cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An unusual layered mineral in chondrules and aggregates of the Allende carbonaceous chondrite

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X ray (EDS) and electron energy loss (EELS) spectroscopy examinations of the microstructures and phase relationships of minerals in opaque spherules in the Allende chondrules and aggregates are reported. The studies were carried out on petrographic thin sections which were ion-thinned. A significant metasomatic effect was observed in a highly oxidizing condition of a later cooled stage. An unusually layered Fe-, Ni-, and O-rich mineral related to serpentine was found to occur in the opaque specimen, and was judged to occur by alteration of olivine. It is noted that low temperature and a hydrous condition would have been required for the formation of the serpentine in the spherules, the first observed in Allende. It is suggested that the aqueous conditions occurred before the final stage of the meteorite formation, and proceeded in a nonterrestrial manner.
Parenting in Hawaii: Three cultural groups at the beach

This study shows systematic differences in parenting behaviour across three cultural groups in Hawaii. Japanese-, Caucasian- and Hawaiian-American parents (N =149) are observed as they interact with their young children at the beach. The observed families come to the beach in different groupings. Hawaiian groups are the largest, many consisting of five or more people. Most Japanese families resemble the ‘typical’ nuclear family: two parents and one or two children. More Caucasian and Hawaiian parents come to the beach alone with their children than do Japanese-American parents. Parents in the three groups spend their time differently. Japanese-American parents focus almost exclusively on their children. They play with, watch or take care of them for most of the observed time. They rarely engage in solitary activities, such as reading or sunbathing, or in social activities, such as talking with each other. Caucasian parents engage in solitary activities more frequently. They encourage children to entertain and care for themselves. Hawaiian parents interact extensively with other adults, and Hawaiian children play among themselves without prompting. The Hawaiian parents interact less frequently with their children than do parents in the other groups. These findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences in views of the parenting role, the range of people socializing children and childrearing emphases on independence vs dependence, aloneness vs social involvement and innovation vs imitation.
The California Child Health and Development Studies of the School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley*

The Child Health and Development Studies are prospective longitudinal studies on medical and social aspects of pregnancies and on the health and development of children. Data have been assembled on about 20,000 pregnancies occurring in one hospital between 1959 and 1967, and on follow-up of the children through adolescence. A currently ongoing project updates certain vital statistics of the entire study population. The data assembled in this longitudinal study supported a wide range of research projects, several of which proved to be important for the health of mothers and children. Notwithstanding, subsets of the assembled data, with potential value for public health, have not yet been explored. The data archive has been made accessible to the research community at large so that other significant research topics can be investigated. In the following article, brief descriptions are given of the history and design of the Child Health and Development Studies, of the contents of the data archive, and of the major areas of research that have been explored. Procedures to obtain access to the data and to the user's manual are explained, and a bibliography is included.
Host plant quality, spatial heterogeneity, and the stability of mite predator–prey dynamics

Population dynamics models suggest that both the over-all level of resource productivity and spatial variability in productivity can play important roles in community dynamics. Higher productivity environments are predicted to destabilize consumer–resource dynamics. Conversely, greater heterogeneity in resource productivity is expected to contribute to stability. Yet the importance of these two factors for the dynamics of arthropod communities has been largely overlooked. I manipulated nutrient availability for strawberry plants in a multi-patch experiment, and measured effects of overall plant quality and heterogeneity in plant quality on the stability of interactions between the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis. Plant size, leaf N content and T. urticae population growth increased monotonically with increasing soil nitrogen availability. This gradient in plant quality affected two correlates of mite population stability, population variability over time (i.e., coefficient of variation) and population persistence (i.e., proportion of plant patches colonized). However, the highest level of plant quality did not produce the least stable dynamics, which is inconsistent with the “paradox of enrichment”. Heterogeneity in plant productivity had modest effects on stability, with the only significant difference being less variable T. urticae densities in the heterogeneous compared to the corresponding homogeneous treatment. These results are generally congruent with metapopulation theory and other models for spatially segregated populations, which predict that stability should be governed largely by relative movement rates of predators and prey—rather than patch quality.
The Measurement of Phosphorus and Its Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Western Arm of Lake Superior

Abstract Accurate and reproducible measurements of phosphorus (P) in Lake Superior are required to improve our understanding of the P cycle in this ecosystem. Several available analytical methods were tested to determine their suitability for determining low levels of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in Lake Superior. The best results were obtained using a persulfate oxidation method to convert the TP and TDP pools to quantifiable inorganic P with subsequent colorimetric detection of SRP using flow injection analysis. The method detection limit was typically 10 nM P with an average precision of 3.7 ± 2.1% (N = 10) based on triplicates of 10 nM P standards. Samples were collected during June and September 2001 and were analyzed to determine the speciation of P and its spatial and temporal variability in the western arm of Lake Superior. Total P ranged from 20 to 200 nM with the highest concentrations and strongest spatial gradients measured in June. On average, particulate P (PP) and dissolved organic P (DOP) comprised approximately one-half of the TP and TDP pools, respectively. Based on changes in the DOP pool, we hypothesize that this pool is potentially bioavailable, and that near shore P is more reactive than the offshore P. Historically, the effect of silicic acid on colorimetric P measurements in Lake Superior has been ignored. The data presented here suggest that the historical P data reported for Lake Superior are potentially systematically high because of this silicic acid interference.
Live nephron imaging by MRI

The local sensitivity of MRI can be improved with small MR detectors placed close to regions of interest. However, to maintain such sensitivity advantage, local detectors normally need to communicate with the external amplifier through cable connections, which prevent the use of local detectors as implantable devices. Recently, an integrated wireless amplifier was developed that can efficiently amplify and broadcast locally detected signals, so that the local sensitivity was enhanced without the need for cable connections. This integrated detector enabled the live imaging of individual glomeruli using negative contrast introduced by cationized ferritin, and the live imaging of renal tubules using positive contrast introduced by gadopentetate dimeglumine. Here, we utilized the high blood flow to image individual glomeruli as hyperintense regions without any contrast agent. These hyperintense regions were identified for pixels with signal intensities higher than the local average. Addition of Mn2+ allowed the simultaneous detection of both glomeruli and renal tubules: Mn2+ was primarily reabsorbed by renal tubules, which would be distinguished from glomeruli due to higher enhancement in T1-weighted MRI. Dynamic studies of Mn2+ absorption confirmed the differential absorption affinity of glomeruli and renal tubules, potentially enabling the in vivo observation of nephron function.
Ground-Water Quality Variations in a Silty Alluvial Soil Aquifer, Oklahoma

Sixteen wells in a residential area in central Oklahoma were monitored from mid-April 1986 to early February 1987 to characterize natural water quality variations in a shallow, fine-grained alluvial soil aquifer. The wells are in four clusters, each with four wells, which range in depth from 8 to 14 feet. Two clusters are adjacent to a row of large deciduous trees and two are in grass-covered areas. Considerable spatial and seasonal variations occurred in bicarbonate (the major ion in the ground water) and in electrical conductance. Both parameters were generally higher in wells adjacent to the trees than in the grassy areas. Carbon dioxide partial pressure values (Pco2) calculated for ground-water samples ranged from 10−2·34 to 10−0·42 atm. For a given pH, Pco2 values were higher in the shallower wells under the trees than in grassy areas. These data suggest that more carbon dioxide was produced by tree respiration or associated microbial processes than by grass, resulting in higher bicarbonate concentrations and conductances. Statistical analyses of conductance and bicarbonate data indicated that sample variances were not always equal and that sample distributions were either normal, skewed, or polymodal. These results violate the assumptions of normal distribution and homogeneous variances underlying parametric statistical tests, such as Student's t test, which some regulatory agencies use to compare sample means. Results of this study suggest that more than one well is required to characterize background water quality, and that innovative statistical methods are needed to evaluate monitoring data.
Use of coronary physiology in the catheterization laboratory to guide treatment in patients with coronary artery disease.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an invasive pressure–derived index of epicardial stenosis severity used in the catheterization laboratory to assess the hemodynamic significance of coronary lesions when non-invasive functional assessment has either not been performed or is inconclusive. The rationale for the use of FFR is that coronary angiography cannot accurately predict the hemodynamic significance of lesions with diameter stenosis 0.80. Use of FFR to direct coronary revascularization should continue to increase as it has been demonstrated to improve outcomes and reduce cost.
EO-1 Mission: Transition from technology demonstration to science path finder

The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA), in coordination with the United States Geological Survey (USGS), has extended the highly successful Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) mission through fiscal year 2007 (September 30, 2007). This decision is based in part on lower cost, highly autonomous satellite operations developed by NASA, continued scientific interest in EO-1 image data, and the need for back-up imaging capability in the event Landsat 5 or Landsat 7 fails before the launch of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), currently anticipated for 2012. At present, there are no known obstacles to EO-1 supplying useful data through that time frame. Funding for an additional two years of operation of E-1 is being considered being under NASA's senior review process.
BRANCHING RATIOS FOR K$sup +$ $Yields$ 3$pi$ DECAYS.

The branching ratios $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}+}}{({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all})}$ and $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}+}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}}$ were obtained from a sample of $12976{K}^{+}$ decays including 198 ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}+}$ and $693{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$ decays. It was found that $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}+}}{({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all})}=0.0153\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0011$, and that $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}+}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}}=0.286\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023$. The $\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}}{({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all})}$ branching ratio and the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ energy spectrum in ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{'}+}$ decay were also obtained, and were found to be in good agreement with the more precise determinations of the other experiments. The branching-ratio data suggest a small $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{3}{2}$ admixture in the $K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay amplitudes. Comparison with various theoretical models shows fair to good agremeent between experiment and theory.
Human-Device Interface in Catheter Based Interventions

Systematic methods for descriptive analysis of physician hand movements during surgical or catheter based interventions have not been previously reported. Although such data would provide critical guidance in the design of surgical instruments, there is currently little to no information about the chronological and spatial integration of operator movements and user conditions during catheter based interventions. The essential function of the hand is to provide physical coupling between the cognitive process and the environment, translating intention to action. The ideal surgical instrument is a contiguous extension of the haptic unit (the hand) that enables an expanded range of effector actions and environmental effects. In reality, however, there is an interface between the hand and the surgical instrument creating a barrier that can introduce variable levels of interference and impedance between the cognitive process and the intended task. The objective of this project is to analyze surgical effector outputs as a function of operator psychomotor inputs using synchronized multimodal image data recorded during clinical cases of transcatheter neurological intervention. Research methodology consisted of observations and digital recording (video and/or still photography) of 24 diagnostic cerebral angiograms. These were analyzed to synchronously document physician hand movement, surgical effector output (as represented by the fluoroscopic image monitor), spatial orientation feedback (as represented by rotational movements of the fluoroscopic imaging plane with respect to patient anatomical axes), and to identify user specific conditions. The results are presented in a defined procedure map and user behaviors based upon physician experience (e.g., fellow/trainee versus attending physician). As stated in the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation HE 75 human factors standards for medical device design, there is a clear need to develop human factors standards for endovascular devices. This research will serve as a guide to this effort. The models and multimodal image database generated by this project will also be used in the development of interactive educational tools to train physicians to perform these advanced applications.
Spin-bottleneck resistance in magnetic-tunnel-junction devices

In magnetic-tunnel-junction devices, spin-bottlenecks are created by spatial inhomogeneity in the relative resistances for up and down spins. When tunnel-junction and electrode resistances are comparable, the overall resistance and magnetoresistance of a device is sensitive to spin-bottleneck effects. We report on detailed transport calculations of overall magnetoresistance. Dependence on spin diffusion length, tunneling magnetoresistances, and majority and minority spin resistivities in the ferromagnetic electrodes can be understood semi-quantitatively using a simple circuit model.
Younger at heart: a study of the P-R interval.

With advancing age, the electrocardiographic P-R interval lengthens. The question arises as to whether this characteristic of the aging process can be regarded as normal or as physiologic. Two hundred and fifty dentists and their wives were studied, before and after an improved dietary regimen. Comparisons were made with Lepeschkin's data on 872 “normal” persons. On the assumption that normal is synonymous with average, there is normally an increase in the length of the P-R interval. However, the data in this report suggest that a progressively longer P-R interval with time is not physiologic. Moreover, the trend can be reversed by dietary means. Thus people can be made “younger at heart.”
Vision 20/20: The role of Raman spectroscopy in early stage cancer detection and feasibility for application in radiation therapy response assessment

Raman spectroscopy is an optical technique capable of identifying chemical constituents of a sample by their unique set of molecular vibrations. Research on the applicability of Raman spectroscopy in the differentiation of cancerous versus normal tissues has been ongoing for many years, and has yielded successful results in the context of prostate, breast, brain, skin, and head and neck cancers as well as pediatric tumors. Recently, much effort has been invested on developing noninvasive "Raman" probes to provide real-time diagnosis of potentially cancerous tumors. In this regard, it is feasible that the Raman technique might one day be used to provide rapid, minimally invasive real-time diagnosis of tumors in patients. Raman spectroscopy is relatively new to the field of radiation therapy. Recent work involving cell lines has shown that the Raman technique is able to identify proteins and other markers affected by radiation therapy. Although this work is preliminary, one could ask whether or not the Raman technique might be used to identify molecular markers that predict radiation response. This paper provides a brief review of Raman spectroscopic investigations in cancer detection, benefits and limitations of this method, advances in instrument development, and also preliminary studies related to the application of this technology in radiation therapy response assessment.
Migraine Prophylactic Drugs: Proof of Efficacy, Utilization and Cost

Objectives: In order to understand the pattern of utilization of migraine prophylactic drugs by US physicians, we reviewed the scientific rigor of published trials of anti-migraine medications, assessed their cost, and tested the correlation, if any, between utilization, scientific rigor and cost. Materials and methods: Scientific rigor of published reports. We identified all placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trials of migraine prophylactic agents through Medline search, major Headache textbooks and proceedings of major scientific meetings where headache-related topics are discussed. We excluded trials that did not include placebo treatment during the active phase of the study. The trials were reviewed and rated for scientific rigor using a 5-point scale (scientific score [ss]; 1 = low, 5:: good), blinded to the physicians' utilization data and cost of the drugs. Studies that did not show benefit of the active drug over placebo were scored 1 to 5, thus allowing for the reverse logic of negative...
On the nature of the intermediate electron acceptor (A1) in the photosystem I reaction center.

— A sodium dodecyl sulfate-Photosystem I (PSI) complex has been prepared and characterized with respect to its electron acceptors. Component X and iron-sulfur centers A and B are absent from this preparation but the intermediate electron acceptor (A1) is present. Flash-induced absorbance changes at 25°C show charge separation, followed by a back-reaction with a half-time of 5 µs. The spectrum of the flash-induced change from 350 to 550 nm indicates a contribution from the intermediate electron acceptor, A1, as well as from P700+. EPR studies show that A1 is associated with a free-radical signal having a g-value of 2.0025 and a linewidth of 12 gauss. A, would appear to be associated with a monomeric form of either Chi α or pheophytin a.
The Frequency and Intensity of Wet and Dry Seasons and Their Interrelationships

The probabilities of wet- and dry-day sequences (wet and dry periods) of various lengths were determined for several intensities. Intensity (or threshold) refers to the daily amount of rainfall in the sequence, i.e., for the dry sequences each day has no rain or less than a given amount, whereas for the wet sequences, each day has an amount equal to or greater than a given amount. Dry- and wet-day sequences were studied from actual records of daily precipitation from 35 stations, most of which are east of Denver, for the purpose of describing their statistical distribution. The geometric distribution is shown to represent the variation in the length of wet-day sequences. It had previously been demonstrated that the cumulative distribution function provides a reasonable description of the frequencies of dry-day sequences up to at least 20 days. The results are identical to those derived from a simple Markov chain model. A relationship is presented which can be used with published data to obtain the one parameter required for the geometric distribution. The average relationship between this one parameter for both the wet and dry sequences is presented. Another illustration displays the relationship between the variability of annual rainfall and the total number of dry (or wet) sequences as a function of the annual number of precipitation days. In general, the larger the number of rain days, the less variability in the annual rainfall totals from year to year and the larger the number of dry (or wet) sequences. Examples are presented which show the probabilities of occurrence associated with recent dry periods in Minnesota and the Washington, D.C., area.
Physics of the resonating valence bond (pseudogap) state of the doped mott insulator: spin-charge locking.

The properties of the pseudogap phase above ${T}_{c}$ of the high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate superconductors are described by showing that the Anderson-Nambu SU(2) spinors of a resonating valence bond spin gap ``lock'' to those of the electron charge system because of the resulting improvement of kinetic energy. This enormously extends the range of the vortex liquid state in these materials. A heuristic description of the nonlocal electrodynamics of this pseudogap-vortex liquid state is proposed.
An Experiment on the Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field

Of the many suggestions which have been made as to the origin of the earth’s magnetic field, perhaps the most promising is that it may be due to a slight modification of the laws of electrodynamics from the commonly accepted form. Electrically neutral matter is believed to consist of an intimate mixture of enormous amounts of positive and negative electricities, the electric and magnetic effects of which are usually supposed to balance each other. If the balance were not quite exact then small residual effects would be expected, among which gravitation and the earth’s magnetic field might be included. On such an hypothesis we might expect moving matter to produce a magnetic field similar to the field due to moving electricity, and we should expect some relation between the magnetic field due to moving matter and its gravitational action.
Biometric analysis of intraocular lens power required to produce emmetropia: results of 450 implants

Summary We analyzed 450 consecutive cases of intraocular lens implantation (omitting only two inadvertent implantations in patients with high myopia) to determine the dioptric lens power in each case required to produce emmetropia. The mean was 18.3 D with a standard deviation of 2.6 D. The data did not conform to a normal or Gaussian distribution because of an abnormally high number of cases that required greater than 25 D to achieve emmetropia and clustering between 17 to 19 D. The deviation from a normal distribution may be explained by our considering patients with high hyperopia and high myopia (which are for the most part excluded from intraocular lens data) to be separate populations. The data are valuable to the intraocular lens surgeon, in that they demonstrate the range and frequency of intraocular lens powers needed to achieve emmetropia in a large population sample.
Measuring human betterment through avoidable mortality: a case for universal health care in the USA

The USA system of health care has begun a monumental change that will affect everyone, irrespective of their socioeconomic status, professional status or pre-existing health insurance status. Whatever type of plan is finally implemented through the legislative process, there will need to be a way to evaluate its success (or failure). One way to evaluate the plan's effectiveness is through its impact on human betterment as viewed by a reduction in 'avoidable mortality' for those most in need of health care; the poor and uninsured. For one USA minority population, universal health care has improved human betterment by reducing avoidable mortality, even in the face of a severe burden of poverty.
Speciation and Transport of Phosphorus in Source Area Rainfall–Runoff

Phosphorus (P) delivered by urban rainfall–runoff partitions and speciates during the transport process. This study examines transport and speciation of P in rainfall and runoff across 15 wet weather events from a paved source area dominated by biogenic loads and to a lesser degree, anthropogenic loads. The mean and median event-based source area total phosphorus is 3.6 and 3.5 mg/l, respectively. The mean and median event-based source area dissolved fraction (f d) are 0.31 and 0.32 illustrating that P is predominately bound to particulate matter fractions. The majority of events across the monitoring campaign produce a weak mass-limited transport of dissolved phosphorus (DP). With respect to the DP fraction in runoff (pH range of 6.4 to 8.6), the dominant species are orthophosphates (HPO4 −2 and H2PO4 −) which account for more than 90% of DP mass. The order of species predominance is consistently HPO4 −2 ≈ H2PO4 − >> CaHPO4 > MgHPO4. With rainfall pH ranging from 4.2 to 4.9 and a f d ≈ 1.0, H2PO4 − accounts for 95% to 99% of DP in rainfall. Despite the inherent variability of a large dataset (362 samples across 15 events) the speciation of DP is influenced primarily by pH, with a range from 4.2 (rainfall) up to 8.6 (runoff) that results in an order of magnitude change in P species concentration and determines the order between the dominant orthophosphate species. For this source area, the role of alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon and partitioning on DP speciation are minor compared to the influence of pH.
Characterization of Highper, an ENU-induced mouse mutant with abnormal psychostimulant and stress responses.

Rationale Chemical mutagenesis in the mouse is a forward genetics approach that introduces random mutations into the genome, thereby providing an opportunity to annotate gene function and characterize phenotypes that have not been previously linked to a given gene.
Circle graphs and the cycle double cover conjecture

The long standing Cycle Double Cover Conjecture states that every bridgeless graph can be covered by a family of cycles such that every edge is covered exactly twice. Intimately related is the problem of finding, in an eulerian graph, a circuit decomposition compatible with a given transition system (transition systems are also known as decompositions into closed paths). One approach that seems promising consists in finding a black anticlique in the corresponding Sabidussi orbit of bicolored circle graphs.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to woodderived β-1,4-xylanase of Postia placenta and their application to detection of incipient decay

Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced to the extracellular β-1,4-xy-lanase fraction of the brown-rot fungus, Postia placenta. The immunizing antigen was derived from decayed southern yellow pine wood blocks extracted in phosphate-buffered saline and Triton X-100, and fractionated by column chromatography. Five IgG monoclonal antibodies were selected for characterization by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, (ELISA) and western blot. Each mAb exhibited binding to two major protein bands on western blot at 32 kDa and 36 kDa. Characterization by chemical and enzymatic modification of the antigen determined whether mAbs were protein specific or specific for the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein. Affinity chromatography with the protein specific mAbs demonstrated specific binding to β-1,4-xylanase and cross-reactivity with β-1,3-glucanase, β-1,4-glucanase, and β-1,4-mannanase. These mAbs were also immunoreactive with polysaccharidases from liquid culture filtrates when tested by ELISA.The mAbs have been utilized to successfully detected P. placenta by ELISA in decayed southern yellow pine at a weight loss of 3.6%.
Clinical effectiveness of an autopolymerized fissure sealant after 2 years.

The clinical effectiveness of Delton® fissure sealant was studied in 205 children, ages 6–10 years (mean age 71/2). 993 children in grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 were screened and subjects were selected if there was evidence of previous dental caries in the mouth, and a pair of contralateral maxillary or mandibular first permanent molar teeth were free of caries. Two pedodontists independently examined the children in a mobile van equipped with two operatories, and each applied sealants to approximately half of the subjects. After 11 months, in 186 subjects there were 10 sealants partially lost, five experimental teeth carious or filled and 53 control teeth carious or filled. After 24 months, in 175 subjects there were four sealants completely lost, 12 sealants partially lost, 11 experimental teeth carious or filled and 89 control teeth carious or filled. Consequently, sealant retention was 92% after 11 months and 85% after 24 months. Percent effectiveness in caries reduction was 90 % after 11 months and 88% after 2 years.
Effects of preheating on properties of aggregates and of cold-set gels of whey protein isolate

Various concentrations (1−9%) of whey protein (WP) isolate solutions were heat-denatured at 80 °C for 30 min. Size exclusion HPLC and dynamic light scattering revealed formation of soluble aggregates in 3−9% denatured WP solution. Size and content of the aggregates increased with increases in preheated WP concentration. The 4−9% denatured WP solutions were diluted to 3% WP with distilled water. Upon addition of CaCl2 (20 mM) or glucono-δ-lactone (0.6%, w/v), all 3% denatured WP solutions formed gels at 37 °C. Hardness of the gels (3% WP) remarkably increased with WP concentration during preheating or with the aggregate size and content. The HPLC elution profiles showed that prolonging the heating (80 °C) time (2−30 min) for 8% WP solution also gradually increases aggregate size and concentration, which then led to increases in hardness of cold-set gels. The results may guide companies in how to manipulate aggregate size and content during developing WP products with capacity for cold gelation. Keywords: W...
Polybenzimidazoles. VI. Polybenzimidazoles containing aryl sulfone linkages

Four new polybenzimidazoles with aryl sulfone linkages between the recurring units have been prepared in order to study their thermal stability and solubility properties. The polymers prepared were high molecular weight materials with good thermal stability.
Surface tension, line tension, and wetting

We analyse a model free-energy functional of two spatially varying densities. We determine the interfacial density profiles and tensions in terms of a parameter in the functional and we locate a first-order wetting transition at a particular value of that parameter. For those states in which there is a three-phase contact line we calculate the line tension. As one of the contact angles decreases from 120° to 0° at the wetting transition the line tension increases from negative to positive values and perhaps diverges to + ∞ as the wetting transition is approached. The origin of this difference in behaviour of the line tension from that in earlier models is discussed.
Changes in serum proteins during the development of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) from tadpoles.

1. 1. Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, serum was separated into twenty to forty components by disc gel electrophoresis and the quantity of each of these components were determined. 2. 2. Profound changes in the electrophoretic patterns, especially the α- and β-regions, were observed during the development of the tadpole. 3. 3. Augmnetation of the number of molecular species as well as the total quantity of protein was observed as the tadpole developed legs. 4. 4. Albumin constituted essentially the same proportion of the total protein during the course of development up to the appearance of all four legs where-upon the amount increased. 5. 5. The concentrations of some of the γ-globulins were remarkably constant during development. 6. 6. Serum sialic acid increased during morphogenesis of the tadpole.
Optimal Orthogonal Carriers and Sum-SINR/Sum-Capacity of the Multiple-Access Vector Channel

For the general correlated multiple-access vector channel, we derive algebraically the sum-SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio) optimal orthonormal set of carriers for any given set of carrier amplitudes. If, in addition, the correlated multiple-access channel is assumed Gaussian, the sum-capacity optimal orthonormal carrier set design and the jointly sum-capacity optimal orthonormal carrier and power assignment, for a given power budget, follow readily.
Synaptic target recognition at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions.

Every synaptogenesis begins with "synaptic target recognition," a cell-cell recog- nition event in which a neuron and its target stably adhere. Despite its importance in developing nervous systems, synaptic target recognition has been difficult to study in complex systems. The relatively simple and genetically accessible Drosophila NMJ model system provides a repertoire of target recognition cues. We describe how these molecules control the targeting of specific growth cones in either a positive (synaptogenic) or negative (anti-synaptogenic) manner. We also propose two alternate signaling paradigms to explain how these initial cell recognition events are coupled to the intracellular signaling pathways that begin the process of synapse maturation. Microsc. Res.
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediates non-genomic pathway of estrogen on T cell cytokine production following trauma-hemorrhage.

Abstract Although studies have shown 17β-estradiol (E2) administration following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H) attenuates alterations in T cell cytokine production, it remains unknown whether such effects of E2 are mediated via genomic or non-genomic pathways. In this study, we determined the non-genomic effects of E2 on splenic T cell cytokine production and the role of MAPK following T-H. Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent T-H (mean BP 40 mm Hg for 90 min, then resuscitation). E2, E2 conjugated with BSA (E2-BSA, 1 mg/kg E2) with or without an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182 780), or vehicle was administered during resuscitation. Two hours thereafter, T cell production of IL-2 and IFN-γ and activation of MAPK (p38, ERK-1/2 and JNK) were determined. The effect of selective MAPK inhibitors on cytokine production was also examined in vitro. IL-2 and IFN-γ production capacity and MAPK activation decreased in T cells following T-H. However, E2 administration normalized these parameters. Although E2-BSA administration also attenuated suppression in cytokine production, the values were lower compared to sham. In contrast, E2-BSA prevented T-H-induced suppression in MAPK activation to the same extent as E2. Co-administration of ICI 182 780 abolished E2-BSA effects. These findings suggest E2 effects on T cell cytokine production following T-H are mediated at least in part via non-genomic pathway and these non-genomic effects are likely mediated via MAPK pathways.
Program of the International Polar Year 1932–1933

In 1875 Lieutenant Karl Weyprecht of Austria brought forward the definite plan for an International Polar Year. He maintained that the scientific value of polar expeditions would be greatly increased if they were arranged on a uniform plan to give simultaneous physical observations over a full year at a number of places in high latitudes. Weyprecht's plan was realized in the year 1882–83. From August 1882 to August 1883, fourteen expeditions, which were sent out by twelve different.countries, were in the field—twelve in the arctic and two in the antarctic, all fully equipped for comprehensive meteorological and magnetic observations.
A Brief History of Dissonance Theory

Prior to the construction of the theory of cognitive dissonance, the dominant view in American experimental psychology held that behavior, including verbal attitude statements, was learned and shaped by rewards and/or punishments. Dissonance theory took a surprisingly different view by stating that behaviors and reasons for engaging in them could be strengthened by minimizing the very rewards or threatened punishments that produced the behaviors. Many hundreds of experimental studies later, the main argument of dissonance theory is well supported, although researchers disagree about the necessary and sufficient conditions. The present paper traces the major lines of research, including contributions from around the world, and the major controversies among some of the researchers.
Mutational analysis of active-site residues of the enterococcal d-Ala-d-Ala dipeptidase VanX and comparison with Escherichia colid-Ala-d-Ala ligase and d-Ala-d-Ala carboxypeptidase VanY

Background Vancomycin-resistant enterococci are pathogenic bacteria that attenuate antibiotic sensitivity by producing peptidoglycan precursors that terminate in d-Ala-d-lactate rather than d-Ala-d-Ala. A key enzyme in effecting antibiotic resistance is the metallodipeptidase VanX, which reduces the cellular pool of the d-Ala-d-Ala dipeptide. Results We constructed eleven mutants, using the recently determined VanX structure as a basis, to investigate residue function. Mutating Aspt 42 or Ser114 showed a large effect principally on K M , consistent with roles in recognition of the d-Ala-d-Ala termini. The drastic reduction or absence of activity in the Arg71 mutants correlates with a role in the stabilization of an anionic tetrahedral transition state. Three residues of the Escherichia coli d-Ala-d-Ala ligase (Ddl), Glu15, Ser 281 and Arg255, are similarly conserved and have equivalent functions with respect to VanX, consistent with a convergent evolution of active sites to bind d-Ala-d-Ala and lower energy barriers for formation of the tetrahedral intermediate and transition states. In the N -acyl-d-Ala-d-Ala carboxypeptidase VanY, all active-site residues are conserved (except for the two responsible for recognition of the dipeptide amino terminus). Conclusions The mutagenesis results support structure-based functional predictions and explain why the VanX dipeptidase and Ddl ligase show narrow specificity for the d,d-dipeptide substrate. The results reveal that VanX and Ddl, two enzymes that use the same substrate but proceed in opposite directions driven by distinct cofactors (zinc versus ATP), evolved similar architectural solutions to substrate recognition and catalysis acceleration. VanY sequence analysis predicts an active site and mechanism of reaction similar to VanX.
Millimeter and sub-millimeter wave technology for astronomy: From early bell labs work to ALMA

Bell Labs was an early developer of millimeter-wave technology. At the peak of its development there, Arno Penzias, Keith Jefferts and I were privileged to use it to discover CO in what turned out to be star forming interstellar clouds. Interest in mm and sub-mm wave astronomy has blossomed since.
Dendritic mechanisms contribute to stimulus-specific adaptation in an insect neuron

Reduced neuronal activation to repetitive stimulation is a common feature of information processing in nervous systems. Such stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) occurs in many systems, but the under...
A Clearance Sensing Restrictor for Hydrostatic Bearings

A hydrostatic bearing flow restrictor was developed which accommodates large clearance changes. Essentially a miniature bearing land itself, the land-in-pocket or LIP restrictor has maintained a relatively constant pressure ratio over a four-fold clearance variation encountered in a high speed journal bearing. In addition, the LIP restrictor provides improved stiffness characteristics when compared with conventional fixed orifice and capillary restrictors. Also, the LIP restrictor-bearing system is tolerant of inlet viscosity variations. Dynamic data were obtained from a journal bearing equipped with conventional orifice and LIP restrictors on a high speed homopolar generator system tester which agree well with bearing model predictions. Presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting in Cleveland, Ohio May 9–12, 1988
Isotopic Transient Study of La Promotion of Co/Al2O3or CO Hydrogenation

An investigation of La{sup 3+} promotion of 20 wt% Co/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} [(La/Co){sub atomic}=0, 0.05., 0.10, and 1.0] for CO hydrogenation at 463-503 K and 1.8 atm has been carried out in order to develop a better understanding of the mechanism and effects of promotion. Chemisorption results show that at lower La{sup 3+} loadings there was a more significant effect on H{sub 2} adsorption blockage. La{sup 3+} promotion enhanced the selectivity for high hydrocarbons during CO hydrogenation, as has previously been observed for La{sup 3+}-promoted Co catalysts at lower metal loadings, while the overall activity went through a maximum for La/Co = 0.05. Steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) with carbon tracing was used to decouple the effects of La{sup 3+} on methane-producing sites during CO hydrogenation. The SSITKA results indicate that both a measure of the average methanation site/intermediate activity (1/{tau}m) and the concentration of active surface intermediates leading to CH{sub 4} (N{sub M}) increased upon initial La{sup 3+} promotion. At higher La{sup 3+} content the concentration of active surface intermediates leading to CH{sub 4} decreased; however, the average site/intermediate activity remained essentially constant, resulting in a lower rate of methane formation. Deconvolution results indicate that La{sup 3+} promotionmore » affected methane site activity by increasing the reactivity of the most active pool of intermediates. Increasing the H{sub 2}/CO inlet ratio at constant temperature and CO partial pressure led to an increase in the observed average site/intermediate activity, indicating a dependence on the concentration of surface hydrogen. One can conclude that while La{sup 3+} species block some of the Co surface, promotion results in the creation of more sites/intermediates on the surface having higher activities and probably results in a modification of the hydrogen surface concentration. 26 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.« less
BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM INFECTION : ITS MODE OF SPREAD AND CONTROL.

In this paper we have attempted to describe the manner of spread of an endemic, native, respiratory infection and a method for its control. The essential factor determining the prevalence of such an endemic disease is, we believe, host susceptibility, which is controlled by hereditary and environmental influences. Furthermore, it seems probable that the amount of this population susceptibility determines the dosage of specific microbes available to the population. An increase in dosage in the herd is followed by an increase in the spread and severity of the infection, and a decrease by a corresponding alleviation. Hence, two methods for the prevention of epidemics are available: (1) an enhancement of population resistance, and (2) the reduction to a minimum of available dosage. These procedures have proved successful for 3 years in maintaining a population of breeding rabbits, in the midst of a badly infected community, entirely free from Bact. lepisepticum infection. Confirmation of the above conclusions has been gained from other studies in the field of experimental epidemiology. Dr. D. T. Smith (2), at Saranac, New York, found that changes in population susceptibility were responsible for a severe outbreak of Bact. lepisepticum infection and septicemia. Freund (3), at Berlin, has just published an interesting account of respiratory epidemics of rabbits and guinea pigs, apparently brought about by sudden changes in temperature and housing conditions. Pneumonia and Pasteurella infection, endemic in the population, increased suddenly in extent and severity. Nevertheless, neither endemic nor epidemic strains of the microorganisms were found to be especially virulent. Dr. Theobald Smith (4), in a study of paratyphoid epidemics of guinea pigs, has made similar observations. He noted that pregnant females acted as the foci of infection, and that from these individuals, presumably of lessened resistance, the bacteria were given off and infection was spread. The studies in experimental epidemiology are rapidly reaching a stage where they may be applied to the problems of human disease. Indeed, more recent observations of the mode of spread of pneumonia (5–7), scarlet fever (8), typhoid (9, 10), plague (11), diphtheria (12–14), measles (15), and tuberculosis (16–18) increasingly show a tendency to discard the theory of fluctuating microbic virulence and to emphasize the importance of the host factors.
An efficient, preconditioned, high-order solver for scattering by two-dimensional inhomogeneous media

We consider the problem of evaluating the scattering of TE polarized electromagnetic waves by two-dimensional penetrable inhomogeneities: building upon previous work [IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 48 (2000) 1862] we present a practical and general fast integral equation algorithm for this problem. The contributions introduced in this text include: (1) a preconditioner that significantly reduces the number of iterations required by the algorithm in the treatment of electrically large scatterers, (2) a new radial integration scheme based on Chebyshev polynomial approximation, which gives rise to increased accuracy, efficiency and stability, and (3) an efficient and stable method for the evaluation of scaled high-order Bessel functions, which extends the capabilities of the method to arbitrarily high frequencies. These enhancements give rise to an algorithm that is much more accurate and efficient than its previous counterpart, and that allows for treatment of much larger problems than permitted by the previous approach. In one test case, for example, the present algorithm results in far-field errors of 8.9 × 10-13 in a 2.12s calculation (on a 1.7 GHz PC) whereas the original algorithm gave rise to far-field errors of 1.1 × 10-8 in 88.91s on a 400 MHz PC. In another example, the present algorithm evaluates accurately the scattering by a cylinder of acoustical size κR = 256, which is of the order of 20 times larger (400 times larger in square wavelengths) than the largest scatterers that could be treated by the previous approach. Yielding, at worst, third-order far field accuracy (or substantially better, for smooth scatterers) in fast computing times (O(N log N) operations for an N point mesh) even for discontinuous and complex refractive index distributions (possibly containing severe geometric singularities such as corners and cusps), the proposed approach is the highest-order (O(N log N) solver in existence for the problem under consideration.