cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depressive and conduct disorder symptoms in youth living with HIV: the independent and interactive roles of coping and neuropsychological functioning.

Abstract Emerging research suggests the importance of psychosocial characteristics (e.g., coping and social support) for positive adaptation among youth with behaviorally acquired HIV. However, little is known about how these traits interact with cognitive abilities to impact emotional and behavioral adjustment. This study examined whether coping skills and executive functioning interact in their association with psychological adjustment in HIV-positive youth. Data from Project Adolescents Living with HIV/AIDS (ALPHA), a study to examine psychosocial, behavioral and neuropsychological functioning of youth with behaviorally acquired HIV, were used. Fifty-nine participants, aged 14–23, diagnosed with HIV prior to age 20 and receiving care in one of two HIV clinics in Atlanta or New York City, were recruited, consented and enrolled. Participants completed measures of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), conduct disorder (Adolescent Symptom Index), and use of positive and negative coping strategie...
Hodoscope Cineradiography Of Nuclear Fuel Destruction Experiments

Nuclear reactor safety studies have applied cineradiographic techniques to achieve key information regarding the durability of fuel elements that are subjected to destructive transients in test reactors. Beginning with its development in 1963, the fast-neutron hodoscope has recorded data at the TREAT reactor in the United States of America. Consisting of a collimator instrumented with several hundred parallel channels of detectors and associated instrumentation, the hodoscope measures fuel motion that takes place within thick-walled steel test containers. Fuel movement is determined by detecting the emission of fast neutrons induced in the test capsule by bursts of the test reactor that last from 0.3 to 30 s. The system has been designed so as to achieve under certain typical conditions( horizontal) spatial resolution less than lmm, time resolution close to lms, mass resolution below 0.1 g, with adequate dynamic range and recording duration. A variety of imaging forms have been developed to display the results of processing and analyzing recorded data.*© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Primordial germ cell migration and the assembly of the Drosophila embryonic gonad.

Abstract During embryogenesis Drosophila pole cells, like germ cells in many other vertebrates and invertebrates, actively migrate before assembling into the gonad. Five separate steps can be distinguished: an initial passive displacement of the germ cells by gastrulation movements, an amoeboid migratory phase during which the pole cells pass through the endoderm, migration on endoderm toward mesoderm, separation into two bilateral groups associated with the gonadal mesoderm precursors, followed by condensation into the gonad itself. We have analyzed gonad assembly in embryonic pattern mutants to determine whether distinct cues are required in this process. We show that the initiation of migration does not require the presence of the mesoderm, the eventual target of the germ cells. Rather, migration is triggered as a consequence of the differentiation of the endoderm. Examination of embryos mutant for maternal genes of the terminal group suggests that a primary role of the endoderm in this process is to allow the germ cells access to the interior of the embryo. In addition, we show that normal gonad assembly requires a region of the embryo that includes the posterior compartment of the fifth and the sixth abdominal segments.
Influence of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Pathways of Glucose Utilization in Bean Stem Tissues.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is the best known selective herbicide for effective control of broadleafed weeds in monocotyledonous crops. Although the mechanisms by which 2,4-D acts on plants have not been elucidated, several lines of investigation have shown: A. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the respiration of pea and oat tissues, depending upon the concentrations employed (6). B. Reduction of bcarbohydrate content of bean stem (7). C. Increased participation of pentose cycle pathway of glucose catabolism in root tips of pea, corn, and oat seedlings (4). These results suggested that carbohydrate metabolism may be greatly effected. The present work is based upon the hypothesis that 2,4-D influences growth by affecting glucose utilization which furnishes the energy and/or building units for the synthesis of cellular constituents. This is approached by directly measuring utilization of radioactive carbon atoms from glucose in treated and untreated tissues after substantial morphological response has occurred. This paper reports the results from several experiments on the effect of 2,4-D on the pathways of glucose utilization in bean stem tissue using C14 labeled glucose.
Normocalcaemia in relation to cortisone secretion.

THE hypercalcaemia which occurs in adrenalectomized animals or in patients with Cushing's disease treated by subtotal adrenalectomy has been thought to be the result of antagonism between secretions from the adrenal gland and parathyroid hormone1. Because cortisone produces hypocalcaemia, this hormone was thought to be the adrenal factor that influenced calcium homeostasis. A brief review of the history of these findings was given by Myers et al.2, who investigated the subject further in adult adrenalectomized dogs. They reported the development of hypercalcaemia in these animals when cortisone therapy was withdrawn; however, subsequent thyro-parathyroidectomy of the animals failed to prevent the hypercalcaemia of adrenal insufficiency. Our attention was caught by the fact that the dogs studied by Myers et al. lacked secretions from both the thyroids and the parathyroids. It has been shown that thyroxine and calcitonin, both coming from the thyroid gland, are important in mineral metabolism3,4. This report describes the results of a study designed to find out whether secretions from the thyroid, alone or in conjunction with parathyroid hormone, are important in the development of the hypercalcaemia of cortisone lack.
Establishing International Guidelines for the Sustainable Harvest of Forest Moss

Abstract. The commercial harvest of forest mosses and liverworts is an international, multimillion dollar industry with a potential ecological impact extending beyond the degradation of the slow-growing moss communities themselves. It is therefore important to develop guidelines for sustainable harvest, which may be preferable to complete prohibition. We present here guidelines (originally developed for the International Association of Bryologists) for policy makers, land managers, and harvesters based on moss harvest studies and input from bryologists, ecologists, nontimber forest product specialists, land managers, and commercial moss harvesters and buyers. Policy guidelines include standardizing reporting requirements, requiring the tumbling of moss before export, and creating incentives for buyer and harvester participation. Management guidelines include promoting salvage harvest, conducting inventories, and developing harvest guidelines in cooperation with local harvesters. Harvest guidelines, which ...
Regulation of interleukin-6 expression in osteoblasts by oxidized phospholipids

Epidemiological evidence suggests that cardiovascular disease is associated with osteoporosis, independent of age. Bone resorptive surface is increased in mice on a high-fat diet, and osteoclastic differentiation of bone marrow preosteoclasts is promoted by oxidized phospholipids. Because osteoclastic differentiation requires cytokines produced by osteoblasts, we hypothesized that the stimulatory mechanism of oxidized phospholipids is via induction of osteoclast-regulating cytokines in osteoblasts. To investigate the effects of oxidized phospholipids on expression of such cytokines, murine calvarial preosteoblasts, MC3T3-E1, were treated with oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ox-PAPC), an active component of oxidized lipoproteins. Results showed that ox-PAPC increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α. IL-6 expression was also elevated in calvarial tissues from hyperlipidemic but not in wild-type mice. Ox-PAPC also induced IL-6 protein levels in both MC3T3-E1 and primary calvarial cells. Promoter-reporter assay analysis showed that ox-PAPC, but not PAPC, induced murine IL-6 promoter activity. Effects of ox-PAPC on IL-6 expression and the promoter activity were attenuated by H89, a PKA inhibitor. Analysis of deletion and mutant IL-6 promoter constructs suggested that CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) partly mediates the ox-PAPC effects. Taken together, the data suggest that oxidized phospholipids induce IL-6 expression in osteoblasts in part via C/EBP.
Effect of aminooxyacetate and α-ketoglutarate on glutamate deamination by rat kidney mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Glutamate dehydrogenase flux by rat kidney mitochondria incubated with 1 mM glutamine plus 2–3 mM glutamate was stimulated by aminooxyacetate. This effect was inhibited by α-ketoglutarate. 2. 2. Studies with intact mitochondria and mitochondrial sonicates revealed a linear inverse relationship between glutamate deamination and α-ketoglutarate levels. 3. 3. The data revealed that α-ketoglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase with an apparent K i of 0.6mM. 4. 4. The data suggest that aminooxyacetate stimulates glutamate deamination by a mechanism mediated by α-ketoglutarate.
COMPARISON OF THE GOODENOUGH-HARRIS DRAWING TEST AND THE WISC-R FOR CHILDREN EXPERIENCING ACADEMIC DIFFICULTIES

Summary.-100 students identified as experiencing academic difficulties were administered both the Draw-A-Person and the WISC-R. Analyses indicated significant correlations between the various scores obtained on the WISC-R and the drawings. These relationships were quite consistent with those previously reported for other subgroups within the school population. When correlational analysis was performed for each sex separately, consistently stronger relationships were found for 34 females than for 66 males. The human figure drawing has been and continues to be one of the more widely used psychological assessment procedures (Harris & Pinder, 1977; Sundberg, 1961). Undoubtedly, underlying much of the popularity of the Draw-A-Person is its capacity to function as both a tool for clinical diagnosis and a measure of intellectual maturity. Further, the Draw-A-Person is easily administered and perhaps functions as a "rapport builder" for those conducting psychological/educational evaluations of children. An estimate of a child's intellectual maturity may be obtained from the Draw-A-Person using the scoring criceria and normative data supplied by the Harris revision of the Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test ( 1963). Using the Goodenough-Harris scoring criceria, moderace and stronger correlations have been reported between the Draw-A-Person and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WSC) in samples of normally functioning children. Dunn (1967b) reported an r of .64 between the WISC Full Scale IQ and the Draw-A-Person, and correlations ranging from .28 to .54 between the drawings and the various WISC subtests. In a second study, Durn ( 1967a) found significant relationships between the WISC Full Scale IQ and the drawings (T = .77) and the various WISC subtests and the drawings (range of .49 to .74). However, little research has been reported concerning the relationship between the Draw-A-Person and intelligence measures using subjects from other subgroups within the school population. Recent cross-cultural studies (Hilger, Klett, & Watson, 1976; Levinson & Block, 1977) suggest the possibility of differences in drawing performance between subgroups within a population. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationships between
Optimal plans for aggregation

We consider the following problem, which arises in the context of distributed Web computations. An aggregator aims to combine specific data from n sources. The aggregator contacts all sources at once. The time for each source to return its data to the aggregator is independent and identically distributed according to a known distribution. The aggregator at some point stops waiting for data and returns an answer depending only on the data received so far. If the aggregator returns the aggregated information from k of the n sources at time t it obtains a reward Rk(t) that grows with k and decreases with t. The goal of the aggregator is to maximize its expected reward.We prove that for certain broad families of distributions and broad classes of reward functions, the optimal plan for the aggregator has a simple form and hence can be easily computed.
Target recognition–induced NK-cell responses

In this issue of Blood , Fauriat and colleagues provide a thorough study of the pattern and timing of NK-cell cytokine and chemokine secretion in response to target cell recognition. Most importantly, the authors demonstrate that CD56 dim NK cells rather than CD56 bright NK cells are the major cytokine and chemokine producer upon target recognition. 1
Nanocatalysis by the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope operating inside a reactor cell.

The platinum-rhodium tip of a scanning tunneling microscope that operates inside of an atmospheric-pressure chemical reactor cell has been used to locally rehydrogenate carbonaceous fragments deposited on the (111) surface of platinum. The carbon fragments were produced by partial dehydrogenation of propylene. The reactant gas environment inside the cell consisted of pure H 2 or a 1:9 mixture of CH 3 CHCH 2 and H 2 at 300 kelvin. The platinum-rhodium tip acted as a catalyst after activation by short voltage pulses. In this active state, the clusters in the area scanned by the tip were reacted away with very high spatial resolution.
The Value Measure

Introduces a model that displays the value which various organizational levels bring to the enterprise. Demonstrates why middle management has been the most prevalent target of downsizing. Hypothesizes that other bureaucratic functions will also fall unless they change their functional paradigms. Suggests that the non‐value‐added functions must change or face extinction.
Worst-case optimal algorithm for XPath evaluation over XML streams

We consider the XPath evaluation problem: Evaluate an XPath query Q on a streaming XML document D; i.e., determine the set Q(D) of document elements selected by Q. We mainly consider Conjunctive XPath queries that involve only the child and descendant axes. Previously known in-memory algorithms for this problem use O(|D|) space and O(|Q||D|) time. Several previously known algorithms for the streaming version use @W(d^n) space and @W(d^n|D|) time in the worst case; d denotes the depth of D, and n denotes the number of location steps in Q. Their exponential space requirement could well exceed the O(|D|) space used by the in-memory algorithms. We present an efficient algorithm that uses O(d|Q|+nc) space and O((|Q|+dn)|D|) time in the worst case; c denotes the maximum number of elements of D that can be candidates for output, at any one instant. For some worst case Q and D, the memory space used by our algorithm matches our lower bound proved in a different paper; so, our algorithm uses optimal memory space in the worst case.
Nucleation of Tin and Tin–Silver Alloy on Copper and Nickel in Acid Plating Baths

The rate of nucleation and number density of nuclei of tin and tin-silver deposits on copper and nickel substrates in acid sulfate and acid methanesulfonate baths were measured by application of a nucleation model to chronoamperometric data. Based on the dependence of nucleation rate on overpotential, the critical Gibbs free energy of nucleation and the critical nucleation size were calculated. A mechanism of alloy nucleation in the presence of thiourea is proposed.
Mars sample return and planetary protection in a public context

Abstract In order to minimize problems and prepare for possible challenges to Mars sample return missions, it is important to recognize the complexity of planetary protection requirements and integrate them early in the planning process together with economic, technical, scientific and other considerations. Of special concern are two particular non-scientific problem areas: 1) legal ambiguities and requirements, and 2) risk perceptions and attitudes about sample return, both of which have the potential to impact mission success in unpredictable ways. A cursory review of relevant laws and legal issues combined with research findings about risk perceptions, have highlighted these problem areas in the decision making process ahead. It is likely that challenges or opposition will center around pre-launch decision making and subsequent Earth based sample handling rather than space operations per se . Ultimately, overall mission success may depend on understanding how the technical and scientific implications of planetary protection interact with legitimate legal and societal issues related to activities both in space and on Earth.
Variability at the carpometacarpal and midcarpal joints involving the fourth metacarpal, hamate, and lunate in catarrhini.

Intraspecies variability is investigated in two regions of the wrist, for the purpose of determining whether patterns may be discerned in the variability that may be compared in the functional and phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil catarrhines. In the midcarpal joint region, two lunatohamate configuration patterns are found, and at the fourth carpometacarpal joint four types of configuration are identified. These two sites previously were reported to show almost continuous variability in humans, thus precluding comparison with other species. The different types of configuration in our study are delineated on the basis of their relation to differences in joint function. At the lunatohamate site there is a strong tendency in each species examined for one type to dominate in frequency. At the fourth carpometacarpal joins there is a tendency for one type or for two related types to predominate in each species. The chimpanzee sample exhibits the least variability of all species studied in joint configuration at the two sites. Australopithecus afarensis has a combination of joint types in these regions likely to be found today in only a small percentage of living Hominoidea. We conclude that patterns may be discerned at some joints in what was formerly considered to be a continuum of variation. Since these patterns (joint types) differ in their relative frequencies among living species, the frequency differences may be useful as a guide to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships and of potential wrist functions in fossil species. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology in the 21st Century

Knowledge of the determinants, distribution, and sequelae of coronary heart disease (CHD) in populations of the world's developed nations is extensive, is growing rapidly, and extends from the molecular level of individual persons to total societies. Lifestyle changes as well as public health and medical care advances in the prevention and treatment of CHD from the 1950s to the 1980s were accompanied by a 50 percent decline in CHD mortality in countries such as the United States (1). CHD nevertheless remains the leading cause of death in developed nations and is predicted to achieve that status worldwide within decades (2). The clinical manifestations, morbidity, and mortality of CHD are end-stage events triggered after decades of progression of asymptomatic, subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. The determinants of both the subclinical and clinical stages of the disease are numerous and varied, including risk factors for individual persons, group characteristics of entire populations, and environmental exposures. Broad, multilevel categories of CHD determinants and their interrelations are illustrated in figure 1. In this conceptualization, the determinants are categorized as follows: inherited genes and culture; biomedical, lifestyle, and psychosocial risk factors at the individual level; social, political, and economic factors at the group and aggregate levels; and social, medical care, physicochemical, and biologic exposures at the environmental level. Each interactively influences population levels of and trends in CHD over time. CHD susceptibility is transmitted intergenerationally, is conditioned environmentally, evolves and is manifest clinically over the time scale of each individual person's life, and is expressed in population rates of CHD during societies' histories.
Temperature effects on megagametophytic development in meadowfoam

Seed yield of meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.), an open-pollinated winter annual, is partially determined by the number of seeds per flower. Each flower has the potential for five seeds, but typically an average of two seeds per flower has been measured in the cultivar Mermaid. This temperature effect may explain some of the yearly variation in seed yield and suggest the need for timely pollinator management, especially during periods of rapid bloom when temperatures are typically above 24 o C
The dominant role of inhibition in creating response selectivities for communication calls in the brainstem auditory system

Abstract This review is concerned with how communication calls are processed and represented by populations of neurons in both the inferior colliculus (IC), the auditory midbrain nucleus, and the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL), the nucleus just caudal to the IC. The review has five sections where focus in each section is on inhibition and its role in shaping response selectivity for communication calls. In the first section, the lack of response selectivity for calls in DNLL neurons is presented and discusses why inhibition plays virtually no role in shaping selectivity. In the second section, the lack of selectivity in the DNLL is contrasted with the high degree of response selectivity in the IC. The third section then reviews how inhibition in the IC shapes response selectivities for calls, and how those selectivities can create a population response with a distinctive response profile to a particular call, which differs from the population profile evoked by any other call. The fourth section is concerned with the specifics of inhibition in the IC, and how the interaction of excitation and inhibition creates directional selectivities for frequency modulations, one of the principal acoustic features of communication signals. The two major hypotheses for directional selectivity are presented. One is the timing hypothesis, which holds that the precise timing of excitation relative to inhibition is the feature that shapes directionality. The other hypothesis is that the relative magnitudes of excitation and inhibition are the dominant features that shape directionality, where timing is relatively unimportant. The final section then turns to the role of serotonin, a neuromodulator that can markedly change responses to calls in the IC. Serotonin provides a linkage between behavioral states and processing. This linkage is discussed in the final section together with the hypothesis that serotonin acts to enhances the contrast in the population responses to various calls over and above the distinctive population responses that were created by inhibition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives” .
In vivo multiphoton microscopy of deep tissue with gradient index lenses

Gradient index lenses enable multiphoton microscopy of deep tissues in the intact animal. In order to assess their applicability to clinical research, we present in vivo multiphoton microscopy with gradient index lenses in brain regions associated with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in both transgenic and wild-type mice. We also demonstrate microscopy of ovary in wild type mouse using only intrinsic fluorescence and second harmonic generation, signal sources which may prove useful for both the study and diagnosis of cancer.
A new donor cornea harvesting technique for posterior lamellar keratoplasty.

Aims: To describe a technique for posterior lamellar keratoplasty donor preparation. Methods: In an experimental study eight human donor research corneas were mounted onto an artificial anterior chamber and deep stromal pockets dissected. Four corneas were mounted in the standard endothelial side down orientation and dissected using standard instruments (group 1). Another four corneas were mounted endothelial side up and dissected using a flat spatula (group 2). Trephined lamellar graft thickness was assessed by ultrasound pachymetry. The grafts were also analysed using vital staining of the endothelium and standard histological preparation. Results: Achieved posterior graft thickness was 118 (SD 32) μm (group 1) and 92 (23) μm (group 2) (p = 0.324). Percentage of devitalised endothelial cells was 0.86% (1.48%) (group 1) and 3.9% (2.9%) (group 2) (p = 0.185). The dissections using both harvesting techniques remained in plane and were smooth. Conclusions: A blunt spatula and endothelium side up orientation on an artificial anterior chamber can be used to create posterior lamellar dissections without compromising endothelial cell number or planarity when compared to standard endothelium side down harvest.
Manifold-based interference mitigatation

There is increasing competition for use of the radio spectrum among the fundamental types of spectrum users: ‘active’ users who transmit radio signals, e.g. voice or data communications, radar surveillance, and Earth remote sensing radars; and ‘passive’ users who operate in receive-only mode, e.g. in radio astronomy and passive remote sensing. Both active and passive users need increasing amounts of spectrum usage; the former is driven by the telecommunications industry which continually invents new uses for active systems, while the latter needs increased spectrum to obtain the increased sensitivity required for new studies and services. As such, there is significant potential for passive services to suffer radio frequency interference from active services, even in bands where the passive services are the primary users.
A novel hybrid delivery system: Polymer-oil nanostructured carrier for controlled delivery of highly lipophilic drug all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)

Many recently developed drugs encounter delivery issues due to their high lipophilicity and poor aqueous solubility. This study reports the development of a novel hybrid nanocarrier known as polymer-oil nanostructured carrier (PONC), in which highly lipophilic drugs such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and indomethacin pre-solubilized in oil phase were dispersed in a polymeric matrix of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). In comparison to the standard PLGA only nanoparticles, PONC substantially increased the encapsulation efficiency of ATRA and indomethacin by up to 259% and 124%, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the inclusion of oil introduced nanostructure into the polymeric matrix of the carrier. This feature facilitated more uniform distribution of the drug molecules which subsequently led to improved drug release kinetics with significantly reduced burst release effects (p<0.05). PONC was lyophilizable, remained physically stable when stored at low temperatures, and demonstrated low non-specific carrier toxicity. Delivery of ATRA by PONC also significantly improved its anticancer activity over the standard PLGA only nanoparticles (p<0.05). Our findings have therefore validated a promising delivery system that integrates the advantages of lipid-based (e.g. efficient encapsulation of highly lipophilic drugs) and polymeric colloidal carriers (e.g. uniform size, good stability), plus potential therapeutic benefits for delivery of poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs like ATRA.
MONITORING GENE EXPRESSION IN LIVING ANIMALS USING BIOLUMINESCENT REPORTERS. • 844

The introduction of nucleic acid sequences into the cells of living animals is the basis of generating transgenic and chimeric animals, which themselves serve as basic tools in genetics and as a foundation for emerging gene therapies, gene vaccines, and antisense oligonucleotide-based therapeutics. The detection of gene-modifying events now requires that large numbers of cells be altered, selected, grown, and analyzed in a time-consuming and labor-intensive sequence of steps. A method for rapid, in situ assessment of the uptake and expression of nucleic acids would thus facilitate evaluation of gene delivery systems and DNA-based therapies. We report on development of a real-time bioluminescent reporter that noninvasively indicates the level of promoter activity in living animals. Such a system differs from existing green-fluorescent-protein-(GFP)-based systems, as our reporters spontaneously emit light without a need for outside light sources. A gene fusion product consisting of HIV-1 LTR (promoter) and firefly luciferase gene complex (reporter) was studied in a transgenic mouse. Photons from thein vivo luciferase reaction were detected by a CCD camera, after transmission through the animal's tissues, and used as an indication of the level of gene expression. This allowed us to estimate, in real time, the extent of promoter activity. We were able to assess activity, both on the surface of the animal as well as in deep tissues. In the skin of living transgenic mice, we assessed the levels of induction of HIV-LTR in response to various stimuli (in murine and human tissues, the HIV-1 LTR promoter can be activated by chemical, photo, and thermal signals). Reduction of photon emission from luciferase expressed in the skin was observed during ATP depletion, suggesting use of bioluminescence as an in situ ATP sensor. Photons emitted from internal organs were also detected externally, indicating that a wide variety of promoters expressed at various tissues sites may be studied using this approach. Use of such a reporter system may facilitate an in vivo assessment of new therapies targeting regulation of viral and host gene expression. Our approach has advantages over dye-producing methods (e.g., GFP), as a low background signal makes near single-event detection possible, the signal is real-time rather than integrated, and no cytotoxic photosensitizing dyes are produced. These studies open a window through which biological processes can be viewed in vivo, illuminating the temporal and spatial distribution of gene expression in animals and humans. Supported by NIH N43-NS-4-2315 & RR-00081, Universitywide AIDS Prog., Packard Foundation (Stanford), and ONR N-00014-94-1-1024.
Partial Word Form Learning in the Written Mode in L2 German and Spanish

Previous research on second language (L2) vocabulary learning has examined the relationship between word properties and learnability (e.g. Ellis and Beaton 1993). Few studies, however, have examined patterns in partial word form learning as a method of assessing learnability and improving our understanding of allocation of processing resources during word-level input processing. Expanding on the research of Barcroft (2000b, 2008), the present study examined partial word form learning in L2 German and Spanish while testing for effects of number of syllables in target words. Production data from an L1-to-L2 translation task (administered after a learning phase) were analyzed to determine percentage of partial versus fully produced words; amount of word produced in partial words; fragment length in partial words; and word-internal location of target letters. Results indicated production of approximately 49 percent more partial words than whole words, a high percentage of one-letter fragments, and privileging for word-initial position for both languages.
Clone-specific anti-CD45 blocking factor in patient plasma.

We observed inhibition of anti-CD45, but not anti-CD3, -CD4, or -CD8 staining in the whole blood of an individual clinical specimen. Subsequent experiments demonstrated the presence of a plasma factor, which likewise blocked CD45 staining of third party lymphocytes. The blocking activity was anti-CD45 clone (2D1) specific. Experiments utilizing immunoabsorption, immunofluorescence, and commercial blocking reagents failed to provide evidence for identifying blocking factor as heterophilic antibody. Biochemical identification of blocking factor was not accomplished. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society.
Translational Opportunities in Stem Cell–based Endodontic Therapy: Where Are We and What Are We Missing?

Pulp regeneration is a biologic process occurring under specific circumstances. An endodontic treatment modality to accomplish pulp regeneration has emerged based on the response of undifferentiated cells that are often referred to as stem cells. The treatment itself is currently empirical based on clinicians' thoughts and observations. The demonstration of a variety of dental stem cells initiated basic research detailing the properties and behavior of these cells. Attempts are made to bridge gaps in knowledge regarding treatment strategies by translating basic stem cell research into practice. However, neither the patient population likely to benefit from pulp regeneration nor most clinical parameters are well described. Classic topics in endodontics (eg, indication/clinical diagnosis, disinfection/irrigation, and root canal preparation/pretreatment) have to be revisited under the premises of pulp regeneration. Furthermore, new topics like the development of new diagnostic tools or new clinical success criteria will emerge, and the translational research itself will generate new insight into pulp regeneration mechanisms.
Several colorful inequalities

(2006). Several Colorful Inequalities. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 113, No. 9, pp. 817-822.
NAVIGATION ISSUES RELATED TO MENU-BASED SOFTWARE PRODUCTS

Navigation is a term we use to describe the process users employ to access any of several full-screen panels available in a software product interface. We conducted four studies that investigated the navigation design issues related to a product that uses full-screen input/output panels. In the initial release of the product, the I/O panels were mapped to program function (PF) keys which allowed users to navigate from panel to panel in a network organization with one keystroke. When the product added more function and the number of panels exceeded the number of PF keys, navigation had to be arranged in a hierarchy if PF keys were still to be used. As the product evolved, we prototyped and empirically studied new methods of navigation. Navigating commands and a selection menu were studied, in addition to PF keys.
Boiling of Dilute Emulsions on a Heated Strip

Measurements of heat transfer coefficients in pool boiling of a dilute emulsion on a short vertical surface are reported. The vertical surface is a thin steel ribbon of 1.35 mm height × 101 mm length. Direct current resistance heating produces boiling either on the surface or in the free convection boundary layer of dilute emulsions of pentane and FC-72 in water. Single phase and boiling heat transfer coefficients are measured for emulsions with a volume fraction of the dispersed component of 0.1 and 0.5 percent in an isothermal pool at approximately 25 degrees Centigrade. The dispersed component is created by a simple atomization process, and no surfactants are employed to maintain the droplets of the dispersed phase in suspension. In free convection, the presence of the dispersed component slightly decreases the overall heat transfer coefficient, but when boiling commences, an enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient is observed. Boiling is observed in the emulsions at lower surface temperatures than for water alone, and significantly more superheat is required to initiate boiling of the dispersed component than would be needed for a pool of the dispersed component alone. Consequently, a temperature over shoot is observed prior to initiation of boiling, and such an over shoot has been observed in several prior studies. Heat transfer coefficients are compared to recently published measurements of boiling in similar emulsions on a small diameter horizontal wire. Quantitative comparison of the boiling curves for the wire and plate geometries is made and discussed. The magnitude of the increase in heat transfer coefficient is smaller for emulsion boiling on the surface of the heated strip than is reported for boiling on the wire. The shape of the boiling curve is nearly the same for both geometries.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Consumption of a high glycemic load but not a high glycemic index diet is marginally associated with oxidative stress in young women

Abstract Research studies have suggested that chronic consumption of high glycemic index foods may lead to chronically high oxidative stress. This is important because oxidative stress is suspected to be an early event in the etiology of many disease processes. We hypothesized that dietary glycemic index and glycemic load were positively associated with oxidative stress assessed by plasma F 2 -isoprostanes in healthy, premenopausal women (body mass index [BMI] = 24.7 ± 4.8 kg/m 2 and age 25.3 ± 3.5 years, mean ± SD). We measured plasma F 2 -isoprostanes in 306 healthy premenopausal women at the baseline visit for the Women In Steady Exercise Research study, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dietary glycemic index and load were calculated from the National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire, and participants were divided into quartiles of dietary glycemic index and of glycemic load. Plasma F 2 -isoprostanes were compared across quartile groups of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load using linear regression models. Plasma F 2 -isoprostanes (pg/mL) increased with quartile of glycemic load (test for linear trend, P = .033), and also increased with quartile of glycemic index in participants with BMI ≥25 ( P = .035) but not in those with BMI P = .924). After adjustment for BMI, alcohol consumption and total energy intake, both these positive trends remained marginally significant ( P = .123 for quartiles of glycemic index and P = .065 for quartiles of glycemic load).
Rainbow trout has two genes for growth hormone.

We report the primary structures of two mRNA species (GH1 and GH2), each predicted from the cloned cDNA and genomic gene sequences, that encode growth hormone in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Both GH1 and GH2 mRNA contain open reading frames comprising 630 nucleotides and encode 210 amino acid residues, of which 11 are variant. The translated regions of mRNA are flanked by a short 5′-untranslated sequence, which is highly conserved, and a relatively long 3′-untranslated sequence, which is highly divergent. The differences at the 3′-untranslated regions suggest that the GH1 and GH2 mRNA originate from different loci. RNA blot analysis of trout pituitary RNA using an oligonucleotide probe specific for the GH2 sequence indicates that the cloned gene is expressed. The GH1 and GH2 mRNA likely are transcribed from two distinct loci, which were duplicated during tetraploidization of the salmonid genome between 50 and 100 million years ago.
Molecular Determinants of the Human Zinc Transporter, Hzip4

Zinc is an essential micronutrient which is required for the function of hundreds of cellular enzymes. In addition, zinc is the second most abundant transition metal found in biological systems (iron is most abundant). However, the concentration of free zinc is nano to picomolar since most zinc is bound to proteins. This makes investigating the mechanism of zinc transport across the plasma membrane a challenge. Our interest has been to elucidate the mechanism of zinc transport mediated by one member of the ZIP family of proteins. To this end, we have developed a radiometric uptake assay to study the mechanism of zinc transport. In addition, we have expressed and purified specific domains of the protein to examine the role of these domains in zinc coordination and transport. Thus, using a mixture of biochemical and biophysical techniques, we have begun to describe the mechanism of zinc transport to gain insight into the function of this protein.
POSTFORMAL RESISTANCE TO CONCEPTS OF "HIGHER" DEVELOPMENT

It is recommended to acknowledge and attribute normalcy to a range of possible reactions to concepts surrounding stages of development, particularly “higher” ones. Neutral, negative, and positive reactions have origins that differ considerably by stage of hierarchical complexity. Reactions of resistance require analysis because resistance is a source of misunderstanding or conflict. Using hierarchical complexity concepts and scoring to analyze these reactions demonstrates that people using postformal thought at stages 11 and 12 may seem to resist the very concepts that explain their complex thought. Analyses indicate resistance is directed at misunderstood or sometimes-conflated elements, rather than developmental concepts themselves.
Brief intervention by surgeons can influence students toward a career in surgery

Abstract Background. General surgery training programs are experiencing an alarming decrease in applicants. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether exposing students to surgery through a brief intervention early in their medical education could influence perceptions toward surgery as a career choice. Methods. First-year medical students were asked to rank 19 items coded on a Likert-type scale from 1 (not important) to 8 (very important) regarding their beliefs about surgery as a career both before and after a brief 1-h intervention with a panel of surgeons. Each panelist spoke about his or her professional and personal lives, followed by a question and answer period. Survey data were analyzed by Wilcoxon sign-rank and Spearman rank correlation. Results. Of 210 first year students, 121 (58%) students voluntarily attended and completed the presurvey and 94 (45%) the post, of which 82 were matched responses. Preintervention responses revealed that career opportunities, intellectual challenge, and the ability to obtain a residency position were positively correlated with surgery ( P P Conclusions. Positive encounters with surgeons can favorably influence the perceptions of first-year medical students toward a career in surgery. In addition to addressing lifestyle issues, surgeons can and must make a concerted effort to interact with medical students early in their education and foster their interest throughout their career.
Ionic Liquids Based on FeCl3 and FeCl2. Raman Scattering and ab Initio Calculations

We have prepared ionic liquids by mixing either iron(II) chloride or iron(III) chloride with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIC). Iron(II) chloride forms ionic liquids from a mole ratio of 1 FeCl2/3 BMIC to almost 1 FeCl2/1 BMIC. Both Raman scattering and ab initio calculations indicate that FeCl42- is the predominant iron-containing species in these liquids. Iron(III) chloride forms ionic liquids from a mole ratio of 1 FeCl3/1.9 BMIC to 1.7 FeCl3/1 BMIC. When BMIC is in excess, Raman scattering indicates the presence of FeCl4-. When FeCl3 is in excess, Fe2Cl7- begins to appear and the amount of Fe2Cl7- increases with increasing amounts of FeCl3. Ionic liquids were also prepared from a mixture of FeCl2 and FeCl3 and are discussed. Finally, we have used both Hartree−Fock and density functional theory methods to compute the optimized structures and vibrational spectra for these species. An analysis of the results using an all-electron basis set, 6-31G*, as well as two different effective core potent...
Evolvable network architectures: what can we learn from biology?

There is significant research interest recently to understand the evolution of the current Internet, as well as to design clean-slate Future Internet architectures. Clearly, even when network architectures are designed from scratch, they have to evolve as their environment (i.e., technological constraints, service requirements, applications, economic conditions, etc) always changes. A key question then is: what makes a network architecture evolvable? What determines the ability of a network architecture to evolve as its environment changes? In this paper, we review some relevant ideas about evolvability from the biological literature. We examine the role of robustness and modularity in evolution, and their relation with evolvability. We also discuss evolutionary kernels and punctuated equilibria, two important concepts that may be relevant to the so-called ossification of the core Internet protocols. Finally, we examine optimality, a design objective that is often of primary interest in engineering but that does not seem to be abundant in biology.
Effect of charged dust on Hall current instabilities in the E region

The effect of charged dust on Hall current instabilities in the ion frequency regime is investigated for plasma parameters representative of the lower E region of the ionosphere above about 95 km. Linear kinetic theory is used, and both the longer wavelength Farley-Buneman two-stream instability and the shorter wavelength, higher frequency Hall current instability are considered. Under daytime conditions, it is found that the presence of negatively (positively) charged dust can increase (decrease) the critical drift for the Farley-Buneman instability. In addition, the presence of positively charged dust can increase the critical drift for the shorter wavelength, higher frequency instability. Possible application to dusty regions such as meteor trails is briefly discussed.
Central vasopressin blockade enhances its peripheral release in response to peripheral osmotic stimulation in conscious rats

Abstract Increased plasma osmolality results in increased central as well as peripheral release of vasopressin. Experiments were carried out to determine whether, in this circumstance, vasopressin can act centrally to modulate its peripheral release. Prior to the start of a thirty-min i.v. infusion of 2.5 M or 0.15 M NaCl, the rats were given an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of a peptide V 1 /V 2 vasopressin antagonist (2 μg), OPC-31260 (60 μg), a non-peptide V 2 antagonist, or 1-desamino-8- d -arginine vasopressin (dDAVP, 5 ng), a V 2 agonist. Experiments with the peptide antagonist were carried out in male and non-estrous female rats. Since there were no differences between males and females in the measured responses, experiments with the other two drugs were carried out only in males. Pretreatment with either the V 1 /V 2 antagonist or the V 2 antagonist enhanced the increase in plasma vasopressin levels in response to the hypertonic saline infusion by about 50% at the end of 30 min. dDAVP, on the other hand, had no effect. None of the i.c.v. drugs had an affect on either the pressor or bradycardic responses to hypertonic saline infusion. These observations suggest that vasopressin can act centrally in a negative feedback fashion to attenuate its own release into the peripheral circulation in response to increased plasma osmolality.