cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late Ordovician climate and sea-level record in a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic-evaporite lithofacies, Williston Basin, USA

Abstract The Late Ordovician late Katian was a period of generally warm, transitional greenhouse to icehouse climate with sea-level oscillations dominated by moderate-amplitude eustasy. This study aims to improve the understanding of the climatic and sea-level fluctuations prior to the end-Ordovician glaciation, using a comprehensive core, wireline log, and thin-section dataset spanning the topmost Red River-Stony Mountain Formation within the subsurface of North Dakota, Williston Basin, North America. Eleven facies are identified, interpreted, and grouped into four facies associations, including salina to peritidal evaporative, restricted-marine subtidal, open-marine subtidal, and open-marine deeper water. Stratigraphic trends, basin-wide facies variations, and correlation of individual surfaces for ~380 km across the study area, suggest that the facies were deposited under different climatic and sea-level regimes as part of the long-term Stony Mountain sequence. The sequence (37–52 m) is bounded by anhydrites (basin center) and their correlative thin exposure-related breccias (updip proximal basin), and contains a set of high-frequency sequences (HFS; 2–26 m) that can be traced across the study area. The lowstand systems tract (LST) anhydrites formed in a shallow and well‑oxygenated setting under an arid climate during relatively short periods of the basin restriction. The sea-level rise during the early transgressive system tract (TST) resulted in a higher evapotranspiration rate and an increasingly humid climate that peaked during the late TST with the input of siliciclastics off the Transcontinental Arch. The increased precipitation and runoff resulted in quasiestuarine circulation. Return to semi-arid conditions characterizes the highstand systems tract (HST), with increasingly more restricted, shallow-marine and oxygenated setting with antiestuarine circulation. The work provides insight into the interaction of siliciclastic input, climate, and sea-level changes on depositional dynamics and sequence architecture of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic-evaporite succession that formed in a tropical epicontinental basin setting prior to the end-Ordovician glaciation.
The Conflict Between the Nation and the State

The U.S. government and intelligence communities had recognized as early as 1950 that the most imminent and pandemic crises of nation-state conflicts would arise in Asia. Chapter Three elaborates ongoing struggles of nations and peoples against the intrusion of states in Asia, involving: the Moro and other Muslim communities in Mindanao, the Philippines; Rakhine, Karen, Mon, Arakan, and other sub-state autonomous communities in Myanmar; Tibetans and Uyghurs in the western region of the People’s Republic of China (PRC); West Papua in New Guinea; Kashmir in India, Pakistan, and China, as well as Assam in northeastern India; Khalistan and Balochistan in India, Pakistan, and Iran in South Asia; Kurdistan in the southwestern region of Asia; Ryukyuans (aka Okinawans) in the southern-most island of Japan; among others across various regions of Asia and beyond.
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are required to clear solid tumor in a patient-derived xenograft.

Existing patient-derived-xenograft (PDX) mouse models of solid tumors lack a fully tumor-donor matched, syngeneic, and functional immune system. We developed such a model by engrafting lymphopenic recipient mice with a fresh, undisrupted piece of solid tumor, whereby tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) persisted in the recipient mice for several weeks. Successful tumor engraftment was achieved in eighty-three to eighty-nine percent of tumor-infiltrating-lymphocytes-PDX (TIL-PDX) mice, and these were seen to harbor exhausted immuno-effector as well as functional immuno-regulatory cells persisting for at least six months post-engraftment. Combined treatment with interleukin-15 (IL-15) stimulation and immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) resulted in complete or partial tumor response in this model. Further, depletion of Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and/or Natural Killer (NK) cells before combined immunotherapy revealed that both cell types were required for maximal tumor regression. Our novel TIL-PDX model provides a valuable resource for powerful mechanistic and therapeutic studies in solid tumors.
Virtual vision outreach program: Give kids sight day (GKSD) 2020

Purpose : Give Kids Sight Day is an annual free outreach program in Philadelphia region, targeting low-income and underinsured communities. In 2020, a novel virtual screening program was conducted to face the challenges presented by the COVID19 pandemic. Continual innovation in vision screening methods is necessary to help reduce rates of blindness and visual impairment in children and adolescents. We performed a retrospective chart review to describe the outcomes of this new program. Methods : Families to be screened were sent a packet with an eye chart and a 5-foot string, as well as instructions. On GKSD, screeners called the families and instructed the adults through screening the children over the phone. Results were collected and children who failed screening were sent to Wills Eye Hospital for an in-person appointment for rescreening and evaluation. After the Wills Eye Hospital Institutional Review Board approved this study, registration forms and clinical charts of all patients who attended GKSD 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic characteristics and ophthalmic findings were analyzed. Visual acuity on virtual screening was compared with in-person vision testing using Pearson correlation coefficient. Further subgroup analysis is being conducted at the time of abstract submission. Results : Four hundred and seventy five children registered for virtual vision screening. Consequently, 151 children (43% female;27% speaking languages other than English) with median age 11 years (age range 5-17 years) who failed screening received in-person evaluation. Out of these, 19% children underwent an eye exam for the first time. Refractive errors correctable with glasses were seen in 88%;30 children with other diagnoses were referred to pediatric ophthalmology for further evaluation and management. There was a moderate correlation between screening and in-person visual acuity without refractive correction (R= 0.66 OD, 0.58 OS);and a strong correlation between screening and inperson visual acuity with refractive correction (R= 0.76 OD, 0.91 OS). Conclusions : The GKSD virtual visual acuity testing demonstrated good correlation with in-person visual acuity testing, supporting the virtual screening approach as a useful tool for future applications in vision outreach programs.
Africa and the Traditional Poor

Tribalism and Islamic terrorism are destabilizing democracy in Africa more than the problem of the poor. This is because the poor in Africa are still a traditional poor—that is, they live in rural villages and subsist on traditional agriculture and animal herding. In the emerging African cities, the problem of a majority poor will negatively influence politics in the future.
A comprehensive review of conventional techniques and biosensor systems developed for in situ detection of vibrio cholerae

Abstract Cholera is a global health problem causing up to 143,000 deaths every year. With the surge of suspected cholera cases exceeding 1.2 million in the largest ongoing worldwide humanitarian crisis since 2016, cholera has come to the fore as a global problem. Taking into consideration that the disease is mainly spread by contaminated water, there is a crucial need to ensure that water sources and food are not contaminated with toxigenic Vibrio cholerae, which is the pathogen that causes cholera disease. Determining if water sources are contaminated with the bacteria, and early diagnosis of suspected cholera cases are the two most important strategies to prevent the spread of this disease. However, plate culturing remains the gold standard for V. cholerae detection, which takes days to obtain results. Although molecular detection techniques are faster and more sensitive in detecting the bacteria, they require infrastructure and trained users that are not available in many situations. The field of biosensors is evolving away from sensing mechanisms to focus on the needs of healthcare providers and consumers. Medical professionals and industry care about using the best device for a specific problem more than how the instrument performs its function. Therefore, this review is organized by specific use cases and lists which analytical tools are currently available for each situation associated with Vibrio cholerae detection/monitoring and cholera disease diagnosis. We believe this format will help accelerate the translation of technology from the bench into products and provide insights about which areas require additional research.
The Role of Fantasy in the Battered Woman's Right to Bear Arms

Most debates over gun rights are either interpretive, about the meaning of the Second Amendment, or empirical, about whether guns enhance or undermine safety. My goal in this essay is to introduce a third factor into the debate: the “imaginary narrative.” When I say “imaginary,” I mean to suggest a narrative that does not reflect typical or common experience. I use the context of guns and domestic violence to illustrate the phenomenon. The pro-gun imaginary narrative, when it comes to domestic violence, involves a victim confronting her abuser. Because she has a firearm, she is able to protect herself from him. But that fantasy does not comport with the reality of intimate partner abuse. I propose here that we acknowledge and interrogate imaginary narratives lest our laws and policies become disconnected from the true needs of our society.
Quality management - the culture and climate

The effectiveness and success of an organization are not determined solely by the abilities and motivations of employees and managers. Nor are they measured by how well groups of people can work together, although both individual and group processes are critical to organizational success. The organization itself has an invisible quality, a certain style, a character and itself way how to get own organizational culture and climate. There are necessary for work environment and so to aim of organization's goals by managing human potential.
The Use of Case Studies in R&D Impact Evaluations

The use of case study methods in evaluating RD Yin, 1989), it is difficult to generalize from the findings from one setting (Cook & Campbell, 1979). This makes it difficult to identify and differentiate the use of case study separate from the other methods listed above.
Studies on distributed algorithm for network flow optimization problem based on tie-set flow vector space

Information networks have progressed rapidly toward large and complicated systems, and the amount of the information flowing through the networks is also increasing dramatically. Under these circumstances, it is important to establish distributed network management which utilizes network resources effectively. This paper presents a new approach to network optimization problems based on the theory of tie-set graph and tie-set flow vector space. A new distributed algorithm for network optimization is proposed, where local optimization on each tie-set leads to the global optimization of the network, autonomously. The proposed distributed algorithm can be applied to various network optimization problems.
Isolation and Screening of Protease Producing Bacteria from Soil

Proteases execute a large variety of functions and have important biotechnological applications. Proteases represent one of the three largest groups of industrial enzymes and find application in detergents, leather industry, food industry, pharmaceutical industry and bioremediation processes. In the present study soil sample is collected from college primesis and used for screening of protease producing bacteria. On the basis of colony size, texture, and microscopic characteristics, the isolates were identified as Bacillus sps .The two Isolated Bacillus sps were screened for protease producing ability on casein agar and gelatine agar plates. The zone formation around the bacterial colony indicated the protease positive strain which may be due to hydrolysis of casein and gelatine. Hence the strains were identified as a protease producer and it was taken for further experimental studies and biochemical test. The extraction of protease enzyme is important due to its wide industrial applications. Keywords : Proteases, Bacillus sps, Enzyme, Proteolytic Ubiquitous
A Multi-Frame Structure-from-Motion Algorithm under Perspective Projection

We present a fast, robust algorithm for multi-frame structure from motion from point features which works for general motion and large perspective effects. The algorithm is for point features but easily extends to a direct method based on image intensities. Experiments on synthetic and real sequences show that the algorithm gives results nearly as accurate as the maximum likelihood estimate in a couple of seconds on an IRIS 10000. The results are significantly better than those of an optimal two-image estimate. When the camera projection is close to scaled orthographic, the accuracy is comparable to that of the Tomasi/Kanade algorithm, and the algorithms are comparably fast. The algorithm incorporates a quantitative theoretical analysis of the bas-relief ambiguity and exemplifies how such an analysis can be exploited to improve reconstruction. Also, we demonstrate a structure-from-motion algorithm for partially calibrated cameras, with unknown focal length varying from image to image. Unlike the projective approach, this algorithm fully exploits the partial knowledge of the calibration. It is given by a simple modification of our algorithm for calibrated sequences and is insensitive to errors in calibrating the camera center. Theoretically, we show that unknown focal-length variations strengthen the effects of the bas-relief ambiguity. This paper includes extensive experimental studies of two-frame reconstruction and the Tomasi/Kanade approach in comparison to our algorithm. We find that two-frame algorithms are surprisingly robust and accurate, despite some problems with local minima. We demonstrate experimentally that a nearly optimal two-frame reconstruction can be computed quickly, by a minimization in the motion parameters alone. Lastly, we show that a well known problem with the Tomasi/Kanade algorithm is often not a significant one.
CFTP (Cray Fortran/ANSI Fortran '77 prefine): a tool to aid in hand-parallelizing sequential code

CFTP is a software tool designed to aid programmers in hand-parallelizing sequential ANSI Fortran 77 or CFT code. It assists the programmer by providing information about the code which the programmer must have in order to determine where parallel execution is safe and where it is not. CFTP collects information regarding the input code's usage of its variables. In doing so it builds a call graph, and performs intra- and interprocedural def-use, use-def, and aliasing analysis. CFTP makes the results of these different forms of analysis directly available to the user. >
Bone marrow stromal cells prevent apoptosis of lymphoma cells by upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins associated with activation of NF-kappaB (RelB/p52) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells.

Bone marrow stromal cells prevent apoptosis of lymphoma cells by upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins associated with activation of NF- κ B (RelB/p52) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells
Identification of the intermediate in the water formation reaction on Pt(111)

Abstract Adsorbed hydroxyl (OH(a)) has been identified by HREELS as an intermediate in the reaction of H2(g) +O(a) → H2O(a) on Pt(111). This OH(a) is different from the product of the reaction of water with adsorbed oxygen atoms which also occurs on Pt(111). Adsorbed water made by reaction ofH2(g) +O(a) has a HREEL spectrum different from that of water adsorbed from gas phase H2O and this is explained in terms of a difference in binding geometry for the two cases. Reaction generated water does not readily tilt to form hydrogen bonds.
Structure and properties of disiloxane: An ab initio and post-Hartree–Fock study

As a prototype of the SiOSi bonding region for silica modeling, especially the highly flexible SiOSi angle deformation, we studied the structure of disiloxane (H3SiOSiH3), with ab initio calculations on the SCF, MBPT (2), CCSD, and CCSD(T) levels of theory. The convergence of the results is studied for a series of basis sets of increasing quality. Large basis sets including f functions are necessary to obtain reliable results for the structure and the barrier to linearization of the molecule. The following structure and energy parameters are the results of CCSD(T)-fc/cc-pVTZ calculations: SiO distance is 1.645A, the SiOSi angle 145.3°, and the barrier to linearization 0.48 kcal/mol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Membrane processes for the removal of acid gases from natural gas. II. Effects of operating conditions, economic parameters, and membrane properties

Abstract The optimum process configuration and operating conditions of membrane processes for the removal of CO2 from crude natural gas have been identified in a previous study [B.D. Bhide and S.A. Stern, J. Membrane Sci. 81 (1993) 209–237]. The present study compares the separation cost for those membrane processes with that for diethanolamine (DEA) gas-absorption processes and also presents the results of further economic assessments of the membrane processes. For the selected base-case operating conditions, membrane processes for the removal of CO2 from natural gas are more economical than DEA gas-absorption processes over the entire range of CO2 concentrations considered. The effects of variations in the following factors on the relative economics of membrane and DEA gas absorption processes were also considered: (1) presence of H2O vapor and H2S in the natural gas feed, (2) flow rate of feed, (3) pressure of feed, (4) cost of feed, (5) permeability, expected life, effective thickness, and replacement cost of membranes, and (6) selectivity of polymer membranes, α*(CO2/CH4). These studies identify the ranges of economical operating conditions for membrane processes for the removal of CO2 and H2S from natural gas, and offer guidance for future improvements in membrane properties.
Inter-technique agreement between two- dimensional echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in the setting of bicuspid aortic valve disease

Background Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common form of congenital heart disease and 30-50% of BAV have an associated aortopathy. Accurate aortic measurements are therefore particularly important in these patients. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is typically used to follow the aortic size in these patients; however, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers the potential advantage of 3-dimensional datasets that can be used to make more accurate measurements. Intertechnique differences in aortic measurements for BAV patients using these techniques has not been extensively studied. Our aim was to evaluate the measurement variability associated with each technique and their mutual agreement in measuring the aortic root. Methods Retrospective review of patients with BAV who had both CMR and 2DE. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or 3D whole-heart imaging (Philips 1.5-T scanner) combined with offline analysis with double oblique planes were used to obtain measurements of the sinus of Valsalva (SOV) on CMR (dimension 1 and 2). On 2DE, the SOV was measured on the parasternal long axis view using the inner-edge to inner-edge technique. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to evaluate the inter-technique agreement between 2DE and CMR. Intraobserver reproducibility was measured as coefficient of variation (CV) and 95% confidence intervals between repeated measurements.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor type 2 (VPAC2) is the predominant receptor expressed in human thymocytes

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) binding sites have been identified in the human thymus, but the receptor subtype and how these receptors are distributed in the human thymus subsets is unknown. To assess gene expression, distribution, and receptor regulation of the two G-protein-associated VIP receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2 mRNAs were quantified using a novel fluorometric-based kinetic (real-time) RT-PCR. Bulk and fractionated thymocytes were stimulated via the TCR/CD3 receptor complex and anti-CD28. Our results demonstrate that thymocytes express higher levels of VPAC2 compared to VPAC1 expression in bulk thymocytes, CD4+CD8+ selected double positives (DP), and CD8 depleted thymocytes. Double negative cells express low levels of VPAC2 mRNA. We demonstrate T-cell activation-dependent down-regulation of VPAC1, but not VPAC2, in human thymocytes. This study reports the first direct evidence of a differential distribution and selective regulation of VPAC1 and VPAC2 gene expression in normal human thymocyte subsets.
Herbrand Award Acceptance Speech

This is a slightly enhanced version of the acceptance speech given by the author after receiving the Herbrand Award at the 19th International Conference on Automated Deduction (CADE-19) in Miami, Florida, on August 1, 2003. Historical matters related to Herbrand's theorem, higher-order logic, and the author's work are discussed. Contributions by others that have been helpful to the author are noted.
Pesticides that inhibit the ubiquitin-proteasome system: Effect measure modification by genetic variation in SKP1 in Parkinson's disease

Cytoplasmic inclusions known as Lewy bodies, a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, may protect against cytotoxic proteins. Since the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) degrades cytotoxic proteins, dysfunction in the UPS may contribute to PD etiology. Our goal in this study was to screen pesticides for proteasome inhibition and investigate (i) whether ambient exposures to pesticides that inhibit the UPS increase PD risk and (ii) whether genetic variation in candidate genes of the UPS pathway modify those increased risks. We assessed 26S UPS activity in SK-N-MC(u) cells by fluorescence. We recruited idiopathic PD cases (n=360) and population-based controls (n=816) from three counties in California with considerable commercial agriculture. We determined ambient pesticide exposure by our validated GIS-based model utilizing residential and workplace address histories. We limited effect measure modification assessment to Caucasians (287 cases, 453 controls). Eleven of 28 pesticides we screened inhibited 26S UPS activity at 10 µM. Benomyl, cyanazine, dieldrin, endosulfan, metam, propargite, triflumizole, and ziram were associated with increased PD risk. We estimated an odds ratio of 2.14 (95% CI: 1.42, 3.22) for subjects with ambient exposure to any UPS-inhibiting pesticide at both residential and workplace addresses; this association was modified by genetic variation in the s-phase kinase-associated protein 1 gene (SKP1; interaction p-value=0.005). Our results provide evidence that UPS-inhibiting pesticides play a role in the etiology of PD and suggest that genetic variation in candidate genes involved in the UPS pathway might exacerbate the toxic effects of pesticide exposures.
Latex Film Matrix Systems with a Concentration Gradient for Controlled Drug Delivery

Latex film matrix systems with a nonuniform drug distribution were prepared by a coating process. In this process a drug concentration gradient in the coating dispersion was generated by the progra...
Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets

Macrophages are strategically located throughout the body tissues, where they ingest and process foreign materials, dead cells and debris and recruit additional macrophages in response to inflammatory signals. They are highly heterogeneous cells that can rapidly change their function in response to local microenvironmental signals. In this Review, we discuss the four stages of orderly inflammation mediated by macrophages: recruitment to tissues; differentiation and activation in situ; conversion to suppressive cells; and restoration of tissue homeostasis. We also discuss the protective and pathogenic functions of the various macrophage subsets in antimicrobial defence, antitumour immune responses, metabolism and obesity, allergy and asthma, tumorigenesis, autoimmunity, atherosclerosis, fibrosis and wound healing. Finally, we briefly discuss the characterization of macrophage heterogeneity in humans.
Hip Labral Repair Options

Labrum repair is an important part of hip arthroscopy. Multiple short-term and biomechanical studies have shown that restoring the function of the labrum by repair is preferable to debridement in appropriate situations. There are multiple options for devices to repair the labrum and accessory devices to assist in repair. Options include traditional suture-loaded anchors and newer knotless anchors. There are absorbable, all-suture, and nonabsorbable anchors. This article reviews the anchors, techniques, and accessory devices that are available to the surgeon to facilitate labrum repair. Some of the pitfalls associated with labrum repair and how to avoid them are also discussed. Accessory devices include cannulas and a variety of suture passers.
Growth response of stable and primary cell cultures to l-ornithine, l-citrulline, and l-arginine☆

Abstract All 12 stable line cells and 30 primary cell cultures investigated required l -arginine as an essential amino acid for growth. l -Ornithine did not substitute for l -arginine in any of the cultures. All stable line cells established and subcultured for extended periods in cell culture utilized approximately equimolar quantities of l -citrulline as a replacement for arginine. The majority of primary cell cultures similarly utilized l -citrulline. The transplantable rat Walker carcinosarcoma 256 and mouse sarcoma 180, however, did not grow on l -citrulline. This was in contrast to the primary kidney, lung and testis of these same species of animals. Primary guinea pig lung, hamster lung, rabbit lung, chick embryo heart, lung and chorioallantoic membrane unlike the majority of primary cultures were unable to utilize citrulline. Calf testis, rat testis, chick embryo kidney and 5 week old cockerel kidney, lung and testis possessed a limited capacity to utilize l -citrulline for growth in place of l -arginine, l -Agmatine and l -canavanine inhibited growth of green monkey kidney cells. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Living coupling reaction in living cationic polymerization. 2. Synthesis and characterization of Amphiphilic A2B2 star-block copolymer : Poly[bis(isobutylene)-star-bis(methyl vinyl ether)]

Amphiphilic A2B2 star−block copolymers (A = polyisobutylene (PIB) and B = poly(methyl vinyl ether) (PMeVE)) have been prepared via the living coupling reaction of living PIB, using 2,2-bis[4-(1-tol...
Studies of Sensitivity and Electro-kinetic Potential in Leda Clay

IN a previous communication1, an anomalous difference was pointed out between two supposedly similar geological deposits from widely separated regions of the world. Whereas a relationship between sensitivity (the ratio of undisturbed shear strength to remoulded shear strength) and pore-water salt concentration has been reported for some Norwegian marine soils, this was not true for Leda clay from the Ottawa–Hull area in the St. Lawrence Lowland region of eastern Canada.
A naturalistic 10-year prospective study of height and weight in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder grown up: sex and treatment effects.

Objective To assess the effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its treatment on growth outcomes in children followed into adulthood. Study design Two identically designed, longitudinal, case-control studies of males and females with and without ADHD were combined; 124 and 137 control and subjects with ADHD, respectively, provided growth information at the 10- to 11-year follow-up. We used linear growth curve models to estimate the effect of time on change in height and whether this effect differed by sex and ADHD status. We also examined the effect of stimulant treatment on growth outcomes. Results We found no evidence that ADHD was associated with trajectories of height over time or differences at follow-up in any growth outcomes. Similarly, we found no evidence that stimulant treatment was associated with differences in growth. However, among subjects with ADHD, major depression was associated with significantly larger weight in females and smaller height in males. Conclusions Our results do not support an association between deficits in growth outcomes and either ADHD or psychostimulant treatment for ADHD. These findings extend the literature on this topic into young adulthood and should assist clinicians and parents in formulating treatment plans for children with ADHD.
Application of high-quality SiO2 grown by multipolar ECR source to Si/SiGe MISFET

A 5 nm-thick SiO2 gate was grown on an Si(p+)/Si(0.8)Ge(0.2) modulation-doped heterostructure at 26 C with an oxygen plasma generated by a multipolar electron cyclotron resonance source. The ultrathin oxide has breakdown field above 12 MV/cm and fixed charge density about 3 x 10 exp 10/sq cm. Leakage current as low as 1/micro-A was obtained with the gate biased at 4 V. The MISFET with 0.25 x 25 sq m gate shows maximum drain current of 41.6 mA/mm and peak transconductance of 21 mS/mm.
The INGECAD multidisciplinary integrated Computer Aided Engineering system

Abstract The application of Computer Aided Engineering techniques to the design and erection of process plants is an outstretched field spanning over a multitude of disciplines and needs. Insomuch as no single definition of CAE is unanimously accepted. The purpose of this paper is to define the key criteria of an integrated CAE system, and to discuss the solution developed by Ingevision to match these criteria. An information flow model of process plant engineering is presented as a background to the key criteria of CAE systems. This model includes multidisciplinary interfaces and project changes up to the as-built stage. The key quality criteria of CAE systems correspond to managerial issues, such as project control, to technical issues, consistency and quality assurance, and to economical issues, such as cost optimization. The INGECAD system answers these criteria with a tripod nucleus underlying a set of specialized applications. The nucleus includes a Data Base Management System, basic Graphical Tools, and a Decision Support System. The paper overviews the different modules of the INGECAD system emphasizing the general architecture and the basic tools. Specific examples are developed in functional design, cost optimized items selection, and semi-automated routing of piping system. These examples are not intended to illustrate exhaustively the capabilities of the INGECAD system, but rather to highlight some of the advantages the multidisciplinary integration of the system provides to the users.
“In the Beginning . . . ”: Tools for Talking About Resuscitation and Goals of Care Early in the Admission

Quality standards no longer allow physicians to delay discussing goals of care and resuscitation. We propose 2 novel strategies for discussing goals and resuscitation on admission. The first, SPAM ...
Effects of angiotensin II and vasopressin on human smooth muscle cells in vitro

Abstract Arterial smooth muscle cell hyperplasia is a histopathological marker of both hypertension and the initial stages of atherogenesis. In order to determine if vasoactive agents could promote arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation, two potent pressor hormones, angiotensin II and vasopressin, were tested in cell culture. Either one of these agents was added daily to cultures of human aortic smooth muscle cells maintained in homologous serum (HS) or fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 7 days, angiotensin II significantly enhanced cell proliferation in both types of sera. While vasopressin was found to be inhibitory in FBS, it also stimulated cell growth in HS. Furthermore, both peptides in HS induced an increase in average cell size. Comparative studies were conducted with human uterine smooth muscle cells and 3T3 mouse fibroblasts in order to determine the specificity of the growth effects for human vascular smooth muscle. The above in vitro studies suggest that angiotensin II and vasopressin, by modulating both number and size of arterial smooth muscle cells, may play a direct and until now unexpected role in the development of chronic vascular disease in man.
The effect of salts on the derivatization and chromatography of amino acids

Abstract This study was made to determine the effects of inorganic salts on the derivatization and chromatography of the N-TFA n-butyl esters of the amino acids. In general, the presence of an equal weight of inorganic salts to total weight of amino acids (or Wsalt/Wa.a. of 20 for each amino acid) on the derivatization and chromatography is not serious for qualitative work, but in certain cases can be significant in quantitative work. The following ions cause problems: oxalate, manganese(II), cobalt(II), nickel, zinc, tin(II), lead(II), chromium(III), and iron(III). When a I:I ratio of salts to total amino acid is present in the sample, it is suggested that they be removed by the use of ion-exchange chromatography. However, the following ions at a Wsalt/Wa.a. ratio of about 20 are not considered of significance: sodium, potassium, copper(I), silver, magnesium, calcium, barium, mercury(II), aluminum, chloride, bromide, acetate, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate. The repeated injection of a sample containing salt, such as sodium chloride, results in reduced response for all long retention time amino acids and for the internal standard, butyl stearate. However, the column is not harmed by the repeated injections, for when the injection port end of the column is cleaned, good quantitative results are again obtained.
Plane contact problem of the indentation of a stamp into an elastic wedge

We consider the contact interaction of a stamp with rectilinear base and an elastic wedge. One of the wedge faces is fixed, and the stamp edge touches the wedge vertex. Using the Wiener–Hopf method, we have obtained an exact solution of this problem. We have also determined the stress distributions in the contact region and on the wedge fixed face as well as the displacements of its free boundary.
The first organically templated layered iron phosphate: Hydrothermal synthesis, structure, magnetic properties, and the Mössbauer spectrum of [H3NCH2CH2NH3] 0.5[Fe(OH)(PO4)]

The first organically templated, layered iron phosphate [H 3 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ] 0.5 [Fe(OH)(PO 4 )], 1, has been prepared and characterized via single crystal X-ray diffraction, variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Phosphate 1 is synthesized from the hydrothermal reaction of FeCl 3 , H 3 PO 4 , ethylenediamine, and H 2 O in the mole ratio 1:3.6:4.2:444 for 64 h at 160°C and exhibits a layered structure consisting of infinite chains of edge-sharing {FeO 6 } octahedra linked into finite 2-D sheets by {PO 4 } tetrahedra that possess terminal P O groups which protrude into the interlamellar space. The infinite edge-sharing chains display a pairwise puckering resulting from the presence of trans μ 2 -OH groups arranged in a zig-zag fashion along the chain. The charge compensating ethylenediammonium cations contact both adjacent layers via an elaborate and complicated hydrogen bonded network. Crystal data for 1: FePO 5 NCH 6 , monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / c , a = 4.5010(7) A, b = 6.114(1) A, c = 18.460(3) A, β = 94.59(1)°, V = 56.4(1) A, Z = 2, d calc = 2.608 g·cm −3 ; 1650 reflections, R = 0.049. Variable temperature Mossbauer data, dc magnetization, and ac susceptibility measurements show that 1 undergoes a transition to a weak ferromagnetic state near 30 K.
Neural Expectation: Cerebellar and Retinal Analogs of Cells Fired by Learnable or Unlearned Pattern Classes

Neural networks are introduced which can be taught by classical or instrumental conditioning to fire in response to arbitrary learned classes of patterns. The filters of output cells are biased by presetting cells whose activation prepares the output cell to “expect” prescribed patterns. For example, an animal that learns to expect food in response to a lever press becomes frustrated if food does not follow the lever press. It's expectations are thereby modified, since frustration is negatively reinforcing. A neural analog with aspects of cerebellar circuitry is noted, including diffuse mossy fiber inputs feeding parallel fibers that end in Purkinje cell dendrites, climbing fiber inputs ending in Purkinje cell dendrites and giving off collaterals to nuclear cells, and inhibitory Purkinje cell outputs to nuclear cells. The networks are motivated by studying mechanisms of pattern discrimination that require no learning. The latter often use two successive layers of inhibition, analogous to horizontal and amacrine cell layers in vertebrate retinas. Cells exhibiting hue (in)constancy, brightness (in)constancy, or movement detection properties are included. These results are relevant to Land's retinex theory and to the existence of opponent- and nonopponent-type cell responses in retinal cells. Some adaptation mechanisms, and arousal mechanisms for crispening the pattern weights that can fire a given cell, are noted.
Parent‐Parent Support in the Care of High‐Risk Newborns

Despite the expertise of professional personnel in supporting parents of high-risk infants, parents with similar previous experiences can play a strong adjunctive role also. One program in which these parents were used as the key resource is described, including organization, actual operation, results, and problems.
The major mutation framework: efficient and scalable mutation analysis for Java

Mutation analysis seeds artificial faults (mutants) into a pro- gram and evaluates testing techniques by measuring how well they detect those mutants. Mutation analysis is well- established in software engineering research but hardly used in practice due to inherent scalability problems and the lack of proper tool support. In response to those challenges, this paper presents Major, a framework for mutation analysis and fault seeding. Major provides a compiler-integrated mu- tator and a mutation analyzer for JUnit tests. Major implements a large set of optimizations to enable efficient and scalable mutation analysis of large software sys- tems. It has already been applied to programs with more than 200,000 lines of code and 150,000 mutants. Moreover, Major features its own domain specific language and is de- signed to be highly configurable to support fundamental re- search in software engineering. Due to its efficiency and flexibility, the Major mutation framework is suitable for the application of mutation analysis in research and practice. It is publicly available at http://mutation-testing.org.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone: biosynthesis, cell biology, and bioactivity.

Introduction THYROID-stimulating hormone is a 28,000 dalton, pituitary-derived glycoprotein that is composed of two noncovalently linked subunits, α and β. TSH is chemically related to the pituitary gonadotropins, LH, and FSH, and to placental CG. TSH is synthesized by thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary and stored in secretory granules; it is released into the circulation in a regulated manner, binds to thyroid cells, and activates them to release thyroid hormones. Smith (1) and Allen (2) performed experiments in the early 20th century suggesting that the pituitary contained a thyrotropic substance. Subsequently the subunit structure of the glycoprotein hormones has been determined, and the amino acid sequences of TSH subunits from several species have been learned. In recent years great progress has been made in determining the structures of TSH α and β-subunit genes and the chromosomal localizations and regulation of those genes. These advances have recently been reviewed by Shupnik et al. (3). The p...
Composition and occurrence of lipid droplets in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme

Inclusions of neutral lipids termed lipid droplets (LDs) located throughout the cell were identified in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme by staining with lipophylic fluorescent dyes. LDs increased in number upon entry into stationary phase and addition of exogenous fructose indicating a role for carbon storage, whereas high-light stress did not increase LD numbers. LD accumulation increased when nitrate was used as the nitrogen source during exponential growth as compared to added ammonia or nitrogen-fixing conditions. Analysis of isolated LDs revealed enrichment of triacylglycerol (TAG), α-tocopherol, and C17 alkanes. LD TAG from exponential phase growth contained mainly saturated C16 and C18 fatty acids, whereas stationary phase LD TAG had additional unsaturated fatty acids characteristic of whole cells. This is the first characterization of cyanobacterial LD composition and conditions leading to their production. Based upon their abnormally large size and atypical location, these structures represent a novel sub-organelle in cyanobacteria.
Difference Fourier analysis of "surface features" of bacteriorhodopsin using glucose-embedded and frozen-hydrated purple membrane.

Abstract A difference Fourier map of the projected structure of bacteriorhodopsin has been synthesized from electron diffraction amplitudes collected from membranes prepared in the glucose-embedded state and the frozen-hydrated state. Phases of a recently published data set for glucose-embedded specimens [1] were used for the difference Fourier map. Moderate resolution (9 A) and high resolution (4.25 A) maps both indicate that glucose is exchangeable for water in the region of the map corresponding to the lipid regions. We interpret this as indicating that there is a small surface depression in this region of the structure. The depth of this feature is estimated to be 1 6 the thickness of the protein region in the membrane. The data obtained in this study rules out the existence of an aqueous transmembrane channel, the dimensions of which are large enough to allow free exchange of glucose for water. Several new features are also observed in the protein region of the membrane. These features are probably due to segments of the polypeptide at the aqueous interface that are well ordered in frozen-hydrated specimens but not in glucose-embedded specimens. Candidate structures for the origin of these features are extensions of the helices, or linker regions connecting the helices.
Host genes that influence transposition in yeast: the abundance of a rare tRNA regulates Ty1 transposition frequency.

Abstract Genetic screening of a yeast genomic library in a high-copy-number vector identified the normally single copy tRNA(CCU Arg) gene as one of the genes and reduces Ty1 transposition frequency when overexpressed. Immunoblot analyses of Ty1-encoded proteins indicate an inverse correlation between the copy number of the tRNA gene and the production of the TYB protein. Thus, Ty1 transposition frequency is apparently regulated by the level of tRNA(CCU Arg) in yeast cells.
Automated extraction of fire line parameters from multispectral infrared images

Remotely sensed infrared images are often used to assess wildland fire conditions. Separately, fire propagation models are in use to forecast future conditions. In the Dynamic Data-Driven Application System (DDDAS) concept, the fire propagation model will react to the image data, which should produce more accurate predictions of fire propagation. In this study we describe a series of image processing tools that can be used to extract fire propagation parameters from multispectral infrared images so that the parameters can be used to drive a fire propagation model built upon the DDDAS concept. The method is capable of automatically determining the fire perimeter, active fire line, and fire propagation direction. A multi-band image gradient calculation, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the Normalized Difference Burn Ratio along with several standard image processing techniques are used to identify and constrain the fire propagation parameters. These fire propagation parameters can potentially be used within the DDDAS modeling framework for model update and adjustment.
Covering the Uninsured in the United States

One of the major social policy issues facing the United States in the first decade of the twenty-first century is the large number of Americans lacking health insurance. This article surveys the major economic issues around covering the uninsured. I review the facts on insurance coverage and the nature of the uninsured; explore explanations for why the United States has such a large, and growing, uninsured population; and discuss why we should care if individuals are uninsured. I then examine policy options to address the problem of the uninsured, beginning with a discussion of the key issues and available evidence and then turning to estimates from a micro-simulation model of the impact of alternative interventions to increase insurance coverage.
Parenting Adolescents Wisely: The Effectiveness of an Interactive Videodisk Parent Training Program in Appalachia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Parenting Adolescents Wisely (PAW), a brief interactive laserdisk parent training program in rural Appalachia. Thirty-eight mothers were assigned to either parent training via the PAW program or a no-treatment control group. Compared to the control group, the mothers who used the PAW program reported increased knowledge of adaptive parenting practices at one month follow-up as well as significantly lower frequencies of child problem behaviors at one and three month follow-ups respectively. No differences were found on the mothers' reports of their parenting practices. These findings indicate that the PAW program may be a useful tool for instructing rural parents in adaptive parenting skills.
The effect of the physical form of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) carriers on the humoral immune response to co-delivered antigen.

Abstract A model shed antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), was incorporated into polymeric biomaterial carriers made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in the form of microparticles (MP) or scaffolds (SC). These polymeric biomaterial carrier vehicles with incorporated antigen were then injected or implanted into mice and the resulting time-dependent systemic humoral immune response towards the controlled released OVA was assessed by following the OVA-specific IgG concentration and isotypes using ELISA. To assess the differential level of enhancement of the immune response depending on the form of carrier vehicle (MP vs. SC), the total amount of polymer and OVA delivered was kept constant as well as the release rate of OVA for both carrier vehicles. The level of the humoral immune response was higher and sustained for OVA released from PLGA SC which were implanted with associated tissue damage, and lower and transient when the same amount of polymer and OVA were delivered from PLGA MP, which were minimally invasively delivered by injection. This immune response was primarily Th2 helper T cell-dependent, although for the strong adjuvant, CFA, and PLGA SC carriers there was both a Th2 and Th1 response contribution. These results implicate ‘danger signals’ associated with the implantation of the scaffolds due to tissue injury which primed the system for an enhanced immune response.