cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyses of consumers' dietary behavior: An application of the AIDS model to supermarket scanner data

Nationwide food consumption surveys often find no difference in the diets of lower and higher income Americans, while studies of particular food commodities find major differences. These contrasting results represent a consumption paradox. We attempt to gain an understanding of this paradox by using supermarket scanner data to examine food purchases and, by extension, consumption patterns for consumers in two, geographically distinct, income areas. These areas are part of the larger Columbus, OH, metropolitan area (CMA) and six stores are selected for purchase and consumption analyses—three from the lowest income areas of the CMA and three from the highest income areas. Seven product categories are analyzed in this study and these categories are subdivided into meaningful nutritional classes. An Almost Ideal Demand System is employed and the empirical results reveal major differences in consumption behavior for the two groups. [EconLit citations: D120 and D190.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 203–221, 2003.
Metabolism of 14c-labeled plant materials by woodlice (Tracheoniscus rathkei brandt) and soil microorganisms

Abstract 14C-Labeled cottonwood leaves, wheat stems and leaves were fed to woodlice supported on an inert surface or to woodlice on soil containing the natural soil microbial population. Degradation of the plant materials was more rapid and complete for the soil animal—soil microorganism combination than for each separately. The rate of degradation was inversely related to fiber content of plant substrate. The presence of the soil microorganisms was more important for the mineralization of the more fibrous wheat than for the more easily melabolizable cottonwood. The faeces obtained from cottonwood fed woodlice contained little readily available substrate for soil microorganisms but were mineralized at a rather constant rate of 1.5% per day. The hemicellulose containing fraction of the plant was readily metabolized by the woodlice while the ligno-cellulose fraction was not. Antibiotics in the diet did not affect metabolism of the hemicellulose-ligno-cellulose fraction or of previously assimilated label, however, they did limit metabolism of the unfractionated substrate. It is suggested that the gut microbiota competes for readily digestible substrates and does not significantly aid in the digestion of the more resistant plant constituents. The pattern of the total respiration correlated well with the pattern of 14CO2 respiration following periodic feeding of 14C-labeled substrate.
Identification of the novel role of pRB in eye cancer.

Cancer of the eye, though relatively rare, can involve multiple areas. Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer in children, with 3–7 cases per million people per year worldwide. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer in adults, predominately in whites, with annual incidence of six per million people in the United States and Europe. Despite the rarity of retinoblastoma, Knudson's two-hit hypothesis to explain its genesis was substantiated by elegant genetic studies and is viewed as a turning point in cancer research. pRB plays an important role in cell cycle and apoptosis, performing its function through interaction with transcription factors, p53, and MDM2. Unfortunately, advances in eye cancer treatment have not paralleled those in treatment of other sites of cancer. In spite of higher accuracy in early diagnosis, eye-cancer-specific mortalities have remained unchanged for decades, while overall cancer mortality rates have dramatically declined. An extensive literature search revealed that, except for retinoblastoma, few investigations had been done on the pRB pathway in eye cancers even though altered pRB expression has been associated with a number of cancers. Early detection of eye cancer is critical for the prognosis of both vision and survival. Mutation analysis should become an integral part of future management of patients with eye cancer. Characterization of the mutational pattern of RB1 is crucial in identifying predisposition for cancer of many sites including the eye. Furthermore, cost-effective and efficient genetic mutation screen testing methods, which can be used to categorize mutant RB1 carriers, are needed. Illumination of genetic insights can guide clinicians to develop a rational strategy for cancer treatment and help predict prognosis in cancer patients. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wake and base-bleed flow downstream of bluff bodies with different geometry

Abstract The present paper investigates flow characteristics of wake and base-bleed flow downstream of two bluff bodies, with different cross-sectional geometries, arranged side by side. The bluff bodies adopted include two-dimensional flat plates, square cylinders, and circular cylinders. The two-body arrangements are comprised of flat plate and square cylinder, flat plate and circular cylinder, and square cylinder and circular cylinder. Two sets of models are adopted, these being bluff bodies with the same cross-sectional dimension but with different vortex shedding frequencies, and bluff bodies with different cross-sectional dimensions but with the same vortex shedding frequency. The results demonstrate that the characteristics of wake and base-bleed flow are significantly related to the cross-sectional geometries of the bluff body. The gap flow tends to deflect toward the narrow-wake side downstream of the two-body arrangement. The biasing characteristic of the gap flow is relatively unstable as the widths of the wake downstream of each bluff body are nearly the same.
Activity Patterns and Microhabitat Selection in a Desert Tenebrionid Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Modification of diel and seasonal activity patterns and microhabitat selection are two means by which an organism may reduce environmental stress. A field study was conducted to determine whether activity patterns of Eleodes obscura (Say) would be geared to those times and places that minimize water loss. Results of the field study indicate that E. obscura maintained greatest activity at those times when heat load was minimal and in those microhabitats that were more moist and cooler. These temperature and habitat preferences apparently serve to lessen water stress.
Colorectal Surgeons: Gender Differences in Perceptions of a Career

The outlook of surgeons is changing. There has been recent interest in looking at job perception towards general surgery, which further has been divided into looking at gender differences. A questionnaire with nine sections/63 questions was mailed to all 1799 ASCRS members (244 women) who were on the ASCRS mailing list from the USA. The returned questionnaires were analyzed. A total of 498/1,799 (28%) were returned; 109/498 were female (22%), which represented 109/244 (45%) of the ASCRS female membership vs.389/1,655 (23%) of the ASCRS male membership. The mean age was 49 years (females 42 years, males 51 years, p $350,000 vs. 33% MCR. More MCR found work atmosphere (p < 0.004) and casemix (p < 0.001) were satisfactory elements of their job. A majority of the colorectal surgeons polled, would not change their careers however more FCR (21%) than MCR (13%) would do so (p = 0.03). When queried specifically, FCR also indicated they affected the OR in a positive way (p < 0.001). FCR were more sensitive to their colleagues opinion of their capabilities (p < 0.001), MCR however felt that their colleagues had a high impression of their capabilities (p < 0.001). FCR agreed that women mentors were few because of lack of time (p < 0.001) and also felt their views were not considered when executive decisions were made (p < 0.001). Interestingly, proportionally more younger, single FCR than MCR returned the questionnaires. The significance of this finding is uncertain. Acknowledgment of these differences will promote more understanding and job satisfaction in both academic and private practice.
The Selective Uptake of Benzoporphyrin Derivative Mono‐Acid Ring A Results in Differential Cell Kill of Multiple Myeloma Cells in vitro

High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous bone marrow/blood stem cell transplantation are an effective combination for treating a number of malignant disorders. The contamination of the autograft by malignant cells may be a reason for recurrences in spite of this treatment, for instance, in multiple myeloma. Therefore, we evaluated the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative mono-acid ring A (BPD-MA) on multiple myeloma cells in comparison to the components of the normal bone marrow (NBM) and peripheral blood apheresis product. Flow cytometry was used to measure differential BPDMA uptake of NBM components: namely lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and enriched hematopoietic stem cell (CD34+) populations and also the multiple myeloma cell lines OCI-MY7 and OCI-MY4. When each population was measured individually, the order of uptake was [OCI-MY7/MY4] > [CD34+] > [granulocytes] = [monocytes] ≫ [lymphocytes]. Further, clonogenic assay was used to demonstrate surviving fractions for OCI-MY7, OCI-MY4 and NBM in vitro. The LD90 for OCI-MY7 and OCI-MY4 was between 10 and 20 ng/mL BPD-MA whereas this concentration did not show any significant cell kill for the colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and burst-forming units—erythrocyte (BFU-E). When the NBM was “contaminated” with multiple myeloma cells in vitro, the LD90 for OCI-MY7 in this cell mixture was shifted to between 40 and 80 ng/mL BPD-MA. However, at 40 ng/ mL BPD-MA at least 50% of normal CFU-GM and BFU-E colonies survived. For CFU-GM and BFU-E derived from the enriched CD34+ cell population, BPDMA up to a concentration of 80 ng/mL did not significantly reduce the surviving fractions. We have observed a 3–4 log therapeutic window with differential cell kill when comparing multiple myeloma cell lines to the components of the NBM and apheresis product in vitro. We conclude, that BPD-MA is a molecule potentially useful as an ex vivo purging agent.
The modeling of unusual rate sensitivities inside and outside the dynamic strain aging regime

The viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) is altered by introducing an augmentation function into the dynamic recovery term of the growth law of the equilibrium stress, which is a tensor valued state variable of the model. It is a measure of the defect structure of metals and alloys. The flow law is unaltered but affected by the equilibrium stress whose growth is modified by the augmentation function. The augmentation function does not affect the initial, quasi-elastic region but exhibits a strong influence on the long-time, asymptotic solution that applies approximately when the flow stress is reached in a laboratory experiment. On the basis of the long-time asymptotic solution positive (stress increases with strain rate), zero (no influence of strain rate) and negative rate sensitivity (stress decreases with an increase in strain rate) can be easily modeled. In the simplest case the augmentation function is a constant and the rate sensitivity remains equal throughout the deformation. The modeling of a change from one kind of rate sensitivity, say negative, to another, say positive can be accomplished by making the augmentation function dependent on the accumulated, effective inelastic strain. The theory is applied to model the varying rate sensitivity of a modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, which changes from negative, to zero and to positive with temperature. The unusual rate sensitivities are modeled well together with relaxation and strain rate change tests.
Helicobacter pylori and Meckel's diverticula.

Background Helicobacter pylori is known to infect only gastric mucosa and is strongly associated with gastroduodenal ulceration. The authors studied whether H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of Meckel's diverticula, and determined its relationship to "gastritis" and bleeding. Methods A 10-year retrospective review identified 45 children with Meckel's diverticulum. Hematoxylin-eosin and Diff-Quik stains were used to assess the presence and severity of gastritis, and to highlight organisms in the resected diverticula. Cases with organisms were then studied with antibodies specific for H. pylori using immunoperoxidase methods. Results Twenty-eight children, 7 months to 12.6 years of age, had lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by Meckel's diverticulum and had positive radionuclide scans. All had acid-secreting mucosa in their diverticula, and ulceration. "Chronic gastritis" and eosinophilia were constant findings; "acute gastritis" was present in four patients. Twenty specimens exhibited lymphoid follicles in the gastric mucosa. Seventeen patients with Meckel's diverticula (age range, 1 month-14.7 years) who presented with acute abdominal pain associated with intussusception were used for comparison. Acid-secreting gastric mucosa was seen in four patients. H. pylori was identified in only one of the 45 patients; this patient had ulceration and moderate "acute gastritis." Conclusions H. pylori does not colonize a substantial number of children who have ulcerated and bleeding Meckel's diverticulum in the presence of acid-secreting mucosa. Although H. pylori is a notable cause of ulceration, the authors confirm that ulceration is possible in its absence, and alternative mechanisms of ulceration are important. The presence of lymphoid follicles in Meckel's diverticula, unlike gastric biopsies, is not associated with H. pylori.
Overview of Computed Tomography

The evolution of computed tomography (CT) as a viable medical tool will be considered from the time of the introduction of the original EMI CT Scanner, to the status of current and planned CT x-ray scanners. Changes in physical and engineering parameters, such as spatial resolution, noise levels, radiation dose, scan time, and reconstruction time, will be discussed. Limitations imposed by finite radiation dose on certain of these parameters will also be discussed. Differences between x-ray CT and conventional radiography will be illustrated by use of appropriate physical models and performance levels. A brief examination of the development of computed tomography in other medical diagnostic areas, such as nuclear medicine, ultrasound and heavy particle utilization, will be presented.
Design of glass filter combinations for photometers.

Two nonlinear curve-fitting computer programs have been developed for designing subtractive glass filter combinations for use in photoelectric photometers. One program adjusts the filter thicknesses to minimize the sum of squares of errors at each wavelength and is thus useful in designing a general purpose instrument. The second program minimizes the errors in the photometric measurements of preselected light sources. Filters for correcting various photoelectric detectors to the CIE luminous efficiency function are specified. Several spectral response functions have been utilized including S-4, S-10, S-11, S-20 types, and those of typical silicon diodes, and selenium cells. Practical photometer designs with predicted measurement errors of less than 0.1% are presented.
Cancer family caregivers during the palliative, hospice, and bereavement phases: a review of the descriptive psychosocial literature.

Objective Because caregiving to an adult with cancer is a dynamic process, a caregiver's perceived burden and psychosocial concerns may be different at different phases of the patient's disease. There is evidence of escalation in caregiver anxiety, depression, and psychological distress as the patient's functional status declines and as the patient nears death. The purpose of this review was to organize the literature in a meaningful way that can potentially capture the unique needs of caregivers to patients receiving palliative and/or hospice care, and caregivers who are in the post-death bereavement phase. Method A systematic review was conducted. Major databases were searched for non-intervention descriptive studies that included psychosocial variables of family caregivers to adults with cancer during the palliative, hospice, or bereavement phases. Results The 19 studies reviewed were conducted in six countries and varied considerably by samples, outcome measures, methodologies, and analytic approaches. Despite limiting to the palliative, hospice, and bereavement phases, inconsistent results were found for key variables, such as age, gender, and relationship to the patient. When patient-caregiver dyad analysis was conducted, with rare exception, there was mutuality between the patient's condition and the caregiver's response. Across the 19 studies, 89 unique instruments were used, almost half of which were study specific with no psychometric testing reported. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH: As a direct consequence of assuming the caregiver role, cancer family caregivers in the palliative, hospice, and bereavement phases are at increased risk for physical and mental morbidity. Often, the psychological burden of the caregiver exceeds that of the critically ill patient. It is possible that distressed caregivers have a deleterious influence on patient well-being. This review demonstrates the need to develop research standards, especially regarding measurement instruments, so that caregiver research can mature and interventions can be developed to support family caregivers.
Molecular Structure and Ordering of Phospholipids at a Liquid−Liquid Interface

Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy in conjunction with interfacial pressure measurements provides direct information about the molecular structure of phosphocholine monolayers adsorbed to the interface between D2O and carbon tetrachloride. Monolayers form from breakup at the interface of aqueous phase phosphocholine vesicles. For the saturated, symmetric, dialkylphosphocholines used in this study, alkyl chain conformation as inferred from the relative intensity of CH stretch vibrational bands depends on both alkyl chain length and interfacial concentration. Temperature-controlled experiments show the lipid bilayer gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature to play a pivotal role in determining interfacial coverage and alkyl chain structure. At equivalent interfacial coverages, longer chain phosphocholine species form more disordered monolayers than shorter chain phosphocholines.
Prism-Coupled Silica Micro-tube Resonator as a Bio-sensor

Prism coupled silica micro-tubes were studied as optical bio-sensing elements. We demonstrated to sense the glucose concentration change in the micro-tube and the smallest concentration change can be detected in our system is 0.3 mM.
Surface-Specific Efficacy of Fluoride Varnish in Caries Prevention in the Primary Dentition: Results of a Community Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives: Fluoride varnish (FV) is efficacious in caries prevention although its effects among different tooth surfaces are poorly understood. This study sought
African Americans’ Image Attributes and Preferences for Ethnic or International Restaurants

The last decade has seen an increase in the number of ethnic restaurants in the United States. With the American demographic becoming more diverse and changing food trends, the objective of this study was to investigate African American college students’ food habits, the importance of image attributes and preferences in selecting an ethnic restaurant. The findings revealed a hierarchy of preferences and the most important image attributes were cleanliness and quality of food. Four image attributes discriminated three groups of ethnic restaurant patrons, namely, frequent, less frequent, and more frequent patrons. Marketing implications for foodservice operations is discussed.
Analytical design for Kerr-lens mode locking of compact solid-state lasers

An analytical solution for soft-aperturing Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM) of compact non-astigmatic three-element resonators is derived using non-linear ABCD ray matrix method. It is directly applicable to any three-element resonator configuration. General properties of compact resonators and the dependence of the Kerr non-linear strength on the resonator parameters are discussed. Selection guidelines on non-linear crystal length, focal length of the focusing element, and other cavity parameters for effective KLM are provided.
Examining supply chain networks using V‐A‐T material flow analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of V‐A‐T analysis in the management of supply chain networks.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a conceptual overview of V‐A‐T analysis as a procedure for categorizing manufacturing facilities, and explores the use of V‐A‐T analysis as a technique for the management of supply chain networks.Findings – There are several challenges to the effective management of supply chain networks. However, organizations can overcome these challenges by understanding the nature of network control points as revealed through the application of V‐A‐T analysis on their supply chains.Research limitations/implications – The paper is conceptual in nature and must be validated through empirical research studies.Practical Implications – The concepts presented can be used by supply chain professionals to increase the likelihood of effective supply chain management within their organizations, and by supply chain researchers to further explore the use of V‐A‐T a...
Positronium origin of 476 keV galactic feature.

LEVENTHAL1 has noticed that the γ-ray spectrum due to the annihilation of positronium, which consists of two 511 keV photons from the singlet state and three photons from the triplet state, produces a spectral feature (line) with an apparent peak at an energy less than 511 keV when viewed with a γ-ray telescope having a Gaussian energy resolution. With the energy resolution of the telescope2 used to detect the 1.8 × 10−3 cm−2 s−1 galactic feature at 476 ± 24 keV, Leventhal1 calculates that the observed peak will lie at 490 keV. I calculate, moreover, that if the positronium spectrum sits atop a steeply falling continuum due to other sources, as is observed, then the apparent peak can easily fall near 476 keV where it was observed. Furthermore, the actual data2 on the observed feature look like a positronium feature, because there are very few (statistically zero) photons (as opposed to pulses) with energies greater than about 511 keV, indicating a sudden drop in the spectrum there. I therefore take Leventhal's suggestion seriously and show here that explosive nucleosynthesis is a plausible source of the positrons.
Carl von Clausewitz, enlightenment philosopher: A comparative analysis

(1988). Carl von Clausewitz, enlightenment philosopher: A comparative analysis. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 7-19.
The History of Minimally Invasive Surgery

This article summarizes the evolution of minimally invasive surgery in general and highlights the milestones specific to the field of colorectal surgery. Early endoscopy, conventional laparoscopy, hand-assisted surgery, single-incision surgery, natural orifice surgery, and robotic colorectal surgery are reviewed.
Developmental evidence against the theoretical distinction between Horn and pragmatic scales

Abstract A theoretical distinction between Horn and pragmatic scales that are instrumental in generating scalar implicatures (SIs) is widely accepted in neo-Gricean pragmatics; at the same time, this distinction has been questioned in some neo-Gricean and post-Gricean accounts of SIs. In order to explore whether or not this distinction has a reflex on the way in which children acquire SIs, I tested 40 children (4;3-7;7) on computing SIs based on Horn and pragmatic scales. If this distinction is postulated, children are predicted to perform better on computing SIs based on Horn scales. In my experiment, children did significantly better on computing SIs based on pragmatic scales. Moreover, children performed worse on certain Horn scales than on the pragmatic scales, and better on other Horn scales than on the pragmatic scales. I provide theoretical reasons against distinguishing between Horn and pragmatic scales, and propose my own Context-based QUD account of SIs on which children's performance on computing SIs is a function of challenges presented by individual scales. I identify three major linguistic and cognitive acquisitional challenges presented by scales, and how these predict the timeline of SI acquisition.
Fast-flow microwave discharge studies of the system cabon tetrafluoride-carbon tetrachloride

Abstract Fast-flow microwave-induced glow discharge studies were carried out in systems containing CCl 4 and CF 4 at pressures in the region of 10-100 mTorr. The purpose of these investigations was to obtain information bearing on possible mechanistic steps in similar mixtures under γ-radiolysis. It was found that fragments from a discharge in CF 4 readily attack CCl 4 added downstream by displacement and abstraction processes giving cholorofluoromethanes and there is a similar although much less extensive attack of fragments from CCl 4 reacting with CF 4 . Two-carbon fragments were noted in the mass spectrometer used to monitor the reactions only from discharges containing both compounds, indicating formation of chlorofluoroethanes by radical-radical combination reactions. There is some evidence for reactions involving difluorocarbene. These and other observations are consistent with the result of radiolysis experiments.
Efficient Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion using Spinach Photosystem II (PSII) in Lipid Multilayer Films

The need for clean, renewable energy has fostered research into photovoltaic alternatives to silicon solar cells. Pigment–protein complexes in green plants convert light energy into chemical potential using redox processes that produce molecular oxygen. Here, we report the first use of spinach protein photosystem II (PSII) core complex in lipid films in photoelectrochemical devices. Photocurrents were generated from PSII in a ∼2 μm biomimetic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) film on a pyrolytic graphite (PG) anode with PSII embedded in multiple lipid bilayers. The photocurrent was ∼20 μA cm−2 under light intensity 40 mW cm−2. The PSII–DMPC anode was used in a photobiofuel cell with a platinum black mesh cathode in perchloric acid solution to give an output voltage of 0.6 V and a maximum output power of 14 μW cm−2. Part of this large output is related to a five-unit anode–cathode pH gradient. With catholytes at higher pH or no perchlorate, or using an MnO2 oxygen-reduction cathode, the power output was smaller. The results described raise the possibility of using PSII–DMPC films in small portable power conversion devices.
Catalysis of the dephosphorylation of an ATP-molybdate complex by calcium and magnesium ions

Calcium and magnesium catalyze the dephosphorylation of a molybdate complex of adenosine triphosphate but not the corresponding molybdate complex of adenosine disphosphate. We conclude that catalysis of breaking the bond between the beta and gamma phosphates involves metal chelation of the alpha and beta phosphates. ATP hydrolysis with calcium was stimulated by phosphate, apparently because of formation of a calcium-phosphomolybdate complex. The reaction with magnesium, which does not form a comparable complex, was not affected by phosphate. Strontium, cadmium, and barium behaved like calcium. The reactions with transition metal cations showed autoinhibition.
Purification and characterization of guinea pig serum aminoacylproline hydrolase (aminopeptidase P).

Aminoacylproline hydrolase (EC 3.4.11.9) of guinea pig serum has been obtained as two apparently homogeneous isoforms. Dialyzed serum was chromatographed successively on Affi-gel blue, hydroxyapatite, DE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose, an affinity matrix for angiotensin converting enzyme and concanavalin-Sepharose. On the latter matrix, 68% of the enzyme activity was eluted with α-methyl mannoside at 10 and 100 mM, and 29% was eluted with α-methyl glucoside, 500 mM, at 56°C. The two fractions (‘biantennary’ and ‘high mannose’ fractions, respectively) were concentrated and then chromatographed separately on Sephacryl S-200HR. Both fractions were eluted as expected for a globular protein of Mr 217 000. On SDS-PAGE, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, each of the concanavalin-Sepharose fractions was separated into two protein bands, Mr 89 000 and Mr 81 500. Each of the bands was found to be N-blocked when N-terminal amino acid sequencing was attempted. The reaction of the ‘biantennary’ fraction with the synthetic substrate Arg-Pro-Pro-[3H]benzylamide was characterized in part: Km 0.7 μM, kcat 124.6min−1, kcat/Km 1.78·108M−1min−1. Hydrolysis of the substrate was strongly inhibited by bradykinin and those of its lower homologs that contain two adjacent proline residues. Cu2+ was strongly inhibitory. Co2+ at 30 μM activated the enzyme, as did Mn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ at higher concentrations. Sulfhydryl compounds, including captopril, inhibited the enzyme as did 1,10-phenanthroline. Iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide had no effects, but 4-hydroxymercuribenzoate conferred a partial inhibition over a remarkably wide concentration range: 0.34–1400 μM. Amastatin and bestatin did not inhibit the enzyme. Aminoacylproline hydrolase of guinea pig serum appears to be a heterogeneous, glycosylated metallo-enzyme with a high affinity for bradykinin and related peptides in which the sequence Pro-Pro, Xaa-Pro-Pro or Xaa-Pro-Hyp is N-terminal.
Periodontitis vs. Peri-Implantitis : The Same Disease? The Same Treatment?

The microbial flora in the natural dentition sulcus/pocket and the implant crevice/pocket is very similar in both health and disease. In health, coccal forms predominate, and in disease, large numbers of Gram-negative pathogens are associated with both tooth and implant. It has also been demonstrated that the bacteria in the partially edentulous implant case may be more pathogenic (especially Gram-negative rods and spirochetes) than in the fully edentulous case, indicating a possible seeding mechanism from tooth pocket to implant crevice. Detoxification procedures involving the use of tetracycline and citric acid prior to regenerative procedures with the use of barrier membranes and grafting materials are necessary, and the same problems attendant to premature exposure of the barrier membrane(s) in the natural dentition situation apply to the implant case. It is apparent that periodontitis = peri-implantitis in etiology and therapy.
Design, development and validation of sensors for a Simulation Environment for Autonomous Robots

Sonar and odometer sensors were developed and integrated into the Simulation Environment for Autonomous Robots (SEAR). These new sensors were then validated against a standard simulator, ROSStage as well as on an actual iRobot Create robot using Robot Operating System (ROS). In each simulator, an environment was created to match the real-world test environment. Measurements from the sensors were recorded as the robot (or robot model) was controlled via ROS user code.
CALCULATING THE COST OF TRANSFERRING STUDENTS FROM PAROCHIAL TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN EXAMINATION AND CRITIQUE

Public sector aid to K-12 parochial schools is often justified on the basis that providing assistance is cheaper than having to absorb all those students into public school systems. But is it? The cost of transferring students from parochial to public K-12 schools has never been satisfactorily calculated. This article points to the weaknesses in previous efforts and outlines the elements that must be present in a comprehensive estimate of transfer costs.
Effects of environmentally realistic daily temperature variation on pesticide toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

The toxicity of several agricultural chemicals to aquatic invertebrates has been shown to be temperature-dependent, but the role of daily temperature variation has rarely been examined. The authors simulated a natural daily temperature pattern (a fluctuating cycle of 21 °C to 31 °C over a 24-h period) based on field-collected data from Southern High Plains wetlands (TX, USA) and conducted a series of experiments comparing responses from this exposure scenario to a constant exposure at 24 ± 1 °C. Results indicate alterations in pesticide toxicity under the fluctuating temperature regime compared with that of the constant temperature exposure. There was a significant interaction of temperature regime and bifenthrin on Chironomus dilutus survival, and C. dilutus ash-free dry mass was lower in the fluctuating temperature treatment. The 10-d median lethal concentration (LC50) for Hyalella azteca exposed to chlorothalonil was lower under the fluctuating temperature regime compared with the constant temperature regime. For Daphnia magna exposed to malathion, the main effects of temperature regime and malathion were observed on cholinesterase activity. The present study demonstrates how environmentally relevant daily temperature variation influences contaminant effects on aquatic invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2738–2745. © 2013 SETAC
Conformation of oligo(ethylene glycol) grafted polystyrene in dilute aqueous solutions

Temperature induced conformational changes of poly(p-oligo(ethylene glycol) styrene) (POEGS) in aqueous solutions were investigated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS), neutron transmission and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The molecular weight of the polymer studied was 9400 g/mol with a polydispersity index of 1.18 and each repeat unit of the polymer had four ethylene glycol monomer segments. The polymer was water soluble due to the hydrophilicity of the OEG side chains and these solutions showed lower critical solution temperature (LCST) depending on the concentration of the polymer. Measurements of solution behavior were made as a function of temperature in the range of 25e 55 � C for three polymer concentrations (0.1 wt%, 0.3 wt%, and 1.8 wt%). Neutron transmission measurements were used to monitor the amount of polymer which precipitated or remained in solution above the cloud point temperature (TCP). DLS revealed the presence of large clusters in all solutions both below and above TCP while SANS provided information on the structure and interactions between individual chains. It was found that in the homogeneous region below TCP the shape of individual polymers in solution was close to ellipsoidal with the dimensions Ra ¼ 37 A˚
Stigma Directed toward Chronic Illness is Resistant to Change Through Education and Exposure

In the mid-1980s, research reported that people living with HIV were viewed differently on measures of competence, dependence, morbidity, depression, and moral worth from those living with other chronic illnesses. 443 students were surveyed to evaluate present attitudes in comparison to this earlier research. The usefulness of imaginal exposure, i.e., imagining a loved one living with HIV, in reducing stigma toward people with HIV was also investigated. Analysis indicated no difference in the rating of AIDS and cancer patients on measures of competence, depression, and morbidity and patients with heart disease, the latter being rated significantly less competent and more depressed than AIDS or cancer patients. AIDS patients were rated significantly less dependent than cancer and heart disease patients. While these results suggest that stigma associated with an HIV/AIDS diagnosis, in general, may have decreased over the years, ratings of moral worth were still lower for AIDS patients than for patients with...
Professor Dr Saleh Afiff: An appreciation

You learn a lot from working with someone for over three and a half decades, and we both worked with Saleh Afiff for much of his professional life. The news of his sudden death on 28 June 2005, at ...
The Economics of Health Insurance

Insurance plays an important role in the United States, most importantly in but not limited to medical care. The authors introduce basic economic concepts that make medical care and health insurance different from other goods and services traded in the market. They emphasize that competitive pricing in the marketplace for insurance leads, quite rationally, to risk classification, market segmentation, and market failure. The article serves as a springboard for understanding the basis of the reforms that regulate the health insurance market in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
A computer integrated system for autonomous management of production (illustrated by applications in textile manufacturing)

A computer-based manufacturing decision system prototype that can be implemented in a wide variety of production workplaces to aid in identifying production problems, production-improvement opportunities, and appropriate management actions is described. The system described is designed to access production-performance data, to identify symptoms of poor performance, to diagnose likely causes of poor performance, and to recommend actions that will best meet production objectives. The system integrates statistical, expert system and management science methods into a set of modules that aid production managers in acute and long-term management. An implementation of the system for use in autonomous management of textile production and as a management decision aid is described and used in the specific case of managing weaving facilities. >
Releasing the Pause Button: Mothering Twins during the First Year of Life

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to investigate the basic social psychological problem mothers of twins experience during the first year after delivery and the process they use to resolve this fundamental problem. Life on hold was the basic social psychological problem that mothers of twins experienced during the first year of their twins' lives. Releasing the pause button was the four-stage process mothers progressed through as they attempted to resume their own lives. These four phases were (a) draining power, (b) pausing own life, (c) striving to reset, and (d) resuming own life. The most vulnerable period for mothers of twins is the first 3 months postpartum. Intensive interventions need to be in place to support women during this time.
Age-period-cohort analysis: an illustration of the problems in assessing interaction in one observation per cell data

This paper discusses the specific problems of age-period-cohort (A-P-C) analysis within the general framework of interaction assessment for two-way cross-classified data with one observation per cell. The A-P-C multiple classification model containing the effects of age groups (rows), periods of observation (columns), and birth cohorts (diagonals of the two-way table) is characterized as one of a special class of models involving interaction terms assumed to have very specific forms. The so-called A-P-C identification problem, which results from the use of a particular interaction structure for detecting cohort effects, is shown to manifest itself in the form of an exact linear dependency among the columns of the design matrix. The precise relationship holding among these columns is derived, as is an explicit formula for the bias in the parameter estimates resulting from an incorrect specification of an assumed restriction on the parameters required to solve the normal equations. Current methods for model...
A PERSONAL ACCOUNT OF DEVELOPING THE STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE TO ERADICATE THE SCREWWORM FROM CURACAO, FLORIDA AND THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

The history is recounted of developing the sterile insect technique to eradicate the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), from the Caribbean island of Curacao, Florida and the southeastern U.S. Observations of screwworm biology and challenges faced in conducting these eradication projects are described by the author who worked on all aspects of the research and field operations. Eradication was first demonstrated on Curacao, essentially a 170 mi2 outdoor laboratory. The population dynamics of the wild screwworm was determined and overflooding ratios and dispersal patterns essential for population suppression were defined. Eradication was achieved with minimal resources by attacking the pest during the time of year when it is least abundant. In Florida, eradication was greatly facilitated by an unusually cold winter that reduce the range and density of the target population. Eradication could not be attained easily by only suppressing the reproduction of adult screwworms. The larval population also had to be reduced to increase the ratio of sterile to wild males. It was essential to control the immature stages by diligent inspection and treatment of animal wounds. Leadership of the cattle producers was critical not only for securing program resources from the clientele, state legislatures and U.S. Congress, but also for gaining the cooperation of virtually all livestock owners. Additionally, leadership was required to acquire adequate research, extension and public information resources. Lessons learned from this work were corroborated repeatedly as the screwworm eradication program moved into the Southwest, Mexico and the Central America.
Environmental sustainability of emerging algal biofuels: A comparative life cycle evaluation of algal biodiesel and renewable diesel

Holistic evaluation via a life cycle based approach is critical for guiding the environmentally conscious development of emerging microalgal biofuel pathways. This study models the energy return on investment (EROI) and life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for producing algal derived biodiesel and renewable diesel under different production pathways—consisting of a combination of algal cultivation, harvesting, extraction, and coproduct utilization scenarios. The results indicate that in the base-case scenario(s) the EROI for microalgae fuels range from 0.26 to 1.20 with GHG emissions ranging from 50 to 240 gCO2 equivalent/MJ-fuel depending on the choice of cultivation variables, coproduct utilization options, and processing technologies. In the improved scenario(s), algal fuels have an EROI ranging from 0.81 to 2.01 and GHG emissions ranging from 30 to 90 gCO2 eq./MJ-fuel. Furthermore, improved scenarios with favorable EROI and GHG emissions profile for microalgal biofuels are plagued with high technological uncertainty. This suggests that broad advances in algal technologies are required if algal fuels are to be competitive with other leading second generation and advanced biofuels. The choice of fuel conversion technology was found to have a comparatively small impact on overall life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions. Therefore, the choice of fuel product may be based on other criteria such as fuel storage stability and compatibility with transportation fuel infrastructure. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 926–936, 2013
Spawning locations and movement of Kootenai River white sturgeon

Summary The Kootenai River white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, an endangered species, spawns within an 18-km reach in the Kootenai River, Idaho, river kilometer (rkm) 228.0-246.0. Preliminary observations of adult white sturgeon have shown what appeared to be a progressive upstream movement during the spawning season, spawning over sand substrate seldom reaching the typical sturgeon spawning habitat of gravel and cobble located upstream of rkm 244.6. This behavior may be unusual for a white sturgeon population. The primary objecttive of this paper is to compare, within each spawning season and between seasons, the spatial and temporal pattern of egg collections (as an indicator of spawning location) and the spatial and temporal pattern of suspected spawners, as determined by their movement from 1994 to 1999. Adult white sturgeon were tagged with sonic and radio transmitters. Artificial substrate mats were deployed within three sampling reaches to determine approximate spawning locations and timing in reference to locations of spawners. Eggs were collected 207 different times from 1994 to 1999, including 123 times in the lower reach and 84 times in the middle reach. White sturgeon demonstrated a consistent temporal pattern of shifting spawning location as the season progressed, first spawning in the lower reach and then moving upstream to the middle reach. A total of 1234 contacts of potential spawners were made during May and June for the years 1994-1999. Some spawners were located in as many as four different locations from which eggs were collected within a season. There appeared to be at least five primary spawning locations, most in the vicinity of outside bends. This movement and temporal spawning pattern appears to be unique when compared with published studies on other sturgeon populations. Companion studies indicate that the species is not recruiting despite mitigative measures, and white sturgeon are thought to be spawning in unsuitable habitat. The combination of movement by white sturgeon within this sandy reach during the spawning season and spawning in unsuitable habitat may be contributing to the failure of recruitment. Present measures to recover the population may be inadequate. Further study is needed to determine if this movement pattern is caused by changing water velocities. Also, if historic spawning locations cannot be identified and rehabilitated, then we suggest consideration be given to habitat enhancement measures at the present spawning locations.
Paper to PDA

A system is described for the automatic analysis of a document image into atomic fragments (e.g. word images) that can be reconstructed or "reflowed" onto a display device of arbitrary size, depth, and aspect ratio. The main intent is to allow scans and other page-image documents to be viewed effectively on a limited-resolution hand-held computing device, without any errors and losses due to OCR and retypesetting. The methods of image analysis and representation are described.
Divided-pulse amplification of ultrashort pulses

We propose and demonstrate a new approach, to the best of our knowledge, for avoiding nonlinear effects in the amplification of ultrashort optical pulses. The initial pulse is divided longitudinally into a sequence of lower-energy pulses that are otherwise identical to the original, except for the polarization. The low-intensity pulses are amplified and then recombined to create a final intense pulse. This divided-pulse amplification complements techniques based on dispersion management.
Surgical wound infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management

Surgical wound infection remains a significant problem following an operation, although surveillance for such infections remains a challenge exacerbated by early discharge and outpatient surgery. The riskof such infections isdetermined by technical problems with the operation, particularly bleeding, the amount of devitalized tissue created, and the need for drains within the wound, as well as such metabolic factors as obesity and diabetes. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis can decrease the incidence of such infections further, but a technically perfect operation is even more important.
Predicting Date Rape Perceptions The Effects of Gender, Gender Role Attitudes, and Victim Resistance

The effects of participant gender and victim resistance on date rape perceptions have been inconsistent. Participant gender role attitudes may contribute to these inconsistencies. We found women with traditional gender role attitudes were least likely to agree that the perpetrator was guilty of rape. Participants were less convinced of the perpetrator's guilt when the victim resisted verbally than when she resisted verbally and physically, and participants with traditional gender role attitudes were less convinced of the negative impact on the victim when she resisted verbally than when she resisted verbally and physically. Perhaps previous inconsistencies resulted from varying proportions of men and women with traditional versus liberal gender role attitudes in the samples.