cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontologies of geographic information

This article explores the notion of a system of ontologies specifically designed for the needs of an information science. A framework for geographic information ontologies is outlined that focuses on geographic information constructs rather than on the direct representation of real-world entities or on linguistic terms. The framework takes the form of a generative hierarchy anchored by the notion of intentionality at one end and of a spatiotemporal field of potentially relevant information at the other. Two theoretical notions are used in the generation of the hierarchy. The first is the principle of semantic contraction, whereby, starting from a level of geographic information constructs specified so as to reflect user intentionality, semantically coherent domains of properties are removed over several steps until only the rudiments of a spatiotemporal information system are left. The second notion is that of object of discourse, which allows entities to be represented as the composites of geographic information constructs at the higher levels of the hierarchy, explicitly reflecting the connections between the purpose, function, appropriate internal constitution, and ensuing categorization of the entities represented. The framework's main contribution is thus twofold: first, it allows the notions of user purpose and object function to be directly built into geographic representations; second, it proposes a hierarchy of ontological levels that are linked by systematic semantic relations. Further, the framework presents an integrated view of object and field representations. It may also provide a novel perspective on a number of issues of ongoing interest in geographic information science.
The effect of spectral bandpass on signal-to-noise ratios for continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with a linear photodiode array detector

Abstract Equations describing the optical throughput of a monochromator are used as a basis for modeling the dependency of the signal-to-noise ratio on the monochromator parameters and the limiting noise. In-depth evaluation is made for the detector noise-limited case with multiple detectors, i.e. a linear photodiode array detector. The model shows that the detection limit improves with the square root of the spectral bandpass and with the square root of the pixel width. A high resolution echelle monochromator and a low resolution (200 mm focal length) monochromator are both accurately described by the model. The two monochromators have comparable detection limits when the limiting noises are the same.
Photoconductivity and Photoelectric Emission of Barium Oxide

Barium oxide, in the form of a sprayed coating on a nickel base, was investigated by means of studies of photoconductivity, photoemission, and absorption measurements and the variation of these with temperature. Changes occurring during activation of the oxide were observed. The results are discussed in terms of an energy level structure for barium oxide.
Inhibin is released together with testosterone by the human testis.

The secretion of inhibin by the testis into the circulation was studied by measuring immunoreactive inhibin concentrations in spermatic vein blood samples drawn at 15 min intervals for 4 h. Mean spermatic vein inhibin levels were four times the levels in peripheral blood whereas spermatic vein testosterone (T) levels were 60-fold increased. Inhibin was released in well-defined pulses which coincided with episodes to T release; both the duration and relative amplitude of inhibin and T pulses were similar. Inhibin pulses were undetectable in peripheral blood. These data suggest that the mechanism responsible for releasing T from the testis also stimulates inhibin release. This mechanism appears to involve LH and Leydig cells.
Maturation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Studied by Microarray Hybridization

Abstract We compared the transcript profiles of human myeloid immature dendritic (IDC) cells and mature dendritic cells (MDC) by hybridization of cell-derived cDNA to DNA probes immobilized on microarrays. The microarrays contained probes for 4110 known genes. We report maturation-dependent changes in transcription of clusters of differentiation, cytokines, cytokine receptors, chemokines, chemokine receptors, neuropeptides, adhesion molecules, and other genes. We identified 1124 transcripts expressed in IDC and 1556 transcripts expressed in MDC. Maturation increased the levels of 291 transcripts twofold or more and reduced the levels of 78 transcripts to one-half or less than in IDC. We identified a concerted maturation-stage-dependent transcription of the variable chains of the members of the γ-chain-cytokine receptor family IL-4R, IL-7R, and IL-15R. Also, we found the reversal of the ratio of transcripts for galectin-3 and galectin-9 upon maturation. We identified maturation-dependent changes in the levels of transcripts for numerous genes encoding proteins previously undetected in dendritic cells such as indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase, Epstein–Barr virus induced protein 3 and kinesin-2. Moreover, MDC transcribed and translated insulin like growth factor-1 receptor, transforming growth factor α, and neuropeptide Y.
Coupled Motion in Proteins Revealed by Pressure Perturbation

The cooperative nature of protein substructure and internal motion is a critical aspect of their functional competence about which little is known experimentally. NMR relaxation is used here to monitor the effects of high pressure on fast internal motion in the protein ubiquitin. In contrast to the main chain, the motions of the methyl-bearing side chains have a large and variable pressure dependence. Within the core, this pressure sensitivity correlates with the magnitude of motion at ambient pressure. Spatial clustering of the dynamic response to applied hydrostatic pressure is also seen, indicating localized cooperativity of motion on the sub-nanosecond time scale and suggesting regions of variable compressibility. These and other features indicate that the native ensemble contains a significant fraction of members with characteristics ascribed to the recently postulated “dry molten globule”. The accompanying variable side-chain conformational entropy helps complete our view of the thermodynamic archit...
Opposites attract? Mate choice for parasite evasion and the evolutionary stability of sex.

Abstract If sex is naturally selected as a way to combat parasites, then sexual selection for disease resistance might increase the overall strength of selection for outcrossing. In the present study, we compared how two forms of mate choice affect the evolutionary stability of outcrossing in simultaneous hermaphrodites. In the first form, individuals preferred to mate with uninfected individuals (condition-dependent choice). In the second form, individuals preferred to mate with individuals that shared the least number of alleles in common at disease-resistance loci. The comparisons were made using individual-based computer simulations in which we varied parasite virulence, parasite transmission rate, and the rate of deleterious mutation at 500 viability loci. We found that alleles controlling both forms of mate choice spread when rare, but their effects on the evolutionary stability of sex were markedly different. Surprisingly, condition-dependent choice for uninfected mates had little effect on the evolutionary stability of sexual reproduction. In contrast, active choice for mates having different alleles at disease-resistance loci had a pronounced positive effect, especially under low rates of deleterious mutation. Based on these results, we suggest that mate choice that increases the genetic diversity of offspring can spread when rare in a randomly mating population, and, as an indirect consequence, increase the range of conditions under which sexual reproduction is evolutionarily stable.
GMM and QML asymptotic standard deviations in stochastic volatility models: Comments on Ruiz (1994)

Abstract This note describes a practical procedures for arbitrarily precise calculation of the GMM asymptotic standard deviations for the parameters in a stochastic volatility model. Earlier results provided by Ruiz (1994) are flawed on this point. The correct numbers are in some cases orders of magnitude different from the prior published figures. The implications regarding the relative efficiency between GMM and QML estimates are briefly discussed.
Comparison of Barium and Amorphous Boron Pyrotechnics for Green Light Emission

A comparison of green light emission from both barium- and amorphous boron–based pyrotechnics is described. Emission spectra are shown for both the U.S. Army in-service M125A1 green star cluster formulation and an amorphous boron–potassium nitrate–binder formulation. The main peaks of the emission spectra, average dominant wavelength, and average spectral purity of both formulations are given. The role that combustion products play in determining flame temperature and continuum radiation is also discussed.
Retrospective analysis of diabetes care in California Medicaid patients with mental illness.

Background Serious mental illness often is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and sub-optimal diabetes care.
Flashlamp failure modes and lifetime estimation techniques

Solid state pulsed laser systems are of interest for industrial applications. Flashlamps are an effective method for pumping solid state pulsed laser systems. Flashlamp lifetime is hard to quantify past the specification provided by the manufacture and is of concern for applications that are not used or tested on a frequent basis. The flashlamp lifetime can be shortened by three main failure modes: manufacturing quality escapes, shipping and handling damage, and shelf life. Manufacturing and shipping failure modes will be the focus of this research. Manufacturing and shipping failure modes are hard to detect, beyond the obvious non-functioning flashlamp, without testing to failure, which is not a feasible option. A method is being proposed that can estimate the lifetime of flashlamps as well as other key characteristics of the flashlamp while a relatively low number of shots are taken with the flashlamp. Fill pressure and fill gas will be determined by monitoring the input voltage, current, and output spectrum with comparison to the arc length, bore diameter, wall thickness and electrode configuration. Flashlamp lifetime estimations will be determined by monitoring the current, wavelength shift, and output intensity. Experimental results will be discussed focusing on the characteristics and lifetime estimations of flashlamps.
Diphenylhydantoin Inhibits the Thyrotropin Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Man and Rat*

We studied the effect of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on TRH-stimulated TSH secretion in four patients (three of whom had hypothyroidism; one treated with L-T4), in euthyroid rats, and in dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells in short term tissue culture. DPH treatment of four patients (100 mg, three times daily for 14 days) caused a 22% decrease in mean serum T4 (P < 0.06), a 31% decrease in mean serum free T4 (P < 0.01), and a 6% decrease in mean serum T3. Mean basal serum TSH was unchanged, but the integrated TSH response after TRH injection (500 μg, iv) decreased 28% (P < 0.06) and 51% (P < 0.01) after 7 and 14 days of DPH treatment, respectively. Changes in the integrated PRL response to TRH did not correlate with those in TSH.Injection of DPH into euthyroid rats (5 mg/100 g BW·day for 9 days) caused a significant decrease in mean serum T4 but no change in TSH release after TRH treatment. However, 1 h after a large dose of DPH (20 mg/100 g BW), there was a marked reduction (58%) in TRH-induced TSH releas...
Repetitive firing properties of putative dopamine-containing neurons in vitro: regulation by an apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ conductance

Intracellular recording techniques were used to study the effects of apamin (APA), a selective inhibitor of one type of Ca2+-activated K+ channel, on the electroresponsive properties of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons within the zona compacta of the substantia nigra (SNc) in rat. Bath application of APA (1 μM) blocked the slow component of a complex post-spike afterhyperpolarization (AHPs) without affecting other characteristics of the action potential. Blockade of AHPs was accompanied by an increase in the number and frequency of action potentials evoked by depolarizing current pulses. However, APA failed to affect the cellular mechanisms underlying spike frequency adaptation or poststimulus inhibitory period. These data indicate that AHPs can exert a strong influence on the interspike interval but is probably not involved in regulating slower adaptive neuronal responses.
Early childhood growth of Chachi Amerindians and Afro-Ecuadorians in Northwest Ecuador.

This study compares the growth of Chachi Amerindian and Afro-Ecuadorian children living in the tropical forest of northwest Ecuador. Measurements of height and weight were taken on 148 Chachi and 148 Afro-Ecuadorian children under 5 years of age. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds, arm circumference, chest circumference, and sitting height were measured on a subsample of children. Socioeconomic information was collected from the households of 145 children, and a general socioeconomic index was derived. Afro-Ecuadorian children are substantially taller than Chachi children, with significant differences in height for age z-scores in most age groups. On the other hand, Chachi children tend to have greater weight for height z-scores, with significant differences in some age groups. The greater weight for height of Chachi children may be related to their larger trunks. Estimates of body composition suggest that Afro-Ecuadorian children may have somewhat better nutritional status than Chachi children, but this does not appear to fully account for the greater height of Afro-Ecuadorian children. The socioeconomic index is positively correlated with all anthropometric dimensions, but even after controlling for the socioeconomic index, Afro-Ecuadorian children are significantly taller than Chachi children. These findings raise the possibility of genetic differences in growth potential between the two groups. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Like Dreamers Do: A Personal, Opinionated Story of a Small Press Review Magazine

Delmore Schwartz's best‐known short story is called “In Dreams Begin Responsibilities.” Like many small‐press publications, the review journal New Pages began in dreams, chiefly those of its publisher, Casey Hill, who dreamed of creating a magazine which could simultaneously advance good small‐press literature, support movements for beneficial social change, and ultimately provide him and the New Pages staff an adequate living. I have been an academic reference librarian since 1977; I have known Casey since 1979, and have edited New Pages since 1981. I have found that Casey possesses an unusual ability to plant and nurture his dreams in the minds of others.
Fractional spin Josephson effect and electrically controlled magnetization in quantum spin Hall edges

We explore a spin Josephson effect in a system of two ferromagnets coupled by a tunnel junction formed of two-dimensional (2D) time-reversal invariant topological insulators. In analogy with the more commonly studied instance of the Josephson effect for charge in superconductors, we investigate properties of the phase-coherent spin current resulting from the misalignment of the in-plane magnetization angles of the two ferromagnets. We show that the topological insulating barrier offers the exciting prospect of hosting a fractional spin Josephson effect mediated by bound states at the ferromagnet-topological insulator interface. We provide multiple perspectives to understand the $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ periodic nature of this effect. We discuss several measurable consequences, such as the generation of a transverse voltage signal which allows for purely electrical measurements, an inverse of this effect where an applied voltage gives rise to a transverse spin current, and a fractional ac spin Josephson effect.
Collection of monkey semen by electroejaculation.

SummaryA method for electroejaculation of the macaque was successful in 8 of 11 subjects. Repeated electroejaculation at 2–3 day intervals did not cause a refractory state. Coagulation occurred almost immediately on ejaculation. Liquefaction began shortly thereafter, but was incomplete. Sperm concentration in the liquefied portion of the ejaculate ranged between 93 and 807 million/cc. Tail length was approximately 70 μ, as compared with 50 μ, in human material. Electroejaculation is suggested as a practical means of obtaining monkey semen.
Resonance and preresonance Raman spectra of nucleotides using ultraviolet lasers

The Raman spectra of AMP and UMP have been taken as a function of the laser excitation wavelength at 5145 A, 4880 A, 4579 A, 3638 A, and 2572.5 A (the first harmonic of 5145 A). The Raman bands of adenine which decrease in intensity upon base stacking or base ordering are shown to derive their intensity largely from the ultraviolet absorption band at 2600 A which also decreases in absorption strength upon base stacking or base ordering (hypochromism). These bands show a strong resonance Raman effect (RRE) with 2572.5 A laser light. These results are in agreement with the suggestion of Tomlinson and Peticolas [1] that Raman hypochromism is largely derived from UV hypochromism. The hypochromic Raman band of uracil at 1230 cm−1 is shown to derive its intensity from the hypochromic UV band at 2050 A. None of the bands of uracil appear to show RRE when 2572.5 A laser radiation is used. One or two Raman bands in adenine which are not strongly hypochromic show RRE at 2572.5 A. These bands appear to come from vibrations which have Raman tensors that derive their intensity from higher UV bands as well as the 2600 A band.
The growth compromised HSV-2 mutant ΔRR prevents kainic acid-induced apoptosis and loss of function in organotypic hippocampal cultures

Abstract We have previously shown that the HSV-2 anti-apoptotic protein ICP10PK is delivered by the replication incompetent virus mutant ΔRR and prevents kainic acid (KA)-induced epileptiform seizures and neuronal cell loss in the mouse and rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. The present studies used ΔRR and the ICP10PK deleted virus mutant ΔPK to examine the mechanism of neuroprotection. ΔRR-infected neuronal cells expressed a chimeric protein in which ICP10PK is fused in frame to LacZ (p175) while retaining ICP10PK kinase activity. ΔPK-infected neuronal cells expressed a mutant ICP10 protein that is deleted in the PK domain and is kinase negative (p95). p175 and p95 were expressed in CA3 (86 ± 3%) and CA1 (69 ± 7%) cells from ΔRR or ΔPK-infected organotypic hippocampal cultures (OHC) and 80–85% of the ICP10 positive cells co-stained with antibody to βIII Tubulin (neuronal marker). ΔRR, but not ΔPK, inhibited KA-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation in CA3 neurons, an inhibition seen whether ΔRR was delivered 2 days before or 2 days after KA administration (95% neuroprotection). Neuroprotection was associated with ERK and Akt activation and was abrogated by simultaneous treatment with the MEK (U0126) and PI3-K (LY294002) inhibitors. ΔRR-mediated neuroprotection was associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bag-1 and decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bad. The surviving neurons retained normal synaptic function potentially related to increased expression of the transcription factor CREB. The data indicate that ΔRR is a promising platform for neuroprotection from excitotoxic injury.
Immortalization of primary rat epithelial cells by the 12S gene of adenovirus

Methods are described for the use of the 12S adenovirus as an agent to efficiently immortalize primary epithelial cells. These cells retain their differentiated characteristics. Details for the generation and analysis of adenovirus stocks are provided. The potential for the use of media conditioned by 12S infected cells to phenotypically immortalize cells is also presented. Information regarding the use of cotransfections and the generation of recombinant adenovirus vectors is discussed.
Female rhesus monkey aggression during the menstrual cycle

Female aggressive behaviour was studied in a heterosexual group of compound-housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to determine (1) whether the frequency of agonistic encounters fluctuated across the menstrual cycle, and (2) if changes in aggression correlated with fluctuations in serum oestradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels or with increased social activity associated with mating behaviour. Aggression involving female increased during the mating phase of the menstrual cycle; this was largely due to a significant increase in the initiation of non-contact aggression. Contact aggression was infrequent and remained stable throughout all cycle phases. Males received less aggression than females independent of female cycle phase, despite the low social rank of some males in the group. Female aggression was directed equally to other mating and non-mating females. Moreover, daily fluctuations in aggressive behaviour did not correlate with changes in serum levels of either E2 or T, but were related to changes in social behaviours, particularly those related to seeking a sexual partner. An analysis of covariance indicated that by holding the measures of directed female activity (Following Males and Initiating Proximity) constant, the mid-cycle increases in aggression were nullified. These data suggest that the significant fluctuations in aggressive behaviour observed throughout the menstrual cycle are not directly related to changes in serum levels of ovarian hormones, but are rather a consequence of a female's attempts to copulate with a male.
Potential applications of the erbium:YAG laser in endourology.

The holmium:YAG laser has become the laser of choice in endourology because of its multiple applications in the fragmentation of kidney stones, incision of strictures, and coagulation of tumors. This paper describes the potential use of a new laser, the erbium:YAG laser, for applications in endourology. Recent studies suggest that the Er:YAG laser may be superior to the Ho:YAG laser for precise ablation of strictures with minimal peripheral thermal damage and for more efficient laser lithotripsy. The Er:YAG laser cuts urethral and ureteral tissues more precisely than does the Ho:YAG laser, leaving a residual peripheral thermal damage zone of 30 ± 10 μm compared with 290 ± 30 μm for the Ho:YAG laser. This result may be important in the treatment of strictures, where residual thermal damage may induce scarring and result in stricture recurrence. The Er:YAG laser may represent an alternative to the cold knife and Ho:YAG laser in applications where minimal mechanical and thermal insult to tissue is required.
Genetic recombination destabilizes (CTG)n·(CAG)n repeats in E. coli

Abstract The expansion of trinucleotide repeats has been implicated in 17 neurological diseases to date. Factors leading to the instability of trinucleotide repeat sequences have thus been an area of intense interest. Certain genes involved in mismatch repair, recombination, nucleotide excision repair, and replication influence the instability of trinucleotide repeats in both Escherichia coli and yeast. Using a genetic assay for repeat deletion in E. coli , the effect of mutations in the recA , recB , and lexA genes on the rate of deletion of (CTG) n ·(CAG) n repeats of varying lengths were examined. The results indicate that mutations in recA and recB , which decrease the rate of recombination, had a stabilizing effect on (CAG) n ·(CTG) n repeats decreasing the high rates of deletion seen in recombination proficient cells. Thus, recombination proficiency correlates with high rates of genetic instability in triplet repeats. Induction of the SOS system, however, did not appear to play a significant role in repeat instability, nor did the presence of triplet repeats in cells turn on the SOS response. A model is suggested where deletion during exponential growth may result from attempts to restart replication when paused at triplet repeats.
On designing collusion-resistant routing schemes for non-cooperative wireless ad hoc networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, routing requires cooperation of nodes. Since nodes often belong to different users, it is highly important to provide incentives for them to cooperate. However, most existing studies of the incentive-compatible routing problem focus on individual nodes' incentives, assuming that no subset of them would collude. Clearly, this assumption is not always valid. In this paper, we present a systematic study of collusion resistance in incentive-compatible routing schemes. In particular, we consider two standard solution concepts for collusion resistance in game theory, namely Group Strategyproofness and Strong Nash Equilibrium. We show that achieving Group Strategyproofness is impossible while achieving Strong Nash Equilibrium is possible. More specifically, we design a scheme that is guaranteed to converge to a Strong Nash Equilibrium. In addition, we give a cryptographic method that prevents profit transfer between colluding nodes, as long as they do not fullytrust each other unconditionally. This method makes our scheme widely applicable in practice. Experiments show that our solution is collusion-resistant and has good performance.
American Enterprise and the South African War 1895–1902

(1999). American Enterprise and the South African War 1895–1902. South African Historical Journal: Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 130-148.
Effect of fungal pretreatment of wood on successional decay by several inky cap mushroom species

Abstract To explore the effect of fungal pretreatments on secondary inky cap decay, field degraded red maple sapwood blocks were exposed to Coprinoid fungi in pure culture decay tests. No significant decay in field degraded blocks was produced by the Coprinopsis or Coprinus isolates tested, but most Coprinellus isolates produced additional degradation in wood blocks previously decayed by 4–10 years of field exposure, with the greatest weight losses observed in blocks subjected to 10 years of field decay. The brown rot Gloeophyllum trabeum and white rot Trametes versicolor were used to pre-treat freshly cut red maple and poplar blocks to explore the effect of laboratory fungal pretreatment on subsequent inky cap decay. Brown rot pretreatment significantly increased subsequent decay of both wood types by most of the inky cap isolates tested. White rot pretreatments did not affect subsequent decay by Coprinopsis or Coprinus isolates but significantly increased decay by the Coprinellus radians isolates tested. Inky caps, particularly Coprinellus species, are characterized as late stage decay fungi known to degrade wood that has been chemically and physically modified by other degradative processes.
Iodine-131 in the thyroids of North American deer and caribou: comparison after nuclear tests.

Concentrations of I(131) in the thyroids of deer from Washington, Colorado, and Maryland, and of caribou from Alaska were measured after the resumption of nuclear weapon tests by the U.S.S.R. on 1 September 161. Maximum concentrations occurred nearly 2 months after the first nuclear test and then decreased at an effective half-time of about 15 days. Thyroids from Washington and Colorado deer showed the highest concentrations, thyroids from Alaskan caribou the lowest.
Topographical development of the ganglion cell fiber layer in the chick retina. A whole mount study

Three hundred and forty whole mounts of retinas from domestic fowl aged two days of incubation to several months post-hatching were examined using a modified pyridine-silver technique. The first visible ganglion cell axons appeared near the posterior retinal pole between two and three days of incubation. These early axons grew immediately toward the optic stalk and became grouped in fascicles even before reaching it. The fascicles increased in number, diameter and length, became interconnected and became more parallel and orderly with age. The mean fascicle diameter and concentration increased with nearness to the optic fissure. Growth cones were seen only in the most vitread portion of the fiber layer. Two main groups of fascicles, one superficial and one deep, surrounded the head of the fissure by five days of incubation, each group entering the fissure at a different angle. At this time an arcuate pattern of fibers arose near the posterior pole of the retina. Fiber bundles were relatively thin and sparse in the center of this pattern. The distance between the fissure and the center of the pattern increased with age. The arcuate pattern virtually disappeared within several weeks, possibly indicating an abortive formation of a macula and fovea. The fibers at the periphery of the older retinas ran parallel to the iris, encircling but not entering it. These circumferential fibers, which first developed on the temporal side of the retina and later nasally, diverged from a point on the dorsal periphery of the retina. The relative position of this divergence point swung about 90° around the retinal periphery between five and one-half and eight days of incubation. Probable centrifugal fibers were first seen at 17 days of incubation.
Mouse alloantibodies capable of blocking cytotoxic T cell function. II. Further study on the relationship between the blocking antibodies and the products of the Lyt‐2 locus

The specificity of mouse alloantibodies which blocked allogeneic killer cells has been confirmed as Ly-2.2 using B 6 × C 3 H recombinant inbred (RI) strains. All of the RI strains tested were sensitive to the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity (CML)-blocking effect of our C3 H anti-B 10.BR antisera and also carried the Lyt-2b allele. This result and studies using Lyt-2-congenic strains firmly localized the genes encoding the target antigen of CML-blocking antibodies in or near the Lyt-2 locus. In addition, a monoclonal anti-Lyt-2.2 antibody was found to block the CML reaction of B 6 killer cells, but not that of B 6 Ly-2.1 killers. Blocking antibodies to one allele blocked killing by Lyt-2-heterozygous F1 killer cells, but the inhibition curve reached a plateau at a significantly lower level than that seen on the killer cells of the sensitive parent. Our results thus suggest that Lyt-2 antigens are of functional significance on killer T cells, but do not reveal whether or not that significance involves the T cell receptor.
PRETERM OVINE CATECHOLAMINE RESPONSE TO UMBILICAL CORD CUTTING

Catecholamine (CAT) release has been observed in the near term ovine fetus in response to a number of provocative stimuli. Previously we reported the effects of intrauterine manipulation, fetal exteriorization, and umbilical cord cutting (UCC) on CAT and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the blood of near term lambs. In the present study we repeat these measurements in premature (m G.A.=132 d, n=5) lambs. Following fetal arterial catheterization lambs were exteriorized and maintained with an intact umbilical circulation. Following UCC the animals were treated with intratracheal surfactant and placed on ventilators for support. This allowed us to maintain the animals with normal blood gases throughout the experiment. Results show that instrumentation and delivery evoked a brief elevation of fetal CAT levels which returned to baseline within 30 min. UCC was followed by a marked increase in epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) (mean peak plasma levels of 10,000 pg/ml and 3,700 pg/ml). These results were compared with data in near term lambs by two-way ANOVA; the preterm CAT peaks are higher and reached later in preterm animals (p<0.001). The FFA response of the preterm animals was blunted when compared with the response of the near term animals (p< 0.001). Conclusions: 1) UCC is an important stimulus for fetal CAT release in preterm as well as term animals. 2) The peak CAT levels in preterm animals are much higher and reached later after UCC than in term animals. Speculation: Augmented CAT release in the preterm animal is an important adaptive phenomenon.
Detailed Characterization of p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Monohydrate as a Convenient, Recoverable, Safe, and Selective Catalyst for Alkylation of the Aromatic Nucleus

Alkylation of the aromatic nucleus, an important reaction in industry and synthetic organic chemistry, has traditionally been carried out by the well-known Friedel−Crafts reaction employing Lewis acid catalysts such as AlCl3 and BF3 or by using highly reactive organometallic reagents. Although protic acids such as anhydrous HF and concentrated H2SO4 have also been used in the alkylation of the aromatic nucleus, the notoriously corrosive, highly toxic, and hazardous nature of these agents has precluded their common use under ordinary laboratory conditions. Various organic sulfonic acids have, on occasion, been used as catalysts in Friedel−Crafts alkylations, but to our knowledge the chemistry and the scope of these reactions for common laboratory use have never been exploited in detail. In the present study we have characterized commercially available p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (TsOH) as an efficient catalyst for the intermolecular coupling of the aromatic nucleus with activated alkyl halides, alke...
Enthalpies of transfer of amino acids and sodium chloride from water to aqueous fructose at 25°C

Enthalpies of transfer ΔH2 of three amino acids glycine, L-alanine, and L-phenylalanine, and of NaCl, from water to aqueous fructose at low fructose mole fraction were determined at 25°C. Comparison with ΔH2 for glycine in the presence and absence of KCl shows that the effect of additional ion-dipole interactions is apparent only in more concentrated fructose solutions. Limiting slopes indicate that glycine resembles NaCl more than it does the other two amino acids. The effect on ΔH2 of the polarity of the zwitterion is offset and dominated by the growing non-polar side chain. Values of ΔH2 for glycine, L-phenylalanine, and NaCl from water to aqueous urea are compared with the results of the present study. A rough colligative effect similiar to that observed for NaCl in a variety of polar mixed aqueous solvents may also be possible for glycine, since the change of the enthalpies of transfer with mole fraction for glycine are the same for transfer to both aqueous urea and fructose.
Synthesis and evaluation of [11C]PyrATP-1, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)

Abstract Introduction The dysfunction of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been implicated in a number of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. The ability to non-invasively quantify GSK-3β activity in vivo is therefore of critical importance, and this work is focused upon development of inhibitors of GSK-3β radiolabeled with carbon-11 to examine quantification of the enzyme using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Methods 11 C PyrATP-1 was prepared from the corresponding desmethyl-piperazine precursor in an automated synthesis module. In vivo rodent and primate imaging studies were conducted on a Concorde MicroPET P4 scanner to evaluate imaging properties and in vitro autoradiography studies with rat brain samples were carried out to examine specific binding. Results 2035 ± 518 MBq (55 ± 14 mCi) of [ 11 C]PyrATP-1 was obtained (1%–2% non-corrected radiochemical yield at end-of-synthesis based upon [ 11 C]CO 2 ) with high chemical (> 95%) and radiochemical (> 99%) purities, and good specific activities (143 ± 52 GBq/μmol (3874 ± 1424 Ci/mmol)), n = 5. In vivo microPET imaging studies revealed poor brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates. Pretreatment of rodents with cyclosporin A resulted in moderately increased brain uptake suggesting Pgp transporter involvement. Autoradiography demonstrated high levels of specific binding in areas of the rodent brain known to be rich in GSK-3β. Conclusion 11 C PyrATP-1 is readily synthesized using standard carbon-11 radiochemistry. However the poor brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates indicates that the radiotracer is not suitable for the purposes of quantifying GSK-3β in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
John henry patterson's contributions to industrial welfare

This article analyzes the origins of industrial welfare — a concept of gaining employees’ loyalty by offering them various paternalistic benefits such as meal facilities, medical care, recreational programs, and educational opportunities. Industrial welfare programs in the United States shaped the personal lives, morals, education, and work habits of generations of American labor. The article provides evidence that industrial welfare was started at the National Cash Register Company of Dayton, Ohio. The president of the National Cash Register Company, John Henry Patterson, personally instituted policies and procedures that revolutionized and reformed the practice of management in industrialized settings. As a result of Patterson's initiatives, he is known as the “Father of industrial welfare.”
A comparison of soft and hard-switching losses in three phase micro-inverters

The efficiency of a PV grid-tie micro-inverter is of critical concern to its application. Three representative three-phase voltage source micro-inverter topologies have been selected to make loss comparisons: A Hard Switching Inverter (HSI), an Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole Inverter (ARCPI), and an Actively Clamped Resonant DC-link Inverter (ACRDCLI). Loss composition and estimation are given in detail for 350W micro-inverters. It is pointed out that the HSI has outstanding advantages in both efficiency and cost. The ARCPI losses are lower than the other two topologies. But the auxiliary circuits are costly and the controlling and driving circuits are complicated. The ACRDCLI has a simple structure but high DC-link losses. If an improved control scheme is used, the DC-link losses of the ACRDCLI can be reduced. This paper compares these advantages and limitations for assessing the selection of soft-switching topologies for micro-inverters.
Effect of Two Row Spacings and Hemp Sesbania Competition on Sunflower

The competitiveness of hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata [Raf.] RYBD. EX A. W. Hill) with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in two row spacings was evaluated at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Agricultural Experiment Station in 1982 and 1983. Sunflower and hemp sesbania at densities of 3 to 5 and 13 to 16 plants per meter row, respectively, were interseeded in 61 and 91 cm row spacings in field test plots. Hemp sesbania plants were removed at different sunflower growth stages. In 1982, weed removal treatments were: (1) weedy check, (2) weed-free check, (3) weed removal at 15-leaf stage, (4) removal at 20%, (5) 50% and (6) 100% sunflower anthesis. Treatments in 1983 consisted of: (1) weedy check, (2) weed-free check, (3) weed removal at 10-leaf stage, (4) bud stage, (5) pre-anthesis, (6) 10% anthesis, and (7) 100% anthesis. Sunflower yields were significantly decreased by hemp sesbania competition each year, except for the weed competition treatments in 91 cm row spacing in 1982. Generally, the longer the weeds were allowed to compete with sunflower, the greater the sunflower yield reduction. Yield reductions of 5% to 6% and 25% or more were observed when hemp sesbania was allowed to compete with sunflower until the 10-leaf and anthesis stages of sunflower growth, respectively. When hemp sesbania was allowed to compete with sunflower for the entire growing season, yield was reduced by as much as 35%. Reducing row width from 91 cm to 61 cm did not improve sunflower's ability to compete with hemp sesbania. Thus, hemp sesbania is quite competitive with sunflower and should be controlled during early vegetative growth in order to minimize yield loss.
Role of serum peak levels of vancomycin in neonatal intensive care units

We would like to comment on the article by Tan et al .1 The purpose of measuring serum levels of a drug is either to monitor the toxicity of the drug or the therapeutic concentration for a particular condition. Emergence of infections with β-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis , …
Capricious expression of cortical columns in the primate brain.

Columns are widely thought be the elementary functional module of the cerebral cortex1, but their exact purpose remains unknown. In a group of 12 normal squirrel monkeys, we have found enormous variability in the expression of ocular dominance columns. This finding implies that ocular dominance columns are not vital for any specific function, at least in this species.
Avoiding mastectomy: accelerated partial breast irradiation for breast cancer patients with pacemakers or defibrillators.

Introduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, toxicity, and planning concerns involved in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) for patients with breast cancer who have a pacemaker or an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) and who desire breast conservation. Methods. We performed a review of prospectively obtained data for patients with early-stage breast cancer with a pacemaker or AICD treated between April 2007 and July 2010. Patients were treated with either 3D conformal external beam irradiation (3D-CRT) or high-dose rate balloon brachytherapy (HDRBB) as performed in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Nowel Project (NSABP) B39/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0413 protocol. Device interrogation was performed after the first and last radiation treatment, with comparative cardiac monitoring performed before and after the first three treatments. Results. Eight patients were treated and have a mean follow-up of 6 months. Three patients received HDRBB delivering 34 Gy in 10 fractions. Mean planning target volume for evaluation (PTV_EVAL) coverage was 93.6%. The maximum radiation dose delivered to any device was 1.03 Gy, with a mean pacemaker distance to lumpectomy cavity (DLC) of 9.1 cm. Five patients received 3D-CRT consisting of 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions. The mean 90% PTV_EVAL coverage was 97.3%. Maximum dose
N-substituted octahydro-4a-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-10a-methyl-benzo[g]isoquinolines are opioid receptor pure antagonists

Abstract N-Methyl- and N-phenylethyl-(±)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydro-4a-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-10a-methyl-benzo[ g ]isoquinolines ( 4 and 5 , respectively) were found to be pure opioid antagonists. These compounds were shown to share many of the characteristics identified with the N-methyl- and N-phenylethyl trans -3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine ( 1 and 2 , respectively) including N-substituent mediated potency and a lack of N-substituent mediated antagonism. These data suggest that compounds 4 and 5 and the N-substituted trans -3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines ( 1 and 2 ) may interact with opioid receptors similarly.
Special sensor ultraviolet spectrographic imager: an instrument description

We describe the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager (SSUSI). This instrument consists of a scanning imaging spectrograph (SIS) whose field-of-view is scanned from horizon to horizon and a nadir-looking photometer system (NPS). The SIS produces simultaneous multispectral images over the spectral range 1 150 to 1800A. The NPS consists of three photometers with filters designed to monitor the airglow at 4278A and 6300A and the terrestrial albedo near 6300A. SSUSI will fly on the DMSP Block 5D3 satellites S-16 thru S-19. The instruments will be calibrated at the Applied Physics Laboratory's Optical Calibration Facility.
A NON-LOOPING AFTERLOADING TECHNIQUE FOR BASE OF TONGUE IMPLANTS: RESULTS IN THE FIRST 20 PATIENTS

The results of treatment in the first 20 patients treated by a non-looping afterloading technique for base of tongue implant are described. Ten patients had carcinoma recurrent in the base of tongue after previous treatment and they were treated by implant alone. The other 10 patients had previously untreated carcinoma of the base of tongue and they were treated with a combination of interstitial implant, external radiation therapy and surgery. The minimum follow-up is 1 year and maximum 5 years. No local or regional failures have occurred in the previously untreated patients. No local failures have occurred in the previously treated patients who had lesions up to 4 cm in diameter, but three out of four patients with recurrent lesions larger than 4 cm have failed locally. Two patients developed necrosis related to the implant; the factors responsible for this are discussed.
Investigations of the Structure and Hydrogen Bonding of Water Molecules at Liquid Surfaces by Vibrational Sum Frequency Spectroscopy

The structure and hydrogen bonding of water molecules provides this unique solvent with properties essential to many physical, chemical, and biological processes. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding between water molecules in the bulk medium is disrupted at the surface, imparting the surface with unique structural and thermodynamic properties. We provide an overview of a range of experimental studies from this laboratory in which the structure, orientation, and hydrogen bonding of interfacial water molecules at liquid interfaces are directly probed by resonant vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy. The studies provide insight into the difference in water structure and hydrogen bonding at an air/water interface relative to the interface between two bulk immiscible liquids, namely the CCl4/H2O interface. Also described are studies aimed at understanding how the presence of a charged alkyl surfactant alters the structure of water at these two interfaces. In both cases field-induced alignment of water molecu...
Modeling antigenic property of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protein

Sequence heterogeneity substantially affects antigenic properties of the major epitope in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protein. To facilitate protein engineering of NS3 antigens immunologically reactive with antibody against the broad diversity of HCV variants we constructed a set of Bayesian Networks (BN) for predicting antigenicity based on structural parameters. Using homology modeling, tertiary (3D) structures of NS3 variants with known antigenic properties were predicted. Energy force field estimated using the 3D-models was found to be most strongly associated with the antigenic properties. The best BN-models showed 100% accuracy of prediction of immunological reactivity with tested serum specimens in 10-fold cross validation. The data suggest that the BN-models may guide the development of NS3 antigens with improved diagnostically relevant properties.
A field of great promise: soil bacteriology in America, 1900–1925

Abstract In the first decades of the 20th century, soil bacteriologists promised to revolutionize farming practice, much in the same way that medical bacteriologists, in the previous century, had transformed pathology, public health and sanitary engineering. Following the isolation of the microorganisms responsible for nitrification and nitrogen fixation, American soil scientists anticipated the time when farmers could ‘seed’ their crops and lands with these beneficial bacteria. Soil bacteriologists, during the early 20th century, never fulfilled the promise of supplying a biological source of unending soil fertility. However, in their search for productive microbes, these same researchers directed attention to the underappreciated dimensions of bacterial metabolism and microbial ecology.