cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Process in the Rational Analysis of Memory.

Abstract The rational analysis of memory (Anderson, 1990) proposes that memory's sensitivity to statistical structure in the environment enables it to optimally estimate the odds that a memory trace will be needed. We have analyzed sources of informational demand in the environment: speech to children and word usage in the front page headlines of the New York Times. In a previous paper (Anderson & Schooler, 1991) we have shown that factors that govern memory performance, including recency, also predict the odds that an item (e.g., a word) will be encountered. In the present paper we develop the theory to make precise predictions about how the odds of encountering an item now varies as a joint function of (1) the statistical associations between the item and elements of the current context and (2) how long it has been since the item was last encountered. The prediction was confirmed environmentally by analyses of the New York Times and speech to children. The corresponding behavioral prediction was tested, using a cued recall task in which the cues were either strongly associated or unassociated to the targets. In contrast to the environmental results, recall performance is more sensitive to the length of the retention interval in the presence of unassociated cues than in the presence of associated cues. Further modeling shows that incorporating estimates of the influence of non-retrieval processes (e.g., reading a word, deciding to respond, etc.) on overall performance reduces the discrepancy between the theoretical predictions and the observed data.
Renotrophic factors in urine

Ablation of renal mass is followed by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the remaining kidney tissue. A great deal of information has been accumulated regarding the biochemical and morphological changes that accompany this so-called "compensatory" renal growth [1]. However, the stimulus, or signal, for this growth remains to be identified. The kidneys are responsible for diverse functions—excretory, metabolic, and hormonal—and the reduction of one or a combination of these functions that follows reduction of renal mass probably provides the signal for growth of the remnant kidney tissue.
The role of muscle spindles in the development of the monosynaptic stretch reflex.

Muscle sensory axons induce the development of specialized intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindles during development, but the role that the intrafusal fibers may play in the development of the...
Differential Expression of Napsin in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Specimen from Lung Adenocarcinoma by Quantitative Proteomics

mutated cases were found and all cases with mutations confirmed. No false positive cases were detected. In total, eight specimens (19.5%) showed mutations: six for EZH2 (2 FL, 2 LBCL and 2 DTL), one for CD79B (BL), and one for MYD88 (LBCL). Among them, five cases showed concurrent MYC and/or BCL-2 translocations and two revealed extra copies of BCL-2. In only one case, no gene rearrangements were seen. Conclusions: Archived CPs are a reliable source of high-quality genomic material, with successful results using a high-throughput multiplex mutation platform in cases stored for up to seven years. Almost all B-cell NHL with point mutations showed concurrent chromosomal abnormalities. This study provides further documentation of the potential use of cytological samples for multiple molecular assays and opens the opportunity for their use in large scale studies.
Effects of hydrostatic pressure to 20 kbar on the dielectric constant of rubidium chloride

Abstract The dielectric constant e of RbCl increases by ∼38% at the pressure induced NaCl → CsCl structural transition. e decreases monotonically with pressure in both phases. The quantity (∂ln e/∂P) 23°C in units of 10 −3 kbar −1 = −9.7 and − 8.3 at 0 and 6 kbar, respectively, in the NaCl phase and − 9.0 and − 5.3 at 6 and 20 kbar, respectively, in the CsCl phase.
Viability of stretchable poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT) for organic solar cells and field-effect transistors

Abstract Mechanical compliance is a critical attribute for organic semiconductors in flexible, stretchable, mechanically robust, and biologically integrated electronics. This paper substantially develops the observation that a small change in the length of the alkyl side chain of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s has a dramatic effect on the interplay between their mechanical and charge-transport properties. Specifically, the thermal, mechanical, and charge-transport properties of poly(3-heptylthiophene) (P3HpT, n = 7), which we found to be an unusual example of a stretchable semiconducting thermoplastic, are described in comparison to those of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT, n = 6) and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT, n = 8). Neat P3HpT was found to have mechanical properties similar to that of P3OT, and when mixed in 1:1 blends with the fullerene [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), exhibited electronic properties comparable to P3HT. However, the charge-carrier mobility of neat P3HpT is substantially inferior to that of P3HT; the good performance of P3HpT-based solar cells is the result of improved mobility in P3HpT:PCBM blends compared to the neat material. While P3HpT may be a favorable alternative to P3HT in ultra-flexible, stretchable, and mechanically robust organic solar cells, P3HpT would only make a good field-effect transistor in situations in which mechanical compliance was more important than high mobility.
Telenovelas: Television Stories for Our Global Times

A complete international political economy connects transnational media structures with programming content demonstrating themes and ideologies that promote transnational capitalist social relations, including consumerism, individualism, deference to authority, and a dampening of citizenship. Series melodramas, known internationally as telenovelas, does not appear as a cultural or media response by Latin American cultures resisting American imperialism, but as a hybrid genre articulating popular consent for transnational capitalist hegemony.
Variable low-temperature martensitic behavior of alpha-phase uranium

Abstract 1) A martensitic transformation in α-phase uranium is a consequence of the observed softening in the shear elastic constant, C′, between 256 K and ≈ 42 K on cooling. 2) The anomalous low-temperature behavior of uranium is due to the variable appearance of the M f , M s , A s , and A f temperatures of the uranium martensite. 3) A 9R martensitic structure is postulated for part, if not all, of the temperature range below 36–50 K. its presence would explain the evidence for order below ≈ 43 K and the low latent heat of transformation observed in the transition back to the parent structure. 4) It is suggested that physical property phenomena observed at 80–100 K may be due to an order-disorder change in the intermediate distorted premartensitic (or post-martensitic) structure.
Density Functional Theory of Electronic Structure: A Short Course for Mineralogists and Geophysicists

Mineralogists and geophysicists need to understand and predict the properties of solids and liquids at normal and especially at high pressures and temperatures. For example, they need to know the equilibrium structure, equation of state, phase transitions, and vibrational properties of solids, and the interatomic or intermolecular interaction needed for a molecular dynamics study of liquids (Stixrude et al. 1994; Soederlind and Ross 2000; Karki et al. 2001; Alfe et al. 2002; Steinle-Neumann et al. 2004; Sha and Cohen 2006; Carrier et al. 2007). This information, in sufficient detail, is not always available from experiment. Increasingly, it comes from the simple first-principles Kohn-Sham density functional theory (Kohn and Sham 1965; Parr and Yang 1989; Dreizler and Gross 1990; Perdew and Kurth 2003; Perdew et al. 2009a). Often the ground-state version of this theory suffices, since the electrons can stay close to their ground state even when the nuclear motion is thermally excited; there is however also a temperature-dependent version of the theory (Mermin 1965). In Kohn-Sham density functional theory, the exact ground-state density and energy of a many-electron system can be found by solving selfconsistent one-electron Schroedinger equations for the orbitals or one-electron wavefunctions. Many different methods of solution are available in many different standard computer codes, which tend to agree when carefully applied. The required computational effort is much less than in approaches that employ a many-electron wavefunction. In practice, one term in the energy as a functional of the electron density, the exchange-correlation energy, must be approximated. Although this term is often a relatively small part of the total energy, it is “nature’s glue,” responsible for most of the binding of one atom or molecule to another. Simple and computationally undemanding semilocal approximations are accurate enough for …
Ignition of hydraulic fluid sprays by open flames and hot surfaces

A study of the ignition of non-fire-resistant hydraulic fluid sprays was conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Both an open flame and a hot steel surface were used as the external heat sources. With the open flame as the heat source, the minimum oil temperature and minimum spray nozzle pressure that resulted in an ignition were measured. The effects of the distance between the open flame and the nozzle and the nozzle orifice diameter on the ignitability of the hydraulic fluid sprays were examined. With the hot surface as the heat source, the minimum surface ignition temperature was determined. The degree of oil atomization and the relative direction of oil injection with respect to the hot surface are discussed. The ignition of oil sprays from the impingement of oil jets onto a vertical surface was also investigated. Finally, the results are compared with those obtained for fire-resistant hydraulic fluids.
Metal Reflectors in the EUV

High reflectance mirrors are difficult to achieve in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and we have found that one of the principle reasons is the presence of contamination layers on the surface of these reflectors. We have begun a study of these contamination layers that form even in an ultra-high vacuum (uhv) system. Our initial study consists of monitoring the growth of these contamination layers on various metal surfaces utilizing Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). A principal conclusion from this work is that the rate of growth of oxide and carbon contamination layers on Al, Si, and Rh is greatly enhanced if the ion gauges and Auger filaments are operating. Reflectance measurements on Rh at 11.3 nm also indicate the presence of significant carbon contamination on samples exposed to air. In addition, we find that oxide growth on Ag is negligible and carbon contamination is minimal. 12 figs.
Polycarbonate and Poly(carbonate−ester)s Synthesized from Biocompatible Building Blocks of Glycerol and Lactic Acid

The synthesis and characterization of a polycarbonate of glycerol and poly(carbonate−ester)s of glycerol and l-lactic acid are reported. These new polymers possess a hydrolyzable backbone, tunable hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties, and functionalizable pendant groups. The free hydroxyl groups on the poly(glycerol-co-l-lactic acid) were derivatized with 4-isobutylmethylphenylacetic acid, a common nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.
Observation of stimulated emission in the near ultraviolet from a molecular beam epitaxy grown GaN film on sapphire in a vertical‐cavity, single pass configuration

We report the first observation of stimulated emission from a GaN film grown by ion‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The observed near‐UV optical emission power was a nonlinear function of the pump power density. The characteristics of the observed stimulated emission are similar to those observed recently from films grown with low‐pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition techniques.
Effect of SKF-525A on brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition by parathion in fishes

Our experiments indicate that the degree of brain AChE inhibition resulting from exposure to parathion is decreased by pretreatment with sesamex. Presumably the decrease is mediated — as in other species — through inhibition of the activating enzyme.
Recent advances in soft tissue minimally invasive surgery

Advancements in soft tissue minimally invasive surgery have been rapid and comprehensive since its inception in human medicine approximately 25 years ago. From its origins in traditional laparoscopy, followed rapidly by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, minimally invasive surgery in human medicine has evolved through a number of different platforms that now include single-port approach devices, robotic surgery as well as natural orifice transluminal endosurgery. Whilst some of these remain beyond the reach of veterinary medicine for now, largely because of technical challenges and the prohibitive costs of some single-use disposable components, veterinary minimally invasive surgery is advancing rapidly allowing our small animal patients to benefit from some of the many documented advantages that a minimally invasive approach affords the patient.
Proton block of rat brain sodium channels : evidence for two proton binding sites and multiple occupancy

The acid titration function of bilayer-incorporated batrachotoxin (BTX)-modified sodium channels was examined in experiments in which the pH was decreased symmetrically, on both sides of the membrane, or asymmetrically, on only one side. In an attempt to minimize interpretational ambiguities, the experiments were done in 1.0 M NaCl (buffered to the appropriate pH) with channels incorporated into net neutral bilayers. When the pH was decreased symmetrically (from 7.4 to 4.5), the small-signal conductance (g) decreased in accordance with the predictions of a simple (single-site) titration function with a pK of approximately 4.9. As the pH was decreased below 6.5, the single-channel current-voltage (i-V) relation became increasingly rectifying, with the inward current being decreased more than the outward current. When the pH was decreased asymmetrically (with the pH of the other solution being held constant at 7.4), the titration behavior was different for extra- and intracellular acidification. With extracellular acidification, the reduction in g could still be approximated by a simple titration function with a pK of approximately 4.6, and there was a pronounced rectification at pHs < or = 6 (cf. Woodhull, A. M. 1973. Journal of General Physiology. 61:687-708). The voltage dependence of the block could be described by assuming that protons enter the pore and bind to a site with a pK of approximately 4.6 at an apparent electrical distance of approximately 0.1 from the extracellular entrance. With intracellular acidification there was only a slight reduction in g, and the g-pH relation could not be approximated by a simple titration curve, suggesting that protons can bind to several sites. The i-V relations were still rectifying, and the voltage-dependent block could be approximated by assuming that protons enter the pore and bind to a site with a pK of approximately 4.1 at an apparent electrical distance of approximately 0.2 from the intracellular entrance. Based on the difference between the three g-pH relations, we conclude that there are at least two proton binding sites in the pore and that they can be occupied simultaneously.
The knapsack problem: A survey

A unifying survey of the literature related to the knapsack problem; that is, maximize , subject to and xi ⩾ 0, integer; where vi, wi and W are known integers, and wi (i = 1, 2, …, N) and W are positive. Various uses, including those in group theory and in other integer programming algorithms, as well as applications from the literature, are discussed. Dynamic programming, branch and bound, search enumeration, heuristic methods, and other solution techniques are presented. Computational experience, and extensions of the knapsack problem, such as to the multi-dimensional case, are also considered.
Ambipolar Transport of Electrons and Holes in Anisotropic Crystals

The problem of ambipolar diffusion and drift of electrons and holes, in which the diffusivity and mobility tensors for the two carrier species may be of different forms, is examined. Problems of this type arise, for example, in studying the diffusion and drift of excess carrier distributions in uniaxially stressed germanium and silicon as well as in certain naturally anisotropic substances. General ambipolar transport equations are obtained in situations where the quasineutrality approximation is justified. Solutions to these equations are quite easily obtained in certain cases where particular simplifying assumptions can be made. These solutions are explicitly obtained and the range of conditions under which they are applicable is outlined in detail. Certain other procedures have been employed to solve the general problem in cases when these conditions are not satisfied. Such methods are usually applicable only in cases involving rather special and restricted sample geometries. The transformation properties of the various terms in the ambipolar transport equation are discussed in various situations of physical interest and importance.
Lowering blood pressure to lower the risk of cardiovascular events in CKD.

(N530,295) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; calculated using the MDRD [Modification of Diet in Renal Disease] Study equation) , 60 mL/min/ 1.73 m 2 . Of these more than 30,000 individuals, only 439 (0.3% of total cohort) had eGFRs , 30 mL/min/ 1.73 m 2 at baseline. As such, results should be considered generalizable to only patients with CKD stage 3, ratherthantoallpatientswithCKDirrespectiveofstage. The primary outcome of the meta-analysis was major cardiovascular events, defined as the first episode of stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiovascular death. Active treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor compared with placebo resulted in a 19% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10%-27%) lower risk of the primary outcome, whereas calcium channel antagonists compared with placebo (3 studies; N 5 6,107) led to a 28% (95% CI, 11%-42%) lower risk. After accounting for the larger reduction in blood pressure in trials that used calcium channel antagonists, the relative risk reduction for ACE inhibitors versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79-0.87) was nearly identical to the relative risk reduction for calcium channel antagonists versus placebo (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.94). When the efficacy of different medication classes was compared head to head, no significant differences were observed for ACE inhibitors versus calcium channel antagonists or for comparisons of either of these 2 medication classes versus diuretic- or b-blocker–based regimens. Taken together, these results suggest that among the classes of medications included in this meta-analysis, no one class of antihypertensive agent is superior to any other for preventing cardiovascular events.
Requirement of both tyrosine residues 1330 and 1337 in the C-terminal tail of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase for epithelial cell scattering and migration.

RON is a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates cell scattering, migration, and tubular formation. This study focused on the function of two tyrosines, Y1330 and Y1337, in the C-terminus of RON in regulating epithelial cell scattering and migration. Substitution of both tyrosine residues with phenylalanine causes complete loss of cell scattering and migration in kidney 293 cells. In contrast, single mutation of either tyrosine residue has no effect. We found that mutation at Y1330 or Y1337 alone does not significantly affect the association of RON with PI-3 kinase, whereas a double mutation abolishes the recruitment of substrates. RON-mediated cell migration was inhibited by PI-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin. This effect was also achieved by a dominant inhibitory p85 of PI-3 kinase. We conclude that Y1330 and Y1337 are required for RON-mediated cell motility. By associating with PI-3 kinase, the Y1330-Y1337 docking site plays a critical role in transducing motile signals of RON.
Production of L-Tryptophan by 5-Fluorotryptophan Resistant Mutants of Bacillus subtilis

The growth of Bacillus subtilis TR–44, a prototrophic transductant from one of inosine producers, was completely inhibited by 200 µg/ml of 5-fiuorotryptophan, a tryptophan analogue, and the inhibition was reversed by the addition of L-tryptophan.Several mutants resistant to 5FT* produced L-tryptophan in the growing cultures. The best producer, strain FT–39, which was selected on a medium containing 1500 µg/ml of 5FT, produced 2 g/liter of L-tryptophan, when cultured in a medium containing 8% of glucose but without any tryptophan precursors. In this mutant, anthranilate synthetase, a key enzyme of the tryptophan biosynthesis, had increased over 280-fold, presumably owing to a genetic derepression. From FT–39, mutants resistant to 7000 µg/ml of 5FT were derived. Among them, strain FF–25 produced 4 g/liter of L-tryptophan, twice as much as did the parental strain. Since this strain produced large amount of L-phenylalanine as well as L-tryptophan, the genetic alteration seemed to be involved in some metabolic...
Strain Induced Bladder Smooth Muscle Remodeling

Multiple urinary bladder wall (UBW) pathologies, such as overactive bladder, bladder outlet obstruction, spinal cord injury (SCI) and related neurogenic disorders, and diabetes result in tissue remodeling marked by hypertrophic bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC) and altered extra-cellular matrix components. This remodeling results in changes in UBW biomechanical properties leading to altered bladder function. Our previous studies have revealed that during the initial areflexic phase of SCI the UBW undergoes profound remodeling that appears to be a compensatory mechanism for the increased wall stretch resulting from over-distension [1, 2]. Remodeling in the bladder wall results in changes in biomechanics and ultimately the ability of the organ to normally fill and void [3]. The stimuli and precise mechanisms that are responsible for bladder remodeling in SCI and the aforementioned pathologies remain unknown. The objective of the present study is to determine the effects of varied in vitro strain on ECM production in the ex vivo rat bladder as a first step toward understanding tissue remodeling in response to strain.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
PRODUCTION OF RADIOLANTHANIDES AND RADIOTHERAPY RESEARCH AT MURR

Many lanthanide radionuclides, having various nuclear properties but similar chemical properties, are considered suitable for different radiotherapeutic applications. This paper describes the production of a number of radiolanthanides (e.g.153Sm,166Dy,166Ho,161Tb and177Lu) and the radiotherapy research involving these radionuclides at the University of Missouri Research Reactor Center (MURR).
Utility of late summer transient snowline migration rate on Taku Glacier, Alaska

Abstract. On Taku Glacier, Alaska a combination of field observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) from snowpits and probing in the vicinity of the transient snowline (TSL) are used to quantify the mass balance gradient. The balance gradient derived from the TSL and SWE measured in snowpits at 1000 m from 1998–2010 ranges from 2.6–3.8 mm m−1. Probing transects from 950 m–1100 m directly measure SWE and yield a slightly higher balance gradient of 3.3–3.8 mm m−1. The TSL on Taku Glacier is identified in MODIS and Landsat 4 and 7 Thematic Mapper images for 31 dates during the 2004–2010 period to assess the consistency of its rate of rise and reliability in assessing ablation for mass balance assessment. For example, in 2010, the TSL was 750 m on 28 July, 800 m on 5 August, 875 m on 14 August, 925 m on 30 August, and 975 m on 20 September. The mean observed probing balance gradient was 3.3 mm m−1, combined with the TSL rise of 3.7 m day−1 yields an ablation rate of 12.2 mm day−1 from mid-July to mid-Sept, 2010. The TSL rise in the region from 750–1100 m on Taku Glacier during eleven periods each covering more than 14 days during the ablation season indicates a mean TSL rise of 3.7 m day−1, the rate of rise is relatively consistent ranging from 3.1 to 4.4 m day−1. This rate is useful for ascertaining the final ELA if images or observations are not available near the end of the ablation season. The mean ablation from 750–1100 m during the July–September period determined from the TSL rise and the observed balance gradient is 11–13 mm day−1 on Taku Glacier during the 2004–2010 period. The potential for providing an estimate of bn from TSL observations late in the melt season from satellite images combined with the frequent availability of such images provides a means for efficient mass balance assessment in many years and on many glaciers.
m‐Nitrobenzazide as a reagent for the identification of phenols

Thirty-three crystalline p-nitrophenyl-urethanes with distinctive physical properties were obtained by the condensation of p-nitrobenzazide with various types of phenols in boiling ligroin solution. In general, 20 to 50 mg of the reagent is sufficient to produce enough crystalline urethane for a correct melting point determination and a microscopic examination of the crystal form. p-Nitrobenzazide, therefore, can be used in place of p-nitrophenyl isocyanate in qualitative organic analysis.
Gravity Waves in a Forest: A Linear Analysis

Wavelike oscillations are a common form of air motion in the forest canopy at night. This paper investigates the canopy wave phenomenon using a two-dimensional inviscid linear wave model taking into account the drag force exerted on the wave wind components by plant elements and the plant‐air heat exchange induced by temperature wave oscillations. The model appears to have adequately reproduced the salient features of a wave event in a boreal aspen forest. The wave dynamics are investigated as functions of parameters of the background states expressed in analytical form. It is shown that canopy waves are generated by wind shear near the treetops and share features of a Kelvin‐Helmholtz disturbance. Because it is located close to the inflection point of the mean wind, the ground exerts a strong stabilizing effect on the wave motions, particularly in a sparse forest. The main role of the canopy drag in the wave dynamics is the creation of the inflection point; its damping effect on wave oscillations themselves is limited to disturbances of wavelengths shorter than that of the fastest growing waves. Wavelength, phase speed, and period of the fastest growing waves, those that are most likely to dominate observations, appear insensitive to static stability.
The tunneling cryotron&#8212;A superconductive logic element based on electron tunneling

This paper discusses the operation of a new superconductive logic element. In geometry, the element resembles the in-line cryotron and like the in-line cryotron exhibits gains of greater than unity when biased. The gate, however, is a Josephson junction. The two states, zero-voltage and "resistive," of the junaction are both superconducting states, one being a pair tunneling state, the other a single-particle tunneling state. The transition from one state to the other takes place in less than 800 ps (the resolving time of the apparatus). If used in a flip-flop circuit in a current steering mode, current transfer times are calculated to be less than 200 ps.
STUDIES ON THE ORIGIN OF RIBOSOMES IN AMOEBA PROTEUS

The origin of cytoplasmic RNA and ribosomes was studied in Amoeba proteus by transplantation of a radioactive nucleus into an unlabeled cell followed by examination of the cytoplasm of the recipient for the presence of label. When a RNA-labeled nucleus was used, label appeared in the ribosomes, ribosomal RNA, and soluble RNA. Since the kinetics of appearance of labeled RNA indicates that the nucleus was not injured during the transfer, and since the transferred nuclear pool of labeled acid-soluble RNA precursors is inadequate to account for the amount of cytoplasmic RNA label, it is concluded that cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA is derived from acid-insoluble nuclear RNA and is probably transported as an intact molecule. Likewise, cytoplasmic soluble RNA probably originated in the nucleus, although labeling by terminal exchange in the cytoplasm is also possible. The results were completely different when a protein-labeled nucleus was grafted into an unlabeled host. In this case, label was found only in soluble proteins in the host cell cytoplasm, and there were no (or very few) radioactive ribosomes. This suggests that the nuclear pool of ribosomal protein and ribosomal protein precursors is relatively small and perhaps nonexistent (and, furthermore, shows that there was no cytoplasmic ribosomal contamination of the transferred nucleus).
On Writing about the Seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe and His Hasidim

When Menachem Friedman and I resolved to write what became The Rebbe: The Life and the Afterlife of Menachem Mendel Schneerson , we did so because as sociologists we were puzzled, as we put it in our preface, by how a “a small Hasidic group that seemed on the verge of collapse in 1950 with the death of their sixth leader” had replanted itself in America and in less than a generation “gained fame and influence throughout the world in ways no one could have imagined” at the time their next and thus far last rebbe, Menaḥem Mendel Schneerson, took over the reins of leadership in 1951. More than that, we were quite amazed that this group, which at its height during the twentieth century was never among the largest hasidic sects and probably numbered at most about 100,000 worldwide, had managed to become among the most well-known hasidim in the world. We were no less struck that they had found ways to make their Jewish outreach efforts, as well as their extraordinarily parochial belief that the contemporary world had entered messianic times (and that only Lubavitchers and their rebbe knew how to hasten his coming), both newsworthy and known far beyond the borders of the hasidic world. Through a series of directed campaigns that aimed to transform Jewry and the world, many, if not most Lubavitchers had also tried to convince the world that their leader, who had reigned over them from Brooklyn for forty-three years, was the Messiah incarnate, even as he lay dying at Beth Israel Hospital in New York.
Adaptive detection of small sinusoidal signals in non-Gaussian noise using an RBF neural network

This paper addresses the application of locally optimum (LO) signal detection techniques to environments in which the noise density is not known a priori. For small signal levels, the LO detection rule is shown to involve a nonlinearity which depends on the noise density. The estimation of the noise density is a major part of the computational burden of LO detection rules. In this paper, adaptive estimation of the noise density is implemented using a radial basis function neural network. Unlike existing algorithms, the present technique places few assumptions on the properties of the noise, and performs well under a wide variety of circumstances. Experimental results are shown which illustrate the system performance as a variety of noise densities are encountered. >
SAXually Explicit Images: Finding Unusual Shapes

Over the past three decades, there has been a great deal of research on shape analysis, focusing mostly on shape indexing, clustering, and classification. In this work, we introduce the new problem of finding shape discords, the most unusual shapes in a collection. We motivate the problem by considering the utility of shape discords in diverse domains including zoology, anthropology, and medicine. While the brute force search algorithm has quadratic time complexity, we avoid this by using locality-sensitive hashing to estimate similarity between shapes which enables us to reorder the search more efficiently. An extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that our approach can speed up computation by three to four orders of magnitude.
The relationship between leptin and ventilatory control in heart failure.

Abstract Background Increased serum leptin concentration has been linked to increased ventilation in patients with mild heart failure (HF). However, in animal models the absence of leptin has also been associated with increased ventilation. This study evaluated the relationship of circulating leptin concentration with exercise ventilation in HF patients. Methods and Results Fifty-eight consecutive ambulatory HF patients were stratified by quintiles of leptin concentration, with a lowest quintile of mean leptin concentration of 1.8 ± 8.9 ng/mL and a highest of 33.3 ± 30.3 ng/mL. Peak exercise ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO 2 ) was significantly elevated in the lowest (46 ± 6 vs 34 ± 4; P P 2 in the low-to-normal quintiles (β = −0.64; P P = .02), and positively correlated to P ET CO 2 in the low-to-normal quintiles (β = 0.59; P = .01) and inversely in the normal-to-high quintiles (β = −0.53; P = .02). Conclusions In HF patients, both high and low leptin concentrations are associated with increased VE/VCO 2 and decreased P ET CO 2 with a nonlinear U-shaped relationship, suggesting that either leptin deficiency or leptin resistance may modulate ventilatory control in HF patients.
Social Capital, Type of Crime, and Social Control

Several studies demonstrate a relationship between social capital and reductions in crime. However, recent research has begun to demonstrate that social capital may affect violent and property crime differently. Moreover, some researchers have suggested that specific aspects of social capital affect crime, while other aspects have little or no effect. This study examines social capital’s effect on the total crime rate, violent crime rate, and property crime rate within U.S. counties. In addition, we group social capital measures as Putnam-type (P-Group), Olson-type (O-Group), and recreation-type (R-Group) parochial controls depending on the type of control it is expected to exert. We find that elements of social capital affect both violent crime and property crime, but affect each in different ways. The type of organization affects whether P-Group, O-Group, and R-Group parochial controls reduce crime.
Host nutrition and infectious disease: an ecological view

Nutrition is typically discussed in terms of maintaining a proper diet and avoiding nutrient deficiency diseases. However, nutrition can also be viewed from an ecological standpoint: mammalian hosts and their pathogens share a wide range of resource needs that are required to support normal metabolism and growth. The development of an infectious disease within a host involves the processes of invasion and resource consumption. Competition for growth-limiting resources can potentially occur between the invading pathogen and the cellular components of the host. Experimental studies confirm that nutrients can have profound effects on a host's response to an infection, and taking an ecological view of host nutrition may help to further inform biomedical practice.
Clock Genes Localize to Quantitative Trait Loci for Stage-Specific Growth in Juvenile Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

In most organisms, an internal circadian clock coordinates the expression of biological rhythms and enables individuals to anticipate and respond to the seasonally changing environment. There is remarkable conservation of function in the molecular machinery underlying this circadian clock across taxa with 4 canonical proteins interacting to form an autoregulatory feedback loop: CLOCK, CRYPTOCHROME, PERIOD, and BMAL. We mapped duplicated copies of Clock and Cryptochrome in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to determine if these genes localize to quantitative trait loci (QTL) for hatch timing, weight, length, and growth rate measured throughout the juvenile life-history stage. We found that Cryptochrome2b mapped to a QTL region for growth (measured at 304 days post-hatching) on linkage group OKI06. The percentage of variation (PEV) explained by this QTL was 15.2%. Cryptochrome2b was also associated with a marginally nonsignificant QTL for length (measured at 395 days post-hatching). OtsClock1b mapped to a QTL region for growth rate (PEV 10.1%) and length (PEV 10.5%) on linkage group OKI24 (measured at 479 days posthatching). Neither gene localized to QTL for hatch timing or weight. Our findings indicate that the growth rate and length QTL associated with OtsClock1b and Cryptochrome2b are development stage-specific and may result from temporally differentiated gene expression patterns.
Empire and Migration: Coastwise Shipping, National Status, and the Colonial Legal Origins of Puerto Rican Migration to the United States

This article examines colonial legal categories such as “national status” and “coastwise shipping” that shaped the movement of goods and people between U.S. colonies and the metropole. Focused on the case of Puerto Rican migration to the U.S. mainland in the early twentieth century, it argues that these legal categories conditioned migration patterns and that migrants, in turn, actively shaped new legal categories. Drawing on sources from both U.S. and Puerto Rican archives, this article contributes to an emerging body of literature on U.S. imperialism, law, and migration in the Americas. It shows that colonial legal categories are critical to understanding enduring migration streams to the United States that have long been embedded in imperial relationships.
Ethnography in ESL: Defining the Essentials

Ethnography has recently become fashionable in ESL, second language classroom, and educational research. But many studies bearing the name ethnographic are impressionistic and superficial rather than careful and detailed. This article addresses two questions: What is ethnography? And what can it do for us in ESL? Ethnography is defined, and some principles of quality ethnographic work are discussed, including the focus on behavior in groups, holism, emit-etic perspectives, comparison, grounded theory, and techniques of data collection and treatment. The promise of ethnography for research and for improving teaching and teacher training is then addressed.
Fundamental limitations of performance in the presence of finite capacity feedback

This paper addresses a fundamental limitation of performance for feedback systems, in the presence of a communication channel. The feedback loop comprises a discrete-time, linear and time-invariant plant, a channel, an encoder and a decoder which may also embody a controller. Measurements of the plant's output must be encoded for transmission over the channel. Information, at the other end of the channel, is decoded and used to generate a control signal, which is additively disturbed by a Gaussian and stationary stochastic process. We derive an inequality of the form L/spl I.bar/ /spl ges/ /spl Sigma/ max{0, log(|/spl lambda//sub i/(A)|)} - C/sub channel/, where L/spl I.bar/ is a measure of disturbance rejection, A is the open loop dynamic matrix and C/sub channel/ is the Shannon capacity of the channel. Our measure L/spl I.bar/ is non-positive and smaller L/spl I.bar/ indicates better rejection (attenuation), while L/spl I.bar/ = 0 signifies no rejection. Previous results show that C/sub channel/ > /spl Sigma/max{0, log(|/spl lambda//sub i/(A)|)} is a necessary condition for stability and now we show that the extra rate C/sub channel/ - /spl Sigma/max{0, log(|/spl lambda//sub i/(A)|)} determines a fundamental limitation for disturbance rejection. Additionally, we prove that, under stationarity assumptions, L/spl I.bar/ admits a log-sensitivity integral representation. We contrast our condition with Rode's integral formula and the water-bed effect. The new inequality shows explicitly how the capacity of the channel limits closed loop performance.
Expression of fgf23 and αklotho in developing embryonic tissues and adult kidney of the zebrafish, Danio rerio

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an endocrine hormone that is secreted by bone and acts on the kidney and parathyroid glands to regulate phosphate homeostasis. The effects of FGF23 on phosphate homeostasis are mediated by binding to FGF receptors and their coreceptor, αklotho, which are abundantly expressed in the kidney and parathyroid glands. However, the mechanisms of how FGF23 regulates phosphate handling in the proximal tubule are unclear because αklotho is primarily expressed in the distal nephron in humans and rodents. The purpose of this study was to gain additional insight into the FGF23-αklotho system by investigating the spatial and temporal aspects of the expression of fgf23 and αklotho in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Here, we report that zebrafish fgf23 begins to be expressed after organogenesis and is continually expressed into adulthood in the corpuscles of Stannius, which are endocrine glands that lie in close proximity to the nephron and are thought to contribute to calcium and phosphate homeostasis in fish. Zebrafish αklotho expression can be detected by 24-h postfertilization in the brain, pancreas and the distal pronephros, and by 56-h postfertilization in liver. Expression in the distal pronephros persists throughout development, and by Day 5, there is also strong expression in the proximal pronephros. αklotho continues to be expressed in the tubules of the metanephros of the adult kidney. These data indicate conservation of the FGF23-αklotho system across species and suggest a likely role for αklotho in the proximal and distal tubules.
On the Connection of SRAM Cell Stability with Switching History in Partially Depleted SOI Technology

Read and write operational margins for SRAM cells in partially depleted silicon on insulator (PD-SOI) technology are studied. In both simulation and concept, cell stability is shown to be directly connected to the inverter nFET first switch/second switch history, thus linking SRAM margins to a PD SOI parameter that can be measured and monitored
Analysis of the membrane domain of the gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase.

A structure of the catalytic or alpha subunit of the H(+)/K(+)-ATPase, with ten transmembrane segments, and of the beta subunit, with a single such segment, was established using a combination of tryptic cleavage and peptide sequencing and in vitro translation. Sites at which covalent ligands bind to external surfaces were also defined by cleavage, separation and sequencing. Cys813 was found to be the common covalent binding site for all the substituted pyridyl methylsulfinyl benzimidazoles. The binding region of a K(+)-competitive reagent, the 1,2 a -imidazo-pyridine SCH 28080, was defined by the kinetic effects of site-specific mutations. Amino acids substitutions in membrane-spanning segments M1, M3, M4 and M6 were found to influence the apparent inhibitor constant, K(i), to varying degrees, some having a large effect, some a moderate effect and some a slight effect, whereas some mutations had no effect. We interpret changes in K(i) without effects on the apparent Michaelis constant, K(m), as affecting SCH 28080 binding only. Mutation of Cys813 significantly affected the K(i) for SCH 28080, explaining the prevention of benzimidazole inhibition by the imidazo-pyridine.A model of the a subunit was constructed with a vestibule on the luminal surface of the pump bounded by M1-M6 and containing the SCH 28080 binding region. The cation binding site is suggested to be more towards the cytoplasmic face of the enzyme's membrane domain. This model predicts the membrane peptide associations for the catalytic subunit. Biochemical and yeast two-hybrid methods place the beta subunit in association with M8, whereas similar methods place M5/6 in proximity to M9/10. These results, when combined with analysis of the two-dimensional crystals of the sarcoplasmic reticular Ca(2+) and Neurospora crassa H(+)-ATPases, provide the basis for a tentative model of the arrangement of the six core segments of the gastric H(+)/K(+)-ATPase.
Habitat discrimination between sympatric populations of Peromyscus attwateri and Peromyscus pectoralis in west-central Texas

Habitat discrimination between sympatric populations of Peromyscus attwateri and P. pectoralis was examined through live trapping, observations of escape cover, and fluorescent tracking. Discriminant-function analysis of live-trapping data defined the position of each species along a habitat gradient ranging from sloping limestone ledges with leaf litter under a live oak ( Quercus fusiformis ) canopy to more open grassy areas with scattered rocks and young mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ). P. attwateri was a generalist using the full range of available microhabitats. P. pectoralis specialized on areas of limestone ledges and leaf litter, and its microhabitat niche was included entirely within that of P. attwateri . Results of analysis of escape cover and fluorescent tracking for P. pectoralis confirmed the association of this species with limestone ledges. Both discriminant-function analysis and fluorescent tracking indicated that immature P. pectoralis used marginal habitats in addition to limestone ledges, therefore had a broader microhabitat niche than adults. Observation of escape cover and tracking revealed that on the study site, P. attwateri is at least semiarboreal and travels primarily in trees.
Noncovalent Intracellular Drug Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs on Au NPs

The successful delivery of hydrophobic drugs to cellular targets continues to present challenges to the pharmaceutical industry. The advances made by nanotechnology have generated new avenues for selectively loading, delivering, and targeting these drugs to their biological targets without compromising efficacy. Here, we describe how gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) functionalized with polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be evaluated for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs in aqueous systems. Specifically, we describe Au NP synthesis, ligand exchange, and delivery evaluation at-the-bench for screening of potential drug candidates.
Quantitative Fluorescence Image Analysis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ploidy in Urine From Normal Children

Abstract: Quantitative fluorescence image analysis incorporates the 2 diagnostic techniques of cytological analysis with quantitation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Exfoliated urinary cells are ideal for analysis by this method, which allows the identification of “rare event” abnormal cells. We evaluated the urine from 50 children who had undergone cystoscopy or were catheterized for other reasons. The urine was free of infection by urinalysis. Cytological analysis demonstrated normal or atypical cells in all patients. Of the patients 1 (2%) had greater than 2 of 500 cells analyzed with greater than 5C DNA and 4 (8%) had greater than 2 of 500 cells with greater than 5C double stranded nucleic acid. These data suggest that it may be “normal” for urine to contain “rare event” abnormal cells. The significance of this finding is unclear at present.
Wordsworth’s Useless Fiat in ‘The Old Cumberland Beggar’

When either a very young man or increasingly old one, William Wordsworth was plenty capable of deploying the hortatory subjunctive we think of in common association with propositioning orators. ‘But let me ask you seriously,’ he boldly addressed the Bishop of Llandaff,2 ‘from the mode in which these distinctions are originally conferred, is it not almost necessary that, far from being the rewards of services rendered to the state, they should usually be the recompense of an industrious sacrifice of the general welfare to the particular aggrandizement of that power by which they are bestowed?’ Quoting Llandaff’s own prior judicial decisions back at him, Wordsworth could turn round with the sentence: ‘“Let it never be forgotten by ourselves and let us impress the observation upon the hearts of our children that we are in possession of both (liberty and equality), of as much of both, as can be consistent with the end for which civil society was introduced among mankind.”’3