cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Pain: Chronic Pain

Youth chronic pain management presents unique challenges to the pediatric psychologist in both inpatient and outpatient settings. This chapter includes specific and practical guidance for working with youth and their families/caregivers presenting to an inpatient setting for treatment of chronic pain. Conceptualization of pediatric chronic pain from a biopsychosocial framework informs the chapter which includes guidance in specific domains to consider within an initial assessment. Practical advice is provided regarding communicating with families about taking a rehabilitative treatment approach in such a way as to increase readiness for treatment of their child’s chronic pain upon discharge from the hospital. The chapter gives clinical pearls for psychologists to make valuable contributions to multidisciplinary treatment teams which seek to incorporate psychological information relevant to the child’s treatment within the hospital setting. Finally, information is offered for referring and coordinating care for patients upon discharge when they have ongoing pain needs including school reentry, effective non-pharmacologic treatment, and prioritizing mental health needs that co-occur with patient’s pain symptoms.
Principles of Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation, a form of bioremediation, is one viable option for removing pollution from contaminated soil and water. Bioremediation was developed as an inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical and physical pollution remediation methods. Bioremediation began with the use of bacteria and later other microorganisms, to extract or degrade inorganic and organic contaminants in soil and water in situ. It then evolved to other applications in combination with traditional chemical and physical remediation methods. Phytoremediation was came about from basic research studies on the physiology of halophytic and hyperaccumulating plants. At first, plants provided successful for extracting salts, metals, and radionuclides from soil and water. Further, studies discovered that plant roots and the rhizosphere were capable of extracting or degrading organic pollutants such as pesticides and petrochemicals. The in situ case studies showcased in this book demonstrate how phytoremediation is a sustainable means of pollution remediation in economically emerging countries and is consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Automatic analysis of global spinal alignment from simple annotation of vertebral bodies.

Purpose: Measurement of global spinal alignment (GSA) is an important aspect of diagnosis and treatment evaluation for spinal deformity but is subject to a high level of inter-reader variability. Approach: Two methods for automatic GSA measurement are proposed to mitigate such variability and reduce the burden of manual measurements. Both approaches use vertebral labels in spine computed tomography (CT) as input: the first (EndSeg) segments vertebral endplates using input labels as seed points; and the second (SpNorm) computes a two-dimensional curvilinear fit to the input labels. Studies were performed to characterize the performance of EndSeg and SpNorm in comparison to manual GSA measurement by five clinicians, including measurements of proximal thoracic kyphosis, main thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis. Results: For the automatic methods, 93.8% of endplate angle estimates were within the inter-reader 95% confidence interval ( CI95 ). All GSA measurements for the automatic methods were within the inter-reader CI95 , and there was no statistically significant difference between automatic and manual methods. The SpNorm method appears particularly robust as it operates without segmentation. Conclusions: Such methods could improve the reproducibility and reliability of GSA measurements and are potentially suitable to applications in large datasets-e.g., for outcome assessment in surgical data science.
Substantiation of child maltreatment among parents with disabilities in the United States

This article describes the first United States-based national study to compare the rates of substantiation of maltreatment among cases reported to child protective services involving caregivers wit...
Investigating audience response system technology during pesticide training for farmers

Purpose: Audience response system technology has been found to have modest learning and larger non-cognitive impacts on students in traditional secondary and post-secondary learning environments. T...
The State of Nature and the Nature of State: How the 1930s Determined the Fate of Basque Terrorism

Why do states often choose costlier counterterrorism strategies over cheaper and simpler ones? The following paper addresses said topic in the context of Spain’s attrition tactic against the Basque terrorist group ETA. Drawing upon the logic of social contract theorists, I hypothesize that the Iberian state’s decision to reject negotiation strategies can be explained by its experience in the state of nature from 1931-1939, which shapes modern policy choices via the perceived ideal role of government. Using primary and secondary sources combined with a method of process-tracing and counterfactuals, I find substantial support for the proposed State of Nature theory, with all but one of its nine predictions proving to be accurate. These findings will have important scholarly implications for theories of strategic culture and rational choice in the context of security studies, as well as undeniable policy consequences for US decision-makers and strategists who rely on key allies like Spain in the American war on terror.
Relationship between the gold price and the Australian dollar - US dollar exchange rate

The United States (US) dollar-based gold price and the exchange rate between the Australian dollar and the US dollar (AUD/USD) have a combined and significant impact on both the trend of the Australian minerals industry and the overall Australian economy. The trend in this case refers to the economic sustainability and growth of the minerals industry as well as the physical extraction and production rates of the collective industry. To estimate gold mining project values, it is necessary to determine the correlation between the gold price, stated in US dollars per ounce (US$/oz), and the relevant exchange rate, being the Australian dollar against the US dollar (AUD/USD). In this empirical study, the aim is to investigate the long - run relationship between the US quoted gold price and the relevant periodic exchange rates (AUD/USD), and to determine the correlation coefficient between them using weekly average data over the period 1996 to 2014. In addition, the continuously compounded percentage return series for gold prices and AUD/USD exchange rates has been calculated, the results of which have exposed an interesting finding in that a bi-directional causality exists between the continuously compounded percentage return of periodic gold prices and the returns of the commensurate AUD/USD exchange rates. Especially for approximating mining project values, mine managers and other decision makers need to be cautious about different uncertainties including financial and economic uncertainties, and the inter correlation and long term relationships among economic variables. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and modified Dickey-Fuller methods of analysis have been performed using generalised least squares (DF-GLS) tests to examine whether the time series data are stationary. Arising from this it has been observed that all of the tests have confirmed both the gold price and the AUD/USD exchange rate data series are I (1) stationary at a 1 % significance level. In addition, Johansen cointegration tests for examining the long – run relationship have been performed, and it was determined that there is a long term relationship between the gold price and the exchange rate (AUD/USD). Vector auto regression (VAR) tests revealed that there is bi-directional causality between the gold price and the AUD/USD exchange rate, and it is also supported by the structural vector auto regression (SVAR) impulse – response functions (IRFs) analysis. Furthermore, the study revealed that a strong positive correlation between the gold price and the AUD/USD exchange rate exists, and it also exposed that a one percent increase in the nominal gold price leads to an appreciation of the AUD/USD nominal exchange rate by approximately 0.5 %.
Managing Communication and Professional Development in Online Graduate Programs with Electronic Portfolios

... “The implementation of ePortfolios is not an easy task. Portfolios in traditional programs require buy-in from faculty and students. Faculty must align portfolios with course and program goals, communicate expectations pertaining to the selection of artifacts, and develop assessment criteria (Delandshere and Arens, 2003; Zeichner and Wray, 2001). This paper describes how faculty members at a research university integrated ePortfolios into graduate-level online education programs to facilitate a programmatic, systematic graduate student supervision approach.”...
Automatic annotation of protein motif function with Gene Ontology terms

Conserved protein sequence motifs are short stretches of amino acid sequence patterns that potentially encode the function of proteins. Several sequence pattern searching algorithms and programs exist foridentifying candidate protein motifs at the whole genome level. However, amuch needed and importanttask is to determine the functions of the newly identified protein motifs. The Gene Ontology (GO) project is an endeavor to annotate the function of genes or protein sequences with terms from a dynamic, controlled vocabulary and these annotations serve well as a knowledge base. This paperpresents methods to mine the GO knowledge base and use the association between the GO terms assigned to a sequence and the motifs matched by the same sequence as evidence for predicting the functions of novel protein motifs automatically. The task of assigning GO terms to protein motifsis viewed as both a binary classification and information retrieval problem, where PROSITE motifs are used as samples for mode training and functional prediction. The mutual information of a motif and aGO term association isfound to be a very useful feature. We take advantageof the known motifs to train a logistic regression classifier, which allows us to combine mutual information with other frequency-based features and obtain a probability of correctassociation. The trained logistic regression model has intuitively meaningful and logically plausible parameter values, and performs very well empirically according to our evaluation criteria. In this research, different methods for automatic annotation of protein motifs have been investigated. Empirical result demonstrated that the methods have a great potential for detecting and augmenting information about thefunctions of newly discovered candidate protein motifs.
Developing innovative web-lecturing technology and online courses at Bradley University

The state-of-the-art InterLabs Web-lecturing tool has been designed, developed, and tested at the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems and the InterLabs Research Institute, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A. as a part of the National Science Foundation grant # 0196015 (2000-2003) [1,2]. It is based on active utilization of innovative Web-based software engineering, portal, multiagent, streaming multimedia, communication, teaching, learning and information technologies. The introductory "Computer Information Systems" CIS 102 course is a required course for students of many major areas in Engineering, Business, Science or Education. The recently developed innovative online CIS102 course was aimed to (1) provide students of various major areas with highest-possible learning convenience, and (2) meet different requirements for the CIS102 course of various Bradley departments. Student formative and summative evaluations and academic performance clearly demonstrate the advantages of the innovative online teaching and learning technologies based on the InterLabs Web-lecturing tool.
The Overseas Route to Multicultural and International Education

F or centuries, wandering scholars have enriched their own and other societies t rough the sha ing of id as and techniques. For example, when Emperor Asoka the Great of India (273-232 B.C.) required graduates from the University of Taxila in northern India to travel abroad, it was with the intent of propagating Buddhism (Brickman 1975). Dedicated to learning and peace, Asoka's "Pious Corps" of missionaries spread Buddhist teachings throughout Eastern Europe, West Africa, and Western Asia and set the example for its twentieth-century secular analogue, the Peace Corps. As a result of their intercultural contacts, these globe-trotting scholars, as well as their foreign audiences, acquired new concepts and competencies with useful applications for their own societies.
The NWIMBY Effect (No Walmart in My Backyard):Big Box Stores and Residential Property Values

Recent Wal-Mart openings have been accompanied by public demonstrations against the company’s presence in the community, asserting (among other things) that their presence is deleterious to residential property values. This study empirically evaluates that claim, analyzing the spatial correlation between Wal-Mart locations and residential property values, while comparing Wal-Mart with other big-box retailers for a frame of reference and controlling for other important aspects of a home’s market value. We recognize that market value may represent a trade-off between price and patience, so perform a similar analysis using a property’s days on the market to evaluate any big-box effect. Finally, we interpret the resulting effects in two ways, from both the resident’s and retailer’s point of view, casting new light on the NWIMBY effect.
Design and performance analysis of TH sequences for UWB-IR systems

Time hopping (TH) is commonly used with impulse radio (IR) based ultrawideband (UWB) systems as a multiple access scheme. In such systems, TH codes must he carefully designed to optimize the system performance. In this paper, TH code design for both synchronous and asynchronous UWB-IR systems are studied. For synchronous systems, a novel code assignment algorithm that depends on the number of users and delay spread of the channel is proposed. Then, the proposed codes are extended to quasi-synchronous scenarios. For asynchronous systems, frequency hopping (FH) codes obtained by finite field theory are applied to TH-IR, and their autocorrelation and crosscorrelation properties are investigated. A multiuser performance analysis method is proposed which makes use of code correlation characteristics.
Do Appearances Matter? The Impact of Eps Accretion and Dilution on Stock Prices

There is a widespread concern among practitioners and corporate managers that transactions which result in changes in future earnings-per-share ("EPS") have real effects on stock prices, irrespective of whether these changes reflect differences in future cash flows. As a result, investment decisions are often conditioned on their being accretive to EPS. This paper addresses this notion by testing whether there is any relation between EPS accretion and both announcement and long-term abnormal returns for acquiring firms in mergers and acquisitions. Using a sample of 224 transactions completed between 1975 and 1994, and a measure of EPS accretion designed to exclude the real effects of any potential synergies from the acquisition, I find that EPS accretion has a positive and statistically significant effect on acquirer abnormal performance, both at announcement and for the period up to 18 months following completion of the deal. This effect is robust across different measures of abnormal performance, and after controlling for other factors known to affect the long-term performance of acquiring firms. Also, the magnitude of the effect is higher for firms with a larger percentage of unsophisticated investors. On the other hand, the estimated effect, although reliably positive, is one order of magnitude smaller than implied by practitioners' views, suggesting that the concerns expressed by managers are largely exaggerated.
Online surveys for BGLT research: issues and techniques.

ABSTRACT Online surveys are becoming increasingly popular for accessing less visible and decentralized populations, including bisexual, gay, lesbian and transgender (BGLT) populations. Advances in technology and convenience for the both the researcher and the participant have facilitated this trend. In this paper, we explore issues related to conducting BGLT survey research online, such as making decisions about survey formats, target populations and recruitment, compensation, access, and privacy. We also discuss technical issues related to online surveys and their implications for confidentiality and informed consent.
Astrometry with the Lowell PDS

The Lowell Observatory PDS is currently used in several projects which necessitate astrometric reduction of photographic plates. To meet this need, we have developed a series of computer programs for astrometric data reduction which enable the user to obtain maximum flexibility from the PDS while at the same time retaining ease of use. In its simplest form our astrometric “package” consists of four separate programs. The first two constitute the “data taking” part of the process and reside on a DEC PDP 11/34, the computer which controls the PDS. The second two programs handle “data reduction” and reside on Lowell’s general purpose computer, a DEC PDP 11/55.
Shear wave elastography in chronic kidney disease: a pilot experience in native kidneys

There currently is a need for a non-invasive measure of renal fibrosis. We aim to explore whether shear wave elastography (SWE)-derived estimates of tissue stiffness may serve as a non-invasive biomarker that can distinguish normal and abnormal renal parenchymal tissue. Participants with CKD (by estimated GFR) and healthy volunteers underwent SWE. Renal elasticity was estimated as Young’s modulus (YM) in kilopascals (kPa). Univariate Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used. Twenty-five participants with CKD (median GFR 38 mL/min; quartile 1, quartile 3 28, 42) and 20 healthy controls without CKD underwent SWE performed by a single radiologist. CKD was associated with increased median YM (9.40 [5.55, 22.35] vs. 4.40 [3.68, 5.70] kPa; p = 0.002) and higher median intra-subject inter-measurement estimated YM’s variability (4.27 [2.89, 9.90] vs. 1.51 [1.21, 2.05] kPa; p < 0.001). SWE-derived estimates of renal stiffness and intra-subject estimated stiffness variability are higher in patients with CKD than in healthy controls. Renal fibrosis is a plausible explanation for the observed difference in YM. Further studies are required to determine the relationship between YM, estimated renal stiffness, and renal fibrosis severity.
Impact of Education on Memory Deficits in Subclinical Depression

Elevated depressive symptoms are associated with cognitive deficits, while higher education protects against cognitive decline. This study was conducted to test if education level moderates the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive function. Seventy-three healthy, dementia-free adults aged 18-81 completed neuropsychological tests, as well as depression and anxiety questionnaires. Controlling for age, sex, and state anxiety, we found a significant interaction of depressive symptoms and education for immediate and delayed verbal memory, such that those with a higher education level performed well regardless of depressive symptomatology, whereas those with lower education and high depressive symptoms had worse performance. No effects were found for executive functioning or processing speed. Results suggest that education protects against verbal memory deficits in individuals with elevated depressive symptoms. Further research on cognitive reserve in depression-related cognitive deficits and decline is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomenon.
Juvenile traumatic brain injury induces long-term perivascular matrix changes alongside amyloid-beta accumulation

In our juvenile traumatic brain injury (jTBI) model, emergence of cognitive dysfunctions was observed up to 6 months after trauma. Here we hypothesize that early brain injury induces changes in the neurovascular unit (NVU) that would be associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation. We investigated NVU changes for up to 6 months in a rat jTBI model, with a focus on the efflux protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and on the basement membrane proteins perlecan and fibronectin, all known to be involved in Aβ clearance. Rodent-Aβ staining is present and increased after jTBI around cerebral blood microvessels, and the diameter of those is decreased by 25% and 34% at 2 and 6 months, respectively, without significant angiogenesis. P-glycoprotein staining in endothelium is decreased by 22% and parallels an increase of perlecan and fibronectin staining around cerebral blood vessels. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that the emergence of long-term behavioral dysfunctions observed in rodent jTBI may be related to endothelial remodeling at the blood–brain barrier alongside vascular dysfunction and altered Aβ trafficking. This study shows that it is important to consider jTBI as a vascular disorder with long-term consequences on cognitive functions.
Influence of Patient Coaching on Analgesic Treatment Adjustment: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Context For patients with cancer-related pain and their physicians, routine oncology visits are an opportunity to adjust the analgesic regimen and secure better pain control. However, treatment intensification occurs haphazardly in practice. Objectives To estimate the effect of patient-centered tailored education and coaching (TEC) on the likelihood of analgesic treatment adjustment during oncology visits, and in turn, the influence of treatment adjustment on subsequent cancer pain control, we studied patients enrolled in a randomized trial of TEC. Methods Just before a scheduled oncology visit, 258 patients with at least moderate baseline pain received TEC or control; just after the same visit, they reported on whether the physician recommended a new pain medicine or a change in dose of an existing medicine. Pain severity and pain-related impairment were measured two, six, and 12 weeks later. Results Patients assigned to TEC were more likely than controls to report a change in the analgesic treatment regimen (60% vs. 36%, P P P Conclusion TEC increases the likelihood of self-reported, physician-directed adjustments in analgesic prescribing, and treatment intensification is associated with better cancer pain outcomes.
Toward a political economy of personal information

The evolving market for personal information is seen to be troubled by the inherent difficulties involved in assigning value to intangible goods and services, of which information is one of the more nettlesome. Classical political economy and neoclassical economic theory provide incomplete and contradictory cues as to the source of comparable measures of worth. Additional problems are recognized in the negotiation of claims to ownership or alienable property rights in information that is the product of interactions between individuals and bureaucratic organizations. The concept of negative value, or consequentiality represents a promising point of entry.
Separation of Free Amiimo Acids on Reverse Stationary Phases Using an Alkyl Sulfonate Salt as a Mobile Phase Additive

Abstract Alkylsulfonate (RSO3 −) salts were evaluated as mobile phase additives for the separation of free amino acids on reverse stationary phases using an acidic mobile phase where the amino acids are cations. The enhanced amino acid retention is the result of two major interactions, one being retention of the RSO3 − salt on the stationary phase and the other an ion exchange selectivity between the amino acid analyte cation and the RSO3 − countercation, or other countercations in the mobile phase. Major mobile phase variables are: type and concentration of RSO3 − salt (the studies focused on C8SO3 − salts), presence of organic modifier, type of countercation present, and mobile phase pH and ionic strength. Alkyl modified silica and polystyrenedivinyl-benzene copolymeric reverse stationary phases were compared. A mobile phase gradient, increasing per cent organic modifier was shown to be best, is necessary for separating complex mixtures of polar and nonpolar or basic amino acids. The procedure is applic...
Enhanced heat exchanger design for hydrogen storage using high-pressure metal hydride: Part 1. Design methodology and computational results

Abstract This study explores the use of a high-pressure metal hydride (HPMH), Ti 1.1 CrMn, to store hydrogen at high pressures (up to 310 bar) and temperatures below 60 °C, conditions that are suitable for automobile fuel cells. However, the exothermic reaction of hydrogen with this material releases large amounts of heat, and the reaction rate depends on the metal hydride temperature, decreasing significantly if the heat is not removed quickly. Therefore, a powerful heat exchanger constitutes the most crucial component of a HPMH hydrogen storage system. For automobiles, this heat exchanger must enable fueling 5 kg of hydrogen in less than 5 min. This is a formidable challenge considering the enormous amount of heat that must be released and the stringent limits on the heat exchanger’s weight and volume, let alone a host of manufacturing requirements. Unlike conventional heat exchangers that are designed to exchange heat between two fluids, this heat exchanger is quite unique in that it must dissipate heat between a reacting powder and a coolant. In this first of a two-part study, a systematic heat exchanger design methodology is presented, starting with a 1-D criterion and progressing through a series of engineering decisions supported by computations of fill time. A final design is arrived at that meets the 5-min fill time requirement corresponding to minimum heat exchanger mass, supported by a 2-D computational model of the heat exchanger’s thermal and kinetic response.
Differential ascending projections of temporomandibular joint-responsive brainstem neurons to periaqueductal gray and posterior thalamus of male and female rats

Abstract Several craniofacial pain conditions, including temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJDs), are more prevalent in women than men. The basis for sex differences in deep craniofacial pain is not known. The present study compared the magnitude of ascending projections from temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-responsive neurons in trigeminal brainstem with the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) or posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Po) in males and female rats. Fluorogold (FG) was injected into vlPAG or Po, and TMJ-responsive neurons were identified by Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) after mustard oil injection. TMJ-evoked Fos-LI was similar in males and females; however, significant differences in cell counts were seen for FG single-labeled and Fos/FG double-labeled neurons in trigeminal brainstem. After vlPAG injections, the number of FG-labeled neurons in trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (Vi), ventral interpolaris/caudalis transition (vl-Vi/Vc), and dorsal paratrigeminal region (dPa5) was greater in females than males. The percentage of Fos/FG double-labeled neurons in vl-Vi/Vc and dPa5 after vlPAG injection also was greater in females than males. In contrast, after Po injections, males displayed a greater number of FG-labeled neurons in superficial laminae (Lam I/II) of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and upper cervical spinal cord (C 1–2 ) and deeper laminae (Lam III/V) at C 1–2 than females. The percentage of Fos/FG double-labeled neurons in Lam I/II of Vc after Po injection also was greater in males than females. These data revealed significant sex differences in ascending projections from TMJ-responsive neurons in trigeminal brainstem. Such differences may influence the ability of males and females to recruit autonomic reflexes and endogenous pain control circuits relevant for TMJ nociception.
Electromagnetic Navigational Bronchoscopy

Despite advances in technology and treatment options, lung cancer remains a deadly disease. National screening programs are being instituted in an attempt to discover lung cancer in high-risk individuals at an earlier stage. Such screening programs invariably discover small peripheral nodules that previously would not have been clinically apparent; the management of such lesions can be challenging. Current diagnostic options such as percutaneous biopsy are effective; however, they are hindered by their risk of morbidity such as pneumothorax. Electromagnetic bronchoscopy (ENB) is an emerging technology that allows the practitioner the ability to both sample and treat small peripheral pulmonary lesions. In experienced centers, ENB provides high rates of diagnostic yield for small lesions and a complication rate significantly lower than that of more conventional diagnostic modalities. Although there are current barriers to its widespread utilization (cost, specialized imaging, technical training), these obstacles will handled similarly to any other emerging technology and will likely not be long-term impediments to its use.
Transient hepatic attenuation differences in neonates

A transient hepatic attenuation difference (THAD) is a hepatic perfusion anomaly seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans caused by an alteration in the dual blood supply of the liver. Although THADs have been described in adolescents and adults, they have not previously been described in neonates. We describe the appearance and evaluate the frequency of THADs in neonates ≤1 month of age compared to other infants younger than 2 years. A retrospective study was performed looking at all CT angiograms from 2000 to 2007 in infants <2 years of age. The incidence of THADs was compared among four age groups. Significance was determined using a logistic regression model. The study included 128 CT angiograms. A THAD was seen in 9/26 infants <1 month of age, in 3/50 infants 1 to 6 months of age, in 1/23 infants 6 months to 1 year of age, and in 1/29 infants 1 to 2 years of age. A THAD was found significantly more frequently in infants <1 month of age than in the older age groups (P<0.05). THADs are benign entities that can be seen normally in the neonatal age group. When the characteristic appearance is seen on CT, no further imaging is needed.
Global color and albedo variations on IO

Abstract Three multispectral mosaics of Io have been produced from Voyager imaging data: a global mosaic from each of the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 data sets and a high-resolution mosaic of the region surrounding the volcano Ra Patera. The mosaics are maps of normal albedo and color in accurate geometric map formats. Io's photometric behavior, mapped with a two-image technique, is spatially variable, especially in the bright white areas. The disk-integrated color and albedo of the satellite have been remarkably constant over recent decades, despite the volcanic activity and the many differences between Voyager 1 and 2 images (acquired just 4 months apart). This constancy is most likely due to the consistent occurrence of large Pele-type plumes with relatively dark, red deposits in the region from long 240 to 360°. A transient brightening southeast of Pele during the Voyager 1 encounter was probably due to real changes in surface and/or atmospheric materials, rather than to photometric behavior. The intrinsic spectral variability of Io, as seen in a series of two-dimensional histograms of the multispectral mosaics, consists of continuous variation among three major spectral end members. The data were mapped into five spectral units to compare them with laboratory measurements of candidate surface materials and to show the planimetric distributions. Unit 1 is best fit by the spectral reflectance of ordinary elemental sulfur, and it is closely associated with the Peletype plume deposits. Unit 2 is strongly confined to the polar caps above about latitude ±50°, but its composition is unknown. Unit 5 is probably SO2 with relatively minor contamination; it is concentrated in the equatorial region and near the long-lived Prometheus-type plumes. Units 3 and 4 are gradational between units 1 and 5. In addition to SO2 and elemental sulfur, other plausible components of the surface are polysulfur oxides, FeCl2, Na2S, and NaHS.
The electronic structure of actinide dioxides

Abstract The f-electron elements in actinide dioxide crystals have cubic site symmetry. Nevertheless, our understanding of their electronic structure has advanced rather slowly. Now, in addition to the magnetic susceptibility, magnetic resonance, optical and X-ray absorption data, there is information from both elastic and inelastic neutron magnetic scattering experiments. This report compares experimental data with results from two types of calculations: discrete-variational Xα molecular-orbital studies and traditional fn crystal-field studies. In this way, we not only gain an insight into the single-site crystal-field parameters but we learn something about the significance and the approximate magnitude of the interactions between the f electrons on neighboring actinide sites.
Hybrid approach to data reduction for multi-sensor hot wires

A hybrid approach to implementing the calibration equations for a multisensor hot-wire probe is discussed. The approach combines some of the speed of a look-up approach with the moderate storage requirements of direct calculation based on functional fitting. Particular attention is given to timing and storage comparisons for an X-wire probe. The method depends on the oft-employed concept of an effective cooling velocity which is a function only of the bridge output voltage.
Scurvy: A presenting sign of psychosis

Nutritional deficiency may be a presenting sign of undiagnosed psychiatric illness. In this case, we present a patient with scurvy as a complication of fixed psychotic delusions regarding his diet. Dermatologists may play a crucial role in the recognition of psychiatric illnesses and appropriate referral for care.
TP-PPV: piecewise nonlinear, time-shifted oscillator macromodel extraction for fast, accurate PLL simulation

We present a novel method for generating small, accurate PLL macromodels that capture transient response and jitter performance with unprecedented accuracy, while offering large speedups. The method extracts and uses a highly accurate oscillator phase macromodel termed the TP-PPV macromodel. The core idea behind the novel extraction procedure is to combine concepts from strongly nonlinear trajectory piecewise macromodeling techniques together with PPV-based time-shifted nonlinear phase macromodels. As a result, TP-PPV generated macromodels offer excellent global as well as local fidelity. These properties are necessary for handing large excursions in PLL control voltages during capture/lock in, e.g., hopping frequency synthesizers. We validate TP-PPV on a 5-stage interpolative ring VCO based PLL and compare results against full simulation, as well as against prior macromodels. We show that, unlike prior macromodels that only work well when the control voltage of the VCO has small excursions, the TP-PPV macromodel provides near-perfect matches against full SPICE-level simulation over a wide range of design scenarios, while achieving speedups of about three orders of magnitude.
Planning precision attachment restorations.

Abstract The important aspects for planning precision attachment restorations have been described. Thorough diagnosis, establishment of the path of insertion, and proper positioning of attachments are critical to the success of the restoration and must be carefully planned prior to initiation of cutting procedures.
Liquid crystal on silicon beam deflector

A high efficiency, low cost, low voltage operation liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) beam steering device with multiple angles addressing capability is developed. Currently, seven steering angles with as high as 92.7% efficiency are achieved within 2.85v. The device's design consideration, fabrication process as well as the characterization results are described.
Cultural consensus theory for multiple consensus truths

Abstract Cultural Consensus Theory (CCT) is a popular information pooling methodology used in the social and behavioral sciences. CCT consists of cognitive models designed to determine a consensus truth shared by a group of informants (respondents), and to better understand the cognitive characteristics of the informants (e.g. level knowledge, response biases). However prior to this paper, no CCT models have been developed that allow the possibility of the informant responses to come from a mixture of two or more consensus answer patterns. The major advance in the current paper is to endow one of the popular CCT models, the General Condorcet Model (GCM) for dichotomous responses, with the possibility of having several latent consensus answer patterns, each corresponding to a different, latent subgroup of informants. In addition, we augment the model to allow the possibility of questions having differential difficulty (cultural saliency). This is the first CCT finite-mixture model, and it is named the Multi-Culture GCM (MC-GCM). The model is developed axiomatically and a notable property is derived that can suggest the appropriate number of mixtures for a given data set. The model is extended in a hierarchical Bayesian framework and its application is successfully demonstrated on both simulated and real data, including a new experimental data set on political viewpoints.
Evaluation of six multinomial models of conscious and unconscious processes with the recall-recognition paradigm.

Six multinomial processing-tree models (W. H. Batchelder & D. M. Riefer, 1999), which include parameters representing conscious and unconscious memory processes, were tested using the recall-recognition paradigm. Data from 2 experiments were fit equally well by 3 of the 6 models. One model recognition was an extension of the generate-recognize model (L. L. Jacoby, 1998), and another was an extension of the non-high-threshold model (D. M. McBride & B. A. Dosher, 1999). The 3rd model was the source evaluation model (D. M. McBride & B. A. Dosher, 1999). Values of the parameters of 2 of these 3 models, excepting the non-high-threshold model, responded to experimental manipulations in accordance with the meaning of the parameters. The equivalence of models with regard to goodness-of-fit tests is discussed as is how experiments can be designed to demonstrate the superiority of one model over another. The potential usefulness of these models in the study of amnesia is considered.
Potentiation of CCl4 hepatotoxicity and lethality by chlordecone in female rats.

Abstract Female Sprague-Dawley rats (175–200 g) were maintained on a commercial powdered rat chow containing 0 or 10 ppm chlordecone (Kepone®; CD). On day 15 of the dietary protocol, a single dose of CCl4 (5 -100 μl/kg) was administered i.p. in corn oil vehicle. Controls received oil vehicle only. Twenty-four hours after CCl4 administration, hepatotoxicity was assessed using biochemical, functional, and histopathological parameters. Serum enzymes (GPT, GOT, ICD and OCT) were elevated in a dose related manner in the animals receiving CD-CCl4 combination. CCl4 alone at the doses used had no marked effect. Centrilobular necrosis was observed in the animals receiving CD-CCl4 combination. Biliary excretion of phenolphthalein glucuronide (PG) and the rate of bile flow were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Forty-eight hour LD50 of CCl4 was decreased 26-fold by CD pretreatment. These results indicate that CD potentiates CCl4 toxicity in female rats as well. Since the hepatic functional status is greatly compromized, the CD potentiated lethality is preceded by hepatic failure. Furthermore, female rats are sensitized to smaller doses of CCl4 in comparison to male rats.
Carcinoma-associated cytostructural antigenic alterations: Detection by lectin binding

Tumor cell membrane glycoproteins may be involved in the induction of tumor immunity or in the escape of tumors from immunologic defense mechanisms. Previous investigations have suggested a role for blood group antigens and their precursors, in the generation of the immune response to neoplasia. In this study, 44 benign and malignant breast lesions were examined for the presence of a carbohydrate precursor antigen (T-antigen) of the human blood group system MN. T-antigen was demonstrated using an immunohistochemical technique to detect tissue binding of a plant lectin (PNA) with specificity for T-antigen. Of the 22 benign breast lesions examined, 19 showed T-antigen present along the luminal cytoplasmic membrane and occasionally on intraluminal secretions. T-antigen, as demonstrated by lectin binding, was confined to this region in all benign lesions except one, which also showed cytoplasmic positivity. Malignant breast lesions showed a pattern of T-antigen expression markedly different from that of benign breast tissues. Of 22 breast carcinomas, 17 showed diffuse cytoplasmic T-antigen. Five carcinomas showed no evidence of T-antigen by this technique. These malignancies tended to be the most poorly differentiated when judged by histologic criteria. A possible role for T-antigen in the modulation of the immune response to breast carcinoma is suggested.
Deformable left-ventricle mesh model for motion-compensated filtering in cardiac gated SPECT.

Purpose: In this article, the authors present a motion-compensated spatiotemporal processing algorithm to reduce noise in cardiac gated SPECT. Cardiac gated SPECT data are particularly noisy because the acquired photon data are divided among a number of time frames (gates). Classical spatialreconstruction and processing techniques offer noise reduction but they are usually applied on each frame separately and fail to utilize temporal correlation between frames. Methods: In this work, the authors present a motion-compensated spatiotemporal postreconstruction filter offering noise reduction while minimizing motion-blur artifacts. The proposed method can be used regardless of the type of image-reconstruction method (analytical or iterative). The between-frame volumetric myocardium motion is estimated using a deformable mesh model based on the model of the myocardial surfaces. The estimated motion is then used to perform spatiotemporal filtering along the motion trajectories. Both the motion-estimation and spatiotemporal filtering methods seek to maintain the wall brightening seen during cardiac contraction. Wall brightening is caused by the partial volume effect, which is usually viewed as an artifact; however, wall brightening is a useful signature in clinical practice because it allows the clinician to visualize wall thickening. Therefore, the authors seek in their method to preserve the brightening effect. Results: The authors find that the proposed method offers better noise reduction than several existing methods as quantitatively evaluated by signal-to-noise ratio, bias-variance plots, and ejection fraction analysis as well as on tested clinical data. Conclusions: The proposed method mitigates for noise in cardiac gated SPECTimages using a postreconstruction motion-compensated filtering approach. Visual as well as quantitative evaluation show considerable improvement in image quality.
Studies on enzymes from parasitic helminths—IV. Purification and characterization of aldolase from the muscle tissue of Ascaris suum☆

1. 1. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase has been purified from the muscle tissue of the roundworm, Ascaris suum. 2. 2. The 157-fold purified enzymes exhibits a specific activity of 10·2 units/mg of protein and was judge to be homogeneous by the criteria of analytical ultracentrifugation, zone electrophoresis and rechromatography. 3. 3. Concomitant with the homogeneity studies the following physical parameters were established: S020,wW=7·98x10−13sec; D20,ww=4·43x10−7cm2/sec; Strokes' radius=46·4 A; f/f0=1·29. 4. 4. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and analytical gel filtration yielded a molecular weight of 158,000±4000 for the native enzymes. The subunit molecular weight in 6 M guanidinium chloride or 0·1% sodium dodecyl sulfate is 41,000. Therefore, the enzyme is a tetramer. 5. 5. The apparent Michaelis constants determined for FDP and F1P were 6x10−5M and 3x10−2M, respectively. The catalytic ratio (FDP/F1P) was 42. The enzymes was unaffected by EDTA or potassium ions. 6. 6. It is concluded that the enzyme is a typical Class I, Type A muscle aldolase, and is suprisingly similar to the muscle aldolase of vertebrate origin.
Strength and Whiteness Retention of Stained and Treated Nurse's Uniform Fabrics

Soil and stain removal has always been a contributing factor in the acceptance of a neat and clean appearance for most types of wearing apparel. Investigates the strength and whiteness retention and degree of stain removal of representative nurse‐uniform fabrics, after removal of selected medicinal and other dye‐based stains. Although many fabric properties affect the ease of soil removal or the retention of fabric strength, the objective was to compare the serviceability of twill versus rib weave fabrics and soil‐release versus non‐soil‐release finished fabrics. Of the stains tested, the most problematic stain was that created by permanent marker. Although removed in the early stages of testing, it became increasingly difficult to maintain fabric whiteness.
Enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway in Macrocanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (acanthocephala)

Abstract 1. 1. Transaldolase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase, phosphoriboisomerase and d -xylulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase were studied in extracts of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus . 2. 2. Enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway were observed throughout M. hirudinaceus and no specific site indicated for this pathway by analyzing activities in the anterior third, which contains the praesoma and lemnisci; middle third, containing pseudocoelomate fluid and body wall musculature; and posterior third, containing reproductive organs. 3. 3. No significant difference was observed in the specific activity of the enzymes from separate sexes.
A prospective study of a hand-held ultrasound device in abdominal aortic aneurysm evaluation

Abstract Purpose Effective treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) requires both early detection and timely repair to reduce aneurysm-related mortality. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the utility of a hand-held ultrasonography (US) device in AAA screening in a Veterans Affairs vascular surgical service. Methods During a 16-month period, patients with risk factors for AAA were evaluated in a blinded fashion with a hand-held US device performed by physicians. A conventional abdominal duplex US examination was also performed by a certified vascular ultrasonographer. Results of the hand-held US was compared with the conventional duplex US examination. Results A total of 104 patients were evaluated (97 men, mean age 67 ± 6.3 years). The mean times for hand-held and conventional duplex US examinations were 5.3 ± 3.2 minutes and 3.1 ± 2.4 minutes (not significant), respectively. Using the conventional duplex US as a reference, the sensitivity and specificity of the hand-held device in detecting a AAA were 93% and 97%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the hand-held device were 89% and 98%, respectively. The likelihood ratios of positive and negative tests of the hand-held US device examination were 82 and 0.14, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the hand-held US device as compared with the conventional duplex US was 98%. Conclusions A hand-held portable US device is effective and accurate in AAA screening with results comparable to the conventional abdominal duplex examination. Moreover, hand-held portable US for AAA screening can be performed expeditiously during physical examination. It should be used as an extension in routine physical examination in vascular patients.