cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambient temperature affects thrombotic potential at rest and following exercise

Abstract Introduction During exercise, ischemic risk increases, possibly due to changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic activity. Previous research suggests ambient temperature affects resting thrombotic potential, but the effect of heat and cold on hemostasis during exercise is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis during maximal exercise in hot and cold temperatures, and to compare those responses to exercise under temperate conditions. Materials & Methods Fifteen healthy men completed maximal exercise tests in hot (30 °C), temperate (20 °C) and cold (5° - 8 °C) temperatures. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise and analyzed for concentrations of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT), active tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Results were analyzed by ANOVA. Results A main effect of time was observed for TAT (temperate = 1.71 ± 0.82 – 2.61 ± 0.43 ng/ml, hot = 1.81 ± 0.73 – 2.62 ± 0.67 ng/ml, cold = 2.33 ± 0.65 – 2.89 ± 0.81 ng/ml, PRE to POST, respectively) and tPA activity (temperate = 0.72 ± 0.44 – 2.71 ± 0.55 IU/ml, hot = 0.72 ± 0.38 – 2.64 ± 0.61 IU/ml, cold = 0.86 ± 0.45 – 2.65 ± 0.77 IU/ml, PRE to POST, respectively). A trend was observed for the PAI-1 response to exercise (temperate = 14.5 ± 23.7 – 12.3 ± 20.2 IU/ml, hot = 15.1 ± 26.5 – 10.0 ± 15.1 IU/ml, cold = 10.5 ± 10.4 – 7.9 ± 9.7 IU/ml, PRE to POST, respectively, p = 0.08). TAT concentrations were significantly higher in cold compared to temperate and hot conditions. Conclusion Coagulation potential is elevated during exposure to cold temperatures. These data suggest that risk of an ischemic event may be elevated in the cold.
Cardiac markers in acute coronary syndromes-refining our knowledge.

See doi:10.1016/S1095-668X(02)00322-6 and doi:10.1053/S1095-668X(02)00312-2for thearticles to which this editorial refers. Just a few years ago, we appeared to be stymied in advancing the ability to predict outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). A combination of refined clinical observation,advances in measurement of pathobiology, and large studies with expert application of statistical methods, however, has advanced this field beyond the ability of the clinical world to keep pace. Inthe last 5 years, the troponins,1–3 better clinical statistical models,4–6 C-reactive protein (CRP),7 and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)8 have all shown promise for providing biological insight and for predicting outcome. One can legitimately ask the question: who cares to know about risk if one cannot do anything about it? Thus, in addition to adding knowledge (always a worthy goal), it is imperative to take risk stratification into the era of informed decision-making. In this month's edition of the Journal , we are fortunate to have two articles that further refine previous knowledge. Lenderink et al.9 offer a long-term look at the prognosis …
Coulometric titrations with mercury(I) and (II) determinations of secondary amines and mercaptans

Abstract A study of the titration of aliphatic amines and mercaptans with electrolytically generated mercury(II) reagent is reported. Amines were titrated after conversion to their corresponding dithio-carbamic acids by reaction with carbon disulfide. Using this procedure, a 3.10 -4 F solution of secondary amine was titrated with an accuracy of better than 1% and a concentration of 3.10 -6 F with an accuracy of better than 2%. Primary amines constituted an interference in this procedure but were removed prior to the titration with salicylaldehyde. Tertiary amines were found not to interfere. Comparable titrations with generated silver ion did not give quantitative results. The application of electrolytically generated rnercury(II) reagents for the titration of another organic functional group, sulfhydryl, was also studied. The titration of a sulfhydryl compound (cysteine) was studied briefly. Amounts of cysteine down to 1. 29 mg in 100 ml of solution (1.3.10 -4 F ) were determined with an accuracy of better than 1%. Smaller amounts of cysteine down to 0.26 mg (2.10 -5 F ) were determined with about 3% accuracy.
Why Doesn't Kant Care About Natural Language?

Kant s'est fait regulierement reprocher, a son epoque et a la notre, d'avoir ignore le probleme des langues naturelles. L'objection la plus connue a cet egard est celle de J G. Hamann, qui a pretendu qu'en essayant de « purifier » la raison, Kant a neglige l'aspect le plus significatif du langage a savoir son caractere contingent; et cette idee a ete developpee plus avant par plusieurs de nos contemporains. On soutient ici que Kant s'interesse au langage a un niveau logique et grammatical, dans sa tentative d'identifier les conditions necessaires pour l'apparition de jugements dans n'importe quel langage. Hamann et ceux qui le suivent aujourd'hui, par consequent, apprecient mal la pertinence de l'approche de Kant pour identifier les conditions de la rationalite des agents, de meme que son role dans l'histoire de la recherche d'une grammaire universelle.
Odor-aversion learning in neonatal rats

Two-day-old rats were exposed to a novel odor and injected with an illness-inducing drug, lithium chloride. When tested at 8 days of age, these pups avoided pine shavings scented with the odor, whereas control pups did not. These results imply that rat pups are capable of associative learning at a much earlier age than was thought possible.
Accelerator design for protein sequence HMM search

Profile Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a powerful approach to describing biologically significant functional units, or motifs, in protein sequences. Entire databases of such models are regularly compared to large collections of proteins to recognize motifs in them. Exponentially increasing rates of genome sequencing have caused both protein and model databases to explode in size, placing an ever-increasing computational burden on users of these systems.Here, we describe an accelerated search system that exploits parallelism in a number of ways. First, the application is functionally decomposed into a pipeline, with distinct compute resources executing each pipeline stage. Second, the first pipeline stage is deployed on a systolic array, which yields significant fine-grained parallelism. Third, for some instantiations of the design, parallel copies of the first pipeline stage are used, further increasing the level of coarse-grained parallelism.A naive parallelization of the first stage computation has serious repercussions for the sensitivity of the search. We present a pair of remedies to this dilemma and quantify the regions of interest within which each approach is most effective. Analytic performance models are used to assess the overall speedup that can be attained relative to a single-processor software solution. Performance improvements of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude are predicted.
A comparison of essential and general amino acid infusions in the nutritional support of patients with compromised renal function.

A comparative study of an essential amino acid (EAA) solution versus a general amino acid (GAA) solution in combination with a high density caloric solution (350 gram dextrose per 750 milliliter total volume) in patients with impaired renal function and receiving total parenteral nutrition was conducted. Forty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive either EAA [17 grams per liter (24)] or GAA [20 grams per liter (21)]. BUN values for days 1 to 10 of the study for each group declined at the same rate, 3.7 milligrams per deciliter per day for the GAA group and 2.8 milligrams per deciliter per day for the EAA group (p > 0.05, analysis of variance). BUN values at the start of the study were 78 ± 6.5, mean ± standard error of mean milligram per deciliter for the GAA group and 75 ± 7.5, mean ± standard error of mean, mg/dl for the EAA` group which were not different (p > 0.05, analysis of variance). Serum creatinine values of 5.9 ± 0.9, mean ± standard error of mean, milligram per deciliter for the GAA ...
Autoradiographic demonstration of quinuclidinyl benzilate binding sites in the vestibular organs of the gerbil

Gerbil vestibular tissues were isolated by microdissection and incubated in vitro with 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB). Control tissues were incubated in medium containing unlabeled atropine to differentiate non-specific from specific binding. Autoradiographic grain densities were determined by morphometric techniques and evaluated by two-tailed t-test. The label densities of sensory epithelia from experimental preparations of ampulla, utricle and saccule were found to be significantly higher than those in the adjacent endolymphatic compartment and also higher than those of adjacent stromal tissue comprising connective tissue, nerve fibers and capillaries. In contrast, no tissue region in atropine controls showed label density significantly above that of the endolymphatic compartment. Label density of ampullar sensory epithelium incubated with 3H-QNB alone was significantly higher than that of sensory epithelium from utricle or saccule. Grain density was greater in the peripheral regions of the ampullar crista compared to the vertex. Appreciable label was also present in nerve bundles beneath the sensory epithelium of the ampulla. The current study demonstrates the existence of putative muscarinic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator receptor sites in mammalian vestibular sense organs at locations corresponding to efferent innervation, with particularly significant concentrations in the ampulla.
A Photometric Survey for Low‐Mass Members of IC 2391

A VRI photometric survey has been conducted in the young open cluster IC 2391 to identify candidate low-mass cluster members. Photometry for some 10,725 objects, ranging from V = 10 to V = 20, were extracted from 21 CCD fields positioned within 1° of the nominal cluster center [α(2000) = 08 h42m, δ(2000) = -53°00°]. Seventeen stars have been identified as candidate cluster members with (V–I) colors ranging from 2.78 to 3.72. The masses of these candidate members are estimated to range from 0.25 to 0.09 M⊙. If these stars are indeed IC 2391 members, they will help to rectify an apparent deficit of low-luminosity stars in the luminosity function of this cluster.
Deterministic dynamics emerging from a cortical functional architecture

Cerebral cortex has a range of interconnected functional architectures. Some appear random and without structure, while others are geometrical. Although the biological details certainly constrain spatial temporal patterns in neural networks, the influence that the laws of deterministic dynamics bring to bear on even isolated simple geometries are unknown. Layer II/III of primary visual cortex has long range horizontal connections with projections to and from other layers. The long range excitatory connections were modeled in isolation as an isolated laterally connected functional architecture. The Hodgkin-Huxley or Pinsky-Rinzel equations were used to simulate the neuronal elements. Waves of activity could propagate through the functional architecture; depending on the synaptic kinetics, the system could settle down into quiescence, oscillations, or seemingly random behavior. Order could be found in random-looking behavior by the application of techniques from chaos theory. Furthermore, the range and transitions of the temporal patterns in the modeled collection of neurons are similar to those found in other non-linear systems. The possibility that the temporal patterns of neurons in situ are also constrained by these mathematical laws is discussed.
Iatrogenic artifacts on whole-body F-18 FDG PET imaging

Purpose:Whole-body F-18 FDG PET images frequently show artifacts related to medical and surgical interventions. We present some of the common artifact patterns in this atlas article.Materials and Methods:We studied whole-body F-18 FDG PET images of 30 adult patients (17 males and 13 females). Of the
Spacer Length Controlled Oblique-Columnar to Lamello-Columnar Mesophase Transition in Liquid Crystalline DNA−Discotic Cationic Lipid Complexes

Asymmetric triphenylene imidazolium salts with spacer lengths of C5, C8, and C11 were successfully synthesized. DNA complexation with these cationic discotic lipids was achieved by mixing DNA and triphenylene imidazolium salts in aqueous solutions. The molecular composition of the complexes in the bulk was quantitatively determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; the ratio of negative phosphate groups to positive imidazolium salt ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 for different discotic cationic lipids. The columnar liquid crystalline morphology was characterized by polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy. When the spacer length of the triphenylene imidazolium salts increased from C5 to C8 and C11, a morphological transition from an oblique-columnar (Colo) phase to lamello-columnar (ColL) phases was observed. From detailed XRD results, the face-to-face interdisk spacing in a triphenylene column (0.35 nm) was similar to the period of hydrogen-bond...
Amphiregulin, a TH2 Cytokine Enhancing Resistance to Nematodes

Although type 2 immune responses contribute to allergy and asthma, these responses are essential for clearing intestinal helminth infestations by mechanisms that include increased epithelial shedding. We show that T helper 2 cells (TH2), but not other T cell subsets, express amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. EGF receptor ligands directly induce epithelial cell proliferation, and lack of amphiregulin delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichuris muris. This newly recognized link between TH2 cells and epithelial proliferation should help in planning therapeutic interventions for helminth infections and other diseases that involve both cell proliferation and allergy, such as asthma.
Instability intervals and growth rates for Hill’s equation

Hill's equation is a real linear second-order ordinary differential equation with a periodic coefficient f(t): y"(t)+[λ+ e f (t)] y(t) = 0. (0.1) It has unbounded solutions for certain intervals of the real parameter A, called instability intervals. Here these intervals, and the growth rate of the unbounded solutions, are determined for e small, and also for A large. This is done by constructing a fundamental pair of solutions which are power series in e/A 1/2 , with coefficients that are bounded functions of A.
Continuous flow-driven inversion for arterial spin labeling using pulsed radio frequency and gradient fields.

Continuous labeling by flow driven adiabatic inversion is advantageous for arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion studies, but details of the implementation, including inefficiency, magnetization transfer, and limited support for continuous-mode operation on clinical scanners has restricted the benefits of this approach. Here a new approach to continuous labeling that employs rapidly repeated gradient and RF pulses to achieve continuous labeling with high efficiency is characterized. The theoretical underpinnings, numerical simulations, and in-vivo implementation of this pulsed continuous ASL (PCASL) are described. In-vivo PCASL labeling efficiency of 96% relative to continuous labeling with comparable labeling parameters far exceeded the 33% duty cycle of the PCASL RF pulses. Imaging at 3 Tesla with body coil transmission was readily achieved. This technique should help to realize the benefits of continuous labeling in clinical imagers.
Teacher Conceptions and Approaches Associated with an Immersive Instructional Implementation of Computer-Based Models and Assessment in a Secondary Chemistry Classroom

This paper reports on a case study of an immersive and integrated multi-instructional approach (namely computer-based model introduction and connection with content; facilitation of individual student exploration guided by exploratory worksheet; use of associated differentiated labs and use of model-based assessments) in the implementation of coupled computer-based models and assessment in a high-school chemistry classroom. Data collection included in-depth teacher interviews, classroom observations, student interviews and researcher notes. Teacher conceptions highlighted the role of models as tools; the benefits of abstract portrayal via visualizations; appropriate enactment of model implementation; concerns with student learning and issues with time. The case study revealed numerous challenges reconciling macro, submicro and symbolic phenomena with the NetLogo model. Nonetheless, the effort exhibited by the teacher provided a platform to support the evolution of practice over time. Students' reactions r...
Geriatric content in pharmacotherapy and therapeutics textbooks.

Objectives. To determine the extent to which therapeutics textbooks address age-related medication information. Methods. Criteria for 5 disease states prevalent among geriatric patients were developed based on the content of a geriatric textbook and from expert reviewers’ input. The criteria were used to determine the degree to which geriatric content was addressed in 3 therapeutics textbooks. Results. The therapeutics textbooks contained less than half of the critical points for 3 disease states: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus (31%, 33%, and 46%, respectively). In addition, the textbooks addressed only one half to two thirds of the criteria for the remaining 2 disease states of osteoarthritis and dementia (55% and 68%, respectively). Criteria specific to the elderly were addressed less often than criteria that were important but not unique to the elderly (38% and 63%, respectively). Conclusions. Current therapeutics textbooks have significant gaps in geriatric...
Involvement of Thymus in Immune Response of Rabbits to Somatic Polysaccharides of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Plaque-forming cells elaborating antibody specific for Salmonella enteritidis somatic antigen have been demonstrated in the thymus of rabbits 5 days after a single systemic injection of a minute amount of this bacterial polysaccharide. A marked decrease in organ weight and loss of thymic cellularity was also seen, and was most pronounced at the time when antibody-forming cells made their appearance.
Algorithmic optimizations for energy efficient throughput-oriented FFT architectures on FPGA

Energy efficiency is a key design metric when implementing signal processing applications on FPGAs. In this paper, high level energy optimizations are proposed to facilitate the development of an energy efficient throughput-oriented FFT design. At the algorithm mapping level, we develop a data remapping technique and a memory activation scheduling method to reduce memory energy consumption. At the architecture binding level, we explore and identify the optimal memory binding scheme and pipelining strategy of the floating point units. The experimental results show that the dynamic power dissipation is reduced significantly using the proposed algorithmic optimizations. Compared with the baseline architecture, the optimized architecture achieves 2.97x, 2.99x and 3.05x improvement in energy-efficiency (defined as GFLOPS/W) for 256, 4096 and 32768 point FFTs, respectively. Compared with the state-of-the-art designs, our implementation realizes up to 7.39x energy efficiency improvement while sustaining almost 20x throughput (defined as MPoints/s) performance.
Particle detection and monitoring—current state of the art☆

Abstract The methods at present available for the detection and monitoring of particles suspended in fluids are reviewed with particular reference to problems of contamination control of environments. Future developments likely to lead to useful techniques are discussed.
The effects of essay topics on modal verb uses in L1 and L2 academic writing

Abstract This study analyzes modal verb use in a small corpus of L1 and L2 writing (718 essays/201,601 words) on five topics written by speakers of English, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. The results demonstrate that median frequency rates of modal verbs in L2 essays are significantly affected by the writing topic, depending on the writers’ L1s and the contextual meanings and functions of obligation and necessity modals. On the whole, the frequency rates of possibility and ability modals appear to be less topic-dependent than obligation and necessity modals in the L2 writing of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean speakers. In many cases, writing prompts/topics are generally designed to be accessible to young adults of any cultural and linguistic background. However, broad-based topic accessibility also implies reliance on writers’ personal experiences and socio-cultural background knowledge that can lead to a greater topic-effect on L2 writing and overuse of such language features as obligation and necessity modals. The study concludes that more personally distant topics elicit fewer disparities between L1 and L2 prose than topics in which the student writers are expected to draw on their personal experiences.
Overcoming Selection Bias in Microcredit Impact Assessments: A Case Study in Peru

Abstract There are several potential sources of bias in microcredit impact assessments. This paper uses a panel data set from a Peruvian MFI to test for impact of credit on microenterprise profits, while controlling for these biases. We find that those who will eventually become borrowers have significantly higher incomes than those who will not become borrowers, implying that selection into the lending programme is a substantial problem. After controlling for this selection, we find that an average microentrepreneur who borrows earns significantly higher enterprise profits than one who does not borrow, and that naive models, which do not control for selection, overestimate this impact. Fixed effects estimates give roughly the same results as the quasi-experimental cross-section analysis.
Influence of site of administration of urea on voluntary intake of concentrate by lactating cows.

Abstract Four rumen-fistulated cows were fed isonitrogenous diets in a Latin square design with 14-day periods. Treatments were: Control (C), urea-oral (UO), urea-rumen (UR), and urea-abomasum (UA). Concentrates fed C, UR, and UA cows contained 1% urea while that fed UO cows had 3%. Sufficient urea in an aqueous solution (1:5) to equal 2% of the concentrate intake was placed twice daily directly into the rumen of UR cows or into the abomasum of UA cows. Concentrate was offered ad libitum just before urea administration, and hay (5.4 kg) was fed once-a-day. Daily intakes of concentrate were similar for C (13.3 kg), UR (12.6 kg), and UA (13.1 kg) treatments but depressed for UO (10.6 kg) (P
Examination of the correlation of serum metoclopramide levels with antiemetic efficacy in patients receiving cisplatin

The existence of a threshold serum metoclopramide level above which total protection from cisplatin-induced vomiting is more likely to occur has been proposed. We monitored serum metoclopramide levels prior to the third metoclopramide dose in the first cisplatin treatment cycle in patients receiving metoclopramide 2 mg/kg×4 as part of a randomized double-blind cross-over study comparing single-agent metoclopramide with combination metoclopramide and dexamethasone. Serum samples from 35 patients (17 receiving single-agent metoclopramide and 18 receiving the combination) were analyzed using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). A wide variation in metoclopramide levels was observed (range 273–3380 ng/ml). Serum levels obtained from the same patient on multiple treatment cycles were well correlated, and the addition of dexamethasone did not alter serum metoclopramide levels. No threshold level could be identified for the two groups (single-agent or combination antiemetic therapy) considered individually or considered together. However, significantly more vomiting episodes and a lower incidence of total protection were noted in patients with metoclopramide levels above 1469 ng/ml receiving metoclopramide alone. This effect was nullified in the combination antiemetic group. Our data do not support a directly proportional relationship between serum metoclopramide level and antiemetic protection. However, a non-linear relationship with a possible agonist/antagonist effect is suggested.
First-order mean-spherical approximation for interfacial phenomena : A unified method from bulk-phase equilibria study

The recently proposed first-order mean-spherical approximation (FMSA) [Y. Tang, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 10605 (2004)] for inhomogeneous fluids is extended to the study of interfacial phenomena. Computation is performed for the Lennard-Jones fluid, in which all phase equilibria properties and direct correlation function for density-functional theory are developed consistently and systematically from FMSA. Three functional methods, including fundamental measure theory for the repulsive force, local-density approximation, and square-gradient approximation, are applied in this interfacial investigation. Comparisons with the latest computer simulation data indicate that FMSA is satisfactory in predicting surface tension, density profile, as well as relevant phase equilibria. Furthermore, this work strongly suggests that FMSA is very capable of unifying homogeneous and inhomogeneous fluids, as well as those behaviors outside and inside the critical region within one framework.
Combining treatments to improve the fermentation of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates by ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY180.

Abstract Inhibitory side products from dilute acid pretreatment is a major challenge for conversion of lignocellulose into ethanol. Six strategies to detoxify sugarcane hydrolysates were investigated alone, and in combinations (vacuum evaporation of volatiles, high pH treatment with ammonia, laccase, bisulfite, microaeration, and inoculum size). High pH was the most beneficial single treatment, increasing the minimum inhibitory concentration (measured by ethanol production) from 15% (control) to 70% hydrolysate. Combining treatments provided incremental improvements, consistent with different modes of action and multiple inhibitory compounds. Screening toxicity using tube cultures proved to be an excellent predictor of relative performance in pH-controlled fermenters. A combination of treatments (vacuum evaporation, laccase, high pH, bisulfite, microaeration) completely eliminated all inhibitory activity present in hydrolysate. With this combination, fermentation of hemicellulose sugars (90% hydrolysate) to ethanol was complete within 48 h, identical to the fermentation of laboratory xylose (50 g/L) in AM1 mineral salts medium (without hydrolysate).
Revision of Tachia (Gentianaceae: Helieae)

Abstract The systematics and biogeography of the neotropical angiosperm genus Tachia Aubl. (Gentianaceae: Helieae) were investigated. The genus includes 13 neotropical species from Guyana in the east to western Peru in the west and from Costa Rica in the north to central Bolivia in the south. Tachia grandifolia var. orientalis is raised to the species rank as Tachia orientalis . Illustrations, a diagnostic key, phenology, distribution maps, and descriptions are provided for all species.
Toward a classification of compact complex homogeneous spaces

In this note, we prove some results on the classification of compact complex homogeneous spaces. We first consider the case of a parallelizable space M = G/Γ ,w hereG is a complex connected Lie group and Γ is a discrete cocompact subgroup of G. Using a generalization of results in [M. Otte, J. Potters, Manuscripta Math. 10 (1973) 117–127; D. Guan, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 354 (2002) 4493–4504, see also Electron. Res. Announc. Amer. Math. Soc. 3 (1997) 90], it will be shown that, up to a finite covering, G/Γ is a torus bundle over the product of two such quotients, one where G is semisimple, the other where the simple factors of the Levi subgroups of G are all of type Al .I n the general case of compact complex homogeneous spaces, there is a similar decomposition into three types of building blocks.
How much can be gained by more systematic prevention of stroke

Clinical trials and observational studies provide evidence for a wide range of interventions of proven value for preventing a first or recurrent stroke. The available data indicate that strategies for primordial, primary and secondary stroke prevention are not being optimally implemented. Although specific estimates are difficult to calculate, the impact of improving the use of the wide array of effective stroke preventive interventions would be substantial.
Gelatinase B modulates selective opening of the blood-brain barrier during inflammation

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with neuroinflammatory diseases, and blood-brain barrier damage is a pathophysiological consequence of central nervous system inflammation. We examin...
Attachment hypothesis of REM sleep: Toward an integration of psychoanalysis, neuroscience, and evolutionary psychology and the implications for psychopathology research.

In this article the authors propose, on the basis of a review of the evolutionary and neuropsychological study of REM sleep, that REM sleep functions to promote attachment and that in the mature state it may promote sexual pair bonding and serve related compensatory functions. The attachment hypothesis is consistent with known psychobiologic correlates of REM sleep, with classical psychoanalytic theory regarding dreams, and with evidence from research on attachment. The authors argue that this hypothesis leads to a new understanding of the role of repression and the dream work, and has broad implications for psychopathology research. They argue that although many in the cognitive and neural sciences have largely dismissed S. Freud's (1900/1953) theorizing on dreams, there is important complementarity when it is evaluated through the lens of the attachment hypothesis.
IUGG Quadrennial Report Overviews: Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology 1979–1982

This introduction to the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology (VGP) section of the 1979–1982 IUGG Quadrennial Report is intended to serve as a thumbnail sketch of some major research developments and trends in VGP over the past four years. These notes are drawn from, and limited to, the nine review articles that follow in this section. Although I have made an effort to give mention to all areas covered by the reviews, the subjects about which I know most have inevitably received the greater play. A full reading of the reviews will provide a more balanced summary.
Are there racial disparities in the use of restraints and outcomes in children after motor vehicle crashes

Abstract Background This study determines whether racial/ethnic disparities exist with respect to restraint use and outcomes in pediatric motor vehicle crash passengers. Methods A review of passengers ( Results A total of 37,375 patients were identified (mean age, 9.3 years; 95% confidence interval, 9.2-9.4 years; 59% male). Of the patients, 45.7% were restrained with the lowest use among African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans; 12.6% required emergency surgery; morbidity was 6.7%, and mortality, 5.8%. On multivariable analysis, race/ethnicity did not affect mortality or LOS. Higher Injury Severity Score (ISS) was associated with increased need for emergency operation, higher morbidity and mortality, and longer LOS. The use of restraints was associated with a lower ISS and a decreased risk for emergency surgery. The interaction between restraint use and ISS increased the need for emergency surgery, morbidity, and LOS. Conclusions Less than half of pediatric passengers in this study were restrained. The use of restraints was associated with a lower ISS, whereas a higher ISS was associated with increased need for emergency surgery, morbidity, mortality, and LOS. These data emphasize the need for increased education in preventive measures to minimize the risk of death and injury.
Interactive non-prehensile manipulation for grasping via POMDPs

This paper develops a technique for an autonomous robot endowed with a manipulator arm, a multi-fingered gripper, and a variety of sensors to manipulate a known, but poorly observable object. We present a novel grasp planning method which not only incorporates the potential collision between object and manipulator, but takes advantage of this interaction. The natural uncertainty and difficulties in observation in such tasks is modeled as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). Recent advances in point-based methods as well as a novel state space representation specific to the grasping problem are leveraged to overcome state space growth issues. Simulation results are presented for the combined localization, manipulation, and grasping of a small nut on a table.
Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 2. Contributory pathways leading to myocardial fibrosis: moving beyond collagen expression.

While the term “fibrosis” can be misleading in terms of the complex patterns and processes of myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, fibrillar collagen accumulation is a common consequen...
Molecular genetics of pancreatic neoplasms and their morphologic correlates: an update on recent advances and potential diagnostic applications.

Objectives: To summarize the most clinically and biologically relevant advances in molecular/genetic characteristics of various pancreatic neoplasms, with morphologic correlation. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing of numerous benign and malignant pancreatic tumors, along with the plethora of highly sensitive molecular studies now available for analyzing these tumors, provide mounting evidence to support the long-held belief that cancer is essentially a genetic disease. These genetic discoveries have not only helped to confirm the age-old, morphology-based classifications of pancreatic neoplasia but have shed new light on their mechanisms. Many of these molecular discoveries are currently being used in preoperative diagnosis. Results: Mutations in KRAS , P16/CDKN2A , TP53 , and SMAD4/DPC4 are commonly seen in ductal neoplasia but not in nonductal tumors; ductal adenocarcinomas with SMAD4/DPC4 loss are associated with widespread metastasis and poor prognosis. GNAS and RNF43 mutations have been discovered in most intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms, providing critical molecular fingerprints for their diagnosis. Mutation in DAXX/ATRX is only seen in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, making it a useful potential marker in distinguishing these tumors from mimics. Conclusions: When combined with morphologic observations, molecular studies will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis and morphomolecular signatures associated with specific neoplasms and provide new horizons for precision medicine and targeted therapies.
La dépopulation : science et politique

Quatre themes sont developpes dans cet article, a savoir : que le debat sur la depopulation est domine par la confusion au niveau des sens du mot et au niveau des causes, consequences et mesures a prendre; que la question de la depopulation est etroitement liee aux ideologies politiques et aux valeurs culturelles; que les donnees et les methodes demographiques, ainsi que certains demographes eminents, ont joue un role considerable dans ce debat; que l’avenir de la fecondite est plus impenetrable que jamais, de sorte que la pertinence des inquietudes sur la depopulation n’est pas evidente.
Does Foreign Direct Investment Provide Desirable Development Finance? The Case of China

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is often considered as a cost-effective and risk-reducing source for development finance. This paper, however, shows that FDI finance often entails underestimated risks and costs. FDI might react sensitively to business cycles and might not be as “permanent” as conventionally believed. FDI might also accelerate other forms of capital flow in times of financial difficulties and, hence, destabilize financial order. In addition to the risks, compensations to FDI and the high import-dependency of FDI-related trade lead to a considerable drain on the balance of payments. Moreover, the reliance on foreign capital for development finance is equivalent to building a Ponzi financing scheme and, therefore, is unsustainable. Given the fact that FDI financing is risky and costly and China does not lack savings, it is suggested in the present paper that China's efforts in attracting FDI should not aim at external capital provisioning.
Performance modeling of multiprocessors under correlated traffic

A traffic model is proposed which does not assume the mutual independence of memory requests generated by the processors within a memory cycle, to evaluate performance in shared memory multiprocessors. The authors derive expressions for the bandwidth of crossbars and some shared bus networks. A traffic model is presented called the 2/sup N/-ary symmetric traffic model to analyze the performance of multiprocessor systems in the presence of correlated traffic. Some numerical results are provided for both full and partial bus networks. >
Distributed demodulation using consensus averaging in wireless sensor networks

This paper deals with demodulation of space-time transmissions from a multi-antenna access point to a network of spatially distributed wireless sensors. Distributed demodulation algorithms are developed by achieving network-wide consensus on the average of (cross-) covariances of locally available per sensor received data vectors with the channel matrix, which constitute sufficient statistics for maximum likelihood demodulation. By reaching consensus on such average terms, each sensor can attain demodulation performance as if all the information was available at a centralized unit. Different from existing distributed hypotheses testing schemes whose complexity grows exponentially with the problem dimension, the novel consensus-based demodulator incurs quadratic complexity. Inter-sensor link imperfections due to additive noise and random link failures are also accounted for. Consensus in these cases is achieved in the mean sense with bounded variance, and in the mean-square error sense, respectively. Simulated tests verify the analytical claims. Interestingly, only a few consensus iterations suffice for the novel distributed demodulator to approach the performance of its centralized benchmark.
Real-world applications for brain-computer interface technology

The mission of the Georgia State University BrainLab is to create and adapt methods of human-computer interaction that will allow brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies to effectively control real-world applications. Most of the existing BCI applications were designed largely for training and demonstration purposes. Our goal is to research ways of transitioning BCI control skills learned in training to real-world scenarios. Our research explores some of the problems and challenges of combining BCI outputs with human-computer interface paradigms in order to achieve optimal interaction. We utilize a variety of application domains to compare and validate BCI interactions, including communication, environmental control, neural prosthetics, and creative expression. The goal of this research is to improve quality of life for those with severe disabilities.
Quitting Drugs: Quantitative and Qualitative Features

According to the idea that addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, remission is at most a temporary state. Either addicts never stop using drugs, or if they do stop, remission is short lived. However, research on remission reveals a more complex picture. In national epidemiological surveys that recruited representative drug users, remission rates varied widely and were markedly different for legal and illegal drugs and for different racial/ethnic groups. For instance, the half-life for cocaine dependence was four years, but for alcohol dependence it was 16 years, and although most dependent cocaine users remitted before age 30, about 5% remained heavy cocaine users well into their forties. Although varied, the remission results were orderly. An exponential growth curve closely approximated the cumulative frequency of remitting for different drugs and different ethnic/racial groups. Thus, each year a constant proportion of those still addicted remitted, independent of the number of years since the onset ...
Color Error in the Digital Camera Image Capture Process

The color error in images taken by digital cameras is evaluated with respect to its sensitivity to the image capture conditions. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the dependence of image color error on camera technology, illumination spectra, and lighting uniformity. The measurement conditions were selected to simulate the variation that might be expected in typical telemedicine situations. Substantial color errors were observed, depending on the measurement conditions. Several image post-processing methods were also investigated for their effectiveness in reducing the color errors. The results of this study quantify the level of color error that may occur in the digital camera image capture process, and provide guidance for improving the color accuracy through appropriate changes in that process and in post-processing.
Evidence that Myb-related CDC5 proteins are required for pre-mRNA splicing

The conserved CDC5 family of Myb-related proteins performs an essential function in cell cycle control at G2/M. Although c-Myb and many Myb-related proteins act as transcription factors, herein, we implicate CDC5 proteins in pre-mRNA splicing. Mammalian CDC5 colocalizes with pre-mRNA splicing factors in the nuclei of mammalian cells, associates with core components of the splicing machinery in nuclear extracts, and interacts with the spliceosome throughout the splicing reaction in vitro. Furthermore, genetic depletion of the homolog of CDC5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CEF1, blocks the first step of pre-mRNA processing in vivo. These data provide evidence that eukaryotic cells require CDC5 proteins for pre-mRNA splicing.
A review on the strategies for the development and application of new anti-arthritic agents

(1995). A review on the Strategies for the Development and Application of New Anti-arthritic Agents. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 607-663.
Accelerating Mean Shift Segmentation Algorithm on Hybrid CPU/GPU Platforms

Image segmentation is a very important step in many GIS applications. Mean shift is an advanced and versatile technique for clustering-based segmentation, and is favored in many cases because it is non-parametric. However, mean shift is very computationally intensive compared with other simple methods such as k-means. In this work, we present a hybrid design of mean shift algorithm on a computer platform consisting of both CPUs and GPUs. By taking advantages of the massive parallelism and the advanced memory hierarchy on Nvidia’s Fermi GPU and Kepler GPU, the hybrid design achieves a 30 ×speedup compared with the pure CPU implementation on the filtering step when dealing with images bigger than 4096 ×4096 pixels.
Race and gender effects on employer interest in job applicants: new evidence from a resume field experiment

ABSTRACTWe sent nearly 9000 fictitious resumes to advertisements for job openings in seven major cities in the United States across six occupational categories. We randomly assigned names to the resumes that convey race and gender but for which a strong socio-economic connotation is not implicated. We find little evidence of systematic employer preferences for applicants from particular race and gender groups.
Generation of a severe convective ionospheric storm under stable Rayleigh–Taylor conditions: triggering by meteors?

Abstract. Here we report on four events detected using the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO) over an 18-year period, in which huge convective ionospheric storms (CISs) occur in a stable ionosphere. We argue that these rare events could be initiated by meteor-induced electric fields. The meteor-induced electric fields map to the bottomside of the F region, causing radar echoes and a localized CIS. If and when a localized disturbance reaches 500 km, we argue that it becomes two-dimensionally turbulent and cascades structure to both large and small scales. This leads to long-lasting structure and, almost certainly, to scintillations over a huge range of latitudes some ±15° wide and to 3 m irregularities, which backscatter the VHF radar waves. These structures located at high altitudes are supported by vortices shed by the upwelling bubble in a vortex street.
Gray Matter Features of Reading Disability: A Combined Meta-Analytic and Direct Analysis Approach(1,2,3,4).

Abstract Meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry dyslexia studies and direct analysis of 293 reading disability and control cases from six different research sites were performed to characterize defining gray matter features of reading disability. These analyses demonstrated consistently lower gray matter volume in left posterior superior temporal sulcus/middle temporal gyrus regions and left orbitofrontal gyrus/pars orbitalis regions. Gray matter volume within both of these regions significantly predicted individual variation in reading comprehension after correcting for multiple comparisons. These regional gray matter differences were observed across published studies and in the multisite dataset after controlling for potential age and gender effects, and despite increased anatomical variance in the reading disability group, but were not significant after controlling for total gray matter volume. Thus, the orbitofrontal and posterior superior temporal sulcus gray matter findings are relatively reliable effects that appear to be dependent on cases with low total gray matter volume. The results are considered in the context of genetics studies linking orbitofrontal and superior temporal sulcus regions to alleles that confer risk for reading disability.
ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION IN ANESTHETIZED DOGS DURING HYPEROXIA, HYPOXIA AND POSITIVE PRESSURE BREATHING.

SummaryExperiments on acutely prepared anesthetized dogs revealed that 17-OHCS secretion after adrenal vein cannulation reached a low baseline level within one hour and remained relatively stable for the next 3.5 hours during which time the adrenal cortex was responsive to exogenous ACTH. Using this preparation, 17-OHCS secretory rates were significantly increased during hyperoxia, hypoxia and continuous positive pressure breathing. No significant positive correlations between steroid concentration and plasma flow were observed. The possible mechanism (s) for stimulation of the adrenal cortex during these stresses are discussed.
Iron Hydride Complexes Bearing Phosphinite-Based Pincer Ligands: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Catalytic Application in Hydrosilylation Reactions

Treatment of resorcinol-derived bis(phosphinite) ligands 1,3-(R2PO)2C6H4 (R = iPr and Ph) with Fe(PMe3)4 furnishes iron POCOP-pincer hydride complexes [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]Fe(H)(PMe3)2 (R = iPr, 1a; R = Ph, 1b) with two PMe3cis to each other. The isopropyl complex 1a undergoes ligand substitution upon mixing with CO to give [2,6-(iPr2PO)2C6H3]Fe(H)(PMe3)(CO). The kinetic product (2a) of this process contains a CO ligand trans to the hydride, whereas the thermodynamic product (2a′) has a CO ligand cis to the hydride. The displacement of PMe3 in 2a by CO takes place at an elevated temperature, resulting in the formation of [2,6-(iPr2PO)2C6H3]Fe(H)(CO)2 (3a). These new iron POCOP-pincer hydride complexes catalyze the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones with different functional groups, and 1a is the most efficient catalyst for this process. Isotopic labeling experiments rule out the hydride ligand being directly involved in the reduction. The hydrosilylation reactions are more likely to proceed via the acti...