cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravitational wave detectors: New eyes for physics and astronomy

Several interferometric gravitational wave detectors around the world are now starting to achieve better sensitivity to gravitational waves than ever before. We describe the prospects these detectors offer for physics and astronomy and review the rapid progress and the present status of the detectors’ sensitivities. We also report the progress made by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in analysing the data produced by the LIGO and GEO detectors during the Collaboration’s Science Runs.
Class Theory or Class Analysis? A Reexamination of Marx's Unfinished Chapter on Class:

Instead of using the "cut and paste" method, this paper adopts an in-depth approach to examine Marx's use of the term "class" in two key writings, The Communist Manifesto and The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. After comparing these two works under the following headings — the number of classes, the linkages between economic interests and political struggles, the relationship between class and state, the impact of class on non-class relations, and the direction of class struggle — this paper argues that in the Manifesto Marx presents a structural "class theory," consisting of a coherent set of testable propositions and predictions. However, this paper also contends that in The Eighteenth Brumaire, Marx develops a different historical "class analysis" that is an interpretive scheme to make sense of changing political events. In the conclusion, this paper discusses how Marx's class theory is related to his class analysis.
Transcatheter intraarterial therapies: Rationale and overview

Transcatheter intraarterial therapies have proved valuable in the battle against primary and secondary hepatic malignancies. The unique aspects of all such therapies are their reduced toxicity profiles and highly effective tumor responses. These unique characteristics coupled with their minimally invasive nature provide an attractive therapeutic option in patients who may have previously had few alternatives. The concept of all catheter-based intraarterial therapies is to selectively deliver anticancer treatment to tumor(s). These therapies, which include transarterial embolization, intraarterial chemoinfusion, transarterial chemoembolization with or without drug-eluting beads, and radioembolization with use of yttrium 90, inflict lethal insult to tumors while preserving normal hepatic parenchyma. This is possible because hepatic neoplasms preferentially derive their blood supply from an arterial source while the majority of noncancerous liver is supplied by the portal vein. As part of the interventional oncology review series, in this article we describe the rationale behind each of these transcatheter therapies and provide a review of the existing medical literature.
Transcription Factors IIF and IIS and Nucleoside Triphosphate Substrates as Dynamic Probes of the Human RNA Polymerase II Mechanism

The mechanism for elongation catalyzed by human RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) has been analyzed using millisecond phase transient state kinetics. Here, we apply a running start, two-bond, double-quench protocol. Quenching the reaction with EDTA indicates NTP loading into the active site followed by rapid isomerization. HCl quenching defines the time of phosphodiester bond formation. Model-independent and global kinetic analyses were applied to simulate the RNAP II mechanism for forward elongation through the synthesis of two specific phosphodiester bonds, modeling rate data collected over a wide range of nucleoside triphosphate concentrations. We report adequate two-bond kinetic simulations for the reaction in the presence of TFIIF alone and in the presence of TFIIF+TFIIS, providing detailed insight into the RNAP II mechanism and into processive RNA synthesis. RNAP II extends an RNA chain through a substrate induced-fit mechanism, termed NTP-driven translocation. After rapid isomerization, chemistry is delayed. At a stall point induced by withholding the next templated NTP, RNAP II fractionates into at least two active and one paused conformation, revealed as different forward rates of elongation. In the presence of TFIIF alone or in the presence of TFIIF+TFIIS, rapid rates are very similar; although, with TFIIF alone the complex is more highly poised for forward synthesis. Based on steady-state analysis, TFIIF was thought to suppress transcriptional pausing, but this view is misleading. TFIIF supports elongation and suppresses pausing by stabilizing the post-translocated elongation complex. When TFIIS is present, RNA cleavage and transcriptional restart pathways are supported, but TFIIS has a role in suppression of transient pausing, which is the most important contribution of TFIIS to elongation from a stall position.
Spin State, Structure, and Reactivity of Terminal Oxo and Dioxygen Complexes of the (PNP)Rh Moiety

[Rh{sup III}H{l_brace}(tBu{sub 2}PCH{sub 2}SiMe{sub 2}NSiMe{sub 2}CH{sub 2}PtBu{l_brace}CMe{sub 2}CH{sub 2}{r_brace}){r_brace}], ([RhH(PNP*)]), reacts with O{sub 2} in the time taken to mix the reagents to form a 1:1 {eta}{sub 2}-O{sub 2} adduct, for which O-O bond length is discussed with reference to the reducing power of [RhH(PNP*)]; DFT calculations faithfully replicate the observed O-O distance, and are used to understand the oxidation state of this coordinated O{sub 2}. The reactivity of [Rh(O{sub 2})(PNP)] towards H{sub 2}, CO, N{sub 2}, and O{sub 2} is tested and compared to the associated DFT reaction energies. Three different reagents effect single oxygen atom transfer to [RhH(PNP*)]. The resulting [RhO(PNP)], characterized at and above -60 C and by DFT calculations, is a ground-state triplet, is nonplanar, and reacts, above about +15 C, with its own tBu CH bond, to cleanly form a diamagnetic complex, [Rh(OH){l_brace}N(SiMe{sub 2}CH{sub 2}PtBu{sub 2})(SiMe{sub 2}CH{sub 2}PtBu{l_brace}CMe{sub 2}CH{sub 2}{r_brace}){r_brace}].
The acute treatment of nerve agent exposure

Nerve agents (NA) are simple and cheap to produce but can produce casualties on a massive scale. They have already been employed by terrorist organizations and rogue states on civilians and armed forces alike. By inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholine esterase, NAs prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This results in over-stimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the autonomic and central nervous systems and at the neuromuscular junction. Increased parasympathetic stimulation produces miosis, sialorrhea, bronchospasm and bronchorrhea. Effects at the neuromuscular junction cause weakness, fasciculations, and eventually paralysis. Central effects include altered behavior and mental status, loss of consciousness, seizures, or apnea. Most deaths are due to respiratory failure. Treatment with atropine competitively blocks the parasympathetic effects. Oximes like pralidoxime salvage acetylcholine esterase by "prying off" NA, provided the attachment has not "aged" to an irreversible bond. This reverses weakness. Benzodiazepines like diazepam are effective against NA induced seizures. Mortality has been surprisingly low. If victims can survive the first 15 to 20 min of a vapor attack, they will likely live. The low mortality rate to date underscores that attacks are survivable and research reveals even simple barriers such as clothing offer substantial protection. This article reviews the properties of NAs and how to recognize the clinical features of NA intoxication, employ the needed drugs properly, and screen out anxious patients who mistakenly believe they have been exposed.
Transient Thermocapillary Migration of Deformable Bubbles

This paper utilizes a computational approach to address the effect of bubble deformation on the transient thermocapillary migration of bubbles in a microgravitational environment. We use a finite volume method with interface tracking capability on a moving unstructured mesh. We consider a range of Reynolds and Marangoni numbers from 1 to 100 and a range of capillary numbers from 0.001 to 0.1. The transient migration of bubbles in which bubble deformation is significant is described.
Using sheet steel in the construction of shielded rooms

LOW-LEVEL electronic or electrical measurements are particularly susceptible to errors introduced by external electromagnetic influences. In a laboratory, isolation from such interference usually is achieved by enclosing an area completely in copper or bronze screening. Certain instrumentation, however, requires a higher degree of isolation than can be achieved usually in screened enclosures. Copper sheet has been used ordinarily to construct enclosures to meet these requirements.
Spectral dimension for the diffusion-limited aggregation model of colloid growth

The spectral dimension ${d}_{s}=\frac{2{d}_{f}}{{d}_{w}}$ is calcualted for the diffusion-limited aggregation model of colloids and dendritic growth; here ${d}_{f}$ is the fractal dimension of the aggregate, and ${d}_{w}$ the fractal dimension of a random walk on the cluster substrate. ${d}_{s}=1.2\ensuremath{-}1.4$ is found for $d=2 \mathrm{and} 3$, to within the accuracy of the present Monte Carlo calculations. Thus Witten-Sander aggregates may possess the same remarkable "superuniversality" discovered for percolation clusters and argued to possibly hold for all homogeneous fractals.
Random-Space Dimensionality Reduction for Expedient Yield Estimation of Passive Microwave Structures

A methodology is presented for the expedient statistical analysis of the electromagnetic attributes of passive microwave structures exhibiting manufacturing uncertainty in geometric and material parameters. In the proposed approach, the computational complexity stemming from the high dimensionality of the random space that describes the uncertainty in the electromagnetic analysis of the structure is mitigated by employing a principal component analysis with sensitivity assessment in combination with an adaptive sparse grid collocation scheme. The method exploits the inherent dependencies between random parameters to reduce the number of simulations needed to extract the statistics of the desired output response. This leads to the expedient estimation of production yield by means of the cross-entropy algorithm, which provides for fast calculation of the failure probability for a given functionality criterion. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through its application to the analysis of crosstalk in coupled microstrip lines exhibiting manufacturing variability and the investigation of the variation the bandwidth characteristics of a bandpass filter in the presence of uncertainty in geometric and/or material parameters.
Self-acting band dynamometer

Abstract A self-acting, single force, band dynamometer is described which is well suited to mechanical calibration of electrical power measuring circuits used, for example, in ball bearing torque analysis.
A contribution to the equation of state of fluids at low temperatures based on thermodynamic Green's functions

In quantum statistical mechanics, the Green's function formalism provides an expression for the density of a fluid as a four-dimensional momentum-energy integral over the spectral function. This function can be expressed in terms of the complex self-energy of the single-particle excited states. By using the “ladder diagram” approximation, in a low activity limit at which Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions can be approximated by a Boltzmann distribution, the self-energy has been expressed in terms of the two-body scattering amplitude. Density and pressure can then be expressed in terms of the activity, the temperature, and the two-body scattering phase shifts. A complete numerical evaluation of these results has been made for the case of argon at 100‡K, represented by a hard-sphere plus square-well potential: results are presented for the complex self-energy, the density, and the pressure as a function of activity. The resulting equation of state is compared to experimental results represented by the Beattie-Bridgeman equation and good agreement is found for the gaseous part of the 100‡K isotherm. Furthermore, two simple analytic equations of state are derived from these expressions with additional (low-density) approximations, which resemble closely some of the equations obtained from the lattice gas theories.
Neglected elements in vertical integration analysis: The case of retail price preticketing

The “conventional wisdom” with respect to the advantages to be gained through vertical integration are highly overrated. That associated with increased efficiency tops the list. Also, those advocating vertical integration have tended to ignore the preticketing phenomenon. In these cases the best that can be said is that there may exist a neutral effect. On the other hand, empirical analysis shows that, at the worost, negative effects may prevail.
The effect of end-group substitutions and use of a mixed solvent system on β-diketones and their iron complexes

Abstract The protonation constants and the Fe(II) and Fe(III) binding constants have been determined potentiometrically in a solvent consisting of 75% ethanol and 25% water (vol./vol.) for the anions derived from four β-diketones: acetylacetone, benzoylacetone, 1, 1, 1-trifluoro-2, 4-pentanedione, and 1-phenyl-4, 4, 4-trifluoro-1, 3-butanedione. Replacement of a methyl group by a phenyl group results in a small increase in basicity and small increases of the stability constants of the Fe(II) and the Fe(III) chelates. Replacement of a methyl group by trifluoromethyl results in considerable reduction in the basicity of the ligand and considerable decreases in the stabilities of the Fe(II) and Fe(III) chelates. The metal ions are found to form successively 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 metal-ligand chelates as the pH is increased. Protonation constants of the ligands and the stability constants of the 1:1 Fe(III) chelates are also determined spectrophotometrically. The use of the mixed alcohol-water solvent, required to increase the solubility of the chelates formed, results in increases in the protonation constants and the stability constants of the metal chelates, compared with the values of these constants obtained in water.
Experiences and Results from three Years of CSE 211 &#8220;Fundamentals of Computing I&#8221;

In this paper we report results from three offerings of CSE211, the first course in a new first-year CSE sequence as part of the new CSE 2002 undergraduate curriculum at Notre Dame (ND02), which was modeled after the suggestions of the IEEE/ACM Computing Curricula 2001. After describing the unique challenges of ND02, we give an overview of ND02 and the role of CSE211 in it. We then summarize the course topics, organization, and infrastructure and present results from formal teacher and course evaluations and student surveys. These results are statistically analyzed to answer among others questions about the utility of open-source tools and programming environments, the utility of SCHEME as a programming language, and the degree to which students' should have prior programming experience in order to perform well in the course
THE USE OF DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY TO UNDERSTAND AND PREDICT STRUCTURES AND BONDING IN MAIN GROUP COMPOUNDS WITH MULTIPLE BONDS

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out on a number of compounds in which multiple bonds are formed by or between main group elements. The calculated and observed structu...
TGFβ1 induces Jagged1 expression in astrocytes via ALK5 and Smad3 and regulates the balance between oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation

Notch1 receptor signaling regulates oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelin formation in development, and during remyelination in the adult CNS. In active multiple sclerosis lesions, Notch1 localizes to oligodendrocyte lineage cells, and its ligand Jagged1 is expressed by reactive astrocytes. Here, we examined induction of Jagged1 in human astrocytes, and its impact on oligodendrocyte differentiation. In human astrocyte cultures, the cytokine TGFbeta1 induced Jagged1 expression and blockade of the TGFbeta1 receptor kinase ALK5 abrogated Jagged1 induction. TGFbeta2 and beta3 had similar effects, but induction was not observed in response to the TGFbeta family member activin A or other cytokines. Downstream, TGFbeta1 activated Smad-dependent signaling, and Smad-independent pathways that included PI3 kinase, p38, and JNK MAP kinase, but only inhibition of the Smad-dependent pathway blocked Jagged1 expression. SiRNA inhibition of Smad3 downregulated induction of Jagged1, and this was potentiated by Smad2 siRNA. Purified oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) nucleofected with Notch1 intracellular signaling domain displayed a shift towards proliferation at the expense of differentiation, demonstrating functional relevance of Notch1 signaling in OPCs. Furthermore, human OPCs plated onto Jagged1-expressing astrocytes exhibited restricted differentiation. Collectively, these data illustrate the mechanisms underlying Jagged1 induction in human astrocytes, and suggest that TGFbeta1-induced activation of Jagged1-Notch1 signaling may impact the size and differentiation of the OPC pool in the human CNS.
Identification of a Glycoprotein from Rat Liver Mitochondrial Inner Membrane and Demonstration of Its Origin in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Employing antisera against various subfractions of rat liver mitochondria (mitoplast, inner membrane, intermembrane, and matrix) as well as metabolically radiolabeled BRL-3A rat liver cells, we undertook a search for the presence of glycoproteins in this major cellular compartment for which little information in regard to glycoconjugates was available. Subsequent to [35S]methionine labeling of BRL-3A cells, a peptide:N-glycosidase-sensitive protein (45 kDa) was observed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the inner membrane immunoprecipitate, which was reduced to a molecular mass of 42 kDa by this enzyme. The 45-kDa protein was readily labeled with [2-3H]mannose, and indeed the radioactivity of the inner membrane immunoprecipitate was almost exclusively present in this component. Moreover, antisera directed against mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or F1F0-ATPase (complex V) also precipitated a 45-kDa protein from BRL-3A cell lysates as the predominant mannose-radiolabeled constituent. Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase completely removed the radiolabel from this glycoprotein, and the released oligosaccharides were of the partially trimmed polymannose type (Glc1Man9GlcNAc to Man8GlcNAc). Cycloheximide as well as tunicamycin resulted in total inhibition of radiolabeling of the inner membrane glycoprotein, and moreover, pulse-chase studies employing metrizamide density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that the glycoprotein was initially present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequently appeared in a mitochondrial location. Early movement of the glycoprotein to the mitochondria after synthesis in the ER was also evident from the limited processing undergone by its N-linked oligosaccharides; this stood in contrast to lysosomal glycoproteins in which we noted extensive conversion to complex oligosaccharides. Our findings suggest that the 45-kDa glycoprotein migrates from ER to mitochondria by the previously observed contact sites between the two organelles. Furthermore, the presence of this glycoprotein in at least two major mitochondrial multienzyme complexes would be consistent with a role in mitochondrial translocations.
Production of Y87 and a Sr87m generator

Abstract Methods are described for the production of Y 87 by the Rb(α, xn)Y reaction and for the preparation of a generator from which Sr 87 m of high purity may be repeatedly milked. The Y 87 was prepared by the reaction of 35 MeV α-particles with a thick target of RbCl, and the generator was prepared by absorbing the yttrium on Dowex-1 in the carbonate form. Elution of the Sr 87 m is accomplished by means of a dilute solution of citric acid at pH 5. OпиcьЫвaeтcp мeтoд пpoиэвoдcтвa Y 87 пpи пoмoщи peaкции Rb(α, xn)Y, пoдгoтoвкa гeнepтopa длp мнoгoчkcy;paтнoгo вьЫдeлeниp Sr 87 m вьдcoкoи чиcтoтььЫ. Y 87 бьЫл пoлyчeн пpи пoмoщи peaкции 35-мeгaвoльтньЫч α-чacиц c тoлcтoи мишeнью иэ RbCl, и гeнepaтop бьЫл vcy;лeн пyтeм aбcopбции иттpиp в ≈бoнaтнoм видe нa Dowex-1. Элюциpoвaниe Sr 87 m пpoнэвoдитcp pocpeдcтвoм paэбaвлeннoгo pacтвopa лимoннoи киcлoтьЫ пpи pH 5.
Form birefringence of muscle

We investigate the sensitivity of measurements of muscle birefringence to cross-bridge dynamics in the resting, active, and rigor states. The theory of form birefringence is reviewed, and an optical model is constructed for the form birefringence of muscle. Values for the parameters in the model are selected or deduced from the literature. As an illustration of the use of the model, plausible distributions for the orientations of cross-bridges in the resting, active, and rigor states are constructed using a model for cross-bridge dynamics suggested by Huxley and Kress (1985). The general magnitude of the predictions of our model is comparable with that of published measurements of muscle birefringence. However, the precise values of the predicted birefringence for the resting, active, and rigor states are sensitive to the assumed orientations of cross-bridges. We also investigate the dependence of muscle birefringence on sarcomere length and on disorder in the orientation of the myofilament array. We conclude that measurements of muscle birefringence can play a useful role in distinguishing between proposed models of cross-bridge dynamics.
Gremlin utilizes canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling to induce lysyl oxidase (LOX) genes in human trabecular meshwork cells.

The TGFβ/BMP signaling pathways are involved in glaucomatous damage to the trabecular meshwork (TM) leading to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which is a major risk factor for the development and progression of glaucoma. The BMP antagonist gremlin is elevated in glaucomatous TM cells and tissues and can directly elevate IOP. Gremlin utilizes the TGFβ2/SMAD pathway to induce TM extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The purpose of this study is to determine whether expression of the ECM cross-linking lysyl oxidase (LOX) genes is regulated by gremlin in cultured human TM cells. Human TM cells were treated with recombinant gremlin, and expression of the LOX genes was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and western immunoblotting. TM cells were pretreated with TGFBR inhibitors (LY364947 or SB431542), an inhibitor of the SMAD signaling pathway (SIS3), or with JNK (SP600125) and p38 MAPK (SB203580) inhibitors to identify the signaling pathway(s) involved in gremlin induction of LOX protein expression. All five LOX genes (LOX and LOXL1–4) were induced by gremlin. Gremlin induction of LOX genes and protein expression was blocked by TGFBR inhibitors as well as by inhibitors of the SMAD3, JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. We conclude that gremlin employs both canonical TGFβ/SMAD and the non-canonical JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways to induce LOX genes and proteins in cultured human TM cells. Increased LOX levels may be at least partially responsible for gremlin-mediated IOP elevation and increased aqueous humor outflow resistance leading to glaucoma.
DIAGNOSING AND DEALING WITH SALARY COMPRESSION

Newly hired faculty members in certain disciplines demand and receive salaries that approach or exceed those of existing faculty at the same or higher professional rank. This phenomenon is often referred to as salary compression. This paper presents methods used to determine if salary compression exists and the extent to which it exists. In addition, the results of a phone survey of university provosts provide information on how university administrators address the issue of salary compression.
Identification of the Alcohol Activation Site in GIRK Channels

In addition to G proteins, ethanol can activate G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K (GIRK) channels. The mechanism underlying GIRK channel activation by alcohol is not well understood. Based on a crystal structure of a related IRK1 channel which contains the alcohol (2-methyl,2-4-pentanediol- MPD) bound to a cytoplasmic hydrophobic pocket, we used structure-based mutagenesis and patch-clamp electrophysiology to investigate the role of the homologous alcohol pocket in GIRK2 channels. In HEK293T cells transfected with GIRK2 cDNA, both ethanol and MPD activated GIRK2 channels. Replacing a conserved Leucine (L257) in this pocket with a bulkier Tyrosine or Tryptophan led to significant attenuation or loss of alcohol-dependent activation of GIRK2 channels, suggesting these larger hydrophobic side-chains filled the pocket. Based on structure and functional evidence, we conclude that this hydrophobic pocket is the site for alcohol activation of GIRK channels. We hypothesized that tethering a hydrophobic group near the pocket might mimic alcohol mediated activation of the channel. To test this idea, we introduced a S246C mutation in a Cysteine-less GIRK2 channel and examined the effect of bath applied MTS-Benzene. Application of 10 micromolar MTS-Benzene dramatically increased the size of basal GIRK currents by 336+66% n=5. This rapid activation was reversed by application of reducing agent DTT (10 mM), indicating a disulfide bond had formed. In addition to the change in basal current, MTS modification of S246C channel altered the rank order for alcohol activation -with significantly less activation by the larger alcohol MPD. These results suggest that attachment of a bulky hydrophobic amino acid near the hydrophobic alcohol-binding pocket can produce sustained activation of the channel by associating with the activation site. These experiments provide a launching point to study molecular events at this hydrophobic pocket that lead to activation of GIRK channels.
Teaching EBNF first in CS 1

This paper is a guided tour through the first day of a CS 1 course. It discusses teaching Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) as the first topic—not to facilitate presenting the syntax of a programming language, but because EBNF is a microcosm of programming. With no prerequisites, students are introduced to a variety of fundamental concepts in programming: formal systems, abstraction, control structures, equivalence of descriptions, the difference between syntax and semantics, and the relative power of recursion versus iteration. As a non-numeric formal system, EBNF provides a small but concrete context in which to study all these topics.EBNF descriptions include abstraction (named rules) and the four fundamental control structures (sequence, decision, repetition, and recursion). Because there are no data or parameters in EBNF, it is easy to sidestep tricky issues surrounding variables, scope, assignment statements, and parameter modes. Describing entitles in EBNF is similar to describing computations in a programming language. Students learn to read a description and analyze whether it generates/matches candidate symbols; then they learn to synthesize descriptions from English specifications, augmented by legal and illegal exemplars of symbols.All these concepts can be covered in one lecture, establishing a high level of formality early in the course, while foreshadowing actual programming language features and techniques to be covered later. Of course, learning EBNF also facilitates presenting the syntax of a programming language concisely during the rest of the course.
A Radar Transparent Layer in a Temperate Valley Glacier: Bench Glacier, Alaska

Radar surveys of Bench Glacier, Alaska, collected over five field seasons between 2002 and 2006 reveal a surface layer of radar transparent ice in this temperate valley glacier. The transparent layer covers the up-glacier half of the ablation zone and is defined by a distinct lack of the radar scattering events considered typical of temperate ice. Radar scattering ice underlies the transparent zone, and extends to the surface elsewhere on the glacier. We observed the layering in constant offset radar surveys conducted with characteristic frequencies ranging from 5 MHz to 100 MHz. The radar transparent layer extends from the surface to 20 m depth on average, but up to 50 m in some places. Bench Glacier's transparent layer appears similar to the cold surface layer of polythermal glaciers, however, observations in over 50 boreholes on Bench Glacier suggest there is no cold ice corresponding to the radar transparent layer. We conclude that spatially extensive radar-transparent layers normally used to identify cold ice in polythermal glaciers are present in some temperate glaciers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical trials in integrative therapies.

Objectives To review clinical trials in natural products and mind-body therapies for oncology symptom management, to discuss issues related to developing clinical trials in this area, and outline examples of rigorous and innovative study design. Data Sources Peer reviewed literature. Conclusion Most of the evidence for the integrative therapies reviewed is derived from phase II trials, and is considered preliminary. More research is needed in these therapies to clearly articulate their role in the management of oncology symptoms. Innovative strategies and methodologies for studying integrative therapies have been demonstrated. Implications for Nursing Practice It is necessary to critically evaluate the literature to be able to educate patients about integrative therapies. Investigators should expand on well-designed studies that demonstrate clinically important effects. Dissemination trials may be a good strategy, once data exists, to move integrative therapies into the care of patients.
Biological homing: hypothesis for a quantum effect that leads to the existence of life

In biological systems, complex molecules interact with specificity and rapidity. The hypothesis is advanced that there are complementary sites on the surfaces of pairs of biological molecules with an enhanced attraction due to quantum mechanics. I postulate that a biological homing effect arises from the quantum mechanical probability that complementary pairs of molecules will join, and that this phenomenon is the force that drives biology and gives rise to the existence of life. To illustrate the approach, a simplified calculation is given for the interaction cross-section between two molecules, each with N surface charges that have an identical spatial distribution but with paired charges having opposite signs. The resulting cross-section is enhanced by a factor of N2 over the coulomb-scattering cross-section for a single pair of charges. We hypothesize that the existence of life is a direct and inevitable consequence of the principles presented here.
IUE Absorption-Line Observations of the Moderately and Highly Ionized Interstellar Medium toward 164 Early-Type Stars

We present measurements of Galactic interstellar Al III, Si IV, and C IV absorption recorded in high-resolution archival ultraviolet spectra of 164 hot early-type stars observed by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite. The objects studied were drawn from the list of hot stars scheduled to be observed with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite as part of observing programs designed to investigate absorption by O VI in the Galactic disk and halo. Multiple IUE echelle-mode integrations have been combined to produce a single ultraviolet (1150-1900 A) spectrum of each star with a spectral resolution of ~25 km s-1 (FWHM). Selected absorption-line profiles are presented for each star along with plots of the apparent column density per unit velocity for each line of the Al III, Si IV, and C IV doublets. We report absorption-line equivalent widths, absorption velocities, and integrated column densities based on the apparent optical depth method of examining interstellar absorption lines. We also determine column densities and Doppler parameters from single-component curve-of-growth analyses. The scientific analysis of these observations will be undertaken after the FUSE satellite produces similar measurements for absorption by interstellar O IV, Fe III, S III, and other ions.
Designing and Delivering Business Ethics Teaching and Learning

The recent corporate scandals in the United States have caused a renewed interest and focus on teaching business ethics. Business schools and their faculties are reexamining the teaching of business ethics and are reassessing their responsibilities to produce honest and truthful managers who live lives of integrity and ethical accountability. The authors recognize that no agreement exists among business schools and their faculties regarding what should be the content and pedagogy of a course in business ethics. However, the authors hold that regardless of one’s biases regarding the content and pedagogy, the effective teaching of business ethics requires that the instructor in designing and delivering a business ethics course needs to focus particular attention on four principal questions: (1) what are the objectives or targeted learning outcomes of the course? (2) what kind of learning environment should be created? (3) what learning processes need to be employed to achieve the goals? and (4) what are the roles of the participants in the learning experience? The answers to these questions provide the foundations for any business ethics course. The answers are major determinants of the impact of a business ethics course on the thinking of students and the views on the ethical and professional accountabilities and responsibilities of managers in the workplace.
Electrical Safety Education in an Undergraduate Engineering Program: Curriculum Development and Assessment

In an effort to develop increased safety awareness related to the electric power industry, Colorado School of Mines (CSM), electrical specialty students are required to take a one- week intensive electrical safety training course. Though safety training should start with young people, it is also an important part of the education for experienced electrical technical personnel too. Engineers, designers, and operators continue to develop insights about electrical safety throughout their careers. This paper discusses the electrical safety training course curriculum developed at CSM and provides an assessment of the effectiveness of the program. Based on the success of the program this has become a permanent part of the Field Session curriculum.
Chip-firing games, potential theory on graphs, and spanning trees

We study the interplay between chip-firing games and potential theory on graphs, characterizing reduced divisors (G-parking functions) on graphs as the solution to an energy (or potential) minimization problem and providing an algorithm to efficiently compute reduced divisors. Applications include an ''efficient bijective'' proof of [email protected]?s matrix-tree theorem and a new algorithm for finding random spanning trees. The running times of our algorithms are analyzed using potential theory, and we show that the bounds thus obtained generalize and improve upon several previous results in the literature.
Functional expression of the Candida albicans α-factor receptor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Candida albicans genes involved in mating have been identified previously by homology to Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pathway components. The C. albicans genome encodes CaSte2p, a homolog of the S. cerevisiae alpha-mating pheromone receptor Ste2p, and two potential pheromones, alpha-F13 (GFRLTNFGYFEPG) and alpha-F14 (GFRLTNFGYFEPGK). The response of several C. albicans strains to the synthesized peptides was determined. The alpha-F13 was degraded by a C. albicans MTLa strain but not by S. cerevisiae MATa cells. The CaSTE2 gene was cloned and expressed in a ste2-deleted strain of S. cerevisiae. Growth arrest and beta-galactosidase activity induced from a FUS1-lacZ reporter construct increased in a dose-dependent manner upon exposure of transgenic S. cerevisiae to alpha-F13. Mating between the strain expressing CaSTE2 and an opposite mating type was mediated by alpha-F13 and not by the S. cerevisiae alpha-factor. The results indicated that CaSte2p effectively coupled to the S. cerevisiae signal transduction pathway. Functional expression of CaSte2p in S. cerevisiae provides a well-defined system for studying the biochemistry and molecular biology of the C. albicans pheromone and its receptor.
Participants' Understanding of the Treatment in Policy Experimentation

Participants' understanding of the treatment in social science experiments is raised as an issue in the specification of statistical models of policy evaluation. A statistical model is offered which shows that a failure to consider participants' understanding may intro duce biases of unknown direction into policy parametric estimates. Data from the New Jersey-Pennsylvania Negative Income Tax Experiment show that the negative income tax treatment was not well understood by the experimental participants, that under standing was correlated with experience and the treatment parameters themselves, and that the inclusion of "knowledge" variables in the labor supply equations used in the formal evaluation of the experiment changes some estimates of work disincentives.
An objective replacement method for censored geochemical data

Geochemical data are commonly censored, that is, concentrations for some samples are reported as “less than” or “greater than” some value. Censored data hampers statistical analysis because certain computational techniques used in statistical analysis require a complete set of uncensored data. We show that the simple substitution method for creating an uncensored dataset, e.g., replacement by3/4 times the detection limit, has serious flaws, and we present an objective method to determine the replacement value. Our basic premise is that the replacement value should equal the mean of the actual values represented by the qualified data. We adapt the maximum likelihood approach (Cohen, 1961) to estimate this mean. This method reproduces the mean and skewness as well or better than a simple substitution method using3/4 of the lower detection limit or3/4 of the upper detection limit. For a small proportion of “less than” substitutions, a simple-substitution replacement factor of 0.55 is preferable to3/4; for a small proportion of “greater than” substitutions, a simple-substitution replacement factor of 1.7 is preferable to4/3, provided the resulting replacement value does not exceed 100%. For more than 10% replacement, a mean empirical factor may be used. However, empirically determined simple-substitution replacement factors usually vary among different data sets and are less reliable with more replacements. Therefore, a maximum likelihood method is superior in general. Theoretical and empirical analyses show that true replacement factors for “less thans” decrease in magnitude with more replacements and larger standard deviation; those for “greater thans” increase in magnitude with more replacements and larger standard deviation. In contrast to any simple substitution method, the maximum likelihood method reproduces these variations. Using the maximum likelihood method for replacing “less thans” in our sample data set, correlation coefficients were reasonably accurately estimated in 90% of the cases for as much as 40% replacement and in 60% of the cases for 80% replacement. These results suggest that censored data can be utilized more than is commonly realized.
Social-evaluative influences moderate the relationship between price and perceived quality

People often perceive products that cost more as having higher quality. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the effect of price on perceived quality is attenuated when people believe that their judgments of product quality will be shared with other people. Shoppers rated wines that they thought sold for a low or high price, believing that they might have to explain their ratings or that their ratings were private. The prospect of making public ratings eliminated the tendency to rate higher-price wines more positively, but this effect occurred only when participants were told that their judgments would be public before tasting the wines. The findings show that social-evaluative concerns moderate the effects of price on perceived quality.
Dolomitization of periplatform carbonates (Lower Permian, Leonardian), Midland basin, Texas

Dolomitization in three cores of Lower Leonardian, periplatform carbonates in the subsurface Midland basin post-dated mineralogic stabilization and calcite cementation, which occurred in the deep-sea, shallow-burial (<2000 ft subbottom: 610 m) environment. Mean δ18O compositions of dolomites from two of the cores located in the northern Midland basin are slightly depleted relative to presumed Lower Permian seawater (°18O=−2.65 o/oo and −1.85 o/oo, respectively), but overlap those of associated precursor limestones and prior-precipitated calcite cements (δ18O=−2.6 to −3.1 o/oo). Carbon isotopic compositions of these dolomites define a limited range of positive δ13C values (1.5 to 2.3 o/oo). Isotopic and trace-element data suggest initial dolomite formation in the shallow-burial, subbottom environment, in the absence of sulfate reduction or methanogenesis, in rock-dominated diagenetic systems. Mean oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of dolomites in the third core, located in the east-central Midland basin, are more depleted (δ18O=−4.1 o/oo; δ13C=3.3 o/oo). Isotope and trace-element data also suggest initial formation of these dolomites in the shallow-burial, subbottom environment, but from marine fluids depleted in δ18O as a result of the prior precipitation of calcite cements. Dolomitization in all three cores began in the Permian, at subbottom depths perhaps as shallow as 2000 ft (610 m). Sr isotopic data, in conjunction with the burial depth-temperature history of these wells, suggest that dolomite formation and recrystallization were complete by the end of the Permian, when the rocks were buried to about 6000 ft (1830 m). Subsequent diagenesis, which included significant porosity creation via dissolution, occurred in the deeper mesogenetic environment during the Mesozoic.
Modification of membrane permselectivity by graft copolymerization

The permselectivity and other performance characteristics of a polyethylene-graft-poly(potassium acrylate) copolymer membrane were considerably enhanced by subsequent grafting of polystyrene to the membrane. Careful control of the conditions of the grafting procedure, using cobalt-60 gamma radiation initiation, allowed the preparation of membranes with prescribed graft compositions. The permeation behavior of the components of a silver oxide salt and concentrated potassium hydroxide solution were found to be very dependent on the graft content and its distribution in the membrane. The use of optimum polymerization conditions produced membranes in which the transport of the silver salt was reduced more than was that of the electrolyte, i.e., the ratio of silver salt flux to electrolyte flux was decreased by at least an order of magnitude. In addition, the resistance of the membrane to the degradation action of the two penetrating species was significantly increased. A structure model has been proposed which accounts for the observed property changes. These effects suggest that similar modifications may be useful for other polymer-penetrant systems and applications.
Bimodules, spectra, and fell bundles

LetE be a Fell bundle over anr-discrete principal groupoid Γ that is measurewise amenable with respect to every quasi-invariant measure on Г (0). LetC * (E) be the correspondingC *-algebra and letC 0(E 0)> be the diagonal subalgebra. The Spectral Theorem on Bimodules proved in this paper gives a description ofC 0(E 0)-bimodules inC * (E).
Early field experiences and teacher preparation: Authentic learning

Abstract Preservice education students need authentic learning about schooling. One way to accomplish this is through early field experiences that provide real‐life experiences in a real‐life classroom. This article describes how one course achieves this goal.
Evolution of stratospheric temperature in the 20th century

[1] We employ a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model to investigate the evolution of stratospheric temperatures over the twentieth century, forced by the known anthropogenic and natural forcing agents. In the global, annual-mean lower-to-middle stratosphere (∼20–30 km.), simulations produce a sustained, significant cooling by ∼1920, earlier than in any lower atmospheric region, largely resulting from carbon dioxide increases. After 1979, stratospheric ozone decreases reinforce the cooling. Arctic summer cooling attains significance almost as early as the global, annual-mean response. Antarctic responses become significant in summer after ∼1940 and in spring after ∼1990 (below ∼21 km.). The correspondence of simulated and observed stratospheric temperature trends after ∼1960 suggests that the model's stratospheric response is reasonably similar to that of the actual climate. We conclude that these model simulations are useful in explaining stratospheric temperature change over the entire 20th century, and potentially provide early indications of the effects of future atmospheric species changes.
Market response to banks granting lines of credit

Abstract Prior research has shown, and this paper confirms, that when the market becomes aware a line of credit is granted, the borrower’s stock has a positive and significant reaction. The borrower’s reaction is used to identify the exact date the market becomes aware of the granting of the line of credit. This date is used as a one day window to investigate whether the bank’s stock also reacts. This reaction will be most obvious with large lines of credit. All lines of credit, larger than US$1 billion, granted during the years 1993–1996 are investigated. The results show, as predicted, a positive and significant reaction by the bank’s stock.
A water budget model for pond aquaculture

A water budget simulation model that can be used for forecasting water requirements for aquaculture ponds has been developed. Water sources considered in the model include regulated inflow, precipitation and runoff, whereas water losses include evaporation, seepage, effluent discharge, and overflow. The model has been validated for ponds located at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand and at El Carao, Honduras which are, respectively, located in the humid and dry tropics. Simulation results indicate that precipitation accounted for 69.8% of the total water gains for AIT and 43.2% for El Carao. Regulated inflow provided 27% of the gains for AIT and 52.8% for El Carao. Runoff gains were minimal at both locations due to small watershed areas. Evaporation accounted for 54.9 and 40.1% of the overall water loss predicted for the AIT and El Carao locations, with seepage accounting for the remaining loss. Predicted water requirements at AIT over a 5-month period exceeded actual amounts by 14.9%, apparently because seepage loss was over-estimated. For El Carao, however, predicted water requirements were only 78.2% of the amount actually added, apparently due to poor estimates of evaporative water loss which averaged 0.32 cm day−1 compared to pan evaporative measurements of 0.43 cm day−1. In contrast, the predicted evaporative water loss for the AIT pond (0.47 cm day−1) closely matched pan evaporation measurements (0.45 cm day−1). The availability of relative humidity and cloud cover data for AIT explain the higher accuracy in evaporative water loss estimates, and therefore water requirements, compared to El Carao. If comprehensive weather datasets are available, the water budget model developed herein is a useful tool for estimating pond water requirements at individual facilities located in different geographical regions.