cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autophagy is the predominant process induced by arsenite in human lymphoblastoid cell lines

Arsenic is a widespread environmental toxicant with a diverse array of molecular targets and associated diseases, making the identification of the critical mechanisms and pathways of arsenic-induced cytotoxicity a challenge. In a variety of experimental models, over a range of arsenic exposure levels, apoptosis is a commonly identified arsenic-induced cytotoxic pathway. Human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) have been used as a model system in arsenic toxicology for many years, but the exact mechanism of arsenic-induced cytotoxicity in LCL is still unknown. We investigated the cytotoxicity of sodium arsenite in LCL 18564 using a set of complementary markers for cell death pathways. Markers indicative of apoptosis (phosphatidylserine externalization, PARP cleavage, and sensitivity to caspase inhibition) were uniformly negative in arsenite exposed cells. Interestingly, electron microscopy, acidic vesicle fluorescence, and expression of LC3 in LCL 18564 identified autophagy as an arsenite-induced process that was associated with cytotoxicity. Autophagy, a cellular programmed response that is associated with both cellular stress adaptation as well as cell death appears to be the predominant process in LCL cytotoxicity induced by arsenite. It is unclear, however, whether LCL autophagy is an effector mechanism of arsenite cytotoxicity or alternatively a cellular compensatory mechanism. The ability of arsenite to induce autophagy in lymphoblastoid cell lines introduces a potentially novel mechanistic explanation of the well-characterized in vitro and in vivo toxicity of arsenic to lymphoid cells.
Isolation and enrichment of abundant microsatellites from a channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) brain cDNA library.

Efforts to construct a genetic linkage map of channel catfish have involved identification of random genomic microsatellite markers, as well as anchored Type I loci (expressed genes) from channel catfish. To identify Type I markers we constructed a directional cDNA library from brain tissue to obtain expressed catfish sequences that could be used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker development. These cDNA sequences surprisingly contained a high proportion of microsatellites (about 14%) in noncoding regions of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), many of which were not associated with known sequences. To further identify cDNAs with microsatellites and reduce the number of sequencing reactions needed for marker development, we enriched this library for repeat sequences and sequenced clones from both directions. A total of 1644 clones from seven repeat-enriched captures (CA, GT, CT, GA, MTT, TAG, and TAC) were sequenced from both ends, and 795 nonredundant clones were assembled. Thirty-seven percent o...
ESL reading textbooks vs. university textbooks: Are we giving our students the input they may need?

Abstract Developing reading skills in a second language presents learners with many challenges, including lexico-grammatical decoding. An additional challenge is posed by the different registers of written text and the associated lexico-grammatical features with which learners must contend. Questioning the efficacy of using non-academic reading texts in university-based intensive English programs in the United States, the present study is a comparative analysis between the language in texts commonly used in reading skill development classes (e.g., biographies, newspaper or news magazine articles) and the language in texts more commonly encountered in introductory undergraduate university classes, represented by a corpus of lower-division university textbook excerpts. Features compared include Academic Word List (AWL) vocabulary ( Coxhead, 2000 ), nominal modification features, and surface features associated with readability. Findings suggest significant differences in percentage of AWL vocabulary and use of nominal modification, but no significant difference in features traditionally associated with readability. The paper proposes that the sentence internal language in the ESL textbook texts is not representative of language in university textbooks, neither introductory university textbooks in general nor introductory university textbooks by macro discipline, and that further consideration must be given to text selection and inclusion of supplemental texts and activities to account for lexico-grammatical differences.
Immune responses of DBA/2 mice bearing melanoma tumors: Cell-mediated immune responses after challenge with vaccinia virus

Cell-mediated immune responses in DBA/2 mice bearing melanoma tumors (TB-mice) were measured and compared to similar responses in mice without tumors (C-mice). Splenic lymphocytes from TB-mice had a reduced capacity to respond to both B and T-cell mitogens, but TB-mice responded to infection with vaccinia virus by developing a virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell response equal to that measured with splenic effectors prepared from virus-infected C-mice. NK-cell activity, as measured by the in vitro lysis of YAC-1 targets by splenic effectors, was significantly depressed in TB-mice but, after infection of the animals with vaccinia virus, was restored to levels equal to that measured with splenic effectors prepared from C-mice. Doses of vaccinia virus, strain WR which elicited vaccinia-virus-specific cytotoxic T cells or stimulated NK-cell activity, failed to elicit or stimulate cytotoxic effectors specific for S91-melanoma tumor cells.
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography: a review of classical and quantum perspectives

Quantum optical coherence tomography (QOCT) has inherent advantages of high resolution and dispersion cancellation due to the nonclassical nature of entangled two-photon source used in the system. In this review, we discuss the basic operation of a time-domain polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) and a similar PS-QOCT system based on the Jones vector and Jones matrix formalism. We also discuss Stokes and Mueller matrix imaging in the context of PS-OCT systems to construct depth-resolved cross-sectional polarization-sensitive images. Experimental development of PS-QOCT is comparatively recent. It is poised to offer a new tool for polarization-sensitive quantum imaging.
A fluid inclusion study of fluid pressure and salinity variations in the footwall of the rector branch thrust, North Carolina, U.S.A.

Abstract Last melting and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions from plastically deformed bedding-parallel quartz veins in the footwall of the Rector Branch thrust, North Carolina, were studied as a function of distance from the thrust. Fluid inclusions and microstructures in mylonitic rocks within the thrust zone were also examined. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins which display evidence for intracrystalline plasticity (e.g. subgrain polygonization) occur along subgrain boundaries and have higher homogenization temperatures (Tn) and a wider range (120–320°C) compared to less deformed samples. Maximum Th values, which approach the temperature of deformation (300 ± 20°C), apparently reflect leakage of inclusions along subgrain boundaries. Minimum Th values (120–160°C), on the other hand, record near lithostatic conditions (2.6 kb) at 300°C. Maximum last melting temperatures (Tm) increase from −20 to −4°C with decreasing distance to the thrust, corresponding to a decrease in salinity of the fluid from 23 to 3 wt% (NaCl equivalent). The decrease in salinity towards the fault is interpreted as due to infiltration of the fault at depth (to approximately 10 km) by surface derived waters during periods of fault zone dilatancy. Inclusions along healed microcracks in quartz from the fault zone display higher salinity (17–26 wt% NaCl equiv.) and are interpreted to reflect enhanced fluid-rock interaction in the fault zone due to hydration reactions. The fluid pressure and salinity variations are consistent with a combined dilatancy-hydraulic fracturing model for the Rector Branch thrust. Previously documented bulk rock volume losses for this fault zone are inferred to have been produced by the fluxing of the fault zone with undersaturated surface derived fluids.
Process Simulation in Excel for a Quantitative Management Course

A nagging limitation of teaching spreadsheet-based quantitative decision-making courses is the sometimes stilted view of simulation presented, a view that overly emphasizes sampling simulation at the expense of process simulation. Without a viable spreadsheet-based process simulation package, the best efforts aimed at overcoming this emphasis on sampling simulation have provided passing references to special purpose simulation packages focused on process simulation. We introduce and discuss SimQuick as an alternative approach for teaching process simulation within the context of a spreadsheet-based approach to teaching simulation. Although an early tool, and somewhat limited when compared to special purpose simulation packages, SimQuick provides a viable means for teaching the process of simulation modeling and reinforcing the salient features of process modeling as a quantitative technique.
Tolerance to environmental desiccation in moss sperm.

Summary • Sexual reproduction in mosses requires that sperm be released freely into the environment before finding and fertilizing a receptive female. After release from the male plant, moss sperm may experience a range of abiotic stresses; however, few data are available examining stress tolerance of moss sperm and whether there is genetic variation for stress tolerance in this important life stage. • Here, we investigated the effects of environmental desiccation and recovery on the sperm cells of three moss species (Bryum argenteum, Campylopus introflexus, and Ceratodon purpureus). • We found that a fraction of sperm cells were tolerant to environmental desiccation for extended periods (d) and that tolerance did not vary among species. We found that this tolerance occurs irrespective of ambient dehydration conditions, and that the addition of sucrose during dry-down improved cell recovery. Although we observed no interspecific variation, significant variation among individuals within species in sperm cell tolerance to environmental desiccation was observed, suggesting selection could potentially act on this basic reproductive trait. • The observation of desiccation-tolerant sperm in multiple moss species has important implications for understanding bryophyte reproduction, suggesting the presence of a significant, uncharacterized complexity in the ecology of moss mating systems.
Race, ethnicity, and child maltreatment: An empirical analysis

Abstract Using central registry data for Texas for 1975–1977 of validated cases of abuse and of neglect, a study was conducted to investigate empirically the relationship of child maltreatment to ethnicity, addressing methodological issues that merit consideration in such studies. The ethnic composition of the at-risk population was 61% Anglos, 15% Blacks, and 24% Mexican-Americans. The annual rates for all abuse and neglect were 2.87, 3.17, and 3.94 per 1,000 under 18 population for Anglos, Mexican-Americans, and Blacks, respectively. Abuse was more predominant among Anglos, accounting for 33.5% of the validated cases of maltreatment, than among Mexican-Americans and Blacks, accounting for 25.2% and 29.4% of the maltreatment, respectively. Neglect was the major dynamic of maltreatment for Mexican-Americans and Blacks, accounting for 65.6% and 61.2% of the maltreatment, respectively, with Anglos having 55.4% of the maltreatment due to neglect. These relationships were not altered when rural-urban differences were taken into consideration.
Caloric Restriction, Metabolic Rate, and Entropy

Caloric restriction increases life span in many types of animals. This article proposes a mechanism for this effect based on the hypothesis that metabolic stability, the capacity of an organism to maintain steady state values of redox couples, is a prime determinant of longevity. We integrate the stability-longevity hypothesis with a molecular model of metabolic activity (quantum metabolism), and an entropic theory of evolutionary change (directionality theory), to propose a proximate mechanism and an evolutionary rationale for aging. The mechanistic features of the new theory of aging are invoked to predict that caloric restriction extends life span by increasing metabolic stability. The evolutionary model is exploited to predict that the large increases in life span under caloric restriction observed in rats, a species with early sexual maturity, narrow reproductive span and large litter size, and hence low entropy, will not hold for primates. We affirm that in the case of humans, a species with late sexual maturity, broad reproductive span and small litter size, and hence high entropy, the response of life span to caloric restriction will be negligible.
Impact of Specimen Geometry on Dynamic Modulus Measurement Test Setup

A new mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide to better predict the service life of pavement systems is in its final stages of validation. One of the new input parameters recommended for the design is the dynamic modulus of the asphalt concrete mixes. The developers of the design guide have developed a laboratory test setup that can provide this parameter. To verify the accuracy and precision of the proposed test setup, several synthetic specimens with known material properties and different length-to-diameter ratios were procured and tested. Since the new design guide advocates the use of specimens with length-to-diameter ratios of less than two, the utility of using end friction reducing layers between the specimen and the end platens were also evaluated. In the end, the hot mix asphalt concrete specimens were also prepared and tested. Overall, the test setup is precise and can be used for dynamic modulus measurement of asphalt concrete mixes. The results also suggest that the specimen geometry and the end friction reducing layers affect the accuracy and precision of estimated dynamic modulus.
Color of the ocean.

The color of the ocean is calculated from a model that realistically takes into account the various types of scattering and absorption events that occur in both the atmosphere and ocean. Solar photons are followed through the atmosphere and into the ocean by a Monte Carlo technique. The reflection and refraction at the ocean surface are included in the calculation. The upward and downward flux is calculated at several different heights in the atmosphere, at thirteen different wavelengths from 0.4 μm to 0.7 μm. These results are compared with two approximate theories: (1) one-dimensional; (2) single scattering. The first of these theories gives results which are accurate within 10% in most cases and are easy to calculate. The chromaticity coordinates as well as the dominant wavelength and purity of the color are calculated from the Monte Carlo results for the variation of upward flux with wavelength. The ocean color near the horizon is almost entirely determined by the color of the sky reflected by the ocean surface. The upwelling light from the ocean can be observed near the nadir if precautions are taken to exclude as much light as possible reflected from the ocean surface. The color of this upwelling light from the ocean contains much information about the hydrosol, chlorophyll, and yellow substance amounts in the ocean water. The model calculations show how the ocean color changes from a deep blue of high purity for relatively pure water to a greenish blue and then to green of low purity as the cholorphyll and yellow substance amounts increase. Further increases in these substances cause the color to change to yellow green of a higher purity. A large increase in the hydro-sol amount usually causes a marked decrease in the purity of the color.
Determination of Ethoxzolamide in the Iris/Ciliary Body of the Rabbit Eye by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Comparison of Tissue Levels Following Intravenous and Topical Administrations

A specific high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for ethoxzolamide following the extraction of the material from iris/ciliary body eye tissue in rabbits. The steps consist of base extraction and protein and enzyme deactivation, followed by acid treatment, extraction into ethyl acetate, evaporation, and solubilization with a 50% aqueous methanol solution. The samples were chromatographed on a reverse-phase phenyl column with a mobile phase consisting of 50% methanol in 1% acetic acid. The recovery was 74.3% over a 10-fold range of tissue concentrations. The sensitivity was 0.03 μg/mL, and the response was linear over the concentration range (0.03–0.5 μg/mL) used in the study. Intravenous (2.0- and 6.0-mg/kg) and topical (1% suspension) doses of ethoxzolamide were administered to rabbits. Iris/ciliary body tissues were excised 45 min after drug administration. The tissue levels after a dose of 6 mg/kg were statistically greater than the levels obtained after a dose of 2 mg/kg. The smaller intravenous dose represented the lowest dose for which a reduction in intraocular pressure could be measured. An initial transitory drop in intraocular pressure was detected for the topical dose. Iris/ciliary body levels in the treated eye could be detected for the 2-mg/kg iv and topical doses.
Effects of hippocampal x-irradiation-produced granule cell agenesis on instrumental runway performance in rats.

Abstract Rats in which x-irradiation during early postnatal life had interfered with the acquisition of dentate granule cells ran faster than controls during extinction of a runway response acquired under a consistent food reward schedule. A training schedule of randomly rewarded and nonrewarded trials increased running speeds to an equal extent in x-irradiated and control groups during extinction. The second and third experiments showed that unlike a reported total inability of hippocampal lesioned rats to pattern their running responses appropriate to a single alternation schedule of reward and nonreward, x-irradiated rats, while impaired in acquiring response alternation, did pattern and had persistent deficits compared to controls only when the task was made very simple by reducing the number of daily trials to two. The results are discussed in terms of an hypothesized reduction in the aversiveness of nonreward and a consequent reduction in the growth of inhibition in x-irradiated rats.
Least squares finite element analysis of laminar boundary layer flows

Based on the least squares error criterion, a class of finite element is formulated for the numerical analysis of steady state viscous boundary layer flow problems. The method is essentially a discrete element-wise minimization of square and weighted residuals which arise from the attempts in approximately satisfying boundary layer equations. An iterative linearization scheme is developed to circumvent the mathematical difficulties posed by the non-linear boundary layer equations. It results in a process of successive least squares minimizations of residual errors arising from satisfying a set of linear differential equations. A mathematical justification for the method is presented. A major feature of the method lies in the linearization approach which renders non-linear differential equations amenable to linear least squares finite element analysis. Another important feature rests on the proposed finite element formulation which preserves the symmetric nature of finite element matrix equations through the use of the least squares error criterion. Numerical examples of viscous flow along a flat plate are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method as well as to illuminate discussions on the theoretical aspects of the method.
Inhibition of experimental caries by oat hullss

THERE is agreement in previous reports that inhibition of experimental caries is accomplished by adding oat hulls to a cariogenic diet. This effect is demonstrated in two studies using the cotton rat (TAKETA and PHILLIPS, 1957; VOGEL, THOMPSON and PHILLIPS, 1962). Likewise in the cotton rat, rice, pecan, peanut and cottonseed hulls inhibit caries (MADSEN and EDMONDS, 1962, 1963). There is but one report pertinent to the white rat in which oat hulls inhibited caries. In this study the diet contained mainly yellow corn grits and ground yellow corn, ingredients productive of occlusal surface caries (BUTTNER and MULLER, 1959). None of these observations involve smooth surface carious lesions. It appeared of interest to present additional data relative to the white rat using diet 585 which produced mainly occlusal fissure caries, and 374 which induced only smooth surface caries. The results are discussed also in relation to the cariostatic effect of organic phosphates. The essential components of diet 585 were whole milk powder, 30 per cent; corn grits, 42 per cent, and cane sugar, 25 per cent (STEPHAN et al., 1952). Diet 374 contained ground dry bread, 76 per cent, and commercial cerelose, 18 per cent, as essential ingredients (MCCLURE, 1960). Finely ground oat hulls were added as 15 per cent or 8 per cent of the entire diet. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were housed two per screen-bottomed cage, ate and drank distilled water ad Ii&turn, and were on experiment 70-90 days. The essential data are presented in the table. While reduction in caries varied in these four experiments (Table l), there seems little doubt that the oat hulls were responsible for a significant inhibition of caries, indicated particularly by the reduction in caries severity scores. In all four trials the number of carious teeth was also reduced. In one study (exp. 2), the oat hulls reduced the number of carious rats 755 per cent. In the three other studies, this incidence was reduced approximately 20.0 per cent. Thus it appears that oat hulls proved effective in inhibiting the smooth surface type of caries produced by diet 374 and in agreement with previous studies, reduced the occlusal caries produced by diet 585. The oat hulls were finely ground, indicating as has been reported by TAKETA and PHILLIPS (1957) that their physical state was not the factor in their cariostatic
Mechanistic studies of the radical S-adenosylmethionine enzyme DesII with TDP-D-fucose

DesII is a radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme that catalyzes the C4-deamination of TDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose through a C3 radical intermediate. However, if the C4 amino group is replaced with a hydroxy group (to give TDP-quinovose), the hydroxy group at C3 is oxidized to a ketone with no C4-dehydration. It is hypothesized that hyperconjugation between the C4 CN/O bond and the partially filled p orbital at C3 of the radical intermediate modulates the degree to which elimination competes with dehydrogenation. To investigate this hypothesis, the reaction of DesII with the C4-epimer of TDP-quinovose (TDP-fucose) was examined. The reaction primarily results in the formation of TDP-6-deoxygulose and likely regeneration of TDP-fucose. The remainder of the substrate radical partitions roughly equally between C3-dehydrogenation and C4-dehydration. Thus, changing the stereochemistry at C4 permits a more balanced competition between elimination and dehydrogenation.
Using adaptive fuzzy rules for image segmentation

Segmenting magnetic resonance images of the same body region taken at different times is a challenging task. Obtaining reliable data to train a classifier is difficult due the differences among subjects and even differences over time in images acquired from a single subject. Unsupervised clustering can be used to group like tissues into classes. However, clustering does not provide class labels, is time consuming, and may not always provide suitable data partitions. We show how a set of adaptive fuzzy rules can be used to identify many of the voxels from a magnetic resonance image before clustering is done. This allows clustering to be done on a subset of an image with a "good" initialization, which mitigates the time required. The identified voxels can also be used to identify clusters. The fuzzy rule based system followed by a clustering step has been applied to 105, 5 mm thick, magnetic resonance images of the human brain which are taken from 15 different subjects. It is shown that the segmentations produced are approximately 5 times faster than those produced by fuzzy clustering alone and are comparable in the accuracy of the segmentation.
Multiple object juggling: changing what is tracked during extended multiple object tracking.

The multiple object tracking (MOT) task has been a useful tool for studying the deployment of limited-capacity visual resources over time. Since it involves sustained attention to multiple objects, this task is a promising model for real-world visual cognition. However, real-world tasks differ in two critical ways from standard laboratory MOT designs. First, in real-world tracking, it is unusual for the set of tracked items to be identified all at once and to remain unchanged over time. Second, real-world tracking tasks may need to be sustained over a period of minutes, and not mere seconds. How well is MOT performance maintained over extended periods of time? In four experiments, we demonstrate that observers can dynamically “juggle” objects in and out of the tracked set with little apparent cost, and can sustain this performance for up to 10 min at a time. This performance requires implicit or explicit feedback. In the absence of feedback, performance tracking drops steadily over the course of several minutes.
Graphics processing unit based multi-level Non-Uniform Grid algorithm for fast field evaluation

The ability to rapidly evaluate the fields associated with electromagnetic interactions is crucial in many areas of electromagnetics. Often it is required to evaluate the field from N sources at N collocated observers. Direct field evaluation requires a high computational cost of O(N2), which can be reduced to O(N)or O(N log N)by several fast methods including the fast Fourier transform, Fast Multipole, and Non-Uniform Grid (NG) methods. However, even fast methods implemented on a single processor are limited in their performance. As the clock rate of single core systems saturates, parallelization techniques become crucial for advancement of computational methods.
Clinical correlates of the pathology underlying parkinsonism: a population perspective.

We correlated the clinical features with pathological findings in an autopsy series of cases of incident parkinsonism. We used the medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify all incident cases of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, MN, for the years 1976 to 1990. Medical histories were abstracted in a standardized manner. Included in this study were those incident cases who died and underwent autopsy. Brain sections were studied with routine histology and special stainings. A neuropathologist blinded to any clinical information assigned cases to neuropathological categories. We found 364 incident cases of parkinsonism of which 235 were deceased at the time of this study; there were 39 autopsied brains available for analysis (17% of deceased cases). Of the 16 patients diagnosed pathologically with Lewy body disease, documentation indicated that 8 had an early dementia, 3 had prominent dysautonomia, and 2 had prominent ataxia. Of the 7 patients diagnosed pathologically with progressive supranuclear palsy, 4 had no documentation of supranuclear gaze palsy, and 3 had no documentation of early falls. Of the 3 patients diagnosed pathologically with multiple system atrophy, none had prominent ataxia or dysautonomia documented. Of the 5 patients with vascular disease at pathology, none had been given the clinical diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism. Of the 8 cases given the clinical diagnosis of drug-induced parkinsonism, 6 were found to have basal ganglia pathology. The autopsied cases in this study were not representative of all patients with parkinsonism, because atypical cases are more likely to come to autopsy than typical ones. Despite this selection bias, the retrospective data collection, and the small sample size, we made several observations that illustrate the difficulty in achieving an accurate antemortem diagnosis of parkinsonism.
The Stanford FLASH multiprocessor

The FLASH multiprocessor efficiently integrates support for cache-coherent shared memory and high-performance message passing, while minimizing both hardware and software overhead. Each node in FLASH contains a microprocessor, a portion of the machine's global memory, a port to the interconnection network, an I/O interface, and a custom node controller called MAGIC. The MAGIC chip handles all communication both within the node and among nodes, using hardwired data paths for efficient data movement and a programmable processor optimized for executing protocol operations. The use of the protocol processor makes FLASH very flexible --- it can support a variety of different communication mechanisms --- and simplifies the design and implementation.This paper presents the architecture of FLASH and MAGIC, and discusses the base cache-coherence and message-passing protocols. Latency and occupancy numbers, which are derived from our system-level simulator and our Verilog code, are given for several common protocol operations. The paper also describes our software strategy and FLASH's current status.
Parr Production from Adult Hatchery Steelhead Outplanted in Two Tributaries to the Headwaters of the Salmon River, Idaho

Abstract Supplementation is a widespread response to the declining runs of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific Northwest. A common type of supplementation is the intentional release of adult hatchery fish to spawn naturally (outplanting) but this method has seldom been evaluated. Our objective was to quantify the juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) produc tion from the adult outplants during a 14 year period in two streams. Although densities of juvenile steelhead were highly variable, outplanting status (supplemented versus not supplemented) explained a significant proportion of the variance for the age-1 densities but not for the age-2+densities. We used a simulation model to predict smolt production and adult returns given the observed juvenile age-1 densities from each adult cohort we outplanted. In general, predicted smolt production was greater during the mid 1990s and lower after 1999, despite the fact that more females were stocked into the study streams after 1999. Given the SAR rates measur...
Repair of oxidative DNA base damage in the host genome influences the HIV integration site sequence preference.

Host base excision repair (BER) proteins that repair oxidative damage enhance HIV infection. These proteins include the oxidative DNA damage glycosylases 8-oxo-guanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) and mutY homolog (MYH) as well as DNA polymerase beta (Polβ). While deletion of oxidative BER genes leads to decreased HIV infection and integration efficiency, the mechanism remains unknown. One hypothesis is that BER proteins repair the DNA gapped integration intermediate. An alternative hypothesis considers that the most common oxidative DNA base damages occur on guanines. The subtle consensus sequence preference at HIV integration sites includes multiple G:C base pairs surrounding the points of joining. These observations suggest a role for oxidative BER during integration targeting at the nucleotide level. We examined the hypothesis that BER repairs a gapped integration intermediate by measuring HIV infection efficiency in Polβ null cell lines complemented with active site point mutants of Polβ. A DNA synthesis defective mutant, but not a 5′dRP lyase mutant, rescued HIV infection efficiency to wild type levels; this suggeted Polβ DNA synthesis activity is not necessary while 5′dRP lyase activity is required for efficient HIV infection. An alternate hypothesis that BER events in the host genome influence HIV integration site selection was examined by sequencing integration sites in OGG1 and MYH null cells. In the absence of these 8-oxo-guanine specific glycosylases the chromatin elements of HIV integration site selection remain the same as in wild type cells. However, the HIV integration site sequence preference at G:C base pairs is altered at several positions in OGG1 and MYH null cells. Inefficient HIV infection in the absence of oxidative BER proteins does not appear related to repair of the gapped integration intermediate; instead oxidative damage repair may participate in HIV integration site preference at the sequence level.
Significance of ventricular and pseudoventricular arrhythmias appearing after D.C. countershock.

Abstract D.C. countershock is an effective method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias. Seven hundred and thirty-one synchronized electrical discharges were employed for the purpose of abolishing 310 episodes of diverse arrhythmias in 207 patients. There was only one episode of ventricular fibrillation in the present series. It was attributed to improper synchronization. Iatrogenic ventricular tachycardia was observed five times in 2 patients. Rapid idioventricular beats occurred on six occasions. The induced ventricular paroxysms were initially rapid, with the rate declining progressively until its extinction (Munk-Gaskell phenomenon). All iatrogenic arrhythmias were short lived and disappeared spontaneously. They were easily differentiated from aberration of supraventricular impulses. Ventricular arrhythmias related to D.C. countershock can be manifested immediately after the procedure, as well as from a few seconds to hours after electrical conversion to sinus rhythm. The former group may either result as a consequence of improper synchronization or represent a direct effect of countershock on the myocardium. These toxic effects appear to be transient and have posed no threat to the life of the patients in our series or in other similar cases reported in the literature. The relationship between electrical depolarization of the heart and ventricular arrhythmias appearing after the return of sinus rhythm is not clear, although some of these paroxysms seem to have a significant connection with quinidine or digitalis premedication.
Design of analog audio classifiers with AdaBoost-Based feature selection

The design of analog classifiers constitutes a tradeoff between performance and complexity, and designers have historically adopted more complex architectures to lower the error rate of a classification task. An alternative design paradigm is presented in this paper: We design the front-end of a sound classification system with simple “base” classifiers. We then enhance the overall performance with the aid of the AdaBoost algorithm, which selects the most appropriate “base” classifiers and combines them with different weights. We describe the general architecture and the algorithm to select features and present a design example with simulation results in a TSMC-compatible 0.35-µm technology.
A Meta-analysis of the Relationship Between Children’s Physical Activity and Mental Health

The present study was a comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of the literature examining the effects of physical activity on children's mental health outcomes. The final analysis included 73 published and unpublished studies, totaling 246 effect sizes. Various study and participant characteristics were coded to assess moderator effects, including type of physical activity, mental health outcome, gender, cognitive ability, mental status, and implementer of the physical activity, etc. Results demonstrated varying effects depending on the methodology of the examined study [i.e., correlational vs. randomized controlled trial (RCT)/non-RCT] and characteristics of the participants, although overall effects of physical activity on children's mental health were small but significant, indicating that on average physical activity led to improved mental health outcomes for all children.
Retórica y poética en la evolución de los géneros poéticos cuatrocentista

Abstract: El cambio en la relacioon entre poesiia y muusica y en las formas de lectura acaecido a finales de la Edad Media lleva a reconsiderar las distinciones comuunmente aceptadas para geeneros cancioneriles cuatrocentistas tan representativos como los de la cancioon y el decir . La elucidacioon de la naturaleza de estos geeneros debe comprender una apreciacioon comprehensiva de sus oriigenes y caraacter retooricos, asii como dar cuenta cumplida de su evolucioon. Esta evolucioon, junto con la relacioon de las dos denominaciones de geenero se explica a travees de los cambios ocurridos en la teoriia poeetica y retoorica de finales de la Edad Media y su relacioon con el incipiente humanismo.
Feeding the germline

Nucleotides are required in order to replicate DNA in the developing germline. Here, Chi and colleagues (pp. 307-320) have used Caernohabditis elegans to identify a GLP-1-dependent checkpoint that senses food (bacterially)-supplied nucleotide levels, arresting reproductive development in the absence of sufficient nucleotide supplies.
Constitutional Law in 1934–35

In the 1934 term, the Supreme Court came to grips with some of the major constitutional problems of the New Deal and rendered decisions more intimately affecting our national life than any since the Dred Scott case of 1857. The great slavery decision rocked the nation to its foundations by its futile attempt to solve a problem insoluble by any means save war. The important constitutional decisions of the Reconstruction period in their immediate consequences affected mainly the South, and it will be remembered that by a series of side-steppings, some involuntary and some not, the Supreme Court escaped the necessity of passing squarely upon the validity of the basic program of Reconstruction as embodied in the act of 1867. Forty years ago, in its 1894 term, the Court incurred much unpopularity by three decisions of major significance. It invalidated the Income Tax Act passed in fulfillment of Democratic campaign pledges; it emasculated, temporarily at least, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by holding it inapplicable to a most obvious and vicious monopoly—the sugar trust; and it incurred the hostility of organized labor by sustaining the issuance by a federal court of a labor injunction. None of these decisions was, however, nor were all of them together, as far-reaching in significance as those handed down in the last term of Court.
Efficacy of Moxalactam in an Animal Model of Subcutaneous Abscesses: Penetration into Infected Sites and in Vivo Activity Against Bacteroides fragilis

Moxalactam was compared with alternative antimicrobial agents for in vivo activity against Bacteroides fragilis. Mice were challenged with one of 15 strains and evaluated by quantitative bacteriologic analysis of abscess contents after five days of treatment. Optimal results were achieved with clindamycin, moxalactam, and cefoxitin. The mean decrease in bacteria with these three drugs was significantly greater than with chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, carbenicillin, cephalothin, ampicillin, and cefoperazone. The penetration of antimicrobial agents into subcutaneous abscesses was examined. The mean peak level in sterile abscesses of moxalactam was 27% of the mean peak serum level, a result indicating relatively good penetration compared with other p-lactam antimicrobial agents. Stability of moxalactam to the p-lactamase of B. fragilis was demonstrated in vivo by comparing levels of biologically active drug in sterile and infected abscesses and in vitro by comparing levels of antibiotic incubated in sterile exudate and exudate infected with B. fragilis. Moxalactam compares favorably with clindamycin and cefoxitin in activity against B. fragilis. Recent studies have focused attention on the role
Preserving omnidirectionality in optimized asymmetric transformation optics designs

Optimization techniques are efficient methods to simplify the design of transformation optics devices. Asymmetric devices obtained through these methods typically lose omnidirectionality and perform well only when illuminated from a finite set of directions. We present here an optimization approach that results in simplified, omnidirectional designs of fairly large bandwidths. The method leverages a class of coordinate transformations that result in transformation media whose material parameters follow identical isocontours. We show that discretizing these media in a finite number of layers that follow the common isocontours and optimizing the material parameters inside each layer is an effective way to significantly simplify the design complexity while preserving most of the original performance including omnidirectionality.
Pressure-induced symmetry-lowering transition in dense nitrogen to layered polymeric nitrogen (LP-N) with colossal Raman intensity.

We present the discovery of a novel nitrogen phase synthesized using laser-heated diamond anvil cells at pressures between 120--180 GPa well above the stability field of cubic gauche $(cg)\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N}$. This new phase is characterized by its singly bonded, layered polymeric (LP) structure similar to the predicted Pba2 and two colossal Raman bands (at $\ensuremath{\sim}1000$ and $1300\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 150 GPa), arising from two groups of highly polarized nitrogen atoms in the bulk and surface of the layer, respectively. The present result also provides a new constraint for the nitrogen phase diagram, highlighting an unusual symmetry-lowering 3D $cg\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{N}$ to 2D LP-N transition and thereby the enhanced electrostatic contribution to the stabilization of this densely packed LP-N ($\ensuremath{\rho}=4.85\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ at 120 GPa).
Optimal Caloric Intake for Critically Ill Patients: First, Do No Harm

Despite considerable efforts to define energy requirements for critically ill patients, no single method has been found to be precise and unbiased for all patients. As a result, clinicians have used various methods that may overestimate energy requirements for some patients. Provision of target caloric intake without regard to the complications of overfeeding, such as hyperglycemia, hypercapnia, or gastric feeding intolerance, could result in overall detrimental clinical outcome. Inadequate nutrition support is also associated with adverse clinical outcomes that necessitate optimization of delivery and tolerance of the nutrition regimen. A pivotal paper by Krishnan and colleagues published in 2003 brought these issues to the forefront of clinical practice. Key papers that support or refute the practice of "permissive underfeeding" are reviewed. Further research is necessary to determine the minimum amount of nutrition required to achieve a therapeutic benefit as well as to ascertain at what amount of additional nutrition intake offers no further improvement in clinical outcome.
The Criminal Career Concept Past, Present, and Future

Since its introduction in the 1970s, the concept of the “criminal career” has had a substantial impact on the field of criminology. This special issue took a comprehensive look at the idea of criminal careers and the research that has emerged from it. In particular, it started with the origins and intellectual history of the 1986 “Criminal Careers and Career Criminals” report and its objectives and then considered the influence of that work on aspects of criminological theory, research methods and design, data analysis, and policy and practice. This concluding paper offers a brief summation of these essays and the scholarship on which they are based. In doing so, this forward-looking review offers a comment on the past, present, and future of research on criminal careers to underscore its contribution to the discipline, mark any areas where opportunities may have been missed, and present an agenda for the next generation of research.
Electromechanical Properties,Current Situation and Development of Aluminum Alloys for Overhead Conductors

Domestic common overhead conductors and their electromechanical properties are compared.The developments and advantages of all aluminum alloy conductor(AAAC)as well as aluminum conductor alloy reinforced(ACAR)are highlighted.And a comprehensive performance index is proposed for fully evaluating the electromechanical properties of various conductors.Finally,the recent advances in developments of aluminum alloys for conductor with enhanced strength and electric conductivity are reviewed.
An investigation of water quality of drinking fountains at schools in Yuexiu district of Guangzhou city in 2010

Objective To investigate the quality of schools' drinking fountains in 2010 Yuexiu district,Guangzhou.Methods 42 schools were randomly selected for the survey,including 20 secondary schools and 22 primary schools.54 monitoring points were set up and collected sub-pipe tip proximal water,tap water into the machine and direct drinking water.All water samples were analyzed for the turbidity,smell and taste,color,visible matter,pH,volatile phenols,total coliform bacteria,heat-resistant coliform bacteria,oxygen consumption,manganese,lead,chloroform,arsenic,carbon tetrachloride,and nitrite.Results 88 water samples passed the tests for oxygen consumption,nitrite,pH and turbidity.The passing rate was 54.32%.All the water samples passed the rest of the 11 tests.Conclusions The quality of water from the drinking fountains of Yuexiu district schools was good.Most of the water samples failed the tests of oxygen consumption,nitrite,pH,and turbidity.It is necessary to improve the passing rate of the drinking water.
Main Pest and Control Techniques for Japanese Chestnut in Liaoning Province

A survey was conducted to study the symptoms of pest occurred on Japanese chestnut in Liaoning province,including stem blight,curculio davidi,castanea,noituid,Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee,red spider,Malacosoma neustria testacea Motschulsky,Phaleraflavescens BremeretGrey,and other pest.In light of the features of these pest,the author puts forward a series of remedies to cope with these diseases.
Analysis of Lighting Protection with Line Surge Arrester for the Three Gorges-Shanghai ±500 kV Double-circuit DC Transmission Line on the Same Tower

In order to investigate the lightning protection effect of line surge arresters on ±500 kV the Three Gorges-Shanghai double-circuit DC transmission line,the flashover rates of typical towers on the line were calculated.Based on the calculation results,a selective installation model of line surge arresters was recommended.Then the lighting withstand level of the line with surge arresters installed and the lightning discharge energy and discharge current of the surge arresters were also analyzed.The results show that the flashover rates exceed 0.14 times/(100 km·a) in several places,including the positive polar conductor of No.16 G1-39 single-circuit tower,the upper conductor of SGV2AP-45 double-circuit towers from No.1383 to No.2123,and the upper both polar conductors of No.1725 and No.1737 SGV2AP-45 towers,which are recommended to be installed with line surge arresters.After line surge arresters being installed,the lightning withstand levels of the towers mentioned above significantly increase,meanwhile,the their back flashover and shielding failure currents exceed 400 kA and the maximum shielding failure current,respectively,and the line surge arresters can withstand the max energy stresses of 1 200 kJ and the discharge current of 58 kA.Therefore,it is believed that line surge arresters can reliably protect DC transmission lines from lightning flashover.