cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological studies of grooming and scratching behavior elicited by spinal substance P and excitatory amino acids.

Compounds that produce depolarization of nociceptive neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord also elicit a rather specific kind of caudally directed biting, licking, and/or scratching behavior when they are injected intrathecally in mice. We sought to use this elicited grooming behavior as a test for compounds that might inhibit the neurons excited by the excitatory agents. All three neurokinins--substance P, neurokinin A (substance K), neurokinin B (neuromedin K)--and excitatory amino acids active at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or quisqualate receptors produce similar behaviors, which last for 1 minute after i.t. injection. Our data indicate that mu opioid agonists or alpha adrenergic agonists block both neurokinin-elicited behavior and EAA-elicited behavior; delta opioid agonists block only neurokinin-elicited behavior; and PCP/sigma "opioid" agonists block only EAA-elicited behavior. Somatostatin and serotonin produce qualitatively different behaviors by themselves and, when administered with neurokinins, partially block neurokinin-elicited behavior.
Rotation Period of the Planet Venus as determined by Radio Observations

IN previous communications, observations of the planet Venus at a wave-length of 11 metres at the Ohio State University have been reported1. Based on these and subsequent observations, it has been possible to deduce a probable value for the rotation period of the planet.
Color-coded three-dimensional micro particle tracking velocimetry and application to micro backward-facing step flows

In this work, the authors proposed a microscopic particle tracking system based on the previous work (Tien et al. in Exp Fluids 44(6):1015–1026, 2008). A three-pinhole plate, color-coded by color filters of different wavelengths, is utilized to create a triple exposure pattern on the image sensor plane for each particle, and each color channel of the color camera acts as an independent image sensor. This modification increases the particle image density of the original monochrome system by three times and eliminates the ambiguities caused by overlap of the triangle exposure patterns. A novel lighting method and a color separation algorithm are proposed to overcome the measurement errors due to crosstalk between color filters. A complete post-processing procedure, including a cascade correlation peak-finding algorithm to resolve overlap particles, a calibration-based method to calculate the depth location based on epipolar line search method, and a vision-based particle tracking algorithm is developed to identify, locate and track the Lagrangian motions of the tracer particles and reconstruct the flow field. A 10X infinity-corrected microscope and back-lighted by three individual high power color LEDs aligning to each of the pinhole is used to image the flow. The volume of imaging is 600 × 600 × 600 μm3. The experimental uncertainties of the system verified with experiments show that the location uncertainties are less than 0.10 and 0.08 μm for the in-plane and less than 0.82 μm for the out-of-plane components, respectively. The displacement uncertainties are 0.62 and 0.63 μm for the in-plane and 0.77 μm for the out-of-plane components, respectively. This technique is applied to measure a flow over a backward-facing micro-channel flow. The channel/step height is 600/250 μm. A steady flow with low particle density and an accelerating flow with high particle density are measured and compared to validate the flow field resolved from a two-frame tracking method. The Reynolds number in the current work varies from 0.033 to 0.825. A total of 20,592 vectors are reconstructed by time-averaged tracking of 156 image pairs from the steady flow case, and roughly 400 vectors per image pair are reconstructed by two-frame tracking from the accelerating flow case.
Modified linear dependence and the capacity of a cyclic graph

Abstract In 1956 Shannon raised a problem in information theory, which amounts to this geometric question: How many n -dimensional cubes of width 2 can be packed in the n -dimensional torus described by the n th power of the cyclic group C m ? The present paper examines this question in the special circumstance that the set of centers of the cubes form a subgroup—that is, a lattice packing. In this case, the machinery of vector spaces is available when m is a prime. This approach introduces a modified definition of linear independence, obtains some known results with its aid, and suggests a promising direction for future computation and theory. The paper concludes by showing that, in return, combinatorial information can yield results about finite vector spaces.
Exact Calculation of the Penetrability Through Two-Peaked Fission Barriers

The penetrability is computed exactly for a fission barrier $V(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ defined in terms of two parabolic peaks connected smoothly with a third parabola forming the intermediate well. The potential is specified by the peak energies ${E}_{1}$ and ${E}_{3}$ and the minimum energy ${E}_{2}$ of the connecting curve, along with the constants $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}$, $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}$, and $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$ related to the curvatures of the three parabolas. For an incident wave of unit amplitude, the amplitude of the transmitted wave is determined by requiring that the wave functions (expressed exactly in terms of parabolic-cylinder functions) and their first derivatives match at the points where the parabolas are connected. The penetrability is then obtained from the amplitude of the transmitted wave. The transmission is essentially an increasing exponential function exhibiting narrow resonances at the positions of quasibound states in the intermediate well. The widths of these resonances are extremely small (\ensuremath{\sim}10 eV) for the levels near the bottom of the well but increase dramatically as the energy increases. This trend continues in some cases above the top of the barrier, producing broad peaks in the penetrability function. The exact penetrabilities are accurately reproduced by the WKB approximation for energies well below the barrier tops, but for energies near the barrier tops the WKB approximation is found to overestimate the penetrability for the cases studied.
Synthesis and properties of barium titanate stannate thin films by chemical solution deposition

Barium titanate stannate (BaTi1−xSnxO3, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) thin films were deposited directly on copper foil substrates via a chelate chemical solution process. The films were subsequently crystallized in a reducing atmosphere such that substrate oxidation was avoided and that the 2-valent state of tin could be stabilized. Despite the stabilization of the low-melting temperature SnO oxidation state at high temperatures, the final grain size was smaller with increased tin incorporation similar to other B-site substituted BaTiO3 films. Temperature and field-dependent dielectric measurements revealed a reduction in dielectric constant and dielectric tuning with increasing tin concentration. The reduction in permittivity with reduced grain size is consistent with the well-known trends for ceramic barium titanate and in combination with a defect-dipole model involving Sn acceptors, can be used to explain the experimental trends. Phase transition frequency dependence was studied and for compositions containing up to 25 mole percent tin. No phase transition dispersion was observed and thus no strong evidence of relaxor-like character. The phase transition became increasingly diffuse with deviation from Curie–Weiss behavior, but the observed transition temperatures agreed well with bulk reference data.
The effects of insulin and potassium on infarcting canine tissue: An in vitro study

The electrophysiologic effects of insulin (40 mU/ml) and elevated potassium (4 to 6 mM) on glucose-superfused normal and infarcting tissue from 24 hour coronary artery ligated canine myocardium were studied. With standard intracellular microelectrode techniques, it was observed that insulin infusion for 30 minutes produced an increase in resting membrane potential and a prolongation of action potential duration. In the normal myocardium, the hyperpolarization and the repolarization delay were minimal, but in infarcting tissue with depressed electrophysiologic function, resting membrane potential and action potential duration were significantly improved. This was particularly evident in the presence of an increased potassium concentration (6 mM) when insulin hyperpolarized infarcting cells (n = 8) from 73 ± 6 to 85 ± 7 mV (p
Chronic Alcohol Feeding in Liquid Diet or in Drinking Water Has Similar Effects on Electron Microscopic Appearance of the Hepatic Sinusoid in the Rat

Electron microscopic appearance of the liver sinusoid was examined in rats fed alcohol chronically in a complete liquid diet or in sucrose-containing drinking water. The animals were kept on liquid diet (+/- alcohol) for 14 weeks or on sucrose-containing drinking water (+/- alcohol) for 12.5 weeks and sacrificed thereafter. To rule out possible artifact induced by fixation procedure, livers were fixed by immersion (no perfusion), immersion preceded by perfusion, and by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and examined with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Regardless of the mode of its administration, and of the fixation procedure used, alcohol induced similar changes in liver sinusoid ultrastructure. Such changes included disruption of the sieve-plate pattern of the sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrations with the appearance of large gaps and resulting in a meshwork lining, wherein large areas of the sinusoid communicated freely with the underlying hepatocytes. Transmission electron microscopy complemented these findings. The results reported in this study demonstrate that alcohol-induced structural changes of the liver sinusoid in the rat are similar whether alcohol is fed via a liquid diet or in drinking water. Therefore, alcohol administration in drinking water may provide a simple, inexpensive, and convenient method of inducing structural changes in the rat liver sinusoid.
Preschoolers use trait-relevant information to evaluate the appropriateness of an aggressive response

The tendency for 3– to 5–year-old children to use trait-relevant information about other people when evaluating aggressive responses to ambiguous behavior was examined across two studies (N = 81). Children were more likely to endorse the use of aggression against a “mean” versus a “nice” story character. Additionally, they were more likely to endorse the use of aggression against a story character who feels happy rather than sad when bad things happen to other kids. These findings suggest that, as early as preschool, trait-relevant information about other people can serve as a tool with which children evaluate the appropriateness of aggression in response to ambiguous behavior. Moreover, these findings provide evidence that even before the onset of formal schooling, trait and mental state information can influence social judgments.
Prevalence of and associations with allergic rhinitis in children with chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objectives Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children has been associated with a variety of disorders including atopic disease, cystic fibrosis, immunologic disorders and ciliary dyskinesia. Although a strong association, or even cause and effect relationship, between allergic rhinitis (AR) and CRS is commonly assumed, the epidemiologic relationship between these disorders has not yet been defined in children.
Totalitarianism and Fatalistic Suicide

(1991). Totalitarianism and Fatalistic Suicide. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 131, No. 1, pp. 129-130.
Hydrothermal growth of single crystal Cu2Se (Berzelianite)

Abstract Single crystals of Cu2Se were produced as a by-product reaction between H2SeO4 and the upper copper gasket of a hydrothermal pressure vessel during the production of α-quartz crystals. The growth took place in the presence of 0.5N RbOH solvent, at T=440±5°C, P=1275±35 MPa (18,500±500 psi), and ⨍(O 2 )∼10 -25 .
Dewatering of fine coal — micrographic analysis of filter cake structure

Abstract Experimental measurements of fine coal dewatering have been obtained. The results are analyzed in terms of the particle characteristics and micro-structure of the filter cakes. Both the rate of dewatering and equilibrium moisture content of the filter cakes are directly related to the particle size and pore size distributions. In addition, the effect of particle segregation and air bubble entrapment are discussed.
PJ34, a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor, modulates renal injury after thoracic aortic ischemia/reperfusion.

Background. These experiments sought to evaluate the effects of PJ34, a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor, on molecular indices of renal injury, mitochondrial function, tissue thrombosis, and fibrinolysis after thoracic aortic ischemia/reperfusion (TAR). Methods. Forty-three 129S1/SvImj mice were subjected to 11 minutes of TAR followed by 48 hours of reperfusion. Experimental groups included untreated normal saline (NS) controls (UC), (n = 15, 0.5 mL NS ip) or PJ34 (PJ) (n = 17, PJ34 10 mg/kg ip, 1 hour before and after TAR). Sham (SH) mice (n = 11) underwent median stemotomy (heparin, NS ip) without TAR. Forty-eight hours after TAR or sham operation, kidney mitochondrial activity (using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium [MTT]), D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complex levels were measured. Levels of messenger RNA for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a marker for renal injury, were also measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results. PJ34 improves renal mitochondrial activity after 48 hours of TAR, compared with untreated control animals (UC, 87.6 ± 2.2%; PJ, 151.4 ± 9.5%; P <.001). PJ34 did not alter the increase in renal D-dimer levels by 48 hours reperfusion (UC, 1.37± 0.09 U; PJ, 1.1 ± 0.14 U; SH, 0.82 ± 0.06 U; P <.05). TAR did not alter renal levels of TAT expression among groups (UC, 0.103 ± 0.034; PJ, 0.067 ± 0.008; SH, 0.106 ± 0.027; P =.619). The incidence of significantly increased NGAL among UC mice was 1415 ± 823.6 (n = 12), compared with 29.6 ± 20.8 (n = 10) in the PJ34-treated group (P <.014). Conclusions. PJ34 preserves renal mitochondrial activity and decreases steady-state levels of NGAL after TAR. TAR did increase markers of fibrinolysis in renal tissue but their increase did not correlate with renal injury or PJ34 treatment. These studies indicate that PJ34 confers protection against TAR and suggest that PARP may represent a novel target for reducing perioperative renal injury.
Research Spotlight: IRI model overestimated electron density in ionosphere

[1] Electron density in the Earth's ionosphere, which affects satellites and communications, is highly variable. Solar activity, which increases and decreases on an approximately 11-year cycle, is a key driver of this ionospheric variability. The most recent solar minimum was unusually prolonged, leading to changes in the ionosphere. Did models accurately capture the effects of the long solar minimum on ionospheric electron density? To find out, Luhr and Xiong compared electron density predictions from the frequently used international reference ionosphere (IRI) model with in situ satellite measurements from Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) for the years 2000–2009. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045430, 2010)
Construction of Compactly Supported Symmetric and Antisymmetric Orthonormal Wavelets with Scale = 3

Abstract When the scale factor a = 2 is used to define scaling functions and wavelets, it is well-known that any compactly supported orthonormal (o.n.) wavelet, which is symmetric or antisymmetric, is some integer translate and possible sign change of the Haar function. The objective of this paper is to exhibit the construction of compactly supported o.n. symmetric scaling functions with scale factor a = 3 and the two corresponding compactly supported o.n. wavelets, one being symmetric and the other being antisymmetric. Examples of low-order ones are given. On the other hand, we also show that even with a = 3, compactly supported orthonormal scaling functions and wavelets with minimum supports cannot be symmetric or antisymmetric. unless they are the trivial Haar-type functions. A lower bound of the size of the support for a given regularity exponent to achieve symmetry and antisymmetry is derived.
Neutral-alkaline proteolytic activity in rat cardiac muscle cells.

Homogenates that were prepared from isolated heart muscle cells were found to have reduced ability to degrade endogenous proteins to free amino acids at alkaline pH in comparison to homogenates of whole hearts. The decrease in alkaline proteolytic activity was the result of loss from the particulate fraction. The heart muscle cell preparations retained considerable proteolytic activity at neutral-alkaline pH as indicated by the hydrolysis of [3H]acetylcasein and [14C]protein from rat heart to acid soluble products. In both cases, the decrease in activity was associated with the particulate fraction and appeared to be the result of the absence of mast cells. The extractable activity of control hearts and heart muscle cells eluted from DEAE-cellulose columns as two peaks of caseinolytic activity. The first peak eluted with 0.07 to 0.12 m NaCl and included a thiol protease. The second peak eluted with 0.25 m NaCl and was seen only in the presence of 5 mm CaCl2. The specific activity of the Ca2+-dependent protease was reduced 50% in muscle cell preparations as compared to control heart.
Bidirectional Associations Between Future Time Perspective and Substance Use Among Continuation High-School Students

We examined whether a bidirectional, longitudinal relationship exists between future time perspective (FTP), measured with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and any past 30-day use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or hard drugs among continuation high school students (N = 1,310, mean age 16.8 years) in a large urban area. We found increased FTP to be protective against drug use for all substances except alcohol. While any baseline use of substances did not predict changes in FTP 1 year later. The discussion explores why alcohol findings may differ from other substances. Future consideration of FTP as a mediator of program effects is explored.
3-D jammer localization using out-of-plane multipath

The purpose of this work is to establish how a moving emitter, such as a jammer, can be localized by a passive receiver through the use of out-of-plane multipath signals reflected by the terrain. This is a novel localization technique that assumes no a priori knowledge of the location of the multipath sources. The emitter parameters of range, heading, velocity, and altitude are estimated by exploiting the correlation between the direct-path signal and the delayed and Doppler modulated signals. Based on an assumption that the bistatic clutter is fundamentally homogeneous, the maximum likelihood estimator is designed and found to have the structure of a time-varying FIR filter. The Cramer-Rao lower bounds are calculated and used to study the estimator performance. The proposed estimator is successfully demonstrated using field data collected at White Sands Missile Range during the DARPA/Navy Mountaintop program.
Asymptomatic Lambert-Eaton syndrome.

Introduction All descriptions of the Lambert–Eaton syndrome are based on symptomatic patients. We incidentally encountered electromyographic evidence of this syndrome in a patient being studied for another reason. The patient had controlled hypothyroidism and smoked for 9 pack-years but never had symptoms of weakness or had evidence of cancer. Methods: Detailed electrophysiological and serological evaluations were undertaken in this study. Results: Neuromuscular transmission tests were consistent with a presynaptic disorder. Autoantibodies specific for P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) were detected in the serum and persisted throughout 7 years of follow-up. Multiple IgG markers of thyrogastric autoimmunity also were detected. Conclusions: This demonstration of asymptomatic Lambert–Eaton syndrome persisting for 8 years provided novel insight into the natural history of the disorder. It is plausible that patients with a subclinical syndrome would have abrupt neuromuscular decompensation when challenged with medications that compromise the safety factor for synaptic transmission. Muscle Nerve 49: 764–767, 2014
Structure and hydraulics of natural woody debris jams

[1] Numerous studies exist on the hydraulics of woody debris jams and the mechanisms driving their geomorphic influence. While most hydraulic studies treat jams as single, solid objects, jams are clearly not individual cylindrical logs but rather an accumulation of pieces ranging in size from leaves and twigs to entire trunks. Here we treat debris jams as complex and porous accumulations of heterogeneous material to understand the relative importance of the different size fractions comprising a jam. We systematically dismantled three deflector debris jams in four stages, removing a total of 17,783 individual wood pieces, to experimentally manipulate jam porosity. We measured the surrounding velocity, shear stress, and drag force (FD). The assumption of nonporosity can result in a 10−20% overestimation of FD. Back-calculated values of the combined drag coefficient and frontal area term (CDAF)calc represented the drag characteristics of natural debris jams, whereas separating frontal area (AF(emp)) and drag coefficient (CD) contributions in natural jams is misleading. Values of (CDAF)calc for each jam at each stage of removal captured the effects of size and composition of the jam. Wood piece size in debris jams dictates the surface area to volume relationship. This association in turn determines the rate at which FD and (CDAF)calc change with the addition of material. Only low-porosity jams produce the geomorphic and hydraulic characteristics commonly associated with deflector jams. Our results on natural debris jams also illustrate the importance of employing variable wood size fractions when using woody debris jams for river restoration.
Medical, ethical, and legal considerations in fertility preservation

The past 2 decades have seen a significant rise in cancer survival rates, and an increasing proportion of survivors at reproductive age are interested in childbearing. Although assisted reproduction provides physicians with an array of potential possibilities to help patients whose fertility is compromised by cancer treatment, there is still a dearth of regulation regarding the application of this technology. The present paper reviews the current options for fertility preservation, with a particular focus on the legal and ethical challenges that confront providers of this type of care.
Structural analysis of an outer surface protein from the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy

The etiological agent of Lyme disease is the tick-borne spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. A major antigen of B. burgdorferi is a 31 kDa lipoprotein called outer surface protein A (OspA). Recently, a truncated form of OspA (lacking 17 amino acids at the N-terminus) was cloned, expressed and purified in large quantities (Dunn, J.J., Lade, B.A. and Barbour, A.G. (1990) Protein Expression and Purification 1, 159-168). The truncated protein (OspA-257) is water-soluble, retains the ability to bind antibodies from the sera of Lyme disease patients and may prove useful in development of a vaccine against Lyme disease. We have used far UV circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the secondary structure of and to study conformational changes in OspA-257. CD spectra from 260 to 178 nm predict five classes of secondary structure: alpha-helix (11%), anti-parallel beta-sheet (32%), parallel beta-sheet (10%), beta-turns (18%) and aperiodic structures (including 'random coil') (30%). Analysis of the primary sequence of OspA yielded the most likely sites for alpha-helical regions (residues 100-107, 121-134, 253-273) and for antigenic determinants (Lys-46, Asp-82, Lys-231). CD spectra of the native protein show little change from pH 3 to 11. Thermal denaturation curves, indicate that 'salt bridges' play a role in stabilizing the native protein. Both thermal and chemical denaturations that eliminate all secondary structure as judged by CD or fluorescence are reversible. Denaturation by guanidine-HCl (gdn-HCl) appears to be a cooperative, two-state transition, as indicated by a sudden change in the CD spectrum at approximately 0.75 M gdn-HCl, and an isodichroic point at 208 nm in all CD spectra measured from 0.0-1.75 M gdn-HCl.
Another Look at Hartford Civic Center Coliseum Collapse

Only a few hours after five thousand basketball fans had left, the roof of the Hartford Civic Center Coliseum collapsed under a heavy snowfall. Fortunately, the arena was empty. The design of the space frame roof had been based on an innovative and extensive computer analysis. However, when deflections twice as great as those predicted by the computer analysis were observed during construction, the warning was ignored. Overconfidence in computer analysis results played a large part in this failure. A useful lesson from this case is that the computer is only an analytical tool and computed results must be checked by the designer with a careful eye. The long, unbraced lengths of compression members made them highly susceptible to buckling. This case serves as a lesson for engineering students and practicing engineers concerning the difficult technical, professional, procedural, and ethical issues that may arise during the design and construction of a complex, high-occupancy structure.
Effects of lubrication and humidity on the abrasiveness of a thin boron carbide coating

Studies using thin boron carbide (B4C) coatings have previously been performed in order to investigate their potential use as finite-life run-in coatings. Such coatings have been shown to polish the mating surface in a relatively short time. The inherent ability of these coatings to polish can potentially allow them to function as finite-life run-in coatings. Employing such coatings requires a thorough understanding of the parameters which directly influence the changes that occur in the coating abrasiveness throughout the duration of the polishing process. In past studies, changes in the coating abrasiveness during dry sliding wear under ambient conditions have been investigated. However, both lubrication and humidity can strongly influence the abrasive wear process. In this study, the influences of the operating environment, namely humidity and lubrication, on the coating abrasiveness are directly investigated. The coating abrasiveness decreases at a slower rate when a lubricant is added and when the humidity decreases.
Effects of solvents on the morphology and conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) nanofibers

In this study, the effect of solvents on the morphology and conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS) nanofibers is investigated. Conductive PEDOT:PSS nanofibers are electrospun by dissolving a fiber-forming polymer, polyvinyl alcohol, in an aqueous dispersion of PEDOT:PSS. The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS nanofibers is enhanced 15-fold by addition of DMSO and almost 30-fold by addition of ethylene glycol to the spinning dopes. This improvement is attributed to the change in the conformation of the PEDOT chains from the coiled benzoid to the extended coil quinoid structure as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Scanning electron microscopy images show that less beady and more uniform fiber morphology could be obtained by incorporation of ethylene glycol in the spinning dopes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40305.
Telling Their Stories: The Use of Autoethnography as an Instructional Tool in an Introductory Research Course

This paper focuses on the use of autoethnography as an instructional tool in introductory research courses. Since many students fear research courses in graduate education programs, many of them build up paralyzing anxieties that prevent them from completing the courses and/or their programs. To address this, I propose the use of autoethnography as an instructional tool. This form of inquiry will be useful by allowing students to (a) explore how personal experiences influence their research (e.g., subjectivity, assumptions), (b) identify gaps in the mainstream literature (e.g., is this story being told?), (c) use various data collection strategies in a non-threatening research project (e.g., document analysis, journals, interviews), and (d) write up narrative findings. Keywords: Autoethnography, Instructional Tools, Subjectivity
Changed Content within a Reinforced Response Class

Reinforcement and other experimental manipulations may influence the content as well as the frequency of verbal behavior. Evidence was presented from five studies (N = 283) in which emotional words, EW, were reinforced in TAT-like situations. EW used during reinforced trials were pleasanter than those used during operant trials; differential experimental manipulations led to differential pleasantness of EW; pleasantness of EW used during operant trials was significantly associated with personality test measures, particularly anxiety and hostility. The results bear on the role of reinforcement in social influencing situations and provide an additional measure of the effect of reinforcement.
Leaf Vascular Pattern Formation.

The pattern and ontogeny of leaf venation appear to guide or limit many aspects of leaf cell differentiation and function. Photosynthetic, supportive, stomatal, and other specialized cell types differentiate in positions showing a spatial relationship to the vascular system. These spatial relationships are of obvious importance to leaf function, which relies on venation for the servicing of cells engaged in photosynthesis, gas exchange, and other leaf processes. Although the need for coordinated organization of cell types around the vascular system is clear, the means by which this is achieved during development is not well understood. In the few systems in which it has been possible to follow the ontogeny of the venation along with the differentiation and function of surrounding cell types (e.g., in C4 grasses), observations suggest that the developing vascular system may have a role in providing positional landmarks that guide the differentiation of other cell types. Another possible explanation is that an underlying pattern guides the differentiation of both venation and surrounding cells. Whether the process of vascularization creates or reveals a pattern, studies to date are largely descriptive, and little is understood of the underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms must be highly regulated, as evidenced by the successful use of species-specific leaf vascular pattern as a taxonomic characteristic (e.g., Klucking, 1992) and by the predictable effect of certain mutations. In this review, we summarize the vascular patterns and their ontogenies in dicots and monocots, referring extensively but not exclusively to Arabidopsis and maize as examples. We also discuss a variety of models that seek to explain vascular pattern formation, and we provide a summary of molecular and genetic investigations of the process.
THE NEW AFRICAN DIASPORA IN VANCOUVER: MIGRATION, EXCLUSION, AND BELONGING

Gillian Creese, THE NEW AFRICAN DIASPORA IN VANCOUVER: MIGRATION, EXCLUSION, AND BELONGING, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011, xii + 285 pp., $27.95 (paper) Gillian Creese's book, The New ...
Review of a large clinical series: association of cumulative fluid balance on outcome in acute lung injury: a retrospective review of the ARDSnet tidal volume study cohort.

Objective To evaluate the independent influence of fluid balance on outcomes for patients with acute lung injury. Design Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted between March 1996 and March 1999. Setting The study involved 10 academic clinical centers (with 24 hospitals and 75 Intensive Care Units). Patients All patients for whom fluid balance data existed (844) from the 902 patients enrolled in the National Heart Lung Blood Institute's ARDS Network ventilator-tidal volume trial. Interventions The study had no interventions. Measurements/results On the first day of study enrollment, 683 patients were, on average, more than 3.5 L in positive fluid balance compared to 161 patients in negative fluid balance (P Conclusions Negative cumulative fluid balance at day 4 of acute lung injury is associated with significantly lower mortality, independent of other measures of severity of illness.
Molecular Evolution of the Human Enteroviruses: Correlation of Serotype with VP1 Sequence and Application to Picornavirus Classification

Sixty-six human enterovirus serotypes have been identified by serum neutralization, but the molecular determinants of the serotypes are unknown. Since the picornavirus VP1 protein contains a number of neutralization domains, we hypothesized that the VP1 sequence should correspond with neutralization (serotype) and, hence, with phylogenetic lineage. To test this hypothesis and to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among the human enteroviruses, we determined the complete VP1 sequences of the prototype strains of 47 human enterovirus serotypes and 10 antigenic variants. Our sequences, together with those available from GenBank, comprise a database of complete VP1 sequences for all 66 human enterovirus serotypes plus additional strains of seven serotypes. Phylogenetic trees constructed from complete VP1 sequences produced the same four major clusters as published trees based on partial VP2 sequences; in contrast to the VP2 trees, however, in the VP1 trees strains of the same serotype were always monophyletic. In pairwise comparisons of complete VP1 sequences, enteroviruses of the same serotype were clearly distinguished from those of heterologous serotypes, and the limits of intraserotypic divergence appeared to be about 25% nucleotide sequence difference or 12% amino acid sequence difference. Pairwise comparisons suggested that coxsackie A11 and A15 viruses should be classified as strains of the same serotype, as should coxsackie A13 and A18 viruses. Pairwise identity scores also distinguished between enteroviruses of different clusters and enteroviruses from picornaviruses of different genera. The data suggest that VP1 sequence comparisons may be valuable in enterovirus typing and in picornavirus taxonomy by assisting in the genus assignment of unclassified picornaviruses.
Immunonutrition support for athletes

Multiple components of the immune systems in athletes exhibit transient dysfunction after prolonged, heavy exertion. During this “open window” of impaired immunity, pathogens may gain a foothold, increasing infection risk. Nutritional supplements have been studied as countermeasures to exercise-induced immune changes and infection risk. This review focuses on findings from recent exercise-based studies with macro- and micronutrient supplements, and “advanced” immunonutrition supplements including β-glucan, curcumin, and quercetin. Results from these studies indicate that immunonutrition supplements have the potential to lessen the magnitude of exercise-induced perturbations in immune function and to reduce the risk of upper respiratory tract infections.
Optimized Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodiscs Facilitate High-Resolution Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins

Structural studies of membrane proteins are still hampered by difficulties of finding appropriate membrane-mimicking media that maintain protein structure and function. Phospholipid nanodiscs seem promising to overcome the intrinsic problems of detergent-containing environments. While nanodiscs can offer a near-native environment, the large particle size complicates their routine use in the structural analysis of membrane proteins by solution NMR. Here, we introduce nanodiscs assembled from shorter ApoA-I protein variants that are of markedly smaller diameter and show that the resulting discs provide critical improvements for the structure determination of membrane proteins by NMR. Using the bacterial outer-membrane protein OmpX as an example, we demonstrate that the combination of small nanodisc size, high deuteration levels of protein and lipids, and the use of advanced non-uniform NMR sampling methods enable the NMR resonance assignment as well as the high-resolution structure determination of polytopi...
Design of Modular Product Architectures in Discrete Design Spaces Subject to Life Cycle Issues

A product’s architecture affects the ability of a company to customize, assemble, service, and recycle the product. Much of the flexibility to address these issues is locked into the product’s design during the configuration design stage when the architecture is determined. The concepts of modules and modularity are central to the description of an architecture, where a module is a set of components that share some characteristic. Modularity is a measure of the correspondence between the modules of a product from different viewpoints, such as functionality and physical structure. The purpose of this paper is to investigate formal foundations for configuration design. Since product architectures are discrete structures, discrete mathematics, including set theory and combinatorics, is used for the investigation. A Product Module Reasoning System (PMRS) is developed to reason about sets of product architectures, to translate design requirements into constraints on these sets, to compare architecture modules from different viewpoints, and to directly enumerate all feasible modules without generate-and-test or heuristic search approaches. The PMRS is described mathematically and applied to the design of architectures for a hand-held tape recorder. Life cycle requirements are used as design criteria.
Sequence of the gene encoding hsp90e from Cryptosporidium parvum

A composite 2364 nt DNA sequence with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding an endoplasmic reticulum-associated heat shock protein 90 (CpHsp90e) was determined from clones isolated from genomic libraries constructed from the KSU-1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum. Transcription was verified by isolation of a clone from a cDNA library with a similar restriction map to that observed with genomic DNA. The predicted protein consists of 787 amino acids, has a predicted molecular size of 89.2 kDa, and was found to share strong homology with other endoplasmic reticulum-associated hsp90 proteins.
Postural/Gait and cognitive function as predictors of driving performance in Parkinson's disease

BACKGROUND: The primary influence of motor symptoms on driving performance remains unclear due to the inconsistent use of various motor rating scales used in prior studies. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine which of three measures utilized in PD, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor section; the Modified Hoehn and Yahr; and the Rapid Paced Walk Test would best predict pass/fail outcomes on a road test in a sample of PD drivers. METHODS: All participants (N = 55; 79% men) completed a road test. Receiver Operating Characteristics were then contrasted for all subjects based on assessments from all three disease severity indices. MMSE scores were then modelled with significant disease severity measures (if any) to determine if the predictive accuracy could be improved. RESULTS: The Rapid Paced Walk Test and the Modified Hoehn & Yahr both predicted pass/fail outcomes on the road test (Area under the curve of 0.73 and 0.82, respectively). UPDRS motor scores, however, did not predict safe driving. When optimal cut-off points on the Modified Hoehn & Yahr (≥2.5) and Rapid Paced Walk Test (>6.22 seconds) were modelled with MMSE scores indicative of mild cognitive impairment ( Language: en
Policy Incentives and Constraints on Scientific and Technical Information

Some recent policy changes have given new life to questions about what are appropriate controls on the dissemination of scientific and technical information. Recent changes in the law and decisions by the Supreme Court have helped to foster a climate hospitable to increased proprietary protection in the form of patents, trade secrets, and copyrights. In the interest of national security, the Reagan administration has undertaken a variety of initiatives to limit disclosure of information. Both sorts of policy changes have led to fears that undue constraints are being imposed on the dissemination of scientific and technical information. Proprietary protection has been extended to new subject matters such as microorganisms and computer software and to new institutional settings, in particular, universities. These new proprietary arrangements engender debate about the extent to which patent and copyright policies promote openness as intended and the extent to which a policy of valid trade secret contracts encourages secrecy. The changes in policy have expanded opportunities for universities and university researchers to patent their inventions, and some of our most prestigious institutions are taking advantage of these opportunities. The new policies also seem to have encouraged universities to form a large number and variety of collaborative ties with companies. Some observers voice concern that universities more closely tied to industry will not be able to maintain their autonomy and traditional commitment to openness. Some fear that the climate favoring proprietary protection may erode the scientific community's commitment to openness.
Characteristics of a Laboratory Strain of Coleomegilla maculata with a Novel Heritable Wing Spot Pattern Trait

The lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata is a common New World insect that is naturally colored pink to red or orange with black spots on the forewings of the adult stage. Previous laboratory in-breeding resulted in selection for a strain lacking red pigment in the cuticle and eyes. An additional strain selected for a novel spotting pattern is described here. The inheritance of the new trait, “ten spotted” (10sp), was determined by classical crossing experiments. Inheritance of the trait was autosomal and exhibited incomplete dominance. Bionomic strain measurements were compared to the parental strains and were similar overall. Two expressed sequences from C. maculata that may be related to the new phenotype were compared to model insect genes encoding a melanin biosynthesis enzyme and a patterning transcription factor.
A Senior Level AIS Course Based On The AICPAs Top-Ten Technology Issues

In response to requests from accounting firms and companies that hire graduates of the Culverhouse School of Accountancy (CSA) at the University of Alabama (UA), the CSA was awarded a permanent increase in funding to enhance its Accounting Information Systems (AIS) course offerings. As a result of this, two new faculty were hired to teach AIS courses and a Collaborative Learning Lab (CLL) was constructed in the College of Commerce and Business Administration (CBA) computer center. Prior to this change, the AIS curriculum consisted of one undergraduate course and one graduate course in AIS. Two new courses were added to the curriculum, one each at the graduate and undergraduate levels. This past year I was responsible for the senior level AIS course, Accounting 489 (AC 489). Since there was no pre-specified list of topics to be covered in this course, I decided to use the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) top-ten technology issues list as a basis for the content of the course. This paper briefly describes the AIS curriculum at UA and then discusses challenges faced when defining AC 489, the structure of AC 489, and an evaluation of the course based on my experiences this past year.
Structure-activity relationships leading to WAY-121,520, a tris aryl-type, indomethacin-based, phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor.

We were intrigued by reports of the inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by indomethacin. In order to increase the potency of the indomethacin system as an inhibitor of PLA2, it was decided to make more lipophilic analogs. Indeed, covalent attachment of a quinoline ring to the methoxy substituent of indomethacin affords WAY-122,220 which is almost an order of magnitude more potent than indomethacin in inhibiting human synovial fluid PLA2 (IC50=15 and 145 μM, respectively). TheN−p-chloro-benzyl analog of this compound, WAY-121,520, was an even more potent inhibitor of PLA2 (IC50=4 μM). Structural analyses and molecular modeling suggest that these compounds may inhibit PLA2 by mimicking arachidonic acid. WAY-121,520 is also a potent leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor both in the rat PMN and mouse macrophage assays (IC50=10 and 4 nM, respectively), possibly acting via a 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase) translocation inhibition mechanism. The multiple actions of WAY-121,520 may contribute to its favorable anti-inflammatory profile.
Rate of Population Increase of the Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Peanut Leaves Treated with Pesticides

Several commonly used pesticides were evaluated for their effect on the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) of Tetranychus urticae Koch on peanut to determine whether or not stimulation of mite reproductive potential by pesticides was a factor contributing to mite population increases in peanut fields. Mites fed on peanut leaves treated with mancozeb, carbaryl, and mancozeb + carbaryl had slightly, but consistently, higher rm values than mites fed on leaves from the nontreated check. Mites exposed to peanut leaves treated with ammonical copper, fentin hydroxide, benomyl, and benomyl + mancozeb + carbaryl had slightly, but consistently, lower rm values than mites exposed to the nontreated check. The data suggest that some pesticides can contribute to increased mite populations in peanut fields by stimulation of the mite’s reproductive potential, whereas other pesticides suppress mites by reduction of mite reproductive potential. Two spotted spider mites on peanut leaves exhibited a greater reproductive potential than reports in the literature for other plants. Therefore, when pesticides reduce the factors limiting populations on peanut, this reproductive potential may result in mite population increases.
DOLOS DESIGN USING RELIABILITY METHODS

Historically, concrete armor unit design has not included conventional structural design methods. The primary reason is the lack of knowledge of the loads and the resulting structural response. Also, complex and random boundary conditions and wave loading made the engineering problem difficult. With recent advances in concrete armor unit stress prediction and measurement methods, we can begin to utilize conventional structural design methods in concrete armor design. This paper adapts conventional structural reliability design methods in the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) format to allow a unified approach to both reinforced and unreinforced dolos design. Stress prediction methods are validated for several well known structures. Then LRFD methods are described and applied generically for both unreinforced and reinforced dolos design. The reliability methods described herein are adaptable for general concrete armor unit design.