cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain weight at death: the HAAS☆

Midlife hypertension is associated with later development of cognitive impairment, vascular dementia (VsD), and possibly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuropathic cerebrovascular lesions and brain atrophy have been associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), however, to our knowledge there have been no prospective investigations of an association of blood pressure levels measured in midlife with the microscopic lesions of AD. We investigated the relationship of BP level in midlife to development of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), neuritic plaques (NP), and low brain weight at autopsy among Japanese-American men who were members of the Honolulu Heart Program/Honolulu-Asia aging Study (HHP/HAAS) cohort. The HHP/HAAS is a population-based, longitudinal study of cognitive function and dementia with 36 years of follow-up. Neocortical and hippocampal NFT and NP were counted per mm(2), and fixed brain weight was measured for 243 decedents. Elevated systolic BP, (> or =160 mm Hg) in midlife was associated with low brain weight and greater numbers of NP in both neocortex and hippocampus. Diastolic BP elevation, (> or =95 mm Hg) was associated with greater numbers of NFT in hippocampus. Results indicate that in addition to the accepted association of high BP with neuropathic cerebrovascular lesions, there is a direct relationship with brain atrophy, NP and NFT.
The Effects of Newspaper Endorsements onElection Outcomes:A Case Study

The election we focus attention on is the November 1977 contest in Suffolk County, New York, for the office of County District Attorney. Located on eastern Long Island, Suffolk County is classified as a suburb of New York City, and its one and one-third million residents make.it the second most populous county in the state outside the city. Because the population is scattered over hundreds of small communities (school districts, hamlets, housing developments), because city newspapers are read each morning, and because most radio and television sets are tuned to city stations, there is no easy way of communication for the local office holder or candidate. The 1977 district attorney race was characterized by two unusual circumstances. First, the incumbent district attorney, Henry O'Brien, was a Democrat, an extraordinary occurrence in a county which
Transients - abnormal and otherwise

Good evening. I extend my warm greetings to you. Especially to those of you who are members of the American Nuclear Society and whose reasoned judgment and clear perception of merit led you to vote for me in the recent Society election.
Increasing nitric oxide production improves survival in experimental hemorrhagic shock

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of nitric oxide (NO) upon outcome following hemorrhagic shock. l -Arginine, an NO precursor, and l -NMMA, an inhibitor of NO synthesis, were added to resuscitation in a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded experimental model, and the effects upon blood pressure and survival were measured. Methods: 60 Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to phlebotomy to induce hemorrhagic shock. After a 45 min shock period, animals were resuscitated with either lactated Ringer's alone (control), l -NMMA in lactated Ringer's, or l -arginine in lactated Ringer's. Blood pressure was monitored, and animals were observed for survival. As an additional control experiment, 15 additional animals underwent the same protocol, but underwent sham shock, i.e. were not haemorrhaged. Results: l -NMMA increased blood pressure transiently following sham shock, but increased blood pressure to a greater extent and for a longer duration following hemorrhage. However, l -NMMA had no effect upon survival. l -Arginine had no measurable effect upon blood pressure, but significantly increased survival. Conclusion: NO may play an important role following hemorrhage. The effectiveness of l -NMMA as a pressor suggests that NO contributes to hypotension following hemorrhage. However, reversing hypotension with l -NMMA did not improve survival in this model. In contrast, l -arginine did not further lower blood pressure, but had significant survival benefit. This suggests a possible protective effect of NO after hemorrhage, perhaps by improving the distribution of capillary blood flow and/or by decreasing platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion within the microcirculation.
Dynamic self-stiffening in liquid crystal elastomers

Mimicking the behaviour of biological tissues requires finding biocompatible materials that can strengthen in response to external forces. Agrawal et al. show that polydomain nematic liquid crystal elastomers become unexpectedly stiffer when subjected to a small amplitude and repetitive compression.
Electrophoretic determination of glycoprotein: an improved method with cleared cellulose acetate membrane.

Abstract A staining method for the determination of serum glycoproteins on a cleared cellulose acetate membrane following electrophoresis is described. The resolution, stability, and reproducibility of this technique are evaluated. The entire procedure is relatively rapid and easily applicable to cellulose acetate electrophoresis regardless of the size and shape of the membrane. The glycoprotein values of normal human sera obtained by this method are reported.
Isochoric heating of reduced mass targets by ultra-intense laser produced relativistic electrons

Abstract We present measurements of the chlorine K-alpha emission from reduced mass targets, irradiated with ultra-high intensity laser pulses. Chlorinated plastic targets with diameters down to 50 μm and mass of a few 10−8 g were irradiated with up to 7 J of laser energy focused to intensities of several 1019 W/cm2. The conversion of laser energy to K-alpha radiation is measured, and high-resolution spectra that allow observation of line shifts are observed, indicating isochoric heating of the target up to 18 eV. A zero-dimensional 2-temperature equilibration model, combined with electron impact K-shell ionization and post processed spectra from collisional radiative calculations reproduces the observed K-alpha yields and line shifts, and shows the importance of target expansion due to the hot electron pressure.
Rheological Behavior of Artificial Flocculated Clay/Guar-Gum Suspensions

In this paper, artificial flocs, similar to the ones that are found in a recently deposited cohesive seabed, were prepared using Ca-montmorillonite and kaolinite (two of the most abundant clay minerals), guar gum (a polysaccharide closely resembling natural marine organic matter), and artificial sea water, in order to investigate the effect of the composition on their rheological response. Shear rate effects on viscosity of these suspensions were also systematically addressed. These effects typically have a strong influence on the overall rheological response of materials incorporating any polymeric substance. It was found that the addition of guar gum, even as little as 5% relative to the clay content, increases the viscosity of the floc suspensions significantly. The higher the guar-gum and clay content, the greater is the viscosity of the floc suspensions, within the guar-gum loading range investigated in this study. The floc suspensions with higher solid content were found to exhibit a slight shear thinning behavior, apparently due to the breakdown of the floc structure under high shear stress. This behavior is more pronounced in montmorillonite floc suspensions than in the kaolinite suspensions due to the differences in the clay mineral surface charge properties and surface-to-mass ratios. We explore different rheological models in their applicability to describing the observed viscous response and conclude that a cross-type formulation may be most appropriate.
Ineffectiveness of Padé resummation techniques in post-Newtonian approximations

We test the resummation techniques used in developing Pad\'e and effective one body (EOB) waveforms for gravitational wave detection. Convergence tests show that Pad\'e approximants of the gravitational wave energy flux do not accelerate the convergence of the standard Taylor approximants even in the test mass limit, and there is no reason why Pad\'e transformations should help in estimating parameters better in data analysis. Moreover, adding a pole to the flux seems unnecessary in the construction of these Pad\'e-approximated flux formulas. Pad\'e approximants may be useful in suggesting the form of fitting formulas. We compare a 15-orbit numerical waveform of the Caltech-Cornell group to the suggested Pad\'e waveforms of Damour et al. in the equal mass, nonspinning quasicircular case. The comparison suggests that the Pad\'e waveforms do not agree better with the numerical waveform than the standard Taylor based waveforms. Based on this result, we design a simple EOB model by modifiying the Taylor-expanded EOB model of Buonanno et al., using the Taylor series of the flux with an unknown parameter at the fourth post-Newtonian order that we fit for. The 4PN parameter incorporates higher order effects of the radiation reaction. This simple EOB model generates a waveform having a phase difference of only 0.002 radians with the numerical waveform, much smaller than 0.04 radians the phase uncertainty in the numerical data itself. An EOB Hamiltonian can make use of a Pad\'e transformation in its construction, but this is the only place Pad\'e transformations seem useful.
Precision measurements of the SLC spectrometer magnets

Abstract Precision laboratory measurements have been made of the SLC spectrometer magnets. The value of the magnetic field integral, ∫ B d l , has been determined in the laboratory to an accuracy of δ∫B d l ∫B d l = ±0.7 × 10 −4 . Additionally, high-precision methods of monitoring the field integral of these magnets during actual operation have been developed. With these methods the absolute value of the field integral is continuously monitored to an accuracy of δ∫B d l ∫B d l = ±1.0 × 10 −4 .
Kin Recognition and Incest Avoidance in Toads

Synopsis. Toads, like many amphibians, display breeding site fidelity. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed are likely to encounter siblings as potential mates. We examined the genetic structure of Bufo americanus breeding populations at five localities within a 1 km radius. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes significantly differed among the breeding populations, but haplotype distributions did not differ from year to year within breeding sites. Natal philopatry may account for these results. Although incest is thus possible, siblings rarely mate. Comparing haplotypes of toads captured while mating, we found only 2 of 86 pairs that could possibly be siblings. We suggest that toads might recognize and actively avoid close kin as mates. Advertisement vocalizations given by males serve as potential cues by which females might recognize their kin. We recorded calls of males, in the field, and later obtained rank estimates of their relationships to one another by DNA fingerprinting of the nuclear genome. The resemblance of males' calls was positively correlated with the similarity of their fingerprints. Significant differences in call characteristics were also found among breeding populations. Temporal parameters, rather than frequency components, encode kinship information. Recently developed techniques in molecular genetics facilitate studies of the heritability of behavioral traits in natural populations.
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy as a probe of the solvent electrostatic field for a twelve residue peptide.

The linear IR and two-dimensional (2D) IR spectra of the amide-I modes of the 12-residue β-hairpin peptide tryptophan zipper-2 (SWTWENGKWTWK) and its two 13C isotopomers were simulated, with local mode frequencies evaluated by two solution-phase peptide amide-I frequency maps proposed recently: an electrostatic potential map and an electrostatic field map. Both maps predict a set of nondegenerate local amide-I mode transition energies for the hairpin. Spectral simulations using both maps predict the main spectral features of the linear IR and 2D IR experimental results of the 13C-labeled and -unlabeled hairpin. The radial distribution functions obtained using trajectories from classical molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate different water distributions at different sites of the hairpin. Our results suggest that the observed difference of the 13C-shifted band, including its peak position and frequency distributions for different isotopomers, in both linear IR and 2D IR spectra, is likely to be due t...
SU‐FF‐T‐180: Tomotherapy Dose Painting Delivery Robust to Respiratory Motion

Purpose: The dose painting accuracy with helical tomotherapy in the presence of intra‐fraction patient motion is explored. A dose painting plan is delivered to a phantom moving in 3D, and a model that captures the fundamental physics is presented. Method and Materials: A dose painting experiment is planned and delivered (pitch=0.287, modulation factor = 3.5, beam width = 1cm). It is verified with calibrated Gafchromatic™ EBT film. The plan is based on a 5 level approximation of a PET image from an anonymous patient. The realistic motion is produced with the Washington University 4D Motion Phantom. A 16cm diameter cylindrical lucite phantom, 16cm long, is used for calibration and delivery. The TomoTherapy, Inc. DQATM software is used to verify the delivery performed on a Hi‐ART™ device. The dosimetric uncertainty was simulated with a modulation transfer function for delivery with motion: a ‘DTF.’ The approach is to consider the analogy that the delivery of the dose painting map is like a 3D image of the PET image which is like the object. Results: The dose uncertainty in the purposeful absence of motion management and in the absence of large low frequency drifts in the breathing displacement yields very favorable results. Instead of ‘interference’ effects, because of the averaging of many breathing cycles (and the averaging of many parts of many breathing cycles for the transverse case), the small dose errors observed are actually the result of a time‐dependent blurring. Conclusion: Dose painting with Hi‐ART™ Tomotherapy is very practical. Even without motion management and with lots of modulation, significant respiratory motion is not a severe problem if low frequency drifts and randomness are minimized. The physics is best described as a dynamic blurring instead of interference.
Import demands for Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon and wild Pacific salmon in North America, Japan and the EC

Import demands for Atlantic and Pacific salmon are estimated for Japan, the European Community and North America. Cross-price elasticities indicate that wild high-valued Pacific salmon (chinook. coho and sockeye) and farmed Atlantic salmon are substitute goods in the marketplace. This finding implies that movements in the prices of both fanned and wild salmon can be caused by supply or demand changes in the market for either type of salmon. This result in turn has important implications for future markets and prices of fanned and wild salmon in Canada and the United States La demande a l'importation pour le saunion de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique esl eslimee pour le Japon, la CEE et l'Amerique du Nord. Les valeurs d'elaslicite croisee montrenl que le saumon “sauvage” du Pacifique hautement prise (chinook, coho et sockeve) et le saumon d'elevage de l'Atlantique peuvent se substituer l'un a l'autre sur le manhe. Cette consultation signifie quedes mouvements dans les prix des deux types de saunion peuvent etre causes par des fluctuation de l'offre et de la demande affectant l'un ou l'autre type. Cela comporte d'imponantes repercussions pour I'avenir sur le manhe el sur les prix du saumon tant sauvage que d‘elevage au Canada et aux Etats-Unis
The effect of neonatal deafferentation or deefferentation on myosin heavy chain expression in intrafusal muscle fibers of the rat

Muscle spindles were either deafferented or deefferented by selectively severing the sensory or motor nerve supply to neonatal soleus muscles of rats at a time when spindles are formed but when intrafusal muscle fibers are structurally and immunocytochemically immature. Experimental muscles wereexcised two months after nerve section. Control and experimental spindles were examined using monoclonal antibodies specific for myosin heavy chains of slow-tonic (ALD58) and fast-twitch (MF30) chicken muscles. Only intrafusal fibers bound these antibodies in intact soleus muscles. The deefferented spindles exhibited a pattern of ALD58 and MF30 binding similar to that of normal adult intrafusal fibers, whereas deafferented intrafusal fibers were unreactive with the two antibodies. Thus intact sensory innervation is essential for myosin heavy chain expression in intrafusal muscle fibers during postnatal development of rat spindles.
Enhanced autoreactivity of T-lymphocytes in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic, cholestatic liver disease in which immune mechanisms are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis. We have determined the frequencies and functional phenotypes of autoreactive T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood specimens from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and healthy adults as an indicator of autoreactivity in primary sclerosing cholangitis. We found a significant increase in the percentage of autoreactive suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that become activated in the T-, non-T-autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients (p < 0.002). Blastogenesis in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients was significantly decreased (p < 0.02), and the magnitude of the decrease correlated directly with the percentage of activated suppressor/cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (r = 0.56, p < 0.01). The percentage of autoreactive, suppressor T-lymphocytes was increased in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures from primary sclerosing cholangitis patients (p < 0.0001); and suppression of mitogen-induced blastogenesis by autologous concanavalin A-treated mononuclear cells was significantly enhanced. These results, which were unrelated to the histologic stage of liver disease and the presence or absence of active colitis, document the presence of an expanded population of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis that became activated on exposure to autologous major histo-compatibility antigens in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. We hypothesize that these autoreactive cells may be a marker or may participate as effector cells in cell-mediated autoimmunity in primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Competency and professionalism in medicine

Summary Background: In this article some definitions of competency and professionalism will be discussed, and an overview of existing methods that assess competency and professionalism in anaesthesia resident doctors (residents) is provided. In addition, we will discuss how progression to professionalism, education in anaesthesiology and other medical specialties may be improved using the adult skill acquisition model. The goal of this paper is to refine the definitions of professionalism and competency, and to propose a new approach to medical education. Context: The terms professionalism and competency are both used in the context of education, sometimes interchangeably, adding to the confusion surrounding their definitions and application. Competency, from our point of view, is the ability to perform a certain task required for a work situation. Professionalism includes competencies in addition to the specific behaviours required to successfully perform in a certain specialty. Areas in which progress in medical education may be achieved include: resident selection; teaching and testing of programs (e-education); better use of simulation for skills assessment; and teaching and assessment of non-technical skills during residency. Medical schools and teaching hospitals should work continuously on creating and maintaining a high level of professional culture. Implications: Medical knowledge, manual skills and non-technical skills should be used for the assessment of professionalism in medical specialties. The necessity to improve on the quality of medical care calls for changes in medical education.
Optimal temperature estimation for modeling the thermal elastic shock disturbance torque

This paper describes a predictive temperature estimation technique that can be used to drive a model of the thermal elastic shock disturbance torque experienced by low-Earth-orbiting spacecraft. The twice per orbit impulsive disturbance torque is attributed to vehicle passage in and out of the Earth's umbra, during which large flexible appendages undergo rapidly changing thermal conditions. Flexible members, in particular, solar arrays, experience rapid cooling during umbra entrance and rapid heating during exit. The fundamental equations used to model the thermal elastic shock disturbance torque for a typical solar array will be described. For this derivation, the array is assumed to be a thin cantilevered beam. The time-varying thermal gradient is shown to be the driving force behind predicting the thermal elastic shock disturbance torque and, therefore, motivates the need for accurate estimates of temperature. Thus, the development of a technique to optimally estimate appendage surface temperatures is highlighted. The objective analysis method used is structured on the Gauss-Markov theorem and provides an optimal temperature estimate at a prescribed location given data from a distributed thermal sensor network. The optimally estimated surface temperatures are then used to compute the thermal gradient across the array.
The design and development of the server efficiency rating tool (SERT) (abstracts only)

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) almost 3% of all electricity consumed within the US in 2010 goes to running datacenters, with the majority of that powering servers and the associated air conditioning systems dedicated to eliminating the heat they produce. The EPA launched the ENERGY STARR Computer Server program in May 2009, intended to deliver information to better enable server purchasing decisions based on projected power consumption.The Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT)" has been developed by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) SPECpower committee to address the EPA requirements for Version 2 of the ENERGY STAR server program. Unlike many tools sourced from the SPEC organization the SERT is not intended to be a benchmark, and for Version 2 does not offer a single score model. Instead it produces detailed information regarding the influence of CPU, memory, network and storage I/O configurations on overall server power consumption.This paper describes the design and development of the SERT, including discussion of the collaborative nature of working with the EPA and the various industry stakeholders involved in the design, review and development process. Many of the core ideas behind SERT were derived from the SPECpower ssj2008 and other SPEC-developed benchmarks, and this paper illustrates where ideas and code were shared, as well as where new thinking resulted in entirely new solutions. It also includes thoughts for the future, as the ENERGY STAR server program continues to evolve and the SERT will evolve with it.
Z 1 3 Effect in the Stopping Power of Matter for Charged Particles

We consider in a classical formulation the interaction of a particle of charge ${Z}_{1}e$ incident at a given impact parameter with an electron bound isotropically and harmonically to the origin with a frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$. Using a perturbation expansion that assumes that the displacement of the bound electron is small compared to the impact parameter, and integrating over the impact parameter from some minimum value to infinity, we are led to an expression for the stopping power. The leading term in this expansion is proportional to ${({Z}_{1}{e}^{2})}^{2}$ and is the usual result for this type of model, while the second term gives us the ${({Z}_{1}{e}^{2})}^{3}$ correction. The ${Z}_{1}^{3}$ correction for the Lenz-Jensen statistical model for the atom is presented. The predictions of this theory are in excellent agreement with available experimental data.
Hypoplastic coronary artery disease: A rare cause of sudden cardiac death and its treatment with an implantable defibrillator

A 21-year-old African American male presented to the emergency department after an episode of unexplained syncope. He had no significant past medical history. The initial physical examination was within normal limits, and his 12-lead electrocardiogram showed no signs of ischemia or evidence of chamber enlargement. The patient received a transthoracic echocardiogram which demonstrated mild global left ventricular dysfunction with an estimated ejection fraction of 45%. Coronary angiography was next performed and found no evidence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease but did reveal hypoplasia of the left circumflex and right coronary arteries, with intraluminal diameters of approximately 1 mm. The left anterior descending coronary artery was small distally. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement found no evidence of myocardial scar. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with aborted sudden cardiac death due to hypoplastic coronary artery disease (HCAD). The patient received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) prior to hospital discharge for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. One year after this presentation, the patient has been asymptomatic, with no ICD discharges.
Gender and Racial Differences in Mathematical Performance

The authors examined gender and racial differences in mathematics performance among 5th- and 8th-grade students in the United States. Math performance was assessed by scores on the math-concepts and math-computation sections of the California Achievement Test (CTB/McGraw-Hill, 1986) given at the end of the previous year. There were no significant gender differences, but in both grades, the White students scored significantly higher than the Black students. The racial differences were more pronounced in the scores for concepts than in the scores for computation. Responses to a parent questionnaire showed significant relationships between parents' self-reported math anxiety, parents' most advanced math course, and parents' education level in relation to the child's math performance. Differences in these relationships suggest that, although parents' beliefs and attitudes about math influence their child's math performance, the relationship is complex and may vary with race.
Mechanism of interferon action: cloned human leukocyte interferons induce protein kinase and inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus but not reovirus replication in human amnion cells.

Abstract The induction of protein P, and initiation factor eIF-2 phosphorylation and the inhibition of virus replication were examined in human amnion U cells treated with cloned and natural human leukocyte interferons. Three leukocyte interferons (IFN-a) synthesized in Escherichia coli , αA, al), and αA/D, and natural IFN-α synthesized in Sendai virus-induced leukocytes induced the protein kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ribosome-associated protein P, and purified initiation factor eIF-2. Natural IFN-α and cloned IFNs αA, al), and αA/D also possessed antiviral activity as measured by single cycle virus yield reduction with vesicular stomatitis virus, but not with reovirus, in human amnion U cells. A fourth cloned IFN, αD/A, was a poor inducer both of protein P 1 and eIF-2 phosphorylation and of antiviral activity in U cells. These results establish that cloned as well as natural IFN-a subspecies induce protein P, and eIF-2 phosphorylation in human U cells, and suggest that the induction of protein phosphorylation is not a sufficient condition for the expression of antiviral activity in human cells with viruses such as reovirus which are sensitive to IFN in mouse and monkey cells.
Combining stochastic facies and fractal models for representing natural heterogeneity

Sedimentary deposits are often characterized by various distinct facies, with facies structure relating to the depositional and post-depositional environments. Permeability (k) varies within each facies, and mean values in one facies may be several orders of magnitude larger or smaller than those in another facies. Empirical probability density functions (PDFs) of log(k) increments from multi-facies structures often exhibit properties well modeled by the Levy PDF, which appears unrealistic physically. It is probable that the statistical properties of log(k) variations within a facies are very different from those between facies. Thus, it may not make sense to perform a single statistical analysis on permeability values taken from a mix of distinct facies. As an alternative, we employed an indicator simulation approach to generate large-scale facies distributions, and a mono-fractal model, fractional Brownian motion (fBm), to generate the log(k) increments within facies. Analyses show that the simulated log(k) distributions for the entire multi-facies domain produce apparent non-Gaussian log(k) increment distributions similar to those observed in field measurements. An important implication is that Levy-like behavior is not real in a statistical sense and that rigorous statistical measures of the log(k) increments will have to be extracted from within each individual facies.
Platelets. Covert Regulators of Lymphatic Development

The field of platelet biology has rapidly expanded beyond the classical role of platelets in preventing blood loss and orchestrating clot formation. Despite the lack of transcriptional ability of these anuclear cell fragments, platelet function is now thought to encompass such diverse contexts as tissue repair, immune activation, primary tumor formation, and metastasis. Recent studies from multiple groups have turned the spotlight on an exciting new role for platelets in the formation of lymphatic vessels during embryonic development. Genetic experiments demonstrate that Podoplanin, a transmembrane protein expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells, engages the platelet C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) when exposed to blood, leading to SYK-SLP-76-dependent platelet activation. When components of this pathway are disrupted, aberrant vascular connections form, resulting in blood-lymphatic mixing. Furthermore, platelet-null embryos manifest identical blood-lymphatic mixing. The identification of platelets as the critical cell type mediating blood-lymphatic vascular separation raises new questions in our understanding of lymphatic development and platelet biology.
Wanted dead or alive? Western genre items in the 21st century United States library

The Western genre, that is frontier adventure stories set west of the Mississippi River, has been enjoying a resurgence in popularity, yet there has been no substantive look at the collection of Western genre novels and films in libraries. The online catalogs of 100 libraries across the United States were examined, and a follow-up questionnaire was sent, to determine the scope of Western genre item holdings and the institutional attitudes towards this genre. This study found that Western genre items are still well represented in most collections. However, it also revealed weaknesses in the way genre collection development is conducted.
Relevance of Ericksonian psychotherapy to the treatment of chemical dependency

Dr. Milton Erickson is credited with having developed many unique and effective approaches to the problem of resistance in therapy. Clinicians treating patients with alcohol and other drug abuse problems often face significant resistance from clients. This article focuses on a number of ideas associated with Dr. Erickson's work and their relevance to the treatment of chemical dependency with a particular focus on the issue of resistance. One note of caution is in order in reference to the paradoxical interventions alluded to in the paper. These interventions are not appropriate or acceptable for all substance abusers. A therapist should have significant experience and support from co-therapist and supervisors before attempting such interventions.
The role of public health agencies in providing access to adolescent drug treatment services.

Abstract Purpose To examine the role of public health agencies (PHAs) in providing access to drug treatment services for adolescents by describing the proportion of youth who obtain access to these services through PHA involvement in school health clinics, juvenile drug courts, and other community agencies. Methods Analysis of cross-sectional telephone interview data collected from 1999–2003 from a national sample of 1793 PHA key informants from communities surrounding schools in the nationally representative Monitoring the Future (MTF) study of 8th, 10th and 12th grade students. Results Fifty-eight percent of youth in the MTF sample were served by PHAs that participated in some way in school health clinics, with 30% served by PHAs that provided resources for drug treatment in schools. Twenty-nine percent of youth were served by PHAs involved in juvenile drug court (JDC) programs, 23% by PHAs acting as JDC referral agencies, and 13% by PHAs providing direct JDC drug assessment, treatment and monitoring services. In addition, 44% of youth were served by PHAs providing drug treatment resources in community settings. Treatment access for youth through PHAs varied by region, race/ethnicity, urbanicity, community income level, and youth population density. The largest variation occurred in access via JDC programs. Conclusions PHAs may help bridge gaps between drug treatment need and service provision for adolescents who need access to drug treatment services. Strengthening the linkages between PHAs and schools, juvenile drug courts, and other community settings may serve to increase youth access to drug treatment.
Graft formation in Solanum pennellii (Solanaceae).

Three phases of cohesion were observable during the development of compatible autografts in Solanum pennellii. Phase I cohesion 1) lasted 4–5 d after grafting, 2) was characterized by an average increase in tensile strength of 4 g breaking weight (BW) mm−2 graft area (GA) d−1, and 3) correlated positively with cellular interdigitation at the graft interface. The fresh weight of the scion increased by approximately 5% d−1 during the first 2 d after grafting. Phase II cohesion occurred 5–15 d after grafting, during which time 1) the tensile strength of the graft union increased by 14 g BW mm−2 GA d−1, 2) vascular differentiation across the graft interface was completed, and 3) the fresh weight of the scion increased by 9% d−1. Phase III cohesion occurred subsequent to 15 d after grafting, during which time 1) the tensile strength of the graft union leveled off at a value similar to that of an ungrafted internode, and 2) the fresh weight of the scion increased by 14% d−1. These results are discussed relative to mechanisms underlying the formation of compatible grafts.
Allelopathic effects of Alexandrium fundyense (Dinophyceae) on Thalassiosira cf. gravida (Bacillariophyceae): a matter of size.

Allelopathic interactions among phytoplankton are well documented. The potency of allelopathic species and responses of target species to allelochemicals are quite variable, however, limiting full understanding of the role these interactions may play in nature. One trait that may influence the sensitivity of an individual to allelochemicals is cell size. The few studies that have examined relationships between cell size and susceptibility to allelochemicals have compared different species and thus could not distinguish between the role of size and species-specific physiological differences. Culturing an actively sexually reproducing diatom allowed us to focus on the influence of target cell size within a single species. We studied growth and nutrient acquisition by the chain-forming Thalassiosira cf. gravida Clever in the presence and absence of allelochemicals released by Alexandrium fundyense Balech as a function of T. cf. gravida cell size. Upon exposure to filtrate of A. fundyense, T. cf. gravida cultures "bleached" and both growth and nutrient utilization ceased for up to 4 d. The magnitude of the effect was dependent on filtrate concentration and T. cf. gravida cell surface area:volume ratio. The greatest inhibition was observed on the smallest cells, while T. cf. gravida cultures that had undergone cell enlargement via sexual reproduction were least sensitive to A. fundyense filtrate. These results demonstrate that competitor cell size, independent from taxonomy, may influence the outcome of allelopathic interactions. The findings presented here suggest a potential ecological impact of diatom cell size reduction and sexual reproduction that has not yet been described and that may be important in determining diatom survival and success.
Poster: De novo protein identification by dynamic programming

In this paper we present a new de novo method to identify protein and peptide amino acid sequences from tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data. Our approach uses an integer knapsack dynamic programming formulation, which allows for optimization to directly consider ions other than the typical b and y variety. Rather than acting as “noise” which obscures the sequence in question, the additional ions can be used to improve identifications, and provide greater confidence in the results. We validate our approach using raw experimental data.
Design, Development and Integration of Novel Antennas for Miniaturized UHF RFID Tags

An overview of design requirements and novel approaches for improved performance UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. Two matching techniques, an inductively coupled structure and a serial stub structure are discussed. Different miniaturized antenna topologies are proposed, focusing on low-profile, high efficiency and high directivity in very compact (less than 3 in times 3 in) configurations.
Variation linguistics and SLA

Sociolinguistics (here called variationist linguistics) has been misunderstood and misrepresented in second language acquistion (SLA) research. In spite of that, several productive studies (many of which use the VARBRUL statistical program) have made significant contributions to our understandings of variation in SLA data, contributions which touch on the linguistic and not the social concerns of such data. The failure of SLA researchers who belong to the so-called 'dominant paradigm' (or Chomskyan or Universal Grammar (UG) research programme) to realize that belief in a so-called variable competence is not a prerequisite to variation studies has been particularly harmful. On the other hand, the failure of sociolinguists to take psycholinguistic matters seriously has been another serious drawback to interfield co-operation; a summary of a plausible variationist psycholinguistics (within an SLA setting and allowing UG interpretation) is provided.
Fault simulation model for i/sub DDT/ testing: an investigation

In today's technologies, resistive shorting and open defects are becoming more predominant. Conventional fault models, and tools based on these models are becoming inadequate in addressing these defects resulting from new failure mechanisms. In prior works i/sub DDT/ testing techniques have been shown to detect resistive defects. However, in order to incorporate i/sub DDT/ based methods into production test flows, it is necessary to develop a fault simulation strategy to enable ATPG and fault coverage to be determined. To our knowledge, no practical technique exists to perform fault simulation for i/sub DDT/ based methods. At the heart of the difficulty of developing a fault simulation strategy is the analog nature of the test observable. In this paper we investigate a fault simulation model that partitions the task of simulating the CUT (chip under test) into linear and non-linear components. We also propose a path isolation strategy for core-logic as a means of reducing the computational complexity involved in deriving i/sub DDT/ signals in the non-linear portion. More specifically an Impulse Response based method is derived to eliminate the need for transient simulations of the entire CUT.
Smoking kills (alcoholics)! shouldn't we do something about it?

In general, ‘drinkers smoke’, and a high proportion of the alcohol-dependent population is also nicotine-dependent. Statistically, the majority of alcoholics will die of smoking-related, rather than alcohol-related, disease. This co-dependent sub-population may have higher levels of nicotine dependence, and find smoking cessation more difficult. Major reasons are that concurrent alcohol use, and/or prior alcohol exposure, may change the reinforcing effects of nicotine, and that each drug becomes a pharmacological cue for the expectation of the other. If so, then smokers whose nicotine dependence is impacted by alcohol, represent a large and distinct sub-population in which both the therapeutic and molecular targets for smoking cessation are altered. This, in turn, has implications for the validity of animal models of nicotine reinforcement, and for the development of novel smoking cessation medications. It is no longer possible to ignore the fact that the two most prevalent and damaging addictive drugs in our society are very commonly used by the same individuals. Without a better understanding of the psychological and pharmacological interactions between alcohol and nicotine that impact dependence, we cannot hope to provide appropriate medications for this large and problematic patient group. Our intention in this opinion overview is to use the current literature to provide a framework for future studies into the impact of alcohol use on the reinforcing effects of nicotine.
Difficulties in planning among patients with multiple sclerosis: a relative consequence of deficits in information processing speed.

Previous studies show that MS patients take longer than healthy controls to plan their solutions to Tower of London (TOL) problems but yield conflicting results regarding the quality of their solutions. The present study evaluated performance under untimed or timed conditions to assess the possibility that differences in planning ability only occur when restrictions in solution times are imposed. MS patients (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 43) completed a computerized version of the TOL under one of two conditions. In the untimed condition, participants were allowed as much time as needed on each problem. In the timed condition, limits were imposed on solution times and time remaining was displayed with each problem. Patients exhibited longer planning times than controls, and the disparity between groups increased with problem difficulty. Planning performance depended upon condition. In the untimed condition, patients and controls performed equally well. When solution times were restricted, however, patients solved fewer problems than controls. MS patients’ planning ability is intact when permitted sufficient time to formulate the required plan. Deficiencies in planning are only evident when time is restricted, and, therefore, are more accurately considered a relative consequence of disease-related problems in information processing speed. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–8)
Learning to "Read Between the Lines" using Bayesian Logic Programs

Most information extraction (IE) systems identify facts that are explicitly stated in text. However, in natural language, some facts are implicit, and identifying them requires "reading between the lines". Human readers naturally use common sense knowledge to infer such implicit information from the explicitly stated facts. We propose an approach that uses Bayesian Logic Programs (BLPs), a statistical relational model combining firstorder logic and Bayesian networks, to infer additional implicit information from extracted facts. It involves learning uncertain common-sense knowledge (in the form of probabilistic first-order rules) from natural language text by mining a large corpus of automatically extracted facts. These rules are then used to derive additional facts from extracted information using BLP inference. Experimental evaluation on a benchmark data set for machine reading demonstrates the efficacy of our approach.
Experimental results using micro-ferromagnetic generators

Several series of tests using explosively loaded ferromagnetic generators to drive inductive coils have been summarized into lessons learned and an outline of best practices for building small FMGs will be presented. Most of these FMGs were built using 25mm diameter, commercially available N50 magnets. All of these experiments were conducted at Redstone Arsenal, AL. Loads representative of flux compression stators were built and used. The long time, tens of microseconds, effects on the inductors were also examined. This paper will summarize over seventy tests with techniques used to mitigate skin losses as well as eddy current losses. A first cut at scaling by linear combination of generators is also shown.
Morphology and mechanics of the teeth and jaws of white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum)

The teeth of white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) are used to clutch soft-bodied prey and crush hard prey; however, the dual function is not evident from tooth morphology alone. Teeth exhibit characteristics that are in agreement with a clutching-type tooth morphology that is well suited for grasping and holding soft-bodied prey, but not for crushing hard prey. The dual role of this single tooth morphology is facilitated by features of the dental ligament and jaw joint. Tooth attachment is flexible and elastic, allowing movement in both sagittal and frontal planes. During prey capture spike-like tooth cusps pierce the flesh of soft prey, thereby preventing escape. When processing prey harder than the teeth can pierce the teeth passively depress, rotating inward towards the oral cavity such that the broader labial faces of the teeth are nearly parallel to the surface of the jaws and form a crushing surface. Movement into the depressed position increases the tooth surface area contacting prey and decreases the total stress applied to the tooth, thereby decreasing the risk of structural failure. This action is aided by a jaw joint that is ventrally offset from the occlusal planes of the jaws. The offset joint position allows many teeth to contact prey simultaneously and orients force vectors at contact points between the jaws and prey in a manner that shears or rolls prey between the jaws during a bite, thus, aiding in processing while reducing forward slip of hard prey from the mouth. Together the teeth, dental ligament, and jaws form an integrated system that may be beneficial to the feeding ecology of C. plagiosum, allowing for a diet that includes prey of varying hardness and elusiveness.
On arrays with small loops and short dipoles

The author shows that when polarization sensitive arrays consisting of crossed small loops and short dipoles are used, one can eliminate the requirement in the ESPRIT algorithm that sensors must occur in matched pairs. The dipoles are sensitive to the incident electric field components, and the loops to magnetic field components of the incident waves. The invariance properties are exploited among the dipole and loop outputs of an arbitrary array of orthogonal loops and orthogonal dipoles to compute both the two-dimensional arrival angles and polarization of incoming narrowband signals. >