cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gingival zenith positions and levels of the maxillary anterior dentition.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The location of the gingival zenith in a medial-lateral position relative to the vertical tooth axis of the maxillary anterior teeth remains to be clearly defined. In addition, the apex of the free gingival margin of the lateral incisor teeth relative to the gingival zeniths of the adjacent proximal teeth remains undetermined. Therefore, this investigation evaluated two clinical parameters: (1) the gingival zenith position (GZP) from the vertical bisected midline (VBM) along the long axis of each individual maxillary anterior tooth; and (2) the gingival zenith level (GZL) of the lateral incisors in an apical-coronal direction relative to the gingival line joining the tangents of the GZP of the adjacent central incisor and canine teeth under healthy conditions. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 sites in 20 healthy patients (13 females, 7 males) with an average age of 27.7 years were evaluated. The inclusion patient criteria were absence of periodontal disease, gingival recession, or gingival hypertrophy as well as teeth without loss of interdental papillae, spacing, crowding, existing restorations, and incisal attrition. GZP dimensions were measured with calibrated digital calipers for each individual tooth and within each tooth group in a medial-lateral direction from the VBM. GZLs were measured in an apical-coronal direction from a tangent line drawn on the diagnostic casts from the GZPs of the adjacent teeth. Results: This study demonstrated that all central incisors displayed a distal GZP from the VBM, with a mean average of 1 mm. Lateral incisors showed a deviation of the gingival zenith by a mean of 0.4 mm. In 97.5% of the canine population, the GZP was centralized along the long axis of the canine. The mean distance of the contour of the gingival margin in an apical-coronal direction of the lateral incisors (GZL) relative to gingival line joining the tangent of the adjacent central and canine GZPs was approximately 1 mm. Conclusion: This investigation revealed a GZP mean value of 1 mm distal from the VBM for the central incisor tooth group. The lateral incisors showed a mean average of 0.4 mm. Thecanine tooth group demonstrated almost no deviations of the GZP from the VBM. The GZL of the lateral incisors relative to the adjacent central incisor and canine teeth were more coronal by approximately 1 mm. These data could be used as reference points during esthetic anterior oral rehabilitation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The information presented in this article can be clinically applied to reestablish the proper intratooth GZPs of the maxillary anterior teeth during periodontal crown lengthening or root coverage procedures. In addition, the intra-arch gingival level of the lateral incisor gingival zenith relative to the adjacent central and canine teeth can be appropriately established.
Novel vacuolate sulfur bacteria from the Gulf of Mexico reproduce by reductive division in three dimensions

Large spherical sulfur bacteria, 180-375 microm in diameter, were found regularly and in abundance in surface sediments collected from hydrocarbon seeps (water depth 525-640 m) in the Gulf of Mexico. These bacteria were characterized by a thin 'shell' of sulfur globule-filled cytoplasm that surrounded a central vacuole (roughly 80% of biovolume) containing high concentrations of nitrate (average 460 mM). Approximately 800 base pairs of 16S rRNA gene sequence data, linked to this bacterium by fluorescent in situ hybridization, showed 99% identity with Thiomargarita namibiensis, previously described only from sediments collected off the coast of Namibia (Western Africa). Unlike T. namibiensis, where cells form a linear chain within a common sheath, the Gulf of Mexico strain occurred as single cells and clusters of two, four and eight cells, which were clearly the product of division in one to three planes. In sediment cores maintained at 4 degrees C, which undoubtedly experienced a diminishing flux of hydrogen sulfide over time, the Thiomargarita-like bacterium remained viable for up to 2 years. During that long period, each cell appeared to undergo (as judged by change in biovolume) one to three reductive divisions, perhaps as a dispersal strategy in the face of diminished availability of its putative electron donor.
A Phased Array RFIC with Built-In Self-Test Using an Integrated Vector Signal Analyzer

An X-band phased-array RF integrated circuit with built-in self-test (BIST) capabilities is presented. The BIST is accomplished using a miniature capacitive coupler at the input of each channel and an on-chip I/Q vector receiver. Measurements done with BIST system agree well with S-parameter data and provide the amplitude and phase response over phase states and over frequency. To our knowledge, this is the first implementation of an on-chip BIST and with high accuracy.
Noise characterization uncertainty of microwave devices under low current operation

An automated source reflection coefficient synthesizer combined with a mechanical output tuner was used in conjunction with gage capability studies for the characterization of the noise parameters of GaAs MESFETs and planar-doped pseudomorphic MODFETS operating at low currents (I/sub ds/ >
Natural antibodies and the autoimmunity of atherosclerosis.

In recent years, the subject of natural antibodies has been revisited and the immunobiological roles of these humoral factors are being better defined. These antibodies are secreted by distinct sets of innate-like B cells, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells, which arise early in development to become the sources of “natural immune memory”. Due to their interactions with a variety of self-determinants, natural antibodies have previously been postulated to play roles in the maintenance of host homeostasis. A central paradigm has recently been developed from the demonstration that oxidation derived epitopes on apoptotic cells and oxidized low-density lipoproteins are recognized by the phosphorylcholine-specific germline encoded B-1 cell natural antibody, T15, which has provided important insights into possible “house-keeping” functions under both normal and pathological conditions. In this review, the potential functions of natural antibodies in the pathogenesis and progression of the chronic inflammatory condition of atherosclerosis are discussed, as well as their capacities for apoptotic cell binding and clearance. These interactions of natural antibodies and oxidation-epitopes from phospholipids appear to provide a dynamic immunobiological connection linking host responses in infection, autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
Don’t wag the dog: Extending the reach of applied behavior analysis

We argue that the field of behavior analysis would be best served if behavior analysts worked to extend the reach of behavioral services into a more diverse range of settings and with more varied populations, with an emphasis on the establishment of new career opportunities for graduating students. This is not a new proposal, but it is a tall order; it is not difficult to see why many would choose a surer route to gainful employment. Currently, the most fruitful career path for behavior analysts in practice is in the area of autism and developmental disabilities. For the continued growth of the field of behavior analysis, however, it is important to foster new career opportunities for those trained as behavior analysts. Toward this end, we identify several fields that seem well suited to behavior analysts and summarize the training requirements and likely professional outcomes for behavior analysts who pursue education and certification in these fields. These fields require relatively little additional formal training in the hopes of minimizing the response effort necessary for individuals who have already completed a rigorous program of graduate study in behavior analysis.
The case for less predictable operating system behavior

The operating system is increasingly regarded as untrustworthy. Applications, hardware, and hypervisors are erecting defenses to insulate themselves from the operating system. This paper explores the potential benefits if operating systems simply embraced these lowered expectations and deliberately varied API behavior. We argue that, even for trusted or benign applications, diversity roughly within the specification can improve resilience to attack and improve robustness. Malicious software tends to be brittle; a preliminary case study indicates that, for software of questionable origin, a somewhat hostile operating system may do more good than harm for system security. This paper describes the architecture of Chameleon, an ongoing project to implement spectrum-behavior as an operating system feature.
Survival trends of grade I, II, and III astrocytoma patients and associated clinical practice patterns between 1999 and 2010: A SEER-based analysis.

Background The survival trends and the patterns of clinical practice pertaining to radiation therapy and surgical resection for WHO grade I, II, and III astrocytoma patients remain poorly characterized. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 2497 grade I, 4113 grade II, and 2755 grade III astrocytomas during the period of 1999-2010. Time-trend analyses were performed for overall survival, radiation treatment (RT), and the extent of surgical resection (EOR). Results While overall survival of grade I astrocytoma patients remained unchanged during the study period, we observed improved overall survival for grade II and III astrocytoma patients (Tarone-Ware P < .05). The median survival increased from 44 to 57 months and from 15 to 24 months for grade II and III astrocytoma patients, respectively. The differences in survival remained significant after adjusting for pertinent variables including age, ethnicity, marital status, sex, tumor size, tumor location, EOR, and RT status. The pattern of clinical practice in terms of EOR for grade II and III astrocytoma patients did not change significantly during this study period. However, there was decreased RT utilization as treatment for grade II astrocytoma patients after 2005. Conclusion Results from the SEER database indicate that there were improvements in the overall survival of grade II and III astrocytoma patients over the past decade. Analysis of the clinical practice patterns identified potential opportunities for impacting the clinical course of these patients.
The Effect of Division and Transplantation of the Common Duct Upon Gall-Bladder Function.:

Recent studies1, 2 tend to minimize the importance of the sphincter of Oddi in the regulation of gall-bladder activity. However, the methods which have been employed to eliminate the action of the sphincter are open to a number of criticisms. We have attempted to avoid them by completely dividing the common duct proximal to the sphincter and implanting the stump into another part of the duodenum. The effect of this procedure upon the action of the gall-bladder was determined by means of cholecystograms which were made according to the method described by Graham and his co-workers.3Under ether anesthesia, the common duct in 2 dogs was isolated and doubly ligated just above its entrance into the duodenum. A linear incision 2 cm. long was made in the anterior surface of the duodenum about 8 cm. from the pyloric sphincter. The duct was divided 1/2 cm. proximal to the ligature, and fixed at the lower angle of the opening in the duodenum, which was then closed by two sutures.Six weeks and 8 weeks respectively, ...
Excimer Laser Induced Damage in Stressed Polyimide Films Exposed in Air

In earlier work we reported the consequences of simultaneous exposure of polymers to mechanical stress and electron bombardment. In this study we examine the response of highly stressed polyimide films to excimer laser radiation (20 ns pulses @ 248 nm wavelength) in air. The exposed surfaces show evidence of surface and near surface damage, crack initiation, and eventually crack growth over a wide range of applied stress and laser fluence. These results show that the morphology of the stressed material has a significant influence on the resulting damage and suggest that the regions of highest damage are those experiencing the highest local stress. A growth of nodules on the polyimide surface are also observed which are missing when exposed in vacuum.
Rumination in Everyday Life: The Influence of Distancing, Immersion, and Distraction:

Rumination has been consistently associated with the development and maintenance of a variety of psychological disorders. While recent research has investigated a number of strategies to counter ru...
Susceptibility of the “Gopher,” Citellus Richardsonii (Sabine), to Equine Encephalomyelitis

SummaryEvidence is presented of the susceptibility of the “gopher” or Richardson ground squirrel, Citellus richardsonii (Sabine), to the virus of equine encephalomyelitis, Western type. Twelve successive passages through “gophers” have been effected by intranasal instillation of virus-brain tissue suspensions derived from the preceding passage. The virus was recovered following the final passage. Its pathogenicity for guinea pigs and its specificity were demonstrated. It is suggested that the “gopher” and other wild rodents may possibly act as reservoir hosts for the virus in nature.
Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Indications and Differential Diagnosis

Colonoscopy with multiple biopsies adds a considerable amount of information to the overall clinical approach to the patient with inflammatory bowel disease. Because colonoscopy is an invasive procedure requiring a vigorous bowel clean-out, it is not a first-line investigative procedure for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. However, in certain indicated circumstances, colonoscopy can assist greatly in the management and diagnosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
64 Preventing adolescent violence using the communities that care prevention system: findings from a community-randomised trial

Statement of purpose Texting while driving (TWD) is a critical problem for teen drivers, increasing risk for crashes. The purpose of this analysis was to describe how teen drivers’ control their TWD. Methods We collected quantitative and qualitative data from 30 teens, ages 16–18, licensed for ≤1 year in Pennsylvania. Frequencies from quantitative self-report data were used to describe teens’ views and descriptive content analysis from focus group interviews was used to develop themes related to TWD. Results Teens had a mean age 17.39 (sd 0.52), mean length of licensure 173.7 days (sd 109.2) and were 50% male and predominately white (90%) and non-Hispanic (97%). Over 53% of the sample reported 0 days of TWD in the past month; 96.7% thought it was a bad/very bad idea; and of people important to them, 100% would disapprove of TWD. Focus group data indicated that not all teens defined TWD systematically; some teens did not consider reading a text as TWD. TWD was also context dependent. The nature of the relationship to the other person engaged in texting, purpose of conversation, weather and traffic patterns all contributed to texting decisions. Teens avoided TWD by turning off phones and using passengers; opportunities at stop lights were a “safer” way to text. Conclusions Teens view texting and driving as unsafe and describe Methods in which they control TWD behaviours. However, some Methods still take attention off the focus of driving. Significance and contribution to the field TWD is a contributor to motor vehicle crashes in teens and effective interventions to decrease risks are needed. Teens could benefit from strategies that stress the importance of focused attention on the roadway at all times during the driving trip and provide teens with the tools to avoid responding to texts that they receive while driving.
Developing Intercultural Awareness

World migration and transnational economic linkages are now bringing increased cultural interaction and conflict all over the world, as well as cultural differences and diversities within many countries. As (2001, V) state in the first sentence of their book, “Issues, problems, and opportunities related to diversity are paramount in the twenty-first century”.
Recalcitrant small cell lung cancer: the argument for optimism.

The US passed the Recalcitrant Cancer Research Act of 2012 to target malignancies with 5-year survival rate less than 50%, to include lung malignancies, with the goal to reduce mortality by fifty percent (1). Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the third most common histology of lung cancer accounting for approximately 15% of lung cancer worldwide.
Modeling of twisted and coiled polymer (TCP) muscle based on phenomenological approach

Twisted and coiled polymers (TCP) muscles are linear actuators that respond to change in temperature. Exploiting high negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and helical geometry give them a significant ability to change length in a limited temperature range. Several applications and experimental data of these materials have been demonstrated in the last few years. To use these actuators in robotics and control system applications, a mathematical model for predicting their behavior is essential. In this work, a practical and accurate phenomenological model for estimating the displacement of TCP muscles, as a function of the load as well as input electrical current, is proposed. The problem is broken down into two parts, i.e. modeling of the electro-thermal and then the thermo-elastic behavior of the muscles. For the first part, a differential equation, with changing electrical resistance term, is derived. Next, by using a temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity and CTE as well as taking the geometry of the muscles into account, an expression for displacement is derived. Experimental data for different loads and actuation current levels are used for verifying the model and investigating its accuracy. The result shows a good agreement between the simulation and experimental results for all loads.
Plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease: A historical introduction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), its genetics , and apolipoprotein E's role in AD. Neuropathological examination of the brains from the transgenic mice reveals the presence of large numbers of extracellular thioflavin S-positive Aβ deposits, neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. The preliminary attempts to identify neurofibrillary tangles with tau antibodies were negative. Dementia due to cerebral infarcts caused by arteriosclerosis was also known to occur in elderly people, although other patients with dementia were found at autopsy to have general cerebral atrophy without arteriosclerotic lesions. The amino-acid analyses demonstrated that isolated plaques were rich in glutamate, glycine, leucine and alanine, while plaque cores were rich in glycine, glutamate, aspartate, serine and leucine. It is found that the identification of the families in which an early-onset form of the disease behaves as a classic autosomal dominant trait eventually led to the discovery of the first mutation known to be associated with AD.
Smartphone-based Human Hemoglobin Level Measurement Analyzing Pixel Intensity of a Fingertip Video on Different Color Spaces

Abstract Non-invasive methods in the assessment of health parameters are important for various kinds of patient, but only few expensive and inconvenient solutions are available. Investigations of non-invasive methods beginning with simple red-green-blue (RGB) imaging extending to hyperspectral camera-based image have encountered portability, usability, and reliability issues. This paper presents a smartphone-based non-invasive hemoglobin level prediction model that addresses portability, accuracy and ease-of-use problems by taking advantage of the built-in high-resolution camera, significant computation ability, storage, and communication facility of current smartphones. In this research work, RGB information of a 10-second fingertip videois used to convert into different color spaces including hue (H), saturation (S), value (V), lightness (L), a, b (a and b for the color dimensions) and gray (g). Later, features are extracted from all the combinations of ten different colors and applied to a Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithm. We have evaluated the best color combination to generate a prediction model with the data collected from American and Bangladeshi patients. Our model with a specific pixel color combination achieves a reliable accuracy.
Gateway independent user-side wi-fi Evil Twin Attack detection using virtual wireless clients

Abstract Complimentary open Wi-Fi networks offered by most coffee shops, fast food restaurants and airports are inherently insecure. An attacker can easily deceive a wireless client (WC) by setting up a rogue access point (RAP) impersonating the legitimate access point (LAP), which is usually referred as Evil Twin Attack (ETA). To pass a victim's wireless data through to the Internet, an attacker may use the same LAP's gateway, or use a different gateway, such as broadband cellular connection. Most of the existing ETA detection techniques assume that the attacker will use a specific wireless network gateway to pass victim's wireless data. In this paper, we present a real-time client-side detection scheme to detect ETA regardless of the attacker's gateway selection. The proposed ETA detection system considers both ETA scenarios in parallel by creating two Virtual Wireless Clients (VWCs). The first VWC monitors multiple Wi-Fi channels in a random order looking for specific data packets sent by a server on the Internet. Meanwhile, the second VWC warns the WC when the wireless network uses two different gateways by switching from one AP to another in the middle of a secure connection. The effectiveness of the proposed detection method has been mathematically modeled, prototyped and evaluated in real-life environment with a detection rate close to 100%.
Light Protection and Photodermatoses

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) occurs from both natural and artificial sources. The sun is the principal natural source. The known effects of UVR on man may be beneficial or detrimental, depending on a number of circumstances.
A comparative study of mapreduce and hive based on the design of the information gain algorithm for analytical workloads

Information Gain (IG) or the Kullback Leibler algorithm is a statistical algorithm that is employed to extract useful features from datasets to eliminate redundant and valueless features. Applying this feature selection technique paves way for sophisticated analysis on Big Data, requiring the underlying framework to handle the data complexity, volume and velocity. The Hadoop ecosystem comes in handy, enabling for seamless distributed computing leveraging the computing potential of many commercial machines. Previous research studies [1, 2] indicate that Hive is best suited for data warehousing and ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) workloads. We aim to extend Hive's capability to analyze how it suits analytical algorithms and compare its performance with MapReduce. In this Big Data era, it is essential to design algorithms efficiently to reap the benefits of parallelization over existing frameworks. This study will showcase the efficacy in designing IG for Hadoop framework and discuss the implementation of IG for analytical workload on Hive and MapReduce. Inherently both these components are built over a shared nothing architecture which prevents contention issues increasing data parallelism, thus best-fitting for analytical workloads. Hence, the programmer is relieved from the overhead of maintaining structures like indexes, caches and partitions. Assessing implementation of Information Gain on both these parallel processing components will certainly provide insights on the benefits and downsides that each component should offer and at large will enable researchers and developers to employ appropriate components for suitable tasks.
Employee Adherence to a Tobacco-Free Executive Order in Kentucky:

Purpose:Examine predictors of short- and long-term adherence to a tobacco-free policy prohibiting all tobacco use inside and outdoors on Executive Branch property in Kentucky.Design:Cross-sectional...
Clinical Neuropsychology in Integrated Rehabilitation Care Teams

Neuropsychologists have been an integral part of rehabilitation-oriented integrated care teams for some time and they provide care that is complimentary to other specialties, such as rehabilitation psychologists. Neuropsychologists are more likely than other specialties to offer objective cognitive data that includes consideration of emotional and behavioral features when assessing patients who have known or suspected brain injury or illness. Objective cognitive data is then often used for treatment and discharge planning as well as anticipating safety issues and impairment of functional skills. Unlike a consultative model, neuropsychologists in rehabilitation must work as part of a team of rehabilitation professionals and understand the contributions each specialty offers patients. This paper will highlight a number of issues pertaining to the practice of neuropsychology in rehabilitation settings including: (i) essential skills and duties, (ii) reimbursement, (iii) practice specifics, (iv) types of recommendations, (v) communication issues, (vi) impact of neuropsychological services, (vii) role satisfaction; (viii) advice for early career neuropsychologists, and (ix) a sample report.
Fractionation of diverse steroid-binding proteins: basic and clinical applications.

Two types of diversity in steroid-binding proteins have become apparent: 1) the presence of several intracellular receptors and/or serum steroid-binding components in a tissue; and 2) the existence of multiple forms of individual receptors. Resolution of these components is clearly essential to understanding the mechanisms of action of one or more steroids in a target cell. The techniques that can be used to fractionate such mixtures and characterize the constituents include analytical gel filtration, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, preparative ion exchange filtration and polyamine precipitation, in addition to density gradient centrifu-gation. Applications of these techniques to a clinical problem, the influence of steroids on breast cancer, and a fundamental problem, the subunit structure of chick oviduct progesterone receptors, will be described in this chapter.
Enhancing coexistence, quality of service, and energy performance in dynamic spectrum access networks

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is an upcoming wireless technology which aims to alleviate spectrum-usage inefficiency from the current static spectrum allocation model of wireless communication. However, DSA technology is still in its infancy. Despite its enormous potential for improving wireless networking performance and quality of service (QoS), contemporary DSA is highly ineffective in realizing such advantages to consumer-oriented wireless systems and networks. Therefore, existing DSA technology is unsuitable for actual deployment in its current form. The thesis explores tins hypothesis in depth and identifies its important causes, which span three key dimensions—coexistence, QoS, and energy. The thesis proposes novel and practical system-oriented solutions in order to address the issues identified with traditional DSA. “Awareness-cum-adaption” is the central theme across the proposed methods. First, the thesis focuses on the generic DSA coexistence problem. It presents a dual-mode DSA operation scheme featuring joint sensing and transmission scheduling for safe and efficient time-domain incumbent-unlicensed coexistence. This solution expands the application of DSA to most of the licensed spectrum, which greatly improves the utility and effectiveness of DSA technology. A prototype, called Spectrum-Conscious WiFi (SpeCWiFi), is also developed. Second, it provides important insights into the QoS impact of DSA through the case study of a consumer DSA-based wireless network. Third, it presents Context-Aware Spectrum Agility (CASA) to address the DSA's QoS issues from a device-centric perspective. Fourth, to tackle the QoS problems at the network level, it proposes a network service framework called DSA Synchronization (DSASync). DSASync consists of algorithms based on buffering and traffic-shaping to effectively manage end-to-end connections in DSA networks. CASA and DSASync together provide a complete solution to application QoS issues associated with existing DSA, and hence, make DSA a highly effective and performance-enhancing technology for consumer wireless networks. Finally, this thesis explores the energy cost of DSA through an empirical analysis, and proposes the Dynamic Energy Management for DSA (DEMD) scheme to reduce its energy footprint.
The character gap: how good are we?

In this highly engaging and accessible book, Christian Miller draws on his own discipline of philosophy, together with a comprehensive knowledge of psychology, to offer a reality check about the st...
Src regulates amino acid-mediated mTORC1 activation by disrupting GATOR1-Rag GTPase interaction

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell survival and autophagy, and its activity is regulated by amino acid availability. Rag GTPase-GATOR1 interactions inhibit mTORC1 in the absence of amino acids, and GATOR1 release and activation of RagA/B promotes mTORC1 activity in the presence of amino acids. However, the factors that play a role in Rag-GATOR1 interaction are still poorly characterized. Here, we show that the tyrosine kinase Src is crucial for amino acid-mediated activation of mTORC1. Src acts upstream of the Rag GTPases by promoting dissociation of GATOR1 from the Rags, thereby determining mTORC1 recruitment and activation at the lysosomal surface. Accordingly, amino acid-mediated regulation of Src/mTORC1 modulates autophagy and cell size expansion. Finally, Src hyperactivation overrides amino acid signaling in the activation of mTORC1. These results shed light on the mechanisms underlying pathway dysregulation in many cancer types.
Constructing identities: the implications of DTC ancestry testing for tribal communities

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic ancestry companies have rapidly increased in popularity, with top testing services maintaining genetic databases of several million consumers. While genetic ancestry tests are often characterized as recreational, companies invoke deeply personal concepts of individual identity, group membership, and kinship when marketing their services. In particular, many companies claim to be able to determine Native American heritage, claims that are not supported by the state of the science and may have significant cultural and political consequences for US tribal communities. This study aims to fill the gaps in empirical work on this issue and characterize how genetic ancestry companies articulate indigenous identity through their marketing strategies. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of the public facing websites for 25 DTC genetic ancestry companies that offer services measuring Native American ancestry. Our findings describe how genetic ancestry companies promote a causal relationship between genetics and self-identity through marketing language such as “Discover Yourself” and “Are you Native American?” and how this may affect US tribal communities. Genetic ancestry company claims regarding genetic ancestry, personal identity, and cultural membership are problematic and challenge how US tribal nations currently identify and create potential obstacles for tribal sovereignty.
Extracting Semantics from Multimedia Content: Challenges and Solutions

Multimedia content accounts for over 60% of traffic in the current Internet [74]. With many users willing to spend their leisure time watching videos on YouTube or browsing photos through Flickr, sifting through large multimedia collections for useful information, especially those outside of the open Web, is still an open problem. The lack of effective indexes to describe the content of multimedia data is a main hurdle to multimedia search, and extracting semantics from multimedia content is the bottleneck for multimedia indexing. In this chapter, we present a review on extracting semantics from a large amount of multimedia data as a statistical learning problem. Our goal is to present the current challenges and solutions from a few different perspectives and cover a sample of related work. We start with an overview of a system that extracts and uses semantic components, and consist of five major components: data annotation, multimedia ontology, feature representation, model learning, and retrieval systems. We then present challenges for each of the five components along with their existing solutions: designing multimedia lexicons and using them for concept detection, handling multiple media sources and resolving correspondence across modalities, learning structured (generative) models to account for natural data dependency or model hidden topics, handling rare classes, leveraging unlabeled data, scaling to large amounts of training data, and finally leveraging media semantics in retrieval systems.
M2I communication: From theoretical modeling to practical design

Wireless communications in complex environments are constrained by lossy media and complicated structures. Magnetic Induction (MI) has been proved to be an efficient solution to extend the communication range. Due to the small coil antenna's physical limitation, however, MI's communication range is still very limited. To this end, Metamaterial-enhanced Magnetic Induction (M2I) communication has been proposed and the theoretical results suggest that it can significantly increase the communication performance, namely, data rate and communication range. Nevertheless, currently, the real implementation of M2 I is still a challenge and there is no guideline on design and fabrication of spherical metamaterial. In this paper, we propose a practical design by using a spherical coil array to realize M2 I and we prove that it can achieve negative permeability and there exists a resonance condition where the radiated magnetic field can be significantly amplified. The radiation and communication performance are evaluated and full-wave simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics is conducted to validate the design objectives. By using the spherical coil array-based M2I, the communication range can be significantly extended, exactly as we predicted in the theoretical model.
Evaluating the usefulness of contemporary ethnoracial law for Afrodescendants in Latin America through the examination of court cases and the appreciation of the state’s processual nature

This special issue, ‘Justice for Afrodescendants in Latin America: An Interrogation of Ethnoracial Law,’ emerges out of the February 2018 international meeting organized at Florida International Un...
Throughput, Reliability, and Yields of a Pilot-Scale Conversion Process for Production of Fermentable Sugars from Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Study on Feedstock Ash and Moisture

Early lignocellulosic biorefineries have been plagued with numerous issues that involve feedstock handling problems and variations in conversion efficacy that stem from feedstock variability and co...
Abstract P2-10-07: Cardiovascular disease risk and statin use among women with breast cancer treated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy

Background: Patients with early-stage breast cancer are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are used as adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer to improve survival rates, however, AI use has numerous adverse effects including increasing the risk of CVD due to negative effects on blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2019 guidelines recommend that all patients at intermediate or high risk for CVD based on 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score be on a statin. We aimed to evaluate CVD risk and statin use among racially/ethnically diverse women with breast cancer on adjuvant AI therapy. Methods: We evaluated postmenopausal women with stage I-III breast cancer treated with AIs between 2007 and 2018 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York, NY. Ten-year ASCVD risk score was calculated at breast cancer diagnosis from age (20-79 years), gender (female only), race (white/black/other), serum total cholesterol (130-320 mg/dL) and HDL cholesterol (20-100 mg/dL), systolic blood pressure (90-200 mm Hg), hypertension treatment (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), and smoking status (current/former/never). Individuals were categorized based upon their 10-year ASCVD risk as low ( 20%). We used descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression to determine predictors of statin use among patients with intermediate or high risk ASCVD risk scores. Results: Of 363 evaluable patients, median age at diagnosis was 64 years (range, 50-80) and 35.8% were non-Hispanic white, 32.5% Hispanic, 23.4% non-Hispanic black, and 8.3% other races. Overall, the proportion of women with low risk ASCVD risk was 25.6%, borderline risk was 8.0%, intermediate risk was 37.7%, and high risk was 28.7%. Mean 10-year ASCVD risk scores were 13.7% for black women, 11.5% Hispanics, and 11.0% for white women and other races (p=0.082). The percentage of patients on statins was 50% in the intermediate risk category and 77% in the high risk category. Among those with intermediate or high ASCVD risk scores (N=240), statin use was associated with higher ASCVD risk, higher total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure, and a diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions: Among women with early-stage breast cancer starting adjuvant AI therapy, there is a high prevalence with intermediate and high ASCVD risk. Given the effects of AI therapy on CVD risk factors, these patients should be screened for ASCVD risk and started on statin therapy when indicated. Citation Format: Monica F Chen, Morgan Manger, Katherine D Crew. Cardiovascular disease risk and statin use among women with breast cancer treated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-10-07.
Brief report: Differences in nonsuicidal self-injury according to binge eating and purging status in an adolescent sample seeking eating disorder treatment

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is elevated in adults with eating disorders (EDs), with a particularly increased incidence among individuals who engage in binge eating and/or purging (B/P) behaviors. Despite substantially elevated prevalence of NSSI in adolescence in general, NSSI in child and adolescent ED samples is understudied. There is some evidence for elevated prevalence of NSSI between B/P and restriction-only groups; however, this finding is not consistently reported and research in this area has excluded certain diagnostic groups (e.g., other specified feeding or eating disorder). Our aim was to identify the rates at which a transdiagnostic sample of adolescent patients with EDs (n = 155) report lifetime or past-month NSSI, and whether these rates differ between individuals who engaged in recent B/P behaviors vs. restriction only. Lifetime NSSI was present in 40.6% of the sample, and 23.2% of participants reported engaging in NSSI in the month prior to treatment. Individuals who reported recent B/P behaviors were more likely to report past-month (p = .005, OR = 5.57) and lifetime (p = .004, OR = 4.39) NSSI compared to individuals who did not report B/P behaviors. These results suggest an increase in risk for NSSI in child and adolescent patients in ED treatment who endorse B/P behaviors compared to patients who endorse restriction only. Research is needed to clarify the etiologic factors that may explain this association and the longitudinal changes in NSSI throughout the course of EDs.
Mapping infectious disease mortality onto the within-host dynamics of pathogen growth

Abstract Infectious diseases remain a major cause of global mortality, yet basic questions concerning the relationship between within-host processes governing pathogen burden (pathogen replication, immune responses) and epidemiological patterns of mortality remain obscure. In standard epidemiological models of bacterial and viral infections (‘compartmental models’), pathogen-induced mortality is described as a constant risk factor, unchanging with time since infection or the dynamics of the pathogen population inside the host. Here we review experimental data illustrating the failure of this assumption, with multiple infection models highlighting an accelerating risk of death with time since infection. Next, we show that the dynamics of infection-mediated death are phenomenologically similar to the dynamics of all-causes death, captured by an exponentially increasing instantaneous mortality or ‘hazard’ (a Gompertz function). We then sketch a series of within-host pathogen models and highlight that multiple models are consistent with existing Gompertz-like infection mortality data, including: (1) exponential pathogen growth and a linear mapping between pathogen density and host hazard, and (2) linear pathogen growth and an exponential mapping between pathogen density and host hazard. We review critical experimental questions that our work highlights, requiring additional non-invasive data on pathogen burden throughout the course of infection, and end with a discussion on the unpicking of the mechanistic and dynamical basis of accelerating mortality risk during the course of human infections.
Lab to life: impression management effectiveness and behaviors

Studies assigning impression goals to achieve in the laboratory typically assume their results translate to social success outside. To test this, 156 participants interacted with a confederate, fir...
The heterogeneous morphology of networked collagen in distal colon and rectum of mice quantified via nonlinear microscopy.

Visceral pain from the distal colon and rectum (colorectum) is a major complaint of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mechanotransduction of colorectal distension/stretch appears to play a critical role in visceral nociception, and further understanding requires improved knowledge of the micromechanical environments at different sub-layers of the colorectum. In this study, we conducted nonlinear imaging via second harmonic generation to quantify the thickness of each distinct through-thickness layer of the colorectum, as well as the principal orientations, corresponding dispersions in orientations, and the distributions of diameters of collagen fibers within each of these layers. From C57BL/6 mice of both sexes (8-16 weeks of age, 25-35 g), we dissected the distal 30 mm of the large bowel including the colorectum, divided these into three even segments, and harvested specimens (~8 × 8 mm2) from each segment. We stretched the specimens either by colorectal distension to 20 mmHg (reference) or 80 mmHg (deformed) or by biaxial stretch to 10 mN (reference) or 80 mN (deformed), and fixed them with 4% paraformaldehyde. We then conducted SHG imaging through the wall thickness and analyzed post-hoc using custom-built software to quantify the orientations of collagen fibers in all distinct layers. We also quantified the thickness of each layer of the colorectum, and the corresponding distributions of collagen density and diameters of fibers. We found collagen concentrated in the submucosal layer. The average diameter of collagen fibers was greatest in the submucosal layer, followed by the serosal and muscular layers. Collagen fibers aligned with muscle fibers in the two muscular layers, whereas their orientation varied greatly with location in the serosal layer. In colonic segments, thick collagen fibers in the submucosa presented two major orientations aligned approximately ±30° to the axial direction, and form a patterned network. Our results indicate the submucosa is likely the principal passive load-bearing structure of the colorectum. In addition, afferent endings in those collagen-rich regions present likely candidates of colorectal nociceptors to encode noxious distension/stretch.
Effect of tabs on transverse jet instabilities, structure, vorticity dynamics and mixing

This experimental study examined the effects of strategic positioning of tabs in the periphery of the exit plane of a transverse jet as a means of controlling shear layer instabilities and vorticity as well as jet structure and mixing. Conditions corresponding to a naturally absolutely unstable upstream shear layer (USL), with low jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios . Tab locations with the greatest influence were consistent with wavemaker regions predicted in numerical simulations of the transverse jet (Regan & Mahesh, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 877, 2019, pp. 330–372), providing evidence for the potential to tailor shear layer rollup, jet structure and mixing via simple passive geometrical alterations.
Warm Spitzer IRAC Photometry: dependencies on observing mode and exposure time

We investigate differences in Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm photometry that depend on observing strategy. Using archival calibration data, we perform an in-depth examination of the measured flux densities (fluxes) of 10 calibration stars, observed with all the possible observing strategies. We then quantify differences in the measured fluxes as a function of (1) array mode (full or subarray), (2) exposure time, and (3) dithering versus staring observations. We find that the median fluxes measured for sources observed using the full array are 1.6% and 1% lower than those observed with the subarray at [3.6] and [4.5], respectively. In addition, we found a dependence on the exposure time such that for [3.6] observations, the long frame times are measured to be lower than the short frame times by a median value of 3.4% in full array and 2.9% in subarray. For [4.5] observations, the longer frame times are 0.6% and 1.5% in full and subarray, respectively. These very small variations will likely only affect science users who require high-precision photometry from multiple different observing modes. We find no statistically significant difference for fluxes obtained with dithered and staring modes. When considering all stars in the sample, the fractional well depth of the pixel is correlated with the different observed fluxes. We speculate the cause to be a small nonlinearity in the pixels at the lowest well depths where deviations from linearity were previously assumed to be negligible.
Review of dust transport and mitigation technologies in lunar and Martian atmospheres

Abstract Dust resuspension and deposition is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all lunar and Martian missions. The near-term plans to return to the Moon as a stepping stone to further exploration of Mars and beyond bring scientists’ attention to development and evaluation of lunar and Martian dust mitigation technologies. In this paper, different lunar and Martian dust transport mechanisms are presented, followed by a review of previously developed dust mitigation technologies including fluidal, mechanical, electrical and passive self-cleaning methods for lunar/Martian installed surfaces along with filtration for dust control inside cabins. Key factors in choosing the most effective dust mitigation technology are recognized to be the dust transport mechanism, energy consumption, environment, type of surface materials, area of the surface and surface functionality. While electrical methods operating at higher voltages are identified to be suitable for small but light sensitive surfaces, pre-treatment of the surface is effective for cleaning thermal control surfaces, and mechanical methods are appropriate for surfaces with no concerns of light blockage, surface abrasion and 100% cleaning efficiency. Findings from this paper can help choose proper surface protection/cleaning for future space explorations. Hybrid techniques combining the advantages of different methods are recommended.