cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of substitution of glucose-oligosaccharides by sucrose in a defined formula diet on intestinal disaccharidases, hepatic lipogenic enzymes and carbohydrate metabolism in young rats

We have studied the effect of substitution of glucose-oligosaccharides by sucrose in a widely used high nitrogen defined formula diet, Vivonex-HN (Eaton Laboratories, Norwich, New York) on weanling rats for an experimental period of 5 wk; (1) The food consumption and growth rate in both G group (glucose-oligosaccha ride containing Vivonex-HN diet) and S group (sucrose substituted Vivonex-HN diet) were significantly lower than C group (laboratory chow fed control) (Student's p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between G and S groups, (2) Food efficiencies were significantly higher in C group than in either G or S groups, (3) Not only sucrase but also maltase and trehalase were induced in the distal gut in S group, while in C group, maltase activity remained the same and sucrase activity decreased significantly, (4) The activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) increased greatly in G group (Student's t, p < 0.001 between C and G) and even more so in S group (Wilcoxon's p < 0.002 between G and S) compared with C group, (5) Total lipid and cholesterol contents in the liver as well as in the plasma were higher in S group than in G group. The relative liver weights also were higher in S group than in G group. The weights of epididymal fat pad did not differ significantly among all three groups, and (6) The values of hematocrit, glucose and insulin did not differ significantly in the plasma of blood collected by cardiac puncture of all three groups. But, significantly lower levels of lactate were observed throughout the course of the experiment in the plasma of G and S groups compared with the C group. Also, the plasma protein of G and S groups were significantly lower than C group at weeks 2 and 4 (Student's t, p < 0.003). We postulate (1) that the structural genes for disaccharidases may be subject to a common genetic control which accepts several di- and oligosaccharides as inducers, and (2) that the induction of hepatic lipogenic enzymes may be mediated by lactate in the portal blood rather than by glucose or fructose. We also offer a caution for prolonged use of sucrose or fructose as the major source of carbohydrate until the potentially deleterious lipogenic effect of fructose is more critically evaluated.
Influence of gravity level and interfacial energies on dispersion-forming tendencies in hypermonotectic Cu-Pb-Al alloys

Results on the nondirectional solidification of several hypermonotectic Cu-Pb-Al alloys were obtained aboard NASA's KC-135 zero-gravity aircraft in order to determine the influence of interfacial energies and gravity levels on dispersion-forming tendencies. The Al content was systematially varied in the alloys. The dispersion-forming ability is correlated with gravity level during solidification, the interfacial energy between the immiscible phases, and the tendency for the minority immiscible phase to wet the walls of the crucible.
The effects of domestic violence allegations on custody evaluators' recommendations.

Judges and attorneys often request professional assessments from child custody evaluators when allegations of adult domestic violence (DV) have been made, but it is unclear whether and how evaluators' recommendations are impacted by these allegations. Custody evaluators (N = 607) in the United States responded to a multiple-segment factorial vignette designed to examine the effects of 2 key factors in DV allegations: type of alleged violence (conflict-based, control-based) and counterallegations (none, mutual, and female-initiated). Effects of control- versus conflict-based DV allegations by the mother on custody recommendations were small and the majority of evaluators recommended joint custody regardless of violence type. Reported confidence in making a recommendation increased once the father responded to the allegation, but to a smaller degree when a counterallegation of mutual or female-initiated violence was made. Evaluators were no more skeptical about the potential motive of a counterallegation in the context of controlling behavior than in the context of conflict-based behavior. Overall, results indicate that most custody evaluators are not sufficiently sensitized to distinguish between situational couple violence and coercive controlling behavior, and the postseparation safety of mothers and their children may therefore be jeopardized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Is Charter School Competition in California Improving the Performance of Traditional Public Schools

A premise of charter school initiatives has been that these schools have direct benefits for the students attending them and indirect benefits for other students by creating competition for traditional public schools to improve their performance. This study uses a two-pronged approach to assess whether California charter schools are having indirect effects on students in traditional public schools. First, we examine how traditional public school principals react to the introduction of charter schools. Second, we assess whether competition from nearby charters is affecting student achievement outcomes for students that remain in traditional public schools. The survey results show that traditional public school principals felt little competitive pressure from charters. Similarly, the student achievement analysis shows that charter competition was not improving the performance of traditional public schools. These results suggest that California charter schools are having little effect on the climate of traditional public schools.
Radiationless transitions and the “third channel” problem in benzene☆

Abstract Calculations are presented in support of the suggestions that the onset of “channel three” decay in benzene is due to enhanced internal conversion involving multiple excitation of CC stretching vibrations.
Experiencing the Other as the Self: Cultural Diversity Courses as Liberating Praxis

. In response to our increasingly global and multicultural world, undergraduate degree plans have come to include courses, which meet the Diversity requirement. While diversity may have a variety of definitions, clearly the educational institution believes that all students earning a degree should complete course work that exposes them to cultures not their own. Courses that fulfill Diversity requirements often include “Introduction to World Religions,” among others. Even a traditional-style teaching of such a course will accomplish a certain degree of broadening of students’ perspectives. The risk, however, is that at the end of the course the students are simply better informed about sets of people whom they would still objectify as the other. This article describes an experiential method of teaching which enables students to begin to change their consciousness, as well as their body of information, by learning to experience the other as self. The author calls this the identification/participation method.
Design of an optical fixed-weight learning neural network

This paper deals with the design, analysis, and simulation of a prototype optical fixed-weight learning neural network. This type of network could have learning rates five orders of magnitude faster than networks based on Von-Neumann platforms. This network has an embedded learning algorithm and dynamically learns new mappings by changing recurrent neural signal strengths. This greatly speed up optical neural network learning since the medium containing the synaptic weights does not change during learning. Software simulations suggest that this design is sound. The physical implementation and evaluation of the prototype were reported elsewhere.
Quantized feedback systems perturbed by white noise

This paper treats a class of nonlinear feedback systems perturbed by white noise, the nonlinearity being given by a piecewise constant function of a certain type. We obtain explicit formulae for steady-state probability densities associated with such systems. This result is used to address a stochastic optimal control problem that can be interpreted as minimization of the cost of implementing a feedback control law.
Robust beamforming for FDD mobile systems over Rayleigh fading channels

A beamforming approach is developed for mobile wireless systems operated in vehicular scenarios such that the channel undergoes fast Rayleigh fading. In this approach, the downlink beamforming weights of the base antennas are generated based on the orthogonal basis of the uplink signal subspace. The downlink transmission to a particular mobile is through its effective signal subspace via multiple diversity branches. Thanks to the stability of the signal subspace, the received signal strength at the mobile is robust to fast Rayleigh fading. When the distance between the uplink and downlink subspaces is negligible, the open-loop beamforming can be applied to FDD systems. Ray tracing simulations in a three-dimensional urban physical model show that the subspace beamforming enhances the link quality of mobile systems over Rayleigh fading channels
Theory of clocking for maximum execution overlap of high-speed digital systems

The effect of clocking schemes on overlapped execution performance in a digital system is described and quantified. Effects of branching, data dependencies, and resource conflicts between consecutive tasks are considered. Some problems of clocking scheme synthesis for the design of digital systems with maximum execution overlap are examined. Effects of performance of the choice of clocking scheme, partitioning of functions into the time steps, the number of clock phases, the length of each phase (i.e., how to pipeline), and the assignment of functions to clock phases are treated. >
The Trypanosomatid Parasites of Horseflies with the Description of Crithidia rileyi n. sp.

SYNOPSIS. A new species, Crithidia rileyi (Trypanosomatidae), is described from Tabanus epistates. The most characteristic feature of the flagellate is the frequent occurrence of a broad sucker-like posterior end. In contrast to other species of Crithidia it multiplied very slowly in the first few weeks after isolation. A review of the literature shows that trypanosomatids of two generic types, Crithidia and Blastocrithidia, have been described from flies of the family Tabanidae, although they have nearly always been regarded as stages of the same organism. Some or all of those of the Blastocrithidia type are stages of Trypanosoma theileri. The Crithidia are probably not stages in the development of any trypanosome.
Textured Sc-Doped Barium&#8211;Ferrite Compacts for Microwave Applications Below 20 GHz

Sc is substituted for Fe in Ba M-type hexaferrite to reduce the anisotropy field and shift the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) frequency to below 20 GHz. We have produced pure phase BaFe11 ScO19 powders having a platelet microstructure. These materials are pressed under an applied magnetic field of 95.5times10 5 A/m. Resulting compacts are sintered and are shown to have a clear uniaxial anisotropy with the c-axis perpendicular to the surface plane. Hysteresis loops display a squareness of 0.83 with a coercivity of ~186 kA/m. The X-band FMR power derivative linewidth is measured to be 79.6 kA/m
Thiol oxidation of cell signaling proteins: Controlling an apoptotic equilibrium

Studies of cell signal transduction have predominantly focused on regulation of protein function by phosphorylation. However, recent efforts have begun to uncover another layer of regulation mediated by direct oxidation of cysteine residues in signaling proteins. Typically induced during signaling responses accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species, these thiol modifications have a variety of functional consequences for target proteins. Using specific signaling protein targets as examples, we discuss how thiol oxidation generally activates pro-apoptotic signaling pathways while inhibiting pathways that promote cell survival. We propose a model in which thiol oxidation acts to control the equilibrium between survival and apoptosis, fine tuning cellular responses that play a central role in the apoptotic decision-making process. We identify areas of focus for future work, including a better understanding of specificity in thiol oxidation events, and a critical need for approaches to examine these modifications under physiologically relevant signaling conditions.
Sequential Bayesian Detection: A Model-Based Approach

Sequential detection is a methodology developed essentially by Wald [1] in the late 1940s providing an alternative to the classical batch methods evolving from the basic Neyman–Pearson theory of the 1930s [2, 3]. From the detection theoretical viewpoint, the risk (or error) associated with a decision typically decreases as the number of measurements increases. Sequential detection enables a decision to be made more rapidly (in most cases) employing fewer measurements while maintaining the same level of risk. Thus, the aspiration is to reduce the decision time while maintaining the risk for a fixed sample size. Its significance was truly brought to the forefront with the evolution of the digital computer and the fundamental idea of acquiring and processing data in a sequential manner. The seminal work of Middleton [2, 4, 5, 6, 7] as well as the development of sequential processing techniques [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] during the 1960s provided the necessary foundation for the sequential processor/detector that is applied in a routine manner today [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13].
Identification and characterization of the immunoprecipitating medium- and low-density tryptic fragments of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan.

The fragments responsible for the immunodiffusion reactivity of middle- and low-density fractions of trypsin-digested bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan have been identified and obtained in relatively homogeneous fractions. Glycosaminoglycan-bearing tryptic fragments were isolated from 4 M guanidinium chloride extracts of cartilage by ion-exchange chromatography and fractionated by dissociative equilibrium density gradient ultracentrifugation at a starting density of 1. 50. Fragments in the middle fractions of the density gradient were digested with chondroitinase ABC and subfractionated by Sepharose 6B column chromatography. Middle-density subfractions contained fragments which were chemically and immunologically identical to those in high-density fragment subfractions of similar elution from Sepharose 6B. The middle-density subfractions contained two additional immunoprecipitating fragments. One, with alanine as N-terminal amino acid, was isolated by virtue of its retention by a column of concanavalin ...
A first-principles electronic structure study of the high-symmetry surfaces of fcc americium

Abstract Full-potential all-electron density-functional calculations with mixed basis APW + lo/LAPW have been carried out to investigate the electronic and geometric properties of the (1 1 0) surface of fcc Am(II) and compared with the corresponding properties of the (1 1 1) and (0 0 1) surfaces. In particular, the quantum size effects in the surface energies and the work functions of the (1 1 0) ultra-thin films up to seven layers at the anti-ferromagnetic ground state with spin-orbit coupling (AFM-SO) have been studied and compared with those of the (1 1 1) and (0 0 1) surfaces. A strong quantum size effect of work function up to seven layers in the fcc Am (1 1 0) surfaces is observed. The work function of the (1 1 0) surface is predicted to be 2.86 eV to be compared with 2.93 and 3.06 eV for (0 0 1) and (1 1 1) films at the ground state, respectively. On the other hand, the surface energy becomes relatively stable once the number of layers reaches three for all three surfaces. Density of states show that the 5f electrons in all three fcc Am surfaces are primarily localized. In addition, the present work of fcc Am high symmetry surfaces has been compared in detail with the corresponding available δ-Pu surface studies.
RRADS: Real Road Autonomous Driving Simulation

This video introduces a methodology for simulating an autonomous vehicle on open public roads. The video showcases participant reaction footage collected in the RRADS (Real Road Autonomous Driving Simulator). Although our study using this simulator did not use overt deception--the consent form clearly states that a licensed driver is operating the vehicle--the protocol was designed to support suspension of disbelief. Several participants who did not read the consent form clearly strongly believed that the vehicle was autonomous; this provides a lens onto the attitudes and concerns that people in real-world autonomous vehicles might have, and also points to ways that a protocol that deliberately used misdirection could gain ecologically valid reactions from study participants.
Naive T cells transiently acquire a memory-like phenotype during homeostasis-driven proliferation.

In a depleted lymphoid compartment, naive T cells begin a slow proliferation that is independent of cognate antigen yet requires recognition of major histocompatibility complex–bound self-peptides. We have followed the phenotypic and functional changes that occur when naive CD8+ T cells undergo this type of expansion in a lymphopenic environment. Naive T cells undergoing homeostasis-driven proliferation convert to a phenotypic and functional state similar to that of memory T cells, yet distinct from antigen-activated effector T cells. Naive T cells dividing in a lymphopenic host upregulate CD44, CD122 (interleukin 2 receptor β) and Ly6C expression, acquire the ability to rapidly secrete interferon γ, and become cytotoxic effectors when stimulated with cognate antigen. The conversion of naive T cells to cells masquerading as memory cells in response to a homeostatic signal does not represent an irreversible differentiation. Once the cellularity of the lymphoid compartment is restored and the T cells cease their division, they regain the functional and phenotypic characteristics of naive T cells. Thus, homeostasis-driven proliferation provides a thymus-independent mechanism for restoration of the naive compartment after a loss of T cells.
Central pattern generator for swimming in Melibe

The nudibranch mollusc Melibe leonina swims by bending from side to side. We have identified a network of neurons that appears to constitute the central pattern generator (CPG) for this locomotor behavior, one of only a few such networks to be described in cellular detail. The network consists of two pairs of interneurons, termed 'swim interneuron 1' (sint1) and 'swim interneuron 2' (sint2), arranged around a plane of bilateral symmetry. Interneurons on one side of the brain, which includes the paired cerebral, pleural and pedal ganglia, coordinate bending movements toward the same side and communicate via non-rectifying electrical synapses. Interneurons on opposite sides of the brain coordinate antagonistic movements and communicate over mutually inhibitory synaptic pathways. Several criteria were used to identify members of the swim CPG, the most important being the ability to shift the phase of swimming behavior in a quantitative fashion by briefly altering the firing pattern of an individual neuron. Strong depolarization of any of the interneurons produces an ipsilateral swimming movement during which the several components of the motor act occur in sequence. Strong hyperpolarization causes swimming to stop and leaves the animal contracted to the opposite side for the duration of the hyperpolarization. The four swim interneurons make appropriate synaptic connections with motoneurons, exciting synergists and inhibiting antagonists. Finally, these are the only neurons that were found to have this set of properties in spite of concerted efforts to sample widely in the Melibe CNS. This led us to conclude that these four cells constitute the CPG for swimming. While sint1 and sint2 work together during swimming, they play different roles in the generation of other behaviors. Sint1 is normally silent when the animal is crawling on a surface but it depolarizes and begins to fire in strong bursts once the foot is dislodged and the animal begins to swim. Sint2 also fires in bursts during swimming, but it is not silent in non-swimming animals. Instead activity in sint2 is correlated with turning movements as the animal crawls on a surface. This suggests that the Melibe motor system is organized in a hierarchy and that the alternating movements characteristic of swimming emerge when activity in sint1 and sint2 is bound together.
I Am They: Technological Mediation, Shifting Conceptions of Identity and Techno Music

The construction of multiple personae by musicians is a practice that continues to be prevalent: from Robert Schumann, through David Bowie, to recent techno artists. In this article I examine the work of one artist who may be music's most prodigious multiple and who may be deemed not one, but many different artists. Techno-chameleon Uwe Schmidt, aka Senor Coconut, aka Geeez ‘n’ Gosh, is a musician who has radically intensified the creation of multiple personae and here I situate his work as part of a contemporary technocultural moment; one where recent technologies have further enabled, destigmatized, and for some individuals, made preferable or even necessary, the idea of the performed, multiple identity. As such, by enacting certain key concepts of a postmodern and/or posthuman conception of identity, artists like Schmidt thus problematize traditional modes of artistic representation, marketing, and reception that were previously based upon notions of individual authorship.
Image processing hardware for a man-machine graphical communication system

The General Motors Research Laboratories (GMR) obtained the IBM 7960 Special Image Processing System in order to provide a laboratory for the study of graphic data processing and related man-machine communication problems. The IBM 7960, designed and built by the IBM Data Systems Division to specifications provided by GMR, consists of:a) A graphic console which includes a display tube, control buttons and lights, a card reader, an alphanumeric keyboard and a position indicating pencil.b) An image processor which permits computer-controlled scanning of film images and computer-controlled recording on 35mm film.
The Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 Protein Enhances the DNA Binding Activity of a Subgroup of the TGA Family of bZIP Transcription Factors

The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene is essential in activating systemic, inducible plant defense responses. To gain a better understanding of NPR1 function, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening procedure and identified a differential interaction between NPR1 and all known members of the Arabidopsis TGA family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors. In the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, NPR1 substantially increased the binding of TGA2 to its cognate promoter element (as-1) as well as to a positive salicylic acid–inducible element (LS7) and a negative element (LS5) in the promoter of the pathogenesis-related PR-1 gene. Proteins encoded by npr1 mutants interacted poorly with TGA2 and did not substantially increase TGA2 binding to the as-1, LS5, or LS7 elements, thus establishing a link between the loss of disease resistance and the loss of TGA2 interaction and NPR1-enhanced DNA binding. Coupled with observations that the DNA binding activity of TGA factors is deregulated in npr1 plants, the results suggest that NPR1-mediated DNA binding of TGA2 is critical for activation of defense genes.
CUSTOMER‐BASED MEASURES OF INVENTORY AVAILABILITY

Traditional measures of inventory availability, such as fill rates, focus on the availability of individual items, not availability to individual customers. This is inadequate because managers today need to be customer oriented and focus on the service delivered to specific customers. This is especially true of key customers. The purpose of this research is to introduce customer-based measures of inventory availability. Four such measures are proposed. Each is designed to enable managers to select the level of inventory availability to be offered to a specific customer. These measures use a customer's purchase history to estimate shortages in future purchases. The shortage frequency may then be managed.
Degradation of MEPE, DMP1, and release of SIBLING ASARM-peptides (minhibins): ASARM-peptide(s) are directly responsible for defective mineralization in HYP.

Mutations in PHEX (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome) and DMP1 (dentin matrix protein 1) result in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (HYP) and autosomal-recessive hypophosphatemic-rickets (ARHR), respectively. Specific binding of PHEX to matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) regulates the release of small protease-resistant MEPE peptides [acidic serine- and aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif (ASARM) peptides]. ASARM peptides are potent inhibitors of mineralization (minhibins) that also occur in DMP1 [MEPE-related small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) protein]. It is not known whether these peptides are directly responsible for the mineralization defect. We therefore used a bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) coculture model, ASARM peptides, anti-ASARM antibodies, and a small synthetic PHEX peptide (SPR4; 4.2 kDa) to examine this. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and two-dimensional 1H/15N nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated specific binding of SPR4 peptide to ASARM peptide. When cultured individually for 21 d, HYP BMSCs displayed reduced mineralization compared with wild type (WT) (−87%, P < 0.05). When cocultured, both HYP and WT cells failed to mineralize. However, cocultures (HYP and WT) or monocultures of HYP BMSCs treated with SPR4 peptide or anti-ASARM neutralizing antibodies mineralized normally. WT BMSCs treated with ASARM peptide also failed to mineralize properly without SPR4 peptide or anti-ASARM neutralizing antibodies. ASARM peptide treatment decreased PHEX mRNA and protein (−80%, P < 0.05) and SPR4 peptide cotreatment reversed this by binding ASARM peptide. SPR4 peptide also reversed ASARM peptide-mediated changes in expression of key osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation genes. Western blots of HYP calvariae and BMSCs revealed massive degradation of both MEPE and DMP1 protein compared with the WT. We conclude that degradation of MEPE and DMP-1 and release of ASARM peptides are chiefly responsible for the HYP mineralization defect and changes in osteoblast-osteoclast differentiation.
A distributed algorithm for fitting generalized additive models

Generalized additive models are an effective regression tool, popular in the statistics literature, that provides an automatic extension of traditional linear models to nonlinear systems. We present a distributed algorithm for fitting generalized additive models, based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). In our algorithm the component functions of the model are fit independently, in parallel; a simple iteration yields convergence to the optimal generalized additive model. This is in contrast to the traditional approach of backfitting, where the component functions are fit sequentially. We illustrate the method on different classes of problems such as generalized additive, logistic, and piecewise constant models, with various types of regularization, including those that promote smoothness and sparsity.
End-of-life issues.

Abstract A patient’s desire to discuss end-of-life (EOL) choices may be among the most stressful situations for clinicians. Research confirms the importance of discussions between caregivers and patients or their surrogates about options for current and future care. Often, terminally ill patients want to discuss EOL options to avoid undue suffering, pain, and other symptoms and want some reassurance that caregivers can provide effective physical, psychosocial, and spiritual care. Patients often approach nurses first and ask for their assistance before they ask other professionals; they are more likely to ask nurses in home care than in other settings. (Geriatr Nurs 2001;22:294-8)
The middle Pleistocene rodent Atopomys (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae) from the eastern and south-central United States

ABSTRACT New records of Atopomys salvelinus from West Virginia and Florida, and additional remains of A. texensis from Texas are reported. A partial mandible of A. salvelinus with M1–2 from Alachua County, Florida, is the first record of the genus from that state, and the most complete specimen of Atopomys known. Although M3s of A. texensis have not been recovered, three M3s of A. salvelinus are now known from Hamilton Cave, West Virginia. These teeth, as well as the others, are similar to those of the Blancan arvicoline genus Nebraskomys. These similarities support Hibbard's (1970) suggestion that Nebraskomys was ancestral to Atopomys.
Hierarchical implementation and performance analysis of Verilog-AMS Model of BSIM3v3.3 transistor

In the past, VLSI circuits were classified as digital (with some analog behavior associated with individual components) or as analog. For digital circuits, analog effects were usually negligible, but as feature sizes continue to decrease, analog effects can no longer be ignored. In addition, the current trend to integrate digital, analog, mixed-signal and radio-frequency (RF) components into a single "system-on-a-chip" for applications such as communications and networking requires efficient circuit design tools incorporating both digital and analog effects. Here we explore the effectiveness of Verilog-AMS for describing analog behavior. We present a well-documented version of the BSIMv3.3 transistor in Verilog-AMS. We describe our hierarchical development process, we compare a set of benchmark circuits using this model against their HSPICE counterparts, and we calculate the growth in Verilog-AMS simulation time as a function of the number of transistors in a circuit. Our results indicate that error between the two models is low and increased time is reasonable and illustrate that Verilog-AMS can effectively describe analog and mixed signal behavior and support design of systems-on-a-chip.
Surface states on n-type SrTiO3☆

Abstract We have used a model based on local density of states functions to calculate the surface electronic structure for both perfect SrTiO3(100) surfaces and for surfaces containing O-vacancy defects. The calculations are in excellent agreement with ultraviolet photoemission spectra for both types of surfaces. A magnetic layer with μ ≈ 2.3 μB per surface unit cell is predicted for the O-vacancy SrTiO3(100) surface.
2,2′-(Propane-1,3-di­imino)­di­benzoic acid

The crystal structure of the title compound, C17H18N2O4, is presented. The molecule sits on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. It contains O⋯H—N intramolecular hydrogen bonds typical of ortho-benzoic amino acids; O⋯H—O intermolecular hydrogen bonds connect the mol­ecules into infinite chains.
Feature selection based on maximizing separability in Gauss mixture model and its application to image classification

We propose a feature selection algorithm suitable for classification problems. Our algorithm tries to find a subset of features, which maximizes separability between Gaussian clusters. To reduce the complexity of exhaustive searching the best feature set, we follow a backward elimination method. Our feature selection algorithm can be applied to a full search classifier to obtain a single global subspace. However, one global subspace may not alone capture local behavior well. We realize multiple subspace clustering by applying our dimension reduction algorithm to a tree structured classifier. Experimental results show that the resulting classifier not only removes irrelevant features but also improves classification performance.
Modeling Innovative Methodological Practices in a Dance/Family Studies Transdisciplinary Project

Using our dance/family studies transdisciplinary project as a site of analysis, we review the existing literature of arts/social science endeavors and share innovative methodological practices from our project. Unlike most arts/social science endeavors, our project is transdisciplinary and is based on a collaboration between a trained choreographer and dancer and a trained family scholar. The transdisciplinary nature of our project is highlighted in the choreographer's kinesthetic analysis of the family scholar's qualitative data, the use of a pilot study, duo-memoing, and a strong commitment to sharing authorship of all our writing. Throughout the article, we highlight the benefits of our work for the field of family studies.
What’s political about solar electric technology? The user’s perspective

Scholars in science and technology studies have debated the various ways in which technologies are (or are not) political. Here, I examine how users themselves understand and articulate the politics of a specific technology—residential solar electric technology—and how understandings of politics interact with motivations to adopt. Based on interviews with 48 individuals in 36 households across the state of Wisconsin who have adopted residential solar electric technology, I consider the user’s perspective on the question: “What’s political about residential solar electric technology use?” These users were asked about the politics of this technology and how their understanding of the technology’s politics shaped their own motivation for adoption. These solar electric technology adopters saw solar electric technology as both imbued with political character based on the current national political scene and as inherently, innately political. They described how solar electric technology interacts with the politics of environmentalism, challenges “politics-as-usual” and can bring about decentralization and redistribution of wealth. In short, to the users of solar electric technology, this technological artifact is, indeed, political; it both interacts with, and offers an alternative to, current American political structures. Further, their perspectives on the politics of solar technology shaped their understandings of motivations for and limitations to adoption of this alternative technology.
Granulocytic and monocytic populations of tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) suppress T cell proliferation through independent mechanisms

Granulocytic and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC and M-MDSC) are hallmarks of chronic inflammatory environments and major mediators of T cell suppression in cancer. We aimed to determine the mechanisms by which tumor-associated G-MDSC and M-MDSC suppress T cell proliferation. Our results suggest that MDSC isolated from lung carcinoma-bearing mice impaired the proliferation of activated T cells thorough an arrest in the G0-G1 phase of the cell cycle. This effect was not caused by a decreased T cell activation, as an increased expression of the early activation markers CD25 and CD69, and high production of IL-2 were detected in T cells co-cultured with MDSC. The anti-proliferative effect induced by MDSC was prevented after the addition of inhibitors of arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Interestingly, arginase I was exclusively expressed in G-MDSC, whereas iNOS was expressed mainly in M-MDSC. Additional results showed that G-MDSC produced higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas M-MDSC produced more peroxynitrites (PNT). Expression of gp91phox in G-MDSC regulated their production of ROS. In addition, M-MDSC-induced suppression was overcome using a PNT scavenger or an inhibitor for S-nitrosylation. These results suggest that sub-populations of MDSC suppress T cell proliferation through independent mechanisms. Targeting of these pathways may enable the design of new therapeutic approaches to reverse T cell tolerance in cancer.
The Baccalaureate-Educated Dental Hygienist.

Abstract The baccalaureate degree as entry level education will prepare dental hygienists to meet the basic challenges of evolving patient oral health care needs. Background The nature of health care is changing because of economic and societal developments. For example, the Affordable Care Act is allowing more individuals the opportunity to seek care. People are living longer with chronic disorders. Technological advances allow for treatment of disease to ultimately improve or extend lives. States are legislating broader scopes of practice for dental hygienists and other types of health care providers. Trends such as nontraditional work settings and patients exhibiting chronic diseases with comorbidities, suggest that dental hygienists have at least a baccalaureate education to be prepared to embrace expanded interprofessional roles, technological advances, and effective care for diverse populations. Advanced degrees beyond the baccalaureate level will be indicated for dental hygienist researchers and scholars who will lead theory and policy development to improve population health. Methods The importance of a baccalaureate education for dental hygienists is illustrated with insights from dental hygiene and dental education organizations, the American Association of Colleges and Universities and current literature. Conclusions A baccalaureate education will equip dental hygienists to help provide basic oral care for a diverse population in a variety of health care settings. Health care providers with a broad range of knowledge and skills, flexibility and decision-making capacity, and a commitment to personal and social responsibility will be valued in the marketplace. More research is needed documenting the public health benefits of a baccalaureate-educated dental hygienist and further advanced degrees in dental hygiene.
High Efficiency Separations on Microchip Devices

We have fabricated a glass microchip with a spiral shaped separation channel which is 25 cm long, but whose footprint is only 5 cm × 5 cm. With this design, dynamic dispersion, in excess to that generated by diffusion, is limited to less than 13% of the total dynamic dispersion, and electrophoretic separation efficiencies for dichlorofluorscein of over 1,000,000 theoretical plates have been achieved in under 46 seconds. The number of theoretical plates generated increased linearly with the applied voltage, and at the highest field strength applied the rate of theoretical plate generation was 21,000 plates/s. Similar results have also been obtained in a micellar separation of amino acids. The number of theoretical plates generated on the spiral microchip are two to three times higher than typically generated using conventional CE, and the separations, for example, of amino acids are 5 to 10 times faster.
Within–Tree Distribution of Pear Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Sugar Maple

Within–tree distribution of pear thrips, Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel), in Sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh., was determined in six nonflowering trees in 1990 and six flowering trees in 1992. During budburst, vegetative (1990) and flower (1992) buds were sampled from four cardinal quadrants, two canopy positions (inside and outside), and three crown levels (upper, middle, and lower) of sugar maples in a plantation in central Pennsylvania and examined for thrips eggs and adults. Almost all thrips adults were identified as T. inconsequens (94.9% in 1990 and 97.0% in 1992) and all eggs were likely to be from T. inconsequens because of their position in bud tissues and their morphology. Few larvae were present. Thrips eggs and adults were found in vegetative and flower buds throughout all levels, positions and quadrants. There were few significant differences in relation to any part of the tree in either year. In 1990 significantly more eggs (but not adults) were found in the middle level, compared with the lower and the upper levels. There was a significant interaction between height and quadrant for eggs (but not adults) in 1992. Within–tree distribution of pear thrips is likely to be affected by the synchrony between thrips emergence from ovelwintering sites and the timing of budburst in a particular position within the tree, and the distribution and density of flowers.
Adrenal gland rhythmicity and pituitary regulation of adrenal steroid secretion.

SummaryWe have shown that prolactin most likely plays an important regulatory role in the control of adrenal gland steroido-genesis. Both adrenal progesterone and corticosterone secretion were stro...
Fabrication of Beam Steering Elements and Couplers with Grayscale Lithography Using HEBS Glass

The fabrication of reflective, refractive and coupling optical elements using a new technique for grayscale lithography with high-energy beam-sensitive glass is discussed. These devices were used to demonstrate short-reach optical interconnects and new imaging concepts.
Increased serum phosphate and adverse clinical outcomes: unraveling mechanisms of disease.

Purpose of reviewHigher serum phosphate levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes across the spectrum of kidney function. Recent epidemiologic studies have focused on identifying potential mechanisms of these associations as well as risk factors for increased serum phosphate in the genera
"I'm Not Too Sure what I Told you the Last Time": Methological Notes on Accounts from High-Risk Activists in the Irish Republican Movement

Social movement research often draws on intensive interviews with activists to provide rich, detailed information on recruitment processes. Intensive interview data, however, are subject to misunderstandings between researchers and respondents, poor memories, the possibility that respondents will intentionally mislead in their presentation of self, and other threats. Veterans or members of the Provisional IRA and Provisional Sinn Fein were interviewed twice, approximately a decade apart in time. The interviews suggest that accounts from activists are relatively consistent over time, but that this consistency varies with differences in the recruitment process. Activists recruited into Irish Republicanism through their family background have the most consistent accounts. Those recruited in response to a key event and who were recruited by one key individual also have consistent accounts. Those who follow a more generic path of recruitment that occurs over time offer the least consistent accounts. This varia...
Calibration in measurement of ICF target material areal density using β-ray

ICF target material areal density and its distribution can be measured by counting beta particles passing through the material.It is necessary to calibrate the areal density measuring device using a series of standard materials with known areal densities and the same components with the materials to be analyzed.For the density measurement of a kind of ICF target material the calibrating method is proposed.This calibrating method uses the approximate,materials with composition of the ICF target material as the standard material.The transmissivity of beta particles possessing different energy can be simulated and computed by Monte-Carlo method when they pass different materials.The corresponding error to the measuring result is also obtained.The error is only several percent using paper sheet as the standard material to measure CH foam materials and can be revised by means of Monte-Carlo method.
Effects of drugs on the fetus and neonate.

During certain phases of development, the fetus and newborn are vulnerable to drugs. The critical phase for the fetus is the first eight weeks, but drugs such as reserpine, propylthiouracil, and the tetracyclines can produce adverse effects even late in pregnancy. In his first few days of life, the newborn is extremely sensitive to the effects of many drugs because of his limited capacity to metabolize and excrete them.
Development of a Vitreous Substitute: Incorporating Charges and Fibrous Structures in Synthetic Hydrogel Materials

Synthetic hydrogel systems are promising long-term candidates for therapeutic use as vitreous substitutes. To improve the swelling and mechanical properties of existing synthetic substitutes for the natural vitreous, we incorporate charges and fibrous structures. Using dynamic light scattering, rheology, and swelling techniques we show in vitro that synthetic copolymers of methacrylic acid (MAA), methylacrylamide (MAm), and bismethacryloylcystamine (BMAC) cross-linked with gellan match the water content, transport properties, and dynamic response of the natural vitreous better than previously proposed synthetic substitutes.
Darwin's analogy between artificial and natural selection in the Origin of Species

Darwin opened the Origin of Species precisely where he claimed that his recognition of the engine of evolutionary change itself originated: with the transforming effects that breeders' selection of preferred characters had on their plants and animals. In the first chapter of Origin , titled “Variation under Domestication,” Darwin lays the groundwork for his analogy between artificial and natural selection by asserting that “the great power of this principle of selection is not hypothetical,” and that through selection, either methodological or unconscious, breeders fundamentally and permanently alter the domesticated plants and animals in their charge ( Origin , 30). Motivated by their interest in enabling organisms that possess desired traits to produce offspring, which would presumably share their parents' preferred characteristics, breeders select favored individuals for reproduction and destroy or otherwise discourage the perpetuation of those that lack desired qualities. Darwin argued that the conditions of life in the wild allow for a struggle for existence within and between species that likewise tends to select for those characteristics that permit survival and reproduction and against those that tend to hinder organisms' opportunity to survive long enough to reproduce and pass along their particular qualities. In later chapters - in particular, Chapter 4, “Natural Selection” - these arguments coalesce into his assertion that just as breeders could use selection to change the characters of a particular breed, nature too could select and thus modify a wild species.
THE MECHANICS OF THE GALLBLADDER

This chapter discusses the mechanics of the gallbladder. The muscular coat of the gallbladder is thin and consists of only one layer of fibers. The underlying layer of connective tissue is unusually thick. The lymphatic supply is rich. The valves of Heister do not seem to have much function. In at least some animals, and in man, the sphincter muscle at the end of the common duct appears to be distinct and independent of the muscle of the duodenal wall. Because of the arrangement of the outlets of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct, it is impossible in most persons for a stone wedged in the papilla of Vater to cause bile to run into the pancreas. At the mouths of the two ducts there are many folds of mucosa that help to prevent the back-flow of duodenal contents into the liver and pancreas. A Phrygian cap type of gallbladder can be found in a large percentage of apparently normal persons.
Negative Interdependence and Prejudice: Whence the Affect?

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the negative interdependence and prejudice. Numerous researchers have attempted to account for the prejudice associated with outgroup members. Some approaches to this problem start at the level of the individual and largely confine their analysis to processes that occur within the individual. Other approaches start at the level of society, examining the interactions of groups as groups, that is, concentrating their analyses on several people interacting with several other people. The chapter discusses both Allport's genuine conflicts of interest and many imaginary conflicts. It discusses the mechanisms that underlie negative affect toward outgroup members and presents some supporting evidence from both own research and some of the hallmark works in stereotyping, affect, and prejudice. The chapter discusses two major techniques of negative affect reduction in light of the current perspective.