cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of retrograde adsorption in supercritical fluids

Abstract The effect of near-critical conditions on the adsorption breakthrough curves of three different solutes in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied in a fixed bed adsorber using a bonded silica stationary phase. The experimental data were taken at two different temperature conditions (308 and 323 K) at a pressure of 90 bar. In this regime, the increase in column retention time, under which we term retrograde adsorption conditions, is quite evident and leads to an increase in the efficiency of the adsorption column as a separation device when purifying the gas stream from dilute contaminants. We also evaluated a ternary separation in the naphthalene–benzoic acid–carbon dioxide system attempting to purify binary mixtures of naphthalene and benzoic acid. We show that column performance, as a solute separation device for these components, is degraded relative to what we expected from studying each individual component's adsorption data in supercritical carbon dioxide. This result would be consistent with strong synergistic effects between these two solute species, in the near-critical fluid phase, a result that has been reported in the prior literature.
Food allergy and asthma morbidity in children.

Background Coexisting food allergy and asthma is a significant problem in the pediatric population. Studies have looked at the association between food sensitization and asthma severity. It is unknown whether specific food allergies are associated with increased asthma morbidity. Objective We studied the independent effect that allergy to egg, milk, fish, and peanut has on the number of hospitalizations and courses of systemic steroids in children with asthma. Methods We performed a medical record review to evaluate the effect food allergy to egg, fish, peanut, and milk has on asthma morbidity. We reviewed the records of 201 children aged 3 months to 14 years with the diagnosis of asthma (ICD-9 codes 493.90, 493.91, and 493.92), of which 88 had coexistent food allergy. All children in the food allergy group had food-specific IgE concentrations greater than the 95% positive predictive value. We compared the rate of hospitalizations and use of systemic steroids between children with asthma and food allergies and those without coexisting food allergy using direct-entry, multiple regression analysis. Patients were adjusted for the severity of their asthma based on symptoms documented at their first visit to the allergist according to the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines and presence of environmental allergy, eczema, smoke exposure, and gastroesophageal reflux. Results Peanut and milk allergies were both associated with increased number of hospitalizations (P = 0.009, 0.016), and milk allergy was associated with increased use of systemic steroids (P = 0.001). Conclusion Peanut and milk allergies were associated with increased hospitalization and steroid use and may serve as early markers for increased asthma morbidity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:489–495. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of on line sensors during growth of the dichloroethane degrading bacterium xanthobacter autotrophicus

On-line flow microcalorimetry and fluorometry were applied to the growth of Xanthobacter autotrophicus, a bacterium that is capable of growth on a variety of haloaliphatic compounds as sole carbon sources, and produces a drag-reducing extracellular polysaccharide slime. High correlations were observed between the on-line measurements and the off-line biomass indicators of optical density, cell dry weight, membrane carotenoid pigment extract and the levels of two constitutively produced dehalogenases. Culture fluorescence, in the latter stages of growth, reflected an accumulation of products in the growth medium. The present study demonstrated that on-line monitoring techniques are sufficiently reliable to eliminate the necessity of sample processing, following an initial characterization of the specific microbial process.
Test of Theoretical Absorption Band Model Approximations

Three approximations to theoretical absorption band models have recently been proposed by Plass. Experimental studies of total band absorptances for N2O, CO2, CH4, and CO show that only the “weak line approximation” is actually completely fulfilled; the “strong line approximation” is realized only for large values of total absorptance corresponding to near saturation. The validity of the “nonoverlapping approximation” could not be determined easily from the data except under conditions for which the strong line approximation would also be expected to apply. Considerable deviation from this approximation was found and has been attributed to the presence of lines that remain weak even for large absorber concentrations. Quantitative tests of this hypothesis were made on the 2224 cm−1 N2O band and the CO fundamental at 2143 cm−1. Absorptance near the R branch maximum of the CO fundamental represented the only close approach to complete fulfillment of the strong line approximation. Since the R branch of CO is nearly free of secondary lines, it is concluded that the strong line approximation can be realized experimentally only for “clean” spectral regions.
Monitoring HIV-infected Patients with Diabetes: Hemoglobin A1c, Fructosamine, or Glucose?

Background: Published studies report inappropriately low hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) values that underestimate glycemia in HIV patients. Methods: We reviewed the charts of all HIV patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) at our clinic. Fifty-nine patients had HbA1c data, of whom 26 patients also had fructosamine data. We compared the most recent HbA1c to finger-stick (FS) glucose averaged over three months, and fructosamine to FS averaged over six weeks. Predicted average glucose (pAG) was calculated as reported by Nathan et al: pAG (mg/dL) = 28.7 x A1C% – 46.7. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: HbA1c values underestimated (UE) actual average glucose (aAG) in 19% of these patients and overestimated (OE) aAG in 27%. HbA1c estimated aAG within the established range in only 54% of the patients. There were no statistical differences in the types of HIV medication used in patients with UE, OE, or accurately estimated (AE) glycemia. A Spearman correlation coefficient between HbA1c and aAG was r = 0.53 (P < 0.0001). Correlation between fructosamine and aAG was r = 0.47 (P = 0.016). Conclusions: The correlations between HbA1c and aAG and between fructosamine and aAG were weaker than expected, and fructosamine was not more accurate than HbA1c.
Developing and distributing user-friendly application software

The adoption of new techniques in predictive microbiology by the food industry will ultimately be dependent on the development of user-friendly application software that makes it easy for non-research personnel to employ the mathematical models. Such applications should be an integral part of projects in predictive microbiology. Recommendations related to the architecture, speed, protection, testing, and distribution of application software are presented based on our experience in developing and distributing the ‘Microbial Food Safety Pathogen Modeling Program’.
Tricyclic Antidepressants: Evidence for an Intraneuronal Site of Action

Desipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant drug, almost completely prevents the accumulation of tritiated norepinephrine by sympathetic neurons of the rat heart after the injection of a tracer dose of the labeled amine. However, desipramine does not alter the accumulation of norepinephrine after the injection of a large dose of the neurohormone. Despite the failure of desipramine to block the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, it still prevents exogenous norepinephrine from displacing the endogenous neurohormone (previously labeled with H3-norepinephrine) from intraneuronal storage sites.
Stress analyses of glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Finite element analysis was used to characterize the local stresses at the bone-implant interface of 2 different types of glenoid components presently used in unconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty. A series of 2-dimensional finite element meshes was developed to model the glenoid in 2 mutually perpendicular planes with and without implanted components. One of the implants modeled was a cemented all-polyethylene component, and the second was an uncemented metal-backed component. A variety of parameters were studied including the resultant loading direction (concentric versus eccentric), keel geometry, subchondral bone integrity, and cement mantle size. Results of the analyses show that the cemented all-polyethylene design demonstrated an overall stress pattern that was closer to that of the intact glenoid. When the effects of concentric and eccentric loading conditions were compared, the overall stress magnitudes in the subchondral bone were found to be much lower with the uncemented metal-backed component than with its cemented all-polyethylene counterpart. This finding suggests that some degree of stress shielding may be associated with the metal-backed component. In addition, under both the concentric and eccentric loading conditions, extremely high stress regions were found within the polyethylene near the polyethylene-metal interface of the uncemented metal-backed component.
Numerical Studies of Wet versus Dry Soil Regimes in the West African Sahel

Abstract The West African Sahel lies between the wet, humid equatorial zone of Africa to the south and the Sahara Desert to the north. This topography results in a strong north–south precipitation gradient. A coupled land–atmosphere (cloud resolving) model and observed data from the Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel were used to simulate both wet and dry soil moisture regimes. There are two case studies—one characterized by convective precipitation, the other by fair weather. In both of the case studies, evapotranspiration from the tiger bush land cover was noticeably larger in the wet soil moisture regime. The increase in latent heat flux was the key factor in creating a boundary layer that was more favorable to late-afternoon deep convection in the wet regime. Differences in boundary layer growth and development between the case studies suggested a more important role for the land surface in fair weather environments versus convective precipitation environments.
Individual variation in pheromone response correlates with reproductive traits and brain gene expression in worker honey bees.

Background Variation in individual behavior within social groups can affect the fitness of the group as well as the individual, and can be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. However, the molecular factors associated with individual variation in social behavior remain relatively unexplored. We used honey bees (Apis mellifera) as a model to examine differences in socially-regulated behavior among individual workers, and used transcriptional profiling to determine if specific gene expression patterns are associated with these individual differences. In honey bees, the reproductive queen produces a pheromonal signal that regulates many aspects of worker behavior and physiology and maintains colony organization. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we demonstrate that there is substantial natural variation in individual worker attraction to queen pheromone (QMP). Furthermore, worker attraction is negatively correlated with ovariole number—a trait associated with reproductive potential in workers. We identified transcriptional differences in the adult brain associated with individual worker attraction to QMP, and identified hundreds of transcripts that are organized into statistically-correlated gene networks and associated with this response. Conclusions/Significance Our studies demonstrate that there is substantial variation in worker attraction to QMP among individuals, and that this variation is linked with specific differences in physiology and brain gene expression patterns. This variation in individual response thresholds may reveal underlying variation in queen-worker reproductive conflict, and may mediate colony function and productivity by creating variation in individual task performance.
Utilization of mixed substrates in fatty acid synthesis by Fusarium lini Bolley.

Abstract 1. 1. The optimum starting concentration for the formation of fat and sterol in Fusarium lini Bolley (FIB) was found to be 1.2% acetate and 1.0% glucose. 2. 2. In the presence of added acetate the ratio of sterol to fat was constant. 3. 3. Glucose was utilized more rapidly than acetate for the formation of fat and sterol by Fusarium lini Bolley. In addition it was found that within the same experimental period when glucose alone was the substrate, the percentage of fat formed reached a maximum on the 15th day after inoculation. 4. 4. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids present in the fat of Fusarium lini Bolley was considerably higher when a mixed substrate of acetate and glucose was employed in comparison with the mold grown with glucose alone. 5. 5. The differences in unsaturation were found to be due to the higher percentages of linoleic and linolenic acids.
Chromatographic separations in a nanocapillary under pressure-driven conditions

We report a unique property of nanocapillaries for chromatographic separations of ionic species. Due to the electric double layer overlap, ions are unevenly distributed inside a nanochannel, with counterions enriched near the wall and co-ions concentrated in the middle of the channel. As a pressure-driven flow is induced, the co-ions will move faster than the counterions. This differential transport results in a chromatographic separation. In this work, we introduce the fundamental mechanism of this separation technology and demonstrate its application for DNA separations. An outstanding feature of this technique is that each separation consumes less than 1 pL sample and generates less than 0.1 nL waste. We also apply this technique for separations of DNA molecules, and efficiencies of more than 100 000 plates per meter are obtained.
Geochemistry of rare earth elements in basalts from the Walvis Ridge: implications for its origin and evolution

Abstract Selected basalts from a suite of dredged and drilled samples (IPOD sites 525, 527, 528 and 530) from the Walvis Ridge have been analysed to determine their rare earth element (REE) contents in order to investigate the origin and evolution of this major structural feature in the South Atlantic Ocean. All of the samples show a high degree of light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment, quite unlike the flat or depleted patterns normally observed for normal mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). Basalts from Sites 527, 528 and 530 show REE patterns characterised by an arcuate shape and relatively low (Ce/Yb) N ratios (1.46–5.22), and the ratios show a positive linear relationship to Nb content. A different trend is exhibited by the dredged basalts and the basalts from Site 525, and their REE patterns have a fairly constant slope, and higher (Ce/Yb) N ratios (4.31–8.50). These differences are further reflected in the ratios of incompatible trace elements, which also indicate considerable variations within the groups. Mixing hyperbolae for these ratios suggest that simple magma mixing between a “hot spot” type of magma, similar to present-day volcanics of Tristan da Cunha, and a depleted source, possibly similar to that for magmas being erupted at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, was an important process in the origin of parts of the Walvis Ridge, as exemplified by Sites 527, 528 and 530. Site 525 and dredged basalts cannot be explained by this mixing process, and their incompatible element ratios suggest either a mantle source of a different composition or some complexity to the mixing process. In addition, the occurrence of different types of basalt at the same location suggests there is vertical zonation within the volcanic pile, with the later erupted basalts becoming more alkaline and more enriched in incompatible elements. The model proposed for the origin and evolution of the Walvis Ridge involves an initial stage of eruption in which the magma was essentially a mixture of enriched and depleted end-member sources, with the N-MORB component being small. The dredged basalts and Site 525, which represent either later-stage eruptives or those close to the hot spot plume, probably result from mixing of the enriched mantle source with variable amounts and variable low degrees of partial melting of the depleted mantle source. As the volcano leaves the hot spot, these late-stage eruptives continue for some time. The change from tholeiitic to alkalic volcanism is probably related either to evolution in the plumbing system and magma chamber of the individual volcano, or to changes in the depth of origin of the enriched mantle source melt, similar to processes in Hawaiian volcanoes.
Electronic structure of vacancy defects in MgO crystals

The electronic structure of oxygen-vacancy defects (F, ${F}^{+}$ and ${F}^{2+}$ centers) in MgO crystals has been studied within local-density theory, using the self-consistent mixed-basis pseudopotential techniques. The defects were modeled within a supercell having a volume 8 times that of the perfect MgO crystal. The band structure, density of states, charge-density contours, and total energy were calculated as a function of lattice relaxation. The partial density of states shows that each of the F-type centers introduces impurity states into the band gap as well as near the conduction-band edge of MgO. The total energy was calculated as a function of relaxation of the nearest-neighbor shell of ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ ions. For F centers, the lowest-energy configuration was found to be a small inward relaxation of the nearest ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ ions toward the vacancy site. For ${F}^{+}$ and ${F}^{2+}$ centers, the lowest total energies correspond to a small outward relaxation of the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ ions away from the vacancy site. The electronic structure of hydrogen impurities (${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\mathrm{H}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ substitutional defects) in MgO was also investigated using the same approach. These impurities contribute defect states within and below the oxygen p bands as well as near the conduction-band edge of MgO. The lowest-total-energy configurations of both ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${H}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ substitutional defects correspond to a slight outward relaxation of the nearest ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$-ion shell.
Dietary protein concentration and daily feed allowance influence response of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), to ractopamine

Year-1 channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) (average initial weight, 48 g) were fed diets containing 240 g kg−1, 300 g kg−1, or 360 g kg−1 dietary protein with 0 or 20 mg kg−1 ractopamine to satiation and diets containing 240 g kg−1 and 360 g kg−1 protein with 0 or 20 mg kg−1 ractopamine at a restricted rate (60% of satiation) in aquaria at 29 ± 2°C for 8 weeks. Fish fed ractopamine at the 360 g kg−1 protein level gained significantly more weight than controls when fed to satiation but not when the ration was restricted. Fish fed ractopamine at the 240 g kg−1 protein level did not gain more weight than the controls at satiation or restricted feeding. Fish fed ractopamine in the diet containing 300 g kg−1 protein gained significantly more weight than controls when fed to satiation. Ractopamine caused no significant differences in feed conversion at the 240 g kg−1 or 360 g kg−1 protein levels with restricted or satiation feeding. Muscle fat decreased when ractopamine was fed at all dietary protein levels and at both feeding rates. Muscle protein increased with ractopamine feeding in all treatments except the high-protein, satiation treatment. Weight gain response of year-1 channel catfish to ractopamine is dependent upon nutrient concentration of the diet and ration size; however, the effect of ractopamine on muscle composition of channel catfish is less dependent on nutrient concentration or amount of diet fed.
Feasibility of transesophageal echocardiography with a ten-French monoplane probe.

Abstract Objectives We examined the feasibility of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) using a 10F monoplane probe developed for intracardiac ultrasound (AcuNav, Acuson/Siemens, Mountain View, Calif). Background Traditional TEE uses a 10- to 12-mm–diameter probe, and conscious sedation is customary to minimize patient discomfort. Because of its small size (3.2-mm diameter), the 10F monoplane probe can be inserted into the esophagus using only topical anesthesia. This provides the potential for a more easily tolerated examination. Methods A total of 20 patients underwent a comprehensive TEE using an adult multiplane probe. Immediately afterward, the 10F monoplane probe was inserted into the esophagus and a targeted examination completed. The 10F monoplane studies were blindly reviewed by 3 observers for the study indication and for 16 diagnostic elements. These were graded against an expert's review of standard TEE. Results The 10F monoplane probe was well tolerated in all patients. Observers A, B, and C answered the clinical question in 80%, 85%, and 100%, respectively, with the 10F probe. The percentage of clinical elements deemed evaluable was 71%, 78%, and 80%, respectively. Limitations included incomplete visualization of the mitral valve and a systematic underestimation of the severity of valve regurgitation. Conclusions The 10F monoplane probe is safe, well-tolerated, and capable of evaluating many clinical questions. Because of its small size, conscious sedation may not be necessary. It may be useful for targeted evaluations, for monitoring invasive procedures, or for intermediate or long-term monitoring in an intensive care department.
Regulation of cyclic electron flow in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under fluctuating carbon availability

The chloroplast must rapidly and precisely adjust photosynthetic ATP and NADPH output to meet changing metabolic demands imposed by fluctuating environmental conditions. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I is thought to contribute to this adjustment by providing ATP in excess of that supplied by linear electron low, balancing chloroplast energy budget when relative demand for ATP is high. We assessed the kinetics and energy production of CEF activation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under rapid changes of organic and inorganic carbon availability. Comparisons of transient electric field and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements indicated CEF was activated under conditions where ATP demand is expected to be high, consistent with a role in balancing the cellular ATP/NADPH budget under fluctuating environmental or metabolic conditions. CEF activation was not correlated with antenna state transitions, both in wild-type and the state transition mutant stt7-9, suggesting that CEF is rapidly regulated by allosteric or redox modulators. Comparing the CEF under ambient and high CO2 conditions suggests an increase in required energy output of approximately 1ATP/CO2 fixed, nearly sufficient to power proposed mechanistic models for the carbon-concentrating mechanism. Additionally, we see three-fold higher CEF rates in cells under steady-state conditions than cells under similar conditions with inhibited photosystem II, and up to five times higher in cells with severe depletion of inorganic carbon, implying that CEF has larger energetic capacity than predicted from some previous work.
Environmental service learning: outcomes of innovative pedagogy in Baja California Sur, Mexico

This article reports on a longitudinal study of a two‐semester middle school environmental learning course that departs from traditional Mexican expository pedagogies through the incorporation of experiential and service learning approaches. In the short term, course participants acquired a heightened awareness of environmental issues, augmented their environmental perceptions and consciousness, and complemented all this with environmentally responsible behaviours. Two years after completing the experiential course, students retained pro‐environmental attitudes and behaviours and unexpectedly exhibited an expanded role in intergenerational learning. The research adds to the handful of studies in this cross‐disciplinary field through qualitative methodologies that refine our understanding of the outcomes of experiential environmental learning.
Defining Specificity Determinants of cGMP Mediated Gustatory Sensory Transduction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a key secondary messenger used in signal transduction in various types of sensory neurons. The importance of cGMP in the ASE gustatory receptor neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was deduced by the observation that multiple receptor-type guanylyl cyclases (rGCs), encoded by the gcy genes, and two presently known cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel subunits, encoded by the tax-2 and tax-4 genes, are essential for ASE-mediated gustatory behavior. We describe here specific mechanistic features of cGMP-mediated signal transduction in the ASE neurons. First, we assess the specificity of the sensory functions of individual rGC proteins. We have previously shown that multiple rGC proteins are expressed in a left/right asymmetric manner in the functionally lateralized ASE neurons and are required to sense distinct salt cues. Through domain swap experiments among three different rGC proteins, we show here that the specificity of individual rGC proteins lies in their extracellular domains and not in their intracellular, signal-transducing domains. Furthermore, we find that rGC proteins are also sufficient to confer salt sensory responses to other neurons. Both findings support the hypothesis that rGC proteins are salt receptor proteins. Second, we identify a novel, likely downstream effector of the rGC proteins in gustatory signal transduction, a previously uncharacterized cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channel, encoded by the che-6 locus. che-6 mutants show defects in gustatory sensory transduction that are similar to defects observed in animals lacking the tax-2 and tax-4 CNG channels. In contrast, thermosensory signal transduction, which also requires tax-2 and tax-4, does not require che-6, but requires another CNG, cng-3. We propose that CHE-6 may form together with two other CNG subunits, TAX-2 and TAX-4, a gustatory neuron-specific heteromeric CNG channel complex.
Integrating Assessment into Physical Education Teaching

(1997). Integrating Assessment into Physical Education Teaching. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 34-37.
SOCS/CIS Protein Inhibition of Growth Hormone-stimulated STAT5 Signaling by Multiple Mechanisms

The inhibition of growth hormone (GH) signaling by five members of the GH-inducible suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS/CIS) family was investigated in transfected COS cells. Complete inhibition of GH activation of the signal transducer STAT5b and STAT5b-dependent transcriptional activity was observed upon expression of SOCS-1 or SOCS-3, while partial inhibition (CIS, SOCS-2) or no inhibition (SOCS-6) was seen with other SOCS/CIS family members. SOCS-1, SOCS-2, SOCS-3, and CIS each strongly inhibited the GH receptor (GHR)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 seen at low levels of transfected JAK2; however, only SOCS-1 strongly inhibited the GHR-independent tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 seen at higher JAK2 levels. To probe for interactions with GHR, in vitrobinding assays were carried out using glutathioneS-transferase-GHR fusion proteins containing variable lengths of GHR's COOH-terminal cytoplasmic domain. CIS and SOCS-2 bound to fusions containing as few as 80 COOH-terminal GHR residues, provided the fusion protein was tyrosine-phosphorylated. By contrast, SOCS-3 binding required tyrosine-phosphorylated GHR membrane-proximal sequences, SOCS-1 binding was tyrosine phosphorylation-independent, and SOCS-6 did not bind the GHR fusion proteins at all. Mutation of GHR's membrane-proximal tyrosine residues 333 and 338 to phenylalanine suppressed the inhibition by SOCS-3, but not by CIS, of GH signaling to STAT5b. SOCS/CIS proteins can thus inhibit GH signaling to STAT5b by three distinct mechanisms, distinguished by their molecular targets within the GHR-JAK2 signaling complex, as exemplified by SOCS-1 (direct JAK2 kinase inhibition), SOCS-3 (inhibition of JAK2 signaling via membrane-proximal GHR tyrosines 333 and 338), and CIS and SOCS-2 (inhibition via membrane-distal tyrosine(s)).
Contributions of quantitative methods to the study of gender and crime, or bootstrapping our way into the theoretical thicket.

Researchers concur on the importance of gender to the study of crime but not on the particular methodological strategy that should be used when studying the gender-crime relationship. This paper examines the actual and potential contributions of quantitative methods for unpacking the gender-crime relationship. Three bodies of literature pertaining to the gender-crime relationship are examined: (i) offending, (ii) victimization, and (iii) criminal justice processing. The findings from this review indicate that while much knowledge about the gender-crime relationship has been uncovered with quantitative data, a commensurate amount of theoretical knowledge does not exist. The author concludes with substantive and methodological suggestions for furthering our understanding of the gendercrime relationship.
Patients' and health care practitioners' attributions about adherence problems as predictors of medication adherence

Patients and healthcare practitioners (HCPs) each have theories about the causes of medication adherence problems. Traditional patient education focuses on correcting patients' inaccurate beliefs, but more recent models suggest working within patients' theories. Secondary data from a telehealth medication adherence program were analyzed to determine whether patients' or HCPs' causal theories better predicted adherence, and the effect of discrepancy between HCP and patient theories. Patients with osteoporosis (N=402) or endometriosis (N=2,015) received telephone counseling. Adherence levels and patients' and HCPs' causal attributions were recorded at each call. Hierarchical linear modeling showed associations between patients' attributions and current-session adherence, but HCP-patient attribution discrepancies predicted better subsequent adherence in three of six empirical tests performed.
Carotenoids in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria and Other Photosensitivity Diseases

Studies in bacteria, animals and humans have demonstrated that carotenoid pigments can prevent or lessen photosensitivity by endogenous photosensitizers such as chlorophyll or porphyrins, as well as by exogenous photosensitizers such as dyes (e.g., toluidine blue) or porphyrin derivatives. The carotenoids beta-carotene and canthaxanthin have been found to be effective in the treatment of the photosensitivity associated with EPP and certain other photosensitivity diseases. No serious toxicity has been reported from their use, although the use of canthaxanthin is not recommended because of its propensity to form retinal granules. The pigments perform their protective function by quenching excited species formed by the interaction of porphyrins or dyes, light and air, thereby preventing the cellular damage which leads to the symptoms of photosensitivity.
Cannabinoid agonist antagonizes cFos induced by intraperitoneal cholecystokinin.

Cannabinoid agonist is reported to increase intake of highly palatable foods when injected into the fourth cerebroventricle [(2004). Physiological Behavior, 80, 611]. One possible mechanism for enhanced intake by cannabinoid agonists is attenuation of visceral signals from the gut. Our initial attempts to address this question have focused on induction of cFos by intraperitoneal cholecystokinin (CCK). It is well recognized the CCK induces cFos immunoreactivity in neurons of the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and area postrema (AP). We hypothesized that cannabinoid agonist will attenuate CCK-induced cFos in the hindbrain. We found that CCK induced a significant increase in cFos-immunoreactive neurons in the NTS and AP. The number of cFos-immunoreactive neurons was decreased significantly by prior application of the cannabinoid agonist CP55940. This reduction in cFos-immunoreactive neurons by CP 55940 was blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716. Moreover, treatment with cannabinoid antagonist alone does not appear to significantly elevate cFos in the NTS. These observations suggest that cannabinoids may work in the NTS to blunt inhibitory signals from the gut resulting in elevated food intake. (Supported by the Department of Physiology & Pharmocology, University of Georgia).
Structure of solvated ion pairs from electric dipole moments

Abstract Theory and complications involved in dipole moment measurements in slightly conductive polar solvents are discussed. Experimental results are presented for the following electrolytes in anhydrous acetic acid: LiCl, KCl, KBr, LiTs, KTs, CsTs, TlTs, R4NNO3, BHTs, Ts = p-toluenesulfonate; BH = p-toluidinium; R4N = tetra -isoamylammonium. Except for R4NNO3, the dipole moments indicate that solvation complexes are formed between the respective ion pairs and acetic acid molecules. Comparison of dipole moments of the solvation complexes with intrinsic dipole moments of the ion pairs yields information about the structure of the solvation complexes.
Continuous production of cell-free recombinant proteins using Escherichia coli

Continuous production of extracellular recombinant protein using a previously reported periplasmic protein-release system was successfully demonstrated. The performance of the protein-releasing system was studied using two types of reactor configuration: a conventional chemostat and a chemostat with a cell-recycle system. The constitutively expressed alpha-amylase was used as a model protein. In the chemostat experiments, the total alpha-amylase activity increases with decreasing dilution rate--from 135.5 units/mL at a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 to 2.06 units/mL at a dilution rate of 0.491 h-1. However, the percentage release of alpha-amylase remained relatively constant, at approximately 29%, in the range of dilution rates investigated. The reactor productivity of the target protein reached a maximum of 8.14 units/mL/h at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1. Application of the releasing system for the continuous production of cell-free recombinant proteins in a cell-recycle fermentor was also studied. The reactor performance is significantly better than that of either the chemostat or the batch mode. A total productivity of alpha-amylase at 13.2 units/mL/h with 42% recovery of proteins in the cell-free form was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.397 h-1 and a bleeding rate of 9.8%.
The standard molar enthalpies of formation of I−(aq) and HI(g) at 298.15 K

Abstract The enthalpy of reaction of Cl2(g) with HI(aq) and auxiliary enthalpies of mixing of HCl(aq) with (I2+14.4 HI) solutions were measured by solution calorimetry. The results were combined with auxilary data from the literature to yield the standard molar enthalpy of formation ΔfHmo(I−, aq, 298.15 K) = −(56.62±0.14) kJ · mol−1. Values from other calorimetric studies, gas-phase equilibria, and e.m.f. studies were reviewed and recalculated. From consideration of all of the values, our recommended values are: ΔfHmo(I−, aq, 298.15 K) = −(56750 ± 70) J · mol−1; ΔfHmo(HI, g, 298.15 K) = (26500 ± 70) J · mol−1.
Energy partitioning in the Io plasma torus

The Io plasma torus, which emits substantial amounts of EUV radiation from multiply ionized oxygen and sulfur, represents one of the significant discoveries of the Voyager 1 mission. The present study is concerned with the effects of various physical processes on the density and energy partitioning of the Io plasma torus. For the ions the dominant effects, which have different relative importance in different parameter regimes, are electron impact ionization, charge exchange, electron-ion collisions, and confinement time loss. Attention is given to a physical model, the solution of the quasi-linear equations, the obtained results, and an interpretation of observations in relation to the model results.
THE EFFACEMENT OF PLACE? US FOREIGN POLICY AND THE SPATIALITY OF THE GULF CRISIS

The production of a “Gulf Crisis” out of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, and the subsequent inscription and mediation of the conflict, created a spatiality that facilitated the pulverization of peoples and places in Iraq and Kuwait in early 1991. This paper attempts to open up this spatiality to empirical investigation and theoretical reflection. It addresses four issues: firstly, how the crisis came to be narrated as the “Gulf Crisis,” secondly, the official geographing of the crisis with particular sets of meanings and imaginary geographies by the Bush administration, thirdly, the role speed played in the crisis, and finally, the electronic, televisual spatiality of the conflict. How one describes the spatiality of the Gulf conflict poses a difficult theoretical question. One possibility is to geographicalize Levinas and Bauman's arguments concerning “the effacement of the face.” However, narratives of “the effacement of place” ultimately rest on an innocenting of place.
Tracheobronchial Brush Cytology and Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Dogs and Cats with Chronic Cough: 45 Cases (2012–2014)

Background Animals with chronic cough can have normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology when small airway disease is absent. Cytology of a tracheobronchial brushing can detect inflammation in larger airways; however, evaluation of this technique has been limited in veterinary medicine. Objective To compare airway brush cytology to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in dogs and cats with chronic cough. Animals Forty dogs and five cats undergoing bronchoscopic investigation of chronic cough. Methods Prospective study. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed followed by tracheobronchial brushing of central airways. Results of cytologic assessment of BAL fluid and brush cytology were compared for the presence or absence of inflammation and concordance of inflammatory cell type. Results Brush cytology detected central airway inflammation in 34 of 40 (85%) dogs with inflammatory BAL fluid. However, the type of inflammation reported differed in 23 of 34 dogs. In five cats with inflammation in BAL fluid, brush cytology detected inflammation in four; the type of inflammation was discordant in all cats. Conclusions and clinical relevance Brush cytology has good agreement with BAL regarding the presence of inflammation, although the type of inflammation detected with the different sampling techniques commonly varies. Brush cytology can provide supplementary information to BAL, and additional studies will provide further information on the role of tracheobronchial brush cytology in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions.
Thalamic Development of the Gray Short-Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica)

Few studies have examined thalamic development in the embryonic mammalian brain. For a better understanding of the development of the thalamus, the time sequence of the location of neurons in thalamic nuclei was examined in a developing marsupial embryo and fetus. To accomplish this, uptake of tritiated thymidine was examined in the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) from 3 days before birth through 16 days after birth. Total neurogenesis was optimal 4 days after birth. Plots of the labeled cells revealed that thalamic and cortical development are almost concurrent, similar to the time course of eutherian mammals. A consistent time gradient of proliferation in dorsal thalamus was not found. Rather, sectors of the dorsal thalamus showed significant differences regardless of day of development. The dorsal sector showed more neurogenesis than the ventral sector, caudal more than rostral, and lateral more than the medial sector. An analysis of individual nuclei of dorsal thalamus showed no significant differences in amount of neurogenesis with day of injection.
Combined static and dynamic mutability analysis

Knowing which method parameters may be mutated during a method's executionis useful for many software engineering tasks. We present an approach todiscovering parameter reference immutability, in which several lightweight, scalable analyses are combined in stages, with each stage refining the overall result. The resulting analysis is scalable and combines the strengths of its component analyses. As one of the component analyses, we present a novel, dynamic mutability analysis and show how its results can be improved by random input generation. Experimental results on programs of up to 185 kLOC show that, compared to previous approaches, our approach increases both scalability and overall accuracy
Is reintegration still worth doing eight years after the ceasefire? Situational analysis of ex-combatants in the pool region, Republic of Congo

Although official warfare in the Republic of Congo stopped more than eight years ago, the pool region has continued to feel the collateral effects of war until now at a scale largely ignored by the general public. The pool region is where the Ninjas, a group of local militias, originated during the civil strife and retreated to afterwards. Peace and recovery did not gain traction in the area until 2010/11. Key findings of this analysis of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) process include: The lack of a public security presence: the pool region has largely been deprived of public security forces over the past thirteen years (1998-2010), which led to power abuse. Until recently, several Ninja bases remained throughout the pool region, led by free-riding commanders operating independently of any official Ninja structure. The recognition of intra-regional disparity: warfare affected localities very differently. While the southern districts have been calm for the past eight years, abuse was regularly reported along the railroad prior to 2011. The economic situation of ex-combatants: There have been many self-demobilizations in the past decade, and many ex-combatants have already learned to cope. The heterogeneity of ex-combatants: ex-combatants do not constitute a homogeneous group. Therefore, their reintegration needs differ. The consulting team developed a typology to help understand the profiles of all ex-combatants. Non-targeted assistance: the consulting team recommends pairing recent governmental disarmament operations with community driven reconstruction programming to provide closure to the population affected by the war. The main focus of programming should be to reenergize local economies destroyed by the war, especially medium-scale agriculture and animal husbandry, and to open up the region to development. The objective of this study was to analyze the extent of reintegration of ex-combatants in the pool region and to formulate recommendations for potential future action.
In Search of Judicial Activism in the Same-Sex Marriage Cases: Sorting the Evidence from Courts, Legislatures, Initiatives and Amendments

In 2006, President Bush publicly stated that, in relation to the same-sex marriage issue, “activist judges” were thwarting the preferred policy of the elected representatives and the expression of popular will embodied in popular initiatives and constitutional amendments. Notwithstanding the philosophical discussion of the constitutionally assigned role of courts in the political system and the idea of judicial independence, President Bush's statement raises an interesting empirical question: In the case of same-sex marriage, have state and federal courts really acted in direct opposition to the expressed policy preferences of current or recent legislative majorities or overturned popular initiatives and constitutional amendments? Using evidence from state and federal legislative and judicial action around same-sex marriage primarily from the fifteen years preceding President Bush's 2006 statement, I argue that, with some rare exceptions, judges can not easily be identified as “activist” on the issue of same-sex marriage even if we assess their actions according to President Bush's criteria.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rhizobium rhizogenes Strain ATCC 15834

Here, we present the draft genome of Rhizobium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834. The genome contains 7,070,307 bp in 43 scaffolds. R. rhizogenes, also known as Agrobacterium rhizogenes, is a plant pathogen that causes hairy root disease. This hairy root induction has been used in biotechnology for the generation of transgenic root cultures.
Ophthalmic manifestations of tetrasomy 18p.

Purpose To characterize ophthalmic findings in patients with tetrasomy 18p, a rare chromosomal anomaly that has been previously associated with strabismus. Methods All subjects underwent a complete eye examination to screen for ocular pathology. Results A total of 25 subjects (13 female) were examined after they were diagnosed with tetrasomy 18p. The average age of subjects was 8.2 years (range, 13 months to 22 years). Of the 25 subjects, 18 (72% of examined subjects, 42% of the cohort) showed evidence of strabismus; 16 had esotropia (8 uncategorized, 5 infantile, and 3 accommodative), 1 had esophoria, and 1 was diagnosed with intermittent exotropia. Conclusions The coincidence of esotropia with tetrasomy 18p indicates the need to routinely screen these patients for strabismus at the time of diagnosis.
A SHORTENED SCREENING TEST FOR CATECHOLAMINES.

The procedure described employs aluminum oxide filter paper disks to shorten the time and increase the efficiency of the catecholamine screening test. There is less opportunity for loss of catecholamines during adsorption, transfer, or elution.
Slip-length scaling in large earthquakes' Observations and theory and implications for earthquake physics

For twenty years there has been a dilemma in earthquake physics, because the observed scaling law for large earthquakes did not appear to be consistent with the stress-drop invariance of small earthquake scaling. Surprisingly, slip was seen to continue to increase with rupture length L even for events with lengths much longer than the event widths W (the brittle crust down-dip depth), whereas it might have been expected to saturate for lengths much beyond the width. If this implies that the physics of great earthquakes is somehow different from that of their smaller counterparts, this casts serious doubts on predicting the effects of the rare and damaging great events from observations of the more common smaller events. Here we bring together recently compiled observations of very large aspect ratio earthquakes with results of a 3 dimensional dynamic earthquake model to show that slip-length scaling observations are, in fact, consistent with a scale-invariant physics. Further, we discuss the origin of the large earthquake scaling in the model.
Analysis of Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs with Standards

The paper presents a detailed analysis of variance of PBIB designs supplemented by one or more standard treatments. Comparisons were carried out of treatment effects within the group of standard and test treatments and between the two groups. The analysis is supplemented by an example.