cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgenic quail as a model for research in the avian nervous system: A comparative study of the auditory brainstem

Research performed on transgenic animals has led to numerous advances in biological research. However, using traditional retroviral methods to generate transgenic avian research models has proved problematic. As a result, experiments aimed at genetic manipulations on birds have remained difficult for this popular research tool. Recently, lentiviral methods have allowed the production of transgenic birds, including a transgenic Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) line showing neuronal specificity and stable expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) across generations (termed here GFP quail). To test whether the GFP quail may serve as a viable alternative to the popular chicken model system, with the additional benefit of genetic manipulation, we compared the development, organization, structure, and function of a specific neuronal circuit in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) with that of the GFP quail. This study focuses on a well-defined avian brain region, the principal nuclei of the sound localization circuit in the auditory brainstem, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), and nucleus laminaris (NL). Our results demonstrate that structural and functional properties of NM and NL neurons in the GFP quail, as well as their dynamic properties in response to changes in the environment, are nearly identical to those in chickens. These similarities demonstrate that the GFP quail, as well as other transgenic quail lines, can serve as an attractive avian model system, with the advantage of being able to build on the wealth of information already available from the chicken.
Multimode process monitoring with Bayesian inference‐based finite Gaussian mixture models

For complex industrial processes with multiple operating conditions, the traditional multivariate process monitoring techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are ill-suited because the fundamental assumption that the operating data follow a unimodal Gaussian distribution usually becomes invalid. In this article, a novel multimode process monitoring approach based on finite Gaussian mixture model (FGMM) and Bayesian inference strategy is proposed. First, the process data are assumed to be from a number of different clusters, each of which corresponds to an operating mode and can be characterized by a Gaussian component. In the absence of a priori process knowledge, the Figueiredo–Jain (F–J) algorithm is then adopted to automatically optimize the number of Gaussian components and estimate their statistical distribution parameters. With the obtained FGMM, a Bayesian inference strategy is further utilized to compute the posterior probabilities of each monitored sample belonging to the multiple components and derive an integrated global probabilistic index for fault detection of multimode processes. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed monitoring approach are illustrated through three examples: (1) a simple multivariate linear system, (2) a simulated continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) process, and (3) the Tennessee Eastman challenge problem. The comparison of monitoring results demonstrates that the proposed approach is superior to the conventional PCA method and can achieve accurate and early detection of various types of faults in multimode processes. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Knowledge and modality

Kripke claims that there are necessary a posteriori truths and contingent a priori truths. These claims challenge the traditional Kantian view that (K) All knowledge of necessary truths is a priori and all a priori knowledge is of necessary truths. Kripke’s claims continue to be resisted, which indicates that the Kantian view remains attractive. My goal is to identify the most plausible principles linking the epistemic and the modal. My strategy for identifying the principles is to investigate two related questions. Are there compelling general supporting arguments for (K)? Are there decisive counterexamples to (K)? My investigation uncovers two intuitively plausible principles that are not open to decisive counterexamples but which enjoy no compelling independent support.
On the validity of scalp recordings of the auditory evoked potential

Simultaneous recording from scalp and cortical electrodes in unanesthetized and unrestrained cats revealed essentially no differences between the superficial and deep recordings of the auditory evoked responses. Human recordings taken under two conditions of muscular contraction contained no major differences from 30 to 300 msec after stimulus onset.
Closed-loop shaping based on Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation with a degree bound

This note presents a novel method for shaping the frequency response of a single-input-single-output closed-loop system, based on the theory of Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation with degree constraint. The method imposes a degree bound on the closed-loop transfer function and searches for a function with a desired frequency response. Numerical examples illustrate the potential of the method in designing controllers with lower degrees than the ones obtained by conventional H/sup /spl infin// controller design methods with weighting functions.
Absorption and Resonance of the Helium Infrared Lines

The absorption of helium excited at low voltages for its own lines, the $2^{3}S\ensuremath{-}2^{3}P$ at 10830A and the $2^{1}S\ensuremath{-}2^{1}P$ at 20582A, is determined. The percentage absorption of the $2^{3}S\ensuremath{-}2^{3}P$ line increases when either the exciting current or the pressure in the absorbing tube is increased, and also when either the current or the pressure in the source tube is decreased. When the light to be absorbed is taken end on from a Geissler tube source, the percentage absorption is much less than when the light is taken off at right angles to the capillary. The changes with source tube conditions are ascribed to the corresponding variations of the shape and width of the emission line. Observable absorption begins when the exciting voltage is 25 volts. No absorption is detected at 19.8 volts, the excitation potential of the $2^{3}S$ state. The 10830A line shows strong resonance which is directly proportional to the percentage absorption. The absorption for the 20582A line is very small. It shows no detectable resonance.
Merging medical informatics and automated diagnostic methods

In many instances disease diagnosis is more of an art than a science due to the complexity of disease, lack of detailed information on parameters that are indicative of the disease, and lack of sufficient data to apply these parameters to both diagnosis and treatment. Broad-based expansion of electronic health records (EHRs) will produce additional data for improved model development. However many obstacles remain. Patient record content is not broadly available because of privacy concerns and the lack of standardization of EHR formats. If available on a large scale, de-identified medical records can provide a basis for development of disease models by removing privacy concerns. Once comprehensive disease models have been developed that assist in identifying possible diseases and also include parameters that were utilized along with their relative importance, automated analytic methods can be used to indicate the likelihood of the presence of specific diseases. Although the physician will always remain as the final expert, these methods can provide an expanded information set and provide analysis that is too complex for standard methods.
Monopsony power and the existence of natural monopoly in energy utilities

The justification for price and entry regulation of firms hinges on whether the firms are natural monopolies, and empirical tests have been used to determine the natural monopoly status of public utilities. However, these tests are biased if the utilities possess monopsony power - a likely case. The bias is against finding natural monopoly status, which can lead to improper policies. An alternative method of testing is proposed which eliminates the bias.
Patchy nanoparticles: Curvature makes a difference

The local curvature of dumbbell-shaped nanoparticles can be used to control the ionization state of a molecular layer adsorbed on their surfaces and the self-assembly patterns of the particles.
RIIM Accelerator Beam Experiments

A pulsed linear accelerator assembly, RIIM (RADLAC II Module), composed of an injector plus a number of post accelerating gaps was built and successfully operated. The injector and the post accelerating gaps were powered by water strip pulse forming and transmission lines. A high-current, high-voltage, foilless diode injector was used and an annular 40-kA relativistic electron beam was produced and further accelerated through the post accelerating gaps. The final beam energy was close to the sum of injector and gap voltages and equal to 9 MeV.
Release of Inorganic Constituents from Leached Biomass during Thermal Conversion

Leaching of inorganic materials has recently been shown to substantially improve the combustion properties of biomass fuels, especially straw but including other herbaceous and woody fuels. Leaching with water removes large fractions of alkali metals (typically >80% of potassium and sodium) and chlorine (>90%). Smaller fractions of sulfur and phosphorus are also removed. Alkali metals are heavily involved in ash fouling and slagging in combustion and thermal gasification systems. Chlorine is a facilitator of alkali volatilization, and contributes to corrosion and air pollution. The presence of these elements has reduced or eliminated the use of certain biomass fuels in many combustion applications, even where such use might provide significant environmental benefits. Leaching could mitigate the undesirable effects of biomass ash in thermal systems. Reported here for the first time are comparative studies of volatile inorganic species evolving from leached and unleached biomass fuels during thermal convers...
Modeling and Control of Single and Two Degree of Freedom Magnetorheological Fluid-based Haptic Systems for Telerobotic Surgery

In this study, the authors develop haptic systems for telerobotic surgery exploiting MR fluids for semiactive force feedback. To investigate the full range of tactile force exhibited by a particular MR damper design, a microstructural 3D kinetic theory-based model of MR fluids has been developed. In this model, microscale constitutive equations relate flow, stress, and particle orientation. The higher accuracy of the model in this regard gives better force representations of highly compliant objects. In this article, the model is utilized in force-feedback control of both a SDOF system and a 2DOF system. A state-feedback control algorithm is employed to track both the SDOF system, and the 2DOF system using specially designed MR force-feedback joysticks. The results demonstrate that the MR fluid-based force-feedback joysticks can be used effectively as haptic devices. It is also observed that both SDOF and 2DOF systems are nearly transparent in replicating the stiffness of different external objects, due t...
The Expansion of Cataloging to Cover the Digital Object Landscape

How a traditional cataloging unit should systematically go about attaining significant involvement in the bibliographic control of digital resources is one of the prime challenges currently facing cataloging managers. The author reviews why a cataloging unit should want to take on this new role, what the benefits are, the various types of involvement, how to prepare, the less obvious but important aspects of training, and the nature of organizational and workflow changes needed to free up time and resources for the new work. The author presents personal experiences from two different institutions as a case study.
Studying Is Lame when He Got Game: Racial Stereotypes and the Discouragement of Black Student-Athletes from Schoolwork.

Positive stereotypes appear favorable but may have negative consequences for the targets of such beliefs. Because such stereotypes often have prescriptive properties, stereotype-confirming behavior among targets may be perceived as especially appropriate and subsequently rewarded. Furthermore, targets may be actively encouraged to engage in such “natural” behaviors despite potentially negative outcomes. White participants assumed the role of a career counselor and offered guidance to a Black or White student who excelled in a stereotypic domain (athletics). Male participants who personally endorsed positive racial stereotypes discouraged the Black student (but not the White student) from academic-related goals and behaviors. The implications of such diverging guidance on the perpetuation of intergroup differences in status and achievement are discussed.
Defective-interfering RNAs and elevated temperatures inhibit replication of tomato bushy stunt virus in inoculated protoplasts

Abstract Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) genomic RNA and one of its defective interfering (DI) RNAs were inoculated in various combinations to protoplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana. Ethidium bromide staining of electrophoretically separated RNAs from infected protoplasts, incorporation of [3H]uridine into TBSV and DI RNAs, and Northern hybridization at different times after inoculation clearly demonstrated reduced accumulation of genomic RNA in the presence of DI RNA. Accumulation of genomic RNA was very rapid between 3 and 9 hr postinfection. The presence of equimolar amounts of genomic and DI RNA in the inoculum resulted in a 65% suppression of genomic RNA accumulation. Suppression of genomic RNA was mediated by a reduction in the rate at which genomic RNA accumulated. Analysis of protoplasts inoculated with increasing ratios of DI:genomic RNA suggested that DI RNA-mediated suppression of genomic RNA synthesis results from competition for factors essential for viral replication. Incubation of protoplasts at different temperatures also had a profound effect on replication of both genomic and DI RNAs. Both replicated well at 27° but were barely detectable at 32°. Suppression of genomic RNA synthesis by DI RNA was similar at all temperatures tested. Thus, this study suggests that DI suppression of TBSV symptoms in whole plants and symptom attenuation at elevated temperatures are primarily the result of reduced viral replication.
The Population Dynamics and Conservation of Primate Populations

Primates are among the most threatened taxa, with more than half of all species in jeopardy. In this paper we develop population models to use the kind of data on wild primates that primatologists actually collect. Our sur- vey of recentprimate journals suggests that the average field study uses 1.5 years of data from 50 animals. The models are based on the simple Leslie-Lefkovitch matrix. They suggest a simple method that allows assessment, from a few years' data, of whether a population is collapsing and requires
Plants for special uses

Dependence of the United States upon foreign sources of Belladonna, Henbane, Stramonium, Digitalis, Ergot, Pyrethrum, Rotenone and numerous other plant products has stimulated attempts to produce the necessary crops domestically.
In vitro activity of tigecycline in combination with gentamicin against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus.

We investigated the activity of tigecycline in combination with gentamicin for the treatment of biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Tigecycline monotherapy demonstrated bacteriostatic activity throughout 48 h (−0.24 ± 0.17 log10 CFU/mL), whereas tigecycline in combination with gentamicin demonstrated significant (P < 0.002) kill (−3.66 ± 0.26 log10 CFU/mL) at 48 h. The addition of gentamicin to tigecycline significantly improved the killing activity of tigecycline in biofilm-forming S. aureus.
Screening in Nanowires and Nanocontacts: Field Emission, Adhesion Force, and Contact Resistance

The explanations of several nanoscale phenomena such as the field enhancement factor in field emission, the large decay length of the adhesion force between a metallic tip and a surface, and the contact resistance in a nanowire break junction have been elusive. Here we develop an analytical theory of Thomas−Fermi screening in nanoscale structures. We demonstrate that nanoscale dimensions give rise to an effective screening length that depends on the geometry and physical boundary conditions. The above phenomena are shown to be manifestations of the effective screening length.
A Reformulation of the General Euclidean Model for the External Analysis of Preference Data.

This paper discusses least squares methods for fitting a reformulation of the general Euclidean model for the external analysis of preference data. The reformulated subject weights refer to a common set of reference vectors for all subjects and hence are comparable across subjects. If the rotation of the stimulus space is fixed, the subject weight estimates in the model are uniquely determined. Weight estimates can be guaranteed nonnegative. While the reformulation is a metric model for single stimulus data, the paper briefly discusses extensions to nonmetric, pairwise, and logistic models. The reformulated model is less general than Carroll's earlier formulation.
Organizational fields, cultural fields and art worlds: the early effort to make photographs and make photographers in the 19th-century United States of America:

The utility of the production of culture perspective is expanded by incorporating concepts developed for analysis of culture consumption into a framework for the historical investigation of emerging fields of cultural production. The idea of `role as resource' and the concept of `field structuration' processes are linked with Bourdieu's approach to fields of status differentiation and to `art world' analyses to illuminate the creation of photographic meanings in the emerging, and rapidly growing, field of cultural production and economic activity surrounding 19th-century photography in the USA.
Gas Quality Sensor to Improve Biogas-Fueled CHP/DG

Today, renewable fuels such as biogas are being used to fuel combined heat and power (CHP) and distributed generation (DG) systems. The composition of biogas delivered to power generation equipment varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process and site-specific factors. For improved process control and optimum utilization of CHP/DG systems, the biogas composition needs to be monitored. A new apparatus has been developed for characterization of hydrocarbon fuel mixtures. The method utilizes near infrared absorption spectroscopy to monitor composition and heating value of landfill gas, natural gas, and other hydrocarbon fuel gases. The measurement is virtually instantaneous. A commercialized version of this sensor is expected to cost less than half the price of gas chromatographs, which are widely used in the gas industry today.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Alternate splicing in a parvoviral nonstructural gene links a common amino-terminal sequence to downstream domains which confer radically different localization and turnover characteristics.

Abstract Minute virus of mice (MVM) encodes two groups of nonstructural proteins, the 83-kDa NS-1 polypeptides encoded from a contiguous sequence in the left half of the genome and the 25-kDa NS-2 polypeptides, which share a common amino-terminal domain with NS-1 but are multiply spliced. Peptide-specific antibodies were used to demonstrate that three alternatively spliced forms of NS-2 are synthesized when synchronized A9 cells are infected with the prototype strain of MVM, MVM(p), and that each of these species migrates as two bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, due to the presence of both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms. While most NS-1 molecules are located in the nucleus, all three species of NS-2 are predominantly cytoplasmic, and their phosphorylated forms are exclusively cytoplasmic. Although both NS-1 and NS-2 molecules are synthesized early in infection, all forms of NS-2 are synthesized and accumulate three to four times as fast as NS-1 molecules, making them the predominant virally coded proteins in the cell at this time. Despite their common amino-terminal domain, NS-2 molecules turn over rapidly while NS-1 polypeptides persist for many hours. Apart from the fact that the three NS-2 gene products are synthesized in different molar amounts, we were unable to detect any differences in the expression, stability, distribution, or phosphorylation of the various molecular forms, suggesting that these latter characteristics are mediated by their common internal exon.
The Influences of University-Based Coursework on Field Experience

This study explored the influence of university-based teacher education courses on preservice teachers as they engaged in the field-based portion of their preparation. Forty-two preservice teachers contributed reflective writings about the successes and challenges they faced during field experiences in light of knowledge and skills learned during their university-based coursework. Participants’ self-reflective writings were coded and analyzed for emerging themes that cut across all responses. The results indicated a shift from concerns about performance of teaching tasks in the classroom to concerns about the performance of students in terms of learning. This shift was consistent with a goal of the preservice program, namely, helping preservice teachers focus on student learning.
Progress On 58m2 Passive Resonant Ring Laser Gyroscope

An update of the large area (now 60m2) Passive Resonant Ring Laser Gyro (PRRLG) is given. Some aspects of last year's design have changed; but performance is still predicted to be in the 10-10 earth rate unit (ERU) range. This is of interest for a number of geophysical applications.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metapoesis: The Russian Tradition from Pushkin to Chekhov

Readers have been schooled to see nineteenth-century Russian literature as the summit of social and psychological realism. But in the work of writers from Pushkin to Chekhov, Michael C. Finke discloses a pervasive self-referentiality, a running commentary on the literary conventions these texts seem so wholly to embody. Metapoesis examines how-and more importantly, why-a series of major Russian authors spanning the nineteenth century inscribed commentary on their own poetics into their works of drama, narrative poetry, and fiction. As he explores the process of metapoesis in these works, Finke reveals its communicative function in its time and its interpretive value in our own. Jakobsonian poetics provides the framework for this approach, though Finke also draws freely upon a number of contemporary literary theorists. After elucidating the meaning of metapoesis in works by Pushkin, Gogol, and Chernyshevsky, he reveals its covert functioning in such masterpieces of realism as Dostoevsky's The Idiot, Tolstoy's Anna Karenina, and Chekhov's "The Steppe." The result is a new interpretation and deeper understanding of these particular works, which in turn reorient our understanding of linguistic and literary "codes" and of the Russian literary tradition itself. Of special interest to scholars of Russian literature, Metapoesis will also appeal to a broad range of readers and students of comparative literature, literary theory, and poetics.
Vapor pressure of SeO2 (s) and optical density of SeO2 (g)

The optical density of the vapor generated by SeO2 (s) between about 416 and 505 K has been measured between 400 and 200 nm for optical path lengths of 10.14 and 10.15 cm and temperatures of 533, 733, 1133, and 1420 K. A pressure of oxygen of about 0.7 to 0.9 atm was present in the cells and that of Se2 was below the minimum detectable of about 0.001 atm. For one cell, complete vaporization occurred at 481.5 K and a vapor pressure of 5.02 × 10−3 atm was calculated from the weight of SeO2 (s), the volume profile of the optical cell, and the temperature distribution along the cell. Assuming Beer’s law is obeyed for a number of vibronic peaks, the vapor pressure is obtained as log10 P (atm)=−5705/T+9.5443 in close agreement with two studies with fused silica Bourdon gauges. Beer’s law constants relating the pressure to the optical density at various wavelengths are obtained for the optical path temperatures listed above. Thermodynamic data previously published for solid and liquid SeO2 need be changed only slightly to be consistent with the present vapor pressure. We obtain a standard enthalpy of sublimation at 298 K of 112.70 kJ/mol and standard entropies at 298 K of 258.72 and 66.693 J · mol−1 · K−1 for, respectively, gaseous and solid SeO2.
Urban Street Performance: Level of Service and Quality of Progression Analysis

Effective design and evaluation procedures are essential in optimizing the performance of urban arterial streets. Current procedures rely on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) tools for performance evaluation. Determination of level of service (LOS) on urban streets is based on urban street classification and average travel speed on the arterial. Average travel speed is computed from length of street segments and running times, which include control delay of through movements at signalized intersections. Studies have shown the inadequacies of the existing HCM procedure to take into account effects of coordination or lack of it. This paper introduces new approaches for improved quantification of the quality of progression by using the previously developed cyclic coordination function in conjunction with the HCM procedure. This enables determination of LOS on an urban street in a more systematic and accurate manner. Alternative LOS procedures for signalized urban street systems are presented. Both one-way and tw...
Interfacing a high speed crypto accelerator to an embedded CPU

Crypto coprocessors are needed for acceleration of encryption functions. But critical to the performance gain is the selection of an adequate interface. This paper presents the AES acceleration for two interface options to the LEON CPU core: the CPI interface and the memory-mapped interface. The complete system including the LEON core and the loosely coupled AES accelerators are implemented on an FPGA and the software programs that control the AES accelerators are tested. The cycle count, the throughput, the LUT usage, and the energy cost of running a complete AES program using the above accelerators are compared with a pure software implementation and with a tightly coupled instruction set extension option.
Effect of Investor Speculation on Earnings Management

This paper considers how the presence of a speculative investor, who bets on a firm's future earnings report, affects how the firm's management manipulates that report. We examine the influence of the speculator's information on earnings management behavior, quality of reported earnings, and stock price efficiency. We also provide predictions for, and interpretations of, short-window event studies and long-window association studies.
Anti-Americanism around the World

Anti-American attitudes can be found in individuals all over the world. The causes for it relate to both internal and external sources, which is why a unifying theory based on structure, culture, and institutions must be used to analyze this issue. Particularly important in individuals’ attitudes are the following variables: nationalist sentiments; the legitimacy of one’s government; U.S. military, economic, and political intervention in one’s home country; feelings about democratic values; economic deprivation; and a number of demographics. By using a survey of over thirty thousand respondents from forty countries, we will hopefully more deeply understand what makes individuals harbor anti-American sentiments. Results indicate that government legitimacy and a number of economic indicators are the most important in terms of determining antiAmericanism, showing that a mix of internal factors and external factors are most important in determining opinion of the United States. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol13/iss1/8
A highly polymorphic locus very tightly linked to the Huntington's disease gene

The genetic defect in Huntington's disease (HD), an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder of unknown etiology, has not been defined. The discovery of linkage between HD and the DNA marker D4S10(G8) raised the possibility of isolating the disease gene on the basis of its chromosomal location, in addition to providing a limited presymptomatic test for the late onset disorder. But it has been difficult to isolate other DNA markers nearer to the HD gene, and this has hampered attempts to identify the disease locus and limited the applicability and accuracy of predictive testing. Recently, several new DNA markers from the region of the genome near the HD gene have been isolated using a directed cloning strategy. We describe here the characterization of one of these new markers, D4S95, a highly polymorphic locus which displays no recombination with the HD gene in the families tested. The high degree of polymorphism at this locus and its proximity to the HD gene make it extremely useful for predictive testing and as a new starting point for attempts to clone the disease gene.
Militarized territorial disputes: States’ attempts to transfer reputation for resolve

States involved in territorial disputes are more likely initiate militarized interstate disputes to threaten or use force (MIDs) compared to states involved in other types of interstate disputes, w...
Cloning and sequence analysis of a trans-regulatory locus required for exoenzyme S synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract Exoenzyme S is an ADP-ribosyltransferase enzyme distinct from exotoxin A that is synthesized and secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Yields of exoenzyme S are variable and depend on strain and growth conditions. Since certain medium additives are required for exoenzyme S production, its regulation may be influenced by environmental stimuli. In this study, we have cloned a region that complements the exoenzyme S-deficient phenotype of strain 388 exs1::Tn1, a chromosomal Tn1 insertional mutation. A large clone (28 kb) was shown to restore both synthesis and secretory functions to the mutant strain. Subcloning and Tn501 mutagenesis experiments localized the region required for exoenzyme S synthesis to a 3.2-kb fragment. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated several open reading frames. Comparison of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified exoenzyme S with predicted amino acid sequences of all open reading frames indicated that the structural gene was not encoded within the sequenced region. Homology studies suggested that the region encoded three regulatory genes, exsC, exsB, and exsA. ExsA was homologous to the AraC family of transcriptional activator proteins, with extensive homology being found with one member of this family, VirF of Yersinia enterocolitica. VirF and ExsA both contain carboxy-terminal domains with the helix-turn-helix motif of DNA-binding proteins. The ExsA gene product appeared to be required for induction of exoenzyme S synthesis above a low basal level. Expression of ExsA was demonstrated by cloning the region under the control of the T7 promoter. Gene replacement experiments suggested that the expression of ExsC affects the final yield of exoenzyme S.
Sensory processing disorders in a nonhuman primate model: evidence for occupational therapy practice.

Evaluation of sensory processing function serves as a critical component of treatment planning and implementation of intervention in pediatric occupational therapy practice. We developed a Sensory Processing Scale for Monkeys (SPS�M), based on human tests, that measures behavioral responses to a series of tactile stimuli. This assessment has been used to assess sensory processing in adult rhesus monkeys exposed to prenatal alcohol, stress, or postnatal lead. Control monkeys from undisturbed pregnancies showed a habituation pattern, prenatally stressed monkeys showed sensitization, and prenatal alcohol�exposed monkeys showed relatively high responsiveness without habituation across trials. Lead-exposed monkeys showed sensitization compared to nonlead-exposed controls, and chelation reduced the sensitization in lead-exposed animals. Aversive responsiveness was associated with up-regulated striatal dopamine receptor binding measured with positron emission tomography.
Calculated Electric Field Induced in Bundles of Long Cells in the Human Body When It Is Exposed to Low-Frequency Electric Fields

Abstract King, R. W. P. and Wu, T. T. Calculated Electric Field Induced in Bundles of Long Cells in the Human Body When It Is Exposed to Low-Frequency Electric Fields. A theoretical analysis is made of the electric field induced in the interior of long cylindrical cells arranged in bundles of parallel cells embedded in the saline fluid in the human body exposed to extremely low-frequency (ELF) and very low-frequency (VLF) electric fields parallel to the length of the cells. Such bundles characterize muscle. The analysis parallels in many respects the earlier study of isolated long cells (King and Wu, Phys. Rev. E 58, 2363–2369, 1998) but has important added complications. It leads to a similar result: The field inside the membrane of each long cell is the same as the field just outside the membrane in the saline fluid; i.e., the membrane provides no shielding. While one might expect the presence of the neighboring cells to provide a shielding effect for each cell, the results of this study show quantitati...
Analysis of microarray data from the macaque corpus luteum; the search for common themes in primate luteal regression

The factors and processes involved in regression of the primate corpus luteum (CL) are complex and not fully understood. Systemic identification of those genes that are differentially expressed utilizing macaque model systems of luteal regression could help clarify some of the important molecular events involved in loss of primate luteal structure and function during luteolysis. In addition, examining gene pathways involved in luteal regression may help elucidate novel approaches for overcoming infertility or designing ovary-based contraceptives. This review provides an overview of the current published microarray experiments evaluating the transcriptome of the macaque CL, and compares and contrasts the data from spontaneous, GnRH antagonist and prostaglandin F2α-induced luteal regression. In addition, further uses of these databases are discussed, as well as limitations of both array technology and the rhesus macaque genome array.
Structure and Function of the Red Blood Cell Anion Transport Protein

PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION . Role of Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchange in Carbon Dioxide Transport .. Other Substrates of Red Cell Band 3 . . Transport Functions Other Than Anion Exchange . . Band 3 Homologs in Nonerythroid Cells ..
Prospective randomized trial of hepatic artery chemotherapy with cisplatin and doxorubicin, with or without lipiodol in the treatment of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma.

Purpose This randomized study assessed the responses in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to hepatic arterial doxorubicin plus cisplatin, with or without lipiodol. Patients and methods Patients with unresectable and biopsy-proven HCC were treated with doxorubicin (30 mg/m) plus cisplatin (100 mg/m) without (Solution) or with (Lipiodol) emulsification every 2 months till tumor progression. Primary end point was response. Results Partial response rate was 56.8% for Lipiodol and 47% for Solution, P=0.48. Responses were evaluated as tumor size changes without vascularity assessments, due to the lipiodol. There were no complete responses. Survival at 6,12,18, and 24 months was 65, 32, 27, and 10.8% for Lipiodol patients and 70.6, 26.6, 8.8, and 8.8 for Solution patients. Of the total 71 enrolled and evaluable patients, survival at 6, 12, and 18 months was 75.7, 40, and 35% for responders and 58.8, 17.6, and 0 for nonresponders. There were no clear clinical or biochemical profile differences between the 2 treatment groups or between responders and nonresponders. Conclusions Lipiodol conferred a minor response advantage, recorded as tumor size change, to hepatic arterial chemotherapy with doxorubicin plus cisplatin for HCC, but no survival advantage.
e0297 Treatment of statins in secondary prevention of high risk coronary heart disease in Chinese—BRIG study

Purpose To determine in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) whether the guidelines recommendations on secondary prevention of CHD are being followed. Methods 64 hospitals across 31 provinces of China, including 32 secondary hospitals and 32 tertiary hospitals were selected for a baseline survey. Fifty outpatients with established acute coronary syndrome (ACS) recruited consecutively in each hospital. Information of these patients was collected and the situation of statins among the patients was analysed. Results A total of 2516 high risk CHD outpatients were involved in present report. Mean age of the patients was 65±10 and 69.4% was male. Fifty-seven point nine percentages of patients were treated with statins at the moment of interview and 29.8% had achieved the recommended LDL-cholesterol target. The situation was significant difference among regions and provinces. The South China had the most patients with statins treatment, but the Northeast of China least. Treatment success rate was highest in Central China. At this interview, 68.2% outpatients were prescribed statins and 24.1% prescribed doses of statins were sub-minimal. Conclusion There was a gap between Chinese patients with CHD prevention recommended in guidelines and that in the “real world.”
Fatal diseases and parasitoids: from competition to facilitation in a shared host

Diverse parasite taxa share hosts both at the population level and within individual hosts, and their interactions, ranging from competitive exclusion to facilitation, can drive community structure and dynamics. Emergent pathogens have the potential to greatly alter community interactions. We found that an emergent fungal entomopathogen dominated pre-existing lethal parasites in populations of the forest defoliating gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar The parasite community was composed of the fungus and four parasitoid species that only develop successfully after they kill the host, and a virus that produces viable propagules before the host has died. A low-density site was sampled over 17 years and compared with 66 sites across a range of host densities, including outbreaks. The emergent fungal pathogen and competing parasitoids rarely co-infected host individuals because each taxa must kill its host. The virus was not present at low host densities, but successfully co-infected with all other parasite species. In fact, there was facilitation between the virus and one parasitoid species hosting a polydnavirus. This newly formed parasite community, altered by an emergent pathogen, is shaped both by parasite response to host density and relative abilities of parasites to co-inhabit the same host individuals.
Labor Emigration from Tsarist Russia: A Review Essay

Immigrants from Tsarist Russia became a factor in American economic development at die end of the 1890s, constituting an important part of die "New Immigration." Since the participants in this wave tended to be men between the ages of 20 and 45, the loss of this most dynamic element of the work force, not to mention potential military personnel, evoked loud complaints at home. Accordingly, emigration history has now become an area of growing research interest for Soviet historians. As a first attempt to produce an overall understanding of the process of economic emigration to Europe and the United States before World War I, N.L. Tudorianu's (1986) study, Outline of Russian Economic Emigration in the Period of Imperialism, should be of interest to Americans in terms of both fact and interpretation. Because die work was published in Kishinev in an edition of just 1,125 copies, it is probably hard to find in American libraries, and therefore an extended summary of the work would seem to be in order. Tudorianu's operating assumptions place his work firmly in the context of Soviet historiography and its purposes. As he put it, his study contributes to the general study of capitalism and to the study of the mobility of tsarist society at the turn of the century. In addition, he argued, it is necessary to conduct "an uncompromising struggle against bourgeois ideology" and to counteract the statements of "bourgeois American" scholars, "apologists of American imperialism," who extol the benefits of the "American way of life" for the unfortunate of the world (pp. 2-3). "American bourgeois social-eco? nomic and social-political literature," he declared, "now as in the past, in every way praises and propagandizes the American way of life, traditionally describing how the persecuted, hungry and needy refugees from different countries, once in the United States, managed to enrich themselves and to acquire democratic rights and freedoms" (p. 208). If Tudorianu meant to attack an ahistorical attitude that fails to put the story of American immigration into a worldwide context or that neglects to tell the darker side of the immigrants' life, he of course had a legitimate
Superhydrophobic TiO2–Polymer Nanocomposite Surface with UV-Induced Reversible Wettability and Self-Cleaning Properties

Multifunctional superhydrophobic nanocomposite surfaces based on photocatalytic materials, such as fluorosilane modified TiO2, have generated significant research interest. However, there are two challenges to forming such multifunctional surfaces with stable superhydrophobic properties: the photocatalytic oxidation of the hydrophobic functional groups, which leads to the permanent loss of superhydrophobicity, as well as the photoinduced reversible hydrolysis of the catalytic particle surface. Herein, we report a simple and inexpensive template lamination method to fabricate multifunctional TiO2–high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposite surfaces exhibiting superhydrophobicity, UV-induced reversible wettability, and self-cleaning properties. The laminated surface possesses a hierarchical roughness spanning the micro- to nanoscale range. This was achieved by using a wire mesh template to emboss the HDPE surface creating an array of polymeric posts while partially embedding untreated TiO2 nanoparticles ...
Calculations of Elastic Moduli From First Principles

The calculation of the equilibrium volume and bulk modulus of a material from first principles has become a routine procedure in band theory since the pioneering work of Moruzzi et al.1
Survey on prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly in rural areas of Henan province

Aim:To investigate the prevalence,awareness,treatment and control of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in the elderly in rural areas of Henan province.Methods:A total of 5 457 participants aged 60 or more than 60 years were selected randomly by cluster sampling.Questionnaire and laboratory measurements were conducted for all participants.Results:The prevalences of impaired fasting glucose(IFG) and T2DM in the participants were 11.25% and 12.46%,and the age-standardized prevalences were 11.16% and 12.09%.The prevalences of IFG and T2DM for females were significantly higher than those for males(χ2=17.163 and 18.358,P0.001).The awareness,treatment and control rates for T2DM patients were 53.24%,47.65% and 16.76%,respectively,and the age-standardized rates were 45.05%,41.65% and 15.67%,respectively.There were significant differences in awareness rates of T2DM between different ages,education and income levels and duration of diabetes mellitus(P0.05).Conclusion:T2DM has become an important public health problem for the elderly in rural areas of Henan province.Health education and comprehensive intervention for T2DM are urgently needed for the elderly in rural areas.
Operation coopreation of 726 cases with appendix resection celiosope.

Objective:Probe into the way of coopreation of appendix resection undergoing celiosope for nurse in operation room.Method:To sum up and analyse methods of coopreation with appendix resection for 726 patients.Result:There was no complication.Conclusion:Correct and pro- fication before operation for nurse in operating room could increase satisfation of effect,and could extend using time of apparatus,ensured the patients'safe and successful rehabiliation.
Analysis of Operation Characteristics for Grid-connected Roof Photovoltaic Power Plant

This paper summarizes the operation laws of the 60 kW demonstration grid-connected roof photovoltaic power plant in Zhejiang grid in the past year,analyzes the problems of the plant when the voltage and frequency are abnormal and it is in islanding operation and summarizes the operating characteristics and the equipment performance of the plant.
A Quest for Accuracy and Reproducibility: Design of a Simulation Record

This paper describes a simulation record that has been designed for use in most radiation therapy centers. The format is such that it can be used for all machine types and can be transferred easily between centers. The simulation record is separate from the treatment documentation record. It can be reused for several simulations with the addition of one or two inserts. All information needed to reproduce the treatment setup (i.e., positioning, immobilization technique, use of blocks, and photographs of the patient) is well documented. The record prompts the simulation technologist to record field and patient parameters, which are necessary for dose calculations along the central axis and at any other points of interest.
Evaluating the Vertical Distribution of Ozone and Its Relationship to Pollution Events in Air Quality Models Using Satellite Data

Most regional scale models that are used for air quality forecasts and ozone source attribution do not adequately capture the distribution of ozone in the mid- and upper troposphere, but it is unclear how this shortcoming relates to their ability to simulate surface ozone. We combine ozone profile data from the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) and a new joint product from TES and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument along with ozonesonde measurements and EPA AirNow ground station ozone data to examine air quality events during August 2006 in the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) and National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) models. We present both aggregated statistics and case-study analyses with the goal of assessing the relationship between the models’ ability to reproduce surface air quality events and their ability to capture the vertical distribution of ozone. We find that the models lack the mid-tropospheric ozone variability seen in TES and the ozonesonde data, and discuss future work to determine the conditions under which this variability appears to be important for surface air quality.
Critical Jurisprudence and the Rule of Law

The 1960s and 1970s in the United States and in Europe were decades of political activism in which liberal, progressive, and radical movements formed loose coalitions to challenge racism, sexism, and increasing state militarism. In the U.S., the civil rights movement was perhaps the catalyst, but an increasingly visible and vocal feminist movement soon added its strength. Opposition to the Vietnam War mobilized large numbers of people and radicalized many of them. It also sowed seeds of disillusionment. Liberal and progressive activists, lawyers and legal scholars among them, looked to the law and the courts for social change. However, in the late 1970s, the slow pace, the apparently superficial nature of the changes, and the support for a disastrous war of a liberal political establishment, led many in the legal academy to turn their critical energies on the law itself.