cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Descripción del Nuevo Reino de Granada (1958)

Al principio del mes de abril de 1598, el recien nombrado arzobispo del Nuevo Reino de Granada, don Bartolome Lobo Guerrero, se embarco desde Nueva Espana para su nuevo puesto en Santafe de Bogota. Viajaron con el dos padres jesuitas: Alonso de Medrano y Francisco de Figueroa.? Lobo Guerrero le habia pedido al provincial de Mexico, Esteban Paez, que le acompanasen dos jesuitas al Nuevo Reino, con el intento de establecer una presencia permanente de la Compania en el territorio. Paez accedio a la peticion del arzobispo, y nombro a Medrano y Figueroa para la tarea. Y despues de una dificil travesia, la cual describe en poco detalle Juan Manuel Pacheco, los tres llegaron el 05 de octubre de 1598 al puerto de Cartagena. Dos meses mas tarde salieron para Santafe de Bogota.
Improved survival in patients with ventricular assist device therapy: the University of Wisconsin experience.

Objective: Ventricularassistdevices(VADs)have beenimplantedsince 1990inour institution,becomingan increasinglycommontreatmentfor end-stage heart failure. Beginning in 1997, VAD patients were discharged home when feasible. In August 2003, a dedicated multidisciplinary VAD team (cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, VAD coordinators, nurses, rehabilitation specialists, nutrition experts, psychologists, pharmacists, social workers,andadministrators)wascreatedto optimizethemanagement ofVADpatients.Thepurposeofthisstudyis toanalyzethe impactofthese changes in care at our center over the last 17 years. Methods: We retrospectively studied 107 consecutive VAD recipients between June 1990 and August 2006. VADs were implanted as bridge to recovery, bridge to transplant and destination therapy. The cohort was divided by care plans into early (n = 37, June 1990—1996), mid (n = 32, 1997—July 2003), and late groups (n = 38, August 2003—August 2006). Demographic profile, survival and complications were assessed. Results: Patient demographics tended to show an increased severity of illness over time. Post-VAD survival rate significantly improved in the late group (post-VAD 1- and 3-year survival rates; early: 54.1% and 40.5%; mid: 51.6% and 41.9%; late: 86.8% and 82.5%, p < 0.001, respectively). The incidence of complications including re-operation, major bleeding and major infection, significantly decreased in the late group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Outcomes have improved dramatically in recent VAD patients, despite an increasingly highrisk patient population. These data suggest that advances in device technology and medical therapies, as well as a multidisciplinary approach, have improved survival on VAD therapy. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Is Rhythm Control with Pulmonary Vein Isolation Superior to Rate Control with AV Nodal Ablation in Patients with Heart Failure

This was a prospective, multicenter clinical trial in which 81 patients with symptomatic, drug-resistant atrial fibrillation, an ejection fraction of 40% or less, and New York Heart Association class II or III heart failure were randomized to undergo either catheter ablation for AF (n= 41) or atrioventricularnode ablation with biventricular pacing (n=40). Catheter ablation for AF primarily consisted of pulmonary vein isolation with or without additional atrial substrate modification. The primary end points were change in ejection fraction, 6-minute walk test and quality of life questionnaire in HF. All patients completed the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire (scores range from 0 to 105, with a higher score indicating a worse quality of life) and underwent echocardiography and a 6-minute walk test (the composite primary end point). Over a 6-month period, patients were monitored for both symptomatic and asymptomatic episodes of atrial fibrillation. Results
Refinement of the aeronomically determined rate coefficient for the reaction of N2/+/ with O

An earlier aeronomic determination of the rate coefficient for the reaction N2(+) + O yields NO(+) + N using Atmosphere Explorer data indicated a small increase in the rate coefficient with ion temperature, contrary to laboratory observations. This was incorrectly attributed to neglect of an increase in the N2(+) recombination rate with vibrational excitation. Recent aeronomical results have shown that the rate coefficient for charge exchange of O(+)(2D) with N2 is about an order of magnitude smaller at thermal temperatures than at energies greater than 0.5 eV (i.e., energies at which laboratory measurements have been made). It is shown that the use of the smaller charge exchange rate coefficient coupled with recent results on N2 quenching of O(+)(2D) yields a temperature dependence in excellent agreement with the laboratory results for the rate coefficient.
It's time for your evaluation

If there is a word that strikes fear into the hearts of speech and natural-language researchers, it is "evaluation". It's not that we don't like evaluation-mostly, we do-it's just that we've developed this knee-jerk response: "Another evaluation? Already? But we just did an evaluation!" Well, that's an exaggeration. But funder-promoted, common evaluations have profoundly affected our research in years past. In these evaluations, researchers agree on a number of tasks and criteria for success, then work independently on those tasks. In many cases, funding agencies provide sample inputs and outputs in advance, but withhold test data until "evaluation day". Several months later, participating researchers gather at a specialized workshop to discuss results and techniques. Whether you're interested in machine translation, morphology, speech-query processing, information extraction, or information retrieval, there is a common evaluation somewhere where you can test your ideas in an empirical, quantitatively scored setting. The author looks at some strengths and weaknesses of these common evaluations.
Episodic Acute Migraine Treatment

The ideal migraine medication would provide rapid “one and done” treatment of migraine for all sufferers. Unfortunately, no such intervention is available. While most people respond to triptans or DHE, some will need to combine these with an NSAID, or will choose to use an NSAID alone because of personal preference or for medical reasons. Dopamine blockers are another option, and combined with any of the other treatments or used alone, may be particularly useful in those with vascular disease.
Purification of surfactant protein A from dog lung by reconstitution with surfactant lipids.

Abstract We have developed a simple method for purification of surfactant major apoprotein (SP-A, MW 34–38 kD) from dog lungs with high yield and purity. Lipids and proteins of partially purified surfactant were dissociated by sodium deoxycholate (DOC, 100 mM, 37°C, 30 min), diluted 1:10 with borate buffer containing 3 mM CaCl2, and dialysate in the same buffer to reconstitute the lipids and proteins (4°C, 48 h). The reconstituent and the partially purified surfactant were purified by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. Protein was isolated from the reconstituent and from the purified surfactant by delipidation, and the yields and purities were assessed by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and 2-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing, SDS-PAGE). We found that the surface pressure-time adsorption isotherm, minimum surface tension, and the yield and composition of lipids of the reconstituent were identical with those from the purified surfactant. Only about 0.25% of the DOC used for dissociation remained with the reconstituent and it did not affect surface properties of the reconstituent. The yield of SP-A in the reconstituent was almost the same as that in the purified surfactant, but the former contained no plasma protein whereas the latter contained significant amounts. The amino acid composition and the partial N-terminal amino acid sequence of SP-A were the same as those from the purified surfactant. Reconstituent prepared from surfactant lipids and SP-A adsorbed more rapidly and reached a higher final surface pressure than did the surfactant lipids alone. These results demonstrate that large quantities of SP-A can be purified by reconstitution with surfactant lipids, and that the purified protein is biophysically active.
Metropolitan poverty: The case of Chicago

Abstract This study demonstrates a method of estimating and projecting annual poverty for various demographic groups at sub-national levels. Projections are based upon curvilinear trends of counts and rates for each separate group. The methodology can be easily applied in a variety of jurisdictional settings and levels. The second objective is to provide a demographic portrait of poverty specifically within the Chicago metropolitan region. The evidence indicates both erratic rates and growing numbers of impoverishment. The first decade of the new millennium is projected to see a 33% rise in total poverty persons but a halving of the overall poverty rate.
Modeling and Evaluation of HE Driven Shock Effects In Copper with the MTS Mode1

De nombreuses etudes experimentales ont recherche l'effet de la pression de l'onde de choc sur les proprietes mecaniques post-impact du cuivre OFHC. Ces etudes ont montre qu'un durcissement important a lieu pendant l'impact a cause des processus de dislocation et de maclage. Nous avons montre que quand une valeur initiale appropriee de contraintes de seuil mecanique (MTS) est specifiee, les contraintes de fluage post-impact du cuivre OFE sont bien decrites par les rapports derives independamment pour les materiaux sans impact. Dans cette etude, nous considerons l'evolution des MTS pendant les processus d'application de charge d'impact par charge explosive elevee et les effets sur les contraintes de fluages ulterieures du cuivre. Une augmentation des contraintes de fluage post-impact provoque une temperature plus elevee du materiau causee par l'augmentation de la deformation plastique. Une augmentation de la temperature provoque un recuit thermique qui reduit les contraintes de fluage. Ces effets associes determinent s'il y a une fonte dans un jet de charge creuse ou une instabilite de striction dans une chemise en EFP. Le facteur critique est le passage d'evolution suivi combine a la temperature « courante », le fluage plastique et le taux de fluage. Des etudes preliminaires indiquent que, dans des simulations de processus d'impact a charge explosive avec decoupage en zones de haute resolution, les MTS saturent a cause du taux de dependance de la loi de l'evolution. Des recherches de longue duree etudient ce sujet et d'autres questions ayant pour objet de developper une version du modele de MTS qui traite a priori des effets de la charge, de la temperature, du fluage et des taux.
Theory of atomic scattering at the free surface of liquid He 4

The scattering of free helium atoms at the surface of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ at zero temperature is discussed in terms of the Feynman variational method. If the scattered atom is distinguishable from those in the liquid target, as is true for the scattering of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, the problem reduces to the motion of a single particle in an effective potential. Above the surface the effective potential is the same as the real van der Waals potential and, in the surface and below, it is related to the density and kinetic-energy distribution in the liquid ground state. If the theory is applied to the scattering of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, neglecting the indistinguishability of the scattered atom, an excellent fit to the experimental reflection coefficient is obtained. When the trial wave function is fully symmetrized to calculate the reflection coefficient for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ more realistically, the theory describes the production of a single excitation (phonon) from each absorbed atom. The resulting reflection coefficient disagrees with experiment, predicting total reflection at certain critical angles. Even when multiple production of low-energy phonons is considered, total reflection will still occur. It follows that the multiple production of some other type of excitation, in particular low-energy ripplons, must be a dominant process in agreement with the calculations of Echenique and Pendry. It seems that the simple unsymmetrized theory fits the data because the reflection coefficient is mainly determined by the static van der Waals potential outside the liquid where the effects of symmetry, inelastic scattering, etc., are negligible. An atom which penetrates below this region is then effectively lost as far as the original beam is concerned because it begins to produce low-energy ripplons and is incoherently scattered. The problem of determining the density profile at the liquid surface from the experimental scattering data is briefly considered.
Insights into binding cooperativity of MATa1/MATα2 from the crystal structure of a MATa1 homeodomain‐maltose binding protein chimera

The Yeast MATa1 and MATα2 are homeodomain proteins that bind DNA cooperatively to repress transcription of cell type specific genes. The DNA affinity and specificity of MATa1 in the absence of MATα2, however, is very low. MATa1 is converted to a higher affinity DNA-binding protein by its interaction with the C-terminal tail of MATα2. To understand why MATa1 binds DNA weakly by itself, and how the MATα2 tail affects the affinity of MATa1 for DNA, we determined the crystal structure of a maltose-binding protein (MBP)-a1 chimera whose DNA binding behavior is similar to MATa1. The overall MATa1 conformation in the MBP-a1 structure, which was determined in the absence of α2 and DNA, is similar to that in the a1/α2/DNA structure. The sole difference is in the C-terminal portion of the DNA recognition helix of MATa1, which is flexible in the present structure. However, these residues are not in a location likely to be affected by binding of the MATα2 tail. The results argue against conformational changes in a1 induced by the tail of MATα2, suggesting instead that the MATα2 tail energetically couples the DNA binding of MATα2 and MATa1.
Of Time and the Development of Partisan Polarization

In this article we address the topic of increasing partisan polarization in the American mass public, focusing on the twin influences of individual-level development and cohort replacement and the interaction between the two. We posit a model of individual development that consists of declining openness to change beyond young adulthood, an increase in party-issue constraint as age advances, and cohort-specific responsiveness to changes in the partisan environment. Results from a long-term panel study provide initial evidence of these dynamics. We then use simulations to generate expectations about how these developmental processes play out across cohorts, issues, and time. These expectations are evaluated through a cohort analysis of National Election Studies data from 1972 to 2004. Overall, our results provide a new perspective on the dynamics of individual political development and their implications for the timing, extent, and future trajectory of partisan polarization in the U.S. electorate.
Performance of Spring Chinook Salmon Reared in Acclimation Ponds for Two and Four Months before Release

Abstract Seasonal temperature cues may play an important role in the parr–smolt transformation of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., but salmon reared in groundwater-supplied hatcheries with seasonally stable water temperatures do not experience these cues. In this study, conducted over six release years, hatchery spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha that were initially reared in a groundwater-supplied hatchery were transferred to acclimation ponds supplied with surface water either in November (November transfer [NT]) or January (January transfer [JT]) for rearing at ambient water temperatures prior to release into the Umatilla River, Oregon, in early March. After stream release, we monitored out-migration travel times and survival to John Day Dam (JDD) by using passive integrated transponder tags in a subsample of each release group. Across all release groups, median travel time was slower for NT groups (51 d) than for JT groups (46 d); significant differences were observed in five of six release years. ...
EBSD and TEM characterization of high burn-up mixed oxide fuel

Abstract Understanding and studying the irradiation behavior of high burn-up oxide fuel is critical to licensing of future fast breeder reactors. Advancements in experimental techniques and equipment are allowing for new insights into previously irradiated samples. In this work dual column focused ion beam (FIB)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) was utilized to prepared transmission electron microscope samples from mixed oxide fuel with a burn-up of 6.7% FIMA. Utilizing the FIB/SEM for preparation resulted in samples with a dose rate of
The life‐cycle in the ciliate Didinium nasutum with reference to encystment

Three groups of pure lines of diverse clones of Didinium nasutum were maintained in isolation cultures for 778, 786, and 457 generations, respectively, without exhibiting any decrease in fission rate or any increase in encystment rate or death rate. These lines were supplied with Paramecium caudatum in such numbers that a surplus of food was present at all times. Three other groups of lines of the same clones were established simultaneously and cultured in parallel with the preceding groups, but the food of each of these lines was limited to nine paramecia per line daily. The fission rate of these lines fell to zero and the encystment rate increased to 100 per cent after 155, 165, and 113 generations of culture, respectively. The death rate increased appreciably in these lines prior to encystment. Other groups of pure lines were cultured on a diet limited to six paramecia per line daily. These lines encysted after approximately fifteen generations of culture. This evidence indicates that there is nothing in the nature of a definite life-cycle in Didinium and that diminished vitality and encystment do not result from the passage of generations, but from inadequate and unfavorable cultural conditions–specifically, from in-sufficient food. It shows further that it is possible to induce cycles with reference to encystment in Didinium by limiting the food supply and to vary the length of the cycles by varying the quantity of food.
Pharmacokinetics of d-limonene in the rat by GC-MS assay

The naturally occurring monoterpene d-limonene has been found to inhibit various stages of tumorigenesis in a number of animal models and is now being evaluated as a chemopreventive agent in humans. To date, there are little or no preclinical pharmacokinetics available nor is there a sensitive assay methodology. In this study, d-limonene and its dideuterium-labeled internal standard, limonene-d2, in whole rat blood were extracted with n-pentane which was then concentrated on a Kuderna-Danish concentrator. The residue was analyzed by an ion-trap GC -MS under ammonia chemical ionization. The detection limit of d-limonene was 1.0 ng if injected in pure form; however, due to the presence of endogenous d-limonene levels (probably from diet), the routine quantitation limit was set at 1.0 microgram ml-1. The monitored assay linearity range from 1.0 to 30 micrograms ml-1 within-day CV values of 8.0%, 2.4%, and 2.0% at 1.0, 3.0 and 10.0 micrograms ml-1, respectively (all at n = 8), and corresponding accuracy of 100%, 100%, and 101%. The between-day CV values were 12.3, 8.0, and 7.5% at 1, 6, and 20 micrograms ml-1, respectively (all at n = 8). Using this assay, pharmacokinetics of d-limonene were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats following intravenous and oral administration at 200 mg kg-1 each. Blood concentration-time profiles after intravenous administration showed a biphasic decline with a mean initial t1/2 of 12.4 min and a terminal t1/2 of 280 min. The plasma:red blood cell partition was found to be 0.84. Plasma protein binding of d-limonene was found to be 55.3% at 20 microgram ml-1. The mean total clearance was 49.6 ml min-1 kg-1, the volume of distribution at steady-state 11.7 1 kg-1, and median residence time 263 min. The blood concentration-time decline following oral administration also showed a biphasic decline with a mean initial t1/2 of 34 min and terminal t1/2 of 337 min. The oral bioavailability of d-limonene was 43.0%.
Introduction: An International Symposium: Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Central Nervous System Trauma

ABSTRACT An international symposium on the "Cellular and Molecular Correlates of Central Nervous System Trauma" was held on April 21–24, 1988, at the University of North Texas in Denton, Texas. The symposium focused on the mechanisms of cellular injury and death, secondary injury mechanisms, recovery mechanisms, strategies to increase neuronal survival and recovery, regeneration, and grafting. This article summarizes the discussions at the symposium and reviews these subjects. Recent literature is cited. On the cellular level, emphasis was placed on the role and mechanisms of neuronal injury mediated by calcium ions (Ca+2) in both in vivo and in vitro trauma and ischemia models, Ca+2-activated neutral proteases, how neurons protect themselves against excessive Ca+2 entry, excitotoxic neurotransmitters, free radicals, nerve growth factor, and brain magnesium. On the molecular level, the discussion centered on heat shock (stress) proteins induced by injury, DNA strand breaks, injury-induced changes in sodiu...
“Lien On Me”: State Policy Innovation in Response to Paper Terrorism:

Within the current context of state governments searching for roles in the response to terrorism, we explore the nature of state policy response to recent domestic threats to government operations. We employ a general model of state diffusion of innovative policies in an effort to understand state adoption of laws against the use of frivolous liens. The use of such liens by right-wing Patriot groups grew in the 1990s, leading us to focus on key issues related to policy diffusion—the extent of the problem or threat, and the characteristics of regional response. To test specific hypotheses we use Event History Analysis on a state-level dataset from 1995 to 1999. Our results suggest that state adoption of lien laws is mostly driven by regional forces, including the regional threat posed by Patriot groups and the adoption of lien laws by other states in the region, rather than national forces or factors internal to a state. We conclude that previous research has been too limited in its conceptualization of re...
Neuronal Morphogenesis: Golgi Outposts, Acentrosomal Microtubule Nucleation, and Dendritic Branching

In large cells like neurons, how is microtubule polymerization initiated at large distances from the cell body and the main microtubule-organizing center? In this issue of Neuron, Ori-McKenney et al. (2012) demonstrate that Golgi outposts mediate acentrosomal microtubule nucleation and reveal it is crucial for dendrite morphogenesis.
LONG SWINGS IN U.S. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: SOME FINDINGS ON THE HISTORICAL PATTERN*

El estudio resume algunas conclusiones acerca de la naturaleza de las oscilaciones o ciclos de Kuznets, del crecimiento de la poblacion y de la fuerza de trabajo de los Estados Unidos, y sus relaciones causales aparentes durante el periodo anterior a la Primera Guerra Mundial, con movimientos similares en la tasa de desarrollo economico. Hasta 1914, la tasa de crecimiento de la poblacion y de lajuerza de trabajo de los Estados Unidos revela la existencia de „ciclos de Kuznets,” o sea, largas oscilaciones de 15 a 25 anos de duracion, aproximadamente. Estas oscilaciones se concentraron en los secioresno agricolas y en las regiones donde seabrian nuevas explotaciones agricolas; geograficamente, se dijundian ampliamente, a traves de todo el pais. El principal componente subyacente del cambio era la miqracion, tanto externa como interna. Esias oscilaciones en el crecimiento demografico fueron originandas por oscilaciones previas en la tasa de crecimiento economica, pero, a su vez, provocaron sobre este, importantes efectos. Asi, una oscilacion ascendente en la tasa de crecimiento economieo fue acompanada por un aumento de la tasa de crecimiento de los salaries por hora y por una baja de la tasa de desempleo. Al ampliarse el mercado del trabajo, la tasa de migracion desde los seciores agricolas y desde el exterior aumento. A traves del gasto de dinero, proporcionado por los nuevos empleos en los centros de actividad, los migrantes crearon a su vez nuevas demandas y oportunidades de inversion: en alimentos, vestuario, vivienda y numerosos servicios urbanos. Este crecimiento inducido del producto y de la inversion—el tipico „boom” (don) de desarrollo urbano—alimento y prolongo la expansion. Durante el periodo depresivo tendio a prevalecer el mismo movimiento en sentido inverso. Las oscilaciones en el crecimiento de la poolacion y de la fuerza de trabajo persistieron basta 1914, mas en parte, han mostrado caracteristicas dijerentes, especialmente una mayor importancia de la tasa de natalidad en las oscilaciones de la poblacion y en el cambio de la tasa de participacion en las oscilaciones de la fuerza de trabajo. En un proximo estudio se examinara el mecanismo causal que explica esias oscilaciones recientes.
Professional Learning Experiences and Administrator Practice: Is There a Connection?.

This study identified the formal and informal professional learning experiences in which school administrators engaged and the relationship between these professional learning experiences and administrator practice. The researcher developed an instrument that solicited school administrators’ engagement and perceived value of formal and informal learning experiences. A second instrument was adapted to measure middle grades administrators’ leadership practices. All middle grades principals in a southern state in the US were sent both instruments, resulting in a response rate of 42.5%. Correlational results indicated a significant relationship between participation in informal professional learning experiences and principal practice as measured by student, school, and faculty factors. Participation in informal professional learning experiences also significantly predicted principal practice related to the same three factors.
X-ray ionization and fragmentation for use with time-of-flight mass spectrometry

In this paper, we introduce laser desorption X-ray ionization for producing ions from the previously undetected neutral species present during laser desorption mass spectrometry. Studies involving the laser desorption of simple sugars were conducted to illustrate the differences between spectra with and without the X-ray source. Ionization was made possible by placing a 200 mCi Am X-ray source directly into the ionization chamber of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
Grandparents as Caregivers: Emerging Issues for the Profession

Over the last two decades, the number of grandparents caring for their grandchildren has grown exponentially. The 2010 census revealed that 7.5 million children lived with a grandparent. This article is based on a study to find out from grandparents in the southwest region of the United States the circumstances that led to caring for their grandchild, needs and challenges in their role, and finally, to examine the level of stress they experience as a result of the parenting role. Based on the findings, recommendations related to social work practice and policy are provided. Additionally, the need to educate social workers in competency-based education is highlighted.
Determinants of fares and operating revenues at US airports

This paper investigates the effects of market structure on prices that airlines charge to passengers and, in particular, on revenues that airports obtain from airlines and passengers. The estimated effects of market structure on airline fares are similar to earlier findings, and the results of the passenger, airline demand, and delay equations are as expected. Airports' aeronautical and concession charges are related to market structure, but the relations are less straightforward than in the case of fares, especially regarding the vertical relations between airports and airlines. The results on aeronautical charges are consistent with the practice of charging on the basis of airplane weight.
RhoH GTPase recruits and activates Zap70 required for T cell receptor signaling and thymocyte development.

RhoH is a hematopoietic-specific, GTPase-deficient member of the Rho GTPase family with unknown physiological function. Here we demonstrate that Rhoh−/− mice have impaired T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated thymocyte selection and maturation, resulting in T cell deficiency. RhoH deficiency resulted in defective CD3ζ phosphorylation, impaired translocation of the signaling molecule Zap70 to the immunological synapse and reduced activation of Zap70-mediated signaling in thymic and peripheral T cells. Proteomic analyses demonstrated that RhoH is a component of TCR signaling and is required for recruitment of Zap70 to the TCR through interaction with RhoH noncanonical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). In vivo reconstitution studies also demonstrated that RhoH function depends on phosphorylation of the RhoH ITAMs. These findings suggest that RhoH is a critical regulator of thymocyte development and TCR signaling by mediating recruitment and activation of Zap70.
Physical activity and right ventricular structure and function: The MESA-right ventricle study

Rationale: Intense exercise in elite athletes is associated with increased left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) mass and volumes. However, the effect of physical activity on the RV in an older community-based population is unknown.Objectives: We studied the association between levels of physical activity in adults and RV mass and volumes.Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) performed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on community-based participants without clinical cardiovascular disease. RV volumes were determined from manually contoured endocardial margins. RV mass was determined from the difference between epicardial and endocardial volumes multiplied by the specific gravity of myocardium. Metabolic equivalent–minutes/day were calculated from the self-reported frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity.Measurements and Main Results: The study sample (n = 1,867) was aged 61.8 ± 10 years, 48% male, 44% white, 27% African American, 20% Hispanic, and 9% Chines...
Phosphor-Concentration-Dependent Characteristics of White LEDs in Different Current Regulation Modes

Phosphor-concentration-dependent characteristics of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) under different current regulation conditions were investigated. It is found that the phosphor conversion efficiency of white LEDs driven under constant current is lower than that under pulse current. In addition, white LEDs driven under constant current exhibit higher junction temperature than under pulse current, and the difference is phosphor concentration dependent. For both pulse and constant current modes, white LEDs show relatively stable optical characteristics at relatively higher drive currents, when relatively higher phosphor concentrations are used. At relatively higher phosphor concentrations, the correlated color temperature and the chromaticity coordinates have also been observed to be relatively stable for white LEDs in both constant and pulse current modes.
A cross-validity comparison of rating-based and choice-based conjoint analysis models

Abstract This paper compares OLS, hierarchical Bayes (HB), and latent segment, rating-based conjoint models to HB and latent segment choice-based conjoint models. The biggest systematic difference between rating- and choice-based parameters is consistent with a compatibility effect. This leads to a stronger prominence effect for rating-based models. The HB rating-based model has the highest hit rate and choice share validations and the OLS model has the second highest. Within both rating- and choice-based models, hierarchical Bayes models have higher hit rate and choice share validations than latent segment models. Using a choice simulator, the profiles predicted to be optimal with an HB choice-based model are similar to those predicted to be optimal with an HB rating-based model.
Identification of Heavy Drinkers Using a Combination of Laboratory Tests

Abstract Objective: This study derived and evaluated a model that used results of commonly performed laboratory tests to identify men who are heavy drinkers. Method: The results of 40 commonly available laboratory tests were obtained on a diverse sample of 426 heavy drinkers and 188 light drinkers. A logistic regression equation for identifying heavy drinkers was derived in a training data set of 411 subjects and tested in a validation data set of 203 subjects. Results: Ten laboratory measurements were included in the final regression equation: chloride, sodium, ratio of direct to total bilirubin level, blood urea nitrogen, high density lipoproteins, monocyte count, phosphorus, platelets, aspartate aminotransferase, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. In the validation data this model correctly identified 98% of the 161 heavy drinkers and 95% of the 42 light drinkers. Other models reported in previous literature were applied to these subjects and did not perform as well. The model performed better for subjects of lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: The laboratory tests in our model may help identify heavy drinkers. The performance of models to identify heavy drinkers depends on the demographic characteristics of the subjects.
The hydrogen region of the cyclic voltammetry of Pd: the effect of pH and anion

The surface processes on noble metal electrodes have been examined extensively for the purpose of understanding electrocatalysis on these metals. Palladium, a technologically important electrocatalyst, has been studied less than other noble metals, such as Pt and Au. It would be useful to know more about the surface chemistry of Pd, especially in the complex environments in which it is used as a catalyst. The present work studies the hydrogen region of the cyclic voltammetry of Pd. The results in basic and acidic solutions are compared. The effect on hydrogen sorption of the anion and of the upper limit of the sweep are also examined.
Flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea and W-boson production

Abstract The advantage and feasibility of using W -boson production to extract unique information on the flavor asymmetry of the u ¯ and d ¯ sea-quark distributions in the proton are examined. The W + and W − production cross section ratios in p + p collisions are shown to be sensitive to the d ¯ / u ¯ ratios, and they are free from charge-symmetry-breaking and nuclear-binding effects. The feasibility for measuring these ratios at the RHIC and LHC proton–proton colliders, as well as the expected sensitivity to the d ¯ / u ¯ ratios, are also presented.
Three dimensional Peer-2-Peer (3DP2P) networks

The research provides a computational approach for dynamic allocation of geometric coordinates within a 3DP2P network topology. Deployment of Internet and mobile applications within the network will be achieved with the utilization of a 3D-XML peer node descriptor (3DP2P-XML). The 3DP2P-XML file descriptor generates and deploys enterprise beans, web services, and mobile clients. Boundary conditions and statistical data determine the peer node distribution. The application will demonstrate the procedure for generating network coordinates. The coordinates correlate IP and URL addresses to a metric space. The technique uses a Riemann sum to estimate the number of nodes, volume, and surface boundaries of the 3D-P2P mesh network. The resulting algorithm creates a minimum 3D spanning tree with coordinate indexes. The multi-hop network is visualized as a 3D bouquet of computer nodes.
Effects of burrowing by the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax (Smith)

Quantitative measurements were made of the burrowing activities of the fiddler crab ( Uca pugnax ). The rate of burrow appearance and disappearance, and average burrow volume and surface area, were measured in a set of quadrats. In a year, the population of crabs in the quadrats—42 crabs m −2 —can turn over approximately 18% of the upper 15 cm of sediment in a salt marsh (15 cm was the maximum burrow depth). Burrows increased the surface area by 59%. Burrowing may, therefore, significantly affect the composition and chemistry of salt marsh sediments.
Recent progress in development of aromatase inhibitors.

Abstract In postmenopausal women with breast cancer, aromatase, which is the enzyme converting androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol, is the rate-limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis. The currently available aromatase inhibitor, aminogluethimide, effectively blocks estrogen production and produces tumor regressions in patients previously treated with tamoxifen. This drug, however, produces frequent side effects and blocks steroidogenic steps other than the aromatase enzyme. Thus, newer aromatase inhibitors with greater potency and specificity are under intense study. More than 20 such compounds have recently been developed. In several clinical trials, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, given parenterally, has been highly active and specific for aromatase inhibition in patients with breast cancer. In two large recent studies, one-third of heavily pretreated women experienced objective tumor regression with this therapy. CGS 16949A, a newer agent, is also Phase II clinical trials. This compound is an imidazole derivative with nearly 1000-fold greater potency than aminoglutethimide. An initial Phase I study compared the potency of 0.6–16 mg daily in 12 postmenopausal women and found maximal suppression of urinary and plasma estrogens with 2 mg daily. The degree of inhibition was similar to that induced by aminoglutethimide or by surgical adrenalectomy. No CNS, hematologic or biochemical toxicity was observed. A larger Phase II study in 54 patients confirmed this high degree of potency of CGS since a plateau effect was observed at the 1.8, 2 and 4 mg daily doses. The endocrine effects were not absolutely specific as a blunting of ACTH-stimulated but not basal aldosterone levels were observed. This and other emerging aromatase inhibitors offer promise as pharmacologic methods to inhibit estrogen production specifically and without side effects.
Vector-valued Jacobi-like forms

We introduce vector-valued Jacobi-like forms associated to a representation \(\rho: \Gamma \rightarrow GL(n,{\Bbb C})\) of a discrete subgroup \(\Gamma \subset SL(2,{\Bbb C})\) in \({\Bbb C}^n\) and establish a correspondence between such vector-valued Jacobi-like forms and sequences of vector-valued modular forms of different weights with respect to ρ. We determine a lifting of vector-valued modular forms to vector-valued Jacobi-like forms as well as a lifting of scalar-valued Jacobi-like forms to vector-valued Jacobi-like forms. We also construct Rankin-Cohen brackets for vector-valued modular forms.
Study and test formats in learning factual information

Factual information in 4 by 4 or 4 by 2 by 2 matrices was presented to 192 college under- graduates in prose, constrained prose, tabular, or paired associate format for study, and was tested in each of those formats by reproduction or reconstruction of missing items. There were two study-test acquisition trials and a later retention trial with each topic. Totals of correct reproductions or reconstructions did not differ among study formats and differed only slightly among test formats. The latter differences reflected slightly more correct reconstruc- tion responses on the first trial for constrained prose and tabular formats than for prose and paired associates formats. The essential invariance of acquisition and retention among study and test formats suggests that the many manifest or conjectured differences among formats are not effective variables. Moreover, this invariance reorients theory and experimentation on meaningful vs. rote learning.
Indigenous Microbiota and Habitat Influence Escherichia coli Survival More than Sunlight in Simulated Aquatic Environments

ABSTRACT The reported fate of Escherichia coli in the environment ranges from extended persistence to rapid decline. Incomplete understanding of factors that influence survival hinders risk assessment and modeling of the fate of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens. FIB persistence in subtropical aquatic environments was explored in outdoor mesocosms inoculated with five E. coli strains. The manipulated environmental factors were (i) presence or absence of indigenous microbiota (attained by natural, disinfected, and cycloheximide treatments), (ii) freshwater versus seawater, and (iii) water column versus sediment matrices. When indigenous microbes were removed (disinfected), E. coli concentrations decreased little despite exposure to sunlight. Conversely, under conditions that included the indigenous microbiota (natural), significantly greater declines in E. coli occurred regardless of the habitat. The presence of indigenous microbiota and matrix significantly influenced E. coli decline, but their relative importance differed in freshwater versus seawater. Cycloheximide, which inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotes, significantly diminished the magnitude of E. coli decline in water but not in sediments. The inactivation of protozoa and bacterial competitors (disinfected) caused a greater decline in E. coli than cycloheximide alone in water and sediments. These results indicate that the autochthonous microbiota are an important contributor to the decline of E. coli in fresh and seawater subtropical systems, but their relative contribution is habitat dependent. This work advances our understanding of how interactions with autochthonous microbiota influence the fate of E. coli in aquatic environments and provides the framework for studies of the ecology of enteric pathogens and other allochthonous bacteria in similar environments.
Local competition in telecommunications in the United States: Supporting conditions, policies, and impacts

The telecommunications landscape is very different from the days of the national monopolies. Deregulation, coupled with technological change, has affected the types of telecommunications, the providers of service, and the availability of various service bundles. This paper looks at one dimension of the new landscape: the facility-based investment by new providers in metropolitan areas in the USA. New providers include those who target high-volume business customers as well as the more widespread wireless service. A data set comprising central office switches permits analysis of the location and the type service provision by the new telecommunications competitors in American cities.
Fluoride distribution in rat molar enamel

Abstract Fluoride in the superficial enamel of the mesiobuccal cusps and approximal surfaces of 1st maxillary molar teeth of rats given deionized drinking water, or water containing 25 parts/10 6 F, was evenly distributed in the outermost 15 μm of the enamel at the two biopsy sites in both the control and experimental animals. The exposed enamel on the mesiobuccal cusps of rats in the experimental group acquired more F than the enamel on the shielded approximal surfaces.
Chronic self-esteem as a moderator of performance consequences of expected pay

Abstract In a 2 × 2 factorial design, the present experiment investigated the effects of expected pay and chronic self-esteem on quantity and quality of performance. The results on the quality data indicated that high self-esteem subjects performed highly under both low and high pay conditions, whereas low self-esteem subjects performed highly only under the high pay condition. The results on the productivity data, however, indicated only the main effect of pay. These results can be explained in terms of self-consistency theory. They are also in agreement with other investigations showing that individuals would tend to confirm a high self-concept more by high quality than by high quantity of work.
Enhancement of superconducting transition temperatures in martensitic Ti-Mo alloys

Abstract The martensitic structure resulting from the quenching of dilute Ti-Mo alloys is responsible for enhanced values of superconducting transition temperatures, compared to those expected for less-faulted lattices.
THE FIFTY-SEVENTH WILLIAM LOWELL PUTNAM MATHEMATICAL COMPETITION

(2017). The Seventy-Seventh William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 124, No. 8, pp. 675-687.
The relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐III scales and subtests with gifted children

Each year thousands of children are evaluated or reevaluated utilizing the current edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale to determine their eligibility for gifted programs. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (1991) is new enough that only limited research is available on how it compares to the previously used Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1974). The purpose of this study was to determine the comparability between the previously dominant intelligence scale, the WISC-R, and the revised WISC-III with gifted children. The results of this study indicate that the latest revision (WISC-III) and the earlier version (WISC-R) produce remarkably similar scale and subtest scores when administered under clinical conditions to gifted children. All 51 children determined eligible through the administration of one of these two Wechsler tests would have been eligible for services had the other test been administered. The Verbal and Performance scale IQ scores were within two points of each other across the two test administrations, while only a one-point difference existed between the Full Scale IQ scores. The Arithmetic, Comprehension, and Object Assembly subtest scores were in high agreement across the two administrations (p<.01). The level of agreement between some subtests across the two administrations suggests that clinical judgment is just as important as scores in considering who is eligible for gifted programs.
Suppression of Ornithine Decarboxylase Gene Expression by Retinoids in Cultured Human Keratinocytes

Abstract Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression by retinoids was analyzed in human keratinocyte cultures maintained in serum-free medium containing 0.15 mM Ca ++ . Cells were incubated with all- trans -retinoic acid, 13- cis -retinoic acid or arotinoid Ro15-0778 (10 −10 to 10 −5 M), total RNA was isolated, and mRNA transcripts for ODC were analyzed by Northern and slot blot hybridizations with a human ODC cDNA. Treatment of cells for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in ODC mRNA levels, with an estimated IC 50 of ∼1 × 10 −8 M for all- trans -and 13- cis -retinoic acid, while Ro15-0778 was somewhat less effective (IC 50 ∼1−5 × 10 −7 M). The suppression of ODC mRNA levels by retinoids was detectable at -3 h of incubation, with essentially a maximal inhibition at 12 h. Reduced ODC mRNA levels noted after 24 h of incubation with 5 × 10 −7 M all- trans -retinoic acid were accompanied by a reduction in ODC enzyme activity. To determine if all- trans -retinoic acid was regulating ODC gene expression directly, or if protein synthesis was required, ODC expression was analyzed in cultures treated with protein synthesis inhibitors. In the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin, all- trans -retinoic acid did not suppress ODC mRNA levels. These findings suggest that suppression of ODC gene expression is not a direct effect of all- trans -retinoic acid, but depends on ongoing protein synthesis