cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete and periodic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation for a hydrodynamic active lattice

A discrete and periodic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, coupled to a mean equation, is systematically derived from a driven and dissipative lattice oscillator model, close to the onset of a supercritical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation. The oscillator model is inspired by recent experiments exploring active vibrations of quasi-one-dimensional lattices of self-propelled millimetric droplets bouncing on a vertically vibrating fluid bath. Our systematic derivation provides a direct link between the constitutive properties of the lattice system and the coefficients of the resultant amplitude equations, paving the way to compare the emergent nonlinear dynamics---namely, the onset and formation of discrete dark solitons, breathers, and traveling waves---against experiments. The framework presented herein is expected to be applicable to a wider class of oscillators characterized by the presence of a dynamic coupling potential between particles. More broadly, our results point to deeper connections between nonlinear oscillators and the physics of active and driven matter.
Introduction: Chaînes Opératoires and the Making of Roman Bread

This chapter revisits the methods currently being deployed to study Roman industries and establishes the processes and technologies involved in the production of bread. The chapter also explains how the book moves past previous scholarship, which tends to focus on process and proxies for levels of production, by offering new ways of framing production that incorporate social and political habits and that place bread and baking in their cultural contexts. Specifically, the production of bread is recast as a form of cultural heritage, a body of knowledge passed down from generation to generation, and as part of a mode of production that was integrated with broader social and political institutions.
Nucleolar c-Myc recruitment by a Vibrio T3SS effector promotes host cell proliferation and bacterial virulence.

Pathogen type 3 secretion systems (T3SS) manipulate host cell pathways by directly delivering effector proteins into host cells. In Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of bacterial seafood-borne diarrheal disease, we showed that a T3SS effector, VgpA, localizes to the host cell nucleolus where it binds Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1-binding protein 2 (EBP2). An amino acid substitution in VgpA (VgpAL10A ) did not alter its translocation to the nucleus but abolished the effector's capacity to interact with EBP2. VgpA-EBP2 interaction led to the re-localization of c-Myc to the nucleolus and increased cellular rRNA expression and proliferation of cultured cells. The VgpA-EBP2 interaction elevated EBP2's affinity for c-Myc and prolonged the oncoprotein's half-life. Studies in infant rabbits demonstrated that VgpA is translocated into intestinal epithelial cells, where it interacts with EBP2 and leads to nucleolar re-localization of c-Myc. Moreover, the in vivo VgpA-EBP2 interaction during infection led to proliferation of intestinal cells and heightened V. parahaemolyticus' colonization and virulence. These observations suggest that direct effector stimulation of a c-Myc controlled host cell growth program can contribute to pathogenesis.
RBG and the Girls

In June 2018, during the demanding home stretch of that year’s U.S. Supreme Court’s term, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg came to speak to Judges and many lawyers at the Second Circuit Conference in Saratoga Springs, New York. Following her speech, I witnessed her interaction, in the conference center’s back hallway, with three star-struck girls. This essay describes the moment, which I also captured in a photograph published here.
Technician-Scored Stool Consistency Spans the Full Range of the Bristol Scale in a Healthy US Population and Differs by Diet and Chronic Stress Load.

Background Prior studies of adults with constipation or diarrhea suggest that dietary intake, physical activity, and stress may affect stool consistency. However, the influence of these factors is unresolved and has not been investigated in healthy adults. Objectives We assessed the relations of technician-scored stool consistency in healthy adults with self-reported diet, objectively monitored physical activity, and quantifiable markers of stress. Methods Stool consistency was scored by an independent technician using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) to analyze samples provided by healthy adults, aged 18-65 y, BMI 18-44 kg/m2, in the USDA Nutritional Phenotyping Study (n = 364). A subset of participants (n = 109) were also asked to rate their sample using the BSFS. Dietary intake was assessed with two to three 24-h recalls completed at home and energy expenditure from physical activity was monitored using an accelerometer in the 7-d period preceding the stool collection. Stress was measured using the Wheaton Chronic Stress Inventory and allostatic load (AL). Statistical and machine learning analyses were conducted to determine which dietary, physiological, lifestyle, and stress factors differed by stool form. Results Technician-scored BSFS scores were significantly further (P = 0.003) from the central score (mean ± SEM distance: 1.41 ± 0.089) than the self-reported score (1.06 ± 0.086). Hard stool was associated with higher (P = 0.005) intake of saturated fat (13.8 ± 0.40 g/1000 kcal) than was normal stool (12.5 ± 0.30 g/1000 kcal). AL scores were lower for normal stool (2.49 ± 0.15) than for hard (3.07 ± 0.18) (P = 0.009) or soft stool (2.89 ± 0.18) (P = 0.049). Machine learning analyses revealed that various dietary components, physiological characteristics, and stress hormones predicted stool consistency. Conclusions Technician-scored stool consistency differed by dietary intake and stress hormones, but not by physical activity, in healthy adults.This trial was registered at clincialtrials.gov as NCT02367287.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease Compared to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Single Academic Center's Experience

Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have more pregnancy complications than healthy patients. Data regarding pregnancy outcomes in women with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) are more limited, and existing studies are concentrated in Italy and predominantly in patients with a new diagnosis. We compared pregnancy outcomes for UCTD and SLE patients with established disease. Methods Between 2008 and 2017, patients with UCTD and SLE at an academic medical center were recruited to a prospective pregnancy registry. UCTD was defined as a positive autoantibody plus connective tissue disease symptoms, not meeting criteria for another rheumatic diagnosis. SLE was defined by ACR or SLICC classification criteria or by physician diagnosis. Data were collected throughout pregnancy and postpartum. Comparator groups included UCTD, low activity SLE, and high activity SLE. Results A total of 150 SLE and 51 UCTD pregnancies were analyzed. Disease activity was low in most patients, though more patients with SLE had severe activity during pregnancy (12% vs. 2%; p=0.05). The frequencies of prematurity and preeclampsia were significantly lower in UCTD than in high activity SLE patients (preterm: 17% vs. 45%, p=0.004 and preeclampsia: 6% vs. 34%, p=0.0008), though similar to low activity SLE patients. More SGA infants were born to SLE than UCTD patients (33% vs. 7%; p=0.0005), regardless of disease activity level. Conclusion Pregnancies in women with UCTD managed by a rheumatologist have a high rate of pregnancy success and fewer risks than those in women with active SLE.
The Child as “Other”: The Duality of the Other and the Pedagogy of Care

To understand “other” perspectives on Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), one must examine the “Other.” Based on philosophical thinking about the “Other” (Buber, Ich und Du., Insel, 1923; Levinas, Otherwise than being or beyond essence, Duquesne University Press, 1974) and “ethics of an encounter,” we explore the dual dimensions of the child as an “Other.” In one sense, the adult attempts to make the child (“Other”) into a productive adult (“Same”), without respect for childhood in its own right. Our expectations for children are based on notions of adulthood and succeeding in a capitalist and individualistic society. They do not value the child, meaning-making, and finding a place in the world. In another sense, the child who is different (the “Other”) is normalized into the “Same” based on norms of child development. Such a technical approach to ECEC cannot capture the complexity of how young children develop. Both perspectives—adult/child and normal child/different child—position the child as an “Other” and as a passive participant within the educational system.
MnSn2 and MnSn2–TiO2 nanostructured anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

The high theoretical lithium storage capacity of Sn makes it an enticing anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs); however, its large volumetric expansion during Li-Sn alloying must be addressed. Combining Sn with metals that are electrochemically inactive to lithium leads to intermetallics that can alleviate volumetric expansion issues and still enable high capacity. Here, we present the cycling behavior of a nanostructured MnSn2intermetallic used in LIBs. Nanostructured MnSn2is synthesized by reducing Sn and Mn salts using a hot injection method. The resulting MnSn2is characterized by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and then is investigated as an anode for LIBs. The MnSn2electrode delivers a stable capacity of 514 mAh g-1after 100 cycles at a C/10 current rate with a Coulombic efficiency >99%. Unlike other Sn-intermetallic anodes, an activation overpotential peak near 0.9 V versus Li is present from the second lithiation and in subsequent cycles. We hypothesize that this effect is likely due to electrolyte reactions with segregated Mn from MnSn2. To prevent these undesirable Mn reactions with the electrolyte, a 5 nm TiO2protection layer is applied onto the MnSn2electrode surface via atomic layer deposition. The TiO2-coated MnSn2electrodes do not exhibit the activation overpotential peak. The protection layer also increases the capacity to 612 mAh g-1after 100 cycles at a C/10 current rate with a Coulombic efficiency >99%. This higher capacity is achieved by suppressing the parasitic reaction of Mn with the electrolyte, as is supported by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis.
Case Report: PAFAH1B1 Mutation and Posterior Band Heterotopia With Focal Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Treated by Responsive Neurostimulation

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), also known as double cortex syndrome, is a malformation of cortical development that may be caused by inherited or somatic gene variants. We present a case of a young adult with posterior SBH and common phenotypical features of pharmacoresistant focal neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy and moderately severe static encephalopathy. Genomic blood analysis identified a pathogenic somatic mosaicism duplication variant of the PAFAH1B1 gene. Despite bilateral cortical MRI abnormalities, the interictal and ictal EEG findings indicated a focal epileptogenic region in the left posterior temporal region. Chronic responsive cortical neurostimulation across two four-contact depth electrodes placed 5 mm on either side of the maximal interictal spiking identified during intraoperative electrocorticography resulted a consistent 28% reduction in duration and propagation of electrographic seizures. Although electrographic seizures continued, the family reported no clinical seizures and marked improvement in behavior. This observation supports that focal neuromodulation can control clinical seizures of consistently localized neocortical origin despite genetic etiology, bilateral structural brain abnormalities, and continuation of milder electrographic seizures.
Globalization, Ideology, and Sport

In this chapter, the authors outline prevailing understandings of globalization as it relates to a variety of ideological configurations that structure sport in the contemporary moment. Specifically, they explore the role that sport has played in the formation of the modern state, through an examination of (a) the extent to which sport has served as an ideological apparatus for advancing dominant politics, economics, and cultures of the modern nation across varying contexts; and (b) the ways in which ideologies have influenced or given shape to nation-specific sporting identities, practices, and governance systems. By presenting case study examples of the modern mega-event (e.g., Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup) and contemporary global celebrity (e.g., Roger Federer; Li Na), the authors specifically highlight the impact of neoliberal ideology and corporate sport on the promotion and consumption of ideology.
The Politics of Space Appropriation

The point and time was the 1960s when public housing in the United States was beleaguered by disinvestment—a reduction in maintenance, services, and programs. Daily life in Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) housing was beset with deteriorating physical facilities and inadequate services to meet the residents’ needs (see Kotlowitz, 1991; Slayton, 1988).
Competition in Real Estate Brokerage from National Banks and Financial Holding Companies

The passage of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB) in 1999 permits nationally-chartered banking institutions to engage in real estate brokerage business if certain conditions are met. However, the Community Choice in Real Estate Act legislation seeks to prevent the GLB Act from being enacted. A survey of banking institutions involved in real estate brokerage finds that these institutions are smaller, less profitable and growing more slowly than the average state-chartered bank. These banks appear to be seeking more profitable lines of business. The results also reveal that most banks are concerned about a substantial loss of loan referrals and other business from Realtors®.
Terpenes—VI : Electrophilic additions to bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ones

Abstract The initial reaction of (−)-umbellulone ( 1 ) with N-bromosuccinimide in water and in methanol, N-chlorosuccinimide in water, and hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and bromine in carbon tetrachloride is an electrophilic addition to the CC double bond followed by attack of a nucleophile at C-4 leading in general to a mixture of two compounds, epimeric at C-4. These compounds are thermally unstable and could not be separated. Structural and configurational assignments were made on the basis of the IR and NMR spectra and the decomposition products of the mixtures. Chlorine also reacts with (−)-umbellulone ( 1 ) in carbon tetrachloride, but the configuration of the single product, a 3,4-dichloro-dihydroumbellulone, could not be deduced from its spectral properties. The compounds with an OH or a MeO group or a Cl atom at C-4 easily lose the elements of water, methanol or hydrogen chloride to form the respective bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one, (−)-umbellulone ( 1 ), (−)-α-bromoumbellulone ( 2 ) or (−)-α-chloroumbellulone ( 12 ). When a Br atom is situated at C-4, deep-seated rearrangements occur at room temperature which on heating finally lead to 2-cyclopenten-1-ones, separated by distillation of the respective reaction mixtures. Mechanisms for these rearrangements were suggested by examination of the NMR spectra of the respective hydrobromination and bromination reaction mixtures as the reactions proceeded.
Modern Molecular Vision

The New Chemistry . Nina Hall, Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2001. 505 pp. $49.95, £30. ISBN 0-521-45224-4. Highlighting links between chemistry and other disciplines, the contributors cover advances in such areas as molecular technology, materials, computers, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, and biomedicine.
The Consequences of Belonging: Conflict Management Techniques Among Japanese Americans

ABSTRACT This qualitative research project conducted among Japanese Americans examined the relationship of cultural patterns to the problem of elder mistreatment. Grounded theory analysis of 27 transcripts revealed that behaviors in conflict situations are governed heavily by group loyalty. The consequences of placing the group above oneself include a quiet maneuvering and promoting harmony through accommodation. Current practice methods may need to be modified with this population to include triadic management and treatment of the “we-self” or the individual within a group context.
Review of "Understanding the Human Machine, A Primer for Bioengineering" by Max E. Valentinuzzi

The book "Understanding the Human Machine, A Primer for Bioengineering" embraces various aspects of biomedical engineering as an essential resource book for physical scientists, engineers and biomedical students. The book interfaces physiologic systems with engineering principles to capture the important concepts from a plethora of facts in field of biomedical sciences. Humors, exercise, history of biomedical discovery and elements of humility continuously emerge throughout the book; thereby, enhancing the self-taught approach for the new comers. The Introduction reflects the author's philosophy and advice for the readers from his accumulated wisdom and experience in teaching bioengineering. In Chapter 2, the author used the system approach to intertwine cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous and muscular systems. The organization is timely and effective in the era of systems biology and the emerging research towards predictive and preventive medicine. The system approach in Chapter 2 paves the way for detecting signal output from the physiologic systems. Biosensors are illustrated to measure electric signals from the visual, auditory and olfactory systems as well as the heart, brain, and muscle. The integration of electric circuits using the classic examples such as the Wheatstone bridge and operational amplifiers provides the frame work for signal acquisition and processing. Finally, the author completed the book with a touch of bioinformatics in the post genomic era. In general, the book is comprehensive and succinct, readable and interesting. The presented material spans from the fundamental principles to the applications of bioengineering. Certain areas will improve the quality of this book for the readership of undergraduates and new comers to bioengineering. Some figures are difficult to understand as a result of small captions (eg. figs 2.11 and 3.19). Others are old and lack clear labeling (eg. Figs. 2.52 and 3.15). Tissue engineering deserves a paragraph. Analogous to nanotechnology, a link to a tissue engineering website would be helpful for the readers. A paragraph on molecular engineering involving proteins, DNA and RNA molecules would enhance the balance between classic bioengineering and the emerging fields. The readers would be intrigued if the book ends with a paragraph introducing Bio-MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems), bionanotechnology, molecular imaging, and surface chemistry. Overall, "Understanding the Human Machine, A Primer for Bioengineering" is a very useful book that highlights the fusion between organ systems and engineering principles. I would recommend this book as an introduction to bioengineering and a reference for students from physical science, engineering and life science.
The latent structure of alcohol misuse in young adults: Do taxometric results differ as a function of prior criminal history?

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the latent structure of alcohol misuse is categorical or continuous in male and female adults with and without a history of prior criminal offending. METHODS: Data from 3452 (1530 male, 1922 female) 27-to-32 year old members of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were subjected to taxometric analysis using three nonredundant taxometric procedures-mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum covariance (MAXCOV), and latent mode factor analysis (L-Mode). RESULTS: Analyses produced results consistent with categorical latent structure in males with a previous history of criminal offending but not in males without a previous history of criminal offending or females with or without a history of criminal offending. The findings from the other groups were indeterminate for the most part (i.e., neither categorical nor continuous). The presumptive taxon was validated by testing differences in age of onset and frequency of criminal arrest and drunkenness between the putative taxon and the upper portion of the complement. As predicted, all four validation outcomes were significantly worse in the taxon group. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of these results it is concluded that alcohol misuse in young adults may have features of both categorical and continuous latent structure and that the categorical aspects are more prominent in males with a history of offending behavior. Additional research is required to determine which aspects and features of alcohol misuse are categorical and which aspects and features are continuous. Language: en
Quantitative Aspects of the Disk-Sphere Transformation Produced by Lecithin

1. The disk-sphere transformation produced in the mammalian red cell by lecithin can be studied quantitatively if the lecithin is added to the cells in the form of an isotonic sol, and if the preparations are examined between plastic slides and cover-slips. 2. The quantity of lecithin required to produce spheres from disks is approximately the same as that needed to form a monolayer at the red-cell surfaces. 3. The temperature coefficient of the lecithin disk-sphere transformation is small and positive. 4. The red-cell structure possesses a definite yield point, a certain quantity of lecithin being required to initiate the shape changes. Such yield points are characteristic of structures made up of large oriented molecules. The effect of fixation is to increase the yield point, the increase being a function of the concentration of the fixative. 5. The lecithin disk-sphere transformation can be reversed by the addition of lipoid solvents such as benzene, indol, chloroform, etc. The effect is a strictly quantitative one, the number of molecules required being about 10 times as great as that required to cover the cell surfaces, and somewhat more than 10 times as great as the number of lecithin molecules needed to bring about the disk-sphere transformation. The reversal of the transformation is usually followed by haemolysis, as most of the reversing substances are lysins. 6. The red-cell membrane is probably an ultrastructure of oriented molecules, about 200-500 A. thick, and seems to be able to exist in two metastable forms, the extended or discoidal form, and the contracted or spherical form. It is suggested that the seat of the forces which produce the extended form lies in the repulsions between the ionized hydrophilic groups of oriented cephalin molecules at the cell surface, and that the effect of a lecithin concentration at the surface is to diminish or abolish these forces. Reversing agents combine with the lecithin, and thus leave the repulsive forces able to establish the discoidal form again, at least temporarily. 7. Attention is called to the influence of the red-cell interior as modifying the effects of these essentially surface forces, particularly in reticulocytes, poikilocytes, and the nucleated red cells of the lower vertebrates.
Cegor: an adaptive distributed file system for heterogeneous network environments

Distributed file systems have been extensively studied in the past, but they are still far from wide acceptance over heterogeneous network environments. Most traditional network file systems target the tight-couple highspeed networks only, and do not work well in the wide-area setting. Several communication optimization techniques are proposed in the context of wide-area file systems, but these approaches do not take into consideration the file characteristics and may instead introduce extra computing overhead when the network condition is good. We envision that the capability of providing adaptive, seamless file access to personal documents across diverse network connections plays an important role in the success of future distributed file systems. In this paper, we propose to build an adaptive distributed file system which provides the "close and go, open and resume" (Cegor) semantics across heterogeneous network connections, ranging from high-bandwidth local area network to low-bandwidth dial-up connection. Our approach relies on a set of new techniques for managing adaptive access to remote files, including three components: system support for secure, transparent reconnection at different places, semantic-view based caching to reduce communication frequencies in the system, and type-specific communication optimization to minimize the bandwidth requirement of synchronizations between clients and servers.
In situ microwave characterization of nonplanar dielectric objects

In this paper, a novel experimental solution is presented for the nondestructive, noncontact, and in situ characterization of dielectric objects of curved shape using a spot-focused freespace measurement system. Measurements were made on Plexiglas and glass samples of cylindrical shape with different radii of curvature, and the complex permittivities were computed from the measured S/sub 21/ and S/sub 12/. Comparing the results with planar samples shows that the curvature does not significantly affect the accuracy of the measured permittivity of cylindrical surfaces if the radii of curvature are large compared to the size of the focusing spot. Results for a number of curved samples agree with the published data and this demonstrates the usefulness of a spot-focused free-space system for in situ characterization and evaluation of materials and complex structures during processing and fabrication. The other benefit of this approach is the noncontact nature of the method, which permits measurement of solids and liquids in high/low-temperature environments. The spot-focused beam permits characterization of small or large samples.
Effect of phenytoin on meperidine clearance and normeperidine formation

The presystemic metabolism of meperidine to normeperidine was examined in four healthy men before, during, and 3 wk after phenytoin. The results from the two control periods were similar. Meperidine systemic clearance rose from 1017 +/- 225 ml/min (mean +/- SD) to 1280 +/- 130 ml/min during phenytoin dosing (P less than 0.01). Meperidine elimination half-life fell from 6.4 +/- 1.0 hr to 4.3 +/- 0.4 hr during phenytoin dosing (P less than 0.05). Bioavailability fell from 0.61 +/- 0.08 to 0.43 +/- 0.14 (P less than 0.07). Meperidine volume of distribution, renal clearance, and protein binding did not change. The normeperdine area under the blood concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hr after intravenous meperidine rose from 385 +/- 105 ng/hr/ml-1 to 589 +/- 108 ng/hr/ml-1 during phenytoin dosing (P less than 0.01); after oral meperidine it rose from 592 +/- 50 ng/hr/ml-1 to 738 +/- 178 ng/hr/ml-1. Normeperidine renal clearance was approximately four times that of meperidine, but was not altered by phenytoin. Because analgesia relates to meperidine blood concentrations, patients on long-term phenytoin therapy may require more frequent parenteral doses and larger and more frequent oral doses than usual.
My Digital Shoebox

Editor-in-chief Roy Want discusses the digital revolution as it happened in photography and how this revolution ultimately led us to where we are today with respect to user-generated content.
The effect of encoding training on perceptual recall

The effect of encoding training on tachistoscopic performance was measured by training groups of Ss in either an octal or a standardized English encoding of nine place binary numbers. A control group of Ss was allowed to encode ad lib during an equivalent training period. Performance was measured before, during and after the encoding training. It was found that imposing a code on S impaired tachistoscopic performance both during and for some time after the encoding training. Possible reasons for this effect are discussed.
MAOA, DBH, and SLC6A4 variants in CHARGE: a case-control study of autism spectrum disorders.

Genetic factors are established to contribute to the development of autism. We examined three loci, serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), and the variable number of tandem repeat promoter of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) for association with autism in participants from the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE ) Study, the first large-scale population-based case–control investigation of both environmental and genetic contributions to autism risk. Among male children enrolled in the CHARGE study we tested associations between each of the three polymorphisms and autism (AU) (n = 119), or a combined group of autism and other autism spectrum disorders (AU+ASD, which includes an additional n = 53) as compared with typically developing controls (TD, n = 137). The case–control association analysis showed neither SLC6A4 nor DBH to be statistically significantly associated with AU or ASD. However, the male children carrying 4 tandem repeats in the promoter region of the MAOA gene showed a two-fold higher risk of AU (or AU+ASD) than those carrying allele 3, adjusted for confounders (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.12, 3.65, P = 0.02 for AU vs. TD, and OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.19, 3.53, P = 0.01 for ASD vs. TD). In addition, children of mothers homozygous for the 4 tandem repeat allele showed at least a three-fold higher risk of AU (or AU+ASD) than those with mothers homozygous for allele 3 (OR = 3.07, 95% CI = 1.19, 7.91, P = 0.02 for AU vs. TD, and OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.35, 7.89, P = 0.009 for AU+ASD vs. TD). These results suggest a potential role of the functional MAOA promoter alleles in the male child, the mother, or both in ASD. Autism Res2011,4:250–261. © 2011 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic Resistance to Disease in Domestic Animals

Abstract Frederick Bruce Hutt viii, 198 pp. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York. 1958. $3.50.
Quantification, characterization and fatty acid composition of lysophosphatidic acid in different rat tissues.

The amount and composition of lysophosphatidate present in different rat tissues have been estimated by an internal standard method in which a synthetic unnatural isomer (1-heptadecanoyl-rac-glycerol-3-phosphate) was added to the total lipid extracts, and the fatty acid composition of purified lysophosphatidate was determined. Lipids from tissues were extracted under acidic conditions, and the lysophosphatidate was purified by solvent partitions followed by thin-layer chromatography in multiple solvent systems. The purified lipid was shown to be 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate by chromatographic and chemical analysis, by its resistance to hydrolysis when treated with phospholipase A2 and also by its complete conversion to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol when treated with alkaline phosphatase. The fatty acid consituents of this lipid were determined by gas-liquid chromatography of the derived methyl esters. The concentrations (nmol/g of tissue) of lysophosphatidate in various tissues were: 86.2±4.2 in brain, 60.3±6.3 in liver, 46.4±6.5 in kidney, 30.6±5.0 in testis, 22.3 in heart and 19.3 in lung. Mostly (80%) saturated fatty acids were found to be present in this lyso lipid. A significantly high level of stearic acid was present in this lipid from all the tissues (50–60% in liver, kidney, brain and testis, and about 40% in heart and lung) compared to plamitic acid (10–15% in liver, kidney and brain and 25–30% in testis, heart and lung). The fatty acid compositions of phosphatidic acid, the putative product of lysophosphatidate acylation, from different tissues were also determined and palmitate was found to be the major saturated fatty acid. These results suggest that tissue lysophosphatidic acid is not only formed byde novo biosynthesis but is also generated via the breakdown of phospholipids such as phosphoinositides.
Synthetic Design of Ferrimagnetic Materials: Two and Three Dimensional Bimetallic Coordination Polymers

Abstract A synthetic desiagn and rationale for the preparation of ferrimagnetic two- and three-dimensional bimetallic coordination polymers is presented. Preliminary results of the attempted synthesis of such lattices using 4-cyanopyridine, bipyrazine and 1, 4, 8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane are discussed with emphasis on reasons for their inability to generate the desired systems.
Two new types of retinal degeneration in cerebellar mutant mice

HUMAN retinitis pigmentosa represents a class of diseases, the principal characteristic of which is the slow and progressive degeneration of photoreceptor cells. In several human neurological syndromes, photoreceptor degeneration accompanies cerebellar ataxia, deafness, mental retardation or other abnormalities. Some examples of such syndromes are BattenSpielmeyer–Vogt disease, Refsum's disease, Laurence–Moon Biedl syndrome, Bassen–Kornzweig disease, Usher's syndrome and several of the mucopolysaccharidoses1–4. As far as we know laboratory animals with neurological syndromes that include photoreceptor degeneration have not been available.
Mechanisms for the Reaction of Thiophene and Methylthiophene with Singlet and Triplet Molecular Oxygen

Mechanisms for the reaction of thiophene and 2-methylthiophene with molecular oxygen on both the triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs) have been investigated using ab initio methods. Geometries of various stationary points involved in the complex reaction routes are optimized at the MP2/6-311++G(d, p) level. The barriers and energies of reaction for all product channels were refined using single-point calculations at the G4MP2 level of theory. For thiophene, CCSD(T) single point energies were also determined for comparison with the G4MP2 energies. Thiophene and 2-methylthiophene were shown to react with O(2) via two types of mechanisms, namely, direct hydrogen abstraction and addition/elimination. The barriers for reaction with triplet oxygen are all significantly large (i.e., >30 kcal mol(-1)), indicating that the direct oxidation of thiophene by ground state oxygen might be important only in high temperature processes. Reaction of thiophene with singlet oxygen via a 2 + 4 cycloaddition leading to endoperoxides is the most favorable channel. Moreover, it was found that alkylation of the thiophene ring (i.e., methyl-substituted thiophene) is capable of lowering the barrier height for the addition pathway. The implication of the current theoretical results may shed new light on the initiation mechanisms for combustion of asphaltenes.
Cotranscriptional Chromatin Remodeling by Small RNA Species: An HTLV-1 Perspective

Cell type specificity of human T cell leukemia virus 1 has been proposed as a possible reason for differential viral outcome in primary target cells versus secondary. Through chromatin remodeling, the HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax interacts with cellular factors at the chromosomally integrated viral promoter to activate downstream genes and control viral transcription. RNA interference is the host innate defense mechanism mediated by short RNA species (siRNA or miRNA) that regulate gene expression. There exists a close collaborative functioning of cellular transcription factors with miRNA in order to regulate the expression of a number of eukaryotic genes including those involved in suppression of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, as well as repressing viral replication and propagation. In addition, it has been suggested that retroviral latency is influenced by chromatin alterations brought about by miRNA. Since Tax requires the assembly of transcriptional cofactors to carry out viral gene expression, there might be a close association between miRNA influencing chromatin alterations and Tax-mediated LTR activation. Herein we explore the possible interplay between HTLV-1 infection and miRNA pathways resulting in chromatin reorganization as one of the mechanisms determining HTLV-1 cell specificity and viral fate in different cell types.
Piecewise algebraic surface patches

A technique is presented for modelling with piecewise algebraic surface patches. Each surface patch is defined within a tetrahedral lattice of control points. The shape of the surface is modified by adjusting the weights of the control points. This scheme makes it possible to piece together two algebraic surface patches with any degree of cross-boundary derivative continuity. The application of piecewise algebraic surface patches to solid modelling is discussed.
Nature of water in synthetic hydrogels. I. Dilatometry, specific conductivity, and differential scanning calorimetry of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate

Abstract Three classes of water may exist in certain hydrogels. We have previously labeled these as X water (bulk water), Z water (bound water) and Y water (intermediate forms we call interfacial water). Bulk gel conductivity data for poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were obtained. The activation energy for specific conduction was calculated. A plot of the activation energy versus wt percent of water in the gel clearly indicated three different zones, showing three possible classes of water in the gels. These results were confirmed by thermal expansion measurements. The high water content gels (50%) demonstrated an extremely sharp volume change at 0°C, indicating the presence of normal bulk water. Lower water content gels (20%) showed no anomalous change in thermal expansion, indicating that the water is bound. The medium water content gels exhibited intermediate behavior. A semiquantitative analysis of the three classes of water is presented. A further verification of these results was obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. The low water content gel (20%) consists mainly of bound water, which exhibited no phase transitions over the range −15 to 24°C. The high water content gels showed phase transitions near 0°C. The medium water content gels show gradual shifts of the phase transition temperatures near 0°C.
Minimizing carry-over in an online pepsin digestion system used for the H/D exchange mass spectrometric analysis of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody.

Chromatographic carry-over can severely distort measurements of amide H/D exchange in proteins analyzed by LC/MS. In this work, we explored the origin of carry-over in the online digestion of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody using an immobilized pepsin column under quenched H/D exchange conditions (pH 2.5, 0 °C). From a consensus list of 169 different peptides consistently detected during digestion of this large, ~150 kDa protein, approximately 30 % of the peptic peptides exhibited carry-over. The majority of carry-over originates from the online digestion. Carry-over can be substantially decreased by washing the online digestion flow-path and pepsin column with two wash cocktails: [acetonitrile (5 %)/ isopropanol (5 %)/ acetic acid (20 %) in water] and [2 M guanidine hydrochloride in 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.5]. Extended use of this two-step washing procedure does not adversely affect the specificity or activity of the immobilized pepsin column. The results suggest that although the mechanism of carry-over appears to be chemical in nature, and not hydrodynamic, carry-over cannot be attributed to a single factor such as mass, abundance, pI, or hydrophobicity of the peptides.
Creativity: A Knowledge Base, Metacognitive Skills, and Personality Factors

ABSTRACT Three aspects of creative thinking and production were examined: (a) metacognitive processing, (b) the knowledge base, and (c) personality variables. It was concluded that all three are essential elements, that they operate interactively, and that the results of creative thinking and problem solving are best assessed through evaluation of the products.
Are there gender differences in the cognitive components of adult reading comprehension

Abstract This study examined: (i) whether gender differences exist in the specific cognitive components that are tapped by measures of adult reading comprehension and (ii) whether gender differences exist in the powers of these specific cognitive components to predict reading comprehension. The results revealed a small male advantage for text inferencing and low-knowledge integration, d = − .36 and d = − .28, but no gender differences in the remaining six cognitive components. They also revealed that high-knowledge integration, text memory, and epistemic belief of learning were more predictive of reading comprehension performance for females than males, whereas word decoding was more predictive of reading comprehension performance for males than females. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that there are few quantitative gender differences in the specific cognitive components that are tapped by measures of adult reading comprehension; however, there are important qualitative gender differences in the predictive powers of these specific cognitive components.
Computer simulation and experimental investigation of sheet metal bending using laser beam scanning

Abstract Computer simulation and experimental investigation of the sheet metal bending into a V-shape by the laser beam scanning without an external force exerted onto it have been performed. A 3-D FEM simulation has been carried out, which includes a non-linear transient indirect coupled thermal-structural analysis accounting for the temperature dependency of the thermal and mechanical properties of the materials. The bending angle, distribution of stress–strain, temperature and residual stresses have been obtained from the simulations. The sheet metal bending had been performed for different materials, thicknesses, scanning speeds and laser powers. The measurement of real-time temperature and bending angle was carried out. The bending angle is affected by the mechanical and thermal properties of the sheet metal material, the process parameters, and the output of laser energy. The bending angle is increased with the number of laser beam scanning passes and is the function of the laser power and the laser beam scanning speed. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results.
Bioelectrical activity of isolated cortex—II. steady potentials and induced surface-negative cortical responses

Abstract Monophasic, surface-negative responses evoked by combined low- and high-frequency shocks to the cerebral cortex of cat were obtained from both intact and isolated cortical tissue. The steady potential level at the cortical recording site was found to be 300–500 μV negative to frontal bone when the responses were evoked. Cortical polarization with currents of 2–10 μA yielded similar steady potential levels, and, when substituted for the original high-frequency shocks, also evoked the responses from both intact and neurally isolated cortex. Many times, when evoked inside isolated slabs, the responses retained their original rate when the frequency of the driving stimulus was lowered. These results suggest that shifts of steady potentials probably served as the agent for ephaptic transmission across the cut.
Time-to-collision judgments under realistic driving conditions.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined perceived time to collision (TTC) with automobile drivers under realistic approach, rear-end crash scenario conditions. BACKGROUND: TTC refers to the time before impact if prevailing conditions continue. METHOD: In this test track study involving 51 drivers ranging from 20 to 70 years old, the driver's vision was occluded at either 3.6 or 5.6 s TTC during an in-lane approach to a lead vehicle. Drivers provided TTC estimates by pressing a button the instant they felt that they would have collided with the vehicle ahead. RESULTS: Results indicated that TTC was consistently underestimated. The TTC ratio (perceived TTC/actual TTC) increased as driver speed decreased and as relative speed increased. These ratios were largely unaffected by age, gender, actual TTC, viewing time (1 s vs. continuous), and the presence of an eyes-forward, mental addition distraction task. CONCLUSION: Overall, these results suggest that under these low TTC conditions drivers estimate TTC in a relatively uniform fashion and that they are capable of providing this estimate based on a brief glimpse to the vehicle ahead. APPLICATION: These results are being used to develop an alert timing approach for a forward collision warning system intended to assist drivers in avoiding rear-end crashes with the vehicle ahead. Keywords: Driver distraction Language: en
Ionization of atomic hydrogen by bare ions with charges 1 to 6 in the Glauber approximation

Total cross sections for the ionization of atomic hydrogen by the impact of bare ions with charge ${Z}_{1}=1\ensuremath{-}6$ evaluated in the Glauber approximation are presented and compared to recent data for ${Z}_{1}=1\ensuremath{-}3$ and to other theoretical predictions. At projectile velocities $vl{Z}_{1}$ (in atomic units) the Glauber results lie below data observed. For $vg{Z}_{1}$ the Glauber results converge to observed results better than other theoretical calculations now available.
The effect of intracisternally administered bombesin on cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats

Abstract Cysteamine (420 mg/kg s.c.) increased gastric acid secretion in rats 3–6 h post-injection; duodenal pH fell from 6.0±0.2 (S.E.M.) at 0 time to 2.2.±0.3 at 12 h. A high (60–80%) incidence of duodenal ulcerations was observed 18 h after cysteamine injection. Intracisternal (i.c.) administration of bombesin (1 μg) significantly inhibited both cysteamine-induced increases in gastric acid secretion and the development of duodenal ulcers. The effect of bombesin was dose-dependent and appears to be relatively specific since i.c. neurotensin (1 or 30 μg) was not cytoprotective. Peripheral cholinergic (muscarinic) blockade with atropine methylbromide (10 mg/kg i.p.) was as effective as i.c. bombesin (1 μg) in inhibiting cysteamine-induced gastric hypersecretion and duodenal ulcers.
Urachal cancer: Role of conservative surgery

Urachal carcinoma is a rare neoplasm (0.22% of all bladder cancers) associated with a dismal prognosis. The obscure anatomic position of the tumor often minimizes early symptoms and precludes a timely diagnosis. The reported survival for urachal neoplasms has been inauspicious, and radical surgery (en bloc cystoprostatectomy and wide excision of the urachus and umbilicus) has been recommended as the primary treatment. To provide a rationale for the surgical management of this cancer, 38 patients with urachal carcinoma were reviewed, including 28 men and 10 women (2.8:1) (median age at diagnosis, 56 years; range, 28 to 88 years). The majority of the tumors were of high grade and stage at the time of diagnosis; they were exclusively DNA aneuploid in the 10 patients studied. Most patients had partial (segmental) cystectomy/umbilectomy (n = 30) or en bloc radical cystoprostatectomy/umbilectomy (n = 4) as their initial treatment; five-year overall survival of 43 percent and 50 percent revealed essentially comparable outcomes for the two surgical approaches. Thus, in the initial management of urachal carcinoma, umbilectomy with partial cystectomy may be considered in selected cases; this can enhance quality of life without necessarily influencing survival adversely. Rather, disease outcome seems more dependent on the adverse biologic potential of this usually DNA aneuploid tumor, necessitating the development of more innovative systemic treatment modalities.
MSCs roll into the mainstream

Comment on Ruster et al, page [3938][1] In research as in other human endeavors, there is always a reluctance to accept radically new ideas until the evidence becomes overwhelming. It is not surprising, therefore, that there was great skepticism about initial reports indicating that cells from