cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Scattered Fields from Adiabatically Driven Targets around Exceptional Points.

Scattering processes are typically sensitive to the incident wave properties and to interference effects generated via wave-matter interactions with the target. We challenge this general belief in the case of targets that undergo time-periodic modulations encircling quasiadiabatically an exceptional point in a given parameter space. When the scattering dwell time is above a critical value ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$, the scattered field is surprisingly insensitive to the properties of the incoming wave and local operational details of the driving. Instead, it reaches a fixed point attractor that can be controlled by the direction of the driving cycle. For dwell times below ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$, the unusual robustness is abruptly suppressed. Such protocols may become useful tools in control engineering, including the management of thermal and quantum fluctuations.
Member state liability in Europe and the United States

The European Community (EC) and the United States have contrasting approaches to the place of member state liability to private parties as a remedy for the violation of the law of the union. The EC recognizes a general doctrine of member state liability in damages for violations of EC law, while American states generally possess sovereign immunity from private damage claims for violations of federal law. This contrast is paradoxical, as one would expect the U.S., a better established and more powerful federal polity, to have fewer concerns about the imposition of state liability than the less powerful and more fragile EC. A cluster of differences between the EC and the U.S. helps to account for this paradox. These differences include the factual circumstances of their respective seminal cases; the historical settings in which they arose; civil law systems’ greater hospitality to governmental liability as compared to common law systems; stronger political control over judicial appointments in the U.S.; and EC member states’ stronger safeguards against unwelcome federal legislation. Collectively, these differences help to explain why state liability was deemed more important to the center and less threatening to the member states in the European Community than in the U.S.
Shaker-Amplifier System Characterization

Equipment requirements for ground vibration testing of assemblies, sub-assemblies, and components are dependent on several factors. These include test configuration (e.g., size and mass), equipment performance parameters (e.g., stroke limit), and test architecture (e.g., single-axis or multi-axis). Equipment is historically selected based on similitude to past testing, engineering judgement, and/or rudimentary calculations based on Newton’s second law of physics. From these methods alone it can be challenging to know if all desired test configurations and environments are achievable. As an alternative method to determine if a system is capable of running specific tests, a relationship can be developed between the electrical inputs and physical outputs to the system and used to predict if specific testing can be achieved. This paper explores and begins to quantify the relationship between the physical response of an electrodynamic shaker and DUT with the electrical signals of the power amplifiers and the data acquisition systems. Critical parameters of the system that impact shaker performance are identified using experimental data from three different ground vibration shaker tests. Understanding the relationship between the electrical and mechanical responses of an electrodynamic shaker system can provide test engineers with valuable information on the performance limitations of system, as well as knowledge to better utilize testing equipment resources and predict the testability of a proposed experiment. Objectives for this effort were fulfilled largely through experimental means, including post-processing of experimental data and reporting of findings to develop a knowledge database and technical approach, with an end-goal of developing metrics or tools upon which to base equipment requirements for future testing.
Blastoid high-grade B-cell lymphoma initially presenting in bone marrow: a diagnostic challenge.

The 2016 WHO classification introduced the category of high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL), which includes one poorly understood subset, blastoid-HGBL. Establishing the diagnosis and distinguishing blastoid-HGBL from B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in bone marrow can be challenging. We assessed 31 cases of blastoid-HGBL diagnosed initially in bone marrow and compared this group to 36 cases of B-ALL using immunophenotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and targeted next generation sequencing analysis. The 31 blastoid-HGBL cases included 14 HGBL with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements (double hit lymphoma, DHL), 13 HGBL, not otherwise specified (NOS), and four cases with TdT expression that were difficult to classify. Compared with B-ALL, blastoid-HGBL cases more often showed increased intensity/bright expression of CD20, CD38, CD45, BCL-6, and MYC, and less frequent bright expression of CD10 and TdT. Cases of blastoid-HGBL also more frequently had MYC rearrangement, a complex karyotype and TP53 mutation (p < 0.01). With the exception of CD34, no other single factor, including TdT, was sensitive or adequately specific to distinguish blastoid-HGBL from B-ALL. We developed a scoring system using six distinctive features between 16 cases of unequivocal blastoid HGBL and 22 cases of CD34-positive B-ALL, with a score of ≥3 defining blastoid-HGBL. The system was further validated by using 15 cases of surface light chain negative, and/or CD45 dim to negative blastoid-HGBL and 14 cases of CD34-negative B-ALL. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value of this scoring system were 100%, 94%, 94%, and 100%, respectively. Using this system, the four cases with TdT expression were all classified as blastoid-HGBL: three were DHL and one was HGBL-NOS. In conclusion, blastoid-HGBL shows distinctive immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular features as compared with B-ALL. The proposed scoring system can be helpful for the classification of diagnostically challenging blastoid lymphoid tumors presenting initially in the bone marrow.
Transient disorder along pathways to amyloid

High-resolution structures of amyloid fibrils formed from normally-folded proteins have revealed non-native conformations of the polypeptide chains. Attaining these conformations apparently requires transition from the native state via a highly disordered conformation, in contrast to earlier models that posited a role for assembly of partially folded proteins. Modifications or interactions that extend the lifetime or constrain the conformations of these disordered states could act to enhance or suppress amyloid formation. Understanding how the properties of both the folded and transiently disordered structural ensembles influence the process of amyloid formation is a substantial challenge, but research into the properties of intrinsically disordered proteins will deliver important insights.
Direct and residual fertilizer phosphorus effects on yield and phosphorus efficiency of upland rice in an Ultisol

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors for crop production in highly weathered soils in the humid zone of West Africa. Very few studies have evaluated the residual value of fertilizer P to rice in these soils. Field experiments were conducted for three years (1993–1995) to determine the response of four upland rice cultivars to fertilizer P applied at 0, 45, 90, 145 and 180 kg P ha-1 only once in 1993, and to fertilizer P residues in 1994 and 1995. The soil at the experimental site, in the humid forest zone of Ivory Coast (West Africa), was an Ultisol, low in available P. Grain yields of the rice cultivars were significantly increased by fertilizer P in 1993, and by the fertilizer P residues in 1994 and 1995 although the magnitude of response decreased with time since the fertilizer was applied. The cultivars differed in cumulative agronomic and physiological efficiencies, and the efficiencies were higher at the lower rates of P. The amounts of total P removed in three successive crops were similar for all the four rice cultivars although P harvest index was 10–12% higher in the P efficient than inefficient cultivars. The results suggest that the differences observed in the P efficiency of rice cultivars are due to differences in the internal efficiency of P.
Predatory Fish Removal and Native Fish Recovery in the Colorado River Mainstem

Abstract Mechanical predator removal programs have gained popularity in the United States and have benefited the recovery of several native trout and spring fish. These successes have been limited to headwater streams and small, isolated ponds or springs. Nevertheless, these same approaches are being applied to large river systems on the belief that any degree of predator removal will somehow benefit natives. This attitude is prevalent in the Colorado River mainstem where recovery and conservation programs are struggling to reverse the decline of four endangered fish species. Predator removal and prevention are major thrusts of that work but unfortunately, after 10 years and the removal of >1.5 million predators, we have yet to see a positive response from the native fish community. This leads to the obvious question: is mechanical removal or control in large (>100 cfs base flow) western streams technically or politically feasible? If not, recovery for some mainstem fishes may not be practical in the conv...
AN APPROACH TO THE CORROSION PROBLEM

Corrosion is both costly to mankind and very damaging to his structures. It is estimated that the annual cost of corrosion in the U.S. alone is rapidly approaching $10 billion—and the annual cost to the world would be at least double this figure. Therefore, our interest in combating this phenomenon should be and is, partly, to save money, but also to save lives, prolong the operation of existing equipment, conserve material difficult to replace, and avoid the many inconveniences which arise from the unexpected failure of metal parts through corrosive action.
Interacting Learning-Goals: Treating Learning as a Planning Task

This research examines the metaphor of goal-driven planning as a tool for performing the integration of multiple learning algorithms. In case-based reasoning systems, several learning techniques may apply to a given situation. In a failure-driven learning environment, the problems of strategy construction are to choose and order the best set of learning algorithms or strategies that recover from a processing failure and to use those strategies to modify the system's background knowledge so that the failure will not be repeated in similar future situations. A solution to this problem is to treat learning-strategy construction as a planning problem with its own set of goals. Learning goals, as opposed to ordinary goals, specify desired states in the background knowledge of the learner, rather than desired states in the external environment of the planner. But as with traditional goalbased planners, management and pursuit of these learning goals becomes a central issue in learning. Example interactions of learning-goals are presented from a multistrategy learning system called Meta-AQUA that combines a case-based approach to learning with nonlinear planning to achieve goals in a knowledge space.
Mass Distributions in Elliptical Galaxies at Large Radii

Recently, x-ray observations have shown that elliptical galaxies generally contain large quantities of hot gas. Central dominant cluster ellipticals have even more gas, which they have accreted from the surrounding clusters. The mass distributions in these galaxies can be derived from the condition of hydrostatic equilibrium. M87, the best studied central dominant galaxy, has a massive, dark halo with a total mass of about 4 x 1012 M⊙ within a radius of 300 kpc. The total mass-to-light ratio within this radius is at least 150 M⊙/L⊙. The x- ray observations of normal ellipticals also strongly suggest that they have heavy haloes, although the distribution of the mass is much less certain than in M87.
Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer-stream system

[1] A combination of chemical and dissolved gas analyses, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and hydrologic measurements were used to determine the degree to which biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland were responsible for removing NO3− from groundwaters discharging to the Otter Tail River in west central Minnesota. An analysis of river chemistry and flow data revealed that NO3− concentrations in the river increased in the lower half of the 8.3 km study reach as the result of groundwater discharge to the river. Groundwater head measurements along a study transect through the riparian wetland revealed a zone of groundwater discharge extending out under the river. On the basis of combined chemical, dissolved gas, age date, and hydrologic results, it was determined that water chemistry under the riparian wetland was controlled largely by upgradient groundwaters that followed flow paths up to 16 m deep and discharged under the wetland, creating a pattern of progressively older, more chemically reduced, low NO3− water the farther one progressed from the edge of the wetland toward the river. These findings pose challenges for researchers investigating biogeochemical processes in riparian buffer zones because the progressively older groundwaters entered the aquifer in earlier years when less NO3− fertilizer was being used. NO3− concentrations originally present in the groundwater had also decreased in the upgradient aquifer as a result of denitrification and progressively stronger reducing conditions there. The resulting pattern of decreasing NO3− concentrations across the riparian zone may be incorrectly interpreted as evidence of denitrification losses there instead of in the upgradient aquifer. Consequently, it is important to understand the hydrogeologic setting and age structure of the groundwaters being sampled in order to avoid misinterpreting biogeochemical processes in riparian zones.
Psychological Barriers to Dispute Resolution

Publisher Summary The barriers of special concern in this chapter are psychological. The chapter explores cognitive and motivational processes that impede mutually beneficial exchanges of concessions and render seemingly tractable conflicts refractory to negotiated resolution. In such cases, the failure to achieve significant progress represents a kind of “market inefficiency,” in much the same sense that there is a failure or inefficiency when a motivated buyer and seller are unable to consummate a deal under conditions where the buyer's maximum purchase price exceeds the seller's minimum selling price. The chapter distinguishes psychological barriers from two other kinds of impediments—those that are essentially products of strategic calculation and those that arise from “impersonal” organizational, institutional, or structural factors having little to do either with calculation or with the psychological biases exhibited by individual actors. The chapter presents a detailed examination of five particular psychological barriers—namely, dissonance arising from the past, optimistic overconfidence, loss aversion, divergent construal and reactive devaluation. The chapter examines three broader theoretical perspectives that speak to sources of resentment, misunderstanding, misattribution, and distrust in the negotiation process.
Effect of inclusions on size of surface flaws in glass-crystal composites

Indentation fracture studies were conducted on three sodium borosilicate glasses containing a dispersed phase of alumina inclusions with different degrees of thermal expansion mismatch between the glass matrices and the alumina. The alumina inclusions were found to cause a significant decrease in the size of the indentation cracks compared to those in the glass. This effect was greatest at the higher values of indentation load, which resulted in cracks of dimensions of sufficient size that their propagation was impeded by the tougher alumina dispersions. The fracture toughness for the composite samples calculated from the indentation data showed a significant increase with increasing crack size. For the smallest cracks in these composites, the value for fracture toughness was well below the value obtained in an earlier study by the single-edge notch-beam technique. The fracture toughness for the larger crack sizes which interacted with the alumina dispersions showed excellent agreement with the notch-beam data. The residual stresses due to the thermal expansion mismatch appeared to lead to a slight increase in the mean crack size regardless of the direction of thermal expansion mismatch.
Credentials and clinical activities of internship supervisors in neuropsychology: A comparison of VA and non-VA training sites

Surveyed 69 VA and 101 non-VA internships to (a) delineate the credentials and activities of supervisors in clinical neuropsychology, and (b) compare the credentials and activities of the two groups. Questionnaires were returned by 83% of VA and 62% of non-VA internships. A majority of each group was trained in clinical psychology. The proportions of supervisors with board certification and relevant coursework and/or training experiences (e.g., postdoctoral fellowship) were the same for both groups. Similarities were noted in time devoted to research and training, number of interns supervised, preferred assessment tools, and favored approach to clinical evaluation. Conversely, VA instructors devoted more time to clinical practice, while non-VA personnel claimed more publications. The majority of VA supervisors were trained in VA settings, while most non-VA respondents interned at university medical centers or state hospitals. The training and credentials of both groups evidenced wide ranging competencies. The need for improved training and credentialing of practitioners and supervisors was discussed.
Similarity, interpolation, and fuzzy rule construction

Abstract A method for the construction of fuzzy concepts and fuzzy if-then rules based on similarity and paradigmatic examples is presented. It is shown that all normal fuzzy sets may be realized as the interpolation of paradigmatic examples by a similarity relation. The class of fuzzy if-then rules that may be obtained by interpolation, however, is a proper subset of the rules definable by disjunctive combination.
Dehydration and recovery of free alveolar macrophages.

Rats fed dry chow diet were deprived of wafer for 24 or 48 hours. Free alveolar cells were recovered from the excised lungs by repeated instillation and recovery of saline. The number of cells per gram lung weight harvested from dehydrated rats was significantly below control values and was closely related to the duration of wafer deprivation and loss of body weight. This decrease in cell recovery was not primarily attributable to reduction in food intake which accompanies water deprivation, since rats allowed wafer but restricted to the same food intake did not show as significant a decrease as occurred with dehydration. Free alveolar cells are considered lung macrophages which are responsible for clearance of particulates and microorganisms reaching the deep lung tissue. These experiments indicate that dehydration may affect this important mechanism.
Ovarian Sertoli‐Leydig cell tumors with heterologous elements I. Gastrointestinal epithelium and carcinoid: A clinicopathologic analysis of thirty‐six cases

Thirty-six ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors containing heterologous elements in the form of gastrointestinal-type epithelium are described. Eight of the cases contained microscopic foci of insular carcinoid; in two of these cases of foci of goblet cell carcinoid were also present. The patients' ages ranged from 4-67 years (average, 23 years). The presenting manifestations were androgenic changes (18 cases), abdominal swelling (15 cases), acute abdominal symptoms (one case), menstrual irregularities (one case), and postmenopausal bleeding (two cases). All of the tumors were unilateral. The surface of the tumor was intact in 32 cases, ruptured in three, and adherent to the diaphragm in one. The tumors usually had both cystic and solid components and averaged 15.0 cm in diameter; mucinous fluid was noted on gross examination in 12 cases. On microscopic examination, the gastrointestinal epithelium contained mucinous cells, columnar cells and argentaffin cells; rarely Paneth cells were seen. It was cytologically benign in 29 cases, of borderline malignancy in five and malignant in two. Follow-up information, available for 31 patients, revealed that 29 were alive without evidence of disease from 1-17 years (average, six years) postoperatively. One patient, who had a poorly differentiated tumor, died of recurrent disease six years after the initial operation.
Experimental and theoretical modeling of DNP3 attacks in smart grids

Security challenges have emerged in recent years facing smart-grids in the energy sector. Threats are arising every day that could cause great scale of damages in critical infrastructure. Our paper will address internal security threats associated with smart grid in a simulated virtual environment involving DNP3 protocol. We will analyze vulnerabilities and perform penetration testing involving Man-in-the-middle (MITM) type of attacks. Ultimately, by utilizing theoretical modeling of smart-grid attacks using game theory, we will optimize our detection and mitigation procedures to reduce cyber threats in DNP3 environment. The use of intrusion detection system will be necessary to identify attackers targeting different part of the smart grid infrastructure. Mitigation techniques will ensure a healthy check of the network. Performing DNP3 security attacks, detections, preventions and counter measures will be our goals to achieve in this research paper
Knowledge acquisition for expert systems: some pitfalls and suggestions

The interdisciplinary anthropological study of knowledge elicitation (ASKE) project is introduced. The choice of anthropological methodology for the project is discussed, and the relevance of anthropology to knowledge engineering in general is pointed out. Examples are given of pitfalls observed in the knowledge elicitation process, including problems related to both interviewing technique and conceptual approach. Some preliminary conclusions are drawn based on work to date. >
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Emerging concepts from new data

ABSTRACT Recent developments in the field of neuroscience have illuminated the understanding of the neural circuits impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the mechanism of ...
2,6‐Bis(azaindole)pyridine: reactivity with iron(III) and copper(II) salts

1-[6-(1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-7-ium tetrachloridoferrate(III), (C(19)H(14)N(5))[FeCl(4)], (II), and [2,6-bis(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-1-yl-kappaN(7))pyridine-kappaN]bis(nitrato-kappaO)copper(II), [Cu(NO(3))(2)(C(19)H(13)N(5))], (III), were prepared by self-assembly from FeCl(3).6H(2)O or Cu(NO(3))(2).3H(2)O and 2,6-bis(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-1-yl)pyridine [commonly called 2,6-bis(azaindole)pyridine, bap], C(19)H(13)N(5), (I). Compound (I) crystallizes with Z' = 2 in the P\overline{1} space group, with both independent molecules adopting a trans-trans conformation. Compound (II) is a salt complex with weak C-H...Cl interactions giving rise to a zigzag network with pi-stacking down the a axis. Complex (III) lies across a twofold rotation axis in the C2/c space group. The Cu(II) center in (III) has an N(3)O(2) trigonal-bipyramidal environment. The nitrate ligand coordinates in a monodentate fashion, while the bap ligand adopts a twisted tridentate binding mode. C-H...O interactions give rise to a ribbon motif.
SnoN functions as a tumour suppressor by inducing premature senescence

SnoN represses TGF-β signalling to promote cell proliferation and has been defined as a proto-oncogene partly due to its elevated expression in many human cancer cells. Although the anti-tumourigenic activity of SnoN has been suggested, the molecular basis for this has not been defined. We showed here that high levels of SnoN exert anti-oncogenic activity by inducing senescence. SnoN interacts with the promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) protein and is recruited to the PML nuclear bodies where it stabilizes p53, leading to premature senescence. Furthermore, overexpression of SnoN inhibits oncogenic transformation induced by Ras and Myc in vitro and significantly blocks papilloma development in vivo in a carcinogen-induced skin tumourigenesis model. The few papillomas that were developed displayed high levels of senescence and spontaneously regressed. Our study has revealed a novel Smad-independent pathway of SnoN function that mediates its anti-oncogenic activity.
Oxford House and Alcoholics Anonymous: The Impact of Two Mutual-help Models on Abstinence

Two examples of mutual-help approaches for substance abuse recovery are 12-step groups (AA and NA) and Oxford House. The present study examined the combined effects of AA and Oxford House residence on abstinence over a 24-month period, with 150 individuals randomly assigned to either an Oxford House or to usual aftercare. Among individuals with high 12-step involvement, the addition of Oxford House residence significantly increased the odds of abstinence (87.5% vs. 52.9%). However, among participants with low 12-step involvement, rates of abstinence were fairly similar across conditions (31.4% vs. 21.2%). Results suggested that the joint effectiveness of these mutual-help programs may promote abstinence.
Effect of Rater Orientation on the Evaluation of Therapeutic Alliance

Alliance ratings from psychodynamic coders were compared with those of cognitive–behavioral coders on the same data set of significant psychodynamic–interpersonal (n = 13) and cognitive–behavior th...
Studies on role of liver in nitrogen mustard detoxication.

Summary and conclusionIt was concluded that a major portion of intravenously injected HN2 passes through the liver of the animal. There, metabolic alterations, possibly other than simple de-alkylations, take place which lead to the biliary or lymphatic excretion of compounds the toxicity of which is greatly attenuated. It was demonstrated, however, that a single passage of the drug through the liver does not suffice to influence mortality rate due to an LD50 dose significantly. Detoxication of HN2 or its immediate metabolites in the liver, does not proceed at a sufficiently rapid rate to change the clinical course of mustard intoxication. This substantiates our previous observations which indicated that the effects of the drug on the organism are initiated quite rapidly following its administration.
Management of AIDS-Related Pneumothorax

Abstract Background . Pneumothorax (PTX) occurs in 5% of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) infected with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and up to 50% of those will die during hospitalization. The treatment strategies for managing AIDS-related PTXs are often complex and ineffective at treating the PTX, and they can prolong hospitalization. Methods . We reviewed our experience with 36 male patients with AIDS treated for 44 PTXs over a 2.5-year period to determine if a particular therapeutic approach could allow for an earlier recovery and effective treatment of the PTX. All patients had current or prior history of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia infection, and the CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts were less than 100/μL in 100%. Results . Twenty-seven patients with 31 PTXs were discharged from the hospital. Of these 31 PTXs, 21 had resolved at the time of the patient's discharge from the hospital, and the other 10 PTXs were converted from Pleurevac (Deknatel, Inc, Fall River, MA) drainage to a Heimlich valve for persistent bronchopleural fistula after more than 15 days of conventional treatment. The PTXs were effectively managed by tube thoracostomy alone in 1844 PTXs (41%), tube thoracostomy plus sclerosing therapy in 28 PTXs (25%), and thoracotomy with blebectomy and pleurodesis in 13 PTXs (33%). Nine of 11 of the procedure-related PTXs responded to tube thoracostomy alone; the other 2 PTXs were converted from Pleurevac drainage to a Heimlich valve and allowed for patient discharge from the hospital in less than 10 days. Nine patients with 13 PTXs died during hospitalization. Four of these 9 patients (44%) had bilateral PTXs, and 89 (89%) were being treated by tube thoracostomy with Pleurevac suction for persistent bronchopleural fistula in the intensive care unit at the time of death. The 8 patients treated for 10 PTXs with a Heimlich valve had effective management of the PTX, had no morbidity associated with the Heimlich valve and no in-hospital mortality, and were discharged from the hospital to home or a hospice setting. Conclusions . The management of AIDS-related PTXs is complex and often associated with a destructive pulmonary process and other systemic disease conditions related to AIDS that result in ineffective resolution of the PTX, a prolonged hospitalization, and a high mortality. In our experience, there is a lesser role for managing the PTXs with sclerosing therapy or thoracotomy. Patients with advanced AIDS complicated by PTXs with bronchopleural fistula can be converted from a Pleurevac drainage system to a Heimlich valve with no apparent morbidity or mortality, and managed as an outpatient, thereby potentially shortening hospitalization and facilitating an earlier discharge from an acute care setting.
Factors associated with in-hospital mortality in infants undergoing heart transplantation in the United States.

Objective Infants undergoing heart transplantation have the highest early posttransplant mortality of any age group. We sought to determine the pretransplantation factors associated with in-hospital mortality in transplanted infants in the current era. Methods All infants under 12 months of age who underwent primary heart transplantation during a recent 10-year period (1999–2009) in the United States were identified using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network database. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent pretransplantation factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results Of 730 infants in the study (median age 3.8 months), 462 (63%) had congenital heart disease, 282 (39%) were supported by a ventilator, 94 (13%) with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and 22 (3%) with a ventricular assist device at the time of transplantation. Overall, 82 (11.2%) infants died before their initial hospital discharge. In adjusted analysis, in-hospital mortality was associated with repaired congenital heart disease (odds ratio [OR], 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8, 7.2), unrepaired congenital heart disease not on prostaglandin E (OR, 2.8; CI, 1.3, 6.1), extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support (OR, 6.1; CI, 2.8, 13.4), ventilator support (OR, 4.4; CI, 2.3, 8.3), creatinine clearance less than 40 mL · min −1 · 1.73 m −2 (OR, 3.1; CI, 1.7, 5.3), and dialysis (OR, 6.2; CI, 2.1, 18.3) at transplantation. Conclusions One in 9 infants undergoing heart transplantation dies before hospital discharge. Pretranplantation factors associated with early mortality include congenital heart disease, extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support, mechanical ventilation, and renal failure. Risk stratification for early posttransplant mortality among infants listed for heart transplantation may improve decision-making for transplant eligibility, organ allocation, and posttransplant interventions to reduce mortality.
The Politics of Concrete: Institutions, Infrastructure, and Water Policy

The control of most of Earth's freshwater resources with millions of tons of concrete underpins the modern world. This concrete is the physical manifestation of historical political choices about the use and value of ecosystem benefits, the context for current management challenges, and the point of departure for decisions on the future of water resources. Water resource systems, despite the emphasis on the engineered marvels that grab our attention, are perhaps best understood as a set of interconnected political calculations. This article examines the purpose of infrastructure in social–ecological systems and the importance of history and institutional permanence. It explores the political effects of water system infrastructure, the potential redistributive consequences of climate change, and why policy regimes and institutional arrangements will prove resistant to change.
Characterization of putative small nuclear RNAs from Giardia lamblia

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), which have roles in RNA metabolism, have been found in all eukaryotic cells. Candidate snRNAs were identified in the primitive protozoan parasite, Giardia lamblia, by either immunoprecipitation of total RNA with antiserum directed against the 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure characteristic of snRNAs or by Northern hybridization with oligonucleotide probes complementary to snRNA consensus sequences. Isolated putative snRNAs include eight 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine-capped species: RNAs A through H, and one non-2,2,7-trimethylguanosine-capped species: RNA J. Single copy genes encoding RNA D, RNA H and RNA J were cloned and sequenced, and the 5' end of each RNA was determined by primer extension analysis. Certain characteristics suggest tentative identification of these Giardia RNAs as nucleolar RNAs with possible roles in rRNA processing.
Social recognition and approach in the chick: lateralization and effect of visual experience

Abstract Chicks, Gallus gallus domesticus , tested monocularly on day 3 after hatching recognize familiar versus unfamiliar conspecifics and choose to approach one or other when they use the left eye, whereas they approach familiar and unfamiliar chicks at random when they use the right eye. In experiment 1 we investigated the effects of light exposure of embryos prior to hatching on this particular form of lateralization. Irrespective of whether they hatched from eggs incubated in the dark or from eggs exposed to light during the final days of incubation, chicks using the left eye had higher choice scores (meaning they chose to approach either a familiar or an unfamiliar chick) than chicks using the right eye or both eyes. Therefore, light experience prior to hatching did not influence the lateralization of individual recognition or choice behaviour, although it did affect latency to move out of, and time spent in, the centre of the runway. Experiment 2 showed that visual/social experience posthatching influences choice behaviour: chicks housed in a group in the light for 12 h on day 1 posthatching made a clear choice between familiar and unfamiliar chicks when tested on day 3, but chicks kept in a group in the dark on day 1 did not make a choice, instead alternating between the two stimuli. In experiment 3 we found that posthatching visual/social experience increased the choice scores of chicks using the right eye and thereby removed any lateralization of choice behaviour. The results suggest that visual experience of a social group is required before chicks using their right eye (and left hemisphere) will pay attention to the cues that distinguish one chick from another. Chicks using their left eye (and right hemisphere) recognize the difference between individuals without requiring visual experience with other chicks. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
Language Emergence: Clues from a New Bedouin Sign

A sign language has emerged among three generations of deaf people and their families in a Bedouin community in the Negev desert. This newly reported case sheds light on the minimal environmental social factors required to generate a language.
Effect of inserted oxysterols on phospholipid packing in normal and sickle red blood cell membranes.

Summary Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of oxysterol insertion into normal and sickle RBC membranes and the total lipid extracts of the membranes. Examination of the FTIR C-H stretch and fingerprint regions reveal that the insertion of 7 α− and 7 β -hydroxycholesterol has the greatest effect on the fluidity of RBC membranes and lipid extracts. The results confirm the observation that sterol molecules are oriented in the membrane so that the 7 position is located in the phospholipid head group region at the lipid/water interface. The substitution of a keto for a hydroxy group at the number seven position decreases the effect of the sterol on membrane packing.
Approximate analysis of reader/writer queues

We analyze the performance of queues that serve readers and writers. Readers are served concurrently, while writers require exclusive service. We approximately analyze a first-come-first-serve (FCFS) reader/writer queue, and derive simple formulae for computing waiting times and capacity under the assumption of Poisson arrivals and exponential service. We extend the analysis to handle a one writer queue, and a queue that includes write intention locks. The simple analyses that we present can be used as rules of thumb for designing concurrent systems. >
Risk, Return and Performance of Latin America's Equity Markets, 1975-1995

Abstract This paper examines the investment performance of Latin American equity markets from 1975 through mid-1995. Latin American equity markets have been among the most volatile in the world over the past twenty years. However, their low correlation with other markets has provided diversification benefits. These markets have low liquidity and are concentrated in a few securities. The currencies of Latin American markets have depreciated dramatically against the U.S. dollar. Nevertheless, the investment performance of these markets has been impressive: Their compound returns in U.S. dollar terms have exceeded those of the U.S. and of emerging markets in other regions of the globe. Este trabajo examina el desempeno de los mercados accionarios latinoamericanos desde diciembre de 1975 hasta junio de 1995. Estos mercados han tenido una de las volatilidades mas altas del mundo durante los veinte anos examinados, sin emhargo sus bajas correlaciones con otros mercados han resultado en beneficios de diversifica...
Increased operating room time in patients with obesity during primary total knee arthroplasty: conflicts for scheduling.

Abstract Obesity is associated with increased complications related to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), but the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and operating room time during TKA is unknown. A total of 454 unilateral primary TKAs (2005-2009) were reviewed and categorized by BMI (normal weight, 18.5-25 kg/m 2 ; overweight, 25-30 kg/m 2 ; obese class I, 30- 2 ; class II, 35-40 kg/m 2 ; class III, >40 kg/m 2 ). Intraoperative time measurements (total room time, anesthesia induction time, tourniquet time, closing time, surgery time) were compared across the BMI groups. Comparing normal weight to obese class III, time differences were significant in total room time (24 minutes, P P P P
A solution to the SU(2) classical sourceless gauge field equation

Abstract We have presented a non-monopole type complex solution of the sourceless static gauge field equation in SU(2). We found solutions both when the gauge field is coupled only to itself and when the gauge field is coupled to a scalar field.
Use of the left ventricular peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume ratio to predict symptomatic improvement with valve replacement in patients with aortic regurgitation and enlarged end-systolic volume

Abstract Objectives . This study was designed to assess the left ventricular peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume (PSP/ESV) ratio in predicting symptomatic improvement with valve replacement in patients with aortic regurgitation and enlarged left ventricular volume. Background . Patients with aortic regurgitation and a left ventricular end-systolic volume ≤ 60 ml/m 2 show symptomatic improvement with valve replacement, whereas the response of those with an enlarged end-systolic volume > 60 ml/m 2 is mixed. Most benefit, but some do not. Valve replacement appears to help those whose end-systolic volume is enlarged because of excessive left ventricular afterload but appears to have little or no effect in those whose end-systolic volume is enlarged because of depressed left ventricular contractility. Methods . We studied 27 patients (21 men and 6 women aged 18 to 72 years) with moderate or severe aortic regurgitation, no other cardiovascular abnormalities and left ventricular end-systolic volume > 60 ml/m 2 . In this group we assessed the ability of preoperative variables routinely measured at cardiac catheterization to predict symptomatic improvement with valve replacement Results . Of the 27 subjects, 1 (4%) died 51 days postoperatively. Six months postoperatively, symptoms had lessened in 17 patients (63%), were unchanged in 8 (29%) and had worsened in 1 (4%). By multivariate analysis, the PSP/ESV ratio was the strongest predictor of both functional class 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.026) and change in functional class from before operation to 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.033). By 6 months after valve replacement, all patients with a ratio ≥ 1.72 mm Hg/ml per m 2 were in functional class I or II; in contrast, of those with a ratio 2 , 31% were in functional class III, and 1 (8%) had died. Conclusions . The PSP/ESV ratio may help to predict which patients with aortic regurgitation and enlarged left ventricular end-systolic volume will have symptomatic improvement with valve replacement.
Spatial Summation Can Explain the Attentional Modulation of Neuronal Responses to Multiple Stimuli in Area V4

Although many studies have shown that the activity of individual neurons in a variety of visual areas is modulated by attention, a fundamental question remains unresolved: can attention alter the visual representations of individual neurons? One set of studies, primarily relying on the attentional modulations observed when a single stimulus is presented within the receptive field of a neuron, suggests that neuronal selectivities, such as orientation or direction tuning, are not fundamentally altered by attention (Salinas and Abbott, 1997; McAdams and Maunsell, 1999; Treue and Martinez Trujillo, 1999). Another set of studies, relying on modulations observed when multiple stimuli are presented within a receptive field, suggests that attention can alter the weighting of sensory inputs (Moran and Desimone, 1985; Luck et al., 1997; Reynolds et al., 1999; Chelazzi et al., 2001). In these studies, when preferred and nonpreferred stimuli are simultaneously presented, responses are much stronger when attention is directed to the preferred stimulus than when it is directed to the nonpreferred stimulus. In this study, we recorded neuronal responses from individual neurons in visual cortical area V4 to both single and paired stimuli with a variety of attentional allocations and stimulus combinations. For each neuron studied, we constructed a quantitative model of input summation and then tested various models of attention. In many neurons, we are able to explain neuronal responses across the entire range of stimuli and attentional allocations tested. Specifically, we are able to reconcile seemingly inconsistent observations of single and paired stimuli attentional modulation with a new model in which attention can facilitate or suppress specific inputs to a neuron but does not fundamentally alter the integration of these inputs.
Empirical study on human mobility for mobile wireless networks

The knowledge of human mobility is essential to routing design and service planning regarding both civilian and military applications in mobile wireless networks. In this paper, we study the inherent properties of human mobility upon our collected GPS moving traces. We found that power laws characterize the human mobility in both spatial and temporal domains. In particular, because of the diurnal cycle patterns of human daily activities in associated social territories with limited size, there always exists a characteristic distance in the power law distributions of trip displacement and distance between site locations and a characteristic time in the power law distributions of pause and site return time, respectively. Thus, the CCDF of human movement metrics in spatial and temporal domains always has a transition from power-law head to exponential tail delimited by the associated characteristic distance and characteristic time, respectively. Furthermore, we found that either human random moving direction process without pause or the power law distribution of trip displacement lead to a superdiffusive human mobility pattern, while the power law distribution of pause time causes a subdiffusive human movement pattern.
Rapid Analysis of Glycolipid Anchors in Amphiphilic Dimers of Acetylcholinesterases

1. We describe two simple procedures for the rapid identification of certain structural features of glycolipid anchors in acetylcholinesterases (AChEs). 2. Treatment with alkaline hydroxylamine (that cleaves ester-linked acyl chains but not ether-linked alkyl chains) converts molecules possessing adiacylglycerol, but not those with analkylacylglycerol, into hydrophilic derivatives. AChEs in human and bovine erythrocytes possess an alkylacylglycerol (Robertset al., J. Biol. Chem.263:18766–18775, 1988;Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.150:271–277, 1988) and are not converted to hydrophilic dimers by alkaline hydroxylamine. Amphiphilic dimers of AChE fromDrosophila, from mouse erythrocytes, and from the human erythroleukaemia cell line K562 also resist the treatment with hydroxylamine and likely possess a terminal alkylacylglycerol. This indicates that the cellular pool of free glycolipids used as precursors of protein anchors is distinct from the pool of membrane phosphatidylinositols (which contain diacylglycerols). 3. Pretreatment with alkaline hydroxylamine is required to render the amphiphilic AChE from human erythrocytes susceptible to digestion byBacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) (Toutantet al., Eur. J. Biochem.180:503–508, 1989). We show here that this is also the case for the AChE from mouse erythrocytes, which therefore likely possesses an additional acyl chain in the anchor that prevents the action of PI-PLC. 4. In two sublines of K562 cells (48 and 243), we observed that AChE either was directly susceptible to PI-PLC (243) or required a prior deacylation by alkaline hydroxylamine (48). This suggests that glycolipid anchors in AChE of K562-48 cells, but not those in AChE of K562-243 cells, contain the additional acylation demonstrated in AChE from human erythrocytes. These observations illustrate the cell specificity (and the lack of species-specificity) of the structure of glycolipid anchors.
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex, IV terminations upon spiny dendrites

The forms of the spiny dendrites in layer IV receiving degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals have been examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions of segments of these dendrites show that the axon terminals synapse with both the dendritic spines and the dendritic shafts. No main shafts of apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons were found to synapse with the thalamic afferents, which are received mainly by spiny dendrites 1-2 micron in diameter, at least some of which appear to be the oblique branches of apical dendrites. The forms of these postsynaptic dendrites are so variable that is concluded they arise from more than one morphological type of neuron. The conclusion based on this and previous articles in the series is that most neuronal elements in layer IV which form asymmetric synaptic junctions are potential recipients of the thalamocortical afferents.