cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Association Between the Single Leg Hop Test and Lower-Extremity Injuries in Female Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic

Clinical Scenario: Female college student-athletes (SA) often experience time loss from musculoskeletal injuries to the lower extremities. This can lead to lengthy rehabilitation, expensive medical bills, and declines in health-related quality of life. Identifying at-risk athletes prior to the start of an athletic season may allow coaches or athletic trainers to prescribe an injury prevention program. Clinical Question: In female college SA, are preseason single leg hop (SLH) scores associated with identifying those at risk for lower-extremity musculoskeletal injuries? Summary of Key Findings: Five prospective cohort studies in female SA scored athletes on the SLH prior to the start of the athletic sport season. One of 5 studies found an association of SLH with injury risk. An additional 2 studies found that the SLH as part of a battery of functional performance tests was associated with injury risk in some anatomic locations (eg, thigh/knee), but not overall injury risk. Clinical Bottom Line: Methodological limitations of the reviewed studies limits a final conclusion, and there is insufficient evidence to determine if the SLH should be used as a sole functional performance test to identify at-risk female SA; it may be useful as part of a battery of functional performance tests for female college SA. Strength of Recommendation: All studies were prospective cohort studies (level 3).
Preschool Age Predictors of Adolescent Borderline Personality Symptoms.

Objective Developmental models of borderline personality disorder (BPD) have highlighted the interplay of psychological variables (ie, impulsivity and emotional reactivity) with social risk factors, including invalidating parenting and childhood trauma. Prospective longitudinal studies have demonstrated the association of BPD with social, familial, and psychological antecedents. However, to date, few of these studies have studied the interaction of multiple risk domains and their potential manifestations in the preschool period. Method Participants were 170 children enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study of early childhood depression. Participants completed a baseline assessment between ages 3 and 6 years. Psychopathology, suicidality, and self-harm were assessed using a semistructured age-appropriate psychiatric interview before age 8 and self-report after age 8. BPD symptoms were assessed between ages 14 and 19 by self-report. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer relationships were reported by parents. Maternal support was assessed using an observational measure between ages 3 and 6. Results Preschool ACEs accounted for 14.9% of adolescent BPD symptom variance in a regression analysis. Controlling for gender and preschool ACEs, preschool and school-age externalizing symptoms, preschool internalizing symptoms, and low maternal support were significant predictors of BPD symptoms in multivariate analyses. Preschool and school-age suicidality composite scores significantly predicted BPD symptoms. Conclusion These findings suggest that preschool factors may be early predictors of BPD symptoms. Findings demonstrate that preschoolers with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, high ACEs, and early suicidality are at greater risk of developing BPD symptoms. However, further research is needed to guide key factors for targeted early intervention.
Self-perception and vowel inherent spectral change

Speakers self-correct vowels with deviant formants: tokens whose onsets are farther from the average midpoint move toward that average, while nearer tokens move randomly (Niziolek et al., 2013). The method used to establish this finding typically groups tokens based on onset formants relative to midpoint formants, and the midpoint is taken as the target. But vowel inherent spectral change research has shown that vowels are best modeled as contours rather than midpoints. The present study asks whether speakers self-correct toward trajectories rather than static midpoints. Sixty-eight speakers provided 20 tokens of each stressed non-rhotic monophthong in English in [hVd] (heed, hid, etc.). Formants were sampled at 3% and 50% of vowel duration, and each speaker’s average formant position was calculated at both samples. Sample-matched Euclidean distances were calculated — each 3% token to the 3% average, each 50% token to the 50% average — rather than comparing to the midpoint sample in both cases. Tokens were grouped based on onset distance. Far tokens showed a larger decrease in distance by the midpoint than Near tokens, and regression to the mean was ruled out as the reason. This study suggests that speakers use dynamic spectral information for online self-correction.
Utility of 3D printing of left atrial appendages for closure with Watchman Devices and comparison of computed tomography and transesophageal echocardiography based models

Three dimensional (3D) printed cardiac models are useful for WATCHMAN device procedural planning, sizing, and complication reduction. These models also provide accurate representation of dynamic heart anatomy, helping practitioners determine their procedural approach and select proper device sizing. While the efficacy of 3D models obtained from Computed Tomography and Transesophageal Echocardiography over 2D Transesophageal Echocardiography imaging for WATCHMAN procedural planning has been demonstrated, this project aims to directly compare 3D Computed Tomography versus 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography and determine which is more favorable. Computed Tomography and Transesophageal Echocardiography 2D imaging studies from patients that underwent LAA WATCHMAN closure device implantation we used as templates for 3D cardiac models. These 3D models were scored using a 10-point Likert questionnaire. Scoring was conducted by a diverse team that included cardiologists, research specialists, medical students, and 3D printing technicians. Three dimensional models developed using Computed Tomography demonstrated favorability over 3D models by all qualitative measures. Scoring indicates that Computed Tomography based 3D models are superior tools for WATCHMAN sizing, multi-level medical education, and physician preparedness. To our knowledge, this is the only study that compares 3D models crafted from each imaging modality, and we hope that it encourages future use of 3D modeling techniques based on Computed Tomography scans.
Toward an Intersectional Psychological Science of Reproductive Norms: Generating Research Across the Natalism Spectrum:

Pronatalism is the belief system that encourages parenthood and reproduction, supporting the notion that a woman’s value is rooted in her ability to give birth to and parent children. Pronatalist e...
Coronavirus Disease 2019-Associated PICU Admissions: A Report From the Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery Network Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study Registry.

OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of children admitted to the PICU for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related illness with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. The secondary objective was to identify explanatory factors associated with outcome of critical illness defined by a composite index of in-hospital mortality and organ system support requirement. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Thirty-eight PICUs within the Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study registry from March 2020 to January 2021. PATIENTS: Children less than 18 years with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related illness with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 394 patients, 171 (43.4%) had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children were more likely younger (2-12 yr vs adolescents; p < 0.01), Black (35.6% vs 21.9%; p < 0.01), present with fever/abdominal pain than cough/dyspnea (p < 0.01), and less likely to have comorbidities (33.3% vs 61.9%; p < 0.01) compared with those without multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Inflammatory marker levels, use of inotropes/vasopressors, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants were higher in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children patients (p < 0.01). Overall mortality was 3.8% (15/394), with no difference in the two groups. Diagnosis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children was associated with longer duration of hospitalization as compared to nonmultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (7.5 d[interquartile range, 5-11] vs 5.3 d [interquartile range, 3-11 d]; p < 0.01). Critical illness occurred in 164 patients (41.6%) and was more common in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children compared with those without (55.6% vs 30.9%; p < 0.01). Multivariable analysis failed to show an association between critical illness and age, race, sex, greater than or equal to three signs and symptoms, or greater than or equal to two comorbidities among the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children cohort. Among nonmultisystem inflammatory syndrome in children patients, the presence of greater than or equal to two comorbidities was associated with greater odds of critical illness (odds ratio 2.95 [95% CI, 1.61-5.40]; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study delineates significant clinically relevant differences in presentation, explanatory factors, and outcomes among children admitted to PICU with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related illness stratified by multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
The Intellectual Property of Nations

Drawing on macro-historical sociological theories, this book traces the development of intellectual property as a new type of legal property in the modern nation-state system. In its current form, intellectual property is considered part of an infrastructure of state power that incentivizes innovation, creativity, and scientific development, all engines of economic growth. To show how this infrastructure of power emerged, Laura Ford follows macro-historical social theorists, including Michael Mann and Max Weber, back to antiquity, revealing that legal instruments very similar to modern intellectual property have existed for a long time and have also been deployed for similar purposes. Using comparative and historical evidence, this groundbreaking work reflects on the role of intellectual property in our contemporary political communities and societies; on the close relationship between law and religion; and on the extent to which law's obliging force depends on ancient, written traditions.
Electron Correlation Dynamics in Atomic Collisions: Correlated multi-electron electron transition probabilities

Correlation There is a significant difference between complex and merely large. This difference is related to the the notion of correlation which defines the rules of interdependency in large systems. The relevant question is: how may one make complicated things from simple ones? Biological systems are complex because the atomic and molecular subsystems are correlated. From the point of view of atomic physics correlation in condensed matter, chemistry and biology is determined at least in part by electron correlation in chemical bonds and the complex interdependent structures of electronic densities. Understanding correlation in this broad sense is a major challenge common to most of science and much of technology. This is sometimes referred to as the many body problem. In a general sense correlation is a conceptual bridge from properties of individuals to properties of groups or families. The concept of correlation arises in many different contexts. ‘Individual’ may mean an individual electron, an individual molecule or in principle an individual person, musical note or ingredient in a recipe. In this book individual refers to electron for the most part. In this case the interaction between individuals is well known, namely l/ r 12 . However, that does not mean that electron correlation is well understood in general. Although much has been done to investigate correlation in various areas of physics, chemistry, statistics, biology and materials science, in many cases little is well understood except in the limit of weak correlation.
Prevalence of Certain Harmful Health and Safety Misconceptions among Prospective Elementary Teachers

Abstract In this study a special instrument was administered to 55 prospective elementary school teachers. The instrument was designed to determine the prevalence of 216 harmful health and safety misconceptions among the group of prospective elementary school teachers and the extent to which they were aware of the harmfulness of these misconceptions. It was found that many harmful health and safety misconceptions were prevalent among the prospective elementary school teachers and that the prospective elementary school teachers who knew that certain health and safety statements were completely false were also aware of their harmfulness.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Block Copolymer Blends–A Study of the Effects of Terminal Chains in Elastomeric Materials

Blends of well characterized polystyrene-polybutadiene SB diblock and polybutadiene continuous SBS triblock copolymers provide rubbery network systems with controlled amounts of terminal chains of known molecular weight. Such systems also provide quantitative information on the concentrations of trapped and untrapped chain entanglements which is not available in conventional elastomers. Three different SB diblocks were synthesized using homogeneous anionic polymerization techniques. These diblocks were blended in various-amounts with a single research grade SBS triblock to form three series of samples for mechanical testing. The mechanical properties of these materials were studied (1) in free oscillation at about 0.2 Hz over a temperature range from -150?C to 100?C, and (2) in dynamic uniaxial compression from 0.1 to 1000 Hz at various temperatures between -87 and 85?C. The effect of terminal chains on the mechanical properties depends upon their length and concentration in the network. The terminal chains act as a diluent, lowering the storage modulus in the rubbery region. Above a critical molecular weight, the untrapped entanglements provided by the terminal chains can be coupled into a temporary stress-bearing portion of the network; the amount of entanglement coupling is dependent upon temperature. Several low frequency viscoelastic mechanisms appeared as a result of entanglement slippage, and their effect was enhanced as terminal chain content increased. At very high frequencies in the glassy and transition regions the presence of terminal chains had no effect on the mechanical behavior. The various mechanisms associated with the terminal chains have been incorporated into a mathematical model whose parameters are given in terms of the structural and compositional features of an entanglement network. The model successfully predicts the level and the location of the low frequency mechanical response for the various materials studied here.
Orbital Laboratory-Stepping Stone to Interplanetary Flight

An orbital laboratory is a necessary link in a manned spaceflight program leading to planetary exploration. Missions to the planets call for total flight times in excess of one year, while manned flights to date have been limited to total flight times of two weeks or less. Almost all of the technical and operational problems imposed by manned planetary flight, over and above those for lunar flight, are directly related to the major increase in mission duration. Experimental data on the exposure of humans to weightlessness is needed for these longer time periods to establish the medically and operationally acceptable levels of artificial gravity for interplanetary flight. Operating lifetimes for spacecraft subsystems need to be demonstrated. High reliability demands an onboard maintenance capability which will have to be proven feasible during earth orbit before being committed to an interplanetary trip. The main spacecraft of an interplanetary expedition performs essentially the same functions as an orbital laboratory. Each acts as a long-lifetime shelter, a laboratory, a supply depot, a docking station, and a repair facility. By proper choice of the interplanetary mission, the main spacecraft could actually be an orbital laboratory placed onto an interplanetary trajectory which makes a free-fall return to Earth after a flyby of one or more planets. It is possible to continue the interplanetary free-fall indefinitely with no propulsion required other than that needed to correct for guidance errors. A total, long-range program for manned spaceflight is outlined which proceeds from present accomplishments to a laboratory orbiting earth, thence to the simplest interplanetary flyby missions, on to the flyby/lander mode of interplanetary exploration, and ultimately to orbital laboratories on permanent free-fall trajectories between the planets. Each step of such a program would build logically on the accomplishments of the earlier missions. The development of an orbital laboratory as a durable, long-life facility is the key link in the overall program leading to manned planetary exploration.
Transport of Multi-Electrolytes in Charged Hydrated Biological Soft Tissues

A mechano-electrochemical theory for charged hydrated soft tissues with multi-electrolytes was developed based on the continuum mixture theory. The momentum equations for water and ions were derived in terms of a mechanochemical force (gradient of water chemical potential), electrochemical forces (gradient of Nernst potentials) and an electrical force (gradient of electrical potential). The theory was shown to be consistent with all existing specialized theories. Using this theory, some mechano-electrokinetic properties of charged isotropic tissues were studied. The well-known Hodgkin–Huxley equation for resting cell membrane potential was derived and the phenomenon of electro-osmotic flow in charged hydrated soft tissues was investigated. Analyses show that the tissue fixed charge density plays an important role in controlling the transport of water and ions in charged hydrated soft tissues.
Acute opioid withdrawal is associated with increased neural activity in reward-processing centers in healthy men: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Abstract Background Opioid analgesics are frequently prescribed for chronic pain. One expected consequence of long-term opioid use is the development of physical dependence. Although previous resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated signal changes in reward-associated areas following morphine administration, the effects of acute withdrawal on the human brain have been less well-investigated. In an earlier study by our laboratory, ondansetron was shown to be effective in preventing symptoms associated with opioid withdrawal. The purpose of this current study was to characterize neural activity associated with acute opioid withdrawal and examine whether these changes are modified by ondansetron. Methods Ten participants were enrolled in this placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, crossover study and attended three acute opioid withdrawal sessions. Participants received either placebo or ondansetron (8 mg IV) before morphine administration (10 mg/70 kg IV). Participants then underwent acute naloxone-precipitated withdrawal during a resting state fMRI scan. Objective and subjective opioid withdrawal symptoms were assessed. Results Imaging results showed that naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal was associated with increased neural activity in several reward processing regions, including the right pregenual cingulate, putamen, and bilateral caudate, and decreased neural activity in networks involved in sensorimotor integration. Ondansetron pretreatment did not have a significant effect on the imaging correlates of opioid withdrawal. Conclusions This study presents a preliminary investigation of the regional changes in neural activity during acute opioid withdrawal. The fMRI acute opioid withdrawal model may serve as a tool for studying opioid dependence and withdrawal in human participants.
Either of the major H2A genes but not an evolutionarily conserved H2A.F/Z variant of Tetrahymena thermophila can function as the sole H2A gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

H2A.F/Z histones are conserved variants that diverged from major H2A proteins early in evolution, suggesting they perform an important function distinct from major H2A proteins. Antisera specific for hv1, the H2A.F/Z variant of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, cross-react with proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, no H2A.F/Z variant has been reported in this budding yeast species. We sought to distinguish among three explanations for these observations: (i) that S. cerevisiae has an undiscovered H2A.F/Z variant, (ii) that the major S. cerevisiae H2A proteins are functionally equivalent to H2A.F/Z variants, or (iii) that the conserved epitope is found on a non-H2A molecule. Repeated attempts to clone an S. cerevisiae hv1 homolog only resulted in the cloning of the known H2A genes yHTA1 and yHTA2. To test for functional relatedness, we attempted to rescue strains lacking the yeast H2A genes with either the Tetrahymena major H2A genes (tHTA1 or tHTA2) or the gene (tHTA3) encoding hv1. Although they differ considerably in sequence from the yeast H2A genes, the major Tetrahymena H2A genes can provide the essential functions of H2A in yeast cells, the first such case of trans-species complementation of histone function. The Tetrahymena H2A genes confer a cold-sensitive phenotype. Although expressed at high levels and transported to the nucleus, hv1 cannot replace yeast H2A proteins. Proteins from S. cerevisiae strains lacking yeast H2A genes fail to cross-react with anti-hv1 antibodies. These studies make it likely that S. cerevisiae differs from most other eukaryotes in that it does not have an H2A.F/Z homolog. A hypothesis is presented relating the absence of H2A.F/Z in S. cerevisiae to its function in other organisms.
A comparison of family adversity and family dysfunction in families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and families of children without ADHD.

Purpose. This study examined the presence of family adversity and family dysfunction in 32 families who had children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with 23 families with similar sociodemographic characteristics whose children did not have ADHD. Design and Methods. A descriptive comparative design was used to investigate family adversity and family dysfunction. Results. Families of children with ADHD had significantly higher levels of family dysfunction than families whose children did not have ADHD. Practice Implications. Earlier identification and intervention with families of children who have ADHD may result in healthier family and child outcomes.
Early and rapid prediction of patency of the infarct-related coronary artery by using left ventricular wall thickness as measured by two-dimensional echocardiography.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine whether echocardiography can distinguish between persistent coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Background. There are no adequate clinical or noninvasive laboratory markers to accurately predict successful reperfusion in an acute myocardial infarction. Methods. In a closed chest swine model, the effect of reperfusion on myocardial wall thickness was studied by comparing a 150-min total coronary artery occlusion (group 1) with 120 min of occlusion followed by 30 min of reperfusion (group 2) in the area of risk as measured by echocardiography. Wall thickness was measured at baseline and at 90 and 150 min. Results. In group 1 (n = 4), there was no appreciable change in mean wall thickness from 90 min to 150 min of occlusion at either end-diastole or end-systole (0.54 ± 0.02 to 0.52 ± 0.03 cm, 0.55 ± 0.03 to 0.54 ± 0.03 cm, respectively; p = NS). In contrast, in group 2 (n = 6), an increase in mean wall thickness from 0.53 ± 0.02 to 0.97 ± 0.05 cm at end-diastole and from 0.56 ± 0.04 to 1.04 ± 0.07 cm at end-systole was found from 90 min of occlusion to 30 min of reperfusion (p < 0.001). Reperfusion resulted. in an increase in wall thickness of 83 ± 11% at end-diastole and 92 ± 17% at end-systole. In contrast, persistent coronary occlusion showed minimal changes of −3.0 ± 5% at end-diastole and −2.0 ± 6% at end-systole. Conclusions. This study confirms the hypothesis that an increase in wall thickness can accurately distinguish between reperfusion and permanent coronary occlusion.
Eliminating tissue-fold artifacts in histopathological whole-slide images for improved image-based prediction of cancer grade

Background: Analysis of tissue biopsy whole-slide images (WSIs) depends on effective detection and elimination of image artifacts. We present a novel method to detect tissue-fold artifacts in histopathological WSIs. We also study the effect of tissue folds on image features and prediction models. Materials and Methods: We use WSIs of samples from two cancer endpoints - kidney clear cell carcinoma (KiCa) and ovarian serous adenocarcinoma (OvCa) - publicly available from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We detect tissue folds in low-resolution WSIs using color properties and two adaptive connectivity-based thresholds. We optimize and validate our tissue-fold detection method using 105 manually annotated WSIs from both cancer endpoints. In addition to detecting tissue folds, we extract 461 image features from the high-resolution WSIs for all samples. We use the rank-sum test to find image features that are statistically different among features extracted from the same set of WSIs with and without folds. We then use features that are affected by tissue folds to develop models for predicting cancer grades. Results: When compared to the ground truth, our method detects tissue folds in KiCa with 0.50 adjusted Rand index (ARI), 0.77 average true rate (ATR), 0.55 true positive rate (TPR), and 0.98 true negative rate (TNR); and in OvCa with 0.40 ARI, 0.73 ATR, 0.47 TPR, and 0.98 TNR. Compared to two other methods, our method is more accurate in terms of ARI and ATR. We found that 53 and 30 image features were significantly affected by the presence of tissue-fold artifacts (detected using our method) in OvCa and KiCa, respectively. After eliminating tissue folds, the performance of cancer-grade prediction models improved by 5% and 1% in OvCa and KiCa, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed connectivity-based method is more effective in detecting tissue folds compared to other methods. Reducing tissue-fold artifacts will increase the performance of cancer-grade prediction models.
WDR72 models of structure and function: A stage-specific regulator of enamel mineralization

Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) is a clinical diagnosis that encompasses a group of genetic mutations, each affecting processes involved in tooth enamel formation and thus, result in various enamel defects. The hypomaturation enamel phenotype has been described for mutations involved in the later stage of enamel formation, including Klk4, Mmp20, C4orf26, and Wdr72. Using a candidate gene approach we discovered a novel Wdr72 human mutation in association with AI to be a 5-base pair deletion (c.806_810delGGCAG; p.G255VfsX294). To gain insight into the function of WDR72, we used computer modeling of the full-length human WDR72 protein structure and found that the predicted N-terminal sequence forms two beta-propeller folds with an alpha-solenoid tail at the C-terminus. This domain iteration is characteristic of vesicle coat proteins, such as beta′-COP, suggesting a role for WDR72 in the formation of membrane deformation complexes to regulate intracellular trafficking. Our Wdr72 knockout mouse model (Wdr72−/−), containing a LacZ reporter knock-in, exhibited hypomineralized enamel similar to the AI phenotype observed in humans with Wdr72 mutations. MicroCT scans of Wdr72−/− mandibles affirmed the hypomineralized enamel phenotype occurring at the onset of the maturation stage. H&E staining revealed a shortened height phenotype in the Wdr72−/− ameloblasts with retained proteins in the enamel matrix during maturation stage. H+/Cl− exchange transporter 5 (CLC5), an early endosome acidifier, was co-localized with WDR72 in maturation-stage ameloblasts and decreased in Wdr72−/− maturation-stage ameloblasts. There were no obvious differences in RAB4A and LAMP1 immunostaining of Wdr72−/− mice as compared to wildtype controls. Moreover, Wdr72−/− ameloblasts had reduced amelogenin immunoreactivity, suggesting defects in amelogenin fragment resorption from the matrix. These data demonstrate that WDR72 has a major role in enamel mineralization, most notably during the maturation stage, and suggest a function involving endocytic vesicle trafficking, possibly in the removal of amelogenin proteins.
A conceptual framework to excogitate agile from lean transformation

Manufacturing system transformation becomes a necessity to overcome increased competition. Lean vs. agile transformation is an increased debatable issue in the manufacturing community. Combining lean and agile adds more myth to the issue. Continuous improvement initiatives such as: adopting lean principles, Six Sigma, QFD, TQM, etc. raise an important question about these initiatives being adequate. This work introduces the concept of excogitating agile transformation from an initiated lean transformation through finding a pathway between the two. It further extends the concept to a series of suggested transformable steps that forms roadmap for a company to reach agility.
Two new antisickling agents and the use of amino acid salts

The amino acids glutamate and aspartate have been shown to have a definite antisickling effect on blood in vitro . Previously 1 , arginine and lysine were shown to have a similar effect. In this study the double amino acid salts arginine aspartate and lysine glutamate were shown to have a definite antisickling effect at a molarity half of the amino acids when tested alone. This indicates that the effect of the amino acid components may be additive.
The preparation and vibrational spectra of disilylacetylene

Abstract Disilylacetylene (H3SiC2SiH3) has been prepared by the action of silyl bromide on ethynylene magnesium bromide, and some of its physical properties determined (freezing point, −59°C; boiling point, 43°C; vapor pressure (mm): log10p = − 1434 T + 7.417; d425, 0.743; nD25, 1.4234). The infrared spectrum of its vapor has been measured in the range 4000-400 cm−1 and its Raman spectrum (including depolarization factors) recorded photo-electrically for the liquid state. The vibrational spectra confirm the expected structure. The fundamental frequencies have been assigned with the exception of the infrared-active skeletal bending vibration estimated to lie at about 80 cm−1. Only a part of one perpendicular band in the infrared was resolved, but the Q-sub-band spacing of this band shows clearly that disilylacetylene is a free internal rotator.
Pre-exposure to contrast selectively compresses the achromatic half-axes of color space.

The gamut of perceived colors can be represented in a space with bright‐dark, red‐green and blue‐yellow axes. Pre-exposure to a field that changes periodically over time in luminance or along one of the color axes reduces vividness of colors along the entire axis [Webster and Mollon (1991) Nature, 349, 235‐238]. But is it possible to reduce vividness or perceived contrast selectively for half-axes in color space? We assessed such selective compression of the bright‐dark axis using a task where subjects matched tests in a pre-adapted region to ones in an un-adapted region. Tests were bright or dark pinstripes on a gray background, and pre-exposure was to multiple drifting pinstripes. Matches made after pre-exposure indicate a combination of symmetric and asymmetric compression, with more compression when adapting and test stimulus were similar in contrast polarity. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Inventing Black-on-Black Violence: Discourse, Space, and Representation

Bobby M. Wilson. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005. 193 pp., diagrams, refs, index. $24.95 cloth (ISBN 0-8156-3080-8). Author David Wilson argues that no one can dismiss race in America...
The SAAAVE Act and Routine Ambulatory Medical Care Fail to Diagnose Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms prior to Rupture: A Single-Institution Experience

Objectives. To demonstrate that routine ambulatory medical evaluation in the outpatient setting and current utilization of the Screening Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Very Efficiently (SAAAVE) Act are inadequate methods to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) prior to rupture. Methods. A retrospective review was performed on patients with ruptured AAA (rAAA) at a single institution. All patients who were evaluated in an ambulatory care setting within 6 months of the date of rupture were identified, and clinical data were analyzed. Results. Between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2010, there were 149 patients with rAAA. Fifty-two of 149 (34.9%) patients were evaluated in the outpatient setting within 6 months prior to the date of rupture, and these patients form the basis of this study. Thirty-six of 52 (70%) patients were male, average age was 73.5 years, average BMI was 28, and average aneurysm diameter was 76 mm. Only 5/52 (9.6%) patients had physical exam findings suspicious for AAA. Only 9/52 (17%) would have been eligible for the screening abdominal ultrasound under the SAAAVE Act. Conclusions. Routine medical evaluation in the ambulatory care setting and current utilization of AAA screening methods are inadequate at detecting AAA in the at-risk population prior to rupture.
Mazzola's final response to Geraint A. Wiggins

This text contains Mazzola's final response to Geraint A. Wiggins’ reply. I have no comments to Alan Marsden's text.
On the congruence extension property for compact semigroups.

A topological semigroupS is said to have thecongruence extension property (CEP) provided that for each closed subsemigroupT ofS and each closed congruence σ onT, σ can be extended to a closed congruence\(\bar \sigma \) onS. (That is,\(\bar \sigma \)∩(T xT=σ). The main result of this paper gives a characteriation of Γ-compact commutative archimedean semigroups with the congruence extension property (CEP). Consideration of this result was motivated by the problem of characterizing compact commutative semigroups with CEP as follows. It is well known that every commutative semigroup can be expressed as a semilattice of archimedean components each of which contains at most one idempotemt. The components of a compact commutative semigroup need not be compact (nor Γ-compact) as the congruence providing the decomposition is not necessarily closed. However, any component with CEP which is Γ-compact is characterized by the afore-mentioned result. Characterization of components of a compact commutative semigroup having CEP is a natural step towar characterization of the entire semigroup since CEP is a hereditary property. Other results prevented in this paper give a characterization of compact monothetic semigroups with CEP and show that Rees quotients of compact semigroups with CEP retain CEP.
Open and unoriented strings à la Polyakov

Abstract We set up the Polyakov path integral formalism for the open and unoriented bosonic string at tree and one-loop level of string perturbation theory. The relevant Teichmuller parameters, conformal Killing vectors, “large” diffeomorphisms, and functional determinants are given explicitly. As a toy application the one-loop vacuum energy for the open and closed sectors of the unoriented bosonic string is computed.
The NMR of nuclei: The effect of second-order dynamic frequency shifts

Abstract Interrelationships between the second-order dynamic frequency shift and the observable lineshape for various NMR studies of spin- 3 2 nuclei are considered. It is shown that DISPA plots provide a convenient aid for studying these relationships. It is also demonstrated that whenever extreme narrowing does not obtain, “null-time” studies provide a simple means for separating the various relaxation parameters of this spin system. Mixing effects of the observing pulse are also considered.
Active transport of L-aspartic acid in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Transport of l -aspartic acid in Neurospora crassa conidia is shown to be mediated by neutral and general amino acid transport systems. The transport activity is dependent on pH and results in accumulation of l -aspartic acid against a gradient. Mutants deficient in transport of l -aspartic acid are described.
A Simple Targeting Procedure for Lunar Trans-Earth Injection

A simple targeting algorithm for lunar trans-Earth injection is developed. This algorithm builds on techniques developed for the Apollo program and other lunar and interplanetary missions. The simplicity and robustness of this particular algorithm makes it well-suited for onboard use during contingency and abort operations. Rather than attempting to create fuel-optimal trajectories, the algorithm presented in this paper focuses on computing a trajectory from low lunar orbit to direct atmospheric Earth entry that minimized the time of flight but does not violate the fuel constraint. The number of impulses executed is also minimized. This algorithm has three stages. First, an estimate of the hyperbolic excess velocity at the Lunar sphere of influence is generated. Second, a maneuver is computed using conic techniques that will transfer the craft from a lunar circular orbit to the hyperbolic escape asymptote. Finally, the e!ects of perturbations are eliminated by using fixed-time linear targeting methods. Some examples demonstrating the e!ectiveness of the targeting algorithm are also presented. The algorithm can also be used to quickly generate good initial guesses for other trajectory optimization algorithms.
A performance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ

Abstract This performance evaluation compares a full annual simulation (2001) of Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) (Version 4.4) covering the contiguous United States against monitoring data from four nationwide networks. This effort, which represents one of the most spatially and temporally comprehensive performance evaluations of the model, reveals that CMAQ varies considerably in its ability to simulate ambient air concentrations of critical gas and particulate matter species. Simulations of the peak 1- and 8-h ozone (O3) concentrations during the “O3 season” (April–September, 2001) were relatively good (correlation (r)=0.68, 0.69; normalized mean bias (NMB)=4.0%, 8.1%; and normalized mean error (NME)=18.3%, 19.6%, respectively). The annual simulation of sulfate (SO42−) was also good ( 0.77 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.92 , depending upon network) with relatively small error (25.0%⩽NME⩽42.0%), though slightly negatively biased (−2.0%⩽NMB⩽−10.0%). The quality of ammonium (NH4+) simulations is similar to that of SO42− ( 0.56 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.79 ; −4.0%⩽NMB⩽14.0%; 35.0%⩽NME⩽63.0%). Simulations of nitrate (NO3−), elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) are relatively poor, as compared to the simulations of the other species. For NO3−, the simulation resulted in: 0.37 ⩽ r ⩽ 0.62 ; −16.0%⩽NMB⩽4.0%; 80.0%⩽NME⩽94.0%. For the carbon species, the r ranged from 0.35 (OC) to 0.47 (EC), with fairly large amounts of error (NME=68.0% for OC, 58.0% for EC) though small amounts of bias (NMB=−6.0% for EC and 12% for OC). The quality of the PM2.5 simulations, like PM2.5 itself, represented a compilation of the quality of all of the simulated particulate species (0.51⩽r⩽0.70, NMB=−3.0% and 45.0%⩽NME⩽46.0%).
Deciding for a child: a comprehensive analysis of the best interest standard

This article critically examines, and ultimately rejects, the best interest standard as the predominant, go-to ethical and legal standard of decision making for children. After an introduction to the presumption of parental authority, it characterizes and distinguishes six versions of the best interest standard according to two key dimensions related to the types of interests emphasized. Then the article brings three main criticisms against the best interest standard: (1) that it is ill-defined and inconsistently appealed to and applied, (2) that it is unreasonably demanding and narrow, and (3) that it fails to respect the family. Finally, it argues that despite the best interest standard’s potent rhetorical power, it is irreparably encumbered by too much inconsistency and confusion and should be rejected.
A microscopic model with quasicrystalline properties

A classical lattice gas model with two-body nearest neighbor interactions and without periodic ground-state configurations is presented. The main result is the existence of a decreasing sequence of temperatures for which the Gibbs states have arbitrarily long periods. It is possible that the sequence accumulates at nonzero temperature, giving rise to a quasiperiodic equilibrium state.
The fear-avoidance model of chronic pain: Validation and age analysis using structural equation modeling

The cognitive-behavioral, fear-avoidance (FA) model of chronic pain (Vlaeyen JWS, Kole-Snijders AMJ, Boeren RGB, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995a;62:363-72) has found broad empirical support, but its multivariate, predictive relationships have not been uniformly validated. Applicability of the model across age groups of chronic pain patients has also not been tested. Goals of this study were to validate the predictive relationships of the multivariate FA model using structural equation modeling and to evaluate the factor structure of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), levels of pain-related fear, and fit of the FA model across three age groups: young ( or =55) adults. A heterogeneous sample of 469 chronic pain patients provided ratings of catastrophizing, pain-related fear, depression, perceived disability, and pain severity. Using a confirmatory approach, a 2-factor, 13-item structure of the TSK provided the best fit and was invariant across age groups. Older participants were found to have lower TSK fear scores than middle-aged participants for both factors (FA, Harm). A modified version of the Vlaeyen JWS, Kole-Snijders AMJ, Boeren RGB, van Eek H (Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain 1995a;62:363-72.) FA model provided a close fit to the data (chi(2)(29)=42.0, p>0.05, GFI=0.98, AGFI=0.97, CFI=0.99, RMSEA=0.031 (90% CI 0.000-0.050), p close fit=0.95). Multigroup analyses revealed significant differences in structural weights for older vs. middle-aged participants. For older chronic pain patients, a stronger mediating role for pain-related fear was supported. Results are consistent with a FA model of chronic pain, while indicating some important age group differences in this model and in levels of pain-related fear. Longitudinal testing of the multivariate model is recommended.
Is There a Common Cold Constitution

Objective.—Constitutional factors might play a role in the susceptibility to clinical illness during the common cold. This study seeks to determine if the likelihood of developing frequent common colds persists during childhood. Design.—The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study involves 1246 children enrolled at birth and followed prospectively since 1980 and 1984. Parents reported the occurrence of frequent (≥4) colds during the past year by questionnaire at 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, and 13 years of age. Blood for ex vivo interferon-γ responses was obtained at 9 months and 11 years of age. Results.—After adjustment for potential confounding variables, children with frequent colds at year 2 or 3 were twice as likely to experience frequent colds at year 6 (relative risk [RR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1–3.9), year 8 (RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.1–3.3), year 11 (RR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.8–3.1), and year 13 (RR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4–3.3) compared with children who had infrequent colds at years 2 and 3. At 9 months of age, children who ultimately experienced persistent frequent colds had lower interferon-γ titers than children without persistent frequent colds (3.05 ± 1.61 vs 3.74 ± 1.39, P = .016); this finding persisted at 11 years of age. Conclusion.—These data suggest the existence of a common cold constitution, whereby some children are more susceptible to infection and/or the expression of clinical symptoms when infected than are other children.
The role of the university

There are many outstanding programs of continuing education for engineers offered by universities. But rather than use these as a basis for discussion, we shall consider the role of the university in continuing education and the principles upon which programs should be based. Industry and the engineering professional societies have important roles in continuing education, but the university must accept the primary responsibility.
Developmental Factors Contributing to the Susceptibility to Bradycardia in Isolated, Cultured Fetal Mouse Hearts

Summary: A propensity for bradycardia in preterm human infants suggested that the heart rate response to cholinergic stimulation may vary during development. Isolated, intact fetal mouse hearts (FMH) in organ culture were used as a model to explore developmental differences in chronotropic response to cholinergic stimulation. FMH's of gestational ages (GA) from 13–22 days, maintained for 36 hr in culture, were exposed to acetylcholine (AcH) with and without prior addition of physostigmine. Heart rate decreased markedly with 10-4 and 10-8 M AcH (84 ± 3 and 48 ± 4%) in 13–14 day hearts, but the decrease was progressively blunted with increasing age and was only 7 ± 3 and 3 ± 2 % at 21–22 days GA. Physostigmine markedly enhanced the cholinergic response in older hearts with 54 ± 4 and 32 ± 5% decreases in heart rate with the two doses of AcH at 21–22 days. However, it did not alter the response in younger hearts. The data suggest that the chronotropic response to AcH progressively diminishes with advancing GA and the extent of intrinsic cholinesterase activity at different GA's is, in part, responsible for the decrease. Speculation: Increasing cholinesterase activity during gestation may, in part, protect more mature fetal hearts from severe bradycardia. Likewise, “unprotected” AcH receptors may account for the pronounced bradycardia in less mature hearts. If unprotected AcH receptors are important to the bradycardic response, does this play any role in vivo? One possibility is that the fetal heart's capacity to synthesize AcH and acetylcholinesterase may not develop synchronously. Such nonparallel enzyme system development might occur as a normal developmental sequence, exposed abnormally by premature birth or conversely, may be induced by abnormalities during gestation (e.g., chronic hypoxemia, intrauterine malnutrition). This general scheme is not unprecedented in that asynchronous development of interrelated enzymes systems deleterious to the prematurely born have already been well documented in the liver and lung. This hypothesis is currently being investigated.