cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric field assisted deposition of nanowires from carbon nanotubes for nanoelectronics and sensor applications

Manipulation and control of matter at the nano- and atomic level are crucial for the success of nano-scale sensors and actuators. The ability to control and synthesize multilayer structures using carbon nanotubes that will enable to build electronic devices within a nanotube is still in its infancy. In this paper, we present results on selective electric field assisted deposition of metals on carbon nanotubes realizing metallic nanowire structures. Silver and platinum nanowires has been fabricated using this approach due to its applications in chemical sensing as catalytic materials to sniff toxic agents and in the area of biomedical nanotechnology for construction of artificial muscles. The electric field assisted deposition allows the deposition of metals with high degree of selectivity on carbon nanotubes by manipulating the charges on the surface of the nanotubes. SEM and TEM investigations revealed silver and platinum nanowires between 10 nm-100 nm in diameter. The present technique is versatile and enables the fabrication of host of different types of metallic and semiconducting nanowires using carbon nanotube templates for nanoelectronics and myriad of sensor applications. Further, nanowires can also serve as model systems for studying quantum size effects at these dimensions.
Improving the quality of alerts and predicting intruder's next goal with Hidden Colored Petri-Net

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) often provide poor quality alerts, which are insufficient to support rapid identification of ongoing attacks or predict an intruder's next likely goal. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to alert postprocessing and correlation, the Hidden Colored Petri-Net (HCPN). Different from most other alert correlation methods, our approach treats the alert correlation problem as an inference problem rather than a filter problem. Our approach assumes that the intruder's actions are unknown to the IDS and can be inferred only from the alerts generated by the IDS sensors. HCPN can describe the relationship between different steps carried out by intruders, model observations (alerts) and transitions (actions) separately, and associate each token element (system state) with a probability (or confidence). The model is an extension to Colored Petri-Net (CPN). It is so called ''hidden'' because the transitions (actions) are not directly observable but can be inferred by looking through the observations (alerts). These features make HCPN especially suitable for discovering intruders' actions from their partial observations (alerts) and predicting intruders' next goal. Our experiments on DARPA evaluation datasets and the attack scenarios from the Grand Challenge Problem (GCP) show that HCPN has promise as a way to reducing false positives and negatives, predicting intruder's next possible action, uncovering intruders' intrusion strategies after the attack scenario has happened, and providing confidence scores.
Lessons learned in detailed clinical modeling at Intermountain Healthcare.

Background and objective Intermountain Healthcare has a long history of using coded terminology and detailed clinical models (DCMs) to govern storage of clinical data to facilitate decision support and semantic interoperability. The latest iteration of DCMs at Intermountain is called the clinical element model (CEM). We describe the lessons learned from our CEM efforts with regard to subjective decisions a modeler frequently needs to make in creating a CEM. We present insights and guidelines, but also describe situations in which use cases conflict with the guidelines. We propose strategies that can help reconcile the conflicts. The hope is that these lessons will be helpful to others who are developing and maintaining DCMs in order to promote sharing and interoperability. Methods We have used the Clinical Element Modeling Language (CEML) to author approximately 5000 CEMs. Results Based on our experience, we have formulated guidelines to lead our modelers through the subjective decisions they need to make when authoring models. Reported here are guidelines regarding precoordination/postcoordination, dividing content between the model and the terminology, modeling logical attributes, and creating iso-semantic models. We place our lessons in context, exploring the potential benefits of an implementation layer, an iso-semantic modeling framework, and ontologic technologies. Conclusions We assert that detailed clinical models can advance interoperability and sharing, and that our guidelines, an implementation layer, and an iso-semantic framework will support our progress toward that goal.
Warcraft and Civic Education: MMORPGs as Participatory Cultures and How Teachers Can Use Them to Improve Civic Education.

Online role-playing games such as World Of Warcraft represent new participatory cultures in which today's students engage every day. They are appealing to players largely because of the social aspects of game play. Some features of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) can be incorporated into classroom culture to create more dynamic interactions between students and improve both content instruction and civic competence.
Network flow techniques for dynamic voltage scaling in hard real-time systems

Energy consumption is an important performance parameter for portable and wireless embedded systems. However, energy consumption must be carefully balanced with real-time responsiveness in hard real-time systems. In this paper, we present two offline dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) schemes for dynamic power management in such systems. In the first method, we develop a generalized network flow (GNF) model for the uniprocessor DVS problem and solve it optimally using an efficient network flow algorithm. The proposed method outperforms existing DVS schemes for several popular embedded processors where the number of processor speeds is limited to a few values. The solutions for the GNF model provide theoretical lower bounds on energy consumption using DVS in hard real-time systems. We also describe a minimum-cost network flow model whose solutions are near-optimal. The minimum-cost models perform at par with competing methods for processor models with a large range of operating voltages, and better than them for processor models with a limited set of operating voltages.
Thinking Critically About Campus-Based Self-Defense Programs A Response to Christine Gidycz

Often labeled "ivory towers," colleges are fertile breeding grounds of male to female sexual assault and other types of woman abuse. Still, across the United States and elsewhere, many researchers, practitioners, and activists are involved in an ongoing and ever-changing struggle to curb female victimization in institutions of higher learning. The main objective of this article is to offer a few thoughts about some prevention issues raised by Christine Gidycz. Special attention is devoted to the dangers associated with new electronic technologies, including texting and Internet pornography. Language: en
Intraindividual stability in the organization and patterning of behavior: incorporating psychological situations into the idiographic analysis of personality

In nomothetic analyses, the cross-situational consistency of individual differences in social behavior, assessed in vivo in a camp setting, dependent on the similarity in the psychological features of situations. As predicted by the social-cognitive theory of personality, idiographic analyses revealed that individuals were characterized by stable profiles of if ... then ...,situation-behavior relationships that formed "behavioral signatures" of personality (e.g., he aggresses when warned by adults but complies when threatened by peers. Thus, the intraindividual organization of behavior variation across situations was enduring but discriminatively patterned, visible as distinctive profiles of situation-behavior relationships. Implications were examined for an idiographic reconceptualization of personality coherence and its behavioral expressions in relation to the psychological ingredients of situations.
Changes in epistemological beliefs in elementary science students

Epistemological beliefs, or beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowing, are currently a target of increased research interest. The present study examined two research questions: (1) how do epistemological beliefs change over time? and (2) what role do gender, ethnicity, SES, and achievement play in their development? The study was correlational with an ethnically diverse sample of 187 fifth grade students (46% Latino, 27% Anglo, and 27% African American, and 67% low SES). Self-report questionnaires that tapped four dimensions of beliefs (source, certainty, development, and justification) were given to students at two time points during the course of a nine-week science unit. Results showed that students became more sophisticated in their beliefs about source and certainty of knowledge over time, but that there were no reliable changes in development and justification. There also were no main or moderating effects of gender or ethnicity, but there were main effects of SES and achievement. Low SES and low achieving children had less sophisticated beliefs in comparison to average SES and high achieving children. There were no significant interactions between gender, ethnicity, SES, and achievement for any of the four belief measures. Results are discussed in terms of personal and contextual factors and their role in the facilitation of epistemological belief development.
A Short History of the Bulletin of the History of Archaeology

As my tenure as Editor of the Bulletin ofthe History of Archaeology (BHA) draws to a close (31 December 2002),I think it useful to the readership that I provide a very brief history of the BRA covering its inception, early years, and my aspirations for its future. The BHA was just a passing idea in my mind in 1990 when I organized an Advanced Seminar held at the School of American Search (SAR) in Santa Fe,New Mexico (14-18 July 1990), concerning the then current state of writing the history of archaeology for the Society for American Archaeology's Committee on theHistory.of Archaeology. To a great degree the SAR advanced seminar grew out of a seminal gathering (Visitor Scholar's Conference) that Andrew Christenson had put together in 1987 at Southern Ilinois University at Carbondaie,Dlinois - a gathering of those working in the history of archaeology.
An almost quadratic bound on vertex Folkman numbers

The vertex Folkman number F(r,n,m), n0 we derive the linear upper bound when the cliques bigger than (2+@e)n are forbidden.
Incidence of Moxifloxacin Resistance in Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Houston, Texas

Comprehensive data on the prevalence of quinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in the United States are scarce. By use of a systematic population-based approach, M. tuberculosis strains from tuberculosis (TB) cases were collected in Harris County, TX, in 2007 to 2008. The susceptibilities of M. tuberculosis isolates to moxifloxacin and ofloxacin were determined by the agar proportion indirect susceptibility method. Spoligotyping and 12-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU12)-based genotyping of M. tuberculosis isolates were performed, and the gyrA, gyrB, Rv2686c, Rv2687c, and Rv2688c genes in quinolone-resistant and year-of-diagnosis-matched M. tuberculosis isolates were sequenced. Susceptibility testing was performed on 557 M. tuberculosis isolates, of which 10 (1.8%) were resistant to moxifloxacin. There was 100% concordance between ofloxacin and moxifloxacin susceptibilities. A quinolone was prescribed to at least 5 (50%) patients in the period preceding TB diagnosis. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was significantly associated with quinolone resistance (P = 0.01). Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA were found for 50% of the resistant isolates. No other presumptive quinolone resistance-associated mutations were identified. We conclude that the incidence of moxifloxacin-resistant TB is low in Harris County and is associated with MDR-TB. Previous exposure to quinolones is common among patients with moxifloxacin resistance and warrants more careful evaluation.
CD8+ T-cell Cytotoxic Capacity Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Control Can Be Mediated through Various Epitopes and Human Leukocyte Antigen Types

Understanding natural immunologic control over Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 replication, as occurs in rare long-term nonprogressors/elite controllers (LTNP/EC), should inform the design of efficacious HIV vaccines and immunotherapies. Durable control in LTNP/EC is likely mediated by highly functional virus-specific CD8+ T-cells. Protective Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I alleles, like B*27 and B*57, are present in most, but not all LTNP/EC, providing an opportunity to investigate features shared by their HIV-specific immune responses. To better understand the contribution of epitope targeting and conservation to immune control, we compared the CD8+ T-cell specificity and function of B*27/57neg LTNP/EC (n = 23), B*27/57pos LTNP/EC (n = 23) and B*27/57neg progressors (n = 13). Fine mapping revealed 11 previously unreported immunodominant responses. Although B*27/57neg LTNP/EC did not target more highly conserved epitopes, their CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic capacity was significantly higher than progressors. Similar to B*27/57pos LTNP/EC, this superior cytotoxicity was mediated by preferential expansion of immunodominant responses and lysis through the predicted HLA. These findings suggest that increased CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic capacity is a common mechanism of control in most LTNP/EC regardless of HLA type. They also suggest that potent cytotoxicity can be mediated through various epitopes and HLA molecules and could, in theory, be induced in most people.
WATCHING U.S. TELEVISION FROM THE PALESTINIAN STREET: The Media, the State, and Representational Interventions

This article tracks contests of representation among the Palestinian Authority (PA), the U.S. news media, and the Palestinian public regarding the funeral of PA President Yasser Arafat and subsequent presidential elections. It is popularly assumed that governments primarily represent by gathering people and implementing actions in their names, whereas media represent by depicting the world. Latour has called for “object-oriented democracies” that reintegrate gathering and depiction in ways that eschew formal structures of political legitimation, which have so often been abused. This enables recognition of emergently democratic forms. However, even in these provisional assemblies, established institutions of legitimating representation, like states and elite media institutions, continue to exert authority. This demands an ethnographic examination of connections among the state, the press, and the public. Palestinian officials and the public alike identify the U.S. media as influential conduits to powerful outsiders. Thus, Palestinian officials may use the Western press as an executive force, to encourage Palestinians to perform nationhood in an orderly manner. Palestinians may determine that neither the U.S. media nor the PA adequately represent them, and thus carry out political actions according to local political traditions. U.S. media depicted popular forms of gathering in the street at Arafat's funeral as chaotic, whereas they depicted voting, about which some Palestinians had important reservations, as a progressive form of gathering. As officials and journalists do their representational work, the ostensible subjects of representation, the public, often undertake their own projects of gathering and depicting, but these are reincorporated into—and transformed by—authorized representational institutions.
The Mechanics of Human Achievement

Countless studies have addressed why some individuals achieve more than others. Nevertheless, the psychology of achievement lacks a unifying conceptual framework for synthesizing these empirical insights. We propose organizing achievement-related traits by two possible mechanisms of action: Traits that determine the rate at which an individual learns a skill are talent variables and can be distinguished conceptually from traits that determine the effort an individual puts forth. This approach takes inspiration from Newtonian mechanics: achievement is akin to distance traveled, effort to time, skill to speed, and talent to acceleration. A novel prediction from this model is that individual differences in effort (but not talent) influence achievement (but not skill) more substantially over longer (rather than shorter) time intervals. Conceptualizing skill as the multiplicative product of talent and effort, and achievement as the multiplicative product of skill and effort, advances similar, but less formal, propositions by several important earlier thinkers.
RAPID DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN NOCARDIA AND STREPTOMYCES BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF WHOLE-CELL HYDROLYSATES

Whole-cell hydrolysates were prepared from 58 strains of nocardiae and streptomycetes. Strains morphologically intermediate between the two genera and morphological variants of the same strains were included. Paper chromatograms made from the whole-cell hydrolysates clearly demonstrated meso-diaminopimelic acid as a major constituent of cultures of Nocardia spp., and LL-diaminopimelic acid as a major constituent of cultures of Streptomyces spp. In cultures of ten strains of N. madurae and of three of N. pelletieri, meso-diaminopimelic acid predominated, thereby supporting the assignment of these species to the genus Nocardia.
The Coupling Relationship between Internal Work Processes and Symbolic Displays within an Institutionalized Organization

Two key properties of organizations have long been widely recognized and studied: the technical processes by which organizational work processes are carried out, and the symbolic display of formal structure as a strategy for gaining legitimacy with external constituents. For example, it has been proposed that these two properties are "decoupled" from one another to permit effective organizational functioning. It has also been proposed that they are "loosely coupled" with one another. Nevertheless, we still have relatively little understanding of how these two properties relate to one another. The study reported in this article draws upon three theoretical perspectives - the sociology of professions, institutional theory and loose coupling - and empirically examines the nature of the relationship between the technical processes by which organizational members are coordinated and controlled, and the manner in which an organization symbolically demonstrates its commitment to a rational course of action. To evaluate these research issues, we administered a test instrument to ninety-six audit teams in the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). Statistical results obtained using the Linear Structural Relations Model (LISREL) suggest that the symbolic display of formal structure is loosely coupled with the process by which audit team members are coordinated and controlled. It also appears that such symbolic displays complexity shape what audit team members come to accept as the GAO's reality.
The Effect of 'Tort Reform' on Tort Case Filings

An empirical study of the number and types of different tort cases filed in Oklahoma state courts from 2003 - 2007. While numerous measures of so called 'tort reform' passed the Oklahoma legislature prior to 2003, advocates of 'tort reform' continue to press for more. The study finds that there was a 17.5% decrease in the number of tort clases (claiming over $10,000) filed, from 6,764 such cases in 2003 to 5,576 cases in 2007. During the same time period, the number of all civil cases over $10,000 filed increase 4%. The data suggest that the measures passed before 2003 negatively affected tort case filings, and that future measures may be unwarranted.
σ- vs π-Bonding in Manganese(II) Allyl Complexes

Reaction of two equivalents of K[1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3] (= K[A′]) with MnCl2 in THF produces the allyl complex A′2Mn(thf)2; if the reaction is conducted in ether, the solvent-free heterometallic manganate species K2MnA′4 is isolated instead. With the related allyl K[1,1′,3-(SiMe3)3C3H2] (= K[A″]), reaction with MnCl2 in THF/TMEDA produces the corresponding adduct A″2Mn(tmeda). In the solid state, both A′2Mn(thf)2 and A″2Mn(tmeda) are monomeric complexes with σ-bonded allyl ligands (Mn–C = 2.174(2) and 2.189(2) A, respectively). In contrast, K2MnA′4 is a two-dimensional coordination polymer, in which two of the allyl ligands on the Mn cation are σ-bonded (Mn–C = 2.197(6), 2.232(7) A) and the third is π-bonded (Mn–C = 2.342(7)–2.477(7) A). Both σ-allyls are π-coordinated to potassium cations, promoting the polymer in two directions; the π-allyl ligand is terminal. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that isolated high-spin (C3R2H3)2Mn (R = H, SiMe3) complexes would possess π-bound ligands. A mi...
Behavior of the shothole borer, Scolytus rugulosus, altered by the nematode parasite Neoparasitylenchus rugulosi.

Although the pathology caused by parasitic nematodes on bark beetles has not received much attention, there is no doubt that they debilitate or sterilize countless numbers of bark beetles and reduce their pest potential (Nickle 1967). Investigations on the cause of death of one of my peach trees resulted in the discovery of an interesting nematode-induced change in behavior of the female of the shothole borer, Scolytus rugulosus (Ratzeburg).
The benefits of attachment parenting for infants and children: A behavioral developmental view.

Parents of infants and young children face many challenges when dealing with negative emotions such as crying, distress, fear and anger. If children experience such emotions chronically, and these are not mitigated by parents, evidence suggests that the stress can result in irreversible brain damage. These changes can increase the likelihood of serious problems in children’s development. This paper shows that the use of Attachment Parenting practices both with infants and with older children can greatly reduce the child’s stress and by so doing may produce both physical and psychological benefits. The major benefits occur as the result of the mitigation of potentially overwhelming negative emotional states. With infants, the specific Attach ment Parenting practices include co-sleeping, breast feeding on demand, extensive carrying and holding of infants, and rapid response to infant crying. These have been shown to be associated with less crying and other expressions of distress. The effectiveness of these stress-reducing behaviors is probably due to the high degree of responsiveness to infant signals. Parents who bottle feed instead of breast feed, for example, or those who have their infants sleep nearby but not necessarily in the same bed can also practice highly responsive parenting. For older infants and children, Attachment Parenting consists of continuing to be highly responsive to the child, which especially includes behaviors that help children better regulate emotional states such as distress, fear and anger. The benefits that are discussed include less exposure to stress, which effects brain development and later reactions to stress. This has been shown to reduce mental health problems in later development. Another important psychological benefit is secure attachment, which is the tendency of the child to seek contact with a parent when distressed and to be effectively consoled by that contact. The result of more effective emotion regulation and secure attachment during infancy and childhood is that children engage more effectively with essential developmental tasks, including peer relationships and schooling.
Gallstone obstruction of the sigmoid colon.

About 3 per cent of all cases of acute small-bowel obstruction are caused by gallstones. However, gallstone obstruction of the colon is quite rare. If such colonic obstruction does occur, it is usually in the sigmoid colon.It has been reported that gallstones which cause intestinal obstruction usually are 2.5 cm. in diameter or larger and reach the intestine through internal biliary fistulas. The authors report a case of gallstone obstruction of a normal sigmoid colon in which the gallstone entered the colon through a cholecystocolonic fistula.
Measurement of the Depth of Myometrium Invasion by Endometrial Carcinoma with Transvaginal Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of transvaginal ultrasonography in the measurement of the depth of myometrium invasion by endometrial carcinoma and the evaluation of cervical involvement,thereby providing basis for the establishment of treatment strategy and prediction for the clinical outcome.METHODS The ultrasonographic images of 39 patients who were pathologically confirmed to have endometrial carcinoma were reviewed.The features of ultrasonographic images were summarized,as well as features of the blood flow and resistance index(RI).The depth of myometrium invasion and the cervical involvement detected by ultrasound were compared with the results of postoperative pathological examination.The accuracy rates were calculated.RESULTS The ultrasonography revealed diffuse or local thickening of the endometrium in all of the 39 cases,with uneven echoes.Some of the cases had concomitant endometrial cavity fluid,leiomyoma and adenomyosis.The accuracy of the detection of myometrial involvement by ultrasound was 82.05%,and the detection of cervical involvement was 82.05%.The demonstration rate of blood flow in endometrial carcinoma was 84.61%(33/39).The RI value ranged between 0.36 and 0.54,0.45 in average.CONCLUSION The transvaginal ultrasonography is able to accurately evaluate the size of the uterine,endometrial alterations and changes of hemodynamic,as well as the involvement of the myometrium and cervix.It,therefore,can provide important information for clinicians to establish a operation strategy and predict clinical outcomes.
Diagnosis and Analysis of Causa Mortis in Gaseous Distention Rhesus Monkey

Objective To diagnose and analyze the cause of death in 1 gaseous distention rhesus monkey.Methods We inspected external appearance,dissected the corpse to identify the cause of death and to collect the samples of distention position for bacteriological isolation,cultivation,identification.Results Gaseous distention was identified the cause of death by necroscopy.Only 1 strain bacterium was obtained by bacterial cultivation.This bacterium growed prosperously with round swelling colony.These colonies were semitransparent,smooth and moist.The biggest colony had about 0.8cm diameter after 37℃ cultivation for 18h.This bacterium generated much acid and gas by TSI cultivation.It is a negative bacteria through Gram staining and identified biochemistry as an intestine E.coli.,its antibiotic susceptibilities were tested simultaneously.Conclusion Intestine E.coli.Infection is the cause of gaseous distention death in this rhesus monkey case,the most probably is contamination of animal feeds.
Modification of Frequency Conversion Screw Type Air Compressor

Screw type air compressor is one with high-speed rotary motion. It has the advantages of small size,light weight structure,smooth running,vulnerable components. high efficiency,big single stage pressure ratio and energy canstepless adjustment,so it is widely used,sespecially in the industrial refrigeration field. In order to further reduce energy consumption,unless taking various measures in the mechanical part,frequency conversion technology can be used to achieve better energy-saving effect. At the same time,it also can bring multiple benefits for the user.
Pathophysiology of ischemic brain injury

This article reviews normal cellular function including ion homeostasis, cerebral metabolism, the utilization of glucose, and oxidative phosphorylation. A description of the types of cerebral ischemia is followed by the flow thresholds of ischemia, the concept of selective vulnerability, and the secondary biochemical and pathophysiologic consequences of ischemia. Pathophysiologically, cerebral ischemia includes both vascular and neuronal changes, which in turn reflect alterations in the mitochondria, intracellular ion concentrations, glucose, prostaglandins, free radicals, and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters.
Using priority effects to manipulate competitive relationships in restoration

Restoration success is often hampered by the failure of less dominant competitors to establish. An emerging literature on priority effects suggests the manipulation of community assembly as a useful technique to help overcome these difficulties by altering competitive relationships. We present data from a set of four priority experiments, carried out at each of three sites in restoration settings in California grasslands. These data, combined with patterns summarized from the literature, indicate that both short-term priority (1–3 weeks) and long-term priority (1 year) can profoundly shift interspecific relationships and benefit otherwise subordinate plant species, but that these effects are sometimes transitory, asymmetric, and contingent on environmental conditions and species composition. Restoration interventions that can produce priority effects include staggered planting times, weed control, seed pre-germination, plug planting, and spatial aggregation. Such interventions are likely to be at least initially effective, but their strength and persistence can differ considerably across systems in space and time. Further research may help identify the conditions that maximize the strength and persistence of priority effects in restoration settings.
Bivalent Inhibitors of c-Src Tyrosine Kinase That Bind a Regulatory Domain

We have developed a general methodology to produce bivalent kinase inhibitors for c-Src that interact with the SH2 and ATP binding pockets. Our approach led to a highly selective bivalent inhibitor of c-Src. We demonstrate impressive selectivity for c-Src over homologous kinases. Exploration of the unexpected high level of selectivity yielded insight into the inherent flexibility of homologous kinases. Finally, we demonstrate that our methodology is modular and both the ATP-competitive fragment and conjugation chemistry can be swapped.
Laparoscopy for the general surgeon.

Surgeons at Montrose found that laparoscopy was a successful and cost effective method for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy, investigating pelvic pain, and performing tubal ligations. Their techniques and results are discussed in this article.
Ferulic acid dehydrodimers from wheat bran: isolation, purification and antioxidant properties of 8-O-4-diferulic acid.

SummaryWheat bran contains several ester-linked dehydrodimers of ferulic acid, which were detected and quantified after sequential alkaline hydrolysis. The major dimers released were: trans-5-[(E)-2-carboxyvinyl]-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylic acid (5–8-BendiFA), (Z)-β-(4-[(E)-2-carboxyvinyl]-2-methoxy-phenoxy)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (8-O-4-diFA) and (E,E)-4,4′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethoxy-3,3′-bicinnamic acid (5–5-diFA). trans-7-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-1,2-dihydro-naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (8–8-diFA cyclic form) and 4,4′-dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-β,β'-bicinnamic acid (8–8-diFA non cyclic form) were not detected. One of the most abundant dimers, 8-O-4-diFA, was purified from de-starched wheat bran after alkaline hydrolysis and preparative HPLC. The resultant product was identical to the chemically synthesised 8-O-4-dimer by TLC and HPLC as confirmed by 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry. The absorption maxima and absorption coeffic...
Potential flow field navigation with virtual force field for UAS collision avoidance

This paper presents the combination of Potential Flow Field (PFF) and Virtual Force Field (VFF) methods to construct a viable means for UAS's to autonomously navigate and avoid collisions with obstacles. A validated flight dynamics model of a fixed-wing UAS was integrated with a heading hold autopilot that receives commanded heading angles from the selected output of the PFF and VFF methods. PFF primarily provides real-time heading angle commands derived from a velocity vector field. VFF provides collision avoidance heading angle commands when it calculates and determines that the UAS is in danger of collision with an obstacle. The combination of the two methods resulted in successful collision-free navigation in simulation through multiple scenarios including single obstacle, multiple obstacles, maze, and urban settings.
Differential X-ray Diagnosis of Benign Breast Lesions

For the reader’s convenience, the principal sources of error in the X-ray diagnosis of benign lesions are summarized in the following paragraphs and in Table 1 (page 130).
Phenotypic Comparison of Platelet- and Plasma-Derived Factor Va: Tyrosine Phosphorylation Differentiates the Two Cofactor Pools.

Abstract Factor Va, the essential cofactor for thrombin formation via the Prothrombinase complex, exists in two pools in whole blood: 75–80% is found in the plasma, while platelet alpha-granules contain the remaining 20–25%. Platelet-derived factor Va possesses several modifications not present in its plasma counterpart, such as an O-glycosylation on Thr402, and is the more procoagulant molecule, exhibiting resistance to inactivation by activated protein C (APC) and plasmin when bound to the activated platelet membrane surface. As the platelet-derived cofactor pool originates from endocytosis of plasma-derived factor V by megakaryocytes, it can be hypothesized that, subsequent to its endocytosis, factor V is post-translationally modified, proteolytically processed, and packaged into alpha-granules to form the unique platelet-derived molecule. Platelet- and plasma-derived factor Va were purified from three individual donors. Platelets were isolated from whole blood and lysed with Triton X-100 in the presence of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors sodium orthovanadate and okadaic acid to prevent dephosphorylation by any released tyrosine phosphatases. Factor V in both the platelet lysates and the platelet-poor plasma was activated with thrombin, adsorbed onto a resin-coupled monoclonal antibody against human factor V, washed extensively, and eluted using 10% SDS. Western blotting analyses, using a monoclonal antibody against phosphotyrosine residues, revealed the presence of tyrosine phosphorylation on the light chain of plasma-derived, but not platelet-derived, factor Va. No such modification was observed on the heavy chain of either cofactor. Monoclonal antibodies against the heavy and light chains of factor V were used to verify that similar levels of factor V were present in all samples. This differential modification was observed in all three donors. Subsequent MALDI-TOF analyses of trypsin-digested plasma- and platelet-derived factor Va light chains were performed to identify the site(s) of tyrosine phosphorylation. These data identified phosphorylation of the C-terminal tyrosine residue (Tyr2196) in plasma-derived, but not platelet-derived, factor Va. The phosphorylated fragment (residues 2188–2196, m/z = 1152.5) is consistently present in spectra of plasma-derived factor Va, while only the non-phosphorylated fragment (m/z = 1072.5) has been observed in the platelet-derived cofactor. To demonstrate that the phosphatase inhibitors used were effective, the platelets were lysed in the presence of added plasma-derived factor Va. Tyrosine phosphorylation, as determined by immunoblotting, was still present on the light chain, indicating that the dephosphorylation was occurring prior to platelet lysis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of other proteins has been implicated in regulation of endocytosis. Further experiments will need to be performed to determine if the modification has a similar role in megakaryocyte endocytosis of factor V.
Targeted DNA demethylation of the Arabidopsis genome using the human TET1 catalytic domain

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification involved in gene regulation and transposable element silencing. Changes in DNA methylation can be heritable and, thus, can lead to the formation of stable epialleles. A well-characterized example of a stable epiallele in plants is fwa, which consists of the loss of DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) in the promoter of the FLOWERING WAGENINGEN (FWA) gene, causing up-regulation of FWA and a heritable late-flowering phenotype. Here we demonstrate that a fusion between the catalytic domain of the human demethylase TEN-ELEVEN TRANSLOCATION1 (TET1cd) and an artificial zinc finger (ZF) designed to target the FWA promoter can cause highly efficient targeted demethylation, FWA up-regulation, and a heritable late-flowering phenotype. Additional ZF-TET1cd fusions designed to target methylated regions of the CACTA1 transposon also caused targeted demethylation and changes in expression. Finally, we have developed a CRISPR/dCas9-based targeted demethylation system using the TET1cd and a modified SunTag system. Similar to the ZF-TET1cd fusions, the SunTag-TET1cd system is able to target demethylation and activate gene expression when directed to the FWA or CACTA1 loci. Our study provides tools for targeted removal of 5mC at specific loci in the genome with high specificity and minimal off-target effects. These tools provide the opportunity to develop new epialleles for traits of interest, and to reactivate expression of previously silenced genes, transgenes, or transposons.
Longitudinal observations using simultaneous fMRI, multiple channel electrophysiology recording, and chemical microiontophoresis in the rat brain.

Abstract Background fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal has been widely used as a surrogate for neural activity. However, interpreting differences in BOLD fMRI based on underlying neuronal activity remains a challenge. Concurrent rsMRI data collection and electrophysiological recording in combination with microiontophoretically injected modulatory chemicals allows for improved understanding of the relationship between resting state BOLD and neuronal activity. New Methods Simultaneous fMRI, multi-channel intracortical electrophysiology and focal pharmacological manipulation data to be acquired longitudinally in rats for up to 2 months. Our artifact replacing technique is optimized for combined LFP and rsMRI data collection. Results Intracortical implantation of a multichannel microelectrode array resulted in minimal distortion and signal loss in fMRI images inside a 9.4T MRI scanner. rsMRI-induced electrophysiology artifacts were replaced using an in-house developed algorithm. Microinjection of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) enhanced dopaminergic neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and altered LFP signal and fMRI functional connectivity in the striatum. Comparisons with Existing Method(s) Nanomanufacturing advances permit the production of MRI-compatible microelectrode arrays (with 16 or more channels), extending research beyond conventional methods limited to fewer channels. Our method permits longitudinal data collection of LFP and rsMRI and our algorithm effectively detects and replaces fMRI-induced electrophysiological noise, permitting rsMRI data collection concomitant with LFP recordings. Conclusions Our model consists of longitudinal concurrent fMRI and multichannel intracortical electrophysiological recording during microinjection of pharmacological agents to modulate neural activity in the rat brain. We used commercial micro-electrodes and recording system and can be readily generalized to other labs.
Stratification of BMI categories among older adults within and across countries.

Objective Within- and across-country nutritional disparities were examined among older adults in six different countries at varying levels of development. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Older adults (aged 50 years or over) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa using the Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Results While the distribution of BMI categories varied by country, development-related characteristics were generally related to BMI category in a similar way: urban-living, educated and wealthier individuals were typically more likely to be in a higher BMI category. However, there were some exceptions that corroborate findings in more developed countries. Indeed, a pooled partial proportional odds model which included gross domestic product per capita interactions made the case for intertwining processes of development and the nutrition transition. Conclusions Population segments to be targeted by nutrition policy and programme implementation might need to change over the course of development.
Advances in Vaccine Development for Human Lymphatic Filariasis.

According to the World Health Organization, over 880 million people are currently at risk of acquiring lymphatic filariasis (LF) in over 52 countries worldwide. Current approaches to control LF by 2020 are short of the anticipated goal. Several studies suggest the existence of protective immunity against LF in humans. Thus, it is possible to develop a prophylactic vaccine against LF in humans. Several potential vaccine candidates were identified and tested for their potential against LF. To date, preclinical studies suggest that it is possible to develop a prophylactic vaccine against LF. Much work needs to be done, but it is clear that a prophylactic vaccine, combined with targeted chemotherapy, is critically required for eliminating LF worldwide.
A retrospective review of revision proximal humeral allograft-prosthetic composite procedures: an analysis of proximal humeral bone stock restoration.

Background Allograft-prosthetic composite (APC) reconstruction of the proximal humerus is a technique for reconstruction of large bone deficits, provides improvement in pain and function, and is thought to restore bone if revision surgery is needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of proximal humeral APCs to restore usable bone at the time of revision surgery. Methods Two institutional electronic medical records were reviewed to evaluate proximal humeral APC procedures performed between 1970 and 2018. We identified 115 cases, of which 14 underwent revision for aseptic causes. The indications for revision included nonunion (n = 7), glenohumeral instability (n = 5), and allograft fracture (n = 2). Three categories were used to classify the amount of usable allograft retained at revision surgery: type A, complete allograft retention; type B, partial retention; and type C, no retention. Results A total of 14 patients (6 male and 8 female patients) underwent revision of the APC reconstruction at a mean of 22.8 months. At revision, allograft retention was classified as type A in 6 shoulders, type B in 3, and type C in 5. Type A cases were associated with nonunion with a well-fixed stem, type B cases were associated with instability and were converted from a hemiarthroplasty to a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, and type C cases were associated with an allograft fracture or nonunion with a loose humeral component. Conclusion A substantial number of revisions of proximal humeral APC reconstructions maintain a portion of the allograft bone (64.3%). This study supports the ongoing use of the APC reconstruction technique for large bone deficits.
Decentralized Servomechanism Control Design for Inter-Area Oscillations Damping in Power System

Inter-area oscillations are one of the main concerns in power system small signal stability. Since they involve a wide area in power systems, identifying the causes and damping the oscillations are considerably challenging. Undamped inter-area oscillations cause severe problems in power grids including large-scale blackouts. Designing a proper controller to damp inter-area oscillations in power systems is challenging due to the complexity of the system. Moreover, for a large-scale system it is difficult to collect all system information in one location as required for the design of a centralized controller. In this paper, we develop a new decentralized strategy to identify and damp oscillations in a large-scale power system. We consider a large-scale power system consisting of three areas in a loop shape configuration. After decomposing the system into three subsystems, each subsystem is modeled with a lower order system. Finally, a decentralized robust servomechanism controller is designed for each subsystem to maintain the large-scale system frequency at the desired level even in the presence of disturbances.
Optimal locations for bikeshare stations: A new GIS based spatial approach

Abstract This study identifies three new bike station locations for Baltimore City's bikeshare program using a location allocation spatial analysis tool. Over 1.6 million Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of bikeshare trips over a period of four months were used to identify the routes most frequently used by bikers. It was hypothesized that potential new bike station locations have a relationship with proximity to transit, attractions and restaurants/pubs. A negative correlation was found between route usage intensity and proximity to attractions and restaurants/pubs, which means that the closer the proximity to attractions or restaurants/pubs, the higher the road usage intensity is. A new methodology was developed by modifying Huff's gravity model, replacing facility location size with a suitability score. The bike station suitability score is calculated with regard to proximity to transit, attractions, restaurants/pubs and existing bike stations. A location allocation model is developed to maximize market share, i.e., the potential bike station locations will be accessible to maximum population while also being within a 400-m (0.25-mile) radius of attractions, restaurants/pubs and at least 300 m from existing bike stations. The location of the proposed bike stations through location allocation is within a block of the planned bike stations by the City of Baltimore, which corroborates the findings of this study. This methodology will be useful to identify new facility locations in any metropolitan city where maximum exposure is a necessity.
Designing a Simple and Flexible Workflow Management System for Collective Decision Making

Workflow management systems have become important tools for business automation and collaboration. In this paper, our review of related academic work and modern commercial workflow management systems shows that current workflow management systems are powerful and universal. However, they are usually difficult to use and require significant computing resources to host the workflows and the management system itself. This paper presents an approach to designing a simple and yet flexible workflow management system called SimFlow which can support online and dynamic collaboration and coordination. We propose a simple control panel for workflow assignment to handle dynamic changes, which occur frequently in customized workflow management. Moreover, SimFlow employs a microkernel approach where external email servers are used instead of having its own message passing system. The proposed workflow management system focuses mainly on sequential and semi-sequential workflows. Therefore, SimFlow can substantially reduce the system complexity and its workload compared with other systems.