cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodic soil reclamation using cottage cheese (acid) whey

Abstract Cottage cheese production in the United States yielded approximately 3 × 106 Mg of cottage cheese (acid) whey in 1991. Unmarketable whey is disposed of in sewage treatment facilities or on land. Environmental concerns and new laws make disposal even more costly and difficult. While much whey is applied to land for fertilizer or disposal purposes, acid whey has recently been used as a sodic soil amendment. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of whey application on chemical properties and infiltration rates of sodic soils. Four treatments of acid whey (0, 25, 50, and 100 mm) were applied to Freedom silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic, Xerollic Calciorthids) in greenhouse lysimeters and to De‐clo loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic, Xerollic Calciorthids) in field basins. Accumulative sodium removal at 0.5 pore volumes of leachate was 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.7 mol for the 0‐, 25‐, 50‐, and 100‐mm lysimeter treatments, respectively. Whey applications lowered sodium adsorption rati...
TWO-POINT MEASUREMENTS IN THE WAKE OF A COMPRESSOR CASCADE

Single and two-point three-component velocity measurements have been made in the wake of a lowspeed linear compressor cascade with tip gap. The single-point measurements reveal the development of blade wakes and a tip leakage vortex. The latter dominates the turbulence structure in the endwall flow region as a result of turbulence generated by its strong axial velocity deficit. Two-point measurements were made to reveal the scales and orientation of the eddies contributing to the endwall turbulence, and to examine the implications of this structure for the generation of broadband stator noise in aircraft engines. These show that the tip leakage vortex turbulence to be highly anisotropic, and characterized by elongated eddies inclined at about 40 degrees to the vortex axis. It is speculated that these eddies form part of the same helical structures seen previously in simulations of free vortices with strong axial velocity deficits. Examination of the correlation data from the point of view of a hypothetical stator blade suggests that, because of the anisotropy in turbulence structure, velocity correlations seen by a stator in a real engine are likely to be a strong function of the exact engine geometry and operating point.
Information Regularized Sensor Fusion: Application to Localization With Distributed Motion Sensors

We propose the information regularization principle for fusing information from sets of identical sensors observing a target phenomenon. The principle basically proposes an importance-weighting scheme for each sensor measurement based on the mutual information based pairwise statistical similarity matrix between sensors. The principle is applied to maximum likelihood estimation and particle filter based state estimation. A demonstration of the proposed regularization scheme in centralized data fusion of dense motion detector networks for target tracking is provided. Simulations confirm that the introduction of information regularization significantly improves localization accuracy of both maximum likelihood and particle filter approaches compared to their baseline implementations. Outlier detection and sensor failure detection capabilities, as well as possible extensions of the principle to decentralized sensor fusion with communication constraints are briefly discussed.
‘Immerhin Brecht’: Literacy and Theatricality in Das Leben der Anderen

AbstractVon Donnersmarck’s feature film has been largely understood against the historical background of the Stasi and its victims in the last years of the GDR, and the collapse of the Berlin Wall. The main cultural frame of reference has been post-Wende cinema. Relying on Aristotle’s and Brecht’s concepts of dramatic representation, this article suggests a vantage point from which to reconsider ‘Das Leben der Anderen’, approaching the film on literary and theatrical rather than cinematic or political grounds. Its specific concern is the intersection of book and screen. Focusing on scenes of reading, this article traces literacy and theatricality, first and foremost through the presence and influence of Bertolt Brecht. Jerska reads at Dreyman’s from the same yellow poetry volume that Wiesler then purloins and reads at home. Wiesler’s reading of Brecht marks the beginning of the end of a vicarious life of surveillance, gives rise to the question of integrity, and spurs a dialogue between self and other. Th...
Quantum fluctuations and diffraction in stimulated Raman scattering

Abstract We investigate the statistics of Stokes emissions in stimulated Raman scattering. By using a full dynamical model that includes both pump depletion and diffraction effects we present numerical results for pulse energy statistics. We find that multi-mode operation along the transverse coordinate significantly alters energy distributions in both high and low Fresnel number limits and that average Stokes pulse energies are very sensitive to Fresnel number variations in the non-linear regime.
Immunotherapy using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria induces tolerance and suppresses inflammatory responses in vivo; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study we show that LPS induces apoptosis of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and modulates phenotypes of DCs. LPS treatment up-regulates expression of tolerance-associated molecules such as CD205 and galectin-1, but down-regulates expression of Gr-1 and B220 on CD11c(+) DCs. Moreover, LPS treatment regulates the numbers of CD11c(+) CD8(+) , CD11c(+) CD11b(low) and CD11c(+) CD11b(hi) DCs, which perform different immune functions in vivo. Our data also demonstrated that intravenous transfer of LPS-treated DCs blocks experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development and down-regulates expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (ROR-γt), interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22 and interferon (IFN)-γ in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-primed CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral environment. These results suggest that LPS-induced apoptotic DCs may lead to generation of tolerogenic DCs and suppress the activity of MOG-stimulated effector CD4(+) T cells, thus inhibiting the development of EAE in vivo. Our results imply a potential mechanism of LPS-induced tolerance mediated by DCs and the possible use of LPS-induced apoptotic DCs to treat autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
On Finding a Mind That Has Lost Itself: Implications of Neurobiology and Information Processing Research for Cognitive Behavior Therapy With Psychotic Disorders

Cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) show promise in promoting symptom management and social skills with adults suffering from psychosis and in reducing the risk of progression from high risk to first-episode psychosis. The cognitive components of CBT for psychosis tend to be conceptualized as restructuring dysphoric, anxiogenic, delusional, or hallucinatory thoughts in order to enhance reality testing. The behavioral components of CBT for psychosis tend to focus on social skills training in order to reduce negative symptoms. A review of relevant research on neurobiology and information processing in psychosis is provided in order to identify strategies for maximizing the effectiveness of CBT for psychotic disorders. It is suggested that greater attention be given to teaching and providing in vivo guided and supported experiences that enhance cognitive processing involving (a) screening out irrelevant information and accurately identifying sources of perceptions or thoughts with appropriate self-awareness (e.g., hallucinations); (b) recognizing and developing strategies for responding to relevant contextual information and detecting and correcting perceptual, cognitive, or response errors (e.g., disorganized thoughts or behavior); and (c) emotion processing, social engagement, and channeling motivation in self-directed behavior (e.g., flat affect, avolition). Empirical evidence of a need for CBT to address co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder when treating psychotic disorders also is noted.
Imbalance Between Xanthine Oxidase and Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling Pathways Underlies Mechanoenergetic Uncoupling in the Failing Heart

Inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XO) in failing hearts improves cardiac efficiency by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that this energetic effect is due to reduced oxidative stress and critically depends on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, reflecting a balance between generation of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species. In dogs with pacing-induced heart failure (HF), ascorbate (1000 mg) mimicked the beneficial energetic effects of allopurinol, increasing both contractility and efficiency, suggesting an antioxidant mechanism. Allopurinol had no additive effect beyond that of ascorbate. Crosstalk between XO and NOS signaling was assessed. NOS inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 20 mg/kg) had no effect on basal contractility or efficiency in HF, but prevented the +26.2+/-3.5% and +66.5+/-17% enhancements of contractility and efficiency, respectively, observed with allopurinol alone. Similarly, improvements in contractility and energetics due to ascorbate were also inhibited by L-NMMA. Because of the observed NOS-XO crosstalk, we predicted that in normal hearts NOS inhibition would uncover a depression of energetics caused by XO activity. In normal conscious dogs, L-NMMA increased myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) while lowering left ventricular external work, reducing efficiency by 31.1+/-3.8% (P<0.005). Lowered efficiency was reversed by XO inhibition (allopurinol, 200 mg) or by ascorbate without affecting cardiac load or systemic hemodynamics. Single-cell immunofluorescence detected XO protein in cardiac myocytes that was enhanced in HF, consistent with autocrine signaling. These data show that both NOS and XO signaling systems participate in the regulation of myocardial mechanical efficiency and that upregulation of XO relative to NOS contributes to mechanoenergetic uncoupling in heart failure.
Monitoring of germination dynamics of multiple individual bacterial spores by multiple-trap Raman tweezers and differential interference contrast microscopy

Multiple-trap Raman tweezers and differential interference contrast microscopy were used for simultaneously monitoring the germination dynamics of multiple individual bacterial spores.
A living lab: corporate delivery of ICTs in rural India

Information and Ccommunication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly seen as essential tools in development projects that can create new sources of income, make governments more transparent and accessible, improve education and health care, and overcome social exclusion and discrimination. To harness these potentials, multinational hi-tech corporations are forming public-private partnerships with governments, development institutions and civil society organisations in the delivery of ICTs to the rural masses. This article analyses the work of the Hewlett-Packard Corporation (HP), in India, where its three-year i-community programme aimed to bring access to ICTs and resulting benefits to rural citizens of Andhra Pradesh. I will show that ICTs are not neutral tools of development as conceptualised by practitioners of ICTD, but are commodities produced by corporations with the ultimate aim to increase the corporate bottom line. They are imbued with relations of power that skew 'partnerships' and must fulfil corporate objectives that weaken their potential impact. © 2008 SAGE Publications.
Some issues in multivariate stochastic root finding

The stochastic root finding problem (SRFP) involves finding points in a region where a function attains a prespecified target value, using only a consistent estimator of the function. Due to the properties that the SRFP contexts entail, the development of good solutions to SRFPs has proven difficult, at least in the multi-dimensional setting. This paper discusses certain key issues, insights and complexities for SRFPs. Some of these are important in that they point to phenomena that contribute to the difficulties that arise in the development of efficient algorithms for SRFPs. Others are simply observations, sometimes obvious, but important for providing useful insight into algorithm development.
Effects of ischemia on cardiac afferent sympathetic and vagal reflexes in dog

To determine the time course of afferent sympathetic and vagal denervation after coronary occlusion and that of neural recovery after reperfusion, we measured the vasopressor responses to bradykinin and the vasodepressor responses to nicotine applied in a felt pad to the left ventricular epicardium of open-chest dogs. Shortly after latex injection of a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), the vasopressor response to bradykinin applied to the transmural ischemic area (n = 7) or apically to it (n = 6) was interrupted or attenuated. In contrast, nontransmural ischemia produced by ligation of the diagonal branch did not attenuate the response to bradykinin applied to the ischemic region (n = 6) or apically to it (n = 7). Transmural ischemia produced by occlusion of a diagonal branch of the LAD and a lateral marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery (n = 8) or by intraluminal balloon occlusion of the LAD (n = 7) decreased the vasopressor response to bradykinin applied within or apically to the ischemic area in less than 13 min. The vasopressor response to bradykinin became attenuated when the myocardial blood flow in the epicardial test site decreased to approximately 40% or less of the control value. Nontransmural ischemia produced by occlusion of a diagonal branch (n = 7) attenuated the vasodepressor response to nicotine applied to the nonischemic area apically to the occlusion in less than 13 min. A 15-min coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion produced reversible attenuation of afferent neural responses. We conclude that ischemia interrupts afferent sympathetic and vagal cardiac reflex responses to bradykinin and nicotine and that these alterations are reversible after reperfusion.
Random-tiling model of membranes and interfaces

Abstract A class of random tiling membrane models with an intrinsic self-diffusion mechanism is introduced. As an illustration, a random Wieringa roof model is constructed and investigated by means of Monte Carlo simulations. The long time transport is found to be consistent with normal diffusion both at low and high temperatures.
Trauma-Associated Juvenile Bullous Pemphigoid in a Teenager with Crohn’s Disease

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering disorder rarely seen in the pediatric population. We report a case of trauma-associated bullous pemphigoid presenting in a 15-year-old boy with Crohn's disease while on immunosuppressive therapy.
Note on distribution-free estimation of maximum linear separation of two multivariate distributions

We consider the linear separation of two continuous multivariate distributions. Under mild conditions, the optimal linear separation exists uniquely. A kernel-smoothed approach is proposed to estimate the optimal linear combination and the corresponding separation measure. The proposed method yields consistent estimators allowing the construction of confidence intervals.
SMASH – semi-automatic muscle analysis using segmentation of histology: a MATLAB application

Histological assessment of skeletal muscle tissue is commonly applied to many areas of skeletal muscle physiological research. Histological parameters including fiber distribution, fiber type, centrally nucleated fibers, and capillary density are all frequently quantified measures of skeletal muscle. These parameters reflect functional properties of muscle and undergo adaptation in many muscle diseases and injuries. While standard operating procedures have been developed to guide analysis of many of these parameters, the software to freely, efficiently, and consistently analyze them is not readily available. In order to provide this service to the muscle research community we developed an open source MATLAB script to analyze immunofluorescent muscle sections incorporating user controls for muscle histological analysis. The software consists of multiple functions designed to provide tools for the analysis selected. Initial segmentation and fiber filter functions segment the image and remove non-fiber elements based on user-defined parameters to create a fiber mask. Establishing parameters set by the user, the software outputs data on fiber size and type, centrally nucleated fibers, and other structures. These functions were evaluated on stained soleus muscle sections from 1-year-old wild-type and mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In accordance with previously published data, fiber size was not different between groups, but mdx muscles had much higher fiber size variability. The mdx muscle had a significantly greater proportion of type I fibers, but type I fibers did not change in size relative to type II fibers. Centrally nucleated fibers were highly prevalent in mdx muscle and were significantly larger than peripherally nucleated fibers. The MATLAB code described and provided along with this manuscript is designed for image processing of skeletal muscle immunofluorescent histological sections. The program allows for semi-automated fiber detection along with user correction. The output of the code provides data in accordance with established standards of practice. The results of the program have been validated using a small set of wild-type and mdx muscle sections. This program is the first freely available and open source image processing program designed to automate analysis of skeletal muscle histological sections.
Defying the Law of Gravity: The Political Economy of International Migration

Bilateral flows of international migrants exhibit tremendous variance both across destination countries and over time. To explain this variance, studies of international migration tend to focus on economic determinants such as income differentials or on social conditions such as the presence of coethnics in certain destination countries. The authors argue that migration is driven not solely by economic or social determinants; rather, the political environment across destinations plays a substantively large role in influencing bilateral migration flows. They test the importance of the political environment—citizenship rights and the prominence of right-wing parties—using data on migration flows from 178 origin countries into 18 destination countries over the period 1980–2006. They find, even after controlling for a variety of economic, social, policy, and international variables, that variation in political environments across time and destination plays a key role in observed patterns of international migration.
Multiplexers using unit-cell filters of CRLH TLs

New design method and design formulas of a filter are presented for easy construction of a multiplexer. The filter consists of only unit cell of CRLH TLs (composite right/left-handed transmission lines) and the input impedance of each channel filter is near open-circuited at the resonance frequencies of other channels. Due to the property, all the filters can be connected without any additional circuitry to build a multiplexer. Such property is due to the combination between a series and parallel resonance circuits of the unit cell. To verify the design equations, a multiplexer with two channels is designed and tested. The measured results show good agreements with prediction, showing measured insertion loss of each channel, less than 0.35 dB, matching at each port, less than −15 dB and isolation between channels, better than 30 dB.
High grade endometrial stromal sarcoma on thinprep

High grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS) is an uncommon malignancy recently re-defined in the new WHO classification of endometrial stromal tumors. In this article, we discuss the differential diagnoses of metastatic HGESS in a fine needle aspiration (FNA) of a lymph node and compare the cytomorphology of HGESS in ThinPrep [(TP), Hologic Inc., Boxborough, MA] to conventional smears (CS). The patient had a history of stage I HGESS, status-post supracervical hysterectomy without regional lymph node metastases. Her post-operative course was complicated by pelvic fluid collections and enlarging para-aortic lymph nodes. Diff-Quik (DQ)-stained and Papanicolaou (Pap)-stained smears from a para-aortic lymph node FNA demonstrated a cellular specimen with monomorphic population of plump to oval cells with scant, wispy cytoplasm in aggregates and as single cells. The nuclei showed fine chromatin and small inconspicuous nucleoli. Compared to the CS, HGESS cells in the TP showed similar cytological features, with the exception that the nuclei were slightly smaller, hyperchromatic, and the chromatin pattern was attenuated. In the absence of prior clinical history, the cytomorphology of metastatic HGESS in a lymph node can be difficult to differentiate from a lymphoma, a variety of metastatic spindle cell tumors or metastatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis and comparison with the primary tumor can be useful in proving the nature of the malignant cells. The cytomorphology of HGESS on TP correlated well in both single cells and aggregates when compared to CS. The differences noted were decreased nuclear size, nuclear hyperchromasia, and slightly attenuated nuclear detail on TP. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:756–762. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Christine Hélot and Anne-Marie de Mejía (eds.): Forging Multilingual Spaces: Integrated Perspectives on Majority and Minority Bilingual Education

As Helot and de Mejia explain in the Introduction to this edited volume, this book attempts to go beyond the classical distinction between ‘‘elite’’ and ‘‘folk’’ bilingualism (p. 204), or enrichment bilingualism for language majority groups and compensatory bilingualism for linguistic minorities, to explore alternatives conducive to the integration of both approaches and the development of bi/multiculturalism for all. Accordingly, the book adopts a linguistically ecological perspective, ‘‘where all languages are envisaged as learning resources for those who speak them, as well as for the monolingual majorities’’ (p. 5). In other words, it embraces a positive view of bi/plurilingualism as asset and resource instead of threat, the latter an unfortunately negative perception of the process pervading many societies worldwide. The seed for the volume dates back to a 2005 symposium on bilingualism held in Barcelona, Spain, in which participants were asked to rethink this phenomenon as well as examine policies and practices in relation to the acquisition of other languages in schools. The purpose of the symposium was twofold: to gather scholars of bilingualism from different angles (i.e., programs for indigenous populations, or for various national majority and minority groups) and ‘‘to confront reflections on how to bridge the gap between elite and minority bilingualism’’ (p. 2). In its present book form, the scholars’ insights present interested readers with a broad yet thorough view of different efforts aimed at the promotion of bilingualism and bilingual education in a variety of contexts, among them the US, Colombia, Argentina, the UK, France, and Ireland, both in terms of language policies at the national, state, regional, or local level, and their actual classroom implementation. Regrettably, the latter aspect is an issue of concern in a majority of the situations
Scoping Geographic Information Systems for Education: Making Sense of Academic and Practitioner Perspectives

Geographic information systems (GIS) education now takes place in most of the world's colleges and universities, where it involves dozens of disciplines, thousands of instructors, and tens of thousands of students annually. Still, no consensus exists about the scope and content of the field that GIS educators should help students understand. Twenty-five years of inconclusive debate among academic geographers and GIS practitioners are reviewed from a US perspective, culminating in a pivotal lawsuit in US federal court. A broad and inclusive conception called geographic information science and technology (GIS&T) is proposed to help students make sense of the field. GIS&T is an intersection of accredited and non-accredited disciplines, regulated and unregulated professions, and old and new technologies. The interests of organizations and individual practitioners are at once competing and complementary. One common interest is, or should be, the ‘body of knowledge’ that distinguishes the field from others and defines relationships among its constituent communities of practice. Continuous development of the GIS&T Body of Knowledge is recommended as a vehicle for communication and cooperation among the diverse interests that make up the GIS&T field.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES ADIPOKINETIC HORMONE : A NEW MEMBER OF THE AKH/RPCH FAMILY

netic activity with an in vivo bioassay. A single large sects and the hypertrehalosaemic hormones involved UV absorbent peak was active in the mobilization of in carbohydrate metabolism. Structure determination lipid while the other HPLC fractions showed no detect- of members from the AKH/RPCH family established able activity. This large peak had a retention time and some common features of the peptides that account for amino acid composition identical to synthetic Lom- their activity. All peptides express a conserved seAKH-I which was analyzed in a parallel manner. The quence motif that contains a blocked C-& N-terminal primary sequence structure, pGlu‐Leu‐Asn‐Phe‐ end. The active peptides are typically 8 to 10 amino Thr‐Pro‐Asn‐Trp‐Gly‐Thr‐NH2, was determined acid residues in length and contain aromatic amino by automated gas-phase Edman degradation. The pepacids in at least two positions within their sequence.
Anomalous Adsorption of Polyelectrolyte Layers

We study the adsorption of polyelectrolytes onto oppositely charged surfaces as the surface charge density is varied while keeping the polyelectrolyte charge density fixed. As observed previously from multilayer adsorption studies, 1,2 nonmonotonic adsorption behavior is obtained in the intermediate surface charge density regime, with anomalously thick "supermonolayers" transitioning to molecularly thin layers over a small range of surface charge densities. A simple adsorption model is introduced to explain these findings, in which the surface is characterized by discrete and fully compensated adsorption sites.
Endoscopic management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding.

Hemorrhage from the lower gastrointestinal (LGI) tract accounts for approximately 20% of all episodes of acute GI bleeding (1–3). Although prior descriptions of LGI hemorrhage have encompassed bleeding sources beyond the ligament of Treitz, small intestinal bleeding represents a distinct entity whose management algorithm has been redefined by the advent of capsule and double-balloon endoscopy. For the purpose of this article, we define acute LGI bleeding as the recent and sudden onset of overt hemorrhage (hematochezia or melena) originating from a source within the distal terminal ileum, colon, and/or rectum, and within potential reach of a colonoscope. Though general management principles will be outlined, this article will focus on the endoscopic approach and therapy for acute LGI bleeding. The approach described herein is derived primarily from our experience accumulated through the Mayo GI Bleeding Team practice.
Organizational Prevention of Vicarious Trauma

For the past 30 years, researchers and practitioners have been concerned about the impact of work stress experienced by social workers. Although research on burnout has been a useful field of exploration, a new concern has arisen about work stresses specifically associated with work with victims of trauma. The concept of vicarious trauma provides insights into the stresses of this particular kind of work. Like the burnout research, early research on vicarious trauma has identified both personal and organizational correlates. In this article, the authors review the growing literature on the organizational components of vicarious trauma and suggest changes in organizational culture, workload, group support, supervision, self-care, education, and work environment that may help prevent vicarious trauma in staff.
Sovereign Debt and Joint Liability: An Economic Theory Model for Amending the Treaty of Lisbon

As the euro area crisis drags on, it is evident that a part of the problem lies in the architecture of debt within the euro area. This study argues that at least part of the debt problem could be addressed through limited cooperative action entailing appropriately structured contracts generating cross-country liability for sovereign debt incurred by individual nations within the European Union. Such agreements are currently proscribed by the Treaty of Lisbon. We construct a game-theoretic model demonstrating that there exist self-fulfilling equilibria, which are Pareto superior to the existing outcome and which would come into existence if cross-country debt liabilities were permitted.
Ultratrace potassium determination in plutonium oxide

A new method improving the detection limit for potassium in plutonium oxide samples in a high acid matrix was developed. Ultratrace detection limits (sub parts per million) for potassium in plutonium oxide digestate were achieved by optimizing several instrument parameters. Using the Horiba Jobin–Yvon Ultima 2 ICP-AES spectrometer different settings and conditions were examined to improve the detection limit for potassium. The optimized parameters of 0.875 L min−1 sheath gas flow, 20/80 µm entrance/exit slit, 8 s MAX mode signal integration, and blank subtraction were able to lower the potassium reporting limit to 10 ng mL−1.
Optimal kinematic control of constrained and redundant manipulators

The inverse kinematics of over-constrained and redundant robot manipulators is considered. In each case, an optimization problem is formulated to obtain the optimal inverse kinematic solution for the manipulator. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solutions are also derived. A series of recursive control algorithms, which utilize joint position feedback, is then proposed to generate the optimal joint velocity commands. The stability of the control algorithms and the convergence of the resulting joint space trajectories to the optimal trajectories are rigorously analyzed. A simulation example of a redundant planar robot is presented to illustrate the theoretical results. >
Design verification via simulation and automatic test pattern generation

We present a simulation-based method for combinational design verification that aims at complete coverage of specified design errors using conventional ATPG tools. The error models used in prior research are examined and reduced to four types: gate substitution errors (GSEs), gate count errors (GCEs), input count errors (ICEs), and wrong input errors (WIEs). Conditions are derived for a gate to be completely testable for GSEs. These conditions lend to small rest sets for GSEs. Near-minimal test sets are also derived for GCEs. We analyze redundancy in design errors and relate this to single stuck-line (SSL) redundancy. We show how to map all the foregoing error types into SSL faults, and describe an extensive set of experiments to evaluate the proposed method. Our experiments demonstrate that high coverage of the modeled design errors can be achieved with small test sets.
Influence of increased rotational inertia on the turning performance of humans.

SUMMARY The rotational inertia of an animal can be expected to influence directly its ability to execute rapid turning maneuvers. We hypothesized that a ninefold increase in rotational inertia would reduce maximum turning performance to one-ninth of control values. To test this prediction, we increased rotational inertia about the vertical axis of six human subjects and measured their ability to turn during maximum-effort jump turns. We measured the free moment about a vertical (i.e. yaw) axis as the subjects performed maximum-effort jump turns under three conditions: (i) unencumbered, (ii) wearing a backpack with a control weight and (iii) wearing a backpack of the same mass that increased the rotational inertia of the subject to 9.2 times that with the control weight. Rotational inertia measurements allowed us to estimate the angle turned during the take-off period (i.e. from jump initiation until the feet leave the ground) and the angular power and work of the maximum-effort turns. Surprisingly, the angle turned during take-off in the increased inertia trials was 44.7 % of that of the control trials, rather than the 10.9 % (9.2-fold reduction) expected on the basis of the increase in rotational inertia. When the subjects turned with increased rotational inertia, the maximum and mean torques exerted were, on average, 142 % and 190 %, respectively, of the values recorded during the control trials. Maximum torques during increased rotational inertia trials actually approached isometric maxima. In the increased rotational inertia trials, the angular impulse was 252 % of that of the control trials and the take-off period was 130 % of that of the control trials. By exerting larger torques over longer take-off periods, the subjects were able partially to compensate for the excess rotational inertia. In contrast to the observed changes in torque, maximum and mean angular power were highest in the unencumbered trials and lowest in the increased inertia trials. On the basis of a decreased ability to generate vertical force when turning and of our estimates of angular power, we speculate that the greater than expected turning performance was due (i) to adjustments in the pattern of muscle recruitment and (ii) to a reduction in the velocity of muscle shortening that resulted in increased muscle forces.
Identification of FAM46C as a tumor suppressor in Multiple Myeloma

Figure 1 WT PRL-3 overexpression increased phosphorylation of Src-Y416 in human myeloma cell line INA-6. Cells are depleted of IL-6 for 3 hours before incubation without or with 1 or 0.01 ng/mL of IL-6 for overnight
Depression in children and adolescents. When "moodiness" merits special attention.

PREVIEWNot long ago, “moodiness” was considered normal for most youngsters and was endured rather than investigated. But evidence indicates that full-blown depression in children and adolescents is increasing in incidence and often is overlooked as a cause of behavioral and other problems. Primary care physicians play a crucial role in recognizing the condition and encouraging treatment for these children. In this article, Drs Shugart and Lopez discuss the diagnosis and management of major depressive episodes in children and adolescents and highlight differences in childhood and adult depression.
Displaying and Describing Distributions

In the first two topics you discovered the notion of the distribution of a set of data. You created visual displays (bar graphs and dotplots) and wrote verbal descriptions of some distributions. In this topic you will dis¬cover some general guidelines to follow when describing the key features of a distribution and also encounter two new types of visual displays: stem-plots and histograms.
Implications of a New, Biostratigraphically Wellcontrolled, Radio-Isotopic Age for the Lower Telychian Stage of the Llandovery Series (Lower Silurian, Sweden)

Radio-isotopic analysis of single zircons from two early Telychian K-bentonites, one of which is among the most widespread Lower Paleozoic volcanic ash falls in northern Europe, yields overlapping weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of 438.7 ± 1.0 Ma and 437.8 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively. The former age is from zircons of the Osmundsberg K-bentonite from the type locality at Osmundsberget in the Siljan area of central Sweden where it occurs in the lower part of the Spirograptus turriculatus Graptolite Zone and in the lower part of the Angochitina longicollis Chitinozoan Zone. Zircons giving the latter age are from a bed previously identified as the Osmundsberg K-bentonite at the Kallholn Quarry in the same area. Based on new biostratigraphic data, the latter bed is now considered to be slightly younger than the Osmundsberg K-bentonite. The dated stratigraphic level of the ash layers is slightly younger than the base of the Telychian Stage and thus represents a minimum age for the Aeronian/Telychian Stage boundary. A U-Pb age of > 438 Ma for the base of this stage, however, is older and in conflict with estimates in the most recent compilation of the Silurian time scale. In view of the fact that only three radio-isotopic dates from the entire Llandovery have been previously accepted, this new and biostratigraphically exceptionally well-controlled radio-isotopic date fills an important gap in the Lower Silurian geochronology.
The Conservative Issuer Bias of Corporate Ratings

In contrast to existing literature that relates positive issuer bias in ratings to a conflict of interest, we document a bias in corporate ratings resulting from a conservative rating policy that accounts for the asymmetric impact of a rating downgrade on firms’ access to capital. Specifically, using Moody’s issuer ratings over 1982-2009, firms with greater external financing constraints are less likely to be downgraded. Economically, external financing constraints are more important than the default risk of the firm in determining the outcome of a rating review. Severely constrained firms whose ratings are affirmed or upgraded have long-term positive excess equity returns.
Teachers as Informal Learners: Workplace Professional Learning in the United States and Lithuania.

This study demonstrates the understandings that result from teachers' explanations of how they learn when they encounter everyday situations that evoke their learning. The study renders these explanations as a framework for further research on teacher workplace learning in informal settings. The framework emerged from a constant-comparative analysis of the structure, language and content of journal entries written by 10 teachers in Lithuania and the United States in three primary schools: an established Russian school in Lithuania, a Lithuanian school restructured since the political changeover and a newly built school in the American Midwest. In their journal entries, they represented their learning in five domains: their dispositions towards learning, their sources of learning, problems as their focus for learning, processes in which they engaged in their attempts to solve professional dilemmas and their reactions to those dilemmas. We incorporated the qualities of these domains into a conceptual framew...
The Effect of Waste Package and Engineered Barrier System Design Options on Long-Term Waste Package Degradation Characteristics

Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of a number of waste package and engineered barrier system (EBS) design options on long-term waste package degradation in the potential repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The evaluations were performed by analyzing the waste package degradation in terms of the first breach and first pit-breach profiles with time. Results for each design option were assessed by comparing to results for the reference-case design. An important finding from the analyses is that the waste package lifetime could be extended substantially by limiting and delaying the contact of dripping water with the Alloy 22 corrosion resistant material (CRM) barrier. In the current model, this would keep the CRM barrier outside the conditions that makes the alloy susceptible to localized corrosion. Uncertainty in waste package degradation analysis would be reduced by improved understanding and characterization of the processes that create the local exposure condition on waste package.
Kinetic properties of hexokinase as assembled with a microcomputer data base

We have constructed a relational data base containing the kinetic properties of the isoenzymes of hexokinase using the Knowledgeman data-base program on an IBM PC microcomputer. The natural subunit of this data base is the refereed publication, 165 of which were included. Reported values for the Mr (approx. 97,000) are in good agreement, but this agreement becomes progressively worse as one examines the Km values for glucose and ATP and the Ki for glucose 6-phosphate, where the reported values are spread over three orders of magnitude. Some quantities are very thinly or unreliably determined. Experimental conditions, especially free Mg2+ concentration, are rarely close to physiological. Reasons for the spread or uncertainty of numbers, and the distinctions that can be made between isoenzymes despite this spread, are discussed.
MEASURING CRIME SERIOUSNESS Lessons from the National Survey of Crime Severity

This paper considers strategies for studying crime seriousness, reviews the requirements for using magnitude estimation, reports a method study, and identifies problems in the US National Survey of Crime Severity (NSCS). Among those problems are: (1) most NSCS sub-group differences in crime perceptions are not interpretable because of the variant of magnitude estimation used in the NSCS; (2) their cross-modality laboratory studies are irrelevant to evaluating the adequacy of the NSCS method; (3) some of the NSCS results allow the interpretation that as many as a quarter of the respondents failed to make magnitude estimations; (4) the unsystematic introduction of status information in some NSCS items introduces variance which cannot be effectively assessed; and (5) the NSCS method for developing a crime index weighted by the seriousness of crimes is less feasible than other alternatives.
Cancer of the ovary: Survival studies based upon operative therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy

Abstract The clinical characteristics, therapy, and results are reported on 262 patients who had primary ovarian cancer. Twenty-four per cent were Stage I and serous cystadenocarcinoma was the most frequent diagnosis (55 per cent). Only 30 per cent of patients had total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. The complete operation enhanced long-term survival in Stage I patients. Forty-four per cent of patients had an objective response to chemotherapy, while 31 per cent had a similar response to radiotherapy. Advanced ovarian cancer was present in 76 per cent of patients. Radiotherapy was given in localized advanced disease, and 73 per cent of patients received palliation. Chemotherapy was used in disseminated disease and provided palliation for 64 per cent of patients. Radiotherapy after operation enhanced the 2 year survival of patients with Stage IV disease. Chemotherapy did not seem to improve the survival of patients. Cumulative survival rates for patients with Stage I disease was 60 per cent at 5 years, and with Stage IV disease it was 20 per cent at 2 years and 6 per cent at five years.
Measurement of the scalar polarizability of the indium 6 p 1 /2 state using two-step atomic-beam spectroscopy

We completed a measurement of the Stark shift within the $^{115}\mathrm{In}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}6{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{1/2}$ excited-state transition using two-step laser spectroscopy in an indium atomic beam. By combining this measurement with recent experimental results we determine the scalar polarizability ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ of the $6{p}_{1/2}$ state to be $7683\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}43{a}_{0}^{3}$ (in atomic units), a result which agrees very well with recent theoretical calculations. In this experiment, one laser, stabilized to the $5{p}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{s}_{1/2}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}410$ nm transition, was directed transversely to the atomic beam, while a second, overlapping laser was scanned across the 1343 nm $6{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{p}_{1/2}$ transition. We utilized two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy of the infrared laser beam to measure the second-step absorption in the interaction region, where the optical depth is less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. In the course of our experimental work we also determined the hyperfine splitting within the $6{p}_{1/2}$ state, improving upon the precision of an existing measurement.
Choice, Preferences, and Constraints Evidence from Public School Applications in Denver

Does ‘‘choosing a home’’ still matter for ‘‘choosing a school,’’ despite implementation of school choice policies designed to weaken this link? Prior research shows how the presence of such policies does little to solve the problems of stratification and segregation associated with residentially based enrollment systems, since families differ along racial/ethnic and socioeconomic lines in their access to, and how they participate in, the school choice process. We examine how families’ nearby school supply shapes and constrains their choices. Drawing on a unique dataset consisting of parents’ ranked preferences from among one urban district’s full menu of public schools, we find that Hispanic, white, and black parents share a strong preference for academic performance, but differences in their choices can be traced to variation in nearby supply. Our findings illustrate how the vastly different sets of schools from which parents can choose reproduce race-based patterns of stratification.
Unlocking the Potential of Greater Female Employment in Europe

This paper investigates the drivers of female labour force participation in Europe, as well as the implications of achieving greater gender diversity in senior corporate positions. Re-examining the drivers of women’s decisions to work is particularly important in the context of Europe. In many European countries, the process of closing gender gaps in labour force participation has stalled, despite greater gender equality in human capital investment, declining birth rates, changing social norms and equal legal access to employment opportunities.
Willibald Sonnleitner Elecciones chiapanecas: del régimen posrevolucionario al desorden democrático

Elecciones Chiapanecas es un libro obligatorio para estudiantes y estudiosos interesados en la transicion democratica mexicana. Aunque el estado de Chiapas no figura entre los mas importantes a nivel nacional, tiene una de las poblaciones indigenas mas grandes del pais y es alli donde surgio el Ejercito Zapatista de Liberacion Nacional (EZLN), una de las organizaciones sociales mas significativas en la historia moderna mexicana, cosa que no se tiene que subrayar para los lectores de esta revista.
CD11b/CD18 mediates the neutrophil chemotactic activity of fibrin degradation product D domain

Coagulation and fibrinolysis universally accompany tissue injury and repair. The accumulation of regionally generated fibrin degradation products (FDP) may modify the local inflammatory response. We have found FDP to be potent neutrophil chemotaxins. We separated plasmin FDP by chromatofocusing and found chemotactic activity limited to fractions containing the fibrinogen D domain (D-D dimer and D monomer). The bioactivity of the D-D dimer did not require an intact cross link site as removal of this sequence with puff adder venom or hypocalcemic plasmic digestion did not decrease chemotaxis. Peptide inhibition studies confirmed that the chemotactic region did not involve terminal gamma chain sequences or alpha chain RGD motifs. The internal gamma chain peptide KYGWTVFQKRLDGSV (P1), known to bind CD11b/CD18, exhibited concentration dependent chemotactic activity. Similarly, monoclonal antibodies directed against CD11b/CD18 blocked PMN migration to FDP without similar inhibition of chemotaxis to IL-8 or LTB4. Thus, neutrophil chemotaxis to FDP is mediated by interactions between the fibrinogen D domain and CD11b/CD18.