cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative embryonic and larval developmental responses of estuarine shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) to the juvenile hormone agonist fenoxycarb.

Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were reared separately through both embryonic and total larval development during exposure to fenoxycarb at measured concentrations of 0.05) effect on complete embryonic development. Significantly fewer shrimp successfully metamorphosed to postlarvae when exposed through complete larval development to fenoxycarb concentrations ≥4 μg L−1. Larval development of grass shrimp was therefore >2 orders of magnitude more sensitive to this juvenile hormone agonist than was embryonic development. Viability of larvae developing in fenoxycarb was concentration dependent. Development beyond third zoeal stage was significantly inhibited at fenoxycarb concentrations ≥190 μg L−1, whereas development beyond fourth zoeal stage was inhibited by a concentration of ≥45 μg L−1. Fenoxycarb exposure of developing larvae did not alter either the duration of total larval development or the total number of larval stages before metamorphosis. Rearing of fenoxycarb-exposed embryos through larval development without further exposure had no significant effect on number of larval stages, larval development rate, or metamorphic success of larvae. Similarities in the sensitivity of grass shrimp larvae and mosquito larvae to fenoxycarb suggests that the use of a bioassay protocol measuring the metamorphic success of crustacean larvae would be a valuable adjunct to the hazard assessment of newly developed pesticides that target endocrine control of metamorphosis in insects and possibly other endocrine-disrupting xenobiotics as well.
New agents in acute myeloid leukemia: Beyond cytarabine and anthracyclines

The standard therapeutic approaches for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) continue to be based on anthracyclines and cytarabine. However, the prognosis for AML remains poor, especially for patients with high-risk disease. During the past decade, promising novel agents that target DNA replication and repair, as well as cell cycling and apoptosis, have been developed and are being actively investigated in AML. Among these agents is flavopiridol, which interferes with key steps of the cell cycle and effectively promotes cell death, and voreloxin, an intercalating agent that also targets topoisomerase II. Also under clinical study in AML are oligonucleotide antisense constructs, which suppress the translation of proteins essential for leukemic blast survival and proliferation, and agents that target antiapoptotic cascades. In summary, it is hoped that novel therapies such as these will augment and/or supplant our current cytarabine- and anthracycline-based approaches, overcome active drug-resistance pathways, and eventually improve outcomes for patients with AML.
Personality of the therapist and theoretical orientation.

This study examined the relationship between therapist personality and theoretical orientation from the perspective of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Forty-one psychotherapists completed the NEO-PI-R and ratings of theoretical orientation. Results revealed a significant relationship between theoretical orientation and certain NEO-PI-R domains and related facet scores. The Cognitive orientation was significantly related to the Agreeableness Domain and the associated facets of Straightforwardness and Altruism. The Humanistic and Gestalt orientations were significantly related to the domain of Openness and the facet of Openness to Fantasy. The Humanistic orientation was also significantly related to the Openness to Action facet. In addition, gender differences were noted in NEO-PI-R profiles, but not theoretical orientation.
Spectrophotometric determination of ruthenium with 2,3-diaminopyridine

Abstract Ruthenium, in solution as its high oxidation states, and 2,3-diaminopyridine react in concentrated acetic acid to give an indigo-blue product having an absorption peak at 572 nm. The color develops at room temperature, and the method is not highly sensitive to the concentration of the reagent nor to the development time. The optimum concentration range, for measurement at 1.00-cm optical path, is about 1–6 p.p.m. of ruthenium; the molar absorptivity is 1.2.10 4 1 mole -1 cm -1 . A prior separation of ruthenium is necessary. Spectrophotometric methods established a I:I mole ratio in the molar reaction. The product is predominantly in cationic form in acetic acid solution, and predominantly anionic in alkaline medium.
The influence of edge sites on the development of surface charge on goethite nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics investigation

Abstract Large-scale molecular simulation of proton accumulations were carried out on (i) (110) and (021) slabs immersed in aqueous solution and (ii) a series of model goethite nanoparticles of dimension 2 to 8 nm with systematically varying acicularity and (110)/(021) surface areas. In the slab systems, the (021) surface exhibits 15% more proton charge per unit area than the (110) surface. In the particulate systems, the acicular particles having the highest (110)/(021) ratio accumulate the most charge, opposite to the trend expected from the slab simulations, indicating that, at length scales on the order of 10 nm, the slab results are not a good indicator of the overall charging behavior of the particles. The primary reason for the discrepancy between the particulate systems and slab systems is the preferential accumulation of protons at acute (110)–(110) intersections. Charge accumulates preferentially in this region because excess proton charge at an asperity is more effectively solvated than at a flat interface.
Caldariomyces fumago Chloroperoxidase Catalyzes the Oxidative Dehalogenation of Chlorophenols by a Mechanism Involving Two One-Electron Steps

We have employed rapid scan stopped-flow spectroscopy to examine whether the mechanism of oxidative dehalogenation catalyzed by C. fumago chloroperoxidase (CCPO) involves two consecutive one-electron steps or a single two-electron oxidation. First, we optimized the formation of CCPO compound I (CCPO-I) [Fe(IV)=O/porphyrin radical] and CCPO compound II (CCPO-II) [Fe(IV)=O] for use in double mixing rapid scan stopped-flow experiments. Reaction of CCPO-I with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) quickly yielded CCPO-II. Reaction of CCPO-II, a one-electron oxidant, with TCP rapidly regenerated the ferric resting state of the enzyme. The rates of the reaction of both CCPO-I and -II with TCP are first-order with respect to [TCP]. In the absence of organic substrate, CCPO-I is slowly reduced to CCPO-II and then the ferric state. The ability of both CCPO-I and -II to carry out the oxidative dehalogenation reaction is consistent with a mechanism involving two consecutive one-electron oxidations. In contrast, reaction of CCPO-I with thioanisole generated the ferric enzyme with no evidence of CCPO-II, consistent with a single two-electron oxidation by insertion of an oxygen atom. The relative stability of CCPO-I and -II has allowed us to differentiate between one- and two-electron substrate oxidations using rapid scan stopped-flow techniques.
Tityustoxin-Kα, from scorpion venom, blocks voltage-gated, non-inactivating potassium current in cultured central neurons

Abstract Whole-cell voltage-clamp was used to examine the effects of tityustoxin-Kα (TsTX-Kα), from the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatis, on voltage-gated K + currents in cultured hippocampal neurons and cerebellar granule cells. Slowly activating, noninactivating outward currents ( I k ) were generated by depolarizing steps from a holding potential of — 60 mV to potentials positive to — 40 mV. TsTX-Ka produced a dose-dependent block of the sustained outward current. The fraction of total current blocked ranged from 10 to 60% over a concentration range of 2.5–120 nM in both cerebellar and hippocampal neurons. A hyperpolarizing prepulse to —100 mV was used to generate a rapidly inactivating current with properties like those of I A When I A was isolated pharmacologically (with 5–10 mM TEA to block I k ) or by subtracting 7K from total outward current, TsTX-Kα had no effect on the I A in either cell type. TsTX-Kα also had no apparent effect on the leak conductance or on the inward rectifier current in these cells. The data indicate that TsTX-Kα in cultured mammalian neurons is a potent and selective blocker of a voltage-gated, non-inactivating K + current with properties like those of a delayed rectifier.
Role of glucose and insulin in thiazolidinedione-induced alterations in hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Previous studies from our laboratory as well as from others have suggested that the thiazolidinediones have the capacity to act as insulinomimetic agents, especially in the liver. In order to further characterize this insulinomimetic action, we evaluated the effect of troglitazone, a representative thiazolidinedione, on lactate- and glucagon-stimulated gluconeogenesis, in the presence or absence of insulin (10 nM) in isolated rat hepatocytes. The antigluconeogenic effect of troglitazone under basal (lactate-stimulated) conditions was found to be due to an elevation in the fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content, which was, however, not mediated by an activation of 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase. Troglitazone (125 and 250 μM) in the absence of insulin, produced a dose-dependent reduction in glucagon-stimulated gluconeogenesis, thereby suggesting an insulinomimetic effect. In addition, troglitazone (125 and 250 μM), in combination with insulin, produced an additive inhibition of gluconeogenesis during glucagon-stimulated conditions. However, unlike insulin, the metabolic mechanism responsible for these effects (in the presence or absence of insulin) does not involve fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
Server virtualization in autonomic management of heterogeneous workloads

Server virtualization opens up a range of new possibilities for autonomic datacenter management, through the availability of new automation mechanisms that can be exploited to control and monitor tasks running within virtual machines. This facilitates more powerful and flexible autonomic controls, through management software that maintains the system in a desired state in the face of changing workload and demand. This paper explores in particular the use of server virtualization technology in the autonomic management of data centers running a heterogeneous mix of workloads. We present a system that manages heterogeneous workloads to their performance goals and demonstrate its effectiveness via real-system experiments and simulation.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN BLOOD TRYPSIN; DIRECT DETERMINATION OF THROMBIN AND PLASMIN IN HUMAN PLASMA

The previously described method for human plasmin determination has been simplified and applied directly to plasma. A virtually identical method for the direct determination of human thrombin in plasma is also presented. Both procedures are quantitative and clinically feasible. The existence in plasma of a non-clotting, only slightly fibrinolytic, active tryptic enzyme, Human Blood Trypsin, is firmly established by the data. The suggestion is made that human blood trypsin may be the activator in the proenzyme to enzyme conversion system for both plasmin and thrombin. Further, both enzymes may arise from different derivatives of a common precursor protein.
Pseudotumor cerebri in children

Abstract Purpose: Demographic and outcome data in the era of modern neuroimaging are needed to describe pseudotumor cerebri in children. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of children less than 18 years old who were diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri between 1977 and 1997. We defined pseudotumor cerebri as (1) increased intracranial pressure, (2) normal or small ventricles, and (3) normal cerebrospinal fluid composition. The condition might be idiopathic or the result of a nontumor etiology. Results: Thirty-seven patients had an initial diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri. Two patients were subsequently diagnosed with a central nervous system malignancy and were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 35 patients included 10 patients with idiopathic pseudotumor cerebri and 25 patients with disorders reported to be associated with pseudotumor cerebri. The mean age was 10.6 years with a range of 3 to 17 years. Twenty patients (57%) were female and 13 patients (37%) were obese. At presentation 4 patients had a visual acuity less than 20 40 in the best eye and 10 patients had visual field deficits. Seventeen patients (49%) had cranial nerve deficits, all of which resolved with normalization of the intracranial pressure. Follow-up data were obtained on 30 patients. Only one patient had a final visual acuity less than 20 40 in the best eye, whereas six patients had residual visual field deficits. Ten patients (33%) had optic nerve atrophy. Conclusions: There was no gender predominance, and associated etiologic factors were common in these children with pseudotumor cerebri. Permanent visual loss occurs in some children with pseudotumor cerebri. Quantitative perimetry and optic nerve examination were more sensitive than visual acuity determination in detecting damage to the visual sensory system. In rare instances the patient diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri will be found after extended follow-up to harbor an intracranial neoplasm.
SOUTH AFRICA'S BORDER INDUSTRIES: THE TSWANA EXAMPLE1

ABSTRACT To reduce overconcentration of industry in four metropolitan areas, and to promote the internal economies of the Bantu homelands, the South African government has a border industries scheme of guaranteed Bantu wage control, subsidized transport, and tax holidays to encourage industrial location in specified White towns adjacent to Bantu areas. Five border industry towns have been proclaimed adjoining the Tswana homeland between Pretoria and Botswana. Only Brits is viable. Thus far the scheme has produced only minor industrial decentralization and Bantu homeland development. White areas have benefitted more than Bantu areas. The border industries scheme is politically rather than economically motivated. Alternative economic development possibilities to border industries include industrialization within the Tswana homeland by Bantu entrepreneurs, Whites, and government corporations.
Ingression of primary mesenchyme cells of the sea urchin embryo: a precisely timed epithelial mesenchymal transition.

Epithelial-mesenchyme transitions (EMTs) are familiar to all scholars of development. Each animal system utilizes an EMT to produce mesenchyme cells. In vertebrates, for example, there are a number of EMTs that shape the embryo. Early, entry of epiblast cells into the primitive streak is followed by the emergence of mesoderm via an EMT process. The departure of neural crest cells from the margin of the neural folds is an EMT process, and the delamination of cells from the endomesoderm to form the supporting mesenchyme of the lung, liver, and pancreas are EMTs. EMTs are observed in Drosophila following invagination of the ventral furrow, and even in Cnidarians, which have only two germ layers, yet mesoglial and stem cells delaminate from the epithelia and occupy the matrix between the ectoderm and endoderm. This review will focus on a classic example of an EMT, which occurs in the sea urchin embryo. The primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) ingress from the vegetal plate of this embryo precociously and in advance of archenteron invagination. Because ingression is precisely timed, the PMC lineage precisely known, and the embryo easily observed and manipulated, much has been learned about how the ingression of PMCs works in the sea urchin. Though the focus of this review is the sea urchin PMCs, there is evidence that all EMTs share many common features at both cellular and molecular levels, and many of these mechanisms are also shown to be involved in tumor progression, especially metastasizing carcinomas. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:241–252, 2007. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Three new yellow loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Three phenotypically ‘yellow’, mendelian mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been isolated and tested for allelism with the yellow mutant v-1a 1 and with each other. The three mutants represent three new yellow loci, two of which are located on linkage group I. Like y-1a, the mutants accumulate protochlorophyllide when grown under dim light, but have a wildtype phenotype when grown in the light. We conclude that the control of light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction is more complex than has been thought previously.
Estimating and Testing Linear Hypotheses on Parameters in the Log‐linear Model

Abstract : The minimum discrimination information theorem yields minimum discrimination information estimates as members of an exponential family which can be expressed in log-linear additive form. The author illustrates in terms of a particular contingency table, the relations implied by hypotheses and subhypotheses of interest on the values of the natural parameters and random variables of the exponential family, the related moment parameters, and the estimates of cell entries. Computations are carried out using the Deming- Stephan iterative algorithm and its extension by the generalized iterative scaling procedure of Darroch and Ratcliff.
The regulation of political extremism on cable access

Abstract Although public access cablevision was initially designed to promote an uninhibited political dialogue, several communities have been pressured to deny access to political extremists such as the Ku Klux Klan. This article examines the policy context in which public access has developed, including applicable provisions from the 1984 Cable Act. Federal, state and municipal attempts to restrict access speech will then be assessed in light of recent judicial attempts to elevate cable's status as a First Amendment speaker. The author concludes that restrictions on nonobscene public access speech are constitutionally overbroad.
Conjunctival pyogenic granulomas after strabismus surgery.

Purpose To measure the incidence and evaluate treatment of pyogenic granulomas after strabismus surgery. Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants Four hundred seventy-nine strabismus surgical patients. Methods Incidence was determined by review of 472 consecutive patients who underwent strabismus surgery from January 6, 1999 to December 29, 2000. Outcomes were evaluated in 7 additional patients who underwent surgical excision of pyogenic granulomas over a 6-year period from July 5, 1995 to September 19, 2001 (exclusive of the years 1999–2000). Main Outcome Measure Development and resolution of pyogenic granulomas. Results Pyogenic granulomas developed in 10 of 472 patients (2.1%). None of these patients had more than 1 pyogenic granuloma, despite having had surgery before or after the event. Treatment of pyogenic granulomas with topical corticosteroids was successful in 90% of patients. Surgical excision was successful in the group of 7 additional patients who did not respond to corticosteroids. Conclusions Conjunctival pyogenic granulomas are a potential complication of strabismus surgery. Treatment with topical steroids is an effective initial treatment for most patients with pyogenic granulomas. Surgical excision is effective in patients who do not improve with topical medication. Patients with multiple surgeries do not seem to be at increased risk for pyogenic granulomas, and the occurrence of a pyogenic granuloma does not seem to increase the risk of developing pyogenic granulomas in future surgeries.
Effect of image compression in model and human performance

We applied three different model observers (non-prewhitening matched filter with an eye filter, Hotelling and channelized Hotelling) to predict the effect of JPEG image compression on human visual detection of a simulated lesion (clinically known as thrombus) in single frame digital x-ray coronary angiograms. Since the model observers' absolute performance is better than human, model performance was degraded to match human performance by injecting internal noise proportional to the external noise. All three model-observers predicted reasonably well the degradation in human performance as a function of JPEG image compression, although the NPWEW and the channelized Hotelling models (with internal noise proportional to the external noise) were better predictors than the Hotelling model.
Comparison of sarin and cyclosarin toxicity by subcutaneous, intravenous and inhalation exposure in Gottingen minipigs

AbstractSexually mature male and female Gottingen minipigs were exposed to various concentrations of GB and GF vapor via whole-body inhalation exposures or to liquid GB or GF via intravenous or subcutaneous injections. Vapor inhalation exposures were for 10, 60 or 180 min. Maximum likelihood estimation was used to calculate the median effect levels for severe effects (ECT50 and ED50) and lethality (LCT50 and LD50). Ordinal regression was used to model the concentration × time profile of the agent toxicity. Contrary to that predicted by Haber’s rule, LCT50 values increased as the duration of the exposures increased for both nerve agents. The toxic load exponents (n) were calculated to be 1.38 and 1.28 for GB and GF vapor exposures, respectively. LCT50 values for 10-, 60- and 180-min exposures to vapor GB in male minipigs were 73, 106 and 182 mg min/m3, respectively. LCT50 values for 10-, 60 - and 180-min exposures to vapor GB in female minipigs were 87, 127 and 174 mg min/m3, respectively. LCT50 values for...
Measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of normal fluid 3 He at very low temperatures

We present pulsed NMR measurements of the low temperature (≈0.003 K) magnetic susceptibility of normal liquid 3 He as a function of pressure. Our results agree well with the extrapolation from 0.035 K of the data of Ramm et al. We calculate new values for the Fermi liquid parameter F a using the heat capacity data of Greywall.
Timing is everything: Fine-tuned molecular machines orchestrate paramyxovirus entry

The Paramyxoviridae include some of the great and ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. In most paramyxoviruses, two viral membrane glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and receptor binding protein (HN, H or G) mediate a concerted process of recognition of host cell surface molecules followed by fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The interactions between the F and HN, H or G viral glycoproteins and host molecules are critical in determining host range, virulence and spread of these viruses. Recently, atomic structures, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided major insights into how these two viral glycoproteins successfully interact with host receptors on cellular membranes and initiate the membrane fusion process to gain entry into cells. These studies highlight the conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus entry that provide the fundamental basis for rational anti-viral drug design and vaccine development.
Dietary Influences on Nonexercise Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure in C57BL/6J Mice

: It is well established that the lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain or obesity. However, there is limited information on influences of diet components on physical activity. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of major dietary components on energy expenditure by affecting nonexercise physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. All mice were assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary groups based on their body weight and baseline physical activity; low fat/normal protein, high fat/normal protein, low fat/low protein, or low fat/high protein. After 3 mo, the highest weight gain was observed in animals fed with high-fat/normal-protein diet, and the caloric intake was significantly lower in low-fat/high-protein diet-fed mice compared to other groups. However, there were no significant changes in nonexercise physical activity during experimental periods in all groups. The respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These findings suggest that diet-induced obesity is not explainable by levels of physical activity and energy expenditure. Practical Application: The understanding the link between diet and nonexercise physical activity would provide important knowledge that will potentially assist appropriate food choices to control obesity and its related health problems.
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulation of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) as part of an anti-apoptotic mechanism of action.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) preserves the viability of at least 13 different cells, including epithelial, endothelial, smooth muscle and neuronal cells. In spite of this profound and rather universal effect on cell viability, detailed studies regarding the mechanism of bFGF's action have not been conducted. Rather, most studies have simply shown that bFGF inhibits cells from undergoing programmed cell death (i.e. apoptosis). The most mechanistic studies to date have been conducted on either neurons or ovarian (granulosa) cells. These studies have shown that bFGF prevents apoptosis through both genomic and acute actions. Basic FGF's acute actions involved the maintenance of normal levels of intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](i)). In granulosa cells, bFGF maintained [Ca(2+)](i) through a protein kinase C(delta) (PKCdelta)-dependent mechanism. Further, bFGF-activated PKCdelta maintained [Ca(2+)](i) by stimulating calcium efflux. The ability of bFGF to stimulate calcium efflux involved the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA). Interestingly, bFGF-activated PKCdelta appeared to regulate PMCA activity in part by promoting its membrane localization.
Dielectric relaxation of poly(chlorostyrenes) and their copolymers in the primary transition region

Abstract Dielectric relaxation measurements were carried out on a series of bulk poly(chlorostyrene) homopolymers and random copolymers over the frequency range from 50 to 100 kHz and at temperatures in the neighbourhood of the glass transitions of the polymers thus encompassing the α relaxation. Homopolymers examined were polystyrene (PS), poly(2-chlorostyrene) (P2CS), poly(3-chlorostyrene) (P3CS), and poly(4-chlorostyrene) (P4CS). Copolymers were poly(styrene-co-2-chlorostyrene) (PS2CS), poly(styrene-co-4-chlorostyrene) (PS4CS), and poly(2-chlorostyrene-co-4-chlorostyrene) (P2CS4CS). The dielectric data were analysed to yield dipole moments and Kirkwood—Frohlich correlation parameters. The shapes of the dielectric loss curves were also taken into account. Glass transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). It was concluded that the phenyl ring rotates freely in the α relaxation regions of PS, P4CS, and P3CS, but not in P2CS. The dipole moments of the copolymers are correlated with dyad distributions calculated from reactivity ratios.
Induction of nitric oxide synthesis in murine macrophages by Helicobacter pylori.

Abstract Intact Helicobacter pylori cells, as well as cellular components, stimulated nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in an in vitro murine macrophage system by the l -arginine-nitric oxide pathway. Macrophage-mediated NO formation was dependent on the presence of H. pylori and exhibited a dose-dependent increase at H. pylori concentrations between 106 and 5 × 107 cells/ml. H. pylori mediated NO synthesis also required l -arginine and was inhibited by NG-monomethyl- l -arginine (NMMA), a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. NO synthesis was induced by whole H. pylori cells, H. pylori media filtrate, extracted membrane proteins, and H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Maximal NO synthesis was induced by viable H. pylori cells with media filtrate and membrane protein extracts inducing significant NO responses. NO stimulation by media filtrate and membrane protein extracts support secreted H. pylori products as potential activators of inflammatory cell NO synthesis in vivo. NO synthesis in response to H. pylori suggests that chronic H. pylori infection may increase endogenous formation of NO. Elevated NO exposure may represent an etiologic factor explaining the epidemiologic association between long-term H. pylori infection and gastric cancer.
Influence of Thermal Radiation on Solid Propellant Burning Rate

Radiation assisted burning rate data r(qr] and temperature sensitivity of burning rate data [r(p, T0) and op = dr/dT0)p] were obtained for a well characterized double base propellant (nitrocellulose and metriol trinitrate). For example, at 14.6 atm, 70 cal/sec-cm of xenon arc radiation increased the burning from 0.2 to 0.6 cm/sec. Analysis of the heat feedback from the flame revealed that once r(T0) data are available, r(qr) data does not permit additional properties of the combustion zone to be deduced. However, a simple analytical relationship between r(qr) and op was developed that approximates the measured results. Propellant burning rate responsiveness to external thermal radiation increases with higher ap and lower burning rate.
THE FIRST AMENDMENT'S WEAKEST LINK: GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF CONTROVERSIAL ADVERTISING

(1975). THE FIRST AMENDMENT'S WEAKEST LINK: GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF CONTROVERSIAL ADVERTISING. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 21-34.
Flow structure on stalled delta wing subjected to small amplitude pitching oscillations

The flow past a harmonically oscillating delta wing is investigated using high image-density particle image velocimetry. The overall objective is to alter the development of the leading-edge vortex and decrease the extent of stall on the wing. To this end, instantaneous velocity fields, contours of constant vorticity, and streamline patterns are obtained over an entire plane of the flow at successive instants of the wing motion. The degree of repeatability of the flow patterns during successive cycles of the wing oscillation is highly dependent on the dimensionless frequency of oscillation; it is possible to generate flow patterns that are phase locked at every cycle, as well as every other cycle, of the wing motion. In each case, a well-defined leading-edge vortex appears, and the instantaneous extent of the stall region is decreased relative to that on a stationary wing at the same angle of attack. However, cycle-averaged patterns show only minor departures from the flow structure on the stationary wing. Ensemble-averaged patterns, obtained by phase referencing to the wing motion, reveal that small-scale vortical structures originating in the unstable leading-edge shear layer are averaged out; the overall vorticity levels of the entire flowfield are lowered substantially, even for the average of only a small number of instantaneous images.
Relationship of Protein Concentration and Water Content of Equine Serum and Plasma Samples

A highly significant correlation between the water content and protein concentration of equine serum and plasma samples was demonstrated over a wide range of concentrations. A close correlation was also observed between protein concentration as estimated by refractometry and as determined by the biuret procedure for equine serum and plasma samples.
Sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from the 1960s in the United States

To better understand the molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the United States following the introduction of commercial IBV vaccines, we sequenced the S1 and N structural protein genes of thirteen IBV field isolates collected in the 1960s. Analysis of the S1 sequence showed that seven isolates were of the Massachusetts (Mass) genotype, five were SE17, and one was of the Connecticut (Conn) genotype, suggesting that these three IBVs were circulating in commercial poultry raised in different regions in the United States during the 1960s. The S1 genes of Mass-type isolates had high levels of sequence variation, representing 81.3-81.9 % nucleotide (nt) and 77.3-78.7 % amino acid (aa) identity when compared to those of the SE17-type isolates. In contrast, the N genes from the same isolates were less variable (>92 % nt and >93 % aa identity) when compared to those of the SE17-type isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene indicated that one isolate (L748) was more closely related to the Mass type. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on the N gene showed that L748 was more closely related to the SE17 type, indicating that there had been exchange of S1 genetic materials between Mass- and SE17-like viruses. In addition, the Mass-type isolates had high levels of sequence identity in the S1 gene compared with widely used modified live vaccines (Mass41, Ma5 and H120) and modern field strains from the USA and other countries, suggesting a common ancestor.
Genetic basis of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HPRTFlint).

Abstract The molecular basis for complete hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency has been determined in a patient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. A B-lymphoblastoid cell line derived from this patient expresses normal amounts of HPRT mRNA yet no detectable immunoreactive protein as determined by radioimmunoassay. These findings suggest either a decreased rate of translation or accelerated degradation due to enhanced proteolytic susceptibility. cDNAs synthesized from this patient's RNA have a single nucleotide (nt) substitution, a C → A transversion at nt 222. RNase A cleavage analysis confirms the presence of a mutation at this position within mRNA isolated from lymphoblasts from patient A.C. This transversion predicts a phenylalanine to leucine replacement at amino acid position 73 in the translated protein. We have designated this mutant HPRT Flint . The mutation in HPRT Flint disrupts a strongly conserved region among PRTases from Escherichia coli , rodents and man, suggesting an important role for this region for the normal function of HPRT. Since it is unlikely that this amino acid substitution alters the translational rate, we hypothesize that disruption of the secondary structure within this region renders HPRT Flint more susceptible to proteolysis.
A novel tetraester construct that reduces cationic lipid-associated cytotoxicity. Implications for the onset of cytotoxicity.

The preparation of cationic amphiphiles that induce minor cytotoxic response during polynucleotide delivery into mammalian cells has been limited by the conventional use of ester, amide, or carbamate linkages to tether either the polar or the hydrophobic domains. The deleterious effects of ammonium-based lipidic salts on cellular processes have been well-established. The present report is the first example of a linchpin tetraester construct that utilizes ester linkages to tether both the polar and hydrophobic domains. Dimyristoyl and dioleoyl analogues were prepared from pentaerythritol, N,N-dimethylglycine, and their corresponding fatty acyl groups via successive diesterifications followed by amine quaternization. The resultant cationic tetraesters were examined in transfection (luciferase) and cell proliferation (MTS) assays using NIH 3T3 and 16HBE14o- cells. The tetraesters exhibited transfection activity comparable to the well-studied lipids DOTAP and DC−cholesterol (DC−chol) in both cell lines. The t...
Numerical simulation of transport from an infinite line source: Error analysis

State-of-the-art numerical techniques for solving partial differential equations utilize adaptive grid techniques. In these methods, the mesh is refined based on a posteriori error estimates. However, these techniques have not been used for air pollution simulations since software is available only for certain limiting forms of equations. The aim of this study is to identify parameters that affect the accuracy of numerical solutions of the transport equations involving point sources. Based on these, a grid can be chosen a priori and used for the entire simulation. A two-dimensional finite element model using bilinear elements is presented for the advection-diffusion problem with an infinite line source. This paper is restricted to two spatial directions, with advection dominating in the x-direction and turbulent diffusion dominating in the z-direction. Numerical results for an inert plume emanating from a single infinite line source show that the ratio of the advection time scale to the turbulent diffusion time scale, KzΔxuΔz2, should be equal to or greater than one for the most accurate solutions. In addition, comparisons between the volume-averaged representation of a point source and the use of an irregular grid for point source representation demonstrate that, near the source, improved results can be obtained by placing a node at the source location.
Leadership Reflections: Leadership Development Through Service

Column Editor's Note. Leadership development is typically intertwined with career and positions so it is not uncommon to link the improvement of leadership skills with education, training, and on t...
Quantitative Comparison of Responses of Isolated and of Intact Intestine to Seven Sympathomimetic Amines

ConclusionsThe similarity of the effects of 7 sympathomimetic amines on the isolated rabbit intestine and on the intact dog intestine indicates the physiological similarity of the smooth muscle used and demonstrates the peripheral and direct inhibitory action of these amines on the smooth muscle of the intestinal wall.
Potential Analysis on Carnot Groups, Part II: Relationship between Hausdorff Measures and Capacities

In this paper, we establish the relationship between Hausdorff measures and Bessel capacities on any nilpotent stratified Lie group $$\Bbb G$$ (i. e., Carnot group). In particular, as a special corollary of our much more general results, we have the following theorem (see Theorems A and E in Section 1): Let Q be the homogeneous dimension of $$\Bbb G$$ . Given any set E ⊂ $$\Bbb G$$ , B α,p (E) = 0 implies ℋ Q−αp+ e(E) = 0 for all e > 0. On the other hand, ℋ Q−αp(E) < ∞ implies B α,p (E) = 0. Consequently, given any set E ⊂ $$\Bbb G$$ of Hausdorff dimension Q − d, where 0 < d < Q, B α,p (E) = 0 holds if and only if αp ≤ d. A version of O. Frostman’s theorem concerning Hausdorff measures on any homogeneous space is also established using the dyadic decomposition on such a space (see Theorem 4.4 in Section 4).
MR and CT Monitoring of Recanalization, Reperfusion, and Penumbra Salvage Everything That Recanalizes Does Not Necessarily Reperfuse!

Revascularization therapies for acute stroke patients aim to rescue the ischemic penumbra by restoring the patency of the occluded artery ("recanalization") and the downstream capillary blood flow ("reperfusion"). This article reviews the definition of recanalization and reperfusion used in stroke clinical trials and their limitations and proposes a study design to determine the relative importance of recanalization, reperfusion, and collateral flow in evaluating the efficacy of revascularization therapies for acute ischemic stroke.
Dimuons from gluinos.

We explore the possibility of gluino decay into charmed quarks as a source of dimuons observable at the pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collider. We find it to be negligible compared to bb\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, cc\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} sources for any ${m}_{g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$ as long as ${m}_{c\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$ is comparable to ${m}_{\ifmmode \tilde{u}\else \~{u}\fi{}}$, ${m}_{d\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$, and ${m}_{s\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$. However, if c\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} is much lighter than other scalar quarks, the dimuon signal can become substantial, and for ${m}_{g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}5 GeV, that part of the monojet cross section due to g\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} decay can be greatly reduced.
A Long, Weakly Charged Actin-binding Loop Is Required for Phosphorylation-dependent Regulation of Smooth Muscle Myosin

Chimeric substitution of the weak actin-binding loop (ABL) from chicken skeletal muscle myosin for that of gizzard smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) causes activation of the dephosphorylated mutant (SABL HMM; Rovner, A. S., Freyzon, Y., and Trybus, K. M. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 30260–30263). The present study determined whether this loss of regulation is due to the greater positive charge density (5versus 3 clustered lysine residues) or lesser length (14versus 26 residues) of the mutant ABL. Charge augmentation had little effect on regulation of expressed mutants, but elimination of the 12 N-terminal amino acids from the wild-type ABL significantly increased actin-activated ATPase activity of the dephosphorylated relative to the phosphorylated molecule while conferring the ability to move actin filaments in vitro on the former. Addition of the same 12 residues to the SABL mutant increased the ratio of phosphorylated to dephosphorylated ATPase activity while imparting wild type-like regulation to motility. However, full actin activation of dephosphorylated ATPase activity required both the shorter length and greater positive charge density found in the SABL loop. These results demonstrate that, compared with skeletal, both the greater length and lesser positive charge density of the smooth muscle myosin ABL are required for proper phosphorylation-mediated regulation of the molecule.
Versatile pulse sequence generator for pulse NMR

Abstract A programmable pulse sequence generator for pulse NMR applications is described. With a random access memory of 512 bits and 16 different outputs, this instrument is highly versatile and capable of generating a wide variety of pulse sequences. The timing is entirely digital, using TTL circuitry, and this pulse generator has many features normally obtained only in circuits requiring computer control. The commands for the pulse generator can easily be set manually, and thus it does not require interface with a computer.
Upper bound multigraphs for posets

The study of upper bound graphs of posets can be extended naturally to multigraphs. This paper characterizes such upper bound multigraphs, shows they determine the associated posets up to isomorphism, and extends results of D. Scott to characterize posets having chordal or interval upper bound multigraphs.
Role of Fetal 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Production in Intrauterine Phosphorus and Calcium Homeostasis

ABSTRACT: During intrauterine life, fetal mineral accretion depends on active transfer from mother to fetus by the placenta. To evaluate the role of fetal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in regulation of fetal phosphorus, calcium, and parathyroid homeostasis, studies were performed in ewes and their fetal lambs. Fetal nephrectomy caused a rise in fetal serum phosphorus and a fall in total calcium 5 days after nephrectomy. Fetal blood ionized calcium also fell and serum parathyroid hormone rose. In sham-nephrectomized fetuses, all four measurements were unchanged compared to control values. Simultaneous maternal values of ionized calcium were normal in control and nephrectomized fetuses. Fetal ureteral severance and drainage of urine into the fetal peritoneal cavity produced none of the effects of fetal nephrectomy. Daily intravenous injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D into fetuses after nephrectomy prevented the rise in serum phosphate, and serum calcium did not fall. The results suggest that fetal 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D regulates fetal phosphate homeostasis, perhaps by the placenta, which in turn regulates blood-ionized calcium concentration.
Continuous weak measurement of the macroscopic quantum coherent oscillations of magnetic flux

Abstract The problem of continuous quantum measurement of coherent oscillations in a two-state system is studied for a generic model of the measuring device. The results are applied to measurement of the quantum oscillations of magnetic flux with a dc SQUID. It is shown that for a symmetric detector, the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement, defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the oscillation line in the output spectrum to background noise, is independent of the coupling strength between oscillations and the detector, and is equal to (ℏ/ϵ)2, where ϵ is the detector energy sensitivity. The fundamental quantum limit of 4 imposed by this result on the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement with an “ideal” quantum-limited detector reflects the general tendency of a quantum measurement to localize the system in one of the eigenstates of the measured observable.
Efficacy of a food plant-based oral cholera toxin B subunit vaccine.

Transgenic potatoes were engineered to synthesize a cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) pentamer with affinity for GM1-ganglioside. Both serum and intestinal CTB-specific antibodies were induced in orally immunized mice. Mucosal antibody titers declined gradually after the last immunization but were restored following an oral booster of transgenic potato. The cytopathic effect of cholera holotoxin (CT) on Vero cells was neutralized by serum from mice immunized with transgenic potato tissues. Following intraileal injection with CT, the plant-immunized mice showed up to a 60% reduction in diarrheal fluid accumulation in the small intestine. Protection against CT was based on inhibition of enterotoxin binding to the cell-surface receptor GM1-ganglioside. These results demonstrate the ability of transgenic food plants to generate protective immunity in mice against a bacterial enterotoxin.
Eliminating duplication with the hyper-linking strategy

The efficiency of almost all theorem proving methods suffers from a phenomenon called duplication of instances of clauses. In this paper, we present a novel technique, called the hyper-linking strategy, to eliminate such duplication. This strategy is complete for the full first-order predicate calculus. We show the effectiveness of this strategy by comparing it with other proving methods. We give empirical evidence that both the Davis-Putnam procedure and the hyper-linking strategy are comparable to each other and better than other common theorem proving strategies on propositional calculus problems. The fact that the Davis-Putnam procedure is faster than resolution and other common methods on propositional problems seems not to be appreciated by a large segment of the theorem proving community. Also, we give empirical evidence that the hyper-linking strategy is better than other common theorem proving methods on near-propositional problems like logic puzzles. We attempt to explain the superior behavior of the hyper-linking strategy and the Davis-Putnam procedure by examining the kinds of duplication that can occur during the search with the different methods. In addition, we show the completeness of the hyper-linking strategy combined with several support strategies.
Modal distribution analysis of vibrato in musical signals

Due to the nonstationary nature of vibrator notes, standard Fourier analysis techniques may not sufficiently characterize the partials of notes undergoing vibrato. Our study employs the modal distribution, a bilinear time-frequency representation, to analyze vibrato signals. Instantaneous frequency and amplitude values for each partial are extracted using Hilbert techniques applied to local neighborhoods of the time-frequency surface. We consider vibrato in violin and vocal performance. Our study confirms the presence of both amplitude modulation and frequency modulation in the partials of notes generated by each of these instruments, and provides a fine-grained analysis of these variations. In addition, we show that these instantaneous amplitude and frequency estimates can be incorporated into methods for synthesizing signals that perceptually resemble the original sampled sounds.