cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing volume status and fluid responsiveness in the emergency department

Resuscitation with intravenous fluid can restore intravascular volume and improve stroke volume. However, in unstable patients, approximately 50% of fluid boluses fail to improve cardiac output as intended. Increasing evidence suggests that excess fluid may worsen patient outcomes. Clinical examination and vital signs are unreliable predictors of the response to a fluid challenge. We review the importance of fluid management in the critically ill, methods of evaluating volume status, and tools to predict fluid responsiveness.
Expansion and dimension

If ( X , τ) is a topological space, is a family of subsets of X , then the expansion of τ by is the topology τ( ) on X having τ ∪ as a subbase. If ( X , τ) has property , when does ( X , τ( )) have property ? In this paper we answer this question for the property of dimension. We apply our techniques to first countability and related properties.
How to Use This Book

Current Cardiovascular Drugs is a quick and easy reference for the prescriber. The information in it is drawn from a number of sources, chiefly the manufacturers’ data sheets and the international published literature. The recommendations also reflect current prescribing practice among physicians.
Temporal and spatial trends in streamwater nitrate concentrations in the San Bernardino mountains, southern California

The authors report streamwater nitrate (NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}) concentrations for December 1995 to September 1998 from 19 sampling sites across a N deposition gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains. Streamwater NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentrations in Devil Canyon (DC), a high-pollution area, and in previously reported data from the San Gabriel Mountains 40 km northeast of Los Angeles, are the highest values reported in North America for undisturbed forest or shrub land watersheds. Concentrations in the primary stream draining western DC peaked at 350 {micro}mol L{sup {minus}1} in December 1997 and minimum base flow NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentrations were nearly always {ge} 80 {micro}mol L{sup {minus}1}. In the San Gorgonio Wilderness (SGW), average NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentrations in four streams along the southern transect (moderate N deposition), ranged from 10 to 37 {micro}mol L{sup {minus}1}, while average NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentrations were {le} 0.7 {micro}mol L{sup {minus}1} in seven streams along the northern transect (low N deposition). Peak NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentrations in DC and in the SGW occurred after large winter storms, and a large spike in NO{sub 3}{sup {minus}} concentrations in SGW Streams 1 to 5 was observed after thundershower activity in July 1997. Streamwater export of NO{sub 3}-Nmore » from Devil Canyon ranged from 3.6 tl 11.6 kg ha{sup {minus}1} yr{sup {minus}1} during water years 1995 to 1998. This study further indicates that N emissions from fossil fuels and agriculture impact not only air quality, but also water quality from watersheds that are recipients of atmospheric N deposition.« less
Propagation and dissipation of long internal waves

Abstract : The effect of friction on the propagation of long internal waves in a rotating ocean is investigated theoretically for the simple case of a two-layer systeni subjected to a constant eddy viscosity. Waves of inertial period are excluded. Typical distances for a 50% decrease in amplitude are found to be 1,000 to 2,000 km.
Relationship Between Childhood Peer Rejection and Aggression and Adolescent Delinquency Severity and Type Among African American Youth

This prospective, longitudinal study examined peer rejection and aggression in childhood as predictors of the severity and type of delinquency during adolescence. Sociometric surveys were completed at third grade for a predominantly low-socioeconomic status, urban sample of African American boys and girls, and youth reports of delinquency were gathered at Grades 6, 8, and 10. Patterns of association between childhood peer rejection and aggression and delinquency severity varied by gender. For boys, the additive effect of childhood peer rejection and aggression was a strong predictor of more serious delinquency, whereas for girls only aggression predicted more serious delinquency. For boys, the combination of peer rejection and aggression was associated with felony assaults, and aggression was associated with a wide diversity of offenses during adolescence, whereas for girls only peer rejection predicted involvement in minor assault. Results are discussed in terms of the early starter pathway of antisocial...
Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues

Preteens spent five days in a nature camp without access to screens and were compared to controls.Both groups took pre- and post-tests regarding nonverbal emotional cues.The experimental group's recognition of cues improved significantly over the control.Time away from screen media, with increased social interaction, may improve comprehension of nonverbal emotional cues. A field experiment examined whether increasing opportunities for face-to-face interaction while eliminating the use of screen-based media and communication tools improved nonverbal emotion-cue recognition in preteens. Fifty-one preteens spent five days at an overnight nature camp where television, computers and mobile phones were not allowed; this group was compared with school-based matched controls (n=54) that retained usual media practices. Both groups took pre- and post-tests that required participants to infer emotional states from photographs of facial expressions and videotaped scenes with verbal cues removed. Change scores for the two groups were compared using gender, ethnicity, media use, and age as covariates. After five days interacting face-to-face without the use of any screen-based media, preteens' recognition of nonverbal emotion cues improved significantly more than that of the control group for both facial expressions and videotaped scenes. Implications are that the short-term effects of increased opportunities for social interaction, combined with time away from screen-based media and digital communication tools, improves a preteen's understanding of nonverbal emotional cues.
Nutritional characteristics of hydrothermally cooked soymilk

Hydrothermally cooked (HTC) and conventionally processed soymilks were compared with respect to protein efficiency ratio (PER) and zinc bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats fed isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets. When dietary zinc was 50 mg/kg, PER (mean ± SD, n = 12) was greater for HTC (processed for 20 sec)(2.69 ± 0.34) than for conventional soymilk (2.39 ± 0.17). When dietary zinc was 20 mg/kg, PER (n = 10) was less for HTC processed for 40 sec (1.86 ± 0.17) than for conventional soymilk (2.08 ± 0.19). Processing (HTC vs. conventional) did not have a significant effect on zinc bioavailability by the slope ratio bioassay procedure. PER of HTC processed for 20 sec is better than that of reference ^Graduate student and Professor, respectively. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames,
Methods, Meanings and Education Policy in the United States

What is the relationship between national education policy and local educational realities in the United States within the context of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation? NCLB imposed a centralized set of mandates, backed up by punitive accountability requirements, on US schools. In the process, local realities and their historical contexts are dismissed as irrelevant to the overall goal of boosting academic achievement. This chapter notes the parallels between the US situation (the ‘Center’ imposing a one-size-fits-all frame on local realities) and the ongoing debates in the teaching of English internationally regarding the dominance of instructional policies and methodologies imposed by academic and commercial interests in Western English-speaking countries (the ‘Center’) with little regard for the histories and contexts of local non-Western communities and classrooms in the ‘Periphery.’ Contrasting four ethnographic accounts of English language teaching contexts in the United States with the mandates of NCLB, the author suggests that English language learners will be left behind if the definition and implementation of quality education in a given setting are not co-constructed by the communities and educators within the local and historical context of each school and community.
Men’s sexual orientation and suicide: Evidence for U.S. adolescent-specific risk

There is strong consensus in the research literature that adolescent and adult men who report same-sex sexual orientations, identities, and behaviors are at higher risk for suicide. Recent studies of general adolescent suicide risk have identified developmental trajectories that peak during the teenage years. Because the adolescent years are characterized by the development and heightened awareness of gender roles and sexual scripts closely tied to dominant cultural ideals of masculinity and heterosexuality, an adolescent-focused developmental trajectory for suicide risk might be particularly relevant for males with adolescent same-sex sexual orientations. We provide the first prospective examination of adolescent-specific risk for suicidality based on adolescent same-sex sexual orientation using data from the United States, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Tracing suicide ideation and attempts across four assessments from adolescence (Wave 1 average age 15.3 years) to young adulthood (Wave 4 average age 28.2), we documented that the risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts for adolescent same-sex attracted males is developmental in nature. Specifically, the risk for suicidal thoughts and attempts for males with same-sex attractions is largely limited to the adolescent years. These results offer new insights for suicide prevention and intervention for male adolescents and adults with same-sex sexual orientations.
INTEROPERABILITY OPTIONS FOR SHARED-USE VEHICLE SYSTEMS

Different models of shared-use vehicle systems (SUVSs) continue to grow worldwide, in particular in North America. SUVS models include carsharing, station cars, and other system forms. In general, these models coinstitute fleets of vehicles used by several different individuals throughout the day. As these systems continue to expand in number and size, the need for interoperability will increase. Furthermore, interoperability will play an important role with other transportation modalities as well (e.g., transit). There have already been several discussions on interoperability in carsharing; the general idea is to allow a user from one system to use a different system easily when traveling in a different area or on a different mode (in the case of transit). Interoperability will likely result in higher customer convenience and satisfaction and lead to greater market penetration of this and other forms of transit. A number of interoperability issues for SUVSs are examined in detail, taking into account the...
Managerial Ownership and Firm Performance: Incentives or Rewards?

Managerial ownership of equity both aligns shareholder and management interests and places voting power in the hands of corporate decision-makers. The cross-sectional relation between management ownership and firm performance has been interpreted as evidence of these conflicting influences. In this paper, new evidence draws attention to the cumulation of managerial stockholdings and argue for a reversal of causality in the ownership-performance relation: firm performance is a determinant of management ownership. Subsample evidence that documents increased sensitivity of firm performance to managerial ownership in research- intensive firms is also presented. Both systematic bias due to the mismeasurement of performance and the endogeneity of managerial stockholdings can explain this result.
Analysis of the Structure of Surgical Activity for a Suturing and Knot-Tying Task.

Background Surgical tasks are performed in a sequence of steps, and technical skill evaluation includes assessing task flow efficiency. Our objective was to describe differences in task flow for expert and novice surgeons for a basic surgical task. Methods We used a hierarchical semantic vocabulary to decompose and annotate maneuvers and gestures for 135 instances of a surgeon’s knot performed by 18 surgeons. We compared counts of maneuvers and gestures, and analyzed task flow by skill level. Results Experts used fewer gestures to perform the task (26.29; 95% CI = 25.21 to 27.38 for experts vs. 31.30; 95% CI = 29.05 to 33.55 for novices) and made fewer errors in gestures than novices (1.00; 95% CI = 0.61 to 1.39 vs. 2.84; 95% CI = 2.3 to 3.37). Transitions among maneuvers, and among gestures within each maneuver for expert trials were more predictable than novice trials. Conclusions Activity segments and state flow transitions within a basic surgical task differ by surgical skill level, and can be used to provide targeted feedback to surgical trainees.
Microstructural observations of pressure cast Ni3Al/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 composites

Pressure castings of Ni3Al(IC218)/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 composites, made with continuous DuPont FP α-Al2O3 and DuPont PRD166 α-Al2O3+20 wt pct partially stabilized ZrO2 20 μm diameter fibers, were examined by optical, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. According to optical magnifications, excellent infiltration took place. However, in SEM and TEM magnifications, small gaps were found adjacent to regions where bonding had taken place between fibers. On the basis of available evidence, the gap formation was attributed to trapped gases and microshrinkage. Titanium was added to the metal to promote infiltration. Diffusion of Ti into the fibers of the Ni/Al2O3 composites occurred, but similar diffusion into the fibers of the IC218/Al2O3 composites did not take place. The qualitatively higher bond strength of the interfaces of the Ni/Al2O3 composites was ascribed to the diffusion of Ti into Al2O3. No interface reaction layer was found in any of the composites. Very little grain growth was found to take place in either the FP or PRD 166 fibers after casting and after a subsequent ten day anneal at 1150 °C.
Hardware accelerator for analytics of sparse data

Rapid growth of Internet led to web applications that produce large unstructured sparse datasets (e.g., texts, ratings). Machine learning (ML) algorithms are the basis for many important analytics workloads that extract knowledge from these datasets. This paper characterizes such workloads on a high-end server for real-world datasets and shows that a set of sparse matrix operations dominates runtime. Further, they run inefficiently due to low compute-per-byte and challenging thread scaling behavior. As such, we propose a hardware accelerator to perform these operations with extreme efficiency. Simulations and RTL synthesis to 14nm ASIC demonstrate significant performance and performance/Watt improvements over conventional processors, with only a small area overhead.
Multiple regression analysis of factors influencing the costs of treatment for AIDS

Objective To analyze the major factors influencing the costs of treatment for AIDS. Methods A total of 110cases in a hospital for their initial antiviral therapy were recruited from June 2010to December 2011in Lanzhou city of China.Chi-square test was used to determine the association between clinical complications and the baseline CD4counts.Single factor and multiple regression analysis were done to analyze the influencing factors of the costs of treatment. Results Of all 110cases,100had complete data for further analysis.Chi-square test showed that CD4baseline was closely related to the clinical complications and the number of clinical complications(P0.01).Univariate analysis also showed that CD4baseline and the number of complications could significantly affect the costs of treatment for AIDS(P0.05)while gender,age,nationality,level of education,and viral load baseline could not(P0.05).Multiple regression analysis showed that linear regression equation:^Y(cost of treatment)=2 003.779+2 870.311 X(number of clinical complications),F=33.170(P0.01),R2=0.349,R=0.590.The number of clinical complications could significantly affect the costs of treatment for AIDS(P0.001). Conclusions Low CD4baseline easily leads to the occurrence of clinical complications for AIDS patients.The number of complications is the most important factor contributing to the high costs of treatment for AIDS.The costs of treatment for AIDS could be greatly reduced by preventing and control of clinical complications.
Genomewide association analysis of sow lactation performance traits in lines of Yorkshire pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake during grow-finish phase

Lactation is an economically and biologically important phase in the life cycle of sows. Short generation intervals in nucleus herds and low heritability of traits associated with lactation along with challenges associated with collecting accurate lactation performance phenotypes emphasize the importance of using genomic tools to examine the underlying genetics of these traits. We report the first genomewide association study (GWAS) on traits associated with lactation and efficiency in 2 lines of Yorkshire pigs that were divergently selected for residual feed intake during grow-finish phase. A total of 862 farrowing records from 2 parities were analyzed using a Bayesian whole genome variable selection model (Bayes B) to locate 1-Mb regions that were most strongly associated with each trait. The GWAS was conducted separately for parity 1 and 2 records. Marker-based heritabilities ranged from 0.03 to 0.39 for parity 1 traits and from 0.06 to 0.40 for parity 2 traits. For all traits studied, around 90% of genetic variance came from a large number of genomic regions with small effects, whereas genomic regions with large effects were found to be different for the same trait measured in parity 1 and 2. The highest percentage of genetic variance explained by a 1-Mb window for each trait ranged from 0.4% for feed intake during lactation to 4.2% for back fat measured at farrowing in parity 1 sows and from 0.2% for lactation feed intake to 5.4% for protein mass loss during lactation in parity 2 sows. A total of thirteen 1-Mb nonoverlapping windows were found to explain more than 1.5% of genetic variance for either a single trait or across multiple traits. These 1-Mb windows were on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, and 18. The major positional candidate genes within 1 Mb upstream and downstream of these windows were , (SSC2), (SSC6) (SSC7), (SSC8), (SSC11), (SSC14), (SSC17). Further validation studies on larger populations are required to validate these findings and to improve our understanding of the biology and complex genetic architecture of traits associated with sow lactation performance.
Should Legal Rules Be Used to Redistribute Income

The University of Chicago Law School has been central to the development of law and economics over the past half century. Central to law and economics is the norm by which one should judge the consequences of legal rules. The overwhelming majority of law and economics scholarship looks solely to efficiency to evaluate legal rules. The question I address in this Essay is whether or why this is appropriate. More specifically, in thinking about legal rules, we must ask whether they should be designed to redistribute or whether they should merely be efficient. For example, we might want to know whether to have pro-tenant landlord/tenant rules on the theory that tenants are systematically poorer than landlords. Should we have proconsumer warranty rules on the theory that consumers are systematically poorer than producers? And should we have pro-plaintiff nuisance rules? A common thought might be that legal rules that redistribute income are a good idea because they help the poor and disadvantaged. Laws of this sort can be viewed as a means of doing social justice. Law is not some sterile instrument that comes out of a vacuum. Instead, law is a means of improving our society. A common counterclaim in law and economics is that legal rules should not be used to redistribute to the poor. Instead, legal rules should be efficient. While we see the efficiency claim often, it is not always clear on what it is based. Do law and economics scholars simply not like the idea of redistribution? Are they uninterested in social justice? I argue that legal rules should not be designed to redistribute to the poor-but this is not out of a lack of concern for distribution or equality. My argument is that there is a better method of addressing these concerns. In particular, the tax system is a better tool for redistribution of income than legal rules. We should, therefore, use the tax system rather than legal rules to address income inequality, and, correspondingly, legal rules should not systematically favor the poor. With-
The Origins of Economic Wealth

The purpose of the following chapter is to trace the historical origins of our present-day concept of wealth, by examining how human perceptions of wealth have evolved over previous eras. These changing perceptions are important to understanding our present predicament — which is to “undervalue” the contribution of nature to our economies. This misalignment between our exploitation of nature and the creation of wealth is fundamental to the structural imbalance in modern economies. In subsequent chapters, we explore the causes and consequences of this imbalance.
Numerical investigation on hybrid-linked jet impingement heat transfer based on the response surface methodology

ABSTRACTThe present paper considers hybrid-linked jet impingement cooling channels that involve both parallel-linked jets and series-linked jets. Systematic analysis was conducted with the aid of computational fluid dynamics and response surface methodology. Of particular interest is the impact of topology on heat transfer and pressure drop, which is considerably new to studies on jet impingement. The results obtained indicate that the topology number developed in this study works well with the response surface methodology. Among the tested topologies, series-linked jet impingement has significantly higher heat transfer and pressure drop than traditional parallel-linked jet impingement.
NUSAP1 promotes invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer.

// Catherine A. Gordon 1 , Xue Gong 1, 2 , Durga Ganesh 1 , James D. Brooks 1, 3 1 Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 3 Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA Correspondence to: James D. Brooks, email: jdbrooks@stanford.edu Keywords: NUSAP1, invasion, migration, metastasis, prostate cancer Received: September 18, 2016 Accepted: January 25, 2017 Published: February 22, 2017 ABSTRACT We have previously identified nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1 ( NUSAP1 ) as a prognostic biomarker in early stage prostate cancer. To better understand the role of NUSAP1 in prostate cancer progression, we tested the effects of increased and decreased NUSAP1 expression in cell lines, in vivo models, and patient samples. NUSAP1 promotes invasion, migration, and metastasis, possibly by modulating family with sequence similarity 101 member B ( FAM101B ), a transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) signaling effector involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Our findings provide insights into the importance of NUSAP1 in prostate cancer progression and provide a rationale for further study of NUSAP1 function, regulation, and clinical utility.
Viewing Modus and Media Franchise Engagement

We investigate the relationship between viewing modus (low and high intensity viewing) and consumers' engagement with media franchises in two areas: personal and interactive engagement. The former involves consumers' adoption and consumption of franchise extensions and the latter concerns consumers' content generation related to a focal media product they watched. Our novel data come from an online anime (Japanese cartoons) platform containing individual-level information on consumers' anime watching behavior and their user-generated content. We find that the effects of high intensity viewing on personal engagement critically depend on the availability of a franchise extension at the time of watching the focal media product and the type of franchise extension (sequels versus other types of extensions). For interactive engagement, our results show that high intensity viewing is associated with lower submission rates but higher valence of anime ratings, the most prevalent form of UGC on the platform. Furthermore, we explore five common sources of heterogeneity: age, gender, geography, usage, and experience. We discuss managerial implications for TV networks and online streaming services regarding the timing of content release.
Mechanistic Studies on Selective Trimerization of Linear α-Olefins over a Supported Titanium Catalyst

The supported titanium catalyst s(FI)Ti, generated by adding (FI)TiCl3 to MAO-treated SiO2 (FI = (N-(5-methyl-3-(1-adamantyl)salicylidene)-2′-(2″-methoxyphenyl)anilinato), effects the selective trimerization of the linear α-olefins (LAOs) propene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, and 1-decene, with >95% selectivity for trimers and ∼85% selectivity to a single isomer thereof (2,3,5-trialkyl-1-hexene). Mechanistic interpretations are offered for the high regioselectivity as well as for some unusual kinetics behavior, including third-order dependence on LAO concentration and nearly identical initial rates at 0 and 25 °C.
Simplex Range Searching and Its Variants: A Review

A central problem in computational geometry, range searching arises in many applications, and numerous geometric problems can be formulated in terms of range searching. A typical range-searching problem has the following form. Let S be a set of n points in \(\mathbb{R}^{d}\), and let \(\mathbb{R}\) be a family of subsets of \(\mathbb{R}^{d}\); elements of \(\mathbb{R}\) are called ranges. Preprocess S into a data structure so that for a query range \(\gamma \in \mathbb{R}\), the points in S ∩γ can be reported or counted efficiently. Notwithstanding extensive work on range searching over the last four decades, it remains an active research area. A series of papers by Jirka Matousek and others in the late 1980s and the early 1990s had a profound impact not only on range searching but also on computational geometry as a whole. This chapter reviews the known results and techniques, including recent developments, for simplex range searching and its variants.
Protecting Property: The Politics of Redistribution, Expropriation, and Market Openness

This paper develops a formal model to disentangle the competing political incentives for redistribution, expropriation, and market openness. Although redistribution and expropriation are both types of government extraction, redistribution reâ€ allocates wealth within the citizenry, while expropriation reâ€ allocates wealth from citizens to the government. Representative political institutions increase redistribution and reduce expropriation. Market openness changes these incentives, as foreign investors prefer reductions in both redistribution and expropriation. When political institutions are representative, the government will rely more on reducing expropriation, rather than limiting redistribution, to attract foreign investment. Under representative institutions then, openness partially reinforces the preferences of voters rather than undermining them. In addition, market liberalization occurs only when the policy changes needed to attract foreign investment are relatively small. If existing policies are satisfactory to foreign investors, moves toward openness may be accompanied by greater redistribution and expropriation, as governments are tempted by a larger base for extraction. Thus, openness has ambiguous effects on economic policy, at times encouraging and at times constraining extraction.
Solar Particle Dose Rate Buildup and Distribution in Critical Body Organs

Human body organs have varying degrees of radiosensitivity as evidenced by radioepidemiologic tables. The major critical organs for both the male and female that have been identified include the lung, thyroid, stomach, and breast (female). Using computerized anatomical models of the 50th percentile United States Air Force male and female, we present the self-shielding effects of these various body organs and how the shielding effects change as the location (dose point) in the body varies. Several major solar proton events from previous solar cycles and several events from the current 22nd solar cycle have been analyzed. The solar particle event rise time, peak intensity, and decay time vary considerably from event to event. Absorbed dose and dose equivalent rate calculations and organ risk assessment data are presented for each critical body organ. These data are compared with the current NASA astronaut dose limits as recommended by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.
Impact of the Atlantic Meridional Mode on Gulf Stream North Wall Position

AbstractThe path of the Gulf Stream as it leaves the continental shelf near Cape Hatteras is marked by a sharp gradient in ocean temperature known as the North Wall. Previous work in the literature...
Mechanochemically Driven Transformations in Organotin Chemistry: Stereochemical Rearrangement, Redox Behavior, and Dispersion-Stabilized Complexes

Ball milling a mixture of the bulky allyl K[A'] {[A'] = [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]-} and SnCl2 in a 2:1 ratio for 5 min leads to the tris(allyl) stannate [SnA'3K]∞, which forms a coordination polymer in the solid state. Longer grinding of the 2:1 mixture (15 min), or the use of a 3:1 ratio of reagents, initiates a disproportionation reaction and the chiral tetra(allyl)tin species [SnA'4] is produced. A small amount of a diastereomeric [SnA'4] complex with meso symmetry can also be isolated with extended grinding. These products have been structurally authenticated with single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The tetra(allyl) species [SnA'4] are sterically crowded and decompose relatively quickly (<1 h) in hydrocarbon solvents. In the solid state, they are much more persistent (several months) and evidently owe their stability to internal London dispersion interactions, as evidenced by multiple close H···H' interligand contacts. Dispersion-corrected DFT calculations have been used to confirm the critical contribution of dispersion interactions to their stability. None of these products are available in their isolated forms from solution-based reactions, demonstrating the ability of mechanochemical activation to access otherwise unobtainable transformations in organotin chemistry.
Viscoelastic characterization of pH-sensitive 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate HEMA-DMAEMA hydrogels

Abstract The pH sensitive 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2 - dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, (HEMA-DMAEMA) stimuli-responsive hydrogel is used in microfluidic devices as sensors and actuators. This hydrogel responds to an acidic external environment with a subsequent volume change. This actuation requires the hydrogel to be in an acidic environment to remain in its swollen state. This study characterizes this hydrogel in terms of material functions such as the storage and loss modulus, and the loss tangent tan δ in acidic and basic external environments. For the acidic environment (3.0 pH) the storage modulus was 41 ± 9.1 kPa, the loss modulus was 2.7 ± 0.62 kPa and tan δ was 0.069 ± 0.017 at 1 Hz and 1% strain and showed minimal frequency dependence from 0.1 Hz to 100 Hz. In the basic environment (11.0 pH) the storage modulus was 12 ± 1.6 kPa, the loss modulus was 5.0 ± 0.55 kPa and tan δ was 0.42 ± 0.023 at 1 Hz and 1% strain and displayed more pronounced frequency dependence between 0.1 Hz and 100 Hz.
Urban Congolese Refugees’ Social Capital and Community Resilience During a Period of Political Violence in Kenya: A Qualitative Study

AbstractCommunity resilience has been used as a conceptual framework to promote urban refugee protection, integration, and well-being. In the context of this focus on “refugee communities,” it is c...
Clostridium Difficile Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients.

Background The rising incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in the general population has been recognized by health care organizations worldwide. The emergence of hypervirulent strains has made CDI more challenging to understand and treat. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at higher risk of infection, including CDI. Objective A diagnostic approach for recurrent CDI has yet to be validated, particularly for IBD patients. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for toxins A and B, as well as glutamate dehydrogenase EIA, are both rapid testing options for the identification of CDI. Without a high index of suspicion, it is challenging to initially differentiate CDI from an IBD flare based on clinical evaluation alone. Methods Here, we provide an up-to-date review on CDI in IBD patients. When caring for an IBD patient with suspected CDI, it is appropriate to empirically treat the presumed infection while awaiting further test results. Results Treatment with vancomycin or fidaxomicin, but not oral metronidazole, has been advocated by an expert review from the clinical practice update committee of the American Gastroenterology Association. Recurrent CDI is more common in IBD patients compared to non-IBD patients (32% versus 24%), thus more aggressive treatment is recommended for IBD patients along with early consideration of fecal microbiota transplant. Conclusion Although the use of infliximab during CDI has been debated, clinical experience exists supporting its use in an IBD flare, even with active CDI when needed.
Weight Gain After ACL Reconstruction in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients.

Background:Adolescent athletes who sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear have significantly reduced activity levels during recovery. Activity level is linked to body mass index (BMI); ho...
Subsequent Consent and Blameworthiness.

Informed consent is normally understood as something that a patient gives prior to a medical intervention that can render it morally permissible. Whether or not it must be given prior to the intervention is debated. Some have argued that subsequent consent—that is, consent given after a medical intervention—can also render an otherwise impermissible act permissible. If so, then a patient may give her consent to an intervention that has already been performed and thereby justify a physician’s (paternalistic) act retroactively. The purpose of this paper is to argue that even if subsequent consent can render an otherwise impermissible act permissible, doctors are still blameworthy if they rely on it when prior consent could be given, because they would be banking on the justification of their interventions. Since doctors can only guess if patients will consent after the fact, they would be placing their patients at unreasonable risk of being disrespected as persons.
Nonlinear Problems of Combined Conductive-Radiative Heat Transfer

Publisher Summary The detailed nature of the coupling and of the resulting nonlinearity depends upon the specific physical problem under consideration. This chapter discusses a range of problems that arises in connection with the analysis of conducting and radiating finned surfaces, which are nonlinear in the fin temperature distribution, to illustrate various types of nonlinear interaction. The governing equations may be either differential or integro-differential depending upon the details of the radiant interchange process. Within the framework of the thin-fin assumption, the non-linearity enters directly into the energy-conservation equation, the boundary conditions being maintained linear. If, on the other hand, the thin-fin assumption are not used, then energy conservation would involve only heat conduction contributions and would be linear (La-place's equation) for constant thermal conductivity. The nonlinearity would then enter the problem through the boundary conditions, the latter representing a balance between the heat conducted to the surface of the fin and the net radiation at the surface.
Symptoms of depression and active smoking among survivors of stroke and myocardial infarction: An NHANES analysis.

Abstract Historic concerns about the cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric side effects of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy have in part limited their use. We sought to evaluate whether depressive symptoms are associated with active smoking among survivors of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). To do this, we performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2016). We included participants ≥20 years old with prior stroke or MI and any history of smoking. Symptoms of depression, at survey participation, were ascertained using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Active smoking was defined using self-report and, secondarily, with cotinine measures. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between depression and active smoking after adjusting for demographics, smoking-related medical conditions, and health-related behaviors. We found that, among stroke and MI survivors with any history of smoking, 37.9% (95% CI, 34.5–41.3%) reported active smoking and 43.8% (95% CI, 40.3–47.3%) had biochemical evidence of smoking. Rates of active smoking were similar for stroke and MI survivors. Twenty-one percent screened positive for depression. In adjusted models, depression was associated with active smoking in the combined group of stroke and MI survivors (odds ratio, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.24–4.20) and in stroke survivors (odds ratio, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.20–7.38). Tests of heterogeneity by event type did not reveal an interaction. Findings were similar when using cotinine measures. We conclude that symptoms of depression were associated with active smoking among stroke and MI survivors. Stroke and MI survivors with symptoms of depression may require targeted smoking-cessation interventions.
Hasidism: An EEJA Forum

The last several years have witnessed a flourishing of scholarship on Hasidism. As many readers of East European Jewish Affairs are already aware, one title in particular, Hasidism: A New History, ...
Vegetable response to sulfentrazone soil residues at four planting intervals

Sulfentrazone was recently granted food-use tolerance approval for use on Brassica head and stem, as well as Brassica leafy vegetables. To date, one sulfentrazone registrant has listed those crops on its use label. In coastal California multiple crops per year including Brassica vegetables are grown in rapid succession; therefore, to avoid injury to rotational crops, herbicides used in those fields must be carefully selected. Given concerns about the relatively long soil persistence of sulfentrazone, studies were conducted to measure the response of direct-seeded carrot, lettuce, onion, spinach, and seeded tomato planted 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo after sulfentrazone application at 0, 112, 224, and 336 g ai ha–1. Eight plant-back studies were conducted during 2010–11 and 2012–13. Data collected were injury estimates, and stand and dry weights. Results indicate that it is safe to plant carrot and tomato 3 mo after sulfentrazone application at rates up to 336 g ai ha–1. Lettuce and green onion should not be planted within 9 mo of sulfentrazone application. Spinach should not be planted within 12 mo of sulfentrazone application.Nomenclature: Sulfentrazone; carrot; Daucus carota subsp. Sativus (Hoffm.) Schubl. & G. Martens; lettuce; Lactuca sativa L.; onion; Allium cepa L.; spinach; Spinacia oleracea L.; tomato; Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten L. esculentum (L.) Mill.
EM-GAN: Data-Driven Fast Stress Analysis for Multi-Segment Interconnects

Electromigration (EM) analysis for complicated interconnects requires the solving of partial differential equations, which is expensive. In this paper, we propose a fast transient hydrostatic stress analysis for EM failure assessment for multisegment interconnects using generative adversarial networks (GANs). Our work is inspired by the image synthesis and feature of generative deep neural networks. The stress evaluation of multi-segment interconnects, modeled by partial differential equations, can be viewed as time-varying 2D-images-to-image problem where the input is the multi-segment interconnects topology with current densities and the output is the EM stress distribution in those wire segments at the given aging time. We show that the conditional GAN can be exploited to attend the temporal dynamics for modeling the time-varying dynamic systems like stress evolution over time. The resulting algorithm, called EM-GAN, can quickly give accurate stress distribution of a general multi-segment wire tree for a given aging time, which is important for full-chip fast EM failure assessment. Our experimental results show that the EM-GAN shows 6.6% averaged error compared to COMSOL simulation results with orders of magnitude speedup. It also delivers 8.3× speedup over state-of-the-art analytic based EM analysis solver.
Interfacial delamination and delamination mechanism maps for 3D printed flexible electrical interconnects

Abstract Flexible electronic systems integrate heterogeneous materials such as ceramics, metals, and elastomers, which results in interfaces prone to delamination under stress. In this research, we show that delamination can be initiated in a polyimide-based flexible interconnect system directly printed on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate where the metallic interconnect acts as the crack initiation site. This problem is experimentally and analytically evaluated to identify the controlling parameters and propose pathways to prevent delamination. The driving force for delamination is shown to be the vapor pressure of the absorbed moisture in the polymer. Based on the dimensions of the cracks in our system (20–60 μ m) and the thickness of the delaminated polymer films (2–6 μ m), nonlinear von-Karman plate theory is utilized to capture both membrane stretching and thin plate bending behavior in the polymer films. The model yields ‘delamination mechanism maps’ that relate the energy release rate to the geometric dimensions of the flexible interconnects/circuits. For thin polymer films, a ‘vapor starved’ regime is shown where insufficient moisture reduces the driving force for delamination. For thicker films, a higher resistance to fracture is observed due to an increased rigidity of the polymer layer which behaves as a ‘plate’ rather than a ‘membrane’. Under these conditions, however, the higher retained moisture in the thicker films sustains the driving force for fracture capable of reaching the critical energy release rate. The mechanism maps also reveal the width of the metallic conductor (i.e., the initial crack size) as an important factor controlling fracture. For example, it is shown that the energy release rate for fracture is reduced from 20.5 to 4.6 J/m2 when the conductor width is reduced from 50 μ m to 30 μ m for a polymer film thickness of 6 μ m. These predictions are shown to be in reasonable agreement with our experimental observations. A finite element model is also developed and used to further validate the analytical model. The work presented in this paper provides highly important and practical design guidelines for improved reliability of flexible electronic systems.
Dual motor cortex and spinal cord neuromodulation improves rehabilitation efficacy and restores skilled locomotor function in a rat cervical contusion injury model

Abstract Motor recovery after spinal cord injury is limited due to sparse descending pathway axons caudal to the injury. Rehabilitation is the primary treatment for paralysis in humans with SCI, but only produces modest functional recovery. Here, we determined if dual epidural motor cortex (M1) intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) and cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct stimulation (tsDCS) enhances the efficacy of rehabilitation in improving motor function after cervical SCI. iTBS produces CST axon sprouting and tsDCS enhances M1-evoked spinal activity and muscle contractions after SCI. Rats were trained to perform the horizontal ladder task. Animals received a moderate midline C4 contusion, producing bilateral forelimb impairments. After 2 weeks, animals either received 10 days of iTBS+tsDCS or no stimulation; subsequently, all animals received 6 weeks of daily rehabilitation on the horizontal ladder task. Lesion size was not different in the two animal groups. Rehabilitation alone improved performance by a 22% reduction in skilled locomotion error rate, whereas stimulation+rehabilitation was markedly more effective (52%), and restored error rate to pre-injury levels. Stimulation+rehabilitation significantly increased CST axon length caudal to the injury and the amount of ventral horn label was positively correlated with functional improvement. The stimulation+rehabilitation group had significantly less proprioceptive afferent terminal labelling in the intermediate zone and fewer synapses on motoneurons . Afferent fiber terminal labeling was negatively correlated with motor recovery. Thus, the dual neuromodulation protocol promotes adaptive plasticity in corticospinal and proprioceptive afferents networks after contusion SCI, leading to enhanced rehabilitation efficacy and recovery of skilled locomotion.
Evaluating the Association Between Artificial Sweetener Intake and Indicators of Stress and Anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption and stress and anxiety, among a sample of college students. Two-hundred and twenty-seven students from a large mid-western university participated in this cross-sectional study. Students completed an online survey that evaluated NNS using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Stress and anxiety were evaluated using previously validated instruments. Most students reported very low/low/average concern for stress (63.9%), and had low/moderate anxiety (82.3%). Participants experiencing high and very high levels of stress had significantly higher NNS consumption compared to those with a very low and low risk, and concern for stress (p < .046; d = 0.28). There was no difference however for NNS intake and anxiety. Reduction of artificial sweetener intake may be associated with stress levels among college students. However, more research is needed to examine any causal relationship between artificial sweetener intake and stress.
On the uniqueness of convex-ranged probabilities

We provide an alternative proof of a theorem of Marinacci [2] regarding the equality of two convex-ranged measures. Specifically, we show that, if P and Q are two nonatomic, countably additive probabilities on a measurable space (S,Σ), the condition [∃A∗ ∈ Σ with 0 P (B) =⇒ Q(A) ≥ Q(B)]. Moreover, either one is equivalent to P = Q. JEL Classification Number: D81 In [2], Marinacci proved the following theorem. Theorem (Marinacci [2]) Let P and Q be two finitely additive probabilities on a λ-system Σ. Suppose that P is convex-ranged and thatQ is countably additive. If ∃A∗ ∈ Σ with 0 P (B) =⇒ Q(A) ≥ Q(B). Proposition 1 below shows that this latter is equivalent to P = Q, and Proposition 2 proves the equivalence to Marinacci’s condition. Our condition is probably easier to check in applications. It is in this form, for instance, that the result about the equality of convex-ranged ∗Department of Economics, Columbia University, 1019 IAB, 420 W 118th street, NY, NY 10027. Email: ma734@columbia.edu.