cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement and Application of a Voltage Sag Station to Test Transient Load Response

This paper discusses the enhancement of a laboratory voltage sag station built specifically to test the response of loads when subjected to voltage sags. The voltage sags generated by this station resemble voltage sags that occur due to transmission system faults on a utility power system. The long term objective of the station is to observe the response of various loads and conclude the appropriate models to represent them during transient conditions. This paper explains the hardware and software used in the voltage sag station and gives examples of diverse load response waveforms.
Perspective---Finding the Organization in Organizational Theory: A Meta-Theory of the Organization as a Social Actor

Organization theory is a theory without a protagonist. Organizations are typically portrayed in organizational scholarship as aggregations of individuals, as instantiations of the environment, as nodes in a social network, as members of a population, or as a bundle of organizing processes. This paper hopes to highlight the need for understanding, explicating, and researching the enduring, noun-like qualities of the organization. We situate the organization in a broader social landscape by examining what is unique about the organization as a social actor. We propose two assumptions that underlie our conceptualization of organizations as social actors: external attribution and intentionality. We then highlight important questions and implications forming the core of a distinctively organizational analytical perspective.
Stimulation of the P-450 side chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) promoter through ras- and Ets-2-signaling pathways.

Expression of the ovine P-450 side-chain cleavage enzyme gene (CYP11A1) is stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) through a pathway that involves c-Jun in JEG-3 placental cells. Growth factor signaling involves ras-dependent and ras-independent signaling pathways, which in turn regulate gene transcription through related but distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPKs) including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs). We investigated the intracellular signaling pathways governing EGF induction of the CYP11A1 promoter. EGF stimulation of the CYP11A1 promoter (4-fold) was reduced 60% by a dominant negative mutant of ras (N17), and 30-40% by antisense ras. EGF induced both ERK and SAPK activity in JEG-3 cells. EGF-induced CYP11A1 promoter activity was reduced 60% by the MEK1 inhibitor PD098059 and 50% by a dominant negative mutant of the ERK-specific regulator MEK1. In contrast, dominant negative mutants of the SAPK-specific activ...
Causation and responsibility

In various areas of Anglo-American law, legal liability turns on causation. In torts and contracts, we are each liable only for those harms we have caused by the actions that breach our legal duties. Such doctrines explicitly make causation an element of liability. In criminal law, sometimes the causal element for liability is equally explicit, as when a statute makes punishable any act that has “caused … abuse to the child….” More often, the causal element in criminal liability is more implicit, as when criminal statutes prohibit killings, maimings, rapings, burnings, etc. Such causally complex action verbs are correctly applied only to defendants who have caused death, caused disfigurement, caused penetration, caused fire damage, etc.
Why Is There Still No Study of Cultural Equivalence in Standardized Cognitive Ability Tests

To investigate how the culturalist perspective on investigating racial group differences in standardized cognitive ability tests has advanced, a content analysis of 28 studies citing J. E. Helms (1992) identified 7 general themes. Overall, researchers cited J. E. Helms (1992) as support for their own hypotheses but did not directly test the culturalist perspective. Para investigar como ha avanzado la perspectiva culturalista sobre la investigacion de las diferencias entre grupos raciales en los tests estandarizados de abilidades cognitivas, un analisis de contenido de 28 estudios que citan a J. E. Helms (1992) identifico 7 temas generales. En conjunto, los investigadores citaron a J. E. Helms (1992) para apoyar sus propias hipotesis, pero no comprobaron la perspectiva culturalista directamente.
Knowledge, transfer, and innovation in physical literacy curricula

Literate individuals possess knowledge and skill and can apply these to perform tasks in novel settings. Knowledge is at the heart of physical literacy and provides the foundation for knowing what to do and how and when to perform. In this paper I argue that physical literacy includes not only knowledge for performance but also the ability to apply knowledge and use knowledge for innovation. Scholars since the 1930s have addressed the role of knowledge in physical literacy designing curricula centered on transmitting knowledge through a range of interdisciplinary approaches to physical education. This emphasis on physical literacy curricula continues today in the Science, PE, & Me! and The Science of Healthful Living interdisciplinary curricula.
Frequency of Anovulation and Early Menopause among Women Enrolled in Selected Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group Studies

To obtain information on the prevalence of anovulation and early menopause and on pituitary-gonadal function among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected women, a study was undertaken that used stored serum samples from women aged 20-42 years who participated in selected Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocols. Defined progesterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were considered presumptive evidence of ovulation and of menopause, respectively. Anovulation occurred in 16 (48%) of 33 women for whom progesterone levels were tested; early menopause occurred in 2 (8%) of 24 women for whom FSH levels were tested. No statistically significant differences were seen in the demographic and clinical characteristics of anovulatory and ovulatory women, although women who ovulated had higher CD4 T cell counts and were less likely to have reported a recent change in menstrual periods. These data support the findings of prior studies of increased frequency of amenorrhea and/or irregular menstrual cycles, particularly among women with lower CD4 T cell counts.
Muscarinic receptors in airways: recent developments

Recently there have been important advances in our understanding of muscarinic receptors in airways that have important implications for understanding airway control and for future therapy of airway diseases. The transduction mechanisms involved in muscarinic receptor activation are now better understood. Receptor-linked phosphoinositide hydrolysis leads to release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, resulting in contraction of airway smooth muscle. At least five subtypes of muscarinic receptor have now been cloned, although only three subtypes can be distinguished pharmacologically. M1 receptors are facilitatory to neurotransmission in airway parasympathetic ganglion cells and have also been identified in airway submucosal glands and on the alveolar walls of human lung. M2 receptors are located on postganglionic nerves and function as powerful feedback inhibitory receptors (autoreceptors) that are likely to be involved in modulation of reflex bronchoconstriction. These receptors may be dysfunctional in asthmatic airways. M3 receptors are present on airway smooth muscle and submucosal glands and mediate the classical muscarinic effects in airways. Molecular biology techniques should now allow further study of the factors that regulate transcription and expression of muscarinic receptors in airways.
Role of the Trunk in Stability of the Spine

There is a great discrepancy between the force that can theoretically be applied to the spine if the role of intracavitary pressures is ignored and the force that can be tolerated experimentally by the isolated ligamentous human spine.In estimating that a force of approximately 2,071 pounds is impos
If the Shoe of the SEC Doesn't Fit: Self-Regulatory Organizations and Absolute Immunity

The absolute legal immunity granted to self-regulatory organizations (SROs) in the securities industry has incited increasingly controversial concerns about the lack of accountability of financial regulators. Although SROs like the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) are deemed to 'stand in the shoes' of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) by carrying out delegated, quasi-governmental duties in monitoring securities markets, their alternate role as private, commercial entities raises questions as to the fairness of expansive SRO immunity. Plaintiffs have historically been denied any redress even in instances of alleged SRO fraud, misconduct, and bad faith. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to question the Second Circuit’s decision in Standard Investment Chartered Inc. v. National Association of Securities Dealers, which expanded SRO immunity to cover not only direct SRO functions on behalf of the government, but also actions that are “incident to” SROs’ regulatory functions. This Article supports the notion that legal immunity for SROs should be subject to a fraud exception, which would hold SROs accountable for the very same misconduct that such entities seek to police. To alleviate the common concern that limiting SRO immunity would lead to frivolous lawsuits overloading the courts, this Article will look to two requirements already in place that serve to prevent this possibility: 1) fraud cases are currently subject to heightened pleading standards and 2) the SEC must review any allegations against SROs before the court system may be invoked. In addition, by pointing out documented SEC shortfalls in SRO oversight, this Article will challenge the argument that favors expansive SRO immunity on the grounds that the SEC already adequately oversees SROs for potential abuses. By carving out a fraud exception from the expansive absolute immunity doctrine, plaintiffs would be granted the chance to seek legal recourse for those instances in which SROs have failed to stand in the shoes of the SEC.
Sun-to-Fuel Assessment of Routes for Fixing CO2 as Liquid Fuel

This study presents a systems approach for comparing alternative routes for converting CO2 to liquid fuel using solar energy based on a novel metric of sun-to-fuel (STF) efficiency. The metric refers to the fraction of incident solar energy that is recovered in the liquid fuel. The STF efficiency analysis identifies energy and land use efficient routes that require immediate research and development effort to speed up their progress toward long-term cost-effectiveness. The analysis’ unique insights are particularly relevant for densely populated regions, having scarce per capita land availability relative to the per capita energy demands. With atmospheric CO2 as the renewable carbon source, we present a detailed case study comparing the currently known photosynthetic routes with a theoretical route based on direct extraction of CO2 from air and its subsequent thermochemical conversion to liquid fuel. The findings indicate that the latter route could be potentially more energy and thereby land use efficien...
Illustrations of Fungi—XXVIII

Pileus convex-plane, dimidiate, laterally extended, reviving the second season, 4-6 X 5-IO X 0.5-I cm.; surface azonate, rugulose, pruinose to tomentose, at length glabrous, the color changing from light-orange to cinnabar-red, often fading with age; margin acute, except in large plants faintly zonate; context floccose, elastic, zonate, reddish; tubes nearly equaling the context, firm, miniatous within, the mouths small, 2-3 to a mm., regular, coccineous, dissepiments rather thin, entire; spores smooth, hyaline, 6-8 X 2-3 p. A highly-colored species occurring on dead wood of various deciduous trees in the United States and Canada. It is not un-
Acetylcholine in the Light and Dark Adapted Frog Retina

SummaryExtraction of frog retinas in acidified Ringer solution reveals an average Ach content of 3.4 γ/g in light-adapted and 3.6 γ/g in dark-adapted frogs. Direct comparison of Ach activity in extracts of lightand dark-adapted retinas, without reference to absolute magnitudes, also reveals no difference to absolute magnitudes, also reveals no difference greater than the error of the method. The lack of significant difference is in accord with the work of Therman, but not with that of Lange who finds a tenfold increase upon dark adaptation.
Voter Turnout in U.S. Presidential Elections: An Historical View and Some Speculation

An examination of presidential voting patterns between 1828 and 1992 for all counties and most large cities in the continental U.S. (approximately 135,000 cases altogether) confirms that there has been a decline in turnout rates since 1960, as most commentators have suggested. For the nation as a whole, turnout in presidential elections dropped 20% from 64% in 1960 to 51% in 1988. Turnout rebounded slightly in 1992 to 55%, due perhaps in large part to the interest generated by Ross Perot.As striking as these data appear, they must be put in historical perspective to be properly understood. Graph 1 displays the turnout rate for every presidential election between 1828 and 1992 (See Table 1 for a listing of the actual rates). It shows that while turnout in the presidential election of 1988 was the third lowest since 1828, surpassed only in 1920 and 1924 (with turnout rates of 44% in each election), the 1960–1988 decline is not unprecedented in U.S. electoral history. In an earlier 28-year period (1896–1924), turnout rates in presidential elections declined from 72% to 44%. This is a 39% decline in turnout almost double that experienced between 1960 and 1988.Graph 1 also shows that while most commentators use the 1960 election as a basis for gauging changes in turnout, it is a somewhat misleading baseline. Turnout in 1960 was 64%, which was the highest turnout rate for U.S. presidential elections since 1900. The 1960 election capped a 36-year rise in turnout rates, and represented a 45% increase over the low points registered in 1920 and 1924. Indeed, with the exception of 1944 and 1948, when the nation was preoccupied with World War II and its aftermath, the period between 1928 and 1968 shows a steady increase in presidential turnout rates.
Response of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal adrenal axis to stress: observations in fetal and caesarean newborn rats.

SummaryA fetal rat given epinephrine showed a depletion of the ascorbic acid in the adrenals, but a decapitated fetus did not, nor did an intact (nondecapitated) fetus given saline instead of epinephrine. In a premature newborn obtained by Caesarean section (detached from placenta or not detached), injection of epinephrine did not cause a depletion of the ascorbic acid. These observations support the views that in the rat the hypothalamic-hypophyseal adrenal axis begins to function before birth and that after delivery this axis temporarily becomes refractory to stimulation by injected epinephrine.
Survey on domain name system security

DNS(domain name system),as the critical Internet infrastructure,its security is facing great challenge.Proto-col design vulnerability provides no assurance for data authentication and integrity.Configuration errors are widespread with diminished server redundancy and severe single point of failure.The continuous development of system scale leads to the dramatic difficulty in administration.The threats towards DNS were categorized according to protocol,implemen-tation and operation vulnerability.The improvements and resolutions to these threats were summarized and the new problems in future study work were discussed.
Newly Developed Switching Analysis Method for 3.3 kV 400 a Full SiC Module

We have demonstrated a new analysis method using a precise equivalent circuit of 3.3 kV 400 A full SiC modules and showed that the calculated waveforms well agree with the measured waveforms. We have also examined the current distribution in the module by utilizing this equivalent circuit model.
Somatostatin stimulates acetylcholine release in the canine heart.

Previous reports of somatostatin's atropine-sensitive negative inotropic effect on cardiac function prompted the present studies to characterize the molecular forms and actions of somatostatin in t...
Racial differences in antipsychotic use: Claims database analysis of Medicaid-insured patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Database analyses have indicated that medical treatment for schizophrenia varies among racial groups. This study assessed antipsychotic use and healthcare utilization across races in Medicaid-insured patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A Medicaid database of inpatient/outpatient medical claims and outpatient prescription claims for more than 28 million enrollees in 11 geographically diverse states was analyzed. The primary outcome, racial differences in antipsychotic use in 2012, was examined in 5 multivariable logistic regression models: (1) any antipsychotic, (2) first-generation (FG) long-acting injectables (LAIs), (3) FG oral antipsychotics, (4) second-generation (SG) LAIs, and (5) SG oral antipsychotics. RESULTS Odds ratios and adjusted predicted probabilities were comparable for any antipsychotic use between black and white patients. Black patients were less likely to receive SG oral antipsychotics (P < .001) and more likely to receive SG or FG LAIs (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively) and FG oral antipsychotics (P = .003) vs white patients. Further, black patients had a higher mean number of emergency room visits (P < .001) and a lower mean number of hospitalizations (P < .05) vs white patients; the mean number of physician visits was comparable. CONCLUSIONS Disparities in antipsychotic use and healthcare utilization across races in patients with schizophrenia warrant further investigation and elimination of these disparities should be a national goal.
An Inexpensive, Open-Source USB Arduino Data Acquisition Device for Chemical Instrumentation

Many research and teaching laboratories rely on USB data acquisition devices to collect voltage signals from instrumentation. However, these devices can be cost-prohibitive (especially when large numbers are needed for teaching laboratories) and require software to be developed for operation. In this article, we describe the development and use of an open-source USB data acquisition device (with 16-bit acquisition resolution) built using simple electronic components and an Arduino Uno that costs under $50. Additionally, open-source software written in Python is included so that data can be acquired using nearly any PC or Mac computer with a simple USB connection. Use of the device was demonstrated for a sophomore-level analytical experiment using gas chromatography and a capillary electrophoresis-UV separation on an instrument used for research purposes.
Life on the Edge—the Biology of Organisms Inhabiting Extreme Environments: An Introduction to the Symposium

Life persists, even under extremely harsh conditions. While the existence of extremophiles is well known, the mechanisms by which these organisms evolve, perform basic metabolic functions, reproduce, and survive under extreme physical stress are often entirely unknown. Recent technological advances in terms of both sampling and studying extremophiles have yielded new insight into their evolution, physiology and behavior, from microbes and viruses to plants to eukaryotes. The goal of the "Life on the Edge-the Biology of Organisms Inhabiting Extreme Environments" symposium was to unite researchers from taxonomically and methodologically diverse backgrounds to highlight new advances in extremophile biology. Common themes and new insight that emerged from the symposium included the important role of symbiotic associations, the continued challenges associated with sampling and studying extremophiles and the important role these organisms play in terms of studying climate change. As we continue to explore our planet, especially in difficult to reach areas from the poles to the deep sea, we expect to continue to discover new and extreme circumstances under which life can persist.
Drug-Eluting Stents

Percutaneous coronary intervention has evolved dramatically over the past 25 years as coronary stents replaced stand-alone balloon angioplasty. Improvements in stents were made in the 1990s, but a breakthrough occurred in early 2000 with the development of stents that eluted pharmacology agents directly into the vessel wall by means of a controlled release from a durable polymer coating. Various drug-eluting stents were developed,each varying with its delivery platform, polymer coating (or absence of coating),and drug selected for elution. This article describes the clinically available and late developmental drug-eluting stent programs targeted for treating patients who have coronary artery disease.
Child Internal and External Factors

In our prior chapters, we described what we have learned about our implementation practice and intervention practice in terms of quality and internal and external factors and investigated the potential impact of these variables in explaining variability in COMPASS outcomes. In this chapter we cover what we learned about child factors. Most autism research has focused on evidence-based practices with less attention to understanding the child internal and external factors that help explain treatment outcome. To date, the most robust results identify autism severity, IQ, and language as important treatment outcome predictors. Although when we analyzed these variables against other child and teacher variables in COMPASS, they were correlated directly with child outcomes bivariately, they were not unique predictors of treatment outcome multivariately within a regression analysis. That is, the impact of these traditional child variables was better explained by other malleable elements of the teacher-child interaction. Specifically, child engagement or how well the teacher was able to instruct the child was the only child variable that accounted for variance in treatment outcome. Moreover child differences based on IQ, language, adaptive behaver, and autism severity were uncorrelated with teacher adherence or ability to implement teaching plans. Finally, we had some indication that COMPASS may be particularly helpful for students with severe autism. Teachers of those with higher autism severity reported the highest satisfaction with COMPASS.
Best-effort modeling of structured data on the web

The World-Wide Web provides access to millions of data tables with high-quality content, formatted either in HTML tables, HTML lists, or other structured formats, or stored in on-line data management services. These tables contain data about virtually every domain of interest to mankind. Several reasearch projects aim at enabling search over these data sets and ultimately the ability to answer queries and to combine data from multiple sources.
Monocyte sub-populations do not reflect differences in COPD macrophage phenotype

Human monocytes are characterised by expression of CD14 and CD16 into classical CD14++CD16- (Cθ), intermediate CD14++CD16+ (Iθ) or non-classical CD14+CD16++ (NCθ) subsets. Monocyte subsets may affect subsequent macrophage phenotype and hence be important in COPD. Peripheral blood monocytes from non-smokers (NS N=10), smokers (S N=8) and COPD patients (COPD N=8) were analysed by flow cytometry for CD14 and CD16 expression, or differentiated in either GM-CSF (GΦ) or M-CSF (MΦ) to create distinct monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophages were analysed based on their LPS-stimulated TNFα output and phagocytosis of S.pneumoniae (SP). There was no difference in % monocyte subset distribution between subject groups; Cθ NS: 75±2, S: 73±5, COPD: 72±4, Iθ NS: 12±1, S: 11±2, COPD: 14±5, NCθ NS: 4±1, S: 4±1, COPD: 5±1. NS MΦ phagocytosed 230% more SP compared to NS GΦ (p Although no differences were seen in monocyte subsets, there were significant functional differences between GΦ and MΦ. COPD Φ also showed hyper-inflammation and impaired phagocytosis regardless of their differentiation conditions. These data suggest that differentiation, not monocyte subset, dictates differences in macrophage phenotype and that this process is altered in COPD, generating dysfunctional macrophages.
Spectral characteristics of regional phases recorded at Noress

Abstract The spectral characteristics of Pn and Lg are studied for regional events recorded at the NORESS array in Norway. The emphasis is on the potential value of spectral ratios for identifying events as earthquake, chemical explosions, and nuclear explosions. The events studied include a suite of explosions from the Titania Mine in southwest Norway, a suite of events of unknown source type from a site offshore about 90 km from this mine, suites of explosions from several mines in the Soviet Union about 1000 km from NORESS, events from several locations along the 90° azimuth from NORESS, an apparent earthquake in the North Atlantic, and a nuclear explosion (PNE) at a range of 1560 km. The event identification issues addressed are as follows: (1) Can earthquakes and explosions be identified based on the ratio of high- and low-frequency energy in their signal spectra? (2) Do spectral ratios separate mine blasts from earthquakes for all source areas? (3) Will spectral ratio discriminants be effective for identifying decoupled underground nuclear explosions? We conclude that spectral ratios can sometimes separate events. An example is separation of the Titania mine blasts from the events at the nearby offshore locations, although we cannot be sure how much this is due to path differences. However, in general, spectral ratios vary as much within classes of events as they do among different classes. The PNE in our data set allows the simulation of spectra from a decoupled nuclear explosion by simply applying the frequency-dependent decoupling factor to the observed Pn spectrum for this event. After applying a distance correction, the spectrum for this simulated decoupled nuclear explosion is similar to those for the Soviet Union mine blasts in our data set.
Forecasting Cloud Standards Success Patterns

Recent cloud standards developments and relevant news on best practices and trends are discussed in this column. In addition, the column looks at how community-based development efforts play a crucial role in establishing the innovation that drives the methods of cloud computing, and in moving new technologies to adoption.
Growing Insurance Coverage Did Not Reduce Access To Care For The Continuously Insured

Recent expansions in health insurance coverage have raised concerns about health care providers’ capacity to supply additional services and how that may have affected access to care for people who were already insured. When we examined data for the period 2008–14 from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we found no consistent evidence that increases in the proportions of adults with insurance at the local-area level affected access to care for adults residing in the same areas who already had, and continued to have, insurance. This lack of an apparent relationship held true across eight measures of access, which included receipt of preventive care. It also held true among two adult subpopulations that may have been at greater risk for compromised access: people residing in health care professional shortage areas and Medicaid beneficiaries.
Piperidine-Based Nonfused Biheterocycles With C–N and C–C Coupling

Abstract This chapter describes methods of synthesis, the pharmacological properties, and the use of derivatives of piperidine-based nonfused biheterocycles with C–N and C–C coupling. Piperidine-based nonfused biheterocycles with C–N coupling are presented as a series of drugs such as droperidol, benperidol, timiperone, pimozide, zaldaride, domperidone, and bezitramide—compounds that are effective as antipsychotic agents. Two compounds of this series, benzpiperylon and piperylon, have analgesic and antipyretic properties. Piperidine-based nonfused biheterocycles with C–C coupling are presented by atypical antipsychotic drugs such as risperidone, paliperidone, and iloperidone. Sertindole, a second-generation atypical antipsychotic, and naratriptan, which belongs to a family of triptans, and indicated for the treatment of migraine headaches, are two other representatives of piperidine-based nonfused biheterocycle with C–C coupling.
Evaluation of the streamflow-gaging network of Texas and a proposed core network

Introduction . Background . Purpose and Scope . Streamflow Network Analysis . History of Streamflow Gaging in Texas . Network Evaluations in Texas Network Funding and Data Uses Major Objectives of a Core Network . Evaluation of the Existing Network . Hydrologic Regions . Regional Optimization Model . Flow Correlation . Proposed Core Network . Summary . References .
Water, Mold, and Pests: The World of Preservation Disaster Statistics

Beginning in 2012 and continuing to the present day, the ALCTS/ALA administers a national survey to collect preservation statistics. When the survey began, it included something unique in library history -- that is several questions that illuminated the intersection of disasters and preservation activities. Unfortunately, due to concerns about the length of the survey, questions about that topic were dropped after 2013. This means our field has information about said intersection for only two years. Furthermore, because the reports about these surveys focused on broader issues of preservation, the reports did not fully explore the findings of those years. This article returns to the data sets for the 2012 and 2013 ALCTS/ALA Preservation surveys to more fully explore their findings and to discuss their implications.
Mineral Status of Adults Given a Fiber Supplement

Certain sources of dietary fiber are thought to have an adverse effect on mineral absorption. Results from an earlier study in rats1 suggested that the mixed fiber supplement (“fiber-filler”), advocated in the F-plan diet2, caused a slight reduction in iron status.
Site Specificity in Stimulated Desorption from TiO2

We have applied synchrotron radiation methods, with other surface characterization techniques, to the study of ion production and desorption from single crystal TiO2. TiO2 is the model system for the Knotek-Feibelman mechanism [1] describing the production and desorption of O+ ions from its surfaces because it is a maximal-valent oxide. The Ti 3d-electron population on the stoichiometric, annealed surface is minimal [2] and the first occupied level, the 3p, is a relatively atomic-like core level. Reneutralization of a hole in this 3p level can occur via an inter-atomic Auger process leaving an O-ligand in a neutral or positively charged state, unstable in the local Madelung potential; this leads to the desorption of O+ ions. Non-maximal-valent TiO2 surfaces can be created, however, involving O-vacancy defects associated with appreciable Ti 3d electron population [2]. With 3d electrons present on surface Ti cations, an intra-atomic Auger decay is strongly favored and a reduced O+ ion yield is expected, based on the predictions of the Knotek-Feibelman mechanism [1]. As the surface Ti valence state is varied, we also produce surfaces having different O-ligand coordination of the surface Ti cations.
Comments on Spin-Wave States in Substitutionally Disordered Anti Ferromagnets

A recent theory by Economou of magnetic excitations in substitutionally disordered anti ferromagnets is briefly presented and compared with the theories of Buyers et al and Lyo. Emphasis is given to the interrelation of the different approaches. Some further experimental work is proposed as well as theoretical improvements by incorporating off-diagonal randomness.
Utilization of Peanut Shell Fibers in Nonwoven Erosion Control Materials

Every year large quantities of peanut shells are disposed of due to a lack of uses for these materials. The current research focuses on utilizing fibers from peanut shells for use in non-woven fabr...
Microemulsion technology in the reformulation of cyclosporine : the reason behind the pharmacokinetic properties of Neoral

Management of transplant patients receiving cyclosporine therapy is complicated by interpatient and intrapatient variability in pharmacokinetic parameters caused by the drug's unpredictable bioavailability. Cyclosporine, a highly lipophilic cyclic polypeptide, has recently been reformulated using a microemulsion delivery system to improve its bioavailability. This new orally administered formulation, Neoral (cyclosporine capsules and oral solution for microemulsion), has self-emulsifying properties and spontaneously forms a microemulsion (particle size < 0.15 microns) in the aqueous fluids of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical trials in renal transplant recipients, liver transplant recipients with external biliary diversion, and healthy volunteers have demonstrated enhanced bioavailability and greatly improved dose linearity with the cyclosporine microemulsion compared with the original cyclosporine formulation, Sandimmune (cyclosporine). The rate and extent of absorption were greater with the cyclosporine microemulsion under both fasting and nonfasting conditions, and there was a more consistent relationship between the administered dose and area under the time-concentration curve. Early clinical efficacy trials in renal and liver transplant recipients have shown no difference in the incidence or severity of drug-related adverse events. Studies on the long-term efficacy and safety of the new microemulsion formulation are ongoing.
Automated Scalable Heat Shock Modification for Standard Aquatic Housing Systems.

Abstract Heat shock is a common technique for inducible gene expression system in a variety of organisms. Heat shock treatment of adult zebrafish is more involved and generally consists of manually transferring fish between housing rack tanks and preheated water tanks or the use of timed heaters in stand-alone aquaria. To avoid excessive fish handling and to take advantage of the continuous flow of a standard housing rack, proposed modifications consisted of installing an aquarium heater inside each tank, manually setting the heater to reach heat shocking temperatures (>37°C) and, after that, testing that every tank responded equally. To address the limitations in the existing systems, we developed a novel modification of standard zebrafish housing racks to perform heat shock treatment in conditions of continuous water flow. By adding an extra manifold to the housing rack and connecting it to a recirculating bath to create a parallel water flow system, we can increase the temperature from standard conditi...
How (and why) to ask the older cancer patient about sexual health and sexual minority status

Sexual health and sexual minority status are often undiscussed during oncology visits. Yet, these topics should be addressed in older cancer patients in order to help mitigate the sexual side effects of cancer treatment and to acknowledge - and, at times, help provide - the social support older patients need during their cancer journey. This paper describes 4 tips on how cancer healthcare providers can broach the topics of sexual health and sexual minority status in an oncology clinic.
Recuurence rate in Nursemaid's Elbow in Children

Objective: Nursemaid’s elbow is a common injury of early childhood where the annular ligament subluxates at the radial head. The exact rate of recurrence of nursemaids elbow is unknown. The purpose of this study was to report outcomes of nursemaid’s elbow in children. Specifically, we retrospectively examined factors such as epidemiology, treatment techniques, outcomes, ligamentous laxity, …
PERSIANN-CDR for Hydrology and Hydro-climatic Applications

Satellite-retrieved precipitation datasets represent a promising input data source to be utilized in hydroclimatic and hydrologic applications. Due to their characteristics of high spatiotemporal resolution, near real-time availability and quasi global coverage, satellite-retrieved precipitation datasets promise to provide a remedy for the long-standing issues associated with ground rainfall information. In this article, we shed light on the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks – Climate Data Records (PERSIANN-CDR) dataset and its use in hydroclimatic and hydrologic applications. In particular, we highlight the use of PERSIANN-CDR for rainfall trend analysis, observation of extreme rainfall events such as Hurricanes, and evaluation of climate models’ simulations of precipitation based on their historical performance. Regarding the use of PERSIANN-CDR for hydrologic applications, we show examples of utilizing the dataset in rainfall-runoff modeling as well as its use in rainfall frequency analysis and the development of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves.
Phosphate buffer-stabilized 0.1% chlorine dioxide oral rinse for managing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Purpose This is a review of the literature on nonsurgical treatment of non-healing medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) utilizing a phosphate buffer-stabilized 0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthrinse. Methods A literature search in PubMed revealed only six case reports. MRONJ lesion site description, patient's medication history, the healing time, and the MRONJ treatment protocol followed by those authors were recorded. Additional literature review of the scientific mechanism, risks and benefits, safety and efficacy of the phosphate buffer-stabilized 0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthrinse was also performed and discussed. Results Many of the authors of the published case reports utilized 0.12% chlorhexidine as the initial mouthrinse, but the lesions did not decrease in size. After switching to a phosphate buffer-stabilized 0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthrinse for a duration ranging from 1-12 months, there was complete healing of the MRONJ lesions in all of the cases. The phosphate buffer-stabilized 0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthrinse can be helpful in the management of active MRONJ lesions as well as the prevention of recurrent MRONJ lesions in the susceptible patient population. Clinical significance This literature review supports the use of phosphate buffer-stabilized 0.1% chlorine dioxide mouthrinse in the management of MRONJ lesions either as a first line of therapy or after 0.12% chlorhexidine had not been effective.
Do rich people “deserve” to be rich? Charitable giving, internal attributions of wealth, and judgments of economic deservingness

Abstract People often judge how much “the rich” deserve to be rich by taking into consideration how they had made their wealth. How do people make such judgments about the origins of others' wealth? In nine studies (N = 1707) and two supplemental analyses (N = 197), we examine whether the attributions people make about wealth are influenced by the way wealthy people spend their money. We find that people are more likely to attribute economic success to internal factors (such as hard work and competence) when “the rich” spend their money charitably versus when they spend it in a more luxurious manner. Moreover, we find that the tendency to attribute wealth to internal factors is due to judgments about wealthy individuals' character, and that the influence of spending on trait attribution is substantially larger for merit-related traits (e.g., persistence or industriousness) than other positive traits that are unrelated to merit (e.g., elegance or youthfulness). Finally, we find that how “the rich” spend their fortunes influences beliefs about how much they deserve to be rich. The more wealthy people give their money to charity, the more people believe that they deserve to have it in the first place.
A mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster eve stripe 2 minimal enhancer is buffered by flanking sequences

Enhancers are DNA sequences composed of transcription factor binding sites that drive complex patterns of gene expression in space and time. Until recently, studying enhancers in their genomic context was technically challenging. Therefore, minimal enhancers, the shortest pieces of DNA that can drive an expression pattern that resembles a gene9s endogenous pattern, are often used to study features of enhancer function. However, evidence suggests that some enhancers require sequences outside the minimal enhancer to maintain function under environmental perturbations. We hypothesized that these additional sequences also prevent misexpression caused by a transcription factor binding site mutation within a minimal enhancer. Using the Drosophila melanogaster even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer as a case study, we tested the effect of a Giant binding site mutation (gt-2) on the expression patterns driven by minimal and extended enhancer reporter constructs. We found that, in contrast to the misexpression caused by the gt-2 binding site mutation in the minimal enhancer, the same gt-2 binding site mutation in the extended enhancer did not have an effect on expression. The buffering of expression levels, but not expression pattern, is partially explained by an additional Giant binding site outside the minimal enhancer. Mutating the gt-2 binding site in the endogenous locus had no significant effect on stripe 2 expression. Our results indicate that rules derived from mutating enhancer reporter constructs may not represent what occurs in the endogenous context.
Transition to turbulence in randomly packed porous media; scale estimation of vortical structures

Pore-scale observation of vortical flow structures in porous media is a significant challenge in many natural and industrial systems. Vortical structure dynamics is believed to be the driving mechanism in the transition regime in porous media based on the pore Reynolds number, $Re_p$. To examine this assertion, a refractive-index matched randomly packed porous medium is designed to measure the scale of vortical flow structures in transition from unsteady laminar to turbulent using two-dimensional time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Planar PIV data for $Re_p$ from 100 to 948 is used to quantify the scale in terms of the size, strength, and number density using two different scalings (i) $Re_p$ macroscopic (global), and (ii) $Re_{\langle p\rangle}$ microscopic (local). Direct measurement of vortex scale is quantified by employing swirl strength, vortex core, and enhanced swirl strength vortex identification methods. These scales are compared with turbulent integral scales. Shear-dominant vortical structures in moderate unsteady laminar Reynolds numbers ($Re_p 500$). From the macroscopic point of view, increasing Rep resulted in, (i) reduction in the sizes of vortical structures to asymptotically to reach 20$\%$ of the global hydraulic diameter, (ii) growth in strength of vortices, and (iii) increase in the average number densities of vortices. From the pore-scale (local) point of view, increasing $Re_{\langle p\rangle}$ led to decrease in the size of vortical structures monotonically, (ii) rise of the strength of vortices, and (iii) invariance in the number density of vortical structures. These findings suggest pore versus macro-scale coupling exists for the scale of vortical flow structures in the transition regime.
Extraperitoneal cesarean section vs. the laparotrachelotomy in the era of modern antibiotic therapy.

Abstract 1.1. Seventy-nine patients were operated upon by the low cervical cesarean section and 57 patients were operated upon by the Norton extraperitoneal method. Adequate preoperative and postoperative antibiotic therapy with penicillin or the later-appearing antibiotics was given. 2.2. The patients were divided into three groups, those not in labor and with membranes intact, those in labor under 30 hours, and those in labor over 30 hours. Comparisons between the Norton extraperitoneal section and the low cervical cesarean section were made in regard to operative and postoperative complications and postoperative course.
Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Allogeneic (genetically different, same species) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative therapy for a variety of hematological malignancies, autoimmune diseases, inherited disorders of metabolism, histiocytic disorders, and other malignant solid tumors. The number and indications for HSCT continue to increase, with more than 30,000 procedures performed annually across the world. The number of unrelated donor transplants, the most commonly performed transplant, is expected to double within the next 5 years due to improvements in techniques including donor leukocyte infusions and isolation of umbilical cord stem cells.
Partnerships in remote sensing: A theme with some examples

Abstract This article reviews the revolution in remote sensing which has taken place over the past 25 years. This revolution could not have occurred without the closest cooperation among government agencies, industry and academia. International cooperation is shown to be essential in carrying out the bold missions planned for the next decade. The article reviews the history of the NASA-NOAA relationship, and the history of international partnerships with emphasis on development of the operational METSAT system. The government-industry partnership is also reviewed, with case studies to examine the evolution of METSAT sensor design, LANDSAT commercialization, and the NOAA Administrator's new initiative to facilitate development of a commercial Ocean Color Instrument. Government interaction with academia, in the form of National Science Foundation programmes and government-university ‘cooperative institutes’, is reviewed. The author concludes by showing how plans for integrating research and operations on Space Station platforms can only succeed through an alliance of all the remote-sensing players.
Order-disorder effects in competitive irreversible adsorption of aromatic compounds at platinum electrodes: 1,4-naphthohydroquinone and 2,2′,5,5′-tetrahydroxybiphenyl

Abstract The competitive irreversible adsorption of 1,4-naphthohydroquinone (NHQ) and 2,2′,5,5′-tetrahydroxybiphenyl (THBP) from aqueous solutions onto smooth (annealed) polycrystalline platinum electrodes has been studied at room temperature. Coadsorption coverage measurements were based on thin-layer coulometry. Preferential adsorption of NHQ over THBP was exhibited at all bulk concentrations studied. The mixed adsorption profiles showed minima in total packing density which were accompanied by minima in the fraction of edge-pendant oriented THBP, indicating that packing in oriented mixed-polyphenol layers involves ordered structures which are favored by intermolecular hydrogen-bonding. In the edge-orientation, traces of one compound in a layer composed primarily of another compound introduced disorder into the layer.
The Offset Cube: An Optoelectronic Interconnection Network

This paper introduces a new network topology, the offset-cube, for three-dimensional image processing systems. It provides general node-to-node communications for random message traffic with an average latency that is comparable to a k-ary 3-cube. It is well suited for communication patterns common in image processing applications (e.g., image scaling, overlapping segmentation). The offset-cube topology provides an extremely compact, through-wafer implementation employing integrated optoelectronic devices. This paper describes work in progress towards the examination of this new topology and its implementation including architectural issues (e.g, oblivious and adaptive minimal routing algorithms, performance analysis with random traffic and trace-driven workloads, comparison with k-ary 3-cubes), plus implementation issues in building a scalable system.
Evaluating the Price Competitiveness of U.S. Exports

An index developed by the authors is used to track the U.S. dollar's performance against a number of foreign currencies. The authors' comparison of the index with the relative export growth rates of Japan and Germany suggests that in the 1990s the dollar stayed near levels that put the United States and its main export rivals on an equal footing. Nevertheless, the dollar's rise in 1997, if sustained, will make it more difficult for U.S. firms to keep pace with their competitors.