cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patients Referred for Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Comparison of Confirmed and Suspected Youth

Abstract Study Objective To compare characteristics of patients with confirmatory evidence (eg, disclosure, found by law enforcement) of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) involvement with those without confirmatory evidence but who were suspected of involvement. Design A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients referred for DMST involvement. Confirmed DMST patients were compared with suspected patients with regard to demographic, psychosocial, medical, and psychiatric variables. Setting A child protection program at a children's hospital where patients are evaluated by child abuse pediatricians in outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient settings. Participants Patients 11-17 years old referred for concern of DMST involvement between August 1, 2013 and July 1, 2016 were included. Patients self-disclosed, had reported with evidence, and/or had histories that placed them at high risk for DMST involvement. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures We collected data on demographic, psychosocial, medical, and psychiatric variables from the medical records of patients referred for evaluation. Results A total of 67 patients were included. No statistically significant differences were identified between the confirmed and suspected groups. Conclusion Our preliminary data showed that confirmed and suspected patients presented with similar and high rates of concerning medical and psychosocial issues; therefore, medical providers should evaluate and treat all patients referred for DMST. Similar treatment includes referrals for psychological/substance abuse interventions, safety planning, and collaboration with a multidisciplinary team.
FACTORS WHICH CONTROL DNA PACKAGING MAY INFLUENCE THE CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTION

This paper describes recent work in this laboratory and others which indicates that DNA both in higher cells and in bacterial cells exists in a regularly condensed structure. Evidence from the study of purified DNA in the presence of mixtures of small molecules suggests that such mixtures confer a regular polyamine coating along the length of the DNA helix. The DNA-polyamine complex may be caused to condense by the hi stones in higher cells and by proteins as yet to be described in bacterial cells. Possibly these condensed structures are important in the regulation of cellular transcription.
Impact of Cranial Base Abnormalities on Cerebellar Volume and the Velopharynx in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

Objective:The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between cranial base, cerebellar, craniofacial, and velopharyngeal (VP) variables in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (...
Mechanical MNIST: A benchmark dataset for mechanical metamodels

Abstract Metamodels, or models of models, map defined model inputs to defined model outputs. Typically, metamodels are constructed by generating a dataset through sampling a direct model and training a machine learning algorithm to predict a limited number of model outputs from varying model inputs. When metamodels are constructed to be computationally cheap, they are an invaluable tool for applications ranging from topology optimization, to uncertainty quantification, to multi-scale simulation. By nature, a given metamodel will be tailored to a specific dataset. However, the most pragmatic metamodel type and structure will often be general to larger classes of problems. At present, the most pragmatic metamodel selection for dealing with mechanical data has not been thoroughly explored. Drawing inspiration from the benchmark datasets available to the computer vision research community, we introduce a benchmark data set (Mechanical MNIST) for constructing metamodels of heterogeneous material undergoing large deformation. We then show examples of how our benchmark dataset can be used, and establish baseline metamodel performance. Because our dataset is readily available, it will enable the direct quantitative comparison between different metamodeling approaches in a pragmatic manner. We anticipate that it will enable the broader community of researchers to develop improved metamodeling techniques for mechanical data that will surpass the baseline performance that we show here.
What we talk about, when we talk about story

Story (content) is not just the domain of directors and producers... anymore. Today, it is as important for technical directors, animators, VFX creators and interactive designers whose work is essential in making "the story" come to life. This information is particularly useful when communicating with screenwriters, directors, and producers. This course answers the question, "What is Story?" (and you don't even have to take a course in screenwriting). Knowing the basics of story enables the crew to become collaborators with the producer and director. A director may talk about their story goals; and the crew will know what specific story benchmarks they are trying to meet. This information builds from a story being more than "a sequence of events (acts) but can become a dramatic story that that builds from setup through resolution. Having an understanding of story structure allows one to understand a story's elements in context (i.e., theme, character, setting, conflict etc.) and their relationship to classic story structure (i.e., setup, inciting incident, rising action, climax, resolution, etc.). This information is for all whose work makes the story better, but their job is not creating the story. The following course notes are adapted from Story Structure and Development: A Guide for Animators, VFX Artists, Game Designers, and Virtual Reality Creators. CRC Publishers, a division of Taylor and Francis. Available on Amazon.
An-Type Fittings in the International Space System (ISS) Node 2 Ammonia System Technical Assessment Report

Based on an anonymous request, an NESC Assessment Team was formed to investigate potential leakage problems from the ISS Program's Node 2 Anhydrous Ammonia System AN fittings. The Team's charter was to provide the ISS Program with a path to follow, which could include testing, to ensure the ISS Program felt confident that the AN fittings' leakage would not exceed specified limits in orbit. The findings from that assessment are contained in this document.
An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala

The efferent connections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala have been studied using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal projections. Small injections of 3H-amino-acids which are largely confined to the central nucleus lead to the labeling of several brainstem nuclei as far caudally as the spinomedullary junction. Specifically, in the forebrain, the central nucleus projects heavily to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the basal nucleus of Meynert, the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, and more lightly to the substantia innominata and the preoptic area. In the hypothalamus, label is found over the dorsomedial nucleus, the perifornical region, the lateral hypothalamus, the supramammillary area, and most heavily in the paramammillary nucleus. In the thalamus, all components of the nucleus centralis medialis and the nucleus reuniens receive fibers from the central nucleus and there is a light projection to the medial pulvinar nucleus. In the mesencephalon, there is heavy labeling dorsal to the substantia nigra ad over the peripeduncular nucleus and lighter labeling within the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area; the midbrain central gray is also labeled. More caudally, fibers from the central nucleus travel in the lateral tegmental reticular fields and contribute collaterals to the raphe nuclei, the cuneiform nucleus, and the central gray substance. Perhaps one of the heaviest terminal zones is the parabrachial region of the pons, both the lateral and the medial nuclei of which receive a prominent central nucleus projection. Only the ventral aspect of the adjacent locus coeruleus appears to receive a substantial input, but there is labeling also over the area of the nucleus subcoeruleus. Finally, there is heavy labeling around the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and over the parvocellular component of the nucleus of the solitary tract. A number of intra-amygdaloid connections between the basal and lateral nuclei of the amygdala and the central nucleus are also described. The present findings, taken together with recently reported widespread projections from the temporal association cortex to the amygdala, point out a potentially trisynaptic route between neocortical association regions and a variety of brainstem nuclei, many of which are related to autonomic function.
URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN METABOLISMII. Partition of Gonadal and Adrenocortical Hormonal Derivatives of Normal, Endocrine and Cancerous Patients

TO DIFFERENTIATE the function of the adrenal cortex from that of the testis has been a main objective of various investigators interested in “androgens.” Recent studies by Heard (22) and Talbot (34) suggest that the excretion of non-ketonic steroids in the urine may afford important information toward this end. The major part of the extant literature on the subject, however, is concerned with 17-ketosteroids; and at this time it seems desirable to inquire how far this basic information can be applied in routine clinical and physiologic problems. Fundamental research by the Callows (6, 7), Marrian (4), Dobriner (10, 12, 13), Baumann (2), Talbot (35) and others have laboriously established the basis for such work. The painstaking isolation of crystalline steroids from the urine of individual mice or even from individual patients, however, is not an attractive prospect for the physiological investigator. Even the colorimetric procedures now available frequently involve tedious extraction procedures employing...
Microstrip Patch Antenna Temperature Sensor

The resonant frequencies of a microstrip patch antenna are dependent on the dielectric constant of its substrate and the physical dimensions of its radiation patch. Both of these parameters are temperature-dependent. In this paper, we investigated the effects of temperature on the antenna resonant frequencies for the purpose of studying the microstrip patch antenna as a temperature sensor. First, the relationship between the antenna resonant frequency shift and the temperature change is derived based on the transmission line model. To validate the theoretical prediction, antenna sensors bonded on different metal bases were tested in a temperature chamber. By comparing the measured temperature-frequency relationship with the theoretical predictions, we discovered that the dielectric constant of the substrate is not only dependent on temperature but also influenced by the base material. After calibrating the thermal coefficient of the substrate dielectric constant using the measurement data, the differences between the measurements and the theoretical predictions were within the expected systematic error of the reference thermocouple, validating that a microstrip patch antenna can serve as a temperature sensor.
HIV-Positive Poor Women May Stop Breast-feeding Early to Protect Their Infants from HIV Infection although Available Replacement Diets Are Grossly Inadequate

Little is known about mothers' perspectives and experiences of early breast-feeding cessation as a strategy to reduce postnatal HIV transmission in rural, resource-constrained settings. We conducted in-depth interviews (IDI) with 15 HIV-positive breast-feeding mothers of infants aged 3-5 mo about their plans for feeding their infants after age 6 mo. We also conducted IDI with 12 HIV-positive mothers who intended to stop breast-feeding after receiving their infant's HIV-PCR negative test result at age 6 mo. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were conducted with the same 12 mothers and 16 HIV-negative or status unknown mothers who were breast-feeding their 6- to 9-mo-old infants. Of the 12 mothers who intended to stop breast-feeding, 11 did so by 9 mo. Median energy intake (percent requirement) was 1382 kJ (54%) among weaned infants compared with 2234 kJ (87%) among breast-feeding infants. Median intakes were <67% of the recommended levels for 9 and 7 of the 12 micronutrients assessed for weaned and breast-feeding infants, respectively. Factors facilitating early breast-feeding cessation were mothers' knowledge about HIV transmission, family support, and disclosure of their HIV status; food unavailability was the primary barrier. HIV-positive mothers in resource-constrained settings may be so motivated to protect their child from HIV that they stop breast-feeding early even when they cannot provide an adequate replacement diet. As reflected in the new World Health Organization guidance, HIV-positive mothers should continue breastfeeding their infants beyond 6 mo if replacement feeding is still not acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe.
Structure and segregation of dopant–defect complexes at grain boundaries in nanocrystalline doped ceria

Grain boundaries (GBs) dictate vital properties of nanocrystalline doped ceria. Thus, to understand and predict its properties, knowledge of the interaction between dopant–defect complexes and GBs is crucial. Here, we report atomistic simulations, corroborated with first principles calculations, elucidating the fundamental dopant–defect interactions at model GBs in gadolinium-doped and manganese-doped ceria. Gadolinium and manganese are aliovalent dopants, accommodated in ceria via a dopant–defect complex. While the behavior of isolated dopants and vacancies is expected to depend on the local atomic structure at GBs, the added structural complexity associated with dopant–defect complexes is found to have key implications on GB segregation. Compared to the grain interior, energies of different dopant–defect arrangements vary significantly at the GBs. As opposed to bulk, the stability of oxygen vacancy is found to be sensitive to the dopant arrangement at GBs. Manganese exhibits a stronger propensity for segregation to GBs than gadolinium, revealing that accommodation of dopant–defect clusters depends on the nature of dopants. Segregation strength is found to depend on the GB character, a result qualitatively supported by our experimental observations based on scanning transmission electron microscopy. The present results indicate that segregation energies, availability of favorable sites, and overall stronger binding of dopant–defect complexes would influence ionic conductivity across GBs in nanocrystalline doped ceria. Our comprehensive investigation emphasizes the critical role of dopant–defect interactions at GBs in governing functional properties in fluorite-structured ionic conductors.
Description and statistical analysis of fine structural changes in tendon fibrocytes treated with dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract This study describes some of the ultrastructural effects of a single topical application of 90% DMSO on the calcaneus tendon of Mus musculus , from the time immediately after the first application to five days subsequent to that time. Immediately after DMSO application the intracisternal spaces of the rough E.R. were enlarged to approximately eleven times their normal width. Other cell structures and collagen appeared normal. One hour after application slightly enlarged E.R. were observed. After five hours E.R. appeared normal, but statistical analysis indicated they were significantly larger than normal E.R. After five days E.R. appeared normal and statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the five day and the normal groups. Effects of altered tonicity, DMSO substitution for water in membrane hydration sheaths, and rapid DMSO penetration are discussed in light of these findings.
Isolation of Mouse Lymphocytes for Immunologic Studies by Thoracic Duct Cannulation.

SummaryA simple method for cannulating the mouse thoracic duct is described that enables the collection of lymph for periods of up to five days. A pure lymphocyte population is obtained that is useful for immunologic and antibody synthesis studies.
V—On Behalf of the Devil: A Parody of Anselm Revisited

This paper treats a question which first arose in these Proceedings : Can Anselm's ontological argument be inverted so as to yield parallel proofs for the existence (or non-existence) of a least (or worst ) conceivable being? Such ‘devil parodies’ strike some commentators as innocuous curiosities, or redundant challenges which are no more troubling than other parodies found in the literature (e.g., Gaunilo's Island). I take issue with both of these allegations; devil parodies, I argue, have the potential to pose substantive, and novel, challenges to Anselm's ontological argument.
The debt crisis and the crisis of global regulation

Abstract This paper reviews a series of proposals for dealing with the debt crisis. It also considers the economic philosophies which underpin contrasting proposals. Three main schools of thought are reviewed. Section 2 considers the views of the system-stability theorists (including Beenstock and Cline). System-stability theorists assume that Third World debts will be made good once the adoption of sound money policies provides for real and sustained growth in the world economy. They further assume that the debt crisis results from a temporary crisis of liquidity which must be dealt with on a country-specific basis. Section 3 examines the work of the system-instability theorists (including Brandt, and Griffith-Jones and Sunkel). Such theorists see in the debt crisis a serious threat to world economic stability which results from a crisis of global solvency. They urge concerted and collective action in debtor and surplus nations to avoid a worsening crisis. They also highlight a damaging link between debt and underdevelopment. Section 4 reviews the work of selected Marxian political economists. It considers the view that the debt crisis is one manifestation of a deeper crisis in the process of capital accumulation and regulation.
Estrogen-dependent, sex-specific modulation of mustard oil-induced secondary thermal hyperalgesia by orphanin FQ in the rat

Abstract Activation of opioid receptor-like 1 receptor (ORL1) by intrathecal administration of orphanin FQ (OFQ), an endogenous ligand for the ORL1 receptor, has been shown to produce antinociception. In addition, we have recently shown gonadal hormone-dependent, sex-specific modulation of acute spinal nociception such that estrogen attenuated OFQ-induced antinociception in the female whereas testosterone was required for the expression of antinociception in the male. However, sex-related differences in the role of OFQ under hyperalgesic conditions are unknown. Hence, we investigated whether OFQ produces sex-specific modulation of mustard oil-induced secondary thermal hyperalgesia in the rat. Mustard oil application to the hind limb significantly reduced the tail-flick latencies (TFL) in male, and ovariectomized (OVX), estradiol treated ovariectomized (OVX + E), proestrous (ProE) and diestrous (DiE) females. Intrathecal administration of OFQ not only attenuated mustard oil-induced decrease in TFLs, i.e. reversed hyperalgesia, but also led to a significant increase in TFLs above the baseline, i.e. produced antinociception in male, OVX, and diestrous rats. However, OFQ failed to alter TFLs in proestrous or OVX + E females, thus these two groups with elevated estrogen levels remained hyperalgesic following mustard oil treatment. These findings demonstrate that OFQ modulates mustard oil-induced secondary hyperalgesia in an estrogen-dependent, sex-specific manner.
Polygonal complexes I: combinatorial and geometric properties

Abstract Given a finite set of graphs (that can be either finite or infinite), we construct polygonal complexes such that the link of each vertex is isomorphic to one of the give graphs. For this purpose, we use, essentially, the theory of complexes of groups (see Corson, 1992; Haefliger, 1991; Stallings, 1991).
Reach Design Data for the Elderly

The increased life expectancy of the elderly may require substantial redesigning of environments in order to accommodate age related body changes. One of the most important aspects allowing the elderly to function independently is the ability to reach for items comfortably during daily activities. Designing for an independent elder requires knowledge of reach measurements that determines the optimal design of working/living environments. This paper provides reach capability design data of elderly males and females between 65 and 89 years of age. Results show that direct and indirect reach indicators decrease substantially above the age of 80. The elderly participating in this study were compared with younger cohorts, showing significantly lower reach capabilities. This indicates the necessity of considering anthropometric data, such as reach, to design for the elderly. The need is particularly dire for those above 80 years of age.
Techniques for Collecting data in Social Networks

Data is a piece of information that is needed to form useful information. Obtaining data is needed by individuals such as researchers. From this perspective, data collection is an important step when doing any research or experiment. Data collection can be defined as the process of gathering and processing the information to evaluate the outcomes and use them for the researches. Online Social Networking sites (OSN) are one of the best sources of data. In this paper, we are going to introduce the benefits of using the social network sites for data collection and the different techniques that can be used. We are, also, going to list different techniques for data collection in a project related to "Using Trust Management System in Twitter". The goal was to collect data from Twitter. Those data include users information and Tweets. Based on those data, a network of trust created using the relationships among users. The way the data being collected are different in term of efficiency and being useful.
Reliability indexes of automated perimetric tests.

• The "reliability" of a subject's automated perimetric test result is generally assessed by three measures: fixation loss and false-positive and false-negative rates. These reliability criteria were examined for 76 glaucomatous and 248 normal subjects who underwent visual field testing (C-30-2 program; Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer, Allergan Humphrey, San Leandro, Calif). Of the examination results, 45% in glaucomatous subjects and 30% in normal controls were considered unreliable with the use of the manufacturer's reliability criteria. Most test results were unreliable because they failed to meet the criterion for fixation loss. The greater rejection rate among glaucomatous subjects was entirely due to their higher rate of false-negative responses. Factors such as age, pupil diameter, and visual acuity did not explain the difference between the false-negative rates of glaucomatous patients and normal subjects.
Soybean cotyledon starch metabolism is sensitive to altered gravity conditions

We have demonstrated that etiolated soybean seedlings grown under the altered gravity conditions of clinorotation (1 rpm) and centrifugation (5xg) exhibit changes in starch metabolism. Cotyledon starch concentration was lower (-28%) in clinorotated plants and higher (+24%) in centrifuged plants than in vertical control plants. The activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the cotyledons was affected in a similar way, i.e. lower (-37%) in the clinorotated plants and higher (+22%) in the centrifuged plants. Other starch metabolic enzyme activities, starch synthase, starch phosphorylase and total hydrolase were not affected by the altered gravity treatments. We conclude that the observed changes in starch concentrations were primarily due to gravity-mediated differences in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity.
Using symbolic execution for verification of Ada tasking programs

A method is presented for using symbolic execution to generate the verification conditions required for proving correctness of programs written in a tasking subset of Ada. The symbolic execution rules are derived from proof systems that allow tasks to be verified independently in local proofs, which are then checked for cooperation. The isolation nature of this approach to symbolic execution of concurrent programs makes it better suited to formal verification than the more traditional interleaving approach, which suffers from combinatorial problems. The criteria for correct operation of a concurrent program include partial correctness, as well as more general safety properties, such as mutual exclusion and freedom from deadlock.
Interaction of exercise and ethanol on hepatic and plasma antioxidant system in rat

Abstract This study was undertaken in order to determine the effects of exercise and ethanol consumption on antioxidant system in rat liver and plasma. Male Fisher-344 rats were treated as follows: (1) sedentary control (SC); (2) acute exercise (AE); (3) ethanol 20% (1.6 g/kg, p.o.); and (4) AE and ethanol administration. Animals were sacrificed and plasma and liver were isolated and analyzed for antioxidant enzyme, glutathione and lipid peroxidation. In liver, AE significantly elevated SOD and GSH-Px activity and slightly increased MDA level. Ethanol significantly decreased SOD, CAT, and GR activity (69, 74, and 77% of SC) respectively, and also depleted GSSG level (61% of SC) in liver. AE plus ethanol significantly decreased SOD activity 976% of SC), GSH and GSSG levels (85 and 72% of SC) in liver. In plasma, AE significantly enhanced GR activity (173% of SC). Ethanol decreased CAT, GSH-Px, and GR activity (41, 75 and 57% of SC) respectively and lowered MDA level (80% of SC) in plasma. AE plus ethanol significantly decreased CAT and GSH-Px activity (7% and 45% of SC) and increased SOD activity (160% of SC) in plasma. The data indicate that the combination of AE and ethanol ameliorated the changes in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, and enhanced the depletion of hepatic glutathione. The ratios of CAT/SOD, GSH-Px/SOD and GR/GSH-Px in plasma almost doubled due to acute exercise whereas CAT/SOD ratio decreased 20-fold due to alcohol consumption which may be used as an index of exercise and alcohol-induced oxidative stress.
ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF SECONDARY ELECTRONS FROM (100) FACES OF COPPER AND NICKEL

The angular distributions of secondary electrons from (001) faces of copper and nickel single crystals have been measured for secondaries in four energy ranges (0-10 ev, 10-20 ev, 20-40 ev, and 40-90 ev) for primary electron energies of 250, 500, and 800 ev. Fine structure was observed which consisted of weak peaks in the angular distribution superimposed on a background having approximately a cosine distribution. After making corrections for the refraction of secondaries at the surface of the crystal, the internal angular distribution peaks fall along principal low-index directions in the crystal as suggested in the quantum-mechanical collision theories of Wooldridge and of Dekker and van der Ziel. The positions, intensities, and widths of the peaks cannot be accounted for in terms of diffraction of the internal secondaries. The observed peaks are believed to be secondaries produced in the initial collision between the primary electron and a lattice electron of the crystal, enough of these secondaries having escaped the crystal without further collisions to make their observation possible. Details of the angular distribution are in agreement with collision theory based on a screened Coulomb interaction with a velocity-dependent screening length. The velocity dependence of the screening coefficient in the screened Coulomb interaction leads to a sharp drop in the inelastic cross section for energy transfers larger than the plasma excitation energy, and it also leads to increased probability for collisions in which the primary suffers only small deflections. The role of the band structure of the crystal in determining the features of the collision is discussed. In Cu and Ni the vacuum level of potential lies in the second Brillouin zone, so only interzone (umklapp) transitions can lead to secondary electron emission from these metals. Surface refraction is treated in terms of a velocity-dependent refractive index, and the experiment offers a means of determining the velocity dependence of the index. Experimental procedures and precautions required to observe the angular distribution fine structure are discussed.
Error-free transmission of dispersion-managed solitons at 10 Gbit/s over 24500 km without sliding-frequency filters

Error-free propagation over 24500 km at 10 Gbit/s using dispersion-managed solitons is demonstrated without the use of sliding-frequency guiding filter techniques. The dispersion map has a 107 km period which includes one stationary optical bandpass filter.
Nutritional Quality of Organic, Conventional, and Seasonally Grown Broccoli Using Vitamin C As A Marker

Organically labeled vegetables are considered by many consumers to be healthier than non-organic or ‘conventional’ varieties. However, whether the organic-labeled vegetables contain more nutrients ...
Biosensor array microsystem on a CMOS amperometric readout chip

A single-chip integrated microsystem with a CMOS amperometric circuit, on-chip electrodes, a protein-based biointerface, and packaging for biosensor arrays is presented. A 2×2 gold electrode array was fabricated on the surface of the CMOS instrumentation chip. An all-parylene packaging scheme was developed for compatibility with liquid test environments as well as a harsh piranha electrode cleaning process. Proper operation of the chip was demonstrated with electrochemical and biological cyclic voltammetry experiments. A cytochrome PpcA protein interface was implemented to measure concentrations of Fe-NTA using the integrated amperometric microsystem.
The opposing forces diffusion model: the initiation and repression of collective violence

This paper re-evaluates a classic deterministic model of collective violence diffusion and demonstrates a series of shortcomings in it. In response, a new model, the opposing forces diffusion model, is introduced. The opposing forces model treats observed event cycles as the result of two underlying logistic diffusion processes, one for provocation of events and one for repression. The result is a model that is more flexible, more straightforwardly interpreted, and considerably more accurate than its predecessors. Furthermore, because the new model treats provocation and repression as two distinct processes, they can be disentangled and subjected to lower-level scrutiny.
The effect of exercise on plasma somatomedin-C/insulinlike growth factor I concentrations.

Because inadequate intake of energy or protein causes reduction in the plasma concentrations of somatomedin-C/insulinlike growth factor I (Sm-CIGF-I), we have completed studies to determine whether the energy deficit induced by vigorous exercise sustained for 1 week would also be associated with a reduction in this peptide. When six healthy, exercise-conditioned males were fed a diet consisting of 35 kcal/kg ideal body weight (IBW) and 1.0 g protein/kg and exercised so that 14.1 to 16.3 kcal/kg of energy was expended each day, their plasma Sm-CIGF-I concentrations declined from a mean basal value of 1.15 ± 0.78 U/mL (1 ± SD) to 0.62 ± 0.41 U/mL during the last two days of a seven-day exercise period (P < .05). This decrease in Sm-CIFG-I occurred almost entirely in the first four days of the study period. After 3 weeks for reacclimation, the calorie intake of each volunteer was reduced by the same number of calories as had been expended in the form of exercise during each day of the exercise week (mean of 15.1 kcal/kg IBW/d). On this regimen the mean plasma Sm-CIGF-I declined from 1.12 ± 0.57 U/mL, to 0.69 ± 0.37 U/mL on the last two days of dietary restriction. The magnitude of fall with dietary restriction was not significantly different from that observed during exercise. During the last three days of the exercise period the mean daily nitrogen balance was −1.60 ± 1.70 g/d, while this value was −3.50 ± 1.73 g/d during the last three days of dietary restriction (P < .05). During exercise the greatest loss of nitrogen occurred early in the week, in parallel with the decline in Sm-CIGF-I. During dietary restriction, however, there was no trend toward conservation of nitrogen. These results show that strenuous exercise that produces negative caloric balance causes Sm-CIGF-I to fall as much as equivalent caloric restriction without exercise. The less negative nitrogen balance with exercise suggests that such exercise has a nitrogen-sparing effect.
MEASURING THE COST OF CAPITAL IN AN INTERNATIONAL CAPM FRAMEWORK

This paper can be viewed as extending the traditional CAPM framework in two important ways. The first expands the concept of the market portfolio to include international securities. The second extends the definition of systematic risk to include currency risk. What becomes clear in estimating the cost of capital for an international asset is that both extensions have become necessary if the traditional CAPM is to remain relevant. International markets have become increasingly integrated over the past two decades and so all assets might now be considered “international” and priced accordingly. The inclusion of the currency risk factor is not an ad hoc addition to the CAPM but rather results quite naturally from the fact that foreign returns need to be converted into a domestic currency. Based on an examination of 18 companies, the article shows that the use of a broader market portfolio will tend to lower the estimated cost of capital for most firms, but in some cases could actually raise it. (In the case of Singapore Airlines, for example, the currency risk factor adds substantially to the cost of capital, while materially reducing it in the case of Nestle.) Using a simple regression, the authors also attempt to show how the specifics of a particular company—for example, the currencies that are part of their cost/ revenue structure—determine the impact of currency risk on the cost of capital.
Catalysis of splicing-related reactions between dinucleotides by a ribozyme

Certain intervening sequence (IVS) RNAs catalyse their own excision from a primary transcript to yield mature RNA in a reaction termed self-splicing1–4. These Group I IVS RNAs contain several conserved sequences and possess a common secondary structure5,7. The Tetrahymena precursor ribosomal RNA possesses an IVS of this group that is known to self-splice in vitro. The nature of this IVS is of great interest to both biology and chemistry, because understanding its catalytic activity should shed new light on the function of RNA in biological systems and the evolution of RNA which might be relevant to the early stages of life on Earth8,9. We have analysed the minimum requirement for this reaction as one approach to understanding the mechanism of this RNA catalysis. We now show that a fragment of the IVS RNA of Tetrahymena can mediate a simple transesterification reaction between the substrate GpN (where N is A, C, G or U) and the nucleophile CpU. This newly discovered reaction and its reverse reaction represent the fundamental catalytic activity of the self-splicing Group I IVSs.
High-order coupled-cluster calculations through connected octuple excitations

Abstract By exploiting a determinantal full configuration interaction (FCI) algorithm, we compute the correlation energies of molecules at any arbitrary order of coupled-cluster (CC) theory as well as high orders of configuration interaction (CI) and many-body perturbation theory (MBPT). This general-order CC program requires memory storage for three arrays of length N det (the number of determinants) and a modest amount of disk storage. We perform the CC calculations including all connected n -fold excitations up to n =8 for H 2 O, FH, and F − .
Ionospheric contribution to Saturn's inner plasmasphere

[i] Ion densities from the three-dimensional Saturn thermosphere-ionosphere model are extended above the plasma exobase using the formalism of Pierrard and Lemaire (1996) which evaluates the balance of gravitational, centrifugal, and electric forces on plasma in a rotating dipole field. The parameter space of ionospheric contributions to Saturn's inner plasmasphere (to within 1 Saturnian radius above the limb, L < 2) is explored by comparing results that span the observed extremes of plasma temperature, 650-1700 K, and the range of velocity distribution functions, Lorentzian (or Kappa, with K, = 2) to Maxwellian (i.e., a Lorentzian with K = ∞). Plasmaspheric densities are generated for solstice and equinox conditions using solar maximum and solar minimum solar fluxes. Magnetic flux tubes in Saturn's inner plasmasphere are modeled to have less plasma above the exobase (∼4000 km) than below it in contrast to the terrestrial situation. Calculations are made for plasma densities along the path of the Cassini spacecraft's orbital insertion on 1 July 2004. The full range of modeled electron density at closest approach is 0.02-220 cm -3 , although increased knowledge of either plasma temperature or velocity distribution at Saturn's plasma exobase would tighten this range considerably. There is reason to favor the higher values of the calculated electron density as the plasma population at Saturn's plasma exobase is more likely to exhibit a non-Maxwellian velocity distribution. There is a wide range of combinations of K, and plasma temperature that leads to predictions of order 100 el cm -3 at Cassini's closest approach, 1.3 R S .
Up-regulation of acid-gated Na(+) channels (ASICs) by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator co-expression in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) functions as both a chloride channel and an epithelial transport regulator, interacting with Na+ (epithelial sodium channel), Cl−, renal outer medullary potassium channel+, and H2O channels and some exchangers (i.e. Na+/H+) and co-transporters (Na+-HCO , Na+-K+-2Cl−). Acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs), members of the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin superfamily, were originally cloned from neuronal tissue, and recently localized in epithelia. Because CFTR has been immunocytochemically and functionally identified in rat, murine, and human brain, the regulation of ASICs by CFTR was tested in oocytes. Our observations show that the proton-gated Na+ current formed by the heteromultimeric ASIC1a/2a channel was up-regulated by wild type but not by ΔF508-CFTR. In contrast, the acid-gated Na+ current associated with either the homomultimeric ASIC1a or ASIC2a channel was not influenced by wild type CFTR. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant for extracellular Na+ for ASIC1a/2a was increased by CFTR, but CFTR had no effect on the gating behavior or acid sensitivity of ASIC1a/2a. CFTR had no effect on the pH activation of ASIC1a/2a. We conclude that wild type CFTR elevates the acid-gated Na+ current of ASIC1a/2a in part by altering the kinetics of extracellular Na+interaction.
The Development and Validation of the Inventory of Family Protective Factors: A Brief Assessment for Family Counseling

This article describes the three-stage protocol employed in development and validation of the Inventory of Family Protective Factors (IFPF), a brief-form formal instrument intended to assess the primary protective factors that contribute to family resilience. Following construction of the instrument, data collections and analyses of a total sample of 410 participants were conducted for the purpose of establishing validity and reliability and conducting a factor analysis. In each, the four scales composing the IFPF were compared to established measures, each scale and measure assessing one of the primary family protective factors composing the IFPF. The third stage was a field trial to establish the practical value of the IFPF as a clinical assessment for discerning differences between a clinical and a nonclinical group of 102 clients presenting for counseling relative to their perceptions of the primary protective factors present in their family milieu.
Laser seeding of the storage-ring microbunching instability for high-power coherent terahertz radiation.

We report the first observation of laser seeding of the storage-ring microbunching instability. Above a threshold bunch current, the interaction of the beam and its radiation results in a coherent instability, observed as a series of stochastic bursts of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) at terahertz frequencies initiated by fluctuations in the beam density. We have observed that this effect can be seeded by imprinting an initial density modulation on the beam by means of laser ``slicing.'' In such a situation, most of the bursts of CSR become synchronous with the pulses of the modulating laser and their average intensity scales exponentially with the current per bunch. We present detailed experimental observations of the seeding effect and a model of the phenomenon. This seeding mechanism also creates potential applications as a high-power source of CSR at terahertz frequencies.
Mother Jones the Miners' Angel: A Portrait

This biography details the legacy of the most extraordinary woman labor agitator in American history. The life of Mother Jones is an epic, and it is the shame of American writers that it has never been told, George West wrote in the "Nation "in July 1922. She is a great woman, he added, unsung because of our tradition of cheap gentility. The truth of West s lament has endured until now. Mother Jones lived a century. Born in 1830, widowed in 1867 in Memphis, and suffering the loss of her husband and four children from yellow fever she moved to Chicago, where her business as a seamstress was destroyed by the great fire of 1871. Thus tempered by adversity, she came to have a lively sympathy for the downtrodden laboring classes, and she devoted the rest of her life to seeking the betterment of the workingman especially the coal miner. In the course of her career as a labor agitator, Mother Jones took part in some of the most momentous battles in American labor history: The Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Haymarket Riot of 1886, and the Debs Rebellion of 1894. Her last big effort took place during the 1919 steel strike, as she neared her ninetieth year. For half a century Mother Jones was an impious Joan of Arc, an industrial Carrie Nation, who took up the workingman s cause without question and fought his battles without compromise. Dale Fetherling s big and important biography for the first time gives her full story, with eloquence and sympathetic understanding."
Hyperphagia following intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine-, leucine- or tryptophan-methyl esters: lack of correlation with whole brain serotonin levels.

Abstract The methyl ester hydrochlorides of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), L-leucine and L-tryptophan were intraventricularly administered to rats. All compounds produced increased food intake compared to saline administration. PCPA and leucine administration significantly decreased serotonin levels by 15–18%, while no serotonin depletion occurred following tryptophan injections. The data suggest that intraventricular injections of large quantities of neutral amino acid methyl esters may cause hyperphagia in rats through non-serotonergic effects on brain function.
Wide bandwidth varactor-tuned patch antenna

Patch antennas, being limited in bandwidth, are often modified to either be tunable or to yield extended instantaneous bandwidth. Presented is a fragmented patch antenna (FPA) that offers an easily manufactured solution. The FPA is a rectangular patch antenna divided into three sections with varactor diodes placed across the gaps between the sections. The three sections are designed to produce two tunable resonance frequencies that overlap, thereby creating a wide (63.4%) continuously tunable bandwidth.
Lack of detectable nepotism in multiple-queen colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies of the introduced fire ant Solenopsis invicta present a paradox for kin selection theory. Egg-laying queens within these societies are, on average, unrelated to one another, and the numbers of queens per colony are high, so that workers appear to raise new sexuals that are no more closely related to them than are random individuals in the population. This paradox could be resolved if workers discriminate between related and unrelated nestmate sexuals in important fitness-related contexts. This study examines the possibility of such nepotism using methods that combine the following features: (1) multiple relevant behavioral assays, (2) colonies with an unmanipulated family structure, (3) multiple genetic markers with no known phenotypic effects, and (4) a statistical technique for distinguishing between nepotism and potentially confounding phenomena. We estimated relatedness between interactants in polygyne S. invicta colonies in two situations, workers tending egg-laying queens and workers feeding maturing winged queens. In neither case did we detect a significant positive value of relatedness that would implicate nepotism. We argue that the non-nepotistic strategies displayed by these ants reflect historical selection pressures experienced by native populations, in which nestmate queens are highly related to one another. The markedly different genetic structure in native populations may favor the operation of stronger higher-level selection that effectively opposes weaker individual-level selection for nepotistic interactions within nests.
A study of morphological variability in chenopodium incanum (Chenopodiaceae) and the recognition of two new varieties

Study ofChenopodium incanum has revealed considerable variability in what has been viewed previously as a uniform species. Variation is correlated with geographic distribution, and thus two new varieties are described. Varietyeatum Crawford occurs in western Texas, southern New Mexico and southern Arizona, whereas var.occidentale Crawford is restricted to the Great Basin and Mohave Desert. The var.incanum grows primarily on the western Great Plains and eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. Morphological features serving to distinguish the varieties are presented and discussed. Also considered are the characters that allow the separation ofC. incanum andC. fremontii.
Tourists' Reasons for Visiting Industrial Heritage Sites

Abstract A total of 1,320 on-site interviews were conducted with individuals visiting nine industrial heritage sites in southwestern Pennsylvania. Individuals were asked, “What influenced you to visit the site?” Based on content analysis of their answers, eight major reasons, including interest in the site, families and friends, recreation, promotional information, been-here-before, having some knowledge of the sites, road signs, and curiosity, were uncovered. Subsequent analyses of the reasons revealed that tourists' reasons for visiting industrial heritage sites differed based on travel experience, gender and time of travel. The implications of these results are discussed as strategies for service delivery.
Energy-linked Functions of Submitochondrial Particles Prepared from Mung Bean Mitochondria

Submitochondrial particles from mung bean mitochondria (Phaseolus aureus) are able to catalyze an energy-linked reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate transhydrogenase reaction supported by ATP or by aerobically generated high energy intermediates. The energy transfer pathway appears to differ from that utilized for oxidative phosphorylation.Mung bean submitochondrial particles will also reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by reversed electron transport from succinate or ascorbate tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The energy requirement can be met by ATP or by aerobically generated high energy intermediates.A scheme for the energy transduction pathway in mung beans is postulated from the effects of inhibitors and uncouplers of energy transfer on transhydrogenase and reversed electron transfer reactions.