cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moody kids years later: Long-term outcomes of youth from the Omega-3 and therapy (OATS) studies.

Abstract Background This naturalistic follow-up study examines outcomes for youth with depression (n = 25) or subsyndromal bipolar disorder (n = 13) 2–5 years after participation in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of omega-3 fatty acids (Ω3), individual family psychoeducational psychotherapy (IF-PEP), and their combination Methods Forty percent (38/95) of RCT families completed a follow-up assessment Results Relapse rates and conversion to bipolar disorder were consistent with published literature. Original treatment assignment did not impact current functioning. Overall, participants’ mood severity, executive functioning, and global functioning continued to be better than at RCT baseline. Depressive symptoms increased significantly from end of RCT. Manic symptom severity, executive functioning, and global functioning remained comparable to end of RCT. The majority of parents and youth reported improved youth emotion regulation skills and family communication. They considered study participation beneficial, with increased understanding of mood disorders being the top reason. Half of youth commenced or continued Ω3 and 58% commenced or continued psychotherapy post-RCT, suggesting some degree of consumer satisfaction; these youth had lower depression severity than other participants. Limitations Only 40% returned to this naturalistic follow-up; they were less likely to have an African-American parent, were of higher income, and youth were more symptomatic at end of RCT than those who did not return Conclusions Improvement from RCT baseline continued although depressive symptom severity increased from end of RCT to follow-up. Meaningful improvements in youth and family functioning persisted 2–5 years later. Interventions that prevent relapse or conversion to BPSD are still needed for these vulnerable populations.
Rhombohedral distortion and percolation phenomena in B-site substituted perovskite ferroelectrics with enhanced piezoelectric response

High-energy x-ray diffraction coupled with atomic pair distribution analysis and large-scale computer simulations are used to study the relationship between the local structure and piezoelectric response of an exemplary ferroelectric from the $\mathrm{BaTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ family where Ti is partially replaced by nonferroelectric Ce. Our results indicate that, likely, the increase in the piezoelectric response observed for Ce concentration 10% is due to an increased local rhombohedral distortion of the perovskite lattice. Despite a further increase in the distortion, the piezoelectric response for Ce concentration g10% decays quickly, likely because of rapidly increasing nonuniform strain fields due to the size mismatch between Ti- and Ce-centered octahedra and loss of electric dipoles due to the nonferroactivity of the latter. Thus, the transition between the observed two regimes of piezoelectric response does not appear to involve a crossing of a morphotropic phase boundary where the crystallographic symmetry changes abruptly but is likely to be percolative in nature. A similar behavior, referred to as tricritical phenomenon, is observed with other B-site substituted ferroelectrics from the $\mathrm{BaTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ family, indicating the presence of a common structural origin. Our results highlight the importance of chemical substitution-driven rhombohedral distortions in achieving control over the piezoelectric response of perovskite ferroelectrics, thereby providing a different perspective on the ongoing effort to improve their performance in practical applications.
Culture-Dependent Assimilation and Differentiation of the Self

In two studies, we investigate how differences in self-construal patterns affect preferences for consumption symbols through the process of self-expression. The results of Study 1 demonstrate that individuals with a dominant independent self-construal bold attitudes that allow them to express that they are distinct from others. In contrast, individuals with a dominant interdependent self-construal are more likely to hold attitudes that demonstrate points of similarity with their peers. Study 2 provides additional evidence for the mechanism presumed to underlie the results by identifying differential schematic processes as the driver of expressed preferences. We find that differential levels of recall for similar and distinct items exist across culturally-encouraged selves, documenting higher recall for schema-inconsistent information. We discuss the results and encourage future research that expands the framework to group decisions and social preferences.
A Computational Approach to Walt Whitman's Stylistic Changes in Leaves of Grass.

This study analyzes Walt Whitman's stylistic changes in his phenomenal work Leaves of Grass from a computational perspective and relates findings to standard literary criticism on Whitman. The corpus consists of all 7 editions of Leaves of Grass, ranging from the earliest 1855 edition to the 1891-92 "deathbed" edition. Starting from counting word frequencies, the simplest stylometry technique, we find consistent shifts in word choice. Macro-etymological analysis reveals Whitman's increasing preference for words of specific origins, which is correlated to the increasing lexical complexity in Leaves of Grass. Principal component analysis, an unsupervised learning algorithm, reduces the dimensionality of tf-idf vectors to 2 dimensions, providing a straightforward view of stylistic changes. Finally, sentiment analysis shows the evolution of Whitman's emotional state throughout his writing career.
SPECIAL MEDICAL SERVICE IN THE DEFENSE PROGRAM

Excerpt The effects of war or preparation for defense have always posed special service problems for medical men, for wherever the armies of the many warring Nations have fought there also the sold...
Development of protease activated interleukin-12 cytokine fusion proteins for tumor immunotherapy (TUM7P.946)

Local expression of IL-12 in the tumor microenvironment results in greatly enhanced anti-tumor responses. However, achieving local expression of cytokines at disseminated sites is challenging and systemic delivery has significant toxicity. We describe a novel approach employing an activatable fusion protein (FP) to reduce the negative side-effects of systemic delivery of the cytokine but which can preferentially affect all tumor sites. This FP consists of a cytokine linked to an inhibitory single chain antibody fragment (scFv) separated by a specific protease cleavage sequence. Importantly, the scFv does not bind to the tumor but rather binds to the cytokine keeping it inactive. However, at the tumor site, the FP can be cleaved by proteases such as Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that are over-expressed at tumor sites. This cleavage allows the release of the cytokine from the scFv and its binding to higher affinity receptors on immune cells. We will present data on the construction, expression, and characterization of a panel of murine and human IL-12 FPs. Using phage display, we have identified a panel of 15 scFv that bind to epitopes of murine IL-12 on either the P35 or P40 subunit as well as scFv that bind to human IL-12. Functional and biochemical data on baculovirus expressed IL-12 FPs will be presented. This strategy has the potential to reduce the negative side effects associated with systemic delivery of constitutively active cytokines yet retain their efficacy.
Design and modeling of graded bandgap amorphous silicon-germanium solar cells fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Graded bandgap p-i-n diode solar cells are fabricated with a-(Si,Ge):H deposited by triode PECVD. These cells are optimized for low energy photon absorption, and are suitable for the bottom cell of a tandem cell structure. Initially, a series of a-(Si,Ge):H films with a wide range of germanium contents were grown to determine the alloyed material quality. The techniques used to characterize the material include electrical and optical measurements, as well as EDS, TEM and SEM analysis. Reproducibly high quality films were deposited using low chamber pressures (~20mTorr), high levels of hydrogen dilution, substrate temperatures around 300 °C, and a negative substrate bias. The variation in material characteristics with germanium content is reported including darkand photoconductivity, subgap absorption, Tauc gap and activation energy. A series of constant bandgap devices were also fabricated to determine the hole transport parameters, as well as the Urbach energy. A new computer model for the internal electric fields is used to analyze the device results. The model determines the quantum efficiency from the internal electric field profile and the hole ti'ansport parameters. The hole mobility lifetime product ([Xt) has not been well characterized in a-(Si,Ge):H, and is quantified for the first time here using the computer model. The
Hybrid Vigor: Mashups, Cyborgs, and Other Necessary Monsters

Does remix matter? This brief comment addresses the critique of importance, arguing that remix culture as well as the popular/mass culture from which it springs are of vital importance to human flourishing, invoking Donna Haraway's concept of the cyborg to investigate the fluidity, dynamism, and monstrousness of remixes and remixers.
Comparison of Muscle Patterning in the Overarm Throw and Tennis Serve

Abstract The muscular patterning of three skilled throwers who were less skilled servers, three skilled servers who were less skilled throwers, and three individuals skilled in both sport skills, was studied by means of electromyography and tri-plane cinematography during performances of the throw and serve. Surface electrodes were used to record electrical activity from two trunk, four shoulder girdle, and four shoulder joint muscles. Regardless of skill level, the nine female subjects used common joint and segment movements and employed, with minor exceptions, the same number of muscles during late preparatory and force production phases in the two skills. However, for the two skills, there were differences in the duration during which the muscles were active. The serve took longer to perform and involved a different sequential coordination of muscular activity than did the throw. Differences in muscle patterning between the two skills were greater during the force production phase in individuals judged...
A New Combinatorial Approach for Sparse Graph Problems

We give a new combinatorial data structure for representing arbitrary Boolean matrices. After a short preprocessing phase, the data structure can perform fast vector multiplications with a given matrix, where the runtime depends on the sparsity of the input vector. The data structure can also return minimum witnessesfor the matrix-vector product. Our approach is simple and implementable: the data structure works by precomputing small problems and recombining them in a novel way. It can be easily plugged into existing algorithms, achieving an asymptotic speedup over previous results. As a consequence, we achieve new running time bounds for computing the transitive closure of a graph, all pairs shortest paths on unweighted undirected graphs, and finding a maximum node-weighted triangle. Furthermore, any asymptotic improvement on our algorithms would imply a o(n3/log2n) combinatorial algorithm for Boolean matrix multiplication, a longstanding open problem in the area. We also use the data structure to give the first asymptotic improvement over O(mn) for all pairs least common ancestors on directed acyclic graphs.
Mu Opioid Receptor Mediated Analgesia and Reward

Agonists acting at the mu-opioid receptor (MOP-R) have two important functions related to motivational systems: (i) to suppress pain and (ii) to promote reward seeking. Their most important clinical application is for pain relief. In fact, MOP-R agonists are the most powerful analgesic agents currently available. The unparalleled therapeutic efficacy of MOP-R agonists undoubtedly results from the fact that they have several pain-inhibitory actions. They directly inhibit pain transmitting neurons in the periphery and central nervous system. They also act on descending pain modulatory circuits that control spinal cord pain transmission. In addition, MOP-R agonists produce powerful positive motivational effects. These effects are mediated by a circuit that includes dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain ventral tegmental area and their connections to limbic forebrain regions including sub-cortical areas such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Because MOP-R agonists produce robust positive reinforcement, their repeated use can lead to addiction, which limits their use as analgesics. In this chapter, I will outline the actions of MOP-R agonists on the neural systems that transmit and modulate pain and at the central nervous system sites that underlie analgesia and reward.
The Spirits are Crying: Dispossessing Land and Possessing Bodies in Rural Cambodia

In 2009, a land spirit disrupted plantation development within a contested Economic Land Concession in Cambodia. The spirit, along with efforts of a monk and NGO, ultimately persuaded state officials to return 5 ha of land to the local temple. In this paper, we bring together literature on the anthropology of religion, political economy of land possession, and critical development studies; we demonstrate that land spirits continue as members of political patronage chains at both the state and the local level, and show how the non-capitalist logics of spirit negotiations both challenged and legitimized large-scale land acquisition projects. The spirit was not subsumed by, but rather shaped, contemporary capitalist expansion in ways that call for a critical examination of the ontological certainty that all land is designed for human production and consumption.
Disaster, Catastrophe, and Local Persistence of the Sea Palm Postelsia palmaeformis

Two components of natural disturbance, its local intensity and frequency beyond a threshold level, limit a marine benthic alga to wave-swept shores. Transplant experiments indicate that the limited distribution is not due to physiological restriction. Instead, it requires predictable annual disturbance of moderate intensity for local persistence.
Surgical implications of B-RafV600E mutation in fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules

Abstract Background Management of patients with thyroid nodules is based on establishing an accurate diagnosis; however, differentiating benign from malignant lesions preoperatively is not always possible using current cytological techniques. Novel molecular testing on cytological material could lead to clearer treatment algorithms. B-Raf V600E mutation is the most common genetic alteration in thyroid cancer, specifically found in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and usually reported to be associated with aggressive disease. Data source A literature search using PubMed identified all the pertinent literature on the identification and utilization of the B-Raf V600E mutation in thyroid cancer. Conclusions The utility of using B-Raf mutation testing for nodules with indeterminate cytology is limited since many of those nodules (benign and malignant) do not harbor B-Raf mutations. However, when the pathologist sees cytological features suspicious for PTC, B-Raf V600E mutation analysis may enhance the assessment of preoperative risks for PTC, directing a more aggressive initial surgical management when appropriate.
A multi-frequency electromagnetic image system

This paper discusses the development of a digital, multi-frequency electromagnetic image system. The system is based on the induction principle for subsurface imaging near a sewage pipe. This system features a broadband operation and can transmit sinusoidal in a frequency range of 1.25 KHz to 10KHz. A microprocessor is used for all controls and computations for both the transmitter and receiver circuits. Synchronous sampling is used for digitization in order to compute the phase as well as the amplitude of the receiving signal. The system operates in the frequency domain and both the phase and amplitude information can be computed through a digital signal-processing algorithm. Results from testing indicate that the multi-frequency electromagnetic sensor is an improvement over conventional single-frequency sensors in detecting missing manholes and general subsurface conductivity imaging.
Microprocessors simplify humidity measurements

Wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermistors are interfaced directly with a microprocessor without the need for a separate A/D converter or other complex analog signal conditioning circuitry to provide a simple and reliable yet flexible and cost-effective approach to measuring humidity. Two such circuits are described along with the digital signal processing algorithms that help extend the range and linearize the response of the sensors. With the first approach, the thermistors become part of a dual resistor-controlled-oscillator circuit; oscillator frequencies are mapped into dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. For the second approach, the thermistors reside in a pulsewidth-modulation circuit; pulsewidths are mapped into dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. The transfer function and sensitivity coefficients for each circuit are calculated. Overall measurement system accuracy is limited by the uncertainties in the wet-bulb and dry-bulb sensors and not by thermal drift, component aging, variations in power supply voltages, or nonlinearities in other circuit components.
Governmental Suasion: Refocusing the Lowi Policy Typology

This paper argues that suasion should receive direct attention from political scientists who study public policy. Building on the work of Theodore Lowi and others, it is suggested that understanding politics as the result of the applicability of coercion misses important aspects of governmental activities. Suasion, unlike coercion, brings about certain forms of politics that are unique, quite unlike coercively based policies. Specifically, the author explores the advent of public health to discover how suasive policies affect politics. Above this race of men stands an immense and tutelary power, which takes upon itself alone to secure their gratifications, and to watch over their fate. That power is absolute, minute, regular, provident and mild.
Astroglial Acid-Base Dynamics in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Global Ischemia

Abstract LASCOLA, C. AND R.P. KRAIG. Astroglial acid-base dynamics in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic global ischemia. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21 [2] 143–150, 1997.—Biochemical, histological, and physiological evidence suggest strongly that astrocytes may either defend or damage brain tissue, depending on the brain carbohydrate content preceding global ischemia 28 , 43 . This paper will first review the concept of acidosis in ischemia and the possible role of severe, compartmentalized astrocytic acidosis in pan necrosis. Results are then presented demonstrating that astrocytes are also capable of maintaining an alkaline intracellular pH (pHi) during normoglycemic global ischemia. Mechanisms underlying depolarization-dependent astroglial alkalosis are then reviewed. Recent experiments indicate that bicarbonate (HCO3−) transport is a major mechanism by which astroglia not only alkalinize their interior but also acidify the interstitium. Maintenance of alkalosis during normoglycemic ischemia supports the hypothesis that astroglial HCO3− transport might ultimately protect neurons from excitotoxicity in ischemia without infarction [17] . Inhibition of astroglial HCO3− transport may be a critical and requisite event, ultimately leading to compartmentalized astroglial acidosis and irreversible injury to all cell types. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Multiplicity, uniqueness and stability for an exothermic reaction in a non-adiabatic bubble column reactor

Abstract An analysis of mass and energy balances describing the dynamic behavior of a non-adiabatic bubble column reactor in which a fast pseudo-first-order reaction is occurring is performed. Methods of investigation of the exact bounds of the regions of unique and multiple steady states are described. The system is also analyzed for stability. Effects of various parameters on multiplicity, uniqueness and stability are calculated numerically and represented graphically. Theoretical predictions of dynamic behavior are verified numerically.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of women: a 22-year longitudinal study.

Importance Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, debilitating mental disorder that has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and its risk factors, including obesity, in cross-sectional studies. If PTSD increases risk of incident T2D, enhanced surveillance in high-risk populations may be warranted. Objective To conduct one of the first longitudinal studies of PTSD and incidence of T2D in a civilian sample of women. Design, Setting, and Participants The Nurses’ Health Study II, a US longitudinal cohort of women (N = 49 739). We examined the association between PTSD symptoms and T2D incidence over a 22-year follow-up period. Main Outcomes and Measures Type 2 diabetes, self-reported and confirmed with self-report of diagnostic test results, symptoms, and medications, a method previously validated by physician medical record review. Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed by the Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV PTSD. We examined longitudinal assessments of body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, diet quality, physical activity, and antidepressant use as mediators of possible increased risk of T2D for women with PTSD. The study hypothesis was formulated prior to PTSD ascertainment. Results Symptoms of PTSD were associated in a dose-response fashion with T2D incidence (1-3 symptoms: hazard ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.2-1.6]; 4 or 5 symptoms; hazard ratio, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.3-1.7]; 6 or 7 symptoms: hazard ratio, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5-2.1]). Antidepressant use and a higher body mass index associated with PTSD accounted for nearly half of the increased risk of T2D for women with PTSD. Smoking, diet quality, alcohol intake, and physical activity did not further account for increased risk of T2D for women with PTSD. Conclusions and Relevance Women with the highest number of PTSD symptoms had a nearly 2-fold increased risk of T2D over follow-up than women with no trauma exposure. Health professionals treating women with PTSD should be aware that these patients are at risk of increased body mass index and T2D. Comprehensive PTSD treatment should be expanded to address the health behaviors that contribute to obesity and chronic disease in affected populations.
The changing face of AA amyloidosis: a single center experience

Abstract: With improved antimicrobial and immunosuppressive therapies and diagnostic techniques for AA, cases are being identified with atypical or unknown causes of inflammation. We performed a re...
PRACTICAL CONVERGENCE CONDITIONS FOR UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION

Convergence properties of descent methods are investigated for the case where the usual requirement that an exact line search be performed at each iteration is relaxed. The error at each iteration is measured by the relative decrease in the directional derivative in the search direction. The objective function is assumed to have continuous second derivatives and the eigenvalues of the Hessian are assumed to be bounded above and below by positive constants. Sufficient conditions are given for establishing that a method converges, or that a method converges at a linear rate. These results are used to prove that the order of convergence for a specific conjugate gradient method is linear, provided the error at each iteration is suitably restricted.
Secure architecture for extensible mobile internet transport services (SAFEMITS) design and testing

The purpose of this research was to design and implement the functional requirements of three important distributed services in a secure mobile ad-hoc network. The three distributed services are described: lookup services, adaptation services and composition services. Further, research was required to implement security at various layers to enhance the overall security of the SAFEMITS network. This required an extensive analysis of the security features of lookup server which functions as the controller of the mobile ad hoc network. Finally a technique was designed to select a super node, and a performance test was performed using both the Windows and Linux operating systems.
High profit equilibria in directed search models

Abstract We consider a model of directed search where the sellers are allowed to post mechanisms with entry fees. Regardless of the number of buyers and sellers, the sellers are able to extract all the surplus of the buyers by introducing entry fees and making price schedules positively sloped in the number of buyers arriving to their shops. This is in contrast to results that are achieved for large markets under the assumption that sellers cannot influence the utility of any particular buyer (market utility assumption), in which case buyers obtain strictly positive rents. If there is a bound on the prices or on the entry fees that can be charged, then the equilibrium with full rent extraction does not exist any more, and the market utility assumption is restored for large markets.
Vertical gradient freezing of doped gallium–antimonide semiconductor crystals using submerged heater growth and electromagnetic stirring

Abstract An investigation of the melt growth of uniformly doped gallium–antimonide (GaSb) semiconductor crystals as well as other III–V alloy crystals with uniform composition are underway at the US Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom Air Force Base by the vertical gradient freeze (VGF) method utilizing a submerged heater. Stirring can be induced in the GaSb melt just above the crystal growth interface by applying a small radial electric current in the liquid together with an axial magnetic field. The transport of any dopant and/or alloy component by the stirring can promote better melt homogeneity and allow for more rapid growth rates before the onset of constitutional supercooling. This paper presents a numerical model for the unsteady transport of a dopant during the VGF process by submerged heater growth with a steady axial magnetic field and a steady radial electric current. As the strength of the electromagnetic (EM) stirring increases, the convective dopant transport increases, the dopant transport in the melt reaches a steady state at an earlier time during growth, and the top of the crystal which has solidified after a steady state has been achieved exhibits axial dopant homogeneity. For crystal growth with stronger EM stirring, the crystal exhibits less radial segregation and the axially homogeneous section of the crystal is longer. Dopant distributions in the crystal and in the melt at several different stages during growth are presented.
Imaging the response of the retina to electrical stimulation with genetically encoded calcium indicators

Epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to stimulate surviving retinal neurons, thus bypassing the diseased photoreceptor layer. Single-unit or multielectrode recordings from isolated animal retina are commonly used to inform the design of these implants. However, such electrical recordings provide limited information about the spatial patterns of retinal activation. Calcium imaging overcomes this limitation, as imaging enables high spatial resolution mapping of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) activity as well as simultaneous recording from hundreds of RGCs. Prior experiments in amphibian retina have demonstrated proof of principle, yet experiments in mammalian retina have been hindered by the inability to load calcium indicators into mature mammalian RGCs. Here, we report a method for labeling the majority of ganglion cells in adult rat retina with genetically encoded calcium indicators, specifically GCaMP3 and GCaMP5G. Intravitreal injection of an adeno-associated viral vector targets ∼85% of ganglion cells with high specificity. Because of the large fluorescence signals provided by the GCaMP sensors, we can now for the first time visualize the response of the retina to electrical stimulation in real-time. Imaging transduced retinas mounted on multielectrode arrays reveals how stimulus pulse shape can dramatically affect the spatial extent of RGC activation, which has clear implications in prosthetic applications. Our method can be easily adapted to work with other fluorescent indicator proteins in both wild-type and transgenic mammals.
Increases in the cat's sensitivity to electrical brain stimulation.

Abstract Sixty-three min or zero min of ESB was applied to two groups of cats through indwelling electrodes in the inferior colliculus. All animals were then trained to make an avoidance response with presentations of a 10 sec train of ESB serving as a conditioned stimulus. After reaching criterion on the conditioning task a psychophysical procedure was employed to track the 75 per cent detection threshold for ESB over several days. Those animals which had received ESB prior to training showed a stable threshold over test days. Animals which had not received the pretraining treatment showed a trend that was significantly different—a decline in threshold over test days. The data suggest that the observed differences in threshold reflected a change in sensitivity of the neural tissue as a result of the amount of time that the stimulating current had been applied to the tissue. An additional hypothesis concerning stimulation-bound behavior was described.
Efficient and precise dynamic impact analysis using execute-after sequences

As software evolves, impact analysis estimates the potential effects of changes, before or after they are made, by identifying which parts of the software may be affected by such changes. Traditional impact-analysis techniques are based on static analysis and, due to their conservative assumptions, tend to identify most of the software as affected by the changes. More recently, researchers have begun to investigate dynamic impact-analysis techniques, which rely on dynamic, rather than static, information about software behavior. Existing dynamic impact-analysis techniques are either very expensive---in terms of execution overhead or amount of dynamic information collected---or imprecise. In this paper, we present a new technique for dynamic impact analysis that is almost as efficient as the most efficient existing technique and is as precise as the most precise existing technique. The technique is based on a novel algorithm that collects (and analyzes) only the essential dynamic information required for the analysis. We discuss our technique, prove its correctness, and present a set of empirical studies in which we compare our new technique with two existing techniques, in terms of performance and precision.
Effects of the opioid antagonist naltrexone on feeding induced by DAMGO in the central nucleus of the amygdala and in the paraventricular nucleus in the rat.

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) are two forebrain structures which are important in regulation of ingestive behavior. DAMGO is one of the most reliable and potent μ-selective opioid ligands that increases feeding in both of these brain nuclei. Administration of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, into the CNA prior to DAMGO blocks DAMGO-induced increases in food intake. The effect of this drug combination on food intake has not been evaluated in the PVN. However, intra-PVN injection of naloxone decreases deprivation and NPY-induced feeding. It has been suggested that CNA may modulate activity of midbrain and caudal brainstem centers via the hypothalamus. Based on these data, we evaluated whether an opioid–opioid interaction is present between the CNA and PVN which might affect feeding behavior. To test this, rats were doubly cannulated with 1 cannula placed in the PVN and 1 cannula in the CNA, allowing for co-administration of the opioid agonist into the PVN and the opioid antagonist into the CNA, and vice versa. CNA DAMGO increased feeding more than two-fold as compared to the vehicle-injected rats. When doses of 10, 12.5 and 25 μg of naltrexone (NTX) were injected into the PVN, CNA DAMGO no longer increased food intake above control levels. In the reverse situation, PVN DAMGO also increased food intake above control levels. However, when NTX was administrated unilaterally into the CNA at a relatively high dose (25 μg) or bilaterally (12.5 μg), PVN DAMGO-induced feeding was not altered. This suggests that an opioid–opioid signaling pathway exists from the CNA to the PVN which influences feeding via μ opioid receptors, whereas such a pathway from the PVN to the CNA does not seem to exist.
Neither REM sleep deprivation nor rebound influences 3H-diazepam binding in rat brain

Abstract Rats were placed on either small (subjected to REM sleep deprivation) or large circular platforms (stress controls) surrounded by water for 96 hours. Six animals from each group were either decapitated immediately following 96 hours or placed in cages and decapitated 6 hours later. Benzodiazepine receptor binding in rat brain corties and brain stems was assessed using 3 H-diazepam as the ligand. Scatchard analysis of these data showed that neither REM sleep deprivation nor REM sleep rebound affected the kinetics of 3 H-diazepam binding (B max or apparent K D ) in vitro .
Self-Organization as Conceptual Key to Understanding Free Will

The idea that humans possess free will is widely believed around the world, yet how free will is possible has been debated for centuries. As science has continued to establish causal processes that...
Statistical Societies in the United States in the Nineteenth Century

This article traces various attempts to establish statistical societies in the United States during the nineteenth century. This phase of the history of American statistics has not yet been developed. The winning of our independence in 1783 brought forth many problems, and the paucity of statistical information added to the difficulty of solving them objectively. There was a growing recognition of the need for an inventory of our resources, both human and material, and for the recording of our social and economic performance. Consequently a number of statistical almanacs or yearbooks gradually appeared. Much more slowly American statistical societies developed. Before tracing the development of American statistical societies, it is desirable to review very briefly attempts to form statistical societies in England during the early part of the nineteenth century. Westergaard, the fam-ous professor of statistics in the University of Copenhagen, says that "in the history of statistics the two decades 1830-1849 can justly claim the character of enthusiasm". The generalization seems more accurate for Western Europe than for the United States. In England the British Association for the Advancement of Science was established in 1831, and in 1833 it set up a statistical section. The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society offered prizes for statistical essays, and the British Board of Trade established a statistical department in 1833. The Manchester Statistical Society, which claims to be the oldest statistical society in the world, was founded in September 3, 1833. Six months later, on March 15, 1834, the Statistical Society of London, was organized in the rooms of the Horticultural Society. This organization changed its name to the Royal Statistical Society in 1885. Many English cities organized statistical societies during this decade but most enjoyed only a short life. The Glasgow Statistical Society was founded on February 22, 1836. The Bristol Statistical Society was formed in November 1836. The Ulster Statistical Society, an offshoot of the Belfast Natural History Society, was established on November 23, 1837. The Liverpool Statistical Society was organized on January 1, 1838, and the Leeds Statistical Society was started in the same year. In Scotland, several societies were started in the cities such as Edinburgh and Aberdeen, but they too were short-lived. The Dublin Statistical Society known after 1862 as the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, was founded in November 23, 1847 at the Royal Irish Academy. No wonder Westergaard remarked: "Everybody seemed to have got statistics on the brain!" (1)
Numerical simulations of transport of non-ergodic solute plumes in heterogeneous aquifers

Transport of non-ergodic solute plumes by steady-state groundwater flow with a uniform mean velocity, μ, were simulated with Monte Carlo approach in a two-dimensional heterogeneous and statistically isotropic aquifer whose transmissivity, T, is log-normally distributed with an exponential covariance. The ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of the plume about its center of mass, , and the plume centroid covariance, Rii(t) (i=1,2), were simulated for the variance of Y=log T, σY2=0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 and line sources normal or parallel to μ of three dimensionless lengths, 1, 5, and 10. For σY2=0.1, all simulated −Sii(0) and Rii(t) agree well with the first-order theoretical values, where Sii(0) are the initial values of Sii(t). For σY2=0.5 and 1.0 and the line sources normal to μ, the simulated longitudinal moments, −S11(0) and R11(t), agree well with the first-order theoretical results but the simulated transverse moments −S22(0) and R22(t) are significantly larger than the first-order values. For the same two larger values of σY2 but the line sources parallel to μ, the simulated −S11(0) are larger than but the simulated R11 are smaller than the first-order values, and both simulated −S22(0) and R22(t) stay larger than the first-order values. For a fixed value of σY2, the summations of −Sii(0) and Rii, i.e., Xii (i=1,2), remain almost the same no matter what kind of source simulated. The simulated X11 are in good agreement with the first-order theory but the simulated X22 are significantly larger than the first-order values. The simulated X22, however, are in excellent agreement with a previous modeling result and both of them are very close to the values derived using Corrsin's conjecture. It is found that the transverse moments may be significantly underestimated if less accurate hydraulic head solutions are used and that the decreasing of −S22(0) with time or a negative effective dispersivity, defined as \(\), may happen in the case of a line source parallel to μ where σY2 is small.
Different factor loadings for SF36: the Strong Heart Study and the National Survey of Functional Health Status.

Background: To increase our understanding of the psychometric characteristics and factor structure of the SF36 in older American Indian populations.
Hair-bundle stiffness dominates the elastic reactance to otolithic-membrane shear.

Abstract Efficient transduction by acousticolateralis organs requires that a stimulus force principally deflect hair bundles, rather than flex other structural elements. Hair bundles might therefore be expected to provide a large fraction of the impedence to shear motions of otolithic membranes and other accessory structures. We measured the stiffness for shear motions of the bullfrog's saccular otolithic membrane, and determined the stiffness due to a single hair bundle and its associated extracellular filaments; this component is termed the elemental stiffness. Stiffness measurements were made by displacing the base of a flexible probe whose tip was coupled to the otolithic membrane, and simultaneously measuring the flexion of the probe and the displacement of the membrane. The average elemental stiffness, about 1350 μN·m − , only modestly exceeded the stiffness of individual hair bundles. The hair bundles therefore provide the dominant component of stiffness in the bullfrog's sacculus, and thus account for a significant component of impedance to otolithic-membrane shear. As a corollary, stiffness changes or active movements in hair bundles should influence the mechanical responses of this and other receptor organs.
Deficient DR antigen expression on human cord blood monocytes: reversal with lymphokines

Abstract Expression of DR antigen on cord blood (neonatal) human monocytes using complement-mediated cytotoxicity with anti-DR alloantisera and fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) utilizing a battery of anti-DR mouse monoclonal antibodies was assessed. Forty preparations of neonatal cord blood monocytes were purified by adherence and elution from plastic petri dishes: lymphocyte contamination was
Pygmalion Effects Among Blacks: When and How Expectancies Occur1

Data were obtained in two areas dealing with expectancy effects: When are tutors susceptible to expectancy effects and do expectancies inevitably lead to discrimination against low ability students? We arranged for 76 black undergraduates to teach a lesson dealing with Eire safety in the home to a 10-year-old boy. Two black males and two white males served as confederates. Subjects were told that a child had either high I.Q., low I.Q., or were given no information (the control group). Subjects' knowledge about the black confederates' alleged I.Q. did not influence expectancies or subsequent teaching behavior toward low I.Q. children. On the other hand, subjects rated white confederates in the high I.Q. condition as more intelligent than children in the low I.Q. condition. White confederates in the low I.Q. (or low expectancy) condition were asked more questions and given fewer expressive gestures than white confederates in the control condition. In addition, subjects maintained more physical distance with white than black confederates. The present results were compared to earlier research on white subjects dealing with nonverbal mediators of expectancy effects. It was suggested that an adequde model of expectancy effects must consider the contribution of cognitive mediators to understand when and how the phenomenon occurs.
Integration of operation routing and economic production quantity decisions in batch manufacturing systems

Abstract Models for the determination of economic production quantity (EPQ) are always presented in batch manufacturing as if machine setup cost and unit processing cost are easily definable. In a job processing situation where alternate machines exist for each operation and the operations within the job can be sequenced in more than one way, selection of the operation sequence and the machine to use for each operation can significantly affect the EPQ and the total manufacturing cost. The function of process sequencing and routing specification falls in the domain of process planning while the determination of the EPQ is the function of inventory control. These two functions have been generally undertaken in isolation of one another in most manufacturing systems despite the significant influence of the process planning decision on the efficiency of the lot sizing policy. In this paper, a methodology to integrate the operation sequencing and machine routing decisions of the process planner and the work of the inventory control analyst in order to minimize total cost of manufacturing in environment with routing flexibility is presented. The model is sufficiently flexible to deal with many production planning situations in which alternate processes exist. Solution algorithms are developed and computational results based on some sample problems are presented and discussed.
Thee-wave and inhibition in the developing retina of the frog

Abstract This paper is a description of a delayed electrical response to light elicited by the eye of the tadpole ofRana pipiens. In its properties this response resembles thee-wave previously recorded from the isolated retina of the adult frog. The late appearance of this response after the light flash, the effect of lengthening delay as stimulus intensity was increased, the influence of light and dark adaptation are all characteristics previously noted for thee-wave and for the delayed impulse discharge of the frog optic nerve fibers. The results are interpreted in terms of the action of a long-lasting inhibition, greater at higher intensities, which persists after the end of the stimulus. The suggestion is given that the delay may result out of inhibitory interactionvia interreceptor connections which have been seen to occur in the retina of this frog. This suggestion arises from the observation that delayedcornea-negative responses were recorded from eyes in early stages of development. The origin of this delay does not imply that thepositive e-wave of later stages also arises from the receptors. Thee-wave, like theb-wave, may well have its origin more internally than the receptors. interactionvia interreceptor connections which have been seen to occur in the retina of this frog. This suggestion arises from the observation that delayedcornea-negative responses were recorded from eyes in early stages of development. The origin of this delay does not imply that thepositive e-wave of later stages also arises from the receptors. Thee-wave, like theb-wave, may well have its origin more internally than the receptors.
Spin structure of the proton and large p{sub T} processes in polarized pp collisions

QCD motivated polarized parton distributions, evolved directly in x-space, are used to predict rates for prompt photon and jet production at RHIC and HERA-N center of mass energies. Various scenarios for the polarized gluon distributions are considered and compared, and the possibility of using large p{sub T} processes in polarized pp collision experiments to choose between them is analyzed.
Residential differences in cohabitors' union transitions

Using data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, we examine residential variation in cohabiting women's union outcomes. Prior work has shown that although there are no residential differences in cohabitation, nonmetro women are more likely than others to marry directly and hold more favorable attitudes toward marriage. Building on this work, we examined residential differences in cohabiting women's union outcomes (i.e., marriage, separation, or remaining intact) to test whether nonmetro cohabiting women's unions are more likely to "end" through marriage, and whether pregnancy has a larger positive effect on marriage entry among this group. We find that nonmetro women are less likely to remain in cohabiting unions and are more likely to either marry or separate during the first 24 months of the cohabiting union. Pregnancy during cohabitation encourages marriage and discourages separation, but these effects are not significantly larger for nonmetro women.
Energy efficiency and performance frontiers for sparse computations on GPU supercomputers

In this paper we unveil some energy efficiency and performance frontiers for sparse computations on GPU-based supercomputers. To do this, we consider state-of-the-art implementations of the sparse matrix-vector (SpMV) product in libraries like cuSPARSE, MKL, and MAGMA, and their use in the LOBPCG eigen-solver. LOBPCG is chosen as a benchmark for this study as it combines an interesting mix of sparse and dense linear algebra operations with potential for hardware-aware optimizations. Most notably, LOBPCG includes a blocking technique that is a common performance optimization for many applications. In particular, multiple memory-bound SpMV operations are blocked into a SpM-matrix product (SpMM), that achieves significantly higher performance than a sequence of SpMVs. We provide details about the GPU kernels we use for the SpMV, SpMM, and the LOBPCG implementation design, and study performance and energy consumption compared to CPU solutions. While a typical sparse computation like the SpMV reaches only a fraction of the peak of current GPUs, we show that the SpMM achieves up to a 6x performance improvement over the GPU's SpMV, and the GPU-accelerated LOBPCG based on this kernel is 3 to 5x faster than multicore CPUs with the same power draw, e.g., a K40 GPU vs. two Sandy Bridge CPUs (16 cores). In practice though, we show that currently available CPU implementations are much slower due to missed optimization opportunities. These performance results translate to similar improvements in energy consumption, and are indicative of today's frontiers in energy efficiency and performance for sparse computations on supercomputers.