cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of injection-induced seismicity using a coupled fluid flow and rate/state friction model

We describe a numerical investigation of seismicity induced by injection into a single isolated fracture. Injection into a single isolated fracture is a simple analog for shear stimulation in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) during which water is injected into fractured, low permeability rock, triggering slip on preexisting large scale fracture zones. A model was developed and used that couples (1) fluid flow, (2) rate and state friction, and (3) mechanical stress interaction between fracture elements. Based on the results of this model, we propose a mechanism to describe the process by which the stimulated region grows during shear stimulation, which we refer to as the sequential stimulation (SS) mechanism. If the SS mechanism is realistic, it would undermine assumptions that are made for the estimation of the minimum principal stress and unstimulated hydraulic diffusivity. We investigated the effect of injection pressure on induced seismicity. For injection at constant pressure, there was not a signifi...
Analytical solution of equations governing molecular-motor-assisted transport of intracellular particles

Using the method of separation of variables, a generalized Fourier series solution is obtained for a one-dimensional transient problem describing the motor-assisted transport of intracellular organelles in a cell arm (a dendrite or axon), which is oriented in the x-direction. The one-dimensional transport of organelles occurs between two boundaries, the base of the dendrite and its tip. A fraction of space within the dendrite is occupied by filaments; the remaining space allows diffusion of unbound particles in the x-direction. The filaments are divided into outward filaments (molecular motors running along these filaments transport particles in the direction of increasing x) and inward filaments (molecular motors running along these filaments transport particles in the direction of decreasing x). Unbound (free) particles may bind to filaments; particles attached to filaments may detach from them; the binding/detachment kinetic processes are specified by the first rate constants.
Studies of two-dimensional morphology at surface-functionalized polyethylene films

Polyethylene simultaneously functionalized with both pyrene labels and amine quencher groups has been studied to determine the extent to which self-organization and segregation of functional groups occurred during formation of a surface-bifunctionalized polymer. By measuring pyrene fluorescence in the presence of surface-bound amine quencher, pyrene fluorescence after the surface bound quenchers had been protonated, and the total amount of polymer-bound pyrene based on the amount of quenching seen with a large excess of an external quencher, we have been able to show that the mixture of functional groups at the surface is not highly segregated. The suggested integrated morphology was further supported by studies where the ratio of pyrene to internal quencher was varied over approximately 2 orders of magnitude. These studies of a bifunctional surface-modified polymer also showed that the percentage of bound pyrene that was internally quenched varied in a roughly linear way with the molar ratio of pyrene to internal quencher and that mild annealing did not change the observed two-dimensional morphology.
Urban Science Education Studies: A Commitment to Equity, Social Justice and a Sense of Place.

(2002). Urban Science Education Studies: A Commitment to Equity, Social Justice and a Sense of Place. Studies in Science Education: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 1-37.
Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in body cavity effusions in dogs

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has potent angiogenic, mitogenic, and vascular permeability enhancing properties specific for endothelial cells. VEGF is present in high concentrations in inflammatory and neoplastic body cavity effusions and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neoplastic and inflammatory effusion formation. In this study, VEGF was quantitated by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) in samples of pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal effusions (N = 38) from dogs (N = 35) with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. VEGF was detected in 37 of 38 effusions (median, 754; range, 18-3,669 pg/mL) and was present in much higher concentrations than in previously established normal concentrations for canine plasma (median, < 1 pg/mL; range, < 1-18 pg/mL) or in those previously noted in the plasma of dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA; median, 17 pg/mL; range, < 1-67 pg/mL). In 4 dogs with HSA, the concurrent plasma VEGF concentration was much lower than in the abdominal effusion (P = .029). No significant correlation was demonstrated between VEGF effusion concentration and effusion total protein content or nucleated cell count. Mean VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in pericardial (median, 3,533; range, 709-3,669 pg/mL) and pleural effusions (median, 3,144; range, 0-3,663 pg/mL) compared to peritoneal effusions (median, 288; range, 18-2,607 pg/mL; P < .05). There was no marked difference demonstrated between effusions associated with malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of VEGF in body cavity effusion formation in dogs.
Toxicity of uricosuric diuretics in rat hepatocyte culture

Several aryloxyacetic acid diuretics have shown hepatotoxicity in humans, yet there continues to be interest in developing these compounds because of the uricosuric properties of some of them. This study was designed to test the utility of the hepatocyte monolayer culture as a model for studying these compounds. In addition, an attempt was made to define the structural components that are common to hepatotoxicity. Ticrynafen, indacrinone, ethacrynic acid and A-49816, an investigational compound, were found to be toxic in hepatocyte cultures; thus, with the exception of indacrinone, paralleling the experience in humans. The toxic compounds share a ketodichlorophenoxyacetic acid chemical structure. A-56234, an investigational uricosuric, was also found to be toxic in cultures but has not been demonstrated to be hepatotoxic in humans in limited clinical experience. It does not possess the ketodichlorophenoxyacetic acid structure proper but may be metabolized to a closely related structure. Furosemide, which does not have the ketodichlorophenoxyacetic acid structure, was not toxic in hepatocyte cultures and has not been hepatotoxic in humans. Thus, the structure common to the toxic compounds is ketodichlorophenoxyacetic acid or a closely related compound. The hepatocyte monolayer system appears to be a good model for demonstrating toxicity and, perhaps, for predicting toxicity of new compounds under development.
Histamine induces activation of protein kinase D that mediates tissue factor expression and activity in human aortic smooth muscle cells

Histamine, an inflammatory mediator, has been shown to influence the pathogenesis of vascular wall cells. However, the molecular basis of its influence is not well understood. Our data reveal that histamine markedly induces protein kinase D (PKD) activation in human aortic smooth muscle cells. PKD belongs to a family of serine/threonine protein kinases, and its function in vascular disease is largely unknown. Our data show that histamine-induced PKD phosphorylation is dependent on the activation of histamine receptor 1 and protein kinase C (PKC). To determine the role of PKD in the histamine pathway, we employed a small-interfering RNA approach to downregulate PKD expression and found that PKD1 and PKD2 are key mediators for expression of tissue factor (TF), which is the key initiator of blood coagulation and is important for thrombosis. Our results show that PKD2 predominantly mediates histamine-induced TF expression via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, whereas PKD1 mediates histamine-induced TF expression through a p38 MAPK-independent pathway. We demonstrate that histamine induces TF expression via the PKC-dependent PKD activation. Our data provide the first evidence that PKD is a new component in histamine signaling in live cells and that PKD has a novel function in the histamine signaling pathway leading to gene expression, as evidenced by TF expression. Importantly, our data reveal a regulatory link from histamine to PKD and TF, providing new insights into the mechanisms of coagulation and the development of atherothrombosis.
Cultivating Resilience: Mindful Practice and Communities of Care (SA514)

Objectives Identify three unique pharmacologic properties of ketamine. Identify three challenges and three benefits of the use of ketamine in the palliative care setting. Collect three tools to develop a protocol for ketamine use and implementation in one’s own palliative care practice. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is involved in both the sensitization of central neurons and the functioning of the opioid receptor, and there is evidence that one NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, has analgesic properties. At subanesthetic doses, ketamine may be used as a brief infusion for treatment of severe refractory pain or as a more prolonged infusion, typically at the end of life. Ketamine has also been delivered orally and intranasally to patients in the palliative care setting. The evidence to support the benefit of ketamine as an adjuvant to opioid therapy is quite limited. Nevertheless, this approach continues to be used by experienced pain and palliative care clinicians, particularly in the setting of otherwise refractory neuropathic pain at the end of life. The goal of this session is to review the literature involving ketamine use in the palliative care setting, review its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, relay case studies to delineate the challenges and benefits of ketamine use, and enable practitioners to implement the use of ketamine in both pediatric and adult palliative care settings.
Dependence of transdetermination frequency on the developmental stage of cultured imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Male foreleg tissue from prepupal stages of Drosophila melanogaster was tested for its capacity to grow when cultured in the adult fly hemocoel and for its capacity, after culture, to produce adult cuticular structures when differentiated in a metamorphosing larva. Evaginated, segmented leg tissue from 8-hr-old prepupae (at 25°C), still retained the capacity to grow well in culture. Growth was, however, restricted to cells of the proximal half of the leg. Tissue from 11- and 24-hr stages (pupal ecdysis at 11 hr) was not successfully cultured. Cultured proximal halves of 8 hr prepupal legs frequently differentiated not only proximal structures, but also distal structures, such as sex combs and claws, indicating regeneration of missing leg structures during the culture period. Transdetermination to wing tissue occurred only rarely (once in 90 implants) whereas third-instar leg tissue in culture transdetermined frequently (50% of the implants) to wing, even though growth of tissue of the two stages was equivalent. Identical results were obtained with third-instar foreleg discs evaginated in vitro with β-ecdysone. This is the first in vitro treatment reported to reduce transdetermination frequency, without affecting growth proportionately. These results indicate that cell proliferation in culture, while probably a necessary condition for transdetermination, is not a sufficient condition. The developmental stage of the cultured tissue strongly affects the frequency of transdetermination.
Hibernation in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): seasonal cycles of cold tolerance.

1. The red-sided garter snake hibernates for about six months each year in Manitoba, Canada, where winter temperatures are often as low as -40 degrees C. Mammalian hibernators typically undergo profound changes in preparation for hibernation, but little is known about corresponding changes in reptiles. 2. We tested the importance of seasonal changes in the ability of red-sided garter snakes to hibernate successfully by exposing them to winter conditions at different times of year. 3. Animals that began hibernation in the fall were more likely to survive hibernation than animals that began hibernation in either early or late summer, despite the fact that the animals were kept on seasonally constant conditions prior to hibernation. 4. We suggest that these changes are derived from endogenous components of the yearly hibernation cycle of red-sided garter snakes but that only part of the cycle proceeds endogenously, i.e. it is not a completely endogenous circannual cycle.
Effect of Johne's disease status on reproduction and culling in dairy cattle

Among the costs attributed to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle, the effects on reproduction and culling are the least documented. To estimate the cost of MAP infections and Johne's disease in a dairy herd, the rates of calving and culling were calculated for cows in each stage of MAP infection relative to uninfected cows. Data from 6 commercial dairy herds, consisting of 2,818 cows with 2,754 calvings and 1,483 cullings, were used for analysis. Every cow in each study herd was tested regularly for MAP, and herds were followed for between 4 and 7 yr. An ordinal categorical variable for Johne's disease status [test-negative, low-positive (low-shedding or ELISA-positive only), or high-shedding] was defined as a time-dependent variable for all cows with at least 1 positive test result or 2 negative test results. A Cox regression model, stratified on herd and controlling for the time-dependent infection variable, was used to analyze time to culling. Nonshedding animals were significantly less likely to be culled in comparison with animals in the low-shedding or ELISA-positive category, and high-shedding animals had nonsignificantly higher culling rates than low-shedding or ELISA-positive animals. Time to calving was analyzed using a proportional rates model, an analog to the Andersen-Gill regression model suitable for recurrent event data, stratifying on herd and weighted to adjust for the dependent censoring caused by the culling effects described above. High-shedding animals had lower calving rates in comparison with low-shedding or ELISA-positive animals, which tended to have higher calving rates than test-negative animals.
Combustion of N-butane and isobutane in an internal combustion engine: A comparison of experimental and modeling results

n-Butane and isobutane are used in a test engine to examine the importance of molecular structure in determining knock tendency. The experimental results are interpreted using a detailed chemical kinetic model. Temporally resolved samples were withdrawn from the combustion chamber, providing measured histories of the concentrations of a wide variety of reactant, olefin, carbonyl, and other intermediate and product species. Calculations show that RO{sub 2} isomerization reactions are more important contributors to chain branching in n-butane oxidation than in isobutane oxidation. Chain branching in isobutane oxidation is dependent on H-atom abstraction reactions involving HO{sub 2} and CH{sub 3}O{sub 2} radicals that occur at higher temperatures than RO{sub 2} isomerization reactions. Therefore, an isobutane mixture must be raised to a higher temperature than a n-butane mixture to achieve the same overall rate of reaction. 23 refs., 4 figs.
Bootstrap validation of pharmacodynamic models defined via stepwise linear regression

When a pharmacodynamic model is to be considered as the basis for individualized drug dosing, validation of the model is clearly warranted. Rigorous validation is problematic when the training data set to be modeled has too few data points and no independent test data set exists. A simulation method known as the bootstrap lends itself particularly well to this dilemma. Bootstrap sampling allows simulation of needed test data sets that mimic the initial data set. Model validation is then undertaken by repeating the model formulation procedure on the bootstrap samples. For illustration, a pharmacodynamic model for leukopenia was constructed by stepwise linear regression from data of 41 patients with cancer treated with the drug amonafide. Stepwise regression analyses were then repeated for 100 bootstrap samples, which verified the initial selection of covariates for the model. Next the regression parameters and residual error standard deviation of the model were repeatedly estimated for 200 additional bootstrap samples. The bootstrap results confirmed the initial formulation of the pharmacodynamic model from the training data set.
Lake Huron Rotifer and Crustacean Zooplankton, April-July, 1980

Abstract Between April and July 1980, four zooplankton surveillance cruises were conducted in Lake Huron waters. Crustacean and rotifer species composition and abundance generally were characteristic of oligotrophic waters. Crustacean zooplankton cruise mean abundances were more than twice as large as those reported from Lake Huron in 1971, although not as high as reported from southern Lake Huron in 1974. Rotifers occurred in even greater abundances in southern Lake Huron in 1974 than over the whole lake in 1980. Differences in abundance across time may reflect changes in the trophic status of the lake or differences in sampling methods and locations. The 1980 zooplankton community was strongly dominated by crustaceans, the probable major grazers on the phytoplankton community. Rotifers, because of their possible greater sensitivity to food limitations and their greater potential rate of population increase, may be the best zooplankton indicators of trophic condition. However, crustacean zooplankton may be better indicators of ecosystem structure (because of their vulnerability to fish predators) and function (because of their major role in grazing).
Whole-body vibration slows the acquisition of fat in mature female rats: a response to BA Christiansen

Whole-body vibration slows the acquisition of fat in mature female rats: a response to BA Christiansen
Design of a current mode polarization arithmetic analyzer

CMOS Polarization image sensors can detect the polarization of an incident light, from which a lot of information can be derived about the properties and shape of the images objects. This paper proposes a current mode polarization analyzer, based on a three-parameter polarization analysis methodology. The procedure of the calculation of the intensity, polarization degree, and the polarization angle is optimized in a format for hardware friendly implementation. The proposed analysis procedure is implemented using only absolute adder/subtractors and multiplier/dividers. In this work, the multiplier/divider is performed in two modes: i) geometric mean calculation mode, and ii) square/divider mode. Both a parallel implementation, which employs five multiplier/divider, for the optimization of processing efficiency, and a serial implementation, which employs two multiplier/divider, for the optimization of power efficiency, are designed and compared. A prototype chip of the proposed design was implemented in 0.5μm 3M2P standard CMOS technology, occupying a silicon area of 150 × 140 μm 2 .
Optimization and Mechanistic Analysis of Oligonucleotide Cleavage from Palladium-Labile Solid-Phase Synthesis Supports1

Pd(0)-labile solid-phase synthesis supports have been used to produce oligonucleotides containing 3‘-alkyl carboxylic acid and 3‘-hydroxy termini in quantitative yields. Optimization of the cleavage reaction conditions using tetrabutylammonium formate buffer resulted in quantitative yields of oligonucleotides using 4 molar equiv of Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 in 1 h at 55 °C. A proton source facilitates cleavage of the oligonucleotide from the supports. Trace amounts of water, acting as a nucleophile on the η3-complex, presumably preventing back biting by the initially released oligonucleotide, are required to obtain reproducibly high yields of cleaved oligonucleotides during a 1 h reaction. The previously observed lability of β-cyanoethyl groups to the Pd(0) conditions has been examined using a mononucleotide substrate. Cleavage of the β-cyanoethyl group was shown to proceed to the exclusion of other alkyl groups. A mechanism involving initial insertion by Pd(0) into the carbon−oxygen bond of the β-cyanoethyl group ...
On Hinkley's estimator: Inference about the change point

Maximum likelihood method is applied to estimate the change point of a distribution function associated with a sequence of independent random elements. Fluctuation theory of random walks is applied to show exact expressions for the limiting distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator of a change point. The derived expressions are computationally accessible in the sense that one may compute the exact asymptotic distribution of the change point through an algorithmic approach on the basis of the expressions derived. In showing this, a new formula for the ultimate maximum, the maximum of the sequence of partial maxima of a random walk is exhibited. Assuming that the underlying process is Gaussian, asymptotic distribution for the maximum likelihood estimate of the change point is obtained.
Combined ab Initio Quantum Mechanics and Classical Molecular Dynamics Studies of Polyphosphazene Polymer Electrolytes: Competitive Solvation of Li+ and LiCF3SO3

Ab initio quantum mechanics (QM) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to model an electrolyte composed of a polyphosphazene (PP), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), and water. Structures and energetics are systematically studied by QM for binary complexes of Li+, CF3SO3-, and Li+CF3SO3- with water or PP fragments, and for ternary combinations of Li+CF3SO3-, PP fragments, and water. Li+ interacts most strongly with the backbone nitrogen of PP, somewhat more weakly (and comparably) with ether oxygens on PP side chains and with water oxygens. This indicates that Li+−N interactions should significantly affect migration of Li+ in PP polymer electrolytes. Calculated coordination patterns of Li+ with the poly(ethylene oxide) model (ethylene oxide)6 [(EO)6] agree with experimental results in which Li+ is strongly coordinated with five oxygens in PEO. Binary aggregates of LiCF3SO3 and (EO)6 are also examined. Both Li+ and LiCF3SO3 coordinate preferentially with neighboring N atoms and a methoxy...
Breast cancer detection guidelines for women aged 40 to 49 years: rationale for the American Cancer Society reaffirmation of recommendations. American Cancer Society

Over the past year, the National Cancer Institute has altered its guidelines for early breast cancer screening by omitting any recommendation for mammography and clinical breast examination for women aged 40 to 49 years, while the American Cancer Society has reaffirmed its recommendation for these screening procedures in this age group. This article reviews the process and some of the evidence the American Cancer Society has relied upon in reaffirming its recommended guidelines for early breast cancer detection.
Using Online Peer Dialogue Journaling to Promote Reflection in Elementary Preservice Teachers

Abstract This case study investigates the effectiveness of online peer dialogue journaling. The authors developed this learning strategy for elementary preservice teachers to reflect on their tutoring experiences and to provide support to their journal partners using an Internet discussion forum. The participants were asked to fill in two questionnaires, before and after they participated in writing online peer dialogue journals. The journal entries posted by the participants were also collected. The findings suggest that most participants responded favorably to this strategy. It facilitates technology integration, promotes interactive learning, and supports reflective practices in the dialogic form. The authors also raise several issues that need to be further addressed by teacher educators.
Factors associated with domestic violence and sexual assault victimization

This study explored factors associated with a lifetime history of domestic violence and sexual assault in a sample of welfare recipients in Illinois. Results indicate that childhood exposure to domestic violence is a risk factor for both sexual assault and domestic violence victimization, but that childhood physical abuse is only a risk factor for domestic violence. Increased education and employment skills and having more children were also risk factors for domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence was significantly associated with depression, while sexual assault was associated with low social support and a greater perceived need for mental health services. Frequent alcohol and drug use were not associated with either type of victimization. Research implications are discussed.
Establishment of heteroploid cell lines from mouse peritoneal exudate cells.

Proliferation was observed during in vitro cultivation of peritoneal exudate cells that had been educed from a C3H mouse with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. These cells were successfully subcultured by release with trypsin-EDTA solution and are now at passage 108 after 22 months in culture. Using this technique, 12 other rapidly growing peritoneal exudate cultures were obtained, whereas 10 cultures not educed with adjuvant did not proliferate. Characteristics of four adjuvant-induced cell lines established in culture include: rapid attachment to glass, doubling time in culture of 18 to 19 hr, phagocytosis of colloidal carbon, enhanced phagocytosis of specifically sensitized bacteria, epithelium-like morphology, and retention of C3H histocompatible specificities. These cell lines had widely varying chromosome distributions with modes from 37.3±2.4 to 82.6±2.30, but inoculation of 107 cultured cells into syngeneic animals did not produce tumors. Procedures described for the reproducible establishment of peritoneal exudate cell lines did not require use of conditioned media or exogenous viral infection.
Modulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis and release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN): Role of extracellular albumin

Extracellular Ca2+ regulated the synthesis and release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) stimulated with N'-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) in the presence of cytochalasin B. Maximum PAF synthesis and release required the presence of 0.14 mM Ca2+ whereas 1.4 mM Ca2+ was necessary for maximum lysosomal enzyme secretion. The synthesis of PAF occurred within 2.5 min after PMN stimulation in the presence of 1.4 mM Ca2+; however, PAF release did not occur until 5 min after stimulation. Peak PAF release occurred by 7.5 min but accounted for only 30-40% of the total amount of PAF synthesized, the remainder being retained on or within the PMN. Stimulation of PMN in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA or EGTA decreased PAF synthesis and release by greater than 95%. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, stimulated PMN synthesized PAF in amounts that were 10-30% of maximum, but there was no release of the newly synthesized PAF. At Ca2+ concentrations greater than 0.01 mM, there was a dose-dependent (up to 0.14 mM) increase in PAF synthesis that was associated with the initiation and concomitant increase in the amount of PAF released. These data suggest the presence of a PAF synthesis-release coupling mechanism in which the extracellular Ca2+-dependent release of PAF stimulates additional PAF synthesis.
Preoperative parameters for predicting early prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Objectives. To determine whether easily measurable prostate biopsy features could complement Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or clinical stage in predicting recurrence-free survival after prostatectomy. Information relating preoperative parameters to recurrence-free survival is needed to counsel patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer regarding expectations for postprostatectomy cancer control. Methods. The data of a cohort of 588 consecutive prostatectomy patients (median age 61 years, range 39 to 83) with ascertained preoperative data and up to 4 years of postprostatectomy follow-up were analyzed. Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis evaluated preoperative factors (clinical stage, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, greatest percentage of a biopsy core involved by cancer [GPC], number of biopsy cores containing cancer, perineural invasion) to identify those relating significantly to recurrence-free survival. Functional forms of these factors were evaluated to optimize accuracy in predicting cancer control. Results. The baseline parameters significantly affecting PSA-free survival included PSA level (P <0.01), biopsy Gleason score (P = 0.04), and GPC (P <0.01). Although clinical stage and perineural invasion had a marginal association with PSA-free survival as univariate factors, this association was not independently significant in multivariable analysis. The multivariate Cox model using PSA, Gleason score, and GPC was highly predictive of PSA free-survival (chi-square = 48.2, P = 0.0001). A set of plots representing these data can be used to identify the risk of early postoperative PSA recurrence on the basis of specific preoperative PSA, Gleason score, and GPC values. Conclusions. These findings provide a highly significant model and a simple tool for assisting preoperative patient counseling regarding predicted cancer control after radical prostatectomy.
The Effect of Respondent Experience/Knowledge in the Elicitation of Contingent Values: An Investigation of Convergent Validity, Procedural Invariance and Reliability

Tests of convergent validity and procedural invariance were used to investigate whether individuals lacking direct experience with a commodity can provide valid responses to contingent-valuation questions eliciting ex post use values. Convergent validity between samples with and without experience was shown to hold for dichotomous-choice responses, but not for open-ended responses.
Categories of alcohol outcome expectancies and their relationships to alcohol related consequences

Abstract Extensive research has generally supported a significant and positive relationship of positive outcome expectancies with the amount of alcohol consumed among young adult drinkers, a group generally considered at high risk. Researchers have also naturally been interested in the relationships between these beliefs about drinking and the negative consequences experienced among those who abuse alcohol. Interestingly, those studies found significant positive associations of the number of alcohol outcome expectancies with drinking related consequences, independent of the amount of alcohol being consumed, suggesting that some consequences may be a function of beliefs rather than chemical effects. In addition, there has been evidence that age related differences may exist in the experience of positive outcome expectancies and their associations with consumption. One area that has not been examined is how different categories of alcohol outcome expectancies may be associated with different types of consequences among young adults. Young adults between ages 18–30 were assessed for different categories of alcohol outcome expectancies as well as different types of alcohol consequences. Study hypotheses were partially supported in that specific categories of expectancies were significantly associated with different types of consequences in multiple regression models, but not in the pattern that was predicted from a review of the literature. Expectancies with themes of personal power were consistently found to be significantly and positively associated with various types of consequences after controlling for alcohol consumption. The paper discusses the clinical relevance of these findings with regard to young adult drinkers.
Testing the Effects of Label Deterioration on the Legibility and Comprehensibility of Warnings

On-product warning signs and labels face a variety of potential sources of deterioration (e.g., abrasion, ultraviolet light, and exposure to chemicals). Reviews of the available literature have produced few references regarding the effects of this deterioration on the ability of warnings to communicate. The objective of this study was to provide an initial investigation into this void in the literature. Actual warnings used on forest-harvesting equipment were photographed and rated with respect to the intensity of degradation. These real-world labels were then tested for legibility and comprehensibility using a sample of undergraduate students. The results indicate that at moderate levels of label deterioration persons can often correctly comprehend the intended safety messages. With respect to a degradation intensity rating of 3 (on a 5–point scale), the number of participants that correctly identified the conceptual meaning of the warnings (82) considerably exceeded the number that correctly identified ...
Maintenance of Effects in the Nonmedical Treatment of Headaches During Pregnancy

In a previous study, 30 pregnant women suffering from headaches were treated with physical therapy, relaxation training, and biofeedback. Eighty percent of these women experienced significant relief of headaches following treatment. Although this study demonstrated the effectiveness of nonmedical treatment during pregnancy, little is known about the influence of changing hormones during pregnancy on fluctuations in headache. One purpose of this study was to present a follow-up of the women who were included in the previous study to determine whether the results from the nonmedical treatment were maintained up to a year after giving birth. In addition, this study examined the influence of headache diagnosis and breastfeeding on changes in headache activity and maintenance of treatment effects. The results indicate that the reductions in headache activity were maintained at follow-up in the majority of the women treated, with 67.5% of the sample maintaining a significant decrease in headache up to 1 year after giving birth. Neither IHS diagnosis nor breastfeeding was related to maintenance of headache improvement. We conclude that the beneficial effects of nonpharmacological treatment of headaches during pregnancy demonstrated in a previous study are maintained up to 1 year following delivery. Headache diagnosis and breastfeeding were not related to treatment outcome, a finding that contradicts the reports of many retrospective studies.
Oncological outcomes of laparoscopic colon resection for cancer after implementation of a full-time preceptorship.

The learning curve for laparoscopic colectomy (LC) is considered long and difficult. The presence of a preceptor may shorten the learning curve of LC and ensure adequate oncologic and short-term results. City of Hope implemented a full-time LC preceptorship between September 2004 and March 2006 with one experienced surgeon assisting other surgeons. We review our outcomes with laparoscopic colon resection for colon adenocarcinoma after implementation of this preceptorship. All cases of laparoscopic colon resection for adenocarcinoma performed from September 2004 to April 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the patients in two groups: group 1 had surgery performed during the preceptorship period from September 2004 to March 2006 (n = 39) and group 2 had procedures done between April 2006 and April 2009 (n = 74). Clinical characteristics evaluated included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), ASA level, and history of previous abdominal surgery. Postoperative variables evaluated included type of operation, conversion to open surgery, estimated blood loss (EBL), operation time, stage, number of harvested lymph nodes, time to liquid diet, postoperative stay, complications, and 30-day mortality rate. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed based on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). One hundred thirteen patients underwent LC for adenocarcinoma during the study period. Mean age and BMI were similar between the groups. There was also no significant difference in conversion rates (10.3% vs. 13.5%, p = 0.77) or total complications (25.6% vs. 41.9%, p = 0.088) between groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significantly greater number of lymph nodes removed in the post-preceptor period (20.3 vs. 15.8, p = 0.007). The 3-year DFS rate was 96.5%, with a mean follow-up of 22.8 months, and the 3-year OS rate was 88.9%, with mean follow-up of 22.1 months, for the entire cohort. Implementation of a program with a full-time preceptorship can help institutions overcome the challenges of laparoscopic colectomy and achieve acceptable postoperative and oncologic outcomes.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SUPRACOSTAL ACCESS FOR PERCUTANEOUS RENAL SURGERY

Purpose: Percutaneous renal surgery is currently performed for complex renal calculi as well as for various other endourological indications. In many patients an upper pole nephrostomy tract allows direct access to most of the intrarenal collecting system. Upper pole percutaneous access may be obtained via the supracostal or subcostal approach. The preferred route depends on the location and size of the specific stone or lesion. Previously others have cautioned against the supracostal approach above the 12th rib and many have discouraged an approach above the 11th rib due to concern about the increased risk of intrathoracic complications. We retrospectively assessed the morbidity associated with supracostal percutaneous renal surgery and compared and analyzed the morbidity of the supracostal and subcostal approaches.Materials and Methods: The records of all patients who underwent upper pole percutaneous renal surgery between November 1993 and July 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 240 patient...
Carbon Storage on Non-industrial Private Forestland: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Leading scientific experts in the field of climate change suggest that a multifaceted response to global warming should include the use of forest carbon offsets (also known as forest sinks). Emerging emissions reduction legislation in the United States (US) accounts for this recommendation by allowing for carbon offsets derived from domestic forestry projects (e.g. reforestation, afforestation, avoided deforestation). Given that the majority of US forestland is privately owned and non-industrial, the current research employs a behavioral model to measure intentions of private non-industrial forestland owners to participate in carbon sequestration and trading. Results suggest that very few (5.1 %) of these forestland owners are currently involved in carbon sequestration and trading, but half (50.4 %) were at least somewhat interested in exploring opportunities to do so. The Theory of Planned Behavior, acting as the theoretical frame of reference, was extended in the current research to include environmental orientation, innovativeness, perceived risk and tested knowledge, all of which had significant effects on core model constructs: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intentions. The extended model explained a significant amount of the variance related to behavioral intentions to sequester carbon on private US forestland (R2 = .53).
BOY SCOUTS AND THE MANLY ART OF COOKING

Since its founding in 1910, the Boy Scouts of America has socialized tens of millions of boys in what it means to be masculine, but a paradoxical aspect of this gender socialization has been the instruction of boys (ages 11 through 17) in cooking and serving meals to others and cleaning up the mess. This article examines Boy Scout handbooks, pamphlets, commercial publications, the material culture of campout cookery, photographic evidence, and ethnographic fieldwork with a troop of Boy Scouts in California, to discover how the Boy Scout experience manages to teach boys an ethic of caring for others while, at the same time, still constructing that caring as masculine and not feminine.
The nutrition of Thiothrix, type 021N, Beggiatoa and Leucothrix strains

Abstract Filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix, Beggiatoa and type 021N) and Leucothrix sp. were studied to determine their carbon and nitrogen requirements and growth response to nutrient concentration and salinity. Two Thiothrix strains required both a reduced sulfur compound and organic carbon source for growth. Others grew heterotrophically on organic acids or fructose-related sugars. Thiothrix isolates differed in regard to salinity tolerance. Type 021N bacteria utilized various sugars, amino acids and organic acids as sole carbon sources. Amino acids, but not nitrate, satisfied the nitrogen requirements for most strains. The Beggiatoa isolate utilized only simple organic acids and alcohols, and was inhibited by 0.3% concentrations of various salts. Strains of wastewater Leucothrix utilized various carbon and nitrogen compounds for growth. Low levels of lactate, ammonium and phosphate supported maximum growth of Thiothrix, Beggiatoa and type 021, but not Leucothrix strains. The optimum pH for growth initiation of the majority of bacteria was pH 7.0–7.5.
Adaptation of mesophilic bacteria to growth at elevated temperatures.

Abstract Several strains of Bacillus subtilis , which normally are mesophilic bacteria, can be adapted to grow at elevated temperatures, as high as 72°, by slowly increasing the temperature of incubation. Organisms adapted to growth at 63° are about 3–5 times larger than organisms growth at 37°. The amount of DNA and RNA per organism is approximately the same when growth at 63° as when grown at 37°, but bacteria adapted to growth at high temperatures contain increased amounts of protein per cell. When bacteria adapted to growth at elevated temperatures are subsequently grown at 37°, the ability to grow at high temperatures is lost and the bacteria must be readapted. The phenomenon appears to resemble bacterial adaptation to growth on heavy water or trifluoroleucine rather than the result of mutation.
DIY Producer Society

come to mind. The first recalls traditional assembly lines, men sweating over machines, and long trains of mass-produced goods coming out the other end, smoke billowing from their stacks. Automobile plants circa 1950 embody this image. The second image—epitomized by automobile plants circa 2012—is of shuttered factories and blue-collar workers displaced by foreign competition. Consequently, policy discussions about manufacturing tend to follow this same dichotomy and to rely on conventional terms, regardless of their applicability. Most debates about the future of manufacturing focus on recovering a bygone era and become a discussion of what the U.S. economy is supposed to look like: Should we have more production and less consumption? How can the United States boost exports and reduce imports? Where will the good jobs come from? What is most disappointing about this state of affairs is that it obscures a new type of producer society that is taking shape in the cracks in the old system. This do-it-yourself (DIY) producer society, driven by grassroots movements in tinkering, entrepreneurship, and small-scale manufacturing, has the potential to transform how we think and talk about American manufacturing—as well as its role in the U.S. economy. This, of course, is not the first article to proclaim that manufacturing is changing. Accelerating manufacturing job losses during the Great Recession have spurred much talk about restoring the U.S. position as a country that makes things. Although the United States has never stopped making things in terms of output— it remains one of the top manufacturing countries in the world and exports billions of dollars of goods each year—there is a popular notion that we have left behind the golden age of American productivity and moved away from producing physical items, choosing instead to export that function. There are frequent indignant outcries that products like the iPhone and iPad are designed but not manufactured in America or that the U.S. Olympic team uniforms carried “Made in China” labels,
Mapping Essential Domains of Mycobacterium smegmatis WhmD: Insights into WhiB Structure and Function

A growing body of evidence suggests that the WhiB-like proteins exclusive to the GC-rich actinomycete genera play significant roles in pathogenesis and cell division. Each of these proteins contains four invariant cysteine residues and a conserved helix-turn-helix motif. whmD, the Mycobacterium smegmatis homologue of Streptomyces coelicolor whiB, is essential in M. smegmatis, and the conditionally complemented mutant M. smegmatis 628-53 undergoes filamentation under nonpermissive conditions. To identify residues critical to WhmD function, we developed a cotransformation-based assay to screen for alleles that complement the filamentation phenotype of M. smegmatis 628-53 following inducer withdrawal. Mycobacterium tuberculosis whiB2 and S. coelicolor whiB complemented the defect in M. smegmatis 628-53, indicating that these genes are true functional orthologues of whmD. Deletion analysis suggested that the N-terminal 67 and C-terminal 12 amino acid residues are dispensable for activity. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that three of the four conserved cysteine residues (C90, C93, and C99) and a conserved aspartate (D71) are essential. Mutations in a predicted loop glycine (G111) and an unstructured leucine (L116) were poorly tolerated. The region essential for WhmD activity encompasses 6 of the 10 residues conserved in all seven M. tuberculosis WhiBs, as well as in most members of the WhiB family identified thus far. WhmD structure was found to be sensitive to the presence of a reducing agent, suggesting that the cysteine residues are involved in coordinating a metal ion. Iron-specific staining strongly suggested that WhmD contains a bound iron atom. With this information, we have now begun to comprehend the functional significance of the conserved sequence and structural elements in this novel family of proteins.
Plasmodium berghei: Sporozoite challenge, protection, and hypersensitivity in mice

Abstract Seruminduced hypersensitivity protected some mice against intraperitoneal (ip) sporozoite challenge but not against intravenous challenge. The injection of serotonin 4 hr prior to challenge destroyed this protection. This protection does not appear to be additive to sporozoite immunization. Protection induced by ip injections of 70 salivary glands per injection appeared to be largely suppressed by prior injection of serotonin. It was concluded that hypersensitivity may possibly be at least partly responsible for protection by injections of 70 salivary glands, but that sporozoite immunity is not primarily due to hypersensitivity.