cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking at burn wounds: the A. B. Wallace Memorial Lecture 1991.

Perhaps I am the first of the Wallace Lecturers not to have been able to meet Mr Alastair B. Wallace. I entered the field of clinical investigation into the effects of bum injury after his death. However it is evident to me that it is in large measure due to his advocacy of the concept of the specialist bum treatment unit (Wallace, 1958) that I am fortunate to be able to work today in this fascinating field. Wallace’s views on the appropriateness of bums units included the desirability of bringing patients together for the purposes of conducting research into the special problems associated with bum injuries. The name of our laboratory commemorates Wallace’s colleague, the late Mr Jim Ellsworth Laing, who by virtue of his opportunistic political skills was able to translate the visionary aspects of Wallace’s work into a working laboratory closely linked to the clinical operations of the Wessex Regional Bums Unit at Odstock Hospital in Salisbury. It is obviously a great compliment from the British Bums Association (BBA) to the Laing Laboratory that the memory of A. B. Wallace should be more closely linked with our work through the medium of this, the 1991 A. B. Wallace Memorial Lecture. I am grateful for the opportunity that the BBA has afforded me to present to you in this lecture some of my own views on perhaps the oldest, and possibly still most intransigent, problem in bum treatment, that of assessing the severity of the wound. Many members of the BBA will recall that Wallace himself, towards the end of his life, wrote a thesis on the Diagnosis of Depth of Bum Injury (Wallace, 1973), a topic that is exemplified in the rather throwaway title that I have given to this lecture. I have deliberately chosen the word ‘looking’ rather than the more stringent alternatives such as ‘examining’ or ‘assessing’ because of its implied wide connotations and linkages with the natural curiosity which is an integral part of clinical investigation. In the lecture I will be concerned to outline and assess the methods that are available to us today to examine bum wounds with a view to providing information about the severity of the injury. It should also be remembered that the assessment of the bum wound does not stop at this point and that a continuous process of assessment of the healing of the wound goes on until the patient is discharged from treatment. Thus it is not simply appropriate to consider methods of diagnosing
Endocrine and ultrasonographic characterization of a successful pregnancy in a Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) supplemented with a synthetic progestin

A Sumatran rhinoceros with a history of early pregnancy loss was supplemented with a synthetic progestin, altrenogest (Regu-Mate s ), and delivered a healthy, full-term calf 475 days after mating. Serum hormone concentrations were measured throughout gestation, and ultrasonography was used to monitor embryo/fetal growth and viability. The embryonic vesicle growth curve was characterized by three phases: rapid expansion, plateau, and a final rapid expansion, and was similar to that in the domestic horse. Fetal sex was determined by ultrasound on day 73 of gestation. After day 80 of gestation, transabdominal examinations were more useful than rectal examinations for imaging the fetus. Serum progesterone concentrations remained at luteal levels (1.570.5 ng/ml) for the first 2 months of pregnancy, and then they gradually increased. However, progesterone decreased almost to luteal levels during the fifth month before it increased again, and eventually reached peak concentrations (13.371.9 ng/ml) shortly before parturition. Relaxin concentrations remained basal (r0.5 ng/ml) for the first half of the pregnancy, increased to 2.771.2 ng/ml and stabilized until 2 weeks before parturition, when relaxin spiked to unusually high concentrations (800–1300 ng/ml). Prolactin concentrations were at baseline
Synthesis and Properties of 3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-n-pentyldiazirine, a Photoactivable General Anesthetic†

To overcome the difficulties of locating the molecular sites of general anesthetic action, we synthesized a novel photoactivable general anesthetic, 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-n-pentyldiazirine (3-diazirinyloctanol), which anesthetized tadpoles with an ED50 of 160 μM. Subanesthetic concentrations of 3-diazirinyloctanol enhanced GABA-induced currents in GABAA receptors, an effect that has been implicated in general anesthetic action. It also enhanced [3H]muscimol binding to this receptor. In muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAcChoR), it inhibited the response to acetylcholine with an IC50 of 33 μM. 3-Diazirinyloctanol's pharmacological actions were comparable to those of octanol. 3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-[4,5-3H2]-n-pentyldiazirine photoincorporated into Torpedo nAcChoR-rich membranes mainly in the α subunit with 70% being in a proteolytic fragment containing the M4 transmembrane segment. Agonist enhanced the photolabeling 10-fold in a fragment containing the M1, M2, and M3 transmembrane segments. Thus, 3-d...
Influence theory for color constancy models

The problem that color constancy models address is one of recovering the reflectances of a surface under different illuminants and spatial configurations. As models of the human visual system, they should recover surface reflectances when the human visual system recovers those reflectances and fail when the human visual system fails to recover those reflectances. Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine just when these models will recover surface reflectances and when they will fail. We introduce a theory of influence that quantifies the degree to which the lightness calculated for a given surface element is influenced by the receptor responses to other elements. Influence theory is shown to be a very useful tool for highlighting testable predictions that can discriminate among color constancy models without having to determine directly when they will recover surface reflectances. This technique for generating empirical predictions is demonstrated by studying the effects of choosing different normalizing functions on an asymptotic retinex algorithm.
Exploring pluralism—The many faces of Ayurveda

This paper argues that because Ayurveda is commonly approached as a single coherent tradition of medicine characterized predominately by the doctrines, clinical practitioners, and medical infrastructure that supports it, the rich diversity of empirical indigenous medicine available in the daily lives of the Sinhalese is often obscured. Thus the numbers of IMPs, the wide range of services they provide, and the importance of Ayurveda and Sinhala medicine as basic explanatory models of health and illness within the general population may be significantly under-estimated in analyses of Sri Lanka's medical system. In practice, Ayurveda is a dynamic phenomenon that offers multifaceted approaches to healing. These diverse healing formats develop to meet the constantly changing needs of the society and of illness patterns. This analysis views illness and health care in terms of the multiple systems of knowledge and action, phenomena and interaction, that characterize them as well as in terms of the medical treatises and institutions that formalize them. In this light, Ayurveda emerges as a plural medical system in itself. As such, it remains a fundamental means of defining and treating illness in Sri Lanka.
Effects of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth and metal concentration of seeds and plant tissues when cultivated in excess copper

Abstract Deposition of iron (Fe) plaque on roots of rice before exposure to excess of copper (Cu) was found to lessen the toxic effects of Cu. In the excess of Cu, plants with Fe plaque had significantly greater dry weight of roots and leaves, longer leaves, and roots, and higher concentration of Fe in leaves than plants without plaque. In the excess of Cu, plants without Fe plaque had more leaves showing chlorosis than plants with plaque. Iron plaque on roots appeared to be beneficial for seed formation, since plants with plaque grown without exposure to excess Cu had highest seed weight, although differences were not significant. In the excess Cu solution, plants with plaque had significantly more Fe in seeds and more Cu in roots and in the DCB (dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate) wash than plants without plaque.
Genotypic variation of soybean and cotton crops in their response to UV-B radiation for vegetative growth and physiology

The effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on seven cotton (DP 458B/RR, DP 5415RR, FM 832B, NuCOTN 33B, Pima S7, Tamcot HQ95 and SG 521B) and six soybean (D 88-5320, D 90-9216, Stalwart III, PI 471938, DG 5630RR, and DP 4933RR) genotypes were evaluated in sunlit controlled-environment chambers under optimum water, nutrient and temperature conditions. Plants were exposed to UV-B radiation levels of 4, 8, 12 and 16 (cotton); and 0, 5, 10 and 15 kJ m -2 d -1 (soybean) from emergence to 31 days after sowing (DAS) in cotton and 58 DAS in soybean. Growth and physiological responses were measured and quantified. Higher UV-B significantly reduced dry matter production, plant height, leaf area in all genotypes compared to control plants in both the crops; however, significant genotypic differences in the magnitude of the UV-B induced changes were observed. Cumulative stress response index (CSRI), the sum of individual percentage of relative responses to UV-B radiation, total response index (TRI), the sum of CSRI at all the levels of UV-B for each genotype were used to classify the genotypes for UV-B tolerance. The TRI ranged from -195 to - 417 in soybean and -40 to -524 in cotton. Based on TRI, cotton genotypes, DP 458B/RR, NuCOTN 33B and DP 5415RR were classified as tolerant; Pima S7, and FM 832B as intermediate; and SG 521B, and Tamcot HQ95 as sensitive. In soybean, PI 471938 was tolerant; Stalwart III and D 88-5320 as intermediate; DG 5630RR, DP 4933RR and D 90-9216 were identified as sensitive genotypes. Even though, relative injury of the leaves decreased and phenolic concentrations increased with increasing UV-B in all genotypes, there were no significant correlations between these parameters and TRI of the genotypes in either crop. The observed genotypic differences suggest that it is possible to breed and select UV-B tolerant soybean and cotton genotypes for a niche environment.
Protection of leukemic cells by deoxycytidine: in vitro measures of protection against cytosine arabinoside

Plasma deoxycytidine levels can be very high in leukemia patients. Such levels strongly protected leukemia cell lines against cytosine arabinoside (araC), fludarabine and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine when using clonogenic survival as the endpoint. This endpoint is not easily used when studying protection in clinical leukemia cell samples. Therefore, we tested other ways to quantify protection based on biochemical measures of viability or drug metabolism. The estimates of the strength of protection based on rates of DNA synthesis, cellular araC uptake and incorporation of araC into DNA were much lower than the estimates using clonogenic survival. The MTT viability assay gave excellent estimates and appears promising for studying protection in primary leukemia cell samples.
The Challenge of Neuropsychiatric Issues in Pediatric Epilepsy

Diagnosis and management of pediatric epilepsy are challenging for a variety of reasons; however, one of the most common yet difficult situations involves treatment of the patient with pediatric epilepsy with coexistent cognitive impairment or psychiatric disturbance. The etiologies and presentations of these comorbidities are myriad, making diagnosis problematic; furthermore, interactions between epilepsy and its treatments and the neuropsychiatric problem and its treatments add another layer of complexity to the management of these patients. Antiepileptic drugs are often blamed for cognitive or behavioral problems in children treated for epilepsy, but the actual contribution to such problems in a particular child can be difficult to ascertain.
A single-level control in Moran's problem with feedback

Moran's well-known model for a dam is generalized to the case when both the random entering flow and outflow may depend on the current magnitude of the supply of water.
Conjugating recombinant proteins to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoProtein A: A strategy for enhancing immunogenicity of malaria vaccine candidates

Conjugation of polysaccharides to carrier proteins has been a successful approach for producing safe and effective vaccines. In an attempt to increase the immunogenicity of two malarial vaccine candidate proteins of Plasmodium falciparum, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) to a blood stage vaccine candidate and surface protein 25 (Pfs25) a mosquito stage vaccine candidate, were each independently chemically conjugated to the mutant, nontoxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoProtein A (rEPA). AMA1 is a large (66kD) relatively good immunogen in mice; Pfs25 is a poorly immunogenic protein when presented on alum to mice. Mice were immunized on days 0 and 28 with AMA1- or Pfs25-rEPA conjugates or unconjugated AMA1 or Pfs25, all formulated on Alhydrogel. Remarkably, sera from mice 14 days after the second immunization with Pfs25-rEPA conjugates displayed over a 1000-fold higher antibody titers as compared to unconjugated Pfs25. In contrast, AMA1 conjugated under the same conditions induced only a three-fold increase in antibody titers. When tested for functional activity, antibodies elicited by the AMA1-rEPA inhibited invasion of erythrocytes by blood-stage parasites and antibodies elicited by the Pfs25-rEPA conjugates blocked the development of the sexual stage parasites in the mosquito midgut. These results demonstrate that conjugation to rEPA induces a marked improvement in the antibody titer in mice for the poor immunogen (Pfs25) and for the larger protein (AMA1). These conjugates now need to be tested in humans to determine if mice are predictive of the response in humans.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma: a problematic review

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare tumor that has been difficult to study. Because of disappointing treatment results, malignant pleural mesothelioma has remained an area of active research and development. A clinicopathologic review is performed in light of several problematic issues involving diagnosis, staging, natural history, and treatment. Multimodality treatment with surgery followed by adjuvant local and systemic therapy remains the most optimal therapy. Many controversial issues still exist in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. In the ensuing years newer staging systems, better preoperative staging, newer experimental therapies, and the localization of patients at expert centers will undoubtedly have an impact on disease management.
Topographical modification of melanotropin peptide analogues with β-methyltryptophan isomers at position 9 leads to differential potencies and prolonged biological activities

We have introduced topographical constraints at the 9 position of a superpotent cyclic α-melanotropin analogue, Ac-Nle 4 -Asp 5 -His 6 -DPhe 7 -Arg 8 -Trp 9 -Lys 10 -NH 2, by incorporating a methyl group at the β-carbon of Trp 9 . These studies were performed on the Trp side chain pharmacophore to identify the bioactive topography of the indole moiety with melanocortin MC1 receptors. The four β-MeTrp 9 isomers, in addition to the stereochemical controls L- and DTrp 9 , were used to probe differential receptor molecular recognition of the tryptophan moiety in two bioassay systems. Approximately a 460-fold difference in potency was observed between the diastereoisomeric peptides in the frog skin bioassay, with only 33- and 10-fold efficacy differences observed in binding and intracellular cAMP accumulation, respectively, on the human melanocortin receptor, hMC1R. The relative orders of potencies in the frog skin bioassay were 2R,3S > 2S,3S = 2R,3R >> 2S,3R and for the hMC1R were 2S,3S > 2R,3R > 2R,3S >> 2S,3R. Of particular interest is the ability of these topographically constrained ligands to differentially affect prolonged biological activity. The 2R,3R diastereoisomeric peptide possessed superprolonged activity, whereas the 2S,3S peptide lacked any residual activity in the frog skin bioassay. However, on the melanocortin receptor, the 2S,3S diastereoisomeric peptide maintained slow dissociation rates (t 1/2 = 7 h), while the other diastereoisomeric peptides possessed dissociation t 1/2 rates of ca. 2 h. These data strongly implicate ligand-receptor interactions and kinetics as contributing to the observed prolonged biological activities and clearly illustrate topographical recognition differences between these two peripheral MC1 receptors involved in skin pigmentation. This study also demonstrates that topographical modifications of pharmacophore side chain residues, in addition to identifying preferential side chain orientation, can be a useful strategy for the design of peptides to increase the duration of biological activity, relative to the native ligand.
Effect of a selective dopamine D1 agonist (ABT-431) on smoked cocaine self-administration in humans.

Rationale: Data in laboratory animals suggest that D1 receptor agonists may have potential utility for the treatment of cocaine abuse. Objective: The effects of ABT-431, a selective agonist at the dopamine D1 receptor, on the reinforcing, cardiovascular and subjective effects of cocaine were investigated in humans. Method: Nine experienced cocaine smokers (8M, 1F), participated in nine self-administration sessions while residing on an inpatient research unit: three doses of ABT-431 (0, 2, 4 mg IV) were each given in combination with three doses of smoked cocaine (0, 12, 50 mg). ABT-431 was intravenously administered over a 1-h period immediately prior to cocaine self-administration sessions. A six-trial choice procedure (cocaine versus $5 merchandise vouchers) was utilized, with sessions consisting of: (a) one sample trial, where participants received the cocaine dose available that day, and (b) five choice trials, where participants chose between the available cocaine dose and one merchandise voucher. Results: ABT-431 did not affect the number of times participants chose to smoke each dose of cocaine, but produced significant dose-dependent decreases in the subjective effects of cocaine, including ratings of “High,”“Stimulated,” dose liking, estimates of dose value, “Quality,” and “Potency.” Furthermore, there was a trend for ABT-431 (4 mg) to decrease cocaine craving. ABT-431 also increased heart rate, while decreasing systolic and diastolic pressure at each dose of cocaine. Conclusions: These data suggest that D1 agonists may have potential utility for the treatment of cocaine abuse.
Basophils now enhance memory.

Additional immune functions of basophils have been identified in recent years. Mack and colleagues add to this growing list by showing that basophils enhance humoral memory responses by producing interleukins 4 and 6 in response to specific antigen.
Methanol poisoning: Ocular toxicity produced by formate

Abstract After methanol administration, monkeys developed optic edema, acidosis, and formate accumulation in blood. Formaldehyde was not measurable in any fluids or tissue. Experiments were designed to study the possible role of formate in ocular toxicity. Formate was administered by iv infusion in the form of formate buffer for the purpose of maintaining pH in the normal range. The rate of formate infusion was adjusted to maintain blood formate at toxic concentration. No formaldehyde was detected. Results were similar to those described for methanol poisoning: optic disc edema with a normal vascular bed and intracellular edema with intraaxonal swelling.
The development and evaluation of a mathematical nutrition model to predict digestible energy intake of broodmares based on body condition changes

Mathematical nutrition models have been developed for beef and dairy cattle to estimate dietary energy intake needed to change BCS. Similar technology has not been used to improve nutrition and feeding strategies for horses. An accurate equine nutrition model may enhance feeding management and reduce the costs of unnecessary overfeeding and promote an optimal level of fatness to achieve reproductive efficiency. The objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate a mathematical nutrition model capable of accurately predicting dietary energy changes to alter BW, rump fat (RF) thickness, and overall body fat (BF), which is needed to maximize profitability and productivity of mares. Model structure was similar to a previously developed model for cattle, and literature data for Quarter Horse mares were used to parameterize the horse model in predicting DE requirement associated with BCS changes. Evaluation of the horse model was performed using an independent dataset comprising 20 nonlactating Quarter Horse mares. Pretrial BCS was used to assign mares to 1 of 4 treatment groups and fed to alter BCS by 1 unit as follows: from 4 to 5 (Group 1), 5 to 4 (Group 2), 6 to 7 (Group 3), and 7 to 6 (Group 4). The BCS, RF thickness, and BW were measured for each mare before the commencement of the feeding trial and once per week thereafter for the duration of a 30-d feeding trial. Initial and target BCS, percent BF, and BW data were collected from each mare and inputted into the model. Mares were individually fed according to the DE suggestions proposed by the model to achieve the targeted BCS change within 30 d. The coefficient of determination of observed and model-predicted values (model precision) was 0.907 (P < 0.001) for BCS, 0.607 (P < 0.001) for percent BF, and 0.94 (P < 0.001) for BW. The BCS was highly correlated to percent BF (r = 0.808; P = 0.01). We concluded the reparameterized model was reliable to predict changes in BW and BCS, but more work is needed to improve the predictions of initial and final body composition.
The Role of Radiation Therapy and 5-Fluorouracil in Colon and Rectal Cancer.

Since the original report of improved survival of patients with locally unresectable gastric cancer treated with irradiation and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 1968, there has been extensive investigation of this treatment combination in a variety of gastrointestinal tumors, including colon and rectal cancer. There are now extensive data supporting the use of 5-FU-based chemotherapy with irradiation in the adjuvant treatment of rectal cancer and increasing experience defining its role in neoadjuvant therapy. The value of adjuvant 5-FU-based chemotherapy and irradiation in colonic cancer is controversial, but there may be subsets of patients who benefit from this treatment. Ongoing studies in rectal and colon cancer are evaluating the role of irradiation with various modes of 5-FU administration (bolus v short or continuous infusion) as well as its modulation with other agents.
A preliminary assessment of the benefits of the addition of botulinum toxin a to a conventional therapy program on the function of people with longstanding stroke.

Abstract Meythaler JM, Vogtle L, Brunner RC. A preliminary assessment of the benefits of the addition of botulinum toxin A to a conventional therapy program on the function of people with longstanding stroke. Objective To determine if botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) combined with therapy can facilitate improved upper-extremity (UE) functional status versus therapy alone. Design Double-blind randomized crossover trial. Setting Tertiary care outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants Convenience sample of 21 men and women (ages 19–80y) with stroke more than 6 months after insult who had tone greater than 3 on the Ashworth Scale for 2 joints in the involved UE. Intervention Subjects were consecutively recruited and randomized to a double-blind crossover trial. Subjects received either BTX-A combined with a defined therapy program or placebo injection combined with a therapy program in two 12-week sessions. Main Outcome Measures The primary functional outcome measure was the Motor Activity Log (MAL). Subjects were also assessed on physiologic measures including tone (Ashworth Scale), range of motion, and motor strength. Results Improvements were noted in the functional status of the subjects in both arms of the study as measured by the MAL. All subjects had a significant change in functional status on MAL with therapy ( P P =.0180, t test) and showed a trend toward significance in the Amount of Use subscale ( P =.0605, analysis of variance). Six weeks after treatment, the BTX-A combined with therapy decreased the Ashworth score statistically ( P =.0271), but the therapy alone group decreased a similar amount at 6 weeks ( P =.0117), indicating that most of the physiologic tone change could be attributed to therapy. After each 12-week period, tone had largely returned to baseline ( P >.05). Conclusion A focused therapy program showed the most improvement in function in this defined stroke population. BTX-A combined with a focused traditional therapy program slightly enhanced the functional status of stroke subjects beyond that obtained with therapy alone 12 weeks after injection.
Quantitation of aromatic amino acid catabolites in urine of mice acutely infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Abstract 1. 1. Mice acutely infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense excreted abnormal quantities of the aromatic amino acid catabolites phenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. 2. 2. No urinary excretion of indole-3-ethanol (tryptophol) was detected. 3. 3. The excretory profile is similar to that observed in the heritable metabolic disorder, phenylketonuria. Such a disturbance could potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis, either directly by toxic action of some of the catabolites, or indirectly by helping reduce host levels of metabolically and physiologically important tryptophan and tyrosine. 4. 4. The increased catabolite concentrations observed may also prove to be useful diagnostically.
Selective adsorption of dibenzothiophene by functionalized metal organic framework sorbents

Abstract The adsorption of organosulfur compounds directly from liquid fuels has potential advantages over hydrodesulfurization processes including higher efficiencies and lower costs. A series of sorbents was prepared by decomposing Mo(CO) 6 onto MOF-5, and evaluated for the selective adsorption of dibenzothiophene from solutions containing i -octane, naphthalene and/or benzene. The resulting materials had Mo loadings up to 20 wt%, surface areas in excess of 1800 m 2 /g and pore size distributions that were very similar to those for the parent MOF-5. Other than features for MOF-5, there was no evidence of crystalline domains larger than 50 nm in the X-ray diffraction patterns, although, Mo(CO) 6 typically decomposes into Mo carbide and/or oxycarbide species under the conditions employed. These materials possessed strong affinities for the adsorption of dibenzothiophene in the absence and presence of the types of aromatic compounds typically found in transportation fuels. Sulfur uptakes at breakthrough approached 0.5 mmol S /g which corresponded to surface coverages of ∼4%. With further development, these materials could be used to remove sulfur from gasoline, diesel and military logistics fuels.
792-6 Late Lesion Regression within the Gianturco-Roubin Flex-Stent

The late angiographic outcome of the Gianturco-Roubin (GR) intracoronary stent is not well defined. To investigate serial changes within the stent, we studied 13 patients (9 men, 4 women; mean age 63) status-post GR stenting, who had acute, 6-month, and chronic (C) (> 12 month) angiographic follow-up without intervening PTCA. Single stents were inserted in 11 patients and double stents in two. Average time to chronic follow-up was 21 months. Electronic calipers were used to determine pre, post, 6-mo, and chronic stent and coronary dimensions, which included MLD (minimum lumen diameter), % sten (% diameter stenosis), and REF (reference dimension). Data are expressed as mean ± 1 SD. Results MLD (mm) % Sten REF (mm) Pre 0.95 ± 12 69 ± 6% 2.8 ± 0.17 Post 2.3 ± 0.16 20 ± 5% 2.9 ± 0.14 6 mo 1.6 ± 0.15 39 ± 6% 2.6 ± 0.13 C 2.1 ± 0.13* 23 ± 4%* 2.7 ± 0.15 * P < 0.05 C vs. 6-mo Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV No patient had a significant decline in MLD or an increase in % stenosis at C vs. 6 months. Five had a greater than 50% increase in MLD at C. Conclusion Long term follow-up demonstrates late lesion regression, which is sometimes dramatic within the GR stent. These data have important clinical implications and suggest that coronary arteriography at 6-months may underestimate the chronic angiographic benefit of the intracoronary Gianturco-Roubin Flex-Stent.
Cocation Effects in Rhodium-Exchanged Y Zeolites

Magic-angle spinning 13C NMR spectra of carbon monoxide adsorbed on rhodium/Y zeolites yield information about the proportioning of CO in the various possible adsorption states; linear, bridged and dicarbonyl. The relative amounts of these adsorbed types, particularly the ratio of bridged to linear CO is influenced by the nature of the majority cations present with the rhodium. Reduced Rh-Na(+) and Rh-Li(+) zeolites form all three CO surface species, while acidic Rh zeolites, formed by the introduction of the co-cations Ca(2+) and H(+), exhibit no bridged carbonyls. The suppression of the bridged moiety results from the withdrawal of electrons from rhodium by the acid centers making the metal electron deficient (more oxidized). Rh(I) dicarbonyl species form on all samples studied, however these species are indistinguishable from the linear monocarbonyls based solely upon the isotropic chemical shift obtained from magic-angle spinning. The number of dicarbonyl species can be quantitatively determined by the Carr- Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence, the powder pattern or by selective exchange experiments. At room temperature the two CO molecules in the gemdicarbonyl appear to undergo a mutual hopping exchange. This motion is frozen out at 198K. The carbon-carbon internuclear separation in the gemdicarbonyl is 3.3 A. Catalysts pre-adsorbed with 13CO undergo exchange of the dicarbonyl species upon exposure at 198 K to 12CO, however they also react to form 13CO2. When exposed to CO at room temperature no CO2 formation is detected.
Do dose-volume metrics predict pulmonary function changes in lung irradiation?

Abstract Purpose: To examine the ability of standard dose–volume metrics to predict pulmonary function changes as measured by pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in a group of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer treated with nonconventional beam arrangements on a Phase I dose-escalation study. In addition, we wanted to examine the correlation between these metrics. Methods and materials: Forty-three patients received a median treatment dose of 76.9 Gy (range 63–102.9). Eight patients also received induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and vinorelbine. They all had pre- and posttreatment PFTs ≥3 months (median 6.2) after treatment. The volume of normal lung treated to >20 Gy, effective volume, and mean lung dose were calculated for both lungs for all patients. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine whether correlations existed between the metrics and changes in the PFTs. Additionally, the three metrics were compared with each other to assess the degree of intermetric correlation. Results: No correlation was found between the volume of normal lung treated to >20 Gy, effective volume, and mean lung dose and changes in the PFTs. Subgroup analyses of patients without atelectasis before irradiation, Stage I and II disease, or treatment without induction chemotherapy were also performed. Again, no correlation was found between the dose–volume metrics and the PFT changes. The intermetric correlation was good among all three dose–volume metrics. Conclusion: In this relatively small series of patients, dose–volume metrics that correlate with the risk of pneumonitis did not provide a good model to predict early changes in pulmonary function as measured with PFTs.
oCVD poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) conductivity and lifetime enhancement via acid rinse dopant exchange

Reduced sheet resistance and longer film stability of oCVD (oxidative chemical vapour deposition) PEDOT films were achieved by including a post-process acid rinse step in the production of the thin films. PEDOT films were rinsed in multiple concentrations of hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid to test the effect of acid rinsing on sheet resistance, doping concentration, chemical composition, optical transmittance, and film morphology. XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD measurements were taken to determine the morphology and composition of the rinsed films. On average, rinsing films in HCl, HBr, and H2SO4 produced conductivity increases of 37%, 135%, and 117%. The dc to optical conductivity ratio, σdc/σop, was increased to 6, 12, and 10, for HCl, HBr, and H2SO4 rinsed films respectively as compared to σdc/σop = 4 for MeOH rinsed films. This study found evidence of dopant exchange within the films facilitated by the acid rinsing step, as well as complete removal of residual iron chloride oxidant. The acid rinse step also resulted in improved film conductivity stability at elevated temperatures. The XRD measurements in particular show signs of semi crystallinity in the PEDOT film after acid rinsing in comparison to an amorphous structure observed before this step. In this study, acid rinsing applied as a post-process step alters thin PEDOT films in ways that enhance their ability to function as electrode materials in photovoltaic devices.
Can the controversial relationship between dietary calcium and body weight be mechanistically explained by alterations in appetite and food intake

The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and the incidence of overweight and obesity continues to rise. Diet plays a significant role in the modulation of body weight and there is some evidence to suggest that calcium or dairy intake may modulate body weight and body fat mass. Several mechanisms through which calcium or dairy products may affect body weight or fat have been suggested, including a possible effect on appetite and food intake. A recent study investigated to what extent people could compensate for increased energy intake from dairy products and found that a 7-day increase in dairy intake had no effect on appetite and no evidence of complete compensation for the raised energy intake. In another study, the effects of altered calcium content of a dairy-based test meal was evaluated in obese subjects; the findings indicated that although a higher calcium content of the meal reduced the extent of post-prandial chylomicron-associated triglyceridemia, there was no effect on appetite-related hormones (CCK, ghrelin, GLP-1, or PPY) or on energy intake from a subsequent ad libitum test meal. Thus, this new evidence does not support the hypothesis that high calcium or dairy intake reduces appetite or food intake.
Human Sensitivity To Concurrent Schedules Of Reinforcement: Effects Of Observing Schedule-correlated Stimuli.

The determinants of human sensitivity to concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of reinforcement have been difficult to identify, in part because of procedural differences separating published experiments. This experiment investigated vigilance to stimuli correlated with concurrent schedules. Across phases, 3 college students were provided with either no schedule-correlated stimuli, an observing response that provided brief access to the stimuli, or a contingency that required the subject to identify the stimulus correlated with the source of each obtained reinforcer. Sensitivity, as quantified by the generalized matching equation, was low when no stimuli were available. When the stimuli were response contingent, 1 subject observed them, and her behavior became more sensitive to the distribution of reinforcers across the concurrent schedules. When the procedure required discrimination of the stimulus correlated with each reinforcer, the other 2 subjects also observed the stimuli, and their schedule sensitivity was increased as well. These results implicate procedural differences, rather than inherent behavioral differences, as the source of differences in sensitivity to
Genome of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae, is the etiologic agent of an important disease of cattle in Africa. Here we report the genomic sequence of LSDV. The 151-kbp LSDV genome consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 2.4 kbp-inverted terminal repeats and contains 156 putative genes. Comparison of LSDV with chordopoxviruses of other genera reveals 146 conserved genes which encode proteins involved in transcription and mRNA biogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, protein processing, virion structure and assembly, and viral virulence and host range. In the central genomic region, LSDV genes share a high degree of colinearity and amino acid identity (average of 65%) with genes of other known mammalian poxviruses, particularly suipoxvirus, yatapoxvirus, and leporipoxviruses. In the terminal regions, colinearity is disrupted and poxvirus homologues are either absent or share a lower percentage of amino acid identity (average of 43%). Most of these differences involve genes and gene families with likely functions involving viral virulence and host range. Although LSDV resembles leporipoxviruses in gene content and organization, it also contains homologues of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1 binding proteins, G protein-coupled CC chemokine receptor, and epidermal growth factor-like protein which are found in other poxvirus genera. These data show that although LSDV is closely related to other members of the Chordopoxvirinae, it contains a unique complement of genes responsible for viral host range and virulence.
Inductions from novel categories: The role of language and conceptual structure

Young children expect members of a familiar category to share nonobvious properties. The present experiments were designed to determine whether children expect unfamiliar objects with the same novel label to share nonobvious properties. In three experiments, 4-and 5-year-old children were taught properties about unfamiliar objects (e.g., a gnu-like animal) and then were tested on their generalization of each property to four test objects. The test objects were either similar or dissimilar in appearance to the target and received either the same or a different novel label from that of the target. When category labels and appearances were completely independent of one another, children drew inferences based on appearances rather than novel category labels. However, when the same pictures received familiar labels (e.g., a cow, a deer) instead of novel labels (e.g., a fep, a wug), children drew inferences based on category labels as well as appearances. Furthermore, children did draw inferences on the basis of novel labels when perceptual cues were not completely discrepant from the labels. These results suggest that novel labels help guide children's inferences from unfamiliar categories, but only when the conceptual basis of the names is clear.
A stacked graphical model for associating sub-images with sub-captions.

articles. Associating the information from the text and image requires matching sub-flgures with the sentences in the text. We introduce a stacked graphical model, a meta-learning scheme to augment a base learner by expanding features based on related instances, to match the labels of sub-flgures with labels of sentences. The experimental results show a signiflcant improvement in the matching accuracy of the stacked graphical model (81.3%) as compared with a relational dependency network (70.8%) or the current algorithm in SLIF (64.3%).
PHENOTYPIC CONSEQUENCES OF GENETIC VARIATION IN A GYNOGENETIC COMPLEX OF PHOXINUS EOS-NEOGAEUS CLONAL FISH (PISCES: CYPRINIDAE) INHABITING A HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT

We examined the genetic composition, habitat use, and morphological variation of a Phoxinus eos-neogaeus unisexual hybrid complex and its sexually reproducing progenitor species inhabiting beaver-modified drainages of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. In addition to the single diploid P. eos-neogaeus gynogenetic clone, triploid and diploid-triploid mosaic biotypes were present at our study sites. Both P. eos and P. neogaeus, and all three hybrid biotypes were ubiquitous throughout one intensively surveyed drainage, but abundances and relative frequencies of the parental species and hybrids varied considerably within and among successional environments. Data from a large number of additional sites indicated that the proportion of polyploid hybrids within an environment was negatively related to hybrid relative frequency, implying that the genomic constitution of hybrids is an important determinant of clonal fitness among successional environments. Statistical comparisons of variation along size-free multivariate body shape axes indicated that despite its genetic uniformity, the P. eos-neogaeus clone is no less variable than its sexual progenitors, suggesting that a single genotype may actually respond to environmental variation with as much phenotypic variation as a genetically variable sexual population. The incorporation and expression of a third genome in triploid and diploid-triploid mosaic biotypes derived from the gynogenetic clone significantly expanded phenotypic variation of the clone. This additional variation results in greater similarities in habitat use and morphological overlap with the parental species, primarily P. eos, the predominant sperm donor for gynogenetic hybrid females in this complex. Polyploid augmentation of a diploid gynogenetic clone appears to be typical in the P. eos-neogaeus complex, and the additional genetic and phenotypic variation that it generates has potentially significant ecological and evolutionary consequences for the success and persistence of a single genotype in highly variable environments.
Fuzzy reinforcement learning for System of Systems (SOS)

The System of Systems (SOS) technology is an advanced technology for Intelligent Systems that is developed with multiple intelligent systems. Recently, there has been a growing interest in a class of complex systems (robotic swarm as an example) whose constituents are themselves complex. Performance optimization, robustness and reliability among an emerging group of heterogeneous systems in order to realize a common goal have become the focus of various applications including military, security, aerospace, space, manufacturing, service industry, environmental systems, and disaster management, to name a few. In this paper, we discuss how Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning (FRL) can be used in SOS.
Hemochromatosis: Diagnosis and management

HH should be distinguished from the other syndromes of iron overload. Many patients with HH have abnormal serum iron values before the development of any significant symptoms or clinical findings, and liver biopsy is less important in these patients. HFE mutation analysis has strengthened our ability to diagnose HH accurately and is useful in family studies. HFE mutations may play a contributory role in some patients with PCT, NASH, or chronic HCV. Generalized population screening for HH may someday become a reality and lead to the identification and treatment of more patients before they have tissue damage or increased morbidity. With the identification of the HFE gene, we are beginning to unravel many of the mysteries of both normal iron absorption and the disorder of iron metabolism found in patients with HH.
Marriage and the Law: Politics and Theology in Measure for Measure

Abstract In Measure for Measure, Shakespeare portrays a clearly political problem: a city whose citizens are so unable to govern themselves that only the most severe legal punishments appear capable of restoring civic order. Yet the play's conclusion, for all its dramatic fireworks, does not obviously resolve this problem. All that happens, it appears, is that everyone gets married. Understanding marriage's political significance, therefore, is key to unraveling the play's political teaching. By carefully framing marriage within Pauline language of sin and grace—and in particular by using the image of death and rebirth through baptism—Shakespeare offers a theological as well as a political image of a kind of self-government capable of easing the city's legal dilemmas and reconciling justice with mercy.
Nonsurgical Therapy for the Perforative Defect of Internal Resorption

Cleansing and shaping of the intracanal environment and reduction of the canal space with a temporary paste seal are used to effect the healing of a perforative defect of internal resorption. The nonsurgical procedure is accomplished in several appointments during which the canal space is refiled and filled with a calcium hydroxide paste. At the final appointment, a root canal sealer is applied, and a gutta-percha cone is inserted with use of a lateral and a vertical condensation procedure.
Making precise at-speed timing measurements via boundary-scan

IEEE 1149.1 Boundary-Scan has traditionally been used for continuity and low speed functional testing of integrated circuits. The boundary-scan RUNBIST instruction allows Built-In Self Test for functional testing at full clock speeds. This paper describes an approach that uses the RUNBIST instruction to make timing measurements with a resolution 32 times smaller than the clock period while doing at-speed testing. Measurement commands and results are transmitted via boundary-scan.
Interface Stability During Rapid Directional Solidification

At the solidification velocities observed during pulsed laser annealing, the planar interface between solid and liquid is stabilized by capillarity and nonequilibrium effects such as solute trapping. We used Rutherford backscattering and electron microscopy to determine the nonequilibrium partition coefficient and critical concentration for breakdown of the planar interface as a function of interface velocity for Sn-implanted silicon. This allows us to test the applicability of the Mullins-Sekerka stability theory to interfaces not in local equilibrium and to test the Coriell-Sekerka and other theories for oscillatory instabilities.
Vapor‐liquid equilibria from perturbation gas chromatography. Part II: Application to the polybutadiene/benzene/cyclohexane ternary system

This work brings together recent gas chromatography experiments and theory involving multiple sorbing species at finite concentration, and theories for multicomponent polymer solutions by means of the parameter estimation procedure of Part 1. Results quantitatively describe the wide variation in peak retention times that are caused by phase equilibrium and chromatographic interference, the best solution models doing so to within or near experimental error. The chromatographic method is capable of detecting differences and peculiarities in the various polymer solution models in both the accuracy of the calculated retention times and the sensitivities of the calculations to the model parameters. Perturbation chromatography offers some unique capabilities for multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibrium determinations.
Studies of temperature-dependent excimer-monomer conversion in dendrimeric antenna supermolecules by fluorescence spectroscopy

Phenylacetylene (PA) dendrimer labeled with perylene (See Fig 1) is discovered to exhibit temperature-dependent emission spectra in certain organic solvents over the temperature range of 20-65°C. The monomer signal is increasing rapidly when temperature increases, while the excimer signal decreases slowly. Models of excimer formation and weakly associated pairs (M+M) dissociation dynamics are included, and the equilibrium constants at different temperatures are calculated. This behavior suggests potential applications in fluorescence-based thermometry.