cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality of information maximization for wireless networks via a fully separable quadratic policy

An information collection problem in a wireless network with random events is considered. Wireless devices report on each event using one of multiple reporting formats. Each format has a different quality and uses different data lengths. Delivering all data in the highest-quality format can overload system resources. The goal is to make intelligent format selection and routing decisions to maximize time-averaged information quality subject to network stability. Lyapunov optimization theory can be used to solve such a problem by repeatedly minimizing the linear terms of a quadratic drift-plus-penalty expression. To reduce delays, this paper proposes a novel extension of this technique that preserves the quadratic nature of the drift minimization while maintaining a fully separable structure. In addition, to avoid high queuing delay, paths are restricted to at most 2 hops. The resulting algorithm can push average information quality arbitrarily close to optimum, with a tradeoff in queue backlog. The algorithm compares favorably to the basic drift-plus-penalty scheme in terms of backlog and delay.
The complete hyperbolicity of cylindric billiards

The connected configuration space of a so called cylindric billiard system is a flat torus mi- nus finitely many spherical cylinders. The dynamical system describes the uniform motion of a point par- ticle in this configuration space with specular reflec- tions at the boundaries of the removed cylinders. It is proven here that under a certain geometric condi- tion — slightly stronger than the necessary condition presented in (S-Sz(1998)) — a cylindric billiard flow is completely hyperbolic. As a consequence, every hard ball system is completely hyperbolic — a result strengthening the theorem of (S-Sz(1999)).
A Volume Comparison Theorem for Asymptotically Hyperbolic Manifolds

We define a notion of renormalized volume of an asymptotically hyperbolic manifold. Moreover, we prove a sharp volume comparison theorem for metrics with scalar curvature at least −6. Finally, we show that the inequality is strict unless the metric is isometric to one of the Anti-deSitter–Schwarzschild metrics.
Coronal lines and dust formation in SN 2005ip: Not the brightest, but the hottest Type IIn supernova

We present optical photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2005ip for the first 3 yr after discovery, showing an underlying Type II-L supernova (SN) interacting with a steady wind to yield an unusual Type IIn spectrum. For the first ~160 days, it had a fast linear decline from a modest peak absolute magnitude of about –17.4 (unfiltered), followed by a plateau at roughly –14.8 for more than 2 yr. Initially having a normal broad-lined spectrum superposed with sparse narrow lines from the photoionized circumstellar medium (CSM), it quickly developed signs of strong CSM interaction with a spectrum similar to that of SN 1988Z. As the underlying SN II-L faded, SN 2005ip exhibited a rich high-ionization spectrum with a dense forest of narrow coronal lines, unprecedented among SNe but reminiscent of some active galactic nuclei. The line-profile evolution of SN 2005ip confirms that dust formation caused its recently reported infrared excess, but these lines reveal that it is the first SN to show clear evidence for dust in both the fast SN ejecta and the slower postshock gas. SN 2005ip's complex spectrum confirms the origin of the strange blue continuum in SN 2006jc, which also had postshock dust formation. We suggest that SN 2005ip's late-time plateau and coronal spectrum result from rejuvenated CSM interaction between a sustained fast shock and a clumpy stellar wind, where X-rays escape through the optically thin interclump regions to heat the preshock CSM to coronal temperatures.
Linguistic aspects of amnesia and confabulation.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the linguistic aspects of amnesia and confabulation. An interesting feature of amnesia is the last memory prior to an accident forming the temporal boundary of the retrograde amnesia. Such a memory is often a symbolic representation of a current problem. These memories may be actual events, they may be incidents displaced in place or time, they may be condensations of several events, or they may be confabulations. The stated duration of retrograde amnesia following loss of consciousness depends on the intensity of the patients feeling of noninvolvement and how far back in time he goes to select an adequate symbol to represent the current situation. Like amnesia, confabulation refers not only to the past but to the current situation and its anticipated consequences.
An upper bound on the capacity of vector dirty paper with unknown spin and stretch

Dirty paper codes are a powerful tool for combating known interference. However, there is a significant difference between knowing the transmitted interference sequence and knowing the received interference sequence, especially when the channel modifying the interference is uncertain. We present an upper bound on the capacity of a compound vector dirty paper channel where although an additive Gaussian sequence is known to the transmitter, the channel matrix between the interferer and receiver is uncertain but known to lie within a bounded set. Our bound is tighter than previous bounds in the low-SIR regime for the scalar version of the compound dirty paper channel and employs a construction that focuses on the relationship between the dimension of the message-bearing signal and the dimension of the additive state sequence. Additionally, a bound on the high-SNR behavior of the system is established.
Collective choice under dichotomous preferences

Abstract Agents partition deterministic outcomes into good or bad. A mechanism selects a lottery over outcomes (time-shares). The probability of a good outcome is the canonical utility. The utilitarian mechanism averages over outcomes with largest “approval”. It is efficient, strategyproof, anonymous and neutral. We reach an impossibility if, in addition, each agent's utility is at least 1 n , where n is the number of agents; or is at least the fraction of good to feasible outcomes. We conjecture that no ex ante efficient and strategyproof mechanism guarantees a strictly positive utility to all agents, and prove a weaker statement.
Electron-electron interactions in graphene bilayers

We study the effect of electron-electron interactions in the quasiparticle dispersion of a graphene bilayer within the Hartree-Fock-Thomas-Fermi theory by using a four-bands model. We find that the electronic fluid can be described by a non-interacting–like dispersion but with renormalized parameters. We compare our results with recent cyclotron resonance experiments in this system.
Minimizing Polynomials via Sum of Squares over the Gradient Ideal

A method is proposed for finding the global minimum of a multivariate polynomial via sum of squares (SOS) relaxation over its gradient variety. That variety consists of all points where the gradient is zero and it need not be finite. A polynomial which is nonnegative on its gradient variety is shown to be SOS modulo its gradient ideal, provided the gradient ideal is radical or the polynomial is strictly positive on the real gradient variety. This opens up the possibility of solving previously intractable polynomial optimization problems. The related problem of constrained minimization is also considered, and numerical examples are discussed. Experiments show that our method using the gradient variety outperforms prior SOS methods.
Rotor Blade Response to Random Loads: A Direct Time-Domain Approach

The response of a rotor blade subject to random loads is treated within the framework of time-varying linear dynamical systems with nonstationary random forcing functions. The statistically meaningful characteristics of the response, namely the covariance and the correlation, are directly obtained from a pair of ordinary matrix differential equations in the time domain. Extensive results for different models of a rigidly flapping blade subject to quasi-stationary random excitations have been obtained by this direct time-domain approach to demonstrate its simplicity and efficiency.
The Whirlwind I computer

The characteristics of this computer are presented along with contemplated improvements. A list of some of the actual problems handled is also included.
Bank Loan Availability and Trade Credit Demand

This paper investigates the effects of bank loan availability on the trade credit and credit card demand of small firms, using firm-level data from the 1995 Credit, Banks, and Small Business Survey, conducted by the National Federation of Independent Business. We find that firms increase their demand for trade credit and credit card debt when facing credit constraints imposed by banks. These results provide evidence of a pecking order of debt financing, where firms increase their reliance on potentially expensive sources of funds when bank loans are not available.
Inviscid spatial stability of a compressible mixing layer. Part 3. Effect of thermodynamics

The results of a comprehensive comparative study of the inviscid spatial stability of a parallel compressible mixing layer using various models for the mean flow are reported. The models are: (1) the hyperbolic tangent profile for the mean speed and the Crocco relation for the mean temperature, with the Chapman viscosity-temperature relation and a Prandtl number of one; (2) the Lock profile for the mean speed and the Crocco relation for the mean temperature, with the Chapman viscosity-temperature relation and a Prandtl number of one; and (3) the similarity solution for the coupled velocity and temperature equations using the Sutherland viscosity temperature relation and arbitrary but constant Prandtl number. The purpose was to determine the sensitivity of the stability characteristics of the compressible mixing layer to the assumed thermodynamic properties of the fluid. It is shown that the quantative features of the stability characteristics are quite similiar for all models but that there are quantitative differences resulting from the difference in the thermodynamic models. In particular, it is shown that the stability characteristics are sensitive to the value of the Prandtl number.
To Love or to Loathe: How is the World Reacting to China's Rise?

China has experienced a spectacular economic growth in recent decades. Its economy grew more than 48 times from 1980 to 2013. How are the other countries reacting to China's rise? Do they see it as an economic opportunity or a security threat? In this paper, we answer this question by analyzing online news reports about China published in Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK and the US. More specifically, we first analyze the frequency with which China has appeared in news headlines, which is a measure of China's influence in the world. Second, we build a Naive Bayes classifier to study the evolving nature of the news reports, i.e., whether they are economic or political. We then evaluate the friendliness of the news coverage based on sentiment analysis. Empirical results indicate that there has been increasing news coverage of China in all the countries under study. We also find that the emphasis of the reports is generally shifting towards China's economy. Here Japan and South Korea are exceptions: they are reporting more on Chinese politics. In terms of global sentiment, the picture is quite gloomy. With the exception of Australia and, to some extent, France, all the other countries under examination are becoming less positive towards China.
A Tandem Aldol-Grob Reaction of Ketones with Aromatic Aldehydes

Abstract Aromatic aldehydes react with ketones to produce(E)-1-aryl-1-alkenes via a tandem Aldol-Grob cleavage reaction sequence. The reaction, initiated by boron trifluoride, also produces a carboxylic acid fragment. Aromatic aldehydes react with ketones in the presence of boron trifluoride to produce(E)-1-aryl-1-alkenes via a tandem Aldol-Grob cleavage reaction sequence. Download : Download full-size image
In search of other planetary systems

Numerous recent developments have led to an increasing awareness of and interest in the detection of other planetary systems. A brief review of the modern history of this subject is presented with emphasis on the status of data concerning Barnard's star. A discussion is given of plausible observable effects of other planetary systems with numerical examples to indicate the nature of the detection problem. Possible types of information (in addition to discovery) that observations of these effects might yield (e.g., planetary mass and temperature) are outlined. Also discussed are various candidate detection techniques (e.g., astrometric observations) which might be employed to conduct a search, the current state-of-the art of these techniques in terms of measurement accuracy, and the capability of existing or planned facilities (e.g., space telescope) to perform a search. Finally, consideration is given to possible search strategies and the scope of a comprehensive search program.
Catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions by metalloporphyrins

Abstract Aluminium (111) tetraphenyl porphyrin chloride (AITPPCl) has been shown to catalyze Diels-Alder reactions of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in moderate yield. Selectivity based on electronic effects is exhibited which is different from that seen with catalysts such as diethylaluminlum chloride.
Migration of Jupiter-family comets and resonant asteroids to near-Earth space.

: The orbital evolution of about 26,000 Jupiter-crossing objects and 1,500 resonant asteroids under the gravitationa influence of planets was investigated. The rate of their collisions with terrestrial planets was estimated by computing the probabilities of collisions based on random-phase approximations and the orbital elements sampled with a 500 yr step. The Bulirsh-Stoer and a symplectic orbit integrator gave similar results for orbital evolution, but sometimes give different collision probabilities with the Sun. For orbits close to that of Comet 2P, the mean collision probabilities of Jupiter-crossing objects with terrestrial planets were greater by two orders of magnitude than for some other comets. For initial orbital elements close to those of Comets 2P, 10P, 44P, and 113P, a few objects (about 0.1%) entered Earth-crossing orbits with semi-major axes a < 2 AU and aphelion distances Q < 4.2 AU, and moved in such orbits for more than 1 Myr (up to tens or even hundreds of Myr). Some of them even got inner-Earth orbits (Q < 0.983 AU) and Aten orbits. A few comets achieve typical asteroidal orbits for hundreds of Myr. Most former trans-Neptunian objects that have typical near-Earth object orbits moved in such orbits for millions of years; thus, during most of this time they were extinct comet, if they did not disintegrate.
Have Differences in Credit Access Diminished in an Era of Financial Market Deregulation

Abstract Over the past few decades, financial markets became increasingly deregulated and household debt expanded, sometimes rapidly. It is thus possible that greater deregulation led to improved credit access and lower cost of credit for typically underserved groups, such as minorities and low-income families, relative to their counterparts. Credit access is measured here by loan denials, discouraged applications. The cost of credit is measured by debt payments relative to debt. Differences in credit access and the cost of credit should have diminished over time, particularly after 2000, after large-scale deregulation had taken place. Differences by demographic groups over time are tested using multivariate tests based on data from the Federal Reserve's Survey Consumer Finances from 1989 to 2004. While some minority groups found increasing credit access after 2000, credit became increasingly more expensive relative to whites due to a less advantageous composition of debt or higher interest rate different...
Design of an efficient miniaturized UHF planar antenna

The design aspects and the measured results of a novel miniaturized planar antenna are described. Such architectural antenna design is of great importance in mobile military communications where low visibility and high mobility are required. Slot radiating elements, having a planar geometry and capable of transmitting vertical polarization when placed nearly horizontal, are appropriate for the applications at hand. Slot antennas also have another useful property, so far as impedance matching is concerned. Basically, slot dipoles can easily be excited by a microstrip line and can be matched to arbitrary line impedances simply by moving the feed point along the slot. Antenna miniaturization can be achieved by using a high permittivity or permeability substrate and superstrate materials and/or using an appropriate antenna topology. We demonstrate miniaturization by designing an appropriate geometry for a resonant narrow slot antenna. A very efficient radiating element that occupies an area as small as 0.12/spl lambda//sub 0//spl times/0.12/spl lambda//sub 0/ is designed and tested. Simulation results, as well as the measured input impedance and radiation patterns of this antenna, are presented. This structure shows a measured gain of 0.5 dBi on FR4 substrate, which has a loss-tangent of the order of 0.01. Also, the effect of finite ground plane size on gain and resonant frequency is investigated experimentally.
An Efficient 10GBASE-T Ethernet LDPC Decoder Design With Low Error Floors

A grouped-parallel low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder is designed for the (2048,1723) Reed-Solomon-based LDPC (RS-LDPC) suitable for 10GBASE-T Ethernet. A two-step decoding scheme reduces the wordlength to 4 bits while lowering the error floor to below 10-14 BER. The proposed post-processor is conveniently integrated with the decoder, adding minimal area and power. The decoder architecture is optimized by groupings so as to localize irregular interconnects and regularize global interconnects and the overall wiring overhead is minimized. The 5.35 mm2, 65 nm CMOS chip achieves a decoding throughput of 47.7 Gb/s. With scaled frequency and voltage, the chip delivers a 6.67 Gb/s throughput necessary for 10GBASE-T while dissipating 144 mW of power.
Coupon Redemption and Its Effect on Household Cheese Purchases

By endogenizing unit value and coupon redemption, we estimate U.S. household cheese purchase, quality choice, and coupon redemption equations simultaneously. Zero purchases and missing values on coupons and unit values are taken into account in the model to correct for selectivity bias. Correlations among the three equations are found to be significant. Empirical findings show that high-quality choice significantly decreases cheese purchases, while cheese coupon usage significantly increases purchases. We find that higher income households select higher quality cheese, while larger households choose lower quality cheese. For coupon redemption, we find that African-American and Hispanic households redeem less, while Asian households have no significant difference compared to Caucasian households.
Test Planning for Mixed-Signal SOCs with Wrapped Analog Cores

Many SOCs today contain both digital and analog embedded cores. Even though the test cost for such mixed-signal SOCs is significantly higher than that for digital SOCs, most prior research in this area has focused exclusively on digital cores. We propose a low-cost test development methodology for mixed-signal SOCs that allows the analog and digital cores to be tested in a unified manner, thereby minimizing the overall test cost. The analog cores in the SOC are wrapped such that they can be accessed using a digital test access mechanism (TAM). We evaluate the impact of the use of analog test wrappers on area overhead and test time. To reduce area overhead, we present an analog test wrapper optimization technique, which is then combined with TAM optimization in a cost-oriented heuristic approach for test scheduling. We also demonstrate the feasibility of using analog wrappers by presenting transistor-level simulations for an analog wrapper and a representative core. We present experimental results on test scheduling for an ITC'02 benchmark SOC that has been augmented with five analog cores.
The relationship of parents' cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy—implications as to the problem of inferring causation from observed associations

The relationship of parents' cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy-implications as to the problem of inferring causation from observed associations. Amer J Epidem 1971;93:443-456. Nearly 10,000 white and more than 3000 black women were interviewed early in pregnancy on a variety of medical, genetic, environmental, and behavior variables. The increase in the incidence of low-birth-weight among infants of smoking mothers was confirmed. However, a number of paradoxical findings were observed which raise doubts as to causation. Thus, no increase in neonatal mortality was noted. Rather, the neonatal mortality rate and the risk of congenital anomalies of low-birthweight infants were considerably lower for smoking than for nonsmoking mothers. These favorable results cannot be explained by differences in gestational age, nor does a "displacement" hypothesis appear reasonable. Among other findings which could not easily be explained: The healthiest low-birth-weight infants were found for couples where the wife smoked and her husband did not smoke; the most vulnerable were produced by couples where the wife did not smoke and the husband smoked. There were great differences in mode-of-life characteristics between smokers and nonsmokers. The latter were more likely to use contraceptive methods, to plan the baby, less likely to drink coffee and hard liquor, and in general appeared to live at a much slower and moderate pace than the smokers. Most puzzling difference is that of age at menarche, which was lower for smoking mothers. These paradoxical findings raise doubts and argue against the proposition that cigarette smoking acts as an exogenous factor which interferes with intrauterine development of the fetus.
Transformers: the changing phases of low-dimensional vanadium oxide bronzes

In this feature article, we explore the electronic and structural phase transformations of ternary vanadium oxides with the composition MxV2O5 where M is an intercalated cation. The periodic arrays of intercalated cations ordered along quasi-1D tunnels or layered between 2D sheets of the V2O5 framework induce partial reduction of the framework vanadium atoms giving rise to charge ordering patterns that are specific to the metal M and stoichiometry x. This periodic charge ordering makes these materials remarkably versatile platforms for studying electron correlation and underpins the manifestation of phenomena such as colossal metal–insulator transitions, quantized charge corrals, and superconductivity. We describe current mechanistic understanding of these emergent phenomena with a particular emphasis on the benefits derived from scaling these materials to nanostructured dimensions wherein precise ordering of cations can be obtained and phase relationships can be derived that are entirely inaccessible in the bulk. In particular, structural transformations induced by intercalation are dramatically accelerated due to the shorter diffusion path lengths at nanometer-sized dimensions, which cause a dramatic reduction of kinetic barriers to phase transformations and facilitate interconversion between the different frameworks. We conclude by summarizing numerous technological applications that have become feasible due to recent advances in controlling the structural chemistry and both electronic and structural phase transitions in these versatile frameworks.
Permutation Polynomial Interleavers: An Algebraic-Geometric Perspective

An interleaver is a critical component for the channel coding performance of turbo codes. Algebraic constructions are important because they admit analytical designs and simple, practical hardware implementation. The spread factor of an interleaver is a common measure for turbo coding applications. Maximum-spread interleavers are interleavers whose spread factors achieve the upper bound. An infinite sequence of quadratic PPs over integer rings that generate maximum-spread interleavers is presented. New properties of PP interleavers are investigated from an algebraic-geometric perspective resulting in a new non- linearity metric for interleavers. A new interleaver metric that is a function of both the nonlinearity metric and the spread factor is proposed. It is numerically demonstrated that the spread factor has a diminishing importance with the block length. A table of good interleavers for a variety of interleaver lengths according to the new metric is listed. Extensive computer simulation results with impressive frame error rates confirm the efficacy of the new metric. Further, when tail-biting constituent codes are used, the resulting turbo codes are quasi-cyclic.
Dimeric quinidine-catalyzed enantioselective aminooxygenation of oxindoles: an organocatalytic approach to 3-hydroxyoxindole derivatives.

3-Hydroxyoxindoles are common structural motifs found in a vast array of natural and biologically active molecules. Most catalytic methods for the asymmetric syntheses of these compounds require the use of transition-metal catalysts. In contrast, alternative catalytic procedures involving organocatalysis are scarce. Herein we disclose a novel aminooxygenation of oxindoles with nitrosobenzene catalyzed by a newly designed quinidine dimer to afford the desired products in good yields with enantioselectivities up to 96%. These reactions allow one to construct a C−O bond at the C3 position of oxindoles with the creation of an oxygen-containing tetrasubstituted chiral center and provide a new, general organocatalytic approach to the synthesis of 3-hydroxyoxindole derivatives.
A temporal logic for reasoning about processes and plans

Much previous work in artificial intelligence has neglected representing time in all its complexity. In particular, it has neglected continuous change and the indeterminacy of the future. To rectify this, I have developed a first-order temporal logic, in which it is possible to name and prove things about facts, events, plans, and world histories. In particular, the logic provides analyses of causality, continuous change in quantities, the persistence of facts (the frame problem), and the relationship between tasks and actions. It may be possible to implement a temporal-inference machine based on this logic, which keeps track of several “maps” of a time line, one per possible history.
Formation of C–C bonds via ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation

Ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of diverse π-unsaturated reactants in the presence of aldehydes provides products of carbonyl addition. Dehydrogenation of primary alcohols in the presence of the same π-unsaturated reactants provides identical products of carbonyl addition. In this way, carbonyl addition is achieved from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level in the absence of stoichiometric organometallic reagents or metallic reductants. In this account, the discovery of ruthenium-catalyzed C–C bond-forming transfer hydrogenations and the recent development of diastereo- and enantioselective variants are discussed.
Who leaves after entering the primary sector? : Evidence from Swedish micro-level data

Using 14 waves of panel data, this paper investigates why employees entering the primary sector exit subsequently. Transition probabilities are explained by a rich set of individual, regional and sectoral characteristics and a discrete-time competing risks model with unrestricted base-line hazards is used to distinguish between exits into a job in other sectors and other exits. The results confirm Jovanovic's suggestion of 'survival of the fittest matches' as workers and firms learn more about the quality of the match between them. It is found that agricultural education, higher income and sector wage differences are the main determinants of the hazard of moving to another sector, whereas marriage and higher education lower the hazard of leaving for non-employment. (Less)
Adiabatic quantum programming: minor embedding with hard faults

Adiabatic quantum programming defines the time-dependent mapping of a quantum algorithm into an underlying hardware or logical fabric. An essential step is embedding problem-specific information into the quantum logical fabric. We present algorithms for embedding arbitrary instances of the adiabatic quantum optimization algorithm into a square lattice of specialized unit cells. These methods extend with fabric growth while scaling linearly in time and quadratically in footprint. We also provide methods for handling hard faults in the logical fabric without invoking approximations to the original problem and illustrate their versatility through numerical studies of embeddability versus fault rates in square lattices of complete bipartite unit cells. The studies show that these algorithms are more resilient to faulty fabrics than naive embedding approaches, a feature which should prove useful in benchmarking the adiabatic quantum optimization algorithm on existing faulty hardware.
Division theorems and twisted complexes

We prove new Skoda-type division, or ideal membership, theorems. We work in a geometric setting of line bundles over Kahler manifolds that are Stein away from an analytic subvariety. (This includes complex projective manifolds.) Our approach is to combine the twisted Bochner-Kodaira Identity, used in the Ohsawa-Takegoshi Theorem, with Skoda’s basic estimate for the division problem. Techniques developed by McNeal and the author are then used to provide many examples of new division theorems. Among other applications, we give a modification of a recent result of Siu regarding effective finite generation of certain section rings.
Higher-order Time Integration Schemes for Aeroelastic Applications on Unstructured Meshes

Efficient techniques for computational aeroelasticity on unstructured meshes are investigated. These include the formulation of a fourth-order implicit Runge-Kutta time-integration scheme, a third-order backward-difference time-integration scheme, and a second-order backward-difference time-integration scheme for the coupled system of flow and structural equations. Strong coupling between the flow solution and structural equations is maintained by fully converging the fully coupled system at each time step or stage. The time-integration schemes are constructed such that discrete conservation is maintained in the flow solution in the presence of dynamically deforming meshes, by verifying the discrete geometric conservation law. Efficient multigrid solution techniques are devised for solving both the governing flow equations and the mesh motion equations, using the same agglomerated coarse levels for both problems. The flutter boundary prediction of the AGARD 445.6 wing is used to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of these techniques as well as the sensitivity of flutter boundary prediction to time-step size and temporal errors.
Position Vectors of Numerical Semigroups

We provide a new way to represent numerical semigroups by showing that the position of every Apery set of a numerical semigroup $$S$$ in the enumeration of the elements of $$S$$ is unique, and that $$S$$ can be re-constructed from this “position vector.” We extend the discussion to more general objects called numerical sets, and show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between $$m$$ -tuples of positive integers and the position vectors of numerical sets closed under addition by $$m+1$$ . We consider the problem of determining which position vectors correspond to numerical semigroups.
Convenient synthesis of α, β-unsaturated phosphonates via a Mizoroki-Heck reaction of arylboronic acids with diethyl vinylphosphonate

Abstract Palladium acetate catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck reactions of arylboronic acids with diethyl vinylphosphonates afford α,β-unsaturated phosphonates in good yields.
Inferring parameters of gene regulatory networks via particle filtering

Gene regulatory networks are highly complex dynamical systems of biomolecular components - genes, mRNA, proteins. These components interact with each other and through those interactions determine gene expression levels, i.e., determine the rate of gene transcription to mRNA and, consequently, the rate of mRNA translation to proteins. In this paper, a particle filter with MCMC move step is employed for the estimation of parameters in a gene regulatory network modeled by a chemical Langevin equation. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms previously considered methods.
Chiral cations in 4+3 cycloadditions

Abstract The reaction of the chiral acetal 4 with furan and cyclopentadiene in the presence of a Lewis acid gives 4+3 cycloadducts in very good yields. Diastereoselectivity in the case of furan is exceptionally high, while that for the reaction with cyclopentadiene is lower. The sense of diastereoselection in the case of furan is opposite to that which would be predicted on the basis of mechanistic models for the origin of stereoselectivity in many reactions of chiral acetals mediated by Lewis acids.
Fuzzy Logic Trajectory Design and Guidance for Terminal Area Energy Management

The second generation reusable launch vehicle will leverage many new technologies to make flight to low earth orbit safer and more cost effective. One important capability will be completely autonomous flight during reentry and landing, thus making it unnecessary to man the vehicle for cargo missions with stringent weight constraints. Implementation of sophisticated new guidance and control methods will enable the vehicle to return to earth under less than favorable conditions. The return to earth consists of three phases--Entry, Terminal Area Energy Management (TAEM), and Approach and Landing. The Space Shuttle is programmed to fly all three phases of flight automatically, and under normal circumstances the astronaut-pilot takes manual control only during the Approach and Landing phase. The automatic control algorithms used in the Shuttle for TAEM and Approach and Landing have been developed over the past 30 years. They are computationally efficient, and based on careful study of the spacecraft's flight dynamics, and heuristic reasoning. The gliding return trajectory is planned prior to the mission, and only minor adjustments are made during flight for perturbations in the vehicle energy state. With the advent of the X-33 and X-34 technology demonstration vehicles, several authors investigated implementing advanced control methods to provide autonomous real-time design of gliding return trajectories thus enhancing the ability of the vehicle to adjust to unusual energy states. The bulk of work published to date deals primarily with the approach and landing phase of flight where changes in heading angle are small, and range to the runway is monotonically decreasing. These benign flight conditions allow for model simplification and fairly straightforward optimization. This project focuses on the TAEM phase of flight where mathematically precise methods have produced limited results. Fuzzy Logic methods are used to make onboard autonomous gliding return trajectory design robust to a wider energy envelope, and the possibility of control surface failures, thus increasing the flexibility of unmanned gliding recovery and landing.
Governance: The Collision of Politics and Cooperation

Three newly established public agencies built regional rail projects in Los Angeles County from 1978 to 2002. The Los Angeles County Transportation Commission, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and the Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority were experiments in regional governance. Conventional understanding of these agencies only partially explains their successes and failures. One path to improved understanding is to combine research on the politics of designing new public agencies with research on cooperation in collective action problems. What emerges is an untold story of American politics: the evolution of mechanisms that promote cooperation. Four findings emerge: (1) conflict is inevitable; (2) public agencies can succeed despite the problems of politics; (3) successful regional solutions are intensely local; and (4) cooperation emerges from supply-side mechanisms that create new resources rather than reallocate existing resources. The limits of politics are neither random nor predestined—neither is the governance solution.
Flood Insurance Coverage in the Coastal Zone

We explore behavior and test theory regarding the determinants of flood insurance coverage in the coastal zone using household-level data for nine southeastern counties. We use Tobit regression models to assess the importance and magnitude of insurance cost, risk factors, community characteristics, and household attributes on flood insurance purchase for residential building structures. Overall estimates indicate price inelastic demand, though subsidized policyholders are more sensitive to price and hold greater flood insurance coverage (controlling for value of asset at risk). We find support for rational choice in the coastal zone, with flood insurance coverage positively correlated in the level of flood risk. We find evidence that coastal erosion risk effects flood insurance demand, and that community level erosion hazard mitigation projects influence flood insurance holdings, with shoreline armoring appearing to act as a substitute and beach replenishment appearing to act as a complement.
Rank One Lattice Type Vertex Operator Algebras and Their Automorphism Groups II. E-Series

Abstract Let L be the A1 root lattice and let G be a finite subgroup of Au(V), where V = VL is the associated lattice VOA (in this case, Aut(V) ≅ PSL(2, C )). The fixed point sub-VOA, VG, was studied previously by the authors, who found a set of generators and determined the automorphism group when G is cyclic (from the “A-series”) or dihedral (from the “D-series”). In the present article, we obtain analogous results for the remaining possibilities for G, that it belong to the “E-series”: G ≅ Alt4, Alt5, or Sym4. For such L and G, the above VGL may be rational VOAs.
Effects of nonzero neutrino masses on black hole evaporation

We study the consequences of nonzero neutrino masses for black holes evaporating by the emission of Hawking radiation. We find that the evolution of small, hot, black holes may be unaffected (if neutrinos are Majorana particles) or may show an increase in neutrino luminosity and a decrease in lifetime by up to a factor of 1.85 (if neutrinos are Dirac particles). However, for sufficiently large (e.g., stellar mass) black holes, neutrino emission is largely or entirely suppressed, resulting in a decrease in emitted power and an increase in lifetime by up to a factor of 7.5.
Validity checking for finite automata over linear arithmetic constraints

Decision procedures underlie many program analysis problems. Traditional program analysis algorithms attempt to prove some property about a single, statically-defined program by generating a single constraint. Accordingly, traditional decision procedures take single constraints as input. Extending these traditional program analysis algorithms to reason about potentially infinite languages of programs (as generated by a given metaprogram) requires a new class of decision procedures that reason about languages of constraints. This paper introduces the parameterized class of validity checking problems that take as input a language generator $\mathcal{A}$. The parameters are: (1) the language formalism for $\mathcal{A}$, (2) the theory under which each string in the language of $\mathcal{A}$ is interpretted, and (3) the quantification (existential/universal) of the constraints in the language to which the validity property applies. We introduce such decision problems by presenting an algorithm that decides whether a given finite state automaton $\mathcal{A}$ generates any valid linear arithmetic constraints.
A Review of Pharmacologic Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and often disabling disorder that affects 2 to 3 percent of the U.S. population. Optimal treatment involves a combination of pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Advances in psychopharmacology have led to safe and effective treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder that provide clinically significant improvement in symptoms. In this article the authors review studies of pharmacologic treatments. METHODS: A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify relevant articles from 1991 to 2002. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies as well as open-label studies and case reports were included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), including clomipramine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine, have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder; three of these (clomipramine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline) have been approved for treatment ...
EVIDENCE FOR AN X-RAY-EMITTING GALACTIC BULGE: SHADOWS CAST BY DISTANT MOLECULAR GAS

A mosaic of seven ROSAT PSPC pointed observations in the direction of (l, b ~ 10°, 0°) reveals deep X-ray shadows in the 0.5-2.0 keV band cast by dense molecular gas. The comparison between the observed on-cloud and off-cloud X-ray fluxes indicates that ~43% of the diffuse X-ray background in this direction in both the 0.75 and 1.5 keV bands originates behind the molecular gas, which is located at 2-4 kpc from the Sun. Given the short mean free path of X-rays in the 0.75 keV band in the Galactic plane (~1 kpc assuming an average space density of 1 cm-3), this large percentage of the observed flux that originates beyond the molecular gas most likely indicates a strong enhancement in the distribution of X-ray-emitting gas in the Galactic center region, possibly associated with a Galactic X-ray bulge.
A Tale of Two Bridges: Comparative Suicide Incidence on the Golden Gate and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridges.

The Golden Gate Bridge is currently the number one suicide site in the world. In contrast, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, which was completed six months earlier, is located less than six miles away, and is the same height, has had substantially fewer suicides. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the differential suicide patterns at these two structures. Using official records available for the years from 1937 through 1979, the data were analyzed with regard to the respective contributions of availability, suggestion, and psychological/symbolic factors as they enter into the choice of suicide method and location.
Preparation of Methyl N-Substituted Carbamates from Amides through N-Chloroamides

Abstract Amides are chlorinated on the nitrogen using trichloroisocyanuric acid, and the N‐chloroamides are then rearranged to the corresponding methyl N‐substituted carbamates by sodium methoxide in methanol.
The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy

Preface Acknowledgements A note on references and abbreviations Introduction 1. Themes in the history of modern moral philosophy Part I. The Rise and Fall of Modern Natural Law: 2. Natural law: from intellectualism to voluntarism 3. Setting religion aside: republicanism and skepticism 4. Natural law restated: Suarez and Grotius 5. Grotianism at the limit: Hobbes 6. A morality of love: Cumberland 7. The central synthesis: Pufendorf 8. The collapse of modern natural law: Locke and Thomasius Part II. Perfectionism and Rationality: 9. Origins of modern perfectionism 10. Paths to God: I. The Cambridge Platonists 11. Paths to God: II. Spinoza and Malebranche 12. Leibniz: Counterrevolutionary perfectionism Part III. Toward a World on its Own: 13. Morality without salvation 14. The recovery of virtue 15. The austerity of morals: Clarke and Mandeville 16. The limits of love: Hutcheson and Butler 17. Hume: virtue naturalized 18. Against a fatherless world 19. The noble effects of self-love Part IV. Autonomy and Divine Order: 20. Perfection and will: Wolff and Crusius 21. Religion, morality, and reform 22. The invention of autonomy 23. Kant in the history of moral philosophy Epilogue: 24. Pythagoras, Socrates, and Kant: understanding the history of moral philosophy Bibliography Index of names Index of subjects Index of biblical citations.
Sc(OTf)3-Catalyzed Three-Component Cyclization of Arylamines, β,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketoesters, and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,4-Dihydropyridines and Tetrahydropyridines

A Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed three-component cyclization reaction of arylamines, β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds was developed to synthesize highly substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines and fused bicyclic tetrahydropyridines carrying a quaternary all-carbon center.
Sharing information in Kenya: Communication and information policy considerations and consequences for rural women:

This essay examines communication and information policy considerations from the standpoint of Kenyan women, particularly rural women. Present policy and the historical and political context in which discussions have been taking place are reviewed. A 1991 seminar provides an illustration of how women's needs are neglected in discussions. Assuming a commitment to represent women's needs in policy making, I suggest four areas that must be addressed: (1) women's employment in media and information institutions; (2) women's access to useful information through media and information technologies and other forms of communication; (3) representations of women in media and information content; and (4) gender-sensitive criteria in choices of media and in the acquisition of technologies.
Contrasting neural nets with regression in predicting performance in the transportation industry

Compares and contrasts traditional regression models with a neural network model, in order to predict performance in the transportation industry. No regression model has emerged as obviously superior in previous work conducted on predicting transportation performance. Therefore, a neural network model was investigated as an alternative to regression. It was found that a neural net model outperformed the corresponding random effects specification, but did not perform as well as the fixed effects specification. >
Synthesis of KDO and analogues from a novel mannose-derived precursor

Abstract The application of the readily available 1-thio-1,2- O -isopropylidene acetal (TIA) 6 (four steps from d -mannose) to the synthesis of analogues of KDO is illustrated by the preparation of KDO 1 , 1-deoxy-β-KDO 2 and the β-C-KDO glycoside 3 .
The Gaussian Multiple Access Wire-Tap Channel

We consider the Gaussian multiple access wire-tap channel (GMAC-WT). In this scenario, multiple users communicate with an intended receiver in the presence of an intelligent and informed wire-tapper who receives a degraded version of the signal at the receiver. We define suitable security measures for this multiaccess environment. Using codebooks generated randomly according to a Gaussian distribution, achievable secrecy rate regions are identified using superposition coding and time-division multiple access (TDMA) coding schemes. An upper bound for the secrecy sum-rate is derived, and our coding schemes are shown to achieve the sum capacity. Numerical results are presented showing the new rate region and comparing it with the capacity region of the Gaussian multiple-access channel (GMAC) with no secrecy constraints, which quantifies the price paid for secrecy.