cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Azirine Photolysis and Cycloaddition Reactions

Photochemical cycloaddition reactions of alkenes(1–9) and carbonyl compounds(10–16) have received considerable attention in recent years and have taken an important place among the best known and most reliable organic photochemical transformations. It is becoming increasingly clear that the photocycloaddition reaction is a versatile synthetic tool which can be used for the construction of complex molecules.(9) In contrast to the wealth of data associated with excited-state cycloadditions of alkenes and ketones, the photoaddition reactions of the structurally related imine system have received little attention. This is surprising in view of the many studies that have been made dealing with the photochemistry of imines(17–19)and of their spectroscopic behavior.(20)
Inefficient Force Generation in 3-D Printed Prosthetics

The process of 3-d printing prosthetic hands has been used to make prosthetics more widely available by lowering the cost. However, many of these devices are not mechanically tested once they are constructed and they may not achieve their intended function. This study quantifies the efficiency and magnitude of mechanically activated grip strength in a 3-d printed prosthetic hand. A rig stabilized the hand on a dynamometer at an angle such that added weight created a constant downward force and engaged the grip. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of the hand would act as a friction device and propagate less force on the dynamometer when engaged than weights alone. The results supported the hypothesis and can aid in classifying the function of the hand for certain tasks such as holding a cup. This study can inform new designs to improve the efficiency of grip strength in similar devices. Furthermore, quantitative data on the strength of the fingers can better inform how custom hand devices will be suited to specific tasks.
Profile of neuronal exosomes in HIV cognitive impairment exposes sex differences.

Objective:To use plasma neuron-derived exosomes (NDE) to detect proteins that diagnose HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). To compare NDE cargo from HAND with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Design:Eighty plasma samples were assayed including men (n=29) and women (n = 51) with and without HAND.
Re: Better Doctor-Patient Relationships Are Associated with Men Choosing More Active Depression Treatment.

To the Editor: I commend David Kealy and colleagues[1][1] on their work on the doctor-patient relationship and men's choice of depression treatment. However, I do have a few concerns that would benefit from clarification. First, the gender of the physician is an important covariate that should be
Examining the association of changes in minimum wage with health across race/ethnicity and gender in the United States

The minimum wage creates both winners (through wage increases) and—potentially—losers (through job losses). Research on the health effects of minimum wage policies has been sparse, particularly across gender and among racial/ethnic minorities. We test the impact of minimum wage increases on health outcomes, health behaviors and access to healthcare across gender and race/ethnicity. Using 1993–2014 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, variables for access to healthcare (insurance coverage, missed care due to cost), health behavior (exercise, fruit, vegetable and alcohol consumption) and health outcomes (self-reported fair/poor health, hypertension, poor physical health days, poor mental health days, unhealthy days) were regressed on the product of the ratio of the 1-year lagged minimum wage to the state median wage and the national median wage, using Linear Probability Models and Poisson Regression Models for dichotomous and count outcomes, respectively. Regressions (total population, gender-stratified, race/ethnicity stratified (white, black, Latino), gender/race/ethnicity stratified and total population with interaction terms for race/ethnicity/gender) controlled for state-level ecologic variables, individual-level demographics and fixed-effects (state and year). Results were adjusted for complex survey design and Bonferroni corrections were applied to p-values such that the level of statistical significance for a given outcome category was 0.05 divided by the number of outcomes in that category. Minimum wage increases were positively associated with access to care among white men, black women and Latino women but negatively associated with access to care among white women and black men. With respect to dietary quality, minimum wage increases were associated with improvements, mixed results and negative impacts among white, Latino and black men, respectively. With respect to health outcomes, minimum wage increases were associated with positive, negative and mixed impacts among white women, white men and Latino men, respectively. While there is enthusiasm for minimum wage increases in the public health community, such increases may have to be paired with deliberate strategies to protect workers that might be vulnerable to economic dislocation. Such strategies may include more robust unemployment insurance or increased access to job training for displaced workers.
Untethered Soft Robots with Bioinspired Bone-and-Flesh Constructs for Fast Deterministic Actuation

We present a new class of soft robots inspired by the bone-and-flesh construct in human body for fast, deterministic actuation. Two distinctive advancements have been achieved: (1) untethered robots with external magnetic power, boasting high normalized power density of ~2*10-2/s (40-6,000,000× higher than most reports); (2) ultrafast and deterministic-shape actuation in ~0.1 seconds (100x faster than the state-of-the-art). Inspired by the natural human architecture, our soft robots with different elastomer ("flesh") structures and magnet ("bone") placements can complete various tasks quickly and precisely (e.g., planar contraction, out-of-plane gesture transitions, breaking lock-in states, and manipulating small objects). We envision that our design and operation principles can be potentially extended to even more complex applications.
Evolution of the Unique Anuran Pelvic and Hind Limb Skeleton in Relation to Microhabitat, Locomotor Mode, and Jump Performance

Anurans (frogs and toads) have a unique pelvic and hind limb skeleton among tetrapods. Although their distinct body plan is primarily associated with saltation, anuran species vary in their primary locomotor mode (e.g., walkers, hoppers, jumpers, and swimmers) and are found in a wide array of microhabitats (e.g., burrowing, terrestrial, arboreal, and aquatic) with varying functional demands. Given their largely conserved body plan, morphological adaptation to these diverse niches likely results from more fine-scale morphological change. Our study determines how shape differences in Anura's unique pelvic and hind limb skeletal structures vary with microhabitat, locomotor mode, and jumping ability. Using microCT scans of preserved specimens from museum collections, we added 3D landmarks to the pelvic and hind limb skeleton of 230 anuran species. In addition, we compiled microhabitat and locomotor data from the literature for these species that span 52 of the 55 families of frogs and ∼210 million years of anuran evolution. Using this robust dataset, we examine the relationship between pelvic and hind limb morphology and phylogenetic history, allometry, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. We find pelvic and hind limb changes associated with shifts in microhabitat ("ecomorphs") and locomotor mode ("locomorphs") and directly relate those morphological changes to the jumping ability of individual species. We also reveal how individual bones vary in evolutionary rate and their association with phylogeny, body size, microhabitat, and locomotor mode. Our findings uncover previously undocumented morphological variation related to anuran ecological and locomotor diversification and link that variation to differences in jumping ability among species.
Graph-theoretical Analysis of EEG Functional Connectivity during Balance Perturbation in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) often results in balance impairment, increasing the risk for falls and further injuries. In this study, we investigated the postural instability in a group of 12 TBI patients vs 9 healthy controls (HC) by studying their brain’s response to an external perturbation of the computerized dynamic posturography platform. A 64-channel EEG was used to noninvasively record the brain’s anticipatory response while the participant was performing the dynamic posturography task. We used the global graph-theoretic network measures (global efficiency and modularity) derived from source-space EEG connectivity in different frequency bands as quantitative measures of the functional integration and segregation of the brain network during the task. The center of pressure (COP) displacement and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used as balance outcomes. Furthermore, we used the Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data from all the participants to explore the association between the measures of the structural integrity of the white matter (Fractional Anisotropy, Mean Diffusivity, and Mode of Anisotropy) and the balance outcomes. Our findings revealed significant changes in functional segregation between the TBI group and controls during the task and also group-level differences in DTI measures. Also, we observed significant differences between theta-band modularity and global efficiency during rest vs. task within both the groups (TBI and HC). In terms of the neural correlates, we observed a distinct role played by different frequency bands; increase in theta-band modularity during the task was shown to be highly correlated with the poorer COP displacement and BBS in the TBI group; alpha-band and beta-band graph-theoretic measures were correlated with the measures of structural integrity. In terms of the regions of interest pertaining to the postural control, we noticed a significant cortical activity during the task in the paracentral lobule, post-central gyrus, cingulate gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, and other regions often reported to be involved in postural stability. Our study, although limited by small sample size, provides insights into the neural correlates of the balance deficits due to brain injury. Our future studies will focus on the larger sample size and also the effect of stabilometry platform training on the functional brain network modulation in TBI.
Political Economy Aspects of Trade and Financial Liberalization: Implications for Sequencing

This paper integrates a two-period overlapping generations model with a standard two-sector Hecksher-Ohlin trade model and analyzes the impact of uncertainty on domestic investment in the exportable and importable sectors, the political economy linkages between trade and financial liberalization, and the implications for sequencing. Under certain assumptions financial liberalization leads to a movement of resources in the opposite direction to that implied by trade liberalization, thus defeating one of the objectives of tariff reform. When political economy linkages are taken into account, however, the indirect effects of financial liberalization may offset the direct effects and encourage a movement of resources in the desired direction.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with atopic dermatitis: a cross-sectional study.

Dear Editor, SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately impacts certain populations with inflammatory conditions which have an elevated risk of respiratory comorbidities.1-3 Additionally, atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with other atopic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, which increases the risk of respiratory infections and predisposes patients to neuropsychiatric disorders.4 There are limited studies evaluating the role of systemic medications on risk of infection.
On preventing attention capture: Is singleton suppression actually singleton suppression?

It is commonly assumed that salient singletons generate an “attend-to-me signal” which causes suppression to develop over time, eventually preventing capture. Despite this assumption and the name “singleton suppression,” a causal link between salience and suppression has not yet been clearly established. We point out the plausibility of a simple alternative mechanism: distractors might be suppressed because they are distractors rather than targets, even when non-salient. To look for evidence of salience-based suppression, we had participants search for a target shape among distractors, which sometimes included irrelevant-colored distractors. The critical manipulation was whether the irrelevant-colored distractor was salient (a color singleton) or non-salient (three non-target colored shapes; a triplet). On 30% of trials, probe letters were presented briefly inside each shape and participants were to report those letters. Probe recall below baseline indicates suppression. Experiment 1 showed that suppression was not triggered any more strongly by salient distractors (singletons) than by non-salient distractors (triplets). Experiment 2 showed that strong suppression effects developed rapidly even in the absence of salient singletons. These findings raise the thus far neglected question of whether salience plays any role in suppression.
Localization of carbonic anhydrase activity in the developing rat colon.

Abstract Carbonic anhydrase activity was localized histochemically by light and electron microscopy in the proximal and distal colon of developing rats. Fixed tissue was taken for normal morphology and carbonic anhydrase localization from fetal (20–22 days gestation), suckling (1–19 days postnatal), weanling (20–25 days postnatal), and adult rats. The proximal colon had distinct villi at birth which were diminished between days 5 and 11 postnatally. The distal colon lacked villi at birth but had rudimentary crypts (ridges and furrows) which were replaced during the suckling period by a flat mucosa interspersed with true crypts. Carbonic anhydrase first appeared in both proximal and distal colonic epithelial cells on the day of birth (22 days gestation). Goblet cells were nonreactive at each developmental period. In neonatal rats, epithelial cells in the upper half of the villi of the proximal colon and on the surface and upper crypts of the distal colon were positive for carbonic anhydrase throughout the cytoplasm. Cells at the villar base (proximal colon) or in the deep crypt (distal colon) had reaction product in the intercellular spaces but not the cytoplasm. By 11 days postnatal, cytoplasmic reaction product was present in proximal colonic cells in the upper three-fourths of the crypt and was concentrated in a heavy band in the apical cytoplasm. In the distal colon, cytoplasmic positive cells did not extend as deeply into the crypts and the apical banding pattern was weak. Intercellular spaces in the deeper crypt epithelium were positive in both proximal colon and distal colon, suggesting a membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase. It was concluded that carbonic anhydrase appeared suddenly at birth and was continuously present in mid- to upper-crypt (or upper villus in early neonatal proximal colon) nongoblet cells into adulthood. This suggests a functional role for carbonic anhydrase in chloride-bicarbonate exchange across the neonatal and adult colonic mucosa.
Computational geometry for the gourmet old fare and new dishes

It is time to bring this quick overview to a close. There are many interesting problems that I have not touched upon here but which deserve intense scrutiny nevertheless. Some concern important combinatorial issues in discrete geometry, such as zone theorems, and the maximum size of k-sets. Others address the practical aspects of implementing and debugging geometric algorithms, and in particular, robustness in the face of round-off errors.
In Vitro Development of Resistance to Five Quinolones and Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Streptococcus pneumoniae

The ability of 50 sequential subcultures in subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate to select for resistance was studied for six penicillin-susceptible and four penicillin-intermediate pneumococci. Subculturing in ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, and sparfloxacin led to selection of mutants requiring increased MICs for all 10 strains, with MICs rising from (i) 0.5 to 4.0 to (ii) 4.0 to 32.0 μg/ml after 7 to 12 passages for ciprofloxacin, from (i) 0.06 to 0.25 to (ii) 0.5 to 8.0 μg/ml after 5 to 23 passages for grepafloxacin, from (i) 0.5 to 1.0 to (ii) 4.0 to 64 μg/ml after 14 to 49 passages for levofloxacin, and from (i) 0.125 to 0.25 to (ii) 1.0 to 16.0 μg/ml after 8 to 26 passages for sparfloxacin. Subculturing in trovafloxacin led to increased MICs for eight strains, with MICs rising from (i) 0.06 to 0.125 to (ii) 0.5 to 8.0 μg/ml after 6 to 28 passages. Subculturing in amoxicillin-clavulanate led to raised MICs for only one strain, with the MIC rising from 0.015 to 0.125 μg/ml after 24 passages. Double mutations in both ParC and GyrA led to high-level quinolone resistance when ParC mutations were at S79. Trovafloxacin MICs were 1 to 2 μg/ml in double mutants with ParC mutations at positions other than S79 (e.g., D83). Mutations in ParE (at D435, R447, and E474) and GyrB (at S405, D406, and D435) were found in four and six mutants, respectively. In the presence of reserpine, 29 mutants had lower ciprofloxacin MICs (2 to 16 times lower), 8 mutants had lower levofloxacin MICs (2 times), and one mutant had a lower trovafloxacin MIC (2 times), suggesting the involvement of an efflux mechanism. In contrast to the case for quinolones, subculturing in the presence of amoxicillin-clavulanate did not select for resistance to this drug.
Do Noneconomic Damages Caps and Attorney Fee Limits Reduce Access to Justice for Victims of Medical Negligence

We analyze effects of noneconomic damages caps and attorney fee limits (AFLs) on the ability of people injured by negligent physicians to retain qualified lawyers to represent them. We employ survey data from 965 plaintiffs' attorneys who reported likelihoods of accepting hypothetical meritorious cases described by scenarios. We estimate how willingness to accept such cases increases with the expected hourly fees associated with them, and the estimates suggest substantial effects and plausible tradeoffs. We conclude that caps and AFLs make it harder to retain counsel in various circumstances, and we present policy simulations elucidating how several factors combine to determine these effects.
Management of Superficial Infections

1 Antifungal Agents 2 Therapy of Selected Superficial Infections 3 Conclusion Keywords: management of superficial infections; multiple topical and systemic antimycotics-effective in superficial fungal infection management; allylamines/butenafine-topical naftifine and topical/oral terbinafine; miscellaneous antimycotic agents; topical antifungal agents-as sole therapy in superficial fungal infections; therapy of selected superficial infections; tinea pedis and manuum; oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush)
Identification of power system emergency actions using neural networks

The authors discuss the use of supervised learning and associative memories in an application for protecting the power system during an emergency situation. Automatic devices based on artificial neural networks are proposed as an intelligent and fast tool to mitigate the consequences of the major disturbance in the power system, area that involves a lot of unsolved problems. To prove the concept, the artificial neural network was trained to perform generation rescheduling as a way to alleviate the line overloads. The IEEE-30 bus test system was used to demonstrate that a feedforward neural network with back propagation can detect the state of the power system by monitoring line flows from SCADA data and then, make recommended corrective actions. >
Self‐(Un)rolling Biopolymer Microstructures: Rings, Tubules, and Helical Tubules from the Same Material

We have demonstrated the facile formation of reversible and fast self-rolling biopolymer microstructures from sandwiched active-passive, silk-on-silk materials. Both experimental and modeling results confirmed that the shape of individual sheets effectively controls biaxial stresses within these sheets, which can self-roll into distinct 3D structures including microscopic rings, tubules, and helical tubules. This is a unique example of tailoring self-rolled 3D geometries through shape design without changing the inner morphology of active bimorph biomaterials. In contrast to traditional organic-soluble synthetic materials, we utilized a biocompatible and biodegradable biopolymer that underwent a facile aqueous layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process for the fabrication of 2D films. The resulting films can undergo reversible pH-triggered rolling/unrolling, with a variety of 3D structures forming from biopolymer structures that have identical morphology and composition.
Home-Based Reinforcement: Behavioral Covariation between Academic Performance and Inappropriate Behavior.

Abstract This article describes the effects of a home-based reinforcement program on the academic performance and inappropriate behaviors of 3 fourth-grade boys. Home contingencies were placed on only academic performance. The home-based system resulted in marked increases in academic performance and large decreases in disruptive behavior for all three subjects. Throughout baseline and treatment conditions, there was a strong negative correlation between academic performance and disruptive behavior. The intervention was evaluated using both visual inspection (multiple baseline across subjects) and interrupted time-series analysis.
Auditory evoked cortical magnetic field (M100—M200) measurements in tinnitus and normal groups

Abstract Recently, Hoke et al. (1989) and Pantev et al. (1989) demonstrated that the auditory evoked cortical magnetic field (AECMF) M 100 component was larger, and M 200 was smaller and occurred later in subjects with unilateral tinnitus compared with normal subjects. These group amplitude differences resulted in an M 200 M 100 amplitude ratio that was smaller for the subjects with tinnitus. The purposes of the present investigation were to: 1) extend the observations of Hoke et al. (1989), and, 2) determine whether contralateral AECMF differences existed following stimulation of the non-tinnitus and tinnitus ears of patients with tinnitus. Neuromagnetic AECMF recordings were recorded from 25 young normal hearing and 14 patients with unilateral tinnitus and hearing loss. The results failed to support the findings of Hoke et al. (1989). Specifically, there is no evidence suggesting that the M 100 amplitude is larger, the M 200 latency later, or, the M 200 M 100 amplitude ratios smaller, when the two samples are compared. Additionally, there were no differences in the amplitudes or latencies of Min 100 , or M 2oo when results from stimulation of the tinnitus and non-tinnitus ears of tinnitus subjects were compared.
Recent advances in B2 iron aluminide alloys : deformation, fracture and alloy design

Abstract This paper reviews the deformation, fracture and alloy design of B2 iron aluminides based on FeAl. Moisture-induced environmental embrittlement is shown to be a leading cause of low tensile ductility and brittle cleavage fracture of Ferich FeAl alloys at ambient temperatures. With increasing Al concentration, two other factors, namely intrinsic grain-boundary weakness and quenched-in vacancies become important in limiting the tensile ductility of FeAl alloys. FeAl alloys show a yield-strength anomaly at intermediate temperatures. Recent work indicates that the anomaly is a result of hardening by thermal vacancies at elevated temperatures. The understanding of the deformation and fracture behavior has led to the development of FeAl-base alloys and composites with improved metallurgical and mechanical properties for structural applications. These FeAl-based alloys can be prepared by melting and casting or by powder processing. The unique combination of the excellent oxidation and carburization/sulfidation resistance coupled with relatively low material density and good mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures has sparked industrial interest in FeAl alloys and composites for a number of applications.
Does Caregiving Increase Poverty among Women in Later Life? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey∗

Given the rapid aging of the U.S. population and reductions in federal funding, elder care has become a major issue for many families. This paper focuses on a long-term consequence of elder care by asking how caring for elderly parents affects women's subsequent risks of living in poverty. Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine whether and how caregiving for parents in 1991 increases women's risks of living in households with incomes less than the poverty threshold, receiving public assistance, and receiving Medicaid in 1999. Our findings illustrate that caregiving in earlier life raises women's poverty risks in later life by intensifying the negative effects of stopping work and declining health on women's economic well-being.
A COMPARISON OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY

Abstract Precipitation samples at an urban Chicago site and a nearby suburban site were compared in order to examine the influence of emissions within a large urban area on local precipitation chemistry. Precipitation samples were collected from June 1981 to May 1982, initially for events and subsequently weekly, and precipitation-weighted concentrations (PWCs) of the major chemical constituents were calculated from concurrent urban-suburban pairs of samples, stratified according to the estimated mixed-layer wind quadrant. Overall, PWCs at the urban site were higher than those at the suburban site for Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, NO3− and Cl−; approximately equal for Na+ and SO42−; and lower for H+. For precipitation in southwesterly flow, in which the suburban site was upwind of the urban site and most urban emissions, PWCs of all species except Na+ were higher at the urban site. For the few precipitation cases in northeasterly flow, however, differences between sites did not have a pattern consistent with a reversal in the upwind-downwind relationship.
Pesticide Residue Analysis. Gas Chromatographic Analysis of 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitroaniline

SUMMARY Two procedures for the analysis of dicloran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) by gas chromatography are described. Determination of residues in fruit with a microcoulometer detector with a sensitivity of 0.01 ppm is outlined, and determination of dicloran with a thermal-conductivity detector with a sensitivity of 0.5 ppm is discussed. Gas chromatography with a thermal-conductivity detector is also applicable to the analysis of formnlations of dicloran for quality control or regulatory purposes.
The effects of rock uplift and rock resistance on river morphology in a subduction zone forearc, Oregon, USA

Relationships between riverbed morphology, concavity, rock type and rock uplift rate are examined to independently unravel the contribution of along-strike variations in lithology and rates of vertical deformation to the topographic relief of the Oregon coastal mountains. Lithologic control on river profile form is reflected by convexities and knickpoints in a number of longitudinal profiles and by general trends of concavity as a function of lithology. Volcanic and sedimentary rocks are the principal rock types underlying the northern Oregon Coast Ranges (between 46°30′ and 45°N) where mixed bedrock–alluvial channels dominate. Average concavity, θ, is 0·57 in this region. In the alluviated central Oregon Coast Ranges (between 45° and 44°N) values of concavity are, on average, the highest (θ = 0·82). South of 44°N, however, bedrock channels are common and θ = 0·73. Mixed bedrock–alluvial channels characterize rivers in the Klamath Mountains (from 43°N south; θ = 0·64). Rock uplift rates of ≥0·5 mm a−1, mixed bedrock–alluvial channels, and concavities of 0·53–0·70 occur within the northernmost Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains. For rivers flowing over volcanic rocks θ = 0·53, and θ = 0·72 for reaches crossing sedimentary rocks. Whereas channel type and concavity generally co-vary with lithology along much of the range, rivers between 44·5° and 43°N do not follow these trends. Concavities are generally greater than 0·70, alluvial channels are common, and river profiles lack knickpoints between 44·5° and 44°N, despite the fact that lithology is arguably invariant. Moreover, rock uplift rates in this region vary from low, ≤0·5 mm a−1, to subsidence (<0 mm a−1). These observations are consistent with models of transient river response to a decrease in uplift rate. Conversely, the rivers between 44° and 43°N have similar concavities and flow on the same mapped bedrock unit as the central region, but have bedrock channels and irregular longitudinal profiles, suggesting the river profiles reflect a transient response to an increase in uplift rate. If changes in rock uplift rate explain the differences in river profile form and morphology, it is unlikely that rock uplift and erosion are in steady state in the Oregon coastal mountains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Metastasis: Clinical Management and Surgical Considerations

Although spinal column metastases can be found in up to 85% of patients with cancer at autopsy, the spinal cord itself is an extremely rare location for systemic spread of malignancy. Although historically considered untreatable lesions with rapid decline and death after diagnosis, current techniques and therapies have demonstrated good functional outcome and extended survival after aggressive treatment of intramedullary spinal cord metastasis (ISCM). Because of its overall rarity, most of the current knowledge on ISCM derives from autopsy series and small case series. Nevertheless, as diagnostic capabilities and treatment options for cancer improve, more patients with ISCM are likely to present earlier, live longer, and increase in number.
Effective-scattering-length model of ultracold atomic collisions and Feshbach resonances in tight harmonic traps

We consider the problem of cold atomic collisions in tight traps, where the absolute scattering length may be larger than the trap size. As long as the size of the trap ground state is larger than a characteristic length of the van der Waals potential, the energy eigenvalues can be computed self-consistently from the scattering phase shift for untrapped atoms. By comparing with the exact numerical eigenvalues of the trapping plus interatomic potentials, we verify that our model gives accurate eigenvalues up to milliKelvin energies for single-channel s-wave scattering of ${}^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ atoms in an isotropic harmonic trap, even when outside the Wigner threshold regime. Our model works also for multichannel scattering, where the scattering length can be made large due to a magnetically tunable Feshbach resonance.
Evidence from two planorbid snails of a complex and dedicated response to digenean (echinostome) infection

The planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata responded to exposure to either the compatible digenetic trematode Echinostoma paraensei or the incompatible species Echinostoma trivolvis by producing increased amounts of several distinctive plasma polypeptides. These polypeptides characteristically precipitated from plasma when mixed with secreted-excreted products (SEP) of sporocysts or rediae from either digenean species. In contrast, control snails, or snails that had been wounded or infected with bacteria (Serratia marcesens or Staphylococcus epidermidis) showed no obvious plasma alterations and no precipitates formed when their plasma was mixed with SEP. Another planorbid species, Helisoma trivolvis, which displays reverse compatibility for the echinostome species used, also responded to exposure to both echinostomes by increased production of plasma polypeptides that precipitated in the presence of SEP. With some individual variation, these 2 snail species synthesized SEP-reactive plasma polypeptides forming diffuse bands centred at 53, 65, 80-120 and 200 kDa (the latter absent in Helisoma trivolvis). The 53 kDa polypeptides had not been observed before, whereas the others have been noted from B. glabrata. The diffuse 65 kDa band was strongly bound by anti-fibrinogen antibodies, supportive of earlier studies indicating it contains fibrinogen-related domains. The other specified polypeptides were also bound by these antibodies raising the possibility that they too contain fibrinogen domains. The results are suggestive of a general ability of these 2 planorbid snails to detect the presence of echinostomes even if the latter are subsequently incapable of development. The complex response they then mount, one not evoked by other challenges such as wounding or bacterial infection, may represent a dedicated response to a frequently encountered group of pathogenic parasites, the digeneans (echinostomes).
“Mommy, How Do You Write ‘Sarah’?”: The Role of Name Writing in One Child's Literacy

Abstract This study, set in the context of a longitudinal interpretative case study of the literacy learning of one child, Sarah, from age 2–5, documents the role and significance Sarah's name had in deepening her understandings of written language. Data, collected primarily through participant observations, interviews/informal conversations, and writing samples, were gathered in everyday literacy events. Sarah's name, the first writing she memorized and didn't invent, presented her with key issues she needed to confront in refining her literacy, such as the functions and forms of written language, upper- and lower-case letters, directionality, and the relationship between the orthographic and phonological systems of our language. This study highlights the critical importance of an authentic, purposeful, literacy-rich, supportive environment for children, providing them with time to invent, predict and guess how written language works, and compare their inventions with conventional spellings, particularly...
Parametrized data types do not need highly constrained parameters

Data types may be considered as objects in any suitable category, and need not necessarily be ordered structures or many-sorted algebras. Arrays may be specified having as parameter any object from a category %plane1D;4A6; with finite products and coproducts, if products distribute over coproducts. The Lehmann-Smith least fixpoint approach to recursively-defined data types is extended by introducing the dual notion of greatest fixpoint, which allows the definition of infinite lists and trees without recourse to domains bearing a partial order structure. Finally, the least fixpoint approach is shown allowing the definition of queues directly in terms of stacks, rather than through a separate equational specification.
Post‐Marxist Project: An Assessment and Critique of Ernesto Laclau

The writings of Ernesto Laclau are an important contribution to various efforts over the last decade and a half to move beyond or resolve a theoretical impasse in Marxist thought and analysis. In Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, co-authored with Chantelle Mouffe and published in 1985, Laclau seeks to establish a post-Marxist form of analysis that takes a theoretical position “within Marxism.” It is argued that post-Marxism as formulated by Laclau is an abandonment, not a renewal, of Marxist thought and that as such it is part of a long tradition of idealist anti-Marxist criticism that should be rejected for its theoretical flaws and misplaced criticism.
Bilateral intrapleural regional analgesia for postoperative pain control: A dose-finding study

Postoperative pain management for major abdominal or thoracoabdominal procedures requires bilateral multisegmental intercostal nerve blocks or epidural analgesia. This study was undertaken to examine the possible role of bilateral intrapleural regional analgesia (BIRA) and to select the proper dose for this new technique. Bilateral intrapleural catheters were inserted after surgery, using a Mancao dual-cannula system. Bupivacaine with epinephrine 1/200,000 (BE) was administered in each side as 20 mL of 0.5% in three patients. When this dose was found to be ineffective, 30 mL of 0.75% BE was administered in five patients; however, two patients complained of tinnitus and visual disturbances. Subsequently, 20 mL of 0.75% BE was used in five patients and was found to be satisfactory. Thirteen additional patients received the latter dose. Arterial blood levels of bupivacaine were determined at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. The group of 18 patients (group I) who received 20 mL of 0.75% BE bilaterally were compared with a second group (group II) of 16 patients undergoing similar surgery who received only parenteral narcotics for pain management. BIRA was considered effective when patients denied pain or discomfort and when narcotics were not required in the postanesthesia recovery unit. Patients in groups I and II received narcotic medication whenever they felt pain or discomfort. The duration of BIRA was considered to be from the injection of the drug until the time a narcotic was administered to the patient. Demographic variables, changes in BP and heart rate after surgery, frequency of narcotic administration during the first four postoperative days, and postoperative hospital stay were compared in groups I and II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Closed form solution to simultaneous buffer insertion/sizing and wire sizing

In this paper, we consider the delay minimization problem of an interconnect wire by simultaneously considering buffer insertion, buffer sizing and wire sizing. We consider three cases, namely using no buffer (i.e., wire sizing alone), using a given number of buffers, and using the optimal number of buffers. We provide elegant closed form optimal solutions for all three problems. These closed form solutions are useful in early stages of the VLSI design flow such as logic synthesis and floorplanning.
Reliability and validity of the Primary/Secondary Alcoholism Classification Questionnaire and the Hk/MBD Childhood Symptoms Checklist

Primary vs. Secondary Alcoholism and claimed childhood symptoms of hyperkinesis/minimal brain dysfunction (Hk/MBD) have been shown to predict cognitive differences in alcoholics. The reliability and validity of the methods used to measure these variables were investigated in three separate studies. High test-retest reliability of the Primary/Secondary Classification Questionnaire and the Hk/MBD Childhood Symptoms Checklist was found in the first study (N = 45). In the second, the validity of the Hk/MBD Checklist was investigated by comparing childhood symptoms claimed by the alcoholics with those ascribed by relatives to them (N = 53). A significant positive correlation was found. Finally, a satisfactory percent agreement between the Primary/Secondary Classification Questionnaire and a clinical interview to elicit the same information was obtained in two samples (N = 38). These self-administered instruments, the Primary/Secondary Classification Questionnaire and the Hk/MBD Childhood Symptoms Checklist, should prove useful in future research on diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism.
Two-color holography in reduced near-stoichiometric lithium niobate.

We explored a number of factors affecting the properties relevant to holographic optical data storage by using a two-color recording scheme in reduced, near-stoichiometric lithium niobate. Two-color, or photon-gated, recording is achieved by use of 852-nm information-carrying beams and 488-nm gating light. Readout at 852 nm is nondestructive, with a gating ratio of ∼104. Recording sensitivity, gating ratio, dynamic range, and dark decay were measured for crystals of differing stoichiometry, degree of reduction, wavelength of the gating light, temperature, and optical power density. The two-color sensitivity per incident photon is still somewhat less than that of the one-color process at 488 nm for ∼1 W/cm2 of gating light but is essentially the same in terms of absorbed photons. Two-color recording is an attractive way of achieving nondestructive readout in a read–write material, and it allows selective optical erasure.
On-line social interactions and executive functions

A successful social interaction requires fast, on-line, and active construction of an ever-changing mental-model of another’s person beliefs, expectations, emotions, and desires. It also requires the ability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors, problem-solve, take-turns, and pursue goals in a distraction-rich environment. All these tasks rely on executive functions (EF)—working memory, attention/cognitive control, and inhibition. Executive functioning has long been viewed as relatively static. However, starting with recent reports of successful cognitive interventions, this view is changing and now EFs are seen as much more open to both short and long term “training,” “warm-up,” and “exhaustion” effects. Some of the most intriguing evidence comes from research showing how social interaction enhances performance on standard EF tests. Interestingly, the latest research indicates these EF benefits are selectively conferred by certain on-line, dynamic social interactions, which require participants to engage with another person and actively construct the model of their mind. We review this literature and highlight its connection with evolutionary and cultural theories emphasizing links between intelligence and social life.
Molecular medicine in ophthalmic care.

Abstract Background Lipofuscin is the most consistent and phylogenically constant morphologic marker of cellular aging. Autofluorescence of the A2E fluorophore within retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) lipofuscin affords the opportunity for noninvasive evaluation of age- and disease-related pathophysiological changes in the human retina. It is being used in National Eye Institute/Age-Related Eye Disease Study II to evaluate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) geographic atrophy expansion. Experiments show lipofuscin can be reversed in cell culture and animal models in heart, brain, spinal cord, and retinal tissues, using an array of antioxidants and iron chelators. Methods An 80-year-old man with a gastric resection presented with complaints of unremitting night driving difficulty despite treatment with lutein and omega III fatty acids. Notable parafoveal deposition of retinal lipofuscin by 50° fundus auto-fluorescence (580 nm excitation/660 barrier filters) and concurrent abnormalities in non-Snellen measures of visual function–Contrast Sensitivity Function, 6.5° large field tritan threshold, 10° threshold visual fields, and deficits in the National Institutes of Health/National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ) 25 subjective night driving/mental health subscale questionnaire were obtained. The patient was placed on an over-the-counter daily oral polyphenolic mixture containing resveratrol and re-evaluated 5 months later. Results The data reveal improvements in all measures of visual function, subjective improvement in vision and mental functioning on the VFQ 25, and visible clearing of RPE lipofuscin. Conclusion To our knowledge, we believe this to be the first reported human clinical case of lipofuscin reversal in the human eye correlated with measured clinical and subjective improvement in visual and mental function after nutraceutical intervention.
A new type of cytotoxic Annonaceous acetogenin: giganin from goniothalamus giganteus.

A new cytotoxic Annonaceous acetogenin, giganin (1), was isolated from the bark of Goniothalamus giganteus (Annonaceae). This compound represents a new type of Annonaceous acetogenin lacking tetrahydrofuran or epoxide rings along the aliphatic chain, and its structure was elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR, MS, COSY, and single-relayed COSY.
Introduction to the software track

It is my pleasure to chair the Software Track of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. My own involvement with the conference goes back almost 15 years and has included giving a tutorial, an invited plenary lecture, organizing a minitrack and serving on the Advisory Committee. The Hawaii conference provides a unique forum, bringing together a diverse group of participants from academia and industry. It is the only major conference where people whose interests are in Software aspects of Computer Science can interact, for example, with those interested in Collaboration Systems, Decision Management, or E-Commerce. The beauty of the islands and their relaxed atmosphere has fostered a cordial interaction which has proved ideal in incubating new areas of research. This year’s program in Software Technology is no exception in reflecting this thrust of the conference. The Software sessions cover topics such as adaptive software, grid computing, mobile and wireless systems, and security. The program includes an open forum with leading researchers discussing trends in distributed computing. In addition, the keynote lecture by Ian Foster – a pioneer in Grid Computing – will be of interest to many. Submitting to HICSS is a two step. First, minitrack chairs receive abstracts and give feedback on suitability and then full papers are refereed. This cuts down on out of scope submissions. This year there were a total of about 150 submissions of full papers and approximately half of these were accepted. Some minitracks in emerging areas had higher acceptance rates while a few had acceptance rates well below 30%. These acceptance rates are in line with the goal of the conference to be open to broader participation and emphasize newer rather than established areas of research. The conference program represents the hardwork of a large number of volunteers. In particular, I
Abstract 567: Withaferin A-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is associated with suppression of inhibitor of apoptosis family protein expression

Withaferin A (WA) is a promising cancer chemopreventive constituent of a traditional Indian medicine (Ayurvedic medicine) plant, Withania somnifera. This plant has been safely used for centuries in India for the treatment of different ailments. We have shown previously that WA treatment suppresses the growth of cultured (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) as well as xenografted (MDA-MB-231) human breast cancer cells by causing apoptosis but the mechanism of cell death is not fully understood. The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family proteins, including X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis (XIAP), Survivin, cIAP1, and cIAP2, have emerged as critical regulators of apoptosis by functioning as inhibitors of caspases. The IAP family proteins are also implicated in adaptive response to cellular stress and immune responses. The present study was designed to determine the role of IAP family proteins in execution of WA-induced apoptosis. Exposure of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells to WA resulted in downregulation of XIAP, Survivin, cIAP1, and cIAP2 proteins as judged by western blotting and immunocytochemical analysis. The WA-mediated downregulation of cIAP2 and Survivin proteins was attributable to their transcriptional repression. On the other hand, WA treatment promoted proteasomal degradation of XIAP and cIAP1 proteins. Overexpression of XIAP, Survivin, and cIAP2 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells conferred significant resistance towards WA-induced apoptosis. Moreover, WA-mediated inhibition of MDA-MB-231 xenograft growth in vivo was accompanied by statistically significant decrease in Survivin protein expression in the tumor. The WA treatment caused activation of intrinsic and extrinsic caspase pathways. Furthermore, the WA-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated in the presence of caspase inhibitors. In conclusion, the present study indicates that WA-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is mediated by downregulation of IAP family proteins. This investigation was supported by the US PHS grant CA142604 awarded by the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 567. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-567