cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spaces of Potential Visibility of Artificial Satellites for the Unaided Eye

Spaces of Potential Visibility of Artificial Satellites for the Unaided Eye. The visibility of satellites with unaided eyes is a problem of brightness discrimination. By computing visual ranges for the satellite in eight meridians for several positions of the sun below the horizon it is possible to determine “spaces of potential visibility”. The ceilings of the spaces are given by the visual ranges, the lower limits by the perigee of the satellite and by the earth shadow. If the satellite travels through such as space it may become visible to the unaided eyes.
Revisiting the treatment of anemia in the setting of chronic kidney disease, hematologic malignancies, and cancer: perspectives with opinion and commentary

Anemia has and will continue to be a central theme in medicine particularly as clinicians are treating a burgeoning population of complex multi-organ system processes. As a result of multiple rando...
Hepatic Mitochondrial Remodeling is Mechanistically Linked to Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

ABSTRACT Insulin resistance and altered hepatic mitochondrial function are central features of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the etiological role of these processes in disease progression remains unclear. We investigated the molecular links between insulin resistance, mitochondrial remodeling, and hepatic lipid accumulation in a rodent model of T2D / NAFLD. Livers from obese, insulin resistant mice displayed augmented mitochondrial content and increased TCA cycle and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activities. Insulin sensitization with pioglitazone mitigated pyruvate-driven TCA cycle activity and PDH activation via both covalent (PDK4 and PDP2) and allosteric (intracellular pyruvate availability) mechanisms. Interestingly, improvements in insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function were entirely dissociated from changes in hepatic triglycerides, diacylglycerides or fatty acids. Instead, we show that the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin undergoes pathological remodeling in livers from obese mice and that this is reversed by insulin sensitization. Our findings identify targetable mitochondrial features of T2D and NAFLD and highlight the benefit of insulin sensitization in managing the clinical burden of obesity-associated disease.
The Mind-Body Problem 3.0

This essay identifies two shifts in the conceptual evolution of the mind-body problem since it was molded into its modern form. The “mind-body problem 1.0” corresponds to Descartes’ ontological question: what are minds and how are they related to bodies? The “mind-body problem 2.0” reflects the core issue underlying much discussion of brains and minds in the twentieth century: can mental states be reduced to neural states? While both issues are no longer central to scientific research, the philosophy of mind ain’t quite done yet. In an attempt to recast a classic discussion in a more contemporary guise, I present a “mind-body problem 3.0.” In a slogan, this can be expressed as the question: how should we pursue psychology in the age of neuroscience?
Divergent Opioidergic Brainstem Pathways that Mediate Pain-Breathing Interaction

Breathing and pain perception seem to be unrelated critical brain functions, yet they influence each other. Severe pain induces hyperventilation, whereas paced slow breathing alleviates pain perception. However, a neural circuit-based understanding of pain-breathing interaction is lacking. Here we report that Oprm1 (µ-opioid receptor)-expressing neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL) are crucial for regulating breathing, pain, and their interaction. The PBL Oprm1 activity is tightly correlated with the breathing rhythm, and noxious stimuli simultaneously elevate both. Manipulating PBL Oprm1 activity collectively modulates breathing rhythm and negative affects, such as pain and anxiety. Furthermore, we find that the association of pain and breathing is mediated by two non-overlapping but reciprocally connected Oprm1 subpopulations in the core and shell of the PBL, which diverge to the central amygdala and medullary respiratory center, respectively. These results uncover the role of the parabrachial opioidergic pathways in regulating basal respiratory rhythm and pain-breathing interaction.
Evolution of Drawing Texture for A6 Aluminum Conductor

Evolution of drawing texture for A6 aluminum conductor with the drawing process was investigated by macro and micro-texture analysis. The results show that the fiber-like deformation texture of 111 and 100 formed in the drawing process, and 100 texture reduced while 111 texture enhanced with the increasing strain. The distribution of deformed texture was of homogeneity along the radial direction of wire: the deform texture transformed from strong 100 texture(~52% volume fraction) in the surface to strong 111 texture(~55%) in the center by moderate strains; the radial gradient texture was weakened and a strong 111 texture(70%) formed in the overall wire by high strains. Moreover,the core hardness of the wire was higher than that of the surface, which attributed to the texture gradient distribution along the radial. Adjusting the drawing process to optimize the dislocation density and texture as well as their distribution in the wire is an effective route to improve the strength and conductive properties of the A6 aluminum conductor.
Association between Sarcopenic Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Fibrosis detected by Fibroscan.

Background and aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and sarcopenic obesity share several pathophysiologic backgrounds. No prior studies have determined a plausible association between sarcopenic obesity and NAFLD and NAFLD-associated fibrosis. We aim to investigate the association between sarcopenic obesity and NAFLD, and NAFLD-associated fibrosis detected by transient elastography. Methods In a cross-sectional study from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1,925 participants were identified. NAFLD was defined by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) scores and significant fibrosis (≥F2)/cirrhosis by liver stiffness measurements on transient elastography. Sarcopenic obesity was defined by appendicular lean mass and body fat. Results Individuals with sarcopenic obesity had a significantly higher odds of having NAFLD [CAP score ≥263 dB/m, odds ratio (OR): 2.88, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.82-4.57, and CAP score ≥285, OR: 3.71, 95%CI: 2.24-6.14] after adjusting for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. The association remained statistically significant after adjustment for socioeconomic status, lifestyle and behavioral risk factors, and metabolic conditions (CAP score ≥263, OR: 2.61, 95%CI: 1.51-4.50, and CAP score ≥285, OR: 3.31, 95%CI: 1.85-5.96). Sarcopenic obesity was also associated with higher odds of having NAFLD-associated significant fibrosis (OR 2.22, 95% CI: 1.03-4.80) in the multivariate model. While those with sarcopenic obesity had a higher prevalence of NAFLD-associated cirrhosis, this association did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Sarcopenic obesity was independently associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and NAFLD- associated significant fibrosis independent of well-defined risk factors. Targeted interventions to improve sarcopenic obesity may reduce the risk of NAFLD and NAFLD-associated siginificant fibrosis.
Patient-reported opioid analgesic use after discharge from surgical procedures: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE This systematic review synthesizes evidence on patient-reported outpatient opioid analgesic use post-surgery. METHODS We searched Pubmed (February 2019), Web of Science and Embase (June 2019) for U.S. studies describing patient-reported outpatient opioid analgesic use. Two reviewers extracted data on opioid analgesic use, standardized use, and performed independent quality appraisals based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS Ninety-six studies met eligibility criteria; 56 had sufficient information to standardize use in oxycodone 5 mg tablets. Patient-reported opioid analgesic use varied widely by procedure type; knee and hip arthroplasty had the highest postoperative opioid use, and use after many procedures was reported as < 5 tablets. In studies that examined excess tablets, 25%-98% of the total tablets prescribed were reported to be excess, with most studies reporting that 50%-70% of tablets went unused. Factors commonly associated with higher opioid analgesic use included preoperative opioid analgesic use, higher inpatient opioid analgesic use, higher postoperative pain scores, and chronic medical conditions, among others. Estimates also varied across studies due to heterogeneity in study design, including length of follow-up and inclusion/exclusion criteria. CONCLUSION Self-reported post-surgery outpatient opioid analgesic use varies widely both across procedures and within a given procedure type. Contributors to within-procedure variation included patient characteristics, prior opioid use, intraoperative and perioperative factors, and differences in timing of opioid use data collection. We provide recommendations to help minimize variation caused by study design factors and maximize interpretability of forthcoming studies for use in clinical guidelines and decision-making.
A Vacuum-Driven Microfluidic Array for Multi-Step Sample Digitalization

We present herein a facile vacuum-driven microfluidic device that is capable of multi-step sample digitalization based on the gas permeability of PDMS. The device features 1) a suction layer that is connected to an external vacuum to generate a continuous negative pressure within the device, and 2) an outlet-free microarray layer with treelike multi-level bifurcated microchannels connecting to 4096 dead-end microwells to realize multiple loading steps until all the microwells being filled. To efficiently prevent sample evaporation at high temperatures, we use a glass slide that is pre-poured with thermosetting oil to seal the gas-permeable PDMS. Moreover, we demonstrated successful detection of single-cell methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with three loading steps targeting the resistance marker gene MecA via digital PCR amplification on the device.
Testability Properties of Divergent Trees

The testability of a class of regular circuits called divergent trees is investigated under a functional fault model. Divergent trees include such practical circuits as decoders and demultiplexers. We prove that uncontrolled divergent trees are testable with a fixed number of test patterns (C-testable) if and only if the module function is surjective. Testable controlled trees are also surjective but require sensitizing vectors for error propagation. We derive the conditions for testing controlled divergent trees with a test set whose size is proportional to the number of levels p found in the tree (L-testability). By viewing a tree as overlapping arrays of various types, we also derive conditions for a controlled divergent tree to be C-testable. Typical decoders/demultiplexers are shown to only partially satisfy L- and C-testability conditions but a design modification that ensures L-testability is demonstrated.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis of aliphatic biodegradable photoluminescent polymers using new ionic liquid matrices.

In this study, two novel ionic liquid matrices (ILMs), N,N-diisopropylethylammonium 3-oxocoumarate and N,N-diisopropylethylammonium dihydroxymonooxoacetophenoate, were tested for the structural elucidation of recently developed aliphatic biodegradable polymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The polymers, formed by a condensation reaction of three components, citric acid, octane diol, and an amino acid, are fluorescent, but the exact mechanism behind their luminescent properties has not been fully elucidated. In the original studies, which introduced the polymer class (J. Yang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 10086–10091), a hyper-conjugated cyclic structure was proposed as the source for the photoluminescent behavior. With the use of the two new ILMs, we present evidence that supports the presence of the proposed cyclization product. In addition, the new ILMs, when compared with a previously established ILM, N,N-diisopropylethylammonium α-cyano-3-hydroxycinnimate, provided similar signal intensities and maintained similar spectral profiles. This research also established that the new ILMs provided good spot-to-spot reproducibility and high ionization efficiency compared with corresponding crystalline matrix preparations. Many polymer features revealed through the use of the ILMs could not be observed with crystalline matrices. Ultimately, the new ILMs highlighted the composition of the synthetic polymers, as well as the loss of water that was expected for the formation of the proposed cyclic structure on the polymer backbone. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling advertising budgeting and allocation decisions using modified multinomial logit market share models

Previous research suggests that a multinomial logit model of market share (MNL) is inappropriate for equilibrium analyses of advertising competition. This article shows that when employing simple transformations of the advertising effort, the modified MNL model becomes useful in representing situations of diminishing returns to advertising and appropriate for advertising equilibrium analyses without additional difficulties in its empirical estimation. Using the modified MNL model, optimal advertising budgets together with their allocation over time are derived for both the cases of concave and S-shaped attraction (response) functions in a symmetric oligopoly.
Comments on two treatments of symmetry rules in chemical reactions

In this paper we compare a recently presented approach to the determination of symmetry rules for chemical reactions based on adiabatic electronic states to earlier work in which a quasiadiabatic representation was used. The adiabatic approach is shown not to lead directly to Woodward–Hoffmann symmetry rules, and a number of the conclusions of the adiabatic work are shown to be incorrect and inconsistent. An indirect approach for deriving the Woodward–Hoffman rules in the adiabatic representation is presented which uses the connection between the adiabatic and quasiadiabatic representations to relate barrier height to the quasiadiabatic electronic matrix elements.
Generalized Foulkes' Conjecture and tableaux construction

Foulkes conjectured that for n=ab and a = a. We prove the generalized conjecture for a=2 and a=3, by explicitly constructing the corresponding tableaux. We also prove the multiplicity constraint for certain cases. For these proofs we develop a theory of construction conditions for tableaux giving rise to $Sym{b}wrSym{a}$ modules and in doing so, completely classify all such tableaux for a=2 and a=3.
The Homestake Interim Laboratory and Homestake DUSEL

The former Homestake gold mine in Lead South Dakota is proposed for the National Science Foundationʼs Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL). The gold mine provides expedient access to depths in excess of 8000 feet below the surface (>7000 mwe). Homestakeʼs long history of promoting scientific endeavours includes the Davis Solar Neutrino Experiment, a chlorine-based experiment that was hosted at the 4850 Level for more than 30 years. As DUSEL, Homestake would be uncompromised by competition with mining interests or other shared uses. The facilityʼs 600-km of drifts would be available for conversion for scientific and educational uses. The State of South Dakota, under Governor Roundsʼ leadership, has demonstrated exceptionally strong support for Homestake and the creation of DUSEL. The State has provided funding totalling $46M for the preservation of the site for DUSEL and for the conversion and operation of the Homestake Interim Laboratory. Motivated by the strong educational and outreach potential of Homestake, the State contracted a Conversion Plan by world-recognized mine-engineering contractor to define the process of rehabilitating the facility, establishing the appropriate safety program, and regaining access to the facility. The State of South Dakota has established the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority to oversee the transfer of the Homestake property to the State and the rehabilitation and preservation of the facility. The Homestake Scientific Collaboration and the State of South Dakotaʼs Science and Technology Authority has called for Letters of Interest from scientific, educational and engineering collaborations and institutions that are interested in hosting experiments and uses in the Homestake Interim Facility in advance of the NSFʼs DUSEL, to define experiments starting as early as 2007. The Homestake Program Advisory Committee has reviewed these Letters and their initial report has been released. Options for developing the Homestake Interim Laboratory and evolving this facility into DUSEL are presented.
Case report 553

Cas particulier d'un lipome paraosteal du femur, avec metaplasie osteocartilagineuse et primant un osteochondrome
GDE2 Promotes Neurogenesis by Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchor Cleavage of RECK

The six-transmembrane protein glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2 (GDE2) induces spinal motor neuron differentiation by inhibiting Notch signaling in adjacent motor neuron progenitors. GDE2 function requires activity of its extracellular domain that shares homology with glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). GDPDs metabolize glycerophosphodiesters into glycerol-3-phosphate and corresponding alcohols, but whether GDE2 inhibits Notch signaling by this mechanism is unclear. Here, we show that GDE2, unlike classical GDPDs, cleaves glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. GDE2 GDPD activity inactivates the Notch activator RECK (reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs) by releasing it from the membrane through GPI-anchor cleavage. RECK release disinhibits ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) protease-dependent shedding of the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1), leading to Notch inactivation. This study identifies a previously unrecognized mechanism to initiate neurogenesis that involves GDE2-mediated surface cleavage of GPI-anchored targets to inhibit Dll1-Notch signaling.
A continous functional representation of the response surface for a NE-213 neutron spectrometer☆

Abstract The Verbinski et al. response matrix, which was developed for neutron spectrometry, is represented by a continuous function having continuous first derivatives. The use of this functional description in unfolding yields improved resolution of spectra, increases the efficiency of codes used in unfolding, can reduce the number of experiments needed for calibration of detectors, and provides a basis for new developments in unfolding codes.
Modeling the reentrant job shop scheduling problem with setups for metaheuristic searches

We consider modeling the reentrant job shop scheduling problem with sequence dependent setup times in the context of metaheuristic search methods. We begin by investigating feasibility conditions when sequence dependent setups are incorporated into the traditional job shop scheduling problem. The investigation reveals that traditional methods of avoiding infeasible solutions for iterative search techniques do not suffice. The conditions under which these infeasible solutions occur are presented and an algorithm is presented to remove such infeasibilities. Reentrancy and its relationship to the traditional model are then illustrated, and the new features of the disjunctive graph are introduced. We conclude with a simple algorithm for obtaining an initial feasible solution, benefits of this research, and an application to the reentrant job shop scheduling problem with sequence dependent setups.
Radiative transfer code SHARM-3D for radiance simulations over a non-Lambertian nonhomogeneous surface: intercomparison study

Results of an extensive validation study of the new radiative transfer code SHARM-3D are described. The code is designed for modeling of unpolarized monochromatic radiative transfer in the visible and near-IR spectra in the laterally uniform atmosphere over an arbitrarily inhomogeneous anisotropic surface. The surface boundary condition is periodic. The algorithm is based on an exact solution derived with the Green's function method. Several parameterizations were introduced into the algorithm to achieve superior performance. As a result, SHARM-3D is 2-3 orders of magnitude faster than the rigorous code SHDOM. It can model radiances over large surface scenes for a number of incidence-view geometries simultaneously. Extensive comparisons against SHDOM indicate that SHARM-3D has an average accuracy of better than 1%, which along with the high speed of calculations makes it a unique tool for remote-sensing applications in land surface and related atmospheric radiation studies.
Jet-Damping Effects: Theory and Experiment

A ROCKET pitching or yawing about a transverse axis (Fig. 1) has a loss in angular momentum with respect to its center of mass. This loss is a result of the transverse velocity component of the escaping gases and can be written as te(dm/dt)ojx; te is defined in Fig: 1, ux is angular velocity about a transverse axis, and dm/dt is the mass rate of flow of escaping gases. This loss in angular momentum we define as jet damping. In studying the effects of jet damping, Rosser, Newton, and Gross included the effects of the change in moment of inertia of the vehicle in combination with the precedingangular momentum loss and defined the combination as jet damping. Recently. Rott and Pottsepp analyzed the problem from the fluid dynamic viewpoint, including the Coriolis effect in their equations of motion. They integrated the pressure forces and moments to obtain a resultant jetdamping moment that consisted of the jet-damping term defined previously plus a second term that can be interpreted as a time rate of change in moment of inertia. Their analysis shows that jet damping is a result of Coriolis forces. Thomson examines the problem from the point of view of Rosser, Newton, and Gross. For the special case of a radially-burning solid rocket, with le and the radius of gyration k assumed to remain constant, he integrates his equation of motion to obtain co = cooCw/mo)^/^" (1) This result shows that for le/k > 1, co decreases, whereas for le/k < 1, co increases. Thus, there is a possibility of instability in jet-dampened rockets. In a later section Thomson formulates the general governing equations for motion of spinning bodies with varying configuration and mass. He writes his moment equation in three separate forms, the first of which contains the Coriolis term but does not contain the dm/dt ojle or dl/dt terms. By addition and substraction of the jet damping and other necessary terms, he puts the governing moment equation in the form shown in Eq. (2) below. If one works with Thomson's general formulation in its first form and makes the same internal flow assumptions as Rott and Pottsepp, their results are obtained. In the present note the problem is formulated from Eq. (2) because it leads to results that are easily interpreted and that to the author's knowledge have not been presented elsewhere. The results obtained are applied to a particular experimental configuration that was designed to demonstrate the instability condition.
Comment on: Reliability of k-out-of-n:G systems with imperfect fault-coverage

This note comments on the paper "Reliability of k-out-of-n:G systems with imperfect fault-coverage" by S. Akhtar (1994). An alternative probability argument can be used to obtain the MTBF (mean time between failures) and MTTF (mean time to failure) for such systems. This has the advantage that higher moments of such failure times can also be determined. >
Protein synthesis during salivary gland development, ageing, and cell death in Chironomus tentans larvae

Abstract Salivary gland protein synthesis in Chironomus tentans larvae was analyzed from the mid-third instar to larval pupation. Correcting for stage specific variations in the specific activity of the amino acid pool revealed a 30–40% reduction in the rate of protein synthesis during the larval moult. Except for a transient increase early in the fourth instar, this low rate of protein synthesis was maintained until the pharate pupal period when protein synthesis dramatically increased: maximum synthesis occurred in mid-pharate pupae with a subsequent decline correlating with gland autolysis and cell death at pupation. Each developmental period was characterized by a particular pattern of secretory protein synthesis: high and 35,000 daltons peptides were maximally synthesized only at particular larval stages, being reduced or absent in post-ecdysis, diapause and autolysing salivary glands. Except for the ecdysone puffs, and as otherwise previously noted ( Clever , 1961, 1962), puffing activity during the peri-moult period remained relatively constant and did not decrease by the 30–40% predicted from the decreased rate of protein synthesis. The nearly complete loss in synthesis of the 35,000 daltons peptide was not accompanied by regression in any puff.
A review: Diabetic retinopathy—pathophysiologic and therapeutic approaches

Of the five million known diabetics in the United States, 5,000 become blind each year because of diabetic retinopathy. While the pathologic changes in the retina are well defined, the pathogenetic and pathophysiologic factors are not clear, and therapeutic approaches are empirical. The disease may be classified clinically and pathologically into four stages:(1) preretinopathy, characterized by disruption of the blood-retinal barrier; (2) background retinopathy, exhibiting typical microangiopathic changes; (3) diabetic macular edema, resulting in gradual loss of central vision; (4) proliferative retinopathy, ending in retinal detachment and blindness. Many associated pathophysiologic factors have been described, but the critical pathogenetic mechanisms have not been established. The contributing factors include: (1) hyperglycemia and insulin control; (2) disruption of the blood-retinal barrier; (3) retinal microangiopathy, including changes of pericyte and endothelial cell basement membrane; (4) formation of microaneurysms; (5) systemic diseases, including hypertension, blood alteration, hormonal changes, and genetic abnormalities; (6) ocular disorders such as optic atrophy, alteration in intraocular pressure, and eye surgery; and (7) retinal and vitreal neovascularization. A number of therapeutic approaches are being actively tested. Treatment with panretinal photocoagulation has been helpful to some patients, and the control of contributing systemic factors may delay progression of the disease. Vitrectomy with or without endoscopic panretinal photocoagulation has been useful in some advanced cases. Pituitary ablation has been effective for treatment of severe diabetic retinopathy, but severe complications have forced its abandonment. Aldose reductase inhibitors and other medications are currently being tested.
Internet: Let the User Beware

Every librarian knows undergraduate students rarely evaluate the information they find in a print index, much less what comes from a computer screen. This knowledge is compounded by the undergraduate’s belief that anything coming from the Internet is the gospel truth. Is the Internet being integrated into library instruction, taught as another research tool, or taught as something special? Are students being taught to evaluate Internet resources? In this annotated bibliography, Hahn examines journal articles, book chapters, and Web sites that discuss the evaluation of information found through the Internet.
The fractal dimension in retinal pathology

We have extended previous studies on the fractal geometry of retinal blood vessels. Certain retinal pathologies have also been analysed. We show that the fractal dimension can be of great use as a clinical tool and can provide a 'meta-language' for analysing the branching patterns of retinal arterial and venous systems in both the normal and the diseased retina.
Disease knowledge, perceived risk, and health behavior engagement among adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease

Abstract Objective Survivors of congenital heart disease (CHD) are at risk for life-threatening complications as they age. This study aimed to examine the association of knowledge of future health risks, perceived risk, and health behaviors among adolescents and adults with CHD. Methods CHD survivors ( N = 200, ages 15–39; 23% simple, 44% moderate, 33% complex lesions) completed measures of risk knowledge accuracy and perceived risk for developing complications, and reported physical activity and saturated fat intake. Results CHD survivors reported poor risk knowledge and consuming high-fat diets. Adolescents reported more physical activity than young adults. Greater risk knowledge was associated with lower fat intake, and participants who exercised more expected fewer future complications, and this difference remained statistically significant when accounting for education and age. Conclusions CHD survivors, regardless of age, have poor risk knowledge and diets. Survivors may benefit from emphasis on future health risks and health behaviors from both pediatric and adult providers.
The effects ofPerkinsus marinusextracellular products and purified proteases on oyster defence parametersin vitro

Abstract The effects of extracellular products (ECP) and purified proteases from the protozoan parasitePerkinsus marinuson three host defence parameters (haemocyte motility, lysozyme and haemagglutinin) of the eastern oyster,Crassostrea virginica, were investigated. ECP with high proteolytic activities, as well as purified proteases, significantly decreased the random migration of haemocytes through micro-porous filters in Boyden chambers. Stimulation of haemocyte migration byP. marinuscells orP. marinuscell lysate was also dramatically reduced by ECP and purified proteases. Incubation of oyster plasma with ECP and purified proteases caused a significant decrease in lysozyme activity and also appeared to reduce haemagglutinin titres. These data suggest thatP. marinusECP, as well as the proteolytic fraction of the ECP, can modulate some defence parameters of oystersin vitro.
DIRECT 3D LAYER METAL DEPOSITION AND TOOLPATH GENERATION

Jianzhong Ruan jzruan@mst.edu Lie Tang Ltx8d@mst.edu Todd E. Sparks tparks@mst.edu Robert G. Landers landersr@mst.edu Frank Loiu liou@mst.edu Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Multi-axis slicing for solid freeform fabrication (SFF) manufacturing process can yield non-uniform thickness layers, or 3-D layers. Using the traditional parallel layer construction approach to build such a layer leads to a staircase which requires machining or other post processing to form the desired shape. This paper presents a direct 3-D layer deposition approach. This approach uses an empirical model to predict the layer thickness based on experimental data. The toolpath between layers is not parallel; instead, it follows the final shape of the designed geometry and the distance between the toolpath in the adjacent layers varies at different locations. Directly depositing a 3-D layer not only eliminates the staircase effect, but also improves the manufacturing efficiency by shortening the deposition and machining times. A single track deposition experiment has demonstrated these advantages. Thus, it is a beneficial addition to the traditional parallel deposition method
Scaling of fixed off-shore structures

Abstract A simple scaling law is developed for fixed off-shore structures assuming linear structural response and using a Rayleigh correction to account for the structural mass. The accuracy of the law is examined by comparing its predictions with results from an analytic solution for the case of an idealized structure consisting of a rigid deck and uniform support cylinder. Results show agreement within 4% when the scale of the system is reduced a full order of magnitude.
Visually Following the Hydrogenation of Curcumin to Tetrahydrocurcumin in a Natural Product Experiment That Enhances Student Understanding of NMR Spectroscopy

This laboratory experiment was developed to provide two safe and effective ways to instruct undergraduate organic chemistry students about the catalytic palladium hydrogenation reaction. Students hydrogenate curcumin either by refluxing it as a suspension in methanol with 10% Pd/C and a transfer hydrogenation chemical, such as cyclohexene, or by using a hydrogenation flow reactor, an H-Cube, a type of instrument that is rapidly becoming an industry standard. Students develop chromatography and spectroscopy skills by performing thin-layer chromatographic analysis, and if necessary, running a silica gel column on the crude material, followed by acquiring a proton NMR spectrum of the product. Approximately 101 undergraduate students performed this experiment, and the experiment’s effectiveness was assessed by two methods: a qualitative postlab student self-assessment and identical quantitative pre- and postlab tests. The tests indicated that the students showed significant improvement in their understanding ...
Nutrition Intervention for Patients with Gynecological Cancer Receiving Outpatient Chemotherapy

Abstract The growing trend toward outpatient chemotherapy coupled with the Registered Dietitians' (RD) time constraints in this arena led to the development of a medical nutrition therapy (MNT) protocol. A screening tool, adapted from the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) and a nutrition progress tracking tool were developed and implemented. The protocol utilizes the nursing staff as a way to achieve time efficiency. The RD reviews the PG-SGA, distributed by nursing, during the chemotherapy treatment. MNT is instituted based upon indications of declining nutritional status or adverse effects of treatment. Eleven women receiving chemotherapy for ovarian or endometrial cancer were monitored using this method. All had lost weight, an average of 7%, from their usual body weight at the time of their first chemotherapy treatment. The RD provided individualized nutrition counseling during each chemotherapy treatment session, usually at three-week intervals. Ninety-one percent attained weight gain during treatment, with 63% achieving a return to their usual body weight. MNT can be focused and individualized when the modified PG-SGA is completed and a nutrition progress tool is available at the counseling session. These key elements lead to a more efficient use of time and effective patient counseling. Additional strategies need further development to expand this protocol for all outpatients receiving chemotherapy.
A micromechanics model for the prediction of fatigue characteristics of off-axis unidirectional laminates

In this paper, the concentric cylinders model is used to predict the fatigue characteristics of off-axis unidirectional laminates. A failure criterion that uses stresses averaged along the radial distance in each constituent phase is applied to predict the S-N curves of unidirectional laminates. The predicted S-N curves compare well with the experimental data for various off-axis Glass/Epoxy laminates.
Solar-cycle changes in the thermal structure of the Venus dayside ionosphere

Vertical profiles of electron density in the dayside ionosphere of Venus, measured by the Pioneer Venus radio occultation experiment, averaged in bins of solar zenith angle, have been used to examine the behavior of the ionospheric thermal structure with the solar cycle. It was found that the plasma scale height decreased by a factor ranging from 1.5 at 190 km to about 3.0 at 300 km altitude as the solar input went from maximum to minimum. If the assumption of diffusive equilibrium holds above h = 180 km for both the times of solar maximum and solar minimum, similar decreases in the plasma temperature and, consequently, the electron and ion temperatures, are inferred. If, however, diffusive equilibrium conditions do not apply at the time of solar activity minimum, perhaps due to the effects of enhanced solar wind interaction, no information on the plasma temperatures is contained in the data on the topside electron density structure.
Endemic pleural disease associated with exposure to mixed fibrous dust in Turkey

Pleural mesothelioma, lung cancer, pleural calcification and fibrosis, and interstitial parenchymal fibrosis have been observed among inhabitants of several villages in south-central Turkey. Earlier reports have stated that environmental and lung tissue samples from this area contained the fibrous zeolite mineral erionite, and this mineral has generally been assumed to be the agent responsible for these endemic pathological conditions in the absence of asbestos outcroppings and usage. Several different kinds of asbestos minerals in addition to erionite have now been found in environmental samples taken from the villages where these diseases occur. The lung tissues of mesothelioma patients from these villages contain both fibrous zeolites and asbestos minerals.
The Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, Present and Future.

The world war marked an epoch in the existence of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry as it did in all human endeavors. The information and experience which had been accumulated by the Council during its thirteen years' existence was drawn on by our government, directly or indirectly, and it also received consideration in England, France, 1 Belgium, Holland, 2 Italy, 3 Sweden and elsewhere. In the world wide readjustment that has begun, the efforts of the Council, past and present, will influence the plans of those who engage in the manufacture or sale of medicines, and, undoubtedly, will be the incentive to the establishment of similar bodies in other countries. As secretary of the Council almost from the time of its organization in 1905, 4 and knowing the work of its members and its collaborators, I am firmly convinced that this body has deserved the endorsement and support given
Investigation of oxygen annealing effects on RF sputter deposited SiC thin films

Abstract Amorphous silicon carbide films were deposited by RF sputtering technique using a SiC target. These films were annealed in dry oxygen ambient in the temperature range of 400–700 °C. Subsequently the films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the chemical composition at each annealing temperature. XPS indicated that increasing the anneal temperature results in a decrease in SiC phase, and an increase in SiO x . Surface morphology of the oxidized films was characterized using atomic force microscope. Optical absorption studies indicated blue shifting effects as the annealing temperature was increased.
Effect of Temperature and Pore Pressure on Velocity and Attenuation of Seismic Waves in Rocks: Applications to Crustal Exploration: ABSTRACT

Compressional seismic wave velocities have been used with much success in defining structural features likely to serve as hydrocarbon reservoirs. Recent advances in data collection and processing and, as we will describe, a greater understanding of the factors governing wave propagation in rocks indicate much additional information regarding the in-situ temperature, degree of saturation, and pore pressure may be obtained if data are available on seismic attenuation and shear velocity in addition to compressional velocity. Both velocity and attenuation are strongly temperature dependent. In dry sandstones, velocity increases rapidly with temperature to 100°C then levels off. Vp/Vs increases with tempeature. Shear and extensional attenuations increase rapidly with temperature from a Q of about 90 at room temperature to over 500 at 225°C. Shear attenuation is less than extensional attenuation below 200°C; the opposite is true above 200°C. In rock with a small amount of free water, thermal fracturing of rocks becomes dominant above 170°C decreasing velocities because of the increased porosity and increasing attentuation due to additional surface area in contact with water. In partly saturated rocks at elevated temperatures (200°C) attenuation is high in b lk compression and about half as great in shear. In fully saturated rocks, shear attenuation is high and bulk attenuation is low. Compressional velocity is greater in a fully saturated rock than in a dry or partly saturated rock. Shear velocity is less in a saturated rock than in a dry rock. Velocity and attenuation roughly follow an effective stress law. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1361------------
Investigation of Cold Filling Receiver Panels and Piping in Molten-Nitrate-Salt Central-Receiver Solar Power Plants

Cold filling refers to flowing a fluid through piping or tubes that are at temperatures below the fluid`s freezing point. Since the piping and areas of the receiver in a molten-nitrate salt central-receiver solar power plant must be electrically heated to maintain their temperatures above the nitrate salt freezing point (430 F, 221 C), considerable energy could be used to maintain such temperatures during nightly shutdown and bad weather. Experiments and analyses have been conducted to investigate cold filling receiver panels and piping as a way of reducing parasitic electrical power consumption and increasing the availability of the plant. The two major concerns with cold filling are (1) how far can the molten salt penetrate cold piping before freezing closed, and (2) what thermal stresses develop during the associated thermal shock. Cold fill experiments were conducted by flowing molten salt at 550 F (288 C) through cold panels, manifolds, and piping to determine the feasibility of cold filling the receiver and piping. The transient thermal responses were measured and heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the data. Nondimensional analysis is presented which quantifies the thermal stresses in a pipe or tube undergoing thermal shock. In addition, penetration distances were calculatedmore » to determine the distance salt could flow in cold pipes prior to freezing closed.« less
Lipopolymers, Isoprenoids, and the Assembly of the Gram-Positive Cell Wall

AbstractVII. SUMMARYCertain Gram-positive bacterial cell surface polymers may be synthesized by stepwise addition of polymer subunits to an amphipathic acceptor. The presence of a lipid moiety presumably promotes the association of the acceptor with the membrane, enables two-dimensional diffusion in the membrane monolayer, and facilitates export of intermediates through the cellular permeability barrier. In the case of the membrane-bound lipopolymers lipomannan and LTA, the finished product remains covalently linked to an acylated anchor lipid that is associated with the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane. In the case of more transient lipopolymers that serve as intermediates in cell wall biosynthesis, such as peptidoglycan and teichoic acid intermediates, two fates are theoretically possible: (1) transfer into wall with concomitant or later cleavage of the lipid moiety, and recycling or secretion of the lipid into the growth medium and (2) transfer into wall without cleavage of the lipid moiety...
What does a newcomer digital librarian need to know? Exploring information seeking behavior of newcomer digital librarians in academic libraries during organizational entry

Digital librarianship, as a newly-created interdisciplinary specialization within librarianship, does not have a strong support for newcomer organizational socialization as the specialization itself is still evolving. This exploratory study, as one part of my dissertation, investigates the organizational socialization processes of newcomer digital librarians in ARL academic libraries. Following the well-developed procedures of Dervin's Sense-Making approach, this study focuses on the proactive, user-centered information seeking practices and processes during organizational entry. Specifically, the study investigates four dimensions of organizational socialization sense-making, including (1) situation: organizational situations that lead to needs for socialization information seeking; (2) gap: questions and confusions newcomer digital librarians have in situations in which information needs arise; (3) bridge: information seeking tactics that digital librarians use to acquire socialization information; and (4) outcome: positive and negative outcomes of socialization information acquisition.
Demonstration of adjusting forward error correction with quality scaling for TCP-friendly streaming MPEG

The growth in the power and connectivity of the Internet has sparked an even larger growth in streaming media. The sheer number of possible users and applications at any point in time raises the probability of streaming multimedia flows encountering congestion. To overcome short-term congestion and avoid long-term congestion collapse, there is a growing consensus that Internet applications must be TCP-Friendly, with proposed approaches to detect and punish non-TCP friendly flows. Unlike TCP, new TCP-friendly streaming media protocols refrain from retransmissions to avoid delay and jitter, but they are susceptible to quality degradation from packet loss. While multimedia applications can tolerate some data loss, excessive packet loss during congestion yields unacceptable media quality. Since video encoding involves interframe dependencies to achieve high compression rates, the random dropping of packets by routers can seriously degrade video quality. For example, as little as 3% MPEG packet loss can cause 30% of the frames to be undecodable. Streaming media flows often utilize lower latency repair approaches, such as Forward Error Correction (FEC), in conjunction with TCP-Friendly protocols to deliver streaming applications over the Internet. However, FEC requires redundant repair data to be added to the original video stream. Current approaches use either apriori, static FEC choices or adapt FEC to perceived packet loss on the network without regard to TCP-Friendly data rate constraints. When a streaming video operates within TCP-Friendly bitrate limits, adding FEC will reduce the effective transmission rate of the original video content.
Self‐transcending knowledge: sensing and organizing around emerging opportunities

The paper introduces the concept of not‐yet‐embodied or self‐transcending knowledge. The concept of self‐transcending knowledge proposes a distinction between two types of tacit knowledge: tacit‐embodied knowledge on the one hand and not‐yet‐embodied knowledge on the other hand. The distinction is relevant because each of the three forms of knowledge – explicit, tacit‐embodied, and self‐transcending – is based on different epistemological assumptions and requires a different type of knowledge environment and learning infrastructure. Moreover, the differentiation among markets with decreasing, steady, and increasing returns suggests that, in order to successfully compete for increasing return markets, leaders need a new type of knowledge that allows them to sense, tune into and actualize emerging business opportunities – that is, to tap into the sources of not‐yet‐embodied knowledge.