cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibiotics: Nucleic Acids As Targets in Chemotherapy

Most of the antibiotics that have proved to be of value in the treatment of human cancer affect the function or synthesis, or both, of nucleic acids. Antibiotic inhibitors of protein biosynthesis are considerably less useful because they lack the required selectivity for neoplastic cells (see Goldberg et al.,1975). All the agents discussed in this chapter alter DNA function (replication or transcription or both), but it has not been established in all cases that their cytotoxic or antiproliferative actions are the direct consequences of interference with DNA function. Thus, significant antimitotic (DiMarco et al., 1975) and cell-surface (Murphree et al., 1976) effects may be found at concentrations of a particular agent (e.g., daunomycin or adriamycin) that are too low to alter nucleic acid synthesis significantly. In addition, it is often difficult to distinguish primary from secondary effects on nucleic acids. For instance, agents such as actinomycin or the anthracyclines, adriamycin and daunomycin, bind DNA in vitro, but this binding is not associated with DNA-strand breakage, at least under the conditions that have been used; the incubation of these agents with intact cells, however, is associated with DNA-strand scission (Pater and Mak, 1974; Schwartz and Kanter, 1975). Indirect DNA breakage may occur after interference with DNA replication or repair. Accordingly, it is essential to show conclusively that agents that do cut DNA strands in vitro, e.g., bleomycin, phleomycin, and neocarzinostatin, do so by the same mechanism in vivo. In this regard, it is sobering in any consideration of the primary action or target of a particular agent to recall that since the discovery of streptomycin, some fourteen different “primary” effects have been described for this antibiotic. Relating in vitro to in vivo effects may also be complicated by significant differences in the concentrations of drug required to produce a given effect, such as inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Such differences, of course, might be accounted for by the ability of cells to concentrate or metabolize the antibiotic.
Primary Palliative Care Education: A Pilot Survey:

The demand for palliative services is outpacing the availability of specialist palliative care clinicians. One strategy to fill this gap is to improve "primary palliative care" skills and knowledge of all clinicians who care for seriously ill patients. Previous educational efforts have shown mixed results, and one possible explanation is unrecognized discordance of educational goals between those offering education and potential primary palliative care learners. The article describes the results and feasibility of a needs assessment survey comparing interest in palliative care education topics and settings among both palliative care specialists (PCS) and nonpalliative care specialists (NPCS). This is the first attempt to measure the perceived importance of primary palliative care topics and preferences about learning settings from the perspectives of both NPCS and PCS. The results suggest substantial areas of both concordant and discordant opinions with respect to educational topics and learning settings. Such data are essential to guide primary palliative care educational efforts. Future work will be needed to determine whether these results are consistent across diverse health systems and what variables influence educational preferences.
IN YOUR FACE

Research suggests that people can accurately predict the political affiliations of others using only information extracted from the face. It is less clear from this research, however, what particular facial physiological processes or features communicate such information. Using a model of emotion developed in psychology that treats emotional expressivity as an individual-level trait, this article provides a theoretical account of why emotional expressivity may provide reliable signals of political orientation, and it tests the theory in four empirical studies. We find statistically significant liberal/conservative differences in self-reported emotional expressivity, in facial emotional expressivity measured physiologically, in the perceived emotional expressivity and ideology of political elites, and in an experiment that finds that more emotionally expressive faces are perceived as more liberal.
Communities in the stalls: A study of latrinalia linguistic landscapes

Latrinalia consists of pictures and messages written on bathroom stalls (Dundes, 1966). Much of the research on latrinalia has focused on how people using men’s and women’s restrooms constructed th...
QoS integration of the internet and wireless sensor networks

Recent developments in sensor networking for both military and civilian applications emphasized the need for a reliable integration of sensor networks with the Internet. For sensor networks deployed in various military applications, it is important that collected information be delivered as fast as possible with minimum delays. In this paper, an integration module is proposed. The objective of the module is to provide preferential services for high-priority traffic. The integration module is implemented and tested using hardware equipments, such as Cisco routers and 10/100 Mbps switches. According to the testbed measurements, the proposed integration module is able to adapt to different traffic needs, thus, ensuring the QoS for different sensor network applications.
MEMS-based near-zero power infrared wireless sensor node

This paper reports on the first demonstration of an infrared (IR) wireless sensor node (WSN) with near-zero standby power consumption. The prototype presented here employs a plasmonically-enhanced micromechanical photoswitch (PMP) that exploits the energy contained in the impinging IR spectral band of interest itself, to perform passive sensing and digitizing functions. The palm-sized IR WSN demonstrated in this work comprises a vacuum-packaged PMP (IR power threshold ∼284 nW, lithographically-defined IR absorptance: ∼89% at 4.6 μm, 0.75 μm bandwidth) connected to a CMOS load-switch which wakes up a coin battery-powered sub 1-GHz wireless microcontroller to transmit data when the IR signal of interest is detected. The standby power consumption for the IR WSN was measured to be just ∼2.6 nW: a >1900X improvement over state-of-the-art pyroelectric IR WSNs, while offering integrated spectral-selectivity. This work represents the first demonstration of an OFF-but-alert WSN that awakens only in the presence of a signal of interest, resulting in near-unlimited battery-life when deployed to detect infrequent but time-critical events.
A Re-Examination of the Proper Place of Perceptual Sense within Husserl’s Phenomenology

Within the philosophical literature, there is a discussion among scholars regarding the proper location of perceptual sense in Husserl’s phenomenology. On the one hand, the static analysis of intentional acts and intentional objects is proposed as the appropriate means by which to understand perceptual sense. On the other hand, Husserl’s genetic phenomenology has been offered as a new approach by which to understand the role of perceptual sense in his phenomenology.1 In regard to the former approach, it may be contended that perceptual sense is the meaning, which is presented through the intentional activity of acts and objects of perception. In reference to the latter approach, it has been claimed that a theory of perceptual meaning emerges within the genetic phenomenology of categorial judgment.2 Furthermore, it has also been asserted that there are at least five main elements of constitution within the geneses of perceptual sense.3 These clues may be considered as perceptual Schemata or sets of rules in which the perceptual characterization of senses may be formulated. These perceptual Schemata within passive syntheses of perception at the foundation of categorial judgments produce perceptual senses.
Electronic Economies of Scope: Investigating Synergies from Procuring and Selling on the Web

Information Technology (IT) investments have increased at a rapid pace in recent years, partly due to the growth in electronic commerce (e-commerce). As firms begin to invest more financial resourc...
Trends in thyroid cancer incidence in India.

e18095Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide, especially in high income countries. A large proportion of such an increase in incidence is attributed to the phenomenon o...
Examining the Association Between Imagery Responsiveness and Increased Scores on the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment: A Correlational Pilot Study

Handwriting dysfunction can negatively impact a child’s occupational performance. Data supporting handwriting interventions are limited, and a need exists for evidence-based handwriting interventio...
Mercury pollution, information, and property values

Abstract In the State of New York, atmospheric deposition of mercury ranks among the 10 most prevalent causes of adverse impacts on water quality. This paper examines the impacts of mercury pollution by exploring the relationship between property values and fish consumption advisory (FCA) designation on New York lakes. We find that New York State property values within one mile of an FCA-designated lake decrease by 6–7 percent on average. This negative impact decreases as the distance between properties and lakes increases. Regressions using samples derived with Mahalanobis metric matching find an even larger FCA effect, ranging from 7 to 10 percent. Our results can serve as a partial indication of the benefits of the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS), which includes the first mercury emission standard in the United States.
Medical decision-making in progressive supranuclear palsy: A comparison to other neurodegenerative disorders

Abstract Introduction Cognitive dysfunction is common in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) but its effect on medical decision-making has not been well studied. To address this gap in the research literature, we compared the medical decision-making capacity of patients with PSP to groups of patients with other neurodegenerative disorders. We also investigated the cognitive correlates of medical decision-making in our PSP sample. Methods The sample was composed of 65 participants that belonged to five study groups: 13 with PSP, 13 with PD-MCI, 13 with PDD, 13 with AD, and 13 cognitively healthy controls. A neuropsychological battery, including a performance-based measure of medical decision-making capacity, was administered to all study participants. Results Over 80% of the PSP group exhibited impairment in some aspect of medical decision-making and rates of impairment in PSP were similar to PDD. A number of cognitive abilities contributed to medical decision-making impairment in the PSP group, with executive function and attention being primary contributors. Medical decision-making was not associated with either disease duration or severity. Conclusions Impaired medical decision-making appears to be a prevalent feature of PSP and impairments in specific cognitive domains may negatively affect the ability of this cohort to make sound medical decisions. The cognition of patients with PSP has likely declined to the point of affecting decision-making ability at the time of diagnosis and recruitment to research studies. This finding has important implications about the ability of clinicians and researchers to consent patients with PSP for research or treatment.
The value of the veterinary professional.

Anon’s timely letter ( VR , 2 March 2019, vol 184, p 286) regarding locum fees touches on a subject much greater than its succinct and pertinent content. > Can the present pricing and staffing structure within our practices support the needs of demanding share-holders? If these unexpectedly ‘high’ locum fees are given by Simon Innes as one of the reasons for poor profitability of a certain corporate group ( VR , 2 February 2019, vol 184, p …
Aeromedical Evacuation of Patients with Abdominal, Genitourinary, and Soft Tissue Injuries

All serious abdominal, genitourinary, and soft tissue injuries occurring in a contingency environment will require urgent aeromedical evacuation to a surgical facility with adequate resources to manage those injuries. Appropriate preparation and in-transit care are essential for both patient survival and optimal functional recovery. This chapter reviews these complex injuries both individually and in combination in the context of the dismounted complex blast injury pattern. In addition, common early challenges and complications seen in these patients are enumerated. A detailed understanding of the patient’s injury pattern; previous care; existing tubes, lines, and drains; and future management plan are critical for providing excellent medical care during long-distance air transport.
Influence of a three-day feed and water deprivation period on gut fill, tissue weights, and tissue composition in mature wethers.

Fourteen mature wethers (average BW 71.8 +/- .86 kg) were used to study the effects of feed and water deprivation on the quantity and composition of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contents and tissues. Sheep (seven/treatment) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) limit fed 1,400 g/d of a pelleted diet or 2) deprived of feed and water for 3 d. Before euthanasia, sheep were infused i.v. with Evans blue, sodium thiocyanate, and antipyrine to determine plasma, extracellular, and total body water, respectively. Blood samples were obtained for 4 h after the infusions. Sheep were killed by injection of a lethal dose of a general anesthetic and organs were immediately removed, weighed, and sampled. Compared with controls, unfed sheep lost 7.1 kg (9.9%; P < .05) of their BW during the 3-d deprivation period, of which 21.1% was from the stomach contents, 28.1% (P < .05) was from the GIT (stomach + intestine) contents, and 6.7% (P < .02) was from GIT tissues. The weight loss of the liver, lungs, heart, and kidneys each accounted for less than 1% of the total weight loss. Of the total weight loss, 80% (P < .09) was body water. Of total body water loss, 57% (P < .20) was from the intracellular compartment and 29% (P < .06) was from the GIT contents. Total Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn losses via fecal + urinary excretion were less or equal to losses from the GIT contents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
MH-iSAM2: Multi-hypothesis iSAM using Bayes Tree and Hypo-tree

A novel nonlinear incremental optimization algorithm MH-iSAM2 is developed to handle ambiguity in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) problems in a multi-hypothesis fashion. It can output multiple possible solutions for each variable according to the ambiguous inputs, which is expected to greatly enhance the robustness of autonomous systems as a whole. The algorithm consists of two data structures: an extension of the original Bayes tree that allows efficient multi-hypothesis inference, and a Hypo-tree that is designed to explicitly track and associate the hypotheses of each variable as well as all the inference processes for optimization. With our proposed hypothesis pruning strategy, MH-iSAM2 enables fast optimization and avoids the exponential growth of hypotheses. We evaluate MH-iSAM2 using both simulated datasets and real-world experiments, demonstrating its improvements on the robustness and accuracy of SLAM systems.
How Well Do Core Faculty Understand The Emergency Medicine Milestones

Author(s): Sorge, Randy; Li-Sauerwine, Simiao; Fernandez, Jorge; Hern, Gene | Abstract: Introduction: It is unclear how emergency medicine (EM) programs educate core faculty about the use of milestones in competency-based evaluations. We conducted a national survey to profile how programs educate core faculty regarding their use and to assess core faculty’s understanding of the milestones.Methods: Our survey tool was distributed over six months in 2017 via the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) listserv. Responses, which were de-identified, were solicited from program directors (PDs), assistant/associate program directors (APDs), and core faculty. A single response from a program was considered sufficient.Results: Our survey had a 69.7% response rate (n=140/201). 62.9% of programs reported educating core faculty about the EM Milestones via the distribution of physical or electronic media. Although 82.6% of respondents indicated that it was important for core faculty to understand how the EM Milestones are used in competency-based evaluations, respondents estimated that 48.6% of core faculty possess “fair or poor” understanding of the milestones. Furthermore, only 50.7% of respondents felt that the EM Milestones were a valuable tool.Conclusion: These data suggest there is sub-optimal understanding of the EM Milestones among core faculty and disagreement as to whether the milestones are a valuable tool.
Bifurcation and Upwelling of the Equatorial Undercurrent West of the Galápagos Archipelago

AbstractThe Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) encounters the Galapagos Archipelago on the equator as it flows eastward across the Pacific. The impact of the Galapagos Archipelago on the EUC in the east...
Randomized Controlled Trials

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the highest level of evidence to establish causal associations in clinical research. There are many RCT designs and features that can be selected to address a research hypothesis. Designs of RCTs have become increasingly diverse as new methods have been proposed to evaluate increasingly complex scientific hypotheses. This article reviews the principles and general concepts behind many common RCT designs and introduces newer designs that have been proposed, such as adaptive and cluster randomized trials. A focus on the many choices for randomization within an RCT is described, along with their potential tradeoffs. To illustrate their diversity, examples of RCTs from the literature are provided. Statistical considerations, such as power and type I error rates, are discussed with the intention of providing practical guidance about how to specify study hypotheses that address the scientific question while being statistically appropriate. Finally, the freely available Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials guidelines and US Food and Drug Administration guidance documents are introduced, along with a set of guidelines one should consider when planning an RCT or reviewing RCTs submitted for publication in peer-reviewed academic journals.
Non-Destructive post-irradiation examination results of the first modern fueled experiments in TREAT

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted in the Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) Facility as part of commissioning for nuclear fuel safety research to be continued over the next several decades. TREAT was first constructed in the late 1950s to support research on nuclear fuel specimens under extreme nuclear-heated conditions. Following a decades-long hiatus, reactor operations were resumed at TREAT in 2017 to support the reemerging field of fuel-safety research. The first fueled tests were performed on fresh light-water reactor (LWR)-type sub length specimens (4.9% enriched UO2 in zirconium-alloy cladding) in inert gas capsules with the primary objective to demonstrate new irradiation capabilities, including calculation of energy-coupling factor, and to provide a baseline reference for interpretation of future experiments on accident tolerant fuel designs and high burnup standard fuels. In parallel, several new nondestructive post-irradiation experimental systems and processes have been developed and were successfully demonstrated using these samples. Five capsules were irradiated with energy injections and peak cladding temperatures of ~212 and ~1312 J/gUO2 and ~561–~2113 °C, respectively. These irradiations resulted in various degrees of fuel damage that were characterized using advanced non-destructive examinations. The post-irradiation examinations highlighted that, in the most-energetic transient, zirconium breakout, also referred to as ‘candling,’ was observed as gross cladding melting and relocation. Post-irradiation examinations also confirmed results inferred from in situ instrumentation during irradiation and are consistent with previous results from other studies.
A distributed service-matching coverage via heterogeneous mobile agents.

We propose a distributed deployment solution for a group of mobile agents that should provide a service for a dense set of targets. The agents are heterogeneous in a sense that their quality of service (QoS), modeled as a spatial Gaussian distribution, is different. To provide the best service, the objective is to deploy the agents such that their collective QoS distribution is as close as possible to the density distribution of the targets. We propose a distributed consensus-based expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the target density distribution, modeled as a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). The GMM not only gives an estimate of the targets' distribution, but also partitions the area to subregions, each of which is represented by one of the GMM's Gaussian bases. We use the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD) to evaluate the similarity between the QoS distribution of each agent and each Gaussian basis/subregion. Then, a distributed assignment problem is formulated and solved as a discrete optimal mass transport problem that allocates each agent to a subregion by taking the KLD as the assignment cost. We demonstrate our results by a sensor deployment for event detection where the sensor's QoS is modeled as an anisotropic Gaussian distribution.
Context effects on phoneme categorization in children with dyslexia

Research shows that, on average, children with dyslexia behave less categorically in phoneme categorization tasks. This study investigates three subtle ways that struggling readers may perform differently than their typically developing peers in this experimental context: sensitivity to the frequency distribution from which speech tokens are drawn, bias induced by previous stimulus presentations, and fatigue during the course of the task. We replicate findings that reading skill is related to categorical labeling, but we do not find evidence that sensitivity to the stimulus frequency distribution, the influence of previous stimulus presentations, and a measure of task engagement differs in children with dyslexia. It is, therefore, unlikely that the reliable relationship between reading skill and categorical labeling is attributable to artifacts of the task design, abnormal neural encoding, or executive function. Rather, categorical labeling may index a general feature of linguistic development whose causal relationship to literacy remains to be ascertained.
Readiness to Spend On Green Hotels in Bangkok, Thailand

This research aimed to study consumer readiness to spend for green hotels through the use of questionnaire. The data was collected from 385 consumers who purchased products or services at green hotels in Bangkok. The results showed that their enthusiasm to spend for hotels that have made substantial changes to its structure to mitigate its effect on the natural environment is high. Moreover, the research findings have showed that consumers' level of sex, age and education has a major impact on the readiness to spend for green hotels. The outcome of this research supports hotel operators and academic institutes in order to encourage application of sustainable policies and practices in hotels. In consequence, more environmentally concerned consumers are drawn to green hotels.
Technology ecosystems: rethinking resources for mental health

Author(s): Burgess, ER; Zhang, R; Ernala, SK; Feuston, JL; De Choudhury, M; Czerwinski, M; Aguilera, A; Schueller, SM; Reddy, MC
A Review and Update with Perspective of Evidence that the Herbicide Glyphosate (Roundup) is a Cause of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract Glyphosate-based formulations (GBFs), such as Roundup, are the most heavily used herbicides in the world. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that glyphosate and GBFs are probably carcinogenic to humans (group 2A), mainly for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, this finding has been controversial, and most pesticide regulatory agencies have not followed their lead. The purpose of this review was to examine the scientific literature linking exposure to glyphosate and GBFs to the development of NHL, with emphasis on new findings since publication of the IARC report. The epidemiologic studies provide ample evidence for an association between exposure to GBFs and an increased risk of NHL. Animal studies have shown that glyphosate is carcinogenic in rodents and causes NHL in mice. Mechanistic studies have demonstrated that glyphosate and GBFs are genotoxic to human lymphocytes, the normal cell of origin of NHL, both in vitro and in vivo. Genotoxic and other biological effects have also been shown in various animal and cell models with these agents even at low doses. A novel mechanism underlying the specificity of glyphosate for NHL, that is upregulation of the B-cell genome mutator enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase, has recently been demonstrated. These findings were evaluated holistically using the guidelines for evaluation of general causation set forth by Bradford Hill. This evaluation provides coherent and compelling evidence that glyphosate and GBFs are a cause of NHL in humans exposed to these agents. These findings should prompt new reviews by pesticide regulatory agencies around the world.
Excited-State Properties of (Alkynyl)Gold(I) Fluorenyls

Static and ultrafast optical characterization of gold(I) alkynyls having 2,7-disubstituted fluorenyl moieties are described herein. Capping phosphine or N-heterocyclic carbene ligands on Au control rates of radiative and nonradiative decay, and of intersystem crossing. Density-functional theory calculations indicate that luminescence originates from the alkynyl ligands.
Emerging Infectious Diseases in Mobile Populations

A wide variety of social, economic, political, and biological determinants are responsible for the sudden appearance and rapid spread of infectious diseases. There are two potential ways for this event to take place: mobile populations may spread infectious pathogens during their geographic relocation; conversely, during migration or at the time of resettlement, immunologically susceptible individuals are exposed to new pathogens, leading to severe clinical manifestations and death. There is evidence that some microbes have shifted their epidemiologic niches via mobile populations, leading to the globalization of previously geographically restricted infectious diseases and fueling the spread of antimicrobial drug-resistant microbial populations. Health care practitioners, and particularly infectious disease clinicians, should advocate for culturally sensitive approaches to clarify to the public the role of migration in the spread of infectious diseases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a quintessential emerging infectious disease affecting travelers. Like SARS, the mosquito-borne alphavirus chikungunya virus (CHIKV) spreads rapidly via travelers who disseminated this disabling disease across the globe. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) highlight some of the issues around such diseases: the epidemiology of imported diseases, lack of access to care among foreign-born persons, and the potential for direct and transfusion-related transmission years after migration. Travelers classified as visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) include those who have migrated to areas where geographically restricted diseases are not endemic and return to a country of endemicity to visit their families and friends.
Computability Over the Continuum

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the computability over the continuum. Classical descriptive set theory was concerned with classifying sets of real numbers according to the complexity of their definitions from a point of view that considered individual reals as given and thus not subject to analysis. Modern hierarchy theory as an outgrowth of recursion theory takes as given only the (potentially) infinite sequence of natural numbers and analyses the complexity of functions and relations of both natural and real numbers. The chapter provides several characterizations of the class of hyperprojective functions. The abstract theory of hyperprojective relations on arbitrary structures applies directly to any type and leads to the hyper-order n-projective relations.
An improved method to determine orogastric tube insertion length in extremely low birth weight infants

Background: Traditionally, orogastric tube (OGt) insertion length is determined by nose-earlobe-xyphoid (NEX) measurement. Minimum insertion lengths have been proposed for prematures but not for extremely low birth weight (ELBW)
A Simulation Testbed for Biologically Inspired Robots and Their Controllers

This paper introduces a dynamics simulator designed to aid the development of control algorithms for biologically inspired robots. We describe the simulator and a two-tier framework for control code interfacing that allows control code to be written in a standard object-oriented language (C++), but encapsulates such code to produce modular, reusable, distributed controllers with parameterizable inputoutput transmission properties such as delay, sampling rate, and noise.
The War that Killed Achilles: The True Story of Homer's Iliad and the Trojan War – By Caroline Alexander

Caroline Alexander's 1991 Columbia University dissertation examined Achilles' Iliad. After having published valuable accounts of nautical adventure (The Endurance[1998] and The Bounty[2003]), she r...
Declarative data mining using SQL3

Researchers convincingly argue that the ability to declaratively mine and analyze relational databases using SQL for decision support is a critical requirement for the success of the acclaimed data mining technology. Although there have been several encouraging attempts at developing methods for data mining using SQL, simplicity and efficiency still remain significant impediments for further development. In this article, we propose a significantly new approach and show that any object relational database can be mined for association rules without any restructuring or preprocessing using only basic SQL3 constructs and functions, and hence no additional machineries are necessary. In particular, we show that the cost of computing association rules for a given database does not depend on support and confidence thresholds. More precisely, the set of large items can be computed using one simple join query and an aggregation once the set of all possible meets (least fixpoint) of item set patterns in the input table is known. We believe that this is an encouraging discovery especially compared to the well known SQL based methods in the literature. Finally, we capture the functionality of our proposed mining method in a mine by SQL3 operator for general use in any relational database.
Religious Strangers in Uganda: From Emin Pasha to Amin Dada

AT THE Islamic Summit Conference held in Lahore, Pakistan, in February 1974, Uganda was admitted as a Muslim state. According to the 1959 census, little more than 5 per cent of the population was Muslim. According to unofficial estimates, the real number of Muslims in the country exceeded double those arrived at by the census. But whether Muslims in Uganda constituted 5 per cent or 10 per cent of the population they were clearly heavily outnumbered by Christians in the country. What then was Uganda doing at the conference of Islamic states in Lahore ?
WHY WE SHOULD TEACH GRAMMAR: INSIGHTS FOR EFL CLASSROOM TEACHERS

Controversies about whether or not to teach grammar still reign in the current language pedagogy. Those who are against grammar teaching hold the view that grammar should not be taught since grammatical features can be acquired unconsciously in a natural setting. The protagonists of grammar teaching, however, argue that grammatical features need to be taught in order to facilitate the process of acquisition. Without questioning the legitimacy of the fact that grammatical features can be acquired unconsciously, this article argues that formal instruction is needed particularly in EFL contexts. Given this argument, the article addresses three important questions: (1) On what theoretical grounds should grammar teaching be based? (2) When should grammar instruction be given? and (3) How should grammar be taught?
Purification and some properties of an intracellular acid (car☐yl) proteinase from differentiating haploid cells ofPhysarum flavicomum

Abstract An intracellular acid proteinase has been purified 248-fold from differentiating haploid cells of Physarum flavicomum . The purification procedure included an acidification and desalting process, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and benzyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine and pepstatin affinity chromatography. Proteinase assays of the enzyme preparation subjected to polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis revealed one major component. The pH optimum of the enzyme was very acidic, pH 3 or lower, and the isoelectric point was about 2. The enzyme stability decreased as the pH increased toward neutrality and above. The temperature for maximum enzyme activity was 65°C, but 30-minute exposures to temperatures of 55°C and above resulted in increased inactivation as compared to temperatures of 45°C and below. The enzyme was sensitive to millimolar concentrations of various proteinase inhibitors including N -α- p -tosyl- l -lysine chloromethyl ketone, the peptide inhibitors pepstatin, antipain, and leupeptin, as well as the growth factor hemin. The maintenance of enzyme thiol groups was essential for maximum activity and stability of the acid proteinase.
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Prevent— Teach—Reinforce (PTR) Tertiary Intervention for Students With Problem Behaviors Preliminary Outcomes

Although there is literature supporting the effectiveness of tertiary behavioral supports, the majority of the studies have been conducted with single-subject designs. The Prevent—Teach—Reinforce (PTR) model is a standardized model of a school-based tertiary intervention. This study reports initial results from a randomized controlled trial to compare whether the PTR model, as implemented by typical school personnel, is more effective than interventions typically used (i.e., services as usual). To date, 245 students in Grades K-8 have been enrolled in the study, and preliminary results show that students who received the PTR intervention had significantly higher social skills and academic engaged time and significantly lower problem behavior when compared with students who received services as usual. Teachers gave high social validity ratings to the intervention. Implications for widescale school adoption are discussed.
Seismic attributes in the characterization of small-scale reservoir faults in Abqaiq Field

In the South Dome of Abqaiq Field, the Upper Jurassic Hanifa reservoir is overlain by 300 ft of nonporous limestones of the Jubaila Formation, and the Jubaila is in turn overlain by the highly porous and permeable Arab-D reservoir. A 450-km2 3-D seismic survey was acquired over this southern half of Abqaiq Field to define major faults and fracture zones thought to be responsible for fluid communication between the Hanifa and Arab-D reservoirs. Reservoir communication is indicated by a common, original oil‐water contact, and by virtually identical pressure histories even though prior development histories have differed considerably. Prior to the 3-D seismic data, structural mapping of vertical well data gave no indication of any fault or fracture zones cutting the Arab-D or Hanifa reservoirs.
Connectability-Based Controllability of Large Scale Nonlinear Dynamic Thermal Systems

A new approach using graph-theory to determine the controllability and observability of large scale nonlinear dynamic thermal systems is presented. The novelty of this method is in adapting graph theory for a nonlinear class and establishing graphic conditions that describe the necessary and sufficient conditions for a class of nonlinear systems to be controllable and observable which is equivalent to the analytical method of Lie algebra rank condition. Graph theory of directed graph (digraph) is utilized to model the system and its adaptation to nonlinear problems is defined. The necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability are investigated through the structural property of a digraph called connectability. In comparison to the Lie Algebra, this approach has proven to be easier, from a computational point of view, thus it is found to be useful when dealing with large scale systems. This paper presents the problem statement, properties of structured system, and analytical method of Lie algebra rank condition for controllability and observability of bilinear systems. The main results of graphical approach which describe the necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability of nonlinear systems are presented and applied to the problem of a coupled two heat exchangers, connected in an arbitrary fashion.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Employee ownership and organizational slack—some thoughts toward a model

Abstract Employee ownership of the firm may take a number of forms which can be classified as corporate models and cooperative models. Each of these major classifications has a number of subclassifications with unique features. The specific features of the different models of employee ownership permit varying degrees of employee control and, in turn, result from and elicit different degrees of employee commitment and diligence in performance. There are a number of reasons for employee assumption of ownership of the firm. These reasons are practical or ideological in nature and involve saving jobs, saving taxes and raising capital, improving individual and organizational performance, garnering public and government support, democratizing work and reforming capitalism. Each of these objectives of ownership can probably be achieved best under a specific form of ownership. Of course, there are usually several objectives involved simultaneously and they may be in conflict. Employee ownership can provide the superordinate goal for conflict resolution. The number of successful employee ownership ventures offers evidence that the people involved can reconcile their different objectives and design an organization that can garner the commitment and performance diligence needed for slack reduction and goal achievement. Some generalizations concerning characteristics of successful employee-owned firms have been noted but it is difficult to weigh them or to assign causal relationships for specific situations. A general model of employee ownership, commitment and slack has been developed from knowledge of successful models and from research in organizational behavior. It is hoped that the model will provide some useful insights and suggest future research directions.
Carcinoid of the ampulla of vater. Local resection or pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background. Carcinoid of the ampulla of Vater is a rare lesion that may produce obstructive jaundice. Analysis of nodal involvement as a function of primary tumor sizes indicated that metastases occur with tumors smaller than 2.0 cm. The case of a 36-year-old woman is presented and the literature reviewed in an attempt to define the treatment of choice. Methods. The English literature was reviewed, and 27 cases including the current one were identified. All cases were traced to the original case report. Clinical outcome data were tabulated. Results. The mean age of the sample group was 48.5 years, with 52% men and 48% women. Jaundice occurred in 60% of patients. Ampullary carcinoid developed in nine patients in association with von Recklinghausen disease. Treatment included pancreaticoduodenectomy, local excision, and biliary-enteric and endoscopic stenting. Seven patients had positive nodes. Four had metastatic disease at the time of surgical treatment. Long-term survivals of 5.5 years and 5 years were achieved after local excision and pancreaticoduodenectomy, respectively. Conclusions. Long-term survival is possible after local excision or pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Computer Aided Stress Modeling for Optimizing Plastic Package Reliability

A computer-aided stress analysis program has been applied to reliability prediction of VLSI plastic packages. The process of plastic encapsulation and the testing by temperature cycling produce stresses in the silicon chip as well as in the molding material. These stresses must be minimized through specific choices of material and package design. Finite element stress modeling is used to quantify and display the effect of material choices, form factors, and innovative processing techniques. Excellent correlations have been achieved between the model predictions and the actually observed failures and quantitative stress measurements using strain gauge test structures. The mechanical and thermal problems associated with VLSI assembly and packaging can then be minimized.
Locating heart failure.

Local levels of cAMP regulate the precise opening of the ryanodine receptor complex—which releases calcium at the start of a heartbeat. Loss or inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4D enzymatic activity leads to calcium leak, heart failure and arrhythmia.
Work in progress — A framework for assessing the impact of instructional technology on the nature of teaching and learning

If innovative approaches in educational environments are going to be considered for more widespread adoption, assessment methods need to be employed that demonstrate the efficacy of those approaches related to student learning. Various forms of instructional technology have been utilized within the undergraduate curriculum to enhance educational environments and as that technology rapidly advances, it is necessary to consider in what ways that technology brings about desired changes in the pedagogy employed and student engagement with course content. This paper describes the assessment methods currently being employed at a Research I university that are designed to examine the effectiveness of an undergraduate Tablet PC laptop requirement as it relates to systematic change in the nature of undergraduate teaching and learning.
Tracking liquid helium production, distribution, and consumption by networked computer

Abstract A computer-networked liquid and gaseous helium monitoring system has been utilized in a university campus-wide operation. High efficiency is achieved by minimizing wasted production, excess storage, and lost gas. The system, its components, and operation is described.
Online algorithms for network design

This paper presents the first polylogarithmic-competitive online algorithms for two-metric network design problems. These problems arise naturally in the design of computer networks (wired and wireless) as well as many other applications. In most cases the natural applications involve changing sets of communicating nodes, making the online model essential for addressing them.
Determination of some L-amino acids in biological samples by aminoacylation of tRNA.

Abstract A procedure involving the aminoacylation of tRNA for the measurement of l -amino acids is described. The procedure has been applied successfully to the measurements of amino acids in cold acid extracts from blood, plasma, as well as animal tissues. The slight reaction in the absence of tRNA was shown to be due probably to the tRNA content of the enzyme preparation. The requirements for aminoacylation (ionic strength, pH) of tRNA vary with individual amino acids. Nevertheless, the inclusion of a standard curve with each experiment allows the accurate measurement of amino acids under non ideal or even suboptimal conditions. The procedure has been found particularly useful for the study of serial changes in the concentrations of certain amino acids during organ perfusion.
Due Process and Democracy: Participation in School Disciplinary Processes

Imposed legalistic school disciplinary codes are ineffectual and undemocratic: A remedy is proposed.
An Analysis of Advertisements for Positions in International Business

Conventional wisdom holds that every academic discipline should undergo continuous evaluation regarding curriculum, course content, and research focus. Many inputs could be used for such purposes: opinions of specialists (e.g., as revealed by surveys of university courses), consulting experience and research on international business problems. This note presents data on one input–the demand for higher level personnel in international business as reflected by advertisements. The methodology involved clipping advertisements of “positions available” in international business from The Wall Street Journal during the eighteen month period, October 1973 through March 1975. Then they were classified according to the qualifications specified. It should be noted that such advertisements tend to be for experienced persons rather than for newly graduated students. They do not indicate what the market looks for when recruiting students with training in International Business. Rather, such advertisements suggest what qualifications will be needed for advancement in the international activities of firms so long as future business requirements continue the same as at present. In other words, an analysis of advertisements provides information on only one dimension, albeit an important one, of the market for persons trained for international business. Attention also should be given to trends in international business problems and activities that, in the future, may create a demand for different skills than at present. One can list other methodologies needed.
Endotracheal isoflurane anesthesia for chick auditory surgery

Survival surgeries upon chicks are commonly used in auditory research. Appropriate anesthesia is usually obtained with intramuscular or intraperitoneal injections of systemic agents. These techniques have several drawbacks, including delayed onset of anesthesia, difficulty in adjusting the dosage to accomodate individual animals' different responses, prolonged recovery times, and in some cases substantial mortality. We present a technique of administering inhaled isoflurane via an endotracheal tube which we have used for over a year with excellent results. With this agent, onset of deep anesthesia is very rapid, dosage can be titrated readily, overdosage is survivable, complete recovery occurs within a few minutes and mortality is rare. This technique may be valuable for other auditory scientists performing survival surgery in avian species.