cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A validated multi-agent simulation test bed to evaluate congestion pricing policies on population segments by time-of-day in New York City

Abstract Evaluation of the demand for emerging transportation technologies and policies can vary by time of day due to spillbacks on roadways, rescheduling of travelers’ activity patterns, and shifting to other modes that affect the level of congestion. These effects are not well-captured with static travel demand models. We calibrate and validate the first open-source multi-agent simulation model for New York City, called MATSim-NYC, to support agencies in evaluating policies such as congestion pricing. The simulation-based virtual test bed is loaded with an 8M + synthetic 2016 population calibrated in a prior study. The road network is calibrated to INRIX speed data and average annual daily traffic for a screenline along the East River crossings, resulting in average speed differences of 7.2% on freeways and 17.1% on arterials, leading to average difference of +1.8% from the East River screenline. Validation against transit stations shows an 8% difference from observed counts and median difference of 29% for select road link counts. The model is used to evaluate a congestion pricing plan proposed by the Regional Plan Association and suggests a much higher (127K) car trip reduction compared to their report (59K). The pricing policy would impact the population segment making trips within Manhattan differently from the population segment of trips outside Manhattan: benefits from congestion reduction benefit the former by about 110%+ more than the latter. The multiagent simulation can show that 37.3% of the Manhattan segment would be negatively impacted by the pricing compared to 39.9% of the non-Manhattan segment, which has implications for redistribution of congestion pricing revenues. The citywide travel consumer surplus decreases when the congestion pricing goes up from $9.18 to $14 both ways even as it increases for the Charging-related population segment. This implies that increasing pricing from $9.18 to $14 benefits Manhattanites at the expense of the rest of the city.
Disproportionate Corporal Punishment of Students With Disabilities and Black and Hispanic Students

Maintaining a safe and orderly school environment is challenging. In response, some schools resort to aversive punishments, including corporal punishment. Limited research has examined whether or n...
Organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of thionolactones: anything O can do, S can do better

The H-bond mediated organocatalytic ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs) of four new thionolactone monomers are discussed. The kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the ROPs is considered in the context of the parent lactone monomers. Organocatalysts facilitate the retention of the S/O substitution as well as the synthesis of copolymers. The thionoester moieties in the polymer backbone serve as a chemical handle for a facile crosslinking reaction, and the porosity of the resulting crosslinked polymer can be tuned by altering the thioester density in the (co)polymer. The crosslinked polymers are shown to be degradable in water, and an Au3+ recovery application is demonstrated.
The effect of mTBI and PTSD symptoms on computerized cognitive performance: Results from a sample of treatment-seeking active duty US service members

TBI and PTSD occur in a significant number of service members and can each result in considerable distress and cognitive challenges. Past research has established the individual impact of mild TBI ...
High electron mobility of AlxGa1−xN evaluated by unfolding the DFT band structure

We calculate the alloy-disorder-limited electron mobility of AlxGa1−xN from first principles. AlxGa1−xN is a technologically important ultra-wide-bandgap alloy with promise in light emitting diodes and high-power transistors. Alloying introduces statistical disorder, which causes electrons to scatter between different crystal-momentum states, leading to a reduction in mobility for intermediate alloy compositions. The corresponding lifetime, which appears as an energy broadening in the band structure, can be evaluated by unfolding the band structure from the supercell basis to the primitive-cell basis. We fit the first-principles band broadening with a model scattering potential and evaluate the low-field electron mobility using the semiclassical Boltzmann transport equation in the relaxation-time approximation. Our calculated mobility is in agreement with experimental values. We also find the lowest alloy-scattering electron mobility (total electron mobility) across the entire composition range to be 186 c m 2 / V s ( 136 c m 2 / V s), which is comparable to the highest electron mobility predicted in the competitor system, β- ( Al x Ga 1 − x ) 2 O 3. Our results elucidate the intrinsic limits imposed by alloy disorder on electron transport in AlxGa1−xN.
Couplings of the Random-Walk Metropolis algorithm

Couplings play a central role in contemporary Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and in the analysis of their convergence to stationarity. In most cases, a coupling must induce relatively fast meeting between chains to ensure good performance. In this paper we fix attention on the random walk Metropolis algorithm and examine a range of coupling design choices. We introduce proposal and acceptance step couplings based on geometric, optimal transport, and maximality considerations. We consider the theoretical properties of these choices and examine their implication for the meeting time of the chains. We conclude by extracting a few general principles and hypotheses on the design of effective couplings.
Phase-change heat transfer of bare surface evaporator with phase-separating wick in downward facing orientation

Abstract Liquid-vapor, phase-change heat transfer using wicks can provide reliable and high heat flux cooling capability, especially in microgravity applications. However, the maximum heat removal capacity, also known as Critical Heat Flux (CHF), is related to the capillary-driven liquid supply limit and/or vapor removal limit. A key is to develop a novel wick structure, offering efficient liquid supply as well as vapor removal pathways. In this study, the Bare Surface Evaporator with Phase-Separating Wick (BEPSW) is examined to understand the liquid supply and vapor removal limits in a downward facing orientation for microgravity environment. The BEPSW consists of a bare surface evaporator for the efficient evaporation, and the distributed, sintered-particle post wicks with the phase-separating wick for enhanced liquid supply and vapor removal. The bare surface is fabricated from a copper disk 19.1 mm in diameter, while the post and phase-separating wicks are manufactured using 10 and 3 layers of sintered copper particles, respectively. The heat flux is measured as a function of the surface superheat for different post-post pitch distances (Lp = 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 7 mm) and average particle sizes ( = 350 and 550 μm), using distilled water as a working fluid. The results show that the CHF increases as the pitch distance decreases from Lp = 7 to 3.5 mm in both particle sizes due to the increased liquid supply through the post wicks, while it decreases below Lp = 2.5 mm in both particle sizes due to the liquid entrainment limit, i.e., the maximum CHF is observed at Lp = 2.5 to 3.5 mm. The measured maximum CHF and Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) with 350 μm particle size is 184 W/cm2 (24.9°C superheat) and 7.7 W/cm2-K (144 W/cm2 heat flux), respectively, and 207 W/cm2 (44.3°C superheat) and 5.4 W/cm2-K (118 W/cm2 heat flux) for the 550 μm particle size, both at Lp = 3.5 mm. The CHF models, both the capillary-viscous and entrainment limits, predict the optimal particle size, showing that it increases with increasing pitch distance of the post wicks at given post wick geometries. This is related to the type of limitation that controls the CHF, i.e., either capillary-viscous limit or the entrainment limit. Also, the results show that the CHF using the 550 μm wick exceeds that of 350 μm at given pitch distance, due to the large liquid permeability.
Patient Perspectives and Values Frame and Modify the Impact of Risk Factors for Non-Routine Postdischarge Care: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background: Adult colorectal surgery patients continue to have high rates of readmissions, despite known risk factors for non-routine postdischarge care (emergency department (ED) visit or rehospitalization) and countless interventions to address these. It is unclear how the patient perspective frames and modifies the impact of these risk factors. This study aimed to explain why individual risk-factors led a patient to seek non-routine postdischarge care. Methods: This single institution prospective cohort study identified consecutive adult inpatient colorectal surgery patients from 2017-2018. We used a convergent parallel design to integrate electronic health record data with brief phone surveys and in-depth interviews to generate a “what, why, and so what” summary of findings. Findings: We enrolled 258 participants, surveyed 167, and interviewed 18. Overall, 20% were readmitted, 3% had an ED visit, 2% had an observation stay, and 75% had routine postdischarge care. Undergoing open surgery (RR 2.25, 95% CI 1.31-3.87) and reporting depressive symptoms (RR 1.85, 95% CI 1.02-3.37) were associated with an increased non-routine healthcare utilization. Whereas, each 10 miles increasing travel distance (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98), private insurance (RR 0.61 , 95% CI 0.40-0.93), and proactively scheduled follow-up appointments (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.27-0.69) were protective factors. Patients with non-routine postdischarge care (26%) were less likely to report communication with their surgical team (80% vs 97%, p<0.001). These crude findings were often complemented and expanded upon by patient quotes. Interpretation: There are numerous non-quantifiable risk factors that explain why one patient is more likely to visit an ED close to home whereas another patient might prefer to visit their surgeon’s clinic directly. Effective strategies to reduce unplanned postdischarge care should be tailored to address both the quantifiable risk factors as well as patient preferences. Funding Statement: This project was supported by grant number F32HS026363 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Research Foundation of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons – General Surgery Resident Research Initiation Grant – GSRRIG 042 Declaration of Interests: The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest or disclaimers. Ethics Approval Statement: All participants gave informed and written consent during their index hospitalization. This study was reviewed and approved by the University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board (#17-1235).
Improving Ethics: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior to Include Moral Disengagement

We extend the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for ethics in the workplace. Using a path modeling methodology, we find evidence that, for ethics, moral disengagement is an antecedent to the TPB predictors of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC). We show that the TPB predictors mediate the influence moral disengagement has on ethical behavioral intentions. Thus, to improve ethical behavior, reducing moral disengagement is critical. We find support for including both types of PBC (self-efficacy and locus of control) when modeling ethical behavior. We use four ethics scenarios and international data to test this model. We also evaluate potential positive influences on ethics in the workplace and find that recency of ethics training interacts with religiosity and activates it to reduce moral disengagement. We also find that principles-based ethics training enhances professionals’ self-efficacy to behave ethically. Experience, including time as a member in a professional accounting organization, increases both locus of control and self-efficacy to behave ethically. These variables—recency of ethical training, religiosity, principles-based professional ethics training, and experience—influence parts of the core TPB model, which in turn lead to improved ethical behavioral intentions.
Aptamers for Detection and Diagnostics (ADD): Can mobile systems linked to biosensors support molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2? Should molecular medicine explore multiple alternatives as adjuvants to or replacement for traditional and non-traditional vaccines? (preprint)

Proposed SARS-CoV-2 surveillance tool using a mobile app for non-invasive monitoring of humans and animals. Engineering a biomedical device as a low-cost, non-invasive, detection, and diagnostic platform for surveillance of infections in humans, and animals. The system embraces the IoT “digital by design” metaphor by incorporating elements of connectivity, data sharing and (secure) information arbitrage. Using an array of aptamers to bind viral targets may help in detection, diagnostics, and potentially prevention in case of SARS-CoV-2. The ADD tool may become part of a broader platform approach.
An in vitro model of Stroke‐Induced Epilepsy: Elucidation of The roles of Glutamate and Calcium in The induction and Maintenance of Stroke‐Induced Epileptogenesis

Stroke is a major risk factor for developing acquired epilepsy (AE). Although the underlying mechanisms of ischemia-induced epileptogenesis are not well understood, glutamate has been found to be associated with both epileptogenesis and ischemia-induced injury in several research models. This chapter discusses the development of an in vitro model of epileptogenesis induced by glutamate injury in hippocampal neurons, as found in a clinical stroke, and the implementation of this model of stroke-induced AE to evaluate calcium's role in the induction and maintenance of epileptogenesis. To monitor the acute effects of glutamate on neurons and chronic alterations in neuronal excitability up to 8 days after glutamate exposure, whole-cell current-clamp electrophysiology was employed. Various durations and concentrations of glutamate were applied to primary hippocampal cultures. A single 30-min, 5-microM glutamate exposure produced a subset of neurons that died or had a stroke-like injury, and a larger population of injured neurons that survived. Neurons that survived the injury manifested spontaneous, recurrent, epileptiform discharges (SREDs) in neural networks characterized by paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDSs) and high-frequency spike firing that persisted for the life of the culture. The neuronal injury produced in this model was evaluated by determining the magnitude of the prolonged, reversible membrane depolarization, loss of synaptic activity, and neuronal swelling. The permanent epileptiform phenotype expressed as SREDs that resulted from glutamate injury was found to be dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. The "epileptic" neurons manifested elevated intracellular calcium levels when compared to control neurons, independent of neuronal activity and seizure discharge, demonstrating that alterations in calcium homeostatic mechanisms occur in association with stroke-induced epilepsy. Findings from this investigation present the first in vitro model of glutamate injury-induced epileptogenesis that may help elucidate some of the mechanisms that underlie stroke-induced epilepsy.
Spatial Price Equilibrium

The concept of a network in economics was implicit as early as in the classical work of Cournot (1838), who not only seems to have first explicitly stated that a competitive price is determined by the intersection of supply and demand curves, but had done so in the context of two spatially separated markets in which the cost of transporting the good between markets was considered.
Children's Theories and the Drive to Explain

Debate has been growing in developmental psychology over how much the cognitive development of children is like theory change in science. Useful debate on this topic requires a clear understanding of what it would be for a child to have a theory. I argue that existing accounts of theories within philosophy of science and developmental psychology either are less precise than is ideal for the task or cannot capture everyday theorizing of the sort that children, if they theorize, must do. I then propose an account of theories that ties theories and explanation very closely together, treating theories primarily as products of a drive to explain. I clarify some of the positions people have taken regarding the “theory theory” of development, and I conclude by proposing that psychologists interested in the 'theory theory' look for patterns of affect and arousal in development that would accompany the existence of a drive to explain.
THE DEUTERON AND THE BIG BANG

Following Einstein’s theory of general relativity, the gravitational acceleration of deuteron is shown to be less than that given by Newton’s theory. During the primordial nucleosynthesis, deuterons were more important than proposed by the original Big-Bang theory. But these deuterons escaped out of the gravitational fields of the solar system. 1 Gravitational Acceleration of the Deuteron Newton, in his equation of motion, assumed that the inertial mass is equal to the gravitational mass. Thus everything located at a distance r from a gravitational source with mass M is accelerated toward the source with a gravitational acceleration g, d 2 r dt2 = g.
Intelligent control of object acquisition for power grasp

An intelligent control architecture is developed for a robotic grasping system capable of acquiring an object into a fully enveloping power grasp. Control of the internal forces of the grasp is provided, along with trajectory control of object position as the object is picked up. Fuzzy control techniques are used for control of internal forces in the power grasp, and an artificial neural network (ANN) provides a means of in-process nonlinear friction estimation. The authors show that inclusion of the ANN improves the tracking accuracy of the object position. The architecture is described, and several experimental studies, using a simulation model of a simple two-link system, demonstrate performance gains realized by using in-process friction estimation. >
Polymer Formation, Modifications and Processing in or with Supercritical Fluids

Essential characteristics of chain molecules, their formation, properties and processing aspects are presented with a special focus on solvent dependent features. How supercritical fluids with their tunable characteristics can be put into use as the process or processing solvents in various stages of polymer formation, purification, modification, fabrication, recovery and recycling is discussed. Thermodynamic aspects of polymer solubility and the effects of various factors such as the polymer type, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, concentration, solvent type, temperature and pressure on the solubility of polymers in supercritical fluids are presented. Modeling of polymer solutions at high pressures with lattice fluid (Sanchez-Lacombe) and perturbation (SAFT) methods is reviewed and their effectiveness is compared. The question of kinetics of phase separation is addressed and a new technique which permits repetitive penetration into the metastable and unstable regions of a polymer-solvent system by multiple slow- or rapid (at rates approaching 1000 MPa/s) pressure drops is described.
Overtime Work and Wellbeing at Home

Abstract When workers devote more time to paid work it raises income or prospects, but at what cost to those individuals and their families? Descriptive analysis of data from the 2002 General Social Survey Quality of Work module finds that working beyond one's usual schedule is associated with higher absolute and relative family income. However, working extra hours also is associated with greater work – family interference and lesser ability to take time off from work for family needs. There are additional detrimental effects on worker wellbeing, such as slightly more fatigue from work, when the extra work is required by the employer than when it is not. Thus, models of economic well being should incorporate whether or not extra work is imposed. Policies intended to improve social wellbeing should focus on limiting the incidence, frequency and specific repercussions of overtime work that is mandatory and enhancing workers' ability to avoid it.
HerbariaViz: A web-based client–server interface for mapping and exploring flora observation data

Abstract The potential for physical flora collections to support scientific research is being enhanced by rapid development of digital databases that represent characteristics of the physical specimens held in those collections and make this information available remotely. One example is the unified database of California flora observations from the Consortium of California Herbaria that was developed to support the exploration of plant diversity patterns, distribution ranges of species, and vegetation associations for specimens held in physical collections. Many of the records in the herbaria database, and in complementary databases elsewhere, are geo-referenced; but, current web tools for accessing the data do not take advantage of that georeferencing. In this paper, we report on development and implementation of a web-based client–server map interface to facilitate open mapping and exploration of the dataset. Three research objectives were addressed: (1) develop a method for efficient web-map client–server interaction involving large volumes of spatiotemporal point data, (2) develop a symbology and symbol scaling method for representing those spatial–temporal data in the client, and (3) develop an interface for client–server interactions and data exploration. With a focus on cartographically-sound visualization and user-friendly interaction, we introduce HerbariaViz, a web mapping application that provides space–time–species data query responses efficiently. Following a discussion of relevant literature, we present open-source methods for aggregating point data spatially and temporally, outline our approach to sound cartographic representations of those data, and detail the design of a client interface for making requests and mapping responses. A focus group session involving domain experts was performed to provide user evaluation of the application. In our discussion, we present potential avenues of future work, including: facilitating query response comparisons, handling incomplete and inaccurate data, and generalizing the method presented here.
The Importance of Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Providers and Asthmatic Patients Highlights of Recommendations for the 2009 Influenza Season

Deaths from influenza total approximately 36000 per year in the United States, while hospitalizations exceed 200000 per annum. The number of complications, hospitalizations, and deaths related to influenza among asthmatic patients is disproportionately high. Vaccination against influenza is the most important way to prevent the infection, attenuate the illness, and combat the spread of the virus. Despite Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, vaccination against influenza remains extremely low in the general population and in particular among asthmatic patients and health care providers. The emergence of a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus that maintains infectivity outside the traditional flu season and has rapidly spread worldwide may be an indication that the upcoming influenza season will be more challenging. In this article, the authors will review vaccination recommendations, common therapies against influenza, and the most important measures that can help limit the spread of the v...
Prediction of boiling dryout heat flux for restricted annular crevice

Abstract The phenomenon of boiling crisis in a horizontal narrow annular geometry is analyzed by considering a buoyancy-driven two-phase flow in a vertical crevice. Conservation laws are formulated and solved analytically. A two-phase friction factor is determined using published experimental data. The effect of crevice axial length is also considered for a variety of working fluids. The predicting method based on the present work applies in wide ranges of annulus width and crevice length for a variety of fluids with a remarkable improvement in accuracy over the existing predicting methods.
Evidence for a regulatory role of the stomach in islet cell function.

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that gastric factors other than gastrin may be released in response to gastric test meals and stimulate islet cell function. The present study was designed to examine this further. In anesthetised, laparotomized dogs with a bisected pylorus and a gastric fistula, a liver meal at pH 2 or pH 7 was instilled intragastrically. Although gastrin levels were lower with the acidified meal, inferior vena cava, insulin, glucagon and plasma glucose levels were significantly higher than after a meal at pH 7. These differences were not changed by truncal vagotomy. The differences in insulin or plasma glucose levels were not altered by infusion of atropine, although the difference in glucagon levels was reduced considerably. The present data suggest that factors other than gastrin and unrelated to the vagus or to atropine sensitive pathways are able to influence islet cell function and possibly glucose homeostasis.
A strategy to rapidly identify restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in PCR products for gene mapping in animal families

▼Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were first introduced as a tool for genetic analysis in the early 1970s and quickly became the major type of marker applied in the 1980s. Botstein et al. (Ref. 1) suggested the development of a human RFLP linkage map using markers detected by Southern blot hybridization analysis. However, the Southern RFLP suffers from drawbacks, such as the requirements for relatively large amounts of DNA, time and labor. Recently, PCR-based techniques such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) have been developed to identify highly polymorphic DNA markers. These techniques have shown great success in identifying informative molecular markers but have primarily been used for the initial development of anonymous markers. In targeting marker development at specific genes, PCR-RFLP, which primarily detects single-base polymorphisms in a piece of genomic DNA amplified by PCR, plays a major role in identifying polymorphism within gene sequences. A PCR-RFLP marker is the variation in DNA restrictionfragment pattern defined by applying a restriction enzyme or enzymes to the PCR product amplified from a set of
The investigation of chronic fatigue syndrome: a case-study of the limitations of inductive inferences and non-falsifiable hypotheses in medical research

Karl Popper's argument that deductive logic and falsifiable hypotheses are necessary for the growth of scientific knowledge has been controversial. One approach to assess the relevance of his ideas to medical science has been to evaluate examples of successful research. Another approach is to analyze an unsuccessful investigation. The inconclusive search for a unique 'chronic fatigue syndrome' offers a well-documented case-study for this analysis. Over the past 130 years, numerous studies have provided clinical and epidemiological data, which have supported competing hypotheses about the etiology of chronic fatigue. However, few hypotheses have been refuted because it has not been possible to establish objective standards of inquiry for a subjective symptom like fatigue. As a result, intensive research efforts have not converged on correct explanations by eliminating erroneous ideas. This unsuccessful investigation illustrates how non-falsifiable hypotheses are insufficient to advance medical knowledge, even when there is an abundance of empirical data.
Safety product evaluation: Six years of experience

Safety products to prevent percutaneous injuries are rapidly being developed for health care. Decisions to purchase such products are often made by an institution's infection control committee. We evaluated 30 safety products. These products are most readily accepted when potential users perceive a need, believe they are at risk for injury, and have input into the selection process. Task forces of intended users are invaluable in determining which products to evaluate in high-risk areas. Some new devices may be unsafe if excessive manipulation or in-service education is required. New products may not be well accepted if the devices are a different size or configuration than usual or require changes in established practices or techniques. An adequate supply of new products must be available immediately when the evaluation begins or users will tend to select the older, more familiar product. Removing all similar devices except for the new product can facilitate acceptance. Frequency of use can also influence employees when trying a new product. For instance, nurses who only occasionally draw blood have different perceptions of a new blood-drawing device from those of the phlebotomy team. Key employees were designated as resource persons to complement the manufacturer's in-service education and to support transition to the new product. We recommend that decision making by infection control committees involve the individuals who will eventually directly use the new products, starting with the early phases of safety product evaluation.
Training status diverges muscle diacylglycerol accumulation during free fatty acid elevation

How endurance training alters muscle lipid metabolism while preserving insulin sensitivity remains unclear. Because acute free fatty acid (FFA) elevation by lipid infusion reduces insulin sensitivi...
Blood platelet size distribution in the missouri bleeder swine

Abstract The Missouri Bleeder Swine have a hereditary bleeding disease similar to von Willebrand's disease in human subjects. Previously, platelet adhesion had been shown to be reduced by two different methods. The present study shows that the size distribution of platelets determined using a Coulter Counter does not differ significantly between bleeder and normal swine.
Improvement of alignment and overlay accuracy on amorphous carbon layers

ArF lithography has shrunk photo resist patterns down to 60nm from 80nm with the help of various RETs (resolution enhancement technologies). Photo resist thickness also has been thinner than ever to increase image contrast and DoF margin and to avoid pattern collapse due to high aspect ratio. Etching process became more difficult and marginal by using thin resist patterning so that new BARC materials having high etching selectivity are required. Since amorphous carbon (a-C) and SiON have good etch selectivity between them, they can be used as hard mask materials for thin resist process. Lithographic alignment system usually uses the light of 400 to 700nm. In general a-C has certain level of light absorption in this wavelength range and the absorption coefficient increases with deposition temperature of a-C. Because a-C film is not suitably transparent to the alignment light, overlay control might get worsen as the thickness of a-Carbon film increased. In this paper, we will present the effect of the thickness of a-Carbon film on alignment signal strength, alignment accuracy and overlay control of various layers. Simulation of alignment signal is conducted and compared with experiment results. It is also studied whether the overlay control can be improved by changing the spectrum of alignment light or structural design of alignment marks. Improvements on alignment accuracy and overlay control are examined by lowering the extinction coefficient, k of a-Carbon film. In conclusion, because photo resist only is not sufficient for a mask during etch step as the thickness decreased further, adoption of new hard mask is inevitable. It is the alignment trouble for a-Carbon that should be cleared before being named as a main stream of new hard mask.
Origin of the hook effect in extrinsic photoconductors

The response of extrinsic photoconductors to a step change in incident photon flux has long been known to exhibit a sharp transient feature, particularly at higher signal levels, known as the hook effect. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that the hook effect can be due to reduced illumination adjacent to the injecting contact. This nonuniformity can be produced by the transverse illumination of the detector that is common for far-infrared Ge:Ga devices. The hook effect has been demonstrated to be either present or absent in the same Ge:Ga photoconductor, at comparable signal size, depending on the nature of the contact illumination. Numerical finite-difference calculations of the transient response support this explanation and produce features that replicate the experimental results.
Participation of Birds (Aves) in the Emergence of Lyme Disease in Southern Maine

The contribution of migratory and resident birds to the introduction of Lyme disease will vary with the degree to which various species expose themselves to, and are infested by, juvenile vector ticks, and their ability to support and transmit the infectious agent. To examine the relative contribution of various passerine species during the emergence of this disease, we compared the abundance and infection rates of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, removed from mist-netted birds with those from live-trapped mice at a coastal study site in southern Maine, collected during an 8-yr period in which the range of this tick and the incidence of Lyme disease increased in the state. Weekly bird-banding sessions using six 12-m Japanese mist nets were carried out from May through August 1989–1996. In 1989, 1991, and 1993, mice were live-trapped in a Sherman trap grid (7 by 7 m) during five 3-night sessions, June through August; in 1994–1996, 2 such grids were similarly trapped. Annual adult tick abundance was estimated by flagging vegetation. We removed 2,633 juvenile deer ticks from 1,713 of 1,972 birds examined. Twenty-five of 64 bird species were infested. The percentages of birds infested and the rate of infection among removed larvae and nymphs increased over the years, but species varied markedly in their ability to infect ticks. No infected larvae were removed from catbirds or towhees. The larval to nymphal ratio was higher in mice than in birds. Infection rates among bird-derived larvae were less than among mice-derived larvae, but increased with time. Because of the different ways in which individual species of passerine birds contribute to the availability of vector ticks and respond to the agent of Lyme disease in emerging areas, further research into host competency and borreliacidal mechanisms is needed.
Resident perceptions regarding teaching medical students

Dear Author, 1. Please check these proofs carefully. It is the responsibility of the corresponding author to check against the original manuscript and approve or amend these proofs. A second proof is not normally provided. Informa Healthcare cannot be held responsible for uncorrected errors, even if introduced during the composition process. The journal reserves the right to charge for excessive author alterations, or for changes requested after the proofing stage has concluded.
Air Travel with Known Pneumocephalus Following Outpatient Sinus Surgery

Pneumocephalus, the presence of air within the cranial cavity, commonly occurs after many neurosurgical procedures, but is relatively rare after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Controversy exists surrounding air travel for patients with pneumocephalus. This study presents a case report of a patient with pneumocephalus during FESS. The patient required commercial air transportation the day following the surgery. The 45-minute flight was completed with no neurological consequences.
Lupus Activity in Pregnancy

Pregnancy in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be complicated by both lupus activity and pregnancy mishaps. The majority of recent studies found an increase in lupus activity during pregnancy, perhaps exacerbated by hormonal shifts required to maintain pregnancy. Increased lupus activity, in turn, prompts an elevated risk for poor pregnancy outcomes, including stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, and preeclamspsia. Fortunately, the majority of pregnancies in women with SLE are successful. However, the interaction between pregnancy and SLE activity can lead to complications for both mother and baby.
The mission: delivering technology information to those who need it most

Administrative associates are often the hardest working people on campus. They're at the front lines and in the trenches answering difficult questions from faculty and students. If they want to learn about new technologies, they're often limited by their abilities, their schedules and their work environment. This disconnect can hinder IT's ability to function efficiently.To address this need, Client Support Services at the University of Montana created a user group. Technology Associates Group, (TAG) meets once per semester to talk about upcoming changes in campus technology and systems, tools to help them use their office technology more efficiently, and new applications available for their department's students and faculty. We frequently have guest speakers such as the University President and the Registrar who are eager to meet staff they wouldn't normally encounter. They give insights into their technology use and/or what upcoming changes might impact TAG members.At UM, approximately 200 staff are classified as administrative associates. They've enthusiastically embraced this group. At our first meeting, we expected just a few would attend. When over 40 registered we had to schedule a larger room and meetings have averaged that number ever since. Each meeting is held in a different campus building giving them a look at rooms and technology they often don't have the opportunity to experience. They also meet and interact with their colleagues and we serve refreshments setting a welcoming and comfortable atmosphere.We have also created a TAG website for those who can't attend the meetings so they can view Camtasia recordings and minutes of the meetings.It has been an overwhelming success. As one TAG member said in a recent survey: "I love these opportunities to interact with you face to face and build those relationships."Finally, a tech-savy staff helps IT perform more efficiently.
Role of frozen section analysis of surgical margins during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a 2608-case experience

It remains unanswered whether and how intraoperative frozen section analysis contributes to the surgical margin status on radical prostatectomy specimens. We aimed to determine whether frozen section analysis during radical prostatectomy reduces the incidence of positive surgical margins. We retrospectively analyzed a consecutive series of patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy performed at our institution between 2004 and 2011. We identified 2608 cases, including 1128 (43.3%) where intraoperative frozen section analysis was performed to assess surgical margins. Of the cases with positive (n = 60; 5.3%)/negative (n = 1029; 91.2%)/atypical or indeterminate (n = 39; 3.5%) frozen section analyses, 22 (36.7%)/83 (8.1%)/4 (10.3%) were found to have positive surgical margins on radical prostatectomy specimens, respectively. Thus, 109 (9.7%) of 1128 cases with frozen section analysis had positive surgical margins, compared with 163 (11.0%) of 1480 cases with no frozen section analysis (P = .264). When the patients were subgrouped by histopathologic characteristics, frozen section analysis led to a considerable reduction in the rate of positive surgical margins in cases with biopsy Gleason score 7 (12.4% → 8.7%; P = .087)/8 (28.6% → 16.3%; P = .048)/≥7 (15.3% → 10.1%; P = .012) tumor or pT3b (36.6% → 23.2%; P = .075)/≥pT3b (38.1% → 25.4%; P = .091) disease. Multivariate analysis further revealed that performing frozen section analysis in biopsy Gleason score 7 or higher tumors was an independent predictor of negative surgical margins (odds ratio, 0.61; P = .018). In addition, frozen section analysis of the distal urethra or apex of the prostate (7.5%, P = .035) as well as multiple negative frozen section analyses (≥2: 6.2%, P = .001; ≥4: 2.2%, P = .007) correlated with significantly lower rates of positive surgical margin, compared with no frozen section analysis. Overall, intraoperative frozen section analysis did not dramatically change surgical margin status of radical prostatectomy. Nonetheless, it could be useful in preventing incomplete tumor resection, especially in men with high-grade (Gleason score ≥7) tumor at the apex.
Use of ICHOR-platelet works to assess platelet function in patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors.

Platelet glycoprotein GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors have been recently approved for use in treating patients with acute coronary syndromes and those undergoing PCI. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a new device, the ICHOR platelet works, to detect platelet inhibition in patients undergoing PCI and treated with abciximab or tirofiban. The study was conducted at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Thirty patients undergoing PCI and treated with abciximab (n = 10) or tirofiban (n = 20) are included. Blood samples were obtained before, at 30 min, at 4 hr, and at 12 hr after starting the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors and 2 hr after discontinuation. Baseline studies revealed > 95% platelet aggregability in all patients after exposure to ADP (20 microM). After starting tirofiban, 82%, 83%, and 82% of platelets were inhibited at 30 min, 4 hr, and 12 hr. Platelet inhibition decreased to 43% 2 hr after discontinuation of tirofiban. Similarly, ICHOR platelet works detected 91%, 92%, and 85% platelet inhibition at 30 min, 4 hr, and 12 hr after starting abciximab, respectively. Platelet inhibition decreased to 73% 2 hr after discontinuation. The ICHOR platelet works is a promising, simple, and rapid bedside method that may have clinical utility in assessing platelet inhibition in patients treated with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:346-351.
Fetal Regulatory T Cells and Peripheral Immune Tolerance In Utero: Implications for Development and Disease

The developing fetus must actively learn to tolerate benign antigens, or suffer the consequences of broken tolerance. Tolerance of self-antigens prevents development of autoimmune diseases, and is achieved by both deletion of autoreactive T cell clones in the thymus (central tolerance) and by the suppressive influence of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. Fetal CD4+ T cells have a strong predisposition to differentiate into tolerogenic Tregs that actively promote self-tolerance, as well as tolerance to non-inherited antigens on chimeric maternal cells that reside in most fetal tissues. As the fetus nears birth, a crucial transition must occur between the tolerogenic fetal immune system and a more defensive adult-type immune system that is able to combat pathogens. This paper will review the unique tolerogenic nature of the human fetal immune system and will examine evidence for a novel model of fetal immune development: the layered immune system hypothesis.
Measuring Building R-Values For Large Areas

We are developing a method for measuring the R-values of large area of building envelopas. This is a summary of progress to date. We locate temperature extremes on the building surface with an infrared videocamera, determine the R-values at those locations with contact thermal sensors, and interpolate R-values for all other locations from the thermograms.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
μ‐Sulfato‐1κO:2κO‐μ‐oxo‐bis[tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine‐κ4N,N′,N′′,N′′′]diiron(III) diperchlorate acetonitrile/water (0.75/0.25) solvate

The title complex, [Fe2(C18H18N4)2O(SO4)](ClO4)2·0.75C2H3N·0.25H2O, consists of two perchlorate ions, a solvent cavity with acetonitrile and water (disordered 3/1), and an Fe complex dication. The dication is a diiron(III) unit containing an oxo bridge and a sulfato bridge. The iron(III) centers are pseudo-octa­hedral, six-coordinate, with tris­(2-pyridylmeth­yl) amine (TPA) providing four N atoms. The distances and angles are typical for bent μ-oxo-bridged TPA complexes. The complex was the unexpected result of a reaction designed to produce a μ-sulfido–μ-carboxyl­ato–diiron center.
Energy gradient line approach for direct hydraulic calculation in drip irrigation design

Direct calculations can be made for all emitter flows along a lateral line and in a submain unit based on an Energy Gradient Line (EGL) approach. Errors caused by the EGL approach were evaluated by a computer simulation. A Revised Energy Gradient Line (REGL) approach, developed using a mean discharge approximation, can reduce the errors and match with the results from a Step-by-Step (SBS) calculation for all emitters in a drip system. The developed equations can be used for computerized design of drip irrigation systems.
Emotion and Full Understanding

Aristotle has famously made the claim that having the right emotion at the right time is an essential part of moral virtue. Why might this be the case? I consider five possible relations between emotion and virtue and argue that an adequate answer to this question involves the epistemic status of emotion, that is, whether the perceptual awareness and hence the understanding of the object of emotion is like or unlike the perceptual awareness of an unemotional awareness of the same object. If an emotional awareness does not have a unique character, then it is unlikely that emotions provide an understanding that is different from unemotional states of awareness: they are perhaps little more than “hot-blooded” instances of the same understanding. If, on the other hand, an emotional state involves a perceptual awareness that is unique to the emotion, then emotions are cognitively significant, providing an understanding of the object of the emotion that is absent in a similar but unemotional episode of awareness. I argue the latter and substantiate the claim that emotions are essential to moral virtue because they can be essential to a full understanding of the situations that they involve. In such cases, emotions are not merely a symptom of the possession of an adequate understanding, but are rather necessary for having an adequate understanding.
New applications of differential scanning calorimetry and solvent swelling for studies of coal structure: Prepyrolysis structural relaxation

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry and solvent swelling have been applied for identifying physical transition temperatures in the macromolecular structure of coals. The transition processes seem to be associated with physical relaxation of the coal structure and are irreversible processes. In Pittsburgh no. 8 coal, one physical transition was noted at 250–300 °C (at 8 °C min −1 ) without any significant accompanying weight loss. Illinois no. 6 coal does not exhibit such a relaxation process at these temperatures. Coals of higher rank than high volatile bituminous i.e. Upper Freeport and Pocahontas no. 3 coals, exhibit structural relaxation just before the major thermal decomposition process and a sharp increase in solvent swellability accompanies this relaxation. In the case of both the Pittsburgh no. 8 and the Upper Freeport coal, structural relaxations at around 360 °C seem to coincide with release of ‘guest molecules’. In addition, significant shifts in transition temperatures have been observed with heating rate. In coals of higher rank than high volatile bituminous, pyridine exposure prior to thermal treatment does not influence the transition temperatures, indicating that heat is more effective than pyridine in relaxing the macromolecular structure, as suggested by Sakurovs et al . On the other hand, CS 2 pyridine mixtures are effective at relaxing the structure of the Upper Freeport coal, even at room temperature.