cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of amine-based CO2 capture cost: The influences of CO2 concentration in flue gas and utility cost fluctuations

The amine-based absorption process is the preferred technique to capture CO2 from flue gas. However, the cost of CO2 capture using an amine-based absorption process is considered high due to the solvent regeneration step. Therefore, in order to make this process a viable option for CO2 capture, its cost, especially its operating cost, must be reduced. This paper presents the results of a systematic sensitivity analysis, which covers the effects of CO2 concentration in flue gas and utility cost fluctuations on the optimum amine-based CO2 capture cost. The paper aims to determine whether the operating conditions of an existing CO2 capture plant can be changed to offset the effects of CO2 concentration in flue gas and utility cost fluctuations in order to yield the same or lower CO2 capture cost as the original plant design. It also provides an understanding of how the optimum CO2 capture cost changes with these fluctuations. The considered utility costs are the prices of amine solvent(s), electricity, process water, cooling water, and low pressure saturated steam. The response surface technique, coupled with the steepest descent method, is utilized to search for the direction of lower CO2 capture cost. The final result obtained from this methodology consists of the optimum operating conditions of the process with the minimum CO2 capture cost. The studied solvents are monoethanolamine (MEA) and diglycolamine (DGA), and diethanolamine–triethanolamine mixture (DEA–TEA). The results show that changes in the CO2 concentration in flue gas have the highest impact on the optimum CO2 capture cost of an existing plant when compared with the remaining parameters. For all solvents, the optimum CO2 capture cost shows an inversely proportional relationship to the CO2 concentration in flue gas. The optimum cost decreases by around 29–33% as the CO2 concentration increases by 50%, and the cost increases by around 86–104% as the CO2 concentration decreases by 50% when compared to the base case. The fluctuations in the utility costs do not exhibit a significant impact on the minimum CO2 capture cost.
Implications of molecular heterogeneity for the cooperativity of biological macromolecules

Cooperativity, a universal property of biological macromolecules, is typically characterized by a Hill slope, which can provide fundamental information about binding sites and interactions. We demonstrate, through simulations and single-molecule FRET (smFRET) experiments, that molecular heterogeneity lowers bulk cooperativity from the intrinsic value for the individual molecules. As heterogeneity is common in smFRET experiments, appreciation of its influence on fundamental measures of cooperativity is critical for deriving accurate molecular models.
Preoperative grading scale to predict survival in patients undergoing resection of malignant primary osseous spinal neoplasms

Abstract Background context Large population-based studies of malignant primary osseous spinal neoplasms are lacking and are necessary to have sufficient statistical power to determine if various patient-related factors are in fact significant indicators of prognosis. Purpose Using a 30-year US national cancer registry (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER]), we introduce a preoperative grading scale that is associated with survival in patients undergoing surgical resection for malignant primary osseous spinal neoplasms. Study design Large-scale retrospective study. Patient sample SEER registry. Outcome measure Survival. Methods The SEER registry (1973–2003) was queried to identify adult patients undergoing surgical resection of histologically confirmed primary spinal chordoma, chondrosarcoma, or osteosarcoma via International Classification of Disease for Oncology, Third Edition coding. Variables independently associated with survival were determined via Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for all tumor types. A grading scale comprising these independent survival predictors was then developed and applied to each histology-specific tumor cohort. Results Three hundred forty-two patients who underwent surgical resection of a malignant primary osseous spinal neoplasm (114 chordoma, 156 chondrosarcoma, and 72 osteosarcoma) were identified. Overall median survival after surgical resection was histology specific (osteosarcoma: 22 months; chordoma: 100 months; and chondrosarcoma: 160 months). Increasing age (years) and increasing tumor invasion (confined to periosteum; invasion through periosteum into adjacent tissues; and distal site metastasis) were the only variables independently associated with decreased survival (p Conclusions In our analysis of a US population–based cancer registry (SEER), a grading scale consisting of age, metastasis status, and extent of local tumor invasion was associated with overall survival after surgical resection of chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma of the spine. Although this analysis could not take into account specific chemotherapy regimens and variations in surgical technique, this grading scale may offer valuable prognostic data based on variables available to the surgeon and patient before surgery and may help guide level of aggressiveness in subsequent treatment strategies.
Foam stability: The importance of film size and the micellar structuring phenomenon

The kinetic stability of SDS foam was probed using Bartsch method at concentrations above CMC (0.03 M and 0.06 M) and below CMC (0.006 M). The foam created from the higher concentration (0.06 M) of micellar solution was more kinetically stable than that produced from the 0.03 M SDS solution and showed a stepwise decrease. On the other hand, the foam produced from SDS surfactant concentration below CMC (0.006 M) did not show such a behaviour and the height remained more or less constant. The effect of the foam lamella size on the bulk foam stability was also investigated. It was found that the critical lamella area is independent of the hydrostatic pressure. And, it took longer to reach the critical lamella area in the 0.06 M SDS system than to reach the critical lamella area in the 0.03 M SDS system. We probed the foam stability by studying the stability of a single foam lamella and observed the micellar layering phenomenon. We found 5 film thickness transitions in the case of 0.06 M SDS system and 3 thickness transitions for 0.03 M SDS system. Therefore, the foam lamella formed from the 0.06 M SDS solution is kinetically more stable than that formed from the 0.03 M SDS solution because the better layering structure in the former case slows down the liquid film drainage. Therefore, this study clearly demonstrates that both the size of the foam lamella and the micellar concentration are important factors in controlling the bulk foam stability.
A Model of Satellite Microsignatures for Saturn

Abstract We model the time- and longitude-dependent charged particle absorption signatures caused by solid body absorbers, such as icy satellites, in Saturn's magnetosphere. The reduction in particle density caused by passage of such an absorber through a magnetic flux tube is calculated numerically. We then solve numerically for the time- and space-dependent distribution of particles in phase space assuming transport by radial diffusion and longitudinal particle drifts. The fully time- and longitude- averaged solution of the lossy radial diffusion equation is assumed to be the initial state, and the calculation is performed for up to a few complete satellite orbital periods. In this way, we obtain a numerical solution for the effects of particle absorption and transport during the most recent orbit(s) of the absorbing body around Saturn, while we approximate the result of all previous orbits of the absorber with the fully relaxed, steady state solution. We define “high” and “low” diffusion rates, depending on whether the diffusive fill-in of the absorption wake is fast or slow compared to the time before the satellite re-encounters its wake. For two cases, using parameters appropriate for the low energy charged particle (LECP) instruments on the Voyager spacecraft, we simulate count rate profiles where microsignatures have been observed. In the case of an ion microsignature near Enceladus, we cannot reproduce the data using radial diffusion rates inferred by other studies. For an electron microsignature very close to Tethys, we do find that the simulated count rate profile has a deep enough minimum that it could be detected by the Voyager instrument. In some cases, observed ion microsignatures are deeper than the maximum possible depth predicted by our model for a fresh absorption signature immediately downstream of a moon, assuming high diffusion. In the low diffusion case, our model predicts deeper signatures, sufficient to account for observed microsignatures. However, in that case, the fully relaxed solution contains dramatic changes in the initial phase space density and furthermore we would then expect microsignatures to be observed at every satelliteL-shell crossing, which is not the case.
An Estimate of the Length of Diagnostics Tests

The diagnosis of digital systems can be conveniently modelled as the recognition of distinct binary error-free patterns, Specifically, if for a given fault condition, the pass or fail responses to a set of applied tests are recorded as a column of a matrix M, a test schedule of length k is a subset of the rows of M which preserves column distinguishability. Since the determination of a minimal test schedule is a formidable problem for moderately complex networks, it appears desirable to have guidlines for the evaluation of heuristically or suboptimally computed test schedules. One such guideline is the median kmin of the minimal test schedule kmin over the set of all binary matrices M: while in general [log2m] ? kmin ? m - 1, this paper shows that kmin < [2 log2m], that is, for most practical cases, kmin is much closer to the lower bound [log2m] than to the upper bound (m - 1).
An inequality and some computations related to the robust stability of linear dynamic systems

In this note an inequlity is presented which relates additive and multiplicative perturbations used in studying the stability of linear dynamic systems in the frequency domain. A number of computational issues are also addressed with connections made to current topics in the numerical solutions of systems of linear equations.
Convergent R-matrix with pseudostates calculations for electron-impact ionization of the n =2 states in helium

We have used the R-matrix with pseudostates method to calculate angle-integrated cross-sections for electron-impact ionization of the n = 2 states in helium. Good agreement with the convergent close-coupling results of Fursa and Bray (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 (1997) 757) is obtained, thereby confirming the discrepancy with the experimental data of Dixon et al (J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 9 (1976) 2617).
Lysine transfer RNA from liver: A sulfur-containing species that codes for AAG

Abstract Reversed-phase chromatography separates lysyl-tRNA from mammalian tissues into five isoaccepting species. The major peaks are designated lysyl-tRNA 2 and lysyl-tRNA 5 . In ribosomal binding experiments lysyl-tRNA 2 binds exclusively for AAG, whereas lysyl-tRNA 5 codes preferentially for AAA. The results presented here show that the lysyl-tRNA 5 peak in liver tissue is a mixture of two different lysyl-tRNAs which we have designated as lysyl-tRNA 5 and lysyl-tRNA 5B . These two lysyl-tRNAs were distinguished by the fact that lysyl-tRNA 5B could still accept lysine after iodine oxidation, whereas lysyl-tRNA 5 could not. Lysyl-tRNA 5B , however, was modified by the iodine treatment because it eluted at a different position during RPC-5 chromatography. Similar results were obtained when cyanogen bromide was used in place of iodine as the modifying reagent. It was also shown that iodine oxidation of lysyl-tRNA 5B caused a loss of the ability of this tRNA to bind to ribosomes in response to both ApApA and ApApG. Reversal of the effects of iodine by incubation with sodium thiosulfate restored some of the ribosomal binding activity. Under these conditions lysyl-tRNA 5B bound in response to ApApG, but not to ApApA. Based upon these data, lysyl-tRNA 5B appears to be a sulfur-containing lysyl-tRNA which codes for AAG exclusively. It is postulated that this tRNA may contain a 2-thiocytidine in the anticodon loop.
Single-photon all-optical switching using coupled microring resonators

We study the nonlinear phase response of a microring resonator coupled to a bus waveguide and the use of this nonlinear phase shift to store information in the microring resonator and enhance the switching characteristics of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). By introducing coupling between adjacent microring resonators, the switching characteristics of the MZI can be exponentially enhanced as a function of the number of microring resonators, when compared to the linear enhancement for uncoupled resonators. With only a few moderate-finesse microring resonators, the switching power can be reduced to attowatt level, allowing for photonic switching devices that operate at single-photon level in ordinary optical waveguides.
Decline and revival of McCollough effects following inspection of achromatic gratings

We have investigated the reduction in estimated strength of McCollough effects that results from inspection of achromatic gratings. Longer inspection times were found to produce greater decreases in our assessments than shorter times. Following a rest period, increments in our strength index were observed, with greatest gains associated with shortest inspection times, and least gains with longest times. Our results can be construed as supportive of a learning model of McCollough effects, or, alternatively, as suggesting the existence of achromatic McCollough effects.
Notes and comments: Biology and homosexuality

Abstract Why are people gay? This past summer, a geneticist working at the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Dean Hamer, presented new information suggesting that homosexuality may be partly genetic.1 Hamer's paper is the latest and perhaps most compelling evidence linking homosexuality to biology.2
Correlation of radioiodine uptake with thyroid weight in the mouse at varying levels of exogenous and endogenous thyrotropin stimulation.

Previous studies have shown that transplanting the pituitary to the anterior ocular chamber in mice alters its ability to stimulate the thyroid gland. Radioiodine metabolism is well maintained whereas thyroid weight falls to the hypophysectomy level. Chronic propylthiouracil treatment in such animals causes a marked increase in thyroidal radioiodine uptake but minimal increase in thyroid weight. In similarly treated normal controls both radioiodine metabolism and thyroid weight are greatly increased. These observations provided further evidence that separate “growth” and “metabolic” thyrotropins might exist, the growth factor requiring direct contiguity of the pituitaiy with the hypothalamus for adequate secretion. Since it was possible that radioiodine uptake might be more sensitive to small amountsof a single thyrotropin than thyroid weight, the quantitative response of these two parameters to both exogenous and endogenous thyrotropin was compared. Radioiodine uptake was found to reach a maximum with a ...
Microhardness of provisional fixed prosthodontic materials

Abstract Statement of problem. Provisional restorations play a critical role in the success of restorative treatment. Thus, the provisional restoration must maintain its surface integrity throughout the restorative process. Purpose. This study evaluated the microhardness of 5 prosthodontic provisional materials. Material and methods. Cylindrical samples of 3 bis-acryl resin composites (Integrity, Protemp Garant, Temphase) and 2 methyl methacrylate acrylic resins (Jet, Temporary Bridge) were fabricated (n = 5 per material). Specimens were wet sanded through 600 grit abrasive and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for a total of 14 days. Baseline Knoop hardness (KHN) was measured 24 hours after specimen fabrication. Three microhardness measurements were obtained from each specimen. Knoop hardness was again recorded after 14 days of storage. Results. ANOVA and Duncan's tests ( P Conclusion. The hardness of most materials (Integrity, Protemp Garant, Jet) decreased over time. All of the bis-acryl resin composite materials exhibited superior microhardness over traditional methyl methacrylate (Jet, Temporary Bridge) resins. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:525-8.)
Ultraviolet photodesorption of CO from NiO as measured by infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The effects of ultraviolet photo-irradiation on the chemisorbed CO species on a NiO film on Ni(111) and on a porous NiO/SiO 2 catalyst have been studied using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and transmission infrared absorption spectroscopy (TIR), respectively. On NiO/Ni(111), two kinds of adsorbed CO species (ν co = 2145 and 2075 cm −1 ) with photodesorption cross sections of ~ 2 × 10 −18 and ~ 2 × 10 −19 cm 2 , respectively, have been observed for a photon energy of 3.82 eV. On porous NiO/SiO 2 , photodesorption was also observed for 3.82 eV photons, but the photodesorption effect occurs at a slower rate, due to diffusion effects in the pores of the NiO/SiO 2 catalyst.
Consistency of a Trained Taste Panel

Abstract A means of determining the reliability of a trained taste panel is to test their consistency of judgments on duplicate samples. Fourteen hundred and twenty-three duplicate sets of research milk samples were tested by 19 judges, for identification and measurement of intensity of off-flavor. The samples were scored on a 10-point scale ranging from 31 to 40. Each of the 17 flavor criticisms is based on a 6-point range. Analysis of data indicates an acceptable degree of consistency in panel performance, even though there is considerable variation among judges. The average absolute differences determined on a monthly basis ranged from 0.10 to 0.39 for a mean of 0.26 for the panel as a whole, whereas, for individual judges the range was 0.41 to 0.80 for a mean of 0.65.
The role of goal instability and career self-efficacy in the career exploration process

Abstract This study sought to ascertain why individuals engage in exploratory activity in late adolescence and early adulthood. A review of the relevant career development and human motivation literatures suggested that goal-directedness and career self-efficacy beliefs would be predictive of environmental and self-exploration. Measures of goal instability, career decision-making self-efficacy, and environmental and self-exploratory activity were administered to 106 college students. A canonical analysis was conducted, yielding one significant canonical root that accounted for 37% of the variance between canonical composites. A close examination of this root suggested that self-efficacious beliefs about career decision making and, to a somewhat lesser extent, goal-directedness are associated with environmental and self-exploration. These results were related to theory, research, and practice on the career exploration process.
Spatially Resolved Spectral Interferometry

We present a simplified, alignment-free spectral interferometer using optical fibers. Using spatial fringes the spectral resolution is improved and time-domain filtering is unnecessary. To demonstrate this technique, we measure temporal chirp and a 14-ps double-pulse.
The play of children: Developmental processes and policy implications

Ideologically, the field of early childhood education today is embroiled in controversy, with disagreement being voiced on the educative value of play and the role that should be ascribed to it in the curriculum of the preschool. This article reviews theory and research suggesting that important developmental processes may evolve through play. If children have just claims to play as a right that permits the release of important developmental capacities, then it is incumbent upon adults to advocate on that behalf.
Silicates in broiler diets.

Abstract THE silicates, more commonly known as bentonite, kaolins, vermiculite and other clays, have been used in animal feeds and industrially for many years. They are used in feeds principally because of their ability to enhance pellet durability. As a group, they often are referred to as “pellet binders”. Eventually, they may be widely used to control “watery droppings” in poultry. The highly adsorptive characteristic of binders led to experiments in this area (Quisenberry and Bradley, 1964). These workers found that sodium bentonite at both the 2.5 and 5.0% dietary levels significantly reduced the moisture content of the droppings of cage layers. Similarly, they have been proposed by some for the prevention of “loose droppings” in broilers where such conditions cause increased condemnation in dressing plants. The highly adsorptive nature of the silicates led to studies to determine whether or not they adversely affect nutrient availability (Briggs and Spivey, 1954; Laughland…
Selective actions of barium on thec-wave and slow negative potential of the rabbit eye

Abstract Thec-wave and slow negative potential (incorporating the slow Pill) are both thought to be generated by light-evoked changes in the concentration of potassium surrounding the photoreceptors. We find the intravitreal barium, a blocker of potassium conductance, eliminates thec-wave from the intact rabbit eye but not the slow negative response. However, if the pigment epithelium is damaged by systemic administration of sodium iodate, barium then eliminates the slow negative response.
Decreasing pH Results in a Reduction of Anthocyanin Coprecipitation during Cold Stabilization of Purple Grape Juice

Anthocyanin pigments in grape juice can coprecipitate with potassium bitartrate (KHT) crystals during cold stabilization, but factors that reduce these adsorptive losses are not well understood. We hypothesized that coprecipitation on a % w/w basis should be decreased at lower pH. In initial experiments, model juice solutions containing an anthocyanin monoglucoside extract and varying pH values were subjected to cold-storage to induce KHT crystallization, and anthocyanins in the resulting precipitant were characterized by HPLC. The pH of the model juice was directly correlated with the % w/w concentration of anthocyanins in the KHT crystals, with a maximum observed at pH 3.40 (0.20% w/w) and a minimum at pH 2.35 (0.01% w/w). A pH dependency was also observed for anthocyanin-KHT coprecipitation in purple Concord grape juice, although the effect was smaller. Coprecipitation was significantly greater for anthocyanin monoglucosides and acylated anthocyanins as compared to anthocyanin diglucosides at pH > 3.05, but coprecipitation of mono- and acylated forms declined more sharply at lower pH values.
Early dismissals in public schools on potential severe weather days

Survey responses from 76 public school districts in Mississippi and Alabama were analyzed along with county-level demographics, tornado-path data, and tornado warning data to investigate the emerging trend of early dismissals. No two districts had identical responses, but the concern of safety was consistently mentioned. The highest number of reported dismissals would have resulted in a loss of <2 % of total annual class time. The rates of dismissals reported by districts were compared with tornado warning days to identify potential over-dismissal, which was found in 51 % of districts. Rates of dismissal and over-dismissal were analyzed with variables from survey responses, tornado warning data, tornado-path data, and county census data to determine variables that influence differences among districts. Various stepwise models indicate that districts with higher poverty levels could be less likely to dismiss. Permutation tests and stepwise models show that early dismissal and over-dismissal are more likely when a district: (1) has a higher number of killer tornadoes in the last 5 years, (2) has a higher number of recent injury-causing tornadoes, (3) has a higher number of total killer tornadoes since 1950, (4) is in a smaller county, (5) has dismissal decisions made by a team, (6) is a county district rather than a city district, and (7) has a lower level of poverty. The inverse relationship with poverty suggests that schools in poorer areas may be holding students in school because they consider them to be safer there than at home, or it could be due to a lack of resources at the school. All of these are based on a district’s location and plans, things that can be determined before a potential dismissal. These indicators can be used to highlight districts most likely to dismiss and possibly reduce rates of over-dismissal by alerting districts to their predisposed tendencies.
Cognitive-Motor Interference in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Evidence, Correlates, and Consequences

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) regularly exhibit deficits in motor and cognitive function. Recent evidence suggests that these impairments are compounded when motor and cognitive task are performed simultaneously such as walking while talking. The changes incurred during simultaneous performance of motor and cognitive tasks are a result of cognitive-motor interference (CMI) and operationalized as dual task costs (DTC). Recently in MS, research has been conducted to understand and analyze the impact of CMI. The purpose of this paper was to review the current literature related to the evidence, correlates, and consequences of CMI in MS. Relevant literature was collected from the results of a PubMed search for terms including “Cognitive-motor interference” or “Cognitive-motor interaction” or “Dual task” and “multiple sclerosis.” Overall, 20 papers were included for review which focused on CMI during balance and walking tasks. The finding that there is a lack of evidence pertaining to changes in the cognitive domain as well as to the specific consequences of CMI in MS was noted. Future work should aim to fill these gaps and ultimately investigate the usefulness of targeted interventions in reducing the deleterious effects of CMI in individuals with MS.
IS THE TADPOLE TEST FOR THYROID VALID

It is a matter of common observation to clinicians and experimentalists that various samples of commercial thyroid preparations may differ considerably with regard to their physiological activity. The value of this gland as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of hypothyroid cases, has of late years been considerably increased by the adoption of a method of standardizing different preparations on the basis of their iodine content. However, it requires but little reflection to see that such a chemical method is not entirely satisfactory for determining the physiological effectiveness of thyroid preparations. Only a certain special kind of iodine complex is active, and to date no other type of iodine compound, inorganic or organic, is known that is capable of simulating in a qualitative or quantitative manner the effects produced upon mammalian metabolism, and on myxedema and cretinism, by the idoine complex peculiar to the thyroid gland, i.e., thyroid iodine. Consequently, the iodine content of thyroid pre...
Getting the accounting `right': Accounting and the savings and loan crisis

Abstract In contrast to previous examinations, this paper considers the ways in which accounting was deployed in and altered by the savings and loan crisis. Several theoretical concepts (accounting as an element of governmentality and discipline produced within a particular regulatory space) are used to illumine the role of accounting in the savings and loan crisis. The story unfolds as a prologue and three acts. During the prologue, accounting was supposed to “reveal” the financial condition of individual savings and loan organizations and the industry and to provide “facts” useful in regulatory decision making. In Act 1, a “right” accounting becomes one that justifies regulatory inaction and “conceals” the financial condition of these organizations. During Act 2, a “right” accounting shifts again and is now to reveal organizational insolvency. Finally, in Act 3, a “right” accounting continues as one that should “reveal” the organization but also begins to assume a role in disciplining the regulator. In each act, various actors in regulatory space exhibit a concern for getting the accounting “right”. Different sets of accounting practices are promoted as these conceptions of a “right” accounting change. Despite shifts in these conceptions, the actors in regulatory space do not question whether accounting can be made “right”. Accounting emerges from the savings and loan crisis with its status as a regulatory tool intact and with the potential for an expansion of its domain to include disciplining the regulator.
Laparoscopic resection of the liver for cancer.

Although most laparoscopic hepatic procedures are performed for benign disease, an increasing fraction is for malignant disease, including primary and metastatic liver tumors. Data suggest that minor and major hepatic resections are feasible and can be performed safely. The limited data currently available suggest that survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal metastatic disease may be comparable to that achieved with open hepatectomy. The benefits of the laparoscopic approach seem to be shorter hospitalization, smaller incisions, and less blood loss. Despite the progress to date, concern continues about the potential for significant intraoperative hemorrhagic complications and oncologic outcomes.
Effect of toluene diisocyanate index on morphology and physical properties of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams

The effect of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) index on the physical properties, structure, and morphology of flexible slabstock polyurethane foams was investigated. Foams based on a 2700 molecular weight triol, 6 pph water, and varying amounts of an 80/20 mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-TDIs were characterized using a number of physical property and morphological measurements. Extraction experiments using dimethyl formamide (DMF) showed that increasing the index increased the level of covalent crosslinking with perhaps a maximum being reached at an index ca. 100. Viscoelastic measurements also supported the claim of increased crosslinking with TDI index. The initial load in load relaxation experiments at 65% strain systematically increased with increasing TDI while the percent decay in a 3-h period decreased. Temperature and/or humidity “plasticized” the load relaxation behavior in all the foams studied, indicating that the hard segment domain physical “crosslinks” play a significant role in the properties of these materials. Interestingly, compression set measurements appeared to be independent of the index, likely due to some level of hard segment continuity, but the induced recovery of the compression set at elevated temperatures was indeed sensitive to the index. The amount of recovery systematically increased with increasing TDI index due to the more enhanced “recoverable” covalent network. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the foams showed that the cellular structure was not significantly affected by the index. However, SEM also showed that the structure of the high index foam was not greatly altered by the extraction process while the lowest index foam's cellular structure was severely disfigured. The fine structure of the foams was found to be influenced by the TDI index. Small angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis all provided evidence that an increase in the TDI index promoted some phase mixing of the soft and hard segments. FTIR showed that the short-range ordering within the hard segment domains displayed a maximum at an index of 100. This was attributed to the concentration of hard segment domains being lower at a lower index and their ordering being disrupted at higher indexes due to more extensive covalent crosslinking prior to completion of phase separation. Wide angle X-ray scattering results also confirmed that for the highest index level, the short-range ordering of the TDI moieties was decreased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 2395–2408, 1997
Decreased muscarinic binding sites in small intestine from mice treated with neostigmine

Abstract It has been reported by several authors that animals given repeated sublethal doses of an organophosphate, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, develop tolerance to its toxicity. This phenomenon seems to be due, at least partially, to a decrease of central and peripheral cholinergic receptors. In the present study, we report that a decrease of muscarinic receptors, as measured by [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) binding, occurs in the small intestine of mice treated with the carbamate, AChE inhibitor, neostigmine. Male mice were given neostigmine in the drinking water at daily increasing concentrations (from 20 to 1000 ppm). Methylatropine (20mg/kg, i.p.) was administered twice a day for the same period to two groups of control and neostigmine-treated animals. AChE activity was inhibited 60–70% in small intestine and diaphragm and [3H]-QNB binding was significantly reduced in the small intestine of neostigmine-treated mice; both the number of receptors and the affinity were lower than control. This decrease was not present in the tissue of mice given methylatropine together with neostigmine. Administration of methylatropine alone caused a significant increase of [3H]-QNB binding in the small intestine.
Artists, architects, and engineers—three contrasting modes of visual experience and their psychological correlates1

Summary Over a period of five years, 31 architects, 28 artists, and 26 engineers, a total of 85 outstanding individuals in their respective fields, were studied intensively with a psychological test battery consisting of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, Time Estimation measures, the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Embedded Figures Test, the Autokinetic Effect, Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Inventory, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and the Welsh Figure Preference Test. Each subject in the study was chosen by a panel of faculty members as the most outstanding advanced students in nonrepresentational abstract art, architecture, and engineering drawing Highly significant differences were found between the three groups for a number of variables that had been predicted on the basis of previous research and theoretical considerations. These results served to validate the meaning of the perception variables while also giving additional insight into the differences between these three contrasting modes of visual experience as exemplified by the three occupational groups
Facilitation of retrieval by d-amphetamine following anisomycin-induced amnesia

A durable amnesia for an inhibitory avoidance response was induced in mice by an immediate posttraining injection of the protein-synthesis inhibitor anisomycin. Different groups were injected, immediately after training or 30 min prior to testing, with various doses of d-amphetamine in an attempt to alleviate the amnesia. Results indicated that, while immediate posttraining treatments were ineffective, substantial recovery of memory occurred when d-amphetamine (.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) was administered before testing. Additional experiments showed: (1) that amphetamine-induced facilitation of avoidance was specific for the situation in which training occurred and thus could not be attributed to nonspecific effects of acute amphetamine treatment and (2) that enhanced avoidance could not be produced by pentylenetetrazol, strychnine, or noncontingent footshock. Amnesia could also be reversed by pretest treatment with methylphenidate (15 and 20 mg/kg). Administration of the amphetamine analog 4-hydroxyamphetamine, which principally releases peripheral catecholamines, failed to reverse the amnesia. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that suggests that catecholamines are involved in memory retrieval processes.
Stress relaxation behavior of soda-lime glass between the transformation and softening temperatures

Abstract The compressive stress relaxation modulus of a container glass composition was investigated over a wide range of strain, time, modulus, and temperature. It is shown that the glass behaves in a linear viscoelastic manner up to a 2% strain level, and that the relaxation modulus is a smooth function of time, with no pseudo-rubbery plateau apparent down to a modulus of 108 dyn/cm2. The data cover roughly five decades of modulus, five decades of time, and a temperature range of 150° C above the glass transition, Tg = 536°C. Within experimental error, the effect of temperature on the stress relaxation behavior is to simply shift the modulus-time curves along the time axis with no change in shape. Temperature dependent shift factor data are expressed in terms of the WLF relation, and are shown to be in good agreement with data found in the literature for other silicate compositions. Viscosity data derived from the generated stress relaxation data agree well with data obtained by more direct methods.
Involvement of the silencer and UAS binding protein RAP1 in regulation of telomere length

The yeast protein RAP1, initially described as a transcriptional regulator, binds in vitro to sequences found in a number of seemingly unrelated genomic loci. These include the silencers at the transcriptionally repressed mating-type genes, the promoters of many genes important for cell growth, and the poly[(cytosine)1-3 adenine] [poly(C1-3A)] repeats of telomeres. Because RAP1 binds in vitro to the poly(C1-3A) repeats of telomeres, it has been suggested that RAP1 may be involved in telomere function in vivo. In order to test this hypothesis, the telomere tract lengths of yeast strains that contained conditionally lethal (ts) rap1 mutations were analyzed. Several rap1ts alleles reduced telomere length in a temperature-dependent manner. In addition, plasmids that contain small, synthetic telomeres with intact or mutant RAP1 binding sites were tested for their ability to function as substrates for poly(C1-3A) addition in vivo. Mutations in the RAP1 binding sites reduced the efficiency of the addition reaction.
Building a Research and Advocacy Agenda on Issues of Economic Justice

In this article we call for a research agenda focused on classism and poverty and for advocacy of social justice. Examples of recent efforts toward such an agenda are discussed, including the American Psychological Association's adoption of its “Resolution on Poverty and Socioeconomic Status.” In response to the resolution's call for more research on classist attitudes and discrimination against the poor, we outline several directions for future research. Recommendations for how psychological research can be used to advocate for economic justice are offered.
THE ESTRIN-DEPRIVATION THEORY OF MENSTRUATION

The studies which have been conducted during the past quarter of a century have served to elucidate many of the events of the menstrual cycle. It is now fully appreciated that there are morphological changes in the ovaries and uterus which bear a definite relation to one another; it is known that the endometrial changes are controlled by endocrinological factors arising in the ovaries; and it has been established that the hormonal activity of the ovaries themselves is not autonomous, but is regulated by the anterior hypophysis. However, it is yet necessary to explain the mechanism by which menstruation and its accompanying hemorrhage are brought about. It was long considered that the menstrual flow must be attributed to some toxic substance which produces a hemorrhage by direct action on the endometrium. Fraenkel believed that such a factor was elaborated by the corpus luteum, and recently Hartman et al. (1) suggested that the bleeding is brought about by the action of an anterior hypophysial hormone.
Correlation of coronal and geomagnetic Observations, 1944–1946

Observations of the solar corona in 1944–1946 are analyzed with reference to geomagnetic disturbance, extending an earlier investigation by Shapley and Roberts [1946] for the period 1942–1944. Coronagraphic data from Climax are now supplemented by observations from two European observatories. The intensity scales of the green emission-line of the coronal spectrum at the three observatories are intercompared, and the regions of activity in the corona are identified from the combined observations. The coronal-geomagnetic correlation has become weaker since minimum epoch of the sunspot cycle in 1944 and the apparent time relationship has shifted.
Defining Cyberspace (Finding Real Virtue in the Place of Virtual Reality)

The law has neither defined cyberspace nor its values. As a result, the attempt to apply legal rules of "ordinary" space to cyberspace fails to address either the ordinary or the extraordinary features of the new space. This Article proposes that cyberspace be defined as an embodied switched network for moving information traffic, further characterized by degrees of access, navigation, information-activity, augmentation (and trust). Legal conflicts, whether sounding in contract, trademark, copyright, personal jurisdiction, choice of law, or some other basis, occasionally occur in an objective cyberspace whose values can be sufficiently operationalized for legal analysis. If cyberspace were so defined, the law could better respond to new technological uses.
A model for state health care reform.

Prologue: One of the major challenges facing U.S. health system reformers is finding a way to repair the shortcomings of the system while maintaining the cherished American values of autonomy, pluralism, and choice. For this reason, many believe that looking to health systems such as Canadas or Great Britain's—which reflect the centralized nature of their respective governments—as models for reform has only limited usefulness. Our population is vast and diverse; we value individual over collective endeavor; and we prefer local problem solving to federal mandates. Any health system reforms that are to succeed must accommodate these unique aspects of American culture and politics. In this paper, Stephen Shortell proposes an approach to health system reform built on these assumptions. His model, called health promotion and accountability regions (HPARs), are, in his words, “common incentive structures for managing population-based care. “The HPARs, organized as public/private partnerships at the state level,...
Graphic Novels and Comics in the Classroom: Essays on the Educational Power of Sequential Art Carrye Kay Syma and Robert G. Weiner, Editors. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013.

Graphic Novels and Comics in the Classroom: Essays on the Educational Power of Sequential Art Carrye Kay Syma and Robert G. Weiner, Editors. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013.Carrye Kay Syma and Robert G. Weiner's edited collection, Graphic Novels and Comics in the Classroom, situates the volume within an already burgeoning academic discourse focusing on a "readable, practical, and applicable" approach for readers and educators to consider (7). Rather than offering a descriptive approach to valorize the academic contributions of comics, these essays outline an engaging prescriptive model of when, where, how, and why comics and graphic novels function in classroom settings and contribute to a myriad of learning outcomes. Despite this forward approach, the text effectively utilizes research, as each chapter balances itself nicely within the current discourses on the social, cultural, and political values of critically assessing comics.The collection logically divides into five key sections, with the first called, "Significance of Graphic Novels and Comics: Then and Now." Here, in three essays, authors trace the use of comics in the classroom (at all levels of education) as a tool for increasing literacy, promoting the value of multimodal texts in ESL courses, and spend time examining how student attitudes (even those of resisting readers) are transformed through the visual and written dynamic of comic books. Especially provocative are the points raised about comic books as an avenue to broaden students' reading habits, the understanding that comics respond to the changing needs of millennials, and the value of visual cultural stimuli for modern learners.Section Two is titled, "Teaching Graphic Novels and Comics in the Classroom," and three pieces dialogue about course design, what books are beneficial and why, and outline useful assignments to demystify the process for those interested in syllabi creation and curriculum development. The authors discuss their difficulties dealing with skeptical colleagues and share student reflections on the classes and processes of skill development. Rather than presenting a cookie-cutter syllabus for duplication, these essays explore the thought processes behind how and why instructors chose to incorporate comic books and graphic novels in their courses. Additionally, student reflection provides insight into the direct reactions of learners.Part Three, "Graphic Novels and Comics: Beyond the Text," works to further the above sections by exploring five distinct courses which incorporated comics into their design. One author explores how he used V for Vendetta in a high school class during a dystopian literature unit, while another piece examines the value of acknowledging comics as high art in an art history classroom. …
Interactive behaviors of American Indian mothers and their premature infants

The interactive behaviors of 17 American Indian mothers and their premature infants and selected maternal and infant factors affecting those behaviors were measured using naturalistic observation and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory at 3, 6, and 12 months corrected infant age. The frequency of some maternal behaviors changed over the first 12 months. Mothers spent less time holding, looking at, touching, and interacting with their premature infants and more time uninvolved as the infant aged. Maternal education and infant illness severity were associated with mother-infant interactive behaviors and HOME Inventory scores. These findings emphasize the importance of maternal and infant factors affecting the interactions between American Indian premature infants and their mothers.
Managerial assessments of E-business investment opportunities: a field study

Managers charged with assessing investment opportunities for information technologies such as e-business projects face considerable uncertainty in their decision-making processes. Contemporary theories of the firm and the normative prescriptions thereof emphasize the potential for such investments to augment firm-level knowledge and relational capabilities. However, prior research has not examined the relative emphases that managers place on the knowledge and relational capability-augmenting characteristics of the e-business investments. In this paper, we develop a model to assess whether managerial evaluations of e-business investment opportunities are consistent with these normative and theoretical prescriptions. A test of the model using survey data on 485 project assessments by e-business managers suggests that managerial assessment and choice are guided by the criteria suggested by the knowledge and relational theories in evaluating potential e-business initiatives. Our results demonstrate that the ability of firms to exploit their intangible assets through such investments explicitly enter managerial calculus and provide new insights into the relative importance ascribed to these factors. The overarching insight is that managers ascribe relatively more weight to knowledge-based considerations than to relational considerations.