cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paramyxovirus Fusion (F) Protein: A Conformational Change on Cleavage Activation

The fusion (F) protein of the paramyxovirus SV5 promotes both virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. Recently, the atomic structure at 1.4 A of an extremely thermostable six-helix bundle core complex consisting of two heptad repeat regions of the F protein has been described (K. A. Baker, R. E. Dutch, R. A. Lamb, and T. S Jardetsky, Mol. Cell 3, 309-319, 1999). To analyze the conformations of the F protein at various stages of the membrane fusion process and to understand further the role of formation of the six-helix bundle core complex in promotion of membrane fusion, antibodies to peptides corresponding to regions of the F protein were obtained. Major changes in F protein antibody recognition were found after cleavage of the precursor protein F(0) to the fusogenically active disulfide-linked heterodimer, F(1) + F(2), and antibodies directed against the heptad repeat regions recognized only the uncleaved form. A monoclonal antibody directed against the F protein showed increased recognition at the cell surface of the cleaved form of the F protein as compared to uncleaved F protein, again indicating changes in conformation between the uncleaved and cleaved forms of the F protein. Anti-peptide antibodies specific for the heptad repeat regions were unable to precipitate a synthetic protein that consisted of the heptad repeat regions separated only by a small spacer, suggesting that the antibodies are unable to recognize their target regions when the heptad repeats are present in the six-helix bundle core complex. Taken together, these data indicate that the six-helix bundle core complex is not present in the precursor molecule F(0) and that significant conformational changes occur subsequent to cleavage of the F protein.
Comparison of four methods in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease.

Nine hundred forty-five stool specimens from patients suspected of havingClostridium difficile disease were examined using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (CTA), two enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits (Cytoclone for toxins A and B; VIDAS for toxin A) and a latex agglutination assay (CDT). One hundred nineteen specimens had positive titers (≥90) in the CTA; clinical review of 16 discordant samples and 49 controls supported the significance of 90 as the positive cut-off titer. The performance of the two EIAs and the latex assay was assessed relative to CTA titers of the samples. Sensitivity was ≤ 50 % for all three assays for the 24 specimens with CTA titers of 90, but it reached 97–100 % for the two EIAs and 84 % for the latex assay at titers of ≥ 2,250. The Cytoclone EIA exhibited higher sensitivity at the lower positive titers. Overall, specificity of the methods ranged from 96.7 % (CDT latex assay) to 99.1 % (Cytoclone EIA).
PGC-1α Activates CYP7A1 and Bile Acid Biosynthesis

Cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is the key enzyme that commits cholesterol to the neutral bile acid biosynthesis pathway and is highly regulated. In the current studies, we have uncovered a role for the transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α in CYP7A1 gene transcription. PGC-1α plays a vital role in adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and stimulates genes important to mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism. It is also involved in the activation of hepatic gluconeogenesic gene expression during fasting. Because the mRNA for CYP7A1 was also induced in mouse liver by fasting, we reasoned that PGC-1α might be an important co-activator for CYP7A1. Here we show that PGC-1α and CYP7A1 are also co-induced in livers of mice in response to streptozotocin induced diabetes. Additionally, infection of cultured HepG2 cells with a recombinant adenovirus expressing PGC-1α directly activates CYP7A1 gene expression and increases bile acid biosynthesis as well. Furthermore, we show that PGC-1α activates the CYP7A1 promoter directly in transient transfection assays in cultured cells. Thus, PGC-1α is a key activator of CYP7A1 and bile acid biosynthesis and is likely responsible for the fasting and diabetes dependent induction of CYP7A1. PGC-1α has already been shown to be a critical activator of several other oxidative processes including adaptive thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Our studies provide further evidence of the fundamental role played by PGC-1α in oxidative metabolism and define PGC-1α as a link between diabetes and bile acid metabolism.
Modeling and Evaluation of Canted Coil Springs as High Temperature Seal Preloading Devices

Future reusable launch vehicles will require advanced structural seals. This includes propulsion seals along edges and hinge lines in hypersonic engines, and control surface seals for movable flaps and elevons on proposed reentry vehicles. Seals must remain in sealing engagement with opposing surfaces, for multiple missions, even though the seal gap may be opening and closing due to thermal and structural loads. To meet this requirement either the seals themselves must be resilient or there must be a resilient structural element behind the seals. Case Western Reserve University is working with NASA s Glenn Research Center to develop more resilient high temperature seal components and preloading devices. Results are presented for a finite element analysis of a canted coil spring that is being considered as a high temperature seal preloading device. This type of spring is a leading candidate due to its ability to provide nearly constant force over a large deflection. The finite element analyses were verified by comparing them to experimental results of canted coil springs of three different stiffnesses, measured at Glenn Research Center. Once validated the parameterized model was combined with a scripting algorithm to assess the effects of key spring design variables (wire diameter, coils per inch, cant amplitude, eccentricity, and spring width) on spring stiffness and maximum Von Mises stress to aid in subsequent design.
SPACE-TIME PROPAGATION OF CONFINED GLUONS

We assume that there is gluon condensate in the zero-momentum mode in the QCD ground state. A lowest-order calculation in terms of a condensate order parameter leads to a dynamical mass for gluons via the Schwinger mechanism and a gluon propagator with no on-mass-shell singularities — that is, the gluon is a "nonpropagating mode" in the gluon condensate. We transform our momentum-space propagator into coordinate space and find that the propagator has essentially the same delta-function light-cone singularities as the free propagator. However, in contrast to a theory without confinement, we show that the propagator exhibits exponential decay, both for time-like and space-like propagation. In this manner, we obtain a space-time characterization of the confinement phenomenon in terms of an order parameter of the condensate.
A New Design for Volumetric Filling Systems in Space Technology

In a major telecommunications corporation, a new computerized fill-by-weight System (FWS) was developed to replace the existing volumetric filling system (VFS). The new design provides a mechanism for coating a layer of filler and sealer (FS) on the outside surface of space technology Products (STP). The new design accurately and efficiently prepares FS and satisfies all FS conditioning processes and STP protection requirements. As part of development efforts. a simulation model was developed for the automated adjustable container holder (AACH) part of the system. This simulation model evaluated three primary scenarios of manufacturing the AACH in one of the corporation's assembly lines. After careful consideration and comparative analysis of the simulation results. one of the scenarios was selected for implementation. In addition to a comparative analysis of the FWS and VFS models, this article analyzes the AACH simulation models, presents a detailed evaluation of the results, and describes the selection process.
Paraquat resistance associated with reduced NADPH reductase in an energy-dependent paraquat-accumulating cell line☆

Despite intensive investigation into paraquat toxicity, neither the final cytotoxic mechanism nor a clinically useful antidote has been discovered. In vitro screening of potential antidotes that act by blocking paraquat uptake requires a cell line that accumulates paraquat by an energy-dependent mechanism. We screened various lymphoblastoid cell lines until we found a line accumulating paraquat by an energy-dependent mechanism. During study of this cell line, a marked resistance to paraquat developed in a clone. The resistance was associated with a reduction in NADPH reductase activity, confirming the original report (using microsomal preparations) that intracellular reduction of paraquat occurs primarily by this enzyme. One-half of the NADPH-P450 reductase activity, as well as one-half of the NADPH-dependent paraquat-inducible superoxide production, was decreased. This suggests that the decrease is secondary to a genetic alteration in one of the genes encoding for the enzyme. Other antioxidant enzymes and proteins were not affected. Despite the loss of only 50% of the activity, the relative resistance to paraquat exceeded previous reports involving marked increases in antioxidant enzymes. Most exogenous enhancers or inhibitors alter the activity of more than one enzyme, thereby making selective changes in any one enzyme difficult. Thus, this cell line will be useful for studying other toxins where the involvement of NADPH reductase is suspected, but not proven.
Elicitation by critiquing as a cognitive task analysis methodology

This paper describes elicitation by critiquing (EBC) as a cognitive task analysis (CTA) methodology. EBC takes advantage of the ability to analyze another’s task performance, a necessary skill for all domains. This technique can be used to help address some barriers to CTA methods such as domain access restrictions, frequency and predictability of observable and self-reported events, and difficulties in recruiting domain experts to participate. The technique enables controlled presentation of problem stimuli in order to obtain repeated measuring of the same task from multiple participants. To investigate this method, our team performed a CTA of inferential analysis using the EBC technique. Specifically, we observed six expert intelligence analysts critiquing a trainee analyzing the Ariane 501 launch failure. A second trainee was critiqued for reference. The method can be combined with other CTA methods to build knowledge about a domain, can be considered as an addition to participatory design methods, and can be varied depending on the domain being investigated.
A new species of Cymopterus (Umbelliferae) from southern Idaho

A new species,Cymopterus davisii, from alpine areas in the Albion Mountains of extreme south-central Idaho, is described. It has been confused withC. nivalis, with which it is compared. The fruit ofC. davisii are subterete to somewhat compressed laterally and, contrary to the literature, correspond closely to those ofC. nivalis and related species.
Potassium-Sparing Effects of Triamterene in the Treatment of Hypertension

Triamterene (2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine) was employed alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of patients with group 1 and 2 hypertension. In 21 patients, triamterene alone had an inconsistent antihypertensive effect on the systolic blood pressure, which was minimal in most patients. In 16 patients the combination of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide (2:1 by weight) reduced the systolic blood pressure slightly more than did hydrochlorothiazide alone. Triamterene alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide produced an increase in the concentration of potassium in serum. Side effects due to triamterene were similar to those noted with thiazide diuretics. In addition, five patients had a decrease in blood hemoglobin concentration, and two patients had reversible alterations in liver function during triamterene therapy. Triamterene may be a useful adjunct for thiazidetreated hypertensive patients by decreasing the likelihood of complicating hypokalemia.
The Chicago Investigation

I take it that An Investigation of Second Language Teaching attempted to survey and evaluate what, at the time it was made, was actually going on in the teaching of foreign language (including the teaching of English as a foreign language). Fortunately, or unfortunately, the work of the investigation itself came at a time when there was great activityinmaking changes in the teaching of language, partly as a result of the popular discussion of the work done in language courses for the armed forces. I suspect that those courses that displayed this $reat activity in making changes were the ones called the ‘new” courses, the experimental courses, and the rest were the “old” courses. As indicated in the report neither the “old” courses nor the “new” courses were homogeneous in their practices and objectives. The report seems to indicate, however, that the basic difference that the investigators used to differentiate the “new” courses from the “old” was the greater emphasis upon oralaural procedures and objectives.
Assessment of Families Who Have Substance Abuse Issues: Those Who Maltreat Their Infants and Toddlers and Those Who Do Not

Although an association exists among risk factors of age of child, substance use and child maltreatment, less is known about the differences between substance abusing families who maltreat their children and substance abusing families who do not maltreat their children. The relationship among substance use and maltreatment needs to be further explored to identify specific assessment techniques to discriminate between the two groups. The study findings, based upon case records analyzed in 2002, show there is a set of significant characteristics of families who have a history of substance use and who maltreat their infant and toddlers and those families who do not.
Sections and ideals of centers of group algebras

Abstract The existence of a certain ideal Zp′ of the center Z of the group algebra FG of a finite group G over a field F of prime characteristic p is proved: Zp′ has as an F-basis the set of p′-section sums of G. The fact that Zp′ is an ideal is equivalent to certain congruences involving the solutions of equations in G; it is proved using ordinary characters. The primitive idempotents and linear characters of Zp′ (as an F-algebra) correspond to the blocks of FG of defect 0. If π is any set of primes and F has characteristic 0, there is an ideal Zπ of Z with F-basis the set of π-section sums if and only if G has a normal π′-Hall subgroup.
Oral manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Abstract A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in a Negro has been presented. In the medical literature there have been only three reports of the discase occurring in Negroes; no reports involving Negroes have appeared in the dental literature. In the case described here the etiology of severe hemorrhaging with resultant refractory anemia was not known for some forty years, until the observation of oral lesions led to the diagnosis. A review of the literature is presented.
An Examination of Employed Mothers' Work-Family Narratives and Perceptions of Husbands' Support

Abstract In this study I examine the role of husbands' supportive communication practices in serving to mediate some of the common problems that are often experienced by employed mothers. The problems that are examined in this study are work-family conflict, stress, inequity in the division of labor, and double bind beliefs. Employed mothers completed open-ended narratives of recent work-family conflicts. Wives' perceptions of their husbands' supportive communication practices were examined in the narratives. Either the presence or absence of husbands' concern was related to women's perception of inequity and work-family conflict, while husbands' participation was related to double bind beliefs. Collectively, the husbands' support practices of minimizing child care concerns, avoidance of housework, expressions of concern about housework, and participation in child care accounted for 15% of the variance in women's marital satisfaction.
TMNOC: a case of HTM and NoC co-design for increased energy efficiency and concurrency

Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) designs must implement conflict detection to guarantee the correctness of transaction execution. A conflict occurs when more than one transaction access the same data and at least one of them attempts to modify the data. The corresponding conflict detection mechanism usually works at a cacheline level that fits naturally into the cache coherence protocol. Thus, the inter-transaction communication for conflict detection is usually mapped onto the coherence communication controlled by the directory-based coherence protocols. In this paper, we identify inefficiency introduced by such mappings. The net effect of such inefficiency is excessive on-chip network traffic that consumes substantial dynamic power as packets are switched over the routers and links. We present TMNOC, a HTM and Network-on-Chip (NoC) co-design to improve network energy efficiency. The on-chip network, instead of a passive communication substrate, proactively filters out transactional requests that waste energy yet having no contribution to the progress of transactions. Experiment results show that TMNOC reduces energy consumption of the on-chip network by 14.5% on average (up to 38%) across a wide range of transaction applications.
Accountability and Debt Management: The Case of New York’s Metropolitan Transportation Authority

New York’s Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) provides transportation infrastructure and services to nearly 15 million residents of two states. In 2002, the MTA violated a strong professio...
Frequency of sublayer bursting in a curved bend

The characteristics of sublayer bursting in turbulent pipe flow through a 180° curved bend at a pipe Reynolds number of 50000 were investigated. In particular, the effects of bend curvature on the bursting frequency were studied in detail. A flush-mounted shear stress gauge was used to measure the wall shear stress and the VITA technique was applied to isolate the bursting events in the wall shear signals. The results show that the bursting frequency starts to drop rather dramatically at the inlet region of the inner bend (closest to the centre of curvature of the bend). Contrary to expectation, the bursting frequency remains fairly constant along the outer bend, but increases sharply as the flow comes out of the bend. Possible explanations for this behaviour are proposed based on the important external effects present in a pipe bend; that is, those due to centrifugal force, streamline curvature and the superimposed secondary flow. Even though wall pressure measurements show that the flow recovers to a fully developed straight pipe condition at a short distance downstream of the bend exit, the circumferential wall shear stress distribution, the spectral content of the wall shear signal and the associated bursting frequency suggest that the near-wall flow takes a much longer distance to return to an unperturbed straight-pipe condition.
Effect of Light Poles on Vehicle Impacts with Roadside Barriers

Light poles installed within the deflection zone of roadside barriers (guardrails) may influence the ability of the guardrail to safely redirect an impacting vehicle. One concern is that, during an impact, the vehicle may pivot about the relatively rigid light pole and then spin away from the guardrail back into the traffic stream in an uncontrolled, unsafe manner. A large percentage of the highway network in Ohio uses the type of guardrail and light pole configurations, in which the breakaway light poles are placed at either 15.2- or 45.7-cm (6- or 18-in.) lateral distance from the back of the guardrail, depending on one of two light pole base designs in use. These pole-guardrail systems were placed in large numbers some years ago and Ohio accident data have been inadequate to provide information to determine whether or not a problem exists with this system. Proposed highway rehabilitation and reconstruction projects can include changes or adjustments to placement of guardrails and light poles, but there was a lack of information as to whether or not the past practices possessed a problem. A study was conducted to determine if light poles have an adverse effect on the redirecting performance of guardrails. It included six full-scale crash tests involving two vehicle weight classes (2000P and 820C), two light pole base designs (AT-A and AT-X), and a typical guardrail used in Ohio [Type 5 (W-Beam)]. All full-scale tests were carried out according to the recommended procedures in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. The actual vehicles used for the 2000P class were half-ton pickup trucks ballasted to simulate the weight and mass characteristics of the 2000P vehicle that is specified in NCHRP Report 350. The guardrail-light pole system was not shown to cause snagging or subsequent unstable motion of the vehicle due to impact. All vehicles exited the guardrail in a stable manner. No change in the arrangement of light poles behind the Type 5 guardrail is contemplated. The redirecting function of the guardrail was not compromised as a result of placement of the light pole behind the length-of-need. Excessive exit angle situations (according to NCHRP Report 350) occurred in three tests involving the simulated 2000P class vehicles. However, the impact conditions employed for these tests were extreme, and the likelihood of this situation occurring under everyday highway usage may be small.
Broadband infrared detection using Jaumann absorbers with genetic algorithm

Conventional infrared microbolometers are usually designed for use over only one infrared band. Here we consider various bolometer layer stacks and use a genetic algorithm to find designs that achieve maximised broadband spectral response over the entire mid and long wavelength infrared bands (3–13 µm).
MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIRM IT CAPABILITY, COLLABORATION, AND PERFORMANCE

The development and use of information technology (IT) have been thematic in recent literature. IT has been viewed as an enabler of internal and external firm collaboration, which is the foundation of supply chain management. Firm collaboration and information sharing, in turn, are expected to improve firm performance. A model of the relationship between firm IT capability, internal and external collaboration, and firm performance is proposed and tested, using empirical data. The findings show that firm IT capability directly impacts internal and external collaboration as well as firm performance. This finding has important implications for managers as they evaluate investment in information technologies.
Modeling the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of Miscanthus sinensis, miscane, energy cane, and energy sorghum

Abstract Understanding of moisture sorption isotherms of bioenergy crops is critical to monitoring their stability and quality during harvest, handling, transportation, and storage. Relationships between the moisture content ( EMC ) and equilibrium relative humidity ( ERH ) of four biomass crops – Miscanthus sinensis , miscane, energy cane, and energy sorghum – were determined at 15, 25, and 35 °C. Type II and type III isotherm characteristics were observed in all samples. The Henderson, modified Henderson, modified Chung-Pfost, modified Halsey, modified Oswin, and modified GAB models were applied to the individual energy crop’s sorption isotherm data and a global isotherm model for the four energy crops was developed. Results showed that the modified Oswin model best fit the sorption behavior of the individual crops (0.974 ⩽ R 2 ⩽ 0.997 and 0.72% wet basis (w.b.) ⩽ standard error ( SE ) ⩽ 1.91% w.b.) and for a global isotherm model of these crops ( R 2 = 0.973 and SE = 1.96% w.b.). When the soluble sucrose content (0.00–15.9%) of the energy crops were included the global isotherm model based on the modified Oswin equation, overall performance improved ( R 2 = 0.979 and SE = 1.75% w.b.).
RBSA and RBSA-OPT: Two computer programs for structural system reliability analysis and optimization

Abstract Two computer programs for reliability analysis and reliability-based optimization of structural systems are described. The first program (RBSA) calculates the probability of failure of structural systems by using several approximate bounding techniques. Using a nonlinear mathematical programming package, the second program (RBSA-OPT) performs reliability-based optimization of structures based on the same reliability bounding techniques. Two illustrative examples including reliability analysis and optimum design of frame and truss structures are presented.
Phase behavior in the nitrogen + ethylene system from 120 to 200 K

Abstract Gasem, K.A.M., Hiza, M.J. and Kidnay, A.J., 1981. Phase behavior in the nitrogen + ethylene system from 120 to 200 K. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 6: 181–189. Liquid—vapor and liquid—liquid—vapor equilibria were measured for the N 2 + C 2 H 4 system between 120 and 200 K and at pressures to 93 bar (93 × 10 5 Pa). The data at 200 K are compared with existing measurements and show excellent agreement. At lower temperatures (120–140 K), the system exhibits a liquid phase separation. The pressures and temperatures corresponding to the appearance of two liquid phases were also determined from 105 to 135 K for the N 2 + C 2 H 6 system.
Dimensional effects on the LO-TO splitting in CF4: first-principles and infrared absorption studies

The development of longitudinal optical−transverse optical (LO−TO) modes in CF4 has been studied experimentally and theoretically as a function of dimensionality. Infrared absorption experiments for CF4 adsorbed on single-walled carbon nanotubes indicate a lack of LO−TO splitting at low coverage and a gradual appearance of LO−TO modes as the coverage of CF4 on the nanotubes is increased. We have performed density functional perturbation theory calculations for the vibrational frequencies, IR absorption spectra, and phonon density of states for CF4 in one, two, and three dimensions. The calculations demonstrate that LO−TO splitting in 1D is qualitatively different from that computed for 2D or the bulk. The magnitude of the splitting in 1D is about one-half that computed for the bulk, and the LO mode is very weakly blue-shifted in 1D. We predict that the phonon density of states changes dramatically as the dimensionality of the crystal is changed. This prediction can be tested experimentally via inelastic n...
Comprehensive Analysis of Protein Digestion Using Six Trypsins Reveals the Origin of Trypsin As a Significant Source of Variability in Proteomics

Trypsin is an endoprotease commonly used for sample preparation in proteomics experiments. Importantly, protein digestion is dependent on multiple factors, including the trypsin origin and digestion conditions. In-depth characterization of trypsin activity could lead to improved reliability of peptide detection and quantitation in both targeted and discovery proteomics studies. To this end, we assembled a data analysis pipeline and suite of visualization tools for quality control and comprehensive characterization of preanalytical variability in proteomics experiments. Using these tools, we evaluated six available proteomics-grade trypsins and their digestion of a single purified protein, human serum albumin (HSA). HSA was aliquoted and then digested for 2 or 18 h for each trypsin, and the resulting digests were desalted and analyzed in triplicate by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Peptides were identified and quantified using the NIST MSQC pipeline and a comprehensive HSA mass spectral library. We performed a statistical analysis of peptide abundances from different digests and further visualized the data using the principal component analysis and quantitative protein "sequence maps". While the performance of individual trypsins across repeat digests was reproducible, significant differences were observed depending on the origin of the trypsin (i.e., bovine vs porcine). Bovine trypsins produced a higher number of peptides containing missed cleavages, whereas porcine trypsins produced more semitryptic peptides. In addition, many cleavage sites showed variable digestion kinetics patterns, evident from the comparison of peptide abundances in 2 h vs 18 h digests. Overall, this work illustrates effects of an often neglected source of variability in proteomics experiments: the origin of the trypsin.
Review of the stiletto fly genus Actenomeros Winterton & Irwin (Diptera, Therevidae, Agapophytinae).

The endemic Australian genus Actenomeros Winterton & Irwin, 1999b is reviewed. Three species are transferred from Nanexila Winterton & Irwin, 1999a: Actenomeros aureilineata (Winterton & Irwin, 1999a) comb. n., Actenomeros intermedia (Winterton & Irwin, 1999a) comb. n. and Actenomeros paradoxa (Winterton & Irwin, 1999a) comb. n. A new species (Actenomeros budawang sp. n.) is described and figured from New South Wales. A key to species is presented.
Attachment in Adult Relationships: A Feminist Perspective

The author critiques attachment theory through a feminist lens and argues that the focus of attachment theory on relational bonds is consistent with feminist values but that theorists must place attachment processes with the larger societal context such as gender, culture, and power. The article focuses on the historical context, values, and assumptions embedded in attachment theory, then offers 5 guidelines for a feminist application of attachment theory to adult relationships. The article concludes with an illustrative examination of a study of depression, attachment styles, and marital satisfaction.
The role of HPV in head and neck cancer and review of the HPV vaccine

Recent data demonstrate that human papillomavirus also plays a role in cancers other than ano-genital cancers, specifically head and neck cancers, and non-cancerous conditions such as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. As more and more information about the role of infection in non-cervical diseases is amassed, additional questions about whether prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines will effectively prevent these conditions are raised. This article reviews the epidemiology of oral human papillomavirus infection and the role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers. In addition, it will review the known clinical indications for human papillomavirus vaccination, and highlight other potential clinical targets for the vaccine that have not yet been demonstrated in clinical trials but for which there is biologic plausibility.
Sex-Role Identity as a Moderator of the Polarization Effect in Person Perception.

Abstract Male and female subjects with different sex-role identities (Androgynous, Masculine, Feminine, Undifferentiated) rated likability of male and female stimulus persons in the impression formation paradigm. Under certain conditions all the female subjects and feminine males manifested a polarization effect; that is, they made more polar ratings of opposite-sexed stimulus persons in contrast to same-sexed stimulus persons. On the other hand, under certain conditions Masculinetyped males rated male stimulus persons more negatively than female stimulus persons. Results were discussed in terms of moderating effects on the polarization phenomenon and possible explanatory mechanisms.
Potential Consequences of Virus Infection for Shade‐Sun Acclimation in Leaves

Attention is drawn to literature evidence that leaf virus infection may interfere with synthesis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, and with the activity of photosystem II, two main requirements for shade-sun acclimation. Preliminary experiments which show that virus infections resulting in these interactions can lead to photosynthetic physiology diagnostic of nitrogen limited plants and/or shade ecotypes are presented. Other observations on the diversity of virus infections in sun populations of wild species commonly found in the shade are presented. Together, this evidence leads to the hypothesis that virus infection may well confine individuals of some species to shaded habitats because infection prevents acclimation to bright light, and predisposes them to photoinhibition.
USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS TO EVALUATE AIRCRAFT GROUND HOLDING POLICY IN REAL TIME

Ground holding policy (GHP) offers a potential solution to the alleviation of congestion problems in the air transportation network. GHP proposes holding an aircraft before takeoff so that when it arrives at its destination, it need not wait in the air before landing. The motivation is that airborne delays are more costly than ground delays. A number of attempts have been made to solve the static GHP problem. However, aspects such as flight cancellations, transfers at hub airports, en route speeding, weather changes, and the interdependent nature of arrival and departure capacities suggest that updating GHP decisions as time progresses is important. In this paper, the dynamic instantaneous GHP problem, considering some of the above aspects, is formulated as an integer programming model. The presence of binary integer and discrete variables makes the GHP problem complex and computationally difficult to solve using traditional algorithms. As an alternate approach, the use of genetic algorithms (GAs) is demonstrated and analyzed. The observed program run time is reasonably small, indicating that GAs can be used to implement GHP in real time for dynamic operating environments.
Laws of Large Numbers and Functional Central Limit Theorems for Generalized Semi-Markov Processes

Because of the fundamental role played by generalized semi-Markov processes (GSMPs) in the modeling and analysis of complex discrete-event stochastic systems, it is important to understand the conditions under which a GSMP exhibits stable long-run behavior. To this end, we review existing work on strong laws of large numbers (SLLNs) and functional central limit theorems (FCLTs) for GSMPs; our discussion highlights the role played by the theory of both martingales and regenerative processes. We also sharpen previous limit theorems for finite-state irreducible GSMPs by establishing a SLLN and FCLT under the “natural” requirements of finite first (resp., second) moments on the clock-setting distribution functions. These moment conditions are comparable to the minimal conditions required in the setting of ordinary semi-Markov processes (SMPs). Corresponding discrete-time results for the underlying Markov chain of a GSMP are also provided. In contrast to the SMP setting, limit theorems for finite-state GSMPs r...
A comparison of group-based data persistence techniques in MANETs

Maintaining a consistent set of state information across applications in tactical edge, mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a challenging, yet mission-critical task. This paper analyzes the performance and effectiveness of eight approaches to data persistence with three different persistence requirements. This is done by introducing COPE, a middleware framework for reliable data delivery that allows different protocols to be configured at runtime. Our empirical results provide a roadmap for selecting the best protocol for a given scenario.
PHOTOEJECTION OF HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEONS FROM NUCLEI AND THE QUASI-DEUTERON MODEL. I. CROSS SECTIONS AND ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS

Experiments are described on the photoproduction of high energy neutron-proton pairs from complex nuclei. The results provide further confirmation and some clarification of the quasideuteron model of Levinger.In these experiments targets of D, Li, and O are bombarded by a 340-Mev bremsstrahlung beam. In one set of measurements, intended to check the kinematical features of the model, we have observed the angular spread of the $n\ensuremath{-}p$ coincidences which arises from the momentum distribution of nucleons in the complex nuclei. These observations were preliminary to the main group of measurements, which consisted in a direct comparison of the cross sections and angular distributions of quasi-deuteron disintegrations for Li and O to those from D for 260-Mev photons. (A more limited group of measurements are reported for 200-Mev photons.)The results of these observations indicate that the quasideuteron photodisintegration proceeds through the same mechanisms as are responsible for the photodisintegrations of free deuterons at the energies investigated. However, a quantitative understanding of the data, especially for the cross-section ratios, required an analysis of the effects of scattering of the emerging nucleons in the target nuclei. Qualitative arguments concerning these effects are given herein; the more quantitative discussion is postponed to a future communication.
Decision making by superimposing information from parallel cognitive channels

A theory of decision making with perception through parallel information channels is presented. Decision making is considered a parallel competitive process. Every channel can provide confirmation or rejection of a decision concept. Different channels provide different impact on the specific concepts caused by the goals and individual cognitive features. All concepts are divided into semantic clusters due to the goals and the system defaults. The clusters can be alternative or complimentary. The 'winner-take-all' concept nodes firing takes place within the alternative cluster. Concepts can be independently activated in the complimentary cluster. A cognitive channel affects a decision concept by sending an activating or inhibitory signal. The complimentary clusters serve for building up complex concepts by superimposing activation received from various channels. The decision making is provided by the alternative clusters. Every active concept in the alternative cluster tends to suppress the competitive concepts in the cluster by sending inhibitory signals to the other nodes of the cluster. The model accounts for a time delay in signal transmission between the nodes and explains decreasing of the reaction time if information is confirmed by different channels and increasing of the reaction time if deceiving information received from the channels.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis at NIST — Recent developments

The cold neutron capture prompt γ-ray activation analysis (CNPGAA) spectrometer located in the Cold Neutron Research Facility (CNRF) at NIST has proven useful for the analysis of hydrogen and other elements in a wide variety of materials. Modifications of the instrument and the CNRF have resulted in improved measurement capabilities for PGAA. The addition of an atmosphere-controlled sample chamber and Compton suppression have reduced γ-ray background and increased signal-to-noise ratio. More recent revisions are expected to yield still further improvement in analytical capabilities. Replacement of the D2O ice cold source with a liquid H2 moderator is expected to yield a 5–10 fold increase in neutron capture rate, and improved neutron and γ-ray shielding will result in further reduction of the background. Other modifications to the instrument allow easier sample mounting and more precise positioning of samples in the neutron beam. Significant improvements in detection limits and analytical accuracy are expected.
Evolution of the proteasome components

A phylogenetic analysis of proteasome subunits revealed two major families (alpha and beta) which originated by an ancient gene duplication prior to the divergence of archaebacteria and eukaryotes. Numerous gene duplications have subsequently occurred in eukaryotes; at least nine of these duplications were shown to have occurred prior to the divergence of animals and fungi. In mammals, two genes encoding proteasome subunits (LMP2 and LMP7) are located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region and play a specific role in generation of peptides for presentation by class I MHC molecules. Phylogenetic analysis of LMP7 and related sequences from mammals and lower vertebrates indicated that this locus arose by gene duplication prior to the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates; the time of this duplication was estimated to have been about 600 million years ago. The evolutionary history of the proteasome subunits provides support for a model of the evolution of new gene function postulating that, after gene duplication, the proteins encoded by daughter loci can adapt to specialized functions previously performed by the product of a single generalized ancestral locus.
Pyrrolidine-Substituted Nicotine Analogs: Synthesis and Pharmacology

(−)5′,5′-Dimethylnicotine (I) was synthesized in one step from (—) cotinine; it had approximately 0.03 times the mouse toxicity of nicotine but did not cause the same qualitative toxic signs as nicotine; it stimulated and then depressed autonomic ganglia (anesthetized dog) and directly affected the respiratory center and the cardiovascular system. The total synthesis of 5,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-Δ1-pyrroline (V) and its 1-oxide (VI) was performed. Compound V was hydrogenated to 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine (II), and this was converted to its 1-propyl homolog. Compound VI was reduced to 2,2-dimethyl-1-hydroxy-5-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine (VIII).
Reciprocal Illumination in the Gene Content Tree of Life

Phylogenies based on gene content rely on statements of primary homology to characterize gene presence or absence. These statements (hypotheses) are usually determined by techniques based on threshold similarity or distance measurements between genes. This fundamental but problematic step can be examined by evaluating each homology hypothesis by the extent to which it is corroborated by the rest of the data. Here we test the effects of varying the stringency for making primary homology statements using a range of similarity (e-value) cutoffs in 166 fully sequenced and annotated genomes spanning the tree of life. By evaluating each resulting data set with tree-based measurements of character consistency and information content, we find a set of homology statements that optimizes overall corroboration. The resulting data set produces well-resolved and well-supported trees of life and greatly ameliorates previously noted inconsistencies such as the misclassification of small genomes. The method presented here, which can be used to test any technique for recognizing primary homology, provides an objective framework for evaluating phylogenetic hypotheses and data sets for the tree of life. It also can serve as a technique for identifying well-corroborated sets of homologous genes for functional genomic applications.
Prelude to a Division

Accurate segregation of chromosomes during meiosis requires physical links between homologs. These links are usually established through chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination, which occur during meiotic prophase. How chromosomes pair with their homologous partners is one of the outstanding mysteries of meiosis. Surprisingly, experimental evidence indicates that different organisms have found more than one way to accomplish this feat. Whereas some species depend on recombination machinery to achieve homologous pairing, others are able to pair and synapse their homologs in the absence of recombination. To ensure specific pairing between homologous chromosomes, both recombination-dependent and recombination-independent mechanisms must strike the proper balance between forces that promote chromosome interactions and activities that temper the promiscuity of those interactions. The initiation of synapsis is likely to be a tightly regulated step in a process that must be mechanically coupled to homolog pairing.
High frequency scattering by a thin lossless dielectric slab

A high frequency solution for scattering from a thin dielectric slab is developed, based on a modification of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction solution for a haft-plane, with the intention of developing a model for a windshield of a small private aircraft. Results of the theory are compared with experimental measurements and moment method calculations showing good agreement. Application of the solution is also addressed.
Observed Strengthening of the Zonal Sea Surface Temperature Gradient across the Equatorial Pacific Ocean

Decadal variations of very small amplitude (;0.38C in sea surface temperature (SST)) in the tropical Pacific Ocean, the genesis region of the interannual El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, have been shown to have powerful impacts on global climate. Future projections from different climate models do not agree on how this critical feature will change under the influence of anthropogenic forcing. A number of attempts have been made to resolve this issue by examining observed trends from the 1880s to the present, a period of rising atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. A recent attempt concluded that the three major datasets disagreed on the trend in the equatorial gradient of SST. Using a corrected version of one of these datasets, and extending the analysis to the seasonal cycle, it is shown here that all agree that the equatorial Pacific zonal SST gradient has strengthened from 1880 to 2005 during the boreal fall when this gradient is normally strongest. This result appears to favor a theory for future changes based on ocean dynamics over one based on atmospheric energy considerations. Both theories incorporate the expectation, based on ENSO theory, that the zonal sea level pressure (SLP) gradient in the tropical Pacific is coupled to SST and should therefore strengthen along with the SST gradient. While the SLP gradient has not strengthened, it is found that it appears to have weakened only during boreal spring, consistent with the SST seasonal trends. Most of the coupled models included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report underestimate the strengthening SST gradient in boreal fall, and show almost no change in the SLP gradient in any season. The observational analyses herein suggest that both theories are at work but with relative strengths that vary seasonally, and that the two theories need not be inconsistent with each other.
Addressing Program Fidelity Using Onsite Observations and Program Provider Descriptions of Program Delivery

Over the past quarter-century, evaluation researchers have recognized the importance of documenting implementation practices of programs as they are transferred from controlled to realworld setting...
Special education teachers serving students with autism: A descriptive study of the characteristics and self-reported knowledge and practices employed

Autism now affects a significant number of students in schools. The purpose of this study was to survey special education teachers who serve students with autism to 1) determine teacher, environmental, and student related characteristics; 2) identify the self-reported knowledge of effective teaching practices; and 3) identify the self-reported implementation of effective teaching practices. The study was conducted with special education teachers employed in Virginia using a web-based survey titled the Needs Assessment of Special Educators who Serve Students with Autism. Respondents included 498 special education teachers with a wide array of qualifications and experience including licensure status, years of teaching and area of endorsement. Results provide a description of teacher characteristics that directly impact instructional delivery as well as information regarding self-rated knowledge and implementation of efficacious strategies. Information from this study can be used to improve service delivery to students with autism by informing policy and directing and enhancing teacher professional development initiatives at the preservice and inservice levels.