cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of, and correction for, effects of racial bias and job tenure on supervisory ratings of bus operator performance.

The use of supervisory assessments of performance during the course of a test validation study raised statistical problems in the handling of variable degrees of racial bias on the part of the raters and differing lengths of job tenure on the part of the employees. This paper describes a method of solving these problems which permitted use of 100% of the available supervisory ratings.
A knowledge based method for designing precedence networks and performing job allocation in line balancing

Abstract Line balancing is a critical task in the manufacturing setting. A balanced line is a key prerequisite for the efficient operation of a manufacturer engaged in mass production. This activity is supported both by the experience of product planners and production managers and increasingly efficient computer algorithms for performing the job allocation subtask. This paper proposes a set of knowledge based methods for increasing the overall effectiveness of existing decision aids for line balancing. The three areas which are the focus of knowledge based support include the development of the precedence network diagram; the selection of a suitable job allocation algorithm; and the implementation of the job allocation solution. The knowledge based system will provide expertise to the involved managers for the purpose of improving the overall efficiency of line balancing.
Primary hyperparathyroidism patients with positive preoperative sestamibi scan and negative ultrasound are more likely to have posteriorly located upper gland adenomas (PLUGs).

Background Standard preoperative imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism usually includes sestamibi scanning (MIBI) and ultrasound (US). In a subset of patients with a positive MIBI and a negative US, we hypothesize that the parathyroid adenomas are more likely to be located posteriorly in the neck, where anatomically they are more difficult to detect by US.
Production of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropin and ß-endorphin by hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain cells

Abstract Despite many in vivo studies, little is known about brain regulation of POMC synthesis or regulation of secretion of POMC-related peptides. To test the hypothesis that dissociated brain cells in culture can produce and release POMC-related peptides, immunoreactive (IR)-adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-endorphin were measured in cells and media of dissociated cell cultures incubated up to 38 days. Fetal rat hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic forebrain cells were maintained in serum free medium. IR-ACTH and s-endorphin were measured by radioimmunoassay in concentrated cells and media after various incubation times using two ACTH (mid-portion = R4; car☐y-portion directed = KEND) antisera and a β-endorphin antiserum. IR-ACTH and IR-s-endorphin in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic cells and in media (cumulative) were greater than quantities in cells before culture. Peak hypothalamic cellular content of IR-ACTH (5.3 fmol/106 cells-R4; 4.7 fmol/106 cells-KEND) and content of IR-β-endorphin (32.0 fmol/106 cells) occurred on days 16, 9 and 23, respectively. Peak extrahypothalamic content of IR-ACTH (2.9 fmol/106 cells-R4; 1.0 fmol/106 cells-KEND) and content of IR-β-endorphin (10.8 fmol/106 cells) was also seen on different days, was lower than hypothalamic content and was not always concurrent with peak hypothalamic content. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that the predominant forms of IR-ACTH and IR-β-endorphin in hypothalamic cell extracts co-eluted with synthetic ACTH1–31 and β-endorphin. Changes in molar ratios of IR-ACTH and IR-β-endorphin also suggested a differential regulation of different POMC derivatives. Conclusions: (1) IR-ACTH and IR-β-endorphin are produced by hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic forebrain cells in culture; and (2) dissociated brain cell cultures can be used as a potential model for studying regulation of POMC-related peptides in brain.
Physiological and neurobiological bases of age-related hearing loss: biotherapeutic implications.

Purpose The aim of this study was to highlight growing evidence of interactions between hormones and the structure and function of the auditory system. Method Recent studies implicating sex hormone...
Vibrational predissociation dynamics and internal rotation in aromatic van der Waals complexes

The Vibrational Predissociation (VP) lifetimes and dissociation channels are reported for the van der Waals complexes p-DiFluoroBenzene-Ar (pDFB-Ar), pDFB-N2 and p-FluoroToluene-Ar (pFT-Ar). The dissociation occurs on theS1 potential energy surface after excitation of an S1 ring breathing level with evib ≈ 800 cm−1. Trends are observed in the lifetimes and dissociation channels as the experiments move among the complexes. The VP characteristics of pFT-Ar are most distinctive. As opposed to all other aromatic complexes, pFT-Ar has little VP channel selectivity. These complexes are members of a set chosen to explore the VP vibrational dynamics by systematic changes of complex level structure. The change from pDFB-Ar to pDFB-N2 introduces nearly free internal rotation in the complex partner and an additional van der Waals mode. pFT-Ar introduces a nearly free internal rotation attached directly to the ring. We discuss how these changes may be related to the observed VP dynamics.
Attachment of monoclonal antibody molecules to surface-confined DNA duplexes imaged by atomic force microscopy

A detailed elucidation of the factors affecting the binding of anti-double-stranded (ds)-DNA antibody to ds-DNA immobilized on surfaces may provide insight into the pathogenicity of the systemic lupus erythematosus disease and lead to the development of surfaces for specific DNA and antibody recognition. In this work, the influence of the surface parameters on the attachment of antibody to DNA under physiologically relevant conditions was studied by magnetic alternating current mode atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The DNA surface orientation (tethered vs flat lying), duplex surface density, antibody concentration, and reaction time were all found to affect the antibody/DNA conjugate formation. The mouse monoclonal antibody was specific toward ds-DNA over single-stranded DNA. The steric hindrance and reduced flexibility of surface-confined polynucleotide DNA molecules for the conjugate formation were examined by comparing the conjugates attached to calf thymus DNA preimmobilized onto a surface to those preformed in a homogeneous solution comprising DNA and antibody molecules and subsequently attached to the surface. Antibody aggregation was also found to be prevalent at surface sites where DNA/antibody conjugates existed.
The interrelationships between and contributions of background, cognitive, and environmental factors to colorectal cancer screening adherence

Objectives We examined the interrelationships between and contributions of background, cognitive, and environmental factors to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening adherence.
Probiotic bacteria change Escherichia coli-induced gene expression in cultured colonocytes: Implications in intestinal pathophysiology.

Probiotic bacteria change Escherichia coli-induced gene expression in cultured colonocytes: Implications in intestinal pathophysiology
A Comparative Study of the Diatomic Halogen Oxides in Their Ground Electronic States

The known diatomic halogen oxides XO (X = I−F) are studied using the all-electron QCISD and QCISD(T) methods of electronic structure theory with the 6-311+G(3df) basis set. From extensive comparisons to the available ground-state spectroscopic data on XO, these methods are found to give usefully accurate values of the molecular constants, vibrationally averaged electric dipole moments, fundamental vibrational transition moments (μ01), and absolute infrared absorption intensities (S01(T)) of IO, BrO, and ClO, although certain difficulties describing FO are encountered. The all-electron, QCISD(T)-based G2 and G2(QCI) methods are used to calculate dissociation energies (D0) and adiabatic electron affinities (EA0) and ionization energies (IE0). While the G2(QCI) energies are in reasonable accord with all of the well-determined spectroscopic values, some of the G2 EA0(XO) are not because of reinforcing basis set additivity errors. Halogen group trends in the physical properties of XO (X ≠ At) are highlighted, ...
Enzymology of l-tyrosine biosynthesis in corn (zea ma ys)

Abstract A newly found amino acid, denoted l -arogenate, has been identified as an intermediate in l -tyrosine biosynthesis in corn. Activity for prephena
Femoral revision with an extensively hydroxyapatite-coated femoral component.

Between December 1996 and April 2003, 26 consecutive femoral component revisions in 24 patients were performed with an extensively hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stem. Two patients were lost to follow-up, and two patients died of unrelated causes. Of the 22 femoral revisions in 20 patients, there was a 0% incidence of mechanical loosening at average follow-up of 3.2 years (2–6.3 years). The Harris Hip Score improved from 59 (36 to 83) to 95 (84 to 100) postoperatively (p < 0.001). Rate of revision was 18.2% (4.5% for sepsis, 9.1% for instability, and 4.5% for polyethelene wear). All 22 femoral components had evidence of bone ingrowth. The extensively coated hydroxyapatite stem in this series produced excellent clinical results with a low incidence of thigh pain (4.5%) and severe stress shielding (4.5%).
Remarks on what seems to be obvious

Questions the meanings of the economic concepts which are usually taken for granted by many economics textbooks. Discusses notions of “property” (including actual, legal, private and public property), “possession”, “market”, “capitalism”, “socialism”, “communism” and “planning”, all of which are customarily used in these textbooks as the given institutional framework within which each modern industrial economies operate.
Studies on human secretory immunoglobulin A—III. J chain

Abstract J chain has been detected both immunochemically and by disc electrophoresis in human colostral and salivary IgA, in five polymeric myeloma IgA, and in five macroglobulinemic IgM preparations. Serum 7S IgA, IgG, and myeloma IgD are devoid of J chain. Urinary protein from two patients with IgA myeloma of polymeric type had high levels of Bence-Jones protein but no evidence of J chain. For J chain preparation by ion-exchange chromatography, sulfitolysis was preferable to reduction and alkylation because of a better separation of J chain from other subunits. The proportion of one J chain per 11S secretory IgA and per pentameric IgM molecules was determined. It is argued that J chain is not derived from α chain.
Phase coding by grid cells in unconstrained environments: two-dimensional phase precession.

Action potential timing is thought to play a critical role in neural representation. For example, theta phase precession is a robust phenomenon exhibited by spatial cells of the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit. In phase precession, the time a neuron fires relative to the phase of theta rhythm (6-10Hz) oscillations in the local field potential reduces uncertainty about the position of the animal. This relationship between neural firing and behavior has made precession an important constraint for hypothetical mechanisms of temporal coding. However, challenges exist in identifying what regulates the spike timing of these cells. We have developed novel analytical techniques for mapping between behavior and neural firing that provide sufficient sensitivity to examine features of grid cell phase coding in open environments. Here, we show robust, omnidirectional phase precession by entorhinal grid cells in openfield enclosures. We present evidence that full phase precession persists regardless of how close the animal comes to the center of a firing field. We found many conjunctive grid cells, previously thought to be phase locked, also exhibit phase coding. However, we were unable to detect directional or field specific phase coding predicted by some variants of models. Finally, we present data that suggests bursting of layer II grid cells contributes to the bimodality of phase precession. We discuss implications of these observations for models of temporal coding and propose the utility of these techniques in other domains where behavior is aligned to neural spiking.
Sequential Expression of Pluripotency Markers during Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Somatic Cells

Pluripotency can be induced in differentiated murine and human cells by retroviral transduction of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. We have devised a reprogramming strategy in which these four transcription factors are expressed from doxycycline (dox)-inducible lentiviral vectors. Using these inducible constructs, we derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and found that transgene silencing is a prerequisite for normal cell differentiation. We have analyzed the timing of known pluripotency marker activation during mouse iPS cell derivation and observed that alkaline phosphatase (AP) was activated first, followed by stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA1). Expression of Nanog and the endogenous Oct4 gene, marking fully reprogrammed cells, was only observed late in the process. Importantly, the virally transduced cDNAs needed to be expressed for at least 12 days in order to generate iPS cells. Our results are a step toward understanding some of the molecular events governing epigenetic reprogramming.
Comparison of Galactooligosaccharide Production in Free-Enzyme Ultrafiltration and in Immobilized-Enzyme Systems

Galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) are prebiotics that have been shown to reduce colon cancer risk and enhance immunity. The GOSs can be formed enzymatically from whey lactose using β-galactosidase, but commercial application has been limited. Free- and immobilized-enzyme recycle batch processes were investigated and compared in this study. Optimum initial conditions were estimated using batch solutions. Using these optimum conditions, an ultrafiltration (UF) free-enzyme system was developed, and UF fluid pressure (100 to 400 p.s.i.) effect on enzyme performance was studied and compared with a 0 p.s.i. batch control. The optimum conditions were also used to develop an immobilized-enzyme process using polyethyleneimine (PEI), glutaraldehyde (GA), and cotton cloth. The PEI and GA immobilized agents were studied for their effect on enzyme inactivation. Finally, compatible free- and immobilized-enzyme recycle batch systems were compared for GOS production. Optimum initial enzyme conditions were estimated as 270 g/L initial lactose, 4.5 g/L initial enzyme (Aspergillus oryzae, 9400 U/g), and 30-min incubation. Fluid pressure within the free-enzyme UF membrane system had no significant effect on enzyme performance. The highly agitated UF enzyme system was found to be superior to the less agitated 0 p.s.i batch control. In the immobilization process, approximately 50% to approximately 90% enzyme inactivation was found with the combination of PEI and GA. Equivalent free- and immobilized-enzyme systems showed very similar maximum GOS production of approximately 22% and approximately 20% (w/v) at approximately 15 to 17 min, or 50% conversion for free- and immobilized-systems, respectively.
Naloxazone, a novel opiate antagonist: Irreversible blockade of rat brain opiate receptorsin vitro

1. Naloxazone, a hydrazone derivative of naloxone which blocks mouse brain opiate receptorsin vivo for over 24 hr, produced a prolonged blockade of opiate receptor binding to rat brain membranesin vitro. At low concentrations (1-100 nM), naloxazone reversibly displaced [3H]naloxone binding. Incubation of brain homogenatesin vitro with 1-10µM naloxazone resulted in a loss of 40–60% of specific [3H]naloxone binding after four cycles of extensive washing or after extensive dialysis which removed 100% of similar concentrations of naloxone. 2. Treatment with 5µM naloxazone also blocked binding of several3H-labeled opiate agonists and agonist-antagonists with no effect on muscarinic cholinergic orβ-adrenergic binding. Scatchard analysis of3H-labeled opiate binding after naloxazone pretreatment revealed a selective loss of high-affinity binding sites with minimal effects on low-affinity binding. 3. Low-affinity sites remaining after naloxazone treatment were regulated by GTP and sodium like high-affinity sites.
Open wedge tibial osteotomies influence on axial rotation and tibial slope

Inaccurate coronal plane and inadvertent sagittal plane realignment is a common problem after high tibial osteotomies (HTO). While the effects of an HTO on the coronal have been studied extensively, the influence on axial rotation has not been described in detail. The current study examines the effect of HTO on tibial rotation in the axial plane as determined by computed tomography. We hypothesized that high tibial osteotomies have an effect on tibial rotation in the axial plane and that depending on the predefined osteosynthetic implant used, a corresponding change in the tibial slope would occur. HTOs with a tapered 12.5 mm Puddu plate were performed on 13 limbs under computer-navigated control. All limbs were CT scanned before and after the HTO. Using specific software, the CT data was converted into 3D computer models and the following parameters compared: (a) varus-valgus leg alignment; (b) tibial axial rotation; (c) tibial slope (including determination of lateral and medial tibial slope, (d) leg length including determination of the tibial length. Results revealed: (a) a varus-valgus alignment increase of 11 ± 4.7° (P < 0.005); (b) an axial tibial rotation of 2.7 ± 6.3° (P < 0.075) occurred with external rotation in 10 out of 13 limbs (12° max external; 9.5° max internal); (c) tibial slope revealed differences of 4.2 ± 5.9° (P < 0.025); (d) the tibial length increased after HTO by 7.1 ± 3.7 mm (P < 0.005), while there was no significant change in overall leg length. In summary, tibial rotation does occur in high tibial osteotomies with though the degree of external rotation in this study tended not to be statiscally significant. Tapered implants do not guarantee maintenance of a steady tibial slope, while tibial length changes significantly when HTOs are performed. The combined use of CT and 3D software measurement techniques is reproducible and can be used without any further invasive fixation devices.
Low power CMOS electronic central pattern generator design for a biomimetic underwater robot

This paper presents a feasibility study of a central pattern generator-based analog controller for an autonomous robot. The operation of a neuronal circuit formed of electronic neurons based on Hindmarsh-Rose neuron dynamics and first order chemical synapses is modeled. The controller is based on a standard [email protected] CMOS process with 2V supply voltage. In order to achieve low power consumption, CMOS subthreshold circuit techniques are used. The controller generates an excellent replica of the walking motor program and allows switching between walking in different directions in response to different command inputs. The simulated power consumption is 4.8mW and die size including I/O pads is 2.2mm by 2.2mm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design can generate adaptive walking motor programs to control the legs of autonomous robots.
Changes in gene expression after temporary renal ischemia.

Changes in gene expression after temporary renal ischemia. Temporary renal ischemia is followed by increased DNA synthesis and cell division as the kidney restores the continuity of the renal epithelium. We sought to characterize some of the changes in proto-oncogene and growth factor expression during this proliferative response. Northern analysis of polyadenylated RNAs of kidney cortical and outer stripe of outer medullary tissue from male Sprague-Dawley rats was performed following release of renal hilar clamping of 50 minutes duration. Ischemia produced an increase in c-fos mRNA that reached a peak at one hour and declined rapidly to control levels by four hours after release of the clamp. A similar rapid increase and decrease in early growth response 1 (Egr 1) mRNA was noted. The response of these immediate early genes was typical of their response to mitogens, suggesting that they served a similar role in renal cell regeneration. Levels of c-Ki-ras and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA were unchanged. Renal preproEGF mRNA decreased at two hours, was virtually absent by 24 hours and remained low for at least four days after ischemia. Urinary excretion of EGF fell immediately after release of ischemia and before the decline in preproEGF mRNA or SNGFR, suggesting post-transcriptional affects of ischemia on renal EGF production. EGF excretion returned to only 50% of control by day 21. Specific 125 I-EGF binding increased in membrane fractions of cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla as early as 24 hours after release of the clamp. Cortical 125 I-EGF binding increased in the proximal tubule but not in the glomerulus. The later and more prolonged responses of the renal EGF system to ischemia may also be involved in the renal regenerative response. These observations help to identify several molecular events that accompany renal regeneration after ischemic injury.
Depth-resolved cellular microrheology using HiLo microscopy

It is increasingly important to measure cell mechanical properties in three-dimensional environments. Particle tracking microrheology (PTM) can measure cellular viscoelastic properties; however, out-of-plane data can introduce artifacts into these measurements. We developed a technique that employs HiLo microscopy to reduce out-of-plane contributions. This method eliminated signals from 90% of probes 0.5 μm or further from the focal plane, while retaining all in-plane probes. We used this technique to characterize live-cell bilayers and found that there were significant, frequency-dependent changes to the extracted cell moduli when compared to conventional analysis. Our results indicate that removal of out-of-plane information is vital for accurate assessments of cell mechanical properties.
Advances in DNA sequencing lead to patent disputes

Will next-generation DNA sequencing technologies be hindered or helped by today's more aggressive patent acquisition and enforcement practices?
Versions of Monotone Paracompactness

: We consider the notion of monotone paracompactness introduced by Gartside and Moody. We show, in particular, that not all “possible” definitions for monotone paracompactness coincide, and we provide a new characterization of proto-metrizability.
THE OCCURRENCE AND UTILIZATION OF THE CLADOCERAN Moina macrocopa (STRAUS) IN A KRAFT PULP MILL TREATMENT LAGOON

Moina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera) is a seasonal inhabitant of a kraft pulp waste treatment lagoon operated by the Weyerhaeuser Corporation in Washington. Both laboratory and field studies were initiated to determine M. macrocopa impact on pollution abatement, its seasonal abundance, and its potential as an aquaculture feed. M. macrocopa were found to significantly reduce total suspended solids in laboratory pulp effluent studies. In the field, Moina were associated with lower levels of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids. Mass harvest methods were evaluated as to expense, labor involvement, equipment costs, and capture efficiency. During optimum conditions, more than 50 kg of M. macrocopa were harvested per hour. Nutritional analyses indicated that M. macrocopa in a frozen state could be utilized as a fish feed. A survey of local tropical fish stores revealed a strong market potential. Wholesale prices for frozen Moina were estimated at $.50 to $2/kg. Retail prices were estimated at $2.50 to $7.50/kg. Although these data are preliminary, it appears M. macrocopa has future potential in aquaculture as both an aid in pollution abatement and as a marketable fish food.
Different molecular forms of uncomplexed prostate specific antigen (PSA) show similar immunoreactivities.

AbstractPSA exists in multiple molecular forms in serum, with the majority complexed to proteinase inhibitors such as alpha1-antichymotrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin. The uncomplexed, or “free” forms of PSA represent a very heterogenous distribution of molecular isoforms. It has been suggested that these variations in uncomplexed PSA may cause differences in their immunologic characteristics which may lead to analytical differences between various PSA assays. We report that various isoforms of uncomplexed PSA purified from seminal fluid as previously described show no differences in relative immunoreactivity and demonstrate equimolar behavior as measured by the TOSOH AIA [registered sign]-600 assay, which is a PSA assay based upon monoclonal PSA and monoclonal detecting antibodies (mono-mono). Furthermore, we show that carbohydrate side-chain modification does not change the equimolar immunoreactivity of these isoforms.
Position-dependent development of tobacco meristems

THE apical meristems of angiosperms exhibit indeterminate growth during vegetative development and determinate growth in the production of thorns and flowers1. The mechanism(s) controlling the conversion from indeterminate to determinate growth is poorly understood, although photoperiod and temperature have been shown in many plants to be important environmental signals for flower induction2. In ‘day-neutral’ plants, which are not strictly regulated by photoperiod, the conversion of their meristems to the determinate flowering condition seems to be endogenously regulated. We have examined this conversion in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Wisconsin 38, a day-neutral plant. Our data show that a uniform number of nodes is produced before conversion, and this pattern of meristem development is regulated by information supplied to the meristem by the plant.
The Role of Promotion in Inducing Specific Human Capital Acquisition

Workers routinely carry out activities that increase their productivity with their current employer for which they are not directly compensated. For example, a worker may be asked to develop relationships with clients or shop floor staff, or he may develop a better understanding of how his firm operates. Firmspecific human capital of this type is difficult to quantify so that it is likely to be difficult to directly compensate the worker for its acquisition. This paper is concerned with designing compensation schemes for employees to induce them to collect nonverifiable firm-specific human capital. If firms develop reputations for fairly compensating workers for skill collection, the vagueness of these skills may not provide a significant incentive problem. I consider the case where firms do not have the opportunity to develop reputations. As a result, the acquisition of human capital is subject to a dual moral hazard problem, first noted in Kahn and Huberman [1988]. First, a worker only collects skills if there is a promise of a higher wage if he does so. Second, the employer has an incentive to claim that the worker has not collected these skills even when he in fact has, in order to save on wage costs. So, on the one hand, it is difficult to repay the worker after skills are collected as the firm has an incentive to renege. However, the worker cannot be repaid before collecting skills as he has no subsequent incentive to collect them. Following the institutional literature, I assume that the firm can commit to a labor contract which attaches wages to different tasks. The principal purpose of the paper is to show that the firm can use this ability to commit to a wage scale for different tasks to induce a worker to collect firm-specific human capital in the presence of this dual moral hazard problem, where the worker is rewarded for skill acquisition by promotion to another job. Assume that a worker can be assigned to one of two jobs, D and
Response of Streptococcus pyogenes to feast and famine conditions

Abstract In this report, we identify the CodY protein and the product of the activated RelA protein, (p)ppGpp, from Streptococcus pyogenes as pleiotropic regulatory factors that direct nutritional status-dependent transcriptional expression of specific regulatory genes, virulence factors, transporters, and metabolic enzyme genes. Real-time reverse transcription PCR was used to determine the extent to which inactivation of codY and relA affects the mRNA levels of the target genes under different nutritional conditions using complex and chemically defined media.
Analysis of substrates and metabolites in fermentation broth by ion chromatography

Abstract Reliable methods to quantitate microbial fermentation nutrients and metabolites are essential for improved process monitoring and control. Analysis of culture media components by ion chromatography was completed for several recombinant and pathogenic microorganisms. Specific applications include monitoring of carbohydrates, alcohols, and inorganic cations. Isocratic methods were used with pulsed amperometric detection for carbohydrates and alcohols, and conductivity detection for inorganic cations. Sample preparation was a simple dilution of filtered broth with water. All isocratic analysis times were 20 min. An additional gradient method was utilized for certain carbohydrate mixtures. These analyses accurately monitor over fifty nutrients and metabolites present in fermentation media.
How often do adults recall their dreams

The question of age changes in frequency of dream recall was addressed in a questionnaire survey of 295 college-educated men and women aged seventeen to seventy. Dream recall was found to be maximal for men and women alike during the college years, with a subsequent decline to a much lower level in the forties and beyond. The drop in recall frequency is paralleled by a declining interest in, and valuation of, dreaming among middle-aged and older adults.
The effects of a multi-ingredient, caffeine-containing supplement (iFocus®) on simple reaction time

Methods Seven (5 male, 2 female) physically active college students (Mean+SD: Age – 22.86+1.68 yr, Ht cm 174.33+10.44, Wt kg 74.51+13.50, years of training 5.50+2.14, hours of training per week, 8.21+2.23) volunteered for this investigation. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, subjects consumed one serving of iFocus 30-45 minutes prior to performance a test of simple reaction time (SRT). The primary ingredients in iFocus include but is not limited to: caffeine, GABA, 5 HTP, and R-Beta-Methylphenylethylamine http://www.prosupps.com/products/i-focus/. In a SRT test, subjects placed a finger on a reaction time board and responded to a visual cue to raise (or not) their index finger of their dominant hand. If a green light was observed, the subject would raise their finger as quickly as possible. If a red light appeared, the subject was instructed to keep the finger pressed on the reaction time board. Each trial consisted of 20 tests. The average of 20 tests constituted their mean reaction time. A paired t-test was used to determine if there were statistically significant differences between the placebo and iFocus. Consent to publish the results was obtained from all participants. Results The reaction time of the iFocus and placebo conditions were 0.275+0.028 and 0.307+0.034 seconds, respectively. Thus, the iFocus condition demonstrated a significantly faster reaction time (-10.4%) than the placebo (p<0.05).
Capital Labor Substitution in Municipal Government

City governments utilize both capital and labor to produce the services that the public demands. This article synthesizes the public choice literature and the theory of dynamic factor demands developed for private firms. The problem encountered in analyses of the public sector of no direct measures of output is bypassed through the use of a public choice function. The short- and long-run elasticities of substitution are estimated for large city governments using data for 46 separate cities over the period 1954 to 1986. The empirical estimates indicate that in both the short and long run, large city governments are responsive to factor price changes. The production technology is not neutral with respect to the scale determining variables contained in the public choice model.
Interaction of sleep quality and psychosocial stress on obesity in African Americans: the Cardiovascular Health Epidemiology Study (CHES)

Background Compared with whites, sleep disturbance and sleep deprivation appear more prevalent in African Americans (AA). Long-term sleep deprivation may increase the risk of obesity through multiple metabolic and endocrine alterations. Previous studies have reported contradictory results on the association between habitual sleep duration and obesity. Accordingly, we aimed to assess whether sleep quality and duration are inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity and test whether these associations are modified by psychosocial stress, known to influence sleep quality.
Influence of deposition conditions and substrate structure on the structure of sputtered tellurium films

Abstract A study has been made of the growth of tellurium films sputtered onto four substrate materials (cover glass, spinel, quartz and alumina), unheated as well as heated to 100°, 150°, 200° and 250°C. It was found that the structure of the substrate exerted no measurable influence on the structure of the films. However, sputtering conditions do influence the preferred orientation. Tellurium films sputtered onto unheated substrates have a preferred orientation of the (100) type (i.e. with the (100) planes parallel to the substrate). Those on heated substrates show a preferred orientation of the (101) type. Furthermore, thickness is an important factor. Tellurium films with thickness less than 6000 A have a (100)-type preferred orientation, but thicker films have a (101) orientation. All the observations can be explained in terms of recrystallization taking place during deposition due to heating of the film.
Saturated fat and simple carbohydrates elevate plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations by specific alterations on hepatic cholesterol metabolism

Abstract We investigated the independent and interactive effects of saturated fat and simple carbohydrates on plasma and hepatic cholesterol in guinea pigs fed semipurified diets containing 19% fat (ww) either high in lauric + myristic (SFA), oleic (MUFA), or linoleic (PUFA) and 33.5% (ww) of carbohydrates either sucrose or starch for four weeks. Plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations were 40% higher in the simple carbohydrate groups compared with starch-fed animals (P
Effects of Freezing and Thawing on the Structures of Porous Gas Diffusion Media

Fuel cells are a very promising technology for transportation applications in the future. Many companies are performing research in order to make the implementation of fuel cell-powered vehicles more feasible. One issue that needs to be addressed is the fact that fuel cell vehicles will be used in sub-freezing climates. Vehicles undergo frequent shut down and startup events, and as such, freezing and thawing effects on fuel cell components become important when the vehicle is stored overnight in cold climates. When shut off, fuel cells will maintain water in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and gas diffusion media unless certain purging protocols are adhered to. When the cell is subjected to sub-freezing temperatures, the water remaining in these media will freeze. This freezing could have a detrimental impact on the pore structure, fiber integrity, and binder effectiveness in the GDL, thereby decreasing the electrochemical active surface area of the electrolytes and hurting the overall performance of the cell. This paper details the prior research in the area of freezing and thawing effects in these media and also details current research on the degradation of the GDL specifically.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The Bacteria of Milk Freshly Drawn from Normal Udders

In the early years of the science of bacteriology it was supposed that freshly drawn milk was sterile and would keep indefinitely if outside contamination could be prevented. The earliest recorded determinations of the bacterial content of such milk were made in 1891 by Schulz,3' who reported that the first milk to be drawn contained large numbers of bacteria and that the numbers decreased as the milking progressed. But the idea prevailed for a number of years that normal milk drawn under aseptic conditions was sterile and that bacteria found in freshly drawn milk were an indication of a diseased udder. It was a mooted question until the work of Moore23 and Ward33 definitely proved that the normal udder may, and usually does, harbor bacteria throughout the whole extent of lactiferous ducts, including the most minute ducts, where the milk becomes contaminated as soon as secreted. This work was confirmed by De Freudenreich.12 Since the fact was established that milk is already contaminated before it is drawn, several investigators have studied this flora to determine the numbers and kinds of bacteria to be found there. The results
Using the zygomatic root as a reference point in temporal lobe surgery

The zygomatic root (ZR) is an anatomic landmark routinely identified during cranial procedures. Traditionally, it has been used for identification of structures other than temporal lobe anatomy. The aim of this study was to define the structural relationship between the ZR and temporal lobe anatomy and provide a consistent landmark to guide surgical dissection. To our knowledge, there have been no studies demonstrating this relationship. Eighteen DICOM series were analyzed. 2 mm axial MRI slices were reconstructed with the x-axis centered along the zygoma. The posterior point of the ZR that marks the beginning of the groove between the zygoma and temporal bone was identified on all images. Several measures were taken to quantify the relationship of the zygomatic root to surgical landmarks used during temporal lobe surgery. The inferior temporal gyrus was always found just medial to the ZR. The mean distance between the ZR and temporal pole was 2.75 cm on the right and 2.78 cm on the left. The tip of the temporal horn was located on average 2.4 cm (left) and 2.31 cm (right) medial to the ZR. The tip of the temporal horn was found to be an average distance of 1 mm (left and right) posterior and 1.34 cm (left and right) superior to the ZR. All distances were measured orthogonally for each of the x, y, and z axes. The zygomatic root is an easily identifiable and consistent bony landmark that can serve as an adjuvant to neuronavigation for identification of temporal lobe surgical anatomy.
The Effects of Commitment to Moral Self-improvement and Religiosity on Ethics of Business Students

Using survey methodology we examined the relationships between commitment to moral self-improvement (CMSI), religiosity, ethical problem recognition, and behavioral intentions in a sample of 242 business students. Results of the study suggest that CMSI predicts ethical problem recognition and behavioral intentions. Our findings also suggest that CMSI is positively related to religiosity. The study provides some evidence of CMSI being a mediator in the influence of religiosity on ethical problem recognition and behavioral intentions. Compared to religiosity, CMSI turned out to be a better predictor of perceived importance of ethics, ethical problem recognition, and ethical behavioral intentions. The results of the study have implications for increasing understanding of ethical decision-making, future studies of business ethics, and business ethics education.
CONSTRUCTING PARALLEL SIMULATION EXERCISES FOR ASSESSMENT CENTERS AND OTHER FORMS OF BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT

Assessment centers rely on multiple, carefully constructed behavioral simulation exercises to measure individuals on multiple performance dimensions. Although methods for establishing parallelism among alternate forms of paper-and-pencil tests have been well researched (i.e., to equate tests on difficulty such that the scores can be compared), little research has considered the why and how of parallel simulation exercises. This paper extends established procedures for constructing parallel test forms to dimension-based behavioral simulations. We discuss reasons for establishing comparable, alternate simulation forms and discuss the issues raised when applying traditional procedures to simulation exercises. After proposing a set of guidelines for establishing alternate forms among simulations, we apply these guidelines to simulations used in an operational assessment center.
Protein degradation and proteolytic activity in the cotyledons of germinating pea seeds (pisum sativum)

Abstract A study has been made of the redistribution of nitrogenous compounds during the germination of peas. The rapid translocation of nitrogen from the reserve proteins in the cotyledons to the growing axis appears to involve the degradation of proteins to amino acids. Studies have been made of enzymes capable of effecting such hydrolyses and four enzymes with proteolytic activity have been demonstrated. The characteristics of these enzymes are described and their possible physiological role discussed.
SU‐E‐J‐98: PTV Margin Required for Head and Neck IGRT Derived from Deformable Image Registration

Purpose: To reconstruct the planning target volume margin necessary in head and neck image‐guidedradiation therapy. Methods: For two patients, deformable image registration was used to identify voxels of corresponding anatomy in 35 daily in‐room CTs with reference to the planning CT. The resulting vector fields were applied to the original high‐, medium‐, and low‐risk clinical target volumes to devise daily CTVs relative to the isocenter. A volume equivalent to the union of the daily CTVs was considered an effective planning target volume (PTVeff) that retrospectively provided complete geometric coverage of the original CTV while minimizing the inclusion of normal tissue. 0mm, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, and 4mm isotropic expansions to the original CTVs (CTVexp) were compared with each PTVeff, and evaluated based on the percent coverage of PTVeff provided by CTVexp as well as the volume of normal tissue included in CTVexp but external to PTVeff. An anisotropic expansion of 1mm in the transverse plane and 2.5mm in the superior‐inferior direction was also evaluated. Results: Both the percent coverage of PTVeff provided by CTVexp and the volume of normal tissue included in CTVexp were proportional to the expanded margin. The values from the anisotropic expansion lay between those from the 1mm and 2mm isotropic expansions. For one patient, an isotropic expansion of 2mm was required to cover at least 95% of PTVeff and actually covered at least 97% for the original CTVs. For the other patient, 3mm and 4mm expansions were necessary to provide 95% coverage of PTVeff. Conclusion: Deformable image registration may be utilized to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy of various CTV margin expansions. The two patients studied demonstrated different margin requirements for the desired coverage. Additional patients will be incorporated to establish empirically derived, clinically appropriate margins. Funding provided by the University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston.
Identifying Moderator Variables Using Multiple Regression: A Reply to Darrow and Kahl

Darrow and Kahl's (1982) paper on detecting moderator variables is misleading because it contains both logical and methodological problems. The present paper was written to respond to two of those problems: their distinction between pure and mixed moderators and their choice of model for testing for moderator effects. In this paper we show that the distinction between pure and mixed models is uninformative and that the standard hierarchical regression model represents the appropriate method for identifying moderator variables.
Comparison of Two Murine Models of Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract —Although sarcomere protein gene mutations cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC), individuals bearing a mutant cardiac myosin binding protein C ( MyBP-C ) gene usually have a better prognosis than individuals bearing β -cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene mutations. Heterozygous mice bearing a cardiac MHC missense mutation (αMHC 403/+ or a cardiac MyBP-C mutation (MyBP-C t/+ ) were constructed as murine FHC models using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. We have compared cardiac structure and function of these mouse strains by several methods to further define mechanisms that determine the severity of FHC. Both strains demonstrated progressive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy; however, by age 30 weeks, αMHC 403/+ mice demonstrated considerably more LV hypertrophy than MyBP-C t/+ mice. In older heterozygous mice, hypertrophy continued to be more severe in the αMHC 403/+ mice than in the MyBP-C t/+ mice. Consistent with this finding, hearts from 50-week-old αMHC 403/+ mice demonstrated increased expression of molecular markers of cardiac hypertrophy, but MyBP-C t/+ hearts did not demonstrate expression of these molecular markers until the mice were >125 weeks old. Electrophysiological evaluation indicated that MyBP-C t/+ mice are not as likely to have inducible ventricular tachycardia as αMHC 403/+ mice. In addition, cardiac function of αMHC 403/+ mice is significantly impaired before the development of LV hypertrophy, whereas cardiac function of MyBP-C t/+ mice is not impaired even after the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Because these murine FHC models mimic their human counterparts, we propose that similar murine models will be useful for predicting the clinical consequences of other FHC-causing mutations. These data suggest that both electrophysiological and cardiac function studies may enable more definitive risk stratification in FHC patients.
Reframing validity in research and evaluation: A multidimensional, systematic model of valid inference

The importance of promoting valid conclusions from causal inquiry has animated efforts to be more systematic in our conceptions of validity. This chapter elaborates on the systematization of Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2002) to offer a multidimensional framework of validity that is more comprehensive, more applicable to qualitative inquiry, and more flexible in guiding the progression of our understanding in specific contexts. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
A simple bioluminescent method for measuring D-amino acid oxidase activity

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) plays important roles in regulating D-amino acid neurotransmitters and was recently identified as a key enzyme integral to hydrogen sulfide production from D-Cys. We report here the development of a simple biocompatible, bioluminescent method for measuring DAO activity based on the highly selective condensation of D-Cys with 6-hydroxy-2-cyanobenzothiazole (CBT-OH) to form D-luciferin.
Fine structure of bone as seen on fracture and cleavage planes by electron microscopy.

Surface replicas were made of fracture surfaces and cleavage planes of specimens of human femoral cortex. Examination by electron microscopy indicated no consistent differences in submicroscopic structure when fractures were produced by compression, tension, torsion or bending. Small apertures, ranging from 200 to 1,500 A in diameter, permeated the extra-canalicular bone. Higher magnifications indicated that the majority of apertures were truncated canals which were enclosed by collagen fibrils with axes aligned longitudinally with the direction of the canals. When canaliculi were observed in cross section, fibrils were observed to radiate at right angles from the canalicular axis for approximately 1 μ. No differences in submicroscopic structure were observed between adult bone and that of a 12-year old child.