cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Banking Crises, External Crises and Gross Capital Flows

In this paper, we study the relationship between banking crises, external financial crises and gross international capital flows. First, we confirm that banking and external crises are correlated. Then, as we explore the role of gross capital flows, we find that declines of external liabilities in the balance of payments – a proxy for foreign capital repatriation we call gross foreign investment reversals (GIR) – predict banking as well as external crises. Finally, we estimate the effects of GIR-associated banking crises on the risk of currency and sudden stop crises in an instrumental-variables specification. In developing countries, GIR-associated banking crises increase the onset risk for currency and sudden stop crises by 39-50 and 28-30 percentage points per year respectively. For OECD countries, we show an increase in the currency crisis risk by 33-45 percentage points.
Social Network, Surgeon, and Media Influence on the Decision to Undergo Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy.

OBJECTIVES The rate of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) has risen sharply in the past decade. The current study was designed to examine social network, surgeon, and media influence on patients' CPM decision-making, examining not only who influenced the decision, and to what extent, but also the type of influence exerted. METHODS Patients (N=113) who underwent CPM at 4 Indiana University-affiliated hospitals between 2008 and 2012 completed structured telephone interviews in 2013. Questions addressed the involvement and influence of the social network (family, friends, and nonsurgeon health professionals), surgeon, and media on the CPM decision. RESULTS Spouses, children, family, friends, and health professionals were reported as exerting a meaningful degree of influence on patients' decisions, largely in ways that were positive or neutral toward CPM. Most surgeons were regarded as providing options rather than encouraging or discouraging CPM. Media influence was present, but limited. CONCLUSIONS Patients who choose CPM do so with influence and support from members of their social networks. Reversing the increasing choice of CPM will require educating these influential others, which can be accomplished by encouraging patients to include them in clinical consultations, and by providing patients with educational materials that can be shared with their social networks. Surgeons need to be perceived as having an opinion, specifically that CPM should be reserved for those patients for whom it is medically indicated.
The long span problem in the analysis of conductor vibration damping

Summary form only given as follows. In analysis of vibration damping of overhead spans, expected severity is determined on the basis of the balance of vibration power supplied by the wind through vortex shedding, against dissipation by self damping in the conductor and by damping devices. Conventional practice is to approximate the vibration of the span as a series of sine-shaped loops, all of equal amplitude, for purposes of estimating wind input and self damping. However, for long spans requiring efficient damping, most of the loops are not sine shaped, and loop amplitude varies along the span. The effects of these differences are explored by representing the vibration as opposite-moving waves that grow as they travel. Nonlinearity in the wind excitation and self damping functions is taken into account. Results show that so-called long span effects significantly reduce required span-end damping in long spans.
Content-Centric Networking at Internet Scale through The Integration of Name Resolution and Routing

We introduce CCN-RAMP (Routing to Anchors Matching Prefixes), a new approach to content-centric networking. CCN-RAMP offers all the advantages of the Named Data Networking (NDN) and Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) but eliminates the need to either use Pending Interest Tables (PIT) or lookup large Forwarding Information Bases (FIB) listing name prefixes in order to forward Interests. CCN-RAMP uses small forwarding tables listing anonymous sources of Interests and the locations of name prefixes. Such tables are immune to Interest-flooding attacks and are smaller than the FIBs used to list IP address ranges in the Internet. We show that no forwarding loops can occur with CCN-RAMP, and that Interests flow over the same routes that NDN and CCNx would maintain using large FIBs. The results of simulation experiments comparing NDN with CCN-RAMP based on ndnSIM show that CCN-RAMP requires forwarding state that is orders of magnitude smaller than what NDN requires, and attains even better performance.
Families of orbits in the vicinity of the collinear libration points

In recent years, three-dimensional periodic and quasi-periodic orbits near the collinear libration points in the Sun-Earth/Moon three-body problem have been the focus of great interest for space mission design. Thus, more effort in the astrodynamics community has been directed toward analysis and computation of families of such orbits. But families of periodic orbits in the three-body problem have been the subject of much study for many decades. The first such orbit to be employed for a spacecraft trajectory (ISEE-3) was a member of a particular type of simply symmetric three-dimensional family, i.e., a halo orbit. Thus, attention shifted to further analysis of these periodic halo families. Some of the significant work in the development of periodic solutions in the three-body problem has been reviewed and a number of the highlights from the analysis and eventual numerical computation of halo families is presented here. The halo families of periodic orbits extend from each of the libration points to the nearest primary; they appear to exist for all values of the mass ratio. Thus, this further understanding may serve to support future spacecraft mission planning as well.
An ultra-low noise, high-voltage piezo-driver

We present an ultra-low noise, high-voltage driver suited for use with piezoelectric actuators and other low-current applications. The architecture uses a flyback switching regulator to generate up to 250 V in our current design, with an output of 1 kV or more possible with small modifications. A high slew-rate op-amp suppresses the residual switching noise, yielding a total root-mean-square noise of ≈100 μV (1 Hz–100 kHz). A low-voltage (±10 V), high bandwidth signal can be summed with unity gain directly onto the output, making the driver well-suited for closed-loop feedback applications. Digital control enables both repeatable setpoints and sophisticated control logic, and the circuit consumes less than 150 mA at ±15 V.
Quantum information theory of the Bell-state quantum eraser

Quantum systems can display particle- or wavelike properties, depending on the type of measurement that is performed on them. The Bell-state quantum eraser is an experiment that brings the duality to the forefront, as a single measurement can retroactively be made to measure particlelike or wavelike properties (or anything in between). Here we develop a unitary information-theoretic description of this and several related quantum measurement situations that sheds light on the trade-off between the quantum and classical features of the measurement. In particular, we show that both the coherence of the quantum state and the classical information obtained from it can be described using only quantum-information-theoretic tools and that those two measures satisfy an equality on account of the chain rule for entropies. The coherence information and the which-path information have simple interpretations in terms of state preparation and state determination and suggest ways to account for the relationship between the classical and the quantum world.
Normal and neoplastic stem cells

Stem cells are cells that at the single cell level both self-renew and give rise to differentiated progeny. Self renewal is the property that distinguishes stem cells and progenitors, and in the blood-forming system explains why haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), not progenitors, are the only cells capable of providing rapid and sustained regeneration of the blood-forming system after ablation by cancer chemo- and radiotherapies. Cancer-free prospectively purified HSCs regenerate the haematopoietic system of patients as rapidly as a marrow or mobilized blood transplant, but without the risk of re-seeding the body with cancer cells. Further, purified allogeneic HSCs can establish donor-specific tolerance to subsequent tissue grafts. However, in contrast to widely-publicized reports of HSC plasticity, we have not been able to show transdifferentiation of HSC to muscle, heart, brain or gut, and conclude that rare cell fusions and incomplete purifications are likely explanations for the other published results. The ability to self-renew is also potentially dangerous, as poorly regulated self renewal is, we believe, a central lesion in all cancers. We have recently shown that myeloid leukaemias in mouse and human are often driven by rare leukaemia (cancer) stem cells which are at the progenitor stage of differentiation, but have activated the self-renewing cell division pathway normally used only by HSCs. Similar cancer stem cells have been isolated in other tumours.
Role of Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition in the Pathogenesis of the Vascular Alterations in Systemic Sclerosis.

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of skin and multiple internal organs and severe fibroproliferative microvascular alterations. Despite currently available therapeutic approaches SSc has a high mortality rate. The high mortality of SSc is largely caused by severe, progressive and generalized vascular involvement resulting in the development of multiple organ alterations including SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These two complications have emerged as the most frequent causes of disability and mortality in SSc. The pathogenesis of the fibrotic process and the progressive fibroproliferative vasculopathy in SSc is complex and despite extensive investigation the exact mechanisms have remained elusive. Myofibroblasts are the cells ultimately responsible for tissue fibrosis and fibroproliferative vasculopathy in SSc. Tissue myofibroblasts originate from several sources including expansion of quiescent tissue fibroblasts and transmigration and tissue accumulation of circulating CD34+ bone-marrow-derived fibrocytes. Besides these sources, myofibroblasts may result from the phenotypic conversion of epithelial cells, adipocytes or endothelial cells into activated myofibroblasts. The transdifferentiation of endothelial cells into myofibroblasts involves numerous and complex biochemical, molecular, and gene expression events collectively known as endothelial to mesenchymal transition or EndoMT. Recently, it has been postulated that EndoMT may play a role in the development of tissue fibrosis and SSc-associated ILD and PAH. However, despite the demonstration of the occurrence of EndoMT in experimentally induced cardiac, renal, and pulmonary fibrosis and in several human disorders, the contribution of EndoMT to the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis and fibroproliferative vasculopathy in SSc has not been generally accepted. Here, the experimental evidence supporting the concept that EndoMT plays a role in the pathogenesis of the vascular alterations in SSc and, more specifically, in the development of SSc-associated ILD and PAH will be critically reviewed. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Idiosyncratic Risk and Volatility Bounds, or Can Models with Idiosyncratic Risk Solve the Equity Premium Puzzle?

This paper uses Hansen and Jagannathan's (1991) volatility bounds to evaluate models with idiosyncratic consumption risk. I show that idiosyncratic risk does not change the volatility bounds at all when consumers have CRRA preferences and the distribution of the idiosyncratic shock is independent of the aggregate state. Following Mankiw (1986), I then show that idiosyncratic risk can help to enter the bounds when idiosyncratic uncertainty depends on the aggregate state of the economy. Since individual consumption data are not reliable, I compute an upper bound of the volatility bounds using individual income data and assume that agents have to consume their endowment. I find that the model does not pass the Hansen and Jagannathan test even for very volatile idiosyncratic income data.
A relation between the resonance neutron peak and ARPES data in cuprates

Abstract We argue that the resonant peak observed in neutron scattering experiments on superconducting cuprates and the peak/dip/hump features observed in ARPES measurements are byproducts of the same physical phenomenon: both are due to feedback effects on the damping of spin fluctuations in a d-wave superconductor. We argue that in the superconducting phase, the dynamical spin susceptibility possesses the resonance peak at Ω res ∝ξ −1 where ξ is the magnetic correlation length. The scattering of the resonant magnetic excitations by electrons gives rise to a peak/dip/hump behavior of the electronic spectral function, the peak-dip separation is exactly Ω res .
THE VALUE IN FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING INFORMATION

We examine the role of fundamental accounting information in shaping portfolio performance. Using a conditional performance approach, we address the concern that the positive relation between Piotroski's F Score and ex post returns is due to risk compensation. Our results show that portfolios of firms with strong fundamental underpinnings generate significant positive and time-varying performance. One potential source of these performance gains is an underreaction to public information (such as momentum and F Score) when information uncertainty (proxied by size, illiquidity, and idiosyncratic volatility) is high. In addition, conditional performance benefits seem prevalent in periods of high investor sentiment.
Coupled-square-well model and Fano-phase correspondence

This paper investigates the Fano-Feshbach resonance with a two-channel coupled-square-well model in both the frequency and time domains. This systems is shown to exhibit Fano lineshape profiles in the energy absorption spectrum. The associated time-dependent dipole response has a phase shift that has recently been understood to be related to the Fano lineshape asymmetric $q$ parameter by $\phi=2arg(q-i)$. The present study demonstrates that the phase-$q$ correspondence is general for any Fano resonance in the weak coupling regime, independent of the transition mechanism.
Rise of intelligent organizations: Using BI tools to build intelligent knowledge capital

With the domains of big data, knowledge management (KM), and knowledge capital (KC) gaining tremendous interest from practitioners and academics, this paper examines creating intelligent knowledge and the assimilation of both tacit and explicit knowledge to build intelligent organizations. The paper focuses on the transformation of traditional organizations into intelligent organizations by converting their participants' real-world experiences and skills that reside in their tacit knowledge into articulated, transformed data and codified knowledge. This process is aimed at building KC brought to higher level of intelligence with the integration of business intelligence (BI) and the use of BI tools. The paper proposes the use of a concern-issue-problem opportunity (CIPO) model integrated with BI to outline a knowledge management process designed for the capture of heuristics and expert knowledge that can be applied to optimize the factors of time and money.
THE EFFECT OF ZYGOAPOPHYSIAL JOINT TROPISM IN THE PATHOLOGIC VERTEBRAE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS

Purpose To study the relationship between Zygoapophysial Joint Tropism and pathologic fractures affecting lumbar and thoracic vertebrae in elderly patients. Methods The sagittal plane orientation of the Zygoapophysial joints (facets or ZAJ) of 324 vertebrae of 63 patients were measured on MRI scans, stratified into lumbar and thoracic, fractured and non-fractured, and then classified according to the presence of tropism. The correlation between tropism and fractures, demographics pertaining to age, spinal level, and morbidity were studied. Results From the 415 ZAJ pairs studied, 23 were excluded because of insufficient imaging leaving 388 ZAJ pairs. In 155 Thoracic ZAJ pairs, there 92 with a fracture, 39% demonstrating tropism; and there were 63 with no fracture, 43% demonstrating tropism. In 237 Lumbar ZAJ pairs, there were 144 with a fracture, 73% demonstrating tropism; there were 93 with no fracture, 42% demonstrating tropism. Conclusion Our study suggests a correlation between the emergence of pathological fractures in the spine and tropism which is statistically significant in the lumbar but not in the thoracic. The authors confirm that this abstract has not been previously published in whole or substantial part nor has it been presented previously at a national meeting. Conflicts of interest: No conflicts of interest Sources of funding: No funding obtained
Sampling weighted perfect matchings on the square-octagon lattice

Abstract Perfect matchings of the square-octagon lattice, also known as “fortresses” [19] , have been shown to have a rich combinatorial structure. We are interested in a natural local Markov chain for sampling from the set of perfect matchings that is known to be ergodic and has been used in practice to discover properties of random fortresses. However, unlike related Markov chains used for sampling domino and lozenge tilings, this Markov chain on the square-octagon lattice appears to converge slowly. To understand why, we introduce a weighted version of the chain and prove that this chain can converge in polynomial time or exponential time depending on the settings of the parameters.
Demo abstract: A research platform for real-world evaluation of routing schemes in delay tolerant social networks

Over the past decade, online social networks (OSNs) such as Twitter and Facebook have thrived and experienced rapid growth to over 1 billion users [1]. A major evolution would be to leverage the characteristics of OSNs to evaluate the effectiveness of the many routing schemes developed by the research community in real-world scenarios. In natural disaster situations, Internet and cellular communication infrastructures can be severely disrupted, prohibiting users from notifying family, friends, and associates about safety, location, food, water, and other resources. Disasters typically damage infrastructure, which increases network traffic demands on any available undamaged infrastructure, causing congestion and delays.
Forcing the strong Lefschetz and the maximal rank properties

Abstract Three basic properties which standard graded artinian k -algebras may or may not enjoy are the Weak and Strong Lefschetz Properties and the Maximal Rank Property (respectively WLP, SLP, and MRP). In this paper we will assume that the base field k has characteristic zero. It is known that SLP implies MRP, which in turn implies WLP, but that both implications are strict. However, it surprisingly turned out (see [T. Harima, J. Migliore, U. Nagel, J. Watanabe, The weak and strong Lefschetz properties for artinian K -algebras, J. Algebra 262 (2003) 99–126]) that the set of Hilbert functions admitting any algebras with WLP coincides with the corresponding set for SLP (and therefore with that for MRP). In [J. Migliore, F. Zanello, The Hilbert functions which force the weak Lefschetz property, J. Pure Appl. Algebra 210 (2) (2007) 465–471], J. Migliore and the first author, using Green’s theorem and a result of Wiebe, characterized the Hilbert functions forcing all algebras to enjoy WLP. The purpose of this note is to prove the corresponding characterizations for both SLP and MRP. Unsurprisingly (or surprisingly??), the two characterizations coincide, but they define a class of Hilbert functions strictly smaller than that determined for WLP in the above cited reference. Our methods include the Herzog–Popescu theorem on quotients of k -algebras modulo a general form, a result of Wiebe, and gins and stable ideals. At the end, we will also discuss the importance of assuming that the characteristic be zero, and we will exhibit a class of codimension 2 monomial complete intersections for which SLP (but not MRP) fails in positive characteristic.
Non-renormalization for non-supersymmetric black holes

We analyze large logarithmic corrections to 4D black hole entropy and relate them to the Weyl anomaly. We use duality to show that counter-terms in EinsteinMaxwell theory can be expressed in terms of geometry alone, with no dependence on matter terms. We analyze the two known $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 supersymmetric invariants for various non-supersymmetric black holes and find that both reduce to the Euler invariant. The c-anomaly therefore vanishes in these theories and the coefficient of the large logarithms becomes topological. It is therefore independent of continuous black hole parameters, such as the mass, even far from extremality.
PRE-OPERATIVE INDICATORS OF ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INTEGRITY IN TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction A common problem for patients receiving total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is postoperative functional impairment of the joint. This is minimized in bicruciate-retaining (ACL preserving) knee replacements, due to the important role of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in normal kinematic patterns of the knee. We explore ACL sparing TKA by estimating the fraction of osteoarthritic TKA patients with a compatible ACL (assessed intraoperatively), while also examining potential preoperative indicators of ACL status. Method We retrospectively examined 498 patients with a primary diagnosis of osteoarthritis who underwent a TKA by one surgeon between September 2013 and March 2015. Exclusion criteria included a prior TKA, a unicompartmental knee replacement, or inflammatory arthritis. Extensive preoperative data (within four months of surgery) for each patient was collected (anatomical alignment, extension, flexion, range of motion (ROM), Lachman test, and BMI) in addition to de-identified demographic data. The intraoperative assessment of ACL status (normal/functionally intact, compromised/deficient, or absent) was then obtained from our local database and compared with the preoperative data. IRB exemption was obtained to retrospectively collect data. Results Intraoperative assessment of ACL status found 73.5% normal ACL, 12.9% compromised ACL, and 13.6% absent ACL. A significant demographic predictor of ACL status was gender (female - more likely intact, male - more likely absent; χ2 = 12.43, P<0.002). Patients with an intact ACL were also shown to have significantly better preoperative extension (χ2=14.83, P<0.022), flexion (F2, 469 = 9.93, P < 0.001), and ROM (F2, 469 = 9.38, P < 0.001) than those with a compromised ACL. We had a very small number of positive Lachman test results, and therefore could not draw any valid conclusion for preoperative predictive ability of the test. There was no significant difference in age, ethnicity, BMI or preoperative alignment between ACL status groups. Conclusion Our study found 73.5% of 498 osteoarthritic TKA patients have an intact ACL. The strongest preoperative indicators of ACL status were gender, flexion, and ROM. Taken together, our results highlight a significant percentage of patients who are potential candidates for a bicruciate-retaining TKA.
Atomic Bose condensation and the lattice

Abstract I show how interaction corrections to the Bose condensation temperature of an atomic gas can be computed using a combination of perturbative effective field theory and lattice techniques.
The generalized Verschiebung map for curves of genus 2

Let C be a smooth curve, and Mr(C) the coarse moduli space of vector bundles of rank r and trivial determinant on C. We examine the generalized Verschiebung map \(V_{r}: M_{r}(C^{(p)}) \dashrightarrow M_{r}(C)\) induced by pulling back under Frobenius. Our main result is a computation of the degree of V2 for a general C of genus 2, in characteristic p > 2. We also give several general background results on the Verschiebung in an appendix.
TIME ASSOCIATED WITH THE INCORPORATION OF A SMART MECHANICAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM FOR TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction While component malposition remains a major short and long term problem associated with total hip arthroplasty, enhanced technologies such as navigation and robotics have not yet been widely adopted. Both expense and increased OR time can be obstacles to adoption. The current study assesses the effect of the use of a smart mechanical navigation system on surgery time in total hip arthroplasty. Patients and Methods 514 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties were performed by a single surgeon from January 1, 2015 through March 31, 2016. Of these, 40 were performed using a smart mechanical navigation system (the HipXpert System, Surgical Planning Associates Inc., Boston, Massachusetts) and 474 were performed without navigation. The patients were not randomized. Incision to closure time (surgery time) was recorded for each procedure. A two tailed t-test was performed to assess statistical significance. Results Mean surgery time for the non-navigated cases was 66 minutes. Mean surgery time for the navigated cases was 70 minutes. The difference in surgery time between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.003). Conclusion Adoption and use of a smart mechanical navigation system has a measurable increase in OR time of 4 minutes. This increase in OR time is quite small and with experience, is likely to further decrease. The amount of surgery time necessary for the use of the system is small compared to traditional navigation systems and especially to robotic systems. The study demonstrates that the adoption of a new smart mechanical navigation system increased surgery time very little. We anticipate that increased experience with the system will allow for the reduction in the need for intraoperative radiographs, which will further decrease surgery time and associated cost while simultaneously improving accuracy.
Casimir Meets Poisson: Improved Quark/Gluon Discrimination with Counting Observables

Charged track multiplicity is among the most powerful observables for discriminating quark- from gluon-initiated jets. Despite its utility, it is not infrared and collinear (IRC) safe, so perturbative calculations are limited to studying the energy evolution of multiplicity moments. While IRC-safe observables, like jet mass, are perturbatively calculable, their distributions often exhibit Casimir scaling, such that their quark/gluon discrimination power is limited by the ratio of quark to gluon color factors. In this paper, we introduce new IRC-safe counting observables whose discrimination performance exceeds that of jet mass and approaches that of track multiplicity. The key observation is that track multiplicity is approximately Poisson distributed, with more suppressed tails than the Sudakov peak structure from jet mass. By using an iterated version of the soft drop jet grooming algorithm, we can define a “soft drop multiplicity” which is Poisson distributed at leading-logarithmic accuracy. In addition, we calculate the next-to-leading-logarithmic corrections to this Poisson structure. If we allow the soft drop groomer to proceed to the end of the jet branching history, we can define a collinear-unsafe (but still infrared-safe) counting observable. Exploiting the universality of the collinear limit, we define generalized fragmentation functions to study the perturbative energy evolution of collinear-unsafe multiplicity.
Genetic Assignment with Isotopes and Habitat Suitability (GAIAH), a Migratory Bird Case Study

1.Identifying migratory connections across the annual cycle is important for studies of migrant ecology, evolution, and conservation. While recent studies have demonstrated the utility of high-resolution SNP-based genetic markers for identifying population-specific migratory patterns, the accuracy of this approach relative to other intrinsic tagging techniques has not yet been assessed. 2.Here, using a straightforward application of Bayes’ Rule, we develop a method for combining inferences from high-resolution genetic markers, stable isotopes, and habitat suitability models, to spatially infer the breeding origin of migrants captured anywhere along their migratory pathway. Using leave-one-out cross validation, we compare the accuracy of this combined approach with the accuracy attained using each source of data independently. 3.Our results indicate that when each method is considered in isolation, the accuracy of genetic assignments far exceeded that of assignments based on stable isotopes or habitat suitability models. However, our joint assignment method consistently resulted in small, but informative increases in accuracy and did help to correct misassignments based on genetic data alone. We demonstrate the utility of the combined method by identifying previously undetectable patterns in the timing of migration in a North American migratory songbird, the Wilson's warbler. 4.Overall, our results support the idea that while genetic data provides the most accurate method for tracking animals using intrinsic markers, when each method is considered independently, there is value in combining all three methods. The resulting methods are provided as part of a new computationally-efficient R-package, GAIAH, allowing broad application of our statistical framework to other migratory animal systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Credit Deepening: Precursor to Growth or Crisis?

There are two areas of economic research that are closely related but have until recently developed independently. The first is the literature on the finance-growth nexus that has shown how countries with greater financial depth grow more rapidly. The second is the literature on credit and financial crises that has shown that financial crises and recessions are usually preceded by rapid expansion of credit. Thus, credit deepening and credit booms are sometimes beneficial and sometimes not. In the last few years, there have been efforts to reconcile the two literatures. This paper reviews the two literatures and describes recent efforts to reconcile the two relationships. Much more work is required, but it is important for policy makers to be able to distinguish good, growth-enhancing credit booms from bad, crisis-inducing ones.
REMIX: Automated Exploration for Interactive Outlier Detection

Outlier detection is the identification of points in a dataset that do not conform to the norm. Outlier detection is highly sensitive to the choice of the detection algorithm and the feature subspace used by the algorithm. Extracting domain-relevant insights from outliers needs systematic exploration of these choices since diverse outlier sets could lead to complementary insights. This challenge is especially acute in an interactive setting, where the choices must be explored in a time-constrained manner. In this work, we present REMIX, the first system to address the problem of outlier detection in an interactive setting. REMIX uses a novel mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation for automatically selecting and executing a diverse set of outlier detectors within a time limit. This formulation incorporates multiple aspects such as (i) an upper limit on the total execution time of detectors (ii) diversity in the space of algorithms and features, and (iii) meta-learning for evaluating the cost and utility of detectors. REMIX provides two distinct ways for the analyst to consume its results: (i) a partitioning of the detectors explored by REMIX into perspectives through low-rank non-negative matrix factorization; each perspective can be easily visualized as an intuitive heatmap of experiments versus outliers, and (ii) an ensembled set of outliers which combines outlier scores from all detectors. We demonstrate the benefits of REMIX through extensive empirical validation on real-world data.
Sensitivity Limit of Nanoscale Phototransistors

In this letter, the optical gain mechanism in phototransistor detectors (PTDs) is explored in low light conditions. An analytical formula is derived for the physical limit on the minimum number of detectable photons for the PTD. This formulation shows that the sensitivity of the PTD, regardless of itsmaterial composition, is related to the square root of the normalized total capacitance at the base layer. Since the base total capacitance is directly proportional to the size of the PTD, the formulation shows the scaling effect on the sensitivity of the PTD. Our proposedmodel can be used to explore a wide range of PTDs, including nanowire, monolayer, and bulk devices. For the illustration of the ability of the model, two different PDTs, one with bottom–up fabrication for ultraviolet and the other with top–down fabrication for short-wave infrared (SWIR) detection, are used. For the SWIR PTD, a scaling effect is explored on InGaAs-based devices. Our modeling predicts that this PTD with a nanoscale electronic area can reach to a single photon noise equivalent power even at room temperature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on the sensitivity of the PTD for extreme low light detection.
Quantum illumination for enhanced detection of Rayleigh-fading targets

Quantum illumination (QI) is an entanglement-enhanced sensing system whose performance advantage over a comparable classical system survives its usage in an entanglement-breaking scenario plagued by loss and noise. In particular, QI's error-probability exponent for discriminating between equally likely hypotheses of target absence or presence is 6 dB higher than that of the optimum classical system using the same transmitted power. This performance advantage, however, presumes that the target return, when present, has known amplitude and phase, a situation that seldom occurs in light detection and ranging (lidar) applications. At lidar wavelengths, most target surfaces are sufficiently rough that their returns are speckled, i.e., they have Rayleigh-distributed amplitudes and uniformly distributed phases. QI's optical parametric amplifier receiver---which affords a 3 dB better-than-classical error-probability exponent for a return with known amplitude and phase---fails to offer any performance gain for Rayleigh-fading targets. We show that the sum-frequency generation receiver [Zhuang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 040801 (2017)]---whose error-probability exponent for a nonfading target achieves QI's full 6 dB advantage over optimum classical operation---outperforms the classical system for Rayleigh-fading targets. In this case, QI's advantage is subexponential: its error probability is lower than the classical system's by a factor of $1/ln(M\overline{\ensuremath{\kappa}}{N}_{S}/{N}_{B})$, when $M\overline{\ensuremath{\kappa}}{N}_{S}/{N}_{B}\ensuremath{\gg}1$, with $M\ensuremath{\gg}1$ being the QI transmitter's time-bandwidth product, ${N}_{S}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ its brightness, $\overline{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$ the target return's average intensity, and ${N}_{B}$ the background light's brightness.
Optimal Control and Almost Analytic Feedback for Some Nonholonomic Systems

Abstract One possible approach to do path planning for nonholonomic systems is to use optimal control, it is intuitively clear that optimal control should give rise to solutions of the path planning problem that are in feedback form, and one can expect that the resulting feedback control laws will be “piecewise smooth” or ‘‘piecewise analytic” in some sense. Here we focus on the weaker property of analyticity on a large dense set (ALDS), and explain how such a property is related to the problem of the structure of the optimal trajectories and, in particular, to the existence of “proper subanalytic sufficient families for optimality” that are made of a bounded number of pieces depending on finitely many parameters. The existence of such sufficient families can be proved in a number of cases using techniques from differential-geometric control theory. This is illustrated by briefly discussing the example of the “Reeds-Shepp car.”
The Complications of Surgery for Intersex: Changing Patterns Over Two Decades

To evaluate the changing patterns of complications ofsurgery for intersex, the records of 58 patients operated on for ambiguous genitalia over the last two decades were reviewed. Patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency constitute the largest group. These patients required the fewest operations and had the fewest complications. Surgery for all other diagnoses was accompanied by a high incidence of multistaged procedures and a high complication rate. The operations associated with the highest complication rate were those for vaginal reconstruction and severe hypospadias. Stenosis of the vagina and urinary tract problems accounted for most of the problems. Before 1975, the management of intersex was associated with a later age at diagnosis and initial operation, and a higher incidence of multistaged procedures performed by multiple surgeons from different specialties. These factors contributed to a higher complication rate than that observed after 1975, when patients were diagnosed and operated on earlier and had fewer complications.
Acute Cystitis: A Prospective Study of Laboratory Tests and Duration of Therapy

The efficacy of single-dose therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) and the cost-effectiveness of routine urinalyses and cultures were studied in a prospective randomized trial of 200 women who presented with symptoms of acute lower urinary tract infection. Without the physician's knowledge of the results of urinalysis or culture, the patients were randomly assigned to receive either a single dose or a 10-day multiple-dose course of TMP-SMZ and were followed up for 6 months. Of the 136 patients with positive urine cultures, 68 received single-dose therapy with TMP-SMZ—10 of whom had relapses—and 68 received multiple-dose therapy with TMP-SMZ—only 2 of whom had relapses ( P
A Solid Phase C1q Enzyme Assay for Circulating Immune Complexes Adapted for Routine Clinical Laboratory Testing

An assay for circulating immune complexes (CIC) that is adaptable to a routine clinical laboratory is described. This solid phase C1q (SP C1q) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) uses commercially available reagents and is reproducible with CV% of less than 20% in the abnormal range. We also demonstrate the specificity of the assay for detecting clinically relevant dsDNA-anti-DNA immune complexes.
Highly Efficient Ni-Fe Based Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Prepared by A Novel Pulse Electrochemical Approach

Abstract Ni-Fe based materials have attracted extensive attention as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts. Herein, we reported the fabrication of a superaerophobic Ni-Fe based OER catalyst by a novel and controllable pulse electrochemical approach. Unlike a traditional pulse electrodepositon which was done either cathodically or anodically, in our method both anodic and cathodic current are alternately adopted in a single pulse. Therefore, porous Ni-Fe nanosheets were self-assembled directly onto the Ni foil substrate owing to an in-situ dissolution/re-precipitation process and gas-releasing induced effect. The as-prepared Ni-Fe based electrode exhibits excellent catalytic activity and outstanding durability towards OER. The overpotential for the OER is as low as 250 mV at 10 mA/cm 2 . The catalytic reaction can last over 140 h without observable decay. The Tafel slope for the catalytic reaction is only 29.7 mV/dec. The high electrocatalytic performance is attributed to both the enhancement of its intrinsic activity and the self-optimizing microstructure of electrode.
Axioms for the fixed point index of n-valued maps, and some applications

We give an axiomatic characterization of the fixed point index of an n-valued map. For n-valued maps on a polyhedron, the fixed point index is shown to be unique with respect to axioms of homotopy invariance, additivity, and a splitting property. This uniqueness is used to obtain easy proofs of an averaging formula and product formula for the index. In the setting of n-valued maps on a manifold, we show that the axioms can be weakened.
Poor recovery from a pulmonary exacerbation does not lead to accelerated FEV1 decline

Abstract Background Patients with CF treated for pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) may experience faster subsequent declines in FEV 1 . Additionally, incomplete recovery to baseline FEV 1 occurs frequently following PEx treatment. Whether accelerated declines in FEV 1 are preceded by poor PEx recovery has not been studied. Methods Using 2004 to 2011 CF Foundation Patient Registry data, we randomly selected one PEx among patients ≥6years of age with no organ transplantations, ≥12months of data before and after the PEx, and ≥1 FEV 1 recorded within the 6months before and 3months after the PEx. We defined poor PEx recovery as the best FEV 1 in the 3months after the PEx 1 in the 6months before the PEx. We calculated mean (95% CI) hazard ratios (HR) of having >5% predicted/year FEV 1 decline and poor PEx recovery using multi-state Markov models. Results From 13,954 PEx, FEV 1 declines of >5% predicted/year were more likely to precede poor spirometric recovery, HR 1.17 (1.08, 1.26), in Markov models adjusted for age and sex. Non-Responders were less likely to have a subsequent fast FEV 1 decline, HR 0.41 (0.37, 0.46), than patients who recovered to >90% of baseline FEV 1 following PEx treatment. Conclusions Accelerated declines in FEV 1 are more likely to precede a PEx with poor recovery than to occur in the following year. Preventing or halting declines in FEV 1 may also have the benefit of preventing PEx episodes.
Does newspaper coverage influence or reflect public perceptions of the economy

Citizens’ economic perceptions can shape their political and economic behavior, making the origins of those perceptions an important question. Research commonly posits that media coverage is a cent...
Municipal pooled financing of infrastructure in the United States : experience and lessons

Despite a world awash with liquidity, large infrastructure supply gaps exist across developing and emerging markets. Infrastructure has been largely decentralized to subnational governments in many countries, and many policymakers are keenly interested in developing subnational bond markets to give subnational governments access to private financing for infrastructure. Despite this, the transaction costs of bond issuance are still prohibitive for many subnational governments to access financing. Pooled financing, through regional infrastructure funds, municipal funds, or bond banks, has become a sought-after solution for helping subnational governments access private financing for infrastructure. In the United States, municipal bond banks that were established since the 1970s have become a cost-effective and stable model for expanding subnational financing for many small municipalities, while maintaining strong credit ratings with virtually no defaults from sub-borrowers. The municipal bond banks have been successful in lowering financing costs for many small, unrated local governments, with loan sizes as low as less than $50,000. This paper examines the policies and structures that have made pooled financing successful in the United States, including regulatory frameworks, governance and managerial systems, the role of project appraisal, operations and pricing, and managing the default risks of borrowers. The paper also explores broader lessons for developing countries that are interested in establishing pooled financing for subnational infrastructure.
Promoting Peer-to-Peer Ridesharing Services as Transit System Feeders:

Peer-to-peer (P2P) ridesharing is a recently emerging travel alternative that can help accommodate the growth in urban travel demand and at the same time alleviate problems such as excessive vehicular emissions. Prior ridesharing projects suggest that the demand for ridesharing is usually shifted from transit, but its true benefits are realized when the demand shifts from single-occupancy vehicles. This study investigated the potential of shifting demand from private autos to transit by providing a general modeling framework that found routes for private vehicle users that were a combination of P2P ridesharing and transit. The Los Angeles Metro Red Line in California was considered for a case study because it has recently shown declining ridership trends. For successful implementation of a ridesharing system, strategically selecting locations for individuals to get on and off the rideshare vehicles is crucial, along with an appropriate pricing structure for the rides. The study conducted a parametric anal...
Incorporating tissue anisotropy and heterogeneity in finite element models of trabecular bone altered predicted local stress distributions

Trabecular bone is composed of organized mineralized collagen fibrils, which results in heterogeneous and anisotropic mechanical properties at the tissue level. Recently, biomechanical models computing stresses and strains in trabecular bone have indicated a significant effect of tissue heterogeneity on predicted stresses and strains. However, the effect of the tissue-level mechanical anisotropy on the trabecular bone biomechanical response is unknown. Here, a computational method was established to automatically impose physiologically relevant orientation inherent in trabecular bone tissue on a trabecular bone microscale finite element model. Spatially varying tissue-level anisotropic elastic properties were then applied according to the bone mineral density and the local tissue orientation. The model was used to test the hypothesis that anisotropy in both homogeneous and heterogeneous models alters the predicted distribution of stress invariants. Linear elastic finite element computations were performed on a 3 mm cube model isolated from a microcomputed tomography scan of human trabecular bone from the distal femur. Hydrostatic stress and von Mises equivalent stress were recorded at every element, and the distributions of these values were analyzed. Anisotropy reduced the range of hydrostatic stress in both tension and compression more strongly than the associated increase in von Mises equivalent stress. The effect of anisotropy was independent of the spatial redistribution high compressive stresses due to tissue elastic heterogeneity. Tissue anisotropy and heterogeneity are likely important mechanisms to protect bone from failure and should be included for stress analyses in trabecular bone.
Predicting and Understanding Initial Play

We use machine learning to uncover regularities in the initial play of matrix games. We first train a prediction algorithm on data from past experiments. Examining the games where our algorithm predicts correctly, but existing economic models don't, leads us to add a parameter to the best performing model that improves predictive accuracy. We then observe play in a collection of new "algorithmically generated" games, and learn that we can obtain even better predictions with a hybrid model that uses a decision tree to decide game-by-game which of two economic models to use for prediction.
DOES ECONOMIC FREEDOM AFFECT THE PRODUCTION FRONTIER? A SEMIPARAMETRIC APPROACH WITH PANEL DATA

This paper applies a multistep semiparametric stochastic production frontier estimator to investigate the effects of economic freedom (EF) on the production frontier and technical efficiency. We allow output elasticities and technical efficiency to depend on EF, estimate a smooth coefficient stochastic production frontier, and compare with parametric alternatives. Our results highlight the flexibility of semiparametric approaches as we find parametric approaches are too restrictive in estimating marginal productivity. Output elasticities of labor, human capital, and physical capital vary with the level of EF and our average efficiency estimates are at least 20% higher than those obtained from parametric counterparts. (JEL C14, O43)