cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UNCOUPLED PACKAGING OF TARGETING AND CARGO MOLECULES DURING TRANSPORT VESICLE BUDDING FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Formation of vesicular intermediates in protein transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus involves a mechanism that sorts and packages two classes of molecules into transport vesicles: targeting molecules, which are required for targeting and consumption of vesicular intermediates, and cargo proteins. In order to examine the importance of cargo in this packaging reaction, we developed an in vitro assay that quantifies vesicle formation based on segregation of targeting molecules. Here we document that endoplasmic reticulum devoid of cargo proteins is competent in the formation and release of targeting molecule-containing vesicles in a fashion indistinguishable from its normal counterpart. This observation implies that packaging of cargo proteins may be uncoupled from the recruitment of targeting molecules during vesicle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum. Using the same assay, we demonstrate that the packaging of targeting molecules into vesicles is not dependent on the lumenal chaperone, BiP (Kar2p).
Probability models and computational models for ANOVA in multicenter clinical trials

Multicenter trials are usually analyzed by fixed-effects, two-way analysis of variance. A mixed-effects computation with random treatment-by-center interaction may produce better results even if this interaction is considered truly to be a fixed effect. It may be more appropriate, however, to consider the treatment-by-center interaction to be a random effect, anyway.
Aircraft concept optimization using the global sensitivity approach and parametric multiobjective figures of merit

An extension of our parametric multidisciplinary optimization method to include design results connecting multiple objective functions is presented. New insight into the effect of the figure of merit (objective function) on aircraft configuration size and shape is demonstrated using this technique. An aircraft concept, subject to performance and aerodynamic constraints, is optimized using the global sensitivity equation method for a wide range of objective functions. These figures of merit are described parametrically such that a series of multiobjective optimal solutions can be obtained. Computational speed is facilitated by use of algebraic representations of the system technologies. Using this method, the evolution of an optimum design from one objective function to another is demonstrated. Specifically, combinations of minimum takeoff gross weight, fuel weight, and maximum cruise performance and productivity parameters are used as objective functions.
Focal changes in cerebral blood flow produced by a test of right-left discrimination☆

A sensorimotor control activation task was used to isolate the focal cerebral blood flow changes resulting from the visual and cognitive processing of a right-left discrimination task. Eleven normal right-handed males participated. The sensorimotor control task produced significant bilateral increases in flow in most cortical channels. Significant bilateral parieto-occipital activation was found for the right-left discrimination task over and above the flow changes produced by the sensorimotor control task. The left occipital flow increase resulting from the right-left discrimination task was found to be negatively related to task performance. An inverse relationship was also found between WAIS Performance IQ and the blood flow change in the left parietal channel. These results suggest areas for further testing concerning potential individual differences in cognitive processing during the performance of a right-left discrimination task.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat steatotic liver is dependent on NFκB P65 activation.

Abstract Background Steatotic liver grafts tolerate ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury poorly, contributing to increased primary graft nonfunction following transplantation. Activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) following I/R injury plays a crucial role in activation of pro-inflammatory responses leading to injury. Methods We evaluated the role of NFκB in steatotic liver injury by using an orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) model in Zucker rats (lean to lean or obese to lean) to define the mechanisms of steatotic liver injury. Obese donors were treated with bortezomib to assess the role of NF-κB in steatotic liver I/R injury. Hepatic levels of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed by ELISA. Serum transaminase levels and histopathological analysis were performed to assess associated graft injury. Results I/R injury in steatotic liver results in significant increases in activation of NF-κB (40%, p Conclusion These results suggest that I/R injury in steatotic liver transplantation are associated with exaggerated activation of NFκB subunit p65, leading to an inflammatory mechanism of reperfusion injury and necrosis. Proteasome inhibition in steatotic liver donor reduces NFκB p65 activation and inflammatory I/R injury, improving transplant outcomes of steatotic grafts in a rat model.
The use of hibicon in the treatment of epilepsy

Summary Hibicon was administered to forty-nine patients who suffered with frequent major motor epileptic seizures. In none of these patients were the seizures completely controlled.
Managing Stress and Maintaining Well-Being: Social Support, Problem-Focused Coping, and Avoidant Coping

This study tested a model that links stress, social support, problem-focused coping, and well-being. First, it looks at how high support significantly moderated the association between stress and well-being. Next, the students' problem-focused coping was seen as mediating this moderated association. Finally, a 3-way interaction of stress, social support, and avoidant coping revealed that only frequent use of avoidant coping accelerated the association between stress and well-being in a negative way at both low and high support.
ERUPTION OF A BUOYANTLY EMERGING MAGNETIC FLUX ROPE

We present a three-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulation designed to model the emergence of a magnetic flux rope passing from below the photosphere into the corona. For the initial state, we prescribe a plane-parallel atmosphere that comprises a polytropic convection zone, photosphere, transition region, and corona. Embedded in this system is an isolated horizontal magnetic flux rope located 10 photospheric pressure scale heights below the photosphere. The flux rope is uniformly twisted, with the plasma temperature inside the rope reduced to compensate for the magnetic pressure. Density is reduced in the middle of the rope, so that this section buoyantly rises. The early evolution proceeds with the middle of the rope rising to the photosphere and expanding into the corona. Just as it seems the system might approach equilibrium, the upper part of the flux rope begins to separate from the lower, mass-laden part. The separation occurs through stretching of the field, which forms a current sheet, where reconnection severs the field lines to form a new system of closed flux. This flux then erupts into the corona. Essential to the eruption process are shearing motions driven by the Lorentz force, which naturally occur as the rope expands in the pressure-stratified atmosphere. The shearing motions transport axial flux and energy to the expanding portion of the magnetic field, driving the eruption.
Single-fiber electromyography shows terminal axon dysfunction in Miller Fisher syndrome: a case report.

We studied a patient with ophthalmoparesis and pupillary areflexia 2 weeks after a viral syndrome. Miller Fisher syndrome was suspected but GQ1b antibodies were not detected. To define neuromuscular involvement we performed electrodiagnostic studies. Single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) in the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) showed abnormal jitter and axonal blocking, suggesting terminal axon dysfunction. Subsequent GQ1b antibody titers were elevated to borderline levels. Clinical symptoms gradually resolved. SFEMG may help characterize neuropathies associated with antibodies to neuronal ganglioside and identify involvement of the terminal axon and neuromuscular junction. Muscle Nerve 2006
Global first integrals for first order difference equations

Consider the autonomous, first order difference equation where the function f is analytic on its domain . Assume that this difference equation has at least one fixed point . A global first integral for this difference equation is an analytic function . If any of the fixed points are hyperbolic, then the only global first integral is the identically constant fuction. A global first integral exists if and only if the difference equation is invariant with respect to a one parameter Lie group of transformations. Existence of a nonconstant global first integral implies all the fixed points of the difference equation are nonhyperbolic.
Response to a lethal dose of heat shock by a transient up-regulation of clusterin expression followed by down-regulation and apoptosis in prostate and bladder cancer cells.

BACKGROUND Clusterin is a ubiquitous, secretory glycoprotein with a wide array of functions. Recent studies have implicated that clusterin functioned as heat shock response proteins. The objective of the present study was to determine the fate of clusterin expression in cancer cells, which were subjected to a lethal dose of heat shock, in an attempt to shed light on mechanisms of action of clusterin. METHODS A prostate cancer line, PC-3, and a bladder cancer line, TSU-Pr1, were selected owing to their aggressive growth behaviors. Apoptosis was assessed by enzymatic activities of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase as well as by activities of caspase-3. Cells were exposed to 45°C for a period of 60 min. RESULTS Both cell lines underwent a transient up-regulation of clusterin expression followed by down-regulation and apoptosis. TSU-Prl cells produced higher levels of clusterin and displayed a greater resistance to apoptosis than did PC-3 cells. The addition of exogenous clusterin to the cultures of PC-3 cells protected apoptosis. Treatment of oligonucleotide antisense to clusterin to the cultures of TSU-Pr1 cells enhanced apoptosis mediated by heat shock. CONCLUSION Clusterin offers a protection to PC-3 and TSU-Prl cells against heat shock and plays an important role in the cascade of events initiated by heat shock. Prostate 53: 277–285, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Naproxen-metabolism, excretion and comparative pharmacokinetics.

The importance of absorption, metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies in the development of new drug substances has grown considerably in the last ten years. Drug disposition intelligence has become an essential portion of the total monograph which must be developed. As a result, naproxen has been exposed to an extensive metabolism and pharmacokinetic treatment.
Thermal Upgrading of 9977 Radioactive Material (RAM) Type B Package

The 9977 package is a radioactive material package that was originally certified to ship Heat Sources and RTG contents up to 19 watts and it is now being reviewed to significantly expand its contents in support of additional DOE missions. Thermal upgrading will be accomplished by employing stacked 3013 containers, a 3013 aluminum spacer and an external aluminum sleeve for enhanced heat transfer. The 7th Addendum to the original 9977 package Safety Basis Report describing these modifications is under review for the DOE certification. The analyses described in this paper show that this well-designed and conservatively analyzed package can be upgraded to carry contents with decay heat up to 38 watts with some simple design modifications.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
EFFECTS OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF BLACK AND WHITE YOUTH

The object of this article is to consider the impact of local labor market opportunities on the employment of youth, and to evaluate the extent to which residential segregation is detrimental to the employment of young blacks. In the study, labor force statistics for white and black youth are related to job availability estimates derived from Dun and Bradstreet business data for 74 neighborhood communities in the city of Chicago. The findings underscore the unique role of local labor markets, especially for youth enrolled in school. Job availability has a strong impact on the employment ratio of blacks, but affects the employment of white youth only slightly. It appears, however, that when job availability is controlled, blacks benefit somewhat from segregation. The implications for job redistribution and its possible effect on the racial employment gap are discussed.
Collision Detection of Cylindrical Rigid Bodies Using Line Geometry

This paper presents a novel methodology for detecting collisions of cylindrically shaped rigid bodies moving in three dimensions. This algorithm uses line geometry and dual number algebra to exploit the geometry of right circular cylindrical objects to facilitate the detection of collisions. First, the rigid bodies are modelled with infinite length cylinders and a necessary condition for collision is evaluated. If the necessary condition is not satisfied then the two bodies are not capable of collision. If the necessary condition is satisfied then a collision between the bodies may occur and we proceed to the next stage of the algorithm. In the second stage the bodies are modelled with finite length cylinders and a definitive necessary and sufficient collision detection algorithm is employed. The result is a straight-forward and efficient means of detecting collisions of cylindrically shaped bodies moving in three dimensions. This methodology has applications in spatial mechanism design, robot motion planning, workspace analysis of parallel kinematic machines such as Stewart-Gough platforms, nuclear physics, medical research, computer graphics and well drilling. A case study examining a spatial 4C robotic mechanism for self collisions is included.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Statistical quality control for DNA microarray data: A model of type I error

﻿Genetics and biotechnology have created opportunities for statistical quality control research into DNA microarray data. A study is described of gene expression data subjected to control charts for individual measurements and Hotelling T(2) control cha..
Relation between the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis during repeated stress

Previous work has indicated that acute and repeated stress can alter thyroid hormone secretion. Corticosterone, the end product of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and strongly reg
The role of nutrition in conditioning edentulous patients

Abstract A clinically applicable approach to the role of nutrition in preparation of the edentulous patient for dentures has been presented. Immediate improvement and long-term maintenance of tissue vitality can be assured only if an optimum biologic and mechanical environment is assured.
Fractal Approach to Hierarchically Evolved Laser Processed CaP Coatings

This paper discusses a fractal approach to understand nature inspired laser surface engineered coatings. Via a laser surface engineering process a multi-scale CaTiO 3 coating was synthesized on Ti alloy surface. At faster laser processing speeds star like CaTiO 3 features evolved inside rings rich in calcium phosphate and TiO 2 . The porosity developed through the distribution of these particles results in a multi-scale distribution. Fractal analysis revealed that such laser processed surfaces had consistent fractal dimension over multiple length scales. This multi-scale and multi-phase surface microstructure contributed to enhanced biomimetic precipitation.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS EURYCOPE (ISOPODA, ASELLOTA) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW GENERA

ABSTRACT Most of the genera in the important deep-sea isopod family Eurycopidae need revision. In this paper, the type-genus Eurycope is revised, and three new genera (Disconectes, Tytthocope, and Belonectes) are proposed to contain some of the species removed from it. The new genera are based on redescribed type-species, permitting more precise generic placement of other species. New records are given for Disconectes phalangium and Belonectesparvus.
Deepwater Cathodic Protection: Part 1—Laboratory Simulation Experiments

Abstract Experiments were performed where steel specimens were cathodically polarized in natural seawater by galvanic coupling through an external resistor to an aluminum anode. Temperature was eit...
Selective activation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis by a rigid analogue of glutamate.

Abstract Ibotenate and trans - d,l -1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid ( trans -ACPD) are rigid analogues of glutamate. Ibotenate has been shown to activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat brain slices. We now report that trans -ACPD also stimulates phosphoinositide hydrolysis but with much higher potency and efficacy than ibotenate. The pharmacological profiles, regional distributions, and developmental regulation of the responses to ibotenate and trans -ACPD are similar, suggesting that these agonists act at the same site. However, trans -ACPD is the first agonist described that is selective for this receptor relative to other excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.
Sequential hydrolysis of hemicellulose and lignin in lignocellulosic biomass by two-stage percolation process using dilute sulfuric acid and ammonium hydroxide

To obtain the total fractionation and pretreatment of the corn stover, two-stage percolation process was investigated. This process consists of two steps: use of 0.07 wt% sulfuric acid for hemicellulose recovery in first stage and ARP (ammonia recycled percolation) in the following stage for lignin recovery. Among tested conditions, the best conditions of two-stage process were as follows: 1st stage; 170 °C, 2.5 ml/min, 30 minutes using 0.07 wt% sulfuric acid and 2nd stage; 170 °C, 5.0 ml/min, 60minutes using 15 wt% ammonium hydroxide. At above two-stage treatment conditions, the hemicellulose in corn stover was easily hydrolyzed (95%) and recovered with high yields (86%) and the extent of the lignin removal was 81%. After two-stage process, the treated biomass contained nearly pure glucan (85%). Two-stage treatment brought about enzymatic digestibility of 90% and 89% with 60 and 15 FPU/g glucan cellulase enzyme loadings, respectively.
Distribution of haloacetic acids in the water columns of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Malawi.

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are persistent and mildly phytotoxic compounds that have been detected in many aquatic environments, including the waters of the Great Lakes. Sources of HAAs, especially of ...
Linkage of Agt and Actsk-1 to distal mouse chromosome 8 loci: a new conserved linkage.

Angiotensinogen is an α2 involved in the maintenance of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. We have refined the position of the mouse angiotensinogen locus (Agt) on Chromosome (Chr) 8 and have also confirmed the assignment of the human angiotensinogen locus (AGT) to Chr 1. The segregation of several restriction fragment length variants (RFLVs) was followed in two interspecific backcross sets and in four recombinant inbred (RI) mouse sets. Analysis of the segregation patterns closely linked Agt to Aprt and Emv-2, which places the angiotensionogen locus on the distal end of mouse Chr 8. Additionally, a literature search has revealed that the strain distribution pattern (SDP) for the mouse skeletal α-actin locus 1 (Actsk-1, previously Actal, Acta, or Acts) is nearly identical to the SDP for Agt in two RI sets. On the basis of this information we were able to reassign Actsk-1 to mouse Chr 8. By screening a panel of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, we confirmed that the human angiotensioogen locus lies on Chr 1. This information describes a new region of conserved linkage homology between mouse Chr 8 and human Chr 1. It also defines the end of a large region of conserved linkage homology between mouse Chr 8 and human Chr 16.
Providing Extra Supports for Language and Literacy Development to Struggling Learners in Preschool

Preschool teachers face increasing pressure to ensure that all children acquire the competencies they need to start on the path to becoming successful readers in the early grades, including children who may enter preschool with exceptionally weak skills. This article describes efforts to provide individually tailored supports to relatively high-risk learners in classrooms that participated in a federal Early Reading First project. It presents methods used to identify and monitor the progress of struggling learners, provide additional supports to these children, and support teachers in their work with high-risk learners. The article also presents findings from the project evaluation that suggest the potential benefits of targeted supports, coupled with a high-quality curriculum, for high-risk learners' language and literacy development and factors that may contribute to children's response to extra learning supports. Last, the article discusses both promising and challenging features of the interventions u...
Studies on the Early Stages of Two California Moths which Feed in the Staminate Cones of Digger Pine (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

During life history investigations on Xyela minor Norton (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae), larvae of two species of gelechiid moths were found feeding in the staminate cones of digger pine, Pinus sabiniana, along with the Xyela larvae. These moths are Exoteleia burkei Keifer (1931) and Chionodes sabinianae Powell (1959), the latter having been described from material collected during rhe course of our investigations. Exoteleia and Chionodes are not closely related genera within the family Gelechiidae, and the two species are related in the present study only by larval habitat.
Use of Contact Resistance Algorithm to Implement Jump Boundary Conditions for the Radiation Diffusion Approximation

Thermal conduction codes can be used as solvers for the diffusion approximation for radiation heat transfer. Energy fluxes and temperature distributions that result from thermal radiation in an optically-thick participating medium can be estimated. Allowing dependence on temperatures from either side of the interface, a contact resistance algorithm can be used to implement “jump” (or slip) boundary conditions appropriate for the diffusion approximation in solving the radiation transfer equation. For steady, pure radiation (no conduction) systems analytical expressions exist to specify the temperature in the radiating medium at the wall as a function of the wall temperature, wall emissivity, and extinction coefficient. Radiation and conduction solutions for gray, absorbing/emitting and conducting media bound by diffuse surfaces for the simple case of the steady planar layer are considered. Reference solutions are developed by detailed zone-methods solving the coupled differential forms of both the radiation and conduction heat transfer equations. From the reference solutions, empirical relations are developed for surface resistance as functions of the local wall and adjacent media temperatures, the wall emissivity, the absorptivity, and the thermal conductivity of the medium. Performance of the approximate solution is compared to the reference solutions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Isolation and sequence analysis of a cDNA clone for a carrot calcium-dependent protein kinase: homology to calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases and to calmodulin

Recently, a novel type of calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) that requires neither calmodulin nor phospholipids for activation, has been described in plants. We have isolated a cDNA clone for carrot CDPK by probing a library of somatic embryo cDNAs with oligonucleotides corresponding to highly conserved regions of protein kinases. The product of this gene overexpressed in Escherichia coli reacted strongly with monoclonal antibodies to soybean CDPK. The deduced amino acid sequence of carrot CDPK reveals two major functional domains. An N-terminal catalytic domain with greatest homology to calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II from rat brain is coupled to a C-terminal calcium-binding domain resembling calmodulin. These features of the primary sequence explain how CDPK binds calcium and suggest a model for CDPK regulation based on similarities to animal calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.
Effect of concomitant polyethylene glycol and celecoxib on colonic aberrant crypt foci and tumors in F344 rats.

We investigated whether celecoxib augments the protective effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor formation in F344 rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). Three groups of rats received AOM: I (AOM alone), II (PEG), and III (PEG/celecoxib). PEG reduced the mean number of total ACF per colon from 190 to 141 (P or = 4-crypt ACF from 95 to 58 (P < 0.01; 39%). Group III rats had a greater proportion of their ACF distally; whereas transverse colon ACF were reduced approximately 50%, distal ACF were reduced by only approximately 8% (P < 0.05). Of 13 large bowel tumors, 8 were in Group I, 4 in Group II, and 1 in Group III rats (P = 0.02). Thus in AOM-treated rats celecoxib appeared to enhance the PEG-induced reduction in colonic tumor formation, and in transverse but not distal or whole-colon ACF.
Kinetic analysis of complex decomposition reactions using evolved gas analysis

For complex decomposition reactions, traditional methods, such as TG and DSC cannot fully resolve all of the steps in the reaction. Evolved gas analysis (EGA) offers another tool to provide more information about the decomposition mechanism. The decomposition of sodium bicarbonate was studied by TG, DSC and EGA using a simultaneous thermal analysis unit coupled to a FTIR. The decomposition of sodium bicarbonate involves two reaction products H2O and CO2, which are not evident from either TG or DSC measurements alone. A comparison of the reaction kinetics from TG, DTG and EGA data were compared.
Integrated instruction framework for information literacy

In response to a college required programme review, the Portland Community College Library undertook a case study of its information literacy (IL) programme in order to understand and illustrate clearly how the programme addressed levels of IL competencies throughout the curriculum. Content and qualitative analysis were used in reviewing curriculum documents to identify emergent patterns of IL skills and concepts within the college disciplines and certificate programmes. Analysis of the college’s course outcomes revealed distinct differences as well as trends across the curriculum for faculty expectations of information conceptualisation, information seeking strategies and research methods. Following this analysis, a Research Support Framework was devised as a template for guiding lower division undergraduate students’ progression through several cognitive domains of IL. Course Specific Research Support Forms were created to map, in specific detail, how library instructional objectives match up with individual course outcomes as well as with the college core outcomes. Combining a critical thinking taxonomy with a continuum of skills, progressing from pre-college level readiness towards academic literacy, generated a developmental approach to IL instruction. This also illustrated the necessary preliminary steps for students’ progression and knowledge gaps which may frequently arise and must be resolved before further progression is possible. Discussions between librarians and content faculty are now supported with a much more precise view of what is developmentally appropriate IL instruction for particular courses. The framework is especially applicable to students in their first two years of college. The unique situation of American community colleges means that first-year seminars are not usually possible, and the curriculum can often be as much vocational as academic. This versatile and developmental approach to IL instruction ensures the embedding of IL throughout the curriculum, providing students various and cumulative learning experiences. It will also encourage leading discussions with four-year colleges about alignment and realistic IL targets for students who intend to transfer for completion of their baccalaureate degrees. This article is based on a paper presented at LILAC 2013.
Randomized Trial of Tailored Skin Cancer Prevention for Children: The Project SCAPE Family Study

This study evaluated a tailored intervention to promote sun protection in parents and their children, hypothesizing that the tailored intervention would lead to improved skin cancer prevention behaviors compared to generic materials. Families were recruited through schools and community centers and were included if there was 1 child in Grades 1-3 at moderate to high risk for skin cancer. Participants were randomized into one of two intervention groups: a tailored intervention, in which they received personalized skin cancer education through the mail; or a control group who received generic skin cancer information materials. Before and after intervention, parents completed questionnaires about their and their children's skin cancer risk and prevention knowledge and behaviors. Parents also completed 4-day sun exposure and protection diaries for their child and themselves. Tailored group participants demonstrated significantly greater positive changes in prevention behavior after the intervention, including children's use of sunscreen, shirts, and hats, and parents' use of shade, and skin examinations. Effect sizes were small and perceived benefits and social norms mediated intervention effects. Findings from this study support the efficacy of focusing tailored communications to families in order to change skin cancer prevention practices in young children.
Creep behavior of hot isostatically pressed graphite

Abstract Specimens of two commercial graphites were hot-isostatically pressed at 2700°C to more than 95 per cent of theoretical density. These were compared in creep to unpressed specimens from the same artifact. The creep curves were similar in shape; strengths were equal, creep ductilities were equal, and stress and temperature dependences of the creep rate were identical. The pores and cracks present in the original material did not seal during the densification process. The creep deformation modes were the same.
Observing trainee encounters using a one-way mirror.

Summary Background Direct observation of patient encounters is a key component of evaluating residents during training, but there are scarce data on the various methods of observation. Aim To implement a novel method for direct observation of out-patient encounters via a one-way mirror in an internal medicine resident practice, and to assess the feasibility and acceptance of this method. Methods Each selected resident–patient encounter was directly observed by a preceptor through a one-way mirror. The preceptor provided feedback to the resident at the conclusion of each encounter. A post-visit survey assessed resident satisfaction and comfort with this method of observation. Results Using a one-way mirror was a feasible method of observation. Fifty residents had a clinic visit that was directly observed, and 42 (84%) completed the post-visit survey. Residents reported that they preferred direct observation through a one-way mirror compared with other methods, including videotaped encounters or having a preceptor physically present in the room. They also felt that having a preceptor observing through the one-way mirror had no negative effect on the clinic visit. Direct observation of patient encounters is a key component of evaluating residents Conclusions Direct observation through a one-way mirror is a viable method in the out-patient setting, and might be preferable for evaluating certain skills.
Female transsexualism: part II.

The second part of this report deals with the psychological and psychiatric evaluation, biological data, and treatment of females who wish to become men. The decision to treat the transsexual by offering sex reassignment surgery and other hormonal and psychiatric treatment is still controversial. Workers in this field of gender identity accept the risk, and justify their mode of treatment on the belief that reversal of transsexual misidentification is impossible by the time the problem is brought to medical attention. Despite the strides which have been made in our understanding of this condition, all would agree, including the transsexual, that transsexualism would be far better prevented than treated. Parents ought to be made more aware of the need to positively reinforce all infants for those gender characteristics which are consistent with their biological sex. The references section represents an extensive review of what has been published on female transsexualism. The study of such extreme examples of gender misidentification has already led to insight and further understanding of the normal process of gender identification.
Project management characteristics associated with Bloom's taxonomy of learning objectives

Critical thinking skills have traditionally played an important part in solving the unique and demanding tasks associated with Project Management (PM). Higher-order thinking skills usually involve the top three levels of Bloom's (1956) Taxonomy, which includes analysis, synthesis and evaluation. A survey of practicing project managers in the Pittsburgh, PA area revealed several significant groups or clusters through principal components and factor analysis techniques. These constructs help define some of the major concerns of PM practitioners. Related to higher levels of critical thinking and PM tasks/problems, these constructs include the following: Quality Assurance and Response, Quality and Training, Project Resource Concerns, Project Goals and Team Concerns, Project Data Base and Resources, Computer Tools, Internet and Computerised Scheduling, Outsourcing and Prototyping, Project Acceleration and Design, and Co-Locate Project Personnel. These learning levels and related tasks/problems should provide useful insight into the PM discipline in order to develop the required critical thinking skills.
Intermembrane phospholipid fluxes catalyzed by bovine brain phospholipid exchange protein

Bovine brain phospholipid exchange protein catalyzes the transfer of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine between two populations of single bilayer vesicles. The inclusion of lactosylceramide in one of the vesicle populations and the ability to precipitate those vesicles in the presence of Ricinus communis agglutinin assures the quantitative separation of donor and acceptor vesicles following incubation with exchange protein. When both vesicle populations contain phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine and transfers are monitored in both directions, the flux of phosphatidylinositol (or phosphatidylcholine) in the forward direction equals that in the reverse. When one of the vesicle populations initially lacks phosphatidylinositol, a net unidirectional transfer of that phospholipid occurs. Concurrently, a compensatory flux of phosphatidylcholine takes place in the opposite direction, such that the bidirectional fluxes of total phospholipid are equal. A net transfer of phosphatidylcholine is also demonstrated. A mechanism of true molecular exchange between vesicles, rather than net transfer, is proposed for the bovine brain phospholipid exchange protein.
The Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure of School Skills:

The Students' Rating Scale of School Skills (SRSSS), consisting of 48 questions, is a self-report instrument designed to measure seven constructs, namely (a) attention, (b) memory, (c) language, (d) visual/spatial/sequential, (e) motor, (f) higher order cognition, and (g) social cognition. A total of 842 junior high school students completed the SRSSS. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the construct validity of this instrument. The result did not confirm the hypothesized 7-factor structure of the SRSSS. An exploratory factor analysis was then performed to examine the factor structure. The findings suggested that memory and language subscales may not be separable and some items should be deleted from the subscales. Although the results did not fully support the hypotheses, recommendations were made for future research on scales to measure these constructs.
Potential indicators for the assessment of arsenic natural attenuation in the subsurface

Abstract Arsenic is a priority pollutant found in soil and groundwater contaminated by arsenic pesticides and industrial wastes. Assessing the natural attenuation capacity of the subsurface for arsenic is a key step leading to successful site remediation. Chemical reactions between arsenic and several iron hydroxides (goethite, lepidocrocite and green rust) were studied. By comparing the arsenic attenuation capacity of iron hydroxides, clay minerals and feldspars, an order was established: iron hydroxides>clays>feldspars. Results showed that arsenic was more strongly bound by iron hydroxides than clays, and that the iron minerals studied can extensively oxidize As(III) to As(V). Under reducing conditions, the concentration of As(III) significantly decreases due to the presence of green rust and parasymplesite. The studies provide evidence that some minerals could act as mineral indicators for site characterization. Integration of mineral indicators with geochemical parameters should aid in determining the potential of natural attenuation of the subsurface with arsenic contamination.
Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis for Reentry Flows with Inherent and Model-Form Uncertainties

The objective of this paper is to introduce a computationally efficient methodology for the quantification of mixed (inherent and model-form) uncertainties and global sensitivity analysis (SA) in hypersonic reentry flow computations. The uncertainty-quantification (UQ) approach is based on the second-order UQ theory, using a stochastic response surface obtained with nonintrusive polynomial chaos. The global nonlinear SA is based on Sobol variance decomposition, which uses polynomial chaos expansions. The methodology was used to quantify the uncertainty and sensitivity information for surface heat flux to the spherical nonablating heat shield of a reentry vehicle at an angle of attack of 0 deg. Three uncertainty sources were treated in computational fluid dynamics simulations: inherent uncertainty in the freestream velocity, model-form uncertainty in the recombination efficiency used in partially catalytic wall-boundary condition, and model-form uncertainty in the binary-collision integrals. The SA showed that the velocity and recombination efficiency were the major contributors to the heat-flux uncertainty for the reentry case considered. The UQ and SA were performed with three different levels of input uncertainty in velocity, which revealed the importance of characterizing the velocity with well-defined uncertainty levels in the study of reentry flows because the variations in this quantity can drastically impact the accuracy of the heat-flux prediction.
Evaluation of Screen-Printed Gold on Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic as a Substrate for the Immobilization of Electrochemical Immunoassays†

Screen-printed gold (SPG, Dupont gold conductor 5734) on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) materials (Dupont dielectric tape 951, mostly composed of alumina and silica) has been demonstrated to be a substrate for electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays. The effect of two different cleaning treatments and the extent of nonspecific adsorption on the SPG/LTCC and plain LTCC surfaces were also evaluated. LTCC materials hold promise for constructing a new generation of devices for microelectrochemical sensing and assays. Facile fabrication in three dimensions with integrated conducting elements makes them attractive. A standard sandwich immunoassay for a model analyte, mouse IgG, was used to evaluate the LTCC materials. After the assembly of components onto chips of SPG/LTCC and plain LTCC, p-aminophenol that was generated enzymatically by the enzyme label was detected electrochemically with a separate glassy carbon electrode. Cleaning SPG/LTCC with a piranha solution (7:1 vol/vol of concentra...
Hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of zinc powder aerosol

Abstract The hydrolysis of zinc powder was studied in an aerosol to determine if high conversions are feasible at short residence times and high dispersions. This reaction is the low temperature hydrogen formation step in a two step zinc/zinc oxide based thermo-chemical cycle for water splitting using solar energy. Zinc particles with an average size of 158 nm were reacted with water vapor to form hydrogen and zinc oxide in an aerosol flow tube reactor at ambient pressure (82 kPa) between 653 and 813 K and a water concentration of 3%. The highest conversion observed in the flow system was about 24% at 813 K and a gas residence time of ∼ 0.6 s . Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that complete conversion of zinc to zinc oxide could be achieved for longer residence times. An activation energy of 132 ± 27 kJ / mol was calculated from the TGA experiments using a model-free isoconversional method. Standard reaction models did not describe the data so an empirical order of reaction rate law was used instead. Reaction rates in the aerosol flow reactor were higher than those calculated from the TGA measurements, likely due to lower mass and heat transfer resistances in the aerosol.
Case study of an adolescent Cambodian refugee: a clinical, developmental and cultural perspective.

This paper reports the case study of one Cambodian adolescent unaccompanied minor refugee who had experienced severe trauma and was diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Treatment of PTSD in this case has implications for therapy with similar clients. The impact of the client's cultural background, relocation and acculturation is examined from clinical, developmental and cross cultural perspectives.
The will to mathematics: Minds, morals, and numbers

The 1990s could be called The Decade of Sociology in mathematics education. It was during those years that the sociology of mathematics became a core ingredient of discourse in mathematics education and the philosophy of mathematics and mathematics education. Unresolved questions and uncertainties have emerged out of this discourse that hinge on the key concept of social construction. More generally, what is at issue is the very idea of “the social”. Within the framework of the general problem of “the social”, we want to open a discussion of boundaries and margins in mathematics and mathematics education. By theorizing the divisions of purity and danger, we will be able to better understand the intersection of logic, mathematics, and thinking with gender, race, and class, and morals, ethics, and values in the classroom. The process of transforming the sociology of mathematics and the sociology of mind into pedagogical tools for mathematics educators and philosophers of education has already begun. One of the tasks before us is the development of a more profound and at the same time more practical grasp of “the social”. Our objective in this paper is to move ourselves and our readers in the direction of just such a grasp of the social.
Radiation therapy of breast carcinoma: confirmation of prescription dose using diodes

Abstract Purpose: To quantitate the dose delivered during tangential breast radiation therapy and measure the scatter dose to the contralateral breast for three different breast setup techniques. Methods and Materials: A commercial semiconductor diode system is used for dose measurements. The diode characteristics were studied by comparing the diode response against a standard ionization chamber response in a reference configuration. In vivo dose measurements on 11 patients undergoing tangential breast radiation therapy with 6 MV photons were performed. Medial and lateral field entrance and exit doses were measured and compared with the expected values from the treatment planning system. Scatter doses to the contralateral breast for three breast setup techniques were measured and documented as a function of distance from the field edge and various beam modifiers commonly used in breast radiation therapy. Results: The diodes used in this study exhibited excellent linearity, dose reproducibility, and minimal anisotropy. The in-phantom measurements resulted in dose accuracy within ± 1.5%. Dose measurements on patients resulted in standard deviations of 1.2 and 2.3% for the medial entrance and exit doses and 1.7 and 2.2% for the lateral entrance and exit doses, respectively. In patients, the scatter doses to the opposite breast at a 5 cm perpendicular distance from the medial field edge resulted in cumulative scatter doses of 2.47 to 5.30 Gy from the tangential fields and an additional 0.50 Gy from the supraclavicular or axillary field, if included. Conclusion: Quantitative verification of the prescribed daily dose is important in breast radiation therapy to ensure precision in patient setup and accuracy in dose delivery. Diodes provide a convenient way of realtime patient dose verification and are easy to use by the therapists.
2013 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to Alexander Dalgarno

Abstract Studies of outer space have fascinated humanity for ages and are of importance for understanding life on Earth. Molecular astrophysics, developed into a rigorous field of investigation by Alexander Dalgarno beginning in the 1960s, studies radiation emitted or absorbed by molecules in space to expand our knowledge concerning the structure and dynamics of the universe. More than one hundred molecules have been detected in interstellar space and most of these molecules have large numbers of observable transitions, so the amount of information provided is huge. Dalgarno has used this information to develop models of interstellar space, in particular of molecular clouds. These models account for the heating and cooling mechanisms, excitations and de-excitations of molecules (in particular of H2), magnetohydrodynamic shockwaves, formation and destruction of molecules, and chemical reactions in space.
Traditional vs. Web Style Guides: How do they Differ?

This paper describes a study in which Web style guides were characterized, compared to traditional human-computer interface (HCI) style guides, and evaluated against findings from HCI reviews of web pages and applications. Findings showed little consistency among the 21 Web style guides assessed, with 75% of recommendations appearing in only one style guide. While there was some overlap, only 20% of Web-relevant recommendations from traditional style guides were found in Web style guides. Web style guides emphasized common look and feel, information display, and navigation issues, with little mention of many issues prominent in traditional style guides such as help, message boxes, and data entry. This difference is reinforced by other results showing that Web style guides address Web information-only pages with much greater success than web-based control enabling features, like buttons and entry fields. It is concluded that while the WWW represents a unique graphical user interface (GUI) environment, development of Web style guides has been less rigorous, with issues associated with web-based control enabling features neglected.
Hydrodynamic attraction of swimming microorganisms by surfaces

Cells swimming in confined environments are attracted by surfaces. We measure the steady-state distribution of smooth-swimming bacteria (Escherichia coli) between two glass plates. In agreement with earlier studies, we find a strong increase of the cell concentration at the boundaries. We demonstrate theoretically that hydrodynamic interactions of the swimming cells with solid surfaces lead to their reorientation in the direction parallel to the surfaces, as well as their attraction by the closest wall. A model is derived for the steady-state distribution of swimming cells, which compares favorably with our measurements. We exploit our data to estimate the flagellar propulsive force in swimming E. coli.