cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular-resolution molecular imaging within living tissue by fiber microendoscopy

Conventional histopathology involves sampling, sectioning and staining of tissue specimens prior to microscopic evaluation, and provides diagnostic information at a single location and point in time. In vivo microscopy and molecular-targeted optical labeling are two rapidly developing fields, which together have the potential to provide anatomical and functional indications of disease by staining and imaging tissue in situ. To address the need for high-resolution imaging instrumentation, we have developed a compact, robust, and inexpensive fiber-optic microendoscopy system based around wide-field LED illumination, a flexible 1 mm diameter fiber-optic bundle, and a color CCD camera. We demonstrate the subcellular resolution imaging capabilities of the system through a series of experiments, beginning with simultaneous imaging of three different cancer cell lines in culture, each targeted with a distinct fluorescent label. We used the narrow diameter probe to access subcutaneous tumors in an in vivo murine model, allowing direct comparison of microendoscopy images with macroscopic images and histopathology. A surgically resected tissue specimen from the human oral cavity was imaged across the clinical margin, demonstrating qualitative and quantitative distinction between normal and cancerous tissue based on sub-cellular image features. Finally, the fiber-optic microendoscope was used on topically-stained normal human oral mucosa in vivo, resolving epithelial cell nuclei and membranes in real-time fluorescence images. Our results demonstrate that this imaging system can potentially complement conventional diagnostic techniques, and support efforts to translate emerging molecular-diagnostic and therapeutic agents into clinical use.
AIDS anxiety among health care professionals.

House staff physicians and nurses at a major New York City teaching hospital completed a 79-item questionnaire designed to assess AIDS anxiety, fear of contagion, and personal attitudes about homosexuality. Sixty-three percent of respondents were skeptical of or did not believe assurances by experts that health care workers who observe safety guidelines are at minimal risk of contracting AlDS from patients. Respondents from minority groups were significantly less trusting of experts' reassurances of their safety and were more uncomfortable working with homosexual patients. Twenty-six percent of all respondents feared that they would become victims of AIDS if they continued their present work, yet 97 percent expressed a firm commitment to caring for AIDS patients throughout their illness and the dying process. The author suggests that AIDS training and educational programs for health care professionals should consider their cultural background and psychosocial needs.
Integrating Father Involvement in Parenting Research

SYNOPSIS This article presents the approach that other investigators and I take in fathering research employing the construct of paternal involvement. First, I review the involvement construct, analyzing its social and methodological background, its strengths and weaknesses, and how it evolved subsequent to its initial formulation. Next considered are approaches and findings concerning the sources and consequences of involvement, with emphasis on my research program. Finally, five potential contributions of paternal involvement research to the broader parenting field concerning the dimensions of parenting, what is optimal parenting, and the sources and consequences of parenting are suggested, as well as implications for intervention and social policy.
Countries renew rescue agreement

To insure long-term continuity for the international satellite search and rescue system, COSPAS/SARSAT, an intergovernmental agreement binding the four sponsoring nations to cooperate was signed July 1 in Paris. According to Russell Vollmers of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the agreement is binding for 15 years, with an automatic extension. The system marked the fifth anniversary of its first rescue last year, when on September 10, 1982, three persons were rescued. Begun in the 1970s by NASA as an experiment, COSPAS/SARSAT (a Russian-English acronym) is now a cooperative project among the United States, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union. Its goal is to reduce the time required to rescue air and maritime distress victims and also to locate victims who otherwise may not be found, thus using the satellite system as a life-saving device.
Acrylamide and iodide fluorescence quenching studies on whole human lenses and their protein extracts.

Tryptophan fluorescence was monitored in whole lenses (and in soluble crystallin fractions derived from these lenses) before and after incubating them in media containing acrylamide or iodide. The effects of exposing one lens to low level broadband UV radiation were compared with the contralateral lens incubated in the dark. In addition we employed 13C labeled acrylamide in order to monitor (by NMR spectroscopy) which crystallins were most effected.These studies demonstrate an acrylamide fluorescence quenching effect in whole lenses and extracted lens proteins, which is directly age related, as is the extent of its incorporation and binding to specific lens proteins. Iodide had no effect on TRP fluorescence in whole lenses and a slight effect on the extracted crystallins.These data demonstrate differences in the microenvironment of TRP residues in the various lens crystallins and their relative susceptibility to low level UV radiation exposure at doses approaching the ambient in vivo levels in a “real lif...
Household interactions and children's school travel: the effect of parental work patterns on walking and biking to school

This study evaluates how household interactions affect walking and biking to school. The cross-sectional research design uses a representative sample of trips to school by US youth (n=8231) to test how parental employment status and commute patterns affect non-motorized travel. Results from a binary logit model show that young children (5-14) with mothers who commute to work in the morning are less likely to walk or bike to school after controlling for individual, household, and neighborhood factors. Policymakers may therefore want to create programs that allow parents to share chaperoning responsibilities for the school trip to address parental time constraints. KW: SR2S Language: en
Structure-function relationships in high-density docosylsilane bonded stationary phases by raman spectroscopy and comparison to octadecylsilane bonded stationary phases

Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the effects of temperature, surface coverage, polymerization method (surface or solution polymerized), and nature of the alkylsilane precursor on alkyl chain conformational order in a series of high-density docosylsilane (C22) stationary phases at surface coverages ranging from 3.61 to 6.97 μmol/m2. The results of this study contribute to an enhanced understanding of the shape-selective retention characteristics of these phases at a molecular level. Conformational order is evaluated using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric and symmetric ν(CH2) modes as well as the frequency at which these modes are observed. Alkyl chain order is shown to be dependent on surface coverage, alkyl chain length, and polymerization method. In general, alkyl chain order increases with surface coverage. Temperature-induced changes are observed between 250 and 350 K for the three phases with surface coverages between 3.61 and 4.89 μmol/m2. These changes occur over a broad range of te...
Maternal and infant factors associated with failure to thrive in children with vertically transmitted human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: the prospective, P2C2 human immunodeficiency virus multicenter study.

Many children with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection have chronic problems with linear growth and weight gain.1–5 A variety of disturbed growth patterns have been described, ranging from symmetric delays in weight and length or height to severe wasting with normal length or height. The differences in growth patterns probably result from differences in disease manifestations in HIV-1–infected children. In developed countries, both weight and length or height decline in infected children as early as the first month of life.4 Sequential follow-up showed that the growth rate in HIV-1–infected children remained below that of exposed but uninfected children. The exact mechanism of failure to thrive (FTT) has not been identified in the pediatric HIV-1–infected population. Factors that influence growth in all children include energy intake, energy metabolism, gastrointestinal absorption, and psychosocial factors. In HIV-1–infected children, preliminary evidence suggests that dietary intakes are adequate because the majority of these children meet or exceed the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calories and macronutrients.6,7 Some evidence suggests that dietary intakes that are much higher than the RDA can increase the weight of HIV-1–infected children.7 Energy metabolism is less well-defined, but some studies suggest that resting energy expenditure in infected children is slightly higher than predicted,8 which is also the case in adults with HIV-1 infection.9,10 Children with HIV-1 infection are also more likely than noninfected children to have problems absorbing nutrients, which can impair growth.11,12 Comorbidities or chronic clinical conditions associated with HIV-1 can influence growth and nutrition by altering any of the aforementioned factors. Despite the expanding literature on growth and nutrition in children with HIV infection,1–5 a comprehensive evaluation of prenatal and postnatal associations with FTT in HIV-1–infected children has not been reported. Knowing those factors may enable clinicians to intervene with closer nutritional surveillance in children at risk for FTT. Alternatively, children with FTT may be at risk for comorbid conditions associated with FTT. In this report, we analyzed data from a prospective multicenter pediatric HIV study to identify baseline maternal and infant covariates that may be associated with FTT in children with vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of HIV-1 on growth from birth through 5 years of age.
Mortality Rates in Golden Shiners Fed High-Fat Diets with or without a Dairy-Yeast Prebiotic before Challenge with Flavobacterium columnare

Abstract Columnaris, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is a major bacterial disease of the golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, especially when fish become stressed during handling and transport. Feed additives, such as a dairy-yeast prebiotic, can decrease disease susceptibility in some fish species. Previous studies have indicated that diets with higher fat concentrations have improved the growth and survival of golden shiners. We conducted a study to determine whether a high-fat diet alone or supplemented with a dairy-yeast prebiotic could decrease mortality rates of golden shiners subjected to columnaris challenge. Golden shiners were assigned one of three diets with four replicate aquaria per diet and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 16 weeks before the challenge. Diets (30.3 ± 0.31% crude protein; mean ± SE) were similar to a commercial formula and contained (1) 4% poultry fat (control), (2) 10% poultry fat, or (3) 10% poultry fat and 2% dairy-yeast prebiotic. After the 16-week feeding ...
Aberrant drug-taking behaviors and headache: patient versus physician report.

OBJECTIVE To explore prevalence of aberrant medication-taking behaviors (AMTB) among headache patients and treating physician's awareness of such behaviors. METHODS Fifty patientphysician dyads were surveyed on patients' AMTB. RESULTS The most frequently endorsed behaviors by patients and physicians, respectively, were going to the ER for pain medication (n = 19) and continuing to take pain medication despite minimal relief (n = 23). For the majority of AMTB, phi coefficients indicating level of patient-physician agreement were equal to chance. CONCLUSIONS Headache patients perform a wide range of AMTB. Low rates of patient-physician agreement indicate that physicians possess limited knowledge of patients' AMTB.
Understanding the genetic basis of canine anxiety: phenotyping dogs for behavioral, neurochemical, and genetic assessment

ehavioral problems account for the death, relinquishment, r the end of breeding careers of more dogs than does any ther set of problems (Miller et al., 1996; Patronek e 996; Salman et al., 1998, 2000; Scarlett et al., 1999; t al, 2003; Mondelli et al., 2004; Shore, 2005). Wh any behavioral complaints involve management-related ssues or dog-human temperament mismatches, the behavoral concerns that are most interesting to scientists and reeders alike are those with familial patterns. A number of conditions have been identified as runing in family lines of a number of breeds including, but ot restricted to, generalized anxiety/fear, noise phobia, mpulse/control aggression, conspecific aggression, predtory aggression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder Overall, 1994; Overall and Dunham, 2002; Over 005). Most of these conditions appear sometime ween one and two years of age, the social maturity eriod, during which neural systems are undergoing exensive developmental changes. The potential benefit of enetic counseling is clear, and the potential to make ogs “safer” and happier is substantial. Understanding
Determination of carboxyl groups in the presence of carbonyl groups in oxidized polyolefins by using sulfur tetrafluoride

A simple analytical technique has been developed to determine the amount of carboxyl groups present in degraded polyethylene film. This procedure is based upon the relative reactivities of the various carbonyl groups present, in oxidized polyethylene film, to sulfur tetrafluoride gas. The quantity of the carboxyl groups in the film is then measured as a function of the absorption at 5.45 μ.
Culture Determines Business Models: Analyzing Home Depot's Failure Case in China for International Retailers from a Communication Perspective

This article is a result of a longitudinal case study regarding Home Depot's operation in China. From 2006 to 2011, the author conducted 37 in-depth interviews with Home Depot executives, managers, lawyers, employees, suppliers, and consumers, as well as its Western and Chinese competitors. These interviews generated 500+ pages of transcripts and field notes. Home Depot entered China in 2006 by acquiring 12 stores from a Chinese company, Home Way. However, by September 2012 all Home Depot stores in China had been closed. This interview-based single-case-study research has these notable contributions. First, this research stresses the importance of host culture in creating a business model when an international retailer expands to a foreign country. Second, the research develops a new Host Culture Analysis Framework: CELM (host Culture, business Environment, target consumer Lifestyle, and target consumer Mentality). Third, by applying the CELM framework to the Chinese market, this research suggests that Home Depot could have replaced its ineffective DIY (Do-It-Yourself) model with the new DIFM (Do-It-for-Me) business model for China. Fourth, this article proposes a new urban boutique store (UBS) retail format for international retailers entering emerging markets. Finally, this research shows that in-depth interview is a solid research method to be applied to case studies, for the discovery of deeper reasons of international expansion failures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Athletes’ Use of Nonprescription Medication

Background:Athletes are known to use over-the-counter pain medication. However, the frequency of such use among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A football athletes is unknown.Hypothesis:NCAA Division I-A football athletes who use nonprescription analgesics for pain misuse these medications.Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Methods:The football players (N, 144) who met the criteria and agreed to participate were from 8 NCAA Division I-A schools. The participants were administered the Over the Counter Drug Screen for Athletes, which measures attitudes toward the use of a spectrum of substances.Results:Among football athletes surveyed who took nonprescription analgesics for football-related pain, 37% reported taking more than the recommended dose. This was slightly higher than the 28% of players who stated they have not taken nonprescription analgesics for football-related pain. Thirty-four percent of all athletes reported using more than the recommended dose of nonprescription an...
Ion Beam Spectroscopy of Solids and Surfaces

Ion beams are important new probes for characterizing the chemistry and structure of a wide variety of materials. When beams of particles with energies of ∼ 1000 electron volts are used, as in secondary ion mass spectrometry, it is possible to detect ions ejected from the top layer of the material with sensitivities we below the picogram level. A number of theoretical developments now permit analysis of the geometry of adsorbed atoms and molecules on surfaces from the angular distributions of the ejected particles. Much surface chemical information can also be deduced from ejected molecular cluster ions. In addition, the observation of clusters with weights up to nearly 20,000 atomic mass units promises to expand applications of mass spectrometry to the analysis of biomolecules and the sequencing of proteins.
Clinical application of measurements of serum levels of bee venom-specific IgE and IgG

Abstract Bee venom-specific IgE and IgG antibodies were measured in the serum of beekeepers, bee-allergic persons, and normal persons infrequently stung without adverse effects. Beekeepers, who are stung frequently and relatively "immune" to bee stings, are characterized by high serum levels of IgG- and low serum levels of IgE-specific antibodies. Bee-allergic individuals have high titers of bee venom-specific IgE and generally low titers of bee venom-specific IgG. Following a bee sting, allergic individuals develop a rising titer of IgE antibodies, accompanied occasionally by a rise in IgG antibodies. Therapy with whole bee body extracts fail to effect IgE or IgG antibody titers. During the course of venom immunotherapy IgG-specific antibodies are stimulated and IgE-specific antibodies continue to decline. These observations suggest that: (1) bee sting allergy is a function of bee venom-specific IgE; (2) bee sting immunity is a function of bee venom-specific IgG; and (3) bee venom is an appropriate therapeutic antigen.
Determination of 3D angular rates using two-axis measurements

This paper describes a new observer design method that allows for estimating the angular rates along a vehicle's three principal axes. This method uses measurements from a single two-axis angular rate sensor (gyro) and determines the rates for the third axis by using a nonlinear observer. Unlike conventional approaches where the equations governing vehicle motion (Euler's equations) are linearized and then an observer is constructed based on the linear model, this method does not require linearization of the system. Instead, a pseudo-linear representation is used. The pseudo-linear model is obtained by systematically decomposing a nonlinear system into linear and nonlinear terms. The nonlinear components are then redefined as an auxiliary set of state variables and/or inputs. This leads to an augmented linear system representation that is mathematically equivalent to the original nonlinear system. This method allows standard linear observer design techniques to be applied, and it develops observers that are capable of estimating the third-axis angular rates using measurements corresponding to the other two axes. The method's effectiveness is illustrated with an example. The case studied is the complete attitude rate determination and control of a spinning spacecraft. Computer simulation results show that the new approach provides excellent three-axis attitude control, yet requires angular rate sensors for only two axes.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Home Visiting Start-Up: Lessons Learned from Program Replication in New Mexico

Growth in federal, state, and private funding is fueling the initiation of home visiting programs around the country. As communities expand home visiting programs, they need information to help them successfully start up new sites. This paper documents lessons learned about home visiting installation and initial implementation from the replication of the First Born® Program in six counties in New Mexico. Specifically, we examine how well sites met staffing, family referral and enrollment, program model fidelity, and financing goals in the first year of providing services. Data come from semi-structured interviews with program staff and document review. The findings are likely to be valuable to a wide spectrum of communities starting or expanding home visiting services, as well as to public and private funders of programs.
“Blogfolios” and their role in the development of research projects in an advanced academic literacy class for ESL students

This paper focuses on “blogfolios”, online interactive blog-based portfolios, developed by students for class projects in Electronic Literacy. Blogfolios may contain interactive images, podcasts, and web-log discussions on a variety of researched academic topics. The impact of academic blogfolios on the second language learner’s ability to develop and present quality academic research is explained.
Effects of quisqualic acid and glutamate on subsequent learning, emotionality, and seizure susceptibility in the immature and mature animal

To compare the long-term behavioral effects of chronic administration of excitatory amino acids in the mature and immature brain quisqualic acid (QA) and glutamate (GLU) were administered intraventricularly by osmotic pumps over 7 days in 20- and 60-day-old rats. Both age groups received identical dosages of QA or GLU. At age 90 days, all animals were assessed for abnormalities of learning and memory using the Morris water maze, emotionality using the handling test, and seizure threshold using flurothyl inhalation. No significant differences were found in either the water maze or handling test. However, 60-day-old rats receiving QA or GLU had more spontaneous seizures than the 20-day-old rats. In both age groups histological damage following QA and GLU was limited to the ipsilateral hippocampus, was maximum at the site of the catheter tube, and was similar in the two age groups studied. The adverse effects of long-term effects of chronic exposure to excitatory amino acids are similar in the immature and mature brain.
Variations in Dogmatism and Leader-Supplied Information: Determinants of Perceived Behavior in Task-Oriented Groups

Perception of group interaction were measured varying four levels of leader-supplied information and respondents' levels of dogematism. Qualitative and quantitative dimensions of leader-supplied information were varied in the study. Dogmatism was found to be a significant factor in the satisfaction respondents had with the group decision. The quality of leader-supplied information was found to have a greater impact upon the dependent measures in the study than the quantity of that information. Implications for leaders of small groups and future small group research are discussed.
Process trending with piecewise linear smoothing

Abstract Compression and trending are techniques widely used in the initial treatment of raw process data. Two popular methods, Box Car with Backward Slope and Swinging Door, were reviewed recently by Kennedy. In spite of their popularity, neither of these methods are designed to cope with process variability and outliers. They also require one or more parameters to be specified based on practical considerations. In this paper we propose a new method, Piecewise Linear Online Trending (PLOT), which is statistically based and which performs significantly better. Unlike the two existing methods, it adapts to process variability and noisy data, recognizes and eliminates outliers, and it is robust even in the presence of outliers. It fits the data better for the same number of trends. The fidelity of its performance may be fine-tuned with a single level of significance which may be set by the user without requiring any expertise in statistics. It may be used in an online or a batch mode, and interfaces easily with most existing packages.
Massively parallel differential evolution--pattern search optimization with graphics hardware acceleration: an investigation on bound constrained optimization problems

This paper presents a novel parallel Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm with local search for solving function optimization problems, utilizing graphics hardware acceleration. As a population-based meta-heuristic, DE was originally designed for continuous function optimization. Graphics Processing Units (GPU) computing is an emerging desktop parallel computing technology that is becoming popular with its wide availability in many personal computers. In this paper, the classical DE was adapted in the data-parallel CPU-GPU heterogeneous computing platform featuring Single Instruction-Multiple Thread (SIMT) execution. The global optimal search of the DE was enhanced by the classical local Pattern Search (PS) method. The hybrid DE---PS method was implemented in the GPU environment and compared to a similar implementation in the common computing environment with a Central Processing Unit (CPU). Computational results indicate that the GPU-accelerated SIMT-DE-PS method is orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding CPU implementation. The main contribution of this paper is the parallelization analysis and performance analysis of the hybrid DE---PS with GPU acceleration. The research results demonstrate a promising direction for high speed optimization with desktop parallel computing on a personal computer.
On the range of accretive operators

The solvability of the nonlinear operator equationw=x+Bx, whereB is accretive in a general Banach spaceX is studied by means of discrete approximations. In particular, ifB is continuous and everywhere defined an algorithm is given for solving the equation.
Relationships between the cell cycle and the expression of c-myc and transferrin receptor genes during induced myeloid differentiation☆

We examined the relationship of cellular oncogene c-myc and transferrin receptor (TfR) gene expression to cell proliferation and cell cycle progression during myeloid differentiation in the HL-60 myeloid leukemia cell line. In order to determine levels of mRNA for these genes in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate along the myeloid pathway, RNA was isolated from HL-60 cells incubated with retinoic acid for 24 h and Northern blots were probed with labeled cDNAs for c-myc and TfR. c-myc mRNA decreased within 3 h of retinoic acid addition, and TfR mRNA decreased after 9 h; both mRNAs continued to decrease over 24 h. RNA was also isolated from HL-60 cells separated by centrifugal elutriation into cell cycle phases. TfR and c-myc cDNA probes hybridized equally to RNA from uninduced cells in all phases of the cell cycle. However, after 24 h incubation with the differentiation inducer retinoic acid, TfR mRNA was expressed substantially less in the G1 stage, whereas c-myc mRNA was still expressed equally in all cell cycle phases. These data indicate that, although TfR and c-myc expression are both associated with cell proliferation in the HL-60 line, TfR is down-regulated specifically in G1 upon induction of terminal differentiation whereas c-myc expression is disassociated from cell cycle control in these cells.
Polyurethane molded foams with high content of hyperbranched polyols from soybean oil

This paper examines the feasibility of using polyols from vegetable oils as base polyols (i.e. with 50% or more in a blend with petrochemical polyols) for flexible molded polyurethane foams. A seri...
Inter-genomic displacement via lateral gene transfer of bacterial trp operons in an overall context of vertical genealogy

The growing conviction that lateral gene transfer plays a significant role in prokaryote genealogy opens up a need for comprehensive evaluations of gene-enzyme systems on a case-by-case basis. Genes of tryptophan biosynthesis are frequently organized as whole-pathway operons, an attribute that is expected to facilitate multi-gene transfer in a single step. We have asked whether events of lateral gene transfer are sufficient to have obscured our ability to track the vertical genealogy that underpins tryptophan biosynthesis. In 47 complete-genome Bacteria, the genes encoding the seven catalytic domains that participate in primary tryptophan biosynthesis were distinguished from any paralogs or xenologs engaged in other specialized functions. A reliable list of orthologs with carefully ascertained functional roles has thus been assembled and should be valuable as an annotation resource. The protein domains associated with primary tryptophan biosynthesis were then concatenated, yielding single amino-acid sequence strings that represent the entire tryptophan pathway. Lateral gene transfer of several whole-pathway trp operons was demonstrated by use of phylogenetic analysis. Lateral gene transfer of partial-pathway trp operons was also shown, with newly recruited genes functioning either in primary biosynthesis (rarely) or specialized metabolism (more frequently). (i) Concatenated tryptophan protein trees are congruent with 16S rRNA subtrees provided that the genomes represented are of sufficiently close phylogenetic spacing. There are currently seven tryptophan congruency groups in the Bacteria. Recognition of a succession of others can be expected in the near future, but ultimately these should coalesce to a single grouping that parallels the 16S rRNA tree (except for cases of lateral gene transfer). (ii) The vertical trace of evolution for tryptophan biosynthesis can be deduced. The daunting complexities engendered by paralogy, xenology, and idiosyncrasies of nomenclature at this point in time have necessitated an expert-assisted manual effort to achieve a correct analysis. Once recognized and sorted out, paralogy and xenology can be viewed as features that enrich evolutionary histories.
Increased Frequency of Regulatory T Cells and T Lymphocyte Activation in Persons with Previously Treated Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis

ABSTRACT Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may be due to underlying immune compromise. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and CD4+ T lymphocytes in general, are important in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated T lymphocytes from patients after recovery from extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which may reflect conditions before M. tuberculosis infection. A case-control study was conducted among HIV-uninfected adults with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 3 sets of controls: (i) subjects with previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis, (ii) close tuberculosis contacts with M. tuberculosis infection, and (iii) close tuberculosis contacts with no infection. Monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC-M) were stained for CD4+ CD25hi CD127low FoxP3+ cell (Treg cell) and T lymphocyte activation. Both characteristics were compared as continuous variables between groups with the Kruskal-Wallis test. There were 7 extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases, 18 pulmonary tuberculosis controls, 17 controls with M. tuberculosis infection, and 18 controls without M. tuberculosis infection. The median Treg cell proportion was highest among persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (1.23%) compared to subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (0.56%), latent M. tuberculosis infection (0.14%), or no M. tuberculosis infection (0.20%) (P = 0.001). The median proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes that expressed the activation markers HLA-DR and CD38 was highest for CD4+ T lymphocytes from persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (0.79%) compared to subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (0.44%), latent M. tuberculosis infection (0.14%), or no M. tuberculosis infection (0.32%) (P = 0.005). Compared with controls, persons with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis had the highest Treg cell frequency, but also the highest levels of CD4+ T lymphocyte activation. Immune dysregulation may be a feature of individuals at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Hedge Fund Legal Structure and its Impact on Performance

While there is a plethora of research on investment strategies, asset allocation and risk management, one area where academic research is scarce is the legal structure that a fund employs and the resulting differences in performance and risk. Hedge funds may be set up using a variety of legal structures. Among the more common ones are Open Ended Investment Company, Limited Liability Company, Partnership (3C1), Partnership (3C7) and Corporation. This article bridges the gap by examining performance from the perspective of the legal structure of the hedge fund. Using the Morningstar database, legal structures are examined at the strategy level. A probit model is formulated to examine whether or not performance and level of assets are influenced by the legal structure. The results show that while there are no uniformly significant differences between the performances and assets of funds using various structures certain patterns hold as to the level of assets and legal structures.
The ERdj5-Sel1L complex facilitates cholera toxin retrotranslocation.

Cholera toxin (CT) traffics from the host cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where the toxin's catalytic CTA1 subunit retrotranslocates to the cytosol to induce toxicity. In the ER, CT is captured by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 via an undefined mechanism to prepare for retrotranslocation. Using loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we demonstrate that the ER-resident factor ERdj5 promotes CTA1 retrotranslocation, in part, via its J domain. This Hsp70 cochaperone regulates binding between CTA and the ER Hsp70 BiP, a chaperone previously implicated in toxin retrotranslocation. Importantly, ERdj5 interacts with the Hrd1 adaptor Sel1L directly through Sel1L's N-terminal lumenal domain, thereby linking ERdj5 to the Hrd1 complex. Sel1L itself also binds CTA and facilitates toxin retrotranslocation. By contrast, EDEM1 and OS-9, two established Sel1L binding partners, do not play significant roles in CTA1 retrotranslocation. Our results thus identify two ER factors that promote ER-to-cytosol transport of CTA1. They also indicate that ERdj5, by binding to Sel1L, triggers BiP–toxin interaction proximal to the Hrd1 complex. We postulate this scenario enables the Hrd1-associated retrotranslocation machinery to capture the toxin efficiently once the toxin is released from BiP.
EXPERT EVIDENCE AFTER DAUBERT

Ke yW ords law and science, admissibility, philosophy of science, courts ■ Abstract Daubert stands for a trilogy of Supreme Court cases as well as revi- sions of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Together they represent American law's most recent effort to filter expert evidence offered at trial. This review begins by placing the Daubert trilogy in the context of earlier judicial efforts to solve the screening problem, which began well before the twentieth century, and then provides a brief explication of evidence law under Daubert .N ext, we discuss several aspects of the jurisprudence of expert evidence: its connection to debates in the philosophy of science, the practical legal problems courts are trying to solve, and procedural implications. Then we re- view and discuss varied impacts of Daubert: changes in law, marked increases in cases and scholarship relating to expert evidence, and research examining judicial gatekeep- ing under Daubert (civil defendants appear to benefit greatly and criminal defendants hardly at all). We conclude by offering several predictions and prescriptions for the future of expert evidence.
Experimental Studies on the Effects of Geometric Parameters in a Planar Pneumatic Microvalve

The lateral deflection of a microscale elastomer membrane patterned in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been experimentally characterized in terms of how geometric parameters affect the compliance of the membrane, and consequently the magnitude of deflection for a given pressure. The concept of a laterally-deformable membrane had been previously demonstrated as viable for applications including sealing, mixing, and sorting. The present work specifically applies fractional factorial experiments to examine the effects of thickness, width, and height of the membrane. It was observed that deflection magnitudes in excess of 10 microns could routinely be achieved with actuation pressure less than 200 kPa. In some cases deflection magnitude as high as 20 microns was also demonstrated. Functional membrane fabrication with dimensions as aggressive as 8 microns thick, 200 microns wide, and 45 microns tall has been successfully demonstrated. Thinner membranes and wider span exhibited similar magnitude of effects in terms of improving compliance. Height of the membrane exhibited a notably larger magnitude of effect, attributed to boundary conditions where the foot of the membrane is bonded to the base substrate. Seal reliability at the foot of the membrane was a significant limitation to sample yield, and represents the primary need for future development.
Dehumanization in Medicine: Causes, Solutions, and Functions

Dehumanization is endemic in medical practice. This article discusses the psychology of dehumanization resulting from inherent features of medical settings, the doctor-patient relationship, and the deployment of routine clinical practices. First, we identify six major causes of dehumanization in medical settings (deindividuating practices, impaired patient agency, dissimilarity, mechanization, empathy reduction, and moral disengagement). Next, we propose six fixes for these problems (individuation, agency reorientation, promoting similarity, personification and humanizing procedures, empathic balance and physician selection, and moral engagement). Finally, we discuss when dehumanization in medical practice is potentially functional and when it is not. Appreciating the multiple psychological causes of dehumanization in hospitals allows for a deeper understanding of how to diminish detrimental instances of dehumanization in the medical environment.
ADENO-ASSOCIATED SATELLITE VIRUS INTERFERENCE WITH THE REPLICATION OF ITS HELPER ADENOVIRUS

Adeno-associated satellite virus type 4 interferes with the replication of its helper adenovirus. No interferon-like soluble substance could be detected in satellite-infected cultures and other DNA- and RNA-containing viruses were not inhibited by coinfection with satellite virus under conditions which reduced adenovirus yields by more than 90% in monkey cells. Altering the concentration of adenovirus in the presence of constant amounts of satellite resulted in a constant degree of interference over a wide range of adenovirus inocula and suggested that adenovirus concentration was not a significant factor in the observed interference. The interference with adenovirus replication was abolished by pretreating satellite preparations with specific antiserum, ultraviolet light or heating at 80 degrees C for 30 min. This suggested that infectious satellite virus mediated the interference. Satellite virus concentration was found to be a determinant of interference and studies indicated that the amount of interference with adenovirus was directly proportional to the concentration of satellite virus. 8 hr after adenovirus infection, the replication of adenovirus was no longer sensitive to satellite interference. This was true even though the satellite virus was enhanced as effectively as if the cells were infected simultaneously with both viruses. Interference with adenovirus infectivity was accompanied by reduced yields of complement-fixing antigen and of virus particles which suggested that satellite virus interfered with the formation and not the function of adenovirus products. When cells were infected either with adenovirus alone or with adenovirus plus satellite, the same proportion of cells plated as adenovirus infectious centers. However, the number of plaque-forming units of adenovirus formed per cell in the satellite-infected cultures was reduced by approximately 90%, the same magnitude of reduction noted in whole cultures coinfected with satellite and adenovirus. This suggested that all cells infected with the two viruses were producing a reduced quantity of adenovirus.
Experimental verification of the Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) concept

The Z Facility at Sandia National Laboratories consists of the Z Machine, a pulsed power driver capable of delivering 27 MA with a 100 ns risetime to a magnetically-driven load, and the Z Beamlet Laser (ZBL), which can deliver a 1 TW, 2 ns laser pulse at 532 nm to the center of the Z Machine. Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion1 (MagLIF) is an inertial confinement fusion concept that is currently being evaluated on Z. MagLIF relies on ZBL to heat fusion fuel prior to the implosion, an axial magnetic field to inhibit radial thermal conduction in the fuel, and the Z machine current pulse to implode the target. Simulations indicate that MagLIF experiments could produce 100 kJ yields with parameters that will eventually be possible on Z, and high yield targets for a future facility have been evaluated in simulations.2
Posterior cruciate ligament tibial attachment anatomy and radiographic landmarks for tibial tunnel placement in PCL reconstruction

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) was dissected in 12 frozen human cadaver knees. The tibial attachment was radiographically mapped and guide wires placed on the distal-lateral bulk of the ligament's tibial attachment. Radiographic landmarks were then described on the anteroposterior and lateral radiographs to assist in tibial tunnel guide wire placement in PCL reconstruction. The radiographic site corresponding to the posterior ridge of the tibial plateau approximately 1 cm below the joint line and a few millimeters lateral to the center of the lateral tibial tubercle will reliably confirm tibial tunnels in PCL reconstruction.
Independent Control of HVOF Particle Velocity and Temperature

Independent control of high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray particle velocity and temperature has not been possible in the past, confusing the effect of either parameter on coating properties. This study describes a method by which velocity and temperature may be varied independently. Commercial HVOF equipment that was fitted with a special conical supersonic nozzle having four distinct particle injection locations was used. The present results, which were predicted in simulations and demonstrated in experiments, revealed several pertinent facts. First, particle velocity is principally related to combustion chamber pressure and is relatively unaffected by other design or operating conditions. Second, particle temperature is related to particle residence time within the nozzle, which can be controlled by the choice of particle injection location. In these experiments, the impact velocity and temperature of stainless steel particles were controlled within the ranges 340 to 660 m/s and 1630 to 2160 K, respectively. This range of parameters produced significant variations in splat morphology, coating microstructure, and coating oxide content. Such particle control allows the effects of velocity and temperature on coating properties to be assessed and controlled independently. These results also have commercial application, potentially enabling the user to tailor particle impact velocity and temperature to achieve specific coating properties.
The Instrumental Theory of Value

Foster’s development of the instrumental theory of value, an explanation of the criterion of judgment in all scientific social inquiry, is one of his most original and important, if not revolutionary, contributions. He is attempting
College Archives as Windows on American Society

The following thoughts reflect encounters with college and university archives over a period of fifteen years. My research on nineteenth-century higher education in America has taken me from Colby College during a Maine winter to Mercer University during a Georgia summer, from the venerable repositories of Harvard University to the modern facilities of Franklin College in Indiana, and to more than a dozen other college and university archives along the way. These efforts have been directed primarily toward understanding the many ways in which collegiate enterprises intersect with the development of American society. College archives have been my windows on the history of this nation from 1800 to 1930. An increasing number of historians have occupied the same vantage point during the last decade or so. Unlike the vast majority of educational historians who preceded them, currently active scholars rarely limit their efforts to carefully chronicling the history of a single institution. They are likely to study groups of institutions and to approach the history of higher education with broader questions concerning particular periods or regions. They place difficult demands upon the resources of archives and upon the resourcefulness of archivists who want to assist serious visiting scholars as well as official institutional historians and curious alumni.
Microhabitat Distribution and Spatial Dispersion Patterns of the Walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Homoptera: Aphididae), in California

The microhabitat distribution and spatial dispersion patterns of walnut aphid eggs and viviparae were assessed in a commercial walnut orchard in Tracy, Calif., during 1977 and 1978. Significantly higher egg densities were found on the smaller peripheral branches of walnut trees (1–2 cm diam) than on larger branches. Few eggs were found on extremely small twigs (ca. 0.55 cm diam) from the previous season's growth. Significant differences in egg density were sometimes observed between top and bottom regions and among cardinal quadrants of the tree. No significant differences in egg density were observed among tree. The spatial dispersion patterns determined for walnut aphid eggs were generally aggregated except at extremely low densities where the pattern was random. No significant differences in aphid density were observed among cardinal quadrants of the trees and only occasional differences were observed between top and bottom regions of the trees. Substantial variation in aphid density was observed among basal, middle, and terminal regions of the trees. Few significant differences in aphid density were observed among trees and none was observed among compound leaves. Significantly higher aphid densities were found on the middle and distal leaflets of compound leaves. Within-tree, among-tree, and among-compound leaf distribution patterns showed that the aphids were generally aggregated.
Choosing between Globalization and Localization as A Strategic Thrust for Your International Marketing Effort

In choosing between the bipolar strategic orientations of globalization and localization in the international marketplace, the organization can gain insights by scrutinizing the Place, People, and Product implications of the environment. This article examines critical factors which, taken together, suggest a fit between strategic thrust and target cultural dynamics and offers a model to facilitate selection of the best approach.