cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progression or regression of Barrett's esophagus—is it all in the eye of the beholder?

Abstract Objectives Accurate measurements of Barrett's esophagus length are important in clinical follow-up as well as in studies of therapeutic intervention in Barrett's esophagus. Our aim was to evaluate both the inter- and intraobserver reliability in measuring Barrett's length during two consecutive endoscopies by either the same or different experienced endoscopists. The relationship between Barrett's mucosa length and the absolute change in Barrett's length measurements on a follow-up endoscopy was also evaluated. Methods A total of 96 Barrett's patients underwent two consecutive endoscopies. The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus was confirmed by the presence of intestinal metaplasia on biopsy. The Barrett's esophagus length was carefully measured and recorded during the two endoscopies. Procedures were performed by only two experienced endoscopists, who were not aware of previous endoscopic measurements. Only patients with long-segment (≥3 cm) Barrett's esophagus were included in this study. Results The 55 patients who had their consecutive endoscopies performed by the same endoscopist had a mean 1.6-cm difference between the two measurements as compared to 1.4 cm in the 41 patients who had their endoscopies performed by different endoscopists ( p = 0.3). The agreement between the two Barrett's length measurements was high in both groups, although it was slightly higher for endoscopies performed by the same endoscopist ( r = 0.79 vs r = 0.67). Linear regression analysis of the absolute change in Barrett's length between the two endoscopic measurements and Barrett's mucosa length demonstrated a significant relationship ( r = 0.28, p = 0.005). For every 1-cm increase in the mean length of Barrett's mucosa, a 0.15-cm increase in the absolute difference between two consecutive endoscopic measurements of Barrett's length was observed. Conclusions Consecutive measurements of Barrett's length performed by different experienced endoscopists or by the same experienced endoscopist demonstrated a high degree of agreement. A range of variability in Barrett's length measurement was determined (±1.4–1.6 cm). True regression or progression of Barrett's mucosa should be considered only if the change is greater than the range of variability. In addition, endoscopists should be well aware that the longer the Barrett's mucosa the greater the absolute difference in Barrett's length measurement on follow-up endoscopy.
Immunological characterization of the major outer membrane protein of Haemophilus somnus.

Abstract Antigens and molecular mass diversity of the Haemophilus somnus major outer membrane protein (MOMP) were investigated. The molecular mass of the MOMP of 53 strains of H. somnus varied from 43 to 33 kDa and four MOMP MAb reactivity patterns were detected in immunoblot analysis and immunodot assay. The molecular mass and MAb reactivity data were used for preliminary grouping of H. somnus strains. Disease strains fell into groups 1 and 3, including two of three Group 3 subgroups, whereas strains from asymptomatic carriers were found in all the four groups and three subgroups. Immunoblot analysis with convalescent phase serum showed strain specific reactivity with MOMPs from three isolates used to reproduce disease in cattle. The reaction with the MOMP was only detectable at dilutions of 1 : 100 or less, whereas the same convalescent sera showed strong reactivity at dilutions of 1 : 1000 (or more) with other H. somnus antigens. The data suggest that the bovine immune response to the MOMP during infection is weak and is directed to antigenically variable determinants in a strain-specific manner. This may be important in evaluating the role of the antibody response to MOMPs in protective immunity.
Effect of food preparation on feeding behavior of lion-tailed macaques

Ten group-living lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus), accustomed to receiving fruits and vegetable items of the diet in chopped form, were given these same foods in whole form to compare reactions to the non-nutritional properties of food. Contrary to common belief, the access of individuals to the different food items was not equalized through chopping into bite-sized morsels. Mean dietary diversity actually increased with presentation of whole foods, as did time spent feeding and total amount of food consumed. The widespread practice of chopping of food for captive primates has little to commend it in light of these findings.
HUMAN OR NATURAL DISTURBANCE: LANDSCAPE‐SCALE DYNAMICS OF THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF PUERTO RICO

Increasingly, ecologists are recognizing that human disturbance has played an important role in tropical forest history and that many assumptions concerning the relative importance of natural processes warrant re-examination. To assess the historical role of broad-scale human vs. natural disturbance on an intensively studied tropical forest we undertook a landscape-level analysis of forest dynamics in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF; 10871 ha) in eastern Puerto Rico. Using aerial photographs (1936 and 1989), GIS, a model of topographic exposure to hurricane winds, and historical data, we sought to: (1) document historical changes in extent, cover, and type of forest vegetation; (2) evaluate the distribution of land use and hurricane impacts; (3) assess the contributions of these processes in controlling current vegetation patterns; and (4) relate these results to ongoing ecological, conservation, and natural resource discussions. With >1000 m of relief in the LEF, the broad vegetation zones of Tabon...
Conditional stability of front solutions

The paper addresses the question of asymptotic stability for front solutions corresponding to certain models of phase transition, invasions in population genetics, or nonlinear dynamics of perturbations of partial differential equations. The structure of front solutions for these equations is discussed, with emphasis on the relationship between the monotone front with minimum velocity and known front speed results. For a class of scalar reaction-diffusion equations, a Lyapunov functional in a travelling frame of reference is derived. Solutions which are minimal for the Lyapunov functional in certain directions of function space are stable for perturbations in those directions. The well-known minimal monotonic front solution turns out to be a minimum for the Lyapunov functional. A description of the class of perturbations to which this front is stable is derived.
Immunological relationships of some mammalian prothrombins.

Abstract 1. 1. A quantitative comparison of the neutralization of prothrombin activities by anti-bovine prothrombin was carried out with seven mammalian species. 2. 2. Although differences in the degree of neutralization was apparent among the species examined, and regularly correspond to their classification, the similarity of the results within the group suggests stringent structural limitations for prothrombin activity.
Noise performance of the D0 layer 0 silicon detector

A new inner detector called Layer 0 has been added to the existing silicon detector for the DZero colliding beams experiment. This detector has an all carbon fiber support structure that employs thin copper clad Kapton sheets embedded in the surface of the carbon fiber structure to improve the grounding of the structure and a readout system that fully isolates the local detector ground from the rest of the detector. Initial measurements show efficiencies greater than 90% and 0.3 ADC count common mode contribution to the signal noise.
HPLC analysis of phospholipids in crude oil for evaluation of soybean deterioration

Damage to soybeans due to pre-harvest stress, storage, and export shipment has been related to an increase in the nonhydratable phospholipid content of crude oil. Phospholipids in crude soybean oil extracted from such distressed soybeans have been analyzed by gradient high-performance liquid chromatography. Crude oil was fractionated by solid phase extraction using sequential elution for recovery of phosphatides. High-performance liquid chromatography of the concentrated phospholipids was accomplished on a Lichrosorb Si-60 10 μ column, 250×4.6 mm with ultraviolet detection at 206 nm. A 20-min solvent gradient of 2-propanol/hexane/water (42∶56∶2, 51∶38∶11) gave retention profiles of phospholipid distribution (major subclasses) that changed with impact of stress applied to plant or seed. Soybeans stored at high moisture levels (16% and 20% moisture) for up to 28 days yielded oils having phosphorus contents which decreased in direct relationship to days of storage. Retention profiles were unusable for fractions isolated from oils with phosphorus content below 100 ppm. Data show that during progressive damage, the content of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol decreased while the phosphatidic acid content increased.
Electro-Optical Implementations Of Programmable Quadratic Neural Networks

A quadratic neural network in which neural activity at each neuron is determined not only by every other neuron, but also by every other neuron-pair, is implemented optically. This quadratic network can be programmed through the interconnection weights and is also capable of realizing higher order nonlinear networks.
Adaptive Observer for Joint Estimation of Oxygen Fractions and Blend Level in Biodiesel Fueled Engines

In this paper, a dynamic oxygen fraction model for a biodiesel-compatible engine with a dual-loop exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system is developed. When oxygenated fuel is applied in an engine, the intake manifold oxygen fraction, which is an important factor for both combustion and emissions, can be chosen as a new reference for evaluating the equivalent EGR level instead of EGR ratio. Based on this model, an adaptive observer is designed, and it is able to simultaneously estimate the oxygen fraction states and unknown fuel blend level. The adaptive observer introduced here is advantageous for its simple convergence condition and its efficient implementation. The analysis of the observer's convergence and robustness is detailed. The performance of the observer is validated by the simulation and experimental results. The difference of intake oxygen fractions between pure diesel (B0) and pure soybean biodiesel (B100) are studied. The adaptive observer is expected to be valuable for adaptive control of the combustion and emissions of biodiesel-compatible engines.
Cheating the diffraction limit: electrodeposited nanowires patterned by photolithography

The diffraction limit, d≈λ/2, constrains the resolution with which structures may be produced using photolithography. Practical limits for d are in the 100 nm range. To circumvent this limit, photolithography can be used to fabricate a sacrificial electrode that is then used to initiate and propagate the growth by electrodeposition of a nanowire. We have described a version of this strategy in which the sacrificial electrode delimits one edge of the nascent nanowire, and a microfabricated “ceiling” constrains its height during growth. The width of the nanowire is determined by the electrochemical deposition parameters (deposition time, applied potential, and solution composition). Using this method, called lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE), nanowires with minimum dimensions of 11 nm (w) × 5 nm (h) have been obtained. The lengths of these nanowires can be wafer-scale. LPNE has been used to synthesize nanowires composed of bismuth, gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and lead telluride.
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Categorical Algebraization of Equational Logic

This paper deals with the algebraization of multi-signature equational logic in the context of the modern theory of categorical abstract algebraic logic. Two are the novelties compared to traditional treatments: First, interpretations between different algebraic types are handled in the object language rather than the metalanguage. Second, rather than constructing the type of the algebraizing class of algebras explicitly in an ad-hoc universal algebraic way, the whole clone is naturally constructed using categorical algebraic techniques.
Is subjective word familiarity a meter of ambient language? A natural experiment on effects of perceptual experience

The present study examined the sensitivity of a subjective familiarity measure to differences in word exposure within and between populations that differ dramatically in their perceptual experience. Descriptive measures of language ability and subjective familiarity ratings for 450 words were collected from a group of college-educated adults with normal hearing and a group of college-educated deaf adults. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of subjective familiarity ratings to both between- and within-group differences in word experience. Specifically, the deaf participants consistently rated words as less familiar than did hearing participants. Furthermore, item-level correlations within a participant group were higher than ones between groups. Within groups, mean familiarity ratings were correlated with descriptive measures of language ability. The results are discussed in relation to a simple sampling model of word experience and the language experience of the participant groups.
Elementary and Middle School Children's Comprehension of Euclidean Transformations.

A recurring question of interest to curriculum writers and mathematics educators is the following: "What geometry should be taught in the elementary and middle schools, at what age, and in what context?" Substantive recommendations for the inclusion of transformational geometry in the elementary and middle school curriculum have been made and are being implemented. However, there is a scarcity of research data on which to base these innovations. More specifically, little empirical evidence exists concerning the spatial capability of children with respect to Euclidean transformations. Hence, the present study was devised to investigate 9, 11, and 13 year-old children's comprehension of Euclidean transformations; that is, to investigate their ability to form a mental image of a planar figure, to perform a mental operation (a Euclidean transformation) on this representation, and then to construct the resultant in correct position. In formulating the study, primary consideration was given to the structure of geometry and to a comparison of this structure with what is known about the cognitive structure of the elementary and middle school child. Klein's principle, with its emphasis on transformations, invariants under transformations, and groups of transformations concisely revealed the structure of geometry. The developmental theory of Jean Piaget was used to examine the child's cognitive development.
Biochemical characteristics of potato clones differing in blackspot susceptibility

The relationships between enzymatic discoloration and selected biochemical characteristics of tubers from nine clones were determined in an attempt to explain varietal differences in blackspot susceptibility. These nine clones represent a wide range of blackspot susceptibility as determined by two discoloration indices after abrasive peeling. Enzymatic discoloration for combined data from the 1983 and 1984 growing seasons was highly correlated with total phenol (r=0.89) and tyrosine (r=0.85) concentrations. Conversely, discoloration was negatively correlated with soluble protein in 1983 (r=-0.78) and 1984 (r=-0.77). Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities, apparent Michaelis constants and maximum velocity values, from crude and partially purified enzyme preparations, were not significantly correlated with enzymatic discoloration. Varietal susceptibility to enzymatic discoloration appears to be related to concentrations of endogenous phenolic substrates of PPO, rather than to differences in the quantity or properties of the PPO enzyme.
A global parser for context-free phrase structure grammars

An algorithm for analyzing any context-free phrase structure grammar and for generating a program which can then parse any sentence in the language (or indicate that the given sentence is invalid) is described. The parser is of the “top-to-bottom” type and is recursive. A number of heuristic procedures whose purpose is to shorten the basic algorithm by quickly ascertaining that certain substrings of the input sentence cannot correspond to the target nonterminal symbols are included. Both the generating algorithm and the parser have been implemented in RCA SNOBOL and have been tested successfully on a number of artificial grammars and on a subset of ALGOL. A number of the routines for extracting data about a grammar, such as minimum lengths of N-derivable strings and possible prefixes, are given and may be of interest apart from their application in this particular context.
MOVPE growth and characteristics of CdTe on InSb substrates

Abstract Cadmium telluride has been grown on InSb substrates by the pyrolysis of dimethylcadmium and diethyltellurium, at growth temperatures from 350–420°C. Conditions are outlined for achieving layers with featureless morphology. As-grown layers were n-type, with carrier concentrations from 2×1015 to 1.5×1017 cm−3. Reasons for this doping behavior have been presented. Photoluminescence spectra, taken at 12 K, are presented for these layers. The FWHM (full width at half maximum) for layers grown at 350°C is 5.8 meV, and is the lowest reported value for epitaxial CdTe grown by MOVPE, thus indicating its excellent crystall quality. A contaminant, problably lithium or sodium, is in evidence in layers grown at 420°C.
Structural and morphological changes accompanying the reaction of ammonia with Ag()–p(2×1)-O: an STM study

Abstract We have investigated the reaction of ammonia with the oxygen-covered Ag( 1 1 0 )–p(2 × 1)-O surface using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The Ag( 1 1 0 )–p(2×1)-O surface has a well established structure, with added –Ag–O– rows running in the [0 0 1] directions separated by two lattice units in the [1 1 0] directions. The reaction of ammonia with the preadsorbed oxygen forms NH(a) structures at 300 K and frees Ag atoms, leading to the recrystallization of large islands spread over the surface. The nucleation process involved in island formation is affected by ammonia pressure. A local reaction front was observed in real time to progress across the surface, forming new, small islands of adsorbate-covered silver in its wake. Heating the surface to 450 K produces mixed N(a) and compressed O(a) structures with higher coverage. Structural models are proposed based on the STM images.
Thunderstorms and upper troposphere chemistry during the early stages of the 2006 North American Monsoon

Abstract. To study the meteorology and chemistry that is associated with the early stages of the North American Monsoon, the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) is applied for the first time at high resolution (4 km grid spacing, allowing for explicit representation of convection) over a large region (continental US and northern Mexico) for a multi-week (15 July to 7 August 2006) integration. Evaluation of model results shows that WRF-Chem reasonably represents the large-scale meteorology and strong convective storms, but tends to overestimate weak convection. In the upper troposphere, the WRF-Chem model predicts ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) to within 10–20% of aircraft and sonde measurements. Comparison of UT O3 and CO frequency distributions between WRF-Chem and satellite data indicates that WRF-Chem is lofting CO too frequently from the boundary layer (BL). This excessive lofting should also cause biases in the WRF-Chem ozone frequency distribution; however it agrees well with satellite data suggesting that either the chemical production of O3 in the model is overpredicted or there is too much stratosphere to troposphere transport in the model. Analysis of different geographic regions (West Coast, Rocky Mountains, Central Plains, Midwest, and Gulf Coast) reveals that much of the convective transport occurs in the Rocky Mountains, while much of the UT ozone chemical production occurs over the Gulf Coast and Midwest regions where both CO and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are abundant in the upper troposphere and promote the production of peroxy radicals. In all regions most of the ozone chemical production occurs within 24 h of the air being lofted from the boundary layer. In addition, analysis of the anticyclone and adjacent air indicates that ozone mixing ratios within the anticyclone region associated with the North American Monsoon and just outside the anticyclone are similar. Increases of O3 within the anticyclone are strongly coincident with entrainment of stratospheric air into the anticyclone, but also are from in situ O3 chemical production. In situ O3 production is up to 17% greater within the anticyclone than just outside the anticyclone when the anticyclone is over the southern US indicating that the enhancement of O3 is most pronounced over regions with abundant VOCs.
The effects of connotative similarity in children's learning of a paired-associate task

Abstract Sixty children were randomly assigned to learn one of ten paired-associate lists varied according to the number of word-pairs that were similar or opposite in connotative meaning. A mixed list (interference or unrelated) of word-pairs served as a control. All basic lists were arranged with adjectives as stimuli and nouns as responses. All but the two lists representing intermediate degrees of oppositeness were arranged in the reverse order. Differences favoring the noun-adjective versus the adjective-noun order of presentation were found for first-trial data only. The results indicated that children's learning of paired associates was directly related to the number of word-pairs in which the units shared common connotative meanings. Opposites in which the dimensional relation, but not the polarization, is shared are learned more readily than a mixed list but with slightly more difficulty than a list in which word-pairs are similar. It was concluded that dimensional relationships or connotative meanings shared by stimuli and responses of a paired unit facilitate acquisition of a list. The results were discussed in terms of mediational processes.
Myelodysplastic syndromes. A clinical and pathologic analysis of 109 cases

A total of 109 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) was analyzed to determine the clinical and pathologic features of the five recently defined French-American-British Cooperative Group (FAB) subtypes, and to assess the utility of this classification system in predicting survival, evolution to acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), and cause of death. All patients with MDS presented with anemia; additional cytopenias were present in patients with refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation to ANLL (RAEB/Tr). Thirty-two patients received some form of antileukemic therapy for MDS. ANLL developed in 16 of the 77 remaining untreated patients, including 18% (2/11), 0% (0/21), 22% (5/23), 33% (2/6), and 44% (7/16) of patients with refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), RAEB, CMML, and RAEB/Tr, respectively (P = 0.02). The FAB subtype was highly predictive of survival with median survivals ranging from 71 months for RARS to 5 months for RAEB/Tr (P = less than 0.0001). Patients with RAEB, CMML, and RAEB/Tr frequently died of direct consequences of MDS, while patients with RA and especially RARS generally survived or died from unrelated disorders (P = less than 0.0001). MDS encompass a spectrum of disorders. RA and RARS, are relatively indolent and often do not lead to the patient's demise. RAEB, CMML, and RAEB/Tr are aggressive disorders which are often responsible for the patient's death whether or not actual progression to overt leukemia occurs. FAB subtype predicts survival, evolution to ANLL, and cause of death, although the five morphologic subtypes appear to separate into only two disease groups, especially with regard to survival and cause of death.
Direct method for determining constant corrections to field values along individual geophysical survey lines for reducing mis‐ties

A simple direct method minimizes mis-tie (crossover) errors in geophysical surveys by applying a constant correction to each line of a survey. It is based on t,he more general, orthogonal polynomial method of Foster et al. (1970). The constant corrections are determined directly from the observed data, eliminating the need to iterate or to invert a matrix to determine the corrections as in other, previously published, constant-correction algorit,hms. The direct. method minimizes the mis-ties while providing the least distortion of the original survey; t,hai is, the mean squared mis-tie for the entire survey and the mean squared corrections are both minimized. The direct method, the Iterative-Mean Algorithm of Bandy et al. (1986), and a modified version of the matrix-inversion method of Prince and Forsyth (1984) are applied to test cases in which known errors are added to known ‘true’ field values along survey lines in an (x,y) plane. All three methods produce identical results. Furthermore, the mis-ties are complet.ely eliminated if their functional form contains terms which are functions of either x or y only, regardless of the functional form of the errors themselves. Even t,hough the mis-ties are completely eliminated in the above cases, the resulting corrected field is not necessarily a more accurate representation of the “true” field. (, = (,(r,y) = cmsfanf; qJ = 7)](“,1/) = consfanf (1)
Degradation of differentially oxidized α-crystallins in bovine lens epithelial cells

There is a growing consensus that altered proteins are more susceptible to degradation than native proteins. The enhancement of degradation of damaged proteins may be of significance since it prevents the accumulation of damaged proteins in cells. Several proteolytic pathways have been discovered in the lens. These include ATP-independent, ATP-dependent and ATP/ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathways. However, the extent of involvement of these proteolytic pathways in degradation of damaged proteins is not well described. alpha-Crystallin was oxidized by exposure to 0.03-3.2 mol.OH (mol protein)-1. Modifications to the oxidized alpha-crystallin and proteolytic susceptibility of the oxidized alpha-crystallin were studied. Exposure to > 0.32 mol.OH per mole of subunit produced aggregates and fragments of alpha-crystallin. Changes in isoelectric points of the proteins were observed after exposure to 0.64 mol.OH (mol protein)-1. The extent of loss of tryptophan and sulfhydryl groups was related to the level of .OH-exposure. Carbonyl content increased progressively with increasing oxidation. When incubated with a supernatant of bovine lens epithelial cells, the .OH-modified proteins were proteolytically degraded up to three times faster than untreated alpha-crystallin. ATP stimulated the degradation of native alpha-crystallin and alpha-crystallin which was exposed to 1.6 mol.OH (mol subunit protein)-1 (alpha 1.6). Sixty-seven per cent and 100% of the ATP-dependent degradation of native alpha-crystallin and alpha 1.6 was ubiquitin-dependent, respectively. The data indicate that alpha-crystallins oxidized by .OH are recognized and degraded rapidly by cytoplasmic proteolytic systems in bovine lens epithelial cells. Both ATP-independent and ATP/ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathways are involved in the degradation of native and oxidized alpha-crystallin.
Spreadsheet modeling for research and teaching programming without programming

A spreadsheet is a type of software for managing and processing information in a large row-by-colurnn matrix of cells. The cell entries can be numbers, text (either visi­ ble or hidden as supplementary notes), or formulas. Oper­ ations such as copying, merging files, and making charts from tabled data can be carried out by keyboard com­ mands or by a pointing device such as a mouse. Proce­ dures called macros can be defined that carry out a series of operations automatically. Some good spreadsheet pro­ grams are Microsoft's Excel, Borland's Quattro Pro, and Lotus's 1-2-3. I will use Excel examples and notation here. A number of articles on uses of spreadsheets have ap­ peared in this journal recently. Hewett (1988) discussed ways of using spreadsheets to enhance professional pro­ ductivity. For example, a schedule in the form of a Gantt chart can be constructed which allows the user to visual­ ize the various tasks and committments that should receive attention during specific time periods. Rogers (1989) de­ scribed spreadsheet demonstrations that were helpful in teaching statistical concepts such as correlation and anal­ ysis of variance. Hewett (1985) and Halff (1987) presented excellent discussions of spreadsheet models that simulate specific sensory and neural processes.
Spectral brightness and coherent power of radiation from high brightness 1–6 GeV storage rings☆

Abstract Radiation of high spectral brightness and high coherent power will be generated at VUV and X-ray wavelengths through the interaction of high brightness 1–6 GeV electron beams with periodic magnetic fields. Computed performance for a variety of proposed and existing facilities are presented, and compared with results and projections based on various laser and frequency mixing techniques.
GlutathioneS-Transferases of Female A/J Mouse Lung and Their Induction by Anticarcinogenic Organosulfides from Garlic☆

Abstract Glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) of female A/J mouse lung have been purified and characterized for their (a) structural interrelationships, (b) substrate specificities toward the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of benzo( a )pyrene (BP), (+)- anti -7β,8α-dihydroxy9α,10α-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo( a )pyrene [(+)- anti BPDE], and (c) induction by three naturally occurring organosulfides (OSCs) from garlic [diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and dipropyl sulfide (DPS)], which significantly differ in their efficacy against BP-induced lung cancer in mice. The GST activity in the lung was due to two α class (p I 9.4 and 6.0), two μ class (p I 8.7 and 8.6), and one π class (p I 8.9) isoenzyme. The GST isoenzyme profile of the lung was different from that of the A/J mouse forestomach, which also is a target organ for BP-induced cancer in mice. Noticeably, an α class heterodimeric isoenzyme (p I 9.5) present in the forestomach of A/J mouse, which is exceptionally efficient in the glutathione (GSH) conjugation of (+)- anti -BPDE [X. Hu, S. K. Srivastava, H. Xia, Y. C. Awasthi, and S. V. Singh (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32684–32688], could not be detected in the lung. The specific activities of the lung GSTs in the GSH conjugation of (+)- anti -BPDE were in the order of GST 8.9 > GST 8.7 > GST 9.4 > GST 6.0. While DPS treatment did not increase the levels of any pulmonary GST isoenzyme, the expression of π class GST 8.9 was significantly increased in response to both DAS and DATS administrations. Interestingly, DATS, an OSC which lacks activity against BP-induced lung cancer in mice, was a relatively more potent inducer of π class GST isoenzyme than DAS, which is a potent inhibitor of BP-induced lung tumorigenesis. The results of the present study suggest that a mechanism(s) other than GST induction is likely to be responsible for the differential effects of DAS and DATS on BP-induced lung cancer in mice. Our results also suggest that relatively lower efficacies of the OSCs against BP-induced lung cancer than against forestomach neoplasia may be attributed to (a) a lack of expression in the lung of an isoenzyme corresponding to forestomach GST 9.5 and (b) a comparatively lower level of induction of π type GST in the lung than in the forestomach by these OSCs.
Aerosol deposition in two-dimensional laminar stagnation flow

Abstract An analysis is presented for the deposition of aerosol particles in two-dimensional laminar stagnation flow. The mechanism for deposition is assumed to be a combination of inertial impaction, interception and gravity. Analytical expressions for particle trajectories were obtained by ignoring the boundary layer effect near the deposition plane. With the inclusion of the boundary layer effect, particle trajectory can only be determined numerically. In the limiting cases, the results are reduced to those reported by various previous investigators.
Experimental Studies Of Aging Mechanisms In Solar Heliostats

Experimental techniques have been employed to characterize aging mechanisms in second surface mirrors for solar applications. Initial studies were focused on weathering (changes in the front surface of the glass due to exposure to moisture and pollutants in the environ-ment) and on solarization (changes in the optical absorption in the bulk of the glass due to incident sunlight). A newly initiated program is concerned with adhesion and corrosion at the silver-glass interface. The intent of all three studies is to provide sufficient understanding of the aging mechanisms to contribute to (a) the design of accelerated testing procedures, and (b) the selection of optimized solar materials. Experimental results and proposed aging mechanisms will be presented.
Substitution of a chlorophyll into the inactive branch pheophytin-binding site impairs charge separation in photosystem II

All photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) have two parallel sets of electron transfer cofactors that cross the membrane. In quinone-type RCs (including photosystem II (PSII)), however, only one pathway (the active branch) is used for electron transfer. Since the electron transfer cofactors of each pathway have nearly identical distance and orientation relationships, it is assumed that local differences in protein environment determine the directionality of electron transfer. To understand further the factors that affect energy distribution among the PSII RC cofactors, we altered the PSII RC cofactor symmetry by replacing the inactive-branch pheophytin (Pheo) with a chlorophyll (Chl). We mutated the D1-L210 residue to a histidine (D1-L210H) to provide a Mg ligand for Chl. Analyses of the pigment composition of D1-L210H RCs indicated that the inactive-branch Pheo had been replaced by a Chl. Comparisons of wild-type and D1-L210 transient absorption spectra confirmed that the red-shifted Pheo Qx absorption ba...
The reaction of O(1D) with CCl2O, CFClO and CF2O

Abstract O( 1 D) atoms, prepared from the photolysis of O 3 at 253.7 nm and 25°C, were reacted with CCl 2 O, CFClO, or CF 2 O. In each case some chemical reaction occurred, since the quantum yield of O 3 removal, —φ{O 3 }, exceeded 4, the value expected if O( 1 D) were deactivated to O( 3 P) by the carbonyl halides. The values for —φ{O 3 } were 5.6 ± 0.2, 7.0 ± 0.5, and 5.4 ± 0.4, respectively. In the CCl 2 O system, CO was formed with a quantum yield ranging from 0.4 to 0.8; at least 80% of the O( 1 D) removal by CCl 2 O is by chemical reaction. In addition there was evidence for the formation of chlorine oxides. No products were found with CFClO or CF 2 O, but we were unable to analyze for CO 2 , which may be the major product. That chemical reaction actually occurs in the CF 2 O system was substantiated by experiments in the presence of O 2 . If no chemical reaction had occurred, —φ{O 3 } should have dropped to 0, but it only dropped to 1.1. The rate coefficients relative to the O( 1 D)-N 2 O reaction were obtained by adding N 2 O to the system, and these were found to be 1.57, 0.96, and 0.41 with about a 10% uncertainty for the reaction of O( 1 D) with CCl 2 O, CFClO and CF 2 O, respectively.
After War: The Political Economy of Exporting Democracy , by Christopher J. Coyne

This is a highly readable book that provides strong and rigorous arguments to prove a thesis that is intuitive to many but still denied by some—that the United States foreign policy of using military intervention, occupation, and reconstruction to establish liberal democracies across the world is more likely to fail than to succeed.
Formal analysis for practical gain sequence selection in recursive stochastic approximation algorithms

For many popular stochastic approximation algorithms, such as simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method and stochastic gradient method, the practical gain sequence selections are different from the optimal selection, which is theoretically derived from asymptotically performance. We provide formal justification for the reasons why we choose such gain sequence in practice.
Impact of Typical Rather than Nutrient-Dense Food Choices in the US Department of Agriculture Food Patterns

Abstract Background The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Patterns, released as part of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, are designed to meet nutrient needs without exceeding energy requirements. They identify amounts to consume from each food group and recommend that nutrient-dense forms—lean or low-fat, without added sugars or salt—be consumed. Americans fall short of most food group intake targets and do not consume foods in nutrient-dense forms. Intake of calories from solid fats and added sugars exceed maximum limits by large margins. Objective Our aim was to determine the potential effect on meeting USDA Food Pattern nutrient adequacy and moderation goals if Americans consumed the recommended quantities from each food group, but did not implement the advice to select nutrient-dense forms of food and instead made more typical food choices. Design Food-pattern modeling analysis using the USDA Food Patterns, which are structured to allow modifications in one or more aspects of the patterns, was used. Nutrient profiles for each food group were modified by replacing each nutrient-dense representative food with a similar but typical choice. Typical nutrient profiles were used to determine the energy and nutrient content of the food patterns. Results Moderation goals are not met when amounts of food in the USDA Food Patterns are followed and typical rather than nutrient-dense food choices are made. Energy, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium exceed limits in all patterns, often by substantial margins. With typical choices, calories were 15% to 30% (ie, 350 to 450 kcal) above the target calorie level for each pattern. Adequacy goals were not substantially affected by the use of typical food choices. Conclusions If consumers consume the recommended quantities from each food group and subgroup, but fail to choose foods in low-fat, no-added-sugars, and low-sodium forms, they will not meet the USDA Food Patterns moderation goals or the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
SPIRIT III radiometer saturation effect

The Space Dynamics Laboratory at Utah State University (SDL/USU) calibrated the spatial infrared imaging telescope (SPIRIT) radiometer as part of its contract with the Ballistic Missile Defense Orga- nization (BMDO). During the calibration effort, SDL/USU discovered and characterized a phenomenon that reduces the detector dark offset and responsivity after saturation, which results in increased calibration uncer- tainties directly following a saturation event. The magnitude and recov- ery duration for the dark offset and responsivity depend on several vari- ables, including saturation flux level, saturation integration mode, integration mode, focal plane temperature, and saturation duration. Detector-to-detector variations in the magnitude of the saturation effect were also observed for detectors within an array. This phenomenon and the methods used to characterize it are described. © 1997 Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)00411-X)
Technical solutions in preparing data for the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA)

The Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which began curating and serving data in 2004, was developed many years after the W. M. Keck Observatory (WMKO) came into operations. Since much of the data produced from instruments on the twin Keck telescopes were never designed with the archive in mind, the metadata contained in the original FITS headers were not adequate for proper archiving. Some examples of the challenges facing the process of making the data suitable for archiving include: assigning data to the correct owner and program, especially on nights split between two or more PIs; distinguishing science files from calibration files; and identifying the type of calibration. We present some software techniques that prepare and evaluate the data, adding content to the FITS headers and "retrofitting" the metadata in order to support archiving Keck legacy data. We also describe tools developed to ensure a smooth ingestion of data for current and future instruments. We present briefly our method for controlling and monitoring the data transfer between WMKO in Hawaii and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI) in California, where the data are physically hosted.
Cross the borders

The orthopaedic scientists of today, whether a clinician or a basic scientist, must cross both interdisciplinary and national borders to advance the field. Examples derived from the author's own experience of such border crossing are given, mainly as they relate to research in spinal disorders.
Retardation of murine viral leukemogenesis by prolonged antigenic stimulation.

Die Mortalitat an Leukamie bei BALB/c-Mausen wurde durch wochentliche i.p. Injektionen mit menschlichen Erythrozyten herabgesetzt, wenn sie wahrend 8 Monaten vor der Impfung mitRauscher-Leukamievirus vorbehandelt waren. 7 Monate nach der Virusinfektion zeigten 20% dieser Mause keine Zeichen von Leukamie. Kontrollversuche mit der gleichen Serie von Injektionen von Ochsenserumalbumin zeigten keinen Schutz.
Carnitine transport by rat kidney cortex slices: stimulation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP+.

Abstract The transport of carnitine by rat kidney cortex slices against a concentration gradient has been demonstrated. Similarities to other transport systems included a linear period of uptake, as well as indications of saturability of the system with increasing concentrations of substrate. The transport of carnitine was inhibited by anoxia, and carbonyl cyanide-m-chloro-phenylhydroxazone (CCC1P), an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Carnitine uptake was stimulated approximately 50% when kidney slices were treated with dibutyryl cAMP.
“Like” and “Check-in”: how hotels utilize Facebook as an effective marketing tool

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how effectively hotels are using Facebook as a marketing tool and how consumers are interacting with the property by measuring the number of fans, customer comments, and accuracy of information provided. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based upon a content analysis, inquiring into 100 hotels' Facebook pages. Findings – Findings demonstrate that the use of Facebook features by hotels varied widely. Some hotels utilize Facebook solely as a means for posting property information, whereas others focus on facilitating customer engagement. Research limitations/implications – Literature related to the effectiveness of social media as a marketing tool within the hospitality industry is severely limited, thus this research highlights the challenges some hotels are experiencing with maximizing the reach of their Facebook pages, suggests possible approaches for improvement and makes recommendations for structuring social networking strategies. Practical i...
Incorporating biochemical information and backbone flexibility in RosettaDock for CAPRI rounds 6-12.

In CAPRI rounds 6–12, RosettaDock successfully predicted 2 of 5 unbound– unbound targets to medium accuracy. Improvement over the previous method was achieved with computational mutagenesis to select decoys that match the energetics of experimentally determined hot spots. In the case of Target 21, Orc1/ Sir1, this resulted in a successful docking prediction where RosettaDock alone or with simple site constraints failed. Experimental information also helped limit the interacting region of TolB/Pal, producing a successful prediction of Target 26. In addition, we docked multiple loop conformations for Target 20, and we developed a novel flexible docking algorithm to simultaneously optimize backbone conformation and rigid-body orientation to generate a wide diversity of conformations for Target 24. Continued challenges included docking of homology targets that differ substantially from their template (sequence identity <50%) and accounting for large conformational changes upon binding. Despite a larger number of unbound–unbound and homology model binding targets, Rounds 6–12 reinforced that RosettaDock is a powerful algorithm for predicting bound complex structures, especially when combined with experimental data.
Myogenic nature of increase in intestinal vascular resistance with venous pressure elevation.

These studies attempted to distinguish between the various intrinsic mechanisms which might be responsible for the increase in vascular resistance seen in the intestine with venous pressure elevation (the venous-arteriolar response). Intra-arterial infusion of procaine did not block the response, indicating that a local reflex is not involved. However, the resistance increase was greatly modified during infusion of a smooth muscle relaxant (papaverine). Cyanide and ischemia were more effective than papaverine, resistance remaining unchanged as venous pressure was elevated. The tone of the intestinal wall was not increased with venous pressure elevation. In preparations perfused with an oil-kerosene mixture, resistance decreased as venous pressure was elevated, although intravascular and extravascular fluid accumulation was quantitatively the same as in the blood-perfused control. It is concluded that the venous-arteriolar response is not dependent upon neural mechanisms, nor is it due to purely physical factors. It is suggested that elevation of venous pressure causes sufficient increase of arteriolar pressure to induce a myogenic response of the resistance vessels.
Assessment of the left atrial appendage mechanical function by three-dimensional echocardiography.

Aims: We evaluated the feasibility of three-dimensional echocardiography, in the assessment of left atrial appendage (LAA) function. Methods and Results: Forty-five patients underwent multiplane transoesophageal echocardiography. In addition to Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography, data for three-dimensional echocardiography reconstruction were obtained during transoesophageal echocardiography. Left atrial appendage ejection fraction based on three-dimensional echocardiography volume measurements (EFv) and two-dimensional echocardiography area measurements (EFa), coupled with other echocardiographic data, were related to left atrial appendage late peak emptying velocity, a frequently used indicator of left atrial appendage function. Multiple regression analysis has revealed a significant association of peak emptying velocity with EFv ( P <0·0001), spontaneous echocardiographic contrast ( P =0·001), tricuspid regurgitation ( P =0·03) and left ventricular hypertrophy ( P =0·05). No significant relation was observed between peak emptying velocity and EFa, presence or absence of atrial fibrillation, left ventricular dysfunction, mitral stenosis and insufficiency, left atrial dilatation, pulmonary venous peak systolic, diastolic and peak reverse flow velocity at atrial contraction as well as left atrial appendage volumes derived from two-dimensional echocardiography and three-dimensional echocardiography. In a simple linear correlation, the degree of association between peak emptying velocity and EFv was higher as between peak emptying velocity and EFa (r=0·7 vs 0·4, both P <0·001). Observer variabilities for calculating EFv were considerably lower than for two-dimensional echocardiography derived EFa. Ejection fractions determined by two-dimensional echocardiography area measurements at 45°, 90° and 135° cutplane angulations were related to EFv only at 135°. Conclusions: Left atrial appendage ejection fraction calculation by three-dimensional echocardiography is feasible, more accurate than by two-dimensional echocardiography and has lower observer variability. Furthermore, an optimal cutplane angulation of the left atrial appendage view at 135° has been demonstrated. Copyright 2002 The European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .