cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

The National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC/AEGL) was created to develop guideline levels for short-term exposures to airborne concentrations for approximately 400-500 high priority, acutely hazardous substances. The program should be completed within the next 10 years. These Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) are being applied to a wide range of planning, response, and prevention applications both within the United States and abroad. The NAC/AEGL Committee seeks to develop the most scientifically credible, acute (short-term) exposure guideline levels possible within the constraints of data availability, resources and time. The program begins with comprehensive data gathering, data evaluation and data summarization. The resulting Technical Support Documents (TSD) are first reviewed by a small review committee; (chemical manager, two chemical reviewers and the author), then by the full AEGL committee. After that review, a summary is published in the Federal Register for Public comment. When these comments have been addressed, the TSDs are sent to the National Research Council's (NRC) Subcommittee on AEGLs for a peer review. Following acceptance by the NRC, they are published by the Academy. The NAC/AEGL Committee currently comprises representatives of federal, state, and local agencies and representatives from France, Germany, and the Netherlands, private industry, medicine, academia and other organizations in the private sector that will derive programmatic or operational benefits from the existence of the AEGL values. AEGL values are determined for three different health effect end-points. These values are intended for the general public where they are applicable to emergency (accidental) situations. Threshold exposure values are developed for five exposure periods (10 and 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h). Each threshold value is distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects, as initially conceived by the American Industrial Hygiene Association's Emergency Response Planning Committee, subsequently defined in the NAS' National Research Council publication of the Guideline for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances and further categorized in the Standing Operating Procedures of the NAC/AEGL Committee. To date, the committee has reviewed almost 100 chemicals.
A numerical analysis of time‐dependent two‐dimensional magnetic fields

The nonlinear diffusion equation as applied to two-dimensional time-dependent magnetic fields is solved with a finite element algorithm. This algorithm permits the analysis of problems possessing complex geometries, induced eddy currents, permanent magnets, and nonperiodic excitation currents. The numerical procedure utilizes implicit time stepping with an iterative scheme to solve the resulting set of equations. Two examples of applications of this program are presented.
A Method of Evaluating Life Cycle Costs of Industrial Gas Turbines

This paper presents a technique for combining the initial cost of equipment with the costs of fuel consumed, applied labor, and parts to arrive at an assessment parameter capable of comparing the relative merits of varying types of turbomachinery. For simplicity, this paper limits the life cycle cost derivation and discussion to turbogenerator units; however, the principles of this type of life cycle analysis can also be applied to gas turbines in mechanical drive applications and/or combined cycles
Recent Advances in Polymer Alloys and IPN Technology

Abstract In this three part paper, we review the synthesis, morphology, and physical and mechanical properties of IPN's as well as the related pseudo-IPN's in which only one of the polymers is cross-linked. Recent studies have shown that the degree of phase separation achieved in these materials is strongly dependent on the compatibility of blends of the linear polymer constituents of the IPN components, as well as the kinetics of chain extension and the presence of grafting between component polymers in Part 2. We illustrate this by a series of IPN's consisting of a polyurethane and acrylic copolymer. The acrylic is a typical automotive enamel. An enhancement in properties results which is dependent on the amount of grafting and the kinetics of polymerisation. Also discussed in Part 3 are IPN's of a polyurethane and an epoxy, which exhibited a synerigsm in adhesive properties, and IPN's of a RIM polyurethane with several epoxies and unsaturated polyesters.
Nanoporous BiVO4 Photoanodes with Dual-Layer Oxygen Evolution Catalysts for Solar Water Splitting

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has a band structure that is well-suited for potential use as a photoanode in solar water splitting, but it suffers from poor electron-hole separation. Here, we demonstrate that a nanoporous morphology (specific surface area of 31.8 square meters per gram) effectively suppresses bulk carrier recombination without additional doping, manifesting an electron-hole separation yield of 0.90 at 1.23 volts (V) versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). We enhanced the propensity for surface-reaching holes to instigate water-splitting chemistry by serially applying two different oxygen evolution catalyst (OEC) layers, FeOOH and NiOOH, which reduces interface recombination at the BiVO4/OEC junction while creating a more favorable Helmholtz layer potential drop at the OEC/electrolyte junction. The resulting BiVO4/FeOOH/NiOOH photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 2.73 milliamps per square centimenter at a potential as low as 0.6 V versus RHE.
COMBINING DECISION PROCEDURES FOR THE REALS

We address the general problem of determining the validity of boolean com- binations of equalities and inequalities between real-valued expressions. In particular, we consider methods of establishing such assertions using only restricted forms of distributiv- ity. At the same time, we explore ways in which "local" decision or heuristic procedures for fragments of the theory of the reals can be amalgamated into global ones. Let Tadd(Q) be the first-order theory of the real numbers in the language with symbols 0,1,+, , <, . . . , fa, . . . where for each a 2 Q, fa denotes the function fa(x) = ax. Let Tmult(Q) be the analogous theory for the language with symbols 0,1,×,÷, <, . . . , fa, . . .. We show that although T(Q) = Tadd(Q) ( Tmult(Q) is undecidable, the universal fragment of T(Q) is decidable. We also show that terms of T(Q) can fruitfully be put in a normal form. We prove analogous results for theories in which Q is replaced, more generally, by suitable subfields F of the reals. Finally, we consider practical methods of establishing quantifier-free validities that approximate our (impractical) decidability results.
X-Ray localization of the globular cluster g1 with XMM-Newton

We present an accurate X-ray position of the massive globular cluster G1 obtained using XMM-Newton and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The X-ray emission of G1 has been detected recently with XMM-Newton. There are two possibilities for the origin of the X-ray emission: it could be due to either accretion of the central intermediate-mass black hole, or ordinary low-mass X-ray binaries. The precise location of the X-ray emission might distinguish between these two scenarios. By refining the astrometry of the XMM-Newton and HST data, we reduced the XMM-Newton error circle to 1.5''. Despite the smaller error circle, the precision is not sufficient to distinguish an intermediate-mass black hole or luminous low-mass X-ray binaries. This result, however, suggests that future Chandra observations may reveal the origin of the X-ray emission.
Transtracheal oxygenation : an alternative to endotracheal intubation during cardiac arrest.

Study objectives Because efforts to secure adequate arterial oxygenation during cardiac resuscitation are more important than efforts to promote CO 2 elimination, we investigated whether continuous transtracheal oxygenation (TTO) could represent a potentially simpler alternative to conventional positive-pressure ventilation with 100% O 2 through an endotracheal tube. Design Controlled and randomized. Setting Animal laboratory. Participants Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats. Interventions The technique for TTO was initially developed and tested in five rats. A model of ventricular fibrillation (VF) was then used to compare the effects of TTO (n = 5) with the effects of O 2 delivery through an endotracheal tube as part of positive-pressure ventilation (n = 5) or through a mask without additional airway intervention (n = 5). VF was induced and left untreated for 4 min, after which chest compression and one of the three oxygenation interventions was started. Defibrillation was attempted after 6 min of chest compression. In a subsequent series, defibrillation was attempted after 10 min of chest compression in rats treated with either TTO (n = 5) or endotracheal intubation (ET; n = 5). Measurement and results TTO and ET secured adequate arterial P o 2 during chest compression (213 ± 77 mm Hg and 154 ± 36 mm Hg; not significant), whereas the mask yielded an arterial P o 2 of only 49 ± 38 mm Hg (p Conclusion TTO was as effective as conventional positive-pressure ventilation with 100% O 2 for securing oxygenation, resuscitation, and short-term survival and more effective than O 2 delivered through a mask.
Optimally Scaling Permutation Routing on Reconfigurable Linear Arrays with Optical Buses

We present an optimal and scalable permutation routing algorithm for three reconfigurable models based on linear arrays that allow pipelining of information through an optical bus. Specifically, for any P?N, our algorithm routes any permutation of N elements on a P-processor model optimally in O(NP) steps. This algorithm extends naturally to one for routing h-relations optimally in O(h) steps. We also establish the equivalence of the three models: linear array with a reconfigurable pipelined bus system, linear pipelined bus, and pipelined optical bus. This implies an automatic translation of algorithms (without loss of speed or efficiency) among these models.
Etching of Crystalline Silicon Using Germanium Tetrafluoride

We report the etching of crystalline Si with over a range of ratios, gas pressures, and substrate temperatures. We measured the rate of etching down to substrate temperatures of 200°C. The etching appears to be controlled by a surface reaction. is highly selective for Si vs. .
The Effect of Governance on Credit Decisions and Perceptions of Reporting Reliability

ABSTRACT: We conduct an experiment to examine how lending decisions are affected by lender perceptions of reporting and governance quality. We perform a set of experiments to determine whether lenders are sensitive to the quality of governance as measured by board composition along multiple dimensions, whether their perceptions of reporting reliability are a function of the strength of the board, and whether their lending decisions are then affected by their perceptions of reporting reliability. Study participants are a group of 62 professional lenders from Singapore, with at least three years of professional credit analysis and lending experience. We find that lenders are primarily sensitive to financial condition and the perceived reliability of financial reporting. While we also find that lenders are sensitive to board strength, further tests suggest lenders appear particularly sensitive to board strength only for relatively high-performing firms. We also find that the perceived reliability of the fina...
Precision Motion Control Methodology for Complex Contours

A general precision motion control methodology for complex contours is proposed in this paper. Each servomechanism dynamic model is divided into a linear portion and a portion containing nonlinear friction, unmodeled dynamics and unknown disturbances. A full state feedback controller, based on a state space error system model, is developed to track general reference trajectories. The lumped friction effects are described using the Tustin friction model. Unmodeled dynamics and disturbances are estimated using a Kalman filter that employs a first-order stochastic model. The nonlinear friction, unmodeled dynamics and disturbances are directly cancelled by the controller. Experiments are conducted on a two-axis laboratory grade machine tool for limacon and freeform contours. The results demonstrate the excellent tracking performance of the proposed motion control methodology.
Electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry of large biomolecules

Electrospray ionization has recently emerged as a powerful technique for producing intact ions in vacuo from large and complex species in solution. To an extent greater than has previously been possible with the more familiar "soft" ionization methods, this technique makes the power and elegance of mass spectrometric analysis applicable to the large and fragile polar molecules that play such vital roles in biological systems. The distinguishing features of electrospray spectra for large molecules are coherent sequences of peaks whose component ions are multiply charged, the ions of each peak differing by one charge from those of adjacent neighbors in the sequence. Spectra have been obtained for biopolymers including oligonucleotides and proteins, the latter having molecular weights up to 130,000, with as yet no evidence of an upper limit.
Against National Security Exceptionalism

Terrorist attacks trigger novel policy responses. New policies selected by the federal executive after the 9/11 attacks strained against constitutionally permissible margins, and prompted diverse judicial responses. The resulting scholarly literature is largely normative. But the currently dominant accounts of national security jurisprudence also each include some descriptive claim about what courts in fact do. Each account further claims that courts do something distinctive in these cases. That is, in the course of making a prescriptive argument for what courts ought to do differently in national security cases, these accounts make a descriptive claim about what courts in fact do differently in this class of cases. I argue that this threshold descriptive claim – call it “national security exceptionalism” – finds no empirical support in at least one important class of post-9/11 cases concerning emergency detention policies. Instead, judicial responses to national security emergencies align closely with transubstantive trends in public law and judicial responses to non-security emergencies. Using the Supreme Court’s recent ruling in Ashcroft v Iqbal as a starting point, I examine the close and largely unexamined relationship between national security jurisprudence and the larger domain of public law doctrine and practice. Situating judicial responses to national security emergencies in a more general public law context draws attention to the role emergencies can play in catalyzing larger legal changes law, and the effect of transubstantive trends on emergency responses. It further may have a bearing on the emergent “national security” discipline in the legal academy.
Trends in the quality of highly cited surgical research over the past 20 years.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the methodologic quality of the most highly cited surgical clinical evidence has improved over the past 20 years. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA There have been increasing efforts to promote the practice of evidence-based medicine among surgeons, although it is unclear whether high-quality evidence is being used. METHODS A bibliometric review was performed among general surgery and medicine journals to identify the 50 most highly cited general surgery clinical research studies from 4 consecutive time periods (1985-1989, 1990-1994, 1995-1999, 2000-2004). Methodologic characteristics and overall data quality for all 200 highly cited studies were assessed by 3 independent reviewers using the validated GRADE scoring system and trends over time were analyzed. RESULTS Among 200 extracted articles, the quality of evidence was graded as very low in the majority of studies (48%); fewer studies contained data of low (13%), moderate (13%), or high (26%) quality. Study quality significantly improved over the time periods examined, with an increase in the proportion of studies graded as high quality from 12% in 1985 to 1989 to 40% in 2000 to 2004 (P < 0.001). The improvement in data quality over time was associated with an increased proportion of randomized trials (26% vs. 48%; P < 0.05) and increased reporting of adjusted, multivariate regression analyses (22% vs. 54%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There have been significant improvements in the quality of the most highly cited surgical evidence, characterized by more randomized trials and improved statistical methodology. These findings suggest that surgeons are increasingly recognizing and citing higher quality surgical evidence.
Cyclic acetal formation between 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde and γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters

A new transformation between 2-pyridinecarboxyaldehyde and γ-hydroxy-α,β-acetylenic esters to form highly functionalized cyclic acetals was discovered. This transformation proceeds under very mild conditions without any additives and is promoted by the basic nature of the pyridine ring.
Tensile strength of hybrid composites

This paper presents an approximate, statistical analysis for the tensile strength of unidirectional hybrid composite materials consisting of two-dimensional arrays of alternating low elongation and high elongation fibres in a common matrix. Expressions for ineffective length and fibre strain concentration factor in hybrid composites are developed. The analysis identifies a number of important material properties that affect the failure process in hybrids: statistical fibre tensile failure strain characteristics, and fibre extensional moduli and cross-sectional areas. The influence of these parameters on the failure process is examined and differences between failure mechanisms in hybrids and composites containing only one type of fibre are considered. The analysis predicts that, in general, the failure strain of a hybrid should be different from those of composites reinforced with either of the “parent” fibres alone. It is found that the theory can explain the “hybrid effect” that has been observed by several authors: hybrids made by combining high elongation and low elongation fibres, such as graphite and glass, often display tensile failure strains greater than those of composites made from the low elongation fibres alone. Predicted failure strains are compared with available experimental data. Suggestions for future work in the area are presented.
Cusps of Picard modular surfaces

We determine the number of cusps of minimal Picard modular surfaces. The proof also counts cusps of other Picard modular surfaces of arithmetic interest. Consequently, for each N > 0 there are finitely many commensurability classes of nonuniform arithmetic lattices in SU(2, 1) that contain an N-cusped surface. We also discuss a higher-rank analogue.
COMPREHENSIVE TWO-POINT ANALYSES OF WEAK GRAVITATIONAL LENSING SURVEYS

We present a framework for analyzing weak gravitational lensing survey data, including lensing and source-density observables, plus spectroscopic redshift calibration data. All two-point observables are predicted in terms of parameters of a perturbed Robertson-Walker metric, making the framework independent of the models for gravity, dark energy, or galaxy properties. For Gaussian fluctuations, the two-point model determines the survey likelihood function and allows Fisher matrix forecasting. The framework includes nuisance terms for the major systematic errors: shear measurement errors, magnification bias and redshift calibration errors, intrinsic galaxy alignments, and inaccurate theoretical predictions. We propose flexible parameterizations of the many nuisance parameters related to galaxy bias and intrinsic alignment. For the first time, we can integrate many different observables and systematic errors into a single analysis. As a first application of this framework, we demonstrate that: uncertainties in power-spectrum theory cause very minor degradation to cosmological information content; nearly all useful information (excepting baryon oscillations) is extracted with 3 bins per decade of angular scale; and the rate at which galaxy bias varies with redshift, substantially influences the strength of cosmological inference. The framework will permit careful study of the interplay between numerous observables, systematic errors, and spectroscopic calibration data for large weak lensing surveys.
Au(I)-catalyzed ring expanding cycloisomerizations: total synthesis of ventricosene.

The gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization of enynes containing an embedded cyclopropane unit leads selectively to the formation of ring systems containing the cyclopropylmethyl cation. A subsequent Wagner–Merwein shift provides diastereomerically pure fused cyclobutanes. The utility of this methodology for the rapid assembly of polycyclic ring systems is illustrated by the total synthesis of the angular triquinane ventricosene.
Tetrahydroquinoline syntheses induced with catalytic amounts of viologen additives

The viologen N,N′-dicyanomethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium·2PF6 was found to induce an aza-Diels–Alder reaction of N-arylimines with N-vinylpyrrolidinone or N-vinylcarbazole, producing tetrahydroquinoline derivatives with high cis/trans selectivities and yields.
Comparing school choice mechanisms by interim and ex-ante welfare

Recent work has highlighted welfare gains from the use of the Boston mechanism over deferred acceptance (DA) in school choice problems, in particular finding that when cardinal utility is taken into account, Boston interim Pareto dominates DA in certain incomplete information environments with no school priorities. We show that these previous interim results are not robust to the introduction of (weak) priorities. However, we partially restore the earlier results by showing that from an ex-ante utility perspective, the Boston mechanism Pareto dominates any strategyproof mechanism (including DA), even allowing for arbitrary priority structures. Thus, we suggest ex-ante Pareto dominance as a relevant criterion by which to compare school choice mechanisms. This criterion may be of particular interest to school districts, as they can be thought of as social planners whose goal is to maximize the overall ex-ante welfare of the students.
High-temperature thermoelectric studies of A11Sb10 (A=Yb, Ca)

Abstract Large samples (6–8 g) of Yb11Sb10 and Ca11Sb10 have been synthesized using a high-temperature (1275–1375 K) flux method. These compounds are isostructural to Ho11Ge10, crystallizing in the body-centered, tetragonal unit cell, space group I4/mmm, with Z=4. The structure consists of antimony dumbbells and squares, reminiscent of Zn4Sb3 and filled Skutterudite (e.g., LaFe4Sb12) structures. In addition, these structures can be considered Zintl compounds; valence precise semiconductors with ionic contributions to the bonding. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), resistivity (ρ), Seebeck coefficient (α), thermal conductivity (κ), and thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) from room temperature to at minimum 975 K are presented for A11Sb10 (A=Yb, Ca). DSC/TG were measured to 1400 K and reveal the stability of these compounds to ∼1200 K. Both A11Sb10 (A=Yb, Ca) materials exhibit remarkably low lattice thermal conductivity (∼10 mW/cm K for both Yb11Sb10 and Ca11Sb10) that can be attributed to the complex crystal structure. Yb11Sb10 is a poor metal with relatively low resistivity (1.4 mΩ cm at 300 K), while Ca11Sb10 is a semiconductor suggesting that a gradual metal–insulator transition may be possible from a Ca11−xYbxSb10 solid solution. The low values and the temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficients for both compounds suggest that bipolar conduction produces a compensated Seebeck coefficient and consequently a low zT.
Toward fast reliable communication at rates near capacity with Gaussian noise

For the additive Gaussian noise channel with average codeword power constraint, sparse superposition codes and adaptive successive decoding is developed. Codewords are linear combinations of subsets of vectors, with the message indexed by the choice of subset. A feasible decoding algorithm is presented. Communication is reliable with error probability exponentially small for all rates below the Shannon capacity.
Ultrafast modulation of optical metamaterials

The optical response of fishnet metamaterial can be modulated in femtosecond time scale. This modulation dynamics is mainly determined by the constituting dielectric medium, but the modulation magnitude is greatly enhanced through the plasmon resonance.
RECURSION RELATIONS IN SEMIRIGID TOPOLOGICAL GRAVITY

A field theoretical realization of topological gravity is discussed in the semirigid geometry context. In particular, its topological nature is given by the relation between de Rham cohomology on the moduli space and equivariant BRST cohomology on the Hilbert space and the fact that all but one of the physical operators are BRST exact. The puncture equation and the dilaton equation of pure topological gravity are reproduced, following Ref. 1.
Territorial Diversion: Diversionary Theory of War and Territorial Conflict

According to the diversionary theory of war, unpopular leaders generate foreign policy crises to both divert the public’s attention away from the discontent with their rule and bolster their political fortunes through a rally around the flag effect. I argue that the puzzling lack of clear empirical support for the theory may be due to the underspecification of the theoretical mechanism through which the public reacts to the particular issue at the center of the diversionary “crisis.” Because people tend to react to territorial issues intensely, the embattled leader could attempt to manipulate and exploit this proclivity by launching specifically a territorial conflict. By linking government unpopularity with the initiation of militarized territorial conflicts and crises in a global sample of countries, this territorial diversion argument receives strong empirical support. The initiation of fatal militarized disputes over territory is, in addition, linked to economic underperformance.
A constrained matrix-variate Gaussian process for transposable data

Transposable data represents interactions among two sets of entities, and are typically represented as a matrix containing the known interaction values. Additional side information may consist of feature vectors specific to entities corresponding to the rows and/or columns of such a matrix. Further information may also be available in the form of interactions or hierarchies among entities along the same mode (axis). We propose a novel approach for modeling transposable data with missing interactions given additional side information. The interactions are modeled as noisy observations from a latent noise free matrix generated from a matrix-variate Gaussian process. The construction of row and column covariances using side information provides a flexible mechanism for specifying a-priori knowledge of the row and column correlations in the data. Further, the use of such a prior combined with the side information enables predictions for new rows and columns not observed in the training data. In this work, we combine the matrix-variate Gaussian process model with low rank constraints. The constrained Gaussian process approach is applied to the prediction of hidden associations between genes and diseases using a small set of observed associations as well as prior covariances induced by gene-gene interaction networks and disease ontologies. The proposed approach is also applied to recommender systems data which involves predicting the item ratings of users using known associations as well as prior covariances induced by social networks. We present experimental results that highlight the performance of constrained matrix-variate Gaussian process as compared to state of the art approaches in each domain.
An exploration of the patterns underlying related and unrelated collaborative ventures using neural network: Empirical investigation of collaborative venture formation data spanning 1985–2001

Abstract Collaborative ventures—both equity-based partnerships as well as project-based alliances—have dominated the international business scene over the past two decades. By means of this study we investigate the patterns of related and unrelated collaborative venture formation. Using a large database of over 90,000 collaborative ventures formed during the 1985–2001 period, this study clusters collaborative ventures on the basis of the industry group and home country relatedness of the collaborating partners. Self-organizing map technique within neural network methodology is used to accomplish this objective. The clusters obtained from the self-organizing map form the basis for developing taxonomy of collaborative ventures in which the neurons underlying clusters are classified based on the country of origin and industry affiliations of the collaborating partners and the collaborative venture. The distinguishing characteristics of the clusters and the taxonomy help augment our current understanding of the formation of collaborative ventures.
Millimeter-Wave Signature of Strange Matter Stars

One of the most important questions in the study of compact objects is the nature of pulsars, including whether they consist of neutron star matter or strange quark matter (SQM). However, few mechanisms for distinguishing between these two possibilities have been proposed. The purpose of this Letter is to show that a strange star (one made of SQM) will have a vibratory mode with an oscillation frequency of approximately 250 GHz (millimeter wave). This mode corresponds to motion of the center of the expected crust of normal matter relative to the center of the strange quark core, without distortion of either. Radiation from currents generated in the crust at the mode frequency would be an SQM signature. We also consider effects of stellar rotation, estimate power emission and signal-to-noise ratio, and discuss briefly the particularly important, but unsolved, question of possible mechanisms for exciting the mode.
A high-order finite-volume algorithm for Fokker-Planck collisions in magnetized plasmas

A high-order finite-volume algorithm is developed for the Fokker-Planck Operator (FPO) describing Coulomb collisions in strongly magnetized plasmas. The algorithm uses a generic fourth-order reconstruction scheme on an unstructured grid in the velocity space spanned by parallel velocity and magnetic moment. By analytically mapping between different coordinates, it produces an accurate and density-conserving numerical FPO for an arbitrary choice of velocity space coordinates. A linearized FPO in constants-of-motion coordinates is implemented as an example of the present algorithm combined with a cut-cell merging procedure. Numerical tests include the thermalization of a test distribution with a background Maxwellian at a different temperature, and the return to isotropy for a distribution initialized with a velocity space loss-cone. Utilization of the method for a nonlinear FPO is straightforward but requires evaluation of the Trubnikov-Rosenbluth potentials.
Matchings and independent sets of a fixed size in regular graphs

We use an entropy based method to study two graph maximization problems. We upper bound the number of matchings of fixed size @? in a d-regular graph on N vertices. For [email protected]?N bounded away from 0 and 1, the logarithm of the bound we obtain agrees in its leading term with the logarithm of the number of matchings of size @? in the graph consisting of N2d disjoint copies of K"d","d. This provides asymptotic evidence for a conjecture of S. Friedland et al. We also obtain an analogous result for independent sets of a fixed size in regular graphs, giving asymptotic evidence for a conjecture of J. Kahn. Our bounds on the number of matchings and independent sets of a fixed size are derived from bounds on the partition function (or generating polynomial) for matchings and independent sets.
Some special cases of spin-yaw lock-in

Abstract : A slightly asymmetric missile is a basically symmetric missile with a nonzero pitch moment at zero angle of attack. In flight this moment causes a trim angle that rotates with the missile and has a maximum when the spin is near resonance with the missile's natural pitch frequency. This report considers a roll moment that can be induced by this trim angle and can cause resonant lock- in spin. Simple expressions for this induced rolled moment are given and the existence and stability conditions for equilibrium spin are derived. The special case of the induced roll moment caused by a radial center of mass offset is considered and a number of different types of possible equilibrium spin combinations are shown. The possibility of resonant lock-in spin in the opposite sense to the expected steady-state spin is indicated. It is further shown that there are induced roll moments for which the design steady-state spin will not occur under any launch conditions. If several stable equilibrium spins are possible, the one that occurs in flight can be determined by the orientation of the initial pitch angular velocity. Finally the form of an induced pitch moment is given and its possible effect on the angular motion is discussed.
Mathematical analysis of the two dimensional active exterior cloaking in the quasistatic regime

We design a device that generates fields canceling out a known probing field inside a region to be cloaked while generating very small fields far away from the device. The fields we consider satisfy the Laplace equation, but the approach remains valid in the quasistatic regime in a homogeneous medium. We start by relating the problem of designing an exterior cloak in the quasistatic regime to the classic problem of approximating a harmonic function with harmonic polynomials. An explicit polynomial solution to the problem was given earlier in Guevara Vasquez et al. (Phys Rev Lett 103:073901, 2009). Here we show convergence of the device field to the field needed to perfectly cloak an object. The convergence region limits the size of the cloaked region, and the size and position of the device.
A Simple Test of Abortion and Crime

Abstract I first replicate Donohue and Levitt's results for violent and property crime arrest rates. I apply their data and specification to an analysis of age-specific homicide rates and murder arrest rates. The coefficients on the abortion rate have the wrong sign for two of the four measures of crime and none is statistically significant at conventional levels. I then use the legalization of abortion in 1973 to exploit two sources of variation: between-state changes in abortion rates before and after Roe, and cross-cohort differences in exposure to legalized abortion. I find no meaningful association between abortion and age-specific crime rates.
History of High-Speed Flight and Its Technical Development

If you dene a great scientist as a man with great ideas, then you will have to rate Einstein  rst. He had four great ideas. In the history of science perhaps Sir Issac Newton is ahead of Einstein because he had  ve or six ideas. All the other major scientists of our age are associated with just one, or at the most two, great ideas. In my case I have had three great ideas. Maybe more. Yes, perhaps three and a half great ideas.
Evidence that Prices Do Not Fully Reflect the Implications of Current Earnings for Future Earnings: An Experimental Markets Approach*

. Analysts have been found to underweight the innovation in the most recent quarterly earnings when forecasting next-quarter earnings, and these expectations have been posited as an explanation for post-earnings-announcement drift. This study uses an experimental asset market to examine whether similar errors in forecasting quarterly earnings are made by student-subjects. We examine two aspects of their behavior: (1) do subjects underestimate the autocorrelation in quarterly earnings when forming earnings expectations? and (2) are asset prices consistent with a subject's underestimation of the autocorrelation in quarterly earnings? We observe subject errors in forecasts that underweight extreme innovations in the most recent quarterly earnings by approximately 40 percent. The prices in the experimental markets also fail to reflect fully the most recent innovation in quarterly earnings. We are able to predict the sign of the incorrect pricing, from the mean initial earnings predictions of the subjects, in 74 percent of the 135 markets. These forecast errors observed in this study are consistent with forecast errors observed for analysts, and this consistency suggests that errors in analysts' forecasts may be at least partially attributable to the use of judgmental heuristics.
Similarity solutions that give rise to hyperbolicity and change of type in steady flow of a viscoelastic fluid

N. Phan-Thien [1983a,b] has found a similarity solution of an Oldroyd B fluid between parallel plates which rotate at different speeds around a common axis perpendicular to the plates. The solution is modeled according to a famous one by T. Von Karman in which the fluid variables are resolved into a quadratic polynomial in r with coefficients to be determined as functions of z. This problem is important because it may model the flow away from edges of the finite disks used in rheometers.
Palladium-Catalyzed Oxygenation of Unactivated sp3 C−H Bonds

This communication describes a new palladium-catalyzed method for the oxygenation of unactivated sp3 C-H bonds. A wide variety of alkane substrates containing readily available oxime and/or pyridine directing groups are oxidized with extremely high levels of chemo-, regio-, and in some cases diastereoselectivity. The substrate scope of these reactions is discussed, and the high selectivities are rationalized on the basis of the requirements of putative palladium alkyl intermediates.
High-responsivity mid-infrared graphene detectors with antenna-enhanced photocarrier generation and collection

Graphene is an attractive photoconductive material for optical detection due to its broad absorption spectrum and ultrashort response time. However, it remains a great challenge to achieve high responsivity in graphene detectors because of graphene’s weak optical absorption (only 2.3% in the monolayer graphene sheet) and short photocarrier lifetime (<1 ps). Here we show that metallic antenna structures can be designed to simultaneously improve both light absorption and photocarrier collection in graphene detectors. The coupled antennas concentrate free space light into the nanoscale deep-subwavelength antenna gaps, where the graphene light interaction is greatly enhanced as a result of the ultrahigh electric field intensity inside the gap. Meanwhile, the metallic antennas are designed to serve as electrodes that collect the generated photocarriers very efficiently. We also elucidate the mechanism of photoconductive gain in the graphene detectors and demonstrate mid-infrared (mid-IR) antenna-assisted graph...
Application of Nanofluids in Minimum Quantity Lubrication Grinding

This research investigated the wheel wear and tribological characteristics in wet, dry, and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding of cast iron. Water-based Al2O3 and diamond nanofluids were applied in the MQL grinding process and the grinding results were compared with those of pure water. During the nanofluid MQL grinding, a dense and hard slurry layer was formed on the wheel surface and could benefit the grinding performance. Experimental results showed that G-ratio, defined as the volume of material removed per unit volume of grinding wheel wear, could be improved with high-concentration nanofluids. Nanofluids showed the benefits of reducing grinding forces, improving surface roughness, and preventing workpiece burning. Compared to dry grinding, MQL grinding could significantly reduce the grinding temperature.
How Does Residual Income Affect Investment? The Role of Prior Performance Measures

This paper examines whether you get what you pay for in firms that implement residual income (RI)based compensation. Specifically, this paper explores differences in investment patterns of firms that implement RI-based compensation plans conditional on whether the firms switched from earnings or return on investment (ROI)based compensation. I find that the pattern of investment for firms switching to RI from earnings-based compensation is opposite to that of firms switching from ROI-based compensation. Changes in investment within each individual subgroup yield weaker, mixed results. In addition, this paper documents that delivered RI increases in firms that implement RI. My paper contributes to the literature on the investment effects of RI by examining the relevance of a set of arguments that have been made in management accounting textbooks since 1965. These arguments are still found in current textbooks and are commonly taught to students in graduate level managerial accounting classes. The arguments help us to examine a natural experiment in which we can better specify the conditions under which RI use is expected to be associated with changes in investment.
Resonant response of a tapered beam and its implications to blade vibration

The objective of the work reported here is to determine the effect of taper and tip thickness on the maximum resonant stress of a tapered beam subjected to externally applied harmonic pressure distributions and to investigate its possible implications to blade vibration. Tapered beams are of interest since their geometry is similar to that of the leading or trailing edge of an airfoil. As a result, airfoil chordwise bending modes should exhibit similar sensitivity to changes in chordwise taper and leading or tailing edge thickness. As a result, the tapered beam provides a simplified, first-order model of an airfoil`s behavior that should provide insight into the sensitivity of the airfoil`s response to geometric perturbations. The sensitivity of the response to geometric changes also depends on the type of excitation that is applied. The spatial distributions of the excitation pressures used in this study are: a constant pressure to serve as a baseline, a leading edge type pressure distribution, and a trailing edge type pressure distribution. Consequently, the relative importance of each type of excitation in terms of how it affects tip mode response will be assessed.
X‐ray Emission from Stellar Clusters Near the Galactic Center

With the recent detection of X-ray emission from the Arches cluster, we examine the existing Chandra observations of the Galactic center region to determine X-ray properties of known stellar clusters and near-IR cluster candidates. We discuss the first detection of X-ray emission from the Quintuplet cluster, and find its emission characteristics very different from those of the Arches cluster. The X-ray and IR characteristics of these well-known clusters are used to discern if the candidate star clusters are indeed massive, Galactic center star clusters.
PU(2) monopoles and relations between four-manifold invariants

Abstract Motivated by developments in quantum field theory, Witten has conjectured a relation between the Donaldson and Seiberg-Witten invariants of smooth four-manifolds. We describe this conjecture and the program to prove it using a moduli space of PU(2) monopoles. We summarize our generic-parameter transversality and Uhlenbeck compactness results for PU(2) monopoles, along with some of our calculations of Donaldson invariants in terms of Seiberg-Witten invariants. We give a brief overview of issues concerning the gluing theory, focussing on some of the analytical difficulties that are particular to PU(2) monopoles, and its application to the program to prove Witten's conjecture.
The capitalization of school quality into house values: A review

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive review of empirical studies on the capitalization of school quality into house values that have appeared since 1999. We explore their methodological innovations and capitalization results. Most studies find significant capitalization especially for educational outputs, although the magnitudes are smaller for studies with fixed-effects estimation strategies. These studies find that house values rise by below 4% for a one-standard deviation increase in student test scores. Although major conceptual and estimation challenges remain, much progress has been made on this topic.
Soft exchange rate bands and speculative attacks: theory, and evidence from the ERM since August 1993

We present a model of a “soft” exchange rate target zone and interpret it as a stylized description of the post-August 1993 ERM. Our central bank targets a moving average of the current and past exchange rates, rather than the exchange rate's current level, thus allowing the rate to move within wide margins in the short run, but within narrow margins in the long run. For realistic parameters, soft target zones are significantly less vulnerable to speculative attacks than “hard” target zones. These predictions are consistent with the ERM's experience and the abatement of speculative pressure in European markets since the bands' widening in 1993.
ORIGAMI: Delineating Halos using Phase-Space Folds

We present the ORIGAMI method of identifying structures, particularly halos, in cosmological N-body simulations. Structure formation can be thought of as the folding of an initially flat three-dimensional manifold in six-dimensional phase space. ORIGAMI finds the outer folds that delineate these structures. Halo particles are identified as those that have undergone shell-crossing along three orthogonal axes, providing a dynamical definition of halo regions that is independent of density. ORIGAMI also identifies other morphological structures: particles that have undergone shell-crossing along 2, 1, or 0 orthogonal axes correspond to filaments, walls, and voids, respectively. We compare this method to a standard friends-of-friends halo-finding algorithm and find that ORIGAMI halos are somewhat larger, more diffuse, and less spherical, though the global properties of ORIGAMI halos are in good agreement with other modern halo-finding algorithms.
Human rights and humanitarian assistance: helping health professionals lead the way in Haiti and beyond.

As health providers increasingly engage in humanitarian relief we, willingly or not, become subject to global scrutiny for the human rights impacts of our actions. Public health emergencies often t...
Perturbative effective field theory at finite density

Abstract An accurate description of nuclear matter starting from free-space nuclear forces has been an elusive goal. The complexity of the system makes approximations inevitable, so the challenge is to find a consistent truncation scheme with controlled errors. Non-perturbative effective field theories could be well suited for the task. Perturbative matching in a model calculation is used to explore some of the issues encountered in extending effective field theory techniques to many-body calculations.