cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic function of dorsal and anal fins in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

SUMMARY Recent kinematic and hydrodynamic studies on fish median fins have shown that dorsal fins actively produce jets with large lateral forces. Because of the location of dorsal fins above the fish9s rolling axis, these lateral forces, if unchecked, would cause fish to roll. In this paper we examine the hydrodynamics of trout anal fin function and hypothesize that anal fins, located below the fish9s rolling axis, produce similar jets to the dorsal fin and help balance rolling torques during swimming. We simultaneously quantify the wake generated by dorsal and anal fins in brook trout by swimming fish in two horizontal light sheets filmed by two synchronized high speed cameras during steady swimming and manoeuvring. Six major conclusions emerge from these experiments. First, anal fins produce lateral jets to the same side as dorsal fins, confirming the hypothesis that anal fins produce fluid jets that balance those produced by dorsal fins. Second, in contrast to previous work on sunfish, neither dorsal nor anal fins produce significant thrust during steady swimming; flow leaves the dorsal and anal fins in the form of a shear layer that rolls up into vortices similar to those seen in steady swimming of eels. Third, dorsal and anal fin lateral jets are more coincident in time than would be predicted from simple kinematic expectations; shape, heave and pitch differences between fins, and incident flow conditions may account for the differences in timing of jet shedding. Fourth, relative force and torque magnitudes of the anal fin are larger than those of the dorsal fin; force differences may be due primarily to a larger span and a more squarely shaped trailing edge of the anal fin compared to the dorsal fin; torque differences are also strongly influenced by the location of each fin relative to the fish9s centre of mass. Fifth, flow is actively modified by dorsal and anal fins resulting in complex flow patterns surrounding the caudal fin. The caudal fin does not encounter free-stream flow, but rather moves through incident flow greatly altered by the action of dorsal and anal fins. Sixth, trout anal fin function differs from dorsal fin function; although dorsal and anal fins appear to cooperate functionally, there are complex interactions between other fins and free stream perturbations that require independent dorsal and anal fin motion and torque production to maintain control of body position.
Differences in free and serial recall of categorized lists

Two experiments investigated whether differences in clustering and amount of recall produced by free and serial recall of categorized lists reflected differences in how items were stored or how they were retrieved. An experimental condition with serial recall instructions before and free recall instructions after list presentation (and storage) was compared with standard serial and free recall conditions. The results showed that different instructions influenced how the items were retrieved and reported but not how many items were stored.
Mathematical Word Problem Solving Ability of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their Typically Developing Peers

This study examined the difference between children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with typical development (TD) in mathematical word problem solving ability and the factors associated with these children's word problem-solving ability. A total of 20 children with ASD and 20 children with TD participated in this study. Independent sample t tests and Spearman’s rho correlations were used for data analysis. This study found: (a) Children with TD had higher word problem solving ability than did children with ASD; (b) Sentence comprehension, math vocabulary, computation, and everyday mathematical knowledge were associated with word problem solving ability of children with ASD and children with TD; and (c) Children with TD had higher everyday mathematical knowledge than did children with ASD.
Was Schumpeter Right After All

The purpose of economic inquiry is often described as an effort to explain—I will not use the treacherous word "predict"—the course of events by discovering regularities beneath the seemingly haphazard occurrences of economic life. Adam Smith searched for an invisible hand that bestowed self-regulation and growth on the market process; Marx sought laws of motion that would bring capitalism to its foreseeable fate; many contemporary economists discover rational utility maximization behind a vast array of activities. However different these order-bestowing forces, however diverse the scenarios to which they lead, all of them represent the analytical work that presumably sets economics apart from other ways of describing social life. This raises the question, of course, of what we mean by analysis—the basic issue to which this paper is addressed. Joseph Schumpeter becomes a central figure in the inquiry because he addressed himself to the question more directly than any of the major scenarists, answering it in a way that will make the meaning of my cryptic title clearer as we progress. For Schumpeter not only devoted the opening chapters of his magisterial History of Economic Analysis (1954) to an exploration of the scope of economic analysis, but he advanced a view of the analytic task very different from the axiomatic approach characteristic of so much analysis today. As he specifically defined it, economic analysis required "a command of techniques that we class under three heads: history, statistics, and 'theory'" (p. 12). This is a far cry from modern-day "choice theoretics." Nevertheless, however much his conception of analysis may differ from today's, there is no doubt that systematic investigation along "scientific" lines constituted a major purpose of Schumpeter's lifelong work. By combining historically guided
Genomic organization and mutation analysis of p73 in oligodendrogliomas with chromosome 1 p-arm deletions

p73, a protein having substantial structural and functional similarity to p53, has recently been identified and demonstrated to be a potential tumor suppressor. Its location on human chromosome 1p36.33 implicates p73 as a candidate for neuroblastoma. Like neuroblastoma, oligodendrogliomas also show a high frequency of deletions in chromosome 1p36.3. To determine whether p73 is a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the development of oligodendrogliomas, we performed mutation analysis of p73 in oligodendrogliomas with chromosome 1 p-arm deletions. We first determined the genomic organization and the intron-exon boundary sequences of the p73 gene by long PCR, vectorette PCR, and Southern hybridization. This gene spans about 65 kb with a large first intron. Primer pairs for the amplification of each of the 13 p73 encoding exons were designed in corresponding introns. The amplicons were then analyzed using the denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography system for mutations in the p73 gene. Twenty oligodendroglioma samples with 1p36.3 deletions were screened, but no mutations were detected except for several polymorphisms. It is thus clear that p73 is not a candidate gene for oligodendroglioma despite its location in the frequently deleted 1p36.3 region.
Green's functions for stresses, stress intensity factors, and displacements in a cracked, infinite, isotropic sheet under symmetric loads

Abstract Green's functions for stresses, stress intensities, and displacements were derived for an infinite cracked isotropic sheet under point symmetric loading. First, complex stress functions were derived for four point symmetric concentrated loads acting on a cracked sheet. Then, the functions and their appropriate derivatives were used to express stresses, stress intensities, and displacements in terms of unit load components. Stresses and displacements calculated by use of the Green's functions were compared with coarse-grid finite-element calculations, primarily as a test for the existence of algebraic errors. The calculations were in good agreement. The results should be useful in the analysis and design of damage-tolerant aircraft structures.
X-ray Spectrographic Microanalysis of Human Urine for Arsenic

A rapid, precise, and interference-free x-ray spectrographic procedure for the determination of arsenic in human body fluids and tissues has been devised. The organic material in the sample is oxidized, and the arsenic is released by a simplified rapid wet-washing technique using nitric-sulfuric-perchloric acids. The arsenic in the digestion mixture is converted to arsine and collected quantitatively on a silver nitrate-impregnated filter paper disk using a new and convenient sub-micro modification of the Gutzeit arsine generator. The arsenic in the test paper is rapidly and nondestructively quantitated to the nearest 0.1 μg in the x-ray spectrograph. The method is relatively free of the interferences usually associated with Gutzeit and colorimetric techniques for arsenic. The precision of the method is indicated by the fact that 5 μg of arsenic can be quantitated with a relative standard deviation of 2.5% or less. Normal levels of arsenic in human urine have been redetermined.
Perchlorate-induced conformational transition of Staphylococcal nuclease: evidence for an equilibrium unfolding intermediate.

Abstract The sodium perchlorate-induced conformational transition of Staphylococcal nuclease has been monitored by both circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The perchlorate-induced transition is cooperative as observed by both spectroscopic signals. However, the protein loses only about one-third of its native far-UV CD signal at high perchlorate concentrations, indicating that a significant amount of secondary structure remains in the post-transition state. The remaining CD signal can be further diminished in a cooperative manner by the addition of the strong denaturant, urea. Near-UV CD spectra clearly show that the protein loses its tertiary structure in the perchlorate-induced denatured state. The perchlorate-induced transition curves were fit to the standard two-state model and the standard free energy change and m value of the transition are 2.3 kcal/mol and 1.8 kcal/(mol M), respectively. By comparison, the urea-induced unfolding of Staphylococcal nuclease (in the absence of perchlorate) yields an unfolding free energy change, Δ G 0,un , of 5.6 kcal/mol and an m value of 2.3 kcal/(mol M). Thus, the thermodynamic state obtained in the post-transition region of perchlorate-induced conformation transition has a significantly lower free energy change, a high content of secondary structure, and diminished tertiary structure. These results suggest that the perchlorate-induced denatured state is a partially folded equilibrium state. Whether this intermediate is relevant to the folding/unfolding path under standard conditions is unknown at this time.
Detecting simulated memory impairment: Further validation of the Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT)

The Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT) was developed to detect sophisticated attempts at simulating memory impairment. The primary purpose of the present study was to provide additional validity and reliability information about the WCMT. Seventy-one participants were recruited for this study: 30 normal volunteers and 11 memory-disordered patients instructed to perform their best, and 30 normal volunteers instructed to fake memory impairment. Normal volunteers were administered five tests of neuropsychological functioning and five tests of simulation to explore the convergent and divergent validity of the WCMT. Two weeks later, these participants completed all 10 measures a second time. Memory-disordered patients were administered the WCMT and two additional simulation measures as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The WCMT successfully discriminated simulators from nonsimulators with an overall classification accuracy of 97% and demonstrated good psychometric properties. In conclusion, the WCMT continues to show promise as a measure of simulated memory impairment.
EFFECTS OF PARENTAL PRESENCE ON ATTENDANCE AND INPUT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAMS IN AN INSTITUTIONAL SETTING

Summary.-The present study examined the effect of parental involvement in interdisciplinary team meetings in a residential institution for the mentally re­ tarded. At random from records of annual evaluative conferences, two groups each of 55 residents were selected, one group having parents present and the other having no parents present at the staffing. Analysis of group differences was thrcugh univariate analysis of variance. When parents were present more staff members attended the staffing and more recommendations were prClposed by the larger interdisciplinary team. The implications of these findings for the functioning of the interdisciplinary team were discussed. The team approach to providing care for handicapped individuals is being implemented increasingly across a variety of settings such as psychiatric centers (Birjandi & Sclafani, 1973; Lassiter & Willet, 1973), schools (Falik, Grimm, Preston, & Konno, 1971; Hogenson, 1973), mental health centers (Cahn & Petersen, 1973), and institutions for the mentally retarded (Antwerp, ] 970; Morgan, 1973). In the case of institutions for the mentally retarded, the Ac­ creditation Council for Facilities for the Mentally Retarded (1975), in its regula­ tions concerning programming for residents, has specifically advocated an interdisciplinary team approach to program development. Part of this approach recognizes the importance of parental participation in the interdisciplinary staff­ ing of residents. Thus far studies involving the role of parents in the team approach to treatment have been carried out primarily in psychiatric facilities and focused on either parental involvement in the initial diagnosis (Drabman, et at., 1973; Morgan, 1973) or in later implementation of adopted treatment plans (Botovnik, 1973). However, they have not investigated the effects of parental presence on team functioning during the staffing. It seems that parents, who hold moral and legal responsibility for their children, would influence team behaviors related to the staff meeting. Since it is during the team staffing th3.t program planning and development are actually accomplished, it would be im­ portant to determine whether parents' presence affects team functioning. The present study attempted to determine whether or not the presence of parents of institutionalized retardates at interdisciplinary staffings has an effect on the functioning of the interdisciplinary team and, if so, to look at some of the ways in which such functioning might be affected. In the particular institution investigated comprehensive annual evaluations are conducted on each resident by staff members from a variety of disciplines,
Identification of essential amino acid residues in the functional activity of poliovirus 2A protease

Abstract Proteolytic processing of poliovirus polyprotein is carried out by the products of two viral genes, 2A and 3C. 2A protease catalyzes cleavage of the polyprotein of type 1 poliovirus at two sites, one a cis cleavage at the 2A N -terminus and the other a trans cleavage within the 3D polymerase. In addition to polyprotein cleavage activity, 2A protease also indirectly induces cleavage of the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex, which results in selective inhibition of host protein synthesis. Molecular genetic and biochemical analyses of 2A protease were performed to test its putative homology to small trypsin-like serine proteases and to examine the roles of individual amino acids in the reaction mechanism of 2A protease. A recombinant plasmid containing poliovirus 1 C, 1 D, and 2A gene sequences was expressed in a cell-free transcription/translation system, resulting in synthesis of a precursor protein that underwent efficient self-processing and produced mature 2A protease. To identify residues involved in the catalytic center and/or substrate-binding loops, we generated a series of 2A mutants by site-specific mutagenesis of this plasmid. Mutants were then expressed in vitro and tested for autocatalytic cis cleavage activity, trans cleavage of the 1 D/2A junction, and trans -activation of p220-specific protease. Our data suggest that the conserved His20, Asp38, and Cys109 residues recently proposed to be equivalent to the catalytic triad of known serine proteases may comprise the catalytic triad of 2A protease. Surprisingly, Asp38 could be replaced with glutamic acid and retain autocatalytic function. Other amino acid substitutions at Tyr88, Tyr89, and Thrl24 suggested that these residues lie in loops involved in substrate binding. Biochemical studies with protease inhibitors indicate that 2A protease activity is blocked by inhibitors specific for serine and cysteine proteases. Overall, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that 2A proteinase is structurally similar to the trypsin-like family of serine proteases with the substitution of cysteine 109 as the active site nucleophile.
Minimizing change aversion for the google drive launch

Change aversion is a natural response, which technology often exacerbates. Evolutionary changes can be subtle and occur over many generations. But Internet users must sometimes deal with sudden, significant product changes to applications they rely on and identify with. Despite the best intentions of designers and product managers, users often experience anxiety and confusion when faced with a new interface or changed functionality. While some change aversion is often inevitable, it can also be managed and minimized with the right steps. This case study describes how our understanding of change aversion helped minimize negative effects for the transition of the Google Docs List to Google Drive, a product for file storage in the cloud. We describe actions that allowed for a launch with no aversion.
Additional fossil Hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976–1979 specimens

Fossil hominid specimens recovered from the Pliocene Laetolil Beds in Tanzania in 1935 and between 1974 and 1979 are described (BMNH M. 18773, L.H.-2, -3/6, -5, -14, -15 to -17, -19, and -21 to -26). Of special interest is a partial juvenile skeleton. Anatomical descriptions, measurements, and illustrations are presented. Specimens described are referred to Australopithecus afarensis.
Teaching in the clinical setting: factors influencing residents’ perceptions, confidence and behaviour

Because residents are expected to assume a significant share of the teaching responsibilities of peers and students, the authors surveyed first-, second- and third-year paediatric residents at the Children's Hospital National Medical Center in July 1979 to examine those factors influencing their perceptions, confidence and behaviour with regard to teaching. The experimental group received 8 hours of instruction on teaching and learning, which included workshops and feedback sessions. The results indicate that a limited amount of formal instruction in teaching can effect a change in the teaching attitudes and behaviour of residents in addition to their level of confidence and the way in which teachers, students and peers evaluate them.
Atomistic origin of superior performance of ionic liquid electrolytes for Al-ion batteries

Encouraged by recent experimental findings, here we report on an in silico investigation to probe the atomistic origin behind the superior performance of ionic liquids (ILs) over traditional carbonate electrolytes for Al-ion batteries. Fundamental insights from computationally derived thermodynamic and kinetic considerations coupled with an atomistic-level description of the solvation dynamics is used to elucidate the performance improvements. The formation of low-stability ion–solvent complexes in ILs facilitates rapid Al-ion solvation–desolvation and translates into favorable transport properties (viscosity and ionic conductivity). Our results offer encouraging prospects for this approach in the a priori prediction of optimal IL formulations for Al-ion batteries.
Adapting a Problem-Solving Approach to Teaching Mathematics to Students with Mild Disabilities

Offers guidelines for adapting, implementing, and assessing a problem-solving approach to teaching math concepts and skills
A Hierarchical Framework for Levels of Reality: Understanding Through Representation

Levels of reality reflect one kind of complexity, which can be modeled using a specification hierarchy. Levels emerged during the Big Bang, as physical degrees of freedom became increasingly fixed as the expanding universe developed, and new degrees of freedom associated with higher levels opened up locally, requiring new descriptive semantics. History became embodied in higher level entities, which are increasingly individuated, aggregate patterns of lower level entities. Development is an epigenetic trajectory from vaguer to more definite and individuated embodiment, punctuated by the emergence of new integrative levels. It is constrained by being subsumed by lower levels (e.g., physical dynamics) and may be guided by structural attractors as well as by internally stored information (e.g., genes) in the higher levels. I conjecture, on a thermodynamic basis, that the number of levels that become manifest in an expanding universe depends upon its rate of expansion.
Loss of motor coordination in an aging mouse model

Abstract With age, there is an increase in motor deficits that leads to an increased incidence of slips and falls. As the elderly population continues to grow, there is a need for aging models and research that focus on behavioral deficits that occur with normal, non-diseased aging. The present study was designed to examine the appropriateness of C57Bl/6 male mice as aging animal models using the challenging beam and cylinder tests to measure motor coordination and spontaneous activity, respectively. Using young (2–4 mo), middle-aged (10–12 mo), and aged (22–24 mo) mice, we observed that aged C57Bl/6 male mice make more errors on the challenging beam task and take fewer hind limb steps as compared to young and middle-aged mice. Body weight and food intake were also measured to determine if these parameters were confounding factors in the interpretation of the behavioral data. Increases in body weight and food consumption were not observed in the oldest group that made the most errors. Together these data indicate that aged C57BL/6 mice display age-related motor deficits similar to those seen in humans and are an appropriate model of motor deficits that occur with age.
Cantor necklaces and structurally unstable Sierpinski curve Julia sets for rational maps

In this paper we consider families of rational maps of degree 2n on the Riemann sphereF λ: $$F_\lambda :\bar {\mathbb{C}} \to \bar {\mathbb{C}}$$ given by $$F_\lambda (z) = z^n + \frac{\lambda }{{z^n }}$$ where $$\lambda \in \mathbb{C} - \{ 0\} $$ andn>-2. One of our goals in this paper is to describe a type of structure that we call aCantor necklace that occurs in both the dynamical and the parameter plance forF λ. Roughly speaking, such a set is homeomorphic to a set constructed as follows. Start with the Cantor middle thirds set embedded on thex-axis in the plane. Then replace each removed open interval with an open circular disk whose diameter is the same as the length of the removed interval. A Cantor necklace is a set that is homeomorphic to the resulting union of the Cantor set and the adjoined open disks. The second goal of this paper is to use the Cantor necklaces in the parameter plane to prove the existence of several new types of Sierpinski curve Julia sets that arise in these families of rational maps. Unlike most examples of this type of Julia set, the maps on these Julia sets are structurally unstable. That is, small changes in the parameter λ give rise to Julia sets on which the dynamical behavior is quite different. In addition, we also describe a new type of related Julia set which we call a hybrid Sierpinski curve.
Multiphoton microscopy of antigen presenting cells in experimental cancer therapies

The absence of effective conventional therapy for most cancer patients justifies the application of novel, experimental approaches. One alternative to conventional cytotoxic agents is a more defined molecular approach for cancer immune treatment; promotion of the immune system specifically to target and eliminate tumor cells on the basis of expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAA). TAA could be presented to T-cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that generate a more efficient and effective anti-tumor immune response. In fact, it has been well documented that dendritic cells, the most immunologically potent APC, are capable of recognizing, processing and presenting TAA, in turn initiating a specific antitumor immune response. Results from several laboratories and clinical trials suggested significant but still limited efficacy of TAA-pulsed dendritic cells administered to tumor-bearing hosts. Following such delivery, it is fundamentally necessary to dynamically assess cell abundance within the microenvironment of the tumor in the presence of the appropriate therapeutic agent. Multiphoton microscopy was used to assess the trafficking of pulsed dendritic cells and other APC in skin, lymph nodes and brain of several animal tumor models, following different routes of administration.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effects of a Working Memory Load on Delay Discounting in Those With Externalizing Psychopathology

This study investigated the influence of executive working memory (EWM) capacity on impulsive decision making in a sample of young adults (N = 623) who varied in degree of externalizing psychopatho...
Religion and Selected Health Behaviors Among Latinos in Texas

Though research has shown that religion provides a protective influence with respect to a number of health-related outcomes, little work has examined its influence on patterns of alcohol (especially binge drinking) and tobacco consumption among Latinos in Texas. Thus, we used a probability sample of Texas adults to test this relationship via logistic regression. Our results revealed that clear distinctions emerge on the basis of both denomination and frequency of attendance. Specifically, Protestants who regularly attend religious services are significantly more likely to be abstainers and to have never smoked, while those with no religious affiliation exhibit relatively unfavorable risk profiles. These findings persist despite a range of socio-demographic controls. Our study supports the assertion that religion may serve as an important protective influence on risky health behaviors.
Optimization and Characterization of Dextran Membranes Prepared by Electrospinning

Dextran is soluble in both water and organic solvents, so it could be a versatile biomacromolecule for preparing nanofibrous electrospun membranes by blending with either water-soluble bioactive agents or hydrophobic biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications. We have formulated electrospun dextran membranes, and the effects of various processing parameters on the membrane properties were investigated. It was found that uniform nanofibrous dextran membranes could be formed by using water, DMSO/water, and DMSO/DMF mixtures as solvents through adjusting the processing conditions (solution concentration, voltage, and the distance between the electrode and the collecting plate). When water was used as a solvent, up to 10% (w/w) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or lysozyme could be directly incorporated into the dextran electrospun membrane without compromising its morphology. No significant effect of the electrospinning process on lysozyme activity was observed. The composite electrospun membranes consisting of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and dextran were obtained using DMSO/DMF (50/50, volume ratio) mixture as solvents. For cross-linking the electrospun membrane, dextran was modified by substitution of methacrylate groups at the hydroxyl sites. It was found that the electrospun membranes prepared from methacrylated dextran can be cured by UV irradiation in the presence of 1% of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) as a photoinitiator.
Structural and electronic properties of the methyl-terminated Si(111) surface

We have investigated the structural and electronic properties of the methyl-terminated Si(111) surface using first-principles calculations at the semilocal density functional theory level, inclusive of semiempirical dispersion forces between the methyl groups. In agreement with previous ab initio studies and consistent with low-energy electron diffraction measurements, we find that the most stable geometry corresponds to a (1 × 1), symmetric pattern, with methyl groups vertically bound to the Si substrate. Therefore, our computed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images exhibit three-fold symmetry at variance from those reported by recent experiments. The main contribution to the tunneling current comes from surface resonant states close to the Fermi level that are very weakly affected by self-energy corrections within many body perturbation theory. Our computed current−voltage profiles are in qualitative agreement with experiment. We suggest that the differences between computed and measured STM patter...
Which Outpatient Wait-Time Measures Are Related to Patient Satisfaction?:

Long waits for appointments decrease patient satisfaction. Administrative wait-time measures are used by managers, but relationships between these measures and satisfaction have not been studied. Data from the Veterans Health Administration are used to examine the relationship between wait times and satisfaction. Outcome measures include patient-reported satisfaction and timely appointment access. Capacity and retrospective and prospective time stamp measures are calculated separately for new and returning patients. The time stamp measures consist of the date when the appointment was created in the scheduling system (create date [CD]) or the date the appointment was desired as the start date for wait-time computation. Logistic regression models predict patient satisfaction using these measures. The new-patient capacity, new-patient time stamp measures using CD, and the returning-patient desired-date prospective measure were significantly associated with patient satisfaction. Standard practices can be improved by targeting wait-time measures to patient subpopulations.
Multivariate Evaluation of Workload, Resources, and Performance in Dual Task Data

The problems of evaluating dual and complex task experiments are discussed. Two methods are proposed that provide a metric for measuring and comparing performance and workload in such experiments. The first method is based on derivations of effect size measures, which provide a useful descriptive and a valid inferential tool for dealing with single task, dual task, and multiple response measure situations. The second method involves a new approach to empirical derivation of performance-resource functions. The method is straightforward and testable. Examples and illustrations are presented.
Prospective evaluation of plasma levels of ANGPT2, TuM2PK, and VEGF in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Background: To assess pathological correlations and temporal trends of Angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and M2 Pyruvate kinase (TuM2PK), markers of tumor vascular development and metabolism, in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: We prospectively collected plasma samples from 89 patients who underwent surgical/ablative therapy for RCC and 38 patients with benign disease (nephrolithiasis, hematuria without apparent neoplastic origin, or renal cysts). In RCC patients, marker levels were compared between at least 1 preoperative and 1 postoperative time point generally 3 weeks after surgery. Marker temporal trends were assessed using the Wilcoxon sign-rank test. Plasma VEGF, ANGPT2, and TuM2PK levels were determined by ELISA and tested for association with pathological variables. Results: Median age was comparable between groups. 83/89 (93%) of the cohort underwent surgical extirpation. 82% of the tumors were organ confined (T ≤2, N0). Only ANGPT2 exhibited significantly elevated preoperative levels in patients with RCC compared to benign disease (p= 0.046). Elevated preoperative levels of ANGPT2 and TuM2PK significantly correlated with increased tumor size and advanced grade (p< 0.05). Chromophobe RCC exhibited higher levels of ANGPT2 compared to other histologies (p < 0.05). A decline in marker level after surgery was not observed, likely due to the timing of the analyses. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ANGPT2 is a marker of RCC. Additionally, ANGPT2 and TuM2PK significantly correlated with several adverse pathological features. Further studies are needed to determine clinical applicability.
Polarization of S 1 2 2 Ground State of Even Isotopes of Hg + by Stepwise Electron Impact

The $6s^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ ground ionic state of even isotopes of mercury was polarized in a stepwise excitation process from the atomic $6{s}^{2}^{1}S_{0}$ ground state via the metastable $6s6p^{3}P_{2}$ state. The latter was optically pumped with polarized 5461-\AA{} ($6s7s^{3}S_{1}\ensuremath{-}^{3}P_{2}$) radiation. Paramagnetic resonance, observed by monitoring the change in intensity of the relatively intense 2851-\AA{} ($5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2}^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{-}5{d}^{10}6s^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$) electric quadrupole resonance radiation, was used to determine the polarization of the even-isotope ground-state ion to be 15%. If one assumes conservation of spin angular momentum, this process should yield highly polarized electrons.
Reconciling Themes in Neo-Aristotelian Meta-ethics

1. Morality, Reason, and Human Nature Reading the whole of Philippa Foots work reveals that the view advanced in her widely reprinted essay, ‘‘Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives,’’ is an exception to her otherwise consistent attempts to defend the universal application of correct moral judgments on the basis of sound practical reasoning. In Natural Goodness, Foot returns again to defend the claim that everybody has reason to be moral, yoking together ideas about moral evaluation, practical reason, and natural teleology into her novel and distinct form of neo-Aristotelian ethical naturalism. 1 While her view has recently received some critical attention, little has been done either in its defense or further development. 2 Indeed, there is a certain irony to the fact that Rosalind Hursthouse, who has done more than anyone toward a systematic development of Foots recent naturalism, also champions a fundamental objection to the prospect of its success, its promise of providing an account resting on facts of nature as to why everybody has ‘‘reason to aim at those things at which a good human being must aim’’ independently of their self-interest or desires. 3 Hursthouses objection rests on the understanding of practical reason she adopts from John McDowell: the facility for reasoning well is an acquired and normatively autonomous second nature. 4 Another prominent neo-Aristotelian, McDowell has articulated his own objections to Foots recent work, specifically, to the idea that natural facts about species-typical needs play a significant role in accounting for the rational appeal of a life of virtue. 5 Together, McDowell and Hursthouse present serious problems that must be addressed before any defense of morality along the lines Foot has established can be pursued further. Still, it is well known that Hursthouse is not entirely critical of Foot. It is with significant optimism that she develops Foots basic model of naturalistic evaluation and concludes that the approach does indeed show
Stereodivergent routes from tyrosine to the 7-(R) and 7-(S) diastereomers of the 7-hydroxy-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydroindole ring found in gliotoxin

Abstract Two routes from the oxidative cyclization product 1 derived from tyrosine to methyl 7-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydroindole-2-carboxylate are described. The routes are stereodivergent leading to the 2-S,7-S,7a-S (6) and 2-S,7-R,7 a -S-( 13 ) diasteromers. The former stereochemistry corresponds to that present in gliotoxin.
Attention deficit disorder and the internalizing dimension in males, ages 9-0 through 11-11.

This study assessed the presence of internalizing psychological problems in 9- to 11-year-old males diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder­ (ADHD). The participants' raw scores on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Parent Scale, Teacher Rating Scale, and Self-Report of Personality (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992) along with the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (Reynolds & Richmond, 1985) were compared to the normative sample for each respective measure. The results found that ADHD children presented with significantly (p <. 05) higher levels of both anxiety and depression on the BASC and anxiety on the RCMAS when ratings were completed by parents, teachers, and self-report. The results were discussed in terms of the comorbidity of internalizing disorders with ADHD children and need to consider differential behavioral and medical intervention.
Small-area, periodically-refreshed DAC array in 45 nm SOI CMOS

A small-area digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) in 45 nm SOI CMOS technology is presented that is based on a centrally located, static current-mode DAC, the output current of which is fed to an array of distributed, dynamically-refreshed small-area DACs. Owing to the dynamic operation of the distributed DACs, a single array element can be made as small as 8 × 8 μm. The measured retention time of a single array element with 7-bit resolution is 3 ms at a temperature of 125°C.
Agricultural injuries among a population-based sample of farm operators in Alabama

A population-based study of the occurrence of agricultural injuries during the previous year was conducted in a simple random sample of 1,000 farm operators in Alabama in 1991. The participation rate was 86.2%. The cumulative 1-year incidence was 9.9% (95% CI = 7.7–12.1), based on the number of injuries, and 7.8% (95% CI = 5.8–9.8), based on the number of farmers injured. Limbs were the body parts most frequently injured: fingers (10.7%), hands or wrists (10.7%), and legs (8.9%). The leading external causes were machinery (28.6%), falls (23.2%), and animals (12.5%). There was a higher injury frequency at the end of the week, with a Saturday peak. Seasonal pattern of injury displayed a bimodal curve, one peak in spring, and a higher peak in early fall in September. The most risky farm types were forestry and dairy. The factors predictive of increased injury risk in multiple logistic regression included younger age, farm ownership, greater percent of working time spent on farming, more alcohol consumed, and prior residual injury. The results provide some indications for formulating agricultural injury control programs and for future research. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron trajectories in a self-consistent wiggler field composed of a dipole lattice

Abstract We study the electron trajectories using two wiggler models. The first is a dipole wiggler (DW) constructed from the superposition of four arrays of individual magnetic dipoles with alternating orientations. This field has the advantage that since the field representation for each dipole is self-consistent, the aggregate field is also. The second model is the parabolic-pole-face (PPF) wiggler which is not self-consistent when wiggler imperfections are included. These two models are used to study the effects of wiggler imperfections on electron trajectories. In addition, the orbits in the PPF wiggler were qualitatively similar to those in the DW model.
Continuous callus production and regeneration of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using root segments from shoot tip-derived plantlets.

Root segments from shoot tip-derived plantlets of the garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones `DDR7099', `PI383819', and `Piacenza' were utilized as an explant source for continuous, friable callus production. The best callus production occurred on root segments initially cultured on medium with 4,5 μm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 8 weeks, then subcultured to medium with 4.7 μm 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) +0.49 μm 6-(γ-γ-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP) for 8 weeks. Embryogenic, friable callus was transferred to liquid medium for 1 month and then transferred to solid regeneration medium for 14 weeks. The best shoot and root regeneration (85.3% and 35.8%, respectively) occurred on 4-month-old calli from the clone `DDR7099'. In all clones, regeneration rate decreased as callus age increased.
A new oxygen cannula system using intermittent-demand nasal flow.

A new cannula with a system of intermittent nasal flow was evaluated and compared with a standard constant-flow nasal cannula in 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The intermittent-demand cannula released oxygen only when a negative pressure was detected in the nose (negative mode) or when a positive pressure ceased to be detected in the nose (positive mode). At rates of flow varying from 0.63 to 5.60 L/min, the continuous-flow mode used 9 percent more oxygen than the negative mode and 31 percent more oxygen than the positive mode to achieve comparable improvement in arterial oxygen tension. The system using the intermittent-demand cannula was sensitive and reliable in over 150 hours of testing.
The purification and in vitro phosphorylation of vitellogenin from Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Two methods for the purification of vitellogenin from Drosophila melanogaster are described. The first method is a bulk purification starting with approximately 500 g of adult flies reared in population cages. Dimethylformamide and ammonium sulfate fractionations are the bases of this method, and the final yields of purified vitellogenin are on the order of 30 mg. The second method starts with approximately 25 g of adults. Vitellogenin is first enriched by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and then purified by affinity chromatography using rabbit anti-yolk protein (anti-vitellin). Final yields are on the order of 150–200 μg of highly purified vitellogenin. Finally, we show that this purified vitellogenin may be phosphorylated in vitro with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase.
Intraocular lens fixation with dacron

Summary To overcome the problem of postoperative lens dislocation, we evaluated a new means of lens fixation. Our experimental studies in rabbits and primates demonstrated that Dacron polyethylene terephtalate induced a cellular reaction from either the anterior or posterior iris surface when placed in contact with the iris, thereby establishing a bond between the Dacron fibers and the iris. Dacron mesh can be attached to the distal portion of either the anterior or posterior loops of a Binkhorst iris clip (4-loop) lens. In the rabbit eye, lens fixation occurred within five days; in the primate eye, 30 days. When combined with silk, Dacron produced tissue ingrowth in the primate eye within 14 days. No unwanted reaction occurred in any animal with the Dacron and silk combination. Being biodegradable, the silk induced faster cellular ingrowth than the Dacron. However, Dacron, which is not biodegradable, provided a permanent means of fixation.
Circular Islands as Resonators of Long-Wave Energy

A study is made of the long gravity waves trapped around isolated, cylindrically symmetrical island-continental shelf topographies. Numerical evaluation of the discrete complex spectra of the trapped wave modes reveals that the oscillations are of two, essentially different kinds. The ‘ trapped-leaky ’ wave-modes are the analogue of the trapped (edge) wave-modes along straight shorelines and many of their properties, including the Coriolis split in frequency, are deducible from the simpler geometry. On the other hand, the ‘shelf-island’ modes have no counterpart in the motions trapped along extended shorelines; they are virtually generated in the ocean round a vertical-walled circular island of radius equal to that of the island-shelf system at the sea floor. It is shown that the trapped wave-modes do not necessarily have the ‘inner critical circle’ property elucidated by Longuet-Higgins (1967) for the similar modes of oscillations of the waters over a circular seamount. On the other hand, the modes do have ‘wave’ domains adjacent to the coast whenever the undisturbed depth of water at the island’s shoreline is zero; there may still be critical circles in the shallow water region over the continental shelf. For those islands where the water has non-zero depth at the shoreline, the computation verifies Longuet-Higgins’s hypothesis (Longuet-Higgins 1967, § 13) concerning the affect on the trapped wave-modes of the presence of an island in the middle of the sea-mount. It is also shown that the fundamental ‘ trapped-leaky’ modes dominate the disturbance observed at the coast when plane wave radiation from the ocean interacts with the island-shelf system. For the particular example where the excitation has the form of a rectilinear pulse, it is shown that power spectra of the resulting oscillations exhibit some of the features of the spectra of real wave records made at islands following the passage of tsunamis.
Rethinking Market Research: Putting People Back In:

Research methods are generally improved through new understandings of scientific procedure, validity, and reliability. Variations in these understandings—among knowledge communities as diverse as e...
On the mechanism of n-butane conversion on H-mordenite

It is suggested that n-butane isomerization on H-mordenite takes place via a step of disproportionation due to the increased acidity of the latter. This suggestion is confirmed by a comparison between the product distribution of n-butane and C8 hydrocarbons (n-octane and isooctane) in the presence of dealuminated mordenite containing no Pt group metals.