cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future opportunities for advancing glucose test device electronics.

Advancements in the field of printed electronics can be applied to the field of diabetes testing. A brief history and some new developments in printed electronics components applicable to personal test devices, including circuitry, batteries, transmission devices, displays, and sensors, are presented. Low-cost, thin, and lightweight materials containing printed circuits with energy storage or harvest capability and reactive/display centers, made using new printing/imaging technologies, are ideal for incorporation into personal-use medical devices such as glucose test meters. Semicontinuous rotogravure printing, which utilizes flexible substrates and polymeric, metallic, and/or nano “ink” composite materials to effect rapidly produced, lower-cost printed electronics, is showing promise. Continuing research advancing substrate, “ink,” and continuous processing development presents the opportunity for research collaboration with medical device designers.
A possible effect of viral proteins on the specificity of interference by defective vesicular stomatitis virus particles.

BHK cells coinfected with New Jersey serotype virions and heterologous Indiana serotype (MS) defective interfering (DI) particles of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) generated DI particles and nucleocapsids. These DI particles were found to contain RNA identical in size and annealing properties to the original Indiana MS-DI particles, whereas the proteins were of the New Jersey serotype. A comparison of the interfering abilities of the pseudotype DI particles [MS-DI(N.J.)] and MS-DI particles showed that the MS-DI(N.J.) particles exhibited an increased ability to interfere with New Jersey viral infections. This ability was lost after a single passage with Indiana virions, during which the New Jersey proteins were replaced with those of the Indiana serotype. Similar observations were made by using a different Indiana DI particle. Based on these results, a model explaining the effect of proteins on the specificity of DI-particle interference is proposed.
Macrodefects in BaTiO3 capacitors

Abstract Controlled macrodefects (pores and delaminations) were introduced into single layer capacitors. The effects of these defects on the dielectric properties and d.c. electric breakdown strength were studied. Macrodefects did not cause a reduction in the overall density of the dielectric, but a reduction in the capacitance was observed in the samples containing defects. Large voids reduced the capacitance by increasing the active dielectric thickness by 10 percent. Delaminations also increased the active dielectric thickness by 10 percent, but a further reduction of the capacitance was observed and was modelled using series-parallel mixing. The capacitors were subjected to a d.c. voltage ramp until they failed. There were no significant differences in the breakdown strengths of the various sample types with the average strength being 300 kV/cm. The failure mechanisms were explained by the microstructures of the breakdown paths. Breakdown was thermal in nature with the formation of a chemically reduced dielectric tunnel between the electrodes. The failure path was occasionally traced to a defect, but more often occurred in the dense ceramic The defects did not significantly change the electric field distribution in the dielectric between the electrodes, and hence, the breakdown strength of the dielectric layer in the region of the defect was not greatly reduced.
The Effects of Foveal Load on Peripheral Visual Sensitivity

The main objective of the research was to investigate the effects of load on peripheral sensitivity in the visual field. Foveal load was varied by using simple fixation of a vs. a first-order (rate) compensatory tracking task. Peripheral sensitivity was determined simultaneously for light flashes located at different eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. The effects of training on the tracking task were also examined. In general, the results showed no losses in peripheral sensitivity under the experimental conditions employed, contrary to data from previous studies.
Aldosteronoma resolution score predicts long-term resolution of hypertension

Background The Aldosteronoma Resolution Score (ARS) takes into consideration four, readily available, preoperative clinical parameters in predicting the likelihood of resolution of hypertension in patients 6 months after undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). We sought to determine the durability of this predictive model after 1 year. Methods Sixty patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for APA at a single institution between 2004 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who were normotensive without any antihypertensive medication requirement at greater than 1-year follow-up were considered to have complete resolution of hypertension. Results Forty-seven patients had data available for analysis. Median follow-up was 1,135 days (371–3,202). Forty-five percent of patients had complete resolution, 45% had improvement, and 10% had no improvement in hypertension. Applying the ARS, we found there was complete resolution of hypertension in 73% of patients with ARS 4–5, 53% of patients with ARS 2–3, and 24% of patients with ARS 0–1 compared with 75% ( P = .9), 46% ( P = .66), and 28% ( P = .76), respectively, in the original cohort used to create the ARS. Conclusion Most patients (90%) have long-term improvement or complete resolution of hypertension after unilateral adrenalectomy for APA. The ARS predicts accurately a patient's likelihood of complete resolution of hypertension beyond 1 year.
Prediction and control of ADA software defects

Abstract A study of two Ada projects shows that software defects can be predicted in the development phase. Of all metrics tested, measures of package size proved to be the best predictors of defect densities. The prediction function derived suggests that defect density is very high for small Ada packages, decreases rapidly to reach a minimum for intermediate-sized packages, and then rises gradually as package sizes increase. During the design and coding phases, package sizes can be evaluated against this criterion, and such strategies as consolidation, further decomposition, redesigning, or recoding can be considered. Since the study found that packages with system integration and test (SI&T) defects are six times more likely to exhibit postdelivery defects as those without, a two-phased SI&T is suggested.
Blunted kaliuresis after an acute oral potassium load in diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT It is unknown whether diabetic patients without renal failure or aldosterone deficiency respond normally to potassium administration. Acute oral potassium-loading was carried out in eight diabetic patients with modestly reduced creatinine clearance (Ccr) and in 11 diabetic patients and 13 controls with normal clearances. Only one diabetic patient manifested an inappropriately low upright plasma aldosterone level (6 ng/dL). The percentage of potassium excreted in 4 hour by both groups of diabetic patients was significantly less than that of the controls (decreased Ccr:21% ± 6%, normal Ccr:36% ± 5%, controls:54% ± 5%; p
Molecular Weight Patterns of Nägeli Amylodextrins

This research was designed to assess the utility of a four-column high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) system to characterize starch-based carbohydrates of different sizes. Corn starches with varying amounts of amylose were treated with 16% sulfuric acid to create Nageli amylodextrins. During treatment, sub-samples were taken at various intervals from 0–100 days. The washed, dried sub-samples were chromatographically analyzed using four Shodex lonpak columns linked in series. Chromatograms showed the progressive depolymerization of starch. Pullulan molecular weight standards were used to estimate amylodextrin molecular weights (MW). Number-average MWs of amylodextrins decreased as the original starches' amylopectin content decreased. A single HPSEC system can be effectively used to characterize carbohydrates ranging in size from starch to amylodextrins; and to monitor the acid (or enzyme) depolymerization of starches. Molekulargewichtsmuster von Nageli-Amylodextrinen. Diese Untersuchung sollte dazu dienen, die Nutzbarkeit eines Vier-Saulen-Hochleistungs-Grosenausschlus-Chromatogrsphie-(HPSEC)-System- zur Charakterisierung von auf Starke basierenden Kohlenhydraten unterschiedlicher Grosen zu beurteilen. Maisstarken mit verschiedenen Amylosengehalten wurden mit 16%iger Schwefelsaure behandelt, um Nageli-Amylodextrine herzustellen. Wahrend der Behandlung wurden Zwischenproben zu verschiedenen Zeitintervalen von 0–100 Tagen entnommen. Die gewaschenen, getrockneten Zwischenproben wurden mittels vier, in Serie geschalteten Shodex Ionpak-Saulen analysiert. Die Chromatogramme zeigten die fort-schreitende Depolymerisierung der Starke. Pullulan-Molekulargewichts-Standards wurden zur Bestimmung der Amylodextrin-Mole-kulargewichte (MW) herangezogen. Die zahlenmasigen Molekulargewichte der Amylodextrine verminderten sich mit dem ursprunglichen Amylopektingehalt der Starken. Ein einzelnes HPSEC-System kann wirkungsvoll zur Charakterisierung der Kohlenhydrate in der Grosenordnung zwischen Starke und amylodextrinen eingesetzt wer-den sowie zur Bestimmung der Saure- (oder Enzym-)Depolymerisierung von Starken.
Nitroprusside in resuscitation of major torso trauma

Objective: Patients with thoracic aortic injury (TAI) usually have sustained other major trauma, and may require aggressive shock resuscitation. In the 24 hours after aortic repair and during resuscitation, our cardiothoracic surgeons request intravenous nitroprusside to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 90 mm Hg to minimize bleeding at the repair. We compared the resuscitation response of patients who sustained major torso trauma (MTT) and TAI with that of patients who had MTT with no TAI to determine whether nitroprusside can effectively control MAP during resuscitation and whether use of nitroprusside, because of its peripheral vasodilatory effects, is associated with a favorable resuscitation response. Methods: During the 9-month study period, 11 patients who sustained TAI and 38 patients who sustained MTT with no TAI met multiple organ failure risk/shock criteria and were resuscitated by a standardized protocol emphasizing volume loading and hemoglobin replacement to maintain systemic oxygen delivery index (Do 2 I) ≥ 600 mL O 2 /min-m 2 for the first 24 intensive care unit hours. For TAI patients, postoperative management included intravenous nitroprusside infusion titrated by the bedside nurse to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) less than 90 mm Hg during the same 24 hours. Data were obtained prospectively during resuscitation. Retrospectively, the resuscitation response of TAI and non-TAI patients was compared. Results: For the TAI group, nitroprusside effectively controlled MAP (range, 77-87 mm Hg); for the non-TAI group, mean MAP exceeded 95 mm Hg within 5 hours. During the first 8 hours, MAP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance index were less, and Do 2 I was greater for the TAI than for the non-TAI group. The resuscitation goal of Do 2 I ≥ 600 mL O 2 / min-m 2 was attained at 4 hours for the TAI group, and was attained at 12 hours for the non-TAI group. No revisions of aortic repairs were required during or as a result of resuscitation. Conclusion: During aggressive shock resuscitation, control of MAP using nitroprusside is feasible and is associated with a favorable resuscitation response. Nitroprusside may be a useful adjunct during shock resuscitation of MTT as a vasoactive agent that promotes peripheral tissue perfusion.
Guinea Pig Kids: Myths or Modern Tuskegees?

The Tuskegee syphilis study represents a nadir in health research in the U.S., when individuals' bodies were used to satisfy researchers' curiosity with no anticipated clinical benefit. The study is often used as a teaching case, in research methods and biomedical ethics training, symbolizing the past, before the federal government intervened and created human protections regulations to protect participants. The Tuskegee study continues to have other ripple effects, contributing to African Americans' distrust of health research. This paper analyzes three medical studies from the 1990s that involved African American children. We examine the institutional actors that implemented these studies, and the community members of color who protested against them, and compare the tone of media accounts in African American and mainstream publications. We find that powerful governmental and medical institutions collaborated to implement these problematic studies, and that both mainstream and African American news outl...
Clinical trials of viral therapy for malignant gliomas

Despite recent scientific advances in the understanding of the biology of malignant gliomas, there has been little change in the overall survival for this devastating disease. New and innovative treatments are under constant investigation. Starting in the 1990s, there was an interest in using viral therapeutics for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Multiple strategies were pursued, including oncolytic viral therapy, enzyme/pro-drug combinations and gene transfer with viral vectors. Multiple Phase I and II trials demonstrated the safety of these techniques, but clinically showed limited efficacy. However, this led to a better understanding of the pitfalls of viral therapy and encouraged the development of new approaches and improved delivery methods. Here we review the prior and ongoing clinical trials of viral therapy for gliomas, and discuss how novel strategies are currently being utilized in clinical trials.
Second-law analysis of diesel engine combustion

A second-law analysis of the combustion process in a diesel engine is presented for a single-zone model. Expressions for availability and the availability balance are developed in detail from the energy and entropy balances and applied in a manner that allows the irreversibility due to combustion to be separated from that associated with heat transfer to the walls. Availability is divided into two components: thermomechanical and chemical availability. For the first time, chemical availability of the cylinder contents is dealt with rigorously, which allows for a correct determination of combustion irreversibilities. The analysis is applied in a parametric study of the effects of combustion timing, mass burning rate, and heat transfer rate on the irreversibility and system availability.
Studies of the Genus Empoasca (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) Part Xi Six New Species of Empoasca from Mexico

Resembling crocostigmata but with different dorsal spine and lateral processes like curvata and cerata . Length 2.75–3 mm. External Characters .—Vertex rounded, slightly produced, whitish in color except for an irregularly shaped golden area that surrounds an elongated white spot on the mid-dorsal line. Pronotum with irregularly shaped whitish areas on lateral and anterior margins, a golden colored central area which gradually darkens posteriorly to dark purple. Scutellum dark purple except for the anterior corners which are white. Fore wings with reddish brown to purplish areas on anterior commissural line, apices smoky. In well-marked male specimens a faint purplish spot appears on the costal margin and golden spot in the center of each fore wing. Female with last ventral segment almost truncate with rounded corners.
Polyethers. VIII. Isotactic polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether

Phenyl glycidyl ether has been polymerized, using aluminum catalysts, to crystalline as well as amorphous polymers. The crystalline fraction is high melting (ca. 200°) and insoluble at room temperature. The amorphous fractions are soluble at room temperature and some show rubber-like properties. The best yields of polymer were obtained when reactions were carried out in bulk, in open, stirred systems using aluminum isopropoxide and zinc chloride as cocatalysts.
Part II: The Effect of Verbal Instructions upon the Formation of a Concept

Resume DEUXIEME PARTIE: L'EFFET DE L'INSTRUCTION VERBALE SUR LA FORMATION D'UN CONCEPT On a dessine trois cercles sur un morceau de papier en sorte de former un triangle, numerotes 1, 2 et 3. Dans le premier cercle on a place des disques, gradues en grandeur, ranges en ordre de grandeur, le plus grand au fond. Il s'agit de transferer les disques du cercle 1 au cercle 2 avec le plus petit nombre possible de mouvements. On ne peut faire mouvoir qu'un disque a la fois, et il faut le placer dans un des autres cercles, mais non sur un disque plus petit. On a demande trois generalisations, a savoir, (a) la position du premier mouvement pour chaque disque additionnel, (b) la direction du mouvement pour les disques impairs et pairs, et (c) une formule qui decrit le plus petit nombre de mouvements necessaire pour chaque disque ajoute. On a fait subir ce probleme a quatre groupes de sujets, chacun avec des quantites variantes d'instruction verbale. On a trouve que plus d'instruction a diminue le nombre moyen d'essa...
Heavy metals and accumulation rates of sediments in Osaka Bay, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

The metal load into sediments and the change in the sedimentary environment of Osaka Bay in the Seto Inland Sea have been studied through geochemical analysis of core sediments, using both Pb-210 dating and a selective chemical leaching technique. Analytical results from a 6-m core of sediment show that copper and zinc pollution started in the late 1800's and the present enrichment ratios of copper and zinc, relative to background levels (20 mg kg−1 for Cu and 94 mg kg−1 for Zn), are 2.8 and 4.1, respectively. The present anthropogenic copper and zinc loads into Osaka Bay sediments, are 47 and 368 ton yr−1, while natural copper and zinc loads are 40 and 186 ton yr−1, respectively. Osaka Bay sediment at the present day is considered to be seriously polluted by zinc, now. The vertical profiles of copper and zinc in four successively separated fractions (10% acetic acid soluble fraction: F-HAC, 0.1M hydrochloric acid-soluble fraction: F-HCl, hydrogen peroxide-soluble fraction: F-H2O2 and hydrofluoric acid-soluble fraction: F-HF) from the core sediments indicate that enrichments of copper and zinc in the upper layer of the sediment are dependent on increases in the metal contents of the F-HAC, F-HCl and F-H2O2 fractions. Copper in F-HAC, and zinc in F-HAC and F-HCl, seem to be of anthropogenic origin. Results of sequential studies of the whole Seto Inland Sea can be summarized as follows: At the present time, the sedimentary loads of copper and zinc over the whole Seto Inland Sea area are 630 and 3,500 ton yr−1, respectively, while the natural and anthropogenic loads are 320 and 310 ton yr−1 for copper and 1,800 and 1,700 ton yr−1 for zinc, respectively.
The liquidity trap: Japan, 1996–2001 versus the United States, 1933–1940

Abstract Keynes’ “liquidity trap” rarely occurs. But when it does, it has a tremendously adverse effect on the economy concerned. Such was the case of the United States in the 1930s and now that of contemporary Japan. In a liquidity trap, monetary policy pushes the money interest rate to the zero level while expanding the money supply ( M 1) at a faster rate than nominal GDP. Conventional theory explains this phenomenon as the result of money demand that becomes infinitely interest-elastic at the zero rate, rendering ineffective the rapidly expanding money supply established by the monetary authorities. In this paper, we show that the liquidity trap is a multifaceted phenomenon not limited to the money market. It involves the bank loan market, the bank deposit market, and the bond market interacting together. Of these, the most important is the bank loan market and the least important is the bank deposit market, whose deposit supply becomes horizontal at the zero rate. They are met by relatively interest-inelastic bank loan demand and bank deposit demand. Hence, the causality is completely reversed from the conventional understanding. We give empirical evidence in support of our theory based on data from the United States, 1933–1940 and Japan, 1996–2001. Far apart in time and space, the two cases are remarkably alike and, hence, provide strong supporting evidence.
Neutron scattering studies of industry-relevant materials: connecting microscopic behavior to applied properties

Certain systems of oxides, nitrides and carbides have been recognized as the basic components of advanced materials for applications as engineering and electronic ceramics, catalysts, sensors, etc. under extreme environments. An understanding of the basic atomic and electronic properties of these systems will benefit enormously the industrial development, of new materials featuring tailored properties. We present an overview of neutron-scattering studies of the crystal phases, microstructure, phonon and magnetic excitations of key materials including rare-earth phosphates, phosphate glasses, nanostructured metal oxides, as well as silicon nitride and silicon carbide ceramics. A close collaboration among neutron-scattering experimentation, molecular-dynamics simulation and material synthesis is emphasized.
Aharonov-Bohm effect in semiconductor micro-structures: novel device possibilities

Abstract Recent demonstration of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in MBE-grown quantum wells has led to the possibility of a novel class of quantum interference devices. We discuss the theory of operation of such devices and show that they can have excellent performance figures which make them attractive candidates for switching devices of the future.
Results of a nationwide Veterans Affairs initiative to align graduate medical education and patient care.

ContextPlanning for the US physician workforce is imprecise. Prevailing policy generally advocates more training in primary care specialties.ObjectiveTo describe a program to increase primary care graduate medical education (GME) in a large academic health system—the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).DesignIn 1995, a VA advisory panel recommended a 3-year plan to eliminate 1000 specialist training positions and add 750 primary care positions. After assessing the impact of the first year of these changes on patient care, the VA implemented modifications aimed at introducing primary care curricula for training of internal medicine subspecialists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. The change in strategy was in response to the call for better alignment of GME with local patient care and training needs to provide coordinated, continuous care for seriously and chronically ill patients.SettingThe VA health system, including 172 hospitals, 773 ambulatory and community-based clinics, 206 counseling centers, and 132 nursing homes.ParticipantsA total of 8900 VA residency training positions affiliated with 107 medical schools.Main Outcome MeasureProportion of residents in primary care training during the 3-year alignment.ResultsOver 3 years, primary care training in the VA increased from 38% to 48% of funded positions. Of this total, 39% of the increase was in internal medicine subspecialties, neurology, and psychiatry.ConclusionIn this case study of GME realignment, national policy was driven more by local patient care issues than by a perceived national need for primary care or specialty positions.
Increased synthesis of two polypeptides in area CA1 of the hippocampus in response to repetitive electrical stimulation.

Abstract Changes in the pattern of newly synthesized polypeptides were investigated in the in vitro hippocampal slice following exposure to repetitive stimulation with and without the induction of long-term potentiation. Using [35S]methionine labeling of polypeptides and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we detected an increase in the rate of synthesis of two polypeptides (48 kDa and 89 kDa) in CA1 in response to repetitive stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals. The synthesis of the 48 kDa polypeptide (pI∼ 6.6) increased 240% in response to high-frequency stimulation (100 Hz) relative to the same protein from unstimulated slices (n = 14), and increased 220% in response to low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz) (n = 5). Blockade of the n-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor induced the protein 180%, with no further increase following tetanic stimulation. An 89 kDa doublet (pI∼ 6.8) increased 150% following high-frequency and 140% following low-frequency stimulation. Blockade of the NMDA receptor increased this protein as well (180% of the unstimulated control) and no further increase was observed following high-frequency stimulation. Based on physicochemical and electrophysiological properties, these proteins are not identifiable as any of those previously associated with long-term potentiation or repetitive electrical stimulation.
Atomistic Mechanisms of Fatigue in Nanocrystalline Metals

We investigate the mechanisms of fatigue behavior in nanocrystalline metals at the atomic scale using empirical force laws and molecular level simulations. A combination of molecular statics and molecular dynamics was used to deal with the time scale limitations of molecular dynamics. We show that the main atomistic mechanism of fatigue crack propagation in these materials is the formation of nanovoids ahead of the main crack. The results obtained for crack advance as a function of stress intensity amplitude are consistent with experimental studies and a Paris law exponent of about 2.
Towards security and QoS optimization in real-time embedded systems

A number of real-time embedded systems (RTESs) are used to manage critical infrastructure such as electric grids or C4I systems. In these systems, it is essential to meet deadlines, for example, to avoid a power outage or loss of a life. The importance of security support is also increasing, because more RTESs are being networked. To securely transmit sensitive data, e.g., a battle field status, across the network, RTESs need to protect the data via cryptographic techniques. However, security support may cause deadline misses or unacceptable QoS degradation. As an initial effort to address this problem, we formulate the security support in RTESs as a QoS optimization problem. Also, we propose a novel adaptive approach for security support in which a RTES initially uses a relatively short cryptographic key to maximize the QoS, while increasing the key length when the security risk level is raised. In this way, we can make a possible cryptanalysis several orders of magnitude harder by requiring the attacker to search a larger key space, while meeting all deadlines by degrading the QoS in a controlled manner. To minimize the overhead, we derive the appropriate QoS levels for several key lengths via an offine polynomial time algorithm. When the risk level is raised online, a real-time task can use a longer key and adapt to the corresponding QoS level (derived offine) in O(1) time.
Studies on identifying the folylpolyglutamate binding sites of Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase

Abstract Pteroylheptaglutamate labeled with 14 C in its proximal glutamate was activated with a water-soluble carbodiimide and reacted with Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthetase in the presence and absence of dUMP. The latter nucleotide appeared to enhance the specificity of the reaction as the quantity of folylpolyglutamate fixed plateaued at 1.5 mol/mol of enzyme, but continued to increase above 2.0 in the absence of dUMP. The location of the covalently bound pteroylheptaglutamate was determined by first cleaving the labeled protein with cyanogen bromide and establishing that 80% of the radioactivity was present in the second of the five cyanogen bromide peptides of thymidylate synthetase. This peptide was then digested with chymotrypsin and the resulting peptides were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Two labeled peptides were isolated, with one being separated further into two pure peptides on gel exclusion chromatography. The three peptides represented residues 48–54, 52–61, and 55–61 of the synthetase, with the pteroylheptaglutamate fixed covalently to lysines 50 or 51 and 58. From the results presented, it would appear that each of the enzyme subunits is labeled, with the folylpolyglutamate being fixed to lysine 58 of one subunit and 50, 51 of the other.
Topographic inventories of vagal afferents in gastrointestinal muscle.

To inventory and characterize the two types of vagal afferents (both putative mechanoreceptors) in the muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, the authors injected wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the nodose ganglia of rats that had received unilateral ventral rhizotomies to eliminate efferents. The gut, from the oral esophagus to the distal colon, was divided into wholemounts, processed with tetramethylbenzidine, and surveyed to establish normative topographic maps of afferents. Vagal intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) were ubiquitous, with concentrations varying on a longitudinal gradient (higher rostrally). This overall gradient was punctuated by denser condensations of endings in the oral esophagus, gastric corpus, and distal ileum. In regional specializations, IGLEs were fused into conspicuous, dense networks in the laryngeal esophagus and the antrum. Intramuscular arrays (IMAs) had restricted distributions, including the walls of the stomach and the sphincters throughout the gut. In the forestomach, a singular concentration of orthogonally crossed IMAs was organized into a lattice or “fovea.” IMAs displayed variations in morphology, with one specialization consisting of short, terminal processes associated with sphincters and a more widespread form consisting of long, rectilinear processes in the forestomach, along the greater curvature, and in limited intestinal regions. On the basis of their topographic patterns and structural specializations, the two putative mechanoreceptors may have different functions: IGLEs appear situated to integrate intramural tension, and perhaps myenteric neuronal activity, into rhythmical, propagated motor programs, such as swallowing, peristalsis, and emptying. IMAs are distributed strategically and appear to satisfy structural requirements for stretch receptors tuned to tonic or more aperiodic events that may affect central nervous system processing as well as local gastrointestinal coordination. J. Comp. Neurol. 421:302–324, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influences of pressure on reduced-gravity combustion of HAN–methanol–water droplets in air

Abstract Reduced-gravity experiments were performed to investigate combustion characteristics of individual monopropellant droplets composed of hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN), methanol, and water. The experiments were conducted using the 2.2 Second Drop Tower at the NASA John Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, OH. Gravitational levels were about 10 −4 times normal gravity and experiments were performed in air at about 25 °C and with pressures from 0.1 to 1 MPa. Droplets initially in the 1-mm size range were supported on quartz fibers and ignited using a hot wire that heated the gas phase. Initial droplet compositions varied from zero (initially pure methanol droplets) to a stoichiometric mixture of 69.4% HAN, 15.2% water, and 15.4% methanol by mass. Results indicated that increasing the pressure increased burning rates, delayed extinction, and promoted easier ignition of droplets. Decreasing the initial mass fraction of methanol reduced burning rates, increased the difficulty of ignition, and promoted gas-phase flame extinction. Internal bubbling was observed at certain initial droplet compositions. Aerosol formation was observed for higher HAN loadings at elevated pressures after the visible gas-phase flame had extinguished, which may be indicative of condensed-phase HAN reactions.
Cyclotron production of PET radionuclides: 18F (109.77 min; β+ 96.9%; EC 3.1%) from high-energy protons on metallic aluminum targets

Abstract The production of no-carrier-added (NCA) 18 F (109.77 min) from proton induced reaction on 27 Al (100%) targets was investigated in the 67.5- to 7-MeV proton energy range. In this energy range, the reaction 27 Al(p, 2 α 2n) 18 Ne→ 18 F was found to predominate over other channels, suggesting the possible use of a 18 Ne (1.67 s)→ 18 F parent-daughter system as a generator. Total cross sections (millibarns) and single and cumulative yields (mCi/μAh or μCi/μAh) for the production of 18 F were measured. The total cross section peaked at 63 ± 0.6 (1%) MeV, with a value of 8.3 ± 0.8 (9%) mbarn. In the 67.5- to 7.0-MeV energy range, the cumulative 18 F yield was measured as 23.2 ± 2.1 (9%) mCi/ μ Ah. The possibility of using high beam currents in a solid metallic target to provide large Ci batches of NCA 18 F was also investigated. The 18 Ne→ 18 F generator system is also discussed in terms of its potential as a source of different radiochemical forms of 18 F. In addition to 18 F, the cross sections and yields for the production of 24 Na (15.03 h) and 22 Na (2.602 a) from Al, are also reported.
Prevention of hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis through histone deacetylase inhibition.

BACKGROUND We have recently discovered that administration of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances nuclear histone acetylation and improves survival after lethal hemorrhage in rats. In the present study, neurons were subjected to severe hypoxic condition in vitro to test whether VPA would prevent hypoxia-induced apoptosis, and to explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS Primary hippocampal and cortical cultures dissociated from E18 rat embryos were plated in quadruplicate at a density of 2 x 10/well in neurobasal medium supplemented with B-27 on glass cover-slips coated with poly-l-lysine. On the 10th day after plating, cells were incubated in a hypoxia chamber (0.5% O2, 10% CO2, 89.5% N2) at 37 degrees C for 6 hour and 16 hour in the presence or absence of VPA (1 mmol/L). The cells were then fixed, stained with antiactivated caspase-3 and antiacetyl histone H3 lysine 9 (Ac H3 K9) antibodies and visualized under confocal microscope. The caspase-3 positive cells were counted as apoptotic. Ratio of the apoptotic to total cells stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole was determined. Numerical data were subjected to t test analysis. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Western blot was performed to determine the level of acetylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and phospho-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) in cells treated with or without VPA. Luciferase report assay was employed to analyze the activation of NF-kappaB after the cells were transfected with NF-kBLuc with or without VPA treatment. RESULTS Exposure of neurons to VPA prevented apoptotic cell death under hypoxic conditions (20% apoptosis). In contrast, about 95% cells underwent apoptosis at the same level of hypoxia. VPA treatment induced acetylation of histone H3 K9 and NF-kappaB lysine 310. NF-kappaB was activated at the same time as the protein acetylation. Moreover, JNK phosphorylation was inhibited after the cells were treated with VPA under hypoxia condition. CONCLUSION VPA enhances acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 and NF-kappaB at 310, induces NF-kappaB activation, reduces JNK activation, and protects the neurons from hypoxia-induced apoptosis in vitro.
Air quality variability near a highway in a complex urban environment

Abstract In response to growing public health concerns regarding elevated air pollutant exposures and adverse human health effects for near-road populations, a study was conducted to assess how complex urban roadway configurations affect local-scale air quality. This study combined fixed-site and mobile air quality measurements with laboratory wind tunnel experiments to examine how the transport and dispersion of traffic-emitted pollutants varies with changing roadway configuration, notably with at-grade and cut section designs. Results of the study indicated that short-term maximum concentrations occurred with measurements made along at-grade locations, however, average concentrations tended to be higher at the top of the cut section compared with the at-grade location, most often occurring during lower air pollutant events. Wind flow and NO2/NOx ratios indicated that the cut section moderated peak concentrations through increased transport and dispersion, as well as reducing the influence of turbulence from vehicle activity near the road. The at-grade locations also experienced a higher impact from primary vehicle emissions than those measurements made at similar distances along a cut section. Mobile monitoring suggested that these peak concentrations quickly conformed to concentration levels measured near cut sections within 50–100 m of the source highway. Wind tunnel simulations of the study site with and without the cut section present indicated that the cut section reduced the concentrations of primary emitted vehicle pollutants by 15–25 percent for receptors located approximately 20 m from the highway. The wind tunnel simulations also revealed that buildings and other urban features influenced local-scale pollutant transport and need to be considered when evaluating near-road air quality.
Race-Ethnicity and Determinants of Carotid Atherosclerosis in a Multiethnic Population The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study

Background and Purpose Risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis have been studied in white populations but infrequently in multiethnic cohorts. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of race-ethnicity and other factors associated with carotid atherosclerosis in a mixed population of Hispanics, blacks, and whites. Methods As part of the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study, 526 stroke-free community residents (aged ≥40 years; 41% men, 59% women; 46% Hispanic, 31% black, 23% white) were recruited through random-digit dialing and had vascular risk factor evaluations. Maximum internal carotid artery plaque thickness (MICPT) was measured with B-mode ultrasound. The frequency distribution of MICPT was examined in the three race-ethnic groups, and multivariate regression was performed to identify factors that were independently associated with MICPT. Results Mean MICPT in the entire sample was 1.5±1.4 mm, increased directly with age, and was greater in whites and blacks than Hispanics. Other independen...
Le Corbusier's design for the Carpenter Center: a documentary analysis of design media in architecture

Abstract Architects depend on drawing and other forms of design media as fundamental tools in design. Through media architects discover and consider design issues, speculate as to their resolution, generate form, evaluate what has been proposed and communicate conclusions. In the absence of rigorous or reliable accounts of a design process, media can be analysed to reconstruct a long, complex and otherwise undocumented chronology of ideas, methods and circumstances that informed the conception and development of a project. With analysis and interpretation, design media are also a ‘window’ onto the motives, methods and techniques that are the mechanics of an otherwise obscure creative process. Given the primary role of media to processes of design, design thinking and form generation, significant questions of method and intention should be raised. Like many tools, design media impart content and points of view that actively influence the conceptual imagination and formal vocabularies of architects. How and to what extent do media conventions distort and influence the synthetic and critical abilities of architects? How and to what extent are conceptual opportunities created or, conversely, limitations imposed? Does built form reflect those opportunities and limitations? What impact might this knowledge have on the teaching of media, the practice of design and criticism of architecture? In consideration of these questions, this paper documents and critically examines the role of design media through a case study of Le Corbusier's schematic design for the Carpenter Center at Harvard (1963). Within the project and its design process are patterns of media choice and application illustrative of Le Corbusier's design methods, representative of his intentions and influential on the form of the building. Both building and design media are critically examined for correspondence between architectural principles and values important to the architect, media conventions and procedures fundamental to his design process, and formal structures and properties in the completed building.
Peer deviance, parenting and disruptive behavior among young girls.

This study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations between peer deviance, parenting practices, and conduct and oppositional problems among young girls ages 7 and 8. Participants were 588 African American and European American girls who were part of a population-based study of the development of conduct problems and delinquency among girls. Affiliations with problem-prone peers were apparent among a sizeable minority of the girls, and these associations included both males and females. Although peer delinquency concurrently predicted disruptive behaviors, the gender of these peers did not contribute to girls’ behavior problems. Harsh parenting and low parental warmth showed both concurrent and prospective associations with girls’ disruptive behaviors. Similar patterns of association were seen for African American and European American girls. The findings show that peer and parent risk processes are important contributors to the early development of young girls’ conduct and oppositional behaviors. These data contribute to our understanding of girls’ aggression and antisocial behaviors and further inform our understanding of risk processes for these behaviors among young girls in particular.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Mouse and Human cDNAs Encoding Heparan Sulfate D-Glucosaminyl 3-O-Sulfotransferase*

Abstract The cellular rate of anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPGact) generation is determined by the level of a kinetically limiting microsomal activity, HSact conversion activity, which is predominantly composed of the long sought heparan sulfate d-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase (3-OST) (Shworak, N. W., Fritze, L. M. S., Liu, J., Butler, L. D., and Rosenberg, R. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27063–27071; Liu, J., Shworak, N. W., Fritze, L. M. S., Edelberg, J. M., and Rosenberg, R. D. (1996) J. Biol. Chem.271, 27072–27082). Mouse 3-OST cDNAs were isolated by proteolyzing the purified enzyme with Lys-C, sequencing the resultant peptides as well as the existing amino terminus, employing degenerate polymerase chain reaction primers corresponding to the sequences of the peptides as well as the amino terminus to amplify a fragment from LTA cDNA, and utilizing the resultant probe to obtain full-length enzyme cDNAs from a λ Zap Express LTA cDNA library. Human 3-OST cDNAs were isolated by searching the expressed sequence tag data bank with the mouse sequence, identifying a partial-length human cDNA and utilizing the clone as a probe to isolate a full-length enzyme cDNA from a λ TriplEx human brain cDNA library. The expression of wild-type mouse 3-OST as well as protein A-tagged mouse enzyme by transient transfection of COS-7 cells and the expression of both wild-type mouse and human 3-OST by in vitrotranscription/translation demonstrate that the two cDNAs directly encode both HSact conversion and 3-OST activities. The mouse 3-OST cDNAs exhibit three different size classes because of a 5′-untranslated region of variable length, which results from the insertion of 0–1629 base pairs (bp) between residues 216 and 217; however, all cDNAs contain the same open reading frame of 933 bp. The length of the 3′-untranslated region ranges from 301 to 430 bp. The nucleic acid sequence of mouse and human 3-OST cDNAs are ∼85% similar, encoding novel 311- and 307-amino acid proteins of 35,876 and 35,750 daltons, respectively, that are 93% similar. The encoded enzymes are predicted to be intraluminal Golgi residents, presumably interacting via their C-terminal regions with an integral membrane protein. Both 3-OST species exhibit five potentialN-glycosylation sites, which account for the apparent discrepancy between the molecular masses of the encoded enzyme (∼34 kDa) and the previously purified enzyme (∼46 kDa). The two 3-OST species also exhibit ∼50% similarity with all previously identified forms of the heparan biosynthetic enzymeN-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase, which suggests that heparan biosynthetic enzymes share a common sulfotransferase domain.
Formation of cobalt disilicide films on (3×3)6H-SiC(0001)

This paper presents a detailed study of thin Co films grown directly, sequentially, and by codeposition with Si on the $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})\ensuremath{-}R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ surface of $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}(0001).$ The structure, chemistry, and morphology of the films were determined using x-ray absorption fine structure, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. For directly deposited Co films (1--8 nm) graphite layers form on top of the film surface during annealing, whereas Co stays mainly unreacted over a temperature range of 300--1000 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The formation of ${\mathrm{CoSi}}_{2}$ is achieved by sequential and codeposition of Co and Si. Films annealed at 550 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C are polycrystalline and further annealing to 650 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C causes no C segregation, but there is islanding of the films. Attempts to improve film morphology and homogeneity including applying a template method and varying growth temperature are also reported.
Classical integrability and higher symmetries of collective string field theory

Abstract We demonstrate the complete integrability of classical collective field theory. An exact equivalence to the classical N -body problem of Calogero type is described. A Lax pair is constructed for the general continuum collective equations. A form of background independence is pointed out. An infinite set of commuting currents is constructed in the general case. A large symmetry algebra is discovered and shown to take the form of a W ∞ algebra.
Injury and plasma protein biosynthesis II. Hepatic microsomal activity and polysomal organization

Abstract Attenuation by actinomycin D of stimulated serum glycoprotein synthesis following injury implies a prior synthesis of new RNA. This is supported by an increased [14C]orotic acid incorporation reaching a maximal rate after 8 h. Since stimulated seromucoid synthesis is maximal 24 h after injury, it is suggested that polysomal aggregation might serve to span the lag period between these phenomena. Acute injury stimulated an increased aggregation of polysomes as measured in sucrose density gradients which was maximal after 18 h. [14C]Orotic acid incorporation into the heavier aggregates occurred at 8 h but not at 18 h after injury. Administration of actinomycin D abolished the increased aggregation of polysomes. Alkaline ribonuclease activity was reduced 50% at 18 h. The relationship of these events to hepatic protein synthesis was investigated. The amino acid-incorporating capacity of liver ribosomal fractions was progressively elevated after acute injury, reaching a maximal level at 18 h. It is suggested that injury stimulates new ribosomal and messenger RNA synthesis which are stabilized as polysomes in the microsomal fraction.