cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary renal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. An unusual extranodal site

Background. Primary renal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is rare. Because the renal parenchyma does not have lymphatics, the existence of this entity has been questioned. The goal of this study was to determine the clinical presentation, pathologic features, and disease course of patients with primary renal NHL and review the pertinent literature on this unusual extranodal NHL. Methods. All medical records from the Mayo Clinic from 1976 to 1992 with the diagnosis of renal NHL were retrospectively reviewed. One-hundred seventy-six cases were identified, five of which met the criteria for primary renal NHL. The clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features were reviewed in detail and are the basis of this report. Results. The median age at diagnosis of the five patients with primary renal NHL was 60 years (range, 52-63 years) with a male-to-female ratio of 2 :3. All patients had flank pain as their initial presentation. Urinalysis was abnormal in only one patient. In three patients, the serum creatinine was elevated. Tumor histology was diffuse large cell in four cases ; and small noncleaved non-Burkitt's in one. All five were B-cell immunophenotype. All patients received combination chemotherapy. Although the median survival for the group was only eight months, two remain in complete remission longer than 80 months from therapy. These two had total removal of macroscopic lymphoma and received combination chemotherapy and consolidation radiotherapy. Conclusions. Primary renal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma does exist. Patients whose lymphomas were completely resected macroscopically and who received combination chemotherapy with consolidation radiation therapy had long disease free survival. Patients with bilateral renal involvement or no debulking of the renal lymphoma tended to have poorer survival. Cancer 1995 ;75 :2258-61.
Submicrometer Platinum Electrodes by Through-Mask Plating

A through-mask electroplating process is described for forming Pt electrode structures with the vertical sidewalls and submicrometer dimensions desired for dynamic random access memory applications. The plating process used an aqueous KOH-based solution of Pt A Salt (Engelhard) and a sputter-deposited Pt plating base. Plating conditions were first optimized for blanket films on 200 mm diam wafers by examining the characteristics of the Pt deposits as a function of plating bath temperature and current density. Electrode features were then formed on similar wafers by plating through a patterned SiO 2 mask. Integration issues discussed include potential reactions of the dielectric mask with the underlying Pt plating base, surface modification of the exposed Pt plating base prior to plating, and erosion of the dielectric mask by the plating solution.
On Inter-Method and Intra-Method Object-Oriented Class Cohesion

Cohesion has been a topic of interest since structured design [20, 23] in the 1970’s. Today, there are numerous researchers continuing this work into object-oriented designs [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 22]. Most of the current research has focused on the interaction of methods within a class, the inter-method cohesion. In this paper we consider both the inter-method cohesion and the intra-method cohesion of a class. We have utilized the concept of program slice [21] and extended Functional Cohesion [2] to devise a new intra-method cohesion metric, ITRA-C, for measuring cohesion of each method within the class. This intra-method cohesion is based on the notion of effects and chaining in an effect-slice. We further combine the (inter-method, intra-method)-tuple into one combined Class Cohesion, which provides a quick view of bands of cohesion for classes. A sample of a commercial bank account class is then provided to illustrate these concepts and metrics.
Szegö Mappings, Harmonic Forms, and Dolbeault Cohomology

Abstract Let G/L be the quotient of a semisimple Lie Group G by the centralizer L of a torus. The author constructs an explicit intertwinig operator from derived functor modules, realized in the Langlands classification, into Dolbeault cohomology on G/L. This operator produces strongly harmonic forms. This paper generalizes the results in (L. Barchini, A. W. Knapp, and R. Zierau, J. Funct. Anal.107 (1992), 302-341) by dropping the condition real rank L = real rand G.
Evaluating the effectiveness of teaching

Sound theory and methodology and recognition of the many processes that relate teaching to learning must guide efforts to measure teaching effectiveness.
Xylose Isomerization to Xylulose and its Dehydration to Furfural in Aqueous Media

A nonenzymatic route for xylose isomerization in an aqueous medium using zeolite Sn-beta as a catalyst is demonstrated. Xylulose and lyxose are the primary and secondary products. The maximum yield to xylulose is 27%, with an 11% yield to lyxose at ∼60% xylose conversion at 100 °C. When the Sn-beta zeolite is combined with a Bronsted acid catalyst, furfural forms in a single pot from xylose in an aqueous medium at much lower temperatures than typically employed for this reaction.
Synoptic Assessment of Wetland Function: A Planning Tool for Protection of Wetland Species Biodiversity

We present a synoptic assessment intended to maximize the benefits to wetland species biodiver- sity gained through Clean Water Act regulatory efforts within 225 sub-basins in Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska and Kansas (US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 7), USA. Our assessment provides a method for prioritizing sub-basins potentially critical for supporting wetland species biodiversity and may assist envi- ronmental managers and conservationists constrained by limited resources. We prioritize sub-basins based on the projected increase in the risk of wetland species extirpation across Region 7 that would be avoided by applying a unit of regulatory protection effort within a sub-basin. Because the projected increase in risk avoided per unit effort has not been directly measured, we represent this quantity with an index of indica- tors drawn from readily available data. A conceptual model incorporating landscape and anthropogenic fac- tors guides index development via a series of simple benefit-cost equations. We rank and map the final index scores to show the relative priority among sub-basins for protection effort. High priority sub-basins appear to be concentrated along the major river systems within the region, where sensitive wetland species and in- tensive agriculture tend to coincide. Protection of wetland species biodiversity is an important, but not exclusive, attribute around which priorities should be set. Nevertheless, incorporation of our results into management strategies should allow managers to cast their local decisions in the context of regional scale maintenance of wetland species biodiversity, increasing ecological benefits for a given protection effort.
Degradation of p21cip1 in Cells Productively Infected with Human Cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) stimulates arrested cells to enter the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), notably Cdk2. Several mechanisms are involved in the activation of Cdk2. HCMV causes a substantial increase in the abundance of cyclin E and stimulates translocation of Cdk2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Further, the abundance of the Cdk inhibitors (CKIs) p21cip1/waf1 (p21cip1) and p27kip1 is substantially reduced. The activity of cyclin E/Cdk2 increases as levels of CKIs, particularly p21cip1, fall. We have previously shown that these phenomena contribute to priming the cell for efficient replication of HCMV. In this study, the mechanisms responsible for the decrease in p21cip1 levels after HCMV infection were investigated by measuring p21cip1 RNA and protein levels in permissive human lung (LU) fibroblasts after HCMV infection. Northern blot analysis revealed that p21cip1 RNA levels increased briefly at 3 h after HCMV infection and then decreased to their nadir at 24 h; thereafter, RNA levels increased to about 60% of the preinfection level. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the relative abundance of p21cip1 protein roughly paralleled the observed changes in initial RNA levels; however, the final levels of protein were much lower than preinfection levels. After a transient increase at 3 h postinfection, p21cip1 abundance declined sharply over the next 24 h and remained at a very low level through 96 h postinfection. The disparity between p21cip1 RNA and protein levels suggested that the degradation of p21cip1 might be affected in HCMV-infected cells. Treatment of HCMV-infected cells with MG132, an inhibitor of proteasome-mediated proteolysis, provided substantial protection of p21cip1 in mock-infected cells, but MG132 was much less effective in protecting p21cip1 in HCMV-infected cells. The addition of E64d or Z-Leu-Leu-H, each an inhibitor of calpain activity, to HCMV-infected cells substantially increased the abundance of p21cip1 in a concentration-dependent manner. To verify that p21cip1 was a substrate for calpain, purified recombinant p21cip1 was incubated with either m-calpain or μ-calpain, which resulted in rapid proteolysis of p21cip1. E64d inhibited the proteolysis of p21cip1 catalyzed by either m-calpain or μ-calpain. Direct measurement of calpain activity in HCMV-infected LU cells indicated that HCMV infection induced a substantial and sustained increase in calpain activity, although there was no change in the abundance of either m- or μ-calpain or the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin. The observed increase of calpain activity was consistent with the increases in intracellular free Ca2+ and phospholipid degradation in HCMV-infected LU cells reported previously from our laboratory. Considered together, these results suggest that the increase in calpain activity observed following HCMV infection contributes significantly to the reduction of p21cip1 levels and the resultant cell cycle progression.
A study of oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, with special reference to the structural changes of mitochondria.

The structural changes of mitochondria that occur during oogenesis and early embryogenesis in the rabbit have been examined with the electron microscope. Mitochondria of oogonia are both elongate and oval and contain a variable number of cristae which may or may not traverse the longitudinal axis of the organelle. When oogonia differentiate into oocytes, mitochondria become spheroidal and their cristae are sparse when compared with those found in the ellipsoidal organelles of concomitantly maturing follicle cells. As differentiation proceeds, the cristae of the mitochondria display varied configurations. For example, many display an arch-like arrangement in several regions of the organelle whereas others contain a pair of concentric membranes closely associated with limiting membrane of the mitochondrion. Mitochondria of stages from the fertilized egg to the morula possess the same internal structure as those of young oocytes. As the morula differentiates into a blastocyst there is a gradual increase in the size of the mitochondria and an increase in the number of cristae. We believe that the number and modifications of cristae indicate stages of mitochondriogenesis and the level of enzymatic activity in which this organelle is engaged during oogenesis and early embryogenesis.
Restenosis after transluminal coronary angioplasty: a risk factor analysis.

In order to determine the relationship of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, smoking, and weight, we performed a univariate analysis to test the association of these variables with restenosis in 723 patients who had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and follow-up catheterization. Cholesterol levels were higher in younger and female subjects (less than 0.0001). Initial cholesterol did not predict restenosis, and follow-up cholesterol levels showed an inverse relationship with restenosis (P less than .02). There was a trend (P less than .09) toward decreased restenosis in those who were active smokers at the time of follow-up catheterization. No differences were seen in diabetics with hyperglycemia, in both treated and untreated groups (P = NS). A stepwise multiple logistic regression was used to simultaneously test the association of the above risk factor variables to restenosis. None of the interactions were found to be significant, except cholesterol at follow-up (P = .001). Therefore, the status of serum cholesterol, blood sugar, smoking, and weight during the time of PTCA and at follow-up catheterization may be unimportant in predicting restenosis. Thus, we conclude 1) that to better determine the effect of these variables on restenosis, they should be estimated at times other than follow-up and 2) that the pathophysiological mechanism of restenosis may have different risk factors than progression of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.
Shear Bonding and Thermal Properties of Particle-Filled Polymer Grout for Pipe-in-Pipe Application

Pipe-in-Pipe (PIP) configurations are considered as a practical solution to deepwater oil production to prevent hydrate formation and paraffin deposition during the transportation of crude oil to production facilities. The optimal design of a PIP configuration requires a balance between the structural performance and the thermal insulation of the grout material used to fill the annular space. In this study, the effect of aggregates (4–19.1 mm) , sand (0.4–5 mm) , and microspheres (<0.2 mm) on the bonding shear strength and thermal conductivity of a polyurethane-based polymer grout was investigated. The shear bonding strength between grout material and steel was determined using single-lap configuration. Addition of aggregate and sand improved the bonding strength. Hot wire method was used to determine the transient thermal conductivity (k) of polymer-based insulator with and without filler materials. The average maximum bonding shear strength of polymer–aggregate and polymer–sand composite was 1.79 MPa (2...
Augmentation of cytotoxicity by splenic cells of pregnant or human chorionic gonadotropin-treated normal mice.

AbstractThe natural killer (NK) activity, of an allogeneic tumor system, was found to be enhanced by the total splenic population of either pregnant or normal female BALB/c mice treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). The splenic population of the early pregnant (9-10 days) mice resulted in a statistically significant increase in NK activity over nonpregnant controls at all effector/ target ratios tested. The mid (12-13 days) and the late (15-16 days) pregnant groups also significantly enhanced NK activity above control values at effector/target ratios of 100:1, 50:1 and 25:1. The i.v. administration of carrageenan into pregnant mice abolished the increased NK activity suggesting a putative role for the macrophage in this system. HCG administered to normal female BALB/c mice resulted in enhanced NK activity similar to that seen for the pregnant mice. This augmented NK activity does not appear to be effected by either the number or the timing of HCG administration. The augmentation of NK activity ...
Treatment of biologically inactive nonunions by a limited en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation: a review of 17 cases.

Objective— To describe a surgical technique for treatment of biologically inactive nonunions using en bloc ostectomy and compression plate fixation and clinical outcome in 17 dogs. Study Design— Retrospective clinical study. Sample Population— Seventeen dogs. Methods— A transverse ostectomy was performed adjacent and parallel to the nonunion to eliminate nonviable tissue and provide a new, viable fracture surface with a minimum circumferential contact area of 315°. With most of the bony column anatomically reconstructed, compression plate fixation was used to stabilize the fracture. Autogenous cancellous bone grafting was used if a fracture gap was present (<45° of missing circumferential bone contact). Resection of bone was limited so that bone shortening was less than 20% of the overall bone length. Clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluations were obtained whenever possible. Results— Complete circumferential bone contact and compression plate fixation was achieved after ostectomy in 12 dogs; cancellous bone graft was used in 5 dogs. En bloc ostectomy sites were radiographically healed in a median time of 2.5 months after surgery in 11 dogs that returned for complete in-hospital follow-up, and progressive healing was observed in 3 other dogs, where in-hospital follow-up was obtained up to 2 months after surgery. These dogs had a median follow-up time of 2 months, at which time 6 dogs had no lameness, 4 had minimal lameness, and one had moderate lameness. No complications occurred, and no implants were removed. Conclusions— En bloc ostectomy with compression plate fixation was considered successful for the treatment of biologically inactive nonunions. A good to excellent prognosis can be expected with minimal complications. Clinical Relevance— Use of an en bloc ostectomy technique for the treatment of biologically inactive nonunions permits easy resection of nonviable tissue. Subsequent fracture stabilization with compression plate fixation resulted in rapid bone healing without complications.
Semantic Indexing of Multimedia Content Using Visual, Audio, and Text Cues

We present a learning-based approach to the semantic indexing of multimedia content using cues derived from audio, visual, and text features. We approach the problem by developing a set of statistical models for a predefined lexicon. Novel concepts are then mapped in terms of the concepts in the lexicon. To achieve robust detection of concepts, we exploit features from multiple modalities, namely, audio, video, and text. Concept representations are modeled using Gaussian mixture models (GMM), hidden Markov models (HMM), and support vector machines (SVM). Models such as Bayesian networks and SVMs are used in a late-fusion approach to model concepts that are not explicitly modeled in terms of features. Our experiments indicate promise in the proposed classification and fusion methodologies: our proposed fusion scheme achieves more than 10% relative improvement over the best unimodal concept detector.
Microstructural Control through Diffusion-Induced Grain Boundary Migration

Diffusion-induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) is a common, but only recently discovered low temperature phenomenon that results in high rates of both chemical mixing (or unmixing) and grain boundary migration. DIGM is found in many situations where chemical heterogeneities lead to diffusion. For example, DIGM is observed during diffusion and compound formation in polycrystalline multilayer contact systems produced by low temperature deposition techniques. The diffusional mixing along the moving grain boundary is high, localized, and results in a distinctive composition profile behind the moving interface. Theory has indicated, and experiments have confirmed, which conditions lead to DIGM and which conditions suppress it. The microstructural changes can result in either a grain refinement as seen in many metallic systems or in enhanced grain growth as seen in polysilicon. In either case these microstructural and compositional changes are controllable in a way that may allow fabrication of unique devices.
Streptomycin in treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis in white mice and chick embryos.

SummaryWhite mice and chick embryos were infected with T. brucei, T. equiperidum and T. hippicum. After a lapse of 24-36 hours streptomycin was administered subcutaneously to the mice and was injected into the yolk sac of the chick embryos. Each mouse received a total of 16,000 units and each chick embryo, a total of 40,000 units of streptomycin. The course of the disease was followed by microscopic examination of blood specimens taken at regular intervals. As far as could be determined, this antibiotic agent did not alter the course of the infections or prolong the life of the treated mice or embryos.
Partial ladder polymers with anthraquinone units. Reaction of 1,2,5,6-tetraaminoanthraquinone with p-benzoquinone derivatives

1,2,5,6-Tetraaminoanthraquinone has been condensed with 2,5-diaminobenzoquinone, 2,5-diaminobenzoquinone diimide, and 2,5-diaminohydroquinone to give partial ladder polymers which are only slightly soluble in sulfuric acid and do not produce soluble products on reduction with sodium dithionite in alkaline media.
Nickel and vanadium metal ions induce apoptosis of T-lymphocyte Jurkat cells

Metal alloys are used as prosthetic components in the orthopaedic and dental field. However, there is growing concern over the reported leaching of metal ions from implants. Ions released from metals have been thought to be associated with local immune dysfunction, inflammation, and tissue cell death. The objective of our study was to investigate whether nickel(II) and vanadium(V), present at a smaller percentage in most alloys, are cytotoxic to T-lymphocyte cell models. Jurkat T cells possess characteristics similar to human T-lymphocytes and proliferate at a faster rate. Jurkat T cells were incubated with control media alone or with concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 microg/mL of Ni(II) or V(V) for 24 h. Both types of metal ions reduced cell viability and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Ni(II) at 10 microg/mL and V(V) at 100 microg/mL activated Caspase-3 expression. Hoechst 33258 staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed chromatin condensation, as well as nuclear blebbing and fragmentation. Induction of DNA fragmentation by Ni(II) at 100 microg/mL was also indicated by agarose electrophoresis. Our observations indicate that Ni and V ions kill T cells via apoptotic and nonapoptotic pathways.
Crosslinkable fumed silica-based nanocomposite electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries

Abstract Electrochemical and rheological properties are reported of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) consisting of dual-functionalized fumed silica with methacrylate and octyl groups + low-molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGdm) + lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI, lithium imide) + butyl methacrylate (BMA). The role of butyl methacrylate, which aids in formation of a crosslinked network by tethering adjacent fumed silica particles, on rheology and electrochemistry is examined together with the effects of fumed silica surface group, fumed silica weight percent, salt concentration, and solvent molecular weight. Chemical crosslinking of the fumed silica with 20% BMA shows a substantial increase in the elastic modulus of the system and a transition from a liquid-like/flocculated state to an elastic network. In contrast, no change in lithium transference number and only a modest decrease (factor of 2) on conductivity of the CPE are observed, indicating that a crosslinked silica network has minimal effect on the mechanism of ionic transport. These trends suggest that the chemical crosslinks occur on a microscopic scale, as opposed to a molecular scale, between adjacent silica particles and therefore do not impede the segmental mobility of the PEGdm. The relative proportion of the methacrylate and octyl groups on the silica surface displays a nominal effect on both rheology and conductivity following crosslinking although the pre-cure rheology is a function of the surface groups. Chemical crosslinked nanocomposite polymer electrolytes offer significant higher elastic modulus and yield stress than the physical nanocomposite counterpart with a small/negligible penalty of transport properties. The crosslinked CPEs exhibit good interfacial stability with lithium metal at open circuit, however, they perform poorly in cycling of lithium–lithium cells.
Exploring the effects of students' social networking experience on social presence and perceptions of using SNSs for educational purposes

Abstract As online learning has increased a number of researchers have focused on the need to integrate techniques to strengthen students' social presence ties in online learning. Social networking sites (SNSs) have been suggested as an effective tool to increase social presence. To investigate the effects of students' social networking experience on social presence and their perceptions of using SNSs for educational purpose, students (n = 82) at a large public university were surveyed. Results show that students use SNSs frequently and actively for various reasons in their daily life and they showed a positive perceptions of using SNSs for educational purposes. Results also revealed the intensity of using social networking experience does not have significant correlation to students' perceived social presence but does have a positive influence on students' perceptions of using SNSs for educational purposes.
Constraints on spin-dependent parton distributions at large x from global QCD analysis

Abstract We investigate the behavior of spin-dependent parton distribution functions (PDFs) at large parton momentum fractions x in the context of global QCD analysis. We explore the constraints from existing deep-inelastic scattering data, and from theoretical expectations for the leading x → 1 behavior based on hard gluon exchange in perturbative QCD. Systematic uncertainties from the dependence of the PDFs on the choice of parametrization are studied by considering functional forms motivated by orbital angular momentum arguments. Finally, we quantify the reduction in the PDF uncertainties that may be expected from future high-x data from Jefferson Lab at 12 GeV.
[18F]FTC-146: Further validation of high sigma-1 receptor (S1R)-specificity

1794 Objectives Previous studies with [18F]FTC-146 (S1R Ki=2.5 pM) have demonstrated high uptake in S1R-rich brain regions of rodents and non-human primates. The purpose of this study was to further assess validate the S1R-specificity of [18F]FTC-146 with PET/CT imaging and ex vivo autoradiography (ARG) of S1R-knockout (KO) vs wild-type (WT) mice. Since a few known S1R radiotracers show affinity to vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT), we also evaluated [19F]FTC-146 in a VAChT binding assay to further investigate its selectivity profile. Methods [18F]FTC-146 PET/CT dynamic imaging (baseline & blocked with 1 mg/kg BD1047 - S1R antagonist) of KO (n=4) and age-matched WT mice (n=3) were performed. Additional sets of KO and WT mice were sacrificed at 30 min post-injection (PI) of tracer for ex vivo brain ARG studies. VAChT binding assays were completed with [3H]vesamicol in PC12A123.7 cells stably expressing human VAChT. Results PET/CT imaging revealed a significant difference between baseline WT and KO brain uptake (4.6±1.0 vs 1.3±0.4 %ID/g at 20 min PI, p=0.01). [18F]FTC-146 in WT blocked, KO baseline, and KO blocked mice all exhibited similar kinetics in which, the tracer quickly entered and cleared from brain in 10 min PI. These results provided evidence that PET signal observed in baseline scan of WT brain was due to S1R-specific binding. Ex vivo ARG showed a 3-4 fold uptake difference between KO and WT mouse brain regions normalized to muscle. (i.e. 2.9-fold for caudate-putamen, hippocampus & cortex; and 4.3-fold for cerebellum). VAChT binding assay showed that [19F]FTC-146 had negligible affinity (Ki=0.45±0.08 μM) for the transporter compared to unlabeled (-)-vesamicol (Ki=13±1 nM). Conclusions In combination with our earlier findings, these results show that [18F]FTC-146 PET imaging is a highly specific and selective tool for studying S1R-related diseases in vivo. [18F]FTC-146 is currently being translated for clinical applications.
Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated with Intravenous Administration of P-Boronophenylalanine Formulations

10Boronophenylalanine (BPA) has been shown to be an effective boron delivery drug for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of experimental and spontaneously occurring cancers1. For successful BNCT, tumor boron concentrations of at least 20 ppm are thought to be necessary, but higher tumor boron levels are desirable. Calculations2 indicate that for a given neutron exposure, each doubling of the tumor boron concentration should increase tumor cell kill by a factor of about 10,000. Thus, significant therapeutic benefit would be achieved by delivering the largest possible dose of BPA to tumor. Factors that limit the amount of BPA deliverable to tumor are 1) the aqueous solubility and 2) the intrinsic toxicity of the BPA. BPA is poorly soluble in aqueous solution (<4 g/L at pH 7.4), but formation of a BPA-fructose complex dramatically improves water solubility3 and allows delivery of high levels of boron to tissues3. Little is known about the toxicity of BPA, in part because its poor water solubility has made it difficult to deliver large amounts of drug to animal tissues. Soloway et al.4, Mishima et al.5, Taniyama et al. 6 and Meek7 have all studied the acute toxicity of BPA. Reported LD50 values for BPA ranged from 640 mg/kg6 (i.p., pH 10 solution, rats) to 1,520 mg/kg4 (i.v., pH 10 solution, mice). Chronic oral and s.c. dosing of BPA suspensions was well tolerated7, although the apparent safety of BPA suspensions may more reflect BPA’s relative insolubility at physiological pH than its intrinsic toxicity profile. Nevertheless, the prevailing view seems to be that BPA is a relatively safe drug. While assessing the biodistribution of novel BPA-cyclodextrin formulations, we noted that i.v. infusion of this formulation could impair cardiovascular and pulmonary function in dogs8. To better understand the significance of such an observation, we undertook a study of the effects of high dose BPA infusions on the function of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. In this paper, we report the approximate maximally tolerated dose for i.v. infusion of a BPA-fructose complex and the effects of high dose BPA infusions on cardiovascular function in the rat.
An American Businessman in the Soviet Union: The Reimer Report

In 1930 Jacob Reimer, along with sixteen other employees of International Harvester, went to the Soviet Union for one year to service agricultural implements and to train Soviet workers in their use. This document describes his experiences.
Classification Schema of Symptomatic Enterogastric Reflux Utilizing Sincalide Augmentation on Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy

Enterogastric reflux (EGR) is the reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy provides physiologic assessment of the biliary system and was used to test the hypothesis that presence and timing of EGR may be associated with infusion of sincalide, a surrogate of endogenous cholecystokinin. Methods: One hundred fifty-seven hepatobiliary scintigraphy studies were retrospectively reviewed. Data included EGR incidence on initial reports, incidence after masked second reads, and time of EGR onset in relation to sincalide infusion. EGR cases were then classified according to onset on pre-, post-, or both presincalide and postsincalide imaging. Results: Time of EGR onset at 19–24 minutes after start of a 15-min sincalide infusion differed significantly from normal (p
Collateral Damage Effects of Directed Energy Weapons

Directed Energy Weapons are highly sought new weapons, whose potential to change the battle field is great, but their unintended consequences are poorly understood. This research uses atmospheric and mathematic models to capture and quantify potential collateral damage. The atmospheric models capture humidity, particulate, turbulence and blooming effects to the target and capture humidity, particulate and blooming effects leaving the target. The mathematic models capture Gaussian divergence and combine all the models with a specific frequency and power source to determine specular energy quantities leaving a target as potential collateral damage. The specular energy is compared with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ocular damage and skin burn data to determine collateral damage ranges.
Smooth muscle hamartomas of the sigmoid colon: report of a case.

This is a report of smooth muscle hamartomas existing within the sigmoid colonic mesentery in a 28-year-old woman. The occurrence of a heterotopic mass of smooth muscle outside of the gastrointestinal tract without mucosal elements has not been reported previously. There was moderate torsion of the sigmoid colon associated with recurrent fecal impaction.
The Effect of Different Feeding Methods on Early Newborns

Objective To observe the incidence of several common diseases in early newborns,who were exclusive breastfeeding or mixed feeding.Methods 1 120 cases of newborns were randomly divided into two groups,each group had 560 cases.In exclusive breastfeeding group feeding was with exclusive breastfeeding,any milk substitute(formula,glucose water,water) was not added;in mixed feeding group feeding was with breastfeeding and milk substitute.And then to compare the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia,dehydration heat and hypoglycemia.Results The incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia,dehydration heat and hypoglycemia in exclusive breastfeeding group was significantly higher than mixed feeding group.Conclusion Appropriately adding milk substitute is necessary when the maternal lack of breast milk in the early rooming.
Guilty as charged: bugs and drugs in gastric ulcer.

Gastric ulcer disease remains a cause of hemorrhage, perforation, outlet obstruction, and death. Recent advances in the understanding of peptic ulcer disease indicate that infection with Helicobacter pylori and ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the cause of almost all gastric and duodenal ulcers. Our therapy, therefore, is in a state of transition: the old acid-suppressive temporary therapy that allows frequent ulcer recurrences and complications is being replaced by curative therapies. The old therapy, by reducing gastric acid secretion or enhancing gastric mucosal defenses, inhibited the cofactors needed for ulcer development. Acid suppression relieved symptoms and healed ulcers, while defense enhancers, such as prostaglandin analogs healed and prevented acute NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. These benefits were maintained, however, only as long as acid-reducing agents or mucosal defense enhancers were continued. On the other hand, curative therapies (such as eradicating H. pylori infection and/or stopping the use of NSAIDs) eliminate the causes of ulcer. Curative combination regimens consisting of antibiotics, ranitidine bismuth citrate, bismuth, and proton pump inhibitors have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. These new regimens can cure benign gastric ulcer. Unfortunately, we cannot always determine which gastric ulcers are benign, and concern about gastric cancer remains. All gastric ulcers therefore still require biopsy and histological examination. With new treatment regimens, the time may be rapidly approaching when ulcer disease will be "history."
Use of Stand-Biased Desks to Reduce Sedentary Time in High School Students: A Pilot Study

Background : The purpose of this pilot study was to identify differences between sitting and standing time in high school studentsâ€™ pre and post stand-biased desk intervention. Methods : ActivPal3â„¢ activity monitors were affixed to 25 Bryan Collegiate High School studentsâ€™ to monitor their standing time and activity levels. Data were collected at the beginning of the school year (fall) in traditional seated desks and in the spring in stand-biased desks. After attrition, 18 of the original 25 students were included in the final analysis. The physical activity data (steps) as well as standing and sitting time data provided by the monitors was used for within subject intervention analyses. Results : Descriptive statistics and a two-sided t-test were used to analyse differences between pre and post intervention sitting and standing times. Analysis indicated a significant reduction of sitting time post stand-biased desk intervention (p<0.0001) and a significant increase in standing time, post stand-biased desk intervention (p<0.0001). Analysis also revealed a non-statistically significant (p < 0.0619) average increase of 2,286 steps per school day when comparing mean steps pre-intervention (6,612) and post-intervention (8,898). Conclusions : Standing desks have the potential to reduce sedentary behavior and increase light to moderate physical activity for high school students during the school day.
Regenerative medicine injection techniques for the hip pathology

Abstract Hip pain is a common complaint that can have both intra-articular and extra-articular origins. Three common causes of hip pain are hip osteoarthritis, iliopsoas tendinopathy, and gluteus medius tendinopathy. Current treatment plans range from conservative measures to surgical replacement. Traditionally, minimally invasive approaches with the use of corticosteroid and local anesthetic injections have served to manage symptoms of pain without altering disease progression. In addition, these agents have been associated with deleterious effects on bone, tendon, and cartilage health. Emerging regenerative medicine techniques are becoming increasingly popular for the management of hip pain, as they have been shown to improve clinical outcomes and potentially alter disease progression. Some of these techniques, such as injection of platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells, and percutaneous needle fenestration, have been shown to promote healing of damaged tissue. These techniques are often augmented by the use of ultrasound imaging, which greatly increases ease and accuracy. This article reviews ultrasound-guided regenerative orthopedic injections specifically for hip joint osteoarthritis, gluteus medius tendinopathy, and iliopsoas tendinopathy.
?Two cultures? turns 50

Half a century ago this month, the physicist and author Charles Percy Snow (1905?1980) delivered the annual Rede Lecture in the Senate House of the University of Cambridge. (Usually referred to as C P Snow, he was later made a life peer and enjoyed appearing in the House of Lords as Baron Snow, despite being a self-professed socialist.) Its title ? "The Two Cultures" ? referred to a gulf Snow diagnosed between "literary intellectuals" and "natural scientists", and it elaborated themes he had mentioned in the New Statesman three years earlier. The talk was published in Encounter in June and July 1959, and then as a book.
Once-Per-Step Control of Ankle Push-Off Work Improves Balance in a Three-Dimensional Simulation of Bipedal Walking

Individuals with lower limb amputation have a high fall risk, which could be partially due to a lack of stabilizing control in conventional prostheses. Inspired by walking robots, we hypothesized that modulating prosthetic ankle push-off could help improve amputee balance. We developed a three-dimensional walking model, found limit cycles at two speeds, and designed state-feedback controllers that made once-per-step adjustments to ankle push-off work, fore-aft and medial-lateral foot placement, and ankle roll resistance. To assess balance, we applied increasing levels of random changes in ground height and lateral impulses until the model fell down within 100 steps. Although foot placement is known to be important for balance, we found that push-off control was at least twice as effective at recovering from both disturbances at both speeds. Push-off work affected both fore-aft and mediolateral motions, leading to good controllability, and was particularly well suited to recovery from steps up or down. Our results suggest that discrete control of ankle push-off may be more important than previously thought, and may guide the design of robotic prostheses that improve balance.
A Survey of the Knowledge of African-American Women About Prostate Cancer Screening

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed in men. Its incident and mortality rates are generally higher in populations of African descent. The scientific community recommends that men should be informed of the benefits, risks, and limitations of screening in order to make an informed decision regarding participation in prostate cancer screening. Women are known to act as the healthcare gatekeeper for the family. As such, African-American (AA) women could facilitate the informed decision-making process by providing prostate cancer and screening information to AA men. However, little is known about AA women’s knowledge regarding prostate cancer and screening. This report describes the findings of a non-experimental cross-sectional study conducted using a convenience sample of 200 AA women. Data was collected using the knowledge subscale of the Eastland prostate cancer survey. Data was analyzed using JMP 13 statistical software developed by Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) Institute. The overall mean knowledge score was 6.59 (47.1%). Knowledge was significantly associated with personal or family history of cancer (p = .02), family history of prostate cancer (p = .002), and the age of the respondents (p = .004) with those of older age (51 years and above) scoring higher on the knowledge scale. The results indicated that the AA women had a low knowledge of prostate cancer and screening. The findings indicate the need to develop and implement prostate cancer educational programs that include AA women.
Chemical Synthesis of the Multiply Phosphorylated and Biotinylated N-Terminal Transactivation Domain of Human p53 (p53TAD)

Phosphorylation of the N-terminal transactivation domain (TAD) of tumor suppressor p53 (p53TAD) helps regulate many of p53’s biological functions. Chemical synthesis of the p53TAD sequence with various phosphorylation patterns, through native chemical ligation and metal-free desulfurization, would facilitate studies of p53TAD phosphorylation and its role in regulating p53 function. Here, unphosphorylated, mono- and pentaphosphorylated p53TAD constructs were chemically synthesized. During the synthesis, methionine oxidation was found to be a serious problem and reduction was required at different stages, according to the number of phosphorylation sites.
Most Breast Cancer Patients with T1-2 Tumors and One to Three Positive Lymph Nodes Do Not Need Postmastectomy Radiotherapy

Guidelines concur that postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in T1-2 tumors with one to three positive (+) lymph nodes (LNs) decreases locoregional recurrence (LRR) but advise limiting PMRT to patients at highest risk to balance against potential harms. In this study, we identify the risks of LRR after mastectomy in patients with T1-2N1 disease, treated with modern chemotherapy, and identify predictors of LRR when omitting PMRT. Patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer undergoing mastectomy between 1995 and 2006 were categorized by receipt of PMRT. The Chi square test compared the clinicopathologic features between both groups, and Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analysis was used to determine the rates of LRR, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Overall, 1087 patients (924 no PMRT, 163 PMRT) were included in the study, with a median follow-up of 10.8 years (range 0–21). We identified 63 LRRs (56 no PMRT, 7 PMRT), and 10-year rates of LRR with and without PMRT were 4.0% and 7.0%, respectively. Patients receiving PMRT were younger (p = 0.019), had larger tumors (p = 0.0013), higher histologic grade (p = 0.029), more positive LNs (p < 0.0001), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (p < 0.0001), extracapsular nodal extension (p < 0.0001), and macroscopic LN metastases (p < 0.0001). There was no difference in LRR, RFS, or OS between groups. On multivariate analysis, age < 40 years (p < 0.0001) and LVI (p < 0.0001) were associated with LRR in those not receiving PMRT. Consistent with the guidelines, 85% of patients with T1-2N1 were spared PMRT at our center, while maintaining low LRR. Age < 40 years and the presence of LVI are significantly associated with LRR in those not receiving PMRT.
"Monocytic" cells of normal blood, Schilling and Naegeli leukemia, and leukemic reticuloendotheliosis in slide chambers.

1. The study of living blood cells in slide chambers by phase microscopy and cinemicrography adds useful morphologic, developmental and physiologic data complementary to other methods for studying blood cells. 2. Normal monocytes were characterized by flattening in fresh serum with minimal ameboid motility, by ectoplasmic veils waving in the medium, and by transformation to fully developed macrophages in 5-7 days. 3. Cells from four patients with acute monocytic leukemia (Schilling type) showed only slight differences in morphology, development and function from normal monocytes in the slide chamber. 4. Monocytoid cells from four patients with myelomonocytic leukemia (Naegeli type), in the slide chamber, resembled those from two patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis in morphology, development and function, but differed from normal monocytes and cells of acute monocytic (Schilling) leukemia. The monocytoid cells were labeled "reticulum" cells with the implication that they were related to the primitive hematopoietic reticulum cell. 5. The "reticulum" cell in the slide chamber differed from the monocyte in having a coarse nuclear chromatin pattern with clumping of chromatin, larger numbers of varying sized cytoplasmic granules, less ectoplasm, development of characteristic star-shaped macrophage forms without ectoplasmic veils, and in exhibiting a considerable ameboid motility as opposed to the sluggish veil waving of the monocyte. 6. Speculation as to the significance of the "reticulum" cell has been presented with the suggestion that this cell precedes the blast cell in hematopoiesis. In Naegeli leukemia, unknown factors may cause alterations in the type of cell released from the marrow. There may also be shifts in emphasis between myeloblast and pre-myeloblast proliferation which become reflected in the cells appearing in the peripheral blood.
An Historical Perspective on the Relationship of Electricity to Gross National Product

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a historical perspective on the relationship of electricity to gross national product (GNP). Research shows that was a linear relationship between electricity made available (EA) and GNP for almost eighty years. In this eighty-year period, the slope and intercept of the relationship changed only twice. Each time, the changes occurred during or at the end of one of the World Wars. The rather impressive stability of the relationship in the past does not mean that the relationship cannot change in the future, and there are those who think that it is now in the process of change. However, the past record of long-persistent stability and changes in slope only under wartime extremes indicates that strong evidence of a break with the past would be needed before one could conclude that changes have taken place. The functional form of the relationship has also been found to hold for major areas of the world and for all twelve countries that have been studied to date.
Historical Factors Affecting the Closing of State Hospitals

“The Saskatchewan Hospital, Weyburn, is no more.” Thus wrote Lafave and Grunberg of the dramatic closing in 1971 of the principal mental institution of southern Saskatchewan—just 50 years after it opened. It was the only psychiatric resource for a population of 500,000 in a 4,000-square-mile territory. In 1930 a small 20-bed unit was constructed in the general hospital in neighboring Regina; later 1,000 mentally retarded were transferred from Weyburn to a new facility. The 1950s brought a further decline in Weyburn’s population due to the use of tranquilizers and to an enlightened administration that transformed the hospital from a custodial to a therapeutic institution. In 1956 a 24-bed unit was established in a general hospital in Moose Jaw, another adjacent territory formerly served entirely by Weyburn. In the early 1960s, five defined service areas assumed total responsibility for psychiatric services in their area. By 1965, with the dramatic drop in admissions and with an increasing number of discharged patients being absorbed into the regional community program, it became clear that the hospital could be closed.