cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extreme stress gradient effects on the fatigue behavior of Ni notched microbeams

Abstract The fully-reversed bending fatigue behavior of 20-μm-thick electroplated Ni notched microbeams actuated at resonance (∼8 kHz) was characterized in humid air environments, in an effort to investigate the effects of extreme stress gradients (normalized stress gradients of 36%/μm over the first 2 μm at the notch root) in small-scale fatigue. Compared to our previous study, larger driving forces (stress amplitudes up to 510 MPa (60% of the ultimate tensile strength), corresponding to plastic strain amplitudes up to ∼0.1%) were applied, leading to the propagation of microstructurally small cracks ahead of the notch. The endurance limit reaches 50% of the ultimate tensile strength, and the Basquin and Coffin–Manson fits for the stress and strain-life curves, respectively, exhibit much lower (in absolute value) fatigue exponents that typical values for bulk metals. This singular behavior is explained by the ultraslow and decelerating crack growth rates, calculated based on the measured resonance frequency evolution during the fatigue tests, which appear to characterize the growth of microstructurally small cracks under extreme stress gradients. This study highlights the need to further characterize the effects of different stress gradients values on crack growth rates and fatigue lives in order to accurately predict the small-scale fatigue damage in metallic microbeams.
Albert E. Klinkicht Award, 1972. Heel cord advancement. A new approach to the spastic equinus deformity.

Summary 1. The technique of heel cord advancement for the treatment of the spastic equinus deformity has been described, including a possible theoretical explanation for its success. 2. The operation is especially suited to the growing child, since it obviates the need for postoperative bracing, in contrast to tendo Achillis lengthening in which postoperative bracing during the growth years is necessary to prevent recurrent deformity. 3. The results of heel cord advancement are at least as good as those achieved with tendo Achillis lengthening.
Common human ANK2 variant confers in vivo arrhythmia phenotypes

Background Human ANK2 (ankyrin-B) loss-of-function variants are directly linked with arrhythmia phenotypes. However, in atypical non–ion channel arrhythmia genes such as ANK2 that lack the same degree of robust structure/function and clinical data, it may be more difficult to assign variant disease risk based simply on variant location, minor allele frequency, and/or predictive structural algorithms. The human ankyrin-B p.L1622I variant found in arrhythmia probands displays significant diversity in minor allele frequency across populations. Objective The objective of this study was to directly test the in vivo impact of ankyrin-B p.L1622I on cardiac electrical phenotypes and arrhythmia risk using a new animal model. Methods We tested arrhythmia phenotypes in a new "knock-in" animal model harboring the human ankyrin-B p.L1622I variant. Results Ankyrin-B p.L1622I displays reduced posttranslational expression in vivo, resulting in reduced cardiac ankyrin-B expression and reduced association with binding-partner Na/Ca exchanger. Ankyrin-B L1622I/L1622I mice display changes in heart rate, atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction, and alterations in repolarization. Furthermore, ankyrin-B L1622I/L1622I mice display catecholamine-dependent arrhythmias. At the cellular level, ankyrin-B L1622I/L1622I myocytes display increased action potential duration and severe arrhythmogenic afterdepolarizations that provide a mechanistic rationale for the arrhythmias. Conclusion Our findings support in vivo arrhythmogenic phenotypes of an ANK2 variant with unusual frequency in select populations. On the basis of our findings and current clinical data, we support classification of p.L1622I as a "mild" loss-of-function variant that may confer arrhythmia susceptibility in the context of secondary risk factors including environment, medication, and/or additional genetic variation.
Effect of glycemic state on hospital mortality in critically ill surgical patients.

Intensive insulin therapy can reduce mortality. Hypoglycemia related to intensive therapy may worsen outcomes. This study compared risk adjusted mortality for different glycemic states. A retrospective review of patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit over 4 years was performed. Patients were divided into glycemic groups: HYPER (≥1 episode > 180 mg/dL, any 180), BOTH (≥1 episode 180 mg/dL), NORMO (all episodes 60-180 mg/dL), HYPER-Only (≥1 episode > 180, none 180 mg/dL). Observed to expected Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III mortality ratios (O/E) were studied. Number of adverse glycemic events was compared with mortality. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred in 18 per cent and 50 per cent of patients. Mortality was 12.4 per cent (O/E = 0.88). BOTH had the highest O/E ratio (1.43) with HYPO the second highest (1.30). Groups excluding hypoglycemia (NORMO and HYPER-only) had the lowest O/E ratios: 0.56 and 0.88. Increasing number of hypoglycemic events were associated with increasing O/E ratio: 0.69 O/E for no events, 1.19 for 1-3 events, 1.35 for 4-6 events, 1.9 for 7-9 events, and 3.13 for ≥ 10 events. Ten or more hyperglycemic events were needed to significantly associate with worse mortality (O/E 1.53). Hyper- and hypoglycemia increase mortality compared with APACHE III expected mortality, with highest mortality risk if both are present. Hypoglycemia is associated with worse risk. Glucose control may need to be loosened to prevent hypoglycemia and reduce glucose variability.
Family Contexts of Academic Socialization: The Role of Culture, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status

Family contexts of academic socialization have received growing attention as a way to facilitate the educational development of children and adolescents. The goal of this special issue is to present comparative and complex perspectives about the roles of culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) in multifaceted academic socialization processes from preschool to college. This introduction discusses the roles of culture, ethnicity, and SES in family academic socialization processes, summarizes various themes across the five articles in this issue, presents brief overviews of each article, and addresses future directions of these lines of research.
Platinum-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization.

Recent developments in C–H bond activation and functionalization by Pt complexes are surveyed. Topics include the following: fundamental mechanistic investigations of C–H activation; stoichiometric intra- and intermolecular C–H activation; reactions of dioxygen with Pt(II) complexes that may be relevant to substrate oxygenation; and both stoichiometric and catalytic formation of C–O, C–C, and C–B bonds via C–H activation. Current interests and trends are discussed, both in the context of historical work and to forecast future directions and opportunities for the field.
Edge effects reverse facilitation by a widespread foundation species

Dense aggregations of foundation species often mitigate environmental stresses for organisms living among them. Considerable work documents such benefits by comparing conditions inside versus outside these biogenic habitats. However, environmental gradients commonly arise across the extent of even single patches of habitat-forming species, including cases where stresses diverge between habitat interiors and edges. We ask here whether such edge effects could alter how habitat-forming species influence residents, potentially changing the strength or direction of interactions (i.e., from stress amelioration to exacerbation). We take as a model system the classic marine foundation species, Mytilus californianus, the California mussel. Results demonstrate that mussel beds both increase and decrease thermal stresses. Over a distance of 6 to 10 cm from the bed interior to its upper surface, peak temperatures climb from as much as 20 °C below to 5 °C above those of adjacent bedrock. This directional shift in temperature modification affects interactions with juvenile mussels, such that thermal stresses and associated mortality risk are higher at the bed surface, but substantially reduced deeper within the adult matrix. These findings provide a case example of how stress gradients generated across biogenic habitats can markedly alter ecological interactions even within a single habitat patch.
Delineating wetland catchments and modeling hydrologic connectivity using LiDAR data and aerial imagery

Abstract. In traditional watershed delineation and topographic modeling, surface depressions are generally treated as spurious features and simply removed from a digital elevation model (DEM) to enforce flow continuity of water across the topographic surface to the watershed outlets. In reality, however, many depressions in the DEM are actual wetland landscape features with seasonal to permanent inundation patterning characterized by nested hierarchical structures and dynamic filling–spilling–merging surface-water hydrological processes. Differentiating and appropriately processing such ecohydrologically meaningful features remains a major technical terrain-processing challenge, particularly as high-resolution spatial data are increasingly used to support modeling and geographic analysis needs. The objectives of this study were to delineate hierarchical wetland catchments and model their hydrologic connectivity using high-resolution lidar data and aerial imagery. The graph-theory-based contour tree method was used to delineate the hierarchical wetland catchments and characterize their geometric and topological properties. Potential hydrologic connectivity between wetlands and streams were simulated using the least-cost-path algorithm. The resulting flow network delineated potential flow paths connecting wetland depressions to each other or to the river network on scales finer than those available through the National Hydrography Dataset. The results demonstrated that our proposed framework is promising for improving overland flow simulation and hydrologic connectivity analysis.
MEASUREMENT OF $lambda$$sup 0$ MASS.

Using $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ hyperons produced by negative kaons in a helium bubble chamber, we have measured the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ mass to be ${M}_{{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}}=1115.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 \frac{\mathrm{MeV}}{{c}^{2}}$. This result is based mainly on curvature and angle measurements of the proton and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ tracks from the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ decay.
Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids (F3HK): An innovative community supported agriculture intervention to prevent childhood obesity in low-income families and strengthen local agricultural economies

Childhood obesity persists in the United States and is associated with serious health problems. Higher rates of obesity among children from disadvantaged households may be, in part, attributable to disparities in access to healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables. Community supported agriculture can improve access to and consumption of fresh produce, but the upfront payment structure, logistical barriers, and unfamiliarity with produce items may inhibit participation by low-income families. The aim of this project is to assess the impact of subsidized, or “cost-offset,” community supported agriculture participation coupled with tailored nutrition education for low-income families with children. The Farm Fresh Foods for Healthy Kids community-based, randomized intervention trial will build on formative and longitudinal research to examine the impact of cost-offset community supported agriculture on diet and other health behaviors as well as the economic impacts on local economies. The intervention will involve reduced-price community supported agriculture shares which can be paid for on a weekly basis, nine skill-based and seasonally-tailored healthy eating classes, and the provision of basic kitchen tools. Low income families with at least one child aged 2–12 years will be recruited to join existing community supported agriculture programs in New York, North Carolina, Vermont, and Washington. In each program, families will be randomized 1:1 to intervention or delayed intervention groups. Data will be collected at baseline, and in the fall and spring for 3 years. The primary outcomes are children’s intake of fruits and vegetables and foods high in sugar and/or (solid) fat, as well as diet quality; secondary outcomes include physical, behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental variables. Cost-effectiveness and economic impact at the farm and community levels also will be assessed. This integrated project will provide important information and contribute to the evidence base regarding the use of local agricultural interventions to improve children’s dietary behaviors and weight maintenance. Findings also will inform the development of a toolkit for farmers and education modules related to local food system innovations for undergraduate and graduate students. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02770196 . Registered 5 April 2016.
Reflections on Moral Care When Conducting Qualitative Research about Suicide in the United States Military

Critical suicidology (White, Marsh, Kral, & Morris, 2016 ) offers a critique of positivism as the mainstream rhetoric of scientific research. In this article, the authors add a critique to the moral detachment of scientific inquiry (Wilkinson & Kleinman, 2016 ) in suicidology. They provide a discussion at the intersection of theory and research when considering moral care of all stakeholders in the implementation of suicide research toward the development of more humanitarian policies and program alternatives. The authors reflect upon their experience of conducting an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Finlay, 2011 ) on suicide in the U.S. military.
Onsets of Solar Proton Events in Satellite and Ground Level Observations: A Comparison

The early detection of solar proton event (SPE) onsets is essential for protecting humans and electronics in space, as well as passengers and crew at aviation altitudes. Two commonly compared methods for observing SPEs that are sufficiently large and energetic to be detected on the ground through the creation of secondary radiation — known as ground level enhancements (GLEs) — are (1) a network of ground-based Neutron Monitors (NMs), and (2) satellite-based particle detectors. Until recently, owing to the different time-resolution of the two data sets, it has not been feasible to compare these two types of observations using the same detection algorithm. This paper presents a comparison between the two observational platforms using newly-processed >100 MeV 1-min count rates and fluxes from NOAA's GOES 8-12 satellites, and 1-min count rates from the Neutron Monitor Database. We applied the same detection algorithm to each dataset (tuned to the different background noise levels of the instrument types). Seventeen SPEs with GLEs were studied: GLEs 55-70 from Solar Cycle 23 and GLE 71 from Solar Cycle 24. The median difference in the event detection times by GOES and NM data is 0 minutes, indicating no innate benefit in time of either system. The 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of the onset time differences (GOES minus NMs) are -7.2 min, -1.5 min, 2.5 min, and 4.2 min, respectively. This is in contrast to previous studies in which NM detections led GOES by 8 to 52 minutes without accounting for different alert protocols.
Research Misconduct in FDA-Regulated Clinical Trials: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Warning Letters and Disqualification Proceedings.

Background:The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ensures that clinical trials meet regulatory and ethical standards through inspections of researchers, also known as clinical investigators. Ins...
Energy Renormalization Method for the Coarse-Graining of Polymer Viscoelasticity

Developing temperature transferable coarse-grained (CG) models is essential for the computational prediction of polymeric glass-forming (GF) material behavior, but their dynamics are often greatly altered from those of all-atom (AA) models mainly because of the reduced fluid configurational entropy under coarse-graining. To address this issue, we have recently introduced an energy renormalization (ER) strategy that corrects the activation free energy of the CG polymer model by renormalizing the cohesive interaction strength e as a function of temperature T, i.e., e(T), thus semiempirically preserving the T-dependent dynamics of the AA model. Here we apply our ER method to consider—in addition to T-dependency—the frequency f-dependent polymer viscoelasticity. Through small-amplitude oscillatory shear molecular dynamics simulations, we show that changing the imposed oscillation f on the CG systems requires changes in e values (i.e., e(T, f)) to reproduce the AA viscoelasticity. By accounting for the dynamic...
Co-Presentation of Giant Cell Arteritis and Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Case Report and Review of Literature

BACKGROUND Systemic vasculitis can present with a multitude of symptoms involving multiple organ systems. Clinicians should avoid anchoring bias and be cognizant that different types of vasculitides can be present in the same patient and that the diagnosis of one should not preclude the subsequent diagnosis of another. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of episodes of epistaxis and recurrent severe sinusitis. Her physical examination showed nasal congestion and purpuric rash on the lower extremities. CT of the sinuses showed severe mucosal thickening. ANCA serologies were positive with a c-ANCA titer of 1: 5120 and anti-proteinase-3 (anti-PR3) antibodies of 1061 units. Serum creatinine was elevated at 1.32 mg/dL (GFR of 40.62 ml/min). Urine analysis showed proteinuria and hematuria. The patient declined treatment initially, but while awaiting kidney biopsy she developed episodes of headache and blurry vision. She underwent right temporal artery biopsy 4 days later, which confirmed the diagnosis of GCA. The biopsy showed characteristic histopathology findings and she was started on 60 mg of prednisone daily. The kidney biopsy showed pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis (PICGN) consistent with ANCA-associated vasculitis. We identified all the cases of co-presentation of GCA and GPA in the literature and summarized their clinical features in this report. CONCLUSIONS Astute clinicians should be cognizant of overlapping and atypical presentations of vasculitides to avoid delayed diagnosis and errors in management.
Structural Performance of the First SSC Design B Dipole Magnet

The first Design B Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) dipole magnet has been successfully tested. This magnet was heavily instrumented with temperature and strain gage sensors in order to evaluate its adherence to design constraints and design calculations. The instrumentation and associated data acquisition system allowed monitoring of the magnet during cooldown, warmup, and quench testing. This paper will focus on the results obtained from structural measurements on the suspension system during normal and rapid cooldowns and during quench studies at full magnet current.
Kontroversen um die Einteilung thorakolumbaler Frakturen

Klassifikationssysteme konnen das Verstandnis von Erkrankungen fordern und das Management verbessern. Beim Wirbelsaulentrauma, besonders beim thorakolumbalen, sind die Konzepte immer noch disparat: eher dekriptive, begriffsbasierte Systemen einerseits und nach Schweregrad einteilende Score-Systeme andererseits. Bei der Versorgung von thorakolumbalen Traumata sind wir als „Wirbelsaulen-Community“ vielleicht schon weiter als andere Fachrichtungen auf dem Weg zu einem weltweit akzeptierten, „universellen“ Klassifikationssystem. Doch noch ist viel zu tun, und wir mussen alle fur die Evaluierung und Implementierung innovativer Ansatze offen sein.
The Medicalization of Mental Disorder

Medicalization occurs when previously nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of an illness or disorder. After setting the historical context for how certain forms of deviant behavior became defined and treated as medical and psychiatric problems, we examine three more recent instances of medicalization. First is the growth of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from a children’s disorder to a lifespan disorder, which highlights medicalization through the expansion of an existing medical category. Second, we discuss the emergence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) as a common diagnosis, focusing on how a pharmaceutical company initially marketed shyness and social anxiety as a disorder and then advertised Paxil as its preferred treatment. Third, we consider the debate about whether to remove the bereavement exclusion from the diagnostic criteria for depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, V (DSM-V), which would make normal grief a basis for psychiatric diagnosis and treatment.
Keep 'Em Playing: Strategies for Building Positive Sport Experiences.

Recent reports on youth sport participation continue to show alarming trends. Participation rates have been declining, particularly among children between the ages of six and 12 years old. Accordin...
Background independence: Lessons for further decades of dispute

Abstract Background independence begins life as an informal property that a physical theory might have, often glossed as ‘doesn't posit a fixed spacetime background’. Interest in trying to offer a precise account of background independence has been sparked by the pronouncements of several theorists working on quantum gravity that background independence embodies in some sense an essential discovery of the General Theory of Relativity, and a feature we should strive to carry forward to future physical theories. This paper has two goals. The first is to investigate what a world must be like in order to be truly described by a background independent theory given extant accounts of background independence. The second is to argue that there are no non-empirical reasons to be more confident in theories that satisfy extant accounts of background independence than in theories that don't. The paper concludes by drawing a general moral about a way in which focussing primarily on mathematical formulations of our physical theories can adversely affect debates in the metaphysics of physics.
An Energy-Efficient One-Shot Time-Based Neural Network Accelerator Employing Dynamic Threshold Error Correction in 65 nm

As neural networks continue to infiltrate diverse application domains, computing will begin to move out of the cloud and onto edge devices necessitating fast, reliable, and low-power (LP) solutions. To meet these requirements, we propose a time-domain core using one-shot delay measurements and a lightweight post-processing technique, dynamic threshold error correction (DTEC). This design differs from traditional digital implementations in that it uses the delay accumulated through a simple inverter chain distributed through an SRAM array to intrinsically compute resource intensive multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations. Implemented in 65-nm LP CMOS, we achieve an energy efficiency of 104.8 TOp/s/W at 0.7-V with 3b resolution for 19.1 fJ/MAC.
Locomotor suppression by a monosynaptic amygdala to brainstem circuit

The control of locomotion is fundamental to vertebrate animal survival. Defensive situations require an animal to rapidly decide whether to run away or suppress locomotor activity to avoid detection. While much of the neural circuitry involved in defensive action selection has been elucidated, top-down modulation of brainstem locomotor circuitry remains unclear. Here we provide evidence for the existence and functionality of a monosynaptic connection from the central amygdala (CeA) to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) that inhibits locomotion in unconditioned and conditioned defensive behavior in mice. We show that locomotion stimulated by airpuff coincides with increased activity of MLR glutamatergic neurons. Using retrograde tracing and ex vivo electrophysiology, we find that the CeA makes a monosynaptic connection with the MLR. In the open field, in vivo stimulation of this projection suppressed spontaneous locomotion, whereas inhibition of this projection had no effect. However, inhibiting CeA terminals within the MLR increased both neural activity and locomotor responses to airpuff. Finally, using a conditioned avoidance paradigm known to activate CeA neurons, we find that inhibition of the CeA projection increased successful escape, whereas activating the projection reduced escape. Together these results provide evidence for a new circuit substrate influencing locomotion and defensive behaviors.
Quantifying the benefit offered by transcript assembly with Scallop-LR on single-molecule long reads

Single-molecule long-read sequencing has been used to improve mRNA isoform identification. However, not all single-molecule long reads represent full transcripts due to incomplete cDNA synthesis and sequencing length limits. This drives a need for long-read transcript assembly. By adding long-read-specific optimizations to Scallop, we developed Scallop-LR, a reference-based long-read transcript assembler. Analyzing 26 PacBio samples, we quantified the benefit of performing transcript assembly on long reads. We demonstrate Scallop-LR identifies more known transcripts and potentially novel isoforms for the human transcriptome than Iso-Seq Analysis and StringTie, indicating that long-read transcript assembly by Scallop-LR can reveal a more complete human transcriptome.
The effects of base motion variability and soil heterogeneity on lateral spreading of mildly sloping ground

Abstract Centrifuge modeling has been used to observe some key characteristics of liquefiable soils during seismic motions. If carefully conducted, the results of centrifuge tests can be used for validation of constitutive models and numerical modeling tools. However, a thorough evaluation of numerical models requires knowledge of the soil properties and the uncertainties associated with these properties. Moreover, the base excitations achieved in centrifuge tests often vary from the target base excitation, and a fair evaluation of the quality of blind prediction of a centrifuge test requires an account of the uncertainties associated with the achieved base motion. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of the inherent variability present in the soil density and base motion on the lateral spreading of mildly sloping ground. The analysis combines fully-coupled non-linear finite element modeling with Monte Carlo simulation. The stochastic analysis is based on the variabilities observed in the density of the soil specimens and in the achieved base motions of the centrifuge tests conducted for the Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects (LEAP): LEAP-GWU-2015 and LEAP-UCD-2017. The two-surface plasticity model for sand is used to model the soil response. The model is calibrated against element tests performed on Ottawa-F65 sand to determine its liquefaction strength. The finite element model is pre-validated through deterministic simulation of the centrifuge experiments conducted during the LEAP project. The sources of variability are identified and their magnitudes are quantified based on the results obtained from the LEAP centrifuge experiments. First, the effects of the soil spatial variability are presented. Then, the effects of the base motion variability are discussed. Finally the combined effects of the variability in the soil density and base motion are evaluated. The results obtained from the stochastic analysis are compared with the variability in the soil response observed in the centrifuge experiments. The results obtained from this study show that by carefully modeling the different sources of variability, the stochastic analysis was able to model the observed variability in the lateral displacement of the centrifuge experiments. The results obtained confirm the observation that the lateral displacement of liquefiable soil is more sensitive to the base excitation variability than the variability in the soil density.
Examining Curriculum Differentiation of Education Management Organizations (EMOs) in 41 States.

This study seeks to understand the relationship between observable characteristics of schools operated by education management organizations (EMOs) and their organizational attributes. Most of the ...
Germline Gene Editing: Minding the Past and the Future.

In his “Revising, Correcting, and Transferring Genes,” Bryan Cwik calls for a more nuanced evaluation of germline gene editing interventions (Cwik 2020). Cwik contends that not all germline interve...
Hydroxyl Radical Generation through the Fenton-like Reaction of Hematin- and Catechol-Functionalized Microgels

Hydroxyl radical (•OH) is a potent reactive oxygen species with the ability to degrade hazardous organic compounds, kill bacteria, and inactivate viruses. However, an off-the-shelf, portable, and e...
Multi-factorial optimization of imaging parameters for quantifying coronary stenosis in cardiac CT

The accuracy and variability of quantifications in Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) are affected by imaging parameters and patient attributes. While patient attributes cannot usually be altered for a scan, imaging parameters can be optimized to improve the accuracy and precision of the procedure. This study developed a mathematical approach to find the optimal controllable parameters that maximize an ideal estimator, namely the Estimability index (e′), for quantifying coronary stenosis in cardiac CTA. We applied one-hot encoding to the categorical features and normalized the numerical features within 0 to 1. We applied a ridge regression model to the transformed data with polynomial feature transforms with degrees of 1 to 5. A grid search identified the polynomial model with the highest accuracy to predict the e′ value. We then evaluated the influence of each parameter and its permutation on the accuracy of the model. We formulated the corresponding optimization problem as maximization of e′ where the decision parameters are subject to linear constraints defining the upper bound and lower bound of each decision variable. We mathematically calculated the deterministic and probabilistic optimal controllable parameters across a range of deterministic and probabilistic uncontrollable parameters. The results showed that a reduced noise (less than 17 HU) and sharper MTFf50 (greater than 0.45 &#119898;&#119898;−1) maximizes e′. Moreover, the cardiac motion velocity had a higher impact on the deviation of the optimal decision variables compared to percent stenosis, vessel radius, plaque material, and lumen contrast.
Dipole Moment and Charge Reorganization in Photoredox Catalysts

We report evidence of excited-state ion pair reorganisation in a cationic iridium (III) photoredox catalyst in 1,4-dioxane. Microwave-frequency dielectric-loss measurements allow us to assign both ground and excited-state molecular dipoles and excited-state polarizability volumes. These measurements show significant changes in ground-state dipole moment between [Ir[dF(CF_{3})ppy]_{2}(dtbpy)]PF_{6} (10.74 Debye) and [Ir[dF(CF_{3})ppy]_{2}(dtbpy)]BAr^{F}_{4} (4.86 Debye). Photoexcitation of each complex results in population of highly mixed ligand centered and metal-to-ligand charge transfer states. Relaxation to the lowest lying excited-state leads to a negative change in the dipole for [Ir[dF(CF_{3})ppy]_{2}(dtbpy)]PF_{6}, and a positive change in dipole for [Ir[dF(CF_{3})ppy]_{2}(dtbpy)]BAr^{F}_{4}. These observations are consistent with a sub-nanosecond reorganization with the PF_{6}^{-} counter-ion. Taken together, these observations suggest contact-ion pair formation in [Ir[dF(CF_{3})ppy]_{2}(dtbpy)]PF_{6}. The ion pair reorganisation we observe with the PF_{6}^{-} may modify both the thermodynamic potential available for electron transfer and inhibit oxidative catalysis, providing a possible mechanism for recently observed trends in similar complexes.
Nimber-Preserving Reductions and Homomorphic Sprague-Grundy Game Encodings.

The concept of nimbers--a.k.a. Grundy-values or nim-values--is fundamental to combinatorial game theory. Nimbers provide a complete characterization of strategic interactions among impartial games in their disjunctive sums as well as the winnability. In this paper, we initiate a study of nimber-preserving reductions among impartial games. These reductions enhance the winnability-preserving reductions in traditional computational characterizations of combinatorial games. We prove that Generalized Geography is complete for the natural class, $\cal{I}^P$ , of polynomially-short impartial rulesets under nimber-preserving reductions, a property we refer to as Sprague-Grundy-complete. In contrast, we also show that not every PSPACE-complete ruleset in $\cal{I}^P$ is Sprague-Grundy-complete for $\cal{I}^P$ . By considering every impartial game as an encoding of its nimber, our technical result establishes the following striking cryptography-inspired homomorphic theorem: Despite the PSPACE-completeness of nimber computation for $\cal{I}^P$ , there exists a polynomial-time algorithm to construct, for any pair of games $G_1$, $G_2$ of $\cal{I}^P$ , a prime game (i.e. a game that cannot be written as a sum) $H$ of $\cal{I}^P$ , satisfying: nimber($H$) = nimber($G_1$) $\oplus$ nimber($G_2$).
Information, Physics and the Representing Mind

A primary function of mind is to form and manipulate representations to identify and choose survival-enhancing behaviors. Representations are themselves physical systems that can be manipulated to reason about, predict, or plan actions involving the objects they designate. The field of knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) turns representation upon itself to study how representations are formed and used by biological and computer systems. Some of the most versatile and successful KRR methods have been imported from computational physics. Features of a problem are mapped onto dimensions of an imaginary physical system in which solution quality is inversely related to energy. Simulating the fictitious physical system on a digital computer yields a low-energy, and hence high-quality, solution to the original problem. This paper suggests a rethinking of the traditional metaphor of cognition as execution of algorithms on a digital computer. It may be both more fruitful and more accurate to conceive of representation as mapping problem features to an energy surface, learning as identifying representations that map good solutions to low free energy, and problem solving as efficient search for low free energy states. This conception of cognition is in natural accord with Stapp's theory of efficacious conscious choice. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
Role of MoS2 morphology on wear and friction under spectrum loading conditions

One of the ways by which grease is evaluated is by using a four-ball wear test using ASTM D2266. However, actual applications may require bearings to be subjected to spectrum loading conditions. This study focuses on using ball milling to mitigate the wear from sharp edges in the MoS2 particles. Two different blends of greases were formulated using MoS2 in the as-received state (unmilled) and milled MoS2; they were tested under spectrum loading conditions where the load and frequency of the tests were treated as variables. It was found that ball milling of the MoS2 significantly reduces the wear under spectrum loading condition both for ramp-up and ramp-down conditions. It was also shown that shortening the time step for both the ramp-up and ramp-down cycles resulted in larger wear for unmilled MoS2 particles in comparison with milled MoS2 particles in grease. The milling process did not play a significant role when frequency of the test was either ramped up or down. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inductive response of oriented UPt3 in the superconducting state.

The inductive response of single crystals of ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ have been studied from 1 K to 70 mK using mutual inductance techniques to measure \ensuremath{\chi}' and \ensuremath{\chi}'' at 31.7 and 317 Hz and tunnel-diode resonant methods at 3 and 16 MHz, for the excitation fields parallel to the symmetry axis of the crystal. A double bump in the \ensuremath{\chi}'' measurements is clearly distinguishable and is consistent with the H=0 phase diagrams of other workers. The temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth has been extracted from the measurements, which indicate that the low-frequency results are linear for T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$0.5, while the high-frequency data indicate a power-law dependence close to ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$.
Locus of the Lethal Event in the Serum Bactericidal Reaction

Abstract Hypertonic sucrose inhibited the bactericidal activity of lysozyme-free serum against a rough strain of Escherichia coli. The duration of the inhibition correlated with the duration of plasmolysis caused by the sucrose. Although the lethal action of the serum was delayed, the prompt release of alkaline phosphatase by the cells suggested that nonlethal damage to the cell wall had taken place under these conditions. In contrast, the crypticity of the cells for β-galactosidase did not deteriorate until the viability of the bacteria began to decrease. It is concluded that the primary site of action of serum is at the bacterial cell wall; however, in the absence of lysozyme, the lethal event was subsequent damage to the bacterial cell membrane.
Biologic properties of eugenol and zinc oxide-eugenol: A clinically oriented review

Eugenol-containing dental materials are frequently used in clinical dentistry. When zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) is applied to a dentinal cavity, small quantities of eugenol diffuse through the dentin to the pulp. Low concentrations of eugenol exert anti-inflammatory and local anesthetic effects on the dental pulp. Thus use of ZOE temporary filling may facilitate pulpal healing; on the other hand, high eugenol concentrations are cytotoxic. Direct application of eugenol to pulp tissue may result in extensive tissue damage. The ability of ZOE-based endodontic sealers to influence periapical tissue healing is considered in view of eugenol's anti-inflammatory and toxic properties.
Proteolysis in Heat-stressed HeLa Cells STABILIZATION OF UBIQUITIN CORRELATES WITH THE LOSS OF PROLINE ENDOPEPTIDASE*

When intact HeLa cells were incubated at 45 degrees C, there was progressive inactivation of proline endopeptidase. Rapid loss of the enzyme did not occur in extracts maintained at 45 degrees C. Since Western blots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels showed no decrease in the immunoreactive 70-kDa proline endopeptidase band, its in vivo disappearance apparently results from irreversible denaturation or modification. Loss of proline endopeptidase activity was paralleled by reduced degradation of injected ubiquitin and bovine serum albumin. In contrast, proteolysis of injected lysozyme or pancreatic trypsin inhibitor was barely affected. Electrophoretic analysis of ubiquitin or bovine serum albumin retrieved from heated HeLa cells showed that the injected proteins were intact. Thus, the presence of proline endopeptidase appears to be required for initial cleavage of these two substrates, but it has not been shown that the enzyme is directly responsible. Selective stabilization of a subset of the injected proteins does, however, demonstrate the existence of distinct proteolytic pathways in HeLa cytosol.
Formation of the Sun and its Planets

The Sun formed 4.6 Gy ago, probably as a fragment of a collapsing gas and dust cloud in close association with other stars, from which cluster it was ejected rather early. Conditions in the Galaxy then were not remarkably different from what they are now. Material of the solar system was processed through at least two supernova events within ~200 My before its formation, the last of them recent enough (~2 My) that it plausibly influenced the collapse which formed then Sun.
When does structural brain change appear in schizophrenia and is it clinically relevant

Despite Kraepelin’s descriptions in the early 1900’s of structural brain pathology at the cellular level in patients with dementia praecox (Kraepelin 1919), little acceptance of this notion was present among 20thcentury psychiatrists who were focused on perfecting psychoanalytic techniques even for schizophrenia (Fromm-Reichmann 1943). Great care was taken to separate psychoses into those that were “organic” (i.e. a brain disease) and those that were functional (i.e. due to psychological factors; Davison 1987). Although early pneumoencephalographic studies clearly showed evidence that brain ventricular enlargement was present in patients with chronic schizophrenia (Haug et al. 1963, 1982; Huber 1957, 1979; Jacobi and Winkler 1927), it was not until Johnstone et al. (1976) and then Weinberger et al. (1979) demonstrated with CT that this finding was widely present in populations of patients with schizophrenia, that researchers began to accept its presence and attempt to uncover its relevance. When magnetic resonance imaging was available for human medical imaging, numerous brain scans of subjects with schizophrenia were examined further for both cortical and subcortical structural changes, and a large array of findings about brain structure, other than ventricular enlargement, emerged (reviewed in Shenton et al. 2001). Without any clear indication that duration of illness or any treatments had an effect on these findings, various brain developmental hypotheses about schizophrenia were proposed (Weinberger 1987; Murray et al. 1991; Feinberg 1982/83) and consideration was also given to a lifetime trajectory of deviant brain change that is likely to be genetically controlled (DeLisi 1997), or at least have both a developmental and degenerative component (Woods 1998; Waddington et al. 1997). In addition, what has emerged relatively consistently across studies is that some changes are asymmetrical and sometimes only relate to differences in asymmetry rather than absolute differences in one side of the brain, leading Crow and colleagues (1989) to propose that the primary defect in schizophrenia relates to the anomalous development of normal cerebral asymmetries.
THE CONTEXT‐DEPENDENT EFFECT OF MULTIPLE PATERNITY ON EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE

Effective population size (N(e)) is important because it describes how evolutionary forces will affect a population. The effect of multiple sires per female on N(e) has been the subject of some debate, at the crux of which is the effects of monandry and multiple-paternity (MP) on male variance in reproductive success. In both mating systems, females mate with several males over their lifetimes, but sire offspring with one male at a time in the former and have several sires per clutch in the latter. First, I theoretically show that whether the annual male variance in reproductive success in an MP population is greater or less than that of a monandrous population depends on the distributions of within-clutch paternity. Then, I simulated different distributions of within-clutch paternity under a range of parameters that characterize natural populations to show that an MP population can have an N(e) smaller or larger than that of a monandrous population with otherwise equal dynamics. The N(e(MP)):N(e(Monandry)) ratio increased with mating frequency and female variance in reproductive success, was equalized by long generation times, and was affected by the distribution of within-clutch paternities. The results of this model provide a unifying framework for the debate.
THE POLLS—A ReviewQUESTION WORDING AND REPORTS OF SURVEY RESULTS: THE CASE OF LOUIS HARRIS AND ASSOCIATES AND AETNA LIFE AND CASUALTY

It is now well known that reports of attitudes in surveys are subject to a host of response effects due to question formulation. Even apparently insignificant changes in question wording, form, or context can at times dramatically change the proportions of respondents expressing particular attitudes (see, e.g., Schuman and Presser, 1981). Thus, it seems clear that marginal distributions of responses to attitude measures are not perfect reflections of the distribution of opinion on some issue in a given population. Nonetheless, there are strong demands by policymakers and issue advocates to report marginals as a basis for assessing the public's will on policy matters. Taken together, these realities suggest that, when reporting marginal distributions of responses to attitude questions, survey researchers should report findings using the exact wordings of the questions that were asked (see, e.g., Schuman, 1986). This article describes a recent case in which this was not done. During September and October of 1986, Louis Harris and Associates conducted a national survey on public attitudes toward the civil justice system and tort law reform (Taylor, Kagay, and Leichenko, 1987). The survey was commissioned by the Aetna Life and Casualty, an insurance company that is often involved in civil litigation and that favors changes in some regulations governing civil lawsuits. The questions asked in the survey addressed topics ranging from citizens' perceptions of current problems with the civil justice system to citizens' attitudes toward proposed changes in the system. Some results of the siurvey were reported in an article in the New York Times on 7 March 1987 (Newton, 1987). The survey was characterized as indicating that although the public was satisfied with some aspects of the civil justice system, it was dissatisfied with others and favored many reforms. Most importantly, spokesmen from Aetna, the
Collaboration and Professionalization: The Contours of Public Sector Funding for Nonprofit Organizations

The nonprofit sector is evolving rapidly as organizations expand their focus on efficiency, sustainability, and accountability. Public agencies are changing as well, embracing collaborative public management and fostering stewardship-based contracting approaches. But how have all these developments influenced government funding for nonprofit organizations? Which types of nonprofits procure public funds, and how do patterns change over time? Based on 200 interviews with leaders of nonprofit organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area, I argue that standard management strategies for achieving mission have become increasingly relevant for procuring government grants and contracts. Results indicate that professionalization and collaboration are consequential for receiving government support, net of prior funding, and collaboration also contributes to total support from government. Building from these results, I conclude by discussing the opportunities and challenges of public–nonprofit relations.