cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Electroless Nickel Plating on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Platforms

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) fabricated by the layer-by-layer adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) are used to selectively bind palladium catalysts for electroless nickel plating. Depending on the pH conditions used during multilayer processing and the polyelectrolyte adsorbed last, the surface of the PAH/PAA-based multilayers can be tuned to contain primarily PAA, primarily PAH, or a mixture of PAA and PAH functionalities (i.e., carboxylic acids or amines). The palladium-complex ions of tetraaminepalladium chloride (Pd(NH3)4Cl2) or sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na2PdCl4) bind selectively by ion exchange only to surfaces of PAA or PAH, respectively. Substrates that are coated with regions of PAA-topped and PAH-topped multilayers, fabricated at a PAH pH of 7.5 and a PAA pH of 3.5, bind [Pd(NH3)4]2+ only on the PAA regions. Upon immersion into an electroless nickel plating bath, only the PAA-topped regions of the substrate, activated by the Pd complex, promote...
Pathogen-Derived Oligosaccharides Improve Innate Immune Response to Intracellular Parasite Infection

Pathogen glycolipids, including Leishmania spp. lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), modulate essential interactions with host phagocytic cells. Polysaccharide and lipid components promote immunomodulation. Owing to the stereochemistry required to synthesize oligosaccharides, the roles for oligosaccharides in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases have remained largely unknown. Recent advances in carbohydrate chemistry allowed us to synthesize pathogen surface oligosaccharides to discern their immune response–altering activities. Trimannose cap carbohydrates from ManLAM and LPG altered the production of proinflammatory cytokines via a toll-like receptor (TLR2)–mediated mechanism in vitro and in vivo. In vivo treatment with trimannose led to increased Th1-polarizing, IL-12p40–producing cells from the draining lymph nodes of treated Leishmania major–infected mice compared with cells from untreated infected mice. Trimannose treatment increased the production of other Th1 proinflammatory cytokines (ie, interferon-γ, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) critical for a productive immune response to either pathogen. This significant difference in cytokine production between trimannose cap sugar–treated and control groups was not observed in draining lymph node cells from TLR2−/− mice. Type of inflammation and rate of bead entry into macrophages and dendritic cells were different for trimannose-coated beads compared with control oligosaccharide-coated beads, indicating selective lectin receptor/oligosaccharide interactions mediating cell entry and cytokine production. These novel findings may prompt the development of targeted oligosaccharide adjuvants against chronic infections.
Synergistic approaches in the surgical treatment of heart failure: Complex solutions for complex problems

Abstract In the current era, with a high incidence and prevalence of heart failure, cardiologists are developing a wide range of medical therapies for this population. Working in synergy with pharmacologic therapies, surgeons are developing several innovative surgical procedures to address mechanical problems in heart failure patients that will stabilize and reverse the complex problem of heart failure. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Transtibial amputation. Prosthetic use and functional outcome.

Transtibial amputations (TTAs) cause drastic changes in function and lifestyle for patients, and rapid functional return is essential regardless of the cause leading to amputation. Especially as the geriatric population increases in number, it is important to focus on cost-effective care in TTAs that allow maximum independence. In the ederly, all involved costs of a TTA (including hospitalization, surgery, rehabilitation, physical therapy, and prosthetics) often exceed $50,000. Considering that the American Diabetes Association estimated in 1997 that 40,000 to 50,000 lower extremity amputations are performed yearly and that this is only about 50% of the total number of annual amputations, this figure becomes staggering. 16 Patients and some physicians view amputation as a failure of treatment, and a TTA is viewed as a failure to salvage a limb or preserve maximum length. Although physicians and rehabilitation teams emphasize that amputations and appropriate prosthetic fit and function can be a beneficial step in improving functional independence, this must be validated by outcome data. There are many reasons that TTAs are performed, including trauma, tumor, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and infection. Although there are commonalities among the different populations, each group has distinct indications for amputation, many different postoperative and prosthetic needs, and potentially different outcomes. Throughout the course of perioperative care and rehabilitation, many potential
TARGET DETECTION WITHIN SEA CLUTTER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY FRACTAL SCALING ANALYSES

Sea clutter refers to the radar returns from a patch of ocean surface. Accurate modeling of sea clutter and robust detection of low observable targets within sea clutter are important problems in remote sensing and radar signal processing applications. Due to lack of fundamental understanding of the nature of sea clutter, however, no simple and effective methods for detecting targets within sea clutter have been proposed. To help solve this important problem, we apply three types of fractal scaling analyses, fluctuation analysis (FA), detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), and the wavelet-based fractal scaling analysis to study sea clutter. Our analyses show that sea clutter data exhibit fractal behaviors in the time scale range of about 0.01 seconds to a few seconds. The physical significance of these time scales is discussed. We emphasize that time scales characterizing fractal scaling break are among the most important features for detecting patterns using fractal theory. By systematically studying 392 sea clutter time series measured under various sea and weather conditions, we find very effective methods for detecting targets within sea clutter. Based on the data available to us, the accuracy of these methods is close to 100%.
Phase Sensitive X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of Defects in Biological Macromolecular Crystals

Conventional x-ray diffraction topography is currently used to map defects in the bulk of protein crystals, but the lack of sufficient contrast is frequently a limiting factor. We experimentally demonstrate that this barrier can be circumvented using a method that combines phase sensitive and diffraction imaging principles. Details of defects revealed in tetragonal lysozyme and cubic ferritin crystals are presented and discussed. The approach enabling the detection of the phase changes of diffracted x rays should prove to be useful in the study of defect structures in a broad range of biological macromolecular crystals.
THE S-CURVE DYNAMICS OF U.S.-MEXICO COMMODITY TRADE

In testing the short-run effects of currency depreciation on the trade balance, rather than engaging in regression analysis, part of the literature basically looks at the correlation coefficients between past and future values of the trade balance and the current exchange rate. It is postulated that these coefficients are positive between future values of the trade balance and current exchange rate, but negative between past values of the trade balance and the current exchange rate, hence the S-Curve pattern. Previous research has shown that the curve is not supported for Mexico when aggregate trade data are used. In this paper we used bilateral trade data between Mexico and her main partner, the United States to test the curve. Still there was no support for the curve. However, when we disaggregated bilateral trade flows by industry and considered the trade balances of 223 industries that trade between the two countries, we were able to support the S-Curve in 90 industries.
Economic modelling and public policy

(1995). Economic modelling and public policy. International Journal of Public Administration: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
The Case for Complementarities

My presentation discusses the current circumstances and intellectual mission of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research. Our society examines both those qualities of humanity that are shared across cultures and those behavioral and cultural elements that are peculiar to certain traditions. I try to make a strong case that our multidisciplinary nature makes us particularly well suited to such research and to an inclusive strategy that embraces different levels of analysis rather than eschewing them. This is the import of what we do. This is the utility of what we do. In the first section entitled Of Visigoths and Monasteries, I also address the current challenges to scientific efforts to study humanity stemming from postmodernists.
Vapor Pressures and Gas-Phase PVT Data for 1-Chloro-1, 2, 2, 2-Tetrafluoroethane(R124)

We present new data for the vapor pressure andPVT surface of 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-lelralluoroethane (designated R124 by the refrigeration industry) in the temperature range 278–423 K. ThePVT data are for the gas phase at densities up to 1.5 times the critical density. Correlating equations are given for the vapor pressures from 220 K to the critical temperature, 395.43 K, and for thePVT surface at densities up to 2 mol · L−1 (approximately 0.5 times the critical density). Second and third virial coefficients have been derived from thePVT measurements.
Metacarpal fracture fixation with absorbable polyglycolide rods and stainless steel K wires: a biomechanical comparison.

Self-reinforced polyglycolide (SR-PGA) rods have been used widely for fracture fixation as an alternative to metallic implants. However, because of its insufficient strength and strength retention, the use of SR-PGA has been restricted to fractures or osteotomies of low stress bearing cancellous bone. To investigate its usefulness in fixing the fractures of cortical bone, the mechanical strength of a human metacarpal fracture fixed with SR-PGA rods was evaluated. The surgical constructs were immersed in buffered saline solution and maintained at body temperature (37°C). The mean initial bending stiffness of the specimens fixed with the SR-PGA rods was 61% of that of the specimens fixed with Kirschner wires. The bending stiffness of the specimens fixed with the SR-PGA rods decreased gradually, and most of the specimens lost their mechanical stability when immersed for 4 weeks. When SR-PGA rods are used to fix the fracture of human cortical bone, such as diaphyseal fracture of the metacarpal bone, it should be protected by additional means. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimized magnetic resonance diffusion protocol for ex-vivo whole human brain imaging with a clinical scanner

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) provides a novel insight into the brain to facilitate our understanding of the brain connectivity and microstructure. While in-vivo DW-MRI enables imaging of living patients and longitudinal studies of brain changes, post-mortem ex-vivo DW-MRI has numerous advantages. Ex-vivo imaging benefits from greater resolution and sensitivity due to the lack of imaging time constraints; the use of tighter fitting coils; and the lack of movement artifacts. This allows characterization of normal and abnormal tissues with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity, facilitating our ability to investigate anatomical structures that are inaccessible in-vivo. This also offers the opportunity to develop today novel imaging biomarkers that will, with tomorrow’s MR technology, enable improved in-vivo assessment of the risk of disease in an individual. Post-mortem studies, however, generally rely on the fixation of specimen to inhibit tissue decay which starts as soon as tissue is deprived from its blood supply. Unfortunately, fixation of tissues substantially alters tissue diffusivity profiles. In addition, ex-vivo DW-MRI requires particular care when packaging the specimen because the presence of microscopic air bubbles gives rise to geometric and intensity image distortion. In this work, we considered the specific requirements of post-mortem imaging and designed an optimized protocol for ex-vivo whole brain DW-MRI using a human clinical 3T scanner. Human clinical 3T scanners are available to a large number of researchers and, unlike most animal scanners, have a bore diameter large enough to image a whole human brain. Our optimized protocol will facilitate widespread ex-vivo investigations of large specimen.
Nutrients and Productivity as Indicators of Thermal Effluent — Upwelling Interactions in Lake Michigan☆

Abstract During the summer of 1975, a field study was undertaken to examine separate and combined effects of upwelling and a thermal discharge on nutrients, productivity quotients, and phytoplankton populations in an inshore region of southwestern Lake Michigan. Reactive silicate concentrations were more than doubled during the upwelling (compared to those during stable hydrological conditions); chlorophyll a concentrations, phytoplankton diversity, and cell numbers per milliliter were also significantly greater. Productivity quotients were lower by nearly one-half during upwelling. The Zion Nuclear Plant discharges water warmed an average of 10°C to the lake via a submerged high-velocity discharge. Few significant differences in chemical and biological parameters were attributable to the resulting warm-water plume. Phytoplankton specific growth rates in the plume were increased over those at control stations only during upwelling. Nutrient limitation is implicated as one of several factors in the response of phytoplankton to locally increased temperature.
Determination of the long‐term hydrolytic stability of polycarbonate engineering resins

The hydrolytic degradation of polycarbonate resins is a first-order process in terms of the decrease in average molecular weights under a relative humidity (RH) and temperature. Two analysis procedures have been developed for making life-cycle predictions of polycarbonate at any combination of humidity and temperature. The first prediction procedure uses an Arrhenius equation derived for determination of the activation energy of polycarbonate hydrolysis tested at various temperatures under a constant RH. The rate constants at any combination of temperature and RH can be determined for a new resin tested at three or more RHs under a temperature, since the logarithm of the Arrhenius intercept has a linear empirical relationship with RH. The second prediction procedure uses a linear relationship between the logarithm of the rate constant and RH derived from the humid-aging of polycarbonate tested at various RHs under a constant temperature. The rate constants at any combination of temperature and RH can be determined for a new resin tested at three or more temperatures under a RH, since the intercept of the above linear relationship has another linear empirical relationship with temperature.
Crack propagation and failure prediction in silicon nitride at elevated temperatures

A technique for studying high temperature crack propagation in ceramic materials is developed. The technique is used to obtain relationships between the crack propagation rate and the stress intensity factor for hot-pressed silicon nitride up to 1400° C. The data are then used to develop proof test diagrams which give values for the safe working stress levels for this material after proof testing (or any other flaw detection procedure).
Statistical models of brittle deformation Part I: introduction

Abstract The first part of this study focuses on the statistical mechanics underpinning of the lattice model and its relation to micromechanical and continuum models. The emphasis of the discussion is centered on the brittle and quasi-brittle deformations of materials with disordered microstructure and modest cohesive strength.
Communication: Is it the Transmission of Information?

The way a person defines a term could have a significant effect on his behavior. In this article, the writer probes the behavioral pitfalls of defining communication as the “transmission” of information, and offers an alternative definition that may enhance communication effectiveness.
Anomalous mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity between HLA--A, --B, --C, --DR identical siblings

Complete HLA typing including HLA--A, --B, --C, --DR (D related B cell typing), --D, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and primed lymphocyte testing (PLT), together with complete red blood cell (RBC), glyoxalase (GLO), GBG (Factor B), and phosphoglucomutase 3 (PGM3) typings were performed on a informative family. The five siblings inherited the four possible combinations of parental HLA haplotypes, and two of the siblings were HLA--A, --B, --C and --DR identical. Repeated MLC testing of the family revealed positive mixed lymphocyte reactivity in all combinations. B cell typing for the DR specificities demonstrated no variation from the expected inheritance pattern and specifically no recombination event. GBG and GLO typings militated against a recombination involving the paternal chromosome. HLA--D testing revealed that only one of the HLA--A, --B, --C, and --DR identical siblings gave typing responses to the HLA--Dw3 specificity present on that maternal haplotype. Utilizing HLA haploidentical combinations, lymphocytes were primed against the four parental haplotypes and the non-Dw3 haplotype of interest (Aw24--B8--DRw3--LDY) in the PLT. The sibling inheriting this haplo-type did not restimulate cells primed against the A2--B40--DRW6--LDY specificity. Furthermore, no discrimination was observed in the restimulation of lymphocytes primed against this haplo-type. Possible interpretations of these family data include: a spontaneous mutation, non-major histocompatibility locus (MHC) stimulation, and HLA--DR/D recombination.
Perinatal Bereavement: A Principle-based Concept Analysis

Aim To report an analysis of the concept of perinatal bereavement. Background The concept of perinatal bereavement emerged in the scientific literature during the 1970s. Perinatal bereavement is a practice-based concept, although it is not well-defined in the scientific literature and is often intermingled with the concepts of mourning and grief. Design Concept Analysis. Data sources Using the term ‘perinatal bereavement’ and limits of only English and human, Pub Med and CINAHL were searched to yield 278 available references dating from 1974–2011. Articles specific to the experience of perinatal bereavement were reviewed. The final data set was 143 articles. Review methods The methods of principle-based concept analysis were used. Results reveal conceptual components (antecedents, attributes and outcomes) which are delineated to create a theoretical definition of perinatal bereavement. Results The concept is epistemologically immature, with few explicit definitions to describe the phenomenon. Inconsistency in conceptual meaning threatens the construct validity of measurement tools for perinatal bereavement and contributes to incongruent theoretical definitions. This has implications for both nursing science (how the concept is studied and theoretically integrated) and clinical practice (timing and delivery of support interventions). Conclusions Perinatal bereavement is a multifaceted global phenomenon that follows perinatal loss. Lack of conceptual clarity and lack of a clearly articulated conceptual definition impede the synthesis and translation of research findings into practice. A theoretical definition of perinatal bereavement is offered as a platform for researchers to advance the concept through research and theory development.
Intranigral injections of SCH 23390 inhibit amphetamine-induced rotational behavior

Rats were given unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway and permanent indwelling cannula were surgically implanted into the non-lesioned side of the brain; cannula were used for direct injections of dopamine antagonists into the pars reticulata region of the non-lesioned substantia nigra. The selective D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, was injected intranigrally at various concentrations (3.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.6, or 0.3 mM) just prior to an intraperitoneal injection of amphetamine. SCH 23390 dose-dependently inhibited amphetamine-induced rotational behavior with the highest doses completely blocking rotational behavior in some animals. An intranigral injection of the selective D2 receptor antagonist, (-)-sulpiride (1.0 mM), did not produce a significant reduction in amphetamine-induced rotational behavior whereas an equivalent molar concentration of SCH 23390 (1.0 mM) produced a significant 62% reduction in amphetamine-induced rotational behavior. A concentration of SCH 23390 that produced a 50% reduction in rotational behavior when injected directly into the substantia nigra was unable to produce a significant reduction in rotational behavior when injected directly into the striatum. The effects of intranigral injections of SCH 23390 on apomorphine-induced rotational behavior were directly opposite to that observed for amphetamine-induced rotational behavior; contralateral rotational behavior increased relative to baseline measures. These data support the hypothesis that dopamine release in the midbrain may act as a neuromodulator of motor behavior, and that D1 receptors play a functional role in this process.
Interfirm Profitability Differences: Reply

I. Random process models and the operation of an efficient competitive economy, 677.—II. Statistical evidence, 679.
How to gate an ion channel: Lessons from MthK

Recent structural and functional analyses of MthK, a prokaryotic Ca2+-activated K+ channel, suggest that the interplay between cytoplasmic Ca2+ and H+ concentrations determines the oligomeric stability of its associated RCK domain and thus controls activation gating. However, the discovery of a ligand-dependent desensitization process suggests that gating in these channels might be more complicated than originally envisioned.
Properties of the Internal Clock

Evidence has been cited for the following properties of the parts of the psychological process used for timing intervals: The pacemaker has a mean rate that can be varied by drugs, diet, and stress. The switch has a latency to operate and it can be operated in various modes, such as run, stop, and reset. The accumulator times up, in absolute, arithmetic units. Working memory can be reset on command or, after lesions have been created in the fimbria fornix, when there is a gap in a signal. The transformation from the accumulator to reference memory is done with a multiplicative constant that is affected by drugs, lesions, and individual differences. The comparator uses a ratio between the value in the accumulator (or working memory) and reference memory. Finally, there must be multiple switch-accumulator modules to handle simultaneous temporal processing; and the psychological timing process may be used on some occasions and not on others.
Resistant Pathogens in Nonnosocomial Pneumonia and Respiratory Failure: Is It Time To Refine the Definition of Health-care-Associated Pneumonia?

Background The concept of health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) exists to identify patients infected with highly resistant pathogens. It is unclear how precise this concept is and how well it performs as a screening tool for resistance. Methods We retrospectively identified patients presenting to the hospital with pneumonia complicated by respiratory failure. We examined the microbiology of these infections based on pneumonia type and determined the sensitivity and specificity of HCAP as a screen for resistance. Through logistic regression and modeling, we created a scoring tool for determining who may be infected with resistant pathogens. Results The cohort included 190 subjects (37% with ARDS) and we noted resistant pathogens in 33%. Resistance was more common in HCAP (78% vs 44%, P = .001). HCAP alone performed poorly as a screening test (sensitivity and specificity 78.3% and 56.2%, respectively). Variables independently associated with a resistant organism included immunosuppression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.85, P Conclusions HCAP is common in patients presenting to the hospital with pneumonia leading to respiratory failure. The HCAP concept does not correlate well with the presence of infection due to a resistant pathogen. A simpler clinical decision rule based on select HCAP criteria performs as well as the HCAP concept for potentially guiding antibiotic decision making.
Deuteron photodisintegration and n-p capture below pion production threshold☆☆☆

A nonrelativistic, phenomenological treatment of deuteron photodisintegration and radiative n-p capture is presented. The only approximations made are the neglect of nucleon structure, pion exchange currents, and multipoles higher than the octupole. In addition to the total and differential cross section, all parameters necessary to specify the final polarization with an arbitrarily polarized incident beam are calculated. Photodisintegration is calculated at laboratory photon energies of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 Mev, and n-p capture of laboratory neutron energies of 0.1 and 0.548 Mev. Hamada's potential is used for computation of the wave functions. Photodisintegration calculations are done in several approximations to exhibit the effect of various terms. It was found that spin E1 and spin M2 transitions to triplet states, usually omitted, are important. The thermal neutron capture cross section found from exact wave functions shows an improvement of 2% over the zero-range approximation, thus accounting for some of the discrepancy with experiment. It is hoped that this improvement will close the 5% gap between experiment and zero-range theory when a potential that fits the singlet scattering length better than Hamada's is used. Results are compared to experiment where possible. 34 references. (auth)
Proximal and Distal Antecedents of Funeral Attitudes: A Multidimensional Analysis

This study examined proximal and distal antecedents of funeral attitudes among 436 volunteers aged 18 to 88. Based upon a factor analysis which yielded two factors representing attitudes toward fun...
Athletics, perfectionism, and disordered eating

Objectives: To determine the effects of sex, perfectionism, level of athletic participation (varsity vs. recreational), and type of sport (swimming, running, or soccer) on disordered eating. Method: Male and female swimmers, runners, and soccer players at Stanford University were recruited at both the recreational and varsity level. Athletes were given the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), and a survey on demographics and level of athletic competition. Of 257 athletes identified, 250 (97.3%) returned the questionnaires. Results: A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to assess the variables’ effects on disordered eating attitudes. Significant main effects were found for Sex (F5,199=25.7, p<0.001), Level (F5,199=2.5, p<0.05), and Perfectionism (F10,400=3.0, p<0.001). Only two of the ten interaction terms were significant: Sex by Level of athletic participation (F5,199=3.2, p<0.01) and Sex by Perfectionism (F10,400=2.1, p<0.05). Females displayed higher disordered eating than males. Disordered eating attitudes increased with perfectionism and were greater for recreational athletes than varsity, but this trend was significant for females only. Type of sport showed no significant effects. When examining physiological data a higher percentage of varsity females had irregular periods (42.9%) or amenorrhea (14.3%) than recreational females (13.4% and 2.9%, respectively). Discussion: Males showed little variability in their data due to low disordered eating scores overall, thus demonstrated few significant results. The greatest risk factor for disordered eating attitudes for females was perfectionism, which crossed all athletic divisions. Although recreational athletes seemed more at risk psychologically, the varsity athletes had more physiological risk.
Femtochemistry of the Reaction of IHgI: Theory Versus Experiment

Recently, the rapid dissociation dynamics of mercury diiodide has been studied by femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy (FTS). Such experiments provide a real-time picture of wave packet motions in two dissociation channels associated with the iodine atomic product in its ground and spin-orbit excited states. We present here a two-dimensional quantum mechanical treatment of the FTS experiment, which allows us to discuss the salient features of the wave packet motion and product state distribution. Possible refinements of the approach and their significance are also discussed.
Allosteric regulation of substrate channeling and catalysis in the tryptophan synthase bienzyme complex.

Abstract The tryptophan synthase α 2 β 2 bi-enzyme complex catalyzes the last two steps in the synthesis of l -tryptophan ( l -Trp). The α-subunit catalyzes cleavage of 3-indole- d -glycerol 3′-phosphate (IGP) to give indole and d -glyceraldehyde 3′-phosphate (G3P). Indole is then transferred (channeled) via an interconnecting 25 A-long tunnel, from the α-subunit to the β-subunit where it reacts with l -Ser in a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent reaction to give l -Trp and a water molecule. The efficient utilization of IGP and l -Ser by tryptophan synthase to synthesize l -Trp utilizes a system of allosteric interactions that (1) function to switch the α-site on and off at different stages of the β-subunit catalytic cycle, and (2) prevent the escape of the channeled intermediate, indole, from the confines of the α- and β-catalytic sites and the interconnecting tunnel. This review discusses in detail the chemical origins of the allosteric interactions responsible both for switching the α-site on and off, and for triggering the conformational changes between open and closed states which prevent the escape of indole from the bienzyme complex.
A sociolinguistic perspective on retelling procedures in research on children's cognitive processing of written text

This article raises critical issues concerning the oral retelling research with preschool and elementary-age children for the past decade (1977–1986) from a sociolinguistic perspective. Using Halliday and Hasan's framework of “context of situation”, this retelling research was examined in terms of field, tenor, and mode in order to address the following issues: (1) the speaker-listener characteristics existing during children's retellings, (2) the nature of instructions given to the subjects, (3) the type of texts used in the studies, and, (4) the analysis schemes applied to the texts. The article indicates several problematic areas in the studies and suggests directions for future research utilizing retelling procedures in cognitive studies of text.
Volitional control of reflex cough.

Multiple studies suggest a role for the cerebral cortex in the generation of reflex cough in awake humans. Reflex cough is preceded by detection of an urge to cough; strokes specifically within the...
The absorption scale: A factor-analytic assessment

Abstract 95 female and 53 male introductory psychology students were administered the Tellegen Absorption Scale (Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974); the Repression-Sensitization Scale (Byrne, Barry, & Nelson, 1963); the F Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levison, & Sanford, 1950); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970); the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (Nowicki & Duke, 1974); and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964). A principal axis analysis of the inter-correlations indicated that 3 major factors could account for the bulk of variance among the 6 inventories. Inspection of the correlation matrix and the factor loadings showed that the Absorption Scale shared a quite modest amount of variance with the remaining scales, and that it appeared to represent a dimension entirely different than those found in the other measures. These results offer strong support to the notion that the Absorption Scale is tapping a relatively new personal...
Trapped liquid from a nepheline syenite: a re-evaluation of Na-, Zr-, F-rich interstitial glass in a xenolith from Tenerife, Canary Islands

Abstract Interstitial glass and pyroxene in a nepheline syenite described by Wolff (1987) have been more precisely and accurately re-analysed using a cryogenic microprobe technique. The glass compositions, with Na2O = 13.4−17.0 wt.% and (Na+K) Al = 1.81−2.26 at SiO2 = 53−56.5 wt.% (on a 100% normalised basis) are more extreme than any known erupted magma. ZrO2 contents of the glasses are 1.4%–1.8% by weight, while F ranges between 1% and 1.4%. The high Zr content is due to the failure of a Zr-silicate phase to precipitate, despite predicted zircon saturation of the liquids above their probable quench temperatures. Partitioning of Zr between pyroxene and liquid is highly variable and apparently controlled by sector zoning; Zr is preferentially incorporated into aegirine {001} growth sectors. The glasses demonstrate the extent to which peralkaline phonolitic liquids can be fractionated in closed magma systems.
Age differences in attributions to causality: implications for intellectual assessment.

Abstract Negative attributions and failure expectations held by elderly test-takers may be confounding ability-extraneous variables and thus may contribute to lowered intellectual performance. The present study, using the contextualistic model, examined these confounds through experimental manipulation of causal attributions to test outcome in younger and older individuals. Eighty females (40 elderly; 40 younger) were exposed to noncontingent failure (unsolvable test items) and received a verbal massage stating their failure and relating it to either their ability, effort, or no cause. A fourth group exposed to identical failure was not given feedback. Subjects in all four groups for both ages were then administered three solvable intelligence sub-tests: Reasoning, Hidden Patterns, and Paper Folding. Older subjects exhibited significantly lower success expectations and performed more poorly on all three tests. Also, older and younger subjects, in the absence of suggested causal ascription, showed differen...
The Brave New Service Strategy: Aligning Customer Relationships, Market Strategies, and Business Structures

The article reviews the book “The Brave New Service Strategy: Aligning Customer Relationships, Market Strategies, and Business Structures,” by Barbara A. Gutek and Theresa Welsh.
CISPR 32 vs. ANSI C63.4: Color bars, scrolling H patterns, and the quasi-peak detector

This paper analyzes the radio emission differences between the display images specified under CISPR 32 and those specified under ANSI C63.4, with a focus on radiated emissions from information technology equipment and the characteristics of a quasi-peak detector.
A cost effective battery sizing strategy based on a detailed battery lifetime model and an economic energy management strategy

It is beneficial for photovoltaic (PV) systems to work with energy storage elements especially at residential applications. However, the price for these systems is still high compared to the financial profit which can be gained from such a system. In this paper, the increase cost efficiency of adding a specified size of battery energy storage system to a residential PV system is investigated with an economic Energy Management Strategy (EMS) developed for this application. To derive the most cost effective battery size, a cost function based on a proposed physical based battery lifetime model is developed. In addition, the utility rating has a major impact on the cost calculation, as there are different rating systems available; this paper uses Time of Use (TOU) rating. Real load and PV power profiles are applied to calculate a lifelike economic factor of this system. Finally the simulation results are presented to verify the proposed battery sizing strategy.
Hamiltonian formulation of non-Abelian gauge fields and nonrelativistic bound states

For fermions minimally coupled to non-Abelian gauge fields, first-order quantization in the radiation gauge is presented in which the validity of naive Ward identities simplifies the renormalization procedure. Then, successive Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations are used to determine the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian operator as well as its first relativistic correction. This operator expansion is verified to all orders of perturbation theory by an extension of the Appelquist-Carazzone decoupling theorem. Next, the Hamiltonian, which provides a systematic starting point for any nonrelativistic calculation, is used to cast the fermion-antifermion nonrelativistic bound-state kernel into a simple and compact form which is spin independent and serves as the basis of a perturbative analysis. Through two loops, calculation of the kernel reveals that a mass-independent static potential exists in the nonrelativistic limit only for singlet states of the gauge group. Higher-loop corrections, three-fermion bound states, and nonperturbative methods are also discussed.
Optically controlled Fabry-Perot interferometer using a liquid crystal light valve

We report an optically controlled Fabry-Perot interferometer which uses a liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) for one of the mirrors. The light valve rotates the plane of polarization for light incident on its read side through an angle dependent on the intensity of a write beam incident on its other side. The Fabry-Perot interferometer is constructed using a polarizing cube beam-splitter and a second mirror. The finesse of this Fabry-Perot varies sharply with the rotation angle introduced by the LCLV. The dependence of this rotation angle on the incident write beam intensity varies with the frequency of the voltage applied to the LCLV, the bias voltage, and the orientation angle of the LCLV. Experimental performance is examined using a single mode He-Ne laser beam and compares well with theoretical predictions: This device has potential uses in optical computing and optical neural networks.
Achieving Higher Seat Belt Usage: The Role of Habit in Bridging the Attitude-Behavior Gap

The Triandis (1977, 1980) model of habit is applied in an investigation of attitude-behavior discrepancy for seat belt use behavior. Habit is conceptualized as automated response, and the measure employed here is shown to be discriminated from measures of intentions and behavior. A case is also made for a distinction between pro-intentional and counter-intentional habits. Data from a random sample of 197 adult respondents show that the two habits (a) are distinct; (b) operate differently, that is, use habit has a main effect whereas nonuse habit interacts with attitude/intentions; and (c) explain belt use behavior nonredundantly with intention and attitude (e.g., their addition to attitude raises R2 from 38.8% to 62.9%). Theoretical implications for understanding habit processes and programmatic directions for increasing the belt usage are discussed.
Field induced perturbations in the ultraviolet spectrum of aniline; vibronic origin of the perturbing state

Abstract An electric field induced perturbation in the 1 B 2 ← 1 A 1 (π* ← π) transition in aniline is examined at considerably higher field
Effects of Nucleus Basalis Lesions on the Muscarinic and Nicotinic Modulation of [3H] Acetylcholine Release in the Rat Cerebral Cortex

Presynaptic muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the cerebral cortex reportedly inhibit and increase acetylcholine (ACh) release, respectively. In this study, we investigated whether these receptors reside on cholinergic nerve terminals projecting to the cerebral cortex from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nbm). Adult male rats received unilateral infusions of ibotenic acid (5 micrograms/1 microliter) in the nbm. Two weeks later, cerebral cortical cholinergic markers (choline acetyltransferase activity, high-affinity choline uptake, and coupled ACh synthesis) were significantly reduced in synaptosomes prepared from the lesioned hemispheres compared to contralateral controls. The depolarization-induced release of [3H]ACh from these synaptosomes was also reduced in the lesioned hemispheres, reflecting the reduced synthesis of transmitter. However, the nbm lesions had no effect on the inhibition of release induced by 100 microM oxotremorine. Synaptosomal [3H]ACh release was not altered by nicotine or the nicotinic agonists anabaseine and 2-(3-pyridyl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine. Nicotine (10-100 microM) did increase [3H]ACh release in control and lesioned hemispheres in cortical minces, but to a similar extent. These results suggest that neither muscarinic nor nicotinic receptors modulating ACh release reside on nbm-cholinergic terminals.
New Reflections on Mirror Neuron Research, the Tower of Babel, and Intercultural Education

Studies of the human mirror neuron system demonstrate how mental mimicking of one's social environment affects learning. The mirror neuron system also has implications for intercultural encounters. This article explores the common ground between the mirror neuron system and theological principles from the Tower of Babel narrative and applies them to intercultural education. Neuroscience in dialog with the story of the Tower of Babel assists Christian educators to reflect theologically and think creatively about designing learning activities and educational systems for intercultural learning.
Characterization of the hipA7 allele of Escherichia coli and evidence that high persistence is governed by (p)ppGpp synthesis.

Summary The ability of a high frequency (10−2) of Escherichia coli to survive prolonged exposure to penicillin antibiotics, called high persistence, is associated with mutations in the hipA gene. The hip operon is located in the chromosomal terminus near dif and consists of two genes, hipA and hipB. The wild-type hipA gene encodes a toxin, whereas hipB encodes a DNA-binding protein that autoregulates expression of the hip operon and binds to HipA to nullify its toxic effects. We have characterized the hipA7 allele, which confers high persistence, and established that HipA7 is non-toxic, contains two mutations (G22S and D291A) and that both mutations are required for the full range of phenotypes associated with hip mutants. Furthermore, expression of hipA7 in the absence of hipB is sufficient to establish the high persistent phenotype, indicating that hipB is not required. There is a strong correlation between the frequency of persister cells generated by hipA7 strains and cell density, with hipA7 strains generating a 20-fold higher frequency of persisters as cultures approach stationary phase. It is also demonstrated that relA knock-outs diminish the high persistent phenotype in hipA7 mutants and that relA spoT knock-outs eliminate high persistence altogether, suggesting that hipA7 facilitates the establishment of the persister state by inducing (p)ppGpp synthesis. Consistent with this proposal, ectopic expression of relA′ from a plasmid was shown to increase the number of persistent cells produced by hipA7 relA double mutants by 100-fold or more. A model is presented that postulates that hipA7 increases the basal level of (p)ppGpp synthesis, allowing a significantly greater percentage of cells in a population to assume a persistent, antibiotic-insensitive state by potentiating a rapid transition to a dormant state upon application of stress.
Structural Insight into the Interaction between Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 and Cytoskeletal Protein Skelemin

Abstract Skelemin is a large cytoskeletal protein critical for cell morphology. Previous studies have suggested that its two-tandem immunoglobulin C2-like repeats (SkIgC4 and SkIgC5) are involved in binding to integrin β3 cytoplasmic tail (CT), providing a mechanism for skelemin to regulate integrin-mediated signaling and cell spreading. Using NMR spectroscopy, we have studied the molecular details of the skelemin IgC45 interaction with the cytoplasmic face of integrin αIIbβ3. Here, we show that skelemin IgC45 domains form a complex not only with integrin β3 CT but also, surprisingly, with the integrin αIIb CT. Chemical shift mapping experiments demonstrate that both membrane-proximal regions of αIIb and β3 CTs are involved in binding to skelemin. NMR structural determinations, combined with homology modeling, revealed that SkIgC4 and SkIgC5 both exhibited a conserved Ig-fold and both repeats were required for effective binding to and attenuation of αIIbβ3 cytoplasmic complex. These data provide the first molecular insight into how skelemin may interact with integrins and regulate integrin-mediated signaling and cell spreading.
Intergenerational Family Predictors of the Black-White Achievement Gap

The authors examined intergenerational family predictors of the Black-White achievement gap among 4,406 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. An intergenerational model of the process by which family factors contribute to the achievement gap was also tested. The results showed that the ethnic gaps in socioeconomic status (SES) and achievement had significantly reduced over the past few generations. Moreover, measures of grandparent SES, mothers' achievement, parent SES, and a comprehensive set of reliable parenting practices explained all of the ethnic differences in achievement scores. Parenting practices such as creating a school-oriented home environment, allowing adolescents to make decisions, and not burdening them with too many chores had particularly important effects on the achievement gap. The authors conclude that adjusting for these differences would eliminate the ethnic achievement gap.
The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California

The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California. MARTHA MENCHACA. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. xx + 250 pp., maps, photographs, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Protein footprinting by pyrite shrink-wrap laminate

The structure of macromolecules and their complexes dictate their biological function. In “footprinting”, the solvent accessibility of the residues that constitute proteins, DNA and RNA can be determined from their reactivity to an exogenous reagent such as the hydroxyl radical (·OH). While ·OH generation for protein footprinting is achieved by radiolysis, photolysis and electrochemistry, we present a simpler solution. A thin film of pyrite (cubic FeS2) nanocrystals deposited onto a shape memory polymer (commodity shrink-wrap film) generates sufficient ·OH via Fenton chemistry for oxidative footprinting analysis of proteins. We demonstrate that varying either time or H2O2 concentration yields the required ·OH dose–oxidation response relationship. A simple and scalable sample handling protocol is enabled by thermoforming the “pyrite shrink-wrap laminate” into a standard microtiter plate format. The low cost and malleability of the laminate facilitates its integration into high throughput screening and microfluidic devices.