cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glyburide compared to insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: a cost analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the costs associated with glyburide compared to insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes unresponsive to dietary therapy. STUDY DESIGN: A cost model was designed. The model excluded costs that were identical for both treatment arms, such as the cost of monitoring glucose control. Insulin treatment costs included average wholesale drug costs, wholesale delivery costs (syringes, alcohol pads), and costs of office staff educating patients. Glyburide costs were based on average wholesale drug costs. Downstream costs of potential inpatient evaluation for hypoglycemia were included in the model. RESULTS: In our baseline model, glyburide was significantly less costly than insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. The average cost saving per patient based on wholesale drug costs and hospital costs was US$165.84. Actual retail drug savings and hospital charge savings are potentially considerably greater. The strongest determinant of cost savings was medication cost. The model was less sensitive to the one-time costs of inpatient treatment and patient education. CONCLUSION: Glyburide is less costly than insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes. Cost models can be useful to physicians deciding between two equally efficacious medications, allowing them to incorporate information about their individual practice styles with a complex balance of cost implications.
State-Dependent Cocaine Block of Sodium Channel Isoforms, Chimeras, and Channels Coexpressed with the β1 Subunit

Cocaine block of human cardiac (hH1) and rat skeletal (mu1) muscle sodium channels was examined under whole-cell voltage clamp in transiently transfected HEK293t cells. Low affinity block of resting mu1 and hH1 channels at -180 mV was the same, and high affinity block of inactivated channels at -70 mV was the same. Cocaine block of hH1 channels was greater than block of mu1 channels at voltages between -120 mV and -90 mV, suggesting that greater steady-state inactivation of hH1 channels in this voltage range makes them more susceptible to cocaine block. We induced shifts in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation at mu1 and hH1 channels by constructing mu1/hH1 channel chimeras or by coexpressing the wild-type channels with the rat brain beta1 subunit. In contrast to several previous reports, coexpression of the rat brain beta1 subunit with mu1 or hH1 produced large positive shifts in steady-state inactivation. Shifts in the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation elicited linear shifts in steady-state cocaine block, yet these manipulations did not affect the cocaine affinity of resting or inactivated channels. These data, as well as simulations used to predict block, indicate that state-dependent cocaine block depends on both steady-state inactivation and channel activation, although inactivation appears to have the predominant role.
Obstacles to Educational Reform in China

More than five years have elapsed since the death of Mao Zedong, and the arrest of the "Gang of Four" in autumn 1976 effectively ended China's Cultural Revolution. The new policies associated with Deng Xiaoping and the four modernizations strategy have gradually become clearer, particularly since the third plenum of the eleventh Central Committee held in December 1978. In education, more than in most other areas, distinct differences in orientation separate the present leadership from those who instituted the Cultural Revolution reforms. Whether one refers to these differences-or, more precisely, strategies-as egalitarian versus hierarchical (Pepper, 1980a) or redistributive versus developmental (Unger, 1980), there seems little question of the intense commitment China's leadership groupings have given to one or the other of them. For those who stress the necessity for rapid economic development, an educational system was required that early on selected the brightest students and placed them in the best secondary schools and later in the best universities. Those who believe the development of socialism goes beyond rapid economic development and includes such elements as the redistribution of opportunities in favor of formerly deprived classes, the gradual elimination of the "three great differences" (between worker and peasant, mental and manual
Temperature influence on dielectric energy storage of nanocomposites

Abstract The demand for high energy density dielectric capacitor devices is increasing due to their significant role in stationary power systems, mobile devices and pulse power applications. The polymer film based dielectric capacitor is still one of the most widely used energy storage devices owing primarily to its high energy density and low cost. To further enhance the energy density, high dielectric constant ceramic inclusions have been embedded into the polymer matrix; however, the relationship between temperature and energy density has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, in this paper, a commonly used composites with barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles embedded in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix were fabricated using a solution casting method in order to explore their energy densities within a temperature range from 20 °C to 120 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used for material morphology and crystal structure characterization. Capacitance and breakdown strength were measured throughout the temperature range in order to determine the energy density of the samples with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% volume fractions. It is found that nanocomposites with 30% volume fraction displayed the highest energy density of 5.79 J/cm3 at 50 °C.
Water and ice cloud discrimination by laser beam scattering.

Ice and liquid water phase clouds can be distinguished by the measurement of angular distribution of various polarization parameters at wavelengths for which there is a marked difference in the indices of refraction for the two phases. Mie single scattering theory calculations were made for a Deirmendjian cloud model Cl for wavelengths of 2.90 μ, 3.10 μ, 6.05 μ, 13 μ and 20 μ incident plane-polarized radiation. Plots of the angular distribution of the scattered radiation for the perpendicular polarization, parallel polarization, polarization ratio, polarization, ellipticity and plane of polarization of the polarization ellipse show marked differences in the scattering by ice and water clouds.
PL-03-02: Dissecting the function of APP by the characterization of APP-interacting proteins

not available. S3-01-02 TDP-43 PROTEINOPATHIES Ian Mackenzie, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Contact e-mail: ian.mackenzie@vch.ca Background: The TAR DNA binding protein TDP-43 is a nuclear protein expressed in various tissues, with functions that include transcription repression and activation of exon skipping. The physiological role of TDP-43 in the brain is currently unknown, however it is normally localized to the nucleus of neurons and some glia. The recent identification of abnormal TDP-43 as the major pathological protein in the most common subtype of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions, FTLD-U) and in ALS represents a major breakthrough in understanding the pathogenesis and inter-relationship of these conditions. Defining the clinical and pathological spectrum of this new biochemical class of neurodegenerative disease is the focus of ongoing research. Methods: Literature review. Results: Each of the known genetic causes of familial FTLD-U is associated with a characteristic pattern of neuropathology and in most (including mutations in PGRN, VCP and linked to chromosome 9p) the pathology is TDP-43-positive. The one exception is FTD linked to chromosome 3, caused by a CHMP2B mutation, which has neuronal inclusions that are ubiquitinated but not reactive for TDP-43. The vast majority of sporadic FTLD-U cases also have TDP-43 pathology, however there exists a small proportion that are TDP-43-negative. These cases of “atypical” FTLD-U have a highly consistent clinical phenotype, unique neuropathology and probably represent a discrete entity. In ALS, all sporadic and familial cases without SOD1 mutations have TDP-43-positive inclusions in both motor neurons and glia; however, cases with SOD1 mutations have no evidence of pathological TDP-43. An important recent development has been the identification of TDP-43 mutations in some familial ALS. TDP-43 pathology may also coexist in a variety of other neurodegenerative conditions, including hippocampal sclerosis, ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam, Pick’s disease and a significant proportion of Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease. The specific role of TDP-43 in neurodegeneration remains speculative, however, possibilities include loss of some essential nuclear function or disruption of crucial intracellular processes by the accumulation of insoluble, mis-folded protein. Conclusions: The TDP-43 proteinopathies represent an important new class of neurodegenerative disease. Defining the biochemical basis of these conditions will facilitate the development of useful biomarkers and therapies. S3-01-03 PRION THERAPY: TETRACYCLIC COMPOUNDS IN ANIMAL MODELS AND PATIENTS WITH CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE Fabrizio Tagliavini, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico, Milano, Italy. Contact e-mail: ftagliavini@istituto-besta.it Background: The prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders for which no effective treatment is available. A large number of molecules T149 Symposia S3-01: Other Dementias
Ion-radical and redox transformations of cyclic acetals (review)

A review of research dealing with ion-radical and redox transformations of cyclic acetals in the liquid phase is given.
Proteolytic and cellular death mechanisms in ovulatory ovarian rupture.

Collagen breakdown and cellular death (apoptosis and inflammatory necrosis) within the apex of preovulatory ovine follicles are hallmarks of impending ovarian rupture. An integrative mechanism is pres
Genotypic Variation in Soybean Nodule Number and Weight

Environment and genetics influence the process of nodulation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. To select for increased N 2 fixation in soybean, plant breeders need to identify those morphological traits associated with the fixation process. The objectives of this study were to classify cultivars (Maturity Groups V through IX) and breeding lines for nodule weight, nodule number, and shoot and root weight at the R3 to R4 stage of development under field conditions in Gainesville, FL. Of the 100 soybean genotypes screened in 1983, 17 were selected for more detailed study in 1984 and 1985. «Hardee», «Centennial» and F81-7313 ranked among the genotypes with the greates nodule and number; and these rankings were consistent across years and locations tested
A History of Federal Support for Preparing Special Educators and Related Services Personnel to Serve Children and Youth with Disabilities

This article provides an historical analysis of federal support for personnel preparation in special education. The evolution of the program is traced in terms of its continued emphasis on increasing the quality and improving the quality of special education personnel as well as building capacity for preparation of future generations of qualified personnel.
Is heteropolymer freezing well described by the random energy model

It is widely held that the random energy model (REM) describes the freezing transition of a variety of types of heteropolymers. We demonstrate that the hallmark property of REM, statistical independence of the energies of states over disorder, is violated in different ways for models commonly employed in heteropolymer freezing studies. The implications for proteins are also discussed.
Uniaxial Extensional Viscosity During Extrusion Cooking from Entrance Pressure Drop Method

Uniaxial extensional viscosity of cornmeal at moisture contents of 30 and 35% (dry weight basis) and temperature of 160 and 180 o C was estimated from entrance pressure drop measurements during extrusion cooking. The value of the sheat component of the entrance pressure drop was an order of magnitude below that of the extensional component. Food doughs exhibited sheat thinning and extension thinning behavior during processing conditions used. Increasing moisture and temperature decreased extensional viscosity at highet extension rates. The Trouton ratio ranged from 25 to 50 and was affected by product moisture content, barrel temperature, and deformation rate
Family doll play and female identity in pre-adolescent males.

Thirty-five boys aged 4–10, described by parents as preferring the dress, toys, activities, and companionship of girls, were compared with 25 boys described as typically masculine, and with 34 girls, in the Family Doll Preference Test. Subjects were given a set of family dolls, and asked to make up a story about them and to hold each doll while it was being utilized in the fantasy. Feminine boys and girls spent significantly more time than did masculine boys holding the female and infant figures. These data contribute further support to the thesis that feminine-behaving boys are identified to a greater degree with females than are masculine boys, an identity similar to that of typical girls.
Design of a PACS cluster controller

Our PACS design consists of clusters of computerized devices. At the center of each cluster is an intelligent machine termed a cluster controller. A cluster controller performs the following tasks: (1) receives images from capture computers, (2) extracts descriptive text information describing the received studies, (3) updates a network-accessible database management system, (4) determines the destination workstations to forward the newly generated studies, (5) automatically retrieves necessary comparison images from a distributed optical archive, (6) automatically corrects the orientation of computed radiography images, (7) archives new studies onto optical disk, (8) deletes images stored on remote capture computers upon successful image archival, and (9) services archive retrieval requests from remote workstations and other cluster controllers. The cluster controller is the only class of PACS computers that must communicate with all other types of PACS nodes (acquisition, other cluster controllers, radiologist''s workstation, referring physician''s workstation, printing stations, and database servers). This paper presents details of the logical partitioning of computers into clusters and the central role of the cluster controller machines in image acquisition, image routing, optical archive management, and system reliability.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Handedness can be explained by a serial hybrid control scheme

Our previous studies on healthy individuals and stroke patients led us to propose that the dominant and nondominant arms are specialized for distinct motor control processes. We hypothesize that the dominant arm is specialized for predictive control of limb dynamics, and the nondominant arm is specialized for impedance control. We previously introduced a hybrid control scheme to explain lateralization of single-joint elbow movements. In this paper we apply a similar computational framework to explore interlimb differences in multi-joint reaching movements: the movements of both arms are initiated using predictive control mechanisms, and terminated using impedance mechanisms. Four parameters characterize predictive mechanisms, four parameters characterize impedance mechanisms, and the ninth parameter describes the instant of switch between the two modes of control. Based on our hypothesis of motor lateralization, we predict an early switch to impedance control for the nondominant arm, but a late switch, near the end of motion, for the dominant arm. We fit our model to multi-joint reaching movements of each arm, made in the horizontal plane. Our results reveal that the more curved trajectories of the nondominant arm are characterized by an early switch to impedance mechanisms, in the initial phase of motion near peak velocity. In contrast, the trajectories of the dominant arm were best fit, when the switch to impedance mechanisms occurred late in the deceleration phase of motion. These results support a model of motor lateralization in which the dominant controller is specialized for predictive control of task dynamics, while the nondominant arm is specialized for impedance control mechanisms. For the first time, we are able to operationally define handedness expressed during multi-joint movements by applying a computational control model.
The effect of partial protein extraction on the structure of the eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.

The structure of the eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, has been investigated after the removal of one-half of the cellular protein. The procedure involves treatment of the eggs with 30 per cent ethanol at -10°C. followed by extraction of the soluble proteins with water. The eggs remain intact, although all of the cytoplasmic matrix is removed. Most cell structures can still be identified, although only the membranes of most remain. The mitochondria lose all of their matrix but retain the inner membranes or cristae. The annulate lamellae appear unaffected by this extraction procedure, remaining intact and apparently undamaged. The nuclear envelope is also retained, although it often undergoes a curious disorganization, apparently as the result of the separation of its two layers. The significance of these observations with respect to the structure of the envelope is discussed.
Analyzing the impact of process variations on parametric measurements: novel models and applications

In this paper we propose a novel statistical framework to model the impact of process variations on semiconductor circuits through the use of process sensitive test structures. Based on multivariate statistical assumptions, we propose the use of the expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate any missing test measurements and to calculate accurately the statistical parameters of the underlying multivariate distribution. We also propose novel techniques to validate our statistical assumptions and to identify any outliers in the measurements. Using the proposed model, we analyze the impact of the systematic and random sources of process variations to reveal their spatial structures. We utilize the proposed model to develop a novel application that significantly reduces the volume, time, and costs of the parametric test measurements procedure without compromising its accuracy. We extensively verify our models and results on measurements collected from more than 300 wafers and over 25 thousand die fabricated at a state-of-the-art facility. We prove the accuracy of our proposed statistical model and demonstrate its applicability towards reducing the volume and time of parametric test measurements by about 2:5 – 6:1× at absolutely no impact to test quality.
Phylogenetic approaches in comparative physiology.

SUMMARY Over the past two decades, comparative biological analyses have undergone profound changes with the incorporation of rigorous evolutionary perspectives and phylogenetic information. This change followed in large part from the realization that traditional methods of statistical analysis tacitly assumed independence of all observations, when in fact biological groups such as species are differentially related to each other according to their evolutionary history. New phylogenetically based analytical methods were then rapidly developed, incorporated into `the comparative method9, and applied to many physiological, biochemical, morphological and behavioral investigations. We now review the rationale for including phylogenetic information in comparative studies and briefly discuss three methods for doing this (independent contrasts, generalized least-squares models, and Monte Carlo computer simulations). We discuss when and how to use phylogenetic information in comparative studies and provide several examples in which it has been helpful, or even crucial, to a comparative analysis. We also consider some difficulties with phylogenetically based statistical methods, and of comparative approaches in general, both practical and theoretical. It is our personal opinion that the incorporation of phylogeny information into comparative studies has been highly beneficial, not only because it can improve the reliability of statistical inferences, but also because it continually emphasizes the potential importance of past evolutionary history in determining current form and function.
Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Bcl-XL to Treat Lung Cancer

Bcl-XL is a major antiapoptotic protein in the Bcl-2 family whose overexpression is more widely observed in human lung cancer cells than that of Bcl-2, suggesting that Bcl-XL is more biologically relevant and therefore a better therapeutic target for lung cancer. Here, we screened small molecules that selectively target the BH3 domain (aa 90-98) binding pocket of Bcl-XL using the UCSF DOCK 6.1 program suite and the NCI chemical library database. We identified two new Bcl-XL inhibitors (BXI-61 and BXI-72) that exhibit selective toxicity against lung cancer cells compared with normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Fluorescence polarization assay reveals that BXI-61 and BXI-72 preferentially bind to Bcl-XL protein but not Bcl2, Bcl-w, Bfl-1/A1, or Mcl-1 in vitro with high binding affinities. Treatment of cells with BXI-72 results in disruption of Bcl-XL/Bak or Bcl-XL/Bax interaction, oligomerization of Bak, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Importantly, BXI-61 and BXI-72 exhibit more potent efficacy against human lung cancer than ABT-737 but less degree in platelet reduction in vivo. BXI-72 overcomes acquired radioresistance of lung cancer. On the basis of our findings, the development of BXI(s) as a new class of anticancer agents is warranted and represents a novel strategy for improving lung cancer outcome.
Automatic detection of contrastive elements in spontaneous speech

In natural speech people use different levels of prominence to signal which parts of an utterance are especially important. Contrastive elements are often produced with stronger than usual prominence and their presence modifies the meaning of the utterance in subtle but important ways. We use a richly annotated corpus of conversational speech to study the acoustic characteristics of contrastive elements and the differences between them and words at other levels of prominence. We report our results for automatic detection of contrastive elements based on acoustic and textual features, finding that a baseline predicting nouns and adjectives as contrastive performs on par with the best combination of features. We achieve a much better performance in a modified task of detecting contrastive elements among words that are predicted to bear pitch accent.
Growth hormone stimulates interferon regulatory factor-1 gene expression in the liver.

Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor first identified as part of the nuclear response to interferons. IRF-1 has been shown to be activated by many cytokines, including PRL, and has been thought to play a role in PRL-regulated gene expression in several experimental systems, including the Nb2 T lymphoma cell line, where it was first characterized as a PRL-responsive gene. We now find that IRF-1 gene expression is rapidly activated in vivo by both PRL and GH treatment. A single i.p. injection of rat PRL to hypophysectomized female rats caused a transient increase in nascent hepatic nuclear IRF-1 RNA within 15 min of hormone treatment. The rise in IRF-1 transcripts was accompanied by induction of nuclear protein binding to a DNA element from the proximal IRF-1 promoter, as assessed by gel mobility shift assays; this element was shown previously to mediate PRL-activated gene transcription. GH treatment stimulated a greater and more sustained increase in nascent IRF-1 RNA than PRL, leading to accumulation of IRF-1 transcripts for up to 16 h after a single hormone injection. GH also caused a pronounced induction of hepatic nuclear protein binding to the IRF-1 promoter element. Supershift experiments with specific antibodies showed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and to a lesser extent STAT3 were components of the GH-activated protein-DNA complexes. By contrast, these two STATs were not induced in the liver by PRL. Protein binding to the IRF-1 DNA element and IRF-1 gene activation by GH were not blunted by pretreatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, indicating that these hormonal effects are primary consequences of GH-activated signal transduction pathways. Our results identify another component of the rapid nuclear response to GH, and support the idea that multiple primary and secondary signaling pathways contribute to the acute actions of GH on gene expression.
Individual Team Incentives and Managing Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues: An Empirical Analysis of Major League Baseball:

Abstract Major League Baseball and other professional sports leagues have long been concerned with competitive imbalances caused by differences in local revenues. The fear is that in the absence of salary caps or other regulatory mechanisms, smaller-market teams will be unable to remain competitive. This research uses a structural dynamic programming model to analyze ownership's payroll investment decisions. This model estimates the relationship between optimal payrolls and local-market populations and the influence of long-term customer equity dynamics on payroll investments. In addition, the author analyzes the impact of a recent policy intervention that implemented revenue transfers from high-local-revenue markets to low-local-revenue markets. The statistical results indicate that market population has a significant impact on the value of a team's payroll investments. For example, optimal payrolls double as the population increases from 2.5 million to 7.5 million. Furthermore, rather than improving com...
Semidefinite programming based tests for matrix copositivity

The verification of matrix copositivity is a well known computationally hard problem, with many applications in continuous and combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we present a hierarchy of semidefinite programming based sufficient conditions for a real matrix to be copositive. These conditions are obtained through the use of a sum of squares decomposition for multivariable forms. As can be expected, there is a tradeoff between conservativeness of the tests and the corresponding computational requirements. The proposed tests are shown to be exact for a certain family of extreme copositive matrices.
Template-Mediated Biomineralization of Hemozoin

A critical target for the development of new antimalarial treatments is the detoxification pathway of free heme released during the catabolism of host hemoglobin in the digestive vacuole of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We have synthesized and examined two peptide dendrimers (BNT I and II) based on the tandem repeat motif of HRP II from P. falciparum for their abilities to both bind heme substrates and to form the critical detoxification polymer hemozoin. Each substrate was capable of binding significant amounts of the natural substrate Fe(III)PPIX along with other substrates such as Zn(II)PPIX and the metal free PPIX. Further, it was shown that the dendrimeric BNT I and II were capable of supporting the aggregation of hemozoin and that this process could be inhibited by the known antimalarial drug, chloroquine.
Stroke in the Young in the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study

Background and Purpose— Stroke and stroke subtype incidence in young black and Hispanic populations have not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to determine stroke incidence rates in these populations and to compare rates among various race-ethnic, sex, and age groups. Methods— A population-based incidence study identified all cases of first stroke in Northern Manhattan from 1993 to 1997. Stroke and stroke subtype incidence rates were calculated for younger (20 to 44 years of age) and older (≥45 years of age) adults. The relative risk (RR) of stroke in blacks and Hispanics compared with whites was calculated. Stroke subtypes, infarct subtypes, and case fatality rates were compared in the young and old and in different race-ethnic groups and sexes. Results— Over 4 years, 74 cases of first stroke in young patients were discovered (47% women, 12% black, 80% Hispanic, 8% white). The stroke incidence rates (cases per 100 000 persons per year) in the young were 23 overall, 10 for infarct, 7 for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 6 for subarachnoid hemorrhage. The RR of stroke in the young was greatest for blacks (2.4; 95% CI, 0.8 to 6.7) and Hispanics (2.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.8) compared with whites. ICH was more frequent in men with a RR of 3.7 (95% CI, 1.4 to 10.1). Case fatality rates at 30 days were higher in blacks (38%) and Hispanics (16%) compared with whites (0%). Conclusions— Young blacks and Hispanics have greater stroke incidences than young whites.
Experiments with Khellin: IV. A Convenient Mehtod for the Preparation of Khellin and Some Observations on the Constituentw of Ammi visnaga Fruits Grown in Minnesota

Ammi visnaga plants were grown and the unripe fruits were extracted to yield khellin and visnagin. Khellol glucoside was not found in isolable amounts. A modified procedure for the extraction of khellin from Ammi visnaga fruits has been developed and appeared to give better yields than previous methods.
The CTRC: Guardian of the Canadian identity

The Canadian Radio‐Television Commission celebrates its fifth anniversary this year as the latest in the continuing Canadian experiment with different means of broadcast control. The following pape...
Can a democratic peace be built

If democracies rarely fight each other, what implications does that hold for contemporary foreign policy? To be “democratic” in a manner that will promote peace, democracy must be stable, with guar...
Pretreatment Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Velocity and Doubling Time Are Associated With Outcome but Neither Improves Prediction of Outcome Beyond Pretreatment PSA Alone in Patients Treated With Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose Controversy exists as to whether current pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dynamics enhance outcome prediction in patients undergoing treatment for prostate cancer. We assessed whether pretreatment PSA velocity (PSAV) or doubling time (PSADT) predicted outcome in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and whether any definition enhanced accuracy of an outcome prediction model. Patients and Methods The cohort included 2,938 patients with two or more PSA values before radical prostatectomy. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) occurred in 384 patients, and metastases occurred in 63 patients. Median follow-up for patients without BCR was 2.1 years. We used univariate Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate associations between published definitions of PSADT and PSAV with BCR and metastasis. Predictive accuracy was assessed using the concordance index. Results On univariate analysis, two of 12 PSADT and four of 10 PSAV definitions were univariately associated with both BCR and metastasis (P .05). One PSADT and one PSAV definition had a higher predictive accuracy for BCR over PSA alone, and four PSAV definitions improved prediction of metastasis. However, the improvements in predictive accuracy were small, associated with wide CIs, and markedly reduced if additional predictors of stage and grade were included alongside PSA. Modeling with random variables suggests that similar results would be expected by chance.
Scarcity Frames Value

Economic models of decision making assume that people have a stable way of thinking about value. In contrast, psychology has shown that people’s preferences are often malleable and influenced by normatively irrelevant contextual features. Whereas economics derives its predictions from the assumption that people navigate a world of scarce resources, recent psychological work has shown that people often do not attend to scarcity. In this article, we show that when scarcity does influence cognition, it renders people less susceptible to classic context effects. Under conditions of scarcity, people focus on pressing needs and recognize the trade-offs that must be made against those needs. Those trade-offs frame perception more consistently than irrelevant contextual cues, which exert less influence. The results suggest that scarcity can align certain behaviors more closely with traditional economic predictions.
A Comparison of Constraint-Based and Sequence-Based Generation of Complex Input Data Structures

Generation of complex input data structures is one of the challenging tasks in testing. Manual generation of such structures is tedious and error-prone. Automated generation approaches include those based on constraints, which generate structures at the concrete representation level, and those based on sequences of operations, which generate structures at the abstract representation level by inserting or removing elements to or from the structure. In this paper, we compare these two approaches for five complex data structures used in previous research studies. Our experiments show several interesting results. First, constraint-based generation can generate more structures than sequence-based generation. Second, the extra structures can lead to false alarms in testing. Third, some concrete representations of structures cannot be generated only with sequences of insert operations. Fourth, slightly different implementations of the same data structure can behave differently in testing.
The hand table for pediatric microsurgery

The technique using the hand table for positioning of infants for microsurgical procedures of the lower extremity is presented. With this technique, the surgeon and assistant are able to sit directly opposite each other with their arms in stable resting position.
Hygroscopic behavior of aerosol particles from biomass fires using environmental transmission electron microscopy

We used both a conventional transmission electron microscope and an environ- mental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) to determine morphology, composition, and water uptake of 80 individual aerosol particles collected from the young smoke of flaming and smoldering fires during SAFARI-2000, a comprehensive air quality campaign in southern Africa. Six representative carbonaceous particle types are described, including soot, tar balls, and heterogeneously internally mixed particles containing C with S-, K-, Mg- or Na- rich inorganic phases. The hygroscopic behavior of these particles over the range 0-100% relative humidity (RH) was studied in detail. Soot and tar balls did not take up water, whereas the mixed organic-inorganic particles took up water between 55 and 100% RH, the exact value depending on the composition of their water-soluble phases. The inorganic phase appeared to determine the hygroscopic properties of all mixed organic-inorganic particles. Thus, incorporation of inorganic plant material or reactions with inorganic atmospheric components can dramatically alter the hygroscopic properties of carbonaceous particles in smoke plumes. The fraction of these mixed organic-inorganic particles plausibly increases with time, which will modulate the effects of smoke on radiative budgets.
The efficacy and safety of ticlopidine and aspirin in non‐whites Analysis of a patient subgroup from the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study

We analyzed the efficacy of ticlopidine and aspirin in the non-white subgroup of patients from the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study. In this double-blind, randomized, multicenter study, patients received either ticlopidine 250 mg (312 non-white patients) or aspirin 650 mg (291 non-white patients) twice a day. The 1-year cumulative event rate per 100 patients for nonfatal stroke or death from any cause was 5.5 for ticlopidine and 10.6 for aspirin--an apparent 48.1% reduction in risk with ticlopidine relative to aspirin. The 1-year cumulative event rate for fatal or non-fatal stroke was 3.7 for ticlopidine and 9.4 for aspirin--an apparent 60.8% reduction in risk with ticlopidine relative to aspirin. The cumulative event rates for both endpoints also were lower in ticlopidine-treated patients after the 2nd and 3rd years. These reductions were not significantly different between treatment groups, but were of the same order of magnitude as previously found for the total series, which did attain statistical significance (p = 0.048), and the frequency of adverse events was not significantly different between the two treatment groups. Severe neutropenia, the most serious adverse event associated with ticlopidine use, did not occur in non-white patients. These results suggest that ticlopidine is superior to aspirin for stroke prevention in non-whites.
Permanent-magnet machines

This paper explores the use of an interior permanent-magnet synchronous machine (IPM) as a source of controlled DC power. A three-phase diode rectifier converts the generated AC power into DC, which is further processed by a buck or boost DC-DC converter with a pulse-width modulation voltage controller for load voltage and output power regulation. The modeling and analysis of the generator system set forth are confirmed to accurately predict the generator characteristics by experimental results derived from a 2 hp interior permanent-magnet generator controlled separately by a buck and a boost DC-DC converter.
Adapting ADtrees for high arity features

ADtrees, a data structure useful for caching sufficient statistics, have been successfully adapted to grow lazily when memory is limited and to update sequentially with an incrementally updated dataset. For low arity symbolic features, ADtrees trade a slight increase in query time for a reduction in overall tree size. Unfortunately, for high arity features, the same technique can often result in a very large increase in query time and a nearly negligible tree size reduction. In the dynamic (lazy) version of the tree, both query time and tree size can increase for some applications. Here we present two modifications to the ADtree which can be used separately or in combination to achieve the originally intended space-time tradeoff in the ADtree when applied to datasets containing very high arity features.
Bright Students and Their Adjustment to College.

College and universities have traditionally provided the opportunity for bright young people to continue beyond high school and to complete their preparation for adulthood. But since these students and the campuses they attend (especially American ones) are so varied, college means many different things. Some students proceed effectively and fulfill their potential, others falter or drop out. This article explores the academic and non-academic patterns of success and difficulty that the brightest college students display. Just as there is no single “bright college student,” so there is no simple “adjustment to college.”
Disassembled code analyzer for malware (DCAM)

Current static malware detection techniques have serious limitations. Little modifications can result in a new strand of malware that escapes. In this paper, we present a static detection technique using disassembly of a malware emphasizing the recognition of variants of a malware in its signature set. The hypothesis is that all variants share a common core signature that is a combination of several features of the code. In addition to malware, spyware and adware are also analyzed to find the similar features. A previously identified malware can be analyzed to extract the signature, which will then be used to recognize its variants. Since this technique uses disassembled code, it can be used on any operating system. Encouraging experimental results on a set of malware are presented. Since the existence of spyware and adware is increasing, an analysis on how this technique can be extended to detect spyware is also presented.
Primary Ocular Melanoma in Dogs

The clinical signs, gross and microscopic appearance, treatment, and follow-up results of 35 dogs with primary ocular melanomas are reviewed. The melanomas are classified as epibulbar or intraocular based on the site of origin. The intraocular tumors are classified as spindle A, spindle B, mixed spindle B and epithelioid, and purely epithelioid based on cytologic criteria. The pathologic findings are matched with the follow-up history in an attempt to determine which features have prognostic significance. The findings are contrasted to those of similar studies of spontaneous ocular melanomas in man.
Mesoscale modeling for the rapid movement of monsoonal isochrones

The progresses of fast moving 2013 monsoonal isochrones were simulated with WRF model at 25 km and compared with slower moving isochrones of 2014. A large number of sensitivity experiments were performed by enhancing of soil moisture, stratiform rain up to 25%, their combination and reducing soil temperature by 12%, over 5 grid points to the north of the isochrones over a relatively dry soil layer. The modified soil parameters and startiform rain ahead of isochrones enhances the population of the buoyant elements, divergent flows of the local Hadley circulation normal to the isochrones; resulting in a fast movement of the isochrones.
Ending Farm Subsidies: Unplowed Common Ground

In recent years, food stamps have constituted about 80 percent of farm bill spending, which may be why nearly 100 percent of public debate has focused there. Unfortunately, with all of the attention on food stamps, both political parties have missed the opportunity for reform that lies in the remaining 20 percent of the farm bill.
Administrative Procedure and the Internal Revenue Service: Delimiting the Substantial Understatement Penalty

In the early 1980's, Congress faced the mounting problems of tax shelters and other forms of tax avoidance. It responded by passing a series of laws.' One of these provisions, section 6661 of the Internal Revenue Code, penalizes "substantial understatement" of tax liability.2 While section 6661 may appear to be a typical, innocuous tax code provision, close examination reveals that the substantial understatement penalty threatens to expand quietly the power of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) over taxpayers, violating the spirit of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in the process. In exercising their rulemaking power, agencies must generally observe the notice and comment proceedings mandated by the APA in 5 U.S.C. ? 553.3 There are, however, a number of exceptions to the APA's notice and comment requirement,4 one of the most important of which covers "inter-
Selective Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis by Salicylhydroxamic Acid.

SummarySalicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) was shown to be a selective inhibitor of DNA synthesis by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Inhibition was evident virtually immediately after addition of the compound to the cells; no preincubation was necessary to evoke the effect. Cells which were preincu-bated with SHA for up to 2 hours showed only a slight depression of RNA synthesis, while the rate of protein synthesis was unaltered. Reversal of the inhibition upon removal of SHA was complete at lower concentrations, and partial at higher concentrations.
Social Desirability Values for California Psychological Inventory Items

Social desirability ratings for CPI items were obtained from 68 female and 59 male college students. Simple means and standard deviations of the ratings were compared with previously published scal...
Numerical simulation of multi-parameter seismic scattering

Numerical simulations using viscoelastic wave equations allow investigation of interactions between the effects of scattering by variations in P velocity, S velocity, density, and intrinsic Q for both P and S waves. When variations are spatially correlated between the parameters in a scattering medium, the amount of scattered energy increases. Thus, neglect of the contribution of any parameter to scattering will result in biased estimates of the contributions by the other parameters; this is especially true if interactions between intrinsic and apparent Q are neglected. The presence of finite intrinsic Q values has two effects; the overall amplitudes of both the incident and scattered waves are attenuated, and new scattering is introduced by the spatial variation of Q . The energy in the coda is reduced substantially and shifted to lower frequencies by attenuation in a viscoelastic medium. For a given scatterer size, the frequency at which the dominant scattering occurs is lower for S waves than for P waves.
Institutionalization or Contestation? Transnational Battles Over Expression and Privacy in Internet Governance

Free expression and privacy are key aspects of Internet governance. Both, however, vary tremendously across countries and are contested internationally. Regarding free expression, since the advent of the Internet, governments around the world have sought to control speech using political, social, moral, and other rationales. Regarding privacy, governments increasingly use sophisticated surveillance technologies and techniques to monitor activities on the Internet. In both of these areas, however, human rights NGOs and advocacy networks have challenged restriction and repression.
Technology-based quality of service in healthcare

The U.S. healthcare industry is one of the world's most technologically advanced industries in medical equipment. In the roots of this achievement lays three fundamentally significant parameters: time, reliability and cost. It was clear, even in early days, that these parameters should be controlled if Quality of Service is to be provided. Therefore, healthcare and Quality of service related research was first funded in 1969 under the title of medical informatics, while the role of the Internet and WWW were minimally defined. Therefore, the role of technology should not be constrained as the service of recoding/retrieval of medical records, patient registration, and payment. Seeing the role technology plays in healthcare, the commitment to support research and development projects in the use of information technology to improve health care, after analyzing the funding put aside to support the relevant research, is well justified not only with the completed but also ongoing research. Today, aiming to achieve better outcomes for improving the technology based healthcare, the government funded agencies are still blazing this technology trail with projects that seek to develop the knowledge and tools not only needed to improve the quality of care but also the cost effective, reliable, and timely service in the U.S. health care system. Of course, this is a necessity not only in US but also in other countries around the globe, when the time is right.
Long reach of inclusive fitness.

Inclusive fitness theory is one of the central paradigms of behavioral ecology (1, 2). Initially developed to explain the effect of genetic relatedness on prosocial behaviors such as altruism and cooperation, the power of inclusive fitness thinking became even more evident when modifications to the original models were applied to such behavioral phenomena as spite, sex ratios, parent-offspring conflict, and sib-sib conflict (3⇓⇓–6). The inclusive fitness model developed, and then tested, by Thompson et al. (7) in PNAS generates a new, counterintuitive, and potentially quite important prediction: Under some conditions, natural selection will favor individuals who preferentially direct aggression toward those individuals to whom they are more related. A subtle but important distinction here is that unlike parent-offspring or sibling conflict models, where aggression between genetic relatives is a possible outcome, and … [↵][1]1Email: lee.dugatkin{at}louisville.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1