cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scanning electron microscopic study of laser-induced morphologic changes of a coated enamel surface

A low-energy Nd:YAG laser was used to irradiate extracted human teeth coated with a black energy-absorbent laser initiator in a study to determine the extent of the morphologic changes produced in the enamel surface. The laser initiator was applied to a cleaned enamel surface and irradiated at an energy output of 30 mJ or 75 mJ. Both energy levels produced morphologic changes of the surface. There was a sharp line of demarcation between the coated, irradiated area and the surrounding noncoated enamel surface. The scanning electron microscope view at the lower energy level showed that the surface had melted and reformed with numerous small, bubble-like inclusions. The 75 mJ energy level showed individual impact craters with shallow centers and raised edges containing numerous pores and large, bubble-like inclusions. Etching is a dental procedure in which an acid is normally used to remove a thin outer layer of the tooth structure. This is necessary to create a roughened, irregular surface in order to provide mechanical retention for dental restorative materials. The changes produced by the laser in this study suggest a simple, effective, and controlled method of etching the enamel surface of a tooth by altering its surface characteristics.
Phenotypic expression of a chlorophyll mutant in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Environmental influences and effects on productivity

Abstract Phenotypic expression of a chlorophyll-deficient mutation in cowpea was studied to determine the value of this trait for plant breeding. The mutant and its parent were grown under two irradiances in growth chambers, and under two contrasting temperature regimes in glasshouses. In addition, grain-yield and biomass productivity of the mutant and parent were compared under field conditions. Under optimal temperatures, the leaves of the mutant exhibited significantly lower chlorophyll content per unit leaf area and higher chlorophyll- a : b ratio than the parent when grown in low, moderate, or high photon-flux density. Leaf thickness and leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf area of both genotypes were less for plants grown under low irradiance, but the chlorophyll- a : b ratio was not inlfuenced by irradiance. In contrast, when grown under hot day/night temperatures of 36/29°C and high photon-flux density, the mutant exhibited similar chlorophyll content and chlorophyll composition as the parent. There was an association between higher chlorophyll content and lower, more normal, chlorophyll- a : b ratios. This association was also seen in field conditions, where the mutant produced greener leaves during hot weather in mid-summer. In sunny field conditions the mutant produced equivalent average grain-yields over 6 years, and identical biomass to the parent, even though the leaves of the mutant had substantially less chlorophyll during flowering and pod-filling. Instead of considering the mutant to be chlorophyll-deficient, it may be more appropriate to state that the parent, and many other cowpeas, have an excess of chlorophyll for growth under sunny conditions.
Vine Parsing and Minimum Risk Reranking for Speed and Precision

We describe our entry in the CoNLL-X shared task. The system consists of three phases: a probabilistic vine parser (Eisner and N. Smith, 2005) that produces unlabeled dependency trees, a probabilistic relation-labeling model, and a discriminative minimum risk reranker (D. Smith and Eisner, 2006). The system is designed for fast training and decoding and for high precision. We describe sources of cross-lingual error and ways to ameliorate them. We then provide a detailed error analysis of parses produced for sentences in German (much training data) and Arabic (little training data).
Stochastic Modeling and Simulation of the p53-MDM2/MDMX Loop

The p53 gene is crucial for effective tumor suppression in humans as supported by its universal inactivation in cancer cells either through mutations affecting the p53 locus directly or through aberration of its normal regulation. The p53 tumor repressor is regulated through a negative feedback loop involving its transcriptional target MDM2. MDMX is also an essential negative regulator of p53. Several computational models have been proposed to simulate the dynamics of the p53-MDM2 loop, but they do not include MDMX, only account for some basic interactions between p53 and MDM2 and cannot capture the intrinsic noise in the loop. In this article, we present a comprehensive model for the p53-MDM2/MDMX loop that accounts for most known interactions among p53, MDM2 and MDMX. Our model is characterized by a set of molecular reactions, which enables us to employ stochastic simulation to investigate the dynamics of the loop. In agreement with experiments, our results show that p53 and MDM2 undergo oscillations after DNA damage in the presence of noise, and the variation in oscillation amplitudes is much higher than that in oscillation periods. Our simulations predict that intrinsic noise contributes to 60%–70% of the total variation in oscillation amplitudes and periods. The protein levels of p53, MDM2, and MDMX after treatment with Nutlin in our simulations are also consistent with experimental results. Our simulation results further predict that p53 levels increase dramatically after MDM2 is knocked out, but increase with a much less amount after MDMX is knocked out. This may partially explain why MDM2-null and MDMX-null mouse embryos die in different developmental stages. Our stochastic model and simulation provide insights into the variability of the behavior of the p53 pathway and can be used to predict the dynamics of the pathway after certain interventions.
Development of an Aircraft Lap Joint Simulant Environment

Abstract The aging of aircraft fleet has led to significant concern about the development of corrosion. Occluded regions such as lapsplice joints, which are difficult to inspect, are of particular importance. By analyzing the corrosion products found in these joints, a simulant solution has been developed. The lap joint simulant solution (LJSS) contains 20 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), 4 mM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 4 mM sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and 2 mM sodium fluoride (NaF) at pH 9. Exposure of AA2024-T3 (UNS A92024) to the LJSS results in a similar corrosion topography to that found on aircraft in the field.
The effect of exogenous testosterone on total and free prostate specific antigen levels in healthy young men

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the effect of exogenous testosterone administration on serum total and free prostate specific antigen (PSA) in healthy young men.Materials and Methods: Nine volunteers received either 100, 250 or 500 mg. testosterone by intramuscular injection each week for 15 weeks. Blood was drawn every other week for 28 weeks and at week 40. Serum total and free PSA, and total and free testosterone were measured and compared to baseline values.Results: Significant elevations in total and free testosterone occurred but no significant change in serum total and free PSA was detected.Conclusions: Serum PSA is not responsive to elevated serum testosterone levels in healthy young men. PSA metabolism in the normal prostate is unclear but our findings may have implications for differentiation of pathological conditions of the human prostate.
Study of single and multiple foldings of graphitic sheets

Folded graphitic sheets have been produced and studied using a scanning tunnelling microscope. Folds of one and two layers are observed at steps on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Images at atomic resolution show that the folding axes lay along the [210] or [100] directions resulting in AB- or AA-stacking of the folding sheets on the graphite surface, respectively. The stability of the observed structures is studied and the attractive inter-plane energy is found to be larger than the repulsive folding energy.
Sexual Risk for HIV Transmission among Singles‐Bar Patrons in San Francisco

Sexual risk for HIV infection was measured among heterosexual male and female and homosexual male bar patrons in San Francisco. High levels of sexual risk for HIV transmission were reported, especially in comparison to other samples of heterosexual and homosexual populations in San Francisco. Interventions must do more than communicate knowledge about the routes of HIV transmission, since these bar patrons demonstrated high levels of AIDS knowledge and concern, yet were also characterized by high levels of risky sexual behavior. The crucial question in the prevention of the continuing spread of HIV infections is not whether education should be used to modify risky behavior, but rather what kinds of education will prove effective in reducing behavioral risk for AIDS.
3-Aircraft Formation Flight Experiment

This paper will present the results obtained from a formation flight experiment using 3 YF-22 research UAVs built and developed at West Virginia University. In the planned 3-aircraft flight configuration, a Radio Control (R/C) pilot maintains manual control of the 'leader' aircraft while two autonomous 'follower' aircraft maintain a pre-defined position and orientation with respect to the lead vehicle. The flight-testing program associated with this effort was quite substantial and involved approximately 100 sorties involving all three aircraft models in the program. Initial flight-testing phases evaluated a variety of issues, including; aircraft handling qualities, dynamic characteristics, electronic payload performance; specifically the data acquiring capabilities and the real time execution of control laws. During the final flight season program, a total of five formation flight experiments were successfully performed; specifically four 2-aircraft formations and one 3-aircraft formation flight demonstration.
Free-Edge Delamination: Laminate Width and Loading Conditions Effects

The width and loading conditions effects on free-edge stress fields in composite laminates are investigated using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. This analysis includes a special free-edge region refinement or superelement with progrssive substructuring (mesh refinement) and finite thickness interply layers. The different loading conditions include in-plane and out-of-plane bending, combined axial tension and in-plane shear, twisting, uniform temperature and uniform moisture. Results obtained indicate that: axial tension causes the smallest magnitude of interlaminar free edge stress compared to other loading conditions; free-edge delamination data obtained from laboratory specimens cannot be scaled to structural components; and composite structural components are not likely to delaminate.
Growth inhibition of human prostate tumor cells by an agonist of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

The effect of [D-Leu 6 ,des-Gly-NH 2 10 , Proethylamide 9 ]-GnRH, leuprolide, was determined for the human primary prostate tumor cell line ALVA-31 by in vitro mitogenic assays. Prostate tumor cell proliferation was inhibited up to 50% by leuprolide. Inhibition was not observed in parallel cultures treated with other low molecular weight bioactive peptides. The incorporation and metabolic reduction of testosterone was not affected by concentrations of leuprolide that were inhibitory in the mitogenic assay. Specific high-affinity binding of 125 I-labeled leuprolide was also demonstrated on intact tumor cells with an estimated effective median dose (ED 50 ) of <1×10 -9 M. Inhibition of prostate tumor growth was further demonstrated in Balb/c athymic intact and castrate male mice bearing ALVA-31 tumor xenografts following chronic administration of leuprolide. These data clearly demonstrate that leuprolide can inhibit the growth of a human prostate carcinoma cell line. Studies conducted in castrate animals further suggest an alternative mechanism of growth inhibition that appears to be independent of the suppression of steroid hormone biosynthesis by LHRH analogues
Cultures and creativity within hierarchical organizations

This study examined cultural pluralism along the lines of hierarchy among eight large public accounting firms. Although no significant cultural differences among the different functional units (auditing, tax, and management consulting) of the firms were found, culture was found to be related to hierarchical level. Specifically, top level managers (partners) perceived the culture of their organization as significantly more innovative and supportive than did individuals at lower hierarchical levels (managers/supervisors and senior/ staff accountants). Creativity was not affected by culture.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus aortitis in a cardiac transplant patient

A 57-year-old heart transplant patient presented to the Emergency Department with mild epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting for two days. Aside from a recent hospitalization for replacement of his hemodialysis catheter, he had otherwise not been ill. He was afebrile, slightly hypertensive, and slightly tachycardic with mild tenderness over the left upper quadrant, but no guarding, rebound tenderness, or masses. His WBC count was elevated at 16.1 (normal: 3.8-10.6). A computed tomography of the abdomen showed an area of low attenuation surrounding the aorta, surrounded more peripherally by an area of higher density. He went urgently to the operating room for a presumed contained rupture of the thoracic aorta. During the operation the surgeons noted inflammatory changes, rather than rupture, and resected and replaced the affected section. Cultures from a peri-aortic swab grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Among complications of cardiac transplantation, aortic involvement can be a source of significant morbidity and mortality. Primary bacterial aortitis is, however, a rare event with instances of less than 3% in all patients. The presentation of these infections may be subtle, making diagnosis difficult and requiring a high index of suspicion. CT is the initial imaging technique of choice. Therapy frequently involves surgery in addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics. This patient's infection most likely originated from an infected dialysis catheter, the one that had just been replaced, and was probably kept from becoming more symptomatic by the administration of vancomycin during the previous admission.
Narcotic-reinforced responding: A rapid evaluation procedure

Rhesus monkeys were conditioned to lever press for intravenous injections of codeine. The self-injection behavior was brought under the control of a schedule of drug delivery and access to the codeine schedule was made available twice each day. Subsequently, a variety of doses of codeine and saline were compared to the dose used to condition and maintain self-injection responding. Each change in drug condition was maintained for only a single experimental session. The procedure is recommended for rapid evaluation of drugs for their capacity to reinforce self-injection behavior.
Hawaiian raphignathoidea: Family Cryptognathidae (Acariformes: Prostigmata), with descriptions of three new species of the genus Favognathus

Abstract Three new species viz. Favognathus variabilis n. sp., F. goffi, n. sp. and F. distinctus n. sp. from the Hawaiian Islands are described and illustrated. A key to the Hawaiian species, and ecological and distribution data are included. Favognathus pictus Summers & Chaudhri, 1965 is recorded for the first time from the Hawaiian Islands. Two species are transferred from Cryptognathus to Favognathus: Favognathus texasensis (McDaniel and Bolen, 1979), comb. nov. and Favognathus dakotaensis (McDaniel and Bolen, 1979), comb. nov.
A Case of Sandiness in Processed Cheese

This brief article is to record the occurrence of "sandiness" in processed cheese. Two samples of sandy processed cheese were examined independently by the writer and by the Wisconsin Dairy and Food Commission chemists, respectively. In the former case, the sample was submitted by the manufacturer for identification of the gritty particles and diagnosis of the defect; in the latter case, the sample was obtained from a retailer after a consumer had complained that the cheese contained broken glass. I t is not definitely known, but it is likely that both samples originated from the same source. The gritty particles were easily visible to the naked eye and were obviously crysts.lline. The appearance and sensation on chewing was as though quartz sand had been incorporated into the cheese. Figure 1 is a photomicrograph, magnification 24 times, of the gritty particles removed from the cheese. Some of the gritty particles were removed with the aid of a scalpel, mad cleaned by removing adhering cheese and washing successively with water, alcohol and ether. The crystals were soluble in hYdrochloric and nitric acids, and disintegrated in sulphuric acid, leaving a fine precipitate (calcium sulphate). Calcium was demonstrated to be present by the oxalate test applied either to a solution obtained by dissolving the residue after ashing some of the particles, or to a solution obtained by dissolving some of the particles in nitric acid, evaporating to dryness and taking up the residue with water. The acid in combination with calcium was found to be an organic acid. The crystal structure of the gritty particles suggested that they consisted of calcium tartrate. Tartaric acid was demonstrated by the re-
Short-term dynamics of causal information transfer in thalamocortical networks during natural inputs and microstimulation for somatosensory neuroprosthesis

Recording the activity of large populations of neurons requires new methods to analyze and use the large volumes of time series data thus created. Fast and clear methods for finding functional connectivity are an important step towards the goal of understanding neural processing. This problem presents itself readily in somatosensory neuroprosthesis (SSNP) research, which uses microstimulation (MiSt) to activate neural tissue to mimic natural stimuli, and has the capacity to potentiate, depotentiate, or even destroy functional connections. As the aim of SSNP engineering is artificially creating neural responses that resemble those observed during natural inputs, a central goal is describing the influence of MiSt on activity structure among groups of neurons, and how this structure may be altered to affect perception or behavior. In this paper, we demonstrate the concept of Granger causality, combined with maximum likelihood methods, applied to neural signals recorded before, during, and after natural and electrical stimulation. We show how these analyses can be used to evaluate the changing interactions in the thalamocortical somatosensory system in response to repeated perturbation. Using LFPs recorded from the ventral posterolateral thalamus (VPL) and somatosensory cortex (S1) in anesthetized rats, we estimated pair-wise functional interactions between functional microdomains. The preliminary results demonstrate input-dependent modulations in the direction and strength of information flow during and after application of MiSt. Cortico-cortical interactions during cortical MiSt and baseline conditions showed the largest causal influence differences, while there was no statistically significant difference between pre- and post-stimulation baseline causal activities. These functional connectivity changes agree with physiologically accepted communication patterns through the network, and their particular parameters have implications for both rehabilitation and brain–ma
The re-emergence of felid camouflage with the decay of predator recognition in deer under relaxed selection

When a previously common predator disappears owing to local extinction, the strong source of natural selection on prey to visually recognize that predator becomes relaxed. At present, we do not know the extent to which recognition of a specific predator is generalized to similar looking predators or how a specific predator-recognition cue, such as coat pattern, degrades under prolonged relaxed selection. Using predator models, we show that deer exhibit a more rapid and stronger antipredator response to their current predator, the puma, than to a leopard displaying primitive rosettes similar to a locally extinct predator, an early jaguar. Presentation of a novel tiger with a striped coat engendered an intermediate speed of predator recognition and strength of antipredator behaviour. Responses to the leopard model slightly exceeded responses to a non-threatening deer model, suggesting that thousands of years of relaxed selection have led to the loss of recognition of the spotted coat as a jaguar-recognition cue, and that the spotted coat has regained its ability to camouflage the felid form. Our results shed light on the evolutionary arms race between adoption of camouflage to facilitate hunting and the ability of prey to quickly recognize predators by their formerly camouflaging patterns.
The dependence of the pulsed 10.6-&#181;m laser damage threshold on the manner in which a sample is irradiated

The threshold for pulsed 10.6 μm laser-induced surface and bulk damage in transparent materials has been shown to depend on the manner in which the samples are irradiated. When a site is irradiated several times, starting at a very low intensity and increasing the flux a few percent on successive shots until damage occurs, the threshold is often higher than if each site were irradiated only once. In addition, it has been shown that the damage threshold also depends on the sample tested and so the use of relative damage-threshold measurements to identify the damage mechanism should be reexamined.
Soviet and Communist Policy in India

S OVIET COMMENTARY on India ordinarily begins with a ritual quotation from Lenin, contending that the ultimate world-wide victory of socialism is assured by the fact that China and India will follow Russia along that path. Until recently, however, communist prospects in India were in fact very bleak, and Soviet interest in India tended to flag. China was clearly the main focus of Soviet attention in Asia, and communist policy throughout the underdeveloped countries was in large part generalized from experience in China. But since the successful consolidation of communist power on the Chinese mainland, the Soviet leadership has shifted its attention increasingly to India. Recent events suggest that India is indeed a major target of communist aspirations and that the Soviet leaders may regard it as the key country in which a communist victory would tip the balance of power irrevocably against the capitalist West.
Pyocin Sensitivity of Pseudomonas Species

Only the fluorescent pseudomonads, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. putida, and P. fluorescens, were sensitive to pyocins produced from P. aeruginosa.
Effect of extenders on sperm mitochondrial membrane, plasma membrane and sperm kinetics during liquid storage of canine semen at 5°C.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition of egg yolk (EY) or soy lecithin (SL) based extenders on dog sperm parameters during 10 days storage at 5 °C. Four ejaculates of pooled semen from three Mongrel dogs were divided into three aliquots and extended to a final concentration of 200 million sperm/mL using following non-commercial extenders: egg yolk extender (EYE) group – semen + 20% Tris-EYE; soy lecithin (SL) group 1 – semen + SL extender with 0.04% SL; SL group 2 – semen + SL extender 0.4% SL. The extended semen samples were stored at 5 °C and were evaluated for sperm mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), plasma membrane integrity (%PMI) and computer assisted sperm analyzer (CASA) sperm motility parameters on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 10. The extender, days of storage and extender × days of storage affected the MMP, %PMI and CASA sperm motility parameters ( P P
Intracellular localization of individual dehydrogenases in frozen plant tissues by means of specific substrates and coenzymes.

In fresh sections of Pinus bark infected with a Cronartium parasite, reduction of Nitro-blue tetrazolium by several dehydrogenases concomitantly obscured the activity of the enzymes individually. This nonspecific enzymatic reduction was avoided by using frozen sections. Freezing resulted in complete loss of dye reduction but this inactivation was overcome by supplying both the individual substrate and the coenzyme for each dehydrogeuase. Centers of intense activity of malic, isocitric, α-glycerophosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases and of NAD and NADP diaphorases were observed within spores and sporogenous cells of the fungus and in underlying hyphae and haustoria. Activity of the dehydrogenases was less in host cells than in fungal cells. Succinic dehydrogenase caused weak staining in fungal and host cells. Ethanol dehydrogenase activity was variable among samples and it and lactic dehydrogenase activity were variable within sections. Pyruvic and β-hydroxy-butyric dehydroge...
The Firm as Association Versus the Firm as Commodity: Efficiency, Rights, and Ownership

Recent years have seen the flowering of a new literature on the economic nature of firms marked by a concern with their internal organization and contractual characteristics. Related literatures on the principal-agent problem and the theory of financial markets have also contributed to a better understanding of firms as economic institutions. However, the place of the concept of the ownership of the firm is poorly developed in most of this literature, with many writers either ignoring the concept entirely or arguing that it is of no importance. The purpose of the present article is to point out that the concept of ownership of firms is crucial to an understanding of internal governance issues. Most economists implicitly presume that firms must be ownable and saleable if they are to be operated efficiently, and recently this viewpoint has been made more explicit by writers such as Jensen and Fama and Williamson. Their point of view is to some degree at odds with views of the firm as a coalition, which frequently appear in the same literature, and even more fundamentally in conflict with conceptions of the firm as an association or polity within which greater or lesser degrees of democracy in governance may be pursued. The first purpose of this article is to show that the incompletely articulated position of the leading authors on the economics of organization is that the firm is a commodity and must be so for purposes of efficiency.
Identification of Cryptococcus gattii by Use of l-Canavanine Glycine Bromothymol Blue Medium and DNA Sequencing

Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are closely related pathogenic fungi. Cryptococcus neoformans is ecologically widespread and affects primarily immunocompromised patients, while C. gattii is traditionally found in tropical climates and has been reported to cause disease in immunocompetent patients. l-Canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (CGB) agar can be used to differentiate C. neoformans and C. gattii, but there are few reports of its performance in routine clinical practice. Growth of C. gattii on CGB agar produces a blue color, indicating the assimilation of glycine, while C. neoformans fails to cause a color change. Using reference and clinical strains, we evaluated the ability of CGB agar and D2 large ribosomal subunit DNA sequencing (D2 LSU) to differentiate C. neoformans and C. gattii. One hundred two yeast isolates were screened for urease activity, melanin production, and glycine assimilation on CGB agar as well as by D2 sequencing. Seventeen of 17 (100%) C. gattii isolates were CGB positive, and 54 of 54 C. neoformans isolates were CGB negative. Several yeast isolates other than the C. gattii isolates were CGB agar positive, indicating that CGB agar cannot be used alone for identification of C. gattii. D2 correctly identified and differentiated all C. gattii and C. neoformans isolates. This study demonstrates that the use of CGB agar, in conjunction with urea hydrolysis and Niger seed agar, or D2 LSU sequencing can be reliably used in the clinical laboratory to distinguish C. gattii from C. neoformans. We describe how CGB agar and D2 sequencing have been incorporated into the yeast identification algorithm in our laboratory.
Effects of GnRH in combination with PGF2α on the dynamics of follicular and luteal cells in post-pubertal Holstein heifers

Abstract Holstein heifers were randomly allotted by weight, age and body condition score to one of three treatments to test the hypothesis that GnRH administration concurrent with PGF 2α injection would advance follicle or corpus luteum (CL) development parallel to an induced luteolysis of the pre-existing CL. Heifers in the control group ( n = 14) received two treatments of PGF 2α (25 mg, im) given 10 days apart. Groups 2 ( n = 14 ) and 3 ( n = 14) received an additional treatment of GnRH (100 μg, im) after the first and second PGF 2α respectively. Estrus detection began immediately after PGF 2α and continued for 80 h. Blood sampling was initiated 7 days prior to the first PGF 2α (day − 7) and continued on days 0, 7, 10 (prior to the second PGF 2α ), 17 and 24. Heifers were artificially inseminated after the second PGF 2α and pregnancy diagnosed at 60 days. There was a trend ( P 2α than the non-pregnant animals in that group ( P P 2α . This data suggest that administration of GnRH following PGF 2α alters bovine luteal and/or follicular cell function.
Purification and Partial Characterization of a Tumor-Specific Blocking Factor from Sera of Mice with Growing Chemically Induced Sarcomas

The purification of a blocking factor from the sera of tumor-bearing mice is described. Whole serum with blocking activity-the ability to inhibit specific cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in microcytotoxicity tests-was fractionated on immunoadsorbent columns containing Sepharose-bound syngeneic normal mouse immunoglobulins and immunoglobulins from tumor-immune donors. The blocking serum was derived from mice which had carried a transplanted methylocholanthrene-induced sarcoma for 21 to 28 days. Elution of the immunoadsorbents recovered the blocking activity in a single fraction. This fraction was blocking activity in a single fraction. This fraction was radiolabeled and analyzed by SDS gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The active component of the blocking serum was shown to be a polypeptide of m.w. 56,000. Specificity testing implied that the factor was likely to be either tumor antigen or an antigen-specific suppressor molecule.
Social and Legal Effects on Monitoring and Adaptive Management: A Case Study of National Forest Grazing Allotments, 1927–2007

Monitoring is a critical component of adaptive management but often weak or missing in practice. We examined grazing allotment files to identify patterns in monitoring and management practices on the Coronado National Forest from 1927 to 2007, and conducted interviews with key informants to understand the mechanisms behind those patterns. Standardized, documented monitoring occurred on a near-annual basis on all allotments until 1978; ceased abruptly from 1978 to 1998; then resumed. Before 1978, monitoring frequently indicated excessive stocking, but reductions often did not occur. Interviews revealed that monitoring ceased for this reason, as agency employees turned to more informal methods in hopes of affecting management. Monitoring resumed in response to litigation by environmental groups. Curiously, more effective adaptive management of grazing allotments appears to have begun during the period when standardized monitoring was not occurring.
Hydrogen Liquefaction Cycles

Because of increased activities in cryogenic engineering, liquefaction cycles, in particular hydrogen cycles, are undergoing a more thorough thermodynamic analysis than had been justified previously.
Evaluation of platinum-based chemotherapy, glutathione metabolic genes, and survival in advanced non small cell lung cancer: A NCCTG 97–24–51 based study

13013 Background: The glutathione metabolic pathway is directly involved in the inactivation of platinum compounds. Our earlier work indicated that genotypes corresponding to varied glutathione-rel...
Patent Law’s Falstaff: Inequitable Conduct, the Federal Circuit, and Therasense

For decades, the relationship between the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and patent law’s doctrine of inequitable conduct has resembled that between Shakespeare’s Prince Hal and John Falstaff. The former recognizes the excess, the deservedly ill repute, even the at least occasional wickedness of the latter, but cannot tear away from his close companion. Likewise, for decades, Federal Circuit judges have criticized the excesses of the defense of inequitable conduct, which can render a patent unenforceable as a result of misrepresentation or nondisclosure to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Nevertheless, U.S. patent law remains wedded to the defense’s existence. Without a real option of repudiating the defense, the Federal Circuit has instead sought to guide and confine the defense’s application in hopes of advancing legitimate aims at acceptable social cost. In this effort, the opinion for the en banc Federal Circuit written by Chief Judge Randall Rader in Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co. figures prominently. The background, content, and prospects for the Federal Circuit’s legal rulings in Therasense are the focus of this article.
Abstract 4214: Stem cell antigen-1 (Sca1) modulates PI3K/PTEN signaling and mammary tumor cell survival

Stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1, Ly6A/E) represents two allelic forms of a GPI-anchored membrane protein that was first identified as a murine marker of bone marrow stem cells. Although Sca-1 is widely used to enrich for stem cells in many normal tissues, little is known about its function and associated signaling pathways in tumorigenesis. To explore this further, mammary carcinogenesis was induced in Sca-1+/EGFP mice that are heterozygous for Sca-1 and express GFP under the control of the Sca-1 locus. Induction of mammary tumorigenesis by progestin/DMBA treatment resulted in a marked increase of Sca-1 in the mammary gland at the initiation of tumorigenesis, as well as in the resulting tumors. To further investigate the function of Sca1, tumor cell line 34T was established from a primary adenocarcinoma, and sorted into Sca-1hi and Sca-1lo populations. These results revealed that Sca-1 expression related inversely with proliferation, as well as PTEN, PDK1, pT308Akt and pERK1/2 expression. Furthermore, reduction of Sca-1 in 34T cells by lentivirus-mediated RNAi reversed the proliferative, PTEN and kinase phenotype, and resulted in loss of their ability to proliferate as spheroid clusters in cell culture. Isografts of 34T/Sca-1hi and 34T/Sca-1lo cells in syngeneic mice indicated that Sca-1 was essential for tumorigenicity. These results provide evidence that Sca-1 confers a proliferative and survival advantage to mammary tumor cells, and demonstrates for the first time that Sca1 is associated with modulation of the PTEN/PDK1/Akt axis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4214.
Predation by Eumenid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) on Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Other Lepidopterous Larvae in Spruce-Fir Forests of Maine

Four species of eumenids, Ancistrocerus adiabatus (Saussure), A. antilope (Panzer), A. catskill (Saussure), and Euodynerus leucomelas (Saussure), accepted and provisioned trap-nesting blocks placed in a spruce-fir forest of Maine. The wasps preferred open habitats with abundant floral forage to dense spruce-fir stands. Two species, A. catskill and E. leucomelas , preyed on late instars of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) and on other lepidopterous defoliators of northeastern hardwoods and softwoods. Spruce budworm comprised 3 to 38% of the total observed prey in strip clearcuts. Nest associates included parasites of provisioned prey larvae and both parasites and predators of eumenids.
Quantum Trajectory-Electronic Structure Approach for Exploring Nuclear Effects in the Dynamics of Nanomaterials

A massively parallel, direct quantum molecular dynamics method is described. The method combines a quantum trajectory (QT) representation of the nuclear wave function discretized into an ensemble of trajectories with an electronic structure (ES) description of electrons, namely using the density functional tight binding (DFTB) theory. Quantum nuclear effects are included into the dynamics of the nuclei via quantum corrections to the classical forces. To reduce computational cost and increase numerical accuracy, the quantum corrections to dynamics resulting from localization of the nuclear wave function are computed approximately and included into selected degrees of freedom representing light particles where the quantum effects are expected to be the most pronounced. A massively parallel implementation, based on the message passing interface allows for efficient simulations of ensembles of thousands of trajectories at once. The QTES-DFTB dynamics approach is employed to study the role of quantum nuclear effects on the interaction of hydrogen with a model graphene sheet, revealing that neglect of nuclear effects can lead to an overestimation of adsorption.
Proteomics-Level Identification of Degradation-Resistant Proteins Provide Insight about their Potential Roles in Organismal Adaptation to Stress

Some proteins are hyperstable, as demonstrated by their resistance to proteolysis and detergents, and their long half-life. Some of these proteins are characterized by having a high energy barrier toward unfolding that virtually traps them in their native state. This property of proteins, known as “kinetic stability” (KS), appears to be a strategy used by “mother nature” to protect certain proteins against aggregation, and premature degradation under stress conditions. In addition to saving organismal resources by avoiding frequent degradation-biosynthesis of proteins, KSPs could function under extreme stress to maintain vital functions needed for survival. On the basis of our observed correlation between KS and a protein's resistance to the detergent SDS, we developed a diagonal two-dimensional (D2D) SDS-PAGE method for the proteome-level identification of KSPs. We applied D2D SDS-PAGE to the lysate of Thermus thermophilus and E. coli followed by proteomics analysis, and identified over 100 KSPs. We also analyzed the cell lysates of various prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Our results suggest that KS was likely a critically important property of proteins for the adaptation and survival of microbial organisms under stress conditions. In contrast, the minimal abundance of KSPs in eukaryotic organisms implies an evolutionary compromise of KS in favor of more complex cellular defense, function, and regulation. Thus, D2D SDS-PAGE is a simple and powerful method that may be applied to any complex mixture of proteins to explore the biological and pathological significance of protein kinetic stability.
The asymptotic validity of theF-test in a two-stage least squares model

The usualF-test has been used to test a general linear hypothesis for a two-stage least squares method in a system of economic equations. However, we find that thisF-test is actually asymptotically invalid. Some suggestions are given for testing a general linear hypothesis in this situation.
Simulations of Pulsed Actuators for High-Speed Flow Control

High-speed flow control actuators based on a small-diameter source jet (on the order of one millimeter) impinging over a cylindrical cavity with an orifice at the cavity bottom take advantage of the resonance characteristics of supersonic impinging jets to generate a pulsed high-momentum microjet issuing through the cavity orifice. Such flow control actuators that generate unsteady microjets have undergone extensive experimental investigation and are intended for use in high-speed flow and noise control problems such as supersonic impinging jets and supersonic cavity flows. In the present study, a computational methodology based on highorder numerical techniques is utilized to simulate pulsed actuator flow fields and generate detailed flow field data regarding the operation of these control devices. We report our findings from the simulation of a baseline single-orifice pulsed actuator in this paper. The goal of this study is to utilize the simulation findings to gain a better understanding of the fluid dynamics related to pulsed actuator operation. The knowledge gained from this computational study will be utilized towards the design of further optimized actuators and development of a new generation of actuators that will implement active materials to generate broadband pulsed microjets.
Measurement of Extinction Limits and OH Radicals for Trimethybenzene and n-Propylbenzene Diffusion Flames

Kinetic effects of aromatic molecular structure on the extinction limits of diffusion flames have been investigated with toluene, n-propylbenzene, 124- and 135- trimethylbenzenes in the counterflow configuration. To validate the present kinetic models of these aromatic fuels, OH PLIF measurements have been conducted for each fuels and revealed that the present toluene and n-propylbenzene models reproduce reasonably OH concentration whereas 124trimethylbenzene model fails to predict the extinction limits of diffusion flames as well as OH concentration. The production and consumption pathways of OH radical were analyzed with toluene diffusion flames and found that the initial fuel fragmentation pathway significantly contributes to determine the OH concentration, which is the most important radical to produce the heat as well as to progress the chain propagation/branching reactions in order to sustain the diffusion flames for the given strain rate.
Growth of Presidential Government in Europe

The Unites States of America was the only country that came through the World War with its fundamental principles of government unchanged. War necessitates a powerful and, in a parliamentary sense, irresponsible executive. Wars cannot be won by deliberate assemblies nor by executives harassed by such assemblies. That great national emergencies call for a dictatora powerful and politically irresponsible executive-the Romans discovered two thousand years ago, and we of the twentieth century have re-discovered. To win the war France set up a dictator, and his name was Georges Cl6menceau: to win the war, Great Britain set up a dictator, and his name was Lloyd-George; to win the war the United States set up a dictator, and his name was Woodrow Wilson. To have attempted to carry on government under old parliamentary forms would have been ruinous, for warfare requires quick and decisive action-the very thing deliberative assemblies lack. The proposition is submitted that a government based upon a separation of powers lends itself more readily to concentrated and politically irresponsible executive power than do other forms of government. The parliamentary system is essentially a union of powers. Its differentiating characteristic is an intimate relation between the executive and the legislative branches, a relation so intimate as to amount to union. The executive can at all times be questioned and criticised by the legislative, and can be brought to task for its political failures. That results in responsibility and responsiveness, two sound principles of government. But under the strain of war the parliamentary system of responsible government broke down. The demand for quick and deci-
Abstract 2062: HIF-1 is required for ErbB2-mediated anoikis resistance

We have previously established hypoxia as an inhibitor of anoikis in mammary epithelial cells as exposure to hypoxic conditions results in suppression of anoikis and delays lumen formation in 3D acinar structures. Inhibition of anoikis in this system is dependent upon both maintenance of EGFR-mediated MAPK signaling and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1. In an effort to determine the mechanism through which hypoxic exposure maintains MAPK signaling in MCF-10As, we compared the gene expression profiles of normoxic and hypoxic 3D acinar structures using microarray analysis. Interestingly, of the more than 70 genes found to be significantly upregulated under hypoxic conditions, a subset of genes emerged that have been implicated in oncogenesis as mediated by, a well-established regulator of anoikis resistance in breast cancer cells. Based on this intersection between HIF and ErbB2 in anoikis-associated signaling as well as the fact that oncogenes, including ErbB2, are known to stabilize HIF under normoxic conditions, we sought to determine what role, if any, HIF-1 plays in ErbB2-mediated oncogenesis. MCF-10A cells overexpressing ErbB2 indeed show increased levels of HIF-1α mRNA and protein under normoxic conditions. We show, for the first time, that depletion of HIF-1 from ErbB2-expressing cells using RNAi leads to restoration of anoikis sensitivity which is associated with both decreased Akt and Erk signaling and the induction of the pro-anoikis protein Bim. This effect was specific to anoikis as depletion of HIF-1 had no effect on survival of attached cells. Similar effects of HIF-1 depletion on anoikis resistance were seen in the human breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 in which ErbB2 is amplified. Further, expression of at least four genes (integrin alpha 5, angiopoeitin-like 4, endothelin 2 and lysyl oxidase) identified in our microarray analysis as being upregulated by hypoxia also show enhanced expression in normoxic ErbB2-overexpressing cells as compared to parental MCF-10A cells. Here, we suggest that HIF-1 stabilization by ErbB2 under normoxic conditions is novel mechanism through which oncogenes protect cells from anoikis and plan to further explore the mechanism through which HIF-1 augments anoikis resistance in ErbB2-overexpressing cells, possibly by regulating metabolic activity. In addition, we predict that genes whose expression is upregulated by both ErbB2 and HIF-1 may serve as potential new therapeutic targets in the treatment of both hypoxic and ErbB2-positive cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2062. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2062
A “Permanent” HTS Magnet System: Key Design & Operational Issues and Applications

This paper describes a “permanent” high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnet system that combines the simplicity and ease of operation of a ferromagnetic permanent magnet with the strength capability and versatility in field generation of an electromagnet. Once energized and producing a desired field, the system, without coupled to a cooling source, can maintain the field for a long period. This HTS magnet is particularly suitable for a on-board or portable unit requiring a constant field and where “permanence” means a duration of hours, days, weeks, months, or perhaps years. The system’s other features are “recooling” and “recharging” capabilities designed to have the system: 1) recooled while it maintains its constant field to make, through periodic recooling cycles, the field literally permanent; and 2) recharged if its upper operating temperature is exceeded and the field decays. Also described are key design and operational issues as well as areas of future R&D.
Factors Impacting Job Satisfaction Among Police Personnel in India

Job satisfaction is important for both the employee and organization. Theories of motivation and job satisfaction have been applied in the context of police organizations, providing insight into organizational dynamics. On the basis of multivariate analysis of data collected from 500 police personnel in India, this article attempts to understand the impact of demographic factors, organizational, and job characteristics on job satisfaction. While some findings conform to existing research on job satisfaction in police organizations across the world, the study also arrives at contrasting results, which can be attributed to the unique organizational culture of police in India.