cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Executive Functioning in Hyperactive Children as Young Adults: Attention, Inhibition, Response Perseveration, and the Impact of Comorbidity

Tests of several executive functions (EFs) as well as direct observations of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during testing were collected at the young adult follow-up (M = 20 years) on a large sample of hyperactive (H; N = 147) and community control (CC; N = 71) children. The EF tasks included tests of attention, inhibition, and response perseveration. The H group was subdivided into those with and without ADHD (+ or w/o) at follow-up. The H+ADHD group made significantly more inhibition errors than the CC group on a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and showed more ADHD symptoms while performing the CPT. The H+ADHD group also displayed more ADHD symptoms during a letter cancellation task than did both the hyperactive w/o ADHD and CC groups. Both H groups showed slower reaction times during a Card Playing Task. That subset of hyperactive probands with Conduct Disorder (CD) displayed significantly more perseverative responding on that task than did those without CD, but otherwis...
An Application of Mathematical Programming to Water Resources Planning: AN Economic View

: Individuals involved in state water resource planning generally have avoided any development of a comprehensive public water planning investment model that would set the stage for quantitative recommendations of a “what ought to be” tone for future water strategies. Three New Hampshire towns were selected to illustrate the usefulness of a mixed integer multiperiod programming model that utilizes hydrologic and economic data for identifying the discounted least cost of water supply, distribution, and scheduling. Comparisons are made regarding the feasibility of a regional water system approach versus independent “town by town” water supplies that presently prevail. To analyze the sensitivity of optimal water planning solutions to projected water demands, variations in these demands are made.
The effect of temperature on the mild solvent extraction of white and red oak

Abstract Mild solvent extraction (MSE) is an extractive process previously used to directly convert coal to liquid products, gases, and solid chars. The MSE of white oak at three temperatures (300, 350, and 425 °C) and of red oak particles at a single temperature (350 °C) was investigated using anthracene oil as the solvent. For white oak, the intermediate temperature of 350 °C achieved a biomass conversion of 99% with solvent losses of 28%. MSE of the red oak at 350 °C achieved a biomass conversion of 99% with solvent losses of 68%. These results indicate that this process can be utilized with a biomass feedstock, where performance will depend on biomass characteristics, processing temperature, and particle size.
Effect of protein intake on regional vascular resistance and reactivity to angiotensin II in the rat.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were fed low protein (6%) diets (LP rats), high protein (50%) diets (HP rats), or regular rat chow (approximately 16% protein) (control rats) and studied under anesthesia after 2 weeks. Dietary protein intake did not affect mean arterial pressure, but renal blood flow was increased in the HP rats and decreased in the LP rats compared with the control rats. Mesenteric blood flow was not significantly different in the three diet groups. Captopril (10 mg.kg-1 i.v.) had no effect on renal vascular resistance in the HP rat but did reduce the elevated renal vascular resistance seen in the LP rat. Meclofenamate (5 mg.kg-1 i.v.) did not significantly affect renal hemodynamics in either HP or LP rats. Finally, the HP rat exhibited resistance to the systemic pressor, renal, and mesenteric vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II. Captopril restored the systemic pressor and the mesenteric vasoconstrictor response but not the renal vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II. Meclofenamate, on the other hand, restored both the systemic pressor response and the renal vasoconstrictor response. Thus, in the LP rat, the vascular response to angiotensin II remains intact, and renal vasoconstriction appears to be mediated by angiotensin II. In contrast, in the HP rat, the renovascular response to angiotensin II is blunted apparently because of enhanced renal prostaglandin production. However, neither increased renal prostaglandin synthesis nor blunting of the renovascular response to angiotensin II appears to account for the chronic vasodilation seen in the HP rat.
THE INFLUENCE OF WATER, GREEN AND SELECTED PASSIVE TECHNIQUES ON THE REHABILITATION OF HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS IN URBAN AREAS

Abstract The present paper describes a new process for designing and applying selected passive heating and cooling techniques in a large urban area of Legnano, a city close to Milan. The planning restoration process is based on the integration of several natural and man-made factors with the bio-climatic criteria of individual buildings’ design. The architectural rehabilitation of two historical industrial buildings, selected as representative in the overall urban renewal of the considered Cantoni urban area, has been considered as an integral part of the whole urban planning process. The buildings’ design is further developed using solar passive heating/cooling techniques such as the insertion of an atrium between the buildings and the placement of green roofs on the building’s bare coverings. The thermal behaviour of one of the above mentioned buildings equipped by passive heating and cooling techniques is calculated and analysed in the present paper using a transient building’s performance simulation program.
What are they eating

Am I the only one who worries about the diet of pregnant women nowadays? There seems to be a wider and wider gap between those who have the money, the time, the know-how to nurture the child even before conception with a carefully selected range of wholesome organic food, and those who have sub-optimal nutrition for a variety of reasons. I see adolescent girls on sporadic slimming diets. Inadequate calcium intakes even when bones are still growing. Sudden switches to unplanned vegetarian food, which can deplete iron levels until the body adjusts to obtaining non-haem iron from other sources (if enough of them are eaten). There are the depressed mums who get by on a cup of tea and a ciggy — the women's refuge was full of them when I was working there. And always the hard-up mums who feed the children but have too little money or energy left over for themselves.
A diagnostic for quantifying heat flux from a thermite spray

Characterizing the combustion behaviors of energetic materials requires diagnostic tools that are often not readily or commercially available. For example, a jet of thermite spray provides a high temperature and pressure reaction that can also be highly corrosive and promote undesirable conditions for the survivability of any sensor. Developing a diagnostic to quantify heat flux from a thermite spray is the objective of this study. Quick response sensors such as thin film heat flux sensors cannot survive the harsh conditions of the spray, but more rugged sensors lack the response time for the resolution desired. A sensor that will allow for adequate response time while surviving the entire test duration was constructed. The sensor outputs interior temperatures of the probes at known locations and utilizes an inverse heat conduction code to calculate heat flux values. The details of this device are discussed and illustrated. Temperature and heat flux measurements of various thermite sprays are reported. Results indicate that this newly designed heat flux sensor provides quantitative data with good repeatability suitable for characterizing energetic material combustion.
Recent developments and selected diagnostic problems in carcinomas of the endometrium.

Two major types of endometrial carcinoma have been well described as differing not only in their pathogenesis but also in their behavior, therefore requiring different management. These implications make the differential diagnosis between the 2 pathogenetic types, specifically their prototypes, endometrioid and serous endometrial carcinomas, paramount. However, this differential diagnosis may be difficult owing to overlapping histologic features such as papillary architecture. To that end, the differential diagnosis of endometrial tumors with papillary morphologic features is discussed in detail. Preinvasive and early invasive serous carcinoma (endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma and minimal serous carcinoma) have been claimed to have a good prognosis if accurate staging confirmed lack of extrauterine spread. Definitions and diagnostic features of these small serous lesions are described. In addition, several recently described variants and histologic patterns of endometrial carcinoma that might present diagnostic problems, such as microglandular mucinous carcinoma, sertoliform carcinoma, carcinoma arising in an atypical polypoid adenomyoma, and endometrial carcinoma with a minimal deviation adenocarcinoma pattern of myoinvasion, are described. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in the Western countries. Until relatively recently, endometrial carcinoma was considered a rather homogeneous disease. Since the 1980s, 2 major pathogenetic types of endometrial cancer have been recognized. 1 The more common type, referred to as type I, is estrogen-dependent, arising in the background of endogenous or exogenous estrogen effect. These tumors constitute about 60% to 85% of endometrial cancers and are typically of low grade and low stage; most are of the endometrioid type. Non–estrogen dependent type II tumors constitute 10% to 35% of all endometrial carcinomas, arise in older postmenopausal women, are of high grade and high stage, and pursue an aggressive clinical course with early dissemination even when limited to the endometrium. It is imperative, therefore, to accurately distinguish type I and type II tumors to correctly ascertain prognosis and institute proper management.
Preoperative endovaginal sonographic diagnosis of an unruptured interstitial pregnancy

Interstitial pregnancies carry a higher maternal morbidity and mortality rate, due to the abundant ovarian and uterine arterial supply of this region, than do other tubal pregnancies. Prerupture diagnosis is crucial, inasmuch as rupture (which usually occurs at a later stage than in tubal gestations) may be followed by rapid exsanguination. Precise early diagnosis may permit conservative nonsurgical treatment with methotrexate. A case is presented in which preoperative diagnosis of an unruptured interstitial pregnancy was aided by endovaginal sonographic examination. Considerations of subsequent management are discussed.
Low-energy VCSEL links

Coming exa-scale computer systems and next-generation data centers impose extreme demands on transceiver technology to simultaneously achieve high bandwidth in a compact footprint while minimizing both cost and power.
Econometric approaches to epidemiologic data: Relating endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity to confounding

The concepts of endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity are well-known among econometricians. However, these issues are rarely addressed in epidemiologic studies. This paper explores these two concepts, their relationship to each other, and the implications for analysis in epidemiologic studies. An endogenous variable is defined as a predictor variable which is partly determined by factors within the model itself, while unobserved heterogeneity is conceptualized as a vector of missing variables acting through the error term. Under certain assumptions, the simultaneous existence of an endogenous variable and unobserved heterogeneity is shown to act in a manner analogous to confounding. Specifically, this occurs due to an association between the error term in the equation and the endogenous predictor variable. The accepted econometric solution to this problem is to replace the endogenous variable with an 'instrumental variable' which is not correlated with the error term and thus not susceptible to confounding. The validity of these concepts and of the proposed solution are discussed.
Attitude Estimation Based on Solution of System of Polynomials via Homotopy Continuation

The optimal attitude estimate is often defined as the solution to a minimization problem. When the objective function of the minimization problem is quadratic in the attitude matrix or equivalently quartic in the attitude quaternion, for example, in GPS attitude determination, gradient-based iterative algorithms are usually used, which can only find the local minimizer. A novel numerical method is presented that is guaranteed to find the global minimizer of the minimization problem. It first finds all the stationary points of the minimization problem by solving the polynomial equations satisfied by the stationary points using the homotopy continuation based solver and then chooses the global minimizer from them. Two numerical examples are used to show the viability of the method for attitude estimation.
Acquisition of Mouse Tumor Biopsies through Abdominal Laparotomy

The static analysis of tumor tissues at a single, terminal endpoint has been the mainstay of studies in mouse models of cancer. However, with the development of model systems that reproduce the intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity of human tumors, such studies are limited by the need for large numbers of animals to overcome increased intra-group variance. The shortcomings of a single-timepoint approach to molecular analysis are especially apparent in the context of therapeutic studies in which the dynamic response to treatment is of particular consequence. In order to mitigate the effects of intertumoral heterogeneity, multiple tissue samples may be harvested from the same tumor at different timepoints through the use of surgical biopsies. For abdominal tumors, pre-procedure imaging may be utilized to assess the suitability of tumors for biopsy. Sterile surgical techniques are utilized to access the abdominal cavity, and customized instruments facilitate the immobilization and retrieval of tissue samples from hard or fibrous tumors. Thermo-regulation, hemostasis, and wound closure techniques are critical to successful surgical outcomes, while appropriate anesthetic, analgesic, and post-operative recovery regimens are important for maintenance of animal welfare. Using a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we present a comprehensive protocol suitable for the routine acquisition of abdominal tumor biopsies.
The cortical hem regulates the size and patterning of neocortex

The cortical hem, a source of Wingless-related (WNT) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the dorsomedial telencephalon, is the embryonic organizer for the hippocampus. Whether the hem is a major regulator of cortical patterning outside the hippocampus has not been investigated. We examined regional organization across the entire cerebral cortex in mice genetically engineered to lack the hem. Indicating that the hem regulates dorsoventral patterning in the cortical hemisphere, the neocortex, particularly dorsomedial neocortex, was reduced in size in late-stage hem-ablated embryos, whereas cortex ventrolateral to the neocortex expanded dorsally. Unexpectedly, hem ablation also perturbed regional patterning along the rostrocaudal axis of neocortex. Rostral neocortical domains identified by characteristic gene expression were expanded, and caudal domains diminished. A similar shift occurs when fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 is increased at the rostral telencephalic organizer, yet the FGF8 source was unchanged in hem-ablated brains. Rather we found that hem WNT or BMP signals, or both, have opposite effects to those of FGF8 in regulating transcription factors that control the size and position of neocortical areas. When the hem is ablated a necessary balance is perturbed, and cerebral cortex is rostralized. Our findings reveal a much broader role for the hem in cortical development than previously recognized, and emphasize that two major signaling centers interact antagonistically to pattern cerebral cortex.
Comprehensive Care in an Adolescent Clinic An Integrated Physical-Mental Health Program

A plan for the establishment and operation of an Adolescent Clinic at The Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, staffed by part-time physicians, using the skills of trained psychiatric social workers, utilizing group therapy in the treatment program, and directly involving the patient's family in the therapeutic regimen is here described. In this clinic, experience with an integrated team approach appears to be an efficient, effective method for treatment of the adolescent. The clinic's short pe riod of operation does not yet permit the conclusion that this approach to adolescent medical and emotional needs is to be preferred, but this report may encourage other centers to inaugurate and test this type of comprehensive care for the adolescent and his family. The need is urgent.
Distributed Knowledge and Indeterminate Meaning: The Case of the Columbia Shuttle Flight

We explore the processes that unfolded during NASA's ill-fated Columbia shuttle flight, as members of the mission team struggled to understand the significance of an unexpected foam-shedding event. It was difficult to categorize this event in real time, as two different criteria — a concern for safety and a concern for meeting schedules — were being used. Using in-depth data gathered on the Columbia shuttle flight, we describe the sensemaking processes that unfolded and discuss the implications for organizations.
Assessing and Predicting College Students’ Use of Strategies for the Self-Regulation of Motivation

College students (N = 215) completed a self-report instrument designed to assess different regulation of motivation strategies as well as aspects of their motivational beliefs, use of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies, and procrastination. The study serves to extend the research on the self-regulation of motivation through three related findings. One, results indicate that the instrument evaluated in the study provides a reliable and valid method for assessing six motivational regulation strategies in a college population. Two, analyses revealed differences in the extent that students reported using the regulation of motivation strategies, while also showing them to be related to other aspects of self-regulated learning in a theoretically consistent way. Last, findings from a series of multiple regressions indicate that students’ engagement in motivational regulation is a function of their existing motivational beliefs and attitudes.
The simple analytics of a firm subject to a no-layoffs constraint☆

Abstract A firm bound by a no-layoffs constraint maximizes its expected profits with a fixed capital stock and a variable material input. The price of its output, the only variable subject to uncertainty, is distributed according to a Gamma function, known ex ante, whose parameters define a mean preserving spread (MPS). For a C-D production function, it is shown (i) that the labor input to be decided in the initial period varies inversely with the MPS, and (ii) that, for moderate levels of the MPS, the labor imput set on the basis of the expected price will be a close approximation of its profit-maximizing level.
Host-transplant relationship of cultured mouse embryos.

The host-transplant relationship of cultured mouse embryos was studied in mice of strain 129/SvSl. Immature females were superovulated and embryos obtained at the four cell stage were cultured in vitro for 48 hours using Brinster's technic. At the conclusion of the culture period, 80.9% had developed to blastocysts. These were transplanted by direct uterine insertion into one to four day pseudopregnant nulliparous hosts three to seven months of age. Transplants to a one day host are lost 24 hours after transplant. The trans planted four day old embryos implant and develop into fetuses most success fully in two day pseudopregnant hosts. The blastocysts are retained in the uterine lumen for up to 72 hours before implantation. Transplantation to three day hosts allowed fetal development but at a much lower percentage than with two day hosts. Blastocysts were found to be retained in the uterine lumen for up to 48 hours. A very low percentage of transplants to four day hosts did implant, but no fetal development occurred. It is apparent that a critical period of adjustment and interdependence between embryonic development and uterine receptivity is required before implantation of the cultured embryo can proceed. Embryos which implant develop according to post implantation age, not embryonic age, and are delivered according to the normal uterine gestation time.
Influences of membrane curvature in lipid hexagonal phases studied by deuterium NMR spectroscopy.

The presence of reversed hexagonal phase, Hn, favoring lipids in membranes has been proposed to be significant in various biological processes. Therefore an understanding of the H n phase and the transition from the lamellar to hexagonal phase is of importance. We have applied deuterium NMR spectroscopy to study the bilayer and reversed hexagonal phases of 1- perdeuteriopalmitoyl-2-1inoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. difference in packing between the Ha and L~ phases leads to smaller segmental order parameters in the former case. Since the order profiles are sensitive to the geometry of the aggregates, they can be used to extract structural information about the phases. We present a new means of calculating the radius of curvature, R1, for the Ha phase from 2H NMR data. This method gives a value of R1 = 18.1 A, which is in agreement with current understanding of the structure of the H~I phase and with x-ray diffraction data. ~ 1990 Academic P..... Eric.
Heat Transfer Measurements of Oblong Pins

Pin fin arrays are employed as an effective means for heat transfer enhancement in the internal passages of a gas turbine blade, specifically in the blade’s trailing edge. Various shapes of the pin itself have been used in such arrays. In this study, oblong pin fins are investigated whereby their long axis is perpendicular to the flow direction. Heat transfer measurements were taken at the pin mid-span with unheated endwalls to isolate the pin heat transfer. Results show important differences in the heat transfer patterns between a pin in the first row and a pin in the third row. In the third row, wider spanwise spacing allows for two peaks in heat transfer over the pin surface. Additionally, closer streamwise spacing leads to consistently higher heat transfer for the same spanwise spacing. Due to the blunt orientation of the pins, the peak in heat transfer occurs off the stagnation point.
The Effect of Implied Motion on the Recall of Interactive Pictures

The literature has customarily defined interaction between pictured objects in two ways. First, interaction has been defined as simply a conjoined union or physical touching of objects within a given picture scene. The second definition portrays interaction as predetermined action or implied motion between the pictured objects. Researchers typically assume these two modes of defining interaction as essentially equivalent. Generally stated, the purpose of this study was to uncover the effect that implied motion has on the processing of visual information. A factorial design was conducted with dependent variables being imageability, nameability, and recall of pictured objects. Independent variables were implied motion and viewing time. Results showed that implied motion pictures presented at a short viewing time were more nameable and better recalled than stationary pictures presented at a short viewing time. But when subjects were given more time to view visual information, implied motion and stationary pi...
The Relative Merits of Item Transformations and the Cloze Procedure for the Measurement of Reading Comprehension

The relative merits and potential of item transformations and the cloze pro- cedure are evaluated. The two strategies for assessing reading comprehension were reviewed in terms of three criteria: (1) the extent to which literal comprehension skills are validly measured; (2) the extent to which the issue of passage dependency is addressed; (3) utility for classroom teachers, reading specialists, and evaluators of reading programs. The analysis revealed that the cloze procedure offers several distinct advantages over six sentence-derived transformations. They include the assessment of both semantic and syntactic relationships, dependency on contextual clues, and ease of development, administration, and scoring. Both item generation methods were applicable to only content domains that could be decomposed into passages and sentences. Unfortunately, this limitation encompasses many of the functional skills and minimum competencies that are in the process of being measured in 38 states.
Bunker Gear for Fire Fighters: Does it fit today’s fire fighters?

The fit of bunker gear is important to ensure the protection of the firefighter when they are combating structural fire and performing other hazardous duties. Bunker gear is regulated by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) which requires a range of sizes and certain fit regulations due to safety. Firefighters are a specific segment of the population which may be appropriate for a specific sizing scheme. Body scans of career and volunteer male firefighters were compared to SizeUSA data. Differences were found in the height and weight, with male firefighters being heavier and taller than the general population. This research also looks at the procurement and sizing of bunker gear, analyzes body scan data specific to the firefighter population and suggests developing a sizing system specific to this population. A larger study would need to be conducted in order obtain statistically significant results.
Effect of Interferon on Vaccinia Virus Yield and Plaque Formation.

SummaryThe effects of interferon on vaccinia virus yield and on plaque formation were compared in chick embryo tissue cultures and the latter procedure was found to be more sensitive. The upper portion of the dose-response curve relating inhibition of virus yield to interferon dose seemed to be sigmoidal.
Variability in pregaming typologies across the freshman year: a multi-wave latent transition analysis

BACKGROUND: Though research is rapidly expanding on pregaming and related risks, studies have not yet identified discrete subtypes of college pregamers or modeled how class membership changes across critical times like college entry. OBJECTIVES: Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) identified classes of pregaming behaviors in entering college students and described transitions in latent statuses across the freshman year. METHODS: Students with prior alcohol use (N = 711; 51.3% female; 63% White; Mage = 18) were surveyed at orientation and re-assessed at three follow-ups (Fall, Winter, and Spring). Items assessed overall drinking (past 30-day, number of binge episodes), pregaming (typical quantity, normativity relative to overall use, estimated pregaming BAC, drinks consumed post-pregaming event), and problems (overall and pregaming-specific). RESULTS: LTA modeling yielded three distinct classes of pregaming membership (Low, Medium and High) that varied as a function of both overall use and pregaming practices. Evaluation of changes over the year indicated the greatest movement occurred immediately upon college entry, with significantly less movement was seen across the remainder of the year. Cross-class comparisons across all four time points showed clear differences in alcohol-related problems (overall as well as pregaming-specific), with students in the High class reporting markedly higher levels of problems on all domains. CONCLUSIONS/Importance: Overall, there appears to be considerable heterogeneity in pregaming behaviors, across both students and time that are directly related to differential levels of problems. FINDINGS highlight the need to screen students early for risky drinking practices, including pregaming, and include pregaming-specific material in their campus screening and intervention programming. Language: en
Obscene History. The Two Sedlmayrs

The following article proposes a new interpretation of Hans Sedlmayr’s politics, which thereby achieves a more successful understanding of his work. Seeking to reconcile pro­gressive and totalitarian elements of Sedlmayr’s thought, his stance is characterized as «Na­tional Bolshevist». Consistent with this view, there are two phases detected in Sedlmayr’s outlook, an early cosmopolitan phase and a later more symptomological cultural criticism. Seeking to nuance the complexity of politics in the 1930s, in the end it is nevertheless argued that it is impossible to link tightly Sedlmayr’s historical pronouncements with his politics.
Dual Referenced Composite Free Layer Design for Improved Switching Efficiency of Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory

A composite free layer spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) cell is proposed for ultra-high density memory. The structure consists of three layers—a high anisotropy interior layer and two low anisotropy outer layers that assist the switching of the interior layer via exchange coupling. Efficiencies ( $k_{B}T/\mu \text {A})$ of 4.5 and 4.1 are achieved for the proposed structure with perpendicular and longitudinal anisotropies, respectively. An efficiency of 4.3 is obtained for the state-of-the-art single-layer dual-referenced structure with perpendicular anisotropy. Simulation of the conventional single-layer structure with perpendicular anisotropy yields an efficiency of 1.6. Therefore, the proposed structure with perpendicular anisotropy achieves an improvement of 5% and 181% relative to the state-of-the-art dual-referenced and conventional STT-RAM cells, respectively. Furthermore, use of low anisotropy assistive layers enables reduction of Gilbert damping and an increase of partial spin polarization within those low anisotropy layers—not feasible with single layer structures that require high anisotropy for thermal stability. This significantly increases perpendicular and longitudinal efficiencies to 8.5 and 6.8, respectively. Therefore, this augmented proposed structure with perpendicular anisotropy achieves an improvement of 99% and 446% relative to the state-of-the-art dual-referenced and conventional STT-RAM cells, respectively.
Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Tissue Culture Cell Number in Any Medium

We have developed a spectrophotometric assay for cell number in suspensions of tissue culture cells. For each cell type tested, absorbance between 650 and 800 nm is linearly dependent upon cell density over a 50-fold range and is independent of the color or composition of the medium in which cells are suspended. A standard curve of absorbance vs. cell density is used to estimate cell number with accuracy and reproducibility superior to hemacytometer counting and with speed and ease surpassing use of a Coulter counter. Less than 5000 cells are needed for this quantitation. The same cells that are counted can be maintained live in culture after the reading is taken, thus allowing the growth of cells to be measured within individual cultures over time. The assay should be readily extended to assays of cell number directly within microplate culture wells. The spectrophotometric assay described here is of significant use in all experiments requiring rapid, accurate measurements of cell number, including determinations of cell doubling time and equal plating of parallel cultures.
Modernism, Modern Aesthetics and Wittgenstein

The place of art in contemporary society and the role of art in contemporary lives is not well understood despite a vast literature about art and its history, its sociology and its criticism. Especially is it not well understood what that place and role ought to be. Art does play a very definite role in the lives of particular individuals and particular groups, but it does not take much awareness of the recent history of both art and society to realise that there is no general agreement throughout our society about the role that art is to play in modern life or whether it is to play a role at all. This question belongs in part, but only in part, to the social history of art, and the full social history of art in our time has not yet been written
Preparation and Characterization of Lipophilic Doxorubicin Pro-drug Micelles

Micelles have been successfully used for the delivery of anticancer drugs. Amphiphilic polymers form core-shell structured micelles in an aqueous environment through self-assembly. The hydrophobic core of micelles functions as a drug reservoir and encapsulates hydrophobic drugs. The hydrophilic shell prevents the aggregation of micelles and also prolongs their systemic circulation in vivo. In this protocol, we describe a method to synthesize a doxorubicin lipophilic pro-drug, doxorubicin-palmitic acid (DOX-PA), which will enhance drug loading into micelles. A pH-sensitive hydrazone linker was used to conjugate doxorubicin with the lipid, which facilitates the release of free doxorubicin inside cancer cells. Synthesized DOX-PA was purified with a silica gel column using dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent. Purified DOX-PA was analyzed with thin layer chromatography (TLC) and (1)H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ((1)H-NMR). A film dispersion method was used to prepare DOX-PA loaded DSPE-PEG micelles. In addition, several methods for characterizing micelle formulations are described, including determination of DOX-PA concentration and encapsulation efficiency, measurement of particle size and distribution, and assessment of in vitro anticancer activities. This protocol provides useful information regarding the preparation and characterization of drug-loaded micelles and thus will facilitate the research and development of novel micelle-based cancer nanomedicines.
Ghosts in the Family: Discussion of Dr. Christ’s Paper

There is something about being in a family session that can lead you to forget about the ghosts in the room, family members who have died but are still very much part of the family’s life drama. I want to thank Dr. Christ for this opportunity to comment upon his very moving presentation, which places in the foreground a family ghost, a 27 month old boy who died in 1956, and highlights his impact upon the family in 1980. In conceptualizing this case Dr. Christ invokes Erikson’s paradigm of developmentally successive levels of system organization, each inextricably linked to earlier adaptations. His tape convincingly underlines his point. We see how flaw lines in the family’s reintegration around the crisis of the death of their first child, do not emerge until nine years later in the transactions around the youngest son’s asthma and later his brain damage.
Ante/Intrapartum Risks of Neonatal Encephalopathy

The role of antepartum and intrapartum factors in the etiology of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) in 164 term infants was investigated in a Western Australian case-control study, with 400 randomly selected controls.
Nuclear Structure of Sc 48 from the Ti 49 (d,He 3 )Sc 48 Reaction

The ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{49}(d,{\mathrm{He}}^{3}){\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}$ reaction was studied at 19.45 and 22.4 MeV, and spectroscopic factors were obtained. There are serious discrepancies between the present result and previous work. The present experiment supports a simple picture of the ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}$ nucleus.
Spin Topological Field Theory and Fermionic Matrix Product States

We study state-sum constructions of G-equivariant spin-TQFTs and their relationship to Matrix Product States. We show that in the Neveu-Schwarz, Ramond, and twisted sectors, the states of the theory are generalized Matrix Product States. We apply our results to revisit the classification of fermionic Short-Range-Entangled phases with a unitary symmetry G and determine the group law on the set of such phases. Interesting subtleties appear when the total symmetry group is a nontrivial extension of G by fermion parity.
Managing Cardiovascular Risk in Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency.

Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is a rare, life-threatening, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in the LIPA gene, which encodes for lysosomal acid lipase (LAL). This enzyme is necessary for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride in lysosomes. Deficient LAL activity causes accumulation of these lipids in lysosomes and a marked decrease in the cytoplasmic free cholesterol concentration, leading to dysfunctional cholesterol homeostasis. The accumulation of neutral lipid occurs predominantly in liver, spleen, and macrophages throughout the body, and the aberrant cholesterol homeostasis causes a marked dyslipidemia. LAL-D is characterized by accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and hepatic microvesicular or mixed steatosis, leading to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure. LAL-D presents as a clinical continuum with two phenotypes: the infantile-onset phenotype, formally referred to as Wolman disease, and the later-onset phenotype, formerly referred to as cholesteryl ester storage disease. Infants with LAL-D present within the first few weeks of life with vomiting, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, failure to thrive and rapid progression to liver failure and death by 6–12 months of age. Children and young adults with LAL-D generally present with marked dyslipidemia, hepatic enzyme elevation, hepatomegaly and mixed steatosis by liver biopsy. The average age of the initial signs and symptoms of the later-onset phenotype is about 5 years old. The typical dyslipidemia is a significantly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration and a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration, placing these individuals at heightened risk for premature ASCVD. Diagnosis of the later-onset phenotype of LAL-D requires a heightened awareness of the disease because the dyslipidemia and hepatic transaminase elevation combination are common and overlap with other metabolic disorders. LAL-D should be considered in the differential diagnosis of healthy weight children and young adults with unexplained hepatic transaminase elevation accompanied by an elevated LDL-C level (>160 mg/dL) and low HDL-C level (<35 mg/dL) that is not caused by monogenic and polygenic lipid disorders or secondary factors. Treatment of LAL-D with sebelipase alfa (LAL replacement enzyme) should be considered as the standard of treatment in all individuals diagnosed with LAL-D. Other ASCVD risk factors that may be present (hypertension, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, etc.) should be managed appropriately, consistent with secondary prevention goals.
Interactions between Neutrophils and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) affects 70,000 patients worldwide. Morbidity and mortality in CF is largely caused by lung complications due to the triad of impaired mucociliary clearance, microbial infections and chronic inflammation. Cystic fibrosis airway inflammation is mediated by robust infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs, neutrophils). Neutrophils are not capable of clearing lung infections and contribute to tissue damage by releasing their dangerous cargo. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in immunocompromised individuals. P. aeruginosa is a main respiratory pathogen in CF infecting most patients. Although PMNs are key to attack and clear P. aeruginosa in immunocompetent individuals, PMNs fail to do so in CF. Understanding why neutrophils cannot clear P. aeruginosa in CF is essential to design novel therapies. This review provides an overview of the antimicrobial mechanisms by which PMNs attack and eliminate P. aeruginosa. It also summarizes current advances in our understanding of why PMNs are incapable of clearing P. aeruginosa and how this bacterium adapts to and resists PMN-mediated killing in the airways of CF patients chronically infected with P. aeruginosa.
Numerical modeling and optimization of a V-groove warm water cold-plate

In electronics cooling, water is increasingly replacing air for applications requiring high heat flux. Water is the ideal substitute due to its high specific heat capacity and density. Indeed, high values of heat capacity (high density and specific heat capacity) enable water to receive, store and carry higher amounts of energy compared to air. Water's incompressibility and very low specific volume also requires smaller amounts of mechanical work for fluid circulation. Using warm water instead of chilled water makes the cooling process more economical, but requires more efficiently designed cold-plates. Our current work focuses on modeling and optimization of a V-groove mini-channel cold-plate using warm water as the coolant. Our results show that the performance of an impinging channel heat sink is significantly different compared to parallel channel designs. Dividing the flow into two branches cuts the fluid velocity and flow path in half for the impinging design. This reduction in the fluid velocity and flow length affects the developing thermal boundary layer and is an important consideration for a shorter length heat exchanger (where the channel length is comparable to the thermal entrance length). Distributing the coolant uniformly to every channel is a challenge for impinging cold-plates where there are strict limitations on size.
The Problem of Recidivism in Healthcare Intervention Studies

One of the major problems of preventative health programs and other health intervention programs is the problem of recidivism, where individuals and/or conditions return to their pretreatment levels. Often, this situation arises due to the lack of adherence to guidelines provided by clinicians and health educators during the treatment program, including lack of proper exercise, nutrition, and/or compliance with medications. Pathologies and/or secondary conditions can occur/recur due to many unknown reasons, including random events and other conditions that are persistently occurring within the body. We hypothesize that many behaviors will be periodic or semi-periodic. Many time points and events need to be mapped along a time continuum so that relevant possible predictor variables can be evaluated for a causal trajectory and potential “major” events that serve as behavioral thresholds.
Employee dispositions to job and organization as antecedents and consequences of information systems use

Organizations implement information systems to improve employee productivity and engender favourable organizational outcomes. Although there is evidence of positive outcomes of system use, research has suggested that system use may lead to negative consequences for employees and organizations. There has been limited research that focuses on how employees' use of information systems in the workplace is associated with their positive and negative dispositions to job and organization. We develop and test a model that posits that dispositions to job (ie, job satisfaction, job security, job anxiety, and emotional exhaustion), and organization (ie, organizational commitment and organizational trust) will play a dual role of antecedents and consequences of system use. We conducted 2 longitudinal studies in the context of 2 different systems—a functional system and an enterprise system—and found support for our hypotheses (N = 257 and 181, respectively). We found that preimplementation job and organizational dispositions significantly predicted both lean and rich measures of system use. Further, we found that rich measures of system use (ie, cognitive absorption use and deep structure use) had differential impacts on postimplementation employee dispositions—functional system use had a positive impact and enterprise system use had a negative impact. Overall, our findings offer a comprehensive understanding of system use, and its antecedents and consequences for employees in organizations.
Youth Cognitive-Behavioral Depression Prevention: Testing Theory in a Randomized Controlled Trial

This study tested the plausibility of a theoretical model of change for the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP), a cognitive-behavioral (CB) depression prevention program for adolescents. Middle school students (N = 697) were randomized to PRP, an assessment-only control condition (CON), or a placebo-control condition (PLA). Explanatory style and depressive symptoms were evaluated over 24 months of follow-up. Relative to both CON and PLA, there were significant indirect effects of PRP on 12-month levels of depressive symptoms through improvements in explanatory style in two of three participating schools. Within a third school, where PRP was not effective in targeting depressive symptoms (Gillham et al., 2007), there was no evidence of group differences in growth in explanatory style or indirect effects. When effective, PRP's CB training provides incremental value over non-specific components and there are indirect effects on depressive symptoms through improvements in explanatory style.
Sr and Mg isotope geochemistry of the basal Ediacaran cap limestone sequence of Mongolia: Implications for carbonate diagenesis, mixing of glacial meltwaters, and seawater chemistry in the aftermath of Snowball Earth

Abstract The seawater chemistry and oceanographic information associated with Snowball Earth are commonly inferred from the geochemistry of cap carbonates deposited on continental margins during and after deglaciation. However, interpretation of such records can be complicated by carbonate diagenesis and contamination from siliciclastic components. In an attempt to disentangle these effects, we studied the geochemistry of the post-Marinoan cap carbonate sequence from Mongolia using a step-leaching procedure, which revealed that most samples are heterogeneous with respect to multiple geochemical signatures, including trace element concentrations, Sr, Mg, C and O isotopic signatures, raising questions to previous studies applying carbonate bulk-rock geochemistry for paleoenvironment reconstructions. Such sample heterogeneity can be explained by contamination from non-carbonate phases and carbonate alteration. After stepped leaching, the least-altered/contaminated geochemical signatures for each sample were identified and the influences of carbonate diagenesis were evaluated. Our data indicate that mixing of glacial meltwater persisted to the maximum flooding surface within the cap carbonate sequence, below which carbonates record significant Mg and Sr isotope fluxuations that are most readily interpreted in the context of the mixing of water masses having distinct isotopic compositions. Only limestones deposited above the maximum flooding surface formed in a well-mixed ocean and exhibit Mg and Sr isotope values that record the integrated effects of Snowball Earth on ocean chemistry. Our study cautions against interpreting the geochemistry of cap carbonates in terms of whole ocean geochemical cycles.
Functional antagonism of airway constriction in the canine lung periphery

We studied the ability of a beta-adrenergic agonist (albuterol) to attenuate calcium chelator- and acetylcholine-induced airway constriction in the lung periphery of anesthetized mongrel and Basenj...
Algorithms, Information, and Chance

During the decade of the 1960s several individuals independently arrived at a notion that a binary string is random if its shortest description is the string itself. Among the main protagonists in this story is the celebrated Russian mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov, whom we met earlier, and Gregory Chaitin, information theorist and computer scientist.
The Whole-Arm Exploration of Harsh Environments

This work develops a method for tactilely mapping unknown harsh environments such as oil wells, using a manipulator equipped with only position sensors. Because contact with the environment may occur anywhere on the manipulator, determining the contact location is challenging. Here a method is developed, based on a probabilistic classification of the data according to the contact location on the manipulator, and the reconstruction of the surface using such classified data. The approach effectiveness is demonstrated in several case studies and laboratory experiments.