cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iterative Synthesis Methods for a Seismic Array Processor

Two methods for the iterative synthesis of an array processor are discussed: the method of steepest descent and the method of conjugate gradients with projection. These methods require no intermediate statistics such as the covariance matrix function or the cross-power spectral matrix, and therefore, require less storage space than the conventional synthesis methods. A bound for the rate of convergence is obtained for these iterative procedures and it is shown that the convergence is geometric. The algorithms are then applied to seismic data of the Montana large aperture seismic array. Simulation results indicate that the convergence is so fast that a few iterations are enough from the practical viewpoint. Therefore, these methods can also save significant computation time as well.
Thermogenic mechanisms and their hormonal regulation.

Increased heat generation from biological processes is inherent to homeothermy. Homeothermic species produce more heat from sustaining a more active metabolism as well as from reducing fuel efficie...
Analysis of a molecular genetic neuro-oncology study with partially biased selection.

SUMMARY Oligodendrogliomas are a common variant of malignant brain tumors, and are unique for their relative sensitivity to chemotherapy and better prognosis. For these reasons, the identification of an objective oligodendroglial marker has been a long sought-after goal in the field of neuro-oncology. To this end, 75 patients who received chemotherapy at the London Regional Cancer Centre between 1984 and 1999 were studied (Ino et al., Clinical Cancer Research, 7, 839–845, 2001). Of these 75 patients, 50 were initially treated with chemotherapy (the current practice) and comprise a population-based sample. The remaining 25 patients were initially treated with radiation and were included in the study only because their tumor recurred, at which time they received chemotherapy. Because this group of 25 patients included neither those radiation patients whose tumors never recurred nor those radiation patients whose tumors recurred but were not treated with chemotherapy, issues of selection bias were of concern. For this reason, the initial analysis of these data included only the 50 population-based patients. This was unsatisfying given the rarity of this disease and of genetic information on this disease and led us to question whether we could undertake an analysis that includes all of the patients. Here we examine approaches for utilizing the entire study population, as well as the assumptions required for doing so. We illustrate that there are both costs and benefits to using the 25 selected patients.
Successful Pregnancy and Delivery with Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Childbearing Poster Presentation Background Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects branched-chain amino acids. Worldwide, there are less than a dozen documented cases of successful pregnancies of women with MSUD. I describe the challenges of caring for a woman with a disease that is rarely seen in obstetrics and the interdisciplinary care that was required for her to have a successful pregnancy and delivery. I will provide education on MSUD and outline a plan of care intended to prevent metabolic decompensation of an obstetric patient with MSUD and to ensure her health and the health of her newborn. Case The woman was 27 years old, gravida 1, para 0, with MSUD and an expected inpatient stay of 10 to 14 days to closely monitor and adjust her amino acid levels. Multiple interdisciplinary meetings were conducted to review laboratory test results and metabolic and nutritional status before her arrival and daily during her admission. Specialists were involved from nursing, obstetrics, metabolic genetics, nutrition, pharmacy, intravenous therapy, laboratory services, and social services. Amino acid levels were drawn daily and couriered to another facility; a peripherally inserted central catheter line was placed before admission; close monitoring of insulin levels and fluids was conducted; weight was checked daily; frequent urinalysis was done for ketones; specialized total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and daily adjusted nutrition were monitored; specialized testing of the newborn was conducted; and continued close monitoring was maintained. This woman did very well until day 10 when her leucine levels started to increase and she was restarted on TPN. She was eventually discharged home on her normal diet. Her newborn required admission to the level II nursery for hypoglycemia, which resolved on day 4 of life, and was discharged home with her parents. Conclusion Very few cases of pregnant women with MSUD are described in the literature. This meant that providing care for a woman with MSUD during labor, delivery, and postpartum was challenging. An in-depth look at the disease, understanding metabolic control, and having a multidisciplinary approach with clear communication helped our team care for this woman and see her through to a safe delivery of a healthy newborn.
Connecting Patrons through Technology: Solutions Presented by Non‐Traditional MLS Students

Purpose – To report on the poster sessions from the Tri‐Conference 2006 held in Wichita, Kansas, on April 4‐7, 2006 presented by the graduate students at Emporia State University’s School of Library and Information Management entitled Kansas Libraries Connecting Patrons through Technology.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a concise review of the poster session.Findings – The poster sessions demonstrated the special technological requirements of distance learning and how libraries might use that understanding as they face an increasingly non‐traditional patron base.Originality/value – This paper is a useful summary of the poster sessions of interest to library and information management professionals.
Mononuclear Phagocytes and Airway Epithelial Cells: Novel Sources of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Objectives Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) promotes lung fibrotic responses to bleomycin in mice. Although prior studies reported that MMP-8 levels are increased in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from IPF patients, neither the bioactive forms nor the cellular sources of MMP-8 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients have been identified. It is not known whether MMP-8 expression is dys-regulated in IPF leukocytes or whether MMP-8 plasma levels correlate with IPF outcomes. Our goal was to address these knowledge gaps.
Combinatorial constructions of optical orthogonal codes for OCDMA systems

Two novel classes of optical orthogonal code (OOC) based on balanced incomplete block designs are proposed: OOC based on mutual orthogonal Latin squares/rectangles and the codes based on finite geometries. Both OOC families can be applied to synchronous and asynchronous incoherent optical CDMA, and are compatible with spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC), time-spreading encoding and fast frequency hopping schemes. Large flexibility in cross-correlation control makes those OOC families interesting candidates for applications that require a large number of users. Novel fiber Bragg grating decoding scheme for canceling the multi-user interference from SAC-signals with nonfixed in-phase cross-correlation is proposed as well.
Macro and Multi-Sector planning: a situation analysis

The impact of planning to an economy cannot be overemphasized and this is because planning serves as instrument in which government policies are implemented. Also an economy or a country is a combination of different sectors and understanding sectoral inter-dependence is of important to less-developed countries and developed countries.
Estimating the friction parameters of pushed objects

In order to plan manipulation of an object by pushing, a robot must have a model of the geometry and the friction properties of the object. This paper presents an approach to estimating the relevant friction parameters by performing experimental pushes and observing the resultant motion. Recognition of objects based on their friction parameters is also explored.
Surgical Vs. Non Surgical Treatment of Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage

The advent of the neonatal intensive care unit has brought improved survival for all neonates, particularly those suffering from what has been recognized as a common problem: neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Neonatal intensivists have become very familiar with the complications of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage, and the associated problems with intracranial pressure management. From their experience at The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, the authors have made an effort to identify similarities and differences between babies whose elevated intracranial pressure was successfully managed medically as opposed to those for whom diversion of ventricular fluid was necessary.
Untangling the Complexities of Depression Diagnosis in Older Cancer Patients

This review article discusses the complexities of diagnosing depression in older, geriatric cancer patients. There has been little research conducted with this population on the assessment, recognition and treatment of depression, and thus increased attention is required to improve care for these individuals. Depressive symptoms often manifest themselves differently in both cancer patients and in older patients, and therefore a modified and adapted way of assessment must be employed when thinking about diagnosing and treating these patients.
Terrestrial Planet Finder: Coda to 10 Years of Technology Development

The Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) was proposed as a mission concept to the 2000 Decadal Survey, and received a very high ranking amongst the major initiatives that were then reviewed. As proposed, it was a formation flying array of four 3-m class mid-infrared telescopes, linked together as an interferometer. Its science goal was to survey 150 nearby stars for the presence of Earth-like planets, to detect signs of life or habitability, and to enable revolutionary advances in high angular resolution astrophysics. The Decadal Survey Committee recommended that $200M be invested to advance TPF technology development in the Decade of 2000-2010. This paper presents the results of NASA's investment.
The role of mammals in emerging zoonoses

ABSTRACT The numbers of emerging infections in the human population that are zoonotic in origin appear to be increasing. The zoonotic reservoir appears to largely consist of mammals, as opposed to other animals. As such, we review, through presenting examples, whether there are certain groups of mammals that may form a greater source of zoonotic infection than others. In addition, we review whether we can identify certain parasites or pathogens that are most likely to emerge as zoonotic infections. In discussing these ideas we propose a five step process describing the nature of the species barrier. For successful zoonotic emergence to occur we conclude that whilst human-mammal exposure may form the first step in emergence the infection process relies on a series of complex intra-host interactions which require further investigation via a multi-disciplinary approach.
Variation in mammographic density during menstrual cycle

A54 Background: The sensitivity of mammography for cancer detection is less in women aged 40-49 compared to older women, due in part to more extensive mammographic density in younger women. To improve the quality of screening it has been suggested that premenopausal women to be examined in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, when density is thought to be less extensive than in the luteal phase. We have examined the extent to which mammographic density and dense area vary according to the menstrual cycle. > Methods: Premenopausal women aged 40-49 with regular menstrual cycles, without a history of breast disease, and who had mammograms at Sunnybrook/Women’s College or Mount Sinai Hospitals participated in the study. We measured percent breast density, breast area, and dense area using the Cumulus software. Dates of the first day of the last and next menstrual cycles (NMC) were determined by follow-up phone calls. To determine the time in the cycle when the mammogram was taken, the interval between mammogram date and the date of the start of NMC was calculated, and divided into 4 intervals: interval 1 (>21 days before NMC), interval 2 (15-21 days before NMC), interval 3 (8-14 days before NMC) and Interval-4 (≤7 days before NMC). > Results: The total number of subjects included in the analysis was 419: 77 in interval 1, 109 in interval 2, 105 in interval 3 and 128 in interval 4. The least square means of dense area after adjusting for age, BMI, breast thickness and mammography machine characteristics ( KV, MAS and Pressure), were 51.4 cm 2 , 49.6 cm 2 , 50.7 cm 2 and 55.5 cm 2 during intervals 1-4 respectively, however, the results were not statistically significant. The adjusted least square means of percent density were 41.7%, 39.5%, 40.5% and 41.9% during intervals 1-4 respectively; the results were not statistically significant. There were no significant variations between different intervals with regards to mammographic density after adjusting for age, BMI, breast thickness and mammography machine characteristics, such as KV, MAS and Pressure. > Conclusion: There was no difference in mammographic density in relation to the time of mammography after adjusting for machine parameters. Data do not support the suggestion that premenopausal women would benefit from having mammographic examination in the follicular phase of menstrual cycle.
Abstract 125: A Randomized Trial Comparing Primary Angioplasty versus Stent Placement for Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis

Introduction: The Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) was prematurely terminated due to excessively high rate of stroke and death in patients randomized to intracranial stent placement. Equivalent results with primary angioplasty in several uncontrolled studies will continue to raise the question that a policy of mandatory stent placement may have led to a higher peri-procedural stroke and death without a clear evidence of incremental benefit. Methods: The primary aim of the study is to compare the clinical and angiographic efficacy of primary angioplasty and angioplasty followed by stent placement in preventing restenosis, stroke, requirement for second treatment, and death in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. The study prospectively evaluated acute,1-month, 6 month, and 1-year efficacy and safety of the two existing neurointerventional techniques for treatment of moderate intracranial stenosis (stenosis ≥50%) with documented failure of medical treatment or severe stenosis (≥70%) with or without failure of medical treatment. Results: A total of 18 patients were recruited in the study; mean age [±SD] was 64.7±15.1 years, 12 were men. Of these 18, 10 were randomized to primary angioplasty and 8 were randomized to angioplasty followed by self expanding stent. The technical success rates of intracranial angioplasty and stent placements defined as ability to achieve Conclusions: The trial suggests that a randomized trial comparing primary angioplasty to angioplasty followed by stent placement is feasible. The immediate procedural outcomes with primary angioplasty are comparable to stent placement and warrant further studies.
Cyclicality in the Space Industry: Myth or Reality? Times Series Analysis, Periodogram, and Identifica tion of Cyclical Patterns for Modeling and Forecasting

On October 4, 1957, a small beeping satellite, Sputnik, heralded the beginning of the Space Age. From this humble start, the space industry grew into an impressive $100+ billion industry five decades later. Satellites have been rightfully described as the lifeblood of the entire space industry and the number of satellites ordered or launched per year is an important defining metric of the industry’s level of activity. The structure of the space industry, its financial health and its workforce retention and development is dependent on the volume of satellites contracted. As such, trends and variability in this volume have significant strategic impact on the space industry. Over the past 40+ years, hundreds of satellites have been launched every year. Thus an important data set is available from time series analysis and identification of trends and cycles in the various markets of the space industry. For the purpose of this study, we collected time series data of over 6,000 satellites launched since 1960 on a yearly basis. We grouped the satellites into three broad categories: 1) Defense and Intelligence, 2) Science, and 3) Commercial satellites. Several techniques are available for the analysis of time series data, both in the time domain and in the frequency domain. The first objective of time series analysis is to identify and describe the salient features of the data in terms of their components, typically identified as trend(s), cyclical patterns, and random effects or disturbances. To this effect, we first conducted spectral analysis the time series for each of the three satellite categories using Fourier Transforms and identified multiple cycles in the data. He derived harmonic models based on these identified cycles and developed probabilistic models of the error residuals. The second objective of time series analysis is to predict or forecast future observations. To this effect, we provide in this paper a three-year forecast of satellite launch volume in each of the three satellite categories and discuss the potential implications of our findings.
In Situ Cross-Sectional Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Sample Preparation Technique

A novel in situ sample cleavage technique has been developed for fabricating specimens for cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM) applications. This technique can be easily adapted to any ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) STM that has a coarse motion capability. A conducting diamond STM tip is used to create micron long scratches on Ge/GaAs or GaAs {001 }-type surfaces. These {001} surfaces are imaged with STM to observe scratch characteristics, and GaAs samples are cleaved to reveal {110}-type faces. Atomic resolution images of {110}-type GaAs surfaces are readily and reproducibly obtained.
Temperature-Dependent Development in a Polymorphic Lady Beetle, Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The influence of temperature on the development rate and expression of 3 elytral color patterns in the lady beetle, Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.), was assessed at 6 constant temperatures between 10 and 34°C. The expression of the 3 elytral color patterns was discrete and independent of temperature treatment. No differences were observed among the color morphs in the real or physiological time for egg-to-adult development, or for pupal weight. However, temperature did influence survival and growth rates of the overall population. No eggs hatched at 34°C. Larval mortality was high at 10°C and moderate between 14 and 30°C. Development time from oviposition to adult was 14.6 ± 0.9 d at 30°c and 95.6 ± 9.0 d at 10°C. The total heat-unit requirement for egg to adult development was 274.1 DD above a mean development-threshold of 8.2°C. Pupal weight differed among temperature treatments and was greatest at 10-22°C, and lowest at 26 and 30°C.
Positron lifetime measurements of hydrogen passivation of cation vacancies in yttrium aluminum oxide garnets

A charge compensation mechanism is proposed for cation vacancy defects in complex oxides based on positron lifetime measurements, infrared spectroscopy, and composition analysis. Defects were characterized in samples of yttrium aluminum garnet grown in O${}_{2}$ or Ar. However, no positron trapping was detected in samples grown in H${}_{2}$. This is attributed to decoration of cation vacancies with hydrogen, thereby passivating charges of vacancies that otherwise function as positron traps. Infrared spectroscopy gave direct evidence of the presence of hydrogen. Passivation of cation vacancies with hydrogen is proposed as an important mechanism for charge compensation in the defect physics of oxides.
Studies on the diurnal and nocturnal activity rhythm of 4 species of common Calliphorid flies at Ya′an,western Sichuan

This paper reports the observation on the diurnal and noturnal activity rhythm of 4 species of synanthropic Calliphorid flies at Ya′an,which were carried out during a period of 1987-1988,2001-2002 years.The city Ya′an is locted in Western Sichuan,where the year may be divided into four seasons as spring being March to May,summer being June to August,autumn being September to November and winter being December to Fabruary respectively according to the weather feature practically.Samples were obtained by means of about 250 g,decay meat baits under the cage of fly trap to trapped flies at animal rearing site,garbage heap and latrine each for one to several times per the month round a day and night,the houses were go and with eye-measurement of method.The results are as follows:1.Aldrichina grahami(Aldrich,1930)[Figs.1A-1L)]It was trapped every seasons in the year,much abundant of the adult flies at illuminance more strong in spring,very activity frequently,the trapped and appearing 2-3 peaks at day time in March to May.Its population decreased in early to late summer,and increased again in early autumn to early winter.Its population decreased again in mid to late winter and in this days only one peak at day time was found.2.Lucilia sericata(Meigen,1826) [Figs.2A-2I)]It was trapped in the april to december in one year long,a few flies in the cage of fly trap at mid spring.It was found that this species was very activity frequently the cage of fly trap for 10-14 hours and appearing 3-5 peaks at day time in late spring to mid autumn.Its activity had a tendency limited to 2-5 hours on a sunny day when the population decreased in late autumn and early winter.3.Hemipyrellia ligurriens(Wiedemann,1830)[Figs.3 A-3G)]It was trapped in May to November in one year long.There was only a bit in the cage of fly trap at illuminance more strong in late spring.Its population increased in summer,very activity frequently in the cage of fly trap for 13-14 hours per day and appearing 3-4 peaks at day time in early to late summer.In autumn, the flies population decreased gradually,it was trapped for 10-11 hours and appeared 3-4 peaks per day in early and mid autumn.The population became smaller in late fall and appearing one peak at day time. 4.Chrysomya megacephala(Fabricius,1784)[Figs.4 A-4G)]The specimens have been trapped except the months January to May in all the year round.Its population increased gradually during the summer in the cage of fly trap,trapped flies shows that the greatest number more than 270 in one hour,and very activity frequently in the cage of fly trap and appearing 3-5 peaks at day time in late summer.Its population decreased in early and mid autumn,but in traps it was found for twelve hours round a day yet.In late autumn and early winter days only a few specimens presented in the cage of fly trap at 9-10 a.m.to 2-4 p.m.at day time.
Oxidizing sedimentation of rice wine

This article reported the forming mechanisms of oxidizing sedimentation of rice wine.Simulate experiment,which rice wine was aerated and added with H2O2,and the content analyses showed that the oxygen dissolved in rice wine reacting with amyloses,proteins and tannin may produce the visible turbidness(oxidizing sedimentation).Iron ions maybe participate in oxidizing sedimentation,which was affected by temperature.
ECOLOGIC DRIVERS AND POPULATION IMPACTS OF AVIAN TRICHOMONOSIS MORTALITY EVENTS IN BAND-TAILED PIGEONS (PATAGIOENAS FASCIATA) IN CALIFORNIA, USA.

: Avian trichomonosis, a disease typically caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae , is a well recognized cause of death in many avian species. In California, US, trichomonosis has caused periodic epidemics in Pacific Coast Band-tailed Pigeons ( Patagioenas fasciata monilis). We summarize reported mortality events and investigate ecologic drivers and population impacts associated with epidemic mortality due to trichomonosis in Band-tailed Pigeons. Between 1945 and 2014, 59 mortality events involving Band-tailed Pigeons were reported in California with the number of reported events increasing over time. Estimated mortality for these events was variable, ranging between 10 and 10,000 pigeons. Events were most-frequently reported in Monterey (19%; 11/59) and San Luis Obispo (8%; 5/59) counties. Events often started in January (32%; 9/28) and February (50%; 14/28) and lasted 5-68 d. Impacts of mortality events on pigeon populations were indicated by Breeding Bird Survey and Christmas Bird Count abundance indices, which showed a decline in outbreak years compared to nonoutbreak years. Environmental conditions most associated with outbreak years included higher average temperatures between January and March, the period most associated with mortality events, and lower average precipitation in December just prior to mortality events. In Monterey County, events tended to occur in winters following higher acorn production of coast live oaks ( Quercus agrifolia ) in the fall. Weather and food abundance could be related to increased transmission or enhanced viability of Trichomonas spp. Although estimated mortality due to avian trichomonosis was highly variable across years, cumulative losses were substantial and likely to have a negative impact on population size.
Eliciting programming challenges faced by developers with visual impairments: exploratory study

Without understanding the programming difficulties faced by developers with visual impairments, the research community cannot begin to work on effective solutions to overcome these potential problems. This paper will describe our initial empirically based study to identify the problems blind software developers face. We analyzed 69 survey responses with blind developers in an effort to identify the aspects that are indeed a challenge to software development. The results indicate a number of difficulties, workarounds, and basis requirements that will serve as domain and stakeholder understand.
Effect of manganese and manganese plus noise on auditory function and cochlear structures

Abstract The degenerative actions of Mn caused by persistent exposure to high atmospheric levels not only provokes irreversible damage to the CNS with symptoms comparable to that of Parkinson’s disease but also may have deleterious consequences to other organs including the auditory system. The putative deleterious consequences of prolonged Mn overexposure on hearing, however, is confounded by the fact that chronically-exposed individuals often work in high noise environments where noise by itself is known to cause hearing loss. Thus, the question as to whether Mn alone is actually ototoxic and whether exposure to Mn when combined with noise increases the risk of hearing loss and cochlear pathology has never been examined. To examine whether noise effects Mn ototoxicity, we exposed rats to a moderate dose of Mn (10 mg MnCl 2 /liter water) alone, a high level of noise (octave band noise, 8–16 kHz, presented at 90 dB SPL for 8 h/d) alone or the combination of Mn plus noise and measured the changes in auditory function and the cochlear histopathologies. Results of these studies, based on various measures of hearing including histological examination of cochlear tissue suggest that noise alone produced significant hearing deficits whereas semi-chronic exposure to moderate levels of Mn in drinking water for 90 days either in the presence or absence of noise had, at best, only a minor effect on hearing.
Development of the Intervertebral Disc

Intervertebral discs are derived from embryonic structures called the sclerotome and notochord (Paavola et al. 1980; Theiler 1988; Rufai et al. 1995). The nucleus pulposus, the cushioning core of the mature intervertebral disc, is derived from the notochord, while the annulus fibrosus, which provides the structural properties of the disc, is derived from sclerotome (Christ et al. 2004, 2007; Christ and Scaal 2008). The sclerotome is derived from the somites, transient structures that determine the segmented nature of the embryo. In response to signals from the notochord and floor plate of the neural tube, the maturing somites undergo dorsal-ventral compartmentalization establishing the dermomyotome and sclerotome, the latter forming most of the connective tissues of the future axial skeleton. The development of the sclerotome is characterized by proliferation and expansion of cells as well as the formation of three subcompartments: ventral, lateral, and dorsal. The ventral sclerotome gives rise to the vertebral bodies and annulus fibrosus and is made up of Pax-1-expressing cells that have invaded the perinotochordal space (Monsoro-Burq et al. 1994; Peters et al. 1999).
Shrinkage mechanisms of alkali-activated slag

Abstract In this work, the physical and chemical changes of alkali-activated slag (AAS) after a prolonged drying treatment under various relative humidity (RH) conditions were studied. The results show that the shrinkage kinetics of AAS is strongly dependent on the RH, but irrespective of the moisture loss. At high RH, AAS exhibits a pronounced viscous characteristic, which is likely due to the rearrangement and reorganization of calcium-alumina-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H). Meantime, micropore closure, silicate polymerization, and new interlayer formation were observed during microstructure rearrangement, indicating a strong interaction between adjacent C-A-S-H particles. The large shrinkage in AAS may be attributed to the structural incorporation of alkali cations in C-A-S-H, which reduces the stacking regularity of C-A-S-H layers and makes the C-A-S-H easier to collapse and redistribute upon drying.
The influence of Gulf Stream eddies and meanders on near-surface chlorophyll

Abstract The Gulf Stream region contains strong mesoscale variability that significantly influences planktonic ecosystems residing therein. Meanders of the Gulf Stream can be identified as eastward propagating features in maps of sea level anomaly. These meanders can become unstable and pinch off to form nonlinear mesoscale eddies (rings) that trap large parcels of water. Following formation, ecosystems trapped within these eddies are subjected to temporally varying vertical velocities throughout their lifetime. As a result of both horizontal advection and vertical fluxes, multiple physical-biological mechanisms can simultaneously influence phytoplankton communities trapped in eddies. In this study we examine how the near-surface chlorophyll field (CHL) evolves in meanders and eddies by comparing satellite observations with an eddy-resolving ocean model. Prior in situ and satellite observations have revealed that during the formation of cyclonic Gulf Stream meanders, water with elevated CHL is transported southward. In anticyclonic meanders, water with reduced CHL is transported northward. Alternating submesoscale patches of upwelling and downwelling occur along the meandering front; however, evidence of a biological response to meander-induced vertical motion was not observed in meander-centric composite averages. During the formation of nonlinear Gulf Stream eddies, elevated and suppressed CHL is trapped and subsequently transported westward in cyclones and anticyclones, respectively. Following formation, CHL is observed to increase in the cores of anticyclones. The observed positive trend in CHL in anticyclones is consistent with the influence of eddy-induced Ekman pumping (eddy/wind interaction) that generates upwelling in anticyclones and downwelling in cyclones. To substantiate the influence of eddy-induced Ekman pumping on CHL in Gulf Stream eddies, two separate eddy-resolving physical-biological simulations are compared. The first simulation is forced with a realistic surface stress that includes the influence of ocean surface currents. The second simulation neglects this process. The time evolution of CHL within eddies is very different in these two simulations. The model that includes eddy-induced Ekman pumping generates temporal trends in CHL that are similar to the observations.
Reusability of the Output of Map-Matching Algorithms Across Space and Time Through Machine Learning

A map-matching algorithm outputs a vector per GPS point, projecting the moving object on one of the segments of the transportation network. Although developing more sophisticated map-matching algorithms for vehicle and pedestrian navigation systems have been the focus of research in this field, reusability of the historical information already provided by map-matching algorithms has not been addressed yet. In other words, although researchers have been attempting to improve the accuracy of the aforementioned vector to correctly project GPS points on the transportation network, no research has exploited the spatial-temporal pattern in the arrangement of these projection vectors. This pattern, if properly detected, can be used as a rough surrogate for map-matching algorithms, in addition to other applications that require better positional accuracy for moving objects in smart cities. This paper detects and validates the spatial-temporal pattern in projection vectors produced by map-matching algorithms via machine learning. Projection vectors showed a strong spatial-temporal pattern in Chicago, IL, USA, which was captured best via a local nonlinear regressor, K-nearest neighbors, and helped double the positional accuracy of unseen GPS points. While a global nonlinear regressor, multilayer Perceptron was able to slightly improve the positional accuracy of GPS points, the linear least squares had an exacerbating effect on the positional accuracy.
Functional and mutational landscapes of BRCA1 for homology-directed repair and therapy resistance

Genes are the instruction manuals of life and contain the information needed to build the proteins that keep cells alive. Over time, genes can accumulate errors or mutations and eventually become faulty, which can lead to diseases like cancer. Sometimes mutations can be passed on through generations and increase the chances of getting cancer. The BRCA1 gene, for example, provides instructions for making a protein that helps to repair or remove damaged DNA and stops cells from growing uncontrollably. When the BRCA1 gene becomes faulty, cells could continue to grow with damaged DNA. This makes it more likely for cancer to develop, especially breast cancer and ovarian cancer. However, not all changes in BRCA1 gene cause the protein to become faulty or lead to cancer. In fact, about 30% of BRCA1 gene changes identified by genetic tests are referred to as ‘variants of uncertain clinical significance’, meaning that it is not clear if these variants are indeed mutations that could affect the clinical outcome of the people that carry them. Software predictions based largely on patient data have categorized many of these variants as not cancer-causing, but the majority still need to be experimentally tested and confirmed. Many studies have tried to determine the effect of selected variants on the BRCA1 protein, but a complete picture remains lacking. Now, Anantha et al. have tested the top 22 common variants in the BRCA1 gene, some of which had known effects and some did not. The study tested how these variants affect the ability of the protein to repair damaged DNA and the efficacy of chemotherapies targeting cancer cells with a DNA repair defect. The experiments revealed that three specific parts of the protein must remain intact in order for the protein to carry out this activity, i.e. mutations that affect these three areas are likely to cause cancer and also make cancer cells vulnerable to these chemotherapies. Anantha et al. also generated a series of 10 artificially shortened BRCA1 proteins, each missing a specific part, to determine the possible effects of other variants in those missing parts. Together the findings reveal previously unknown effects of certain variants that are commonly seen in cancer patients as well new insights into how the BRCA1 protein repairs DNA. The next step will be to assess rarer variants where little data is available. A better understanding of how these variants affect DNA repair and drug response will help to improve the genetic counseling and treatment of patients with breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
Correlated rotational switching in two-dimensional self-assembled molecular rotor arrays.

Molecular devices are capable of performing a number of functions from mechanical motion to simple computation. Their utility is somewhat limited, however, by difficulties associated with coupling them with either each other or with interfaces such as electrodes. Self-assembly of coupled molecular devices provides an option for the construction of larger entities that can more easily integrate with existing technologies. Here we demonstrate that ordered organometallic arrays can be formed spontaneously by reaction of precursor molecular rotor molecules with a metal surface. Scanning tunnelling microscopy enables individual rotors in the arrays to be switched and the resultant switches in neighbouring rotors imaged. The structure and dimensions of the ordered molecular rotor arrays dictate the correlated switching properties of the internal submolecular rotor units. Our results indicate that self-assembly of two-dimensional rotor crystals produces systems with correlated dynamics that would not have been predicted a priori. Single molecular machines are capable of a variety of functions, but methods to couple motion between them are still lacking. Here, Wasioet al. report the emergent behaviour of spontaneously formed two-dimensional crystals, which display correlated switching of their sub-molecular rotor units.
Fence Posts to Blog Posts: An Exploration of the Classroom in Experiential Food Systems Education

Food education for undergraduate and graduate students has grown far beyond the common land grant institution’s agricultural goals and the culinary school’s production methods. Access, justice, equity, and sovereignty have made their way into the lexicon of food. To this end, there is value in information sharing and experiential learning from experts in the field (quite literally: farmers, processors, distributors, food service workers, farmhands, community activists, and government officials) combined with the academy (researchers, academics, and scholars) that builds a framework to create a truly transdisciplinary education and critical reflection. I draw on my experiences as a student, and as teaching assistant and instructor in non-traditional food systems classrooms in this chapter. Ultimately, I urge the reader to consider an imperative direction in food systems education that may be the best platform for what follows: creatively structured, critically and community engaged, student-centered learning experiences.
Physiological approaches to assess diminished sympathetic activity in the conscious rat.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate functional measures of diminished sympathetic activity after postganglionic neuronal loss in the conscious rat. To produce variable degrees of sympathetic postganglionic neuronal loss, adult rats were treated daily with toxic doses of guanethidine (100mg/kg) for either 5days or 11days, followed by a recovery period of at least 18days. Heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac baroreflex responsiveness, urinalysis (for catecholamine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylenglycol; MHPG), and pupillometry were performed during the recovery period. At the end of the recovery period stereology of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) was performed to determine the degree of neuronal loss. Total number of SCG neurons was correlated to physiological outcomes using regression analysis. Whereas guanethidine treatment for 11days caused significant reduction in the number of neurons (15,646±1460 vs. 31,958±1588), guanethidine treatment for 5days caused variable levels of neuronal depletion (26,009±3518). Regression analysis showed that only changes in urinary MHPG levels and systolic blood pressure significantly correlated with reduction of SCG neurons (r2=0.45 and 0.19, both p 0.05). These data suggest that basal systolic blood pressure and urinary MHPG levels predict drug-induced depletion of sympathetic activity in vivo.
Diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis in precision medicine.

Anaphylaxis is the most severe and frightening of the allergic reactions, placing patients at high risk and demanding prompt recognition and immediate management by health care providers. Yet because its symptoms imitate those of other diseases, such as asthma and urticaria, current data suggest that its diagnosis is often missed, with underuse of tryptase measurement; its treatment is delayed, with little use of epinephrine; and its underlying cause or causes are poorly investigated. Deaths from anaphylaxis are difficult to investigate because of miscoding. Surprisingly, patients treated with new and powerful chemotherapy agents and humanized mAbs present with nonclassical symptoms of anaphylaxis, and patients may present with unrecognized clonal mast cell disorders with KIT mutations may present as Hymenoptera-induced or idiopathic anaphylaxis. The goal of this review is to recognize the presentations of anaphylaxis with the description of its current phenotypes, to provide new insight and understanding of its mechanisms and causes through its endotypes, and to address its biomarkers for broad clinical use. Ultimately, the aim is to empower allergists and heath care providers with new tools that can help alleviate patients' symptoms, preventing and protecting them against anaphylaxis.
Pharmacokinetics of a New Oral Vitamin D Receptor Activator (2-Methylene-19-Nor-(20S)-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism on Hemodialysis.

2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (DP001 or 2MD) is a novel, potent 1α-hydroxylated vitamin D analog that binds to the vitamin D receptor and suppresses parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion with potential for an improved safety profile compared to existing active vitamin D analogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of DP001 given orally after hemodialysis. DP001 (550 ng) was given orally to 11 hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after each dialysis session (3 times/week) for 4 weeks. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed after the first and final dose. After the first and final dose, the half-life of DP001 was similar (55.8 ± 13.0 and 50.8 ± 8.2 h, respectively). At 4 weeks, the time to maximum plasma concentration was 4.0 ± 0.8 h, with a concentration maximum of 3.4 ± 0.3 pg/mL. The area under the curve (0 to infinity) after the final dose was 204.3 ± 23.9 pg h/mL, and apparent volume of distribution was 2.03 ± 0.22 L/kg. At week 4, mean intact parathyroid hormone was suppressed 33% from the baseline (pre-dose) value (313 ± 52 vs 462 ± 39 pg/mL, respectively). No clinically significant changes from baseline values were found for vital signs, electrocardiogram measurements, or other laboratory parameters, including serum calcium and phosphorus. In hemodialysis patients, DP001 has a longer half-life than existing vitamin D therapies and enables control of parathyroid hormone when administered every 2–3 days on the day of dialysis. It is effective at a lower concentration maximum and area under the curve than other clinically available vitamin D compounds. DP001 may represent a therapeutic improvement over existing compounds due to rapid and extensive distribution to its target and its long half-life enabling sustained parathyroid hormone suppression. These studies support further evaluation of DP001 in longer-term treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
The Relationship Between Urban Environment and Travel Behavior

This chapter links urban landscape and residential travel behavior. Travel behavior can be measured by modal choice, car ownership rates, trip generation, commuting time and distance, and trip chaining. This chapter focuses on active travel, including walking and cycling, promoted by researchers. Alternative travel modes are compared between Germany and the United States as well as policies increasing public transport demand and improving road safety. Germany’s land-use and public policies promote compact, mixed-use development, and active travel. Other countries might build upon Germany’s experience. To control traffic congestion, impact travel behavior, and drive cars less, urban development strategies are pursued including transit-oriented development (TOD). Research findings on the links between neighborhood characteristics and non-motorized transport can be useful to investigate the effects of neighborhood environment on residential health.
Housing-Related Health Hazards: Assessment and Remediation

For well over a century, society has recognized that improved housing generally leads to improved health. The typhoid and tuberculosis experiences showed that basic sanitation, ventilation, reduced household crowding, and other improvements in housing made a powerful contribution to conquering these epidemics. As attention has shifted from communicable disease to more chronic afflictions, such as asthma, cancer, lead poisoning, injuries, and mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, the link between housing and health has received new appreciation. This article discusses modern methods of assessing and remediating health hazards in housing, recognizing that one intervention can address multiple hazards.
The Nutri-Pak

The subject of this paper is the Philippine nutrition intervention known as Nutri-Pak, but it is impossible to discuss Nutri-Pak without describing the context within which it was developed. I shall therefore preface my discussion of Nutri-Pak with some comments on the Philippine Nutrition Program (PNP), which is the programmatic expression of two entities: the National Nutrition Council (NNC), and the Nutrition Center of the Philippines (NCP). The former is a public body composed of the heads of more than a dozen ministries and professional organizations, responsible for formulating nutrition policy and coordinating implementation of all government nutrition activity. The latter, a private sector counterpart of the NNC, plays a supporting role. Both bodies were established in mid-1974, the NNC by President Ferdinand E. Marcos, the NCP by the First Lady, Mrs. Imelda Marcos. Such high-level political support for nutrition makes the Philippines something of a rarity.