cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplicative random walk Metropolis-Hastings on the real line

In this article we propose multiplication based random walk Metropolis Hastings (MH) algorithm on the real line. We call it the random dive MH (RDMH) algorithm. This algorithm, even if simple to apply, was not studied earlier in Markov chain Monte Carlo literature. One should not confuse RDMH with RWMH. It is shown that they are different, conceptually, mathematically and operationally. The kernel associated with the RDMH algorithm is shown to have standard properties like irreducibility, aperiodicity and Harris recurrence under some mild assumptions. These ensure basic convergence (ergodicity) of the kernel. Further the kernel is shown to be geometric ergodic for a large class of target densities on ℝ. This class even contains realistic target densities for which random walk or Langevin MH are not geometrically ergodic. Three simulation studies are given to demonstrate the mixing property and superiority of RDMH to standard MH algorithms on real line. A share-price return data is also analyzed and the results are compared with those available in the literature.
Military versus non-military government spending and the shadow economy

Abstract Using recent cross-national data, this research examines the determinants of the shadow economy, focusing on the relative effects of military and non-military government spending. Results show that, other things being the same, nations with larger military spending have smaller shadow economies, while the effect of non-military government spending is statistically insignificant. These findings stand up to various robustness checks.
Knowledge-Based Policy Conflict Analysis in Mobile Social Networks

Mobile social networks give online social networking sites the capabilities to extend their services to mobile device users. Smart phones and tablets allow users to interact with each other when they are moving. Policy-based management simplifies the management of interaction functionalities by establishing policies to control various activities involved in these functionalities. To detect and resolve potential dynamic conflicts between the rules and configurations from different administrative domains, a knowledge-based policy analysis framework is proposed in this paper. It incorporates relationships between different elements in policy rules into temporal logic using a knowledge extension, which makes dynamic policy conflict analysis more accurate. A prototype system for mobile social networks is implemented to illustrate the capability of this framework.
Design of Spur Gears for Improved Efficiency

A method to calculate spur gear system power loss for a wide range of gear geometries and operating conditions is used to determine design requirements for an efficient gearset. The effects of spur gear size, pitch, ratio, pitch-line-velocity and load on efficiency are shown. A design example is given to illustrate how the method is to be applied. In general, peak efficiencies were found to be greater for larger diameter and fine pitched gears and tare (no-load) losses were found to be significant.
Theory of Umklapp-assisted recombination of bound excitons in Si:P

We present calculations for the oscillator strength of the recombination of excitons bound to phosphorus donors in silicon. We show that the direct recombination of the bound exciton cannot account for the experimentally measured oscillator strength of the no-phonon line. Instead, the recombination process is assisted by an Umklapp process of the donor electron state. We make use of the empirical pseudopotential method to evaluate the Umklapp-assisted recombination matrix element in second-order perturbation theory. Our result is in good agreement with experiment. Being potentially useful for quantum computing, the process of Umklapp-assisted recombination can be used to detect optically the spin state of the nucleus of a phosphorus donor, which requires that the energy levels of the nuclear spin are optically resolvable. We therefore present two methods to improve the optical resolution of the optical detection of the spin state of a single nucleus in Si:P.
Flight-vehicle structures education in the united states—Assessment and recommendations

An assessment is made of the technical contents of flight-vehicle structures curricula at 41 U.S. universities with accredited aerospace engineering programs. The assessment is based on the technical needs for the new and projected aeronautical and space systems as well as on the likely characteristics of the aerospace engineering work environment. A number of deficiencies and areas of concern are identified and recommendations are presented for enhancing the effectiveness of flight-vehicle structures education. A number of government supported programs that can help aerospace engineering education are listed in the appendix.
Combinatorial Clustering and the Beta Negative Binomial Process

We develop a Bayesian nonparametric approach to a general family of latent class problems in which individuals can belong simultaneously to multiple classes and where each class can be exhibited multiple times by an individual. We introduce a combinatorial stochastic process known as the negative binomial process ( ${\rm NBP}$ ) as an infinite-dimensional prior appropriate for such problems. We show that the ${\rm NBP}$ is conjugate to the beta process, and we characterize the posterior distribution under the beta-negative binomial process ( ${\rm BNBP}$ ) and hierarchical models based on the ${\rm BNBP}$ (the ${\rm HBNBP}$ ). We study the asymptotic properties of the ${\rm BNBP}$ and develop a three-parameter extension of the ${\rm BNBP}$ that exhibits power-law behavior. We derive MCMC algorithms for posterior inference under the ${\rm HBNBP}$ , and we present experiments using these algorithms in the domains of image segmentation, object recognition, and document analysis.
Synthesis and evaluation of some variants of the Nefkens' reagent

Abstract A series of N-substituted phthalimides have been prepared in an effort to explore synthetic variants of the Nefkens’ reagent. Three N-acylphthalimides [R = –CH3, –CH2CH3, and –C(CH3)3] were prepared and employed for the protection of a series of representative amines. In addition, an N-methanesulfonylphthalimide and N-(diethylphosphoryl)phthalimide were also prepared. It was determined that among the phthalimides that were prepared N-propanoylphthalimide was the most effective reagent for the protection reaction.
Two- and three-dimensional effects in the supersonic mixing layer

Experimental results are presented that compare the structure of the turbulent, planar mixing layer for three values of convective Mach number (0.28, 0.62, and 0.79), which span the range from low to moderate compressibility. Extensive planar laser Mie scattering visualizations are presented, where either mixed fluid or highspeed fluid is marked. The visualizations show that the supersonic mixing layer, when driven to low convective Mach number, behaves as an incompressible layer with characteristic two-dimensional, organized, BrownRoshko structure. As convective Mach number increases, however, the mixing layer becomes highly three dimensional, with little apparent two-dimensional, large-scale organization. This change in structure is a compressibility effect and is not a Reynolds number effect.
Next-generation DUV ALTA mask patterning capabilities

The capability of the DUV ALTAO 4300 system has been extended by the development of two new optical subsystems: a 0.9 NA, 42X reduction lens and a high-bandwidth acousto-optic deflector based beam position and intensity correction servo. The PSM overlay performance has been improved by modifications to the software algorithms. Characterization data show improved resolution performance in line end shortening, through pitch CD bias and feature corner acuity. The AOD subsystem reduces stripe beam placement errors and random and systematic beam intensity errors. This has enabled local CD uniformity to be reduced to 4.3 nm (3σ) and global CD uniformity to be reduced to 5.8 nm (range/2). Second layer overlay performance is now 20 nm (max error). A split lot wafer evaluation has demonstrated the equivalence of unmodified ALTAO 4300 reticles to those printed on a 50 KeV electron beam system for a 130/110 nm device. Wafer lithography results show equivalent CD uniformity, depth of focus and pattern registration results.
Growth and the Neutrality of Money

Using two simple stochastic growth models that nest both exogenous and endogenous growth, this paper shows that money should not be neutral in the long run if it is not neutral in the short run and if growth is endogenous. By contrast, if growth is exogenous, money should be neutral in the long run. The paper also tests whether money is neutral in the long run, finding no contrary evidence. Given that money is not neutral in the short run, this finding indicates that exogenous growth cannot be rejected in favor of endogenous growth.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Tuberostemonine

The first total synthesis of the complex pentacyclic Stemona alkaloid tuberostemonine was accomplished in 24 steps and in 1.4% overall yield from a hydroindole intermediate which is readily obtained in three steps from Cbz-l-tyrosine. An innovative synthetic strategy was applied that relays the single stereocenter of the amino acid precursor into nine of the ten stereogenic carbons of the target molecule. Among the highlights of the synthetic methodology are the 3-fold use of ruthenium catalysis, first in an azepine ring-closing metathesis and then in an alkene isomerization followed by a cross-metathesis propenyl-vinyl exchange, as well as the stereoselective attachment of the gamma-butyrolactone moiety to the core tetracycle by use of a lithiated ortho ester.
Cellularity and the Jones basic construction

We establish a framework for cellularity of algebras related to the Jones basic construction. Our framework allows a uniform proof of cellularity of Brauer algebras, ordinary and cyclotomic BMW algebras, walled Brauer algebras, partition algebras, and others. Our cellular bases are labeled by paths on certain branching diagrams rather than by tangles. Moreover, for the class of algebras that we study, we show that the cellular structures are compatible with restriction and induction of modules.
Wave Propagation in a DC Superconducting Cable Part II: Parametric Effects

This paper studies wave propagation in several designs of dc superconducting cables. DC conventional cables are also included for the purpose of comparison. For a multiconductor cable system, undesirable transient voltages may develop across parts that are not designed to withstand high voltages. The effects of several parameters were studied to limit these voltages; these are voltage rating, number of conductors, conductor resistances, earth resistivity, terminal grounding resistances of the "grounded" conductors at the origin and dielectric constants. Voltage rating, conductor resistances, and terminal grounding resistances seem to influence the transient performance of a multiconductor cable significantly. The effect of finite earth resistivity is insignificant.
Anomalous X-Ray Pulsars and Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters: Spectral Fits and the Magnetar Model

The energy source powering the X-ray emission from anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) and soft γ-ray repeaters (SGRs) is still uncertain. In one scenario, the presence of an ultramagnetized neutron star, or "magnetar," with B 1014-1015 G is invoked. To investigate this hypothesis, we have analyzed archival ASCA data for several known AXPs and SGRs and fitted them with a model in which all or part of the X-ray flux originates as thermal emission from a magnetar. Our magnetar spectral model includes the effects of the anisotropy of the heat flow through an ultramagnetized neutron star envelope, reprocessing by a light-element atmosphere, and general relativistic corrections to the observed spectrum. We obtain good fits to the data with radii for the emitting areas that are generally consistent with those expected for neutron stars, in contrast to blackbody (BB) fits, which imply much smaller radii. Furthermore, the inclusion of atmospheric effects results in inferred temperatures lower than those implied by BB fits, but still too high to be accounted for by thermal cooling alone. An extra source of heating (possibly resulting from magnetic field decay) is needed. Despite the harder tail in the spectrum produced by reprocessing of the outgoing flux through the atmosphere, spectral fits still require a considerable fraction of the flux to be in a power-law component, probably produced in the magnetosphere of the star.
A Regulated 3.1–10.6 GHz Linear Dual-Tuning Differential Ring Oscillator For UWB Applications

A regulated linear dual-tuning differential ring oscillator has been designed and fabricated in UMC 0.13 μm CMOS process for ultra-wideband applications. Measurement results demonstrated the large tuning range, high tuning linearity, fast band switching, low supply sensitivity, and acceptable phase noise. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2384–2389, 2013
Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Imidates via Electrophilic Cyclization of 2-(1-Alkynyl)benzamides. A Correction

The electrophilic cyclization of 2-(1-alkynyl)benzamides affords high yields of cyclic imidates, instead of the previously reported isoindolin-1-ones, where cyclization proceeds on the oxygen of the carbonyl group rather than the nitrogen of the amide functionality. X-ray crystallography and spectroscopic techniques have been used to characterize the products. A correction is hereby provided in order to rectify the previous misassignment of structure.
K theory, reality, and orientifolds

We use equivariant K-theory to classify charges of new (possibly non-supersymmetric) states localized on various orientifolds in Type II string theory. We also comment on the stringy construction of new D-branes and demonstrate the discrete electric-magnetic duality in Type I brane systems with p+q=7, as proposed by Witten.
Hot Isostatic Pressing of YBa2Cu3O7‐x

Hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) with an oxygen donor was studied as a method for processing bulk superconductors. Superconducting powder was derived from the calcination of nitrated Y2O3, CuO, and BaCO3 powder. The powder was HIPed using pressures of 69, 138, and 207 MPa at 820°C. BaO2 was used as an oxygen donor during HIPing. The density, hardness, and Young's modulus of HIPed samples were higher than those of sintered control samples. Superconducting transition temperatures > 92 K were achieved without post-HIP annealing of the samples in oxygen.
A Kruskal--Katona type theorem for graphs

A bound on consecutive clique numbers of graphs is established. This bound is evaluated and shown to often be much better than the bound of the Kruskal-Katona theorem. A bound on non-consecutive clique numbers is also proven.
Models and Phenomenology of Neutrino Masses circa 2010

Abstract We review recent developments in models of neutrino masses and mixing. Emphases are given to models based on finite group family symmetries from which the tri-bimaximal neutrino mixing can arise. In particular, we describe one recent model based on SUSY SU(5) combined with a family symmetry based on the double tetrahedral group, T ′ . All 22 observable fermion masses and mixing angles and CP violating measures are fitted with only 9 parameters. In this model, a near tri-bimaximal MNS matrix and a realistic CKM matrix are simultaneously generated; the MNS matrix gets slightly modified by virtue of having the Georgi-Jarlskog relations. Due to the presence of complex Clebsch-Gordan coefficients in T ′ , CP violation in this model is entirely geometrical in origin. The prediction of the model for the leptonic Dirac CP phase is 227°, which turns out to be very close to the current best fit value of 220° from SuperK.
Comparison of H-alpha synoptic charts with the large-scale solar magnetic field as observed at Stanford

Two methods of observing the neutral line of the large-scale photospheric magnetic field are compared: neutral line positions inferred from H-alpha photographs (McIntosh and Nolte, 1975) and observations of the photospheric magnetic field made with low spatial resolution (three minutes) and high sensitivity using the Stanford magnetograph. The comparison is found to be very favorable.
A cost-benefit analysis of female primary education as a means of reducing HIV/AIDS in Tanzania

This article, uses panel data related to 20 Tanzania regions and 8 years to estimate the direct and indirect effects of female primary education on HIV/AIDS rates. A recursive framework for education, income and infections is employed, based on two autoregressive equations that allow us to obtain dynamic estimates of effectiveness. We find that the indirect effect working through changes in income outweighs the direct positive effect of education on infections, implying that female education can be effective as an intervention to lower the disease in Tanzania. The estimates of effectiveness are then utilized to carry out a cost-benefit analysis of the education expenditures. The human capital approach is used to measure the benefits. Irrespective of the timing of the benefits and costs, and the discount rate alternatives we consider, our best estimates result in positive net-benefits, with benefit-cost ratios in the range 1.3–2.9. † This article was completed with the financial assistance provided by the ...
Rotating Cylinder Electrode Study of the Electrodeposition of New Corrosion‐Resistant Nickel‐Zinc‐Phosphorus Alloys

The rate limiting factors of the electrodeposition of nickel‐zinc‐phosphorus alloys at a rotating cylinder electrode have been determined using the partial deposition currents of the alloy components. The mass‐transfer coefficient for the rotating cylinder shows that the electrode probably behaves as a hydrodynamically smooth electrode during the deposition process. A zinc current plateau observed at lower temperatures (≤60°C) and higher currents (>0.5 A/cm2) is probably due to mass‐transfer limitation of the zinc deposition reaction. At low currents, the alloy deposition process is controlled by zinc deposition at lower temperatures (<60°C) and by the deposition of nickel at higher temperatures. At high current densities, the alloy deposition is under the mixed control of the deposition of both nickel and zinc.
Supersonic flutter of aeroelastically tailored oblique wings

Renewed interest in oblique wing aircraft has created curiosity about the possible use of aeroelastic tailoring to enhance its aeroelastic stability. This paper examines the flutter characteristics of an idealized, advanced composite, oblique wing configuration operating at supersonic speeds. The theoretical model consists of a uniform property wing with beamlike flexural and torsional flexibility as well as bend-twist deformation cross-coupling. The wing is free to roll unrestrained about a streamwise roll axis. Quasisteady, linearized, supersonic aerodynamic theory is used to describe the deformation-dependent aerodynamic forces. The effects of characteristic inertial, aerodynamic, and structural parameters on flutter behavior are surveyed. Among these parameters are the following: wing aspect ratio; mass ratio; Mach number; fundamental bending-torsion frequency ratio; bend-twist deformation coupling; wing sweep angle; and the wing-to-fuselage roll mass moment of inertia ratio. It is shown that when tailoring is used to increase the stability of a body-freedom mode, the result is a reduction of stability of other high-frequency aeroelastic modes. This tradeoff characteristic is similar to that observed for conventional wings and indicates that excessive wing stiffness cross-coupling is undesirable as a passive measure to control flutter.
Numerical analysis of laminar flow and heat transfer in a high temperature electrolyzer

This paper presents a numerical analysis of convective heat transfer in an annular high temperature electrolyzer. High temperature electrolysis is a prospective method to commercially produce hydrogen fuel. The high operating temperature of the electrolyzer reduces the electrical energy requirement for dissociation and improves the specific electric power requirements. This preliminary analysis assumes constant fluid properties to keep the problem simple, solvable, and explainable in physical terms. The results show that the energy transport in the electrolyzer is elliptic due to low speed of the flowing steam. Radiation plays an important role and the electrolysis cell surface temperature can be controlled by adjusting the emissivities of the participating surfaces. The thermal gradient, which affects the fatigue life, on the electrolysis cell can be reduced by decreasing the reaction intensity (by decreasing current density) and increasing the electrolysis cell's radiation emissivity.
An expedient synthesis of epi-eburnamenine via an intramolecular 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition reaction

Abstract The intramolecular 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition of an anhydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,3-thiazium hydroxide across a tethered indole π-bond has been used for the construction of the pentacyclic skeleton of epi -16,17-dihydroeburnamenine.
A SPIN CHAIN PRIMER

This is a very elementary introduction to the Heisenberg (XXX) quantum spin chain, the Yang–Baxter equation, and the algebraic Bethe Ansatz.
The effects of merging proactive CCTV monitoring with directed police patrol: a randomized controlled trial

This study was designed to test the effect of increased certainty of punishment on reported crime levels in CCTV target areas of Newark, NJ. The experimental strategy was designed for the purpose of overcoming specific surveillance barriers that minimize the effectiveness of CCTV, namely high camera-to-operator ratios and the differential response policy of police dispatch. An additional camera operator was deployed to monitor specific CCTV cameras, with two patrol cars dedicated to exclusively responding to incidents of concern detected on the experimental cameras. A randomized controlled trial was implemented in the analysis. A randomized block design was used to assign each of the 38 CCTV schemes to either a treatment or control group. Schemes were grouped into pairs based upon their levels of three types of calls for service: violent crime, social disorder, and narcotics activity. Negative binomial regression models tested the effect that assignment to the treatment group had on levels of the aforementioned crime categories. The experimental strategy was associated with significant reductions of violent crime and social disorder in the treatment areas relative to the control areas. Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) and Total Net Effect (TNE) values suggest that the number of crime incidents prevented was sizable in numerous instances. The experiment had much less of an effect on narcotics activity. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that the integration of CCTV with proactive police activity generates a crime control benefit greater than what research suggests is achievable via “stand-alone” camera deployment, particularly in the case of street-level crime.
Analysis of the First Disk-resolved Images of Ceres from Ultraviolet Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope

We present Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Camera observations of the asteroid 1 Ceres at near-, mid-, and far-UV wavelengths (λ = 3636, 2795, and 1621 A, respectively) obtained on 1995 June 25. The disk of Ceres is well resolved for the first time, at a scale of ~50 km. We report the detection of a large, ~250 km diameter surface feature for which we propose the name "Piazzi"; however, it is presently uncertain whether this feature is due to a crater, albedo variegation, or other effect. From limb fits to the images, we obtainsemimajor and semiminor axes of R1 = 484.8 ± 5.1 km and R2 = 466.4 ± 5.9 km, respectively, for the illumination-corrected projected ellipsoid. Although albedo features are seen, they do not allow for a definitive determination of the rotational motion and pole position of Ceres, particularly because of the sparse sampling (two epochs) of the 9 hr rotation period. From full-disk integrated albedo measurements, we find that Ceres has a red spectral slope from the mid- to near-UV, and a significant blue slope shortward of the mid-UV. Despite the presence of Piazzi, we detect no significant global differences in the integrated albedo as a function of rotational phase for the two epochs of data we obtained. From Minnaert surface fits to the near- and mid-UV images, we find an unusually large Minnaert parameter of k ≈ 0.9, suggesting a more Lambertian than lunar-like surface.
Colchicine models: Synthesis and Antitubulin Activity of 2′‐Monosubstituted and 2′, 5‐Disubstituted 2,3,4,4′‐Tetramethoxy‐1,1′‐biphenyls. Synthesis of 4,4′, 5′, 6′‐tetramethoxy‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐2,3′‐dicarboxylic acid

Reductive amination of 2,3,4,4′-tetramethoxtybiphenyl-2-carbaldehyde (4) with MeNH2 afforded methylamine 5 (Scheme 1), Hydroxymethylation of amine 8, prepared similarly from 4 by reductive amination with benzylamine followed by N-methylation, afforded alcohol 12 which was converted the 5-methyl-substituted methylamine 14 by conventional chemical reactions (Scheme 2), Methylamine 14 was also obtained from ester 16 after hydroxymethylation to alcohol 17 and conventional manipulation of alcohol and ester functions (Scheme 2). Both amines 5 and 14 as well as the 2′, 5-dimethyl-substituted biphenyl 26 prepared from the dialdehyde 25 by a Wolff-Kishner reduction, did not show noteworthy activity in the tubulin binding assay or as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization (Table). However, the 2′ethyl-substituted biphebyl 11 prepared from 4 by reaction with MeLi followed by dehyderation and catalytic reduction of styrene 10 (Scheme 1) showed appreciable activity in both assays, coming close to that of known phenyltropolone models. The X-ray analysis of 14·HCl and 11 showed significant difference in the orientation of the rings with respect to one another (Fig.).
Toward a Symphony of Reactivity: Cascades Involving Catalysis and Sigmatropic Rearrangements

Catalysis and synthesis are intimately linked in modern organic chemistry. The synthesis of complex molecules is an ever evolving area of science. In many regards, the inherent beauty associated with a synthetic sequence can be linked to a certain combination of the creativity with which a sequence is designed and the overall efficiency with which the ultimate process is performed. In synthesis, as in other endeavors, beauty is very much in the eyes of the beholder.† It is with this in mind that we will attempt to review an area of synthesis that has fascinated us and that we find extraordinarily beautiful, namely the combination of catalysis and sigmatropic rearrangements in consecutive and cascade sequences.
Intermediate-range order in glasses and liquids

Many glasses and liquids exhibit a first sharp diffraction peak that is evidence for intermediate-range order caused by regularities in the packing of structural units. These tend to cluster around particular values of the wavevector when scaled by the nearest-neighbour distance or the mean inter-atomic spacing. The first sharp diffraction peak is distinguished from the pre-peak in binary metallic glasses, which occurs at higher wavevectors when scaled in this way.
Upward propagating tidal effects across the E- and F-regions of the ionosphere

Recent far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations of Earth have shown the remarkable spatial correspondence between the amplitude of non-migrating atmospheric tides originating in the troposphere and the density and morphology of the nighttime equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA). This is likely a result of the modulation of the E-region dynamo electric field in daytime by the tidal winds. FUV observations around the time of the vernal equinox of 2002 show that the signature of tidal influence, the wave-4 periodicity in the separation and density of the two EIA bands, itself exhibits significant temporal variability. Here, we seek to understand this variability, and whether (or not) it is linked to variations in the strength of the upward-propagating tides. This study relies on tidal measurements provided by the global observations from the TIMED-SABER instrument that measures the temperature variations in the MLT associated with the upward-propagating tides. TIMED-GUVI provides F-region density measurements concurrent to the MLT temperature retrievals. It is found that the atmospheric and ionospheric zonal wave-4 signatures very nearly covary over a 30-day period, strongly supporting the theory that the influence of the the diurnal eastward 3 (DE3) tide originating in the troposphere extends to the F-layer of the ionosphere. Additionally, a 6-day periodicity in the power of the ionospheric wave-4 signature is found that may originate with the tide’s interaction with longer period planetary waves.
A Polylogarithmic Approximation Algorithm for Edge-Disjoint Paths with Congestion 2

In the Edge-Disjoint Paths with Congestion problem (EDPwC), we are given an undirected n-vertex graph G, a collection M={ (s1,t1),… ,(sk,tk) } of pairs of vertices called demand pairs, and an integer c. The goal is to connect the maximum possible number of the demand pairs by paths, so that the maximum edge congestion - the number of paths sharing any edge - is bounded by c. When the maximum allowed congestion is c = 1, this is the classical Edge-Disjoint Paths problem (EDP).The best current approximation algorithm for EDP achieves an O(√ n)-approximation by rounding the standard multi-commodity flow relaxation of the problem. This matches the Ω (√ n) lower bound on the integrality gap of this relaxation. We show an O(poly log k)-approximation algorithm for EDPwC with congestion c = 2 by rounding the same multi-commodity flow relaxation. This gives the best possible congestion for a sub-polynomial approximation of EDPwC via this relaxation. Our results are also close to optimal in terms of the number of pairs routed, since EDPwC is known to be hard to approximate to within a factor of ~ Ω ((log n)1/(c+1)) for any constant congestion c. Prior to our work, the best approximation factor for EDPwC with congestion 2 was O(n3/7), and the best algorithm achieving a polylogarithmic approximation required congestion 14.
Renormalization and blow up for the critical Yang-Mills problem

We consider the Yangs-Mills equations in 4 + 1 dimensions. This is the energy critical case and we show that it admits a family of solutions which blow up in finite time. They are obtained by the spherically symmetric ansatz in the SO(4) gauge group and result by rescaling of the instanton solution. The rescaling is done via a prescribed rate which in this case is a modification of the self-similar rate by a power of vertical bar log t vertical bar. The powers themselves take any value exceeding 3/2 and thus form a continuum of distinct rates leading to blow-up. The methods are related to the authors' previous work on wave maps and the energy critical semi-linear equation. However, in contrast to these equations, the linearized Yang-Mills operator (around an instanton) exhibits a zero energy eigenvalue rather than a resonance. This turns out to have far-reaching consequences, amongst which are a completely different family of rates leading to blow-up (logarithmic rather than polynomial corrections to the self-similar rate). (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
AVERAGES OVER CURVES WITH TORSION

We establish L p Sobolev mapping properties for averages over certain curves in R 3 , which improve upon the estimates obtained by L 2 L 1 interpolation. Let T be the operator given by convolution in R 3 against a smooth cutoff of arclength measure on the helix (t) = cost,sint,t � , Tf(x) = Z f(x1 − cost, x2 − sint, x3 −t)�(t)dt. For 1 < p < ∞, let H s,p (R 3 ) denote the nonhomogeneous Sobolev space consisting of functions in L p (R 3 ) whose fractional derivative of orders also lies in L p (R 3 ). We consider the following question:
Classical Theta Functions and Quantum Tori

The Schwartz kernel of the multiplication operation on a quantum torus is shown to be the distributional boundary value of a classical multivariate theta function. The kernel satisfies a Schrodinger equation in which the role of time is played by the deformation parameter 11 and the role of the hamiltonian by a Poisson structure. At least in some special cases, the kernel can be written as a sum of products of single variable theta functions. A quantum torus is, by definition, a "space" whose (noncommutative) algebra of functions is obtained by deformation of the (commutative) algebra of functions on a torus (R/Zy. In this note, we observe that the Schwartz kernels of the multiplication operators for a class of quantum tori are the (distributional) boundary values of classical theta functions, and we draw some conclusions from this observation. In particular, we show that each of these kernels satisfies a Schrodinger equation, in which the role of time is played by the deformation parameter h, and the role of the hamiltonian is played by the Poisson structure associated with the deformation. Thus, the "evolution in Plank's constant" of a torus is like the time evolution of a free particle, with the initial state (the Schwartz kernel of the operator of pointwise multiplication) being a delta function, like the initial state of a particle with certain position and totally uncertain momentum. This evolution equation suggests a possible answer to the question of how a deformed product must behave after the deformation parameter h has left the first infinitesimal neighborhood of zero. We note that our work seems to be quite different from Manin's study [2] of quantum theta functions, which are special functions on the quantum tori themselves. Communicated by T. Kawai, September 13, 1993. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classifications : 81S10, 33D10, 58B30. Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Research partially supported by NSF Grant DMS-93-09653.
Modeling matrix cracking in composite rotor blades within VABS framework

Abstract This paper deals with modeling of the first damage mode (i.e. matrix micro-cracking) in helicopter rotor or wind turbine blades and how this effects the overall cross-sectional stiffness. The helicopter rotor or wind turbine rotor system operates in a highly dynamic and unsteady environment leading to severe vibratory loads present in the system. Repeated exposure to this loading condition can induce damage in the composite rotor blades. These helicopter rotor or wind turbine blades are generally made of fiber-reinforced laminated composites and exhibit various competing modes of damage such as matrix micro-cracking, delamination, and fiber breakage. There is a need to study the behavior of the composite rotor system under various key damage modes in composite materials for developing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system. Each blade is modeled as a beam based on geometrically non-linear 3-D elasticity theory. Each blade thus splits into 2-D analyzes of cross-sections and non-linear 1-D analyzes along the beam reference lines. Two different tools are used here for complete 3-D analysis: VABS for 2-D cross-sectional analysis and GEBT for 1-D beam analysis. The physically-based failure models for matrix in compression and tension loading are used in the present work. We detect the matrix cracking using two failure criterion: Matrix Failure in Compression and Matrix Failure in Tension which are based on the recovered field. We set the strain variable which drives the damage variable for matrix cracking and this damage variable is used to estimate the reduced cross-sectional stiffness. The procedure presented in this paper is implemented in VABS as matrix micro-cracking modeling module. To investigate the matrix failure model, three examples are presented which illustrate the effect of matrix cracking on cross-sectional stiffness by varying the applied cyclic load. Finally, the stiffness degradation of composite cross-section of rotor blade due to matrix micro-cracking is correlated to the life of composite rotor blade using damage accumulation model. At the end, an empirical equation is given for the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) to simulate the matrix micro-crack growth in future.
C-H Bond Functionalization via Hydride Transfer: Direct Coupling of Unactivated Alkynes and sp3 C-H Bonds Catalyzed by Platinum Tetraiodide

We report a catalytic intramolecular coupling between terminal unactivated alkynes and sp3 C−H bonds via through-space hydride transfer (HT-cyclization of alkynes). This method enables one-step preparation of complex heterocyclic compounds by α-alkenylation of readily available cyclic ethers and amines. We show that PtI4 is an effective Lewis acid catalyst for the activation of terminal alkynes for hydride attack and subsequent C−C bond formation. In addition, we have shown that the activity of neutral platinum salts (PtXn) can be modulated by the halide ligands. This modulation in turn allows for fine-tuning of the platinum center reactivity to match the reactivity and stability of selected substrates and products.
The effects of small sample bias in Threshold Autoregressive models

Abstract This paper investigates Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) models that contain a limited number of observations in some regimes. Simulations show that within the context of the real exchange rate literature, parameter estimates exhibit significant small sample bias even with long time series data. These distortions create substantial power losses in attempting to identify values of coefficients from data.
Regioselective radical reactions on anhydrides

Abstract The selective chlorimation of anhydrides can be effected by the reaction of sulfuryl chloride and dibenzoyl peroxide. The direct transformation of 2 and 6 into precursors to β-lactam antibiotics and the kainic acids described.
Diffractive/refractive hybrid f-theta lens for laser drilling of multilayer printed circuit boards

A new type of f-theta lens has recently been developed for microvia laser drilling of multilayer printed circuit boards. It employs a diffractive/refractive hybrid lens which has a blazed surface-relief microstructure on an aspheric surface. By introducing that hybrid lens for CO2 laser system, and by stopping the use of germanium that is optically much sensitive to temperature, the f-theta lens that consists of all zinc selenide lenses is obtained with its optical performance stable on temperature. Achromatic properties against the wavelength fluctuations of actual lasers are also achieved. A prototype is fabricated through the development of single point diamond turning of hybrid surfaces. The performance of the lens is first examined by measuring wavefront error with a tunable infrared interferometer. The results show diffraction-limited performance at all conditions, including different temperatures (up to 50°C) and wavelengths. The temperature dependence of the focal length of the lens is also measured and found to be 5 times as insensitive to temperature as that of a conventional one. Laser drilling experiments are performed for a polymide film on copper foil. The result shows good uniformity of hole size and circularity all over the 50×50 mm2 scan field.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Catalytic enantioselective negishi reactions of racemic secondary benzylic halides

This report describes the first enantioselective cross-couplings of racemic secondary benzylic halides, specifically, nickel-catalyzed Negishi reactions of bromides and chlorides. The catalyst components are commercially available and air-stable, and the reaction is not highly oxygen- or moisture-sensitive (it can be set up in the air). The method has been applied to the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of intermediates employed by others in the generation of bioactive compounds (e.g., trikentrin A and an androgen receptor agonist).
Building China's top investment banking franchise: Do not become caught in ‘isms’— An interview with Ted Tokuchi

Ted Tokuchi has a truly global background. The son of a Japanese trading house owner, he first went to China when he was just 11 years old. He lived there for the next 13 years, studied at both Peking and Stanford Universities, and held middle and senior management roles at Daiwa Securities in the U.S., Hong Kong, Beijing, Singapore, and Japan. In 2002, Mr. Tokuchi signed on with CITIC Securities, a Chinese-based company. He joined CITIC Securities’ foundling investment banking division and helped develop it into the top investment banking department in China, rising to become the managing director of CITIC Securities Co. Ltd and chairman of CITIC Securities International, responsible for investment banking, marketing, and transacting of equities and bonds. Mr. Tokuchi is the first foreign senior manager employed by the Chinese securities industry, and is identified as a symbol of an age. He was awarded the Friendship Prize by the Chinese government in 2009, which is the highest accolade granted to foreign experts who work in China. Ted and I started these Executive Focus interviews in a Beijing hotpot restaurant last December (2012), and continued over a Skype call a month or so later. As is our custom when conversing, the interviews were conducted mostly in English, but when a concept was better explained using Chinese or Japanese, we shifted languages. A more technical discussion of political constraints on cross-border acquisitions in which one party is a Chinese firm appears in Section 2 of this special issue.
A note on toric contact geometry

Abstract After observing that the well-known convexity theorems of symplectic geometry also hold for compact contact manifolds with an effective torus action whose Reeb vector field corresponds to an element of the Lie algebra of the torus, we use this fact together with a recent symplectic orbifold version of Delzant’s theorem due to Lerman and Tolman [E. Lerman, S. Tolman, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 349 (10) (1997) 4201–4230] to show that every such compact toric contact manifold can be obtained by a contact reduction from an odd dimensional sphere.
Quantum formalism to describe binocular rivalry

On the basis of the general character and operation of the process of perception, a formalism is sought to mathematically describe the subjective or abstract/mental process of perception. It is shown that the formalism of orthodox quantum theory of measurement, where the observer plays a key role, is a broader mathematical foundation which can be adopted to describe the dynamics of the subjective experience. The mathematical formalism describes the psychophysical dynamics of the subjective or cognitive experience as communicated to us by the subject. Subsequently, the formalism is used to describe simple perception processes and, in particular, to describe the probability distribution of dominance duration obtained from the testimony of subjects experiencing binocular rivalry. Using this theory and parameters based on known values of neuronal oscillation frequencies and firing rates, the calculated probability distribution of dominance duration of rival states in binocular rivalry under various conditions is found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. This theory naturally explains an observed marked increase in dominance duration in binocular rivalry upon periodic interruption of stimulus and yields testable predictions for the distribution of perceptual alteration in time.
Energetic particle evidence for magnetic filaments in Jupiter's magnetotail

[1] Jupiter's immense magnetotail was uniquely traversed and observed in situ to 2562 Jovian radii (RJ = 71,492 km) for the first time by the Pluto-bound New Horizons spacecraft during the first half of 2007. We show evidence that energetic ions with sulfur-rich composition traceable to Io's volcanism originated 150 ± 40 RJ antisunward of the planet and were recurrently released and funneled by the magnetic field down the magnetotail. Ions detected at New Horizons by the Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) instrument showed unmistakable signatures of velocity dispersion. We performed a survey of the unambiguous dispersion events observed by PEPSSI and provide a quantitative description of each event's dispersion characteristics. Energetic ions are sensitive probes of the magnetic field structure in the magnetotail; so, for a case study of one of the most interesting events, beginning on day of year 118, 28 April 2007, we are also able to estimate small-scale features of the magnetotail. Our observations (which include energies above ∼2 keV/nuc and total energies below ∼1 MeV), combined with straightforward simulations of particle flow, are consistent with narrow spatial structures, or filaments, on the order of 5 RJ wide in the ∼400 RJ wide > 9000 RJ long magnetotail; the Solar Wind Around Pluto plasma instrument measurements show coherent structures on a much larger scale (∼500 RJ) in the same region.
Two point-contact interferometer for quantum Hall systems

We propose a device, consisting of a Hall bar with two weak barriers, that can be used to study quantum interference effects in a strongly correlated system. We show how the device provides a way of measuring the fractional charge and fractional statistics of quasiparticles in the quantum Hall effect through an anomalous Aharanov-Bohm period. We discuss how this disentangling of the charge and statistics can be accomplished by measurements at fixed filling factor and at fixed density. We also discuss another type of interference effect that occurs in the nonlinear regime as the source-drain voltage is varied. The period of these oscillations can also be used to measure the fractional charge, and details of the oscillation patterns, in particular the position of the nodes, can be used to distinguish between Fermi-liquid and Luttinger-liquid behavior. We illustrate these ideas by computing the conductance of the device in the framework of edge state theory and use it to estimate parameters for the experimental realization of this device.