cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carryover Effects of Free Reinforcement on Children's Work Completion

Patterns of behavior that persist during transition to a new set of contingencies are referred to as reinforcement history or carryover effects. The authors examined the carryover effects of a fixed-time (FT) schedule of free reinforcement on children's work completion and accuracy. Two female students with learning disabilities participated. During an initial concurrent-choice condition, both children completed more difficult problems reinforced on a richer schedule than easy problems reinforced on a leaner schedule. Exposure to an FT schedule was alternated with subsequent choice conditions in an ABABA design to examine potential carryover effects. During FT conditions, the children completed both types of problems with more errors. During subsequent choice conditions, errors were high initially but decreased, and both children completed easy problems for the first few sessions despite their leaner reinforcement schedule. The potential for detrimental effects of free reinforcement on children's work completion is discussed.
Coherence and Complexity in Condensed Matter: Josephson Junction Arrays

The importance of the mesoscopic bridge between microscopic and mesoscopic descriptions of complex, nonlinear-nonequilibrium extended dynamical systems is illustrated in a condensed matter context through three-dimensional Josephson junction arrays. Large-scale Langevin molecular dynamics is used to study novel transformer and melting effects, emphasizing the central roles of topological excitations (flux vortex lines) in determining mesoscopic patterns and dynamics — through flux line creation, annihilation, interaction and statistical mechanics.
National Parks and ICCAs in the High Himalayan Region of Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities

In Nepal, as in many states worldwide, national parks and other protected areas have often been established in the customary territories of indigenous peoples by superimposing state-declared and governed protected areas on pre-existing systems of land use and management which are now internationally considered to be Indigenous Peoples' and Community Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs, also referred to Community Conserved Areas, CCAs). State intervention often ignores or suppresses ICCAs, inadvertently or deliberately undermining and destroying them along with other aspects of indigenous peoples' cultures, livelihoods, self-governance, and self-determination. Nepal's high Himalayan national parks, however, provide examples of how some indigenous peoples such as the Sharwa (Sherpa) of Sagarmatha (Mount Everest/Chomolungma) National Park (SNP) have continued to maintain customary ICCAs and even to develop new ones despite lack of state recognition, respect, and coordination. The survival of these ICCAs offers Nepal an opportunity to reform existing laws, policies, and practices, both to honour UN-recognised human and indigenous rights that support ICCAs and to meet International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) standards and guidelines for ICCA recognition and for the governance and management of protected areas established in indigenous peoples' territories. The challenge will be for Nepal to reverse long-established inter-ethnic and governmental relationships which have dispossessed and marginalised indigenous peoples and insufficiently respected their knowledge, institutions, conservation contributions, and human rights in national parks. This article explores the political ecology of ICCAs in Nepal's Himalayan national parks, with particular focus on SNP.
How the Shift to Quality Distinguished Winners from Losers During the Financial Crisis

We examine winner and loser portfolios as a result of the financial crisis from 2007 to 2008 to determine the ex-ante characteristics of winner and loser stocks. The best performing decile actually gained more than 27% in our sample of 2,267 firms while the worst performing decile lost nearly 90% of its value. We show that investor sentiment shifted away from risky stocks, but risk aversion went beyond an avoidance of market and intrinsic risk. Smaller, value stocks with high-leverage significantly underperformed the market while investors shifted to larger, glamour stocks with high dividend yields. Our results provide strong support for the theories of projection bias, risk aversion and regret avoidance.
A population-based inquiry of homeless episode characteristics and early educational well-being

Child homelessness and educational well-being is an area of national research that requires more precise investigation to address mixed findings. The aim of this study was to extend the investigation of the relations between homelessness and educational well-being by determining if timing and frequency of homeless episodes are differentially associated with children's academic and classroom engagement outcomes. This investigation used a comprehensive research model to study the effects of these homeless episode characteristics within a large urban student cohort. Additionally, this study accounted for co-occurring early risk factors. Findings indicated that having a first homeless episode in early childhood was associated with non-proficiency in mathematics and academic engagement problems. Also more frequent homeless episodes were related to truancy in third grade. These results stress the importance of early intervention for homeless children and underscore the need to further understand the variation in young children's homeless experiences.
HOSPITAL VARIATION IN SURVIVAL FOR PEDIATRIC IN-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST: A REPORT FROM GET WITH THE GUIDELINES-RESUSCITATION

Although survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest is likely to vary among hospitals caring for children, validated methods to risk-standardize pediatric survival rates across sites do not currently exist. Within the American Heart Association's Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation registry for in
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds. XXXI—Raman and infrared spectra and conformational stability of ethylphonothioic dichloride†

The Raman (3500–10 cm−1) and infrared (3500–50 cm−1) spectra of solid ethylphosphonothioic dichloride, CH3CH2P(S)Cl2, and its deuteriated analog, CD3CH2P(S)Cl2, have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. From the fact that several distinct Raman lines disappear on going from the liquid phase to the solid state, it is concluded that the molecule exists as a mixture of the trans and gauche conformers in the liquid phase with the gauche conformer being the more stable form and the only one present in the solid Gtate. A variable temperature study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid did not yield an enthalpy difference between the conformers. Relying mainly on group frequencies and relative intensities of the infrared and Raman bands, a complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the gauche conformer. This assignment is supported by a normal coordinate calculation, which was carried out utilizing a modified valence force field to obtain the frequencies of the normal modes and the potential energy distribution. All of these results are compared with corresponding quantities for several other organophosphines.
Serum glycoprotein studies in experimental trichinosis.

Abstract The effects of infection and reinoculation of adult female Wistar rats with Trichinella spiralis and of two different regimens of treatment with cortisone, upon the serum glycoproteins and proteins have been investigated. The extent of disease as indicated by larval counts was greatest in the groups subjected to cortisone treatment and reinoculation. Increased hemoglobin and hematocrit values occurred in all but one group of infected animals. Significantly increased serum glycoprotein concentrations were found in all animals but those treated with cortisone for 60 days and reflected primarily the increases in the polysaccharide moiety of the globulin fraction. Subnormal seromucoid values were found in all infected groups. The greatest alterations in serum glycoprotein and protein patterns occurred in the groups treated with cortisone and reinoculated. The results are discussed with reference to possible causes of the observed changes.
Skinny and fleshy failures of relative completeness

The notion of relative completeness of logics of programs was delineated almost ten years ago, in particular by Wand, Cook and Clarke. More recently, it has been felt that Cook's notion hinges on a fragile balance between the semantics of a programming language and first-order expressiveness in structures. This fragility underlies the negative results about relative completeness.The main negative result in this area, Clarke's Theorem, states that for a programming language with a sufficiently rich control structure there is no effective formalism for partial-correctness that is both sound and relatively complete (in the sense of Cook). A conclusion often drawn from this result is that the non-existence of an adequate Cook-complete formalization of the partial-correctness theory of a programming language is an indicator of the complexity of that language. Our most novel result is that this is not always the case. We exhibit a programming language whose control structure is trivial, and yet for which no Cook-complete Hoare logic exists. The poverty of the language is precisely what permits certain structures to be expressive, structures which would not be expressive had the program constructs been used more freely.We also discuss the failure of relative completeness for “fleshy” programming languages, of the kind of Clarke's. We point out the relevance of the Lambda Calculus here, from which we derive the failure of Cook-completeness for a programming language orthogonal (i.e. incomparable) to Clarke's, whose control-structure complexity resides to a great extent in a modest use of generic procedures. A variant of the same idea also provides an alternative proof of non-relative-completeness for (a variant of) Clarke's language.Finally, we note in passing a simple proof of Wand's Theorem, which states the failure of local completeness (without Cook's expressiveness condition) for while programs. Our proof uses rudimentary facts from Mathematical Logic. Its interest, compared with previous proofs [Wan78, BT82, Apt81] is that it refers to a structure whose first-order theory is not decidable. Moreover, our proof shows that the failure of local completeness for while programs is not necessarily due to a tension between first-order definability and definability by program looping, as one might have been tempted to conclude from previous proofs.
Critical heat flux predictions during blowdown transients

Abstract A best-estimate prediction of transient critical heat flux (CHF) is based on instantaneous local-conditions. Eight correlations were tested against most recent blowdown heat-transfer data obtained in the U.S. The prediction results are summarized in a table in which both CISE and Biasi round-tube correlations are found to be capable of predicting the early CHF that occurs after flow reversal in the order of 1 s. The Griffith-Zuber correlation is credited for its prediction of the delay CHF that occurs in a quiescent state with slowly decaying mass velocity. A mass-velocity criterion is also suggested for its application. In many experiments, the early CHF can be closely correlated by the X  1.0 criterion; this is certainly indicative of a dryout mechanism. As for the delay CHF, a pool-boiling-type hydrodynamic crisis is suggested.
Engineering Sociability: Friendship Drive, Visibility, and Social Connection in Anonymous Co-Located Local Wi-Fi Multiplayer Online Gaming

In this study, the authors show that online multiplayer gaming via local Wi-Fi can be used as a “social lubricant” to increase social connections between co-located strangers at a cafe. In a field experiment in real world cafes, they recruited people who were sitting alone at the same cafe to play an online game together using iPads, from wherever each happened to be sitting. Some pairs could see each other; some were facing in opposite directions, some were in separate rooms. Visibility influenced how and how much players communicated outside of the game, but had no impact on enjoyment or self-reported experience of social connection. The authors measured “friendship drive” and found that social yearners were more interested in gaming with a stranger and more likely to hope to see their gaming partner again than were socially satiated players. Friendship drive did not impact communication between players or feeling social connection. DOI: 10.4018/jgcms.2012040101 2 International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations, 4(2), 1-18, April-June 2012 Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. more “bonding social capital” (small, strong networks with strong emotional support) than
Post‐larval American lobsters (Homarus americanus) living in burrows may be suspension feeding

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the ability of post‐larval lobsters (Homarus americanus) to feed on planktonic organisms in suspension. Late Stage IV or early Stage V lobsters were suspended above the bottom of jars in glass tubes which mimicked burrows and prevented the lobsters from obtaining settled food particles. Plankton, vitally stained with fluorescent dye, were introduced into the experimental jars, while dyed, filtered seawater was placed into the control jars. Three sizes of live plankton were tested: 500–1000 μm, 250–500 μm, and 125–250 μm and the plankton typically consisted of copepods, invertebrate eggs and larvae, and diatoms. The lobsters were allowed 60–90 min to capture and consume the plankton after drawing them into their tubes by pleopod fanning. The lobsters were then removed from their tubes and examined under an ultraviolet light in darkness for the presence of dye in their stomachs or intestinal tract. Fifty to 100% of the experimental lobsters were found to feed o...
Study on Human-Computer Interaction platform for computer wargame

Based on human-computer interaction (HCI) and visualization technologies, we focused on the research of the human-computer interaction platform of the wargame. Starting with analyzing the handcraft wargame, we studied the key technologies in the representation modules for battlefield environment and situation of battlefield, and finally set up a HCI platform model of the wargame. Testing experiment indicated that our work presented in this paper provided a reasonable and open platform for computer wargame system. And also, this platform could be appended rule module and decision-making module conveniently to take a further step to form an integrated computer wargame system.
Epigenetic Regulation in Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer—Role in Treatment Response

Recent advances in breast cancer treatment have allowed increasing numbers of patients with estrogen receptor (ER) positive (+) breast cancer to receive various forms of endocrine therapy. Unfortunately, de novo and acquired resistance to endocrine therapy remains a major challenge in the clinic. A number of possible mechanisms for drug resistance have been described, which include activation of growth factor receptor pathways, overexpression of ER coactivators, and metabolic resistance due to polymorphisms in metabolizing enzymes. While many of these changes are caused by genetic alterations, there is also increasing evidence to implicate epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms in the development of endocrine resistance. Since epigenetic modifications are easier to reverse than genetic mutations, they are appealing therapeutic targets, and thus future improvements in medical care for breast cancer patients will depend upon a better understanding of the roles epigenetic modifications play in endocrine resistance. In this review we will focus on recent advances made in the understanding of epigenetic gene regulation in estrogen response and endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We will also summarize current clinical-translational advances in epigenetic therapy, and discuss potential future clinical use of epigenetic changes as therapeutic targets, especially with respect to endocrine treatment.
Target: increased productivity exploratory eastern European model

The author proposes a novel approach to productivity model building. The concept is based on integrating component parts of existing eastern (Japanese) and western (American) models for possible use in the Soviet Union and other eastern European countries. It attempts to bridge cultural and traditional differences so as to present a model that is adaptable to varying economic conditions and external environments. The proposed model is basically a dichotomy utilizing a Nenko system type foundation and an open, mobile, managerial class superstructure. >
Solute analysis and water relations of gametophyte mutants tolerant to NaCl in the fern Ceratopteris richardii

The stl1 and stl2 mutations confer low and high levels of NaCl tolerance to gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii, respectively. As an initial characterization of these mutations, the levels of various organic solutes, tissue ion content and water relations were examined in the wild-type and mutant strains in the absence and presence of 60 mol m-3 NaCl stress (a level which results in a 20, 15 and 0% reduction in gametophyte growth in the wild-type, stl1 mutant and stl2 mutant, respectively). All strains exhibited major changes in organic and inorganic solute levels and water relations in response to 60 mol m-3 NaCl stress. Differences in organic solute levels and water relations between the wild-type and mutant strains in the absence and in response to 60 mol m-3 NaCl stress were minimal. Analysis of tissue ion content showed that stl1 was associated with a slight reduction in Na+ accumulation during 60 mol m-3 NaCl stress. stl2 was associated with (1) higher constitutive levels of K+ and (2) continued selective accumulation of K+ and reduced accumulation of Na+ during 60 mol m-3 NaCl stress. A K+/Na+ ratio close to 1 was observed in the wild-type during 60 mol m-3 NaCl stress, while higher ratios were detected in stl1 and stl2 (1·7 and 4·0, respectively). The findings of this study suggest that the tolerance imparted by stl1 and stl2 is associated with altered ion accumulation during NaCl stress, rather than an enhanced ability to accumulate organic solutes to be used for osmotic adjustment of the cytoplasm.
Aeromonas Species Associated with Necrotizing Enteritis and Septicemia in an Adult Male Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Abstract A deceased 10-yr-old male ostrich was diagnosed with severe necrotizing enteritis and septicemia. The bird was inappetent for 3 wk and had neurologic signs 2 days prior to death. Macroscopically, no significant lesions were noted aside from congestion of the liver, kidneys, and spleen. Histopathology revealed severe fibrinonecrotic enteritis associated with large numbers of gram-negative bacteria, multifocal fibrinoid necrosis in portal arteries, accumulation of fibrin in hepatic sinusoids, myocardial degeneration, and necrosis. There was also squamous metaplasia in the glands of the esophagus and external ears. A gram-negative rod was isolated in pure culture from intestine, liver, lungs, and trachea and identified as an Aeromonas species. The concentration of vitamin A in the liver was extremely low. The lesions seen in the intestine and liver and the isolation of an Aeromonas sp. from various tissues strongly suggest that this bacterium was the cause of the necrotizing enteritis, septicemia, a...
Genomic assessment of a multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, in a rodent model of pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) and cancer pathology share growth factor- and MAPK stress-mediated signaling pathways resulting in endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunction and angioproliferative vasculopathy. In this study, we assessed sorafenib, an antineoplastic agent and inhibitor of multiple kinases important in angiogenesis [VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1-3, PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-beta, Raf-1 kinase] as a potential PH therapy. Two PH rat models were used: a conventional hypoxia-induced PH model and an augmented PH model combining dual VEGFR-1 and -2 inhibition (SU-5416, single 20 mg/kg injection) with hypoxia. In addition to normoxia-exposed control animals, four groups were maintained at 10% inspired O(2) fraction for 3.5 wk (hypoxia/vehicle, hypoxia/SU-5416, hypoxia/sorafenib, and hypoxia/SU-5416/sorafenib). Compared with normoxic control animals, rats exposed to hypoxia/SU-5416 developed hemodynamic and histological evidence of severe PH while rats exposed to hypoxia alone displayed only mild elevations in hemodynamic values (pulmonary vascular and right ventricular pressures). Sorafenib treatment (daily gavage, 2.5 mg/kg) prevented hemodynamic changes and demonstrated dramatic attenuation of PH-associated vascular remodeling. Compared with normoxic control rats, expression profiling (Affymetrix platform) of lung RNA obtained from hypoxia [false discovery rate (FDR) 6.5%]- and hypoxia/SU-5416 (FDR 1.6%)-challenged rats yielded 1,019 and 465 differentially regulated genes (fold change >1.4), respectively. A novel molecular signature consisting of 38 differentially expressed genes between hypoxia/SU-5416 and hypoxia/SU-5416/sorafenib (FDR 6.7%) was validated by either real-time RT-PCR or immunoblotting. Finally, immunoblotting studies confirmed the upregulation of the MAPK cascade in both PH models, which was abolished by sorafenib. In summary, sorafenib represents a novel potential treatment for severe PH with the MAPK cascade a potential canonical target.
Determinants of Environmental Performance: Pulp and Paper Mills, Regulations, and Community in Maine

Recent theories of firms' environmental behavior propose that numerous factors influence a firm's environmental decision-making process. Economic considerations play a central role, but interaction...
Model predictive estimation of evolving faults

In this work we present an optimization based statistical estimation approach for diagnostics in large scale systems. The fault estimation scheme relies on prediction residuals generated by detailed prediction models of the system under consideration. The system dynamics are generally nonlinear. We linearize the system around its nominal operation and estimate deviations (faults) from the nominal behavior. The statistical estimation approach is based on numerical optimization of a log-likelihood function. It allows us to estimate time varying fault parameters in an online setting, and can accommodate the loss of some sensor measurements during system operation. The proposed estimation approach is explained through examples from aerospace applications.
A High-Throughput Method to Identify Novel Senescence-Inducing Compounds:

Cellular senescence is a persistently growth-arrested phenotype in normal and transformed cells induced by noncytotoxic stress. Cytostasis as a method of cancer treatment has recently generated significant interest. Research into the induction of cellular senescence as cancer therapy has been hindered by a lack of compounds that efficiently induce this response. The authors describe a semiautomated high-throughput method to identify library compounds that induce senescence using prostate cancer cells cultured in 96-well plates. Primary hits are identified by low cell numbers after 3 days in culture, measured by Hoechst 33342 fluorescence. A secondary visual assessment of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining and cellular morphology in the same wells distinguishes senescence from quiescence, apoptosis, and other false positives. This method was used to screen a 4160-compound library of known bioactive compounds and natural products at a 10-microM dose. Candidate compounds were further selected based on persistent growth arrest after drug removal and increased expression of previously described senescence marker genes. Four lead compounds not previously associated with senescence were identified for further investigation. This is the first successful assay to identify novel agents from compound libraries based on senescence induction in cancer cells.
Damage detection at cryogenic temperatures in composites using piezoelectric wafer active sensors

An experimental evaluation of the structural health monitoring capability of piezoelectric wafer active sensors on composite structures at cryogenic temperatures is presented. The piezoelectric wafer active sensor–based electromechanical impedance and the pitch–catch methods were first qualified for cryogenic temperatures using piezoelectric wafer active sensor–instrumented composite specimens dipped in liquid N2. Subsequently, damage detection experiments were performed on laboratory-scale composite specimens with (a) impact damage and (b) built-in Teflon patches simulating in service delaminations. Finally, a comprehensive damage detection test was performed on a full-scale specimen subjected to pressure and cryogenic temperature cycles. Based on these tests, we conclude that piezoelectric wafer active sensor–based structural health monitoring methods show promise for damage detection in composite materials even in extreme cryogenic conditions. Recommendations for further work are also included.
Role of the Distal sarA Promoters in SarA Expression in Staphylococcus aureus

The global regulatory locus sarA comprises a 375-bp open reading frame that is driven by three promoters, the proximal P1 and distal P3 and P2 promoters. We mutated the weaker P3 and P2 promoters to ascertain the effect of the change on SarA protein and target gene expression. Our results indicated that the solely active P1 promoter led to a lower SarA protein level, which has an effect on agr transcription and subsequently had corresponding effects on hla, sspA, and spa transcription, probably in both agr-independent and agr-dependent manners.
The Frontier in Comparative View

Turner's concept of the frontier as the central theme in American History has proved to be one of the most formative forces in the development of American historiography. Even the critics, whether they completely rejected or partially accepted Turner's thesis, have been forced to reappraise the basic factors in American social and political history. At least to that extent they were influenced by Turner.
Regression of Atherosclerosis: The Journey From the Liver to the Plaque and Back

Cardinal events in atherogenesis are the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall and the reaction of macrophages to these particles. My laboratory has been interested in both the cell biological events producing apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, as well as in the reversal of the damage they cause in the plaques formed in the arterial wall. In the 2013 George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture, as summarized in this review, I covered 3 areas of my past, present, and future interests, namely, the regulation of hepatic very low density lipoprotein production by the degradation of apolipoprotein B100, the dynamic changes in macrophages in the regression of atherosclerosis, and the application of nanoparticles to both image and treat atherosclerotic plaques.
Cardiovascular Effects of Anesthetics, Sedatives, Postoperative Analgesic Agents, and Other Pharmaceuticals

Researchers using animal models must be aware that many of the drugs necessary to provide humane use and care have adverse affects on the cardiovascular system. The use of these agents is absolutely necessary and unavoidable but informed choices can be made to minimize these affects.
Control Theory, Modal Logic and Games

We consider a class of discrete systems, with specifications stated in a certain modal temporal language (chosen for simplicity). We show that if the regulator can in some way guarantee satisfaction of a specification, then it can do so acting as a deterministic finite automaton, and we can effectively find an appropriate automaton, or determine that there is none. Our result is not really new. It (and similar results for more expressive languages) can be obtained easily from a result of Landweber and Bfichi on “regular” games, together with the fact that our language gives rise to games of this sort (see the excellent surveys [T] and [E]). We use a result of Gurevich and Harrington [G-H] to show the existence of appropriate automata. The actual construction is explicit. The set of states is determined through elementary considerations of which partial records might be useful to the regulator.
Waning Tdap Effectiveness in Adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Because the effectiveness of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine wanes substantially after the fifth dose at ages 4 to 6 years, there is a growing cohort of adolescents who rely on tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) for protection against pertussis. Yet despite high Tdap vaccine coverage among adolescents, California experienced large pertussis outbreaks in 2010 and 2014. We investigated Tdap vaccine effectiveness (VE) and waning within Kaiser Permanente Northern California among adolescents exclusively vaccinated with DTaP vaccines. METHODS: We modeled pertussis risk in relation to Tdap vaccination status among adolescents beginning on their 10th birthday. We estimated the hazard ratio (HR) for each subsequent year after Tdap compared with unvaccinated adolescents by using Cox regression, adjusting for calendar time, age, gender, race, and facility. We calculated VE as 1 − HR. We also treated time since Tdap vaccination as a continuous variable and estimated the change in the HR per 1-year increase since vaccination. RESULTS: On the basis of 1207 pertussis cases, Tdap VE during the first year after vaccination was 68.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 59.7% to 75.9%), decreasing to 8.9% (95% CI –30.6% to 36.4%) by ≥4 years after vaccination. Adolescents who were more remote from Tdap were significantly more likely to test positive for pertussis than were those vaccinated more recently (HR per year 1.35, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.50). CONCLUSIONS: Routine Tdap did not prevent pertussis outbreaks. Among adolescents who have only received DTaP vaccines in childhood, Tdap provided moderate protection against pertussis during the first year and then waned rapidly so that litle protection remained 2-3 years after vaccination..
Review and Comparison of the Search Effectiveness and User Interface of Three Major Online Chemical Databases

Online chemical databases are the largest source of chemical information and, therefore, the main resource for retrieving results from published journals, books, patents, conference abstracts, and other relevant sources. Various commercial, as well as free, chemical databases are available. SciFinder, Reaxys, and Web of Science are three major chemical databases that contain extensive search options. Herein, we review these three databases for their search effectiveness and interface. This comparison will be useful to the undergraduates, graduates, nonchemistry majors, researchers, and new librarians.
Globalizing the U.S. Undergraduate Experience: A Case Study of the Benefits of an International Agriculture Field-Based Course 1

Globalizing the undergraduate experience is increasingly important. Students need opportunities to understand culture, improve language skills, learn about international markets, and possess a contextual awareness of international communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the benefits to students who participated in an international course. The objectives were to evaluate the transferability of a modified rapid appraisal process used to analyze rural communities, to identify the international agriculture content students learned and describe cultural understandings gained by students enrolled in an internationally focused course. The results indicated that students gained knowledge of tropical agricultural production systems, cultural appreciation, and students effectively used rapid appraisal methods to collect data from local farmers. Rapid appraisal techniques are effective methods to promote active student learning. Students reported that they could transfer the needs assessment strategies, learned through applying rapid appraisal techniques, to their communities in Montana. Universities can use this case to improve international learning opportunities for students across colleges of agriculture.
The oecology of thicket formation

A consideration of all forms of thickets, from arctic tundra to alpine shrub, from temperate mâquis to tropic jungle, leads to the conclusion that among the numerous climatic and edaphic factors which are characteristic of thicket areas of large extent, only one is common to all, and that one is responsible for the dwarfing of thicket plants, and for the compact grouping and uniform height of the thicket association. The responsible factor is a desiccating wind. It dwarfs the scrub oaks and pines on the plains of New Jersey, as it does the Clusia trees on Caribbean mountains, and gives to the association the uniform height which is so characteristic of extensive thickets the world over.
Effect of Hydrogen on Fatigue Properties of High Strength Steel 42CrMoVNb

The influence of hydrogen on very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steels 42CrMoVNb was investigated by means of pre-charging hydrogen,a thermal desorption spectrometry(TDS)analysis and ultra-sonic fatigue test.The results show that in contrast with the tempered specimens of 500℃,a large amount of(V,X)C precipitates,which are less than 18nm and maintaining coherent relationship with matrix form in the tempered specimens of 600 ℃.The diffusion and distribution of hydrogen in specimens is affected by(V,X)C precipitates obviously,and the negative influence of hydrogen on very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steels is reduced by using the hydrogen trapping technology of(V,X)C precipitates.
ER Calcium Levels Help Regulate K(ATP) Channel Trafficking to the Plasma Membrane of Pancreatic Beta Cells

The closing of beta cell K(ATP) channels acutely triggers glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, the trafficking of K(ATP) channels to the beta cell plasma membrane has recently been shown to regulate beta cell secretory function over a longer time course, and changes in the number of K(ATP) channels can help set islet glucose sensitivity. To test whether endoplasmic reticulum free calcium level helps control K(ATP) trafficking to the cell surface, insulin-secreting INS-1 cells were treated for 16-18 h. with either palmitate (PALM; 250 µM), the SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin (TG; 200 nM) or tunicamycin (TM; 10 µg/ml); these treatments alter ER Ca. INS-1 membrane fractions were immunoblotted for SUR1, a K(ATP) channel subunit, Glucose Transporter 2 (GLUT2) or Kv2.1 channels. Isolated islets were transfected with the ER Ca sensor D4ER to monitor ER Ca, and basal ER Ca levels were expressed as FRET ratios. TM-treated cells had low levels of glycosylated SUR1 and GLUT2 on their surface membranes whereas the trafficking of Kv2.1 was unaffected. PALM or TG treatment also reduced surface K(ATP), albeit more modestly. To test if ER Ca was reduced due to Ca egress through ER IP3 receptors, we treated cells with xestospongin C (XeC) to inhibit IP3Rs. XeC prevented ER Ca reduction due to TG treatment and increased K(ATP) trafficking. Furthermore, TM or TG treated islets were more glucose sensitive. These data suggest that ER Ca contributes to the control of SUR1 trafficking to the cell surface and/or ER protein processing. Dynamic regulation of surface K(ATP) by ER Ca may provide a novel negative feedback mechanism to regulate beta cell Ca2+ influx.
DNA Saline Solutions Near Surfaces

DNA hybridization occurs with different equilibrium constants and kinetics when near surfaces as opposed to in homogeneous saline solution. Thus melting temperatures are shifted by the presence of a surface. Much effort has gone into understanding DNA in homogeneous solution. The goal of this article is to review the current molecular picture of DNA in salt solution near surfaces which is consistent with known experimental thermodynamic and kinetic data. Calculations with simple models have been used in an attempt to make the most direct possible comparisons with recent structural and biological/biochemical experiments. In particular this research is of relevance to microarray technologies where nucleic acid probes are immobilized on surfaces and duplexes are formed with target strands in solution. We present an overview of the experiments, recent theories and computer simulations relevant to DNA on surfaces.
Chilean Social Movements and Party Politics in Comparative Perspective: Conceptualizing Latin America’s “Third Generation” of Anti-Neoliberal Protest

This chapter argues that Chile’s contemporary protest cycle—a paradigmatic case of Polanyian resistance to market insecurities and inequalities—is the lead edge of a “third wave” of anti-neoliberal social protest in Latin America. Whereas the first two waves were primarily defensive responses by social actors to economic crises, austerity measures, and structural adjustment policies, third-wave protests pressed claims for expanded social citizenship rights in contexts of advanced liberalization. In so doing, they took aim at the social pillars of the neoliberal model, such as the education system. These waves of protest are heavily conditioned by party system alignments around the process of market liberalization, which largely determine whether established parties are capable of channeling societal dissent from market orthodoxy.
Exciting localized modes in polar epsilon-near-zero materials

We design, fabricate and characterize nanoantennas on epsilon-near-zero polar thin films. Reflection measurements and simulations indicate a localized mode at 11.2 μm that has a strong electric field in the AlN epsilon-near-zero film.
Abstract TP48: Prediction of Neurologic Outcome after Ischemic Stroke with Volumetric Measurements on CT and MRI

Background: CT perfusion (CTP) and MR diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) interpretation is typically qualitative. Manual quantitative volumetric measurement is too labor-intensive to be practical in ...
Cylindrically Guided Waves in a Transversely Isotropic Shaft

The propagation of a longitudinal wave in an isotropic cylinder has been used in the inspections of pumps and shafts of a nuclear power plant [1]. An ultrasonic technique called the “cylindrically guided wave technique” (CGWT) has been developed that can detect simulated circumferential defects through long metal paths in metallic materials being used for bolts and studs [1]. In the recent development of the sizing process for the cylindrically guided wave technique, the wave scattering at the circumferential crack can be formulated in terms of the guided cylindrical waves which mathematically result from the cylinder frequency equation. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the cylinder frequency equation is in order in the sizing process for bolt and pump-shaft inspections.
Nuclear Transport and Accumulation of Smad Proteins Studied by Single-Molecule Microscopy.

Nuclear translocation of stimulated Smad heterocomplexes is a critical step in the signal transduction of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) from transmembrane receptors into the nucleus. Specifically, normal nuclear accumulation of Smad2/Smad4 heterocomplexes induced by TGF-β1 is involved in carcinogenesis. However, the relationship between nuclear accumulation and the nucleocytoplasmic transport kinetics of Smad proteins in the presence of TGF-β1 remains obscure. By combining a high-speed single-molecule tracking microscopy and Forster resonance energy transfer technique, we tracked the entire TGF-β1-induced process of Smad2/Smad4 heterocomplex formation, as well as their transport through nuclear pore complexes in live cells, with a high single-molecule localization precision of 2 ms and <20 nm. Our single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer data have revealed that in TGF-β1-treated cells, Smad2/Smad4 heterocomplexes formed in the cytoplasm, imported through the nuclear pore complexes as entireties, and finally dissociated in the nucleus. Moreover, we found that basal-state Smad2 or Smad4 cannot accumulate in the nucleus without the presence of TGF-β1, mainly because both of them have an approximately twofold higher nuclear export efficiency compared to their nuclear import. Remarkably and reversely, heterocomplexes of Smad2/Smad4 induced by TGF-β1 can rapidly concentrate in the nucleus because of their almost fourfold higher nuclear import rate in comparison with their nuclear export rate. Thus, we believe that the determined TGF-β1-dependent transport configurations and efficiencies for the basal-state Smad or stimulated Smad heterocomplexes elucidate the basic molecular mechanism to understand their nuclear transport and accumulation.
Interactions Between Bacteriophage DinoHI and a Network of Integrated Elements Which Control Virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus, the Causative Agent of Ovine Footrot

The anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus is the principal causative agent of ovine footrot, a mixed bacterial infection of the hoof. Although the bacterium only survives for a few days in soil, this period is crucial for transmission of the disease as sheep are infected by walking through soil or pasture contaminated with infectious bacteria. The D. nodosus genome is only 1.3Mb in size and has a dearth of genes encoding regulatory proteins. A series of genetic elements which integrate into the genome has been identified and we have proposed that these integrated genetic elements control the expression of adjacent genes encoding global regulators of virulence. The intA, intB, intC and intD elements integrate next to csrA or pnpA while the vrl integrates next to ssrA. CsrA, PnpA and the ssrA gene product, a 10SaRNA, have been shown to act as global virulence regulators in other bacteria. We have also identified a bacteriophage, DinoHI, which is integrated into the genome of some D. nodosus strains. Sequence analyses suggest that there are many possible interactions between these integrated genetic elements. The vrl contains a copy of the DinoHI packaging site, indicating that the vrl may be transferred between strains by the bacteriophage. DinoHI and the intB element have a common repressor gene, suggesting that maintenance of the integrated state of these two genetic elements is co-ordinately controlled. Similarly, a DNA segment resembling the bacteriophage P4 immunity region is present on the intA, intC and intD elements and may be responsible for maintaining these three genetic elements in the integrated state. The features of the intD element suggest that it is self-transmissible and also capable of mobilising the intA element. Exchange of sequences between these genetic elements may also occur. We discuss here evidence for a network of interactions between these genetic elements with implications for the control of virulence in D. nodosus.
Endothelin Receptor-A (ETa) Inhibition Fails to Improve Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats

Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is an important cause of mortality and disability in newborns. It is a result of insufficient oxygen and glucose circulation to the brain, initiating long-term cerebral damage and cell death. Emerging evidence suggests that endothelin receptor-A (ETA) activation can play an important role in mediating brain damage. In this study, we investigated the role of ETA receptor inhibition using ABT-627 in neonatal HI injured rats. Postnatal day 10 Sprague-Dawley rat pups (n = 91) were assigned to the following groups: sham (n = 28), HI (vehicle, n = 32), and HI with ABT-627 at 3 mg/kg (n = 31). The Rice-Vannucci model was used to induce ischemia by ligating the right common carotid artery, followed by a 2 h hypoxic episode using 8% oxygen in a 37°C chamber. Postoperative assessment was conducted at 48 h after injury and again at 4 weeks. At the acute time point, investigative markers included cerebral edema, infarction volume, and body weight change. Neurobehavioral testing was measured at 4 weeks post-injury. Our findings indicated that ABT-627 had no effect on the measured parameters. This study suggests that ETA receptor blockade using ABT-627 post-treatment fails to improve neurological outcomes in neonatal HI injured rats.
If the Lord Is Willing and the Creek Don't Rise: Religious Attendance and Disaster Recovery in the Deep South*

Objective This article examines the association between religious attendance and disaster recovery in Mississippi and Alabama. Methods We use ordinary least squares regression to determine the effect of sociodemographic variables, social network size, and religious attendance on one's self‐described level of disaster recovery. Results We find a robust association between frequent religious attendance and a greater level of recovery. Somewhat surprisingly, we also find a strong relationship between religious nonattendance and a greater level of recovery. However, these results differ by race. For whites (but not for blacks), nonattendance is associated with a greater degree of recovery, while for blacks (but not for whites), frequent attendance is correlated with a greater degree of recovery. For both whites and blacks, the size of one's social network does not affect disaster recovery. Conclusion While according to previous research, religious attendance is associated with benefits based upon social networks and community engagement, we find that those who are strongly connected to their religious organizations recover more, but it is not directly connected to one's social network size.
A Pilot Study to Assess Effects of Long-Term Inhalation of Airborne Particulate Matter on Early Alzheimer-like Changes in the Mouse Brain

Exposure to air pollutants, including particulate matter, results in activation of the brain inflammatory response and Alzheimer disease (AD)-like pathology in dogs and humans. However, the length of time required for inhalation of ambient particulate matter to influence brain inflammation and AD pathology is less clear. Here, we studied the effect of 3 and 9 months of air particulate matter (<2.5 μm diameter, PM2.5) exposure on brain inflammatory phenotype and pathological hallmarks of AD in C57BL/6 mice. Using western blot, ELISA, and cytokine array analysis we quantified brain APP, beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE), oligomeric protein, total Aβ 1–40 and Aβ 1–42 levels, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine-modified proteins, HNE-Michael adducts, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), glial markers (GFAP, Iba-1), pre- and post- synaptic markers (synaptophysin and PSD-95), cyclooxygenase (COX-1, COX-2) levels, and the cytokine profile in PM2.5 exposed and filtered air control mice. Only 9 month PM2.5 exposure increased BACE protein levels, APP processing, and Aβ 1–40 levels. This correlated with a concomitant increase in COX-1 and COX-2 protein levels and a modest alteration in the cytokine profile. These data support the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to airborne particulate matter has the potential to alter brain inflammatory phenotype and promote development of early AD-like pathology.