-specific, as well as organ-specific, metabolic responses to various dietary fats.
Trauma involving the air and food passages.

The management of trauma to the air and food passages has been reviewed briefly, with emphasis on the management of the acute problems based upon a thorough evaluation. Language: en
The structural behavior of Al3+ in peralkaline melts and glasses in the system Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2

The structural behavior of Al 3 + in peralkaline glasses and melts along the Na 2 Si 3 O 7 -Na 2 (NaAl) 3 O 7 join has been examined to 1200 °C at ambient pressure with 2 9 Si MAS NMR and Raman spectroscopy. The distribution of Al 3 + among coexisting Q 4 , Q 3 , and Q 2 structural units in the glasses and melts was determined as a function of bulk Al/(Al + Si) and temperature. The Al 3 + resides principally in Q 4 structural units, which contain more than 70% of the total amount of Al 3 + . The Q 2 units contain the smallest amount of Al 3 + among the Q 4 , Q 3 , and Q 2 structural units. There is no evidence for temperature-dependent distribution of Al 3 + among the coexisting structural units at least to 1100-1200°C. The equilibrium constant for the speciation reaction, 2Q 3 ↔ Q 4 + Q 2 , passes through a maximum with increasing bulk melt Al/(Al + Si) at constant temperature. Its temperature-dependence also depends on bulk melt Al/(Al + Si) so that the enthalpy of the speciation reaction, ΔH, passes through a maximum with increasing bulk Al/(Al + Si). This ΔH ranges between 13 and 23 kJ/mol for bulk melt Al/(Al + Si) between 0 and 0.33. These composition-dependent maxima in the equilibrium constant (at constant temperature) and AH of the speciation reaction reflect the changes in Al/(Al + Si) of Q 2 , Q 3 , and Q 4 structural units with Al/(Al + Si) of the melt.
A performance study of unmanned aerial vehicle systems-of-systems and communications architectures under cyber attack

In civilian and defense networks involving the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as sensor platforms, an emerging area of interest is the analysis of the performance of these networks from a high-level perspective, especially with respect to cyber security. A System-of-Systems approach is useful in creating tools to quantify network-level functionality, and such tools can assist in designing and evaluating architectures that are resistant and resilient to failures that might occur during cyber attack. This study seeks to evaluate the performance trade-offs between various communications architecture options in the context of an integrated air defense network. An agent-based discrete event simulation is used to model a defense communication network consisting of UAVs, military communications satellites, ground relay stations, mobile interceptor agents, and a mission control center for the purpose of tracking ballistic missiles. Network susceptibility to cyber attack is modeled with probabilistic failures and induced data variability, with performance metrics focusing on information availability and trustworthiness.
Isobaric labeling-based relative quantification in shotgun proteomics.

Mass spectrometry plays a key role in relative quantitative comparisons of proteins in order to understand their functional role in biological systems upon perturbation. In this review, we review studies that examine different aspects of isobaric labeling-based relative quantification for shotgun proteomic analysis. In particular, we focus on different types of isobaric reagents and their reaction chemistry (e.g., amine-, carbonyl-, and sulfhydryl-reactive). Various factors, such as ratio compression, reporter ion dynamic range, and others, cause an underestimation of changes in relative abundance of proteins across samples, undermining the ability of the isobaric labeling approach to be truly quantitative. These factors that affect quantification and the suggested combinations of experimental design and optimal data acquisition methods to increase the precision and accuracy of the measurements will be discussed. Finally, the extended application of isobaric labeling-based approach in hyperplexing strateg...
A Decision Support System for Evaluating the Effects of Alternative Farm Management Systems on Water Quality and Economics

A prototype Multi-Objective Decision Support System (MODSS) for water quality has been developed by the Agricultural Research Service at the Southwest Watershed Research Center in Tucson, Arizona. The Decision Support System uses a simulation model to predict the impact of alternative management systems on surface and groundwater quality as well as farm income. The results of the simulation, which includes modeling of hydrology, erosion, nutrient and pesticide transport, crop growth and economics, are analyzed with respect to the multiple objectives of reducing surface and groundwater pollution while maintaining or improving farm income. Often these objectives are in conflict and objectively discerning which practice is preferred can be a difficult task. The multi-objective decision making component of the decision support system makes use of dimensionless utility functions and the concept of importance order dominance. The MODSS allows the user to set up alternatives, choose the decision criteria, and accept or customize the decision mode settings. The results are presented graphically as well as in tabular form. The dominance of one practice over another, if it exists, is clearly evident in the graphical presentation. We illustrate the decision component of the MODSS with pictures of the screens from an example which uses the simulation results of several management alternatives on farmland in the Deep Loess Soil Major Land Resource Area near Treynor, Iowa.
A Burkean Analysis of the Sublimity and the Beauty of the Phallus in John Cleland’s Fanny Hill

In the tradition of the bildungsroman, the two volumes of John Cleland’s Fanny Hill, or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1748–49) conveniently divide the main character’s sexual initiation into peri...
Abstract P4-17-06: First posts: A content analysis of an online breast cancer community user's initial postings

Introduction: Online breast cancer communities provide users with both information and emotional support. Members of these communities include both patients and caregivers. We aimed to characterize the differences in content between patients9 and caregivers9 first posts. Methods: 20189 posts were downloaded from a public online breast cancer community. Posts were sorted by user name and date to identify unique posters and coded for user demographics and content. Descriptive statistics (e.g. chi-square test) characterized differences between patients and caregivers in terms of topics and content. Results: Of the 1827 unique posters, 83% were identified as the patient (n=1277, 70%) and 13% were identified as a caregiver (n=230). 835 (69%) patients had been previously diagnosed with breast cancer. Chemotherapy was the most common topic among cancer patients. Patients tended to seek information about physical concerns more often than psychosocial concerns. In contrast, caregivers used the community significantly more often as a source of emotional support (p Conclusion: First post content varied depending on if the poster was a patient or a caregiver. Patients9 first posts were often information-seeking about physical concerns, whereas caregivers tended to use the forum as a source of emotional support. By analyzing the frequency of topics and content of posts, clinicians may better understand the educational needs of patients and caregivers. Citation Format: Marmor RA, Ward EP, Epstein E, Reghunathan M, Schoenbrunner A, Unkart JT, Blair SL, Huh J. First posts: A content analysis of an online breast cancer community user9s initial postings [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-17-06.
Alternate Procedures for Analysis of Multivariate Regression Models

In previous chapters, we have developed various reduced-rank multivariate regression models, and indicated their usefulness in different applications as dimension-reduction tools. We now briefly survey and discuss some other related multivariate regression modeling methodologies that have similar parameter reduction objectives as reduced-rank regression, such as multivariate ridge regression, partial least squares, joint continuum regression, and other shrinkage and regularization techniques. Some of these procedures are designed particularly for situations where there is a very large number n of predictor variables relative to the sample size T including, for example, n > T.
Relations between Third Grade Teachers' Depressive symptoms and their feedback to students, with implications for student mathematics achievement

Recent studies have observed connections among teachers' depressive symptoms and student outcomes; however, the specific mechanisms through which teachers' mental health characteristics operate in the classroom remain largely unknown. The present study used student-level observation methods to examine the relations between third-grade teachers' (N = 32) depressive symptoms and their academic feedback to students (N = 310) and sought to make inferences about how these factors might influence students' mathematics achievement. A novel observational tool, the Teacher Feedback Coding System-Academic (TFCS-A), was used that assesses feedback across 2 dimensions-teacher affect and instructional strategy, which have been shown to be important to student learning. Multilevel exploratory factor analysis of TFCS-A data suggested 2 primary factors: positive feedback and neutral/negative feedback. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that positive feedback was related to higher math achievement among students who began the year with weaker math skills and that teachers who reported more depressive symptoms less frequently provided this positive feedback. Results offer new information about a type of instruction that may be affected by teachers' depressive symptoms and inform efforts aimed at improving teachers' instructional interactions with students. (PsycINFO Database Record
Integrating Process Safety Considerations in Lyapunov-Based Model Predictive Control

Abstract In this work, two novel Lyapunov-based model predictive control (LMPC) designs that can ensure process operational safety (termed safety-LMPC) are presented. The two LMPC designs can drive the closed-loop state to a safety region (a level set within the stability region where process operational safety is ensured) at a prescribed rate, and also can drive the closed-loop state to a safe level set within the stability region of another steady-state. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes, a comparison between the safety-LMPC, which effectively integrates feedback control and safety considerations, and the classical LMPC method is presented with a chemical process example.
Maternal mortality in the developed world: a review of surveillance methods, levels and causes of maternal deaths during 2006-2010

This article provides an overview of surveillance methods, levels, and causes of maternal mortality in developed countries, in Europe and the United States, during 2006-2010. Accurate identification of maternal deaths is not always possible, and no two countries in the world use the same surveillance methods for maternal mortality. Despite limitations (e.g. underestimation, misclassification), routine vital registration systems are the backbone of maternal mortality surveillance systems in developed countries. Enhanced surveillance methods involve linkages between deaths of women of reproductive age and births within the preceding year, or the use of additional data sources for maternal deaths. Confidential enquiries into maternal deaths, in place in France, the Netherlands, and the UK are the gold standard in maternal mortality surveillance. Levels of maternal mortality in Europe were the lowest in the world during 2006-2010. While Europe has not seen major changes in maternal mortality in recent years, pregnancy-related mortality increased considerably in the USA, where improvements in the identification of deaths appear to play a part. The triad of infection, hemorrhage, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which in the past accounted for >90% of all maternal deaths, now accounts for 60-70% of such deaths in developed countries. Maternal mortality surveillance provides learning opportunities to prevent future maternal deaths. There is need for integration of linked, multiple data sources into current maternal mortality surveillance systems to improve their utility.
1538. High Mortality of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Pneumonia in Hematopietic Cell Transplant Recipients

Background CMV infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) recipients. CMV can cause tissue-invasive disease, especially pneumonitis, with poor outcomes.
Oxidation—Reduction; Electron and Proton Transfer

It was shown in Chap. 1 that a free energy change ΔG p,T can be associated with a change of electrical potential. In the present case, we consider the application to oxidation-reduction potentials. Thus, $$ \Delta G = + nzF \cdot \Delta E = - RF \cdot \Delta E $$ (1) with z = − 1 for electrons, for the free energy change in a reversible reaction associated with electrical work driven by a change in oxidation-reduction potential, ΔE, and $$ \Delta {G^o} = - nF \cdot \Delta {E^o} $$ (1a) for the changes in standard potential and free energy.
Vocational Psychology and the Future: The Role of Telepsychology in Shaping Research.

Vocational psychologists have predicted the utilization of telepsychology in career interventions, yet vocational research have not capitalized on this modality. The purpose of this article is to d...
Response of Waveguide-Integrated Germanium-on-Silicon p-i-n Photodiodes to Neutron Displacement Damage

The effects of 14-MeV neutron displacement damage (DD) on waveguide (WG)-integrated germanium-on-silicon p-i-n photodiodes (PDs) for silicon photonics have been investigated up to the fluences of $7.5\times 10^{12}$ n/cm2 (14 MeV) or $1.4\times 10^{13}\,\,\text{n}_{1\text {-MeV}_{\mathrm{ eq}}}$ /cm2(Si). This article includes the measurements of dark current–voltage characteristics across temperature from 150 to 375 K, measurements of PD junction capacitance, spectral response measurements from 1260 to 1360 nm, and frequency-response measurements. The devices are found to be susceptible to DD-induced carrier removal effects; however, they also continue to operate without meaningful impact to performance for the DD dose levels examined. Since the PD test chips include silicon photonic integrated grating couplers and WGs, which carry the optical signal to the PD, some assessment of the impact of DD on these passive devices can also be inferred. This article does not examine the short-term annealing or transient behavior of the DD, and instead, it has only considered the lasting damage that remains after any initial period of room-temperature annealing.
Automation and Inequality in Wealth Management

We examine how access to automated wealth managers affects households’ investment in financial markets and welfare across the wealth distribution. Our setting features novel microdata from a major U.S. robo advisor and a quasi-experiment in which the advisor reduces its account minimum by 90%. Based on a difference-in-difference estimator, the reduction increases middle-class households’ participation by 110% but does not affect wealthier or poorer households. We rationalize this behavior with a life cycle model calibrated using portfolio-level data. Our calibration suggests that the reduction significantly raises middle-class households’ welfare, and 65% of this gain reflects improved diversification.
A Translational Pipeline for Overall Survival Prediction of Breast Cancer Patients by Decision-Level Integration of Multi-Omics Data

Breast cancer is the most prevalent and among the most deadly cancers in females. Patients with breast cancer have highly variable survival rates, indicating a need to identify prognostic biomarkers. By integrating multi-omics data (e.g., gene expression, DNA methylation, miRNA expression, and copy number variations (CNVs)), it is likely to improve the accuracy of patient survival predictions compared to prediction using single modality data. Therefore, we propose to develop a machine learning pipeline using decision-level integration of multi-omics tumor data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to predict the overall survival of breast cancer patients. With multi-omics data consisting of gene expression, methylation, miRNA expression, and CNVs, the top-performing model predicted survival with an accuracy of 85% and area under the curve (AUC) of 87%. Furthermore, the model was able to identify which modalities best contributed to prediction performance, identifying methylation, miRNA, and gene expression as the best integrated classification combination. Our method not only recapitulated several breast cancer-specific prognostic biomarkers that were previously reported in the literature but also yielded several novel biomarkers. Further analysis of these biomarkers could lend insight into the molecular mechanisms that lead to poor survival.
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Communities

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community includes a broad spectrum of identities, each with their own unique needs in the healthcare system. Sexual and/or gender-based violence compounds the long-term stress from discrimination that LGBTQ people face on a daily basis, shaping the complex experiences of trauma that members of this community may face with regards to their sexual orientation or gender identity. By better understanding the unique concerns of LGBTQ patients who have experienced sexual trauma, clinicians can not only improve their services to this population, but also work towards reducing these health inequities. This chapter both provides a brief description of the complex spectrum of identities among LGBTQ-identified people and describes some of the specific concerns that this population may face with regards to sexual and/or gender-based violence.
Relationship between CD45 Expression and Outcomes in B Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma

Introduction: B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL) constitutes the most common type of lymphoblastic leukemia, with about two thirds of the cases being of B-cell lineage. It represents a significant cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality in both pediatric and adult populations. B-ALL immunophenotype has been extensively studied and used for diagnosis. Recent data underscores the importance of the CD45 transmembrane phosphatase in the modulation of signal transduction pathways in leukemic cells. In fact, the gene encoding CD45, PTPRC, has been identified as a tumor suppressor that is deleted in 10% of cases of T-ALL. Based on the impact of CD45 on leukemic cell biology, we hypothesized a relationship between CD45 protein expression and clinical parameters. Methods: This is a retrospective, single center analysis of patients diagnosed with B-ALL at Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center from December 2003 until December 2018. Patients were followed until July 2020. Variables included patient demographics, and clinical and treatment characteristics. B-ALL diagnosis, molecular profiles, and clinical outcomes were abstracted by chart review. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize baseline characteristics and outcomes. Flow cytometry analysis was performed using 4- and 10-color leukemia screening panel. Median and geometric mean of CD45 antigen intensity was analyzed using FCS Express V6 software. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical package. Results: A total of 148 BALL patients were included in the analysis. 19 (12.8%) were adults (>18 years old) and 13 (8.7%) were Philadelphia chromosome positive. Average Median CD45 expression and CD45 Geometric Mean were 22.9 and 21.9 respectively for the entire cohort. Relevant clinical outcomes collected included complete remission (CR) at days 14 and 29, presence of minimal residual disease (MRD) at days 7 and 29, relapse of disease and death. Mann-Whitney Test was used to establish association between CD45 levels and clinical outcomes. A significant association was found between achieving CR at 29 days and lower levels of CD45 expression (as defined by median and geometric mean, p=0.03 for both). The association was was maintained when excluding Philadelphia positive cases (p=0.05 for both) and excluding patients over 30 years old (p=0.05 for both). There were no significant correlations between CD45 expression and other clinical variables. Conclusions: Lower CD45 expression as determined by flow cytometry is associated with higher rates of CR at 29 days. This finding is significant across different age groups and Philadelphia negative cohorts. This finding needs to be explored in further studies. CD45 protein expression levels could be an important biomarker for adjusting induction chemotherapy to achieve complete remission. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike antibody detection using three commercially available automated immunoassays.

Abstract Introduction Commercially available serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 detect antibodies to either the nucleocapsid or spike protein. Here we compare the performance of the Beckman-Coulter SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG assay to that of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG and Roche Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid total antibody assays. In addition, we document the trend in nucleocapsid and spike antibodies in sequential samples collected from convalescent plasma donors. Methods Plasma or serum samples from 20 individual SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive inpatients (n = 172), 20 individual convalescent donors with a previous RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 20), were deemed positive SARS-CoV-2 samples. RT-PCR-negative inpatients (n = 24), and 109 pre-SARS-CoV-2 samples were determined to be SARS-CoV-2 negative. Samples were assayed by the Abbott, Roche, and Beckman assays. Results All three assays demonstrated 100% specificity. Abbott, Beckman, and Roche platforms had sensitivities of 98%, 93%, and 90% respectively, with the difference in sensitivity attributed primarily to samples from immunocompromised patients. After the exclusion of samples immunocompromised patients, all assays exhibited ≥ 95% sensitivity. In sequential samples collected from the same individuals, the Roche nucleocapsid antibody assay demonstrated continually increasing signal intensity, with maximal values observed at the last time point examined. In contrast, the Beckman spike IgG antibody signal peaked between 14 and 28 days post positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR and steadily declined in subsequent samples. Subsequent collections 51–200 days (median of 139 days) post positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR from five inpatients and five convalescent donors revealed that spike and nucleocapsid antibodies remained detectable for several months after confirmed infection. Conclusions The three assays are sensitive and specific for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nucleocapsid and spike antibodies were detectable for up to 200 days post-positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR but demonstrated markedly different trends in signal intensity.
Ornamental Plumage Coloration Interacts with Habitat Urbanization to Predict Problem-Solving in the House Finch Haemorhous mexicanus

Urbanization presents wildlife with many novel environmental challenges and opportunities, including navigating new physical structures and exploiting unique food bases. Thus, animal species that persist or thrive in urban environments may have superior cognitive abilities that allow them to navigate and solve anthropogenic problems. Prior studies have shown neural and behavioral differences between animals inhabiting urban and rural environments, but few have tested cognition-related behavioral responses of animals in an urban context. We administered a novel foraging challenge to caged male House Finches Haemorhous mexicanus — a successful urban and native desert species in the southwestern United States — captured from two urban and two rural locations to examine population differences in problem solving. This task involved opening a tin lid that was slid over the bird's normal small food dish and left only slightly ajar (with no food visible). Male House Finches display exaggerated, sexually selected plumage color that is dependent on diet, so we also tested the hypothesis that more colorful males can better solve foraging problems. We found no differences in problem solving success between urban and rural birds. However, among rural birds, we found that redder males were more likely to solve the foraging task than less-red males. Also, birds that lost more mass during the study were more likely to solve the task, but this was only true among less colorful birds. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that plumage redness reveals foraging skill in House Finches found in their native environment.
TOWARDS A CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PROPERTY OF LEBESGUE

There are three main contributions in this work. First, the proof that every stabilized asymptotic-l1 Banach space has the Property of Lebesgue is generalized to the coordinate-free case. Second, the proof that every Banach space with the Property of Lebesgue has a unique l1 spreading model is generalized to cover a particular class of asymptotic models. Third, a characterization of the Property of Lebesgue is derived that applies to those Banach spaces with bases that admit in a strong sense favorable block bases. These results are significant because they demonstrate not only the efficacy of characterizing the Property of Lebesgue in terms of a connection between the local and the global asymptotic structures of certain Banach spaces, but also the possibility of finding a more general characterization in similar terms.
A new paradigm for credibly administering placebo alcohol to underage drinkers

BACKGROUND: The primary goal of this study was to establish a paradigm for credibly administering placebo alcohol to underage drinkers. We also sought to create a new, valid procedure for establishing placebo alcohol believability. METHOD: Participants were 138 American college students (66.7% female) predominantly (90.0%) under the legal drinking age. Groups of 2-3 participants and one same-sex confederate consumed mixed drinks, purportedly containing alcohol, ad-lib in a naturalistic bar-laboratory for 20min. All beverages, however, were non-alcoholic but we used visual, olfactory, and taste cues to maximize placebo credibility. Also, the confederate made two scripted statements designed to increase the perception of drinking real alcohol. After the drinking portion, participants responded to survey items related to alcohol consumption and intoxication. Next, they were individually debriefed, with open-ended responses used to make a determination of whether the participant was deceived with respect to placebo alcohol. RESULTS: All participants estimated consuming some amount of alcohol. However, using a more conservative criteria for estimating alcohol believability based on the debrief, 89.1% of participants were classified as deceived. Deceived participants were much more likely to estimate having a positive blood alcohol content and to say that their current level of intoxication was typical given the amount of alcohol consumed than non-deceived participants. DISCUSSION: Credibly administering placebo alcohol to underage drinkers is possible. This approach carries great potential for future laboratory work. In addition, the methodology used here to classify participants as deceived or not deceived appears valid based on self-reported BAC estimation and intoxication levels. Language: en
A lower bound for agnostically learning disjunctions

We prove that the concept class of disjunctions cannot be pointwise approximated by linear combinations of any small set of arbitrary real-valued functions. That is, suppose there exist functions φ1,...,φr: {-1,1}n → R with the property that every disjunction f on n variables has ∥f -Σi=1 r αiφi∥∞ ≤ 1/3 for some reals α1,..., αr. We prove that then r ≥ 2Ω(√n). This lower bound is tight. We prove an incomparable lower bound for the concept class of linear-size DNF formulas. For the concept class of majority functions, we obtain a lower bound of Ω(2n/n), which almost meets the trivial upper bound of 2n for any concept class. These lower bounds substantially strengthen and generalize the polynomial approximation lower bounds of Paturi and show that the regression-based agnostic learning algorithm of Kalai et al. is optimal. Our techniques involve a careful application of results in communication complexity due to Razborov and Buhrman et al.
A Practice-based Approach to Ecosystem Management

Ecosystem management is a rapidly evolving philosophy or paradigm of natural resource management intended to sustain the integrity of ecosystems. The problem is that principles of ecosystem management are unsatisfactory for practical purposes. Three major approaches to the problem are evaluated: (1) clarification of the goals of ecosystem management, (2) construction of a better scientific foundation for management decisions, and (3) comparative appraisal of current practices. The evaluation concludes that neither of the first two approaches is necessary or sufficient for better management decisions because better decisions depend upon the complexities of particular contexts. The third, practice-based approach makes the most of the limited human capacity to cope with the complexities of ecosystem management in order to improve principles of ecosystem management, to inform particular management decisions through improved principles, and to incorporate clearer goals and a better scientific foundation as they become available. The evaluation draws on experience and disciplines beyond conservation biology and natural resource management, including policy sciences. El manejo de ecosistemas es una filosofia o paradigma de rapida evolucion en el manejo de los recursos naturales enfocado al mantenimiento de la integridad de los ecosistemas. El problema es que los principios del manejo de ecosistemas no son satisfactorios para propositos practicos. Tres aproximaciones importantes son evaluadas: (1) Clarificacion de las metas del manejo de ecosistemas, (2) construccion de una mejor fundamentacion cientifica para decisiones de manejo y (3) aproximaciones comparativas de practicas actuales. La evaluacion concluye que ninguna de las primeras dos aproximaciones son necesarias o suficientes para mejores decisiones de manejo, puesto que mejores decisiones dependen de las complejidades de un contexto en particular. El tercero, basado en la practica aprovecha al maximo las limitadas capacidades humanas para abordar estas complejidades—con el fin de mejorar los principios del manejo de ecosistemas, para informar decisiones de manejo especificos a traves de principios mejorados y para incorporar metas mas claras, asi como una mejor fundamentacion cientifica tan pronto como se encuentren disponibles. La evaluacion retoma experiencias y disciplinas mas alla de la biologia de la conservacion y el manejo de los recursos naturales, incluyendo las ciencias politicas.
A cryogenic enrichment technique for gas chromatographic detection of S/sub 2/F/sub 10/ in SF/sub 6/ discharges

In conventional gas chromatography (GC), S/sub 2/F/sub 10/ in the presence of SF/sub 6/ is only detectable down to a concentration of approximately 50 ppm (parts per million). This limit, which is largely due to the interference of the SF/sub 6/ peak with S/sub 2/F/sub 10/, can be reduced by using an enrichment procedure similar to the online procedure used by KEMA, (J.A.J. Pettinga, 1985) whereby S/sub 2/F/sub 10/ is selectively trapped, increasing its concentration relative to SF/sub 6/, followed by subsequent GC analysis. Using commercially available components, the authors have set up a similar system and have evaluated some of the parameters influencing peak resolution and detectability, such as trapping temperature, desorption rates, and carrier gas flow. Other compounds relevant to SF/sub 6/ decomposition have also been examined using this system. Contrary to the KEMA results, S/sub 2/OF/sub 10/ was found to have a lower retention time than S/sub 2/F/sub 10/ in both the cryogenic enrichment system and in conventional GC. Analyses of corona-discharged SF/sub 6/ are reported, showing that this technique has at least a 1000-fold improvement in sensitivity over conventional GC. >
Renal Potassium Transport

The sections in this article are: 1 External and Internal Potassium Balance 1.1 Internal Potassium Balance 1.2 External Potassium Balance 2 General Features of Renal Potassium Excretion 3 Cellular Mechanisms of Potassium Transport Along the Nephron 3.1 Glomerulus 3.2 Proximal Tubule 3.3 Loop of Henle 3.4 Potassium Recycling 3.5 Distal Tubule 3.6 Distal Convoluted Tubule 3.7 Connecting Tubule 3.8 Initial Collecting Tubule and Cortical Collecting Duct 3.9 Medullary Collecting Duct 3.10 Inner Medullary Collecting Duct 3.11 Amphibian Distal Nephron 4 Regulation of Potassium Transport 4.1 Potassium Intake and Plasma Potassium Concentration 4.2 Potassium Adaptation 4.3 Adrenal Steroids 5 Regulation of Potassium Excretion by Interactive Stimuli 5.1 Relationship between Plasma Potassium Concentration, Plasma Aldosterone, and Renal Potassium Excretion 5.2 Effects of Sodium Intake on Potassium Balance 5.3 Regulation of Potassium and Sodium Excretion during Alterations in Extracellular Fluid Volume 5.4 Regulation of Potassium and Sodium Excretion during Alterations in Potassium Intake
Hypothesis formation and language acquisition with an infinitely-often correct teacher

The presence of an "infinitely-often correct teacher" in scientific inference and language acquisition is motivated and studied. The treatment is abstract. In the practice of science, a scientist performs experiments to gather experimental data about some phenomenon, and then tries to construct an explanation (or theory) for the phenomenon. A model for the practice of science is an inductive inference machine (a scientist) learning a program (an explanation) from the graph (set of experiments) of a recursive function (phenomenon). It is argued that this model of science is not an adequate one as scientists, in addition to performing experiments, make use of some approximate explanation (based on the "state of the art") about the phenomenon under investigation. An attempt has been made to model this approximate explanation as an additional information in the scientific process. It is shown that inference power of machines is improved in the presence of an approximate explanation. The quality of this approximate information is modeled using certain "density" notions. It is shown that additional information about a "better" quality approximate explanation enhances the inference power of learning machines as scientists more than a "not so good" approximate explanation. Inadequacies in Gold's paradigm of language learning are investigated. It is argued that Gold's model fails to incorporate any additional information that children get from their environment. Children are sometimes told about some grammatical rule that enumerates elements of the language. These rules are some sort of additional information. Also, children are being given some information about what is not in the language. Sometimes, they are rebuked for making incorrect utterances or are told of a rule that enumerates certain non-elements of the language. An attempt has been made to extend Gold's model to incorporate both these kinds of additional information. It is shown that either type of additional information enhances the learning power of formal language learning devices.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG β-LYSIN, PLAKIN, AND LEUKIN

Donaldson, D. M. (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah), R. S. Jensen, B. M. Jensen, and A. Matheson. Serological relationships among β-lysin, plakin, and leukin. J. Bacteriol. 88:–1049 1055. 1964.—β-Lysin is a substance which has been separated from normal serum and which is bactericidal for a variety of gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus subtilis. Purified β-lysin is not denatured at 97 C for 15 min. The bactericidal activity of six of nine β-lysin preparations was unaltered at 97 C for 30 min and was depressed 50% in the other three preparations. After 120 min at 97 C, the bactericidal activity was between 13 and 25% of normal. β-Lysin was completely inactivated at 120 C for 15 min. Antisera prepared in guinea pigs against purified rabbit β-lysin neutralized the bactericidal activities of purified β-lysin, normal rabbit serum, platelet extracts, and purified plakin. This serological relationship between β-lysin and plakin was also demonstrated by the observation that antisera against platelets neutralized the bactericidal activities of serum, platelet extracts, and purified β-lysin. When anti-β-lysin serum was tested against crude bactericidal extracts of leukocytes and purified leukin, no neutralization of these bactericidal substances was measurable. The results of this study are in accord with conclusions made in previous studies that platelets are a primary source of serum β-lysin and that leukocytes contribute little, if any, to this type of serum bactericidal activity. Ouchterlony tests, in combination with the neutralization studies, indicated that the antigen-antibody system involved in the neutralization of β-lysin may be a nonprecipitating system.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against alloantigens exhibit preferential effector cell activity for H-2K or H-2D region products similar to that for H-2 restricted responses.

The present study was designed to investigate the patterns of allogeneic cytotoxic T cell responses against H-2K and H-2D region products. B10.D2 anti-B10.A(2R) effector cells lysed K-end matched target cells approximately 5 times more efficiently than D-end matched target cells. In contrast, C57BL/10 anti-B10.A effector cells killed K-end or D-end matched target cells equally well, whereas C57BL/10 anti-B10.D2 CTL exhibited a slight preference for D-end matched target cells. These results demonstrate that whole H-2 disparate stimulating populations do not necessarily induce equivalent h-2K and H-2D region-specific CTL responses. The strength of the cytotoxic responses was found to correlate with the number of known serologically detectable specificities shared between the stimulating and target cell populations. The similarities between these allogeneic and MHC-restricted CTL response patterns (which are under Ir-like control) raise the possibility that this regulation reflects the number of K or D region self-antigens that can be recognized in association with a foreign antigenic determinant and suggests that allogeneic responses to major histocompatibility antigens are also self-restricted by MHC gene products. The possibility is considered that such Ir-like control is also a reflection of the amounts of H-2K and H-2D products shed from the cell surface.
Cell Culture: Basic Procedures

Cell culture has provided a valuable research tool for over 100 years. Cell culture is a broad term applied to the wide range of techniques to culture cells on an artificial nutrient medium in a controlled culture environment. Keywords: culture medium; primary cell culture; cell culture equipment; cryopreservation
Proteomic approaches to early detection of breast cancer

The completion of the human genome as well as the explosion of novel technologies within genomics, proteomics and functional genomics promise to have a major impact on clinical practice, as these technologies are expected to accelerate the translation of basic discoveries to the clinical practice. In particular, proteomic technologies are expected to play a key role in the study and treatment of cancer as they provide invaluable resources to define and characterize regulatory and functional networks, to investigate the precise molecular defect in diseased tissues and biological fluids, and to develop specific reagents to precisely pinpoint a particular disease or stage of a disease. For drug discovery, proteomics assist with powerful tools for identifying new clinically relevant drug targets, and provide functional insight for drug development. Today, the application of novel technologies from proteomics and functional genomics to the study of cancer is rapidly shifting to the analysis of clinically relevant samples such as fresh biopsy specimens and fluids, as their use will accelerate the translation of basic discoveries. Being a patient-oriented organisation, The Danish Cancer Society catalysed in 2002 the creation of a multidisciplinary research environment, the DCTB, to fight breast cancer. The DCTB hosts scientists working in various areas of preclinical cancer research (cell cycle control, invasion and microenvironmental alterations, apoptosis, cell signalling, and immunology) with clinicians (surgeons, oncologists) and pathologists in an integrated, mission-oriented, discovery-driven translational research environment. The unifying concept behind our experimental strategy is the use of multiple experimental paradigms for the prospective analysis of clinically relevant samples obtained from the same patient, along with the systematic integration of the biological and clinical data. Here I will describe our efforts to apply proteomics approaches to search for markers for early detection of breast cancer using the newly characterized interstitial fluids recovered from fresh tissue biopsies of both normal (NIF) and tumour (TIF) origin. The protein composition of the fluids is strikingly different to that of serum and cyst fluids, although they share some of their major components. The TIF is highly enriched in proteins that are either secreted via the classic endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway, shed by membrane vesicles (membrane blebbing), or externalized by plasma membrane transporter. Hundreds of primary translation products, as well as post-translational modifications, have so far been identified using a combination of procedures that include mass spectrometry, two-dimensional gel immunoblotting, and cytokine and signalling pathway-specific antibody arrays. The workflow to biomarker discovery as well as recent developments will be discussed.
Identification of two tyrosine phosphoproteins, pp70 and pp68, which interact with phospholipase Cgamma, Grb2, and Vav after B cell antigen receptor activation.

Abstract Tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins mediates the assembly and localization of effector proteins through interactions facilitated by modular Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding domains. We describe here two tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins with M r values of 70,000 and 68,000 that interact with Grb2, phospholipase C (PLCγ1 and PLCγ2), and Vav after B cell receptor cross-linking. The interaction of pp70 and pp68 with PLC and Vav is mediated by the carboxyl-terminal SH2 domain of PLC and the SH2 domain of Vav. In contrast, the interaction of pp70 and pp68 with Grb2 requires cooperative binding of the SH2 and SH3 domains of Grb2. Western blot analysis demonstrated that neither pp70 nor pp68 represented the recently described linker protein SLP-76, which binds Grb2, PLC, and Vav in T cells after T cell receptor activation. Moreover, SLP-76 protein was not detected in a number of B cell lines or in normal mouse B cells. Hence, we propose that pp70 and pp68 likely represent B cell homologs of SLP-76 which facilitate and coordinate B cell activation.
Production and Flight of Alate Red Imported Fire Ants

Emergence of alate Solenopsis invicta Buren from several habitats in northern Florida averaged 187,000/acre/year. The number of active mounds per acre varied between habitats, and the numbers of alates produced was not directly correlated with the numbers of mounds per acre. Alates were captured each month, with the heaviest flights occurring April through August. Of the alates captured, 52% were females. Some habitats produced a higher male:female sex ratio than others. About 90% of the flights were composed of over 74% of one sex of alates; 65% of the flights were monosexual. Rainfall stimulated flights, but high relative humidity did not. Some flights continued for 2–3 days after a rain. Colonies sometimes had more than one mound, and flight could occur from either or both mounds. Artificially created air movement terminated flights, but shading did not. Two ovipositing queens were found in a single colony. Sexual brood appeared in mounds in March, and first flights composed of alates which developed from the new season's brood occurred in late April and early May. Dealate and deformed sexual forms which had been carried over the winter were seen attempting to fly in the spring.
Human communication with pigs: The behavioural response of pigs to specific human signals

A knowledge of the influence of behavioural and non-behavioural characteristics of humans on the behavioural responses of pigs to humans is required for the development of approach and handling procedures by stockpersons which achieve and maintain human—animal relationships in which the animals are not fearful of humans. Three experiments were conducted to compare the nature of several possible signals which humans may release when interacting with pigs. The nature of the signals was compared by quantifying the approach behaviour of the pig to the experimenter releasing the appropriate signals in four 3-min tests over an 8-day period. Pigs approached the experimenter significantly more (P < 0.05) when he did not approach, squatted, had bare hands or did not initiate interactions compared with when he did approach, stood erect, had gloved hands or initiated interactions with the pig, respectively.
Anxiety as a predictor of response to interpersonal psychotherapy for recurrent major depression: an exploratory investigation.

Major depression and anxiety frequently co-occur, but the implications for psychological treatments have rarely been studied. We examined predictors of acute response to interpersonal psychotherapy in 134 consecutively treated female outpatients with recurrent unipolar depression. Women who failed to remit with interpersonal psychotherapy alone experienced higher levels of somatic anxiety, were more likely to meet criteria for lifetime panic disorder, were more likely to meet criteria for nonendogenous or nonmelancholic depression, and reported greater vocational impairment, higher levels of global severity, a longer duration of the index episode, and, somewhat surprisingly, lower levels of social impairment at pretreatment evaluation. A series of backwards stepping logistic regression analyses showed higher levels of baseline somatic anxiety and social functioning to be the most consistent predictors of nonresponse. Our findings strengthen existing evidence that concomitant anxiety can adversely affect the outcome of interpersonal therapy for depression. Depression and Anxiety 8:135–141, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.