cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limnological Characteristics of Two Eutrophic and Four Mesotrophic Lakes in West‐central Florida

Limnological characteristics of six subtropical lakes were monitored to determine the factors which regulate chlorophyll α concentrations and phytoplankton standing crops. Most physical chemical variables showed non-significant differences with depth but differences between lakes often were large. Phytoplankton blooms occurred throughout the year and there were marked differences between the hypereutrophic and mesotrophic lakes in chlorophyll α concentrations, standing stocks, and dominant species. Densities of total zooplankton and rotifers in the hypereutrophic lakes were 3- to 6-fold greater than in the mesotrophic lakes. Regression models for chlorophyll α and total phytoplankton cell volume were calculated for each lake and for all lakes combined, but R2 values and numbers of shared variables tended to be low indicating the need for additional variables and more frequent sampling.
Heavy quarks in electroproduction

Abstract The idea of an effective light-particle field theory is used to analyze the effects of heavy quarks in electroproduction. The b-quark distribution is predicted at large Q 2 and a systematic treatment of the changing number of quark flavors in a QCD analysis of F 2 is presented.
Association of plasma sheet variations with auroral changes during substorms

Abstract Images of the southern auroral oval taken by the University of Iowa auroral imaging instrumentation on the Dynamics Explorer 1 satellite during an isolated substorm are correlated with plasma measurements made concurrently by the ISEE 1 satellite in the magnetotail. Qualitative magnetic field configuration changes necessary to relate the plasma sheet boundary location to the latitude of the auroras are discussed. Evidence is presented that the longitudinal advances of the auroras after expansive phase onset are mappings of a neutral line lengthening across the near-tail. We observe a rapid poleward auroral surge, occurring about 1 hour after expansive phase onset, to coincide with the peak of the AL index and argue that the total set of observations at that time is not inconsistent with the picture of a “poleward leap” of the electrojet marking the beginning of the substorm's recovery.
An architecture for intrusion detection using autonomous agents

The intrusion detection system architectures commonly used in commercial and research systems have a number of problems that limit their configurability, scalability or efficiency. The most common shortcoming in the existing architectures is that they are built around a single monolithic entity that does most of the data collection and processing. In this paper, we review our architecture for a distributed intrusion detection system based on multiple independent entities working collectively. We call these entities autonomous agents. This approach solves some of the problems previously mentioned. We present the motivation and description of the approach, partial results obtained from an early prototype, a discussion of design and implementation issues, and directions for future work.
Nursing strikes: An ethical perspective on the US healthcare community

Recent labor disputes between registered nurses and hospitals in Minnesota, California, and Pennsylvania raise moral questions about nurses' professional obligations, nurses' right to collectively bargain to preserve or improve wages, benefits, and working conditions, and patients' right to medical care. Deontology and consequentialism focus too narrowly on nurses and patients, and thus ignore the nature of the healthcare community as a system of competing interests. When considered in this context, nurses' strikes are shown to be consistent with this system of competing interests, and thus are morally permissible.
Pitfalls in the Use of Ocular Ultrasound for Evaluation of Acute Vision Loss

Abstract Background Retinal detachment is a true medical emergency. It is a time-critical, vision-threatening disease often first evaluated in the Emergency Department (ED). Diagnosis can be extremely challenging and confused with other ocular pathology. Several entities can mimic retinal detachment, including posterior vitreous detachment and vitreous hemorrhage. Ocular ultrasound can assist the emergency physician in evaluating intraocular pathology, and it is especially useful in situations where fundoscopic examination is technically difficult or impossible. Accurate and rapid diagnosis of retinal detachment can lead to urgent consultation and increase the likelihood of timely vision-sparing treatment. Objectives This case demonstrates both the utility of ocular ultrasound in the accurate and timely diagnosis of retinal detachment and potential pitfalls in the evaluation of intraocular pathology in the ED. Case Report A 38-year-old woman presented with acute onset of bilateral visual loss that was concerning for retinal detachment. Rapid evaluation of the intraocular space was performed using bedside ocular ultrasound. Bedside ocular ultrasound correctly diagnosed retinal detachment in the right eye. Posterior vitreous detachment in the left eye was incorrectly diagnosed as retinal detachment. Conclusion This case illustrates the importance of bedside ocular ultrasound and highlights some of the pitfalls that can occur when evaluating for retinal detachment. Following is a discussion regarding methods to distinguish retinal detachment from vitreous hemorrhage and posterior vitreous detachment.
Salvage Therapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Factors Influencing Treatment Selection

Novel chemotherapies and molecularly targeted agents have improved outcomes for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several efficacious regimens are available, which allows for selection of therapy based on factors such as schedule, toxicity profile, patient-specific needs, and individual preferences of the patient. Treatment guidelines recommend platinum-based chemotherapy first line for patients with a good performance status. These regimens offer a modest survival advantage over best supportive care. The role of targeted biologic agents in this setting is being assessed in phase II trials. Results to date show promising activity and tolerability. Erlotinib, docetaxel, and pemetrexed are all approved for patients who progress following one prior regimen for advanced NSCLC. These agents have different tolerability profiles and routes of administration but appear to have similar effects on tumor response and survival, though comparative trials are required to confirm this. Based on the results of a phase III trial, erlotinib is also recommended for third-line use in patients with NSCLC. Identifying predictive markers of clinical response to therapy may provide an opportunity to better select patient subsets appropriate for specific treatment. Recent data have linked various clinical characteristics and biologic markers with outcome to HER-1/EGFRtargeted agents. However, many of these studies are retrospective and based on small patient numbers, and there is evidence of broad benefit across diverse patient subgroups with erlotinib. Prospective, randomized trials are required to validate potential predictive markers fully before they are applied to clinical practice. The
Effect of mouse antisera targeting the Phlebotomus papatasi midgut chitinase PpChit1 on sandfly physiology and fitness

In sandflies, the absence of the peritrophic matrix (PM) affects the rate of blood digestion. Also, the kinetics of PM secretion varies according to species. We previously characterised PpChit1, a midgut-specific chitinase secreted in Phlebotomus papatasi (PPIS) that is involved in the maturation of the PM and showed that antibodies against PpChit1 reduce the chitinolytic activity in the midgut of several sandfly species. Here, sandflies were fed on red blood cells reconstituted with naive or anti-PpChit1 sera and assessed for fitness parameters that included blood digestion, oviposition onset, number of eggs laid, egg bouts, average number of eggs per bout and survival. In PPIS, anti-PpChit1 led to a one-day delay in the onset of egg laying, with flies surviving three days longer compared to the control group. Anti-PpChit1 also had a negative effect on overall ability of flies to lay eggs, as several gravid females from all three species were unable to lay any eggs despite having lived longer than control flies. Whereas the longer survival might be associated with improved haeme scavenging ability by the PM, the inability of females to lay eggs is possibly linked to changes in PM permeability affecting nutrient absorption.
Mixing at large Schmidt number in the self-similar far field of turbulent jets

We present results from an experimental investigation of turbulent transport and molecular mixing of a Sc [dbl greater-than sign] 1 conserved scalar in the fully developed self-similar far field of a steady, axisymmetric, momentum-driven, free turbulent jet issuing into a quiescent medium. Our experiments cover the axial range from the jet exit to 350 diameters downstream, and span the range of Reynolds numbers from 1500 to 20000. Flow visualizations of the scalar concentration field directly verify the presence of an underlying characteristic large-scale organization in the jet far field essentially consistent with a simplified conceptual picture proposed in an earlier study (Dahm & Dimotakis 1987). High-resolution imaging measurements of successive instantaneous scalar concentration profiles in the jet support the presence of such a large-scale organization and provide details of its implications for mixing. These results also establish the proper similarity scaling for the mean concentration in the jet far field and give the scaling constant on the jet centreline as 5.4. We also present conserved scalar concentration p.d.f.s throughout the jet far field, and introduce a chemical reaction method for measuring the p.d.f.s with potentially molecular resolution. The amount of unmixed ambient fluid that reaches the jet centreline is found to decrease with increasing Reynolds number over the range investigated. The distribution of mixed fluid compositions in the concentration p.d.f. also appears to change over this range of Reynolds numbers, indicating that some aspects of large Schmidt number mixing in the jet far field have not yet become Reynolds number independent.
Laser-Doppler-based acoustic-to-seismic detection of buried mines

Airborne acoustic waves coupled into the surface of the ground excite Biot Type I and II compressional and shear waves. This coupling of airborne sound into the ground is termed acoustic-to-seismic coupling. If a land mine or other inhomogeneity is presented below the surface, the ground surface vibrational velocity or S/A ratio will increase due to reflection and scattering of the Type II compressional wave. The dispersion characteristics of this wave in solids determines the mine detection limits. The S/A ratio is read with a laser doppler vibrometer (LDV). The loud speaker and LDV were mounted onto a large forklift at Fort AP Hill. This system was used to scan patches of ground at the Fort AP Hill calibration mine lanes. An investigation on the variability of surface velocity over different background types and mine types is described. The results of these initial field exercises are described.
Compositional Ordering in Semiconductor Alloys

Compositional ordering has been observed in a wide variety of III/V semiconductor alloys as well as in SiGe alloys. The thermodynamic driving force is now understood in terms of minimization of the microscopic strain energy of the bonds in the solid. However, the mechanism leading to the specific ordered structures formed is only now beginning to be understood. It appears to be intimately related to the physical processes occurring on the surface during epitaxial growth, specifically surface reconstruction and the attachment of atoms at steps and kinks. Thus, an improved understanding the ordering process may lead to a better understanding of the surface processes occurring during epitaxial growth from the vapor. This paper will review the current understanding of the ordering process, including discussions of the arrangement of atoms on the surface and the nature of surface steps. The emphasis will be on the use of patterned surfaces to investigate and control the ordered structures formed during organometallic vapor phase epitaxial growth of GaInP. Using photolithography and chemical etching, [110]-oriented steps are formed on the (001) GaAs substrate. The direction of motion of these steps determines the specific variant of the Cu-Pt ordered structure (with ordering on (111) planes) formed. The step density at the edge of the groove apparently determines the degree of order. Highly stepped surfaces suppress ordering or lead to small domains of a single variant. When the steps are very shallow, the large domain of the predominant variant is filled with “inclusions” of the second variant. Step edges that are oriented at nearly 16° from (001) form a {511} variant during growth. This facet is observed to grow at the expense of adjacent (001) surfaces and to produce material that is completely disordered. Growing on intentionally misoriented substrates leads to interesting structures consisting of both large, highly-ordered domains and disordered material. This allows, using cathodoluminescence(CL) imaging, a direct determination of the effect of ordering on the energy band gap. In the GalnP samples studied, the CL images show that the disordered material has a distinct emission pattern consisting of a single, sharp peak at an energy more than 100 meV higher than that observed in the adjacent ordered region.
On the rotation and skew-symmetric forms for incompressible flow simulations

A variety of numerical simulations of transition and turbulence in incompressible flow are presented to compare the commonly used rotation form with the skew-symmetric (and other) forms of the nonlinear terms. The results indicate that the rotation form is much less accurate than the other forms for spectral algorithms which include aliasing errors. For de-aliased methods the difference is minimal.
Stereochemical control in radical cyclization routes to N-glycosides: role of protecting groups and of the configuration (E versus Z) of the acceptors

Abstract The first radical intermediate in the thiourethane-mediated deoxygenation of an alcohol (Barton–McCombie reaction) can participate in an exo -hex-5-enyl or exo -hept-6-enyl type radical cyclization when a suitable radical acceptor (e.g. α,β-unsaturated ester, oxime ether or hydrazone) is appropriately placed. Carbohydrate-derived imidazolyl and triazolyl thioates with such acceptors, upon addition to excess of a good hydride donor (reverse addition), undergo moderately efficient cyclization reactions to give N -heterocyclic furanosides, and, surprisingly even N -pyranosides. Depending on the acceptor, glycosides with either C 2 -carbon or C 2 -amino substituents are formed. In the exo -hept-6-enyl cyclizations the ( Z )-olefin acceptors give excellent stereoselectivity in the generation of the C 2 stereogenic center; only altro -isomers are formed. In all cases both α- and β-glycosides are obtained with a moderate preference for the latter.
HEAT INACTIVATION TEMPERATURE‐TIME RELATIONSHIPS FOR PECTINESTERASE INACTIVATION IN CITRUS JUICES

The necessary pasteurization temperature, F and z values for pectinesterase inactivation were developed for three varieties of orange juices and one grapefruit juice. Since common commercial practice involves blending various orange varieties, the recommended conditions are those for the most heat resistant variety. For an FT=1.0 min, the recommended processes are T = 194°F with z = 12.2 for orange juice and T = 186°F with z = 9.3 for grapefruit juice.
QseA and GrlR/GrlA Regulation of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Genes in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Transcription of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genes in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is regulated by the LEE-encoded Ler and GrlR/GrlA proteins as well as the non-LEE-encoded regulator QseA. This work demonstrates that GrlR/GrlA activate LEE2 transcription in a Ler-independent fashion, whereas transcription of grlRA is activated by QseA in both Ler-dependent and -independent manners.
Flowering time and elevated atmospheric CO2

Contents Summary 243 I. Introduction 244 II. Effects of elevated [CO2] on flowering time 245 III. Mechanisms for altered flowering time in response to elevated [CO2] 250 IV. Conclusion 252 Acknowledgements 253 References 253 Summary Flowering is a critical milestone in the life cycle of plants, and changes in the timing of flowering may alter processes at the species, community and ecosystem levels. Therefore understanding flowering-time responses to global change drivers, such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2], is necessary to predict the impacts of global change on natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we summarize the results of 60 studies reporting flowering-time responses (defined as the time to first visible flower) of both crop and wild species at elevated [CO2]. These studies suggest that elevated [CO2] will influence flowering time in the future. In addition, interactions between elevated [CO2] and other global change factors may further complicate our ability to predict changes in flowering time. One approach to overcoming this problem is to elucidate the primary mechanisms that control flowering-time responses to elevated [CO2]. Unfortunately, the mechanisms controlling these responses are not known. However, past work has indicated that carbon metabolism exerts partial control on flowering time, and therefore may be involved in elevated [CO2]-induced changes in flowering time. This review also indicates the need for more studies addressing the effects of global change drivers on developmental processes in plants.
Dextromethorphan psychosis, dependence and physical withdrawal

As part of a synthesis of evidence regarding the abuse and addiction liability of dextromethorphan (DM), an over-the-counter cough medicine available in over 140 preparations, an uncommonly published case of dextromethorphan dependence (addiction) is described, with specific, rarely published complications. The individual was interviewed and several medical databases were also reviewed (Medline, 1966-present; PubMed) for all content relating to the Keywords: dextromethorphan, abuse, dependence, cough medicine, addiction, withdrawal, psychosis. The patient evidenced history suggesting substance dependence, substance-induced psychosis and substance withdrawal in relation to DM. A literature review revealed that DM has specific serotonergic and sigma-1 opioidergic properties. Dextrorphan (DOR), the active metabolite of DM, has similar properties; however, DOR is a weaker sigma opioid receptor agonist, and a stronger NMDA receptor antagonist. DM and DOR display specific biological features of addiction, and are capable of inducing specific psychiatric sequelae. A specific, reproducible toxidrome with significant psychiatric effects occurred, when DM was abused at greater than indicated doses, with more profound and potentially life-threatening effects at even higher doses. DM withdrawal appears evident. DM's active metabolite, DOR, has pharmacodynamic properties and intoxication effects similar to dissociatives, and may be more responsible for the dissociative effect that this DM abuser sought. However, it is this same metabolite that may be fraught with the potentially life-threatening psychoses and dissociative-induced accidents, as well as addiction. While DM has been hypothesized as the most commonly abused dissociative, health-care providers seem largely unaware of its toxidrome and addiction liability.
Hollow sphere formation in a gassy two-liquid pool

Molten fuel pools with an overlying layer of steel can be expected to form in various stages of the LMFBR post-accident heat removal sequence, either on in-vessel or ex-vessel core catchers, or on a concrete of refractory floor beneath the reactor vessel. Since the boiling point of steel is approximately the same as the freezing point of UO/sub 2/, one can expect that a crust of frozen UO/sub 2/ may form at the interface. However, there may be significant bubbling through the interface, either by boiling within the fuel pool or by gas released from the concrete or sacrificial material. The original objective of this work was therefore to study the conditions for crust formation in a simulant (hexane and water) pool with gas evolution. A unique physical phenomenon was observed, however, consisting of the formation of ''ping-pong'' balls of ice formed by water transported by the bubbles entering the cold overlying hexane. These formed a raft of hollow spheres at the top of the hexane layer. By analogy, one might expect considerable mixing of UO/sub 2/ in the form of hollow spheres into the molten steel, with important consequences for the pool geometry and heat transfer.
Transport and connectivity modeling of larval permit from an observed spawning aggregation in the Dry Tortugas, Florida

Large aggregations of adult permit (Trachinotus falcatus) were consistently observed since 2004 by divers in a collaborative fishery-independent reef fish visual census survey during May and June on the western-most edge of the Dry Tortugas Bank, Florida, in coral reef habitat, indicating proximal spawning sites. We investigated the possible fate and connectivity of larvae spawned at this location in the Dry Tortugas and two other published aggregation sites through a drift analysis using the ocean circulation and transport dynamics simulator HYCOM (Hybrid Community Ocean Model). New age-length data facilitated the determination of larval durations and rates of juvenile growth. Modeled larval transport data from spawning sites in the Dry Tortugas, Belize and Cuba were evaluated and compared to a spatially-extensive empirical juvenile permit data set from Florida. Our study revealed that unique oceanographic processes provided pathways for both downstream larval transport and juvenile retention, to and from Florida waters. These simulation results indicated that the Dry Tortugas region is a key source of permit recruits to southeast Florida stretching from the Florida Keys and up Florida’s east coast, and to a much lesser extent the west Florida shelf. Simulations from Belize and Cuba spawning sites revealed high local retention with low connectivity to Florida, emphasizing the importance of local resource management throughout the permit’s range.
Kinetic Analysis of the Effect of Poliovirus Receptor on Viral Uncoating: the Receptor as a Catalyst

We examined the role of soluble poliovirus receptor on the transition of native poliovirus (160S or N particle) to an infectious intermediate (135S or A particle). The viral receptor behaves as a classic transition state theory catalyst, facilitating the N-to-A conversion by lowering the activation energy for the process by 50 kcal/mol. In contrast to earlier studies which demonstrated that capsid-binding drugs inhibit thermally mediated N-to-A conversion through entropic stabilization alone, capsid-binding drugs are shown to inhibit receptor-mediated N-to-A conversion through a combination of enthalpic and entropic effects.
Electronic Correlations in Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Recent work toward electronic and opto-electronic devices with sub-micron dimensions has led to Quantum Dot (QD) based single-electron transistors(QSET) 1 and single-exciton lasers (QSXL). 2 Despite the word “single” in their names these devices are complex manybody systems, with electronic “correlations” playing an important role. The electronic properties of QSET/QSXL can be tuned with the number of free carriers N, much like properties of atoms change drastically across the table of elements.
Fostering Comprehension of Risk and Causation through Media Case Studies.

Summary This paper describes a case study for introductory statistics courses that promotes critical thinking in relation to causation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECRETION OF A NOVEL CYTOLYTIC PROTEASE AND MACROPHAGE-MEDIATED TUMOR CYTOTOXICITY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the relationship between secretion of a cytolytic protease and macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cytolysis of neoplastic cells in vitro and in vivo can be efficiently accomplished by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, when these cells are activated. The secretion of cytolytic factor (CF) correlates strongly with activation of macrophages for tumor cytolysis. Macrophages activated in vivo for tumor cytolysis by agents such as Corynebacterium Parvum (C. parvum) or BCG secretes CF spontaneously. Upon pulsing with nanogram amounts of endotoxin, the primed macrophages become cytolytic and secrete CF. The dose curves for the amount of endotoxin required to induce macrophage-mediated cytolysis and secretion of CF are essentially identical. Macrophages that have been activated for cytolysis by BCG and then held in culture for 24 hours lose the capacity to kill tumor cells and to secrete CF; and pulsing these macrophages with nanograms of endotoxin restores both functions. Macrophages elicited by sterile inflammatory agents are not cytolytic for tumor cells and do not secrete CF and pulsing these macrophages with micrograms of endotoxin activates both secretion of CF and tumor cytolysis.
Dehydrogenation of ammonia borane through the third equivalent of hydrogen.

Ammonia borane (AB) has high hydrogen density (19.6 wt%), and can, in principle, release up to 3 equivalents of H2 under mild catalytic conditions. A limited number of catalysts are capable of non-hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB beyond 2 equivalents of H2 under mild conditions, but none of these is shown directly to derivatise borazine, the product formed after 2 equivalents of H2 are released. We present here a high productivity ruthenium-based catalyst for non-hydrolytic AB dehydrogenation that is capable of borazine dehydrogenation, and thus exhibits among the highest H2 productivity reported to date for anhydrous AB dehydrogenation. At 1 mol% loading, (phen)Ru(OAc)2(CO)2 (1) effects AB dehydrogenation through 2.7 equivalents of H2 at 70 °C, is robust through multiple charges of AB, and is water and air stable. We further demonstrate that catalyst 1 has the ability both to dehydrogenate borazine in isolation and dehydrogenate AB itself. This is important, both because borazine derivatisation is productivity-limiting in AB dehydrogenation and because borazine is a fuel cell poison that is commonly released in H2 production from this medium.
GLOMUS PANSIHALOS, A NEW SPECIES IN THE ENDOGONACEAE, ZYGOMYCETES

(1986). Glomus Pansihalos, a New Species in the Endogonaceae, Zygomycetes. Mycologia: Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 832-836.
Combined experimental and computational study of intramolecular charge transfer in p-N,N-dimethylamino-p'-cyano-diphenylacetylene.

A concerted experi-mental (time-resolved spectroscopies) and computational (TDDFT) study of p-N,N-dimethylamino-p′-cyano-diphenylacetylene (DACN-DPA) has been carried out to probe the intramolecula...
Surface enhanced infrared absorption by nanoparticles

We study surface enhanced infrared absorption, including multiphoton processes, due to the excitation of surface plasmons on metal nanoparticles. The time-dependent Schrodinger equation and finite-difference time-domain method are self-consistently coupled to treat the problem.
Homotopy Type of the Morse Data

We are now in a position to identify the homotopy Morse data (Part I, Sect. 3.3) for Morse functions on complex analytic varieties. Recall that homotopy Morse data is a pair (A, B) which is homotopy equivalent to some choice of Morse data. The importance of homotopy Morse data is the following: Suppose the pair (A, B) is homotopy Morse data for the Morse function f: X → ℝ at the critical point p, with critical value v= f(p). Suppose v ∈(a, b) and that the closed interval [a, b] contains no other critical values of f. Then there exists a continuous map h: B → X≤a such that X≤b is homotopy equivalent to the adjunction space X≤a⋃ B A (see Part I, Sect. 3.3). The identification of homotopy Morse data uses the deepest results of Part I and of Part II, Sect. 2: Theorem 3.5.4 of Part I says that local Morse data is Morse data and Theorem 3.7 of Part I says that local Morse data is the product of tangential Morse data with normal Morse data. So, homotopy Morse data is the product of the homotopy type of the tangential Morse data with the homotopy type of the normal Morse data. The homotopy type of tangential Morse data was identified classically by Morse, Thom, and Bott. It is the pair (D λ ,∂D λ ), where λ denotes the Morse index of the restriction of f to the stratum which contains the critical point p. So, the problem of identifying the homotopy Morse data is reduced to the problem of identifying the homotopy type of the normal Morse data. This was carried out in Sect. 2. In this short chapter we summarize those results.
Vaginal and Vulvar Carcinoma

The data for the estimated new cases and deaths worldwide in 2002 for vaginal and vulvar carcinoma were not available through International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a component of the World Health Organization (WHO) [1].
Selection and validation of antibodies for signal transduction immunohistochemistry

The in situ expression levels and subcellular localization of molecules involved in signal transduction using specific antibodies can be useful for prognosis and diagnosis of human diseases such as cancer. In addition, it has the potential to be helpful in monitoring biologic response to targeted therapies. The increasing availability of such antibodies makes these studies feasible. However, compared to typical immunohistochemical stains in which stabile molecules such as cytokeratins are targeted, additional -validation may be required for signal transduction immunohistochemistry.
An Ontology of Creative Interaction

Popular ontology today is naturalistic: material objects and substances are seen as primary and their interactions as secondary; outcomes are predictable. Growing edges of scientific research, however, point to interaction as the basic engine of reality. These conclusions may be traced to disciplines from cosmology and quantum physics to DNA expression and the variables underlying health. In addition, there seems to be a built-in tendency toward increasing complexity and interaction in the ways of the universe and of the earth. Theologians, including Antje Jackelen, perceive that the Divine Reality that underlies the universe is not eternally unchangeable but is intimately involved in time and continually interactive. As intelligence and moral sense have emerged in human beings, we too will have an interactive role in the emergence of the future.
Acceptance of internet-based hearing healthcare among adults who fail a hearing screening.

AbstractObjective: This study measured help-seeking readiness and acceptance of existing internet-based hearing healthcare (IHHC) websites among a group of older adults who failed a hearing screening (Phase 1). It also explored the effects of brief training on participants’ acceptance of IHHC (Phase 2). Study sample: Twenty-seven adults (age 55+) who failed a hearing screening participated. Design: During Phase 1 participants were administered the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) and patient technology acceptance model (PTAM) Questionnaire. During Phase 2 participants were randomly assigned to a training or control group. Training group participants attended an instructional class on existing IHHC websites. The control group received no training. The PTAM questionnaire was re-administered to both groups 4–6 weeks following the initial assessment. Results: The majority of participants were either considering or preparing to do something about their hearing loss, and were generally accep...
Augmenting Robot Behaviors Using Physiological Measures of Workload State

The evolution of robots from tools to teammates requires a paradigm shift. Robot teammates need to interpret naturalistic forms of human communication and sense implicit, but important cues that reflect the human teammate's psychological state. A closed-loop system where the robot teammate detects the human teammate's workload state would enable the robot to select appropriate aiding behaviors to support its human teammate. Physiological measures are suitable for assessment of workload in adaptive systems because they allow continuous assessment and do not require overt responses which disrupt tasks. Given the large variability in physiological workload responses across individuals, an algorithm that accommodates variability in workload responses would be more robust. This study outlines the development and validation of algorithms for workload classification. It discusses i a workload manipulation paradigm, ii the evaluation of the algorithms for deriving a workload index that is individualized, and iii parameter selection for optimal classification.
Profiling House Members: The Policy Dimensions Approach

AbstractWith decreasing debate, a unidimensional approach to the study of roll-call voting in Congress has increasingly achieved acceptance. We argue in favor of an alternative, the policy dimension approach, and suggest that such an approach has the advantage of allowing us to examine sets of policy positions that deviate from a unidimensional model, and to explain these policy profiles.
Impact of LDD spacer reduction on MOSFET performance for sub- mu m gate/space pitches

The impact of very thin sidewall LDD spacers which are required to allow sub- mu m gate/space pitches on MOSFETs is discussed for the first time. The effects of LDD spacer materials, LPCVD TEOS and nitride, on the device characteristics and short channel behavior of n and p-channel MOSFETs are analyzed. We show that the main issue related to sub-100 nm spacers is gate-induced drain leakage and not device reliability. Nitride spacers improve device reliability and current drive but result in higher levels of gate-induced drain leakage. Our findings show that for sub-half mu m devices, spacer thickness reduction down to 600 AA has no appreciable effect on lifetime. >
U.S. sulfur dioxide emission reductions: Shifting factors and a carbon dioxide penalty

Abstract For more than 20 years, the large-scale application of flue gas desulfurization technology has been a dominant cause of SO2 emission reductions. From 1994–2004, electricity generation from coal increased, but the shift to low-sulfur coal eclipsed this. From 2004–2014, electricity generation from coal decreased, but a shift to higher-sulfur subbituminous and lignite coal overshadowed this. The shift in coal quality has also created a CO2 emissions penalty, representing 2% of the sector’s total emissions in 2014.
Unsupervised ensemble ranking of terms in electronic health record notes based on their importance to patients

Display Omitted An unsupervised system for finding EHR terms important to individual patients.Ensemble ranking and heterogeneous information fusion by biased random walk.Distant supervision from Consumer Health Vocabulary for domain adaptation.System can be used to develop personalized interventions for EHR comprehension.System can be readily applied to other domains and applications. BackgroundAllowing patients to access their own electronic health record (EHR) notes through online patient portals has the potential to improve patient-centered care. However, EHR notes contain abundant medical jargon that can be difficult for patients to comprehend. One way to help patients is to reduce information overload and help them focus on medical terms that matter most to them. Targeted education can then be developed to improve patient EHR comprehension and the quality of care. ObjectiveThe aim of this work was to develop FIT (Finding Important Terms for patients), an unsupervised natural language processing (NLP) system that ranks medical terms in EHR notes based on their importance to patients. MethodsWe built FIT on a new unsupervised ensemble ranking model derived from the biased random walk algorithm to combine heterogeneous information resources for ranking candidate terms from each EHR note. Specifically, FIT integrates four single views (rankers) for term importance: patient use of medical concepts, document-level term salience, word co-occurrence based term relatedness, and topic coherence. It also incorporates partial information of term importance as conveyed by terms unfamiliarity levels and semantic types. We evaluated FIT on 90 expert-annotated EHR notes and used the four single-view rankers as baselines. In addition, we implemented three benchmark unsupervised ensemble ranking methods as strong baselines. ResultsFIT achieved 0.885 AUC-ROC for ranking candidate terms from EHR notes to identify important terms. When including term identification, the performance of FIT for identifying important terms from EHR notes was 0.813 AUC-ROC. Both performance scores significantly exceeded the corresponding scores from the four single rankers (P<0.001). FIT also outperformed the three ensemble rankers for most metrics. Its performance is relatively insensitive to its parameter. ConclusionsFIT can automatically identify EHR terms important to patients. It may help develop future interventions to improve quality of care. By using unsupervised learning as well as a robust and flexible framework for information fusion, FIT can be readily applied to other domains and applications.
Mechanistic insight into the heme-independent interplay between iron and carbon monoxide in CFTR and Slo1 BKCa channels

Ion channels have been extensively reported as effectors of carbon monoxide (CO). However, the mechanisms of heme-independent CO action are still not known. Because most ion channels are heterologously expressed on human embryonic kidney cells that are cultured in Fe3+-containing media, CO may act as a small and strong iron chelator to disrupt a putative iron bridge in ion channels and thus to tune their activity. In this review CFTR and Slo1 BKCa channels are employed to discuss the possible heme-independent interplay between iron and CO. Our recent studies demonstrated a high-affinity Fe3+ site at the interface between the regulatory domain and intracellular loop 3 of CFTR. Because the binding of Fe3+ to CFTR prevents channel opening, the stimulatory effect of CO on the Cl− and HCO3− currents across the apical membrane of rat distal colon may be due to the release of inhibitive Fe3+ by CO. In contrast, CO repeatedly stimulates the human Slo1 BKCa channel opening, possibly by binding to an unknown iron site, because cyanide prohibits this heme-independent CO stimulation. Here, in silico research on recent structural data of the slo1 BKCa channels indicates two putative binuclear Fe2+-binding motifs in the gating ring in which CO may compete with protein residues to bind to either Fe2+ bowl to disrupt the Fe2+ bridge but not to release Fe2+ from the channel. Thus, these two new regulation models of CO, with iron releasing from and retaining in the ion channel, may have significant and extensive implications for other metalloproteins.
Changes in posture: A case study of a dental hygienist's use of magnification loupes

Purpose Evidence suggests that using magnification loupes will improve the posture of dental clinicians, thus decreasing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this case study was to document the experiences of a dental hygienist during a four week acclimatization period. Methods Documentation was comprised of self-reports from the dental hygienist's reflective journaling and postural measurements made by a trained observer using Branson's Posture Assessment Instrument (BPAI), a validated posture assessment instrument. Journal reports and postural measurements were made prior to the use of the magnification loupes and over the subsequent three week trial. Conclusion Use of the magnification loupes was a positive experience. The BPAI results indicated a positive change in neck and low back posture. Further trials of the effectiveness of magnification loupes in reducing musculoskeletal disorders with this occupational group are recommended.
Novel Therapies in Platinum-refractory Metastatic Germ Cell Tumor: A Case Report with a Focus on a PD-1 Inhibitor.

Testicular germ cell tumor (GCT) is the most common malignancy in young males between the ages of 15 to 35 years. Although the overall cure rate of GCTs approaches 95%, almost 25% of patients with distant metastases die from the cancer. Active investigations on novel treatment options for platinum-refractory GCTs include immunotherapies such as programdeath 1 (PD-1)/program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. In this case, we report a patient with metastatic GCTs who was treated with pembrolizumab, a PD-L1 inhibitor, in a phase II study after failing several lines of chemotherapy. We highlighted the rationale for the use of PD-L1 inhibitor in this population.
An Empirical Equation for Estimating Nitric-Acid Extraction by Tri-n-Buytl Phosphate from Nitric Acid and Nitric-Acid/Sodium-Nitrate Solutions

An empirical equation has been developed that predicts nitric-acid extraction from aqueous nitric-acid/sodium-nitrate solutions by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) solutions. The predicted nitric-acid c...
Use of Placebo in Supplementation Studies-Vitamin D Research Illustrates an Ethical Quandary

History has shown that without explicit and enforced guidelines, even well-intentioned researchers can fail to adequately examine the ethical pros and cons of study design choices. One area in which consensus does not yet exist is the use of placebo groups in vitamin supplementation studies. As a prime example, we focus on vitamin D research. We aim to provide an overview of the ethical issues in placebo-controlled studies and guide future discussion about the ethical use of placebo groups. Research in the field of vitamin D shows variation in how placebo groups are used. We outline four types of control groups in use: active-control, placebo-control with restrictions on supplementation, placebo-control without supplementation restrictions, and placebo-control with rescue repletion therapy. The first two types highlight discrete ethical issues: active-control trials limit the ability to detect a difference; placebo-control trials that restrict supplementation potentially place subjects at risk of undue harm. The final two, placebo-control without supplementation restrictions or with rescue repletion therapy, offer potential solutions to these ethical challenges. Building on this, guidelines should be established and enforced on the use of placebo in supplementation studies. Furthermore, the field of vitamin D research has the potential to set an example worthy of emulation.
Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Their Dynamic Behavior

The heat-storage unit may be classified into two groups: the specific-heat type and the latent-heat (or heat-of-fusion) type. In the former type, heat is stored as specific heat. Water and rocks have been considered as the most practical heat storage materials, since they have higher heat capacity and negligible cost. Heat can be transferred from the working fluid to rocks by direct contact. In case of water, heat exchange is through a separating solid wall. The latent-heat type heat storage unit uses the materials which melt at a moderate temperature level and store heat as their heat of fusion. Low-cost salt hydrates with high latent heat of fusion are employed for this purpose. With the specific heat comparable to that of water or rocks on equal volume basis, the latent-heat type materials can store more heat per unit volume or equivalently needs a smaller heat storage volume. However, the problems of undercooling below melting points and rate of crystal growth may undercut their merits.
Sliding Shapes for 3D Object Detection in Depth Images

The depth information of RGB-D sensors has greatly simplified some common challenges in computer vision and enabled breakthroughs for several tasks. In this paper, we propose to use depth maps for object detection and design a 3D detector to overcome the major difficulties for recognition, namely the variations of texture, illumination, shape, viewpoint, clutter, occlusion, self-occlusion and sensor noises. We take a collection of 3D CAD models and render each CAD model from hundreds of viewpoints to obtain synthetic depth maps. For each depth rendering, we extract features from the 3D point cloud and train an Exemplar-SVM classifier. During testing and hard-negative mining, we slide a 3D detection window in 3D space. Experiment results show that our 3D detector significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms for both RGB and RGB-D images, and achieves about ×1.7 improvement on average precision compared to DPM and R-CNN. All source code and data are available online.
New ideas and data on competence and DNA entry in transformation of bacillus subtilis.

The steps involved in bacterial transformation can be divided into two main categories, those leading to the juxtapositioning (synapsis) of the donor and recipient genes and those involved in the subsequent recombinational processes. The elucidation of the mechanism by which the latter step is accomplished is of general importance to the field of genetics since similar mechanisms could quite possibly be responsible for genetic exchange reactions in all living systems. On the other hand, one might consider studies concerned with the juxaposition reactions of a more limited value in view of the uniqueness of bacterial transformation as regards the ability of purified DNA to transfer information and thus to induce hertiable genetic alterations. But, to the contrary, the understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in the process of DNA transport in bacterial transformation might be of great importance since it may provide insights into the manner in which the surfaces of more complex cells can interact with and respond to informational macromolecules in the environment.
Age-Related Cognitive Decline in the Rhesus Monkey

It is only in the last 25 years that significant strides have been taken toward the development of primate models of normal human aging. Together with advances in the fields of molecular biology, neuroimaging, and behavioral neuroscience, these models have emerged as potentially important components in our understanding of the age-related cognitive decline in humans (Peters et al., 1996). This is not to say that studies using other species, particularly rodents, have provided a wealth of information on the neurobiological substrates of aging. However, the rich behavioral repertoire of the monkey, particularly the monkey’s remarkable ability to perform a variety of complex short-term memory tasks, many administered to normal humans in geriatric research studies, has made this species particularly suited to assess cognitive function at a level not possible in nonprimates.
The basic three, two, and one dimensional equations in structural analysis

Structural materials, when viewed with a microscope, are seen to consist of crystals of various kinds and various orientations. However, these crystals are very small and usually have a random distribution so that the measured elastic properties of most materials represent averages of the properties of the crystals. Since the geometrical dimensions of materials used in physical structures are large in comparison to the dimensions of a single crystal, most structural materials can be assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. That is, in the mathematical representation of the material, the properties are continuous and the same in all directions.