cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking literacy teaching with assessment: a continuing professional development initiative for secondary schools

As part of a professional development initiative helping secondary school teachers use assessment data to guide their instruction, teachers in this study changed their knowledge, skills and dispositions. Over time, they were able to identify assessments, administer these assessments, interpret the results and plan instruction. As a result, the students who were tutored by these teachers increased their achievement compared with a control group.
Macrophage Foam Cell Formation with Native Low Density Lipoprotein

This investigation has elucidated a mechanism for development of macrophage foam cells when macrophages are incubated with native low density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is believed to be the main source of cholesterol that accumulates in monocyte-derived macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques, but native LDL has not previously been shown to cause substantial cholesterol accumulation when incubated with macrophages. We have found that activation of human monocyte-derived macrophages with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulates LDL uptake and degradation and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-mediated esterification of LDL-derived cholesterol, resulting in massive macrophage cholesterol accumulation that could exceed 400 nmol/mg of cell protein. Cholesterol accumulation showed a biphasic linear LDL concentration dependence with LDL levels as high as 4 mg/ml, similar to LDL levels in artery intima. Protein kinase C mediated the PMA-stimulated macrophage uptake of LDL because the protein kinase C inhibitors, Go¨6983 and GF109203X, inhibited cholesterol accumulation. LDL receptors did not mediate macrophage cholesterol accumulation because accumulation occurred with reductively methylated LDL and in the presence of an anti-LDL receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody. LDL-induced cholesterol accumulation was not inhibited by antioxidants, was not accompanied by increased LDL binding to macrophages, did not depend on the apoB component of LDL, and was not down-regulated by prior cholesterol enrichment of macrophages. We have shown that the mechanism of LDL uptake by macrophages was PMA-stimulated endocytosis of LDL taken up as part of the bulk phase fluid (i.e. fluid phase endocytosis). The amount of LDL taken up with the bulk phase fluid was measured with [3H]sucrose and accounted for a minimum of 83% of the LDL cholesterol delivery and accumulation in PMA-activated macrophages. This novel mechanism of macrophage cholesterol accumulation shows that modification of LDL is not necessary for foam cell formation to occur. In addition, the findings direct attention to macrophage fluid phase endocytosis as a relevant pathway to target for modulating macrophage cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis.
Encephalocele (cerebellocele) in the Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome

A patient with unilateral preauricular appendages and occipital mass is described who died on the fifth day of life. An autopsy demonstrated congenital megabladder and megaureters and dysplastic kidneys. The neuropathological examination revealed cranium bifidum in the occipital region, defective posterior arch of the Cl vertebral body, agenesis of vermis and a large cerebellocele. It is suggested that some patients with the Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome may have prominent central nervous system involvement in spite of only relatively slight facial involvement.
Consequences of Rape: Clinical and Treatment Aspects

Sexual abuse has both short-term and long-term clinical repercussions, including eating disorders, substance abuse, sleep disturbances and psychiatric symptoms, e.g depression, anxiety, phobias and PTSD. This paper will describe short- and long-term responses, including PTSD, and it will consider treatment implications, emphasizing specific aspects of the approach to the sexual abuse victim.
Reducing the background from pressure vessels using a BRIM

A collimator and beam-stop assembly that can be inserted inside a temperature-controlled pressure vessel, to reduce dramatically the parasitic Bragg scattering from the vessel, has been designed and evaluated. High-energy X-ray powder diffraction data, suitable for the Rietveld refinement of simple crystal structures, were collected using this background-reducing internal mask (BRIM). ZrW2O8 was examined at up to 540 K and 124 MPa, using quite large pressure and temperature steps. No pressure dependence of the order–disorder transition temperature of this material was apparent. An orthorhombic to monoclinic phase transition (onset ∼83 MPa) was observed for Al2W3O12. Upon going through the transition, the bulk modulus of the material decreased from 41.8 to 20.8 GPa. Bulk moduli estimated for CaF2 and α-Al2O3, from data collected at up to 280 MPa, were in good agreement with prior literature.
Oral health issues in the nutrition of institutionalized elders

Oral health is critical to systemic health and quality of life for the elderly, especially the institutionalized elderly, who are at high risk for oral and nutritional problems. Oral health is an integral component of overall nutritional health, just as nutrition plays a vital role in overall oral health. This article reviews the critical factors in the relationship among oral, nutritional, and systemic health and urges ongoing collaboration of providers of health care to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality in institutionalized elders.
Variability of coronary blood flow measurements with microspheres in the rat: role of injection site and sphere number.

Although fully explored in larger animals, the role of injection site and sample microsphere content on variability of coronary blood flow (CBF) measurement using the microsphere technique remains controversial in rats despite the fact that this species is extensively used in cardiovascular research. We therefore investigated these variables in two studies. In a first study, we established that the precision of the method, assessed by the variability of four simultaneous CBF determinations, was a function of the sample microsphere number. Coefficient of variation (CV) averaged 4–10% when the tissue and reference samples received >1000 and >100 spheres, respectively, and did not improve appreciably with larger numbers of microspheres. In a second study, flow CV was measured following left atrial (LA) or left ventricular (LV) microsphere injections performed nearly simultaneously in the same conscious animal or in two similar groups of animals. CBF variability was lower by 22–62% after LA than after LV injections. Estimates obtained from separate analysis of the main variability components indicated that, with one exception, the variability associated with LV injections was at least 1.4 to 2.8 times higher than that due to LA injections. These findings establish the minimum number of microspheres needed to obtain precise blood flow determinations in the rat model and confirm previous reports, in anaesthetised rats, that LA microsphere injections generally yield more precise coronary blood flow determinations than LV injections.
Monogamy in a feeding generalist, Chaetodon trichrous, the endemic Tahitian Butterflyfish

Butterflyfishes have been well studied for their feeding ecology and mating systems. In particular, studies of corallivorous butterflyfishes have supported models of monogamy based on their predictable, low quality food; a patch of coral that is economically defensible by a pair. Moreover, pairs often exhibit trade-offs in territorial defense (greater by males) and feeding (greater by females) that improve their reproductive success. However, this model has not been well tested for more generalist feeders. In addition, recent hypotheses for monogamy in fish have emphasized parental care, but butterflyfishes do not provide parental care. This study tests five hypotheses for monogamy in the endemic Tahitian butterflyfish, Chaetodon trichrous: 1) uniform distribution of limiting resources, 2) joint defense of a territory, 3) low mate availability, 4) predator detection, and 5) benefits of cooperative behavior. Chaetodon trichrous was the most abundant butterflyfish in bays. Pairs jointly patrolled feeding territories. They preferentially fed over hard substrate other than live coral, however, this substrate was available outside of territories. They also ate plankton. Pairs were sorted positively for size, and all pairs were heterosexual. Males were larger than their partners, but females fed at higher rates. These results suggest that C. trichrous is monogamous, but reject the hypotheses that pairs form for joint defense of a territory (pairs swam together), that pairs remain together because of low mate availability (frequent interactions with neighbors), or that pairs form for predator detection (no homosexual pairs). Monogamy in C. trichrous is associated with the uniform distribution of hard substrate, although this resource is not limiting. Further, the higher feeding rate of females may represent a benefit provided by their monogamous mates.
Quantitative tests of mixed crystal excition theory. I. Naphthalene monomer1B2u and 3B1u spectra

Abstract A quantitative, computer processed spectroscopic study, using photon counting, on the first excited triplet and singlet states of dilute isotopic mixed crystals of naphthalene at 2 K is presented for C 10 H 8 ; 1-DC 10 H 7 ; 2-DC 10 H 7 ; 1,4-D 2 C 10 H 6 ; 1,4,5-D 3 C 10 H 5 ; 1,4,5,8-D 4 C 10 H 4 ; 1,2,4,5,8-D 5 C 10 H 3 ; a β-D 4 C 10 H 4 and a β 2 -D 6 C 10 H 2 as guests in C 10 D 8 host crystals (and, for comparison, also for the same guests in a durene host crystal). The guest—host relative polarization Rashba formula has been verified quantitatively, and, as an added bonus, the elusive polarization ratio of the pure naphthalene crystal singlet Davydov components has been found to be 80 ± 20 ( b/a ), which is in poor agreement with the transition octupole—transition octupole model. The experimental guest energies and their concomitant quasiresonance shifts for bound singlet states (as well as the occurrences of unbound states) are in excellent quantitative agreement (about 1 cm −1 ) with those calculated using a Green's function formalism based on the ideal mixed crystal approximation and on a restricted Frenkel type dispersion relation derived from resonance pairs. The same Green's function also accounts quantitatively (within 10%) for the guest singlet state exciton localizations (guest excitation amplitudes). The triplet exciton state reveals an orientational site splitting (about 0.7 cm −1 ) for the 0—0 transition of the I-DC 10 H 7 guest in C 10 D 8 host. The order of the α and β substituted deuteronaphthalenes in the triplet state is reversed from that of the singlet state. The last two observations are related to the different nature of the lowest Π-Π * singlet and triplet states of naphthalene.
Controlled mobility in stochastic and dynamic wireless networks

We consider the use of controlled mobility in wireless networks where messages arriving randomly in time and space are collected by mobile receivers (collectors). The collectors are responsible for receiving these messages via wireless transmission by dynamically adjusting their position in the network. Our goal is to utilize a combination of wireless transmission and controlled mobility to improve the throughput and delay performance in such networks. First, we consider a system with a single collector. We show that the necessary and sufficient stability condition for such a system is given by ?<1 where ? is the expected system load. We derive lower bounds for the expected message waiting time in the system and develop policies that are stable for all loads ?<1 and have asymptotically optimal delay scaling. We show that the combination of mobility and wireless transmission results in a delay scaling of $\varTheta(\frac{1}{1-\rho})$ with the system load ?, in contrast to the $\varTheta(\frac{1}{(1-\rho)^{2}})$ delay scaling in the corresponding system without wireless transmission, where the collector visits each message location. Next, we consider the system with multiple collectors. In the case where simultaneous transmissions to different collectors do not interfere with each other, we show that both the stability condition and the delay scaling extend from the single collector case. In the case where simultaneous transmissions to different collectors interfere with each other, we characterize the stability region of the system and show that a frame-based version of the well-known Max-Weight policy stabilizes the system asymptotically in the frame length.
Density and size of comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 deduced from a tidal breakup model

ALTHOUGH comets have been studied throughout most of recorded history, a detailed understanding of their internal properties is still lacking. Recent observations1 of the split comet Shoemaker–Levy 9—actually a spectacular string of cometary fragments that resulted from the tidal disruption of a single parent body as it passed close to Jupiter2–5—have therefore stimulated much interest, as they provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the physical properties of comets more generally6–8. I report here simulations of the tidal breakup of the parent comet, which I assume to have been an assemblage of a large number of spherical components bound together only by gravity. Following the initial tidal disruption of the assemblage, the particles coalesce rapidly by mutual gravitation into a chain of larger fragments, the morphology of which depends critically on the density of the components. By comparing the size, number and distribution of the stimulated fragments with observations of Shoemaker–Levy 9, I determine an average comet density of about 0.5gcm-3 and a parent comet diameter of about 1.8 km.
Discontinuous deformation gradients in plane finite elastostatics of incompressible materials

This investigation is concerned with the possibility of the change of type of the differential equations governing finite plane elastostatics for incompressible elastic materials, and the related issue of the existence of equilibrium fields with discontinuous deformation gradients. Explicit necessary and sufficient conditions on the deformation invariants and the material for the ellipticity of the plane displacement equations of equilibrium are established. The issue of the existence, locally, of “elastostatic shocks”—elastostatic fields with continuous displacements and discontinuous deformation gradients—is then investigated. It is shown that an elastostatic shock exists only if the governing field equations suffer a loss of ellipticity at some deformation. Conversely, if the governing field equations have lost ellipicity at a given deformation at some point, an elastostatic shock can exist, locally, at that point. The results obtained are valid for an arbitrary homogeneous, isotropic, incompressible, elastic material.
Innovative output and firm size in the pharmaceutical industry

Abstract Numerous studies have examined the validity of Schumpeter's hypothesis that innovative output increases with firm size. Nonetheless, conclusive acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis has not been possible. The pharmaceutical industry, in particular, provides conflicting evidence. Using a new set of data for that industry, our study leads to a conclusion that diseconomies of sale exist for R&D in the pharmaceutical industry.
A challenge to youths: summer 1968.

Abstract A summer program—one of 37 conducted by the Northern New England Student Health Project in 1969—designed to interest urban ghetto youths in health careers while providing them rewarding summer employment is described. Emphasis is placed on problems of executing such a project and on the unique features of this one—a multifaceted orientation period, continuous evaluation and revision, efforts at improving the total health of participants individually and in sensitivity-group sessions and year-round follow-up group sessions and individual contacts. Short-term evaluation tends to support the approach taken. An expanded program for Summer 1969 is planned.
Staying on target.

We read with great interest the paper by Kipling et al. [1] regarding laparoscopic extralevator abdominoperineal excision (EL-APE) of the rectum. Although we commend the authors’ intention to study the use of laparoscopy with regard to EL-APE, we feel compelled to note that the study fails to add anything novel to the existing literature. It is known to the well-informed reader that laparoscopic nonEL-APE does not decrease the rate of involved circumferential resection margin (CRM) [2]. In fact, in Kipling et al.’s study, 11 % of patients had a CRM of less than 1 mm and 14 % of patients a CRM of 1–2 mm. Moreover, it is unclear in the methods whether the dissection around the cancer was carried out laparoscopically or from the perineum, and regretfully, the size of the tumor was not reported. Emerging evidence has suggested that robotic APE resulted in a greater CRM when compared to the laparoscopic or open counterpart in matched cases by the same surgeon [3]. Upon detailed inspection, it should be pointed out that the authors included patients with T2 rectal cancer in this study, which appears to be over treating these patients since by definition T2 rectal cancer does not [4] involve the anal sphincters—perhaps an intersphincteric resection (ISR) should have been considered. While the last word on EL-APE will be awaiting the completion of the REAPE multicenter trial [5], it should be underscored that although a laparoscopic approach affords a faster recovery time, the primary goal of improving CRM should reign supreme.
What percentage of surgically clipped intracranial aneurysms have residual necks

Objective To determine the angiographically proven rate and persistence of occlusion of intracranial aneurysms after surgical clipping as reported in the literature. This should establish a basis for comparing surgery with new endovascular methods of treatment. Methods We reviewed the literature published during the period from 1979 through 1999, dividing the articles into two groups. The first group of articles reported patients undergoing surgical treatment with immediate postoperative angiography. The second group of articles documented symptomatic recurrence or regrowth of aneurysms that were surgically treated previously. The data from these articles are presented for analysis. Results During the period 1979 to 1999, six series of patients undergoing surgical treatment of aneurysms with immediate postoperative angiography were reported. These reported series comprised a total of 1,397 patients, of whom 1,370 underwent postoperative angiography demonstrating 1,569 clipped aneurysms. Residual filling was found in 82 aneurysms (5.2%) on postoperative angiography. Of the 1,370 patients, only 124 patients with 169 aneurysms were reported to have had any long-term angiographic follow-up. The second group consisted of 226 patients representing six reported groups of patients, who either presented up to 24 years after aneurysm clipping with recurrent symptoms of hemorrhage or mass effect, or had important findings on intraoperative and postoperative angiograms. Conclusion The lack of information regarding both the frequency of residual filling or regrowth and long-term angiographic follow-up of patients with surgically treated aneurysms makes meaningful comparison between surgical treatments and new treatment methods for intracranial aneurysms difficult or impossible. Detailed analysis with high-quality angiography should be performed to determine the success of surgical treatment.
An integrating current meter

Abstract A new type of simple current meter is described that will give a graphical record of current direction and velocity over a time period varying from several hours to several weeks. A small plumb bob with a drop of radium paint for a light sources is suspended over a spherical segment of film that is held directionally stationary by magnets. The graphical record is produced by simply developing the film.
Inductor Size vs. Q: A Dimensional Analysis

Equations are derived and curves are plotted showing the change in Q of an inductor as a function of a change in size. The approach used is to assume the existence of a model having a fixed inductance and operating under a fixed set of conditions. A change in size is introduced by a magnification-type enlargement or shrinkage of all outline dimensions by the factor "a." Assuming a constant effective permeability and readjusting the number of turns to maintain inductance constant results in the elimination of "n," the relative number of turns. With the further assumption of a constant copper space factor, the relative copper losses (in the absence of core losses) determine the relative Q as a function of relative size. Copper losses with skin effect and with solid conduction are considered. The same approach is used to derive equations of relative size vs relative Q for a pure core-loss inductor. For this purpose, core losses are approximated by a straight-line equation between the logarithm of flux density and the logarithm of core-loss density. This turns out to depend upon the properties of magnetic materials. Although under certain conditions core losses may actually go down as size goes down, the broader considerations (not treated mathematically in this paper) of combined copper and core losses make such a condition untenable. At least, the equations and curves can provide the basis for a judicious estimate of the effect of miniaturization on inductor Q in any specific application.
Strength measurement of the Sertoli-spermatid junctional complex.

The Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specialization (ES) is a specialized domain of the calcium-dependent Sertoli cell-spermatid junctional complex. Not only is it associated with the mechanical adhesion of the cells, but it also plays a role in the morphogenesis and differentiation of the developing germ cells. Abnormal or absent Sertoli ESs have been associated with step-8 spermatid sloughing and subsequent oligospermia. With a micropipette pressure trans- ducing system (MPTS) to measure the force needed to detach germ cells from Sertoli cells, this study examined, for the first time, the strength of the junction between Sertoli cells and spermatids and between Sertoli cells and spermatocytes. The mean force needed
Differential Survival of Ichthyophonus Isolates Indicates Parasite Adaptation to its Host Environment

In vitro viability of Ichthyophonus spp. spores in seawater and freshwater corresponded with the water type of the host from which the spores were isolated. Among Ichthyophonus spp. spores from both marine and freshwater fish hosts (Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, respectively), viability was significantly greater (P < 0.05) after incubation in seawater than in freshwater at all time points from 1 to 60 min after immersion; however, magnitude of the spore tolerances to water type differed with host origin. Ichthyophonus sp. adaptation to its host environment was indicated by greater seawater tolerance of spores from the marine host and greater freshwater tolerance of spores from the freshwater host. Prolonged aqueous survival of Ichthyophonus spp. spores in the absence of a host provides insight into routes of transmission, particularly among planktivorous fishes, and should be considered when designing strategies to dispose of infected fish carcasses and tissues.
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a patient taking citalopram and Hydroxycut: a case report

Introduction: Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome presents with thunderclap headaches accompanied by mild neurologic deficits and is characterized by multifocal narrowing of the cerebral arteries that resolves over days to weeks. This syndrome may be idiopathic or occur in special contexts, most often involving adrenergic or serotonergic overactivity. To the best of our knowledge, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome has not previously been reported in association with Hydroxycut use in the literature. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 65-year-old Caucasian woman on longstanding citalopram who developed reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome two weeks after beginning to take the weight-loss supplement Hydroxycut. Conclusion: There are sparse data about the safety of herbal supplements such as Hydroxycut, even though the Food and Drug Administration has banned some herbal ingredients, such as ephedra, that were in this preparation in the past. This case highlights the importance of considering herbal supplements and potential drug interactions in the genesis of otherwise unexplained reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
Depression, Dementia, and Delirium

Upon completion of the chapter, the student will be able to: 1. State the epidemiology of depression, dementia, and delirium in older adults. 2. Describe the risk factors for the development of depression, dementia, and delirium. 3. Understand the diagnostic workup of depression, dementia, and delirium. 4. Develop a rational management plan for persons with depression, dementia, or delirium.
Construct Validity of Heroin Abuse Estimators

The construct validity of two methodologically unrelated procedures for estimating the prevalence of heroin abuse was studied using a covariance structure model-fitting approach. A factor analytic estimation procedure and a log-linear-based capture-recapture method of estimation were simultaneously applied to 24 major metropolitan areas of the nation. A test of the construct validity of these procedures for estimating the prevalence of heroin abuse was carried out in the context of structural equation models where the results of the two methods were compared directly.
Multifrequency characteristics of disposable and nondisposable EMG needle electrodes

The physical properties of recording electrodes coupled with the input characteristics of recording amplifiers can affect motor unit parameters. In recent years, there has been increased use of disposable needle electrodes; thus, a comparison of impedance characteristics with disposable types is of interest. Impedances at 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 Hz of eight different electrode models including concentric and monopolar, both disposable and reusable, were measured. For all models of monopolar electrodes, no significant difference in impedance was found between disposable and nondisposable types. Intramodel variability was seen, however, with a twofold difference between minimum and maximum impedances for each model. For concentric electrodes, a moderate difference in impedance was found between disposable and nondisposable types, but less intramodel variability was seen; there was also more intermodel variability. To determine whether the measured impedances could affect recorded motor unit potentials, a theoretical analysis was conducted using typical waveforms along with circuit analysis techniques. Electrode impedances as high as 50 times nominal values caused no significant waveform distortion.
Fundamental modal phenomena on isotropic and anisotropic planar slab dielectric waveguides

The characteristic interactions of discrete modes supported by planar isotropic and anisotropic dielectric slab waveguides are analyzed using singularity and critical point theory, leading to a rigorous and complete explanation of all modal interactions. Complex frequency-plane singularities associated with modes on isotropic waveguides are identified and discussed, and the absence of mode coupling is proven. For an anisotropic planar waveguide having an arbitrarily oriented optical axis, it is shown that mode coupling is controlled by the presence of an isolated Morse critical point (MCP) accompanied by a pair of complex-conjugate frequency-plane branch points. The interaction of space-wave leaky modes on a grounded anisotropic slab is studied by investigating the evolution of complex frequency-plane branch point singularities as the orientation of the optical axis varies. The general theory is presented, and numerical results are provided for some specific waveguides.
Bead-flow pattern: quantitation of fluid movement during torsional and longitudinal phacoemulsification.

Purpose To develop a bead-flow pattern for visualizing and comparatively quantifying fluid movement using a torsional or longitudinal ultrasound (US) phaco handpiece. Setting Magill Laser Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods Visualization and quantification of intraocular fluid dynamics were evaluated by injecting neutrally buoyant, collagen-coated polystyrene beads (diameter, 125 to 212 μm) into the phacoemulsification irrigation flow. Using the anterior chamber of a cadaver or porcine eye or a laboratory test chamber, the bead-flow pattern was video recorded. Qualitative comparisons between longitudinal and torsional phacoemulsification were made using video-processing software to track the beads frame by frame. The time (quantitative) required to aspirate a bolus of beads from the anterior chamber (clearance time) was measured and compared between the 2 modalities. Aspiration efficiency was calculated to compare operating conditions in a test chamber using high-speed videography; conditions included irrigation/aspiration (I/A) only (0% power) and clinically relevant fluidic parameters and power modulations with torsional, longitudinal, or a combination of powers applied. Results Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the fluidic patterns of bead flow in the peripheral anterior chamber and near the aspirating tip opening indicated that torsional fluidics behave closer to the I/A-only configuration than longitudinal phacoemulsification, with the latter repelling more bead material in front of the aspiration tip. Bead clearance time was approximately 50% faster with torsional than with longitudinal US, regardless of the power setting. Conclusion Bead flow-pattern evaluation is a feasible approach to future studies of fluid movement in the anterior chamber. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
GENETICS AND REGULATION OF BACTERIAL LIPID METABOLISM

Article de synthese: 1) biosynthese des acide gras; 2) biosynthese des phospholipides; 3) roles des phospholipides dans les fonctions cellulaires specifiques; 4) degradation des acides gras
Portuguese Literature in Recent Years 1960–1961, Part II*

which would tend to reduce them (the extra help the "no high school language" group may have received, their higher withdrawal rate, and possible effects of high school language instruction on ACE-L scores) had not been controlled, leads us to the conclusion that having two years of a Romance language in high school is beneficial to the learning of a new Romance language in college. Transfer from a Romance language to German is not clearly demonstrated, but there is some indication that it is positive. It seems to be justifiable to recommend to high school students that if they intend to go to a college where foreign language is required they begin their language work in high school. GERALD MOSER
Outcome of laparoscopic modified Duhamel procedure with Z-shaped anastomosis for Hirschsprung's disease.

Several laparoscopic Duhamel-type procedures for Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) have been reported, but laparoscopic, Z-shaped, colorectal, side-to-side anastomosis has not been described. Z-shaped anastomosis has been used as the treatment of choice for HD at our clinic for a long time. A laparoscopic approach was adopted to perform this Z-shaped anastomosis in 2001. We describe herein our experiences with laparoscopic Z-shaped anastomosis and evaluate the clinical outcomes. Between 2001 and 2010, 26 children with rectosigmoid HD underwent a laparoscopic modified Duhamel procedure comprising Z-shaped anastomosis. Mean age at operation was 17.2 months. Mean weight was 8.7 kg. No children had a colostomy. Seven children had trisomy 21 and one had Klinefelter syndrome. Laparoscopic modified Duhamel procedure was performed using three 5-mm trocars. Intra- and postoperative complications and functional outcomes were evaluated. Patients with trisomy 21 were excluded from the functional evaluation. The operation was completed laparoscopically for 25 of the 26 patients, with only one patient requiring conversion to an open procedure because of injury to the ureter. Mean operating time was 296 min. In one case, a minor leak was observed. No infections or related complications were observed. Mean follow-up period was 50.4 months. Sudden death secondary to rotaviral enterocolitis occurred 8 months postoperatively in one case. Twenty-one of the 25 patients (84%) showed episodes of constipation during the early follow-up period, and one child required late myectomy due to sphincter achalasia. As the child grew older, the need for medication was diminished. Of the 14 patients over 4 years old, excluding those patients with trisomy 21, all achieved normal defecation without incontinence. Our series revealed that all patients over 4 years old who underwent laparoscopic Z-shaped colorectal anastomosis achieved normal defecation without fecal incontinence. Laparoscopic Z-shaped colorectal anastomosis for HD appears feasible and safe to perform with good results.
Studies on surface films of soybean lecithin III: The effect of lysolecithin on lecithin monolayers at the air‐water interface

The influence of lysolecithin on lecithin monolayers has been studied. Evidence that lysolecithin, when in the subsolution, appears to expand lecithin films to a greater extent than expected is presented. It has been postulated that the increased expansion over the amount expected is due to the enhancement of migration of the lysolecithin to the air-water interface in the presence of the lecithin film. Compression of such films results in what appears to be the loss of material from the lecithin-lysolecithin film. Studies in which the lysolecithin concentration in the subsolution was varied while the lecithin concentration layered at the surface was held constant indicate that an optimum lysolecithin concentration exists at which the initial film pressure generated reaches a maximum. Time dependent behavior of compressed films at lysolecithin subsolution concentrations exceeding the critical concentration indicate that one, both, or possibly some combination of the two components may be leaving the interface.
Emotions as Transformational Structures

Emotions involve transformations of the relationships that exist in the “natural” world as well as in social worlds. Thus, the emotions that humans construct are based on affective processes that exist independently from human society and are not necessarily constituted by the interplay of culture and genetic or physiological processes.
A quadrilateral hybrid‐Trefftz plate bending element for the inclusion of warping based on a three‐dimensional plate formulation

A plate formulation, for the inclusion of warping and transverse shear deformations, is considered. From a complete thick and thin plate formulation, which was derived without ad hoc assumptions from the three-dimensional equations of elasticity for isotropic materials, the bending solution, involving powers of the thickness co-ordinate z, is used for constructing a quadrilateral finite plate bending element. The constructed element trial functions, for the displacements and stresses, satisfy, a priori, the three-dimensional Navier equations and equilibrium equations, respectively. For the coupling of the elements, independently assumed functions on the boundary are used. High accuracy for both displacements and stresses (including transverse shear stresses) can be achieved with rather coarse meshes for thick and thin plates.
Analysis and simulation for a spotlight-mode aircraft SAR in circular flight path

A spotlight-mode aircraft SAR in a circular flight path can efficiently obtain an image with very high azimuth resolution or a wider azimuth viewing angle. An analysis of this spotlight-mode SAR is made regarding the required PRF, the predicted resolution, and the computation complexity as a function of the aircraft altitude and the distance between the target and the center of the flight path projection. An efficient processing algorithm based on the exact wide beam spectrum is presented. The results of simulation indicate that the impulse responses meet the predicted resolution performance. >
Innovative uses of tools in the design for the environment

Software tools are designed for specific applications and specific audiences. Once the tools are available, their use may broaden or diminish due to various unanticipated factors. When these factors deter the use of the tool, innovative ways can be found to facilitate usage. When the factors are positive, then the new uses can be promoted. Using existing tools for new functions can save on software development. This paper will discuss the unplanned uses of two software tools, S_olvent A_lternatives G_uide_ (SAGE) and Architectural Design and Assessment System (ADAS), developed by the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) for manufacturing and design. Innovative design for the environment uses of standard utilities will also be discussed. A secondary concern is computer technology that can change faster than software applications. Applications that can transcend multiple technologies are most useful. Finding the proper technical delivery vehicles to provide environmental information to consumers is a challenge. With the SAGE program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and RTI are trying several mechanisms to reach the various audiences for the information.
Fraying and electron autodetachment dynamics of trapped gas phase oligonucleotides

Sensitive methods recently developed to measure laser-induced fluorescence from trapped ions have been applied to study the dynamics of double- and single-stranded oligonucleotides. In this paper, the fraying of duplex terminal base pairs has been identified by measuring the donor fluorescence as a function of temperature from an oligonucleotide duplex labeled with a pair of FRET dyes. Comparison of the degree of dissociation of 14-mer duplexes observed in the mass spectra with the fluorescence intensity of the donor enables intermediate conformations of the unzipping duplex at the weaker binding end of the duplex to be identified. The autodetachment of electrons from double- and single-stranded oligonucleotide anions has been observed in a gas phase environment. To characterize this process, measurements were performed on 7-mers prepared without FRET fluorophores attached. The dependence of the decay rates of trapped anions have been measured as a function of charge state and temperature for various base compositions. An exceptionally strong dependence of the decay rate on base composition has been identified. The physical basis for this process will be discussed.
Parents as Sexuality Educators: A Parent Training Program

A program for training parents to be more effective as sexuality educators of their children was developed and implemented in an elementary school setting by the school counselor. A description of the need for such programming and the content of the program are provided.
Are Property Taxes Capitalized into Housing Prices in Savannah, Georgia? An Investigation of the Market Mechanism

This study applies a hedonic pricing model to determine whether property taxes are capitalized into housing prices in the city of Savannah, Georgia. There were sufficient data to study a total of 2...
Allometry, Brain Size, Cortical Surface, and Convolutedness

The size of the mammalian brain may be directly and closely related to the amount of information that the brain can handle. My purpose is to show how and why I think this is the case and to apply the results to comparisons among primates. Two measures of size are emphasized here: the gross weight of the undissected brain and the total surface area of the cerebral cortex. A third measure, the convolutedness, or extent of fissurization, is closely related to the first two measures.
Architecture design of a generic centralized adjudication module integrated in a web-based clinical trial management system.

Background:Centralized outcome adjudication has been used widely in multicenter clinical trials in order to prevent potential biases and to reduce variations in important safety and efficacy outcom...
Human capital, collegiality, and stardom in economics: empirical analysis

This study investigates the importance of collegiality (i.e., good colleagues) and the quality of human capital investment in fostering the development and growth of stars in the field of economics, where stardom is measured by way of receipt of the John Bates Clark Medal, arguably the second-most prestigious award in economics. We provide a vignette as a foundation for both qualitative and quantitative analysis using Egghe's g-Index. Our results indicate that three institutions, namely Chicago, Harvard and MIT, with secondary consideration to Princeton, generally rank highest in fostering the growth and development of stars in the field of economics.
WMO/UNEP Weather Modification International Law Proposals

International law is developed by customary conduct by nations with respect to each other, decisions of international tribunals, treaties, and resolutions of international organizations. Although no nations have sought decisions from international tribunals because of weather modification activities, there have been interenational agreements on weather modification such as PEP and the Canadian-United States weather modification activities information exchange memorandum of understanding. Also scholars have written of the possible application to transnational weather modification impacts of principles of international customary law and from decisions of international tribunals and courts.
Sandia National Laboratories environmental fluid dynamics code. Marine Hydrokinetic Module User's Manual

This document describes the marine hydrokinetic (MHK) input file and subroutines for the Sandia National Laboratories Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (SNL-EFDC), which is a combined hydrodynamic, sediment transport, and water quality model based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) developed by John Hamrick [1], formerly sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and now maintained by Tetra Tech, Inc. SNL-EFDC has been previously enhanced with the incorporation of the SEDZLJ sediment dynamics model developed by Ziegler, Lick, and Jones [2-4]. SNL-EFDC has also been upgraded to more accurately simulate algae growth with specific application to optimizing biomass in an open-channel raceway for biofuels production [5]. A detailed description of the input file containing data describing the MHK device/array is provided, along with a description of the MHK FORTRAN routine. Both a theoretical description of the MHK dynamics as incorporated into SNL-EFDC and an explanation of the source code are provided. This user manual is meant to be used in conjunction with the original EFDC [6] and sediment dynamics SNL-EFDC manuals [7]. Through this document, the authors provide information for users who wish to model the effects of an MHK device (or array of devices) on a flow system withmore » EFDC and who also seek a clear understanding of the source code, which is available from staff in the Water Power Technologies Department at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.« less
Metabolism of 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone by Cultured Monkey Lung Explants

The metabolism of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) was investigated in short-term cultures of monkey lung. Explants from the lungs of two patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and one cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) were incubated with 10 μM [5-3H]NNK and aliquots were analyzed for NNK metabolites by HPLC at various time points from 1 to 24 h. F344 rat lung tissue metabolism of NNK was assayed under the same conditions. Substantial amounts of metabolites from the α-hydroxylation metabolic activation pathway were detected in all cultures. In two of the monkey lung cultures, these metabolite levels were significantly higher than those formed by other pathways. All cultures also metabolized NNK by pyridine-N-oxidation and carbonyl reduction. The metabolism of NNK by cultured monkey lung was generally similar to that observed in rat lung, indicating that there are not major species differences between rodents and nonhuman primates in pulmonary metabolism of NNK.
The Influence of Arthur Cayley and Alfred Kempe on Charles Peirce’s Diagrammatic Logic

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Irving H. Anellis and represents joint work on the historical sources of Charles Sanders Peirce’s (1839–1914) diagrammatic logic. Arthur Cayley (1821–1895) and Alfred Bray Kempe (1849–1922) contributed to the logic of relations and its applications to geometry and foundations of geometry. This paper gives an overview of sources related to analytical trees and diagrams which were inspirational for Peirce’s development of his existential graphs. Much of the material upon which this paper draws consists of unpublished manuscripts from the Peirce Edition Project at the University of Indianapolis where for many years my collaborator Irving Anellis was a member of the research staff.
Analysis of Viral Etiology in 111 Children with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections with Neutropenia in Changsha City

Objective To discuss the characteristics of pathogen of viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection with neutropenia. Methods One hundred and eleven children who had acute lower respiratory infections with neutropenia(neutropenia group),and 1 014 children who only had acute lower respiratory infection with normal granulocytes were selected,all of these patients were diagnosed in the People′s Hospital of Hunan Province from Jun.2007 to Oct.2008.Nasopharyngeal aspirates specimens(NPAs) were collected at the second day and were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)or PCR or nested-PCR methods.The amplicons were sequenced. Results There was no significant difference in disease constitution and gender composition between the 2 groups(Pa0.05).In neutropenia group,37 samples were detected with none virus infection and 74 samples were detected and at lest 1 kind virus infection was found.Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) was the most common virus,the next were parainfluenza virus 3(PIV3),human rotavirus(HRV) and human bocavirus(HBoV).In the normal granulocytes group,295 samples were detected with none virus infection and 719 samples were detected and at lest 1 kind virus infection was found.RSV detected rate also was the highest,the next were PIV3,HRV and HBoV.In the 2 groups the total virus detection rate and each virus detection rate had no significant difference(Pa0.05).There was no significant difference in the virus infectious rate between the 2 groups in different age stages,but distribution of children in age stage had significant difference between the 2 groups(χ2=8.89,P=0.012),especially under 1 year of age team,and the difference was more significant(χ2=8.83,P=0.003). Conclusions 1.There was no significant correlation between neutropenia and virus positive detection in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.2.Children more than 1 year old with acute lower respiratory tract infection in hospital were more likely to have neutropenia.3.Children with acute lower respiratory tract infection with neutropenia in hospital had nothing to do with gender and diseases.