cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Needs-Based Typology of Homeless Youth

Abstract Purpose Research on homeless youth consistently suggests a need for a broad matrix of services to facilitate a successful transition into housed society. This paper seeks to develop distinct matrices of services for youth according to their involvement in, or experience with, high-risk factors. Such a typology may increase the ability of providers to maximize the impact of scarce resources and organize treatment and reintegration efforts to match the needs of vulnerable youth. Methods Seven risk categories were identified in the literature: abusive experiences, involvement in prostitution, involvement in criminal activities, suicidal ideation/attempt, living circumstances, alcohol/marijuana use, and the use of drugs other than alcohol and marijuana. K-means cluster analysis was then used to separate 422 homeless youth based on their involvement in or experience with these categories. Results Four distinct treatment needs were identified: Group 1—minimal treatment; Group 2—therapeutic housing with an emphasis on substance abuse; Group 3—therapeutic housing with an emphasis on behavior management; Group 4—comprehensive treatment. Conclusions According to this typology, less than 18% of this sample are adequately served by the current system of federal intervention, whereas the largest group is in need of comprehensive services to successfully re-enter housed society.
Potassium requirement of fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus puntatus

Abstract An 8-week feeding study was conducted to determine the potassium requirement of juvenile channel catfish. Six dietary levels of potassium ranging from 0.01 to 0.49% were fed to triplicate groups of catfish (initial average weight of 16.6 g) in flow-through aquaria at a water temperature of 26.7 ± 1.1 °C. The rearing water contained 4 mg/l potassium. No significant differences were observed in either weight gain or feed efficiency among the experimental groups. No dose-response relationship was apparent between dietary potassium level and whole body potassium concentration, indicating that these animals do not have a dietary requirement for potassium with potassium in the rearing water at a concentration of 4 mg/l or higher. However, when these data were used to calculate the whole body potassium balance for each group of fish it became clear that the fish do have a potassium requirement that can be met by either dietary potassium or the uptake of potassium from the rearing water. Linear regression analysis of the dietary potassium levels vs. whole body potassium balance values indicated a potassium requirement value of 0.26%. This requirement value is similar to the dietary potassium requirement of the rat, chick and young pig.
Electron Hall mobility calculations and alloy scattering in Ga0.47In0.53As

Electron Hall mobilities are calculated by the iterative technique in Ga0.47In0.53As. From the curve fitting to the most recent experimental data over a wide range of temperature, the alloy scattering potential close to the Phillips electronegativity difference is derived. The alloy scattering-limited mobility has a temperature dependence of T?1/2 and shows no anomalous behaviour.
Discussion of “Contagion of accounting methods: evidence from stock option expensing”

Reppenhagen (Rev Account Stud, 2010) investigates how and through which channels contagion, i.e., accounting methods used by related firms, can influence a firm’s accounting choice. My discussion focuses on research design choices and the potential effect of factors other than those investigated in the study.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in patients with refractory ascites: effect on body weight and Child-Pugh score

Objective: This study suggests that patients with medically refractory ascites treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) may have improved in overall clinical status. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 35 patients with medically refractory ascites treated with TIPS. Body weight, ascites, and Child-Pugh score were assessed at baseline, at 2 months, and after a mean 8.8-month follow-up interval. Results: After TIPS, there was significant improvement in Child-Pugh score from 9.7 ± 1.5 to 8.2 ± 2.3. Ascites completely resolved or improved in 23 of 24 patients (96%) who had long term follow-up. Two months after TIPS, there was a significant decrease in weight of 6.1 kg corresponding to a loss of ascites. Between 2 and 8.8 months, there was a significant mean weight gain of 5.5 kg. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients treated with medically refractory ascites with TIPS may have improvement in overall clinical status, as measured by increase in lean body mass and improvement in Child-Pugh score.
Overexpression of Human 15(S)-Lipoxygenase-1 in RAW Macrophages Leads to Increased Cholesterol Mobilization and Reverse Cholesterol Transport

Objective— The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) on cholesterol mobilization from macrophages. Methods and Results— Overexpression of human 15-LO-1 in...
The retinal directional effect: A model based on the gaussian distribution of cone orientations

Abstract Experiments are presented in which the retinal directional effect was measured in several subjects. Mathematical analysis of the data leads to the conclusion that the gaussian function, Y = K 2 + Ae − B ( x − c )2 , satisfactorily describes the phenomenon; the parabola and cosine function do not. A three-dimensional gaussian model is given, explaining the characteristics of the retinal directional effect, including its spectral variation and hue-shift.
End-shorting and electric field in edge plasmas with application to field-reversed configurations

The shorting of open field lines where they intersect external boundaries strongly modifies the transverse electric field all along the field lines. The modified electric field is found by an extension of the familiar Boltzmann relation for the electric potential. This leads to a prediction of the electric drift. Flow generation by electrical shorting is applied here to three aspects of elongated field-reversed configurations: plasma rotation rate; the particle-loss spin-up mechanism; and the sustainability of the rotating magnetic field current drive method.
Distribution of Cardiac Output to Oral Tissues in Dogs

Isotope fractionation and particle distribution methods were used in conjunction to quantitate blood flow in the oral mucosa, alveolar bone, tongue, masseter muscle, and dental pulp. Infiltration of epinephrine in lidocaine (Xylocaine) and lidocaine alone and inhalation of 5% CO2 provided experimental conditions to alter flow in some tissues.
Isolation of the Xenopus nrp-1 gene and analysis of its expression following the midblastula transition in injected Xenopus embryos

During embryogenesis the differentiation of distinct tissues is marked by the expression of tissue-specific genes. In Xenopus, the neural-specific gene nrp-1 is activated following the midblastula transition (MBT), and is then expressed exclusively in developing neural tissue. To pursue an investigation of the transcriptional regulation of nrp-1, the genomic DNA encoding nrp-1 was isolated and its structure analyzed. Nrp-1 lacks a canonical TATA box proximal to the start site of transcription, but the 5′ flanking sequence is highly GC-rich. Injection studies with nrp-1/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and luciferase constructs demonstrate that in Xenopus embryos, 200 nt of the 5′ flanking sequence of nrp-1 are sufficient to drive the expression of reporter genes soon after the MBT, albeit not in a tissue-specific manner. This expression is enhanced by the inclusion of larger regions of the nrp-1 gene.
Trait Anxiety and Persuasion: Individual Differences in Information Processing Strategies

Abstract Individuals high and low in trait anxiety were exposed to a persuasive message from either an attractive or unattractive source who used either strong or weak arguments. High trait anxiety individuals were persuaded by the attractiveness of the source regardless of argument quality, and low anxiety individuals were persuaded by argument quality regardless of source attractiveness. An analysis of the thoughts individuals reported having while exposed to the persuasive message supported the interpretation that high anxiety individuals were using the attractiveness of the source to decide the message′s validity, and low anxiety individuals were relying on the cogency of the arguments offered. Implications of these results for the relations between recipient personality and persuasion are discussed.
Rapid visualization of plankton abundance and taxonomic composition using the Video Plankton Recorder

Abstract Traditional methods for determining spatial distributions of planktonic taxa involve net, pump, and bottle collections followed by the tedious and time-consuming task of plankton sample analysis. Thus, plankton ecologists often require months or even years to process samples from a single study. In this paper, we present a method that allows rapid visualization of the distribution of planktonic taxa while at sea. Rapid characterization of plankton distributions is essential in the dynamic physical environment, where biological and physical patterns can change quickly. Such a “sample-and-observe” capability is necessary for mapping ephemeral features (such as patches, eddies, jets, plumes) and determining appropriate locations to conduct more localized sampling, including in situ observational studies. We describe the techniques used in imaging the plankton, analyzing the video, and visualizing the data. We present an example of at-sea data analysis conducted aboard R.V. Columbus Iselin on Georges Bank in May 1994 and visualizations of the 3-dimensional distribution of selected planktonic taxa in a 2 × 2 km × 90 m volume of seawater.
A common lexicon and design issues surrounding cognitive radio networks operating in the presence of jamming

This paper discusses issues surrounding the design of cognitive radio (CR) networks that must operate in the presence of jamming and hostile Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) environments. Much of the research to date in the CR community has focused on spectrum-sensing techniques and multiple-access methods. Until recently, little work had been done in the general area of wireless network security and specifically the area of performance in the presence of jamming. Discussions on this topic have been inhibited in the greater CR community by a poorly defined lexicon, which makes addressing issues such as security and performance in jamming difficult. This paper attempts to provide a basic lexicon that can be used to clearly discuss the issues surrounding CR network security and performance in the presence of jamming. This paper then goes on to discuss the various jammer threats that might be encountered by a CR network and the ramifications of these threat types on CR network design.
Hemostatic implications of endothelial cell apoptosis in obstructive sleep apnea.

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are at increased risk of atherothrombosis independent of the Framingham risk factors. Studies on hemostasis factors in OSA are scarce and inconsistent. We sought to understand the variation in atherothrombotic propensity as a function of apoptotic circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in OSA by investigating the relationship between CEC apoptosis and plasma levels of hemostatic factors tissue factor (TF) and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in apneic subjects. Apoptotic CECs were detected by flow cytometry in 35 male subjects free of cardiovascular diseases (AHI range 8–43) and 12 healthy male controls (AHI range 2–5) before and after 8 weeks of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). Quantitative determination of TF and vWF was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The mean levels of TF (66.78 ± 41.59 pg/ml) and vWF (189.70 ± 69.24 IU/dl) were significantly higher in OSA patients compared with those in healthy subjects (42.83 ± 14.18 pg/ml; and 124.48 ± 31.43 IU/dl). Apoptotic CECs were elevated in patients with OSA and correlated strongly with TF and vWF levels (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001; respectively). There were no correlations between TF, vWF and apnea hypopnea index, or arousal index. Only the percentage of time spent <90% oxygen saturation was inversely associated with TF (r = 0.38; p = 0.02). Following nCPAP therapy, there was significant decrease in TF levels that correlated with decrease in apoptotic CECs. In patients with OSA, increased prothrombotic factors are strongly determined by apoptotic CECs. Treatment with nCPAP may alleviate the coagulation propensity.
Analgesic potency of sodium salicylate, indomethacin, and chlordiazepoxide as measured by the spatial preference technique in the rat

The analgesic potency of various doses of sodium salicylate (150, 200, 250, 300, 350 mg/kg), indomethacin (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 5.0 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg) were measured using the spatial preference technique. All three agents were active in a wide range of doses indicating that this technique is sensitive to the weak analgesics. The chlordiazepoxide data were interpreted to suggest that this tranquilizing agent may be able to impair the appreciation of the emotional (i.e., aversive) qualities of electric shock, thus reducing the animal's motivation to escape the noxious stimulus. A procedure for computing ED50 estimates was also presented along with a summary of the ED50 values for several standard narcotic and narcotic antagonist analgesics. Since this procedure is a reliable and sensitive index of drug-induced analgesia, it should be useful as a screening procedure in evaluating the analgesic potency of a wide variety of chemical agents.
The American College of Nurse-Midwives: a professional organization.

Abstract What is nurse-midwifery professionally? Is it nursing?, midwifery?, both?, neither?, something else? How does this answer impact both on identifying our professional organization and on its activities? Clarity is essential to understanding, to communication, and to effective working relationships with other professionals and professional organizations.
Detection of 60‐Hertz vertical electric fields by rats

Rats were trained to press levers to indicate the presence or absence of 60-Hz vertical electric fields at intensities from 0 to 27 kV/m (rms). The probability of detecting the field increased as the strength of the field increased. The shape of the detection curve (psychometric function) for most subjects (Ss) was similar whether the discriminative stimulus was the electric field or a tone. Two protocols were used to estimate the minimum field intensity necessary to detect the field (Reiz Limen, RL). The RL was estimated to be 13.3 kV/m (rms) when using one protocol (the staircase method) and 7.9 kV/m (rms) when using another protocol (the method of constant stimuli).
A parallel domain decomposition method for coupling of surface and groundwater flows

Abstract In this paper, we construct a robust parallel method based on a recently developed non-overlapping domain decomposition methodology to accurately model natural coupling of surface and groundwater flows. Stokes and Darcy equations are formulated and solved within the surface and subsurface regions, respectively. A new type of Robin–Robin boundary condition is proposed on the common boundary for the coupling of those systems. The formulation provides great flexibility for multi-physics coupling and is suitable for efficient parallel implementation. Meanwhile, it is stable with inherent system parameter variation. A numerical example is provided to verify the theory.
Identifying Gainers and Losers from Transit Service Change: A Method Applied to Sacramento

This paper proposes a method for determining one part of an equity analysis of transit service change: who benefits from the change. The method defines census tract accessibility indices that measure how well residents can reach desired destinations by transit. By measuring transit door-to-door travel time before and after a major transit investment or service change, a planner may estimate the change in benefit accruing to each census tract. Changed benefits then may be compared to the income of each tract and the cost incidence borne by each tract. The method is illustrated by applying it to a controversial light rail system introduced in Sacramento, California, and a subsequent bus restructuring that included eliminating many express bus routes that linked distant neighborhoods with the central business district. Conventional equity analyses comparing travel time of suburb-to-CBD riders before and after the change, or comparing the income of rail and bus riders, likely would have concluded that the cha...
Clustering Timber Harvests and the Effects of Dynamic Forest Management Policy on Forest Fragmentation

To integrate multiple uses (mature forest and commodity production) better on forested lands, timber management strategies that cluster harvests have been proposed. One such approach clusters harvest activity in space and time, and rotates timber production zones across the landscape with a long temporal period (dynamic zoning). Dynamic zoning has been shown to increase timber production and reduce forest fragmentation by segregating uses in time without reducing the spatial extent of timber production. It is reasonable to wonder what the effect of periodic interruptions in the implementation of such as strategy might be, as would be expected in a dynamic political environment. To answer these questions, I used a timber harvest simulation model (HARVEST) to simulate a dynamic zoning harvest strategy that was periodically interrupted by changes in the spatial dispersion of harvests, by changes in timber production levels, or both. The temporal scale (period) of these interruptions had impacts related to the rate at which the forest achieved canopy closure after harvest. Spatial dynamics in harvest policies had a greater effect on the amount of forest interior and edge than did dynamics in harvest intensity. The periodically clustered scenarios always produced greater amounts of forest interior and less forest edge than did their never clustered counterparts. The results suggest that clustering of harvests produces less forest fragmentation than dispersed cutting alternatives, even in the face of a dynamic policy future. Although periodic episodes of dispersed cutting increased fragmentation, average and maximum fragmentation measures were less than if clustered harvest strategies were never implemented. Clustering may also be useful to mitigate the fragmentation effects of socially mandated increases in timber harvest levels. Implementation of spatial clustering during periods of high timber harvest rates reduced the variation in forest interior and edge through time, providing a more stable supply of forest interior habitat across the landscape.
You are what you eat: dietary salt intake and renin–angiotensin blockade in diabetic nephropathy

Interactions between sodium intake, the renin–angiotensin system, and renal and cardiovascular outcomes are incompletely understood. The analysis by Lambers Heerspink et al. shows that angiotensin receptor blockade improves diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease more when dietary sodium intake is low, and suggests possible harm when sodium intake is high. These findings highlight dietary salt as a modifiable cardiovascular and renal risk factor and emphasize the need for detailed mechanistic studies.
International productivity and factor price comparisons

Abstract Using OECD input–output tables for a diverse group of 33 countries in the year 2000 and estimates of each country's factor stocks, I compute factor payments for aggregate labor and capital with value-added data adjusted for self-employment by sector. Using a detailed technology matrix for the U.S., I compute factor-specific productivity measures in each country relative to the U.S., and show that these measures are strongly correlated with the pattern of wages and rental rates. I find that many low income countries with low labor productivity have relatively high capital productivity. I also find a distinctive pattern between factor productivity and factor payments depending on whether a country has a high or low wage-rental ratio compared to the U.S. I show these findings are consistent with the existence of sector-based differences in production technology and complementarities between factors.
A Preliminary Study on Feeding Ornithodoros Savignyi (Audouin) on Human Blood through Animal-Derived Membranes (Acarina: Argasidae)

An apparatus and a technique are described for in vitro feeding of this tick through animal-derived membranes on outdated, citrated, whole human blood. Mouse-skin and cottontail rabbit-skin membranes gave the highest feeding rates, 95.5% and 92.4% respectively. Membranes could be used a number of times without lowering the feeding rate of the ticks. Blood temperatures of 34°–35° C. and ambient temperatures of 26°–30° C. were found to be optimum for feeding ticks through membranes. The ticks fed equally well during morning and afternoon hours, and in light and dark rooms. Nymphs and adults, once established on the membranes, may become engorged in 5 and in 5 to 15 minutes respectively. Crowding by the ticks in the membrane chamber did not deter them from feeding. Coxal fluid was expelled copiously by fully engorged ticks approximately 1 to 5 minutes after the blood meal, and the fluid continued to flow intermittently for as long as 60 minutes. The presence of large quantities of coxal fluid within the membrane chamber did not deter feeding by the ticks.
A microsystem to evaluate the synthesis of [3H]leucine labeled proteins by macrophages

A method is described for evaluating protein synthesis by adherent MΦ by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine into TCA precipitable material. By using guanidine-HCl it was possible to remove completely the radiolabeled proteins from the adherent cells that were cultured in microwells, and retain TCA precipitable material. This procedure enabled us to harvest the TCA precipitable proteins with a semiautomatic cell harvester. The guanidine-HCl treatment did not affect the recovery of the radioactive proteins and did not alter the sensitivity of the assay. This method is very simple and rapid and, since it is suitable for processing microcultures, permits detailed studies on the biology of small numbers of MΦ.
The use of ultra-violet absorbance for monitoring the total organic carbon content of water and wastewater

The correlation between ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm (A254 nm) and total organic carbon (TOC) content has been determined for a variety of treated and untreated water samples. These samples ranged from municipal secondary sewage effluent to raw and processed river water. High correlation coefficients were obtained for water samples which contained sufficient organic carbon to permit accurate TOC determinations. Predictably, systems with low TOC levels yielded lower correlation coefficients. However, even with the lower correlation coefficients, absorbance measurements can still be used to monitor a process stream for its organic carbon content if interferences from turbidity do not exceed certain limits.
RESEARCH IN CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AS IT AFFECTS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL HEALTH AND EDUCATION

“We are learning more about nuclear reactions than about human relations, more about behavior of atom particles than of human beings, more about outer space in the physical universe than about inner space in the human being. Yet we know the greatest threat to mankind is not the atomic bomb but the benighted mind.”
The effect of moderate hypovolemia on cardiopulmonary function in dogs

Objective: To collate canine cardiopulmonary measurements from previously published and unpublished studies in instrumented, unsedated, normovolemic and moderately hypovolemic dogs. Design: Collation of data obtained from original investigations in our research laboratory. Setting: Research laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine. Subjects: Sixty-eight dogs. Interventions: Subjects were percutaneously instrumented with an arterial catheter and a thermodilution cardiac output catheter. A femoral artery catheter was percutaneously placed for blood removal. Measurements and main results: Body weight, arterial and mixed-venous pH and blood gases, arterial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary artery occlusion, and central venous blood pressure, cardiac output, and core body temperature were measured. Body surface area, bicarbonate concentration, standard base excess, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, left and right ventricular work and stroke work indices, left and right rate-pressure product, alveolar PO2, alveolar–arterial PO2 gradient, arterial and mixed-venous and pulmonary capillary oxygen content, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen extraction, venous admixture, arterial and venous blood carbon dioxide content, arterial–venous carbon dioxide gradient, carbon dioxide production were calculated. In 68 dogs, hypovolemia sufficient to decrease mean arterial blood pressure (ABPm) to an average of 62 mmHg, was associated with the following changes: arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) decreased from 40.0 to 32.9 mmHg; arterial base deficit (BDa) increased from −2.2 to −6.3 mEq/L; lactate increased from 0.85 to 10.7 mm/L, and arterial pH (pHa) did not change. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) increased from 100.5 to 108.3 mmHg while mixed-venous PO2 (PmvO2) decreased from 49.1 to 34.1 mmHg. Arterial and mixed-venous oxygen content (CaO2 and CmvO2) decreased from 17.5 to 16.5 and 13.8 to 9.6 mL/dL, respectively. The alveolar–arterial PO2 gradient (A-a PO2) increased from 5.5 to 8.9 mmHg while venous admixture decreased from 2.9% to 1.4%. The ABPm decreased from 100 to 62 mmHg; pulmonary arterial pressure (PAPm) decreased from 13.6 to 6.4 mmHg; and pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure (PAOP) decreased from 4.9 to 0.1 mmHg. CI decreased from 4.31 to 2.02 L/min/m2. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance (SVRI and PVRI) increased from 1962 to 2753 and 189 to 269 dyn s/cm5, respectively. Oxygen delivery (DO2) decreased from 787 to 340 mL/min/m2 while oxygen consumption (VO2) decreased from 172 to 141 mL/min/m2. Oxygen extraction increased from 20.9% to 42.3%. Conclusions: Moderate hypovolemia caused CI and oxygen delivery to decrease to 47% and 42% of baseline. Oxygen extraction, however, doubled and, therefore, oxygen consumption decreased only to 82% of baseline.
The importance of personal and professional leadership

Organizational viability depends in part on effective leadership. Effective leaders engage in both professional leadership behaviors (e.g. setting a mission, creating a process for achieving goals, aligning processes and procedures) and personal leadership behaviors (e.g. building trust, caring for people, acting morally). A model of professional and personal leadership's impact on willing cooperation was developed and tested. Respondents provided perceptions of the leadership of their organizations and reported the extent to which they willingly cooperate with their organization's leadership. Perceptions of “organizational” leadership as opposed to individual leaders were measured. The direct effects of personal and professional leadership on willing cooperation were examined. Personal leadership was also examined as a mediator of professional leadership's impact on willing cooperation. Results revealed support for a mediated model. Specifically, professional leadership was related to the presence of willing cooperation (β=0.44) and personal leadership was related to the presence of willing cooperation (β=0.71). Finally, following a strategy developed by Baron and Kenny, personal leadership was shown to be a mediator of the relationship between professional leadership and the presence of willing cooperation. Limitations as well as research and practical implications are discussed.
Oil Politics and Indigenous Resistance in the Peruvian Amazon: The Rhetoric of Modernity Against the Reality of Coloniality

In June of 2009, indigenous protest over the Peruvian government’s natural resource policies erupted, tragically, in a violent confrontation where 33 Peruvians lost their lives. Conflicts over natu...
The radiation therapy dosimetry network in the United States

The United States government and the governments of sixteen other countries have established radiation standards laboratories which house the primary standards dosimeters of the respective countries. In the United States, three regional calibration laboratories were established to disseminate the national radiation standards through the use of secondary standards dosimeters. These, in turn, are used for calibration of radiation field instruments used to measure radiation applied in therapy. These laboratories are periodically accredited by the American Assocation of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM). In 1976, AAPM established a Committee on Radiation Calibration Needs in Therapy to conduct a study of the adequacy of the therapy dosimetry network in the United States. According to this study, 1322 centers were performing radiotherapy in 1978, and 1057 radiation instruments were used to calibrate the therapy machines in these facilities. In more than 99% of the institutions, medical physicists are responsible for carrying out the necessary calibrations. The study showed that there is a need, though not an urgent one, for an additional regional calibration laboratory in the Far Western United States. Establishment of such a laboratory would not be excessively disruptive to the existing laboratories.
Germline BRCA1-2 mutations in non-Ashkenazi families with double primary breast and ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective. Ashkenazi women with double primary breast and ovarian cancer have a high prevalence (57%) of germline Jewish founder mutations in the BRCA1 (185delAG, 5382insC) and BRCA2 (6174delT) genes. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and type of BRCA1–2 mutations in non-Ashkenazi families with at least one member having double primary breast and ovarian cancer. Methods. Women at increased risk for cancer based upon their family history were enrolled at the University of Texas Southwestern Familial Cancer Registry between 1992 and 2000. Blood samples from patients desiring genetic testing were sent for complete DNA sequencing of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Families with a member having both breast and ovarian cancer were identified and clinical data were obtained. Results. Sixty-two (7%) of 900 enrolled families were non-Ashkenazi and had at least one member with double primary breast and ovarian cancer. Twenty-one families had members who underwent genetic testing; 41 did not. Thirteen (62%) families had a germline BRCA1 ( n = 11) or BRCA2 ( n = 2) mutation; only one Jewish founder mutation (185delAG) was detected. Eight (38%) families tested negative. Six (86%) of seven women undergoing genetic testing who themselves had double primary breast and ovarian cancer were BRCA1–2 mutation carriers. Conclusions. Germline BRCA1–2 mutations are common in non-Ashkenazi families with a member having double primary breast and ovarian cancer. These mutations occurred throughout both genes, emphasizing the need for comprehensive sequencing. One family had the BRCA2 6985delCT mutation, which lies beyond the "ovarian cancer cluster" region.
TCPivo: a high-performance packet replay engine

This paper describes the design and implementation of a high performance packet replay tool called TCPivo. TCPivo is implemented on commodity hardware using widely available open-source software and can be used as a cost-effective means for evaluating the performance of networking devices. To achieve high throughput and accuracy, TCPivo employs novel mechanisms for managing trace files and accurate lowoverhead timers. In addition, through the use of low-latency kernel patches and priority scheduling, TCPivo can be made highly resilient to background system load. Using these mechanisms, the tool is able to support packet replay at rates well above OC-3 on an x86-based server.
Restless legs syndrome in type 2 diabetes: implications to diabetes educators.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to provide a background of restless legs syndrome (RLS), present the prevalence and demographic findings of a descriptive study of type 2 diabetes with RLS, and provide implications to diabetes educators on the management and education of RLS.Methods Participants with type 2 diabetes who met the diagnostic criteria for RLS based on the International RLS Study Group Criteria were recruited from the PENN Rodebaugh Diabetes Center from July 2005 through September 2006. Participants who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were mailed a survey to collect data.Results Of 121 patients with type 2 diabetes, 54 (45%) of the screened sample met the 4 diagnostic criteria for RLS. Of those who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the primary study, 18 patients with type 2 diabetes with RLS participated in this study. Along with diabetes, the par- ticipants had a variety of comorbid health conditions including hypertension, neuropathies, rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure...
Revisiting the analytic theory of p-n junction impedance: improvements guided by computer simulation leading to a new equivalent circuit

We revisit the analytic derivation of the dc and low frequency ac behavior of the p-n step junction and suggest all preexisting treatments are flawed for three important reasons. First, not all contributions to the diode current are included. We derive a rigorous expression for each component of current that can be used to judge the completeness of existing analytic theories. Additionally, wrong boundary conditions for minority carrier concentrations and incorrect equivalent circuit topologies undermine present analytic theories of the diode. We propose a new analytic equivalent circuit model which institutes correct boundary conditions. The resulting circuit model demonstrates excellent dc and ac accuracy for symmetric and asymmetric junctions, for long, short, or intermediate base regimes. Inductive behavior associated with short base diodes at large forward bias is reproduced, as is the decrease in capacitance observed in long base diodes. The assumptions and limitations of our new circuit model are thoroughly investigated.
Numerical convolution on the Euclidean group with applications to workspace generation

In this work, the concept of a convolution product of real-valued functions on the special Euclidean group, SE(D) (which describes all rigid body motions in D-dimensional Euclidean space), is applied to the determination of workspaces of discretely actuated manipulators. These manipulators have a finite number of joint states. If a discretely actuated manipulator consists of P actuated modules, each with K states, then it can reach K/sup p/ frames in space. Given this exponential growth in the number of reachable frames, brute force representation of discretely actuated manipulator workspaces is not feasible in the highly actuated case. However, by partitioning a discretely actuated manipulator into P modules, and approximating the workspace of each module as a density function on a compact subset of the special Euclidean group, the whole workspace can be approximated as an P-fold convolution of these densities. A numerical approximation of this convolution is presented in this paper which is O(P) for fixed taskspace dimension. In the special case when the manipulator is composed of P identical actuated modules, the workspace density for the whole manipulator can be calculated in O(log P) computation time. In either case, the O(K/sup p/) computations required by brute force workspace generation are avoided.
Optimally managing a stochastic renewable resource under general economic conditions

Article appears in and is copyrighted by Berkeley Electronic Press (http://www.bepress.com/)
Coxsackievirus B4 Alters Pancreatic Glutamate Decarboxylase Expression in Mice Soon After Infection

Abstract The 64,000-M r (64K) islet autoantigen, which is considered to be a target protein of beta cell destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), has recently been identified as the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). We reported a two- to three-fold increased expression of the antigen in islets of diabetes-susceptible mice following infection with a diabetogenic strain of Coxsackievirus B4 (CB4) at 72-h postinfection (p.i.), a time point of active virus replication in the islets. Most of the infected animals subsequently developed 64K autoantibodies and hyperglycemia. Since the infection increases 64K expression, we have analysed immunoreactive GAD expression with a panel of peptide antisera and two widely-used polyclonal antisera against GAD, and measured GAD activity in the brain, pancreas and islets of these mice. Two isoforms, GAD 65 and GAD 67 , are detected in these tissues from non-infected mice. Both GADs are also present in the infected mice brain at 72 h p.i.; however, their islets contain about three-fold more GAD 65 , and essentially no detectable GAD 67 . GAD activity is significantly higher in the brain compared with whole pancreas or islets, and islet GAD activity is higher than pancreas GAD activity. The infection significantly reduces islet GAD activity, but not brain GAD activity. CB4-induced abnormalities in islet GAD expression may play a role in virus-induced diabetes.
Height and attraction: Do men and women see eye‐to‐eye?

Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of male height on interpresonal attraction. In Experiment 1, short, medium, and tall women evaluated pictures of men whom they believed to be either short, medium, or tall. On the basis of previous research, it was predicted that women's attraction to the men would be an increasing linear function of the men's height. This prediction was not confirmed; men of medium height were seen to be significantly more socially desirable than either short or tall men. This was true whether the female evaluator was short, medium, or tall; women did not differ in their evaluations. In Experiment 2, short, medium, and tall men evaluated the same male stimuli the women had evaluated in Experiment 1. These men not only gave their own evaluation of the male stimuli, but they also estimated how socially desirable the males pictured were to women. While men showed no evidence that they believed height was important to women, their own evaluations revealed that they liked and rated short men more positively than they did tall men. This was true regardless of the height of the male rater. These results were discussed in terms of social stereotypes and the importance of specifying situational context in the prediction of attraction.
Fluid dynamics at the margin of rotational control

Geophysicists have developed a perspective on the dynamical influence of Earth’s rotation, while most other areas of fluid dynamics can safely disregard rotation. In this essay the dominant turbulence and wave behaviors in the rotating and non-rotating fluid-dynamical realms are described, and particular attention is given to their borderlands, where rotational influences are significant but not dominant. Contrary to the inverse energy cascade of geostrophic turbulence toward larger scales, a forward energy cascade toward microscale dissipation develops within the borderlands from the breakdown of diagnostic force balances, frontogenesis, and frontal instabilities, and then it continues further through the small-scale non-rotating realm until it dissipates at the microscale.
Are global systematic risk and country-specific idiosyncratic risk priced in the integrated world markets?

Abstract Empirical evidence showing significant effects of local factors on international equity returns while failing to find significant effects from global systematic risk seems counter-intuitive in today's integrated world markets. This paper uses the conditional second moments estimated from an asymmetric dynamic conditional correlation model to measure the time-varying world beta and country-specific idiosyncratic risks, and tests the relationship between country-level index returns and world beta risk conditioned on positive and negative world market returns. The results show that the conditional dynamic world beta risks significantly predict the cross-country variation in expected index returns, while country-specific risk is not significantly priced.
The Death of an Uncrowned King—C. R. Das and Political Crisis in Twentieth-Century Bengal

These observations, which open a widely read essay on primitive religion, might with equal profit be applied to the comparative study of complex societies. They suggest an unusual descriptive project: to catalog the threats to social order in particular cultures in order to make revealing comparisons. They also imply that, armed with such a catalog, unusual meanings might be wrung out of recurrent disasters and common dilemmas. Such a project has not been ventured for South Asia, and I should like to begin with modern Bengal, but the embarassment arises that I am not confident I possess the “active principles” of Bengali culture. It is only by taking up acknowledged instances of “dangers,” “cataclysms,” and “disasters” that I expect to be able to reason back to ordering concepts and thus to complete the catalog. In the course of this short essay, however, only one specific calamity—the death of C. R. Das, a charismatic Indian politician—can be examined in detail. If I succeed in showing that this one calamity has a hitherto unrealized significance in modern Bengal, perhaps the reader will grant that the role of relatedcalamities in Bengal, and even in the whole of modern India, has not been insignificant.
Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system: whole-genome and candidate-gene associations.

In recent years, translational research involving humans and animals has uncovered biological and physiological pathways that explain associations between early adverse circumstances and long-term mental and physical health outcomes. In this article, we summarize the human and animal literature demonstrating that epigenetic alterations in key biological systems, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and immune system, may underlie such disparities. We review evidence suggesting that changes in DNA methylation profiles of the genome may be responsible for the alterations in hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and immune system trajectories. Using some preliminary data, wedemonstrate howexplorations of genome-wid eand candidate-gene DNA methylation profiles mayinformhypothesesandguide futureresearchefforts inthese areas.Weconcludeourarticle bydiscussingthe many important future directions, merging perspectives from developmental psychology, molecular genetics, neuroendocrinology, and immunology, that are essential for furthering our understanding of how early adverse circumstances may shape developmental trajectories, particularly in the areas of stress reactivity and physical or mental health.
Using data compression in an MPSoC architecture for improving performance

Multiprocessor-System-on-a-Chip (MPSoC) performance and power consumption are greatly affected by the application data access characteristics. While the way the application is written is critical in shaping the data access pattern, the compiler optimizations employed can also make a significant difference. Considering that cost of off-chip memory accesses is continuously rising (in terms of CPU cycles), minimizing the number and volume of off-chip data traffic in MPSoCs can be very important. This paper addresses this problem by proposing data compression for increasing the effective on-chip storage space in an MPSoC-based environment. A critical issue is to schedule compressions and decompressions intelligently such that they do not conflict with application execution. In particular, one needs to decide which processors should participate in the compression (and decompression) activity at any given point during the course of execution. We propose both "static" and "dynamic" algorithms for this purpose. In the static scheme, the processors are divided into two groups (those performing compression/decompression and those executing the application), and this grouping is maintained throughout the execution of the application. In the dynamic scheme, on the other hand, the execution starts with some grouping but this grouping can change during the course of execution, depending on the dynamic variations in the data access pattern.
Wavenumber spectrum of intermediate-scale ocean surface waves

This paper presents an analysis of the wavenumber spectra of intermediate-scale waves (wavelengths between 0.02 and 6 m) under various sea-state conditions. The main result of the analysis is that the dependence of the dimensionless wave spectrum on the dimensionless wind friction velocity follows a power-law function. The coefficient and exponent of the power-law function vary systematically with the wavenumber. The wavenumber dependence of the coefficient and exponent serves as an empirical parameterization for computing the wavenumber spectra of intermediate-scale waves at different wind speeds. Calculation of the mean-square slope from the resulting wavenumber spectrum confirms that intermediate-scale waves are the dominant contributor of the ocean surface roughness. A simple formula is presented for calculating the band-pass filtered mean-square slope of the ocean surface for remote sensing applications.
Behavior of Vegas congestion control over satellite channels

TCP Vegas is a "proactive" congestion control mechanism which predicts when congestion is about to happen and then reduces the sending rate just before discarding of packets gets started. The techniques of Vegas are expected to be very supportive to space communication which is dominated by frequent packet losses as a result of heavy noise. This is because Vegas is specially designed to minimize packet losses to achieve high throughput. However, very few studies have been done on its usage in space communication. This paper studies the behavior of Vegas over space channel by comparing it over the widely used VJ congestion control using the SGIS test-bed. It is concluded that Vegas achieves much higher throughput than VJ in error prone links such as satellite and wireless channels, which makes it more favorable over VJ in similar environments. It is suggested to use Vegas congestion control mechanism in space and wireless links with similar adverse conditions.